cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative approaches in life cycle assessment—part 2—multivariate correlation and regression analysis

This study examines the use of inferential statistics, specifically multivariate correlation and regression, as a means of interpreting LCA data. It is believed that these methods provide additional context in understanding data and results, and may serve as a way to present the uncertain results that are inherent to LCA. Nine building envelope combinations were analyzed according to five service life models (N = 45). Three environmental indicators were used: global warming potential, atmospheric ecotoxicity, and atmospheric acidification from the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts assessment method. Multivariate correlation was performed using nine variables, including cumulative life cycle impact, major replacement, major replacement (frequency), minor replacement, major repairs, minor repairs, inspections 1 and 2, and total transportation (N = 45, 405 data points). The same data set was used for the regression analysis, although the variables were limited to major replacement, minor replacement, major repair, and minor repair (N = 45, 225 data points). SPSS software was used for all statistical calculations. Multivariate correlation analysis showed strong, statistically significant correlations between cumulative life cycle impact and major replacement across all environmental indicators. Similarly, the regression analysis showed strong R 2 values between cumulative life cycle impact and major replacement, such that the influence of all other variables was considerably diminished. The use of inferential statistics provides useful information with respect to the strength and statistical significance of correlations between variables as in multivariate correlation, and allows for predictive capacity of impact, as demonstrated through regression analysis. Further studies should be conducted to confirm the added value of these analytical tools.
Adolescent Learners’ Characteristics

Adolescent learners’ characteristics comprise the various attributes that shape the way individuals make meaning of their world. These attributes include specific skills, such as hypothetical-deductive reasoning and metacognition, which are tied to an individual’s stage of cognitive development. They also include individuals’ subjective views of the learning enterprise, for instance, their levels of motivation and mastery goals. All of these attributes are shaped in important ways by the social environment in which the learning experience occurs.
Effects of vibration on human systems: A neurophysiological perspective

Musculoskeletal disorders resulting from vibration exposure are well documented. However, the complexity of the reactions of the musculoskeletal system is not clearly understood. An overview is given on the sensory and motor responses associated with human vibration. The likely contribution of vibration-induced alternation of sensory motor functions to disorders is highlighted.
Comparison of jejunal and ileal surveillance biopsies in a porcine model of intestinal transplantation.

Background. The optimal biopsy site of bowel allografts for rejection surveillance remains controversial. We compared the results of jejunal (JBx) and ileal (IBx) biopsies after bowel transplantation in a porcine model. Methods. Eighteen Yorkshire-Landrace pigs served as donors. Eighteen recipient pigs underwent total enterectomy followed by orthotopic small bowel transplantation with or without the colon. A jejunostomy and a Bishop-Koop ileostomy were constructed for biopsies. Immunosuppression consisted of FK506 (target level 10-15 ng/ml by enzyme immunoparticle assay) and prednisone administered via the jejunostomy. Simultaneous JBx and IBx were performed twice weekly. Acute rejection was graded as mild, moderate, or severe based on previously published criteria. Results. Mean overall survival after the transplant was 17.4 days. A total of 162 specimens were collected and evaluated for rejection (JBx, 81; IBx, 81). Acute rejection was detected in 41 JBx cases (50.7%) and 40 IBx cases (49.4%). The presence or absence of rejection was concordant between JBx and IBx in 70 of 81 case pairs (86.4%). Of the 11 discordant case pairs, 6 were JBx positive/IBx negative, whereas 5 were JBx negative/IBx positive. A total of 35 case pairs were synchronously positive, 24 (68.8%) of which demonstrated the same degree of rejection. Conclusions. The correlation between JBx and IBx of bowel allografts in diagnosing the presence of acute rejection is quite good. However, performing IBx alone would have missed about 7.5% of the rejection episodes. Because the early treatment of rejection in bowel transplantation is of paramount importance, in selected cases, biopsies from both the ileum and jejunum should be considered if technically feasible.
Partially Coherent Spectral Transmittance of Dielectric Thin Films with Rough Surfaces

The effects of scattering and partial coherence on the transmittance of thin films with rough surfaces are investigated. For the rough side, the rms roughness is between 0.3 and 0.7 µm, whereas the autocorrelation length ranges from 1 to 36 µm. Scalar scattering theory (SST) is used to account for the scattering losses in the specular direction due to surface roughness, and then the calculated transmittance is spectrally averaged over the coherence spectral width. The spectral averaging method takes into consideration the effect of partial coherence. A Fouriertransform infrared spectrometer measures the near-normal transmittance in the midinfrared region from 2- to 20-µ mw avelengths. Comparison of the calculated transmittance with that of the measured transmittance shows that the combination of SST with spectral averaging can correctly predict the measured fringe contrast and fringe flipping, whereas SST alone does not result in quantitative agreement with the experiments. A coherence function is introduced to characterize the degree of coherence as a function of wave number for samples with or without ar ough surface. Furthermore, it is shown that SST is not applicable to surfaces whose autocorrelation length is greater than the wavelength of the incident radiation. Nomenclature d = thickness, m i = √ −1 k = imaginary part of the complex refractive index n = real part of the complex refractive index R = reflectance r = Fresnel reflection coefficient S = scattering factor T = transmittance ¯ T = spectrally averaged transmittance t = Fresnel transmission coefficient β = phase shift, rad �ν = free spectral range, m −1 δν = coherence spectral width, m −1 θ = polar angle, rad λ =w avelength of the incident radiation in vacuum, m ν =w ave number, m −1 σ = rms roughness, m τ = internal transmissivity � = fringe contrast φ = coherence function Subscripts coh = coherent p = p polarization r = reflection s = s polarization t = transmission
Flushing and syncopal episode in a 47-year-old female.

Introduction A 47-year-old white female was referred for further evaluation of flushing and a syncopal episode. About 2 weeks before presentation, while eating her lunch of a bagel and soda, she developed a feeling of pressure in her head, followed by warmth in her head and neck along with a sensation of a racing heart. She then passed out, vomited, and experienced incontinence of her urine and stool. She denied having hives, lip swelling, tongue swelling, throat closing, wheezing, or shortness of breath. She had no recollection of any sting. She recalls mosquitoes being present. She denied using any diet pills, powders, lotions, laxatives, herbal remedies, new cosmetics, or ingestants. The patient was initially evaluated in a local emergency room where she had the following vital signs: blood pressure 92/52, pulse 77 beats/minute, temperature 97.3° F. A review of her system at that time was negative for headache, blurred vision, ringing in the ear, focal weakness, sore throat, earache, difficulty in swallowing, chest pain, or abdominal pain. There was no fever, chill, arthralgia, or skin rash. She was treated with intravenous normal saline, intravenous methylprednisolone, and diphenhydramine. She was discharged home on hydroxyzine (Atarax; Pfizer, New York, NY), 100 mg daily, cimetidine (Tagamet; SmithKline Beecham, Pittsburgh, PA), 800 mg daily, and nafzodone hydrochloride (Serzone; Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, NY).
Cancer-testis antigens: promising targets for antigen directed antineoplastic immunotherapy.

During the last decade, the aberrant expression of normal testicular proteins in neoplastically transformed cells became common knowledge. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) represent a novel family of immunogenic proteins. The genes MAGE, BAGE, GAGE, LAGE and NY-ESO-1 code for antigens that are recognised on various neoplastically transformed cells by autologous, cytolytic CD8 ( + ) T lymphocytes. The MAGE genes were initially analysed from melanomas and turned out to have an almost exclusively neoplasm specific expression pattern. In normal adult tissues, most 23 human MAGE genes are expressed only in the testis, with expression patterns suggesting that this gene family is involved in germ cell development. The SSX (synovial sarcoma on X chromosome) gene family, located on the X chromosome, encode a family of highly homologous nuclear proteins. A number of observations confirmed that all five SSX genes were expressed in normal testis. The newly detected CTA, NY-ESO-1, is regarded as one of the most immunogenic antigens ever isolated, inducing spontaneous host immune responses in 50% of patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing neoplasms. The identification of neoplasm-associated markers recognised by cellular or humoral effectors of the immune system has opened new perspectives for antigen directed, individualised antineoplastic immunotherapy. In preparation for this new era of targeted immunotherapy, a number of neoplasm-associated antigen families have been identified as targets for CD8+, cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo : (1) CTAs expressed in various neoplasms and in normal testis, restricted to male germ cells; (2) melanocyte differentiation antigens; (3) point mutations of normal genes; (4) antigens overexpressed in neoplastic tissues; and (5) viral antigens. Immunotherapeutic protocols directed against the CTAs have already been initiated to analyse the induction of antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo.
Moisture pathways into the U.S. Intermountain West associated with heavy winter precipitation events.

AbstractTwo methods were used to identify the paths of moisture transport that reach the U.S. Intermountain West (IMW) during heavy precipitation events in winter. In the first, the top 150 precipitation events at stations located within six regions in the IMW were identified, and then back trajectories were initiated at 6-h intervals on those days at the four Climate Forecast System Reanalysis grid points nearest the stations. The second method identified the leading patterns of integrated water vapor transport (IVT) using the three leading empirical orthogonal functions of IVT over land that were first normalized by the local standard deviation. The top 1% of the associated 6-hourly time series was used to construct composites of IVT, atmospheric circulation, and precipitation. The results from both methods indicate that moisture originating from the Pacific that leads to extreme precipitation in the IMW during winter takes distinct pathways and is influenced by gaps in the Cascades (Oregon–Washington),...
In Vivo Microscopy for the Needle-Free Detection of Microfilariae

We investigate the feasibility for a needle-free rapid diagnostic to detect ;L.loa microfilariae circulating in the superficial microvasculature using ;in vivo microscopy. We assess this method using a multilayer optical phantom with microfilariae blood samples.
Electrical Conductivity Measurements to Detect Suspected Liquid Phase in the Al2O3‐I mol% TiO2‐0.5 mol% NaO1/2 and Other Systems

A liquid phase in the Al2O3-1 mol% TiO2-0.5 mol% NaO1/2 composition is confirmed at ±1300°C by an electrical conductivity measurement. The ease of the method led to a study of the Al2O3-2 mol% CuO-2 mol% TiO2 system and to the geologically important detection of eutectics (peritectics) in rock materials.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPINAL PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE RECOVERY OF BAROREFLEX CONTROL AFTER SPINAL LESION IN THE RAT USING PSEUDORABIES VIRUS

Neurons in the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) mediate baroreflex regulation (BR) of spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Previously, our laboratory has shown that recovery of BR occurs in ...
Adolescent attitudes towards the police: A new generation

The attitudes toward the police (ATP) of a group of young inner city adolescents were investigated within the context of a program designed to teach dispute resolution skills and promote a dialogue with local police. ATP were measured using a 23 item questionnaire. The results indicated that while ATP were generally positive, girls held more positive ATP than boys and adolescents who reported negative experiences with the police had less favorable ATP. A confirmatory factor analysis of the questionnaire yielded three factors; attitudes toward police behavior, attitudes toward interaction with the police, and attitudes toward interaction with other adults. The results are in general agreement with earlier studies with other populations and have implications for programs designed to improve adolescent relationships with the police.
Dynamic behavior of water within a polymer electrolyte fuel cell membrane at low hydration levels.

Protonic conduction across the membrane of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is intimately related to the dynamic behavior of water present within the membrane. To further the understanding of water dynamics in these materials, quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) has been used to investigate the picosecond dynamic behavior of water within a perfluorosulfonated ionomer (PFSI) membrane under increasing hydration levels from dry to saturation. Evaluation of the elastic incoherent structure factor (EISF) reveals an increase in the characteristic length-scale of confinement as the number of water molecules in the membrane increases, tending to an asymptotic value at saturation. The fraction of elastic incoherent scattering observed at high Q over all hydration levels is well fit by a simple model that assumes a single, nondiffusing hydronium ion per membrane sulfonic acid site. The quasielastic component of the fitted data indicates confined dynamic behavior for scattering vectors less than 0.7 A(-1). As such, the dynamic behavior was interpreted using continuous diffusion confined within a sphere at Q 0.7 A(-1). As the number of water molecules in the membrane increases, the characteristic residence times obtained from both models is reduced. The increased dynamical frequency is further reflected in the diffusion coefficients predicted by both models. Between low hydration (2 H2O/SO3H) and saturation (16 H2O/SO3H), the continuous spherical diffusion coefficient changes from 0.46 +/- 0.12 to 1.04 +/- 0.12 (10(-5) cm2/s) and jump diffusion indicates an increase from 1.21 +/- 0.03 to 2.14 +/- 0.08 (10(-5) cm2/s). Overall, the dynamic behavior of water has been quantified over different length scale regimes, the results of which may be rationalized on the basis of the formation of water clusters in the hydrophilic domain that expand toward an asymptotic upper limit with increased hydration.
Early events: the in vitro conversion of BMP transduced fibroblasts to chondroblasts.

Strategies for localized skeletal regeneration using either cell or ex vivo gene transfer typically utilize preosteoblasts from bone or bone marrow biopsies. Our studies have demonstrated than ex vivo bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) transduced fibroblasts convert to osteoblasts and form bone in vivo [1, 2]. In addition when suspended in a variety of thermoset hydrogels, these cells are capable of ectopic or orthotopic bone formation. To study the mechanism of the phenotypic conversion of BMP transduced fibroblasts, we have initiated characterization of three-dimensional (3D) cultures derived from these cell/collagen hydrogel composites. These data reveal that the BMP, but not control transduced fibroblasts, secrete BMP-7 and acquire some chondroblastic traits in 3D cultures. These traits include altered cell shape and changes in the extracellular matrix such as accumulation of cartilage proteoglycan, type II collagen, and mineral deposition by 3 weeks. These studies suggest that this culture system may ...
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of trapped carbon cluster ions

Abstract Positive and negative carbon cluster ions containing up to 27 carbon atoms have been produced by laser vaporization and detected via FT/ICR mass spectrometry. A periodic pattern of “magic numbers” is found in the positive clusters. The application of this technique to the study of ion-molecule reactions of clusters is demonstrated.
Kids Voting and Political Knowledge: Narrowing Gaps, Informing Votes*

Objectives. Kids Voting USA is a program designed to educate schoolchildren about the democratic process and foster their political socialization. This article set out to explore the consequences of the Kids Voting program for political knowledge, knowledge gaps, and attitude-behavior consistency. Methods. A sample of seventh and eighth graders in an urban school district were surveyed before (N=385) and shortly after (N=648) the 2000 general election. Results. Kids Voting exposure was positively related to political knowledge at Time 2 even after controlling for demographics, scholastic achievement, and attention to campaign news. There was no evidence that knowledge gaps widened between Time 1 and 2; in fact, African Americans and those with low initial knowledge gained the most. As political knowledge increased, party ID and issue attitudes became more predictive of candidate preference. Kids Voting exposure, too, was positively related to consistency between party ID and candidate preference, a relationship that was partially mediated by political knowledge. Conclusions. Political knowledge among these adolescents appeared to function much the way it does in adults: it equipped them to make political decisions that better reflected their attitudes. Kids Voting seems to contribute to this process, through knowledge and perhaps other avenues, without increasing knowledge gaps.
Electromagnetic response in supersymmetric Yang-Mills fluid

Supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory is an example of a four-dimensional gauge theory where thermal current-current spectral functions can be calculated analytically at both weak and strong coupling. This allows one to track how electromagnetic response quantities such as photon production rate and electrical conductivity change as the coupling varies from the perturbative g 2 N c ≪ 1 to the non-perturbative g 2 N c → ∞ regime. We discuss potential lessons which may be drawn for QCD.
A meta-analysis of risk estimates for prostate cancer related to tire and rubber manufacturing operations.

Studies investigating the association between prostate cancer and exposure to the tire and rubber manufacturing environment have reported weak and inconsistent results. A meta-analysis of nine cohort studies that used standard mortality ratios and three case-control studies that used odds ratios was
High fidelity field simulations using density and pressure based approaches

Density-based and pressure-based approaches in solving the Navier-Stokes equations for computational field simulations for compressible and incompressible flows have been presented. For the density-based flow solver, a generalized grid based framework has been developed and employed to simulate the complex-geometry problems with ease. The integral form of the standard and artificial compressibility form of Navier-Stokes equations has been taken as the governing form for the density-based method. For the pressure-based flow solver, the differential form of the conservation equations in the curvilinear coordinates was solved with a non-staggered structure-grid topology. A predictor plus multi-corrector algorithm (which can handle the flow with a wide range of Mach numbers without using the artificial compressibility and the preconditioning method) is utilized in the pressure-based method. Also, the capability has been developed to model the gas-particle (liquid and/or solid) multi-phase flows in the Eulerian-LaGrangian particle-tracking framework. Though the strengths and weaknesses of these two methods have been well documented, there is yet an extensive study to compare these two methods in terms of their numerical accuracies, computational efficiencies, and limitations. In this paper, these two models are validated separately, and the results are presented. Comparisons of these two methods with various benchmark test cases will be assessed and addressed in the future.
Effect of center volume on outcome of ventricular septal defect closure and arterial switch operation

This study evaluates the effects of surgical volume and preoperative patient characteristics on length of stay following ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair and arterial switch operation (ASO). Twenty-four centers contributed data on 16,795 consecutive surgical procedures from January 1, 1992 to December 31, 1996 to the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium Registry. The following variables were used in the analysis: center, center volume, age, weight, date of operation, preoperative hospital days, presence of trisomy 21, and significant coexisting heart defects (risk). For VSD, all variables were associated with length of stay in the univariate analyses; however, in the multivariate model, center volume did not retain significance. Length of stay for ASO was associated with center, center volume, and preoperative days in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis for ASO, center and center volume were significant variables for predicting length of stay. These findings suggest that length of stay for uncomplicated surgical procedures is not related to surgical volume; however, for technically demanding procedures, length of stay tends to be shorter in centers with more experience.
Rotational velocity rescaling of molecular dynamics trajectories for direct prediction of protein NMR relaxation.

Abstract Rotational velocity rescaling (RVR) enables 15N relaxation data for the anisotropically tumbling B3 domain of Protein G (GB3) to be accurately predicted from 1 μs of constant energy molecular dynamics simulation without recourse to any system-specific adjustable parameters. Superposition of adjacent trajectory frames yields the unique rotation axis and angle of rotation that characterizes each transformation. By proportionally scaling the rotation angles relating each consecutive pair of frames, the rotational diffusion in the RVR-MD trajectory was adjusted to correct for the elevated self-diffusion rate of TIP3P water. 15N T1 and T2 values for 32 residues in the regular secondary structures of GB3 were predicted with an rms deviation of 2.2%, modestly larger than the estimated experimental uncertainties. Residue-specific chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) values reported from isotropic solution, liquid crystal and microcrystalline solid measurements less accurately predict GB3 relaxation than does applying a constant CSA value, potentially indicating structure-dependent correlated variations in 1H 15N bond length and 15N CSA. By circumventing the quasi-static analysis of NMR order parameters often applied in MD studies, a more direct test is provided for assessing the accuracy with which molecular simulations predict protein motion in the ps–ns timeframe. Since no assumption of separability between global tumbling and internal motion is required, utility in analyzing simulations of mobility in disordered protein segments is anticipated.
In vitro availability of calcium from sources of cellulose, methylcellulose, and psyllium

Abstract Certain types of dietary fibres may decrease the amount of dietary calcium available for absorption. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro calcium availability from sources of cellulose, methylcellulose, and psyllium, such as cereals, fibre supplements, and purified fibres. Total dietary fibre, soluble and insoluble dietary fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, uronic acid, phytate, water holding capacity, and total endogenous calcium content were determined. Results from the chemical analyses of the fibre sources varied significantly. Free endogenous calcium, at pH 3–8, was determined via gel filtration. Calcium was added to each fibre source and free exogenous calcium was determined via gel filtration at pH 1 and pH 8. The analysis of variance procedure was used to determine differences in binding capacities of the fibres. There was virtually no binding of exogenous calcium by sources of cellulose, methylcellulose, or psyllium.
Myth of symmetry: Public relations as cultural styles

Abstract “Man does not have a nature but a history.” – Ortega de Gasset The paper suggests that the idea of public relations, once regarded as a-theoretical, is actually more a-historical. The history of public relations has been either ignored or distorted, due in part to the theory of symmetry that confuses the science of evolution with a belief in evolution. Symmetry theory has both caused and resulted in historical distortions like the inflated historical significance of P.T. Barnum, and ethical oversimplifications like the dissociation of public relations from propaganda. As a corrective, this paper offers an alternative, cultural perspective. Expanding upon the critical historiography of J.W. O’Malley, a religious historian, public relations is reframed as cultural styles that reflect distinctive historical sensibilities, as well as manners of perception and expression.
Vibrations of plates with clamped and free edges excited by low-speed turbulent boundary layer flow

Plate vibrations due to turbulent boundary layer (TBL) excitation can depend strongly on the plate boundary conditions, especially when the flow convects over the plate at speeds much slower than those of the bending waves in the plate. The vibration response of a TBL excited baffled flat rectangular plate is analyzed with two sets of boundary conditions: (a) all four edges clamped, and (b) three edges clamped and one edge free, with the flow direction perpendicular to the free edge. A finite element model with discretization sufficient to resolve the convective wavenumbers in the flow excitation field is used for the study. Three TBL wall pressure excitation models are applied to the plates to represent the cross-spectra of the wall pressures: (i) a modified Corcos model, which includes all wavenumber components of excitation; (ii) a low-wavenumber excitation model previously derived by one of the authors, which only models the wavenumber-white region of the modified Corcos model; and (iii) an equivalent edge force model which only models the convective component in the modified Corcos model. The TBL wall pressure autospectrum is approximated using the model derived by Smolyakov and Tkachenko. The results obtained from applying models (ii) and (iii) to the clamped and free edge plates are compared to those generated using model (i). For the completely clamped boundary conditions, the low-wavenumber and Modified Corcos models yield nearly identical vibration spectra, indicating that surface interactions dominate the response of fully clamped plates excited by TBL pressures. For the free edge boundary condition, the vibrations predicted using the equivalent edge force and modified Corcos models match very well, showing that edge interactions between TBL pressures and structural modes dominate the vibrations of plates with free edges excited by TBL flow.
In‐situ x‐ray diffraction study of the impurity effects on the cubic‐to‐tetragonal phase transformation in PbTiO3

The impurity effects on the phase transformation in a single crystal of PbTiO3 have been studied by in‐situ x‐ray diffraction technique. Two single crystals were employed for this study with one containing a noticeable amount of impurities. For the pure sample, a hysteresis of the structural parameters such as lattice constants with respect to temperature for the cubic‐to‐tetragonal phase transformation is found. Such a hysteresis loop is typical of the martensitic phase transformation. Existence of the athermal regions has been reported for the first time. The athermal regions were found to be asymmetric between heating and cooling cycles. Furthermore, the lattice parameters in both athermal regions show different behavior. These are caused by microstrain effects during growth of the product phase. In fact, within the athermal regions both the cubic and tetragonal phases are highly strained due to coherency strain. The sample with impurities has shown the existence of embryonic tetragonal fluctuations at...
Influence of Thermal Treatments on the Chemistry and Self-Assembly of Ge Nanoparticles on SiO2 Surfaces

GeH4 is thermally cracked over a hot filament depositing 0.7–15 ML Ge onto 2–7 nm SiO2/Si(100) at substrate temperatures of 300–970 K. Ge, GeHx, GeO, and GeO2 desorption is monitored through temperature programmed desorption in the temperature range 300–1000 K. Ge bonding changes are analyzed during annealing from 300–1000 K with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Low temperature desorption features are attributed to GeO and GeH4. No GeO2 desorption is observed, but GeO2 decomposition to Ge through high temperature pathways is seen above 700 K. Germanium oxidization results from Ge etching of the oxide substrate, which is demonstrated through XPS. Ge nanoparticle formation on SiO2 is demonstrated using the agglomeration process. With these results, explanations for the difficulties of conventional chemical vapor deposition to produce Ge nanocrystals on SiO2 surfaces are proposed.
Strong principle of corresponding states : reduction of a p-v-T surface to a line

Abstract Traditional principles of corresponding states collapse the p-v-T surfaces of whole families of substances onto a single reduced p ★ -v ★ -T ★ surface. The recent derivation of analytical equations of state based on statistical-mechanical perturbation theory now allows us to further collapse such a surface to a single curve. This is accomplished by using the theory to extract a quantity that is a function only of a reduced density. This quantity, G ( b ϱ), corresponds physically to an effective pair distribution function for hard convex bodies at contact, where b is the analogue of the van der Waals covolume and ϱ is the density. The information needed can be obtained from the intermolecular potential, or more conveniently from just the second virial coefficient as a function of temperature. Plots of G −1 vs. b ϱ are found empirically to be essentially straight lines whose slope depends on the particular substance, covering the entire range from the low-density gas to the compressed liquid, and including both subcritical and supercritical regions. Thus the final result permits the construction of an entire p-v-T surface from as little information as the second virial coefficient plus a few liquid densities (to determine the slope of G −1 vs. b ϱ). The corresponding equation of state is only cubic in the density and has an accuracy amounting to parts per thousand in the density.
Crossed immunoelectrophoresis from sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gels after fixation and staining and without nonionic detergent intermediate layers.

Abstract A modified method is described for crossed immunoelectrophoresis in which the first-dimension separation has been carried out by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The described method does not require nonionic detergents and is carried out after fixation and staining of the polyacrylamide gel. This permits more precise alignment of immunoprecipitates with polypeptide bands as well as allowing direct testing of an individual polypeptide band for reaction with antibody.
Noise and measurement backaction in superconducting circuits: qubits as spectrometers of quantum noise

Electrical engineers and physicists are naturally very interested in noise in circuits, amplifiers and detectors. With the advent of quantum computation and other high frequency electronics operating at low temperatures, we have entered a regime where quantum noise and quantum-limited detectors are important. Here we describe the general concept of a two-level system as a quantum spectrum analyzer and apply it to a simple superconducting qubit, the Cooper-pair box. We then discuss the coupling of a Cooper-pair box to its electromagnetic environment, whose noise leads to a finite polarization and excited-state lifetime of the qubit. Finally, we describe a theoretical technique for treating a qubit coupled to a measurement system, which allows one to calculate the full quantum noise of the measurement device. We present results for such a calculation for the case of a normal SET.
Autonomic innervation of the tongue: a horseradish peroxidase study in the dog

Autonomic ganglia have been found along the lingual nerve in the rostral two-thirds of the canine tongue and along the glossopharyngeal nerve in the caudal glandular third of the tongue [4,17,18]. A 30% horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution was injected throughout these ganglionated areas in order to identify the origin of the preganglionic fibers to the lingual ganglia. These injections resulted in ipsilateral retrograde labeling of small multipolar neurons in the lateral reticular formation of the medulla oblongata. The same injections labeled neurons in the ipsilateral cranial cervical ganglion, but preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord were not labeled. These findings indicated that the lingual ganglia consist of parasympathetic neurons which receive preganglionic projections from the medulla. The lingual preganglionic neurons were located within the nucleus reticularis parvicellularis and, in this location, were co-extensive with salivatory neurons that labeled after HRP injections in the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands. A degree of somatotopic organization within the lingual preganglionic group was indicated by the results of regional injections of enzyme and was confirmed by performing unilateral chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal neurectomies prior to extensive bilateral injections of HRP.
Subgrain rotation and dynamic recrystallization of olivine, upper mantle diapirism, and extension of the basin-and-range province

Abstract On the basis of an abrupt change of olivine grain size at certain depths in the upper mantle beneath the Basin-and-Range province in the western U.S.A., Mercier (1980b) proposed that subgrain rotation (SGR) recrystallization had taken place above the grain size discontinuity, and grain boundary migration (GBM) recrystallization at depths greater than the discontinuity. The rotation of subgrains and the characteristics of dynamically recrystallized neoblasts of olivine were analyzed in a series of dunite samples deformed experimentally to compressive strains of about 15–60%. Whereas the rotation angle between adjacent subgrains increases with strain, the mean rotation angle did not exceed 2° even in the most heavily deformed samples. Rotation angles between kink bands, which formed at all experimental conditions, also increase with strain; at the highest strains rotations of up to 110° are not uncommon. At low strains the dominant rotation axis between kinks is [001] and less frequently [ovw]; at high strains [uvw] rotation axes are common. Neoblasts did form mainly on old grain boundaries and less frequently within old grains. Rotation axes between intragranular neoblasts and their hosts are of the type [uvw] and the rotation angles are always large, features which seem to be inconsistent with SGR recrystallization and suggest GBM recrystallization. Neoblasts may have formed in highly strained regions of old grains where slip occurs with [uvw] rotation axes. The olivine textures and fabrics of lherzolite nodules originating in the uppermost mantle above the grain size discontinuity are similar to those of nodules from the Dreiser Weiher, Germany (Mercier, 1980b). A study of Dreiser Weiher samples shows, however, that they have features difficult to reconcile with the SGR mechanism. It is proposed here that GBM recrystallization occurred throughout a rising upper mantle diapir beneath the Basin-and-Range extension zone. As the upward flow crossed the regional lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary at about 65 km depth, it diverged causing flow velocities to decrease abruptly and the strain rate dropped approximately by an order of magnitude. As a consequence the differential stress decreased by about a factor of two and the olivine grain size increased by a factor of two.
Response of an optically thin, isothermal atmosphere to a convective overshoot

Radiation is believed to be hostile to the generation of gravity waves by granulation at the base of photosphere where the radiation is effective. A convective overshoot from subphotosphere seems able to penetrate to a height where the solar temperature is minimum and to excite the gravity waves in a stable region there.
Preparation and colorimetric analysis of O-ureido-L-homoserine.

Abstract Procedures for the preparation and colorimetric assay of o -ureido- l -homoserine, a structural analogue of l -citrulline, are presented.
Solitary wave families of a generalized microstructure PDE

Abstract Wave propagation in a generalized microstructure PDE, under the Mindlin relations, is considered. Limited analytic results exist for the occurrence of one family of solitary wave solutions of these equations. Since solitary wave solutions often play a central role in the long-time evolution of an initial disturbance, we consider such solutions here (via normal form approach) within the framework of reversible systems theory. Besides confirming the existence of the known family of solitary waves, we find a continuum of delocalized solitary waves (or homoclinics to small-amplitude periodic orbits). On isolated curves in the relevant parameter region, the delocalized waves reduce to genuine embedded solitons. The new family of solutions occur in regions of parameter space distinct from the known solitary wave solutions and are thus entirely new. Directions for future work are also mentioned.
Fluorescence anisotropy studies on the interaction of the short chain n-alkanols with stratum corneum lipid liposomes (SCLL) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC)/distearoylphosphatidic acid (DSPA) liposomes

Previously, the action of the short chain n-alkanols (from C1 to C5) and isopropanol as possible enhancers on the transport of lipophilic and polar/ionic permeants across hairless mouse skin was investigated. In the present study, the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy was measured as a means of estimating the changes in fluidity caused by the n-alkanols at different depths in the stratum corneum lipid liposomes (SCLL). Some selected experiments with the distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC)/distearoylphosphatidic acid (DSPA) liposomes were performed for relative comparisons. The effects of the n-alkanols on polarity sensitive parameters such as fluorescence lifetimes, fluorescence quantum yield ratios, and emission maxima were studied in the SCLL. The polarity of the bilayer decreased as the fluorescent probe was placed closer to the bilayer center and the n-alkanols did not alter this gradient. Assessment of the depth-dependent effects of the n-alkanols using SCLL showed that most of the significant changes in fluidity induced by the n-alkanols were observed at intermediate depths (C2-C9) and there was little or no increase in fluidity in the deep hydrophobic region close to the bilayer center. These results suggest that the short chain n-alkanols work as effective 'fluidizing' agents at the intermediate depths (C2-C9) in the bilayer.
Editorial Board Thoughts: Technology and Mission: Reflections of a First-Year Library Director

Editorial Board Thoughts: Technology and Missions: Reflections of a First-Year Library Director
Fibronectin synthesis in superficial and deep layers of normal articular cartilage.

Objective. To study the distribution and synthesis of fibronectin (FN) in superficial and deep layers of normal articular cartilage. Methods. Superficial and deep bovine and human articular cartilage slices were used to extract and quantitate FN by radioimmunoassay. Chondrocytes were also isolated by collagenase digestion for FN extraction and culture. Superficial and deep cartilage explants were cultured with and without stimulation by cytokines. Quantitation of newly synthesized FN was carried out by incubation with 35S-methionine. FN was purified on gelatin-agarose columns and further characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. FN messenger RNA (mRNA) was quantitated by Northern blot analysis. Results. Freshly isolated bovine chondrocytes from deep cartilage contained 2.3 ± 0.2 times more FN than was found in superficial cells (P < 0.025). Deep cartilage explants contained 1.2 times more FN than was found in superficial tissue. Explants obtained from deep cartilage synthesized 2.4 times more FN per cell than did superficial tissues (P < 0.01). FN synthesis as a fraction of total protein synthesis was significantly greater in deep explants (P < 0.01) compared with superficial tissues. Isolated deep chondrocytes in culture synthesized 1.89 ± 0.33-fold more FN than did superficial cells (P < 0.05). Cytokine-stimulated superficial cartilage explants failed to respond in terms of FN synthesis. FN mRNA quantitation showed no significant differences between superficial and deep populations. Conclusion. Since FN plays a major role in cell adhesion to damaged cartilage surfaces, our results suggest that modulation of FN synthesis near the articular surface of cartilage may be one of the factors that impede pannus invasion following an inflammatory insult to the joint.
Roughness-Induced Transient Loading at a Sliding Contact During Start-Up

The effects of normal contact vibrations, horizontal rider dynamics, and surface texture inputs are combined to examine dynamic loads at a contact during acceleration from rest to a steady state velocity. A constant sliding friction coefficient is assumed. The surface input is either a sine wave or a quasi-random function. The nondimensionalized system equations are solved numerically for a variety of system and input parameter combinations. The most interesting responses occur when the acceleration duration includes a number of periods of at least one of the system resonant frequencies. It would appear that surface-roughness and waviness can cause the normal motions and force fluctuations that occur during the transitions from static to sliding friction.
Retention study on silica gel in high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC)

Retention volumes (V N) of different kinds of test compound have been measured on silica gel as a function of column temperature (T) in the range 20 to 210°C.n-Heptane and mixtures ofn-heptane and polar modifiers were used as mobile phases. With nC7 and nC7-1,4-dioxane mixtures, there was a good linear relationship between InV N and 1/T for column temperatures above 100 °C. When more polar modifiers such as butanol, ethanol and acetic acid were used, ‘N’-shaped curves were obtained for the plots of InV N against 1/T. Possible explanations of this retention behavior have been proposed on the basis of related studies and common physical chemistry relationships. Column equilibration time after alteration of water content or column temperature is greatly reduced at elevated temperatures. This will benefit the application of LSC on silica gel.
Densification of Monodisperse Iron Nanoparticles from a Colloidal Dispersion at Moderate Heating Rates and Temperatures

This work reports on the densification of iron nanoparticles heated at moderate rates without applied pressure as observed by TEM imaging, gas adsorption pore size measurement, and X-ray diffraction. Despite a low packing density, the small pore size is amenable to significant densification by pressureless sintering. Carbon residues from the stabilizing ligands affect both the composition and processing of the particles. This approach is amenable to deposition on non-planar or fragile substrates. Additionally, large areas can be processed in parallel.
Estimating the effect of emergency care on early survival after traffic crashes.

Abstract Introduction Traffic crash mortality is higher in rural areas, but it is unclear whether this is due to greater injury severity, time delays, or Emergency Medical Services (EMS) deficiencies. Methods Data from 2002–2003 were combined from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and an “expanded version” of the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) Crashworthiness Data System (CDS). Weighted Cox and Weibull models for survival time ( t SURV ) were estimated, with time-varying covariates (TVC) having constant effects for specified time intervals following EMS arrival time ( t EMS ) and hospital arrival time ( t HOS ). The Weibull model was repeated with t SURV interval-censored to reflect uncertainty about the exact time of death, using an imputation method to accommodate interval censoring along with TVC. Results FARS contained records for 92,718 persons with fatal or incapacitating injuries, and NASS/CDS contained 5517 (weighted population of 642,716) with incapacitating injuries. All models associated mortality with increasing age, male sex, belt nonuse, higher speeds, and vehicle rollover. The interval-censored model associated EMS intervention with a beneficial effect until t EMS + 30 min, but not thereafter; hospital intervention was associated with a strongly beneficial effect that increased with time. Rural location was associated with a higher baseline hazard; a 50% reduction in rural prehospital time would theoretically reduce 4-h mortality by about 7%. Conclusion Rural/urban disparity in crash mortality is mostly independent of time delays and EMS effects. However, survival models with TVC support clinical intuition of a “golden hour” in EMS care, and the importance of timely transport to a hospital.
Deadline-aware concentration of synchrophasor data: An optimal stopping approach

Deadline-aware concentration of synchrophasor data from spatially dispersed phasor measurement units (PMUs) is studied, with an objective to find the optimal policy for the wait time of a phasor data concentrator (PDC), such that the deadline-constrained synchrophasor data delivery from PMUs via PDC to control center achieves maximal expected throughput. When the statistical information on the communication latency from PMUs to PDC and from PDC to control center is known, the wait time problem is cast as a continuous-time optimal stopping problem. The optimal stopping policy is then shown to exist, and then obtained by utilizing the infinitesimal look-ahead rule under mild conditions. Further, the scenarios with substation PDCs or super PDCs are also considered. The dynamic wait time policy obtained by using the proposed optimal stopping approach, in comparison with two fixed wait time policies, results in significant improvement, as revealed through simulation studies.