cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lithium beam generation and focusing on PBFAII

Summary form only given. The time resolved size and position of the Li beam focus from a 15-cm-radius radial focusing applied-B field ion diode on PBFAII are examined to separate the effects of source divergence, virtual cathode instabilities, charge-exchange, and canonical angular momentum. The diode used /spl sim/1000 cm/sup 2/ area LiF anodes to generate 6 TW, 10 MeV Li beams. The focus of a 64" sector of the annular beam, on a gold foil target at the center of the diode, was observed with two ion pinhole cameras (IPCs) and a spatially resolved magnetic spectrometer. The first IPC used an array of 27 PIN diodes to time resolve the focus. The second IPC used an array of six pinholes with different thickness filters to record 6 images of the beam on CR39 track recording film. Subtraction of the images gave beam profiles between the energy cuts of the filters. Each of these diagnostics gave absolute current density measurements at the target which could be converted to horizontal and vertical FWHM, and focus position. These also were used to calculate total Li beam current at the anode. The diode voltage was measured with another spectrometer that observed protons accelerated in the magnetically insulated power feed 33 cm from the midplane. The Li beam energy agreed with the diode voltage early in time but was generally about 1 MeV below the diode voltage late in time. About 40% of this is attributed to range shortening in the gold target. The remainder could be due to charge-exchange of Li beam ions in gas desorbed from the anode surface or virtual cathode instability waves selectively accelerating Li ions at the rear of the waves.
Frequent Card Playing and Pathological Gambling: The Utility of the Georgia Gambling Task and Iowa Gambling Task for Predicting Pathology

The current investigation examined performance on two laboratory-based gambling tasks, the Georgia Gambling Task (GGT; Goodie, 2003. The effects of control on betting: Paradoxical betting on items of high confidence with low value. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 598–610) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50, 7–15), as well as self-reported markers of gambling pathology using the Diagnostic Interview for Gambling Severity (DIGS; Winters, Specker, & Stinchfield, 2002. The downside: Problem and pathological gambling (pp. 143–148). Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Reno) among a sample of undergraduate students who are frequent card players. Two hundred twenty-one participants (55 female and 166 male; mean age 19.21 years) who self-classified as playing cards at least once per month completed these measures. Performance on GGT and IGT systematically related to gambling-related pathology in several ways. Overconfidence and bet acceptance on the GGT, and myopic focus on reward on the IGT, predicted gambling related pathology. GGT and IGT performance correlated with each other, but both contributed independently to predicting gambling pathology. Card playing frequency predicted gambling pathology but not GGT or IGT performance. Discussion focuses on the role of biases of judgment and risky decision making in pathological gambling.
Family–professional collaboration in pediatric rehabilitation: a practice model

AbstractPurpose: Family--professional collaboration is essential to optimize outcomes of children with disabilities and the families. Method: The authors incorporated current knowledge to formulate principles of collaborative service delivery in pediatric rehabilitation, develop a 4-step process of implementation, and recommend strategies that professionals can use to foster a collaborative process between families and professionals. The 4-step process and key elements of each step are described in detail to illustrate application of the model to practice. Results: The model is based on three key principles of collaborative service delivery: family-identified needs, shared responsibility, and family empowerment. Collaboration involves two-way interactions through which families and professionals share knowledge and skill, make shared decisions on goals and intervention, and build capacity in order to foster family empowerment and optimize outcomes. The 4-step process involves: (1) Mutually agreed-upon goa...
Constraints on landscape evolution from slope histograms

We analyzed >10,000 topographic slope histograms subsampled from digital elevation models (DEMs) of 28 landscapes throughout the continental United States. These landscapes are made up of diverse lithologies and have different climatic and tectonic histories, but their slope distributions are consistently unimodal and collectively exhibit a systematic change from positively skewed to negatively skewed as mean slope increases. This change not only occurs between landscapes, but can also occur within them, and is recorded in DEMs of different spatial resolution. The transition from positive to negative skewness cannot be accounted for by scaling of relief, but requires a fundamental change in landscape morphology. Process-based landscape modeling reproduces the trend and suggests that a change in the dominant hillslope process—from creep and/or wash to slope failure—is responsible for the transition from positive to negative skewness with increasing mean slope. This process transition is governed by a dimensionless uplift number that reflects the balance between processes of relief generation and denudation. The uplift number provides a basis for understanding the morphologic similarity between landscapes in our analysis, illustrating how different combinations of climate, tectonics, and lithology can lead to equivalent morphologies.
Evolution of Volatility, Trade Price Location, Correlations, and Speed of Trading in the Limit Order Book

We investigate the information content of the limit order book (LOB) on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the world’s second largest order-driven market. We find that high frequency microstructure parameters, such as the current cost-to-trade 1% of average daily volume and LOB slope, contain information about future trade price location, price volatility, speed of trading, return autocorrelation and cross-correlation. We also document that the average trade size in LOB is the driving force in the standard volume–volatility relationship, which is contrary to previous findings for other markets. These results are helpful in understanding the price discovery process in a purely order driven market and have potential applications in academics and industry for optimizing the order submission strategies.
Spectra-Spectroheliograph Observations

This paper describes a photographic technique for recording solar spectra. The technique, which we call spectra-spectroheliography, requires the same amount of observing time as conventional spectroheliography but yields much more information. Data reduction techniques have been developed to use this information for the construction of spectroheliograms and other contour maps. Parameters investigated by this method include the vector magnetic field, line-of-sight velocity, continuum intensity, and line strength. Results indicate (1) good correlation between bright regions in spectroheliograms and small vertical magnetic fields; (2) poorer correlation between larger magnetic fields and bright regions; (3) a feature in the continuum resembling a pore but having no vertical magnetic field; and (4) a gradient in the vertical magnetic field of 12 kG/arc s.
Child Snatching Motivations, Mechanisms, and Melodrama

This article, based primarily upon interview data, explores child snatching and some of the attendant motivations and mechanisms surrounding such events. Findings include the fact that motivations for snatching, while always multifaceted, can be roughly categorized as child-focused (stemming from concern for the child) or as self-focused (originating in the snatcher's desire to satisfy personal needs). Suggested also are six dimensions of child snatching that are thought to be common factors associated in some manner with each child snatching event. These dimensions are (1) motivations, ranging from self-centered to child-centered; (2) planning, ranging from professional to amateurish; (3) hostility, from mild to violent; (4) trauma, from serious to devastating; (5) familial involvement, from supportive to antagonistic; and (6) agency involvement, from minimal to extreme, by both public and private groups. These six factors are seen as affecting child snatching at all stages of the process. Suggestions fo...
Changes in the subunit composition of laminin during the increased tumorigenesis of mouse A9 cells.

We compared the structure and subunit composition of laminin in less tumorigenic mouse A9 and highly tumorigenic mouse A9HT cells by pulse-chase studies. During a 15′ pulse, the ratio of laminin B1 to B2 subunits in cell lysates is 1:1 in both the A9 and A9HT cells; however, after a 3 hr chase, this ratio changes to 6:1 and 2:1 in the A9 and A9HT cells, respectively. Analysis of mature laminin subunits in culture media after a 3 hr chase also showed a similar higher ratio of B1 to B2 in the A9 cells as compared to the A9HT cells. The higher ratio of B1 to B2 subunits in A9 cells was evident as early as after a 30′ pulse. A comparative analysis of steady-state levels of mRNAs for the laminin subunits B1 and B2 between A9 and A9HT cells showed a ratio of 1:1 for B and a ratio of 1:1.65 for B2. The ratio of B1 to B2 mRNAs in A9 cells was 1:1.3 whereas in A9HT cells it was 1:2.5, suggesting changes in the processing of mRNA in the highly tumorigenic A9HT cells. These observations suggest that the processing o...
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Three-Part Proximal Humerus Fracture

Patient was brought to the operating room and positioned supine on the operating table with all bony prominences padded. General anesthesia was induced. A Foley catheter was placed under sterile technique. IV antibiotics were administered intravenously. She was then placed in a beach chair position with care taken to protect his or her nonoperative extremities. Fluoroscopy was positioned at the head of the table and views were checked to confirm the ability to visualize the proximal humerus. The left upper extremity was prepped and draped in the standard sterile fashion. A multidisciplinary time-out was performed.
Taking Shareholder Rights Seriously

The great corporate scandals of the recent past and the resulting push for legal reform have revived the role of the shareholder in the corporation as a subject of great debate. Those who favor an expanded role for shareholders in corporate governance tend to focus on developing new legal rights for shareholders, and their critics respond with reasons why such rights are unnecessary and inappropriate. While these issues certainly are worthy of consideration, issues concerning existing shareholder rights are more fundamental. If existing rights are adequate or could be improved, then new rights may not be necessary; but if existing rights cannot be salvaged, then efforts to add new rights may be equally unavailing. In this article, I argue that the traditional shareholder rights to vote and to sell their shares could be adequate but are undermined by other laws that impede their exercise. I assume that the traditional role of the shareholder in corporate governance is the appropriate one: the business and affairs of every corporation should be managed by or under the direction of the board of directors, and shareholder rights can and should be limited accordingly. Nevertheless, shareholder rights are important. Unfortunately, the law does a poor job of securing even these limited rights. In this article, I only seek to make traditional shareholder rights more meaningful; I do not seek to expand shareholder rights beyond the traditional core or to empower shareholders to intrude on the directors' managerial role. After demonstrating how the current law indirectly eviscerates explicit shareholder rights, I propose and defend a number of legal reforms to both state and federal law that would safeguard traditional shareholder rights.
A Review of Taxation Regulatory Documents Adopted in the Period of November-December 2014

During the period under review, November-December 2013, fiscal policy guidelines were formulated in the President’s Address to the Federal Assembly on 12.12.2013 and his speech at the 9th Annual Press Conference on 19.12.2013. In particular, new tax schemes and allowances were announced. In our opinion, change of task priorities and reorientation of federal financial entities to support a sustainable revenue base of the state is vital amid stagnation. Develop a free market, ensure efficient performance of market players is critical in pursuing the foregoing aims. Financial regulation of the economy goes beyond taxes. The greatest challenge is counteract economic monopolies.
Differentiation and Distribution of Marrow Stem Cells in Flex-Flow Environments Demonstrate Support of the Valvular Phenotype

For treatment of critical heart valve diseases, prosthetic valves perform fairly well in most adults; however, for pediatric patients, there is the added requirement that the replacement valve grows with the child, thus extremely limiting current treatment options. Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHV), such as those derived from autologous bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), have the potential to recapitulate native valve architecture and accommodate somatic growth. However, a fundamental pre-cursor in promoting directed integration with native tissues rather than random, uncontrolled growth requires an understanding of BMSC mechanobiological responses to valve-relevant mechanical environments. Here, we report on the responses of human BMSC-seeded polymer constructs to the valve-relevant stress states of: (i) steady flow alone, (ii) cyclic flexure alone, and (iii) the combination of cyclic flexure and steady flow (flex-flow). BMSCs were seeded onto a PGA: PLLA polymer scaffold and cultured in static culture for 8 days. Subsequently, the aforementioned mechanical conditions, (groups consisting of steady flow alone-850ml/min, cyclic flexure alone-1 Hz, and flex-flow-850ml/min and 1 Hz) were applied for an additional two weeks. We found samples from the flex-flow group exhibited a valve-like distribution of cells that expressed endothelial (preference to the surfaces) and myofibroblast (preference to the intermediate region) phenotypes. We interpret that this was likely due to the presence of both appreciable fluid-induced shear stress magnitudes and oscillatory shear stresses, which were concomitantly imparted onto the samples. These results indicate that flex-flow mechanical environments support directed in vitro differentiation of BMSCs uniquely towards a heart valve phenotype, as evident by cellular distribution and expression of specific gene markers. A priori guidance of BMSC-derived, engineered tissue growth under flex-flow conditions may serve to subsequently promote controlled, engineered to native tissue integration processes in vivo necessary for successful long-term valve remodeling.
The same tasks, different learning opportunities: An analysis of two exemplary lessons in China and the U.S. from a perspective of variation

Abstract This study examined the learning opportunities afforded in two exemplary lessons based on a theory of variation. Implemented in China and the U.S., the two lessons focused on the same topic of patterns in a calendar and were carefully developed through a lesson study approach. Both lessons set similar learning goals but enacted these goals differently. When compared with the U.S. lesson, the Chinese lesson provided more learning opportunities through high cognitively demanding tasks focusing on different identities within patterns. However, the U.S. lesson, which featured fewer tasks and focused on a single pattern identity, may have better supported students in discerning the critical features within the objects of learning. The implications for task design and implementation for effective mathematics teaching are discussed.
Beyond Description to Interpretation and Theory in Qualitative Social Work Research

This article describes analytic procedures that build upon one another and lead toward interpretation and theory construction in qualitative social work research. Using examples from my own research and the research of others, I show relationships between descriptions, analysis, interpretation, and theorizing. Analytic procedures that move researchers beyond description include reflexivity statements, fieldnotes, group analysis of data, creative thinking, and making conscious choices about when and how to add conceptual material in design and analysis. My thesis is that descriptions are the foundation of both interpretation and theory construction and that descriptions themselves are not simple to do.
The Helmholtz Huygens Integral

The sound intensity inside a given volume is determined by the power of the sound sources inside this volume and by the sound intensity that enters the volume from outside. It is apparent that the expression for the sound field will be determined by the contributions of the sources and by boundary terms, which represent whatever is reflected at the boundaries or enters through the boundaries from outside. In deriving a formal solution, Green’s formula and Gauss’ theorem are of particular importance.
Smooth Muscle Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Links Intravascular Pressure and Atherosclerosis—Brief Report

Objective—We hypothesized that the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α in vascular smooth muscle contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, and links intravascular pressure to this process. Approach and Results—Transverse aortic constriction was used to create high-pressure vascular segments in control, apolipoprotein E (ApoE)−/−, smooth muscle-HIF1α−/−, and ApoE−/−×smooth muscle-HIF1α−/− double-knockout mice. Transverse aortic constriction selectively induced atherosclerosis in high-pressure vascular segments in young ApoE−/− mice on normal chow, including coronary plaques within 1 month. Concomitant deletion of HIF1α from smooth muscle significantly reduced vascular inflammation, and attenuated atherosclerosis. Conclusions—HIF1α in vascular smooth muscle plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and may provide a mechanistic link between blood pressure, vascular inflammation, and lipid deposition.
Gouy phase shift of single-cycle picosecond acoustic pulses

The generation of terahertz (THz) radiation via photoconductive switching or optical rectification with femtosecond optical pulses has enabled the investigation of diffractive effects with single-cycle pulses. The far-field diffraction of a broadband pulse from an aperture can be described by the time-domain Huygens-Fresnel integral.
Employment post-transplant: a biopsychosocial analysis.

Abstract Employment following renal transplantation has been lower than predicted at the time of the original end-stage renal disease (ESRD) legislation more than 30 years ago. This paper uses the biopsychosocial model to identify predictors of employment for 411 individuals transplanted at a single, large Midwestern academic center. Less than 50% of respondents reported part-time or full-time employment post-transplant. Factors found to predict employment were age at the time of transplant, race, sex, and patient perception of physical functioning. Individuals who were younger when transplanted, Caucasian, and males were more likely to be employed full-time following transplantation as were those who perceived themselves to have a higher level of physical functioning. No biological factors, including serum creatinine, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and diabetic status, were significant predictors of employment. The biopsychosocial model is used to discuss the implications of these findings for post-transp...
Microwave Fixation for the Determination of Cerebral Blood Volume in Rats

The cerebral blood volume (CBV) is sensitive to changing hydrostatic pressures. Thus, measurement methods that rely on removing tissue from unfixed brain may lead to underestimates of the CBV due t...
Kinematic Properties of Primary Converted Rays Produced at a Single Boundary

The eight primary P to Sv and Sv to P converted rays generated at a single boundary generally appear at the Earth’s surface as pairs of interfering arrivals consisting of one Sv and one P, of similar kinematic properties. Kinematic equivalence is obtained for the case of a surface source in a laterally homogeneous layered model. The interference, which is a function of focal depth, lateral heterogeneity and the relative amounts of P and Sv energy generated by the source, significantly camplicates the interpretation of the dynamic properties of converted rays. Vertical heterogenity affects converted rays in a multiple fashion as P and Sv segments are both involved. For example, a single low velocity zone will, in general, produce four shadow zones in the primary converted ray branches.
Issac Harpaz 1924–1987

Issac Harpaz, professor of entomology at faculty of agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Rehovot, Israel, died of a heart attack at the age of 63 in Rehovot, on May 8, 1987.
OCT Elastography Technique for Micro-Scale Measurements of Elastic Modulus of Atherosclerotic Tissue

In this paper we evaluate OCT elastography as a method for assessing Young's modulus of vascular tissue. The system was calibrated with tissue-mimicking phantoms and the elastic modulus of the atherosclerotic arterial samples was estimated.
Nutrition myths and healthy dietary advice in clinical practice

Healthy dietary intake is important for the maintenance of general health and wellness, the prevention of chronic illness, the optimization of life expectancy, and the clinical management of virtually all disease states. Dietary myths (i.e., concepts about nutrition that are poorly supported or contradicted by scientific evidence) may stand in the way of healthy dietary intake. Dietary myths exist about micronutrients, macronutrients, non-nutrients, and food energy. Representative myths of each type include that patients need to focus on consuming enough calcium to ensure bone health, dietary fat leads to obesity and is detrimental to vascular health, all fiber (whether naturally occurring or artificially added) is beneficial, and food calories translate to pounds of body weight through a linear relationship and simple arithmetic. A common theme for dietary myths is a reductionist view of diet that emphasizes selected food constituents as opposed to whole foods. Healthy dietary advice takes a more holistic view; consistent evidence supports recommendations to limit the consumption of ultraprocessed foods and to eat whole or minimally processed foods, generally in a form that is as close to what occurs in nature as possible. Family physicians can help dispel myths for patients and give sound nutritional advice by focusing on actual foods and broader dietary patterns.
Prognostic factors for survival in advanced appendiceal cancers

BACKGROUND Appendiceal cancer is a rare malignancy. The optimal pathologic classification and prognostic factors for survival and treatment strategies remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to determine prognostic factors, including markers of systemic inflammation, for survival in a cohort of patients with advanced appendiceal adenocarcinomas. METHODS The study included patients with advanced appendiceal carcinoma that were treated between January 2006 and June 2012. The associations between age, gender, histopathologic subtype of appendiceal malignancy and treatment with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and overall survival (OS) were assessed. The relationship between various markers of inflammation (platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) and OS was also evaluated. RESULTS A total of 49 patients met eligibility criteria. Female gender and low-grade adenocarcinoma were associated with increased OS. These data suggest that the use of HIPEC treatment may also be associated with improved OS, but the difference was not statistically significant (HR = 0.37 [0.12-1.18], p = 0.09). We found no evidence of an association between markers of inflammation at diagnosis and OS. CONCLUSIONS Histopathologic subtype and gender are associated with OS in patients with advanced appendiceal carcinoma. Baseline platelet levels, NLR, and PLR do not appear to be predictive of OS in this setting.
Race-based differences in duration of stay among universally insured coronary artery bypass graft patients in military versus civilian hospitals.

Background Duration of stay for coronary artery bypass graft operation outcomes differs for black versus white patients, with differences often attributed to insurance. We examined black versus white differences in duration of stay among TRICARE-covered patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. Methods Patients aged 18–64 years with TRICARE who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass graft (ICD-9CM 36.10–36.20) between 2006–2010 and who identified as black or white race were identified. Negative binomial regression, stratified by sex and military versus civilian facility, examined the duration of stay controlling for patient- and hospital-level factors. Results Of 3,496 eligible patients, 2,904 underwent coronary artery bypass graft at 682 civilian and 592 at 11 military hospitals. Patients (mean age 56.2 years) were predominantly white (88.9%), male (88.7%), married (88.2%), and retired (87%). Black patients demonstrated longer duration of stay (8.6 vs 7.5 days, P > .001), and overall duration of stay was longer at military facilities (8.1 vs 7.5 days, P = .013). Among the men, mean duration of stay was 14% longer for black patients at civilian hospitals (95% confidence interval 1.07–1.22) with no race-based differences at military facilities. Conclusion Among coronary artery bypass graft patients with TRICARE coverage, black, male patients demonstrated greater duration of stay at civilian facilities. Further work should examine care at military hospitals to elucidate factors that drive the apparent mitigation of race-related variability in duration of stay.
Strabismus and binocular diplopia due to advanced glaucomatous visual field loss.

Purpose To describe a small series of patients with glaucoma whose strabismus and binocular diplopia were due to advanced visual field loss and inability to maintain sensory and motor fusion. Methods This study is an observational case series of 3 patients with binocular diplopia, associated with variable strabismus, which was due to advanced visual field loss. Results Specific characteristics of the strabismus associated with advanced glaucomatous visual field loss were a subjective floating second image and marked variability of the prism and alternate cover measurements. Measured hypertropia changed in magnitude over a few seconds or a few minutes (even in 1 patient to a hypotropia), which distinguishes this specific type of strabismus from other types of comitant or incomitant strabismus associated with glaucoma. Although visual acuity was 20/400 or better in both eyes in all patients, there was advanced visual field loss in at least one eye. All patients responded poorly to prism, but their symptoms improved with a Bangerter filter applied to the spectacle lens or a MIN occlusion lens to further blur the worse-seeing eye. Conclusions Variable strabismus associated with advanced glaucomatous visual field loss appears to be a distinct clinical entity that should be distinguished from other types of strabismus associated with glaucoma. Management of this specific type of strabismus is limited by inadequate visual field to fuse, analogous to hemifield slide, and therefore prism and/or strabismus surgery is unlikely to be successful. Primary treatment options include optical blur with Bangerter filters or a MIN occlusion lens although some patients prefer to ignore the second image.
Patterns of transgender microaggressions in friendship: the role of gender identity

ABSTRACTMicroaggressions are brief verbal, behavioural or environmental slights that communicate hostility or offence. Microaggressions that come from an individual’s friends can be seen as more interpersonally aggressive and more upsetting than when coming from someone who the individual does not know. The present study examines transgender microaggressions that occur in friendships and specifically explores how microaggressions are experienced differently for transfeminine, transmasculine, gender nonconforming and agender individuals. Participants included 211 transgender adults who ranged in age from 18 to 65. Participants identified as transfeminine (28.4%), transmasculine (47.4%), gender nonconforming (18.0%) or agender (6.2%). Participants completed an online survey and provided qualitative information regarding their experiences of microaggressions from their friends. Responses were analysed via thematic analysis with a focus on explicating differences in experiences of microaggressions across gend...
How can county-level maltreatment report rates better inform child welfare practice?

Abstract Building on knowledge about community-level characteristics associated with child maltreatment, this study identifies new ways that county-level variation in child maltreatment report rates can be used to assess the adequacy and equity of child welfare services. With data from multiple sources linked to maltreatment data from NCANDS, multi-level models identified county and state-level characteristics associated with county-level maltreatment reports. Characteristics previously found to be associated with child maltreatment reports at the community level were associated at the county level. Further, most counties with high risk characteristics for child maltreatment also had high child maltreatment report rates. Still, 16 counties in the highest risk quartile for child maltreatment were in the lowest quartile of maltreatment reports. Findings illustrate additional ways that national child maltreatment data can be used to inform child welfare practitioners and policymakers and inspire data-informed efforts to improve child welfare services.
Bright Eu2+-activated polycrystalline ceramic neutron scintillators

Abstract Scintillation properties of Eu 2 + -doped CaF2-AlF3-6LiF (Eu:CALF) polycrystalline ceramic thermal-neutron scintillators as a function of AlF3 concentration have been studied. The emission band peaked at a wavelength of 425–431 nm is due to the presence of Eu:CaF2 micro-crystallites. The highest light output from these samples is approximately 20,000 photons per thermal neutron, which is 3 times that of a GS20 6Li-glass scintillator. The pulse-decay lifetime and light output vs. AlF3 concentration may be understood using a radiation trapping model and the formation of a Li3AlF6 phase. At lower AlF3 concentration, Al3+ ions in Eu:CaF2 passivate the hole-trapping defects and enhance the light output; whereas at higher AlF3 concentration, Al3+ ions lead to the formation of electron trapping centers in Eu:CaF2 and the Li3AlF6 phase is formed, which reduces the light output. A neutron–gamma-discrimination (NGD) ratio of 9 × 1 0 8 was obtained from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of digital waveforms, while Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis (FLDA) can completely separate the thermal neutrons from 60Co gamma rays within the limit of gamma event statistics used in this work. Our results suggest that Eu:CALF scintillators can potentially replace the GS20 scintillator used for thermal and cold neutron detection systems.
Pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that may result in significant social and occupational debilitation unless symptoms are recognized and treated appropriately. Considerable research effort has been devoted over the last 20years to developing effective pharmacological treatments for this illness. At this time, the bulk of the agents investigated include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and antiadrenergic agents. Herein, we review the existing evidence base for these different classes of psychotropics in PTSD. Emphasis is placed on discussion of evidence stemming from randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials wherever possible. A brief description of novel agents that have shown initial promise for PTSD treatment is also provided.
Classification of Bone Defects Femur and Tibia

An easy-to-use classification system that pinpoints the extent and location of bone damage helps surgeons plan efficiently for revision total knee surgery. Preoperative radiographs should be used to classify such bone defects into categories of comparable difficulty. Once surgeons determine the severity of bone loss, they can make well-informed decisions regarding the type of prosthesis to be used, the need for bone graft, and any special equipment the procedure may require. When preparing for revision arthroplasty, the surgeon should anticipate the worst-case scenario. Revisions involving severe bone loss require skill, experience, and extra preparation, which may include practice on laboratory sawbone models. Appropriate classification followed by careful preparation and specialized treatment to repair bone damage should improve clinical results. When outcome studies are performed on these cases, the additional expense of modular revision systems would be warranted. In addition, a case mix based on bone defects can justify an implant comparison and validate clinical results.
Detection and Correction of Faults

In contrast to the problems which we have just discussed the question of the voice in trouble in spite of reasonable attention to vocal hygiene may offer a knotty problem indeed. This chapter is directed at the voice in trouble and the multiple considerations necessary for detection of the cause as well as, whenever possible, restoration of normal function. Prompt and proper attention to these individuals is particularly urgent for two reasons. First, from the vocal point of view these persons are at least partially incapacitated. Second, the longer the voice problem persists the greater the likelihood or irreversible damage to the vocal folds. Obviously much of what is said in this last chapter must be directed to those on whom the responsibility falls for detection and correction of faults in the phonatory mechanisms; but the wise voice student, mature singer, or professional speaker should know enough to at least recognize the individual who pursues a reasonable course in diagnosis and therapy (8, 12, 16, 17, 18).
Development of brain networks for social functions: Confirmatory analyses in a large open source dataset.

Abstract Human observers show robust activity in distinct brain networks during movie-viewing. For example, scenes that emphasize characters’ thoughts evoke activity in the “Theory of Mind” (ToM) network, whereas scenes that emphasize characters’ bodily sensations evoke activity in the “Pain Matrix.” A prior exploratory fMRI study used a naturalistic movie-viewing stimulus to study the developmental origins of this functional dissociation, and the links between cortical and cognitive changes in children’s social development (Richardson et al., 2018). To replicate and extend this work, the current study utilized a large publicly available dataset (n = 241, ages 5–20 years) (Alexander et al., 2017) who viewed “The Present” (Frey, 2014) and completed a resting state scan (n = 200) while undergoing fMRI. This study provides confirmatory evidence that 1) ToM and pain networks are functionally dissociated early in development, 2) selectivity increases with age, and in ToM regions, with a behavioral index of social reasoning. Additionally, while inter-region correlations are similar when measured during the movie and at rest, only inter-region correlations measured during movie-viewing correlated with functional maturity. This study demonstrates the scientific benefits of open source data in developmental cognitive neuroscience, and provides insight into the relationship between functional and intrinsic properties of the developing brain.
Thermodynamics and Electronic Properties of Heterometallic Multinuclear Actinide-Containing Metal-Organic Frameworks with "Structural Memory".

Thermodynamic studies of actinide-containing metal-organic frameworks (An-MOFs), reported herein for the first time, are a step toward addressing challenges related to effective nuclear waste administration. In addition to An-MOF thermochemistry, enthalpies of formation were determined for the organic linkers, 2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (H2Me2BPDC) and biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (H2BPDC), which are commonly used building blocks for MOF preparation. The electronic structure of the first example of An-MOF with mixed-metal AnAn'-nodes was influenced through coordination of transition metals as shown by the density of states near the Fermi edge, changes in the Tauc plot, conductivity measurements, and theoretical calculations. The "structural memory" effect (i.e., solvent-directed crystalline-amorphous-crystalline structural dynamism) was demonstrated as a function of node coordination degree, which is the number of organic linkers per metal node. Remarkable three-month water stability was reported for Th-containing frameworks herein, and the mechanism is also considered for improvement of the behavior of a U-based framework in water. Mechanistic aspects of capping linker installation were highlighted through crystallographic characterization of the intermediate, and theoretical calculations of free energies of formation (ΔGf) for U- and Th-MOFs with 10- and 12-coordinated secondary building units (SBUs) were performed to elucidate experimentally observed transformations during the installation processes. Overall, these results are the first thermochemical, electronic, and mechanistic insights for a relatively young class of actinide-containing frameworks.
Comparing seepage and selenium desorption in blasted-rock fills using two reclamation techniques

Geomorphic reclaimed landforms aim to improve groundwater movement and diminish contaminant transport through increased runoff and reduced groundwater infiltration. The objective of this research was to determine if geomorphic reclamation techniques result in improved selenium concentrations of discharge water as compared to conventional reclamation for valley-fills constructed of blasted rock. Comparisons investigated if groundwater and contaminant desorption could be improved by altering valley-fill construction. Three-dimensional finite-element groundwater modelling was performed on two valley-fill geometries and was coupled with laboratory testing of selenium leaching from blasted-rock overburden. Selenium desorption characteristics and distributions were compared. Lower water volumes and shorter contact times with overburden fill resulted in lower masses of selenium desorbed from geomorphic fills as compared to conventional techniques. When results were normalized by varying fill areas and volumes, the geomorphic valley-fill exhibited 23% lower surface infiltration, 27% lower discharge volumes and 39% lower selenium discharge loads as compared to the conventional reclamation. To achieve these advantages in geomorphic reclamation, infiltration must be reduced through both the construction of curvilinear slopes of the fill surface and the creation of a low infiltration-capacity reclaimed stream.
Multiple roles for laccase2 in butterfly wing pigmentation, scale development, and cuticle tanning

ABSTRACT Lepidopteran wing scales play important roles in a number of functions including color patterning and thermoregulation. Despite the importance of wing scales, we still have a limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms that underlie scale patterning, development, and coloration. Here we explore the function of the phenoloxidase-encoding gene laccase2 in wing and scale development in the nymphalid butterfly Vanessa cardui. Somatic deletion mosaics of laccase2 generated by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing presented several distinct mutant phenotypes. Consistent with work in other non-lepidopteran insect groups, we observed reductions in melanin pigmentation and defects in cuticle formation. We were also surprised, however, to see distinct effects on scale development including misorganization and complete loss of wing scales. This work highlights laccase2 as a gene that plays multiple roles in wing and scale development and provides new insight into the evolution of lepidopteran wing coloration.
Identifying and Localizing Protein Kinases Necessary for LTP

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission follows a brief high-frequency stimulus delivered to afferent pathways (1). This activity-dependent enhancement of transmission, which can be studied at the behavioral, cellular and molecular level, is thought to play a role in learning and memory (2–4). Our recent work has centered on identifying and localizing intracellular signals responsible for the induction, maintenance and expression of LTP (5,6).
Accumulation, sublethal effects, and safe concentration of a refined oil as evaluated with cutthroat trout

Cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) were exposed for 90 days in the laboratory to a refined oil collected from the North Platte River at a seepage site below the American Oil Company refinery at Casper, Wyoming. Fish were exposed to five concentrations and a control, and seven biological responses (survival, growth, gill pathology, liver pathology, caudal fin erosion, caudal fin pathology and swimming performance) were correlated with water concentration and tissue accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Fish in the highest water concentration, 183μg/L total oil, accumulated tissue concentrations of 4.6μg/g total naphthalenes and responded adversely to all seven biological measurements. Cutthroat trout in the lowest water concentration, 24μg/L total oil, had a mean tissue concentration of 1.2μg/g total naphthalenes, but their response was similar to that of the control fish to all seven biological responses. Fish exposed to 39μg/L water concentration accumulated tissue concentrations of 2.7μg/g and responded negatively to 2 of the 7 biological measurements. Therefore, the maximum safe limit for this oil and cutthroat trout is between 24 and 39μg/L.
Adaptive Spatial Mapping of Electro-tactile Threshold Based on Subdivision Bio-Impedance Feedback

An electro-tactile display was built in our previous research to deliver the electrical signal to the fingertip skin. It is known that the structure and characteristic of the skin is different for each person and therefore the voltage and current has to be adjusted per each user. This was previously controlled manually. In this work, an adaptive system is discussed and implemented to automatically adjust these parameters for each individual. This is done in two stages. In the first stage, an impedance map is generated by using a constant-voltage approach. This is achieved by monitoring the current needed for each electrode and constructing the map accordingly. In the second stage, an algorithm uses this map as the basis for control feedback to find the appropriate voltage to keep the current at a constant level. The result of these two stages interacting with each other is an adaptive map of the required voltage threshold for each electrode to stimulate that part of the skin. The simulation and the actual result of the implementation support the proposed method.
Abstract P201: Evaluating Data Sharing And Privacy Policies Of Diabetes Mobile Apps: Where Is The Data Going?

Introduction: Diabetes mobile applications (apps) that help patients monitor disease have led to privacy concerns. We aimed to assess privacy policies for diabetes mobile applications with a focus ...
Accurate Statistical BER Analysis of DFE Error Propagation in the Presence of Residual ISI

This brief discusses the limitation of previously published statistical decision feedback equalizer (DFE) models when residual inter-symbol interference (ISI) is present and proposes a method that overcomes this limitation. The paper presents an accurate closed-form expression for the DFE with residual ISI and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The analysis is extended to 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) to cover serial links of current interest. The results verify that the proposed model estimates an accurate bit error rate (BER).
The First Carrier Phase Tracking and Positioning Results with Starlink LEO Satellite Signals

This letter shows the first carrier phase tracking and positioning results with Starlinks low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite signals. An adaptive Kalman filter (KF)-based algorithm for tracking the beat carrier phase from the unknown Starlink signals is proposed. Experimental results show carrier phase tracking of six Starlink satellites and a horizontal positioning error of 7.7 m.
Osteoclasts: New Insights

Osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells, play a pivotal role in skeletal development and adult bone remodeling. They also participate in the pathogenesis of various bone disorders. Osteoclasts differentiate from cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage upon stimulation of two essential factors, the monocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activation of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). M-CSF binds to its receptor c-Fms to activate distinct signaling pathways to stimulate the proliferation and survival of osteoclast precursors and the mature cell. RANKL, however, is the primary osteoclast differentiation factor, and promotes osteoclast differentiation mainly through controlling gene expression by activating its receptor, RANK. Osteoclast function depends on polarization of the cell, induced by integrin αvβ3, to form the resorptive machinery characterized by the attachment to the bone matrix and the formation of the bone-apposed ruffled border. Recent studies have provided new insights into the mechanism of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. In particular, c-Fms and RANK signaling have been shown to regulate bone resorption by cross-talking with those activated by integrin αvβ3. This review discusses new advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of osteoclast differentiation and function.
Personality and subjective well-being in captive male western lowland gorillas living in bachelor groups.

The purpose of this study was to determine the personality structure of eight male gorillas (five silverbacks and three blackbacks) housed at the Sedgwick County Zoo in Wichita, Kansas and to determine if personality predicts behavior and subjective well-being in male gorillas living in bachelor groups. We used the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire which contains 54 descriptive adjectives with representative items from the human five-factor model. Rates of 12 behaviors that are broadly defined as agonistic or affiliative were independently recorded and calculated. Principal components analysis yielded three reliable personality factors: Dominance, Extraversion/Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. These results are the first potential quantitative evidence for a Conscientiousness factor in a hominoid other than chimpanzees and humans. This suggests that Conscientiousness originated with the common ancestor of male gorillas and humans around 10 million years ago. These results indicate that humans can reliably assess the personality and subjective well-being of captive male gorillas living in bachelor groups with robust levels of inter-rater reliability and validity. Furthermore, personality can accurately predict behavior (r = 0.79; n = 13) and subjective well-being (r = 0.83; n = 5) in gorillas and provide convergent and discriminant validity for the personality factors. The results advocate for the use of personality questionnaires in the captive management of bachelor gorillas over long-term multi-institutional behavioral studies. Am. J. Primatol. 76:879–889, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.