cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autotransplantation of a tooth using guided tissue regeneration

Autotransplantation is an alternative treatment to replace missing or periodontally-involved hopeless teeth. A prerequisite for performing this procedure is having a recipient site with sufficient bone volume to support the transplant. Often, however, crestal bone resorption following tooth extraction or periodontitis results in a reduced alveolar ridge with inadequate dimensions to properly house the transplant. In these cases, the procedure is contraindicated. A case is presented in which the biologic principle of guided tissue regeneration was used to gain periodontal support around an autotransplanted 3rd molar. The results suggest the potential use of guided tissue regeneration in conjunction with autotransplantation. This may represent a new area in reconstructive dentistry.
Selective IgA deficiency in chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis.

SELECTIVE IgA deficiency is believed to be the commonest form of human immunodeficiency disease, and occurs with a frequency of between 1: 500 and 1: 700 in random populations1,2. Although the isolated deficiency is often considered non-pathological, there is clinical and laboratory evidence that IgA-deficient individuals suffer more sinopulmonary infection and autoimmune and gastrointestinal disorders3,4. Family studies have suggested a genetic factor but no defined inheritance patterns have been established4,5. The chicken model has been used for a number of years in our laboratory to study the ontogeny of immunoglobulin class development6. Surgical bursectomy at hatching7,8, treatment of chick embryos with specific antisera7,9–11 and combined neonatal bursectomy–thymectomy12 can result in depressed levels of IgA. This report describes recent observations of a selective IgA-deficiency that spontaneously occurs in the Obese strain (OS) of White Leghorn chickens. The OS chickens develop spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) at several weeks of age13. Clinical hypothyroidism is observed and high litres of circulating as well as bound anti-thyroglobulin antibodies can be detected14. The OS chickens were initially derived from the Cornell C-strain which reveals a 1% incidence of SAT. Selective breeding of CS birds, which showed phenotypic symptoms of hypothyroidism, resulted in the OS of which now, in generations 16 and 17, show 96% SAT. The histolegical and serological features in OS chickens make it a reasonable animal model to study Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder in humans15.
A remote-controlled television-monitored laboratory records room.

One of the by-products of computerizing a clinical laboratory is the resultant increase in paper production and its associated manual system overloads. In an attempt to resolve this problem, we have devised a computer-generated laboratory record system that provides continuous access, yet ensures record security. By the use of closed-circuit television, intercom, and a microfilm reader/printer, it is possible to configure a remote record facility that is convenient for physician use and yet operates with alow original capital investment and utilizes no additional personnel.
Classifying X-Ray Sources in External Galaxies from X-Ray Colors

The X-ray populations of Local Group galaxies have been classified in detail by Einstein, ROSAT, and ASCA, revealing a mix of binaries, supernova remnants (SNRs), and H II regions. However, these observatories were unable to resolve X-ray sources in galaxies beyond the Local Group. With Chandra's exquisite spatial resolution, we are able to resolve sources in a sample of nearby galaxies. We show that there are highly significant differences in the X-ray colors of sources in bulge and disk systems. In particular, we find that there is a population of X-ray-soft, faint sources in disk galaxies not seen in bulges and a smaller population of hard sources also seen preferentially in disk systems. These differences can be used as a basis to classify sources as low- and high-mass X-ray binaries, SNRs, and supersoft sources. We suggest that the soft sources seen preferentially in disks are probably dominated by SNRs, although we cannot rule out the possibility that they are a new population of absorbed, faint, supersoft accretion sources associated with the young stellar population. The hard sources seen in disks but not bulges we identify as high-mass X-ray binaries. While it is impossible to classify any individual source on the basis of X-ray color alone, the observations presented here suggest that it is possible to separate sources into groups dominated by one or two source types. This classification scheme is likely to be very useful in population studies, where it is crucial to distinguish between different classes of objects.
Derivation of transit time distribution of a stationary flow system from velocity and length characteristics

Abstract With a particular probability space established for a stationary flow system it is shown that transit-time distribution of nondiffusible tracers is mathematically related to the distributions of path lengths and fluid flowing velocities. Functional forms of the transit-time distribution can be derived by first determining the distributions of path lengths and fluid velocities from basic structural characteristics of a system and then using the techniques of probability theory to convert them to transit-time distributions. The procedure is illustrated by an example.
Pattern of Y‐chromatin fluorescence in an XYY man

Study of the buccal smear from an XYY individual revealed the Y-chromatin fluorescence to be single, double, split or a combination of single and split in 16, 53, 12 and 4 per cent of the nuclei, respectively. In 3 per cent of the nuclei, unidentifiable multiple fluorescing bodies were present. Fluorescence size was quantitated by ocular micrometric measurements.
A Study of Student Consultants' Comfort Levels with Research-Related Tasks.

Student consulting is a form of problem-based learning through which students work on strategic issues for organizations. To explore how students perceive their research-related tasks, 15 student consultants were asked to evaluate their comfort levels with seven tasks—adapted from the Association of College and Research Libraries' Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education—in three contexts: class assignments, consulting projects, and future workplaces. The comfort levels revealed by the students have implications for a variety of instructional settings and offer many directions for future studies.
Rate equation analysis of dynamic response in strongly injection-locked cascaded semiconductor microring lasers

A novel cascaded optical injection-locking scheme for modulation bandwidth enhancement and tailoring is proposed, involving a distributed-Bragg-reflector master laser monolithically integrated with two cascaded strongly injectionlocked whistle-geometry unidirectional microring lasers. Improved high-speed performance of the proposed cascaded injection-locking scheme is confirmed in numerical modeling by comparing it with the scheme based on a single strongly injection-locked whistle-geometry unidirectional microring laser.
Phosphoproteomic profiling of human myocardial tissues distinguishes ischemic from non-ischemic end stage heart failure.

The molecular differences between ischemic (IF) and non-ischemic (NIF) heart failure are poorly defined. A better understanding of the molecular differences between these two heart failure etiologies may lead to the development of more effective heart failure therapeutics. In this study extensive proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiles of myocardial tissue from patients diagnosed with IF or NIF were assembled and compared. Proteins extracted from left ventricular sections were proteolyzed and phosphopeptides were enriched using titanium dioxide resin. Gel- and label-free nanoscale capillary liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution accuracy mass tandem mass spectrometry allowed for the quantification of 4,436 peptides (corresponding to 450 proteins) and 823 phosphopeptides (corresponding to 400 proteins) from the unenriched and phospho-enriched fractions, respectively. Protein abundance did not distinguish NIF from IF. In contrast, 37 peptides (corresponding to 26 proteins) exhibited a ≥2-fold alteration in phosphorylation state (p<0.05) when comparing IF and NIF. The degree of protein phosphorylation at these 37 sites was specifically dependent upon the heart failure etiology examined. Proteins exhibiting phosphorylation alterations were grouped into functional categories: transcriptional activation/RNA processing; cytoskeleton structure/function; molecular chaperones; cell adhesion/signaling; apoptosis; and energetic/metabolism. Phosphoproteomic analysis demonstrated profound post-translational differences in proteins that are involved in multiple cellular processes between different heart failure phenotypes. Understanding the roles these phosphorylation alterations play in the development of NIF and IF has the potential to generate etiology-specific heart failure therapeutics, which could be more effective than current therapeutics in addressing the growing concern of heart failure.
The disruption of sodium balance in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), by manganese and iron

A primary toxic action of manganese to brook charr, Sulvelinusjonfinalis, at concentrations near or above the 96 h LC50 was the disruption of sodium regulation. Body and plasma sodium concentrations of brook charr declined by 52 and 40%, respectively, during exposure to 10.9 mM manganese (in 250 PM CaCI), and all fish died within 36 h. Sodium balance was less severely affected by 2.7 and 5.5 mM manganese. An increase in the external calcium concentration from 0.05 to 1.0 mM raised the LC50 for manganese from 4.9 to 5.8 mM, and a further increase to 2.5 mM calcium almost doubled it to 10.2 mM. An examination of stable manganese uptake by the gills revealed that accumulation was inversely correlated with body sodium concentration (r =−0.77). Radioactive J4Mn entered the bloodstream in low levels and accumulated in the liver. Thus manganese may have systemic effects as well as those attributable to surface binding on the gill. Studies of the mechanism ofdissolved iron toxicity were less conclusive, but it did not appear to involve extensive disruption of sodium balance. There was about a 15% drop in body sodium concentration when the trout were exposed for 48 h to the 96 h LC50 level of iron, but plasma sodium was unaffected. Also, an iron concentration at twice the LC50 did not escalate the loss of body sodium, and increasing the water calcium concentration did not raise the LC50.
Commentary: Total disc arthroplasty and the bearing surface debate

Commentary on Golish SR, Anderson PA. Bearing surfaces for total disc arthroplasty: metal-on-metal versus metal-on-polyethylene and other biomaterials. Spine J 2012;12:693–701 ( in this issue ).
Maria Mies. The Village and the World: My Life, Our Times

Maria Mies. The Village and the World: My Life, Our Times. Melbourne: Spinifex Press, 2010. ISBN 1–876756–82–9. This beautifully written autobiography is sociological imagination at its best. For t...
Maximum-likelihood sequence detection of multiple antenna systems over dispersive channels via sphere decoding

Multiple antenna systems are capable of providing high data rate transmissions over wireless channels. When the channels are dispersive, the signal at each receive antenna is a combination of both the current and past symbols sent from all transmit antennas corrupted by noise. The optimal receiver is a maximum-likelihood sequence detector and is often considered to be practically infeasible due to high computational complexity (exponential in number of antennas and channel memory). Therefore, in practice, one often settles for a less complex suboptimal receiver structure, typically with an equalizer meant to suppress both the intersymbol and interuser interference, followed by the decoder. We propose a sphere decoding for the sequence detection in multiple antenna communication systems over dispersive channels. The sphere decoding provides the maximum-likelihood estimate with computational complexity comparable to the standard space-time decision-feedback equalizing (DFE) algorithms. The performance and complexity of the sphere decoding are compared with the DFE algorithm by means of simulations.
Hobbes's Confusing “Clarity”—The Case of “Liberty”

The Leviathan has been described as “original, persuasive, solid, coherent.” General commentaries on Hobbes usually single out his logic for special praise; more detailed critiques generally unearth a mass of confusions and inconsistencies. Confusions and inconsistencies there certainly are; more, I believe, than one would expect to find in the work of a man of such undeniable logical powers. Speculation upon the psychological explanation of this fact is intriguing, but no part of the purpose of the present article. It is part of my purpose, however, to contend that Hobbes's passion for clarity and certainty may have played a part in leading him to adopt perverse definitions, to which even he did not consistently adhere and which constituted a major source of confusion. Conversely, I disagree with those who say his analytical system is sound and only his empirical assumptions about human nature are open to serious criticism. More specifically, one may profitably inquire whether there is some central concept that serves as a focal point for many of these difficulties. For example, it is often suggested, with merit, that Hobbes's perversion, or inversion, of the traditional meaning of “jus naturale” plays such a role. Without making any exclusive claim or denying the insights that may be gained by concentrating attention upon other focal points, my hypothesis is that understanding of Hobbes may be deepened by an examination of his use of the word “liberty.” I shall deal first with his definitions of the term, and then in turn with his applications of it to natural right and natural law, to sovereignty by acquisition, and finally to the social contract. I shall argue that his method, as illustrated by his definitions, leads him occasionally into confusion or inconsistency, and more frequently tends to confuse the reader and so to enable Hobbes to make an unsound conclusion appear sound, by means of specious reasoning. In particular, I shall contend that Hobbes's treatment of liberty (1) leads him into self-contradiction regarding the extent of natural liberty, (2) enables him to argue persuasively but speciously in support of the obligation to obey a sovereign who has attained his position by violence, and (3) prevents him from developing an acceptable theory of political obligation.
SR1-1: Breast Cancer and the Environment: A Life Course Approach - Report Release from an IOM Committee.

In response to a request from Susan G. Komen for the Cure®, an Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee was convened to review and assess the strength of the science base regarding the relationship between breast cancer and the environment. As part of their charge, the committee members reviewed the evidentiary standards for identifying and measuring cancer risk factors and the methodological challenges involved in conducting research on breast cancer and the environment. They also considered the potential interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. The committee9s report notes evidence-based actions that women could take to reduce their risk of breast cancer and offers recommendations for future research on breast cancer and the environment. The results of this IOM committee9s work will be presented. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr SR1-1.
Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy: a comparison with the conventional open approach.

Purpose: Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy is an emerging technique that has not yet gained widespread acceptance in the transplant community due to perceived technical difficulties. However, the potential advantages of decreasing donor morbidity, decreasing hospital stay and improving convalescence while producing a functional kidney for the recipient may prove to enhance living related renal transplantation. We report our early experience with laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 50 consecutive laparoscopic nephrectomies performed from October 1998 to May 2000 and compared them with 50 consecutive open donor nephrectomies, which served as historical controls.Results: Donor age, donor sex and number of HLA mismatches did not differ statistically in the 2 groups. In the laparoscopic and open nephrectomy groups mean followup was 109 and 331 days (p = 0.0001), mean operative time was 234 and 208 minutes (p = 0.0068), mean estimated b...
Partial trisomy 22: A recognizable syndrome

A patient identified as being a partial trisomy 22 mosaic is presented. The presence of a translocation t(4;22) (pter;q12) is noted in the mother, sister and maternal aunt. Comparison is made with nine other reported cases of partial trisomy 22 confirmed by parental translocation. These suggest a definite syndrome, including mental retardation, congenital heart disease, skeletal anomalies, anti-mongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, preauricular skin tags and low-set ears.
Failure events in transition of care for surgical patients.

Background Unexpected clinical deterioration (failure events) in surgical patients on standard nursing units (WARDs) could have a significant impact on eventual survival. We sought to investigate failure events requiring intensive care (surgical ICU [SICU]) transfer of surgical patients on WARDs in a single-center academic setting. Study Design Surgical patients admitted to WARDs over a 12-month period, who developed failure events, were retrospectively reviewed. Time to deterioration since WARD arrival, clinical factors, notification chain, and outcomes were identified. A physician review panel determined the preventability of failure events. Results Ninety-eight patients experienced 111 failure events requiring SICU transfer. Most patients (85%) were emergency admissions. Of 111 events, 90% had been previously discharged from an SICU or a postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Recognition of failure was by nursing (54%) and on routine physician rounds (34%). Rapid response or code blue alone was less common (12%). A second physician notification was needed in 29%, with delays due to failure to identify severity of illness. Most commonly, respiratory events prompted notification (77 of 111, 69%). Overall mortality was 26 of 98 (27%). Median time to failure was 2 days and was associated with early transfer from the SICU or PACU. Rapid response or code blue activation was associated with higher mortality than physician notification. Conclusions Patients most at risk for WARD failures were those with acute surgical emergencies or recently discharged from the SICU or PACU. Respiratory complications were the most common cause of WARD failure events. Many early failures may have been due to premature transfer from the SICU or PACU. Failure events on WARDs can have lethal consequences. Awareness, monitoring, and communication are important components of preventative measures.
Letter From the Dean

Abstract I am delighted to be able to introduce this second issue of the MESSA Journal: delighted because it shows that what began as an ambitious experiment has proven itself and is growing into an institution; because the Journal – and the associated conference – are the result of a sustained pattern of student-led intellectual engagement that speaks directly both to our SFS remit and to our location; because it represents so well the range of social science interests (and methods) we ourselves at SFS-Q pursue; and because it brings together an impressive set of SFS-Q students with outstanding colleagues both from Qatar (from our Education City partner, Northwestern University Qatar) and the US (from our ‘mothership’ on the Hilltop in Washington), as well as from Harvard and the University of Southern California. The theme – ‘narrowing the gap: conversations between governing and the governed’ – is of ever greater importance in the Middle East, even if, or precisely because, its practice has been so oft...
Actin Cross-link Assembly and Disassembly Mechanics for α-Actinin and Fascin

Self-assembly of complex structures is commonplace in biology but often poorly understood. In the case of the actin cytoskeleton, a great deal is known about the components that include higher order structures, such as lamellar meshes, filopodial bundles, and stress fibers. Each of these cytoskeletal structures contains actin filaments and cross-linking proteins, but the role of cross-linking proteins in the initial steps of structure formation has not been clearly elucidated. We employ an optical trapping assay to investigate the behaviors of two actin cross-linking proteins, fascin and α-actinin, during the first steps of structure assembly. Here, we show that these proteins have distinct binding characteristics that cause them to recognize and cross-link filaments that are arranged with specific geometries. α-Actinin is a promiscuous cross-linker, linking filaments over all angles. It retains this flexibility after cross-links are formed, maintaining a connection even when the link is rotated. Conversely, fascin is extremely selective, only cross-linking filaments in a parallel orientation. Surprisingly, bundles formed by either protein are extremely stable, persisting for over 0.5 h in a continuous wash. However, using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence decay experiments, we find that the stable fascin population can be rapidly competed away by free fascin. We present a simple avidity model for this cross-link dissociation behavior. Together, these results place constraints on how cytoskeletal structures assemble, organize, and disassemble in vivo.
Deformation and fracture behavior of niobium-10 at % vanadium alloy with hydrogen

The results of e systematic study of deformation and fracture behaviour of niobium-10 at% vanadium alloy with or without o nominal 200 p.p.m. wt% hydrogen and deformed in tension are presented as function of orientation and two testing temperatures; 195 and 295 K. Single crystals, large and small grain size polycrystals are used to determine the mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement. Metallographic observations using both optical and scanning electron microscopy of the surface features associated with deformation and fracture behaviour of this alloy containing hydrogen are illustrated. In particular, the relationship between slip, twinning and cracks is described Furthermore, the reasons for the relatively large ductility associated with niobium rich alloys in comparison with other Nb-V alloys are put forward. Discrete dislocation analysis of the models of twinning is used to substantiate the ideas presented on the effect of hydrogen on the nucleation of twins and cracks in this alloy,
cGMP is not required for capacitative Ca2+ entry in Jurkat T-lymphocytes

Abstract In this study, we have addressed the potential role of cGMP in regulating calcium entry in Jurkat T-lymphocytes. These cells display capacitative Ca 2+ -entry in response to the intracellular Ca 2+ -ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin (TG). In the presence of extracellular Ca 2+ , TG stimulates a sustained elevation of intracellular cGMP levels. In the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ , TG induces no apparent increase in the levels of cGMP. However, experiments using Mn 2+ , as a surrogate for Ca 2+ , demonstrated that TG increased the rate of divalent cation entry in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ . Treatment of Jurkat cells with the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, LY83583 (20 μM), completely blocked cGMP formation in response to TG. However, LY83583 treated cells still exhibited a sustained, albeit partially reduced, Ca 2+ response induced by TG. These data demonstrate that, in Jurkat cells, the sustained formation of cGMP is dependent on elevated intracellular Ca 2+ , and that elevated levels of cGMP are not necessary for the activation of capacitative Ca 2+ entry.
A fully nonparametric diagnostic test for homogeneity of variances

The authors propose a new nonparametric diagnostic test for checking the constancy of the conditional variance function σ2(x) in the regression model Yi = m(xi) + σ(xi)ϵi, i = 1,…, m. Their test, which does not assume a known parametric form for the conditional mean function m(x), is inspired by a recent asymptotic theory in the analysis of variance when the number of factor levels is large. The authors demonstrate through simulations the good finite-sample properties of the test and illustrate its use in a study on the effect of drug utilization on health care costs.
Too much ado about instrumental variable approach: is the cure worse than the disease?

ABSTRACT Objective To review the efficacy of instrumental variable (IV) models in addressing a variety of assumption violations to ensure standard ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates are consistent. IV models gained popularity in outcomes research because of their ability to consistently estimate the average causal effects even in the presence of unmeasured confounding. However, in order for this consistent estimation to be achieved, several conditions must hold. In this article, we provide an overview of the IV approach, examine possible tests to check the prerequisite conditions, and illustrate how weak instruments may produce inconsistent and inefficient results. Methods We use two IVs and apply Shea's partial R -square method, the Anderson canonical correlation, and Cragg–Donald tests to check for weak instruments. Hall–Peixe tests are applied to see if any of these instruments are redundant in the analysis. Results A total of 14,952 asthma patients from the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database were examined in this study. Patient health care was provided under a variety of fee-for-service, fully capitated, and partially capitated health plans, including preferred provider organizations, point of service plans, indemnity plans, and health maintenance organizations. We used controller–reliever copay ratio and physician practice/prescribing patterns as an instrument. We demonstrated that the former was a weak and redundant instrument producing inconsistent and inefficient estimates of the effect of treatment. The results were worse than the results from standard regression analysis. Conclusion Despite the obvious benefit of IV models, the method should not be used blindly. Several strong conditions are required for these models to work, and each of them should be tested. Otherwise, bias and precision of the results will be statistically worse than the results achieved by simply using standard OLS.
70.2: Virtual Display: A Platform for Evaluating Display Color Calibration Kits

We propose a method of evaluating the performance of color calibration kits for LCD monitors. Routine color calibration is imperative for critical applications that rely on color fidelity such as digital pathology and professional graphics. However, the commercially available products vary greatly in price and performance with no available evaluation standard. We propose the concept of Virtual Display, a universal display platform that emulates tone reproduction curves. A field programmable gate array board was used to process the video signals based on a preprogrammed look-up table, which contains the tone reproduction curves of the target display. A spectroradiometer-based and a colorimeter-based color calibration kits were challenged by 8 virtual displays that have problematic tone reproduction curves. The results show that both color calibration kits offer only one-dimensional lookup tables for each channel, which might be insufficient. We also spectrally characterized three real displays of different grades and derived spectral models for them. By using the virtual display and spectral models, evaluation of color calibration kits can be greatly simplified and standardized without the burden of optical measurement on target displays.
Electrotonic spread of current in cultured chick heart cells

Following trypsin dispersion, isolated single cells reassembled into monolayer communities categorized as strands and sheets. Two microelectrodes were mounted in bridge circuits so that current pulses could be passed through one electrode while simultaneously recording membrane potentials at both electrodes. The electrotonic spread of current was measured as a change in membrane potential (usually at electrode 2) at various distances from the site of current injection (usually at electrode 1). Most cells were driven by transmission of excitation from contiguous cells. Criteria which helped to determine when both electrodes impaled the same cell included: (a) a sharp diminution of the resting potential recorded by the first electrode to a common intermediate level following insertion of the second electrode and (b) simultaneous and congruous subthreshold changes in membrane potential. The voltage/current relationship measured at electrode 1 was linear and had a mean slope of about 7 MΩ that for electrode 2 was also linear and, in some cases at short distances, had a slope as large as that for 1, i.e., the degree of electrotonic interaction was nearly 100%. However, in other impalements at short distances, interaction was nearly zero. Therefore, the degree of electrotonic spread was not dependent upon interelectrode distance per se, but appeared to depend on whether both electrodes impaled the same cell.
Chronic diffuse musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia and co-morbid unexplained clinical conditions

This chapter reviews our current knowledge on the presence of overlapping syndromes in one form of chronic diffuse pain, fibromyalgia. Patients with fibromyalgia often present with signs and symptoms of other unexplained clinical conditions, including chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, temporomandibular disorders, and multiple chemical sensitivities. The high prevalence, impact on function and opportunities for treatment underscore the need for clinicians and researchers to screen routinely for co-morbid unexplained clinical conditions among persons with fibromyalgia. We, therefore, describe a simple approach to screening for such conditions in accordance with published criteria. Interventions should directly address both fibromyalgia symptoms and co-morbid unexplained clinical conditions, as well as the multiple factors that propagate pain, fatigue and limitations in function.
Reliability of dipole-dipole electrical resistivity tomography for defining depth to bedrock in covered karst terranes

Sinkhole collapse is one of the main limitations on the development of karst areas, especially where bedrock is covered by unconsolidated material. Studies of sinkhole formation have shown that sinkholes are likely to develop in cutter (enlarged joint) zones as a result of subterranean erosion by flowing groundwater. Because of the irregular distribution of pinnacles and cutters on the bedrock surface, uncertainties arise when "hit-or-miss" borehole drilling is used to locate potential collapse sites. A high-resolution geophysical technique capable of depicting the details of the bedrock surface is essential for guiding the drilling program. Dipole-dipole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was used to map the bedrock surface at a site in southern Indiana where limestone is covered by about 9 m of clayey soils. Forty-nine transects were conducted over an area of approximately 42,037 m2. The electrode spacing was 3 m. The length of the transects varied from 81 to 249 m. The tomographs were interpreted with the aid of soil borings. The repeatability of ERT was evaluated by comparing the rock surface elevations interpreted from pairs of transects where they crossed each other. The average difference was 2.4 m, with a maximum of 10 m. The discrepancy between interpreted bedrock-surface elevations for a transect intersection may be caused by variations in the subsurface geology normal to the transect. Averaging the elevation data interpreted from different transects improved the ERT results. A bedrock surface map was generated using only the averaged elevation data at the transect junctions. The accuracy of the map was further evaluated using data from four exploratory boreholes. The average difference between interpreted and actual bedrock surface-elevations was less than 0.4 m. The map shows two large troughs in the limestone surface: one coinciding with an existing sinkhole basin, while the other is in alignment with a small topographic valley. Because sinkholes were observed at the same elevation interval in similar valleys in the vicinity, the delineated trough may have implications for future land use at the site.
The Equine Neonatal Intensive Care Laboratory: Point-of-Care Testing

Rapid evaluation and intervention is a requirement and a characteristic of patient management in neonatal intensive care units, and this applies for equine neonates also. Appropriate interventions are based on solid knowledge of age, maturity, and species-specific differences in reference ranges. Point-of-care (POC) testing devices speedup decision making regarding treatments and interventions. However, there are potential limitations of these devices when applied to age groups and species beyond those they were specifically developed for. This article discusses the age-specific differences in the reference ranges and the potential limitations of POC devices currently used, which may affect delivery of care.
Performance Evaluation of Uncrushed Aggregates in Unsurfaced Road Applications Through Accelerated Pavement Testing

The design of low-volume roads and unsurfaced pavements traditionally involves covering prepared subgrade with an aggregate layer of sufficient thickness such that traffic-induced loads are adequately distributed and stresses on the subgrade can be tolerated. Aggregate gradation and field density requirements are commonly the only considerations for constructing acceptable aggregate layers. Aggregate quality aspects and properties often are not considered in detail when aggregate sources with the lowest material hauling and transportation costs are selected. An approach based solely on economic considerations may result in the selection of locally available material for routine use as the primary load-bearing pavement layer. Full-scale test sections were constructed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign with aggregate materials of different types and qualities over a weak subgrade of controlled strength and tested to failure with the use of an accelerated transportation loading assembly. Pavem...
Clinitest tablet ingestion: an in vitro investigation concerned with initial emergency management.

To help establish a rational approach to the initial management of Clinitest ® tablet ingestion, we investigated the effect of number of tablets, volume of diluent, and type of diluent on dissolution time (T D ), temperature generation (ΔT), and pH. Dissolution time was independent of the number of tablets and the volume of fluid; however, it was dependent on the type of fluid used. The thermal generation (ΔT) was dependent on the number of tablets and volume of fluid, but was independent of the type of fluid used. The pH changes were independent of the number of tablets and volume of fluid; however, they were greatly dependent on the type of fluid. These data suggest that dissolution is rapid (in seconds) and, therefore, the most effective intervention may occur shortly after ingestion of the tablets; the larger the volume of diluting fluid, the smaller the risk of thermal damage from these ingestions; and orange juice should be considered as a possible diluent because it is capable of reducing the pH of the Clinitest ® tablet without increasing thermal generation.
The relationship between moral decisions and their consequences: A tradeoff analysis approach

While at one level, the literature in ethics for some issues is broad, deep, and complex, for others it appears limited and lacking in sophistication. This cross — cultural study deals not only with the moral reasoning behind moral dilemmas in business but also with the magnitudes these dilemmas in concert with their possible outcomes and consequences. While many studies discuss the effect of these outcomes, we have found none that have explicitly examined them.
Percutaneous Treatment of an Intraoperative Arterial Injury as a Result of Endoureterotomy

A 35-year-old woman presented with a left ureteroileal anastomotic stricture 6 months in duration. She had undergone 2 previous balloon dilations of the stricture without success and an internallexternal stent had been placed. At presentation to our institution the patient was obese with mild diffuse abdominal tenderness. The stoma appeared viable with a ureteral stent extending into the stoma bag. Standard laboratory investigations were within the normal range. The patient refused open surgical repair but agreed to less invasive endourological stricture management. With the patient under general anesthesia and with fluoroscopic guidance a guide wire was passed through the existing left ureteral stent and coiled in the left renal pelvis, and the stent was removed. A pull-back retrograde study of the left ureter showed a 2 cm. stricture at the left ureteroiled anastomosis. Attempted dilation of the stricture via the traditional balloon technique failed and endourological treatment with a cutting balloon was performed. The Acucise* cutting balloon was passed over the guide wire and positioned at the stricture site under fluoroscopic guidance with the cutting wire directed anteriorly. The balloon was gently inflated until a waist was noted and the cutting current was applied to open the stricture. However, blood issued from the ileal conduit. The balloon was removed and found to be rup tured. An 8 mm. x 4 cm. angioplasty balloon was passed over the guide wire and inflated across the same site with prompt cessation of bleeding. Endoscopy showed an intact ileal loop and the angioplasty balloon was inflated at the uretemnteric anastomotic site. Partial deflation of the balloon under direct vision caused renewed bleeding. Although the condition of the patient was stable, there was concern regarding the source of bleeding. A pelvic arteriogram through a right femoral artery puncture revealed a small pseudoaneurysm with extravasation in the region of the distal left common iliac artery close to the distal left ureter. A 25 cm. long, 9F introducer sheath was passed through the left common femoral artery and positioned at the injury site. A thin walled 3 mm. X 3 cm. polytetrafluomthylene (Gore-Text) graft with the outer layer removed was fixed to a P-294 Palmaz stent$ with &zero polypropylene suture (fig. 1). The catheter was mounted on an 8 mm. x 4 cm. balloon and advanced through the introducer sheath into the left common iliac artery. The stent was deployed at the site of injury, and the balloon was deflated and removed. Completion angiography showed the stent to be in good psition with no leak and exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm.
Capture of a recombinant protein from unclarified canola extract using streamline expanded bed anion exchange.

The feasibility of applying expanded bed adsorption technology to recombinant protein recovery from extracts of transgenic canola (rapeseed) was assessed. The extraction step results in a suspension of high solids content that is difficult to clarify. The coarse portion of the solids can be removed easily, and our aim was to operate the expanded bed in the presence of the recalcitrant particulates. Recombinant beta-glucuronidase (rGUS) produced in transgenic canola seed was the model system. Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) and Streamline DEAE resin exhibited similar binding and elution properties for both rGUS and native canola proteins. More than 95% of native canola proteins did not bind to DEAE resins at pH 7.5, whereas the bound proteins were fractionated by two-step salt elution into two groups with the first peak, containing 70% of total bound proteins, at 20 mS/cm, followed by elution of rGUS at 50 mS/cm. The adsorption isotherm was only slightly influenced by the presence of up to 14 mg solids/mL extract; C(m) and K(d) changed by -1% and +39%, respectively. Bed expansion was semiquantitatively predictable from physical properties of the fluid together with Stokes's law and the Richardson-Zaki correlation for both clarified and partially clarified extracts. The presence of 1.4% solids did not change rGUS breakthrough behavior of the expanded bed; however, a small difference between expanded bed and packed bed was observed early in the sample loading stage, during which bed expansion adjusts. Canola solids moved through the column in approximately plug flow with no detriment to bed stability. Seventy-two percent recovery of 34-fold purified rGUS was obtained after initial loading of 1.4% (w/w) solids extract to 25% breakthrough.
HELIOSEISMOLOGY OF TIME-VARYING FLOWS THROUGH THE SOLAR CYCLE

Flows in the upper convection zone are measured by helioseismology on a wide variety of scales. These include differential rotation and meridional circulation, local flows around complexes of magnetic activity and sunspots, and convective flows. The temporal evolution of flows through cycle 23 reveals connections between mass motions in the solar interior and the large-scale characteristics of the magnetic cycle. Here I summarize the latest observations and their implications. Observations from local helioseismology suggest that subsurface flows around active regions introduce a solar-cycle variation in the meridional circulation.
Knowledge-based diagnostic systems for continuous process operations based upon the task framework

We present the Task framework for building knowledge-based diagnostic systems for chemical process plants. The details of the framework are illustrated in terms of a specific knowledge-based system called CATCRACKER, for process and malfunction diagnosis in fluid catalytic cracking processes
Estimating the Water-Dispersible Clay Content of Soils

Soil erodibility is influenced by several soil properties including the extent to which the clay fraction will disperse in water. Because early methods for estimating soil erosion were empirical methods and did not utilize water-dispersible clay as a parameter, few data have been collected. The recent development of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model, a process-based model for predicting water erosion that uses water-dispersible clay in the algorithm for computing interrill erodibility, resulted in an increased demand for these data. In order to accommodate this and similar models, a method for estimating the water-dispersible clay content of soils based on existing information is needed. Data collected by the National Soil Survey Laboratory in support of the WEPP were used to identify soil properties that were significantly correlated with water-dispersible clay and to develop equations to estimate the water-dispersible clay content of soils based on those properties. The property most strongly correlated with water-dispersible clay is total clay. Other properties significantly correlated with water-dispersible clay are the water content at 1.5 MPa, dithionite-citrate-extractable Fe and Al, the coefficient of linear extensibility, Wischmeier's M, the very-fine-sand content, the ratio of cation-exchange capacity (CEC) to total clay, Bouyoucos' clay ratio, and the CEC. A simple linear regression of water-dispersible clay vs. total clay revealed that, for the soils included in this study, approximately one-third of the total clay was water dispersible. However, the model only had an R of 0.604. When the ratio of the CEC corrected for organic carbon (CCEC) to total clay was included in the model, the R improved to 0.723. However, sorting the data by the ratio of CCEC to total clay instead of including it in the model improved the overall fit of the model and increased the R to 0.879. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 5 then click button8
Sex, Body Mass Index, and Dietary Fiber Intake Influence the Human Gut Microbiome

Increasing evidence suggests that the composition of the human gut microbiome is important in the etiology of human diseases; however, the personal factors that influence the gut microbiome composition are poorly characterized. Animal models point to sex hormone-related differentials in microbiome composition. In this study, we investigated the relationship of sex, body mass index (BMI) and dietary fiber intake with the gut microbiome in 82 humans. We sequenced fecal 16S rRNA genes by 454 FLX technology, then clustered and classified the reads to microbial genomes using the QIIME pipeline. Relationships of sex, BMI, and fiber intake with overall gut microbiome composition and specific taxon abundances were assessed by permutational MANOVA and multivariate logistic regression, respectively. We found that sex was associated with the gut microbiome composition overall (p=0.001). The gut microbiome in women was characterized by a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes (p=0.03). BMI (>25 kg/m2 vs. <25 kg/m2) was associated with the gut microbiome composition overall (p=0.05), and this relationship was strong in women (p=0.03) but not in men (p=0.29). Fiber from beans and from fruits and vegetables were associated, respectively, with greater abundance of Actinobacteria (p=0.006 and false discovery rate adjusted q=0.05) and Clostridia (p=0.009 and false discovery rate adjusted q=0.09). Our findings suggest that sex, BMI, and dietary fiber contribute to shaping the gut microbiome in humans. Better understanding of these relationships may have significant implications for gastrointestinal health and disease prevention.
Effects of fillet weight on sensory descriptive flavor and texture profiles of broiler breast meat

Four replications were conducted to compare sensory descriptive profiles of cooked boneless skinless chicken breast categorized by fillet (pectoralis major) weight or size. In each replication, 20 heavy fillets, 20 medium fillets, and 20 light fillets (deboned at 6-8 h postmortem) were obtained from a commercial processing plant. Fillets were trimmed and weighed before chosen for each of 3 size categories based on their weight as follows: light, average weight 112 g; medium, average weight 153 g; and heavy, average weight 204 g. Descriptive sensory texture and flavor attributes were measured after the frozen samples were thawed for 24 h at a refrigerated temperature (2°C) and cooked to an endpoint temperature of 78°C. Sensory evaluations were performed by trained descriptive panelists using 0 to 15 universal intensity scales for 8 texture and 10 flavor attributes. Our results show that there were differences (P < 0.05) in intensity scores of sensory descriptive texture and flavor attributes cohesiveness, hardness, juiciness, cardboardy, and sourness, among the 3 weight categories. The average cohesiveness, hardness, and sourness scores of the heavy and light fillets were higher than the medium fillets. The juiciness score of the heavy fillets was higher than that of the light fillets, and the cardboardy score of the light fillets was higher than those of the medium and heavy fillets. The juiciness score of the medium fillets did not differ from that of either the light or heavy fillets, and there was no difference for cardboardy scores between the medium and heavy fillets. These results indicate that fillet weight or size in the range (95-230 g) assessed in this study may influence sensory descriptive flavor and texture profiles of cooked broiler breast fillets deboned 6 to 8 h postmortem. Current genetic selection of broiler lines based on growth rate and feed efficiency may sacrifice breast meat quality. However, it remains to be determined if the differences in the sensory descriptive evaluation can be perceived by consumers.