cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual and family characteristics of middle class adolescents hospitalized for alcohol and other drug abuse

The frequency of alcohol and drug use, abuse and severity of dependence, and personality and family characteristics in 280 female and male hospitalized adolescents in treatment for chemical dependence and 120 middle class adolescents were examined. A MANOVA showed that parents' drug and alcohol use was a main effect, increasing frequency of use and severity of dependence upon alcohol and drugs in both groups of adolescents. Sexual and physical abuse studied in the patient group also functioned as a main effect. Patients reported significantly less family interests, and participation in intellectual, cultural and social activities, but more control than the comparison group. It was concluded that adolescent alcohol and other drug abuse is part of a biopsychosocial syndrome of problem behavior, which includes the problem behavior of parents and the interacting family unit.
90° Bremsstrahlung Source Term Produced in Thick Targets by 50 MeV to 10 GeV Electrons

The 90° bremsstrahlung source terms produced in thick targets were studied using the EGS4 and FLUKA Monte Carlo codes. Calculations were performed for cylindrical targets of aluminum, iron, copper and lead. In the calculations, the electron beam energies varied from 50 MeV to 10 GeV, and the target radii varied from 0.5 to 3 Moliere units. The results were compared with the SLAC SHIELD 11 code.
Freedom as Justice: Hegel's Interpretation of Plato's Republic

Hegel's interpretation of Plato's political thought provides the principal illustration of his metaphilosophy. However, Hegel has been criticized for imposing his own metaphilosophical agenda upon Plato's work, and for consequently overestimating its descriptive content while underestimating its prescriptively normative features. A reexamination of Hegel's metaphilosophy nevertheless reveals that he appreciated the broader significance of Plato's political philosophy within a conceptual framework that transcends the traditional dichotomy of description and prescription and that explores issues concerning the relation of theory and practice.
Memory and Mourning: An Exhibit History

Mounted by the Strong Museum in Rochester, New York, in 1993, and traveling nationally thereafter, the exhibit Memory and Mourning provided historical and contemporary perspectives to help museum guests explore their own reactions to loss and grief. In the process the exhibit's development team encountered a range of philosophical, historical, psychological, and therapeutic issues that have surrounded bereavement in America. Visitor comments showed how popular audiences recapitulated and anticipated the professional discourse.
Wing shielding of high-velocity jet and shock-associated noise with cold and hot flow jets

Jet exhaust noise shielding data are presented for cold and hot flows (ambient to 1,100 K) and pressure ratios from 1.7 to 2.75. A nominal 9.5-cm diameter conical nozzle was used with simple shielding surfaces that were varied in length from 28.8 to 114.3 cm. The nozzle was located 8.8 cm above the surfaces. The acoustic data with the various sheilding lengths are compared to each other and to that for the nozzle alone. In general, short shielding surfaces that provided shielding for subsonic jets did not provide as much shielding for jets with shock noise, however, long shielding surfaces did shield shock noise effectively.
The Combined Use of Expanded-Bed Adsorption and Gradient Elution for Capture and Partial Purification of Mutant Diphtheria Toxin (CRM 9) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Expanded-bed adsorption (EBA) is a new approach for performing the initial recovery or capture of proteins from various crude feedstocks. The essence of the method is direct adsorption of the desired protein from the unclarified suspension by passing it through a stable expanded bed of the adsorbent. This type of operation replaces centrifugation, clarification, dialysis, and concentration with one simple unit operation. The recovery is done by pumping the feedstock upward on the expanded column and eluting it downward in a step mode from the packed bed. One of the unique properties of the expanded bed is its behavior as a true plug-flow column, which makes it possible to use gradient elution and to achieve better purification in addition to the other benefits. In this work the “traditional” recovery and purification process of the extracellular mutant diphtheria toxin (CRM 9) was replaced with an expanded bed adsorption process in which the protein was eluted using a linear salt gradient in an upward mod...
Beta Glucuronidase Activity in Skin Components of Children with Cystic Fibrosis

As compared to that in normal children a decreased activity of beta gliucuronidase, a lysosomal enzyme associated with mucopolysaccharide metabolism and with salt transport, has been detected in the epidermis and sweat gland tissues of children with cystic fibrosis.
Review of the fundamental theories behind small angle X-ray scattering, molecular dynamics simulations, and relevant integrated application

In this paper, the fundamental concepts and equations necessary for performing small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and MD-SAXS analyses were reviewed. Furthermore, several key biological and non-biological applications for SAXS, MD, and MD-SAXS are presented in this review; however, this article does not cover all possible applications. SAXS is an experimental technique used for the analysis of a wide variety of biological and non-biological structures. SAXS utilizes spherical averaging to produce one- or two-dimensional intensity profiles, from which structural data may be extracted. MD simulation is a computer simulation technique that is used to model complex biological and non-biological systems at the atomic level. MD simulations apply classical Newtonian mechanics’ equations of motion to perform force calculations and to predict the theoretical physical properties of the system. This review presents several applications that highlight the ability of both SAXS and MD to study protein folding and function in addition to non-biological applications, such as the study of mechanical, electrical, and structural properties of non-biological nanoparticles. Lastly, the potential benefits of combining SAXS and MD simulations for the study of both biological and non-biological systems are demonstrated through the presentation of several examples that combine the two techniques. Keywords: small angle X-ray scattering; molecular dynamics; protein folding; nanoparticles; MD-SAXS; atomistic simulation; ab initio; radius of gyration; pair distribution function; Newtonian equations of motion (Published: 25 February 2015) Citation: Nano Reviews 2015, 6 : 25661 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/nano.v6.25661
Why Have Private Saving Rates in the United States and Canada Diverged

One of the central questions in macroeconomics for many years has been whether government policy can affect private saving rates, and if so to what extent and through what channels. The question has remained controversial because, as with other macroeconomic questions, experiments to check divergent hypotheses cannot be deliberately performed, so economists must rely upon the often dubious evidence from the limited experiments with which nature and history have endowed us. This paper discusses the results of an exceptionally good natural experiment that has been provided by Canada and the U.S. over the past thirty-five years. After moving in tandem for almost 25 years, American and Canadian private saving rates have diverged dramatically over the last decade. The primary conclusion emerging from our analysis of this phenomenon is that tax policies can have a potent impact on private savings behavior. Differences in tax structures and in the interactions of taxation and inflation appear to be important factors explaining the divergent behavior of the American and Canadian private savings rates. Recognizing the importance of asset revaluations, caused partially but not entirely by tax effects, also helps to explain the different behavior of U.S. and Canadian savings. There may also be a relationship between government deficits and the private savings differential.
Linearization of copy-and-sample photonics analog to digital converter based on a multidimensional look-up table

We present a novel linearization method for parametric copy-and-sample processor based on a multidimensional look-up table. The method is demonstrated experimentally on a photonics parametric analog-to-digital converter. A 27dB improvement in Total Harmonic Distortion is experimentally demonstrated.
Skeletal metabolism in estrogen-treated rats studied by means of Ca45.

Estradiol n-valerate, 0.5 mg. in oil, was given weekly to 50 immature rats and the effect upon the length of the spongiosa in the tibias and femurs was observed by x-ray. After 4 weeks 30 µC. of high specific activity Ca45 was given to the estrogen-treated rats and to an equal number of controls, which had received weekly injections of oil alone. Groups of 10 rats each were killed at intervals of from 1 hour to 8 days. The distribution of Ca45 in the femurs, tibias and incisors was analyzed kinetically accordingto the method of Bauer, Carlsson, and Lindquist. In addition qualitative observations were made by microradiography and autoradiography of sections of the femurs. The kinetic study, in agreement with the observations made by autoradiography, indicated a reduction of approximately 50% in the rate of resorption in the upper ends of the tibias of the estrogen-treated animals. This led to the conclusion that while removal of Ca from the central part of the spongiosa of the long bones was markedly inhib...
Fatty acid monoesters of 1-ascorbic acid and d-isoascorbic acid

Fat-soluble fatty acid monoesters of 1-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-isoascorbic acid have been prepared from lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids in 40–50 per cent yields. Evidence has been presented to show that only the primary hydroxyl group of each of the ascorbic acids has been esterified. Antioxidant properties of these esters are being studied. Preliminary tests on the esters have indicated that they may have useful properties as interfacial modifiers.
A selected harmonics compensation method with Distributed Energy Resources

Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are expected to provide ancillary functions including reactive power generation and harmonics compensation. Meanwhile, multilevel inverters and two level converters with Optimal Pulse Width Modulation (OPWM) will be commonly used for DERs at high power levels. The challenge is to realize harmonic compensation with limited switching angles. This work presents a four equations based method to realize Selected Harmonics Compensation (SHC) and power generation with DERs. Since the power converter is requested to realize both harmonics filtering and power generation; limitations on harmonics compensation at the given power are discussed. Power Hardware-in-the-loop based verifications are shown at the end of the paper.
Integration of GIS and educational achievement data for education policy analysis and decision-making

Effective exploration and analysis of spatially referenced educational achievement data can help educational stakeholders and policy analysts accelerate interpretation of datasets to gain valuable insights. This demonstration will present a system developed in the National Office for Research on Measurement and Evaluation Systems (NORMES) for supporting web-based interactive exploration of state-wide educational data. The statewide statistical summaries are presented in thematic maps generated by Geographic Information System (GIS). Visual analysis of the thematic maps can help educational policy analysts to "see" complex spatial relationships and to detect patterns easily. Linking among GIS maps allows educators to interactively "drill down" through a hierarchy of geopolitical levels and to visualize statistical graphics and tables which are dynamically generated using Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) script language. Through building up the relationships between maps, graphs, and databases, this interactive system allows administrators to gain an enhanced understanding of what is occurring in schools, and allow the policy analysts to generate more accurate and effective policy decisions.
Sulfite (SPORL) pretreatment of switchgrass for enzymatic saccharification

SPORL (Sulfite Pretreatment to Overcome Recalcitrance of Lignocellulose) pretreatment was applied to switchgrass and optimized through an experimental design using Response Surface Methodology within the range of temperature (163-197 °C), time (3-37 min), sulfuric acid dosage (0.8-4.2% on switchgrass), and sodium sulfite dosage (0.6-7.4% on switchgrass). Performance of SPORL was compared with that of dilute acid (DA) and alkali (AL) in switchgrass pretreatment. Results indicated that SPORL pretreatment improved the digestibility of switchgrass through sufficiently removing hemicellulose, partially dissolving lignin, and reducing hydrophobicity of lignin by sulfonation. The removal of hemicellulose was more critical to substrate digestibility than the removal of lignin during SPORL pretreatment. SPORL pretreated switchgrass had better enzymatic digestibility than DA and AL pretreated ones. The SPORL pretreated switchgrass could be hydrolyzed by 83% within 48 h with 15 FPU (filter paper unit) cellulase and 30 CBU (cellobiose unit) β-glucosidase/g cellulose.
One South or Many?: Plantation Belt and Upcountry in Civil War-Era Tennessee

This book is a state-wide study of Tennessee's agricultural population between 1850 and 1880. Relying upon massive samples of census data as well as plantation accounts, the author provides the first systematic comparison of the socioeconomic bases of plantation and non-plantation areas both before and immediately after the Civil War. Although the study applauds scholars' growing appreciation of southern diversity during the nineteenth century, it argues that recent scholarship both oversimplifies distinctions between Black Belt and Upcountry and exaggerates the socioeconomic heterogeneity of the South as a whole. It also challenges several largely unsubstantiated assumptions concerning the postbellum reorganisation of southern agriculture, particularly those regarding the immiseration of southern whites and the immobilization and economic repression of southern freedmen.
Peptide Mapping of the Subunits and Deglycosylated Polypeptides of Human Liver α-L-Fucosidase

Abstract The subunits of human liver α-L-fucosidase have been separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, excised, and subjected to peptide mapping after CNBr cleavage or trypsin digestion. The CNBr peptide maps of the glycosylated 56- and 51-kDa subunits were similar except that the larger subunit had several peptides with M r s shifted higher than those apparent for the smaller subunit. These M r differences were almost completely eliminated when CNBr peptide mapping was performed on the deglycosylated 48- and 45-kDa polypeptides, suggesting that the M r differences were due to carbohydrate differences. Minor differences not related to glycosylation were found in the CNBr peptide maps for the 48- and 45-kDa polypeptides including the presence of small amounts of three peptides in the larger polypeptide not found in the smaller polypeptide. Sequence analysis suggested that both the 48- and the 45-kDa polypeptides were blocked at their amino-termini but analysis of the largest CNBr peptide from each polypeptide indicated an identical 13-amino-acid sequence corresponding to residues 6 through 18 from the cDNA-deduced sequence of mature α-L-fucosidase. Tryptic peptide mapping indicated very similar HPLC peptide profiles for the deglycosylated 48- and 45-kDa polypeptides except for the presence of small amounts of six peaks present in the larger polypeptide which were not detected in the smaller polypeptide. The overall results provide the first evidence that the polypeptides of human liver fucosidase are very similar and probably encoded by the same gene. However, minor differences in the polypeptides exist, possibly due to normal allelic variation, alternative splicing, proteolytic processing, and/or posttranslational modifications other than those due to glycosylation.
Acute rheumatic fever: case report and review for emergency physicians.

Abstract Background Acute rheumatic fever (ARF), a consequence of group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis, is characterized by nonsuppurative inflammatory lesions of the joints as well as subcutaneous and cardiac tissues. Although the overall incidence of ARF in the United States has declined in recent years, there have been reports of outbreaks in closed populations, as well as sporadic cases. Traditionally considered a disease of children, adults may also acquire the disease. Because of declining incidence and a presentation that may overlap with other conditions, ARF may not be considered in the differential diagnosis. Failure to recognize ARF may result in delayed diagnosis and recurrent disease. Objective This report is designed to assist emergency physicians in identifying components of the history and physical examination that are important to making a timely diagnosis of ARF. Case Report An otherwise healthy man presented to the emergency department (ED) with clinical findings consistent with ARF. Despite presentation to the ED on three occasions, during which he was treated for various conditions, it was not until the 3rd encounter that the diagnosis of ARF was considered. Conclusion Failure to recognize ARF may result in repeated ED visits, delayed diagnosis, and prolonged patient discomfort. Recognition of the condition is important to prevent recurrent disease.
Palisadins A,B and related monocyclofarnesol-derived sesquiterpenoids from the red marine alga cf.

Abstract Five new monocyclofarnesol-derived sesquiterpenoids, along with the previously reported lactone aplysistatin, have been isolated from the tropical red alga Laurencia cf. palisada . The structures of these new compounds were defined by spectral and chemical analyses, including their partial interconversion with aplysistatin.
Does source affect response to direct advocacy print advertisements

Abstract This posttest-only experiment examined how source attribution and the personality characteristic of fatalism affect evaluate and behavioral intention responses to direct advocacy print advertisements. Two commercial sources, a noncommercial source, and no source were manipulated in an identical print advocacy ad. Regression analysis revealed that subjects exposed to the two commercial source treatments evaluated the ad more negatively than subjects exposed to the noncommercial and no source treatments. The commercial and trade association source treatments also produced a negative intent to respond to the advocated request. Fatalism was found to be significantly related to behavioral intention, but not the message evaluation. Overall, the results indicate that commercial sponsors should employ direct advocacy print advertisements with the knowledge that their commercial identification elicits critical and negative responses from uncommitted audience members.
THE EFFECTS OF CASTRATION AND TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON THE STRIATED PERINEAL MUSCULATURE IN THE RAT

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL changes in striated muscle following castration or sex hormone treatment are meager, since in most of the striated muscles the changes are not readily observable. Papanicolaou and Falk1 described an hypertrophy of the temporal muscles in the guinea pig after testosterone administration; they didnot,however, present quantitative data. In the course of certain experiments it was accidentally observed that castration caused a marked decrease in the bulk of the striated perineal musculature, the bulbo cavernosus, ischio cavernosus, and levator ani. Since comparable changes were not seen in the other striated muscles, the following experiments were undertaken to test the effect of castration and male sex hormone ontheperineal musculature (herein designated as perineal muscle complex) (fig. 1 and 2). Sixty-day-old normal rats of the Long-Evans strain were divided as evenly as possible into the following groups. Group 1;9 animals were subjected to castration, the epididymis be...
Study of mixtures of n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside with anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactant in aqueous solutions using surface tension and fluorescence techniques

Abstract Surfactants of practical interest are invariably mixtures of different types. In this study, mixtures of sugar-based n-dodecyl-β- d -maltoside with cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, anionic sodium dodecylsulfate, and nonionic pentaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether in solution, with and without supporting electrolyte, have been studied using surface tension and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. Interaction parameters and mole fraction of components in mixed micelles were calculated using regular solution theory. The magnitude of interactions between n-dodecyl-β- d -maltoside and other surfactants followed the order anionic/nonionic > cationic/nonionic > nonionic/nonionic mixtures. Since all surfactants have the same hydrophobic groups, strengths of interactions are attributed to the structures of hydrophilic headgroups. Electrolyte reduced synergism between n-dodecyl-β- d -maltoside and ionic surfactant due to charge neutralization. Industrial sugar-based surfactant, dodecyl polyglucoside, yielded results similar to that with dodecyl maltoside, implying that tested commercial alkyl polyglucosides are similar to the pure laboratory samples in synergistic interactions with other surfactants. Fluorescence study not only supported the cmc results using tensiometry, but showed that interfaces of all the above mixed micelle/solution interfaces are mildly hydrophobic. Based on these results, an attempt is made to discover the nature of interactions to be a combination of intermolecular potential energies and free energy due to packing of surfactant molecules in micelles.
High-Speed Directional Coupler Modulator in AlGaAs with Capacitively Loaded Electrode Structure

An electrode structure for the directional coupler modulator based on the capacitive-loaded design was designed, as shown in Figure 1, where the RF signal line and ground plane are placed on either side of optical waveguides and connected to the electrodes on top of the ridges through 50 Jim wide air-bridges. The impedance matching, and tapers, are designed using the constant impedance in coplanar waveguide. As the RF signal is applied to one end of the electrode, it travels through the side electrode which has the capacitance Cd, and because it is connected to the electrode on top of the ridge, additional lump capacitance Cd’ will be added to the structure, as shown in Figures 2a and 2b.
POLLEN-TUBE COMPETITION AND MALE FITNESS IN HIBISCUS MOSCHEUTOS.

The stigmas of animal-pollinated flowers often capture more pollen than is needed to fertilize all available ovules, and mixed-donor pollen loads are probably common. When this is the case, variation in average pollen-tube growth rates can potentially affect the number of seeds sired by a given plant. Despite considerable interest in effects of postpollination processes on male fitness, little is known about the extent of variation in pollen performance among plants from natural populations. To examine this question in Hibiscus moscheutos (rose mallow), we conducted mixed-donor hand-pollination experiments with 39 pollen donors bearing distinctive isozyme markers. Pairs of competing donors were compared on sets of 11 to 15 recipient plants per pair. These donors often differed in the proportions of seeds they sired, with the maximum deviation from an expected ratio of 50:50 being 68:32. Furthermore, three intensively studied plants exhibited consistent trends in relative pollen performance when each was tested against (1) the same three competitors, and (2) groups of 14 competitors chosen at random from the study population. In a separate experiment, we investigated the effects of salinity stress and high soil nutrients on pollen performance. These environmental factors had anticipated effects on leaf production, flower production, and petal length, but style length and (most importantly) the number of seeds sired relative to a standard pollen donor were not affected. In summary, this study provides the strongest evidence to date that pollen-tube competitive ability varies among coexisting plants and may be an important component of male fitness in plants.
Crystal structure of human branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase and the molecular basis of multienzyme complex deficiency in maple syrup urine disease

Abstract Background: Mutations in components of the extraordinarily large α-ketoacid dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes can lead to serious and often fatal disorders in humans, including maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). In order to obtain insight into the effect of mutations observed in MSUD patients, we determined the crystal structure of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (E1), the 170 kDa α 2 β 2 heterotetrameric E1b component of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. Results: The 2.7 A resolution crystal structure of human E1b revealed essentially the full α and β polypeptide chains of the tightly packed heterotetramer. The position of two important potassium (K + ) ions was determined. One of these ions assists a loop that is close to the cofactor to adopt the proper conformation. The second is located in the β subunit near the interface with the small C-terminal domain of the α subunit. The known MSUD mutations affect the functioning of E1b by interfering with the cofactor and K + sites, the packing of hydrophobic cores, and the precise arrangement of residues at or near several subunit interfaces. The Tyr→Asn mutation at position 393-α occurs very frequently in the US population of Mennonites and is located in a unique extension of the human E1b α subunit, contacting the β′ subunit. Conclusions: Essentially all MSUD mutations in human E1b can be explained on the basis of the structure, with the severity of the mutations for the stability and function of the protein correlating well with the severity of the disease for the patients. The suggestion is made that small molecules with high affinity for human E1b might alleviate effects of some of the milder forms of MSUD.
Mist delivery of eye medication to the anterior segment.

Purpose To compare the mydriatic efficacies of mist and drop delivery of tropicamide 1.0%. Design Randomized, masked, active, controlled clinical trial. Methods One hundred subjects were randomized to receive small-volume (6 μl) mist administration of tropicamide 1.0% in one eye and either nothing or a conventional drop (30 μl) of the same solution in the fellow eye. Results Comparing misted eyes with untreated eyes in the same subjects, the mean maximal increase in pupil diameter in the misted eyes was 2.02 mm and was 0.25 mm in the fellow eyes. The difference is statistically significant (P ≤ .001) Comparing mist-treated eyes with drop-treated eyes in the same subjects, the mean maximal increase in pupil diameter in the misted eyes was 1.98 mm and was 2.11 mm in the drop-treated eyes. The difference was not statistically significant (P = .051). Conclusions Small-volume mist and conventional drop delivery of tropicamide 1.0% were shown to be similar in mydriatic effectiveness.
FORS: a system for flexible design

The structure of FORS, a software tool that deals primarily with the area of collaboration and secondarily with human computer interfaces and record keeping, is described. It also deals with tool acquisition. FORS implements the network model of collaboration and permits dynamic reconfiguration of tools and aspects. A detailed description of its four modules-an aspect library, a tool library, a design space, and remote effects-is given. The implementation of the system in the mechanical design of a window regulator is examined. >
Structured superpeers: leveraging heterogeneity to provide constant-time lookup

Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems are typically divided into those that centralize lookup functionality in a single location and those that distribute the lookup operation across the set of participating hosts. The former approach can offer constant time lookup latency, but is more expensive to scale and suffers from single points of failure. In contrast, the fully distributed approach is easier to scale and can be more resilient to failures, but the lookup latency scales as a function of the total number of participants. While the research community has made great progress in improving the latency of distributed lookup, these systems, exemplified by Chord[I. Stoica et al., (2001)] typically require O(logN) hops to locate an object in a system with N hosts. We explore the costs and benefits of a new hybrid approach that partially distributes lookup information among a dynamically adjusted set of high-capacity "superpeers". This design exploits the resource heterogeneity inherent in existing P2P systems to provide many of the advantages of a centralized system, even while avoiding most of the problems associated with such systems. Lookup is performed using superpeers in constant-time, and the system performs well even in the event of simultaneous super-peer failures. Finally, while our gain in performance is potentially at the expense of scalability, we will show that a straightforward implementation should be able to scale to over one million peers with reasonable lookup rates.
Field emission characteristics of carbon nano tubes under varying background pressure conditions

In general, for plasma switches, the initiation of the plasma is critical and this is usually achieved by a “trigger” scheme. The seed electrons needed to initiate a breakdown can be generated by several means such as thermionic, field or optical emission. While the thermionic emission has been used mainly in vacuum tubes and is a mature technology, field emission (or cold-cathode electron emission) has been the subject of recent studies and technology. The efficiency of these seed electron emission determines how well the plasma switch can close or open. It is known that the carbon nano tubes (CNTs) have excellent field emission characteristic under high vacuum pressure and they have been considered as prima candidates as cold-cathode electron emitters. However, to the authors' knowledge their electron emission characteristics in elevated pressures higher than vacuum have not been measured. The purpose of this experiment is to observe the field emission characteristics of several CNT samples, namely random Multi-Wall Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT), Aligned MWCNT and random Single-Wall Carbon Nano Tube (SWCNT) in background pressures ranging from 10−6 Torr to 1 Torr of He and air. The comparison of SEM images of the samples before and after the experiments is presented to demonstrate that these samples can be operated under these various vacuum conditions.
Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Orthopaedic Treatment of Fractures of the Long Bones and Pelvis in Children Who Have Multiple Injuries*†

A large number of children who are admitted to the hospital after trauma have multiple injuries. Although most of the fractures associated with polytrauma are obvious, with deformity and swelling of the injured extremity, it is essential to examine all extremities and axial areas carefully in this setting. It has been suggested that technetium bone scans be used for young patients who have multiple injuries in order to diagnose all skeletal injuries16, but careful physical examination will usually suffice. The orthopaedic treatment of fractures in children who have multiple injuries is clearly affected by what other injuries the child has sustained. These injuries of other systems not only may change the timing of the orthopaedic care but also often alter the type of treatment chosen for the fracture. Injury to the brain needs immediate attention and has a higher priority than fractures of the extremities of patients who have multiple injuries. The extent of injury to the brain and coma resulting from the head injury can be quantified, with use of the Glasgow Coma Scale or a similar grading system11, to follow the course of the child after he or she arrives at the hospital. Commonly, intracranial pressure is monitored to evaluate the need for neurosurgical intervention. The orthopaedist can help to control the intracranial pressure by initially providing effective immobilization of the fractures. The stimulus from the manipulation of fractures or the movement of unsplinted fractures of the extremities can lead to an increase in the intracranial pressure. Although this immobilization may be limited to application of a splint or cast in the first few hours, if the child is brought to the operating room for the treatment of another system injury displaced fractures of the long bones should be stabilized operatively at the same …
Alternative Echocardiographic Methods to Assess Left Ventricular Diastolic Function

The standard noninvasive method to assess left ventricular diastolic function has been pulsed Doppler echocardiographic recordings of mitral inflow early diastolic (E) and atrial (A) filling velocities and the ratio of E to A, in combination with isovolumic relaxation and deceleration times. Pulmonary venous inflow velocities (systolic, diastolic, and atrial reversal) are used to assess left atrial and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. These measurements are influenced by changes in preload, including left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, left atrial or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and left ventricular volumes. Newer methods such as tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) of the mitral annulus and color M-mode recording of left ventricular diastolic flow propagation (FP) have now evolved as additional techniques for detecting abnormalities in left ventricular diastolic function that can complement the standard pulsed Doppler echocardiography methods. Both TDI and color M-mode flow FP appear to offe...
A Randomized Control Trial of a Chronic Care Intervention for Homeless Women with Alcohol Use Problems

A clinician-randomized trial was conducted using the chronic care model for disease management for alcohol use problems among n = 82 women served in a health care for the homeless clinic. Women with problem alcohol use received either usual care or an intervention consisting of a primary care provider (PCP) brief intervention, referral to addiction services, and on-going support from a care manager (CM) for 6 months. Both groups significantly reduced their alcohol consumption, with a small effect size favoring intervention at 3 months, but there were no significant differences between groups in reductions in drinking or in housing stability, or mental or physical health. However, intervention women had significantly more frequent participation in substance use treatment services. Baseline differences and small sample size limit generalizability, although substantial reductions in drinking for both groups suggest that screening and PCP brief treatment are promising interventions for homeless women with alcohol use problems.
A Public Dual Diagnosis Detoxification Unit

Despite the frequency of alcohol and drug dependence in mentally illpeople, data are not readily available on the detoxijication and acute stabilization of psychiatric symptoms in this group. i%e authors have previously reported on a public dualdiagnosis treatment model for homeless or homeless-prone patients. They now report on a pilotpspective study investigating the efficacy of this short-term treatment in stabilizing psychiatric symptoms. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Clinicians’ Global Improvement (CGI) and Severity Scale (CGS were used to assess treatment stabilization in alcohol-dependent subjects refmd with (n = 12) or withoutpsychiatric disorders (n = 12). i%e psychiatricallj refmed group had significantly more psychiatric impairment and symptoms at admission than control subjects, but both groups showed similar progressive improvement in symptom on hospitalization Days 2, 4, and G as messed by botb the BPRS and CGI (23% reduction by Day G, all Ps < 0.001). K3eseftndings indicate that a public dualdiagnosis detoxification unit appears effective in stabilizing psychiatric symptoms in this group of psychiatrically referred, alcohol-dependent patients. (American Journal on Addictions 1994; 3:194-203)
Frequency-dependent characteristics of shielded broadside coupled microstrip lines on anisotropic substrates

A spectral-domain technique is applied to compute the propagation characteristics of a shielded broadside coupled microstrip line printed on homogeneous uniaxial and biaxial substrates. The formulation derives the Green's functions for even and odd modes of the guiding structure via the transformed fourth-order differential equations. The analysis includes anisotropic substrates which are simultaneously characterized by both ( epsilon ) and ( mu ) tensors. This rigorous full-wave approach to the solution of the problem is shown to yield results agreeing well with the existing data. The propagation characteristics are studied with respect to different line width/thickness ratios as well as to the material substrate parameters. >
Scalability of dynamic storage allocation algorithms

Dynamic storage allocation has a significant impact on computer performance. A dynamic storage allocator manages space for objects whose lifetimes are not known by the system at the time of their creation. A good dynamic storage allocator should utilize storage efficiently and satisfy requests in as few instructions as possible. A dynamic storage allocator on a multiprocessor should have the ability to satisfy multiple requests concurrently. This paper examines parallel dynamic storage allocation algorithms and how performance scales with increasing numbers of processors. The highest throughputs and lowest instruction counts are achieved with multiple free list fit I. The best memory utilization is achieved using a best fit system.
Sintering Experiments on Sapphire Spheres

The plastic-flow theory of sintering between particles has been suggested and verified by several investigators. Tiny spheres in contact should develop a lens or bridge between them due to capillary action. Such contact lenses have been observed by others in materials such as NaCl, Cu, and stabilized ZrO2. They were unable to find contact lenses in pure ZrO2 or Al2O3. A simple technique has been developed whereby a contact lens or bridge is obtained between 40-mil spheres of sapphire by heating them on a thin molybdenum saucer held on a molybdenum block by induction in a vacuum (or in hydrogen).
TOWARD GLOBAL REPUBLICAN CITIZENSHIP

The re-energizers of the civic republican tradition claim that its ideas can enhance contemporary political theory as well as politics. This essay focuses on the benchmark of the republican tradition, the notion of citizenship, and explores the viability of such claims. I argue that serious limitations make the republican conception of citizenship unable to satisfy the stipulations of the ongoing global transition. The models of “the republican citizen” and “the citizen of the world” are essentially inconsistent. Some traditional ideas of civic republicanism—the high demands of public service and strong patriotic identity, the rhetorical approach to individual rights, and the multiple functions of the republican state—are not adjustable to the global reality. When new republicans attempt to incorporate the elements of contemporary political theory into republican thought, their hybrid concepts fly in the face of the old tradition.
Cognitive Impairments in Patients With Schizophrenia Displaying Preserved and Compromised Intellect

Background Although intellectual and neurocognitive deficits accompany schizophrenia, there are inconsistencies in the literature concerning issues of intellectual decline, premorbid deficits, a modal deficit pattern, and preserved abilities. Methods A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered once to 117 consecutively admitted patients with chronic schizophrenia and a group of 27 healthy control subjects to examine patterns of premorbid and current intellect (measured by means of reading scores and IQ, respectively) and the attendant cognitive profiles in schizophrenia using classification methods based on clinically derived (IQ levels) and atheoretical (cluster) techniques. Results Sixty patients (51%) with schizophrenia who displayed a general intellectual decline of 10 points or greater from estimated premorbid levels also exhibited deficits of executive function, memory, and attention. Twenty-eight patients (23%) with consistently low estimated premorbid intellect and current intellectual levels who displayed no evidence of IQ decline exhibited language and visual processing deficits in addition to deficits present in the intellectually declining group. The remaining 29 patients (25%) who displayed average estimated premorbid intellectual levels did not show IQ decline and exhibited a cognitive profile similar to normal, with the exception of executive function and attention impairment. Atheoretical analyses support the findings from clinically derived subgroups. Conclusions These results suggest that IQ decline, although modal in schizophrenia, is not universally characteristic and that executive function and attention deficits may be core features of schizophrenia, independent of IQ variations.
Aeronautical Meteorology: Progress and Challenges—Today and Tomorrow

Abstract Weather strongly affects air carrier and general aviation operations and the air traffic control system. Accidents, flight delays, airport operations, and fuel economy are only a few of the more significant factors in air transportation that are affected directly by weather phenomena. Data on the effect of weather on air transportation axe presented. The challenges to the aeronautical meteorologist to meet the demands for service are categorized as: the challenge to “do more with less,” to “prove the value of aviation weather service,” and to provide more “tailored” service. An assessment of today's services and capabilities is given, and the progress in meeting them challenges is outlined briefly. Challenges of tomorrow to the aeronautical meteorologist are anticipated as not changing from today's challenges; however, a shift in emphasis from the type of service provided today is suggested. The need to highlight techniques of value analyses and a role for the American Meteorological Society in m...
Stimulation of vagal afferents inhibits locomotion in mesencephalic cats

Using electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region, we made decerebrate unanesthetized cats walk on a treadmill. The locomotion induced by stimulation of this midbrain area was asse...
Vaccination of dairy cattle.

Studies continue to design the best vaccination programs for today's dairy herds and to maximize immune function. Designing a vaccination program involves a good history of the individual farm as well as a basic understanding of the immune system. The vaccines chosen should have good solid efficacy studies (as well as effectiveness and efficiency studies if possible) to ensure that the product can fulfill the needs of the farm or ranch. Management decisions may be made that do not maximize the potential of the product chosen and realistic expectations of all products should be well explained to the producer before they are used. The owner should be involved in the vaccine decision making process and all of the information on the product should be shared. The establishment of good baseline immunity in replacement heifers is the foundation of the vaccination program and can have dramatic effects on the health and profitability of the herd and needs to be well planned.
Guided-mode resonance biosensors employing phase detection

Example biosensors utilizing variations in guided-mode resonance phase are presented. It is shown that these phase changes can be appreciable so as to permit practical detection of ultra-thin biomolecular layers.
The effect of boundaries on wave propagation in a liquid-filled porous solid: II. Love waves in a porous layer

Abstract The transcendental equation is derived relating frequency and phase velocity of propagation of Love waves in a porous layer containing a viscous liquid. This equation, being complex, can be satisfied only if the wave number of the motion is complex, indicating that the disturbance is dissipative. The general expression being intractable analytically, an approximate scheme is employed to determine the phase velocity and measure of dissipation valid for porous materials in which the mass (per unit volume of aggregate) of the interstitial liquid is smaller than that of the solid.
Geographic Mobility and Market Segmentation

The study reported here attempts to demonstrate the value of geographic mobility as a dimension for segmenting consumer markets. After offering a tentative theory of geographic mobility, the author...
Large Strain Viscoelastic Constitutive Models for Rubber, Part I: Formulations

Abstract Constitutive models for large strain isothermal viscoelastic deformations of rubber are reviewed. The models discussed are for materials which have separable long and short term stresses, and for which the short term stresses have separable time and strain effects. They include the history integral model, an internal stress variable model, an internal stretch variable model, and an internal solid model. The internal stretch variable model and the internal solid model were motivated by molecular descriptions of rubber viscoelasticity. The material tests required to determine the constants for these large strain models are discussed. The classical problem of determining a rubber energy density function, used to describe both the long term and short term energy in these models, is reviewed. A method to assure Drucker stability, a commonly overlooked issue, is presented for experimentally determined Rivlin energy density function expansions. Also, an improved method for determining the coefficients o...
Neurohumoral and Metabolic Effects of Short-Term Dietary NaCl Restriction in Men Relationship to Salt-Sensitivity Status

Published observations suggest that not everyone benefits from severe dietary NaCl restriction, since blood pressure responses appear heterogeneous and adverse metabolic effects may occur. We studied the cardiovascular, neurohumoral, and metabolic effects of 7 day periods of 20 v 200 mEq/day NaCl diets in 27 men. Twelve subjects were salt sensitive (SS), defined as mean intraarterial pressure (MAP, mm Hg) during high NaCl greater than or equal to 5% above MAP on low NaCl. Eleven subjects were salt resistant (SR), defined as MAP during the low NaCl phase greater than or equal to MAP during the high NaCl phase. The SR subset had a tendency to greater neurohumoral activity, assessed by changes in mean values for plasma norepinephrine (NE, P = .12) and plasma renin activity (PRA, P less than .001) on the low v high NaCl diet. In SR subjects the low v high NaCl diet also raised mean values for creatinine (P = .03), uric acid (P = .001), and low density cholesterol (LDL-C, P = .03), but not fasting insulin (P = .15). In SS subjects, the low v high NaCl diet did not raise NE (P = .35), although the PRA was greater (P = .002). Among SS subjects, mean values for uric acid (P = .005) and insulin (P = .02) were greater during the low v high NaCl phase, while creatinine (P = .15) and LDL-C (P = .67) were not different. The data suggest that severe, short-term NaCl restriction can be undesirable, especially in SR subjects, since potentially adverse neurohumoral and metabolic changes are not counterbalanced by the benefits of a lower MAP.