cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation as Therapy for Pediatric Patients with Isolated CNS Relapse.

Abstract Treatment options for pediatric patients with isolated central nervous system (CNS) relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) include intensive chemotherapy followed by craniospinal irradiation and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, there is little information regarding outcomes of HSCT in this situation. At the University of Minnesota 15 patients
Solid-State Nanopore Detection of Hydrophobic Proteins

We report on a modified solid-state nanopore measurement scheme to probe hydrophobic molecules that cannot be studied in conventional systems. Taking advantage of the intrinsic alcohol solubility of LiCl as an electrolyte, we show that the devices can be operated in alcohol-based azeotropic mixtures. We first characterize nanopore conductivity as a function of ethanol content, nanopore diameter, and salt concentration, showing predictable ionic response. Then, as a demonstration of resistive-pulse sensing, we measure and interpret electrical translocations of zeins, a class of water-insoluble maize protein.
Rural Libraries Services for Older Adults: A Nationwide Survey

ABSTRACTThe author examined the survey results from 721 rural libraries throughout the United States and Canada to learn more about how they are serving older adults (defined here as anyone 65 years and older). The following areas of library service in particular were studied: funding sources, collections, strategic planning, staffing, technology use, partnerships, outreach efforts, and building design and accessibility. Results of this study were compared to those found in recent studies of services provided to older adults in suburban and capital city public libraries.
Motion planning and control: from virtual environments to the real world

Abstract In this work the main part of an architecture that combines 3D representation in virtual environments, probabilistic motion planning and realtime control is presented. The architecture serves as a generic tool that allows navigation of autonomous robots with high degrees of freedom taking into account their constraints. To achieve this objective a combination of motion control using model Predictive Control (MPC) and a novel derivation of Generalized Potential Functions (GPF) is proposed. The architecture is based on two software components: Saphira, developed by K. Konolige at SRI, and MPSLab, a package for motion planning and simulation of multiples robots in virtual environlnents, developed by one of the authors of this work.
Lie Theory and The Moment Stability Problem in Stochastic Differential Equations

Abstract The stability properties of stochastic differential equations are considered here with the focus on the asymptotic properties of the moments of order p. The cases when the parametric (multiplicative) noises are "white" or "colored" are examined separately. Using some ideas of Brockett for the definition of the moments of an n-vector together with some results from the theory of Lie algebras, we are able to provide computational algorithms for the stability analysis. Interestingly enough, the white noise case, which has received the bulk of the attention in the past, seems to raise more difficult algebraic questions than does the colored noise case. Approximate results are obtained for the latter using an averaging theory for stochastic differential equations. The stability properties of the damped harmonic oscillator with random spring constant are considered in each case to illustrate the general results.
Changing the Time of Blood Collection to Determine Vancomycin Concentrations in Intensive Care Unit Patients.

BACKGROUND Clinical practice guidelines for initiation and therapeutic drug monitoring, but not timing, of vancomycin dosing exist at many institutions. Scheduling vancomycin trough measurements and doses around the morning blood sample collection could yield more interpretable troughs and increase patient safety. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the appropriateness of blood sample collection times for vancomycin trough measurements before and after an initiative to change the timing of blood sampling to determine vancomycin doses and trough levels in a medical intensive care unit. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients in a medical intensive care unit who received intravenous vancomycin at a scheduled interval. Differences in continuous and categorical data were compared between pre- and postintervention groups. The primary outcome was proportion of blood samples collected for vancomycin trough measurements within 30 minutes of the next scheduled vancomycin dose. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were similar between the preintervention (n = 68) and postintervention (n = 176) groups except for the percentage of blood samples drawn for trough measurements and morning laboratory tests (6% vs 81%; P < .001). Frequency of loading doses was similar between patients in the pre- and postintervention groups, as was weight-based maintenance dosing. There was no significant difference in the percentage of blood samples collected to measure vancomycin trough levels appropriately at 30, 60, or 75 minutes from the next scheduled dose. CONCLUSION Measuring vancomycin trough levels in morning blood samples did not affect the percentage of inappropriately collected blood samples used to measure vancomycin trough levels.
Effects of Ordering on Physical Properties of Semiconductor Alloys

Many III-V semiconductor alloys AxB1-xC exhibit spontaneous CuPt-like ordering when grown from the vapor phase. This article describes theoretically the ordering induced changes in the structural, electronical, and optical properties of the semiconductor alloys as a function of the long range order parameter η. These include (i) the band gap reduction △Eg and the valence band splitting △E12, (ii) the appearence of new structural factors, (iii) the change of electric field gradient at the nuclear sites, (iv) the consequence of coexistence of epitaxial strain and chemical ordering on the optical properties, (v) the ordering induced optical anisotropy, and (vi) the spin polarization of photoemitted electrons near the band edge. The effects of stacking fault in order semiconductor alloys are also discussed.
Hereditary Systemic Primary Amyloidosis

The purpose of this report is to review for the Neurochemistry Commission of the World Federation of Neurology the results, previously published1–7, of an extensive investigation of a pedigree in the U.S.A. Certain individuals in this pedigree were afflicted with hereditary systemic primary amyloidosis. This selected review will bring out the clinical and pathological similarities and differences between Portuguese Paramyloidosis8–12 and hereditary systemic primary amyloidosis1–7. Furthermore, an atypical electrophoretic peak (alpha 2′) has been found in hereditary systemic primary amyloidosis2. This biochemical abnormality has not been reported in patients with Portuguese Paramyloidosis. And finally, we would like to raise the following speculation: Could it be that alpha 2′ is a preamyloid substance?
Electrophoretic Deposition of Nanocrystals in Non-polar Solvents

Non-polar solvent electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a rapidly emerging technique for the formation of tightly packed, robust, and smooth films of nanocrystals, typically synthesized through colloidal chemistry. Using non-polar solvents, such as hexane , for the nanocrystal deposition suspension promotes the transport of only the desired charged species, the nanocrystals, toward the field-emanating electrodes where the materials eventually deposit. This approach allows for substantial control over the thickness, roughness, and packing of the nanocrystals, an attractive characteristic for the possible implementation of nanocrystalline films into next generation device applications. This chapter reviews recent progress in non-polar solvent electrophoretic deposition, including the production of freestanding films of nanocrystals that were assembled by EPD.
The Utilization of Pentitols in Studies of the Evolution of Enzyme Pathways

Microbiologists generally agree that the earliest microorganisms to evolve were simple in their metabolic capabilities and had to be supplied with many preformed, complex molecules to satisfy their nutritional requirements. As time passed, certain organisms developed new metabolic pathways to synthesize such required compounds from smaller, less complex molecules and thus became more versatile in their nutritional requirements, utilizing a wider range of food sources. Changes in the metabolism of higher organisms must have produced new types of organic compounds that entered the environment upon the death of the organisms. Micro-organisms, in turn, evolved metabolic pathways for the degradation of these new molecules and used them to obtain carbon and energy to satisfy their growth requirements. The extra DNA provided by the duplication of previously existing genes may have been modified through mutation to eventually become the structural and regulatory genes for new degradative pathways.
Leaving the Realm of the Visualizable: Waves, Quanta, and the Rise of Quantum Theory

Toward the end of the nineteenth century, Lord Kelvin, one of the best known and most respected physicists at that time, commented that “only two small clouds” remained on the horizon of knowledge in physics. In other words, there were, in Kelvin’s view, only two sources of confusion in our otherwise complete understanding of material reality—the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, which failed to detect the existence of a hypothetical substance called the ether, and the inability of electromagnetic theory to predict the distribution of radiant energy at different frequencies emitted by an idealized “radiator” called the black body. These problems seemed so “small” that some established physicists were encouraging those contemplating graduate study in physics to select other fields of scientific study where there was better opportunity to make original contributions to scientific knowledge. What Lord Kelvin could not have anticipated was that efforts to resolve these two anomalies would lead to relativity theory and quantum theory, or to what came to be called the “new” physics.
The dorso-ventral righting reflex of purple shore crabs is impeded by sexually selected claws but not by leg autotomy

ABSTRACTLocomotion has been a well-studied avenue for questions regarding the costs of autotomy. However, previous studies have focused on traditional means of locomotion such as walking, running, or swimming; an unexplored aspect of locomotion as it relates to the costs of autotomy is the dorso-ventral righting reflex, or DVRR. Using a comprehensive set of treatment groups, we explored how autotomy affects the DVRR in the crab Hemigrapsus nudus. Our results suggested that missing walking legs had no impact on an animal’s ability to complete the DVRR. However, the enlarged claws of males were shown to impede the speed at which males can right themselves out of the compromising, supine position. This is a novel example of how a sexually selected trait can negatively affect animal locomotion.
Cancer prevention in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: Chemoprevention and lifestyle changes

Abstract Lynch Syndrome (LS) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) represent the most prevalent inherited colorectal cancer syndromes. The key to reducing morbidity and mortality in affected individuals is prevention, and there is interest in chemopreventive agents that can either delay or prevent the need for procedural or surgical interventions. Sulindac is supported as a chemopreventive agent for the reduction of colorectal and duodenal polyps, as well as desmoids, in FAP. Aspirin has shown benefit in reducing polyp burden in LS. Modifiable lifestyle and diet-related risk factors are considered in reference to those with inherited colorectal cancer syndromes. We also emphasize the value of adherence to screening guidelines with the aid of registries as a powerful preventative strategy in the care of these high-risk patients.
Influences of Aluminum Rear Contact and Back Surface Field Formation for PERC Solar Cells

In this paper, we demonstrate the aluminum rear contact with different widths grid and full-area on the p-type passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC). We analysis the rear contact and back surface field (BSF) formation on PERC cells. We observe a reduced number of voids in the Al-Si eutectic layer by using grid Al, compared with full-area Al layer. The open-circuit voltage (${V}_{{oc}}$) and short current density (${J}_{{sc}}$) of PERC+ solar cells improve up to 4 mV and near 0.19 mA/cm2 when using local grid contact.
Harvesting Vibration Energy from Vehicle Suspension System for Mileage Improvement

Global concerns on energy have motivated a strong research in energy-scavenging technologies. This paper deals with harnessing of the vibration energy from vehicle suspension system for application in charging of an onboard battery. It is proposed to harvest mechanical vibration energy from a vehicle suspension system to improve the mileage of hybrid vehicles. The impact of road roughness and vehicle speed on the amount of harvested electrical power from the vehicle suspension was explored. A critical design issue was discovered: the need to design the system’s natural frequency to match the frequency of the driving vibration for maximum power harvesting. It was further discovered that greater power can be harnessed when the compressibility ratio is less than zero. Electromagnetic power converter model is proposed to harness the wasted vibration energy from the suspension system. Numerical results show that averagely 2.16 kW of electricity can be harvested from the suspension system assembly, resulting in mileage improvement of about 4.91 miles for the electric vehicle considered.
Natural Gas Emissions from Underground Pipelines and Implications for Leak Detection

Underground natural gas (NG) leaks pose an urgent safety threat, motivating ongoing efforts to improve leak detection methods. The objectives of this study were to investigate how realistic environ...
Embedding Self-Regulation Into Reading Interventions to Support Reading and Behavior Outcomes:

It was almost winter break, and Ms. Salvador, the reading specialist at Awbrey Park Elementary School, was reviewing the fifth-grade progress-monitoring reading data for students receiving intensive small-group reading interventions. She noticed that several students were not making the reading gains that they had expected. Ms. Salvador and her team also realized that during reading instruction, many of these students displayed problem behaviors, such as having difficulty remaining on task and disrupting other students. After reading as much as she could on the topic, Ms. Salvador found that incorporating self-regulation strategies into reading interventions could lead to improvements in reading and an increase in appropriate behaviors that students display during reading instruction. Knowing how interrelated reading and behavior can be, Ms. Salvador decided to collaborate with Mr. Tanner, the behavior specialist, in developing self-regulation interventions for their students at Awbrey Park Elementary. However, before they could begin to create these self-regulation interventions, Ms. Salvador and Mr. Tanner needed to identify more research on what self-regulation strategies were available and how self-regulation strategies could be used to support students with both reading and behavioral difficulties during small-group reading interventions.
Insights for emergency management undergraduates about the importance of exercises in their chosen profession.

Objective: To explore the use of exercises as a component of emergency management (EM) baccalaureate degree programs to assure competence of new emergency managers. Methods: This qualitative study used document and Web site review and open-ended survey questions for program directors to determine the extent of use and need for exercises as a part of EM undergraduate programs. Results: Exercise planning, design, and implementation courses are available through the Emergency Management Institute, and based on the literature, education, and training in planning, designing, and executing exercises should be a component of baccalaureate degree programs in EM.
Effect of Timing of and Adherence to Social Distancing Measures on COVID-19 Burden in the United States : A Simulation Modeling Approach.

BACKGROUND: Across the United States, various social distancing measures were implemented to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the effectiveness of such measures for specific regions with varying population demographic characteristics and different levels of adherence to social distancing is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of social distancing measures in unique regions. DESIGN: An agent-based simulation model. SETTING: Agent-based model applied to Dane County, Wisconsin; the Milwaukee metropolitan (metro) area; and New York City (NYC). PATIENTS: Synthetic population at different ages. INTERVENTION: Different times for implementing and easing social distancing measures at different levels of adherence. MEASUREMENTS: The model represented the social network and interactions among persons in a region, considering population demographic characteristics, limited testing availability, "imported" infections, asymptomatic disease transmission, and age-specific adherence to social distancing measures. The primary outcome was the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. RESULTS: The timing of and adherence to social distancing had a major effect on COVID-19 occurrence. In NYC, implementing social distancing measures 1 week earlier would have reduced the total number of confirmed cases from 203 261 to 41 366 as of 31 May 2020, whereas a 1-week delay could have increased the number of confirmed cases to 1 407 600. A delay in implementation had a differential effect on the number of cases in the Milwaukee metro area versus Dane County, indicating that the effect of social distancing measures varies even within the same state. LIMITATION: The effect of weather conditions on transmission dynamics was not considered. CONCLUSION: The timing of implementing and easing social distancing measures has major effects on the number of COVID-19 cases. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Improvisation within the Range of Implication: Cora Diamond, Henry James, and the Adventure of Literature

The paper examines an important theme in Cora Diamond’s work, as this appears particularly in her reply to Martha Nussbaum (“Missing the Adventure”), namely the theme of moral attention—being sensitive to the complexity of facts as opposed to obtuseness, and the role that improvisation plays for moral attention. To further elucidate what improvisation is I consider its role in music and literature as mimetic portrayals of the complexity of moral life. I use the examples of Coltrane’s jazz music and of James’s rewriting of his novel The American to show more specifically how improvisation can help advance and use creatively the range of implication within which moral thought can occur.
Catatonia in a 10-year-old boy with early childhood neglect and disruptive behaviours in psychiatric residential treatment.

Catatonia is a rare medical condition that can be fatal in paediatric patients if left untreated. It is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed. There are no published cases of catatonia in traumatised children living in long-term psychiatric care. However, there is some evidence that childhood maltreatment in its variant forms may be a risk for the development of catatonia in children and adolescents. In this case, a 10-year-old boy with intrauterine exposure to alcohol and multiple drugs and early childhood deprivation, developed neuroleptic-induced catatonia in an intensive psychiatric residential treatment centre approximately 24 hours after receiving a first-time intramuscular injection of haloperidol 5 mg for acute agitation. He had no known predisposing factors for catatonia such as psychosis, autism, neurological or general medical problems. This 10-year-old child's early childhood trauma should be considered as a predisposing factor for catatonia.
Understanding Business Student Differences Internationally and Inter-culturally: Analysis of Chinese, Indian, and Korean Student Expectations

This paper presents the combined results of four surveys conducted in three countries . The surveys elicited information concerning the socio-demographic backgrounds, opinions and expectations of students studying business. The first three surveys were conducted in English-language classrooms in China, India, and South Korea. The fourth survey was conducted in a Korean-language classroom in South Korea. We find evidence that expectations about family, career, national success, world stability, and future business climates differ substantially by nationality across Asian students of the same age, and studying the same general material. Further we find that even within one nationality there are substantial differences between students who study in different languages. These differences are shown to be statistically significant even after controlling for socio-demographic factors which are not strictly associated with nationality and language. This paper recommends college instructors develop a greater level of understanding of these differences. A simple survey technique is recommended.
Parent viewership of 13 reasons why and parental perceived knowledge about adolescent life: implications for parental efficacy among parents from the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, and Australia/New Zealand

There has been a recent increase in television programming that aims to provide realistic portrayals of adolescent life in an effort to both entertain and educate adolescent viewers. Research on th...
Deep-freeze graph training for latent learning

Abstract Scientific and engineering advances are primarily driven by multi-tier conceptual constructs and conditional theoretical frameworks. The theories allow predictions of hypothetical system responses, given a set of approximate conditions (ranges of applicability) imposed on latent parameters that cannot be measured directly. Learning to estimate the latent variables (Latent Learning) helps to pinpoint the anticipated range-edge anomalies and improves the confidence in interpretation, interpolation and extrapolation of limited experimental data. Due to high dimensionality and extreme non-linearity of the materials science problems, very large datasets are typically required for conventional data-driven model development. The vital experimental data collection, particularly on microstructural phases, is very challenging, which makes it difficult to compile a high-quality database. Incorporation of the domain knowledge into the computational graph structure, initialization and optimization processes presents a viable mechanism for developing accurate models, with limited datasets. This study successfully utilized the approach to build the Deep Freeze Graph (DeepFreG) by mapping known causality relationships and by digitizing empirical domain knowledge for Latent Learning (LL), with specific applications in materials science.
On the Disciplinary Achievement Gap: Implications of Social Disparities in NAEP Student Outcomes for Diversity and Decolonization in Geography Education

Social disparities in NAEP student outcomes with respect to geography provide further evidence of how far the discipline of Geography still must go to address issues of diversity, equity, inclusion...
Perception-Based UAV Fruit Grasping Using Sub-Task Imitation Learning

This work considers autonomous fruit picking using an aerial grasping robot by tightly integrating vision-based perception and control within a learning framework. The architecture employs a convolutional neural network (CNN) to encode images and vehicle state information. This encoding is passed into a sub-task classifier and associated reference waypoint generator. The classifier is trained to predict the current phase of the task being executed: Staging, Picking, or Reset. Based on the predicted phase, the waypoint generator predicts a set of obstacle-free 6-DOF waypoints, which serve as a reference trajectory for model-predictive control (MPC). By iteratively generating and following these trajectories, the aerial manipulator safely approaches a mock-up goal fruit and removes it from the tree. The proposed approach is validated in 29 flight tests, through a comparison to a conventional baseline approach, and an ablation study on its key features. Overall, the approach achieved comparable success rates to the conventional approach, while reaching the goal faster.
SU-E-U-03: Noncontact Ultrasound Spectroscopy of Cortical Bone Phantoms: Reproducibility

Purpose: In this study we update our studies presented in a talk in the ultrasound symposium in 2014 on the topic of noncontact ultrasound spectroscopy applied to cortical bone phantoms in which we found we found a high correlation between the BUA parameter and the Bone Mineral densities of the phantoms that was provided a linear regression with a r^₂as high as 0.96. The purpose of our current study was to have two separate ultrasound analyzers one at CSUDH in Carson California and a second analyzer at VN and associates in Elizabethtown, Ontario, Canada, in which the two analyzers only had minor differences in the transducers, pulse generators, and other hardware and software. Our goal was to compare the BUA parameters, speed of sound(SOS), attenuation, and spectra. We also considered changes in speed of sound, and attenuation taken 4 years ago with similar measurements made recently. Methods: We used Matlab shell files to compute SOS for 2 different methods, BUA, and attenuation for 15 or 16 phantoms that ranged in BMD from 150–1700 gm/m^3. Linear regressions were calculated for sets of two parameters. Some of the phantoms were scanned using a pixelized grid. Results: The two systems behaved similarly. There seemed to be only small changes in SOS with larger changes in BUA, that might be attributed to oxidation and loss of water. Conclusion: There was a high degree of reproducibility in most of our measurements
Pigs in Cyberspace: A Natural Experiment Testing Differences between Online and Offline Club-Pig Auctions

We find sale prices and net revenues received by sellers in the Midwestern club-pig market are higher at traditional face-to-face auctions than at comparable Internet auctions. The comparison overcomes endogenous selection issues that commonly plague such analyses by using data from sellers that allocated pigs to both markets based on exogenous differences in dates between online and offline auctions. Auction theory suggests that the higher prices and net revenues from traditional auctions are attributable to remaining differences in auction format and buyer characteristics. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Holographic interferometry of gas-puff Z-pinches

In the authors' internal target X-ray laser schemes, a gas-puff Z-pinch plasma stagnates onto a layered annular X-ray laser target. A representative target consists of 3-mm-diameter, 2- mu m-thick parylene annulus with an outer coating of 200 nm of aluminum and an inner coating of 50 nm of nickel. The outer coating, or converter layer, is used to convert the kinetic energy of the imploding gas into line radiation of the converter layer species, which pumps the inner coating, or lasant species 1-D code calculations have shown that the amount of radiation from the converter layer is a sensitive function of the imploding sheath density, velocity, temperature, and gas species. Measurements of the imploding sheath prior to stagnation are useful both for comparisons with code calculations and for input to a code modeling the simpler problem of a plasma of known initial conditions stagnating onto a target. The authors have taken image-plane holographic interferograms of a Z-pinch implosion and used this diagnostic to observe the imploding sheath and plasma just prior to stagnation. Interferograms were taken of helium, neon, and xenon gas-puff implosions. They have also correlated the regions of density with regions of X-ray emission. >
Early Childhood Education: A Synoptic View

As I was about to prepare this paper I chanced to be reading Theodore H. White’s In Search of History: A Personal Adventure (1978). White, who is probably best known for the books he has written about American presidential election campaigns (“The Making of a President” series), had written an autobiography laced with personal recollections of famous men. The most interesting parts of the book are about White’s personal beginnings. White grew up in the slums of Boston and he shares his perceptions of that time, of the culture around him, and of his own roots in transitional American-Jewish culture.
The Failure of Three Temperate Coliphages to Direct the Synthesis of a New λ Type Deoxyribonuclease

Abstract Three temperate coliphages were examined for their ability to direct the synthesis of a new deoxyribonuclease and a new DNA polymerase concomitant with phage development. No new nuclease or polymerase activity was detected in extracts of Escherichia coli C600 infected with the noninducible phages 186 and 299. The defective phage carried by E. coli 15 also failed to produce detectable amounts of new nuclease or polymerase activity after induction by thymine starvation.
Differentiability of quasi-conformal maps on the jungle gym

We obtain a result on the quasi-conformal self-maps of jungle gyms, a divergence-type group. If the dilatation is compactly supported, then the induced map on the boundary of the covering disc D is differentiable with non-zero derivative on a set of Hausdorff dimension 1. As one of the corollaries, we show that there are quasi-symmetric homeomorphisms over divergence-type groups such that for all sets E the Hausdorff dimension of E and f(E c ) cannot both be less than 1. This shows an important difference.between finitely generated and divergence-type groups.
Tidal energy in electric power systems

This paper discusses the uses and advantages of tidal energy in restructured power systems. The paper defines the resources as well as the ways in which tidal energy is converted into electricity. The paper also reviews a few tidal power projects around the world. It also shows the working of hydro tidal power plant. A comparative review of renewable energy sources is presented and conclusions are outlined.
Distance Education: On Focus and Future

Evans, T., & Nation, D. (Eds.). (1989). Critical reflections on distance education. Philadelphia: The Falmer Press.Garrison, D. R. (1989). Understanding distance education: A framework for the future. New York: Routledge.Moore, M. G. (Ed.). (1990). Contemporary issues in American distance education. New York: Pergamon Press.Verduin, J. R., & Clark, T. A. (1991). Distance education: The foundations of effective practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
A Short History of Intellectual Property' in Relation to Copyright

Following work published in 2006, this article explores the history of the phrase 'intellectual property' as it was used in the 19th century and early 20th century by jurists speaking French, Spanish, Italian, and English. During this period 'intellectual property' was used by many commentators to refer to copyright alone; indeed, in Spanish, the phrase unambiguously meant just copyright. The article sketches out how officials in WIPO's predecessor organization rechristened it an 'intellectual property' entity and helped establish the modern, umbrella sense of the term for patents, copyrights, trademarks, etc. Finally, the manuscript explores how the property-or-not debate has animated discussions of copyright theory throughout the history of copyright law.
Automated Target Recognition of Humans in Infrared Images

The ability to automatically detect humans in infrared images has value in military and civilian applications. Robots and unattended ground stations equipped with real-time human ATR capability can operate as scouts, perform reconnaissance for military units, and serve to locate humans in remote or hazardous sites. With the algorithm proposed in this study, human targets can be detected in infrared images based on the structure and radiance of the human head. The algorithm works in a three step process. First, the infrared image is segmented primarily based on edges and secondarily based on intensity of pixels. Once the regions of interest have been determined, the segments undergo feature extraction, in which they are characterized based on circularity and smoothness. The final step of the algorithm uses a k-Nearest Neighbor classifier to match the segment's features to a database, determining whether the segment is a head or not. This algorithm operates best in environments in which contrast between the human and the background is high, such as nighttime or indoors. Tests show that 82% accuracy in identification of human heads is possible for a single still image. After analyzing two uncorrelated frames viewing the same scene, the likelihood of correctly classifying a human head that appears in both frames is 97%.
Effect of cytosine arabinoside on thyroid autoimmunity in guinea-pigs.

An einer Untersuchungsserie experimentell induzierter Autoimmunthyreoiditis beim Meerschweinchen wird gezeigt, dass Cytosine Atabinoside nur einen geringen suppressiven Effekt auf die Autoimmuninduktion hat und die Gewebezerstorung nicht zu verhindern vermag.
LV Mass Index Significantly Impacts on Patient and Renal Outcomes in Patients with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Poor Left-Ventricular Function

Background. A recent report demonstrated that the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy was an independent predictor of mortality in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) severely depressed left ventricular function. However, the impact of left ventricle (LV) mass index on the renal and patient outcomes in such patients with CABG has previously not been addressed. The present study thus considers this group of patient and uses LV mass index to assess renal and patient outcomes for these patients. Material and Method. All patients who arrived at the emergency room with severe cardiac dysfunction (EF<60%), triple vessel disease, and required CABG and LV hypertrophy (LVH) (LV mass index γ110 g/m2 in women, γ134 g/m2 in men) were admitted preoperatively to the intensive care unit (ICU) for supportive intervention from 01 1, 1998 to 01 1, 2001. Of all LVH patients, 44 underwent CABG, and were divided into two groups according to LV mass index. Results. Of all patients, 72.7% had severe echoca...
A Type System for Robust Declassification

Language-based approaches to information security have led to the development of security type systems that permit the programmer to describe confidentiality policies on data. Security type systems are usually intended to enforce noninterference, a property that requires that high-security information not affect low-security computation. However, in practice, noninterference is often too restrictive-the desired policy does permit some information leakage. To compensate for the strictness of noninterference, practical approaches include some mechanism for declassifying high-security information. But such declassification is potentially dangerous, and its use should be restricted to prevent unintended information leaks. Zdancewic and Myers previously introduced the notion of robust declassification in an attempt to capture the desired restrictions on declassification, but that work did not propose a method for determining when a program satisfies the robust declassification condition. This paper motivates robust declassification and shows that a simple change to a security type system can enforce it. The idea is to extend the lattice of security labels to include integrity constraints as well as confidentiality constraints and then require that the decision to perform a declassification have high integrity.
Mourning 9/11: Walter Benjamin, Gillian Rose, and the Dual Register of Mourning

The tenth anniversary of 9/11 presses with new urgency the question of how to mourn. In the presence of that anniversary, I revisit the work of Walter Benjamin and Gillian Rose. The two could be taken as irreconcilable opposites. Benjamin stresses the need to refuse consolation, Rose the need to engage in the work of mourning. Rose accentuates the differences, developing key parts of her account of mourning in direct contrast with Benjamin. I follow Rose in seeing a deep distinction between the two. But I argue for the need to hold together their versions of mourning, without dissolving the differences between them, in order to describe the dual register in which the work of mourning must proceed.
Separable alternative algebras over commutative rings

Let A be a unital alternative algebra over a commutative ring R. The unital universal multiplication envelope U,(A) of A is an associative algebra such that there is a one-to-one correspondence between left U,(A)-modules and alternative A-bimodules. We call A separable over R if U,(A) is a separable associative R-algebra. Our main theorem states that a unital alternative R-algebra A is separable over R if and only if A is the direct sum of ideals B and C such that
Effects of Mass Flow Rate and Initial Temperature on Predictions of NO and OH from Detailed Chemical Kinetics Models

The effects of uncertainty in mass flux and initial temperature on the predictions of NO and OH from a detailed chemical kinetics model are determined. The Sandia steady laminar one-dimensional premixed flame code is used to solve the chemical kinetics model for a series of flames from 1 to 9.16 atm. The model allows the determination of the variation in the predictions of NO and OH concentrations from small changes in mass flow rate and in the initial gas temperature. The mass flow rate and initial gas temperature are two quantities for which experimental uncertainty exists, but the effect of which is not often considered in chemical kinetics modeling. The results indicate that uncertainty in the mass flow rate can significantly affect the quantitative predictions of NO and OH, while the initial gas temperature has little effect on the flame modeling results.
The endothelin-1 G5665T polymorphism impacts transplant-free survival for single ventricle patients.

Background Early survival for children with single-ventricle congenital heart disease has improved, but late attrition remains a serious problem. The endothelin-1 G5665T single nucleotide polymorphism has been linked to increased vascular reactivity and hypertension. The goal of this study was to determine whether this single nucleotide polymorphism alters transplant-free survival for children with single-ventricle congenital heart disease. Methods DNA was isolated from 165 children with single-ventricle congenital heart disease born between January 1980 and December 2006. The endothelin-1 G5665T single nucleotide polymorphism genotype was determined by using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were generated with a combined end point of death or transplantation. The Cox proportional hazard method was used to evaluate potential covariates. Results The endothelin-1 G5665T genotype was significantly associated with transplant-free survival for the group as a whole ( P = .002), with the greatest effect in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n = 64, P = .0002) as opposed to patients with other types of single-ventricle anatomy (n = 101, P = .1). Cox proportional hazard modeling revealed 3 independent predictors of poor outcome: endothelin G5665T genotype (T/T genotype, P = .001), prematurity (gestational age P = .02), and era of surgical intervention (1990s vs other decades, P = .02). Conclusions Long-term survival of single-ventricle patients is dependent on many factors. These data suggest that genetic variability involving vascular resistance modifiers, such as endothelin-1, might play an important role, particularly in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Future studies should include evaluation of the relationship between endothelin genotype and plasma endothelin levels and possibly therapeutic trials of endothelin blockers in high-risk patients.
Degree of polarization in the Lyot depolarizer

Analytic output equations for the degree of polarization of light exiting a Lyot depolarizer are derived from a coherency matrix representation. Design criteria are obtained for sources of different spectral shape.
Study of the Ribonuclease S-Peptide/S-Protein Complex by Means of Raman Difference Spectroscopy

The isolated S-peptide (enzymatically cleaved 1−20 fragment of the ribonuclease, RNase S) is partly helical in solution. Both S-peptide and its truncated 1−15 analogue pep01 can combine with S-protein (residual part of RNase S without S-peptide), restoring a RNase S‘ complex. Part 3−13 of the peptides forms an α-helix when within the RNase S‘ complex. To compare the solvated forms of both peptides with their structures when complexed with the S-protein, we have measured the Raman spectra of these forms by means of difference spectroscopy. The spectra of the peptides in water solutions are characterized by much wider vibrational bands than the spectrum of the peptides within the RNase S‘ complexes. This shows that the structure of the solvated peptides consists of a heterogeneous mixture of interconverting species. Only two main bands characteristic for the exposed α-helix (in D2O) and for an unordered chain are observed for amide-I regions of the dissolved peptides spectra. Relative intensities of the ban...
The metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptor agonist 1S,3R-ACPD selectively potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced brain injury.

Abstract The role of metabotropic type excitatory amino acid receptors in brain injury was assessed using the selective metabotropic receptor agonist, (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD). Intrastriatal stereotaxic injection of 1S,3R-ACPD (250 nmol) in PND 7 rats produced little brain injury as assessed by hemispheric weight disparities. However, 1S,3R-ACPD markedly potentiated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-, but not α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA)-, mediated brain injury. This effect was stereoselective since the inactive metabotropic agonist, 1R,3S-ACPD, did not potentiate NMDA toxicity.
The Inferiority Curriculum

Bernard looks back at the last decade and notes that although many things have improved, women at all levels in academia still face more subtle forms of discrimination, which comprise what she calls the “Inferiority Curriculum.” Exposure of these subtle discriminatory behaviors is gradually occurring through what Bernard has termed the “Feminist Enlightenment,” a discipline-by-discipline process which began in the mid-1960s. Bernard documents many “down-putting” behaviors that continue to undermine women's achievement and argues the necessity of overcoming the damage by building positive self-images among women.
Juvenile hormone binding proteins of termites detected by photoaffinity labeling : comparison of Zootermopsis nevadensis with two rhinotermitids

The hemolymph of each caste of the primitive dampwood termite Zootermopsis nevadensis (Isoptera, Termopsidae, Termopsinae) contains a high molecular mass lipoprotein which functions as a specific, high affinity carrier for juvenile hormone (JH) III, as detected by JH III-displaceable covalent modification by the tritium-labeled photoaffinity analog (10R)-10, 11-epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate ([3H]EFDA). The Formosan termite Coptotermes formosanus (Rhinotermitidae, Coptotermitinae) and Eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Rhinotermitidae, Rhinotermitinae) possess analogous proteins. Variations among the major proteins and the JH-binding lipoproteins are described.
The role of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of women with preeclampsia

Preeclampsia was originally known as a process whereby an unknown “toxin” was responsible for a variety of responses. While this toxin has yet to be determined, many theories have prevailed as to the appropriate therapy for this condition.Recently, antihypertensive therapy has become increasingly regarded as an important component of the medical management of women with preeclampsia. Initially, the ideal therapy for peripartum acute hypertensive emergencies was felt to be a smooth muscle relaxant and the most commonly prescribed agent was hydralazine. This drug was felt to be beneficial because of its action on vascular smooth muscle, decreasing vasospasm. Outside of the United States diazoxide was also used for this purpose, although this drug has been replaced because of the high incidence of fetal distress. Another agent that was frequently used was α-methyldopa which was initially considered to be the treatment of choice in the treatment of patieats with moderate and severe preeclampsia. Recently, α-methyldopa has been reserved for the outpatient management of gestational hypertension, especially in women with mild preeclampsia or chronic hypertension.
Mineral and vitamin nutrition of dairy cattle.

Abstract During the last quarter century progress has been great in methodology for mineral and nutrition research, especially as it relates to analytical instrumentation and use of radioactive isotopes. Vastly greater numbers of both research and farmer samples are analyzed now for mineral elements resulting in much better understanding of variability of content of feeds. Important progress has been made in dairy cattle in understanding the nutrition and metabolism of certain mineral elements including zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, manganese, iron, magnesium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur. Substantial interest and work have developed or been renewed in metabolism of toxic or potentially toxic elements including cadmium, mercury, nickel, and fluorine. Also, much greater interest has developed on adverse effects of excessive amounts of essential elements. Because of the practical importance of grass tetany, magnesium research has been an area of considerable work. Some new or expanded concepts have contributed materially to understanding metabolism of mineral elements. Among these is a much better understanding of the role of homeostasis of minerals. This has been especially useful in interpreting both old and new research data. For instance, knowledge of routes of homeostatic control is crucial to understand research related to calcium requirement of dairy cattle. The interrelationship between mineral elements and vitamins has been among prominent accomplishments of this 25 yr. Especially noteworthy is that between selenium and vitamin E and the role of vitamin D in calcium metabolism. Progress has been great in understanding a few aspects of vitamin nutrition and metabolism of which work on functional forms of vitamin D is a notable example.