cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromobacterium paludis sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from a Chesapeake Bay marsh

Two isolates of Gram-reaction-negative, motile, violet-pigmented bacteria were isolated from a small pool in marshland near the mouth of the Nanticoke River in Maryland, USA. The isolates IIBBL 257-1T and IIBBL 257-2 had identical 16S rRNA gene sequences as determined by PCR, and highly similar fatty acid and biochemical profiles. The 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated the isolates belonged to the genus Chromobacterium. Genomic sequencing of IIBBL 257-1T revealed a genome of 4.27 Mb, with a G+C content of 63.6 %. Whole genome comparisons with other members of the Chromobacterium using JSpecies and the genome blast distance phylogeny approach indicated that among described species, IIBBL 257-1T was most closely related to C. amazonense and C. phragmitis. Comparison of the IIBBL 257-1T genome with those of type strains of these species resulted in ANIb and dDDH values of ca. 85 and 30 %, respectively, for both. These results demonstrate that IIBBL 257-1T and IIBBL 257-2 represent a new taxon within the genus Chromobacterium. We propose the name Chromobacterium paludis sp. nov. for this taxon; the type strain is IIBBL 257-1T (=NRRL B-65555T=JCM 33770T).
The estimation of training accuracy for two-layer neural networks on random datasets without training.

Although the neural network (NN) technique plays an important role in machine learning, understanding the mechanism of NN models and the transparency of deep learning still require more basic research. In this study we propose a novel theory based on space partitioning to estimate the approximate training accuracy for two-layer neural networks on random datasets without training. There appear to be no other studies that have proposed a method to estimate training accuracy without using input data or trained models. Our method estimates the training accuracy for two-layer fully-connected neural networks on two-class random datasets using only three arguments: the dimensionality of inputs (d), the number of inputs (N), and the number of neurons in the hidden layer (L). We have verified our method using real training accuracies in our experiments. The results indicate that the method will work for any dimension, and the proposed theory could extend also to estimate deeper NN models. This study may provide a starting point for a new way for researchers to make progress on the difficult problem of understanding deep learning.
Get Jailed, Jump Bail? The Impacts of Cash Bail on Failure to Appear and re-Arrest in Orleans Parish

Cash bail has come under increasing scrutiny because of the high number of defendants who remain detained pretrial when they are unable to afford their release. According to critics, this amounts to punishment on the basis of poverty, not crime. As a result, releasing defendants on their own recognizance (ROR) is becoming an increasingly popular reform implemented by cities and states. In this paper, we study individuals released pretrial by Orleans Parish Sheriff’s Office between December 2018 and November 2019 to understand the role and impacts of cash bail and ROR on failure to appear (FTA) and re-arrest rates. We find that ROR does not increase an individual’s likelihood of FTA, but drug tests, a common condition attached to ROR, do increase the chances of FTA. Additionally, larger cash bail amounts and longer times spent awaiting release are correlated with increased rates of re-arrest. We also find substantial disparities in pre-release conditions based on a defendant’s race. These results indicate that reducing or eliminating cash bail will not have a substantial impact on public safety and may have other benefits associated with justice and equity.
Framing Office Hours as Tutoring

ABSTRACTStudents, particularly underclassmen, often do not take full advantage of office hours. When, instead, they trickle into an instructor's office unannounced during non-office-hour times, this can lead to detriments in the quality of assistance that instructors can provide. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to detail the success that one instructor had in re-branding additional office hours as “tutoring” time in order to bring more structure to student visits.
Analyzing muscle structure and function throughout the larval instars in live Drosophila.

Summary Drosophila larval musculature is a genetically and optically accessible system to study muscle development. Each larval muscle is a single fiber with conserved cytoarchitecture, including its sarcomere structure and composition. Here, we present a workflow for systematically analyzing muscle structure and function at discrete larval stages, as well as throughout the larval instars, using both newly developed and adapted methods. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Balakrishnan et al. (2020) .
Electronic Health Record Risk Score Provides Earlier Prognostication of Clinical Outcomes in Patients Admitted to the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.

In this observational study, we compared the prognostic ability of an electronic health record (EHR)-derived risk score, the Rothman Index (RI), automatically derived on admission, to the first 24-hour Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score for outcome prediction in the modern cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). We found that while the 24-hour SOFA score provided modestly superior discrimination for both in-hospital and CICU mortality, the RI upon CICU admission had better calibration for both outcomes. Given the ubiquitous nature of EHR utilization in the United States, the RI may become an important tool to rapidly risk stratify CICU patients within the ICU and improve resource allocation.
Application of Artificial Intelligence to Clinical Practice in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - What the Clinician Needs to Know.

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are quickly spreading across medicine as an analytical method to tackle challenging clinical questions. What were previously thought of as highly complex data sources, such as images or free text, are now becoming manageable. Novel analytical methods merge the latest developments in information technology infrastructure with advances in computer science. Once primarily associated with Silicon Valley, AI techniques are now making their way into medicine, including in the field of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Understanding potential applications and limitations of these techniques can be difficult, in particular for busy clinicians. In this article, we explain the basic terminologies and provide particular focus on the foundations behind state-of-the-art AI methodologies in both imaging and text. We explore the growing applications of AI in medicine, with a specific focus on IBD to inform the practicing gastroenterologist and IBD specialist. Finally, we outline possible future uses of these technologies in daily clinical practice.
Hypnosis for Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Scoping Review.

Objective Neuropathic pain is complex and often refractory. Clinical hypnosis has emerged as a viable treatment for pain. This scoping review is the first comprehensive review of hypnosis for chronic neuropathic pain. It critically assesses available evidence noting practice implications, literature gaps, and future research opportunities. Subjects Individuals with chronic neuropathic pain treated with hypnosis. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycInfo for studies for which the intervention and primary outcome(s) were associated with hypnosis and neuropathic pain, respectively. Included studies were empirical, in English, and published from January 1996-August 2021. Results Nine articles with 301 total participants were reviewed. Neuropathic pain included, for example, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), brachial neuralgia, and spinal cord injury. Hypnosis dose varied with administration and format. Six studies used comparators. Every trial demonstrated pain and quality-of-life benefits, with several controlled trials indicating hypnosis as superior to active comparator or standard of care. CRPS-specific studies showed notable improvements but had significant study limitations. Methodological weaknesses involved trial design, endpoints, and recruitment strategies. Conclusions The evidence is weak because of poor study design, yet encouraging both for analgesia and functional restoration in hard-to-treat chronic neuropathic pain conditions. We highlight and discuss key knowledge gaps and identify particular diagnoses with promising outcomes after hypnosis treatment. This review illustrates the need for further empirical controlled research regarding hypnosis for chronic neuropathic pain and provides suggestions for future studies.
The Scc Compiler: SWARing at MMX 3DNow!

Last year, we discussed the issues surrounding the development of languages and compilers for a general, portable, high-level SIMD Within A Register (SWAR) execution model. In a first effort to provide such a language and a framework for further research on this form of parallel processing, we proposed the vector-based language SWARC, and an experimental module compiler for this language, called Scc, which targeted IA32+MMX-based architectures. Since that time, we have worked to expand the types of targets that Scc supports and to include optimizations based on both vector processing and enhanced hardware support for SWAR. This paper provides a more formal description of the SWARC language, describes the organization of the current version of the Scc compiler, and discusses the implementation of optimizations within this framework.
Meaningless Statements, Matching Experiments, and Colored Digraphs

This paper considers applications of graph theory and combinatorics to the theory of measurement, an interdisciplinary subject developed with the goal of putting the process of measurement on a firm mathematical foundation. Many of the mathematical problems arising from measurement theory are interesting problems in graph theory and combinatorics. After presenting a brief introduction to measurement theory, this paper discusses three questions in measurement theory and the resulting mathematical problems. These problems deal with classifying automorphisms of colored digraphs, specifying certain invariant semiorders and indifference graphs, and identifying certain homogeneous order relations.
Gender Roles, Power Strategies, and Precautionary Sexual Self-Efficacy: Implications for Black and Latina Women's HIV/AIDS Protective Behaviors

This cross-sectional study tested a conceptual model of women's HIV/AIDS protective behaviors using gender roles, relationship power strategies, and precautionary sexual self-efficacy as predictors in a predominantly Black and Latina community sample of heterosexual women (N = 125). Results revealed no support for the full model, but partial confirmation for several components of the model. Education significantly predicted gender roles, and gender roles and use of direct power strategies were significant predictors of sexual self-efficacy. Most of the participants were married or partnered and were unconcerned about contracting HIV, suggesting that if women perceive that they are at low or no risk, their gender roles, power strategies, and precautionary sexual self-efficacy will be inconsequential to their HIV/AIDS risk reduction practices.
Message-driven parallel computations on the MEIKO CS-2 parallel supercomputer

In this paper we focus on how to efficiently program and use the resources of a distributed-memory parallel and vector supercomputer MEIKO CS-2 for scientific applications using CHARM message-driven parallel programming. Distributed-memory parallel computers have communication advantage and thus perform better on applications requiring large amount of communication. We show that with the CHARM message-driven parallel programming one can efficiently overlap communication and computation. Performance data on applications such as matrix multiplication and gaussian elimination show that we achieve good performance.
Mixed gelation theory: Kinetics, equilibrium and gel incorporation in sickle hemoglobin mixtures

Abstract This paper outlines a theoretical formalism for describing the gelling behavior of sickle cell hemoglobin in mixtures with other hemoglobin and non-hemoglobin proteins. Experimental applications are reported for hybridized and unhybridized mixtures of HbS (sickle hemoglobin), HbA (adult hemoglobin), HbF (fetal hemoglobin), and HbC Harlem. The theory is a general one based on a modification of the sol—gel phase equilibrium equation to take into account the varying tendencies of different hemoglobin species to promote gelation, and specific hemoglobin interactions are encoded in gelling coefficients which quantify gelling capability. Gelling coefficients for the hemoglobin species dealt with here are evaluated by measuring incorporation into the polymer phase in S-A, S-F, and S-CH mixtures. Given this information, the theory is found to provide accurate prodictions for the equilibrium gelling behavior of the calibrating pairs themselves when they are hybridized or unhybridized, for gelation kinetics in diverse mixtures of these species taken two, three and four at a time, for the anomalous equilibrium and kinetic gelling behavior of A- CH mixtures, and it also accounts for a variety of results previously published by others. Apparently, given the gelling coefficients for any mutant hemoglobin, one can compute gelling behavior (equilibrium, kinetics, incorporation, etc.) in any specified mixture with any other known hemoglobin(s). The gelling coefficients for any mutant hemoglobin depend upon, and therefore provide information about, gel interactions at the mutant site. From the gelling coefficients one can also obtain the change in free energy of interaction in the gel due to the altered residue. Experimental approaches are described which allow an analysis for the gelling coefficients of any mutant hemoglobin to be performed in a few hours.
From Aha Moments to Ethnomethodology: A Conversation with Hugh Mehan

On April 1, 2015, Professor Hansun Waring’s doctoral seminar had the great pleasure and honor of being joined over Skype by Dr. Hugh (Bud) Mehan, Professor Emeritus at the University of California, San Diego and author of the 1979 classic Learning Lesson: Social Organization in the Classroom. Dr. Mehan has done extensive research on classroom organization and interaction, educational testing, tracking and untracking, construction of student identities in the classroom, and so on. He has managed to achieve the delicate and yet crucial balance that so many educators and education researchers aspire to—the balance between doing research and improving the world. He has not only shaped the academic discourse on education issues but has been directly working with the most vulnerable members of our society in overcoming and amending those issues. His work has been an inspiration to so many of us whose research passions and real-life concerns lie in education, classroom interaction, and social inequity.
Teaching Clinical Skills

Being a clinician-teacher is exciting and stimulating. Most clinician-teachers simply enjoy teaching and value contributing to the development of young professionals. Clinicians also find that teaching keeps their knowledge and skills up to date. Clinical teachers are asked to fulfill a variety of roles.
The use of CO2CO gas mixtures to study adsorption on chromia-promoted magnetite at water-gas shift temperatures

Abstract The adsorption of CO and CO2 on chromia-promoted magnetite was studied volumetrically at temperatures near 650 K using CO 2 CO gas mixtures in which magnetite is the thermodynamically stable form of iron oxide. Specifically, studies were conducted (i) at 637 K using CO 2 CO gas mixtures with partial pressure ratios, P CO 2 P CO , equal to 5.45, 2.37, and 1.56, and (ii) at 613, 637, and 663 K using a CO 2 CO gas mixture with P CO 2 P CO equal to 5.45. By measuring the changes in total pressure and gas composition when a known dose of gas mixture was exposed to the sample, the individual surface coverages by CO and CO2 were determined. At constant temperature and PCO, the surface coverage by CO was found to decrease with increasing PCO2; and, at constant temperature and PCO2. the surface coverage by CO2 was found to decrease with increasing PCO. These data could be fit by either a one-site or a two-site model. In the first model, CO and CO2 compete for a fixed number of adsorption sites; and, in the second model, CO adsorption is associated with surface oxygen vacancies while CO2 adsorption is associated with surface oxygen species. In both models, the total number of adsorption sites comprises approximately 21% of the BET surface area. While the adsorption data alone cannot distinguish between these models, the two-site model is favored by its ability to provide a quantitative correlation of the CO and CO2 adsorption data with independent measurements of the oxygen content of the surface.
Gm1 Ganglioside β-Galactosidase A PURIFICATION AND STUDIES OF THE ENZYME FROM HUMAN LIVER

Abstract Gm1-ganglioside β-galactosidase A (EC 3.2.1.23) has been purified 17,000-fold from human liver. The enzyme appeared as a single band of protein on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Double immunodiffusion of rabbit anti-β-galactosidase A antiserum against either Gm1 β-galactosidase A or liver supernatant gave a single precipitin band. The apparent molecular weight was 65,000 to 75,000 by gel filtration of the native enzyme and 72,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the denatured, reduced, and carboxymethylated enzyme. The purified enzyme liberated d-galactose from synthetic chromogenic and fluorogenic β-d-galactosides, as well as lactose, N-acetyllactosamine, and the glycoprotein asialofetuin. The same catalytic site(s) appeared to be responsible for the hydrolysis of Gm1-ganglioside and 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-galactopyranoside. The enzyme also cleaved β-d-fucoside and α-l-arabinoside linkages. Lactulose, galactosyl-hydroxylysine, galactosyl-hydroxylysyl peptides, galactocerebroside, lactosylceramide, and monogalactosyldiglyceride were very poor susbtrates. Anti-β-galactosidase A antiserum quantitatively precipitated both β-galactosidase A and β-galactosidase B. Neutral β-glucosidase ("nonspecific" β-galactosidase), galactocerebroside β-galactosidase, and lactosylceramide β-galactosidase were not precipitated by anti-β-galactosidase A antiersum.
Optimization Methods for Genotype Data Analysis in Epidemiological Studies

Recent improvement in accessibility of high throughput DNA sequencing brought a great deal of attention to disease association and susceptibility studies. Successful genome-wide searches for disease-associated gene variations have been recently reported [18,26]. However, complex diseases can be caused by combinations of several unlinked gene variations. This chapter addresses computational challenges of genotype data analysis in epidemiological studies including selecting of informative SNPs, searching for diseases associated SNPs, and predicting of genotype susceptibility. Disease association studies analyze genetic variation across exposed to a disease (diseased) and healthy (non diseased) individuals. The difference between individual DNA sequences occurs at a single base sites, in which more than one allele is observed across population. Such variations are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The number of simultaneously typed SNPs for association and linkage studies is reaching 106 for SNP Mapping Arrays [1]. High density maps of SNPs as well as massive DNA data with large number of individuals and number of SNPs become publicly available [12]. Diploid organisms, like human, have two near identical copies of each chromosome. Most genotyping techniques (e.g., SNP Mapping Arrays [1]) do not provide separate SNP sequences (haplotypes) for each of the two
Socioeconomic inequalities in children’s diet: the role of the home food environment

It is well documented in the literature that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with lower consumption of healthy foods and that these differences in consumption patterns are influenced by neighborhood food environments. Less understood is the role that SES differences in physical and social aspects of the home food environment play in consumption patterns. Using data on 4th grade children from the 2009–2011 Texas School Physical Activity and Nutrition (SPAN) study, we used mixed-effects regression models to test the magnitude of differences in the SPAN Health Eating Index (SHEI) by parental education as an indicator of SES, and the extent to which adjusting for measures of the home food environment, and measures of the neighborhood environment accounted for these SES differences. Small but significant differences in children’s SHEI by SES strata exist (-1.33 between highest and lowest SES categories, p<0.01). However, incorporating home food environment and neighborhood environment measures in this model eliminates these differences (-0.7, p=0.145). Home food environment explains a greater portion of the difference. Both social (mealtime structure) and physical aspects (food availability) of the home food environment are strongly associated with consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods. Our findings suggest that modifiable parent behaviors at home can improve children’s eating habits and that the neighborhood may impact diet in ways other than through access to healthy food.
Health Care, Consumerism in

In its most basic form, health care consumerism stands for the central role of patients in making decisions about the course of their care (self-determination), after they have been provided with, or have accessed, information about the risks and benefits of treatment, and have given their mandatory informed consent. A broader consumerist approach advocates for patient-centered health care, where the quality of the health care service is determined by whether the patient's needs, as defined by the patient, have been adequately met. Consumerism is closely tied to commercialism, in which consumer choice is a powerful mechanism to promote greater competition between providers in the health care field, and to deliver high-quality health care services. The most radical brand of health care consumerism aims to make patients more responsible for the cost of their care in an effort to incentivize them to use health care resources more efficiently. The US health insurance industry has recently started to market consumer-directed health plans and health savings accounts. While patient-centeredness is becoming a fundamental principle of health care delivery in a democratic society, allowing health care utilization to be driven by consumer demand, especially if treatment options are framed as financial decisions, may jeopardize patients’ health and the health of their communities. Keywords: health; health care; health management; health professions; doctor–patient interaction
Transboundary Rivers and the Nile

The courses of the world’s rivers in most cases are created by geological and natural factors regardless of political boundaries. Human activities such as dams and diversions have interfered with natural courses of rivers for the benefit of upstream and downstream settlers. As population and human knowledge of water resources exploitation increased, military, diplomatic, and legal actions have marked the history of many transboundary rivers in the form of occupations, treaties, and lawsuits. Some international conflicts include Nicaragua and Costa Rica on the San Juan River; USA and Canada on the Skagit River; USA and Mexico on the Colorado, Tijuana and Rio Grande rivers; Guinea and Mali on River Niger; and China, Cambodia, and Vietnam on the Mekong River. There are no uniform international water agreements on transboundary rivers as each river has unique and complex relations to interests within nations and between nations. As water becomes scarce, conflict on water will increase and controlling water will be part of a survival strategy. There is no water issue that does not include land. New political and military developments will grow out of the need to control the watershed and secure water. The Nile probably stands first with 11 nations and over 443 million people claiming it as theirs. The Nile countries are Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Fragmentation of countries such as Ethiopia and Eritrea, Sudan and South Sudan, and rising autonomous regions within countries increases the number of claimants to the same water, thereby increasing the difficulty of getting into a water agreement.
Work engagement, moral distress, education level, and critical reflective practice in intensive care nurses.

AIM. The purpose of this study was to examine how nurses' moral distress, education level, and critical reflective practice (CRP) related to their work engagement. The study is relevant to nursing, given registered nurse (RN) documented experiences of job-related distress and work dissatisfaction, and the nursing shortage crisis. A better understanding of factors that may enhance RN work engagement is needed. METHODS. A non-experimental, descriptive, correlational design was used to examine the relationships among four variables: moral distress, education level, CRP, and work engagement. The sample included 28 intensive care unit RNs from three separate ICUs in a 355-bed Southwest magnet-designated hospital. RESULTS. There was a positive direct relationship between CRP and work engagement, a negative direct relationship between moral distress and work engagement, and CRP and moral distress, together, explained 47% of the variance in work engagement. Additionally, in the neonatal intensive care unit, a positive direct relationship between increased educational level and CRP was identified, with a suggested negative relationship between increased education level and moral distress. IMPLICATIONS. Strategies to promote CRP and reduce moral distress are recommended, to promote RN work engagement. Additionally, further study on the role of education in nurses' work engagement is recommended.
A titanium-dioxide based ceramic composite dispersed with conducting inclusions as an EMI shielding material

A class of composite materials constituted by conducting inclusions dispersed in a host ceramic medium (such as TiO/sub 2/) is described. This test composite is studied as a potential EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding material. A mixture formula for predicting the effective electrical conductivity of the test composite in terms of the volume fraction and geometric aspect of the conducting inclusions and the permittivity of the host medium is indicated for calculating the shielding effectiveness of the material. Theoretical and experimental results are furnished and discussed. Depending on the conducting particulate loading, the shielding effectiveness of the composite(s) falls in the range of 5-20 dB over the frequency range of 500 MHz to 1 GHz. >
Expert supervision of fuzzy learning systems with applications to reconfigurable control for aircraft

Aircraft subsystem failures or battle damage can cause catastrophic failures that can lead to loss of the aircraft. While experienced pilots can often compensate for failures, in certain emergency situations there is the need for computer-assisted or fully computer-automated reconfiguration of the aircraft control laws to save the aircraft. In this paper we show that the performance of the fuzzy model reference learning controller (FMRLC) which solves the control reconfiguration problem for a class of actuator failures can be significantly enhanced by exploiting failure detection and identification (FDI) information. Moreover we show that by using failure information we are able to achieve a "performance adaptive" system that seeks an appropriate performance level depending on the type of failure that occurred. >
Particularism about Composition

Unwilling to adopt the radical ontologies that leading answers to van Inwagen's special composition question imply, Ned Markosian proposes that there is no true, non-trivial, and finitely long answer to the SCQ. On my usage, this makes Markosian a particularist about composition. I argue that an improved version of Markosian's particularism fails because it cannot explain how sense perception justifies many of the ordinary-object beliefs we base on it. I further argue that psychologists' research on object perception suggests that general principles govern how we perceptually discriminate unified wholes from mere pluralities, and this narrows the range of answers to the SCQ available to commonsense ontologists.
Particulate Composites by Powder Injection Molding

A few unique aspects of composite structures are attained using a powder injection molding (PIM) approach. First, since the materials are not melted, it is possible combine different materials into a single component. Significant flexibility is possible by adjusting the size, size ratio, amount, and particle shape. Thus, insoluble systems such as aluminum–silicon carbide or tungsten–copper are fabricated from mixed powders. An alternative is to injection-mold the high temperature phase and infiltrate the porous skeleton using liquid metal. But the most important advantage of powder routes is in the ability to fabricate very complicated shapes. This is the key advantage in microelectronics, human implants, and wear applications. It is in this regard that the PIM process excels. Keywords: metal powder; ceramic powder; cermet; feedstock; powder injection molding; particulate composite; sintering; thermal management; microstructure
The site of HIV‐1 integration in the human genome determines basal transcriptional activity and response to Tat transactivation

Because of the heterogeneity of chromatin, the site of integration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the genome could have dramatic effects on its transcriptional activity. We have used an HIV-1-derived retroviral vector, in which the green fluorescent protein is under the control of the HIV promoter, to generate by infection 34 Jurkat clonal cell lines each containing a single integration of the HIV-1 vector. In the absence of Tat, a 75-fold difference in expression level between the highest and lowest expressing clones was observed. Basal promoter activity was low in 80% of the clones and moderate to high in the remaining 20% of clones. We found that differences in expression levels are due to the integration site and are not controlled by DNA methylation or histone acetylation. Tat activated transcription in each clone, and an inverse correlation was observed between basal transcriptional activity and inducibility by Tat. These observations demonstrate that the chromatin environment influences basal HIV gene expression and that the HIV Tat protein activates transcription independently of the chromatin environment.
Evidence, Regulation, and Consequences of Nitrogen-Driven Nutrient Demand by Turfgrass

Nutrient uptake is strongly influenced by plant growth rate. Accelerated growth leads to nutrient levels incapable of sustaining the optimal growth rate, resulting in shoot to root signaling for increased nutrient absorption. The factors controlling nutrient demand in turfgrass and its consequences have not been investigated. The objectives of this research were to verify that turfgrass exhibits the principal characteristics of demand-driven nutrient uptake and to identify the primary factor controlling nutrient demand via regulation of growth rates. Kentucky bluegrass clipping production increased linearly up to annual fertilizer N rates of 600 kg ha−1 and to 1000 kg N ha−1 for creeping bentgrass. At the typical annual N fertilization rates of 150 to 300 kg ha−1 for the two grasses, N supply was the primary determinant of turfgrass growth rate, plant nutrient demand, and nutrient uptake. Nitrogen uptake accounted for over 88% of uptake of all other nutrients. Uptake of P and K were strongly related to tissue N content irrespective of soil test levels. Variations in turfgrass species and cultivar nutrient requirements and nutrient use efficiencies were found to be directly related to differences in growth rates and, by inference, to differences in nutrient demand.
Inhibition of RNA synthesis and interleukin-2 production in lymphocytes in vitro by benzene and its metabolites, hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone.

Abstract The effects of benzene and its metabolites, hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone (PBQ) on RNA sythesis in mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro were studied. Benzene and the quinones were shown to inhibit RNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations which had no significant effect on lymphocyte viability. Furthermore, 5 μM PBQ, the putative toxic metabolite of benzene, was shown to inhibit the formation of the T-cell growth factor IL-2. These results suggest that inhibition of RNA synthesis in lymphocytes by benzene may prevent the production of factors required for hemopoiesis and thus contribute to the aplastic anemia caused by benzene.
Teaching about Rosie the Riveter: The Role of Women during World War II.

Because high school history courses and texts generally focus on the diplomatic and military history of World War II, the war's implications for civilian life are frequently overlooked. But the American entry into World War II profoundly altered the lives of all Americans--civilians and soldiers, men and women. It ended the depression, mobilized millions of young men into the military, opened new job opportunities to groups that had faced sys tematic discrimination in the past, and promoted the migra tion of millions of Americans to expanding war-boom com munities. The war also dra matically altered the roles of status of women, placing tradi tional family relationships and conventional ideas about wom anhood under considerable pressure. Women were among the most important beneficiaries of wartime changes. When the demand for workers in manufacturing jobs far exceeded the supply of white males in the civilian economy, the number of occupations open to women and minorities expanded enormously. Despite some hostility and the per sistence of stereotyping, the patriot ism of war work made it much more acceptable for women to break into "men's" work than was normally the case. Moreover, women's wages rose substantially as occupational discrimination diminished. That many women preferred their new industrial work to their usual occupations was reflected in the millions of women who left their jobs as waitresses, teachers, secre taries, and garment workers to be come welders, riveters, assemblers, and inspectors. Teachers should
Surgical management of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and its incidence is rising in Western countries. Liver resection is the treatment of choice in noncirrhotic patients and in cirrhotic patients with well-preserved liver function. Postresection survival rates are in the range of 41–74% at 5 years. Predictors of recurrence include tumor grade, vascular invasion, tumor size, number of tumors, presence of satellites, alpha-fetoprotein level, transfusion, and positive surgical margin. Second hepatic resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma is applicable in about 15% of patients with recurrence. Liver transplantation has become an important element of the therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation provides excellent outcomes applying the Milan criteria with 5-year survival rates of 70% and low recurrence rates. Intention-to-treat analysis has shown that wide extended indications lead to 25% 5-year survival rates. Expansion of indications beyond the Milan Criteria and use of bridging/downstaging procedures, to convert intermediate advanced stages of hepatocellular cancer within the Milan criteria limits, are counterbalanced by graft shortage and increasing use of marginal donors. Living donor transplantation is an alternative that can eliminate the waiting time and the attendant risk of drop-out. Mt Sinai J Med 79:223–231, 2012.© 2012 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Wideband Traveling-Wave Electro-Optic Modulator

A high-speed integrated-optic Ti:LiNbO, modulator has been developed. The modulator exhibits smooth resonance-free frequency r6sponse with a 17-GHz 3-dB bandwidth. Complete intensity modulation can be achieved with 120 mW drive power. Optical damage effects, including optically-induced loss, polarization rotation, modulation transfer characteristic shifts, and mode pattern changes in these devices were also investigated.
A 60-kW Microturbine Demonstration Facility. Phase II: Instrumentation, Website Development, and Evaluation

ABSTRACT The second phase of a joint project between the Milwaukee School of Engineering, the City of Milwaukee, and Wisconsin's Focus on Energy to develop a 60-kW microturbine demonstration facility is described. In Phase I, the facility was designed, constructed, and commissioned. A multidisciplinary team of students and faculty (mechanical and electrical engineering) continues work on the project in this second phase. Coordination among the various stakeholders is crucial to the success of the project. Instrumentation has been acquired, installed, and calibrated. A grid connection agreement with the local utility has been achieved. Milwaukee School of Engineering personnel interface with City of Milwaukee engineers concerning dispatch of the unit. During the heating season, the unit has been dispatched on thermal demand, and the economics of this mode of dispatch have been evaluated. Website development has continued; all instrument readings are accessible on the website, and equations necessary for a ...
X-linked tumor suppressors: perplexing inheritance, a unique therapeutic opportunity

Unlike autosomal genes, the majority of X-linked genes are subject to dosage compensation. As a result, female tissues comprise cells exclusively expressing X-linked genes from one or other parent. The implication of having only one allele of active X-linked genes in cancer pathogenesis, i.e. somatic single-hit inactivation and dominant inheritance, has not been extensively explored. Recent studies have identified FOXP3 and WTX as two X-linked tumor suppressor genes that are somatically inactivated by single genetic hits. Because the predicted dominant inheritance of cancer risk has not been demonstrated in humans, we will discuss the possible conditions that might prevent such dominant inheritance. We also argue that the existence of a genetically intact allele in cancer cells in women, together with apparent abnormal X inactivation in cancer cells, might provide an opportunity to selectively reactivate tumor suppressor genes for cancer therapy.
Toward molecular rotors: tetra-N-heterocyclic carbene Ag(I)-halide cubane-type clusters

1,3-Bis(3′-butylimidazol-1′-yl)benzene diiodide (2a), 1,3-bis(3′-but-3′′-enyl-imidazolium-3′-yl)benzene diiodide (2b), 1,3-bis(3′-pent-4′′-enyl-imidazolium-3′-yl)benzene diiodide (2c), 1,3-bis(4′-butyl-1′,2′,4′-triazolium-1′-yl)benzene diiodide (2d), or 1,3-bis(4′-butyl-1′,2′,4′-triazolium-1′-yl)benzene dibromide (2e) was reacted with Ag2O yielding unprecedented tetra-N-heterocyclic carbene-Ag(I)-X cubane-type clusters. These were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, ESI-TOF MS, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. Results from VT 13C NMR spectroscopy and cross-over experiments are consistent with intramolecular exchange suggesting that the Ag(I) complexes are molecular rotors.
Sublimation-driven erosion on Hyperion: Topographic analysis and landform simulation model tests

Abstract The unique appearance of Hyperion can be explained in part by the loss to space of ballistic ejecta during impact events, as was proposed by Thomas et al. (Thomas, P.C. et al. [2007a]. Icarus 190, 573–584). We conclude that such loss is a partial explanation, accounting for the lack of appreciable intercrater plains on a saturation-cratered surface. In order to create the smooth surfaces and the reticulate, honeycomb pattern of narrow divides between old craters, appreciable subsequent modification of crater morphology must occur through mass-wasting processes accompanied by sublimation, probably facilitated by the loss of CO 2 as a component of the relief-supporting matrix of the bedrock. During early stages of crater degradation, steep, crenulate bedrock slopes occupy the upper crater walls with abrupt transitions downslope onto smooth slopes near the angle of repose mantled by mass wasting debris, as can be seen within young craters. Long-continued mass wasting eventually results in slopes totally mantled with particulate debris. This mass wasting effectively destroys small craters, at least in part accounting for the paucity of sub-kilometer craters on Hyperion. Surface temperatures measured by Cassini CIRS range from 58 K to 127 K and imply a surface thermal inertia of 11 ± 2 J m −2 K −1 s −1/2 and bolometric albedo ranging from 0.05 to 0.33. Resulting H 2 O sublimation rates are only tens of cm per billion years for most of the surface, so the evolution of the observed landforms is likely to require sublimation of more volatile species such as CO 2 .
Restrictive Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes

It has been argued that naturalizing the mind will result in the elimination of the ontology of folk psychology (e.g. beliefs and desires). This paper draws from a wide range of empirical literature, including from developmental and cross-cultural psychology, in building an argument for a position dubbed “restrictive materialism”. The position holds that while the ontology of folk psychology is overextended, there is a restricted domain in which the application of the folk ontology remains secure. From the evidence of developmental uniformity and cross-cultural ubiquity of beliefs and desires, it is argued that the ontology (but not the principles) of folk psychology may be incorrigible. Thus, even if radically false as a description of first-order brain processes, beliefs and desires might be an unavoidable second-order brain process. Given that the domain of psychology is how humans think, if the above argument is correct, then beliefs and desires will continue to earn their rightful place in the ontology of any future psychology, in just the same way as any other scientific entity.
The Impact of Climate Change Information: New Evidence from the Stock Market

On June 19, 2007, a non-profit organization released ratings of companies' plans for measuring, reporting, and reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. We explore the capital market impacts of this information event. In contrast to much of the related literature, our study examines climate change information and a plausibly exogenous event. We find that the information had an economically important and statistically significant impact on capital market returns. Poorly rated firms suffered market penalties. In contrast, we find limited benefits for firms receiving good ratings. We also uncover suggestive evidence that the economic mechanism driving our results is not a direct consumer demand effect.
Mitochondrial DNA variation among host races of Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Abstract Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera: Tephritidae) induces galls on two species of goldenrod, Solidago (Compositae), in the northern regions of the United States. Recent studies have demonstrated that E. solidaginis is comprised of two host races that differ in adult emergence times, mate preference, and host preference. However, it is not known how much genetic variation, if any, exists among E. solidaginis host-associated populations west of Minnesota where the two host races occur in sympatry. Sequencing analysis was used to characterize two mitochondrial gene fragments: (1) NADH1 dehydrogenase (ND1: 539 bp) and (2) cytochrome oxidase II+tRNA Lys +tRNA Asp (CO2KD: 396 bp) from sympatric, host-associated populations of E. solidaginis in North Dakota. Our results indicated that two genetically distinct lineages exist among E. solidaginis in North Dakota that correspond with host-plant association.
Block ionomer complexes consisting of siRNA and aRAFT-synthesized hydrophilic-block-cationic copolymers: the influence of cationic block length on gene suppression

Block ionomer complex (BIC)–siRNA interactions and effectiveness in cell transfection are reported. Aqueous RAFT polymerization was used to prepare a series of hydrophilic-block-cationic copolymers in which the cationic block statistically incorporates increasing amounts of neutral, hydrophilic monomer such that the number of cationic groups remains unchanged but the cationic charge density is diluted along the polymer backbone. Reduced charge density decreases the electrostatic binding strength between copolymers and siRNA with the goal of improving siRNA release after targeted cellular delivery. However, lower binding strength resulted in decreased transfection and RNA interference pathway activation, leading to reduced gene knockdown. Enzymatic siRNA degradation studies with BICs indicated lowered binding strength increases susceptibility to RNases, which is the likely cause for poor gene knockdown.
Thermal Conductance of Ball Bearings in Vacuum: A Review

In vacuum, heat transfer across a rotational device is usually governed by conductance across its bearings. The Aerospace Corporation experimentally measured this property and performed parametric studies to gain an understanding of the influence of operational variables such as temperature and preload. This paper explores the findings and compares conclusions presented by both the authors and previous researchers. A thorough literature review was carried out for this purpose. Thermal conductance and its response to operational variables was found to be different between static and moving bearings, as well as lubricated and dry conditions.
Stimulated bremsstrahlung of soft X-ray in a longitudinal undulating electric field

It is shown that a high-energy electron beam injected into a longitudinal undulating electric field («electric undulator») in the field direction can emit a laser light in the field direction through both stimulated and unstimulated free-electron two-quantum Stark emissions. Based on the momentum and energy conservation laws and the time-reversal invariance of the transition probability, a new quantum kinetic equation for the net energy transfer from an electron to the laser wave is derived. By using this equation, the photon concept, and the transition probability calculated by the Dirac equation, the gain spectrum and wavelength of the free-electron laser using the electric undulator are derived. The gain appears to scale as the inverse of the electron beam energy and the cube of the wavelength of the electric undulator.