cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Five-month-old infant recall and utilization of temporal organization

Abstract The ability of 5-month-old infants to recall temporal information and utilize temporal organization was investigated in two experiments. Infants were trained to fixate a hierarchically structured or an unstructured sequence of stimuli which appeared in four spatial positions. In the first study, the number of infants who demonstrated correct recall through the third serial position of a sequence was significantly better then would occur by chance. In the second study, infants given structured sequences showed a significant increase in the number of correct fixations across trials, and they recalled across serial positions better in structured sequences. Also, accuracy of recall in both studies for the middle serial positions was related to hierarchical organization following 8-unit structured sequence training but was at chance level following unstructured sequence training. Results of both studies were interpreted within a temporal organizational framework: Infants appear to utilize organization within sequences of information.
Structure, topology, and tilt of cell-signaling peptides containing nuclear localization sequences in membrane bilayers determined by solid-state NMR and molecular dynamics simulation studies.

Cell-signaling peptides have been extensively used to transport functional molecules across the plasma membrane into living cells. These peptides consist of a hydrophobic sequence and a cationic nuclear localization sequence (NLS). It has been assumed that the hydrophobic region penetrates the hydrophobic lipid bilayer and delivers the NLS inside the cell. To better understand the transport mechanism of these peptides, in this study, we investigated the structure, orientation, tilt of the peptide relative to the bilayer normal, and the membrane interaction of two cell-signaling peptides, SA and SKP. Results from CD and solid-state NMR experiments combined with molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the hydrophobic region is helical and has a transmembrane orientation with the helical axis tilted away from the bilayer normal. The influence of the hydrophobic mismatch, between the hydrophobic length of the peptide and the hydrophobic thickness of the bilayer, on the tilt angle of the peptides was inves...
Identification of Overlapping AP-2/NF-κB-responsive Elements on the Rat Cholecystokinin Gene Promoter

In this study we evaluate both proximal and more distal transcriptional regulation of the 5' flanking region of the rat cholecystokinin gene in transfected GH3 (rat pituitary tumor) cells. Transcriptional activity was measured on the intact (-400 to +73) 5' flanking region of cholecystokinin (CCK), as well as with DNA constructs, which were deleted in both the conventional 5' to 3', as well as an unconventional 3' to 5' direction. Our in vivo studies indicate complex phorbol ester and forskolin interactions in the 10-base pair region between -130 and -140. We conclude, there are at least two transcriptional factors involved in regulation of the rat CCK transcription in this region. In vitro studies utilizing heterologous nuclear (HeLa) extract, as well as purified transcription factors AP-2 and NF-kappa B, identify overlapped AP-2- and NF-kappa B-responsive elements within the 17-base pair sequence between -149 and -134 of the distal 5' flanking region. In this region complex transcriptional regulation occurs, which indicates inhibition of AP-2 CCK promoter complexing by NF-kappa B. Six-point mutations introduced into this sequence prevent AP-2 and NF-kappa B binding to CCK promoter, as well as its transcriptional activation by phorbol ester and forskolin in GH3 cells.
Chemosensory responses of Trichomonas to polyamines

Trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted parasitic flagellate of the human urogenital tract, requires the polyamine spermine, which is present in high concentrations in the vagina and the epididymus. We investigated the possibility that these parasites might use spermine or other polyamines as chemical signals in migrating to sites of infection, which in turn would suggest a possible class of chemotherapeutic targets. We tested this possibility with a novel assay method. Log-phase cells were placed in one of two 2-ml tubes connected by a glass capillary; the other tube contained a test chemical. Numbers of cells migrating through the capillary into the second chamber were monitored over time by sampling the second tube. Significant migration responses were found to be 0.02 mM for spermine, putrescine, and citrulline. Lesser responses were found to spermidine, arginine and ornithine. Other amino acids did not differ from buffered salt solution controls. Cell behavior and motility were studied by videomicrosopy. A larger percentage of motile cells was observed in the presence of the active polyamines than in controls, where more cells attached to surfaces. These results suggest that this parasite does have chemosensory responses to polyamines specifically, and that the behavioral mechanism may involve a simple kinesis, though the latter possibility needs to be tested further.
Heuristics for unequal weight delivery problems with a fixed error guarantee

This paper presents heuristics that are based on optimal partitioning of a travelling salesman tour, for solving the unequal weight delivery problem. The worst case error performance is given as a bound on the worst case ratio of the cost of the heuristic solution to the cost of the optimal solution. A fully polynomial procedure which consists of applying the optimal partitioning to a travelling salesman tour generated by Christofides' heuristic has a worst case error bound of 3.5-3/Q where Q is the capacity limit of the vehicles. When optimal partitioning is applied to an optimal travelling salesman tour, the worst case error bound becomes 3-2/Q.
Case for sensorless robots

Past three decades have witnessed significant research activities and accomplishments in the robotics field. These efforts have resulted in a whole array of useful system most notably for our factories and military. In this paper we discuss a new approach for developing useful robotic systems for much wider applications. The main idea is to simplify the robotic system by eliminating the sensory and control hardware from the robotic platform. Such 'sensor-less' system have significant advantages over the more traditional 'sensor-driven' systems. The paper discusses this issue and presents results of a roving robots that require no onboard sensing or control.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Cdc42 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor FGD1 Regulates Osteogenesis in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Loss of function mutations in FGD1 result in faciogenital dysplasia, an X-linked human developmental disorder that adversely affects the formation of multiple skeletal structures. FGD1 encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that specifically activates Cdc42, a Rho family small GTPase that regulates a variety of cellular behaviors. We have found that FGD1 is expressed in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) isolated from adult bone marrow. hMSCs are multipotent cells that can differentiate into many cell types, including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes, and are thought to play a role in maintaining musculoskeletal tissues throughout life. We demonstrate an active role of FGD1 in osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. During osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs in culture, we observed up-regulation of both FGD1 expression and Cdc42 activity. Activating FGD1/Cdc42 signaling by overexpression of either FGD1 or constitutively active Cdc42 promoted hMSC osteogenesis, while inhibiting Cdc42 signaling by either dominant negative mutants of FGD1 or Cdc42 suppressed osteogenesis. These results demonstrate an important role for FGD1/Cdc42 signaling in hMSC osteogenesis and suggest that the defects in bone remodeling in faciogenital dysplasia may persist throughout adult life and serve as a potential pathway that may be targeted for enhancing bone regeneration.
Mental health professional shortage areas in rural Appalachia

Context Research on health disparities in Appalachia has rarely compared Appalachia to other geographic areas in such a way as to isolate possible Appalachian effects. Purpose This study tests hypotheses that nonmetropolitan Appalachia will have higher levels of mental health professional shortage areas than other nonmetropolitan areas of the same states, but that these disparities will dissipate when accounting for social and economic differences. Methods The study analyzed secondary data for nonmetropolitan counties (N = 618) in the 13 Appalachian states. Appalachian counties were identified from the Appalachian Regional Commission designations. Mental health professional shortages were identified from Health Resources and Services Administration data. Area Resource File data were used to measure county-level income, education, uninsurance, unemployment, race/ethnicity percentages, and urban influence codes. Logistic regression models tested whether Appalachia was significantly associated with shortage areas, and whether the Appalachian effect persisted after accounting for social and economic covariates. Findings Seventy percent of Appalachian nonmetropolitan counties were mental health professional shortage areas, significantly higher than non-Appalachian, nonmetropolitan counties in the same states. The Appalachian effect did not persist after controlling for the full set of other variables; education and race/ethnicity emerged as significant predictors. Conclusions Appalachia location is associated with mental health professional shortages, but this effect is driven by underlying social differences, in particular by lower education. This method of identifying Appalachia for comparative purposes may be applied to many other health services research questions and to other defined geographic regions.
Reusing a statistical language model for generation

A relatively self-contained subtask of natural language generation is sentence realization: the process of generating a grammatically correct sentence from an abstract semantic / logical representation. We propose a method where sentence realization is carried out using a simplified (context free) version of a large analysis grammar, combined with a statistical language model from the full (context sensitive) version of the same grammar. The statistical model provides a measure of the probability of syntactic substructures, derived from the analysis of a corpus with the full grammar, and is used to guide both subsequent analysis and generation.
Cardiorenal Outcomes After Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration Therapy in Refractory Patients With Advanced Decompensated Heart Failure

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes of using slow continuous ultrafiltration (SCUF) in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (HF) refractory to inte...
Pressures produced by gas tungsten arcs

The pressure of gas tungsten welding arcs has been measured for currents from 300 to 600 amperes using argon and helium gases. Although the measurements are generally consistent with previous results at lower currents, the present work shows that the pressure exerted by helium is a strong function of arc length. Several different scaling laws for the maximum pressure as a function of arc current and electrode tip angle are discussed.
HAMP Modifications: Is Reset Risk an Issue?

As of January 2014, more than 1.1 million homeowners had received a permanent modification of their mortgages through the government’s Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP), which began in 2009. The program was intended to help homeowners avoid foreclosure as housing prices sank and unemployment soared nationally. Under HAMP, loans were modified so that the borrowers’ housing expenses were equal to 31% of their gross monthly income, or a 31% “front-end” debt-to-income ratio (DTI). Most HAMP modifications involve interest rate reductions, and although HAMP modifications are called permanent, most of those reduced interest rates last for only five years. Recently, concerns have been raised that HAMP interest rate resets, which begin later in 2014, could cause many borrowers to default on their modifications, thus lowering the number of program successes. Moreover, because many proprietary modification programs were modeled on HAMP, such concerns extend beyond HAMP. In this article, the authors look at the reset issue and demonstrate that it will manifest itself initially in 2016 and will be less severe than others have predicted.
Arterial waveforms: Monitoring changes in configuration

Arterial waveform configuration is an underused monitoring tool in the intensive care setting. Characteristic changes in configuration occur throughout the illness-wellness continuum for a number of disease processes. The cases presented illustrate the opportunity for preliminary diagnosis and early intervention.
The nature of individual investors' heterogeneous expectations

This article investigates whether heterogeneity in investors' perceptions of the risk/return characteristics of a particular stock and the stock market can be explained in terms of these investors' demographic characteristics (sex, age. income and education). Results indicate that these specific demographic characteristics are not particularly useful in differentiating among investors holding divergent opinions. Hut findings confirm previous results that investors' risk perceptions vary systematically and do not result simply from measurement error.
Viscoelastic behavior of the cell wall of exfoliated graphite

Abstract The cell wall (∼60-graphite-layer thick, average) in the cellular structure of exfoliated graphite compacts is viscoelastic, due to the shear between graphite layers. The viscous character decreases with increasing solid content (volume fraction), due to the increasing difficulty of shear, which becomes limited at solid contents above 4 vol.%. The elastic character is essentially independent of the solid content, weakening slightly with increasing solid content. The viscous character is stronger under in-plane flexure than compression in the compaction direction, due to the preferred orientation of the graphite layers. At the lowest solid content of 1.0 vol.%, the loss-tangent/solid-content is 35 and 25 under flexure and compression respectively, the storage-modulus/solid-content is 125 MPa and 46 kPa under flexure and compression respectively, and the loss-modulus/solid-content is 45 MPa and 13 kPa under flexure and compression respectively. The viscous character is strong under both flexure and compression, whereas the elastic character is much stronger under flexure than compression. The loss-tangent/solid-content decreases with increasing solid content, leveling off at 0.9 at 15 vol.% solid. The loss-modulus/solid-content also decreases with increasing solid content. The highest values of the loss-tangent/solid-content, storage-modulus/solid-content and loss-modulus/solid-content are greater for exfoliated graphite compacts than rubber or carbon black compacts.
Stereoselective construction of cyclic ethers using a tandem two-component etherification: elucidation of the role of bismuth tribromide.

The stereodivergent construction of cyclic ethers remains an important area of synthetic interest, particularly given the ubiquity of C-glycoside derivatives in natural and unnatural pharmacologically important agents. This work describes a series of intramolecular etherification reactions of δ-trialkylsilyloxy aldehydes and ketones using catalytic bismuth tribromide and various trialkylsilyl nucleophiles for the construction of cis- and trans-2,6-di- and trisubstituted tetrahydropyrans. Furthermore, this study provides compelling evidence for the fact that the catalysis may be attributed to the hydrogen bromide and bismuth oxybromide derived from the hydrolysis of bismuth tribromide. The synthetic utility of this protocol is highlighted in the ability to construct adjacent tertiary ethers in a highly stereoselective manner and the development of a sequential two-component cross-coupling followed by reductive etherification process for the expeditious synthesis of nonadjacent tetrahydropyran rings.
Fentanyl: Cumulative effects and development of short-term tolerance

Abstract Current theories on the termination of the action of the short-acting synthetic narcotic, fentanyl, suggest redistribution as the major mechanism. Based upon this theory, one might expect to see cumulative effects with repeated administration of the drug within a short time period. Hourly administration of fentanyl, 40 μg kg i.p., but not 20 μg kg , resulted in a cumulative analgesic effect (rat tail flick method) after the fourth administration. Tolerance to the analgesic effects of fentanyl was also studied. Rats given fentanyl, 40 μg kg every two days for ten days, developed tolerance within two days. The degree of tolerance increased until at least the tenth day, and persisted for at least 24 days after the initial administration. The results of this study are consistent with a redistribution hypothesis for the termination of the analgesic effects of fentanyl. This study also suggests that tolerance can readily develop to the analgesic effects of fentanyl, even though it has a short time-course in the body.
Corrigendum: central limit theorems for classical cusp forms

A correction is made to the renormalising constants in an example relating the classical theorem of Erdős-Kac to the Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms.
Can relativistic beaming of gamma-ray bursts mimic cosmological time dilation?

If gamma-ray bursts are at cosmological distances, durations and variability time scales of faint bursts are expected to be systematically longer than those of bright bursts due to cosmological time dilation. A recent analysis of data from the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) reported detection of such a signal. We show that relativistic beaming can produce similar flux-duration relations both in the Galactic halo model and in the cosmological model with duration ranges comparable to the reported one.
Abstract 927: The ligand-gated Cl- channel GABA inhibits colon cancer invasion following activation by pharmacological treatments

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are essential for neurotransmitter function and neuronal cell homeostasis. Activation of these channels triggers the opening of a chloride-sensitive pore, which causes a hyperpolarization via an influx of chloride ions into the cell. The presence of these channels was recently implicated in several cancers, and the neurotransmitter GABA has been cited as a tumor suppressor. We propose that commercially available pharmacological treatments that manipulate GABA receptor function could be repurposed to target cancer. We have identified functional GABA receptors in a spectrum of colon cancer cell lines and examined the effects of the channels on invasion of the metastatic cell line SW620. Electrophysiological techniques were used to confirm that these channels have functional expression. Treatment with propofol, an agonist which slows the channel closing time, and GABA led to a decrease in invasive potential. Conversely, treatment with the antagonist gabazine, which allosterically blocks GABA from binding in the channel, facilitated invasion by preventing chloride influx. Curiously, treating the cells with bicuculline, which blocks GABA9s inhibitory action, led to a decrease in invasion. In some situations bicuculline can also act as a GABA agonist by causing spontaneous gating of homomeric β3 channels. The expression of the β3 subunit was also confirmed through immunocytochemistry. In addition to colon cancer cell lines, β3 expression was detected at higher quantities in colon cancer patient samples compared to matched controls. To further understand how GABA signaling is implicated in cancer, we have looked at the association of GABA with the EGF signaling pathway, which is commonly dysregulated in cancer. The EGF pathway has also been linked with a loss of the glucagon receptor in liver cancer, suggesting that a common pathway may exist between GABA and glutamate that can be exploited for treatment. Altogether, our data suggest that ligand-gated GABA channels inhibit the metastatic potential of cancer cells and can be targeted to treat colon cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 927. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-927
Compulsive Buying Among College Students: An Investigation of Its Antedecents, Consequences, and Implications for Public Policy

This study is an investigation of the incidence, antecedents, consequences, and public policy implications of compulsive buying among college students, a segment of the 44 million Americans born between 1965 and 1976, known as the Baby Bust generation. Previous research involving a broader range of adult consumers resulted in estimates of one to six percent classified as compulsive, buyers. Using Faber and O'Guinn's (1992) clinical screener for compulsive buying, six percent of the college students sampled were classified as compulsive buyers, thus indicating the need for better understanding of compulsive buying behavior in this segment of the Baby Bust generation. Various contributing factors, including familial, psychological, sociological, and demographic influences, are detailed. Of particular interest is the relationship between credit card use and compulsive buying. Implications for consumer policy are discussed, and suggestions for research are offered.
Further characterization of histamine releasing chemokines present in fractionated supernatants derived from human mononuclear cells.

Summary Background Histamine releasing factors (HRF) are members of the β chemokine family of cytokines and have been characterized using recombinant proteins. Mononuelcar cell and/or platelet supernatants have been shown to contain HRF and the initial void peak obtained using Mono Q anion exchange chromatography possesses such activity, as do two later peaks eluted from the column. Objective We wished to further characterize the activity present in the void peak and determine which of the chemokines present are responsible for the activity measured. Methods We fractionated the void peak obtained from Mono Q chromatography on Mono S. The elution profile of individual chemokities was determined and the fractions were assayed for histamine releasing capability. We used monospecific antisera to inhibit the activity and quantitate the contribution of each protein. Results The fractions contained MCP-1/MCAF, CTAPIII/NAP-2, IL8, and a small quantity of RANTES. About 90-95% of the total histamine containing capability was attributable to MCP-1/MCAF. There was a small contribution by CTAPIII/NAP-2, and RANTES, and no activity associated with IL8. Conclusion MCP-1/MCAF is the critical HRF present in the initial void peak obtained by anion exchange chromatography of supernatants derived from human mononuclear cells and platelets. The α chemokine CTAPIII/NAP-2 has relatively weak activity and IL8 has none although they are prominent in this fraction and overlap with MCP-1/MCAF. RANTES makes a minor contribution but most of it is eluted in a later peak.
The Audience Product and the New Media Environment: Implications for the Economics of Media Industries

Audiences are the primary product manufactured and sold by advertisersupported media. In selling audiences to advertisers, media firms deal in human attention, which resists the type of exact verification and quantification typical of transactions in other industries (Napoli forthcoming). Verifying the presence of human attention to media generally requires entering people’s living rooms, bedrooms and cars, and monitoring their behaviour. For such monitoring to be maximally effective requires audience members’ explicit permission and cooperation to turn something as abstract as attention into tangible data that can be sold in the marketplace. In addition, the audience product is produced from raw materials (consumers) that the producers (media organizations and audience measurement firms) can not control (Berry & Waldfogel 1999). Since the production of audiences is not controlled by the manufacturers, any efforts to bring predictability and rationality to the process of producing audiences must draw upon a sophisticated understanding of the essentially uncontrollable, yet somewhat predictable, behaviour of media audiences. Thus, the economics of advertising-supported media revolve around efforts to predict and measure the behaviour of media consumers. Such efforts persist because greater effectiveness in audience prediction and audience measurement brings greater efficiency and greater revenues to the audience marketplace (Barnes & Thomson 1988, 1994; Fournier & Martin 1983). By the same token, conditions that undermine such efforts damage the audience marketplace. Ongoing changes in the media environment have the potential to cause such damage. The purpose of this article is to identify the key means by which the new media environment is threatening to undermine the audience marketplace. By focusing on such issues, this article is intended to serve as a counterweight to the prominent discourse emphasizing the opportunities and benefits the new media environment offers advertisers and content providers. This analysis is organized around a conceptual model in which the audience product is separated into three interrelated components: (a) the predicted audience; (b) the measured audience; and (c) the actual audience. As this article will illustrate, the new media environment is increasing the disconnects between these components of the audience product.
Sediment carbon concentration and transport from small watersheds under various conservation tillage practices

Abstract Carbon sequestration by soils is viewed as a process that can reduce CO 2 emission and its potential impacts on global climate change. Therefore, impacts of various agricultural management practices on carbon (C) release/sequestration need to be assessed. The objective of this study was to measure C concentrations and transport in sediments lost with various tillage practices on small watersheds. Corn–soybean/rye ( Zea mays L.– Glycine max (L.) Merr./ Secale cereale L.) rotations with no-till, chisel-plow, and paraplow were studied on small watersheds (0.55–0.79 ha). Disk tillage preceding the corn and soybean crops of a corn–soybean–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)/clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) rotation was also studied. Each small watershed was instrumented with a 60 cm H-flume mounted on a concrete approach, and a Coshocton wheel for collecting a proportional sample of water and sediment. Samples of sediment deposited in the flume approach and in runoff were collected during a 15-year period and analyzed for total C concentration. Weighted averages of C in the sediment that passed through the flumes during the treatment periods did not differ significantly among tillage treatments, although no-till had the highest C (30 g kg −1 ) and disk had the lowest C (23 g kg −1 ) in the last 9 years of the study period. Weighted averages of C concentration in the flume floor sediments were slightly lower (21–23 g kg −1 ). For comparison, weighted C concentration in sediment that passed through flumes from small fertilized, pastured watersheds ranged from 52 to 72 g kg −1 . Average annual sediment loss was 532, 828, and 1152 kg ha −1 for no-till, chisel-plow, and disk, respectively. Annual average transport of C via sediment was 13.8, 15.0, 12.7, and 24.0 kg ha −1 for no-till, chisel-plow, paraplow, and disk, respectively. Although tillage practices may reduce C transport in sediment by lowering concentrations, a greater factor for reducing C movement is reducing sediment movement. This information will be useful to policy makers and others who need to put definitive values on land management practices in terms of C sequestration/release.
Recombinant rubistatin (r-Rub), an MVD disintegrin, inhibits cell migration and proliferation, and is a strong apoptotic inducer of the human melanoma cell line SK-Mel-28

Disintegrins are low molecular weight peptides isolated from viper venom. These peptides bind to integrin receptors using a conserved binding motif sequence containing an RGD or similar motif. As a consequence, disintegrins can inhibit platelet aggregation and inhibit cell migration, proliferation, and initiate apoptosis in cancer cell lines. Rubistatin is a MVD disintegrin cloned from a Crotalus ruber ruber venom gland. The biological activity of MVD disintegrins is poorly understood. Recombinant rubistatin (r-Rub) was cloned into a pET32b plasmid and expressed in reductase-deficient Escherichia coli. Expression was induced with IPTG and the resulting fusion peptide was affinity purified, followed by thrombin cleavage, and removal of vector coded sequences. r-Rub peptide inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation by 54% ± 6.38 in whole blood. We assessed the ability of r-Rub to initiate apoptosis in three human cancer cell lines. Cultures of SK-Mel-28, HeLA, and T24 cells were grown for 24 h with 2.5 μM r-Rub followed by Hoechst staining. Chromatin fragmentation was observed in treated SK-Mel-28, but not in T24 or HeLA cells. A TUNEL assay revealed that 51.55% ± 5.28 of SK-Mel-28 cells were apoptotic after 18 h of treatment with 3.5 μM of r-Rub. Cell migration and proliferation assays were performed in order to further characterize the biological effects of r-Rub on SK-Mel-28 cells. At 3 μM, r-Rub inhibited cell migration by 44.4% ± 0.5, while at 3.5 μM it was able to inhibit cell proliferation by 83% ± 6.0.
Defect density and dielectric constant in perovskite solar cells

We report on measurement of dielectric constant, mid-gap defect density, Urbach energy of tail states in CH3NH3PbIxCl1−x perovskite solar cells. Midgap defect densities were estimated by measuring capacitance vs. frequency at different temperatures and show two peaks, one at 0.66 eV below the conduction band and one at 0.24 eV below the conduction band. The attempt to escape frequency is in the range of 2 × 1011/s. Quantum efficiency data indicate a bandgap of 1.58 eV. Urbach energies of valence and conduction band are estimated to be ∼16 and ∼18 meV. Measurement of saturation capacitance indicates that the relative dielectric constant is ∼18.
Pathophysiology and prophylaxis of stress ulcer in intensive care unit patients

Gastrointestinal complications frequently occur in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Of these, ulceration and bleeding related to stress-related mucosal disease (SRMD) can lengthen hospitalization and increase mortality. The purpose of this review is to discuss the many risk factors and underlying illnesses that have a role in the pathophysiology of SRMD and evaluate the evidence pertaining to SRMD prophylaxis in the intensive care unit population. Suppressing acid production is fundamental to preventing stress-related mucosal ulceration and clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding. Traditional prophylactic options for SRMD in critically ill patients include antacids, sucralfate, histamine 2 -receptor antagonists (H 2 RAs), and proton pump inhibitors. Many clinicians prescribe intermittent infusions of H 2 RAs for stress ulcer prophylaxis, a practice that has not been approved for this indication and may not provide the necessary degree or duration of acid suppression required to prevent stress ulcer-related bleeding. New data suggest that proton pump inhibitors suppress acid production more completely in critically ill patients, but more studies are required to assess their clinical effectiveness and safety for this indication. The prophylactic regimen chosen to prevent stress ulcer bleeding should take into account the risk factors and underlying disease state of individual patients to provide the best therapy to those most likely to benefit.
Dark Silicon Aware Multicore Systems: Employing Design Automation With Architectural Insight

The emergence of dark silicon-a fundamental design constraint absent in past generations-brings intriguing challenges and opportunities to microprocessor design. In this brief, we demonstrate the challenges of comparing competing design styles across different technology generations in a dark silicon era. We provide a new metric to guide a dark silicon aware (DSA) system design and propose a stochastic optimization algorithm for DSA multicore system design. Our technique shows 11%-58% and 5.7-5.8 times improvement in energy efficiency for forthcoming technology generations with two multicore design styles: cores with various voltage-frequency domains and cores with heterogeneous microarchitectures.
Psychometric properties of the Body Checking Questionnaire in college women.

Abstract While the Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ; Reas et al., 2002 ) is the most commonly-used measure of body checking behaviors, findings on the factor structure in nonclinical samples are mixed. This study investigated the factor structure and psychometric properties of the BCQ among nonclinical college women. In Study 1 (n = 326), an exploratory factor analysis indicated factors corresponding to (a) behavioral and (b) visual checking. In Study 2 (n = 1013), a confirmatory factor analysis revealed adequate fit for these factors, better than the original or total score solutions. Scales based upon the two factors demonstrated good internal consistency, convergent validity with measures of eating pathology, and sensitivity for detecting at-risk eating pathology. Results suggest an alternate two-factor solution that differs from the original three-factor solution.
Mechanism for Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions at Tertiary Carbon in Largely Aqueous Solutions: Lifetime of a Simple Tertiary Carbocation

The rate constants and the yields of the products of the nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-3-butyl derivatives (1-X) have been determined in mostly aqueous solvents, and the absolute rate constant for reaction of the simple tertiary carbocation 1+ in 50:50 (v/v) trifluoroethanol/water has been estimated as ks = 3.5 × 1012 s-1. Product studies show that the acid-catalyzed reactions of 1-OH and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-1-butene (2) do not proceed exclusively through a common carbocation intermediate 1+. The observed formation of small amounts of the azide ion adduct 1-N3 likely occurs by a preassociation reaction mechanism. The reactions of 1-Cl and 1-O2CC6F5 in 50:50 (v/v) trifluoroethanol/water give 39% and 56%, respectively, of the alkene products of elimination, and the yields of the alkenes are unaffected by the addition of 0.50 M of the good nucleophile N3-. This result is consistent with a concerted unimolecular mechanism for the elimination react...
Swimming helps phytoplankton avoid being carried by currents

Observations of an upwelling event in Monterey Bay, California, show that non-bioluminescent phytoplankton from the northern part of the bay are carried with the southward flowing currents along the entrance to the bay, but many bioluminescent dinoflagellates avoid such advection. It has been suggested that the vertical swimming ability of bioluminescent dinoflagellates to descend to deeper layers helped them avoid being carried away by currents. Shulman et al. tested that hypothesis using a tracer model in which the dinoflagellates population is modeled as a concentration, and vertical swimming speeds are introduced into the model. They show that a swimming speed of 20 meters per day, which is in the middle of the observed swimming velocity ranges for observed species of dinoflagellates, leads to only 40% of the population being advected with the current in comparison to the case without vertical swimming. This is in agreement with the observed ratio of mean bioluminescence intensity at the entrance to the bay to the observed mean intensity in the northern part of the bay. Thus, the model confirms that dinoflagellates with moderate vertical swimming speed could avoid being carried away by currents. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi:10.1029/ 2011JC007480, 2012)
Sub-Root Zone Layering Effects on Water Retention in Sports Turf Soil Profiles

Sports turf areas are often constructed by placing a root zone soil mixture over coarse-textured layers such as sand or gravel. The objective of this research was to determine the degree to which drainage from and water retention in soil mixtures were affected by properties of the underlying layers. In a laboratory experiment, soil water matric potential energies (ψ m ) and mass water contents (θ m ) were measured to characterize the water relations during and after 48 h of drainage for four soil mixtures when placed over the following subsurface layering treatments: 50 mm of sand over 100 mm of gravel, 150 mm of gravel, 150 mm of sand, and loam soil. For the three treatments composed of coarse-textured subsurface layers, soil water matric potential energies at the soil mixture/coarse-textured layer interface after 48 hours of drainage were controlled by the coarse-textured sublayer and varied from about −0.9 kPa for the gravel sublayer to about −2.4 kPa for the sand sublayer [...]
Estimating the temperatures of the NOx storage sites in a lean NOx trap during oxidation reactions

Abstract The maximum temperatures of the potassium NOx storage sites on a 0.64 cm long monolithic platinum/potassium/alumina lean NOx trap (LNT) have been estimated during propylene (C3H6) oxidation under net lean conditions. This was accomplished by saturating the LNT with NOx, injecting a high concentration of C3H6 for a specified period of time, estimating the amount of NOx released from the LNT as a result of the C3H6 injection by calculating the amount of NOx restored during a second saturation period after the injection, and comparing the amount of NOx remaining on the LNT after the injection to a capacity versus temperature calibration curve. The LNT was evaluated behind a thermally aged Pd/Al2O3 three-way catalyst, which provided negligible NOx storage capacity but oxidized most of the C3H6. The projected temperature increase of the NOx storage sites on the LNT was in reasonable agreement with the temperature increase of the exhaust gas exiting the sample for different C3H6 concentrations, injection times, and base temperatures, which validated the technique. When the TWC was removed and 1800 ppm C3H6 was injected at a base temperature of 330 °C, the measured temperature of the exit gas and the inferred temperature of the NOx storage sites increased by approximately 65 and 102 °C, respectively, under steady-state conditions. The elevated temperature of the NOx storage sites relative to that of the exit gas was attributed to the very high temperatures generated on the neighboring precious metal sites of the LNT.
Identification of A T lineage antigen in the catfish

A murine monoclonal antibody produced against catfish thymocytes and immunoglobulin-negative lymphocytes in the blood identified a catfish T cell antigen designated CfT1. The CfT1 antigen was found to be expressed on thymocytes, a subpopulation of the lymphoid cells in blood and other lympho-hemopoietic tissues, and a T cell line, but was not expressed by erythrocytes, thrombocytes, myeloid cells, B cells or macrophage cell lines. Stimulation of blood mononuclear cells with the T cell mitogen, concanavalin A, resulted in an increased frequency of CfT1+ cells. Conversely, lipopolysaccharide stimulation increased the number of IgM+ B cells and decreased the frequency of CfT1+ cells. The CfT1 antigen was defined as a single chain protein of M(r) 35,000 lacking N- and O-linked sugars. The CfT1 molecule thus provides a T lineage-specific marker in this bony fish representative.
The synthesis of flexible linkages by balancing the tracer point quasi-static deflections using microprocessor and advanced materials technologies

Abstract The contribution of the quasi-static deformation to the total deviation of the tracer point of a flexible path generator linkage from the desired path may be reduced to zero by replacing one of the normally fixed ground link pivots by a sliding joint whose motion is controlled by a microprocessor. If the resulting output characteristics are still unacceptable to the analyst, the remaining high frequency oscillatory component may be attenuated by redesigning the mechanism links in a modern composite material to nominally generate the output associated with a rigid linked system. Illustrative examples are presented for four bar linkages.
The effect of colony size and starvation on food flow in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Food-sharing experiments were performed with laboratory colonies of Solenopsis invicta containing 1000, 10,000, or 20,000 workers and starved for 0, 3, 7, or 14 days. The effect of these variables was measured on the uptake of radioactive sugar water (1 M) by 1% of the colony's workers and on the trophallactic flow of food from these foragers to the remainder of the colony. Patterns of food distribution in small colonies differed significantly from those in larger nests. In 1000-ant nests, small workers more frequently received food than large workers, but in bigger colonies the opposite occurred. Fire ants were adept at distributing sugar water, with food from a few workers rapidly reaching the majority of the colony as foragers donate their crop contents to groups of recipients and these recipients may themselves act as donors. Foragers respond to colony starvation by individually taking up more food and sharing this fluid with a greater proportion of nestmates. Even foragers from satiated colonies can retrieve at least small amounts of liquid. The forager's state of hunger plays an important role in regulating food distribution. In sugar-satiated nests, previously starved foragers are highly successful at passing on labelled sugar whereas prviously fed foragers are not.
Flavonoid 3´-O-Methylation by a Zea mays L. Preparation1

Summary The methylated flavonoids, peonidin and isorhamnetin, found in pigment extracts of maize ( Zea mays L.) tissues are the products of methylation by the S-adenosylmethionine-flavonoid 3´-Omethyltransferase described herein. The transferase is found in seedlings, leaf sheaths, and immature aleurone tissues and requires S-Adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. S-adenosylhomocysteine inhibited the enzyme 50% at the 27 µM level whereas the same inhibition was observed with sinefungin present at a 1 µM level. The transferase had no apparent metal ion requirement, an optimum temperature of 40 °C and an optimum pH range between 8.0 and 8.5. The enzyme utilized either eriodictyol, a flavanone; luteolin, a flavone; or quercetin a flavonol as the substrate but would not methylate dihydroquercetin, a partially reduced flavonol or quercetin 3-glucoside. This suggests that methylation occurs sometime prior to the glucosylation reaction which is thought to occur near the end of the biosynthetic sequence for the flavonoid compounds in maize. Identification of the biochemical-genetic interrelationships of the transferase with the genes known to be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in maize remains to be determined.
Analysis of acetophenetidin in dosage forms by nonaqueous titration

A simple nonaqueous titrimetric procedure is presented for the determination of acetophenetidin in powder, tablet, and capsule dosage forms. Titration is effected with perchloric acid in acetic acid–acetic anhydride using an acetic anhydride–chloroform–benzene mixture as the titration solvent. The end point is determined potentiometrically with a Fisher titrimeter equipped with a modified calomel–glass electrode system.
Silicon carbide photomultipliers and avalanche photodiode arrays for ultraviolet and solar-blind light detection

Silicon carbide is known for its large bandgap and suitability to make highly sensitive ultraviolet photo-detectors. These devices show appreciable quantum efficiencies in the 240 nm – 350 nm wavelength range in combination with low dark currents. We present recent results on 4H-SiC avalanche photodiode arrays and SiC-based solid-state photomultiplier arrays suitable for ultraviolet and solar-blind light detection. A novel SiC-based photomultiplier array was demonstrated. Additional solar-blind optical filter allowed achieving a solar photon rejection ratio of more than 106 in combination with 40% quantum efficiency at 280 nm. More than 50% of pixels of the array have demonstrated low dark count rates in the range of several kHz and single photon detection efficiencies of more than 30% at 266 nm in the solar-blind wavelengths range. The photomultiplier array operating in Geiger mode has demonstrated a linearly increasing response with an increase in number of incident photons. We report on the electrical and optical characteristics of solar-blind 4H-SiC avalanche photodiode arrays and photomultipliers.
Sr isotopic composition of hydroxyapatite from recent and fossil salmon : the record of lifetime migration and diagenesis

By comparing the Sr isotopic composition of migratory fossil salmon, which lived in the ocean but died in continental regions, to the well established marine Sr isotopic record, the age of the continental deposit could be determined with high accuracy. This approach to marine-continental correlation and dating requires (1) that marine-resident salmon bear a marine S7Sr/86Sr value in their bones or teeth, and (2) that the original S7Sr/86Sr value of fossils is not overprinted by diagenesis. The vertebrae of modern, hatchery-reared salmon exhibit Sr isotopic variations indicative of freshwater to marine migration during bone growth. Modern marine S7Sr/S6Sr values were preserved in growth layers formed later in life. Marine-phase growth layers in the bones and teeth of the late Miocene migratory salmon, Oncorhynchus rastrosus, were subjected to stepwise selective leaching to separate biogenic hydroxyapatite from diagenetic calcium carbonate and recrystallized hydroxyapatite. Although the procedure yielded leachates with Sr/Ca and Ca/P values characteristic of apatite, the leachates had 87Sr/S6Sr values consistently less radiogenic than values for late Miocene seawater (~ 0.7087). The fossils were substantially contaminated by Sr from the hosting clastic sediments. Specimens in continental deposits differed in 87Sr/86Sr value from host sediments by 0.0002 to 0.0200, supporting the conclusion that these salmon were migrants from marine waters. However, because the original Sr isotopic composition of fossil bones and teeth cannot be determined with confidence, archaeological, paleobiological and stratigraphic applications of this technique may be limited.
Participatory research and evaluation: from best practices for all states to achievable practices within each state in the context of the Master Settlement Agreement.

Because the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) already assisted state tobacco control initiatives, many state health departments turned to CDC for guid-ance on how to use Master Settlement Agreement mon-ies. This article describes how CDC funded participa-tory research to establish local evidence and provided technical assistance for participatory program evalua-tion. The article (a) presents a telephone interview study of principal investigators (PIs) to determine how CDC could best facilitate participatory research and (b) identifies factors CDC considered to devise evaluation technical assistance that reflected local context. The interview study identified 8 areas where PIs needed CDC’s support to undertake participatory research: con-tinuity, timeliness, flexibility, clear and explicit expec-tations, appropriate and instructive accountability, creation of a vision for participatory research, tailored technical assistance, and enhancement of partner col-laboration and support. These findi...