cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic labeling of semantic roles

We present a system for identifying the semantic relationships, or semantic roles, filled by constituents of a sentence within a semantic frame. Given an input sentence and a target word and frame, the system labels constituents with either abstract semantic roles, such as AGENT or PATIENT, or more domain-specific semantic roles, such as SPEAKER, MESSAGE, and TOPIC.The system is based on statistical classifiers trained on roughly 50,000 sentences that were hand-annotated with semantic roles by the FrameNet semantic labeling project. We then parsed each training sentence into a syntactic tree and extracted various lexical and syntactic features, including the phrase type of each constituent, its grammatical function, and its position in the sentence. These features were combined with knowledge of the predicate verb, noun, or adjective, as well as information such as the prior probabilities of various combinations of semantic roles. We used various lexical clustering algorithms to generalize across possible fillers of roles. Test sentences were parsed, were annotated with these features, and were then passed through the classifiers.Our system achieves 82% accuracy in identifying the semantic role of presegmented constituents. At the more difficult task of simultaneously segmenting constituents and identifying their semantic role, the system achieved 65% precision and 61% recall.Our study also allowed us to compare the usefulness of different features and feature combination methods in the semantic role labeling task. We also explore the integration of role labeling with statistical syntactic parsing and attempt to generalize to predicates unseen in the training data.
Action dependent strictly causal state communication

Channels with action-dependent states are considered: given the message to be communicated, the transmitter chooses an action sequence that affects the formation of the channel states, and then creates the channel input sequence based on the observed state sequence. The capacity — distortion tradeoff of such a channel is characterized for the case when the state information is available strictly causally at the channel encoder. The problem setting extends the action dependent framework of [1] and as a special case recovers the results of few previously considered joint communication and estimation scenarios in [2], [3], [4]. The scenario when the action is also allowed to depend on the past observed states is also considered and it has been shown that such adaptive action helps in achiveing a better capacity — distortion function.
Evolution of object behavior using context relations

A collection of design patterns was described by E. Gamma et al. (1994). Each pattern ensures that a certain system aspect can vary over time, for example the operations that can be applied to an object or the algorithm of a method. The patterns are described by constructs such as the inheritance and reference relations, attempting to emulate more dynamic relationships. As a result, the design patterns demonstrate how awkward it is to program natural concepts of evolution when using a traditional object oriented language. We present a new relation between classes: the context relation. It directly models dynamic evolution, and it is meaningful at both the design and implementation level. At the design level we extend the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to include the context relation as a new form of arrow between classes. At the implementation level we present a small extension of Java. The context relation introduces a new form of dynamic binding that serves as a replacement to delegation. We demonstrate how the context relation can be used to easily model and program numerous design patterns.
Statistical optics applied to high-power glass lasers

Multiterawatt laser systems, particularly the Novette system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, are simulated using statistical-optics techniques. The results are compared with experimental observations.
Orbit Analysis for Coastal Zone Oceanography Observations

A study has been performed to define the orbital characteristics of a satellite dedicated to monitoring the coastal zones of the United States. The primary area of coverage is the east coast with secondary coverage of the west coast. Since no one orbital inclination fits both coasts, the inclination was determined by the east coast to be 63 deg. This inclination was found to give better coverage of the east coast than either its retrograde counterpart or a sun synchronous orbit. The two coasts require quite different orbits to maximize the coverage. The use of a small propulsive maneuver could be used to compromise the coverage between the two coastlines and change from one type orbit to the other.
An Integrated Turbulence Scheme for Boundary Layers with Shallow Cumulus Applied to Pollutant Transport

Abstract A scheme is described that provides an integrated description of turbulent transport in free convective boundary layers with shallow cumulus. The scheme uses a mass-flux formulation, as is commonly found in cumulus schemes, and a 1.5-order closure, involving turbulent kinetic energy and eddy diffusivity. Both components are active in both the subcloud and cloud layers. The scheme is called “mass flux–diffusion.” In the subcloud layer, the mass-flux component provides nonlocal transport. The scheme combines elements from schemes that are conceptually similar but differ in detail. An entraining plume model is used to find the mass flux. The mass flux is continuous through the cloud base. The lateral fractional entrainment rate is constant with height, while the detrainment-rate profile reduces the mass flux smoothly to zero at the cloud top. The eddy diffusivity comes from a turbulent kinetic energy–length scale formulation. The scheme has been implemented in a simple one-dimensional (single column...
How Do Retirees Value Life Annuities? Evidence from Public Employees

drives down demand. We study the choice between life annuities and lump sums made by 32,000 retiring public employees. These unique data allow us to extend the existing literature by exploiting economically significant cross-sectional and time-series variation in life annuity pricing. We find little evidence that retiree demand for life annuities rises when life annuity prices fall. We find strong evidence that demand responds to salient variation in individual characteristics, such as health, and to measures of investor sentiment, such as recent equity returns. (JEL H55, D14, G11, G22) Since the publication of Yaari’s(1965) seminal article, economists have argued that retirees should allocate a substantial portion of their assets to life annuities. Because life annuities continue making payments until death, they insure retirees against outliving their accumulated financial assets. In a standard lifecycle model, this insurance is quite valuable. It is puzzling, therefore, that
Robust Air-Traffic Control Using Ground-Delays and Rerouting of Flights

In this paper we demonstrate that nite horizon optimization of ground-delays and rerouting can provide robustness to the performance of the United States National Airspace System (NAS), in the event a center goes down. Our analysis is based on a linear system approximation of the NAS. We use the linear model to analyze the degrading eect of a loss of center on the performance of the ATC. We employ ground-delays and rerouting of ights as mitigation tools and propose optimal sequences of these control actions to restore the performance of the NAS. The optimal sequence is determined by solving a nite horizon optimal control problem. Historical data in the available literature is used to derive the linear approximation of the NAS. From our analysis we observe that both grounddelays and rerouting are able to successfully restore the performance of the NAS. We did not observe signicant dierence in performance between these two methods. However, the computational complexity associated with rerouting is signicantly more than that for ground delays. The simulation plots demonstrate that nite horizon optimization for determining optimal ground-delay or rerouting strategies can mitigate the eects of a center going down in the NAS.
Ignition capsules with aerogel-supported liquid DT fuel for the National Ignition Facility

For high repetition-rate fusion power plant applications, capsules with aerogel-supported liquid DT fuel can have much reduced fill time compared to β-layering a solid DT fuel layer. The melting point of liquid DT can be lowered once liquid DT is embedded in an aerogel matrix, and the DT vapor density is consequently closer to the desired density for optimal capsule design requirement. We present design for NIF-scale aerogel-filled capsules based on 1-D and 2-D simulations. An optimal configuration is obtained when the outer radius is increased until the clean fuel fraction is within 65 – 75% at peak velocity. A scan (in ablator and fuel thickness parameter space) is used to optimize the capsule configurations. The optimized aerogel-filled capsule has good low-mode robustness and acceptable high-mode mix.
NON-PRICE EQUILIBRIA FOR NON-MARKETED GOODS ^

Abstract As part of the Resources for the Future Frontiers of Environmental Economics collection of papers, we consider the problem of general equilibrium feedback effects in non-price space as they relate to non-market valuation. Our overall objective is to examine the extent to which non-price equilibria arising from both simple and complex sorting behavior can be empirically modeled and the resulting differences in partial and general equilibrium welfare measures quantified. After motivating the problem, in general, we consider the specific context of congestion in recreation demand applications, which we classify as the outcome of a simple sorting equilibrium. Using both econometric and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, we examine the conceptual and computational challenges associated with this class of problems and present findings on promising solution avenues. We demonstrate the relevance of accounting for congestion effects in recreation demand with an application to lake visits in Iowa. Our econometric and CGE results confirm that, for some plausible counterfactual scenarios, substantial differences exist between partial and general equilibrium welfare estimates. We conclude the paper by describing tasks that are needed to move forward research in this area.
Design of an Adaptive Passive Collision Warning System for UAVs

Collision warning systems are used for commercial air traffic to provide pilots an extra layer of situational awareness (as well as avoidance actions), and are of increased importance due to the recent interest in shared-airspace deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The design for consistency of a passive collision warning system (PCWS) that uses low- resolution infrared (IR) cameras mounted to the airframe is presented. The lack of range information, as well as the unknown measurement noise statistics, make tracking and the decision for collision warning difficult. Of the utmost importance are estimation of the measurement noise variance of the sensor and consistency of the resulting tracks. The proposed PCWS adaptively estimates this noise variance. The resulting system was found to provide consistent errors as well as accurate estimates of the angular velocity of detected targets. The results were verified through a number of test flights that included an aircraft approaching and passing over a stationary camera, and also flying across its field of view at a nearly constant range. Subsequently, the filter was modified for use on a light aircraft in conjunction with an inertial navigation system (INS).
Dynamic Brittle Fracture as a Small Horizon Limit of Peridynamics

We consider the nonlocal formulation of continuum mechanics described by peri- dynamics. We provide a link between peridynamic evolution and brittle fracture evolution for a broad class of peridynamic potentials associated with unstable peridynamic constitu- tive laws. Distinguished limits of peridynamic evolutions are identified that correspond to vanishing peridynamic horizon. The limit evolution has both bounded linear elastic energy and Griffith surface energy. The limit evolution corresponds to the simultaneous evolution of elastic displacement and fracture. For points in spacetime not on the crack set the dis- placement field evolves according to the linear elastic wave equation. The wave equation provides the dynamic coupling between elastic waves and the evolving fracture path inside the media. The elastic moduli, wave speed and energy release rate for the evolution are ex- plicitly determined by moments of the peridynamic influence function and the peridynamic potential energy.
Plagiarism Detection in arXiv

We describe a large-scale application of methods for finding plagiarism in research document collections. The methods are applied to a collection of 284,834 documents collected by arXiv.org over a 14 year period, covering a few different research disciplines. The methodology effi- ciently detects a variety of problematic author behaviors, and heuristics are developed to reduce the number of false positives. The methods are also efficient enough to imple- ment as a real-time submission screen for a collection many times larger.
High-Performance Routing at the Nanometer Scale

In this paper, we describe significant improvements to core routing technologies and outperform the best results from the International Symposium on Physical Design 2007 Global Routing Contest and the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design 2007 in terms of route completion and total wirelength.
A Spitzer search for planetary-mass brown dwarfs with circumstellar disks: Candidate selection

We report on initial results from a Spitzer program to search for very low mass brown dwarfs in Ophiuchus. This program is an extension of an earlier study by Allers et al. which had resulted in an extraordinary success rate, 18 confirmed out of 19 candidates. Their program combined near-infrared and Spitzer photometry to identify objects with very cool photospheres together with circumstellar disk emission to indicate youth. Our new program has obtained deep IRAC photometry of a 0.5 deg 2 field that was part of the original Allers et al. study. We report 18 new candidates whose luminosities extend down to 10 −4 L� , which suggests masses down to ∼2 MJ if confirmed. We describe our
Capital mobility and asset pricing

We present a model for the equilibrium movement of capital between asset markets that are distinguished only by the levels of capital invested in each. Investment in that market with the greatest amount of capital earns the lowest risk premium. Intermediaries optimally trade off the costs of intermediation against fees that depend on the gain they can offer to investors for moving their capital to the market with the higher mean return. The bargaining power of an investor depends on potential access to alternative intermediaries. In equilibrium, the speeds of adjustment of mean returns and of capital between the two markets are increasing in the degree to which capital is imbalanced between the two markets, and can be reduced by competition among intermediaries.
Evaluation of Solar Electric Propulsion Technologies for Discovery Class Missions

A detailed study examines the potential benefits that advanced electric propulsion technologies offer to costcapped missions in NASA’s Discovery program. The study looks at potential cost and performance benefits provided by three electric propulsion technologies that are currently in development: NASA’s evolutionary xenon thruster, an enhanced NSTAR system, and a low-power Hall effect thruster. These systems are analyzed on three potential Discovery-class missions and their performance is compared with a state-of-the-art system using the NSTAR ion thruster. An electric propulsion subsystem cost model is used to conduct a cost–benefit analysis for each option. The results show that each proposed technology offers a different degree of performance and/or cost benefit for Discovery-class missions. However, lower subsystem costs (particularly, power processing and digital control interface unit costs) are needed for ion thruster systems, to make them more competitive for cost-capped missions. It is observed that the best mass performance generally comes from electric propulsion systems that best use available solar array power during the mission. Finally, first-flight qualification costs are identified as a significant barrier to the implementation of new electric propulsion technologies on costcapped missions.
Luminescence from tungstate functionalized sodalites involving NIR states

Sodalite derivatives of the Hauyne and Noseane type containing rare earth ions and the tungstate group have been prepared via zeolite precursors and in direct syntheses and studied with respect to luminescence phenomena involving low energy states. While the parent zeolites do not yield noticable luminescence of Nd3+, Er3+, Yb3+, Ho3+, their conversion to sodalites allows the observation of near infrared emission and even of upconversion processes.
Maximum Drag Reduction Asymptote of Polymeric Fluid Flow in Coiled Tubing

This study experimentally investigates the drag reduction characteristics of the most commonly used polymer fluids in coiled tubing applications. The flow loop employed consists of 12.7 mm straight and coiled tubing sections. The curvature ratio (a/R, where a and R are the radii of the tubing and the reel drum, respectively) investigated is from 0.01 to 0.076, which covers the typical curvature ratio range encountered in the oil and gas industry applications. Fluids tested include xanthan gum, guar gum, and hydroxypropyl guar at various polymer concentrations. It is found that the drag reduction in coiled tubing is significantly lower than that in straight tubing, probably due to the effect of secondary flow in curved geometry. The onset of drag reduction is also found to be delayed as the curvature ratio was increased. A correlation for the maximum drag reduction (MDR) asymptote in coiled tubing is developed. When the curvature ratio is set to zero, the new correlation reduces to the well-known Virk's MDR asymptote for dilute polymer solutions in straight pipes. A new drag reduction envelope is proposed for the analysis of drag reduction behavior of polymeric fluids in coiled tubing. Application of the new drag reduction envelope is also discussed.
A meteorological distribution system for high-resolution terrestrial modeling (MicroMet)

An intermediate-complexity, quasi–physically based, meteorological model (MicroMet) has been developed to produce high-resolution (e.g., 30-m to 1-km horizontal grid increment) atmospheric forcings required to run spatially distributed terrestrial models over a wide variety of landscapes. The following eight variables, required to run most terrestrial models, are distributed: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, incoming solar radiation, incoming longwave radiation, surface pressure, and precipitation. To produce these distributions, MicroMet assumes that at least one value of each of the following meteorological variables are available for each time step, somewhere within, or near, the simulation domain: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation. These variables are collected at most meteorological stations. For the incoming solar and longwave radiation, and surface pressure, either MicroMet can use its submodels to generate these fields, or it can create the distributions from observations as part of a data assimilation procedure. MicroMet includes a preprocessor component that analyzes meteorological data, then identifies and corrects potential deficiencies. Since providing temporally and spatially continuous atmospheric forcing data for terrestrial models is a core objective of MicroMet, the preprocessor also fills in any missing data segments with realistic values. Data filling is achieved by employing a variety of procedures, including an autoregressive integrated moving average calculation for diurnally varying variables (e.g., air temperature). To create the distributed atmospheric fields, spatial interpolations are performed using the Barnes objective analysis scheme, and subsequent corrections are made to the interpolated fields using known temperature–elevation, wind–topography, humidity–cloudiness, and radiation–cloud–topography relationships.
Administrative Decision Making

THERE is no need, at this late date, to justify the study of organization and administration in terms of the decisionmaking process, for decision-making concepts and language have become highly popular in writing about administrations This paper will describe some of the progress that has been made over the past quarter century, employing this approach, toward deepening our scientific knowledge-what new facts have been learned about human behavior in organizations, what new scientific procedures for ascertaining facts, what new concepts for describing them, and what new generalizations for explaining them. This progress extends both to descriptive and normative matters: to the pure science of administration, and its application to the practical business of managing. To satisfy limits on this journal's space, your patience and my time, the account will be highly selective. Only a few notable and significant advances have been selected; others for which equally plausible claims might be made are ignored. A frequent practice in the social sciences is to bemoan our present ignorance while making optimistic predictions about future knowledge. It is a pleasure to survey an area of social science where, by contrast, we can speak without blushing about our present knowledge-indeed, where only a small sample of the gains in knowledge that have been achieved in the past quarter century can be presented.
The β Effect of Silicon and Related Manifestations of σ Conjugation

Stabilization of carbocations through donation of π electrons from adjacent carbon orbitals results in well-known species such as the allyl and benzyl cations. Adjacent nonbonding (n) electrons on heteroatoms also can provide considerable stabilization, as in oxonium ions such as CH2dOCH3 and iminium ions such as CH2dN(CH3)2. Less well known is stabilization of carbocations by σ orbitals. In its most common example this interaction provides stabilization of tertiary over secondary over primary carbocations. According to the valence bond representation of this interaction, a filled σ orbital donates electrons to an empty π orbital, as in 1 and 2 (R ) H).
Concentration, Velocity, and Particle Size Measurements in Gas-Solid Two-Phase Jets

An optical technique was developed and used to measure particle concentration profiles in dense two-phase axisymmetric jets. Gas velocity profiles of the single-phase jet were measured by a pitot probe. Particle size distribution across the jet was measured with isokinetic particle sampling probes. Schlieren photographs of shock waves in the jet were taken to study the influence of particles on shock-wave structure near the exit of the nozzle. The effect of nozzle configuration on the two-phase jet flow was also investigated. The measurements were made by seeding 1,3, and 5% by weight of 24 /xm mean diameter spherical fly ash particles into jets at Mach numbers of 0.2, 0.8, and 1.0. The particle concentration profiles showed that particles concentrate on the axis of the jet at the exit of the nozzle and the profiles are influenced by the seeding rate, the velocity of the jet, and the nozzle configuration. The particle size distribution is homogeneous in the jet. Schlieren photographs of shock waves in the jet showed that the normal shock wave near the exit of the nozzle was convexly curved with the addition of a suspension of particles in the jet.
Carries, shuffling, and symmetric functions

The ''carries'' when n random numbers are added base b form a Markov chain with an ''amazing'' transition matrix determined in a 1997 paper of Holte. This same Markov chain occurs in following the number of descents when n cards are repeatedly riffle shuffled. We give generating and symmetric function proofs and determine the rate of convergence of this Markov chain to stationarity. Similar results are given for type B shuffles. We also develop connections with Gaussian autoregressive processes and the Veronese mapping of commutative algebra.
Tinbergen Rules the Taylor Rule

This paper elaborates a simple model of growth with a Taylor-like monetary policy rule that includes inflation-targeting as a special case. When the inflation process originates in the product market, inflation-targeting locks in the unemployment rate prevailing at the time the policy matures. Although there is an apparent NAIRU and Phillips curve, this long-run position depends on initial conditions; in the presence of stochastic shocks, it would be path dependent. Even with an employment target in the Taylor Rule, the monetary authority will generally achieve a steady state that misses both its targets since there are multiple equilibria. With only one policy instrument, Tinbergen's Rule dictates that policy can only achieve one goal, which can take the form of a linear combination of the two targets.
Cosmology and hierarchy in stabilized warped brane models

Abstract We examine the cosmology and hierarchy of scales in models with branes immersed in a five-dimensional curved spacetime subject to radion stabilization. When the radion field is time-independent and the inter-brane spacing is stabilized, the universe can naturally find itself in the radiation-dominated epoch. This feature is independent of the form of the stabilizing potential. We recover the standard Friedmann equations without assuming a specific form for the bulk energy-momentum tensor. In the models considered, if the observable brane has positive tension, a solution to the hierarchy problem requires the presence of a negative tension brane somewhere in the bulk. We find that the string scale can be as low as the electroweak scale. In the situation of self-tuning branes where the bulk cosmological constant is set to zero, the brane tensions have hierarchical values. In the case of a polynomial stabilizing potential no new hierarchy is created.
Automatic History Matching of Geologic Facies

The truncated plurigaussian method for modeling geologic facies is appealing not only for the wide variety of textures and shapes that can be generated, but also because of the internal consistency of the stochastic model. This method has not, however, been widely applied in simulating distributions of reservoir properties facies or in automatic history matching. One reason seems to be that it is fairly difficult to estimate the parameters of the stochastic model that could be used to geological facies maps with the desired properties. The second is that because “facies type” is a discrete variable, it is not straightforward to apply the efficient gradient-based minimization method to generate reservoir facies models that honor production data. Non-gradient methods, however, are too slow for large field-scale problems. In this paper, the non-differentiable history-matching problem was replaced with a differentiable problem so that an automatic history matching technique could be applied to the problem of conditional simulation of facies boundaries generated from the truncated plurigaussian method. The resulting realizations are consistent both with the geostatistical model of the observed facies and the historic production. Application of the method requires efficient computation of the gradient of the objective function with respect to model variables. We present an example five-spot water injection problem with more than 73,000 model variables conditioned to pressure data at wells. The gradient was computed using the adjoint simulator method, and the minimization routine used a quasi-Newton minimization. The data mismatch decreased more than 90% in the first two iterations.
Martian landslides in Valles Marineris: Wet or dry?

The objective of this paper is to determine whether martian landslides in Valles Marineris were wet or dry and place constraints on the availability of liquid water in Valles Marineris during the Amazonian, when the landslides occurred. We, thus, statistically compare the power-law relationship between the volume and runout distance of landslides on Earth with those in Valles Marineris, Mars. The exponent of the power-law for martian landslides is similar to that for dry landslides and volcanic flows on Earth, and differs significantly from wet debris flows on Earth. The constant of proportionality in the observed power-law relationship for martian flows is linearly proportional to gravity, as predicted from physical modeling of dry flows in which the dissipation occurs in a layer of uniform thickness. Conversion of gravitational potential energy to heat is insufficient to generate more than a few weight percent of liquid water in the landslide. We thus conclude that water did not significantly influence the dynamics of landslides in Valles Marineris. This implies predominantly dry conditions in Valles Marineris during the Amazonian.
Was reionization complete by z∼ 5–6?

It is generally taken for granted that reionization has completed by z = 6, due to the detection of flux in the Lyα forest at redshifts z < 6. However, since reionization is expected to be highly inhomogeneous, much of the spectra pass through just the ionized component of the intergalactic medium (IGM) even for non-negligible values of the volume-weighted mean neutral hydrogen fraction, ¯ xH I. We study the expected signature of an incomplete reionization at z ∼ 5–6, using very large-scale (2 Gpc) seminumeric simulations. We find that ruling out an incomplete reionization is difficult at these redshifts since: (1) quasars reside in biased regions of the ionization field, with fewer surrounding H I patches than implied by the global mean, ¯ xH I; this bias extends tens of comoving megaparsecs for ¯ xH I 0.1; (2) absorption from the residual neutral hydrogen inside the ionized IGM generally dominates over the absorption from the remaining H I regions, allowing them to effectively ‘hide’ among the many dark spectral patches and (3) modelling the Lyα forest and its redshift evolution even in just the ionized IGM is very difficult, and nearly impossible to do a priori. We propose using the fraction of pixels which are dark as a simple, nearly model-independent upper limit on ¯ xH I. Alternately, the size distribution of regions with no detectable flux (dark gaps) can be used to place a more model-dependent constraint. Either way, the current sample of quasars is statistically insufficient to constrain ¯ xH I at z ∼ 6 to even the 10 per cent level. At z ∼ 5, where there are more available sightlines and the forest is less dark, constraining ¯ xH I 0.1 might be possible given a large dynamic range from very deep spectra and/or the Lyβ forest. We conclude with the caution against overinterpreting the observations. There is currently no direct evidence that reionization was complete by z ∼ 5–6.
A Parametric Case Study in Radiative Heat Transfer Using the Reverse Monte-Carlo Ray-Tracing With Full-Spectrum k-Distribution Method

A combined method of reverse Monte-Carlo ray-tracing with full-spectrum k-distribution (FSK) for computing the radiative heat transfer is applied to an extreme nonhomogeneous case (both temperature and gas mixture composition vary with positions) with an absorbing, emitting media. The parameter studies of the scaled FSK (FSSK) and correlated FSK (FSCK) methods for the case, such as g point resolution, mesh resolution, reference states, and integration quadratures, are carried out. The results from the FSSK and FSCK are only affected by the chosen reference states and are not sensitive to other parameters.
International trade and biological invasions: A queuing theoretic analysis of the prevention problem

Abstract We propose and develop a new framework for studying the problem of preventing biological invasions caused by ships transporting internationally traded goods between countries and continents. Specifically, we apply the methods of queuing theory to analyze the problem of preventing a biological invasion from a long run perspective. First, we characterize two simple regulatory regimes as two different kinds of queues. Second, we show how to pose a publically owned port manager’s decision problem as an optimization problem using queuing theoretic techniques. Third, we compare and contrast the optimality conditions emanating from our analysis of the M/M/I/U and the M/M/I/I inspection regimes. We conclude by discussing possible extensions to our basic models.
Do Reconciliations of Segment Earnings Affect Stock Prices

While SFAS No. 131 is intended to increase the transparency of financial reporting using a “management approach,” it may reduce shareholders’ ability to interpret segment disclosures relative to the ‘industry approach’ employed under SFAS No.14. This study investigates whether segment reconciliation differences affect stock prices and whether abnormal returns can be earned using information about two components of earnings: aggregated segment earnings and segment earnings reconciliations. We compute reconciliations as the difference between firm-level consolidated earnings and aggregated segment-level earnings. Firms that report negative SERs have greater sales and profitability, greater return on equity, as well as more operating cash flows and firm growth. This suggests that firms that report aggregated segment earnings greater than firm-level consolidated earnings may be better off financially. Our findings show that mispricing does occur when firms report positive SERs by the market, underestimating the segment earnings reconciliation component of earnings persistence. Investors can also earn positive abnormal returns when investors take a long (short) position with the portfolio with the highest (lowest) absolute SERs. On the contrary, we find investors earn negative abnormal returns when firms report negative SERs. Collectively, this study provides evidence that mispricing occurs and that investors over/underestimate the importance and/or persistence of segment earnings reconciliations.
Electronic and Structural Characteristics of Zinc-Blende Wurtzite Biphasic Homostructure GaN Nanowires

We report a new biphasic crystalline wurtzite/zinc-blende homostructure in gallium nitride nanowires. Cathodoluminescence was used to quantitatively measure the wurtzite and zinc-blende band gaps. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to identify distinct wurtzite and zinc-blende crystalline phases within single nanowires through the use of selected area electron diffraction, electron dispersive spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and fast Fourier transform techniques. A mechanism for growth is identified.
Is India's manufacturing sector moving away from cities ?

This paper investigates the urbanization of the Indian manufacturing sector by combining enterprise data from formal and informal sectors. It finds that plants in the formal sector are moving away from urban and into rural locations, while the informal sector is moving from rural to urban locations. Although the secular trend for India's manufacturing urbanization has slowed down, the localized importance of education and infrastructure has not. The results suggest that districts with better education and infrastructure have experienced a faster pace of urbanization, although higher urban-rural cost ratios cause movement out of urban areas. This process is associated with improvements in the spatial allocation of plants across urban and rural locations. Spatial location of plants has implications for policy on investments in education, infrastructure, and the livability of cities. The high share of urbanization occurring in the informal sector suggests that urbanization policies that contain inclusionary approaches may be more successful in promoting local development and managing its strains than those focused only on the formal sector. Cities are evolving in India from places of goods production to forges of human capital and coping mechanisms for survival.
A COMPARISON OF FFOWCS WILLIAMS-HAWKINGS SOLVERS FOR AIRFRAME NOISE APPLICATIONS

This paper presents a comparison between two implementations of the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation for airframe noise applications. Airframe systems are generally moving at constant speed and not rotating, so these conditions are used in the current investigation. Efficient and easily implemented forms of the equations applicable to subsonic, rectilinear motion of all acoustic sources are used. The assumptions allow the derivation of a simple form of the equations in the frequency-domain, and the time-domain method uses the restrictions on the motion to reduce the work required to find the emission time. The comparison between the frequency domain method and the retarded time formulation reveals some of the advantages of the different approaches. Both methods are still capable of predicting the far-field noise from nonlinear near-field flow quantities. Because of the large input data sets and potentially large numbers of observer positions of interest in three-dimensional problems, both codes utilize the message passing interface to divide the problem among different processors. Example problems are used to demonstrate the usefulness and efficiency of the two schemes.
A two-person dynamic equilibrium under ambiguity

This paper describes a pure-exchange, continuous-time economy with two heterogeneous agents and complete markets. A novel feature of the economy is that agents perceive some security returns as ambiguous in the sense often attributed to Frank Knight. The equilibrium is described completely in closed-form. After identifying agents as countries, the model is applied to address the consumption home bias and equity home-bias puzzles. ? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classi#cation: D81; G11; G12; G15
An optimal decomposition algorithm for tree edit distance

The edit distance between two ordered rooted trees with vertex labels is the minimum cost of transforming one tree into the other by a sequence of elementary operations consisting of deleting and relabeling existing nodes, as well as inserting new nodes. In this article, we present a worst-case O(n3)-time algorithm for the problem when the two trees have size n, improving the previous best O(n3 log n)-time algorithm. Our result requires a novel adaptive strategy for deciding how a dynamic program divides into subproblems, together with a deeper understanding of the previous algorithms for the problem. We prove the optimality of our algorithm among the family of decomposition strategy algorithms—which also includes the previous fastest algorithms—by tightening the known lower bound of Ω(n2 log2n) to Ω(n3), matching our algorithm's running time. Furthermore, we obtain matching upper and lower bounds for decomposition strategy algorithms of Θ(nm2 (1 + log n/m)) when the two trees have sizes m and n and m
Implementation of optimal trajectory control of series resonant converter

Optimal trajectory control was proposed based on the insight gained from a state-plane analysis, which is summarized. By utilizing the required transistor trajectory as the control law, this control method attempts to reach its steady-state operation in a time-optimal manner. The control automatically selects the optimum sequence of device conduction under all dynamic conditions. An implementation scheme for this control method was presented. The scheme reduces the complexity of the control method by making efficient use of the control circuit elements. The scaling procedure used to determine and set the scaling factors in the control scheme was also described. The transient response of the converter with optimal trajectory control was excellent as predicted. Comparison with the frequency-control method confirms the superior dynamic performance of the optimal trajectory control. >
Extraspecial 2-groups and images of braid group representations

We investigate a family of (reducible) representations of the braid groups Bn corresponding to a specific solution to the Yang‐Baxter equation. The images of Bn under these representations are finite groups, and we identify them precisely as extensions of extra-special 2-groups. The decompositions of the representations into their irreducible constituents are determined, which allows us to relate them to the well-known Jones representations of Bn factoring over Temperley‐Lieb algebras and the corresponding link invariants.
Conformal transformations with multiple scalar fields

Many interesting models incorporate scalar fields with nonminimal couplings to the spacetime Ricci curvature scalar. As is well known, if only one scalar field is nonminimally coupled, then one may perform a conformal transformation to a new frame in which both the gravitational portion of the Lagrangian and the kinetic term for the (rescaled) field assume canonical form. We examine under what conditions the gravitational and kinetic terms in the Lagrangian may be brought into canonical form when more than one scalar field has nonminimal coupling. A particular class of two-field models admits such a transformation, but models with more than two nonminimally coupled fields, in general, do not.
Drug Innovations and Welfare Measures Computed from Market Demand: The Case of Anti-Cholesterol Drugs

The pharmaceutical industry is characterized as having substantial investment in R&D and a large number of new product introductions, which poses special problems for price measurement caused by the quality of drug products changing over time. This paper applies recent demand estimation techniques to individual level data to construct a constant-quality price index for anti-cholesterol drugs. Although the average price for anti-cholesterol drugs does not change over the sample period, I …nd that the constant-quality price index drops by 27 percent, a pace more in line with our expectations in such a dynamic segment of the industry.
A semantic approach for designing commitment protocols

Protocols enable unambiguous and smooth interactions among agents, and commitments among agents are a powerful means of developing protocols. Commitments allow flexible execution of protocols and help agents reason about protocols and plan their actions accordingly, while at the same time providing a basis for compliance checking. Multiagent systems that employ commitment-based interaction can conveniently and effectively model business interactions because the autonomy and heterogeneity of agents mirrors real-world businesses. Such modeling, however, requires multiagent systems to host a rich variety of interaction protocols that can capture the needs of different applications. We show how a commitment-based semantics for protocols provides a basis for refining and aggregating protocols. We propose an approach for designing commitment protocols wherein traditional software engineering notions such as refinement and aggregation are extended to apply to protocols. We present an algebra of protocols that can be used to compose protocols by refining and merging existing ones, and does this at a level of abstraction high enough to be useful for real-world applications.
Strangers on a Plane: Context-Dependent Willingness to Divulge Sensitive Information

New marketing paradigms that exploit the capabilities for data collection, aggregation, and dissemination introduced by the Internet provide benefits to consumers but also pose real or perceived privacy hazards. In four experiments, we seek to understand consumer decisions to reveal or withhold information and the relationship between such decisions and objective hazards posed by information revelation. Our central thesis, and a central finding of all four experiments, is that disclosure of private information is responsive to environmental cues that bear little connection, or are even inversely related, to objective hazards. We address underlying processes and rule out alternative explanations by eliciting subjective judgments of the sensitivity of inquiries (experiment 3) and by showing that the effect of cues diminishes if privacy concern is activated at the outset of the experiment (experiment 4). This research highlights consumer vulnerabilities in navigating increasingly complex privacy issues intro...
Responsibilities of investigators.

T he success of the scientific enterprise requires first of all that scientists must embody honesty and integrity in every phase of their work. Without the uncompromising integrity of everyone involved in research, the entire edifice of science will eventually collapse, because each new layer of knowledge is built on the accuracy and truth of the research that preceded it. A great deal has been written in recent years on research integrity, fueled by such highly publicized cases as those involving Thereza Imanishi-Kari and David Baltimore in Boston,1 Robert Gallo at the National Institutes of Health,2 and Francis Collins at the Human Genome Project,3 each accused of transgressions against the ethical and legal norms that guide research. Integrity in science means that the investigators accept responsibility for all aspects of a study, from experimental design through all stages of its execution, including publication. It implies that each of these steps will be carried out with competence and honesty. Integrity in research cannot be assured by law; it must come from the character of those who carry out research. Nevertheless, medical journals have an important role to play in reminding those who do research of their obligations to science. For example, conflicts of interest arising from financial or other kinds of ties to companies whose products are being studied may be a source of bias in reporting research results. Journals have taken several different approaches to dealing with these kinds of conflicts. Taking a firm position, The New England Journal of Medicine in 1990 announced a policy in which they would refuse to publish any article or editorial written by an employee of a company (or its competition) whose product is important to the topic under discussion.4 Many protested that this policy was overly zealous, akin to throwing out the baby with the bath water. For example, under a policy of this kind, it has been pointed out, Thomas Edison could not have published an article on the future of electricity.5 The Annals of Thoracic Surgery and The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery deal with such conflicts of interest by requiring that authors report any financial conflict at the time of submission of their manuscripts. The editors may then disclose such conflicts with the article, allowing readers to make their own judgments about potential bias and possible effects on interpreting the research results. Even a reasonable policy such as this still may be problematic. For example, the term “conflict of interest” has pejorative connotations, so that even relatively minor conflicts may result in reports being judged ad hominem, on the basis of personal characteristics of their authors rather than strictly on their merits.5 From the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, and the Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Toronto Hospital and Centre for Bioethics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.