cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exciton Heating Versus Cooling: Charge Separation Driven by Entropy and Delocalization at Interfaces with Planar Molecules

The recent development of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) has resulted in an abrupt increase in the organic photovoltaic (OPV) efficiency. It remains unclear why charge separation (CS) can occur at a high yield in NFA OPVs despite the small energy-level offset at the donor-acceptor (D-A) interface. $\mathrm{In}$ order to resolve this issue, zinc phtholacyanine (ZnPc) and its fluorinated derivative (${\mathrm{F}}_{8}\mathrm{Zn}\mathrm{Pc}$) are used to build a model D-A interface for understanding the mechanism underlying the efficient CS in NFA OPVs. At this interface, we find that bound charge-transfer (CT) excitons can undergo a heating process in which the enthalpy increases at a surprisingly fast rate. Specifically, the CT exciton gains 0.3 eV from the environment in merely 10 ps. This fast exciton heating, which eventually leads to CS, resembles the CS behavior observed in NFA bulk heterojunctions (BHJs). Interestingly, when the pair of D-A molecules switches from a face-on to an edge-on orientation, the CT-exciton heating process is reversed to the typical hot CT-exciton cooling process in which the enthalpy decreases with time. By using sub-band-gap excitation, we further find that the exciton heating can occur directly from cold CT excitons without the need of excess energy provided by the energy-level offset. The competition between the exciton heating and cooling is explained by a model that incorporates the effect of entropy, electron delocalization, and structural anisotropy. It is found that for the face-on orientation, the small contact area between the delocalized electron and hole within the CT exciton significantly reduces the number of cold CT states, which increases the entropic driving force and drives the reaction into the heating direction. This finding provides insight on why the entropy-and-delocalization-driven CS would preferentially occur in NFA BHJs. The relative orientation of the NFA molecular stack and the polymer chain, together with bulky side groups, make the delocalized electron and hole in contact with each other via isolated pointlike junctions, which is the key for activating the exciton heating and subsequent CS.
A case of synchronous herpes zoster infection and leukocytoclastic vasculitis localized to the same dermatome.

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) is a small-vessel vasculitis that presents with palpable purpura. The most common identified triggers of LCV are infection or exposure to a new medication. Herpes zoster (HZ) occurs as a result of the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV is able to infect endothelial cells directly, producing a spectrum of vasculitides, including that of large and medium vessels. We report a case of a patient with synchronous HZ infection and segmental small-vessel vasculitis.
Instrumented Plate to Study Soil Cracking Dynamics during Wetting–Drying Cycles

AbstractThis work presents a new apparatus to study the cracking behavior and tensile-compressive forces developed in soils subjected to drying-wetting cycles. The device is fully instrumented and ...
An oceanic composition on early and today's Enceladus

[1] The oceanic composition on Saturn's moon Enceladus is evaluated through calculations of thermochemical equilibria at hydrothermal and freezing settings. Conditions of rock alteration are constrained from assumptions and models for the moon's interior composition and thermal evolution, and from the composition of Enceladus' plume. Results show that an early ocean was an alkaline Na+-Cl−-HCO3− solution. Underlying altered rocks consisted of Mg-phyllosilicates, magnetite, Fe and Ni sulfides, and carbonates. Subsequent freezing of oceanic water caused the deposition of a NaCl hydrate, Na, K and Ca carbonates, and the formation of a salt-free ice shell. If an aqueous phase exists on today's Enceladus, it could consist of eutectic Na-Cl-HCO3− brine that at least locally decouples the ice shell and facilitates tidal heating. A lack of firm detection of Na and Cl at Enceladus is consistent with the accumulation of salts at the ice-rock boundary and implies the plume formation via sublimation in the ice shell.
Traditional Ground Stroke versus Volley Method of Teaching Beginning Tennis

Abstract College students (N = 42) from six coeducational beginning tennis service classes participated unknowingly in a study to determine the relative effects of two teaching methods. Three classes received the traditional ground stroke method (total N = 20) and three received the volley method (total N = 22). Each group was taught by the same experienced instructor. All classes met 40 min, twice a week for a total of 14 instructional sessions. The Broer-Miller Forehand-Backhand Drive Test (1) and the Revised Dyer Backboard Test of Tennis (4) were administered as pre- and posttests. The results of the study indicated that both method groups did improve significantly (.01) on all tests, and that those instructed by the volley method improved significantly (.05) over those instructed by the ground stroke method on the forehand section of the Broer-Miller Test.
ORNL Radioactive Beams for Stellar Explosion Studies

Thermonuclear reactions on unstable nuclei generate the energy that power nova explosions and X‐ray bursts. In these explosions and others such as supernovae, these reactions serve to synthesize nuclei that (via their decay) can serve as tracers of the explosion mechanism. A powerful approach to improve our understanding of these explosions is to utilize beams of radioactive nuclei for direct and indirect measurements of these reactions. We are pursuing this approach at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to study reactions in the rp‐process (with beams of 17,18F) and the r‐process (with beams of 82Ge, 84Se 130,132Sn, 134Te). These measurements are combined with synergistic data evaluations and element synthesis calculations. Highlights of recent results are presented.
“Rainbows” in Homogeneous and Radially Inhomogeneous Spheres: Connections with Ray, Wave, and Potential Scattering Theory

This chapter represents an attempt to summarize some of the direct and indirect connections that exist between ray theory, wave theory, and potential scattering theory. Such connections have been noted in the past and have been exploited to some degree, but in the opinion of this author, there is much more yet to be pursued in this regard. This article provides the framework for more detailed analysis in the future. In order to gain a better appreciation for a topic, it is frequently of value to examine it from as many complementary levels of description as possible, and that is the objective here. Drawing in part on the work of Nussenzveig, Lock, Debye, and others, the mathematical nature of the rainbow is discussed from several perspectives. The primary bow is the lowest-order bow that can occur by scattering from a spherical drop with constant refractive index n, but zero-order (or direct transmission) bows can exist when the sphere is radially inhomogeneous. The refractive index profile automatically defines a scattering potential but with a significant difference compared to the standard quantum mechanical form: the potential is k-dependent. A consequence of this is that there are no bound states for this system. The correspondences between the resonant modes in scattering by a potential of the “well-barrier” type and the behavior of electromagnetic “rays” in a transparent (or dielectric) sphere are discussed. The poles and saddle points of the associated scattering matrix have quite profound connections to electromagnetic tunneling, resonances, and “rainbows” arising within and from the sphere. The links between the various mathematical and physical viewpoints are most easily appreciated in the case of constant n, thus providing insight into possible extensions to these descriptions for bows of arbitrary order in radially inhomogeneous spheres (and cylinders).
Metal dispersion of bimetallic catalysts via stepwise chemisorption and surface titration : I. Ru---Au/SiO2

Abstract A stepwise chemisorption and titration procedure involving H2 and O2 as adsorbates is used to measure the dispersion of the individual metal components in bimetallic RuAu SiO 2 catalysts. The experimental approach is based upon differences in O2 adsorption on Ru and Au, respectively, as a function of adsorption temperature. At room temperature, O2 is adsorbed on Ru but not on Au. However, at 473 K both metals chemisorb O2, albeit with a change in adsorption stoichiometry in the case of Ru. Finally, oxygen that is adsorbed on Ru can be titrated with H2 at 373 K, while oxygen that is adsorbed on Au sites does not react with H2 under these conditions. The reliability of the technique is first tested on physical mixtures of Ru SiO 2 and Au SiO 2 of known dispersion and then applied to a series of bimetallic RuAu SiO 2 catalysts. The results from this stepwise chemisorption procedure are critically evaluated and compared with previously obtained extensive characterization data on these catalysts. In conjunction with analytical electron microscopy and WAXS results, an estimate of the average surface composition of bimetallic particles is derived.
Dynamics of granule cell migration: a confocal microscopic study in acute cerebellar slice preparations

Real-time examination of Dil-labeled, immature granule cells in cerebellar slice preparations reveals several temporal and cytological aspects of neuronal migration that have not been observed in previous in vivo or in vitro systems. Using confocal microscopy we have obtained evidence that rates of cell movement depend critically on the age of the cerebellum. Although there were considerable variations in the speed of individual cells, the average rate of cell migration increased systematically from 9.6 +/- 3.0 microns/hr in cerebella from 7-d-old mice to 18.0 +/- 2.9 microns/hr in cerebella from 13-d-old mice. Consequently, granule cells traversed the developing molecular layer within a relatively constant time period despite the doubling in width of the molecular layer during the second week of postnatal life. Granule cell movement was characterized by alternations of short stationary phases with movement in a forward or backward direction. The net displacement of a cell depended on the duration and frequency of these phases as well as on the speed of movement. Changes in the relative position of Dil crystals attached to the surface of granule cells suggested the existence of a complex topographical flow of plasma membrane during migration. Although a large portion of the plasma membrane seemed to move in register with the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm, new membrane appeared to be incorporated primarily at the leading process. However, the pattern of membrane flow at the interface between migrating neurons and Bergmann glial fibers could not be determined, since these sites could not be labeled by Dil crystals. The present results are in harmony with the concept that multiple cellular/molecular mechanisms may be engaged in granule cell migration.
Gene expression profiling in INS-1 cells overexpressing thioredoxin-interacting protein

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is overexpressed in diabetes and has deleterious effects on pancreatic beta-cells and the cardiovascular system. TXNIP is a regulator of the cellular redox state, but has also been suggested to act as a transcriptional repressor. However, the genes and pathways regulated by TXNIP remain unknown. We therefore compared gene expression in INS-1 insulinoma beta-cells overexpressing TXNIP and control LacZ-overexpressing cells using the Affymetrix 230A rat chip. Analysis with the Bayes methodology revealed 98 differentially expressed genes, 90 of which were down-regulated, consistent with the predicted role of TXNIP as a repressor. Using the PathwayAssist software, we found that affected genes were involved in cell death/survival and insulin secretion, and confirmed these findings by real-time RT-PCR and by functional studies. Thus, aside from regulating the cellular redox, TXNIP does modulate overall gene transcription and thereby may further enhance beta-cell death and impair insulin secretion.
Longitudinal Variation in the Mechanical Properties of the Posterior Side of Thoracic Aorta is Larger Than Those of the Anterior Side During the Inflation Test

The mechanical properties of arterial wall have been assumed isotropic and homogeneous, but advances in biomedical imaging and computational biomechanics bring a need for understanding regional difference in the biomechanical properties of arties. Particularly, vascular diseases such as aortic aneurysm and dissection are likely to be developed in the elderly and they are still life-threatening. Thus understanding of the regional variation in the mechanical behavior of arteries is critical for the clinical treatments and biomedical engineering applications.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Substituent effects on the reductions of quinoline-N-boranes

Abstract Reductions of 2-substituted quinoline- N -boranes by sodium bis-(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum dihydride lead to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines by hydride attack at C-4 and subsequent reduction of the resulting enamine.
A critique of the research literature concerning pregnant adolescents, 1960-1970.

A perspective on the research literature from 1960 to 1970 concerning pregnant adolescents (this literature was abstracted and reviewed in a previous publication) is presented. Research methodology and potential content for research are examined and suggestions made that would contribute to a stronger empirical base for the research. Several assumptions (of difference, of homogeneity, and of special need) regarding pregnant adolescents that seem to be implicit in the research are brought to light. Finally, an analysis of the “risk” concept is presented.
Establishment of a cell line fromHeliothis Armigera (Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A new cell line, designated BCIRL-HA-AM1, derived from ovaries of female pupas ofHeliothis armigera (Hbn.) has been established. Both oval and round cells were found in BCIRL-HA-AM1. Chromosomes were typical of lepidoptera (i.e. short condensed rods and spheres; a majority of cells were polyploid). TheH. armigera line was distinguished fromH. zea andH. virescens cell lines as well as two other noctuid cell lines,Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) andSpodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), by use of isoelectric focusing and the enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase. This cell line would not replicate (i.e. produce polyhedral inclusion bodies or show an increase in virus titer) the single-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) ofH. zea nor the multiple-embedded NPV ofH. armigera orAutographa californica Speyer.
The top five sterilization challenges.

Over the years, the sterile processing profession has expanded and become more important than ever before. The departments and professionals processing medical devices for reuse have gained greater recognition for the significant role they play in healthcare. Still, there are challenges in sterilization—and there always will be. The goal of sterilization is to reduce the potential causes that may directly or indirectly create or contribute to poor results and adverse outcomes for patients. With that in mind, here’s a look at the Top Five Sterilization Challenges. 1. Tricky Bugs: Microorganisms are not quite the same as they have been in the past. Some, such as difficult-to-kill prions, are resistant to interventions, including the highlevel disinfection and sterilization methods applied to the devices that may be harboring them. These organisms are not like most others. Our usual methods of sterilization are ineffective in destroying them. Very specific processing steps are required to ensure the medical instruments are managed and reprocessed in a manner that reduces the potential for cross-contamination with subsequent patients. 2. Poor Skill Sets: This is a tough challenge for healthcare facilities today. Given the complexity of our environments, facilities need the best talent available. This is not always easy to achieve. Recruitment and retention have long been sticking points for our human resources departments. However, great recruitment and retention are only part of the solution to the problem of maintaining top-notch employees. In order to remain relevant in the positions that they hold, employees need to augment their personal workplace skills. As technology grows increasingly sophisticated and with patients sicker than ever, technicians’ skills must be in line with new needs. 3. Complex Devices: As technology evolves and healthcare professionals address new challenges, devices themselves are becoming more complex, a fact that sets the bar for proper processing even higher. New technology might also involve advanced materials and unique raw materials. All of these factors affect whether devices and instruments can be effectively cleaned and processed through and including sterilization. 4. Fewer Resources, More System Layers: The impact of fewer resources cannot be emphasized enough. Fewer resources mean funds, people, skills, and space are likely lacking, all of which have a big impact on instrumentation processing at one level or another. Let’s start with funds, mainly because they affect the availability of all resources. Without adequate funds, sterile processing departments will not have the ability to obtain the right types or quantities of cleaning tools, solutions, machines, and other supportive equipment or tools. In addition, once funds availability becomes as issue, people and positions become more vulnerable on several levels. Our facilities have many layers to them. The Top Five Sterilization Challenges
SU-E-T-340: Predictive Models for Dosimetry of the Organs-At-Risk in Interstitial Gynecologic Brachytherapy

Purpose: In this work, mathematical models for the prediction of the D2cc of rectum and bladder in interstitial gynecologic brachytherapy based on geometric information, without the generation of a treatment plan, are discussed and validated. Methods: Previous plans were used to establish the relationship between D2cc and the overlapping volume of the organ‐at‐risk with the targeted area (C0) or a 1‐cm expansion of the target area (C1). Three mathematical models were evaluated: D2cc = a*C1+b (LIN); D2cc = a — exp(‐b*C0) (EXP); and a mixed approach (MIX), where both C0 and C1 were inputs of the model. The model's parameters were optimized on a training set, and the model predictive error (predicted D2cc — real D2cc) was calculated on a validation set. The data of 20 patients treated with interstitial gynecologic brachytherapy were used to perform a K‐fold cross validation analysis, with K = 2, 4, 6,8, 10, and 20. Results: MIX was associated with the smallest mean prediction error with error <6.4% for an 18‐patient training set; LIN had an error <8.5%; EXP had an error < 8.3%. Best‐case‐scenario analysis showed that an error <5% could be achieved for a 10‐patient training set with MIX, error <7.5% for LIN and error <7.0% for EXP. The error decreases with the increase in training set size, with the most marked decrease observed for MIX. Conclusion: Ten training cases allow the MIX model to predict D2cc for the organs‐at‐risk with an error <5%. While clearly specific to clinical practice, the model can be used in the development of quality assurance tools to identify treatment plans with sub‐optimal sparing of the organs‐at‐risk. It can also be used to improve preplanning and in the development of real‐time intra‐operative planning tools.
Asymmetry of foot position and weight distribution channels the inter-leg coordination dynamics of standing

The study of quiet standing has mainly been conducted in the foot side-by-side position with the assumption that the contribution of the lower limbs is structurally and functionally equivalent. The purpose of this study was to examine how the two mechanical factors of foot position and weight distribution interact to influence postural control and inter-leg coordination dynamics. Participants were required, while standing in either a side-by-side, staggered, or tandem right foot forward position, to intentionally produce three different levels of weight distribution (50/50, 30/70, and 70/30) over the two feet. Our results showed that the interaction effects of the two mechanical constraints were represented in both linear and nonlinear analyses. The center of pressure (COP) mean velocity was predominantly influenced by body weight distribution in the side-by-side stance, whereas foot position was more influential in the tandem stance. The nonlinear analysis showed that the least experienced postural condition (i.e., tandem stance with a 70/30 loading level) had the lowest number and total duration of COP(L)-COP(R) phase synchronization epochs in the AP direction that were compensated by "stable" coordination dynamics in the ML direction. The findings revealed that the staggered stance represents a "hybrid" blend of the properties of the side-by-side and tandem foot positions. Collectively, foot position and weight distribution interact to determine the stability and flexibility of inter-leg coordination dynamics in postural control.
GaN Resistive Gas Sensors for Hydrogen Detection

We report on the fabrication and testing of GaN resistive gas sensors for hydrogen detection. The Si-doped n-type GaN was grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) on c-plane sapphire substrates. The device structure is simply a pair of metal ohmic contact pads. The sensors are sensitive to H2 gas over a wide range of concentration: the lowest concentration tested being ~0.1% H2 (in Ar), well below the lower combustion limit in air. No saturation of the signal is observed up to 100% H2 flow. In the continuous operation mode with varying H2 concentration, a clear and sharp response was recorded with no memory effects during ramping up and down cycles of H2 concentration. The change in current at a fixed voltage to hydrogen was found to change with sensor geometry. The possible gas sensing mechanisms are still under investigation.
Design of a Fuel Cell Power System for Automotive Applications

In this paper, the primary components of a PEM fuel cell for automotive applications, using methane as a fuel, are analyzed. Basic chemical engineering principles are utilized to assess the role of thermodynamics, heat transport, and reaction kinetics. The amount of methane required is calculated as function of hydrogen produced as well as the power produced. The heat duty for thermal control of the system is analyzed.
Comparative studies on closure approximations in flows of liquid crystal polymers: I. elongational flows

Abstract We derive nine approximate models for flows of liquid crystal polymers by applying different closure approximations to the kinetic theory developed by Bhave et al. We then benchmark the approximate models by comparing their uniaxial steady state solutions to the corresponding ones of the kinetic theory in elongational flows. For prolate steady states, we find that all the models give qualitatively acceptable approximations. In particular, when the flow is uniaxially stretching, the models in which the flow-orientation interaction term is approximated by the second Hinch-Leal closure approximation approximate the kinetic theory well in the range of small Peclet numbers; likewise, the models in which the molecule-molecule interaction term is approximated by the Doi closure approximation approximate the kinetic theory well in the range of large Peclet numbers. In the oblate phase, however, all models except for the DD (Doi closure approximation) and DHL2 (Hybrid Doi and HL2 closure approximation) model may produce either fictitious or nonphysical oblate steady states with out-of-range order parameter values. Therefore, we caution the use of the models in this phase. In contrast, the DD and DHL2 model are applicable to all phases for any Peclet numbers and polymer concentration values. In addition, they approximate the kinetic theory well in the oblate phase when the flow is biaxially stretching. In the end, we find that the best overall approximation to the kinetic theory is given by the DHL2 model.
Delayed distant metastasis from a subcutaneous sacrococcygeal ependymoma. Case report, with tissue culture, ultrastructural observations, and review of the literature.

This represents the first reported case of pulmonary metastasis from an extradural ependymoma in a subcutaneous location in the sacrococcygeal region. The nature of the metastasis was documented by tissue culture and ultrastructural examination. The embryologic basis for the occurrence of ependymomas in this region appears to be the coccygeal medullary vestige of the neural tube. Previous reports of metastasizing ependymomas include 16 which were primary in the brain, six in the cauda equina, and one in a postsacral location. Factors potentiating metastasis in these tumors include the influence of surgical intervention and longer survival from neurosurgical procedures, further enhanced by radiotherapy. The most frequent targets for metastasis from ependymomas are lungs, lymph nodes, and liver. Ultrastructural examination of the lung metastasis in this case disclosed features of both normal ependyma and choroid plexus.
Association between use of a health information exchange system and hospital admissions

Objective: Relevant patient information is frequently difficult to obtain in emergency department (ED) visits. Improved provider access to previously inaccessible patient information may improve the quality of care and reduce hospital admissions. Health information exchange (HIE) systems enable access to longitudinal, community-wide patient information at the point of care. However, the ability of HIE to avert admissions is not well demonstrated. We sought to determine if HIE system usage is correlated with a reduction in admissions via the ED. Methods: We identified 15,645 adults from New York State with an ED visit during a 6-month period, all of whom consented to have their information accessible in the HIE system, and were continuously enrolled in two area health plans. Using claims we determined if the ED encounter resulted in an admission. We used the HIE’s system log files to determine usage during the encounter. We determined the association between HIE system use and the likelihood of admission to the hospital from the ED and potential cost savings. Results: The HIE system was accessed during 2.4% of encounters. The odds of an admission were 30% lower when the system was accessed after controlling for confounding (odds ratio = 0.70; 95%C I= 0.52, 0.95). The annual savings in the sample was $357,000. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the use of an HIE system may reduce hospitalizations from the ED with resultant cost savings. This is an important outcome given the substantial financial investment in interventions designed to improve provider access to patient information in the US. Citation: Vest JR, Kern LM, Campion TR Jr, Silver MD, Kaushal R. Association between use of a health information exchange system and hospital admissions. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 219–231 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-10-RA-0083
Statistical distribution for generalized ideal gas of fractional-statistics particles.

We derive the occupation-number distribution in a generalized ideal gas of particles obeying fractional statistics, including mutual statistics, by adopting a state-counting definition. When there is no mutual statistics, the statistical distribution interpolates between bosons and fermions, and respects a fractional exclusion principle (except for bosons). Anyons in a strong magnetic field at low temperatures constitute such a physical system. Applications to the thermodynamic properties of quasiparticle excitations in the Laughlin quantum Hall fluid are discussed.
Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II expression in the hamster ovary: cellular site(s), biochemical properties, and hormonal regulation

The hormonal regulation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) receptor type II (T beta RII) protein expression in the hamster ovary was evaluated by [125I]TGF beta 1 cross-linking, immunolocalization, and immunoprecipitation of T beta RII using receptor-specific antibodies. Granulosa cells of preantral and antral follicles, and interstitial and luteal cells showed strong signal on day 1 at 0900 h; interstitial and luteal staining was maximum. Immunoreactivity in the interstitium fell by day 2 and reappeared on day 4. A sharp reduction of immunostaining occurred after the gonadotropin surge. In hypophysectomized hamsters, FSH induced T beta RII in both granulosa and interstitial cells, but LH was effective only on interstitial cells. Whereas 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta E2) efficiently induced interstitial T beta RII, progesterone severely attenuated E2 induction of receptor protein. Apart from a membrane-associated form of T beta RII, a novel cytosolic form of T beta RII was detected. The cytosolic ...
Measurement of the Self-Phase-Modulation-Induced Bandwidth in a 30-kJ-Class Laser-Amplifier Chain

Self-phase modulation in a multikilojoule laser system was detected spectroscopically and correlated with the time derivative of the intensity. An integrated nonlinear index of refraction was determined that facilitated improved modeling of the system.
The origin of heart asymmetry: Right and left contributions to the early chick embryo heart

Abstract The contributions of right and left precardiac mesoderm to the hearts of chick embryos at stages 9+ to 12+ have been determined. Embryos cultured by the New technique were labeled on one side with tritiated thymidine at stages 5–7. The label was applied by means of small pieces of Millipore filter. Twenty-five embryos were studied by serial sections, autoradiography, and graphical reconstructions; 27 embryos were studied by dissection of the epimyocardium, which was transferred to microscopical slides and prepared as squash preparations. These were autoradiographed, and the number of cells originating from each side was determined. At stage 10−, significantly more cells have been contributed to the epimyocardium from the right side than from the left side. This relation is maintained in the cephalic part of the bulboventricular loop at later stages. In the caudal part of the bulboventricular loop, the relation is reversed, with significantly more cells originating from the left side. The asymmetry in cell numbers may be the expression of a primary difference between the developmental potencies of right and left heart primordia through which the laterality of the heart loop formation is determined. The distribution of endocardial labeled cells was found to coincide largely with the distribution of epimyocardial labeled cells.
Perceptions of social challenges of adults with autism spectrum disorder

This study examines perceptions of social challenges by adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The investigators analyzed three separate, regularly scheduled social group meetings attended by a total of 18 adults with ASD where the activity was a discussion of social issues. Participants generated social questions and challenges they had encountered as a result of having autism. The questions were presented to the group for a discussion of potential solutions. Written and audio data were collected and a member check was completed. The data were plumbed for key words and emergent themes to identify major social challenges as viewed by adults with ASD. The emergent themes included relationships at work, developing and maintaining personal relationships, appropriate behaviors around members of the opposite sex, and personal perspectives on having ASD.
Note on ITCZ Wave Disturbances and Formation of Tropical Storm Anna

Abstract An examination of Applications Technology Satellite 3 photographs of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) for the period May through July of 1969 has revealed an excellent case of ITCZ wave instability that was responsible for the formation of tropical storm Anna. Photographs are presented to emphasize the argument that wavelike perturbations in the ITCZ, independent of easterly disturbances, are capable of amplifying, breaking, and shedding vortexes of hurricane proportions. Observational evidence of this means of hurricane genesis strongly suggests the need for a theoretical treatment of the problem.
An assessment of a mobility-based occupational classification for placement and counseling

Abstract A National Research Council Committee has recently suggested the development of occupational classifications based on regularities of movement of workers among jobs to assist in placing job seekers into available jobs. The potential of mobility-based classifications is critically examined, and this approach is contrasted with traditional industrial and counseling approaches to worker-job matching. The social and psychological meaning of one such classification is explored by describing the classification's categories in terms of the demographic characteristics of category incumbents (based on data from the 1970 census) and job content (based on Dictionary of Occupational Titles and Position Analysis Questionnaire data). Results imply that (a) mobility-based classifications provide powerful descriptions of the structure of labor markets, (b) they are related to job content, and (c) they are also related to sex and race—apparently well beyond the extent to which this association is shared with job characteristics. Results are interpreted as implying that basing a classification for personnel placement on occupational mobility patterns may incorporate undesirable aspects of existing labor market practices and that more direct efforts aimed at systematizing knowledge about the transferability of skills will probably be more productive than relying on mobility-based classifications, despite the heuristic value of the mobility approach.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition and acute renal ischemia: effect on systemic hemodynamics and mortality.

This study was designed to examine if acute systemic blockade of nitric oxide (NO) production by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with N-ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) would worsen the severity of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). Initially three groups of rats, were studied: 45 min of bilateral renal ischemia (I) alone, Group I; L-NAME (L; 10 mg/kg BW, i.v.) alone, Group L; and L-NAME administered 15 min before renal ischemia, Group L+I. We observed, however, a 60% mortality in Group I+L during the first 4 h of reflow. Captopril, administered acutely 15 min before L-NAME in an attempt to offset any detrimental effects of increased angiotensin II generation in response to renal ischemia, failed to obviate the mortality because 67% of rats in this group (Group C+L+I) also died. Therefore, additional studies were performed in rats instrumented for cardiovascular studies to evaluate the acute hemodynamic responses during the first 90 min of reperfusion following renal ischemia in rats pr...
The enduring racial divide in death penalty support

Abstract One of the more enduring observations in the study of death penalty support within the United States is the strong divide between Whites and Blacks. Whites show significantly higher levels of support for capital punishment than Blacks. This divide between Whites and Blacks appeared in all surveys, over time, and across a variety of methodological designs. Using data from three separate studies (two local surveys of venirepersons and the NORC-General Social Surveys), this study attempted to understand the basis for this divide. It examined racial differences in socioeconomic status, religion/religiosity, political ideology, positions on right-to-life and other social issues, fear of crime and victimization experience, experience with the criminal justice system, philosophies of punishment, and attribution styles. The findings revealed that the effect of race/ethnicity on capital punishment support continued to hold while controlling for the effects of nearly all of these “explanations.”
Stress-induced index profile distortion in optical waveguides

The residual thermal stresses in optical waveguide fibers can be large enough to cause substantial changes in the refractive-index profile and to create optical anisotropy. This paper presents a method of calculating these effects and illustrates the influence of various dopants on the magnitudes of the stresses.
Molecular orbital calculations on the protonation of hydrogen-bonded formamide chains. Implications for peptides

We report density functional studies of the protonation of H-bonded formamide chains containing up to 10 monomeric units. These chains contain H bonds that are similar to those in peptides and proteins. All structures considered were completely geometrically optimized at the B3LYP/D95** level of calculation. The proton affinities of the chains are greatest at the terminal CO oxygen atoms. They increase significantly with the length of the formamide chain from two to five formamides. Protonation of the terminal CO of chains containing five or more formamides results in the transfer of the NH proton of the terminal (protonated) monomer across the H bond to the adjacent formamide. Protonations at the NH2 termini of the formamide chains are generally unfavorable as they result in the rupture of the proximate H bond. The proton affinities at the CO's of formamide chains containing three or more monomers exceed that of the amino group of glycine, implying that peptides that contain such H-bonding chains might b...
Candidate plasma-facing materials for EUV lithography source components

Material selection and lifetime issues for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography are of critical importance to the success of this technology for commercial applications. This paper reviews current trends in production and use of plasma-facing electrodes, insulators, and wall materials for EUV type sources. Ideal candidate materials should be able to: withstand high thermal shock from the short pulsed plasma; withstand high thermal loads without structural failure; reduce debris generation during discharge; and be machined accurately. We reviewed the literature on current and proposed fusion plasma-facing materials as well as current experience with plasma gun and other simulation devices. Both fusion and EUV source materials involve issues of surface erosion by particle sputtering and heat-induced evaporation/melting. These materials are either bare structural materials or surface coatings. EUV materials can be divided into four categories: wall, electrode, optical, and insulator materials. For electric discharge sources, all four types are required, whereas laser-produced plasma EUV sources do not require electrode and insulator materials. Several types of candidate alloy and other materials and methods of manufacture are recommended for each component of EUV lithography light sources.
Ultrasensitive fluorescence detection and photophysics in microdroplets

Fluorescence detection of single molecules in room temperature liquids is usually plagued by many difficulties such as finite saturated absorption rate, finite laser-analyte interaction time, and analyte diffusion. Our approach to single molecule detection in liquids has been to use microdroplets as the sample medium which has many advantages over conventional 'bulk' techniques such as extended laser-analyte interaction time, a probe volume defined by the droplet, and modified radiative properties of molecules due to interactions with droplet resonances. We have demonstrated detection of single rhodamine molecules with signal-to-noise ratios on the order or 30 using levitated microdroplets as the sample medium. The focus of current work is on single molecule detection in falling droplet streams with analysis rates on the order of 5-10 kHz.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DIRECT SEARCH FOR TWO-PHOTON DECAY MODES OF ORTHOPOSITRONIUM

A direct search for \ensuremath{\gamma} rays from the forbidden decay o-Ps\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma} has been performed using the same apparatus that recently measured an anomalously high o-Ps decay rate. Using a high-resolution Ge \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray detector, a 233-ppm limit is set on the branching ratio to a pair of 511-keV \ensuremath{\gamma} rays, and a 200-ppm limit is set on the branching ratio pair of unequal-energy \ensuremath{\gamma} rays that sum to 1022 keV. Hence, these 2\ensuremath{\gamma} modes cannot be responsible for the o-Ps decay-rate discrepancy between theory and experiment of 1400\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}230 ppm.
Determination of the nucleotide sequence and chromosomal localization of the ATP2B2 Gene Encoding Human Ca2+-Pumping ATPase Isoform PMCA2 *

The plasma membrane Ca2+-pumping ATPase (Ca2+-ATPase) is responsible for maintaining calcium homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. The Ca2+-ATPase is a family of pumps that are encoded by at least four genes. A cDNA for the human version of Ca2+-ATPase isoform PMCA2 was isolated and characterized. Comparison of the human and rat cDNA sequences showed that they were 95% homologous in the coding domain, and this homology was reflected in the deduced protein sequence where greater than 98% homology between the human and rat sequences was found. The amino acid difference that were found were almost all conservative. The PMCA2 cDNA was used to probe Southern blots of human-rodent somatic cell hybrid DNAs; the results indicated that the human PMCA2 gene was located on chromosome 3.
Effect of Pressure Relaxation on the Mechanisms of Short-Pulse Laser Melting

The kinetics and microscopic mechanisms of laser melting of a thin metal film are investigated in a computational study that combines molecular dynamics simulations with a continuum description of the laser excitation and subsequent relaxation of the conduction band electrons. Two competing melting mechanisms, homogeneous nucleation of liquid regions inside the crystalline material and propagation of melting fronts from external surfaces, are found to be strongly affected by the dynamics of the relaxation of the laser-induced pressure.
Early Adoption of Cyclosporine and Recombinant Human Erythropoietin: Clinical, Economic, and Policy Issues With Emergence of High-Cost Drugs

The discovery of new drugs and their introduction into US markets will become an intense area of focus should health care reform result in Medicare insurance coverage for prescription drugs. Particular attention will be focused on high-cost drugs. Two high-cost drugs, cyclosporine and recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), introduced into the clinical management of patients with kidney disease during the past decade, provide some experience concerning the forces affecting the use of expensive drugs in a cost-conscious health care system. The decision to prescribe a drug will depend on provider's judgements of the drug's clinical benefits and costs compared with those of other possible therapies. It may also depend on payment policy. Both cyclosporine and rHuEPO were adopted rapidly and extensively by providers of end-stage renal disease care following US Food and Drug Administration approval, despite their high costs. Both drugs were remarkably effective, relatively safe, and able to be administered without great difficulty compared with the therapies they have replaced. There was no additional payment to hospitals for the initial use of cyclosporine, which was introduced in 1983 at the time when Medicare's prospective payment was established, since choice of immunosuppressive agent did not affect the fixed, per-admission payment determined by the diagnosis-related group for kidney transplantation. Medicare coverage for continuing outpatient use of cyclosporine was not initially provided, in contrast to rHuEPO, which was introduced in 1989 with Medicare outpatient coverage and payment of 80% of the allowed charge. Despite their high costs and different methods of insurance payment both drugs achieved a rather quick and high penetration rate into their respective populations. Observations on the attributes and dissemination of these drugs into the US end-stage renal disease population provides an understanding of the clinical, economic, and policy issues that can shape the adoption and utilization of high-cost drugs.
Determination of N-Nitrosonornicotine in Tobacco by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy

Abstract N-Nitrosonornicotine has been determined in tobacco products. Quantitation was accomplished by GC/MS operated in the chemical ionization mode with selected-ion recording of N-nitrosonornicotine and the deuterated internal standard, N-nitrosonornicotine-d4. Levels ranging from 0.7 to 26 mcg/gm were found.
Residential real-time price response simulation

The electric industry is gaining experience with innovative price responsive demand pilots and limited roll-outs to customers. One of these pilots is investigating real-time pricing signals to engage end-use systems and local distributed generation and storage in a distributed optimization process. Attractive aspects about the approach include strong scalability characteristics, simplified interfaces between automation devices, and the adaptability to integrate a wide variety of devices and systems. Experience in this nascent field is revealing a rich array of engineering decisions to consider along with the application of complexity theory. To test the decisions, computer simulations are used to reveal insights about design, demand elasticity, and the limits of response (including consumer fatigue). Agent-based approaches lend themselves well in the simulation to modeling the participation and interaction of each piece of equipment on a distribution feeder. This paper discusses rate design and simulation experiences at the distribution feeder level where consumers and their HVAC systems and water heaters on a feeder receive real-time pricing signals.
Energy transfer involving derivatives of luminol

Abstract Two chemiluminescent energy transfer compounds were synthesized ( 3 and 4 ), in which benzacridone was a common acceptor portion and in which phthalic hydrazide and aminophthalic hydrazide, respectively, served as energy generators. A cleavage reaction during the chemiluminescence of 4 defeated attempts to compare the two energy generators quantitatively. Compound 3 was about 2% efficient in chemiluminescence in the DMSO system.
Inflammatory Cell Types and Clinical Features of Interstitial Cystitis

AbstractPurpose: We tested whether the types of inflammatory cells seen on bladder biopsies were associated with other clinical features and urinary markers of interstitial cystitis.Materials and Methods: Bladder biopsies from 30 interstitial cystitis patients were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for T cells, B cells, macrophages and human leukocyte antigen-DR positive cells. These findings were tested for associations with clinical features and urinary markers of interstitial cystitis using alpha = 0.01 because multiple tests were performed.Results: Overall severity of inflammation was significantly associated with age at symptom onset, symptom relief after bladder distention and urinary interleukin-6 levels. Patients with severe inflammation had trends toward smaller bladder capacity under anesthesia, increased bladder vascularity and mucosal cracks, lower urinary MUC-1 glycoproten levels and absence of bloating as a symptom. B cell staining was significantly associated with severe inflammatio...
New large family of vacuum solutions of the equations of general relativity

A Baecklund transformation for the Ernst equation of general relativity, published earlier by this author, is used to derive a new large family of vacuum metrics with two commuting Killing vectors from the family of Weyl or Einstein-Rosen metrics. Thus, any solution of the axially symmetric Laplace or wave equation yields a solution of the Ernst equation. Asymptotically flat Weyl metrics yield new asymptotically flat metrics. The solutions are nonstationary and may exhibit solitonlike behavior.