cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Alternate-day fasting has become increasingly popular, yet, to date, no long-term randomized clinical trials have evaluated its efficacy. Objective To compare the effects of alternate-day fasting vs daily calorie restriction on weight loss, weight maintenance, and risk indicators for cardiovascular disease. Design, Setting, and Participants A single-center randomized clinical trial of obese adults (18 to 64 years of age; mean body mass index, 34) was conducted between October 1, 2011, and January 15, 2015, at an academic institution in Chicago, Illinois. Interventions Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 groups for 1 year: alternate-day fasting (25% of energy needs on fast days; 125% of energy needs on alternating “feast days”), calorie restriction (75% of energy needs every day), or a no-intervention control. The trial involved a 6-month weight-loss phase followed by a 6-month weight-maintenance phase. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was change in body weight. Secondary outcomes were adherence to the dietary intervention and risk indicators for cardiovascular disease. Results Among the 100 participants (86 women and 14 men; mean [SD] age, 44 [11] years), the dropout rate was highest in the alternate-day fasting group (13 of 34 [38%]), vs the daily calorie restriction group (10 of 35 [29%]) and control group (8 of 31 [26%]). Mean weight loss was similar for participants in the alternate-day fasting group and those in the daily calorie restriction group at month 6 (–6.8% [95% CI, –9.1% to –4.5%] vs –6.8% [95% CI, –9.1% to –4.6%]) and month 12 (–6.0% [95% CI, –8.5% to –3.6%] vs –5.3% [95% CI, –7.6% to –3.0%]) relative to those in the control group. Participants in the alternate-day fasting group ate more than prescribed on fast days, and less than prescribed on feast days, while those in the daily calorie restriction group generally met their prescribed energy goals. There were no significant differences between the intervention groups in blood pressure, heart rate, triglycerides, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, or homocysteine concentrations at month 6 or 12. Mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at month 6 significantly increased among the participants in the alternate-day fasting group (6.2 mg/dL [95% CI, 0.1-12.4 mg/dL]), but not at month 12 (1.0 mg/dL [95% CI, –5.9 to 7.8 mg/dL]), relative to those in the daily calorie restriction group. Mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly elevated by month 12 among the participants in the alternate-day fasting group (11.5 mg/dL [95% CI, 1.9-21.1 mg/dL]) compared with those in the daily calorie restriction group. Conclusions and Relevance Alternate-day fasting did not produce superior adherence, weight loss, weight maintenance, or cardioprotection vs daily calorie restriction. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00960505
The Role of Structural Plasticity in Producing Nonrandom Neural Connectivity

Abstract The connections between cortical neurons change throughout an animal’s life, so that for humans and other vertebrates, the pattern of their neural connections is not defined at birth. In this chapter we simulate the impact of such reconfiguring of neural connections on the circuit’s topology and on the distribution of connection strengths. Because one neuron cannot respond to the activity of another neuron before a connection is made, we assume that neurons randomly sample their local neighborhood when initially making contacts with new cells. Such random formation of connections can lead to the observed nonrandom structure of cortical circuits if the loss of connections is nonrandom. In particular, we demonstrate that if a Hebbian-like plasticity mechanism acts to maintain connections between coactive neurons—while connections without such maintenance are gradually lost—then many of the observed nonrandom features of cortical circuits arise. We find that a randomly connected recurrent circuit can be trained to produce strong selectivity to specific pairs of inputs that it receives so long as the appropriate combination of rules for changes in synaptic weights is used and that such a circuit can produce the responses needed for good performance when trained in a linearly nonseparable task. Inclusion of structural plasticity has little impact on performance but does account for the formation of highly interconnected clusters of neurons responsive to the same stimulus. Moreover, perhaps surprisingly, we find that within such a recurrent circuit, that structural plasticity is necessary to produce the observed unimodal distribution of synaptic strengths.
Entrepreneurship and Black Capitalism

The literature presents a confusing picture regarding the performance of black entrepreneurs. One reason for the relatively higher failure rate for black entrepreneurs may be the environment in whi...
Optimizing microstructure for toughness: the model problem of peeling

We consider the problem of peeling an adhesive thin film from a substrate that has a non-uniform distribution of adhesive. When the length scale of the non-uniformity is small compared to the overall dimensions of the film being peeled, it is possible to describe the overall peeling behavior with an effective adhesive strength. In this paper, we seek to find the distributions of adhesive strength at the microscale that optimize various aspects of the effective adhesive strength at the macroscale. We do so using both analytic bounds and topology optimization. We formulate the problem of peeling as a free boundary problem, and the effective strength as a maximum principle over the trajectory. For topology optimization, we replace the maximum with an integral norm, and use an adjoint method for the sensitivity. The problem of peeling may be viewed as a model problem in fracture mechanics where the crack (peel) front is confined to a plane, and thus our analysis as a first step toward studying the more general problem of optimizing microstructure for toughness.
A survey of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) resistance in rice germplasm from eastern and northeastern India using molecular markers

Abstract Bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most serious diseases of rice causing a significant yield loss mostly in Asia and parts of Africa and poses a threat to the breakdown of varietal resistance. Development of resistant varieties carrying major resistance (R) gene(s) has been the effective way for controlling BB. The type of R gene(s) to be deployed depends on the predominant Xoo pathotypes. Identification of the R genes present in rice germplasm is a vital exercise. In the present experiment, phenotyping for BB resistance was carried out in 210 rice germplasm comprised of released varieties and landraces from eastern and northeastern India. Based on disease scoring, 95 released varieties being categorized into 29 resistant, 42 moderately resistant and 24 susceptible, while, 115 rice landraces were grouped into eight resistant, 38 moderately resistant and 69 susceptible accessions. Molecular screening for the presence and frequency of 10 BB resistance genes was made from a sub set of 70 genotypes, comprising 35 resistant, 21 moderately resistant and 14 susceptible entries. The frequency of R genes varied from 0 to 5 per genotype. The most frequent gene was Xa1 followed by Xa7 > Xa4 > Xa10 > Xa11. A few entries such as Nua Kalajeera, Kalinga III, Naveen, CR Dhan 701, Swarna Sub1, Kalajeera, and ARC5791 possessed 3–5 genes. The findings indicated that Xa1, Xa7, and Xa11 had been frequently selected in breeding programmes, and the frequency of xa5, Xa8, xa13 and Xa21 should be increased in the released varieties in different combinations to achieve durable resistance. The resistant cultivars identified in the present study can be used directly as resistance donors in rice breeding as well as for identification of race-specific/broad spectrum sources of resistance against BB.
Effects of Surface Relaxation on Enantiospecific Adsorption on Naturally Chiral Pt Surfaces

Many high Miller index metals surfaces are naturally chiral, offering opportunities for performing enantiospecific chemistry. Previous theoretical treatments of adsorption on these surfaces have used surfaces truncated from bulk crystals. This paper examines the effect of surface relaxation on enantiospecific adsorption on chiral Pt surfaces by using relaxed surface structures determined using density functional theory.
A Wavelet-Based Fault Diagnosis Approach for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

This paper presents a generic analytical tool to diagnose and classify faults in permanent magnet synchronous motors. The proposed method deploys wavelet transform to extract features for fault diagnosis, which provides a framework for studying nonstationary trends. Analyzing the stator current with wavelet raises a challenge since the energy of fundamental component spreads over different scales in the decomposition. An adaptive filter is used to estimate and remove the fundamental component in stator current. This filter predicts the main harmonic by processing the measured current data in real-time without any speed feedback. The proposed filter is designed in a way that it does not affect or suppress fault related harmonics. The estimation accuracy and convergence rate of this filter is tested and reported by error bounds, which exhibit an acceptable robustness. The validity of the proposed fault diagnosis approach is verified by finite element simulations and experimental results. The effectiveness of this algorithm is tested using two case studies including broken magnet and eccentricity faults. An average accuracy above 96% is obtained using experimental and simulation data. It is proven that the filtering scheme increases the overall accuracy of fault diagnosis.
Design thinking and the practicing teacher: addressing problems of practice in teacher education

Design thinking has been receiving increased scholarly and popular interest in education; yet, teachers are often uncertain about what it means to implement this in their educational settings. Desi...
Game theoretic modeling of cyber deception in the Internet of Battlefield Things

Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) devices such as actuators, sensors, wearable devises, robots, drones, and autonomous vehicles, facilitate the Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) to Command and Control and battlefield services. IoBT devices have the ability to collect operational field data, to compute on the data, and to upload its information to the network. Securing the IoBT presents additional challenges compared with traditional information technology (IT) systems. First, IoBT devices are mass produced rapidly to be low-cost commodity items without security protection in their original design. Second, IoBT devices are highly dynamic, mobile, and heterogeneous without common standards. Third, it is imperative to understand the natural world, the physical process(es) under IoBT control, and how these real-world processes can be compromised before recommending any relevant security counter measure. Moreover, unprotected IoBT devices can be used as “stepping stones” by attackers to launch more sophisticated attacks such as advanced persistent threats (APTs). As a result of these challenges, IoBT systems are the frequent targets of sophisticated cyber attack that aim to disrupt mission effectiveness.
Faces of a Hyperplane Arrangement Enumerated by Ideal Dimension, with Application to Plane, Plaids, and Shi

The ideal dimension of a real affine set is the dimension of the intersection of its projective topological closure with the infinite hyperplane. We obtain a formula for the number of faces of a real hyperplane arrangement having given dimension and ideal dimension. We apply the formula to the plane, to plaids, which are arrangements of parallel families in general position, and to affinographic arrangements. We compare two definitions of ideal dimension and ask about a complex analog of the enumeration.
An Ambivalent Jewishness: Half Shabbos, the Shabbos App, and Modern Orthodoxy

In this chapter, Phillips introduces the reader to “half Shabbos,” a term that describes the phenomenon in which Modern Orthodox teens are fully Sabbath observant except when it comes to texting, which is a clear violation of Jewish law. He describes the Shabbos App, developed in response to this phenomenon, that would, at least in theory, enable teens to text on the Sabbath. By focusing on how the app was marketed to Modern Orthodox communities, he is able to shed light on issues of ambivalence experienced by the individuals who make up this population. The chapter sheds light on the effects of digital technology on what it means to be Jewish in the contemporary world.
Topological Linking Drives Anomalous Thickening of Ring Polymers in Weak Extensional Flows.

Molecular dynamics simulations confirm recent extensional flow experiments showing ring polymer melts exhibit strong extension-rate thickening of the viscosity at Weissenberg numbers $\mathrm{Wi}\ensuremath{\ll}1$. Thickening coincides with the extreme elongation of a minority population of rings that grows with Wi. The large susceptibility of some rings to extend is due to a flow-driven formation of topological links that connect multiple rings into supramolecular chains. Links form spontaneously with a longer delay at lower Wi and are pulled tight and stabilized by the flow. Once linked, these composite objects experience larger drag forces than individual rings, driving their strong elongation. The fraction of linked rings depends nonmonotonically on Wi, increasing to a maximum when $\mathrm{Wi}\ensuremath{\sim}1$ before rapidly decreasing when the strain rate approaches $1/{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}$.
Application of the Radon transform for search of candidate pulses in radio astronomy

We present an algorithm for the detection of candidate astronomical pulses. It is implemented in several steps. First, a spectrogram of a dispersed astronomical pulse is linearized in observing frequency followed by application of the Radon transform. The result of the transformation is displayed as a two-dimensional function. Next, the function is smoothed using a spatial low-pass filter. Finally, the maximum of the function above 90-deg angle is compared to the maximum of the standard deviation of the noise below 90-deg angle and a decision in favor of an astronomical pulse present or absent is made. Once pulse is detected, its dispersion measure (DM) is estimated by means of a basic equation relating the slope of the linearized dispersed pulse and the DM value. Performance of the algorithm is analyzed by applying it to a set of simulated fast radio bursts, experimental data of Masui pulse, and of seven rotating radio transients. The detection algorithm demonstrates results comparable to those by the conventional pulse detection algorithm.
Internal cultural imperialism: The case of the Kurds in Turkey:

The cultural imperialism thesis that emerged in late 20th century focused on inequalities in the West driven global flow of culture and communication, and how that adversely affected the cultural c...
Neural control of blood pressure during pregnancy in humans

Previous microneurographic studies found that muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) increased in normotensive pregnant women and was even greater in women with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia during the third trimester. It is possible that sympathetic activation during the latter months of normal pregnancy helps return arterial pressure to non-pregnant levels. However, when the increase in sympathetic activity is excessive, hypertension ensues. The key question that must be addressed is whether sympathetic activation develops early during pregnancy and remains high throughout gestation, or whether this sympathetic overactivity only occurs at term, providing the substrate for preeclampsia and other pregnancy-associated cardiovascular complications. This was a literature review of autonomic neural control during pregnancy. Recent work from our laboratory and other laboratories showed that in healthy women resting MSNA increased in early pregnancy, increased further in late pregnancy, and returned to the pre-pregnancy levels shortly after delivery. We found that women who exhibited excessive sympathetic activation during the first trimester, before any clinical signs and symptoms appeared, developed gestational hypertension at term. We also found that the level of corin, an atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme, was increased in the maternal circulation, especially during late pregnancy, as a homeostatic response to elevated sympathetic activity. These findings provide important insight into the neural mechanisms underlying hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. With this knowledge, early prevention or treatment targeted to the appropriate pathophysiology may be initiated, which may reduce maternal and fetal death or morbidity, as well as cardiovascular risks in women later in life.
Is Transdisciplinary Education Engaging the 21st Century Engineering Student

Objective evidence shows whether contemporary engineering students are engaged by transdisciplinary education. This is done by first using a diffusion of innovations approach that isolates “transdisciplinary engineering” occurrences on the Internet from occurrences of disciplinary engineering, and then showing trends, forming conclusions, and making recommendations.
Microsatellite Instability and KRAS Mutation in Stage IV Colorectal Cancer: Prevalence, Geographic Discrepancies, and Outcomes From the National Cancer Database

BACKGROUND This study sought to assess microsatellite and KRAS status, prevalence, and impact on outcome in stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The 2010 to 2016 US National Cancer Database was queried for adult patients with stage IV CRC. Prevalence of microsatellite status (microsatellite instability-high [MSI-H] or microsatellite stable [MSS]) and KRAS status (KRAS mutation or wild-type) of the primary CRC was assessed. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models in patients with complete data on both microsatellite and KRAS status and information on follow-up. RESULTS Information on microsatellite and KRAS status was available for 10,844 and 25,712 patients, respectively, and OS data were available for 5,904 patients. The overall prevalence of MSI-H status and KRAS mutation was 3.1% and 42.4%, respectively. Prevalence of MSI-H ranged between 1.6% (rectosigmoid junction) and 5.2% (transverse colon), and between 34.7% (sigmoid colon) and 58.2% (cecum) for KRAS mutation. MSI-H rates were highest in East North Central US states (4.1%), and KRAS mutation rates were highest in West South Central US states (44.1%). Multivariable analyses revealed longer OS for patients with KRAS wild-type versus mutation status (hazard ratio [HR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.97; P=.004), those with MSS versus MSI-H status (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62-0.9; P=.003), and those with left-sided versus right-sided CRC (multivariable HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.6-0.7; P<.001). The effect of KRAS mutation further varied with CRC site and microsatellite status (P=.002 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS Depending on the primary site and US geography, stage IV CRC shows distinct mutational behavior. KRAS mutation, MSI-H, and primary CRC sidedness independently affect OS and interact with distinct prognostic profiles. Generically classifying adenocarcinomas at different sites as CRC might deprecate this diversity.
Resting metabolic rate in adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

This study aimed to determine whether resting metabolic rate (RMR) is altered in adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Eleven people with FSHD (51 ± 12yrs, 2 females) and 11 co...
Dichotomy between heterotypic and homotypic interactions by a common chemical law

It is now well established that chemical systems evolve as a function of the frequency at which their individual chemical components interact. This notion is seemingly embedded into a ubiquitous chemical law which proposes that the rate of elementary chemical interactions is proportional to the Product of Interactant Concentrations (PIC) by a rate constant. Here, it is shown that, while the PIC is always proportional to the frequency at which interactants simultaneously collide (Interactant Collision Frequency, or ICF), the coefficient of proportionality between PIC and ICF diverges as a function of the number of identical interactants, a property hereby defined as “homo-molecularity”. To eliminate the divergence between heterotypic and homotypic chemical interactions, the PIC must be divided by the factorial of homo-molecularity. Although this correction may not be practically essential for studies in which the homo-molecularity of chemical interactions is unchanged, it becomes critical when the goal is to compare interaction rates between similar chemical systems differing by their homo-molecularity, such as when interactants are purposefully modified for de novo design of heterotypic interactions, or when the goal is to compare theoretically-predicted rates of homotypic interactions with those that are empirically-determined by varying interactant concentrations.
Undergraduate Software Engineering Education

Software engineering education is a difficult venture at very best but the difficulty of teaching software engineering ideas at the undergraduate level is even more problematic. The most significant problem in undergraduate software engineering education is, not surprisingly, lack of maturity. From our experience over the last six years this immaturity manifests itself in three different areas: computer science, academics in general, and social and personal relations. Each of the these manifestations of the undergraduate's lack of development has a significant impact on their ability to understand software engineering concepts. The results of our study on the unique pitfalls of undergraduate software engineering education are detailed in the first of the two papers that follow.
Aerodynamic and Structural Analyses of Joined Wings of Hale Aircraft

High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) aircraft high-aspect ratio wings undergo significant deflections that necessitate consideration of structural deformations for accurate prediction of the flow behavior. The objective of this research is to simulate the complex, three-dimensional flow past the joined wing of a HALE aircraft, and to predict its structural behavior based on three different structural models. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based flow solver, COBALT, is used for determining the aerodynamic loads on the structure. The structural models considered include a 1-D approximation of the 3-D structure, a twin-fuselage equivalent box-wing model, and a reinforced shell model. Linear static and modal analyses are performed using ANSYS, a finite-element analysis software, to determine the deformation and mode shapes of the structure. The resulting structural deformations in turn affect the flow domain, which has to be re-meshed in a grid generator software and the flow analysis performed again on the deformed shape.
An event-driven dynamic recurrent neuro-fuzzy system for adaptive prognosis in rehabilitation

An event-driven dynamic recurrent neuro-fuzzy system for prognosis in rehabilitation is introduced. Four layers are used to implement a fuzzy expert system, each of which consists of a cluster of neurons: input, rule-state, output, and outcome. The input "sensory" layer detects events based on physical and physiological status. Rules can fire in response to events and the current states, generating impulse or pulse-train signals to a given state. The states of the dynamic system, which often represent fuzzy expressions such as "strength.arm", change as a function of time. The event signals and the fuzzy states then are nonlinearly mapped to fuzzy outputs. Outcomes, similar to optimization performance criteria, are then a function of inputs, states and outputs. The system is designed with an interactive graphical user interface to facilitate rule creation by clinical experts. The structure is designed so that reinforcement learning approaches can be added in the future. This will enable tuning of system parameters, based on feedback from the patient and practitioner, as well as the error between predicted and measured outcomes.
Blocking the Ax: Shielding Corporate Counsel from Retaliation as an Alternative to White Collar Hypercriminalization

Public company corporate and securities counsel should be protected from retaliation by senior business officers by requiring that the selection, compensation and, most importantly, termination of such counsel be approved in advance by the corporation’s independent audit committee. The objective of this proposed reform is to use structural checks and balances to reduce the tremendous real world pressures to collude or acquiesce in the commission of white collar crime. Reform of this type has already been implemented to protect outside auditors of public companies against pressure from corporate officers. Counsel responsible for corporate transactional structuring and securities law disclosures constitute the other critical professional watchdog over public company legal compliance. By shielding these gatekeepers more effectively from retaliatory termination, the proposed reform seeks to improve prophylaxis against sophisticated corporate fraud and the resultant harm that arises therefrom. Checks and balances in the corporate governance structure provide an alternative path to ever greater reliance on ever harsher white collar criminal penalties which our society has followed in recent years. To translate theoretical discussion into practical implementation, this article proposes the specific text of potential amendments to the NYSE and Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards to effect the reform suggested here.
Phylogeny and higher classification of Hoplandriini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)

Abstract The monophyly of the aleocharine beetle tribe Hoplandriini is established and the phylogenetic relationships of sixteen genus-group taxa are resolved. Three primary lineages are recognized: the Ligulata+ ((Platandria+Tetrallus) + (Paroplandria+ (Ditropandria+ (Omoplandria+ (Nosora+Tinotoma))))) clade forms a sister group to the ((Hoplandria+ undescribed species 5, 4, 6) + undescribed species 1, 2, 3) clade, and together form the sister group to Pseudoplandria. On the basis of phylogenetic inference, three subtribes are proposed within Hoplandriini. Hoplandriina is composed of Hoplandria s.l and two as yet undescribed genera from the New World. Platandriina, subtr.n., is composed of Ditropandria, Paroplandria, Platandria, Tetrallus, Omoplandria, Nosora and Tinotoma from the Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental and Palearctic Regions. Pseudoplandriina, subtr.n., is composed of genus Pseudoplandria, primarily from the Oriental Region with one species from the Palearctic Region.
Signaling Type and Post-IPO Performance

Management research has examined how signaling at the time of an initial public offering (IPO) certifies firm quality and helps address the adverse selection problem for uninformed investors. We add to this literature by proposing a typology of signals based on whether the signal involves upfront cash investments (default-independent) or whether it is meant to be a credible non-cash commitment to suffer negative consequences should the firm underperform (default-contingent). We also argue that this definitional distinction highlights differences in the underlying characteristics of these signal types in terms of cost, certifiability, clarity, consistency, commitment, and visibility. Using underwriter reputation and patents as proxies for default-independent signals, and director ownership and founder status as proxies for default-contingent signals, we find that only default-independent signals improve post-IPO firm performance.
Intelligent design and presidential power in time of war

This magazine article discusses the teaching of intelligent design in public schools and the question of presidential power in times of war.
Cholinergic crisis after neostigmine administration in a dog with acquired focal myasthenia gravis.

Objective To describe the presentation and successful management of a dog experiencing a cholinergic crisis after neostigmine administration. Case Summary An 18-month-old neutered male Maltese-crossbred dog was diagnosed with acquired focal myasthenia gravis based on history and clinical signs of dysphagia and regurgitation, multiple series of thoracic radiographs showing focal to generalized megaesophagus, and an increased acetylcholine receptor antibody titer. After this diagnosis, the dog was initially treated with a single oral dose of pyridostigmine and later injectable neostigmine due to difficulty swallowing. Within 15 minutes of receiving a single dose (0.05 mg/kg) of subcutaneous neostigmine, the dog began showing muscarinic cholinergic signs of salivation and defecation, which progressed to nicotinic cholinergic signs of weakness and tachypnea. Within 30 minutes the dog experienced respiratory arrest and required ventilation. After 16 hours of ventilation, the dog recovered uneventfully and subsequently achieved a clinical and serologic remission from myasthenia gravis without further treatment. New or Unique Information Provided Cholinergic crisis and differentiation from a myasthenic crisis is described in the human literature. This case represents the first report in the veterinary literature of a cholinergic crisis in a dog treated with neostigmine.
Hemolymph titers of the biliprotein, insecticyanin, during development of Manduca sexta

Abstract The levels of a biliverdin-associated protein in the hemolymph of larvae, pupae and adults, and in egg homogenates, of Manduca sexta were determined by radial immunodiffusion. The concentration of the protein fluctuates dramatically during development and displays an ontogenetic pattern different from that of the total hemolymph protein concentration. During the larval stages studied, the very early fourth instar displayed the highest concentration of insecticyanin (0.6 mg/ml), which dropped precipitously afterwards (0.3 mg/ml). During fifth instar development, the levels decreased after ecdysis (0.15 mg/ml), began to rise at wandering, and nearly doubled (0.3 mg/ml) by the time of pupation. Pupal titers of the protein remained fairly constant until the day before adult eclosion, when titers increased. The highest levels of any stage were recorded for adults 12 hr post eclosion (0.80 mg/ml).
Cannibalism and burial at Krapina

The fragmentary but abundant Neanderthal remains from Krapina have long been considered to provide evidence for cannibalism in the early Upper Pleistocene. A review of the purported evidence for cannibalism at Krapina (craniocervical fragmentation, diaphyseal splitting, “cut-marks” patterned preservation and breakage, burnt bone, and disassociation of the skeletons) indicates that none of the damage patterns present in the Krapina Neanderthal sample can be explained solely as the products of cannibalism. Furthermore, the frequencies of skeletal part preservation indicate that the Krapina Neanderthals were buried, by natural or human processes, soon after death.
SUM-RULE CALCULATION OF THE ISOVECTOR FORM FACTOR

A class of sum rules due to Fubini is rederived from a point of view which clarifies the assumptions made about the singularities of field operators. A calculation of the isovector magnetic moment is performed in the isobar approximation. The result $F_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{V}(0)=\frac{1}{2}$ emerges as a model-independent consistency condition, but the calculated value $F_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{V}(0)=3.64$ is in disagreement with the experimental value.
Numerical discovery and experimental confirmation of vortex ring generation by microramp vortex generator

Micro vortex generators are a new kind of passive flow control instruments for shock-boundary layer interaction problems. In contrary to the conventional vortex generator, they have heights approximately 20-40% (more or less) of the boundary layer. Among them, Mircoramp vortex generators (MVG) are given special interest by engineers because of their structural robustness. The mechanism of the flow control was thought that a pair of streamwise vortex is generated by MVG and remains in the boundary layer for relatively long distance; the down-wash effect by the streamwise vortices will bring about momentum exchange, which makes the boundary layer less liable to separation. During such process, a specific phenomenon called as momentum deficit will happen [1], i.e., a cylindrical region consisted of low speed flows will be formed after the MVG. It was pointed out by Li and Liu [2] that the origin of deficit comes from the shedding of boundary layer over MVG.
Oophorectomy as a risk factor for coronary heart disease

Objective The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between bilateral oophorectomy (BSO) and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Study Design We searched PubMed, EMBASE, meeting abstracts, and reference lists for studies that compared women with BSO at the time of hysterectomy with: (1) women with hysterectomy and ovarian conservation, (2) naturally menopausal women, (3) premenopausal women, or (4) women with no history of hysterectomy or BSO but unreported menopausal status. The primary outcome was fatal or nonfatal CHD. Results We reviewed 1956 citations. Seven observational studies met inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity among studies precluded formal metaanalysis. Four studies reported BSO increases risk for CHD but only in some subgroups of women or not in fully adjusted multivariate models. Three studies found no increased risk of CHD following BSO, but these studies had significant limitations. Conclusion The existing evidence is inconclusive to determine the effect of BSO on risk of CHD.
A multi-instrument technique for localization of scintillation-causing regions in the equatorial ionosphere

[1] Scintillation of transionospheric radio signals is a phenomenon of great practical consequence for users of satellite communication and navigation systems, often rendering these systems inaccurate or simply useless for periods of time. In order to understand the occurrence and underlying physics of the plasma instabilities that generate scintillation-causing irregularities, it is necessary to study the scale and velocity of these irregularities as well as their distribution in altitude. Scintillation is a diffraction effect; hence the observed diffraction pattern at the Earth's surface contains information on these three parameters. Often, the range is taken at an assumed altitude, allowing the velocity and scale to be estimated. However, the accuracy of these estimates depends on the quality of the assumed altitude. In this paper, we introduce the combination of field-aligned airglow images and satellite-to-satellite occultation links as a method to independently estimate the altitude of scattering regions at low latitudes. During the September–October equinox period of 2006, observations in the American sector show most irregularities in the 200–375 km altitude range.
Management of Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ischemic lesions in scleroderma

Raynaud's phenomenon is a challenging problem in patients who have scleroderma. It causes a great deal of morbidity with recurrent painful attacks and frequent digital ischemic lesions. The strategy to treat the vascular disease must consider treatment for the vasospasm and the intrinsic vascular disease with intimal proliferation and vessel occlusion. Vasodilator therapy remains the main method to treat Raynaud's phenomenon, but new understanding of the pathobiology of scleroderma vascular disease is providing novel treatment options. We need more investigations into these vasoactive drugs before routine use can be recommended. Critical ischemia can cause deep tissue injury and digital loss. An aggressive approach to reversing an ischemic crisis is essential for preventing these severe events.
World Social Forum1

Every year at the end of January, the world's corporate and government elite gather in the Swiss resort town of Davos for the World Economic Forum to plot the future of corporate-led globalization. In 2001, community organizers, trade unionists, young people, academics, and others began to meet in Porto Alegre, Brazil, to rethink and recreate globalization so that it would benefit people. From these humble beginnings, this alternative annual meeting called the World Social Forum has quickly grown into the world's largest meeting of civil society. Under the slogan “Another World Is Possible,” the forum provides a dynamic and important political venue for activists to discuss strategies of resistance to neoliberal globalization and to present constructive alternatives. As the same time, it has been an arena for perennial discussions regarding the relationship between civil society and political parties in organizing a social movement.
Morphological and Ecological Segregation of Two Sympatric Lomatium triternatum (Apiaceae) Varieties in Montana

The Lomatium triternatum complex is widespread in the Columbia River Basin. Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J. M. Coult. & Rose var. triternatum and L. triternatum (Pursh) J. M. Coult. & Rose var. anomalum (M. E. Jones ex J. M. Coult. & Rose) Mathias are sympatric throughout much of their range and are reported to have similar fruit but different leaves. Plants of the two varieties repeatedly occur within 5–30 m of each other at an unusual site in northwest Montana, USA. We collected data on leaf and fruit morphological characters and habitat associations at this site to help address whether the proper taxonomic rank for these two taxa should be revised. Terminal leaflet shape and specific leaf area differed between the two varieties with little or no overlap. Fruit mericarp length and width also differed between the two varieties. These patterns are not consistent with treating L. triternatum var. triternatum and L. triternatum var. anomalum as sympatric, interbreeding, conspecific taxa. The two varieties of L. triternatum also occurred in different plant communities in spite of growing in close proximity: var. anomalum occurs with tall, leafy forbs, while var. triternatum is associated with xeric-adapted bunchgrasses and cushion-forming forbs. We conclude that the two varieties are better recognized as separate species.
Codeine induces human mast cell chemokine and cytokine production: involvement of G-protein activation.

Background Activation of mast cells and the systemic release of histamine are common side effects of opiates such as codeine and morphine. In some individuals, codeine not only elicits a sizable early response due to mast cell degranulation, but can also lead to late cutaneous allergic inflammation possibly through the production of chemokines. However, individuals who exhibit a late phase reaction to codeine often do not react to its synthetic analog, meperidine. The goal of this study was to test whether codeine and meperidine induce secretion of inflammatory mediators in human mast cells.
Fine structure of the lamina muscularis mucosae

Phase contrast and electron microscopic studies of the lamina muscularis mucosae of the mouse intestine were carried out in order to elucidate the cytologic detail of the cells and their orientation. This smooth muscle element was found to be a three-dimensional network of flattened cells with elongate processes, the processes of each cell contacting those of its neighbors. The lower limit of the net is a more densely packed layer of nonpolarized flattened cells underlying the bases of the glands of Lieberkuhn. These tubular intestinal glands are enmeshed in the net of muscle cells. It is suggested that the muscularis mucosae serves a secretion-moving function, expressing the products of the intestinal glands.
Reactions of N-acetylphenylalanyl transfer RNA with rat-liver ribosomes.

Abstract Rat-liver ribosomes, prepared free of peptidyl-tRNA and mRNA, bind phenylalanyl-tRNA at low Mg2+ concentrations, in the presence of transferase I (aminoacyl-tRNA-binding factor), GTP, and poly U. At higher Mg2+ concentrations, binding requires poly U but not transferase I and GTP. N-Acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA is bound to ribosomes in poly U- and high Mg2+-containing solutions, but the reaction is not affected by GTP, transferase I or other soluble proteins. The N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA bound to ribosomes does not react with puromycin, unless transferase II and GTP are present or are added to the incubation subsequent to binding. When ribosomes are isolated from binding-reaction mixtures containing transferase II and GTP, the reaction with puromycin is rapid and occurs in the absence of additional transferase II and GTP. The extent to which a puromycin-reactive intermediate is formed is dependent on the concentration of transferase II (and GTP) and the time of incubation. The results suggest that N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA binds to the aminoacyl (puromycin-insensitive) ribosomal site and is then translocated with transferase II and GTP to the peptidyl (puromycin-reactive) ribosomal site. Data obtained are consistent with a role of transferase II in translocation and rule out a direct participation of this factor in binding of substrate tRNA's to ribosomes and in the formation of the peptide bond.
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME OFFICE OF SPILL PREVENTION AND RESPONSE CONVERGENT VOLUNTEER PROGRAM

ABSTRACT The California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) have the authority to use Convergent Volunteers during a spill event to assist with rehabilitating oiled wildlife. The Convergent Volunteer Program was created to allow concerned citizens to help save wildlife injured by oil spill events in our state. Volunteers’ interests, talents, and skills are matched with wildlife needs and work opportunities at the primary care facility responding to the spill. Previous experience with wildlife, while helpful, is not required to volunteer. Volunteers in the OSPR program are people from all walks of life, who want to be good stewards of California and our wildlife. Our volunteers are individuals who come forward to help assist with rehabbing oiled wildlife after learning of an oil spill from the media or other sources. They are average citizens willing to share their wealth of knowledge and learn how to rehabilitate wildlife that have been injured by spilled oil...
Hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria contribute separately to reduced lipoprotein catabolism in the nephrotic syndrome

Hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria contribute separately to reduced lipoprotein catabolism in the nephrotic syndrome. Background Hypertriglyceridemia is a result of reduced triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoprotein (TRL) catabolism and occurs in rats with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and in Nagase analbuminemic rats (NARs). While the heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (LpL) pool in NAR and in NS is similar, TG levels are significantly greater in NS, suggesting that factors other than reduced LpL alone act in NS but not in NARs. Furthermore, clearance of chylomicrons (CM) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is normal in vivo in NAR despite low LpL levels. We tested the hypotheses that impaired binding of VLDL and impaired VLDL–high density lipoprotein (HDL) interactions contribute to hyperlipidemia in NS. Methods TG and apoB secretion was measured using Triton WR 1339. Clearance of CMs by perfused hearts from NS and NAR was determined. Binding of VLDL from control, NS and NAR to rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) was measured prior to and following incubation with HDL from NS, NARs, and control. ApoE, protein, and TG content was determined. Results TG levels were greatest in NS (516 ± 95 mg/dL), intermediate in NAR (193 ± 20), and least in control (97 ± 16, P = 0.05), while in contrast, TG secretion was least in NS (178 ± 33 mg/dL/hour) versus 212 ± 17 in NAR and 294 ± 15 in control ( P P P P Conclusion Increased TG levels in both NS and NAR are the result of decreased TRL clearance. TG levels are greater in NS because of the presence of a combined defect: ( 1 ) a decrease in endothelial-bound LpL that occurs as a consequence of reduced serum albumin concentration, and ( 2 ) a defect in VLDL binding to endothelial-bound LpL. This latter defect occurs only in the presence of proteinuria and is conferred by HDL.
forest meteorology in the seventies

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the beginning of the scientific study of forest meteorology: the year 1873 marked the publication of Ebermayer's monograph, Die Physikalischen Einwirkungen des Waldes auf Luft und Boden. The state of knowledge from that time until 1957 when the first AMS Workshop on Agricultural Meteorology was held is reviewed. In assessing the future of forest meteorology, a number of important questions must be answered. Who needs it and how can it be used? How can knowledge of forest meteorology be used for predictive purposes by the forester and ecologist? What are the most promising directions for forest meteorology research to take in the decade ahead? What are the major unsolved problems?
Thermal decomposition of hydrazines from reactive dynamics using the ReaxFF reactive force field.

We report reactive dynamics (RD) studies on: the decomposition of bulk hydrazine (N2H4); the decomposition of bulk monomethyl-hydrazine (CH3N2H3), hereafter referred to simply as methyl-hydrazine; the decomposition of hydrazine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); and decomposition hydrazine on catalytic surfaces Pt[100] and Pt[111] under various conditions. These studies use the ReaxFF reactive force field to describe the multitude of chemical reactions in these systems for a variety of reaction conditions in order to show that this approach leads to realistic decomposition mechanisms and rates. In particular, we determined how the decomposition of hydrazine is affected by temperature, pressure, and heating rate. We analyzed chemical reaction mechanism of the decomposition of hydrazine at the studied conditions and found that at lower temperatures the initial product from hydrazine decomposition is NH3, whereas at higher temperatures H2 and N2 are the dominant early products. Prominent intermedia...
Constructing Paper Dolls: The Discourse of Personality Testing in Organizational Practice

Recent developments in managerial theory and practice practically ensure the continued widespread use of personality testing (Miller & Rose, 1990). In this article I argue why communication theorists ought to attend to the ontology of personhood implied in the discourse of personality exams and the biopolitics associated with the exams, implementation in organizational life. I specifically focus on how the exams function as a form of government by providing authorities with a technique for engineering the workplace and for disciplining unruly employees. I also address how personality exams function as a subjectifying technology by providing individuals with a formalized discourse for “self-knowledge.” I conclude by discussing the tensions that follow from the exams' simultaneous invocation of autonomous individualism and race-, class-, and gender-based articulations of the normal individual.