cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphometric analysis of skeletal response to vitamin D in uremic rats fed a low calcium diet.

The response of tibial metaphyses to pharmacologic levels of vitamin D in uremic rats fed a low calcium diet was evaluated morphometrically. Uremic (5÷6 nephrectomized) rats given vitamin D had increased percent metaphyseal hard tissue, trabecular surface perimeter and percent trabecular osteoid surface and reduced numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts per millimeter of trabecular perimeter compared to either uremic rats given placebo or sham-operated rats given vitamin D. It was concluded that the resistance of metaphyseal trabeculae in uremic rats to vitamin D was due in part to the increase in osteoid-covered surfaces which inhibited osteoclasis and subsequent remodeling. The pathogenesis of worsening osteomalacia as a consequence of vitamin D administration to uremic rats on a low calcium diet remains unclear.
The Rise of the Dark Side; Dark pool trading and the two-tiered implication

The United States equity market is made up of both private and public trading venues, creating a framework dark and light trading liquidity. Private or non-publicly visible liquidity is housed in dark venues while liquidity visible to the public sits in light locations. Light markets follow strict real-time public reporting requirements for trade volume and price; their dark counterparts execute transactions without a real-time reporting requirement. The informational asymmetries that result from this difference in reporting create a “two-tiered” market. The dark sector’s participants know both the public and dark, private, trade volumes and price, while the public participating in the light market knows only the publicly reported light sector volume and price information. Dark sector participants, institutional investors, then participate in the market using both private and public information, whereas the public investor only has access to the public information. This project seeks to motivate a real-time reporting requirement for trade volume and price in the dark sector of the market in order to remedy this public versus private asymmetry.The informational parameters in this thesis are only those relating to the trades taking place and their respective volumes and prices, not other outside of the market or participant specific informational parameters commonly used in the study of informational asymmetries. This project is an attempt to bridge both the legal aspects and economic foundations relating to the issues surrounding dark sector reporting. Sections I through IV seek to detail the sector and its regulation while sections V through VII briefly describe the related economic literature and the simple model at the heart of this thesis. Additional relevant citations on many issues outside the narrow breadth of this project can be found in the appendices and bibliography.
Inadvertent rubella immunization in pregnancy

Abstract Sixty women inadvertently immunized with live rubella vaccine within 90 days before or during pregnancy have been studied. Only 9 of the women were known to be susceptible to rubella prior to immunization. Of these, 6 had normal infants, 1 had a therapeutic abortion, and 2 had spontaneous abortions. Of the remaining 51 women with unknown immune status, 33 were delivered of apparently normal infants and 14 had therapeutic (13) or spontaneous (1) abortions. In addition, the outcome of 4 pregnancies was as follows: one set of twins, a term infant who died at 5 days from hyaline membrane disease, a small premature infant who died, and an infant with a heart murmur. Of the pregnancies that were terminated, in 2 instances rubella virus was isolated from tissue removed at therapeutic abortion. In one instance the virus is probably “wild,” representing natural infection. In the other instance, the virus appears to be of vaccine origin. Histologic examination of abortus tissue revealed nonspecific inflammatory changes in 2 of the known rubella-susceptible women, in 6 in whom the susceptibility was unknown, and in 2 of 5 products of conception obtained from nonimmunized women having therapeutic abortions. No definite statement can be made regarding the embryopathic potential of the rubella vaccine from these data.
A Survey of Dimension Reduction Techniques

Advances in data collection and storage capabilities during the past decades have led to an information overload in most sciences. Researchers working in domains as diverse as engineering, astronomy, biology, remote sensing, economics, and consumer transactions, face larger and larger observations and simulations on a daily basis. Such datasets, in contrast with smaller, more traditional datasets that have been studied extensively in the past, present new challenges in data analysis. Traditional statistical methods break down partly because of the increase in the number of observations, but mostly because of the increase in the number of variables associated with each observation. The dimension of the data, is the number of variables that are measured on each observation. High-dimensional datasets present many mathematical challenges as well as some opportunities, and are bound to give rise to new theoretical developments. One of the problems with high-dimensional datasets is that, in many cases, not all the measured variables are ''important'' for understanding the underlying phenomena of interest. While certain computationally expensive novel methods can construct predictive models with high accuracy from high-dimensional data, it is still of interest in many applications to reduce the dimension of the original data prior to any modeling ofmore » the data. In this paper, we described several dimension reduction methods.« less
Jatropha curcas L.: Visions and Realities

Since several years Jatropha is experiencing a renaissance. The main drivers for this development are the biofuel boom in general and the special attributes of Jatropha itself. This paper discusses the current knowledge as well as expectations of Jatropha and the consequential outcomes starting with data availability and quality followed by economic and political needs and constraints.
Consumer Acceptability of Cucumber Pickles Produced by Fermentation in Calcium Chloride Brine for Reduced Environmental Impact

Fermentation of cucumbers in calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) brine has been proposed as an alternative process to reduce the environmental impact of traditional, high salt fermentations. The objective of this research was to determine whether consumer acceptability of pickle products would be impacted by fermentation and storage of cucumbers in CaCl2 brine. Cucumbers were fermented and stored with 0.1M CaCl2 or 1M sodium chloride (NaCl) in open-air, 3000 gal tanks at a commercial facility and processed into hamburger dill chips containing 0.38M NaCl. Cucumbers fermented in CaCl2 required additional desalting to reduce CaCl2 concentrations to that of current products. Consumers (n = 101) showed no significant preference for pickles from different fermentation treatments, whether stored for 2 mo (P = 0.75) or 8 mo (P = 0.68) prior to processing. In contrast, NaCl fermented pickles were preferred over CaCl2 fermented pickles stored for 10 mo and desalted only once (P 0.05), but variability in texture decreased consumer liking (P < 0.05). Although promising, individual fermentation variability and texture quality of CaCl2 fermented products should be further evaluated prior to broad implementation of this process.
Evaluating noise elimination techniques for software quality estimation

The poor quality of a training dataset can have untoward consequences in software quality estimation problems. The presence of noise in software measurement data may hinder the prediction accuracy of a given learner. A filter improves the quality of training datasets by removing data that is likely noise. We evaluate the Ensemble Filter against the Partitioning Filter and the Classification Filter. These filtering techniques combine the predictions of base classifiers in such a way that an instance is identified as noisy if it is misclassified by a given number of these learners. The Partitioning Filter first splits the training dataset into subsets, and different base learners are induced on each subset. Two different implementations of the Partitioning Filter are presented: the Multiple-Partitioning Filter and the Iterative-Partitioning Filter. In contrast, the Ensemble Filter uses base classifiers induced on the entire training dataset. The filtering level and/or the number of iterations modify the filtering conservativeness: a conservative filter is less likely to remove good data at the expense of retaining noisy instances. A unique measure for comparing the relative efficiencies of two filters is also presented. Empirical studies on a high assurance software project evaluate the relative performances of the Ensemble Filter, Multiple-Partitioning Filter, Iterative-Partitioning Filter, and Classification Filter. Our study demonstrates that with a conservative filtering approach, using several different base learners can improve the efficiency of the filtering schemes.
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex reactivity is altered in generalized anxiety disorder during fear generalization.

Background Fear generalization is thought to contribute to the development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms and accordingly has been the focus of recent research. Previously, we reported that in healthy individuals (N = 25) neural reactivity in the insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and caudate follow a generalization gradient with a peak response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that declines with greater perceptual dissimilarity of generalization stimuli (GS) to the CS. In contrast, reactivity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a region linked to fear inhibition, showed an opposite response pattern. The aim of the current study was to examine whether neural responses to fear generalization differ in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A second aim was to examine connectivity of primary regions engaged by the generalization task in the GAD group versus healthy group, using psychophysiological interaction analysis. Methods Thirty-two women diagnosed with GAD were scanned using the same generalization task as our healthy group. Results Individuals with GAD exhibited a less discriminant vmPFC response pattern suggestive of deficient recruitment of vmPFC during fear inhibition. Across participants, there was enhanced anterior insula (aINS) coupling with the posterior insula, ACC, SMA, and amygdala during presentation of the CS, consistent with a modulatory role for the aINS in the execution of fear responses. Conclusions These findings suggest that deficits in fear regulation, rather than in the excitatory response itself, are more critical to the pathophysiology of GAD in the context of fear generalization.
Evidence from 77 Se Knight shifts for triplet superconductivity in (TMTSF) 2 PF 6

We present ${}^{77}\mathrm{Se}$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Knight shift $(K)$ studies in pressurized $(\mathrm{TMTSF}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{PF}}_{6}$ with a magnetic field aligned along the b axis, perpendicular to the conducting chains but parallel to the conducting plane. On cooling deep into the superconducting state, no observable change in K from both spin echo and free induction decay signal was found. This strongly suggests triplet superconductivity in $(\mathrm{TMTSF}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{PF}}_{6}.$
Mechanism of phosphinyloxysulfonate formation on peracid oxidation of N,N,N′ ,N′-tetrasubstituted phosphorodiamidothiolates

Abstract Peracid oxidation of N , N , N ′ , N ′-tetrasubstituted phosphorodiamidothiolates in chloroform yields, among other products, the corresponding phosphinyloxysulfonates via the alkylsulfonic acids by both S N 1 and S N 2 type mechanisms with their relative contribution determined by the concentration of the sulfonic acid. The first products (t 1 2 10–50 min) in the oxidation sequence are tentatively assigned by 1 H, 13 C and 31 P NMR as the phosphorothiolate sulfoxide and sulfone.
Use of soft X-ray microscopy for analysis of early-stage biofilm formation

Soft X-ray microscopy (SXM) using synchrotron radiation is a newly-available technology for high resolution imaging of hydrated specimens, making it potentially valuable for the study of biofilms. In this research, SXM was used to investigate bacterial spatial distribution and biofilm structure during the early stages of colonization of an exposed surface. Pseudomonas putida DMP-1 formed a closely-packed monolayer on a silicon nitride substratum after 24 hours of growth. The initial development of a multilayer, interlocking structure was observed. The soft X-ray images were taken with the XM-1 transmission X-ray microscope, located at the Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The results indicate the potential of SXM to provide new insights for the study of biofilms.
Nitrate uptake and utilization is modulated by exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings

Exogenously applied GABA modulates root growth by inhibition of root elongation when seedlings were grown in vitro on full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, but root elongation was stimulated when seedlings were grown on 1/8 strength MS salts. When the concentration of single ions in MS salts was individually varied, the control of growth between inhibition and stimulation was found to be related to the level of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) in the growth medium. At NO(3)(-) concentrations below 40 mM (full-strength MS salts level), root growth was stimulated by the addition of GABA to the growth medium; whereas at concentrations above 40 mM NO(3)(-), the addition of GABA to the growth medium inhibited root elongation. GABA promoted NO(3)(-) uptake at low NO(3)(-), while GABA inhibited NO(3)(-) uptake at high NO(3)(-). Activities of several enzymes involved in nitrogen and carbon metabolism including nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH), and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) were regulated by GABA in the growth medium. Supplementing 1/8 strength MS medium with 50 mM GABA enhanced the activities of all of the above enzymes except ICDH activities in root tissues. However, at full-strength MS, GABA showed no inhibitory effect on the activities of these enzymes, except on GS in both root and shoot tissues, and PEPCase activity in shoot tissues. Exogenous GABA increased the amount of NR protein rather than its activation status in the tissues. This study shows that GABA affects the growth of Arabidopsis, possibly by acting as a signaling molecule, modulating the activity of enzymes involved in primary nitrogen metabolism and nitrate uptake.
Conversion of Lactococcus lactis cell envelope proteinase specificity by partial allele exchange

Aims: To determine whether conversion of lactocepin substrate binding regions by gene replacement can alter lactocepin specificity in Lactococcus lactis starter bacteria without affecting other important strain properties. Methods and Results: We utilized two-step gene replacement to convert substrate-binding determinants in the L. lactis prtP genes encoding group h (bitter) lactocepin in two industrial strains into the corresponding group b (nonbitter) variant. Analysis of lactocepin activity toward αs1-casein (f 1–23) by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated enzyme specificity among isogenic derivatives had been altered in a manner that was consistent with predicted amino acid substitutions in substrate binding regions. Milk acidification properties of some mutants were not statistically different (P > 0·05) from wild-type parent strains, and strain propensity for autolysis was also not significantly (P > 0·05) changed. Conclusions: Conversion of lactocepin substrate binding regions by allele exchange can effectively alter lactocepin specificity in industrial strains of L. lactis without significantly affecting other important strain properties. Significance and Impact of the Study: Methodology outlined in this study can be used to alter lactocepin specificity in commercial starter cultures with a propensity for bitter flavour defect, and prtP derivatives developed by this approach should be suitable for commercial application.
Multiple Wavelength Ultraviolet Determinations of Nitrate Concentration, Method Comparisons from the Preakness Brook Monitoring Project, October 2005 to October 2006

The direct spectrophotometric analysis of aqueous nitrates is a simple analytical procedure but prone to interferences. A twelve-month study of the Preakness Brook in Wayne Township, New Jersey demonstrated that two wavelength, three wavelength, and second derivative calculation methods provide very different results from the same ultraviolet absorption spectrum. On average, the two wavelength and second derivative methods yielded the same concentration at each sample point over the entire study period. These methods provided concentration results closest to those obtained by ion chromatography and significantly lower than the three wavelength computation method. The degree of variation between the different computation methods was not consistent as it rose with increasing absorbances at wavelengths associated with interfering compounds. This variation was especially pronounced between May and August.
Pb(Fe2/3W1/3)O3-based oxides with cation order: An innovative approach for multiferroic compounds

BiFeO3 and PbTiO3 were introduced to a Sc-modified Pb(Fe2/3W1/3)O3 compound with strong cation order to improve the multiferroic properties. It is found that the degree of cation order decreases as the amount of BiFeO3 or PbTiO3 increases. As a result, the saturation magnetization deteriorates. Solid solutions with BiFeO3 show an increase in both ferroelectric and magnetic transition temperatures. However, the ferroelectric remanent polarization is dramatically suppressed. In contrast, solid solution with PbTiO3 leads to an increase in the ferroelectric transition temperature, a decrease in the magnetic transition temperature, and a significant enhancement of remanent polarization.
Selective Interaction of a Conformationally-constrained Arg-Gly- Asp (RGD) Motif with the Integrin Receptor αvβ3 Expressed on Human Tumor Cells

Abstract ABSTRACT: Two antigenized antibodies (AgAbs) were engineered to express peptidic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motifs present in extracellular matrix molecules. The RGD tripeptide sequence was inserted in the third hypervariable loop of an immunoglobulin human/mouse chimeric heavy chain gene as a single or three repeat yielding two antibodies termed γ1RGD and γ1(RGD) 3 , respectively. The antibodies were used to target specific cell-surface receptors of the integrin type expressed by three human tumor cell lines, a melanoma (M21), an osteosarcoma (KRIB) and a fibroblastoma (WI-38). Based on in vitro adhesion assays and flow cytometric analysis, we found that all three cell lines interacted with γ1(RGD) 3 but not with γ1RGD. Binding of tumor cells to surface-immobilized γ1(RGD) 3 was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the RGD-containing synthetic peptides GdRGDSP and RGDS. These synthetic peptides, but not a GDR-containing control peptide, interfered with the binding of tumor cells to surface-immobilized human fibronectin. In their soluble form, neither fibronectin nor γ1(RGD) 3 inhibited tumor cell adhesion to surface-immobilized fibronectin. γ1(RGD) 3 specifically recognized integrin αvβ3 based on two criteria: reactivity with purified integrin receptors and binding to variants of M21 melanoma cells expressing αvβ3, αIIbβ3 or no β3 integrins, respectively. Collectively, our results indicate that the (RGD) 3 loop in the antigenized antibody mimics the ligand function of natural extracellular matrix proteins and has a restricted receptor specificity for the αvβ3 integrin which is not inherent to short RGD containing peptides.
Taming tissue-specific T cells: CTLA-4 reins in self-reactive T cells

CTLA-4 is a potent co-inhibitory molecule that is critical for peripheral T cell tolerance. A report in this issue reveals the autoantigen-specific nature of CTLA-4-deficient CD4+ T cells within target tissue. In vivo studies demonstrate that CTLA-4 expression by self-reactive effector cells is sufficient to limit their infiltration into target tissue and that regulatory T cells expressing CTLA-4 can control autoantigen-specific effector T cells. Thus, these findings provide evidence that CTLA-4 exerts its critical immunoregulatory functions by controlling conventional T cells as well as regulatory T cells.
A structured approach for developing concurrent programs in Java

In recent years, concurrent programming has become the norm rather than the exception in many applications. In particular, popularity of the Java programming language has accelerated this trend. Most textbooks on Operating Systems and concurrent programming teach concurrent programming by demonstrating solutions for some well-known problems, such as the producer/consumer, readers/writers, and dining philosophers problems. A more systematic and formal approach to develop concurrent programs is presented in [1, 2]. In this approach, for a given problem, we first specify a global invariant that implies the safety property. Then, we develop a so-called coarse-grained solution using the two synchronization constructs: and . Using Programming Logic, the global invariant is formally verified in the coarse-grained solution. Finally, the coarse-grained solution is mechanically translated to a fine-grained semaphore or monitor program that maintains the global invariant. This approach has many advantages. First, this is a formal approach that enables verification of programs being developed. Second, the most important activity in the programming process lies at a high level; namely, specifying global invariants. Once an appropriate global invariant is specified, much of the rest of the process is mechanical. Furthermore, global invariants and coarsegrained solutions are platform (synchronization primitive) independent. Thus, if the platform is switched from a semaphore-based to a monitor-based system, we only need to translate the existing coarse-grained solution to a monitor-based fine-grained program. The Java programming language encourages the use of multiple threads. Therefore, as Java’s popularity grows, concurrent programming using Java synchronization primitives will become more important. Java provides monitor-like synchronization primitives. However, these primitives have limitations. Each Java monitor object can only have one condition variable, which is associated with the object itself; all waits and signals (called notify in Java) refer to it. The translation
Morphological, phonological, and orthographic differences between the spelling of normally achieving children and basic literacy adults

In this study, we compared 41 adults in a basic literacy class with 92 achievement-level-matched children on their use of English print conventions, as inferred by a qualitative analysis of spelling errors. The two groups followed similar patterns in their mastery of basic spelling features, including letter reversals, consonant blends, and short vowels, with the adults showing relatively more advanced skill in using orthographic patterns. However, the adults made a preponderance of misspellings that were rarely made by the children, including omissions, substitutions, and additions of derivational and inflectional morphemes, and neglect of word endings in general. The findings indicate clear morphological difficulties along with more subtle phonological coding deficits. We suggest that low literacy adults would benefit from specific direct instruction in linguistic analysis, with particular attention to the morphological principles underlying inflections and derivations. Such instruction should be based on a careful assessment of reading and spelling knowledge.
Betta splendens: A territorial note

Two communities of Siamese fighting fish were observed, each for about 4 months. Males occasionally built nests, and these structures were always located in corners. Consistent with Goldstein’s (1975) report, male Bettas chose isolated areas for nest building and spawning.
Reaction of Methanol with Porous Silicon

Abstract The reaction of both porous silicon and hydrogen covered (passivated) porous silicon with methanol was investigated. Adsorption of methanol onto porous silicon at 300 K resulted in cleavage of the OH bond and formation of SiOCH3 and SiH surface species. Heating of these surface species to ∼ 500 K caused breakage of both the CO and CH bonds. This resulted in the formation of SiH surface species and the incorporation of oxygen and carbon into the porous silicon layer. Attempts to adsorb methanol onto passivated porous silicon proved unsuccessful until removal of the SiH surface species commenced at 600 K. In addition to oxygen and carbon incorporation, SiOCH3, SiCH3, and SiH surface species were observed when excess CH3OH(g) was used to drive the decomposition reaction. The stability of the SiCH3 species when excess CH3OH(g) was present is likely due to oxygen and/or carbon passivation of the silicon surface.
An Ice-Solvent Method of Drying Frozen Tissue for Plant Cytology

A freeze-dry method where cold absolute ethanol is used as a dehydrating agent in place of vacuum dehydration has been applied to various plant materials with good cytological results. The method involves: (a) freezing rapidly small pieces of tissue 1 cubic mm or less in partly frozen isopentane cooled with liquid nitrogen, (b) transferring quickly to vials of cold absolute ethanol at -41° to -45°C, and (c) holding within this temperature range for 3 days to dissolve the ice. A simply constructed cryostat is used to maintain the vials of absolute alcohol and tissue at the cold temperature. This consists of a semi-frozen constant temperature bath of either 65% ethanol or pure diethyl oxalate in a tightly covered beaker which fits within a large dewar flask half filled with dry ice. The bath is arranged so that it will be on top of and in contact with the dry ice but properly insulated to prevent freezing completely.The resulting dried tissue is very unstable in either water or hot absolute ethanol; therefo...
The 157-nm Good/Bad News from Intel

"Intel Corp. has revised its lithography strategy for the second time in the recent months, disclosing it has dropped 157-nm tools from its roadmap and is not pursuing the (157-nm) scanner technology for IC production. The move is expected to impact fab-tool and material vendors developing 157-nm products for Intel.’’ Reported by Mark LaPedus in Semiconductor Business News on May 23, 2003." The impact is indeed significant. There are estimates that the scanner tool suppliers have spent in the hundreds of millions of dollars on 157-nm lithography. They are not the only ones left holding the bag. There are suppliers for optical materials, photoresists, antireflection coatings, ellipsometers, pellicles, mask blanks, mask inspection, and repair tools. All of a sudden, Intel is blamed for their losses in development costs and potential profits. Can an industrial giant like Intel bend the laws of physics or the laws of materials? Can we solve the 157-nm problems by spending another billion dollars on it? If we did succeed, would the technology still be economically viable?
Montelukast: a novel therapeutic option in eosinophilic peritonitis

Background Eosinophilic peritonitis is a recognised complication of peritoneal dialysis and has an incompletely understood pathophysiology. Current treatment options, including change of dialysate, change of peritoneal dialysis modality, steroids or antihistamines, are supported only by case reports with a lack of controlled trials or evidence-based guidelines. Leukotrienes are proinflammatory arachidonic acid metabolites produced by leucocytes and are involved in eosinophil chemotaxis. Montelukast is an orally administered leukotriene receptor antagonist commonly used in managing childhood atopic illnesses and theoretically safe for use in patients with renal failure.
Early Trypsin Activity is Part of the Signal Transduction System that Activates Transcription of the Late Trypsin Gene in the Midgut of the Mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Trypsin activity during the first hours after feeding is essential to induce late trypsin gene expression. These results are consistent with the idea that free amino acids or other products released during digestion might be the initial signal for transcriptional activation of late trypsin. Besides early trypsin, some other factor(s) have to be translated for induction of late trypsin. This is the first case in which the proteolytic activity of a digestive enzyme is part of the signal transduction system which regulates expression of a second gene. The presence of two trypsins allows the mosquito to assess the quality of the meal and adjust the levels of late trypsin for a particular meal with remarkable flexibility.
Automating humanitarian missions with a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles

Abstract The use of technology for disaster response and relief in the aftermath of natural disasters is growing. To explore the opportunity afforded by emerging technologies, this work developed an experimental automated emergency response system. Given a set of requests from the field and infrastructure information, a high-level optimization method generates a mission plan for a fleet of autonomous vehicles, including ground vehicles, fixed-wing aircraft, and delivery rotorcraft. The mission plan assigns vehicles to a list of functions and locations to be visited. Internet technology integrates the various system elements and provides a unifying environment for the physical and the modeled world in cyberspace. Guidance and control enable the vehicles to autonomously execute their plans. The movements of the fleet vehicles including their dynamic behavior are illustrated in a virtual reality interface. Preliminary experiments with a small fleet of simulated vehicles show the feasibility of such an approach.
Food intake and preference of olfactory bulbectomized rats fed amino acid imbalanced or deficient diets

Abstract Olfactory bulbectomy abolished the avoidance of certain artificially flavored diets fed to rats. However, olfactory bulbectomized animals markedly curtailed their food intake as did the intact controls when fed the amino acid imbalanced or deficient diet (threonine or isoleucine limited or missing) but not the corrected diet (threonine or isoleucine supplemented). Both bulbectomized and intact animals also reduced their food intake of a high protein (75% casein) diet. Bulbectomized rats, as did the intact animals, selected a protein-free diet over the imbalanced or deficient diet but chose the basal or the corrected diet over the protein-free diet. An intact olfactory bulb is thus not essential in the control of feeding in rats fed diets involving amino acid imbalance or deficiency or protein in excess.
The retarded hair growth ( rhg ) mutation in mice is an allele of ornithine aminotransferase ( Oat ).

Because of the similar phenotypes they generate and their proximate reported locations on Chromosome 7, we tested the recessive retarded hair growth (rhg) and frizzy (fr) mouse mutations for allelism, but found instead that these defects complement. To discover the molecular basis of rhg, we analyzed a large intraspecific backcross panel that segregated for rhg and restricted this locus to a 0.9 Mb region that includes fewer than ten genes, only five of which have been reported to be expressed in skin. Complementation testing between rhg and a recessive null allele of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 eliminated Fgfr2 as the possible basis of the retarded hair growth phenotype, but DNA sequencing of another of these candidates, ornithine aminotransferase (Oat), revealed a G to C transversion specifically associated with the rhg allele that would result in a glycine to alanine substitution at residue 353 of the gene product. To test whether this missense mutation might cause the mutant phenotype, we crossed rhg/rhg mice with mice that carried a recessive, perinatal-lethal, null mutation in Oat (designated OatΔ herein). Hybrid offspring that inherited both rhg and OatΔ displayed markedly delayed postnatal growth and hair development, indicating that these two mutations are allelic, and suggesting strongly that the G to C mutation in Oat is responsible for the retarded hair growth phenotype. Comparisons among +/+, +/rhg, rhg/rhg and rhg/OatΔ mice showed plasma ornithine levels and ornithine aminotransferase activities (in liver lysates) consistent with this assignment. Because histology of 7- and 12-month-old rhg/rhg and rhg/OatΔ retinas revealed chorioretinal degeneration similar to that described previously for OatΔ/OatΔ mice, we suggest that the rhg mutant may offer an ideal model for gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (GACR) in humans, which is also caused by the substitution of glycine 353 in some families.
Patient Perspectives on Research Recruitment Through Cancer Registries

Objective: To gain preliminary insight into patients’ levels of awareness and preferences about research recruitment through cancer registries.
Purification of interstitial cells of Cajal by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the gastrointestinal tract generate and propagate slow waves and mediate neuromuscular neurotransmission. Although damages to ICC have been described in several...
Divided-Pulse Lasers

We demonstrate coherent combining of pulses within a laser cavity and discuss applications to energy scaling and pulse-burst operation. 16-times enhancement of the pulse energy from a fiber laser is demonstrated.
On the validity of enzymatic assay of adenosine phosphates in crude extracts of some marine bivalves

1. 1. Crude TCA or PCA extracts of Mytilus galloprovincialis show a considerable, although quantitatively different, direct oxidative effect on NADH in vitro in absence of the enzymes being necessary for the enzymatic assay of adenosine phosphates. 2. 2. This pseudo-reaction may contribute to a very high extent to the ATP or ADP concentrations measured as a decrease of NADH concentration in the usual test solutions. 3. 3. Therefore, the results obtained using crude extracts of marine bivalves for enzymatic assay of adenosine phosphates cannot be considered as reliable ones.
Abnormal glycosylation of EAAT1 and EAAT2 in prefrontal cortex of elderly patients with schizophrenia

The excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are a family of molecules that are essential for regulation of synaptic glutamate levels. The EAATs may also be regulated by N-glycosylation, a posttranslational modification that is critical for many cellular functions including localization in the plasma membrane. We hypothesized that glycosylation of the EAATs is abnormal in schizophrenia. To test this hypothesis, we treated postmortem tissue from the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices of patients with schizophrenia and comparison subjects with deglycosylating enzymes. We then measured the resulting shifts in molecular weight of the EAATs using Western blot analysis to determine the mass of glycans cleaved from the transporter. We found evidence for less glycosylation of both EAAT1 and EAAT2 in schizophrenia. We did not detect N-linked glycosylation of EAAT3 in either schizophrenia or the comparison subjects in these regions. Our data suggest an abnormality of posttranslational modification of glutamate transporters in schizophrenia that suggests a decreased capacity for glutamate reuptake.
Unusual migration of manganese to an arene via protonation of an agostic η3:CH-cyclohexenyl complex

Treatment of the agostic compound [Mn(η3:CH-C6H8Ph)(CO)3]1a with HBF4·Et2O in CH2Cl2 gave the arene complex [Mn{η6-C6H5(C6H9)}(CO)3][BF4]2via migration of the metal from the cyclohexenyl ring to the aryl substituent. Reaction of 2 with the nucleophiles triphenylphosphine and methylmagnesium chloride respectively gave the substitution product [Mn{η6-C6H5(C6H9)}(CO)2(PPh3)][BF4]3 and the addition product [Mn{η5-C6H5Me(C6H9)}(CO)3]4 as a mixture of isomers. The crystal structure of complex 2 has been determined: triclinic, space group P, a= 9.399(3), b= 10.644(2), c= 8.979(1)A, α= 93.03(1), β= 116.39(2), γ= 79.45(3)°, R= 0.057 for 1316 independent reflections.
Magnetic Properties of KMn F 3 . III. Nuclear and Electron Spin Resonance

Direct NMR experiments on ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$ nuclei in KMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ have confirmed that KMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ is a weak ferromagnet. The strong field and temperature dependence of the NMR frequency is a result of the intermixing of the electron and nuclear excitation spectra. A four-sublattice model for the electronic magnetization has been used to analyze the angular dependence of the NMR frequency. This four-sublattice model employs two canting fields, an "overt" canting field ${H}_{2}$ and a "hidden" canting field ${H}_{5}$. The overt canting field introduces a term into the expression for the AFR frequency that is linear in the applied dc magnetic field; this linear dependence is verified by experiment. With ${H}_{2}=310\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20$ Oe and ${H}_{5}=200\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30$ Oe. the hidden canting angle between ${\mathrm{M}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{M}}_{3}$ is approximately 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The resonance frequency in the nuclear hyperfine field was found to be 676\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 Mc/sec; when compared with the paramagnetic resonance results of Ogawa, this would suggest a 1.6% zero-point spin-wave reduction in $〈S〉$.
Spatial Accessibility and Availability Measures and Statistical Properties in the Food Environment

Spatial accessibility is of increasing interest in the health sciences. This paper addresses the statistical use of spatial accessibility and availability indices. These measures are evaluated via an extensive simulation based on cluster models for local food outlet density. We derived Monte Carlo critical values for several statistical tests based on the indices. In particular we are interested in the ability to make inferential comparisons between different study areas where indices of accessibility and availability are to be calculated. We derive tests of mean difference as well as tests for differences in Moran's I for spatial correlation for each of the accessibility and availability indices. We also apply these new statistical tests to a data example based on two counties in South Carolina for various accessibility and availability measures calculated for food outlets, stores, and restaurants.
In Order to Stay Relevant OD and HRD for Corporate Citizenship

The Problem.Empirical evidence shows that corporations struggle with managing their progressive societal involvement in a global and transparent marketplace. The field of organization development (OD) has so far mostly neglected to acknowledge these struggles, despite being ideally positioned for developing the missing corporate citizenship (CC) management capacity of corporations. This is problematic, as OD fails to address a problem that has detrimental effects on both corporate functioning and society, therewith also defaulting on an opportunity to position itself as continuously relevant in the future.The Solution.This article offers solutions to these problems by argumentatively aligning OD and CC. Thereby, the article discusses how the field of OD can start tackling the issue of CC.The Stakeholders.Seven stakeholders groups are identified for which the application of OD expertise is particularly promising: senior managers, internal CC officers, line managers, corporate learning officers, OD professi...
Iatrogenic Ureteral Injuries: A 20-Year Experience in Treating 165 Injuries

AbstractPurpose: We reviewed the causes, treatment and morbidity associated with iatrogenic ureteral injuries.Materials and Methods: From 1972 to 1992 the charts of all patients with the diagnosis of iatrogenic ureteral injury were reviewed and 156 with 165 injuries were identified.Results: Urological, gynecological and general surgical procedures accounted for 70 (42 percent), 56 (34 percent) and 39 (24 percent) injuries, respectively. Of the injuries 91 percent occurred in the lower third, 7 percent in the middle third and 2 percent in the upper third of the ureter, respectively. Among the urological lesions 77 percent were identified at injury compared to only 33 percent of the nonurological cases. Nonurological and urological ureteral injuries detected postoperatively required 1.8 and 1.6 procedures, respectively, compared to only 1.2 procedures in both groups (p less than 0.0006 and p less than 0.013) when the injuries were detected immediately at operation.Conclusions: Endourological procedures are ...
Central mechanisms of lower esophageal sphincter control.

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone is decreased during swallowing, during transient LES relaxations (TLESRs), and before emesis, and this decrease is due primarily to increasing inhibitory vagal output to the LES. Reflex-evoked relaxation of the LES is mediated by long-loop vagovagal reflexes that are coordinated by the dorsal vagal complex in the hindbrain medulla. Central control of TLESRs has not been studied directly; the information on how drugs may work centrally to reduce TLESRs is extrapolated from knowledge of how the brain evokes LES relaxation. Reduction of the frequency of TLESRs by a GABAB agonist, baclofen, is due to inhibition of vagal afferents, information transfer between the nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and vagal efferent outflow. Preliminary data show that cannabinoid receptor activation reduces information transfer between the nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The potential therapeutic usefulness of these types of agents that reduce TLESRs by acting centrally is promising. The gastroesophageal junction forms a high-pressure zone that prevents reflux of the gastric contents into the esophagus. This high-pressure zone is maintained by contractions of the crural diaphragm [1], the muscle tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and the gastric sling muscle. This article concentrates on the LES because more is known about the central neural control of the LES, but neurocircuitry may be different for the crural diaphragm [2] and gastric sling muscle [3].
Renal angina: an emerging paradigm to identify children at risk for acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) leads to high rates of morbidity and independently increases mortality risk. Therapy for AKI is likely limited by the inability to reliably diagnose AKI in its early stages, and, importantly, small changes in serum creatinine may be associated with poor outcomes and severe AKI. Whereas AKI biomarker research seeks to identify more sensitive and timely indices of kidney dysfunction, AKI lacks physical signs and symptoms to trigger biomarker assessment in at-risk patients, limiting biomarker efficacy. Accurate models of AKI prediction are unavailable. Severity of illness (SOI) scoring systems and organ dysfunction scores (OD), which stratify patients by prediction of mortality risk, are AKI reactive, not predictive. Kidney-specific severity scores do not account for AKI progression, and stratification models of AKI severity are not predictive of AKI. Thus, there is a need for a kidney scoring system that can help predict the development of AKI. This review highlights the concept of renal angina, a combination of patient risk factors and subtle AKI, as a methodology to predict AKI progression. Fulfillment of renal angina criteria will improve the efficiency of AKI prediction by biomarkers, in turn expediting early therapy and assisting in creation of AKI-predictive scoring systems.
Microstructure of the rat's intake of food, sucrose and saccharin in 24-hour tests

A detailed description of a method for collecting meal and drinking bout patterns for the rat over 24-h preference tests is presented. Both the hardware and software are described for data collection with a 6-s resolution. As an example of the value of knowing the details of ingestive patterns, data are presented describing the meal and drinking bout patterns during daylong preference tests between sucrose or saccharin vs. water. During these two-day tests at each of a wide range of concentrations, the intake of powdered Purina Chow, sucrose and saccharin were observed and quantified into meals or bouts. The analysis allowed for a comparison of sucrose and saccharin ingestion in terms of number of bouts, duration of bouts, rate of licking during bouts, the juxtaposition of eating and drinking and the day/night patterns of intake. Comparisons of drinking during bouts were made with electrophysiological and short-term taste test data. The usefulness of microstructure analysis is discussed.
The effects of a polychlorinated biphenyl)Aroclor 1254) on the white pelican: ultrastructure of hepatocytes.

White pelicans were each given 100 mg of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) per day for 10 weeks. After the treatment period, the bird's food supply was decreased 50% for 2 weeks. Measurements taken from transmission electron micrographs of the pelican's liver tissue revealed hepatocytes of the treated birds averaged 22% larger in crosssection area than those of controls. The number of vacuoles (lysosomes, microbodies) per hepatocyte was 227% greater. the number of mitochondria per hepatocyte was 25% greater while 25% fewer cristae per mitochondrion were present in treated as compared to control birds.
Charge-Transfer-Induced Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering on Ag−TiO2 Nanocomposites

In this paper, a series of silver-deposited TiO2 (Ag−TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) with a varying content of Ag were prepared by a photoreduction method and were attempted to serve as SERS-active substrates for the first time. SERS signals of 4-MBA molecules adsorbed on Ag−TiO2 NPs were further enhanced considerably relative to those enhancements on pure TiO2 NPs. The surface-deposited Ag on TiO2 can inject additional electrons into molecules adsorbed on the TiO2 surface through the conduction band of TiO2 NPs because of plasmon resonance absorption of Ag under incident visible laser, besides the intrinsic TiO2-to-molecule charge-transfer (CT) contribution. The two contributions mentioned are responsible for the whole SERS intensity of the molecules adsorbed on Ag−TiO2 NPs. This work is valuable in developing nanosized TiO2 used as a promising, nontoxic and biologically compatible SERS-active substrate as well as in studying the CT mechanism between Ag and TiO2 for potential photoelectrochemical applications.