cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on Schirmer tear test I values in normal horses

Objective To compare Schirmer tear test I (STTI) values collected in normal horses with and without an auriculopalpebral nerve block. Procedure Schirmer tear test I values were measured in 20 clinically normal horses (38 eyes) with a median age of 12 years. The order of eyes tested was randomized. Within 24–48 h, at the same time of day, tear measurements were collected again after administration of an auriculopalpebral nerve block. Each block was performed a minimum of 5 min prior to each STT I. A repeated-measures model was used to analyze differences between STT I values in eyes with and without nerve blocks incorporating within horse correlation between eyes. The mixed-model included fixed factors of treatment and eye and a random intercept for each horse. An unstructured covariance structure was used. Results On average, STT I values measured in eyes after auriculopalpebral nerve blocks were 0.55 mm/min greater than those without nerve blocks. This difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.5268). Conclusions There was no effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on STT I values in normal horses.
Center Research is Advancing the Science and Practice of Materials Joining

AbstractResearchers in the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Center of Excellence for the Synthesis and Processing of Advanced Materials (CSP) are advancing the science and practice of materials joining. The Center represents a new kind of research partnership among twelve DOE laboratories and includes appropriate university grant research, funded by DOE’s Division of Materials Sciences, as well as in-kind industrial collaborations.
Integrated Thermal and Power Delivery Network Co-Simulation Framework for Single-Die and Multi-Die Assemblies

This paper presents a thermal and power delivery network (PDN) co-simulation framework for single-die and emerging multi-die configurations that incorporates the interactions between temperature, supply voltage, and power dissipation. The temperature dependencies of wire resistivity and leakage power are considered, and the supply voltage dependencies of power dissipation are modeled. Starting with a reference power dissipation, the framework is capable of evaluating the temperature distribution and PDN noise simultaneously and eventually updating the power dissipation based on the thermal and supply voltage distributions. The simulation results of an example two-tier 3-D stack show that prior models considering only part of the interactions between temperature, supply voltage, and power dissipation have a maximum error of 7.66%, 9.79%, and 4.64% in IR-drop, transient power supply noise, and temperature, respectively.
Pegylated interferon alfa-2a in patients with essential thrombocythaemia or polycythaemia vera: a post-hoc, median 83 month follow-up of an open-label, phase 2 trial.

Summary Background Pegylated interferon alfa-2a is an immunomodulatory agent used to treat polycythemia vera. The durability of responses and long-term safety of this drug in patients with polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia have not been reported. Here, we present long-term efficacy and safety data from a single-centre, open-label, phase 2 trial, after a median of 83 months follow up. Methods Patients older than 18 years who were diagnosed with essential thrombocythaemia or polycythaemia vera according to 2001 WHO criteria were eligible to enrol in our study. The initial starting dose of pegylated interferon alfa-2a was 450 μg subcutaneously once per week, but was decreased in a stepwise manner due to toxic effects to a final starting dose of 90 μg per week: three patients were started at a dose of 450 μg per week, three at 360 μg per week, 19 at 270 μg per week, 26 at 180 μg per week, and 32 at 90 μg per week. Treatment was continued for as long as the patients derived clinical benefit with reductions in dose and frequency of administration allowed at the discretion of the treating physician. Haematological responses were assessed every 3–6 months on the basis of blood counts as defined by the European LeukemiaNet critieria. The primary endpoint of the initial study was the proportion of patients with a haematological response. Complete haematological response was defined as normalisation of blood counts (for patients with essential thrombocythaemia, platelets ≤440 × 10 9 per L; for patients with polycythaemia vera, haemoglobin Findings Between May 21, 2005, and Dec 1, 2015, patients were followed up for a median of 83 months (IQR 69–94 months). Pegylated interferon alfa-2a induced haematological (66 [80%] of 83 patients) and molecular responses (35 [63%] of 55 patients) in 40 patients with essential thrombocythaemia and 43 patients with polycythaemia vera, with median durations of 66 months (IQR 35–83) and 53 months (24–70), respectively. 26 (39%) of 66 haematological responders and 25 (71%) of 35 molecular responders (with the JAK2 Val617Phe mutation) have maintained some response during follow-up: 49% maintained their best molecular response (nine of ten patients who had a complete response, five of 20 who had a partial response, and three of five who had a minor response). The incidence of major venous-thrombotic events during the study was 1·22 per 100 person-years. Overall, 18 (22%) of 83 patients discontinued therapy due to treatment-related toxicity. Although toxicity rates decreased over time, five patients had treatment-limiting grade 3 or 4 toxicities after 60 months on therapy. 32 patients are still enrolled on the study. Interpretation Pegylated interferon alfa-2a can induce durable haematological and molecular responses in patients with essential thrombocythaemia and polycythaemia vera. This drug alone and in combination with other drugs could be explored further in clinical trials. Funding US National Cancer Institute.
Toward an Aesthetics of Creative Practice

AbstractThis paper is an argument for drawing creative practice to the center of philosophical aesthetics. Such an approach would engage philosophical problems that originate from artistic practices. It would also give aesthetics a role in the cultivation of creative practices, both inside and outside of traditional artistic fields. As such aesthetics would begin to engage questions that are pertinent to creativity and the enhancement of artful living.
A Coating-Free Nonfouling Polymeric Elastomer

Medical devices face nonspecific biofouling from proteins, cells, and microorganisms, which significantly contributes to complications and device failure. Imparting these devices with nonfouling capabilities remains a major challenge, particularly for those made from elastomeric polymers. Current strategies, including surface coating and copolymerization/physical blending, necessitate compromise among nonfouling properties, durability, and mechanical strength. Here, a new strategy is reported to achieve both high bulk mechanical strength and excellent surface nonfouling properties, which are typically contradictory, in one material. This is realized through a nonfouling polymeric elastomer based on zwitterionic polycarboxybetaine derivatives. By hiding both charged moieties of the zwitterionic compounds with hydrocarbon ester and tertiary amine groups, the bulk polymer itself is elastomeric and hydrophobic while its superhydrophilic surface properties are restored upon hydrolysis. This coating-free nonfouling elastomer is a highly promising biomaterial for biomedical and engineering applications.
HTC Corp. in 2009

Taiwan-based HTC Corp. had emerged as the world's fourth largest smartphone manufacturer by 2009. CEO Peter Chou was extremely proud of the remarkable achievements his company had made over the last 12 years since starting off as an unknown manufacturer of PDAs for other companies. Yet Chou faced several decisions in order to move his company forward. Competition for high-end, sophisticated mobile devices was intensifying as HTC faced big name players such as Nokia, Apple, and Samsung Electronics. Many companies were offering their own application stores. What did HTC have to do to become a more powerful global brand? Where should HTC participate in the value chain in one of the most exciting, innovative product categories in the technology world?
Time-Dependent Behavior of Randomly Reinforced Polymeric Composites

This article summarizes the recent experimental results and constitutive formulations concerning the behavior of two types of randomly reinforced polymeric composites. It is shown that the mechanical behavior of these composites can be modeled by means of coupled viscoelasticity and continuum damage theories.
Expression of Transferred Thymidine Kinase Genes in Mouse L Cells: Evidence for Control by DNA Methylation

The presence of methylated bases in the DNA of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes has been known for some time. In prokaryotic DNA, both 6-methyladenosine and 5-methylcytosine (m5C) are found, while in mammalian DNA, the only detectable methylated base is m5C (Wyatt, 1951). From 2 to 7% of cytosine residues are found as m5C, and more than 90% of the methylated C residues are found in the dinucleotide sequence CpG (Grippo et al., 1970). The distribution of m5C in the DNA is nonrandom, and both the pattern and level of methylation appear to be species-specific and tissue-specific (Razin and Riggs, 1980; Ehrlich and Wang, 1981). The pattern of methylation is probably established during development and is passed on from a differentiated cell to its daughters following the action of one or more “maintenance methylase” enzymes, which act on hemimethylated DNA shortly after replication (Gruenbaum et al., 1982). The symmetry of the CpG sequence allows one parental strand, which is methylated, to act as a template for the methylation of the new strand (Holliday and Pugh, 1975; Razin and Riggs, 1980; Ehrlich and Wang, 1981).
SAR imaging of oceanic and atmospheric gravity waves

In the stratified fluid, ocean and atmosphere, waves are generated at all scales. Internal wave is one type of waves that modulate the flow field and have an imprint either at the surface or in the interior of the fluid. These modulations of flow physical and biological field can be imaged by spaceborne synthetic aperture radar and other satellite sensors. In this paper, the SAR observations of such waves are presented. The similarity of internal waves in atmospheric and oceanic origin can be clearly seen. Their generating sources are different, although varying topography plays an important role in their generations.
Impact of hemodynamics and fluid energetics on liver fibrosis after Fontan operation

Abstract Objective The staged Fontan procedure has shown promising short-term outcomes in patients with single ventricles. However, Fontan-associated liver disease is a marked problem as patients age. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between hemodynamics and liver fibrosis in patients undergoing the Fontan. Methods A total of 33 patients undergoing the Fontan with liver fibrosis were included in this study. Cardiac magnetic resonance and phase-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance data, as well as catheterization measurements and liver biopsies, were obtained for each patient. Computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed to quantify total cavopulmonary connection hemodynamics using patient-specific anatomies and blood flow waveforms reconstructed from cardiac magnetic resonance data. Collagen deposition (as a measure of liver fibrosis) was quantified by digital image analysis of Sirius Red stained slides. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate potential relationships between liver fibrosis and Fontan hemodynamics. Results Liver fibrosis was found to be related to global metrics (inferior vena cava flow, ventricle power output) rather than to local total cavopulmonary connection hemodynamics and efficiency. Indexed inferior vena cava flow showed a significant, positive correlation with liver fibrosis (rho = 0.624, P P = .008). Conclusions Significant increases in inferior vena cava flow consistent with fibrosis induced arterialization and ventricular power output suggest a burden being placed on the single ventricle from liver fibrosis. Local total cavopulmonary connection flow dynamics do not seem to influence the degree of fibrosis. Favorable total cavopulmonary connection hemodynamics may not be enough to overcome the power shortage and elevated venous pressures inherent to a Fontan circulation.
Relationships Between the Axial Derotation of the Lower Instrumented Vertebra and Uninstrumented Lumbar Curve Correction: Radiographic Outcome in Lenke 1 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis With a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up.

Background Preoperative spinal parameters are used to guide the fusion levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) spinal surgery. However, the impact of the factors modifiable by the surgeon in varying levels of preoperative patient-specific variables is not fully explored. The goal of this study was to identify the association between axial rotation correction of the lower instrumented vertebra (LIV) and spontaneous correction of the uninstrumented lumbar spine as a function of preoperative 3 dimensional (3D) curve characteristics in Lenke 1 AIS. Methods Twenty-three Lenke1 AIS with a minimum 2-year follow-up were included. All patients had biplanar spinal x-rays and 3D reconstructions at preoperative, first erect, and 2-year follow-up visits. Five patient factors were measured preoperatively: kyphosis and lumbar modifiers, and thoracic to lumbar curve rotation, translation, and frontal deformity angle ratios. One surgical factor, percentage of LIV rotation correction, was determined from the preoperative and first erect 3D models. A factorial design analysis was implemented to determine the impact of surgical and patient factors, both separately and in combination, on 2-year radiographic outcomes of spontaneous correction of the uninstrumented spine. Results Spontaneous lumbar Cobb and lumbar apical rotation correction were predicted significantly by patient and surgical factors, P Conclusion The relationship between LIV rotation correction and spontaneous lumbar curve correction after selective thoracic fusion varied based on the patient's 3D preoperative curve characteristics. Patients with lumbar modifier C and apical vertebrae translation ratios >1.5 showed improved lumbar Cobb correction in 2-years when 50% or more LIV rotation correction was achieved surgically.
Las presas de Glen Canyon y Flaming Gorge

El Bureau of Reclamation, con sede en Denver, Colorado (EE. UU.), esta actualmente construyendo dos presas, de hormigon y gran altura. Este Departamento desempena una funcion similar a la que vienen desarrollando nuestras Confederaciones hidrograficas nacionales. Las dos presas son: la de Glen Canyon, de 216 m de altura, y la de Flaming Gorge, de 153, que son las mas importantes en cuanto a almacenamiento y reserva se refiere.
Operative treatment of fractures and dislocations of the hand and wrist region in children

The indications for open treatment of skeletal injury of the pediatric hand and wrist region are limited, but failure to surgically treat these fractures and dislocations will cause later morbidity. Irreducible dislocations of the small joints of a child's hand require open reduction. Angulated fractures of the middle and proximal phalanx in the region of the neck or distal shaft also require exact reduction because of the poor remodeling capacity in that region. Irreducible Salter-Harris II fractures of the distal radius and unstable Galeazzi type fracture-dislocations of the distal radius in the older child should also be treated using open methods if a satisfactory closed reduction cannot be obtained. All treatment recommendations are based on limited case reports, and the surgeon treating such rare injuries should review the limited pertinent literature before beginning treatment of these rare injuries.
Interactive Program Verification

One school holds that a program should be developed hand-in-hand with a proof that the program satisfies its specification [Dijkstra76, Gries81]. Support for this programming methodology can be provided in the form of a proof editor that permits a programmer to create and modify program proofs. The editor provides the programmer with feedback about errors that exist in a proof as it is developed, using knowledge embedded within the editor of the programming logic’s inference rules [Reps84].
MRI in idiopathic, stable, slipped capital femoral epiphysis: evaluation of contralateral pre-slip.

Abstract Purpose Early diagnosis and treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is important to prevent slip progression and avoid complications. We sought to determine if MRI findings i...
Shareholder Activism: Driver of Corporate Change or Much Ado about Nothing?

As shareholder activists’ influence on corporate affairs continues to escalate, it is increasingly critical for both researchers and practitioners to understand shareholder activism processes, moti...
Using Wordle in Addictions Education

The authors of this article present a creative teaching strategy which illustrates how Wordle can be used in the addiction courses in counselor education programs. Wordle creates a representation o...
Students' Perceptions and Preferences

Abstract This chapter is focused on the students' perceptions and preferences for types of homework questions. We begin this chapter with a brief discussion about how to think about students and how that affects how we approach the design of educational materials, including homework. Next, we explain the dimensions of design and how they affect the perceived value of homework. The homework value equation is used to illustrate how the three dimensions of design can affect the value of homework and also can affect student motivation toward doing the homework. We then present three methods of obtaining information about students' perceptions and preferences for Traditional and Guided Cognition homework questions. The first method is to ask for ratings on a well-defined scale. The second is to provide options and to see what students choose to do. And the third way is to ask them to create and answer homework questions to determine whether experience with Guided Cognition homework influences their thinking. We show results from each of these ways.
An Autonomous Labeling Pipeline for Intrusion Detection on Enterprise Networks

The volume of cyberattacks has grown exponentially over the last half-decade and shows no signs of slowing down. Additionally, attacks are rapidly evolving and are becoming increasingly more sophisticated. Cyber companies and academics alike have turned to machine learning to build models that learn data-driven rules for threat detection. However, these methods require a substantial amount of training data, and many enterprises lack the infrastructure to label their own network traffic for supervised learning. An added complexity to the labeling problem is that IP addresses are frequently reassigned to new hosts. In this paper, we lay a foundation for an autonomous traffic labeling pipeline that incorporates three different sources of ground truth and requires minimal manual intervention. We apply the labeling pipeline to network traffic data acquired from the University of Virginia. We process the network traffic with a popular network monitoring framework called Zeek, which provides aggregated statistics about the packets exchanged between a source and destination over a certain time interval. Additionally, the labeling pipeline synthesizes data from a network of honeypots compiled by the Duke STINGAR project, a series of nine blacklists, and a whitelist called Cisco Umbrella. We show, using cluster, port, and IP-location analyses, that a labeling methodology that ensembles the different data sources is better than one using only the individual sources. The labeling methodology proposed in the paper will aid enterprise network administrators in building robust intrusion detection systems.
Tricuspid Valve: Congenital Abnormalities and Stenosis

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has incremental diagnostic value over two-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of the tricuspid valve. 3DE provides en face view of all leaflets of the tricuspid valve. The understanding of tricuspid valve leaflet morphology and mechanisms of valvular regurgitation from 3DE provides valuable insights into tricuspid valve function, and assists in the planning for surgical interventions. Congenital abnormalities of the tricuspid valve and illustrative clinical cases are presented in this chapter.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Subtypes, Co-Occurring Psychiatric Symptoms and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Adolescents Receiving Substance Abuse Treatment.

AbstractBackground: Adolescents entering substance abuse treatment report clustered psychiatric symptoms and sexual risk behaviors representing differential levels of impairment and risk for malada...
Who Counts as Family? Gamete donation and the construction of family forms in medical markets:

This paper examines how gender beliefs are embedded in the organizational practices of the reproductive market. Third party reproduction blurs boundaries between familial and non-familial members, ...
Expanding the Known Ranges of the Phreatic Snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Cochliopidae) of Texas, USA

The Edwards-Trinity Aquifer System of Texas, USA, one of the world's most ecologically diverse groundwater systems, contains 14 species (across seven genera) of small, poorly studied freshwater snails. Their underground habitat and microscopic size make them difficult to study and identify. Most published records are from original species descriptions, and some have not been seen since they were described more than 100 years ago. Here we use ∼150 new collections, including spring and hyporheic zone sampling from across the Texas portions of the Edwards-Trinity Aquifer System, to update the ranges of these species. Two species were very uncommon, if encountered at all; individuals that might be Phreatodrobia imitata were seen at one sampling location, and a single individual of P. punctata was encountered once. The most frequently encountered snail, P. nugax, can be highly abundant and is found across a wide range. Other notable findings include the rediscovery and greatly expanded range of Stygopyrgus bartonensis, the Barton Cavesnail, as well as range extensions of 100 km or more for several species.
8.02 – Trametinib

Trametinib is a highly potent, highly selective allosteric inhibitor of MEK1/2. However, trametinib was not discovered from pursuing MEK inhibitory activities. Our synthetic efforts, beginning from a lead compound identified by a cell-based phenotypic high-throughput screen to identify those compounds that increase p15INK4b, a gene in the INK4 family, were directed at improving antiproliferative activity against cancer cells as well as various other drug properties. These efforts led to the discovery of highly potent and selective MEK inhibitors. Trametinib is a new structural class of MEK inhibitor possessing the unique pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine core. This feature likely contributes to the superior in vivo activity of this compound.
Abstract TP306: The Problem With Transitions: An Evaluation of Appointment Compliance in the Transition of Care Clinic

Background: Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the US and a leading cost of disability. The National Transitions of Care (TOC) Coalition has developed a conceptual model of transitional ...
How to teach Breast ERAS protocols: Surgical residents’ perspectives and perioperative practices for mastectomy patients.

11033Background: Breast enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols emphasize multimodal analgesia to decrease pain and expedite home recovery, but variability remains for same-day discharge a...
Balanced Enhancements of Synaptic Excitation and Inhibition Underlie Developmental Maturation of Receptive Fields in the Mouse Visual Cortex.

Neurons in the developing visual cortex undergo progressive functional maturation as indicated by the refinement of their visual feature selectivity. However, changes of the synaptic architecture underlying the maturation of spatial visual receptive fields (RFs) per se remain largely unclear. Here, loose-patch as well as single-unit recordings in layer 4 of mouse primary visual cortex (V1) of both sexes revealed that RF development in a post-eye-opening period is marked by an increased proportion of cortical neurons with spatially defined RFs, together with the increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of spiking responses. By exploring excitatory and inhibitory synaptic RFs with whole-cell voltage clamp recordings, we observed a balanced enhancement of both synaptic excitation and inhibition, and that while the excitatory subfield size remains relatively constant during development, the inhibitory subfield is broadened. This balanced developmental strengthening of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs results in enhanced visual responses and together with a reduction of spontaneous firing rate contributes to the maturation of visual cortical RFs. Visual deprivation by dark rearing impedes the normal strengthening of excitatory inputs but leaves the apparently normal enhancement of inhibition while preventing the broadening of the inhibitory subfield, leading to weakened RF responses and a reduced fraction of neurons exhibiting a clear RF, as compared to normally reared animals. Our data demonstrate that an experience-dependent and coordinated maturation of excitatory and inhibitory circuits underlie the functional development of visual cortical RFs. Significance Statement The organization of synaptic receptive fields (RFs) is a fundamental determinant of feature selectivity functions in the cortex. However, how changes of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs lead to the functional maturation of visual RFs during cortical development remains not well-understood. In layer 4 of mouse primary visual cortex (V1), we show that a coordinated, balanced enhancement of synaptic excitation and inhibition contributes to the developmental maturation of spatially defined visual RFs. Visual deprivation by dark rearing partially interferes this process, resulting in a relatively more dominant inhibitory tone and a reduced fraction of neurons exhibiting clear RFs at the spike level. These data provide an unprecedented understanding of the functional development of visual cortical RFs at the synaptic level.
Vehicle Management Policies for Automated Transportation Systems

Abstract A new approach to the problem of managing vehicles within a personalized automated transportation system is outlined. Two alternative vehicle management strategies are suggested; each is potentially applicable to either scheduled or demand responsive systems possessing large numbers of vehicles, topologically complicated guideway networks and capacitated stations. The proposed strategies take station capacity constraints into account by guaranteeing that under normal operating conditions (i.e., no emergencies) no vehicle is ever prevented from entering its destination station because of the unavailability of a berth.
Population — Labor supply

This chapter elaborates the importance of population-labor supply in industrial site selection. Both the quality and the quantity of the labor supply are critical to most industrial site selection programs. Shortages of labor can cause some firms to move to a new location. Labor difficulties, work disruptions, and antagonistic positions taken by labor and management have been the bases for other firms to change locations. Sound labor relations can attract labor from adjoining areas. Small communities may be trading centers for a large population that is accustomed to traveling distances to work or to trade. This chapter discusses typical community labor data available from North Carolina State. The chapter has a table that provides statistics that is revised annually or more often if there is a need. Any industry inquiring for labor information can obtain further or later details, if it seems useful. Another table presented in the chapter shows how North Carolina covers questions on unions and jobs. The community profile statements in the table provide background information covering manufacturing labor skills.
Blinded review of Papanicolaou smears in the context of litigation

BACKGROUND Blinded review has been endorsed by several cytology and pathology organizations as the most appropriate method for the review of cervicovaginal specimens in the context of litigation. Methods for determining the statistical validity of this method were evaluated. METHODS First, the authors calculated the sample size needed to detect various differences in case difficulty or ease of interpretation, in which ease of interpretation is defined as the percentage of the time a case could be identified as abnormal by routine screening. Very easy cases could be identified most reliably, whereas more difficult cases were detected less regularly and less reliably. Using construct sample sizes, the authors calculated the number of abnormal reviews that may be helpful to conclude that the case's difficulty or ease of interpretation was statistically significantly different from another case of a specified difficulty. Finally, they examined the effect of using two separate cutoff parameters to make these distinctions. RESULTS Depending on the threshold chosen, it was determined that improvements in the statistically meaningful distinctions may be made using 15 or 20 reviews. To distinguish between routine false-negative cases (ease of detection, 40%) and routine cases (ease of detection, 80%), the thresholds may be set at 5 of 10 reviews (a case that would not be detected regularly and reliably in any given laboratory) and 7 of 10 reviews (defining a case that would be identified regularly and reliably), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The authors provide data that can be used to interpret the results of a blinded review in a statistically appropriate manner. To improve the utility of blinded reviews, the standards are defined explicitly. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
The Second Stalk Composed of the b- and δ-subunits Connects F0 to F1 via an α-Subunit in theEscherichia coli ATP Synthase

The b- and delta-subunits of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase are critical for binding ECF1 to the F0 part, and appear to constitute the stator necessary for holding the alpha3beta3 hexamer as the c-epsilon-gamma domain rotates during catalysis. Previous studies have determined that the b-subunits are dimeric for a large part of their length, and interact with the F1 part through the delta-subunit (Rodgers, A. J. W., Wilkens, S., Aggeler, R., Morris, M. B., Howitt, S. M., and Capaldi, R. A. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 31058-31064). To further study b-subunit interactions, three mutants were constructed in which Ser-84, Ala-144, and Leu-156, respectively, were replaced by Cys. Treatment of purified ECF1F0 from all three mutants with CuCl2 induced disulfide formation resulting in b-subunit dimer cross-link products. In addition, the mutant bL156C formed a cross-link from a b-subunit to an alpha-subunit via alphaCys90. Neither b-b nor b-alpha cross-linking had significant effect on ATPase activities in any of the mutants. Proton pumping activities were measured in inner membranes from the three mutants. Dimerization of the b-subunit did not effect proton pumping in mutants bS84C or bA144C. In the mutant bL156C, CuCl2 treatment reduced proton pumping markedly, probably because of uncoupling caused by the b-alpha cross-link formation. The results show that the alpha-subunit forms part of the binding site on ECF1 for the b2delta domain and that the b-subunit extends all the way from the membrane to the top of the F1 structure. Some conformational flexibility in the connection between the second stalk and F1 appears to be required for coupled catalysis.
Factors associated with burnout in the social services: An exploratory study

Based upon a sample of 106 social workers, factors related to burnout are examined. Several variables related to the job structure within the social services emerge as potentially important determinants of burnout. These include satisfaction, autonomy, self-esteem, and discrepancy. It would appear that the source of the burnout problem is more a function of the job situation than a function of individual personality. A social service agency will obtain higher worker effectiveness and less worker exhaustion by recognizing the need for worker independence, self-esteem, acceptance, and support.
Understanding the Adaptive Functions of Morality from a Cognitive Psychological Perspective

What are the possible functions of moral cognition? Addressing this question has proved difficult, leading to disagreement among moral psychologist. Researchers claiming that morality is composed of many distinct domains have posited multiple functions, whereas researchers focusing on the features that are unique to and common across all moral judgments have suggested a unified evolutionary function. In this review, we suggest that the limitations of these accounts can be overcome by systematically investigating the cognitive mechanisms that support moral judgments across descriptively distinct domains. As a case study, we focus on the contrast between harm and purity morals, and we argue for a novel functional difference on the basis of differences in the underlying psychological processes. Understanding the psychology behind distinct morals will pave the way for understanding the distinct functions of moral cognition. Keywords: morality; function; harm; purity; cognitive processes
Should Antitrust Condemn Tying Arrangements that Increase Price Without Restraining Competition

Early in the development of the antitrust laws, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that conditioning the sale of one product on the customer's agreement to purchase another ("tying" or "tie-in sales") was inherently anticompetitive and lacked any redeeming virtue. During the Chicago School's ascendancy, article after article appeared challenging that notion and explaining how tying could benefit consumers. Einer Elhauge's article, "Tying, Bundled Discounts, and the Death of the Single Monopoly Profit Theory," 123 Harv. L. Rev. 397 (2009), finally turns the tables, purporting to show that tying, in many of its forms, is bad for consumers after all. In the process, Elhauge takes on not just the old Chicago School, but also the current mainstream commentators who oppose existing law's tough approach to tying.Valuable as all this is, Elhauge makes one less than convincing claim: that antitrust law should condemn tying by firms with market power even when the practice does not restrain competition in the tied product market. He systematically seeks to show that tying enables a firm with market power to charge higher prices than it could if it simply charged the profit-maximizing price on the tying product alone. But he shortchanges the most compelling counter argument: namely, that granting firms with market power broad leeway to exploit that power actually benefits consumers over time so long as competing firms are not restrained. Despite the short-run harm from temporarily higher prices, the opportunity to charge them encourages rival firms to invest in innovative activities that are essential to a vibrant economy.This Response first articulates the case for permitting firms that do not restrain competition to exploit market power through tying. The Response criticizes Elhauge's counter-points, and concludes that irrespective of who wins the economic debate, Elhauge's approach necessarily conflicts at a deep level with the theory of competition policy that underlies antitrust law. As a result, one who accepts his argument with respect to tying would be compelled to re-examine antitrust doctrine all the way down to its core.
Complete cDNA sequences of mouse rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase α- and β-subunits, and identification of β′-, a putative β-subunit isozyme produced by alternative splicing of the β-subunit gene

Abstract We have characterized overlapping cDNA clones encoding cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) α- and β-subunits of mouse retinal rod photoreceptors. The open reading frames predict an α-subunit of 100 kDa (856 residues), and a β-subunit of 99 kDa (853 residues). Sequence analysis of two of twelve β-subunit clones predicts the presence in the retina of an additional PDE, termed β, which is generated by alternative splicing of the β-subunit gene, β differs from β only at the C-terminus being 55 residues shorter and lacking the Caax motif found at the C-termini of both the α- and β-subunits. A 300 residue segment thought to contain the active site is present in the C-terminal half of α, β and β.
Mechanism for Activation of Molecular Oxygen by cis- and trans-(Pyridine)_2Pd(OAc)H: Pd^0 versus Direct Insertion

We use quantum mechanics to elucidate the mechanism for the reaction of molecular oxygen with palladium−hydride complexes, (pyridine)_2−PdII(H)OAc, in toluene, focusing specifically on the direct insertion pathway of dioxygen into the Pd−H bond and pathways proceeding through a Pd^0 intermediate for both cis and trans starting configurations as well as with the assistance of an extra HOAc molecule We report the potential energy surfaces and structures for each of these pathways. This is the first examination of these two mechanisms for both cis and trans isomers of a system employing two monodentate ligands. It is the first case of acid-assisted reductive elimination from a square planar Pd−H. The calculated mechanisms indicate that cis/trans isomerization is feasible and demonstrates that the Pd^0 pathway is favored for both cis (ΔΔH = 2.2 kcal/mol, ΔΔG = 9.3 kcal/mol) and trans cases (HOAc-assisted; ΔΔH = −2.6 kcal/mol, ΔΔG = 5.8 kcal/mol) demonstrating that the presence of two monodentate ligands changes the mechanism from that of the bidentate case.
Spacebased observations of the seasonal changes of south Asian monsoons and oceanic responses

The seasonal changes of monsoons in the South China Sea and the Arabian Sea are compared, using observations by spaceborne microwave scatterometers and radiometers. The oceanic responses to the forcing of wind stress and latent heat flux resulting from the monsoon changes are identified through surface temperature tendency and sea level changes.
H. N. Martin and W. K. Brooks: Exemplars for American Biology?

The Johns Hopkins University offered the first modern, American, research-oriented programin biology when it opened in 1876. The program included both physiological and morphological work, so that students could choose either for their advanced degrees. Physiologists studied with Henry Newell Martin, morphologists with William Keith Brooks. Yet students took courses in both areas, and the unique exposure to two lines of research and to two very different sorts of teachers made the Johns Hopkins program exceptional. This paper outlines the dual character of biology at Hopkins, and the particular contributions of both Martin and Brooks. It also argues that the impact of that unique dual offering on four of the more famous students, E. B. Wilson, T. H. Morgan, E. G. Conklin, and R. G. Harrison, strongly influenced the successful and progressive program of research that each chose.
Relative extents of activity loss between enzyme–substrate interactions and combined environmental mechanisms

Abstract Enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass undergoes a significant decrease in rate, which is often attributed to activity loss of enzyme during the incubation. Activity loss due to both interaction with substrate (for example inactivation of adsorbed enzyme) and all combined environmental mechanisms in a substrate free buffer solution were compared in this study. Enzyme–substrate interactions contributed more towards the overall activity loss than did the combined environmental sources as evidenced from three independent metrics. (1) Relative extents of inactivation were higher for enzyme–substrate interactions than for environmental mechanisms. (2) Apparent half-lives (1.37–11.01 h) following interaction with substrate were relatively small compared to environmental inactivation, which was 21.5 h. (3) The inactivation rate constant for enzyme–substrate interactions (0.56 h −1 ) was 46 times higher than that of environmental inactivation (0.0123 h −1 ). These results suggest enzyme–substrate interaction is the main cause of cellulase activity loss and contributes significantly to the slow rate of hydrolysis.
Solving a woody biomass truck scheduling problem for a transport company in Western Oregon, USA.

Abstract With rising fuel costs and enhanced environmental concerns, the use of renewable energy has been steadily considered and widely expounded as a solution to the challenges of global energy security and climate change. The use of woody biomass, in particular, has received considerable attention for energy production. However, high production and transportation costs can be a barrier to woody biomass utilization in some regions. Identifying or developing cost effective production and transportation systems has become an economically critical issue to expand biomass utilization. We developed an optimization model to solve a truck scheduling problem for transporting four types of woody biomass in western Oregon. For an actual 50-load order size, the truck scheduling model produced significant improvements in solution values within 18 s. The average reductions in transportation cost and total travel time were 18% and 15%, respectively.
Simple Model for Some Dense Magnetic Exciton Systems

The (triplet‐state) TCNQ ion radical salts and also Wurster's blue perchlorate exhibit deviations from the normal behavior of typical molecular solids. These systems are believed to contain triplet excitons which are restricted to essentially a unidirectional propagation. A simple phenomenological model is presented which attempts to describe the gross aspects of the observed anomalous behavior in terms of the relatively high exciton concentrations indicated. The model derives its interesting features from a quadratic dependence of the free energy on the excitation density (exciton concentration); the presence of such a term is made plausible by considerations of exciton—exciton and exciton—lattice interactions. The model accounts for the occurrence of phase transitions similar to those observed in (φ3PCH3)+(TCNQ)2— and Wurster's blue perchlorate and indicates that under appropriate conditions one may achieve unusual magnetic phenomena in molecular solids.
The boron-to-beryllium ratio in halo stars - A signature of cosmic-ray nucleosynthesis in the early Galaxy

We discuss Galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) spallation production of Li, Be, and B in the early Galaxy with particular attention to the uncertainties in the predictions of this model. The observed correlation between the Be abundance and the metallicity in metal-poor Population II stars requires that Be was synthesized in the early Galaxy. We show that the observations and such Population II GCR synthesis of Be are quantitatively consistent with the big bang nucleosynthesis production of Li-7. We find that there is a nearly model independent lower bound to B/Be of about 7 for GCR synthesis. Recent measurements of B/Be about 10 in HD 140283 are in excellent agreement with the predictions of Population II GCR nucleosynthesis. Measurements of the boron abundance in additional metal-poor halo stars is a key diagnostic of the GCR spallation mechanism. We also show that Population II GCR synthesis can produce amounts of Li-6 which may be observed in the hottest halo stars.
Scaling of 1 < d < 25 dimensional non-critical string theory

We consider scaling of 1 < d < 25 dimensional non-critical string theory. Starting with a trivial string theory in d dimensions, we follow a deformation parameter to find a new fixed point. The “string susceptibility” of the new fixed point is calculated. We further demonstrate that the new fixed point should correspond to the non-critical string theory.
The Vibrational Levels of Linear Symmetrical Triatomic Molecules

The theory proposed by E. Fermi of the energy levels of molecules of the C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ type is discussed. It is shown that this assumes a particularly simple form when expressed in the coordinates used by Dennison for describing such molecules. When there exist no integral or nearly integral relations between the vibrational frequencies the first order energy correction $\ensuremath{\lambda}{W}_{1}$ caused by the anharmonic forces vanishes leaving only the second order term ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}{W}_{2}$. When, however, two of the fundamental frequencies are commensurable, certain of the energy levels coincide thus becoming degenerate. This degeneracy may be removed by the anharmonic forces in which case there appears a first order energy constant $\ensuremath{\lambda}{W}_{1}$ different from zero. The value of $\ensuremath{\lambda}{W}_{1}$ is computed explicitly for certain of the lower energy states and it appears that the only levels which interact under the influence of the resonance are those having the same value of the azimuthal quantum number $l$. From this it follows that the selection rules are not affected by the existence of the resonance. Finally it is shown how the first order term $\ensuremath{\lambda}{W}_{1}$ goes over into the second order term ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}{W}_{2}$ as the resonance between the frequencies becomes less and less exact. When these results are applied to the C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ spectrum it is found that the resonance between ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}$ and $2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ is almost perfect and consequently the energy levels can only be ordered with the help of the first order term $\ensuremath{\lambda}{W}_{1}$. For C${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ on the other hand the difference between ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}$ and $2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ is so large that the effect of the resonance on the positions of the energy levels may be disregarded.
Ion transport and water dissociation in bipolar ion exchange membranes

Abstract This paper treats ion transport and water dissociation in “bipolar membranes”, consisting of juxtaposed cation and anion exchangers. Bipolar membranes are the close ion analogues of the semiconductor p—n junction and show similar, but not identical, current rectification behavior. The major difference between these two systems is that bipolar membranes contain a total of four mobile species. We attempt a simplified treatment which includes the flux of all four ions and find that, though the current is on the average carried by only two ions, which two they are depends on the voltage range in question. The flux of minority carriers, though relatively unimportant at small applied voltages, becomes crucial at high voltages, and at very high voltages the process of water splitting dominates. When the fluxes of all four ions are taken into consideration it is possible to predict qualitatively the experimentally observed current—voltage curves over the entire voltage range. We discuss the importance of symmetry and the restrictions of studying an idealized system. Suggestions for further work are included.