cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thoracic radiation therapy: dosage and techniques

Combination chemotherapy (CC) deserves credit for the increase in survival for patients with limited small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, the best CC is not clearly established. The definition of limited disease and the work-up to define limited disease has evolved over the last 20 years. Imaging studies are now more sophisticated (MRI and CT scan) and used more frequently. Although there is general agreement on what constitutes limited disease and what is not, the extent of the staging work-up, the issue of ipsilateral pleural effusion and supraclavicular disease continue to stimulate lively discussion. The last decade’s studies usually employed cyclophosphamide-based CC. Presently. platinum-etoposide (PE) CC is assuming increased importance at least in North America. However, in limited disease, no data compare the regimens directly. Integration of CC with thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) has warranted much attention. These issues have been addressed in 3 recent reviews [l-33. Three randomized North American studies, the SEG [4], the NCI-USA [5], and the CALGB [63, all support a survival benefit for the group receiving TRT. However, the British Medical Research Council (MRC) [7], the Finsen Institute [8] and the later Southeastern Cancer Study Group (SEG) trial did not show improvement for the TRT group. For all of these trials, the CC was cyclophosphamide-based, but the radiotherapy varied in many ways. TRT has been known to produce dramatic regression of primary tumors in SCLC. The failure of CC to durably control the bulk primary location and TRT’s local efficacy both suggested their combination. Comis reported local failure in 50-100% of cases [9]. The method of CC-TRT is another factor that influences toxicity for sure and may also be important in efficacy and survival, but the available information prevents reaching conclusions. There are major problems that interfere with retrospective literature analysis of this issue. The term‘local control’ is quite imprecise. Assessment of local control in most series has been based on clinicians’ assessment of chest X-rays. More recently bronchoscopy and CT-scanning
Conservation law for multiple four-wave-mixing processes in a nonlinear optical medium

When two optical waves at frequencies ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{2}$ interact in a medium with cubic nonlinearity, multiple four-wave-mixing processes can generate pairs of sidebands. A conservation law that connects the amplitudes of the pump waves and sidebands is shown to arise from the Manley-Rowe relations and from the infinite set of conservation relations of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. The conservation relation is examined theoretically and verified experimentally for a variety of input pump power levels and asymmetries. It can be used as a diagnostic measure to determine if nonlinearities of higher order than cubic are present.
The structure of orthogonal groups of 2-adic unimodular quadratic forms

Abstract This paper gives some indication of the structure of the orthogonal group of a unimodular quadratic form over the 2-adic integers. Various congruence subgroups are defined and their interrelationships investigated. Figure 1 gives the lattice pattern of the subgroups considered when the rank is even. The subgroups normalized by the commutator subgroup are also determined.
A regression-based approach for estimating primary and secondary particulate matter intake fractions.

One of the common challenges for life cycle impact assessment and risk assessment is the need to estimate the population exposures associated with emissions. The concept of intake fraction (a unitless term representing the fraction of material or its precursor released from a source that is eventually inhaled or ingested) can be used when limited site data are available or the number of sources to model is large. Although studies have estimated intake fractions for some pollutant-source combinations, there is a need to quickly and accurately estimate intake fractions for sources and settings not previously evaluated. It would be expected that limited source or site information could be used to yield intake fraction estimates with reasonable accuracy. To test this theory, we developed regression models to predict intake fractions previously estimated for primary fine particles (PM2.5) and secondary sulfate and nitrate particles from power plants and mobile sources in the United States. Our regression models were able to predict pollutant-specific intake fractions with R2 between 0.53 and 0.86 and equations that reflected expected relationships (e.g., intake fraction increased with population density, stack height influenced the intake fraction of primary but not secondary particles). Further analysis would be needed to generalize beyond this case study and construct models applicable across source categories and settings, but our analysis demonstrates that inclusion of a limited number of parameters can significantly reduce the uncertainty in population-average exposure estimates.
Development of a Resin Transfer Molding Test‐bed with Process Control Capability

Fiber reinforced plastic parts have traditionally been manufactured by resin transfer molding. This method is based on a fixed recipe and no attempt is made to control process conditions during the manufacturing process. In this paper, an experimental test-bed is developed which has the capability of implementing a wide variety of temperature and pressure profiles for the manufacture of plastic parts via resin tranfer molding. The performance of the test-bed is evaluated by implementing several desired pressure and temperature profiles in production of fiber reinforced polyester parts.
Relation of pathophysiologic mechanisms to outcome in heart failure

Advances in the treatment of heart failure with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been accompanied by an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure. The inability of the heart to act as a pump is determined in some patients by alterations to the architecture of the heart and changes in the extracellular space, particularly fibrosis. The degree to which the failure of the heart as a pump can be attributed to a reduced ability of the myocyte to contract is contentious. The origin of symptoms is still uncertain but does relate to identified changes in the lung, increased peripheral resistance and atrophy of skeletal muscle. The mechanisms of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are numerous and do not yet account easily for the clinical benefits. Further epidemiologic studies are needed to ascertain the proportion of patients who manifest progressive heart failure rather than deterioration due to further cardiac events. Understanding the pathophysiology of heart failure will allow therapy to be tailored to the requirements of the individual patient.
Predicting germination in semi-arid wildland seedbeds II. Field validation of wet thermal-time models

Abstract Accurate prediction of germination for species used for semi-arid land revegetation would support selection of plant materials for specific climatic conditions and sites. Wet thermal-time models predict germination time by summing progress toward germination subpopulation percentages as a function of temperature across intermittent wet periods or within singular wet periods. Wet periods may be defined by any reasonable seedbed water potential above which seeds are expected to imbibe sufficiently to germinate. These models may be especially applicable to the Artemisia steppe of the western U.S.A. where water availability limits germination in summer and early fall while cool temperatures limit germination in late fall, winter, and spring when soil water is available. To test accuracy of wet thermal-time models we placed seedbags with seeds of five species commonly used in wildland revegetation, as well as two collections of the invasive annual grass, Bromus tectorum L. into Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young zone seedbeds for 19 field incubation periods over four seasons. Hourly surface (1–3 cm) soil temperatures and soil water potentials were measured near the seedbags. These data were input into thermal-time models which predicted time to germination for each seedbag retrieval date. Binomial data representing agreement (1) or lack of agreement (0) of predicted and actual germination for each retrieval date were analyzed using logistic regression. Thermal summation method, season, water potential threshold, and species most affected accuracy of predictions ( P
Studies on Suctorian Protozoa: The Mechanism of Ingestion of Prey Cytoplasm.*

The rate of ingestion of cytoplasm from its prey ciliate by Podophrya collini shows a maximum at 18°C. The rate of ingestion is the same for all active tentacles during the feeding period. Calculation of the amount of cytoplasm ingested from rate measurement and from dimensional alterations of ciliate and suctorian during feeding indicates conformity to the hypothesis that the motive force for ingestion results from integrated activity of the total cell and not from autonomous activity of the tentacles alone. The estimated motive force approximates 0.2 atmosphere. Data is presented to indicate that energy to maintain this motive force is derived from the normal oxidative metabolism of the suctorian.
The Nonlinear Evolution of Massive Stellar Core Collapses That “Fizzle”

Core collapse in a massive rotating star may pause before nuclear density is reached, if the core contains total angular momentum J 1049 g cm2 s-1. In such aborted or "fizzled" collapses, temporary equilibrium objects form that, although rapidly rotating, are secularly and dynamically stable because of the high electron fraction per baryon Ye > 0.3 and the high entropy per baryon Sb/k ≈ 1-2 of the core material at neutrino trapping. These fizzled collapses are called "fizzlers." In the absence of prolonged infall from the surrounding star, the evolution of fizzlers is driven by deleptonization, which causes them to contract and spin up until they either become stable neutron stars or reach the dynamic instability point for barlike modes. The barlike instability case is of current interest because the bars would be sources of gravitational wave (GW) radiation. In this paper, we use linear and nonlinear techniques, including three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, to study the behavior of fizzlers that have deleptonized to the point of reaching dynamic bar instability. The simulations show that the GW emission produced by bar-unstable fizzlers has rms strain amplitude r15h = 10-23 to 10-22 for an observer on the rotation axis, with wave frequency of roughly 60-600 Hz. Here h is the strain and r15 = (r/15 Mpc) is the distance to the fizzler in units of 15 Mpc. If the bars that form by dynamic instability can maintain GW emission at this level for 100 periods or more, they may be detectable by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory at the distance of the Virgo Cluster. They would be detectable as burst sources, defined as sources that persist for ~10 cycles or less, if they occurred in the Local Group of galaxies. The long-term behavior of the bars is the crucial issue for the detection of fizzler events. The bars present at the end of our simulations are dynamically stable but will evolve on longer timescales because of a variety of effects, such as shock heating, infall, deleptonization, and cooling, as well as gravitational radiation and Newtonian gravitational coupling to surrounding material. Long-term simulations including these effects will be necessary to determine the ultimate fate and GW production of fizzlers with certainty.
Myocardial contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction.

Purpose of reviewMyocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) has evolved into an important clinical tool for imaging coronary microcirculation. It can be used to delineate the spectrum of perfusion derangements that characterize acute myocardial infarction.Recent findingsPresently, MCE uses microcirc
Permutations are not context-free: An application of the interchange lemma☆

Abstract Let x be a nonempty string and x another string with the same characters as x, but possibly in a different order. A string of the form xx is called a permutation. A permutation-containing string is of the form wxxy. The Interchange Lemma for context-free languages [11] is used to show that the set of permutation-containing strings over a 16 character alphabet is not context-free. The application of the lemma is important since other techniques, such as the pumping lemma and Ogden's lemma cannot show that the set is not context-free. Finally, a collection of open problems is given.
Trace metals and organic carbon in sediments of the northeastern Chukchi Sea

Abstract Concentrations of Al, Fe and selected trace metals (As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V, Zn) in surface sediments from the northeastern Chukchi Sea (NECS) varied considerably as a function of sediment texture (i.e., grain size); however, essentially all metals, when normalized to Al, were present at natural, background values. Total organic carbon content ranged from 0.06–1.56% with a marine origin for at least two-thirds of the organic matter at each station based on δ13C values and C/N ratios. Recent sedimentation rates from 137Cs and 210Pb dating were 0.03–0.14 cm yr−1. Corresponding vertical distributions for most metals in age-dated sediment cores showed >100-yr records of uniform metal/Al ratios, including Pb and Hg. Concentrations of As, Mn and Cd were modified in surface sediments at a few stations by early chemical diagenesis. Surveys around two exploratory oil and gas drilling sites that were occupied in 1989 showed that Ba concentrations were as high as 10,000 µg g−1 within 200 m of one drilling site relative to background values of ~700 µg g−1. Barium enrichment was from barite, a drilling mud additive that was discharged to the seafloor. Above background concentrations of Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn also were found in sediments from 3–4 stations within 200 m of the two drilling sites. At present, sediments in the NECS are essentially pristine with respect to trace metals of anthropogenic origin, excluding small areas around drilling sites. These data should be of value for detecting and tracking future chemical changes in the sediments of the NECS, particularly in light of planned oil and gas exploration and production as well as environmental changes that may be associated with climate change.
A parallel compensation approach in controls of buck-boost converters

Buck-boost converters are non-minimum phase nonlinear circuits. Due to which there arises several constraints in selection of proper control approach. What is proposed in this paper is the application of a decoupling technique to isolate the non-minimum phase part of the system. The decoupled non-minimum phase transfer function dynamics are changed to minimum phase using a parallel compensator. Then the control action can be achieved by using a proportional gain controller. This method accelerates the transient response of the converter, removes the undershoot in the response and considerably reduces the oscillations in the transient response. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach.
Tests of anterior pituitary function

T IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER to review the different tests that provide an index of the production of the anterior pituitary hormones. In many instances these tests involve direct measurement of pituitary hormone concentrations in blood or hormone excretion in urine. Such measurements have been greatly advanced in recent years by the development of sensitive radioimmunoassay techniques. In spite of the remarkable progress made in the direct measurement of the hormones, the assessment of the effects of the hormones on their target tissues still plays an important diagnostic role. Most pituitary function tests begin with the determination of hormone production in the basal state. Where pituitary hypofunction is suspected, provocative tests that indicate the reserve capacity of the pituitary for increased hormone production above basal levels often allow the detection of more subtle limitations in function. Conversely where pituitary hyperfunction is suspected, tests that determine suppressibility of hormone production may aid in revealing functional abnormalities. Tests that directly or indirectly assess thyrotropin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone levels will be reviewed. It should be noted that a sensitive assay for the beta melanocyte stimulating hormone has been developed. l Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone has not been specifically measurable in human biological fluids. Recent evidence suggests that the human pituitary, like that of other species, produces a prolactin that is a separate molecular entity from growth hormone.2 Application of prolactin assays to human biological fluids will undoubtedly prove useful in the characterization of disorders of lactation.3
CROSS-RELAXATION IN SPIN SYSTEMS

The energy transfer between adjacent resonances in nuclear and electron spin systems is analyzed in terms of the overlap of line-shape functions. The procedure is an enlargement on the original proposal of Kronig and Bouwkamp, and consists of taking partial account of off-diagonal elements in the spin-spin interaction, which are omitted in Van Vleck's truncated Hamiltonian. If the frequency of these off-diagonal elements is sufficiently small, they give rise to an additional kind of spin-spin relaxation, observed by Gorter and co-workers. They are also responsible for cross-saturation effects in paramagnetic salts of the type observed by Townes and co-workers. A crucial experiment is described which can be explained by spin-spin interactions, but not by the assumption of a hot-phonon region. Implications of the cross-relaxation for the operation of solid state masers are discussed. Special consideration is given to magnetically dilute substances and inhomogeneously broadened lines. Paradoxically, the latter will usually still undergo a homogeneous steady-state saturation.
PAK4 Functions in Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) α-induced Survival Pathways by Facilitating TRADD Binding to the TNF Receptor

PAK4 is a member of the group B family of p21-activated kinases. Its expression is elevated in many cancer cell lines, and activated PAK4 is highly transforming, suggesting that it plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Although most previous work was carried out with overexpressed PAK4, here we used RNA interference to knock down endogenous PAK4 in cancer cells. By studying PAK4 knockdown HeLa cells, we demonstrated that endogenous PAK4 is required for anchorage-independent growth. Because cell survival is a key part of tumorigenesis and anchorage-independent growth, we studied whether PAK4 has a role in protecting cells from cell death. To address this, we studied the role for PAK4 downstream to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α receptor. Although overexpressed PAK4 was previously shown to abrogate proapoptotic pathways, here we demonstrate that endogenous PAK4 is required for the full activation of prosurvival pathways induced by TNFα. Our results indicate that PAK4 is required for optimal binding of the scaffold protein TRADD to the activated TNFα receptor through both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent mechanisms. Consequently, activation of several prosurvival pathways, including the NFκB and ERK pathways, is reduced in the absence of PAK4. Interestingly, constitutive activation of the NFκB and ERK pathways could compensate for the lack of PAK4, indicating that these pathways function downstream to PAK4. The role for PAK4 in regulating prosurvival pathways is a completely new function for this protein, and the connection between PAK4 and cell survival under stress helps explain its role in tumorigenesis and development.
Administrators and Teachers Express Their Support, Opposition to Reform Proposals:

Amidst calls from the Holmes Group and the Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy for substantial edu cation reform, a group of administrators and a group of teachers were asked to express their support or opposition to these propos als. The responses raise some questions about the proposals' chance for suc cess.
Modeling reciprocity in social interactions with probabilistic latent space models

Reciprocity is a pervasive concept that plays an important role in governing people's behavior, judgments, and thus their social interactions. In this paper we present an analysis of the concept of reciprocity as expressed in English and a way to model it. At a larger structural level the reciprocity model will induce representations and clusters of relations between interpersonal verbs. In particular, we introduce an algorithm that semi-automatically discovers patterns encoding reciprocity based on a set of simple yet effective pronoun templates. Using the most frequently occurring patterns we queried the web and extracted 13,443 reciprocal instances, which represent a broad-coverage resource. Unsupervised clustering procedures are performed to generate meaningful semantic clusters of reciprocal instances. We also present several extensions (along with observations) to these models that incorporate meta-attributes like the verbs' affective value, identify gender differences between participants, consider the textual context of the instances, and automatically discover verbs with certain presuppositions. The pattern discovery procedure yields an accuracy of 97 per cent, while the clustering procedures ??? clustering with pairwise membership and clustering with transitions ??? indicate accuracies of 91 per cent and 64 per cent, respectively. Our affective value clustering can predict an unknown verb's affective value (positive, negative, or neutral) with 51 per cent accuracy, while it can discriminate between positive and negative values with 68 per cent accuracy. The presupposition discovery procedure yields an accuracy of 97 per cent.
Effects of restricting the water intake of dairy cows upon their milk yield, body weight and blood composition

1. Water intake was measured in eight lactating cows. Subsequently n i an experiment of a 4 × 4 Latin square design, each cow received 100, 87, 73 and 60% of its voluntary intake for 6 days followed by an 8-day recovery period.2. Measurements were made of the intake of feed, milk yield and quality, water, Na and K balances, metabolic profiles, and serum and urine osmolalities. The cows were weighed at the beginning and end ofthe experimental periods, and pulse, respiration and rumination rates and rectal temperatures were measured daily.3. Milk yield decreased significantly with increasing water deprivation. A 40% reduction in water intake was associated with a 16% decrease in intake of dry matter and a concomitant 16% decrease in milk yield. The only significant change in milk composition was a small increase in lactose concentration with increasing water deprivation.4. There was no significant reduction in urine output, but the output of water in faeces was reduced and there was evidence of a reduction i n total body water which approximated the reduction in body weight. 5. Concentrations of serum Na and urea-N and serum osmolality increased significantly with increasing water deprivation.
Incompressible flow computations with stabilized bilinear and linear equal-order-interpolation velocity-pressure elements

Finite element formulations based on stabilized bilinear and linear equal-order-interpolation velocity-pressure elements are presented for computation of steady and unsteady incompressible flows. The stabilization procedure involves a slightly modified Galerkin/least-squares formulation of the steady-state equations. The pressure field is interpolated by continuous functions for both the quadrilateral and triangular elements used. These elements are employed in conjunction with the one-step and multi-step time integration of the Navier-Stokes equations. The three test cases chosen for the performance evaluation of these formulations are the standing vortex problem, the lid-driven cavity flow at Reynolds number 400, and flow past a cylinder at Reynolds number 100.
The prevalence of clinically-relevant comorbid conditions in patients with physician-diagnosed COPD: a cross-sectional study using data from NHANES 1999-2008.

Treatment of chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is complicated by the presence of comorbidities. The objective of this analysis was to estimate the prevalence of comorbidity in COPD using nationally-representative data. This study draws from a multi-year analytic sample of 14,828 subjects aged 45+, including 995 with COPD, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2008. COPD was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis of chronic bronchitis or emphysema; patients who reported a diagnosis of asthma were excluded. Using population weights, we estimated the age-and-gender-stratified prevalence of 22 comorbid conditions that may influence COPD and its treatment. Subjects 45+ with physician-diagnosed COPD were more likely than subjects without physician-diagnosed COPD to have coexisting arthritis (54.6% vs. 36.9%), depression (20.6% vs. 12.5%), osteoporosis (16.9% vs. 8.5%), cancer (16.5% vs. 9.9%), coronary heart disease (12.7% vs. 6.1%), congestive heart failure (12.1% vs. 3.9%), and stroke (8.9% vs. 4.6%). Subjects with COPD were also more likely to report mobility difficulty (55.6% vs. 32.5%), use of >4 prescription medications (51.8% vs. 32.1), dizziness/balance problems (41.1% vs. 23.8%), urinary incontinence (34.9% vs. 27.3%), memory problems (18.5% vs. 8.8%), low glomerular filtration rate (16.2% vs. 10.5%), and visual impairment (14.0% vs. 9.6%). All reported comparisons have p < 0.05. Our study indicates that COPD management may need to take into account a complex spectrum of comorbidities. This work identifies which conditions are most common in a nationally-representative set of COPD patients (physician-diagnosed), a necessary step for setting research priorities and developing clinical practice guidelines that address COPD within the context of comorbidity.
Isolation and characterization of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor promoter

The PDGFbeta r gene has been implicated in many physiological processes including development and wound healing. Aberrant expression of the receptor is seen in many pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases. To study the mechanisms of PDGFbeta r regulation, we identified the regulatory regions of the gene. We have cloned and characterized the promoter region of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFbeta r). We isolated a 4.5 Kb genomic fragment which confers PDGFbeta r tissue-specific promoter activity. This fragment can direct transcription of a luciferase reporter gene in a cell-specific manner which correlates well with the known pattern of expression of the PDGFbeta r. The specificity of this clone was demonstrated by its high activity in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and lack of activity in N-MUNG epithelial cells, a pattern that parallels the expression of the endogenous PDGFbeta r. We have defined a 614 bp region encompassing the 5' untranslated region of the gene which includes the basal promoter region. We generated transgenic mice that carry the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene under the control of the 4.5 Kb promoter. The expression pattern of the reporter gene was compared to that of the endogenous PDGFbeta r gene. The promoter was able to direct reporter gene expression with the same temporal and spatial pattern as the endogenous PDGFbeta r. The most prominent expression was in condensing mesenchyme of developing blood vessels, bone and tissues adjacent to epithelium. We conclude that this clone contains the regulatory regions sufficient to direct expression of the PDGFbeta r. The further analysis of this promoter will help elucidate the transcriptional regulation of expression of the PDGFbeta r, and provide a useful tool for directing expression of heterologous genes.
CLEANING UP THEIR ACTS: SHIFTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY POLICIES IN PLURALIST AND CORPORATIST STATES

This paper examines the abilities of different governmental types to take proactive steps towards reducing pollution. Specifically, the hypothesis that the system of interest group representation on a scale of pluralism to corporatism will affect a state's rate of change to reduce consumption of carbon dense fuels. Using a standardized measure of carbon density of fuels consumed, this work examines industrialized economies over a 13-year time frame. The study shows that the Nordic corporatism systems are more capable of shifting to cleaner fuels than pluralist, majoritarian systems. It is posited that this is a result of the goal-oriented policymaking in corporatist states in comparison to more process-oriented policymaking in pluralist systems.
Thoughts on effective field theory

Abstract I will begin by giving a formal description of the process of matching in effective field theories. I argue that the picture suggests that it should be possible to compute nonperturbative corrections to matching reliably. I then go on to speculate about a scheme for extending chiral fermions to extra dimensions.
Ethnic identity change in the people's republic of China: An explanation using data from the 1982 and 1990 census enumerations

This article seeks to account for the rapid rise in the number of people who identify as minorities in the People's Republic of China. A comparison of the 1982 and 1990 census enumerations reveals that 24 million more individuals identified themselves as members of a minority group in 1990. Estimates indicate that fertility trends would account for an increase of only ten million during this eight year period. Two interacting factors, it is argued, account for the rapid shift in ethnic identity that occurred between 1982 and 1990 in the PRC: government policy and minority group characteristics. Government policy provided the incentive for change in ethnic identification by increasing the benefits available to minority citizens. Only those individuals associated with minority groups that had previously identified and were largely assimilated with the dominant group (in terms of residence, education, and level of economic development) could renew their claims for minority status. This argument is substantia...
An investigation into the three‐dimensional stress‐birefringence‐strain relationship in elastomers

The statistical theory of the birefringence of an individual non-Gaussian elastomer chain is used together with a chain network description of rubber elasticity to develop a relationship among the strain, birefringence, and stress in elastomers, valid for large deformations under generalized strain states. The result is a fully three-dimensional internal variable based constitutive model of rubber elasticity in which measurement of the elastomeric birefringence during straining in one deformation state characterizes the optically anisotropic response of the elastomer. Simultaneous measurement of the stress vs. strain response provides the rubbery modulus and limiting network extensibility properties needed to completely characterize the mechanical anisotropy of the material. Once characterized using the single, large deformation experiment, the birefringence and stress responses of the elastomer in other deformation states may then be predicted without adjusting any model parameters. The theory is compared to experimental studies from the literature of large strain deformations of elastomers in uniaxial tension and compression for which the exhibited birefringence and stress responses of deforming elastomers have been simultaneously recorded.
Characterization of polycrystalline phosphors for area x-ray detectors

Incorporation of polycrystalline phosphor screens into efficient, high precision x-ray detectors requires an understanding of the subtleties of x-ray capture and subsequent light transmission in the screen, as well as an awareness of how phosphors affect detector calibration. We discuss the preparation of such phosphor screens and their characterization with respect to efficiency, stopping power, spatial resolution, decay time, and spectral output.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heuristics for rapidly four-coloring large planar graphs

We present several algorithms for rapidly four-coloring large planar graphs and discuss the results of extensive experimentation with over 140 graphs from two distinct classes of randomly generated instances having up to 128,000 vertices. Although the algorithms can potentially require exponential time, the observed running times of our more sophisticated algorithms are linear in the number of vertices over the range of sizes tested. The use of Kempe chaining and backtracking together with a fast heuristic which usually, but not always, resolves impasses gives us hybrid algorithms that: (1) successfully four-color all our test graphs, and (2) in practice run, on average, only twice as slow as the well-known, nonexact, simple to code, ź(n) saturation algorithm of Brelaz.
Interactive system for registering adjacent tissue sections

The molecular and structural analysis of cells within their tissue context helps us understand disease mechanisms, such as carcinogenesis. Standard analysis of cutting specimens into thin (4 micrometer) sections, followed by labeling and visual microscopic analysis, has the limitation that tissue properties can only be studied within the section plane, and not perpendicular to the plane. We solved these limitations by building a system for registering images of adjacent sections. In addition, the system enables analysis of many molecular markers in a specific tissue volume, by labeling different sections with different markers, followed by using the system to locate the relevant tissue volume in each section. The system has three stages. First, it automatically images each entire section and two fiducial markers per slide. After this stage, the slides can be removed from the microscope. In stage two, pairs of images of adjacent sections are registered. This is done by interactively marking several points that are common to both images, which are used to calculate the translation and rotation of the images relative to each other. Different registrations can be performed on different parts of the images to account for differential stretching, tearing and folding of sections. In stage three, a slide is placed on the microscope stage and the analyst can bring a specific location into the field of view by referring to it in the previously acquired image. Accuracy is approximately equal to 10 micrometers.
Rheology and suspension activity of pseudoplastic polymers II. Comparison of suspension activity of pseudoplastic polymers at fixed apparent viscosities

According to a previously described method of expressing the apparent viscosity of pseudoplastic materials and of relating this parameter to concentration, eight pseudoplastic suspending agents were prepared at four levels of apparent viscosity and were studied for their suspension activity for two insoluble drugs (zinc oxide U.S.P. and sulfamethazine U.S.P.). The drug which was compatible with the suspending agents studied was stabilized in the various suspension media at an apparent viscosity of 10 or above. Both insoluble drugs demonstrated an exponential sedimentation rate, while zinc oxide showed a zero order and sulfamethazine an exponential separation rate in the various pseudoplastic suspension media.
150 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN THE FRANK-STARLING RELATION SHIP IN THE CHICK EMBRYO

We are studying control mechanisms in the embryonic cardiovascular system. We hypothesize that stroke volume increases directly with preload as the chick embryo develops from stage 18 (3 days) to 29 (6 days), a 16-fold increase in embryo weight. Mean dorsal aortic blood velocity (V) was measured with a 20 MHz pulsed-Doppler velocity meter; mean blood flow (Q) was calculated using V and aortic diameter. Q+HR equals stroke volume index. dV/dt was electronically derived. Peak stroke volume was measured in response to intravenous injection of increasing volumes of chick Ringer's solution. Volumes ranged from 6.8 to 157 μL per gram embryo wet weight, permitting comparison of the volume response at different stages. A minimum of 5 embryos were studied for each volume. Data were tested by ANOVA and regression analysis. Heart rate decreased less than 6% for all stages. Stroke volume changed less than 3% in controls. With volume infusion maximum peak stroke volume increased 29% for stage 18, 83% for stage 24, and 46% for stage 29. Stroke volume increased linearly in all stages with slopes of 3.9 at stage 18, 4.7 at stage 24, and 5.5 at stage 29. dV/dt increased with volume infusion for all 3 stages. Although there is considerable change in embryo and ventricular weight, heart geometric shape, and myofibril myocyte volume and alignment, the relationship between preload and stroke volume is similar at each stage. We conclude that the Frank-Starling mechanism functions over a broad range of development in the preinnervated embryonic heart.
Synthesis and evaluation of phosphoramidate amino acid-based inhibitors of sialyltransferases.

Several phosphoramidate analogues of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid were prepared for evaluation as inhibitors of α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyltransferase. Central to the synthesis was the oxidative coupling of an amino acid ester with an H-phosphonate to construct the phosphoramidate linkage. All compounds synthesized were weak inhibitors of both of the sialyltransferases as determined by an HPLC-based inhibition assay.
Biology of simian virus 40 (SV40) transplantation antigen (TrAg) IX. Analysis of TrAg in mouse cells synthesizing truncated SV40 large T antigen

Abstract Mouse LTK − cells (H-2 k ) were transfected with a series of recombinant plasmids consisting of the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (TK) gene linked to fragments of SV40 DNA coding for portions of SV40 T antigen in pBR322, and TK + transformants (LTK + ) were selected in HAT medium. The TK + transformants were analyzed for SV40 transplantation rejection antigen (TrAg) at the cell surface by reacting them with cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) generated to SV40 TrAg in C3H/HeJ (H-2 k ) mice. The results indicated that the cells transformed by pVBETK-1 and synthesizing full size SV40 large T antigen were efficiently lysed by SV40 CTL. In addition, cells transformed by the plasmid pVBt1TK-1 and synthesizing a truncated 33 K T antigen were also found to be susceptible to lysis by the CTL. However, LTK + cells that were transformed with the plasmid pVBt2TK-1 and which synthesized a truncated T antigen of 12.3 K did not provide a target for SV40 CTL nor did pVBETK-1-transformed cells that did not express any of the SV40 tumor antigens. Only the pVBETK-1-transformed cells that express 94 K T antigen were able to immunize mice against a challenge of syngeneic SV40-transformed cells. These results suggest that the TrAg expression at the cell membranes of transformed cells may be associated with the proximal half of SV40 T antigen.
Linear Vent Area of the Soldier Meadow Tuff, an Ash-Flow Sheet in Northwestern Nevada

The Soldier Meadow Tuff of late Miocene age was erupted from a linear vent area in northwestern Nevada. Numerous ash flows representing about 50 cu km of magma were erupted, followed by less energetic eruption of a small volume of air-fall tuff, which is welded near the vents. The vents then served as feeders for lava flows unquestionably comagmatic with the tuffs. Flow foliation in the lava flows defines four vents aligned in a north-south direction, and part of the internal structure of one of the vents has been exposed by faulting and erosion. The distribution pattern of the ash-flow sheet, the distribution and size variation of xenoliths, and the absence of a cooling break between tuff and lava all support this interpretation. The tuff and lava consist of peralkaline rhyolite (comendite) and are virtually identical in mineralogy and chemistry. Neither caldera collapse nor local subsidence occurred after eruption of the Soldier Meadow Tuff. The arrangement of vents parallel to a range-front fault trend implies control of alignment by extensional Basin-Range faults. The tuff of Trough Mountain, an earlier unit of phenocryst-poor, comendite ash-flow tuff of more limited volume and extent, appears to have erupted from a vent area which is elongate northward and nearly coincident with that of the Soldier Meadow Tuff, as indicated by thickness, areal distribution, welding of air-fall tuff, and distribution of xenoliths.
Preparation of complementary dna by direct synthesis on plant virus RNAs from agarose gels

Abstract A technique is described for making cDNA by reverse transcription of RNA in low-gelling-temperature agarose.
On Teaching and Decision Making About Administrative law: Chase's The American Law School and the Rise of Administrative Government

William Chase, who received his J.D. and Ph.D. in political science from Harvard, is the beneficiary of the University of Wisconsin auspices for a stringent attack on Harvard Law School's case method in general and on Harvard's alleged domination of all law teaching about the administrative process in particular. So powerful have been Harvard's methodological and substantive controls over law school curricula, according to the author, that they have prevented serious academic and governmental consideration of the case for substantive judicial involvement with the administrative process and have thereby corroded the effectiveness of administrative government. In articulating and defending his thesis, Chase presents us with fascinating historical details about the development and implementation of Harvard's curriculum and of the smothering by Harvard men of the University of Chicago's nascent interests in an alternative curricular model. How the Langdellians of Harvard typified by Joseph Beale and Felix Frankfurter kept Ernst Freund's detailed probes of adminstrative discretion and delegation from becoming central foci for administrative law courses at the University of Chicago, and at law schools throughout the nation, is limned through analyses of hitherto unprobed speeches, letters, and commentaries, in the fashion of modern investigative reporting, but with footnotes for documentation.
Thinning effects on diameter growth in black and scarlet oak as shown by tree ring analyses

Abstract In the period 1953–1954, five levels of thinning were imposed as part of a crop tree release study on a 32-year-old mixed stand of scarlet oak ( Quercus coccinea Muench.) and black oak ( Quercus velutina Lam.) located in southeastern Missouri. In winter 1985, 162 live trees were felled (90 scarlet oaks and 72 black oaks). A section of 10 cm thickness was cut from the base of each butt log. Dendrochronological techniques were used to gather and prepare data to compare treatment responses. Although there was a significant differential treatment response attributable to thinning, the timing of this response varied between the two species. Black oaks had a 10 year period of increased differential growth immediately after the thinning whereas the scarlet oaks, with a 12 year differential growth period, lagged 6–7 years behind. This was not apparent using the standard inventory techniques of periodic diameter measurements.
Serologic and Virologic Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr Virus: Relevance to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Patients considered to have chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have been reported to exhibit an increased antibody response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen complex and capsid antigen, findings that suggest some relationship between EBV and CFS. However, the serologic findings have not been totally consistent among different study groups, and the antibody patterns in asymptomatic individuals may be similar. Moreover, patients with symptomatology indicative of CFS do not appear to have an abnormal burden of EBV in body fluids and manifest only a variable, mild degree of EBV-specific cell-mediated responses. The evidence is growing that the serologic findings of an enhanced EBV state in individuals with CFS-like manifestations, as well as the subsequent reports of increased antibody titers to other viruses, reflect a generalized underlying immunologic dysfunction in these patients. Future studies with criteria-defined CFS study groups in which determinations are made of antibody responses to newly identified EBV-associated nuclear antigen components and distinct EBV proteins in addition to specific virologic and immunologic analyses of EBV may be worthwhile as a means of clarifying the association between EBV and CFS.
Nonlinear interference vacillation

Abstract A mechanism for producing long-period oscillations of both the wave and zonal-flow components in a two-layer baroclinic system is described. The mechanism hinges on two fundamental properties. First, when the planetary β-effect is sufficiently large, two fundamental linearly-unstable waves with adjacent azimuthal wavenumbers can both equilibrate to non-zero finite-amplitude. Because these adjacent wavenumbers have different frequencies f 1 and f 2 when on the β-plane, interference between the fundamental instabilities will generate an apparent periodic fluctuation in the wave field with a lower frequency f 2 - f 1, but there is no direct periodic forcing of the zonal flow. Secondly, however, nonlinear generation of higher-order sidebands by the two fundamentals, coupled with back interactions on the fundamentals themselves will generate a zonal flow vacillation with frequency n 2 f 1 -n 1 f 2, where n 1 and n 2 are the fundamental wavenumbers. This vacillation mechanism is first illustrated throu...
Thermo-optical and differential scanning calorimetric observations of mobility transitions in polystyrene-poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) blends

Transition temperatures by thermo-optical analysis (TOA) and by DSC were measured on films of polystyrene (PS), poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO resin) and nine homogeneous blends of these polymers. The TOA procedure consists of automatically monitoring light transmission through birefringent scratches in a film during heating at constant rate in a microscope hot stage between crossed (90°) plane polarizers. The TTOA transition temperature, defined as the temperature of birefringence disappearance in the scratches, increased monotonically from 113°C for pure PS to 222°C for pure PPO resin at a 10°/min heating rate. The Tg (DSC) similarly ranged from 99°C to 212°C at a 20°/min heating rate. The TOA technique as described should be a useful addition to thermomechanical studies of transparent polymers and polymer blends.
Mutual modification of glucose-stimulated serum insulin responses in female rhesus monkeys by ethinyl estradiol and nortestosterone derivatives.

Changes in iv glucose tolerance (IVGTT) and serum insulin responses to glucose infusion have been measured in intact female rhesus monkeys treated per os with norethindrone or medroxyprogesterone acetate (500 μg/day) both alone and in combination with mestranol or ethinyl estradiol (10 μg/day) orally for 3 weeks. When administered as the sole contraceptive steroid, neither norethindrone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, mestranol, or ethinyl estradiol produced consistent changes in fasting serum insulin or glucose concentrations, mean intravenous serum glucose disappearance rates (K) or mean integrated serum insulin response to glucose (∑l40). By contrast, concurrent administration of norethindrone with mestranol or ethinyl estradiol resulted in a significant increase in the fasting serum insulin concentration and the mean ∑l40). An increase in the mean K was also observed after norethindrone + mestranol. These results show that synthetic estrogens have the ability to potentiate the metabolic effects of noret...