cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signals from NURSA

By distilling the process of building a web site down to theclickofabutton,weblogs,orblogs,removemany of the technological impediments of the Internet, empowering scientists to both inform peers and educate students in their respective fields in a highly accessible and distributable format. Molecular Endocrinology is engaged in an ongoing partnership with Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas (NURSA) web resource, one of whose missions is to act as a communications hub for the nuclear receptor and coregulator research communities. For example, Molecular Endocrinology articles of particular interest to the nuclear receptor and coregulator fields are often highlighted on the NURSA web site. Furthermore, links to generic resources such as NCBI’s Entrez Gene and PubMed are also provided where appropriate. Commensurate with its goal of disseminating important, late-breaking research to the scientific community, NURSA’s bioinformatics group earlier this year launched a new blog, Signals, with features to enable researchers to keepuptodatewithcurrenteventsandconferences.With busy schedules and finite financial resources, it’s impossible to attend all the meetings we would like to, but in this age of enhanced communication, there’s little reason thisshouldbeanobstacletokeepingscientistsapprisedof the concepts and themes emerging from major conferences. Consistent with journal policies on prepublication ofdetailedresearchfindings,thisseemsaperfectnichefor a blog to fill. Earlier this year, the second Jensen Symposium on Nuclear Receptors at the University of Cincinnati recognized the trailblazing achievements of Elwood Jensen in nuclear receptor biology nearly 50 yr ago. While this is a small conference,itisneverthelessoneofgreatsignificance,and this year’s gathering again attracted many notable names, both established and upcoming, in nuclear receptor and coregulator biology. At the invitation of the meeting organizers, Sohaib Khan and Jorge Muscat, Signals provided short, high-level summaries of keynote and plenary session talks, giving readers an insight into current research and thinking in some of the leading laboratories in the field. Leveraging existing features of the NURSA web site, these summaries link to the NURSA Molecule Pages where possible, to provide readers with rapid, convenient access to contextual links. To view Signals’ report on the Jensen Symposium, please visit www. nursa.org/jensen2009.
The Micronesian plebiscites of 1983

and 1970s; the contrast between a conservative and a socialist idea-set was underlined repeatedly from both sides during the election campaign. It seems indeed a significant milestone on the ideological path of Danish politics that for the first time four bourgeois parties should stand together, disregarding internal competition for the sake of continuing a conservative course of government, and that the Social Democrats should elect a rejection of the entire budget as its means of protesting against that course. The actual election outcome, however, did not justify such dramatic deviations from traditional Danish politics.
Physiatry as a primary care specialty

The ongoing changes in health care seek to create an affordable, accessible, and high-quality health care delivery system for all Americans. In response to this, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) is re-examining its role in the provision of health care to the disabled, particularly the severely affected. We surveyed 100 physiatrists and 100 PM&R residents across the country regarding their opinions on the competence, qualifications, and desire of physiatrists to provide primary care for the disabled. Fifty-five physiatrists and 51 residents responded (55% overall). Thirty-nine percent of all respondents agreed that PM&R should be designated as a primary care specialty, and 53% believed that physiatrists should provide primary care to the severely disabled (e.g., spinal cord and head injury). Overall, 53% felt that physiatrists are competent in general medical care, but 38% are convinced that the current 4-yr PM&R residency training sufficiently prepares physiatrists to assume the role of a primary care provider. Of the patient populations considered, the respondents thought that physiatrists should manage the care of spinal cord injury (60%) and head injury (51%), but only 40% were willing to assume primary care responsibilities.
Hematopoietic cell crisis: an early stage of evolving myeloid leukemia following radiation exposure.

Under select radiological conditions, chronic radiation exposure elicits a high incidence of myeloproliferative disease, principally myeloid leukemia (ML), in beagles. Previously we demonstrated that for full ML expression, a four-stage preclinical sequence is required, namely (1) suppression, (2) recovery, (3) accommodation, and (4) preleukemic transition. Within this pathological sequence, a critical early event has been identified as the acquisition of radioresistance by hematopoietic progenitors that serves to mediate a newfound regenerative hematopoietic capacity. As such, this event sets the stage'' for preleukemic progression by initiating progression from preclinical phase 1 to 2. Due to the nature of target cell suppression, the induction of crisis, and the outgrowth of progenitors with altered phenotypes, this preleukemic event resembles the immortalization'' step of the in vitro transformation sequence following induction with either physical and chemical carcinogens. The radiological, temporal, and biological dictates governing this event have been extensively evaluated and will be discussed in light of their role in the induction and progression of chronic radiation leukemia. 35 refs., 2 tabs.
2,7,15,16-tetramethyl-trans-15,16-dihydropyrene

Abstract The synthesis of 2,7,15,16-tetramethyl- trans -15,16-dihydropyrene has been accomplished by two different routes. The compound is of interest in providing a better understanding of the ESR spectra of 15,16-dihydropyrenes.
Computer modelling of grain microstructure in three dimensions

We present a program that generates the two-dimensional micrographs of a three dimensional grain microstructure. The code utilizes a novel scanning, pixel mapping technique to secure statistical distributions of surface areas, grain sizes, aspect ratios, perimeters, number of nearest neighbors and volumes of the randomly nucleated particles. The program can be used for comparing the existing theories of grain growth, and interpretation of two-dimensional microstructure of three-dimensional samples. Special features have been included to minimize the computation time and resource requirements.
Killed but Metabolically Active Salmonella typhimurium: Application of a New Technology to an Old Vector

Previous studies have shown that attenuated salmonellae utilized as vaccine vectors engender strong immune responses; however, balancing immunogenicity with reactogenicity remains problematic. Recent work in other bacteria has shown that photochemical treatment of DNA excision repair mutants ( Delta uvrAB) renders organisms "killed but metabolically active" (KBMA). Here, we extend this concept to Salmonella typhimurium. A strain of attenuated S. typhimurium previously evaluated in human volunteers was further deleted for uvrAB genes and designated CKS362. Photochemical treatment of CKS362 resulted in significant inactivation. These KBMA organisms were metabolically active as shown by radioactive methionine incorporation and lactate dehydrogenase activity. In mice inoculated intraperitoneally, KBMA CKS362 was markedly less reactogenic and stimulated a humoral immune equivalent to its live counterpart. Because the parental strain has previously been found to elicit strong immune responses to Salmonella antigens, we propose CKS362 as a prototype strain to test the immunogenicity of KBMA organisms in humans.
Short- and Long-Term Prognostic Value of Graded Exercise Testing Soon After Myocardial Infarction

We attempted to determine whether graded exercise testing (GXT) soon after a myocardial infarction (MI) using an unlimited metabolic equivalent (MET) level and target heart rate (HR) of 90% of the age-predicted maximal HR 1) is a safe procedure and 2) yields prognostic results different from tests that use lower level end points. We administered GXT to a random sample of 85 patients at a mean of 14.8 days post-MI. End points that included ST-segment depression (STD), angina pectoris (AP), ventricular ectopic activity, and achieved MET level during testing were evaluated as predictors of cardiac events that include death, recurrent nonfatal MI, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. We conducted short-term follow-up monitoring for one year after the initial MI and long-term follow-up monitoring for a mean of 864.7 days. No serious complications occurred during testing. Angina pectoris, STD accompanied by AP, and achieved MET level were predictive ( p < .05) of future fatal and nonfatal cardiac events during the first year of follow-up monitoring. Fifty-nine percent of the patients with AP suffered a subsequent cardiac event within one year, whereas only 17% of those without AP experienced another cardiac event. Sixty-seven percent of the patients with both STD and AP had a subsequent cardiac event within one year, but only 22% of those without AP and STD had a subsequent cardiac event. For the long-term follow-up monitoring, the presence of AP and a low achieved MET level during testing were associated with subsequent cardiac events. Sixty-four percent of the patients with AP during GXT had a subsequent cardiac event, whereas only 35% of those without AP during the GXT experienced another cardiac event. We concluded that GXT administered soon after an MI is safe and that the presence of AP, with or without STD, and a low achieved MET level during testing help to identify patients having an increased risk of experiencing cardiac morbidity and mortality.
Impact of different disassembly line balancing algorithms on the performance of dynamic kanban system for disassembly line

In this paper, we compare the impact of different disassembly line balancing (DLB) algorithms on the performance of our recently introduced Dynamic Kanban System for Disassembly Line (DKSDL) to accommodate the vagaries of uncertainties associated with disassembly and remanufacturing processing. We consider a case study to illustrate the impact of various DLB algorithms on the DKSDL. The approach to the solution, scenario settings, results and the discussions of the results are included.
Distributed, right-lateral strike-slip in Prins Karls Forland, western Svalbard

The 'Scotiadalen Fault’appears on many maps but has not been identified as a single fault in the field. In addition, the sense of motion on the fault has been an open question. Here I show that this structure is a zone of distributed dextral strike-slip that is probably the result of Tertiary plate motion as the North Atlantic opened. As such it is one of the very few fault zones documented to show direct evidence of dextral, presumably Tertiary, strike-slip.
Late rejection is a predictor of transplant coronary artery disease in children

Abstract OBJECTIVES The study objectives were to determine posttransplant coronary artery disease (TxCAD) incidence, predisposing factors and optimal timing for retransplantation (re-Tx) in pediatric heart transplantation (Tx) recipients. BACKGROUND The TxCAD limits long-term survival following heart Tx, with re-Tx being the primary therapy. Information on risk factors and timing of listing for re-Tx is limited in children. METHODS The records of children who survived >1 year post-Tx at Loma Linda University were reviewed. Nonimmune and immune risk factors were analyzed. RESULTS TxCAD was documented in 24 of 210 children. Freedom from TxCAD was 92 ± 2% and 75 ± 5% at 5 and 10 years’ post-Tx, respectively. The TxCAD diagnosis was established at autopsy in 10 asymptomatic patients who died suddenly within nine months following the most recent negative angiograms. The remaining 14 children had angiographic diagnoses of TxCAD and had symptoms and/or graft dysfunction (n = 10) or positive stress studies (n = 4). Three of 14 died within three months after the diagnosis was made. Eleven patients underwent re-Tx within seven months of diagnosis; nine survived. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that only late rejection (>1 year posttransplant) frequency (p = 0.025) and severity (hemodynamically compromising) (p CONCLUSIONS Late rejection is an independent predictor of TxCAD. Patients suffering severe late rejection develop angiographically apparent TxCAD rapidly and must be monitored aggressively. Both TxCAD mortality and morbidity occur early; therefore, we recommend immediate listing for re-Tx upon diagnosis.
The virtue of problem-solving: Perceived partner virtues as predictors of problem-solving efficacy

Three studies involving dating relationships and friendships tested the hypothesis that higher perceived partner virtues (or personal strengths enacted in the context of relationships) are related to greater relationship problem-solving efficacy. Studies 1 and 2 showed that higher perceived partner virtues were related to more relationship problem-solving efficacy concurrently and longitudinally. Study 3 showed that perceiving one’s partner as more virtuous predicted increased turning toward one’s partner for assistance, which, in turn, predicted increased problem-solving efficacy. All 3 studies showed that higher perceived partner virtues were related to greater relationship problem-solving efficacy.
Pollination of Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae): effects of intra- vs. interspecific competition.

2Although plants may simultaneously experience intra- and interspecific competition for pollination, their relative strength has rarely been experimentally evaluated. Yet because intra- and interspecific competition can be caused by different mechanisms, their effect on the ecology and evolution of plants may differ. To determine the relative strength of intra- and interspecific competition for pollination, I manipulated the presence of heterospecifics and density of conspecifics using Ipomopsis aggregata as the focal species. All plots contained I. aggregata and Castilleja linariaefolia, but C. linariaefolia inflorescences were removed from half of the plots to create the heterospecifics-absent treatment. Within each plot, all I. aggregata inflorescences were removed from a 5-m radius around a focal plant to create a low conspecific density experimental unit, and a group of 12 I. aggregata plants/1 m 2 was designated as a high conspecific density unit. Conspecific pollen deposition was reduced when C. linariaefolia was present but was not influenced by I. aggregata density. Although seed set per fruit was reduced by 17% when C. linariaefolia was present, it was not significantly influenced by either treatment. Interspecific competition for pollination is stronger than intraspecific competition in the I. aggregata‐C. linariaefolia system, but neither process appears to influence plant fitness.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for primary insomnia.

Abstract Primary insomnia (PI) is a prevalent form of sleep difficulty that impairs diurnal functioning, reduces quality of life and enhances health care utilization/costs for millions worldwide. Whereas the underlying pathophysiology of PI remains poorly understood, it is widely accepted that a host of cognitive and behavioral factors play important roles in perpetuating this condition. As such, a multi-factorial, cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) has emerged as a “treatment of choice” for managing the sleep/wake complaints of PI sufferers. This article considers the nature and relative merits of CBT for treating PI patients. In addition, this article reviews studies supporting the general efficacy and clinical effectiveness of CBT for treating PI complaints. Issues related to treatment implementation as well as factors that mediate patients' responses to CBT and predict treatment acceptance/outcome are also considered. Finally, remaining questions regarding CBT's application to PI are considered, and suggestions for future research are provided.
Laparoscopic Prosthetic Reinforcement of Hiatal Herniorrhaphy

Background/Aims: Primary repair of a large hiatal hernia is associated with a published recurrence rate of up to 10%; anecdotal rates even higher than this have been reported to the
When Performance Improvement Is The Goal: A New Set Of Criteria For Criteria.

Weitz (1961), aware of the lure of tradition and expedience, urged the identification of evaluation standards for dependent variables, which he referred to as criteria for criteria. In this article, five criteria are proposed using the mnemonic SURF & C: the directness of sampling (S); the responsiveness of the target (i.e., making sure the dependent variable is under (U) the worker’s control); the reliability (R) of observers; the frequent (F) assessment of the target during the intervention period; and the critical (C) nature of the target. Together the criteria provide guidelines for what and how targets should be assessed. Their necessity is illustrated in two year-long experiments designed to improve the preventive maintenance of heavy equipment in the U.S. Marine Corps. Although the criteria are limited to evaluating dependent variables in field experiments, they are recommended as the foundation for successful performance efforts in any applied setting. DESCRIPTORS: performance appraisal, observation, measurement, assessment, dependent variable, target behavior, feedback In an article entitled ‘‘Criteria for Criteria,’’ Weitz (1961) posed the tantalizing question of whether our results would be different if we used one operational definition rather than another.
Recent developments, utilization, and spending trends for pompe disease therapies.

Background Pompe disease is a rare condition, with an incidence rate estimated to be between 1 in 40,000 and 1 in 300,000 live births worldwide. For an infant who contracts the disease, which is an inherited metabolic myopathy caused by deficiency of the acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) enzyme in lysosomal cells, the survival rate to age 1 year is estimated to be 25.7%. Before 2006, no therapies were available for this disease. Objectives The goals of this study were to review recent developments in therapies for Pompe disease, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of 2 biologic drugs, and to describe the associated drug utilization and spending trends in the US Medicaid program for patients with this disease. Methods We reviewed 2 recently approved therapies for Pompe disease and compared their indications, as well as their efficacy and safety profiles. A retrospective analysis was performed using the national Medicaid pharmacy claims database. Quarterly prescriptions and reimbursement amounts were calculated for each drug from 2006 quarter 2 through 2011 quarter 2. Average per-prescription spending was calculated by dividing the drug reimbursement by the number of prescriptions written for that drug. Results Myozyme (alglucosidase alfa, recombinant human GAA) and Lumizyme (alglucosidase alfa), the first 2 enzyme replacement therapies available for Pompe disease, were approved as orphan drugs by the FDA in 2006 and in 2010, respectively. Myozyme is indicated for infantile-onset Pompe disease; Lumizyme is indicated for patients aged ≥8 years. Although both drugs have been shown to improve patient survival rates, they both also have a boxed warning, because of the possibility of life-threatening allergic reactions. Moreover, Lumizyme has a restricted distribution system to ensure it is used by the correct patient population. In 2010, Medicaid spending for Myozyme was $3.6 million. In the first 2 quarters of 2011, Medicaid spending for Lumizyme was $1.8 million. Prescriptions for Myozyme increased from 1 in 2006 quarter 2 to 127 in 2011 quarter 2, whereas prescriptions for Lumizyme increased from 6 in 2010 quarter 3 to 60 in 2011 quarter 2. During the same period, expenditures rose from $9450 to $930,459 for Myozyme and from $119,691 to $1.16 million for Lumizyme. The average price per prescription was approximately $10,000 for Myozyme and approximately $20,000 for Lumizyme over the study period. Conclusion As can be expected after the FDA's approval of Myozyme and Lumizyme, Medicaid beneficiaries have experienced rising utilization of the 2 therapies. Spending by Medicaid has increased proportionately, implying a steady per-prescription average price for both drugs where if both numerator and denominator increase at the same rate, the ratio (price) should remain the same. New promising therapies for Pompe disease are currently being studied.
The Pediatric Patient

A variety of strategies are utilized for management of pediatric fractures, depending chiefly on the age of the patient. Other factors that can influence the selection of a technique-are weight, fracture severity, associated injuries, and underlying medical or musculoskeletal conditions. The available evidence regarding technique, outcomes, and complications remains largely insufficient, and, at times, conflicting, which contributes to the challenges in management decisions. Considerable controversy has arisen over several topics, particularly the optimal treatment for patients aged 5 to 12 years and accepted standards of treatment. This review is designed to provide perspective for some of the most recent influential literature on pediatric fracture treatment in light of established evidence and evolving controversies.
Preferential dendritic localization of pericentriolar material in hippocampal pyramidal neurons in culture

Centrosomes are unique cytoplasmic structures which serve as microtubule organizing centers (MTOC). In most animal cells centrosomes consist of one or more pair of centrioles surrounded by electron dense amorphous pericentriolar material (PCM) responsible for nucleation of microtubules. In the present study we analyzed the pattern of induction and localization of proteins of the PCM at different stages of neuronal development in cell cultures prepared from the embryonic hippocampus. For this purpose we used a human polyclonal antibody that recognizes two proteins of the PCM (100 kd and 60 kd, respectively). The results indicate that in mature neurons, pericentriolar immunoreactive material is preferentially localized in dendritic processes, and that throughout the course of neurite development and differentiation it is systematically excluded from the neuron's axon. Western blot analysis showed that during neuronal development in situ, there is an increase in he immunoreactivity for both proteins recognized by this antibody. In contrast, in hippocampal pyramidal neurons that develop in culture, there is an increase in the 60 kd polypeptide, while the 100 kd one is not detected after 7 days in vitro. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improved Gene Ontology annotation for biofilm formation, filamentous growth and phenotypic switching in Candida albicans

The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is a significant medical threat, especially for immunocompromised patients. Experimental research has focused on specific areas of C. albicans biology, with the goal of understanding the multiple factors that contribute to its pathogenic potential. Some of these factors include cell adhesion, invasive or filamentous growth, and the formation of drug-resistant biofilms. The Gene Ontology (GO) (www.geneontology.org) is a standardized vocabulary that the Candida Genome Database (CGD) (www.candidagenome.org) and other groups use to describe the functions of gene products. To improve the breadth and accuracy of pathogenicity-related gene product descriptions and to facilitate the description of as yet uncharacterized but potentially pathogenicity-related genes in Candida species, CGD undertook a three-part project: first, the addition of terms to the biological process branch of the GO to improve the description of fungus-related processes; second, manual recuration of gene product annotations in CGD to use the improved GO vocabulary; and third, computational ortholog-based transfer of GO annotations from experimentally characterized gene products, using these new terms, to uncharacterized orthologs in other Candida species. Through genome annotation and analysis, we identified candidate pathogenicity genes in seven non-C. albicans Candida species and in one additional C. albicans strain, WO-1. We also defined a set of C. albicans genes at the intersection of biofilm formation, filamentous growth, pathogenesis, and phenotypic switching of this opportunistic fungal pathogen, which provides a compelling list of candidates for further experimentation.
Assessment of cows for use of a nonantimicrobial dry cow product.

With the consistent application of dry cow therapy (DCT) in conjunction with other mastitis control measures the prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens has declined to a low level in many herds. As a result, and in order to reduce the use of antibiotics, selective DCT has been proposed. However, the dilemma is how to protect quarters, which may remain open for up to 60-d postdrying off, that are not treated with DCT. Orbeseal (Pfizer Animal Health, Surrey, UK) has been formulated for use in cows with low-cell counts as an alternative to antibiotic DCT. Studies in New Zealand and the UK have shown that the use of Orbeseal results in significantly fewer intramammary infections (IMI) at calving and less clinical mastitis during the dry period. For practical purposes selection criteria may be based on the mastitis and cell count history of individual cows or recognized tests for the detection of subclinical mastitis. Orbeseal can provide a viable alternative to DCT for those seeking to reduce the prophylactic use of antibiotics and for the organic diary industry.
When Harry and Sally met Dick and Jane: Creating closeness between couples

This study investigated how friendships between couples form and implications for within-couple process. Sixty couples were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions where they engaged in a 45-min interaction with another couple. In 1 condition, couples carried out self-disclosure tasks; in the other, couples engaged in nonemotional small talk. Compared to the small-talk condition, those in the high-disclosure condition felt closer to the couples they interacted with and were more likely to meet up with them again during the following month. Further, couples in the high-disclosure condition felt closer to their own partners. Actor–partner interdependence model analyses showed these effects to be mediated by increases in positive affect. Implications for studying the interplay of social networks and romantic relationships are discussed.
Tissue Heating During Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation: A Thermodynamic Model and Observations in Isolated Perfused and Superfused Canine Right Ventricular Free Wall

The characteristics of radiofrequency catheter ablation induced injury in the heart are not well characterized. Since the mechanism of injury by radiofrequency energy is thermal, this study was performed to determine the temperature gradient in myocardial tissue during radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation, and to validate a thermodynamic model derived to describe these observations. Lesions were created by RF heating in an experimental model of isolated perfused and superfused canine right ventricular (RV) free wall. RF power output was adjusted to maintain electrode tip temperature at 80 degrees C for 120 seconds in 151 serial lesions and radial temperature gradients were measured. With increasing distance from the electrode, the temperature of the myocardium decreased in a hyperbolic form that was closely predicted by a derived thermodynamic model (P = 0.0001, r = 0.98). This gradient and resultant lesion sizes were unaffected by the rate of coronary perfusion. The utility of tip temperature monitoring as a predictor of lesion size was tested in 104 serial lesions with tip temperatures that were varied between 50 and 85 degrees C. The tip temperature correlated closely with lesion depth (P = 0.0001, r = 0.92) and width (P = 0.0001, r = 0.88), and was a better predictor of lesion size than measurements of power, current or energy. The temperature at the margin between viable and nonviable tissue was estimated to be 47.9 degrees C. These data demonstrate that during radiofrequency catheter ablation, the radial temperature gradient is predictably hyperbolic and appears to be independent of intramyocardial perfusion if constant electrode temperature is maintained. The use of tip temperature monitoring can accurately predict the ultimate size of radiofrequency-induced lesions.
The Limits of Political Rationalism: Enlightenment and Religion in Oedipus the Tyrant

When Nietzsche launched the postmodern attack on the Western tradition of rationalism founded by Socrates, he invoked the purported antirationalism of Sophocles' Oedipus the Tyrant. Through his account of Oedipus, Sophocles does indicate why a pure political rationalism, that is, an attempt to govern political society in the light of reason alone, must ultimately fail and why tradition, convention, and piety are therefore necessary to political life. For convention makes what is by nature manifold seem simple and clear and what is by nature indifferent to human hopes seem supportive of them. But Sophocles' play does not celebrate convention, for it is Oedipus' unreasonable, conventional hopes that lead him to harm those dearest to him and himself so needlessly and cruelly. However mindful Sophocles may be of the limits of political rationalism, he clearly affirms the superior wisdom and humanity of the individual life guided by reason.
Dexamethasone as a chemoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy: hematoprotective effects and altered pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of carboplatin and gemcitabine

Purpose Hematoprotective strategies may offer new approaches to prevent chemotherapy-induced hematotoxicity. The present study was undertaken to investigate the chemoprotective effects of dexamethasone and its optimal dose and the underlying mechanisms.
Imaging of Baseball Injuries

Baseball is an extremely popular sport in the United States and baseball and softball injuries account for more emergency room visits in the United States each year than those related to any other sport. In general, upper extremity injuries are more common than those involving the lower extremities. Upper extremity injuries are more common in pitchers while fielders tend to suffer from injuries of the lower extremities, especially the knee. Baseball injuries typically result from one of three mechanisms: overuse, direct trauma and indirect trauma. This chapter will focus on baseball injuries related to the first two categories, with an emphasis on the overuse injuries that so commonly affect the shoulder and elbow of the throwing athlete.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of an interfacial two-dimensional electron gas in oxide heterostructures

Using an advanced technique combining pulsed laser deposition growth of $\mathrm{LaAl}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, $\mathrm{LaTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ we effectively constructed half-integer unit cell number $\mathrm{LaAl}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ heterostructures where all interfaces are of LaO-$\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ type, and where a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) forms a symmetric $n$-type bilayer. Using ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy we investigated the properties of the surface 2DEG in these heterostructures. Our results indicate that the surface 2DEG is strongly, within one unit cell, confined at the interface. Tunneling spectroscopy of the surface 2DEG reveals thickness-dependent band-gap changes attributed to the quantum size effect.
Use of flexible esophagoscopy by otolaryngologists.

Objectives:We used questionnaires to determine current practice patterns for esophagoscopy by otolaryngologists in the United States, with attention to foreign body management.Methods:A 10-item questionnaire designed to determine the prevalence of flexible esophagoscopy use among otolaryngologists, with a particular focus on foreign body removal, was created and sent via e-mail to all members of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. A second, 6-question survey to assess the level of resident training in flexible esophagoscopy was similarly created and sent to all directors of US otolaryngology residency programs.Results:There were a total of 160 respondents to the first survey from all geographic regions, most of whom were in group private practice. Overall, only 21.3% of the respondents were trained to perform flexible esophagoscopy during residency, whereas 43% of those who graduated after 1990 received this training. Most respondents performed flexible esophagoscopy without seda...
Drug Induced Adverse Events Prediction with the LINCS L1000 Data

Motivation Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a central consideration during drug development. Here we present a machine learning classifier to prioritize ADRs for approved drugs and pre-clinical small-molecule compounds by combining chemical structure (CS) and gene expression (GE) features. The GE data is from the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) L1000 dataset that measured changes in GE before and after treatment of human cells with over 20 000 small-molecule compounds including most of the FDA-approved drugs. Using various benchmarking methods, we show that the integration of GE data with the CS of the drugs can significantly improve the predictability of ADRs. Moreover, transforming GE features to enrichment vectors of biological terms further improves the predictive capability of the classifiers. The most predictive biological-term features can assist in understanding the drug mechanisms of action. Finally, we applied the classifier to all >20 000 small-molecules profiled, and developed a web portal for browsing and searching predictive small-molecule/ADR connections. Availability and implementation The interface for the adverse event predictions for the >20 000 LINCS compounds is available at http://maayanlab.net/SEP-L1000/ CONTACT: avi.maayan@mssm.edu Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Microscopy of Pigment-Elastomer Systems

Abstract Rubber technologists have always been fascinated by the remarkable effects produced in rubber by carbon black. Many people have contributed to an understanding of these phenomena. We have referred to some, but by no means all of such individuals' efforts in this review. In retrospect, it may not be inappropriate to recall some observations made 40 years ago by Ellwood Spear. In a remarkably perceptive paper on carbon black reinforcement, published in 1923, he said: “It is believed that the rubber is adsorbed on the surface of the carbon particles and that adsorption … is the real cause of the effect of carbon black in rubber”. And further: “The distinction between mere fillers … and those substances which reinforce rubber to an appreciable degree, lies in the hypothesis that the latter adsorb rubber strongly, whereas the former form a very weak union with it”. There are perhaps few chemists, physicists, rubber compounders, or microscopists who will disagree with these observations. But the measur...
Retention of Organic Cations in Ion Exchange Chromatography

Etude des proprietes d'echange de cations de quelques ions de phenylalkylammonium sur des echangeurs cationiques copolymeriques constitues de styrene et de divinylbenzene
Cognitive Development and the Life Course: Growth, Stability and Decline

This chapter explores the integration of life course and developmental approaches to the understanding of cognitive growth, maintenance, and decline over the life span. We employ the idea of event-centered growth models as an essential contribution that at once brings more contextual factors into developmental models of cognitive function (CF) and shows how the life course approach can contribute to an understanding of a phenomenon that is otherwise viewed as a developmental (or aging) process. After introducing the concepts, theories, and methods necessary for understanding the main focus of our attention—namely within-person change in CF—we apply this framework to four major areas where our approach can potentially lead to new insights and understandings: (1) early child cognitive development and the transition to school; (2) the transition to adulthood and midlife, in which CF in adolescence leads to major influences on educational achievement, occupational success and CF in adulthood; (3) the potential for changes in CF during midlife; and (4) transitions in later life (e.g. health events and labor force transitions),and how theoretically CF has a role to play as both consequence and cause of these transitions. The approach we propose can be applied to the study of a wide array of developmental phenomena where life course events and transitions play a role.
Ureteral Replacement Using Collagen Sponge Tube Grafts

AbstractThe use of a collagen sponge tube graft as a material for segmental ureteral replacement was investigated. The structural design of the collagen sponge graft was achieved by cell culture on the matrix. MGH-U1 cells, derived from bladder cell carcinoma, were grown in vitro on the collagen sponge matrix with excellent biocompatibility and without evidence of cytotoxicity. The collagen sponge demonstrated biodegradability when implanted subcutaneously in dogs. However, a urine exposure test of collagen sponge in rat bladders revealed extensive salt deposits on its surface in some rats, as observed by crystallographic examination. Segmental ureteral replacements by collagen sponge tube grafts, accompanied by ureteral splint catheters, were performed in dogs. There was extensive uro-epithelial cell regeneration on the inner surface of the collagen grafts, without evidence of severe hydronephrosis, 5 to 12 weeks following the procedure. The results indicate the potential for ureteral replacement by coll...
Marine Invertebrates: Genetics of Colony Recognition

Many sessile colonial marine invertebrates settle at high densities and grow indeterminately, leading to intense intraspecific competition for space. Allorecognition systems have evolved to mediate the nature and outcomes of such competitive interactions, with responses ranging from somatic fusion to aggressive rejection between colonies. These responses generally reflect the degree to which individual contestants are related: clonemates and close kin usually fuse, whereas more distant relatives reject each other. Such precise allorecognition is controlled by highly polymorphic genetic systems that provide both cue diversity and the capacity to distinguish among even very similar cues. Recent progress toward characterizing specific allorecognition loci and the molecular basis for their function is now providing major insights into the behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary forces that maintain such polymorphisms, and the nature of the genes that control the expression of ecologically critical conditional behaviors.
An Overview of Sentiment Analysis in Social Media and Its Applications in Disaster Relief

Sentiment analysis refers to the class of computational and natural language processing based techniques used to identify, extract or characterize subjective information, such as opinions, expressed in a given piece of text. The main purpose of sentiment analysis is to classify a writer’s attitude towards various topics into positive, negative or neutral categories. Sentiment analysis has many applications in different domains including, but not limited to, business intelligence, politics, sociology, etc. Recent years, on the other hand, have witnessed the advent of social networking websites, microblogs, wikis and Web applications and consequently, an unprecedented growth in user-generated data is poised for sentiment mining. Data such as web-postings, Tweets, videos, etc., all express opinions on various topics and events, offer immense opportunities to study and analyze human opinions and sentiment. In this chapter, we study the information published by individuals in social media in cases of natural disasters and emergencies and investigate if such information could be used by first responders to improve situational awareness and crisis management. In particular, we explore applications of sentiment analysis and demonstrate how sentiment mining in social media can be exploited to determine how local crowds react during a disaster, and how such information can be used to improve disaster management. Such information can also be used to help assess the extent of the devastation and find people who are in specific need during an emergency situation. We first provide the formal definition of sentiment analysis in social media and cover traditional and the state-of-the-art approaches while highlighting contributions, shortcomings, and pitfalls due to the composition of online media streams. Next we discuss the relationship among social media, disaster relief and situational awareness and explain how social media is used in these contexts with the focus on sentiment analysis. In order to enable quick analysis of real-time geo-distributed data, we will detail applications of visual analytics with an emphasis on sentiment visualization . Finally, we conclude the chapter with a discussion of research challenges in sentiment analysis and its application in disaster relief.
Classical Discourse in British India I: Coping with Life in India

Among the remarkable collection of Mountstuart Elphinstone’s papers in the British Library, there is a tiny traveller’s edition of the collected works of Virgil. It carries two inscriptions: ‘M. Elphinstone Benares’ and ‘This book was given me by my mother in 1794; it once belonged to my uncle, Capt. Ruthven’.628 The book, so perfectly suited to travel, so evocative of family, and, as we will see, so in tune with Elphinstone’s abiding passion for the classics, was the perfect present for a much loved younger son about to embark on an Indian career. That he carried it to India we know from the presence of ‘Benares’ in the inscription. That he kept it close through his thirty-two years in India is clear from his journals, which regularly mention him reading it. Indeed, Elphinstone’s journals preserve a remarkable record of reading and study, much of it classical. The apocryphal story that Elphinstone went nowhere without his copy of Thucydides is of course hyperbole, but not in the way that might be expected. The exaggeration lies solely in the claim that it was always Thucydides. His Virgil, for one, was just as likely to be with him, along with any number of other books. On one occasion, he recorded the theft of fifteen to twenty books from his tent, including multiple volumes of Thucydides, Herodotus, and Cicero.629 And on his famous mission to ‘the Kingdom of Cabul’ in 1808–9, two of the five chests in his baggage were filled with books, including Quintus Curtius.630 These classics were neither ornaments nor paperweights. Like the Virgil, they were read, re-read, pored over, often, as we will see, in truly remarkable circumstances and with remarkable outcomes.
Friction-Induced Nucleation of Nanocrystals

Experimental investigation of friction induced nucleation of nanocrystals was conducted. A series of interfacial interactions were experimentally examined, including pressing, light sliding, and heavy sliding. Results showed that only under a certain sliding conditions, nucleation of crystalline features were formed. Compressing along with heavy sliding caused either melting or severe wear. This preliminary research demonstrated the feasibility of using a friction-stimulation process combined with phase transformation to generate nanostructured materials. The possible nucleation mechanisms are frictional energy induced melting and strain-related nucleation. It leads to the future study of nucleation theory.
Operations for Infected Abdominal Wound Dehiscence and Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection of the Abdominal Wall

These operations are performed in cases of infected fascial dehiscence or abdominal wall infections not responsive to antibiotics. The chapter lists the indications, essential steps, common technical variations, and complications of the procedures. A detailed template operative note dictation is included.
Longitudinal visualization of vascular occlusion, reperfusion, and remodeling in a zebrafish model of retinal vascular leakage using OCT angiography

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are two of the leading causes of blindness and visual impairment in the world. Neovascularization results in severe vision loss in DR and AMD and, thus, there is an unmet need to identify mechanisms of pathogenesis and novel anti-angiogenic therapies. Zebrafish is a leading model organism for studying human disease pathogenesis, and the highly conserved drug activity between zebrafish and humans and their ability to readily absorb small molecules dissolved in water has benefited pharmaceutical discovery. Here, we use optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT-A) to perform noninvasive, in vivo retinal imaging in a zebrafish model of vascular leakage. Zebrafish were treated with diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) to induce vascular leakage and imaged with OCT and OCT-A at six time points over two weeks: baseline one day before treatment and one, three, six, eight, and ten days post treatment. Longitudinal functional imaging showed significant vascular response immediately after DEAB treatment. Observed vascular changes included partial or complete vascular occlusion immediately after treatment and reperfusion during a two-week period. Increased vascular tortuosity several days post treatment indicated remodeling, and bifurcations and collateral vessel formation were also observed. In addition, significant treatment response variabilities were observed in the contralateral eye of the same animal. Anatomical and functional normalization was observed in most animals by ten days post treatment. These preliminary results motivate potential applications of OCT-A as a tool for studying pathogenesis and therapeutic screening in zebrafish models of retinal vascular disease.
Empowering Infants through Responsive and Intentional Play Activities.

ABSTRACTThis qualitative case study explored how an infant teacher provided meaningful learning experiences for infants through play and the teacher’s educational rationale behind these experiences. Findings were based on multiple sources of data, including classroom observations (natural observation and videotaped observation) for approximately 12 weeks and a teacher interview. The findings confirmed that infant play is critical for infant learning and development and portrayed the process through which the infant teacher created play spaces for infants and supported infants’ play through both pre-planned, teacher-directed, intentional activities, and child-initiated, emerging play activities. Our study highlighted that the designing of infant play and the learning process needs to be flexible and based on careful observation and reflection in order to meet the rapidly changing needs and interests of a group of infants as well as individual infants.
Responding to misinformation about climate change

This study examined responses to climate change misinformation and messages designed to counter misinformation. Participants (N = 406) first responded to a social media post denying the existence o...
Neophytos Loizides: Designing Peace: Cyprus and Institutional Innovations in Divided Societies

In this book, Neophytos Loizides focuses on states that have sought to manage conflict between rival communities through the adoption of consociational and federal arrangements. He examines what he...