cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral components of milk-induced activation in neonatal rat pups.

Neonatal rat pups exhibit a complex constellation of behaviors in response to a variety of salient stimuli such as the odor of milk or maternal saliva, stroking with a soft brush, electrical brain stimulation, and intraoral infusions of milk. Although psychobiologists have used the term "behavioral activation" to refer to such behavioral displays, the exact nature of "behavioral activation" and its underlying neural substrates have yet to be elucidated. This study was undertaken to characterize "behavioral activation" quantitatively to describe and define this apparently global pattern of response in terms of possible underlying components. Principal components analysis suggested that "behavioral activation" may be comprised of separable ingestive, exploratory, and locomotor behavioral "assemblies."
Funding and publishing trends of original research by emergency medicine investigators over the past decade.

Objectives: To update the profile of author-reported funding of reports of original research published since 1994 in the four U.S. peer-reviewed general emergency medicine (EM) journals. Methods: For the primary analysis, articles published in Academic Emergency Medicine, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Annals of Emergency Medicine, and Journal of Emergency Medicine between 1994 and 2003 were reviewed by two emergency physicians trained in abstracting from the literature. Original research was identified; case reports, case series, abstracts, and meta-analysis were excluded. Articles were classified by author report of extramural funding as government (public), private nonprofit (foundation), for profit (industry), or multiple. Data are reported as percent per year per journal. A secondary analysis of MEDLINE was performed to identify publishing trends by EM investigators outside of these four journals over the same period. Results: The primary analysis identified 5,728 articles; 3,278 (57%) were considered original research, with 32% of these reporting extramural funding. In 1994, there were 292 articles with 28% funded (28% public, 43% foundation, 17% industry, and 12% multiple). By 2003, there were 358 articles with 36% funded (42% public, 30% foundation, 18% industry, and 10% multiple). There was a trend toward increased extramural funding in all four journals (p = 0.007), with an estimated growth of 3.6% (95% confidence interval = 1.0% to 6.3%) per year over the past decade. The primary review identified 48% of all articles published by EM investigators. Conclusions: Author-reported extramural funding rates for original research have increased in the EM literature over the past decade. Foundations have funded the largest number of studies, with public (government) sources increasing in 2003.
Microscopic Modes in a Fermi Superfluid. I. Linearized Kinetic Equations

This is the first of two papers in which microscopic expressions for the amplitudes and dispersion relations for hydrodynamic modes in an isotropic Fermi superfluid are derived. In this first paper we derive closed, decoupled, linearized kinetic equations for the bogolon spin density and total density in a Fermi superfluid with fluctuating superfluid velocity, and we discuss the form of the hydrodynamic equations that result from these equations.
Influence of Post‐Harvest Storage of Snap Beans on Chemical and Physical Changes During Canning

SUMMARY Two varieties of snap beans that had been mechanically harvested were stored at 35, 55, and 85°F for 1, 3, and 5 days to determine the relationship of chemical changes to the quality of the resultant canned beans. Only approximately 50% of the weight loss during storage was regained by increase in drained weight in blanching and canning. There were losses in total sugars, starch, Calgon-soluble pectin, and hemicellulose, but gains in water-soluble pectin and cellulose. Higher storage temperature accelerated these changes. Variety and sieve-size influenced most of the chemical and physical changes. Storage increased sloughing in canned beans. Softening of canned beans occurred despite a loss of moisture during storage, and an increase in cellulose. There were significant changes in color, apparent in an increase in browning of bruised and broken beans, and a decrease in the Hunter -a/b ratio.
Pristine lunar glasses: Criteria, data, and implications

The examination of glasses from all of the Apollo landing sites has led to the identification of 25 groups of pristine glass. The nickel found in these glasses is shown to be indigenous, not meteoritic contamination, and to be correlated with Mg. Chemical data indicate that these glasses are more suitable for primary magma than most crystalline mare basalts. In addition, these pristine glasses support the view that assimilative processes involving two cumulative systems in the differentiated mantle operated during mare petrogenesis. Two linear arrays found among the chemistries of the glasses attest to the existence of these interactions. Data suggest that these cumulate components in the mantle continue for 1000 km (laterally) and therefore are likely to be products of a magma ocean that existed early in lunar history.
The Pseudomonas syringae effector HopQ1 promotes bacterial virulence and interacts with tomato 14-3-3 proteins in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.

A key virulence strategy of bacterial pathogens is the delivery of multiple pathogen effector proteins into host cells during infection. The Hrp outer protein Q (HopQ1) effector from Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pto) strain DC3000 is conserved across multiple bacterial plant pathogens. Here, we investigated the virulence function and host targets of HopQ1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Transgenic tomato lines expressing dexamethasone-inducible HopQ1 exhibited enhanced disease susceptibility to virulent Pto DC3000, the Pto ΔhrcC mutant, and decreased expression of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered marker gene after bacterial inoculation. HopQ1-interacting proteins were coimmunoprecipitated and identified by mass spectrometry. HopQ1 can associate with multiple tomato 14-3-3 proteins, including TFT1 and TFT5. HopQ1 is phosphorylated in tomato, and four phosphorylated peptides were identified by mass spectrometry. HopQ1 possesses a conserved mode I 14-3-3 binding motif whose serine-51 residue is phosphorylated in tomato and regulates its association with TFT1 and TFT5. Confocal microscopy and fractionation reveal that HopQ1 exhibits nucleocytoplasmic localization, while HopQ1 dephosphorylation mimics exhibit more pronounced nuclear localization. HopQ1 delivered from Pto DC3000 was found to promote bacterial virulence in the tomato genotype Rio Grande 76R. However, the HopQ1(S51A) mutant delivered from Pto DC3000 was unable to promote pathogen virulence. Taken together, our data demonstrate that HopQ1 enhances bacterial virulence and associates with tomato 14-3-3 proteins in a phosphorylation-dependent manner that influences HopQ1’s subcellular localization and virulence-promoting activities in planta.
Gene Expression Profiling of Testosterone and Estradiol-17β-Induced Prostatic Dysplasia in Noble Rats and Response to the Antiestrogen ICI 182,780

We previously demonstrated that 1) treatment of Noble rats for 16 wk with testosterone (T) and estradiol-17 beta (E2) led to 100% incidence of dorsolateral prostate (DLP) dysplasia and hyperprolactinemia and 2) blockade of PRL release with bromocriptine cotreatment significantly lowered the incidence of DLP dysplasia. In the current study, we sought to determine whether E2 exerts direct effects, independent of PRL, in this model system. The pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 (ICI), reported to have no effect on PRL release in female rats, was administered biweekly to T + E2-treated rats at 3 mg/kg body weight. ICI cotreatment completely prevented DLP dysplasia development but it also blocked hyperprolactinemia in the dual hormone-treated rats. Gene profiling with an 1185 gene rat cDNA array identified approximately 100 genes displaying > or = 3-fold changes in rat lateral prostates (LPs) following T + E2 treatment. Significantly more genes were up-regulated (77) than down-regulated (14), reflecting cellular/molecular changes associated with enhanced cell proliferation, DNA damage, heightened protein and RNA synthesis, increased energy metabolism, and activation of several proto-oncogenes and intracellular signaling pathways. Post hoc analyses, using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, corroborated differential expression of eight genes, exhibiting three different patterns of altered expression. Genes encoding the early growth response protein 1 and metalloendopeptidase meprin beta-subunit were similarly altered in T + E2- and T + E2 + ICI-treated animals when compared with untreated controls. In contrast, transcripts of fos-related antigen-2, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein-45, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 were significantly increased in the LPs of T + E2-treated animals, but the increases were reversed by cotreatment with ICI. Differential expression of fos-related antigen-2 and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein-45 were further confirmed at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. Lastly, levels of A-RAF, VIP-1 receptor, and calpastatin mRNA were distinctly lessen in rat LPs under T + E2 influence, but rebound with ICI cotreatment. In conclusion, our findings further implicated pituitary PRL in the induction of dysplasia in rat LP. Gene profiling provided clues that molecular events related to enhancement of cell proliferation, DNA damage, and activation of proto-oncogenes and transforming factors may be causally linked to the genesis of LP dysplasia in this rat model.
FACTORIAL ECOLOGY AND THE COMMUNITY OF OUTLOOK

Research on the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area casts doubt on the assertion that factorial ecology can be used to derive the “community of outlook. ”Social areas delimited by factorial ecology were not effective in identifying common interests and values as revealed by the composite of printed information sources in sampled households.
Charting the Verbiage of Institutional Vision: Implications for Academic Advising.

Whether and to what extent a college or university vision is embraced, transformed into action, and dispersed to the campus community by academic advisors is largely dependent on the rhetoric of the vision statement. Through a content analysis of a nation-wide sample of vision and mission statements from NACADA-membership institutions, we isolated key linguistic components that constitute a well-conceived, effective, and easily diffused institutional vision. The prevalence of these components and the types of academic institutions most likely to possess them are discussed. Ways in which this information can be used by advising supervisors to evaluate their own institution's vision and the vision of their advising operation are presented. Relative Emphasis: theory, research, practice
Frequency Limitations and Optimal Step Size for the Two-Point Central Difference Derivative Algorithm with Applications to Human Eye Movement Data

There are many algorithms for calculating derivatives. The two-point central difference algorithm is the simplest. Besides simplicity, the two most important characteristics of this algorithm are accuracy and frequency response. The frequency content of the data prescribes a lower limit on the sampling rate. The smoothness and accuracy of the data determine the optimal step size. We discuss the low-pass filter characteristics of this algorithm and derive the optimal step size for two types of human eye movement data. To calculate the velocity of fast (saccadic) eye movements, the algorithm should have a cutoff frequency of 74 Hz. For typical slow (smooth pursuit) eye movements, a step size of 25 or 50 ms is optimal.
Gastroparesis, Pseudoachalasia and Impaired Intestinal Motility as Paraneoplastic Manifestations of Small Cell Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the worldwide leading cause of cancer deaths. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents about 15% of lung cancers with a poor 5-year survival rate. SCLC can manifest as a paraneoplastic syndrome, which can include unexplained gastrointestinal dysmotility symptoms. The awareness of these presenting symptoms and recognition that serum markers, such as anti-Hu antibodies, mediate the paraneoplastic neuromuscular aspects of SCLC are highlighted in this case report of a patient with anti-Hu antibodies presenting with gastroparesis, pseudoachalasia, and impaired intestinal motility.
Template-assisted electrochemical deposition of ultrathin films of cadmium sulfide

Uniform thin films of cadmium sulfide were prepared by template-assisted electrochemical deposition on gold electrodes covered with Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. An electrolytic cell was used for the production of low concentrations of S− to effect heterogeneous crystallization on LB films, while preventing homogeneous precipitation. 3-, 4-, and 5-layer LB films of cadmium arachidate were investigated. Characterization of deposited films by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis of film composition indicated that a variety of different types of CdS films can be produced depending on the type of LB film used, the electrode at which template-assisted deposition is carried out, the magnitude and frequency of alternating potentials used, and the deposition time used. In general, hydrophilic organic films that present cadmium carboxylate groups to the deposition surface (i.e. 3- and 5-layer LB films) supported crystallization of CdS, while those that present hydrophobic, methyl groups (i.e. 4-layer LB films and self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold) did not. The best methods for the rapid deposition of conformal, ultrathin films (< 100 nm) of CdS used highly-ordered 5-layer LB films at grounded electrodes. The data presented suggest that templating with LB films, when used together with electrochemical deposition, has potential for the convenient production of oriented crystalline thin films of cadmium sulfide and similar materials.
Self-administration of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) by rats previously trained to self-administer amphetamine

Abstract Central nervous system stimulation, similar to that observed for amphetamine, has been attributed to phenylpropanolamine (PPA). However, formal tests, using evaluation of locomotion or self-administration, fail to reveal that PPA is a stimulant. Self-administration studies have trained rats to self-administer cocaine and then have attempted to switch rats to PPA with no success of transfer. The present study further examined the reinforcing properties of PPA (0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 mg/infusion, IV) in rats that were initially trained to self-administer d-amphetamine (0.005–0.08 mg/infusion) in a two-lever paradigm. Self-administration of amphetamine was a function of dose with 0.01 mg/infusion producing reliably high responding on the active lever. The proportion of active/inactive lever presses remained constant (0.60–0.80) across the amphetamine dose range. PPA was dose-dependently self-administered during the first hour of each session with rats responding at approximately 70% on the active lever. In contrast, responding on the active lever dropped off to approximately 48% when saline was substituted for amphetamine. These data document that rats with prior exposure to amphetamine will self-administer PPA during the initial portion of a three-hour test.
Nonlinear response of composite materials containing coated spheres: Giant enhancement due to the particle structure and distribution

We derive the exact third-order polarizability of a nonlinear coated sphere. We then study the effective third-order nonlinear susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{e}^{(3)}$ (Kerr coefficient) of a composite containing such coated spheres, including the interparticle interactions within mean-field theory. We show that the coated particle structure can significantly enhance the nonlinear response of a particle near resonance. Furthermore, we show that the interparticle interaction can further increase or decrease the nonlinear resonance peak by more than one order of magnitude, depending on the particle concentration, distribution, and structure, while shifting the resonance frequencies. Therefore, the spectrum of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{e}^{(3)}$ can be sensitively tuned by varying a concentration-distribution parameter.
Thoracic complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts: case report and review of the literature

Thoracic complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts are rare, but potentially serious. The authors report a case of a drainage of cerebrospinal fluid into the tracheobronchial tree through a peritoneal shunt catheter that migrated into the chest. After injection of contrast material into the shunt, a plain radiograph of the chest revealed a bronchogram. The symptoms resolved after a revision of the shunt. Published case reports of this and other thoracic complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts are comprehensively reviewed. A classification of such complications into three types is proposed as follows: intrathoracic trauma during placement of a shunt, migration of the peritoneal catheter into the chest (by either a supradiaphragmatic or a transdiaphragmatic route), and pleural effusion accompanying cerebrospinal fluid ascites. The possible mechanisms and contributing factors are discussed.
A feedback-trained autonomous control system for heterogeneous search and rescue applications

Due to the environment in which operation occurs, earch and rescue (SAR) applications present a challenge to autonomous systems. A control technique for a heterogeneous multi-robot group is discussed. The proposed methodology is not fully autonomous; however, human operators are freed from most control tasks and allowed to focus on perception tasks while robots execute a collaborative search and identification plan. Robotic control combines a centralized dispatch and learning system (which continuously refines heuristics used for planning) with local autonomous task ordering (based on existing task priority and proximity and local conditions). This technique was tested in a SAR analogous (from a control perspective) environment.
A chromosomally encoded type III secretion pathway in Yersinia enterocolitica is important in virulence

Numerous Gram-negative bacteria use a type III, or contact dependent, secretion system to deliver proteins into the cytosol of host cells. All of these systems identified to date have been shown to have a role in pathogenesis. We have identified 13 genes on the Yersinia enterocolitica chromosome that encode a type III secretion apparatus plus two associated putative regulatory genes. In order to determine the function of this chromosomally-encoded secretion apparatus, we created an in frame deletion of a gene that has homology to the hypothesized inner membrane pore, ysaV. The ysaV mutant strain failed to secrete eight proteins, called Ysps, normally secreted by the parental strain when grown at 28 degrees C in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth supplemented with 0.4 M NaCl. Disruption of the ysaV gene had no effect on motility or phospholipase activity, suggesting this chromosomally encoded type III secretion pathway is distinct from the flagella secretion pathway of Y. enterocolitica. Deletion of the ysaV gene in a virulence plasmid positive strain had no effect on in vitro secretion of Yops by the plasmid-encoded type III secretion apparatus. Secretion of the Ysps was unaffected by the presence or absence of the virulence plasmid, suggesting the chromosomally encoded and plasmid-encoded type III secretion pathways act independently. Y. enterocolitica thus has three type III secretion pathways that appear to act independently. The ysaV mutant strain was somewhat attenuated in virulence compared with the wild type in the mouse oral model of infection (an approximately 0.9 log difference in LD50). The ysaV mutant strain was nearly as virulent as the wild type when inoculated intraperitoneally in the mouse model. A ysaV probe hybridized to sequences in other Yersinia spp. and homologues were found in the incomplete Y. pestis genome sequence, indicating a possible role for this system throughout the genus.
CD10 immunohistochemical staining enhances the histological detection of endometriosis.

Abstract Objective To determine whether the use of CD10 immunohistochemistry in addition to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining would increase the sensitivity of surgically suspected endometriosis lesions. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary care government research hospital. Patient(s) Thirty-one women with chronic pelvic pain. Intervention(s) Immunohistochemical analysis for CD10 was performed on 108 possible endometriotic lesions and in the corresponding endometrial biopsy samples obtained during laparoscopy. When CD10 immunohistochemistry results were positive, the corresponding H&E section was reviewed to determine if the initial diagnosis should be revised. Main outcome measure(s) Histologic diagnosis of endometriosis by adjunctive use of CD10 immunohistochemistry in conjunction with H&E-stained specimens. Result(s) In endometrial stroma, CD10 was consistently present. Of the 70 specimens judged negative initially by H&E staining, CD10 staining led to the diagnosis of endometriosis in 11. The addition of CD10 immunohistochemistry detected more positive endometriosis lesions than H&E staining alone (45% vs. 35%). In three women with minimal endometriosis at surgery but initially negative histopathology, CD10 immunohistochemistry changed the histologic diagnosis to endometriosis. Conclusion(s) The adjunctive use of CD10 immunohistochemistry improves diagnostic sensitivity for endometriosis, especially for women with minimal disease.
Effects of isoprenaline on coronary blood flow: its distribution and myocardial performance

Isoprenaline was intravenously infused into open chest anaesthetized dogs and myocardial contractile force, cardiac output, and coronary blood flow distribution were monitored. The inotropic response to isoprenaline could be sustained only when the normally homogeneous left ventricular flow distribution was maintained. Contractile force fell when subendocardial muscle became underperfused relative to subepicardial muscle and was improved when coronary perfusion pressure and relative subendocardial flow were increased. Changes in flow distribution could be predicted from the ratio of the diastolic pressure time index and the tension time index (DPTI:TTI).
Racial Similarities and Differences in Predictors of Mobility Change over Eighteen Months

OBJECTIVES: To define racial similarities and differences in mobility among community-dwelling older adults and to identify predictors of mobility change. DESIGN: Prospective, observational, cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred and five community-dwelling older adults. MEASURES: Baseline in-home assessments were conducted to assess life-space mobility, sociodemographic variables, disease status, geriatric syndromes, neuropsychological factors, and health behaviors. Disease reports were verified by review of medications, physician questionnaires, or hospital discharge summaries. Telephone interviews defined follow-up life-space mobility at 18 months of follow-up. RESULTS: African Americans had lower baseline life-space (LS-C) than whites (mean 57.0 ± standard deviation [SD] 24.5 vs. 72.7 ± SD 22.6; P<.001). This disparity in mobility was accompanied by significant racial differences in socioeconomic and health status. After 18 months of follow-up, African Americans were less likely to show declines in LS-C than whites. Multivariate analyses showed racial differences in the relative importance and strength of the associations between predictors and LS-C change. Age and diabetes were significant predictors of LS-C decline for both African Americans and whites. Transportation difficulty, kidney disease, dementia, and Parkinson’s disease were significant for African Americans, while low education, arthritis/gout, stroke, neuropathy, depression, and poor appetite were significant for whites. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant disparities in baseline mobility between older African Americans and whites, but declines were more likely in whites. Improving transportation access and diabetes care may be important targets for enhancing mobility and reducing racial disparities in mobility.
Characteristics of microtrap-based injection systems for continuous monitoring of volatile organic compounds by gas chromatography

A sample valve is a common GC injection device for continuous monitoring of organic compounds in air. We have reported the use of a microtrap in on-line analysis applications. These devices not only make automatic injections, but also serve as a sample preconcentrator. In this paper, the characteristics of microtrap-based injection systems in continuous on-line monitoring is presented. Air emissions from a pilot plant scale catalytic incinerator were monitored to demonstrate the applicability of the microtrap.
Wine finish in red wine: The effect of ethanol and tannin concentration

Abstract Wine finish, the tastes and aromas that linger after swallowing wine, is a critical aspect of wine quality. The objective of this study was to use time-intensity (TI) methodology to determine whether the finish parameters of different flavors varied as a function of wine matrix composition. Trained panelists (n = 10) executed TI evaluations on three flavor compounds (2-phenylethanol (floral), 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (bell pepper), and oak lactone (coconut)), heat, and astringency in wine adjusted to varying ethanol and tannin levels. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that elevated ethanol increased duration and intensity of the finish for floral and coconut samples (p
Two unlinked T-DNAs can transform the same tobacco plant cell and segregate in the F1 generation

The 200 kb Agrobacterium Ti-plasmid pTiT37 carries a 25 kb segment of T-DNA which it transfers to plant cells during crown-gall tumorigenesis. We have previously engineered into this T-DNA a pBR322-derived cloning vector which enabled us to rescue-clone full length T-DNA from the Ti-plasmid into a 36 kb MINI-Ti plasmid. We report here the deletion of oncogenes from MINI-Ti to produce Micro-Ti containing the nopaline synthase gene and the ampicillin resistance gene and origin of replication of pBR322, flanked by left and right T-DNA borders. Micro-Ti was recloned into the wide host range plasmid pRK290 and transformed into an A. tumefaciens strain carrying a helper plasmid that could supply Virulence (VIR) genes in trans. Using the octopine Ti-plasmid pTiB6-806 as a helper, transformed tobacco cells were obtained which produced both nopaline and octopine. Two cloned cell lines producing both opines were found to be hormone dependent and to produce fertile tobacco plants. We selfed one of these plants and found that the two opine markers segregated in the F1 progeny in a Mendelian fashion. This showed that the T-DNAs were not linked in the transformed plant genome. Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA from the regenerated plant showed that only part of the (oncogenic) octopine T-DNA was present indicating that it had suffered a deletion in the auxin producing locus (tms region). Presence of the cytokinin autonomy locus presumably accounts for the abnormal rooting behavior of the F1 progeny seedlings containing this T-DNA.
The effect of light and heterotrophy on carotenoid concentrations in the Caribbean anemone Aiptasia pallida (Verrill)

One of the consequences of ultraviolet radiation exposure in anthozoans possessing photosynthetic endosymbionts (i.e., zooxanthellae) is production of reactive oxygen species that can damage cellular components, especially lipids and photosynthetic membranes. It is well known that carotenoids are potent antioxidants that can mitigate oxygen radical damage, but the origin of these compounds in zooxanthellate anthozoans is obscured because they can potentially originate from endosymbionts, heterotrophic feeding by the host, or a combination thereof. We used Aiptasia pallida, a common Caribbean anemone, to investigate the effects of exogenous food sources, ultraviolet-A radiation (UVA, 320–400 nm), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) on carotenoid levels in zooxanthellate anthozoans. Anemones were exposed to one of three simulated light treatments in the laboratory for 38 days: PAR (60% below ambient)/UVA (similar to ambient), PAR/low UVA (42% below ambient), and low PAR (98.4% below ambient)/no UVA. In addition, anemones were either fed a carotenoid-rich diet of Artemia salina nauplii, or starved. Carotenoids identified in A. pallida included peridinin, diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin and β-carotene. While a diet of Ar. salina nauplii had no effect on the carotenoid composition of A. pallida, a two-way analysis of variance revealed that anemones exposed to ambient UVA levels had significantly greater diatoxanthin concentrations relative to the total xanthophyll pool [diato:(diato+diadino)] after 10 days of exposure. This difference among treatments was not present at 20 days, but reappeared as an effect due to starvation rather than UVA at days 30 and 38. These results suggest that carotenoids in A. pallida are not influenced by exogenous feeding and that photoprotective xanthophyll cycling is sensitive to stresses such as UVA and starvation.
1H-MRSI of radiation effects in normal-appearing white matter: dose-dependence and impact on automated spectral classification.

Purpose To identify radiation-induced changes in healthy white-matter spectra in the first six months following radiotherapy, and assess the impact of these changes on an automated algorithm for detecting spectral abnormalities. Materials and Methods 1H-MRSI was performed on 10 patients with grade IV gliomas who were to undergo radiation therapy. Choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) ratios were studied as a function of dose and time. The impact of these spectral changes on a spectral analysis algorithm was evaluated. Results The Cho/NAA ratios rose to values of 0.66 ± 0.15, 0.75 ± 0.21, and 0.73 ± 0.15 two months after therapy, compared to immediate post-therapy values of 0.56 ± 0.15, 0.60 ± 0.16, and 0.61 ± 0.15 for the 50 Gy dose groups, respectively. These maxima were followed by a dose-dependent recovery. A similar trend was found in the Cho/Cr ratio. The automated spectral analysis system incorporated the changing Cho/NAA ratio into a global redefinition of healthy tissue, but did not account for dose-dependent spatial variations in Cho/NAA ratios. Conclusion Radiation significantly alters the spectra of healthy tissues in the first six months after radiotherapy. This suggests that the radiation dose distribution should be considered during analysis of post-therapy spectra. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:379–388. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Controlling The Breast Cancer In Woman Of The World: Reducing Aggressive Surgeries, Radiation Exposure And Chemo Treatments

The most occurring cancer among women in the world is the breast cancer. It is still unknown what are the reasons one woman develops the breast cancer and another does not develop it. Advances in diagnostics and treatment options, increased understanding of breast cancer types, and, most recently, exploration in the role of genetic mutations in cancer development all have contributed to the reduction of fatalities. However, there remains much to be discovered and improved upon, all with the ultimate goal of making the treatment process as smooth and effective as possible for the patient. Breast cancer is a prevalent problem in our modern world; in the United States alone, over 200,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, with a staggering one in eight women developing some sort of breast cancer in her lifetime. For example, HER2+ breast cancer accounts for 25-30% of these cases in the USA only. HER2+ treatment requires a combination of various drugs, producing a number of both physically and psychologically...
Non-Tracing Cases of Culpable Ignorance

Recent writers on negligence and culpable ignorance have argued that there are two kinds of culpable ignorance: tracing cases, in which the agent’s ignorance traces back to some culpable act or omission of hers in the past that led to the current act, which therefore arguably inherits the culpability of that earlier failure; and non-tracing cases, in which there is no such earlier failure, so the agent’s current state of ignorance must be culpable in its own right. An unusual but intriguing justification for blaming agents in non-tracing cases is provided by Attributionism, which holds that we are as blameworthy for our non-voluntary emotional reactions, spontaneous attitudes, and the ensuing patterns of awareness as we are for our voluntary actions. The Attributionist explanation for why some non-tracing cases involve culpability is an appealing one, even though it has limited scope. After providing a deeper account of why we should take the Attributionist position seriously, I use recent psychological research to argue for a new account of the conditions under which agents are culpable for straightforward instances of blameworthy acts. That account is extended to blameworthiness for non-voluntary responses. I conclude that even when the agent’s failure to notice arises from a nonvoluntary objectionable attitude, very few such cases are ones in which Attributionism implies that the agent is blameworthy for her act.
Peer Supports as an Alternative to Individually Assigned Paraprofessionals in Inclusive High School Classrooms

Promoting access to the general curriculum has emerged as a central theme of the standards-based reform movement, challenging educators to identify effective strategies for supporting students with...
Acquiring user models

Existing machine techniques for acquiring user models are characterized along five orthogonal dimensions: passive/active, user-initiated/automatic, logical/plausible, direct/indirect, and on-line/off-line. Passive techniques observe users whereas active techniques query users. User-initiated techniques require that users volunteer information; automatic techniques do not. The logical/plausible dimension measures the accuracy of derived user model data. Indirect techniques build upon data gathered by more direct methods. On-line techniques acquire user models in real-time during user interaction, while off-line techniques work after the user interaction is finished. Commonalities and differences in capabilities and features of different user model acquisition techniques are analyzed along the above dimensions, and the relationship of these techniques to similar techniques in other areas of artificial intelligence are discussed.
Characterization of functional nerve growth factor-receptors in a CNS glial cell line: Monoclonal antibody 217c recognizes the nerve growth factor-receptor on C6 glioma cells

The biological effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) have been shown to be mediated by the high-affinity form of the nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R) in sympathetic and sensory neurons, and in PC12 cells. We report here that the central nervous system C6 rat glioma cell line likewise expresses functional high-affinity NGF-Rs. The expression of NGF-R mRNA in C6 cells can be up-regulated by cycloheximide and its own ligand, NGF; and it can be rapidly down-regulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF). Furthermore, C6 cells display NGF responsiveness by expressing c-fos mRNA within 30 minutes of treatment with NGF; and after 4-5 days of NGF exposure, C6 cells cease dividing as measured by [3H]-thymidine uptake, change shape, and reveal neurite-like processes. Scatchard analysis of [125I]-labelled NGF bound to solubilized C6 cells confirms the presence of both high- and low-affinity receptor protein. Crosslinking radiolabeled NGF to its receptor in the presence or absence of excess unlabeled NGF, followed by immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibody (mAb) 192-IgG (a known anti-NGF-R antibody) and SDS-PAGE reveals a 100 kD band corresponding to the NGF/NGF-R complex. An identical band is observed when the immunoprecipitation is carried out with mAb 217c, suggesting that the 217c epitope is related to NGF-R. The 217c antibody was generated against C6 cells and shown to be a cell surface antibody (Peng et al., Science 215:1102-4, 1982); several investigators have used it subsequently as an immunocytochemical marker for Schwann cells. The significance of NGF-Rs in a CNS glial cell line is unclear, but association of NGF with the control of proliferation and/or differentiation of primitive glial cells is suggested.
Lubricated and nonlubricated squeezing flow of a double layered array of two power law liquids

Force-time relationships of a double-layered array of two power law liquids in squeezing flow at a constant displacement rate were generated with a computer. As in the case of a single layer, lubrication, or lack of it, has the strongest influence on the magnitude of the forces and the flow pattern. Transient flow regimes that were prominent in the behavior of Newtonian liquid arrays in lubricated squeezing flow were also found in the behavior of the power law liquids. Their prominence was influenced by the liquid's flow index and it was drastically magnified as the differences in the liquid's consistency increased.
Aerodynamic Design Considerations for In-Flight Refueling of Unmanned Vehicles

Refueling has become a significant part of military strategy for air forces to work at further distances from safe shores. This paper will address the concepts and requirements for applying this technique to unmanned vehicles in a military context for supporting fixed and rotor aircraft. The aerodynamics and aspects of human factors in the process are considered, reviewed and solutions proposed to allow for the first generation of designs to be developed. Furthermore, the practical and operational limitations will be addressed as part of the human factors implications.
When a Small Thing Means so Much: Nonverbal Cues as Turning Points in Relationships

This paper investigates reports of transformative nonverbal behaviors: cues that act as important interactional triggers for a change in or between people in a relationship. To explore such behaviors, we asked participants to report on any situation in which they recalled one or more nonverbal cues that they or others used and that changed something for them. The most commonly reported nonverbal cues that instigated transformation were facial expressions, eye behavior, touch, and the use of personal space. Vocal cues (particularly silence), gestures and other kinesic cues (e.g., walking away), use of time, and attire were also mentioned. Using the constant comparative approach, we found four large categories of changes the participants reported as resulting from these nonverbal cues and provide examples of these change types from our data corpus. We labeled these “relational,” “perceptual,” “affective,” and “behavior”. Our analyses revealed that judgments of the behavior/event’s valence correlated positively with judgments of their relationship, the other person, and themselves, suggesting that the affective judgment of a nonverbal turning point event may have strong implications for other important judgments. Vocal cues seemed to be involved in events that were labeled more negatively, and touch was a cue in events labeled more positively. Finally, eye behaviors were consistently a part of events that were reported to result in changes in perception.
Childhood Risks for Young Adult Symptoms of Personality Disorder: Method and Substance

This article employs data gathered prospectively over a 17 year period to assess 36 childhood risk factors for personality disorder in young adults. Measurement issues are discussed, and the overall extent of prediction is assessed in younger and older boys and girls. Prediction is shown to be better for girls than for boys and, among girls, better over a younger age span than over an older age span covering an equivalent time. Risks are shown to predict independently of the continuity of symptoms over time. The effects of individual risks are examined by means of a) correlation coefficients, b) standardized mean differences, c) odds ratios for scaled measures, and d) attributable fractions.
Pathways to Economic Security: Gender and Nonstandard Employment in Contemporary Japan.

Compiling data from several government surveys, this article identifies key social indicators of economic security associated with nonstandard employment in Japan. Empirical trends of nonstandard employment are contextualized in the development of Japanese coordinated capitalism from the economic boom during the 1960s through the recession of the 1990s to the turn of the 21st Century. A case study of Japan, with its high relative and absolute numbers of nonstandard workers, can reveal what happens to economic security when neoliberalism increasingly encroaches on a highly regulated employment relations system. The dramatic increase of nonstandard employment, particularly among women, is rooted in the design of the institutional architecture supporting pillars of the Japanese employment system and its mode of regulation. Based on interviews and a review of labour laws, the article chronicles regulatory reform aimed at stimulating the growth of nonstandard employment as a cheap source of labor with few benefits and limited employment protections. The final section concludes with a proposal for reframing social policies to advance economic security in Japan.
Comparison of one-dimensional turbulence and direct numerical simulations of soot formation and transport in a nonpremixed ethylene jet flame

Abstract Accurate models of soot formation in turbulent flames are important for correctly predicting and simulating flames and fires. Modeling soot formation and transport is challenging due to the complex chemical formation processes, and differential diffusion of soot relative to a flame. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) have highlighted the importance of such transport on soot concentrations, however DNS is computationally expensive. The one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model is able resolve a full range of length and timescales and solves the evolution of diffusive and reactive scalars in the natural physical coordinate. We present results of soot formation in ODT and compare the model to simulation results from DNS in a temporally-evolving planar ethylene jet flame where the same transport, thermodynamic, and kinetic models are applied. Good agreement is found for the jet evolution in terms of the mixture fraction profiles. Conditional soot statistics (mean and fluctuations) are presented, along with joint soot-mixture fraction PDFs that illustrate the location and motion of soot in the mixture fraction coordinate. Good qualitative agreement between the models is found and the soot behavior is similar. While the ODT cannot capture three-dimensional flow structures, the ODT simulations are less computationally expensive than the DNS suggesting its use in conjunction with DNS for parametric study, model validation, and investigation at parameter ranges not currently available to DNS.
Abnormal cortical cells and astrocytomas in the Eker rat model of tuberous sclerosis complex.

Summary: Purpose: In patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a wide range of neurologic abnormalities develop, including mental retardation and seizures. Brains from TSC patients are characterized by the presence of cortical tubers, large dysmorphic neurons, and abnormal cytomegalic cells. Although analysis of human TSC brain samples led to the identification of these abnormal cell types, very little is known about how these cells function. In an effort to model TSC-associated CNS abnormalities (and ultimately to analyze the electrophysiologic properties of abnormal cells), we examined Eker rats carrying a Tsc2 mutation. Anatomic studies, including standard histologic stains and immunocytochemistry, were performed on young Eker rats exposed to a carcinogen in utero or aged untreated Eker rats (18–24 months old). Methods: Pregnant TSC2+/− females were injected once a day with hydroquinone (HQ), and offspring were killed at postnatal day P14 or P28. Coronal tissue sections throughout the CNS were prepared and stained for cresyl violet. In separate studies, brains of old untreated Eker rats were sectioned for anatomic analysis by using standard immunohistochemical techniques. Results: Tissue sections stained with cresyl violet did not reveal any gross differences between HQ-treated Eker (Tsc2Ek/+) rats and siblings (Tsc2+/+). However, two classes of abnormal giant cells were observed in brain sections from untreated aged Eker rats: (a) large dysmorphic pyramid-like cells immunoreactive for NeuN, tuberin, and EAAC-1 in layers IV–VI; and (b) abnormal cytomegalic cells immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin in deep cortical layers or along the white matter. In addition, large subependymal astrocytomas were observed in four animals. Conclusions: Our data suggest that cortical tuber formation in Eker rats is a rare event and that prenatal exposure to a nongenotoxic carcinogen such as HQ is not sufficient to induce tuber formation. However, with advanced age, an increased likelihood of astrocytoma formation and the emergence of dysmorphic neurons and cytomegalic cells in the Eker rat brain might exist; each of these abnormalities mimics those seen clinically and could contribute to neurologic problems associated with TSC. Further analysis of this rodent model may be warranted.
Instability in a continuum kinetic-growth model with surface relaxation.

We study the recently proposed nonlinear kinetic-growth model with surface relaxation for molecular-beam epitaxy in both two (2D) and three (3D) dimensions. We find that the dynamics of the equation without noise is nonlinearly unstable, in contrast to the dynamics of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation. Because of the large fluctuation exponent in 2D, one important consequence is that there exists a strong-coupling regime where the interface develops a local divergence in finite time. For 3D or higher dimensions, the fluctuation is not strong enough to drive the system towards divergence, and the scaling is correctly given by renormalization-group calculations.
Optimality Condition for Selected Mapping in OFDM

It is well known that orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) transmission is spectrally efficient but power inefficient due to the large peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) of the OFDM signal. Selected mapping (SLM) is a promising PAR reduction technique that is distortionless and has good PAR reducing capability. In SLM, the phases of the frequency domain OFDM subsymbols are first rotated before the inverse Fourier transform is applied; thus, an equivalent representation of the OFDM signal can be obtained. The one with the lowest PAR from among M such representations is retained and transmitted in place of the original OFDM signal. In this paper, we investigate the optimum design of the phase rotation table so that the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the PAR of the SLM OFDM signal is minimized for any given M. We prove that if the phases (denoted by random variable phi) are independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) with E[ejphi]=0, then optimum SLM performance can be achieved