cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY IN MIDDLE-AGED PATIENTS : A 2- TO 6-YEAR FOLLOW-UP EVALUATION

Abstract Twenty-eight unicompartmental knee arthroplasties performed as an alternative to high tibial osteotomy or tricompartmental knee arthroplasty in patients under 60 years of age were reviewed after 2 to 6 years of follow-up. The patient's age at the time of operation averaged 52 years. Using the Knee Society Score, 90% were rated good or excellent results in terms of function and pain relief. The average flexion angle obtained was 124°, and the average postoperative alignment was 4° of anatomic valgus for varus deformities and 8° for valgus deformities. The average activity level according to the Tegner and Lysholm score slightly improved (preoperative, 2.3; follow-up, 2.7 points). Of the 28 knees, 9 (32%) presented radiolucent lines about the tibial component and two had incomplete radiolucent lines at the bone-cement interface on the femoral side. There was no correlation between activity level and tibial radiolucent lines. Two revisions were performed because of loosening of the femoral component at the prosthesis-cement interface. One was converted to another unicompartmental arthroplasty and the other to a tricompartmental arthroplasty. One tibial component exhibited an asymptomatic slowly progressive radiolucency. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in middle-aged patients yields 2- to 6-year results competitive with osteotomy but inferior to tricompartmental arthroplasty in terms of revision. The specific prosthetic design used in this series appeared to be vulnerable to femoral component loosening possibly because of constrained tibial topography and smooth tapered femoral fixation lugs.
Sympathetic Devices: Communication Technologies for Inclusion

ABSTRACTEncouraging wellness at home is a necessary step in alleviating the burden of an increasing number of older adults on the health care system and can also provide a vehicle for promoting independence and quality of life among older adults. However, aging at home comes with its own challenges, one of which is depression caused by isolation, a serious condition related to healthy aging and outcomes affecting a large number of older adults. Addressing communication needs across housing options might bring us closer to understanding and preventing social isolation and loneliness among older adults. This article presents an iterative process of applied within-subjects survey and action research studies for designing communication technologies—sympathetic devices for older adults living independently. Emphasis and discussion is given to describing the design process of the sympathetic devices. Several concepts and products were designed and tested with older adults with consideration for aesthetic prefer...
A postmortem study of the effect of chronic opiate abuse on psychotomimetic binding sites of human frontal cortex.

Abstract Membranes were prepared from area 8 of human frontal cortex harvested from five controls and five opiate addicts. Psychotomimetic binding sites were assayed using tritiated 1-(1-[2-thiethyl]cyclohexyl)piperidine ([ 3 H]TCP) to label phencyclidine binding sites and 1,3-Di(2-[5- 3 H]tolyl)guanidine ([ 3 H]DTG) to label the “haldoperidol-sensitive sigma binding site.” The results demonstrated no significant differences between the control and experimental groups, suggesting that in the region of the human brain sampled in this study, chronic abuse of opiates is not accompianed by alterations in psychotomimetic binding sites.
Characterization of the surface free energy of cellulose ether films

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the surface free energy components of aqueous-based cellulose ether films and compare these values with those of other cellulose polymers. The surface free energy parameters were calculated from the contact angles of sessile drops of apolar and polar liquids on cellulose ether films cast on glass slides using the Lifshitz–van der Waals/acid–base (LW/AB) approach according to the method of van Oss, Chaudhury and Good. The cellulose ethers studied were hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The total surface free energy of these cellulose ethers ranged from 42 to 50 mJ m−2. The contribution of the acid–base (AB) component of surface free energy to the total surface free energy of the polymers ranged from 4 to 12%, which was considerably lower than that of cellulose. The cellulose ethers demonstrated near monopolarity and had dominant electron donor (Lewis-base) character. The overall trend in the values of the thermodynamic terms derived from the surface free energy parameters as indicators of hydrophilicity and hydration were in good agreement with the relative bulk solubility and hydration behavior of the polymers. Independent estimates of the AB character of the polymers from work of adhesion terms calculated from the liquid wetting data agreed with those obtained from the surface free energy parameters. Calculation of the work of adhesion with substrates of varying surface free energy parameters indicated that acid–base interactions made a major contribution to the total work of adhesion between cellulose ethers and bipolar surfaces. Although no direct correlation could be established between the surface free energy parameters and the type of substitution on the cellulose backbone for the cellulose ethers, the values of the terms derived from the LW/AB approach were consistent with those of cellulose and ethylcellulose. The LW/AB approach provides a reasonably consistent method for estimating the surface properties of cellulose ethers and the resulting surface free energy parameters are shown to relate to the interfacial properties of the polymers.
Quantitative detection of glaucomatous damage at the posterior pole by retinal thickness mapping: A pilot study

Objective: The posterior pole ganglion cell bodies form a substantial fraction of the retinal thickness, prompting the authors to study the feasibility of detecting, by scanning retinal thickness analysis, retinal changes at the posterior pole due to glaucomatous damage. Study Design: Nonconsecutive case series. Participants: One or both eyes of patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma who presented with either a superoinferior asymmetry in visual fields or a localized field loss or a nerve fiber layer defect visible on photography were recruited. Twenty-nine eyes of 18 patients were studied. Interventions: A laser slit was projected on the retina and scanned, in 400 msec, across a 2- × 2-mm area of the fundus, yielding optical cross-sections that were digitally recorded. Nine such scans covered the central 20° of the fundus. The optical cross-sections were analyzed by an operator-free algorithm to yield a three-or two-dimensional color map. The asymmetry (difference) between the visual sensitivity of the upper and lower hemifields was compared with the asymmetry in retinal thickness deviation from normal. Results: Large losses (up to 34%) in retinal thickness were detected at the posterior pole of patients with glaucoma due to the loss of ganglion cells and nerve fibers. A statistically significant correlation was found between the asymmetry in visual sensitivity loss and the asymmetry in deviation from normal thickness ( r = 0.72; P Conclusions: Mapping of the retinal thickness may provide a sensitive method for the detection and monitoring of early glaucomatous tissue loss in the posterior pole, which is unique due to the combination of (1) the direct measurement of neuroretinal loss in the central field of vision; (2) the mapping capability; and (3) the rapid image acquisition.
Negative stiffness and enhanced damping of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes

The mechanical instabilities and viscoelastic response of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (MWCNTs/Fs) under uniaxial compression are studied with atomic force microscopy. Specific buckling events are evident by regimes of negative stiffness, i.e., marked drops in force with increasing compression. Uniaxial cyclic loading can be repeatedly executed even in initially postbuckled regimes, where the CNTs/Fs display incremental negative stiffness. Increases in mechanical damping of $145\text{--}600\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ in these initially postbuckled regimes, as compared to the linear prebuckled regimes, are observed. Increased damping is attributed to frictional energy dissipation of walls in buckled configurations of the MWCNTs/Fs. This represents the extension of the concept of negative stiffness to the scale of nanostructures and opens up possibilities for designing nanocomposites with high stiffness and high damping simultaneously.
Large intensity fluctuations for wave propagation in random media.

The intensity pattern generated by a monochromatic point source in a random medium is studied. The intensity-intensity correlation function is calculated and it is shown that the intensity, as a function of coordinate, exhibits large fluctuations (the speckle pattern). The sensitivity of this speckle pattern to small changes in the source frequency is also studied.
Variations on a theme of Kuratowski

Kuratowski's Theorem characterizes planar graphs in terms of two excluded subgraphs. In this paper we survey variations of Kuratowski's Theorem. We examine both finite and infinite graphs, surfaces and pseudosurfaces, and generalizations of outer-planarity.
Boa: analyzing ultra-large-scale code corpus

Software repositories contain an enormous amount of information such as revisions and bugs. Analyzing this data requires knowledge in mining software repositories and a large amount of infrastructure. We present our infrastructure Boa to ease such analyses. Our results show writing analyses with our framework is simpler and executes faster.
Pigeons' Recognition of Partially Occluded Objects Depends on Specific Training Experience

DiPietro et al (2002 Perception 31 1299-1312) reported a dramatic improvement in pigeons' recognition of partially occluded objects after the birds had been trained to recognize objects that were placed on top of another surface. Here, we investigated whether training with partially erased stimuli or with notched stimuli that had a thin gap between the object and another surface would similarly enhance pigeons' recognition of partially occluded objects. We found that erased training had no effect on the birds' recognition of partially occluded objects. Training pigeons to recognize notched objects improved their performance with the same objects when they were partially occluded; but this improvement did not transfer to novel objects, a result that DiPietro et al reported after on-top training. Together, the present results and those of DiPietro et al implicate prior experience as a key factor in pigeons' recognition of partially occluded objects. Training experiences which improve recognition of partially occluded objects may do so because they improve decomposition of complex two-dimensional scenes by pigeons into separate entities.
The Impact of R&M 2000 on Business Planning

The US Air Force new reliability and maintainability program, R&M 2000, will affect defense contractors in many ways. This paper discusses the potential impact of R&M 2000 on defense contractors, and the impact on defense contractor business planning activities.
Synthesis of nitrogen-15-labeled 2-amino(glycofurano)oxazolines via glycosylamine intermediates☆

Abstract A new, efficient synthesis of doubly 15N-labeled 2-amino-oxazoline derivatives of pentoses and hexoses has been delineated that involves treatment either of unprotected or O-isopropylidenated glycosylamines with cyanamide-15N2 in methanol to give 2-amino(glycofurano)oxazolines-15N2. A probable mechanism for these reactions is presented. These techniques provide a practical means by which a variety of stable or radioactive isotopes can be introduced into any of several known, clinically significant pyrimidine anhydronucleosides, such as 2,2′-anhydro-(1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine) (cyclo-C).
Unsteady energy transfer in a layer of gray gas by thermal radiation

Das Aufheizen oder Abkuhlen einer ruhenden Schicht eines strahlenden Gases wird analysiert. Streuung der Strahlung wird dabei vernachlassigt, und der Warmetransport durch Leitung und Konvektion wird als vernachlassigbar klein im Vergleich zum Strahlungsaustausch betrachtet. Ein Schema wird entwickelt fur die numerische Losung der nichtlinearen Integral-Differentialgleichung der Energie. Von einer beliebig angenommenen Anfangsverteilung der Temperatur ausgehend werden Temperaturen und Strahlungs-Warmestromdichten als Funktion der Zeit ermittelt. Weiterhin werden fur konstante und sich andernde Stoffgrossen die Einflusse der optischen Dicke, der Anfangstemperaturverteilung und der einfallenden Strahlung auf die Temperaturverteilung und den Warmetransport dargestellt.
Observations upon the Complement-Fixation Test in Monkeys Infected with Endamoeba histolytica

ConclusionIt is concluded that the results of these experimental infections with E. histolyticu in M. rctesus monkeys demonstrate that in these animals typical lesions of amebiasis occurred in the intestine and that a positive complement-fixation reaction for amebiasis followed each experimental infection.
Inflammation and cystic fibrosis pulmonary disease.

Inflammation plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF)-related lung disease. Controlling the inflammatory process with antiinflammatory therapy may slow the progression of pulmonary disease and thereby decrease morbidity, Despite potential benefits of antiinflammatory therapy, both the decision to treat and selection of the most appropriate therapeutic agent are controversial. Although oral corticosteroids are associated with reduced progression of pulmonary disease, the risk of clinically significant adverse effects limits long-term therapy. Clinical studies with inhaled corticosteroids failed to report positive effects on reducing airway inflammation. Based on available clinical data, routine therapy with these agents should be limited to patients with asthma or steroid-responsive wheezing. High-dosage ibuprofen has a beneficial effect on reducing the annual rate of decline in pulmonary function in patients with mild lung disease. Whereas initial results are encouraging, they do not support routine ibuprofen therapy in all patients with CF, However, as advocated by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, high-dosage ibuprofen may be considered in children 5-12 years of age with a baseline forced expiratory volume of 60% predicted or greater.
Myeloperoxidase is involved in H2O2-induced apoptosis of HL-60 human leukemia cells.

Abstract We examined the mechanism of H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and its relationship to oxidation in human leukemia cells. The HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line was sensitive to H2O2, and at concentrations up to about 20–25 μm, the killing was mediated by apoptosis. There was limited evidence of lipid peroxidation, suggesting that the effects of H2O2 do not involve hydroxyl radical. When HL-60 cells were exposed to H2O2 in the presence of the spin trap α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN), we detected a 12-line electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum assigned to the POBN/POBN⋅ N-centered spin adduct previously described in peroxidase-containing cell-free systems. Generation of this radical by HL-60 cells had the same H2O2concentration dependence as initiation of apoptosis. In contrast, studies with the K562 human erythroleukemia cell line, which is often used for comparison with the HL-60, and with high passaged HL-60 cells (spent HL-60) studied under the same conditions failed to generate POBN⋅. Cellular levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase did not explain the differences between these cell lines. Interestingly, the K562 and spent HL-60 cells, which did not generate the radical, also failed to undergo H2O2-induced apoptosis. Based on this we reasoned that the difference in H2O2-induced apoptosis might be due to the enzyme myeloperoxidase. Only the apoptosis-manifesting HL-60 cells contained appreciable immunoreactive protein or enzymatic activity of this cellular enzyme. When HL-60 cells were incubated with methimazole or 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide, which are inhibitors of myeloperoxidase, they no longer underwent H2O2-induced apoptosis. Hypochlorous acid stimulated apoptosis in both HL-60 and spent HL-60 cells, indicating that another oxidant generated by myeloperoxidase induces apoptosis and that it may be the direct mediator of H2O2-induced apoptosis. Taken together these observations indicate that H2O2-induced apoptosis in the HL-60 human leukemia cell is mediated by myeloperoxidase and is linked to a non-Fenton oxidative event marked by POBN⋅.
InvIGOrating mRNAs during Quiescence

In this issue of Molecular Cell , De Virgilio and colleagues (Talarek et al., 2010) identify the Igo1/2 proteins as factors that protect mRNAs from degradation during quiescence.
Notes on tachyon effective actions and Veneziano amplitudes

In a previous paper [Nucl. Phys. B666, 56 (2003)] it was argued that tachyonic Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) actions can be obtained from open string theory in a limit, which generalizes the usual massless DBI limit. In the present paper we review this construction, focusing on a key property of the proposed tachyon effective actions: how they reproduce appropriate Veneziano amplitudes in a suitably defined kinematical region. Possible extensions and interesting open problems are briefly discussed.
Retroviral Infection with Human Tyrosinase-Related Protein-1 (TRP-1) cDNA Upregulates Tyrosinase Activity and Melanin Synthesis in a TRP-1-Deficient Melanoma Cell Line

A human tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) cDNA was inserted into the retroviral vector, pBabe-puro. Sense and anti-sense constructs were identified and transfected, as well as vector-alone, into a retrovirus packaging cell line by a liposome-mediated technique and used in turn to infect a human melanoma line deficient in TRY-1 protein/transcript. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA from these infectants, using TRY-1 cDNA-specific primers, demonstrate that PCR products were only identified from the sense- and anti-sense-infected clones, not from the parental cells or vector-alone infectants. Northern analysis demonstrated that TRP-1 sense and antisense infectants produced TRY-1 cDNA-related transcripts. Immunoblotting analysis with TA99 (a monoclonal antibody for TRP-1) demonstrated a single band of nonilal molecular weight from melanoma cells infected with sense cDNA, not from cells infected with anti-sense or vector-alone, or from the uninfected-parental melanoma cells. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of melanin in the sense and anti-sense infectant cells demonstrated an increase and decrease in pigmentation, respectively, compared with vector alone. Tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA oxidase activities of tyrosinase were both increased in sense cDNA infected cells plus unaltered or slightly decreased, respectively, in anti-sense cDNA-infected cells compared with control cells. Immunoblotting analysis with anti-tyrosinase antibody ( α Ty-SP) demonstrated that the amount of tyrosinase was slightly increased in TRP-1 overexpressing cells but slightly decreased in anti-sense infectant cells. We have demonstrated that the expression of exogenous TRP-1 cDNA in melanoma cells stimulated the activity of tyrosinase and promoted melanogenesis, indicating that TRP-1 plays a role in regulating tyrosinase activity.
Palmoplantar pustules and osteoarticular pain in a 42-year-old woman

Key teaching points • Synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome is characterized by distinctive osteoarticular manifestations and a spectrum of neutrophilic dermatoses. • The most common dermatologic manifestations include palmoplantar pustulosis, acne conglobata, and acne fulminans. • SAPHO syndrome should be considered in patients presenting osteoarticular pain, particularly involving the anterior chest wall and/or spine, and neutrophilic skin lesions.
Chemical Diffusivities and Their Hidden Concentration Units

Ternary and higher order multicomponent alloys have chemical diffusivities that are functions of the concentration units used in the diffusion equation. However this dependence is not obvious, since all multicomponent diffusivities have the same units of m2/s. In a sense the concentration units are hidden. It is proposed herein that the concentration units be added to the name of experimental and predicted diffusivities, for example “mole fraction diffusivity” or “mass fraction diffusivity” to alert users to the concentration units that should be used when solving the diffusion equation. Linear equations that transform the mole fraction chemical diffusivity into five other chemical diffusivities are given. In addition, it is shown that differences between molar diffusivities and those between density diffusivities go to zero as the solute concentration goes to zero and it is shown that density diffusivities which assume constant molar volume are in fact mole fraction diffusivities and have no density properties when used in the diffusion equation. An example is given of five chemical diffusivities for a Ni-4at.%Cr-6at.%Al-4at.% Mo alloy at 1100 °C that were calculated from the measured, quaternary, mole fraction chemical diffusivity.
the rules and the game: the practice of marriage among the Komachi

Studies of marriage in the Middle East have traditionally been focused on the whys and wherefores of patri-parallel cousin marriage. Recent studies have argued that marriages are more directed by practical concerns than by categorical preferences. The relationship of rules to practice has therefore become problematical. Building on a detailed analysis of marriages contracted among Komachi nomads, this paper clarifies the relationship of rule to practice within Komachi society. [Middle East, kinship, marriage, rule and practice]
The contractile proteins of dictyostelium discoideum

We have purified actin and my osin-like proteins from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum. These proteins are very similar in their physical and enzymatic properties to muscle actin and myosin. Most importantly, they form thin and thick filaments, respectively, and Dictyostelium actin activates Dictyostelium myosin ATPase activity. Actin from these amoebae appears to be identical in size to muscle actin. The Dictyostelium myosin consists of two heavy chains of about 210,000 daltons and two classes of light chains, about 18,000 and 16,000 daltons. The heavy chains are slightly larger than those of muscle myosin. Biochemical and structural studies of membrane association of the contractile complex suggests that some of the amoeba actin is membrane-bound and acts as an attachment point for myosin and other actin filaments.
Indoor Terahertz Communications: How Many Antenna Arrays Are Needed?

Terahertz (THz) communications promise to be the next frontier for wireless networks. Novel solutions should be explored to overcome the hardware constraints and the severe path loss. In this paper, we study a low-complexity indoor THz communication system with antenna subarrays. The Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) channel model is modified to characterize the THz channel. By exploiting the hybrid beamforming with multiple subarrays, we analyze the ergodic capacity of the system and obtain an upper bound. Furthermore, with the analysis of performance degradation for the uncertainty in THz phase shifters, we provide a guidance on the design of antenna subarray size and number for certain long-term data rate requirements with different distances. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the ergodic capacity upper bound, and show that the proposed THz system and antenna array structure can efficiently achieve capacity gains and support THz communications.
FDR, Lewis Douglas, and the, Raw Deal

“Despite my emotions, I could not refuse the responsibility which has been offered; for in times like these, even more so than in times of war, individuals cease to be significant. Only the common welfare is important,” explained Lewis Douglas in 1933 as he accepted President-elect Franklin Delano Roosevelt's offer of the position of director of the budget.1 Douglas came to his post with a strong sense of obligation—he was certain the United States was in a “critical condition,” and the only solution to the devastating depression lay in balancing the budget.2 Roosevelt seemingly agreed with Douglas. Newspapers reported that the young budget director would “make his mark in the Roosevelt administration” and “be at the heart of things.” Journalists argued that Roosevelt's appointment was an “indication that Roosevelt means business in his promise to reduce government costs.”3
A Conserved Chromatin Architecture Marks and Maintains the Restricted Germ Cell Lineage in Worms and Flies

In C. elegans, mRNA production is initially repressed in the embryonic germline by a protein unique to C. elegans germ cells, PIE-1. PIE-1 is degraded upon the birth of the germ cell precursors, Z2 and Z3. We have identified a chromatin-based mechanism that succeeds PIE-1 repression in these cells. A subset of nucleosomal histone modifications, methylated lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3meK4) and acetylated lysine 8 on histone H4 (H4acetylK8), are globally lost and the DNA appears more condensed. This coincides with PIE-1 degradation and requires that germline identity is not disrupted. Drosophila pole cell chromatin also lacks H3meK4, indicating that a unique chromatin architecture is a conserved feature of embryonic germ cells. Regulation of the germline-specific chromatin architecture requires functional nanos activity in both organisms. These results indicate that genome-wide repression via a nanos-regulated, germ cell-specific chromatin organization is a conserved feature of germline maintenance during embryogenesis.
Polarization reversal, migration related shifts in human resource profiles, and spatial growth policies: a Venezuelan study.

This article examines polarization reversal in terms of changing human resource profiles related to migration and to national policies affecting the spatial pattern of economic growth. It first demonstrates the relationship between these elements through a review that integrates three distinct themes in earlier research. Attention then turns to an empirical study of human resource variation among eight urban districts and the rest of Venezuela treated as a single unit. This comparison utilizes age gender educational attainment and occupational status variables provided by individual records of Venezuelas 1971 Population Census. A concluding section relates empirical findings to policy alternatives. (EXCERPT)
Effectiveness of helicopter versus ground ambulance services for interfacility transport

BACKGROUND: Helicopters provide rapid interfacility transport, but the effect on patients is largely unknown. METHODS: Patients requested to be transported between facilities by helicopter were followed prospectively to determine survival, disability, health status, and health care utilization. A total of 1,234 patients were transported by the primary aeromedical company; 153 patients were transported by ground and 25 patients were transported by other aeromedical services because of weather or unavailability of aircraft. RESULTS: There were no differences at 30 days for survivors in disability, health status, or health care utilization. Nineteen percent of helicopter-transported patients died compared with 15% of those transported by ground (p=0.21). CONCLUSION: The patients transported by helicopter did not have improved outcomes compared with patients transported by ground. These data argue against a large advantage of helicopters for interfacility transport. A randomized trial is needed to address these issues conclusively. Language: en
Analysis of the Spectral Function of Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4, Obtained by Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy

Samples of Nd{sub 2-x}Ce{sub x}CuO{sub 4}, an electron-doped high temperature superconducting cuprate (HTSC), near optimal doping at x = 0.155 were measured via angle resolved photoemission (ARPES). We report a renormalization feature in the self energy ('kink') in the band dispersion at {approx} 50-60 meV present in nodal and antinodal cuts across the Fermi surface. Specifically, while the kink had been seen in the antinodal region, it is now observed also in the nodal region, reminiscent of what has been observed in hole-doped cuprates.
Definitional distinctions and implications for managing end user computing

Abstract Research has addressed the impact, implications, and expectations of end user computing (EUC). However, the research has generally been exploratory in nature. Definitions in this area lack consistency and thus are unclear. Further, the primary focus has been on individuals, neglecting an understanding of group dynamics in EUC activities. To address these concerns, this paper advances a more explicit definition, recognizing both development and use activities performed either individually or in groups. Previous research is mapped according to these distinctions, enabling the identification of areas in need of future study. A discussion of issues facing organizations in integrating end user computing is presented. Finally, a framework for EUC in groups is provided. This is intended to advance an understanding of the implications that group dynamics have for the management of EUC activities.
Social facilitation: A self-presentational view.

This article offers a self-presentat ional account of performance in others' presence. The account attributes social facilitation to the performer's active regulation of a public image, and it attributes social impairment to embarrassment following loss of public esteem. Individuals lose esteem by making numerous errors on difficult tasks. This self-presentational analysis is tested in a study of context effects in verbal learning. Two tasks are studied: a difficult task that includes a few simple items and an easy task that includes a few complex items. Consistent with the self-presentational analysis (but not with drive theories of social facilitation), the presence of an observer impairs the learning of simple items if those items are embedded within a difficult task. Also, an observer's presence does not impair the learning of complex items if those items are embedded within an easy task. Questionnaire responses suggest a naturally occurring confound between task difficulty and perceived failure. The influence of the presence of others on individual behavior, a classic topic in social psychology, was studied extensively in the early 1900s (Dashiell, 1935). Contemporary interest in the topic derives from Zajonc's proposal (1965) that the presence of others acts as a source of generalized drive (Spence, 1956), and energizes the dominant response tendency to the exclusion of competing responses. Cottrell (1972) amended Zajonc's theory, contending that the presence of others arouses apprehension over evaluations. He claimed evaluation apprehension as a source of generalized drive. This article proposes an alternative analysis of behavior in others' presence. Following Cottrell, the analysis attributes the influence of others' presence to the potential that presence gives them for evaluation. But Cottrell seemed to ignore the fact that the object of evaluation is the individual's perThis article is based on a dissertation submitted to Duke University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD. I am grateful to Alan Levy, my dissertation adviser, for his guidance and to Mike Gottesman for help with this research.
The photic sneeze reflex in the human newborn: A preliminary report

In an ongoing, comprehensive study of newborn infants, visual following was tested by moving a shiny bicycle bell across the horizontal and vertical planes in front of the infant's eyes. During the course of this test, it was noted that many of the babies sneezed at the time the test object was presented. The race-sex distribution of this sneeze response in the infant population stuided was recorded and the phenomenon discussed as an early indicator of visual sensitivity.
Postulated thermoregulatory roles for different opiate receptors in rats.

Abstract In studying a number of opioids and endogenous opioid peptides in rats, we found that these substances can be divided into groups based on the patterns of temperature responses they elicit. A two-receptor model can be invoked to explain these findings.
Late-Holocene upper timberline variation in the southern Sierra Nevada

Alpine timberline has been shown to be a definite tension zone between trees and climate where trees invade higher ground during favourable climatic periods and retreat during periods of deteriorating conditions1. These movements are indicative of an upper forest limit sensitively adjusted to climatic variation. Here I present absolutely dated dendrochronological records from living trees and standing snags and radiometric dates from relict logs of foxtail pine at Cirque Peak, southern Sierra Nevada, California, providing the first detailed record of temperature-induced mid- to late-Holocene fluctuations in Sierran timberline. Marked declines in timberline correspond to lichen-dated cold periods and/or glacial advance.
Sex-biased lactational duration in a human population and its reproductive costs.

We tested the proposition that among humans (1) differences in lactational duration result in differences in costs of reproduction even under rich nutritional conditions; and (2) elimination of factors postulated to favor male-biased parental care will be reflected in elimination or reversal of sex-biased care. To do so, we examined the relationship between lactational duration and fertility among Hutterites, a communal-living human population in which the levels of nutritional resources and fertility are high, breast-feeding is the norm, contraceptive use is limited and the collective social and economic system results in low resource variance among individuals. We demonstrate that even under good nutritional conditions, duration of nursing was a significant predictor of the length of time to next pregnancy and that nursing continued to suppress fertility after the resumption of menses. Moreover, we find that daughters were nursed longer than sons, leading to a longer interval to next pregnancy. We examine this uncommon, but not unique, finding of female-biased human parental care in the light of Hutterite social structure, and we explore the consistency of this finding with the most applicable models of parental investment.
Scaling of the active zone in the Eden process on percolation networks and the ballistic deposition model

The interface of the Eden clusters on percolation networks and the ballistic deposition model is studied by Monte Carlo simulations, using a simple definition for the surface thickness. The width of the active zone in the ballistic deposition model is found to diverge differently from the mean height, indicating breakdown of the single scaling length assumption in this model. The exponents nu and nu ' describing, respectively, the divergence of the radius and the active zone of the Eden clusters on percolation networks appear to be the same within the statistical errors. The central value of nu ', however, is slightly, but systematically, less than nu . The surface thickness of ballistic deposits is shown to exhibit finite-size scaling.
Breeding synchrony and EPF rates: the key to a can of worms?

Given that roughly 95% of bird species are classified as ‘monogamous’1, some might claim that the class Aves is short on mating system diversity. Whatever the group might lack in this respect, however, is offset by rather impressive species differences in the prevalence of covert matings by females. By a recent count2, extra-pair fertilization (EPF) rates range from 0 to 76% across avian species, with the mean for all species at about 13%.
Behavioral characterization of adult male and female rhesus monkeys exposed to cocaine throughout gestation

Rationale In utero cocaine exposure has been associated with alterations in the dopamine (DA) system in monkeys. However, the behavioral outcomes of prenatal cocaine exposure in adulthood are poorly understood.
Pathbook: Cross-layer optimization for full-duplex wireless networks

Recently, Choi et al. designed the first practical full-duplex wireless system, which challenges the basic assumption in wireless communications that a radio cannot transmit and receive on the same frequency at the same time. In this paper, we study cross-layer optimization for full-duplex wireless networks, comprehensively considering various resource and social constraints. We focus on (1) the problem of allocating resources to maximize the total profit of multiple users subject to node constraints and (2) the problem of allocating resources to minimize the network power consumption subject to user rate demands and node constraints. We formulate these problems as convex programming systems. By combining Lagrangian decomposition and subgradient methods, we design distributed iterative algorithms to solve these problems, which compute the optimized user information flow (i.e. user behavior) for the network layer and the optimized node broadcast rate (i.e. node behavior) for the MAC layer. Our algorithms allow each user and each node to adjust its own behavior individually in each iteration. We analyze the convergence rate, the amount of feasibility violation, and the gap between the optimal solution and our solution in each iteration. We also use the dual space information to analyze node load constraint violation.
A femtosecond code-division multiple-access communication system test bed

This paper reports comprehensive experimental results on a femtosecond code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communication system test bed operating over optical fiber in the 1.5 /spl mu/m communication band. Our test bed integrates together several novel subsystems, including low-loss fiber-pigtailed pulse shapers for encoding-decoding, use of dispersion equalizing fibers in dispersion compensated links for femtosecond pulse transmission and also in femtosecond chirped pulse amplification (CPA) erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), and high-contrast nonlinear fiber-optic thresholders. The individual subsystems are described, and single-user system level experimental results demonstrating the ability to transmit spectrally encoded femtosecond pulses over a 2.5-km dispersion compensated fiber link followed by decoding and high contrast nonlinear thresholding are presented.
A Theory of the Origin of Ethnic Stratification

Ethnocentrism, competition, and differential power provide the necessary and sufficient bases for constructing a theory of the origin of ethnic stratification. The essence of the theory is that ethnic stratification will emerge when distinct ethnic groups are brought into sustained contact only if the groups are characterized by a high degree of ethnocentrism, competition, and differential power. Competition provides the motivation for stratification; ethnocentrism channels the competition along ethnic lines; and the power differential determines whether either group will be able to subordinate the other. The theory is initially tested via application to the emergence of slavery in seventeenth century America. The outcome encourages further testing of the theory.
Robust Bayesian Analysis applied to Wiener filtering of speech

Commonly used speech enhancement algorithms estimate the power spectral density of the noise to be removed, or make a decision about the presence of speech in a particular frame, and estimate the clean speech based on these. Errors in a noise estimate or speech activity decision may result in undesirable artifacts, and some errors may be more damaging than others. Robust Bayesian Analysis is used to analyze the sensitivity of algorithms to errors in noise estimates and improve signal-to-noise ratio while mitigating artifacts in the enhanced speech. The findings explain why some common heuristic changes to the Wiener filter algorithm are effective. A standard Wiener algorithm is used for comparison, objective quality measures are used to quantify improvement, and insights into the underlying mechanisms of heuristic methods are offered.
Inter-die signaling in three dimensional integrated circuits

This work discusses a three dimensional network on chip (3D NoC) fabricated in the 0.18 mum MIT Lincoln Laboratories 3D FDSOI 1.5 V process. As a proof of concept, a three tier, 27 node, NoC test chip occupying 4 mm2 per tier was designed and tested. It is the first of its kind to demonstrate successful inter-tier signaling in a complex three dimensional design, and validates the technology as a viable alternative to the continued scaling of conventional CMOS processes. Simulated results show that when implemented in this 3D process, simple 3D mesh interconnection networks allow for the sharing of global routing resources for complex systems while consuming an extremely low 2 mW of power per transaction. Using these results, we establish the need for a 3D network simulator to quantify the advantage 3D circuit implementations have over 2D.
Comments on a study of drift in cesium frequency standards

This letter comments on a recent study of the drift rate of 115 cesium standards. The conclusion here is that no aging effect is visible in the results of the study.
HV/VH Trees: A New Spatial Data Structure for Fast Region Queries

Rosenberg compared linked lists, quad trees with bisector lists, and kD trees, and showed that kD trees significantly outperformed their two rivals on region queries. Quad trees with bisector lists performed poorly because of their need to search bisector lists at successive levels; therefore, later improvements to quad trees took the form of eliminating the bisector lists in one way or the other to achieve better region-query performance. In this paper, we explode the myth that bisector lists imply slow region queries by introducing a new data structure, HV/VH trees, which, even though it uses bisector lists, is as fast as or faster than kD trees and two improved forms of quad trees on region queries performed on data from real VLSI designs. Furthermore, we show that HV/VH trees achieve this superb perfomance while using the least amount of memory.
Vorapaxar in Atherosclerotic Disease Management

Objective: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of vorapaxar, a protease activator receptor-1 (PAR-1) antagonist, in the management of atherosclerotic diseases. Data Sources: Peer-reviewed clinical trials and review articles were identified from MEDLINE and Current Content database (both 1966 to December 31, 2014) using the search terms vorapaxar and protease activator receptor antagonist. Study Selection and Data Extraction: A total of 30 clinical studies were identified (16 clinical trials, including subanalyses, 14 related to pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics and drug interactions). Data Synthesis: Two phase III clinical trials with vorapaxar have been published. In patients with non–ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI), vorapaxar failed to significantly reduce the primary efficacy end point (composite of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke, recurrent ischemia with hospitalization, and urgent coronary revascularization). Conversely, in a study of secondary prevent...
Current Status of Pharmaceutical Care Practice: Strategies for Education

The purpose of this study was to describe the status of pharmaceutical care practice and to compare pharmaceutical care practices between respondents categorized by position, type of practice, prescription volume, and years of practice. Data were collected from a random sample of 452 pharmacists practicing in Ohio by means of a pretested, mailed questionnaire. Of the 447 surveys deliverable, 163 (36.5 percent) completed surveys were returned. The results showed that pharmacists engaged in passive pharmaceutical care activities more frequently than active ones. We conclude that pharmacists and students need appropriate training and professional socialization to encourage a more active type of practice in which comprehensive pharmaceutical care is provided.
Doped Professionals and Clean Amateurs: Amateurism's Influence on the Modern Philosophy of Anti-Doping

In the wake of Knud Enemark Jensen’s drug-related death in 1960, the sporting world expressed shock that an amateur athlete would dope. For many, such an action directly contradicted amateur ideals. Yet historians heretofore have yet to examine the intellectual development of such anti-doping ideology. Following is an intellectual history of the early development of anti-doping, an ideology that emerged bound to the gospel of amateurism. Indeed, amateurism provided the intellectual soil in which anti-doping attitudes germinated. As the search for performance-enhancing substances increased near the end of the nineteenth century, many amateur athletes showed no moral qualms with doping. Over time, however, advocates of amateurism—consisting of various segments of middle-and upper-class society—used anti-doping to reaffirm middle-class values and marginalize the accomplishments of working-class professional athletes. Through amateurism, individuals and sporting communities turned doping from a tacitly tolerated practice to one that contradicted the spirit of sport and constituted a serious threat to sport’s moral integrity.
Contemporary Challenges in Student Affairs Budgeting and Finance

This chapter traces the recent history of student affairs finance and offers suggestions for dealing with the financial challenges of the future.
How dead is the federal constitutional right to assisted suicide

The US Supreme Court recently upheld state laws in New York and Washington that prohibit assisted suicide. In both cases, the judgment of the Court was unanimous. Closer scrutiny of the opinions in the cases, however, suggests that we may not have seen the last of a federal constitutional right to assisted suicide.
Application of fuzzy skeletonization ot quantitatively assess trabecular bone micro-architecture

Adult bone diseases, especially osteoporosis, lead to increased risk of fracture associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and financial costs. Clinically, osteoporosis is defined by low bone mineral density; however, increasing evidence suggests that the micro-architectural quality of trabecular bone (TB) is an important determinant of bone strength and fracture risk. Skeletonization plays an important role providing a compact representation of TB network that allows computation of several quantitative parameters relating to TB micro-architecture. Literature of three-dimensional skeletonization is quite matured for binary digital objects. However, the challenges of skeletonization for fuzzy objects are mostly unanswered. Here, an algorithm for fuzzy skeletonization is presented using fuzzy grassfire propagation and a branch-level noise pruning strategy and, finally, its application to TB micro-architectural assessment is investigated. Specifically, the fuzzy skeletonization algorithm is applied to compute TB plateness, plate/rod ratio, thickness, and spacing. Finally, the effectiveness of these measures to predict experimental bone strength is investigated on twelve cadaveric specimens and the results are encouraging with the R2 value of linear correlation with bone strength being as high as 0.93, 0.88, 0.85 and 0.86, respectively.
Platelet derived CD154 (CD40 ligand) and febrile responses to transfusion.

Summary Febrile responses are a common and sometimes life-threatening occurrence in patients receiving platelet transfusions. The cause is largely unknown. We showed that CD154 is present at 3000-7000 ng/L in the supernatant of nine preparations of human platelets used for transfusions and induces prostaglandin E 2 synthesis in human fibroblasts. Since CD154 is a potent inducer of the cyclo-oxygenase-2 enzyme and prostaglandin E 2 , the main fever inducers, infusion of platelet preparations containing CD154 may incite febrile responses.