cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heimlich valve in the management of pneumothorax in patients with advanced AIDS.

Study objectives: To review therapeutic strategies in the management of pneumothorax in patients with AIDS. Design: Retrospective, 7-year, single institution experience. Patients: Forty-seven patients with AIDS were treated for 59 pneumothoraxes. Mean age was 37.4 years, and 70% of patients had prior or current infection with Pneumocystis carinii. All patients had CD41 counts of < 100, and 28 of 47 patients (59.6%) had CD41 counts of < 50. Of 59 pneumothoraxes, 14 pneumothoraxes (23.7%) were iatrogenic and 16 pneumothoraxes (27.1%) were bilateral. Patients were treated with conventional strategy (tube thoracostomy [TT] with or without pleurodesis, thoracotomy with blebectomy) or converted to a Heimlich valve (HV) in case of failure of conventional management. Results: Thirty-six of 47 patients (76.6%) were discharged, and only 26 of 36 patients (72.2%) had complete pneumothorax resolution at discharge after conventional treatment. All patients discharged with an HV (10 of 36 patients; 27.8%) had pneumothorax resolution followed by valve removal as outpatients. Mean hospital stay after chest decompression was 12 days for conventional-therapy group survivors and 3 days for patients treated with an HV. Thirteen patients died (27.7%) with follow-up to 60 days. In-hospital mortality was 23.4% (11 of 47 patients), which represented a 29.7% mortality for patients treated with conventional therapy. Patients treated with an HV had no in-hospital mortality and 100% pneumothorax resolution, with two deaths occurring within 60 days of discharge but after removal of the HV. Conclusions: Patients with advanced AIDS and pneumothorax have high associated morbidity and mortality. If no resolution is observed after simple TT, prompt conversion to an HV allows safe and early hospital discharge. (CHEST 2001; 120:15‐18)
Secular and Liminal: Discovering Heterogeneity among Religious Nones

This study examines the stability of religious preference among people who claim no religious preference in national surveys (i.e., religious nones). Using data from the Faith Matters Study, General Social Survey, and American National Election Study, we show that about 30 percent of religious nones in the first wave of the survey claim an affiliation with a religious group a year later. The percentage of religious nones remained stable in the two waves because a similar number of respondents moved in the opposite direction. Using various measures of religiosity, we show that most of these unstable nones report no significant change in religious belief or practice. We call them liminal nones as they stand halfway in and halfway out of a religious identity. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings on the controversies surrounding the rise of religious nones in recent years.
Using mathematical programming and simulation to study FMS machine utilizations

Mathematical programming can be used to determine, from a set of part-type orders, an input stream composition which maximizes machine utilizations in an FMS (flexible manufacturing system) composed of specified machining resources. Simulation can then be used to estimate the degradation in these utilizations due to their dependency on the following factors ignored in the mathematical programming solution: (1) secondary FMS resources (e.g. pallets and fixtures; loading and unloading stations; buffers; type and capacity of equipment for transferring work-in-process); (2) geometric considerations (e.g., location of loading and unloading stations, machines, and buffers; routes for transfer of work-in-process); (3) secondary time requirements (e.g., transfer times; palletizing and depalletizing times; fixturing, defixturing, and refixturing times); (4) operating procedures (e.g., quantity of work-in-process; dispatching rules; part input sequence); (5) operating discontinuities (e.g., machine breakdowns; scheduled machine maintenance; machine substitution; breakdowns and/or maintenance of equipment for transferring work-in-process); and (6) secondary job characteristics (e.g., the sequence in which parts use machines; fixturing and refixturing requirements; due dates; lateness penalties). This paper presents an example illustrating the sequential use of mathematical programming and simulation to: (1) determine the level of selected secondary FMS resources required to maximize machine utilizations when transfer times are realistic; (2) estimate the degradation in machine utilizations when there are inadequate secondary resources; and (3) determine the sensitivity of machine utilizations to selected operating procedures.
Serum transferrin receptor: a quantitative measure of tissue iron deficiency

This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of serum transferrin receptor measurements in the assessment of iron status. Repeated phlebotomies were performed in 14 normal volunteer subjects to obtain varying degrees of iron deficiency. Serial measurements of serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, mean cell volume (MCV), free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP), red cell mean index, serum ferritin, and serum transferrin receptor were performed throughout the phlebotomy program. There was no change in receptor levels during the phase of storage iron depletion. When the serum ferritin level reached subnormal values there was an increase in serum receptor levels, which continued throughout the phlebotomy program. Functional iron deficiency was defined as a reduction in body iron beyond the point of depleted iron stores. The serum receptor level was a more sensitive and reliable guide to the degree of functional iron deficiency than either the FEP or MCV. Our studies indicate that the serum receptor measurement is of particular value in identifying mild iron deficiency of recent onset. The iron status of a population can be fully assessed by using serum ferritin as a measure of iron stores, serum receptor as a measure of mild tissue iron deficiency, and hemoglobin concentration as a measure of advanced iron deficiency.
Lightning-induced voltages on multiconductor overhead lines

The effects of other conductors in a multiconductor overhead line on the voltages induced on a conductor by a nearby lightning strike are analyzed on the basis of previous studies on long single-conductor overhead lines. It is shown that the presence of other conductors affects the induced voltage of a conductor, particularly for vertically configured lines; however, the amount is less than that originally predicted. Ground wires reduce the magnitude of the induced voltages, thus acting as partial shields. The amount that the ground wires reduce the induced voltages on the conductors is dependent on the position of the ground wires in relation to the ungrounded conductors. >
Synchronous versus asynchronous CDMA for fiber-optic LANs using optical signal processing

Synchronous spread-spectrum code division multiple access (S/CDMA) for fiber-optic local area networks using optical signal processing is investigated. Compared to time division multiple access (TDMA), CDMA can provide some degree of immunization against fiber dispersion. Moreover, S/CDMA can accommodate more subscribers and a larger number of simultaneous users than asynchronous CDMA (A/CDMA). A/CDMA is a more suitable protocol in fiber-optic interexchange or long-haul networks where the number of users is less and network synchronization cannot easily be achieved. The design of the code sequences, suited for asynchronous access and incoherent optical signal processing, is studied. A two-user S/CDMA system demonstration at 500 Mbit/s is reported. >
Valence states of cobalt in BaTiO3: An EPR study

Abstract A study by means of the Electron-Paramagnetic-Resonance (EPR) technique of the valence states of the cobalt ion in oxidized and reduced BaTiO 3 is presented. As a result, the identification of high-spin Co + in reduced crystals was possible. The Co 2+ centre is also discussed.
Using music to cue autobiographical memories of different lifetime periods

Little previous research has examined the link between popular music and autobiographical memory. College-age participants recalled a memory associated with a song from each of five lifetime eras and then described and rated the memories. Participants heard part of the song, read the lyrics, saw a picture of the artist or began describing their memory immediately. Ratings for vividness, specificity, feeling brought back and feeling emotional in connection with the memory were all significantly different across lifetime eras. Differences also existed between sensory conditions in memory description length, feeling brought back and feeling emotional. However, hearing the song did not produce higher ratings than all the other sensory conditions. These findings show that music is a valuable cue to evoke autobiographical memory.
Patient Portal Preferences: Perspectives on Imaging Information

Patient portals have the potential to provide content that is specifically tailored to a patient's information needs based on diagnoses and other factors. In this work, we conducted a survey of 41 lung cancer patients at an outpatient lung cancer clinic at the medical center of the University of California Los Angeles, to gain insight into these perceived information needs and opinions on the design of a portal to fulfill them. We found that patients requested access to information related to diagnosis and imaging, with more than half of the patients reporting that they did not anticipate an increase in anxiety due to access to medical record information via a portal. We also found that patient educational background did not lead to a significant difference in desires for explanations of reports and definitions of terms.
The zinc finger protein DIE-1 is required for late events during epithelial cell rearrangement in C. elegans.

The mechanism by which epithelial cells undergo directed rearrangement is central to morphogenesis, yet the regulation of these movements remains poorly understood. We have investigated epithelial cell rearrangement (intercalation) in the dorsal hypodermis, or embryonic epidermis, of the C. elegans embryo by analyzing the die-1(w34) mutant, which fails to undergo normal intercalation. Dorsal hypodermal cells of die-1(w34) homozygous embryos initiate but fail to complete the process of intercalation. Multiphoton microscopy reveals that intercalating cells extend monopolar, basolateral protrusions in their direction of migration; posterior dorsal hypodermal cells in die-1(w34) mutants appear to extend protrusions normally, but fail to translocate their cell bodies to complete rearrangement. Despite abnormal intercalation, the subsequent morphogenetic movements that enclose the embryo with epithelial cells and the process of dorsal cell fusion still occur. However, elongation of the embryo into a wormlike shape is disrupted in die-1(w34) embryos, suggesting that intercalation may be necessary for subsequent elongation of the embryo. Actin filaments are not properly organized within the dorsal hypodermis of die-1(w34) embryos, consistent with intercalation's being a necessary prerequisite for elongation. The die-1 gene encodes a C2H2 zinc finger protein containing four fingers, which likely acts as a transcriptional regulator. DIE-1 is present in the nuclei of hypodermal, muscle, gut, and pharyngeal cells; its distribution suggests that DIE-1 acts in each of these tissues to regulate morphogenetic movements. die-1(w34) mutants display morphogenetic defects in the pharynx, gut, and muscle quadrants, in addition to the defects in the dorsal hypodermis, consistent with the DIE-1 expression pattern. Mosaic analysis indicates that DIE-1 is autonomously required in the posterior dorsal hypodermis for intercalation. Our analysis documents for the first time the dynamics of protrusive activity during epithelial cell rearrangement. Moreover, our analysis of die-1 shows that the events of epithelial cell rearrangement are under transcriptional control, and that early and later phases of epithelial cell rearrangement are genetically distinguishable.
Enhanced suppression of superconductivity in amorphous films with nano-scale patterning

Abstract We have measured the thickness dependence of the superconducting critical temperature, T c ( d Bi ) , in amorphous Bi/Sb films patterned with a regular array of holes as well as nanoscale thickness variations. We find that the mean field T c is suppressed relative to simultaneously produced unstructured films of the same thickness. Surprisingly, however, the functional form for T c ( d Bi ) , remains unaffected. The role of the thickness variations in suppressing T c is compared to the role of the holes, through parameterization of the surface, as measured through AFM/SEM and a proximity effect calculation. These results suggest that these two nanoscale modifications suppress T c about equally and are consistent with T c being determined on a microscopic length scale.
Observation of fine-structure transitions in rare gas charge transfer at surprisingly low energies using a crossed-molecular beam technique

Abstract The crossed-beam method was used to investigate the charge-transfer reaction of Kr+(2P 3 2 ) with Kr(1S0), using a nearly pure Kr+(2P 3 2 ) ion beam. The resonant charge-transfer reaction is well described by a standard theoretical rectilinear-trajectory model. The endoergic fine-structure transition with ΔJ = 1 was also detected. This product is scattered at a definite angle, suggesting a short-range interaction which selects a particular impact parameter. Both channels are in general accord with accepted theories for ion/atom charge exchange, but the energy range at which the endothermic channel is observed is much lower than predicted.
Holmium: Yttrium Aluminium Garnet Laser Lithotripsy for Symptomatic Kock Pouch Calculi:

Kock first described continent ileostomy for fecal diversion in 1969 as an alternative procedure to conventional ileostomy. Later, this procedure was replaced by restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis as the procedure of choice. The main reasons for its virtual abandonment include technical difficulty, high morbidity, and the need for a stoma. To our knowledge, this report is the first published case of successful enterolith destruction and retrieval from a Kock pouch, using a Holmium: yttrium aluminium garnet laser. This outpatient procedure can avoid the morbidity and cost of a laparotomy.
Warfarin Is Not Needed in Low-Risk Patients Following Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Procedures

Background: The recently published HRS/EHRA/ECAS AF Ablation Consensus Statement recommended that warfarin should be used for at least 2 months following an AF ablation in all patients regardless of stroke risk factors. The objective of the study was to assess outcomes based upon anticoagulation practice after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation to determine relative risk of a strategy of aspirin only in low-risk patients. Methods: A total of 630 consecutive patients who underwent 934 ablation procedures using an open irrigated tip catheter for symptomatic AF were evaluated. Outcomes were compared between patients treated with warfarin (goal INR: 2–3) versus aspirin only (325 mg/day) in CHADS2 0–1 patients after ablation. Results: Of the 690 patients, 123 (20%) were treated with aspirin and 507 (80%) with warfarin. Prevalences of the CHADS2 scores of patients on aspirin were (0: 40.7%, 1: 59.3%) and on warfarin (0: 13.6%, 1: 31.6%, ≥2: 54.8%), P < 0.0001. Patients in the warfarin group were older, had on average a lower ejection fraction, and had higher rates persistent/permanent AF, repeat ablations, hypertension, prior stroke/TIA, and diabetes. The 1-year survival free of AF for the total study population was 71.6%. There were no strokes/TIA in the aspirin group and 4 events (4 strokes, 0 TIAs) in the warfarin group. Two patients in the warfarin group died of fatal hemorrhage (1 intracranial, 1 gastrointestinal). Conclusion: Select low-risk patients with a low CHADS2 (0–1) score who undergo left atrial ablation with an aggressive anticoagulation strategy with heparin and use of an open irrigated tip catheter with low CHADS2 scores can safely be discharged following their procedure on aspirin alone.
Heme Concentration Dependence and Metalloporphyrin Inhibition of the System I and II Cytochrome c Assembly Pathways

Studies have indicated that specific heme delivery to apocytochrome c is a critical feature of the cytochrome c biogenesis pathways called system I and II. To determine directly the heme requirements of each system, including whether other metal porphyrins can be incorporated into cytochromes c, we engineered Escherichia coli so that the natural system I (ccmABCDEFGH) was deleted and exogenous porphyrins were the sole source of porphyrins (ΔhemA). The engineered E. coli strains that produced recombinant system I (from E. coli) or system II (from Helicobacter) facilitated studies of the heme concentration dependence of each system. Using this exogenous porphyrin approach, it was shown that in system I the levels of heme used are at least fivefold lower than the levels used in system II, providing an important advantage for system I. Neither system could assemble holocytochromes c with other metal porphyrins, suggesting that the attachment mechanism is specific for Fe protoporphyrin. Surprisingly, Zn and Sn protoporphyrins are potent inhibitors of the pathways, and exogenous heme competes with this inhibition. We propose that the targets are the heme binding proteins in the pathways (CcmC, CcmE, and CcmF for system I and CcsA for system II).
Infinite-Dimensional Lie Groups and Algebras in Mathematical Physics

We give a review of infinite-dimensional Lie groups and algebras and show some applications and examples in mathematical physics. This includes diffeomorphism groups and their natural subgroups like volume-preserving and symplectic transformations, as well as gauge groups and loop groups. Applications include fluid dynamics, Maxwell's equations, and plasma physics. We discuss applications in quantum field theory and relativity (gravity) including BRST and supersymmetries.
Increasing uncertainty about high-stakes risks: The impetus for radical change?

Most of us recognize that when society's collective trends expose us to disasters which may threaten our survival, some rather radical, i.e., fundamental, actions may be necessary to forestall such untoward events. Yet, what signals might trigger such action? Pronouncements that the “end is near” have not proven to be very effective, and rightfully so. We suggest rather that the impetus for action may come from increased uncertainty, or fuzziness, about large scale disaster, arising from knowledge imperfections. This uncertainty itself may therefore provide the tipping point for action, assuming however that such action does not come too late.
Growth Activation in Adult Rat Hepatocytes

The hepatocytes in normal adult rats are in a state of quiescence, or G0. They retain the capacity to proliferate, however, and re-enter the cell cycle in partial synchrony, responding vigorously to 2/3 hepatectomy and slightly less so to manipulations of the diet, administration of hormones, growth factors, toxic agents, and other substances. The precise physiological signals that regulate this growth remain elusive, but evidence from a number of laboratories indicates that blood-borne substances are responsible (1).
Chromosomen und Mendelspaltung

Wenn wir auf die Gesetze der Mendel Spaltung zuruckblicken, so zeigt sich, das folgendes die grundlegenden Punkte sind: 1. Die Geschlechtszellen der Bastarde sind „rein“ in bezug auf die in die Bastardierung eingegangenen Erbfaktoren, es tritt keinerlei Vermischung oder Verschmelzung von Faktoren ein. 2. In den Geschlechtszellen des Bastards kombinieren sich die von den beiden Bastardeltern stammenden Erbfaktoren in jeder denkbaren Weise so, das von jedem Paar je einer vorhanden ist. 3. Alle diese Geschlechtszellen mit verschiedener Faktorenzusammensetzung werden in gleicher Zahl gebildet. 4. Die Befruchtung erfolgt, wie der Zufall es gibt und erlaubt daher, das alle denkbaren Zusammenstellungen zwischen den verschiedenen mannlichen und weiblichen Geschlechtszellen die gleiche Chance haben zu Erscheinen. Es ist naheliegend, das nun unser Blick sich wieder auf die Geschlechtszellen richtet, von denen wir in einem fruheren Abschnitt so viel gehort haben; denn in ihnen mus doch der geheimnisvolle Mechanismus gelegen sein, der dafur sorgt, das sich die Erbfaktoren in allen Zufallskombinationen auf alle die Geschlechtszellen verteilen. Tatsachlich haben wir auch bereits den entscheidenden Mechanismus kennengelernt und knupfen nun wieder an unsere fruheren Erorterungen an.
Spatiotemporal pattern and driving forces of land use/cover change in Brazil

Land use/cover change(LUCC) is one of the hot topics in the study of global change. In this research,the authors adopted the method of human-computer interaction to amend the 2005 ESA Global Cover land use data based on the Landsat TM/ETM remotely sensed data around 2005, then used the inverse phase visual interpretation method to extract land use/cover change information between 1980 and 2005 based on the Landsat MSS/TM remotely sensed data in the 1980 s, and analyzed the Spatiotemporal pattern and driving forces of the change.The results show that in the 25 years between 1980 and 2005, that area of land use/cover change reached 794300km2 in Brazil, accounting for 9.33% of the total land area. Among these, cropland increased by 201800 km2, cropland/natural vegetation mosaic increased by 107000 km2, forest area decreased by 531200 km2, shrub and grassland converted to other land use types by 236000 km2 and the opposite conversion was 447000 km2 with a net increase of this land use category by 211000 km2, water increased by 4600 km2, urban and built-up areas extended by 7573.87 km2. But the land use macroscopic structure did not change. Regional differences of the main land use change forms including deforestation, grassland in- and out- conversion, Land reclamation, and urban and built- up area expansion led to different land use/cover change characteristics in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecological zone, tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest ecological zone, tropical and subtropical steppe ecological zone, grassland and marsh wetland ecological zone, desert and xeric plants ecological zone, and mangrove forest ecological zone. Natural geographical conditions such as landform, climate, and vegetation profoundly affected the macro pattern of land use and the possibility of land use change. Although climate change had a certain impact on cropland reclamation and the increase of grassland, land use policy, economy and foreign trade development, population growth and migration, and road construction were the direct causes of land use change in Brazil.
Citius, altius, fortius (the Olympic motto: swifter, higher, stronger).

In this Olympic year, as since time immemorial, we are fascinated with the achievements of athletes. As cardiologists, we have a special interest in the athlete's heart, how it adapts to exercise training, what its limits are, and whether exercise can cause harm. In the 1950s, Paul Dudley White
Investigating general and specific links from adolescents’ perceptions of ecological assets to their civic actions

ABSTRACTCivic engagement is an important marker of thriving among adolescents, and more research is needed that clarifies the ecological assets (positive supports across settings) that foster youth civic engagement. Simultaneously modeling associations between multiple ecological assets and civic behaviors can provide a nuanced view of the way adolescents’ ecological assets relate to distinct forms of civic engagement. To advance positive youth development theory, we used a bifactor modeling approach to examine general and specific ecological asset factors in relation to volunteering, conventional political, online political, and informal helping behaviors. In a large ethnically diverse sample of adolescents, the general ecological asset factor was positively associated with informal helping only. Classroom civic learning opportunities were positively associated with volunteering, conventional, and online political behaviors. Family political discussions were positively associated with conventional and on...
Introducing Medical Imaging and Optics Course in Undergraduate BME Program

Applications of Medical imaging in clinical diagnostics and image-guided surgery have been increasing at rapid rates. This contributes greater demand for BME graduates including the ones at undergraduate level. It appears medical imaging is not taught at the undergraduate level at many BME programs, thus triggering the need to consider developing an appropriate undergraduate medical imaging and optics course. Teaching undergraduate level medical imaging and optics is more challenging compared to the one at the graduate level due to unavailability of proper level textbooks, lab modules and equipment accessibility. This paper features the theoretical segments taught in such a course and highlights the pedagogy and techniques used to teach a medical imaging and optics course in undergraduate BME programs, as well as the interesting projects and other course requirements associated with it.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ON SPATIAL PATTERN OF MULTIPLE HOME OWNERS IN URBAN CHINA

The phenomenon of having a second house is not new, but the scale is gradually enlarging in urban China nowadays. The housing source and housing tenure of urban household have been changed greatly with the housing reform, from the pure renting of public housing to various sources and complex tenure structure, and some urban households even begin to have a second house. Geographical factors affect the accessibility of multiple home ownership. This paper studies the spatial pattern of multiple home owners with CGSS data in 2005, and finds that the proportion of multiple home owners in municipalities and provincial capitals is lower than that in other cities, with cities with more population lower than smaller cities, first and second class cities lower than third and fourth class cities. When urban residents are divided into local citizens, urban migrants without local urban registration, and rural migrants without local urban registration, the spatial pattern of multiple home ownership of local citizens is consistent with the total urban families in geographical features, while those of urban migrants are a little different from rural migrants. The migrants are less possible to own multiple homes than local citizens. City types are significant even after controlling the impact of socio-economic factors of household with Logistic model. The location maybe suggest the difference of local housing market, the spatial disparity of housing prices, and the accessibility of low price housing resource in particular.
Ensemble-Based and Hybrid Recommender Systems

In the previous chapters, we discussed three different classes of recommendation methods. Collaborative methods use the ratings of a community of users in order to make recommendations, whereas content-based methods use the ratings of a single user in conjunction with attribute-centric item descriptions to make recommendations.
Medical education in Egypt

Modern medical training in Egypt was started by Antoine Clot Bey in 1837 and became part of the university programme in 1919. At present, it comprises six years of university education, followed by one year of internships and one year of compulsory employment with a state-owned hospital. There are now 13 medical faculties in Egypt, using three different curricula: traditional, Islamic and innovative. Their implementation is hampered by the large number of students (15,500 men and 7500 women), the low salaries and motivation of the instructors, the teaching in English rather than Arabic and the lack of recent study materials. It is therefore rather difficult to compare the effectiveness of the Egyptian system with that in the Netherlands. Due partly to the differences in language and culture, Dutch authorities are reluctant to recognise Egyptian medical diplomas.
Comparing Various Exercise Tests for Assessing the Response to Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients With COPD.

Purpose Various exercise tests have been used to assess the response to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Few studies have compared exercise tests in the same subjects to determine the relative responsiveness of various tests. The goal of this pilot study was to examine the responsiveness of different exercise tests in patients with COPD completing PR. Methods Fifteen male patients with COPD underwent PR. All subjects completed 6-minute walk test (6MWT), incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT), endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT), maximal incremental exercise test (MIET), constant workload exercise test (CWET), and maximal arm ergometry tests before and after PR. The Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire was also completed before and after PR. Results The number of participants who exceeded the minimal clinically important difference was similar for each of the different exercise tests. Effect sizes for the MIET and CWET were slightly higher, 0.82 and 0.97, respectively, than for the 6MWT, ISWT, and ESWT, 0.72, 0.65, and 0.60, respectively. Effect sizes were not significantly different between the 6MWT and the ESWT. The changes in exercise test results were not significantly correlated with the changes in quality of life. The improvement in laboratory cycling tests did not significantly correlate with the improvement in shuttle walk tests. Conclusions On the basis of these data, all exercise measures were responsive to PR. Indices derived from cycling in the laboratory appeared more responsive than indices derived from walking in the field when assessed by effect size, but this finding and its possible clinical significance requires confirmation in a larger study.
3 He and Refrigeration Below 1 K

By far, the most abundant naturally occurring isotope of helium is 4He. However, there exists one other stable isotope, 3He, which is only about 0.1 ppm of natural helium but can be obtained readily as a byproduct of nuclear reactions. The physical behavior of low-temperature 3He is fundamentally quite different from that of the common isotope and 3He has application in a number of areas in cryogenics; most notable of these is the role it plays in the achievement of temperatures below 1 K. This temperature range is primarily of interest in the studies of basic physical phenomena.
Harmonic analysis of periodic extinctions

-Fourier analysis of percent extinction data for genera of fossil marine animals during the past 260 million years indicates the existence of a 26 m.y. extinction cycle. The first three harmonics, which account for 51.7 percent of the sum of squares, show the major extinction trends in the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The first ten harmonics, which account for 89.5 percent of the sum of squares, are aligned with eight extinction peaks. The tenth harmonic, with a period of 26 million years, has an amplitude of 6.5 percent and accounts for 12.7 percent of the sum of squares. Several different methods are used to test the validity of the apparent 26 m.y. extinction cycle. Analysis of variance indicated that the 26 m.y. extinction cycle is statistically significant at the 95 percent level. When the 260 m.y. sample interval is divided into equal 130 m.y. segments, the phases and amplitudes for the 26 m.y. cycle were almost equal within the two independent segments. When the 260 m.y. interval is divided into 10 shorter time segments of different lengths, the 26 m.y. cycle is represented in each time segment. A series of experiments is run to test the influence of the Late Permian and Cretaceous peaks on the observed 26 m.y. cycle. When all peaks are smoothed out except for the two major peaks, a pseudo-cycle with a period of 26 m.y. is generated that accounts for 3.0 percent of the sum of squares. When the Permian and Cretaceous peaks are reduced to about half their observed height, the sum of squares accounted for by the 26 m.y. cycle is reduced from 12.7 to 11.0 percent. When the number of extinctions within each stage is used in the harmonic analysis in place of extinction percent, the 26 m.y. cycle accounts for 19.3 percent of the sum of squares. Therefore, the evidence from harmonic analysis of fossil marine animals points toward a distinct and persistent 26 m.y. cycle in mass extinctions in the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. William T. Fox. Department of Geology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267 Accepted: June 1, 1987
Factor analysis of the Milwaukee Inventory for Subtypes of Trichotillomania-Adult Version

The Milwaukee Inventory for Subtypes of Trichotillomania-Adult Version (MIST-A; Flessner et al., 2008) measures the degree to which hair pulling in Trichotillomania (TTM) can be described as "automatic" (i.e., done without awareness and unrelated to affective states) and/or "focused" (i.e., done with awareness and to regulate affective states). Despite preliminary evidence in support of the psychometric properties of the MIST-A, emerging research suggests the original factor structure may not optimally capture TTM phenomenology. Using data from a treatment-seeking TTM sample, the current study examined the factor structure of the MIST-A via exploratory factor analysis. The resulting two factor solution suggested the MIST-A consists of a 5-item "awareness of pulling" factor that measures the degree to which pulling is done with awareness and an 8-item "internal-regulated pulling" factor that measures the degree to which pulling is done to regulate internal stimuli (e.g., emotions, cognitions, and urges). Correlational analyses provided preliminary evidence for the validity of these derived factors. Findings from this study challenge the notions of "automatic" and "focused" pulling styles and suggest that researchers should continue to explore TTM subtypes.
THE GENETICS AND MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: Roles of Amyloid and the Presenilins

The study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has had more than its share of controversy. In the last few years, however, considerable consensus has been developed that certain molecular events in the brain occur many years or decades before clinical symptoms, and a rough outline of the pathogenic cascade has emerged from the studies of many investigators. Progress in two broad areas has led to this consensus: molecular genetics and biochemical pathology. In this article, the exciting new understanding of the pathogenesis of AD is reviewed and its affect on the patient population is discussed.
Intra- and Extra-Cellular Events Related to Altered Glycosylation of MUC1 Promote Chronic Inflammation, Tumor Progression, Invasion, and Metastasis

Altered glycosylation of mucin 1 (MUC1) on tumor cells compared to normal epithelial cells was previously identified as an important antigenic modification recognized by the immune system in the process of tumor immunosurveillance. This tumor form of MUC1 is considered a viable target for cancer immunotherapy. The importance of altered MUC1 glycosylation extends also to its role as a promoter of chronic inflammatory conditions that lead to malignant transformation and cancer progression. We review here what is known about the role of specific cancer-associated glycans on MUC1 in protein-protein interactions and intracellular signaling in cancer cells and in their adhesion to each other and the tumor stroma. The tumor form of MUC1 also creates a different landscape of inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment by controlling the recruitment of inflammatory cells, establishing specific interactions with dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, and facilitating tumor escape from the immune system. Through multiple types of short glycans simultaneously present in tumors, MUC1 acquires multiple oncogenic properties that control tumor development, progression, and metastasis at different steps of the process of carcinogenesis.
Dual influences of early-life maternal deprivation on histone deacetylase activity and recognition memory in rats

Exposure to stress early in life may negatively impact nervous system functioning, including increasing the proneness to learning and memory impairments later in life. Maternal deprivation, a model of early-life stress, hinders memory in adult rats and lessens brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus in a very heterogeneous way among individuals. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the possible epigenetic modulation underlying recognition memory impairment and reduced BDNF levels in the hippocampus of adult maternally deprived rats. We also evaluated the potential ameliorating properties of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, sodium butyrate, on memory deficits and BDNF changes related to maternal deprivation. Maternally deprived animals were categorized as 'inferior learners' and 'superior learners' according to their performance in object recognition memory task in comparison to controls. Results indicated that HDAC activity was higher in individuals submitted to maternal deprivation with the worst cognitive performance (inferior learners). Acute administration of sodium butyrate increased histone H3 acetylation and BDNF levels, and restored recognition memory in maternally deprived animals with the worst cognitive performance. Moreover, we also showed that there is a positive correlation between BDNF levels and memory performance. Taken together, the results indicated that HDAC inhibitors could be considered as a possible therapeutic agent to improve cognitive performance in inferior learners. Further studies need to be conducted for a better comprehension of the mechanisms related to persistent alterations observed in adult life induced by early stressful circumstances and those leading to resilience.
Hibernation reduces cellular damage caused by warm hepatic ischemia–reperfusion in ground squirrels

During the hibernation season, livers from 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) are resistant to damage induced by ex vivo, cold ischemia-warm reperfusion (IR) compared with livers from summer squirrels or rats. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hibernation also reduces damage to ground squirrel livers in an in vivo, warm IR model, which more closely resembles complications associated with traumatic injury or surgical interventions. We also examined whether protection is mediated by two metabolites, inosine and biliverdin, that are elevated in ground squirrel liver during interbout arousals. Active squirrels in spring and hibernators during natural arousals to euthermia (body temperature 37 °C) were subject to liver IR or sham treatments. A subset of hibernating squirrels was pre-treated with compounds that inhibit inosine synthesis/signaling or biliverdin production. This model of liver IR successfully induced hepatocellular damage as indicated by increased plasma liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and hepatocyte apoptosis index compared to sham in both seasons, with greater elevations in spring squirrels. In addition, liver congestion increased after IR to a similar degree in spring and hibernating groups. Microvesicular steatosis was not affected by IR within the same season but was greater in sham squirrels in both seasons. Plasma IL-6 increased ~twofold in hibernators pre-treated with a biliverdin synthesis inhibitor (SnPP) prior to IR, but was not altered by IR in untreated squirrels. The results show that hibernation provides protection to ground squirrel livers subject to warm IR. Further research is needed to clarify mechanisms responsible for endogenous protection of liver tissue under ischemic stress.
Hepatitis B- and C-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in a large U.S. cancer center: Do clinicopathologic features or patient outcomes differ by the potentially causative viruses?

4011 Background: Hep B virus (HBV) and hep C virus (HCV) are the main viral causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and are responsible for ~50% of USA cases. Because HBV is a DNA viru...
Teaching Single-Case Evaluation to Graduate Social Work Students: A Replication

ABSTRACTA course teaching graduate social work students to use an evidence-based model and to evaluate their own practice was replicated and evaluated. Students conducted a project in which they reviewed published research to achieve a clinical goal, applied quantitative measures for ongoing assessment, implemented evidence-based interventions, and evaluated effects of their interventions with single-case designs. More than half of the students conducted self-improvement projects monitored with self-report measures, with widely varied goals and interventions. Approximately 48% of the projects showed statistically significant improvements, and an additional 10% showed statistically nonsignificant gains, suggesting the benefits of this instructional format.
MUSLIM HISTORIES, AFRICAN SOCIETIES: THE VENTURE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES IN AFRICA Muslim Societies in African History. By DAVID ROBINSON. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xx+220. £35/26.95, paperback (ISBN 0-8214-1297-3).

WITH the publication of these two volumes, the historical study of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa has reached its maturity. Drawing on five decades of scholarship since the professionalization of African history, and the long traditions of Islamic and African studies before that, these works – one the first truly usable textbook survey of the field, the other the first comprehensive reference – are both a successful culmination of what has gone before and guides to the paths ahead. In some cases the authors' and editors' careers are virtually synonymous with the field as a whole, as with the late Nehemia Levtzion, and all are among the acknowledged authorities on their specialties. David Robinson, author of Muslim Societies in African History, is one of the few who have established themselves as authorities on both the precolonial and colonial periods, and his work is central to active debates in each subfield. The individual and collective stature of Levtzion and Randall L. Pouwels, editors of The History of Islam in Africa, along with that of the twenty-two other contributors, makes the authority of the volume unprecedented.
Phylogenomic analyses of 539 highly informative loci dates a fully resolved time tree for the major clades of living turtles (Testudines)

Abstract Accurate time-calibrated phylogenies are the centerpiece of many macroevolutionary studies, and the relationship between the size and scale of molecular data sets and the density and accuracy of fossil calibrations is a key element of time tree studies. Here, we develop a target capture array specifically for living turtles, compare its efficiency to an ultraconserved element (UCE) dataset, and present a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny based on 539 nuclear loci sequenced from 26 species representing the breadth of living turtle diversity plus outgroups. Our gene array, based on three fully sequenced turtle genomes, is 2.4 times more variable across turtles than a recently published UCE data set for an identical subset of 13 species, confirming that taxon-specific arrays return more informative data per sequencing effort than UCEs. We used our genomic data to estimate the ages of living turtle clades including a mid-late Triassic origin for crown turtles and a mid-Carboniferous split of turtles from their sister group, Archosauria. By specifically excluding several of the earliest potential crown turtle fossils and limiting the age of fossil calibration points to the unambiguous crown lineage Caribemys oxfordiensis from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 163.5–157.3 Ma) we corroborate a relatively ancient age for living turtles. We also provide novel age estimates for five of the ten testudine families containing more than a single species, as well as several intrafamilial clades. Most of the diversity of crown turtles appears to date to the Paleogene, well after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction 66 mya.
Anomalous pancreatic ductal system allowing distal bowel gas with duodenal atresia

Abstract A twelve-day-old male presented with non-bilious, non-bloody emesis 2 hours after feeding since two-days-old, with flatus and light stools since birth. An upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) at an outside institution was reported as normal. Abdominal radiographs demonstrated distal bowel gas with proximal duodenal dilation. Abdominal ultrasound demonstrated gas in the main pancreatic duct and a dilated, fluid-filled duodenum. An UGI revealed duodenal atresia with enteric bypass by congenital anomaly of the pancreaticobiliary system. At thirteen days old the patient underwent uncomplicated duodenoduodenostomy. The post-operative course was uneventful and the patient subsequently tolerated oral feeds. Bypass of the atretic duodenal segment through an anomalous pancreatic ductal system is a rare anomaly described in the literature in only a handful of cases. This case report highlights the importance of considering duodenal atresia and pancreaticobiliary enteric bypass in the differential diagnosis of neonates presenting with partial duodenal obstruction. On ultrasound, the presence of gas in the biliary tree or pancreatic duct should alert the physician to the possibility of duodenal atresia with congenital pancreaticobiliary duct anomalies that allow for bypass of enteric contents, including air, into more distal bowel, thereby creating a gas pattern aptly described as double bubble with distal gas.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer

The prostate is a male-specific hormone-responsive gland that is anatomically located in the retroperitoneal space and is physically associated with the urethra and neck of the bladder. The anatomy of the prostate gland reflects four biologically distinct zones: (1) the peripheral zone, (2) the central zone, (3) the transitional zone, and (4) the periurethral zone. Histologically, the prostate is a glandular tissue with a basal layer of low cuboidal epithelial cells covered by a layer of columnar secretory cells, with abundant fibromuscular stroma separating individual glands. Androgens regulate the growth and survival of the cells composing the prostatic tissue, and elimination of androgens (via castration) leads to atrophy of the prostate. Various prostate pathologies tend to occur in specific anatomic regions of the gland (zones). For example, the majority of hyperplastic proliferative lesions occur in the transitional zone, and the majority of prostate cancers occur in the peripheral zone. The prostate is affected by three major forms of pathology: (1) inflammation (or prostatitis), (2) benign nodular hyperplasia (or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)), and (3) malignant prostate cancer. Prostatitis may develop secondary to bacterial infection (acute or chronic infection) or in the absence of recurrent infection (chronic abacterial prostatitis) and is often a granulomatous lesion. BPH occurs commonly among older men (>50 years old) and results from hyperplasia of prostate epithelial and stromal cells, presenting as discrete nodules in the periurethral region. With progressive enlargement of these nodules, obstruction of the urethra can occur resulting in difficulty in urination and an inability to efficiently empty the bladder. In-depth discussion of the pathogenesis of prostatitis and BPH is beyond the scope of this chapter. These conditions have been recently reviewed. Rather, this chapter will focus on the molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer.