cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protestant Social Thought and the Nazi State, 1933–1937

Adolf Hitler's accession on 31 January 1933 meant a crisis for the Protestant churches of Germany. By spring of 1933, Hitler's Gleichschaltung attempted to bring even organized Christianity under Nazi control. Thus began the German church struggle, the Kirchenkampf, a painful conflict that would redefine the nature of German Christianity. Historians have described in great detail the political machinations surrounding the creation of the Deutsche Evangelische Kirche (DEK), a new united church that replaced the existing loose federation of virtually independent provincial churches. The foundation of the DEK was a victory for Hitler and the Deutsche Christen, the party of dogmatic Nazi pastors, for it was truly a national church founded to serve the state and express the will of the people. The intrusion of state policy into internal affairs of the church gave rise to a rival group of Protestants, the Confessing Christians, who dissented against Nazi church reforms. Most of the voluminous literature on the church struggle {Kirchenkampf) deals with this fascinating political, institutional conflict.1 The intellectual dimensions of the church struggle, although a primary concern of participants at the time, have been largely ignored by historians.2 German churchmen were, indeed, faced with a profound theological and ethical dilemma after 1933 that centered around a question that has plagued German Protestantism since Martin Luther: Does the church provide normative guidance for the state or must it merely obey and even actively support state policy? In addition, scholars have portrayed participants in the conflict as either protagonists or antagonists, firmly on the side of Hitler's
Research of Authentication Method of Intrinsically Safe Interconnection of Coal Mine Monitoring and Control System

According to characteristics of complex structure and various interconnection equipments with increasing quantity of coal mine monitoring and control system,the paper analyzed applicability of traditional authentication method of intrinsically safe interconnection system in China,interface parameter authentication method in the other countries and a series of intrinsically safe standards to intrinsically safe interconnection authentication of coal mine monitoring and control system in China,pointed out that the judging criterion of intrinsically safe performance of coal mine monitoring and control system is GB3836.4-2000 equ IEC 60079-11:1999 at present,and proposed a scheme that intrinsically safe interconnection authentication of non-bus mode interface equipments of coal mine monitoring and control system uses parameter authentication method and the authentication of bus mode interface equipments should use system authentication method at present.It introduced implementing key points of parameter authentication method and system authentication method in details and the way of implementing parameter authentication of intrinsically safe interconnection of bus mode interface equipments in the future.In addition,it proposed design principle of interface equipments of coal mine monitoring and control system and further research direction of authentication method of intrinsically safe interconnection of coal mine monitoring and control system.The paper will be good for development of parameter authentication method of intrinsically safe interconnection of interface equipments of coal mine monitoring and control system.
Supplementation with dietary EPA/DHA influences red blood cell fatty acid desaturase estimates and reflects tissue changes in fatty acids in systemic organs

Delta-5-desaturase (D5D) and delta-6-desaturase (D6D) are critical in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism. D5D and D6D catalyze the conversion of linoleic acid (LA) into arachidonic acid (...
Acquiring Foreign Language Vocabulary through Meaningful Linguistic Context: Where Is the Limit to Vocabulary Learning?.

The present studies examined the effects of varying degrees of unfamiliar vocabulary within written discourse on individuals' abilities to use linguistic context for the purposes of translation and comprehension (i.e., lexical inferencing). Prose varied in the number of foreign words introduced into each sentence (e.g., 0 through 7 content words per sentence). Furthermore, Krashen's Input Hypothesis and the Evaluation component of the Involvement Load Hypothesis were tested to determine the degree at which non-comprehensible input hinders the ability of a learner to successfully use linguistic context for translation and comprehension. Results indicated that, as the number of foreign words per sentence, i.e., non-comprehensible input, increased the ability to successfully translate foreign words and create situational models for comprehension begins to decrease especially beyond five unfamiliar words per sentence. This result suggests that there is an optimal level of effectiveness in the use of a linguistic context strategy for learning foreign language vocabulary, but also that there is a limit to the strategy's effectiveness. Implications and applications to the field of foreign language learning are discussed.
Substantiating vs. Refuting Claims in Hypothesis Testing: A Course Module

This course module is for statistics instructors who want to teach students about the different approaches to setting up hypotheses, H0 and H1. Hypothesis tests might be conducted in order to substantiate a claim a company wants to make or might be used to refute a claim that a competitor is making about its product. When it comes to substantiating a claim, a company wants to set up the hypotheses, H0 and H1, in such a way that there is strong evidence that its claim is accurate. The cost of being mistaken is very high so the company wants to demonstrate that its claim is true. It does not want the sample evidence to be inconclusive (i.e., having no evidence to reject the claim). This is why the company’s claim belongs in the alternative hypothesis.
Toxicology in Reproductive Endocrinology

Fertility relies on a series of time dependent events, which are largely regulated by hormones. Concentration and function of these hormones can be altered by exposure of consumed and environmental toxins. It is of important to consider the dose and timing of toxin exposures in assessing the impact of them on reproductive health, however the utility of laboratory assessment in this regard is not well established. General laboratory assessment of reproduction and infertility includes hormone evaluation (hCG, prolactin, TSH, free thyroxin, FSH, LH and androgens among others) and treatment is via various assisted reproductive technologies. Reduction and abstinence from exposure to toxins is recommended to improve reproductive health.
Disc displacement without reduction with limited opening: A clinical diagnostic accuracy study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of an examination by a physical therapist using a clinical patient population for diagnosing a specific...
Small-signal modeling and controller design of energy sharing controlled distributed battery system

Abstract This paper presents small-signal modeling, analysis and closed-loop controller design guidelines for a distributed battery energy storage system with energy sharing controller which has recently been presented in the literature in order to achieve cell balancing with high cell balancing speed and energy efficiency. The derived small signal models provide deeper insight into the dynamics of the energy sharing controlled battery system under different operating modes, including discharge mode, constant current charging mode and constant voltage charging mode. Based on the derived small signal models, closed-loop controller design guidelines are provided based on rule-of-thumb frequency-domain design criteria. The small signal models and designed controllers are validated by MATLAB®/SIMULINK simulation and experimental prototype results.
Spine Surgery and Intraoperative Monitoring

Major spine surgery involves multiple spine levels and may involve anterior/posterior procedures often with extensive instrumentation. This carries significant patient risk of higher morbidity and even mortality due to in part the reality that these patients may have multiple co-morbid conditions. Anesthesia management necessitates careful preoperative evaluation and intraoperative planning. Spine surgery poses potential risk to the spinal cord and nerves, consequently intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM), somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs), motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and electromyography (EMG), are used to test neurological function and hopefully avoid injury. Prone positioning is commonly used for posterior spinal decompression and fusion surgery. Pathophysiologic challenges of the prone position complicate the intraoperative anesthesia care of patients. Reduction in blood loss and goal directed fluid therapy during surgery improves patient outcome. Postoperatively, good pain control is very important to ensure a quick patient recovery. Both anesthesiologist and surgeon should be aware of postoperative vision loss (POVL), a rare but devastating complication commonly associated with extensive prone spine surgery. This chapter details the anesthetic management of severe cervical spinal stenosis. The questions in the chapter discuss preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management, IOM, and postoperative pain management. Controversial issues such as airway management with cervical pathology, IONM, intraoperative fluid and blood management, and prevention of POVL are emphasized.
The Disputed Champion: Ampicillin and Gentamicin for Febrile Young Infants.

The distribution of pathogens and approach to empirical antibiotics in febrile infants aged <90 days has been debated for decades. There is increasing disagreement as to whether the combination of those timeless workhorses ampicillin and gentamicin (A&G) remains appropriate empirical therapy given the changing epidemiology of bacteremia and meningitis in young infants.1–8 In the article by Feldman et al, researchers used the Pediatric Health Information System to describe regional differences in both pathogens and empirical antibiotic use in previously healthy infants <90 days old who were seen in 1 of 8 US pediatric children’s hospital emergency departments and had a positive urine, blood, or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) culture.9 Not surprisingly, urinary tract isolates (urinary tract infection [UTI] alone or with associated bacteremia) made up 87% of infections. There was no regional difference in UTI pathogens. Blood and CSF pathogens differed by hospital, but susceptibilities remained constant and Escherichia coli and group B Streptococcus were the most common organisms. Third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) were used for empirical therapy in the majority of infants, either alone (43%) or with ampicillin (39%). The combination of A&G was used in only 11% of infants. We struggle to understand why providers are not using A&G empirically in febrile infants <90 days of age. This choice flies in the face of data. In previous studies, researchers have consistently demonstrated equal, or in some cases superior, efficacy of A&G compared with 3GCs.3,10 In this study by Feldman et al, for example, A&G …
The Evolving Shareholder Activist Landscape (How Companies Can Prepare for It)

Shareholder activists remain an important force in the boardroom. More than 60 activist campaigns were initiated against SP build an effective board; articulate your strategy clearly; consider the possibility of activist intervention when planning MA and engage early when approached by an activist.
Dosimetric Comparison of Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy and Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy in Anal Cancer Patients and the Ability to Spare Bone Marrow.

Abstract Purpose: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has been used to spare organs at risk (OARs) in the definitive treatment of anal cancer. However, treatment continues to result in significant hematologic toxicity. In a cooperative trial assessing IMRT (RTOG 0529), the rate of grade 2+ and grade 3+ hematologic toxicity was 73% and 58%, respectively. Intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) has the potential to decrease the integral bone marrow dose and dose to other OARs compared with photon therapy. Patients and Methods: Computed tomography datasets of 9 patients with anal cancer previously treated with IMRT, volumetric arc therapy (VMAT), or tomotherapy at our institution were used for comparison. Both VMAT and IMPT plans were created for each patient. The IMPT plans were created using a multi-field optimized, split-target technique. The dose to OARs, including bone marrow, bladder, small bowel, large bowel, femoral heads, and genitalia, were compared using a paired t test. Results: The me...
Clinicians' Guide to Obtaining a Valid Auditory Brainstem Response to Determine Hearing Status: Signal, Noise, and Cross-Checks

Purpose The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a powerful tool for making clinical decisions about the presence, degree, and type of hearing loss in individuals in whom behavioral hearing thresho...
Electronic Properties of the Superconducting Polymer (SN)x

This paper will review our present understanding of the physical properties of the inorganic sulfur-nitrogen polymer, (SN)x. This material is rather unique with properties quite different from both conventional polymers and the prototype one-dimensional (1D) materials being discussed extensively at this summer school, e.g., TTF-TCNQ and its derivatives [1]. Studies during the past few years have shown that it is more reasonable to consider (SN)x as a highly anisotropic metal rather than a quasi 1D metal as originally thought. Perhaps the most suggestive evidence for this is the electrical resistivity along the polymer chain which decreases monotonically with decreasing temperature and eventually vanishes at a superconducting transition temperature (Tc) near 0.3°K without exhibiting the Peierls metal-insulator transition characteristic of the quasi 1D metals. This behavior makes it important to understand the properties of (SN)x and to compare them with those of the quasi 1D metals in the hope of gaining insight into the stabilization of the metallic (and possibly the superconducting) state in other anisotropic materials. This is perhaps even more relevant in light of the suggestions of Little and coworkers [2] that some 1D materials could exhibit superconductivity at temperatures far above that of conventional superconductors (at present limited to Tc<23°K).
Prototype-based reasoning: an integrated approach to solving large novel problems

Two important computational approaches to problem solving are model-based reasoning (MBR) and case-based reasoning (CBR). MBR, since it reasons from first principles, is especially suited for solving novel problems. CBR, since it reasons from previous experience, is especially suited for solving frequently encountered problems. However, large novel problems pose difficulties for both approaches--MBR rapidly grows intractable and CBR fails to find a relevant previous case. In this paper we describe an approach called prototype-based reasoning that integrates both approaches to solve such problems. Prototype-based reasoning treats a large novel problem as a novel combination of several familiar subproblems. It uses CBR to find and solve the subproblems, formulates a new problem by combining these individual solutions, and uses MBR to solve this new problem. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method on several examples involving the causal simulation of complex electronic circuits.
Cognitive Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, and Negotiation Outcomes: A Meta-analysis

The authors address the decades-old debate of the association between individual differences in intelligence and negotiation outcomes. This study used meta-analytic techniques to examine the relati...
The Political Economy of the Decision to Have a UBI Experiment

This chapter discusses the surprisingly complex political economy of the decision process that brings about Universal Basic Income (UBI) experiments in response to a movement more interested in the immediate introduction of UBI than in experimentation with it. It shows that the process by which UBI experiments tend to come about makes them especially vulnerable to misunderstanding, sensationalism, and spin, which in turn make experiments a risky strategy for the UBI movement.
Isotopic evidence for a young lunar magma ocean

Abstract Mare basalt sources and ferroan anorthosite suite cumulates define a linear array on a 146Sm/144Nd versus 142Nd/144Nd isochron plot demonstrating these materials were derived from a common reservoir at 4336+31/−32 Ma. The minimum proportion of the Moon that was in isotopic equilibrium at this time is estimated to be 1-3% of its entire volume based on the geographic extent from which the analyzed samples were collected and the calculated depths from which the samples were derived. Scenarios in which large portions of the Moon were molten to depths of many hundreds of kilometers are required to produce the observed Sm-Nd isotopic equilibrium between the mantle and crustal rocks at 4.34 Ga. This is a consequence of the fact that limited heating of a solid Moon above the blocking temperature of the Sm-Nd isotopic system is insufficient to diffusively homogenize radiogenic Nd throughout the mantle and crust. There are three scenarios that might account for global-scale isotopic equilibrium on the Moon relatively late in Solar System history including: (1) Sm-Nd re-equilibration of a solid Moon resulting from widespread melting in response to mantle overturn or a very large impact, (2) early accretion of the Moon followed by delayed cooling due to the presence of an additional heat source that kept a large portion of the Moon molten until 4.34 Ga, or (3) late accretion of the Moon followed by rapid cooling of the magma ocean late in Solar System history. Neither density-driven overturn of the mantle, nor a large impact, are likely to homogenize the mantle and crust to the extent required by the Sm-Nd isochron. Likewise, secondary heating mechanisms, such as tidal heating or radioactive decay, are not efficient enough to keep the Moon molten to the depth of the mare basalt source regions for many tens to hundreds of millions of years. Instead, the age of equilibrium between such a compositionally diverse set of rocks, produced on a global scale, likely records the time of primordial solidification of the Moon from a magma ocean. This scenario accounts for both the petrogenetic characteristics of lunar rock suites, as well as their Sm-Nd isotopic systematics. It is supported by the preponderance of ∼4.35 Ga ages obtained for other hypothetical magma ocean crystallization products, such as ferroan anorthosite suite rocks and K, REE, and P enriched cumulates that are thought to represent flotation cumulates of the magma ocean and the last vestiges of magma ocean solidification, respectively.
How two holdouts went bareback: CockyBoys and Men.com's initial transition to producing videos without condoms

The current study focuses on the early transitions of CockyBoys and Men.com from producing only gay pornographic videos with condoms to producing some videos without condoms. These transitions foll...
Electronic Structure of Tetracyanonickelate(II).

Tetracyanonickelate(II) has been a poster child of ligand field theory for several decades. We have revisited the literature assignments of the absorption spectrum of [Ni(CN)4]2– and the calculated...
Pulsations of the R Coronae Borealis Stars

The radial pulsations of very luminous, low-mass models (L/M ˜ 10 4 , solar units), which are possible representatives of the R CrB stars, have been examined. These pulsations are extremely nonadia – batic. We find that there are in some cases at least one extra (“strange”) mode which makes interpretation difficult. The blue instability edges are also peculiar, in that there is an abrupt excursion of the blue edge to the blue for L/M sufficiently large. The range of periods of the model encompasses observed periods of the Cepheid-like pulsations of actual R CrB stars.
Hidden Racial Bias: Why We Need to Talk with Jurors About Ferguson

Issues of race frame our national identity and define our capacity to achieve true equality for all individuals. By its very nature and traditions, the law is a profession tasked with confronting inequality and discrimination in our society. As issues of race continue to influence our communities, nation, and world, the legal profession will be charged with leading future discussions on how prejudice and bias affect our clients. Unfortunately, as legal professionals, we still struggle with the question of whether to talk about race in voir dire. This essay discusses our obligation as judges, academics, and practitioners to understand how unconscious racial bias exists in the hidden belief systems of many, if not all, jurors. These actors must also recognize that open dialogue in jury selection is a proven strategy against the effects of individual undetected prejudice. Furthermore, attorneys must concede hidden bias in themselves before fully comprehending the devastating impacts of racial biases.
Knowledge, Training, and Experience

Errors in the interpretation of diagnostic surgical pathology specimens are only one of the many forms of error that may occur in surgical pathology; multiple factors are responsible. A diagnostic error represents “the assignment of a pathologic diagnosis that does not represent the true nature of disease (or lack of disease) in a patient.” However, as the practice of pathology is subjective, involving interpretation of complex data sets, it is very difficult to define a true value or a true/correct diagnosis for any given specimen. Because of the subjective nature of interpretive diagnoses, the pathologist’s knowledge and experience play a major role in preventing errors. Multiple studies demonstrated that interpretative diagnostic errors may account for up to 25 % of all errors in surgical pathology.
Jackson, Jack, Law without Future: Anti-Constitutional Politics and the American Right

Antonin Scalia nudged out Robert Bork for a Supreme Court nomination in 1986, becoming the second of the three new court appointments Ronald Reagan would make. All ninety-eight senators who did cas...
Body Weight Changes During Pandemic-Related Shelter-in-Place in a Longitudinal Cohort Study.

As of January 22, 2021, there were more than 98 million confirmed cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more than 24 million of which are attributed to the US alone.1 Recent surges in SARS-CoV-2 and the threat of a second wave have prompted many states to reconsider reopening timelines. During the initial US surge, 45 out of 50 state governments issued shelter-in-place (SIP) orders from March 19, 2020, to April 6, 2020, to slow disease transmission.2 The initial SIP coincided with an observed decrease in daily step counts,3 likely reflective of changes in physical activity and patterns of daily living, as well as concurrent self-reported increases in snacking and overeating.4 We therefore sought to investigate ambulatory weight changes of a longitudinal cohort during initial SIP orders to better understand the possible downstream health implications of prolonged SIP.
Trends in health behavior and weight outcomes following enhanced afterschool programming participation.

The United States needs to increase access to effective obesity prevention and treatment programming for impoverished youth at risk for health disparities. Although recommended, schools have difficulty consistently implement evidence-based obesity programing. We report on the effectiveness of adding structured nutrition education and minimum physical activity (PA) requirements to standard middle school after-school programming. Using a longitudinal pre-post study design, we evaluated program effectiveness at one year on target behaviors on students recruited during three consecutive school years (2016–2018). We used generalized linear (or logistic) mixed-effects modeling to determine: 1) impact on healthy weight and target healthy behavior attainment, and 2) whether target behavior improvement and weight change were associated with after-school program attendance. The seven target behaviors relate to eating healthy, physical activity, and sleep. Over the three years, a total of 76 students enrolled and completed one year of programming (62% Hispanic, 46% girls, 72% with BMI > 85th %ile, 49% with BMI > 95th %ile). Of students with BMI > 85th %ile, 44% maintained or decreased BMI Z-score. There were improvements (non-significant) in BMI Z-score and the adoption of four healthy eating behaviors: fruit, vegetables, sugar-free beverages, and unhealthy snack food. Students with higher after-school attendance (> 75%) had greater improvements (non-significant) in composite behavior scores, BMI Z-score, and in most target behaviors (5/7) than students with lower after-school attendance (< 75%). Sleep improvements were significantly associated with BMI Z-score decrease (Beta = − 0.05, 95% CI (− 0.1,-0.003), p = 0.038.) Enhancement of existing after-school programming with structured nutrition education and minimum physical activity requirements demonstrates positive improvements in several health behaviors and weight outcomes. Adopting enhanced after-school programming increases access to health activities and may bring us closer to solving obesity in at-risk youth in impoverished communities. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): . Registered 21 June 2018 – Retrospectively registered.
Effects of corn grain endosperm type and conservation method on site of digestion, ruminal digestion kinetics, and flow of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum in lactating dairy cows.

Our objective was to evaluate effects of corn grain endosperm type and fineness of grind on feed intake, feeding behavior, and productive performance of lactating cows. Eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in mid lactation (130 ± 42 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with main effects of corn grain endosperm type (floury or vitreous) and fineness of grind (fine or medium). Rations included alfalfa silage, corn treatments, protein supplement, minerals, and vitamins and were formulated to contain 29% starch, 27% neutral detergent fiber, 18.2% forage neutral detergent fiber, and 18% crude protein. Corn grain treatments supplied 86.2% of dietary starch. Endosperm was 25% vitreous for the floury treatment and 66% vitreous for the vitreous treatment. The floury treatment increased rate of starch degradation by 94% (19.2 vs. 9.9%/h) and decreased rate of starch passage by 38% (16.1 vs. 25.8%/h), increasing apparent ruminal starch digestibility by 117% (53.7 vs. 24.7%). The floury treatment increased total-tract starch digestibility by 8% (92.2 vs. 85.1%) despite 37% lower postruminal starch digestion for the floury treatment compared with vitreous corn (38.4 vs. 60.7% of starch intake). Fine grind size increased apparent ruminal starch digestibility by 52% (47.2 vs. 31.1%) compared with medium grind size by increasing the rate of starch degradation by 105% (19.5 vs. 9.5%/h) with no effect on rate of starch passage. However, total-tract starch digestibility was not affected by fineness of grind because postruminal starch digestibility was 37% greater for medium compared with fine grind size (57.2 vs. 41.9% of starch intake). Endosperm type did not affect flow of nitrogen (N) fractions to the duodenum or microbial N efficiency, whereas fine grind size increased duodenal flow of nonammonia N by increasing duodenal flow of microbial N by 22% compared with medium grind size (438 vs. 359 g/d) but did not affect apparent total-tract N digestibility. No interactions were detected for any measure of starch digestion, ruminal N metabolism, or flow of N fractions to the duodenum. Endosperm type greatly affected ruminal and total-tract starch digestibility independent of the fineness of grind of corn grain with no effects on flow of N fractions.
Taxonomy of Challenges in Cloud Security

The world of computing has progressed from centralized (client-server rather than web-based) to distributed systems, and we are now returning to virtual centralization (Cloud Computing). In the world of computation, the location of data and processes makes all the difference. On the one hand, a person has complete control over the data and processes in their machine. The internet is used as a networking tool in cloud computing. When it comes to data protection in cloud computing, the provider must have some assurance in service level agreements (SLAs) to reassure the customer about security concerns. Organizations that use cloud computing as a service platform are keen to look at security and confidentiality concerns for their mission-critical, non-sensitive applications. This paper addresses the fundamentals of cloud computing and security concerns, risks, and solutions. The paper also goes through several open research questions about cloud protection. Keywords—cloud, cloud security, data protection, cloud infrastructure
Development of Multi-Scale X-ray Fluorescence Tomography for Examination of Nanocomposite-Treated Biological Samples.

Research in cancer nanotechnology is entering its third decade, and the need to study interactions between nanomaterials and cells remains urgent. Heterogeneity of nanoparticle uptake by different cells and subcellular compartments represent the greatest obstacles to a full understanding of the entire spectrum of nanomaterials’ effects. In this work, we used flow cytometry to evaluate changes in cell cycle associated with non-targeted nanocomposite uptake by individual cells and cell populations. Analogous single cell and cell population changes in nanocomposite uptake were explored by X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM). Very few nanoparticles are visible by optical imaging without labeling, but labeling increases nanoparticle complexity and the risk of modified cellular uptake. XFM can be used to evaluate heterogeneity of nanocomposite uptake by directly imaging the metal atoms present in the metal-oxide nanocomposites under investigation. While XFM mapping has been performed iteratively in 2D with the same sample at different resolutions, this study is the first example of serial tomographic imaging at two different resolutions. A cluster of cells exposed to non-targeted nanocomposites was imaged with a micron-sized beam in 3D. Next, the sample was sectioned for immunohistochemistry as well as a high resolution “zoomed in” X-ray fluorescence (XRF) tomography with 80 nm beam spot size. Multiscale XRF tomography will revolutionize our ability to explore cell-to-cell differences in nanomaterial uptake.
Takings and the Regulatory Roles of Government (Introduction and Overview)

For over a century, the regulatory takings opinions of both state and federal courts have raised two puzzling questions. First, when explaining whether a government regulation, or its application, constituted a "tak[ing] for...use" under the Fifth Amendment (or a counterpart state provision), why has the courts' rhetoric in so many opinions failed to provide a clear, principled explanation of the results actually reached? In contrast, the results in those cases have invariably suggested to most persons working closely with them that there must be a set of rational principles underlying them, which, if those principles could be discovered and adequately described, a surprisingly cohesive body of law might emerge. Thus, the second puzzling question is: are there any such cognizable principles? Considering nearly all the regulatory takings opinions of the United States Supreme Court, as well as numerous state court opinions, this working paper demonstrates that the courts' rhetoric has proved so unsatisfactory because most of it has been predicated on the principles of substantive due process, rather than on the distinctly different principles the courts have been using throughout most of our constitutional history to decide regulatory takings claims. To understand those distinctly different principles, however, requires a recognition that, when government engages in any action designed to allow people to satisfy more of their personal values from their use and enjoyment of the resources available to them, the government may employ one or more of its governmental powers (such as its powers to impose punitive sanctions, impose financial obligations, condemn property, incur debt, spend money, etc.) to perform one or more of its regulatory roles. Of those roles, the three most relevant in the law of takings are prevention, redistribution, and encouraging the voluntary exchange or sharing of private resources. Using these three regulatory roles as a frame of reference, an analysis of the results the courts have reached in their takings decisions since the early 1800s reveals that a taking occurs when the evident purpose of any government action is redistributive, rather than preventive or that of encouraging the exchange and sharing of private resources. And the principles the courts have been using (although probably most often only intuitively) to determine which regulatory role or roles the government was performing when that action occurred can most appropriately be denoted the involuntary Good Samaritan test of takings. Under that test, a taking occurs whenever the evident purpose of those acting for the government is to require an owner to make private property available to others for their use and enjoyment - that is, to satisfy their values of safety, health or economic gain - and the owner has neither consented to such use, nor has the owner been (nor will the owner be) causally responsible for having created the perceived need for others to make that use of the property.
Language and Representation in Information Retrieval

The Nature of Information Retrieval. The Principal Formal Models of Information Retrieval. The Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems. Language and Representation: The Central Problem in Information Retrieval. Communication and Adaptation. Information Retrieval and the Nature of Scientific Theory. Conclusion. Index.
A network approach to understanding drug resistance (235.2)

New drugs that target MAPK-activated melanomas show good clinical results, but with varied outcomes, both in vitro and in patients. The reasons for the phenotypic heterogeneity are still unknown. H...
Neural networks for voiced/unvoiced speech classification

The results of designing, training, and testing a neural network for the voiced/unvoiced (V/UV) speech classification problem are described. A feedforward multilayer backpropagation network was used with six input, ten internal, and two output nodes-for a binary decision. The six features are common and easily computed. Training was done with 72 frames from two speakers. Testing was done with 479 frames from four speakers and resulted in a total of two errors (0.4%). Thus, a small neural network performs well on the V/UV problem. >
Pulse-shaping system implementation on the 60-beam OMEGA laser

The 60-beam, 40-kJ (UV) OMEGA laser system has now been operating for approximately one year.
Effects of ErbB2 signaling on the response of vestibular schwannoma cells to gamma-irradiation.

Objective: For vestibular schwannomas (VSs) that require treatment, options are limited to microsurgery or irradiation (IR). Development of alternative therapies that augment or replace microsurgery or IR would benefit patients not suitable for current therapies. This study explored the ability of ErbB2 inhibitors to modulate the effects of IR on VS cells. Study Design: Prospective study using primary cultures derived from human VSs. Methods: Primary cultures of VS cells were derived from acutely resected tumors. Cultures received single escalating doses (15–40 Gy) of γ-irradiation from a 137Cs γ-irradiation source. Cell proliferation was determined by BrdU uptake and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Trastuzumab (Herceptin) and PD158780 were independently used to inhibit ErbB2 signaling while neuregulin-1β (NRG-1) was used to activate ErbB2. Results: IR induces VS cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in doses greater than 20 Gy, demonstrating that VS cells are relatively radioresistant. This radioresistance likely arises from their low proliferative capacity as a sublethal dose of IR (10 Gy) strongly induces deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage evidenced by histone H2AX phosphorylation. Inhibition of ErbB2, which decreases VS cell proliferation, protects VS cells from radiation-induced apoptosis, while NRG-1, an ErbB2 ligand and VS cell mitogen, increases radiation-induced VS cell apoptosis. Conclusions: Compared with many neoplastic conditions, VS cells are relatively radioresistant. The radio-protective effect of ErbB2 inhibitors implies that the sensitivity of VS cells to IR depends on their proliferative capacity. These results hold important implications for current and future treatment strategies.
Classification of large-scale subaqueous bedforms; a new look at an old problem

A Symposium entitled "Classification of Large-Scale Flow-Transverse Bedforms" was convened at the 1987 Mid-Year Meeting of SEPM in Austin, Texas with the purpose of examining the problems involved in classifying large subaqueous flow-transverse bedforms developed in fluvial, intertidal, and marine environments, and recommending changes in nomenclature. The consensus of the participants is that despite the wide spectrum of morphologies of large-scale flow-transverse bedforms (excluding antidunes), they all occupy a similar position in the lower-flow-regime sequence between ripples and upper plane bed. The wide variety of forms is a reflection of secondary effects such as channelization, fluctuating water levels, and unsteady and reversing flows. The bedforms appear not to fall into size classes with naturally occurring boundaries but rather form a continuum with spacing from just under 1 m to over 1,000 m. The symposium panel proposes, therefore, that they should have only one name, DUNE. Dune is preferred as it has historical precedence over other terms in use, such as megaripple and sand wave. The term "dune" should be modified by primary descriptors of shape (i.e., 2-D or 3-D) and size based on spacing (small (0.6-5 m), medium (5-10 m), large (10-100 m) or very large (> 100 m) and the adjective subaqueous when it is important to distinguish them from eolian dunes. The panel recommends a morphologically based classification that is descriptive, with an underlying genetic rationale. Second order descriptors such a sediment size and bedform superposition may be used to describe more thoroughly the variety of subaqueous dunes in nature.
The laser-assisted iron oxide coating of cast Al auto engines

Cast A319 Al alloy, which is a popular choice for automobile engine cylinder block material, has been limited in that use by its poor tribological properties. Various techniques have been explored to address this problem, including the one addressed in this study, laser surface engineering (LSE.) Engine cylinders made of A319 Al alloy were LSE coated with FeO. The region of coating produced a refined microstructure compared to the cast substrate structure. Also, the FeO coating displayed superior wear performance compared to uncoated A319 Al under dry sliding wear conditions.
Developing entrepreneurs the future needs through systematic application of problem-based learning

There are many overwhelming problems facing the planet today — water shortages, climate change, overpopulation, and depletion of the oceans — to name but a few. And there is also no question that human economic activity is largely to blame for these problems. Yet at the same time, there is an implicit realization that how humans provide for their economic needs must change, and do so rapidly. Certain individuals, such as Muhammad Yunus, the famous micro-finance pioneer, have demonstrated that new systems of economies are possible, and can address both economic and environmental problems on a broad scale, in relatively short time periods. But can educators facilitate the creation of more individuals like Muhammad Yunus? Part of the solution may be educating the next generation of entrepreneurs to attack these problems directly. Yet the reality is that many of these problems are systemic, and intractable except on the micro-scale to access by students within the limited time they are in the educational system. While many propose additional content-specific coursework as the solution, the larger results in society (just teaching a factual course on climate change, for example) do not show that this is a compelling use of resources in generating the human potential needed to take on these larger problems. A different method, whereby students' larger metacognitive skills, involving increased sense and responsibility for larger temporal and spatial scales, is needed. In this paper, the author looks at entrepreneurship education from an active learning, empathetic development perspective. By examining the changes in societally emergent entrepreneurial activity through the ages, with a focus on the last 200 years, one can see an increasing trend in both elevation of respect and concern for the individual, as well as a dramatic increase in duplex communication up and down power levels in companies, as well as flattening of organizational structures. Understanding these relatively new relational structures, and targeting them in the development of active learning environments, offers hope that educators can construct active learning curricula that can create this next wave of entrepreneurs with larger, necessary metacognitive scope. This paper offers a road map to the necessary ingredients for construction of these environments, in the hopes that it will guide other educators toward creating the next business and engineering class the future of humanity so desperately needs.
Validating Placement: Local Means, Multiple Measures.

Abstract This study outlines a response to composition placement review based on the understanding that demonstrating validity is an argumentative act. The response defines the validity argument through principles of sound assessment: using multiple, local methods in order to improve program performance. The study thus eschews the traditional course-grade correlation methodology, and develops a local teacher- or expert-rater system combined with a matched-pair analysis. While the results do not quite meet the hypothesized level, ultimately the study was successful in creating an effective argument as part of a successful program review.
Analysis of Crack Propagation in Roller Bearings Using the Boundary Integral Equation Method—A Mixed-Mode Loading Problem

Crack propagation in a rotating inner raceway of a high-speed roller bearing is analyzed using the boundary integral method. The model consists of an edge plate under plane strain condition upon which varying Hertzian stress fields are superimposed. A multidomain boundary integral equation using quadratic elements was written to determine the stress intensity factors KI and KII at the crack tip for various roller positions. The multidomain formulation allows the two faces of the crack to be modeled in two different subregions, making it possible to analyze crack closure when the roller is positioned on or close to the crack line. KI and KII stress intensity factors along any direction were computed. These calculations permit determination of crack growth direction along which the average KI times the alternating KI is maximum.
Comparison of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children with cleft palate following Furlow palatoplasty or pharyngeal flap for velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in patients with cleft palate having a Furlow palatoplasty or pharyngeal flap for correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Patients: A total of 48 nonsyndromic children with repaired cleft palate with VPI were enrolled in the study. Twenty of the children had a Furlow palatoplasty (F group) and 28 children had a pharyngeal flap (P group) for correction of VPI. Interventions: An overnight polysomnography evaluation was done to evaluate the incidence and severity of OSAS 6 months or more postoperatively. Main Outcome Measures: Symptoms of OSAS, respiratory disturbance index (RDI), oxyhemoglobin desaturation index (DI), and sleep stages were measured. Results: In the P group, the mean percentage of stage 2 sleep was lower than the F group (p < .05). The mean RDI and DI were larger in the P group, compared with the F group (p < .001). The incidence and severity of OSAS were higher in the P group, com...
GC-MS analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater samples after the North Cape oil spill

Abstract We developed a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) method for measuring both total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater samples that were collected after the North Cape oil spill. After the samples are extracted with methylene chloride and hexane, the extracts are fractionated on silica-gel columns and then injected into a GC-MS operating in the selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. The signal from the ion m/z 57 (C4H9+), which is a major ion in aliphatic compounds, is integrated throughout the chromatogram and used to calculate the amount of TPHs. The PAHs are analyzed by using distinct quantification ions during the same run. This method is faster than conventional gas chromatography techniques that use both flame ionization detectors for aliphatics and mass spectrometers for PAHs and also gives a more positive identification due to using GC-MS. Laboratory blanks, recoveries from spiked seawater, and method detection limits for TPHs and PAHs with the simplified method are comparable to conventional methods. Over 50 seawater samples were analyzed after the North Cape oil spill, and the concentrations of TPHs and total PAHs were as high as 3940 and 115 μg 1−1, respectively.
A Computer-Aided Technique for Identifying Latent Conditions (CATILaC)

An incident investigation methodology has been developed to better place operating experience into an organisational context. It uses the concept of work processes to suggest the locations of organisational deficiencies that contributed to an event. To guide an analyst through this methodology, a software package has been developed which offers suggestions about where corrective actions and further investigation should be directed after an event. In this paper, the methodology is introduced, the software development is discussed, and a sample event is analysed. Comparisons are made to existing incident analysis methods and areas for future work are outlined. Although the discussion is geared toward nuclear power plant applications, the methodology is applicable to any type of highly proceduralised and structured organisation.