cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods of Changing Patterns of Substance Use Among Individuals With Co-Occurring Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorder

Individuals with a severe mental illness and substance use disorder tend to have medical and social problems and to make slower progress in treatment than those who have either disorder alone. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to the discovery of effective methods of modifying substance use in the severely mentally ill (SMI). The purpose of this study was to collect qualitative data as a way to help identify techniques that might help to change patterns of substance use in the SMI. The participants were 21 men and women who were psychiatric clinic outpatients and who had a current schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis. A total of 18 participants had a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence, and 21 lifetime other drug diagnoses were recorded for the sample. These individuals participated in focus group discussions about topics related to substance use and people's experiences with trying to quit. The results showed that participants identified several therapeutic and extratherapeutic factors that helped them to initiate and maintain changes in their substance use, as well as factors that hindered change. The findings are related to knowledge about the effectiveness of substance use disorder treatment techniques in general, and implications of the data are discussed for the conduct of integrated treatment of individuals with severe mental illness and a substance use disorder.
Preparing Trainees for Lifelong Competence: Creating a Communitarian Training Culture

Professional psychology training programs exert a powerful influence on the ways in which trainees come to appreciate and respond to the ethical mandate to ensure their own professional competence. If training psychologists overemphasize individualistic conceptions of lifelong competence, then trainees may be at risk for professional isolation if and when they experience problems of professional competence. In this article, we describe the virtues of communitarianism as an important shift from individual to community conceptions of competence obligations. We introduce the Communitarian Training Culture (CTC), a training ethos that embraces and supports the evolving culture of competence in psychology while infusing it with a distinctly interdependent and communal character. We describe the contours of an effective CTC and provide specific recommendations for psychology training leaders interested in enhancing the communitarian character of their program.
Activation of anti-tumor immune responses using a combination of radiation and 26S proteasome inhibition (LB245)

Radiation treatment is an effective breast tumor therapy, but its usage is limited by dose and toxicity. Sub-lethal doses of radiation can modulate tumor gene expression, making tumor cells more susceptible to immune responses, but radiotherapy alone is insufficient to generate strong tumor-specific immune responses. The proteasome presents a novel target for combination therapies in cancer: it plays a key role in cancer cell proliferation, inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis and development of drug resistance. The objective of our study is to investigate the effects of the 26S proteasome inhibitor, Velcade, alone or in combination with radiotherapy, on the expression of immunogenic genes in breast cancer cells. Here, we examined MDA231 breast cancer cells for changes in expression of multiple immuno-stimulatory molecules and death receptors. Our preliminary data indicates a combination of Velcade and low-dose radiation significantly increases the sensitivity of MDA231 cells to apoptosis. Furthermor...
The guinea-pig: an animal model for human skin absorption of hydrocortisone, testosterone and benzoic acid?

14C ring-labelled hydrocortisone, testosterone and benzoic acid dissolved in acetone were applied to the backs of guinea-pigs (4 microgram/cm2). Percutaneous absorption was quantified by following the excretion of tracer in urine and faeces for 5 days. Absorption of hydrocortisone and benzoic acid was 2.4% (s.d. = 0.5; n = 3) and 31.4% (s.d. = 9.1; n = 3) of the applied dose respectively, similar to published human absorption data. Testosterone was absorbed to a greater extent in guinea-pigs (34.9% +/- 5.4; n = 5) than man. A thioglycollate based depilatory cream significantly increased the skin absorption of testosterone, while the absorption velocity was unaltered. Two analytical methods were compared, direct counting versus wet ashing; results were in the same range for the three compounds. Two methods of quantifying skin absorption were compared; urine recovery corrected for incomplete urinary excretion after parenteral administration versus the addition of urine and faecal recovery. For benzoic acid, excreted mainly in the urine (88.1%), the two methods gave similar results; for testosterone, excreted in the urine to a lesser extent (46.8%), the method of addition of urine and faecal recovery appeared to be more correct.
The effect of the thermal barrier coating on the displacement instability in thermal barrier systems

Thermal barrier systems are susceptible to instability of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) at the interface between the bond coat and the thermal barrier coating (TBC). The instabilities have been linked to thermal cycling and initial geometrical imperfections, as well as to misfit strains due to both oxide growth and thermal expansion misfit. Numerical simulations are used to investigate the role of the thermo-mechanical properties of the TBC in this instability. It is found that the TBC constrains the deformation, whereupon instabilities develop preferentially in regions where crack-like imperfections either pre-exist in the TBC or are created because of the induced stresses.
Influence of oligomerization on the dynamics of G-protein coupled receptors as assessed by normal mode analysis

The recently discovered impact of oligomerization on G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) function further complicates the already challenging goal of unraveling the molecular and dynamic mechanisms of these receptors. To help understand the effect of oligomerization on the dynamics of GPCRs, we have compared the motion of monomeric, dimeric, and tetrameric arrangements of the prototypic GPCR rhodopsin, using an approximate—yet powerful—normal mode analysis (NMA) technique termed elastic network model (ENM). Moreover, we have used ENM to discriminate between putative dynamic mechanisms likely to account for the recently observed conformational rearrangement of the TM4,5-TM4,5 dimerization interface of GPCRs that occurs upon activation. Our results indicate: (1) significant perturbation of the normal modes (NMs) of the rhodopsin monomer upon oligomerization, which is mainly manifested at interfacial regions; (2) increased positive correlation among the transmem-brane domains (TMs) and between the extracellular loop (EL) and TM regions of the rhodopsin protomer; (3) highest inter-residue positive correlation at the interfaces between protomers; and (4) experimentally testable hypotheses of differential motional changes within different putative oligomeric arrangements.
Challenges and design principles of large scale tactical network architecture

Modern tactical communications systems are moving towards Internet-style system architectures to support information sharing for improving overall mission effectiveness. Development of such large scale communications systems presents various system design challenges. Research works discussed in this thesis are motivated by the technical challenges commonly encountered during the development of several large scale communications systems and proposes system-level design principles in overcoming these technical challenges. The first part of this thesis addresses system-level quality of service issues by modeling and simulation of an a oat wide area network system architecture. This simulation study investigates the system performance of real-time applications and provides quality of service design recommendations. The second part of this thesis proposes a consolidated network architecture for designing an a oat local area network system. A simulated prototype system is developed to investigate the system performance trade-off in the proposed consolidated network architecture. The third part of this thesis proposes an automatic dynamic resource management system architecture to efficiently manage shared computing resources in resource-constrained network environments without any human operator intervention. Test results in this experimental study demonstrates improved network performance when a communications system employs the automatic dynamic resource management software. Finally, the last part of this thesis proposes a reliable data aggregation and dissemination framework for tactical communications systems operating in disruptive networking environments with intermittent network connectivity. A prototype system is developed and implemented to demonstrate that the proposed framework can ensure reliable data delivery which is beneficial to the current and future development of tactical communications system architectures. This thesis makes several significant research contributions in designing a large scale communications system. First of all, the thesis suggests a simulation methodology for developing simulation models to study the performance of a large scale communications system and makes recommendations on system-level quality of service design. Secondly, the thesis reduces the complexity of future communications system design by proposing a consolidated system architecture. Thirdly, an automatic dynamic resource management software prototype is developed to alleviate resource contention issues commonly found in the tactical networking environments. Fourthly, a reliable data aggregation and dissemination framework is proposed and its function is demonstrated. The proposed framework can accurately infer meaningful messages from a large sensor data set and can reliably deliver the messages to the appropriate network destinations. Finally, the thesis organizes all of these relevant system-level design experiences and recommends system design principles for developing future large scale communications systems.
Using agent-based models to compare behavioral theories on experimental data: Application for irrigation games

Abstract Behavioral experiments have demonstrated that people do cooperate in commons dilemmas. There are alternative theories that are proposed to explain the data. We will use agent-based models to compare alternative behavioral theories on a series of experimental data of irrigation games. The irrigation dilemma captures situations of asymmetric access to common resources while contributions of all participants are needed to maintain the physical infrastructure. In our model analysis we compare various alternative theories, including naive simple ones like selfish rational actors and altruistic actors. We contrast these with various alternative behavioral models for collective action as well as inclusion of other-regarding preferences. The systematic comparison of alternative models on experimental data from 44 groups enables us to test which behavioral theories best explain the observed effects of communication. We do not find that one theory clearly outperform others in explaining the data.
High-performance fungal motors.

Kinesin proteins are nanoscale transport vehicles. Analysis of the structure and function of one such protein has revealed the secrets of its rapid movement.
Information-rich Task Allocation and Motion Planning for Heterogeneous Sensor Platforms

algorithms for decentralized informative motion planning and decentralized high-level task allocation. We present the Information-rich Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (IRRT) algorithm, which is amenable to very general and realistic mobile sensor constraint characterizations, as well as review the Consensus-Based Bundle Algorithm (CBBA), oering several enhancements to the existing algorithms to embed information collection at each phase of the planning process. The proposed framework is validated with simulation results for networks of mobile sensors performing multi-target localization missions.
Modeling Distributions of Insect Development Time: a Literature Review and Application of the Weibull Function

We describe a stochastic approach for modeling insect development based on a single, temperature-independent distribution of normalized development times. We review other stochastic approaches, as well as problems encountered in modeling distributions of development time. A computer program, assembled from the Statistical Analysis System library, constructs cumulative probability distributions from frequency data on insect development times. These data are obtained from constant temperature experiments. The computer program normalizes the times of these distributions on their median time, identifies a single empirical distribution representative of all normalized distributions, and fits a cumulative Weibull function to this standard curve. The program determines the starting values of the three Weibull parameters and computes least-square estimates of these parameters using Marquardt techniques. This normalized probability function was tested against 23 data sets with good results, and can be used in population models to distribute cohort development through time under variable temperature conditions.
An artificial myotatic reflex: a potential avenue to fine motor control.

When a striated muscle becomes paralyzed, not only its motor function, but its sensory innervation may be impaired. Methods of rehabilitation have previously focused only on motor innervation, although striated muscles are submitted to self-regulation of length and tension. Indeed, reinnervated muscle may not contract appropriately unless sensory information is available, nor is it known whether sensory receptors are included in the reinnervation process. We hypothesized that the myotatic reflex (MR) would be absent in the event these sensory organs are not reinnervated, and that an artificial myotatic reflex (AMR) would be useful in reestablishing fine motor control. The strap muscles were exposed in six anesthetized rabbits. The MR was verified by stretching an intact sternohyoid muscle. Next, loss of the reflex was documented after the ipsilateral ansa hypoglossi was divided, and a crossover nerve-muscle pedicle (NMP) was brought in from the opposite sternothyroid. After 3 months, the MR was still absent; however, stretch of the contralateral sternohyoid produced a reflex response on the reinnervated side. A strain gauge sutured to the reinnervated muscle was linked to an electronic modulator so that stretch induced electric stimulation of the NMP and contraction (the AMR). We conclude that (1) proprioception is not reestablished in the reinnervated muscle; (2) by contrast, sensory information from the muscle of origin of the NMP is conveyed to the reinnervated side; and (3) the AMR offers promise toward more sophisticated control of paralyzed (i.e., facial, laryngeal) musculature.
Interannual Variation of Summer Rainfall in the Taipei Basin

AbstractThe Taipei basin, located in northern Taiwan, is formed at the intersection of the Tanshui River valley (~30 km) and the Keelung River valley (~60 km). Summer is the dry season in northern Taiwan, but the maximum rainfall in the Taipei basin occurs during 15 June–31 August. The majority of summer rainfall in this basin is produced by afternoon thunderstorms. Thus, the water supply, air/land traffic, and pollution for this basin can be profoundly affected by interannual variations of thunderstorm days and rainfall. Because the mechanism for these interannual variations is still unknown, a systematic analysis is made of thunderstorm days and rainfall for the past two decades (1993–2013). These two variables are found to correlate opposite interannual variations of sea surface temperature anomalies over the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nino-3.4 region. Occurrence days for afternoon thunderstorms and rainfall amounts in the Taipei basin double during the cold El Nino–Southern Oscill...
Exercise-induced bronchospasm in clinical practice

The early recognition and appropriate management of EIB can allow children and adolescents to fully participate in physical activities and sports. The diagnosis by history of chest congestion, coughing, and decreasing performance with exercise is helpful but is aided by a more systematic questionnaire that can detect otherwise "normal" people with EIB. The diagnosis is documented by performance of an exercise challenge test such as a treadmill or cycloergometer to verify bronchospasm induced by exercise. The management can be accomplished by nonpharmacologic means such as an early vigorous warmup, the use of a mask for rebreathing warmed air, and participation in a physical training program to increase anaerobic fitness. Pharmacologic management includes the appropriate use of cromolyn sodium, beta adrenergic agonists, theophylline, ipratroprium bromide, and calcium channel blocking agents. In addition the antihistamine, terfenadine, can also be utilized to effectively block exercise-induced bronchospasm. These pharmacologic agents can be utilized in both national and international competition when approved by the appropriate national governing body and/or the US Olympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee.
Alumina Blending Technique for Separation of Pesticides from Lipids

An evaluation of an extraction technique for elimination of lipids during pesticide residue analysis was undertaken, which included a study of the parameters involved in an attempt to optimize the separation and recovery of selected pesticides from lipid samples. The choice of alumina, the degree of water deactivation of alumina, the amount of alumina relative to the weight of sample taken, the volume and composition of extraction solvent, the blending time, and the filtration procedure were all significant factors. Optimization of these factors resulted in greater than 90% recoveries of selected chlorinated pesticides from fortified fatty samples. In addition, the amount of co-extracted lipid material was about one-third of that obtained with the official method (AOAC 29.014), and less analytical time was required for the extraction by the proposed technique. The formation of troublesome emulsions sometimes encountered with the official method was also eliminated.
Applied Behavior Analysis Interventions

This chapter reviews the use of interventions based on applied behavior analysis to reduce the use of restraint. Strategies include interventions to reduce the target behavior that calls for the use of restraint. These interventions for people with intellectual disabilities and autism include function-based interventions to teach skills and reduce challenging behavior such as tantrums, aggression, self-injury, and pica that often occasion the use of restraint. In addition, several applied behavior analytic interventions directly target the reduction of restraint, including increasing positive reinforcement, modification of antecedent stimuli, restraint fading, analysis of the least intrusive and most effective degree of restraint, and systematic desensitization for some forms of chronic self-injury. Other examples include the reduction of restraint for thumb sucking, noncontingent restraint during dental treatment. The chapter concludes that although applied behavior analytic interventions can be highly effective in reducing and eliminating restraint, behavioral services are often weak and poorly implemented.
Autosomal Dominant Partial Epilepsies

The clinical, electrophysiologic, and genetic characteristics of autosomal dominant partial epilepsy were studied in 71 patients and 33 non-epileptic at-risk family members in 19 European families followed at the Hopital Universitaire de Geneve, Switzerland, and centers in Strasbourg, Paris, Grenoble, Nice, Marseille, Rome, and Pisa.
Anticipation and the Neural Response to Threat

An important function of emotion is that it allows one to respond more effectively to threats in our environment. The response to threat is an important aspect of emotional behavior given the direct biological impact it has on survival. More specifically, survival is dependent upon the ability to avoid, escape, or defend against a threat once it is encountered. Anticipatory processes supported by neural circuitry that includes the prefrontal cortex and amygdala are critical for the expression and regulation of the emotional response. Further, these anticipatory processes appear to regulate the response to the threat itself. Healthy emotional function is characterized by anticipatory processes that diminish the emotional response to threat. In contrast, emotional dysfunction is characterized by anticipatory processes that lead to an exaggerated threat response. Thus, anticipatory mechanisms play an important role in both healthy and dysfunctional emotional behavior.
Review of "Copyfight: The Global Politics of Digital Copyright Reform," by Blayne Haggart

Copyfight: The Global Politics of Digital Copyright Reform, by Blayne Haggart Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014, 370 pages, ISBN 978-144-261-4543 (paperback), $26.57, ISBN 978-144-266-6238...
The Growth of Local Education Transfers: Explaining How Older Households Have Supported Schools

We argue that previous research studying the relationship between a growing elderly population and local support for public education has overlooked a key component to public education finance: red...
Development of a novel frailty index to predict mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease

Cirrhosis is characterized by muscle wasting, malnutrition, and functional decline that confer excess mortality not well quantified by the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) Sodium (MELDNa) score. We aimed to develop a frailty index to capture these extrahepatic complications of cirrhosis and enhance mortality prediction in patients with cirrhosis. Consecutive outpatients listed for liver transplantation at a single transplant center without MELD exceptions were assessed with candidate frailty measures. Best subset selection analyses with Cox regression identified subsets of frailty measures that predicted waitlist mortality (=death or delisting because of sickness). We selected the frailty index by balancing statistical accuracy with clinical utility. The net reclassification index (NRI) evaluated the %patients correctly reclassified by adding the frailty index to MELDNa. Included were 536 patients with cirrhosis with median MELDNa of 18. One hundred seven (20%) died/were delisted. The final frailty index consisted of: grip strength, chair stands, and balance. The ability of MELDNa and the frailty index to correctly rank patients according to their 3-month waitlist mortality risk (i.e., concordance-statistic) was 0.80 and 0.76, respectively, but 0.82 for MELDNa+frailty index together. Compared with MELDNa alone, MELDNa+frailty index correctly reclassified 16% of deaths/delistings (P = 0.005) and 3% of nondeaths/delistings (P = 0.17) with a total NRI of 19% (P 80th percentile) were more impaired by gait speed, difficulty with Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, exhaustion, and low physical activity (P < 0.001 for each). Conclusion: Our frailty index for patients with cirrhosis, comprised of three performance-based metrics, has construct validity for the concept of frailty and improves risk prediction of waitlist mortality over MELDNa alone. (Hepatology 2017;66:564–574).
An investigation of load balancing strategies for CFD applications on parallel computers

Publisher Summary This chapter employs an Euler and Navier-Stokes code, PARC2D, to demonstrate the basic concepts of dynamic load balancing. This code solves unsteady flow equations using conservation variables and provides different order Runge-Kutta time-stepping schemes. The chapter explains the procedure for parallel implementation of the explicit time-integration algorithm. Numerical experiments were chosen to demonstrate some strategies in dynamic load balancing for managing computer systems and algorithms. The chapter describes load balancing for variations in the system loading. The test problem was run on four processors over a period of approximately twelve hours. Communication and computation costs for each process were recorded and a load balancing was performed after approximately every thirty minutes. The results of this computation for a controlled environment are summarized. The same problem is illustrated for an uncontrolled environment. Further, load balancing for heterogeneous algorithms in parallel computing is described. This type of load balancing strategy optimizes the algorithm on a parallel system, and dynamically load balances the problem as the algorithm adapts to the solution.
Welfare Rhetoric and Maternal Bodies: Protective Legislation Debates in Colonial Bombay

This chapter critically maps the ways in which Indian elites and colonial administrators of Bombay considered the well-being of women millworkers. Until the 1920s, working-class women were marginal to the colonial gender reforms and women’s rights discourse. The Draft Convention meeting of the International Labour Conference triggered concerns for the welfare of women workers in India, a member country. Consistently high local infant mortality figures and the pressures to conform to new international labor welfare standards prompted Bombay’s educated social activists to campaign for paid maternity leaves for female millworkers and nurseries for their infants. Their relentless campaigns drew attention to an aspect of women workers’ lives that colonial bureaucrats, millowners, and the textile trade union movement of Bombay had neglected. Despite its successes, the discourse of maternal and infant welfare failed to espouse a liberal vocabulary of women workers’ rights. Rather, it drew uncritically on the nationalist ideologies of gender. The maternity benefits debate exalted working-class women’s roles in social reproduction, undermining their identities as productive workers. Also, the debates re-emphasized the agency of middle-class, educated reformers in determining and resolving the problems of the working classes, ignoring millworking women’s own initiatives for improving their well-being.
The Origin and Evolution of Photosynthetic Oxygen Production

This chapter reviews some of the evidence and the postulated proposals for how oxygenic photosynthesis first emerged as a distinct form of photoautotrophic metabolism using water as an electron donor. This form of photosynthesis is the most successful photoautotrophic metabolism in the contemporary biosphere and is found in all higher plants, green and red algae and both cyano- and oxyphoto-bacteria. We summarize the timetable for emergence and the biogeochemical consequences of oxygenic photosynthesis. Particular attention is paid to evolution of the inorganic core of the enzyme that catalyzes water oxidation, chemical speciation of the inorganic cofactors and possible alterative substrates. We discuss possible mineral remnants of early oxygenic photosynthesis and the emerging role of bicarbonate in assembly of the inorganic core and as an hypothesized evolutionary cofactor.
The movement to promote an ethnic language in American schools: The Korean community in the New York–New Jersey area:

This paper examines a New York Korean immigrants’ movement to promote the Korean language in American schools. This movement includes the efforts of Korean community leaders to include the Korean l...
Does fluoxetine exposure affect hypoxia tolerance in the Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta?

Due to ineffective wastewater treatment technologies, pharmaceuticals such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)-a common class of antidepressants which inhibit the serotonin transporter (SERT)-can be found in surface waters and marine receiving waters near wastewater effluents. Understanding how exposure to these chemicals might impact non-target organisms, especially combined with other environmental stressors like hypoxia, is essential in order to thoroughly evaluate environmental risk. It was hypothesized that both acute and chronic exposure to the SSRI fluoxetine (FLX) would interfere with the metabolic hypoxia response of the Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta. Here we demonstrate that acute intraperitoneal treatment with 50 μg g-1 FLX significantly reduces the regulation index, or degree of metabolic regulation, in toadfish. Acute FLX exposure significantly reduced SERT mRNA expression in the first and third gill arches, but mRNA expression was not affected in heart tissues or in the second gill arch. In contrast, the regulation index was unaffected by 14-17 day waterborne FLX exposure to environmentally relevant (0.01 μg L-1) and approximately 1000-fold higher (8.5 μg L-1) concentrations. However, the higher concentration was sufficient to induce a systemic elevation in plasma serotonin concentrations. Chronic FLX exposure did not alter SERT mRNA expression in heart or gill tissues. The results of this study implicate the involvement of 5-HT pathways in hypoxia tolerance but demonstrate that current environmental levels of FLX are insufficient to impair the metabolic hypoxia response in marine fish.
This Site is Under Construction: Situating Hegel's Plato

In this paper, I examine broad features of Hegel's interpretation of Plato from his Lectures on the History of Phihsophy, noting how these features resonate with current views of Platonic philosophy. Hegel formed his interpretation of Plato under very different circumstances than those of today. Serious study of the Platonic dialogues had come to the forefront in German Idealist philosophy. As Rudiger Bubner notes: ‘It was this tradition of thought that discovered, in an original way of its own, the authentic Plato in place of the various mediated substitutes of before, and indeed saw him as a thinker who was to provide continuing inspiration to the needs of post-Kantian philosophy’. We find Hegel holds Plato in high esteem, most famously as a ‘teacher of the human race’ alongside Aristotle. His Plato is one who is fundamentally significant in the development of philosophy, raising it to the status of science, although not in a fully systematic manner. At the same time, Hegel distinguishes his Plato from the projects of his contemporaries, Tennemann's esoteric Plato and Schleiermacher's aesthetic Plato. Hegel also forms his view of Plato at a time just prior to the development of stylometric studies of the dialogues, begun in its earliest form by K. F. Hermann (1839) and pushed forward by Lewis Campbell and Friedrich Blass in the later half of the 19th century. (This is not to claim that questions regarding the ordering of the dialogues did not arise earlier than 1839, but that they became scientific and central in Platonic interpretation with Hermann.) The pressures Hegel negotiates in his interpretation are quite distinct, especially in this last respect, yet not altogether alien. There are, I think, interesting reasons for this. (One might think that given Hegel's strong opposition to Schleiermacher (and Hegel's disposition towards development), he might have been inclined towards a developmental reading of Plato. One also might think that given his opposition to Tennemann's esotericism, he might have had more doubts about discerning a system within Plato's unsystematic dialogues. But one would be wrong on both counts.)
The Atmospheric Chemistry of Glycolaldehyde

The chemistry of glycolaldehyde (hydroxyacetaldehyde) relevant to the troposphere has been investigated using UV absorption spectrometry and FTIR absorption spectrometry in an environmental chamber. Quantitative UV absorption spectra have been obtained for the first time. The UV spectrum peaks at 277 nm with a maximum cross section of (5.5± 0.7)×10−20 cm2 molecule−1. Studies of the ultraviolet photolysis of glycolaldehyde (λ = 285 ± 25 nm) indicated that the overall quantum yield is > 0.5 in one bar of air, with the major products being CH2OH and HCO radicals. Rate coefficients for the reactions of Cl atoms and OH radicals with glycolaldehyde have been determined to be (7.6± 1.5)×10−11 and (1.1± 0.3)×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively, in good agreement with the only previous study. The lifetime of glycolaldehyde in the atmosphere is about 1.0 day for reaction with OH, and > 2.5 days for photolysis, although both wet and dry deposition should also be considered in future modeling studies.
Ulcerative Colitis: Gastrointestinal Features

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease likely due to an autoimmune process. In North America, the prevalence of this disease is 1 per 1000, with a bimodal distribution of age of onset in the second and sixth decade of life.
2018: a big year for privacy

Retracing the pivotal privacy and security-related events and ensuing issues from the past year.
Enhancing the Impact of Mobile Health Literacy Interventions to Reduce Health Disparities

Health literacy is a key factor in health outcomes that should be considered when creating mobile health promotion apps. In this paper, we detail our work over the past 10 years in developing the theory and practice of targeting the content of mobile apps at a level appropriate for the intended audience. We include a review of our theory of health literacy as expertise, the ASK model, and integrate it with the Theory of Planned Behavior. We then provide data that support both the model and its use. More recently, we have developed a predictive analytic model that uses demographic information and patient performance on a 10-item screening measure to determine patient level of health literacy at a high level of accuracy. The predictive model will enable apps to automatically provide content to users at an appropriate level of health literacy. This strategy, along with other aspects of tailoring, will allow apps to be more personally relevant to users, enhancing their effects in promoting health behavior change.
Modeling individual trees in an urban environment using dense discrete return LIDAR

The urban forest is becoming increasingly important in the contexts of urban green space, carbon sequestration and offsets, and socio-economic impacts. This has led to a recent increase in attention being paid to urban environmental management. Tree biomass, specifically, is a vital indicator of carbon storage and has a direct impact on urban forest health and carbon sequestration. As an alternative to expensive and time-consuming field surveys, remote sensing has been used extensively in measuring dynamics of vegetation and estimating biomass. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has proven especially useful to characterize the three dimensional (3D) structure of forests. In urban contexts however, information is frequently required at the individual tree level, necessitating the proper delineation of tree crowns. Yet, crown delineation is challenging for urban trees where a wide range of stress factors and cultural influences affect growth. In this paper high resolution LiDAR data were used to infer biomass based on individual tree attributes. A multi-tiered delineation algorithm was designed to extract individual tree-crowns. At first, dominant tree segments were obtained by applying watershed segmentation on the crown height model (CHM). Next, prominent tree top positions within each segment were identified via a regional maximum transformation and the crown boundary was estimated for each of the tree tops. Finally, undetected trees were identified using a best-fitting circle approach. After tree delineation, individual tree attributes were used to estimate tree biomass and the results were validated with associated field mensuration data. Results indicate that the overall tree detection accuracy is nearly 80%, and the estimated biomass model has an adjusted-R 2 of 0.5.
Baseline Toxicity of the Insecticides Bifenthrin and Thiamethoxam on Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Collected From the Eastern United States.

Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal), is an invasive species in the United States that attacks a wide variety of agricultural commodities including fruits, vegetables, agronomic crops, and ornamental plants. Populations of H. halys adults were collected from four and six states in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and tested using topical applications to establish baseline levels of susceptibility to two commonly used insecticides, bifenthrin and thiamethoxam. A Probit-estimated (95% fiducial limits) LD50 and LD99 of 2.64 g AI/L (1.2-3.84 g AI/L) and 84.96 g AI/L (35.76-716.16 g AI/L) for bifenthrin, and a LD50 and LD99 of 0.05 g AI/liter (1.14E-5-0.27 g AI/L) and 150.11 g AI/L (27.35-761,867 g AI/L) for thiamethoxam, respectively. These baseline levels can be used for future insecticide resistance monitoring in H. halys.
Introduction to Cannabis Special Issue.

The papers in this Special Issue address important questions surrounding the medicinal use of cannabis by reviewing the literature on (1) the impact of cannabis on neurocognition across the lifespa...
A World in “Small Hands”? Globalization as Risk and Rights

This essay discusses the vexed relations between rights as a protection against risk and risk as a constitutive feature of capitalist globalization. The interpretation of risk across these fields of interest is certainly not synonymous or stable but it continues to produce significant quandaries for rights discourse on a global scale. The paper examines three dimensions of the political economy of rights that represent a specific critical challenge in globalization as currently construed: the security of securitization, the personhood of corporatism, and the saturating commodification of basic conditions of life. Obviously, these are not the only avenues in which risk and rights might be pursued, yet they do provide pertinent insight into the antinomies of rights under the sign of capital.
Recruiting warriors or guardians? A content analysis of police recruitment videos

United States police response to the 2014 Ferguson riots has directed scholarly and public attention towards police militarisation, renewing interest in community policing strategies as a potential...
Why College Students Drift Left: The Stability of Political Identity and Relative Malleability of Issue Positions among College Students

In considering the liberalizing effect of college on students’ political values, we argue that political identities—in the form of self-identified ideology or partisanship—are components of social identity and are resistant to change. Using data from the Higher Education Research Institute’s student surveys, we show that what movement in identity does occur is mostly a regression to the mean effect. On several issue positions, however, students move in a more uniform leftward direction. We find that liberal drift on issues is most common among students majoring in the arts and humanities. Self-reported ideology does drift left at liberal arts colleges, but this is explained by a peer effect: students at liberal arts colleges drift more to the left because they have more liberal peers. The results have implications for future research on college student political development, suggesting that attitudinal change can be more easily identified by examining shifts in policy preferences rather than changes in political identity.
Low-Noise Magnetic Coil System for Recording 3-D Eye Movements

Vestibular and oculomotor research often requires measurement of 3-D eye orientation and movement with high spatial and temporal precision and accuracy. We describe the design, implementation, validation, and use of a new magnetic coil system optimized for recording 3-D eye movements using small scleral coils in animals. Like older systems, the system design uses off-the-shelf components to drive three mutually orthogonal alternating magnetic fields at different frequencies. The scleral coil voltage induced by those fields is decomposed into three signals, each related to the coil’s orientation relative to the axis of one field component. Unlike older systems based on analog demodulation and filtering, this system uses a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to oversample each induced scleral coil voltage (at 25 Msamples/s), demodulate in the digital domain, and average over 25 ksamples per data point to generate 1-ksamples/s output in real time. Noise floor is <0.036° peak-to-peak and linearity error is <0.1° during 345° rotations in all three dimensions. This FPGA-based design, which is both reprogrammable and freely available upon request, delivers sufficient performance to record eye movements at high spatial and temporal precision and accuracy using coils small enough for use with small animals.
Responses to Discrimination: Relationships Between Social Support Seeking, Core Self-Evaluations, and Withdrawal Behaviors

Drawing from the theory of conservation of resources (Hobfoll, 1989), we examined relationships between social support seeking as a response to perceived discrimination from supervisors, core self-evaluations, and withdrawal behaviors. We further studied how the relationship between social support seeking and withdrawal behaviors was moderated by core self-evaluations. With two different samples, we found, as expected, that social support seeking in response to discrimination from supervisors is positively related to employee withdrawal behaviors, and core self-evaluations is negatively related to withdrawal behaviors. Across the two samples, we also found evidence that the relationship between social support seeking and withdrawal behaviors was weaker when core self-evaluations were high compared to low. We discuss implications of our results in the context of past research
Component Reliability Testing of Long-Life Sorption Cryocoolers

This paper summarizes ongoing experiments characterizing the ability of critical sorption cryocooler components to achieve highly reliable operation for long-life space missions. Test data obtained over the past several years at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) are entirely consistent with achieving ten year life for sorption compressors, electrical heaters, container materials, valves, and various sorbent materials suitable for driving 8 to 180 K refrigeration stages. Test results reported include a praseodymium-cerium-oxide/oxygen (“PCO/O2”) compressor system, for 65 to 90 K cryocoolers, that has accrued over 35,760 hours and 79,567 cycles of maintenance-free operation with no degradation through 1993, and a Saran carbon/krypton compressor system, for 120 to 140 K cryocoolers, that has demonstrated 16,600 hours and 33,200 cycles of operation. Similar extended cycling tests of LaNi4.8Sn0.2 and ZrNi hydride compressor systems for use in 8 to 30 K cryocoolers have been initiated.
Phosphothreonine recognition comes into focus.

The structure of the Rad53p FHA domain reveals a new fundamental mechanism governing phosphothreonine-dependent protein–protein interactions in nuclear processes including DNA repair and replication in a broad range of organisms.
Primary hepatic lymphoma: favorable outcome after combination chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND Primary hepatic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PHL) is a rare and difficult to diagnose lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology. It is believed that the prognosis in affected patients is dismal, consisting of early recurrence and short survival. METHODS A retrospective cohort review of patients with PHL diagnosed between 1974 and 1995 at a university cancer center was performed. RESULTS Twenty-four patients with PHL were identified. Typically, the disease occurred in middle-aged men (median age, 50 years). The primary presenting complaint was right upper quadrant abdominal pain, with hepatomegaly found at physical examination. Serum liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, and β-2-microglobulin levels all were elevated, but α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen levels were within normal range. Hypercalcemia was found in 6 of 15 patients who were tested. Six of 10 patients who were tested were positive for the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Liver scans demonstrated either a solitary lesion or multiple lesions. Pathologic examination revealed diffuse large cell lymphoma in 23 patients (96%). Combination chemotherapy was the mainstay of treatment; surgery consisted of diagnostic biopsy. The complete remission rate was 83.3%, and the 5-year cause specific and failure free survival rates were 87.1% and 70.1%, respectively. HCV infection did not appear to influence the outcome of therapy. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of patients with PHL who are treated with combination chemotherapy may be more favorable than that reported elsewhere. The frequent association of PHL with HCV infection observed in this series warrants further investigation. Cancer 2001;92:2023–9. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Effect of pricing, advertisement and competition in multisite capacity planning

Abstract The multi-site capacity planning problem with a long term time horizon, with transportation constraint is expanded to consider pricing of the product, the effect of advertisement and competition. We use a modification of the Cobb-Douglas model for consumer utility and include the effect of advertising.
Functions from ℝ n to ℝ m

If φ: E → ℝ is a map into ℝ of a convex subset E of a vector space V, φ is convex iff whenever x, y ∈ E, 0 ≦ α, β, and α +β = 1 then φ (αx + βy) ≦ αφ(x) + βφ(y). If V and W are (topological) vector spaces Hom(V, W) is the vector space of (continuous) linear maps from V to W. If V = W, Hom(V, W) is denoted End(V) and the identity map is id.
Recognizing Young Readers' Spoken Questions

Free-form spoken input would be the easiest and most natural way for young children to communicate to an intelligent tutoring system. However, achieving such a capability poses a challenge both to instruction design and to automatic speech recognition. To address the difficulties of accepting such input, we adopt the framework of predictable response training, which aims at simultaneously achieving linguistic predictability and educational utility. We design instruction in this framework to teach children the reading comprehension strategy of self-questioning. To filter out some misrecognized speech, we combine acoustic confidence with language modeling techniques that exploit the predictability of the elicited responses. Compared to a baseline that does neither, this approach performs significantly better in concept recall 47% vs. 28% and precision 61% vs. 39% on 250 unseen utterances from 34 previously unseen speakers. We conclude with some design implications for future speech enabled tutoring systems.
Cell Wall and Coat of the Developing Akinete of a Cylindrospermum Species

The mature akinete coat of a Cylindrospermum species contains laminar layers, not present in immature akinetes, and a thickened intermediate layer.
MM wave transmission polarizer

Anisotropic dielectric transmission polarizers composed of alternate layers of foam and dielectric (See Figure 1) are used at microwave frequencies for producing circular polarization. This type of polarizer, however, is rarely used at millimeter wavelengths because the layers must be thinner than 1/3 wavelength; therefore they become quite thin. A design centered at 94 GHz for example, is limited to a maximum material thickness of 0.030 in. for a polystyrene polarizer with polyfoam spacers. The machining, handling, and assembling of these layers is time consuming, and the parts as well as the resulting assembly are quite fragile and expensive. A design has been developed for an anisotropic dielectric polarizer that overcomes the fabrication difficulties encountered with this type of polarizer design at millimeter wavelengths. Two unique features of this design are: a) a half wavelength electrically invisible center supporting section that permits the polarizer to be fabricated from one piece of dielectric, and b) a quarter wavelength isotropic impedance matching section at each end of the polarizer that provides a relatively reflection free transition into and out of the polarizer for the electromagnetic wave.