cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hind limb scaling in birds and other theropods: Implications for terrestrial locomotion.

An analysis of hind limb skeletal elements of non-avian theropods and ground-dwelling birds was performed to reveal patterns of change in shape and proportion with size. When femora of equal length are compared, birds exhibit a significantly larger midshaft diameter than non-avian theropods. As total limb length increases, avian femora become relatively shorter (negative allometry), while those of non-avian theropods become relatively longer (positive allometry). Avian femoral/tibiotarsal ratios are all below 0.8 and decrease with limb size, whereas ratios of non-avian theropods are well above 0.8 and tend to increase with limb size. In addition, avian femora exhibit a unique diameter/length relationship not seen in other theropod hind limb bones. Several studies have shown that within the avian limb, the short, robust femur resists bending to a far greater degree than the relatively longer, slimmer tibiotarsus. This is to be expected, as analyses of running birds show that the femur is oriented relatively perpendicular to the ground reaction force throughout the stride, which would subject it to high bending moments. When compared to birds, non-avian theropods have relatively long, slender femora that do not seem to be built to withstand the forces associated with such an orientation. Reconstructing all non-avian theropods in avian-like poses (subhorizontal femur, knee well flexed) with avian locomotor kinematics (relatively little hip extension at most speeds) ignores major differences in scaling between these groups of organisms.
Spatial and polarization structure in microdome resonators: effects of a Bragg mirror

Micro-domes based on a combination of metallic and dielectric multilayer mirrors are studied using a fully vectorial numerical basis-expansion method that accurately accounts for the effects of an arbitrary Bragg stack and can efficiently cover a large range of dome shapes and sizes. Results are examined from three different viewpoints: (i) the ray-optics limit, (ii) the (semi-) confocal limit for which exact wave solutions are known, and (iii) the paraxial approximation using vectorial Gaussian beams.
Nicaragua: The Land Of Sandino

Early history - the pre-Columbian period to the mid-1930s recent history - the Somoza era, the Sandinist revolution and the conservative restoration the economic dimension culture and society government and politics the international dimension.
Benefits and Challenges of Online Education for Clinical Social Work: Three Examples

As growing numbers of social work programs offer online delivery of course content, the positive aspects described in the literature, such as student access and flexibility, as well as concerns about quality, instructor/student relationships, and academic honesty of students, need to be examined as they relate to clinical social work education (Pelech et al. 2013; Reamer 2013). Three examples of fully online courses offered to clinical social work students by an experienced clinician and online instructor are examined in the context of the benefits and challenges put forth in the literature. A foundation interviewing course, diagnostic assessment course, and course on social work with older adults with a service-learning component are described in terms of quality, comparison to face-to-face courses, advantages, and disadvantages. These examples illustrate that online courses which are strategically and rigorously developed are comparable to face-to-face courses in many ways, including activities, assignments, assessments, outcomes, student quality, and methods of addressing academic dishonesty. Yet, differences exist in quality and quantity of interaction and skill development. Methods of ensuring quality are explored, including intense instructor presence, real time meetings online, and well-formulated discussion questions that require students to interact with the material and each other in ways that are potentially more demanding and engaging than courses taught face-to-face. Further challenges of technology, class size and requirement of additional faculty time are discussed, as well as clinical content that is currently more appropriately taught with a face-to-face component.
Advantages of multiple cell culture systems for detection of mixed-virus infections.

Simultaneous infections by two or more viruses occur frequently, especially in immunosuppressed patients. In order to detect more than one viral agent in a single specimen, multiple cell systems have been employed in our laboratory. Specimens are routinely inoculated into four different cell cultures, namely: MRC-5, a human diploid lung fibroblast cell strain; A549, a human continuous cell line; primary guinea pig embryo (GPE) cell culture, and primary rhesus monkey kidney (RhMK) cell culture. For rapid detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen, MRC-5 cells grown in shell vials containing coverslips are also inoculated with the same specimens followed by centrifugation. During 1989, nine cases of multiple-virus isolations were obtained in this laboratory. In all nine patients, CMV was detected in MRC-5 cells. Five of the nine cases were co-infected with HSV-1, three were co-infected with adenovirus, and one was co-infected with both HSV-1 and adenovirus. All four adenovirus isolates were obtained in A549 cells. Of the six HSV-1 isolates, one was detected in all three cell cultures, e.g. MRC-5, A549 and GPE; one was detected in both MRC-5 and A549 cells, and four were isolated in a single-cell type only. For nine CMV-positive cases, five were obtained by both conventional and centrifugation cultures, two each were detected by centrifugation or conventional culture only. Thus for a maximum detection of viruses present in a single specimen, it is suggested that multiple-cell-culture systems, together with more than one technique, should be employed.
Fast surface approximation for volume and surface area measurements using distance transform

The laser triangulation technique has been widely used to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) information because of its accuracy. It is a fast, noncontact method for 3-D measurement. However, 3-D data obtained from triangulation are not dense and usually not complete for surface reconstruction, especially for objects with irregular shapes. As the result of fitting surfaces with these sparse 3-D data, inaccuracy in measuring object surface area and volume is inevitable. Accurate sur- face reconstruction from incomplete 3-D data points becomes an impor- tant step toward accurate noncontact surface area and volume measure- ments of objects moving at high speed. A novel computer vision technique combining laser triangulation and a distance transform is de- veloped to improve the 3-D measurement accuracy for objects with ir- regular shapes. The 2-D object image boundary points combined with the 3-D data obtained from laser triangulation are used to generate a 3-D wire frame. The distances from each pixel within the object boundary to its nearest boundary point are then used as the constraints for surface approximation. With this additional information from the distance trans- form, more accurate surface approximation can be achieved. This novel surface approximation technique is implemented and the measurement accuracy is compared with the accuracy using other surface interpolation techniques for the volume measurement of moving objects. © 2003 Soci-
Dialectical tensions in stroke survivor relationships

Stroke is an unpredictable and life-altering medical occurrence that causes immediate change in survivors' relationships. This study unearthed dialectical tensions expressed by spouses of stroke survivors and examined how those dialectical tensions compare to those experienced by stroke survivors themselves. Sixteen spouses of stroke survivors participated in interviews, and four tensions ultimately emerged: self-orientation-partner-orientation, realism-idealism, uncertainty-acceptance, and emotional release-emotional reservation. Three dialectical tensions (i.e., uncertainty-acceptance, realism-idealism, self-orientation-partner-orientation) were similar to those communicated by stroke survivors. Recognizing dialectical tensions experienced and shared can open communication lines and ultimately improve the health of individuals and their relationships.
The pathological interaction between diabetes and presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease.

Since diabetes is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), we asked if there is a functional interaction between high glucose and elevated beta amyloid peptide (Aβ) in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells and presymptomatic AD transgenic mice. When cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells are exposed to both high glucose and low levels of Aβ, there is a synergistic interaction to cause an increased accumulation of advanced glycation products (AGE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). When presymptomatic mice expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein and presenilin are made diabetic, they have a decrease in cognitive function relative to control mice. Associated with the cognitive deficit are increases in brain microvascular AGE and iNOS expression, and the loss of the synaptic spine protein drebrin. No amyloid plaques or tangles are observed within the brains of any group. These data show that diabetes causes a synergistic potentiation of some indices of AD in transgenic animals that are presymptomatic for the classical features of the disease.
Conversion of light energy to proton potential in liposomes by artificial photosynthetic reaction centres

During photosynthesis, photoinduced electron transport across membranes is carried out by pigment molecules organized into reaction centres by membrane-spanning proteins. The resulting transmembrane electrochemical potential is then coupled to the movement of protons across the membrane1. Photoinduced electron transport followed by thermal electron transfer, leading to charge separation over distances of 8 nm, has been demonstrated in artificial mimics of the photosynthetic reaction centre comprising covalently linked electron donors and acceptors2–10. Here we report the assembly of an artificial mimic of the photosynthetic apparatus which transports protons across a lipid bilayer when illuminated. Our model reaction centre is a molecular 'triad', consisting of an electron donor and acceptor linked to a photosensitive porphyrin group. This triad is incorporated into the bilayer of a liposome. When excited, it establishes a reduction potential near the outer surface of the bilayer and an oxidation potential near its inner surface. In response to this redox potential gradient, a freely diffusing quinone molecule alternates between its oxidized and reduced forms to ferry protons across the bilayer with an overall quantum yield of 0.004, creating a pH gradient between the inside and outside of the liposome.
A generalized numerical range: the range of a constrained sesquilinear form

Let Mn denote the algebra of all nxn complex matrices. For a given q∊C with ∣Q∣≤1, we define and denote the q-numerical range of A∊Mn by Wq (A)={x ∗ Ay:x,y∊C n , x ∗ x−y ∗ y=1,x ∗ y=q } The q-numerical radius is then given by rq (A)=sup{∣z∣:z∊W q (A)}. When q=1,W q (A) and r q (A) reduce to the classical numerical range of A and the classical numerical radius of A, respectively. when q≠0, another interesting quantity associated with W q (A) is the inner q-numerical radius defined by [rtilde] q (A)=inf{∣z∣:z∊W q (A)} In this paper, we describe some basic properties of W q (A), extending known results on the classical numerical range. We also study the properties of rq considered as a norm (seminorm if q=0) on Mn .Finally, we characterize those linear operators L on Mn that leave Wq ,rq of [rtilde]q invariant. Extension of some of our results to the infinite dimensional case is discussed, and open problems are mentioned.
Epilogue: Asia rising – changing circumstances and shifting successes: sport as a metonymy for regional renaissance

For the rising nation-states of East Asia, triumph in sport was writ large as success in the context of the geo-politics of world powers. The international community, which has been largely dominated by the western hegemony of Europe and the United States, has rewarded the successful mimicry of their western institutions by East Asia which in turn contributed to the belief in the universality of their western institutions. For East Asia, inclusion into the global community has been complex both internationally and domestically. The use of sport as a metonymy for national and international prowess has been predicated upon the mutual fantasy by both the nation and the world community to see one another reflected according to often contrasting images. For the twentieth century, the reflection has been one of the dominance of American liberal democracy; for the twenty-first century, it will be of Asian ascendancy and regional renaissance. However, the specter of the twentieth century's exotic orientalism and...
Cloning and sequencing of a 8.4-kb region from the 3'-end of a Taiwanese virulent isolate of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence (8396 nucleotides) was determined, from the 3′-end of the putative polymerase gene to the poly(A) tail, for a Taiwanese virulent isolate, TFI, of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The TFI nucleotide sequence had very high identity to the British virulent field isolate FS772/70 (98.3%), the attenuated Purdue 115 (96.7%) and from the S gene to ORF-4 gene region, to the low passaged virulent Miller (98.3%) strains of TGEV. Comparison of the TFI S protein sequence with those determined from other TGEV strains and those of the TGEV variant, porcine respiratory coronavirus, isolated from Europe and North America showed that they had changed very little over a period of 4 decades. The two extra amino acids found to be present in the spike proteins of the virulent FS772/70 and Miller strains when compared to the avirulent Purdue strain were found to be present in the TFI strain. The genomic organisation of the TFI strain was the same as that of the other TGEV viruses.
Amino acid composition and peptide maps of Bacillus cereus 569-H penicillinase.

Abstract 1. 1.Penicillinase (penicillin amido-β-lactamase, EC 3.5.2.6) was purified from supernates of Bacillus cereus 569/H. The purified enzyme was shown to be homogeneous chromatographically, electrophoretically and by ultracentrifugal analysis. 2. 2.The enzyme was hydrolyzed under standard conditions and the amino acid composition was determined. It contains 227 amino acid residues and does not contain either cysteine or cystine. It has a high content of basic and acidic amino acids. It was found by spectrophotometric means that it contains two tryptophan residues. 3. 3.The peptide maps were found to be consistent with the amino acid composition of the enzyme.
“Slash and burn” doesn't kill weeds: Other ways to downsize the manufacturing organization

A company must not simply cut overheud when downsizing. Serious fhought and planning are critical. T he story is familiar, not only in the United States but increasingly elsewhere in the world. Sales suffer, costs grow, profits are squeezed. Blue-collar workers have been laid off. Senior management, feeling itself backed up against a financial wall, takes what it considers to be strategic action, a wake-up call for the organization. Amidst often genuine angst, layoffs in the overhead ranks are announced. The hard decision to “slash and burn” has been taken. In a number of major companies, such decisions have affected thousands of employees at once. One can hope that people have been laid off only after their jobs have been re-engineered, but that is not the case. The magnitude of the cost cutting has meant that most people must leave before the jobs themselves are re-engineered out of existence. This kind of reaction to financial events contains risks. A critical one is that without the work itself changing, the number of employees on the payroll, and their associated costs, can creep back up over time. Two years down the road, an outside observer would scarcely know what had changed. People are either back on the payroll or are doing their old jobs as outside contractors. In the intervening years, the old weeds have grown back. People were removed, but the work to be done in the overhead ranks remained the same. It is no wonder, then, that two years after the layoff it looks as though nothing had ever happened. The key to approaching this strategic question lies in understanding how lasting changes can be made in the work to be done and in an active rather than a reactive way. If the work itself does not change, then, over time, little else can be expected to change. In this article we examine how several major manufacturers have rooted out the “weeds” and have reduced their plant overhead structures more permanently. We conducted structured interviews with manufacturing executives in five large companies: three in the automotive industry, one in electronics, and one in consumer durables. By relating examples of specific events in their recent histories, they shared both the strategic and the tactical thinking that led them to downsize their manufacturing organizations in particular ways.
Antiepileptic Drugs for the Treatment of Impulsivity

Evidence is reviewed here which suggests that antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may be effective for the treat- ment of impulsivity across a range of psychiatric disorders and for impulse control and cluster B personality disor- ders in particular. AEDs may be effective for the treatment of the brain circuitry related to impulsivity, by modulat- ing GABA, glutamate, serotonin, and norepinephrine. It is suggested that interventions should be directed at the brain circuitry which modulates core symptoms like impulsivity that may be shared across disorders, rather than the disorder itself. In addition to these core symptom domains, clinicians should identify comorbid conditions and asso- ciated symptoms related to brain systems as they can also influence overall treatment response. The increasing ex- perience of psychiatrists in treating impulse control disorders, cluster B personality disorders, and impulsivity across disorders should complement the knowledge obtained from research. This will lead to a better understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying impulsive symptom domains within disorders and to more targeted treatments with improved outcomes.
Determination of mouth alcohol using the Dräger Evidential Portable Alcohol System

Drivers suspected of alcohol intoxication are observed for a period of 15 min prior to quantitative breath alcohol testing. This is to preclude the interference of alcohol-based substances such as cough medicine, mouthwash, and breath spray just prior to actual evidential testing. To determine whether a 15 min observation period was necessary when performing evidential breath tests in the field, a mouth alcohol experiment was performed using the Drager Evidential Portable Alcohol System (EPAS). Five types of alcohol beverages and the effects of expectorating versus swallowing were tested on twenty-five volunteer subjects. Serial measurements of breath and blood alcohol levels were performed at fixed time intervals. All alcohol beverage types gave two sequential measurements within 0.02 g/210 L of each other before 15 min had passed. Fifteen minutes was necessary to ensure there was no residual mouth alcohol. If the 15 min waiting period was not observed, the safety feature of the EPAS requiring two sequential measurements 2 min apart within 0.02 g/210 L would not ensure against mouth alcohol interference.
Association Action Rules and Action Paths Triggered by Meta-actions

Action rules are built from atomic expressions called atomic action terms and they describe possible transitions of objects from one state to another. They involve changes of values within one decision attribute. Association action rule is similar to an action rule but it may refer to changes of values involving several attributes listed in its decision part. Action paths are defined as sequences of association action rules with the assumption that the last rule in a sequence is as action rule. Early research on action rule discovery usually required the extraction of classification rules before constructing any action rule. Newest algorithms discover action rules and association action rules directly from an information system. This paper presents a strategy for generating association action rules and action paths by incorporating the use of meta-actions and influence matrices. Action paths show the cascading effect of meta-actions leading to a desired goal.
Using the Melamine Contamination of Foods To Enhance the Chemistry Classroom

An introduction to the chemistry of the triazine compound, melamine, is presented as well as a brief discussion of the health impacts on humans and pets when melamine contaminates milk products and pet food. Melamine has repeatedly been in the news, and its topical nature provides an excellent springboard for applications of a variety of chemical principles, including titration, dilution, stoichiometry, and gas laws, as well as structure of organic molecules. A sample calculation is included to illustrate possible applications and subsequent calculations are available in the supporting information. The topics are suitable for courses at a variety of levels: high school, college nonmajors, general chemistry, and organic or analytical chemistry.
SUBPIXEL SENSITIVITY MAP FOR A CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE SENSOR

The sensitivity across a solid state detector array varies as a result of differences in transmission, diffusion and scattering properties over the sensor. This variation will occur over a range of scale lengths and its knowledge is of importance for improved device design and in a variety of applications, for example, event centroiding in photon counting systems. A measurement of the sensitivity variation on a subpixel scale for a two-phase front-illuminated CCD is reported. The measurement is made using a scanning reflection microscope. A variation in sensitivity between the phases within a pixel is clearly observed, as well as varia- tions on a much smaller spatial scale. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instru- mentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(98)03103-1) Subject terms: charge-coupled device; pixel sensitivity; response function; crosstalk.
On Atomic Properties which make an Element a Metal

A criterion for determining when an element will show metallic conductivity.---From the dielectric constant of a gas or from its refractive index, extrapolated to long wave-lengths, the molar refractivity $R$ can be calculated. In the solid or liquid state we have $\frac{({n}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1)}{({n}^{2}+2)}=\frac{\mathrm{Rd}}{M}$. The left side cannot be larger than 1. If the right side becomes larger than 1, the dispersion electron is set free and the body then has metallic conductivity. The necessary and sufficient condition for metallic conductivity is therefore $Rg\frac{M}{d}$. The prediction is verified in the case of metals for which the refractive index is known or for which it can be calculated. It is shown that the condition is probably satisfied in the case of metals for which the refractive index cannot be calculated with certainty. The conductivity of sodium dissolved in liquid ammonia is discussed.
A file system for a general-purpose time-sharing environment

The file system for the Michigan terminal system (MTS) is described. MTS is a general-purpose multiprogramming multiprocessing paged time-sharing system for the IBM 360/67 and 370/168 developed at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. First, an overview of some of the external facilities provided to the users of files is presented; then some of the internal design philosophy and corresponding implementation strategy for the file system are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on how the sharing of files is accomplished, both from the user's point of view and the system's point of view. A retrospective judgment of some of the strengths and weaknesses of the MTS file system is given. Finally, an appendix details the allowable concurrent usage of files and the algorithm used for file deadlock detection in MTS.
A General Model of Synaptic Transmission and Short-Term Plasticity

Some synapses transmit strongly to action potentials (APs), but weaken with repeated activation; others transmit feebly at first, but strengthen with sustained activity. We measured synchronous and asynchronous transmitter release at “phasic” crayfish neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) showing depression and at facilitating “tonic” junctions, and define the kinetics of depression and facilitation. We offer a comprehensive model of presynaptic processes, encompassing mobilization of reserve vesicles, priming of docked vesicles, their association with Ca2+ channels, and refractoriness of release sites, while accounting for data on presynaptic buffers governing Ca2+ diffusion. Model simulations reproduce many experimentally defined aspects of transmission and plasticity at these synapses. Their similarity to vertebrate central synapses suggests that the model might be of general relevance to synaptic transmission.
Algorithm for a gear-train problem

An algorithm for the numeric solution of a common gear-train problem is developed. A number-theory approach, relatively novel in current engineering practice, is used in deriving the algorithm. The form of the algorithm obtained is suitable for programming on a digital computer.
What is so Good about Moral Freedom

Many Christian philosophers believe that it is a great good that human beings are free to choose between good and evil, so good indeed that God is justified in putting up with a great many evil choices for the sake of it. But many of the same Christian philosophers also believe that God is essentially good – good in every possible world. Unlike his sinful human creatures, God cannot choose between good and evil. In that sense, he is not ‘morallyFree’. It is not easy to see how to fit these two theses into a single coherent package. If moral freedom is such a great good in human beings, why is it not a grave defect in God that he lacks it? And if the lack of moral freedom does not detract in any way from God's greatness, would it not have been better for us not to have it? I develop, but ultimately reject, what I take to be the most initially promising strategy for resolving this dilemma.
Large-area multiplexed sensing using MEMS and fiber optics

Micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) technology offers the ability to implement local and independent sensing and actuation functions through the coordinated response of discrete micro-electro-mechanical 'basis function' elements. The small size of micromechanical components coupled with the ability to reduce costs using volume manufacturing techniques opens up significant potential not only in military applications such as flight and engine monitoring and control, but in autonomous vehicle control, smart munitions, airborne reconnaissance, LADAR, missile guidance, and even in intelligent transportation systems and automotive guidance applications. In this program, Luna Innovations is developing a flexible, programmable interface which can be integrated direction with different types of MEMS sensors, and then used to multiplex many sensors ona single optical fiber to provide a unique combination of functions that will allow larger quantities of sensory input with better resolution than ever before possible.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Alkaline phosphatase activity in subtropical Central North Pacific waters using a sensitive fluorometric method

This paper describes a fluorometric method for assaying low levels of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in seawater. The assay is based on the hydrolysis of the monophosphate ester bond of 3-0-methylfluorescein phosphate. This enzyme is synthesized by many microorganisms when phosphate becomes limiting. Alkaline phosphatase activity was detected in phytoplankton from the nutrient-impoverished surface waters of the subtropical Central North Pacific Ocean. The presence of naturally occurring phosphatase suggests that phosphorus may be limiting to phytoplankton growth in these waters. The phytoplankton in water samples lacking enzyme activity at the time of collection produced phosphatase within 1 to 2 days of incubation at in situ temperatures.
Development neurotoxicity: implications of methylmercury research

The causes of neurodevelopmental disorders are mostly unknown. Exposure to certain chemicals during early foetal development can cause permanent brain injury at doses much lower than those that affect the adult brain. Recent epidemiological evidence on methylmercury has shown adverse effects at exposure levels previously thought to be safe. Major obstacles in this research field include non-specific neurobehavioural outcomes and imprecise exposure assessments that result in a bias towards the null. Epidemiological studies may therefore easily underestimate the risk, but they are nonetheless often considered with scepticism. Neurodevelopmental toxicity potentials of numerous other chemicals have not yet been documented to the same extent as mercury, and exposures are therefore not regulated to protect the developing brain. The experience on mercury toxicity suggests that a precautionary approach to potential developmental neurotoxicants is warranted.
Role of Climate in the Modern Condition of Lake Victoria

Comparison of historical and recent climatic data for Lake Victoria, a great lake in the high elevation tropics of East Africa, demonstrates changes in surface temperature, air moisture, atmospheric transparency, and wind shear from conditions 35 years ago. The changes appear to be part of a global change in climate conditions of the high elevation tropics. The physical and ecological conditions of Lake Victoria appear responsive to lake-atmosphere interactions through mechanisms of wind stress and surface heat fluxes. Lake temperatures, mixing regimes, oxygen levels, and primary production have changed in parallel to air temperature, humidity, atmospheric transparency, and wind speeds between about 1960 and the present. Data indicate strong coupling between meteorological components of lake heat balance and both biological and chemical conditions. Many features of the apparent modern eutrophication of Lake Victoria may have been accelerated or exaggerated by the climate effects. The analysis suggests a mechanism for feedback of climate on lake condition which, if general, might provide a modern analog for periodic changes reported in the fossil diatom community of the lake over the past 10 millenia.
Problems in characterization of naturally fractured reservoirs from well test data

This paper presents a critical analysis of some recently published papers on naturally fractured reservoirs. These publications have pointed out that for a matrix-to-fracturegradient flow regime, the transition portion of pressure test data on the semilog plot develops a slope one half that of the late-time data. The authors show that systems under pseudosteady state also may develop a 1:2 slope ratio. Examples from published case studies are included to show the significant errors associated with the characterization of a naturally fractured system by using the 1:2 slope concept for semicomplete well tests.
The enumeration of integer sequences with a given number of colored records

Abstract An integer valued discrete time series W with domain {1,…, n } has a record at time i iff W ( i )> W ( j ) for all j =1,…, i -1. Depending on the kind of mapping represented by W (bijection, injection, surjection,…) the number of time series with a given number of records can be expressed in terms of Stirling numbers and binomial coefficients. We introduce a coloring scheme for the state space, which replaces the role of Stirling numbers by general factorial numbers. The coloring highlights ‘head and tail records’, where the tail of a time series begins after the first occurrence of the maximum. The tail records are of some interest in testing ranks for randomness. Examples for critical regions and power functions are given.
Effects of buffer layer thickness and film compositional grading on strain relaxation kinetics in InAs/GaAs(111)A heteroepitaxy

Abstract The effects on the strain relaxation kinetics of a thin buffer layer's mechanical response and of the epitaxial film compositional grading are investigated in the epitaxial growth of InAs on GaAs(111)A. Two heteroepitaxial systems are analyzed, consisting of thin and thick GaAs buffer layers grown on GaAs(111)A epi-ready substrates. In both cases, one monolayer of In0.50Ga0.50As is grown initially on the buffer layer followed by growth of several monolayers of InAs. In both systems, strain relaxation in the grown film is measured as a function of film thickness. The experimental measurements are described successfully by a phenomenological mean-field theoretical analysis. Our results support that the mechanical response of a thin buffer layer is similar to that of a thin compliant substrate that is unconstrained at its base. Furthermore, our results indicate that the mechanical behavior of a thin buffer layer can be used in conjunction with film compositional grading toward strain relaxation engineering in semiconductor heteroepitaxy.
Method of preparation of soluble radiophosphate.

Soluble radiophosphate was prepared from unsatisfactory preparations by passing a 0.1N HCl solution of phosphate through a Dowex 50-X8, 100-260 mesh resin column (H form, 1 x 15 cm) at a flow rate of approximates 2 nfl/min. After the effluent is evaporated to dryness on a water bath, the residue is present as phosphoric acid in trace amounts. It is taken up in isotonic saline and the solution filtered to give the soluble radiophosphate. Extensive conditioning of the cation exchange resin is essential for the success of the procedure; this can be done with alternate N HCl and N NaOH washes, followed by exhaustive extraction with 95% ethanol to remove any organic impurities. To minimize radiation damage to the resin, the carrier-free radiophosphate solution is diluted to give an activity of approximately 1 mC/ml for passage through the column. The resin column is washed with 0.1N RCI after use and stored. The overall loss of radioactivity due to manipulation is negligible. (TCO)
Dynamic bifurcation analysis of Advanced Aircraft Electric Power System (AAEPS) with non-linear loading

In this article a comprehensive dynamic bifurcation analysis of the Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) Advanced Aircraft Electric Power System (AAEPS) corresponding to Boeing 767 is performed. A complete set of state space differential equations are developed to verify the aircraft electric power system stabilities under various loading configurations. In order to investigate the system's sustainability to any foreigner chaos, different loading scenarios, as well as variation in control parameters are considered. Furthermore, change in the operating frequency due to variation in the Synchronous Generator (SG) engine speed is studied. For changes in the loading profile, it is shown that the equilibrium point undergoes different bifurcation behaviors. Finally, the developed equations are implemented in Matlab, and the accuracy of obtained results is verified by exact time-domain simulations of a study model in the PSIM9 SW environment. Also, bifurcation diagrams which can assist engineers in identifying preferred/undesired regions of operations are presented for each case study.
Effects of temperature, concentration and articular surface removal on transient solute diffusion in articular cartilage

The diffusion of glucose, inulin and dextran into adult bovine articular cartilage was studied as a function of temperature, solute concentration and articular surface integrity. One-dimensional, transient solute diffusion experiments were performed for 5, 15 and 60 min. The diffusion and interface partition coefficients increased with increasing temperature, but exhibited no concentration dependency when the solute concentration was increased 100-fold. Relative to intact tissue, removal of the uppermost articular surface resulted in decreased solute concentrations within the tissue for all solutes and time periods tested.
Mutagenic activation of 4-aminobiphenyl and its N-hydroxy derivatives by microsomes from cultured human uroepithelial cells

Activation of the human bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) and its N-hydroxy derivatives was investigated using lysates and subcellular enzyme preparations from cultured human uroepithelial cells (HUC). Mutagenic activation was determined using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98; TA98/1,8-DNP6, a derivative deficient in acetyl coenzyme A:N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase (OAT); and YG1024, a derivative of TA98 with elevated OAT activity and enhanced sensitivity to mutation by N-hydroxyarylamines. Mutagenicity of ABP catalyzed by HUC microsomes was detected in YG1024 but not in the parent strain TA98. HUC microsomes also catalyzed the mutagenic activation of N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-OH-AABP) and the relative sensitivity of the tester strains was YG1024 > TA98 > TA98/1,8-DNP6, indicating N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl (N-OH-ABP) as the mutagenic intermediate. In contrast, the mutagenic activity of N-acetoxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl incubated with HUC microsomes was approximately equal in TA98 and YG1024, and may involve N-acetoxy-4-aminobiphenyl (N-OAc-ABP) as the intermediate. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the DNA hydrolysate obtained after incubation of [3H]N-OH-ABP with YG1024, showed N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl (dG-ABP) as the primary adduct, based on mobility of the radioactivity in comparison with the synthetic standard. Additionally, HUC microsomes catalyzed the binding of [3H]N-OH-ABP to RNA in the presence of 4-acetylaminobiphenyl (AABP), N-OH-AABP and acetyl coenzyme A as acetyl donors, and this binding was blocked by paraoxon. The hydrolysate obtained from incubation of DNA with [3H]N-OH-ABP and HUC microsomes, with AABP as acetyl donor, revealed the formation of dG-ABP adduct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON BACTERIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY : I. TUBERCULIN SENSITIVE TISSUES.

1. A high degree of cellular sensitivity to tuberculin toxicity was demonstrated when explants from tuberculous animals were grown in media containing that substance. 2. Similar degrees of sensitivity were noted in cells derived from animals infected with either virulent or relatively lowly virulent strains of tubercle bacilli. 3. The specificity of the tuberculin cytotoxicity was proven by testing with other bacterial cytotoxic materials. 4. Tuberculin sensitive cells grown in vitro in normal media showed, when tested with tuberculin, persistence of this cellular sensitivity through several transplantations during which time many new generations of cells developed. 5. There was a depression of the initial growth energy of explants from animals during the toxic phase of the disease. During the healing stage the initial growth energy returned to normal although marked sensitivity to tuberculin persisted. 6. The degree of cellular sensitivity to tuberculin in vitro did no parallel the acuity of the infectious process but represented a more or less permanent acquired characteristic impressed on the cell as a result of the infection.
Predictors of cessation pharmacotherapy use among black and non-Hispanic white smokers.

Introduction: Use of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation improves quit rates, but these treatments are underutilized, particularly among Black smokers. Attitudes toward phar- macotherapy may differ between racial/ethnic minorities and Caucasian smokers. It was hypothesized that Black and non- Hispanic White smokers would differ in their attitudes toward pharmacotherapy and that the association between attitudes toward and actual use of pharmacotherapy would differ by race. Methods: The study consisted of a single, cross-sectional telephone-based survey of current smokers (N = 697), which examined the relationship between race, attitudes toward phar- macotherapy, and pharmacotherapy usage in a representative bi-racial sample (39% Black). Results: Black smokers were significantly less likely to report ever use of pharmacotherapy (23%) than Caucasians (39%; odds ratio (OR) = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.33-0.66). Compared with Caucasians, Blacks had significantly less favorable attitudes toward pharmacotherapy, including disbelief about efficacy (p = .03), addiction concerns (p = .03), harmfulness of pharma- cotherapy (p = .008), and need for treatment of any kind to quit smoking (p = .004). In a multiple logistic regression, racial group (Caucasian is referent: OR = 0.55, p = .003), addiction concerns (OR = 0.80, p < .01), and need for treatment of any kind to quit smoking (OR = 1.52, p < .001) were predictive of pharmacotherapy use. Conclusions: These findings replicate and build upon previous research demonstrating underutilization of pharmacotherapy and enduring misconceptions about pharmacotherapy, particu- larly among Black smokers. Regardless of racial group, miscon- ceptions about pharmacotherapy are related to lower rates of use. Efforts to improve understanding about the efficacy and safety of these products are needed to boost utilization and impact cessation rates.
Primer for antimicrobial periodontal therapy

Successful prevention and treatment of periodontitis is contingent upon effective control of the periodontopathic microbiota. Periodontal pathogens reside in subgingival sites but also colonize supragingival plaque, tongue dorsum and other oral sites. Controlling destructive periodontal disease warrants a comprehensive antimicrobial approach that targets periodontal pathogens in various ecological niches of the oral cavity. Also, to effectively combat periodontal pathogens, the various elements of antimicrobial periodontal therapy should be engaged within a short period of time. Scaling and root planing, with or without periodontal surgery, along with proper oral hygiene, constitute the primary approach to controlling periodontopathogens. Antimicrobial agents administered systemically or locally can help suppress periodontal pathogens in periodontal sites and in the entire mouth. Microbiological testing aids the clinician in selecting the most effective antimicrobial agent or combination of agents, and in monitoring the effectiveness of periodontal treatment. The present paper considers theoretical and practical aspects of effective antimicrobial treatment of destructive periodontal disease.
Limiting Upset Cross Sections of SEU Hardened SOI SRAMs

This paper discusses the practical limits of proton and heavy ion induced single event upset cross sections in SEU hardened deep submicron SOI SRAMs. Non-conventional "double-hit" mechanisms are hypothesized to explain test results
An introduction to D.G. Little's 1924 classic paper "KDKA"

This classic paper [1] by D. G. Little (Fig. 1), published 74 years ago this month, is the earliest, and perhaps the only, record available in the literature that describes in detail the equipment and auxiliary apparatus used in the world’s first radio broadcasting station: KDKA of East Pittsburgh, PA. By all accounts, at 8:00 p.m. on November 2, 1920, KDKA began its first broadcast of the Harding–Cox presidential election returns. With a power output of 100 W, the transmitter’s signals reached out several hundreds of miles from the station. Its great success led its owner, the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, to increase its power output by tenfold within one year. By the end of 1923, KDKA was regularly heard in all parts of the United States and some parts of Europe, South America, and the Hawaiian Islands.
Low cycle fatigue of surface-mounted chip-carrier/printed wiring board joints

Chip-barrier/printed-wiring-board joints have been tested isothermally, at 35 degrees C, in shear. The joints were subjected to fully reversed cycling with fixed plastic displacement limit. The fatigue life was correlated with this displacement by a pseudo Coffin-Manson law. The fatigue life was defined in terms of 25%, 50%, 90%, and 100% drop in the load required to produce a given displacement. The resistance of each of 22 joints was also measured and the fatigue life, N/sub f/, defined in terms of the first joint to increase by 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 100%, and 10*. The results were found to be in general agreement with those obtained previously on single, larger, solder joints. Some variations were noted in the Coffin-Manson exponent, depending on how the displacement and fatigue lives were defined. This is discussed along with a model describing the process of joint failure. A set of displacement versus fatigue life curves which can be used to estimate the joint life on the basis of a variety of criteria is provided. >
Implementation of a combined X-ray CT-scintillation camera imaging system for localizing and measuring radionuclide uptake: experiments in phantoms and patients

We have developed and demonstrated an imaging system that couples an X-ray CT scanner to a scintillation camera for the localization and absolute measurement of radionuclide uptake. We use the registered CT images to provide physical information to overcome the quantitative errors in nuclear imaging due to attenuation, scatter, and limited spatial resolution. The registration accuracy and precision in phantom experiments was 0.0/spl plusmn/0.4 mm. Preliminary patient scans suggest that the registration techniques developed for phantom studies can be used. Conversion of X-ray CT image data to attenuation maps was accomplished by the scaling of calibration data and includes extensions to account for the presence of iodinated contrast agents. Experimental phantom studies show absolute quantitation with less than 10% error for up to 2:1 target:background activity concentration for objects as small as 2.7 ml. We are evaluating the localization and absolute quantitation of /sup 131/I-MIBG in neuroblastoma patients to determine if the techniques improve correlation between tumor dose and response.
Regulation of GABAergic inhibition by serotonin signaling in prefrontal cortex: molecular mechanisms and functional implications.

Serotonergic neurotransmission in prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a key role in regulating emotion and cognition under normal and pathological conditios. Increasing evidence suggests that serotonin receptors are involved in the complex regulation of GABAergic inhibitory transmission in PFC. Activation of postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors in PFC pyramidal neurons inhibits GABAA-receptor currents via phosphorylation of GABAA receptor γ2 subunits by RACK1-anchored PKC. In contrast, activation of postsynaptic 5-HT4 receptors produces an activity-dependent bi-directional regulation of GABA-evoked currents in PFC pyramidal neurons, which is mediated through phosphorylation of GABAA-receptor β subunits by anchored PKA. On the presynaptic side, GABAergic inhibition is regulated by 5-HT through the activation of 5-HT2, 5-HT1, and 5-HT3 receptors on GABAergic intereneurons. These data provide a molecular and cellular mechanism for serotonin to dynamically regulate synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the PFC network, which may underlie the actions of many antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs.