cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aminoglycosides: Biologic Effects of Molecular Manipulation

The biological activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics can be demonstrated simply in cell-free extracts in I of 2 ways: (1) inhibition of natural messenger RNA-directed protein synthesis, (2) misreading (stimulation of ambiguous translation) of synthetic polymer-directed polypeptide synthesis. These 2 effects, which do not seem to be directly related (it is possible to demonstrate inhibition without misreading) are convenient ways of comparing the efficacity of various aminoglycosides. The levels of misreading prodtfced by various antibiotics are markedly dependent on the drug concentration, and each antibiotic gives a curve with a characteristic shape [1]. These concentration-activity curves correlate reasonably well with the in vivo activity of the drugs. Since any structural modification which affects drug activity in this system is reflected in changes in the shape of the curves, this type of experiment provides us with a very sensitive assay for structure-activity relationships, thus eliminating many of the problems of such studies in vivo (altered permeability of the drug, for example). Conclusions concerning the structural requirements for misreading activity have been reported recently [2], and we summarize here results of our studies on the activity of certain structurally modified aminoglycosides. 1. Streptomycin group. Very little structural modification without substantial loss of activity is possible in this group. The modifications which cause little or no change in activity are (a) reduction of the aldehyde to a primary alcohol (dihydrostreptomycin), (b) linkage of a mannose residue to the 4'-OH of the N-methylL-glucosamine residue (mannisidostreptomycin), or (c) removal of 1 amidino residue (bluensomycin). Substantial loss of activity is accompanied by removal of both amidino residues, blocking of the 3-OH' on the N-methyl-L-glucosamine residue, or by attachment of alkyl side chains through the aldehyde moiety. None of the hydrolysis products of streptomycin have any antibiotic activity. 2. Neomycin group. Although few structurally modified neomycins are available, a convenient sequential series of degradation products has been tested, and neomycin is substantially more active as an antibiotic than neamine, while the other part of the molecule, methyl neobiosaminide, is inactive. On the other hand, paromomycin, which can be considered a hydroxydesamino derivative of neomycin, is less active than neomycin, and its degradation product paromamine (a hydroxydesamino neamine) is inactive both as an antibiotic and in cell-free systems. The replacement of a primary hydroxyl group by an amino group has, in this case, drastic conse-
Where have all the good jobs gone

This paper is an exploratory examination of the effects of government service privatization on women in the United States workforce. In the past decade, the process of transferring service provision from government to profit-making organizations has increased significantly, yet little systematic effort has been directed toward understanding the implications of this trend for workers. Our investigation draws on prior literature, secondary data, and a small primary data set to suggest ways in which increasing trends of government service privatization may adversely affect future work opportunities in the U.S., especially those available to women. Our investigation suggests that both relative to white males and absolutely, women's rank, wages, and future advancement opportunities will be negatively affected by declining government work opportunities.
Comparison of Technical Regulations for Connecting Wind Farm to Power Grid and Preliminary Research on Its Integrated Control System

A comparative research on technical regulations for connecting wind farm to grid in Germany, Denmark, UK and Australia are conducted. The similarities and differences of these regulations in the aspects of controls of active power, reactive power and voltage as well as frequency are compared; the reason causing the differences among these regulations are analyzed. The authors point out that the different characteristics of power grids, ratios of wind power to total capacity of power grids in each country and different connection mode of wind farm are the main reasons. To meet the need of technical regulation for connecting wind farm to power grid and reduce the detrimental effect of wind farm on power grid, a concept of integrated control of wind farm is proposed, a framework for this integrated control is designed, and some tentative ideas for implementing the integrated control are put forward.
Herbal Nutriceuticals: A Primer for Dentists and Dental Hygienists

Herbs have been in use for centuries to prevent and control disease. In recent history demand by the public for herbal supplements has created a multimillion-dollar industry. Herbal extracts are effective because they interact with specific chemical receptors within the body and are in a pharmacodynamic sense, drugs themselves. A matter for public concern is that herbal supplements are currently independent of regulation by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA considers herbal products to be dietary supplements, not drugs. The National Toxicology Program has recently started to examine the composition and standardization of commercial preparations to identify potential health hazards from contaminants or product over use. Many herbal preparations have significant pharmacological effects. The problem that arises for the dental professional is the effect these products have in concert with prescription medications as well as effects on the patient's general response to medication and dental treatment. Drug interactions with the large number of commercially available herbal products can be grouped by the mechanism of most common interactions. These major types of reactions are: (1) alteration of drug metabolizing enzyme activity, (2) interactions with the blood clotting process, and (3) alteration of the inflammatory and immune response. The widespread use of herbal supplements makes it essential that healthcare providers become informed about this aspect of a patient's personal health practices.
Issues of Power, Control, and Status in Group Interaction: From Ferenczi to Foucault

Examination of the issues of power, control, and status in human interaction is made from the works of Kafka, Ferenczi, and Foucault. Ferenczi's “confusion of tongues” theory as a model is used to describe the dynamics of charismatic group leadership in training group for analyst group candidates.
Birth weight and risk of paediatric Hodgkin lymphoma: Findings from a population-based record linkage study in California

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relationship between birth weight (along with a variety of pre and perinatal characteristics) and the risk of paediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) diagnosed at age Method We linked California statewide birth records from 1978–2009 and cancer diagnosis data from 1988–2011 to conduct a population-based case–control study with 1216 cases and 4485 controls (matched on birth month and year, sex, and race/ethnicity). Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of paediatric HL overall and by age of diagnosis, controlling for other perinatal factors. Results Compared to children with a normal birth weight (2500–3999 g), those who had a high birth weight (≥4000 g) had an increased risk of paediatric HL overall (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02–1.48) after adjusting for birth order, maternal age at the time of delivery, and paternal age at the time of delivery. The magnitude of association appeared larger for subgroups of children whose age of diagnosis was 0–10 years (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.04–2.24) or 15–19 years (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.11–1.83), while no association was observed in 11–14 year olds. Compared with firstborn children, those who were third or higher in birth order had a reduced risk of paediatric HL overall (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.67–0.95), and this association also varied by age of diagnosis. Conclusions In this study with the largest number of paediatric HL cases, high birth weight was associated with an increased disease risk for most but not all ages of diagnosis. The different findings by age of diagnosis regarding both birth weight and birth order underscore the importance to stratify paediatric HL by age at diagnosis in future etiological investigations.
Impact of tuning CO2-philicity in polydimethylsiloxane-based membranes for carbon dioxide separation ☆

Abstract Amidoxime-functionalized polydimethylsiloxane (AO-PDMSPNB) membranes with various amidoxime compositions were synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization followed by post-polymerization modification. Compared to other previously reported PDMS-based membranes, the amidoxime-functionalized membranes show enhanced CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity. The overall gas separation performance (CO2 permeability 6800 Barrer; CO2/N2 selectivity 19) of the highest performing membrane exceeds the Robeson upper bound line, and the excellent permeability of the copolymer itself provides great potential for real world applications where huge volumes of gases are separated. This paper details how tuning the CO2-philicity within rubbery polymer matrices influences gas transport properties. Key parameters for tuning gas transport properties are discussed, and the experimental results show good consistency with theoretical calculations. This study provides a roadmap to enhancing gas separation performance in rubbery polymers by tuning gas solubility selectivity.
RNA chromogenic in situ hybridization assay with clinical automated platform is a sensitive method in detecting high-risk human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma

Detection of active human papillomavirus (HPV) is clinically important because its presence has been shown to correlate with favorable clinical outcomes and better response to treatment in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Using a clinical automated platform, we compared the performance of commercially available HPV DNA and RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) probes in archival tissues of 57 squamous cell carcinomas. Importantly, a clinical automated platform gives (1) consistent and reproducible results for HPV ISH and (2) better standardization across clinical laboratories. Compared with polymerase chain reaction results, RNA ISH exhibited 93% concordance versus 81% of DNA ISH. RNA ISH was more sensitive than DNA ISH (100% versus 88%) and more specific (87% versus 74%). When only accounting for 2+-3+ positivity, sensitivity was 92% for RNA ISH versus 73% for DNA ISH, highlighting the ease of interpretation. p16 exhibited 96% sensitivity, whereas specificity was only 55%. In 3 cases, both RNA and DNA ISH were positive, whereas polymerase chain reaction results were negative, suggesting that ISH methods might be a more sensitive method. Performing on a clinical automated platform, RNA ISH is sensitive in determining high-risk HPV status in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and has the potential of being a standalone clinical test.
Testing for Discontinuities

Discontinuities in materials affect the microwave energy in two basic ways, beyond the mere reflection and transmission of energy. One of these is scattering. Scattering means that the flaw, because of its shape and material composition scatters the beam in various directions. This scattered energy can then be detected and the scatterer properties (such as size, location, and composition, may be deduced from the scattered field. As a rule, scattering is more pronounced from abrupt, large changes in material properties. Small, continuous changes create little or no scattering. The general rule for strong scattering is that the scatterer should be larger than about one-half wavelength. Thus, higher frequencies are required for detection of smaller defects. As an example, at 10 GHz (X-band), the wavelength is 3 cm. Thus, delaminations in a composite material of about 1.5 cm can be detected. This is reasonable for delaminations which can be extensive in size but detection of a flaw of this size is not considered a difficult problem in NDT. On the other hand, in the millimeter wave range, detection of defects can be useful since much smaller defects and higher resolutions are possible.
Reputation and Contribution in Online Question-Answering Communities

Question-Answering (QA) communities have emerged as a rich source of information by allowing users to ask questions, contribute responses, and evaluate responses submitted by others. QA platforms encourage the contribution of useful content by establishing a measure of reputation, based on the volume and quality of each user’s contributions. While previous work has verified the positive relationship of reputation with response volume, its relationships of with other important aspects of contribution have been overlooked. Our work addresses this gap by studying how reputation relates to users’ risk-taking propensity (difficulty of questions tackled), performance (answer quality), and topical interests. First, we introduce a novel technique for measuring user ability and question difficulty and find that users tend to tackle harder questions as their ability grows. Interestingly, we also find that, while reputation is positively associated with risk-taking for users with very low reputation, the association becomes increasingly negative once the user’s reputation surpasses the community’s mean. Our third finding reveals the duality of the association between reputation and performance, which is positive when users tackle questions within their ability and negative when they reach beyond their expertise. Finally, we use a novel method to reveal the diamond-like shape of the correlation pattern between a user’s reputation and interests. We find that low-reputation users focus on a narrow set of introductory topics, medium-tier users have a wider spectrum of interests, and top-tier experts specialize on a small set of advanced topics. Our findings have important implications for online communities and reputation-based systems.
Increasing ethical awareness in [future] software developers using audience-based writing

This report presents an experiment using a cross-over assignment between an upper-level writing course and a first-year seminar, both required undergraduate computer science courses at a large research university. Logistical challenges and lessons learned are described. Inspired by increased attention to ethics within the computer science academic community and technical communication scholarship connecting power, ethics, and user-centered technology, this writing activity asks students to evaluate and explain a user's risk after a breach or exploit. I argue that the rhetorical concepts of audience and nomos are effective vehicles for engaging students toward a more user-focused ethical awareness within a computer science context. In his recent Call to Action, Wolf (Vice Chair of ACM's Committee on Professional Ethics) echoes this need to complicate an understanding of users with an ethical focus, quoting Updated Code Imperative 3.4: "The needs of people---including users ... should always be a central concern in professional computing [1]."
Activation of CO2 by supported Cu clusters.

Catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to useful chemicals is a potent way to mitigate this greenhouse gas, but the challenge lies in finding active reduction catalysts. Using density functional theory we studied CO2 activation over TiO2-supported Cu clusters of size 1–4 atoms. The linear to bent transformation of CO2 is necessary for activation, and we found that all the clusters stabilized bent CO2, along with a significant gain of electrons on the CO2 (indicative of activation). On all the TiO2 supported Cu clusters, the interfacial sites were found to stabilize the bent CO2 adsorption, where the active site of adsorption on Cu dimer, trimer and tetramer was on the Cu atom farthest away from the TiO2 surface. Particularly, the Cu dimer stabilized bent CO2 very strongly, although this species was found to be unstable on the surface. A synthesis technique that could stabilize the Cu dimer could therefore lead to a very active catalyst. Furthermore we found (using vibrational and charge analysis) that the active sites for the CO2 activation predominantly had 0 and +1 oxidation states; the oxidation state of Cu is known to directly affect CO2 reduction activity. Our study shows TiO2-supported small Cu clusters can be active catalysts for CO2 reduction and also provides further motivation for theoretical and experimental studies of metal clusters.
Status of the JENSA gas-jet target for experiments with rare isotope beams

Abstract The JENSA gas-jet target was designed for experiments with radioactive beams provided by the rare isotope re-accelerator ReA3 at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. The gas jet will be the main target for the Separator for Capture Reactions SECAR at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams on the campus of Michigan State University, USA. In this work, we describe the advantages of a gas-jet target, detail the current recirculating gas system, and report recent measurements of helium jet thicknesses of up to about 1 0 19 atoms/cm 2 . Finally a comparison with other supersonic gas-jet targets is presented.
User Interface for Unmanned Surface Vehicles Used to Rescue Drowning Victims

This work details the look and feel of a Graphical User Interface for Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV) used for marine mass casualty events based on feedback from the Italian Coast Guard, Los Angeles Country Fire Department (LACoFD), Pima County FD, Castrium Rescue Brigade, Department of Homeland Security, and Defense Research and Development Canada First Responders Groups. The current state of USV interface design centers on 1) ergonomic handheld devices, such as a Futaba, for teleoperation missions, or 2) non-ergonomic laptops with Mission Planner (MP) style of interfaces or teleoperation and autonomous missions. Pure, teleoperated USVs do not offer the operator needed information in terms of robot health or status. USVs with autonomous capabilities controlled and monitored via MP are not first responder friendly. Important artifacts as to the status of the vehicle are not always easily accessible. This work is a simplified, easy to use interface into the USV. This new interface combines the key artifacts in a user-friendly, tablet-based application, as well as facilitates the operator with the control and operation of the USV. This approach will first strengthen responder's trust in USVs. Second, this interface will facilitate responders during a rescue mission by simplifying the USVs control which will allow the responder to focus his or her attention to more pertinent tasks. A strengthened since of trust by first responders in using USVs will facilitate in the victim to lifeguard ratio that currently plagues responders today. The initial prototype and second version of the interface were critiqued by the Castrium Rescue Brigade and LACoFD Baywatch. The final version incorporated all feedback attained and was tested at the DHS CAUSE V Exercise in Bellingham, WA.
La certitude des probabilités. À la mémoire de Jacques Neveu

This article is a reflection on chance as a scientific object, starting from a materialistic point of view. I analyze the relationship between motion and complexity by introducing the notion of an open system and the categories that result from it: state of nature and observable, to review the debate on chance and certainty.
Ecological determinants of pathogen transmission in communally roosting species

Many animals derive benefits from roosting communally but may also face increased risk of infectious disease transmission. In spite of recent high-profile disease outbreaks in roosting animals of conservation and public health concern, we currently lack general theory for how attributes of roosting animals and their pathogens influence pathogen spread among roosts and overall population impacts on roosting species. Here we develop a model to explore how roost size and host site fidelity influence the time for a pathogen to escape from its initial roost, overall infection prevalence, and host population size, for pathogens with density- or frequency-dependent transmission and varying virulence. We find that pathogens spread rapidly to all roosts when animals are distributed among a small number of large roosts, and that roost size more strongly influences spread rate for density-dependent than frequency-dependent transmitted pathogens. However, roosting animals that exhibit high site fidelity and distribute among a large number of small roosts are buffered from population-level impacts of pathogens of both transmission modes. We discuss our results in the context of anthropogenic change that is altering aspects of roosting behavior relevant to emerging pathogen spread.
Measuring environmental orientation in hotels: empirical evidence from Sri Lanka

ABSTRACTThe paper presents a quantitative approach to measure environmental orientation in hotels. It proposes a composite indicator, which consists of five individual indicators, namely environmen...
Exploring health and wellness among Native American adults with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities and their family caregivers.

Background Adults with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD) experience health inequities, and those who also identify as a member of an ethnic minority group face additional health inequities. In the United States, a majority of adults with IDD continue to be supported by family caregivers making their health equity also important. The purpose of this study was to explore how Native American adults with IDD and their family caregivers experience health and wellness. Method This community-engaged research was guided by a Community Advisory Board (CAB) with study participants completing a Photovoice project. Results Participants identified individual, family and community level influences on health and wellness including the importance of participation in meaningful activities and connection to culture. Conclusions In order to address health inequities, more research is needed to understand health and wellness from the unique perspectives of individuals with IDD and those from racial and ethnic minority groups.
Language-Style Similarity and Social Networks:

This research demonstrates that linguistic similarity predicts network-tie formation and that friends exhibit linguistic convergence over time. In Study 1, we analyzed the linguistic styles and the emerging social network of a complete cohort of 285 students. In Study 2, we analyzed a large-scale data set of online reviews. In both studies, we collected data in two waves to examine changes in both social networks and linguistic styles. Using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) framework, we analyzed the text of students' essays and of 1.7 million reviews by 159,651 Yelp reviewers. Consistent with our theory, results showed that similarity in linguistic style corresponded to a higher likelihood of friendship formation and persistence and that friendship ties, in turn, corresponded to a convergence in linguistic style. We discuss the implications of the coevolution of linguistic styles and social networks, which contribute to the formation of relational echo chambers.
Managing Otolaryngologic Complications in Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Background Cardiothoracic procedures are often lifesaving operations, and because of their complexity they are not without complications. Although major complications are often recognized and treated immediately, there are many less commonly identified complications that can and frequently should be addressed by otolaryngology colleagues during a patient’s hospital course. Methods This comprehensive review describes otolaryngologic complications of cardiac and thoracic surgery. Results Dysphonia, dysphagia, stridor, tracheotomy hemorrhage, and pharyngeal tear are all complications of cardiothoracic procedures. Indications for treatment and treatment options are reviewed. The impact on quality of life and long-term morbidity is also discussed. Conclusions Otolaryngologic complications are common after cardiothoracic procedures. An otolaryngologist should be asked to evaluate a patient with dysphonia, dysphagia, or stridor while the patient is an inpatient. Patients experiencing persistent or nonacute problems should be referred to otolaryngologists to discuss more long-term interventions.
Inherent Fibrin Fiber Tension Propels Mechanisms of Network Clearance During Fibrinolysis

Proper wound healing necessitates both coagulation (the formation of a blood clot) and fibrinolysis (the dissolution of a blood clot). A thrombus resistant to clot dissolution can obstruct blood flow, leading to vascular pathologies. This study seeks to understand the mechanisms by which individual fibrin fibers, the main structural component of blood clots, are cleared from a local volume during fibrinolysis. We observed 2-D fibrin networks during lysis by plasmin, recording the clearance of each individual fiber. We found that, in addition to transverse cleavage of fibers, there were multiple other pathways by which clot dissolution occurred, including fiber bundling, buckling, and collapsing. These processes are all influenced by the concentration of plasmin utilized in lysis. The network fiber density influenced the kinetics and distribution of these pathways. Individual cleavage events often resulted in large morphological changes in network structure, suggesting that the inherent tension in fibers played a role in fiber clearance. Using images before and after a cleavage event to measure fiber lengths, we estimated that fibers are strained ~23% beyond their equilibrium length during polymerization. To understand the role of fiber tension in fibrinolysis we modeled network clearance under differing amounts of fiber polymerized strain (prestrain). The comparison of experimental and model data indicated that fibrin tension enables 35% more network clearance due to network rearrangements after individual cleavage events than would occur if fibers polymerized in a non-tensed state. Our results highlight many characteristics and mechanisms of fibrin breakdown, which have implications on future fibrin studies, our understanding of the fibrinolytic process, and the development of thrombolytic therapies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Fibrin fibers serve as the main structural element of blood clots. They polymerize under tension and have remarkable extensibility and elasticity. After the cessation of wound healing, fibrin must be cleared from the vasculature by the enzyme plasmin in order to resume normal blood flow: a process called fibrinolysis. In this study we investigate the mechanisms that regulate the clearance of individual fibrin fibers during fibrinolysis. We show that the inherent tension in fibers enhances the action of plasmin because every fiber cleavage event results in a redistribution of the network tension. This network re-equilibration causes fibers to buckle, bundle, and even collapse, leading to a more rapid fiber clearance than plasmin alone could provide.
Sharenting and the extended self: self-representation in parents’ Instagram presentations of their children

The sharenting practice, or the sharing of one’s parenting and children online, has become a popular topic of critical focus that decries it as an exploitative disregard for children’s privacy and ...
Sheep and goat vaccines

Abstract: The relatively low economic value of small ruminants places constraints upon vaccination in these species. In general, vaccination against clostridial diseases such as enterotoxemia and tetanus are most important. Enzootic pneumonia is a major cause of losses in intensively housed sheep. Footrot is a difficult disease to control because of the extreme antigenic diversity of its causal agent. In some areas soremouth vaccination is important. Bluetongue vaccination, even though complex, is also essential in some areas. Peste de petits ruminants is a growing cause for concern over much of Africa. Goats and llamas generally require the same vaccines as sheep.
Exploring the Impact of Apparel Suppliers’ Affective and Cognitive Satisfaction on the Buyer-Supplier Relationship: A Power-Dependency Theory Perspective

Relationship building in the apparel industry is becoming more complicated than ever due to intense competition in the market. One way to compete is to build strong supply chain relationships. To this end, an in-depth understanding of the supplier perspective, and particularly supplier satisfaction with a buyer supplier relationship (BSR) is necessary. Existing studies have largely focused on satisfaction from the perspective of the buyer. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the affective and cognitive dimensions of satisfaction that impact the BSR from the supplier’s perspective, within the context of Power-Dependency Theory. In-depth interviews with 20 apparel suppliers in China revealed that both affective and cognitive dimensions of satisfaction impact the BSR. A model of supplier affective and cognitive satisfaction within the buyer-supplier relationship was developed to illustrate the connections between the two dimensions. Further study on relationship satisfaction from the supplier perspective is needed.
Presynaptic GABA B receptor inhibition sex dependently enhances fear extinction and attenuates fear renewal

Anxiety and trauma-related disorders are highly prevalent worldwide, and are associated with altered associative fear learning. Despite the effectiveness of exposure therapy, which aims to reduce associative fear responses, relapse rates remain high. This is due, in part, to the context specificity of exposure therapy, which is a form of extinction. Many studies show that fear relapses when mice are tested outside the extinction context, and this is known as fear renewal. Using Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction, we can study the mechanisms underlying extinction and renewal. The aim of the current experiment was to identify the role of presynaptic GABAB receptors in these two processes. Previous work from our lab showed that genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of GABAB(1a) receptors that provide presynaptic inhibition on glutamatergic terminals reduces context specificity and leads to generalization. We therefore hypothesized that inactivation of these presynaptic GABAB receptors could be used to reduce the context specificity associated with fear extinction training and suppress renewal when mice are tested outside of the extinction context. Using CGP 36216, an antagonist specific for presynaptic GABAB receptors, we blocked presynaptic GABAB receptors using intracerebroventricular injections during various time points of extinction learning in male and female mice. Results showed that blocking these receptors pre- and post-extinction training led to enhanced extinction learning in male mice only. We also found that post-extinction infusions of CGP reduced renewal rates in male mice when they were tested outside of the extinction context. In an attempt to localize the function of presynaptic GABAB receptors within regions of the extinction circuit, we infused CGP locally within the basolateral amygdala or dorsal hippocampus. We failed to reduce renewal when CGP was infused directly within these regions, suggesting that presynaptic inhibition within these regions per se may not be necessary for driving context specificity during extinction learning. Together, these results show an important sex-dependent role of presynaptic GABAB receptors in extinction and renewal processes and identify a novel receptor target that may be used to design pharmacotherapies to enhance the effectiveness of exposure therapy.
Preface to the 20th Anniversary Issue

With our Spring 2021 volume, Studies in Applied Linguistics & TESOL (SALT) celebrates its twentieth anniversary. The journal was founded in 2001, originally called Working Papers in TESOL and Applied Linguistics. In the late 1990s, a young faculty member ZhaoHong Han joined the TESOL and Applied Linguistics Program at Teachers College. Inspired by a journal published by the University of Hawaii called Working Papers in ESL Studies -- one that evolved over time into a very influential outlet, Dr. Han wanted to create synergy among doctoral students across the three tracks of SLA, assessment and language use, offering them authentic editorial experience as well as a platform to publish their work-in-progress. The web journal was subsequently founded to be a place of incubation, a venue where students and scholars could experiment with ongoing ideas for their research and receive feedback from multiple perspectives. The journal grew to garner an international reputation over the years and changed its name to SALT in 2019.
Brighton Fair: The Life, Death, and Legacy of an Animal Suburb:

This paper explores the development and legacy of nineteenth-century “animal suburbs,” focusing on Boston and Brighton, Massachusetts. As domesticated animals were pushed from downtowns—and as larg...
Outsourcing Economics: Global Value Chains in Capitalist Development

Outsourcing Economics has a double meaning. First, it is a book about the economics of outsourcing. Second, it examines the way that economists have understood globalization as a pure market phenomenon, and as a result have 'outsourced' the explanation of world economic forces to other disciplines. Markets are embedded in a set of institutions - labor, government, corporate, civil society, and household - that mold the power asymmetries that influence the distribution of the gains from globalization. In this book, William Milberg and Deborah Winkler propose an institutional theory of trade and development starting with the growth of global value chains - international networks of production that have restructured the global economy and its governance over the past twenty-five years. They find that offshoring leads to greater economic insecurity in industrialized countries that lack institutions supporting workers. They also find that offshoring allows firms to reduce domestic investment and focus on finance and short-run stock movements.
Nuclear RNA-binding proteins.

Publisher Summary The control of gene expression involves several steps at which specific sequences in pre-mRNA transcripts, as well as those in small RNA molecules, are recognized by proteins. RNA-binding proteins can be expected to mediate interactions in a variety of cellular processes, including those occurring in the transcription complex, the spliceosome and ribosome. The members of one family of nuclear proteins that bind to RNA contain a specific RNA recognition motif (RRM). The RRM family of proteins functions at several levels in RNA processing and some family members are involved in tissue-specific and developmentally regulated gene expression. This chapter describes the proteins that contain this RRM and discusses the potential involvement of these proteins in the control of gene expression at the level of RNA processing. These proteins are modular in structure and often contain at least two types of interactive surfaces—one or more that interacts specifically with RNA and another that interacts with other molecules. Studies to date indicate that despite the strong homology among these proteins, they have unique properties of recognition that allow them to distinguish the RNAs of diverse structure.
Do HR System Characteristics Affect the Frequency of Interpersonal Deviance in Organizations? The Role of Team Autonomy and Internal Labor Market Practices: Interpersonal Deviance in Organizations

Current research on determinants of interpersonal deviant behaviors in organizations, including incivility, bullying, and sexual harassment has focused primarily on the effects of individual-level characteristics while neglecting inter-organizational differences in human resource (HR) systems that shape the context for employee interactions at work. Using data from a nationally representative survey of over three hundred U.S. work establishments, I find empirical support for theory-based predictions that organizations with HR systems characterized by greater use of internal labor markets and less team autonomy are associated with lower frequencies of reported interpersonal deviance behaviors than those that rely on external labor markets and self-managed teams.
Hox gene control of neural crest cell, pharyngeal arch and craniofacial patterning">Hox gene control of neural crest cell, pharyngeal arch and craniofacial patterning

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the intimate involvement of Hox genes in hindbrain, neural crest cell and pharyngeal arch development where they exert a profound influence on craniofacial morphogenesis. The vertebrate head is an elaborate assemblage of cranial specializations, consisting of the central and peripheral nervous systems, viscero- and neurocranium, muscle, vasculature and connective tissues. Craniofacial development therefore is a complex process that involves the orchestrated spatio-temporal integration of multiple specialized tissues. It is important to understand the mechanisms that control vertebrate head development, as craniofacial anomalies constitute nearly one-third of all human congenital defects. The vertebrate head is shaped by a particular group of cells, called neural crest cells, which are endowed with remarkable differentiative abilities. They are capable of generating diverse components of the head including the skeleton, teeth, peripheral nerves, sensory ganglia, connective tissue, dermis, and pigment cells, among many others. Neural crest cells are at the nexus of several signaling and inducing activities that act to pattern the features of the cranium and face. The chapter discusses recent advances in the understanding the dynamic nature of the genetic and tissue interactions that occur during normal craniofacial development and in particular the patterning roles played by the Hox gene family of transcription factors.
SEERLAB: A System for Extracting Keyphrases from Scholarly Documents

We describe the SEERLAB system that participated in the SemEval 2010's Keyphrase Extraction Task. SEERLAB utilizes the DBLP corpus for generating a set of candidate keyphrases from a document. Random Forest, a supervised ensemble classifier, is then used to select the top keyphrases from the candidate set. SEERLAB achieved a 0.24 F-score in generating the top 15 keyphrases, which places it sixth among 19 participating systems. Additionally, SEERLAB performed particularly well in generating the top 5 keyphrases with an F-score that ranked third.
Electromigration in the VLSI interconnect metallizations

Electromigration is one of the major failure mechanisms in VLSI interconnect metallizations. It degrades the circuit performance of an integrated circuit by causing open-circuit and short-circuit failures in the interconnections. Several factors that affect electromigration under pulsed DC and AC conditions, such as current density, activation energy, temperature, interconnection material properties, etc. are reviewed. Methods for testing and detecting electromigration are presented, and methods to reduce the effects of electromigration are discussed. >
Nucleon Stability and Dark Matter Constraints on Susy Unification

One can probe a majority of the parameter space of the minimal SUGRA model within the naturalness constraint of m 0≤1 TeV, and \( m\mathop g\limits^ - \)≤1 TeV if the Super-K and Icarus experiments can reach the expected sensitivity of 2×1034 y for the \( \bar v \) K+ mode[2]. With the inclusion of dark matter constraints one finds that the gluino mass must lie below 500 GeV within any reasonable naturalness constraint to satify the current lower limit on the \( \bar v \) K+ mode. The simultaneous p stability and dark matter constraints will be tested in the near future in p decay experiments. The predictions on the constraints on the sparticle spectrum can be tested in large measure at the upgraded Tevatron using the trilepton and other signals[30, 31, 32]. Of course, the minimal model will be tested in full at the LHC.
How Do Shellfisheries Influence Genetic Connectivity in Metapopulations? A Modeling Study Examining the Role of Lower Size Limits in Oyster Fisheries

Fisheries can potentially alter evolutionary processes such as genetic connectivity and lead to genotypic changes in stocks. Using an individual-based metapopulation genetics model, we examined the possible influence of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) fisheries on genetic connectivity. We simulated a range of realistic fishing pressures, with and without a minimum size limit (limit = 63.5 mm), over a range of fishing scenarios including single-area and stock-wide fisheries. Movement of a neutral marker gene provided an indicator of gene transfer between populations. Simulations showed that fishing may alter genetic connectivity. Increasing fishing pressure tended to decrease potential for fished populations to export genes in fisheries with and without size limits. On average, when instantaneous fishing mortality, location, and time period are held constant, fishing unrestricted by size results in a 3.5% lower allele export. Depression of the spawning potential ratio by unrestricted fishing relative to siz...
Conditionally-averaged dynamics of turbulence, new scaling and stochastic modelling

Conditional statistical characteristics of turbulence as functions of fixed vorticity (in particular characteristics of vortex stretching and twisting) are obtained from the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) analytically and by directnumerical simulations. A hierarchy of new scales for coherent structures in threedimensional (3D) and 2D turbulence is obtained from a covariance analysis of NSE for local characteristics of motion (vorticity in 3D and vorticity gradient in 2D). Corresponding scales for gradient of a scalar field in 2D and 3D turbulence are obtained from the convection-diffusion equation. A complementary description of turbulence in terms of random processes, consistent with NSE, is also developed. The intermittency is described in terms of breakdown coefficients and associated infinitely-divisible probability distributions. Applications of these results to subgrid modelling for large-eddy simulations are considered.
Effect of prematurity on protein glycosylation in the newborn

Background: Glycohemoglobins (GHb) are the products of irreversible non-enzymatic reactions between glucose and the hemoglobin molecule. Glycosylation of proteins in general can modify protein structure and alter catalytic properties, thereby causing cellular dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that protein glycosylation levels in premature infants are elevated compared with full-term infants (neonates). Blood GHb levels in pre-term and full-term infants were studied, and the in vitro glycosylation of erythrocytes obtained from both pre-term and full-term infants was assessed. Methods: Cord-blood from 31 pre-term and 11 full-term infants was collected and GHb levels were determined using affinity columns. Erythrocytes from the cord blood of 17 additional infants (eight pre-term, ≤36 weeks gestation, and nine full-term, ≥37 weeks gestation) were obtained and incubated for 24 h in a high-glucose medium. Baseline and post-incubation GHb levels were calculated to determine the in vitro susceptibility of pre-term versus full-term infants to glycosylation. Results: Blood GHb levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in full-term compared with pre-term infants. The percent increase in GHb formation in vitro was similar between the erythrocytes of full-term and those of pre-term infants. Conclusion: Contrary to the original hypothesis, the erythrocytes of pre-term infants do not show increased glycosylation of proteins when compared with those of full-term infants.
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii Bradyzoites Has a Diminished Impact on Host Transcript Levels Relative to Tachyzoite Infection

Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular pathogen, has the potential to infect nearly every warm-blooded animal but rarely causes morbidity. The ability for the parasite to convert to the bradyzoite stage and live inside slow-growing cysts that can go unnoticed by the host immune system allows for parasite persistence for the life of the infected host. This intracellular survival likely necessitates host cell modulation, and tachyzoites are known to modify a number of signaling cascades within the host to promote parasite survival. Little is known, however, about how bradyzoites manipulate their host cell. Microarrays were used to profile the host transcriptional changes caused by bradyzoite infection and compared to those of tachyzoite-infected and uninfected hosts cells 2 days postinfection in vitro. Infection resulted in chemokine, cytokine, extracellular matrix, and growth factor transcript level changes. A small group of genes were specifically induced by tachyzoite infection, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, BCL2-related protein A1, and interleukin-24. Bradyzoite infection yielded only about half the changes seen with tachyzoite infection, and those changes that did occur were almost all of lower magnitude than those induced by tachyzoites. These results suggest that bradyzoites lead a more stealthy existence within the infected host cell.
Sulfur dioxide: Sulfite. Interaction with mammalian serum and plasma.

The chemistry of sulfite-bisulfite (the hydrate of sulfur dioxide in mammalian plasma and serum was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The longevity of sulfite in contact with mammalian plasma and known components of blood was determined by adaptation of a colorimetric method for sulfite analysis. Evidence from all experiments indicated that, under physiological conditions, sulfite reacts reversibly with disulfide bonds present in the plasma resulting in formation of S-sulfonates (sulfitolysis). Free sulfite was not detected in plasma of rabbits immediately following exposure to approximately 25 ppm SO2, but there was good evidence for substantial elevation of plasma and serum S-sulfonate content. Reactivity of sulfite with plasma constituents may protect many body tissues from the insult of relatively high concentrations of sulfite and may facilitate prolonged exposure to very low levels of sulfite.
Data reconciliation and bias estimation in on-line optimisation

The reliability of measured data, which can be subject to both gross and random errors, is of great importance for the monitoring and evaluation of process performance and the determination of control action. This paper assesses bias estimation (as a type of gross error) technique and data reconciliation methods for the detection, estimation and elimination of iases and random errors respectively. It is shown how these methods can be successfully employed within an online Integrated System Optimisation and Parameter Estimation (ISOPE) scheme for the determination of the process optimum, despite the existence of model-reality differences. The performance of the resulting scheme is demonstrated by application to a two tank CSTR system.