cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influenza: A Global Perspective

Influenza is a common respiratory illness in children and accounts for substantial morbidity and mortality on an annual basis. Inactivated and live influenza vaccines are approved for children and are safe and efficacious. The absolute effectiveness of vaccines varies by year and is influenced by several factors. The reason for recent reduced performance of live-attenuated influenza vaccines is poorly understood, and active research is ongoing. Vaccination programs are less common in tropical and subtropical countries, where unique logistical and feasibility challenges exist. Antiviral medications for prevention and treatment of influenza in children are an important adjunct to vaccines.
Effects of capacity limits, memory loss, and sound type in change deafness

Change deafness, the inability to notice changes to auditory scenes, has the potential to provide insights about sound perception in busy situations typical of everyday life. We determined the extent to which change deafness to sounds is due to the capacity of processing multiple sounds and the loss of memory for sounds over time. We also determined whether these processing limitations work differently for varying types of sounds within a scene. Auditory scenes composed of naturalistic sounds, spectrally dynamic unrecognizable sounds, tones, and noise rhythms were presented in a change-detection task. On each trial, two scenes were presented that were same or different. We manipulated the number of sounds within each scene to measure memory capacity and the silent interval between scenes to measure memory loss. For all sounds, change detection was worse as scene size increased, demonstrating the importance of capacity limits. Change detection to the natural sounds did not deteriorate much as the interval between scenes increased up to 2,000 ms, but it did deteriorate substantially with longer intervals. For artificial sounds, in contrast, change-detection performance suffered even for very short intervals. The results suggest that change detection is generally limited by capacity, regardless of sound type, but that auditory memory is more enduring for sounds with naturalistic acoustic structures.
Dose-response of pregabalin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and fibromyalgia.

ABSTRACTObjectives: The pregabalin dose–response for pain, Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), and sleep quality measures in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pDPN), postherpetic neur...
Stress disinhibits microglia via down-regulation of CD200R: A mechanism of neuroinflammatory priming

Abstract Exposure to stressors primes the neuroinflammatory and microglial proinflammatory response to subsequent immune challenges, suggesting that stress might attenuate immunoregulatory mechanisms in the CNS microenvironment. CD200:CD200R is a key immunoregulatory signaling dyad that constrains microglial activation, and disruption of CD200:CD200R signaling primes microglia to subsequent immune challenges. Therefore, the present study examined the mediating role of CD200:CD200R signaling in stress-induced microglial priming. Here, we found that exposure to an acute stressor reduced CD200R expression across sub-regions of the hippocampus, amygdala as well as in isolated hippocampal microglia. A transcriptional suppressor of CD200R, CAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteinβ, was induced by stress and inversely associated with CD200R expression. To examine whether disrupted CD200:CD200R signaling plays a mediating role in stress-induced microglial priming, a soluble fragment of CD200 (mCD200Fc) was administered intra-cisterna magna prior to stressor exposure and stress-induced microglia priming assessed ex vivo 24 h later. Treatment with mCD200Fc blocked the stress-induced priming of the microglial pro-inflammatory response. Further, treatment with mCD200R1Fc recapitulated the effects of stress on microglial priming. We previously found that stress increases the alarmin high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in hippocampus, and that HMGB1 mediates stress-induced priming of microglia. Thus, we examined whether stress-induced increases in hippocampal HMGB1 are a consequence of disrupted CD200:CD200R signaling. Indeed, treatment with mCD200Fc prior to stress exposure blocked the stress-induced increase in hippocampal HMGB1. The present study suggests that stress exposure disrupts immunoregulatory mechanisms in the brain, which typically constrain the immune response of CNS innate immune cells. This attenuation of immunoregulatory mechanisms may thus permit a primed activation state of microglia to manifest.
Associations Between Microbiota, Mitochondrial Function, and Cognition in Chronic Marijuana Users.

Marijuana (MJ) use is associated with cognitive deficits. Both mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction and gut dysbiosis also affect cognition. We examined whether cognition is related to peripheral blood mononuclear cells’ (PBMCs) mt function and fecal microbiota in chronic MJ users. Nineteen chronic MJ users and 20 non-users were evaluated using the Cognition Battery in NIH Toolbox, their mt function for ATP production, and basal and maximal respirations were measured in PBMCs using the Seahorse XFe96 Analyzer, and the abundances of Prevotella and Bacteroides (associated with plant-based and animal product-based diet, respectively) were calculated from stool microbiota analysis. Average Prevotella:Bacteroides ratio was ~13-fold higher in nonusers than users. Lifetime MJ use correlated inversely with Prevotella:Bacteroides ratio (p = 0.05), mt function (p = 0.0027–0.0057), and Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention (p = 0.041). Prevotella abundance correlated positively, while Bacteroides abundance correlated inversely, with mt function across all participants (p = 0.0004–0.06). Prevotella abundance also correlated positively with scores of Fluid Cognition, Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention, List Sorting, and Dimension Change Card Sort in MJ users, but not in non-users (interaction-p = 0.018–0.05). Similarly, mt function correlated positively with scores of Fluid Cognition and Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention in MJ users, but not in non-users (interaction-p = 0.0018–0.08). These preliminary findings suggest that MJ use is associated with alterations of gut microbiota and mt function, which may further contribute to cognitive deficits. We posited that MJ-associated low vegetable/fruit intake may contribute to these changes. Future studies are needed to delineate the relationships among diet, microbiota, mt function, and cognition in MJ users.
Antigenic Variation and Immune Escape in the MTBC

Microbes that infect other organisms encounter host immune responses, and must overcome or evade innate and adaptive immune responses to successfully establish infection. Highly successful microbial pathogens, including M. tuberculosis, are able to evade adaptive immune responses (mediated by antibodies and/or T lymphocytes) and thereby establish long-term chronic infection. One mechanism that diverse pathogens use to evade adaptive immunity is antigenic variation, in which structural variants emerge that alter recognition by established immune responses and allow those pathogens to persist and/or to infect previously-immune hosts. Despite the wide use of antigenic variation by diverse pathogens, this mechanism appears to be infrequent in M. tuberculosis, as indicated by findings that known and predicted human T cell epitopes in this organism are highly conserved, although there are exceptions. These findings have implications for diagnostic tests that are based on measuring host immune responses, and for vaccine design and development.
Abstract 19532: CardioClusters: Harnessing the Power of Multi-Lineage Cardiac Stem Cells

Existing approaches to modify stem cells for myocardial regeneration desperately need innovative solutions that enhance cell engraftment and persistence. Although this deficiency has been attacked ...
Synergy of iron and copper oxides in the catalytic formation of PCDD/Fs from 2-monochlorophenol

Transition metal oxides present in waste incineration systems have the ability to catalyze the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) through surface reactions involving organic dioxin precursors. However, studies have concentrated on the catalytic effects of individual transition metal oxides, while the complex elemental composition of fly ash introduces the possibility of synergistic or inhibiting effects between multiple, catalytically active components. In this study, we have tested fly ash surrogates containing different ratios (by weight) of iron (III) oxide and copper (II) oxide. Such Fe2O3/CuO mixed-oxide surrogates (in the Fe:Cu ratio of 3.5, 0.9 and 0.2 ) were used to study the cooperative effects between two transition metals that are present in high concentrations in most combustion systems and are known to individually catalyze the formation of PCDD/Fs. The presence of both iron and copper oxides increased the oxidative power of the fly ash surrogates in oxygen rich conditions and led to extremely high PCDD/F yields under pyrolytic conditions (up to >5% yield) from 2-monochlorophenol precursor. PCDD/F congener profiles from the mixed oxide samples are similar to results obtained from only CuO, however the total PCDD/F yield increases with increasing Fe2O3 content. Careful analysis of the reaction products and changes to the oxidation states of active metals indicate the CuO surface sites are centers for reaction while the Fe2O3 is affecting the bonds in CuO and increasing the ability of copper centers to form surface-bound radicals that are precursors to PCDD/Fs.
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS ACTIVITY: THE IMPORTANCE OF DELUSIONS AND FAMILIAL SUBTYPING

ABSTRACT The importance of delusions to tricyclic antidepressant response prediction implies a biological difference between delusional and non-delusional depression. Because the dexamethasone suppression test has proved useful as an external validator of depressive subtypes, we compared dexamethasone suppression test responses in depressed inpatients with and without delusions. The difference in rates of nonsuppression across these groups did not reach significance. Familial subtypes of primary unipolar depression were significantly associated with the presence of delusions: patients with pure depressive disease were much more likely to be delusional than were patients with depression spectrum disease. Furthermore, familial pure depressive disease patients with delusions were significantly more likely to escape dexamethasone suppression than were other unipolar depressed patients with delusions. We conclude that familial subtyping predicts both the likelihood of delusions and dexamethasone nonsuppression. A subdivision of primary unipolar depression by familial subtypes, therefore, appears more valid than a subdivision by presence of delusions.
Reducing Health Disparities Experienced by Refugees Resettled in Urban Areas: A Community-Based Transdisciplinary Intervention Model

There is a growing recognition that social inequities in education, housing, employment, health care, safety, resources, money, and power contribute significantly to increasing health disparities globally, within countries, and even within specific urban environments. Thus, to promote health and well-being for all people, the World Health Organization recommends improving daily living conditions, measuring and understanding problems of health inequity, assessing the impact of action to address these problems, and ensuring equitable distribution of money, power, and resources (CSDH, 2008). Among the diverse populations that bear the burden of social inequities and health disparities are the increasing numbers of refugees and immigrants settling in urban areas.
Usage of gamma chain variable regions in human acute lymphoblastic leukemias.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the use of the variable regions of the T gamma rearranging gene of the second T cell receptor. Genomic DNA was extracted from leukemic cells of T and B precursor phenotypes and hybridized to probes that detect rearrangement of the V gamma regions. We present data showing that the V gamma use is nonrandom in acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs). B precursor ALL rearranged the more 5′ variable regions. The results obtained suggest that the T precursor leukemias more frequently rearrange the 3′ V gamma regions. Two leukemias that expressed the gamma protein rearranged V gamma 8 and V gamma 9.
Constructing Signed Distance Functions

As we have seen, a number of simplifications can be made when φ is a signed distance function. For this reason, we dedicate this chapter to numerical techniques for constructing approximate signed distance functions. These techniques can be applied to the initial data in order to initialize φ to a signed distance function.
Crop Wild Relatives of Sunflower in North America

Cultivated sunflower, with seeds valued for oil, snack consumption and bird feed, and flowers popular in gardens and in the ornamental trade, is native to North America, although its development into a global oilseed crop, briefly described here, depended on the international agricultural community. Sunflower crop wild relatives (CWR), all native to North America, are a rich source of genetic diversity for crop improvement and have been used extensively throughout of the history of sunflower breeding. Traits from Helianthus wild species have been used to increase disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance and create a reliable hybrid breeding system; examples are described in this chapter. Despite widespread use of sunflower CWR, there is a critical need to fill significant geographic gaps in ex situ collections and to increase conservation of wild sunflower species in situ. Recent genomic developments have made the use of wild species more feasible in shorter timelines emphasizing the potential value of increased conservation efforts.
Functional Outcomes Following Microfragmented Adipose Tissue Versus Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Injections for Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis.

This study aimed to determine whether autologous orthobiologic tissue source affects pain and functional outcomes in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) who received microfragmented adipose tissue (MFAT) or bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) injection. We retrospectively reviewed prospectively collected data from patients who received BMAC or MFAT injection for symptomatic knee OA. Patients completed baseline and follow-up surveys. Each survey included the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire, Emory Quality of Life (EQOL) questionnaire, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain. The follow-up responses were compared with baseline for all patients and between BMAC and MFAT groups. A total of 110 patients met inclusion criteria, with 76 patients (BMAC 41, MFAT 35) and 106 knees (BMAC 58, MFAT 48) having appropriate follow-up data. The BMAC group included 17 females and 24 males, with a mean age of 59 ± 11 years. The MFAT group included 23 females and 12 males, with a mean age of 63 ± 11 years. Minimum follow-up time was 0.5 years. Mean follow-up time was 1.80 ± 0.88 years for BMAC and 1.09 ± 0.49 years for MFAT. Both groups had significant improvement in EQOL, VAS, and all KOOS parameters preprocedure versus postprocedure (p < .001). There was not a significant difference when comparing postprocedure scores between groups (p = .09, .38, .63, .94, .17, .15, .70, respectively). These data demonstrate significant improvement in pain and function with both MFAT and BMAC injections in patients with symptomatic knee OA without a significant difference in improvement when comparing the two autologous tissue sources. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:1149-1156.
Short-lived neutral FMN and FAD semiquinones are transient intermediates in cryo-reduced yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase.

Abstract The electron configuration of flavin cofactors, FMN and FAD, is a critical factor governing the reactivity of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). The current view of electron transfer by the mammalian CPR, based on equilibrium redox potentials of the flavin cofactors, is that the two electron-reduced FMN hydroquinone (FMNH2), rather than one electron-reduced FMN semiquinone, serves as electron donor to the terminal protein acceptors. However, kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the CPR species originated from different organisms have shown that redox potentials measured at distinct electron transfer steps differ from redox potentials determined by equilibrium titration. Collectively, previous observations suggest that the short-lived transient semiquinone species may carry electrons in diflavin reductases. In this work, we have investigated spectroscopic properties of the CPR-bound FAD and FMN reduced at 77 K by radiolytically-generated thermalized electrons. Using UV–vis spectroscopy, we demonstrated that upon cryo-reduction of oxidized yeast CPR (yCPR) containing an equimolar ratio of both FAD and FMN, or FAD alone, neutral semiquinones were trapped at 77 K. During annealing at the elevated temperatures, unstable short-lived neutral semiquinones relaxed to spectroscopically distinct air-stable neutral semiquinones. This transition was independent of pH within the 6.0–10.7 range. Our data on yeast CPR are in line with the previous observations of others that the flavin short-lived transient semiquinone intermediates may have a role in the electron transfer by CPR at physiological conditions.
Wave-Particle Interactions in the Earth's Magnetosphere

Features of the Earth's magnetosphere such as the third radiation belt (or “storage ring”) have been a major observational achievement of the Radiation Belt Storm Probes program (renamed the “Van Allen Probes” mission in November 2012). A goal of that program has been to understand more thoroughly how high-energy electrons are accelerated deep inside the radiation agents due to various wave-particle interactions. Van Allen Probes studies have demonstrated that electrons up to energies over 10 megaelectron volts (MeV) can be produced over broad regions of the outer Van Allen zone on timescales of minutes to a few hours. The key to such rapid acceleration is the interaction of “seed” populations of ∼10 to ∼20 keV electron (and subsequently higher energies) with electromagnetic waves in the lower band whistler-mode chorus frequency range. Extended studies of Van Allen Probes data show that “source” electrons (in a typical energy range of one to a few tens of keV energy) produced by magnetospheric substorms play a crucial role in amplifying the chorus waves in the magnetosphere. It is clear that these chorus waves then rapidly heat and accelerate the tens to hundreds of keV seed electrons that are injected by substorms into the outer Van Allen zone. Thus, we often see that geomagnetic activity driven by strong solar storms (coronal mass ejections, or CMEs) almost inexorably leads to ultra-relativistic electron production through the intermediary step of waves produced during intense magnetospheric substorms. More generally, wave-particle interactions are of fundamental importance over a broad range of energies and in virtually all regions of the magnetosphere. We provide in this presentation a summary of many of the wave modes and particle interactions that have been studied in recent times.
Lessons from Nine Mile Canyon: Achieving Consensus over Energy Development on the Public Lands

Oil and gas development on federal public lands has long evoked controversy and litigation. In Utah, one of the more intense controversies involved the Nine Mile Canyon-West Tavaputs Plateau region in the energy-rich Uinta Basin, where the Bill Barrett Corporation (BBC) holds extensive federal leases and sought to drill 807 new wells. Because BBC’s full field development proposal threatened both wilderness quality public lands and Native American rock art sites, it provoked substantial opposition from environmental and cultural resource protection groups. Rather than becoming enmeshed in endless court proceedings, BBC’s energy development project has moved forward on the basis of two groundbreaking agreements involving the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), BBC, the Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance (SUWA), the National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP), local cultural resource advocacy groups, and others. One agreement addresses the Native American cultural resource issues raised by BBC’s drilling proposal, while the other seeks to minimize the project’s impact on the region’s wilderness quality lands.The agreements show it is possible to address energy development and resource preservation concerns without resorting to expensive and time-consuming litigation. Through two distinctly different processes, the parties brought two hotly contested issues to an acceptable and reasonably efficient resolution that meets their respective needs. How they managed to accomplish this under the prevailing legal framework offers valuable lessons in the use of different dispute resolution processes to address energy development conflicts on the public lands.
STAR particles for enhanced topical drug and vaccine delivery

Drug delivery to the skin is highly constrained by the stratum corneum barrier layer1. Here, we developed star-shaped particles, termed STAR particles, to dramatically increase skin permeability. STAR particles are millimeter-scale particles made of aluminum oxide or stainless steel with micron-scale projections designed to create microscopic pores across the stratum corneum. After gentle topical application for 10 s to porcine skin ex vivo, delivery of dermatological drugs and macromolecules, including those that cannot be given topically, was increased by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. In mice treated with topical 5-fluorouracil, use of STAR particles increased the efficacy of the drug in suppressing the growth of subcutaneous melanoma tumors and prolonging survival. Moreover, topical delivery of tetanus toxoid vaccine to mice using STAR particles generated immune responses that were at least as strong as delivery of the vaccine by intramuscular injection, albeit at a higher dose for topical than intramuscular vaccine administration. STAR particles were well tolerated and effective at creating micropores when applied to the skin of human participants. Use of STAR particles provides a simple, low-cost and well-tolerated method for increasing drug and vaccine delivery to the skin and could widen the range of compounds that can be topically administered. Star-shaped, approximately 1-mm-wide ceramic particles, termed STAR particles, create micropores in the skin and, when added to topical formulations, enhance drug and vaccine delivery through the skin in mice.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Gait and Postural Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by distal (i.e., tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity) and axial motor symptoms (i.e., gait and postural disturbances). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical approach that uses electrical current delivered by an implantable pulse generator to modulate neural activity. Although DBS at the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi) are well established for the treatment of the distal symptoms in PD, long-term studies of axial symptoms show a decline in efficacy with progression of the disease. Currently, there is no pharmacological or neurosurgical treatment available for the axial symptoms of advanced PD. Thus, the design of novel stimulation strategies to treat gait disturbances and postural instability has been investigated, including targets such as the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Here, we reviewed the current state of understanding regarding the effects of STN/GPi DBS, PPN DBS, and SNr DBS on gait and postural disturbances in PD and the proposed underlying mechanisms of action. The stimulation parameters (i.e., location, frequency, amplitude, and pulse width) and localization criteria for accurate placement of DBS electrodes within each target are discussed. As DBS at spatially distinct subregions of a target impacts the effectiveness of the therapy, electrode misplacement may directly contribute to the mixed results of DBS on the gait and postural disturbances of PD. We highlight the need for future studies to provide details on the specific subregion of the stimulation target to further advance the field.
Recycling of unused leakage current for energy efficient multi-voltage systems

Abstract A novel method for the delivery of power to sub-threshold (sub-Vt) circuits is proposed. The unused leakage current during the idle-mode operation of super-threshold (super-Vt) circuits is used to supply current to the sub-Vt circuits. Super-Vt and sub-Vt circuits are characterized in a 45 nm CMOS technology, where the super-Vt circuits operate at 1.2 V and generate a sub-Vt voltage of 380 mV. The energy break-even point of the leakage reuse technique is analyzed both analytically and through simulation. The proposed technique is compared with two conventional methods, one that implements separate power distribution networks for the super-Vt and sub-Vt circuits (baseline) and the second that applies voltage stacking. The proposed leakage reuse technique implemented on the s27 ISCAS89 benchmark circuit reduces the average and peak power consumption to, respectively, 0.41× and 0.7× that of the baseline technique, while also reducing the peak voltage noise on the true ground node VSS and the settling time of the true ground voltage VSS to, respectively, 0.68× and 0.44× at a cost of a 1.24× increase in the FO4 delay. The leakage reuse technique implemented on the s208 ISCAS89 benchmark circuit resulted in a reduction of the peak voltage noise on the virtual ground node VGND and a reduction in the settling time of the virtual ground voltage VGND to, respectively, 0.28× and 0.23× that of the voltage stacking technique. In addition, the regulation of the sub-Vt supply voltage is evaluated for a variable workload executing on a 32-bit RISC-V core operating at 380 mV.
An Expectancy Value Theory Predicts Achievement in Undergraduate Statistics through Academic Delay of Gratification.

We tested a model that integrates academic delay of gratification with Expectancy Value Theory to predict achievement in an undergraduate psychology and nursing statistics class at a metropolitan university in the southeastern United States. We analyzed measurements (n = 163: 80.4% female) of past performance, academic delay of gratification, effort, value, affect, and cognitive competence with students’ final exam score. The path model analyzed explained 14.9% of the variance in scores. Past performance inmathematics and student effort had direct effects on grades and all expectancy value theory constructs, as well as academic delay of gratification, were indirectly related to grades. We present details of our analysis and discuss theoretical and pedagogical implications of this study. First published June 2020 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
James Buchanan as an Urban Economist

This paper explores James Buchanan’s contributions to urban economics and urban public finance. Buchanan never self-identified as an “urban economist,” so his contributions to the field tend to blend into his broader body of work on public finance and externalities. However, in a series of papers in the 1960s and 1970s Buchanan developed an urban fiscal club framework for thinking about urban problems that he used to analyze cities’ tax policy and the negative externalities of congestion, crime, and pollution. By drawing out those contributions and their relation to each other we can reconstruct James Buchanan as an urban economist. This reconstruction casts new light on Buchanan’s service with several academic and federal urban policy commissions, including Richard Nixon’s 1968-1969 Task Force on Urban Affairs and his 1969-1970 Task Force on Model Cities, the Committee on Urban Public Expenditures, and the Southern Regional Congress on City Planning. Buchanan’s interest in urban economics has deep roots in an often-ignored member of his dissertation committee, Harvey Perloff. Perloff’s joint appointment with the Chicago Planning Program brought Buchanan into contact with several renowned urban planners and urban economists that would continue to engage him in urban policy work throughout his career, including Julius Margolis and Edward Banfield.
Effect of electrode crosstalk on heat release in lithium-ion batteries under thermal abuse scenarios

Abstract Predicting thermal safety events of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is significant in optimizing electrochemical systems with high thermal tolerance. The safety performances of Li-ion batteries are dictated by the thermal stability of their component materials both individually and collectively due to intricate exothermic reactions. Although the heat release of individual battery material has been thoroughly investigated, the safety hazards of inter-electrode chemical crosstalk under thermal abuse scenarios remain elusive and thus need a fundamental understanding. This study carries out a comprehensive thermal analysis of various material samples harvested from a commercial Li-ion cell using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), complemented with full-cell accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) and computational modeling. Reaction kinetics of electrolyte, wet cathode, wet anode and DSC-full cell samples imitating cell layered architectures are delineated to reveal substantial thermal interactions between electrodes. High-resolution kinetic parameters of reaction mechanisms are estimated using a synergy of Kissinger's method and mechanism-driven non-linear optimization strategies. A thermal abuse model is built based on the extracted kinetic parameters to simulate the cell-level thermal runaway phenomenon and compared with experimental observations, indicating how interlayer crosstalk effects significantly impact the thermal safety characteristics of Li-ion cell chemistries.
General Theoretical Issues

One of the accounts competing with ours assimilates anaphoric pronouns that have quantifier phrases as their antecedents to the bound variables of quantification theory. It is therefore in order to discuss such uses of anaphoric pronouns.
Structure of the Honeybee Tentorium

SummaryThe honeybee (Apis mellifera) tentorium, primarily an endoskeletal framework for support of the cranial wall and muscle attachment, comprises a pair of anterior tentorial arms, a pair of posterior tentorial arms, a non-rigid pair of dorsal tentorial arms, a posterior transverse tentorial bridge, and a pair of posteroventral tentorial arms that parallel the bridge above. Study of the tentorium revealed that all arms of this structure and the bridge are cannular (hollow) or tubular. The tips of the dorsal tentorial arms were found to be highly modified, porous and sandwiched between the ocular lobe and the antennal nerve. What appeared to be a neuron bundle was found on the outer lateral side of the anterior tentorial arm near the anterior tentorial pit. The cannular nature of the tentorium and its structure suggest the possibility of sensory involvement.
THE CONVENTIONAL THEORY OF CAKE FILTRATION

The conventional theory enables simple analysis of cake filtration and easy prediction of filtration performance. It is widely applied in design calculations, scale-up, and data interpretation. A general presentation of the conventional theory is provided in this chapter. The primary operating variable of filtration is the pressure applied. The operating pressure may be kept constant (constant pressure filtration), kept according to a particular manner—that is, PQ is a specified function of time (variable pressure filtration)—or so kept that the rate of filtration is constant (constant rate filtration). For the last case, the volume of the filtrate collected is specified, the operating pressure required to sustain the specified rate is the information to be sought. Cake filtration often manifests itself in a number either of solid/fluid separation operations constituting the entire case or as part of it. Application of the conventional theory to the analysis of these operations may either be straightforward or require considerable adaptations and modifications. Centrifugation is a solid/liquid separation operation in which separation of a suspension is effected by directing the suspension onto the inner surface of a rotating bowl (perforated).
A Scalable Complex Pattern Mining Framework for Global Settlement Mapping

Human settlements manifest as complex spatial patterns in very high-resolution (VHR) satellite remote sensing images. Widely used pixel and object-based methods are incapable of capturing these complex patterns. Recently developed multiple instance learning algorithms showed to be very effective in mapping different types of human settlements. However, multiple instance learning approaches are computationally expensive and do not scale for global scale problems using big VHR imagery data. In this paper, we extend the Gaussian Multiple Instance (GMIL) learning by simplifying the model assumptions. Experimental evaluation shows that this method is computationally more efficient while maintaining similar accuracy as the GMIL algorithm.
Effects of selected antihypertensives and analgesics on hepatic porphyrin accumulation: Implications for clinical porphyria

When patients with acute porphyrias are treated with antihypertensives and analgesics, they could be placed at increased risk of developing porphyric attacks, since little is known about the potential for many of these drugs to induce these attacks. We used primary chick embryo liver cells, which maintain intact heme synthesis and regulation, to study the effects of antihypertensives and analgesics on porphyrin accumulation. Cells were treated with desferrioxamine to block heme synthesis partially, simulating conditions encountered in porphyric patients. Typically, cells were treated for 20 hr with the test drugs (3.16 to 1000 μM), along with desferrioxamine. Porphyrins were measured spectrofluorometrically, as uro-, copro,- and protoporphyrin. The evaluated drugs included six antihypertensives (two calcium channel blockers, an angiotensin receptor antagonist, and three inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme) and eight analgesics. Of the calcium channel blockers tested, nifedipine greatly increased porphyrin accumulation, whereas diltiazem caused only a slight increase. Losartan (an angiotensin receptor antagonist), captopril, or lisinopril (two angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) produced only small increases in porphyrin accumulation. In contrast, enalapril (another angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) substantially increased porphyrin accumulation when given in high concentrations. Among the analgesics tested, fentanyl and tramadol produced the highest porphyrin accumulations. Nalbuphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and dezocine were moderately or weakly porphyrogenic, whereas buprenorphine and morphine did not increase porphyrin accumulation. These studies suggest that patients with acute porphyrias may be at greater risk for developing porphyric attacks when treated with nifedipine (compared with diltiazem), enalapril (compared with captopril or lisinopril), and tramadol (compared with the other analgesics).
Mahonian Partition Identities Via Polyhedral Geometry

In a series of papers, George Andrews and various coauthors successfully revitalized seemingly forgotten, powerful machinery based on MacMahon’s Ω operator to systematically compute generating functions \({\sum \nolimits }_{\lambda \in P}{z}_{1}^{{\lambda }_{1}}\ldots {z}_{n}^{{\lambda }_{n}}\) for some set P of integer partitions λ = (λ1, …, λ n ). Our goal is to geometrically prove and extend many of Andrews et al.’s theorems, by realizing a given family of partitions as the set of integer lattice points in a certain polyhedron.
Evolution of the secretoglobins: a genomic and proteomic view

Mouse salivary androgen-binding protein (ABP) is a member of the newly erected secretoglobin family, no member of which has yet been assigned an indisputable function. We have suggested a role for ABP in mate selection behaviour and sexual isolation. Although this has been a particularly attractive hypothesis given the evidence for strong positive selection on its alpha subunit gene, Abpa, we have held out the possibility that there might be an as-yet-undiscovered primary function for ABP. This is particularly important in light of its membership in the secretoglobin family, and we are pursuing the broader issue of shared functions of the secretoglobins with genomic and bioinformatic studies. Here we present as complete a comparison as possible of the secretoglobins in the genomes of three species of mammals: mouse, rat and human, and we compare the protein sequences and their potential evolutionary relationships. We suggest that the secretoglobins can be divided into at least five families. In rodent and human genomes, these gene families are found in two main clusters that are syntenic between rat and mouse. Humans have only the three families that are found within the uteroglobin/clara cluster, because no ABP-containing secretoglobin cluster has yet been identified.
Micro-electromechanical systems: motion control of micro-actuators

Monolithic micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) technology allows one to fabricate and integrate MEM structures (micro-actuators and microsensors) with driving, controlling, and signal processing circuitry needed to attain data analysis, and control. This monolithic improves the performance of MEMS, reduces the cost and packaging, increases efficiency and reliability. The application of MEMS attains the major breakthrough in actuators, motion devices and servo-systems. The current trends in development and deployment of MEMS have facilitated the unified activities in the fabrication and analysis of smart structures and materials, design of micro-circuitry and controllers. In this paper, we solve the motion control problem for MEMS by using nonlinear dynamics of MEM structures (smart materials) and driving circuitry. Analytical, numerical and experimental results are presented.
VarEMU: an emulation testbed for variability-aware software

Modern integrated circuits, fabricated in nanometer technologies, suffer from significant power/performance variation across-chip, chip-to-chip and over time due to aging and ambient fluctuations. Furthermore, several existing and emerging reliability loss mechanisms have caused increased transient, intermittent and permanent failure rates. While this variability has been typically addressed by process, device and circuit designers, there has been a recent push towards sensing and adapting to variability in the various layers of software. Current hardware platforms, however, typically lack variability sensing capabilities. Even if sensing capabilities were available, evaluating variability-aware software techniques across a significant number of hardware samples would prove exceedingly costly and time consuming. We introduce VarEMU, an extension to the QEMU virtual machine monitor that serves as a framework for the evaluation of variability-aware software techniques. VarEMU provides users with the means to emulate variations in power consumption and in fault characteristics and to sense and adapt to these variations in software. Through the use (and dynamic change) of parameters in a power model, users can create virtual machines that feature both static and dynamic variations in power consumption. Faults may be injected before or after, or completely replace the execution of any instruction. Power consumption and susceptibility to faults are also subject to dynamic change according to an aging model. A software stack for VarEMU features precise control over faults and provides virtual energy monitors to the operating system and processes. This allows users to precisely quantify and evaluate the effects of variations on individual applications. We show how VarEMU tracks energy consumption according to variation-aware power and aging models and give examples of how it may be used to quantify how faults in instruction execution affect applications.
State-level personality and presidential vote share in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections

Abstract Recent research has examined how variation across the states in the “Big Five” personality trait taxonomy helps explain the proportion of votes the presidential candidates receive in the states, concluding that state personality traits had a direct effect on presidential vote share in the 1996, 2000, and 2004 presidential elections. The current study has three goals: First, to examine the influence of personality traits on Barack Obama's vote share in the 2008 and 2012 elections; second to test whether the influence of personality traits on vote share holds under stricter controls for political factors and white racial prejudice; and, third, to test for potential meditating effects of state-level political characteristics and white racial prejudice in linking state-level personality traits with Obama's vote share. The findings indicate that two state personality traits – conscientiousness and openness – had indirect effects on Obama's 2008 and 2012 vote share through their influence on state ideology, partisanship, and white racial prejudice.
Product, environmental, and service attributes that influence consumer attitudes and purchases at wineries.

Abstract Direct sales of wine and winery souvenirs to winery visitors is important in a number of regions throughout the United States and around the world. The attributes that influence winery visitors' beliefs can have a significant impact upon wine purchases, repeat visits, positive word-of-mouth comments, and upon future purchases at restaurants and other retail outlets. A study of winery visitors found four underlying factors from a list of 17 attributes. Regression results indicated that several wine, environment, and service attributes have a significant impact upon consumer attitudes and purchases. Product and purchase involvement were also found to impact purchase behavior.
Genetic epidemiology of bipolar disorder

Abstract Objective: To present a summary of recent studies of the familial aggregation and the role of genetic factors in the etiology of mood disorders. Methods: Review of empirical evidence from studies of familial aggregation and association and linkage for mood disorder. Results: The weighted average risk ratio for bipolar disorder among relatives of bipolar probands is 9.2, whereas major depressive disorder (MDD) among relatives of bipolar probands compared to those of controls is 1.9. In contrast, the average risk ratio for MDD among relatives of probands with MDD compared to those of controls was 2.0, indicating only a moderate influence of familial aggregation on non-bipolar mood disorders. Despite some promising leads, there are still no confirmed linkage findings for bipolar disorder. Unresolved issues that contribute to the lack of consistency in findings from association and linkage studies including; 1) the lack of validity of classification of mood disorder phenotypes; 2) inconsistent sampling and methods of existing genetic studies of mood disorders; 3) comorbidity between mood disorders with anxiety disorders and substance use disorder are discussed. Conclusion: Collaborative studies to enhance power and to resolve inconsistencies which currently result from ascertainment and methodological differences across studies are clearly needed. Studies that focus on mood disorder endophenotypes that are closer to the actual activity of underlying genes will enhance the power to identify the genetic factors underlying mood disorders. The application of tools of genetic epidemiology to identify joint role contribution of genetic and environmental risk factors for mood disorder in general population will be critical in future research.
Spiritual Suffering from Medieval German Mysticism to Mother Teresa: A Psycholinguistic Analysis

Two computer programs, SSWC (Sundararajan-Schubert Word Count) and LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count), were used in combination to analyze the texts of 3 religious writers—one true mystic (Johannes Tauler), one false mystic (Thomas Muntzer) from medieval German Christianity, and one modern “saint,” Mother Teresa (Warren, 2010, p. 7). Results suggest that reflections on spiritual suffering that loom large in both medieval German mysticism and Mother Teresa constitute an adaptive approach to negative emotions, so far unexplored. Implications for research on negative religious coping, and adaptive versus maladaptive reflections on negative emotions will be discussed.
Inhibition of rhizobia by a strain of Rhizobium trifolii: Some properties of the antibiotic and of the strain

An ineffective strain of Rhizobium trifolii, T24, produced an antibiotic active against other strains from several species of Rhizobium. The antibiotic was relatively stable to heat treatment below 90° C but was irreversibly inactivated by low pH and by unidentified microbial contaminants. Activity was readily destroyed by papain but not by trypsin, chymotrypsin, lysozyme, α-amylase, ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease. The molecular weight of the active substance was estimated by gel filtration and dialysis procedures to be within the range of 1000 to 2000, probably at the lower end of this range. Growth inhibition of sensitive rhizobia appeared to occur mainly by bacteriostasis, and inhibition was reversible by some basic metabolites. Effective nodulation of clover seedlings by antibiotic-sensitive strains of R. trifolii was strongly suppressed by mixed inocula including T24. Predominance of ineffective symbiosis was apparently due to competitive advantage associated with antibiosis.
The use of a ratio method as an alternative to constrained deconvolution

This paper will consider the use of an iterative ratio technique called Gold's ratio method as an alternative to iterative constrained deconvolution methods for the restoration of overlapped and noisy chromatographic peaks. The study will consist of first describing the technique and then evaluating its performance with respect to Jansson's deconvolution procedure. A Hewlett-Packard 5890 A gas chromatograph will be used to generate most of the test data. The evaluation criteria will include convergence rates, peak area erros and variances, retention time variances and noise performance
Noordhof on McKinsey-Brown

If S can know (A) a priori, then he can use his a priori knowledge of the truth of anti-individualism to deduce that he is a member of a linguistic community possessing c. In Brueckner 2002 I raised the following problem for assumption (A). Though S can know a priori that, in this specific case, he is unsure about c's application, he cannot know a priori that this is a case in which c determinately applies/fails to apply (a UD case). I then considered a counter-move on behalf of Brown: imagine a situation in which S is unsure about c's application across the board. It is plausible to suppose that if c is a genuine concept, then there will be some cases or other in which c determinately applies/fails to apply. If S can know this thesis about determinate concept-application a priori, then he can reason a priori that there are some UD cases or other, since he is unsure about c's application in every case. Call this the UD reasoning.3 But what would make it the case that S possesses a genuine concept that he expresses by his word 'C' if he has no dispositions to apply 'C' or to withhold 'C' in any case? Anti-individualist principles of concept attribution will license attribution of a genuine concept c to S if he is a member of a linguistic community some of whose speakers possess c and do have clear dispositions with respect to the use of 'C'.4 So in order for S to be