cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Another node on the Internet

Reﬂections on virtual ﬁeldwork1. IntroductionThis article stems from discussions with lecturers,educational developers and technologists and a pre-sentationgivenattheGeologicalSocietyofAmericaSummit2000.Theintentionistoraiseissuesthatwillstart a dialogue about virtual ﬁeldwork and where(perhaps) it should sit in the current learning andteachingenvironment.Itisprudenttoidentifywhatisdeﬁned,inthecontextofthispaper,asavirtualﬁeldcourse.Suthren(1998)pointsoutthatavirtualﬁeldcourse (VFC) has been run in the ‘‘Introduction toGeology’’moduleatOxfordBrooksforover20yearsalbeitapaper-basedexercisewithhandsonsamples.However,forthepurposeofthispaper,itisenoughtosaythatthefocusison‘virtual’asimpliedbytheuseofcommunicationandinformationtechnology (CIandparticularlysowhenittakestheformofresidentialﬁeldcourses.Theseoﬀeranexceptionallyintensiveeduca-tionalexperiencewhichoftenbringssocialaswellasacademicbeneﬁts’’.Nevertheless, in spite of the immense educationalbeneﬁts (in terms of both discipline speciﬁc andtransferable skills) ﬁeldwork is under threat due tomany factors. Whilst recognising the importance ofﬁeldwork,Ternanetal.(1999)pointout:‘‘It is one of the paradoxes of higher education,however,thatastheeducationalbeneﬁtsofﬁeldworkhave become still more prominent, so too have theﬁnancial and logistical obstacles which increasinglythreatentopreventorimpedethisformofteachingandlearning’’.Ford(1998)suggeststhatintheUnitedKingdom,itistheﬁnancialaspectsofprovidingﬁeldworkthathaveresultedintheHigherEducationFundingCouncilforEngland(HEFCE),being‘‘asconcernedwitheconomyaswithqualityofeducation’’,tofundprojectswhichaimto‘‘replacesomeﬁeldworkwithcomputer-based
Circular dichroism of double-stranded RNA in the presence of salt and ethanol

We have investigated CD spectra of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in a variety of ethanolic and salt solutions. Solution conditions were varied by the addition of salts and ethanol, alone, or in combinations. (1) On addition of either salt or ethanol alone to solutions of dsRNA, we found that the positive CD band at 264 nm increased by up to 7% (in salt) or 12% (in ethanol) and underwent a long-wavelength shift of 3 nm. Concomitantly, the negative CD band at 296 nm decreased. These CD changes may be indicative of an A- to A′-RNA secondary-conformation change on dehydration. (2) On addition of both salt and ethanol, in various combinations that caused precipitation of dsRNA, three types of CD spectral changes were found, which we take to indicate at least two different types of intermolecular arrays of RNA molecules. Type I precipitate was flocculent and its CD spectrum had a differential scattering component at long wavelengths. Type II condensate was finely dispersed and was characterized by a doubling of the CD magnitude at 264 nm and simultaneous disappearance of the 210 nm band, to give a CD spectrum close to that previously reported for RNA condensed in the presence of polyethylene glycol and salt [Ψ+ RNA; Evdokimov, Y.M., Pyatigorskaya, T.L., Kadikov, V.A., Polyvtsev, O.F., Doskocil, J., Koudelka, J. & Varshavsky, Y.M., (1976) Nucleic Acids Res.3, 1533–1547]. Type III precipitate was flocculent and had CD spectra that included features that were present for Types I and II condensates; thus, the RNA in this precipitate may not have been in a unique intermolecular array.
An ultra wide band radar for the study of air/sea interaction

While wind scatterometry is a well developed technique, further research into the geophysical model function relating radar backscatter to the near-surface wind vector is needed. To support such research the authors have built a tower-based radar scatterometer system capable of directly measuring both the ocean radar backscatter (/spl sigmaspl deg/) and the long wave field simultaneously in order to study the modulation of /spl sigmaspl deg/ by long gravity waves as a function of environmental parameters. Operational characteristics of the instrument include (1) a continuous, very wide operational bandwidth (2-18 GHz) and (2) a frequency-independent antenna illumination pattern. Rapidly scanning the operational bandwidth provides essentially instantaneous /spl sigmaspl deg/ measurements as a function of frequency. A /spl Delta/k technique is used to measure the long wave spectrum. An extended field experiment is planned for 1994. A rich data set containing a variety of conditions is anticipated to support research in ocean scattering and air/sea interaction. >
Attosecond Synchronization of High-Order Harmonics from Midinfrared Drivers

The group delay dispersion, also known as the attochirp, of high-order harmonics generated in gases has been identified as the main intrinsic limitation to the duration of Fourier-synthesized attosecond pulses. Theory implies that the attochirp, which is inversely proportional to the laser wavelength, can be decreased at longer wavelength. Here we report the first measurement of the wavelength dependence of the attochirp using an all-optical, in situ method [N. Dudovich et al., Nature Phys. 2, 781 (2006)]. We show that a $2\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ driving wavelength reduces the attochirp with respect to $0.8\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ at comparable intensities.
Preparing college health professionals to deliver gay-affirmative services.

On every campus, there may be many gay students, faculty, and staff who might benefit from medical and mental health services sensitively developed as an integral part of the range of health services provided to the total campus. It is crucial to develop a cadre of providers from different disciplines who have a knowledge of gay lifestyles, developmental issues, and societal pressures. Staff must develop or heighten sometimes painful self-awareness engendered by empathic identification with a stigmatized minority. They must also conceptualize homosexuality as a relationship preference or lifestyle choice and appreciate the importance of same-sex attachments in normal development. This paper reviews common presenting themes of gay patients and clients who rarely come for help to change their preference. The effects of homophobia on staff practices and attitudes are reviewed in the context of learned negative stereotyping in the larger culture. Heterophobic expectations of potential gay consumers a...
The influence of DNA topology on the environmental regulation of a pH-regulated locus in Salmonella typhimurium

Salmonella typhimurium is exposed to major shifts in H+ concentration both in its natural and pathogenic environments. The organism undergoes extensive changes in gene expression in response to these pH fluctuations. A current question of regulatory biology is how a change in external pH selectively modulates transcription. We have analysed the expression of one such pH-regulated locus, aniG, and found it is controlled by several additional environmental conditions including osmolarity and oxygen. For factors such as osmolarity and anaerobiosis, an environmentally triggered change in DNA supercoiling has been suggested as a means for controlling gene expression. Thus, environmentally induced changes in DNA topology were explored as a possible common means for establishing the multiple controls on aniG. The involvement of DNA supercoiling in the genetic response of S. typhimurium to external pH has not previously been defined. This report establishes that alkaline environments lower the linking number of reporter plasmids when compared to acidic environments. A consistent pattern was then established whereby conditions or mutations leading to either increased or decreased negative supercoiling were associated with altered expression of aniG. A similar relationship was observed for another environmentally regulated locus, proU. The DNA topology effects on aniG expression were dependent on the presence of EarA, the negative regulator of aniG. These data can be explained by a model in which repressor-operator interactions are very sensitive to changes in operator conformation. These environmentally induced topological influences on operator DNA structure contribute to the magnitude of pH control exerted upon aniG.
Design Rule Hierarchies and Parallelism in Software Development Tasks

As software projects continue to grow in scale, being able to maximize the work that developers can carry out in parallel as a set of concurrent development tasks, without incurring excessive coordination overhead, becomes increasingly important. Prevailing design models, however, are not explicitly conceived to suggest how development tasks on the software modules they describe can be effectively parallelized. In this paper, we present a design rule hierarchy based on the assumption relations among design decisions. Software modules located within the same layer of the hierarchy suggest independent, hence parallelizable, tasks. Dependencies between layers or within a module suggest the need for coordination during concurrent work. We evaluate our approach by investigating the source code and mailing list of Apache Ant. We observe that technical communication between developers working on different modules within the same hierarchy layer, as predicted, is significantly less than communication between developers working across layers.
A CONSIDERATION OF THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF URANIUM NITRATE FOR ANIMALS OF DIFFERENT AGES. I

1. The toxic effect of uranium when given in a constant quantity per kilo of body weight is variable. This variation has been constantly associated with differences in the age of the animals. Uranium is more toxic for an old animal than for a young animal. The establishment of this fact, namely, that the age of an animal may modify the toxicity of a substance, should be taken into account in establishing by animal experiment the degree of activity of substances which are to be used for therapeutic purposes. 2. The toxic effect of uranium nitrate is constantly associated with its ability to induce a tissue acidosis. A severer grade of acidosis is induced in an old animal from uranium than is induced in a young animal. It would appear that in the response of dogs of different ages to uranium the animals represent a reaction system to this substance which shows an increasing susceptibility as the animal advances from youth to senility. Insufficient experimental data are as yet available to allow a discussion of the mechanism by which such an acid intoxication is produced. 3. The toxic effect of uranium is manifested locally by certain degenerative changes in the kidney. These changes are more marked in the kidney of an old animal than they are in the kidney of a young animal. Associated with the severer kidney changes which are especially characterized by a beginning swelling of the renal epithelium and by an accumulation of stainable fat in these cells is the development of a severe grade of tissue acidosis. 4. The functional capacity of the kidney shows a parallel with the degree of acid intoxication and with the severity of the histological changes which have developed in the renal epithelium.
Two-dimensional quantum dilaton gravity and the positivity of energy.

Using an argument due to Regge and Teitelboim, an expression for the ADM mass of two-dimensional quantum dilaton gravity is obtained. By evaluating this expression we establish that the quantum theories that can be written as a Liouville-like theory have a lower bound to energy, provided there is no critical boundary. This fact is then reconciled with the observation made earlier that the Hawking radiation does not appear to stop. The physical picture that emerges is that of a black hole in a bath of quantum radiation. We also evaluate the ADM mass for the models with RST boundary conditions and find that negative values are allowed. The Bondi mass of these models goes to zero for large retarded times, but becomes negative at intermediate times in a manner that is consistent with the thunderpop of RST.
The Evolution of Common-Field Agriculture in the Andes: A Hypothesis

Similar forms of subsistence and social organization have emerged in different parts of the world in response to similar ecological, technological, and demographic factors. For example, moldboard plow agriculture evolved in many places as the result of high population density, availability of large domesticable animals, presence of wet and heavy soils, and such staples as wheat, barley, rye, and buckwheat, which required extensive land preparation and “considerable surface area to produce the food calories necessary to feed a family” (Pryor 1985:732). Wolf long ago (1957) noted that the colonial experience had helped to promote the development of closed, corporate communities in rural societies of Mesoamerica and Indonesia.
Elaborative memory strategies of professional actors

Analysis of expert performance in various domains has revealed not only that experts possess a high degree of knowledge, but that this knowledge is very efficiently organized. But increased understanding of expertise has shed little light on what specific strategy is best suited for a particular task. This study investigated the strategies employed by professional actors in the course of learning theatrical scripts. Seven actors were asked to describe the procedures they use in preparing and learning a role. These protocols were then analysed for commonalities among subjects. The most important finding was that there was unanimous agreement among actors that they do not memorize the lines in a rote-type fashion. Instead they read the script many times, trying to infer the motivation behind each utterance. All of the actors stressed the importance of identifying the underlying meaning and of explaining why the character said those exact words. Apparently this type of ‘active’ understanding leads to verbatim retention of the text and makes word-for-word or line-for-line memorizing unnecessary.
Performing rodeo queen culture: Competition, athleticism and excessive feminine masquerade

Within the culture of rodeo, women occupy contested and often contradictory positions. Rodeo queens participate in excessive feminine masquerade not easily or exclusively defined by traditional, patriarchal codes. In performance, the rodeo queen's body is an active athletic one and, although she is positioned in the rodeo as a spectacle, to‐be‐looked‐at, the athleticism of her performance denies complete objectification. This study argues that rodeo queens practice a clandestine feminism, rarely subverting the patriarchal structure of rodeo in overt ways, but finding personal empowerment and agency through the performance of “competing.”
The RHIC design overview

Abstract The salient performance objectives for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) are presented and the rationale for the design choices of the major collider systems is conveyed. RHIC provides collisions of heavy ions covering the entire mass range from protons to gold. For the prototypical case of Au-on-Au, one obtains energies up to 100 GeV/n per beam and luminosities of ∼2×1026 cm−2 s−1, averaged over a 10-h storage time. Operation with polarized protons is also possible. The overall accelerator complex used for gold ions consists of the Tandem Van de Graaff, the Booster, the AGS, and the Collider itself, and the scenario for the beam transfer between machines is described. The two separate collider rings cross at six interaction points, where the lattice design provides low-beta insertions for maximum luminosity. The interaction diamond length of
HMGB1, a novel biomarker of inflammatory demyelinating disease: an interview with Dr. Robert A. Harris.

The manuscript “HMGB1 expression in active lesions of human and experimental multiple sclerosis” was selected as a Pivotal Advance because it documents the presence of HMGB1 in active pathologic lesions, and provides evidence that this cytokine may serve as a clinically useful biomarker of progressive neuroinflammatory disease.
Tumor cell killing by phorbol ester--differentiated human leukemia cells

The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate causes differentiation of cells of the human leukemia cell line HL60 to nondividing macrophage-like cells. These differentiated cells are cytotoxic for tumor cells (including parent, untreated HL60 cells) in vitro. Agents that induce this desirable differentiation to nondividing, antitumor effector cells may be useful in the experimental treatment of leukemia.
Static tokens: using dataflow to automate concurrent pipeline synthesis

We describe a new intermediate compiler representation, static token form, that is suitable for dataflow-style synthesis of high-level asynchronous specifications. Static token form transforms variables into tokens, and simplifies the pipelining of asynchronous computations according to their dataflow graphs. We present a compiler framework that automates this synthesis method, and show how it can be applied to pipelined asynchronous FPGA architectures.
Liquid Fuel Combustion Using Heat Re-Circulation Through Annular Porous Media

A counter-flow annular heat recirculating burner was designed for lean pre-vaporized, premixed combustion. Prior to entering the combustor reactants are passed through a porous media-filled preheating annulus surrounding the combustor. Kerosene is dripped by gravity onto the porous media and vaporized by the heat conducted through the combustor wall. Experiments were conducted to evaluate heat transfer and combustion performance at various equivalence ratios, heat release rates, and inlet air temperatures. Results show low CO emissions over a range of equivalence ratios. NOx emissions were high at high heat release rates, indicating inadequate pre-vaporization and premixing of fuel with air. Heat recirculation and heat loss characteristics are presented at various operating conditions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
RADBench: a concurrency bug benchmark suite

Testing and debugging tools for concurrent programs are often validated on known bugs. To aid the development of these tools, we present the Race, Atomicity, and Deadlock Benchmark (RADBench) suite. The RADBench suite contains the full source of 10 real concurrency bugs found in large open-source software projects including Mozilla SpiderMonkey, Mozilla NSPR, Memcached, Apache Web Server, and Google Chromium Web Browser. We discuss the difficulties we have found in reproducing these bugs that must be accounted for when building testing and debugging tools. Finally, we propose an approach to reproducibility that has a number of benefits over standard deterministic replay for debugging. RADBench is open source and publicly available.
Using Highlighting to Train Attentional Expertise

Acquiring expertise in complex visual tasks is time consuming. To facilitate the efficient training of novices on where to look in these tasks, we propose an attentional highlighting paradigm. Highlighting involves dynamically modulating the saliency of a visual image to guide attention along the fixation path of a domain expert who had previously viewed the same image. In Experiment 1, we trained naive subjects via attentional highlighting on a fingerprint-matching task. Before and after training, we asked subjects to freely inspect images containing pairs of prints and determine whether the prints matched. Fixation sequences were automatically scored for the degree of expertise exhibited using a Bayesian discriminative model of novice and expert gaze behavior. Highlighted training causes gaze behavior to become more expert-like not only on the trained images but also on transfer images, indicating generalization of learning. In Experiment 2, to control for the possibility that the increase in expertise is due to mere exposure, we trained subjects via highlighting of fixation sequences from novices, not experts, and observed no transition toward expertise. In Experiment 3, to determine the specificity of the training effect, we trained subjects with expert fixation sequences from images other than the one being viewed, which preserves coarse-scale statistics of expert gaze but provides no information about fine-grain features. Observing at least a partial transition toward expertise, we obtain only weak evidence that the highlighting procedure facilitates the learning of critical local features. We discuss possible improvements to the highlighting procedure.
Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation in the Field of Pediatric Orthopaedic in Hawaii

米国ハワイ州にあるShriners Hospital for Crippled Children Honolulu Unitで、主に小児整形外科領域における理学療法とリハビリテーションの研修を受けたので報告する。1)Voluntory Hospitalで、治療費などはすべて無料。2)早期アプローチ、チームアプローチが進み、業務に占めるカンファレンスの時間が多い。3)装具や補助器具などを用いたDisability重視。4)ハワイのリハビリテーション施設を訪れ、外来サービス部門がすばらしく充実していた。5)高い医療費に支えられたマンパワーの数と職種の多さ、訓練室の広さや器具など、設備が充実している。
Economic Implications of a Regional Uniform Planting Date Cotton Production System: Texas Rolling Plains

To control boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, and high costs of production, the delayed uniform planting date (UPD) cotton production system has been recommended by entomologists in the Texas Rolling Plains since 1973. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the UPD cotton production system in the region. Economic analysis of the UPD system in the 27-county area of the region consisted of regression, budgeting, and risk and regional and state impact analysis using data from 1970 to 1981. The estimated cotton yield equation emphasized the importance of the UPD–lint yield increased about 28 kg/ha for counties practicing this production system. Yields increased in the face of dramatically higher cotton hectares. Costs of insecticide, cottonseed, and labor per ha were lower with the UPD as compared to the conventional production system. The resulting increase in net returns for the UPD cotton was 52.78/ha. Coefficients of variation of yields and net returns show that the UPD is associated with less risk in 7 of 9 years compared with the conventional production system. Annual economic impact is between 36 and 192 million for the region and between 57 and 305 million for the state.
Design and Spin Testing of Integrally Damped Hollow Core Composite Fan Blades

NASA-Glenn is developing a reduced-weight low-noise fan blade that has increased propulsive efficiency and reduced acoustic noise. The research focuses on drawing free-stream air into a hollow-core spinner and main shaft and then using a complex manifold network built into each blade to direct the air through the blade interior and out along the blade trailing edge. This exhausting air along the trailing edge energizes the airflow to increase propulsive efficiency and reduce acoustic noise. A complimentary structural research effort involves adding integral passive damping to these thin-wall open-cell blades. The damping treatment consists of a small viscoelastic damping material embedded within the lay-up of the composite fan blade skins and manifold components. Four different fan blade test specimens were fabricated, including; (1) an undamped (or baseline) blade set, (2) an “optimally” damped blade set, (3) a “maximum” damped blade set, and (4) an “ultra” damped blade set. The four blade sets were initially bench tested followed by spin testing in the NASA-Glenn Spin Facility to determine their modal properties as a function of rotational speed. The optimally damped and maximum damped blades increased the loss factors over undamped blades by 100200%, whereas the ultra damped blade set had increased loss factors by 300-400%. Embedding a viscoelastic material in these hollow core blades was found to be an effective way to increase the blade damping and decrease the vibration.
Scaling relational inference using proofs and refutations

Many inference problems are naturally formulated using hard and soft constraints over relational domains: the desired solution must satisfy the hard constraints, while optimizing the objectives expressed by the soft constraints. Existing techniques for solving such constraints rely on efficiently grounding a sufficient subset of constraints that is tractable to solve. We present an eager-lazy grounding algorithm that eagerly exploits proofs and lazily refutes counterexamples. We show that our algorithm achieves significant speedup over existing approaches without sacrificing soundness for real-world applications from information retrieval and program analysis.
A breakdown-free block conjugate gradient method

In this paper, we analyze all possible situations of rank deficiency that cause breakdown in block conjugate gradient (BCG) solvers. A simple solution, breakdown-free block conjugate gradient (BFBCG), is designed to address the rank deficiency problem. The rationale of the BFBCG algorithm is to derive new forms of parameter matrices based on the potentially reduced search subspace to handle rank deficiency. Orthogonality properties and convergence of BFBCG in case of rank deficiency are justified accordingly with mathematical rigor. BFBCG yields faster convergence than restarting BCG when breakdown occurs. Numerical examples suffering from rank deficiency are provided to demonstrate the robustness of BFBCG.
Remote detection of humans and animals

Detecting humans and distinguishing them from natural fauna is an important issue in border security applications. In particular, it is important to detect and classify people who are walking in remote locations and transmit back detections over extended periods at a low cost and with minimal maintenance. Our simulation and measurement work has been relatively successful in providing a qualitative guide to improving our analysis, and has produced a reasonable model for studying signatures using radar micro-Doppler. This paper presents data on humans and animals at multiple angles and directions of motion, as well as features that can be extracted from radar data for the classification as animal versus human.
Pump-to-Wheels Methane Emissions from the Heavy-Duty Transportation Sector

Pump-to-wheels (PTW) methane emissions from the heavy-duty (HD) transportation sector, which have climate change implications, are poorly documented. In this study, methane emissions from HD natural gas fueled vehicles and the compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) fueling stations that serve them were characterized. A novel measurement system was developed to quantify methane leaks and losses. Engine related emissions were characterized from twenty-two natural gas fueled transit buses, refuse trucks, and over-the-road (OTR) tractors. Losses from six LNG and eight CNG stations were characterized during compression, fuel delivery, storage, and from leaks. Cryogenic boil-off pressure rise and pressure control venting from LNG storage tanks were characterized using theoretical and empirical modeling. Field and laboratory observations of LNG storage tanks were used for model development and evaluation. PTW emissions were combined with a specific scenario to view emissions as a percent of...
Some Economic and Ethical Issues Involved in AACSB Accreditation

When the topic of AACSB accreditation comes up in conversation, one may not immediately think of any ethical issues that might be involved. However, there are some ethical issues involved in AACSB accreditation. These ethical issues have been totally ignored in both the accounting and ethics literature. This article intends to fill that gap.
Substituent Effects on the pH Sensitivity of Acetals and Ketals and Their Correlation with Encapsulation Stability in Polymeric Nanogels

The effect of structural variations in acetal- and ketal-based linkers upon their degradation kinetics is studied through the design, synthesis, and study of six series of molecules, comprising a total of 18 different molecules. Through this systematic study, we show that the structural fine-tuning of the linkers allows access to variations in kinetics of degradation of more than 6 orders of magnitude. Hammett correlations show that the ρ value for the hydrolysis of benzylidene acetals is about −4.06, which is comparable to an SN1-like process. This shows that there is a strong, developing positive charge at the benzylic position in the transition state during the degradation of acetals. This positively charged transition state is consistent with the relative degradation rates of acetals vs ketals (correlated to stabilities of 1°, 2°, and 3° carboxonium ion type intermediates) and the observed effect of proximal electron-withdrawing groups upon the degradation rates. Following this, we studied whether the...
Evaluation of the Low Temperature Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Using a Digital Image Correlation Approach

Asphalt concrete performance hinges on its cracking resistance. Numerous test methods have been used to consider fracture of asphalt concrete at intermediate and low temperatures. All focus on global mixture measurements of load and displacement at a discrete location on the test specimen. Digital image correlation (DIC) measurements provide a means to evaluate the full-field response of asphalt concrete undergoing fracture. In particular, several studies have employed DIC to quantify the size of strain localization as a potential definition of the fracture process zone (FPZ). The current study evaluated the low temperature fracture properties of asphalt concrete using the disk-shaped compact tension (DC(T)) test (ASTM D7313-13) and in-plane DIC-measured FPZ size. Tests were completed to compare the sizes of the FPZ with respect to the test specimen thickness, aging of neat and polymer-modified asphalt mixtures, maximum aggregate size, and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content. Results in the current study found that DIC measurements differentiated the size of the FPZ in terms of polymer modification, aging, and RAP content.
Ramanujan’s Unpublished Manuscript on the Partition and Tau Functions

When Ramanujan died in 1920, he left behind an incomplete, unpublished manuscript in two parts on the partition function p(n) and, in contemporary terminology, Ramanujan’s tau-function τ(n). The influence of this manuscript cannot be underestimated. First, G.H. Hardy extracted a portion providing proofs of Ramanujan’s congruences for p(n) modulo 5, 7, and 11, and published it under Ramanujan’s name in 1921. G.N. Watson’s doctoral student, J.M. Rushforth, wrote his Ph.D. thesis based on claims made by Ramanujan about τ(n) in the manuscript. In another paper, R.A. Rankin discussed some of Ramanujan’s congruences for τ(n) found therein. These congruences generated an enormous amount of research by H.P.F. Swinnerton-Dyer and J.-P. Serre who explained Ramanujan’s congruences in terms of representation theory. The manuscript was published for the first time in 1988 in its original handwritten form along with the lost notebook. Late in the twentieth century and early in the twenty-first century, Ramanujan’s ideas stimulated important research by Ken Ono on congruences satisfied by p(n), and this was followed by further work by Scott Ahlgren, Kathrin Bringmann, and others, much of which was in collaboration with Ono. The p(n)/τ(n) manuscript arises from the last three years of Ramanujan’s life. Some of it was likely written in nursing homes and sanitariums in 1917–1919, when, as we know from letters that Ramanujan wrote to Hardy during this time, Ramanujan was thinking deeply about partitions. Some of it may have also been written in India during the last year of his life. According to Rushforth, the manuscript was sent to Hardy a few months before Ramanujan’s death in 1920. If this is true, then it probably was enclosed with Ramanujan’s last letter to Hardy, dated January 12, 1920. There is no mention of the manuscript in the extant portion of that letter, but we emphasize that part of the letter has been lost.
The representation of experience in architectural design

Architecture, which is by its very nature a three-dimensional art, has in the last 500 years evolved to a stage where nearly all of the design exploration and visualization occur in any of a number of two-dimensional media. These media do not effectively portray the experiential quality of approaching, entering, and moving through an architectural space, an aspect which is primary to any design. In discussing this, James J. Gibson's concept of affordance will be used as a basis for the examination of a variety of media that are commonly used to describe the experiential quality of architecture, and how each of these media speaks to this frequently neglected characteristic. Particular attention will be given to the new technology of computer-generated immersive environments, which as a design medium promises to bring the issue of experiential quality in architecture to the forefront of design. Examples of each of the most common media, physical models, perspectives, noninteractive screen-based architectural walk throughs, interactive screen-based architectural walk throughs, and computer-generated immersive environments, will be examined as to their utility in experiential description. A discussion of the specific characteristics of each of the electronic media and the applications benefits and drawbacks will be included.
The del(7q) subgroup in uterine leiomyomata: genetic and biologic characteristics. Further evidence for the secondary nature of cytogenetic abnormalities in the pathobiology of uterine leiomyomata

Rearrangement of 7q represents one of the major cytogenetic subgroups in uterine leiomyomata, the most common tumors arising in females. Herein we report cytogenetic analyses on a series of 22 cases of uterine leiomyomata with 7q abnormalities, and describe observations regarding tumor size and maintenance of the tumor cells in culture. We discuss the frequent finding of mosaic tumors containing both cells with the 7q rearrangement and karyotypically normal cells. Clonality studies of three mosaic cases reveal nonrandom X chromosome inactivation substantiating prior findings suggesting the secondary nature of chromosome aberrations in these tumors. Genes mapped in 7q22 and those identified in the pathobiology of other uterine leiomyomata subgroups are discussed in addition to a perspective on the role of the 7q22 leiomyomata gene.
Developmental Transformations in Mastery Motivation

Mastery motivation and similar concepts such as effectance motivation, intrinsic motivation, and competence motivation have roots in an appealing belief that there is an intrinsic motive to control the environment, to master skills, and to be effective. It is usually assumed that individual differences in this motivation will show some continuity across infancy and early childhood and will influence later competence.
Dielectric virial expansion of polarizable dipolar spheres

The dielectric virial expansion is developed for composite systems with embedded interacting dielectric dipolar spheres. Introducing a multiple-scattering expansion for the polarization energy in the presence of an external field enables the derivation of a virial expansion for the polarizability. Substituting the polarizability into the Clausius-Mossotti relation yields the virial series for the effective medium permittivity. When the dipole moment of the particles or inclusions vanishes, the leading-order term in the series reduces to the Maxwell-Garnett mixing rule, whereas the higher-order terms provide corrections that become important at higher densities. The dielectric virial coefficients are readily evaluated by replacing the surface charge contributions with image lines. Numerical data are presented for the second virial coefficients to illustrate the effects of polarization.
Genetic Evaluation for Common, Chronic Disorders of Adulthood

Abstract Common, chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, chronic lung disease, and osteoporosis are due to genetic and nongenetic factors that include environmental exposures, infectious agents, and cultural and behavioral factors such as diet and exercise. Clinical genetic evaluation for common, chronic disorders should be considered for individuals with a strong family history or when a Mendelian disorder is suspected, although population-based genomic screening is emerging as a means to identify individuals with genetic predispositions. Genetic consultation usually consists of genetic risk assessment and diagnosis, which might include genetic testing, recommendations for management and prevention, and genetic counseling. Indications for genetic or genomic testing for common diseases can be characterized as diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive and results can inform decision-making by the patient, family, and clinician. Significant advances in genomic testing technologies have increased throughput and lowered the cost of sequencing, promoting the integration of genetic information into clinical care. As a result of these advances, the number of genetic tests that can provide individualized, actionable clinical information is rapidly increasing, especially for adult-onset conditions. In addition, genetic testing has become more accessible and relevant to every medical specialty. There are two care models for genetic health care: the traditional model of coordinated services between clinical geneticists and other physicians, and the emerging model where genetic services are integrated within primary care and other specialties. The latter is more often the case with genetic services for adults. Given the technological and scientific advances since the sequencing of the human genome, the practice of clinical genetics and genetic evaluation is likely to grow not only in frequency but also in scope, especially as the population ages and common disease become an increasing burden to the healthcare system.
An Appraisal of the Internal and Public Communication Dynamics and Challenges of International Development Organisations: Implications for Integrated Communications Management

Communication plays a pivotal role in organisational effectiveness. The nature, scope, and scale of operations of different organisations have significant impact on the purpose, philosophy and pattern of communication. This paper examines the dynamics of internal and external communication in international development organisations. It presents a critique of the various communication approaches adopted by these agencies and the challenges encountered. The paper establishes how a lack of integrated communication is undermining their communication effectiveness. It proposes the harmonization of communication approaches to enhance communication effectiveness and ultimately, the realization of organizational mandate. International development organizations need to shift their communication processes in line with new trends in integrated and interactive communication. The paper also argues for a repositioning of communication function to elevate its value in achieving organization goals.
What Pennsylvania Public Libraries Want: An Analysis of PAMAILALL Job Advertisements

Job advertisements appearing on the Internet discussion list PAMAILALL from October 2017 to September 2018 were analyzed to determine the nature of and requirements for professional and non-professional positions in Pennsylvania public libraries. The analysis concludes that professional positions tend to be permanent and full-time, require a master’s degree in library science, and be in the areas of administration, reference, and children’s and youth services. Non-professional positions tend to be permanent but part-time, have lower and more diverse educational requirements, and be in access services and children’s and youth services. Required years of experience vary widely for both professional and non-professional positions, with many advertisements not stating any. The results can inform job seekers on needed skills. MLS students interested in public librarianship should acquire skills in library public services and administration and that MLS curricula should provide a strong core in traditional library knowledge, skills, and abilities as well as elective courses in public services and administration. For those interested in non-professional positions, development of transferable skills, such as interpersonal and communication skills, should be documented.
Natural Hazards Victimization

Existing estimates of the total annual losses from all natural hazards vary from $5 billion to $10 billion, counting all costs—direct and indirect, public and private. Although the variation from estimate to estimate is very large, all agree that the annual toll is in the billions. Such estimates typically are constructed by summing across various component costs, some of which may be very precisely known (e.g., Small Business Administration—SB A—disaster loans) and some of which may be charitably regarded as “educated guesses” (e.g., local community expenditures). Perhaps the least well known among the components are the costs that are borne by victimized households, for which no centralized records are maintained by either federal agencies or national private relief organizations.
Everyday Racism and Racialized Experiences Among Indonesian Migrant Muslims in New York City: Perception, Resistance, and Self-Empowerment

The election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States of America increased public conversations about the situations of immigrants living in the country. Trump employed the issue of immigrants as a powerful weapon to win the presidential race. In my view, the way the American people excitedly responded to and accepted Trumpâ€™s ideas indicates how racism against immigrants still plays a pivotal role in the US political and social realms. My reflection on this hot issue on immigration led me to wonder about some of my colleagues and friends from Indonesia who migrated to the US. How are they? Are they in a good situation?
The Effects of Cross-Border Transport on Patients With Tibia Fractures.

Abstract Background Tibia fractures are common after trauma. Prior studies have shown that delays in treatment are associated with poor outcomes. A subpopulation of our patients are transported from Mexico, adding barriers to prompt care. We hypothesized that patients with tibia fractures crossing from Mexico would have delays in treatment and subsequently worse outcomes. Methods The trauma registry of an American College of Surgeons-verified level 1 trauma center was retrospectively reviewed for all tibia fractures admitted from 2010 to 2015. Data collection included demographics, country of injury, characterization of injuries, interventions, complications, and outcomes. Patients were subdivided into those injured in the United States and in Mexico, and the two groups were compared. Results A total of 498 patients were identified, 440 from the United States and 58 from Mexico. Mexico patients were more severely injured overall, with higher injury severity scores and a higher percentage of patients with abbreviated injury scale scores ≥3 for both head and chest regions. Mexico patients had longer times from injury to admission, as well as increased times to both debridement of open fractures and operative fixation after admission. On subgroup analysis of patients with isolated tibia fractures (other system abbreviated injury scale Conclusions Patients crossing the border from Mexico with tibia fractures have delays in time to admission and from admission to operative management, although this is primarily due to other severe injuries. Ongoing systems development is required to minimize delays in care and optimize outcomes.
Critical Appraisal of Emergency Medicine Educational Research: The Best Publications of 2016

Objectives: The objective was to critically appraise and highlight methodologically superior medical education research specific to emergency medicine (EM) published in 2009. Methods: A search of the English language literature in 2009 querying Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE 1950 to Present, Web of Science, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and PsychInfo identified 36 EM studies that used hypothesis-testing or observational investigations of educational interventions. Six reviewers independently ranked all publications based on 10 criteria, including four related to methodology, that were chosen a priori to standardize evaluation by reviewers. This was a refinement of the methods used to appraise medical education published in 2008. Results: Seven studies met the standards as determined by the averaged rankings and are highlighted and summarized here. This year, 16 of 36 (44%) identified studies had funding, compared to 11 of 30 (36%) identified last year; five of seven (71%) highlighted publications were funded in 2009 compared to three of five (60%) highlighted in 2008. Use of technology in medical education was reported in 14 identified and four highlighted publications, with simulation being the most common technology studied. Five of the seven (71%) featured publications used a quasi-experimental or experimental design, one was observational, and one was qualitative. Practice management topics, including patient safety, efficiency, and revenue generation, were examined in seven reviewed studies. Conclusions: Thirty-six medical education publications published in 2009 focusing on EM were identified. This critical appraisal reviews and highlights seven studies that met a priori quality indicators. Current trends are noted. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:S16‐S25 a 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
دراسة اقتصادیة لانتاج وتسویق اقتصادیات الطماطم فى مصر

یعتبر محصول الطماطم من أهم المحاصیل الهامة فی مصر کما یعتبر محصول الطماطم من اهم محاصیل الخضر الأساسیة فی التغذیة عند معظم شعوب العالم ، حیث یحتل محصول الطماطم فی مصر المرتبة الاولى بین محاصیل الخضر من حیث المساحه وتمثل محاصیل الخضر أهمیة کبیرة فى عناصر البنیان الاقتصادی الزراعی المصری و تنحصر مشکلة الدراسة فى التقلبات الواسعة فی أسعار الطماطم على مدار العام وخاصة الشتاء ، حیث تتعرض الطماطم بشکل خاص للتلف وذلک یؤثر بشکل فعال على الکفاءة التسویقیة مما یلجاء الى تصنیع الطماطم اثناء انخفاض سعرها وزیادة عرضها حتى یمکن توفیر الصلصلة بسعر مناسب . حیث بلغ الحد الادنى لاجمالى مساحة الطماطم حوالى 395,57الف فدان خلال عام 2017 بینما بلغ الحد الاقصى حوالى 600 الف فدان عام 2009 بمتوسط بلغ حوالى 497 الف فدان بانحراف معیارى بلغ حوالى 50,34 الف فدان فى حین بلغ معامل الاختلاف حوالى 10,14% . واخذت مساحة الطماطم اتجاها عاما متتاقصا بلغ نحو 2,4 الف فدان غیرمعنوى احصائیا عند مستوى معنویة 0,05 بنسبةانخفاض سنوى بلغت نحو 0,4% من متوسط إجمالى مساحة الطماطم فى مصر البالغ نحو 497ألف فدان خلال الفترة من (2002-2017), وبلغ الحد الادنى لاجمالى انتاج الطماطم حوالى 6723 الف طن خلال عام 2017 بینما بلغ الحد الاقصى حوالى10279 الف طن عام 2009 بمتوسط بلغ حوالى 8170 الف طن ، واخذ انتاج الطماطم اتجاها عاما متناقصا بلغ نحو 6,85 الف طن غیرمعنوى احصائیا غند مستوى معنویة 0,05 بنسبة انخفاض سنوى بلغت نحو 0,02% من متوسط إجمالى انتاج الطماطم فى مصر البالغ نحو 8170 ألف طن خلال الفترة من (2002-2017). بلغت الکفاءة التسویقیة للطماطم بلغت ادناها بنحو 7,27 % عام 2012 ، بینما بلغت اقصاها بنحو35,6 % عام 2000 ،أخذت الکفاءة التسویقیة للطماطم ا اتجاها عاما متناقصا بلغ نحو1,1 % ، بمعدل تناقص معنوى سنوى بلغ نحو 6.7 % من متوسط الکفاءة التسویقیة للطماطم البالغ نحو19% ، هذا یوضح انحفاض الکفاءة التسویقیة للطماطم خلال الفترة من (2000 - 2017 ) ، یرجع ذلک الى ارتفاع اسعار التجزئة بالدرجة الاولى من ناحیة ، وانخفاض السعر الذى یحصل علیه المنتج ، وایضا ارتفاع التکالیف الانتاجیة من ناحیة اخرى . شهدت تدهورا مستمرا الکفاءة التسویقیة لمحصول الطماطم خلال فترة الدراسة ، ولیس ارتفاع الهوامش التسویقیة دائما دلیل على انخفاض الکفاءة وانما یتم مقارنه الخدمات المؤدى على السلعة فى حالة وجود خدمات وهوامش . بلغ متوسط کمیة الطاقة القصوى من صلصة الطماطم نحو 64,18 الف طن وبلغ متوسط کمیة الطاقة المتاحة حوالى 56,19 الف طن وتکون نسبة الطاقة المتاحة للطاقة القصوى 85,54 % من الطاقة القصوى , فى حین ان متوسط کمیة الطاقة الانتاجیة بلغ حوالى 54,47 الف طن تمثل حولى 92,97 % بالنسبة للطاقة المتاحة ومن هذا الجدول یتضح ان متوسط کمیة الطاقة العاطلة بلغ نحو 8,93 الف طن بنسبة 14,54 % من اجمالى الطاقة المتاحة .بینما بلغت کمیة الانتاج الفعلى من صلصة الطماطم ادناها عام 2000 بنحو17,9 الف طن ، کما بلغت ‌اقصاها عام 2017بنحو 84,7 الف طن ، بتقدیر معادلة الاتجاه الزمنى العام لکمیة الانتاج الفعلى من صلصة الطماطم اخذت اتجاها عاما متزایدا بلغ نحو3,6الف طن ، بنسبة زیادة سنویة بلغت نحو6,5% من متوسط کمیة الانتاج الفعلى من صلصة الطماطم البالغ نحو 54,47 الف طن خلال الفترة موضع الدراسة ، تمثل نسبة الانتاج الفعلى للطاقة المتاحة 92,97% من متوسط للطاقة المتاحة .