cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of 32 supercentenarians

The remarkable growth in the number of centenarians (aged ≥ 100) has garnered significant attention over the past 20 or so years. Consequently, a number of centenarian studies have emerged, ranging in emphasis from demographic to genetic. Recently, an even more extreme group, supercentenarians, or people aged 110 and older, has begun to yield sufficient numbers to warrant descriptive studies. Great effort and diligence is required to locate living supercentenarians and validate their age claims. Claims of ages beyond that of the oldest well-accepted age of 122 years (Madame Jeanne Calment) regularly surface in the media, but these are invariably unsubstantiated.1–3 The U.S. census listed 1,400 supercentenarians in 2000 (about 1 per 200,000),4 but an e-mail based effort facilitated by the Gerontology Research Group (GRG, www.grg.org) that monitors and validates claims of age 110 and older estimates the number of living supercentenarians in the United States to be approximately 60 to 70 (or approximately 1 supercentenarian per 6 million people) and 250 to 300 worldwide. One study reported Medicare data indicating that, in 2000, there were 32,920 centenarians and that, of these, 105 (0.3%) were age 110 and older.5 One study estimated that seven in 1,000 people born at the turn of the last century lived to become centenarians and that one in 100,000 lived to be 110 or older.6 Because of the efforts of the GRG and the International Database on Longevity (www.supercentenarians.org), it has become possible to go beyond single anecdotal case descriptions to formal case series. Reports of supercentenarians have only examined the demography, identification, and age-verification of these individuals.7–10 Here, the first phenotypic characterization of a case series of 32 supercentenarians is reported. Centenarians have been found to exhibit marked delays in functional decline and in most cases age-related lethal diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke.11 Compression of functional decline toward the relative end of their long lives might be a prerequisite or at least a marker of the ability to live to 100. In a sample of 105 centenarians, 88% were functionally independent at a mean age of 92.12 Such compression of disability is even more pronounced in male centenarians.13 Early experience with supercentenarians has led to the hypothesis that such a delay must be extended at least through age 100 for a person to survive to age 110 or older.
Binational social networks and assimilation: A test of the importance of transnationalism

While the concept of transnationalism has gained widespread popularity among scholars as a way to describe immigrants' long-term maintenance of cross-border ties to their origin communities, critics have argued that the overall proportion of immigrants who engage in transnational behavior is low and that, as a result, transnationalism has little sustained effect on the process of immigrant adaptation and assimilation. In this article, we argue that a key shortcoming in the current empirical debate on transnationalism is the lack of data on the social networks that connect migrants to each other and to nonmigrants in communities of origin. To address this shortcoming, our analysis uses unique binational data on the social network connecting an immigrant sending community in Guanajuato, Mexico, to two destination areas in the United States. We test for the effect of respondents' positions in cross-border networks on their migration intentions and attitudes towards the United States using data on the opinions of their peers, their participation in cross-border and local communication networks, and their structural position in the network. The results indicate qualified empirical support for a network-based model of transnationalism; in the U.S. sample we find evidence of network clustering consistent with peer effects, while in the Mexican sample we find evidence of the importance of cross-border communication with friends.
Internet-Based Patient Survey on Urolithiasis Treatment and Patient Satisfaction

Abstract Purpose: We created an Internet-based survey of patients treated for urolithiasis to evaluate for trends in treatment, outcome, and patient satisfaction and to establish internet surveys as a feasible medium for future research of patient urolithiasis treatment experiences. Materials and Methods: We used the website “kidneystoners.org” to disseminate the online survey, which queried respondents on treatment type, outcome, and satisfaction. Patient satisfaction was correlated with treatment type and outcome. Chi-square and analysis of variance tests were used to compare responses between treatment types. Results: Four hundred forty-three respondents completed the survey. The majority (46%) were treated ureteroscopically, followed by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL, 25%) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (7%). Other treatments included spontaneous passage (13%), medical expulsive therapy (7%), and home remedies (2%). Sixty-four percent of respondents deemed their treatment “successful,” w...
LibData to LibCMS: One library's evolutionary pathway to a content management system

Purpose – The University of Minnesota Libraries have developed and implemented LibCMS, an open architecture content management system (CMS) that combines with the previously‐built LibData system to meet the web page publishing and site management needs of a large research library. The purpose of this paper is to present overall observations about CMSs and their implementation, and details the requirements and design of LibCMS.Design/methodology/approach – The system's development followed an evolutionary path moving from a modest data repository, to a large system with a three‐tiered web page authoring environment, and now to a CMS with site‐level management capability. This work leaned on abstract tree structures to manage navigational hierarchy both within and between pages. Methods were developed to represent tree architecture in an RDBMS while economizing traversal and maintenance of nodes.Findings – Developing the CMS locally ensured that design followed the requirements of a large academic library e...
Statistical balance of the vorticity gradient in two-dimensional turbulence

Abstract The statistical balance between self-amplification of the vorticity gradient (VG) and viscous smoothing in two-dimensional turbulence is considered. A closed exact equation for the conditionally averaged VG (with fixed VG in a certain point) is derived from the Navier-Stokes equation. A family of solutions of this equation is obtained. Solutions depend non-analytically on the fixed VG, due to the effect of self-amplification. The conditionally averaged vorticity field and high order two-point moments of the VG are calculated. These results can be verified by numerical experiments. The developed method, based on the conditional averaging of the equation for the local characteristic of motion, can be applied to a variety of physical systems with strong interaction, including magnetized plasma.
The ethical foundations of constitutional order: A conventionalist perspective

This paper presents a conventionalist or modified contractarian perspective on constitutional and legal theory as a platform from which to address five important questions about the connections between critical morality and constitutional order. It finds that natural law and critical morality are inappropriately linked to constitutions and laws, but that there is nonetheless a clear moral dimension to all law. Furthermore even though law is explained as a function of human agreements, the very process of agreement commits law to an inherent set of standards which distunguish laws based on agreement from those which rest on coercion. These standards are more familiarly known as the principles of the rule of law.
Aileron Effectiveness at High Angles of Attack: Interaction with Forebody Blowing

An experimental investigation has been conducted to determine the effectiveness of ailerons in the high angleof-attack regime in the presence of forebody tangential blowing. Forebody blowing generates both roll and yaw moments, but independent control of these moments requires the use of a second actuator. Results from this study support the idea of using ailerons and forebody blowing for aircraft roll and yaw control at high angles of attack. Experiments were conducted at 45-deg nominal incidence angle, using a wind-tunnel model cone guration consisting of a cone ‐cylinder fuselage and a delta wing. The effectiveness of the ailerons as a function of aileron area has been determined. It is shown that increasing aileron size beyond a certain limit produces only marginal increase in the capability of generating roll moment. Cross-coupling effects on pitch and yaw moments due to aileron dee ection and the combined effects of aileron dee ection and blowing are presented. Results show that the effects of starboard and port-side control surfaces are nearly uncoupled.
Clinical Review : Changing Patterns of Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis Survey of Recent Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment

As advances in management continue to improve the chances of survival, older patients have more expressions of disturbed function within the gastrointestinal tract. These in turn call for new forms of treatment, physiologically derived.
Russian Labor History at the 1997 Convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies

comparative method to gain a greater insight into each others' work. By pinpointing the ubiquitous character of dockers and how they challenged the roles prescribed for them by employers, unions, and nation-states alike, the assembled labor historians discovered opportunities to place their work in larger contexts. Such comparative appreciation was critical considering the current Liverpool dockers' struggle. As Eric Taplin (University of Liv erpool) pointed out, dockers throughout the world have shown commend able solidarity with Liverpool men and women. Such fellowship is likely to be shared by conference participants in building permanent links across the geographical spectrum.
Milk Processed by Pulsed Electric Fields: Evaluation of Microbial Quality, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Selected Nutrients at Different Storage Conditions

Abstract: Pulsed electric fields (PEF) technology was used to pasteurize raw milk under selected treatments. Processing conditions were: temperature 20, 30, and 40 °C, electric field 30.76 to 53.84 kV/cm, and pulse numbers 12, 24, and 30 for skim milk (SM), and 12, 21, and 30 for whole milk (WM) (2 μs pulse width, monopolar). Physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, density, color, solids nonfat [SNF]) and composition (protein and fat content) were measured after processing. Shelf life of SM and WM was assessed after processing at 46.15 kV/cm, combined with temperature (20 to 60 °C) and 30 pulses. Mesophilic and psychrophilic loads and pH were evaluated during storage at 4 and 21 °C. Results showed minor variations in physicochemical properties after processing. There was an interesting trend in SM in SNF, which decreased as treatment became stronger; similar behavior was observed for fat and protein, showing a 0.18% and 0.17% decrease, respectively, under the strongest conditions. Protein and fat content decreased in WM samples treated at 40 °C, showing a decrease in protein (0.11%), and an even higher decrease in fat content. During storage, PEF-treated milk samples showed higher stability at 4 °C with minor variations in pH; after 33 d, pH was higher than 6. However samples at 21 °C showed faster spoilage and pH dropped to 4 after 5 d. Growth of mesophilic bacteria was delayed in both milks after PEF processing, showing a 6- and 7-log cycles for SM and WM, respectively, after day 25 (4 °C); however, psychrophilic bacteria grew faster in both cases. Practical Application: Pulsed electric fields (PEF) technology in the pasteurization of liquid food products has shown positive results. Processing times can be reduced considerably, which in turn reduces the loss of nutrients and offers important savings in energy. PEF has been used successfully to pasteurize some liquid foods, but it is still not used commercially in milk pasteurization, although several trials have shown the positive effects of PEF milk pasteurization, which could allow for its future use at the industrial level.
pH-dependent stability of the human alpha-lactalbumin molten globule state: contrasting roles of the 6 - 120 disulfide and the beta-subdomain at low and neutral pH.

Many proteins are capable of populating partially folded states known as molten globule states. Alpha-lactalbumin forms a molten globule under a range of conditions including low pH (the A-state) and at neutral pH in the absence of Ca(2+) with modest amounts of denaturant. The A-state is the most thoroughly characterized and thought to mimic a kinetic intermediate populated during refolding at neutral pH. We demonstrate that the properties and interactions that stabilize the A-state and the pH 7 molten globule of human alpha-lactalbumin differ. The unfolding of the wild-type protein is compared to the unfolding of a variant that lacks the 6 - 120 disulfide bond and to an autonomously folded peptide construct that we have previously shown represents the minimum core structure of the A-state of human alpha-lactalbumin. Studies conducted at pH 2 and 7 show that the disulfide makes little contribution to the stability of the molten globule at pH 7 but is important at pH 2. In contrast, the beta-subdomain of the protein is less important at pH 2 than at pH 7. The role of helix propensity in stabilizing the different forms of the molten globule state is examined and it is shown that it cannot account for the differences. The strikingly different behavior observed at pH 2 and 7 indicates that the A-state may not be a rigorous mimic of the folding intermediate populated at pH 7.
Women’s direct opening lines are perceived as most effective

Abstract The present research implemented three studies in order to ascertain whether or not women are likely to approach a man to initiate/signal romantic interest and to determine which opening lines used by women are perceived as most effective, and most direct by men and women. Based on societal changes in women’s roles and changes in women’s attitudes toward dating behavior women were expected to be likely to approach men. Additionally, based on prior research examining women’s role in flirting, a significant effect for type of opening line was hypothesized. Opening lines that directly indicate an interest in dating were expected to be perceived as most effective and most direct by both men and women. The results were consistent with the hypotheses. Women were indeed likely to approach men and opening lines that directly signal interest were perceived as most effective and most direct by both sexes. However, men rated receiving a phone number from a woman as more effective than women did. These findings are discussed in terms of prior research.
Properties of some rodlike polymers in solution

The properties of poly (1, 4-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA), Kevlar, and a poly(benzobisoxazole) (PBO) in solution are investigated. Molecular characterization using light scattering and viscometry on dilute solutions shows PBO and PPTA to have a rodlike conformation. Both are prone to interchain aggregation with the tendency for association apparently increasing with the ionic strength of the solvent. Rheological experiments are reported on disordered and ordered concentrated solutions of Kevlar and PBO. The dependence of the viscosity and recoverable compliance on shear rate is discussed and compared with that of flexible-chain polymers. The dependence of the viscosity and recoverable compliance of PBO solutions on temperature and concentration is discussed.
The variance for the disequilibrium coefficient in the individual Hardy-Weinberg test.

Summary. It is of interest to detect the deviation from Hardy–Weinberg proportion (HWP) for a particular heterozygote. Hernandez and Weir (1989, Biometrics45, 53–70) suggested a disequilibrium coefficient approach and proposed a 1-d.f.2 test. This note derives the appropriate variance under the null hypothesis for performing this individual HWP test. Examples of applying the test to human genetic disease data are presented.
A separated-electron pair study of the electronic structure of the Li2O molecule†

A separated pair calculation of the electronic structure of the Li2O molecule is described. Rather extensive calculations were made of the potential surface for symmetric configurations of Li2O using a double zeta Slater orbital basis. A linear configuration with LiO bond length of 1.71 A is found to be most stable. The electron distribution and correlation effects are discussed.
Computation of equivalent circuit parameters of nine-phase induction motor in different operating modes

The nine-phase squirrel-cage induction motor designed for 4-pole operation can also be utilized to operate in 3 phase, 12 pole configuration by rearranging the stator winding connections using the pole phase modulation technique. The 9 phase 4 pole configuration can be used for extended high speed and low torque requirement, whereas the 3 phase, 12 pole arrangement can be utilized for low speed and high torque applications. By switching from one stator winding configuration to another, the nine-phase induction machine can be used for high torque, low speed and extended high speed range and low torque requirements in such applications as the electric vehicle and high speed elevators. In this paper, two comprehensive methods are presented to determine the parameters of the 36 stator slots machine in the two configurations. The parameters calculated using the magnetic circuit analysis and the field analysis using Finite Elements methods are validated by experimental results.
Progress in the development of compact high-repetition-rate soft x-ray lasers: gain saturation at 10.9 nm and first demonstration of an all-diode-pumped soft x-ray laser

We report new advances in the development of high repetition rate table-top soft x-ray lasers. We have extended the gain-saturated operation of these lasers to 10.9 nm demonstrating a 1 Hz repetition rate laser operation in Ni-like tellurium with an average power of 1 microwatt. In a separate development we have demonstrated the first all-diodepumped soft x-ray laser. Lasing was achieved in the 18.9 nm line of Ni-like molybdenum in a plasma heated by a compact all-diode-pumped Yb:YAG laser. The solid state pump laser produces 8.5 ps pulses with up to 1 J energy at 10 Hz repetition rate. This diode-pumped laser has the potential to greatly increase the repetition rate and average power of soft x-ray lasers on a significantly smaller footprint. These compact soft X-ray lasers offer new scientific opportunities in small laboratory environments.
Characteristics of type III exciters derived from low frequency radio observations

Low-frequency radio observations (2.8 MHz to 67 kHz) from the RAE-1 and IMP-6 satellites allow the tracking of type III solar burst exciters out to large distances from the sun (of the order of 1 AU). A study of the interaction processes between the exciter and the interplanetary medium was made using the time-intensity profiles of the radio emission. The change in exciter length with distance from the sun, and the resulting exciter velocity dispersion which can be deduced from this change are investigated. From detailed measurements on 35 simple bursts it is found that the exciter length increases at a faster rate than a constant velocity dispersion would give. The damping of the radio emission is also investigated, and it is concluded that some current theories of the damping mechanism give results which are not consistent with the low-frequency observations.
Anticoagulant factor V: factors affecting the integration of novel scientific discoveries into the broader framework.

Since its initial discovery in the 1940s, factor V has long been viewed as an important procoagulant protein in the coagulation cascade. However, in the later part of the 20th century, two different scientists proposed novel anticoagulant roles for factor V. Philip Majerus proposed the first anticoagulant function for factor V in 1983, yet ultimately it was not widely accepted by the broader scientific community. In contrast, Bjorn Dahlback proposed a different anticoagulant role for factor V in 1994. While this role was initially contested, it was ultimately accepted and integrated into the scientific framework. In this paper, I present a detailed historical account of these two anticoagulant discoveries and propose three key reasons why Dahlback's anticoagulant role for factor V was accepted whereas Majerus' proposed role was largely overlooked. Perhaps most importantly, Dahlback's proposed anticoagulant role was of great clinical interest because the discovery involved the study of an important subset of patients with thrombophilia. Soon after Dahlback's 1994 work, this patient population was shown to possess the factor V Leiden mutation. Also key in the ultimate acceptance of the second proposed anticoagulant role was the persistence of the scientist who made the discovery and the interest in and ability of others to replicate and reinforce this work. This analysis of two different yet similar discoveries sheds light on factors that play an important role in how new discoveries are incorporated into the existing scientific framework.
Extrinsic site defensibility and landscape-based archaeological inference: An example from the Northwest Coast

Abstract People make decisions in the context of their physical and social environments. Therefore, when inferring the choices that people may have made in the past, archaeologists should consider—to the extent possible—the environmental context(s) of decision making. In this paper, I attempt to build stronger inferences about the nature of defensive decision-making by characterizing the defensibility of a given landscape and treating it as a population from which a sample of archaeological sites may be considered. I develop a spatial defensibility index that may be calculated for any and all points on a raster landscape (a digital elevation model). I then calculate the defensibility of a large region in Gulf of Georgia and lower Fraser River valley of British Columbia, and assess the defensibility of a large sample of recorded pre- and post-contact archaeological sites in light of the baseline defensibility of the landscape. I find that while residential sites are generally built in more defensible places on the landscape, previously identified “defensive” sites (trench embankment sites) are not necessarily in unusually defensible places. These and similar methods ought to be employed whenever archaeologists attempt to infer defensive decision-making, and are essential for cross-cultural study of warfare and conflict.
The effect of X-irradiation on the induction of aniline hydroxylase by phenobarbital in partially hepatectomized rats

Abstract 1. 1. DNA synthesis in regenerating rat liver was prevented by exposure of the animals to relatively low doses of X-irradiation; similar irradiation of unoperated animals that received either saline or phenobarbital had no effect on either the basal level of aniline hydroxylase activity or the appearance of elevated enzymic activity 24 h after phenobarbital. 2. 2. Sham operated rats treated with phenobarbital showed a two-fold increase in enzymic activity at 24 hr after the inducer. No increase in aniline hydroxylase activity occurred at this time in partially hepatectomized animals, or in phenobarbital treated partially hepatectomized rats that received X-irradiation either 20 min, 3 hr, or 6 h after surgery. In contrast, aniline hydroxylase activity was normally elevated in animals exposed to X-irradiation 1 h after partial hepatectomy.
School Psychologists in the Political Maelstrom

This article explores, first, the roles that school psychologists theoretically might adopt as change agent: non-change, technician, the social broker and the social interventionist. Then, we analyse data from a sample of practising school psychologists to see the extent to which these roles are actually manifest in their orientations toward serving as change agent. To serve as successful change agents, though, school psychologists must understand the political context, since their stance toward change almost automatically injects them into the political arena. We use examples drawn from the politics of planning literature to note how the role adopted by a change agent interacts with political structures to shape the odds of successful change efforts. Techniques for the school psychologist to learn to better adapt to political circumstances are outlined.
Adult Higher Education: Are We Moving in the Wrong Direction?.

After so many years of invisibility, adult students in higher education have finally begun to come into their own. As a newly discovered marketing niche, adults are seen by budget-driven college ad...
Carotid and vertebral artery sacrifice with a combination of Onyx and coils: technical note and case series

Introduction Permanent vessel sacrifice has become a routine for the management of aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms, tumors, and carotid blowouts. The purpose of this study is to describe a new technique for carotid and vertebral artery sacrifice using a combination of Onyx and coils and to assess its feasibility, safety, and efficacy.
Ineffability Properties of Cardinals II

This paper applies the methods of [1] to several classes of cardinals other than ineffables. The central point is the same as [1], namely that many ‘large cardinal’ properties are better viewed as properties of normal ideals than as properties of cardinals alone, and that in order to understand these properties fully it is necessary to consider the associated normal ideals.
Biomphalaria glabrata amoebocytes: Assay of factors influencing in vitro phagocytosis

Abstract A simple and short-term in vitro assay system has been adapted for quantitative evaluation of the rate of phagocytosis of amoebocytes obtained from hemolymph of the pulmonate gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. The variation in the rate of phagocytosis exhibited by amoebocyte monolayers prepared from individual snails is reduced by utilizing amoebocytes from pooled hemolymph from snails of similar sizes. The study demonstrates that the rate of phagocytosis depends on incubation time, temperature, and pH. Substantial inhibition of phagocytosis is exerted by 2-deoxy- d -glucose and 2-iodoacetamide but not by potassium cyanide, indicating that energy consumed during phagocytosis is generated by the glycolysis pathway.
EXTRACTING FRACTURE PARAMETERS USING LOCAL COLLOCATION OF FULL-FIELD DISPLACEMENT DATA

Least-squares analysis of optically measured displacement data for extracting fracture parameters in homogeneous and bimaterial beams is discussed. The u2-displacements measured using moire interferometry are analyzed and fracture parameters are extracted. The feasibility of using K-dominant expressions along with the higher order terms specific to loading configuration is successfully demonstrated for the case of three-point-bending. Elasticity solution of an un-cracked beam when used as higher order terms along with K-dominant terms provide accurate measurement of stress intensity factors. The method offers an alternative for using asymptotic fields for fringe analysis wherein the number of terms needed for an accurate fracture parameter extraction is generally unknown and involves a trial and error process.
Comparison of Conductimetric and Colorimetric Methods with Distillation–Titration Method of Analyzing Ammonium Nitrogen in Total Kjeldahl Digests

The distillation–titration method (DTM) is a standard procedure used by most laboratories to measure ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) in the total Kjeldahl N (TKN) digests of various kinds of agricultural and environmental samples. These samples may have TKN contents ranging from less than 100 ppb to as high as percentage levels. However, the DTM procedure generally leads to a very low throughput because it is labor intensive and time-consuming. At the current practical quantitation limit (PQL) of 300 ppb established at the Feed and Environmental (FEW) Laboratory, University of Georgia, the DTM procedure is less applicable to low TKN surface water samples. In this study, we therefore compared the performance of diffusion conductivity method (DCM) and colorimetric method (CM) with DTM in measuring NH4-N in the TKN digests of 29 different samples representing surface waters, lagoons, manures, poultry litters, and environmental wastes. Acceptable accuracy and precision were achieved for various QC samples by all th...
Observations on student difficulties with mathematics in upper-division electricity and magnetism

We discuss common difficulties in upper-division electricity and magnetism (E) in the areas of Gauss's law, vector calculus, and electric potential using both quantitative and qualitative evidence. We also show that many of these topical difficulties may be tied to student difficulties with mathematics. At the junior level, some students struggle to combine mathematical calculations and physics ideas, to account for the underlying spatial situation when doing a mathematical calculation, and to access appropriate mathematical tools. We discuss the implications of our findings for E instruction at the junior level.
Comments on surface subsidence prediction

Abstract The problems concerning the application of various types of subsidence prediction models are discussed including model imperfection, errors in representative coefficients or parameters and subsidence survey, and man-made errors. Prediction accuracy and methods of evaluating model prediction accuracy are also discussed.
New enzymic assays for glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase and its regulatory protein PIIA

Abstract Glutamine synthetase from some gram-negative bacteria is regulated mainly by a covalent modification cascade. The activity of the enzyme is dependent on its state of adenylylation, which is catalyzed by adenylyltransferase (ATase), whose activity is modulated by a regulatory protein, P II , which exists in two interconvertible forms, P IIA and P IID . In this report, two simple enzymic assays for ATase and P IIA are described. These methods are based on the knowledge that unadenylylated and adenylylated glutamine synthetase exhibit different pH optima in the γ-glutamyl transferase reaction and that l -alanine, a noncompetitive inhibitor, inhibits them to different extents. These assays have been used in the purification of ATase and P IIA and in mechanistic studies on adenylylation. The scope and limitations of these assays are discussed.
Processing technique for lipofilling influences adipose-derived stem cell concentration and cell viability in lipoaspirate.

Autologous fat grafting is a highly used technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Several fat-processing techniques have been described, with centrifugation frequently touted as the optimal method. Processing is one factor important for maximizing cell viability and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC) concentrations. This study compared two methods of fat preparation (centrifugation vs Telfa-rolling) to determine which technique results in the greatest degree of cell viability and ADSC concentration. Abdominal fat was harvested from five patients. Equal aliquots were divided and processed by both centrifugation and Telfa-rolling. Samples were analyzed for ADSC proportions via flow cytometry and cell viability using methylene blue-based cell counting. Paired t tests were performed on all samples, and a P value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Telfa-rolling processing resulted in a higher percentage of isolated ADSCs (P < 0.5 for 3 of 4 parameters) and a significantly higher number of viable cells (P < 0.05). Telfa-rolling results in a higher proportion of ADSCs and greater cell viability than centrifugation for donor adipose graft preparation. Further studies are necessary to confirm whether optimal preparation translates to improved augmentation and cell take at the recipient site. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Extinction, relapse, and behavioral momentum

Abstract Previous experiments on behavioral momentum have shown that relative resistance to extinction of operant behavior in the presence of a discriminative stimulus depends upon the baseline rate or magnitude of reinforcement associated with that stimulus (i.e., the Pavlovian stimulus–reinforcer relation). Recently, we have shown that relapse of operant behavior in reinstatement, resurgence, and context renewal preparations also is a function of baseline stimulus–reinforcer relations. In this paper we present new data examining the role of baseline stimulus–reinforcer relations on resistance to extinction and relapse using a variety of baseline training conditions and relapse operations. Furthermore, we evaluate the adequacy of a behavioral momentum based model in accounting for the results. The model suggests that relapse occurs as a result of a decrease in the disruptive impact of extinction precipitated by a change in circumstances associated with extinction, and that the degree of relapse is a function of the pre-extinction baseline Pavlovian stimulus–reinforcer relation. Across experiments, relative resistance to extinction and relapse were greater in the presence of stimuli associated with more favorable conditions of reinforcement and were positively related to one another. In addition, the model did a good job in accounting for these effects. Thus, behavioral momentum theory may provide a useful quantitative approach for characterizing how differential reinforcement conditions contribute to relapse of operant behavior.
EFFECT OF DEPENDENCY VERSUS NONDEPENDENCY ON LUNG LESION VISUALIZATION

Paraffin blocks and mineral oil were used as a model to determine the effect of dependency versus nondependency on radiographic visualization of lung lesions in lateral thoracic radiographs. It was concluded that the increased opacity of the material surrounding the lesion, not contact between the heart and the lesion, was responsible for the inability to detect lung disease in the dependent lung. The results were tested in dogs with pneumonia in the right middle lung lobe. When the dog was in right lateral recumbency, the dependent right lung was increased in opacity and decreased in volume and the pulmonary lesion was difficult to detect. When the dog was in left lateral recumbency, the nondependent right lung was increased in volume and decreased in opacity and the pulmonary disease was clearly visible. A single recumbent lateral radiograph must not be used to assess a dog with suspected lung disease because lesions in the dependent lung lobes may not be detected.
Use of Risperidone in Psychotic Disorder following Ischemic Brain Damage

ABSTRACT Risperidone, a novel atypical neuroleptic agent, was used to treat a psychotic disorder secondary to ischemic brain damage in a 19-year-old adolescent, who had been treatment-refractory to...
AIDS and the brain: is there a chemokine connection?

Many HIV-1-positive individuals suffer from a variety of neurological problems known collectively as the HIV-1-related cognitive–motor complex. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie HIV-1-induced neuropathology are unclear. They might include a combination of indirect effects, which result from the release of neurotoxins from activated astrocytes and microglia, and the direct effects of HIV-1-related proteins, such as gp120, on neurons. As the interaction of gp120 with immune cells has been shown to require the participation of chemokine receptors, this article explores the possibility that such receptors participate in the events underlying HIV-1-induced neuropathology. It is now clear that many types of cell in the brain possess chemokine receptors, including microglia, glia and neurons, and the interaction of gp120 with neuronal chemokine receptors initiates apoptotic death of neurons in vitro. Such effects might be modified by the actions of chemokines that act at these same receptors. However, the importance of this direct interaction with neurons in vivo and its relevance in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related dementia still needs to be established. Furthermore, the existence of chemokine receptors on neurons suggests that chemokines might regulate neuronal functions physiologically.
Intracerebroventricularly infused [d-Arg1]angiotensin III, is superior to [d-Asp1]angiotensin II, as a pressor agent in rats

Two D-amino acid substitution angiotensin analogues were compared against native angiotensin II (AII) and angiotensin III (AIII) for their resistance to brain tissue-induced degradation and for pressor potency when intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) infused in Sprague-Dawley rats. The in vitro results indicate that [D-Asp1]AII was very resistant to degradation, AII and [D-Arg1]AIII were degraded at similar rates, while AIII was the most rapidly degraded. In vivo results revealed that AII, AIII and [D-Arg1]AIII produced greater pressor responses than [D-Asp1]AII. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment with the aminopeptidase A inhibitor, amastatin, significantly reduced the subsequent pressor response to i.c.v. infused [D-Asp1]AII presumably by inhibiting its conversion to AIII. In contrast, pretreatment with the aminopeptidase B inhibitor, bestatin, potentiated the subsequent pressor response to i.c.v. infused [D-Arg1]AIII, presumably by inhibiting the conversion of [D-Arg1]AIII to the less active hexapeptide AII(3-8). Next, i.c.v. pretreatment with the specific angiotensin receptor antagonist, [Sar1, Thr8]AII (Sarthran) was found to greatly diminish the subsequent pressor responses to i.c.v. infused [D-Asp1]AII and [D-Arg1]AIII, suggesting that these analogues are having their effect at the same brain angiotensin receptor site. These results support the hypothesis that AIII, or AIII-like ligands, may serve as the active form of brain angiotensin.
Ion-exchange voltammetry at poly(ester-sulfonic acid) film coated electrodes for trace analysis

Ion exchange voltammetry at poly(ester-sulfonic) acid coated electrodes allows convenient trace and ultratrace measurements of large hydrophobic cations. Rotating glassy carbon electrodes coated with new Eastman AQ-55D and AQ-29D ionomers are used to collect such ions electrostatically from dilute solutions prior to voltammetric analysis. The effects of various variables of the preconcentration/voltammetry/regeneration scheme, including rotation speed, exposure time and scan parameters, are assessed. “Analyte-free” surfaces could be obtained rapidly by reversing the ion-exchange process. Various advanced voltammetric waveforms are explored for the quantitation of the surface-bound analyte, with a computerized background subtraction differential pulse scan providing the lowest detection limit (4 × 10−10M). Linear calibration plots are obtained at the submicromolar concentration level following short (< 60 s) preconcentration times. For successive measurements of 2.5 × 10−7M methyl viologen cation the response could be reproduced with a 4.9% relative standard deviation. The coated electrodes are simple and inexpensive to prepare and are stable.
The use of ecmo in hiv/aids with pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A case report and review of the literature

There are few reports of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy for respiratory failure because of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). None of the cases reported involvement of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), a paradoxical clinical worsening after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in ART-naive patients because of an exaggerated systemic inflammation with cell count recovery. We present a patient with newly diagnosed AIDS and PJP pneumonia that progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to probable IRIS for which veno-venous ECMO was initiated. He transitioned to conventional ventilator after 57 days of ECMO therapy. However, he did not survive to hospital discharge. Combined with four previously reported cases of ARDS in human immunodeficiency virus patients secondary to PJP treated with ECMO, three of the five patients survived to ECMO decannulation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is considered an accepted modality for adult patients with respiratory and/or cardiac failure refractory to maximal medical therapy. As ECMO becomes increasingly utilized in clinical practice, there is ongoing controversy regarding the appropriate selection of patients. In the past, contraindications to ECMO included immunocompromised states and conditions with known poor prognosis. The cases herein suggest the indications and contraindications warrant further discussion and research.
Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication

CONCLUSIONS It is most encouraging to note the increasing interest and support being given the bovine tuberculosis eradication program by the cooperating states. We are in an era of ever-increasing interest and enthusiasm in tuberculosis eradication activities, and rightly so. A positive approach to the problem is necessary. With the continued support and spirit of cooperation on behalf of all people vitally concerned with this program, we can look to eradication as a reality and not merely a goal.
Emergency preparedness for children with special health care needs.

(2000). E MERGENCY P REPAREDNESS FOR C HILDREN WITH S PECIAL H EALTH C ARE N EEDS. Prehospital Emergency Care: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 87-88.
Stresses and Deformations in Thick-Walled Cylinders Subjected to Combined Loading and a Temperature Gradient

Stresses and deformations in composite cylindrical tubes as a result of combined loading (internal and external pressure, axial load, applied torque) and a temperature gradient through the wall thickness are studied. The composite tubes studied are, in general, long thick-walled cylinders made of arbitrarily oriented - with respect to the tube axis - orthotropic plies. A displacement-based linear elasticity solution is used in the analysis. Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT), which assumes the composite laminate to be in a state of plane stress, does not predict any stresses in the thickness direction; however, in thick-walled tubes, through-the-thickness stresses may not always be negligible
Vortex-Induced Injectable Silk Fibroin Hydrogels

A novel, to our knowledge, technique was developed to control the rate of β-sheet formation and resulting hydrogelation kinetics of aqueous, native silk solutions. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that vortexing aqueous solutions of silkworm silk lead to a transition from an overall protein structure that is initially rich in random coil to one that is rich in β-sheet content. Dynamic oscillatory rheology experiments collected under the same assembly conditions as the circular dichroism experiments indicated that the increase in β-sheet content due to intramolecular conformational changes and intermolecular self-assembly of the silk fibroin was directly correlated with the subsequent changes in viscoelastic properties due to hydrogelation. Vortexing low-viscosity silk solutions lead to orders-of-magnitude increase in the complex shear modulus, G∗, and formation of rigid hydrogels (G∗ ≈ 70 kPa for 5.2 wt % protein concentration). Vortex-induced, β-sheet-rich silk hydrogels consisted of permanent, physical, intermolecular crosslinks. The hydrogelation kinetics could be controlled easily (from minutes to hours) by changing the vortex time, assembly temperature and/or protein concentration, providing a useful timeframe for cell encapsulation. The stiffness of preformed hydrogels recovered quickly, immediately after injection through a needle, enabling the potential use of these systems for injectable cell delivery scaffolds.
Behavior, Milk Yield, and Leucocytes of Dairy Cows in Reduced Space and Isolation

Abstract Space was reduced from 9.3 to 2.3m 2 /cow during wk 2 and 4 for a group of 17 cows in a 4 wk study. Dominance rank was estimated from observation during 9 previous and 4 current wk. Leucocytes were determined from weekly quarter samples. The lot was marked into 5.9m 2 squares. Cows were observed during three 1h periods following feeding for each lot size. Cows with 2.3m 2 /cow entered fewer squares and had fewer herdmate encounters. Cows low in dominance rank moved about more than dominant herdmates as the correlation between dominance rank and squares entered was .33. Lot size did not affect daily milk yield. Cows at 9.3m 2 /cow had higher leucocytes than at 2.3m 2 /cow. At the end of this study six cows were singly isolated 24h in a holding pen 1.8×2.3m. Feed and water were provided. Milk yield was not affected. Leucocytes in samples taken initially and at 6h intervals during isolation increased generally but not significantly above the mean for 13 wk previous.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and coronary artery disease

PURPOSE To review the evidence on the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in coronary artery disease. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES In studies of experimental atherosclerosis involving hypertensive and normotensive hyperlipidemic animals, ACE inhibitors have had potent anti-atherogenic effects, reducing the total aortic intimal surface involved and the aortic cholesterol content. In balloon-injured animals, ACE inhibitors have suppressed the myointimal proliferative response in rats and rabbits, but not in higher species such as pigs and baboons, indicating possible species-specific effects. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, ACE inhibitors have modulated alterations in endothelium-related vasodilation, although similar effects have not been observed in human hypertension. CLINICAL STUDIES ACE inhibition has not been shown to prevent restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. However, cardiac ischemic events have been prevented by ACE inhibition in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction in a number of studies, including the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD), Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) study, Acute Infarction and Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) study and the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinesi dell'Infarto Micardico 3 (GISSI-3) trial. Other ongoing studies such as the QUinapril Ischemic Event Trial (QUIET) are assessing ACE inhibitor effects in patients with coronary artery disease and a normal left ventricular function. CONCLUSIONS ACE inhibitors prevent the development of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic animal models. They also prevent the myointimal proliferative response to injury in some animal models, but not in higher animal species or in humans. They can reduce the number of cardiac ischemic events in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction; their effects in those patients with a normal left ventricular function are now being assessed.