cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Techniques for Bladder Cancer Detection: The Role of Cystoscopy and Enhanced Cystoscopy

White light cystoscopy is the current standard of care for bladder cancer detection and surveillance. If a patient is found to have non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, they will undergo multiple outpatient cystoscopies. In addition to anesthetizing lubricating gel, there are a number of other modalities to make the procedure more tolerable. Prior to the procedure, most patients will not require antibiotic prophylaxis. Regarding tumor resection and surveillance, data support the use of enhanced cystoscopic modalities, like blue light cystoscopy and narrow-band imaging, to diagnose carcinoma in situ and papillary lesions with more accuracy and facilitate more complete resection of bladder tumors. AUA/SUO guidelines reflect confidence in this data by making moderate and conditional recommendations for the use of blue light cystoscopy and narrow-band imaging, respectively. Future directions for enhanced cystoscopy include more prospective, randomized trials evaluating cancer-specific survival and the use of Cysview as a cytotoxic treatment modality.
Enhanced mitochondrial superoxide scavenging does not improve muscle insulin action in the high fat-fed mouse.

Improving mitochondrial oxidant scavenging may be a viable strategy for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes. Mice overexpressing the mitochondrial matrix isoform of superoxide dismutase (sod2tg mice) and/or transgenically expressing catalase within the mitochondrial matrix (mcattg mice) have increased scavenging of O2˙ˉ and H2O2, respectively. Furthermore, muscle insulin action is partially preserved in high fat (HF)-fed mcattg mice. The goal of the current study was to test the hypothesis that increased O2˙ˉ scavenging alone or in combination with increased H2O2 scavenging (mtAO mice) enhances in vivo muscle insulin action in the HF-fed mouse. Insulin action was examined in conscious, unrestrained and unstressed wild type (WT), sod2tg, mcattg and mtAO mice using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (insulin clamps) combined with radioactive glucose tracers following sixteen weeks of normal chow or HF (60% calories from fat) feeding. Glucose infusion rates, whole body glucose disappearance, and muscle glucose uptake during the insulin clamp were similar in chow- and HF-fed WT and sod2tg mice. Consistent with our previous work, HF-fed mcattg mice had improved muscle insulin action, however, an additive effect was not seen in mtAO mice. Insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in muscle from clamped mice was consistent with glucose flux measurements. These results demonstrate that increased O2˙ˉ scavenging does not improve muscle insulin action in the HF-fed mouse alone or when coupled to increased H2O2 scavenging.
Bark Beetles and High-Severity Fires in Rocky Mountain Subalpine Forests

The dynamics, structure, and landscape heterogeneity of the lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests of the Rocky Mountains in the western United States are shaped by wildfires, outbreaks of insects, and the potential interactions between these disturbances. Outbreaks of bark beetles create habitat heterogeneity in forests that can benefit numerous wildlife species. While important questions remain, the best available science indicates that outbreaks of bark beetles do not increase the risk of high-severity fires in lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests of the Rocky Mountains. Furthermore, the effects of outbreaks are much less important to fire risk than are weather and climate. By contrast, severe wildfires can reduce subsequent susceptibility to outbreaks in both forest types, although the modulating effect of fires on susceptibility to outbreaks may be contingent on current and future climate influences on beetle populations and tree resistances. The current state of knowledge does not support the common assumption that increases in bark beetle activity have resulted in increased wildfire activity. Therefore policy discussions should focus on societal adaptation to the effects of the underlying driving factor of increased tree mortality from insects and from burning: climate warming.
Numerical Modeling of CO2 Laser-Heated Moving Glass Rods

A numerical model is introduced to calculate the temperature field in moving glass rods heated by CO2 laser irradiation at a wavelength of 10.6 μm. The glass is assumed to be opaque to laser irradiation due to its high absorption coefficient at 10.6 μm. The dependence of the absorption coefficient on wavelength and temperature is considered in this model. The diffusion approximation is incorporated to analyze the radiation heat transfer in the glass rod. This approximation is valid when the glass rod is above a critical diameter. The temperature within the glass is solved using the finite volume method. The effect of laser power, laser focus, the moving speed and the radius of glass rod on the temperature distribution are studied. It is found that all these parameters have a significant effect on the temperature distribution in the glass rod. Results of simulation show that, with careful choice of these parameters, a CO2 laser may be used as a heat source for glass rod annealing or coating with stringent temperature constraints.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Tisa: A Language Design and Modular Verification Technique for Temporal Policies in Web Services

Web services are distributed software components, that are decoupled from each other using interfaces with specified functional behaviors. However, such behavioral specifications are insufficient to demonstrate compliance with certain temporal non-functional policies. An example is demonstrating that a patient's health-related query sent to a health care service is answered only by a doctor (and not by a secretary). Demonstrating compliance with such policies is important for satisfying governmental privacy regulations. It is often necessary to expose the internals of the web service implementation for demonstrating such compliance, which may compromise modularity. In this work, we provide a language design that enables such demonstrations, while hiding majority of the service's source code. The key idea is to use greybox specifications to allow service providers to selectively hide and expose parts of their implementation. The overall problem of showing compliance is then reduced to two subproblems: whether the desired properties are satisfied by the service's greybox specification, and whether this greybox specification is satisfied by the service's implementation. We specify policies using LTL and solve the first problem by model checking. We solve the second problem by refinement techniques.
Archaeology of the Early 19th‐Century American Steamboat Phoenix

In September 1819, the passenger steamboat Phoenix caught fire on Lake Champlain and sank off of Colchester Shoal, Vermont, depositing a store of archaeological data on the design and use of early American steamers. The wreck is believed to be the earliest example of a steamboat that has yet been investigated archaeologically, and has been used as a case study for the early development of steam propulsion in North America.
Fatal Non-01 Vibrio cholerae Septicemia in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract The potential of non-01 Vibrio cholerae as human pathogens is assuming greater clinical importance. They are also capable of producing a spectrum of illness that is not confined to the gastrointestinal or biliary tracts. We report a case of fatal non-01 Vibrio cholerae septicemia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Abstract 19204: Symptoms of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder are Associated with Differential Autonomic Influences to Standing

Introduction: Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with impaired baroreflex sensitivity, a risk factor for sudden death. Unlike depression, PTSD is associated with hyperarousal. We hypothesized that, in patients with CAD, depressive and PTSD symptoms associate with different autonomic responses to standing (baroreflex response). Methods: We examined 178 patients with CAD for autonomic dysfunction with the ANSAR test (ANX 3.0, ANSAR Inc. Philadelphia, PA) in which heart rate variability was measured in both sitting (5 minutes) and standing (5 minutes) positions. Sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous system activity was measured using continuous wavelet transform and log-transformed. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the PTSD checklist scale (PCL), and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI). Both BDI and PCL were examined in multivariate models simultaneously, adjusting for CAD risk factors, beta blockers, and antidepressants. Results: The mean (SD) age, BDI, and PCL scores were 62.4 (9.1), 7.2 (7.6), and 26.2 (10.2), respectively. For the group as a whole, the mean baseline SNS and PNS tones were -0.49 and -0.60 log beats per minute squared (log BPM 2 ). In multivariable models, PCL score associated with higher baseline SNS tone (β=0.03, p=0.046). With standing, PCL score associated with decrease in the levels of SNS tone (β=-0.02, p=0.02) vs. sitting, and BDI associated with an increased PNS tone (β=0.03, p=0.03) vs. sitting. In both cases, these responses are the opposite of the expected autonomic response to standing, which is an increase in SNS tone and decrease in PNS tone vs. sitting. Conclusion: Depressive and PTSD symptoms have opposite autonomic pathologies in CAD patients. While PTSD symptoms are associated with higher SNS tone at baseline, they are also associated with lower sympathetic activation with standing. Depressive symptoms, on the other hand, are associated with reduced vagal withdrawal with standing. This suggests that both depressive and PTSD symptoms are associated with an abnormal baroreceptor function, but through different autonomic pathways.
A stochastic optimization framework for resource management and course of action analysis

We consider a course of action (COA) problem domain with the support of information fusion technologies. We assume that level 1 and 2 fusion technologies have provided a set of suspicious/abnormal situations currently occurring and associated dasiaobjects of interestpsila participating in these situations, along with likelihoods of participation. We further assume that there are limited resources available to gather additional information on these objects of interest. COA analysis and resource management (RM) prescribe placement of resources to accomplish desired information gathering tasks. Thus the goal of COA/RM is ldquoputting the right resource in the right place and time to perform the appropriate information gathering task on the appropriate objects of interest.rdquo Our research focuses on formulating the COA/RM problem from a stochastic optimization framework, resulting in an NP-hard problem. An efficient heuristic is developed and demonstrated on an illustrative scenario from maritime domain awareness.
Triiodothyronine stimulates transcription of the fatty acid synthase gene in chick embryo hepatocytes in culture. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor amplify that effect.

Hepatic fatty acid synthase is regulated by nutritional state. Starvation decreases and refeeding increases the activity of avian fatty acid synthase, principally by regulating transcription of the gene (Back, B. W., Goldman, M. J., Fisch, J.E., Ochs, R.A., and Goodridge, A.G. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 4190-4197). In chick embryo hepatocytes in culture, the stimulatory effect of feeding on fatty acid synthase activity is mimicked by adding triiodothyronine and insulin; the inhibitory effect of starvation is mimicked by adding glucagon or cyclic AMP. We now show that triiodothyronine alone stimulates transcription of fatty acid synthase by 4- to 6-fold, about the same as the increase in fatty acid synthase mRNA. When added alone, insulin has little or no effect on transcription, mRNA level, or enzyme activity. In combination with triiodothyronine, however, insulin amplifies the response to triiodothyronine by about 2-fold, leading to an overall increase of about 10-fold. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has the same effect as insulin, no effect by itself, and amplification of the stimulation by triiodothyronine. A maximally effective dose of insulin has no effect in the presence of a maximally effective dose of IGF-1, suggesting regulation by a common pathway. It takes much less IGF-1 than insulin to achieve a given effect, suggesting that both insulin and IGF-1 may act through IGF-1 receptors. Plasma levels of IGF-1 are decreased by starvation and increased by feeding (reviewed by Froesch, E.R., and Zapf, J. (1985) Diabetologia 28, 485-493). Thus, IGF-1 may play a physiological role in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid synthase during transitions between the starved and fed states, roles previously assigned primarily to insulin and glucagon. IGF-1 regulates transcription of the fatty acid synthase gene. Insulin and IGF-1 also have similar effects on activity, mRNA abundance, and transcription of the malic enzyme gene. Glucagon or dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibit fatty acid synthase activity and mRNA level in hepatocytes in culture by 70-80% and 60%, respectively, but have no effect on transcription of the fatty acid synthase gene, suggesting a post-transcriptional mode of regulation for cyclic AMP.
Carbon impacts of direct land use change in semiarid woodlands converted to biofuel plantations in India and Brazil

We present an analysis of direct land use change (dLUC) resulting from the conversion of semiarid woodlands in Brazil and India to Jatropha curcas, a perennial biofuel crop. The sites examined include prosopis woodlands, managed for woodfuel production under periodic coppicing, in southern India, and unmanaged caatinga woodlands in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. The jatropha plantations under consideration include pruned and unpruned stands and ranged from 2 to 4 years of age. Stocks of carbon in aboveground (AG) pools, including woody biomass, coarse debris, leaf litter, and herbaceous matter, as well as soil organic carbon (SOC) were evaluated. The jatropha plantations store 8-10 tons of carbon per hectare (t C ha(-1)) in AG biomass and litter when managed with regular pruning in both India and Brazil. Unpruned trees, only examined in Brazil, store less biomass (and carbon), accumulating just 3 t C ha(-1) in AG pools. The two woodlands that were replaced with jatropha show substantial differences in carbon pools: prosopis contains similar to 11 t C ha(-1) in AG stocks of carbon, which was very close to the jatropha stand which replaced it. In contrast, caatinga stores similar to 35 t C ha(-1) in AG biomass. Moreover, no change in SOC was detected in land that was converted from Prosopis to jatropha. As a result, there is no detectable change in AG carbon stocks at the sites in South India where jatropha replaced prosopis woodlands. In contrast, large losses of AG carbon were detected in Central Brazil where jatropha replaced native caatinga woodlands. These losses represent a carbon debt that would take 10-20 years to repay.
A short proof of optimality for the MIN cache replacement algorithm

The MIN algorithm is an offline strategy for deciding which item to replace when writing a new item to a cache. Its optimality was first established by Mattson et al. [R.L. Mattson, J.Gecsei, D.R. Slutz, I.L. Traiger, Evaluation techniques for storage hierarchies, IBM Systems Journal 9 (2) (1970) 78-117] through a lengthy analysis. We provide a short and elementary proof based on a dynamic programming argument.
Four- and Five-Coordinate Oxovanadium(V) Alkoxides: Do Steric Effects or Electronic Properties Dictate the Geometry?

Sterically hindered ligands generally form metal complexes with lower coordination numbers than less hindered ligands. In contrast to dogma, the solid state vanadium(V) complexes with ethylene glycol and pinacol contain four- and five-coordinate vanadium atoms, respectively. Ab initio and electrostatic potential distribution calculations were conducted on both experimental and optimized geometries of the four- and five-coordinate oxovanadium chloroalkoxides. Ab initio energy calculations favor the five-coordinate species for all ligands at all levels of theory examined. No significant differences in the electrostatic properties of the vanadium atoms in the two types of molecules were observed by using electrostatic potential distribution analysis. Methyl group substitutions on the ligand did not change the electronics of the vanadium atoms sufficiently to be a factor. Thus, we conclude that neither electronics nor sterics at the metal center explains the experimental geometries. In the absence of a signif...
Medical evaluation of pediatric hearing loss: Laboratory, radiographic, and genetic testing

Specific investigations of pediatric hearing loss are based on the history, physical examination, and age of the patient. The radiographic investigation of choice is high-resolution CT of the temporal bone. Patients with a dilated vestibular aqueduct need to be investigated further for Pendred syndrome. Screening for mutations in connexin 26 has become increasingly available in many centers and should be performed in all cases of nonsyndromic hearing loss. It is important to understand the implications and pitfalls of genetic testing. Genetic counseling is necessary.
Long-term population dynamics of a sawfly show strong bottom-up effects

Summary 1 Population dynamics of the arroyo willow stem-galling sawfly Euura lasiolepis Smith (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on its host plant, Salix lasiolepis Bentham (Salicaceae), was studied for 22 years in the vicinity of Flagstaff, Arizona, USA. 2 Comparatively low levels of population change in drier and wetter sites ranged over two orders of magnitude. 3 Time-series analysis revealed best fit models of population change that included total winter precipitation from October to May and/or cumulative Pearson Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for the same period, plus a 1-year delay in precipitation or PDSI in some cases. 4 For populations on willow clones in drier sites, the model accounted for 73% of sawfly population change, and in wetter sites, with high mean populations, the model predicted 67% of the variation in gall density. 5 The mechanistic link between predictors of water availability to host plants and sawfly populations was better growth of willow after high winter precipitation, producing more and longer shoots. Also, willow clones with younger ramets, with more vigorous growth, were more favourable to sawflies than clones with older ramets. 6 Strong female preference for longer shoots resulted in more eggs laid, and this was coupled with higher larval survival on longer shoots. The major component of loss in a cohort was aborted ovipositions, with significant and negative influence on survival through the immature stages. Survival in one generation was correlated with gall density in the following generation. 7 Dynamics were entirely driven through resource supply. 8 Combining the evolutionary Phylogenetic Constraints Hypothesis with detailed mechanistic studies reveals an explanation of population dynamics which is more broadly applicable than purely ecological studies.
Resonant multielectron transfer to double K-vacancy states in oxygen compounds

Abstract K α hypersatellite spectra of oxygen in various solid oxides, excited by bombardment with 80 MeV Ar ions, were measured using a curved-crystal spectrometer. Substantial enhancement of the K2L0 peak intensity in the spectrum of CeO2, and of the K2L1 and K2L2 peaks in TiO, Ti2O, and TiO2 was observed. Also, the intensities of the K2L3, K2L4, and K2L5 peaks in the titanium oxides were suppressed. These features can be accounted for by resonant multielectron transfer from the metal outer np levels to the oxygen 2p levels. Calculations employing a point-charge model with the inclusion of corrections for extra-atomic relaxation strongly support this hypothesis.
Order Against Chaos: Business Culture and Labor Ideology in America, 1880-1915

Preface Introduction The Pullman Strike: "The Solidarity of Society" versus "The Solidarity of Labor" Modern Management: "The Progressive Relation Between Efficiency and Consent" The National Association of Manufacturers: "Capital's Most Efficient Mouthpiece" Conclusion Selected Bibliography Index
Distribution and clustering of fast coronal mass ejections

[1] The purpose of this paper is to investigate the statistical properties of high-speed coronal mass ejections (fast CMEs), which play a major role in Space Weather. We study the cumulative distribution of the initial CME speeds applying a new, advanced statistical method based on the scaling properties of averages of maximal speeds selected in time intervals of fixed sizes. This method allows us for the first time to obtain a systematic statistical description of the fast CME speeds. Using this method, we identify a self-similar (power law) high-speed portion of the spectrum of the speed maxima in the range of speeds from about 700 km/s to 2000 km/s. This self-similar range of the speed distribution provides a meaningful definition of “the fast” CMEs and indicates that these CMEs are produced by a process that is the same across the range of scales. The investigation of the temporal behavior of the fast CME events indicates that the time intervals between fast CMEs are not independent, i.e., fast CMEs arrive in clusters. We characterize the fast CMEs clustering by the exponent θ called the extremal index, which is the inverse of the averaged number of CMEs per cluster. An independent correlation analysis of the tail of the CME distribution confirms and further quantifies the temporal dependence among the fast CME events. To illustrate the predictive capabilities of the method, we identify clusters in the time series of CMEs with speeds greater than 1000 km/s and calculate their statistical characteristics such as the size and duration of the clusters. The method used in this paper can be applied to many other extreme geophysical events.
Mesoporous Alumina-Supported Amines as Potential Steam-Stable Adsorbents for Capturing CO2 from Simulated Flue Gas and Ambient Air

Carbon management by a means of CO2 capture from large stationary sources such as coal-fired power plants or from ambient air is a significant global issue. In the context of steam-stripping as a regeneration process for solid CO2 adsorbents, new adsorbent materials robust enough for direct contact with low temperature steam are needed. Here, mesoporous γ-alumina-supported poly(ethyleneimine) composite materials are prepared and evaluated as effective CO2 adsorbents, using dilute CO2 streams such as simulated flue gas (10% CO2) and ultradilute streams such as simulated ambient air (400 ppm CO2). In comparison to the silica-supported amine adsorbents typically utilized for CO2 capture applications, the alumina-supported amine adsorbents give better performance in terms of both capture capacity and amine efficiency, in particular, at ambient air conditions. In addition, the alumina-supported amines are stable over short multicycle temperature swing tests and, more importantly, appear to be more robust than ...
Trauma in patients influenced by drugs and alcohol

To examine the relationship of drugs, alcohol, and trauma, we conducted a retrospective study of 66,099 patients seen in the emergency department at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center from August 1975 to July 1978. Of 646 patients found to have acute drug intoxication, 33 (5.1%) had sustained traumatic injury. Examination of blood, urine, and gastric specimens revealed only alcohol present in 17 (49%) of these patients. No specific pattern of drug ingestion or injury was seen in the remaining patients. While no generalizations can be made regarding prevention, the data may sensitize the clinician to the complex interrelationship of drugs, alcohol, and trauma.
Enzymic digestion of biosamples as a method of sample pretreatment before XAD-2 extraction.

Four proteolytic enzymes: trypsin, protease type I, protease type V (Pronase AS) and protease type VIII (Subtilisin) were used for digestion of blood, brain, liver, and kidney in experimental poisonings of dogs with phenobarbital, amitriptyline, diazepam, and chlorpromazine. Enzymic digestion was used also in 21 forensic cases of fatal poisonings with hypnotic and psychotropic drugs. Each enzyme applied gave a similar yield. The efficiency of enzymic digestion varied according to the kind of drug, tissue, and individual. In general, enzymic hydrolysis proved useful in isolation of psychotropic drugs from liver and brain, being less effective in the case of blood. The mechanism of drugs liberation after enzymic treatment remains obscure.
Interactive Command Language Design Based on Required Mental Work

Although the definition of “mental work” remains elusive, systematic means/ methods should be considered for gaining evidence about interactive language features requiring more/less effort of the human mind. The suggested approach employs a structuring of the. user's conceptual reference spaces into sets of “action primitives”, peculiar to the type of computer-aided task involved. An interactive command language can then be regarded as the range of some transformation on the user's set of action primitives. The nature and efficiency of that transformation, in conjunction with the inherent number of mental association links, are hypothesized to have direct relationships to the level of required mental work. The user's delay or “think time”, expended immediately preceding command utilization, is one measurable quantity that should be useful as a work level indicator.
Studies on the mechanism of MPTP oxidation by human liver monoamine oxidase B

The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its deuterated analogues were oxidized to their corresponding dihydropyridinium species (MPDP+) by preparations of pure human liver MAO B:monoclonal antibody complex to investigate the mechanism of MPTP activation. Lineweaver-Burk plots of initial reaction rates revealed that the Km,app values for the various deuterated MPTP analogues were similar to those of MPTP. In contrast, Vmax,app values were substantially decreased by substitution of deuterium for hydrogen on the tetrahydropyridinium ring, especially at C-6. Deuterium substitution on the N-methyl group alone did not significantly reduce Vmax,app. These studies support the interpretation that oxidation of MPTP at the C-6 position on the tetrahydropyridine ring is a major rate-determining step in its biotransformation by MAO B.
Examination of somatostatin involvement in the inhibitory action of GIP, GLP-1, amylin and adrenomedullin on gastric acid release using a new SRIF antagonist analogue

1 The effect of a new type 2 selective somatostatin (SRIF) receptor antagonist (DC-41-33) on somatostatin-induced inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in conscious, chronic gastric fistula equipped rats was studied. 2 Infused intravenously, DC-41-33 dose-dependently inhibits SRIF-induced inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion with an IC50 of 31.6±1.2 nmol kg−1 versus 10 nmol kg−1 SRIF and blocks the inhibitory effects of SRIF when simultaneously co-infused. Its effectiveness provides additional evidence that SRIF-inhibition of gastric acid release is a SRIF type 2 receptor-mediated process. 3 DC-41-33 is able to completely reverse the inhibitory effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptides, GIP and GIP-(1–30)NH2, and glucagon-like polypeptide, GLP-1(7-36)NH2, on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion thus confirming that they exert these effects through stimulation of endogenous SRIF release. 4 DC-41-33 only partially blocks potent amylin and adrenomedullin-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion, therefore suggesting that somatostatin may not function as a primary mediator in the action of these peptides. 5 Our results indicate that DC-41-33, is a potent in vivo inhibitor of exogenous and endogenous SRIF in rats. It represents a new class of SRIF analogues which should eventually provide excellent tools for further evaluating the many physiological roles of SRIF and its five receptor subtypes. British Journal of Pharmacology (1998) 125, 1081–1087; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702160
Palladium-Mediated Cyclization of 6-Methyl-1-phenyl-6-hepten-2-one to Form 3-Methyldiphenylmethane: Carbonyl Activation by a Neutral Palladium(II) Complex

Reaction of 6-methyl-1-phenyl-6-hepten-2-one (4) with a stoichiometric mixture of PdCl2(CH3CN)2 (2) and Me3SiCl in dioxane at 70 °C formed 3-methyldiphenylmethane (6) in 78% isolated yield. A number of experiments supported a mechanism for the conversion of 4 to 6 initiated by palladium-mediated carbonyl-ene reaction to form the isolable palladium alkene-alcohol complex (7) followed by Me3SiCl-mediated dehydration to form the unobserved palladium diene complex (II) and palladium-mediated oxidation of II to form 6.
Decay of a 2-D electron crystal

We have observed tunneling of electrons out of the two dimensional layer trapped at the liquid-helium vacuum interface and studied the effects of electron-electron interactions and magnetic fields on the tunneling process
Comparison of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen test for immune status to Varicella Zoster virus

To determine the immune status to Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), a simple rapid method such as an enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) is needed as an alternative to the VZV fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen test (VZV-FAMA). With the VZV-FAMa (Viran Clinical Diagnostics, Stevensville, MI), a titer of ≥ 1:2 suggests previous exposure to VZV (positive) whereas < 1:2 suggests susceptibility to VZV (negative). Two EIA kits, Varicelisa® and Varicella STAT® (M.A. Bioproducts, Walkersville, MD) were compared with VZV-FAMA and with each other. The Varicelisa is a 3 h test whereas the Varicella STAT® is a 1 h test due to substrate differences. There were 78 positive and 24 negative sera by VZV-FAMA from 102 patients. Varicelisa® agreed with VZV-FAMA in 94 patients (92%); 71 positive and 23 negative. For Varicella STAT®, 88 sera (86·2%) agreed with VZV-FAMA assay; 65 positive, 23 negative. The sensitivity and specificity of the Varicelisa® were 91% (7178) and 95·8% (2324); of Varicella STAT® 83·3% (6578) and 95·8% (2324) respectively.
Evaluation of method performance for measuring 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in ambient air

Abstract High volume sampling in combination with GC/MS analytical techniques have been used to measure 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) in ambient air at numerous sites within Region VII, U.S. EPA. Extensive use of these procedures have resulted in a large database of information which has been used to evaluate and document the method's performance.
Geometric Deformations of the Evolution Equations and Bäcklund Transformations

The sine-Gordon equation (2ω)xi + sin(2ω) = 0 describes a surface with constant negative curvature. Sasaki [3], demonstrated that pseudospherical surfaces are associated with many evolution equations. The surfaces of negative curvature (not necessarily constant), which can be thought of as deformations of the pseudospherical surfaces, are defined by solutions of a system of equations. We call such a system a deformed sine-Gordon system. The geometry of such systems has been extensively studied in the theory of line congruences [2]. It turns out that the more appropriate setting for the study of the geometry in full generality is not the group of euclidean motions but the projective group. In that case we talk about W-systems. It is clear that such a theory is an important special case of the study of the σ-models. The significant feature of the deformed sine-Gordon and W-systems is’ the existence of Backlund transformations and the validity of the permutability theorem.
Enhanced orbital contribution to surface magnetism in Fe, Co, and Ni

Abstract We have, for the first time, theoretically determined the self-consistent orbital contribution to the magnetic moment on the (001) surfaces of Fe, Co and Ni. We used a surface geometry that corresponds to the bulk crystal structure with no relaxation of the surface. In addition to enhanced spin moments at the surface, we find that the orbital moment for surface states is greatly enhanced (sometimes by over 100%).
Multiple-Rotor-Cycle 2D PASS Experiments with Applications to 207Pb NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract Thetwo-dimensional phase-adjusted spinning sidebands (2D PASS) experiment is a useful technique for simplifying magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra that contain overlapping or complicated spinning sideband manifolds. The pulse sequence separates spinning sidebands by their order in a two-dimensional experiment. The result is an isotropic/anisotropic correlation experiment, in which a sheared projection of the 2D spectrum effectively yields an isotropic spectrum with no sidebands. The original 2D PASS experiment works best at lower MAS speeds (1–5 kHz). At higher spinning speeds (8–12 kHz) the experiment requires higher RF power levels so that the pulses do not overlap. In the case of nuclei such as 207 Pb, a large chemical shift anisotropy often yields too many spinning sidebands to be handled by a reasonable 2D PASS experiment unless higher spinning speeds are used. Performing the experiment at these speeds requires fewer 2D rows and a correspondingly shorter experimental time. Therefore, we have implemented PASS pulse sequences that occupy multiple MAS rotor cycles, thereby avoiding pulse overlap. These multiple-rotor-cycle 2D PASS sequences are intended for use in high-speed MAS situations such as those required by 207 Pb. A version of the multiple-rotor-cycle 2D PASS sequence that uses composite pulses to suppress spectral artifacts is also presented. These sequences are demonstrated on 207 Pb test samples, including lead zirconate, a perovskite-phase compound that is representative of a large class of interesting materials.
Dietary and hormonal regulation of hepatic biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes of serine metabolism in rats.

The changes in the hepatic levels of activity of 3-P-glycerate dehydrogenase, D-glycerate dehydrogenase, L-serine: pyruvate transaminase and L-serine dehydratase have been determined in rats under varying conditions promoting either gluconeogenesis or amino acid biosynthesis. In the gluconeogenic states brought about by fasting, by administration of either cortisone, glucagon, or N6,O2′-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (DBcAMP), and by alloxan diabetes, serine dehydratase activity was elevated. In the latter condition, insulin was effective in reducing the elevated level of activity. The level of serine: pyruvate transaminase activity was also increased by all of the above conditions except fasting, although the magnitude of the response and the time required to elicit a change varied from those observed for serine dehydratase. The glucagonmediated elevation of the levels of activity of both enzymes occurred independently of glucocorticoids. The level of activity of D-glycerate dehydrogenase...
Applications Of Neural Networks To The Manufacturing Environment

Neural networks, and optical neural networks in particular, hold great promise in the industrial environment. We examine three generic applications here. These are process control, work flow control, and inspection. In all of these cases, optical neural networks have the potential of performing tasks now performed quite imperfectly by humans and performing those tasks far more effectively.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rethinking the Costs of Economic Growth. Association for Social Economics Presidential Address, 2008

Abstract The source of economic development and growth is specialization in the context of comparative advantage. Growth in capital and other inputs, energy use, and technological change are insufficient to explain the magnitude of growth. Earlier critics of economic growth failed to connect growth to specialization, and so were distracted by nostalgia and sentiment. The specialization process itself produces three significant problems. First, as economies become more specialized, they become less flexible. Second, diversity tends to make ecological systems more robust, while specialization weakens them. Third, specialization produces social isolation. Solutions to these problems may be found in participatory, indicative planning.
Curved Waveguide Bragg Gratings on a Chip

We demonstrate curved waveguide Bragg gratings on an SOI chip. Our approach allows long Bragg gratings to be fabricated on an extremely small area, avoiding write-field stitching errors, typically introduced in the fabrication process.
Science education research interests of elementary teachers

Science education researchers have always sought to improve the quality of our nation's schools. One way of doing this is to make research findings on the teaching of science available to teachers. Perhaps an even more effective way is to plan research studies with teachers' interests in mind. The purpose of this study was to determine the science education research interests of elementary teachers and to examine the data according to certain demographic variables. The sample consisted of 553 elementary teachers in 98 schools from across the nation. The survey instrument contained 28 items, 16 of which were included on a survey instrument prepared by White et al. The data collected using the Likert-type questionnaire were dichotomized as “1” important and “O” not important and were analyzed using the Cochran Test and the McNemar Test for post hoc comparisons. Results of the study indicate that the top five research interests of teachers in the order of preference are: hands-on experiences, science content of the curriculum, cognitive development and learning styles, problem solving, and teaching strategies. The area of lowest interest was research on sex differences. Results of the survey have several important implications for science education. First, they can be used to help science educators plan research that may be of interest to elementary teachers. Second, they can be used by groups such as NSTA who publish research reviews, and by colleges and universities that prepare elementary teachers, as a guide to not only what is of interest to elementary teachers, but to identify those areas of research for which dissemination has been lacking.
Application Power Signature Analysis

The high-performance computing (HPC) community has been greatly concerned about energy efficiency. To address this concern, it is essential to understand and characterize the electrical loads of HPC applications. In this work, we study whether HPC applications can be distinguished by their power-consumption patterns using quantitative measures in an automatic manner. Using a collection of 88 power traces from 4 different systems, we find that basic statistical measures do a surprisingly good job of summarizing applications' distinctive power behavior. Moreover, this study opens up a new area of research in power-aware HPC that has a multitude of potential applications.
On the Biocultural Study of Children's Hyperactive and Inattentive Behavior

It is heartening that two research projects beginning with entirely different theoretical perspectives (ours bioanthropological and Jacobson's social constructionist) can find such agreement in their empirical observations about the same behavioral phenomena. Of course the conclusions about the significance of those findings will vary by theoretical persuasion, as they do here. Because we are interested ultimately in detecting cross-cultural universals in the context of normal population variation, we premise our research from a very different theoretical starting point than Jacobson, who is instead oriented to the study of how society creates or applies meaning to categories of disorder. We do not necessarily agree, for example, with Jacobson's statement that "biology does not preordain a behavior as normal or abnormal." In fact, current thinking about psychiatric phenomena suggests just the converse: An ultimate boundary of what constitutes abnormality will be universally observable because the basic capacities for human social behavior are evolved. For example, core features of schizophrenic behavior (such as flattened facial expression) manifest in diverse cultural contexts and appear to be universally defined as deviant or strange by other social actors regardless of the observer's cultural background (Murphy 1982; Schmidt 1997). We consider our American Anthropologist research report successful if it drives others to build on or test our findings in novel ways, including applying other theoretical frameworks. Different readers probably developed varied senses of what needs to be done next, just as these commentators have. Some might have recognized the importance of testing our model in more culturally diverse settings: Reviewers of our work have often commented on the particular promise of comparable research among hunter-gatherers. Others may have seen the implications of considering how globalizing ideas (e.g., formal psychiatric definitions of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD], such as from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition [DSM-IV]) and phenomena (e.g., formal schooling) create or alter notions of social deviance.1 Jacobson focuses on the notion that abnormal behavior is solely culturally constructed and emphasizes policy implications and the potential to help students achieve academically. For our own part, the findings discussed in the report were the spur for a more ambitious and comprehensive biocultural project we are currently undertaking using hypotheses suggested by life history theory to test ideas about the adaptive significance of specific childhood behavioral characteristics. This broader cross-cultural study continues to examine the social consequences of hyperactivity and inattention and uses direct and contextual assessments of behavior. These include
The Realistic Reasons behind Unrealistic Solutions: The Role of Interpretive Activity in Word Problem Solving.

Abstract It is known that school-aged children have a strong tendency to solve mathematical word problems by mechanically calculating numbers even if their calculational answers seem unrealistic. The present study found that undergraduate students also demonstrate this tendency, but many of them could justify their “unrealistic” responses with sensible rationales. In-depth clinical interviews revealed that some of the “unrealistic” responses stemmed from simply an unanticipated, but realistic understanding of the problem situations, while others stemmed from intentionally conforming to the culture of schooling. It is suggested that cognitive functioning in problem solving is highly dependent on an individual's contextual interpretation of the activity.
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) Signaling Requires αvβ3-IGF1-IGF Type 1 Receptor (IGF1R) Ternary Complex Formation in Anchorage Independence, and the Complex Formation Does Not Require IGF1R and Src Activation

Integrin αvβ3 plays a role in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling (integrin-IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) cross-talk) in non-transformed cells in anchorage-dependent conditions. We reported previously that IGF1 directly binds to αvβ3 and induces αvβ3-IGF1-IGF1R ternary complex formation in these conditions. The integrin-binding defective IGF1 mutant (R36E/R37E) is defective in inducing ternary complex formation and IGF signaling, whereas it still binds to IGF1R. We studied if IGF1 can induce signaling in anchorage-independent conditions in transformed Chinese hamster ovary cells that express αvβ3 (β3-CHO) cells. Here we describe that IGF1 signals were more clearly detectable in anchorage-independent conditions (polyHEMA-coated plates) than in anchorage-dependent conditions. This suggests that IGF signaling is masked by signals from cell-matrix interaction in anchorage-dependent conditions. IGF signaling required αvβ3 expression, and R36E/R37E was defective in inducing signals in polyHEMA-coated plates. These results suggest that αvβ3-IGF1 interaction, not αvβ3-extracellular matrix interaction, is essential for IGF signaling. Inhibitors of IGF1R, Src, AKT, and ERK1/2 did not suppress αvβ3-IGF-IGF1R ternary complex formation, suggesting that activation of these kinases are not required for ternary complex formation. Also, mutations of the β3 cytoplasmic tail (Y747F and Y759F) that block β3 tyrosine phosphorylation did not affect IGF1R phosphorylation or AKT activation. We propose a model in which IGF1 binding to IGF1R induces recruitment of integrin αvβ3 to the IGF-IGF1R complex and then β3 and IGF1R are phosphorylated. It is likely that αvβ3 should be together with the IGF1-IGF1R complex for triggering IGF signaling.
Ranaviruses: Not Just for Frogs

Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae) were discovered serendipitously during an attempt to generate frog kidney cell cultures for the propagation of Lucke herpesvirus, an oncogenic herpesvirus [1]. Unexpectedly, some cultures displayed spontaneous cytopathic effect suggestive of a viral infection. Frog virus (FV)-1 and -2 were recovered from normal kidneys, whereas FV3, isolated from a frog with renal carcinoma, became the focus of further study. A number of “intriguing” features, i.e., a highly methylated genome, ability to rapidly turn-off host macromolecular synthesis, a circularly permuted/terminally redundant genome, the use of both host- and virus-encoded RNA polymerases, and absence of polyadenylated mRNA [2], fueled early FV3 study and provided insight into a poorly characterized family of nuclear, cytoplasmic, large DNA-containing viruses. However, because ranaviruses were not pathogenic for humans or commercially important animals, were not, as originally thought, oncogenic, and did not appear to have adverse long-term impacts on wildlife, FV3 research remained a viral backwater. Recent years have seen renewed interest in ranaviruses and other iridoviruses because they have been increasingly linked to die-offs, often marked, among cultured and wild fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Here, we review ranavirus replication and gene function, then focus on their impact on cold-blooded vertebrates.
Privacy in data systems

The explosive progress in networking, storage, and processor technologies is resulting in an unprecedented amount of digitization of information. In concert with this dramatic increase in digital data, concerns about the privacy of personal information have emerged globally. The concerns over massive collection of data are naturally extending to analytic tools applied to data. Data mining, with its promise to efficiently discover valuable, non-obvious information from large databases, is particularly vulnerable to misuse.The challenge for the database community is to design information systems that protect the privacy and ownership of individual data without impeding information flow. One way of preserving privacy of individual data values is to perturb them. Since the primary task in data mining is the development of models about aggregated data, we explore if we can develop accurate models without access to precise information in individual data records. We consider the concrete case of building a decision-tree classifier from perturbed data. While it is not possible to accurately estimate original values in individual data records, we describe a reconstruction procedure to accurately estimate the distribution of original data values. By using these reconstructed distributions, we are able to build classifiers whose accuracy is comparable to the accuracy of classifiers built with the original data. We also discuss how to discover association rules over privacy preserved data.Inspired by the privacy tenet of the Hippocratic Oath, we argue that future database systems must include responsibility for the privacy of data they manage as a founding tenet. We enunciate the key principles for such Hippocratic database systems, distilled from the principles behind current privacy legislations and guidelines. We identify the technical challenges and problems in designing Hippocratic databases, and also outline some solution approaches.