cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperfine Structure of K 39 in the 4 P State

The atomic-beam magnetic resonance method has been used to investigate the hyperfine structure of the $4P$ state of ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$. The apparatus and method of observation were similar to those used in previous experiments on sodium, rubidium, and cesium. For ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$, the magnetic-dipole interaction constant in the $4{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state is ${a}_{\frac{1}{2}}=28.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$ Mc/sec, the electric-quadrupole interaction constant in the $4{P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state is $b=2.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8$ Mc/sec, and the quadrupole moment is (0.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Stability of Chlorides in Cryolitic Electrolyte

Chloride is considered one of the most important contaminants in cryolitic electrolyte system for aluminum smelting, and yet at the same time, chloride salts such as NaCl, MgCl2 and others have also been chosen for potential additives to change the electrolyte physical chemical properties for smelting efficiency improvement. This paper studied the chloride stability in the cryolitic electrolyte system. The behavior of NaCl and MgCl2 was investigated when there is a moisture present with or without electrolysis or when there is anode effect. HCl will be generated along with HF during a normal electrolysis even when chloride in the electrolyte is at a low level. CF3Cl gas is generated along with CF4 and CxFy when anode effect occurs. The results confirm that even though chlorides (NaCl/MgCl2) are considered the most important contaminants, the level of the contaminants remains relatively low in the smelting electrolyte without obvious accumulation over time.
Evolution of Brain Iron Levels in Multiple Sclerosis: A 2-Year Longitudinal Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Study at 3T (P4.163)

Objective: To investigate longitudinal changes with the novel iron-sensitive MRI measure quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), in multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls (HCs) over a 2-year period. Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating neurodegenerative disorder where increased iron levels are known to be disturbed, especially in the deep gray matter (DGM). No longitudinal MRI studies using QSM have been conducted to investigate the temporal evolution of brain iron in MS. Methods: 160 participants were included, consisting of 120 MS patients and 40 age and sex-matched HCs. All participants were imaged using the same gradient echo sequence at both baseline and follow-up with the same 3T scanner. QSM susceptibility was determined for individual DGM structures, with an increase in susceptibility being representative of higher iron levels. Temporal (baseline to follow-up) and cross-sectional (MS vs HC) differences were tested using Mixed Factorial ANOVA analysis. Results: At either time-point, MS patients had significantly lower susceptibility in the thalamus (p<.001), but higher susceptibility in the caudate nucleus (p<.001) and globus pallidus (p<.001). Over 2 years, there was a trend for decreasing susceptibility in the thalamus in MS patients (p=.096), while susceptibility increased significantly in the caudate of both HC and MS (p=.012 and p=.003, respectively). EDSS change over two years was significantly correlated with higher DGM susceptibility (p=.027). Conclusion: In this novel longitudinal QSM study in MS, we show that magnetic susceptibility, indicative of iron levels, remained relatively steady in both HCs and MS patients, except in the caudate nucleus where susceptibility was significantly increased over time. MS patients had significantly higher susceptibility in the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus, and lower susceptibility in the thalamus. Increase in susceptibility was related with progression of disability, highlighting the potential of using QSM to monitor disease progression. Disclosure: Dr. Hagemeier has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schweser has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dwyer has received personal compensation for activities with Claret Medical and EMD Serono. Dr. Polak has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bergsland has nothing to disclose. Dr. Weinstock-Guttman has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Teva Neurosciences, EMD Serono, Pfizer, Novartis, Genzyme & Sanofi, Mylan, and Acorda. Dr. Zivadinov has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience, Biogen Idec, EMD Serono, Novartis, Claret Medical Inc., and Genzyme Corporation as a speaker and/or consultant.
Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Infant Scale, Spanish Translation

ABSTRACTThe home environment has a critical influence on an infant’s development and well-being. The Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) is an instrument that has been developed to assess the home environment. This article illustrates the translation, validation, and cultural adaptation process of the AHEMD-IS from English to Spanish. The AHEMD-IS underwent a comprehensive process involving a four-phase translation process: (1) Forward translation, (2) Semantic equivalence, (3) Content equivalence testing, and (4) Final version development. Steps 1 and 2 resulted in linguistic alterations from the initial translation to enhance clarity for general public understanding. In step 3, mothers reported that the instrument was clear and easy to complete. Step 4 involved a final review of the instrument. The final outcome is a validated instrument that may prove beneficial when evaluating the home environment with Spanish-speaking populations, particularly those of Me...
Comparison and validation of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic methods for monitoring secondary cell wall cellulose from cotton fibers

The amount of secondary cell wall (SCW) cellulose in the fiber affects the quality and commercial value of cotton. Accurate assessments of SCW cellulose are essential for improving cotton fibers. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy enables distinguishing SCW from other cell wall components in a rapid and non-invasive way. Thus it has been used for monitoring SCW development in model plants. Recently, several FT-IR methods have been proposed for monitoring cotton fiber development. However, they are rarely utilized for assessing SCW cellulose from cotton fiber due to limited validation with various cotton species grown in different conditions. Thus, we compared and validated three FT-IR methods including two previously proposed methods analyzing entire spectra or specific bands as well as a new method analyzing FT-IR spectral regions corresponding to cellulose with various cotton fibers grown in planta and in vitro. Comparisons of the FT-IR methods with reference methods showed that the two FT-IR methods analyzing the entire spectra or cellulose regions by principal component analysis monitored SCW qualitatively, whereas the FT-IR method analyzing specific bands (708, 730, and 800 cm−1) by a simple algorithm allowed the monitoring of SCW cellulose levels quantitatively. The quantitative FT-IR method is a potential substitute for lengthy and laborious chemical assays for monitoring SCW cellulose levels from cotton fibers, and it can be used for a better understanding of cotton fiber SCW development and as a part of the quality assessment tools used to guide choices for improving fiber quality.
CRISPR-mediated Tagging with BirA Allows Proximity Labeling in Toxoplasma gondii

Defining protein interaction networks can provide key insights into how protein complexes govern complex biological problems. Here we define a method for proximity based labeling using permissive biotin ligase to define protein networks in the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. When combined with CRISPR/Cas9 based tagging, this method provides a robust approach to defining protein networks. This approach detects interaction within intact cells, it is applicable to both soluble and insoluble components, including large proteins complexes that interact with the cytoskeleton and unique microtubule organizing center that comprises the apical complex in apicomplexan parasites.
I’m Paying the Time for Someone Else’s Crime: Principals and Core Teachers at Rural Middle Schools under Chronic Academic Stress

Today, many principals are assigned to struggling schools with the mandate to quickly change the academic trajectory of the students. Interviews were conducted to gain an understanding of how principals and core teachers working at rural middle schools under chronic academic stress perceived the increased academic expectations at their schools. Three key findings were revealed: (a) There were misaligned principal and teacher interpretations of efforts to improve the school; (b) there tended to be an ongoing focus on what was wrong with the school; and (c) principals felt they were alone in the process. A discussion of these findings is provided.
Supporting Multicast Communication in Clos-Type Switching Networks

Multicast (or one-to-many) is a vital operation in both broadband integrated services digital networks (BISDN) and scalable parallel and distributed computing systems. There are broad ranges of applications for multistage networks which can realize multicast connection requests in a nonblocking manner in the sense that a request from an idle network input port to be connected to some set of idle network output ports can always be satisfied without any disturbance of existing multicast connections in the network. In this chapter, we overview the recent development in supporting multicast in a well-known multistage network called Clos network. Both nonblocking and almost nonblocking multicast networks are considered. We first present results that lead to the currently best available nonblocking multicast network, and describe a linear time routing algorithm for satisfying multicast connection requests in the network. Next, we will show that the sufficient nonblocking condition used in the network design is also a necessary condition under several typical routing strategies for a multicast network to be nonblocking, discuss the complexity of the control strategies used, and briefly describe the hardware implementation of the best control strategy, which further speeds up the routing process. Finally, we discuss the blocking behavior of the multicast network that does not satisfy the nonblocking condition. We present two analytical models for the blocking probability of the multicast network, and show the simulation results on the blocking behavior of the network under several routing strategies. The analytical and simulation results demonstrate that a Clos-type multicast network with a comparable cost to a permutation is almost nonblocking for multicast connections and can provide cost-effective support for multicast communication.
Human semen relaxin and its correlation with the parameters of semen analysis

The relaxin content of 92 normal semen samples and 85 semen samples selected at random was correlated to the parameters measured on routine semen analysis in those samples. The concentration of immunoactive relaxin in a sample of semen plasma did not correlate with any of the parameters commonly used for semen analysis: count, percent motility, grade of forward progression, volume, and morphology.
15. The Crossing of Heaven

His skis were running well now. When he started out, the trail had been icy, with just a sprinkling of new snow; but as he headed higher into the mountains, that new snow of last night was now an inch deep. Why had he not skied during the last five years?
Retinal ganglion cells: Anatomy

This article provides a brief review of the morphology, synaptic inputs, distribution, and central projections of retinal ganglion cells, with the emphasis on studies on primates. Midget cells project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and mediate both red–green color vision and high-acuity form vision. Parasol cells project to the magnocellular layers of the LGN and contribute to many aspects of vision, particularly to the perception of motion. Small bistratified cells project to the koniocellular layers of the LGN and mediate blue–yellow color vision. Primates also have the same types of retinal ganglion cells as other mammals.
Criminal Justice Interventions with Drug and Alcohol Abusers

This chapter examines the relationship between substance abuse and crime within a behavioral framework and considers various intervention strategies that can be implemented through the criminal justice system with substance abusers who become involved with that system. The broad intervention strategies covered are supply restriction, incarceration, community supervision, and compulsory treatment. These approaches, designed to reduce criminal activity and substance use, are all consistent with behavioral principles of response suppression. Other behavioral principles that involve strengthening of alternative prosocial behaviors have not generally been applied with substance abusers by the criminal justice system. From a behavioral viewpoint, the interventions employed by the criminal justice system have usually involved avoidance paradigms in which incarceration or other legal sanctions would be imposed as a consequence of inappropriate behavior. Avoidance contingencies have been applied directly by the criminal justice system in community supervision programs designed to suppress drug abuse in the community. These contingencies have also been used to promote participation of criminally involved substance abusers in drug and alcoholism treatment programs.
Postresuscitation Cerebral Dysfunction

Permanent brain damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion that results from disease processes such as stroke and cardiac arrest (CA) with resuscitation has been estimated to affect approx 200,000 patients in the United States annually (1). Neuronal damage from stroke and CA occur by different mechanistic models of injury. In ischemic stroke, only a portion of the brain is at risk, and the ischemia is only complete in the center of the vulnerable area. This central area of dense ischemia is surrounded by a penumbral zone in which blood flow is diminished but not completely lost. As opposed to CA with resuscitation, flow ceases altogether and the entire brain is at risk for a transient period of complete ischemia followed by reperfusion (2).
Promoting Successful Urban Watershed Restoration Through Enhanced Bioretention Cell Modelling

Urban runoff and stormwater is one of the top ten leading causes of water quality impairment in lakes, estuaries and streams in the United States (USEPA 2009). Over the last decade, bioretention systems have become a leading stormwater control measure (SCM) that contributes to the restoration of urban streams and watersheds. Bioretention cells increase infiltration of stormwater thereby reducing urban runoff volumes and peak flows which alter the hydrology of local waterways. Although these systems have proven to perform well in many site-scale field studies, less is known about how well these systems work when implemented en masse. Modelling of bioretention allows designers to scale local impacts to the larger watershed. However, current hydrologic models with bioretention capabilities consist of lumped parameters and simplifications that do not fully account for fundamental hydrologic processes. DRAINMOD is an agricultural drainage model that has shown promise when applied to bioretention systems. However, because DRAINMOD was designed for agricultural purposes, it cannot currently accommodate the rapid response time of an urban runoff hydrograph, instead aggregating data to a daily timeframe. For this study, DRAINMOD has been recoded to allow high temporal resolution inputs and outputs, more closely matching the travel times of urban systems. DRAINMOD simulations were conducted both with and without the time scale modifications (original vs. bioretention-specific model) to determine if improvements in site-scale modelling were realized. Future work will compare these results to those of simplistic, lumped-parameter bioretention modelling.
The role of exosomes in promoting acquired resistance to gemcitabine and nanoparticle albumin-bound (NAB) paclitaxel in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.

e23253Background: Acquired resistance to available chemotherapy is a major cause of treatment failure and poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Exosomes, small (50-150 nm) secr...
Using Augmented Reality and Mobile Technologies to Train Automotive Technicians

Despite decades of research exploring augmented reality in a variety of contexts, there have been very few studies exploring the use of commercially available components and a software development kit that is user-friendly for novices. Nearly all previous research has focused on applications that require extensive programming knowledge and experience. This trend makes the utilization of research findings in real-life settings impossible for those without in-depth training in computer science. In this paper, we report the results of an experiment with automotive technician trainees comparing a mobile application built with a user-friendly commercially available software development kit to a non-augmented computer-based manual. Results indicated that the augmented reality application enabled trainees to locate parts more quickly and accurately than when using the computer-based manual. These encouraging results are part of a larger study exploring the costs and potential benefits of augmented reality and mobile technologies in automotive technician training.
Infectious Intracranial Aneurysms: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management

Infectious intracranial aneurysms (IIAs) are rare cerebrovascular lesions caused by the spread of microbial infection to the arterial vessel wall leading to weakening and aneurysmal dilatation. IIAs were initially described by Osler in 1885 as aneurysmal complications of infective endocarditis (IE) and were called “mycotic aneurysms” (MA). The term “mycotic” was not used to indicate a fungal etiology since MA are mostly caused by bacterial infections; rather, it described the appearance of these aneurysms that mimic fungal vegetation. Due to the rare nature of the disease, studies on IIAs are limited to case reports, case series, and retrospective studies that are not sufficient to draw generalizable conclusions on the epidemiology, management, and outcomes of IIAs. However, it is anticipated that IIAs account for 0.5–6.5% of all aneurysms and are associated with high risk of rupture and mortality. Treatment of IIAs may range from conservative medical management with antibiotic therapy and close monitoring, to endovascular embolization, to microsurgical clipping or excision of the aneurysms. In this chapter, we review the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and management of IIAs.
Characterization of the Molecular Species of Phytosterol Fatty Acyl Esters in Corn (Maize)

Previous attempts at separating nonpolar lipid esters (including wax esters, sterol esters, and methyl esters) have only achieved limited success (Moreau & Christie, 1999). We recently found that wax esters co-chromatograph with phytosteryl esters in our previously reported normal-phase HPLC method (Moreau et al, 1996). Several normal phase methods have attempted to improve this separation (Inger-Elfman-Borjesson & Harrod, 1997, El-Hamdy and Christie, 1993, and Foglia and Jones, 1997). Recently a report of a method employing an alumina column at 30°C, described promising results at separating these nonpolar lipid classes (Nordback and Lundberg, 1999). In the current study, modification of the alumina method by increasing the column temperature to 75°C improved the separation of standards of wax esters and sterol esters.
Foundations of human problem solving

Abstract Despite great strides in both machine learning and neuroscience, we do not know how the human brain solves problems in the general sense. We approach this question by drawing on the framework of engineering control theory. We demonstrate a computational neural model with only localist learning laws that is able to find solutions to arbitrary problems. Using a combination of computational neural modeling, human fMRI, and representational similarity analysis, we show here that the roles of a number of brain regions can be reinterpreted as interacting mechanisms of a control theoretic system. The results suggest a new set of functional perspectives on the orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, anterior temporal lobe, lateral prefrontal cortex, and visual cortex, as well as a new path toward artificial general intelligence.
Experience and Attitudes Regarding Medical Aid in Dying, Act 39, among Vermont Specialty Practices

Introduction: In 2013, the Vermont legislature passed Act 39: The Patient Choice and Control at End-of-Life Act, which legalized medical aid in dying (MAID) under specific circumstances for terminally ill Vermont residents. In the five years since the law was passed, 52 patients in Vermont have been prescribed medications to hasten death; however, important information regarding the experiences of the patient, caregiver, or physician involved in this process is lacking. Objective: To survey the subspecialty physicians with the greatest contact with these patient populations, to better understand the physicians' attitudes and experiences with Act 39, and to gather more data about the utilization of Act 39 in Vermont. Design: Physicians practicing Hematology/Oncology, Neurology, and/or Palliative Care at the University of Vermont Medical Group and affiliated hospitals in the state of Vermont were invited to participate. Participants were contacted via e-mail to complete blinded surveys, and responses were collected over several months in 2018. Results: The attitudes and practices related to Act 39 were collected from 37 subspecialty physicians in Vermont. Seventy-one percent of the participants supported MAID via Act 39; however, many felt that they could use more information and resources to counsel a patient (51.4%) and complete the paperwork and prescription for life-ending medication (37.4%). Conclusion: This is the first study to collect information regarding physicians' attitudes and experiences regarding Act 39 in Vermont. Most respondents supported Act 39, but there is a need and desire for more physician education and resources regarding patient counseling and paperwork.
Quantitative analysis of spectral Doppler clicks in assessment of aortic stenosis.

OBJECTIVES This study was performed to evaluate an additional echocardiographic spectral Doppler marker, which would identify severe aortic stenosis (AS). BACKGROUND Echocardiography is most commonly utilized to assess AS and has been validated against invasive measurements. However, the data obtained are not always in agreement, leaving a conundrum regarding the true severity of AS and can lead to other diagnostic procedures. This highlights the importance of improved noninvasive diagnostic techniques. METHODS Forty-eight indeterminate cases of calcific AS that had been previously evaluated by both echocardiography and cardiac catheterization were included in the study, using cardiac catheterization as the gold standard for calculation of aortic valve area (AVA). The intensity of opening and closing of the aortic valve, represented by bright vertical deflections on the CW spectral waveform, was quantified using ImageJ software to generate pixel intensity histograms to create opening and closing click (OC and CC) ratios. These ratios were compared with echocardiographic variables and catheterization AVA. RESULTS Thirty-five patients were found to have severe AS and 13 patients were found to have nonsevere AS, as assessed by cardiac catheterization. CC ratio was found to be a significant predictor of severe AS with an OR 0.024 (95% CI: 0.002-0.378, P = .0079). Adding CC to a model using standard echocardiographic parameters resulted in significant improvement in the C-statistic (0.693 to 0.835, P = .0134). CONCLUSIONS An additional Doppler marker measuring the aortic valve CC ratio has been found to improve detection of severe AS.
Review: HHMI BioInteractive, by Howard Hughes Medical Institute

HHMI BioInteractive (https://www.biointeractive.org; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 2019) In 2018, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Biointeractive (HHMI Biointeractive) website was honored by the American Association of School Librarians as one of the best sites for librarians and their collaborators, because this creative, innovative, free, and user-friendly website encourages the development of a community of learners. This review discusses some recent improvements to the website. The recent updates to HHMI Biointeractive's more than 650 pages, which took about one year to complete, include a more condensed, uniform format with the same tone and elements presented on each page. The newly reconfigured and streamlined site is a virtual wonderland for biology teachers, containing videos old and new, lesson time suggestions, interviews with scientists, case studies, blogs, virtual labs, interactive quizzes, links to the literature, learning outcomes, NGSS links, professional development, and a plethora of other educational opportunities, …
Association of out-of-pocket costs on adherence to common neurologic medications

Objective To determine the association between out-of-pocket costs and medication adherence in 3 common neurologic diseases. Methods Utilizing privately insured claims from 2001 to 2016, we identified patients with incident neuropathy, dementia, or Parkinson disease (PD). We selected patients who were prescribed medications with similar efficacy and tolerability, but differential out-of-pocket costs (neuropathy with gabapentinoids or mixed serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [SNRIs], dementia with cholinesterase inhibitors, PD with dopamine agonists). Medication adherence was defined as the number of days supplied in the first 6 months. Instrumental variable analysis was used to estimate the association of out-of-pocket costs and other patient factors on medication adherence. Results We identified 52,249 patients with neuropathy on gabapentinoids, 5,246 patients with neuropathy on SNRIs, 19,820 patients with dementia on cholinesterase inhibitors, and 3,130 patients with PD on dopamine agonists. Increasing out-of-pocket costs by $50 was associated with significantly lower medication adherence for patients with neuropathy on gabapentinoids (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.91, 0.89–0.93) and dementia (adjusted IRR 0.88, 0.86–0.91). Increased out-of-pocket costs for patients with neuropathy on SNRIs (adjusted IRR 0.97, 0.88–1.08) and patients with PD (adjusted IRR 0.90, 0.81–1.00) were not significantly associated with medication adherence. Minority populations had lower adherence with gabapentinoids and cholinesterase inhibitors compared to white patients. Conclusions Higher out-of-pocket costs were associated with lower medication adherence in 3 common neurologic conditions. When prescribing medications, physicians should consider these costs in order to increase adherence, especially as out-of-pocket costs continue to rise. Racial/ethnic disparities were also observed; therefore, minority populations should receive additional focus in future intervention efforts to improve adherence.
Mapping 30 Years of Change in the Marshlands of Breton Sound Basin (Southeastern Louisiana, U.S.A.): Coastal Land Area and Vegetation Green Cover

Potter, C. and Amer, R., 2020. Mapping 30 years of change in the marshlands of Breton Sound basin (southeastern Louisiana, U.S.A.): Coastal land area and vegetation green cover. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(3), 437–450. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.This study analyzes the 30-year record of Landsat satellite imagery to better understand the patterns and processes of land loss/gain and recent changes in marshland vegetation green cover in coastal wetlands of Breton Sound basin of southeastern Louisiana. Impacted by both Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Hurricane Gustav in 2008, this vast estuary area just south of New Orleans was mapped at 30 m resolution in 5-year intervals from 1985 to 2017 using the Landsat Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Results revealed an entirely new picture of marshland change prior to Hurricanes Katrina and Gustav in the Breton Sound basin. Following decades of extensive wetland loss resulting largely from gas and oil well drilling and canal construction, this analysis estimated gains in land area between 1985 and 2005 (pre-Katrina) of 247 km2 across all subbasins of Breton Sound. The largest proportional increases in marshland areas were mapped from dNDWI analysis in the subbasins of Bayou la Loutre, Bayou Pointe-en-Pointe, and Bayou Terre Aux Boeufs, all surrounding the outer Mississippi River Gulf Outlet Canal. Brackish salinity areas were among the first of Louisiana's coastal wetlands to succumb to the hurricane storm surges of 2005 and 2008, as Landsat dNDWI analysis estimated that about 245 km2 of wetlands in the Breton Sound basin were lost to open water from the impacts of Hurricanes Katrina and Gustav. However, combined dNDWI and dNDVI analysis indicated that gains in marshland area and green vegetation cover have occurred at a yearly rate of increase after 2008 comparable to the period between 1985 and 2005. Specific areas of rapid land gain were detected in River aux Chenes and Bayou Bienvenue subbasins, and Bayou Plaquemines and Bayou la Loutre in brackish to saltwater marshland types on the outer margins of Breton Sound basin.
Análisis de la movilidad espacial de la población asociada a huracanes a partir de la sombra digital geoespacial derivada de Twitter

Multiples investigadores creen que el estudio del comportamiento y movilidad espacial de la poblacion ha alcanzado un cuello de botella debido a la rigidez de los metodos tradicionales de investigacion en el campo y a la dificultad de acceso a informacion relevante y de confianza. La sombra digital geoespacial es una de las oportunidades mas prometedoras para poder desarrollar y probar nuevas hipotesis en el estudio del comportamiento espacial, pero la aplicacion de estos nuevos metodos todavia no ha sido suficientemente explorada en el campo de los riesgos y desastres. Este articulo recoge los ultimos avances en este ambito centrandose en la capacidad de la sombra digital geoespacial de redes sociales (Twitter) como un metodo innovador para el estudio del comportamiento espacial humano durante emergencias. Esta investigacion rastrea las localizaciones de usuarios de Twitter durante el periodo pre-desastre para producir estimaciones del numero de evacuados, y en los meses posteriores al desastre para estimaciones de desplazados y del impacto del evento en el turismo.
Liver and Biliary Tract Carcinoma

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a component of the World Health Organization (WHO), estimated that there were 626,162 new cases of liver carcinoma worldwide in 2002 [1]. The IARC also estimated that there were 598,321 deaths due to this cause in 2002 [1].
What Cognates Reveal about Default Language Selection in Bilingual Sentence Production.

When producing connected speech, bilinguals often select a default-language as the primary force driving the utterance. The present study investigated the cognitive mechanisms underlying default language selection. In three experiments, Spanish-English bilinguals named pictures out of context, or read aloud sentences with a single word replaced by a picture with a cognate (e.g., lemon-limon) or noncognate name (e.g., table-mesa). Cognates speeded naming and significantly reduced switching costs. Critically, cognate effects were not modulated by sentence context. However, switch costs were larger in sentence context, which also exhibited significant language dominance effects, asymmetrical switch costs, and asymmetrical cognate facilitation effects, which were absent or symmetrical respectively in bare picture naming. These results suggest that default-language selection is driven primarily by boosting activation of the default language, not by proactive inhibition of the nondefault language. However, relaxation of proactive control in production of connected speech leads to greater reliance on reactive control to produce language switches relative to out-of-context naming, a contextually driven dynamic tradeoff in language control mechanisms.
Racial Pairings and Fertility: Do Interracial Couples Have Fewer Children?

Objective Our overall goal is largely descriptive-to compare recent fertility patterns between racially endogamous and exogamous couples in the United States. Evidence of lower fertility among exogamous or interracial couples arguably provides indirect evidence of social distance and cultural and economic integration. Background The growth of interracial marriage and cohabitation has fueled the rise in biracial or mixed-race children. Fertility rates are uneven among racial and ethnic groups, seemingly rooted in stigma and cultural differences (e.g., fertility norms). Whether fertility is different among interracial couples is unclear: Fertility rates that largely conform to the population of racially endogamous White couples provide evidence of social integration whereas differential fertility may reveal gender dynamics in fertility decision-making, including power relationships that depend on the race of male and female partners. Method We pool data from the 2008 to 2017 American Community Survey to compare past-year fertility patterns among endogamously and interracially married and cohabiting couples. Results Fertility is generally lower among racially exogamous than endogamous unions, especially among Asian American-White couples. Fertility among American Indian-White couples is much closer to patterns of White couples than of American Indian couples. Fertility among other interracial couples nevertheless varies by the race of male partners. That is, fertility of the Black male/White female and the Hispanic male/White female couples is similar to patterns found among endogamous Black and Hispanic couples, respectively. The White male/Black female and the White male/Hispanic female couples follow the fertility patterns of White couples. Conclusion In general, the fertility levels of interracial couples are intermediate between those of endogamous White couples and their endogamous Black, Hispanic, or American Indian counterparts, but vary significantly by the race-gender mix of partners.
Towards Automatic Sizing for PPE with a Point Cloud Based Variational Autoencoder.

Sizing and fitting of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is a critical part of the product creation process; however, traditional methods to do this type of work can be labor intensive and based on limited or non-representative anthropomorphic data. In the case of PPE, a poor fit can jeopardize an individual's health and safety. In this paper we present an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that can identify a representative set of exemplars, individuals that can be utilized by designers as idealized sizing models. The algorithm is based around a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) with a Point-Net inspired encoder and decoder architecture trained on Human point-cloud data obtained from the CEASAR dataset. The learned latent space is then clustered to identify a specified number of sizing groups. We demonstrate this technique on scans of human faces to provide designers of masks and facial coverings a reference set of individuals to test existing mask styles.
Assessing the intelligibility of vocoded speech using a remote testing framework.

Over the past year, remote speech intelligibility testing has become a popular and necessary alternative to traditional in-person experiments due to the need for physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. A remote framework was developed for conducting speech intelligibility tests with normal hearing listeners. In this study, subjects used their personal computers to complete sentence recognition tasks in anechoic and reverberant listening environments. The results obtained using this remote framework were compared with previously collected in-lab results, and showed higher levels of speech intelligibility among remote study participants than subjects who completed the test in the laboratory.
Electron Density Geometry and theQuantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules

A novel form of charge density analysis, that of isosurface curvature redistribution, is formulated and applied to the toy problem of carbonyl oxygen activation in formaldehyde. The isosurface representation of the electron charge density allows us to incorporate the rigorous geometric constraints of closed surfaces towards the analysis and chemical interpretation of the charge density response to perturbations. Visual inspection of 2D isosurface motion resulting from applied external electric fields reveals how isosurface curvature flows within and between atoms, and that a molecule can be uniquely and completely partitioned into chemically significant regions of positive and negative curvature. These concepts reveal that carbonyl oxygen activation proceeds primarily through curvature and charge redistribution within rather than between Bader atoms. Using gradient bundle analysis—the partitioning of formaldehyde into infinitesimal volume elements bounded by QTAIM zero flux surfaces—the observations from visual isosurface inspection are verified. The results of the formaldehyde carbonyl analysis are then shown to be transferable to the substrate carbonyl in the ketosteroid isomerase enzyme, laying the groundwork for extending this approach to the problems of enzymatic catalysis.
The Roles of Initial Mathematics, Reading, and Cognitive Skills in Subsequent Mathematics Performance: A Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling Approach

In the present meta-analysis, we systematically investigated the relative contributions of students’ initial mathematics, reading, and cognitive skills on subsequent mathematics performance measure...
Regionalization as a Response to the Problems of Fragmentation in the Criminal Justice System

The three-fold purpose of criminal law and the criminal justice system is to protect the citizens of our country from the harmful acts of their fellow citizens; to provide a just, appropriate, efficient, and effective mechanism for responding to those anti-social acts which may occur; and to provide rehabilitation as well as punishment for offenders. Today in the United States it is clear that the law is not accomplishing its purpose.
An Examination of "Right to Treatment" Standards: Mental Health Policy within the Context of the State Hospital System

This paper discusses the use of court-imposed standards for public mental hospitals as a method of improving public mental health services. The standards set out in Wyatt v. Stickney are examined, and the author concludes that if implemented nationally such standards would transform the public hospitals. In addition, implementation would alter the power structure of mental health workers, effect the allocation of state and federal funds, and influence the larger system of mental health services. Socio-economic characteristics of public mental hospital patients, and an assessment of present care in this system are presented as central issues in mental health policy and planning.
Interdependence of Multiple Theta Generators in the Hippocampus: a Partial Coherence Analysis

The extracellularly recorded theta oscillation reflects a dynamic interaction of various synaptic and cellular mechanisms. Because the spatially overlapping dipoles responsible for the generation of theta field oscillation may represent different mechanisms, their separation might provide clues with regard to their origin and significance. We used a novel approach, partial coherence analysis, to reveal the various components of the theta rhythm and the relationship among its generators. Hippocampal field activity was recorded by a 16-site silicon probe in the CA1-dentate gyrus axis of the awake rat. Field patterns, recorded from various intrahippocampal or entorhinal cortex sites, were used to remove activity caused by a common source by the partialization procedure. The findings revealed highly coherent coupling between theta signals recorded (1) from the hippocampal fissure and stratum (str.) oriens of the CA1 region and (2) between CA1 stratum radiatum and the dentate molecular layer. The results of partial coherence analysis indicated that rhythmic input from the entorhinal cortex explained theta coherence between signals recorded from the hippocampal fissure and str. oriens but not the coherence between signals derived from str. radiatum and the dentate molecular layer. After bilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex, all signals recorded from both below and above the CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cell layer became highly coherent. These observations indicate the presence of two, relatively independent, theta generators in the hippocampus, which are mediated by the entorhinal cortex and the CA3-mossy cell recurrent circuitry, respectively. The CA3-mossy cell theta generator is partially suppressed by the dentate gyrus interneuronal output in the intact brain. We suggest that timing of the action potentials of pyramidal cells during the theta cycle is determined by the cooperation between the active CA3 neurons and the entorhinal input.
Dumbo, A Schematic-to-Layout Compiler

This paper describes a technique for compiling logic circuit descriptions into layout and a program, Dumbo, to demonstrate the technique. Cells are described to the compiler as structural primitives, which describe the general form of the layout, and electrical primitives, which describe tlie circuit connectivity in terms of Boolean and pass gates. Dumbo maps these primitives into stick figures; it tlien solves a placement and wiring problem to produce a stick diagram tliat can be compacted into a layout. Implementation of Dumbo has focused on nMOS technology. Experimental results show that the resultmg system gives promising results for a large class of cells with much less effort on the designer’s part than required for traditional design techniques.
Unusual Reducing Sugar from Coccidioides immitis

Documentation is offered for the identification of 3-O-methyl-mannose as one of several neutral sugars found in defatted arthrospore and mycelial cell walls of Coccidioides immitis.
Influence of Diet on Glucose Tolerance, on the Rate of Glucose Utilization and on Gluconeogenic Enzyme Activities in the Dog

Four diets containing 0 to 62% of energy from carbo hydrate and 24% to 48% of energy from protein were fed to young dogs. Two of the diets (diets LPLC and HPLC) were carbohydrate-free and two of the diets (diets HPHC and HPLC) contained 46% to 48% protein. The influence of these diets on several parameters of glucose metabolism was ascertained. Following an intravenous glucose load, plasma glucose levels were higher in dogs fed carbohydrate-free diets (diets LPLC and HPLC) than observed in dogs fed carbohydrate-containing diets (diets LPHC and HPHC). Consumption of high-protein diets (diets HPHC and HPLC) also impaired glucose tolerance. Estimates of glucose utilization were obtained. Dogs fed carbohydrate-containing diets exhibited a higher rate of glucose utilization than did dogs fed the carbohydrate-free diets. Fasting the dogs for 48 hours reduced the glucose replacement rate in dogs fed the carbohydrate-containing diets but did not influence the rate of glucose utilization in dogs fed the carbohydrate-free diets. The activities of phosphoenolpyruvatc carboxykinase (PEPCK) and of pyruvate car- boxylase ( PYCAR ) in livers and kidneys of these dogs were influenced by the diets fed. Mitochondria! PEPCK and PYCAR activities in both liver and kidney were increased in dogs fed the carbohydrate-free diets. Consump tion of the high-protein diets actually decreased the activities of PEPCK in liver and kidney mitochondria. J. Nutr. lOfA¬: 1465-1474, 1976.
Investigation of the marine boundary layer cloud and CCN properties under coupled and decoupled conditions over the Azores

Six coupled and decoupled marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds were chosen from the 19 month Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility data set over the Azores. Thresholds of liquid water potential temperature difference ΔθL 0.5 K) and total water mixing ratio difference Δqt 0.5 g/kg) below the cloud base were used for selecting the coupled (decoupled) cases. A schematic diagram was given to demonstrate the coupled and decoupled MBL vertical structures and how they associate with nondrizzle, virga, and rain drizzle events. Out of a total of 2676 5 min samples, 34.5% were classified as coupled and 65.5% as decoupled, 36.2% as nondrizzle and 63.8% as drizzle (47.7% as virga and 16.1% as rain), and 33.4% as daytime and 66.6% as nighttime. The decoupled cloud layer is deeper (0.406 km) than coupled cloud layer (0.304 km), and its liquid water path and cloud droplet effective radius (re) values (122.1 gm−2 and 13.0 µm) are higher than coupled ones (83.7 gm−2 and 10.4 µm). Conversely, decoupled stratocumuli have lower cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) and surface cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentration (NCCN) (74.5 cm−3 and 150.9 cm−3) than coupled stratocumuli (111.7 cm−3 and 216.4 cm−3). The linear regressions between re and Nd with NCCN have demonstrated that coupled re and Nd strongly depend on NCCN and have higher correlations (−0.56 and 0.59) with NCCN than decoupled results (−0.14 and 0.25). The MBL cloud properties under nondrizzle and virga drizzle conditions are similar to each other but significantly different to those of rain drizzle.
The Smaller Intracerebral Vessels

A pathological study of the smaller intracerebral arteries of 150 to 600µ was made in 336 cases, ranging in age from 1 day to 96 years. The changes involved the media and adventitia in contradistinction to the large cerebral vessels which showed predominantly intimal changes. The degree of change in the smaller intracerebral arteries was age related but not on a 1:1 basis. A comparison of the degree of change was also made with the large cerebral vessels of the circle of Willis, and although both were age related, they did not appear to be related to each other.
Differential effects of stress-induced cortisol responses on recollection and familiarity-based recognition memory

Stress-induced changes in cortisol can impact memory in various ways. However, the precise relationship between cortisol and recognition memory is still poorly understood. For instance, there is reason to believe that stress could differentially affect recollection-based memory, which depends on the hippocampus, and familiarity-based recognition, which can be supported by neocortical areas alone. Accordingly, in the current study we examined the effects of stress-related changes in cortisol on the processes underlying recognition memory. Stress was induced with a cold-pressor test after incidental encoding of emotional and neutral pictures, and recollection and familiarity-based recognition memory were measured one day later. The relationship between stress-induced cortisol responses and recollection was non-monotonic, such that subjects with moderate stress-related increases in cortisol had the highest levels of recollection. In contrast, stress-related cortisol responses were linearly related to increases in familiarity. In addition, measures of cortisol taken at the onset of the experiment showed that individuals with higher levels of pre-learning cortisol had lower levels of both recollection and familiarity. The results are consistent with the proposition that hippocampal-dependent memory processes such as recollection function optimally under moderate levels of stress, whereas more cortically-based processes such as familiarity are enhanced even with higher levels of stress. These results indicate that whether post-encoding stress improves or disrupts recognition memory depends on the specific memory process examined as well as the magnitude of the stress-induced cortisol response.