cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving database design through the analysis of relationships

Much of the work on conceptual modeling involves the use of an entity-relationship model in which binary relationships appear as associations between two entities. Relationships involving more than two entities are considered rare and, therefore, have not received adequate attention. This research provides a general framework for the analysis of relationships in which binary relationships simply become a special case. The framework helps a designer to identify ternary and other higher-degree relationships that are commonly represented, often inappropriately, as either entities or binary relationships. Generalized rules are also provided for representing higher-degree relationships in the relational model. This uniform treatment of relationships should significantly ease the burden on a designer by enabling him or her to extract more information from a real-world situation and represent it properly in a conceptual design.
Performance Metrics of Speed and Separation Monitoring in Shared Workspaces

A set of metrics is proposed that evaluates speed and separation monitoring efficacy in industrial robot environments in terms of the quantification of safety and the effects on productivity. The collision potential is represented by separation metrics and sensor uncertainty based on perceived noise and bounding region radii. In the event of a bounding region collision between a robot and an obstacle during algorithm evaluation, the severity of the separation failure is reported as a percentage of volume penetration.
Concurrent Generation of Concurrent Programs for Post-Silicon Validation

The continuing trend toward increased parallelism in processor design can be seen in both the growing number of processor cores per system and in on-core hardware mechanisms that assist parallelism, such as multithreading and cache hierarchies. This complexity exacerbates the problem of ensuring the functional correctness of such hardware systems. The growing importance of post-silicon validation is leading to an emerging type of parallel application, namely, the hardware exerciser. We describe a method for exercising parallel hardware by generating pseudorandom concurrent test programs. The test generation is carried out on the tested parallel platform and thus the generator itself is also a concurrent program. We describe the challenges associated with this technology and the approach used by the Threadmill hardware exerciser, a tool developed for the post-silicon validation of the IBM POWER7 processor.
Models of driven relativistic magnetrons with nonlinear frequency-shift and growth-saturation effects

The driven van der Pol equation is widely used to model the behavior of regenerative electronic and microwave oscillators driven by an external locking signal. In the case of high-power microwave oscillators such as relativistic magnetrons nonlinear frequency-shift effects are believed to be important. They have been modeled by inclusion in the van der Pol equation of an additional cubic restoring force (Duffing) term. Use of the slowlyvarying amplitude and phase approximation to study the behavior of the driven van der Pol-Duffing equation has predicted stable single-valued locked behavior within a skewed range of values of the frequency mismatch. For parameter values consistent with the slowly-varying amplitude and phase approximation numerical solutions of the van der Pol-Duffing equation confirm this prediction. For oscillators with high growth rate such as the relativistic magnetron however the slowly-varying amplitude and phase approximation may be unjustified. Furthermore regardless of the satisfaction of the assumptions on which the approximation is based it may fail to predict the occurrence of complicated dynamical behavior of coupled oscillators with important implications for phase locking. Numerical solutions of the driven van der Pol equation show that the time of transient evolution to phase-locked states instead of depending solely on the frequency mismatch as conventionally assumed is also a function of oscillator growth rate and injection power level. Recent work suggests that the form of model oscillator equation appropriate for the magnetron may differ in both nonlinear growth-saturation and frequency terms from the van der Pol-Duffing equation. 1.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Army and the Levellers: The Roads to Putney

The English Revolution began in the summer of 1647. It was a struggle to delimit power and authority which neither the constitutional reforms of 1641 nor the civil war that followed had been able to resolve. Shortly after the fighting ceased in 1646 the House of Lords propounded that ‘things that are to be perpetual might be settled in the old way, by the three estates’. Unexpectedly, however, it was conservative ‘presbyterian’ members of the House of Commons who conducted an experiment in government without the king. In the winter of 1646 Denzil Holies succeeded in obtaining sufficient personal support and institutional power to coordinate and implement a political programme. But the inability of the men at Westminster collectively to secure an accord with the king had encouraged some to question parliament's intentions and others its integrity. Moreover, Charles's defeat, flight to the Scots, and subsequent imprisonment revived the long deferred examination of sovereignty. This now centred on parliament, whose good intentions were, nevertheless, an insufficient justification for its rule. Beginning in the winter of 1646 and building to a climax in the summer of 1647, an assault mounted from both left and right struck at the conduct of Holles and his ‘faction’ and then at the foundation of parliament's role as a conservator of order and authority.
Managing telecommunications networks using TMN interface standards

The article presents the scope of TMN standards, identifies the role and importance of interface standards, and describes the key elements of a TMN interface. TMN activities within the ITU-T, from an organizational perspective, are summarized and a more detailed description of the ITU-T specifications, organized primarily by interface element categories is given. The author examines the availability of TMN standards in support of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) management. (In North America, SDH is known as the synchronous optical network, or SONET.) The role of regional and national standards bodies in TMN is covered. Efforts to speed the availability of TMN implementations are briefly noted and the author describes major TMN challenges and new directions driving its evolution. >
Trajectories of alcohol and cigarette use among sexual minority and heterosexual girls

Abstract Purpose To examine disparities between sexual minority girls (SMGs) and heterosexual girls in trajectories of substance use over time. Method Girls were included in the analyses if they were 12–18 years of age at wave 1 and did not miss sexual orientation data at wave 4 (n = 7,765). Latent curve models were estimated across all four waves (extending from middle adolescence into young adulthood) to examine trajectories of cigarette and alcohol use. Results Initial levels of substance use were higher for SMGs than they were for heterosexual girls. SMGs also exhibited sharper escalations in use across all substances over time as they were transitioning into young adulthood. Conclusions Persistent rates of cigarette and heavy alcohol use among SMGs may increase their risk for a host of mental and physical health problems in adulthood. Clinicians should be prepared to discuss SMG health topics effectively and in private, and discuss prevention and intervention programs with girls at risk.
Application of conducting polymer precoats for the metallization of insulators

Abstract We describe a process for the metallization of insulating materials based on the application of a conducting polymer precoat, followed by direct metal electrodeposition. The precoat is applied in a single step by immersing the substrate ( e.g. printed circuit board material, polyimide or nylon) in an aqueous bath containing the monomer ( e.g pyrrole), an oxidizing agent ( e.g. FeCl 3 ) and an appropriate dopant. The conducting polymer coats obtained are typically 0.2 to 0.5 μm thick and have sheet resistivities of several hundred Ω/square. This level of sheet resistivity is sufficient for direct metal electrodeposition onto the polymer-coated substrate using standard metal plating baths. The dependences of polypyrrole film conductivities on parameters such as substrate immersion time, the bath temperature, the oxidation potential in the bath, and the nature of the dopant have been investigated. We demonstrate that the electrodeposition of copper onto polypyrrole precoats propagates along the surface from the ohmic contact by a nucleation and dendritic growth mechanism.
Percutaneous epicardial mapping during ablation of difficult accessory pathways as an alternative to cardiac surgery

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to define the role of percutaneous epicardial mapping for the ablation of previous failed ablation of accessory pathways. Background Cardiac surgery is the only curative option for failed radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation of accessory pathway (AP)-mediated tachycardias. We investigated a combined percutaneous epicardial and endocardial approach for failed AP ablations. Methods We present our experience in a series of 6 cases (7 APs) with previous failed attempts at catheter ablation (median 2 attempts, range 1–4) and persistent symptomatic tachycardias. Endocardial mapping of the APs was performed using conventional techniques. Sites with local electrograms suggestive of AP location were selected. When initial endocardial mapping was not successful for ablation of the pathway, percutaneous transthoracic pericardial puncture was performed via a subxiphoid approach, and an ablation catheter was positioned at the epicardial aspect of the putative AP location for epicardial-endocardial electrogram comparison. Endocardial RF energy was applied to locations considered appropriate. Epicardial RF applications were delivered when endocardial applications failed. Coronary arteriography was performed to assess the proximity of coronary arteries to the ablation catheter. Results APs were located in the right free wall (4 patients, 5 APs) and the right (1 patient) and left (1 patient) posteroseptal regions. In all patients, epicardial mapping assisted in identifying successful ablation sites. In 3 patients, the earliest atrial activation during orthodromic tachycardia was present in an epicardial electrogram. Successful AP ablation was achieved with an epicardial RF application in 2 patients, either alone or with simultaneous endocardial-epicardial delivery. In the remaining 4 patients, APs were successfully ablated endocardially after epicardial mapping. These patients represent 18% of all cases referred to our institution for ablation of previously failed accessory pathways (6/32 patients). Conclusions A combined endocardial-epicardial approach to mapping and RF ablation can facilitate successful endocardial ablation in most cases. In selected cases, APs can be ablated by epicardial delivery of RF. Epicardial mapping is an effective alternative to cardiac surgery for patients in whom prior attempts at AP ablation have failed.
Code generator for parallel implementation of intensive algorithms on multiple DSP chips

Many intensive and real-time signal processing applications for example in control, speech synthesis/recognition and image processing, have computational requirements which are too high for implementation on single DSP processors. Parallel implementation on multiple DSP processors provides an attractive solution to this problem. This paper presents a code generator which is capable of automatically producing parallel code for a multiprocessor hardware platform. The generator makes use of special code skeletons to abstract away from the hardware platform being used, and hence providing a high degree of flexibility in the choice of platforms. By using a consistent interface to these skeletons one can easily retarget the same signal processing application to different hardware systems. The design philosophy and architecture of the code generator as well as the types of multiprocessor hardware platforms used are presented and discussed. (10 pages)
A Displaced Femoral Neck Stress Fracture in an Amenorrheic Adolescent Female Runner

This case demonstrates the potential serious consequences of the female athlete triad and its effects on bone. Displaced femoral neck stress fractures cause significant morbidity, and this case highlights the preventable nature of this injury. The treatment was focused on improving low energy availability, and, although challenging, improvements were made. This injury could have been prevented if the signs and symptoms of her injury had been addressed and there had been better knowledge of her risk factors. This case highlights the need for further education in the sports and health communities.
Triangular textures for quark mass matrices

Hierarchical quark masses and small mixing angles are shown to lead to a simple triangular form for {ital U}- and {ital D}-type quark mass matrices. In the basis where one of the matrices is diagonal, each matrix element of the other is, to a good approximation, the product of a quark mass and a CKM matrix element. The physical content of a general mass matrix can be easily deciphered in its triangular form. This parametrization could serve as a useful starting point for model building. Examples of mass textures are analyzed using this method. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Direct observation of ligand recognition by T cells

The activation of T cells through interaction of their T-cell receptors with antigenic peptide bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is a crucial step in adaptive immunity. Here we use three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy to visualize individual peptide-I-E(k) class II MHC complexes labelled with the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin in an effort to characterize T-cell sensitivity and the requirements for forming an immunological synapse in single cells. We show that T cells expressing the CD4 antigen respond with transient calcium signalling to even a single agonist peptide-MHC ligand, and that the organization of molecules in the contact zone of the T cell and APC takes on the characteristics of an immunological synapse when only about ten agonists are present. This sensitivity is highly dependent on CD4, because blocking this molecule with antibodies renders T cells unable to detect less than about 30 ligands.
Optimal fixture design for drilling through deformable plate workpieces part II: results

This is the second of two manuscripts which employ finite element analysis and optimization algorithms to design optimal fixtures for drilling through deformable workpieces. Part I has addressed the problem formulation, suggesting five different objective functions that capture different geometric characteristics of the machined surface. The performance of the five obtained fixture layouts under different drilling conditions is studied in this paper. The drilling studies include single, sequential, and simultaneous (gang) drilling. These studies demonstrate the known fact that more frequent setups and longer machining time periods result in higher workpiece accuracies. The simulations also suggest that the proposed optimal fixturing model developed in this study can be used to command greater control over the drilling process, resulting in elevated drilling quality. The numerical value of the latter is captured by the objective function values. The computer simulations further identify optimal fixturing layouts that can be implemented in an industrial environment.
The circadian clock regulates auxin signaling and responses in Arabidopsis

The circadian clock plays a pervasive role in the temporal regulation of plant physiology, environmental responsiveness, and development. In contrast, the phytohormone auxin plays a similarly far-reaching role in the spatial regulation of plant growth and development. Went and Thimann noted 70 years ago that plant sensitivity to auxin varied according to the time of day, an observation that they could not explain. Here we present work that explains this puzzle, demonstrating that the circadian clock regulates auxin signal transduction. Using genome-wide transcriptional profiling, we found many auxin-induced genes are under clock regulation. We verified that endogenous auxin signaling is clock regulated with a luciferase-based assay. Exogenous auxin has only modest effects on the plant clock, but the clock controls plant sensitivity to applied auxin. Notably, we found both transcriptional and growth responses to exogenous auxin are gated by the clock. Thus the circadian clock regulates some, and perhaps all, auxin responses. Consequently, many aspects of plant physiology not previously thought to be under circadian control may show time-of-day-specific sensitivity, with likely important consequences for plant growth and environmental responses.
Neuronal LR11/SorLA Expression Is Reduced in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Clinical manifestations include memory loss, deterioration of language skills, and impaired ability to perform daily activities.1 Although the exact mechanisms remain unknown, it is widely accepted that amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) plays a key role in AD pathogenesis. Thus, factors that regulate Aβ accumulation are of particular interest.2,3 We originally identified reduced expression of LR11 (aka sorLA and SORL1) in a microarray study and confirmed consistent loss of LR11 in AD brains, particularly in vulnerable regions.4,5 LR11 is an unusual mosaic receptor that is highly enriched in brain and possesses features of both low-density lipoprotein receptors and the sortilin family of receptors.6 We and others have shown that LR11 interacts with the amyloid precursor protein, influences amyloid precursor protein trafficking, and regulates Aβ levels.4,7,8 In addition, a recent study has identified a relation between variants in the SORL1 gene encoding LR11 and risk for AD,9 adding considerable support to the hypothesis that LR11 is causally linked to AD pathogenesis. To better understand the role of LR11 in the molecular pathogenesis of AD, we investigated neuronal LR11 expression in an early stage of this disease by examining brain tissue collected from people who died with an antemortem clinical diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MCI represents individuals whose cognition is not normal, but whose declines in cognitive and/or functional abilities are not sufficiently severe to meet criteria for dementia.10 Patients with MCI often progress to overt dementia, with a 12% annual conversion rate to AD.11 An MCI subset with memory loss also display AD neuropathology, suggesting that these MCI cases in part represent prodromal stages of AD.10,12 However, a substantial percentage of MCI cases do not progress to AD, and some may revert to normal cognitive function.13,14 To determine whether a reduction in neuronal LR11 occurs early in the progression of AD, we employed a novel quantitative immunohistochemical approach to tissue collected from participants in the Religious Orders Study, a longitudinal investigation of aging and AD,15-18 including subjects diagnosed with no cognitive impairment (NCI), MCI, and AD. We observed reduced cortical neuronal LR11 expression comparable with the loss seen in AD in a subset of MCI cases. Moreover, LR11 expression was found to correlate significantly with cognitive performance, with those cases with the lowest LR11 levels showing the greatest impairment. Together, these results support the hypothesis that altered expression of LR11 is an early event in AD pathogenesis.
Enhancing Refractive Index Sensing Capability with Infrared Plasmonic Perfect Absorbers

We experimentally demonstrate an infrared refractive index sensor based on plasmonic perfect absorbers for glucose concentration sensing, with the figure of merit (FOM*) around 55 and a bulk wavelength sensitivity around 600nm/RIU.
Part IV: How Do Reputations Affect Corporate Performance?: Stock Market Valuation of Reputation for Corporate Social Performance

A question invariably recurs in discussions about corporate reputation: are they cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? That is: do they have an independent causal effect on corporate performance; are they a consequence of good financial performance? Or are they an incidental by-product? The second day of the conference began with a review of avail- able evidence of the possible financial impact of corporate reputations. The following panelists discussed their prepared papers: The Value of Corporate Reputation: Evidence from the Equity Markets - Rajendra K. Srivastava, University of Texas at Austin; Thomas H. McInish, Memphis State University; Robert A. Wood, Memphis State University; Anthony J. Capraro, University of Texas at Austin. The Effect of Financial and Media Reputations on Performance - David L. Deephouse, Louisiana State University. The Value of a Firm's Corporate Reputation: How Reputation Helps Attain and Sustain Superior Profitability - Peter W. Roberts, University of New South Wales; Grahame R. Dowling, University of New South Wales. Stock Market Valuation of Reputation for Corporate Social Performance - Brad Brown, University of Virginia. Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Firm Performance: The Role of Intangible Resources - G. Steven McMillan, The American College; Maheshkumar P. Joshi, St. Joseph's University. Has the Influence of Financial Performance on Reputation Measures Been Overstated? - A. J. Capraro, University of Texas at Austin; Rajendra K. Srivastava, University of Texas at Austin.
Glass-Transition Temperatures in CO2 + Polymer Systems: Modeling and Experiment

We extend a previously published compressible lattice model to the prediction of glass-transition temperatures in CO2 + polymer systems. We have applied the model to published data as well as to new measurements of glass-transition temperatures in CO2 + poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and CO2 + poly(lactic acid) (PLA) systems. We demonstrate that the model is able to predict glass-transition temperatures in CO2 + polymer systems using a parameter that is obtained from sorption data and a second parameter that is obtained from FTIR measurements. The parameters are not dependent on temperature, pressure, or polymer molecular weight.
Calcium and magnesium gradients in apples with bitter pit

Abstract An electron‐microprobe study of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples with and without bitter pit revealed a 1.7‐fold increase in calcium and a 5‐to 8‐fold increase in magnesium in pitted as compared to non‐pitted tissue. Potassium gradients were not evident in either pitted or non‐pitted tissues. The highest concentration of calcium and magnesium was in the approximate center of the pitted area. No significant gradients in calcium, magnesium and potassium appeared in the control tissue. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study revealed spherical shaped'globules’ in the pitted tissue only. Electron microprobe analysis indicated these globules to be high in calcium and ultra‐high in magnesium as compared to the surrounding tissue. Golden Delicious apples were vacuum infiltrated with calcium or magnesium alone or in combination with ethylene or ethephon. Within 1 week after infiltration, the magnesium‐treated fruit exhibited bitter‐pit symptoms that were morphologically similar to those induced either by eth...
The structure of Poincaré covariant tensor operators in quantum mechanical models

Abstract The structure of operators that transform covariantly in Poincare invariant quantum mechanical models is analyzed. These operators are shown to have an interaction dependence that comes from the geometry of the Poincare group. The operators can be expressed in terms of matrix elements in a complete set of eigenstates of the mass and spin operators associated with the dynamical representation of the Poincare group. The matrix elements are factored into geometrical coefficients (Clebsch-Gordan coefficients for the Poincare group) and invariant matrix elements. The geometrical coefficients are fixed by the transformation properties of the operator and the eigenvalue spectrum of the mass and spin. The invariant matrix elements, which distinguish between different operators with the same transformation properties, are given in terms of a set of invariant form factors.
The microscopic reaction dynamics and branching ratio in the F + HCOOH and F + H2CO reactions☆

Abstract Infrared chemiluminescence under conditions of arrested relaxation has been applied to the study of the hydrogen and deuterium abstraction reactions of HCOOH, DCOOH and H2CO with F atoms. Two distinctly different modes of product excitation are observed, depending upon whether the reaction proceeds via the formyl or carboxyl hydrogen. Reaction at the formyl hydrogen (or deuterium) causes substantial inversion in the diatomic product internal energy distributions. The F + H2CO and F + DCOOH reactions respectively channel 56% and 54% of the available energy into vibration in the product diatomic when they occur at the formyl site. In both cases the product energy distributions are qualitatively similar to those observed in direct reactions of triatomic systems on repulsive energy surfaces. In contrast to these, reaction at the carboxyl hydrogen of DCOOH gives an HF† product vibrational distribution having a Boltzmann equilibrium shape at a temperature of 4300 K. The ratio of HF to DF product from the F + DCOOH study shows that reaction occurs at the carboxyl hydrogen approximately twice as often as at the formyl site. Comparison with triatomic reactions involving the same mass-combinations implies that abstraction of the formyl hydrogen occurs via single-collision, direct encounters, whereas reaction at the carboxyl site involves a long-lived complex in which extensive randomisation of the reaction exoergicity among all the product vibrational modes can occur.
Alert odor from skin gland in deer

Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) discharge an odor from the metatarsal (MT) gland, located on the hindleg, when disturbed or alarmed. Freely moving, captive deer were exposed to the MT odor by means of a remote-release apparatus. Responses by males and females to MT odor from both sexes were recorded with a coding system and a video camera. When the odor was present, females became more alert and left the site more often than in the presence of control odors, odorless air, or deer urine. It is concluded that the MT secretion provides an alert signal, placing the odor into the class of alarm pheromones. There is no evidence that the closely related white-tailed deer,O. virginianus, possesses this alert (or alarm) odor system to the same degree.
Improving prediction capabilities of complex dynamic models via parameter selection and estimation

Abstract Many mathematical models describing complex (bio-)chemical reaction networks with a high level of detail are available in the literature. While such detailed models are desirable for investigating the dynamics of a particular component, it is often questionable if it is possible to verify these models due to the limited amount of quantitative data that can be generated. Even if it is not possible to estimate all parameters of these models then one would still be interested in determining which parameters should be estimated. This paper addresses this point and introduces a technique for determining the parameters of a model that should be estimated from experimental data. The focus of this work is on ensuring that the model has good prediction capability as over-fitting the model to noisy experimental data is avoided. Towards this goal, a forward selection approach for selecting a subset of parameters for estimation while taking uncertainty into account is developed to minimize the mean squared prediction error of the model. It is shown that the developed technique is closely related to the often-used orthogonalization method. The technique is applied to a model of the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. The presented method is able to generate a smaller mean squared error than estimation of all parameters and also outperforms the orthogonalization method.
Influence of crosslinking technique on the physical and transport properties of ethynyl-terminated monomer/polyetherimide asymmetric membranes

Abstract Integrally-skinned asymmetric membranes prepared from blends of polyimides and a reactive monomer were prepared and treated with various energy sources to promote crosslinking. The extent of crosslinking was monitored through differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The influence of crosslinking on the physical and transport properties was measured. Activation procedures included irradiation (UV, γ, and electron-beam) and thermal (at temperatures above and below the glass transition temperature of the polymer). Surface treatment by irradiation resulted in modest improvements in separation selectivity with little reduction in fast gas flux. Limited conversion of the ethynyl moieties was achieved (average
PDGF-BB, IGF-I and mechanical load stimulate DNA synthesis in avian tendon fibroblasts in vitro

Resident cells in the surface epitenon and internal compartment of flexor tendons are subjected to cyclic mechanical load as muscle contracts to move limbs or digits. Tendons are largely tensile load bearing tissues and are highly matrix intensive with nondividing cells providing maintenance functions. However, when an injury occurs, tendon cells are stimulated to divide by activated endogenous growth factors and those from platelets and plasma. We hypothesize that tendon cells detect mechanical load signals but do not interpret such signals as mitogenic unless an active growth factor is present. We have used an in vitro mechanical load model, application of cyclic strain to cells cultured on flexible bottomed culture plates, to test the hypothesis that tendon cells require platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in addition to mechanical load to stimulate DNA synthesis. In addition, we demonstrate that in avian tendon cells, load and growth factors stimulate phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in multiple proteins, including pp60src, a protein kinase that phosphorylates receptor protein tyrosine kinases. A lack of mitogenic responsiveness to mechanical load alone by tendon cells may be a characteristic of a regulatory pathway that modulates cell division.
Cold-stage scanning electron microscope measurement of ice morphology in apple tissue as a function of freezing rate

A cold-stage SEM was used to document the morphology of ice in apple tissue and a sucrose solution frozen at rates ranging from 450 to 0.03 degrees K/min. Freezing rates of 3-mm-thick apple discs were measured with a differential thermocouple technique, which gave measurement of the growth velocity and the temperature gradient through the solidified specimen as well as the cooling rate during solidification. Cold-stage SEM micrographs were used to measure the dendritic spacing of the ice structures, and these data were found to correlate linearly with the square root of the cooling rate during solidification as would be predicted by a theoretical analysis of mass transfer in the formation of dendrites. Comparison of freeze-substituted and freeze-dried apple-tissue micrographs with those from a cold-stage SEM showed that the cold-stage SEM technique was the only one which correctly represented ice morphology in apple tissue.
Age- and Sex-Related Atrial Electrophysiologic and Structural Changes

Abstract Age and gender dependence of the 3 major variables—left atrial (LA) dimension, effective refractory period (ERP), and atrial conduction—that govern the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) were examined in 76 women and 39 men without structural heart disease. A significant positive correlation was found between age and LA dimension, mainly because of a strongly positive correlation in women not taking hormone replacement therapy but not in women on hormone replacement therapy. Men had a significantly greater average LA dimension than women. Neither ERP nor atrial conduction estimated by normalized P-wave duration demonstrated any significant correlation with either age or gender. It was concluded that LA size is greater in the elderly and in men, which may increase their risk for AF.
What determines the half-life of proteins in, vivo? Some experiences with alanine aminotransferase of rat tissues

Abstract The half-life of alanine aminotransferase in rat muscle is about 20 days, compared with that of the same enzyme in liver of about three days. The thermal denaturation rate of the enzyme in , vitro gives a calculated half-life of about 400 days at body temperature. A liver lysosomal preparation effectively inactivated the enzyme under conditions in which it was otherwise quite stable. From our results we conclude that turnover of alanine aminotransferase in , vivo is a reflection of an active (enzymatic) process which does not depend on prior thermal denaturation.
Equivalence of computerized and traditional MMPI administration with substance abusers

Abstract A Latin Squares design was utilized to test the equivalence of computerized versus paper-and-pencil MMPI administration. Sixty-eight alcoholics and seven drug abusers completed both formats. Multivariate analyses of the 14 MMPI scales yielded no significant differences between formats and test administration order. Univariate analyses of scale scores yielded a significant difference between formats for the Cannot Say scale only. This was the result of eliminating the Cannot Say response option with the computer format. Test-retest reliabilities and T-score profiles were also found to be equivalent. Results are discussed in terms of the validity for using computerized MMPI administration in clinical populations.
Validation, use, and disadvantages of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for detection of cortisol in channel catfish, largemouth bass, red pacu, and golden shiners.

Measurement of cortisol response is an important tool to asses stress in fisheries research. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a common method for the measure of cortisol in fish. Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to detect cortisol would eliminate health hazards, costs of handling radioisotopes, and the short stability time associated with RIA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been used for the determination of cortisol in several fish species. However, the ELISA method of cortisol determination in fish lacks proper validation testing. We conducted validation procedures for multiple commercial cortisol ELISA kits and compared the results to RIA. The assays were tested for four species: (1) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, (2) largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, (3) red pacu Piaractus brachypomus, and (4) golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas. We evaluated the ELISA methods against RIA, and determined that at least one kit is suitable (accuracy: mean recovery of spiked samples, 102.8%; reproducibility: interassay coefficient of variation 0.96 for all species) for the measurement of cortisol response in fish and comparative determination of stress. All of the ELISA assay results varied by more than 10% from the cortisol concentrations detected by the RIA. The high variability of the kit results indicates that commercial ELISA kits could be utilized for qualitative determination of cortisol in fish, but should be fully validated in each laboratory for each species before being used for research.
Recouping Energy Costs From Cloud Tenants: Tenant Demand Response Aware Pricing Design

As energy costs become increasingly greater contributors to a cloud provider's overall costs, it is important for the cloud to recoup these energy costs from its tenants for profitability via appropriate pricing design. The poor predictability of real-world tenants' demand and demand responses (DRs) make such pricing design a challenging problem. We formulate a leader-follower game-based cloud pricing framework with the goal of maximizing cloud's profit. The key distinguishing aspect of our approach is our emphasis on modeling both the cloud and its tenants as working with low predictability in their inputs. Consequently, we model them as employing myopic control with short-term predictive models. Our empirical evaluation using tenant trace from IBM production data centers shows that (i) cloud's profit and VM prices are sensitive to the tradeoffs between its energy costs, tenant's demand and DR, and (ii) the cloud's estimation of tenants' demands/DR may significantly affect its profitability.
Mono and bivalent binding of a scFv and covalent diabody to murine laminin-1 using radioiodinated proteins and SPR measurements: effects on tissue retention in vivo.

Abstract Phage display techniques identified a scFv, 15-9, which binds to murine laminin-1 and accumulated selectively in tumors. In this study, a covalent diabody was constructed by changing the amino acid residues at positions VH44 and VL100 to cysteine residues so that the diabody form could be stabilized via a disulfide bond. The covalent diabody was expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified by affinity chromatography. The binding properties were measured by surface plasmon resonance and solid phase binding of 125 I diabody and scFv. Data from the plasmon resonance method yielded calculated K D s of 4.4 × 10 − 10 M for the covalent diabody and 9.9 × 10 − 8 M for the scFv. K D s calculated from solid phase binding of radioiodinated proteins were 1.7–2.1 × 10 − 10 M and 2.1–2.4 × 10 − 8 M respectively. The rate of dissociation of 125 I scFv from solid phase laminin was independent of laminin concentration; however, the dissociation of the 125 I diabody was dependent both on the concentration of laminin and on the concentration of the diabody. Specifically, high concentrations of laminin yielded very slow rates of diabody dissociation indicating that bivalent attachments had formed. When higher amounts of diabody were used that essentially saturated the laminin sites with univalent binding, the dissociation rate was similar to that for the scFv indicating univalent binding. Biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing SCID mice showed that the covalent diabody improved the ratio of tumor/muscle 2 fold over that obtained with the scFv, although the absolute amount of protein bound to the tumor site was not significantly different for the two forms. The data also showed that retention of the diabody in the tumor and kidney, sites where laminin is present in high concentration, was much longer compared to that of scFv. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that both scFv and diabody forms bind to available laminin in vivo with similar association kinetics, but that in situations of high target concentration, the diabody can bind bivalently and is thus retained at the binding site much longer than the scFv.
From Sewers to Suburbs Transforming the Policy-Making Context of American Cities

Central city infrastructure development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in areas such as sewerage, water works, street lighting, and street pavement, was an important cause of suburban municipal autonomy by the time of the Great Depression. Suburban autonomy was in turn an important factor in the racial and economic transformations that were visible in central cities by the 1950s. Thus, although central city infrastructure development was a classic developmental policy, it led to a central city politics that emphasized fiscal retrenchment and racialized poverty. This argument provides an important new perspective to the study of urban politics because it suggests that suburban autonomy was an intermediate process by which city policies transformed the context in which they were initially formulated. Evidence is provided for this argument through four OLS regression models that indicate a statistically significant relationship between central city infrastructure development in 1907 and suburban ...
Line intensities in the 3-0 band of CO and dipole moment matrix elements for the CO molecule☆

Abstract Line intensities in the 3-0 band of CO have been determined by the method of equivalent widths for near Doppler lines. The data were obtained with sample pressures between 4 and 40 Torr and a spectral slit width of 0.04 cm−1. The values found for the band intensity at 273°K and the linear and quadratic Herman-Wallis coefficients were 0.0135 cm−2 atm−1, 0.0118 and 1.8 × 10−4, respectively. The expressions for the dipole moment matrix elements derived in Part I were then evaluated for the vibrational band intensities used by Young and Eachus in order to test the present theory. Good agreement with the results of Young and Eachus was obtained both for the dipole moment coefficients of CO and for the Herman-Wallis factors for the 2-0 and 3-0 bands. New dipole moment coefficients and Herman-Wallis factors based on revised 1-0, 2-0, and 3-0 band intensities at 273°K of 260, 2.06, and 0.0132 cm−2 atm−1 were then calculated by means of the present theory. The dipole moment expansion was found to be, M(r) = −0.112 + 3.10 (r - re) − 0.31 (r - re)2 − 2.28 (r - re)3 where re is the equilibrium internuclear distance in angstroms and M(r) is in Debyes. A negative sign was assigned to M0 on the basis of the good agreement which this sign gave between observed and calculated Herman-Wallis factors. It was concluded that the general expressions obtained in Part I are of good accuracy. Previous analytic expressions obtained for the 2-0 and 3-0 bands are not as accurate primarily because they do not include quadratic and cubic dipole moment terms.
KBGIS-II A knowledge-based geographical information system

Abstract This paper describes the architecture and working of a recently implemented knowledge-based GIS (KBGIS-II) that was designed to satisfy several general criteria for GIS. The system has four major functions, query-answering, learning, editing and training. The main query finds constrained locations for spatial objects that are describable in a predicate-calculus based spatial object language. The main search procedures include a family of constraint-satisfaction procedures that use a spatial object knowledge base to search efficiently for complex spatial objects in large, multi-layered spatial data bases. These data bases are represented in quadtree form. The search strategy is designed to reduce the computational cost of search in the average case. The learning capabilities of the system include the addition of new locations of complex spatial objects to the knowledge base as queries are answered, and the ability to learn inductively definitions of new spatial objects from examples. The new defin...
Atrazine toxicity to submersed vascular plants in simulated estuarine microcosms

Abstract Photosynthesis in Potamogeton pectinatus L. and Zostera marina L. was inhibited by 650 μg 1 −1 of dissolved atrazine, but was stimulated by 75 μg 1 −1 . Photosynthesis in Zannichellia palustris L. was inhibited at both of these concentrations while in Vallisneria americana Michx inhibition was significant at the higher concentration but minor at the lower concentration. Atrazine at 120 μg 1 −1 in solution caused 100% mortality of Vallisneria within 30 days. At 12 μg 1 −1 mortality of Vallisneria was 50% after 47 days and the production of new plants at the ends of runners and leaf area increase of survivors were significantly reduced. Treatment with 3.2 μg 1 −1 had relatively minor effects and results from exposure to 1.3 μg 1 −1 were indistinguishable from controls. Data were also taken on the partitioning of atrazine between the abiotic phases in the microcosms and on rate of atrazine breakdown.
Preservation of voluntary saccades after intracarotid injection of barbiturate

We studied voluntary saccades in 44 patients undergoing Wada testing before surgery for intractable epilepsy. After intracarotid injection of barbiturate, and while they were hemiplegic, patients could still make voluntary saccades toward or away from the side of injection. Sustained ipsiversive deviation of gaze was not noted. Saccades made away from the side of injection were slower than ipsilateral saccades in only 3 of 10 tests. These data support the hypothesis of parallel, independent pathways from the frontal eye fields and from the superior colliculi to the brainstem reticular nuclei that generate saccades.
Single Molecule Adsorption at Compositionally Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold: Role of Domain Boundaries

This paper examines the single-molecule adsorption of YOYO-I-labeled lambda-DNA at compositionally patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The interactions of fluorescently labeled lambda-DNA molecule with the patterned SAMs, which are comprised of different functional groups (i.e., amine-, alcohol-, and acid-terminated thiolates), were monitored at optically transparent gold films using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The role of solution pH, lambda-DNA concentration, and domain size was investigated. In addition to delineation of the relative adsorption strength as a function of terminal group identity (NH2 > COOH > OH), the potential importance of structural defects was also revealed. The latter result, found both at the disordered boundaries between domains and at adlayers in which structural order was affected by the length of the alkyl chain, points to the subtle but preferential adsorption of the "sticky ends" of lambda-DNA. These experiments also detected an intriguing dependence of adsorption with respect to domain size.
A Model for Band‐Gap Shrinkage in Semiconductors with Application to Silicon

A model for band-gap shrinkage in semiconductors is developed and applied to silicon. A survey of earlier experiments, and of new ones obtained by the authors, gives agreement between the model and experiments on n- and p-type silicon which is good as far as transport measurements in the ≈ 300 K range by various authors are concerned. In fact, the discrepancies between theory and experiment are no worse than the discrepancies between the experimental results of various authors. It also gives a good account of recent optical determinations of the band-gap shrinkage at 5 K. The model is based on Debye screening and, apart from effective masses, temperature, dielectric constant, and carrier concentrations, which must enter any theory of gap shrinkage in some form, it is parameter-free. The model gives in Gaussian units ΔEg =126,6(m*/m)1/2 ×(ϵ/10)−3/2(n/1018)1/6 meV in the degenerate limit. Es wird ein Modell fur die Bandluckenschrumpfung in Halbleitern entwickelt und auf Silizium angewendet. Ein Uberblick uber fruhere Experimente und neuere von den Autoren gibt Ubereinstimmung zwischen Modell und Experimenten fur n- und p-leitendes Silizium, die gut ist, sofern sie Transportmessungen im ≈ 300 K-Bereich von verschiedenen Autoren betrifft. Tatsachlich sind die Diskrepanzen zwischen Theorie und Experiment nicht groser als die Unterschiede zwischen den experimentellen Ergebnissen verschiedener Autoren. Es liefert auch eine gute Erklarung der neueren optischen Bestimmungen der Bandluckenschrumpfung bei 5 K. Das Modell beruht auf der Debye-Abschirmung und abgesehen von effektiven Massen, Temperatur, Dielektrizitatskonstante und Ladungstragerkonzentration, die in irgendeiner Form in jede Theorie der Bandluckenschrumpfung eingehen mussen, ist es parameterfrei. Das Modell liefert ΔEg =126,6(m*/m)1/2 ×(ϵ/10)−3/2(n/1018)1/6 meV in Gausschen Einheiten im Entartungsgrenzfall.