cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Transcriptional, Physiological, and Metabolite Analyses of the Responses of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough to Salt Adaptation

The response of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough to salt adaptation (long-term NaCl exposure) was examined by performing physiological, global transcriptional, and metabolite analyses. Salt adaptation was reflected by increased expression of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and transport, electron transfer, hydrogen oxidation, and general stress responses (e.g., heat shock proteins, phage shock proteins, and oxidative stress response proteins). The expression of genes involved in carbon metabolism, cell growth, and phage structures was decreased. Transcriptome profiles of D. vulgaris responses to salt adaptation were compared with transcriptome profiles of D. vulgaris responses to salt shock (short-term NaCl exposure). Metabolite assays showed that glutamate and alanine accumulated under salt adaptation conditions, suggesting that these amino acids may be used as osmoprotectants in D. vulgaris. Addition of amino acids (glutamate, alanine, and tryptophan) or yeast extract to the growth medium relieved salt-related growth inhibition. A conceptual model that links the observed results to currently available knowledge is proposed to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of D. vulgaris adaptation to elevated NaCl levels.
Semantic hacking and intelligence and security informatics

In the context of information warfare Libicki first characterized attackson computer systems as being physical, syntactic, and semantic, wheresoftware agents were misled by an adversary's misinformation [1]. Recentlycognitive hacking was defined as an attack directed at the mind of the user of acomputer system [2]. Countermeasures against cognitive and semantic attacksare expected to play an important role in a new science of intelligence and securityinformatics. Information retrieval, or document retrieval, developed historicallyto serve the needs of scientists and legal researchers, among others. Inthese domains, documents are expected to be honest representations of attemptsto discover scientific truths, or to make sound legal arguments. This assumptiondoes not hold for intelligence and security informatics. Intelligence and security informatics will be supported by data mining, visualization,and link analysis technology, but intelligence and security analystsshould also be provided with an analysis environment supporting mixedinitiative,utility-theoretic interaction with both raw and aggregated data. Thisenvironment should include toolkits of semantic hacking countermeasures. Forexample, faced with a potentially deceptive news item, an automated countermeasuremight provide an alert using adaptive fraud detection algorithms [3], orthrough a retrieval mechanism allow the analyst to quickly assemble and analyzerelated documents bearing on the potential misinformation. The author iscurrently developing such countermeasures.
Signaling via Shc family adapter proteins

The adapter protein Shc was initially identified as an SH2 containing proto-oncogene involved in growth factor signaling. Since then a number of studies in multiple systems have implicated a role for Shc in signaling via many different types of receptors, such as growth factor receptors, antigen receptors, cytokine receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, hormone receptors and integrins. In addition to the ubiquitous ShcA, two other shc gene products, ShcB and ShcC, which are predominantly expressed in neuronal cells, have also been identified. ShcA knockout mice are embryonic lethal and have clearly suggested an important role for ShcA in vivo. Based on dominant negative studies and mouse embryos deficient in ShcA, a clear role for Shc in leading to mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation has been established. However MAPK activation may not be the sole function of Shc proteins. Although Shc has also been linked to other signaling events such as c-Myc activation and cell survival, the mechanistic understanding of these signaling events remains poorly characterized. Given the apparently central role that Shc plays signaling via many receptors, delineating the precise mechanism(s) of Shc-mediated signaling may be critical to our understanding of the effects mediated through these receptors.
Information Flow in Interactions

This study proposes a new technique for analyzing time-ordered communication data, which is data on people’s physical or virtual interactions with each other (emails, physical movement, messaging, ...
Studies on Epoxy Compounds of Higher Fatty Acids and their Derivatives. III.

The specific reaction rates of epoxidations of various unsaturated fatty acids with per-acetic acid in acetic acid solution were calculated by measuring the concentration decrease of per-acetic acid in reaction solution.The specific reaction rate of epoxidation of cis-acid was higher than that of trans-acid.It was not affected by carboxyl group at the θ-position to ethylenic double bond, but it was affected a little by that of β-position to ethylenic double bond.The specific reaction rate of epoxidation of dienoic acid to monoepoxy acid may be similiar to that of monoenoic acid, but that of monoepoxy acid to diepoxy acid was very slow.It was not affected by sulfuric acid in reaction solution, but it was increased by the presence of water in the solution.The specific reaction rates, K×103 (l·mol·-1 min-1) at 30°C were as follows; oleic acid 180, elaidic acid 149, ricinoleic acid 133, monoepoxy octadecenoic acid 91.1, linoleic acid 230 and erucic acid 207.The activation energy of oleic acid and elaidic acid were 7970 cal and 8660 cal respectively. They were calculated with Arrhenius' equation from value of the specific reaction rates at 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C.
Magnetic Resonance: Principles and Applications

Magnetic resonance is a unique, noninvasive imaging modality which allows direct, multiplanar imaging and the possibility of obtaining biochemical information in vivo. Presently, MR appears most applicable to the evaluation of central nervous system abnormalities. The high sensitivity of MR in the evaluation of intracranial pathology suggests that it may eventually replace CT for many suspected diseases, if future investigations are able to improve its specificity. As previously noted, MR may be more diagnostic than other radiologic studies in the evaluation of suspected Chiari malformation, syringomyelia, congenital abnormalities, tumors of the spinal axis, and disc space infection. In the chest, MR appears to be more accurate than CT in the determination of the extent of mediastinal tumor, but at present cannot replace CT because of the lack of experience in imaging parenchymal nodules and benign diseases. MR of the breast is promising, but the size of the lesion may prove to be a limiting factor with magnetic field strengths commonly being utilized. There are inherent difficulties in the evaluation of cardiac disease with MR, but it offers a noninvasive method of investigating congenital heart disease and may provide valuable information in suspected myocardial ischemia and altered cardiac function. MR provides a new method of evaluating the vascular system, both in terms of providing anatomic information on large and medium-sized vessels and flow analysis. In the abdomen, MR appears to be most sensitive in the evaluation of suspected hepatic masses, but as with the brain, greater specificity will be needed to replace CT. At the present time, MR offers no distinct advantage over conventional imaging modalities in the evaluation of pancreatic disease, it maybe more accurate than CT in the staging of renal cell carcinoma. Larger studies are needed to determine the role of MR in the investigation of retroperitoneal adenopathy and adrenal abnormalities. In the pelvis, MR offers the hope of earlier diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma and may replace CT for staging of prostatic carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Limited MR experience with benign disease of the female pelvis suggests that it is currently more accurately evaluated with ultrasound. MR appears to be highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of avascular necrosis and may provide an early clue in suspected osteomyelitis. Finally, in vivo MR spectroscopy may provide unique metabolic information that was unobtainable prior to the advent of magnetic resonance, if this proves to be technically feasible.
Parametrization of σ tot , σ(θ), and P(θ) for 25-100 MeV n p elastic scattering

We present a parametrization of the $^{1}\mathrm{H}(n,n)^{1}\mathrm{H}$ total cross section, differential cross section, and polarization, for the neutron lab kinetic energy range 25-100 MeV. The observables we parametrized are computed from the phase shifts of the Bryan-Gersten potential-model constrained fit to all of the available 0-450 MeV $np$ and $pp$ elastic scattering data. We find our parametrization of $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ to differ significantly from the Gammel formula, in that for all energies 25-100 MeV we have higher $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}(180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{})}{\ensuremath{\sigma}(90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{})}$ ratios, as well as $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ shapes which are nonsymmetric about 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. Our total cross sections begin to differ from the Gammel formula at neutron energies above 50 MeV, where the Gammel formula was never meant to apply anyway.
Isolevuglandin Adducts in Disease

Abstract Significance: A diverse family of lipid-derived levulinaldehydes, isolevuglandins (isoLGs), is produced by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through both cyclooxygenase (COX) and free radical-induced cyclooxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their phospholipid esters. The formation and reactions of isoLGs with other biomolecules has been linked to alcoholic liver disease, Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, cardiac arythmias, cancer, end-stage renal disease, glaucoma, inflammation of allergies and infection, mitochondrial dysfunction, multiple sclerosis, and thrombosis. This review chronicles progress in understanding the chemistry of isoLGs, detecting their production in vivo and understanding their biological consequences. Critical Issues: IsoLGs have never been isolated from biological sources, because they form adducts with primary amino groups of other biomolecules within seconds. Chemical synthesis enabled investigation of is...
A Field Comparison of Lures for Japanese Beetles : Unmated Females vs. Phenethyl Propionate + Eugenol (7:3) ,

During a 9-week study in Monroe County, Tennessee, 10 Ellisco® traps for Popillia japonica Newman when baited with unmated females captured 22,702 males, 20 times more than 10 adjacent traps baited with phenethyl propionate + eugenol (7:3). One female-baited trap caught 10,739 males; one chemical-baited trap caught 517 males. Also, the female-baited traps captured as much as 83 times more males per day as the chemical-baited traps during the early weeks of the test. The 10 female-baited traps caught 87 of 3164 marked beetles released in the study area compared with 8 captured in the adjacent chemical-baited traps. Seasonal ratios of captured males to females were 15.3:1 and 0.4:1 for the female- and chemical-baited traps, respectively. Attractancy of bait females appeared to decline with age.
Relation of Viscosity of Blood to Leucocyte Count, with Particular Reference to Chronic Myelogenous Leucemia

Summary1. Observations of the blood viscosity, hematocrit, blood counts and circulation time were made in a group of patients suffering from chronic myelogenous leucemia. 2. The relation between viscosity of the blood and the total number and volume of the white blood cells was determined. 3. The high leucocyte counts observed in chronic myelogenous leucemia are frequently responsible for marked increase in blood viscosity and prolongation of the circulation time. The probable relation of these changes to the symptomatology of the disease is briefly discussed.
The Relative Toxicity of Six Salts of Penicillin.

Summary and Conclusions.Five salts of penicillin prepared from a single master lot were investigated for their acute intravenous toxicity in mice. A sixth salt, a commercial preparation of penicillin calcium, was studied.
Discussion on dose and dosage regimen exploring and confirming in new drug clinical trials

It is generally concerned by industries that some important questions in new drug clinical trials from designing the first dose in human to confirm the last dosage regimen, which is also one of the key bottlenecks to restrict the promotion of new drug research and development in China. Based on some references and review experience, this article is to discuss dose and dosage regimen exploring and confirming in new drug clinical trials.
Investigating Twitter as a Source for Studying Behavioral Responses to Epidemics.

Recent studies have shown an ability to track influenza rates from Twitter since Twitter users tweet illnesses (“i am home sick with the flu”). However, users may also tweet concerned awareness of illness (“don’t want to get sick, need a flu shot”). Identifying these messages can support computational epidemic response models. We present preliminary results for mining concerned awareness of influenza tweets. We describe our data set construction and experiments with binary classification of data into influenza versus general messages and classification into concerned awareness and existing infection.
From Large-Scale Systems to Cyber-Physical Systems

This paper builds a case that large-scale systems (LSS) are the building blocks of cyber-physical systems (CPS) or system of systems (SoS). Large-scale systems, often with high dimensions, nonlinear interconnections and stochastic parameters, are those that can be decomposed into subsystems or their constituencies are not centrally located together. LSS can be integrated to form complex systems called a system of systems or cyber-physical systems. This new class of systems has created new challenges for systems engineering (SE) to extend theoretical foundations of SE to SoS Engineering (SoSE). Therefore an opportunity may exist now to start a new engineering field may be on the horizon -- System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) or CPS Engineering. A SoS or a CPS is a collection of individual, possibly heterogeneous, but are functional, wirelessly integrated together to enhance the overall robustness, lower the cost of operation, and increase reliability of the complex system. Many key issues like architecture, modeling, simulation, identification, emergence, standards, net-centricity, control, etc. are all begging for attention. In this paper, we will be going through one key issue -- control.
PERITONEAL CATHETER SURVIVAL IN CHILDREN

In children undergoing CAPD or CCPD, the authors compared two techniques for peritoneal catheter insertion by analyzing the probabilities for overall catheter survival, catheter outflow failure and...
Hybrid plant of renewable stochastic source and multilevel storage for emission-free deterministic power generation

The market for distributed energy resources expands rapidly. Two distributed energy sources that are at the center of interest in this context are wind energy converters and fuel cells. While renewable energy based and environmentally benign, a major problem of wind energy conversion with regard to large-scale network integration is the direct dependence of the power generation capability on the given wind speed. Similar problems of controllability exist for other renewable energy sources with intermittent output. This conflicts with the need to schedule power output in a deterministic manner. A concept to overcome the stochastic nature of the source is proposed. The overall solution consists of a plant where the stochastic source is coupled over a DC bus with diverse storage modules and a versatile grid interface. As storage solutions hydrogen and in addition a second form of storage for quasiinstantaneous power delivery is considered. The intermittent source is so transformed into an emission-free deterministic generation plant with controlled power output to the grid.
Surgical Revascularization of Chronic Limb Ischemia

Advances in endovascular techniques have allowed greater opportunities for limb salvage in the patient presenting with critical limb ischemia (CLI), with subsequent validation of an “endovascular-first” approach in these patients. However, failure to traverse the lesion and symptomatic recurrence of disease continue to be the so-called Achilles’ heels of endovascular therapy. Surgical revascularization therefore remains a crucial element of the limb salvage armamentarium.
Cross-national comparisons of increasing suicidal mortality rates for Koreans in the Republic of Korea and Korean Americans in the USA, 2003-2012.

Aims Korea has the highest suicide rate of developed countries, two times higher than the USA. Suicide trends among Koreans Americans living in the USA during the same period have not yet been described. We report suicide mortality rates and trends for four groups: (1) Korean Americans, (2) non-Hispanic White (NHW) Americans, (3) selected Asian American subgroups and (4) Koreans living in the Republic of Korea. Methods We used US national (n = 18 113 585) and World Health Organization (WHO) (n = 232 919 253) mortality records for Korea from 2003 to 2012 to calculate suicide rates, all expressed per 100 000 persons. We assessed temporal trends and differences in age, gender and race/ethnicity using binomial regression. Results Suicide rates are highest in Koreans living in the Republic of Korea (32.4 for men and 14.8 for women). Suicide rates in Korean Americans (13.9 for men and 6.5 for women) have nearly doubled from 2003 to 2012 and exceed rates for all other Asian American subgroups (5.4-10.7 for men and 1.6-4.2 for women). Suicide rates among NHWs (21.0 for men and 5.6 for women) remain high. Among elders, suicide in Korean Americans (32.9 for men and 15.4 for women) is the highest of all examined racial/ethnic groups in the USA. Conclusions Suicide in Korean Americans is higher than for other Asian Americans and follows temporal patterns more similar to Korea than the USA. Interventions to prevent suicide in Korean American populations, particularly among the elderly, are needed.
Sulfur dioxide prodrugs: triggered release of SO2via a click reaction

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is being recognized as a possible endogenous gasotransmitter with importance on par with that of NO, CO, and H2S. Herein we describe a series of SO2 prodrugs that are activated for SO2 release via a bioorthogonal click reaction. The release rate can be tuned by adjusting the substituents on the prodrug.
Reduced combustion mechanism for C1-C4 hydrocarbons and its application in computational fluid dynamics flare modeling.

ABSTRACTEmissions from flares constitute unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and other partially burned and altered hydrocarbons along with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Soot or visible smoke is of particular concern for flare operators/regulatory agencies. The goal of the study is to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model capable of predicting flare combustion efficiency (CE) and soot emission. Since detailed combustion mechanisms are too complicated for (CFD) application, a 50-species reduced mechanism, LU 3.0.1, was developed. LU 3.0.1 is capable of handling C4 hydrocarbons and soot precursor species (C2H2, C2H4, C6H6). The new reduced mechanism LU 3.0.1 was first validated against experimental performance indicators: laminar flame speed, adiabatic flame temperature, and ignition delay. Further, CFD simulations using LU 3.0.1 were run to predict soot emission and CE of air-assisted flare tests conducted in 2010 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, using ANSYS Fluent software. Results of non...
Speedup for quantum optimal control from automatic differentiation based on graphics processing units

We implement a quantum optimal control algorithm based on automatic differentiation and harness the acceleration afforded by graphics processing units (GPUs). Automatic differentiation allows us to specify advanced optimization criteria and incorporate them in the optimization process with ease. We show that the use of GPUs can speedup calculations by more than an order of magnitude. Our strategy facilitates efficient numerical simulations on affordable desktop computers and exploration of a host of optimization constraints and system parameters relevant to real-life experiments. We demonstrate optimization of quantum evolution based on fine-grained evaluation of performance at each intermediate time step, thus enabling more intricate control on the evolution path, suppression of departures from the truncated model subspace, as well as minimization of the physical time needed to perform high-fidelity state preparation and unitary gates.
Source detection at 100 meter standoff with a time-encoded imaging system

Abstract We present the design, characterization, and testing of a laboratory prototype radiological search and localization system. The system, based on time-encoded imaging, uses the attenuation signature of neutrons in time, induced by the geometrical layout and motion of the system. We have demonstrated the ability to detect a ∼ 1 mCi 252 Cf radiological source at 100 m standoff with 90% detection efficiency and 10% false positives against background in 12 min . This same detection efficiency is met at 15 s for a 40 m standoff, and 1 . 2 s for a 20 m standoff.
Stereotaxic tumor transplantation as an investigative tool

Preliminary studies on psychological observations on rats with stereotaxically placed tumor transplants in the midbrain structures are described. Although the reported results appear superficially to be inconclusive, they present some degree of clinico-pathologic correlation. It is felt that by introducing certain refinements and modifications, the technique may ultimately prove of value in the elucidation of problems pertaining to the functional localization in the central nervous system.
Fiber digestion kinetics and protein degradability characteristics of stockpiled Tifton 85 bermudagrass

A 2-yr study was conducted to determine effects of N fertilization level on fiber digestion kinetics and protein degradability characteristics of stockpiled Tifton 85 bermudagrass (T85). Six 0.76-ha pastures of stockpiled T85 were cut to a 10-cm stubble height on August 1 of each yr and fertilized with 56 (56N), 112 (112N), or 168 (168N) kg N/ha (2 pastures/treatment). Fiber digestion kinetics included the 72-hr potential extent of NDF digestion (PED), rate of NDF digestion, and lag time. In yr 1 and 2, PED decreased over the stockpile season. Rates of NDF digestion did not differ ( > 0.05) among N fertilization treatments in either yr. In yr 1, rate of NDF digestion was greatest ( < 0.05) in October/November, and decreased beginning in December. In yr 2, rate of NDF digestion decreased ( < 0.05) in January compared with November, but digestion rates were similar for November and January 21 sampling dates. Lag time was greater ( < 0.05) for the 112N than 56N and 168N treatments, and increased ( < 0.05) across sampling dates in yr 1. In yr 2, lag time increased ( < 0.05) from 9.0 to 17.7 h across the season. In yr 1 and 2, a negative correlation ( < 0.05) between forage lignin concentration and both PED ( = -0.91 and -0.87 in yr 1 and 2, respectively) and rate of NDF digestion ( = -0.60 and -0.25 in yr 1 and 2, respectively) was observed. There was a trend ( = 0.06) for lignin concentration to be positively correlated with lag time ( = 0.39) in yr 1, and a strong relationship was observed in yr 2 ( = 0.91; < 0.05). The RDP fraction as a % of CP was ≥ 90% throughout both years. Concentration of RDP (% of total DM) decreased across the stockpiling season through January in yr 1 and 2. Results suggest that kinetic parameters of NDF digestion in stockpiled T85 were influenced more by temporal changes over the stockpile season than by N fertilization level. Supplement formulations based on kinetic parameters of fiber digestion may require periodic adjustment to insure that energy-yielding components of NDF are sufficient to meet animal requirements throughout the stockpile season. The CP fraction in stockpiled T85 contains sufficient RDP to support fibrolytic activity and growth of ruminal microorganisms throughout the stockpile season. Toward the latter end of the season, supplementation with sources of digestible fiber and RDP could be expected to increase MP supply to the host animal.
Evaluation of Endotracheal Tube Scraping on Airway Resistance.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) are used to assess the readiness for discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. When airway resistance (Raw) is elevated, the imposed work of breathing can lead to prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Biofilm and mucus build-up within the endotracheal tube (ETT) can increase Raw. Scraping the ETT can remove the biofilm build-up and decrease mechanical Raw. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ETT scraping on Raw. The secondary aim was to determine whether decreasing Raw would impact subsequent SBT success. METHODS: Intubated, mechanically ventilated subjects were enrolled if they failed an SBT and had an Raw of > 10 cm H2O/L/s. SBT failure was based on institutional guidelines, and Raw was calculated by subtracting the difference between the measured peak and plateau pressures using a square flow waveform with an inspiratory flow set at 60 L/min. The endOclear device was inserted into the ETT and withdrawn per manufacturer9s guidelines. Scraping was repeated until the ETT was cleared. Change in Raw was compared pre- and post-ETT scraping using a paired t test. A Mann-Whitney U test evaluated the difference in percentage change in Raw between SBT groups. RESULTS: Twenty-nine subjects completed the study. The mean pre- and post-ETT scraping Raw values were 15.17 ± 3.83 and 12.05 ± 3.19 cm H2O/L/s, respectively (P CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that ETT scraping can reduce Raw. The decrease in Raw post-ETT scraping did not affect subsequent SBT success.
Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: A comprehensive review

Deaths from opioid use are increasing in the US, with a growing proportion due to synthetic opioids. Until 2013, sporadic outbreaks of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs contaminating the heroin supply caused some deaths in heroin users. Since then, fentanyl has caused deaths in every state and fentanyl and its analogs have completely infiltrated the North American heroin supply. In 2014, the first illicit pills containing fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other novel synthetic opioids such as U-47700 were detected. These pills, which look like known opioids or benzodiazepines, have introduced synthetic opioids to more unsuspecting customers. As soon as these drugs are regulated by various countries, new compounds quickly appear on the market, making detection difficult and the number of cases likely underreported. Standard targeted analytical techniques such as GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) and LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) can detect these drugs, but novel compound identification is aided by nontargeted testing with LC-HRMS (liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry). Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and other novel synthetic opioids are all full agonists of varying potencies at the μ-opioid receptor, leading to typical clinical effects of miosis and respiratory and central nervous system depression. Due to their high affinity for μ-opioid receptors, larger doses of naloxone are required to reverse the effects than are commonly used. Synthetic opioids are an increasingly major public health threat requiring vigilance from multiple fields including law enforcement, government agencies, clinical chemists, pharmacists, and physicians, to name a few, in order to stem its tide. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Designer Drugs and Legal Highs.'
Strategic Interaction in a Repeated Game: Evidence from NCAA Football Recruiting

We analyze decisions to comply or cheat on NCAA recruiting regulations in the context of repeated interactions. Teams possess private information about resources devoted to football programs, recruiting effort made by rival programs, and rival program behavior. We test for evidence that the behavior of NCAA Division IA football programs conforms to predictions from repeated game theoretic models using panel data from IA football over the period 1978–2005. We find anecdotal and empirical support for strategic interaction. The presence of in-conference rivals under NCAA sanctions increases the probability of a team being placed under future sanctions.
GPR55 regulates intraepithelial lymphocyte migration dynamics and susceptibility to intestinal damage

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of the small intestine are intimately associated with the epithelial cells. Yet, the factors controlling their migration and interaction dynamics are poorly understood. We demonstrate that GPR55, a receptor that mediates migration inhibition in response to lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), negatively regulates T cell receptor γδ (TCRγδ) IEL accumulation in the small intestine. Intravital imaging studies show that GPR55-deficient IELs migrate faster and interact more extensively with epithelial cells. GPR55 also negatively regulates T cell homing to the small intestine and γδT cell egress from Peyer's patches. GPR55 deficiency or short-term antagonist treatment protects from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increases in intestinal permeability. These findings identify a migration-inhibitory receptor that restrains IEL-epithelial cell cross-talk and show that antagonism of this receptor can protect from intestinal barrier dysfunction.
Telephone‐based management of chronic pain in older adults in an integrated care program

OBJECTIVE Few studies have explored behavioral strategies for managing chronic pain in older adults. Pain Care Management (PCM) is a telephone-based behavioral intervention for chronic pain. The present study examined chronic pain characteristics among older adults and tested the delivery of PCM as an adjunct to depression and anxiety care management. METHODS Participants were drawn from a state-sponsored program offering care management services to community members aged 65 and older who were prescribed a psychotropic medication by a primary care provider. Chronic pain information was collected for all participants in the state program (N = 250) and treatment outcome data were collected for a subset with significant chronic pain. Eighty participants with high chronic pain interference were offered PCM and compared to 80 participants with chronic pain who received monitoring only on depression, anxiety, and pain interference outcomes. RESULTS Chronic pain was identified in 14% of older adults newly prescribed a psychotropic medication. Compared to monitoring only, PCM participants had higher odds of seeing a reduction of 2 or more points in pain interference at 6 months. Pain care management participants' anxiety scores significantly decreased over the study period. CONCLUSIONS Older adults treated with psychotropic medications often also experience chronic pain that interferes with daily activities. A telephone-based care management intervention is acceptable and feasible with an older community-based population and can lead to improvements in anxiety symptoms and interference from chronic pain. Further research will help to refine interventions that may help improve symptoms and increase functioning with this population.
Formation of CdS using electrochemical atomic layer deposition (E-ALD) and successive ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR)

Abstract Cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films were electrochemically formed on polycrystalline Au films, using electrochemical atomic layer deposition (E-ALD) and successive ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR). In developing a E-ALD cycle for CdS, voltammetric studies of the individual precursors on Au electrodes were used to determine potentials ranges for the underpotential deposition (upd) of Cd and S. Subsequent potential optimization was performed by nanofilm growth, systematically varying the deposition potential of one element and examining the resulting Cd/S stoichiometry using electron probe microanalysis, and microscopy of deposit morphology. Optimized deposits displayed a linear growth dependence on cycle number, characterized using spectroscopy ellipsometry, and expected for an ALD process. The 1LO Raman peak was observed at 303 cm−1 using 514 nm light. The X-ray diffraction pattern was consistent with a strongly preferred zinc blend 〈111〉 orientation. For SILAR deposits, formed using the same flow system used for E-ALD, the CdS existed as porous clusters, as viewed using SEM, whereas E-ALD deposits were conformal and compact coatings. The comparison between E-ALD and SILAR deposits, formed using the flow cell system, indicated some degree of homogeneous precipitation near the surface in the case of SILAR, which appeared to be eliminated using the E-ALD growth cycle, leading to both a higher growth rate and film quality.
Proteins and Pesticides from the Insect Cell-Baculovirus System

The baculoviruses are a diverse group of large viruses with double-stranded DNA which are pathogenic for invertebrates, primarily insects of the order Lepidoptera (i.e. moths and butterflies). The baculoviruses have a unique biphasic infection cycle that imparts unique opportunities for its use as an expression system for heterologous proteins and as an insecticide [1-2]. The baculovirus of the NPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus) subtype is most commonly used for biotechnological purposes. It exists in two primary forms: the occluded virus and the non-occluded virus (NOV). The occluded form consists of a protein matrix (polyhedrin) surrounding several virions. The occluded form is resistant to environmental degradation. However, when ingested by an insect, the polyhedron dissolves in the highly alkaline insect midgut. The released virions infect the midgut endothelial cells. The infected cells first release progeny nucleocapsids that bud through the nuclear membrane, lose their nuclear-derived envelope in the cytoplasm, and then bud through the cytoplasmic membrane. These NOV or budded virus forms then cause secondary infection in the insect. Later in the lytic cycle a second group of progeny nucleocapsids become enveloped within the nucleus with a de novo envelope. The polyhedrin protein then crystallizes around these virons to form the occluded form. For use as an insecticide the occluded form is preferred. However, the non-occluded virus are the infective form in tissue culture. The synthesis of polyhedrin is driven by a very strong late promoter. Because polyhedrin is unnecessary for infection in tissue culture, the polyhedrin gene locii makes an ideal cloning site for genes for heterologous proteins.
Last Words in Volume 13:1

Marchand speaks of the growth of the university and the library from a small college to a university with radidly growing graduate programs, especially after WWII. He notes the G.I. generation swelled undergraduate enrollment and were entering graduate programs. He state that the Library had acquired the fundamental research tools and many of the reference works in special fields that are essential to graduate study, even before rapid growth of graduate program.
(212) Gene Expression Profile of Nociceptor Hyper-Excitability in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is an intractable complication of diabetes that affects 25% of patients. PDN is characterized by neuropathic pain and small-fiber degeneration, accompanied by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptor hyperexcitability and loss of their axons within the skin. The molecular mechanisms underlying DRG nociceptor hyperexcitability and small-fiber degeneration in PDN are unknown. To delineate the molecular mechanisms behind nociceptor hyperexcitability and small-fiber degeneration, it becomes important to uniquely identify changes in the nociceptor population from within the heterogeneous population of neurons in the DRG. To identify genes that are differentially expressed in PDN, we compared the RNA profile of mice fed a regular-diet (RD) or a high-fat diet (HFD), a commonly used model of PDN. To capture the translational state of these nociceptive neurons, we used transgenic mice expressing tagged ribosomal subunits (RiboTag) in the nociceptor population expressing the sodium channel-Nav1.8. Analysis of the RiboTagged mRNA between HFD and RD mice at 10 weeks revealed 84 upregulated genes and 70 downregulated genes. We identified candidate genes like ApoD, known to increase excitatory signaling through CXCR4/CXCL12. Previously our work demonstrated that CXCR4/CXCR12 signaling is critical for the development of mechanical allodynia and small-fiber degeneration in PDN. Further analysis implicated changes in pathways relating to extracellular matrix organization, gliogenesis and, complex 1 biogenesis. In addition to the translational profiling, we plan to perform single-cell RNA sequencing of the Nav1.8-positive DRG neuron population using Nav1.8-Cre;Ai9 mice fed an RD or an HFD. Single-cell RNA sequencing will give us a better understanding of the transcriptional status of subpopulations within the Nav1.8-positive DRG neurons and generate candidate genes at a higher resolution. This study will provide insight into the genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and small-fiber degeneration and yield potential translational targets for disease-modifying treatments for PDN.
Development and in vitro evaluation of pressure sensitive adhesive patch for the transdermal delivery of galantamine: Effect of penetration enhancers and crystallization inhibition.

Abstract The transdermal route offers an attractive alternative route of drug administration especially for Alzheimer’s disease patients through eliminating gastrointestinal side effects and ultimately improving compliance. In this study, we prepared an optimized matrix–type patches for the transdermal delivery of galantamine free base with ex vivo and in vitro evaluation. Four pressure sensitive adhesives with different functional groups, ten penetration enhancers and four drug loadings were tested to determine the optimized patch. The ex vivo permeation of the different formulated patches through human cadaver skin using vertical Franz diffusion cells showed that GELVA GMS 788 was the best pressure sensitive adhesive among the tested polymers. FT-IR and rheological studies done to investigate any potential interactions of the polymer with the drug and/or additives showed the possibility of hydrogen bonding between the drug and pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), also the additives had a plasticization effect causing increased flexibility of the polymer chains. The optimized formulation had 10%w/w drug loading, 5% w/w limonene as a penetration enhancer, and 5%w/w oleic acid as a crystallization inhibitor. The combination of limonene and oleic acid increased the flux of galantamine by 2.7-fold compared to 1.7-fold when limonene was used alone. The optimized patch exhibited diffusion release kinetics and fitted well to Higuchi’s model and yielded a permeation rate of 32.4 ± 1.41 µg/cm2/h across human cadaver skin.
A Tale of Cities: Urban Biases in Volunteered Geographic Information

Geotagged tweets, Foursquare check-ins and other forms of volunteered geographic information (VGI) play a critical role in numerous studies and a large range of intelligent technologies. We show that three of the most commonly used sources of VGI – Twitter, Flickr, and Foursquare – are biased towards urban perspectives at the expense of rural ones. Utilizing a geostatistics-based approach, we demonstrate that, on a per capita basis , these important VGI datasets have more users, more information, and higher quality information within metropolitan areas than outside of them. VGI is a subset of user-generated content (UGC) and we discuss how our results suggest that urban biases might exist in non-geographically referenced UGC as well. Finally, because Foursquare is exclusively made up of VGI, we argue that Foursquare (and possibly other location-based social networks) has fundamentally failed to appeal to rural populations.
Training Kinetics in 15 Minutes: Large-scale Distributed Training on Videos.

Deep video recognition is more computationally expensive than image recognition, especially on large-scale datasets like Kinetics [1]. Therefore, training scalability is essential to handle a large amount of videos. In this paper, we study the factors that impact the training scalability of video networks. We recognize three bottlenecks, including data loading (data movement from disk to GPU), communication (data movement over networking), and computation FLOPs. We propose three design guidelines to improve the scalability: (1) fewer FLOPs and hardware-friendly operator to increase the computation efficiency; (2) fewer input frames to reduce the data movement and increase the data loading efficiency; (3) smaller model size to reduce the networking traffic and increase the networking efficiency. With these guidelines, we designed a new operator Temporal Shift Module (TSM) that is efficient and scalable for distributed training. TSM model can achieve 1.8x higher throughput compared to previous I3D models. We scale up the training of the TSM model to 1,536 GPUs, with a mini-batch of 12,288 video clips/98,304 images, without losing the accuracy. With such hardware-aware model design, we are able to scale up the training on Summit supercomputer and reduce the training time on Kinetics dataset from 49 hours 55 minutes to 14 minutes 13 seconds, achieving a top-1 accuracy of 74.0%, which is 1.6x and 2.9x faster than previous 3D video models with higher accuracy. The code and more details can be found here: this http URL.
Discovery of a potential positive allosteric modulator of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor through virtual screening and experimental study.

The Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a well-established target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and GLP-1R agonist-based therapies represent an effective approach which results in several GLP-1 analog drugs. However, the development of nonpeptidic agonist drugs targeting GLP-1R remains unsuccessful. A promising strategy aims to develop orally bioavailable, small-molecule positive allosteric modulators of GLP1-1R. Taking advantage of the recently reported cryo-EM structure of GLP-1R at its active state, we have performed structure-based screening studies which include potential allosteric binding site prediction and in silico screening of drug-like compounds, and conducted in vitro testing and site-specific mutagenesis studies. One compound with low molecular weight was confirmed as a positive allosteric modulator of GLP-1R as it enhances GLP-1′s affinity and efficacy to human GLP-1R in a dose dependent manner. This compound also stimulates insulin secretion synergistically with GLP-1. With the molecular weight of 399, this compound represents one of the smallest known GLP-1R PAMs, and demonstrates other favorable drug-like properties. Site-specific mutagenesis studies confirmed that the binding site of this compound partially overlaps with that of a known antagonist in the transmembrane domain. These results demonstrate that structure-based approach is useful for discovering nonpeptidic allosteric modulators of GLP-1R and the compound reported here is valuable for further drug development.
Deoxyribonuclease Reduces Tissue Injury and Improves Survival After Hemorrhagic Shock

Abstract Background Hemorrhagic shock (HS) caused by rapid loss of a large amount of blood is the leading cause of early death after severe injury. When cells are damaged during HS, many intracellular components including DNA are released into the circulation and function as endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can trigger excessive inflammatory response and subsequently multiple organ dysfunction. We hypothesized that the administration of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) could reduce cell-free DNA and attenuate tissue damage in HS. Methods Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice underwent HS by controlled bleeding from the femoral artery for 90 min, followed by resuscitation with Ringer's lactate solution (vehicle) or DNase I (10 mg/kg BW). Results At 20 h after HS, serum levels of cell-free DNA were increased by 7.6-fold in the vehicle-treated HS mice compared with sham, while DNase I reduced its levels by 47% compared with the vehicle group. Serum levels of tissue injury markers (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 were significantly reduced in the DNase I–treated mice. In the lungs, messenger RNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 and interleukin 1 β), chemoattractant macrophage inflammatory protein - 2, and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly decreased in HS mice after DNase I. Finally, DNase I significantly improved the 10-day survival rate in HS mice. Conclusions Administration of DNase I attenuates tissue damage and systemic and lung inflammation, leading to improvement of survival in HS mice. Thus, DNase I may potentially serve as an adjunct therapy for managing patients with HS.
Sleep Deprivation alters the influence of biological sex on active-phase sleep behavior

Abstract Poor sleep is a hazard of daily life that oftentimes cannot be avoided. Gender differences in daily sleep and wake patterns are widely reported; however, it remains unclear how biological sex, which is comprised of genetic and endocrine components, directly influences sleep regulatory processes. In the majority of model systems studied thus far, sex differences in daily sleep amount are predominant during the active (wake) phase of the sleep-wake cycle. The pervasiveness of sex differences in sleep amount throughout phylogeny suggests a strong underlying genetic component. The goal of the current study is to determine if sex differences in active-phase sleep amount are dependent on sex chromosomes in mice. Sleep was examined in the four-core genotype (FCG) mouse model, whose sex chromosome complement (XY, XX) is independent of sex phenotype (male or female). In this line, sex phenotype is determined by the presence or absence of the Sry gene, which is dissociated from the Y chromosome. Polysomnographic sleep recordings were obtained from gonadectomized (GDX) FCG mice to examine spontaneous sleep states and the ability to recover from sleep loss. We report that during the active-phase, the presence of the Sry gene accounts for most sex differences during spontaneous sleep; however, during recovery from sleep loss, sex differences in sleep amount are partially driven by sex chromosome complement. These results suggest that genetic factors on the sex chromosomes encode the homeostatic response to sleep loss.
Palliative sedation therapy for terminal movement disorders

Palliative sedation therapy (PST) can be a challenging area of palliative medicine because of the complex ethical considerations involved. PST is a medical therapy used for refractory symptoms in terminally ill patients and is often considered ethically justified due to the principle of double effect. Even in cases where PST is clearly indicated such as refractory cancer pain, there is potential for moral distress among clinicians. Here, we present a unique case in which multiple therapeutic options were limited in a patient with overlapping diagnoses of catatonia, medication-induced extrapyramidal symptoms, and dementia with Lewy bodies. We review how existing frameworks can be applied to similar situations and offer practical strategies to support medical decision-making regarding PST and reduce the risk of moral distress among clinicians.