cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The vestibular complex of the American opossum didelphis virginiana. II. Afferent and efferent connections.

We have demonstrated the connectivity of the opossum's vestibular nuclei using degeneration, autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques and have found it to be generally comparable to that reported for the cat. Apart from the primary input described in Part I of our study, the cerebellum provides the major source of afferent connections to the vestibular complex. Axons from the cerebellar cortex distribute mainly to vestibular areas which receive no primary afferent projections, e.g., the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus, the dorsolateral margin of the inferior vestibular nucleus as well as cell groups comparable to "f" and "x." In contrast, fastigial fibers show considerable overlap with primary vestibular input, particularly in the ventral part of the lateral nucleus, the central part of the inferior nucleus and the medial nucleus. Axons of fastigial origin also distribute to the superior vestibular nucleus, to subnuclei "f" and "x" and to the parasolitary region. Although spinal fibers are diffuse within the main vestibular nuclei, they ramify quite densely within subnucleus "x." Most of the spinovestibular projection appears to arise in the cervical spinal cord of the opossum. Ipsilateral connections from the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and surrounding areas end predominantly, but not exclusively, in the medial vestibular nucleus. A crossed midbrain projection has been verified from the red nucleus to cell group "x" and the lateral part of the inferior nucleus, as well as to an area possibly comparable to cell group "z," as described for the cat. In Part I of our study we have shown that the major targets of primary vestibular fibers are the central part of the superior nucleus, a portion of the parabrachial complex possibly comparable to subnucleus "y"," the ventral part of the lateral nucleus and the medial nucleus. All of these primary zones give rise to fibers supplying extraocular nuclei and surrounding areas (present study). The ascending midbrain fibers from the superior nucleus end mainly ipsilaterally, whereas those from the putative subnucleus "y" and the medial vestibular nucleus distribute contralaterally for the most part. Although the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus has no primary vestibular input, it does receive a major projection from the cerebellar cortex. This same region of the lateral nucleus projects to the spinal cord, but not to extraocular nuclei. The ventral part of the lateral nucleus, and perhaps the medial nucleus, also relay to the spinal cord. Additional projections from all vestibular nuclei to the reticular formation provide indirect routes through which the vestibular nuclei can potentially effect multiple systems, including those innervating the spinal cord. Finally, commissural vestibular connections of the opossum are shown to arise within all four major nuclei.
Danthonia Spicata (Poaceae) and Atkinsonella Hypoxylon (Balansiae): environmental dependence of a symbiosis.

Epiphytic and endophytic fungal infections often enhance plant growth. However, supporting active fungal tissue may be costly to plants in low-nutrient conditions and may affect the spatial distribution of host plants in heterogeneous environments. We examined the field distribution of Danthoniia spicata infected and uninfected by the epiphytic fungus Atkinsonzella haypoxylotz relative to soil resource levels. We also conducted a greenhouse experiment to determine how D. spicata growth and performance responded to soil fertility and moisture. In two of three field populations, locations where A. hypoxylon occurred had higher ammonia, but lower soil moisture, than locations where D. spicata were uninfected. Infected and uninfected plants had similar growth rates across greenhouse treatments, but infected plants had a performance (size X survival) disadvantage relative to uninfected plants in high-nutrient, highmoisture and low-nutrient, low-moisture conditions. Field locations with D. spicata had low soil moisture, thus the performance disadvantage of infected plants in low-nutrient, low-moisture conditions corresponds to field observations that infected plants are rare in habitats with low ammonia. In a field common garden, infected plants had higher nitrogen concentrations than uninfected plants, suggesting that high nitrogen demand by A. /hpoxylon may exclude infected plants from low-fertility field locations.
A thermodynamic and kinetic basis for understanding metastable phase formation during ion-beam mixing of nickel-aluminum alloys

A quantitative thermodynamic explanation for the formation of metastable phases in the nickel-aluminum alloy system through heavy-ion irradiation is presented. The role of kinetics in the transformation to a metastable state is also investigated. Experiments involved the irradiation of both layered nickel-aluminum samples and ordered intermetallic compounds with 500 keV krypton ions over a range of temperatures and compositions. Samples were formed by alternate evaporation of layers of nickel and aluminum. A portion of these samples was subsequently annealed to form intermetallic compounds. Irradiations were performed at both room temperature and 80 K using the 2 MV ion accelerator at Argonne National Laboratory. Phase transformations were observed during both in situ irradiations in the high-voltage electron microscope at Argonne and also in subsequent electron diffraction analyses of an array of irradiated samples. Metastable phases formed included disordered crystalline structures, an amorphous structure, and a hexagonal-close-packed structure. These phase structures were modeled using the embedded atom method to compute heats of transformation Δ H s–ms from stable to metastablestates. It was found that metastable states that have moderate heats of transformation, Δ H s–ms ≍ 15%–20% of the heat of formation of the stable phase, form under irradiation. Metastable states with high heats of transformation, Δ H s–ms ≍ 50% of the heat of formation of the stable phase, do not form under irradiation. Kinetics also play an important role in determining the effect of temperature and initial structure on the formation of metastable phases.
Face locating and tracking for human-computer interaction

Effective human-to-human communication involves both auditory and visual modalities, providing robustness and naturalness in realistic communication situations. Recent efforts at our lab are aimed at providing such multimodal capabilities for human-machine communication. Most of the visual modalities require a stable image of a speaker's face. We propose a connectionist face tracker that manipulates camera orientation and room, to keep a person's face located at all times. The system operates in real time and can adapt rapidly to different lighting conditions, cameras and faces, making it robust against environmental variability. Extensions and integration of the system with a multimodal interface are presented. >
DESIGN OF A COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGER FOR HEAT RECUPERATION FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM

Design details of a compact heat exchanger and supporting hardware for heat recuperation in a high-temperature electrolysis application are presented. The recuperative heat exchanger uses a vacuum-brazed plate-fin design and operates between 300 and 800°C. It includes corrugated inserts for enhancement of heat transfer coefficients and extended heat transfer surface area. Two recuperative heat exchangers are required per each four-stack electrolysis module. The heat exchangers are mated to a base manifold unit that distributes the inlet and outlet flows to and from the four electrolysis stacks. Results of heat exchanger design calculations and assembly details are also presented.
Evaluation of Validity and Reliability for Hierarchical Scales Using Latent Variable Modeling

A latent variable modeling method is outlined, which accomplishes estimation of criterion validity and reliability for a multicomponent measuring instrument with hierarchical structure. The approach provides point and interval estimates for the scale criterion validity and reliability coefficients, and can also be used for testing composite or simple hypotheses about these coefficients. The proposed method is illustrated with a numerical example.
Transcatheter Arterial Embolization with Only Particles for the Treatment of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose To determine the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with a standardized method of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with small embolic particles intended to impart terminal vessel blockade, and to evaluate prognostic factors that impact overall survival. Materials and Methods A total of 322 patients with HCC who underwent 766 embolizations from January 1997 to December 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Selective embolization of vessels feeding individual tumors was performed with small (50 μm) polyvinyl alcohol or spherical embolic particles (40–120 μm) intended to cause terminal vessel blockade. Repeat embolization was performed in cases of evidence of persistent viable tumor or development of new lesions. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were prospectively recorded and tested for prognostic significance by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results The median survival time was 21 months, with 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival rates of 66%, 46%, and 33%, respectively. In patients without extrahepatic disease or portal vein involvement by tumor, the overall 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates increased to 84%, 66%, and 51%, respectively. Okuda stage, extrahepatic disease, diffuse disease (≥5 tumors), and tumor size were independent predictors of survival on multivariate analysis. There were 90 complications (11.9%) in 75 patients, including eight deaths (2.5%), within 30 days of embolization. Conclusions Hepatic arterial embolization with small particles to cause terminal vessel blockade is an effective treatment method for patients with unresectable HCC. These data support our hypothesis that particles alone may be the critical component of catheter-directed embolotherapy.
Investigation Into the Scalability of Selectively Implanted Buried Subcollector (SIBS) for Submicrometer InP DHBTs

Recent attempts to achieve 400 GHz or higher fT and f MAX with InP heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have resulted in aggressive scaling into the deep submicrometer regime. In order to alleviate some of the traditional mesa scaling rules, several groups have explored selectively implanted buried subcollectors (SIBS) as a means to decouple the intrinsic and extrinsic collector design. This allows tauC to be minimized without incurring a large total CBC increase, and hence, a net improvement in fT and fMAX is achieved. This paper represents the first investigation into the series resistance and capacitance characteristics of submicrometer-width SIBS regions (as narrow as 350 nm) for InP double HBTs. Although the SIBS resistance is higher than that of epitaxially grown layers, the SIBS concept is able to provide good dopant activation and a significant decrease in CBC. S-parameter measurements are presented to clarify the impact of SIBS geometry variations, caused by both intentional device design and process variations, on fT and fMAX. Parasitic resistances and high background doping limit the fT improvement, but the CBC reduction is sufficient to demonstrate a 30% increase in fMAX. Results indicate that further improvements in fT and fMAX using the SIBS concept will be possible
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Submunition Separation from Missile

Abstract : Computational fluid dynamics calculations have been performed for a multi-body system consisting of a main missile and a number of submunitions. Numerical flow field computations have been made for various orientations and locations of submunitions using an unsteady, zonal Navier-Stokes code and the chimera composite grid discretization technique at low supersonic speeds and 0 deg angle of attack. Steady state numerical results have been obtained and compared for cases modeling six submunitions in pitch-plane symmetry and ten submunitions for which symmetry could not be exploited. Computed results show the details of the expected flow field features including the shock interactions. Computed results are compared with limited experimental data obtained for the same configuration and conditions and are generally found to be in good agreement with the data. The results help to quantify changes in the aerodynamic forces and moments, which are attributable to changes in position of the submunitions relative to one another.
A balance of power: expressive, analyzable controller programming

Configuration languages for traditional network hardware are often fairly limited and hence easy to analyze. Programmable controllers for software-defined networks are far more flexible, but this flexibility results in more opportunities for mis-configuration and greatly complicates analyses. We propose a new network-programming paradigm that strikes a balance between expressive power and analysis, providing a highly analyzable core language while allowing the re-use of pre-existing code written in more complex production languages.As the first step we have created FlowLog, a declarative language for programming SDN controllers. We show that FlowLog is expressive enough to build some real controller programs. It is also a finite-state language, and thus amenable to many types of analysis, such as model-checking. In this paper we present FlowLog, show examples of controller programs, and discuss analyzing them.
Different interest group views of fuels treatments: survey results from fire and fire surrogate treatments in a Sierran mixed conifer forest, California, USA

The present paper discusses results from a survey about the acceptance of and preferences for fuels treatments of participants following a field tour of the University of California Blodgett Forest Fire and Fire Surrogate Study Site. Although original expectations were that tours would be composed of general members of the public, individual tour groups ultimately were much more specialised, with tours made up of individuals from five distinct groups including foresters, environmentalists, entomologists, the Natural Resource Conservation Service, teachers, and high school or undergraduate students. This proved fortuitous as most studies of 'public' perceptions to date have been of general members of the public and little work has been done assessing the views of groups who may have more specific knowledge or interest in fuels treatments. Such assessment is perhaps long overdue given the importance of understanding characteristics of different audience segments in developing effective outreach programs. Analysis showed that group membership was in fact the key element in differences in survey responses with significant differences found between groups on overall acceptability of treatments, treatment preferences based on different land ownership and management types, and which variables were most important in determining treatment preferences.
Oxidation Sharpening, Template Stripping, and Passivation of Ultra-Sharp Metallic Pyramids and Wedges

Ultra-sharp metallic pyramids and wedges with tunable tip angles and 5-nm tip radii are replicated from oxidation-sharpened silicon templates with high throughput (80 million pyramids per wafer). Atomic layer deposition of Al2 O3 shells can protect these sharp pyramidal tips for subsequent usage in near-field imaging.
Analytic formulas for current density profiles in small-orbit spiralling electron beams

Analytic expressions for the current density as a function of radius in small-orbit, spiralling electron beams, including guiding center spread, are derived using probability theory. The expressions are valid for beams with a small spread in Larmor radius compared to the guiding center spread and a space charge depression below 10%, which are typical for beams produced by modern magnetron injection guns. The current density profile is shown to exhibit a number of functional forms, depending on the relative size of the spread in guiding center radii compared to the average Larmor radius. Several applications for the new expressions are explored, including the calculation of the thermal loading experienced by beam-intercepting metal objects, as well as the computation of average electron density per unit volume (used in predicting the growth of electrostatic cyclotron instabilities). The analytic results are extended, in the vicinity of the beam edges, to include the effects of Larmor radius spread. The edge expressions are employed to predict the amount of current intercepted by a tunnel that closely surrounds the beam, which can be useful in selecting radial clearances.
Effect of Soda Leavening on Phytic Acid Content and Physical Characteristics of Middle Eastern Breads

The effect of soda (sodium bicarbonate) as a leavening agent on pH, phytic acid hydrolysis and physical quality of a fermentation model system and two popular Middle Eastern breads, Iranian taftoon and Pakistani naan (Arabic) were studied. Supplementing 0.2 and 0.4% soda invariably decreased phytic acid hydrolysis. In sour starter supplemented dough, phytic acid was reduced by 82% after 3 hr. However, when 0.4% soda and sour starter were added loss of phytic acid did not exceed 29%. Supplementing soda in taftoon and naan bread formula significantly lowered phytic acid hydrolysis during fermentation. Soda had no apparent improvement on physical quality of breads but increased the dough water absorption and lengthened the mixing time.
Inferior Temporal, Prefrontal, and Hippocampal Contributions to Visual Working Memory Maintenance and Associative Memory Retrieval

Higher order cognition depends on the ability to recall information from memory and hold it in mind to guide future behavior. To specify the neural mechanisms underlying these processes, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare brain activity during the performance of a visual associative memory task and a visual working memory task. Activity within category-selective subregions of inferior temporal cortex reflected the type of information that was actively maintained during both the associative memory and working memory tasks. In addition, activity in the anterior prefrontal cortex and hippocampus was specifically enhanced during associative memory retrieval. These data are consistent with the view that the active maintenance of visual information is supported by activation of object representations in inferior temporal cortex, but that goal-directed associative memory retrieval additionally depends on top-down signals from the anterior prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobes.
Primary lateral sclerosis

The spectrum of motor neuron diseases ranges from disorders that clinically are limited to lower motor neurons to those that exclusively affect upper motor neurons. Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is the designation for the syndrome of progressive upper motor neuron dysfunction when no other etiology is identified. Distinction between PLS and the more common amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) relies primarily on recognition of their symptoms and signs, as well as on ancillary, although non-specific, laboratory data. In this review, we survey the history of PLS from the initial descriptions to the present. We discuss the role of laboratory, electrodiagnostic, and imaging studies in excluding other diagnoses; the findings from major case series of PLS patients; and proposed diagnostic criteria. Consistent differences are evident in patients classified as PLS compared to those with ALS, indicating that, despite its limitations, this clinical designation retains important utility.
Is runtime verification applicable to cheat detection

We investigate the prospect of applying runtime verification to cheat detection. Game implementation bugs are extensively exploited by cheaters, especially in massively multiplayer games. As games are implemented on larger scales and game object interactions become more complex, it becomes increasingly difficult to guarantee that high-level game rules are enforced correctly in the implementation. We observe that although implementing high-level rules in code is complex because of interference between rules, checking for rule compliance at runtime is simple because only a single rule is involved in each check. We demonstrate our idea by applying the Java-MaC runtime verification system to a simple game to detect a transaction bug that is common in massively multiplayer games.
Hume on the Projection of Causal Necessity

A characteristically Humean pattern of explanation starts by claiming that we have a certain kind of feeling in response to some objects and then takes our having such feelings to provide an explanation of how we come to think of those objects as having some feature that we would not otherwise be able to think of them as having. This core pattern of explanation is what leads Simon Blackburn to dub Hume ‘the first great projectivist.’ This paper critically examines the philosophical and textual basis for interpreting Hume as a causal projectivist. I argue that projectivist interpretations of Hume's account of causation are motivated by two convictions: that beliefs about causation, according to Hume, are not just beliefs about regularity relations and that believing that two events are necessarily connected, according to Hume, is not merely having a belief about something that occurs in one's mind. I suggest that the latter conviction is worth revisiting, both for textual and philosophical reasons.
Passing the baton: a systems approach to providing 24/7 medical care in a hospital.

Handover is defined as ‘the transfer of professional responsibility and accountability for some or all aspects of care for a patient, or group of patients, to another person or professional group on a temporary or permanent basis’. Owing to a changing NHS, increasing numbers of admissions and changes to structures of medical teams since EWTR and MMC in the UK, effective handover to incoming teams is essential to providing high-quality acute and out-of-hours care, as highlighted by …
Genetics and Biochemistry of Clostridium Relevant to Development of Fermentation Processes

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on those areas of research or directions in the study of the biology of the clostridia that seem to be of the highest priority for the immediate future. First, it is with respect to the biochemistry of clostridia fermentations. Second, in the realm of infant genetics of the clostridia it is not hard to find areas of research that are essential. Third, the area of clostridial enzyme complexes that degrade biopolymers should be of great future interest. Fourth, research on morphogenesis and endospore formation in the clostridia should reveal similar mechanisms of global regulatory changes as shown in the aerobic bacilli. This knowledge seems important to an understanding of the major internal mechanisms and environmental signals controlling solvent production in C. acetobutylicum . The prospect of utilizing the clostridia in any cost-effective process in the future will depend heavily upon improving their tolerance to toxic solvent and acid products. Research in this area is still very rudimentary. With the new tools of genetics applied to this problem in the clostridia, perhaps some progress in the understanding of tolerance will be made.
Pre- and Postoperative Imaging of the Aortic Root

Three-dimensional datasets acquired using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are ideally suited for characterization of the aortic root. These modalities offer different advantages and limitations, which must be weighed according to the clinical context. This article provides an overview of current aortic root imaging, highlighting normal anatomy, pathologic conditions, imaging techniques, measurement thresholds, relevant surgical procedures, postoperative complications and potential imaging pitfalls. Patients with a range of clinical conditions are predisposed to aortic root disease, including Marfan syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Various surgical techniques may be used to repair the aortic root, including placement of a composite valve graft, such as the Bentall and Cabrol procedures; placement of an aortic root graft with preservation of the native valve, such as the Yacoub and David techniques; and implantation of a biologic graft, such as a homograft, autograft, or xenograft. Potential imaging pitfalls in the postoperative period include mimickers of pathologic processes such as felt pledgets, graft folds, and nonabsorbable hemostatic agents. Postoperative complications that may be encountered include pseudoaneurysms, infection, and dehiscence. Radiologists should be familiar with normal aortic root anatomy, surgical procedures, and postoperative complications, to accurately interpret pre- and postoperative imaging performed for evaluation of the aortic root. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Contesting the Iranian Revolution: The Green Uprisings

Most observers of Iran viewed the Green Uprisings of 2009 as a 'failed revolution', with many Iranians and those in neighbouring Arab countries agreeing. In Contesting the Iranian Revolution, however, Pouya Alimagham re-examines this evaluation, deconstructing the conventional win-lose binary interpretations in a way which underscores the subtle but important victories on the ground, and reveals how Iran's modern history imbues those triumphs with consequential meaning. Focusing on the men and women who made this dynamic history, and who exist at the centre of these contentious politics, this 'history from below' brings to the fore the post-Islamist discursive assault on the government's symbols of legitimation. From powerful symbols rooted in Shiʿite Islam, Palestinian liberation, and the Iranian Revolution, Alimagham harnesses the wider history of Iran and the Middle East to highlight how activists contested the Islamic Republic's legitimacy to its very core.
Stakeholders on the Prowl

Working with diverse stakeholders is a fact of life for any requirements engineer. And learning to bring out the best in each of them is an art acquired over time. This article shares effective stakeholder interaction techniques for solving three common problems. The Web extra at https://youtu.be/1df3HmRTbBk is an audio podcast in which author Jane Cleland-Huang provides an audio recording of the Requirements column.
Re‐Estimated Effects of Deep Episodic Slip on the Occurrence and Probability of Great Earthquakes in Cascadia

Abstract Mazzotti and Adams (2004) estimated that rapid deep slip during typically two week long episodes beneath northern Washington and southern British Columbia increases the probability of a great Cascadia earthquake by 30–100 times relative to the probability during the ∼58 weeks between slip events. Because the corresponding absolute probability remains very low at ∼0.03% per week, their conclusion is that though it is more likely that a great earthquake will occur during a rapid slip event than during other times, a great earthquake is unlikely to occur during any particular rapid slip event. This previous estimate used a failure model in which great earthquakes initiate instantaneously at a stress threshold. We refine the estimate, assuming a delayed failure model that is based on laboratory‐observed earthquake initiation. Laboratory tests show that failure of intact rock in shear and the onset of rapid slip on pre‐existing faults do not occur at a threshold stress. Instead, slip onset is gradual and shows a damped response to stress and loading rate changes. The characteristic time of failure depends on loading rate and effective normal stress. Using this model, the probability enhancement during the period of rapid slip in Cascadia is negligible (
Observations on the Cellular Enclosures of the mid-Gut Epithelium of Periplaneta Americana

The following investigation was undertaken in order to determine the presence, form, and distribution of the mitochondria in the epithelial cells of the mid-gut of Periplaneta americana .
Clinicopathologic significance of transitional cell carcinoma pattern in nonlocalized ovarian epithelial tumors (stages 2-4)

The transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) pattern has been associated with favorable outcome in patients with late-stage ovarian epithelial tumors who receive chemotherapy. We examined the clinicopathologic significance of TCC and explored other histopathologic prognostic indicators for patients with ovarian epithelial tumor. The surgical records of patients at the University of California at Davis Medical Center who underwent treatment for stages 2 to 4 ovarian epithelial tumor were studied retrospectively; the histopathologic features were correlated with outcome. The TCC pattern was identified in 32 of 136 ovarian epithelial tumors (23.5%): 18 (13.2%) as a predominant (> 50%) and 14 (10.3%) as a focal ( 25%) histologic pattern. The other predominant histopathologic types were serous (65.4%), mucinous (11.7%), endometrioid (3.6%), clear cell (3.6%), and small cell (1.5%) carcinoma. Architectural grade was as follows: low malignant potential, 13 cases; grade I, 34 cases; grade II, 63 cases; grade III, 26 cases. Nuclear grade was as follows: low grade, 27 cases; high grade, 109 cases. One hundred seven patients had dominant ovarian tumors, and 29 had diffuse primary peritoneal epithelial tumor. One hundred twenty-three cases (90%) of peritoneal disease were invasive; 11 (10%) were noninvasive. Peritoneal disease histopathologic density was 50% or less cross-sectional involvement in 68 patients (50%) and greater than 50% in 68 (50%). Follow-up data were available for 118 patients: 46 patients had persistent disease that was unresponsive to chemotherapy; 36 of these patients died of disease at 0 to 41 months (mean, 15.6 months; median, 23.5 months). Ten patients were alive at 16 to 40 months (mean, 24.5 months; median, 20.5 months). Thirty-six patients had recurrent disease after 6 to 66 months (mean, 23.5 months; median, 18.5 months); 20 of these patients died of disease after 10 to 69 months (mean, 33.7 months; median, 30 months), and 16 were alive after 12 to 159 months (mean, 33.7 months; median, 30 months). Thirty-six patients had no evidence of disease at 12 to 159 months of follow-up (mean, 49.5 months; median, 31 months). The TCC pattern, either predominant or focal, was not associated with disease status or survival time (P > .05). Predictors of recurrent or persistent disease and survival, respectively, were invasive peritoneal disease (P 25%) component in 23% of epithelial tumors; however, this finding did not reach significance as a predictor of outcome in this study. The histologic pattern of the peritoneal disease (invasiveness and density) was a much stronger predictor of disease response and survival.
Creep-Plasticity Interaction

Inelastic analyses are needed for predicting the lifetime of one-of-a-kind components operating under severe conditions of loading and environment. Examples are power generation and propulsion machinery and chemical processing plants. The components are subjected to steady and cyclic loading which involves nonlinear monotonic and cyclic behavior. In addition, rate dependence, creep and relaxation are present. These phenomena must be captured in a constitutive equation suitable for inelastic analyses.
88 FOOT INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE USE IN CHILDREN.

Introduction All-terrain vehicle (ATV) injury is an increasingly severe problem in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to describe foot injuries associated with ATV use in children. Methods Arkansas Children9s Hospital has had an inpatient trauma registry since 1993. The registry was searched in June 2006 to identify pediatric patients hospitalized with foot injuries associated with ATV use. The charts of the identified patients were abstracted and deidentified. The study was approved by the UAMS IRB. Results Ten patients were identified. The mean age was 5.6 years (21 months to 14 years), with six males and four females. Six patients were 3 years or younger, and three of these were driving the ATV. The mechanism of injury was six had a foot caught in the chain, two had a foot caught under a tire, one had a foot between a fence and the ATV, and one had a foot caught between a tree and the ATV. Eight of the children had forefoot injuries with multiple toe amputations, five involving the great toe. Two had associated crush injuries of the foot, and one sustained an open ankle fracture. Mean length of initial hospital stay was 7 days (range 1-15 days). Two patients had repeat hospitalization, eight had two or more surgical procedures, and four had infections requiring antibiotics. The mean charge for the initial hospital stay was $12,323.00. Conclusion Children, whether riding or driving ATVs, can experience serious foot injury, resulting in permanent disfigurement, disability, and substantial expense. Younger children, who are usually unable to reach the floorboards of these vehicles, are at increased risk of serious foot injuries and should not ride adult ATVs.
The Development and Application of Military Intelligence Textiles

The basic concepts of the intelligence material and intelligence textiles are expatiated.The application prospects of military intelligence textiles are introdced,and the intelligent textiles are conceived to guide future clothing industry revolution.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

Drug therapy in the elderly has special hazards because of the anatomic, physiologic and biochemical changes that accompany aging. Digitalis is a common cause of toxic effects, and concomitant administration of a diuretic increases this hazard. Other drugs that should be used with caution include antihypertensives; antibiotics; sedatives, tranquilizers and hypnotics; antidepressants; and analgesics. The best ways to minimize adverse drug reactions in the elderly are to tailor dosage to the individual and to carefully monitor response.
Roentgenologic diagnosis of congenital heart disease in infants and children.

A radiologic classification is presented to aid in the preliminary separation of congenital cardiac anomalies into physiologic groups. Further analysis of findings in each group can be made to arrive at a specific diagnosis. In most cases a firm clinical diagnosis can be made from fluoroscopic and radiographic findings plus the other clinical data. In difficult or complicated cases or when surgical correction is contemplated, more specialized technics such as angiocardiography and retrograde aortography may be valuable. Some indications for the special technics are listed.
Switching systems and periodicity

We consider a class of bimodal systems which alternate modes on hitting ‘switching surfaces’: the canonical model is a physical thermostat. A sufficient condition is obtained for the existence of periodic solutions. The significance for this theory of certain anomalous points on the switching surface is shown by an example with no periodic solutions. Further discussion is presented for the important case of linear switching systems, including a new existence theorem.
Evaluation of proteinuria redux

All of the methods for quantitative evaluation of proteinuria (or albuminuria) suffer from some methodological flaw. A new modification that improves the accuracy of the urine protein-to-creatinine ratios for predicting 24-hour urinary protein excretion has been examined in a well-characterized cohort of patients with glomerular disease. This approach needs to be systematically compared with other techniques before it can be universally recommended to replace the time-honored 24-hour urine collection.
Study of Convection Heat Transfer in a Very High Temperature Reactor Flow Channel: Numerical and Experimental Results

Very high temperature reactors (VHTRs) with helium-cooled prismatic cores are one type of Generation IV gas-cooled reactors proposed for implementation in next-generation nuclear power plants. To c...
Thermal and Processing Technologies

“Poverty alleviation and development depend on the access to energy services that are affordable, reliable and of good quality” (Reddy 2002, Saghir 2005), and as the WEA/UNDP (2000) report confirms, there are “clear linkages between improved access to energy services and reduced infant mortality and fertility rates and increased literacy and life-expectancy”. But too often one is inclined to limit energy services to the availability of electricity, leaving out other important energy services such as cooking, room heating, and water heating for improved hygiene.
The extent of intestinal failure-associated liver disease in patients referred for intestinal rehabilitation is associated with increased mortality: an analysis of the Pediatric Intestinal Failure Consortium database.

Abstract Background The advent of regional multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation programs has been associated with improved survival in pediatric intestinal failure. Yet, the optimal timing of referral for intestinal rehabilitation remains unknown. We hypothesized that the degree of intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) at initiation of intestinal rehabilitation would be associated with overall outcome. Methods The multicenter, retrospective Pediatric Intestinal Failure Consortium (PIFCon) database was used to identify all subjects with baseline bilirubin data. Conjugated bilirubin (CBili) was used as a marker for IFALD, and we stratified baseline bilirubin values as CBili 4 mg/dL. The association between baseline CBili and mortality was examined using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Of 272 subjects in the database, 191 (70%) children had baseline bilirubin data collected. 38% and 28% of patients had CBili >4 mg/dL and CBili 4 mg/dL, prematurity, race, and small bowel atresia. On regression analysis controlling for age, prematurity, and diagnosis, the risk of mortality was increased by 3-fold for baseline CBili 2–4 mg/dL (HR 3.25 [1.07–9.92], p=0.04) and 4-fold for baseline CBili >4 mg/dL (HR 4.24 [1.51–11.92], p=0.006). On secondary analysis, CBili >4 mg/dL at baseline was associated with a lower chance of attaining enteral autonomy. Conclusion In children with intestinal failure treated at intestinal rehabilitation programs, more advanced IFALD at referral is associated with increased mortality and decreased prospect of attaining enteral autonomy. Early referral of children with intestinal failure to intestinal rehabilitation programs should be strongly encouraged. Level of evidence Treatment Study, Level III.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Rhinorrhea after Systemic Erlotinib Chemotherapy for Metastatic Lung Cancer: A Familiar Problem from an Unfamiliar Culprit.

Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea after medical therapy for pituitary prolactinoma is a rare but well-described phenomenon. To our knowledge, no CSF leaks have been reported after targeted medical treatment of pituitary or anterior skull base metastases. We report this unusual case to raise awareness of spontaneous CSF leaks in the setting of skull base metastatic disease. Case Presentation A 66-year-old woman presented with epidermal growth factor receptor–mutant stage IV adenocarcinoma of the lung. Headache workup revealed a large sellar and clival lesion consistent with metastatic disease. Systemic erlotinib chemotherapy was initiated with a robust positive response. Approximately 1 week after chemotherapy initiation, the patient noted clear discharge from the right nostril. Her oncologist first diagnosed her with allergic rhinitis, but she presented with meningitis 4 days after diagnosis of CSF leak and was admitted for intravenous antibiotics and definitive repair of a CSF leak via an endoscopic endonasal approach. An erosion of bone and dura was found at the dorsum sellae where tumor had regressed due to the chemotherapy. A multilayer skull base repair was made uneventfully, and she recovered fully with no leakage seen at 2-month follow-up. Conclusions All members of the treatment team should be aware of this possibility of CSF leak after initiation of systemic chemotherapy and tumor regression and urgently refer patients for repair if a leak should develop before the development of meningitis.
History of Ligament Injuries in Children

In general, it is better to review the history before review of advancements. This chapter would discuss the history of knee ligament injuries in children prior to 1990, with focus on ACL injuries. As arthroscopy evolved, so did the diagnosis of ligament injuries in children, and soon “arthroscopy” became the diagnostic tool of choice for patients with traumatic hemarthrosis. Knee instability and their consequences were recognized, and attempts were made to repair the ACL. Failures led to abandonment of repair techniques, and ACL reconstruction techniques were developed. The chapter is a timeline of evolution of diagnosis and management of ligament/ACL injuries in children.
Effects of Mn dopant locations on the electronic bandgap of PbS quantum dots

Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) are typically made by doping semiconductors with magnetic transition metal elements. Compared to the well-understood bulk and thin film DMS, the understanding of the magnetic element doping effects in semiconducting quantum dots (QDs) is relatively poor. In particular, the influence of the dopant locations is rarely explored. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the effects of Mn doping on the electronic density of states of PbS QDs. Based on the results observed by scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance, and density functional theory calculations, it is found that the Mn doping causes a broadening of the electronic bandgap in the PbS QDs. The sp-d hybridization between the PbS host material and Mn dopants is argued to be responsible for the bandgap broadening. Moreover, the locations of the Mn dopants, i.e., on the surface or inside the QDs, have been found to play an important role in the strength of the sp-d hybridization, which manifests as different degrees of the bandgap change.
VTOL Urban Air Mobility Concept Vehicles for Technology Development

The current push for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is predicated on the feasibility of novel aircraft types, which will be enabled by the near-term availability of mature technology for high performance subsystems. A number of candidate concept aircraft are presently being designed to meet a set of UAM requirements, in order to quantify the tradeoffs and performance targets necessary for practical implementation of the UAM vision. In examining these vehicles, performance targets and recurring technology themes emerge, which may guide investments in research and development within NASA, other government agencies, academia, and industry.
Studies on the N -oxidation of phentermine: evidence for an indirect pathway of N -oxidation mediated by cytochrome P -450

This chapter summarizes results of our investigations on the oxidation of aliphatic nitrogen functions. For some time we have been studying the metabolism of arylalkylamines related to amphetamine. Our focus has been on amphetamine and phentermine and their N-hydroxy derivatives.
Premature chromosome condensation in human leukemia

Premature chromosome condensation (PCC) has previously been observed in tissue culture and is believed to arise from asynchronous mitotic activity in multinucleated cells in which the affected nucleus is in interphase and at least one nucleus is in metaphase. Such cells have been noted following fusion induced by virus infection, spontaneously, and after treatment with cytochalasin B. The phenomenon has also been observed in malignant pleural effusions, but has not previously been described as a feature of hematologic disease. In this study, we report the observations of PCC in seven patients. Six of these patients had either acute myeloblastic leukemia or acute myelomonoblastic leukemia in association with the features of erythroleukemia, i.e., leukoerythroblastic reaction in the blood, and erythroid multinuclearity, “megaloblastoid” changes, and PAS-positive staining of erythroid precursor cells in the bone marrow. In all patients, erythroid multinuclearity has been noted. However, not all patients with erythroleukemia exhibit PCC. In this series, three additional patients have had similar bone marrow morphologic changes without PCC. The finding of PCC in erythroleukemia may have important implications as to etiology of this disorder.
Race Is Associated With Burden of Anal Condyloma and Need for Operative Intervention

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus is a common sexually transmitted infection that may affect the oropharynx, genitalia, or anus. Some strains of this virus may cause bulky growths around the anus known as giant anal condylomas. These can become large, disfiguring, and may cause bleeding, as well as difficulty with defecation and hygiene. Surgical management is usually necessary for large condylomas, whereas office-based procedures are common for smaller lesions. It is unclear why some develop large anal margin tumors, whereas others develop limited disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate for risk factors that may play a role in the development of extensive disease warranting operative management. Materials and methods A retrospective chart review of patients seen within the Anal Dysplasia Clinic at the Medical College of Wisconsin was undertaken. Clinic encounters for patients with anogenital condyloma were abstracted for demographic information, operative interventions, Human Immunodeficiency Virus status, and smoking history to determine risk factors that predicted operative intervention for giant anal condylomas. Results A total of 239 patients met inclusion criteria; 211 (88.3%) were male and 28 (11.7%) were female. Racial makeup of the cohort included 49% Caucasian, 38.9% African-American, 9.2% Hispanic, and 2.9% were identified as another ethnicity. One hundred forty-three patients (60.1%) were current or past smokers. One hundred ninety-eight (82.8%) patients tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), whereas 41 (17.2%) were negative. Multiple linear regression identified only African-American race as predictive of greater disease burden. Conclusions African-American race was associated with increased size of anal condyloma. As the size of anal condylomas increase, management shifts from topical treatments to operative intervention. This is the first study to correlate race with burden of disease in the general population.
Predictors of Smokeless Tobacco Susceptibility, Initiation, and Progression Over Time Among Adolescents in a Rural Cohort

Background: Use of smokeless tobacco (ST, moist snuff and chewing tobacco) is elevated among male rural youth, particularly participants in certain sports, including baseball. Objectives: T...
Three-dimensional printed embedded channel–based resistive strain sensor: Fabrication and experimental characterization

This work explores the feasibility of commercially available elastic filament and desktop fused deposition modeling three-dimensional printing as a simple and cost-effective route to develop flexib...