cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corporations and the State in the Global Era: The Case of Seaboard Farms and Texas*

Employing the case of the expansion and regulation of hog confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) in Texas combined with the actions of the transnational agri-food corporation Seaboard Farms, Inc., this paper probes the relationship between the state and corporations in the global era. It specifically investigates the ability of the state to control agrifood corporations in a context in which the hyper-mobility of capital has increasingly allowed corporations to by-pass state regulations and requirements. Salient literature is reviewed by grouping it into three camps: the first views the state as largely controlled by corporations; the second stresses the powers left to the state and the fact that corporations need state assistance to successfully operate in the current global economy; and the third acknowledges the crisis of the nation-state under globalization but maintains that the state has retained some ability to resist globalization forces. The case study documents the expansion of Seaboard Farms' hog operations in the Panhandle Region of Texas and nearby states and its interaction with local and state governments and agencies. The article indicates that the relationship between transnational corporations and the state is contradictory. Its source rests on the fracture between varying postures maintained by the state and the relatively homogenous behavior of the CAFO corporations. The case also reveals that the state's limited control of corporate actions is facilitated by state strategies; that corporate actions are successful if corporations enlist the cooperation of the state; and the state is able to control resistance and legitimize its actions to its constituencies. These conditions, however, do not prevent the emergence of anti-corporate resistance at local and state levels. In the search for new forms of socioeconomic development, local residents and their leaders should be aware of corporations' ability to affect state action, state postures that favor corporate designs, and the fact that success-ful opposition to corporate designs can be, and is, carried out.
Freezing of aqueous sodium chloride solution saturated packed bed from a vertical wall of a rectangular cavity

Abstract Freezing of an aqueous sodium chloride (H2O-NaCl) solution saturating a packed bed of glass spheres is investigated experimentally. Experiments are conducted on the hypoeutectic side, and the cold wall temperature is lower than the eutectic point. Spherical soda-lime glass beads 2.85 mm and 6 mm in average diameter constituted the packed bed. The effects of initial salt concentration, superheat and bead diameter are investigated. Three distinct regions came into existence during the freezing process. Supercooling was observed only at early times of the freezing process for an experiment with 5% initial salt concentration. However, small supercooling was observed throughout the freezing process for the 15% initial salt concentration experiment. Reheating of the mixture was intensified with an increase in the bead diameter, initial salt concentration, and near the vertical hot wall. At the end of the freezing process, remelting was observed only at the mush-liquid interface for the 10–15% initial salt concentration experiments. Flow visualization experiment and mush-liquid interface observations revealed natural convection in the upper part of the liquid region. An enriched and stratified fluid layer existed in the bottom of the liquid region. The intensity of natural convection was affected by both the Darcy and modified Rayleigh numbers.
Effects of epsilon-amino-caproic acid on prolactin-inactivating and fibrinolytic activities of streptokinase-activated plasminogen.

SummaryOvine prolactin (0.5 mg) was incubated for 2 hours at 37.5°C with human plasminogen with and without e-aminocaproic acid (EACA). Fibrinolytic activity (FA) and prolactin-inactivating activity (PIA) were increased by streptokinase (SK). EACA at 0.026 M (5.0 mg) and 0.26 M (50.0 mg) increased FA but did not increase PIA. Antifibrinolysin (100 U) completely inhibited both activities.
Mena invasive (MenaINV) and Mena11a isoforms play distinct roles in breast cancer cell cohesion and association with TMEM

Mena, an actin regulatory protein, functions at the convergence of motility pathways that drive breast cancer cell invasion and migration in vivo. The tumor microenvironment spontaneously induces both increased expression of the Mena invasive (MenaINV) and decreased expression of Mena11a isoforms in invasive and migratory tumor cells. Tumor cells with this Mena expression pattern participate with macrophages in migration and intravasation in mouse mammary tumors in vivo. Consistent with these findings, anatomical sites containing tumor cells with high levels of Mena expression associated with perivascular macrophages were identified in human invasive ductal breast carcinomas and called TMEM. The number of TMEM sites positively correlated with the development of distant metastasis in humans. Here we demonstrate that mouse mammary tumors generated from EGFP-MenaINV expressing tumor cells are significantly less cohesive and have discontinuous cell–cell contacts compared to Mena11a xenografts. Using the mouse PyMT model we show that metastatic mammary tumors express 8.7 fold more total Mena and 7.5 fold more MenaINV mRNA than early non-metastatic ones. Furthermore, MenaINV expression in fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) samples of human invasive ductal carcinomas correlate with TMEM score while Mena11a does not. These results suggest that MenaINV is the isoform associated with breast cancer cell discohesion, invasion and intravasation in mice and in humans. They also imply that MenaINV expression and TMEM score measure related aspects of a common tumor cell dissemination mechanism and provide new insight into metastatic risk.
Disciplining Drunken Mothers: Media Representations of Women's Use of Alcohol

Building on recent feminist and media scholarship, this article examines the manifestation of The Mommy Wars and focuses on women's psychological health and its subsequent news worthiness. Unlike previous Mommy Wars, the war waged between mothers in this project is not focused on whether a woman works in the public sector, but rather, whether she drinks alcohol. An analysis of various news outlets demonstrates how news media extends TMW to the psychological and physical health of women. Specifically, drinking mothers are portrayed by news media as “fractured females,” suggesting that there is a crisis in the United States where children are put in danger by their drunken mothers. The analysis argues that this struggle to fix the definition of motherhood is a power struggle over gender performance. It is also a struggle that separates women from one another with consequences for feminism's future.
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of the Complex of 2′3′-Didehydro-2′3′-Dideoxyguanosine with Pyridine

Abstract The structure of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the complex with pyridine. The two independent nucleoside molecules have similar, commonly observed glycosyl link (x = -102.3° and -94.2°) and 5′-hydroxyl (y = 54.0° and 47.6°) conformations. The five-membered rings are very planar with r.m.s. deviations from planarity of less than 0.015 A. 2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine has a similar glycosyl link conformation but a different 5′-hydroxyl group orientation and a slightly less planar 5-membered ring.
On the Impact of Communication Complexity on the Design of Parallel Numerical Algorithms

This paper describes two models of the cost of data movement in parallel numerical algorithms. One model is a generalization of an approach due to Hockney, and is suitable for shared memory multiprocessors where each processor has vector capabilities. The other model is applicable to highly parallel nonshared memory MIMD systems. In this second model, algorithm performance is characterized in terms of the communication network design. Techniques used in VLSI complexity theory are also brought in, and algorithm-independent upper bounds on system performance are derived for several problems that are important to scientific computation.
Possible involvement of S-nitrosothiols in the activation of guanylate cyclase by nitroso compounds

The inhibitory effects of methemoglobin on activation of coronary arterial soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide (NO), nitroprusside and N-methylN’nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were described in [ 11. Also dithiothreitol (DTT) enhanced activation of coronary arterial and hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase by nitroprusside and MNNG but not by NO, and reversed the methemoglobin blockade of activation by nitroprusside and MNNG but not by NO. Indeed, DTT was required for hepatic guanylate cyclase activation by nitroprusside. These observations suggested that DTT may react directly with the nitroso compounds to promote release of NO, which may then overcome the inhibition by methemoglobin [ 11. An alternative explanation for the effects of DTT on guanylate cyclase activation was a direct nonenzymatic transfer of the NO-moiety from the nitroso compound to guanylate cyclase (or a ferroheme intermediate) in the presence of thioB. Each of the above hypotheses was tested and the data here illustrate that: (1) Thiols promote release of NO gas from MNNG, but not from nitroprusside, in aqueous neutral buffer. (2) Inhibition of guanylate cyclase activation by NO varies directly with the concentration of methemoglobin and indirectly with the amount of NO. (3) Thiols react with NO to form stable S-nitrosothiols which are potent activators of guanylate cyclase .
PCC Practice for Assigning Uniform Titles for Television Programs: Principle versus Practice

Library of Congress Rule Interpretation (LCRI) 25.5B, Appendix I contains Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) principles for constructing uniform titles for motion pictures, television, and radio programs. Originally designed for PCC libraries in providing uniform title access for these materials, it has also been adopted by non-PCC institutions. Focusing on uniform title access for television programs, this article will show that these PCC principles have largely been unapplied; and, when they are applied, it is principally by non-PCC institutions. The article concludes with a discussion on the future application of these principles for preferred access points in Resource Description and Access (RDA).
The Effect of Flame Structure on Soot-Particle Inception in Diffusion Flames

Abstract The effect of flame structure on soot particle inception is studied by varying the mixture fraction at stoichiometry Z st and, consequently, flame location. Z st is varied by reassigning the nitrogen from the oxidizer to the fuel such that the flame temperature is not changed. Strain rates in the counterflow flame and flame heights in the coflow flame are measured in ethylene flames to identify the sooting limits based on the appearance of luminous soot. Numerical experiments with a counterflow diffusion-flame code employing C2 kinetics are also performed to understand the effects of Z st on flame structure and to interpret the experimental results. The results show that as Z st is increased and the flame shifts towards the fuel, soot inception is suppressed. In the counterflow flame, no luminous soot is detected at a strain rate greater than 60 s −1 for Z st ≥ 0.16, as compared to 175 s −1 for the ethylene/air flame, Z st = 0.064. The laminar ethylene coflow flame is soot free at Z st ≥ 0.72, regardless of flame height. For small Z st , where changes in Z st are primarily due to changes in fuel concentration, the effect on soot inception is primarily fuel dilution. For large Z st , where the oxygen concentration is appreciably increased, the subsequent shift in the OH profile towards the fuel side of the flame can have a dramatic influence on inception. The shift in OH essentially narrows the soot zone suggesting that it may be possible to obtain soot-free conditions for many fuels if the structure of the flame can be adjusted to the extent that significant OH exists on the fuel side of the flame at a temperature of ca. 1300 K. The experimental and numerical results demonstrate that this requirement can be satisfied for ethylene flames.
Communicating Cancer Control Messages to Low-Literate and Diverse Audiences

Colorectal cancer is considered to be preventable because of its developmental progression. Effectively communicating about the various screening procedures for the disease is an important weapon in combating its incidence and mortality. Successful health communication must take into account the health literacy of and cultural relevance to the targeted audience. More than 40% of adults in the United States have low literacy skills. Unfortunately, many health communication materials are not culturally relevant and are written at a level of literacy that is too high. Thus, research is needed to determine how inadequate health literacy influences health behaviors.
Glutamate receptor composition of the post-synaptic density is altered in genetic mouse models of NMDA receptor hypo- and hyperfunction

Abstract The N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptor (AMPAR) are ionotropic glutamate receptors responsible for excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. These excitatory synapses are found on dendritic spines, with the abundance of receptors concentrated at the postsynaptic density (PSD). We utilized two genetic mouse models, the serine racemase knockout (SR−/−) and the glycine transporter subtype 1 heterozygote mutant (GlyT1+/−), to determine how constitutive NMDAR hypo- and hyperfunction, respectively, affect the glutamate receptor composition of the PSD in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Using cellular fractionation, we found that SR−/− mice had elevated protein levels of NR1 and NR2A NMDAR subunits specifically in the PSD-enriched fraction from the hippocampus, but not from the PFC. There were no changes in the amounts of AMPAR subunits (GluR1, GluR2), or PSD protein of 95 kDa (PSD95) in either brain region. GlyT1+/− mice also had elevated protein expression of NR1 and NR2A subunits in the PSD, as well as an increase in total protein. Moreover, GlyT1+/− mice had elevated amounts of GluR1 and GluR2 in the PSD, and higher total amounts of GluR1. Similar to SR−/− mice, there were no protein changes observed in the PFC. These findings illustrate the complexity of synaptic adaptation to altered NMDAR function.
ZiFiT (Zinc Finger Targeter): an updated zinc finger engineering tool

ZiFiT (Zinc Finger Targeter) is a simple and intuitive web-based tool that provides an interface to identify potential binding sites for engineered zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) in user-supplied DNA sequences. In this updated version, ZiFiT identifies potential sites for ZFPs made by both the modular assembly and OPEN engineering methods. In addition, ZiFiT now integrates additional tools and resources including scoring schemes for modular assembly, an interface with the Zinc Finger Database (ZiFDB) of engineered ZFPs, and direct querying of NCBI BLAST servers for identifying potential off-target sites within a host genome. Taken together, these features facilitate design of ZFPs using reagents made available to the academic research community by the Zinc Finger Consortium. ZiFiT is freely available on the web without registration at http://bindr.gdcb.iastate.edu/ZiFiT/.
Automatic Detection of Directions of Dimensional Control in Mechanical Parts

This research is part of a larger project which aims at developing a tool to help designers create effective GD&T schemas. The first step towards this goal is to determine the particular directions in which dimensions and tolerances need to be controlled. These directions we label here as “Directions of (Dimensional) Control” or DoC for short. Regardless of whether one uses chain dimensioning, reference dimensioning or geometric tolerancing, all size and basic dimensions of position line up in a finite number of directions or Directions of Control. This paper presents an approach for automatically identifying the directions of control from CAD models of mechanical parts. The only input to the system is the geometry of parts or assemblies in STEP file format. The analysis is done part by part for an assembly. First, planar and cylindrical features are recognized and their normal/axes extracted. The extracted features are then organized into groups of parallel normal or axes directions. Cylindrical features can belong to two or more Directions of Control, while planar features belong can only belong to one. Features in each DoC are then ordered based on perpendicular relative distances. Each ordered feature list forms a linear chain in which nodes represent features and links are attributed with relative distance to the nearest neighbors on each side. DoC chains are related to each other by relative orientation. Therefore, the chains are combined into a unified graph, using the junction nodes to contain the relative orientation between the chains. The extracted Directions of Control can be output in both textual and graphical form. Although the primary motivation for automatic DoC graph generation is computer assisted tolerancing and automatic tolerance analysis, the paper also discusses other applications in manufacturing.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Using the RESRAD computer code to evaluate human health risks from radionuclides and hazardous chemicals

Abstract A pathway analysis computer code called RESRAD was developed at Argonne National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for the evaluation of sites contaminated with residual radioactive materials. The DOE and its contractors have used RESRAD to calculate radiation doses and cleanup criteria. Recently, the RESRAD code has been improved so that it can calculate the excess cancer incidence risk from radiation exposure by using the slope factors recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This new feature is discussed in detail in this paper. The method for predicting health risks caused by hazardous chemicals is similar to that for predicting risks caused by radio- nuclides. The feasibility of applying RESRAD to chemical risk assessment is examined in this paper. The results show that after modifica- tion, RESRAD can be used for risk assessment of some classes of hazardous chemicals, for example, metals. Expansion of the RESRAD data- base to include chemical compounds and the addition of applicable exposure pathways (e.g., inhalation of volatile vapors) will increase RESRAD'S capability to handle chemical risk assessments.
Climatic change and water requirements for grain corn in the North American Great Plains

A parametric crop water use and yield model was applied to a transect spanning the North American Great Plains to investigate the evapotranspiration demand on grain corn and the associated irrigation water applications needed for optimal crop production. The transect consisted of four sample stations, covering 25 degrees of latitude. 124 climate change scenarios for each of the transect stations, were created by systematically changing air temperature, precipitation, and incident solar radiation in terms of positive and negative departures from the normal, long-term record. This paper reports how grain corn evapotranspiration and irrigation water amounts would respond to climatic changes inherent in the scenarios if there were no changes in agricultural technology. Among the results, the seasonal response of evapotranspiration (ET) totals to air temperature perturbations was greatest in the higher latitudes and least in the lower latitudes. This impact of changing temperature was also greatest under sunny compared with cloudy conditions, and for fully irrigated in contrast to rainfed conditions. Changes in precipitation amounts caused greatest responses in rainfed fields under sunny conditions. The middle latitudes (e.g., Kansas City) were most sensitive. Perturbing solar radiation caused greatest evapotranspiration changes with irrigated conditions particularly in the middle latitudes. Percentage changes in solar radiation (or cloudiness) were of considerably greater importance than comparable precipitation changes. In the absence of temperature perturbations, the relative precipitation and solar radiation changes caused similar trends in amount of irrigation water applied. For temperature changes, the resultant irrigation watering responses were largely non-linear. A consecutive paper will report on the response of maize yield to the introduced climatic changes and associated irrigation schedules.
Treatment of phalangeal fractures

Treatment of phalangeal fractures depends on the characteristics of the fracture, condition of the soft tissue envelope, associated injuries, patient functional requirements, and surgeon familiarity and comfort with various techniques. Most phalangeal fractures can be treated successfully with nonoperative means. Surgery is considered to treat unstable injuries, articular incongruity, concomitant soft tissue damage, or other situations in which restoration of anatomy and preservation of function are achieved only via operative stabilization. Careful soft tissue handling and early mobilization are premises on which surgical phalangeal fracture treatment is based.
Suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia in cardiac patients admitted to the coronary care unit.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence, risk factors, associated pathogens, and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients admitted to a coronary care unit (CCU). PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study was performed in the CCU of a single tertiary medical center. Patients who were admitted to the CCU between March 23, 2002, and May 25, 2003, and who required invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours were included. RESULTS Of the 92 patients who met the study criteria, 17 (18.5%; 95% confidence interval, 11.9%-27.6%) developed VAP. The incidence of VAP was 36.3 (95% confidence interval, 21.1-58.1) per 1000 days of mechanical ventilation. There were no statistically significant differences in demographics, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or use of continuous intravenous sedatives or neuromuscular blockers between patients with and without VAP. The most commonly isolated organisms were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The median length of stay in the CCU for patients with VAP was 10 days compared to 6 days for patients without VAP ( P P =.52). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of VAP in the CCU is similar to or higher than that reported in other intensive care units. The development of VAP in CCU patients is associated with a prolonged CCU stay but not with an increased hospital mortality.
High-speed characterization and analysis of orange oils with tandem-column stop-flow GC and time-of-flight MS.

High-speed GC with time-of-flight (TOF) MS detection is used for the characterization and analysis of oils rendered from the peel of five diverse species of orange including bergemot orange, bitter orange, tangerine, mandarin orange, and sweet orange. With a user-defined signal-to-noise threshold of 100, 44 peaks were found and 36 compounds identified in the various oils. Some major constituent components show large concentration ranges over the five species. A 14-m-long, 0. 18-mm-i.d. column ensemble consisting of 7.0-m lengths of a trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane and a 5% phenyl dimethyl polysiloxane column was temperature-programmed at 50 degrees C/min starting at the time of injection to achieve analysis times under 140 s. The TOFMS was operated with a spectral acquisition rate of 25 spectra/s, and automated peak finding software successfully found all of the components, with the exception of one severely overlapping peak pair in bitter-orange oil. Of the 44 peaks, 25 were identified by use of a TOFMS library created for this study; another 11 were identified with a commercial terpene library, and 8 were not identified. A quantitative comparison (percent of total peak area) is presented for 16 components, which comprise 98.8-99.5% of the total peak area for the five orange species. Stop-flow operation of the column ensemble is used to enhance selectivity for targeted component pairs to facilitate single-channel detection for QA/ QC analysis of characterized samples and to enhance column selectivity for TOFMS characterization in cases in which peak overlap is so severe that only a single peak is observed.
XX. Characteristic values of the mathieu equation

(1935). XX. Characteristic values of the mathieu equation. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 20, No. 132, pp. 288-294.
Effect of humeral head rotation on bony glenohumeral stability.

Abstract Background The humeral head and glenoid cavity are not perfectly spherical, nor do they have matching radii of curvature. We hypothesized that glenohumeral stability is dependent on axial humeral rotation. Methods Seven cadaveric shoulders were investigated. For each test, the humeral head was translated relative to the glenoid in 2 directions (starting from neutral), anterior and anteroinferior. Contact forces and lateral humeral displacement were recorded. Joint stability was quantified using the stability ratio and energy to dislocation. The humerus was set in 60° of abduction for all tests. Testing was performed in neutral rotation and 60° of external rotation. Findings The force displacement curves differed between rotations. In both displacement directions, the peak translational force occurred with less displacement in neutral rotation than in external rotation. The stability ratio and energy to dislocation in the anteroinferior direction were greater than in the anterior direction for both rotation positions. While there were no significant differences in the stability ratio or energy to dislocation between rotation conditions at complete dislocation, the energy required to move the humeral head 10% of the glenoid width was significantly greater with the arm in neutral rotation. Interpretation The energy to dislocation, a new parameter of dislocation risk, and the stability ratio, indicate that the glenohumeral joint is more stable in the anteroinferior direction than the anterior direction. During initial displacement, axial rotation of the humeral head contributes to glenohumeral geometrical stability. However, humeral head rotation does not have a significant effect when looking at complete dislocation.
Reconstitution and Measurement of Ion Channel Ensembles in Droplet Bilayers

Droplet bilayers have been used recently to reconstitute ion channels from cellular membrane preparations. Frequently large currents are observed resulting from ion channel ensembles which are blockable by the same pharmaceutical compounds that inhibit cellular ion channel currents measured with patch clamp. We have used droplet bilayers to reconstitute hERG, TRPV1, and Kv 7.1 channels from membrane preparations of HEK cells. We present our measurements of these preparations which yielded ion channel currents pA - nA in magnitude with ion selectivity, voltage dependent and time dependent conductance, and dose-dependent drug inhibition. We will also present preliminary results of our work measuring these membrane preparations in bilayer arrays, which have potential applications for sensing and pharmaceutical screening.
Air vs ground transport and outcome in trauma patients requiring urgent operative interventions

Objective. To study trauma patients requiring urgent operative interventions to determine whether transport mode was associated with outcome difference. Methods. Eligible patients were injured adults and children who presented over a 57-month period to the emergency department (ED) at the study hospital (annual ED census 36,000) after air or ground transport from trauma scenes or referring hospitals. Patients included were those whose ED lengths of stay were <60 minutes prior to transfer to an operating room. Data collected included injury severity score (ISS), ED and hospital lengths of stay, and mortality. Continuous data, which were not distributed normally, were analyzed using Wilcoxon nonparametric analysis. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square testing. Multivariate logistic regression was used to account for confounding variables and isolate the effects of transport mode on mortality. Alpha for all tests was set at 0.05. Results. 272 patients were eligible for study; 168 air medical ...
Geometrically nonlinear stress-deflection relations for thin film/substrate systems

A previously developed geometrically nonlinear stress-curvature relation is expanded in this paper to allow for a less restrictive approximation of the midplane strains in a thin film/substrate system. The previous analysis is based on a minimization of the total strain energy and predicts a bifurcation in shape as the magnitude of intrinsic film stress increases. It is reviewed here and three new cases are presented. Expanding the approximating polynomials for the normal midplane strains e0x and e0y, has a small effect on the solution. However, allowing the midplane shear strain, γ0xy, to be nonzero has a pronounced effect on the solution, particularly in the stress region near the bifurcation point.
Drainage events from a glacier-dammed lake, Bear Glacier, Alaska: Remote sensing and field observations

Abstract We investigated drainage events from a glacier-dammed lake on Bear Glacier, Alaska, and associated outburst floods and hazards. The glacier-dammed lake, which we call Ice Lake, is 17.5 km up-glacier from Bear Glacier's terminus at Bear Glacier Lake. We combine field observations and remote sensing to examine temporal changes in the size of Ice Lake, the frequency and timing of its drainage, and down-glacier propagation of its outburst floods. We found that in recent years, Ice Lake has likely drained every year or two, in late summer or fall (August–October), with outbursts generally following the damming of sufficient water to create a lake area of between 0.35 and 0.5 km2. Ice Lake has migrated downvalley to the south since the 1990s, likely as a result of thinning of the glacier that dams it. In situ measurements of a drainage event in October 2010 showed that Ice Lake drained over a period of days, which manifested at Bear Glacier Lake as a gradual, multiday increase and then decrease in water levels. Glacial lake outburst flooding at Bear Glacier creates risks for sea kayakers in Bear Glacier Lake and may be relevant to understanding the effects of climate warming on glacier-dammed and proglacial lakes.
Resistance to extinction after continuous and partial reinforcement in basenji puppies

Eighteen basenji puppies each received 3 pretraining, 36 training, and 30 extinction trials, 1 trial per day, in a right-turn alleyway. Nine Ss had a 100% reinforcement schedule during pretraining and training, 9 had 100% during pretraining and 50% during training. The reinforcer was 1 min. of exposure to a passive person. A statistically significant decrement in start, running, and goal speed occurred during extinction, as expected. But, unexpectedly, resistance to extinction was unaffected by schedule of reinforcement.
SIDE EFFECTS OF EXTINCTION PROCEDURES IN A REMEDIAL PRESCHOOL1

Several studies have shown that behavior modification procedures aimed at a single behavior may have effects on other, nonmanipulated behaviors. A young retarded boy engaged in excessive conversation with his preschool teacher. The teacher then began to ignore his initiated conversation during free-play periods, and it decreased. In addition, (1) social behavior relative to children increased, and (2) use of girls' toys decreased during free play. Also, (3) appropriate behavior at group academics declined, while (4) disruptions rose. In a second study, the teacher alternated conditions of praise and ignoring for talking with children. Talking with children varied accordingly. In addition, use of girls' toys and group academics disruptions rose during the ignoring condition. Appropriate behaviors dropped. Lastly, a timeout procedure was used to eliminate the undesirable side effects of disruptions and of use of girls' toys. Apparently, a response class may have member behaviors that covary directly and/or inversely. Some covariations may be socially desirable, others undesirable. The appearance of undesirable “side effects” can be controlled using behavior modification techniques.
An integrated measure of left ventricular diastolic function based on relative rates of mitral E and A wave propagation.

Abstract Background and objectives: The mitral E wave propagation inside the left ventricle is slowed in patients with abnormal left ventricular (LV) relaxation with a prolongation of its transit time to the LV outflow tract (T e ). On the contrary, the mitral A wave propagation is faster in those with elevated LV end-diastolic stiffness, resulting in a shortening of its transit time (T a ). We hypothesized that the T e /T a ratio may serve an integrated measure of global LV diastolic function. Methods and results: The T e /T a ratio was measured with Doppler echocardiography in 94 subjects: 25 normal subjects, 38 patients with LV hypertrophy (18 with secondary LV hypertrophy and 20 with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), and 31 patients undergoing left heart catheterization for clinical indications. The T e /T a ratio was 1.98 ± 0.61 in the normal subjects, 3.32 ± 0.93 in patients with secondary LV hypertrophy ( P P = .0003 vs normal). In the invasive group the T e /T a ratio (range 0.56 to 3.60) correlated significantly with Tau ( r = 0.76, P r = -0.46, P = .01), the LV late diastolic stiffness index ( r = 0.57, P = .0013), LV pre–A wave pressure ( r = 0.46, P = .0096), LV end-diastolic pressure ( r = 0.58, P = .0007), and the amount of LV pressure rise with atrial systole ( r = 0.52, P = .0032) but not with the heart rate. Tau and LV stiffness were its sole determinants by stepwise multiple regression (R = 0.82). Conclusions: The ratio of mitral E and A wave transit times inside the LV (T e /T a ratio) is closely related to LV relaxation, its late diastolic stiffness, and filling pressures and gives valuable insights into LV diastolic performance. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:811-6.)
Effect of Human Pancreatic Polypeptide and Its C-Terminal Hexapeptide on Pancreatic Secretion in Man and in the Dog

Human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) and its C-terminal hexapeptide (HP-PP) were infused intravenously in graded doses into healthy human subjects and dogs with chronic pancreatic fistula during submaximal stimulation with secretin. Plasma levels of PP were measured by radioimmunoassay, and pancreatic volume flow and bicarbonate and protein outputs were monitored. PP and HP-PP in humans did not affect secretin-induced volume flow or bicarbonate secretion, but at the highest doses it reduced the protein outputs. In dogs both HPP and HP-PP inhibited dose-dependently the pancreatic volume flow and bicarbonate and protein outputs. There was a linear correlation between the dose of HPP infused and the increments in plasma PP levels in these experiments. The inhibition of pancreatic secretion occurred at doses of exogenous HPP which produced blood plasma PP concentrations not significantly different from those normally seen after a meat meal. We conclude that there is a marked difference in the effect of HPP on t...
Relationships between Assertiveness, Achievement Motivation, Feminist Attitudes, and Locus of Control in the College Population:

Effects of assertiveness, feminist attitudes, and locus of control on achievement motivation were measured for 55 female and 44 male undergraduates tested under either noncompetitive or competitive conditions. Results showed achievement motivation to be higher under conditions of competitiveness for both sexes but not significantly correlated with any other measure.
The role of protein dynamics in GPCR function: insights from the β2AR and rhodopsin

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are versatile signaling proteins that mediate complex cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters. Recent advances in GPCR crystallography have provided inactive and active state structures for rhodopsin and the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR). Although these structures suggest a two-state ‘on-off’ mechanism of receptor activation, other biophysical studies and observed signaling versatility suggest that GPCRs are highly dynamic and exist in a multitude of functionally distinct conformations. To fully understand how GPCRs work, we must characterize these conformations and determine how ligands affect their energetics and rates of interconversion. This brief review will compare and contrast the dynamic properties of rhodopsin and β2AR that shed light on the role of structural dynamics in their distinct signaling behaviors.
Barriers to trauma patient care associated with CT scanning.

Background Trauma care is often delivered to unstable patients with incomplete medical histories, under time pressure, and with a need for multidisciplinary collaboration. Trauma patient flow through radiology is particularly prone to deviations from optimal care. A better understanding of this process could reduce errors and improve quality, flow, and patient outcomes. Study Design Disruptions to the flow of trauma care during trauma activations were observed over a 10-week period at a level I trauma center. Using a validated data collection tool, the type, nature, and impact of disruptions to the care process were recorded. Two physicians unaffiliated with the study conducted a post hoc, blinded review of the flow disruptions and assigned a clinical impact score to each. Results There were 581 flow disruptions observed during the radiologic care of 76 trauma patients. An average of 30.5 minutes (95% CI, 27–34; median, 29; interquartile range, 20–38) was spent in the CT scanner, with a mean of 14.5 flow disruptions per hour (95% CI, 11.8–17.2). Coordination problems (34%), communication failures (19%), interruptions (13%), patient-related factors (12%), and equipment issues (8%) were the most frequent disruption types. Flow disruptions with the highest clinical impact were generally related to patient movements while in the scanner, problems with ordering systems, equipment unavailability, and ineffective teamwork. Conclusions Although flow disruptions cannot be eliminated completely, specific targeted interventions are available to address the issues identified.
Light perception in the vertebrate brain: An ultrastructural analysis of opsin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons in iguanid lizards

Recent biochemical and immunocytochemical evidence indicates that a population of circadian and reproductive rhythm-entraining photoreceptors lies in the basal diencephalon of iguanid lizards. Here, we report the results of correlated light and electron microscopy of opsin-immunoreactive cells in the basal brain, and we discuss their ultrastructural relationship to known photoreceptors. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting bipolar neurons in the lizards Anolis carolinensis and Iguana iguana were immunolabeled with antisera generated against vertebrate retinal opsins and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Within the brain, opsin-immunoreactive cells were found exclusively in the ependyma of the basal region of the lateral ventricles (adjacent to nucleus paraolfactorius/nucleus ventromedialis and neostriatum/paleostriatum). Cells in the same anatomical location and with the same morphology were labeled with anti-VIP antisera. These cells possessed a dendritic process that extended toward the lateral ventricle, ending in a bulbous terminal that protruded into the ventricle. Axonal processes travelled ventrally and caudally. The entire cell, including the axonal process, exhibited opsin-like and VIP-like immunoreactivity. By light microscopy, opsin-like immunostaining appeared punctate, with immunoreactivity greatest in the bulbous terminal. Opsin- and VIP-immunostained thick sections were resectioned, and individual cells observed by light microscopy were then characterized using electron microscopy. We found that all immunostained cells were morphologically similar and that they were morphologically distinct from neighboring nonimmunoreactive cells. CSF-contacting opsin- and VIP-immunoreactive cells lacked the membranous stacks characteristic of retinal photoreceptors but were ciliated and contained numerous large electron-dense vesicles. Multiple synaptic contacts were made on the soma and putative dendritic processes of opsin- and VIP-immunoreactive CSF-contacting neurons. Our results provide the first ultrastructural characterization of opsin-immunostained encephalic CSF-contacting neurons in a vertebrate animal, and they indicate that these putative photoreceptors share structural features with pineal photoreceptors and with certain invertebrate extraretinal photoreceptors, but they are morphologically and biochemically distinct from visual photoreceptors of the retina.
Buying “Time” on eBay: Cybertime, Nostalgia, and Currency in Online Auctions

This article explores closely how eBay structures time for both buyers and sellers, serving as an example of what Lance Strate calls “cybertime,” or time that is variably structured in computer environments. First is a discussion of communications technologies and time, leading to a discussion of online auctions as media that represent an expression of cybertime. The temporal aspects of eBay are detailed from both the buyer and seller perspective and mapped to Strate's model of cybertime. The following section discusses some cultural uses of items that can be found through online auctions, focusing on nostalgia and the recycling of cultural material. The penultimate section discusses the tri-faceted nature of the term currency as it applies to online auctions, after which is a summary conclusion. In sum, the article shows how varying experiences of time are fundamental to online auctions, thus showing eBay to be an exemplar of cybertime. The author has bought and sold vintage items on eBay for more than 9...
Optical properties of passivated Si nanocrystals and SiO x nanostructures

Thin films of Si nanoclusters passivated with oxygen or hydrogen, with an average size of a few nanometers, have been synthesized by thermal vaporization of Si in an Ar buffer gas, followed by subsequent exposure to oxygen or atomic hydrogen. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction revealed that these nanoclusters were crystalline. However, during synthesis, if oxygen was the buffer gas, a network of amorphous Si oxide nanostructures (an-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{\mathit{x}}$) with occasional embedded Si dots was formed. All samples showed strong infrared and/or visible photoluminescence (PL) with varying decay times from nanoseconds to microseconds depending on synthesis conditions. Absorption in the Si cores for surface passivated Si nano- crystals (nc-Si), but mainly in oxygen related defect centers for an-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{\mathit{x}}$, was observed by photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy. The visible components of PL spectra were noted to blueshift and broaden as the size of the nc-Si was reduced. There were differences in PL spectra for hydrogen and oxygen passivated nc-Si. Many common PL properties between oxygen passivated nc-Si and an-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{\mathit{x}}$ were observed. Our data can be explained by a model involving absorption between quantum confined states in the Si cores and emission for which the decay times are very sensitive to surface and/or interface states. The emission could involve a simple band-to-band recombination mechanism within the Si cores. The combined evidence of all of our experimental results suggests, however, that emission between surface or interface states is a more likely mechanism. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Development and Evaluation of an Inquiry-Based Elementary Science Teacher Education Program Reflecting Current Reform Movements

The National Science Education Standards (National Research Council 1996, National science education standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press) and various other national and state documents call for teachers who possess science content knowledge, employ an inquiry approach in teaching, and engage in reflective practices. This paper describes a rationale for choosing particular recommendations to implement and how we incorporated those as we revised our elementary science education program. An analysis of the impact of the reformed inquiry-based content courses revealed that students who take more than one reformed content course improve their science content knowledge and efficacy towards teaching science significantly more than students who take fewer courses.
Selective Attention and Prose Learning: Theoretical and Empirical Research

Results from traditional selective attention research suggest the selective attention strategy is not an adequate general explanation for why readers tend to learn and recall important text information better than less important text information. Selected research is reviewed in which conceptual, analytical, and methodological problems with this traditional research are discussed. Results from recent research are reported that support the notion that any understanding of how the selective attention strategy works must take into account differences in readers' metacognitive ability and differences in the complexity of the iteration of the strategy that they employ. The discussion centers on the development of a modified (in terms of measures of attention) and fluid version of the selective attention strategy that seems to succeed as a general explanation for the “importance” effect.
Applications of multlinear algebra

Apart from some clarification of earlier work (Theorems 3 and 8), there is no new mathematics reported here. This is an expository article addressing some of the many applications of multilinear algebra, particularly those which touch upon the author's own work. Section 1 it. a brief introduction to the applicable ideas and techniques with special emphasis un group reprcscntaiiuns. Section 2 involves applications in quantum chemistry. Section 3 deals with combinatorial enumeration problems illustrated in the context of graph theory. The final section is devoted to generalized matrix tune-lions and some of their applications.