cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coding Sequences: A History of Sequence Comparison Algorithms as a Scientific Instrument

Sequence comparison algorithms are sophisticated pieces of software that compare and match identical or similar regions of DNA, RNA, or protein sequence. This paper examines the origins and development of these algorithms from the 1960s to the 1990s. By treating this software as a kind of scientific instrument used to examine sets of biological objects, the paper shows how algorithms have been used as different sorts of tools and appropriated for different sorts of uses according to the disciplinary context in which they were deployed. These particular uses have made sequences themselves into different kinds of objects.
Near-hover dynamics and attitude stabilization of an insect model

In this paper, we present a mathematical model of near-hover attitude dynamics and control in flapping flight. Then we apply this model to fruit fly (Drosophila) as an example. The attitude dynamics are derived from the complete 6-DOF equations of motion. Stability derivatives are estimated based on quasi-steady aerodynamic models of Flapping counter-torques (FCTs). Control derivatives are derived in a similar manner. Results show that stable angular motions can be achieved using a simple proportional feedback control. A coupled yaw and roll rotation (similar to a banked turn) is indentified as the most stable mode of angular motion. Additionally, free response results suggest that the fruit fly is able to damp out an initial disturbance of angular velocity.
Max Weber's Interpretive Sociology, the Understanding of Actions and Motives, and a Weberian View of Man

Weber's interpretive sociology requires the understanding of motives, affectual states, and actions. These are understandable because they themselves represent or embody interpretations. The Weberian statements are shown to be compatible with a conception of the human individual as a being who interprets subjective experiences in terms of cultural categories and guides his conduct by such interpretations.
Synthesis of Bridged Oligophenylenes from Fluorene. Part 2.1 Quinquiphenyls to Deciphenyls

Organometallic derivatives of aryl bromides 2a–10a have been coupled with aryl dihalides 11–16 in the presence of PdCl2(dppb) catalyst to produce symmetrical bridged oligophenylenes 17–31 and 33 that contain five to ten conjugated benzene rings with one to four dialkylmethylene bridges; these products show useful solubility, high quantum efficiency of fluorescence and good photochemical stability.
male transvestism and cultural change in Samoa

In Samoa today the transvestite plays a role once played by pre-Christian girls in nighttime exchanges of entertainment. Ambiguous and liminal in “her” relation to gender categories, the Samoan transvestite acts out a jest about these categories. This jest dramatically illustrates the importance of a sensitivity to local humor and to ironic modes of self-representation in ethnographic perspectives on sex roles, social structure, and personhood. The form of humor “she” practices also sheds light on the place of the erotic in Samoa from the missionization period to the present, a subject that has long preoccupied the anthropological imagination. [cultural change, Samoa, transvestism, humor, gender]
Picosecond Optical Control Of Transferred Electron Devices

Examples of the use of picosecond optical pulses both as diagnostic probes and as triggering signals for transferred electron devices (TEDs) are given. The internal electric field distribution in a planar InP TED was measured with the spatial resolution of the focused beam of pulses. Domain formation in response to a triggering bias pulse is shown to require a minimum pulse duration; the bias dependence of this duration was measured for a gated GaAs TED.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on the ability of aflatoxin B1 to inhibit ribonucleic acid synthesis in rat liver.

Abstract Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital conferred a significant degree of protection against the ability of aflatoxin to inhibit synthesis in vivo of nuclear and cellular RNA in liver. The increase in liver weight brought about by phenobarbital treatment appeared to result from cellular enlargement as opposed to cellular proliferation
History of thermal/stress analysis methods used at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory

Abstract The analytical techniques for predicting temperatures and thermal distortions of beamline components become more complex as the power of photon beams increases. This paper discusses the past and present methods used at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory: classical, handbook, finite difference, and finite element. Computational tools include hand calculators, minicomputers, and most recently, the personal computer. Simple computer programs for finite difference analysis have been developed in-house, and commercially available general purpose finite element programs have been leased for use on mini- and personal computers. Examples and limitations of each analytical method are discussed.
Early and mid-term results of off-pump endarterectomy of the left anterior descending artery

OBJECTIVES: Many patients referred for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) today have diffusely diseased coronary vessels, and some of them may require coronary endarterectomy to provide adequate revascularization. Most reports of coronary endarterectomy describe an on-pump procedure. As off-pump coronary artery bypass graft has become safer and more routine, there is renewed interest in off-pump coronary endarterectomy. We report on our series of patients who underwent off-pump coronary endarterectomy of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery using an open endarterectomy technique. METHODS: All patients undergoing open heart surgery at The Mount Sinai Medical Center are entered into a state-mandated, audited database. A retrospective review of this database revealed 12 patients between January 2008 and June 2012 who underwent off-pump endarterectomy of the LAD as part of their coronary revascularization. Additional data were collected from a review of the patients’ charts. RESULTS: There were a total of 12 patients, with a mean age of 72 ± 4 years. Nine (75%) were male and 3 (25%) were female. Comorbidities included hypertension in 11 (92%) patients, dyslipidaemia in 10 (83%), diabetes in 8 (67%), renal failure in 6 (50%) and stroke in 1 (8%). The mean number of diseased coronary territories was 3 ± 0.4 (range 2–3), and the mean number of coronary bypass grafts performed was 4 ± 0.8 (range 2–5). Eight patients required transfusion with packed red blood cells (67%). One (8%) patient was converted from off-pump to on-pump. The mean intensive care unit stay was 3 ± 2.8 (range 1–8 days), and the mean hospital length of stay was 15 ± 13 (range 4–54 days). Postoperative follow-up (mean 24 ± 19 months, range 1–53) is complete, and no ischaemic events have occurred in the early and mid-term follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that off-pump endarterectomy of the LAD is a viable option for patients with diffuse LAD disease.
Stereoselective metabolism of benzo[c]phenanthrene to the procarcinogenic tras -3,4-dihydrodiol

The enantiomeric compositions of benzo[c]phenanthrene trans-3,4-dihydrodiol, a metabolic precursor of the ultimate carcinogenic bay-region 3,4-dihydrodiol-1,2-epoxides, formed in the metabolism of BcPh by liver microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital (PB)-treated, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-treated and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB; Aroclor 1254)-treated rats of the Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans strain were each determined by chiral stationary-phase h.p.l.c. and circular dichroism spectral analyses. The percentage of 3R,4R enantiomer in the trans-3,4-dihydrodiol metabolite of BcPh varies, depending on the concentration of liver microsomal enzymes used and the time of incubation: 29-30% (control), 46-54% (PB), 94-100% (MC) and 90-99% (PCB).
Computation of the electrophoretic mobility of proteins

A scheme is presented for computing the electrophoretic mobility of proteins in free solution, accounting for the details of the protein shape and charge distribution. The method of Teubner is implemented using a boundary integral formulation within which the velocity distribution, the equilibrium electrical potential around the molecule, and the potential distribution due to the applied field are solved for numerically using the boundary element method. Good agreement of the numerical result is obtained for spheres with the corresponding semi-analytical specialization of Henry's analysis. For protein systems, the method is applied to lysozyme and ribonuclease A. In both cases, the predicted mobility tensors are fairly isotropic, with the resulting scalar mobilities being significantly smaller than for spheres of equal volume and net charge. Comparisons with previously published experimental results for ribonuclease show agreement to be excellent in the presence of a net charge, but poorer at the point of zero charge. The approach may be useful for evaluating approximate methods for estimating protein electrophoretic mobilities and for using electrophoretic measurements to obtain insight into charge distributions on proteins.
Coherent-state representation of quantum fractals in incommensurate systems

Abstract We study the fractal behavior of quantum eigenstates in incommensurate systems, described by the Harper's or almost-Mathieu equation. It is shown that the coherent-state representation (or, equivalently, the coarse-grained Wigner function) of the fractal wave functions reduces to classical periodic closed orbits in the semiclassical limit ℏ → 0.
Acupuncture for tension-type headache: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract We investigated the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for the treatment of tension-type headache by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched from inception through August 2007. No search or language restrictions were applied. Eight randomized, controlled trials met our inclusion criteria. Pooled data from 5 studies were used for the meta-analysis. Our primary outcome was headache days per month. We assessed data from 2 time points: During treatment and at long-term follow-up (20–25 weeks). The weighted mean difference (WMD) between acupuncture and sham groups was used to determine effect size, and a validated scale was used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. During treatment, the acupuncture group averaged 8.95 headache days per month compared with 10.5 in the sham group (WMD, −2.93 [95% CI, −7.49 to 1.64]; 5 trials). At long-term follow-up, the acupuncture group reported an average of 8.21 headache days per month compared with 9.54 in the sham group (WMD, −1.83[95% CI, −3.01 to −0.64]; 4 trials). The most common adverse events reported were bruising, headache exacerbation, and dizziness. Perspective This meta-analysis suggests that acupuncture compared with sham for tension-type headache has limited efficacy for the reduction of headache frequency. There exists a lack of standardization of acupuncture point selection and treatment course among randomized, controlled trials. More research is needed to investigate the treatment of specific tension-type headache subtypes.
Risk behavior of variance estimators in multivariate normal distribution

Abstract In this paper we consider the estimation problem of unknown variance of a multivariate normal vector under quadratic loss and entropy loss. The behavior of risk functions of the Brewster—Zidek estimator and the original Stein estimator is examined. Numerical studies show that an asymptotically inadmissible Stein estimator provides a larger degree of improvement than an admissible Brewster—Zidek estimator.
Effects of early post-mortem pH and temperature on beef tenderness

The tenderness of loin steaks, prepared from beef sides after chilling, is strongly influenced by muscle temperature in the first 3 h after slaughter. Maintenance of about 37°C within the Longissimus muscle during this time, whether by heavy fat cover or by ambient-temperature manipulation, results in appreciable tenderness enhancement. Early post-mortem muscle pH (which varies over a wide range) also affects tenderness significantly; provided early and exceptionally fast chilling does not induce cold shortening, slow glycolysis promotes tenderness. Low-frequency (2 Hz) electrical stimulation, which accelerates glycolysis but causes negligible tissue disruption, significantly toughens the loin; in its normal mode (50-60 Hz), therefore, stimulation produces its desirable tenderising effect mainly-and perhaps solely-by fibre fracture.
The prevalence of persistent intradialytic hypertension in a hemodialysis population with extended follow-up

BackgroundIntradialytic hypertension, a phenomenon where blood pressure increases during hemodialysis, is associated with increased mortality in hemodialysis patients. The proportion of patients in...
ProQuest's Graduate Education Program (GEP) – a powerful, free database and software package for LIS educators and students worldwide

– The purpose of this paper is to highlight the main features of the components of Proquest's giga database package for LIS faculty and students of databases and software services. These allow complimentary access to hundreds of indexing/abstracting, directory and full‐text databases, to RefWorks, the most sophisticated reference management program, and to SUMMON, a powerful digital resource discovery program., – This phase of the research focused on evaluating the largest module of GEP which offers 41 databases with more than 200 million records (half of them full‐text documents), on the new ProQuest software platform. The paper presents the major content and software features of this module., – The single module, GEP‐41, is an important contribution to LIS education, providing free access to LIS faculty and librarians to so many databases covering the LIS and LIS‐related fields, including the new ProQuest Library and Information Science database with more than 1.2 million items. The other modules of GEP extend the coverage to databases appropriate to LIS faculty and students interested in various tracks of librarianship. This project certainly will benefit Proquest itself in the long run. From the perspective of the primary beneficiaries, the LIS professors and students, the rich infrastructure for this project offers unprecedented opportunities for a digital renaissance in every aspect of LIS education and research., – This service, highly relevant for LIS education worldwide, was released in late 2012, and research papers have not been published about it yet. The paper focuses on the measurable, quantitative traits of the largest component of the service.
The electrochemistry of antineoplastic furanquinones: Electrochemical properties of benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan-6,11-dione derivatives

Abstract The electrochemical reductions of 9 benzo[ b ]naphtho[2,3- d ]furan-6,11-dione derivatives in dimethylformamide were investigated. In the aprotic medium the quinones reduced in two successive one-electron steps. The influence of molecular structure on reduction potential is addressed. The reduction process involved a single irreversible two-electron process in the presence of a proton source, occurring via an ECE mechanism. A relationship is observed between reduction potential and reported inhibitory activity against various cancer cell lines. The hydroxyl substituted derivatives exhibit the most positive E 1 2 values and have generally more potent activities.
Comment on Gergen's "Social Psychology as History":

A recent article by Gergen suggests that social psychology cannot reasonably aspire to the general time-independent laws that are characteristic of the physical sciences. Consideration of this thesis suggests that the underlying rationale may place undue reliance on the effects of psychological enlightenment, and on the individual's needs to demonstrate his behavioral freedom and uniqueness. A tentative generali zation suggests that the processes underlying social behavior may be relatively stable, but that they operate on an endless variety of social contents (conditions) to yield the diverse social behaviors and relation ships that we observe.
Transfacial excision of brainstem plasmacytoma.

Three distinct varieties of plasma cell tumors have been described: multiple myeloma (involvement of multiple osseous sites, bone marrow infiltration, and monoclonal gammopathy), plasmacytoma of bone (involving the spine or skull usually), and extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP). EMPs, comprising only 3% of plasma cell neoplasms, are rare tumors with an annual incidence reported to be in the range of 3:100,000.1 Initially described by Schhridde in 1905, EMPs appear to represent an autonomous lymphoproliferative disease process whose natural history is distinct from that of solitary plasmacytomas of bone marrow. EMP may occur in any organ containing reticuloendothelial cells, with approximately 90% reported to occur in the head and neck region, most commonly in the upper respiratory tract (nose and paranasal sinuses).2 These tumors most commonly affect males (male/female ratio, 3:1) in the sixth and seventh decades. Although solitary plasmacytomas almost always eventually progress to multiple myeloma, this occurs infrequently with EMPs, which tend to be locally destructive. Dural EMP is exceedingly rare, with only 16 cases reported to date.3 To our knowledge, no cases of isolated dural EMP of the brainstem have been reported to date. In this brief article, we outline the presentation, treatment, and outcome of a patient with isolated dural brainstem EMP who presented to our institution. CASE REPORT
Fast on-line digital filtering

Abstract Rutan, S.C., 1989. Fast on-line digital filtering. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 6: 191–201. Fast, on-line digital filtering techniques permit accurate estimation of chemically interesting parameters from noisy measurements in real time. With the use of appropriate hardware and programming languages, both recursive and nonrecursive filtering algorithms can be used to smooth spectral data, determine calibration parameters for a flow injection analysis system, or help in the analysis of kinetic data. The traditional nonrecursive, Savitzky—Golay smoothing filter and the Bromba—Ziegler recursive implementation for spectral smoothing are discussed. In addition, the use of the recursive Kalman filter algorithm for parameter estimation for both linear and nonlinear problems is described.
Applications of wavelength-fan-in for high-performance distributed processing systems

We discuss a novel application of a photonic circuit for integrated high-performance neuromorphic signal processing. Large fan-in is an especially important capability in distributed systems; however, electronic physics impose tradeoffs between bandwidth performance and fan-in degree. A circuit developed in the field of radio frequency (RF) photonics, wavelength(λ)-fan-in does not exhibit a corresponding tradeoff and can circumvent prior challenges to fan-in in optical distributed processing applications.
Histopathological response to turpentine in the white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus☆

Abstract Observations are presented on the inflammatory response to a highly irritative substance, turpentine, injected into the abdominal musculature of the white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus. Injections of the irritant were administered with a tuberculin syringe between the fifth and sixth segments. Penaeid shrimp were found to be highly sensitive to turpentine, even when administered in small dosages. When sterile petroleum jelly was mixed with the turpentine to reduce the dispersion rate, the shrimp's “internal defense mechanism” was able to combat effectively the effect of the irritant. Postinjection observations of the tissues at the site of injection, gill, heart, and hepatopancreas were made at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 72, 96, 120, 168, and 240 hr, and at 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 120 days. The induced cellular inflammatory response consisted of infiltrating hemocytes and fibrocytes resulting in the formation of fibrous capsules, brown melanized nodules, and fibrous scar tissue in all tissues examined. The gills and hepatopancreas showed considerable tissue destruction early, but were eventually cleared of the histopathological effects of the turpentine and later appeared normal. However, extensive tissue destruction was easily distinguishable in the heart and abdominal muscle even at 120 days postinjection.
The Role of Psychological Factors in Medical Presentations

Research shows that a large number of medical presentations do not result in a medical diagnosis but rather are related to behavioral health problems. Factors such as age, lower education and economic status, health beliefs, and medical and psychological factors are linked to high medical service utilization. Research consistently shows that patients with psychological problems use more services than those without diagnosable psychological problems. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more detailed analysis of the roles of psychological factors in medical presentations. We present three kinds of pathways by which psychological factors lead to medical presentations. These include the (1) primary or direct medical presentation of a clinical problem, (2) secondary presentation or the impact of the clinical problem on patients’ general physical, psychological, or psychosocial health, and (3) the complex presentation or the impact of multiple diagnoses on the presentation of the clinical problem. Examples of each of these pathways are presented for each axis of the DSM-IV.
Abstract A56: Alterations in female reproductive organs of cyclic rats treated with aqueous extract of moringa oleifera lam: Indication of possible role in epithelial ovarian cancer

A56 Background A hormonal etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer has long been suspected seeing its incidence menopausal age, and now the role of FSHR has also been demonstrated. Many ovarian cancer cell line express FSHR in them. In studies of the anticancer potential of plants used in folk medicine of Bengal, extracts of plants such as Oroxylum indicum, Moringa oleifera lam, Aegles marmelos could be considered as potential sources of anticancer compounds. Amongst them only Moringa oleifera lam has unique anticancer as well as hormonal property, which may or may not be attributable to isothiocyanate or glucosinolate that it contains. An animal experiment was planned to see effect of Moringa root extract in female reproductive system of mice. Methods 5 adult female mice of swiss strain of 30 gm each 2-control, 3-treated kept on stock diet, pellet, having nutritional value of 7 days. An aqueous extract of the root was prepared according to a traditional method. In brief, 500 g of the root were placed in a container with 750 ml of water and boiled for 30 min. The preparation was left standing to cool and was then filtered. The filtrate, containing 66.7 mg root in 1 mL, was placed in small vials and kept in 4 degree C refrigerator until use. 1 ml of extract was used orally daily for 45 days. Results Attenuation/shrinkage of ovary and uterus was seen while mice tolerated the herb extract well. There was reversal to pre estrus phase of adult mice as was revealed by PAP smear from vagina. In histology there was absence of follicles in comparison to control ovary. There was lesser amount of fibrosis in treated ovary. Conclusion Isothiocyanate of Moringa may inhibit proliferation of ovarian granulosa and other cells as it induces apoptosis via caspase-9 and -3 pathways, a family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases. It may also act by inhibiting ERK1/2 and Akt survival signaling while simultaneously activating pro-apoptotic p38 and JNK1/2. There are reports to show that Moringa induced decrease in cerebral dopamine and norepinephrine which may influence and lower NGF and FSHR through central mechanisms. There is strong possibilty of using this agent in epithelial ovarian cancer and, as such, a cell line experiment is urgently necessary. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A56.
COMPARISON OF THE ROLES OF THE C1A AND C1B DOMAINS OF PROTEIN KINASE C ALPHA IN LIGAND INDUCED TRANSLOCATION IN NIH 3T3 CELLS

To explore the relative roles of the two C1 domains of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) in the response to phorbol esters and related analogs, we mutated the individual C1 domains, expressed the mutated PKCα in NIH 3T3 cells, and then examined the ability of ligands to induce its translocation to the membrane. The C1a and C1b domains play equivalent roles for translocation in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, mezerein, and (−)octylindolactam V. These results contrast with those previously reported for PKCδ, suggesting that the domains play different roles in different PKC isoforms.
Seasonal root growth in the arctic tussock tundra.

The quantity of growing root tips per unit of soil volume was analyzed in a central Alaskan tussock tundra site. By June 10, the aboveground fraction of the vegetation had initiated the flush of spring growth and flowering while less than 5 active root tips cm-3 were found. By June 25 this value had increased to 30 root tips cm-3. Similar values in July were followed by a complete cessation of root growth after the first week of August. By then, leaf senescence had also become visible. In the spring, low root temperatures were responsible for the time lag between shoot growth initiation and the beginning of root growth. In early August, root growth stopped in spite of adequate soil temperatures and accumulated carbohydrate for root growth. It is proposed that use of reserve carbohydrate for root growth in August would compromise the flush of spring growth in the following year.
The development of a radioimmunoassay for reverse triiodothyronine sulfate in human serum and amniotic fluid.

Sulfated iodothyronines including T4-sulfate (T4S) and T3-sulfate (T3S) have been identified in human serum and amniotic fluid. Little is known, however, about the existence of sulfate conjugation of reverse T3 (rT3S) in man. In this report, we employed a novel, sensitive, and specific rT3S RIA to address this question. The rabbit antiserum to rT3S was highly specific; T4, T3, rT3, and 3,3'-T2 showed less than 0.002% cross-reaction with the antiserum. Only T4S and T3S cross-reacted significantly (0.3% and 0.01%, respectively); other analogs cross-reacted less than 0.0001%. The detection threshold of the RIA was 14 pmol/L (1.0 ng/dL). The mean serum rT3S concentration (pmol/L) was 40 in euthyroid subjects. Values were similar in hypothyroid patients (38) and pregnant women (52) but significantly (P < 0.01) elevated to 176 in hyperthyroid patient, 74 in patients with nonthyroid illnesses, and 684 in cord sera of newborns. Serum rT3S increased significantly in hyperthyroid patients 1 day after administration of 1 g sodium ipodate orally. Reverse T3S was detected consistently in amniotic fluid at 14 to 22 weeks of gestation and showed a marked rise 1-3 weeks after intraamniotic administration of 500-1000 micrograms T4. The various data suggest that: (1) rT3S is a normal component of human serum and amniotic fluid; (2) it is derived from metabolism of T4 or rT3; (3) circulating rT3S increases in hyperthyroidism and in circumstances where type I 5'-monodeiodinating activity is low, e.g. nonthyroid illnesses, fetal life, and after administration of ipodate.
Modeling and Analysis of Care Delivery Services Within Patient Rooms: A System-Theoretic Approach

Care services within the patient rooms are the most critical and time consuming processes in patient care deliveries in emergency department, clinics, and other healthcare facilities. In this paper, we introduce a Markov chain model to study such processes. A closed, parallel, and reentrant network with limited resources is used to model the process. Formulas to evaluate the patient length of stay and staff utilizations are developed. System-theoretic properties are discussed. The extension to non-Markovian scenarios is also investigated. Such a model provides a quantitative tool for healthcare professionals to study and improve patient flow in care deliveries.
Tectonic complexities in the bonin arc system

Abstract The Bonin arc system is anomalous in that it does not appear to fit the tectonic pattern observed in most arc systems. Re-examination of this arc system, with a new bathymetric chart and against a background of recent studies in other arcs, leads to reasonable explanations for its anomalous characteristics. The frontal-arc volcanics on the Bonin Islands, which now form part of the trench slope break, can best be explained by the northward rifting of the Bonin Islands block from a position along the frontal arc under the influence of oblique subduction. The very large positive gravity anomaly over the islands results from the greater than normal density and volume of the volcanics compared to most trench slope breaks. The dominant northeast—southwest ridge and trough topography, into which the Iwo Jima Ridge (frontal arc) is broken may have resulted from compressions of the arc along its trend. This compression would be attributed to the southward movement of Japan as the Yamato Basin of the Sea of Japan opened in the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene. Recent extension is occurring in the Bonin arc system, as earlier suggested, but in an east—west direction. Features associated with extension can best be identified at the south end of the arc, but may persist for its entire length. This extension is either more rapid, or began first at the south end.
Differences in isoproterenol stimulation of Ca2+ current of rat ventricular myocytes in neonatal compared to adult

Abstract The developmental changes in the isoproterenol stimulation of the L-type calcium current (ICa(L)) were studied in freshly isolated neonatal (3–5-day-old) and adult (2–3-month-old) rat ventricular myocytes using whole-cell voltage clamp (at room temperature). ICa(L) was measured as the peak inward current at a test potential of +10 mV (or +20 mV) by applying a 300 ms pulse from a holding potential of −40 mV. The pipette solution was Cs+-rich and Ca2+-free. The external solution was Na+-free and K+-free. Isoproterenol stimulated ICa(L) in a dose-dependent manner. The concentrations of isoproterenol for half-maximal effect were 6.8 nM in neonatal and 13.3 nM in adult. The maximal stimulation of ICa(L) was 147±14% in neonatal and 97±7% in adult. The steady-state inactivation curves were not affected by isoproterenol, whereas the steady-state activation curve was shifted to the left in both neonatal and adult. Forskolin (10 μM) increased ICa(L) by 105±10% in neonatal and 90±12% in adult. After stimulating ICa(L) by forskolin, the addition of isoproterenol produced a further increase of ICa(L) by 99±27% in neonatal, but only by 19±3% in adult. The presence of an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the pipette did not affect this marked difference between neonatal (87±23%) and adult (11±8%). We conclude that, in rat ventricular myocytes, (1) stimulation of ICa(L) by the β-adrenoceptor agonist, isoproterenol, is already fully developed in the neonatal stage and actually decreases during development; (2) there is evidence for a cAMP-independent stimulation of Ca2+ channels by isoproterenol, and this is greater in neonatal than in adult. We believe that the cAMP-independent pathway is the direct pathway mediated by Gsα protein.
Macrofaunal processing of phytodetritus at two sites on the Carolina margin:in situ experiments using 13C-labeled diatoms

Tracer experiments using 13 C-labeled diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana were carried out at two 850 m sites (I off Cape Fear and III off Cape Hatteras) on the North Carolina, USA, slope to examine patterns of macrofaunal consumption of fresh phytodetritus. Experiments examined the influence of taxon, feeding mode, body size and vertical position within the sediment column on access to surficial organic matter. δ 13 C measurements were made on macrofaunal metazoans and agglutinating protozoans from background sediments and from sediment plots in which 13 C-labeled diatoms were deposited and then sampled 0.3 h, 1 to 1.5 d, 3 mo and 14 mo later. Significant between-site differences were observed in background δ 13 C signatures of sediments, metazoans, and large, agglutinating protozoans, with values 2 to 3‰ lower at Site III than at Site I. Background δ 13 C signatures also varied as a function of taxon and of vertical position in the sediment column at Site III. The background δ 13 C value of carnivores was higher than that of surface-deposit feeders among Site I annelids, but no annelid feeding-group differences were observed at Site III. δ 13 C data from short-term (1 to 1.5 d) experiments revealed rapid diatom ingestion, primarily by agglutinated protozoans and annelids at Site I and mainly by annelids at Site III. Selective feeding on diatoms was exhibited by paraonid polychaetes, especially Aricidea spp. Exceptionally high uptake and retention of diatom C also was observed in the maldanid Praxillella sp., the nereid Ceratocephale sp. and several other surface-deposit feeding polychaetes. After 14 mo, little of the diatom 13 C remained at Site III, but high concentrations of the tracer were present in annelids and agglutinating protozoans at Site I. At both sites, non-annelid metazoans and subsurface-deposit feeding annelids exhibited the least uptake and retention of diatom C Our hypotheses that large-bodied taxa and shallow-dwelling infauna should have greatest access to freshly deposited organic matter were not borne out. Some small, deep-dwelling taxa acquired label more readily than large or near-surface forms. Differences in tracer fates between sites reflected greater vertical mixing at Site III. These results indicate heterogeneity in benthic processes along the Carolina margin, but suggest that labile organic matter is consumed quickly at both sites. Because most of the taxa found to consume freshly deposited diatoms in these experiments are typical of bathyal settings, we infer that phytodetritus reaching the seabed in margin environments is rapidly processed by protozoan and metazoan components of the benthic fauna.
Measurement of Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Segregation by X-Ray Microanalysis

X-ray microanalysis in an analytical electron microscope is a proven technique for the measurement of solute segregation in alloys. Solute segregation under equilibrium or nonequilibrium conditions can strongly influence material performance. X-ray microanalysis in an analytical electron microscope provides an alternative technique to measure grain boundary segregation, as well as segregation to other defects not accessible to Auger analysis. The utility of the technique is demonstrated by measurements of equilibrium segregation to boundaries in an antimony containing stainless steel, including the variation of segregation with boundary character and by measurements of nonequilibrium segregation to boundaries and dislocations in an ion-irradiated stainless steel.
Alcohol, estrogen replacement therapy, and visuospatial processes in postmenopausal women

Background: Studies suggest that moderate drinking may benefit cognition and the effect may favor women. This study investigated effects of moderate drinking on visuospatial functioning in postmenopausal women. Visuospatial processes are sensitive to alcohol abuse and are thought to be sensitive to hormonal fluctuations. Three questions were posed in order to: explore visuospatial processes in moderate-drinking and abstaining postmenopausal women, assess visuospatial differences in women using no estrogen replacement therapy (No-ERT), ERT alone (ERT-only), and ERT with progestin (ERT+Pro), and identify alcohol/ERT interactions associated with visuospatial performance. Methods: Two hundred fourteen postmenopausal women participated (75 No-ERT; 63 ERT-only; 76 ERT+Pro. All were moderate drinkers or teetotalers and all received the Block Design test from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised. A raw score was calculated and progress at 30-sec intervals was assessed. Results: ANOVA revealed an alcohol main effect [F (3,202) = 4.74; p < 0.004] on 60- to 120-sec change scores. Teetotalers had significantly smaller change scores (less improvement) compared with all levels of drinkers. ANOVA on design 9 (the most difficult trial) revealed an ERT main effect [F (3,202) = 4.37; p < 0.02]. ERT nonusers scored significantly lower than ERT-only and ERT+Pro groups. A design 9 trend toward an alcohol × ERT interaction was noted [F (6,202) = 1.93; p < 0.08], and a design 9 time × alcohol interaction was revealed [F (6,404) = 2.65; p < 0.02]. Conclusions: These data suggest that moderate drinking may be positively associated with visuospatial processes in postmenopausal women. They also suggest that ERT, alone and with progestin, is positively associated with visuospatial processes, but only when the task is difficult. These findings support Kaplan's assertion that subtle performance deficits may not be detectible with traditional endpoint measures. A provocative alcohol × ERT trend suggests that alcohol consumption should be considered in studies of ERT effects on cognitive ability.
Visualization for information exploration and analysis

Making sense of data becomes more challenging as the data grows larger and becomes more complex. If a picture truly can be worth a thousand words, then clever visualizations of data should hold promise in helping people with sense-making tasks. I firmly believe that visual representations of data can help people to better explore, analyze, and understand it, thus transforming the data into information. In this talk, I will explain how visualization and visual analytics help people make sense of data and I will provide many such examples. I also will describe my present research into visualization for investigative analysis. This project explores how visual analytics can help investigators examine a large document collection in order to discover embedded stories and narratives scattered across the documents in the collection.
Use of EBV PCR for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Post‐Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in Adult Solid Organ Transplant Patients

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to be involved in the majority of patients who develop post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplant. We conducted a retrospective study to determine the utility of qualitative and quantitative Epstein-Barr virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis and monitoring of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in adult solid organ transplant patients. Peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from 35 adult solid organ transplant patients consecutively referred for evaluation of possible post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, were tested by EBV PCR at the time of initial evaluation and at time points thereafter. Eighteen of 35 (51%) patients were ultimately diagnosed with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder by tissue biopsy. Fifteen of 18 (83%) patients were found to have EBER-1 positive tumors by in situ hybridization. EBV PCR was positive in 7 of 15 patients, suggesting a sensitivity of 39%. Seventeen patients without post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and three with EBER-1 negative post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder all had negative EBV PCR tests, suggesting a specificity of 100%. We observed that declines in EBV DNA load were associated with response to therapeutic interventions, such as reduction in immunosuppression, rituximab therapy and chemotherapy. We conclude that peripheral blood EBV PCR may have a role in the diagnosis and monitoring of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in adult solid organ transplant patients.
Multiscale construction and large-scale simulation of structural fabric undergoing ballistic impact

Certain classes of new lightweight structural fabric, primarily used for ballistic shielding, possess a multiscale structure constructed from microscale fibrils, which are bundled together to form yarn. The yarn are tightly woven into sheets. Since experimental ballistic tests for the evaluation, design and optimization of such materials are extremely expensive and time consuming, it is advantageous to develop models amenable to rapid computational methods. The purpose of the present work is to develop an efficient computational strategy in order to rapidly construct and numerically simulate multiscale representations of this class of materials. Large-scale simulations are presented to illustrate the potential of the approach in delivering realistic responses, involving dynamic penetration of a new lightweight structural fabric.
Investigation of the BRAF V600E Mutation by Pyrosequencing in Lymphoproliferative Disorders

The presence of the BRAF c.1799T>A V600E mutation was recently described in cases of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) but not in other common lymphomas. However, many uncommon subtypes of lymphoma have not been studied. We designed a BRAF pyrosequencing assay specific for the V600E mutation, which has a sensitivity of 5% and is applicable to paraffin-embedded tissue. DNA was sequenced in 9 cases of HCL; 6 cases of variant HCL; 10 cases each of nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL), extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (ENMZL), posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), and large granular lymphocyte (LGL) proliferations; 11 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL); and 12 cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). All (100%) cases of HCL were positive for BRAF mutations. No mutations were identified in variant HCL, NMZL, ENMZL, PTLD, PTCL, ALCL, or LGL proliferations. Among lymphoproliferative disorders, BRAF mutations are restricted to HCL.
Light metabolism and chloroplast structure in chlorophyll-deficient tobacco mutants

In tobacco mutants which contain 1/8 to 1/30 of the normal chlorophyll content per leaf area the content of yellow pigments (carotenoids) is also diminished but less in proportion to the chlorophyll content. The pale yellow-green mutant grows and matures provided that light intensity and temperature make up for the chlorophyll deficiency. In most green plants and algae light saturation of photosynthesis is reached between 5000 and 12,000 ergs/sec.cm2. The mutants continue to give higher photosynthetic rates until the incident intensity reaches 50,000 ergs/sec.cm2. While often unable to compensate their respiration at intensities at which the normal green plant approaches saturation, the pale yellow-green leaves are able to provide the mutant plant with two to three times the absolute amount of carbon dioxide assimilation per hour and leaf area at 50,000 ergs/sec.cm2 and 20 degrees to 25 degrees C. These observations are valid for red light lambda > 600 m mu. In blue light lambda < 575 m mu (below saturation levels) the mutants separate into two classes, one in which absorption by some carotenoid enhances the photosynthetic rate and the other in which the absorbing pigments are inactive and therefore depress the rate strongly. The unusual kinetics of photosynthesis in these chlorophyll-deficient tobacco mutants is reflected in the structure of their chloroplasts which we found to be of a kind thus far not described for healthy, normally growing, higher plants.
Narrative Form and Political Incorporation: Changing Uses of History in Aceh, Indonesia

Writing about the development of historical writing in the West, Hayden White argues that “narrative in general, from the folktale to the novel, from the annals to the fully realized ‘history’, has to do with the topics of law, legality, legitimacy, or, more generally, authority.” But precisely how does narrative treat the different forms of social authority? One answer is that historical narrative is a universal form representing time and experience that Western historians have made particularly persuasive and authoritative. The modern historian, according to this view, has brought narrative to its natural culmination by constructing such historical plots as the “Rise of the Nation-State” or the “Development of Modes of Production.” This perspective is put forward primarily by students of European historiography.
The Ultra-Rare-Item Effect Visual Search for Exceedingly Rare Items Is Highly Susceptible to Error

Accuracy is paramount in radiology and security screening, yet many factors undermine success. Target prevalence is a particularly worrisome factor, as targets are rarely present (e.g., the cancer rate in mammography is ~0.5%), and low target prevalence has been linked to increased search errors. More troubling is the fact that specific target types can have extraordinarily low frequency rates (e.g., architectural distortions in mammography-a specific marker of potential cancer-appear in fewer than 0.05% of cases). By assessing search performance across millions of trials from the Airport Scanner smartphone application, we demonstrated that the detection of ultra-rare items was disturbingly poor. A logarithmic relationship between target detection and target frequency (adjusted R (2) = .92) revealed that ultra-rare items had catastrophically low detection rates relative to targets with higher frequencies. Extraordinarily low search performance for these extraordinarily rare targets-what we term the ultra-rare-item effect-is troubling given that radiological and security-screening searches are primarily ultra-rare-item searches.
A comprehensive interactive microcomputer capability for demonstrating AC machine operation

A software package is described for graphically and analytically demonstrating the steady-state behavior of polyphase machines under a variety of operating conditions. Implemented in the C language, the program employs sophisticated screen color graphics to show the slow-motion progression of the appropriate voltage or current waves, the loci of the resulting magnetic fields, and the movement of the machine rotor. It can be used to dynamically illustrate revolving-field concepts, the use of symmetrical components, and the effects of synchronous machine torque angle and induction machine slip. Screen movement can be frozen and significant numerical values displayed at any point during program use. The user may specify stator voltages or currents with any degree of unbalance. The neutral connection is arbitrary and can be altered during program execution. Input data may be specified or altered interactively. The program is completely menu-driven and interactive, and contains help commands and instructions which enable it to be used without additional documentation. >