cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of renografin density gradient centrifugation and ion-exchange chromatography for purification of phony peach bacterium from plant extracts

Renografin density gradient centrifugation and carboxymethyl (CM)-and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography were compared for purification of cells of phony peach, rickettsia-like bacterium (RLB) from plant extracts. Centrifugation on 30–40% linear gradients resulted in four bands. Cells of RLB sedimented into the third band located 4.9–5.4 cm below the meniscus. Phase-contrast microscopy, plant peroxidase activity, and viable bacterial assays showed the resulting cells ofRLB to be relatively free of host contaminants. A typical purification from 120 ml of extract containing 7.2×109 RLB cells resulted in the recovery of 7.0×107 RLB cells. Cells ofRLB were not successfully purified byCM andDEAE chromatography. Unitil a medium is available for cultivation of plantRLB, Renografin density gradient centrifugation should be a useful tool for obtaining cells ofRLB for biochemical and serological investigations.
SPRITE: the Spitzer proposal review website

The Spitzer Science Center (SSC), located on the campus of the California Institute of Technology, supports the science operations of NASA's infrared Spitzer Space Telescope. The SSC issues an annual Call for Proposals inviting investigators worldwide to submit Spitzer Space Telescope proposals. The Spitzer Proposal Review Website (SPRITE) is a MySQL/PHP web database application designed to support the SSC proposal review process. Review panel members use the software to view, grade, and write comments about the proposals, and SSC support team members monitor the grading and ranking process and ultimately generate a ranked list of all the proposals. The software is also used to generate, edit, and email award letters to the proposers. This work was performed at the California Institute of Technology under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
An approach to the characterization of silica exposure in U.S. industry.

Quantitative evaluation of worker exposure to silica in nine Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes was conducted, using data derived from OSHA compliance inspections, in order to assess the silica exposure problem in the U.S. The nine SICs studied were those in which OSHA inspections were concentrated. They include: construction; chemical manufacture; stone, glass, and clay manufacturing; primary metal industries; metal fabrication; machinery; transportation; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries. High exposures to silica were documented in each industry, with the number of test samples over the permissible exposure limit ranging from 14% (aluminum foundries) to 73% (pottery). An estimation is made that 24,889 workers employed in ferrous and nonferrous foundries are at risk of silica-related pulmonary effects. The data developed in this analysis also indicate the need to investigate certain industries that had high exposures but few inspections. The limitations of the data base for estimating the scope of the silica problem, including lack of data on mining and milling, are discussed. We conclude that exposure to silica represents a continuing and significant problem in a number of U.S. industries.
Social isolation, cognitive decline, and cardiovascular disease risk

Some of the first observations in early psychology regarding human nature involved the importance of social connections to mental health. Humans are hypothesized to have a fundamental need to belong, which includes having meaningful, affectionate bonds from close relationships. Without such bonds humans are susceptible to psychological consequences, including negative affect and stress. Recently, research has begun to consider additional consequences of an unmet need to belong, including those impacting physiology, neurology, and physical health. Research employing animal models and human participants has provided converging evidence that social isolation is robustly and negatively associated with cognitive and cardiovascular function. In this review, we examine that evidence, review the possible mechanisms by which those associations form, and close by proposing avenues for future research to help elucidate these associations.
Concerns about Teaching Culturally Diverse Students

(1993). Concerns about Teaching Culturally Diverse Students. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 73-75.
Black-white differences in risk perceptions of breast cancer survival and screening mammography benefit.

BACKGROUND: Given differences in cancer survival by race, black women may differ from white women in breast cancer risk perceptions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate black-white differences in risk perceptions of breast cancer survival and screening mammography benefit. DESIGN: A written survey was administered to a random sample of women attending general internal medicine clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Black and white women, ages 40 to 69. MEASUREMENTS: Risk perceptions were measured regarding (1) average 5-year survival after a breast cancer diagnosis and (2) relative risk reduction of screening mammography. Women's risk perceptions were defined as being accurate, as well as more or less pessimistic. Measured patient characteristics included race, age, family history of breast cancer, income, insurance, education, and numeracy. Unadjusted Pearson χ2 tests and adjusted multivariable regression analyses were done. RESULTS: Black women were more likely than white women to accurately perceive breast cancer survival in both unadjusted (48% vs 26%, P<.001) and adjusted analyses (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=3.58; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.56 to 8.21). Black women were also more likely to accurately perceive the benefit of screening mammography in unadjusted (39% vs 15%, P<.001) and adjusted analyses (AOR=2.70; 95% CI=1.09 to 6.69). Black women were more likely to have a more pessimistic perception of mammography benefit in unadjusted (47% vs 15%, P<.0001) and adjusted analyses (AOR=3.94; 95% CI=1.62 to 9.56). CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of risk perceptions can help physicians to tailor patient education. Physician acknowledgment of more accurate risk perceptions among black women may serve as a basis to improve patient-physician communication.
Microencephaly and Hyperactivity in Adult Rats Can Be Induced by Neonatal Exposure to High Blood Alcohol Concentrations

Abstract To investigate whether or not blood alcohol concentration during the brain growth spurt has an influence on the permanency of alcohol-induced central nervous system damage, an artificial rearing technique was used to administer a daily dose of alcohol (6.6 g/kg/day) to neonatal rats during postnatal days 4 to 10. The alcohol was administered either in a condensed pattern over 8 h resulting in cyclic blood alcohol concentrations with high peaks, or uniformly over each 24-h period resulting in stable, but low peaks. The condensed alcohol exposure resulted in considerable microencephaly (20% to 25%), with significant growth deficits in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem of rats of either sex at day 10; there still was significant microencephaly (16% to 19%) in adult rats that received the condensed alcohol exposure as neonates. Furthermore, activity at day 90 in rats of either sex that had condensed alcohol exposure was elevated compared with that of the gastrostomy control group. In contrast, the rats having uniform alcohol exposure had only nonsignificant changes in brain weight both on day 10 and day 90 and did not exhibit hyperactivity at day 90. Thus, neonatal alcohol exposure producing high blood alcohol concentrations caused permanent deficits in brain growth and significant changes in activity, whereas the same daily dose of alcohol administered in a pattern that resulted in consistently low blood alcohol concentrations failed to produce either permanent microencephaly or increased activity. These data support the hypothesis that patterns of alcohol exposure that produce high concentrations in the blood, such as “binge-drinking,” increase the risk of permanent damage to the developing brain.
The C Terminus of the Histone Chaperone Asf1 Cross-Links to Histone H3 in Yeast and Promotes Interaction with Histones H3 and H4

The central histone H3/H4 chaperone Asf1 comprises a highly conserved globular core and a divergent C-terminal tail. While the function and structure of the Asf1 core are well known, the function of the tail is less well understood. Here, we have explored the role of the yeast (yAsf1) and human (hAsf1a and hAsf1b) Asf1 tails in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show, using a photoreactive, unnatural amino acid, that Asf1 tail residue 210 cross-links to histone H3 in vivo and, further, that loss of C-terminal tail residues 211 to 279 weakens yAsf1-histone binding affinity in vitro nearly 200-fold. Via several yAsf1 C-terminal truncations and yeast-human chimeric proteins, we found that truncations at residue 210 increase transcriptional silencing and that the hAsf1a tail partially substitutes for full-length yAsf1 with respect to silencing but that full-length hAsf1b is a better overall substitute for full-length yAsf1. In addition, we show that the C-terminal tail of Asf1 is phosphorylated at T270 in yeast. Loss of this phosphorylation site does not prevent coimmunoprecipitation of yAsf1 and Rad53 from yeast extracts, whereas amino acid residue substitutions at the Asf1-histone H3/H4 interface do. Finally, we show that residue substitutions in yAsf1 near the CAF-1/HIRA interface also influence yAsf1's function in silencing.
Long-term potentiation is associated with increased [3H]AMPA binding in rat hippocampus.

The location and nature of the changes underlying long-term potentiation (LTP) remain controversial issues. In this study, we tested the possibility that changes in binding properties of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)/quisqualate andN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors are associated with LTP. LTP was elcited in vivo by stimulation of the perforant pathway in anesthetized rats. One hour following stimulation the animals were sacrificed. We performed quantitative ligand binding autoradiography on frozen brain sections using [3H]AMPA and3H]N-(1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)-3,4-piperidine ([3H]TCP) to label the AMPA/quisqualate and the NMDA receptors, respectively. No changes in [3H]TCP binding were detected in any of the treatment groups. However, increases in [3H]AMPA binding were observed only in animals that exhibited LTP. These increases were bilateral and present in several subfields of the hippocampus and cortical areas. Administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, prior to tetanic stimulation prevented both the increase in binding and the induction of LTP. These results suggest that changes in the characteristics of AMPA/quisqualate receptors are a biochemical correlate of LTP.
Impacts of domestic and agricultural rainwater harvesting systems on watershed hydrology: A case study in the Albemarle-Pamlico river basins (USA)

Abstract Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is increasingly relevant in the context of growing population and its demands on water quantity. Here, we present a method to better understand the hydrologic impacts of urban domestic and agricultural rainwater harvesting and apply the approach to three diverse watersheds within the Albemarle-Pamlico river basins in the southeastern USA. We summarize the design strategy of RWH and use of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to simulate baseline and RWH scenarios for urban and agricultural land uses. A high adoption rate (75–100%) of RWH throughout the watersheds reduced the downstream average monthly water yield up to 16%. A lower adoption rate (25%) reduced water yield approximately 6% for the Back Creek watershed (NC). We also present a ten-year average monthly low flow-based rainwater-harvest yield index (rainwater-harvest/water yield) as a RWH metric when comparing downstream impact on flows. The current study is intended to inform water resource sustainability and management decisions at the watershed scale.
Humic Substance Formation via the Oxidative Weathering of Coal

Oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic matter in the Earth's surficial environment is one of the major processes in the geochemical carbon cycle on geological time scales. It has been assumed ...
XUV Source For Ultra-High Resolution Spectroscopy

A tunable vuv-xuv laser system with good pulse energy (>100mJ in the visible) and narrow bandwidth (<210MHz in the xuv) was built in order to do ultra-high resolution photoionization spectroscopy. The capabilities of this system have been demonstrated with a study of isotope shifts and hyperfine splitting in Kr Rydberg levels.
Transition of Neural Signals on Cylindrical Shells With Various Curvatures

Sensing and control are essential to achieving the high performance and high precision of modern aerospace structures and systems. Typical off-the-shelf sensors placed at discrete locations usually add additional weights and thus often influence dynamic responses of precision systems. Unlike the conventional discrete add-on sensors, thin lightweight piezoelectric layers can be spatially spread and distributed over the surfaces of precision structures. The purpose of this study is to investigate microscopic neural signal generations from infinitesimal piezoelectric neurons over a cylindrical shell panel of various curvature angles and to determine dominating signal components resulting from longitudinal or circumferential membrane strains or longitudinal or circumferential bending strains. Dynamic equations of cylindrical shells are defined first, followed by free-vibration analysis. Then, mode shape functions and modal spatial strain distributions are used to determine the signal generation of distributed neuron sensors laminated on a linear cylindrical shell panel. The microscopic signal generations of infinitesimal piezoelectric sensors or neurons are investigated for three different curvature angles, i.e., β* = 30°, 90°, and 150°, of a simply-supported cylindrical shell panel. Evaluating these three cases suggests that as the curvature increases from 0° to 360°, the neural signals from the membrane strain dominate for lower natural modes before the neural signals from the bending strain become dominating as the mode increases.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Developing a computer touch-screen interactive colorectal screening decision aid for a low-literacy African American population: lessons learned.

African Americans have higher colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality than White Americans and yet have lower rates of CRC screening. Increased screening aids in early detection and higher survival rates. Coupled with low literacy rates, the burden of CRC morbidity and mortality is exacerbated in this population, making it important to develop culturally and literacy appropriate aids to help low-literacy African Americans make informed decisions about CRC screening. This article outlines the development of a low-literacy computer touch-screen colonoscopy decision aid using an innovative marketing method called perceptual mapping and message vector modeling. This method was used to mathematically model key messages for the decision aid, which were then used to modify an existing CRC screening tutorial with different messages. The final tutorial was delivered through computer touch-screen technology to increase access and ease of use for participants. Testing showed users were not only more comfortable with the t...
Resolving Multiple Fluorescence Decays from Single Cytometric Events

Frequency-domain flow cytometry is simulated to demonstrate a new method of capturing multi-fluorescence decay on an event-by-event basis. The model proves that square wave modulation can provide for the resolution of multiple fluorescence lifetimes.
Systematic calculations of plasma transport coefficients for the Periodic Table

Theoretical results are given for the ionization state, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and thermoelectric coefficient for the entire Periodic Table over extreme ranges of temperature and density. A spherical average ion embedded in a uniform plasma background is used as a model to evaluate the electron densities of states, elastic scattering cross sections, and ionization states. These are then combined with one-component plasma structure factors to compute mean relaxation times and electrical resistivities according to an extended Ziman formula. The method of Lampe is used to compute thermal conductivities and thermoelectric coefficients from these values. Some experimental comparisons are made. The transport coefficients appear to be accurate for weakly and moderately correlated plasmas, but not for strongly correlated liquids or crystalline materials. The coefficients are tabulated as numerical functions of temperature and density. The tables extend in temperature from ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ to ${10}^{4}$ eV. Density ranges depend upon atomic mass; lower limits range from ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ to ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, and upper limits range from ${10}^{5}$ to ${10}^{7}$ g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. Indications are given of the regions of validity of the results.
Instability in Representational Role Orientation in a State Legislature: a Research Note

ESEARCH concerning representational role orientations, the way in which legislators relate themselves to their decision-making behavior, recognizes three distinct models: trustee, delegate, politico (Wahlke et al. 1962). The trustee claims to vote his convictions and principles as his conscience dictates. The delegate follows the wishes of his constituents even if they are contrary to his own. The politico is a combination of both the trustee and delegate roles. Much of the research dealing with representational roles assumes both implicitly and explicitly that representational role orientations remain constant over time. That is, it has been assumed that once a legislator becomes comfortable with a particular role orientation, he will generally maintain that role orientation throughout his legislative career. The assumption that roles remain stable over time is a prerequisite for those who argue that representational role orientations may be used as a general theory for explaining and predicting legislative behavior. Within the literature concerning representational roles, there are only a few studies that discuss the stability of role choice. These studies generally focus on the changing role patterns of freshman legislators and/or candidates for various legislative bodies (Bell and Price 1975; Clarke and Price 1981; Asher 1973). In an effort to extend that work, this note concerns change in the representational roles of non-freshman legislators.
Anodic response of glucose at copper-based alloy electrodes

Abstract The anodic response of glucose is compared for three Cu-based alloy electrodes (Ni10Cu90, Fe3Cu97 and Mn5Cu95) with that observed for a pure Cu electrode in the approximate potential region 0.00–0.80 V versus SCE in 0.10 M NaOH. Only the response at the Ni10Cu90 electrode is concluded to involve a redox-mediated mechanism based on voltammetric evidence for a surface redox process in the potential region of glucose response. The anodic response for glucose at the Mn5Cu95 electrode is significantly larger than that obtained for the other electrodes. This larger sensitivity at the Mn5Cu95 electrode is attributed to the kinetic benefit that results from preadsorption of glucose molecules at Mn-sites at the surface of the oxide-covered alloy electrode.
Functional conditions of micturition induced by selective sacral anterior root stimulation: experimental results in a canine animal model.

Electrical stimulation of the sacral anterior roots using conventional rectangular current pulses results in a simultaneous contraction of the urinary bladder and the striated urethral sphincter. Using a tripolar nerve cuff electrode with quasitrapezoidal current pulses and appropriate stimulation parameters, hyperpolarization of the nerve-fiber cell membrane under the anode of the stimulating electrode can reversibly arrest action potential propagation in large myelinated nerve fibers, innervating the striated urethral sphincter, while leaving action potential propagation unaffected in small non-myelinated nerve fibers innervating the urinary bladder smooth muscle (anodal arrest). Using this technique in 19 female mongrel dogs, we studied the effect of bladder filling, level of anesthesia, and sacral deafferentation on bladder pressure, urethral pressure, and urinary flow. Effective micturition could be induced only after complete dorsal rhizotomy, abolishing reflex contraction of the striated urethral sphincter, when blocking quasitrapezoidal current pulses were used for stimulation. Stimulation with rectangular current pulses directly induced a rise in distal urethral pressure, preventing micturition during stimulation.
Forging Ahead: The 2003 APA Division 30 Definition of Hypnosis.

The article describes the rationale for and the process of developing a new definition of hypnosis by the Society of Psychological Hypnosis, Division 30 of the American Psychological Association. Both theoretical and practical implications led to the production of the definition, which is targeted toward informing clinicians, researchers, and the lay public alike. The definition is presented at the conclusion of the article.
Congenital dermal sinus tract in the lateral buttock: unusual presentation of a typically midline lesion

Congenital dermal sinus tracts most commonly involve the midline and may communicate with the central nervous system. We present a 3-year-old girl with a pit in the upper lateral buttock noted since birth. Surgical exploration revealed a firm tract that dissipated in the gluteal fascia, and ultrasound confirmed the absence of any deeper extension. Microscopic examination revealed a sinus tract lined by dermal appendages and surrounded by an exuberant inflammatory reaction to hair. This location is distinctly unusual, and our report expands the clinical spectrum of congenital dermal sinus tracts and raises awareness that lesions prone to having a connection with the central nervous system may present quite laterally. Furthermore, this case provides insight into the pathogenesis of a disease that is often explained as a "defect of midline closure" and also illustrates an unusual setting for so-called "pilonidal disease."
Shape matters, not the size: a new approach to extract secrets from channel

Existing secret key extraction techniques use quantization to map wireless channel amplitudes to secret bits. This paper shows that such techniques are highly prone to environment and local noise effects: They have very high mismatch rates between the two nodes that measure the channel between them. This paper advocates using the shape of the channel instead of the size (or amplitude) of the channel. It shows that this new paradigm shift is significantly robust against environmental and local noises. We refer to this shape-based technique as Puzzle. Implementation in a software-defined radio (SDR) platform demonstrates that Puzzle has a 63% reduction in bit mismatch rate than the state-of-art frequency domain approach (CSI-2bit). Experiments also show that unlike the state-of-the-art received signal strength (RSS)-based methods like ASBG, Puzzle is robust against an attack in which an eavesdropper can predict the secret bits using planned movements.
Adsorption of saturated hydrocarbons on the Si(111)-7 × 7 surface studied by photoelectron and photon stimulated desorption spectroscopies

Abstract Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and photon stimulated desorption (PSD) experiments were carried out to follow the thermal chemistry of methane- (CH 4 ), neopentane- (C 5 H 12 ), and adamantane- (C 10 H 16 )-dosed-Si(111)-7 × 7 surfaces. Both methane and adamantane adsorb molecularly on the 7 × 7 reconstructed Si surface at temperatures of 30 and 85 K, respectively. In contrast, at low coverages ( 15 molecules/cm 2 , 85 K; 0.4 ML), a fraction of the neopentane adlayer adsorbs dissociatively; at higher coverages, neopentane adsorption is predominantly molecular. Conversely, the adamantane and neopentane adlayers desorb at temperatures of ∼200 and 115 K, respectively, for heating rates of ∼1 K/min. No desorption temperature was determined for methane, but the methane adlayer was observed to desorb below 100 K. As determined by both PES and PSD, annealed adamantane- and neopentane-dosed surfaces react to form nearly identical surfaces. Si 2p core-level spectra show chemically shifted components of 0.48±0.05, 1.00±0.05, and 1.50±0.05 eV with respect to the bulk component. This demonstrates formation of Si(CH y ) x ( x =1-3; y =0-3) type surface species. The H + PSD spectra of the thermally reacted surfaces were measured and show chemical shifts of ∼0.7 eV with respect to bulk Si and two sharp resonances at 100.7 and 101.3 eV. The edge shift and associated structure highlights the chemical specificity of PSD and demonstrates its utility for following surface chemical reactions.
Use of parenteral human globulin in acute, chronic, and recurrent urinary tract infections.

Abstract Sixty four patients with recurrent or chronic urinary tract infections without evidence of disease demonstrated by conventional diagnostic methods underwent serum immunoglobulin studies. Only 23 were shown to have a deficiency of immune globulins, IgA, IgM, or IgG. Treatment with parenteral globulins resulted in sterile urine for the three-year follow-up period. Other urologists are urged to try this treatment under the conditions outlined.
Donor complex with tunneling hydrogen in pure germanium

LBL-10499 Preprint UNIV RSITY 0 CALIFORNIA, Submitted to Physical Review B A DONOR COMPLEX WITH TUNNELING HYDROGEN IN PURE GERMANIUM B. Jo6s, E. E. Haller and L. M. Falicov February 1980 APR 2 5 1980 TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY This is a Library Circulating Copy wh may be borrowed two weeks. a personal retention copyy call Info. Division; Ext 6782. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48
Concentration of Milk and Whey Using Composite, Spiral Wound, Reverse Osmosis Membranes

Abstract Two types of spiral wound, composite, reverse osmosis membranes, referred to as Phase I and Phase II, were studied in the concentration of milk and whey. The membranes can tolerate a pH range of 2 to 13, 50ppm available Cl, 100ppm H 2 O 2 , and temperatures up to 52°C. Two phase II membranes, Part A and Part B, sanitized using 50ppm available Cl and 100ppm H 2 O 2 , respectively, had average water fluxes of 71 an 69 L/m 2 h, respectively, at standard operating conditions. Phase II, Part A and Part B membranes had average NaCl rejections of 96.7 and 97.8%, respectively. Phase I modules had significantly lower permeate fluxes and salt rejections and significantly higher flux decline parameters than the Phase II membranes. The Phase II, Part B membranes had average permeate fluxes at a concentration factor of 2 for sweet whey, acid whey, and skim milk of 29, 36, and 14 L/m 2 h at standard operating conditions. The Phase II, Part B membranes had significantly higher average permeate fluxes than Phase II, Part A and Phase I membranes. Phase II membranes exhibited comparable or better performance than cellulose acetate membranes and can be used more easily in the dairy industry.
Faith and Behavior: Religion in Introductory Psychology Texts of the 1950s and 1970s.

Examination of text content reveals that authors do not reflect the increased interest in psychology/religion shown by other criteria.
Differential equation models for sharp threshold dynamics.

We develop an extension to differential equation models of dynamical systems to allow us to analyze probabilistic threshold dynamics that fundamentally and globally change system behavior. We apply our novel modeling approach to two cases of interest: a model of infectious disease modified for malware where a detection event drastically changes dynamics by introducing a new class in competition with the original infection; and the Lanchester model of armed conflict, where the loss of a key capability drastically changes the effectiveness of one of the sides. We derive and demonstrate a step-by-step, repeatable method for applying our novel modeling approach to an arbitrary system, and we compare the resulting differential equations to simulations of the system’s random progression. Our work leads to a simple and easily implemented method for analyzing probabilistic threshold dynamics using differential equations.
Participation in Household and Paid Labor: Effects on Perceptions of Role-Taking Ability

Our work contributes to research on variation in role-taking by investigating changes in perceptions of role-taking ability over time as a result of exposure to situations and activities typically associated with others; that is, we investigate how “walking in others' shoes” contributes to individuals' perceptions of role-taking ability. Using a sample of newly married couples, we examine the effects of participation in nonnormative domains on such perceptions. We suggest that the more husbands participate in household labor activities, the more they will perceive that they can role-take with their wives; the more wives participate in paid labor activities, the more they will perceive that they can role-take with their husbands. We find, however, that these effects depend on the couple's gender ideology; this point suggests that individuals must be open to the knowledge such experiences provide. We consider the implications of our findings for research on the division of family labor.
Effects of pretraining US density and test ITI upon the acquisition of autoshaping

Four groups of pigeons were tested for the acquisition of autoshaping to a green key CS following 30 days of pretraining involving intermittent, unsignaled US (food) presentations. The groups were arranged in a 2 by 2 factorial design with two levels of pretraining schedule (VT 30 sec vs. VT 90 sec) and two levels of test schedule (VT 30 sec vs. VT 90 sec). The data revealed a main effect of test schedule such that subjects tested under the VT 90-sec schedule acquired the keypeck CR faster than subjects tested under the VT 30-sec schedule. There was no main effect of pretraining schedule and no interaction effect between pretraining and testing schedules. Implications for theories of acquisition and retardation of autoshaping are discussed.
Identifying undergraduate media literacy skills: An exploratory study of faculty perceptions

Given the complex nature of the multi-media landscape available to undergraduate students, understanding how and how well these users make decisions in comprehending and critiquing media information has implications on the tools and quality of teaching and learning in the academy. In this research study, a small sample of faculty members who use visual content in their teaching were interviewed to learn what attributes they identify as important media literacy skills for students. The results support a model of core skills associated with media literacy. Findings from this exploratory study will inform a larger scale research project that investigates the assessment techniques for media literacy skills and based on which, develops a practical framework for media literacy assessment.
A frequency hopping spread spectrum transmission scheme for uncoordinated cognitive radios

One of the major challenges to cognitive radios is the synchronization of distributed radios onto the same spectrum white spaces which vary in time and space. In this paper, we propose a frequency-hopping spread spectrum transmission scheme which works reliably without any a priori handshaking assumption. Each cognitive radio independently detects white spaces, and then selects one of them to transmit or receive signals according to a pre-defined frequency hopping pattern. While exploiting the reliability of the white space detection capability of cognitive radios, the new scheme is robust to even large detection errors. According to the accuracy of the spectrum sensing, both the secondary data rate and the interference to primary users can be optimized by adjusting the spreading gain. Its performance is analyzed and demonstrated by simulations.
SOIM: a self-organizing invertible map with applications in active vision

We propose a novel neural network, called the self-organized invertible map (SOIM), that is capable of learning many-to-one functionals mappings in a self-organized and online fashion. The design and performance of the SOIM are highlighted by learning a many-to-one functional mapping that exists in active vision for spatial representation of three-dimensional point targets. The learned spatial representation is invariant to changing camera configurations. The SOIM also possesses an invertible property that can be exploited for active vision. An efficient and experimentally feasible method was devised for learning this representation on a real active vision system. The proof of convergence during learning as well as conditions for invariance of the learned spatial representation are derived and then experimentally verified using the active vision system. We also demonstrate various active vision applications that benefit from the properties of the mapping learned by SOIM.
Effects of copper sulfate toxicity on cercariae and metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni and Echinostoma trivolvis and on the survival of Biomphalaria glabrata snails.

Copper in the form of copper sulfate (CuSO4) decreases the survival of Biomphalaria glabrata snails, but the effects of this molluscicide on Echinostoma caproni and Echinostoma trivolvis, 2 species of digeneans that use B. glabrata as intermediate hosts, are not known. Studies were done on the effects of various concentrations of CuSO4 in artificial spring water (ASW) on the survival and infectivity of E. caproni and E. trivolvis cercariae. Solutions containing 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01% CuSO4 were 100% lethal within 2 hr of exposure for both species. Time to 50% mortality in 0.001% CuSO4 was 8 hr for E. caproni and 16 hr for E. trivolvis; at 24 hr, the controls showed 50 and 65% mortality, respectively. Treatment of cercariae of both species for 0.5 hr in 0.001% CuSO4 had no effect on the ability of cercariae to form normal cysts in juvenile B. glabrata snails. However, treatment with 0.01% CuSO4 for 0.5 hr caused a significant reduction in the ability of cercariae of both species to encyst in snails. Treatment...
Robust learning of affective trait associations with faces when the hippocampus is damaged, but not when the amygdala and temporal pole are damaged

People can form evaluative associations with faces after obtaining a small amount of behavioral information. We studied whether patients with medial temporal lobe amnesia can form such associations. Participants were presented with trustworthy- and untrustworthy-looking faces paired with positive or negative descriptions of behaviors. After the learning task, they were asked to rate the same faces on trait dimensions—trustworthiness, likeability and competence—and to make forced-choice judgments between faces. Normal young and older adults judged faces that had been associated with positive behaviors more positively than faces that had been associated with negative behaviors. A patient with hippocampal lesions showed similar learning effects. In contrast, two patients with hippocampal lesions that extended into the left amygdala and temporal pole showed little evidence of learning. All patients judged trustworthy-looking faces more positively than untrustworthy-looking faces. The findings suggest that the hippocampus is not critical for learning affective associations between traits and faces.
An X chromosome-wide association study in autism families identifies TBL1X as a novel autism spectrum disorder candidate gene in males.

Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component. The skewed prevalence toward males and evidence suggestive of linkage to the X chromosome in some studies suggest the presence of X-linked susceptibility genes in people with ASD.
An electron microscope study of yolk formation during oogenesis in Lebistes reticulatus guppyi.

The present investigation describes the fine structural changes that occur during proteid yolk formation in the developing oocytes of the guppy ( Lebistes reticulatus ), an ovoviviparous teleost. These changes suggest the operation of a number of different intra- and extraoocyte processes that may account for the synthesis and deposition of the proteid yolk. Early in oogenesis, the egg9s Golgi systems proliferate and begin to disclose an electron-opaque content. Numerous 70-mµ diameter vesicles apparently pinch off from the Golgi systems, transport this material through the egg, and probably then fuse to form a crenate, membrane-limited yolk droplet. At the same time, the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum accumulates a flocculent substance that differs in appearance from the Golgi content. Smooth vesicles, presumably derived from the ER, then coalesce to form a second type of intraoocyte yolk droplet. These dissimilar, separately derived droplets subsequently fuse, thus combining the materials that constitute the intraoocyte contribution to the proteid yolk. Somewhat later in development, the egg appears to ingest extracellular material via 75-mµ diameter bristle-coated micropinocytotic pits and vesicles. These structures apparently fuse to form tubules which then coalesce into large yolk droplets. At a later stage, bristle-coated micropinocytotic vesicles of 100 mµ diameter presumably take up a material that is then probably immediately deposited into a second type of proteid yolk droplet. It is postulated that these two different micropinocytotic structures are specifically involved with the selective uptake of dissimilar extracellular proteid materials.
The effect of public opinion on advertising strategies: The canadian cigarette industry

Abstract This study examines the patterns of sales and advertising in the Canadian cigarette industry during the 1970's, a period marked by growing public concern over the health risk of smoking and a decline in smoking's social acceptability. Simultaneous equations were used to represent the effect of advertising on the sales of both regular and low-tar cigarettes, as well as the simultaneous effect of lagged sales on advertising decision-making. The conclusions drawn give insight as to how the manufacturers made advertising allocation decisions during this turbulent period.
Genome analysis of an orange stem pitting citrus tristeza virus isolate reveals a novel recombinant genotype

An orange stem pitting citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolate CTV-B165 was found to be symptomatically similar to other known CTV-VT isolates however molecular methods failed to classify it as an identifiable CTV genotype. The sequence variation of the Indian CTV-B165 isolate was compared to the three well known CTV genotypes, T36, T30, and VT. The genome of the predominant component of CTV-B165 was 19,247 nt in length with 12 open reading frames (ORFs) and was structurally identical to the other CTV isolates. All the completely sequenced CTV isolates except the VT isolate were 2-55 nt longer than the CTV-B165. In comparison to the other fully sequenced T36, T30 and VT genotypic isolates, CTV-B165 had nucleotide identity of 72-86% in ORF1 and 92-99% in ORFs 2-11. Sequence data of independent overlapping clones from the CTV-B165 genome showed highly divergent sequences of the overlapping region of 5'-UTR and ORF1a, the inter-domain region of ORF1a and the partial regions of ORF2. Phylogenetic analysis of five domains of ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2 revealed that CTV-B165 isolate distinctly segregates from the existing three genotypes in the dendrograms and was supported by high bootstrap values and robust tree topology. The PHYLPRO graphical analysis showed multiple recombination signals with significant correlation values. The precise detection of recombination sites for different genomic regions in CTV sequences was supported by several recombination-detecting methods. Collectively, the phylogenetic and recombination analyses suggest that the observed CTV-B165 genotype variation is an outcome of inter-genotype recombination. To determine the presence of the CTV-B165 genotype a pair of genome specific primers was designed and standardized for reliable detection of the novel CTV genotype by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.
The Identification of Thin Dielectric Objects from Far Field or Near Field Scattering Data

We consider the inverse scattering problem of determining the shape and the material properties of a thin dielectric infinite cylinder having an open arc as cross section from knowledge of the TM-polarized scattered electromagnetic field at a fixed frequency. We investigate two reconstruction approaches, namely the linear sampling method and the reciprocity gap functional method, using far field or near field data, respectively. Numerical examples are given showing the efficaciousness of our algorithms.
CD4+ CD8+ murine intestinal intraepithelial Iymphocytes

We have studied a population of CD4+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes using two-color flow cytometric analyses, and in highly purified fluorescent-activated cell-sorted preparations. Although CD4+ T cells present within the epithelial immune compartment comprised only approximately 10-20% of the total intestinal epithelial lymphoid cells, an unusually high proportion of those CD4+ lymphocytes expressed a CD4+CD8+ phenotype which is rarely encountered in peripheral T cells. By comparison, CD4+ lymphocytes from spleen or lymph nodes existed exclusively as single-positive T cells. Analyses of CD4 and CD8 expression on lymphocytes from Peyer's patches, the lamina propria, and IEL indicated that CD4+CD8+ lymphocytes were unique to the IEL. Using CD4+CD8+ preparations obtained by fluorescent-activated cell sorting, CD4+CD8+ epithelial T cells were found also to express CD3 and Thy-1 surface markers. This heretofore undescribed extrathymic population of double-positive T cells constitutes a unique peripheral T cell subset which may be involved in intestinal T cell maturation and development, or could represent a highly specialized effector population.
The triplet spectrum of tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione

The low-temperature single-crystal spectrum of TMCBD has revealed a low-lying triplet state at 25 718 cm-1 (72·5 kcal/mol). The observed band is ascribed to a 3 Au (3 A 2) ← 1 Ag nπ* transition on the basis of its small singlet-triplet splitting, its polarization behaviour, and its vibrational structure. The 3 Au state is first-order spin-orbit coupled to either or both of the 1 B 2u or 1 B 3u states. No evidence for two or more nπ* transitions was found. Several multi-membered progressions in the carbonyl wagging mode indicate the presence of a distorted excited state, in which the carbonyl carbons attain a pyramidal conformation. Analysis of the site symmetry shows that TMCBD is distorted to a boat-shaped C 2v structure in its triplet nπ* state.
Quasi-supercontinuum interband lasing characteristics of quantum dot nanostructures

We present the first analysis of wideband-stimulated emission in semiconductor quantum-dot laser. Our theoretical model reveals critical occurrence of broadband lasing when the energy spacing between quantized energy states (DeltaE) is comparable to dot inhomogeneity.
Inhaled naphthalene causes dose dependent Clara cell cytotoxicity in mice but not in rats.

Abstract Current OSHA standards for naphthalene exposure are set at 10 ppm (time-weighted average) with a standard threshold exposure concentration of 15 ppm. While several studies have thoroughly delineated the time course and dose response of injury by naphthalene administered ip, the pattern and severity of injury by inhalation exposure are unknown. These studies compare the regiospecific and dose-dependent cytotoxicity of naphthalene after inhalation exposure. Mice and rats were exposed for 4 h to naphthalene vapor at concentrations of 0–110 ppm. In rats, no injury was observed in the lung epithelium at exposure concentrations up to 100 ppm. Exposures as low as 2 ppm produced proximal airway injury in mice, with increased severity in a concentration-dependent fashion up to 75 ppm. Terminal airways of exposed mice exhibited little or no injury at low concentrations (1–3 ppm). Exposures of 8.5 ppm or higher were required to produce injury to Clara cells in the terminal airways. In contrast, administration of naphthalene (≤200 mg/kg ip) caused Clara cell cytotoxicity, which was limited to distal airways in mice. Higher doses (>300 mg/kg) extended the injury pattern toward the lobar bronchus. We conclude (1) the pattern of injury to naphthalene is highly dependent on the route of exposure, (2) lung injury to inhaled naphthalene is species dependent, and (3) Clara cells of mouse airways are exquisitely sensitive to inhaled naphthalene at concentrations well below the current OSHA standard for human exposure.
Blended Learning and Sense of Community: A Comparative Analysis with Traditional and Fully Online Graduate Courses

Blended learning is a hybrid of classroom and online learning that includes some of the conveniences of online courses without the complete loss of face-to-face contact. The present study used a causal-comparative design to examine the relationship of sense of community between traditional classroom, blended, and fully online higher education learning environments. Evidence is provided to suggest that blended courses produce a stronger sense of community among students than either traditional or fully online courses.
Massive extracellular tryptase from activated bladder mast cells in interstitial cystitis.

W report the case of a 51-year-old woman who presented with clinical symptoms of pelvic and bladder pain, urinary frequency, and bloating and irritability of 3 years’ duration. Her symptoms were often precipitated by stress or occurred during ovulation. The pertinent medical history included type I diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. Skin biopsies of suspected pigmented areas performed at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1998 identified urticaria pigmentosa. However, the bone marrow biopsy for the possible diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis was negative for increased mast cells. The serum total tryptase level (measured at the Virginia Commonwealth University in 2000) was more than 100 ng/mL (normal considered to be less than 5 ng/mL) on two occasions. Cystoscopy under general anesthesia (performed at St. Bernadine Medical Center, California in 2000 and 2001) revealed glomerulations in about 50% of the bladder. Thus, interstitial cystitis was diagnosed according to the criteria established by the National Institutes of Health.1 Bladder biopsies of this patient, processed for routine pathologic examination and stained with toluidine blue, evidently contained few or no mast cells on two occasions. Increased bladder mast cells have emerged as the most consistent pathologic finding in interstitial cystitis.2 Unfortunately, routine formalin fixation of biopsy specimens leads to understaining of mucosal mast cells with toluidine blue, which also cannot recognize fully activated (degranulated) mast cells.2 Immunocytochemical staining for the unique mast cell protease, tryptase, adequately recognizes both connective tissue and mucosal mast cells.2 Bladder biopsy specimens from this patient obtained from the same areas sent for routine pathologic examination were stained for tryptase, as previously described.3 Figure 1 reveals massive extracellular tryptase, indicated by red staining. This technique also identifies the extreme mast cell activation (Fig. 1C).