cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A measurement study of vehicular internet access using in situ Wi-Fi networks

The impressive penetration of 802.11-based wireless networks in many metropolitan areas around the world offers, for the first time, the opportunity of a "grassroots" wireless Internet service provided by users who "open up" their 802.11 (Wi-Fi) access points in a controlled manner to mobile clients. While there are many business, legal, and policy issues to be ironed out for this vision to become reality, we are concerned in this paper with an important technical question surrounding such a system: can such an unplanned network service provide reasonable performance to network clients moving in cars at vehicular speeds.To answer this question, we present the results of a measurement study carried out over 290 "drive hours" over a few cars under typical driving conditions, in and around the Boston metropolitan area (some of our data also comes from a car in Seattle). With a simple caching optimization to speed-up IP address acquisition, we find that for our driving patterns the median duration of link-layer connectivity at vehicular speeds is 13 seconds, the median connection upload bandwidth is 30 KBytes/s, and that the mean duration between successful associations to APs is 75 seconds. We also find that connections are equally probable across a range of urban speeds (up to 60 km/hour in our measurements). Our end-to-end TCP upload experiments had a median throughput of about 30 KBytes/s, which is consistent with typical uplink speeds of home broadband links in the US. The median TCP connection is capable of uploading about 216 KBytes of data.Our high-level conclusion is that grassroots Wi-Fi networks are viable for a variety of applications, particularly ones that can tolerate intermittent connectivity. We discuss how our measurement results can improve transport protocols in such networks.
Three-dimensional structures of the three human class I alcohol dehydrogenases.

In contrast with other animal species, humans possess three distinct genes for class I alcohol dehydrogenase and show polymorphic variation in the ADH1B and ADH1C genes. The three class I alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes share ∼93% sequence identity but differ in their substrate specificity and their developmental expression. We report here the first three-dimensional structures for the ADH1A and ADH1C*2 gene products at 2.5 and 2.0 Å, respectively, and the structure of the ADH1B*1 gene product in a binary complex with cofactor at 2.2 Å. Not surprisingly, the overall structure of each isoenzyme is highly similar to the others. However, the substitution of Gly for Arg at position 47 in the ADH1A isoenzyme promotes a greater extent of domain closure in the ADH1A isoenzyme, whereas substitution at position 271 may account for the lower turnover rate for the ADH1C*2 isoenzyme relative to its polymorphic variant, ADH1C*1. The substrate-binding pockets of each isoenzyme possess a unique topology that dictates each isoenzyme's distinct but overlapping substrate preferences. ADH1*B1 has the most restrictive substrate-binding site near the catalytic zinc atom, whereas both ADH1A and ADH1C*2 possess amino acid substitutions that correlate with their better efficiency for the oxidation of secondary alcohols. These structures describe the nature of their individual substrate-binding pockets and will improve our understanding of how the metabolism of beverage ethanol affects the normal metabolic processes performed by these isoenzymes.
Characteristics and Pretreatment Behaviors of Clients Entering Drug Abuse Treatment: 1969 to 1993

This study summarizes historical changes among clients entering drug treatment in their sociodemographic characteristics and important pretreatment behaviors, such as work activity, criminal behavior, drug use, prior drug treatment, and health insurance. Data are drawn from three major studies of drug abuse treatment clients: the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP), 1969–1972; the Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS), 1979–1981; and the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS), 1991–1993. The mix of drug treatment clients and their interaction with the drug treatment system changed substantially over the past three decades. Because data items are most directly comparable between TOPS and DATOS, the focus of this paper is on changes within the past decade. The most conspicuous change is in types and numbers of drugs used by clients entering treatment. Multiple drug use declined since the late 1970s, while reports of cocaine use since TOPS more than doubled among clients in the long-term residential...
Psychosis in body dysmorphic disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has both psychotic and nonpsychotic variants, which are classified as separate disorders in DSM-IV (delusional disorder and a somatoform disorder). Despite their separate classification, available evidence indicates that BDD's delusional and nondelusional forms have many similarities (although the delusional variant appears more severe), suggesting that they may actually be the same disorder, characterized by a spectrum of insight. And contrary to what might be expected, BDD's delusional form, although classified as a psychotic disorder, appears to respond to serotonin-reuptake inhibitors alone. These and other data suggest that a dimensional view of psychosis (in particular, delusions) in these disorders may be more accurate than DSM's current categorical view. A dimensional model might also facilitate more consistent and accurate classification of other disorders that are likely characterized by a spectrum of insight, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, hypochondriasis, and anorexia nervosa. Further research is needed to better understand these classification issues, which likely have treatment implications.
Cerebral Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest

Brain injury is the principal barrier to good survival after cardiac arrest. Assessment of brain injury should include clinical imaging and neurophysiological measurements. Intensive care management focuses on optimizing cerebral blood flow through blood pressure and ventilator management. Targeted temperature management or mild hypothermia also improves outcomes. Current research seeks to determine optimal goals and monitors with which to titrate care.
Antimicrobial and cell viability measurement of bovine serum albumin capped silver nanoparticles (Ag/BSA) loaded collagen immobilized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) film.

Abstract Bacterial infection of orthopedic devices has been a major concern in joint replacement procedures. Therefore, this study is aimed at formulating collagen immobilized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) film loaded with bovine serum albumin capped silver nanoparticles (Ag/BSA NPs) to inhibit bacterial growth while retaining/promoting osteoblast cells viability. The nanoparticles loaded collagen immobilized PHBV film was characterized for its composition by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. The extent of loading of Ag/BSA NPs on collagen immobilized PHBV film was found to depend on the chemistry of the functionalized PHBV film and the concentration of Ag/BSA NPs solution used for loading nanoparticles. Our results showed that more Ag/BSA NPs were loaded on higher molecular weight collagen immobilized PHEMA-g-PHBV film. Maximum loading of Ag/BSA NPs on collagen immobilized PHBV film was observed when 16 ppm solution was used for adsorption studies. Colony forming unit and optical density measurements showed broad antimicrobial activity towards Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at significantly lower concentration i.e., 0.19 and 0.31 μg/disc, compared to gentamicin and sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim while MTT assay showed that released nanoparticles from Ag/BSA NPs loaded collagen immobilized PHBV film has no impact on MCTC3-E1 cells viability.
Montessori Early Childhood Teacher Perceptions of Family Priorities and Stressors.

Teachers of young children work closely with families. One component of teacher-family partnerships is teachers’ understanding of family priorities and stressors. This study examines Montessori early childhood (ages three through six) teacher perceptions of family priorities and stressors through an analysis of responses to two parallel surveys. Eighty teachers (37% of those who received the survey) and forty-nine family members (representing a 55% response rate) completed the survey. Significant differences were found between teachers’ perceptions of four (of seven) family priorities and families’ actual responses. Teachers ranked “making academic progress” as the most important of seven possible family priorities. However, families stated that “developing kindness” is the most important priority for their young children. No significant differences were found when comparing teacher rankings of family stressors with actual family responses. Montessori early childhood teachers ranked “not having enough time” as the most stressful of six possible stressors. Families confirmed that time pressures cause them the most stress. Maria Montessori’s recommendations for teachers and families are summarized. Recommendations for building stronger family partnerships in the context of Montessori’s philosophy, for example on-going self-reflection, are provided. Keywords: Montessori, teacher-family partnerships, early childhood teacher perceptions
Diffusion tensor imaging of the corticospinal tract and walking performance in multiple sclerosis

Research has identified a significant relationship between DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) indices in the Corticospinal Tract (CST) and disability status in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, there is little known about the association between DTI indices of the CST with walking and gait outcomes in MS. This study examined the associations among DTI indices [fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD)] of the CST with walking and gait outcomes in persons with MS. We enrolled 69 persons with MS who underwent 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and examined white matter structural integrity in the CST in the brain with DTI. Participants completed three walking performance assessments: 6-minute walk (6MW), timed 25-foot walk (T25FW), and gait testing. We examined associations using Spearman (r(s)) and partial Spearman correlation (pr(s)) analyses, using the entire sample and stratifying by disability status after controlling for age and sex. After controlling for age, sex, and disease duration, RD was significantly correlated (p 0.05). We provide novel evidence of possible motor pathway damage involved in walking performance in MS. There may be subtle differences in associations between MD, AD, and RD with walking outcomes, and these could be assessed in future longitudinal examinations and clinical trials of motor rehabilitation.
Degree of consolidation and reduction coefficient concerning differential consolidation settlements

The author has proposed a reduction coefficient of differential settlements in a soil-structure interaction and has shown that it is very useful for predicting differential settlements. In such a prediction, the soil model has been assumed to be elastic and linear and until now consolidation settlements were evaluated as equivalent elastic settlements. It is very significant, however, to extend the elastic model to a consolidation model, because practical cases are frequently related to consolidation settlements in reclaimed land. This paper, therefore, attempts to formulate the characteristics of consolidation settlements in soil-structure interaction, in order to incorporate the consolidation settlements into the prediction method of differential settlements suggested by the author. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation was interpreted mechanically to be expressed as an infinite linear summation of Kelvin type viscoelastic models. The soil consisting of an infinite linear summation of Viscoelastic Pasternak Models was then proposed. Using this model, the degree of differential consolidation settlements was introduced and the reduction coefficient of differential consolidation settlements was formulated. Some characteristics of differential settlements are discussed. The results indicate that differential consolidation settlements occur faster than the average settlements and the final differential consolidation settlements correspond to equivalent elastic differential settlements.
How Sustainability Is Reflected in the S&P 500 Companies’ Strategic Documents:

This study’s goal was to analyze the contents of the S&P 500 companies’ mission, vision, and values statements to measure the extent to which they reflect the concept of sustainability. Data were c...
Strategies for rescoring keyword search results using word-burst and acoustic features.

The identification of keyword queries in speech data from lowresources languages poses a challenge for current methods as speech recognition algorithms lack sufficient training data to produce high accuracy transcript. To compensate for these shortcomings, we extract signals from the data that are useful in keyword identification but are not being used by the speech recognizer. These signals take multiple forms — word burstiness, rescored confusion network posteriors and acoustic/prosodic qualities. The former denotes the tendency for keywords to occur in bursts within a conversational topic. We employ three different strategies to exploit this information: 1) a four-way classification of keyword hypotheses that targets low-scoring correct hits and high-scoring false alarms, 2) ranking algorithms, and 3) a direct adjustment of keyword hit scores based on hypothesized repetition. We find that interpolating the results of these three strategies in an ensemble provides a reliable way to improve the results of keyword search.
Acetazolamide in Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis

The mechanism of action of acetazolamide in the K-deficient diet rat, an animal model of human hypokalemic periodic paralysis (hypoPP), was investigated at the University of Bari, Italy.
From Metaphor to Matter: Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and the Subject of Sight

At the start of Being and Nothingness, Jean-Paul Sartre inverts the progression of the cosmogony enclosed by those two terms: “… we must be careful never to posit nothingness as an original abyss from which being arose.”1 Instead, nothingness is imposed upon a being which can be situated “before” because it is profoundly atemporal, or, rather, indifferent. Sartre states: “… we could say that every negation is determination. This means that being is prior to nothingness and establishes the ground for it… This is what we mean when we say that nothingness haunts being.” 2 Here, Sartre’s nothingness is no more than a “haunting” which claims less density than light or shadow, assuming rather the flickering insubstantiality of the event motivating this ontological prioritization and the concurrent determinations which make a world.
Indications for Bariatric Surgery

In order for a patient to be considered for weight-loss surgery, they must be evaluated by a multidisciplinary team. Surgical, medical, psychiatric, and nutritional experts perform thorough evaluations prior to surgery. Clearance from all these specialties optimizes results in weight loss, while providing the safest scenario for the patient perioperatively, postoperatively, and long term.
Trends in Hospitalizations for Serious Infections in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in the US Between 1993 and 2013.

Background/Objective: Epidemiology of hospitalizations with infection among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unknown despite an increase in RA treatments that confer infection risk. Methods: We examined National Inpatient Sample data from 1993-2013. We identified adults RA hospitalizations, defined by having ICD-9-CM codes (714.xx) in any secondary diagnosis field. We evaluated 5 infections as the primary diagnosis: pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infection (UTI), skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), and opportunistic infections (OIs). The primary outcome was the proportion of hospitalizations for each infection, among all hospitalizations with a secondary diagnosis of RA. Results: There were 792,921 hospitalizations for infection with a secondary diagnosis of RA, with the rates increasing from 90 to 206 per 100,000 persons from 1993-2013. The proportion of hospitalizations decreased for pneumonia (5.4% to 4.6%), UTI (0.4% to 0.38%), and OIs (0.44% to 0.26%). The proportion for SSTI increased slightly (2.3% to 2.5%), while hospitalizations for sepsis more than tripled (1.9% to 6.4%). Conclusions: Between 1993 and 2013, the proportion of hospitalizations for infections among RA patients appeared to decline for pneumonia and OIs, with a slight decrease in UTI, a slight increase in SSTI, and a substantial increase in hospitalizations with sepsis. Our results are consistent with previous reports that the sensitivity of sepsis coding has increased over time. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Audit Risk Model, the Signal Detection Theory, and the Information Manipulation Theory

The Audit Risk Model. The Statement of Auditing Standard (SAS) 99, 107, and International Standards on Auditing (ISA) 240, 315, and 330 require auditors to assess fraud risk factors and materiality level (risk of material misstatement) in a client's financial statements (Bhattacharjee, Maletta, & Moreno, 2016). It further requires auditors to gather sufficient appropriate audit evidences in order to provide reasonable assurance whether the client's financial statements are free of material misstatements (Bhattacharjee, Maletta, & Moreno, 2016). The auditors have to assess the effectiveness of a client’s internal control over the financial reporting, thereby plan the nature, timing, and the extent of their audit procedures to assess the fraud risk in a client's financial statements (Burton, Wilks, & Zimbelman, 2013). The SAS 107 provides a model for audit risk, in which, audit risk (AR) = inherent risk (IR) X control risk (CR) X detection risk (DR). The inherent risk is the susceptibility for an account or assertion to be materially misstated, whereas the control risk is the risk that an entity's internal controls fail to detect financial reporting misstatement. The detection risk is the risk that substantive and analytical audit procedures fail to detect misstatements in the financial reporting. However, this model does not address the influence of sociological, organizational, and ethical factors on the management fraud and does not account for type I and type II audit errors risk, which is the risk to reject fairly presented financial reporting (false negative), and the risk to accept fraudulent audit report (false positive) respectively.
Study of Thermomechanical Properties of The Epoxy-Impregnated Cable Composite for a 15 T Nb3Sn Dipole Demonstrator

The knowledge of the thermomechanical properties of the composite of cable/insulation/epoxy impregnation are important for the design, fabrication and operation of superconducting accelerator magnets. As a part of the 15 T dipole magnet development at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), we studied the thermomechanical properties of cable stack that represents the cable composites in the 15 T dipole. The measurements include thermal contraction and strain-stress characterization under compressive load along the principal directions. The cable stack samples show hysteresis behaviour in loading-unloading cycles, which is found to be most dramatic along the azimuthal direction. Also, the choice of insulation material/procedure is found to strongly impact the bonding between cables and epoxy/cable layers. The cable stacks measured in this study use E-glass tape wrapping insulation and show weaker bonding to cables than similar cable stacks using S-2 glass sleeves insulation previously studied.
Medtronic PLC and Corporate Tax Inversions

Abstract This case deals with the very topical subject of tax inversions. In the case, students are initially introduced to the concept of the tax inversion, the process by which a U.S. company reincorporates in another country, often as part of a corporate acquisition. Case participants, (students) will learn one of the goals of such a corporate maneuver is to reduce the company’s income tax burden. In the first section of the case, students are led through the actual structuring of the 2014 Medtronic/Covidien inversion. They will be challenged initially to explain the inversion process, the purported benefits, and the likely tax treatment of the companies and shareholders. The student objectives are threefold in section two of the case. First, the students are charged with actually calculating Medtronic effective income tax rates before and after the inversion to attempt to prove a benefit from a decrease in the effective tax rate. Second, case participants will be immersed in the non-GAAP measures the company uses to explain inversion tax benefits. Finally, students are charged with preparing a pro-forma quantification of tax savings for the Medtronic/Covidien inversion and developing an argument as to whether or not it is actually a benefit and sustainable.
Political Theology of Abolitionism: Beyond the Death Penalty

“Abolitionist” has caught on, in the United States, as an identity for leftist political activists. Today’s abolitionists grow out of a movement to oppose mass incarceration that itself is related ...
Cord blood lipids in infants born to HIV-1-infected women treated with combination antiretroviral therapy.

BackgroundTo investigate the effect of exposure to protease inhibitor (PI) therapy in utero on cord blood lipids in infants born to mothers enrolled in AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 5084, a p...
Low variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal associations and effects on biomass among switchgrass cultivars

Abstract Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a leading perennial bioenergy feedstock crop candidate in North America, with more than 20 cultivars commercially available. In native prairies, switchgrass is known to be strongly dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), but little is known about AMF in switchgrass bioenergy systems. AMF can alter crop yield and belowground ecosystem functioning, so knowing if AMF vary among switchgrass cultivars may improve development of sustainable bioenergy systems. Using a common garden experiment in Michigan, USA, we examined whether twelve switchgrass cultivars, representing both lowland and upland ecotypes, were associated with shifts in AMF, and if this variation was related to aboveground or belowground crop biomass. Cultivars did not differ in AMF root colonization, extraradical hyphal growth, or soil AMF diversity. However, AMF root colonization was 6% higher in lowland compared to upland ecotypes. While cultivars differed in above- and belowground biomass, only one measure of AMF - root colonization - was significantly correlated with root biomass, and no measures of AMF were correlated with yield. AMF are often more important to plant production in sites that are nutrient or water stressed, and so AMF effects on switchgrass establishment and growth may be more important when grown on marginal lands. Future studies of AMF associations with and effects on production of switchgrass cultivars should be done across a range of conditions reflective of the environments in which they will be grown for bioenergy feedstock.
DNA Computing Units Based on Fractional Coding

Fractional encoding has been recently proposed as a promising convention to represent information in molecular computing systems. This paper presents new 2-input molecular computing units based on unipolar fractional representation. The units calculate simple computational equations that can be used for the computation of more complex functions. The design of these molecular computing units is inspired by fan-in 2 logic gates in the field of stochastic computing. Each computing unit consists of four chemical reactions with two reactants and one product. We design the DNA reactions implementing the chemical reactions of each unit based on the toehold-mediated DNA strand-displacement mechanism. Every unit is designed by four input strands and eight fuel gate strands of DNA. Since DNA molecules related to the input and output of the units have the same form of domain-toehold-domain-toehold, output molecules of each unit can be used as input for other units and this provides the cascading of the units for designing complex circuits. The whole DNA pathway for each unit is composed of twenty DNA reactions. The simulation results by Visual DSD show that the DNA implementations follow the theoretically expected computations of each unit with the maximum of 9.33% error.
Genetic Associations Between Executive Functions and a General Factor of Psychopathology

Objective Symptoms of psychopathology covary across diagnostic boundaries, and a family history of elevated symptoms for a single psychiatric disorder places an individual at heightened risk for a broad range of other psychiatric disorders. Both twin-based and genome-wide molecular methods indicate a strong genetic basis for the familial aggregation of psychiatric disease. This has led researchers to prioritize the search for highly heritable childhood risk factors for transdiagnostic psychopathology. Cognitive abilities that involve the selective control and regulation of attention, known as executive functions (EFs), are a promising set of risk factors. Method In a population-based sample of child and adolescent twins (n = 1,913, mean age = 13.1 years), we examined genetic overlap between both EFs and general intelligence (g) and a transdiagnostic dimension of vulnerability to psychopathology, comprising symptoms of anxiety, depression, neuroticism, aggression, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, hyperactivity, and inattention. Psychopathology symptoms in children were rated by children and their parents. Results Latent factors representing general EF and g were highly heritable (h2 = 86%−92%), and genetic influences on both sets of cognitive abilities were robustly correlated with transdiagnostic genetic influences on psychopathology symptoms (genetic r values ranged from −0.20 to −0.38). Conclusion General EF and g robustly index genetic risk for transdiagnostic symptoms of psychopathology in childhood. Delineating the developmental and neurobiological mechanisms underlying observed associations between cognitive abilities and psychopathology remains a priority for ongoing research.
Improved Process for the Preparation of Nucleosidic Phosphoramidites Using a Safer and Cheaper Activator

A new, simplified commercial process for the preparation of nucleosidic phosphoramidites, key raw materials for the automated solid-supported synthesis of oligonucleotide-based drugs, was developed...
Teacher Evaluation and Performativity: The edTPA as a Fabrication.

In this article, we analyze the edTPA as an instance of performativity, as we argue that the edTPA is a display of quality for the purposes of incentive, control, attrition, and change. These displ...
Policy Poisoning in Batch Reinforcement Learning and Control

We study a security threat to batch reinforcement learning and control where the attacker aims to poison the learned policy. The victim is a reinforcement learner / controller which first estimates the dynamics and the rewards from a batch data set, and then solves for the optimal policy with respect to the estimates. The attacker can modify the data set slightly before learning happens, and wants to force the learner into learning a target policy chosen by the attacker. We present a unified framework for solving batch policy poisoning attacks, and instantiate the attack on two standard victims: tabular certainty equivalence learner in reinforcement learning and linear quadratic regulator in control. We show that both instantiation result in a convex optimization problem on which global optimality is guaranteed, and provide analysis on attack feasibility and attack cost. Experiments show the effectiveness of policy poisoning attacks.
1964 Community evolution

Abstract In 1964, Ehrlich and Raven (1964) noted that there was little research into the evolution of interacting species within a community that would not ordinarily exchange genetic information. They proposed that one way to study such evolution would be to focus on “… the examination of patterns of interaction between two major groups of organisms with a close and evident ecological relationship, such as plants and herbivore” ( Ehrich and Raven, 1964 ). They called this type of evolution, “coevolution”. Since 1964 the study of coevolution has exploded, stimulated in large part by Ehrich and Raven's seminal paper.
Geometric study of the sewing operation

In this chapter, we study the sewing operation geometrically. The material depends heavily on the algebraic results obtained in the preceding chapter.
Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Transport and Palliative Care: A Case Series

Objective:To present our center’s experience with terminal extubation in 3 palliative critical care home transports from the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Unit.Design:All cases were identified from o...
Dual-Robotic Ultrasound System for In Vivo Prostate Tomography

Ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) offers quantitative anatomical tissue characterization for cancer detection. While most research and commercial development has focused on submerging target anatomy in a transducer-lined cylindrical water tank, this is not practical for imaging deep anatomy and an alternative approach using aligned abdominal and endoluminal ultrasound probes is required. This work outlines and validates a clinical workflow and real-time motion framework for a novel dual-robotic approach specific to in vivo prostate imaging: one arm wielding a linear abdominal probe, the other wielding a linear transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe. After calibration, the robotic system works to keep the abdominal probe collinear with the physician-rotated TRUS probe using a convex contour tracking scheme, while also enforcing its gentle contact with the patient’s pubic region to capture the ultrasound slices needed for limited-angle tomographic reconstruction. The repeatable and accurate robotic system presents feasibility for prostate USCT and future malignancy diagnosis and staging in vivo.
Experiential clinical learning for newly licensed PhD students: Transforming nursing PhD education through academic-practice partnerships.

Abstract The growing national and international need for nurse scientists to transform health care has encouraged advances in nursing doctoral programs. The Hillman Scholars in Nursing Innovation, a program integrating BSN and PhD education, inspired the creation of the Hillman Clinical Fellowship (“Fellowship”). The Fellowship helps students transitioning from the BSN to PhD gain clinical experiences as newly graduated registered nurses, thus mitigating a common concern that students are naive about the clinical setting. In collaboration with a practice partner, the Fellowship fosters development of clinical skills consistent with Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Model. Fellows build clinical skills concurrent with the development of research proficiencies in the PhD program. This Fellowship can be adapted by other schools seeking to introduce curricular innovations that address the needs of early career PhD students, enhance academic-practice partnerships, and meet the growing need for more clinically focused PhD prepared nurses.
What You Don't Know Can Hurt You: Patient and Provider Perspectives on Postpartum Contraceptive Care in Illinois Catholic Hospitals.

Abstract Objective : Catholic Religious and Ethical Directives restrict access to contraception, yet offering contraception during a delivery hospitalization facilitates birth spacing and is a convenient option for patients during the postpartum period. We assessed patient and provider experiences with hospital transparency around postpartum contraceptive care in Illinois Catholic hospitals. Study Design : We interviewed 44 participants with experience in Illinois Catholic hospitals: 21 patients, and 23 providers, including clinicians, nurses, doulas, and postpartum program staff. We used an open-ended interview approach, with a semi-structured guide focused on postpartum contraceptive care. We conducted interviews by phone between November 2019 and June 2020. We audio-recorded interviews, transcribed them verbatim, and coded transcripts in Dedoose. We developed narrative memos for each code, identifying themes and sub-themes. We organized these in a matrix for analysis and present here themes regarding hospital transparency that emerged across interviews. Results : Many patients knew they were delivering in a Catholic hospital; however, few were aware that Catholic policies limited their healthcare options. Patients expressed a desire for hospitals to be transparent, even “very vocal,” about religious restrictions and described consequences of restrictions on patient care. Patients lacked information to make contraceptive decisions, experienced limits on or delays in care, and some lost continuity with trusted providers. Consequences for providers included moral distress in trying to provide care using workarounds such as documenting false medical diagnoses. Conclusions : Religious restrictions on postpartum contraception restrict access, cause unnecessary delays in care, and lead to misdiagnosis and marginalization of contraceptive care. Restrictions also cause moral distress to providers who balance career repercussions and professional integrity with patient needs. Implications : To protect patient autonomy, especially during the vulnerable postpartum period, Catholic hospitals should increase transparency regarding limitations on reproductive health care. Insurers and policy-makers should guarantee that patients have the option to receive care at hospitals without these limitations and facilitate public education about what to expect at Catholic facilities.
Association of Obesity on Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Cerebral Palsy.

OBJECTIVE Among hospitalized adults with cerebral palsy (CP), it is unknown whether obesity is associated with clinical and resource utilization outcomes. We sought to identify the association of obesity on clinical and resource utilization outcomes in this population. METHODS This retrospective cohort study analyzed years 2016 and 2017 of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database and examined hospitalized adults with CP. Regression analyses were used to evaluate mortality and resource utilization. RESULTS In total, 154,219 adults with CP were hospitalized. Among them, 13,475 (8.7%) had a secondary diagnosis for obesity. Patients with obesity were older (mean age ± standard error of the mean: 49.9 ± 0.18 versus 44.7 ± 0.18 years, P < 0.01), a greater proportion were female (60.7% vs 43.2%, P < 0.01), and were more likely to be insured by Medicare (65.2% vs 56.2%, P < 0.01). Patients with obesity had higher comorbidity burdens (Charlson comorbidity score ≥ 3: 22.3% vs 9.8%, P < 0.01). Those with obesity had lower mortality rates (1.6% vs 2.4%; P < 0.01). After adjustment for confounders, mortality for patients with obesity remained lower (adjusted odds ratio 0.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4-0.7, P < 0.01). Hospital charges (adjusted mean difference $2499, 95% CI $6202-$1202, P = 0.18) and length of stay (adjusted mean difference 0.01 days; 95% CI -0.28 to 0.31, P = 0.93) were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Obesity was associated with reduced mortality among adult patients in the hospital who had CP. This finding is consistent with the obesity paradox that has been observed repeatedly in patients with other chronic diseases. Further studies investigating hospitalized patients with CP are needed to corroborate these findings.
Minimax: Progress and Plans

It is a great honor to be a part of this conference in recognition of the achievements of Dr. Rolf Hagedorn. His work on the statistical thermodynamics of strongly interacting systems has certainly had a great influence on me. I first carefully studied his work 10 years ago, when I was a beginning post-doctoral fellow excited by the promises of string theory. More recently, his work undoubtedly influenced the way that I (with J. D. Bjorken and K. L Kowalski) tackled the problem of constructing a model for the formation of disoriented chiral condensates. It has been a delight to finally meet and interact with Dr. Hagedorn.
Extending Scalar Optimizations for Arrays

Traditional techniques for array analysis do not provide dataflow information, and thus traditional dataflow-based scalar optimizations have not been applied to array elements. A number of techniques have recently been developed for producing information about array dataflow, raising the possibility that dataflow-based optimizations could be applied to array elements. In this paper, we show that the valuebased dependence relations produced by the Omega Test can be used as a basis for generalizations of several scalar optimizations.
Jets, Disk Winds, and Warm Disk Coronae in Classical T Tauri Stars

Arguments, based on analysis of the forbidden line emission, are summarized that point to two components of mass ejection in classical T Tauri stars. A low-speed wind originates from the accretion disk at between ~ 0.05 AU and ≳ 3 AU from the star, and a high-speed flow, which becomes collimated into a jet within ≲ 100 AU, originates as a wind from either the star or the very inner part of the accretion disk. The [OI] λ5577 emission in the low-speed component also requires the presence of a warm disk corona, with an electron density of ~ 107 cm-3 and a temperature of ~ 8000 K. Additional indication of a warm disk corona comes from analysis of the central absorptions seen in the profiles of the hydrogen Balmer lines. The need to heat the disk corona implies that a substantial fraction of the energy released in the accretion of matter through the disk may be dissipated at the disk surface.
Computational applications of noise sensitivity

This thesis is concerned with the study of the noise sensitivity of boolean functions and its applications in theoretical computer science. Noise sensitivity is defined as follows: Let f be a boolean function and let e ∈ (0, h) be a parameter. Suppose a uniformly random string x is picked, and y is formed by flipping each bit of x independently with probability e. Then the noise sensitivity of f at e is defined to be the probability that f(x) and f (y) differ. In this thesis we investigate the noise sensitivity of various classes of boolean functions, including majorities and recursive majorities, boolean threshold functions, and monotone functions. Following this we give new complexity-theoretic and algorithmic applications of noise sensitivity: (1) Regarding computational hardness amplification, we prove a general direct product theorem that tightly characterizes the hardness of a composite function g ⊗ f in terms of an assumed hardness of f and the noise sensitivity of g. The theorem lets us prove a new result about the hardness on average of NP: If NP is (1 − poly(n))-hard for circuits of polynomial size, then it is in fact (h + o(1))-hard for circuits of polynomial size. (2) In the field of computational learning theory, we show that any class whose functions have low noise sensitivity is efficiently learnable. Using our noise sensitivity estimates for functions of boolean halfspaces we obtain new polynomial and quasipolynomial time algorithms for learning intersections, thresholds, and other functions of halfspaces. From noise sensitivity considerations we also give a polynomial time algorithm for learning polynomial-sized DNFs under the “Random Walk” model; we also give the first algorithm that learns the class of “junta” functions with efficiency better than that of the brute force algorithm. (3) Finally, we introduce a new collective coin-flipping problem whose study is equivalent to the study of “higher moments” of the noise sensitivity problem. We prove several results about this extension, and find optimal or near-optimal choices for the coin-flipping function for all asymptotic limits of the parameters. Our techniques include a novel application of the reverse Bonami-Beckner inequality. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Constructivist Negotiation Ethics

The success of Discourse Ethics is premised on the discovery and use of shared values. If this is true what type of negotiation style, especially when used in an intercultural setting, is best suited to make use of shared values. Research focusing on moral arguments between Germans and Americans uncovered an array of shared values. But the existence of shared values, by itself, was not an adequate predictor of a negotiation's success. What did prove to be a predictor of success was the use of a Constructivist style of negotiation by both parties.
Impact of Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation on Waiting Time Survival in Candidates Listed for Liver Transplantation

Studies comparing adult living donor liver transplantation to deceased donor liver transplantation have focused on post-transplant survival. Our aim was to focus on the impact of living donor liver transplant on waiting time mortality and overall mortality. We analyzed the affect of living donor liver transplantation on waiting time mortality and overall mortality (from listing until last follow up) in a cohort of 116 transplant candidates. Fifty-eight candidates who had individuals present as potential living donors (volunteer group) were matched by MELD score to 58 liver transplant candidates who did not have individuals present as a potential living donor (no volunteer group). Twenty-seven percent of candidates in the no volunteer group and 62% of candidates in the volunteer group underwent liver transplantation, p = 0.0003. One-year waiting list mortality for the volunteer group and no volunteer group was 10% and 20%, respectively, p = 0.03. Patient survival from the time of listing to last follow up was similar between the two groups. In our study group, living donor liver transplantation is associated with a higher rate of liver transplantation and lower waiting time mortality. In the era of living donor liver transplantation, estimates of patient survival should incorporate waiting time mortality.
Smoothed perturbation analysis algorithms for estimating the derivatives of occupancy-related functions in serial queueing networks

The authors present smoothed perturbation analysis (SPA) estimators for the derivative of a number of occupancy-related functions in serial queueing networks with finite buffer spaces. The functions are the average number of customers at a network as seen by an arrival, the probability that a customer is blocked at a particular queue, and the probability that a customer leaves a queue empty. In all three cases, the variable is a parameter of the distribution of service times at one of the queues. The derivative estimators considered are very simple and flexible, and they easily lend themselves to analysis of unbiasedness. Unlike most of the established SPA estimators, the present ones are not based on the computation of hazard rates. >
Super-resolution microscopy: a comparative treatment.

One of the fundamental limitations of optical microscopy is that of diffraction, or in essence, how small a beam of light can be focused by using an optical lens system. This constraint, or barrier if you will, was theoretically described by Ernst Abbe in 1873 and is roughly equal to half the wavelength of light used to probe the system. Many structures, particularly those within cells, are much smaller than this limit and thus are difficult to visualize. Over the last two decades, a new field of super-resolution imaging has been created and been developed into a broad range of techniques that allow routine imaging beyond the far-field diffraction limit of light. In this unit we outline the basic principles of the various super-resolution imaging modalities, paying particular attention to the technical considerations for biological imaging. Furthermore, we discuss their various applications in the imaging of both fixed and live biological samples. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 62:2.17.1-2.17.24. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: super-resolution microscopy; PALM (photoactivation localization microscopy); STORM (stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy); SIM (structured illumination microscopy); STED (stimulated emission depletion microscopy); GSD (ground state depletion); 4Pi microscopy
Chapter 1 The basics of spectrophotometric measurement

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the application of UV-visible spectrophotometry to the identification and determination of materials in a variety of water samples. The best performance of a spectrometer is only attained, in terms of both absorbance and wavelength accuracy, if careful consideration is given to the resolution of the monochromator. Because resolution is a function of slit width as well as dispersion of the instrument, the choice of slit setting is a critical one. The smaller the spectral bandwidth, the greater the resolution, but the corresponding reduction in energy means that the signal-to-noise ratio falls. It is desirable to perform relative error on the spectrometer used under the desired operating conditions. The importance of carrying out the work increases as the wavelengths approach the extremes of the operating range of the spectrophotometer, in particular the ultraviolet.
Bile Acid Receptor Modulators in Metabolic Diseases

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recent publications on farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists and provides a comprehensive literature summary of TGR5 agonists. Highly expressed in the liver, intestine, kidney, adrenal glands, and adipose tissue, FXR is a master regulator of the synthesis and pleiotropic actions of endogenous bile acids (BAs). Activation of FXR by BAs or synthetic FXR agonists lowers plasma triglycerides by a mechanism involving repression of hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c expression and the modulation of glucose-dependent lipogenic genes. FXR controls lipid and glucose metabolism through the regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver and of peripheral insulin sensitivity in striated muscle and adipose tissue. Similar to effects in the liver, FXR agonists modulate lipid metabolism and promote anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in the kidney, thereby suggesting a potential use of FXR agonists to treat diabetic nephropathy and other fibrotic renal diseases. TGR5 is expressed in brown adipose tissue, muscle, liver, intestine, gallbladder, and selected areas of the central nervous system. Experiments showed that the treatment of mice fed with a high fat diet with the TGR5 agonist oleanolic acid resulted in lower serum glucose and insulin levels and enhanced glucose tolerance. In addition, administration of BAs to mice increased energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue, preventing obesity and insulin resistance via TGR5-mediated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent induction of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase, which locally stimulates thyroid hormone-mediated thermogenesis.
Left‐Right Asymmetry in Humans

Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that control the asymmetric disposition of organs in the left–right axis. Keywords: development; situs; nodal; PITX2; TGF-β