cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regeneration from crayfish phasic and tonic motor axons in vitro.

An explant culture system is described that allows examination of axonal growth from the tonically and phasically active motoneurons of the abdominal nerve cord of the crayfish. In this preparation, growth occurs from the cut end of the axon while the remainder of the motoneuron is undisturbed. In vitro growth from the branches of the third roots, which contain the axons from the tonic and phasic motoneurons of abdominal ganglia one through four, was verified as axonal by retrograde labeling of axons and neuronal somata within the nerve cord. Growth from the axons of phasic and tonic cells was observed as early as 24 h after plating and continued for an additional 7–10 days. The morphology and growth rates of the motor terminals differed between the tonic and phasic axons. The phasic axons grew significantly faster and branched more often than did the tonic motor axons. These differences in growth may be related to differences in motoneuron size or, may result from differences in electrical activity. Tonic motoneurons show spontaneous impulse activity for up to 6 days in culture, whereas phasic motoneurons show no spontaneous impulse activity. In addition, the differences in growth may be related to the morphological differences in tonic and phasic motor terminals observed in situ. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comparison of multiple phenology data sources for estimating seasonal transitions in deciduous forest carbon exchange

Abstract There are currently numerous data sources available for estimating the timing of recurrent plant phenology transitions. We compared measurements from several phenology data sources to understand the relationship between phenology metrics derived from these data sources and the timing of seasonal transitions in net ecosystem exchange (NEE). We identified the timing of start, peak, end and the duration of the carbon uptake season, as well as the timing of the transitions from sink to source and source to sink using 11 years of NEE data from the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS). Using fitted logistic functions we identified proxy metrics for phenological transitions from the time series of Albedo, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR), Plant Area Index (PAI), and MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and leaf area index (LAI) products of various spatial representations. We found that no single source of phenological data was able to accurately describe annual patterns of flux phenology. However, for each transition in NEE (e.g., start of season, transition to net sink), the metrics from one or more data sources were significantly (p
The mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) mutation in MELAS: a model for pathogenesis

The A----G transition at nucleotide 3243 of the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu)(UUR)) gene has been associated with MELAS, a maternally-inherited mitochondrial disorder. We recently transferred mitochondria harboring this mtDNA mutation into a human cell line devoid of endogenous mtDNA (rho degrees cells), and showed: (1) decreased rate of synthesis and of steady-state levels of mitochondrial translational products, (2) reduced respiratory chain function and (3) increased amounts of a novel unprocessed RNA species (termed by us RNA 19) derived from transcription of the 16S rRNA + tRNA(Leu)(UUR) + ND 1 genes. Because RNA 19 contains rRNA sequences, we propose that this molecule is incorporated into mitochondrial ribosomes, and interferes disproportionately with mitochondrial translation, thereby causing the phenotypic changes associated with MELAS.
Collection of embryos from Darwin's finches (Thraupidae, Passeriformes).

INTRODUCTIONThere are no breeding colonies of Darwin’s finches anywhere in the world. Thus, all of the embryonicmaterial is collected in the wild. This protocol describes how, in a field setting, fertilized eggs are col-lected and incubated at a precise temperature and how the resulting embryos are harvested andprocessed for in situ hybridization, antibody staining, and microarray analyses. In addition, the proto-col includes steps for preparing the heads of older embryos for histological staining of bone and car-tilage with alcian blue and alizarin red. It is likely that the same or similar methods can be used toobtain embryonic tissue from other species of songbirds. The main limitation of this protocol is that,when used in the field without external constant electricity sources, it requires power generators thatneed to run on a more or less constant basis, as well as stockpiles of supplies (fuel, oil, and fresh water).RELATEDINFORMATIONThe heads from the embryos collected in this protocol can be analyzed by InSituHybridizationAnalysisofEmbryonicBeakTissuefromDarwin’sFinches(Abzhanov 2009a) and MicroarrayAnalysisofEmbryonicBeakmRNAfromDarwin’sFinches(Abzhanov 2009b). An introduction toDarwin’s finches, their rich history in biological research, and their use as a model organism in evolu-tionary developmental biology is presented in Darwin’sFinches:AnalysisofBeakMorphologicalChangesDuringEvolution(Abzhanov 2009c).
Factors affecting transmission of fungal pathogens of aphids

Fungal pathogens are the most important pathogens of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae), and epizootics, particularly those caused by Entomophthorales (Zygomycota), are frequently observed and often rapidly reduce aphid populations. Fungi in the Hypocreales (Ascomycota) are less commonly found infecting aphids but can be important. The transmission of aphid fungal pathogens is affected by many factors, including: host biology and structure, pathogen characteristics, host-plant characteristics, and environmental factors. This paper is an overview of selected factors affecting transmission of aphid pathogens.
Antipsychotic withdrawal phenomena in the medical-surgical setting

The literature describing nondyskinetic antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms is reviewed. The withdrawal of antipsychotic agents can result in nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgias, paresthesias, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by increased anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. However, the temporal relationship of these prodromal symptoms to reduction in the dosage or discontinuation of neuroleptics distinguishes them from the effects of abrupt withdrawal.
From Such Simple a Beginning: The Momentous Consequences of Physics' Microscopic Reversibility for Communication and Computation---and Almost Anything Else

Darwin concludes The Origin of Species with a splendid one-phrase poem,From so simple a beginningendless forms most beautiful and most wonderfulhave been, and are being, evolved. Darwin's ''simple beginning'' may be identified, in today's terminology, with dissipation-evolution's basic fuel. All the rest is commentary-or, more precisely, corollary. One can aptly apply Darwin's phrase to another kind of ''simple beginning,'' from which as well ''endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.'' What I have in mind is a concept that is apparently the very antithesis of dissipation, namely, physics' fundamental assumption of invertibility-or ''microscopic reversibility.'' To paraphrase Dobzhansky, no sensible step can be taken today in information, communication, and computer sciences, as well as in fundamental physics, except in the light of invertibility.
EFFECTS OF AMG 145, A FULLY HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AGAINST PCSK9, ON LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL IN SUBJECTS TAKING STATINS: A PHASE 1, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, ASCENDING MULTIPLE-DOSE STUDY

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) downregulates surface expression of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDL-R), increasing circulating LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). Statins increase LDL-R and PCSK9 levels. AMG 145, a fully human monoclonal antibody against PCSK9, has been
Stability of steep gravity-capillary solitary waves in deep water

The stability of steep gravity–capillary solitary waves in deep water is numerically investigated using the full nonlinear water-wave equations with surface tension. Out of the two solution branches that bifurcate at the minimum gravity–capillary phase speed, solitary waves of depression are found to be stable both in the small-amplitude limit when they are in the form of wavepackets and at finite steepness when they consist of a single trough, consistent with observations. The elevation-wave solution branch, on the other hand, is unstable close to the bifurcation point but becomes stable at finite steepness as a limit point is passed and the wave profile features two well-separated troughs. Motivated by the experiments of Longuet-Higgins & Zhang (1997), we also consider the forced problem of a localized pressure distribution applied to the free surface of a stream with speed below the minimum gravity–capillary phase speed. We find that the finite-amplitude forced solitary-wave solution branch computed by Vanden-Broeck & Dias (1992) is unstable but the branch corresponding to Rayleigh’s linearized solution is stable, in agreement also with a weakly nonlinear analysis based on a forced nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The significance of viscous effects is assessed using the approach proposed by Longuet-Higgins (1997): while for free elevation waves the instability predicted on the basis of potential-flow theory is relatively weak compared with viscous damping, the opposite turns out to be the case in the forced problem when the forcing is strong. In this regime, which is relevant to the experiments of Longuet-Higgins & Zhang (1997), the effects of instability can easily dominate viscous effects, and the results of the stability analysis are used to propose a theoretical explanation for the persistent unsteadiness of the forced wave profiles observed in the experiments.
Inversion of multicomponent diffusion equations

Abstract It is shown that various multicomponent diffusion equations can be written in the generalized Maxwell–Stefan (MS) form by using a simple generalization of the inversion method presented in a publication by Merk [1959. Applied Scientific Research A 8, 73–99]. The new approach can be considered a reformulation of the Curtiss–Bird inversion [1999. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38(7), 2515–2522], but it is simpler and more versatile—it can be used to invert the Onsager–Fuoss, Darken, Nernst–Planck, and generalized Fick equations; and to provide expressions for the MS diffusivities without making assumptions about the diagonal MS diffusivities. This approach complements the reversion described by Taylor and Krishna, which changes the MS equations to the form of the generalized Fick equations. As a detailed example, the Lattice Density Functional Theory (LDFT) equations for diffusion in a quaternary system are inverted to MS form by using the new approach; in addition, the resultant MS equations are reverted to the generalized Fick form by using the approach of Taylor and Krishna; last, the original LDFT equations are retrieved by using a priori information from the new approach. This example demonstrates the straightforwardness of switching between various forms of any diffusion equation. Additionally, the example ascertains that the MS diffusivities are symmetric and always positive, at least when obtained from the near-equilibrium LDFT equations at low density—this builds on the works of Curtiss and Bird [1999. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38(7), 2515–2522] and Condiff [1969. Journal of Chemical Physics 51(10) 4209] that demonstrate only the symmetry, and it offers an alternative explanation for the observance of negative MS diffusivities.
Better understanding accounting fraud

Investigators in many fields—including accounting, sociology, criminology, and the law—have researched accounting fraud. What general methodologies and theories have these investigators come up with? And what practical advice can they offer to handle the risk of accounting fraud? The author of this article has some answers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CSI compensation via RMF's using eigenvalue perturbation method

Au A. GooyabadiUniversity of Colorado at BoulderDepartment of Electrical EngineeringMark J. BalasUniversity of Colorado at BoulderDepartment of Aerospace Engineering SciencesABSTRACTActive Control of Large Flexible Structures (LFS) requires a reduced order model (ROM) of theactual structure, because the actual finite element model (FEM) of LFS is too large to be used asthe basis for an active control algorithm. However, use of a ROM-based controller always resultsin some undesirable controller structure interaction CSI. CSI does effect the stability margin andusually degrades the overall performance of the closed loop system even to the point of causinginstability. In this paper, perturbation theory will be used to identify those modes that are effectedby CSI in order to be filtered out of the controller's path. The closed ioop system without the CSI
Inhibition of N5-methyltetrahydrofolate - homocysteine transmethylase by a vitamin B12-antimetabolite.

Compound 102804 isolated from Bacillus cereus has been found to be a potent inhibitor of the N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine transmethylase isolated from Escherichia coli B. This inhibition was noted when 102804 was added to the enzyme reaction mixture after the reaction started or concurrently with the preparation of the mixture. Chemically inactivated 102804 has no activity as an inhibitor of this enzyme system.
Inflation-rate volatility and money demand: Evidence from less developed countries

Abstract Theory suggests that inflation-rate volatility should affect real money balances, although there is ambiguity about the sign of the effect. This paper uses techniques designed to accommodate nonstationary data, and the major results show that increases in the volatility of domestic inflation exert a significant negative effect on money demand in both the short run and the long run in each of the eight less developed countries (LDCs). Nonstationarity in the demand for money in most of our samples is resolved only when a proxy for inflation-rate volatility is included as a regressor. The interest rate variable, ignored in several LDC studies, exerts a statistically significant long-run effect on real money balances of all eight LDCs, except for Kenya.
DEPTOR is a Stemness Factor that Regulates Pluripotency of Embryonic Stem Cells

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates stem cell regeneration and differentiation in response to growth factors, nutrients, cellular energetics, and various extrinsic stressors. Inhibition of mTOR activity has been shown to enhance the regenerative potential of pluripotent stem cells. DEPTOR is the only known endogenous inhibitor of all known cellular mTOR functions. We show that DEPTOR plays a key role in maintaining stem cell pluripotency by limiting mTOR activity in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells (ESCs). DEPTOR levels dramatically decrease with differentiation of mouse ESCs, and knockdown of DEPTOR is sufficient to promote ESC differentiation. A strong decrease in DEPTOR expression is also observed during human ESCs differentiation. Furthermore, reduction in DEPTOR level during differentiation is accompanied by a corresponding increase in mTOR complex 1 activity in mouse ESCs. Our data provide evidence that DEPTOR is a novel stemness factor that promotes pluripotency and self-renewal in ESCs by inhibiting mTOR signaling.
Effects of transitional bilingual education on Spanish-speaking preschoolers’ literacy and language development: Year 2 results

Year 2 findings are reported from a longitudinal, experimental-control study involving 31 Spanish-speaking preschoolers (aged 38-48 months) randomly assigned to two Head Start classrooms. In Year 1, classrooms differed only in the language of instruction, with teachers using only Spanish in one classroom and only English in the other. In Year 2, an experimental transitional bilingual education (TBE) model was implemented, with English being gradually introduced in the TBE classroom until a ratio of 30:70 English-to-Spanish was achieved and Spanish being gradually introduced in the predominantly English (PE) classroom until a ratio of 70:30 English-to-Spanish was achieved. Year 2 results were consistent with Year 1, with the TBE classroom exceeding the PE classroom on all Spanish measures of language and literacy development and no significant differences favoring the PE classroom. Results also indicated that Year 2 trajectories were conditional on first-year effects, suggesting that sustained growth in dual language learner's early literacy may depend on early intervention among 3-year-old preschoolers.
Preconception care in international settings.

Objectives: This literature review briefly describes international programs, policies, and activities related to preconception care and resulting pregnancy outcomes. Methods: Electronic databases were searched and findings supplemented with secondary references cited in the original articles as well as textbook chapters, declarations, reports, and recommendations. Results: Forty-two articles, book chapters, declarations, and other published materials were reviewed. Policies, programs, and recommendations related to preconceptional health promotion exist worldwide and comprise a readily identifiable component of historic and modern initiatives pertaining to women's health, reproductive freedom, and child survival. Conclusions: The integration of preconception care services within a larger maternal and child health continuum of care is well aligned with a prevention-based approach to enhancing global health.
The effect of a single injection of an antithyroid drug on hyperplasia in the thyroid of the chick embryo.

The discovery of the powerful goitrogenic effects in rats following the administration of sulfonamides, thiocarbamides and thiouracils has led to the investigation of the reactions to these substances in many different animals and in man (MacKenzie, MacKenzie and McCollum, 1941; Richter and Clisby, 1941; Kennedy, 1942; Astwood, Sullivan, Bissell and Tyslowitz, 1943; MacKenzie and MacKenzie, 1943). The characteristic morphological changes produced in the thyroid gland by these drugs are a loss of colloid, hyperemia, and an enlargement (hypertrophy) and multiplication of cells (hyperplasia) leading to the increased size and weight of the gland. The exact mode of action of antithyroid compounds is not known but evidence supports the theory that the thiocarbamides among them prevent the iodination of tyrosine, the second stage in the synthesis of the thyroid hormone (Pitt-Rivers, 1950). The hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid following treatment with these drugs are evidently responses to the excessive...
Genetics of somatic fusion in a myxomycete: F 2 studies.

Extensive genetic studies have been undertaken on the control of asexual cell (plasmodial) fusion inDidymium iridis. At least 6 loci control asexual cell fusion and mutual exchange of protoplasm in the Pan. 1 strain. In this study it was determined that labor-saving use of backcrosses provides reliable genetic data which is in accord with more extensive F2 studies. Additional fusion data on 45 Pan. 1 clones are reported and possible biochemical control mechanisms of the fusion loci are discussed.
Sarcoidosis Th17 Cells are ESAT-6 Antigen Specific but Demonstrate Reduced IFN-γ Expression

Rationale Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Many patients with sarcoidosis demonstrate antigen-specific immunity to mycobacterial virulence factors. Th-17 cells are crucial to the immune response in granulomatous inflammation, and have recently been shown to be present in greater numbers in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (BALF) of sarcoidosis patients than healthy controls. It is unclear whether Th-17 cells in sarcoidosis are specific for mycobacterial antigens, or whether they have similar functionality to control Th-17 cells.
There you go again: The media and the debasement of American politics

(1992). There you go again: The media and the debasement of American politics. Communication Monographs: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 407-410.
Cdc37/Hsp90 Protein-mediated Regulation of IRE1α Protein Activity in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response and Insulin Synthesis in INS-1 Cells

IRE1α is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized signaling molecule critical for unfolded protein response. During ER stress, IRE1α activation is induced by oligomerization and autophosphorylation in its cytosolic domain, a process triggered by dissociation of an ER luminal chaperone, binding immunoglobulin-protein (BiP), from IRE1α. In addition, inhibition of a cytosolic chaperone protein Hsp90 also induces IRE1α oligomerization and activation in the absence of an ER stressor. Here, we report that the Hsp90 cochaperone Cdc37 directly interacts with IRE1α through a highly conserved cytosolic motif of IRE1α. Cdc37 knockdown or disruption of Cdc37 interaction with IRE1α significantly increased basal IRE1α activity. In INS-1 cells, Hsp90 inhibition and disruption of IRE1α-Cdc37 interaction both induced an ER stress response and impaired insulin synthesis and secretion. These data suggest that Cdc37-mediated direct interaction between Hsp90/Cdc37 and an IRE1α cytosolic motif is important to maintain basal IRE1α activity and contributes to normal protein homeostasis and unfolded protein response under physiological stimulation.
Effect of social rank on adrenal morphology in the male hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).

Two hundred and thirty-two hamsters were subjected to varied social interactions and testosterone therapy. Body weight was an accurate predictor of social dominance in hamsters. Social rank significantly affected adrenal weight, width of the cortex, and ascorbic acid levels. Testosterone may act in conjunction with social rank to induce changes in adrenal morphology.
Social work research: Asking relevant questions and answering them well

I am delighted to assume, from my able predecessor Anne Fortune, the baton of editor-in-chief of Social Work Research. I look forward to working with you--the readers, contributors, Editorial Board members, and consulting editors--to ensure this journal's niche as "one of the chief outlets" for research for "advancing the development of knowledge and informing social work practice" (See the manuscript and copyright information on the inside back cover of this journal.). We will strive to deliver practice-relevant, important, timely, solidly executed, and readable articles. This issue's lead article addresses one of the nation's most pressing public health concerns--depression--and another article tackles one of the most timely issues in public policy debate--social security. Both articles demonstrate the "value added" perspective deriving from social work research on nationally significant and relevant topics. Social work leadership itself is the focus of a third article, and a fourth contributes to our understanding of lesbians' family relationships. This issue's methodology notes section provides a clear and useful article for guiding appropriate statistical analyses on many questions relevant to social work practice. Depression is recognized as one of the highest public health priorities, because of its high prevalence, morbidity, societal cost, and high demands for service. Aranda, Castenada, Lee, and Sobel address depression among U.S. Latinos, who are estimated to become the largest racial-ethnic minority group in the United States in the next 10 years. Although no gender differences in depressive symptomatology were found, depression was found to be associated with gender-specific sources of stress and support. Findings suggest that practitioners addressing depression should assess both work- and family-related stress and that researchers should explore further both gender-related understandings and treatment of depression. Ozawa and Kim make two key contributions to our understanding of social security, a public policy program the reform of which is currently and hotly debated. First, relying on lifetime rather than monthly contributions and benefits, they take a "money's worth" perspective to analyzing equity in the distribution of social security benefits. Second, they demonstrate that black workers receive lower lifetime benefits than white workers. Recent reports, such as those by the Surgeon General on mental and dental health, have called attention to racial disparities in health. Ozawa and Kim show that even progressive social policies perpetuate disadvantages rooted in racial disparities in health and life expectancy. They argue that reducing health disparities is necessary to achieve racial equity in "money's worth" in social security benefits. …
A comparison of olfactory adaptation among seven odorants and their relationship with several physicochemical properties

A study was made comparing olfactory sensitivity before and after 100 sec of adaptation for stimuli representing several odorant classes with varying physicochemical properties. Measures taken were absolute detection thresholds and magnitude estimates of suprathreshold stimuli. Significant rank-order correlation coefficients (<.90) were found between nonadapted and adapted absolute detection thresholds, vapor pressure, and percent adaptation.
Sequential Patterns of Sex Allocation in Simultaneous Hermaphrodites: Do We Need Models That Specifically Incorporate This Complexity?

Abstract Theoretical and empirical studies of sex allocation usually treat sequential and simultaneous hermaphroditism as distinct and disparate forms of allocation. However, the sexual patterns of numerous species have both sequential (e.g., size‐based) and simultaneous components. In most cases, we have drawn from sex allocation theory developed for sequential hermaphrodites to explain ontogenetic changes in allocation and from theory developed for simultaneous hermaphrodites to explain the remaining aspects of these sexual patterns rather than develop a more integrated theory. Here I present the evolutionary stable solution (ESS) to a dynamic statevariable model that explicitly combines the effects of size and simultaneous allocation to male and female function in a dynamic game. The model structure and initial parameter values are based on the sexual pattern of the blue‐banded goby, Lythrypnus dalli, a simultaneous hermaphrodite. I then compare the natural patterns of sex allocation in L. dalli with t...
Treating Mild Hypertension

Excerpt To the editor: The editorial by Ram (1) on the treatment of mild hypertension compiled into one article a number of arguments offered by others about the Hypertension Detection and Follow-u...
Neonatal infraorbital nerve transection and blockade of axoplasmic transport reduce expression of acetylcholinesterase by thalamocortical axons

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is transiently expressed by ventrobasal thalamic neurons and their axons in the primary somatosensory cortex and this enzyme has been used as a marker for these axons in studies concerned with cortical development and plasticity. The present experiment evaluated the effects of both peripheral nerve transection and blockade of axoplasmic transport upon the expression of AChE in thalamic axon terminals in the primary somatosensory cortex. Both manipulations resulted in marked reductions in the density of AChE in thalamocortical axons and less dramatic decreases in the density of this enzyme in thalamic neurons. These results indicate that AChE may not invariably provide unequivocal information about the distribution of somatosensory thalamocortical axon terminals in developing rodents.
Thinking systematically about early identification.

In 1978, Regier and colleagues pointed out the central role of primary care clinicians in caring for persons with mental disorders in the United States [1]. Noting that the vast majority of persons with mental disorders, including adolescents, are only seen in primary care settings, they called for increased identification by primary care physicians. Primary care settings are especially important to adolescents since it may be the only health care contact youths have during a critical time period. Since the Regier article, we have had three decades of research on clinician identification and screening, consensus groups, guidelines, screening tool development, and improved residency training in behavioral pediatrics. How are we doing?
Feasibility study of a robot hand-eye coordination based on fuzzy logic

In a manufacturing environment, the robot calibration process is usually lengthy and time consuming. A robot manipulator with a vision feedback may have to be recalibrated each time the operation position of the robot is changed for a different task or due to random disturbances. In this study, we describe a fuzzy logic algorithm for robot hand-eye coordination without recalibration. The technique is based on the prior calibration of two extreme points. The fuzzy logic algorithm takes care of the unexpected changes in between these two points. This technique offers considerable saving of time without intensive computation of recalibration. >
Parsing a natural language using mutual information statistics

The purpose of this paper is to characterize a constituent boundary parsing algorithm, using an information-theoretic measure called generalized mutual information, which serves as an alternative to traditional grammar-based parsing methods. This method is based on the hypothesis that constituent boundaries can be extracted from a given sentence (or word sequence) by analyzing the mutual information values of the part of speech n-grams within the sentence. This hypothesis is supported by the performance of an implementation of this parsing algorithm which determines a recursive unlabeled bracketing of unrestricted English text with a relatively low error rate. This paper derives the generalized mutual information statistic, describes the parsing algorithm, and presents results and sample output from the parser.
Child abduction: an overview of current and historical perspectives.

This article summarizes research findings in the area of child abduction. Topics addressed include incidence rates and operational definitions of child abduction (legal and social), victim and offender characteristics, and motivation (e.g., maternal desire, sex, retribution, profit, and desire to kill). Risk factors for child abduction are discussed including offender reports of victim selection methodology. Practical application of research findings are considered including the development of more scientifically sound, effective child safety training programs and improved investigative resource management and search methodologies.
Study of the sympathomimetic action of cyclohexylamine, a possible metabolite of cyclamate

The pharmacological actions of cyclohexylamine on the autonomic nervous system were tested using the cat's blood pressure and nictitating membrane responses. Although cyclohexylamine had no effect upon the adrenergic, cholinergic, or histaminic responses as shown by epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, or histamine, it was demonstrated to possess a pressor action, and this pressor activity could be blocked by phenoxybenzamine. The results indicated that cyclohexylamine may act by releasing the neural humoral transmitter substance norepinephrine because prior pretreatment with reserpine, which depletes the catecholamine stores, abolished the pressor effect. Upon subsequent administration of norepinephrine the pressor response returned. It was shown that there was no potentiation between cyclohexylamine and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, but potentiation did occur between tyramine and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
Stepping into the Same River Twice: Homologues as Recurring Attractors in Epigenetic Landscapes

The reunification of embryology with evolutionary biology is impeded by the perception that a phylogenetic view of homology is incompatible with a developmental approach. This dichotomy disappears when developmental information is viewed not as pre-existing within the zygote but as being constructed during development. Developmental information can be depicted as the surface of an epigenetic landscape. An epigenetic landscape, in turn, can be viewed as a series of aligned energy landscapes that change shape and become more complex as development proceeds. In this view, individual valley bottoms are attractors in state space that tend to reappear reliably in successive generations. Phylogeny can therefore be conceptualized as a succession of epigenetic landscapes, and homologues can be identified as corresponding valleys that have reappeared reliably since their origin in a single ancestral population. Epigenetic homologues can be robust to phylogenetic changes in developmental mechanisms, precursors, and lower level characters. Although application of the epigenetic homology concept is complicated by the lack of explicit information about the topography of epigenetic landscapes, comparative biologists can learn to identify recurring ontogenetic patterns in a manner that is analogous to the identification of input patterns by attractor neural networks. The correspondence of epigenetic valleys is therefore not defined by any essential criteria but by their overlap in multidimensional state space. Whether corresponding valleys are homologous to each other must be determined by a phylogenetic analysis using cladistic methods. Among the general implications of epigenetic homology for comparative neurobiology is that the concept of 'field homology' should be used with caution when dealing with novel characters. A case study, applying an epigenetic perspective to understand the variation in monkey visual cortex observed after developmental perturbations, is presented in a final section to make the concept of epigenetic homology more concrete.
Examining a Key Aspect of Agency-to-Business Relationships: The Effects of Regulatory Control on the Satisfaction of Regulated Firms

This paper studies an overlooked, but highly important relationship, the relationship that exists between regulatory agencies (e.g., the EPA, OSHA, and the FDA) and the for-profit businesses they attempt to govern. Drawing on business-to-business control and satisfaction research, a framework is developed to understand how regulatory control influences the satisfaction levels of customer firms. Regulatory control is disaggregated into four distinct facets: the controlling agency, the rules and regulations of control, the processes used by the agency to apply the regulations, and sanctions. Each facet is hypothesized to have an effect on satisfaction. A regulator's administration of state food safety regulations provides the empirical context for testing the hypotheses. Results from a survey of 173 restaurants provide empirical support for the conceptual model. Most importantly, the study finds that the informal control process increases customer satisfaction, while the formal control process decreases customer satisfaction. We discuss how these and other findings may contribute to more effective agency-to-business relationships and ongoing research.
Adapted shared reading at school for minimally verbal students with autism

Almost nothing is known about the capacity of minimally verbal students with autism to develop literacy skills. Shared reading is a regular practice in early education settings and is widely thought to encourage language and literacy development. There is some evidence that children with severe disabilities can be engaged in adapted shared reading activities. The current study examines the impact of teacher-led adapted shared reading activities on engagement and story comprehension in minimally verbal 5–6-year-old children with autism using a multiple baseline/alternating treatment design. Four students and three teachers participated. Teachers conducted adapted shared reading activities with modified books (visual supports, three-dimensional objects, simplified text) and used specific strategies for increasing student engagement. Student performance during adapted activities was compared to performance during standard shared reading sessions. Results: All four students showed increased story comprehensio...
Real-Time Motion Tracking Using the CELL BE

Object tracking is an important computer vision problem with many civilian and military applications including surveillance, robotics and intelligent vehicle design. Most of these applications require fast processing due to their real time nature. The Cell processor is a cost-efficient commodity architecture intended for video gaming and provides new opportunities for parallel processing. This paper provides a costefficient motion detection using the Cell processor. The results have shown that this solution can meet the real time processing requirements of realistic motion detection applications.
Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2) loss of imprinting marks a field defect within human prostates containing cancer.

BACKGROUND Loss of imprinting (LOI) is an epigenetic alteration involving loss of parental origin-specific expression at normally imprinted genes. A LOI for IGF2, a paracrine growth factor, has been implicated in the development of prostate and other cancers. In the current study, we define IGF2 LOI in histologically normal prostate tissues in relationship to tumor foci and gene expression. METHODS Microdissected tumor associated (TA) adjacent (2 mm) and distant (10 mm) tissues surrounding tumor foci were generated. IGF2 imprinting in informative prostate tissue sets was quantitated using a fluorescent primer extension assay and expression analyzed utilizing quantitative PCR. DNA methylation analyses were performed using quantitative pyrosequencing. RESULTS A marked IGF2 LOI was found in adjacent TA tissues (39 ± 3.1%) and did not significantly decrease in tissues distant (38 ± 5.3%) from tumor foci (45 ± 2.9%; P = 0.21). IGF2 imprinting correlated with IGF2 expression in TA tissues, but not within the tumor foci. Hypomethylation of the IGF2 DMR0 region correlated with decreased IGF2 expression in tumors (P < 0.01). The expression of IGF2 and its adjacent imprinted gene H19 were increased in adjacent and distant tissues compared to tumors (P < 0.05) indicating the importance of factors other than LOI in driving IGF2 expression. CONCLUSIONS LOI of IGF2 occurs not only adjacent to prostate tumor foci, but is widely prevalent even in distant areas within the peripheral zone. These data provide evidence for a widespread epigenetic field defect in histologically normal tissues that might be employed to identify prostate cancer in patients. Prostate 71:1621–1630, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interorganizational Conflict in the Southern Civil Rights Movement

Moderate social movement organizations (SMOs) often denounce radical SMOs for statements and actions that threaten to alienate potential sources of external support. This paper analyzes the development of such interorganizational hostility in the Southern civil rights movement over the issues of Communist participation, the Vietnam War, and black power. In demonstrating how the moderate SMOs' perceived need for external support aggravated divisions over these issues, this paper calls attention to a major source of interorganizational hostility in the movement that previous work has overlooked.
Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia: A Reappraisal of Older Formulations and an Overview of Some Recent Studies

Introduction. Formal thought disorder, as manifested in disorganised speech, is a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia. Method. In this review we examine several older explanations of thought disorder and consider newer cognitive accounts. Results. Older formulations often were not mechanistic and simply redescribed the phenomenon under study. Direct comparisons of thought-disordered schizophrenic patients and jargon aphasic patients indicated that the groups were not similar, as they differed on a number of language variables, including naming and comprehension. Later attentional models also had limitations. Correlations between thought disorder and ''attentional'' measures were often only moderate and the tests or scales used to assess attention or thought disorder may not have accurately measured these constructs. Recent working memory models have lacked convergent validity in that patients with frontal lobe damage and working memory problems do not exhibit thought disorder and that single word associatio...
DataPflex: a MATLAB-based tool for the manipulation and visualization of multidimensional datasets

Motivation: DataPflex is a MATLAB-based application that facilitates the manipulation and visualization of multidimensional datasets. The strength of DataPflex lies in the intuitive graphical user interface for the efficient incorporation, manipulation and visualization of highdimensional data that can be generated by multiplexed protein measurement platforms including, but not limited to Luminex or Meso-Scale Discovery. Such data can generally be represented in the form of multidimensional datasets [for example (time × stimulation × inhibitor × inhibitor concentration × cell type × measurement)]. For cases where measurements are made in a combinational fashion across multiple dimensions, there is a need for a tool to efficiently manipulate and reorganize such data for visualization. DataPflex accepts data consisting of up to five arbitrary dimensions in addition to a measurement dimension. Data are imported from a simple .xls format and can be exported to MATLAB or .xls. Data dimensions can be reordered, subdivided, merged, normalized and visualized in the form of collections of line graphs, bar graphs, surface plots, heatmaps, IC50’s and other custom plots. Open source implementation in MATLAB enables easy extension for custom plotting routines and integration with more sophisticated analysis tools. Availability: DataPflex is distributed under the GPL license (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/) together with documentation, source code and sample data files at: http://code.google.com/p/datapflex. Contact: DataPflexinfo@gmail.com; bhendriks@merrimackpharma. com Supplementary information: Supplementary data available at Bioinformatics online.
Enabling direct nanoscale observations of biological reactions with dynamic TEM

Biological processes occur on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales: from femtoseconds to hours and from angstroms to meters. Many new biological insights can be expected from a better understanding of the processes that occur on these very fast and very small scales. In this regard, new instruments that use fast X-ray or electron pulses are expected to reveal novel mechanistic details for macromolecular protein dynamics. To ensure that any observed conformational change is physiologically relevant and not constrained by 3D crystal packing, it would be preferable for experiments to utilize small protein samples such as single particles or 2D crystals that mimic the target protein's native environment. These samples are not typically amenable to X-ray analysis, but transmission electron microscopy has imaged such sample geometries for over 40 years using both direct imaging and diffraction modes. While conventional transmission electron microscopes (TEM) have visualized biological samples with atomic resolution in an arrested or frozen state, the recent development of the dynamic TEM (DTEM) extends electron microscopy into a dynamic regime using pump-probe imaging. A new second-generation DTEM, which is currently being constructed, has the potential to observe live biological processes with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution by using pulsed electron packets to probe the sample on micro- and nanosecond timescales. This article reviews the experimental parameters necessary for coupling DTEM with in situ liquid microscopy to enable direct imaging of protein conformational dynamics in a fully hydrated environment and visualize reactions propagating in real time.
Angled Line Method for Measuring Continuously Distributed Strain in Sheet Bending

A new method and optical system have been developed to measure the strain distribution in sheet metal bending. The method relies on a simple pattern, i.e., a single line of certain width, or an area having a boundary line, marked on the sheet before deformation. The line traverses a width of the sheet metal at an angle. The sheet metal is deformed and an equivalent two-dimensional image of the line after deformation is obtained. By comparing the two-dimensional equivalent of the line after deformation with that before deformation, the strain on the surface of the deformed region is determined. Experiments using sheet metal flanging and hemming were conducted to verify the effectiveness and determine the limitation of the proposed method.
Effect of Azasteroids on Gram-Positive Bacteria

A group of nitrogen-containing steroids closely related in structure was screened for antibacterial activity, by use of Bacillus subtilis and Sarcina lutea as the test organisms. The most active compounds were cholesterol derivatives containing a tertiary or quaternary nitrogen in, or attached to, the A ring. Similar methyltestosterone or progesterone derivatives were inactive. All of the cholesterol derivatives that inhibited growth were surfactant, and, structurally, they would be classified as cationic detergents. Some of the inactive compounds were surfactant, but, structurally, they would be classified as nonionic detergents. Certain features of the antibacterial activity of one of the active steroids—ND 212 (4-dimethylaminoethyl-4-aza-5-cholesten-3-one methiodide)—were studied. Growth of a culture of B. subtilis containing 5 × 107 cells per milliliter was inhibited by 1 μg/ml (1.7 × 10−6m) of ND 212. The amount of growth inhibition was directly related to both cell and steroid concentration. Loss of viability was rapid and irreversible. With B. subtilis, cell lysis was observed. With S. lutea grown in C14-glucose, ND 212 caused release into the media of up to 25% of the cellular radioactivity. Extensive leakage occurred before loss of viability was observed. At bacteriostatic azasteroid concentrations, there was little leakage. ND 212 was readily bound in large amounts to B. subtilis cells. Inactive azasteroids were bound poorly. C14-cholestanone was also bound, whereas C14-methyltestosterone and C14-progesterone were not bound in significant amounts. At least 50% of the bound C14-cholestanone was associated with the membrane fraction.
Galaxy-CMB and galaxy-galaxy lensing on large scales: Sensitivity to primordial non-Gaussianity

A convincing detection of primordial non-Gaussianity in the local form of the bispectrum, whose amplitude is given by the f{sub NL} parameter, offers a powerful test of inflation. In this paper, we calculate the modification of two-point cross-correlation statistics of weak lensing--galaxy-galaxy lensing and galaxy-cosmic microwave background (CMB) crosscorrelation--due to f{sub NL}. We derive and calculate the covariance matrix of galaxy-galaxy lensing, including cosmic variance terms. We focus on large scales (l<100) for which the shape noise of the shear measurement becomes irrelevant and cosmic variance dominates the error budget. For a modest degree of non-Gaussianity, f{sub NL}={+-}50 modifications of the galaxy-galaxy-lensing signal at the 10% level are seen on scales R{approx}300 Mpc, and grow rapidly toward larger scales as {proportional_to}R{sup 2}. We also see a clear signature of the baryonic acoustic oscillation feature in the matter power spectrum at {approx}150 Mpc, which can be measured by next-generation lensing experiments. In addition, we can probe the local-form primordial non-Gaussianity in the galaxy-CMB lensing signal by correlating the lensing potential reconstructed from CMB with high-z galaxies. For example, for f{sub NL}={+-}50, we find that the galaxy-CMB lensing cross-power spectrum is modified by {approx}10% at l{approx}40, and by a factor of 2more » at l{approx}10, for a population of galaxies at z=2 with a bias of 2. The effect is greater for more highly biased populations at larger z; thus, high-z galaxy surveys cross correlated with CMB offer a yet another probe of primordial non-Gaussianity.« less