cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ordinal Distance, Dominance, and the Measurement of Diversity

In discussing issues relating to, for example, biodiversity of different ecosystems and cultural diversities of various communities, the measurement of diversity is inevitable. This paper uses an ordinal concept of distance between objects to provide a characterization of all diversity-based rankings of sets of objects that satisfy a plausible property of dominance; we also characterize a specific member of this class.
An efficient Krylov-subspace-based algorithm to solve the dielectric-waveguide problem

An efficient scheme based on the bi-Lanczos algorithm has been developed for analysis of the dielectric-waveguide problem. A two-dimensional finite-difference scheme in the frequency domain is used to discretize the waveguide cross section. The resulting sparse eigenvalue problem is solved efficiently using the bi-Lanczos algorithm. Apart from solving the modes of the dielectric waveguide, a scheme to solve for the fields in the presence of a localized source is also described. Numerical results are also included to confirm the validity of the method.
Wavelength-tunable receiver channel selection and filtering using SG-DBR laser injection-locking

An injection-locked SG-DBR laser is used for wavelength-tunable receiver channel selection and filtering. Successful phase tracking of a 2 Gbit/s DPSK modulated signal at 10 GHz channel spacing was achieved.
RIM-shaped multi-frequency band slot-strip antenna

Modern mobile handset devices are required to operate at multiple frequency bands so as to provide various services [1,2]. As is well known, for the future mobile communication systems (the emerging third generation or beyond), the frequency band around 2 GHz is very wide (GSM1850, GSM1900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WiBro), in addition to existing GSM bands around 900 MHz. Additionally, Bluetooth and WLAN systems at 2.45 GHz ISM band, as well as GPS at 1.57 GHz are desired to integrate into a handset device. This results in a total bandwidth requirement of 1 GHz (from 1.5 to 2.5 GHz) near 2 GHz. Operation around 5 GHz (IEEE 802.11 j/a) for WLAN applications is also required for personal communication handsets.
Investigating Activity Patterns In Prehispanic Plazas: Weak Acid‐Extraction ICP–AES Analysis of Anthrosols at Classic Period El Coyote, Northwestern Honduras

Weak acid-extraction ICP‐AES analysis was performed to obtain multi-elemental characterizations of anthropogenic sediments from plaza spaces that no longer contain artefacts and adjacent trash deposits at the prehispanic site of El Coyote in northwestern Honduras. Multivariate quantitative assessments of the anthrosol chemical data, along with associated inventories of midden materials, are examined to derive signatures for activity areas and refuse dumps that can be linked across portions of the site. The findings of this study permit the reconstruction of activity patterns in the site’s main plaza and in its environs. This has important implications for understanding the relationship among ritual practice, craft production and political economy during the Late and Terminal Classic periods, c. AD 600‐1000.
New Species of Cactus-Breeding Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the Nannoptera Species Group

A new species from Mexico, Drosophila wassermani Pitnick &; Heed, is described, illustrated, and compared with three related species, all belonging to the D. nannoptera species group in the subgenus Drosophila of the Drosophilidae.
Concurrent program archetypes

A program archetype is a program design strategy appropriate for a restricted class of problems, and a collection of program designs with implementations of examplar problems in one or more programming languages and optimized for a collection of target machines. The program design strategy includes: archetype specific information about methods of deriving a program from a specification; methods of parallelizing sequential programs; the program structure; methods of reasoning about correctness and performance; empirical data on performance measurements and tuning for different kinds of machines; and suggestions for test suites. The paper reports on a project at Caltech which is exploring the question: can a library of parallel program archetypes be used to reduce the effort required to produce correct efficient programs?. >
Including Apertures and Cavities in the BLT Formalism

In the BLT formalism, based on the electromagnetic topology of a complex system, black boxes (junctions) and multiconductor transmission lines (tubes, especially uniform ones) have long been included. This paper discusses some features, including apertures and cavities in the formalism. This involves the definition of appropriate voltages and currents for inclusion in the scattering matrices.
A bottom-up and top-down model for cell segmentation using multispectral data

Cell segmentation is a challenging problem in histology and cytology that can benefit from additional information obtained in using multispectral imaging. Unique transmission spectra of biological tissues are potentially useful for better classification and segmentation of sub-cellular structures. In this paper, we propose a conditional random field (CRF) model that interprets high-dimensional spectral data during inference and pixel labeling. High quality segmentations are computed by combining low-level cues and high-level contextual information extracted by unsupervised topic discovery. Comparative analysis of the proposed model against the commonly used 2-D CRF model in color space is also performed. Results of this evaluation show the benefits of our proposed model.
Emerging viral infections of the central nervous system: part 1.

The first part of this review ended with a discussion of new niches for known viruses as illustrated by viral central nervous system (CNS) disease associated with organ transplant and the syndrome of human herpesvirus 6–associated posttransplant acute limbic encephalitis. In this part, we begin with a continuation of this theme, reviewing the association of JC virus–associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with novel immunomodulatory agents. This part then continues with emerging viral infections associated with importation of infected animals (monkeypox virus), then spread of vectors and enhanced vector competence (chikungunya virus [CHIK]), and novel viruses causing CNS infections including Nipah and Hendra viruses and bat lyssaviruses (BLV).
Blue Ribbon Abstract Award: Are CDC Criteria Useful for Diagnosis or Surveillance of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections?

Abstract BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are reported to be the most common nosocomial (N) infection. Catheter-associated UTI (CA-UTI) is the most common N UTI, yet there are no good criteria for its diagnosis. Current definitions often identify those with colonized Foley catheters (FC) and may overstate the incidence of N UTI. The goals of this study were to test different case definitions of CA-UTI and to develop a more relevant definition of CA-UTI. METHODS: The microbiology database was queried for unique (+) urine cultures (UrCx) from FC placed in-hospital over two 3-month periods (April–June 2002 and 2003). Records were queried for: urinalysis, symptoms, other infections, treatment, and UTI diagnosis. UTI 38°C) or symptoms with a (+) UrCx for a pathogen, and pyuria (≥10 WBC/mm3) and treatment with an appropriate antimicrobial. For this study, the reference standard for CA-UTI was: symptoms, bacteriuria with a pathogen (≥105 CFU/mL), pyuria (≥10 WBC/mm3), appropriate antimicrobial therapy and absence of other infections. RESULTS: 93 potential cases were found; 26 met the CA-UTI case definition. CDC criterion 1 was sensitive (26/26, 100%) but there were 43 false positives for a positive predictive value (PPV) = 38%. CDC criterion 2 was not sensitive (1/26, 4%) and PPV = 20% (1/4). NPV = 64% (63/98). Clinical criteria were sensitive (26/26, 100%) and specific (63/67, 94%). PPV = 87% (26/30) and NPV = 100% (63/63). The incidence of CA-UTI using CDC criteria was 2.7 times greater than that using clinical criteria. CONCLUSIONS: For CA-UTI, CDC criteria had limitations. Compared to case definition, CDC criterion 1 was sensitive but not specific; criterion 2 was specific but not sensitive. Both had low PPV. Clinical criteria were sensitive and more specific. Compared to our case definition, current CDC criteria overestimate the incidence of CA-UTI. Development of a more useful definition of CA-UTI for clinical and infection control use is needed. *RP Gaynes, TC Horan. Surveillance of nosocomial infections. In Mayhall CG, ed., Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996, 1017-31, App-A-1-14.
On the labor-managed firm in a competitive environment

Abstract A risk-neutral median voter in a labor-managed firm (LMF) facing an increase in the demand for its product will prefer to maintain employment and secure his job to the prospect of a higher dividend accompanied by the risk of unemployment. It is argued that LMFs with fixed employment and output will lose out in competition with flexible-output profit maximizing firms. Partnerships with a small membership in high-human-capital industries will be most likely to survive in a competitive environment.
Particle verbs and benefactive double objects in English: high and low attachments

This paper analyzes verbs that can enter into a transitive (The students wrote a lab report), benefactive double object (The students wrote their professor a lab report) and particle verb (The students wrote up a lab report) construction. The analysis is situated within the Distributed Morphology framework. It argues for the presence of a small clause structure only in the particle verb construction and not in the benefactive construction; the particle merges directly with the Root while the benefactive possessive element merges with an already categorized verb. The benefactive differs from the better researched dative in that the dative does involve a caused possession small clause structure. Particle verbs can occur in double object constructions, but they involve a benefactive-like syntax and not a caused possession small clause analysis. Furthermore, I argue that the Roots that underlie these verbs are relationless and underspecified with respect to meaning, supporting the idea that the functional vocabulary introduces arguments and fully specifies the meaning of the Roots. However, rather than adopting the position that an object is introduced at only one point in the derivation, this analysis shows that an object can be introduced at several different points within the derivation. Finally, this paper shows that argument merger is sensitive to the phase structure of the clause.
Enhancing Java programming teaching effectiveness for u-shaped class students

CS1 is a crucial Computer Science (CS) course that directly affects CS students' successes in their higher level courses. This paper explores the teaching enhancement methods that address the uneven students' backgrounds with a U-shaped distribution. We present the new developed teaching methods that specifically address the teaching challenge of the uncommon student body in the classroom. We use the exams, the final grades, the student evaluations and their testimonies to evaluate our new course design.
The promise of lifestyle for cardiovascular health: time for implementation.

In this issue of the Journal , Akesson et al. [(1)][1] investigate how 5 basic lifestyle factors relate to the risk of a first myocardial infarction (MI) in a large, community-based cohort of generally healthy Swedish men. In multivariable models, a healthy diet, moderate alcohol use, no smoking
A self-registration method for PET/CT image fusion

2047 Objectives The conventional method for PET/CT image registration is to use the transformation matrix obtained through special designed calibration phantoms and procedures. The pre-defined transformation matrix cannot cover any later offsets between the PET and CT acquisitions, e.g. the patient bed deflation or patient movement. The aim of this study is to develop a self-registration method for the PET/CT calibration and fusion. The transformation matrix is derived from real object data themselves to avoid the factors causing the misalignments mentioned above. Methods The cross-correlations between the CT and the 3D transformed PET reconstruction are calculated to evaluate the degree of the alignment. Best alignment will be achieved when the cross-correlation reaches the maximum. The cross-correlation is calculated in three planes using the projections of the original data. Six variables (translations and rotations) in the transformation matrix are solved by an iterative maximum searching algorithm. Because of the contrast mechanisms of the CT and PET are different, their reconstructed data need to go through a pre-processing to adjust the intensity distribution, including the low and high threshold, gamma correction, gradient generating and the using of Maximum Intensity Projection, to improve the convergence of the algorithm and achieve better accuracy. Results Experimental data are acquired by our pre-clinical MuPET/CT. Data from one helix phantom constructed by plastic tube filled with Ga-68 activity and from two mice injected with FDG were tested using this method. Good registrations are obtained in all cases. Sub-mm accuracy is achieved through visual inspections. Conclusions An iterative self-registration method for PET/CT image fusion has been developed and verified by phantom and animals. With this new method, the precision requirements for the manufacture of the PET/CT gantry and the patient bed are loosened and the routine operation is simplified which may also reduce the cost of PET/CT production and operation.
Quantifying Penetration Depth of Damage in Concrete Structures Using Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy

The ubiquity of concrete as a building material necessitates the ability to inspect and evaluate its structural integrity, preferably in a nondestructive manner. Of particular interest is the ability to detect and quantify the degree to which surface damage penetrates concrete. This is especially important in the nuclear energy industry where concrete is used as a barrier protecting the primary confinement vessel, such as in dry storage casks, in which case cracks form a path for corrosion. Nondestructive evaluation techniques based on the material’s nonlinear elastic parameters are orders of magnitude more sensitive to the presence of damage than linear elastic methods analogous to sonar. Two methods, both subsets of Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS), were used: Nonlinear Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (NRUS) for evaluation of a sample’s bulk nonlinear characteristics, and Time Reversal Elastic Nonlinearity Diagnostics (TREND) for evaluation of a sample’s local nonlinear characteristics. These nonlinear characteristics are strong indicators of the presence of damage. Eight concrete samples were cut into two pieces, of the two piece one was thermally damaged for 3 h at 500 ˚​C. Evaluations of these pieces using NRUS showed a seven times nonlinear parameter increase for the damaged pieces over the undamaged pieces. Using a minimally participating adhesive, samples were glued back together and evaluated using TREND. Results from TREND aligned closely with the expected modeled response.
Effects of pore-scale physics on uranium geochemistry in Hanford sediments

Overall, this work examines a key scientific issue, mass transfer limitations at the pore-scale, using both new instruments with high spatial resolution, and new conceptual and modeling paradigms. The complementary laboratory and numerical approaches connect pore-scale physics to macroscopic measurements, providing a previously elusive scale integration. This Exploratory research project produced five peer-reviewed journal publications and eleven scientific presentations. This work provides new scientific understanding, allowing the DOE to better incorporate coupled physical and chemical processes into decision making for environmental remediation and long-term stewardship.
Defect Reduction in Cd1−xZnxTe Epilayers on GaAs Substrates

Cd0.91Zn0.09Te/CdTe multilayers of various period thicknesses were inserted into Cd0.955Zn0.045Te bulk alloys grown on (001) GaAs. The net strain of the multilayer on the underlying Cd0.955Zn0.045Te was designed to be zero. X-ray diffraction full width at half maximum (FWHM) was used as a means to optimize the period thickness of the multilayer. Transmission electron microscopy of the optimum period thickness samples demonstrated four orders of magnitude decrease in the threading dislocation density. Mechanism of bending by equi-strained multilayers is discussed.
The map is not the territory

Bentley et al.’s claim that their “map … captures the essence of decision making” (target article, Abstract) is deconstructed and shown to originate in a serious misunderstanding of the role of principal components and statistical graphics in the generation of pattern claims and hypotheses from profile data. Three alternative maps are offered, each with its radiation of further investigations.
Transfer of persistence effects from frustration produced by blocking to frustration produced by nonreinforcement

Six groups of rats acquired a response in a runway under conditions of continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement, or partial goal blocking defined by the presence of an unconsumable food pellet. Extinction was carried out under conditions of either continuous nonreward or continuous blocking. Blocking was as effective as nonreward in producing persistence in extinction. Groups switched from one type of nonreward in acquisition to another type in extinction showed significantly greater persistence compared to nonswitched groups. The results are discussed within a framework of frustration theory in conjunction with the concept of arousal.
A practical, objective approach to the evaluation of sperm and cervical mucus in humans.

Human sperm fertility potential, expressed as a quality index (QI), was evaluated objectively from considerations of sperm velocity, percentage of motile forms, sperm density, and ejaculate volume. Turbidimetry was applied in the quantitation of sperm velocity. High QIs (700) were characteristic of semen samples that were capable of penetrating cervical mucus in capillary tube penetration tests, while low QIs (80) were associated with specimens that did not penetrate mucus. The rate of decline in QI as a function of time postejaculation was determined for samples stored at 37° C and at ambient temperature, providing correction factors for the comparative evaluation of semen samples analyzed at different times. The penetrability of cervical mucus was determined by capillary tube penetration testing. Subsequent chemical analysis of sperm-penetrable and impenetrable samples indicated that the concentrations of mucus nondialyzable solids (NDS), mucins, and soluble proteins were significantly higher in impenetrable specimens. These characteristics were also observed in impenetrable mucus obtained from patients with cervical factor infertility. These studies indicate that it is now feasible to employ mucus [NDS] in the diagnosis of cervical factor infertility and turbidimetry in the evaluation of human sperm quality.
Cecal Adenocarcinoma Presenting as Colonic Intussusception in Adulthood

Intussusception occurs when a proximal segment of intestine invaginates into a distal segment. It is a common cause of intestinal obstruction in children but is infrequent in adults. A 77-year-old woman presented with a 1-month history of intermittent abdominal pain associated with nausea and distended abdomen. Imaging showed a complex elongated sausage-shaped mass in the transverse colon with no obstructive pattern or free air. Surgery confirmed colonic intussusception in addition to a palpable cecal mass requiring a right hemicolectomy. Histologic study demonstrated adenocarcinoma in situ within a tubulovillous adenoma. Surgical excision of the affected intestine is the recommended treatment of choice.
Cancer of the rectum--sphincter-saving operation. Stapling techniques.

Techniques of restoring intestinal continuity after rectal resection for cancer have evolved throughout this century. For the most part, circular staplers have now displaced earlier methods. It is incumbent on surgeons to recognize the limits of our present array of weapons as well as the limits placed on us by the biology of the tumor.
Middle-software generator: towards megaprogramming software design

Software reuse is a reapplication technology which is considered as one of the promising means to resolve software crisis. In recent years, there is a tendency in software reuse to reuse large-grain existing software components, both in design and implementation, because of apparently higher payoff. Megaprogramming represents such a kind of new trend of advanced high-level software reuse. Since megaprogramming is quite a new emerging research topic in recent years, many research issues on this topic need to be concretely defined and explored. What we are particularly interested in is to understand the methodological issues concerned with building complex megaprogramming applications. In this thesis, we propose an approach based on the concept of middle-software generation, where a module oriented class-function decomposition method and a semantic condition model are used. The output of the middle-software generator is the design and an intermediate representation of a megaprogramming software. This design will provide an effective guidance to build the final megaprogramming software.
Methylphenidate and Flexible Thinking in ADHD

The acute effects of methylphenidate (MPH) in 3 dosages (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg/kg) on the performance of 17 ADHD children in tests of cognitive flexibility were evaluated at the Departments of Psychology and Pediatrics, McGill University-Montreal Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Canada.
Corpus-based teaching in the Arabic classroom: theoretical and practical perspectives

The aim of this paper is to present a case for using corpora in TAFL (Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language) classes in light of advances in corpus-based teaching approach. It presents an overview of corpus-based teaching generally, and Arabic corpus resources specifically. Given the lack of corpus-based teaching materials for Arabic, this paper presents a model of integrating corpus-based teaching within a textbook-based syllabus for both elementary and intermediate levels. It includes ideas for material design for vocabulary building activities and enhancement of grammatical rules for Arabic learners.
Genetic Syndromes Associated with Central Nervous System Tumors

Several genetic tumor syndromes have associated central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms. The spectrum of syndromes that have intracranial tumor manifestations includes ataxia telangiectasia, Cowden syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non-polyposis-related colorectal cancer, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, tuberous sclerosis complex, von Hippel-Lindau disease, and Turcot syndrome. Many of these disorders are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, and identification of the associated genetic defects has led to improved understanding of the molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis, helping pave the way to the emergence of molecularly targeted therapeutics. Recognition of individuals and families at risk for such tumors is critical to improve clinical care and optimize proper genetic counseling. To contribute effectively, the radiologist should recognize the common varieties of tumors and characteristic neuroimaging manifestations seen in each familial syndrome. A fundamental understanding of the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of these tumors is critical in understanding the development of specific and unique tumors in each entity. In this article, we review the most common genetic tumor syndromes with associated intracranial neoplasms, with emphasis on recent genetic and molecular biology data, clinical manifestations, and management as well as the controversies and current recommendations for screening and surveillance. A detailed overview of all the major and pertinent CNS imaging features will be elucidated, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and, in relevant cases, magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ©RSNA, 2016.
Magical Swords and Heavenly Weapons: Battlefield Fear(lessness) in the Seventeenth Century

Focusing on the writings of military theorists, theologians, and physicians as well as on self-narrative sources from the Thirty Years’ War and Turkish wars, this chapter analyses the conceptualisations of soldierly fear in the seventeenth century. These texts drew a distinction between right and false fearlessness in battle: the perceived tension between godless and god-fearing fears, self-destructive audacity and life-saving courage. Contemporaries also debated the pathological consequences and violent impact of fear, anxiety and panic, and the permissible religious and magical remedies against soldierly fear. ‘Battlefield Fear(lessness)’ begins and concludes with an interpretation of the controversy about the magical sword Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden purportedly carried in the Battle of Lutzen.
Altered visual contrast gain control is sensitive for idiopathic generalized epilepsies

Abstract Objective Visual hyperexcitability in the form of abnormal contrast gain control has been shown in photosensitive epilepsy and idiopathic generalized epilepsies. We assessed the accuracy and reliability of measures of visual contrast gain control in discerning individuals with idiopathic generalized epilepsies from healthy controls. Methods Twenty-four adult patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and 32 neurotypical control subjects from two study sites participated in a prospective, cross-sectional study. We recorded steady-state visual evoked potentials to a wide range of contrasts of a flickering grating stimulus. The resultant response magnitude vs. contrast curves were fitted to a standard model of contrast response function, and the model parameters were used as input features to a linear classifier to separate patients from controls. Additionally we compared the relative contribution of model parameters towards the classification using a sparse feature-selection approach. Results Classification accuracy was 80% or better. Sensitivity and specificity both were 80–85%. Cross validation confirmed robust classifier performance generalizable across the data from the two samples. Patients’ relative lack of gain control at high contrasts was the most important information distinguishing patients from controls. Conclusions Individuals with idiopathic generalized epilepsy were distinguishable from the neurotypical with a high degree of accuracy and reliability by a reduction in gain control at high contrasts. Significance Gain control is an essential neural operation that regulates neuronal sensitivity to stimuli and may represent a novel biomarker of hyperexcitability.
Effectiveness of various innovative learning methods in health science classrooms: a meta-analysis.

This study reports the results of a meta-analysis of the available literature on the effectiveness of various forms of innovative small-group learning methods on student achievement in undergraduate college health science classrooms. The results of the analysis revealed that most of the primary studies supported the effectiveness of the small-group learning methods in improving students' academic achievement with an overall weighted average effect-size of 0.59 in standard deviation units favoring small-group learning methods. The subgroup analysis showed that the various forms of innovative and reform-based small-group learning interventions appeared to be significantly more effective for students in higher levels of college classes (sophomore, junior, and senior levels), students in other countries (non-U.S.) worldwide, students in groups of four or less, and students who choose their own group. The random-effects meta-regression results revealed that the effect sizes were influenced significantly by the instructional duration of the primary studies. This means that studies with longer hours of instruction yielded higher effect sizes and on average every 1 h increase in instruction, the predicted increase in effect size was 0.009 standard deviation units, which is considered as a small effect. These results may help health science and nursing educators by providing guidance in identifying the conditions under which various forms of innovative small-group learning pedagogies are collectively more effective than the traditional lecture-based teaching instruction.
Uptake of a guideline for the administration of a rescue course of antenatal corticosteroids

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate use (both appropriate and inappropriate) of rescue corticosteroids before and after the implementation of a guideline for their use.METHODS:We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a pharmacy log to identify women who received an initial course of antenatal corticosteroi
Transfer of Escherichia Coli to Lemons Slices and Ice during Handling

The objective of this study was to determine the transfer and survival of bacteria during the handling and storage of lemons and transfer of bacteria during handling of ice. Ice and lemon slices are handled and stored in public eating places and used in beverages. During handling and storage the contamination and growth of bacteria may occur leading to the spread of disease. To fulfill the objective, hands were inoculated with Escherichia coli prior to handling of wet and dry whole lemons and in a separate experiment, ice cubes were handled. E. coli transferred to whole lemons or ice after handling were determined. The CFU per lemon and percentage of E. coli transferred were greater for wet lemons -6123 cfu and 4.62% compared to 469 cfu and .2% for dry lemons. The second experiment found from 2 to 67% of the bacteria on hands were transferred to ice by hands and from 30 to 83% of the bacteria on scoops were transferred to ice. In a third experiment, lemons were inoculated with E. coli, then sliced and stored at 4 or 22C and tested at 0, 4 and 24 hr. Lemons stored at room temperature (22°C) had an increase in E. coli population after 24 hour while those stored under refrigeration had a decrease even though bacteria did survive on lemons in either case.
An LC voltage-controlled oscillator with supply sensitivity compensation method

The mechanism by which the frequency of an LC VCO is sensitive to the power supply is analyzed. It is shown that variations in both the common-mode and differential-mode components can give rise to periodic jitter in the presence of supply variations due to capacitive nonlinearities. A new compensation method that reduces this sensitivity is presented. Simulations are shown verifying that this method can reduce the periodic jitter by more than 80%.
In situ measurement of meltwater percolation flux in seasonal alpinesnowpack using self potential and capillary pressure sensors

Abstract. Downward flux of percolating meltwater was measured quantitatively in an in situ vertical profile, in an alpine snowpack, at a remote location. Three separate measurement systems were used to obtain multiple parameters required to calculate percolation flux. Brooks-Corey constitutive parameters were measured in a 0 °C isothermal snow sample test cell, and then applied to an on-site snow column test. The instrumented column test allowed calculation of fluxes, that were then calibrated to measured outflow to empirically determine an appropriate value of zeta potential. In situ measurements with data logging of self-potential (SP) and capillary pressure sensors then allowed calculation of flux from SP measurements (qsp), expressed as darcy velocity, over a multi-day period. The results strongly reflected diurnal snow melt dynamics, and daily peak qsp ranged from 5.6 to 105 cm/d. qsp was comparable to actual fluxes, represented by changes in snow water equivalent (SWE) (2.5 to 5.3 cm/d) measured at an adjacent USDA SNOTEL station. The average error in qsp was 8 % over a four-day period, with total calculated flux of 18.1 cm, compared to a 16.8 cm change in SNOTEL SWE. Daily (24-hour period) errors ranged from +26 % to −47 %. The methodology developed herein can combine SP with either capillary pressure or saturation measurements. The ability to measure meltwater percolation flux in snowpacks may support mathematical modeling of unsaturated flow processes in melting snow, and may supplement studies of snowmelt-groundwater and snowmelt-runoff interactions and glacier mass balance studies.
Liebermannite, KAlSi3O8, a new shock-metamorphic, high-pressure mineral from the Zagami Martian meteorite

In this paper, we discuss the occurrence of liebermannite (IMA 2013-128), KAlSi3O8, a new, shock-generated, high-pressure tetragonal hollandite-type structure silicate mineral, in the Zagami basaltic shergottite meteorite. Liebermannite crystallizes in space group I4/m with Z = 2, cell dimensions of a = 9.15 ± 0.14 (1σ) A, c = 2.74 ± 0.13 A, and a cell volume of 229 ± 19 A3 (for the type material), as revealed by synchrotron diffraction. In Zagami, liebermannite likely formed via solid-state transformation of primary igneous K-feldspar during an impact event that achieved pressures of ~20 GPa or more. The mineral name is in honor of Robert C. Liebermann, a high-pressure mineral physicist at Stony Brook University, New York, USA.
A facile, robust and scalable method for the synthesis of Pd nanoplates with hydroxylamine as a reducing agent and mechanistic insights from kinetic analysis

Nanocrystals lined with stacking faults have received much attention in recent years due to their typical anisotropic, plate-like geometry and their perplexing formation mechanism. In this report, we introduce a simple and reliable method for the scalable production of Pd nanoplates containing stacking faults. The success of our protocol was reliant on the use of hydroxylamine as a reducing agent, which allowed the nucleation and growth of well-defined Pd nanoplates with an average edge length of 24.5 ± 6.6 nm and a thickness of 4.7 ± 0.4 nm. We conducted a kinetic analysis to validate the importance of an appropriate initial reduction rate in determining the formation of seeds lined with stacking faults. To demonstrate the robustness of this synthesis, we conducted a set of control experiments under different experimental conditions such as acidity, temperature, and chemical environment and demonstrated that Pd nanoplates could be obtained as final products in all scenarios. We further extended the batch-based synthesis to a continuous flow reactor, moving one step closer towards high-volume production. Taken together, this method offers both simplicity and reproducibility for the synthesis of Pd nanoplates, which will enable future mechanistic studies and applications.
Picking up the Pieces: Intercultural Interaction in the Great Lakes Region Examined through Copper-Base Metal Artifacts

This article presents results of attribute analysis of copper-base metal artifacts from early colonial upper Great Lakes archaeological contexts. Patterns of variation were identified, providing evidence for cultural and technological heterogeneity in the production methods and uses of such objects through time at a regional scale. Interrelated factors that influenced observed artifact attributes include contexts of use and deposition, socially structured trading partnerships causing differential availability of raw material, and aesthetic preferences of craftworkers or their communities. Results demonstrate the utility of comparing technological practices evident in diverse material assemblages to investigate regional-scale interaction in contexts of colonialism and intercultural contact.
Dielectric and transport properties of K 6 [ V 15 As 6 O 42 ( H 2 O ) ] · 8 H 2 O

The dielectric, transport, and vibrational properties of the polyoxovanadate cluster ${\mathrm{K}}_{6}[{\mathrm{V}}_{15}{\mathrm{As}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{42}({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})]\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}8{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},{\mathrm{V}}_{15}$, have been investigated by ac impedance and Raman scattering techniques. Over a temperature range of $77\char21{}300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, ${\mathrm{V}}_{15}$ shows an essentially temperature-independent dielectric constant of $6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$, and two independent relaxation mechanisms with activation energies of 0.22 and $0.85\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, respectively. While the origin of $0.85\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ mode remains unclear, Raman scattering experiments show a series of intramolecular vibrations between 85 and $1000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ that we believe contribute to the $0.22\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ mode, as its preexponential factor ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0}$ is $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{13}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$ $(167\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$. Resistivity data also reveal that ${\mathrm{V}}_{15}$ exhibits thermally activated, semiconductorlike behavior over the $285\char21{}325\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ temperature range. The activation energy, ${E}_{a}$, of ${\mathrm{V}}_{15}$ was $0.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, in reasonable agreement with earlier optical measurements of the band gap $\ensuremath{\sim}0.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, assuming ${E}_{g}=2{E}_{a}$.
Exploring the Relationship Between Learnability and Linguistic Universals

Greater learnability has been offered as an explanation as to why certain properties appear in human languages more frequently than others. Languages with greater learnability are more likely to be accurately transmitted from one generation of learners to the next. We explore whether such a learnability bias is sufficient to result in a property becoming prevalent across languages by formalizing language transmission using a linear model. We then examine the outcome of repeated transmission of languages using a mathematical analysis, a computer simulation, and an experiment with human participants, and show several ways in which greater learnability may not result in a property becoming prevalent. Both the ways in which transmission failures occur and the relative number of languages with and without a property can affect whether the relationship between learnability and prevalence holds. Our results show that simply finding a learnability bias is not sufficient to explain why a particular property is a linguistic universal, or even frequent among human languages.
Synthetic Runoff Testing of Stormwater Treatment Practices

Synthetic runoff testing involves filling a stormwater treatment practice with water from a fire hydrant, water truck, or other available water source. Thus, synthetic runoff testing is limited to smaller practices. This chapter presents details related to using a water source to fill a practice, including determining if the water source is adequate and estimating the time it will take to fill the practice to a desired level. Analysis methods related to obtaining infiltration capacities and contaminant removal performance are given, as are examples, and a case study of synthetic runoff testing applied to an underground sedimentation practice.
How We Remember Conversation: Implications in Legal Settings:

Memory for the content of our conversations reflects two partially conflicting demands. First, to be an effective participant in a conversation, we use our memory to follow its trajectory, to keep ...
β-Catenin Is a pH Sensor With Decreased Stability at Higher Intracellular pH

β-Catenin functions as an adherens junction protein for cell–cell adhesion and as a signaling protein. β-catenin function is dependent on its stability, which is regulated by protein–protein interactions that stabilize β-catenin or target it for proteasome-mediated degradation. In this study, we show that β-catenin stability is regulated by intracellular pH (pHi) dynamics, with decreased stability at higher pHi in both mammalian cells and Drosophila melanogaster. β-Catenin degradation requires phosphorylation of N-terminal residues for recognition by the E3 ligase β-TrCP. While β-catenin phosphorylation was pH independent, higher pHi induced increased β-TrCP binding and decreased β-catenin stability. An evolutionarily conserved histidine in β-catenin (found in the β-TrCP DSGIHS destruction motif) is required for pH-dependent binding to β-TrCP. Expressing a cancer-associated H36R–β-catenin mutant in the Drosophila eye was sufficient to induce Wnt signaling and produced pronounced tumors not seen with other oncogenic β-catenin alleles. We identify pHi dynamics as a previously unrecognized regulator of β-catenin stability, functioning in coincidence with phosphorylation.
Toward Post-Critical Museologies in U.S. Art Museums

Critical museological perspectives have in recent years opened up new conceptual spaces for emerging forms of art museum practice. This article addresses the theme of changing ideologies and method...
Understanding aggregation hindered Li-ion transport in transition metal oxide at mesoscale

Abstract Conversion based transition-metal oxides as a promising class of anode materials, require proper nanostructuring for enhanced Li-ion storage capabilities. However, aggregation is found to be a common issue in nanomaterial systems, and can have detrimental effects on transport properties in composite electrodes. By employing a model transition-metal oxide anode with unique two-dimensional holey nanostructures, we investigated underlying reasons for the limited electrochemical kinetics induced by mesoscale aggregation. Through combined electrochemical and in situ characterization techniques, we demonstrate that aggregation leads to hindered interfacial charge transfer and retarded phase transformation, with the influence on kinetics escalating with more aggregation. These results shed light on more dedicated structural design for effective battery electrodes across multiple length scales.
Reservoir diel water quality patterns relative to riparian shade

Miranda LE, Raines CD. 2019. Reservoir diel water quality patterns relative to riparian shade. Lake Reserv Manage. 35:148–155.Investigations into the effects of riparian shade on water quality have...
On the Success of the Hadal Snailfishes.

Deep-sea trenches, depths 6000-11,000 m, are characterized by high pressures, low temperatures, and absence of sunlight. These features make up the majority of the deepest marine habitat-the hadal zone-home to distinct communities from those in the surrounding abyssal plains. The snailfishes, family Liparidae (Scorpaeniformes), have found notable success in the hadal zone from ∼6000 to 8200 m, comprising the dominant ichthyofauna in at least six trenches worldwide. The hadal fish community is distinct from the abyssal community where elongate, scavenging fishes such as rattails (Macrouridae), cutthroat eels (Synaphobranchidae), tripodfishes (Ipnopidae), eelpouts (Zoarcidae), and cusk eels (Ophidiidae) are most common. Until recently, little was known about the biology of these deepest-living fishes, or the factors that drive their success at hadal depths. Here, I review recent investigations spanning the abyssal-hadal boundary and discuss the factors structuring these communities, including the roles of pressure adaptation, feeding ecology, and life history. Hadal fishes show specialized adaptation to hydrostatic pressure both in accumulation of the pressure-counteractant trimethylamine n-oxide and in intrinsic changes to enzymes. Stomach content and amino acid isotope analyses, and jaw morphology suggest that suction-feeding predatory fishes like hadal liparids may find an advantage to descending into the trench where amphipods are increasingly abundant. Analysis of otolith growth zones suggest that snailfishes may be adapted to a seismically active, high-disturbance hadal environment by having relatively short life-spans. This review synthesizes the known literature on the planet's deepest-living fishes and informs new understanding of adaptations to life in the trenches.
Hydrogen Peroxide Modifies Aβ–Membrane Interactions with Implications for Aβ40 Aggregation

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by the formation of extracellular senile plaques, predominately comprised of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ), deposited in the brain. Aβ aggregation can result in a myriad of distinct aggregate species, from soluble oligomers to insoluble fibrils. Aβ strongly interacts with membranes, which can be linked to a variety of potential toxic mechanisms associated with AD. Oxidative damage accompanies the formation of Aβ aggregates, with a 10–50% proportion of Aβ aggregates being oxidized in vivo. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species implicated in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the H2O2 concentration fluctuates rapidly in the brain, resulting in large concentration spikes, especially in the synaptic cleft. Here, the impact of environmental H2O2 on Aβ aggregation in the presence and absence of lipid membranes is investigated. Aβ40 was exposed to H2O2, resulting in the selective oxidation of methionin...
Abstract 5119: Customizable all-in-one cancer panels to detect copy number variation, DNA rearrangement and mutations by targeted NGS

Background: The current standard of genomic profiling of cancer tissues relies upon multiple separate technologies to aid in tumor characterization. Here we describe a customizable NGS design and analysis workflow for cancer samples that can detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions and deletions (INDEL), somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), and translocations (TLs) in a single assay. Methods: We have created a library of strategically placed target-enrichment probes to provide for specific detection of SNP/INDEL, SCNAs, and translocation in genes identified as important in several cancer subtypes. The probes are optimized with the SureSelect XTHS protocol, which enables extremely sensitive detection of rare exonic mutation events within a heterogeneous sample. SCNA detection is further enhanced with additional probes targeting high minor allele frequency SNPs within the target gene boundary. Translocation detection is enabled by targeting intronic regions of fusion gene candidates. The data analysis is performed by the software SureCall that calls SNPs across all regions covered by probes. SCNA detection utilizes either a matched normal or standard control DNA and aberrant regions are identified by jointly segmenting the read depth ratios and SNP allele frequencies. The clonal structure is discerned using two Bayesian cancer models in a hierarchical manner. Translocation are identified by analyzing split reads across putative fusion breakpoints that are supported by both high- and low-confidence reads that pass quality filters. Results: We demonstrate rare allele detection in cancer cells down to 1%. We also show detection of 3 copies of MET at 20% tumor fraction and 16 copies of ERBB2 at 2% tumor fraction. For translocations, DNA level gene fusions were detected for ALK and ROS fusion genes at Conclusions: This work represents an important advancement in the development of a single assay to detect copy number variation, DNA rearrangement and mutations. Citation Format: Arjun Vadapalli, Ashutosh Ashutosh, Heather Tao, Linus Forsmark, Christian Le Cocq, Akansha Khare, Bahram Arezi, Gilbert Amparo, Michael Ruvolo, Carlos Pabon, Jayati Ghosh, Jimmy Jin, Tracy Liu, Douglas Roberts. Customizable all-in-one cancer panels to detect copy number variation, DNA rearrangement and mutations by targeted NGS [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5119.