cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Computing is Getting Real: Architecture, PL, and OS Roles in Closing the Gap between Quantum Algorithms and Machines

Quantum computing is at an inflection point, where 50-qubit (quantum bit) machines have been built, 100-qubit machines are just around the corner, and even 1000-qubit machines are perhaps only a few years away. These machines have the potential to fundamentally change our concept of what is computable and demonstrate practical applications in areas such as quantum chemistry, optimization, and quantum simulation. Yet a significant resource gap remains between practical quantum algorithms and real machines. There is an urgent shortage of the necessary computer scientists to work on software and architectures to close this gap. I will outline several grand research challenges in closing this gap, including programming language design, software and hardware verification, defining and perforating abstraction boundaries, cross-layer optimization, managing parallelism and communication, mapping and scheduling computations, reducing control complexity, machine-specific optimizations, learning error patterns, and many more. I will also describe the resources and infrastructure available for starting research in quantum computing and for tackling these challenges.
The Role of Support Prices in a Full-Employment Economy *

In both Canada and the United States the agricultural programmes that attempt to support or raise the level of farm prices were conceived during the inter-war period of readjustment and depression. Now that we have had ten years of full employment and high-level incomes in our respective economies, it is perhaps time to reassess the role of support prices. The reassessment that I propose to make is based on the assumption that we will be able to maintain full-employment economies most of the time and that if a depression should come, it will be relatively mild and of reasonably short duration. Fear of war, war, and preparation for war are likely to lead to a full-employment economy for some time. It may not be too much wishful thinking to believe that if the happy era should come when war no longer serves as an impetus for aggregate demand, our economies will be guided by competent monetary and fiscal leadership and will be able to maintain a fairly even keel. The mild recession which the United States experienced in 1949 and which had almost ended before the fateful attack in Korea offers some support for, though obviously not confirmation of, this view. In any case, we should clearly separate in our thinking and in our actions the problems of agricultural price policy as they relate to conditions of full employment and to conditions of depression.
Beam-Based Production of 178m2Hf

In this study, the production yield for the reaction 176Yb(9Be, α3n)178Hf was explored using the FN tandem injected superconducting LINAC at SUNY at Stony Brook at a 9Be energy of 65 MeV. By comparing the experimental yield of 178Hf ground state γ rays with those of 180W as a function of energy, the cross section for production of the incomplete fusion γ rays in 178Hf was evaluated. Coincidence measurements were made to get information about the population strength of the high spin states in 178Hf. From these measurements, the maximum cross section for the reaction 176Yb(9Be, α3n)178m2Hf is estimated to be no larger than 5 mb.
Tokamak fusion test reactor central ignition scenarios

The possibility of obtaining ignition in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) by means of very centrally peaked density profiles is examined. It is shown that local central alpha heating can be made to exceed local central energy losses (''central ignition'') under global conditions for which Q greater than or equal to 1. Time-dependent one-dimensional transport simulations with a simplified transport model show that the normal global ignition requirements are substantially relaxed for plasmas wi*th peaked density profiles. More realistic simulations with recently developed profile-consistent microinstability based models for electron and ion confinement show that TFTR may form a small centrally ignited region if peaked central density can be maintained.
Ivory Coast: Strengthening Public Expenditure Management and Controls

Cote d'Ivoire has witnessed unprecedented instability since 1999 and political tensions culminated in the civil conflict in 2002; while the war seems over, reconciliation has not been easy. The conflict resulted in a massive economic and social impact, affecting the entire sub-region. In July 2003, the respective militaries had signed a formal declaration of the end of war. An amnesty law was passed, overcoming a major roadblock to the disarmament process. Furthermore, there is agreement on a number of elements of the demobilization and disarmament process. Also, during April-August, despite difficulties, the government of national reconciliation has shown that various parties could work together to implement the peace accord. The authorities would like to lay the foundation for a speedy recovery when the peace process is fully consolidated. To set the stage for accelerated recovery, a key policy challenge in Cote d'Ivoire is improving public expenditure management, transparency and controls. This report provides a preliminary and selective analysis of key post-conflict public expenditure management issues facing the new government. This report is primarily an operational document, envisaged to advance the dialogue with the authorities and help strengthen post-conflict public expenditure management and speed the delivery of emergency assistance. It will soon be followed by a companion volume with a more traditional analysis of the structure and efficiency of public expenditures and the social impact. The report is organized around three main chapters, as follows: Chapter 1 provides background to the main body of the report (chapters 2 and 3) and briefly reviews the post-conflict situation, including the impact of the crisis, the governance problems (e.g., in the cocoa/coffee sector), and an outline of the report's links with the Interim Transitional Support Strategy (I-TSS) under preparation; Chapter 2 analyses salient public expenditure management (PEM) issues, inter alia, using standard HIPC assessment indicators; and Chapter 3 analyses institutional and operational issues in expenditure control systems.
Transitional Supportive Housing in a Rural Location: A Preliminary Case Study and Lessons Learned:

Research demonstrates the critical need for transitional supportive housing (TSH) for survivors of domestic violence (Melbin, Sullivan, and Cain, 2003). However, the presence of such programs around the country is inconsistent, and where programs do exist, little consensus has been attained on what aspects of these programs are most beneficial for clients (Melbin et al., 2003). This paper presents initial descriptive data based on a program evaluation of a TSH facility located in a small rural town in the southern United States. Assessments at both the individual and program levels included gathering qualitative and quantitative data. We present data on the clients in the program as well as the support groups conducted from 2004 through spring 2006. Discussed in the conclusion are lessons learned and the next steps for greater program success.
Inflammatory Disorders with Unique Clinical Features

This chapter reviews the differential diagnosis, histopathology, treatment, etiology, epidemiology, laboratory studies, and pathophysiology of a number of inflammatory disorders with unique clinical features and their particular manifestations in skin of color. Among these disorders are atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, pityriasis rosea, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, seborrheic dermatitis, syphilis, tinea versicolor, and white spot parapsoriasis.
Evaluation of the cost and effectiveness of diverse recruitment methods for a genetic screening study

The original version of this Article contained an error in the undergraduate degree awarded to the author Ian Halim, which was incorrectly given as BS. This has now been corrected to BA in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
"Deep" vertical Mohs and closure with a tumor-free flap for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: A case report.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is an uncommon low-grade malignant tumor that can invade locally and rarely metastasize. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans has a high rate of local recurrence due to incomplete excision, especially in deep tissues. Morbidity is often related to multiple local recurrences and removal of excessive tissue with large, complex repairs. We present a case of incompletely excised dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans after initial wide local excision. We subsequently employed a "deep" vertical Mohs micrographic surgical technique to remove the remaining tumor while creating a flap with the tumor-free superficial portion to preserve tissue and avoid a complicated repair. The patient is tumor-free for 7 years.
SP0074 DIAGNOSIS OF CEREBRAL VASCULITIS

Among all forms of vasculitis, perhaps that affecting the CNS (CNS-V) poses the greatest challenge in diagnosis given the lack of any non invasive high specificity test, the complex and extensive list of mimicking conditions, its inaccessibility for biopsy and its genuine rarity. The diagnosis still requires the presence of an unexplained neurologic sign or symptom(s) following an exhaustive evaluation, evidence of vascular involvement (by direct or indirect angiography) or biopsy and most importantly the meticulous exclusion of all those conditions capable of producing mimicking clinical, radiographic or histologic findings that would confound accurate diagnosis. Despite these challenges CNS-V has been increasingly reported due to a combination of increased diagnostic awareness and advances in diagnostics. Two of these major advances will be discussed including the use of direct vascular wall imaging to differentiate vascular inflammation from spasm or atherosclerosis and the use of next generations sequencing to identify infectious etiologies and obviate the use of biopsy. Clinical examples will be presented. References: [1] Byram K, Hajj-Ali RA, Calabrese L CNS VasculitiByram K, Hajj-Ali RA, Calabrese L CNS Vasculitis: an Approach to Differential Diagnosis and Management. Review. Long-term outcomes of patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018 May 30;20(7):37. doi: 10.1007/s11926-018-0747-zs: an Approach to Differential Diagnosis and Management. Review. Long-term outcomes of patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018 May 30;20(7):37. doi: 10.1007/s11926-018-0747-z [2] Michael R. Wilson, M.D., M.A.S., Brian D. O”Donovan, M.S., Jeffrey M. Gelfand, M.D., M.A.S, Hannah A. Sample, B.S, Felicia C. Chow, M.D., John P. Betjemann, M.D.1,2, Maulik P. Shah, M.D., Megan B. Richie, M.D.1,2, Mark P. Gorman, M.D., Rula A. Hajj-Ali, M.D., Leonard H. Calabrese, D.O. et al. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for chronic meningitis: a case series JAMA Neurology Published online April 16, 2018. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0463 [3] Obusez EC, Hui F, Hajj-Ali RA, Cerejo R, Calabrese LH, Hammad T, Jones SE. High-resolution MRI vessel wall imaging: Spatial and temporal patterns of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology 2014 Aug;35(8):1527-32. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3909. Epub 2014 Apr 10. Disclosure of Interests: Leonard Calabrese Consultant for: Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Genentech and Astra-Zeneca.
Solution Phase Synthesis of Amide-Linked N-Acetyl Neuraminic Acid, α-Amino Acid, and Sugar Amino Acid Conjugates1

Peracetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) was efficiently coupled to esters of glycine, alanine, and serine using BOP and HOBT in the presence of DIEA. Deprotection of the esters readied the NeuAc-α-amino acid conjugates for further elaboration. Coupling of the NeuAc-gly adduct with β-O-methoxy neuraminic acid methyl ester afforded a selectively protected glycine linked sialic acid dimer. 2-Amino-3,4-di-O-benzyl-(1→6)-anhydroglucose and alanine benzyl ester were also efficiently coupled to the bis adduct giving novel trimeric analogs. Elimination of the anomeric acetate from the NeuAc-gly dimer followed by global deprotection provided a novel saccharopeptide with modest clostridial sialidase inhibitory activity.
Experiential Learning To Promote Systems Thinking in Chemistry: Evaluating and Designing Sustainable Products in a Polymer Immersion Lab

The integrated application of green chemistry, life cycle thinking, and systems thinking has the potential to reduce environmental impacts related to the use and production of chemical products or materials. Life cycle and systems thinking are key perspectives needed to avoid the unintended consequences or unsubstantiated claims that inhibit development and adoption of more sustainable products. However, systems thinking is rarely taught in the chemistry curriculum. Students need experience evaluating the effects of products on societal and earth systems (i.e., using systems thinking) in order to anticipate trade-offs and make informed design decisions. To give students an immersive learning experience, we developed a sustainable product design project that brings together tools from green chemistry, life cycle thinking, and systems thinking. We found that this experiential learning approach gave students generalizable strategies for innovating and implementing sustainable practices in their current industrial positions. The project was divided into three workshops: in Workshop I they evaluated the life cycle impacts and toxicity for a material of concern, in Workshop II they measured the performance of this material and compared it to alternatives, and in Workshop III they designed a mock-product that was both high performing and environmentally friendly. We piloted this framework with master’s students evaluating polymer foams for use in an infant car seat; however, we envision this project being suitable for a range of other types of products. Moreover, we have suggested ways to adapt the duration and sophistication of the workshops to make them appropriate for a variety of course levels.
Disintermediating your friends: How online dating in the United States displaces other ways of meeting

We present data from a nationally representative 2017 survey of American adults. For heterosexual couples in the United States, meeting online has become the most popular way couples meet, eclipsing meeting through friends for the first time around 2013. Moreover, among the couples who meet online, the proportion who have met through the mediation of third persons has declined over time. We find that Internet meeting is displacing the roles that family and friends once played in bringing couples together.
Soil temperature survey in a mountain basin

Abstract Shallow soil temperature (Tss) was monitored at many clusters of sites in valley bottom areas, bordering mountain slopes, and subalpine upland areas within the Tahoe Basin of the Sierra Nevada, USA. Objectives of this survey were to: (i) accurately log Tss for an entire year across the panoply of ground surface environments that cover the southern Tahoe Basin area, and (ii) identify the primary factors responsible for inter-site variations in seasonal and annual mean Tss. The Tss data for snow-free and annual mean periods exhibit wider inter-site ranges than published observations for other regions, attributable to the great diversity of ground surface environments sampled. Two energy balance based models of ground surface temperature are introduced, each applicable to a wide variety of surface environments and formulated with regional calibration coefficients that can incorporate effects of seasonal snow-cover on annual mean Tss. The models closely fit summer monthly and annual mean Tss data from most sites, and confirm that the large inter-site range of shading (by vegetation and terrain) is responsible for most of the large inter-site range of observed Tss. Additionally, data and model results strongly suggest spatially heterogeneous soil warming rates in response to regional climate warming, and support the value of resolving spatial variations in Tss for groundwater flow tracing techniques.
A Real-Time Solution for Underlay Coexistence with Channel Uncertainty

Underlay coexistence is an effective mechanism to improve spectrum efficiency by having picocells coexist with macrocell on the same spectrum. Due to a lack of cooperation between the primary users (PUs) in the macrocell and secondary users (SUs) in the picocell, it is impossible to have complete knowledge of channel gains between them. Under such circumstance, chance-constrained programming (CCP) is shown to be the ideal optimization tool to address such uncertainty. However, solutions to CCP are computationally intensive and cannot meet 5G's timing requirement. To address this problem, we propose a novel scheduler called GUC (stands for GPU-based Underlay Coexistence) to find an approximate solution to CCP in real-time. The essence of GUC is to decompose the original optimization problem into a large number of small problems that are suitable for parallel computation on GPU platforms. Through extensive experiments, we show that GUC reduces the scheduling computation time by at least 10,000 times comparing to commercial solvers (on CPU) while achieving an average of 90% optimality.
Penile necrosis in patients with diabetes mellitus and end stage renal disease

We report on 2 patients who had spontaneous necrosis of the penis associated with end stage renal disease and diabetes mellitus. On postmortem examination extensive vascular changes were present in each penis. Treatment of penile necrosis is necessitated by the inability of the patient to void. However, poor wound healing should be expected. The development of penile necrosis in our patients was associated with a poor clinical outcome and death occurred within months of the onset of the lesion.
Logical effort based technology mapping

We propose a new approach to library-based technology mapping, based on the method of logical effort. Our algorithm is close to optimal for fanout-free circuits, and is extended to solve the load-distribution problem for circuits with fanout. On average, benchmark circuits mapped using our approach are 25.39% faster than the solutions obtained from SIS.
Hydrogen-assisted fracture of inertia welds in 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steel.

Publisher Summary This chapter intends to quantify the fracture resistance of inertia welds in 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steel, emphasizing the effects of dissolved hydrogen. Fracture mechanics methods are effective in measuring the initiation toughness and crack growth resistance curves of hydrogen-charged and uncharged inertia welds. Hydrogen degrades the fracture resistance of inertia welds, although assessing the degree of embrittlement is hindered by nonuniform microstructures and defects in the bond regions. The fracture toughness of uncharged inertia welds is lower than the associated uncharged base metal. While the fracture modes are consistently microvoid coalescence, the voids that nucleated in inertia welds are more closely spaced leading to void coalescence at relatively smaller strains and lower fracture resistance. The fracture resistance of inertia welds is lower than the associated base metal for both the uncharged and hydrogen-charged conditions. The dimples on inertia weld fracture surfaces are smaller than those on the base metal fracture surfaces. Small dimples typically result from closely spaced voids that grow limited amounts prior to coalescence. This process requires relatively small amounts of plastic strain, which leads to lower fracture resistance.
Mechanistic studies of β-arylsulfotransferase IV

Sulfotransferases are an important class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfuryl group to a hydroxyl or amine moiety on various molecules including small-molecule drugs, steroids, hormones, carbohydrates, and proteins. They have been implicated in a number of disease states but remain poorly understood, complicating the design of specific, small-molecule inhibitors. A linear free-energy analysis in both the forward and reverse directions indicates that the transfer of a sulfuryl group to an aryl hydroxyl group catalyzed by β-arylsulfotransferase IV likely proceeds by a dissociative (sulfotrioxide-like) mechanism. Values for the Bronsted coefficients (βnuc and βlg) are +0.33 and −0.45, giving Leffler α values of 0.19 and 0.61 for the forward and reverse reactions, respectively.
The nephrotic syndrome in children. II. Observations concerning certain acute phase reactants.

Summary 1. The serum levels of nonglucosamineploysaccharides, hexosamines, and mucoproteins have been studied in twelve children with the nephrotic syndrome. 2. Serum hexosamine levels are found to be elevated consistently in patients with this syndrome while serum nonglucosamine polysaccharide levels are elevated in only some of the patients. 3. Serum mucoproteins are elevated early and late in the course of illness of these patients but are decreased below normal in patients who have a well-established active phase of the disease. 4. Nitrogen mustard therapy haslittle effect on these chemical evidences of disturbed metabolism in patients with the nephrotic syndrome.
Apical distribution of fatty acid esterification capacity along the villus-crypt unit of rat jejunum

Distribution of fatty acid esterification capacity along the structure of the villus-crypt unit was studied in both in vivo perfused an in vitro incubated rat jejunum. Using a cryostat sectioning technique, the intestine was sectioned transversely at 6 micron thickness, from the tip of the villus to the crypt. Morphology and sucrase activity were used as markers to define the location along the villus-crypt unit. Fatty acid esterification capacity was found to be more apically concentrated in both in vivo and in vitro preparations. The apical distribution of fatty acid esterification capacity is a reflection of the distribution patterns of lipid esterifying enzyme activity along the villus-crypt units.
Production of anti-cancer immunotoxins in algae: Ribosome inactivating proteins as fusion partners

The eukaryotic green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been shown to be capable of producing a variety of recombinant proteins, but the true potential of this platform remains largely unexplored. To assess the potential of algae for the production of novel recombinant proteins, we generated a series of chimeric proteins containing a single chain antibody (scFv) targeting the B-cell surface antigen CD22, genetically fused to the eukaryotic ribosome inactivating protein, gelonin, from Gelonium multiflorm. These unique molecules, termed immunotoxins, are encoded as a single gene that produces an antibody--toxin chimeric protein capable of delivering a cytotoxic molecule to targeted B-cells. We show that the addition of an Fc domain of a human IgG1 to these fusion proteins results in the production of assembled dimeric immunotoxins, containing two cell binding scFvs and two gelonin molecules. Additionally, we demonstrate that these algal expressed proteins are capable of binding and reducing the viability of B-cell lymphomas, while treatment of T-cells, that lack the CD22 antigen, had no impact on cell viability. Since other protein expression platforms are incapable of folding and accumulating these complex immunotoxins as soluble and enzymatically active proteins, our studies document a novel and efficient method for immunotoxin production.
On Identifying PG(3,2) and the Complete 3-Design on Seven Points

Publisher Summary This chapter verifies the graph isomorphism and identifies the projective geometry PG(3,2) with the complete 3-design on 7 points. This identification allows in an elementary fashion to prove various results related to both designs. The chapter discusses three designs—the projective spaces PG(2,2), PG(3,2), and the complete 3-design on 7 points . PG(2,2) is the design whose points are the non-zero vectors of a three dimensional vector space over GF(2) and lines are the sets of three non-zero linearly dependent vectors. PG(3,2) is the design whose points are the non-zero vectors of a 4-dimensional space over GF(2), lines are the sets of three non-zero linearly dependent vectors, and hyperplanes are the sets of seven non-zero vectors of subspaces of dimension 3. The chapter presents the general properties and definitions concerning designs and incidence structures. The designs are considered as subsets of the point set and as incidence structures.
Minimal quadrangulations of nonorientable surfaces

Construction des quadrangulations minimales de surfaces non orientables, a l'aide de plongements de Kn pour n=1 (mod 4) et d'un graphe octaedrique general
Rumen Development, Intestinal Growth and Hepatic Metabolism In The Pre- and Postweaning Ruminant

Abstract Both the role of intestinal development and the process of transitioning calves from their neonatal reliance on nutrients supplied from milk to nutrients supplied from grain are of substantial economic importance to the producer. Improvements to the calf nutritional regime can decrease mortality and disease susceptibility, increase postweaning rate of gain, ultimately enhancing the rate of herd genetic improvement (due to increased capacity for voluntary culling). Current feeding practices including daily encouragement to eat grain diets result in weaning from milk by 3 to 4 wk of age. Although the mechanisms are not yet completely understood, development of a viable fermentation within the rumen is required to initiate the maturation of the rumen epithelia. This transition results in tremendous metabolic ramifications to calf growth rate, as tissues must convert from reliance on glucose supplied from milk to the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids as primary energy substrates. This maturation is the result of differential expression of numerous genes regulating both physical and metabolic characteristics of the tissue. While the most dramatic physical changes occurring during development are associated with the rumen epithelium, changes in intestinal mass and metabolism are also realized in response to dietary changes. Amino acid use by the intestinal tissues is high and may affect amino acid availability in support of growth. Moreover, because the metabolic and protein synthetic activities of the digestive tract are high, accounting for up to 30% of both whole animal energy use and whole animal protein synthesis, understanding their regulation is vital to the continued improvement in calf management. Specific nutrient-gene interactions have been identified across the digestive tract and serve to increase visceral organ mass and directly change nutrient metabolism by the epithelia. Similarly, humoral factors have been identified as having regulatory function over gastrointestinal tissue mass and metabolism. Continuing efforts to better understand the factors affecting intestinal development will improve weaning strategies and foster better postweanling calf growth performance.
Dense, vertical gas‐solid flow in a pipe

The hydrodynamics of gas-solid flow, usually referred to as circulating fluidizedbed flow, was studied in a 7.5-cm clear acrylic riser with 75-μm FCC catalyst particles. Data were obtained for three central sections as a function of gas and solids flow rates. Fluxes were measured by means of an extraction probe. Particle concentrations were measured with an X-ray densitometer. In agreement with previous investigators, these data showed the flow to be in the core-annular regime, with a dilute rising core and a dense descending annular region. However, unlike the previous studies conducted worldwide, the data obtained in this investigation allowed us to determine the viscosity of the suspension. The viscosity was a linear function of the volume fraction of solids. It extrapolates to the high bubbling-bed viscosities.
Protein tyrosine phosphatases: from genes, to function, to disease

The protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily of enzymes functions in a coordinated manner with protein tyrosine kinases to control signalling pathways that underlie a broad spectrum of fundamental physiological processes. In this review, I describe recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the role of the PTPs in the regulation of signal transduction and the aetiology of human disease.
NUMBER AND PATTERN OF ASSOCIATION OF CHROMONEMATA IN THE CHROMOSOMES OF TRADESCANTIA.

Analysis of reconstructions, prepared from electron micrographs of successive longitudinal serial sections, has led to the conclusion that the somatic telophase chromosome of Tradescantia paludosa contains four cytologically separable chromonemata. The four represent a pair of pairs, that is, two diplospiremes — one with its two chromonemata arranged helically in dextrorse relationship, and the other with its two in sinistrorse relationship — which are associated to form a tetraspireme. During anaphase and telophase the tetraspireme constitutes the chromosome; during prophase and metaphase the tetraspireme represents one of the two chromatids of the chromosome, which is accordingly an octospireme in terms of the number of cytologically identifiable chromonemata. Loose intertwining of the two tetraspiremes during late prophase accounts for the so-called relational coiling.
Transactional Array Reconciliation Tomography for Precision Indoor Location

A novel system is described for precision indoor location and tracking of personnel inside a building using RF signals exchanged with reference units deployed outside the building without benefit of infrastructure or site survey. Localization in high multipath without multilateration by fusion of unidirectional signals using singular array reconciliation tomography is reviewed. The bidirectional signal fusion approach is introduced with transactional array reconciliation tomography. Underlying theory is developed, and performance evaluated with simulated and experimental data.
Characterization of sonochemically prepared proteinaceous microspheres

Abstract Aqueous suspensions of albumin and haemoglobin microspheres can be synthesized using high-intensity ultrasound. The particle size distributions are Gaussian with mean diameters of a few micrometers. These microspheres can contain either nonaqueous liquids (i.e. microcapsules) of air (i.e. microbubbles). The chemical processes involved in the synthesis and some physical properties of the microspheres have been elucidated. Yields and size distributions of albumin microbubbles as a function of experimental parameters indicate that the microspheres are held together primarily by disulphide cross-linking of cysteine residues between protein molecules. The primary oxidizing agent is superoxide (HO 2 ), which is generated from water and oxygen during acoustic cavitation. Physically, the protein within the microsphere shell is not significantly denatured; the heme held within haemoglobin, for example, is fully retained. Optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy reveals spherical particles with diameters between 1 and 3 μm, and an approximate shell thickness of roughly 30 nm.
Algorithm and experimentation of frequency hopping, band hopping, and transmission band selection using a cognitive radio test bed

A cognitive radio test bed was designed and developed using an Ettus Research USRP and GNU Radio. Experimentations were performed to test cognitive radio algorithms and features of frequency hopping, band hopping, and transmission bad selection for interference avoidance. A secondary user device scans a 200 MHz frequency range, which contains five 40 MHz bands. The secondary user performs frequency band selection based on system noise and interference characteristics. Experiments demonstrate good channel selection and interference avoidance performance.
Quaternary beetles: A review and issues for Australian studies

Few Australian entomologists, ecologists, biogeographers or Quaternary researchers are familiar with the details of Quaternary beetle research. Since the 1950s the study of fossil beetles has developed to become an important discipline of the Quaternary sciences. Unfortunately, however, the significance of the discipline for ecological and evolutionary research has been slow to penetrate mainstream entomological, ecological, and evolutionary thought. This paper outlines the history, methods and results of Quaternary beetle studies, based primarily upon research from the well-studied Northern Hemisphere, and then examines issues relevant to Australian research. Analysis of Quaternary beetle assemblages from Australia can contribute to the reconstruction of past environments and climates, in particular quantitative estimation of past temperature regimes, and potentially, effective precipitation. Of more significance to entomology, however, is the potential to reconstruct climatically-induced changes in distribution, essential for understanding the Quaternary biogeographic history of Australia's insect fauna. Furthermore, it will be possible to examine evidence, or the lack thereof, for speciation during the Quaternary, in the context of Quaternary environmental change.
The communication of sexual identity images in a self-presentational context

We examined the disclosure of sexual attitudes in self-presentational contexts across different levels of accountability. The results indicated that in a self-presentation situation participants expressed more reserved sexual attitudes in a low-accountability (i.e., stranger) compared to a high-accountability (i.e., friend) condition. Conversely, in a non-self-presentation situation sexual attitudes did not differ as a function of accountability conditions. Moreover, participants expressed greater accountability concerns with friends compared to strangers, a finding that heretofore has been absent from the literature. In fact, perceived accountability mediated the interactive effect of self-presentation and accountability on sexual attitudes, again a finding that has yet to be demonstrated in prior work. These findings are the first to illustrate how people convey their sexual attitudes for self-presentational purposes, and they provide a more nuanced and complete view of people's self-presentations.
The Fetal Occiput Posterior Position: State of the Science and a New Perspective

Abstract: Background: The fetal occiput posterior position poses challenges in every aspect of intrapartum care—prevention, diagnosis, correction, supportive care, labor management, and delivery. Maternal and newborn outcomes are often worse and both physical and psychological traumas are more common than with fetal occiput anterior positions. The purpose of this paper is to describe nine prevailing concepts that guide labor and birth management with an occiput posterior fetus, and summarize evidence to clarify the state of the science. Methods: A search was conducted of the databases of PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Additional valuable information was obtained from obstetric and midwifery textbooks, books and websites for the public, conversations with maternity care professionals, and years of experience as a doula. Results: Nine prevailing concepts are as follows: (1) prenatal maneuvers rotate the occiput posterior fetus to occiput anterior; (2) it is possible to detect the occiput posterior fetus prenatally; (3) a fetus who is occiput anterior at the onset of labor will remain in that position throughout labor; (4) back pain in labor is a reliable sign of an occiput posterior fetus; (5) the occiput posterior fetus can be identified during labor by digital vaginal examination; (6) an ultrasound scan is a reliable way to detect fetal position; (7) maternal positions facilitate rotation of the occiput posterior fetus; (8) epidural analgesia facilitates rotation; (9) manual rotation of the fetal head to occiput anterior improves the rate of occiput anterior deliveries. Concepts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 have little scientific support whereas concepts 6, 7, and 9 are supported by promising evidence. Conclusions: Many current obstetric practices with respect to the occiput posterior position are unsatisfactory, resulting in failure to identify and correct the problem and thus contributing to high surgical delivery rates and traumatic births. The use of ultrasound examination to identify fetal position is a method that is far superior to other methods, and has the potential to improve outcomes. Research studies are needed to examine the efficacy of midwifery methods of identification, and the effect of promising methods to rotate the fetus (simple positional methods and digital or manual rotation). Based on the findings of this review, a practical approach to care is suggested. (BIRTH 37:1 March 2010)
Stable nitrogen isotope dynamics of dissolved nitrate in a transect from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre to the Eastern Tropical North Pacific

Abstract The stable nitrogen isotopic composition of nitrate, concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and nitrification rates were determined at six stations ranging from the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) to the more productive Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP). Nitrification rates increased along the transect from a maximum rate of 1 nmol L −1 d −1 at station ALOHA to 23.7 nmol L −1 d −1 at station 6. In oxic surface waters, nitrate isotopically enriched in 15 N (maximum δ 15 N-NO 3 − value of 12.5‰) was most likely the result of assimilatory nitrate reduction. In contrast, high δ 15 N-NO 3 − values (maximum of 12.3‰) in association with high nitrate deficits and anoxic conditions supported the interpretation of isotopic fractionation due to denitrification. A one-dimensional vertical advection and diffusion model was used to estimate the fractionation factor for denitrification at two stations in the ETNP. A comparison of modeled to observed δ 15 N-NO 3 − data indicated an isotopic enrichment factor (e) of 30‰ at station 4 and 30 to 35‰ at station 5. Isotopically light nitrate (1.1 and 3.2‰) was observed in the upper 200 m of the water column at stations in the ETNP. Tracer studies of 15 NH 4 and biogeochemical indicators of nitrogen fixation supported the interpretation of nitrification as the most plausible explanation for low δ 15 N-NO 3 − values observed in water column samples. Our results are consistent with the occurrence of nitrification within the euphotic zone and for the first time provide corroborating stable nitrogen isotopic evidence for this process.
Three color Ramsey number of K 4 — e

Abstract We show that 28⩽ r ( K 4 − e ;3)⩽32. The construction used to establish the lower bound is made by using the strongly regular Schlafli graph for one of the colors, and then by partitioning its complement into two isomorphic graphs. The coloring has the property that each edge is on exactly one monochromatic K 3 , hence the vertex sets of these K 3 's form a Steiner triple system.
Music Therapy in an Integrated Pediatric Palliative Care Program

National experts have recommended that children with life-limiting illnesses receive integrated palliative and medical care. These programs offer a variety of services, including music therapy. Using survey data from parents whose were enrolled in Florida's Partners in Care: Together for Kids (PIC:TFK) program, this study investigates parents' experiences with music therapy. About 44% of children with life-limiting illnesses and 17% of their siblings used music therapy. For children who used music therapy, multivariate results suggest that their parents were 23 times as likely to report satisfaction with the overall PIC:TFK program (P < .05) versus parents whose children did not use music therapy. Pediatric palliative care programs should include music therapy, although recruiting licensed music therapists may be challenging.
Action Recommendation for Cyber Resilience

This paper presents an unifying graph-based model for representing the infrastructure, behavior and missions of an enterprise. We describe how the model can be used to achieve resiliency against a wide class of failures and attacks. We introduce an algorithm for recommending resilience establishing actions based on dynamic updates to the models. Without loss of generality, we show the effectiveness of the algorithm for preserving latency based quality of service (QoS). Our models and the recommendation algorithms are implemented in a software framework that we seek to release as an open source framework for simulating resilient cyber systems.
Aneurysm Clips: Evaluation of Magnetic Field Interactions With an 8.0 T MR System

This study was conducted to evaluate magnetic field interactions for aneurysm clips exposed to an 8.0 T magnetic resonance (MR) system. Twenty-six different aneurysm clips were tested for magnetic field translational attraction (deflection angle test) and torque (qualitative assessment method) using previously described techniques. Six of the specific aneurysm clips (i.e. type, model, blade length) made from stainless steel alloy (Perneczky) and Phynox (Yasargil, models FE 748 and FE 750) displayed deflection angles above 45 degrees and torque measurements of +4, indicating that these aneurysm clips maybe unsafe for patients or individuals in an 8.0 T MR environment. The specific aneurysm clips (i.e. type, model, blade length) made from commercially pure titanium (Spetzler), Elgiloy (Sugita), titanium alloy (Yasargil, model FE 750T), and MP35N (Sundt) displayed deflection angles less than 45 degrees and torque that ranged from + 1 to +4. Accordingly, these aneurysm clips are likely to be safe for patients or individuals exposed to an 8.0 T MR system. Depending on the actual dimensions and mass, an aneurysm clip made from Elgiloy may or may not be acceptable for a patient or individual in the 8.0 T MR environment.
pH is critical to the regulation of expression of the β2-adrenergic receptor gene in hypoxia

Abstract Expression and function of the β 2 -adrenergic receptor ( β 2 -AR), a critical modulator of motor function, is altered in ischemic tissues. However, the mechanism by which ischemia influences gene expression remains controversial, in part because of the conflicting results reported by numerous investigators. To determine the relative importance of hypoxia and acidosis on β 2 -AR expression and function, steady-state mRNA levels and receptor function were measured in DDT 1 MF-2 hamster smooth muscle cells grown in 10% serum and 3 nM epinephrine in 5% CO 2 (pH 7.50) and then exposed for 48 h to either combined hypoxia with acidosis (through incubation in 2% O 2 , 10% CO 2 , mean pH 7.14 at 48 h), hypoxia alone (2% O 2 , 2.5% CO 2 , pH 7.36), normoxia-acidosis (21% O 2 , 10% CO 2 , pH 7.12) or continued normoxia (21% O 2 , 2.5% CO 2 , pH 7.49). Combined hypoxia-acidosis downregulated the β 2 -AR membrane density by 50% compared to hypoxia alone and normoxia alone at 48 h. β 2 -AR coupling in these cells, as measured by cellular cAMP production in response to 10 −4 M isoproterenol, was decreased by hypoxia but increased by acidosis. The effect of hypoxia-acidosis on B max was abolished by inhibiting transcription with 1.0 μg/ml actinomycin D. A quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay demonstrated a decrease in steady-state mRNA concentration with hypoxia-acidosis. Our experiments demonstrate an important distinction between the effects of modeled hypoxia and ischemia on β 2 -AR gene expression.
Neurotransmitter candidates in the visual system of Limulus polyphemus: synthesis and distribution of octopamine.

Abstract Synthesis of octopamine, acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid and serotonin was examined in a number of tissues from the Limulus visual system, and the distribution of endogenous octopamine was determined. There was a selective association of octopamine synthetic activity with tissues rich in photoreceptor cell bodies compared to optic nerves and highest levels of endogenous octopamine were found in Limulus eyes and optic ganglia. The distribution of octopamine synthetic activity and endogenous octopamine suggests a role for this amine in Limulus visual function.
The impact of cancer on the family: A critical analysis of the research literature

Abstract The family, not just the patient, experiences the crisis and impact of cancer. This paper critically reviews the empirical research which examines the effects of cancer on the family. Eleven separate issues are identified and discussed: emotional strain, physical demands, uncertainty, fear of the patient dying, altered roles and lifestyles, finances, ways to comfort the patient, perceived inadequacy of services, existential concerns, sexuality, and non-convergent needs among household members. The paper concludes with the research, clinical, and programmatic implications of these studies.
Employment Effect of Wage Discrimination in the Weber-Moses Triangle

This paper examines the employment effect of wage discrimination in the well-known Weber-Moses triangular model. Assume that the plant location is a choice variable. It shows that the wage discrimination will change total employment of a monopsony if the supply labor curves in two separate markets are linear. It also shows that the wage discrimination may decrease total employment if the more elastic labor supply curve is convex and the less elastic labor supply curve is concave. These results are significantly different from the traditional results in the non-spatial economy. It indicates that the location decision of a firm has an important impact on the employment effect of wage discrimination.
Electrically excitable purely mechanical resonances in piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials - geometrical considerations

Abstract Mechanical displacements of electrically excited specimens of piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials are determined using a displacement laser interferometer system. It is found that purely mechanical resonances can exist in these specimens independent of any detectable electrical disturbance, including virgin and depoled specimens of ferroelectric ceramics. For specimens of the ceramic PZT8 it is shown that the number of purely mechanical resonances increases with decreasing specimen thicknesses, but there seems to be no other correlation between the resonances and the geometries of the specimens. Preliminary experimental evidence indicates that for the case of ferroelectric ceramics occurrence of the resonances may be due to the coupling of the driving voltage to the unit cell dipoles of the domains - this is suggestive of a dependence of domain structure.
The equation of state of a polydimethylsiloxane fluid

Experimental data for the dependence of the specific volume on temperature and pressure (PVT data) of a polydimethylsiloxane fluid with 100 cS viscosity are presented. The temperature range covered is 30–344°C and the pressure range is 0–200 MPa (0–29,000 psi). Coefficients for an empirical equation of state are reported. This equation of state is based on a polynomial fit to the zero-pressure isobar, combined with the Tait equation. The maximum deviation in specific volume between the data and the fitted empirical equation of state is less than 0.006 cm3/g, or less than 0.05% of the volume, except at the highest temperature, where sample degradation is likely to occur. The isothermal compressibility and thermal expansivity are derived from the empirical equation of state, and both show a strong temperature and pressure dependence. Reducing parameters for the Simha–Somcynsky theoretical equation of state were found to be P* = 502 MPa, V* = 0.9765 cm3/g, and T* = 8175 K. A comparison between theory and experimental data at temperatures to 245°C (recommended upper use temperature) revealed volume deviations comparable to those obtained using the Tait equation.