cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Party Control of Party Primaries: Party Influence in Nominations for the US Senate

Scholarship on primary election outcomes has largely ignored the ability of political parties to shape outcomes and influence the decisions of candidates to compete for the party’s nomination. Only recently have theories of parties as networks of policy demanders suggested that parties influence the candidate nomination process. Previous attempts to document party control of primaries, however, have only tested these theories on small or unrepresentative samples of primary races or have looked at general election results after the party’s nominee has already been selected. Using a simple and easily understood measure of party support, I show that candidates who are less connected to the party are less likely to win and also less likely to remain a candidate in the primary. I find that parties not only are effective in helping candidates win but also are influential in excluding certain electoral options from being presented to primary voters.
Discordant Correction of Hyperglycemia and Ketoacidosis With Low-Dose Insulin Infusion

Since the appearance of several reports concerning the safety and efficacy of continuous low-dose infusion of insulin in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis,1-3 the method has received considerable acceptance. Several advantages have been cited. It provides a standardized insulin dosage. The short half-life of intravenously administered insulin allows for sufficient flexibility so that with proper monitoring, hypoglycemia can be avoided. The more physiologic levels of insulin achieved may decrease the risks of developing both hypokalemia and cerebral edema.4 Madison, however, after reviewing the evidence supporting this method, cautioned that the data available were too scanty to justify its general use by practicing physicians.5
Paralog specific Hsp90 Inhibitors – a brief history and a bright future

It is now widely appreciated that the hsp90 family of molecular chaperones occupies a key place in the maintenance of the cellular proteome. Client proteins that are dependent on the hsp90s for maturation currently number over 500 and are wildly diverse in sequence, structure, cellular location, and function [1]. Examples include regulatory and checkpoint kinases, growth factors and their receptors, angiogenesis promoters, transcription factors, metalloproteinases, and telomerases. It has not been lost on the research and pharmaceutical communities that targeting this client pool by inhibiting the chaperone that matures them represents the equivalent of a ‘one stop’ therapeutic extravaganza for a host of interventions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral and fungal infections [2–8]. There are four Hsp90 paralogs in higher eukaryotes. Hsp90α and Hsp90β, the inducible and constituitive forms, respectively [9], are found in the cytoplasm. Grp94 is the endoplasmic reticulum paralog [10], while Trap-1 is localized to the mitochondria [11, 12]. (In this review, lowercase hsp90 will refer to the set of 4 cellular paralogs, while uppercase Hsp90 refers to the cytoplasmic paralogs. Residue numbering refers to the human homologs of Grp94, Trap1, and Hsp90α unless otherwise indicated.) The hsp90s are dimeric and their architecture consists of 3 major domains whose overall folds are conserved (Figure 1) [13–15]. The C-terminal domain is the site of the obligatory dimerization interface [16, 17], the middle domain has been implicated in client protein binding [18–23], and the N-terminal domain contains the ATP binding site [24, 25]. As befits the structural homology, the sequence homology of the paralogs is also high, with overall pairwise identities of 50–60%. Despite the high structural and sequence homology among the four paralogs, however, no paralog or paralog domain has yet been shown to substitute for that of another paralog [26]. The client protein pools for each paralog are also distinct. Open in a separate window Figure 1 The structure of full-length yeast Hsp90 (PDB 2cg9). A) One subunit of the dimer, showing the N-terminal, Middle, and C-terminal domains. B) The structure of the intact Hsp90 dimer, showing the dimerization of both the N and C domains. The co-chaperone p23, which was crystallized with the Hsp90, has been omitted for clarity.
Extinction and the associative structure of heterogeneous instrumental chains

Drug abuse, overeating, and smoking are all examples of instrumental behaviors that often involve chains or sequences of behavior. A behavior chain is minimally composed of a procurement response that is required in order for a subsequent consumption response to be reinforced. Despite the translational importance of behavior chains, few studies have attempted to understand what binds them together and takes them apart. This article surveys the development of the heterogeneous instrumental chain method and introduces recent findings that have used extinction to analyze the associative content of (what is learned in) the chain. Chained responses that are occasion-set by their own discriminative stimuli may be directly associated; extinction of the procurement response weakens its associated consumption response, and extinction of the consumption response weakens its associated procurement response. Extinction itself involves learning to inhibit the response. Extinguished chained responses are subject to renewal when they are tested either back in the acquisition context or in a new context. In addition, a consumption response that is extinguished outside its chain is renewed when returned to the context of the preceding response in the chain. Research on heterogeneous behavior chains can provide important insights into an important but often overlooked aspect of instrumental learning.
Abstract 774: Circadian Rhythms in Myocardial Metabolism and Function

Circadian rhythms in myocardial function and dysfunction are firmly established in both animal models and humans. For example, the incidence of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death increases when organisms awaken. Such observations have classically been explained by circadian rhythms in neurohumoral factors, such as sympathetic stimulation. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the intrinsic properties of the heart fluctuate over the course of the normal day. The purpose of the present study was to characterize fully circadian rhythms in myocardial metabolism and contractile function ex vivo , thereby exposing the intrinsic properties of the heart. Hearts were isolated from male Wistar rats (housed in 12h:12h light:dark cycle; lights on at 9AM) at 9AM, 3PM, 9PM, and 3AM, and perfused in the working mode with 5mM glucose plus 0.4mM oleate. Following 20min perfusion at baseline workload (100mmHg afterload), hearts were challenged with a 20min ‘work-jump’ (140mmHg afterload plus 1μM epinephrine). Under basal conditions, cardiac power, oxygen consumption, and efficiency remained constant at all times investigated. Despite constant function, myocardial substrate selection exhibited marked circadian rhythms, with highest rates of glucose oxidation (GO) at 9PM (60% higher compared to 3PM; p<0.05), and highest rates of oleate oxidation at 9AM (30% higher compared to 9PM; p<0.05). Responsiveness of the heart to the ‘work-jump’ also exhibited circadian rhythmicity, with greatest cardiac power at 9AM (29% higher compared to 9PM; p<0.05). Despite lowest contractile function at 9PM, hearts subjected to the ‘work-jump’ exhibited highest rates of GO at this time (49% higher compared to 3PM; p<0.05). Increased myocardial GO at 9PM was mirrored by increased pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity at this time (143% higher compared to 9AM; p<0.05). This was likely driven by decreased PDH kinase 4 expression just prior to the light-to-dark transition. The data expose marked circadian rhythms in myocardial metabolism and function, which persist ex vivo . We speculate that decreased responsiveness of the heart to a ‘work-jump’ upon awakening may contribute to increased cardiovascular pathophysiological events observed in humans at this time.
The Prevalence of MRSA Nasal Carriage in Preoperative Pediatric Orthopaedic Patients

Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been described as a risk factor for postsurgical infection. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of MRSA in pediatric orthopaedic patients and whether being a MRSA carrier is a predictor of postoperative infection. Six hundred and ninety-nine consecutive pediatric patients who underwent MRSA nasal screening prior to surgery were studied. Postoperative cultures, total surgical site infections (SSIs), and epidemiological and surgical prophylaxis data were reviewed. Forty-four of 699 patients (6.29%) screened positive for MRSA. Nine of the 44 patients (20.5%) that screened positive for MRSA had a subsequent SSI compared to 10 of the 655 patients (1.52%) that screened negative (p < 0.05). All 9 patients with a SSI had myelomeningocele. The prevalence of MRSA was 6.30% and was predictive of postoperative infection. Children with myelomeningocele were at the highest risk for having a positive MRSA screening and developing SSI.
Au329–xAgx(SR)84 Nanomolecules: Plasmonic Alloy Faradaurate-329

Though significant progress has been made to improve the monodispersity of larger (>10 nm) alloy metal nanoparticles, there still exists a significant variation in nanoparticle composition, ranging from ±1000s of atoms. Here, for the first time, we report the synthesis of atomically precise (±0 metal atom variation) Au329–xAgx(SCH2CH2Ph)84 alloy nanomolecules. The composition was determined using high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In contrast to larger (>10 nm) Au–Ag nanoparticles, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak does not show a major shift, but a minor ∼10 nm red-shift, upon increasing silver content. The intensity of the SPR peak also varies in an intriguing manner, where a dampening is observed with medium silver incorporation, and a significant sharpening is observed upon higher Ag content. The report outlines (a) an unprecedented advance in nanoparticle mass spectrometry of high mass at atomic precision; and (b) the unexpected optical behavior of Au–Ag alloys in the r...
Laparoscopic and robotic skills are transferable in a simulation setting: a randomized controlled trial.

Although surgical simulation provides an effective supplement to traditional training, it is not known whether skills are transferable between minimally invasive surgical modalities. The purpose of this study was to assess the transferability of skills between minimally invasive surgical simulation platforms among simulation-naive participants. Forty simulation-naive medical students were enrolled in this randomized single-blinded controlled trial. Participants completed a baseline evaluation on laparoscopic (Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery Program, Los Angeles, CA) and robotic (dV-Trainer, Mimic, Seattle, WA) simulation peg transfer tasks. Participants were then randomized to perform a practice session on either the robotic (N = 20) or laparoscopic (N = 20) simulator. Two blinded, expert minimally invasive surgeons evaluated participants before and after training using a modified previously validated subjective global rating scale. Objective measures including time to task completion and Mimic dV-Trainer motion metrics were also recorded. At baseline, there were no significant differences between the training groups as measured by objective and subjective measures for either simulation task. After training, participants randomized to the laparoscopic practice group completed the laparoscopic task faster (p < 0.003) and with higher global rating scale scores (p < 0.001) than the robotic group. Robotic-trained participants performed the robotic task faster (p < 0.001), with improved economy of motion (p < 0.001), and with higher global rating scale scores (p = 0.006) than the laparoscopic group. The robotic practice group also demonstrated significantly improved performance on the laparoscopic task (p = 0.02). Laparoscopic-trained participants also improved their robotic performance (p = 0.02), though the robotic group had a higher percent improvement on the robotic task (p = 0.037). Skills acquired through practice on either laparoscopic or robotic simulation platforms appear to be transferable between modalities. However, participants demonstrate superior skill in the modality in which they specifically train.
Brain atlases of normal and diseased populations.

RNATIONAL REVIEW OF 1 ROBIOLOGY, VOL. 66 Copyright 2005, Elsev All rights re 10.1016/S0074-7742(05)66001-1 0074-7742/05 II. B ackground A. C ryosection Imaging B. M ultimodality Atlases III. S trategy and Methodology A. R egistration and Tissue Mapping B. C ortical Pattern Matching C. S tatistical Maps D . A natomical Models E. S urface Parameterization F. M aps of the Cortical Parameter Space G . T ensor Maps of Directional Variation H . M athematical Details I. F luid Modeling of Brain Change J. P opulation‐Based Atlasing of Brain Change K . Im proved Dynamic Models L. R andom‐EVects Modeling M . M apping Gyral‐Pattern DiVerences in a Population N . M apping Gray‐Matter Deficits O . M apping Surface‐Area Changes IV. A pplications A. P athology Detection B. D eformable Probabilistic Atlases C. E ncoding Brain Variation D . B rain Asymmetry E. A symmetry in Disease F. C orpus Callosum DiVerences G . S ex DiVerences in Brain Structure H . S ex DiVerences in Schizophrenia I. C omparing a Subject to an Atlas J. C ortical Complexity K . In fancy L. S pecies M . M ultimodality Maps N . 4 D Coordinate Systems O . D ynamic Maps of Brain Change V. C onclusion R eferences
Natural gas use in electricity generation in the United States: Outlooks to 2030

Abstract The authors investigate uncertainties that could affect the usage of natural gas for electricity generation in the United States, including the pace of installing renewable generation resources, natural gas prices, and retirement of nuclear plants. The long-term modeling suggests natural gas usage for power generation in year 2030 could range from 8.7 to 15.1 trillion cubic feet, with the price of natural gas appearing to be the most important factor.
Decarbonylative Cyanation of Amides by Palladium Catalysis.

Transition-metal-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides is a process of significant importance in the preparation pharmaceuticals, organic materials and agrochemicals. Here, we demonstrate a palladium-catalyzed decarbonylative cyanation of amides by highly selective carbon–nitrogen bond cleavage for the synthesis of a wide range of aryl nitriles. The utility of this technology is demonstrated by the synthesis of isotopically labeled aryl nitriles and orthogonal cross-coupling reactions of bench-stable amides to establish cross-coupling synthons with opposite polarity.
Evaluating remotely sensed plant count accuracy with differing unmanned aircraft system altitudes, physical canopy separations, and ground covers

This study evaluated the effect of flight altitude and canopy separation of container-grown Fire Chief™ arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis L.) on counting accuracy. Images were taken at 6, 12, and 22 m above the ground using unmanned aircraft systems. Plants were spaced to achieve three canopy separation treatments: 5 cm between canopy edges, canopy edges touching, and 5 cm of canopy edge overlap. Plants were placed on two different ground covers: black fabric and gravel. A counting algorithm was trained using Feature Analyst®. Total counting error, false positives, and unidentified plants were reported for images analyzed. In general, total counting error was smaller when plants were fully separated. The effect of ground cover on counting accuracy varied with the counting algorithm. Total counting error for plants placed on gravel (−8) was larger than for those on a black fabric (−2), however, false positive counts were similar for black fabric (6) and gravel (6). Nevertheless, output images of plants placed on gravel did not show a negative effect due to the ground cover but was impacted by differences in image spatial resolution.
The important role of primary care providers in the detection of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

ABSTRACTObjective: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an underrecognized genetic disorder that can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and liver cirrhosis, two clinical conditions commonly seen by primary care physicians. AATD is estimated to affect 1/4000–1/5000 people in the United States and 1–2% of all COPD cases.Methods: PubMed was searched for relevant articles using AAT/AATD-related terms.Results: Unfortunately, <10% of symptomatic individuals have been properly diagnosed primarily due to the underdiagnosis of COPD and the lack of awareness of AATD as a possible underlying cause. Because primary care providers are most likely to be the first to encounter symptomatic individuals, their role in the identification and early diagnosis of AATD patients is instrumental, particularly since therapy to slow lung disease progression is available. The diagnosis of AATD is laboratory-based rather than clinical. Testing for AATD should be part of the reflex testing that follows any COPD dia...
Total Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among US Adults Was Lower When Measured Using a 1-Question Versus 4-Question Screener.

Purpose:To compare the performance of a 1-question survey screener measuring total sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake to a screener measuring SSB types separately using 4 questions.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Web-based 2014 SummerStyles survey.Participants:A total of 4167 US adults (≥18 years).Measures:Frequency of SSB intake measured using a 1-question screener was compared to frequency using a 4-question screener (regular soda, fruit drinks, sports/energy drinks, sweetened coffee/tea). SSB intake (number of time/day) was categorized as 0, >0 to <1, and ≥1 time/day; difference in mean intake was calculated between 4 questions versus 1.Analysis:Paired t tests were used, and agreement was evaluated using weighted κ and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC).Results:Mean SSB intake was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65-1.79) times/day using 4 questions and 0.6 (95% CI: 0.56-0.62) times/day using 1 question (P < .001). Intake frequency based on 4 questions versus 1 was 16.0% versus 38.5%...
New Trouble For Deliberative Democracy

In the past two decades, democratic political practice has taken a deliberative turn. That is, contemporary democratic politics has become increasingly focused on facilitating citizen participation in the public exchange of reasons. Although the deliberative turn in democratic practice is in several respects welcome, the technological and communicative advances that have facilitated it also make possible new kinds of deliberative democratic pathology. This essay calls attention to and examines new epistemological troubles for public deliberation enacted under contemporary conditions. Drawing from a lesson offered by Lyn Sanders two decades ago, the paper raises the concern that the deliberative turn in democratic practice has counter-democratic effects.
The Monetary Benefits and Costs of Community Supervision

In 2014, nearly 5 million people were supervised in the community on probation or parole; yet, little research evidence exists indicating whether supervision is a cost-effective strategy to reduce ...
To Make a Long Spindle Short: Nuclear Envelope Breakdown during Meiosis.

In fission yeast, the nuclear envelope (NE) remains intact during mitosis and meiosis I but is compromised during meiosis II. In this issue of Cell Reports, Flor-Parra et al. (2018) demonstrate that this NE alteration regulates meiosis II spindle disassembly and the ploidy of meiotic products.
Sunning themselves in heaps, knots, and snarls: The extraordinary abundance and demography of island watersnakes

Snakes represent a sizable fraction of vertebrate biodiversity, but until recently, data on their demography have been sparse. Consequently, generalizations regarding patterns of variation are weak and the potential for population projections is limited. We address this information gap through an analysis of spatial and temporal variation in demography (population size, annual survival, and realized population growth) of the Lake Erie Watersnake, Nerodia sipedon insularum, and a review of snake survival more generally. Our study spans a period during which the Lake Erie Watersnake was listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, recovered, and was delisted. We collected capture-mark-recapture data at 14 study sites over 20 years, accruing 20,000 captures of 13,800 individually marked adults. Lake Erie Watersnakes achieve extraordinary abundance, averaging 520 adults per km of shoreline (ca. 260 adult per ha) at our study sites (range = 160-1,600 adults per km; ca. 80-800 adults per ha) and surpassing population recovery and postdelisting monitoring criteria. Annual survival averages 0.68 among adult females and 0.76 among adult males, varies among sites, and is positively correlated with body size among study sites. Temporal process variance in annual survival is low, averaging 0.0011 or less than 4% of total variance; thus, stochasticity in annual survival may be of minor significance to snake extinction risk. Estimates of realized population growth indicate that population size has been stable or increasing over the course of our study. More generally, snake annual survival overlaps broadly across continents, climate zones, families, subfamilies, reproductive modes, body size categories, maturation categories, and parity categories. Differences in survival in relation to size, parity, and maturation are in the directions predicted by life history theory but are of small magnitude with much variation around median values. Overall, annual survival appears to be quite plastic, varying with food availability, habitat quality, and other ecological variables.
Shape Optimization of Cantilevered Devices for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

Cantilevered piezoelectric devices under transverse base excitations, for generating usable power from ambient vibrations is a highly researched topic over the past decade. The commonly used rectangular shaped bimorphs require a large proof mass to drive sufficient power, and suffer from having a large stress concentration near the fixed end of the device. Tapering geometry provides a constant axial strain through the length of a triangular cantilever, and therefore provides the opportunity for more reliable operation due to enhanced efficiency. However, in order to make fair comparisons for power output, it is important to compare devices with matching resonance frequency, device volume, and inertial loads to study the effect of geometry. This study takes an experimental approach for designing such devices, and evaluates the effects of shape change with and without the presence of proof masses. While a mass-less triangular device does not outperform a rectangular counterpart for power output generation, tapering the geometry does increases the k31 electromechanical coupling coefficient, while the damping ratios are nearly the same. The addition of a nominal 2 g proof mass increases the output power by an order of magnitude, and the triangular device outperforms its rectangular counterpart by 40 %; and a subsequent 30 % with 4 g of proof mass. With the addition of proof masses, the electromechanical coupling and damping ratio also increase, which are always greater in the case of the cantilevered triangular bimorphs, and these important parameters may be used as design parameters for better device design.
Expert testimony about eyewitness identification

Recent research concerning eyewitness identification is surveyed with respect to its adequacy (reliability and validity) to support expert testimony. The conclusion is that the scientific basis is generally inadequate and that the more we have learned about various aspects of eyewitness identification, the most inadequate it appears. The argument is made that presentation in policy settings requires greater circumspection than would be required in presentation to scientific audiences. Prudential rules are suggested. They would have the effect of sharply reducing participation in the adversarial system.
Economic Aspects of Carpaltunnel Syndrome

The cost of cumulative trauma disorders is growing rapidly in the United States. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the best known andstudied cumulative trauma disorder. The information provided in this article will help the reader appreciate the economic importance of carpal tunnel syndrome in industry.
Text Classification Using Graph-Encoded Linguistic Elements.

Inspired by the goal to more accurately classify text, we describe an effort to map tokens and their characteristic linguistic elements into a graph and use that expressive representation to classify text phrases. We outperform the bag-of-words approach by exploiting word order and the semantic and syntactic characteristics within the phases. In this study, we map tagged corpora into a placeholder graph structure and classify the phrases within, using the crossdimensional linguistic characteristics of each token. Finally, we present heuristics for use in applying this method to other corpora.
Incremental Learning through Graceful Degradations in Autonomous Systems

Intelligent Autonomous Systems (IAS) are highly cognitive, reflexive, multitasking, trustworthy (secure and ethical), and rich in knowledge discovery. IAS are deployed in dynamic environments and connected with numerous devices of different types, and receive large sets of diverse data. They often receive new types of raw data that was not present in either training or testing data sets thus they are unknown to the learning models. In a dynamic environment, these unknown data objects cannot be ignored as anomalies. Hence the learning models should provide incremental guarantees to IAS for learning and adapting in the presence of unknown data. The model should support progressive enhancements when the environment behaves as expected or graceful degradations when it does not. In the case of graceful degradations, there are two alternatives for IAS: (1) weaken the acceptance test of data object (operating at a lower capacity) or (2) replace primary system with a replica or an alternate system that can pass the acceptance test. In this paper, we provide a combinatorial design—MACROF configuration—built with balanced incomplete block design to support graceful degradations in IAS and aid them to adapt in dynamic environments. The architecture provides stable and robust degradations in unpredictable operating environments with limited number of replicas. Since the replicas receive frequent updates from primary systems, they can take over primary system's functionality immediately after an adverse event. We also propose a Bayesian learning model to dynamically change the frequency of updates. Our experimental results show that MACROF configuration provides an efficient replication scheme to support graceful degradations in autonomous systems.
Contemporary Prevalence of Gout and Hyperuricemia in the United States and Decadal Trends: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2016

Objective To estimate the current prevalence rates and decadal trends of gout and hyperuricemia in the US, as well as the prevalence of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) among gout patients, using 2007-2016 data from a nationally representative survey of American men and women (the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES]). Methods Using data from 5,467 participants in the NHANES 2015-2016, we estimated the most recent prevalence rates of gout and hyperuricemia. When the NHANES was conducted, all participants were asked about their history of gout (as diagnosed by a health professional) and medication use. Hyperuricemia was defined as having a serum urate level of >7.0 mg/dl in men and >5.7 mg/dl in women. We examined decadal trends in these estimates using data from the NHANES 2007-2016 and investigated ULT usage trends using the NHANES 2007-14 (the most recent data available to date). Results In 2015-2016, the prevalence of gout was 3.9% among adults in the US (9.2 million people), with 5.2% [5.9 million] in men and 2.7% [3.3 million] in women. Mean serum urate levels were 6.0 mg/dl in men and 4.8 mg/dl in women, and hyperuricemia prevalence rates were 20.2% and 20.0%, respectively. The prevalence rates of gout and hyperuricemia remained stable between 2007 and 2016 (P for trend > 0.05). The prevalence of ULT use among patients with gout was 33% in 2007-2014 and remained stable over time (P for trend > 0.05). Conclusion In this nationally representative survey sample of adults in the US, the prevalence rates of gout and hyperuricemia remained substantial, albeit unchanged, between 2007 and 2016. Despite these rates, only one-third of gout patients were receiving ULT.
Solidarity Under Siege: The Salvadoran Labor Movement, 1970–1990

"El Salvador's long civil war had its origins in the state repression against one of the most militant labor movements in Latin American history. Solidarity under Siege vividly documents the port workers and shrimp fishermen who struggled yet prospered under extremely adverse conditions during the 1970s only to suffer discord, deprivation and, eventually, the demise of their industry and unions over the following decades. Featuring material uncovered in previously inaccessible union and court archives and extensive interviews conducted with former plant workers and fishermen in Puerto el Triunfo and in Los Angeles, Jeffrey L. Gould presents the history of the labor movement before and during the country's civil war, its key activists, and its victims into sharp relief, shedding new and valuable light on the relationships between rank and file labor movements and the organized left in twentieth-century Latin and Central America."
The use of multiple externally directed attentional focus cues facilitates motor learning

Attentional focus research consistently suggests that the use of an external focus of attention improves motor learning and performance relative to an internal focus. It appears, however, that exte...
Subpopulation-specific differences in skeletal muscle mitochondria in humans with obesity: Insights from studies employing acute nutritional and exercise stimuli

Mitochondria from skeletal muscle of humans with obesity often display alterations with respect to their morphology, proteome, biogenesis, and function. These changes in muscle mitochondria are considered to contribute to metabolic abnormalities observed in humans with obesity. Most of the evidence describing alterations in muscle mitochondria in humans with obesity, however, lacks reference to a specific subcellular location. This is despite data over the years showing differences in the morphology and function of subsarcolemmal (found near the plasma membrane) and intermyofibrillar (nested between the myofibrils) mitochondria in skeletal muscle. Recent studies reveal that impairments in mitochondrial function in obesity with respect to the subcellular location of the mitochondria in muscle are more readily evident following exposure of the skeletal muscle to physiological stimuli. In this review, we highlight the need to understand skeletal muscle mitochondria metabolism in obesity in a subpopulation-specific manner and in the presence of physiological stimuli that modify mitochondrial function in vivo. Experimental approaches employed under these conditions will allow for more precise characterization of impairments in skeletal muscle mitochondria and their implications in inducing metabolic dysfunction in human obesity.
Ultraviolet to far-infrared dielectric function of n -doped cadmium oxide thin films

Spectroscopic ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were applied to extract the ultraviolet to far-infrared $(150--33333\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ complex dielectric functions of high-quality, sputtered indium-doped cadmium oxide (In:CdO) thin crystalline films on MgO substrates possessing carrier densities $({N}_{d})$ ranging from $1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ to $4.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. A multiple oscillator fit model was used to identify and analyze the three major contributors to the dielectric function and their dependence on doping density: interband transitions in the visible, free-carrier excitations (Drude response) in the near- to far-infrared, and IR-active optic phonons in the far-infrared. More specifically, values pertinent to the complex dielectric function such as the optical band gap $({E}_{g})$, are shown here to be dependent upon carrier density, increasing from approximately 2.5--3 eV, while the high-frequency permittivity (${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$) decreases from 5.6 to 5.1 with increasing carrier density. The plasma frequency (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$) scales as $\sqrt{{N}_{d}}$, resulting in ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ values occurring within the mid- to near-IR, and the effective mass (${m}^{*}$) was also observed to exhibit doping density-dependent changes, reaching a minimum of $0.11{m}_{o}$ in unintentionally doped films ($1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$). Good quantitative agreement with prior work on polycrystalline, higher-doped CdO films is also demonstrated, illustrating the generality of the results. The analysis presented here will aid in predictive calculations for CdO-based next-generation nanophotonic and optoelectronic devices, while also providing an underlying physical description of the key properties dictating the dielectric response in this atypical semiconductor system.
Use of a Closed Diurnal Indwelling Catheter for Patients With Spinal Cord Disorders: A Pilot Study

Abstract Objectives To evaluate an alternative to clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) for individuals with neurogenic bladder for its effects on independence, privacy, and convenience. This prospective cohort study provides an initial assessment of quality of life, safety, and efficacy of closed diurnal indwelling catheterization (CDIC). Materials and Methods Individuals with spinal cord disorders using CIC were prospectively screened at multidisciplinary clinic appointments. During the 24-week intervention, a foley was placed each morning and capped between scheduled bladder drainage each 3-4 hours. After a maximum of 8 hours of CDIC use, CIC was resumed. Quality of life outcome measures (the Short Form Health Survey, King's Health Questionnaire, and Pediatric Quality of Life InventoryTM (PedsQL) questionnaires), clinic evaluations, labs, imaging, and urodynamics were obtained at specified interval visits planned after 4-, 12-, and 24 weeks of study participation and compared to baseline. Results A total of 11 subjects enrolled; 8 completed the 24-week intervention. No significant difference with CDIC was observed in the Short Form Health Survey or PedsQL summary scores as compared to baseline. For the King's Health Questionnaire, physical limitations secondary to bladder function decreased significantly from baseline to the 4-week and 12-week (P = .02) but not 24-week visits. All 8 subjects who completed the 24-week intervention requested continued use. Early discontinuation occurred in 3 male participants due to urethral trauma (1) and incontinence (2). No increase in bacteriuria, urinary tract infections, or renal anatomic changes was observed. Conclusion This prospective study demonstrates that CDIC may be safe and effective for short-term use. This alternative to CIC for scheduled daytime bladder drainage for neurogenic bladder warrants further consideration.
The Battle Outside of the Courtroom: Principles of 'Amateurism' vs. Principles of Supply and Demand

The multi-billion dollar product of major college football is consumed by the public only if the small pool of highly and uniquely talented college athletes chooses to play. That is some serious power — or perhaps leverage is the more accurate term — possessed by this finite group of elite athletes. But, more importantly, these elite athletes are beginning to comprehend the leverage they possess and they are beginning to act on it. Athletes with remaining collegiate eligibility, who at one time feared the NCAA, have increasingly become more outspoken and litigious, and are much more willing to publicly challenge the perceived unfairness of "principles of amateurism" without fear of repercussions. Within just the past two years alone, we have witnessed unprecedented defiance to the current amateurism model by college athletes. This paper addresses what the author believes will be the most viable legal challenges to the principles of amateurism in the future. But taking it a step further, though Ed O'Bannon's pending consolidated class action lawsuit is viewed by many as the potential game changer to the NCAA’s business model, the author opines that basic economic principles of supply and demand will ultimately transform the business model of major college sports, irrespective of any past, present or future decisions by judges, juries or labor relations boards. The paper addresses why financial reporting by universities reflecting that 23 out of 228 public university athletic departments earn a profit is meaningless in relation to the exponentially increasing revenues and profits generated on an annual basis by universities selling the product of major college football, resulting in an increasing suppression of the players' market value that is being funneled into rising multi-million dollar annual compensation packages of all of the coaches, athletic directors, and conference commissioners running it. In order for them to maintain this level of compensation and to maintain a product that requires for its existence the performances of a finite labor pool possessing highly unique skills, they will ultimately need to make concessions with athletes who are becoming more sophisticatedly organized and demanding more rights and benefits in exchange for their services.
Performance Analysis of Compressed Batch Matrix Operations on Small Matrices

Dense matrix computations with very small matrices present unique challenges for performance optimization and occupy and important space in many HPC computations including PDE solvers, machine learning algorithms, and Kalman filters. Using batch computation can improve their performance significantly and compressed batch (also called block-interleaved) data structures can further improve performance. In this paper we present a detailed study of how compressed batch computations use HPC hardware and how they can be most effectively tuned for cache performance.
Stuttering and Word-Finding Difficulties in a Patient With COVID-19 Presenting to the Emergency Department

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was designated as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews documents that COVID-19 has a wide range of common symptoms, which have made it difficult to characterize the disease. To date, the neurological symptoms of stuttering and word-finding difficulties have not been reported in confirmed COVID-19 cases. This case report describes the clinical course of a 53-year-old female that presented to the emergency department (ED) twice with varying symptoms consistent with COVID-19. At the second ED visit, she complained of new-onset stuttering and word-finding difficulties and tested positive for COVID-19 using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) nasopharynx test. When contacted, the patient stated that her speech issues persisted at least seven days after discharge from her second ED visit. As a result, the virus may cause symptoms of an acute neurological event and should be taken into diagnostic consideration. These neurological findings may be explained by the recent discovery of the COVID-19 spike protein's ability to destabilize the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enter the central nervous system (CNS). Increased classification of unrecognized COVID-19 symptoms and complications may aid in the characterization, surveillance, and prevention of the disease.
A Review of Recent Research on Heat Transfer in Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits (3-D ICs)

Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3-D IC) technology has emerged in the past few decades, driven in part by the techno-economic difficulties of dimensional scaling and the increasing interconnect delay in microelectronics. In a 3-D IC, vertical integration of multiple transistor planes, either through monolithic integration or through bonding of multiple strata, offers reduced interconnect delay and enhanced design flexibility. However, vertical integration in a 3-D IC also results in severe thermal management challenges. Thermal management of a 3-D IC is exacerbated by the multilayer nature of the 3-D IC. Furthermore, new components such as through-silicon vias (TSVs) offer opportunities for novel thermal management. This article presents a critical review of research literature related to heat transfer in 3-D ICs, focusing specifically on thermal modeling, thermal–electrical codesign, and thermal management of a 3-D IC. Key literature from recent years is categorized and summarized. A discussion on the future outlook for research in these areas is presented. It is expected that this review article will be helpful for researchers in academia and industry for understanding the state-of-the-art in various areas related to heat transfer in 3-D ICs.
Designing composite polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries

Abstract Ceramic fast-ion conductors have high ionic conductivities (>10−4 S cm−1) but are difficult to process and have poor chemo/mechanical properties at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. In contrast, polymer electrolytes are pliable and easy to process but suffer from low room-temperature ionic conductivities (≈10−6-10−7 S cm−1). Combining these two elements to form a composite polymer electrolyte is a promising way to enable all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries. The choice of ceramic filler and polymer can be tailored to provide synergistic benefits that overcome the practical shortcomings of the two components. Herein, the fundamentals of Li+ conduction through the various phases and interfaces in these materials are discussed as well as the important parameters, beyond the initial choice of polymer and ceramic filler materials that must be considered while designing composite polymer electrolytes. Emphasis is placed on the particle filler engineering and practical fabrication methods as routes toward enhancing the properties of these composites.
Searching for a Galactic component in the IceCube track-like neutrino events

Searches for spatial associations between high-energy neutrinos observed at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and known astronomical objects may hold the key to establishing the neutrinos' origins and the origins of hadronic cosmic rays. While extragalactic sources like the blazar TXS 0506+056 merit significant attention, Galactic sources may also represent part of the puzzle. Here, we explore whether open clusters and supernova remnants in the Milky Way contribute measurably to the IceCube track-like neutrino events above 200 TeV. By searching for positional coincidences with catalogs of known astronomical objects, we can identify and investigate neutrino events whose origins are potentially Galactic. We use Monte Carlo randomization together with models of the Galactic plane in order to determine whether these coincidences are more likely to be causal associations or random chance. In all analyses presented, the number of coincidences detected was found to be consistent with the null hypothesis of chance coincidence. Our results imply that the combined contribution of Galactic open clusters and supernova remnants to the track-like neutrino events detected at IceCube is well under 30%. This upper limit is compatible with the results presented in other Galactic neutrino studies.
Striving for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Remote Sensing Education

The United States is continuing on the trajectory to be a racially and ethnically diverse society where non-Hispanic Whites are projected to become the largest group for the next four decades. Whilst the majority becomes the minority and vice versa, the same trend is not reflected in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) degree attainment or the STEM workforce. A recent report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine describes how minority-serving institutions are not widely targeted and highly utilized in the production of future STEM workers. The NSF reported that 22% of all science and engineering bachelor's degrees were awarded to underrepresented minorities. The distribution of bachelor's degrees consisted of Hispanics or Latinos receiving 13.5% of science and 10% of engineering degrees; Black or African Americans, 9% and 4%; and American Indians or Alaska Natives, 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively. From years 2004 to 2014, there has been a 11.6% decline of underrepresented minorities earning science and engineering bachelor's degree at high Hispanic enrollment institutions and a 26.5% decline at historically black colleges or universities. The NSF also reported that in 2015, African-American and Hispanic scientists and engineers working in science and engineering occupations were only five and six percent, respectively. Although studies have found modest gains in geoscience bachelor's degree recipients among women, the number of underrepresented minorities recipients is at 12% or less. Additionally, other studies reported that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2017 underrepresented minorities comprised only a tenth of the geoscience workforce in the United States, and women comprised approximately a third of environmental scientists and geoscientists and a fifth of the four-year geoscience faculty. It is clear that for too long the geosciences (and STEM in general) has struggled to address issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion. At the Center for Remote Sensing and Earth System Sciences (ReSESS) at the New York City College of Technology, the catalyst of Service-Learning via Remote Sensing Research in underserved communities and with underrepresented minority students was used as a means of attracting and engaging students in remote sensing research. Results show that the DEI-service learning-remote sensing nexus increased awareness and, understanding in the geosciences, and it motivated underrepresented students to share their newfound knowledge with local citizens in environmental sustainability initiatives. Both students and citizens were enthralled by the engagement of remote sensing at the neighborhood scale.
Misremembering risk in the age of hurricanes: The Rhode Island Coast in the 1930s–1950s

This paper explores the lost history of New England hurricanes and how the “return” of hurricanes challenged understandings of the vulnerabilities of coastal communities due to weather. A series of...