cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apatite/titanium composite coatings on titanium or titanium alloy by RF plasma-spraying process

To improve adhesiveness of hydroxapatite (HA) coatings to the titanium substrates, a HA/Ti composite was formed on substrates using a radio-frequency (RF) plasma spraying process. This process would reduce the residual stress caused by the large difference between the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate and of HA. The HA/Ti composites were prepared by controlled feeding ratio of HA and Ti powder, with the composition of coatings becoming HA-rich toward the outer surface. Coating layers were evaluated by SEM-EDX, XRD, micro FT-IR and tensile testing. Orientation in c-axis direction of the prepared coatings was established from X-ray diffraction patterns. The adhesive (tensile) strength of HA/Ti composite coatings was approximately 50 MPa. The adhesiveness of the HA/Ti composite coatings was increased with increasing the inductive power of plasma.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a regulator of metabolism

Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate affects the rate of a large variety of enzyme reactions. In some instances its role as a physiologic effector is well documented. In many cases the effects of fructose bishosphate on particular enzymes have been demonstrated in vitro but the link to physiologic conditions has not yet been established. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the scattered findings in fructose bisphosphate as an effector of enzyme reactions and to draw some conclusions about the role of the compound in metabolic regulation.
The cooperative activity between the carboxyl-terminal TSP1 repeats and the CUB domains of ADAMTS13 is crucial for recognition of von Willebrand factor under flow.

ADAMTS13 cleaves von Willebrand factor (VWF) between Tyr1605 and Met1606 residues at the central A2 subunit. The amino-terminus of ADAMTS13 protease appears to be sufficient to bind and cleave VWF under static and denatured condition. However, the role of the carboxyl-terminus of ADAMTS13 in substrate recognition remains controversial. Present study demonstrates that ADAMTS13 cleaves VWF in a rotation speed– and protease concentration–dependent manner on a mini vortexer. Removal of the CUB domains (delCUB) or truncation after the spacer domain (MDTCS) significantly impairs its ability to cleave VWF under the same condition. ADAMTS13 and delCUB (but not MDTCS) bind VWF under flow with dissociation constants (KD) of about 50 nM and about 274 nM, respectively. The isolated CUB domains are neither sufficient to bind VWF detectably nor capable of inhibiting proteolytic cleavage of VWF by ADAMTS13 under flow. Addition of the TSP1 5-8 (T5-8CUB) or TSP1 2-8 repeats (T2-8CUB) to the CUB domains restores the binding affinity toward VWF and the inhibitory effect on cleavage of VWF by ADAMTS13 under flow. These data demonstrate directly and quantitatively that the cooperative activity between the middle carboxyl-terminal TSP1 repeats and the distal carboxyl-terminal CUB domains may be crucial for recognition and cleavage of VWF under flow.
The Social Instigation and Control of Physical Aggression

Forty male undergraduates were subjects in an experiment testing persuasibility under conditions of aggression and nonaggression. Social pressure (aggressive or pacifist) was used to persuade subjects to administer either an intense shock or a mild shock, via an electrode, to opponents. Subjects were also tested alone and in the mere presence of an audience. Aggressive social pressure significantly increased shock settings toward a nonaggressive opponent. Pacifistic social pressure significantly decreased aggression against an unmitigating aggressive opponent. The social pressure manipulation influenced the subjects' subsequent alone behavior in the former, but not the latter case. Mere audience presence mildly facilitated aggressive responding toward both types of opponents.
Combined effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and heat shock protein (HSP)-70 in reducing apoptotic injury in hypoxia: A cell culture study

Studies have demonstrated neuroprotective effects of either TNF-alpha or HSP-70 in ischemia/reperfusion injury following exercise. However, the protective mechanisms involving combined effect of the two proteins, particularly in neuronal apoptosis, remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the beneficial role of TNF-alpha and HSP-70 in the regulation of apoptotic proteins and ERK signaling in hypoxic injury. Cortical neurons from 20 Sprague-Dawley rat embryos were isolated and cultured in five groups with or without pretreatment with recombinant TNF-alpha, HSP-70 protein or both prior to hypoxic conditions: (1) control; (2) control/hypoxia; (3) TNF-alpha/hypoxia; (4) HSP-70/hypoxia and (5) TNF-alpha/HSP-70/hypoxia. Western blotting was used to detect pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, including Bax, AIF, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, and pERK1/2 protein. TNF-alpha and HSP-70 significantly (p<0.05) reduced the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax and AIF. Also, pretreatment of hypoxic brain tissue with TNF-alpha and HSP-70 significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the levels of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-xL. TNF-alpha and HSP-70 together increased Bcl-2 levels by 70%. Hypoxia caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels by 224%. The most effective inhibition of ERK levels was obtained by the combined administration of TNF-alpha and HSP-70. This study suggested that TNF-alpha and HSP-70 together enhance the decrease in pro-apoptotic protein levels and the increase in anti-apoptotic protein levels in the event of neuronal hypoxia through ERK1/2 signal transduction.
Dynamical basis of the helical structure of DNA.

Abstract It is proposed that the attractive intermolecular force between the adjacent base-pairs is the driving force that organizes the DNA molecule into the helical form. The same dynamical consideration explains the intermediate form of DNA, i.e. the single helix configuration of single-stranded DNA in the presence of formaldehyde. The special features of the Langridge model ( Langridge, Wilson, Hooper, Wilkins & Hamilton, 1960 ) of the B form of DNA structure that differ from the Watson-Crick model, i.e. the close packing, the centering of the base-pair and the smaller radius, may all be understood on this dynamical basis.
Prediction of penicillin allergy by immunological tests.

!L’his paper serves to evaluate objective immunological tests to predict penioillin allergy. Prospective immediate &in and serum tests were performed on a total of ,818 patients with past histories of penicillin allergy who had major medical in&ation for penicillin and who were then treated with penicillin depending qmn. the test results. Slcin tests were fownd to be valua&le predictive tests for immediate (in&ding anaphylaotio) and accelerated urtioarial allergic reactions to pentillin. !Che olinicd value of these tests is discu.ssed, as well as the possible meaning of the data obtained with regard to the immune mechanisms of zrc~iozls allergio reaotions to penicillin.
Pigeons and rats observe signals of when but not where food will occur

Pigeons and rats were exposed to a mixed variable-time extinction schedule of reinforcement. During the variable-time component of the schedule, response-independent food was delivered at either a left or a right feeder. The animals were allowed to perform observing responses to produce either stimuli paired with the component of the mixed schedule that was in effect (temporal information) or stimuli paired with the feeder that might deliver food (spatial information). Only stimuli conveying temporal information reinforced observing. This result contradicts a prediction of the “information hypothesis” of observing, but is consistent with various conditioned-reinforcement interpretations of observing.
Analysis of Preconditioning and Relaxation Operators for the Discontinuous Galerkin Method Applied to Diffusion

The explicit stability constraint of the discontinuous Galerkin method applied to the diffusion operator decreases dramatically as the order of the method is increased. Block Jacobi and block Gauss-Seidel preconditioner operators are examined for their effectiveness at accelerating convergence. A Fourier analysis for methods of order 2 through 6 reveals that both preconditioner operators bound the eigenvalues of the discrete spatial operator. Additionally, in one dimension, the eigenvalues are grouped into two or three regions that are invariant with order of the method. Local relaxation methods are constructed that rapidly damp high frequencies for arbitrarily large time step.
The Case: an unknown toxin.

YMK Farag, GP Bayliss and AK Singh Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA and Renal Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Correspondence: AK Singh, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. E-mail: asingh@partners.org
Electromigration Study for Multiscale Power/Ground Vias in TSV-Based 3-D ICs

Electromigration (EM) in power distribution networks (PDNs) is a major reliability issue in 3-D ICs. While the EM issues of local vias and through-silicon-vias (TSV) have been studied separately, the interplay of TSVs and conventional local vias in 3-D ICs has not been well investigated. This co-design is necessary when the die-to-die vertical power delivery is done using both TSVs and local interconnects. In this paper, we model EM for PDNs of 3-D ICs with a focus on multiscale via (MSV) structure, i.e., TSVs and local vias used together for vertical power delivery. We study the impact of structure, material, and preexisting void conditions on the EM-related lifetime of our MSV structures. We also investigate the transient IR-voltage change of full-chip level 3-D PDNs with MSVs with our model. The experimental results demonstrate that our EM modeling can effectively capture the EM reliability of the full-chip level 3-D PDNs with MSVs, which can be hard to achieve by the traditional EM analysis based on the individual local via or the TSV.
Customized Internet Radio

Abstract Today's Internet radio breaks down geographic boundaries and lowers the barrier for audio broadcasting. The listener now has access to a huge growing number of radio stations. However, there are very few mechanisms in place that aid the listener in identifying audio broadcasts of his choice. Furthermore, unlike the traditional FM radio, radios on the network should exploit the Internet and provide features based on information about the content, the content providers and the listener. The Customized Internet Radio (CIR) proposes a framework for managing and customizing audio broadcast content on the Internet. The CIR, by managing the metadata of the broadcast content, provides the listener a dynamically selected and personalized radio program. This paper introduces the notion of a CIR Station, an Internet radio station with tools to create and manage program schedules for Internet audio broadcasts. The framework manages broadcast content originating from both local and remote sources. It allows specific radio stations or genre to be scheduled in time-slots, and provides alerts and dynamic changes based on the availability of a specified content. CIR, by caching live content, also enables program time-shifting. The CIR uses the Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) to advertise the station information. These announcements contain information used by the client to receive the dynamically changing content. An implementation example of CIR illustrates the enhanced listener and content manager experience.
Resistance to Marek’s Disease in Chickens with Recombinant Haplotypes of the Major Histocompatibility (B) Complex

Abstract Genetic resistance to Marek’s disease (MD) is associated with the B-F region of the MHC. The resistance of chickens possessing either of two MHC haplotypes to challenge with different strains of MDV was examined. Chickens with serologically similar MHC recombinants BR2 and BR4 (both BF2-G23) were backcrossed for four generations to the highly inbred UCD-003 line (B17B17). Heterozygotes (B17BF2-G23) were mated to produce BR2BR2 and BR4BR4 homozygotes with 93% background gene uniformity. Both genotypes were highly resistant to GA-5 MDV, having an incidence of 0 and 8% MD for BR2BR2 and BR4BR4, respectively, whereas the incidence of MD in the UCD-003 birds was above 80%. Challenge with the very virulent RB-1B strain caused 10% and 31% MD in the BR2BR2 and BR4BR4 chickens, respectively, compared with 100% and 52% in the B17B17 (UCD-003) and B23B23 (New Hampshire 105) lines, respectively. Viremia levels at 5 and 6 d postinfection were significantly lower in BR2BR2 and B23B23 than in B17B17 genotypes.
Psychopathology in the families of inpatient affective disordered adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the rates of psychiatric disorders in the parents of affective disordered adolescent inpatients, and to examine characteristics of the adolescent patients' illnesses and hospital stays for effects of having a concurrently depressed mother. Twenty-three percent of the depressed probands (N=33), 20% of the bipolar group (N=10), and 9% of the psychiatric control group (N=11) had mothers who reported major depression (MD) at the time of hospitalization. Concurrent maternal depression did not have prominent effects on the course of the adolescents' hospitalizations.
Extrapolation of normal tissue complication probability for different fractionations in liver irradiation.

Purpose: The ability to predict normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) is essential for NTCP-based treatment planning. The purpose of this work is to estimate the Lyman NTCP model parameters for liver irradiation from published clinical data of different fractionation regimens. A new expression of normalized total dose (NTD) is proposed to convert NTCP data between different treatment schemes. Method and Materials: The NTCP data of radiation- induced liver disease (RILD) from external beam radiation therapy for primary liver cancer patients were selected for analysis. The data were collected from 4 institutions for tumor sizes in the range of of 8-10 cm. The dose per fraction ranged from 1.5 Gy to 6 Gy. A modified linear-quadratic model with two components corresponding to radiosensitive and radioresistant cells in the normal liver tissue was proposed to understand the new NTD formalism. Results: There are five parameters in the model: TD{sub 50}, m, n, {alpha}/{beta} and f. With two parameters n and {alpha}/{beta} fixed to be 1.0 and 2.0 Gy, respectively, the extracted parameters from the fitting are TD{sub 50}(1) = 40.3 {+-} 8.4Gy, m =0.36 {+-} 0.09, f = 0.156 {+-} 0.074 Gy and TD{sub 50}(1) = 23.9 {+-} 5.3Gy, m = 0.41more » {+-} 0.15, f = 0.0 {+-} 0.04 Gy for patients with liver cirrhosis scores of Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh B, respectively. The fitting results showed that the liver cirrhosis score significantly affects fractional dose dependence of NTD. Conclusion: The Lyman parameters generated presently and the new form of NTD may be used to predict NTCP for treatment planning of innovative liver irradiation with different fractionations, such as hypofractioned stereotactic body radiation therapy.« less
Integrating seismic reflection and geological data and interpretations across an internal basement massif: The southern Appalachian Pine Mountain window, USA

The southern Appalachian Pine Mountain window exposes 1.1 Ga Grenvillian basement and its metasedimentary Paleozoic(?) cover through the allochthonous Inner Piedmont. The issue of whether the crustal block inside the window was either transported above the master Appalachian (late Alleghanian) decollement or is an autochthonous block that was overridden by the decollement has been debated for some time. New detrital zircon geochronologic data from the cover rocks inside the window suggest this crustal block was derived from Gondwana but docked with Laurentia before the Alleghanian event. Reprocessed deep seismic reflection data from west-central Georgia (pr- and poststack noise reduction, amplitude variation analysis, and prestack depth migration) indicate that a significant band of subhorizontal reflections occurs almost continuously beneath the window collinear with the originally recognized decollement reflections north of the window. A marked variation in the decollement image, from strong and coherent north of the window to more diffuse directly beneath the window, is likely a partial consequence of the different geology between the Inner Piedmont and the window. The more diffuse image beneath the window may also result from imaging problems related to changes in topography and fold of cover (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio). Two alternative tectonic models for the Pine Mountain window can partially account for the observed variation in the decollement reflectivity. (1) The Pine Mountain block could be truncated below by a relatively smooth continuation of the decollement. The window would thus expose an allochthonous basement duplex or hors-block thrust upward from the south along the Late Proterozoic rifted continental margin. (2) The window represents localized exhumation of autochthonous basement and cover along a zone of distributed intrabasement shearing directly beneath the window. Either model is viable if only reflector geometry is considered; model (1) is favored if both geometry and kinematics of Blue Ridge–Piedmont thrust sheet emplacement are incorporated. In either model, the southern margin of the window merges to the west with the Iapetan early Alleghanian Central Piedmont suture, which juxtaposes North American–affinity Piedmont rocks to the north and exotic Panafrican rocks of the Carolina (Avalon) terrane to the south. Immediately south of the window, this suture dips southward and merges in the lower crust with the late Alleghanian suture joining the Appalachians with Gondwana.
Convection in Oldroyd-B fluid: Amplitude equation

Abstract The near-threshold behavior of thermal convection in viscoelastic polymeric Oldroyd-B type fluids in an infinite horizontal layer heated from below is determined for free and conductive boundary conditions, at the upper and lower limiting surfaces. Linear and nonlinear coefficients corresponding to the different bifurcations are evaluated up to third order of the amplitude equation. A rigorous analytical and numerical calculation of the coefficients of the Ginzburg-Landau equation in the Oldroyd-B model convection is presented.
Ultrasonic studies of the amorphous binary alloy Pd0.82Si0.18 at low temperatures

Abstract Ultrasonic attenuation and velocity changes are measured in an amorphous Pd 0.82 Si 0.18 binarys alloy at frequencies from 10 MHz to 200 MHz (transverse) and temperatures down to 0.27 K. The attenuation is found to contain an amplitude dependent (saturable) component. These observations, as well as the temperature dependence of the velocity changes, are consistent with the predictions of the two level tunnelling systems (TLS) theory. Contrary to the predictions of this theory, however, linear frequency dependence and essentially no temperature dependence of saturable attenuation changes were observed at very low temperatures.
Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) domain names and definitions revisions: Further evaluation of content validity in IRT-derived item banks

Purpose Content validity of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) is evaluated primarily during item development, but subsequent psychometric analyses, particularly for item response theory (IRT)-derived scales, often result in considerable item pruning and potential loss of content. After selecting items for the PROMIS banks based on psychometric and content considerations, we invited external content expert reviews of the degree to which the initial domain names and definitions represented the calibrated item bank content.
The Impact of Vicarious Exposure to Diversity on Preschooler's Emerging Ethnic/Racial Attitudes

Children at a preschool in the United States had their ethnic/racial awareness and attitudes assessed prior to and after the completion of a four month long cultural exchange program between their school and one in Japan. In comparison to a control group, participants in the exchange showed an increase in ethnic/racial awareness and own‐group bias after the program's completion. However, own‐group bias was not related to negative evaluations of Japanese when attitudes toward Japanese were assessed independently of children's own group attitudes. Thus, while participants in the program displayed a significant increase in own‐group bias on a forced‐choice attitude assessment, their post intervention evaluation of Japanese on an independent measure of ethnic/racial attitudes remained stable, and like their pre intervention scores on this measure, significantly more positive than expected by chance. The findings suggest that (1) teaching preschoolers about an ethnic/racial out‐group raises their awareness of ...
Coal macromolecular structure and reactivity

Abstract The macromolecular structure of coals will affect their reactivity in liquefaction reactions through the number of bonds which must be broken to achieve a given molecular weight reduction and through mass transport processes. Two criticisms of the macromolecular structure model, one based on solvent swelling and the other based on alkylation reactions, are shown to be unfounded. Coals undergo ready reaction with maleic anhydride at rates which are diffusion controlled. The absence of any effect of solvent swelling on these diffusion rates in two coals is discussed without resolution and data are presented on the activation energy for diffusion and the effect of reagent size. Solvent swelling measurements have been used to follow changes in cross-link density due to pyrolysis. A lignite rapidly forms new cross links concomitant with pyrolytic decomposition while cross link formation in a bituminous coal only occurs after a significant amount of tar formation.
Pathways of nucleotide metabolism in Schistosoma mansoni--VI adenosine phosphorylase.

Abstract Schistosoma mansoni worms have been found to have an adenosine phosphorylase enzyme which requires inorganic phosphate during cleavage and α-ribose-1-phosphate for synthesis of adenosine from adenine. Kinetics of the reaction show a K m of 5.6 × 10 −5 M for adenosine and a broad pH activity range from 6.0 to 8.0. The adenosine phosphorylase activity can be distinguished from purine nucleoside phosphorylase by substrate specificity and by product inhibition studies.
Short-term retention in normal and retarded children

To test certain predictions from the Ellis (1963) “stimulus trace” theory, retarded children and equal-MA normals were compared for the short-term retention of digits where length of retention interval (LRI) and amount of retroactive interference (RI) were varied. A Low-IQ deficit as well as an RI effect was demonstrated. There were no reliable IQ by LRI or IQ by RI interactions. Implications for the Ellis theory were discussed.
The term structure of Eurodollar interest rates and its relationship to the US Treasury-bill market

Abstract This paper examines an efficient market of the term structure of Eurodollar interest rates and its relationship with the US Treasury-bill market. Standard test procedures and Granger causuality tests are conducted which provide evidence showing that past changes in short-term Eurodollar or domestic interest rates are not useful in predicting changes in long-term Eurodollar interest rates. The Eurodollar market appears to be efficiently integrated with the US domestic financial market.
Alibi Generation: Data from U.S. Hispanics and U.S. Non-Hispanic Whites

ABSTRACT Previous studies have shown that mock jurors are skeptical of alibi witnesses who are related to or even have a close social relationship with a defendant. The present project tested respondents' ability to recall their whereabouts for a particular date and time. It also provided the first descriptive data on a variety of alibi topics. The majority of individuals claimed to have an alibi witness for a given time and the majority of alibi witnesses were friends or family members. Hispanic participants relied more heavily on family to serve in an alibi witness capacity whereas non-Hispanic Whites relied more heavily on friends.
Family Feminism or Individual Feminism? Different Histories, Different Paths to Gender Equity

The Western feminist movement has been defined as an effort to separate biology from socialization in order to achieve equality between men and women. Muslim women's movements often reject this approach on the grounds that it devalues the family and reproduction. In this paper, historical comparisons between Christian and Muslim views of women demonstrate why East and West have reached this impasse, but also suggest how different cultural histories create different scenarios for achieving equality.
Age and gender effects on measures of RMS nasalance.

En utilisant NasalView, un systeme d'analyse de la parole permettant une analyse poussee de la resonance nasale, l'A. presente des donnees normatives a partir d'une etude comparative entre deux groupes d'enfants de sexes opposes et âges de 5 a 14 montrant diverses anamolies craniofaciales. Il cherche a determiner l'effet du sexe et de l'âge sur la mesure de la resonance nasale
Cadaveric nerve allotransplantation in the treatment of persistent thoracic neuralgia.

When relief from neuralgia cannot be achieved with traditional methods, neurectomy may be considered to abate the stimulus, and primary opposition of the terminal nerve ending is recommended to prevent neuroma. Nerve repair with autograft is limited by autologous nerves available for large nerve defects. Cadaveric allografts provide an unlimited graft source without donor-site morbidities, but are rapidly rejected unless appropriate immunosuppression is achieved. An optimal treatment method for nerve allograft transplantation would minimize rejection while simultaneously permitting nerve regeneration. This report details a novel experience of nerve allograft transplantation using cadaveric nerve grafts to desensitize persistent postoperative thoracic neuralgia.
A game-theoretic model of party affiliation of candidates and office holders

In this paper, we develop a formal model of ambition theory, extending it to account for the choice of party affiliation. We begin by translating the expected utility, ''calculus of candidacy'' to the choice party affiliation. The model is then used to develop two game-theoretic models of affiliation. The first game models the affiliation decisions of an incumbent and a challenger within a single constituency. Our analysis shows these decisions to be fundamentally interdependent. Switches in affiliation can occur because of shifts in the electoral support for the parties, but also because politicians want to avoid contested primaries. Moving beyond one district, we show how the affiliation decisions of candidates running for different offices or in different districts are also interdependent. The analysis indicates that when electoral strength depends on who runs, politicians affiliated with a decaying political party are involved in a collective-action game.
Collaborative learning: Improving public deliberation in ecosystem-based management

Abstract Collaborative learning is an innovation in public participation theory and practice. It is designed to address the complexity and controversy inherent in public land management by combining elements of systems methods and mediation/dispute management. Collaborative learning activities put more emphasis on experiential learning theory, systemic improvement, and constructive discourse than do typical public participation programs. Collaborative learning was used in a series of public meetings held as part of the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area land management planning process. The final plan incorporated several ideas that emerged from the process, and a follow-up survey of participants found favorable impressions of the collaborative learning framework.
DISC AND RP2 CORRECTIONS TO THE STRING EFFECTIVE LAGRANGIAN

Bosonic string scattering amplitudes on the disc and the projective plane are compared with amplitudes from the effective field theory derived by demanding consistency of string propagation in background massless fields. Path integral (as opposed to BRST) quantization is used throughout, with the ghost fields integrated out. We point out a difficulty in defining a covariant dilaton vertex operator in this formalism. A nonstandard graviton vertex operator is constructed, by which we compute the vacuum energy for the two topologies and find that it has the correct ratio to the dilaton tadpole, as predicted by the effective Lagrangian. Factorization of tadpole divergences in N-point amplitudes leads to the same result, modulo a paradox discovered by Fischler, Klebanov, and Susskind, which is reviewed. We also show that the dilaton two- and three-point functions agree with the exponential form of the dilaton potential in the effective action, despite quadratic divergences that initially appear in these amplit...
The Value of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Determining Optimal Therapy for Breast Cancer

Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is typically a standard part of the care of patients with breast cancer. It offers the most precise information about prognosis, controls potential metastatic disease in the axilla, and may provide a small survival advantage. Unfortunately, the procedure is expensive, uncomfortable, and associated with potential long term morbidity. Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) has been proposed as a minimally invasive method for axillary staging, with avoidance of full ALND in those cases (the majority) where the sentinel node is histologically negative. When done by experienced surgeons, the sentinel node is identified in at least 95% of cases, with a minimal (<5%) false negative rate. Immunohistochemistry may be performed selectively on the sentinel node, and upstages up to 20% of putative node negative patients. Nevertheless, SNB has a significant learning curve, with inexperienced surgeons identifying a sentinel node less frequently (in 60 to 80% of cases) with more false negatives. Use of SNB by inexperienced surgeons may lead to undertreatment (not using chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy) and possible axillary recurrence. SNB is gradually replacing ALND as the standard of care for patients with the early stage of breast cancer, but the clinician must be aware of local surgeon and institution experience. Until each surgical team has documented their expertise with SNB, full ALND should be considered the local standard of care.
A comparison of in vivo and in vitro DNA‐binding specificities suggests a new model for homeoprotein DNA binding in Drosophila embryos

Little is known about the range of DNA sequences bound by transcription factors in vivo. Using a sensitive UV cross-linking technique, we show that three classes of homeoprotein bind at significant levels to the majority of genes in Drosophila embryos. The three classes bind with specificities different from each other; however, their levels of binding on any single DNA fragment differ by no more than 5- to 10-fold. On actively transcribed genes, there is a good correlation between the in vivo DNA-binding specificity of each class and its in vitro DNA-binding specificity. In contrast, no such correlation is seen on inactive or weakly transcribed genes. These genes are bound poorly in vivo, even though they contain many high affinity homeoprotein-binding sites. Based on these results, we suggest how the in vivo pattern of homeoprotein DNA binding is determined.
Acid‐base, fluid and electrolyte metabolism in the elasmobranch. III. oxygen, CO2, bicarbonate and lactate exchange across the gill

Methods have been developed which permit measurements of cardiac output and sampling of mixed venous and arterial blood in the elasmobrach, Squalus acanthias. These methods have been utilized to characterize some of the parameters involved in gill gas exchange. A total of 17 animals have been studied with the following results. Cardiac output: 1.49±0.57 1/kg/hr.; Vo2: 38.3±22.1 ml/kg/hr.; Vco2: 32.1±19.0 ml/kg/hr.; RER: 0.92±0.17; PaO2: 104±27 mmHg; Pvo2: 18±8.8 mmHg; PaCO2: 2.9±0.75 mmHg; Pvco2: 4.6±1.1 mmHg; CaO2: 3.8±0.75 vol. %; Cvo2: 1.26±0.59 vol. %; pHa: 7.52±0.10 units; Pv: 7.42±0.11 units; [HCO3−]a: 3.92± 1.14 meq/1; [HCO3−]v: 4.80±1.15 meq/1; [dissolved CO2]a: 0.17± 0.04 mM/1; [dissolved CO2]v: 0.24±0.04 mM/1; [lactate−]a: 13.47±7.17 meq/1; [Lactate−]v: 13.01±8.18 meq/1. Some of the mechanisms involved in gill gas exchange have been characterized.
An ecological based sustainability assessing system for cropping system

The assessment of sustainability in cropping system is an important issue for natural resources management and environmental protection. Incorporating the geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technologies, an initial idea of the crop sustainability assessing system was thus proposed, based on ecosystem services value (ESV) assessing criterions. The system is basically constituted by two major parts, which were net primary production (NPP) based ESV evaluating system and universal soil loss equation (USLE) based conserving soil and water (CSW) evaluating system. The input datasets includes temporal moderate resolution satellite images (HJ-CCD), Meteorological data, DEM data and soil data. To test the efficiency of the proposed system, an assessment was thus conducted along the Huai river watershed. The results showed that the value of sustainability for the study area was 40.89x10^4yuan/m^2 in average. Besides, a descending trend of sustainable value was found along the watershed from the outer region to center. Moreover, it was pointed out that the agroecosystem provided more value or services in feeding people than in maintaining the sustainability of the environment, comparing with the other ecosystem, such as forests and wetlands. Thereby, it is recommended to maintain or increase the ecosystem diversity in a place, which would be able to enhance the sustainability of it.
Doctors are people too.

Tavaglione and Hurst (2012) propose that gaming the system, which they define as physicians lying to third-party payers for the benefit of patients, represents morally justifiable behavior by givin...
Investigation of the photolysis of the surface-adsorbed HNO3 by combining laser photolysis with Brewster angle cavity ring-down spectroscopy

Abstract We have investigated the photolysis of HNO3 adsorbed on fused silica surfaces by using excimer laser photolysis at 308 and 351 nm combined with direct probing excited NO2 product retained on surfaces using Brewster angle cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The sensitivity and the capability of this technique in the study of surface photochemical processes have been demonstrated. The quantum yields of the excited NO2 produced from the HNO3 photolysis on surfaces are (1.1 ± 0.2) and (1.0 ± 0.3) at 308 and 351 nm. The disappearance rate of excited NO2 in the presence of H2O vapor was measured to be (2.9 ± 0.8) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 295 K.
Diffusion of Power and Diplomacy: New Meanings, Problem Solving, and Deadlocks in Multilateral Negotiations

The classic hierarchical distribution of power featuring nation-states is now increasingly supplemented with a diffusion of power with multiple actors. A hierarchical concentration of power is predicated toward bargaining coercion and great powers can impose their solutions on the weak. Diffused power allows for joint problem solving among multiple actors through negotiations but also makes reaching agreement hard because of the relatively greater equality among bargaining units. Reaching agreement in a diffusion of power is also hard because of the new perspectives and meanings that arise through globalized interactions. These new meanings – for example, commerce viewed through the lens of intra-firm rather than inter-country trade – make it hard to fashion solutions based on past understandings centered on territoriality and nation-states.
Continued psychometric evaluation of an intuition instrument for nursing students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a revised intuition instrument developed for nursing students. Method: Principal component factor analysis was used...
Eliashberg theory of superconductivity with repulsive coulomb enhancement

Abstract We study the effects of a particular momentum dependence of the Coulomb repulsion, along with the standard electron-phonon interaction, on Tc within Eliashberg theory. The particular momentum dependence arises from the recently proposed “hole mechanism” of superconductivity. In that mechanism high Tc is achieved strictly through Coulomb interactions. Here we find that the electron-phonon interaction can either enhance or suppress Tc depending on the parameter regime involved. In this manner experimental signatures of the electron-phonon interaction can be understood as only partially responsible for Tc. It is suggested that the other contributing mechanism is the “hole mechanism.”
High rate of vaginal extrusion of silicone-coated polyester sling.

Abstract Objectives To report the results of a pilot study evaluating the suitability of silicone-coated polyester as a suburethral sling material for female stress incontinence surgery. Methods Ten women with stress or mixed urinary incontinence were prospectively evaluated with history and physical examination, pad test, urodynamic studies, and the Incontinence-Quality of Life questionnaire. The 2 × 7-cm sling was secured with transvaginal bone anchors placed through an anterior vaginal wall incision. Patients were evaluated at 1, 6, and 12 months by history and physical examination, pad test, and the Incontinence-Quality of Life and Success Rate and Overall Patient Satisfaction questionnaires. Results Ten patients (mean age 62.3 years) underwent successful placement of the suburethral sling. The Incontinence-Quality of Life scores improved from a mean total score of 43.3 ± 14.6 preoperatively to 97.7 ± 14.4 at 1 year postoperatively ( P P Conclusions Placement of a suburethral sling using transvaginal bone anchors and silicone-coated polyester is an effective surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence at 1 year. The high rate of vaginal extrusion in our series limits its utility.
ESL Teachers' Perceptions and Factors Influencing Their Use of Classroom-Based Reading Assessment

Abstract This paper reports on a qualitative study that examined English as a second language (ESL) teachers' perceptions of classroom-based reading assessments. ESL teachers' use of classroom-based reading assessments, their understanding about the function and effectiveness of this assessment method, and the factors influencing this assessment process are presented. Six middle school and 7 elementary school ESL teachers participated in this study. Data consisted of interviews with ESL teachers, classroom observations, and assessment materials teachers used in the classrooms. Constant comparative method was used for data analysis. Findings of this study include that ESL teachers highly value classroom-based reading assessments, considered them accurate and valuable and thought these assessments could provide great help to the daily teaching of reading. Teachers viewed state-mandated standardized testing negatively and of little value for English language learners. Student characteristics, statewide manda...
A simulation model for a swine breeding unit producing feeder pigs

Abstract A computer simulation model for a confinement feeder pig production unit is described. The model is written in SLAM, a Fortran-based simulation language, and simulated the performance, feed, labour, space and replacement requirements of a feeder pig unit from the entry of replacement gilts through to the production of feeder pigs. An application of the model is presented. The alternative lactation lengths of 3 and 6 weeks are compared. The 3-week lactation length resulted in an increase in pigs produced per sow per year with no change in feed efficiency. The decreases in litter size and conception rate associated with the shorter lactation are offset by an increase in number of litters per year.
Inferences on the physiologic significance of chromium during the molt cycle of the crab, Podophthalmus vigil

Abstract 1. 1. The chronium contents of the gills, carapace, mid-gut gland, muscle and blood in crabs from a natural population were determined. 2. 2. The concentrations in these organs were found to be rather constant throughout the ecdysis cycle. 3. 3. The Cr content of the A period carapace differed significantly from that in the other stages. This greater content is implicated to be involved in a process analogous to mammalian calciphylaxis and in augmenting glucose oxidation by the epidermal cells. 4. 4. The greater content in the early C period hepatopancreas may be possibly related only to the necessity of glycogen replenishment.
An ESCA Study of Sulfidation of Fe-25 Wt% Cr Alloy in H2S at 50 to 400 C

Abstract The surface reaction of polycrystalline Fe-25 Wt% Cr alloy with H2S was studied in situ with ESCA in the temperature range of 50 to 400 C at pressures of 0.005 to 5 torr of H2S, with and without preexposure to oxygen. On the oxidized surface, Cr2O3 is stable at 200 C, but is converted to Cr2S3 at PH2S=5 torr at 300 C and sulfidized at a lower PH2S at 400 C. Chromium sulfides are more readily formed on clean alloy surface, whereas iron sulfides are more readily formed on the oxidized surface. The surface iron content is gradually increased as sulfidation proceeds. During annealing in vacuum, the surface chromium content increases more rapidly and at lower temperatures in the presence of surface oxygen than in the presence of surface sulfur.
Food Insecurity, Food and Nutrition Programs, and Aging: Experiences from Georgia

Food insecurity and hunger are real and growing problems in the United States. Among older adults, the prevalence of food insecurity is at a 14-year high and occurred in more than 8% of households with older adults in 2008 according to USDA. However, the rate is at least 10% higher when less severe degrees of food insecurity are considered. Emerging research suggests that several segments of the older adult population are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity, including those receiving or requesting congregate meals, home-delivered meals, and other community-based services. Thus, national and state estimates of food insecurity may obscure problems in specific subgroups of older adults. Older adults are at high risk of chronic health problems that can be exacerbated by food insecurity, poor nutritional status, and low physical activity. To help improve targeting of food and nutrition programs to those most in need because of food insecurity and/or nutrition-related chronic health problems, the purposes of this review are (1) to define the prevalence and consequences of food insecurity; (2) to discuss the outcomes of some food, nutrition, disease prevention, and health promotion programs targeted to older adults in Georgia, the state with the 3rd highest prevalence of food insecurity; and (3) to make recommendations for research, service, and advocacy related to monitoring and alleviating food insecurity and related health problems in older adults.
Method for Comparing Distributed and Lumped Parameter Multiconductor Power Line Simulation Models

The paper describes a method which has been used to compare the frequency characteristics of two power line models taking into account the multiconductor and unbalanced nature of practical power systems. For a certain class of problem the question arises as to which of these two models provides a suitable basis for analysis in keeping with acceptable limits related to accuracy and computational efficiency. Such is the case when evaluating the performance of power line carrier in distribution systems, an area which is receiving considerable attention because of increased activity directed towards improved energy use management. As a matter of example, therefore, the problem of representing a secondary distribution line section is taken and the results of computation are presented to show the limits of frequency and physical length within which a lunped parameter model can be applied, with ensuing advantages, to the analysis of distribution power line carrier.
Diversified prime and boost protocols using recombinant vaccinia virus and recombinant non-replicating avian pox virus to enhance T-cell immunity and antitumor responses

Recombinant vaccinia viruses containing tumor associated genes represent an attractive vector to induce immune responses to weak immunogens in cancer immunotherapy protocols. The property of intense immunogenicity of vaccinia proteins, however, also serves to limit the number of inoculations of recombinant vaccinia viruses. Host immune responses to the first immunization have been shown to limit the replication of subsequent vaccinations and thus reduce effectiveness of boost inoculations. The use of recombinant avian pox viruses (avipox) such as the canarypox (ALVAC) or fowlpox are potential candidates for immunization protocols in that they can infect mammalian cells and express the inserted transgene, but do not replicate in mammalian cells. We report here the construction and characterization of a canarypox (ALVAC) recombinant expressing the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene (designated ALVAC-CEA). Antibody, lymphoproliferative and cytolytic T-cell responses as well as tumor inhibition were shown to be elicited by the ALVAC-CEA recombinant in a murine model. The utilization of a diversified immunization scheme using a recombinant vaccinia virus followed by recombinant avian pox virus was shown to be far superior than the use of either one alone in eliciting CEA-specific T-cell responses. Experiments were conducted to determine if the use of a diversified immunization scheme using a recombinant vaccinia virus (rV-CEA) and ALVAC-CEA would be superior to the use of either one alone in eliciting CEA-specific T-cell responses. When mice were immunized with rV-CEA and then ALVAC-CEA. CEA-specific T-cell responses were at least four times greater, and for superior to those achieved with three immunizations of ALVAC-CEA. Multiple boosts of ALVAC-CEA following rV-CEA immunization further potentiated anti-tumor effects and CEA specific T-cell responses. These studies demonstrate the proof of concept of the advantage of diversified immunization protocols employing both recombinant vaccinia and recombinant avipox vectors.