cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unit cohesion during deployment and post-deployment mental health: is cohesion an individual- or unit-level buffer for combat-exposed soldiers?

BACKGROUND Unit cohesion may protect service member mental health by mitigating effects of combat exposure; however, questions remain about the origins of potential stress-buffering effects. We examined buffering effects associated with two forms of unit cohesion (peer-oriented horizontal cohesion and subordinate-leader vertical cohesion) defined as either individual-level or aggregated unit-level variables. METHODS Longitudinal survey data from US Army soldiers who deployed to Afghanistan in 2012 were analyzed using mixed-effects regression. Models evaluated individual- and unit-level interaction effects of combat exposure and cohesion during deployment on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicidal ideation reported at 3 months post-deployment (model n's = 6684 to 6826). Given the small effective sample size (k = 89), the significance of unit-level interactions was evaluated at a 90% confidence level. RESULTS At the individual-level, buffering effects of horizontal cohesion were found for PTSD symptoms [B = -0.11, 95% CI (-0.18 to -0.04), p < 0.01] and depressive symptoms [B = -0.06, 95% CI (-0.10 to -0.01), p < 0.05]; while a buffering effect of vertical cohesion was observed for PTSD symptoms only [B = -0.03, 95% CI (-0.06 to -0.0001), p < 0.05]. At the unit-level, buffering effects of horizontal (but not vertical) cohesion were observed for PTSD symptoms [B = -0.91, 90% CI (-1.70 to -0.11), p = 0.06], depressive symptoms [B = -0.83, 90% CI (-1.24 to -0.41), p < 0.01], and suicidal ideation [B = -0.32, 90% CI (-0.62 to -0.01), p = 0.08]. CONCLUSIONS Policies and interventions that enhance horizontal cohesion may protect combat-exposed units against post-deployment mental health problems. Efforts to support individual soldiers who report low levels of horizontal or vertical cohesion may also yield mental health benefits.
Hierarchical Expertise-Level Modeling for User Specific Robot-Behavior Explanations

In this work, we present a new planning formalism called Expectation-Aware planning for decision making with humans in the loop where the human's expectations about an agent may differ from the agent's own model. We show how this formulation allows agents to not only leverage existing strategies for handling model differences like explanations (Chakraborti et al. 2017) and explicability (Kulkarni et al. 2019), but can also exhibit novel behaviors that are generated through the combination of these different strategies. Our formulation also reveals a deep connection to existing approaches in epistemic planning. Specifically, we show how we can leverage classical planning compilations for epistemic planning to solve Expectation-Aware planning problems. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed formulation is the first complete solution to planning with diverging user expectations that is amenable to a classical planning compilation while successfully combining previous works on explanation and explicability. We empirically show how our approach provides a computational advantage over our earlier approaches that rely on search in the space of models.
Predictable Performance for QoS-Sensitive, Scalable, Multi-tenant Function-as-a-Service Deployments.

In this paper we present the results of our studies focused on enabling predictable performance for functions executing in scalable, multi-tenant Function-as-a-Service environments. We start by analyzing QoS and performance requirements and use cases from the point of view of End-Users, Developers and Infrastructure Owners. Then we take a closer look at functions’ resource utilization patterns and investigate functions’ sensitivity to those resources. We specifically focus on the CPU microarchitecture resources as they have significant impact on functions’ overall performance. As part of our studies we have conducted experiments to research the effect of co-locating different functions on the compute nodes. We discuss the results and provide an overview of how we have further modified the scheduling logic of our containers orchestrator (Kubernetes), and how that impacted functions’ execution times and performance variation. We have specifically leveraged the low-level telemetry data, mostly exposed by the Intel® Resource Director Technology (Intel® RDT) [1]. Finally, we provide an overview of our future studies, which will be centered around node-level resource allocations, further improving a function’s performance, and conclude with key takeaways.
Breeding Bird Occurrence Across a Gradient of Graminoid- to Shrub-Dominated Fens and Fire Histories

Population declines of birds affiliated with grasslands and grass-shrub habitats have been identified as a critical conservation concern. The effects of woody encroachment into grassland-dominated systems, which may contribute to species declines, has been examined mainly in upland systems. We examined occurrence of bird species across a gradient of graminoid- to shrub-dominated wetlands in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and describe the habitat characteristics associated with their probability of occurrence at segment (100 × 100 m) and landscape (200 m buffer) scales. Because fire can suppress woody encroachment, we also examined the role of fire history, extending from 50 y on birds and habitat characteristics. We focused on seven species closely affiliated with grassland and grass-shrub habitats, but also found in wetlands: Sedge Wren (Asio flammeus), LeConte's Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii), Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana), and Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum). We used nonparametric, multiplicative regression models to relate habitat variables and fire history to probability of species occurrence. Unlike studies in upland grasslands, none of the top models included measures of litter or graminoid height, and the highest probability of occurrence often was where graminoid cover was at intermediate rather than highest levels. Measures of woody cover or structure were important to all seven species modeled. We observed few clear differences in habitat metrics across fire history categories beyond the first year of burning. Years since last burned was in the best model for four of the seven species, despite high variability of habitat metrics within fire history categories; those species were more likely to occur in segments burned 15–19 y earlier. Infrequent light- to moderate-severity fires in fens had little effect on focal species occurrence beyond the first year after burning and little long-term effect to suppress woody cover.
Alternative binding modes in abortive NADH-alcohol complexes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

Abstract Enzymes typically have high specificity for their substrates, but the structures of substrates and products differ, and multiple modes of binding are observed. In this study, high resolution X-ray crystallography of complexes with NADH and alcohols show alternative modes of binding in the active site. Enzyme crystallized with the good substrates NAD+ and 4-methylbenzyl alcohol was found to be an abortive complex of NADH with 4-methylbenzyl alcohol rotated to a “non-productive” mode as compared to the structures that resemble reactive Michaelis complexes with NAD+ and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol or 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl alcohol. The NADH is formed by reduction of the NAD+ with the alcohol during the crystallization. The same structure was also formed by directly crystallizing the enzyme with NADH and 4-methylbenzyl alcohol. Crystals prepared with NAD+ and 4-bromobenzyl alcohol also form the abortive complex with NADH. Surprisingly, crystals prepared with NAD+ and the strong inhibitor 1H,1H-heptafluorobutanol also had NADH, and the alcohol was bound in two different conformations that illustrate binding flexibility. Oxidation of 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol during the crystallization apparently led to reduction of the NAD+. Kinetic studies show that high concentrations of alcohols can bind to the enzyme-NADH complex and activate or inhibit the enzyme. Together with previous studies on complexes with NADH and formamide analogues of the carbonyl substrates, models for the Michaelis complexes with NAD+-alcohol and NADH-aldehyde are proposed.
Computationally efficient method for placing reactive power sources against contingencies

Abstract This paper presents a computationally efficient algorithm to find the locations and required reactive power injections for a minimum number of reactive power compensators under a set of considered contingencies. The problem is formulated and solved in two stages. The first stage solves the security-constrained DC optimal power flow problem to find the active power generation dispatch. Then, the second stage determines the best locations for a minimum number of reactive power compensators to assist the reactive power generation dispatch in order to maintain bus voltages within limits and to ensure voltage stability under the considered set of contingencies. Effectiveness and computational performance of the proposed method are illustrated by extensive simulations carried out on PEGASE 2869-bus system.
Healthy Aging Data Reports: Measures of Community Health to Identify Disparities and Spur Age-Friendly Progress.

Background and objectives This translational research had two aims. First, to analyze and translate data from multiple original data sources to provide accurate, unbiased local community and statewide information about healthy aging. Second, to work with stakeholders to use the tools to identify disparities in healthy aging and to support their efforts to advance healthy aging. Research design and methods Data sources from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, U.S. Census American Community Survey, and other sources were analyzed using small area estimation techniques to determine age/gender adjusted local community rates in Connecticut (CT), Massachusetts (MA), New Hampshire (NH), and Rhode Island (RI). Results State level analyses revealed gender and racial/ethnic disparities in healthy aging. A factor analysis identified 4 dimensions of community population healthy aging/morbidity: serious complex chronic disease, indolent conditions, physical disability, and psychological disability. Discussion and implications Healthy Aging Data Reports now exist for MA (2014, 2015, 2018), NH (2019), RI (2016, 2020) and CT (2021) and demonstrate differences in health by place. Each report includes community profiles for every city, town, and some urban neighborhoods with more than 170-197 indicators. The reports include maps of the statewide distribution of rates, an infographic, highlights report with state-specific multivariate analyses, and 18 interactive web-maps, 18 regional interactive web-maps, and technical documentation about data sources and methods. Overall, the research has identified variations in healthy aging and provided tools to track change over time to support age-friendly efforts in the region.
Determinants of Care Seeking for Persons with Low Back and Neck Pain Treated By Physicians, Chiropractors or Physical Therapists

DETERMINANTS OF CARE SEEKING FOR PERSONS WITH LOW BACK AND NECK PAIN TREATED BY PHYSICIANS, CHIROPRACTORS OR PHYSICAL THERAPISTS By Julia Chevan, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Major Director: Dolores G. Clement, Dr.P.H., Professor, Department of Health Administration, School of Allied Health Professions Low back and neck pain are frequent reasons for adults to seek healthcare. Three types of practitioners are commonly used in the United States: physicians, chiropractors and physical therapists. In this study, Andersen's "Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization" is used to examine care seeking and provider selection. Estimates of back and neck pain prevalence in the United States are presented as well as care seeking rates and care consumption estimates for patients who used the three providers of interest. Multivariate regression analyses are presented that model the variables that most influence care seeking and provider selection. Cases with the conditions of low back pain and neck pain were drawn from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Panel 6 participants. Episodes of care and non-care were defined and the provider used during an episode was identified. Determinants of care seeking for low back pain included MSA status, insurance coverage, perceived health status, number of comorbidities and number of episodes. Determinants of care seeking for neck pain included insurance coverage and number of episodes. When condition was included in the analysis, it was a determinant of care seeking. All of these variables are enabling factors or need factors in Andersen's model. In the analysis of provider selection for low back pain, variables that determined the provider from whom care was sought included patient age, gender, race, ethnicity, marital status, MSA status, insurance coverage, perceived health status, if the condition was disabling and number of episodes. In the analysis of provider selection for neck pain, variables that determined the provider from whom care was sought included patient ethnicity, marital status, and if the condition was disabling. Andersen7s Behavioral Model adequately predicts care seeking in LBP and NP with enabling and need factors playing a predominant role. In terms of equity of access this finding indicates a problem of access to care for persons who were uninsured. In the case of provider selection, all the constructs from the model were found to have a role in prediction indicating that access may be inequitable in the case of some providers.
The structure and function of myelin: from inert membrane to perfusion pump.

The goal of this overview is to propose a novel structure/function model of central nervous system myelin. Although myelin is known to be a compact multilamellar structure that wraps around axons, the biologic role this structure plays in the nervous system remains an enigma. One means of ascertaining myelin's biologic role is by analyzing its structure. The recent discovery of tight junctions in myelin may be the key that unlocks the mysterious black box of myelin structure/function. Tight junctions in other cell types are invariably adjacent to adherens junctions, with both of these junctional plaques playing critical roles in paracellular barrier function, i.e., adhesion of cell membranes, signal transduction, and fluid movement between cells via aqueous pores and channels. The application of current knowledge about junctional plaques to myelin is an original concept. This knowledge, taken together with evidence from studies of normal and pathologic myelin, supports the possibility that a primary function of junctional plaques in myelin is to perfuse the periaxonal space.
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of denosumab in patients with advanced solid tumours and bone metastases: a systematic review

Aim The objective of this systematic review was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of denosumab (XGEVA®), a fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody which binds to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), for the treatment of skeletal-related events (SREs) in patients with advanced cancer and bone metastases. Methods A total of 708 patients (116 healthy patients and 592 patients with solid tumours or multiple myeloma and bone metastases) included in seven clinical studies were evaluated for denosumab pharmacokinetics. Denosumab was administered as a single subcutaneous (s.c.) dose or multiple s.c. doses, ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 mg kg−1 or 30 mg to 180 mg fixed dosing, every 1 or 3 months for up to 45 months. Results Consistent with the results in healthy adults, single s.c. doses of denosumab demonstrated dose-dependent, non-linear pharmacokinetics in advanced cancer patients with bone metastases across a wide dose range (0.1–3.0 mg kg−1). Reductions in levels of the bone turnover marker, uNTx/Cr, were observed within 1 day. The duration of reductions generally increased with dose and dosing frequency. In patients with solid tumours and bone metastases, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic comparisons across tumour types and concomitant cancer therapies (chemotherapies and/or hormone therapies) suggest that neither tumour type nor type of concomitant therapy markedly affects denosumab pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Conclusions Denosumab displayed non-linear pharmacokinetics at doses below 60 mg but at higher doses, denosumab exposure increased approximately dose-proportionally in advanced cancer patients with bone metastases. Following a 120 mg, every 4 weeks dosing schedule, similar denosumab pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were observed across tumour types and were independent of concomitant cancer therapies.
Chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia

Contraception is an inherent part of good health care for women. Emergency contraception (EC) is birth control used to prevent pregnancy after known or suspected failure of contraception or unprotected intercourse, including sexual assault. Women who use EC should be given additional opportunities to consider whether a more permanent or better method of contraception is warranted. Once adolescents have had a sexual experience, they may be even more open to reconsidering abstinence and should be encouraged to consider abstinence as a potential choice. Certain types of condoms provide some protection against sexually transmitted infections. Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are hormonal methods of birth control. For most women, pregnancy and/or abortion are associated with a greater risk of mortality and morbidity than oral contraceptives. Male sterilization is the most cost-effective contraceptive method, with a failure rate of 0.1 to 4%. Many circumstances affect a woman's access to contraception.
Quantum chemical modeling of CoC bond activation in B12-dependent enzymes

Recent progress in computational modeling of the catalytic activation of cobalt-carbon bond cleavage shows that quantum chemical calculations could be an important part of coenzyme B(12) research. Particular emphasis has been placed on density functional theory, which is now emerging as a powerful tool to elucidate the electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of the active sites of metalloenzymes.
Discovering the intrinsic communication topology of systems using ants foraging behavior

Systems can be viewed as collections of interconnected elements that communicate with one another through physical phenomena. The principal focus of this work is the development of distributed algorithms for eliciting the intrinsic communication topology within a physical system and employ them for condition monitoring of the systems. The proposed approach in this paper provides the operators with graphs instead of tables or correlation matrices to identify the presence of a fault and request appropriate actions to mitigate it. Specifically, this paper considers physical systems and the available observations from a foraging perspective and discusses the application of ants foraging behavior techniques to discovery of the intrinsic communication topology of systems based on information-theoretic measures of information flow within systems. The mathematical framework of this approach and the application to an exemplary networked system are presented to illuminate discovery of the intrinsic communication topology.
High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Is Associated With Incident Type 2 Diabetes Among African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study

OBJECTIVE Previous studies on the association between hs-CRP and incident type 2 diabetes among African Americans have been inconclusive. We examined the association between hs-CRP and incident diabetes in a large African American cohort (Jackson Heart Study). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Hs-CRP was measured in 3,340 participants. Incident diabetes was defined by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, physician diagnosis, use of diabetes drugs, or A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) at follow-up. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for incident diabetes, adjusting for age, sex, education, diabetes family history, alcohol, HDL, triglycerides, hypertension status, hypertension medications, physical activity, BMI, HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMAIR), and waist circumference. RESULTS Participants (63% women) were aged 53.3 ± 12.5 years. During a median follow-up of 7.5 years, 17.4% developed diabetes (23.1/1,000 person-years, 95% CI 21.3–25.1). After adjustment, the HR (hs-CRP third vs. first tertile) was 1.64 (95% CI 1.26–2.13). In separate models, further adjustment for BMI and waist circumference attenuated this association (HR 1.28 [95% CI 0.97–1.69] and 1.35 [95% CI 1.03–1.78, P < 0.05 for trend], respectively). Upon adding HOMAIR in the models, the association was no longer significant. In adjusted HOMAIR-stratified analysis, the hs-CRP–diabetes association appeared stronger in participants with HOMAIR <3.0 compared with HOMAIR ≥3.0 ( P < 0.0001 for interaction). The association was also stronger among nonobese participants, although not significant when adjusted for HOMAIR. CONCLUSIONS Low-grade inflammation, as measured by hs-CRP level, may have an important role in the development of diabetes among African Americans with a lesser degree of insulin resistance.
Extensive monitoring programmes viewed as long‐term population studies: the case of North American waterfowl

Several long-running and geographically extensive survey programmes provide information used to make annual management decisions for North American waterfowl populations. Data from these programmes can also be viewed as resulting from long-term population studies and have formed the basis for a number of retrospective analyses. Short-term studies have been used to investigate mechanisms underlying results of the retrospective analyses. Results of the long-term and short-term studies complement each other nicely and have led to many useful inferences about North American waterfowl population dynamics. However, important questions remain unanswered, and it is suggested that many of these could best be addressed using an experimental approach.
Defining the Ideal Qualities of Mentorship: A Qualitative Analysis of the Characteristics of Outstanding Mentors

Abstract Objective The study's objective was to identify the important qualities of outstanding mentors as described by their mentees' letters of nomination for a prestigious lifetime achievement award in mentorship. Methods The Lifetime Achievement in Mentorship Award at the University of California, San Francisco, recognizes a faculty member who has demonstrated sustained mentoring excellence in the academic health sciences. Recommendation letters in support of the top 10 nominees in 2008 (n=53 letters) were analyzed using grounded theory and constant comparative technique until thematic saturation was achieved. Results In 2008, 29 faculty members (of>1000 eligible senior faculty) were nominated. Nominees were 53 to 78 years old, and 30% were women. The nominees represented 4 schools (Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy and Dentistry) and 22 departments/divisions. Five themes emerged from the analysis. Outstanding mentors: 1) exhibit admirable personal qualitites, including enthusiasm, compassion, and selflessness; 2) act as a career guide, offering a vision but purposefully tailoring support to each mentee; 3) make strong time commitments with regular, frequent, and high-quality meetings; 4) support personal/professional balance; and 5) leave a legacy of how to be a good mentor through role modeling and instituting policies that set global expectations and standards for mentorship. Conclusion This is the first study to describe the qualities of admired mentors by analyzing nomination letters for a prestigious mentoring award. Our results give new insight into how mentors foster the careers of junior faculty in the academic health sciences. The results can guide academic leaders on how to train and evaluate mentors.
Behavior therapy training in the United States

THE FOLLOWING is the result of an attempt to locate the facilities in the United States that offer training in behavior therapy to psychiatric residents and students of clinical psychology. The programs are listed and a summary of each is given. The list is certainly incomplete. I offer apologies to those institutions that through ignorance I have failed to mention. Further lists will be published at intervals.
Improving the Quality of Training: Coach and Player Responsibilities

(2002). Improving the Quality of Training: Coach and Player Responsibilities. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 43-48.
Rationale for the epidermal growth factor receptor as a target for cancer therapy.

Objectives: To provide information regarding tumor-specific molecules and signaling pathways responsible for regulation of tumor growth, and review the development of novel targeted therapies that can block the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at biologically active and less toxic doses compared with standard chemotherapy. Data Sources: Research articles. Conclusion: The identification and understanding of novel molecular targets has led to the development of therapeutic agents specific to these targets. Clinical investigations involving EGFR inhibitory agents are being completed. Studies have shown single-agent efficacy and efficacy in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Implications for Nursing Practice: Nurses are involved in the administration of targeted therapies. They serve to ensure effective patient education, compliance, and early intervention for toxicities. Knowledge regarding the impact of signaling pathways and the goals of targeted therapy will maximize treatment outcomes for cancer patients.
Exercise training alters an anoxia-induced, glibenclamide-sensitive current in rat ventricular cardiocytes.

The effect of training on properties of a sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K+ current (I KATP ) was examined in left ventricular cardiocytes isolated from sedentary (Sed) and trained (Tr) female Sprague-D...
Representation of the visual field in the superior colliculus of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and the tree shrew (Tupaia glis)

Summary Microelectrodes were used to map the representation of the visual field in the superior colliculus in two arboreal diurnal mammals, the grey squirrel and the tree shrew, in which the superior colliculus is extremely well developed. For comparison, portions of lateral striate cortex of both hemispheres were mapped in the same animals. The results suggest that the projection of the visual field to the superior colliculus both in tree shrew and squirrel differs from that to striate cortex in two ways: (1) the complete visual field of each eye appears to be represented in the contralateral superior colliculus, while the most nasal 30° of the visual field of each eye is represented in ipsilateral striate cortex; and (2) neurons in the superior colliculus are activated only by stimuli to the contralateral eye, while the lateral striate cortex receives input from both the ipsilateral eye and the contralateral eye. The projection to the superior colliculus in tree shrew and squirrel resembles that to striate cortex in that the region of the visual field corresponding to the intersection of the line of decussation and the horizontal meridian of the retina is represented in a larger area of the superior colliculus than other portions of the visual field.
Postoperative Hospitalization of Children Undergoing Cross-Trigonal Ureteroneocystostomy

AbstractThe hospital records of 145 girls and 41 boys who had undergone ureteroneocystostomy for vesicoureteral reflux were retrospectively reviewed to determine the duration of urethral catheterization and postoperative hospitalization. Children with a complicated urological history or the need for ureteral tapering and stent placement were excluded. The trend in urethral catheter removal was from 2.71 days postoperatively during the first year of the study to 1.18 days during the last year. Postoperative hospitalization decreased from 4 to 2 days. It is now routine practice to remove the urethral catheter on the first postoperative day and discharge the patient from the hospital on the second day. The surgical resolution of reflux was 96 percent.
Reflex connections of the facial and vagal gustatory systems in the brainstem of the bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus

The primary gustatory sensory nuclei in catfish are grossly divisible into a vagal lobe and a facial lobe. In this study, the reflex connections of each gustatory lobe were determined with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing methods. In addition, in order to determine the loci and morphology of the other brainstem cranial nerve nuclei, HRP was applied to the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagus nerve. The sensory fibers of the facial nerve terminate in the facial lobe. The facial lobe projects bilaterally to the posterior thalamic nucleus, superior secondary gustatory nucleus, and medial reticular formation of the rostral medulla. The facial lobe has reciprocal connections with the lobobulbaris, medial reticular formation of the rostral medulla, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial and lateral funicular nuclei, and the vagal lobe, ipsilaterally; and with the facial lobe contralaterally. In addition, the facial lobe receives inputs from the raphe nuclei, from a pretectal nucleus, and from perilemniscal neurons located immediately adjacent to the ascending gustatory lemniscal tract at the level of the trigeminal motor nucleus. The gustatory fibers of the vagus nerve terminate in the vagal lobe, while the general visceral sensory fibers terminate in a distinct general visceral nucleus. The vagal lobe projects ipsilaterally to the superior secondary gustatory nucleus, lateral reticular formation, and n. ambiguus; and bilaterally to the commissural nucleus of Cajal. The vagal lobe has reciprocal connections with the ipsilateral lobobulbar nucleus and facial lobe, In addition, the vagal lobe receives input from neurons of the medullary reticular formation and perilemniscal neurons of the pontine tegmentum. In summary, the facial gustatory system has connections consonant with its role as an exteroceptive system which works in correlation with trigeminal and spinal afferent systems. In contrast, the vagal gustatory system has connections (e.g., with the n. ambiguus) more appropriate to a system involved in control of swallowing. These differences in central connectivity mirror the reports on behavioral dissociation of the facial and vagal gustatory systems.
A Hierarchy of Turbulence Closure Models for Planetary Boundary Layers.

Abstract Turbulence models centered on hypotheses by Rotta and Kolmogoroff are complex. In the present paper we consider systematic simplifications based on the observation that parameters governing the degree of anisotropy are small. Hopefully, we shall discern a level of complexity which is intuitively attractive and which optimizes computational speed and convenience without unduly sacrificing accuracy. Discussion is focused on density stratified flow due to temperature. However, other dependent variables—such as water vapor and droplet density—can be treated in analogous fashion. It is, in fact, the anticipation of additional physical complexity in modeling turbulent flow fields that partially motivates the interest in an organized process of analytical simplification. For the problem of a planetary boundary layer subject to a diurnally varying surface heat flux or surface temperature, three models of varying complexity have been integrated for 10 days. All of the models incorporate identical empirica...
Interfacial stability of migrating brine inclusions in alkali halide single crystals supporting a temperature gradient

Abstract Application of a temperature gradient to a solid containing inclusions exerts a driving force which sets the inclusions in motion towards higher temperatures. Since the inclusions are essentially negative crystals, they retain definite shape with the inclusion walls being low index crystallographic planes of the host solid matrix. The migration speed of these inclusions is known to depend on the kinetics of interfacial crystallization/dissolution, which favors layer-by-layer growth/dissolution. Despite these effects, which tend to keep the inclusion walls stable and straight, interfacial instabilities are occasionally observed in the migrating inclusions. A perturbation method is used to analyze such instabilities at a planar interface growing from solution. The model is applied to the interfaces of the temperature gradient driven brine inclusions in alkali halide single crystals, and the resulting stability criteria are checked against limited available experimental data.
An iterative recurrence formula

Abstract The recurrence G(0) = 0, G(n) = n − G(G(n − 1)) (n ⩾ 1), is shown to have the simple solution G(n)= [(n + 1) a], where a = ( √5 − 1) 2 . Generalizations are disscussed.
Outcomes of a postdischarge surveillance system for surgical site infections at a Midwestern regional referral center hospital.

Abstract Background: Postdischarge surveillance has been reported in the literature as one method for detecting surgical site infections (SSIs) that more traditional methods of surveillance (review of readmission data, monitoring of microbiology, radiology, pharmacy antibiotic usage reports, and medical record review) fail to include. Methods: This article describes a postdischarge surveillance program that used surgeon questionnaires and was implemented at a 225-bed Midwestern regional referral center hospital. Evaluation of the postdischarge program was accomplished by review of infection control program data for calendar years 1995 through 1997. Results: Implementation of the postdischarge program resulted in an almost fourfold increase (in both 1995 and 1996) in SSI rates over the reported SSI rates if only traditional surveillance methods had been used. A majority of surgeons (79% in 1995 and 83% in 1996) had individual response rates of 80% or greater. In addition, implementation of the postdischarge program required only 3.5 to 4 additional hours per month. Conclusions: Results suggest that the postdischarge surveillance program identified SSIs missed by traditional surveillance methods, resulted in higher reported rates of SSI, was moderately to well accepted by surgeons, and was implemented with a minimum of organizational resources. (AJIC Am J Infect Control 1999;27:158-64)
Characteristic X-rays from xenon ions trapped in an electron ring

Abstract The detection of xenon K and L X-rays from a magnetically confined ring of relativistiv electrons loaded with Xe ions is reported. From the ratio of intensities of L and K X-rays, the ratio of cross-sections for L and K vacancy production in Xe by 7.5 MeV electrons was determined to be σ L / σ K = 18 ± 8.
Positive Phototaxis in First Instar Hydropsyche cockerelli Banks (Trichoptera)

Abstract This note reports observations of positive phototaxis in newly hatched larvae of the caddis fly Hydropsyche cockerelli Banks (Trichoptera) and comments upon the possible importance of this behavior in the Columbia River, USA, for dispersal from shoreline sites of oviposition during spring flooding.
Short distance current correlators: Comparing lattice simulations to the instanton liquid

Point to point correlators of currents are computed in quenched QCD using a chiral lattice fermion action, the overlap action. I compare correlators made of exact quark propagators with correlators restricted to low (less than 500 MeV) eigenvalue eigenmodes of the Dirac operator. In many cases they show a qualitative resemblance (typically at small values of the quark mass and distances larger than 0.4 fm) and they differ qualitatively at larger quark masses or at very short distance. Lattice results are in qualitative agreement (and in the difference of vector and axial vector channels, quantitative agreement) with the expectations of instanton liquid models. The scalar channel shows the effects of a quenched finite volume zero mode artifact, a negative correlator.
Using the Picture Book Thank You, Mr. Falker to Understand Struggling Readers

Using picture books in teacher education courses allows instructors to set theory in context, create a visual representation of it, and make theory come alive. The benefit of picture books does not stop at the college door, because when students graduate and have classrooms of their own they can use the stories and pictures to remember and apply theories in their classrooms. Teachers who understand theory develop new ways of thinking and possess better problem-solving skills, and are better prepared to assist struggling adolescent readers who need cognitive, social, and emotional support. In this article, Thank You, Mr. Falker by Patricia Polacco is used to demonstrate the power of picture books when professors use them in their classrooms and when teachers, in turn, use them in theirs. Ideas for sparking discussion in the college classroom are provided, along with nonthreatening activities that teachers of adolescents can use. Activities are designed to enliven domains of knowledge like history, current affairs, and writing and to enhance social and emotional skills. The ideas presented can build resilience in struggling readers and empathy and moral reasoning in their peers. Ten additional picture books are presented as extensions and enrichment of ideas.
On dynamic heterogeneity in supercooled liquids.

A simplified molecular theory for the dynamics of liquids near the glass transition temperature Tg is developed and compared with experimental viscosity and diffusion behavior. Its basis is the spatial fluctuations of local density, a property that depends on isothermal compressibility and thus occurs naturally in all liquids at equilibrium. Instantaneous liquid structure is approximated by randomly distributed arrays of two domains having either higher or lower density than the average. The time dependence of fluctuations is represented by a sequence of such structures, each having a lifetime that varies with the macroscopic density. The dynamic environment of a molecule within a domain (slow or fast) depends on the density of its domain (high or low). Translational diffusion and orientational relaxation depend on different averages of the slow and fast domain contributions and lead, on approaching Tg, to a progressive departure from the Stoke–Einstein relationship. Predictions are made using macroscopic...
PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE AND ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE GENE DUPLICATIONS IN LAYIA (COMPOSITAE)

Genetic analysis of isozyme segregation patterns in Layia (Compositae) showed that cytosolic phosphoglucomutase isozymes are encoded by duplicated genes, and that the cytosolic NADPdependent isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes are encoded by duplicated genes in species with haploid chromosome numbers of n = 7 and triplicated genes in those with n = 8. The duplicated genes specifying both isozymes assorted independently in all species tested. An electrophoretic survey of phosphoglucomutase in diploid species representing six additional genera of Madiinae, the subtribe to which Layia is assigned, revealed that Achyrachaena, Calycadenia, Hemizonia, Holocarpha, and Madia all possessed duplicated genes. In Lagophylla, one species also had duplicated genes for the isozyme but a second species did not, a loss probably resulting from mutation or chromosomal deletion. The phosphoglucomutase duplication characterizes nearly the entire subtribe and may prove useful to identify phylogenetic relationships between the Madiinae and other subtribes.
Unit and kernel systems in algebraic frames

One considers the poset of dense, coherent frame quotients of an algebraic frame with the finite intersection property, which are compact. It is shown that there is a smallest such, the frame of d-elements. However, unless the frame is already compact there is no largest such quotient. With the additional assumption of disjointification on the frame, one then studies the maximal ideal spaces of these quotients and the relationship to covers of compact spaces. Several applications are considered, with considerable attention to the frame quotients defined by extension of ideals of a commutative ring A to a ring extension; this type of frame quotient is considered both with and without an underlying lattice structure on the rings.
Pathogenesis of Polyglutamine-Induced Disease: A Model for SCA1

During the past 7 years several inheritable neurological disorders have been found to be due to the expansion of an unstable CAG trinucleotide repeat that leads to an increase in the length of a polyglutamine tract within a disease-specific protein. Based on pathological evidence obtained from the brains of affected individuals and transgenic mice expressing a mutant human gene, it was proposed that the formation of nuclear aggregates of the polyglutamine protein plays a critical role in pathogenesis. However, recent evidence indicates that this may not be the case. This review focuses on our results for one of these disorders, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), and presents a model for SCA1 pathogenesis.
Mechanism of Freeze–Thaw Instability of Aluminum Hydroxycarbonate and Magnesium Hydroxide Gels

The effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the physical stability of aluminum hydroxycarbonate and magnesium hydroxide gels was studied. Coagulation following a freeze-thaw cycle, leading to the formation of visible aggregates, affected the content uniformity of both gels. The freeze-thaw cycles did not affect the crystal form or surface characteristics of the gels as determined by X-ray powder diffraction and point of zero charge, but caused a slight reduction in the rate of acid neutralization and a large increase in the rate of sedimentation. The greatest effect was observed after the first freeze-thaw cycle. While the duration of freezing was not a factor, the rate of freezing was important and was inversely related to the aggregate size. The aggregates which formed following a freeze-thaw cycle were not redispersed by shaking, but were reversed by ultrasonic treatment or homogenization. The adsorption of polymers or surface-active agents prior to freezing reduced and, in some cases, prevented the formation of aggregates. The physical instability produced by a freeze-thaw cycle was explained by the modified DLVO theory. The force exerted on the particles by the growing ice crystals forced the particles into the primary minimum, producing strong interparticle attraction. On thawing, simple agitation did not provide enough force to overcome the attractive force of the primary minimum. Adsorption of polymers or surface-active agents increased the steric repulsive force and prevented the particles from reaching the primary minimum.
In-Situ Measurements of Oil Barrier Shape and Loads due to Current Action

ABSTRACT In-situ measurements have been made of oil barrier shape and loads created by current action. A commercial cylinder and skirt type barrier with a 100 foot length was used in these studies. The barrier was located in Narragansett Bay near the Jamestown Bridge so that the bridge could be used for certain measurements in this experimental program. The barrier shape was obtained by taking transit readings from the Jamestown Bridge on painted target areas located at various spots along the barrier's cylindrical floatation members. Pictures of the barrier also were taken from the bridge. The barrier was instrumented with two recording load cells — one at each end of the barrier—and two accelerometers located near the mid-point of the barrier for obtaining vertical and horizontal accelerations. Direct current measurements were made in the vicinity of the barrier by the drifting drogue technique. Wave data were taken with a capacitance wave staff located on the Jamestown Bridge. Local wind speed and dire...
Use of pharmacodynamic principles to inform β-lactam dosing: "S" does not always mean success.

Dose optimization is one of the key strategies for enhancing antimicrobial stewardship. There have been tremendous strides in our understanding of antibiotic exposure-response relationships over the past 25 years. For many antibiotics, the “pharmacodynamic” or the exposure variable associated with outcome has been identified. With advances in mathematical modeling, it is possible to apply our understanding of antimicrobial pharmacodynamics (PD) into clinical practice and design empirical regimens that have a high probability of achieving the PD target linked to effect. By optimizing antibiotic doses to achieve PD targets predictive of efficacy, clinicians can improve care and minimize drug toxicity. For β-lactams, the PD parameter most predictive of maximal bactericidal activity is the duration of time free drug concentrations remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) during the dosing interval (fT > MIC). Unfortunately, the conventional intermittent β-lactam dosing schemes often used in practice have suboptimal PD profiles. Prolonging the infusion time of β-lactams is one method to maximize the probability of achieving concentrations in excess of the MIC for the majority of the dosing interval, especially against pathogens with elevated MIC values. Prolonged infusions of intravenous β-lactams are not only associated with improved probability of target attainment (PTA) profiles but offer possible cost savings and greater potential for reducing emergence of resistance relative to intermittent infusions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011;6:S16-S23. ©2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
SU-GG-T-571: A Comparative Study between RapidArc and IMRT Techniques Applied to H&N Cancers

Purpose/Objectives RapidArc (RA) is a new technique in which the linear accelerator rotates around the patient while the radiadion is shaped in small beams that are aimed at the tumor from multiple angles. The purpose of this study is to evaluate RA relative to the conventional Intensity‐Modulated Radiotherapy(IMRT) for head and neck (H&N) cancers.Materials/Methods Twelve patients with H&N cancers were selected for the study. All RA and IMRT plans were created on Eclipse 8.6. Photon beams of 6 or 15 MV from a Trilogy machine outfitted with imaging capabilities were used for all the IMRT plans and only 6 MV photon beams for RA plans. The organs at risk (OAR) included parotid glands, brainsteam, cord, mucosa and mandibula. RA plans consisted of one or two full or partial arcs while IMRT plans consisted of 5 or more fields. Evaluation of the plans was performed by means of parameters such as conformity index CI90% and homogeneity index. For OAR evaluation included maximum dose expressed as D1% and mean dose.Results Both RA and IMRT techniques reached planning objective for the PTV with CI90% slightly superior for the IMRT. The hot spots were inside the PTV for RA plans. RA mean and maximum doses for parotids were equal or smaller than the IMRT ones, with relative reductions of up to 20%. IMRT plans failed to achieve the planning objective for parotid glands in case of five of the patients. RA technique proved to be much faster than IMRT, calculated treatment time for RA being below four min. Conclusions RapidArc technique is superior or at least equal to IMRT for H&N cancers. Benefits of RapidArc over IMRT consist of similar PTV coverage, better OAR sparing with hot spots placed inside target, fewer monitor units, shorter treatment times and less patient motion.