cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Synthesis of Subnanometer Diameter Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Subnanometer single-walled carbon nanotubes (sub-nm SWNTs) were synthesized at different temperatures (600, 700, and 800 °C) using CoMn bimetallic catalysts supported on MCM-41 silica templates. The state of the catalyst was investigated using X-ray absorption, and the (n,m) indices of the sub-nm SWNTs were determined from Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements. We find that the size of the metallic particles that seed the growth of sub-nm SWNTs (diameter ∼0.5−1.0 nm) is highly sensitive to the reaction temperature. Low reaction temperature (600 °C) favors the growth of semiconducting tubes whose diameters range from 0.5 to 0.7 nm. These results were also confirmed by electrical transport measurements. Interestingly, dominant intermediate frequency modes on the same intensity scale as the Raman breathing modes were observed. An unusual “S-like” dispersion of the G-band was present in the Raman spectra of sub-nm SWNTs with diameters <0.7 nm.
Vaginal repair of large cystoceles.

Repair of cystoceles requires a complete understanding of the pelvic anatomy. While smaller defects are relatively straightforward, greater degrees of prolapse can be among the most challenging surgeries in pelvic floor reconstruc-tion. This article reviews current transvaginal techniques used for repair of large cystoceles.
A receptor for subgroup A Rous sarcoma virus is related to the low density lipoprotein receptor

Cellular receptors are required for efficient entry of retroviruses into cells. We previously cloned a chicken gene responsible for susceptibility to the retrovirus subgroup A Rous sarcoma virus (RSV(A)). Here we have isolated the quail homolog and generated two alternatively spliced processed genes encoding cellular receptors for RSV(A). Predicted products of the processed genes appear to be small membrane-associated proteins with identical 83 amino acid extracellular domains but different membrane anchors. Within the extracellular domain is a region closely related to the ligand-binding repeat of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Expression of either processed gene renders mammalian cells specifically susceptible to RSV(A). Antibodies directed against the receptor block subgroup A infection of avian cells via endogenous receptors and have no effect on entry of other RSV subgroups. Thus, small LDLR-related proteins are cellular receptors for RSV(A).
The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire

Introduction Part I. An Imperial Ecology: 1. Regions, resources, and settlement 2. Growth and its limits 3. Disasters of the later sixteenth century 4. Land at the margins: Karaman and Larende Part II. The Little Ice Age Crisis: 5. The Little Ice Age in the Near East 6. The great drought 7. The Celali Rebellion 8. In the wake of the Celalis: climate and crisis in the seventeenth century Part III. Ecological Transformation: 9. Desert and sown 10. City and country 11. Provisioning and commerce Conclusion.
A synthetic receptor for phosphocholine esters

A bifunctional Zn-salen modified cavitand, reminiscent of the enzyme phospholipase C, shows high efficiency and synergic effect in the binding of the phospholipid DOPC.
The fraction of the lipid in a biological membrane that is in a fluid state: a spin label assay.

Summary The solubility of the spin label TEMPO (I) in membranes depends on the fluidity of the membrane. An empirical relationship has been established between TEMPO solubility and fluidity, measured by the order parameter S10.. This relationship is employed to determine the fraction of the lipid in membranes of rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum that is in a fluid state. We find that 84% of the lipid in this membrane is in a fluid state at 25°C.
Species tree inference in a recent radiation of orioles (Genus Icterus): Multiple markers and methods reveal cytonuclear discordance in the northern oriole group

Recent computational advances provide novel opportunities to infer species trees based on multiple independent loci. Thus, single gene trees no longer need suffice as proxies for species phylogenies. Several methods have been developed to deal with the challenges posed by incomplete and stochastic lineage sorting. In this study, we employed four Bayesian methods to infer the phylogeny of a clade of 11 recently diverged oriole species within the genus Icterus. We obtained well-resolved and mostly congruent phylogenies using a set of seven unlinked nuclear intron loci and sampling multiple individuals per species. Most notably, Bayesian concordance analysis generally agreed well with concatenation; the two methods agreed fully on eight of nine nodes. The coalescent-based method ∗BEAST further supported six of these eight nodes. The fourth method used, BEST, failed to converge despite exhaustive efforts to optimize the tree search. Overall, the results obtained by new species tree methods and concatenation generally corroborate our findings from previous analyses and data sets. However, we found striking disagreement between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA involving relationships within the northern oriole group. Our results highlight the danger of reliance on mtDNA alone for phylogenetic inference. We demonstrate that in spite of low variability and incomplete lineage sorting, multiple nuclear loci can produce largely congruent phylogenies based on multiple species tree methods, even for very closely-related species.
Comparing screening and preventive health behaviors in two study populations: daughters of mothers with breast cancer and women responding to the behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey.

Abstract Background: Studies show that daughters of mothers with breast cancer may be at increased risk for developing the disease. However, daughters' adherence to health behavior and screening re...
Insights into the regulation of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors by scaffolding proteins and kinases

5-HT2A serotonin receptors are essential molecular targets for the actions of LSD-like hallucinogens and atypical antipsychotic drugs. 5-HT2A serotonin receptors also mediate a variety of physiological processes in peripheral and central nervous systems including platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, and the modulation of mood and perception. Scaffolding proteins have emerged as important regulators of 5-HT2A receptors and our recent studies suggest multiple scaffolds exist for 5-HT2A receptors including PSD95, arrestin, and caveolin. In addition, a novel interaction has emerged between p90 ribosomal S6 kinase and 5-HT2A receptors which attenuates receptor signaling. This article reviews our recent studies and emphasizes the role of scaffolding proteins and kinases in the regulation of 5-HT2A trafficking, targeting and signaling.
A fluorescence anisotropy study on the phase behavior of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol mixtures.

Abstract The phase behavior of l -α-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol mixtures was studied in multilamellar vesicles by fluorescence polarization of the sterol molecule dehydroergosterol and of the polyene molecule α-parinaric acid. In the absence of cholesterol, dehydroergosterol exhibited an increase in polarization as DMPC vesicles were heated through the phase transition. This rise in polarization anisotropy was observed over a 0.6–1.0°C increase in temperature with the midpoint of the phase transition occuring at 23.6°C. Addition of 5 mol% cholesterol completely obliterated this change in polarization anisotropy through the phase transition of DMPC. α-Parinaric acid underwent a characteristic decrease in polarization anisotropy through the phase transition of DMPC. The change in anisotropy through the phase transition was over 4-fold greater than the values observed with dehydroergosterol. Vesicles containing 5 mol% cholesterol in the presence of α-parinaric acid underwent a decrease in polarization anisotropy that was over 75% of the original decrease in amplitude observed in the absence of any membrane cholesterol. The difference in sensitivity of the two fluorescent probes to the phase transition of DMPC as a function of membrane cholesterol content may be explained by a preferential partitioning of dehydroergosterol (and cholesterol) into a sterol-rich phase at low sterol concentrations. This partitioning allows dehydroergosterol to detect sterol-rich regions in the membrane bilayer.
4.1 22nm Next-generation IBM System z microprocessor

The next-generation System z design introduces a new microprocessor chip (CP) and a system controller chip (SC) aimed at providing a substantial boost to maximum system capacity and performance compared to the previous zEC12 design in 32nm [1,2]. As shown in the die photo, the CP chip includes 8 high-frequency processor cores, 64MB of eDRAM L3 cache, interface IOs (“XBUS”) to connect to two other processor chips and the L4 cache chip, along with memory interfaces, 2 PCIe Gen3 interfaces, and an I/O bus controller (GX). The design is implemented on a 678 mm2 die with 4.0 billion transistors and 17 levels of metal interconnect in IBM's high-performance 22nm high-x CMOS SOI technology [3]. The SC chip is also a 678 mm2 die, with 7.1 billion transistors, running at half the clock frequency of the CP chip, in the same 22nm technology, but with 15 levels of metal. It provides 480 MB of eDRAM L4 cache, an increase of more than 2× from zEC12 [1,2], and contains an 18 MB eDRAM L4 directory, along with multi-processor cache control/coherency logic to manage inter-processor and system-level communications. Both the CP and SC chips incorporate significant logical, physical, and electrical design innovations.
On the Unique Solvability of a Nonlinear Functional Evolution Equation

Existence and uniqueness of weak solutions to an abstract functional evolution equation are proved. An application of this theory to a nonlinear nonlocal reaction-diffusion equation is presented.
Applications of In Vivo Molecular Imaging in Biology and Medicine

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the clinical applications for which molecular imaging may be most effective in the near term and the research applications of molecular imaging that are relevant to clinical imaging. 2. Delineate the significance of data generated by current molecular imaging studies. The methods of in vivo molecular Wimaging have arisen out of the need for in vivo assays in many different fields; it is the progress in each of these fields that has led to a wealth of new tools for in vivo molecular and cellular analyses. In vivo molecular imaging has been used in the study of gene expression and cell migration during mammalian and other vertebrate development, in the evaluation of animal models of human cancer, in drug discovery, and in revealing patterns of infectious disease and host response to infection. In highlighting some of these studies, we illustrate the overall goals of in vivo analysis and some of the challenges for future studies. A spectrum of optically based imaging strategies, and more recently, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging approaches have revealed cellular and molecular changes that occur during development in mouse, fish, chick, and frog embryos.1,2 The goal of in vivo imaging in the study of development is to evaluate the molecular events that occur as an embryo executes cell migration or as a specific cell divides and gives rise to daughter cells that have distinct and mature phenotypes. The challenge lies in performing assays at the cellular and molecular levels within the intact embryo while maintaining as normal a setting as possible. The imaging strategies used to study embryonic development, typically light microscopy, generally can address questions at the cellular level, but the future of developmental biology lies in linking these analyses, which reveal how and …
Decreased volume of the brain reward system in alcoholism.

Background Reinforcement of behavioral responses involves a complex cerebral circuit engaging specific neuronal networks that are modulated by cortical oversight systems affiliated with emotion, memory, judgment, and decision making (collectively referred to in this study as the "extended reward and oversight system" or "reward network"). We examined whether reward-network brain volumes are reduced in alcoholics and how volumes of subcomponents within this system are correlated with memory and drinking history. Methods Morphometric analysis was performed on magnetic resonance brain scans in 21 abstinent long-term chronic alcoholic men and 21 healthy control men, group-matched on age, verbal IQ, and education. We derived volumes of total brain and volumes of cortical and subcortical reward-related structures including the dorsolateral-prefrontal, orbitofrontal, cingulate cortices, and the insula, as well as the amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens septi (NAc), and ventral diencephalon. Results Morphometric analyses of reward-related regions revealed decreased total reward-network volume in alcoholic subjects. Volume reduction was most pronounced in right dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, right anterior insula, and right NAc, as well as left amygdala. In alcoholics, NAc and anterior insula volumes increased with length of abstinence, and total reward-network and amygdala volumes correlated positively with memory scores. Conclusions The observation of decreased reward-network volume suggests that alcoholism is associated with alterations in this neural reward system. These structural reward system deficits and their correlation with memory scores elucidate underlying structural-functional relationships between alcoholism and emotional and cognitive processes.
Human herpes simplex labialis

Humans are the natural host for eight of more than 80 known herpes viruses. Infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are ubiquitous worldwide and highly transmissible. Herpes simplex labialis (HSL) is the best-recognized recrudescent infection of the lips and perioral tissues caused by HSV-1. Facial lesions of HSL may be unsightly, frequent outbreaks unpleasant, and the infection itself more severe locally and systemically in immunocompromised people. This article highlights the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic features and management issues for HSL.
Serotonin receptor involvement in effects of restraint on female rat lordosis behavior.

Abstract Ovariectomized Fischer (CDF-344) rats, with bilateral cannulae in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) near the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN), were used to test the hypothesis that serotonin receptors in the VMN contribute to the lordosis-inhibiting effects of mild restraint. Rats were hormonally primed with 10 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) followed 48 h later with sesame seed oil. Four to six hours later (during the dark portion of the light–dark cycle), rats were pretested for sexual behavior. Thereafter, they were infused with saline, 2 μg of the serotonin (5-HT) 2 receptor agonist, (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane HCl (DOI), or 1 μg of the 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist, N-{2[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl}-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide trihydrochloride (WAY100635). After a 5 min restraint, rats were tested for sexual receptivity. Rats infused with saline showed a significant decline in lordosis behavior after restraint. Infusion with either DOI or WAY100635 attenuated these effects of restraint. These findings extend earlier observations that the lordosis-disruptive effects of mild restraint include activation of 5-HT 1A receptors in the VMN and are the first to implicate VMN 5-HT 2 receptors in protection against mild restraint.
Using Household Travel Surveys to Adjust ITE Trip Generation Rates

The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Trip Generation Handbook has become the predominant method for estimating vehicle trips generated by development. The handbook is often criticized for its inability to account for multimodal behavior in urban contexts, often overestimating vehicle traffic. The purpose of this research is to develop and test a ready-to-use method for adjusting the ITE handbook vehicle trip generation estimates for urban context. This method was created using household travel surveys from Oregon, Washington, and Maryland, as well as nationally available built environment data. Three adjustments were estimated for eight general land-use categories, including a “pooled” category considering all travel survey data. The performance of three adjustments were tested using 195 establishment-level vehicle trip generation datasets compiled from three independent sources. Using this data, the performances of four land-use categories were tested. The overall findings suggest that the simplest of the three adjustments developed provided similar results to the more complex adjustment methods. Moreover, adjustments applied using the “pooled” land-uses category also provided similar results to the more detailed segmentation of travel survey data. Both of these findings punctuate the need for a simple, urban adjustment for trip generation estimates.
Ecological salivary cortisol specimen collection - Part 1: Methodological consideration of yield, error, and effects of sampling decisions in a perinatal mental health study

BACKGROUND: Current health research strives to integrate biological, psychological, and social factors consistent with ecological models. Home-based biomarker specimens are consistent with an ecological approach, but deviations from laboratory norms could affect validity of results. OBJECTIVE: This article uses salivary cortisol specimens collected early in a perinatal mental health study to describe (a) return rate and returner characteristics, (b) adherence to procedures, (c) sources of laboratory error, (d) effects of deleting specimens with "nuisance" factors, and (e) effects that selection bias could have on cortisol concentration distribution. STUDY DESIGN: This includes methodological analysis of collection, assay, and preanalysis decision components. RESULTS: Rates of return do not differ by participants' sociodemographic, perinatal, or psychiatric characteristics. Excluding smokers affects representativeness. Selection bias in favor of more or less disadvantaged participants affects cortisol distribution. CONCLUSIONS: The large yield of useable specimens permits multivariate modeling of cortisol level in association with health outcomes, potentially enhancing ecological validity. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2008; 14(4), 273-284. DOI: 10.1177/1078390308322944
Be a Winner: Arkansas' Approach to Involving Law Enforcement Officers in Drug Education:

This paper describes a project which is a joint venture of the Northwest Arkansas Police Institute and the Program in Health Sciences at the University of Arkansas. Funded by the U.S. Department of Education under the Drug Free Schools and Communities Act, the focus of the project has been the development of an innovative drug education program which brings uniformed law enforcement officers into the elementary school classroom. The officers lead an eight week instructional program at the fifth or sixth grade levels using our Be A Winner curriculum.
SiC Power Device Packaging Technologies for 300 to 350°C Applications

The challenges of packaging SiC power devices for high temperatures include high operating temperature, wide thermal cycle range, high currents and high voltages. This paper describes ongoing research to develop suitable materials and processes for packaging SiC power devices. Ohmic and Schottky contacts must be protected from oxidation at elevated temperatures. TaSi2:N2 is an effective oxidation barrier, protecting the contacts when exposed to 350 oC in air. For package substrates, silicon nitride ceramics with a thick brazed copper foil are used. A nickel/thick gold or nickel/thick silver surface finish is plated onto the copper foil; depending on the die attach brazing process. With the nickel/thick gold finish, gold-tin eutectic has demonstrated no degradation in die shear strength after 2000 hours at 350 oC or after 500 hours at 400 oC. Work is currently underway with nickel/thick silver and gold-silicon eutectic die attach. No degradation in shear strength has been observed with this system after 100 hours at 400 oC. Gold wire (250 µm) bonding has been demonstrated on both substrate and SiC metallizations. An initial decrease in strength is observed due to annealing of the gold wire, but shear and pull strengths remain high. Polyimide has been used to increase the dc breakdown strength of a test pattern by a factor of ~3x at 300 oC compared to no passivation. The breakdown strength increased with storage in air at 300 oC through 1000 hours.
An empirical investigation of agency relationships and capital structure of property management firms in the UK

This study examines the relationship between various agency factors and debt of property management firms in the UK. Findings indicate that debt is significantly inversely related to percentage of shares closely held, dividend yield and price‐to‐book ratio. Size, measured by sales volume, appears to be insignificant in determining debt level.
Low-Energy Two-Stage Algorithm for High Efficacy Epileptic Seizure Detection

In this brief, we have proposed a design strategy for an energy-efficient circuit/architecture to detect the onset of epileptic seizures with high efficacy. The architecture consists of two stages. The first stage is a low complexity Coastline parameter algorithm that consumes very low energy per computation. The second stage is a more efficacious wavelet-based algorithm (discrete wavelet transform-quasi-averaging) that consumes relatively higher energy and is powered ON only if determined by the low-complexity first stage. Using this proposed strategy, we achieve significant reduction in the energy consumption of the circuit by avoiding redundant computations, thereby increasing the longevity of the battery. We also observe that it leads to an improvement in efficacy. The two algorithms are user-programmable to compensate for the intersubject variations of neural signals. We use in vivo neural recordings from large animals (rats) to test the functionality of the system and calculate efficacy, subjected to minimum delay in detection. The system is simulated using 65-nm bulk-Si technology library. The simulated results show 32% energy savings (compared with a single-stage wavelet-based algorithm), consuming an average of 31.2 nJ/computation. The results also show a 12% increase in efficacy.
Exploring pen and paper interaction with high-resolution wall displays

We introduce HIPerPaper, a novel digital pen and paper interface that enables natural interaction with a 31.8 by 7.5 foot tiled wall display of 268,720,000 pixels. HIPerPaper provides a flexible, portable, and inexpensive medium for interacting with large high-resolution wall displays. While the size and resolution of such displays allow visualization of data sets of a scale not previously possible, mechanisms for interacting with wall displays remain challenging. HIPerPaper enables multiple concurrent users to select, move, scale, and rotate objects on a high-dimension wall display.
Factors influencing Internet users' perceived credibility of news-related blogs in Taiwan

This study investigates factors influencing Internet users' perceived credibility of news-related blogs in Taiwan. First, this paper identifies Taiwanese Internet users' beliefs about news-related blog credibility. Secondly, it examines whether these belief factors can predict their perceived credibility of news-related blogs. Thirdly, it explores whether Internet users' individual characteristics, Internet use motivations, Internet use behavior, and innovative characteristics can predict their perceived credibility of news-related blogs. Four belief factors about news-related blog credibility were extracted from 13-item five-point Likert questions and account for 57.565% of the variance. Two out of four belief factors contributed significantly to the prediction of Taiwanese Internet users' perceived credibility of news-related blogs. These predictor factors altogether explained 18.3% of the variance in Internet users' perceived credibility of news-related blogs. To determine if belief factors were still predictive of Taiwanese Internet users' perceived credibility of news-related blogs after controlling demographic, Internet use behavior, Internet use motivations, and users' innovative characteristics, several hierarchical regression analyses were undertaken. The full model explained 29.1% of total variance in Taiwanese Internet users' perceived credibility of news-related blogs. After controlling all possible confounding variables, the predictive impacts of credibility factors on Taiwanese Internet users' perceived credibility of news-related blogs remained powerful and stable.
Effect of Portland Cement Fineness on ASTM C1260 Expansion

The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of portland cement fineness on the results of ASTM C1260 tests—Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar-Bar Method). The effects of clinker alkali content, aggregate reactivity, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution concentration on the mortar expansion test results were also studied. In this study, high and low alkali portland cement clinkers were selected and ground with gypsum in a laboratory ball mill to three fineness levels: 300, 400, and 500 m2/kg (Blaine). Moderately- and highly-reactive aggregates were tested with these cements according to ASTM C1260. In addition to the standard 1 N NaOH solution, a 0.5 N NaOH soak solution was also used. The results show that mortar-bar expansion was promoted with increased cement fineness regardless of clinker alkali, aggregate reactivity, or soak solution normality. Clinker alkali had no or little effect on moderately reactive aggregate; whereas it had considerable effect on highly reactive aggregate. Highly reactive aggregate tended to be more sensitive to cement fineness and alkalinity. Although cement fineness and clinker alkali content did not affect the classification in terms of potential reactivity of the aggregates used in this study, they might change the classification for the aggregates near the boundary between reactive and nonreactive aggregates. Specification of fineness and alkali content of cement, or both, might be beneficial to further improve the reliability and reproducibility of ASTM C1260.
Metamorphosed Mafic Dikes from the Southern Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming

In the southern Bighorn Mountains two groups of mafic dikes occur within a terrain dominated by quartzofeldspathic gneiss. Un-metamorphosed dolerite dikes possess ophitic or subophitic texture and consist primarily of plagioclase (average composition, Ans 60 and augite (average Ca:Mg:Fe = 38:44:18). Metadolerite dikes in the same area consist of two distinctive facies. In each dike a granoblastic margin facies of clear plagioclase (average composition, An 38 ) and hornblende grades into an interior facies possessing relict ophitic or subophitic texture and consisting of clouded plagioclase (average composition, An 49 ) and granular augite (average Ca:Mg:Fe = 42:45:13). Many of the equant augite grains are peripherally replaced by hornblende. The metadolerites, similar in bulk chemical composition to the dolerites of the area, formed by recrystallization of comparable dolerites during the last regional metamorphism (low amphibolite facies) which affected the gneiss country rock. The dikes were metamorphosed under water-poor conditions which allowed only their margins to be completely recrystallized. Dike interiors underwent partial recrystallization accompanied by diffusion of iron from augite to relict plagioclase, causing clouding, and diffusion of calcium from plagioclase to form slightly more calcic augite and hornblende.
TALKING WITH PATIENTS ABOUT ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

The growing use of alternative and complementary therapies in the United States as well as other parts of the world is a trend that the responsible rheumatologist cannot ignore. With chronic musculoskeletal conditions being the leading indication for the use of alternative and complementary therapies, rheumatologists must become experts on talking to patients and advising them about the use or avoidance of such therapies. Currently, there is a growing body of literature on the safety and efficacy of the multiple alternative and complementary therapies available. Much of this information is reliable and of high methologic quality; however, much of it is not. With an increase in the budget of the Office of Alternative Medicine from $20 to $50 million in 1999 and the status of the office changing to an independent center, an important step has been taken to try to assure improved research in the near future to validate or disprove many of the current alternative and complementary therapies. In the meantime, our patients are using these therapies and are likely to continue to do so, with or without our guidance. We must get beyond the "don't ask, don't tell" approach that characterizes many physicians' attitudes toward the subject of alternative and complementary therapies. Although all discussions need not end in agreement, they are still opportunities for shared decision making and "relationship-centered care." Ultimately, we should not be concerned with practicing what is perceived to be traditional versus alternative and complementary medicine or biomedicine versus naturalistic medicine but only with what is truly "good" medicine.
A Rapidly Convergent Adaptive Controller Applied to Suppression of Random Noise Transmission

In this paper, an efficient rapid convergent control algorithm will be developed and will be compared with other adaptive control algorithms using a plate-cavity system. The plate-cavity system used for these numerical experiments is a test bed of noise suppression technology for expendable launch vehicles. It consists of a flexible plate backed by a rigid cavity. Piezoelectric (PZT) actuators are considered to be bonded on both sides of the plate symmetrically. The plate is bombarded with an amplified random noise signal, and the control system is used to suppress the noise inside the cavity generated by the outside sound source. Other control algorithms included for the comparisons are LMS Widrow’s finite impulse response (FIR) adaptive control algorithm [ 1] , and a modified Godard’s algorithm [ 2] . Comparisons of the random noise attenuation capability, transient and convergence performance, and computational requirements of each algorithm will he made as the order of the controller and relevant convergence parameters are varied.
Olfaction in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): electroantennogram studies.

Electroantennogram (EAG) techniques were utilized to measure the antennal olfactory responsiveness of adult boll weevils,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to 38 odorants, including both insect and host plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) volatiles. EAGs of both sexes were indicative of at least two receptor populations: one receptor population primarily responsive to pheromone components and related compounds, the other receptor population primarily responsive to plant odors. Similar responses to male aggregation pheromone components (i.e., compounds I, II, and III + IV) were obtained from both sexes, but females were slightly more sensitive to I. Both sexes were highly responsive to components of the “green leaf volatile complex,” especially the six-carbon saturated and monounsaturated primary alcohols. Heptanal was the most active aldehyde tested. More acceptors responded to oxygenated monoterpenes than to monoterpene hydrocarbons. β-Bisabolol, the major volatile of cotton, was the most active sesquiterpene. In general, males, which are responsible for host selection and pheromone production, were more sensitive to plant odors than were females. In fact, males were as sensitive to β-bisabolol and heptanal as to aggregation pheromone components. Electrophysiological data are discussed with regard to the role of insect and host plant volatiles in host selection and aggregation behavior of the boll weevil.
Recurrence formulas for permanents of (0, 1)-circulants

Abstract A general method is developed for constructing linear recurrence formulas expressing the permanents of (0, 1)-circulants in terms of permanents of (0, 1)-circulants of the same type of lower orders. The method extends to all (0, 1)-circulants a result of N. Metropolis, M. L. Stein, and P. R. Stein on permanents of (0, 1)-circulants of a special type.
285 - H. Holobium : II In vivo studies

Abstract In Part I of this series we have examined the behavior of extracts of Halobacterium halobium when incorporated into artificial lipid membranes. The objective of this paper is the interpretation of observed pH changes in a suspension of living Halobacterium halobium cells as they respond to variations in available light and oxygen. The results obtained can be readily explained if the direction of hydrogen ion translocation is reversed. That is, both light and oxygen generate an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions, which is outwardly directed, for ATP synthesis. The correlation of experimental data with the proposed model as well as additional advantages of this model are discussed.
BET-ting on chromatin-based therapeutics for heart failure

Studies of transcriptional mechanisms in heart failure have focused heavily on roles of sequence-specific DNA-binding factors such as NFAT, MEF2 and GATA4. Recent findings have illuminated crucial functions for epigenetic regulators in the control of cardiac structural remodeling and mechanical dysfunction in response to pathological stress. Here, we review the current understanding of chromatin-dependent signal transduction in cardiac gene control, and highlight the potential for pharmacologic regulation of BET acetyl-lysine binding proteins as a means of treating heart failure.
The genetic dissection of essential hypertension

QTL mapping in humans and rats has identified hundreds of blood-pressure-related phenotypes and genomic regions; the next daunting task is gene identification and validation. The development of novel rat model systems that mimic many elements of the human disease, coupled with advances in the genomic and informatic infrastructure for rats, promise to revolutionize the hunt for genes that determine susceptibility to hypertension. Furthermore, methods are evolving that should enable the identification of candidate genes in human populations. Together with the computational reconstruction of regulatory networks, these methods provide opportunities to significantly advance our understanding of the underlying aetiology of hypertension.
Vesicular stomatitis virus expressing a chimeric Sindbis glycoprotein containing an Fc antibody binding domain targets to Her2/neu overexpressing breast cancer cells

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a candidate for development for cancer therapy. It is an oncolytic virus that is safe in humans. Recombinant virus can be made directly from plasmid components. We attempted to create a virus that targeted specifically to breast cancer cells. Nonreplicating and replicating pseudotype VSV were created whose only surface glycoprotein (gp) was a Sindbis gp, called Sindbis-ZZ, modified to severely reduce its native binding function and to contain the Fc-binding domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A. When titered on Her2/neu overexpressing SKBR3 human breast cancer cells, pseudotype VSV coated with Sindbis-ZZ had <1% the titer of pseudotype VSV coated with wild-type Sindbis gp. Titer was increased 50-fold when the Sindbis-ZZ pseudotype was conjugated with 4D5, a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against the Her2/neu receptor. Titers of antibody-conjugated virus were increased 36-fold on a second human breast cancer cell line, MCF7/H2, which expressed lower concentrations of Her2/neu receptor on the cell surface. At multiple concentrations of antibody, titers on SKBR3 cells were significantly greater when the virus was incubated with Herceptin, an antibody with a human Fc, than with 4D5, a mouse antibody, reflecting the known higher affinity of the protein A Fc-binding domain for human Fc. Analysis of the protein composition of the pseudotype VSV found low expression of the modified Sindbis gp on the virus accounting, in part, for a viral titer that did not exceed 1.2 x 10(5)/ml. This work demonstrates the ability to easily create, directly from plasmid components, an oncolytic replicating VSV with a restricted host cell range.
Spin supersolid in an anisotropic spin-one Heisenberg chain.

We consider an $S=1$ Heisenberg chain with strong exchange ($\ensuremath{\Delta}={J}_{z}/{J}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$) and single-ion uniaxial anisotropy ($D$) in a magnetic field ($B$) along the symmetry axis. The low-energy spectrum is described by an effective $S=1/2$ $XXZ$ model that acts on two different low-energy sectors for a finite range of fields. The vacuum of each sector exhibits Ising-like antiferromagnetic ordering coexisting with the finite spin stiffness obtained from the exact solution of the $XXZ$ model. In this way, we demonstrate the existence of a spin supersolid phase. We also compute the full $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{-}B$ quantum phase diagram using a quantum Monte Carlo method.
Use of tissue culture models to study neuronal regulatory trophic and toxic factors in the aged brain

Dementia is believed to result from the loss of selective neurons within the brain, but approaches for systematic study of that degenerative process are hampered by the complexity of the neuronal milieu. Tissue culture models provide a means to reduce dramatically the variables inherent in the study of neuronal plasticity. Three levels of complexity can be described: cellular and molecular diveristy; primary and secondary interconnections; and finally, the dynamics influenced by age. The following review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of tissue culture models for the detailed study of neuronal trophic and toxic factors. Our selection of factors is broadened to include ions, intermediate metabolites, antioxidants, steroids, neuropeptides, gangliosides, metals, neurotransmitters, brain extracts, and protein molecules. Most of these factors have been shown to be altered in the aged brain, to have a significant effect on cultured neurons, or both. This multilevel analysis provides the reader with an overview of the events regulating neuronal survival, differentiation and death. An understanding of these basic questions is necessary to sequence the molecular events resulting in neuronal death.
The synthesis, binding, and agglutinating activity of 6-aminohexyl β-d-mannopyranoside

Abstract 6-Aminohexyl β- d -mannopyranoside was synthesized by inversion of configuration at C-2 of the d -glucoside moiety of 6-aminohexyl β- d -glucopyranoside, and coupled to beads of cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4-B. This polymer was found to be inactive in the affinity chromatography of concanavalin A.
Two-photon luminescence properties of gold nanorods

Gold nanorods can be internalized by macrophages (an important early cellular marker in atherosclerosis and cancer) and used as an imaging contrast agent for macrophage targeting. Objective of this study is to compare two-photon luminescence (TPL) properties of four aspect ratios of gold nanorods with surface plasmon resonance at 700, 756, 844 and 1060 nm respectively. TPL from single nanorods and Rhodamine 6G particles was measured using a laser-scanning TPL microscope. Nanorod TPL emission spectrum was recorded by a spectrometer. Quadratic dependence of luminescence intensity on excitation power (confirming a TPL process) was observed below a threshold (e.g., <1.6 mW), followed by photobleaching at higher power levels. Dependence of nanorod TPL intensity on excitation wavelength indicated that the two-photon action cross section (TPACS) is plasmon-enhanced. Largest TPACS of a single nanorod (12271 GM) was substantially larger than a single Rhodamine 6G particle (25 GM) at 760 nm excitation. Characteristics of nanorod TPL emission spectrum can be explained by plasmon-enhanced interband transition of gold. Comparison results of TPL brightness, TPACS and emission spectrum of nanorods can guide selection of optimal contrast agent for selected imaging applications.
Rigid, Specific, and Discrete Gold Nanoparticle/Antibody Conjugates

A general method of rigid, specific labeling of proteins with gold clusters has been devised. The method relies on the conjugation of a glutathione monolayer-protected gold cluster (MPC) with a single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv), mutated to present an exposed cysteine residue. Efficient formation of a gold−thiolate bond between the MPC and scFv depends on activation of the gold cluster by chemical oxidation. Once formed, the MPC−scFv conjugate is treated with a reductant to quench cluster reactivity. The procedure has been performed with an MPC with an average Au71 core and an scFv directed against a tetrameric protein, the influenza neuraminidase. A complex of the MPC−scFv conjugate with the neuraminidase was isolated, and the presence of four gold clusters was verified by cryoelectron microscopy.
Regulation of human neurotropic JC virus replication by alternative splicing factor SF2/ASF in glial cells.

Background The human neurotropic virus, JC virus (JCV), is the etiologic agent of the fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephlopathy (PML) that is seen primarily in immunodeficient individuals. Productive infection of JCV occurs only in glial cells, and this restriction is, to a great extent, due to the activation of the viral promoter that has cell type-specific characteristics. Earlier studies led to the hypothesis that glial-specific activation of the JCV promoter is mediated through positive and negative transcription factors that control reactivation of the JCV genome under normal physiological conditions and suppress its activation in non-glial cells.
Electronic Properties of Metals at Low Temperatures

A many body theory of an electron gas is developed to find the internal and correlation energies at low but finite temperatures. The contribution from the first order exchange, second order (regular and anomalous) exchange, and ring diagrams are treated. The Fermi momentum and the correlation energy are determined as functions of the density by two different methods, one being based on iteration and the other a direct solution of the number density relation. It was found that the iterative solutions which are correct to ordere 2 ore 4 become negative forr s of order 5 while the direct solutions do not, indicating the invalidity of the former. Hence, the correlation energy evaluated to the same orders by iteration will not be satisfactory in the same range. The highest order iterative solution which includes terms of ordere 6 does not show such a breakdown. These terms which give the contribution of orderr s to the correlation energy are therefore important and tend to reduce the magnitude of the correlation energy. The corresponding curve is indeed close to that determined by the direct method for smallr s but a significant deviation takes place at largerr s . The Coulomb interaction seems less effective at higher temperatures. The internal energy is also determined as a function of density and temperature.
A remarkable new Macleania (Ericaceae) from Colombia

Macleania penduliflora is described from Antioquia, Colombia, and represents the first species of the genus with long-pendulous and ramiflorous inflorescences.
Not to offend: Observations on Iran, the hostages, and the hostage rescue mission—ten years later

Abstract Ten years ago, in a devilish “soft war” scenario, Iranian militants seized 65 (later 53) innocent American officials in Tehran. The move was immediately endorsed by Ayatollah Khomeini, who soon laid down his terms: no harm to the hostages but no release until Iran had gained satisfaction for its “grievances.” The Carter Administration hesitated, as a dialectic within the U. S. leadership emerged. One group held that the hostages would be released after they had served the purposes of the Iranian revolution, and that patient, dogged diplomacy was what was required. Another group held that Khomeini would respond to pressure and that U.S. national honor was being flouted. The extreme expression of the former group was that a way had to be found so that Khomeini could claim victory, in order to achieve the hostages’ release (whence is derived the principal significance of the title of the article). After months of tergiversations, during which sometimes promising but generally unsuccessful attempts a...
The natural history of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Purpose of review Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common indication for epilepsy surgery, yet little is known about its ‘natural’ history from initial onset. The review considers the available evidence and gaps in our current knowledge of the subject. Recent findings Although usually surgically treated in adulthood, the majority of people with refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy have their initial onset in childhood and adolescence. The course of the disorder is complex and may appear relatively benign at first with intractable seizures emerging only later. Early diagnosis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is made difficult due to the near absence of its MRI correlate, i.e. hippocampal atrophy, a lesion that seems to develop over time and is rarely present at initial onset. Early diagnosis is further complicated by the fact that there are likely many different entities that are localized to the temporal regions and are not clearly differentiated from each other initially. Summary Advances in understanding mesial temporal lobe epilepsy will require concerted efforts to characterize epilepsy with precision from onset and document its course over prolonged periods of time. Better recognition of specific subtypes currently lumped together as temporal lobe epilepsy is also needed.
Examining the effects of dopamine genes on verbal IQ within and between families

Although research findings have revealed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to variation in IQ at the individual level, no studies have examined how genetic differences contribute to differences in IQ within and between families. The current study uses data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine the potential role genetic factors play in shaping differences in IQ scores within and between families. The results revealed that while genetic variation between family members did not significantly predict differences in IQ scores, family-level dopaminergic risk scores did significantly predict differences in family-level IQ. The implications of the results are elaborated upon, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The optic tectum controls visually guided adaptive plasticity in the owl's auditory space map

The midbrain contains an auditory map of space that is shaped by visual experience. When barn owls are raised wearing spectacles that horizontally displace the visual field, the auditory space map in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX) shifts according to the optical displacement of the prisms. Topographic visual activity in the optic tectum could serve as the template that instructs the auditory space map. We studied the effects of a restricted, unilateral lesion in the portion of the optic tectum that represents frontal space. Here we show that such a lesion eliminates adaptive adjustments specifically in the portion of the auditory map that represents frontal space on the same side of the brain, while the rest of the map continues to adjust adaptively. Thus, activity in the tectum calibrates the auditory space map in a location-specific manner. Because the site of adaptive changes is the ICX, the results also indicate that the tectum provides a topographic instructive signal that controls adaptive auditory plasticity in the ICX.