cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engaging Teachers in Investigating Their Teaching as a Linguistic Enterprise: The Case of Comprehension Instruction in the Context of Discussion

Although text-based discussions are considered by many literacy researchers and educators to be optimal contexts for teaching students how to comprehend text, a discussion is an ill-structured instructional space with complicated demands. A challenge for teacher educators is to acknowledge this complexity and provide ways for teachers to learn how to manage it. In the present study, a group of teachers in a master's-level methods course was supported in learning about comprehension instruction through analyzing transcripts of their classroom discussions, a form of practical inquiry.
NSD2 Links Dimethylation of Histone H3 at Lysine 36 to Oncogenic Programming

The histone lysine methyltransferase NSD2 (MMSET/WHSC1) is implicated in diverse diseases and commonly overexpressed in multiple myeloma due to a recurrent t(4;14) chromosomal translocation. However, the precise catalytic activity of NSD2 is obscure, preventing progress in understanding how this enzyme influences chromatin biology and myeloma pathogenesis. Here, we show that dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 36 (H3K36me2) is the principal chromatin-regulatory activity of NSD2. Catalysis of H3K36me2 by NSD2 is sufficient for gene activation. In t(4;14)-positive myeloma cells, the normal genome-wide and gene-specific distribution of H3K36me2 is obliterated, creating a chromatin landscape that selects for a transcription profile favorable for myelomagenesis. Catalytically active NSD2 confers xenograft tumor formation upon t(4;14)-negative cells and promotes oncogenic transformation of primary cells in an H3K36me2-dependent manner. Together, our findings establish H3K36me2 as the primary product generated by NSD2 and demonstrate that genomic disorganization of this canonical chromatin mark by NSD2 initiates oncogenic programming.
Distributing space weather monitoring instruments and educational materials worldwide for IHY 2007: The AWESOME and SID project

Abstract The International Heliophysical Year (IHY) aims to advance our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the Sun, Earth, and heliosphere. The IHY Education and Outreach Program is dedicated to inspiring the next generation of space and Earth scientists as well as spreading the knowledge, beauty, and relevance of our solar system to the people of the world. In our Space Weather Monitor project we deploy a global network of sensors to high schools and universities to provide quantitative diagnostics of solar-induced ionospheric disturbances, thunderstorm intensity, and magnetospheric activity. We bring real scientific instruments and data in a cost-effective way to students throughout the world. Instruments meet the objectives of being sensitive enough to produce research-quality data, yet inexpensive enough for placement in high schools and universities. The instruments and data have been shown to be appropriate to, and usable by, high school age and early university students. Data contributed to the Stanford data center is openly shared and partnerships between groups in different nations develop naturally. Students and teachers have direct access to scientific expertise. The result is a world-wide collaboration of scientists, teachers, and students to investigate the variability of the ionosphere. The research-quality AWESOME (Atmospheric Weather Electromagnetic System of Observation, Modeling, and Education) instruments have been selected as a participating program by the United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative (UNBSSI). The IHY Committee for International Education and Public Outreach has designated the simpler SID (Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance) monitors to be provided to teacher/student teams in each of the 192 countries of the world.
812 PLATELET ACTIVATION IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE

Abnormalities in platelet number and function have been described in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease (SS), suggesting that platelets play a role in this disorder. We studied platelet shape and circulating platelet aggregates (AGG) in SS patients as a guide to in vivo activation. One drop of freely flowing blood was collected by venipuncture into a siliconized vial containing 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.38% citrate. Using phase microscopy, 200 platelets were examined to see whether they were deformed (DEF) (spherical shape with ≥ 1 spinous process), AGG (≥ 2 adherent DEF platelets), or in their natural discoid shape. Results were expressed as % activated, computed as 100 × (DEF + AGG)/total. Thirty pediatric patients (ages 1-18 years) with a diagnosis of SS or SC disease were evaluated and found to have a mean activation of 65.3 ± 26.9% (1SD). A normal population of 15 adults had a mean of 22 ± 8.8% (P ≤ 0.001). Age, recent vasoocclusive crisis, pneumonia, aspirin, and chronic transfusion therapy were separately analyzed and found not to have a significant effect. A 4-year-old with SS was studied before, during, and after transfusion therapy for debilitating recurrent crises. Activation corrected from a baseline of 88% prior to therapy to 25% following 6 mos. of transfusions, but gradually returned to 65% at the time of the first crisis following the cessation of transfusions. These observations further indicate that platelets are involved in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease.
Mass carbon monoxide poisoning: Clinical effects and results of treatment in 184 victims

An epidemiologic and clinical investigation of 184 persons exposed to toxic levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in a public high school has been carried out. Exposure to 500 ppm of CO for periods up to 150 minutes resulted in carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels as high as 30% and symptomatic illness in 87% of persons exposed before the possibility of mass CO poisoning was recognized. Severity of symptoms was a reliable basis for triage of victims for immediate hospital treatment, and correlated both with duration of exposure and the length of time it took for victims to feel normal. Therapy consisting of oxygen delivered by mask achieved a half life for COHb of 137 minutes in hospital-treated patients (compared to 320 minutes with no treatment), but did not fully reverse the symptoms of CO toxicity.
Engaging with Lyell: Alfred Russel Wallace's Sarawak Law and Ternate papers as reactions to Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) and Charles Darwin (1809-1882) are honored as the founders of modern evolutionary biology. Accordingly, much attention has focused on their relationship, from their independent development of the principle of natural selection to the receipt by Darwin of Wallace's essay from Ternate in the spring of 1858, and the subsequent reading of the Wallace and Darwin papers at the Linnean Society on 1 July 1858. In the events of 1858 Wallace and Darwin are typically seen as central players, with Darwin's friends Charles Lyell (1797-1875) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911) playing supporting roles. This narrative has resulted in an under-appreciation of a more central role for Charles Lyell as both Wallace's inspiration and foil. The extensive anti-transmutation arguments in Lyell's landmark Principles of Geology were taken as the definitive statement on the subject. Wallace, in his quest to solve the mystery of species origins, engaged with Lyell's arguments in his private field notebooks in a way that is concordant with his engagement with Lyell in the 1855 and 1858 papers. I show that Lyell was the object of Wallace's Sarawak Law and Ternate papers through a consideration of the circumstances that led Wallace to send his Ternate paper to Darwin, together with an analysis of the material that Wallace drew upon from the Principles. In this view Darwin was, ironically, intended for a supporting role in mediating Wallace's attempted dialog with Lyell.
Human papillomavirus-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia following lesbian sex.

Background Less than 3% of lesbians develop cervical dysplasia, with increasing risk correlating with previous heterosexual activity. Because they are not currently sexually active with men, many lesbians do not perceive themselves to be at risk for developing dysplasia and do not obtain regular Papanicolaou smears. There are no standard recommendations for Papanicolaou smear intervals for lesbians. Case A 36-year-old, nonsmoking woman had a Papanicolaou smear history of a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion of the cervix, which was confirmed by biopsy and successfully treated by laser ablation. Human papillomavirus type 16 was identified in the cervical biopsy by polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction fragment polymorphism analysis. The patient gave a clear history of having had sexual activity only with women. Conclusion Regular Papanicolaou testing should be recommended to all lesbians, regardless of type of sexual activity. Papanicolaou testing intervals should be determined using standards similar to those used for heterosexual women: annually after onset of sexual activity or after age 18, and possibly less often after three normal smears at her physician's discretion. An extensive number of sexual partners, current smoking, and prior dysplasia may influence the physician to advise continued yearly Papanicolaou testing for lesbians, similar to advice given to heterosexual patients.
An Evaluation of Random Testing

Random testing of programs has usually (but not always) been viewed as a worst case of program testing. Testing strategies that take into account the program structure are generally preferred. Path testing is an often proposed ideal for structural testing. Path testing is treated here as an instance of partition testing, where by partition testing is meant any testing scheme which forces execution of at least one test case from each subset of a partition of the input domain. Simulation results are presented which suggest that random testing may often be more cost effective than partition testing schemes. Also, results of actual random testing experiments are presented which confirm the viability of random testing as a useful validation tool.
Self-promoted post-synthetic modification of metal–ligand M2L3 mesocates

Reactive alcohol functionality has been incorporated into a self-assembled M2L3 mesocate. Post-synthetic modification of this complex with suitable isocyanates is not only possible, but is self-catalyzed by multiple internal hydrogen bonds from the self-assembly. As the metal–ligand coordination is reversible at elevated temperature, the isomeric distribution of product changes upon reaction, due to the different steric bulk conferred on the assembly after the modification.
Multi-fuel driven Janus micromotors.

H ere the fi rst example of a chemically powered micromotor that harvests its energy from the reactions of three different fuels is presented. The new Al/Pd Janus microspheres—prepared by depositing a Pd layer on one side of Al microparticles—are propelled effi ciently by the thrust of hydrogen bubbles generated from different reactions of Al in strong acidic and alkaline environments, and by an oxygen bubble thrust produced at their partial Pd coating in hydrogen peroxide media. High speeds and long lifetimes of 200 μ m s − 1 and 8 min are achieved in strong alkaline media and acidic media, respectively. The ability to autonomously adapt to the presence of a new fuel (surrounding environment), without compromising the propulsion behavior is illustrated. These data also represent the fi rst example of a chemically powered micromotor that propels autonomously and effi ciently in alkaline environments (pH > 11) without additional fuels. The ability to use multiple fuel sources to power the same micromotor offers a broader scope of operation and considerable promise for diverse applications of micromotors in different chemical environments.
A nested, simultaneous approach for dynamic optimization problems - II : the outer problem

Abstract In a previous paper (Tanartkit, P. and Biegler, L. T. (1996) A nested, simultaneous approach for dynamic optimization problems - I. Comput. Chem. Eng. 20(6/7), 735–741), we introduced and demonstrated a general framework for solving dynamic optimization using bilevel programming. This framework decouples the element placement from the optimal control procedure and leads to a more robust algorithm. The optimization problem is replaced by two connected but simpler formulations, the inner and outer problems. The inner problem is essentially a dynamic optimization with fixed time steps. On the other hand, the outer problem adjusts the time step given the gradient information from the inner counterpart. By coupling a well-implemented collocation solver with reduced Hessian successive quadratic programming (SQP), we are able to tackle the inner part of the system in an efficient and stable fashion for both initial value and boundary value problems. However, the overall success of the algorithm still depends on robustness and performance of the outer problem. In this article this is achieved by combining a bundle underestimator with SQP. Also included in this article are different options of obtaining subgradients for the outer problem via sensitivity analysis and finite difference schemes. Here a decomposition is presented by taking advantage of the inner problem structure to reduce computational expense of the sensitivity evaluation. We will also address the limitations and properties involved in both schemes. In the final segment of the paper the focus is shifted to the issue of finite element addition. By utilizing insight from optimal control theory, we develop a systematic procedure for element addition with a rigorous stopping criterion. Finally, examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness and potential of the algorithm.
A photoemission and thermal desorption study of carbon monoxide and oxygen adsorbed on platinum

Abstract We have studied the changes in the photoelectron spectra of platinum (for photon energies of 21.2 and ⩽ 10.2 eV), in conjunction with thermal desorption experiments, for coverages of carbon monoxide and oxygen of up to ~0.25 monolayer (saturation coverage at room temperature). Based on a comparison of the photoemission and thermal desorption results, we suggest that the less tightly bound of the two adsorption states observed in the thermal desorption data is due to adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. We further suggest that a relatively delocalized chemisorption bond plays an important role in this interaction.
A comparison of crack-flank displacement fitting for estimating K with a path independent integral

Predicting crack growth under cyclic loading in applications usually requires the efficient extraction of stress intensity factors from finite element analyses of mixed mode situations. Two approaches to this end are examined: one, a competitive fitting procedure using crack-flank displacement data, the other, a path independent integral which can readily distinguish between modes. A protocol is established for comparing the two on a set of about forty test problems which have exact solutions. Analysis is via quarter point elements on a common sequence of three successively refined meshes for each problem. Results show that the path independent integral is more consistently accurate and reliably convergent, yet comparable in implementation effort.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of inorganic anions on a silica gel column modified with a quaternary ammonium salt

Abstract Silica gel columns dynamically modified with a quaternary ammonium salt have been investigated for the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of inorganic anions. The parameters which affect the chromatographic retention behavior have been examined. The mobile phase is composed of an aqueous solution of salicylate, which competes with the analyte anions for active sites and maintains a background signal. The analyte anions are separated based on ion exchange and are detected by indirect photometry or indirect fluorometry. The latter allows detection of 6/2-15 pmoles (sub-ng level) of anions by means of a microbore column.
Elevation of sister chromatid exchange frequency in transformed human fibroblasts following exposure to widely used aminoglycosides.

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that interfere with protein translation. Geneticin and hygromycin are two such agents, which have been shown to exhibit highly toxic effects in mammalian cells. Cloned bacterial genes, which inactivate these antibiotics, have facilitated the establishment of dominant selection systems, which are widely used in eukaryotic molecular genetics. We have examined the effect of aminoglycosides on the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in transformed human fibroblast cell lines. Geneticin and hygromycin were both found to increase SCE frequency in all cell lines examined, including a cell line derived from a patient with Bloom syndrome, a disorder exhibiting an elevated spontaneous SCE frequency. Induction was seen to occur in a dose-responsive manner and was also observed in cells expressing the resistance genes that inactivate the cellular toxicity of these antibiotics. The implications of these findings for somatic cell genetics and for human gene therapy protocols are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Approximation of the eigenvalue problem for the time harmonic Maxwell system by continuous Lagrange finite elements

We propose and analyze an approximation technique for the Maxwell eigenvalue problem using H1-conforming finite elements. The key idea consists of considering a mixed method controlling the divergence of the electric field in a fractional Sobolev space H−α with α ∈ ( 1 2 , 1). The method is shown to be convergent and spectrally correct.
T cell proliferative response to interleukin 2: Different frequency of responders among CD45RO and CD45RA subsets

Abstract A proportion of human blood T cells is known to proliferate in cultures containing 10 or more units/ml of interleukin (IL)2, in the absence of exogenously added antigen. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that the IL2 serves to maintain the proliferation of memory T cells which have recently been activated by antigen in vivo . To test this possibility we therefore separated T cells according to their CD45 (common leukocyte antigen) phenotype into the CD45RO and CD45RA subsets which are associated with memory and naive status, respectively. The frequency of responder cells in limiting dilution analysis of adult MNC was 1:1625 CD45RO cells, 1:2405 for CD45RA cells, and 1:1642 for unseparated cells. CD45RA cells from newborns had a 1:1850 frequency of responders. The IL2 responder cells were predominantly CD3 + TcR αβ + , with a minor component of TcRδ cells. There were no differences in the frequency of T cells using V β 5 and V β 8 between responding and nonresponding cells. The data argue against a requirement for prior sensitization for a proliferativ response to IL2 and give no evidence that the subset of T cells which responds to IL2 differs in phenotype from nonresponsive cells.
Prepapillary Vascular Loops

Twenty-one eyes in eighteen patients with prepapillary vascular loops were studied. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated 20 of the loops to be arterial and one to be venous. The wide range of clinical and angiographic variations of prepapillary loops are described. Cilioretinal arteries were seen in 16 of 21 eyes with loops and occasionally provided a major portion of the blood supply to the retina. In addition to the previously described complications of vitreous hemorrhage and branch retinal artery obstruction in eyes with a prepapillary arterial loop, hyphema and amaurosis fugax were notable new associations.
Guest Editors’ Introduction: Mental Health of Muslim Refugees and Forced Migrants: Practice, Theory, and Research

By 2008, 42 million people were forcibly displaced as a result of conflicts and natural disasters; of these, 15.2 million were refugees, nearly a million were asylum-seekers, and the remaining 26 m...
Symmetrical synergism and the role of carbon in transition metal sulfide catalytic materials

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the basis for the activity and the selectivity of molybdenum and tungsten based hydrotreating catalysts [R.R. Chianelli, M. Dagge, M.J. Ledoux, Adv. Catal. 40 (1994) 177]. Despite this progress, a number of fundamental questions persist: How does the catalyst function at the surface in the presence of a reacting molecule? What is the stable phase presenting the active sites to the reacting hydrocarbons? What is the function of Co and Ni promoters, and how do they operate? In this paper, we report on recent progress in understanding these and other questions and emphasize two aspects that have been neglected in attempting to answer these questions. The first aspect is the concept of ‘symmetrical synergy’. This concept recognizes that Co9S8 can be promoted by Mo in an analogous manner to the well-recognized promotion of MoS2 by Co. The second aspect is the role of carbon in promoted and unpromoted transition metal sulfide (TMS) catalytic materials. Evidence is presented that the active surface in stabilized, catalytically active TMS catalysts is carbided. Thus, the active TMS catalysts should be viewed as sulfide supported transition metal carbides (SSTMC). On the basis of upon this understanding the active phase in the Co and Ni promoted TMS should be viewed as CoMoC and NiMoC phases supported on their respective sulfide bulk phases.
Blood volume and its relation to peak O(2) consumption and physical activity in patients with chronic fatigue.

Individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) experience a number of somatic complaints including severe, disabling fatigue, and exercise intolerance. We hypothesized that hypovolemia, through it...
Generalized Impulse Response and Causality

The Paley-Wiener criterion states necessary and sufficient conditions which a square integrable amplitude gain of a linear system has to satisfy in order that the impulse response is causal. These conditions are extended to the case of an impulse response which is a slowly growing or Laplace transformable generalized function.
The Use of Advance Directives in a Population of Asian Indian Hindus

Advance directives are a way to communicate the kind of care that people desire at the end of life. Recent research shows that ethnic minorities have been found to complete advance directives significantly less often than Caucasians, and no information was available regarding advance directives in the Asian Indian population. To address this shortcoming, this descriptive exploratory design sampled a community sample of 45 Asian Indian Hindus. Being female and having an individualistic decision-making style were significantly positively correlated with advance directive completion. Having strong religious affiliation and a family decision-making style were significantly negatively correlated with advance directive completion. The results of this study provide needed information regarding the Asian Indian population and how Hinduism affects advance directives.
Response of nucleoside diphosphate kinase to the adenylate energy charge

Abstract The reaction catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase responds to the energy charge of the adenylate pool. The velocity is maximal at a charge of 1.0, and decreases sharply with a decrease in the charge. This response may control the flow of phosphate from ATP into the other nucleotide pools and thus participate in the regulation of macromolecular synthesis by the energy level of the cell, as reflected in the charge of the adenylate pool.
Evaluation of integrated software development environments: challenges and results from three empirical studies

Evidence shows that integrated development environments (IDEs) are too often functionality-oriented and difficult to use, learn, and master. This article describes challenges in the design of usable IDEs and in the evaluation of the usability of such tools. It also presents the results of three different empirical studies of IDE usability. Different methods are sequentially applied across the empirical studies in order to identify increasingly specific kinds of usability problems that developers face in their use of IDEs. The results of these studies suggest several problems in IDE user interfaces with the representation of functionalities and artifacts, such as reusable program components. We conclude by making recommendations for the design of IDE user interfaces with better affordances, which may ameliorate some of most serious usability problems and help to create more human-centric software development environments.
PHOTOACCLIMATION IN THE PHOTOTROPHIC MARINE CILIATE MESODINIUM RUBRUM (CILIOPHORA)(1).

Mesodinium rubrum (=Myrionecta rubra), a marine ciliate, acquires plastids, mitochondria, and nuclei from cryptophyte algae. Using a strain of M. rubrum isolated from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, we investigated the photoacclimation potential of this trophically unique organism at a range of low irradiance levels. The compensation growth irradiance for M. rubrum was 0.5 μmol quanta · m(-2) · s(-1) , and growth rate saturated at ∼20 μmol quanta · m(-2) · s(-1) . The strain displayed trends in photosynthetic efficiency and pigment content characteristic of marine phototrophs. Maximum chl a-specific photosynthetic rates were an order of magnitude slower than temperate strains, while growth rates were half as large, suggesting that a thermal limit to enzyme kinetics produces a fundamental limit to cell function. M. rubrum acclimates to light- and temperature-limited polar conditions and closely regulates photosynthesis in its cryptophyte organelles. By acquiring and maintaining physiologically viable, plastic plastids, M. rubrum establishes a selective advantage over purely heterotrophic ciliates but reduces competition with other phototrophs by exploiting a very low-light niche.
Macro- and micronutrient dyshomeostasis in the adverse structural remodelling of myocardium.

Hypertension and heart failure are worldwide health problems of ever-increasing proportions. A failure of the heart, during either systolic and/or diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle, has its origins rooted in an adverse structural, biochemical, and molecular remodelling of myocardium that involves its cellular constituents, extracellular matrix, and intramural coronary vasculature. Herein we focus on the pathogenic role of a dyshomeostasis of several macro- (i.e. Ca2+ and Mg2+) and micronutrients (i.e. Zn2+, Se2+, and vitamin D) in contributing to adverse remodelling of the myocardium and its failure as a pulsatile muscular pump. An improved understanding of how these macro- and micronutrients account for the causes and consequences of adverse myocardial remodelling carries with it the potential of identifying new biomarkers predictive of risk, onset and progression, and response to intervention(s), which could be monitored non-invasively and serially over time. Moreover, such incremental knowledge will serve as the underpinning to the development of novel strategies aimed at preventing and/or regressing the ongoing adverse remodelling of myocardium. The time is at hand to recognize the importance of macro- and micronutrient dyshomeostasis in the evaluation and management of hypertension and heart failure.
GreenFS: making enterprise computers greener by protecting them better

Hard disks contain data - frequently an irreplaceable asset of high monetary and non-monetary value. At the same time, hard disks are mechanical devices that consume power, are noisy, and fragile when their platters are rotating.In this paper we demonstrate that hard disks cause different kinds of problems for different types of computer systems and demystify several common misconceptions. We show that solutions developed to date are incapable of solving the power consumption, noise, and data reliability problems without sacrificing hard disk life-time, data reliability, or user convenience. We considered data reliability, recovery, performance, user convenience, and hard disk-caused problems together at the enterprise scale. We have designed GreenFS: a fan-out stackable file system that offers all-time all-data run-time data protection, improves performance under typical user workloads, and allows hard disks to be kept off most of the time. As a result, GreenFS improves enterprise data protection, minimizes disk drive-related power consumption and noise and increases the chances of disk drive survivability in case of unexpected external impacts.
The false enforcement of unpopular norms.

Prevailing theory assumes that people enforce norms in order to pressure others to act in ways that they approve. Yet there are numerous examples of “unpopular norms” in which people compel each other to do things that they privately disapprove. While peer sanctioning suggests a ready explanation for why people conform to unpopular norms, it is harder to understand why they would enforce a norm they privately oppose. The authors argue that people enforce unpopular norms to show that they have complied out of genuine conviction and not because of social pressure. They use laboratory experiments to demonstrate this “false enforcement” in the context of a wine tasting and an academic text evaluation. Both studies find that participants who conformed to a norm due to social pressure then falsely enforced the norm by publicly criticizing a lone deviant. A third study shows that enforcement of a norm effectively signals the enforcer’s genuine support for the norm. These results demonstrate the potential for a v...
Assessing Stability of CERES-FM3 Daytime Longwave Unfiltered Radiance with AIRS Radiances

AbstractClouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) daytime longwave (LW) radiances are determined from the difference between a total (TOT) channel (0.3–200 μm) measurement and a shortwave (SW) channel (0.3–5 μm) measurement, while nighttime LW radiances are obtained directly from the TOT channel. This means that a drift in the SW channel or the SW portion of the TOT channel could impact the daytime longwave radiances, but not the nighttime ones. This study evaluates daytime and nighttime CERES LW radiances for a possible secular drift in CERES LW observations using spectral radiances observed by Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). By examining the coincidental AIRS and CERES Flight Model 3 (FM3) measurements over the tropical clear-sky oceans for all of January and July months since 2005, a secular drift of about −0.11% yr−1 in the daytime CERES-FM3 longwave unfiltered radiance can be identified in the CERES Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) Edition 2 product. This provides an upper-bound estimat...
Integrating Industry Experts into Engineering Education: Case Study

An advanced grade control course is described as a model for industry involvement in special topics educational offerings. Several unique aspects of these courses were the lack of textbooks on the topic, little previously developed course content, and the lack of faculty expertise in the subject area. In light of these challenges the course was successfully implemented by selecting industry experts and coordinating their efforts into a cohesive learning experience. The writers worked with representatives from McAninch Corporation, Ziegler Caterpillar, and other organizations to develop the courses at Iowa State University. Since the courses were the first known offerings of their kind, qualitative interviews were conducted to identify appropriate educational outcomes and objectives necessary to expedite the process of becoming an advanced grade control specialist. These outcomes and objectives can be applied to a variety of educational delivery systems and were helpful in determining suitable course material, topics, and structure.
Cryopreservation of equine mesenchymal stem cells in 95 % autologous serum and 5 % DMSO does not alter post-thaw growth or morphology in vitro compared to fetal bovine serum or allogeneic serum at 20 or 95 % and DMSO at 10 or 5 %

Equine superficial digital flexor tendon injury is a well-accepted model of human tendon injury and is routinely treated with local injections of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Identification of a clinically safe medium for short-term cryopreservation of MSCs prior to cell implantation would streamline laboratory and clinical procedures for autologous regenerative therapies. Veterinary experience with short-term (MSCs prepared after the injury has occurred) cryopreserved MSCs in naturally occurring injury in the horse will be of value to human practitioners. Equine bone marrow derived MSCs were cryopreserved in 6 different solutions consisting of 20 % serum, 10 % DMSO and 70 % media or 95 % serum and 5 % DMSO. Serum was autologous serum, commercially available pooled equine serum or fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cell survival, morphology and growth kinetics were assessed by total cell number, measurement of growth kinetics, colony-forming-unit-assay and morphology of MSCs after monolayer culture post-thaw. There were no significant differences in post-thaw viability, total cell number, morphology scores or growth kinetics among the 6 solutions. Post thaw viabilities from each group ranged from 80-90 %. In all solutions, there were significantly fewer MSCs and the majority (99 %) of MSCs remained in the original generation 24 hours post-thaw. Seventy two hours post-thaw, the majority of MSCs (50 %) were proliferating in the fourth generation. Mean colony count in the CFU-F assay ranged from 72 to 115 colonies. Each of the serum sources could be used for short-term cryopreservation of equine bone marrow derived MSCs. Prior to clinical use, clinicians may prefer autologous serum and a lower concentration of DMSO.
Zinc Toxicity in Humans

Zinc excess and insufficiency can moderate a cascade of metabolic processes that adversely affect the health of human beings and other organisms. Exposure to elevated levels of zinc and zinc-containing compounds can result in a variety of adverse effects in the gastrointestinal, hematological, and respiratory systems along with alterations in the cardiovascular and neurological systems of humans. In spite of the thousands of papers that have been published on biological effects of zinc, the challenge of quantifying the range of exposure doses that constitute zinc deficiency versus excess remains unresolved and some recent studies have pointed to a considerable overlap between what has generally been considered to be the essential dose and toxic dose, suggesting that the dose–response curve for zinc may not be a ‘U’ but a ‘V’. The limited margin of safety should be of some concern since millions of people are currently being exposed to various levels of zinc through food supplements and additives, medicines, disinfectants, antiseptic and deodorant preparations, and dental cement.
1-Isopropyl-4-nitro-6-meth­oxy-1H-benzimidazole

There are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C11H13N3O3. The inter­planar angles for the two rings of the benzimidazole ring system is 2.21 (12)° in one mol­ecule and 0.72 (12)° in the other. The nitro group is twisted in the same direction relative to the least-squares plane through its attached benzene ring in both mol­ecules, with inter­planar angles of 15.22 (9) and 18.02 (8)°. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are stacked along the a axis through π–π inter­actions (centroid–centroid distance 4.1954 A). C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are also present.
The uptake and metabolism of cyclophosphamide by the ovary.

The uptake of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and its metabolites was evaluated by injecting adult female rats with 14C-CTX on the morning of metestrous or proestrus. Rats were sacrificed 1 and 5 hours after 14C-CTX injection. The ovary, uterus, spleen, thymus, liver, kidney, anterior pituitary, duodenum, skeletal muscle and whole blood were isolated from each rat. Samples were combusted using a biological material oxidizer and the resulting CO2 was absorbed and counted. Liver and kidney had the highest uptake of 14C-radioactivity. The ovary appears to have 14C uptake comparable to the thymus and other tissues. Metabolism of CTX by the ovary was investigated by incubating 14C-CTX with human and rat granulosa cells and other ovarian cells obtained from pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-primed immature rats, in separate experiments. The conversion of CTX to two marker metabolites, 4-ketocyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide was negligible and did not change in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH). It is concluded that 1) following 14C-CTX injection, the ovary takes up a proportion of 14C-radioactivity comparable to other target tissues (e.g. thymus) and 2) the ovary is not capable of activating CTX in vitro in our system.
Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service to Alice Turner Schafer

algebra (group theory) and women in mathematics. As early as her high school years Alice exhibited a love for mathematics and an interest in teaching as a career. As a mathematics educator she championed the full participation of women in mathematics. She has been a strong role model for many women, and has worked to establish support groups for women in mathematics, to eliminate barriers women face in their study of mathematics and participation in the mathematics community, and to provide opportunity and encouragement for women in mathematics. She was one of the central figures in the early days of the Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM), through which she has helped to change the place of women in American mathematics. Yet her service goes far beyond her work on behalf of women. Alice Turner is a native of Virginia, where she spent her school years, earning a B.A. in mathematics from the University of Richmond. Lacking the financial means to attend graduate school, she taught secondary school mathematics for three years and then entered the University of Chicago, where she earned an M.S. and a Ph.D. Her dissertation in projective differential geometry was supervised by B. P. Lane and her published research in this area appeared in the Duke Mathematical Journal and in the American Journal of Mathematics. At the University of Chicago Alice met Richard Schafer, who was seeking a Ph.D. in mathematics. They were married as they completed their degrees. Their union has been blessed with two sons and three grandchildren. The Schafers' marriage was an early example of the "two-body problem" and the "commuter marriage." Alice's first postgraduate position was at Connecticut College followed by one at The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. She then held positions at the University of Michigan, Douglass College, Swarthmore College, Drexel Institute of Technology, and the University of Connecticut before
Ultrastructure of the Kidney in the Nephropathy of the Nail-Patella Syndrome

A case of the nail-patella syndrome with nephropathy is presented. Despite moderately severe proteinuria and severe pathologic changes demonstrable by electron microscopy, renal function was normal. It is suggested that the initial lesion may be localized in the basement membrane, and that with progression of the disease glomerular proliferation leads to obstruction of the capillary lumen and hyalinization. A striking feature was the presence of electron-lucent areas within the thickened medial portion of the basement membrane, the significance of which is unknown. No prognostic evaluation regarding renal function can be drawn from this case or from the few available reported renal studies.
Task Complexity, Dependency Relationships and Influence: The Case of Nurses in a General Hospital

Abstract The relationships among task complexity, patterns of dependency relationships, and influence were examined by analyzing the survey responses of staff nurses in a large general hospital. Strategic contingency theory was used to develop a set of hypotheses concerning power / dependency relationships, and task interdependency theory was used to develop a set of hypotheses concerning interdependency relationships. Staff nurses perceived both power / dependency relationships and interdependencies among themselves and others with whom they regularly worked. Hypothesis testing analyses indicated support for task interdependency theory over strategic contingency theory. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
Pre-hospital critical neonates referral system in Heyuan city

Objective To build pre-hospital critical neonates referral system in Heyuan city and to explore a suitable referral system.Methods We built a pre-hospital critical neonates referral system,which enrolled our neonatal intensive care unit as the network center and 40 primary hospitals in Heyuan city as members,to refer critical neonates.Results 409 critical neonates were referred in 2 years and no one died on the way.The mortality of refering critical neonates dropped from 5.88% in 2011 to 1.47% in 2012.The proportion of referred patients to NICU patients in the same period and the bed utilization rates increased year by year since the start of referral work,and 351 cases were cured(85.82%),46 cases gave up treatment(11.25%),12 cases died(2.93%).The mortality of neonates decreased year by year after the start of referral work in 40 primary hospitals enrolled in referral networks,and the differences were significant(χ2 = 22.14,P 0.01).Conclusion Building pre-hospital critical neonates referral system can improve rescue success rate of neonates in our city,which is very important to reduce the neonatal mortality and to improve the life quality of critical neonates.Regional NETS is a suitable critical neonates referral mode for this region.
Effect of Abelmoschus manihot Flavonoids on Blood Lipid Levels of Hyperlipidemic Rats

Objective: To explore the effect of Abelmoschus manihot flavonoids on blood lipids of hyperlipidemic rats.Methods: Totally 100 SD rats were divided randomly into 6 groups: normal control group,high-fat control group,lovastatin positive control group at the dose of 10 mg/(kg·d),and flavonoid groups at low,middle and high doses(3,30 mg/(kg·d) and 90 mg/(kg·d)).Except normal the control group,all groups were fed high-fat diet to establish a hyperlipidemia model.Normal control group and high-fat control group were given distilled water at the dose of 10 ml/(kg·d) once a day for 6 consecutive weeks.Serum TC,TG,HDL-C,LDL-C,and ox-LDL were determined after the last administration.Results: Compared with the control group,serum TC,TG,LDL-C and ox-LDL revealed a significantly reduction in all the model groups.However,no significant difference in HDL-C level was observed among these groups.Conclusion: The flavonoids can delay the formation and development of arteriosclerosis.
THE EXPRESSION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN Β-DEFENSES 2 AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN A,G AND M IN SERUM OF THE CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA

Objective To investigate the role of human β-defenses 2(HBD-2) in the children with asthma. Methods Enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay(ELISA) and immunonephelometry are used among 50 asthma children aged 5-14 years in acute stage,50 cases of children with community-acquired pneumonia and 50 healthy children to detect the serum levels of HBD-2,IgA,IgG and IgM and analyze correlativity between one another. Results ①The serum concentration of HBD-2 in patients with asthma group,pneumonia group and healthy group was 50.9±16.5 μg/ml,125.4±19.3 μg/ml and 49.9±15.6 μg/ml.The serum concentration of HBD-2 in pneumonia group which was compared with asthma group and healthy group was statistically higher(p=0.041,p=0.039).There was no significant difference between asthma group and healthy group(p=0.081).②The serum IgA concentration of asthma group(1.4±0.7 g/L)and pneumonia group(1.4±0.1 g/L) are both lower than that of control group(1.6±0.8 g/L),and there are significant difference(p=0.032,p=0.024).There are no significant difference(p=0.090)between asthma group and pneumonia group of the serum IgA concentration.③Comparing the serum concentration of IgG(12±4 g/L)in asthma group and(12±9 g/L)in pneumonia group,there was no significant difference between groups(p=0.086).But they are both lower than that of control group(14±5 g/L),and there are significant difference(p=0.043,p=0.022).④The levels of IgM were similar in all the groups(p0.05).⑤There were no linear relationship between serum HBD-2 and IgA,IgG and IgM(r=0.09,p=0.18;r=0.15,p=0.14;r=0.02,p=0.73). Conclusion The serum HBD-2 expression level of children with acute asthma attacks has not risen,suggesting dysfunction in body defense.It may be one of the reasons why the airways of children with asthma are prone to microbial infection leading to acute attack.And detecting HBD-2,IgA,IgG and IgM in infants with recurrent pneumonia at the same time enables us to have a better understanding of the body immune system.
Human growth hormone. Who is a candidate for treatment

The one accepted indication for human growth hormone (hGH) treatment is classic hGH deficiency, and girls with Turner's syndrome will soon be added to this category. The unlimited supply of recombinant hGH has expanded investigational trials to include many growth disorders and metabolic conditions, but continued investigation and accumulation of information through well-designed and controlled studies are required for these uses. I believe there is no indication to treat short, normally growing children whose predicted adult height is normal for their genetic potential. Physicians must remember that even if only children under the third percentile on growth charts are treated with hGH, a new population will be created that falls below that percentile. Two excellent, recent reviews of current use of hGH therapy are available for further reading on this subject.
Bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of aplastic anemia and acute leukemia.

Marrow transplantation in man represents the clinical application of principles derived from studies in animals. The major impediment to the transplant is the donor-host histoincompatibility which is genetically determined. This is not a problem when donor and recipient are genetically identical twins (a syngeneic graft) — the infused marrow is readily accepted. Hence, simple infusion of twin marrow, without any immunosuppressive conditioning of the patient, is effective treatment for aplastic anemia. However, when donor and recipient are not genetically identical twins (an allogeneic graft), some degree of histoincompatibility must exist and constitutes a bidirectional immunologic barrier.
ARTISTS IN THE ACADEMY: CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION

s International, A57/06 p. 2406. Berkeley, A. (2004). Changing views of knowledge and the struggle for undergraduate theatre curriculum, 1900–1980. In A. Fliotsos & G. Medford (Eds.), Teaching theatre today: Pedagogical views of theatre in higher education (pp. 7–30). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 326 Harwood
Further characterization of Os mutation of mouse beta-glucuronidase locus.

The operator noninducible mutation of the mouse β-glucuronidase locus is associated with a reduced electro-phoretic mobility for the enzyme. This suggests that the translational repressor, specified by the Tfm locus, recognizes a translatable segment of the messenger RNA it controls.
Managing the flow of ideas: A local management approach to message design

This chapter develops the case for a local management model of message design. In contrast to other current approaches, in which message structure is understood in terms of holistic-functional categories, a local management approach separates the analysis of message structure and message function. Message structure is understood as patterns of expressed thoughts. Message function is understood in terms of context-sensitive mappings between antecedent conditions and message structure and between message structure and message effects. After making the case for a local management approach, the authors introduce an initial model of the message design process that offers an integrated treatment of message production, adaptation, and effects.
Cross-Border Investment and Firm Liquidity

Executive Summary. We investigate the influence of interjurisdictional, geographic-based information barriers on the financial transparency and liquidity of real estate organizations across the Asi...