cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-competition in editing of chloroplast RNA transcripts in vitro implicates sharing of trans-factors between different C targets.

C→U plant organellar RNA editing is required for the translation of evolutionarily conserved and functional proteins. 28 different C targets of RNA editing have been identified in maize chloroplasts, and hundreds of Cs are edited in mitochondria. Mutant analysis in Arabidopsis has indicated that absence of a single site-specific recognition protein can result in loss of editing of a single C target, raising the possibility that each C target requires a recognition protein. Here we show that transcripts encompassing two editing sites, ZMrpoB C467 and ZMrps14 C80, can compete editing activity from each other in vitro despite limited sequence similarity. The signal causing competition overlaps a 5′-cis element required for editing efficiency. A single five-nucleotide mutation spanning the region from –20 to –16 relative to the edited C of rpoB C467 is sufficient to eliminate its substrate editing as well as its ability to compete editing activity from rps14 C80 substrates. A corresponding mutation in an rps14 C80 competitor likewise eliminated its ability to compete editing activity from rpoB C467 substrates. Taken together, our results indicate that the RNA sequences mediating both editing efficiency and cross-competition are highly similar and that a common protein is involved in their editing. Sharing of trans-factors can facilitate editing of the large number of different C targets in plant organelles so that a different protein factor would not be required for every editing site.
Salience of Crime and Support for Harsher Criminal Sanctions.

This paper examines the relation between the salience of crime and support for harsher legal sanctions (capital punishment, harsher courts) in American public opinion. Many of the “simple theories” of effect are not supported. People who are more afraid or who have been victimized do not necessarily favor harsher sanctions. At the ecological level, in environments which are characterized by higher rates of crime and greater fear of crime, respondents do not express a greater demand for harsher sanctions. However, public opinion and the “ideology” of crime and punishment are much more consistent in high risk areas.
The semester program as a tool for public affairs/public administration education

The conceptualization and methodology of undergraduate professional education for public affairs/public administration has received little attention in the professional literature. The purpose of this article is to stimulate an interchange of ideas relevant to teaching in the field through a discussion of experiential learning as a necessary, but not sufficient, component of the preprofessional student's education and a description of the semester programs of the School of Public Administration, University of Southern California, as a viable tool for incorporating experimental education into a public affairs/public administration curriculum.
Tissue typing for hematopoietic cell transplantation : Newer techniques and newer antigens for which cross-matching is helpful

Abstract: Refinements in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing techniques for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have permitted a more precise assessment of donor-recipient histocompatibility, which has impacted transplantation outcomes. More recently, differences in transplant outcomes associated with killer immunoglobulin-like receptor compatibility have emphasized the potential importance of natural killer (NK) cell typing in HCT. This article reviews the current state of the art for HCT donor selection based on both HLA and NK cell typing.
Vanadate selectively inhibits the K0+-activated Na+ efflux in squid axons

Abstract The effects of internally applied 1 mM vanadate on the Na + efflux in dialysed squid axons were found to depend on the presence of external K + . In K + -free artificial sea water, vanadate did not produce any change in the rate of Na + efflux, whereas in the presence of 10 mM K + the Na + efflux was reduced to values even lower than those observed in the absence of K + (inversion of the K + -free effect). In vanadate-poisoned axons, K + and NH 4 + at low concentrations activated Na + efflux, but at high concentrations both cations were inhibitory. However, NH 4 + was always a better activator and a poorer inhibitor than K + .
Double Entendre: Listening for Angels

Summary This article is an interpretation of the figure of the double across several of J.M. Coetzee's works. It argues that the double serves principally as a metaphor for meaning and investigates the way in which Coetzee's works position themselves on the threshold of meaning, exploring how literary characters enter into, or remain excluded from, a world of discourse and representation. The peculiar and paradoxical narrative space Coetzee creates is one peopled by lives without stories, one where “life” and “story” or “meaning” seem to be mutually exclusive categories. Coetzee explores how lives ostensibly outside meaning become storied. This advent of meaning, or passage into meaning, I suggest, is also a metonymy for the passage of extradiscursive and extraliterary characters into history, into literature and into truth. By positioning his characters at the boundaries of meaning, and interrogating the “conditions of messengerhood”, Coetzee is able to express his ambivalence about the success or even t...
Large elasto-plastic strain analysis of flanged hole forming

Abstract This paper describes an analysis of stresses and deformation using the finite element method in a flanged hole produced by punch stretching during a sheet metal forming process. Due to the complexity of the finite strain theory for inelastic materials, the analysis is restricted to the membrane shell theory with axisymmetric deformation. The Lagrangian description of motion referred to a set of convected coordinates is used in the formulation. A computer program based upon the modified tangent stiffness method with an equilibrium check has been written. For the purpose of verification of the program, we applied it to compute the finite inelastic deformation of a circular sheet caused by stretch from a hemispherical punch. The present computer solution is in excellent agreement with those in the literature. The program was applied to analyze flanged hole forming with four different punch shapes. The results reveal that the strain path during the forming process is not affected by the punch shape but the maximum punch load depends on the punch shape.
Structural Evolution and Li Dynamics in Nanophase Li3PS4 by Solid-State and Pulsed-Field Gradient NMR

The ceramic lithium ion conductor β-Li3PS4 has a disordered and nanoporous structure that leads to an enhancement in ionic conductivity by some 3 orders of magnitude compared to the crystalline γ phase. The β phase is prepared by thermal treatment of an inorganic–organic complex based on Li3PS4 and THF. Multinuclear (1H, 6,7Li, 31P) solid-state NMR spectroscopy is used to characterize the structural phase evolution of the starting material at various steps in the thermal treatment. The β phase formed after high temperature treatment is recognized as spectroscopically distinct from the bulk γ-Li3PS4 compound. Also formed is an amorphous lithium thiophosphate phase that is metastable as verified by annealing over an extended period. Lithium ion self-diffusion coefficients are measurable by standard pulsed-field gradient NMR methods at 100 °C and with values consistent with the high ionic conductivity previously reported for this material.
Acute depletion of thyroid ATP and pyridine nucleotides following injection of iodine in the rat.

Adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) and pyridine nucleotides (PN) have been measured in thyroids of normal rats 30 min after injection of 25 or 250 μg of iodide. A significant decrease in thyroidal ATP occurred as early as 5 min and lasted at least 60 min after injection of 250 μg of iodide. A larger response was induced by 250 than by 25 μg of iodide. When measured at 30 min, thyroidal PN were also decreased by iodide injection. Iodide had no effect on the ATP or PN content of the liver. The effects of iodide on ATP concentrations in the thyroids of hypophysectomized rats were similar to those seen in intact rats; its effects on PN concentration were not measured. The response of both ATP and PN concentrations could be prevented by injection of sodium perchlorate or sodium thiocyanate, but not by propylthiouracil. It appears, therefore, that the fall in ATP after iodide injection is related to the transport, but not to the organification, step of the thyroidal iodine metabolism and that the parallel decrease...
Neurosurgical treatment of medically intractable status epilepticus.

Abstract Medically intractable status epilepticus can be defined as status epilepticus (SE) that persists or recurs despite medical treatment with intravenous agents that suppress cortical activity. We describe the successful neurosurgical treatment of three patients with medically intractable status epilepticus who responded either to focal resection, multiple subpial transection, or callosal section. The duration of medically intractable status epilepticus before surgery ranged between 23 and 42 days, and multiple medical complications occurred during the failed medical therapy. We suggest that patients with medically intractable status epilepticus who fail to respond to three courses of cerebral suppressant therapy for ∼2 weeks be considered for surgical treatment in the absence of any known remitting etiology. Focal resection and/or subpial transection is preferred for intractable partial SE with focal electrographic changes or a focal lesion demonstrated by structural or functional neuroimaging. Corpus callosotomy may be used for patients with generalized or non-localizable intractable status epilepticus.
Singular differential game numerical techniques

This paper develops a numerical technique to solve a class of zero-sum differential games with singular control. By using this technique and the application of inverse systems, a near-optimal closed-loop technique is developed to generate a numerical solution to this class of problems.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of aluminum oxalate tetrahydrate

Abstract The X-ray photoelectron spectra of aluminum oxalate tetrahydrate have been determined starting at a temperature of −25°C and as a function of elapsed time as the sample warms from −25 to 37°C. At −25°C, two of the oxalate groups are rapidly decomposed by the X-rays. As the sample warms, the third oxalate group decomposes and aluminum oxide is produced. In contrast, aluminum oxalate tetrahydrate is thermally stable to 60°C, where it begins to lose water. Oxalate does not thermally decompose until a temperature of 150°C is reached.
Caging interactions between a dopant chromophore and the sol–gel matrix

Abstract The successful incorporation of chromophores in a sol–gel matrix requires a careful study of their interaction with the gel environment. Photoacoustic spectroscopy is used to probe chemical changes in the direct neighborhood of dopant molecules in a silica-based sol–gel during times of evolution up to 100 times the gelation time. Studies of different chromophores such as β-carotene (β-Car.) and copper phthalocyanine (Cu-Pht.) show a size dependent steric hindrance effect as well as chromophore relaxation phenomena within the gel pores. Three main phases of evolution of the medium are distinguished. The stability of the chromophores is discussed and the results compared to FTIR spectra over time.
Robust fire design of single plate shear connections

Single plate (shear tab) connections are designed to resist gravity loads by shear. During a fire event, large compressive and tensile forces could damage such connections and threaten the structural integrity of floors especially in multi-storey buildings. A robust design for single plate connections is needed to overcome fire induced forces and moments during both fire growth and fire decay in order to improve the structural integrity of floor systems. Using finite element studies validated by a full-scale frame Cardington building test, we investigated simple and cost-effective modifications of single plate connections to resist the forces and deformations induced by thermal loads during a real fire scenario. Results show that significant improvements in the behavior of such connections could be achieved by any of the following: adding a doubler plate to the beam web, matching the single plate thickness to the beam web thickness, using a larger distance from the bolt-hole centerline to the beam end and increasing the gap distance between the end of the beam to the connected member. Using larger bolt holes can also improve the fire performance through less axial restraint and thus more freedom for the beam to move (expand, contract, rotate) with the fire-imposed thermal loads.
Experimental studies of the seismic response of structures incorporating base-isolation systems

Abstract Whereas the concept of base-isolating structures from the damaging effects of earthquake motions is not new, implementation of the technique is a relatively new occurrence. This has mainly been due to the need for several important developments in materials science and experimental and analytical modeling before base isolation could evolve into a practical approach for seismic design. One of these developments has been the ability to test large-scale isolation systems using simulated seismic loads. These tests have not only proven the performance and reliability of the isolation systems and hardware, but have enabled correlation studies to be undertaken which have confirmed the accuracy of analytical methods and the acceptability of current design procedures. The Earthquake Engineering Research Center (EERC) at the University of California at Berkeley has been an active participant in this work, and this paper reviews some of the achievements of the Center in the last few years. Component tests on single isolators are described. Tests on plain and high-damping natural-rubber bearings, lead—rubber bearings, sliding bearings, and bearings incorporating uplift resistance mechanisms have been performed. High-shear strain tests on large (up to full scale) elastomeric bearings have been conducted to determine the stability characteristics and limit states of the isolators. Performance evaluation studies using the earthquake simulator to test large-scale model isolated structures have been carried out for a variety of isolation systems and structures. Uplift studies of slender base-isolated buildings and investigation of the behavior of base-isolated skew bridge decks have been studied. This paper aims to highlight those areas where progress has been made.
Recovering Thomas Kuhn

The interpretive plasticity of Kuhn’s philosophical work has been reinforced by readings informed by other philosophical, historiographic or sociological projects. This paper highlights several aspects of Kuhn’s work that have been neglected by such readings. First, Kuhn’s early contribution to several subsequent philosophical developments has been unduly neglected. Kuhn’s postscript discussion of “exemplars” should be recognized as one of the earliest versions of a conception of theories as “mediating models.” Kuhn’s account of experimental practice has also been obscured by readings that assimilate his views to Quinean holism. Second, three distinctive Kuhnian themes have been insufficiently recognized. Kuhn’s challenge to received philosophical views has been domesticated by reading him as offering an alternative conception of scientific knowledge. Kuhn is better understood as rejecting knowledge-centric accounts altogether, in favor of understanding the practice of research. Kuhn’s conception of that activity, as conceptual “articulation,” has accordingly also not been given its due. Finally, Kuhn’s career-long insistence on the mutual accountability of philosophy of science and the philosophy of mind and language calls attention to the extent to which these fields have now drifted apart.
Classification of chromatic visual evoked potentials with the aid of a neural net

Abstract Twelve normal subjects, and six color blind (three protanopes and three deuteranopes) individuals were used in this study. Visual evoked potentials (50–150 msec post-stimulus) were recorded in response to three stimuli: (a) three horizontal, achromatic bars alternating in luminosity between bright and dim, (b) bars alternating between blue and red, and (c) bars alternating between green and red. The resulting waveforms were normalized in amplitude and submitted to a commercial neural net program for classification. The network correctly identified 24 of the 36 normal responses. (2) The network was also asked to distinguish between the responses of normal and color blind individuals. Based upon the blue/red response, the network correctly classed 12 of 18 responses, and based upon the green/red response correctly classified 14 of 18 (including all 6 color blinds). (3) These results are statistically highly significant and suggest that the VEP elicited by chromatic stimulation is substantially different from that elicited by achromatic stimuli.
Hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, and metabolic effects of fructose diphosphate on acute myocardial ischemia

Abstract The hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, and metabolic responses of dogs with acute myocardial ischemia to intravenous administration of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) were assessed. Analysis of the results (compared to dextrose control) revealed evidence of major improvement of LVEDP and cardiac output, significant decrease of the ST segment, and large increases of ATP and CP in the ischemic district and to a lesser degree in the normally perfused myocardium. These results indicate that FDP intervenes in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway not only as a high energy substrate but also as a metabolic regulator influencing the activity of phosphofructokinase and that of pyruvate kinase. FDP also stimulates glycolysis in dog erythrocytes and increases their ATP and 2–3 DPG content by a factor of 2. The most significant finding in these studies is that this biochemical intervention appears to restore the depressed activity of glycolysis in ischemic myocardium.
Dietary Laws in Medieval Christian-Jewish Polemics: A Survey

In the religious debate between Jews and Christians, the biblical dietary laws come to illustrate important assumptions concerning the “other.” Early medieval Christians asserted that Christians were not bound by the dietary laws and tended to explicate them allegorically or figuratively. Although the biblical dietary laws prohibit many foods to Jews, as pork became a more important part of the medieval diet, the prohibition against swine’s flesh became central to the debate. Christians will assert not only that the consumption of pork proclaims a correct messianic theology, but also that the Lord, like a good physician, ordained a special diet for the Jews because they—and not Christians—have a corrupt bodily nature that is subject to deleterious influences from pork that incline Jews to gluttony and wantonness. Therefore, when a Jew converted to Christianity, the consumption of pork became a sign of his transfer from one religious community to another, as well as a sign of a physical, intellectual, and moral transformation.
Actin expression in purely nodular versus nodular-infiltrative basal cell carcinoma.

Background: The prognosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) correlates with its histological subtype. Actin is a microfilament that contributes to cell motility and invasiveness of cancer cells. Actin has been found to be more prominently expressed in the tumor cells and stroma of the more aggressive BCC subtypes. Here we compare actin expression in purely nodular (N-BCC) versus nodular-infiltrative (NI-BCC) tumors. Methods: We studied seven cases of N-BCC and 13 cases of NI-BCC with immunohistochemistry for alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and common muscle actin (CMA) within the tumor cells and stroma. A semiquantitative method was used to determine the degree of actin present in the tumor aggregates (on a scale of 0–4). Results: Actin was present in the nodular component of 2/7 (28%) purely N-BCC and 11/13 (85%) mixed NI-BCC (p = 0.001). Actin was present in the infiltrative component of 13/13 (100%) NI-BCC. The average SMA score was 0.57 within the N-BCC compared with 1.77 within the nodular component of NI-BCC (p = 0.04); and 2.46 within the infiltrative component of the NI-BCC. The CMA score was 0.57 within the N-BCC, 1.54 within the nodular component of NI-BCC, and 1.92 within the infiltrative component of the NI-BCC. Actin was not found in the stroma of any of the N-BCC, while it was present in 8/13 (62%) of the NI-BCC (p = 0.0009). Conclusions: Actin expression is more prominent in the nodular component of mixed NI-BCC when compared with purely N-BCC. This suggests that the nodular components of NI-BCC and N-BCC are different, and that actin expression in the nodular component may be associated with potential invasiveness. This finding may be relevant when examining incompletely sampled nodular BCC.
The Use of E-Learning in Social Work Education

E-learning is an evolutionary pedagogy in social work. E-learning technologies transform learning so that it can be synchronous or asynchronous. The author provides a systematic discussion of e-learning and its role in social work education. E-learning appears advantageous as a hybrid or blended venue when used in academia and suitable in various formats for continuing education. Theoretical foundations that support positive learning outcomes should guide delivery. Distance delivery, regardless of the media or technology used, is not by itself a contributing variable in students' achievement. The priority of teaching and learning should be on effectiveness of the learning, regardless of the mode of delivery. Current descriptive research on e-learning can be improved by increasing the rigor of methodology and theoretical considerations. This information is necessary as the profession navigates the best ways to meet the changing needs of social work students and social workers in the field.
Characterization of Coarse Particles Formed by Laser Ablation of MALDI Matrixes

The quantity and size distribution of micrometer-sized particles ejected from thin crystalline films of organic molecules was measured with light scattering particle sizing. Four compounds that are commonly used as matrix materials in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) were studied: 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), sinapic acid, 4-nitroaniline, and 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA). Thin films of these matrixes were irradiated at atmospheric pressure with a 4 ns pulsed 337 nm nitrogen laser. Particulate resulting from the ablation was sampled directly into a particle sizing instrument. The mean aerodynamic diameter of the coarse particles formed at a laser fluence of 500 J/m2 was approximately 700 nm for all matrixes. This value does not include particles below 500 nm, which are not accurately measured by the particle sizing instrument. The threshold for detection of particles from the DHB matrix was found to be 300 J/m2 and it was estimated that an average of 1000 particles in t...
ASHP: Leading the way to better patient care

Thank you and good afternoon! I’m very happy to be here today, speaking to you as chair of the Board of Directors. As I conclude my term as president, I want you to know what a privilege it has been to serve ASHP. Despite a very challenging year, which saw ASHP caught in the economic storm that
Composite polypyrrole films switchable between the anion- and cation-exchanger states

Abstract Catechol, hydroquinone, anthraquinone-2-sulfonate and melanin were incorporated into a polypyrrole matrix during electropolymerization of pyrrole. The concentration of quinones was adjusted such that composite films with mixed ion dynamics were formed. Part of the polypyrrole cationic groups was charge compensated by the negative charge of incorporated quinones, and part by anions from the electrolyte. These composite polypyrrole films can be “switched” between a cation-exchanger state of the electrode at negative electrode potentials, and an anion-exchanger state at more positive potentials by varying the potential. The same films can be also switched between a cation-exchanger state and an anion-exchanger state by varying the pH of the solution. The type of ion dynamics in these films has been investigated by the EQCM technique. Use of this technique allowed us to control the composition of prepared films and to evaluate their relative doping level.
A high performance multi-structured file system design

File system I/O is increasingly becoming a performance bottleneck in large distributed computer systems. This is due to the increased file I/O demands of new applications, the inability of any single storage structure to respond to these demands, and the slow decline of, disk access times (latency and seek) relative to the rapid increase in CPU speeds, memory size, and network bandwidth.We present a multi-structured file system designed for high bandwidth I/O and fast response. Our design is based on combining disk caching with three different file storage structures, each implemented on an independent and isolated disk array. Each storage structure is designed to optimize a different set of file system access characteristics such as cache writes, directory searches, file attribute requests or large sequential reads/writes.As part of our study, we analyze the performance of an existing file system using trace data from UNIX disk I/O-intensive workloads. Using trace driven simulations, we show how performance is improved by using separate storage structures as implemented by a multi-structured file system.
Mathematical analysis of cancer chemotherapy: The effects of chemotherapeutic agents on the cell cycle traverse

For the tumor model of Skipper and Zubrod, which has been analyzed previously for the theoretical FLM function and the effect of chemotherapy against tumors of known or assumed kinetic characteristics, the theoretical continuous labeling (CL) function is derived by considering an equivalent tumor (in terms of unlabeled cell populations) in which the density function of phase duration of cells inS-phasef 2(a 2)=δ(a 2−∞) and the loss functionL 2(t)=0. This mathematical concept of blocking is applied to the analysis of synchronization in tumor growth and blocking effects in cancer chemotherapy. These effects of chemical agents on the cell cycle progression are being incorporated into a previously written computer simulation program for cancer chemotherapy. Whereas, a program is written and used to simulate the CL functions for L1210 leukemia, and primary and metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma.
Continuum theory and methods for coarse-grained, mesoscopic plasticity

Abstract Theory and methods involving partial differential equations and their approximate solution are advanced for the study of coarse-grained dislocation behavior.
The density of liquid silver from its melting point to its normal boiling point 2450°K

Abstract The density of liquid silver was determined, by the Archimedean principle, over the whole range from its melting point to its normal boiling point. It can be best expressed by the linear equation D (g/cm 3 ) = 10·465−9·067 × 10 −4 T∘K with a probable error of ±0·009 g/cm3. The density of liquid silver is 9·346 g/cm3 at its melting point (1234° K) and 8·244 g/cm3 at its normal boiling point (2450° K).
Dynamics of geometrically exact sandwich structures

A finite element formulation of a recent theory for geometrically exact multilayer beams, applicable to one-dimensional plates, is presented here. The beam can take any arbitrary initial position in the two-dimensional space. Each layer of the beam can have different material properties with no restriction on the stiffness, mass distribution and layer thickness, thus allowing for the modeling of ideals sandwich structures. Finite rotation and shear deformation are accommodated for in each layer. The continuity of the displacements across the layer interfaces is exactly enforced; the deformed cross section is thus continuous, piecewise-linear. Extensive numerical examples including harmonic response of sandwich structures with three identical layers, with comparison to single-layer beams, and the response of ideal sandwich beams to impact forces are presented to illustrate the applicability and versatility of the proposed formulation.
Long-Term Trends in the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medical Therapies in the United States

Background Although recent research has shown that many people in the United States use complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, little is known about time trends in use. Objective To present data on time trends in CAM therapy use in the United States over the past half-century. Design Nationally representative telephone survey of 2055 respondents that obtained information on current use, lifetime use, and age at first use for 20 CAM therapies. Setting The 48 contiguous U.S. states. Participants Household residents 18 years of age and older. Measurement Retrospective self-reports of age at first use for each of 20 CAM therapies. Results Previously reported analyses of these data showed that more than one third of the U.S. population was currently using CAM therapy in the year of the interview (1997). Subsequent analyses of lifetime use and age at onset showed that 67.6% of respondents had used at least one CAM therapy in their lifetime. Lifetime use steadily increased with age across three age cohorts: Approximately 3 of every 10 respondents in the pre-baby boom cohort, 5 of 10 in the baby boom cohort, and 7 of 10 in the post-baby boom cohort reported using some type of CAM therapy by age 33 years. Of respondents who ever used a CAM therapy, nearly half continued to use many years later. A wide range of individual CAM therapies increased in use over time, and the growth was similar across all major sociodemographic sectors of the study sample. Conclusions Use of CAM therapies by a large proportion of the study sample is the result of a secular trend that began at least a half century ago. This trend suggests a continuing demand for CAM therapies that will affect health care delivery for the foreseeable future.
The Distribution of Geodesic Excursions Out the End of a Hyperbolic Orbifold and Approximation with Respect to a Fuchsian Group

A generic geodesic on a finite area, noncompact surface with a hyperbolic orbifold structure travels densely about the surface, making excursions out the non-compact end and then returning to a compact piece of the surface. We show that for almost all geodesics on such a surface there is a limiting distribution for the sequence of depths of the excursions out a noncompact end. The distribution is independent of the surface and closely resembles the distribution arising from a sequence of continued fraction approximations in the metrical theory of diophantine approximation. This metrical theory can then be reproduced in the setting of approximation by parabolic fixed points in a Fuchsian group.
U.S. firms and black labor in South Africa: Creating a structure for change

Some have argued that U.S. firms should disinvest from South Africa as a means of putting pressure on the South African government to end apartheid. This argument, however, may ignore a dynamic of change in South Africa in which U.S. firms have played and are playing a large role: South African industrial relations have undergone significant evolution since 1979, the year in which major changes were introduced in that country’s labor legislation. Partly a result of these changes, black trade union membership has increased by 800 percent since 1979. By virtue of its unique exposure to varied constituencies, the multinational subsidiary in both home and host countries can be viewed as an agent of sociopolitical change in South Africa.
Integrating social science research into wildland fire management

Purpose – Social science research is used to support the formulation of natural resource management decisions with accurate and timely information. Due to risk and potential impacts, this is important in wildland fire management. The purpose of this paper is to identify the respondent perceptions of a natural disturbance agent's impact on fire management in Colorado and Wyoming. Design/methodology/approach – The research methodology included a self-administered questionnaire completed by a random sample of respondents in three study locations adjacent to national forests. A quantitative analysis was conducted to identify attitudes about fuels management (prescribed fire) and beliefs about fire and fire management. Findings – Respondents viewed prescribed fire favorably and they understand the natural role of fire on the landscape. While results suggest respondents support management of forest conditions to decrease the effects of a wildfire, they do not feel that individuals have a right to expect their h...
Efficiency of kriging estimation for square, triangular, and hexagonal grids

Although several researchers have pointed out some advantages and disadvantages of various soil sampling designs in the presence of spatial autocorrelation, a more detailed study is presented herein which examines the geometrical relationship of three sampling designs, namely the square, the equilateral triangle, and the regular hexagon. Both advantages and disadvantages exist in the use of these designs with respect to estimation of the semivariogram and their effect on the mean square error or variance of error. This research could be used to design optimal sampling strategies; it is based on the theory of regionalized variables, in which the intrinsic hypothesis is satisfied. Among alternative designs, an equilateral triangle design gives the most reliable estimate of the semivariogram. It also gives the minimum maximum mean square error of point estimation of the concentration over the other two designs for the same number of measurements when the nugget effect is small relative to the variance. If the nugget effect is large (.90 σ 2 or more), and the linear sampling density is >0.85r where r is the range, the hexagonal design is best. This study computes and compares the maximum mean square error for each of these designs.
Hedgehog signaling regulates size of the dorsal aortae and density of the plexus during avian vascular development

Signaling by the hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted growth factors is essential for development of embryonic blood vessels. Embryos lacking Hh function have abundant endothelial cells but fail to assemble vascular cords or lumenized endothelial tubes. However, the role of Hh signaling during later aspects of vascular patterning and morphogenesis is largely unexplored. We have used small molecule inhibitors and agonists to alter activity of the Hh signaling pathway in the chick embryo. When cyclopamine is added after cord formation, aortal cells form tubes, but these are small and disorganized and the density of the adjacent vascular plexus is reduced. Activation of the Hh pathway with SAG leads to formation of enlarged aortae and increased density of the plexus. The number of endothelial cell filopodia is found to correlate with Hh signaling levels. These studies show that Hh signaling levels must be tightly regulated for normal vascular patterning to be achieved.
Linear phenol‐formaldehyde polymers—condensation of p‐chlorophenol with formaldehyde

High molecular linear polymers were prepared by the condensation of p-chlorophenol with formaldehyde at 150°C. for 24 hours in a closed system with bis(2-ethoxyethyl) ether as solvent and p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst. The importance of reaction variables including temperature, time, solvent, catalyst, and concentration and ratio of reactants was studied. Polymers of this type were also prepared by the polymerization of 4-chloro-2-hydroxymethylphenol and by the condensation of p-chlorophenol with 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4-chlorophenol. Data obtained on the polymers from the three independent routes indicated the presence of methylene bridges between the ortho position of the p-chlorophenol residues. The polymers were soluble in N,N-dimethyl formamide and reacted readily with acetic anhydride to form the corresponding acetylated derivatives.
GUIDELINES FOR COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING IN INDUSTRIAL TRADE PUBLICATIONS

Comparative advertising has been viewed as an aggressive advertising tactic that is useful in selected situations. However, because of the risks involved, many advertisers are skeptical of using comparative advertising as a long‐term strategy.
Fermi Surfaces in Maximal Gauged Supergravity

We obtain fermion fluctuation equations around extremal charged black hole geometries in maximal gauged supergravity in four and five dimensions, and we demonstrate that their solutions display Fermi surface singularities for the dual conformal field theories at finite chemical potential. The four-dimensional case is a massless charged fermion, while in five dimensions we find a massive charged fermion with a Pauli coupling. In both cases, the corresponding scaling exponent is less than one half, leading to non-Fermi liquid behavior with no stable quasiparticles, although some excitations have widths more than 10 times smaller than their excitation energy. In the five-dimensional case, both the Fermi momentum and the scaling exponent appear to have simple values, and a Luttinger calculation suggests that the gauginos may carry most of the charge of the black hole.
Demonstration of a Left Atrial Input to the Atrioventricular Node in Humans

Background— During right atrial stimulation, the anterior and posterior approaches provide inputs to the atrioventricular (AV) node. The purpose of the present study was to determine how activation proceeding from the left atrium reaches the AV node. Methods and Results— We studied AV nodal conduction during right and left atrial (coronary sinus) stimulation in 46 patients (27 women and 19 men; mean age, 46±4 years) who had structurally normal hearts. At an identical cycle length (600 ms), left atrial stimulation resulted in shorter A-H intervals than right atrial stimulation (73±3 ms versus 99±3 ms; P<0.05). In addition, atrial electrograms recorded close to the His bundle changed from near to far field potentials when stimulation was shifted to the left atrium. The A-H interval prolonged as the site of pacing was progressively moved from the distal to the proximal coronary sinus. During constant pacing from the distal coronary sinus, atrial activation close to the His bundle could be advanced by late ex...
Quantitative analysis of structural, relaxational and electrostrictive properties of PVDF-TRFE/PMMA films irradiated with high-energy electrons

In this paper, the effect of high-energy electron irradiation on the transitional and electromechanical responses of PVDF-TRFE/PMMA (poly (vinylidene nuoride-trinuoroethylene)/polymethylmethacrylate) blend films is investigated in the light of a recent finding of large electrostrictive strain and high electromechanical response of PVDF-TXFE copolymer films after high-energy electron irradiation. Due to the decrease in crystallinity, both the dielectric and polarization responses were found to decrease with PMMA content. Interestingly, the presence of PMMA is found to affect the crystal-amorphous interface properties strongly in irradiated polyblend films. The field-induced strain which could be due to electrostriction and Maxwell stress for a blend system is found to come mainly from electrostriction. At room temperature, the contribution to the total strain from the Maxwell stress is found to be <20% while this contribution increases markedly with increasing temperature, especially for 7 %wt PMMA polyblend films.
Stories on the road from Fez to Marrakesh: oral history on the margins of national identity

(2003). Stories on the road from Fez to Marrakesh: oral history on the margins of national identity. The Journal of North African Studies: Vol. 8, Nation, Society and Culture in North Africa, pp. 43-58.
Improved Sanitizing Treatments for Fresh Tomatoes

Fresh tomatoes repeatedly have been associated with major outbreaks of salmonellosis; however, efforts to disinfect them with chlorine or other sanitizing agents have had only mixed success. Our objective was to determine whether hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatments would be more efficacious than conventional methods in disinfecting tomatoes containing human pathogens and, at the same time, be noninjurious to quality. Tomatoes were dip inoculated with Escherichia coli NRRL B-766 or a Salmonella cocktail and then held for 0, 24, or 48 h at 4 or 24 °C prior to treatment. Treatments included 200 ppm chlorine (Cl2) at 20 °C for 3 min, water at 20 °C for 3 min or at 60 °C for 2 min, 1% H2O2 at 20 °C for 15 min or at 60 °C for 2 min, and 5% H2O2 at 60 °C for 2, 3, or 5 min. In tomatoes held 48 h postinoculation, the chlorine treatment was only marginally more effective than an equivalent water rinse in reducing the target bacterial population, while the hot water and 1% H2O2 treatments achieved reductions no greater than 1.3 logs. However, application of 5% H2O2 at 60 °C resulted in larger reductions. Efficacy of all treatments decreased as the time interval between inoculation and treatment increased. Greater reductions could not be achieved with 5% H2O2 at 60 °C by increasing the contact time or addition of surfactants, and these treatments caused some quality loss.
Nanotechnology Applications for Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM), is the most common primary malignancy of the brain, as well as its most malignant 1. The median survival after radiation and chemotherapy ranges from 12 to 15 months, despite advances in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy 2. GBM, tumors are nearly uniformly fatal due to local recurrence 3–5. Even for lesions amenable to gross surgical resection, infiltrating cancer cells beyond the boundaries of the enhancing lesion are responsible for tumor recurrence as well as radiation and chemotherapy resistance 6,7. Cancer nanotechnology has recently emerged as a field which may provide answers to some of the difficulties encountered in treating GBM. Nanoparticles, defined as particles less than 100 nm in hydrodynamic size have been used in the treatment of various cancers 8. The use of biocompatible nanomaterials have permitted the fabrication of nanoparticles with capabilities that surpass those of conventional agents. Chemotherapy-loaded nanoparticles have resulted in sustained release formulations that can lower systemic toxicity and produce greater antitumor effects. Recently developed nanoparticles can cross the blood-brain barrier after systemic administration or be distributed in the brain by convection-enhanced delivery (CED) to target GBM cells therapeutically while harboring elements which may enable imaging of the particle and the target. The field has been moving at a rapid pace, enabling nanoparticles to be utilized in recent clinical trials 9. While not exhaustive, the list of nanoparticles being used in the treatment of experimental GBM includes polymeric particles, micelles 10, nanoshells 11, quantum dots 12, and magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) 13. Nanotubes are another formulation of nanoparticle, being used to create structures that can trap diagnostic or therapeutic modalities within a cage. We will discuss the use of different nanoparticle formulations in strategies to image and treat GBM, including delivery schemes.
Proteasomal degradation of Sfp1 contributes to the repression of ribosome biogenesis during starvation and is mediated by the proteasome activator Blm10

The regulation of ribosomal protein (RP) gene transcription is tightly linked to the nutrient status of the cell and is under the control of metabolic signaling pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae several transcriptional activators mediate efficient RP gene transcription during logarithmic growth and dissociate from RP gene promoters upon nutrient limitation. Repression of RP gene transcription appears to be regulated predominantly by posttranslational modification and cellular localization of transcriptional activators. We report here that one of these factors, Sfp1, is degraded by the proteasome and that the proteasome activator Blm10 is required for regulated Sfp1 degradation. Loss of Blm10 results in the stabilization and increased nuclear abundance of Sfp1 during nutrient limitation, increased transcription of RP genes, increased levels of RPs, and decreased rapamycin-induced repression of RP genes. Thus we conclude that proteasomal degradation of Sfp1 is mediated by Blm10 and contributes to the repression of ribosome biogenesis under nutrient depletion.
The RAFOS Navigation System

The RAFOS (SOFAR spelled backwards) navigation system uses the deep sound channel to insonify large areas with precisely timed acoustic signals for position determination. The idea is not new, but it is only in the last few years that it has been put to practical use. Three moored SOFAR sound sources, one off Cape Hatteras, one near Bermuda and one on top of a seamount, send three signals/day to provide ~ 5 km tracking accuracy between 75°W and 55°W. A complete system description is in press and will appear later this year (Rossby et al., 1986).
Intermodulation suppression in a broad band TWT

We examine methods for reducing two-tone intermodulation products in the custom-made XWING broadband traveling wave tube. Harmonic suppression, and difference frequency techniques are used to demonstrate intermodulation suppression and the spatial variation of their spectral evolution. Harmonic and difference frequency optimum drive levels and phase are determined which suppress the third-order intermodulation product by more than 21 dB in the 2-6 GHz band. The variation of the suppression with drive level near saturation and two-tone difference frequency are examined. IM3 reduction using the harmonic injection technique is experimentally demonstrated in a broadband TWT distributed amplifier.
Continued Fraction Inversion by Routh's Algorithm

The operation of converting a continued fraction into a rational transfer function of two polynomials is tedious. By the use of state-space techniques and Routh's algorithm, a new method is established for performing the continued fraction inversion.
Contrast in Intracardiac Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Images of Radiofrequency Ablation Lesions

We have previously shown that intracardiac acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging visualizes tissue stiffness changes caused by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The objectives of this in vivo study were to (1) quantify measured ARFI-induced displacements in RFA lesion and unablated myocardium and (2) calculate the lesion contrast (C) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in two-dimensional ARFI and conventional intracardiac echo images. In eight canine subjects, an ARFI imaging-electroanatomical mapping system was used to map right atrial ablation lesion sites and guide the acquisition of ARFI images at these sites before and after ablation. Readers of the ARFI images identified lesion sites with high sensitivity (90.2%) and specificity (94.3%) and the average measured ARFI-induced displacements were higher at unablated sites (11.23 ± 1.71 µm) than at ablated sites (6.06 ± 0.94 µm). The average lesion C (0.29 ± 0.33) and CNR (1.83 ± 1.75) were significantly higher for ARFI images than for spatially registered conventional B-mode images (C = -0.03 ± 0.28, CNR = 0.74 ± 0.68).