cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Heterogeneity of the Imagination

Imagination has been assigned an important explanatory role in a multitude of philosophical contexts. This paper examines four such contexts: mindreading, pretense, our engagement with fiction, and modal epistemology. Close attention to each of these contexts suggests that the mental activity of imagining is considerably more heterogeneous than previously realized. In short, no single mental activity can do all the explanatory work that has been assigned to imagining.
Sharing a driver’s context with a caller via continuous audio cues to increase awareness about driver state.

In an experiment using a driving simulator we investigated whether sharing information of a driver's context with a remote caller via continuous audio cues can make callers more aware of the driving situation. Increased awareness could potentially help in making the conversation less distracting. Prior research has shown that although sharing context using video can create such beneficial effects, it also has some practical disadvantages. It is an open question whether other modalities might also provide sufficient context for a caller. In particular, the effects of sharing audio, a cheaper, more salient, and perhaps more practical alternative than video, are not well understood. We investigated sharing context using direct cues in the form of realistic driving sounds (e.g., car honks, sirens) and indirect cues in the form of elevated heartbeats. Sound sharing affected the caller's perception of the driver's busyness. However, this had at most a modest effect on conversation and driving performance. An implication of these results is that although sharing sounds can increase a caller's awareness of changes in the driver's busyness, they need more training or information on how to leverage such context information to reduce disruption to driving. Limitations and implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Effect of Impaction Sequence on Osteochondral Graft Damage: The Role of Repeated and Varying Loads

Background: Osteochondral autografts and allografts require mechanical force for proper graft placement into the defect site; however, impaction compromises the tissue. This study aimed to determine the effect of impaction force and number of hits to seat the graft on cartilage integrity.Hypothesis: Under constant impulse conditions, higher impaction load magnitudes are more detrimental to cell viability, matrix integrity, and collagen network organization and will result in proteoglycan loss and nitric oxide release.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Osteochondral explants, harvested from fresh bovine trochleae, were exposed to a series of consistent impact loads delivered by a pneumatically driven device. Each plug received the same overall impulse of 7 Ns, reflecting the mean of 23 clinically inserted plugs. Impaction loads of 37.5 N, 75 N, 150 N, and 300 N were matched with 74, 37, 21, and 11 hits, respectively. After impaction, the plugs were harvested, and cartilage was analyzed for ...
The problem of alternate treatment days.

A clinical study was devised to illustrate the disadvantages of treating alternate fields on alternate days, compared with the more orthodox method of treating each field each day. For the same skin changes, the average skin dose by the alternating technique was 12 per cent lower than the orthodox technique. If a correction is made for exit dose, this difference becomes 19 per cent. The implications of this finding and its importance for certain techniques are discussed.
Differentiation of Papillary Muscle From Fascicular and Mitral Annular Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With and Without Structural Heart Disease

Background— Idiopathic left ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and those caused by structural heart disease can originate from the papillary muscles, fascicles, and mitral annulus. Differentiation of these arrhythmias can be challenging because they present with a right bundle branch block morphology by electrocardiography. We sought to identify clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiological features that distinguish these left VAs in patients with and without structural heart disease. Method and Results— Patients undergoing catheter ablation for papillary muscle, fascicular, or mitral annular VAs were studied. Demographic data and electrocardiographic and electrophysiological findings were analyzed. Fifty-two VAs in 51 patients (32 [63%] male; mean age 61±15 years) with papillary muscle (n=18), fascicular (n=15), and mitral annular (n=19) origins were studied. Patients with papillary muscle VAs were older and had higher prevalence of left ventricular dysfunction (67% versus 13% of fascicular VA patients [ P =0.009]) and coronary artery disease (78% versus 37% of mitral annular VA patients [ P =0.036]). Papillary muscle VAs were distinguished electrocardiographically from fascicular VAs by longer QRS durations and lower prevalence of r<R′ V1 QRS morphology, and from mitral annular VAs by lower prevalence of positive precordial lead concordance. Using a stepwise electrocardiographic algorithm, the accuracy rates for the diagnosis of papillary muscle VAs, fascicular VAs, and mitral annular VAs were 83%, 87%, and 89%, respectively. Conclusions— Specific electrocardiographic characteristics, including QRS morphology and precordial lead morphology, can help distinguish between papillary muscle, fascicular, and mitral annular VAs.
A-kinase-anchoring proteins and cytoskeletal signalling events.

Targeting of protein kinases and phosphatases to the cytoskeleton enhances the regulation of many signalling events. Cytoskeletal signalling complexes facilitate this process by optimizing the relay of messages from membrane receptors to specific sites on the actin cytoskeleton. These signals influence fundamental cell properties such as shape, movement and division. Targeting of the cAMP-dependent kinase (protein kinase A) and other enzymes to this compartment is achieved through interaction with A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs). The present paper discusses recent progress on dissecting the biological role of WAVE1 (Wiskott–Alrich syndrome protein family verprolin homology protein 1), an AKAP that assembles a cytoskeletal transduction complex in response to signals that emanate from the low-molecular-mass GTPase, Rac.
Game-theoretic analysis of a visibility based pursuit-evasion game in the presence of obstacles

In this paper, we present a game theoretic analysis of a visibility based pursuit-evasion game in an environment containing obstacles. The pursuer and the evader are holonomic having bounded speeds. Both players have a complete map of the environment. Both players have omnidirectional vision and have knowledge about each other's current position as long as they are visible to each other. Under this information structure, the pursuer wants to maintain visibility of the evader for maximum possible time and the evader wants to escape the pursuer's sight as soon as possible. We present strategies for the players that are in Nash Equilibrium. The strategies are a function of the value of the game. Using these strategies, we construct a value function by integrating the retrogressive path equations backward in time from the termination situations provided by the corners in the environment. From these value functions we recompute the control strategies for them to obtain optimal trajectories for the players near the termination situation.
Soil Organic Nitrogen Enrichment Following Soybean in an Iowa Corn–Soybean Rotation

Understanding soil organic N (ON) pool enrichment may help explain why rates of N fertilization required to attain maximum corn (Zea mays L.) yields are usually lower for corn following soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] than for corn following corn. Our objectives were to quantify the ON pools within a 16-ha Iowa field and to correlate those results with corn yield. Spring and fall measurements of ON content (0–15 cm soil) as amino acids (AAs), amino sugars (ASs), and NH4 1 were made using samples collected between 1997 and 1999 from 10 soil map units. The chemical extraction method determined an average 87% of the total N content (n 5 10 soils) as identified ON but gave reduced ON recovery from depression soils that experienced periods of water ponding. The total AA concentrations measured in May were positively correlated (r 2 5 0.84, P , 0.01) with corn yield during a dry year (1997) and 7 out of 10 soils provided near maximum yields. A wetter 1999 boosted overall corn yields 6.6% but resulted in a poorer relationship between May AA concentrations and corn yield. Microbial N compounds measured (May 1997) as glucosamine, galactosamine, and ornithine were also positively correlated with corn yield (r 2 5 0.84, r , 0.01; r 2 5 0.94, P , 0.001; r 2 5 0.93, P , 0.001, respectively). The ON concentration decreased during corn production from May to September 1997 an average of 367 kg N ha 21 but increased following soybean growth in 1998 by 320 kg N ha 21 . The chemical extraction methodology identified soils that may not require the full amount of N fertilizer currently being applied, thus decreasing the potential for N loss to surface and ground water resources without decreasing opportunities to achieve optimum yield.
Balancing Air Traffic Control workload across dual area navigation arrival procedures

Area Navigation (RNAV) is a key component for improving the efficiency and capacity of the National Airspace System (NAS). As such, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been implementing RNAV Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) and Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs) at airports throughout the NAS. An increasingly more common aspect of the implementation process involves a Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulation of new procedure designs in the pre-implementation phase to evaluate traffic management difficulty, given the proposed changes, and to validate operational assumptions. The Terminal Area Route Generation Evaluation and Traffic Simulation (TARGETS) tool, developed by the MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD), provides a testing platform to simulate traffic in both en route and terminal airspace in an integrated operations setting to achieve an accurate representation of site-specific air traffic environments. This paper describes the simulation results of a large airport environment where dual RNAV STAR procedure designs were evaluated by conducting a HITL simulation using the TARGETS tool with Certified Professional Controller (CPC) participants. The dual RNAV STARs are created as parallel arrival routings, designed with sufficient separation between them to allow for independent operations, and are used to manage high arrival demand or mixed aircraft performance over a given corner-post. During this simulation, aircraft on these STARs needed to be efficiently merged within terminal airspace, where space for vectoring was limited, in order to feed a single runway. The focus of the simulation was to assess how different traffic delivery strategies, referred to as the ‘operational use’ of the RNAV STARs, could be used to move traffic from en route to Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) airspace and the associated impacts on Air Traffic Control (ATC) workload. Other data included track data and participant feedback captured in a focus group-like discussion conducted at the conclusion of each scenario. Results show that when traffic was equally distributed across the parallel RNAV procedures, workload increased for TRACON controllers. In contrast, when traffic was primarily delivered using a single RNAV procedure, workload increased for the Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) controllers. A solution that provided more of a workload balance was achieved by allowing ARTCC controllers to offload aircraft on the first RNAV procedure (primary flow) to the second RNAV procedure (secondary flow), on an as-needed basis. The results of this effort reflect the effectiveness of HITL simulation in the pre-implementation phase for identifying tailored air traffic management solutions that can help increase the likelihood of successful RNAV procedure implementation so that benefits can be enabled.
Hispanic children with special health care needs from Spanish-language households

OBJECTIVES: We examined the specific health care needs of Hispanic children with special health care needs (CSHCN) from Spanish-language households, and we compared the needs for children in this group to those for Hispanic and non-Hispanic white CSHCN from English-language households. METHODS: We estimated the prevalence of parent-reported health care needs, health conditions, and functional characteristics by using data from the 2001 and 2005–2006 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs. We used bivariate and multivariate methods to describe the relationship between ethnicity, language, and the demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics of CSHCN. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2005–2006, the prevalence of special health care needs increased significantly among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children from English-language households but not among Hispanic children from Spanish-language households. In 2005–2006, Hispanic children from Spanish-language households were only one-third as likely as other children to be identified as CSHCN. Relative to both Hispanic and non-Hispanic white CSHCN from English-language households, Hispanic CSHCN from Spanish-language households had a higher prevalence of several developmentally related conditions and of functional difficulties related to gross and fine motor coordination, self-care, speech, and communication but had a lower prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Lower use of prescription medications was significantly associated with Hispanic ethnicity (regardless of household language) even after we controlled for demographic and socioeconomic differences. CONCLUSIONS: Hispanic CSHCN from Spanish-language households are distinct from other CSHCN, and stratifying the Hispanic population by using primary household language can reveal important differences in the health and functioning characteristics of Hispanic CSHCN.
Synthesis and characterization of oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing a site-specifically incorporated N6-carboxymethyl-2′-deoxyadenosine or N4-carboxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine

Humans are exposed to both endogenous and exogenous N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), and many NOCs can be metabolically activated to generate a highly reactive species, diazoacetate, which is capable of inducing carboxymethylation of nucleobases in DNA. Here we report, for the first time, the chemical syntheses of authentic N(6)-carboxymethyl-2'-deoxyadenosine (N(6)-CMdA) and N(4)-carboxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (N(4)-CMdC), liquid chromatography-ESI tandem MS confirmation of their formation in calf thymus DNA upon diazoacetate exposure, and the preparation of oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing a site-specifically incorporated N(6)-CMdA or N(4)-CMdC. Additionally, thermodynamic studies showed that the substitutions of a dA with N(6)-CMdA and dC with N(4)-CMdC in a 12-mer duplex increased Gibbs free energy for duplex formation at 25°C by 5.3 and 6.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Moreover, primer extension assay revealed that N(4)-CMdC was a stronger blockade to Klenow fragment-mediated primer extension than N(6)-CMdA. The polymerase displayed substantial frequency of misincorporation of dAMP opposite N(6)-CMdA and, to a lesser extent, misinsertion of dAMP and dTMP opposite N(4)-CMdC. The formation and the mutagenic potential of N(6)-CMdA and N(4)-CMdC suggest that these lesions may bear important implications in the etiology of NOC-induced tumor development.
Applying the Cube Model to Pediatric Psychology: Development of Research Competency Skills at the Doctoral Level

Objectives This article considers the development of research competencies in professional psychology and how that movement might be applied to training in pediatric psychology. The field of pediatric psychology has a short but rich history, and experts have identified critical competencies. However, pediatric psychology has not yet detailed a set of research-based competencies. Methods This article initially reviews the competency initiative in professional psychology, including the cube model as it relates to research training. Next, we review and adapt the knowledge-based/foundational and applied/functional research competencies proposed by health psychology into a cube model for pediatric psychology. We focus especially on graduate-level training but allude to its application throughout professional development. Results We present the cube model as it is currently being applied to the development of a systematic research competency evaluation for graduate training at our medical/clinical psychology doctoral program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Based on the review and synthesis of the literature on research competency in professional psychology we propose future initiatives to develop these competencies for the field of pediatric psychology. Conclusions The cube model can be successfully applied to the development of research training competencies in pediatric psychology. Future research should address the development, implementation, and assessment of the research competencies for training and career development of future pediatric psychologists.
Adaptive Backstepping Sliding Mode Design for TCSC

Based on a nonlinear second-order model for a single-machine infinite-bus system with TCSC, two kinds of nonlinear controller were designed using backstepping sliding mode methods. With backstepping sliding mode, the origin nonlinear system doesn't need to be linearized and the closed-loop error system is guaranteed to be asymptotically stable. When damping coefficients can't be measured inaccurately, a dynamic feedback controller can be designed using adaptive backstepping sliding mode containing the real-time estimation of uncertainty parameter. The design procedure reveals that the controller designed by backstepping sliding mode method has good performances and robustness.
On the Analysis of the Condensational Growth of a Stationary Cloud Droplet in the Vicinity of Activation

Abstract The theory of the growth (or evaporation) of a stationary drop has been cast into a form which reveals explicitly the role of both condensation and thermal accommodation coefficients. The equations for growth are integrated under constant ambient conditions. An application to cloud physics is discussed.
Role of a glycocalyx on coronary arteriole permeability to proteins: evidence from enzyme treatments

Whereas the glycocalyx of endothelial cells has been shown to influence solute flux from capillary microvessels, little is known about its contribution to the movement of macromolecules across the ...
Augmentation of gas exchange using oscillating microbubble array

We report a novel concept and experimental proof to substantially augment gas exchange between liquid and gas in microfluidics. The key idea is to use an oscillating bubble array to generate microstreaming flows perpendicular to the main laminar liquid stream. As such, the laminar flow stream experiences substantially increased mixing and gas exchange through the adjacent permeable membrane. The patterned PDMS membrane to hold microbubbles was microfabricated and tested for CO2 gas exchange. Experimental results show that the proposed concept makes about 2 times augmentation in exchange rate, even in a non-optimized condition. This method may be applied to many gas exchange devices (artificial lung, fuel cell, etc.).
On Vagueness, Sorites, and Putnam's “Intuitionistic Strategy”

Adoptant la position de C. Wright selon laquelle la nature des paradoxes sorites releve de l'utilisation de predicats vagues dans leur deduction, l'A. presente une conception des predicats vagues qui evite le caractere sorite des paradoxes, en se referant au paradoxe des non-limites strictes de Wright et en appliquant la strategie intuitionniste de Putnam concernant les regles d'inference. Examinant la contrainte de regiment et la contrainte de tolerance, l'A. montre que le jeu de la double negation utilise par Putnam n'est pas suffisant pour remedier au probleme de la susceptibilite sortie des paradoxes
Nanoparticle-Based Biocompatible and Targeted Drug Delivery: Characterization and in Vitro Studies

Paclitaxel nanoparticles (PAX NPs) prepared with the size of 110 ± 10 nm and ζ potential of −40 ± 3 mV were encapsulated in synthetic/biomacromolecule shell chitosan, dextran-sulfate using a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. Zeta potential measurements, analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the successful adsorption of each layer. Surface modifications of these core–shell NPs were performed by covalently conjugating with poly(ethylene glycol) (H2N-PEG-carboxymethyl, Mw 3400) and fluorescence labeled wheat germ agglutinin (F-WGA) to build a biocompatible and targeted drug delivery system. 32% of PAX was released from four bilayers of biomacromolecule assembled NPs within 8 h as compared with >85% of the drug released from the bare NPs. Moreover, high cell viability with PEG conjugation and high binding capacity of WGA-modified NPs with Caco-2 cells were observed. This biocompatible and targeted NP-based drug delivery system, therefore, may be conside...
A Post-Electoral Era?

We frequently discuss consultants, in what we might call their “causal role” in the political process—the consequences or effects of political consulting. I would like to turn to the other side, that is to look at consultants as an effect rather than a cause. This connects the rise of political consultants with the decline of the political party.If you think about the role of consultants in contemporary politics you can't separate consultants from the other pieces of the new politics in the United States: media, polling, direct mail and all the other factors that have formed and transformed American politics. This is part of the on-going transformation of American politics that is related, in turn, to the long-term decay, decline, and collapse of party organization in much of the United States. Political consultants have penetrated all of American politics. In upstate New York where I live there are towns that I haven't even heard of where consultants are working. They may be in the dairy business in off years. Why have consultants penetrated even the political boondocks in America? The obvious reason is that party organization throughout the United States has reached a state of total decay and collapse.
Preservation Recrystallization and Preliminary Biochemical Characterizaton of Charcot-Leyden Crystals.∗:

SummaryC-L crystals concentrated and preserved as described did not differ from freshly collected crystals in histochemical reactions or solubility when kept over a period of 9 months. Thus it was feasible to accumulate a quantity of crystals sufficient for biochemical determinations.Advantage was taken of the solubility of the crystals at pH 2.4 to separate them from residual extraneous material. Histochemical reactions, absorption spectrum, biochemical tests and molecular weight studies suggest that the material composing C-L crystals is a polypeptide of low molecular weight containing tyrosine or tryptophane or both. It is soluble at pH 2 and pH 11.2. It was possible to recrystallize a dilute (0.5%) solution of C-L crystals by adjusting the solution to neutrality. No measurable amounts of phosphorus or zinc could be detected by spectrographic analysis.
Free chlorine and monochloramine application to nitrifying biofilm: comparison of biofilm penetration, activity, and viability.

Biofilm in drinking water systems is undesirable. Free chlorine and monochloramine are commonly used as secondary drinking water disinfectants, but monochloramine is perceived to penetrate biofilm better than free chlorine. However, this hypothesis remains unconfirmed by direct biofilm monochloramine measurement. This study compared free chlorine and monochloramine biofilm penetration into an undefined mixed-culture nitrifying biofilm by use of microelectrodes and assessed the subsequent effect on biofilm activity and viability by use of dissolved oxygen (DO) microelectrodes and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with LIVE/DEAD BacLight. For equivalent chlorine concentrations, monochloramine initially penetrated biofilm 170 times faster than free chlorine, and even after subsequent application to a monochloramine penetrated biofilm, free chlorine penetration was limited. DO profiles paralleled monochloramine profiles, providing evidence that either the biofilm was inactivated with monochloramine’s ...
Self-Organization of Semiconductor Quantum Nanocrystals on Carbon Single-Wall Nanotubes into Close-Packed Linear Arrays

We report the synthesis of organized colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal / carbon singlewalled nanotube hybrid nanostructures. The synthetic protocol described here avoids the need for covalent chemical modification of carbon nanotube (CNT) surfaces. Specifically, InP quantum dots (QDs) and CdSe QDs were found to strongly adsorb onto the surfaces of carbon single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) by gentle heating in organic solvents. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the semiconductor nanocrystal (NC) / SWNT assemblies, and revealed that the surfaces of the SWNT bundles template the adsorption of the NCs from solution. Small QDs were found to randomly absorb onto SWNTs, while larger QDs self-assembled into long linear chains. The nature of binding and ordering was investigated by simply considering van der Waals (vdW) forces for both NC-SWNT and NC-NC interactions. Quantum rods (QRs) were also found to adsorb along the nanotube surfaces. These findings have important implications for the synthesis of NC / SWNT hybrid nanostructures.
"Surprise, surprise: The ambivalent nature of surprise as a catalyst for curiosity and learning"

This experience sampling study examines daily episodes of specific and diversive curiosity and relates them with emotions and learning episodes. Data were collected from online artisans – individuals that create and sell handmade goods online – daily for 14 consecutive days. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the results reveal that surprise is a fairly frequent experience that produces a variety of adaptive responses. Specifically, surprise varied in emotional valence, generating two distinct forms of curiosity: specific and diversive. Within individual analyses revealed that episodes of specific curiosity were associated with negative active emotions and local modes of learning, whereas episodes of diversive curiosity were associated with positive active emotions and global modes of learning.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

Complex regional pain syndrome is a neuropathic condition, characterized by pain that is out of proportion to the original injury along with features of allodynia, vasomotor and sudomotor changes, and decreased range of motion of the affected limb. It is a difficult to treat entity with a still unclear pathophysiology. It is important for physicians to recognize, understand, and learn what evidence-based options are available to treat and manage this unique pain condition.
Remediated verse: Chaucer’s Tale of Melibee and Patience Agbabi’s ‘Unfinished Business’

This essay obliquely recalls the mirroring structure of the poem printed on the previous page, ‘Unfinished Business,’ Patience Agbabi’s engagement with Chaucer’s Tale of Melibee in her one-round poetry slam, Telling Tales (Cannongate, 2014). Our essay is organized by keywords common to both poems. Each section devotes a paragraph or two to Chaucer’s Melibee and then turns to Agbabi’s ‘Unfinished Business.’ By repeating essential keywords at the beginning and ending of each section (or linking a keyword at the end of one section to the beginning of another) our analysis suggests the recursive chain inherent in the poem’s mirroring structure, as well as in the poem’s reformulation of Chaucer’s prose tale.
Expression of a Transfected v-Harvey-Ras Oncogene in a Dunning Rat Prostate Adenocarcinoma and the Development of High Metastatic Ability

To investigate the role of oncogenes in the development of metastatic ability by prostatic cancer, the viral-Harvey-ras (v-H-ras) oncogene was introduced into the Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma cell line, AT2.1 by means of DNA transfection. The AT2.1 cell line is a cloned cell line that is anaplastic, rapidly growing, and has low metastatic potential; after subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation in syngeneic rats, fewer than 10% of inoculated rats develop distant metastases. Calcium phosphate mediated DNA transfections of AT2.1 cells were performed with the v-H-ras oncogene or with control DNA. The in vitro growth rate of cloned transfectants, which contain and express the v-H-ras oncogene is similar to that of untransfected AT2.1 cells and of control transfectants. After s.c. inoculation in syngeneic rats, all transfectants produced rapidly growing tumors with similar growth rates. While control transfectants had low metastatic ability comparable to untransfected AT2.1 cells, the H-ras expressing transfectants metastasized in over 80% of inoculated rats. While the mechanism by which nonmetastatic Dunning tumor sublines spontaneously develop high metastatic ability in vivo during serial s.c. passage has not been addressed in the present studies, these studies do demonstrate that expression of an activated H-ras oncogene can reproducibly convert a tumorigenic nonmetastatic prostatic cell line to a highly metastatic state.
Block differential encoding for rapidly fading channels

Rapidly fading channels provide Doppler-induced diversity, but are also challenging to estimate. To by-pass channel estimation, we derive a novel block differential codec. Relying on a basis expansion model for time-varying channels, our block differential design is easy to implement, and achieves the maximum possible Doppler diversity. Simulation results corroborate our theoretical analysis.
Dynamic Delegation of Experimentation

I study a dynamic relationship where a principal delegates experimentation to an agent. Experimentation is modeled as a one-armed bandit that yields successes following a Poisson process. Its unknown intensity is high or low. The agent has private information, his type being his prior belief that the intensity is high. The agent values successes more than the principal does, so prefers more experimentation. The optimal mechanism is a cutoff rule in the belief space: the cutoff gives pessimistic types total freedom but curtails optimistic types' behavior. Pessimistic types over-experiment while the most optimistic ones under-experiment. This delegation rule is time consistent.
Operative Fluoroscopic Correction Is Reliable and Correlates With Postoperative Radiographic Correction in Periacetabular Osteotomy

Intraoperative fluoroscopy is commonly used to both guide the osteotomy and judge correction of the acetabular fragment in periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). Prior studies that have compared intraoperative fluoroscopic correction with postoperative radiographic correction were small studies that did not report intra- or interreader reliability. (1) What is the correlation between intraoperative fluoroscopic correction in PAO compared with the correction seen on postoperative radiographs? (2) What is the reliability of radiographic measures of correction in PAO? We performed a retrospective study of 121 patients (141 hips) who underwent PAO for symptomatic hip dysplasia at a tertiary referral center. Patients were included in the study if they had preoperative radiographs, intraoperative fluoroscopy, and minimum 6-week postoperative radiographs. Of the 272 PAO procedures performed in this time period, 61 patients who underwent PAO for retroversion and five patients with a history of Perthes disease were excluded as a result of the inability for these radiographic measures to judge fragment correction in PAOs for retroversion and the difficulty in measurement in post-Perthes deformity. Of the 206 PAOs performed for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia, 65 (32%) could not be analyzed because they lacked appropriate preoperative films, leaving 141 PAOs in 121 patients for analysis. The patients lacking appropriate preoperative films had them performed at an outside facility or had plain films that have since been destroyed. The lateral center-edge angle (LCEA) and acetabular index (AI) on the fluoroscopic views and postoperative radiographs were measured by two authors. The concordance between the amount of correction on intraoperative fluoroscopy and minimum 6-week postoperative measurements was analyzed using the concordance correlation coefficient (rc) and a Bland–Altman analysis. Intra- and interrater reliability was calculated between measurements. The amount of intraoperative correction of LCEA as measured on fluoroscopic images demonstrated substantial agreement with postoperative radiographs (rc = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73–0.85; p 0.81). Intraoperative fluoroscopy is an accurate and reliable measure of correction of lateral coverage of the acetabular fragment during PAO. Further studies on measures of anterior coverage and acetabular version are needed to validate intraoperative fluoroscopic correction in these planes. Level III, diagnostic study.
A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of the efficacy and safety of D-cycloserine in people with chronic back pain:

BackgroundFew effective pharmacological treatment options exist for chronic back pain, the leading cause of disability in the US, and all are associated with significant adverse effects.ObjectiveTo...
Targeted Plasma Membrane Delivery of a Hydrophobic Cargo Encapsulated in a Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Carrier.

The controlled delivery of drug/imaging agents to cells is critical for the development of therapeutics and for the study of cellular signaling processes. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have shown significant promise in the development of such delivery systems. Here, a liquid crystal NP (LCNP)-based delivery system has been employed for the controlled delivery of a water-insoluble dye, 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), from within the NP core to the hydrophobic region of a plasma membrane bilayer. During the synthesis of the NPs, the dye was efficiently incorporated into the hydrophobic LCNP core, as confirmed by multiple spectroscopic analyses. Conjugation of a PEGylated cholesterol derivative to the NP surface (DiO-LCNP-PEG-Chol) enabled the binding of the dye-loaded NPs to the plasma membrane in HEK 293T/17 cells. Time-resolved laser scanning confocal microscopy and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging confirmed the passive efflux of DiO from the LCNP core and its insertion into the plasma membrane bilayer. Finally, the delivery of DiO as a LCNP-PEG-Chol attenuated the cytotoxicity of DiO; the NP form of DiO exhibited ~30-40% less toxicity compared to DiOfree delivered from bulk solution. This approach demonstrates the utility of the LCNP platform as an efficient modality for the membrane-specific delivery and modulation of hydrophobic molecular cargos.
Role of channels in local metabolic coronary vasodilation

ATP-sensitive potassium ( K ATP + ) channels have been shown to play a role in the maintenance of basal coronary vascular tone in vivo. K ATP + channels are also involved in the coronary vasodilator response to adenosine. The aim of this study was to determine the role of K ATP + channels in local metabolically mediated increases in coronary blood flow during cardiac electrical paired pacing without catecholamine effects. In 10 anesthetized closed-chest dogs, coronary blood flow was measured in the left circumflex coronary artery, and myocardial O 2 consumption was calculated using the arteriovenous O 2 difference. Cardiac interstitial adenosine concentration was estimated from coronary venous and arterial plasma adenosine measurements using a previously described, multicompartmental, axially distributed, mathematical model. Paired stimulation increased heart rate from 57 to 120 beats/min, myocardial O 2 consumption 88%, and coronary blood flow 76%. During K ATP + channel blockade with glibenclamide, baseline coronary blood flow decreased in relation to myocardial O 2 consumption and thus coronary sinus O 2 tension fell. Paired-pulse pacing with glibenclamide resulted in increases in myocardial O 2 consumption and coronary blood flow similar to those during control pacing. Coronary venous and estimated interstitial adenosine concentration did not increase sufficiently to overcome the glibenclamide blockade. In conclusion, K ATP + channels are not required for locally mediated metabolic increases in coronary blood flow that accompany myocardial O 2 consumption during pacing tachycardia without catecholamines, and adenosine levels do not increase sufficiently to overcome the glibenclamide blockade.
And Deliver Us to Segmentation: The growing appeal of the niche news audience

Non-profit news publishers, a small but growing piece of the news media environment, often explicitly attempt to build strong ties with their audiences. Many assume this approach differs from that of legacy newsrooms, which have historically kept the audience at arm’s length. In this article, I argue that this distinction has blurred. In-depth interviews with reporters and editors at a daily newspaper (The Chicago Tribune) and a local news non-profit (City Bureau) reveal that: (1) both organizations are pursuing a more collaborative relationship with their audiences; and (2) this pursuit is ill-suited for the traditional mass audience approach to news production. I conclude that journalists aspiring to work more closely with the audience find greater success when that audience is narrow to begin with.
Morphology Dependent Flow Stress in Nickel-Based Superalloys in the Multi-Scale Crystal Plasticity Framework

This paper develops a framework to obtain the flow stress of nickel-based superalloys as a function of γ-γ' morphology. The yield strength is a major factor in the design of these alloys. This work provides additional effects of γ' morphology in the design scope that has been adopted for the model developed by authors. In general, the two-phase γ-γ' morphology in nickel-based superalloys can be divided into three variables including γ' shape, γ' volume fraction and γ' size in the sub-grain microstructure. In order tfo obtain the flow stress, non-Schmid crystal plasticity constitutive models at two length scales are employed and bridged through a homogenized multi-scale framework. The multi-scale framework includes two sub-grain and homogenized grain scales. For the sub-grain scale, a size-dependent, dislocation-density-based finite element model (FEM) of the representative volume element (RVE) with explicit depiction of the γ-γ' morphology is developed as a building block for the homogenization. For the next scale, an activation-energy-based crystal plasticity model is developed for the homogenized single crystal of Ni-based superalloys. The constitutive models address the thermo-mechanical behavior of nickel-based superalloys for a large temperature range and include orientation dependencies and tension-compression asymmetry. This homogenized model is used to obtain the morphology dependence on the flow stress in nickel-based superalloys and can significantly expedite crystal plasticity FE simulations in polycrystalline microstructures, as well as higher scale FE models in order to cast and design superalloys.
Evaluation of Military Use of Tranexamic Acid and Associated Thromboembolic Events.

Importance Since publication of the CRASH-2 and MATTERs studies, the US military has included tranexamic acid (TXA) in clinical practice guidelines. While TXA was shown to decrease mortality in trauma patients requiring massive transfusion, improper administration and increased risk of venous thromboembolism remain a concern. Objective To determine the appropriateness of TXA administration by US military medical personnel based on current Joint Trauma System clinical practice guidelines and to determine if TXA administration is associated with venous thromboembolism. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study of US military casualties in US military combat support hospitals in Afghanistan and a single US-based tertiary military treatment facility within the continental United States was conducted from 2011 to 2015, with follow-up through initial hospitalization and readmissions. Exposures Data collected for all patients included demographic information as well as Injury Severity Score; receipt of blood products, TXA, and/or a massive transfusion; and admission hemodynamics. Main Outcomes and Measures Variance from guidelines in TXA administration and venous thromboembolism. Tranexamic acid overuse was defined as a hemodynamically stable patient receiving TXA but not a massive transfusion, underuse was defined as a patient receiving a massive transfusion but not TXA, and TXA administration was considered delayed when given more than 3 hours after injury. Results Of the 455 identified patients, 443 (97.4%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 25.3 (4.8) years. A total of 173 patients (38.0%) received a massive transfusion, and 139 (30.5%) received TXA in theater. Overuse occurred in 18 of 282 patients (6.4%) and underuse in 46 of 173 (26.6%) receiving massive transfusions, and delayed administration was found in 6 of 145 patients (4.3%) receiving TXA. Overuse increased at 3.3% per quarter (95% CI, 4.0-9.9; P R 2 = 0.340) and underuse decreased at −4.4% per quarter (95% CI, −4.5 to −3.6; P R 2 = 0.410). Tranexamic acid administration was an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism (odds ratio, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.20-5.56; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Military medical personnel decreased missed opportunities to appropriately use TXA but also increased overuse. In addition, TXA administration was an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism. A reevaluation of the use of TXA in combat casualties should be undertaken.
Partially configurable optical switching for data center networks

We investigate partially configurable optical circuit switches as a means to circumvent the physical and control layer scaling challenges of optical crossbar switches. We present the optical design and characterization of a prototype partially configurable switch as well as network architectures which employ these switches.
Axial scanning with pulse shaping in temporal focusing two-photon microscopy for fast three-dimensional imaging

By integrating ultrafast laser pulse shaping into temporal focusing two-photon microscopy, a high-speed 3D imaging method is developed. This 3D imaging system requires neither laser beam steering nor sample mechanical scanning. The z scanning is achieved by shifting the temporal focal plane via applying different group velocity dispersions on the femtosecond laser spectrum in the temporal focusing two-photon microscope, and this group velocity dispersion control is done with the pulse shaping method by applying modulation functions on an acoustic optic modulator which diffracts the laser spectrum. The dependence of scanning depth on the applied electronic signals which can be tuned at kHz speed was characterized. Its high-speed 3D imaging capability was demonstrated by imaging fluorescence microspheres in a volume of 100 × 100 × 80 µm3.
Effects of an Aftermarket Crash Avoidance System on Warning Rates and Driver Acceptance in Urban and Rural Environments

Collision warning systems reduce crashes. They may improve habits, if individuals avoid behaviors that trigger alerts. When paired with telematics, individuals may change behavior over concern about monitoring. Mobileye-630 aftermarket systems with multiple crash avoidance warnings were installed in 21 privately-owned vehicles and telematics were installed in 15 of the 21. Warning rates were generated during 4-week baseline and 8-week treatment periods. Rates for three warning systems (forward collision warning, lane departure warning, headway monitoring) decreased by 30 to 70%. Rates were significantly lower for rural compared with urban drivers. Speeding behavior during treatment was similar to baseline. In a survey of participants, 62% agreed that Mobileye helped improve their safety while driving. Many drivers stated preferences for less conservative warning thresholds.
Reforming Universities in Italy: Towards a New Paradigm?

The Law n. 240 approved on December the 30th 2010 aims at introducing deep modifications to the internal governance of Italian Universities. This chapter aims at understanding the underlying rationales, motivations and justifications of the actual reform and highlighting the ideas, principles, values and belief, thus cultural and cognitive frameworks, shaping the national academic system. This analysis relies on historical neo‐institutionalism and literature on models of governance. A longitudinal analysis of the reform text, from its presentation to its approval after several modifications is presented. It shows that the innovative character of the reform has been softened and affected by the traditional features of the Italian context. This chapter contributes to the discussion on academic reforms policy design: as stressed by the literature on the construction of public policies, the combination between institutions, interests and ideas and paradigms plays a major role in the ongoing reforms. The chapter also delineates the major importance of underlying policy designs in the reform process.
The Nature of Complex, Unlearned Responses

We are very fond of the title of our chapter “The Nature of Complex, Unlearned Responses,” because it illustrates one of our violent aversions. Let us try to expiate sin.
Antioxidant response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) exposed to nano copper pesticide: Quantitative determination via LC-MS/MS.

Targeted metabolomics aims to provide a new approach to investigate metabolites and gather both qualitative and quantitative information. We describe a protocol for extraction and analysis of plant metabolites, specifically 13 secondary metabolites (antioxidants) using liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with high linearity (R2 > 0.99) and reproducibility (0.23-6.23 R%) with low limits of detection (>0.001 ng/mL) and quantification (>0.2 ng/mL). The protocol was applied to study the antioxidant response of cucumber plants exposed to nanocopper pesticide. Dose-dependent changes in antioxidant concentrations were found, and 10 antioxidants were significantly consumed to scavenge reactive oxygen species, protecting plants from damage. Levels of three antioxidants were up-regulated, as a response to the depletion of the other antioxidants, signaling activation of the defense system. We demonstrated that the reported LC-MS/MS method provides a quantitative analysis of antioxidants in plant tissues, for example to investigate interactions between plants and nanomaterials.
Willkommenskultur Documented: Precarious Heimat in Can't Be Silent (2013), Land in Sicht (2013), and Willkommen auf Deutsch (2015)

Three German documentary films released before the height of the arrival of mainly Syrian refugees in 2015/16 document the precarious lives of refugees in Germany and highlight the complex politics...