cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the origin of jets from disc-accreting magnetized stars

A brief review of the origin of jets from disc-accreting rotating magnetized stars is given. In most models, the interior of the disc is characterized by a turbulent viscosity and magnetic diffusivity (‘alpha’ discs) whereas the coronal region outside the disc is treated using ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Extensive MHD simulations have established the occurrence of long-lasting outflows in the case of both slowly and rapidly rotating stars. (1) Slowly rotating stars exhibit a new type of outflow, conical winds. Conical winds are generated when stellar magnetic flux is bunched up by the inward motion of the accretion disc. Near their region of origin, the winds have a thin conical shell shape with half opening angle of ∼30∘. At large distances, their toroidal magnetic field collimates the outflow forming current carrying, matter dominated jets. These winds are predominantly magnetically and not centrifugally driven. About 10-30% of the disc matter from the inner disc is launched in the conical wind. Conical winds may be responsible for episodic as well as long lasting outflows in different types of stars. (2) Rapidly rotating stars in the ‘propeller regime’ exhibit twocomponent outflows. One component is similar to the matter dominated conical wind, where a large fraction of the disc matter may be ejected in this regime. The second component is a high-velocity, low-density magnetically dominated axial jet where matter flows along the open polar field lines of the star. The axial jet has a mass flux of about 10% that of the conical wind, but its energy flux, due to the Poynting flux, can be as large as for the conical wind. The jet’s magnetically dominated angular momentum flux causes the star to spin down rapidly. Propeller-driven outflows may be responsible for protostellar jets and their rapid spin-down. When the artificial requirement of symmetry about the equatorial plane is dropped, the conical winds are found to come alternately from one side of the disc and then the other, even for the case where the stellar magnetic field is a centered axisymmetric dipole. Recent MHD simulations of disc accretion to rotating stars in the propeller regime have been done with no turbulent viscosity and no diffusivity. The strong turbulence observed is due to the magneto-rotational instability. This turbulence drives accretion in the disc and leads to episodic conical winds and jets.
Resolving the antibaryon-production puzzle in high-energy heavy-ion collisions.

We argue that the observed antiproton production in heavy-ion collisions at CERN-SPS energies can be understood if (contrary to most sequential scattering approaches) the backward direction in the process $p\overline{p}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\overline{n}\ensuremath{\pi}$ (with $\overline{n}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}5--6$) is consistently accounted for within a thermal framework. Employing the standard picture of subsequent chemical and thermal freezeout, which induces an oversaturation of pion number with associated chemical potentials of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\simeq}60--80\mathrm{MeV}$, enhances the backward reaction substantially. The resulting rates turn out to be large enough to maintain an antiproton abundance at thermal freezeout in accordance with the measured $\overline{p}/p$ ratio in $\mathrm{Pb}(158A\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV})+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions.
Decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoprotein A-I in plasma and ultrastructural pathology in cardiac muscle of young pigs fed a diet high in zinc

Abstract People who supplement their diets with extra zinc usually have potentially harmful changes in lipoprotein metabolism. Because zinc can interfere with copper metabolism and copper deficiency has produced similar changes in lipid metabolism in animals and people, the hypothesis that lipid alterations from high zinc intakes are accompanied by changes in copper metabolism was tested. Progenies of swine fed a high zinc (5000 mg/kg diet) or normal zinc (150 mg/kg diet) diet during pregnancy and lactation were weaned to practical diets of natural products containing similar amounts of zinc. Concentrations of apoprotein A-I (p
Characterization of Strain Hardening for a Simple Pressure,Sensitive Plasticity Model

Paralleling the development of strain hardening for the pressure-independent von Mises criterion, a simple plasticity model in strain space was presented to characterize strain hardening for pressure-sensitive compressible materials. Two hardening moduli,HT andHC, which emerged from the constitutive equations and can becalculated from uniaxial stress-strain curves in tension and compression, were used to characterize the strainhardening responses forgeneral and special stress systems. The results indicated the implications and restrictions of the yield function on the hardening responses. It was also shown that strain softening, under general stress systems, can be a natural consequence of pressure-sensitive yielding. Consequently, a strain-space formulation is recommended for most (if not all) pressure-sensitive plasticity models. Preliminary application to the yielding of polymers under hydrostatic pressure gave reasonable results for polyethylene at moderate pressure and small strains; the results for polycarbonate were generally poor. Finally, the advantages and limitations of the present approach were discussed.
Shades of moral agency in organisational ethics

We examine the theoretical and empirical implications for studying organisational ethics from contending perspectives of moral agency. We categorise contending perspectives of moral agency into a framework that outlines the philosophical, social psychological and applied ethical implications of four perspectives found in the literature. Autonomy and authenticity are cast as dimensions of moral agency. We assert that the field's inclination to overlook the assumptions in moral agency results in theoretical confounds and problematic interpretations of empirical results. Implications for theory, research, teaching and practice are considered.
Absence of Membrane Phosphatidylcholine Does Not Affect Virulence and Stress Tolerance Phenotypes in the Opportunistic Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa

During growth in presence of choline, both laboratory and clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains synthesize phosphatidylcholine (PC), and PC makes up ∼4% of the total membrane phospholipid content. In all the strains tested, PC synthesis occurred only when choline is provided exogenously. Mutants defective in synthesis of PC were generated in the strain backgrounds PAO1 and PA14. Minimum inhibitory concentration studies testing sensitivity of PC-deficient strains towards various antibiotics and cationic antimicrobial peptides revealed no differences as compared to wild-type strains. Mutants incapable of synthesizing PC were also found to be unaffected in motility and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces, colonization of biotic surfaces and virulence in a mouse infection model. A global phenotypic microarray was further used to identify conditions wherein membrane PC may play a role of in P. aeruginosa. No culture conditions were identified wherein wild-type and PC-deficient mutants showed phenotypic differences. Membrane PC may serve a highly specific role during P. aeruginosa interactions with its eukaryotic hosts based on all the clinical strains tested retaining the ability to synthesize it during availability of choline.
The role of overt activity in children's sentence production

Abstract Nursery schooler's abilityto associate pairs of toys was assessed under four experimental conditions: (1) control, (2) S manipulating the toys, (3) S generating a sentence, and (4) S generating a sentence while manipulating the toys. All three S-involvement conditions produced significantly better recognition performance than the control but contrary to initial predictions, the difference between the sentence-only and sentence-plus-manipulation conditions was not significant. In contrast to previous research, Ss in the sentence-only conditions had little difficulty producing sentences when asked. Of interest was the finding that the quality of sentence production was poorer in the sentence-plus-manipulation condition than in the sentence-only condition. Results are discussed in terms of the possible “conflict” produced when the child is required to engage in more than one overt activity simultaneously.
Are Women, People of Color, Asians, and Southern Europeans Inherently Inferior to North-European Males? A History of Biological Determinism—A Cultural, Spiritual and Intellectual Disgrace—And the Implications for Understanding “Mental Illness"

OPINION: Notes from a Radical Behaviorist. Biological determinism is the view that biological or genetic factors are the main or even the sole cause of important behavioral differences between people, even when those behavioral differences involve complex behavior-environment interactions. However, biological determinism has a disgraceful history, a history involving scientific racism, scientific sexism, scientific classism, and what I call scientific mentalism. Furthermore, an appreciation of that disgraceful history can provide perspective for evaluating the contemporary emphasis on the biological and genetic basis of “mental illness” so well critiqued by Wong (2006) and Wyatt (2006). The present article is an attitude-laden summary of that disgraceful history, followed by a few guidelines for a behavioral approach to the analysis of complex behavior-environment interactions, and finally a glance at a couple current “mental-illness” issues from the behavior-analytic perspective developed in this article.
Residual nodal disease in biopsy proven n1/n2 breast cancer following neoadjuvant systemic therapy.

The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of complete pathologic response in axillary lymph nodes after neoadjuvant therapy and the clinicopathologic factors associated with a complete response. Clinical, demographic, and pathologic data from all patients with breast cancer treated at our institution are prospectively recorded in a database. We reviewed this database from 2000 to 2007 and identified 90 patients who were node-positive before neoadjuvant therapy based on image-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy; all 90 patients underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) after neoadjuvant therapy. Data were compared using chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. Of 90 patients with breast cancer who were node-positive before neoadjuvant therapy, 71 (79%) had positive nodal disease on final ALND pathology and 19 (21%) had a complete nodal pathologic response. Age, race, tumor grade, clinical T and N stage, and estrogen/progesterone receptor and Her-2neu status were not predictive of a complete nodal response. The only factor predictive of a complete nodal response was the type of neoadjuvant therapy used; all 19 patients with a complete response received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and none received neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (P < 0.05). Twenty-five percent of patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a complete pathologic response in the nodal basin, whereas no patient who underwent neoadjuvant endocrine therapy experienced a complete nodal response. Twenty-five percent of patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a complete pathological response in the nodal specimen, whereas no patient who underwent neoadjuvant endocrine therapy experienced a complete nodal response.
Minority nationalism and the politics of gender: Baltic German women in the late imperial era

(1996). Minority nationalism and the politics of gender: Baltic German women in the late imperial era. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 213-228.
COMPARING MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF COASTAL MARINE RESERVES

Concepts and theory for the design and application of terrestrial reserves is based on our understanding of environmental, ecological, and evolutionary processes re- sponsible for biological diversity and sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems and how hu- mans have influenced these processes. How well this terrestrial-based theory can be applied toward the design and application of reserves in the coastal marine environment depends, in part, on the degree of similarity between these systems. Several marked differences in ecological and evolutionary processes exist between marine and terrestrial ecosystems as ramifications of fundamental differences in their physical environments (i.e., the relative prevalence of air and water) and contemporary patterns of human impacts. Most notably, the great extent and rate of dispersal of nutrients, materials, holoplanktonic organisms, and reproductive propagules of benthic organisms expand scales of connectivity among near- shore communities and ecosystems. Consequently, the ''openness'' of marine populations, communities, and ecosystems probably has marked influences on their spatial, genetic, and trophic structures and dynamics in ways experienced by only some terrestrial species. Such differences appear to be particularly significant for the kinds of organisms most exploited and targeted for protection in coastal marine ecosystems (fishes and macroinvertebrates). These and other differences imply some unique design criteria and application of reserves in the marine environment. In explaining the implications of these differences for marine reserve design and application, we identify many of the environmental and ecological processes and design criteria necessary for consideration in the development of the ana- lytical approaches developed elsewhere in this Special Issue.
A functional analysis of Japanese/English code-switching

Abstract Functions of code-switching in bilingual communities have been studied extensively (e. g., Auer, 1984; Blom and Gumperz, 1972; Gumperz, 1982; Heller, 1988 Romaine, 1989 G. Sankoff, 1972 Scotton, 1988 ). This paper examines the functions served by Japanese/English code-switching in Canadian Niseis' (second generation) overall in-group speech repertoire, which, according to Nishimura (1992) , consists of three bilingual varieties resulting from the language choices which the Niseis make depending upon their interlocutor(s). The Niseis use Japanese when talking to native Japanese, mixing in English nouns. Some of these nouns fill in the Niseis Japanese lexical gaps; some are of customary use in the community's daily Japanese; some occur in free variation. The Niseis, talking to each other, use English, interspersing Japanese phrases and sentences to express their shared ethnic identity. The Niseis use both Japanese and English, when talking to combined groups of native Japanese and Niseis, or whenever a kika-Nisei (a Niseis educated in Japan) is present. In this case, the pattern of code-switching is more complex, and the functions served are multiple. They can be classified into four categories: first, those which are related to the interactional processes between the speaker and the interlocutor(s); second, those concerning the organization of discourse; third, those which give stylistic effects; and fourth, those whose motivations are not clear.
Effects of external loads on balance control during upright stance: Experimental results and model-based predictions

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of external loads on balance control during upright stance, and to examine the ability of a new balance control model to predict these effects. External loads were applied to 12 young, healthy participants, and effects on balance control were characterized by center-of-pressure (COP) based measures. Several loading conditions were studied, involving combinations of load mass (10% and 20% of individual body mass) and height (at or 15% of stature above the whole-body COM). A balance control model based on an optimal control strategy was used to predict COP time series. It was assumed that a given individual would adopt the same neural optimal control mechanisms, identified in a no-load condition, under diverse external loading conditions. With the application of external loads, COP mean velocity in the anterior–posterior direction and RMS distance in the medial–lateral direction increased 8.1% and 10.4%, respectively. Predicted COP mean velocity and RMS distance in the anterior–posterior direction also increased with external loading, by 11.1% and 2.9%, respectively. Both experimental COP data and model-based predictions provided the same general conclusion, that application of larger external loads and loads more superior to the whole body center of mass lead to less effective postural control and perhaps a greater risk of loss of balance or falls. Thus, it can be concluded that the assumption about consistency in control mechanisms was partially supported, and it is the mechanical changes induced by external loads that primarily affect balance control.
Infrastructure development for human cell therapy translation.

The common conception of a drug is that of a chemical with defined medicinal effect. However, cells used as drugs remain critical to patient care. Cell therapy's origins began with the realization that complex tissues such as blood can retain function when transplanted to the patient. More complex transplantation followed, culminating with the understanding that transplantation of some tissues such as bone marrow may act medicinally. Administration of cells with an intended therapeutic effect is a hallmark of cellular therapy. While cells have been used as drugs for decades, testing a specific therapeutic effect of cells has begun clinical testing relatively recently. Lessons learned during the establishment of blood banking (including the importance of quality control, process control, sterility, and product tracking) are key components in the assurance of the safety and potency of cell therapy preparations.1, 2 As more academic medical centers and private companies move toward exploiting the full potential of cells as drugs, needs arise for the development of the infrastructure necessary to support these investigations. Careful consideration of the design of the structure used to manufacture is important in terms of the significant capital outlay involved and the facility's role in achieving regulatory compliance. This development perspective describes the regulatory environment surrounding the infrastructure support for cell therapy and practical aspects for design consideration with particular focus on those activities associated with early clinical trials. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2007) 82, 320–324. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100288; published online 18 July 2007
Common sources of skin care education: a cross-sectional study.

Background The resources used by the public to locate health information are important. Aim To expose the sources from which the public gains a knowledge of dermatology. Methods An anonymous, multiple-choice questionnaire was distributed to adults in college campuses, shopping malls, and community parks over a 4-month period. Results Sixty-six percent of individuals stated that they felt physicians had the most authority for making recommendations regarding the skin. When questioned about the sources of skin care advice, however, there was a discrepancy, with only 35% stating that they actually consulted professionals. Indeed, 37% admitted to using family and friends as their primary source of information, and 28% used the media first. Conclusions In our opinion, the best method to ensure healthy skin habits and early diagnosis of disease would be to combine the efforts of healthcare and the media. These public resources should make people aware of skin diseases and preventative measures, whilst encouraging regular check-ups with dermatologists and persuading patients to employ open conversation with their physicians regarding care of their skin.
Novel high-T c nonbolometric superconducting detectors

New ultrafast and sensitive superconducting high T c detectors are proposed. Based on the analysis of the mechanism of the optical response it is suggested that the speed limit of the photoresponse is governed by the phonon escape time. Furthermore, the intrinsic speed limit is determined by the relaxation time of quasiparticles generated by photons through the electron- electron and electron-phonon scattering which is on the order of a picosecond. The device structure is presented for the optimization of the phonon escape time. It is also proposed to increase the detector responsivity by improving the efficiency of the flux activation (unpinning of vortices by the high energy quasiparticles and phonons) and increasing the critical current density which can be accomplished simultaneously by the increasing pinning site (or defect) density. A superconducting ultrafast flux activation detector is proposed with a picosecond time response and significantly improved responsivity.
Concept Study of a Passive Reduced-Gravity Simulator for Training Astronauts

Each manned space exploration mission requires a significant amount of microgravity or reduced-gravity (physical) simulation before the mission to train astronauts and verify some mission requirements. An appealing new simulation technique for such an application must be effective, safe, and inexpensive. This paper presents a novel design concept of a reduced-gravity simulator for simulating human walking in a controllable reduced-gravity condition. Designed based on the spring-based passive gravity-balancing technology, the 3D passive reduced-gravity simulator has sufficient mobility to allow the attached human to walk while feeling less gravity effects. The system is completely passive and thus, it is intrinsically stable, safe and cost effective. A concept study of the new mechanism using multibody dynamics simulations including a full-scale human dynamics model has demonstrated the effectiveness of the device for offloading any desired amount of gravity force. A scaled-down nonhuman experimental test using a walking robot and a passive jump device is currently underway.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Compact VLSI neural computer integrated with active pixel sensor for real-time ATR applications

A compact VLSI neural computer integrated with an active pixel sensor has been under development to mimic what is inherent in biological vision systems. This electronic eye- brain computer is targeted for real-time machine vision applications which require both high-bandwidth communication and high-performance computing for data sensing, synergy of multiple types of sensory information, feature extraction, target detection, target recognition, and control functions. The neural computer is based on a composite structure which combines Annealing Cellular Neural Network (ACNN) and Hierarchical Self-Organization Neural Network (HSONN). The ACNN architecture is a programmable and scalable multi- dimensional array of annealing neurons which are locally connected with their local neurons. Meanwhile, the HSONN adopts a hierarchical structure with nonlinear basis functions. The ACNN+HSONN neural computer is effectively designed to perform programmable functions for machine vision processing in all levels with its embedded host processor. It provides a two order-of-magnitude increase in computation power over the state-of-the-art microcomputer and DSP microelectronics. A compact current-mode VLSI design feasibility of the ACNN+HSONN neural computer is demonstrated by a 3D 16X8X9-cube neural processor chip design in a 2-micrometers CMOS technology. Integration of this neural computer as one slice of a 4'X4' multichip module into the 3D MCM based avionics architecture for NASA's New Millennium Program is also described.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Processing strategies used by dysphoric individuals: Self-derogating, non-self-enhancing, or schematic?

To competitively test four models of depressive cognition, this study compared the processing strategies used by dysphorics with those used by nondysphorics. Thus, the study was designed to detect which strategies dysphoric and nondysphoric subjects used to process information: (a) data-driven (unbiased), (b) self-derogating (negatively biased), (c) self-enhancing (positively biased), or (d) schematic (self-verifying bias). Subjects took five tests; after receiving contrived feedback, they judged the validity of the tests and later recalled their scores. Evidently, dysphoric and nondysphoric subjects used the same self-enhancing strategy to rate the validity of the tests and the same schematic strategy to recall their scores. The findings support the position that dysphorics use ordinary processing strategies, including the schematic strategy proposed by the self-schema model. However, the findings suggest that dysphorics and nondysphorics alike use different processing strategies in different situations.
Africa's elephants and rhinos: Flagships in crisis.

Despite extensive conservation measures over the last two decades, populations of elephants and rhinos in Africa continue to decline. The plight of the black rhino is especially acute. Poaching for rhino horn and ivory, rather than habitat loss, remains the principal threat to these species. The only long-term hope may lie in the effective protection of small, isolated populations.
A comparison of the effects of radiofrequency treatment and mechanical shaving for meniscectomy

Purpose: The goal of this ex vivo pilot study was to compare radiofrequency treatment with cutting and shaving treatment of meniscal tears by use of a mechanical testing procedure and electron microscopy to establish the mechanical characteristics and qualitative appearance of meniscal tissue after the use of each of these procedures. Methods: In this study 136 menisci were explanted and divided into 4 groups: a damaged, untreated control group; a group damaged in the same way as the control group and treated by mechanical shaving of the meniscal tear; a group damaged in a similar way and then treated by radiofrequency by use of a radiofrequency wand; and a fourth group in which plunge-cutting by use of the radiofrequency wand was used to resect the tissue, beginning at the superior surface of the meniscus in a place that corresponded to the location of the meniscal tears. The menisci were then tested for strength by applying radial tension to the tear. Electron microscopy at low and high magnification was used to evaluate the appearance of the surface of the menisci after shaving or radiofrequency treatment. Results: Static mechanical testing to failure showed no significant difference between the control group and the 3 test groups. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the radiofrequency-treated groups and the mechanically shaved group at the .033 level. On fatigue testing, there was no statistically significant difference in the failure cycles, but the coefficient of variation was 8 times greater for the mechanically shaved menisci versus the radiofrequency-treated menisci. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the mechanically treated menisci had flat surfaces with clefts or fissures. The radiofrequency-treated menisci had a homogeneous appearance without clefts. Conclusions: This study showed that radiofrequency-treated damaged tissue leaves a qualitatively different surface from the mechanically treated menisci, which failed at a significantly higher load on static testing. On fatigue testing, there was greater variation in the number of cycles to failure of mechanically treated specimens versus the radiofrequency-treated menisci. Clinical Relevance: Although recurrent meniscal tears are uncommon, they may be of value in evaluating different methods of meniscectomy. This study points out mechanical and qualitative differences between shaved and radiofrequency-treated meniscectomy.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Aromatase Inhibitors for Breast Cancer Chemoprevention

In premenopausal women, tamoxifen for 5 years reduces the risk of estrogen receptor (ER) - positive breast cancer for at least 10 years. Women < 50 years of age experience fewer serious side effects. Vascular and vasomotor events do not persist after treatment regardless of age. Raloxifene use is consistently associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk. In postmenopausal women, raloxifene and tamoxifen reduce the risk of ER-positive invasive breast cancer with equal efficacy, but raloxifene is associated with a lower risk of thromboembolic disease, benign uterine conditions, and cataracts than tamoxifen in postmenopausal women. No evidence exists establishing whether a reduction in breast cancer risk from either agent translates into reduced breast cancer mortality. Overall quality of life is similar with raloxifene or tamoxifen, but the incidence of dyspareunia, weight gain, and musculoskeletal complaints is higher with raloxifene use, whereas vasomotor symptoms, bladder incontinence, gynecologic symptoms, and leg cramps were higher with tamoxifen use. Ongoing randomized, placebo-controlled trials investigating the use of third-generation aromatase inhibitors in the chemoprevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women include the NCIC Clinical Trials Group MAP3 (ExCel) Trial (Exemestane in Preventing Cancer in Postmenopausal Women at Increased Risk of Developing Breast Cancer), and the IBIS-II trial.71 The North American MAP3 study randomized patients to exemestane or placebo in patients who refuse treatment with a SERM, and the international IBIS-II trial compares anastrozole for 5 years versus placebo for chemoprevention in patients at increased risk.
Comparison of Sucrose and Glucose in the Oral Electrolyte Therapy of Cholera and Other Severe Diarrheas

Oral glucose electrolyte solution is now established as simple, effective and relatively inexpensive fluid-replacement therapy1 2 3 4 5 for severe diarrheal disease, the leading cause of morbidity ...
Thermal fluctuations of partially extended DNA single molecules

Studying the thermal fluctuations of DNA molecules reveals not only a wealth of interesting equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, but is also of importance for understanding the dynamics of DNA in vivo. An instance of the latter is in the context of regulatory functions that require collaborative interactions of distant operator sites on the DNA molecule. These thermal fluctuations are extremely sensitive to mechanical constraints, such as supercoiling or mechanical tension in the DNA. The natural force scale fc on which these fluctuations are sensitive to tension is related to the persistence length lp by fc = kBT/lp = 80 fN, which is generally considered small for a crowded cellular environment. We are studying the dynamics of single DNA molecules under tension under equilibrium conditions using a modified scanning-line laser trap. This technique allows us to apply a constant force between 20 fN and 3 pN to a λ-DNA molecule while we measure fluctuations of its extension with sub-millisecond time resolution. We compute the time-correlation functions of these fluctuations to determine their time constants, and model them with a simple bead-and-spring model. We observe a decrease of the fundamental time constant with increasing extension of the molecule. This suggests that the change in spring constant dominates changes in the intra-chain hydrodynamic coupling between segments as the Gaussian coil unravels into an extended conformation.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Single center preliminary experience with hand-assisted laparoscopic resection of isolated renal cell carcinoma fossa recurrences.

Objectives Solitary metastasis to the renal fossa after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma is uncommon. We report the first series on hand-assisted laparoscopic excision for renal cell carcinoma fossa recurrences. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent hand-assisted laparoscopic excision of renal cell carcinoma fossa recurrence. Patients with distant metastasis or local lymph node or adrenal metastasis were excluded from analysis. We collected data on patient and tumor characteristics, nephrectomy and fossa mass excision procedures, and postoperative outcomes. Results Between 2001 and 2007, 5 patients underwent laparoscopic resection of a renal fossa recurrence. Mean time to recurrence after radical nephrectomy was 23 months (range, 5 to 46 months) and mean size of the renal fossa mass was 6 cm (range, 4.2 to 9.5 cm). The average operative time was 232 minutes (range, 150 to 300 minutes) and average estimated blood loss was 175 mL (range, 25 to 400 mL). One patient required conversion to open surgery. There were no postoperative complications and mean hospital stay was 4 days. With mean follow-up of 43 months, the cancer-specific and disease-free survival rates were 60% and 20%, respectively. Of the 4 patients who underwent complete resection, 2 died from metastatic disease at 13 and 56 months, 1 continues to have progressive metastatic disease at 69 months, and 1 remains free of any clinical evidence of metastatic disease or recurrence at 37 months. One patient who underwent incomplete resection as a result of inferior vena cava invasion continues to have progressive local and distant metastatic disease at 40-month follow-up. Conclusions Hand-assisted laparoscopic excision of renal fossa recurrence after radical nephrectomy appears to be safe and effective for carefully selected patients.
The undergraduate seminar in mathematics opportunity and challenge

(2001). THE UNDERGRADUATE SEMINAR IN MATHEMATICS — OPPORTUNITY AND CHALLENGE. PRIMUS: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 193-196.
Nucleation and Growth of Cobalt Hydroxide Crystallites in Organized Polymeric Multilayers

In this paper, we report the hydrolysis of Co2+ ions absorbed in organized, multilayered polymer films to form cobalt hydroxide nanocrystals. Polymer films were prepared using the layer-by-layer deposition technique that consists of adsorbing polycations and polyanions alternately on a quartz substrate. By monitoring the UV−vis absorbance of the polymer films as a function of the number of absorption−hydrolysis cycles, it was shown that the crystals continued to grow with additional cycles. It is also found in this study that using more polymer layer pairs results in more crystal growth. Hydrolysis of the Co2+ ions in a nitrogen-rich environment gives rise to mainly needlelike crystallites of α-Co(OH)2 that are initially about 100 nm in length and then increase in size with the number of absorption−hydrolysis cycles. However, in an oxygen-rich microenvironment, hexagonal crystallites were found to be predominant. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopic studies revealed that these hexagonal...
Autoregulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis in macrophage mitochondria by nitric oxide

Tissue macrophages from patients with granuloma-forming disease, most notably sarcoidosis, express a 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase which can produce in vivo sufficient quantities of the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to cause hypercalcemia. In contrast to the NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450-linked mixed function oxidase which is normally only expressed in significant quantity in proximal renal tubular cells and regulated in an endocrine fashion, the mitochondrial-based 1-hydroxylase in the macrophage [1] is stimulated in a paracrine mode by cytokines (i.e., IFN-gamma) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [2] requires an extracellular source of L-arginine for full basal expression and [3] can be regulated in an intracrine fashion by nitric oxide (NO). In these experiments we employed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-free, intact mitochondria preparations from the avain macrophage-like cell line HD-11, which constitutively express the 1-hydroxylase, and nonenzymatically-generated NO to investigate NO-mediated autoregulation of the macrophage 1-hydroxylase. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)- or S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP)-induced up-regulation of the 1-hydroxylase required the presence of either NADPH or NADP in the reaction mixture, while NO-induced inhibition of mitochondrial 1,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis was NO-dependent and NADP/NADPH-independent. These data suggest NO has bifunctional effects on the macrophage 1-hydroxylase. At relatively high concentrations NO competes with O2 for enzyme binding, inhibiting hormone synthesis. At lower production levels, NO serves as a source of reducing equivalents for the enzyme by providing for the reduction of NADP to NADPH.
Outpatient Placement of Subcutaneous Venous Access Ports Reduces the Rate of Infection and Dehiscence Compared with Inpatient Placement

Abstract Purpose To determine whether the inpatient versus outpatient status of patients at the time of port placement affects the infection rate. Materials and Methods Through a quality assurance database, all patients undergoing port insertion by interventional radiology personnel at a single institution between 2001 and 2010 were identified (N = 2,112). From this cohort, 1,030 patients with a known reason for port removal were retrospectively analyzed. All ports were of the same design. Data were analyzed according to inpatient/outpatient status at insertion and indications for port placement, including solid or hematologic malignancy and access for total parenteral nutrition or pheresis. Effects of inpatient/outpatient status on the reason for, and total time until, catheter removal were determined. Infections were defined as culture-positive bacteremia or clinically suspected port pocket infection. Results No significant differences were seen in age ( P = .32), sex ( P = .4), or access site ( P = .4) between groups. There was a significant difference in total infection-free catheter days between groups, with means of 241 days for inpatients and 305 for outpatients ( P P = .01). Similarly, there was a significant difference between inpatients and outpatients in time to port removal for infection or dehiscence, with the hazard of inpatients needing removal 45% greater than that of outpatients ( P = .03). The increased hazard of inpatients needing port removal was significant even after accounting for placement indication ( P = .02). Conclusions Port placement in an outpatient setting results in longer infection-free survival for a wide variety of placement indications.
“Getting your Body Back”: Postindustrial Fit Motherhood in Shape Fit Pregnancy Magazine

This investigation explores how contemporary (corporeal) motherhood is constituted in postindustrial consumer culture through a content and textual analysis of Shape Fit Pregnancy. Using all available issues of the magazine from its inception in 1997 to 2003, the authors first underscore a key tension surrounding pregnant women’s bodies within health and fitness discourse: That the pregnant form is presented as maternally successful yet aesthetically problematic. Second, the authors reveal how contemporary mothers are defined as newly responsible for a second shift of household labor and child care and a new third shift of bodily labor and fitness practices. The analysis examines the way in which the second and third shift are constituted as mutually dependent and reinforcing. Last, the discussion analyzes how this particular fitness text draws on empowerment discourse derived from feminist gains of access to the public sphere while paradoxically (re)inscribing women to the privatized realm of bodily prac...
Synthesis and complexation studies of mesocyclic and macrocyclic polythioethers XIV. Crown thioether complexes of palladium(II) and platinum(II)

Abstract This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of several crown thioether complexes of Pt(II) and Pd(II). We wish to report the syntheses and X-ray crystal structures of both the Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes with the macrocyclic thioether complex, 1,4,7,11,14,17-hexathiacycloeicosane (20S6). Crystal data for [Pd(20S6)](PF6)2: C14H28F12P2PdS6; monoclinic, space group P2 1 c ; a = 12.910(3) A , b = 9.810(20) A , c = 22.103(6) A , β = 102.170(20)°, V = 2700.39 A 3 ; Z = 4; R = 0.055; D = 1.931 g cm −3 ; 6346 reflections measured. Crystal data for [Pt(20S6)](PF6)2·CH3NO2: C15H31F12NO2P2PtS6; monoclinic, space group Cc; a = 12.321(5) A , b = 14.608(7) A , c = 17.032(5) A ; β = 98.15(3)°, V= 3034.55 A 3 ; Z= 4; R = 0.036; D = 2.045 g cm −3 ; 2777 reflections measured. Neither complex exhibits any significant electrochemistry or any visible absorption bands. Both complexes crystallize in the same linkage isomer where the metal ion is surrounded by a distorted square planar arrangement of four sulfur atoms. Two sulfur atoms that are adjacent to each other in the macrocyclic ring remain uncoordinated. 13C NMR spectroscopy reveals the presence of additional isomers in solution. We also wish to report the synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of the crown thioether complex, bis(1,4,7-trithiacyclodecane)platinum(II) hexafluorophosphate, [Pt(10S3)2](PF6)2. The two 10S3 ligands are arranged around the platinum in pseudooctahedral fashion to yield the meso stereoisomer. Four of the six sulfur atoms from the 10S3 ligands form a square planar arrangement around the platinum (mean Pt-Sequatorial bond distance = 2.30 A). The remaining two sulfurs are coordinated axially at a much greater distance from the Pt (Pt-Saxial = 3.21 A). Crystal data for [Pt(10S3)2](PF6)2·2CH3NO2: C16H34PdS6P2F12N2O4; monoclinic, space group C2 c ; a = 22.473(9) A , b = 12.071(4) A , c = 11.186(3) A ; β = 94.14(3)°, V= 3026.53 A 3 ; Z = 4; R = 0.046; D = 1.991 g cm −3 ; 2836 reflections measured. Cyclic voltammetry measured in acetonitrile showed a single, reversible oxidation wave at +0.324 V versus F c F c + . Variable temperature 13C NMR spectroscopy shows no solvent-complex interactions, in contrast to the Pd(II) analog. The palladium(II) complex, [Pd(ttn)2](PF6)2, which contains the acyclic thioether 2,5,8-trithianonane (ttn) was also prepared.
The cholera toxin A1(3) subdomain is essential for interaction with ADP-ribosylation factor 6 and full toxic activity but is not required for translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol

Cholera toxin (CT) moves from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retrograde vesicular traffic. In the ER, the catalytic CTA1 polypeptide dissociates from the rest of the toxin and enters the cytosol by a process that involves the quality control mechanism of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The cytosolic CTA1 then ADP ribosylates Gsalpha, resulting in adenylate cyclase activation and intoxication of the target cell. It is hypothesized that the C-terminal A1(3) subdomain of CTA1 plays two crucial roles in the intoxication process: (i) it contains a hydrophobic domain that triggers the ERAD mechanism and (ii) it facilitates interaction with the cytosolic ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) that serve as allosteric activators of CTA1. In this study, we examined the role(s) of the CTA1(3) subdomain in CT intoxication. Full-length CTA1 constructs and truncated CTA1 constructs lacking the A1(3) subdomain were generated and used to conduct two-hybrid studies of interactions with ARF6, in vitro enzyme assays, in vivo toxicity assays, and in vivo processing/degradation assays. Direct, plasmid-mediated expression of CTA1 constructs in the ER or cytosol of transfected CHO cells was used to perform the in vivo assays. With these methods, we found that the A1(3) subdomain of CTA1 is important both for interaction with ARF6 and for full expression of enzyme activity in vivo. Surprisingly, however, the A1(3) subdomain was not required for ERAD-mediated passage of CTA1 from the ER to the cytosol. A possible alternative trigger for CTA1 to activate the ERAD mechanism is discussed.
Classical bunching contribution in the photon statistics of a high-gain FEL☆

Abstract In a previous paper we have calculated quantum mechanically the photon statistics of a high-gain FEL in the exponential SASE regime started only by the quantum fluctuations. In this paper we extend the previous calculation to include the effect of a properly defined “classical bunching” and the presence of many coherence lengths in the electron bunch. The new concept of Quantum SASE is defined.
Leisure choices of the creative class

Abstract Richard Florida’s theory of the creative class has led cities to offer amenities as a way to attract the knowledge workers that he argues drive the economy. At present, scant evidence exists concerning the leisure activities different worker classes choose to engage in. Using logit analysis on data from the American Time Use Survey, I analyze the leisure preferences of the creative class and find limited support for Florida’s assertions about their amenity use. Cities and policymakers should consider the evidence here before trying to create unique amenities to attract the creative class, because they may not require distinctive activities to choose a location.
WARRANTED ASSERTIBILITY AND THE NORMS OF ASSERTORIC PRACTICE: WHY TRUTH AND WARRANTED ASSERTIBILITY ARE NOT COINCIDENT NORMS

Crispin Wright has argued that truth and warranted assertibility are coincident but non-co-extensive norms of assertoric practice and that this fact inflates deflationary theories of truth. Wright's inflationary argument has generated much discussion in the literature. By contrast, relatively little has been said about the coincidence claim that is the focus of this paper. Wright's argument for the claim that truth and warranted assertibility are coincident norms is first presented. It is then suggested that the argument trades on an ambiguity in ‘justified’ and ‘warrantedly assertible’. Finally, it is argued that, once the ambiguity is removed, there is reason to reject the claim that truth and epistemic warrant are coincident norms of assertoric practice. One important result is that no epistemic theory of truth can satisfy what Wright takes to be a key platitude about assertion.
Vibronic structure of the formyloxyl radical (HCO2) via slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy and model hamiltonian calculations

We report high-resolution photoelectron spectra of HCO(2)(-) and DCO(2)(-) obtained with slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging. Well-resolved photodetachment transitions to the (2)A(1) and (2)B(2) states of the neutral radicals were observed. In addition, vibronic levels of the HCO(2) and DCO(2) radicals with up to 2000 cm(-1) of internal energy were calculated using a quasidiabatic Hamiltonian approach and high-level ab initio calculations. Spectral simulations using the calculated levels were found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental spectra and used to assign many of its features. This study unambiguously determined that the (2)A(1) state is the ground state of both HCO(2) and DCO(2), in contrast to earlier work that indicated the (2)B(2) state was the ground state for DCO(2). For both isotopologs, the (2)B(2) state is a very low-lying excited state with term energies of T(0) = 318 +/- 8 cm(-1) for HCO(2) and T(0) = 87 +/- 8 cm(-1) for DCO(2). The adiabatic electron affinities are determined to be EA(HCO(2)) = 3.4961 +/- 0.0010 eV and EA(DCO(2)) = 3.5164 +/- 0.0010 eV.
Assessing Contexts and Practices for Engaging Students' Spirituality

As the incoming contributing editor of the “Spirituality on Campus” column, Alyssa Bryant begins her editorship with a reflective essay on assessment of spiritual climates and initiatives on campus.
Recent advances in the Sandia EUV 10x microstepper

The Sandia EUV 10x microstepper system is the result of an evolutionary development process, starting with a simple 20x system, progressing through an earlier 10x system, to the current system that has full microstepper capabilities. The 10x microstepper prints 400-micrometers -diameter fields at sub- 0.10-micrometers resolution. Upgrades include the replacement of the copper wire target with a pulsed xenon jet target, construction of an improved projection optics system, the addition of a dose monitor a d an aerial image monitor, and the addition of a graphical user interface to the system operation software. This paper provides an up-to-date report on the status of the microstepper.