cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subclinical Myopathy Associated with Hyperadrenocorticism in the Dog

One of seven dogs with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism had clinical evidence of neuromuscular disorder. Clinical diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was confirmed by plasma cortisol concentrations before and after adrenocorticotrophin hormone and dexamethasone administration. Electromyographic studies showed bizarre, high frequency discharges in all dogs. Examination of muscle biopsies taken from the biceps femoris muscle from each dog revealed mild degenerative changes of fiber size variation, focal necrosis and fiber splitting. Ragged red fibers were prominent and appeared to be related to mitochondrial aggregates. Significant (P less than 0.05) type 1 and 2 fiber atrophy was found in all dogs. Fiber grouping was present in four dogs. Studies of fascicular biopsies of the peroneal nerve showed thinly myelinated fibers, onion-bulb formation, segmental demyelination and short intercalated internodes. These findings suggested a glucocorticoid-related myopathy in hyperadrenocorticism that also may have a neurogenic component.
Parent Attachment, Relationship Quality, and Gender Influence of Adults With Parents With Past Same-Sex Relationships:

Attachment scholars have focused on attachment outcomes between children and their parents. However, there is a dearth of studies examining the association between attachment and later romantic rel...
Crypto Assets Require Better Regulation: Statement of the Financial Economists Roundtable on Crypto Assets

The exponential rise and volatility in the price of Bitcoin has heightened investor interest in cryptocurrencies and crypto assets. These assets have attracted a growing number of investors but als...
Association Between Sepsis and Microvascular Brain Injury.

Objectives Many survivors of sepsis suffer long-term cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms of this association remain unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether sepsis is associated with cerebral microinfarcts on brain autopsy. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting and subjects Five-hundred twenty-nine participants of the Adult Changes in Thought, a population-based prospective cohort study of older adults carried out in Kaiser Permanente Washington greater than or equal to 65 years old without dementia at study entry and who underwent brain autopsy. Measurements and main results Late-life sepsis hospitalization was identified using administrative data. We identified 89 individuals with greater than or equal to 1 sepsis hospitalization during study participation, 80 of whom survived hospitalization and died a median of 169 days after discharge. Thirty percent of participants with one or more sepsis hospitalization had greater than two microinfarcts, compared with 19% participants without (χ p = 0.02); 20% of those with sepsis hospitalization had greater than two microinfarcts in the cerebral cortex, compared with 10% of those without (χ p = 0.01). The adjusted relative risk of greater than two microinfarcts was 1.61 (95% CI, 1.01-2.57; p = 0.04); the relative risk for having greater than two microinfarcts in the cerebral cortex was 2.12 (95% CI, 1.12-4.02; p = 0.02). There was no difference in Braak stage for neurofibrillary tangles or consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease score for neuritic plaques between, but Lewy bodies were less significantly common in those with sepsis. Conclusions Sepsis was specifically associated with moderate to severe vascular brain injury as assessed by microvascular infarcts. This association was stronger for microinfarcts within the cerebral cortex, with those who experienced severe sepsis hospitalization being more than twice as likely to have evidence of moderate to severe cerebral cortical injury in adjusted analyses. Further study to identify mechanisms for the association of sepsis and microinfarcts is needed.
Parents' Evaluation of a California-Based Surrogacy Program

ABSTRACT This qualitative study explored the experiences of 26 parents who were involved in surrogate parenting arrangements in a California-based program. Participants were mostly white (n = 23), married (n = 25), females (n = 24), with high levels of education and income. The mean age at the time of the first child's birth was 39 years (SD = 5.06). The majority of parents reported having one (n = 10) or two (n = 8) children. All subjects reported infertility as their reason to explore surrogacy. Eighteen (69.2%) participants chose in vitro fertilization as their method of conception. Subjects participated in telephone interviews regarding their evaluation of the program. Participants also rated the services received from the program director using a Likert-type scale. Results indicate that parents overall were very satisfied with their experiences.
Downstream sequence-dependent RNA cleavage and pausing by RNA polymerase I

The sequence of the DNA template has long been thought to influence the rate of transcription by DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, but the influence of DNA sequence on transcription elongation properties of eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (Pol I) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has not been defined. In this study, we observe changes in dinucleotide production, transcription elongation complex stability, and Pol I pausing in vitro in response to downstream DNA. In vitro studies demonstrate that AT-rich downstream DNA enhances pausing by Pol I and inhibits Pol I nucleolytic cleavage activity. Analysis of Pol I native elongating transcript sequencing data in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggests that these downstream sequence elements influence Pol I in vivo. Native elongating transcript sequencing studies reveal that Pol I occupancy increases as downstream AT content increases and decreases as downstream GC content increases. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the downstream DNA sequence directly impacts the kinetics of transcription elongation prior to the sequence entering the active site of Pol I both in vivo and in vitro.
Toward an miRNA signature for predicting outcome in patients with melanoma.

9039 Background: Melanoma remains a clinical challenge, as an aggressive and often unpredictable tumor. The incidence continues to increase, but treatment options are limited. One significant chall...
Transmutation Operators and Their Applications

We approach the subject of transmutations from the operator theoretic point of view and use them to compare general differential operators, and Krein’s type of strings. We also examine their existence, construction, and their various applications to inverse and computational spectral theory.
Characterizing and Comparing Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Commercially Available Biosolid and Organic Non-Biosolid-Based Products

There is increasing concern over the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in biosolids, while sales in commercially available biosolid-based products used as soil amendments are a...
Pharmacist-Driven Implementation of Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing Algorithms Improves Guideline Adherence in the Emergency Department.

Background:Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics has been identified as the most important modifiable risk factor for antimicrobial resistance.Objective:The purpose of this project was to improv...
Ashanté M. Reese black food geographies: Race, Self-Reliance, and food access in Washington, D.C

In her first monograph, Black Food Geographies: Race, Self-Reliance, and Food Access in Washington, D.C, Ashante M. Reese explores the systematic inequalities that form food deserts in urban areas....
Characteristic Analysis and Test Method of Pre-arc Seconds Characteristic of 12kV Drop-out Fuse

The 12kV drop-out fuse pre-arc time-current characteristic test is an important method to verify the quality of the fuse and the reliability of the fuse breaking. This paper summarizes the technical requirements of domestic and foreign test standards, combines test experience, analyzes the impact of test methods on product performance parameter test results, and gives test technical solutions and test standards. The results show that the reading value of the test current is the effective value of the full waveform of the test current, the expected current value is controlled within the range of -5% to + 5% of the target current value, and the test error meets the pre-arc time-current characteristic detection requirements; during the test process The current should be reasonably compensated according to the current attenuation to ensure that the current attenuation rate is less than 10%. The research results are a summary of the pre-arc time-current characteristic test schemes and standards for 12kV drop-out fuses, and have important practical guiding significance for improving the quality level of distribution fuses.
Improving the Field's Understanding of Suicide Protective Factors and Translational Suicide Prevention Initiatives.

World Health Organization data show that approximately 800,000 persons die by suicide each year [...]
Introduction to Homological Algebra

The landscape of homological algebra has evolved over the last half-century into a fundamental tool for the working mathematician. This book provides a unified account of homological algebra as it exists today. The historical connection with topology, regular local rings, and semi-simple Lie algebras are also described. This book is suitable for second or third year graduate students. The first half of the book takes as its subject the canonical topics in homological algebra: derived functors, Tor and Ext, projective dimensions and spectral sequences. Homology of group and Lie algebras illustrate these topics. Intermingled are less canonical topics, such as the derived inverse limit functor lim1, local cohomology, Galois cohomology, and affine Lie algebras. The last part of the book covers less traditional topics that are a vital part of the modern homological toolkit: simplicial methods, Hochschild and cyclic homology, derived categories and total derived functors. By making these tools more accessible, the book helps to break down the technological barrier between experts and casual users of homological algebra.
Trajectories of victimization to violence among incarcerated women.

INTRODUCTION Limited research has focused on the trajectories of victimization to violence in women's lives. Furthermore, literature assessing women's use of violence has primarily focused on adult risk factors (e.g., substance use and criminal histories). Drawing from the pathway's framework, we explored the impact of multiple forms of childhood victimization and subsequent harmful behaviors on adult-perpetrated violence among women convicted of violent or serious crimes. METHODS This secondary data analysis included a sample of 1118 incarcerated women from two prisons. Based on prior literature outlining the lifelong negative impact of childhood victimization, we hypothesized that cumulatively, occurrence of abuses, arrest as a minor, number of lifetime arrests, and poly-substance use prior to incarceration, would increase the likelihood of perpetration of multiple forms of violence. GEE regression models were used to examine the relationship between the predictors and adult perpetration of intimidation and physical violence. RESULTS Experiences with childhood victimization, early (under age 18) and ongoing criminal justice involvement, and substance use significantly increased the likelihood of adult perpetration of violence, regardless of the type of violence measured (intimidation or physical violence). CONCLUSION Given the documented high prevalence of childhood trauma and abuse among justice-involved women, findings from this study can be used to promote the implementation of trauma-specific treatment for at-risk juvenile girls, whose trajectories of violence might be mitigated.
Understanding individuals' desire for change, perceptions of impairment, benefits, and barriers of change for pathological personality traits.

Despite clinical theory suggesting that individuals are largely unaware of personality-related problems (Gallrein et al., 2013; Oltmanns & Powers, 2012); work in this area shows that individuals possess insight into their pathological traits and the impairment they may cause. Individuals generally dislike pathological traits and desire change in the direction of greater adaptivity (Lamkin et al., 2018; Miller et al., 2018). Individuals may also be able to make small, intentional changes in some personality domains (e.g., neuroticism; Hudson & Fraley, 2015; Hudson & Roberts, 2014) but not others (no positive change in conscientiousness or agreeableness). It remains unclear why many individuals exhibit relatively little change in their pathological traits (e.g., antagonism), given their awareness of the problems these traits cause and their desire for change. The goal of the present study was to explore the relation between personality disorder (PD) traits and desire for change, perceived impairment and benefits, and barriers to change among an online sample (N = 497). Findings suggest that most individuals were uninterested in changing their trait levels; however, individuals with elevated PD traits were more interested in change than those with lower levels. Pathological traits were generally perceived as impairing rather than beneficial; however, mean level analyses revealed similar levels of perceived impairment and benefits for those relatively high on antagonism. Individuals reported that personality change was stymied in part because it was too hard, they were unmotivated to make the changes, or they did not know how to go about making such changes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
The Impact of Sleep Quality on Quality of Life for Autistic Adults.

Abstract Background Although research demonstrates that autistic children are at risk of poor sleep quality, very little is known about sleep quality and its impact on quality of life in autistic adults. We investigated the relationships between sleep quality, perceived stress, and quality of life for autistic adults. Method Data were prospectively collected from both autistic adults (N = 40) and non-autistic adults (N = 24). Sleep Quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Perceived Stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale, and Quality of Life was measured using the Brief Version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale. We ran OLS regression models to examine the association between study group, perceived stress, sleep quality, and quality of life. We tested for main effects of study group (i.e., autistic or non-autistic), sleep quality, and perceived stress, adjusting for demographic characteristics. Then, we tested the interaction between study group and sleep quality. Finally, we tested a three-way interaction between group, sleep quality, and perceived stress. Results Autistic adults reported worse sleep quality compared to non-autistic adults. Poorer sleep quality was significantly associated with lower quality of life for all participants in the study. Findings from the three-way interaction indicated that higher perceived stress further exacerbated the relationship between poorer sleep quality and lower quality of life for autistic adults. Conclusions These findings suggest that interventions that target both sleep quality and stress could effectively improve quality of life for autistic adults.
Diversity of gastropods in Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, WA and the regional spread of the invasive European ear snail (Radix auricularia)

Affiliations: (1) Eastern Washington University Biology Department 5 6 Abstract 7 Establishing base-line knowledge of native snails in an area and their relative abundance 8 is important in understanding the role of snails in their environment and the possible use of snails 9 as a bioindicator. This information can also be used to determine how an invasive species is 10 affecting the native populations over time. Six genera of gastropods were found in the wetland 11 ponds of Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge (TNWR) from April to June 2012, including the 12 invasive European ear snail (Radix auricularia) which was found in four lakes it was not 13 previously known to inhabit. A dominant snail genus was found for each lake, with Middle Pines 14 Lake being dominated by Radix auricularia. Conductivity was the only abiotic factor studied that 15 positively correlated with genera richness (p = 0.035). 16
More on the Extent of Undercoverage in RDD Telephone Surveys Due to the Omission of 0-Banks

More on the Extent of Undercoverage in RDD Telephone Surveys Due to the Omission of 0-Banks
Learning shared rankings from mixtures of noisy pairwise comparisons

We propose a novel model for rank aggregation from pairwise comparisons which accounts for a heterogeneous population of inconsistent users whose preferences are different mixtures of multiple shared ranking schemes. By connecting this problem to recent advances in the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) literature, we develop an algorithm that can learn the underlying shared rankings with provable statistical and computational efficiency guarantees. We validate the approach using semi-synthetic and real world datasets.
CMOS RF: no longer an oxymoron

Peak CMOS f/sub T/'s are now in excess of 30 GHz and double every three years. That raw device speed is supplemented by recently developed passive elements, such as the lateral flux capacitor and the shielded spiral inductor, in which the lossy substrate is made much less relevant without requiring special processing steps. Device F/sub min/ is typically under 0.5 dB at 1-2 GHz, and a better understanding of broadband MOSFET noise has shown how to minimize amplifier noise figure within a specified power budget. Finally, a new understanding of phase noise has shown that satisfaction of previously unappreciated symmetry criteria can suppress greatly (e.g., by factors of 5-10 or more) the upconversion of 1/f device noise into close-in phase noise.
First principles band theory for random metallic alloys

Two years ago at an Advanced Study Institute in Gent, we had given five lectures on the same topics as treated here. Since then the subject developed considerably and we have written an entirely new set of lecture notes. On that previous occasion we have concentrated on the formal structure of the theory. Here the focus is on results and applications. In order to make the present notes self-contained, we did not refrain from covering the same ground when it was necessary. However, a significant part of the earlier material had to be cut. The interested reader may find these in Gyorffy and Stocks (1976) “Electrons in Finite and Infinite Structures”, Ed. P. Phariseau and L. Scheire.
The European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hübn.), and its principal host plant—VI: Host plant resistance of larval establishment☆

Abstract A study has been made of the role of growth-inhibiting chemical factors in the resistance of certain dent corn inbreds to the establishment and survival of European corn borer larvae. The inbred lines employed were WF9, W204, W210D, W22, and W22RB. Total resistance factor activity, as determined by bioassay, was found to be in good agreement with resistance ratings of the inbreds as determined in field tests by other workers. It was found that the whorl tissues on which borer larvae of the first generation feed may contain high levels of ether-soluble resistance factors, but in most cases only low levels of ether-insoluble resistance activity. The chemical factor primarily responsible for resistance to leaf feeding was found to be Resistance Factor A (6-methoxy-benzoxazolinone). At the growth stage in which borer attack on the tassel occurs, the tassels of all the inbreds displayed very low resistance activity, and little or no intervarietal resistance was detected. After the open tassel growth stage the internodes of W22 and W22RB and the leaf sheaths of W22RB showed good intervarietal resistance activity. Other tissues tested, including ear structures, did not display appreciable varietal differences in resistance factor activity. The relative resistance of early plant growth stages compared to later growth stages was termed intravarietal resistance and some of its characteristics were determined. Resistance factor activity of whorl leaves of the borer zone was shown to decline as the tassel length increased. The activity in other borer-significant tissues did not necessarily decline as tassel length increased, however, and intravarietal resistance was not always at its maximum in the whorl stage of the different inbreds. It was shown that varietal differences in resistance factor activity were not explicable solely in terms of differences in resistance associated with the growth characteristics of the plant. There appeared to be at least three chemicals contributing to the total resistance factor activity of the corn plant. Resistance Factor A was important in the resistance of early plant growth stages, but negligible after the development of a visible tassel. Resistance Factors B and C contributed about equally to the resistance factor activity found in internode, leaf-sheath, husks, and silk tissues. It was postulated that the resistance of corn to different parasitic organisms is caused by the same complex of chemicals responsible for resistance to the European corn borer.
Codification of the Economic Substance Doctrine or how Congress Commemorated the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Gregory Case

The year 2010 marks the 75th anniversary of Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465 (1935), a landmark case in the area of corporate reorganizations. Gregory journeyed through the Board of Tax Appeals, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, and eventually the Supreme Court in 1935. The concepts that evolved from the Gregory case include the business purpose test, continuity of business, the taxpayer’s right to minimize tax liability, step transaction doctrine, and the economic substance doctrine. As of November 30, 2010 the Gregory case had been cited 3,432 times, indicating that Gregory has passed the test of time. Earlier in this decade, the Treasury Department sought a codification of the economic substance doctrine, which had its origin in the Gregory case, as a necessary weapon to curb the growth of corporate tax shelters. While the doctrine had been part of the fabric of our tax system since Gregory, it had been eroded by some confusing and conflicting case law. On March 30, 2010 Congress granted this wish by codifying the economic substance rules as part of P.L. 111-152 entitled Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 Section 7701(o) of the Internal Revenue Code now reads: In the case of any transaction to which the economic substance doctrine is relevant, such transaction shall be treated as having economic substance only if -- (A) the transaction changes in a meaningful way (apart from Federal income tax effects) the taxpayer's economic position, and (B) the taxpayer has a substantial purpose (apart from Federal income tax effects) for entering into such transaction. In order to understand this new legislation it is necessary to explore the long and grand history of the Gregory case. In addition this paper will consider the merits and demerits of the codification of the economic substance doctrine.
Dendrimer-Polyelectrolyte Complexation: A Model Guest-Host System

Much experimental effort to realize possible uses of dendrimers has focused on the complexation of charged dendrimers to oppositely charged polyelectrolytes to form controlled delivery systems. Employing computer simulation and theory, we present a molecular-level picture of these guest−host aggregates and the conditions necessary for forming them. Specifically, we examine the equilibrium and dynamic complexation behavior of a monocentric dendrimer with charged terminal groups to a flexible, oppositely charged polyelectrolyte. Three different types of complexes are noted depending upon the solution ionic strength and the sizes of the dendrimer and chain. We find that a dendrimer may encapsulate a chain, a chain and a dendrimer may mutually interpenetrate, or a unique “chain-walking” phenomenon may be observed. The critical conditions for complexation, density profiles of the polyelectrolyte and the dendrimer in the complex, and the curious dynamics observed are discussed. A closed formula is proposed to d...
1991 LANL Mantle Convection Workshop

Since 1985, Los Alamos National Laboratory's (LANL) Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP) has hosted a mantle convection workshop. Each year, senior scientists and graduate students meet for 2 weeks of formal and informal presentations and hands-on working groups. The workshop format has been to define focus topics and activities which are discussed in small subgroups. Focus group reports are then made to summarize previous work and define avenues of future research on specific topics. From July 8 to 19, 1991, the primary focus of discussion was mantle plumes. Mantle discontinuities and the effect of tectonic plates upon mantle convection were focus topics in previous workshops. Additional focus topics for this workshop included the differences between 2D and 3D convection and a discussion of benchmark problems for the European convection workshop, held in August 1991 in Weilburg, Germany. In addition to presentations, focus group reports, and the exchange of ideas by geodynamics researchers, a number of guest speakers from related fields helped provide background on relevant model constraints, motivate discussion, and promote communication between fields.
Absence of phagocyte NADPH oxidase 2 leads to severe inflammatory response in lungs of mice infected with Coccidioides.

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX2) activity has been reported to contribute to host defense against numerous microbial pathogens. In this study we explored the role of NOX2 production in experimental coccidioidomycosis, a human respiratory disease caused by a soil-borne fungal pathogen. Activated and non-activated macrophages isolated from either NOX2(-/-) knock-out or wild type (WT) mice showed comparable ROS production and killing efficiency in vitro when infected with parasitic cells of Coccidioides. Both mouse strains also revealed similar fungal burden in their lungs and spleen at 7 and 11 days after intranasal challenge with Coccidioides spores, although the NOX2(-/-) mice died earlier than the WT strain. Immunization of the NOX2(-/-) and WT mice with a live, attenuated vaccine strain of Coccidioides also resulted in comparable reduction of the fungal burden in both lungs and spleen. These combined results initially suggested that NOX2 activity and ROS production are not essential for protection against Coccidioides infection. However, the reduced survival of non-vaccinated NOX2(-/-) mice correlated with high, sustained numbers of lung-infiltrated neutrophils on days 7 and 11 postchallenge, an expansion of the regulatory T cell population in infected lungs in the knock-out mice, and elevated concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in lung homogenates compared to infected WT mice. Although NOX2-derived ROS appeared to be dispensable for both innate and acquired immunity to pulmonary Coccidioides infection, evidence is presented that NOX2 production plays a role in limiting pathogenic inflammation in this murine model of coccidioidomycosis.
Standards, Networks, and Critique

From a technical point of view, standards make it possible to combine a variety of components into a functional system or network. From a strategic point of view, stories about standards are necessarily about power and control-they always either reify or change existing conditions and are always conscious attempts to shape the future in specific ways. Historians of computing also should think about the process of standardization in terms that are more common for cultural theorists and about conceptualize standardization as a process of critique. In some cases, engineers offered explicit critiques in published works, conference presentations, and statements to the press-candid commentary on existing market, regulatory, and technical controversies. In other cases, engineers challenged the status quo implicitly, not by dwelling on existing conditions but by building new standards, network architectures, and institutions. Attention to both explicit and implicit forms of critique can help historians to situate innovations in computer networking more deeply in the social worlds that created and used them.
AIDING GPS WITH CALIBRATED LORAN-C

GPS is currently being installed; when it is operational, five satellites will be in view virtually 100 percent of the time. However, the full constellation will not be in place for several years, and even then satellite failures may introduce coverage holes. Additionally, even with the full constellation, a GPS receiver will not always be able to monitor signal integrity unless some external aid is used. Loran-C can be used effectively to aid GPS. A hybrid receiver can combine Loran lines of position with GPS lines of position to provide a system with great integrity, reliability, and time availability. Indeed, Loran is independent of GPS and can be used to detect GPS system or receiver failures. However, the hybrid receivers must include sophisticated Loran propagation models, which account for both the spatial and temporal anomalies of the propagation paths. Fortunately, GPS can be used to efficiently gather the data for these models. Additionally, GPS observations could be used to calibrate (or tune) these models in real time. This paper reviews the theory of Loran propagation and gives a basic Loran pseudorange model. It also presents some basic approaches for combining Loran and GPS pseudoranges in a position-fixing receiver. Finally, it estimates the accuracy of the hybrid system.
Avoiding ebook “big deals”: alternatives to ebook backlists

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assert that libraries should actively seek and request alternatives to purchasing older ebook content rather than buying large ebook backlists. Currently publishers are offering the equivalent of the “big deal” with monographs through ebook backlists, and this is not a model that can or should be sustained by libraries.Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses experience the author gained through evaluating major ebook backlist promotional offers from 2012 and 2013, reviews library literature concerning ebook use, and reviews current purchase methods such as patron‐driven acquisition and firm ordering as alternatives to purchasing large ebook backlist packages.Findings – There does not appear to be agreement in library literature about use and preference for ebooks, but there does appear to be a consensus that users expect the availability of ebook content. However, that expectation is not reason enough to purchase older content in large quantities in a f...
Le télescope spatial de la nouvelle génération (NGST)

Resume La NASA a commence l'etude du successeur du telescope spatial Hubble. Le concept de base est un telescope de 8 m de diametre qui est deployable pour etre compatible avec les lanceurs actuels. Le telescope est optimise pour l'infrarouge (1–5 μm), mais avec des instruments capables d'observer du visible jusqu' a 30 μm. L'observatoire est refroidi passivement jusqu'a 30 K et serait lance par une fusee Atlas II-AS en orbite autour du deuxieme point de Lagrange du systeme Soleil-Terre.
Vibrational Circular Dichroism of Proteins in H2O Solution

Spectroscopic studies have historically been important for estimation of the average secondary structure of proteins. Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) is a hybrid of the more established electronic CD and infrared spectroscopies that combines the advantages of both (relatively high spectral resolution in IR region with high conformational sensitivity of CD methods). 1 For proteins the most valuable transition to study has proven to be the amide I band (assigned primarily to the C=O stretching of the amide group). Due to interference by water absorption band, all aqueous-phase VCD studies of the amide I have been done in D2O solution (termed as the amide I’). But the extent of deuteration is a poorly controlled parameter which leads to an ambiguity in interpretation of the data.
Addiction requires philosophical explanation, not mere redescription

Heyman's model explains the irrationality of addictive behavior, but it does not satisfactorily answer the question of whether this behavior is voluntary because it does not address the issue of the choice of preference functions. Furthermore, although Heyman disconfirms the disease model of addiction, this does not resolve the issue of whether addiction should be classified as a mental illness.
A prospective study of postmenopausal hormone use and ovarian cancer risk

The relationship between postmenopausal hormone use (PMH) and ovarian cancer risk is unclear, particularly for specific hormone formulations, but recent studies suggest that there is a positive association. We conducted a prospective observational study with 82 905 postmenopausal women, including 389 ovarian cancers, in the Nurses' Health Study from 1976 to 2002. Compared with never users of PMH, both current and past users of ⩾5 years had a significantly elevated risk of ovarian cancer (RR=1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.86 and relative risk (RR)=1.52, 95% CI 1.01–2.27, respectively). Examined by hormone type in continuous years, use of unopposed estrogen was associated with a significant increase in the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (P for trend <0.001; RR for 5-year increment of use=1.25, 95% CI 1.12–1.38). Use of estrogen plus progestin (RR for 5-year increment of use=1.04, 95% CI 0.82–1.32) was not significantly associated with ovarian cancer risk. Generally, results were similar for serous tumours (RR for 5-year increment of unopposed estrogen use=1.23, 95% CI 1.07–1.40) and slightly stronger for endometrioid tumours (RR for 5-year increment of unopposed estrogen use=1.53, 95% CI 1.20–1.94). Recency of use was not significantly associated with ovarian cancer risk, but statistical power was limited here.
Wavefunction sensitivity in quantum collision theory

We consider the sensitivity of the multichannel scattering wavefunction to the variation of input parameters including those that persist asymptotically. The effect is to generalize work by Hwang and Rabitz, and we examine in an appendix to the paper the relationship of our basic result to the corresponding expression of Hwang and Rabitz.
Network Integrated Transparent TCP Accelerator

Network device vendors have recently opened up the processing capabilities on their hardware platform to support third-party applications. In this paper, we explore the requirements and overheads associated with co-locating middlebox functionality on such computing resources on networking hardware. In particular, we use an example of TCP acceleration proxy (CHART) that improves throughput over networks with delay and loss. The CHART system, developed by HP and its partners provides enhanced TCP/IP performance and service quality guarantees by deploying performance accelerating proxies, which enables legacy clients to benefit by high-performance network service. Use of the TCP proxy, however, requires manual configuration on the clients changing http proxy and/or routing table settings. Can we remove the need to configure end-hosts by inserting a {\em transparent} TCP proxy in the path, without losing performance? To address this question, we implement the accelerator on HP's x86-based processing blade designed to integrate network applications within switch architecture as well as on low-end home routers with OpenWRT. We describe the implementation detail such as flow redirection for transparency and new mechanisms required for easy insertion of proxies in the network path. We also evaluate its performance on HP's experimental testbed in terms of throughput and additional processing overhead.
Spontaneous reinitiation of atrial fibrillation following transvenous atrial defibrillation.

Spontaneous reinitiation of atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been systematically looked at in patients undergoing transvenous AF. This study involved 11 patients, the mean age 60 ± 8 years. 3 male and 8 female, in whom transvenous atrial defibrillation successfully converted AF to sinus rhythm. Eight patients had paroxysmal AF and three patients had chronic persistent AF for 4 weeks or more. Four patients were taking antiarrhythmic medications at the time of testing. Multipolar transvenous catheters were positioned inside the coronary sinus, right atrium, and the right ventricle. Atrial defibrillation testing was performed using the METRIX atrial defibrillation system in nine patients and the Ventritex HVSO2 in the remaining two patients. A total of 64 therapeutic shocks (range 3–11) were delivered in the 11 patients, and 31 of these successfully converted AF to sinus rhythm. In four patients spontaneous AF was reinitiated following 12 successful transvenous atrial defibrillation episodes. The mean time to reinitiation of AF following shock delivery and restoration of sinus rhythm was 8.26 ± 5.25 seconds, range 1.8–19.9 seconds. All 12 episodes of spontaneous AF were preceded by a spontaneous premature atrial complex. The coupling interval of the premature atrial complexes was 443 ± 43 ms, range 390–510 ms. None of the patients taking antiarrhythmic medications or those demonstrating no premature atrial complexes had spontaneous reinitiation of AF. In conclusion, spontaneous reinitiation of AF can occur in a significant proportion of patients with AE undergoing transvenous atrial defibrillation. This phenomenon is preceded by the occurrence of atrial premature complex. Findings of this study may have significant clinical implications.(PACE 1998; 21:1105–1110)
PARASITE PREVALENCE AND THE SIZE OF HOST POPULATIONS: AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST

Although important in epidemiological theory, the relationship between the size of host populations and the prevalence of parasites has not been investigated empirically. Commonly used models suggest no relationship, but this prediction is sensitive to assumptions about parasite transmission. In laboratory populations, I manipulated the size of Tribolium castaneum flour beetle populations and measured the prevalence and distribution of a parasitic mite, Acarophenax tribolii. I found that parasite prevalence did not vary for a wide range of host population sizes. However, prevalence was lower in populations with less than 40 hosts. This effect cannot be attributed to changes in host population density because host density was held constant among treatments. The reduction in prevalence of small populations below a threshold that I observed is predicted by the extinction debt model, but it is not expected from models of host-parasite interactions that assume density-dependent transmission. The distribution of parasites, measured using Lloyd's patchiness index, was not affected by host population size. The mean crowding of parasites, however, was negatively related with host density. Finally, the prevalence of parasites in large populations did not differ from that found in sets of smaller patches as long as the smaller populations in aggregate were equivalent in size to the large population.
A characterization of thin titania layers deposited on polycrystalline Pt using ISS and ESCA

ISS and ESCA have been used to characterize titania overlayers on a polycrystalline Pt substrate as a function of pretreatment. Multilayers of TiO 2 were formed initially by vapor depositing Ti onto the Pt and then heating to 550 K in 1×10 −7 Torr of O 2 . Reduction in 10 −7 Torr H 2 and 550 K followed by flashing above 1100 K produced a very thin (one or two atoms thick) overlayer of reduced titania which covered more then 90% of the Pt surface as measured by ISS. This overlayer corresponds to the coverage required to completely suppress H 2 and CO chemisorption on these surfaces as determined previously by Ko and Gorte [Surface Sci. 161 (1985) 597]. These results directly contradict Levin et al. [Surface Sci. 169 (1986) 123] who stated that the coverage necessary for complete adsorption suppression in the study by Ko and Gorte corresponded to only one-third monolayer. ISS also shows that the titania species migrate into the bulk Pt at elevated temperatures and return to the surface during cooling.
Why is there no socialism in the united states

Many theories have been offered to explain the absence of socialism as a significant political force in the United States. Although no theory will satisfactorily explain a "non-happening," this article offers an unusual theory: that federalism is more powerful than any other factor. The influence of the federal structure is expressed in at least two ways. The first follows Madison's original design, that the states will be numerous and so different from one another that a strong movement in one will be difficult to spread to others. The second follows from the design of the national government whose policies for the first one hundred fifty years were few in number and limited mainly to patronage of individuals and husbandry of commerce. Since the national government was small and not directly involved in coercive policies (which were reserved to the state), there was little to validate the socialist critique.
The utility of six over-the-counter (home) pregnancy tests

Background The home pregnancy market is rapidly evolving. It has moved from detection of pregnancy on the day of missed menstrual bleeding, to detection claims 4 days prior. It is moving from all manual tests to digital tests, with a monitor reading the bands and informing women they are pregnant. A thorough study is needed to investigate the validity of claims and evolving usefulness of devices. Methods Studies were proposed to examine the sensitivity and specificity of home tests and their abilities to detect pregnancy. Methods examined the abilities of tests to detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), hyperglycosylated hCG, free β-subunit, a mixture of these antigens in 40 individual early pregnancy urines. Results Using a mixture of hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG and free β-subunit typical for early pregnancy, the sensitivity of the First Response manual and digital tests was 5.5 mIU/mL, while the sensitivities of the EPT and ClearBlue brand manual and digital tests was 22 mIU/mL. On further evaluation, the First Response manual and digital tests both detected 97% of 120 pregnancies on the day of missed menstrual bleeding. The EPT manual and digital devices detected 54% and 67% of pregnancies, respectively, and the ClearBlue manual and digital devices detected 64% and 54% of pregnancies, respectively. Conclusions First Response manual and digital claim >99% detection on the day of missed menses. The results here suggest similar sensitivity for these two tests. The EPT and ClearBlue manual and digital test make similar >99% claims, the data presented here disputes their elevated claim.
Contemporary geographies of exclusion II: lessons from Iowa:

Processes of exclusion both presuppose and reinforce boundaries. Yet the realities of globalization mean that such political and cultural boundaries are regularly and increasingly transgressed. Cro...
The effects of demineralized bone matrix and direct current on an “in vivo” culture of bone marrow cells

Bone marrow cells (BMCs) from rabbit femora and tibiae were grown in diffusion chambers implanted in rabbit muscle. At 42 days 80% of the BMC chambers exhibited cartilage formation within them. Demineralized bone matrix added to the marrow cell suspension in the chamber accelerated the appearance and increased the number of chambers with cartilage. Mineralization of the cartilage also occurred earlier in the chambers with bone matrix. In a second experiment, a 5-microA direct current cathode in the bone marrow chamber increased the number of chambers containing cartilage from 50 to 80% at day 25. Mineralization also occurred earlier in the chambers with direct current.
Real-Time Chat Reference and the Importance of Text-Chat

Summary One of real-time chat reference's strengths is the options it gives the librarian in terms of answering questions. Librarians can use text chat, send over a Web page (push pages), or let a patron watch them work over their computers. Options come with a price, though-transaction speed. While most librarians work from a speedy connection, patrons chatting with them are probably using slower dial-up connections. Chat software features are expanding quicker than most patrons can handle, so now it's time to focus on how to best serve the most patrons, instead of inadvertently catering to a select group of technologically savvy patrons with fast computers. Text chat is an excellent way to make sure the most patrons get the best results from real-time reference chats.
TRANSLATIONAL BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH IN CANCER GENETICS

Recent advances in the molecular genetics of cancer have created new opportunities for behavioral scientists interested in decision-making, risk communication, and health behavior. As part of a National Cancer Institute-sponsored workshop, behavioral scientists participated in breakout groups charged with generating suggestions for research priorities. The following five research priorities were identified for the area of genetic testing for cancer susceptibility: (1) enhancing informed decision-making about whether to be tested, (2) improving methods of cancer risk communication, (3) examining the psychosocial, clinical, and economic outcomes of testing, (4) evaluating the efficacy of psychological and behavioral interventions, and (5) evaluating approaches to prevent cancer in mutation carriers. Across each of these areas, family issues, ethnic and cultural issues, and economic implications should be evaluated.
Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology: National Institute on Drug Abuse's clinical research agenda.

Studies of drugs and behavior are a core component of virtually every portfolio within the broad purview of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Moreover, psychopharmacological research is an important vehicle for advancing understanding of how drugs of abuse produce their effects, particularly including addiction. However, as with all major public health issues, simply understanding the issue is not enough. NIDA's psychopharmacology projects, therefore, span basic, clinical, and applied (e.g., medication development) research activities. These include the establishment of a nationwide clinical trials network designed to provide an infrastructure to test both behavioral and psychopharmacological treatments in a real-life practice setting with diverse patients.