cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smoking cessation and survival among people diagnosed with non-metastatic cancer.

We aimed to estimate the effects of smoking cessation on survival among people diagnosed with cancer. We used data from a Comprehensive Community Cancer Program that is part of a large urban safety-net hospital system. Eligible patients were diagnosed with primary invasive solid tumors between 2013 and 2015, and were current smokers at time of diagnosis. Our exposure of interest was initiation of smoking cessation within 6 months of cancer diagnosis. We estimated inverse probability weighted restricted mean survival time (RMST) differences and risk ratio (RR) for all cause 3-year mortality. Our study population comprised 369 patients, of whom 42% were aged < 55 years, 59% were male, 44% were racial/ethnic minorities, and 59% were uninsured. The 3-year RMST was 1.8 (95% CL: − 1.5, 5.1) months longer for individuals who initiated smoking cessation within 6 months of cancer diagnosis. The point estimate for risk of 3-year mortality was lower for initiation of smoking cessation within 6 months of diagnosis compared with no initiation within 6 months (RR = 0.72, 95% CL: 0.37, 1.4). Our point estimates suggest longer 3-year survival, but the results are compatible with 1.5 month shorter or 5.1 longer 3-year overall survival after smoking cessation within 6 months of cancer diagnosis. Future studies with larger sample sizes that test the comparative effectiveness of different smoking cessation strategies are needed for more detailed evidence to inform decision-making about the effect of smoking cessation on survival among cancer patients. The benefits of smoking cessation after cancer diagnosis may include longer survival, but the magnitude of benefit is unclear.
SPECTRAL DEFORMATIONS FOR QUASICYLINDRICAL DOMAINS

We consider quasicylindrical domains that outside a bounded set coincide with long-range geometric perturbations of semi-cylinders. On the example of Dirichlet Laplacians we show that the method of spectral deformations, originating from the theory of Schrodinger operators, can be used to study spectral properties of elliptic problems in quasicylindrical domains.
Teaching Memory Circuit Elements via Experiment-Based Learning

The class of memory circuit elements which comprises memristive, memcapacitive, and meminductive systems, is gaining considerable attention in a broad range of disciplines. This is due to the enormous flexibility these elements provide in solving diverse problems in analog/neuromorphic and digital/ quantum computation; the possibility to use them in an integrated computing-memory paradigm, massively-parallel solution of different optimization problems, learning, neural networks, etc. The time is therefore ripe to introduce these elements to the next generation of physicists and engineers with appropriate teaching tools that can be easily implemented in undergraduate teaching laboratories. In this paper, we suggest the use of easy-to-build emulators to provide a hands-on experience for the students to learn the fundamental properties and realize several applications of these memelements. We provide explicit examples of problems that could be tackled with these emulators that range in difficulty from the demonstration of the basic properties of memristive, memcapacitive, and meminductive systems to logic/computation and crossbar memory. The emulators can be built from off-the-shelf components, with a total cost of a few tens of dollars, thus providing a relatively inexpensive platform for the implementation of these exercises in the classroom. We anticipate that this experiment-based learning can be easily adopted and expanded by the instructors with many more case studies.
From Digital Distraction to Digital Direction: Implementing Interactive Agendas in the 1:1 Classroom Environment:

This study was conducted in the context of a college course involving students enrolled in the university’s teacher-preparation program. In an effort to facilitate in-class activities and promote s...
JEDEC-Qualified Highly Reliable 22nm FD-SOI Embedded MRAM For Low-Power Industrial-Grade, and Extended Performance Towards Automotive-Grade-1 Applications

We demonstrate highly reliable and mass-production ready 22nm FD-SOI 40Mb embedded-MRAM for industrial-grade (-40~125°C) applications. This technology having 5x solder reflows compatibility stack has passed JEDEC standard qualification (ECC-OFF) with total reliability failures below the product life-time bit-failure-rate requirement for industrial-grade. Using design-process co-optimization, we show the extended performance to meet -40~150°C product operation for Auto-Grade-1 applications with stable read performance, ~47% reduced read power, data retention of 20yrs (0.1 PPM), read disturb rate of <1 PPM for ~1M cycles with 500Oe field, 1M endurance cycles, and stand-by magnetic immunity (SMI) of ~1400Oe at 25°C and ~500Oe at 150°C (0.1 PPM). With magnetic shield-in package solution, we demonstrate ~4kOe SMI at 25°C for 48hrs of field exposure.
Rhabdomyolysis in Severe COVID-19: Male Sex, High Body Mass Index, and Prone Positioning Confer High Risk.

BACKGROUND: Bedside experience and studies of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) indicate COVID-19 to be a devastating multisystem disease. We aim to describe the incidence, associated variables, and outcomes of rhabdomyolysis in critically ill COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data for all critically ill adult patients (≥18 years old) admitted to the ICU at a large academic medical center with confirmed COVID-19 between March 13, 2020 and April 18, 2020 were prospectively collected. Patients with serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations greater than 1000 U/L were diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis. Patients were further stratified as having moderate (serum CK concentration 1000-4999 U/L) or severe (serum CK concentration ≥5000 U/L) rhabdomyolysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify outcomes and variables associated with the development of rhabdomyolysis. RESULTS: Of 235 critically ill COVID-19 patients, 114 (48.5%) met diagnostic criteria for rhabdomyolysis. Patients with rhabdomyolysis more often required mechanical ventilation (P < 0.001), prone positioning (P < 0.001), pharmacological paralysis (P < 0.001), renal replacement therapy (P = 0.010), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (P = 0.025). They also had longer median ICU length of stay (LOS) (P < 0.001) and hospital LOS (P < 0.001). No difference in mortality was observed. Male sex, patients with morbid obesity, SOFA score, and prone positioning were independently associated with rhabdomyolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of critically ill COVID-19 patients in our cohort met diagnostic criteria for rhabdomyolysis. Male sex, morbid obesity, SOFA score, and prone position were independently associated with rhabdomyolysis. STUDY TYPE: Prognostic.
3D phytomer-based geometric modelling method for plants—the case of maize

Geometric plant modelling is crucial in in silico plants. Existing geometric modelling methods have focused on the topological structure and basic organ profiles, simplifying the morphological features. However, the models cannot effectively differentiate cultivars, limiting FSPM application in crop breeding and management. This study proposes a 3D phytomer-based geometric modelling method with maize (Zea Mays) as the representative plant. Specifically, conversion methods between skeleton and mesh models of 3D phytomer are specified. This study describes the geometric modelling of maize shoots and populations by assembling 3D phytomers. Results show that the method can quickly and efficiently construct 3D models of maize plants and populations, with the ability to show morphological, structural and functional differences among four representative cultivars. The method takes into account both the geometric modelling efficiency and 3D detail features to achieve automatic operation of geometric modelling through the standardized description of 3D phytomers. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical and technical basis for the research and application of in silico plants.
In the Margins of the Rabbinic Curriculum: Mastering ʿUqṣin in the Light of Zoroastrian Intellectual Culture

The study situates the Babylonian rabbinic discussion concerning the spread of ritual pollution in produce in a broader cultural and intellectual context, by synoptically examining the rabbinic discussion against the backdrop of contemporaneous Zoroastrian legal discourse. It is suggested that the intimate affinity exhibited between the Babylonian rabbinic and Pahlavi discussions of produce contamination supports a fresh examination of the cultural significance of tractate ʿUqtzin in the Babylonian Talmud and the implications of its mastery on the intellectual and cultural identity of the Babylonian rabbis. The study posits that the self-reflective Talmudic reference to the knowledge and interest later generations of Babylonian rabbis possessed in tractate ʿUqtzin and the spread of ritual pollution in produce reflects the relative significance of these topics in the broader intellectual agenda of the Sasanian period. The later Babylonian rabbis boasted about their knowledge of tractate ʿUqtzin, which extended far beyond the capacity of earlier generations, precisely because this topic best reflected the intellectual currents of their time.
Exercising influence: distinct biotic interactions shape root microbiomes.

Root microbiomes are formed from diverse microbial soil settings with extraordinary consistency, suggesting both defined mechanisms of assembly and specific microbial activity. Recent improvements in sequencing technologies, data analysis techniques, and study design, allow definition of the microbiota within these intimate and important relationships with increasing accuracy. Comparing datasets provides powerful insights into the overlap of plant microbiomes, as well as the impacts of surrounding plants and microbes on root microbiomes and long-term soil conditioning. Here we address how recent studies tease apart the impact of various biotic interactions, including: plant–plant, plant–microbe, and microbe–microbe on root microbiome composition.
Resonance Radiation Transport in Glow Discharge Plasmas

Methods for calculating resonance radiation transport in glow discharge plasmas are reviewed. Emphasis is given to the recently developed propagator function method, and to a recently developed Monte Carlo code which is both efficient and highly realistic. The Monte Carlo code is used to determine the resonance radiation trapped decay rate for the fundamental mode in cylindrical geometry over a vast region of parameter space. An analytic formula is devised to approximate the Monte Carlo results.
A multi-band fixed cellular phone antenna

A multi-band fixed cellular phone antenna having a single feed has been presented. The multi-band antenna contains a uniform helix wire for GSM900 and a short whip for GSM1800. The antenna is analyzed using an FDTD technique. Good agreement has been achieved between the calculated and measured return losses.
Executive Branch Usurpation of Power: Corporations and Capital Markets

Agencies in the executive branch are better situated than other political institutions to take advantage of opportunities to expand their power base by responding quickly and decisively to real or imagined crises. The executive has structural advantages over the other branches because it can respond faster to perceived emergencies. Congress is hampered more than the executive by gridlock caused by special-interest group pressures when it tries to act quickly. The legislative process is also inherently slower than the executive process because the executive can launch into unilateral action, as by filing a lawsuit. The executive’s structural advantage over the judiciary is even more complete than its advantage over Congress because the judiciary has no power to initiate action. Executive action, particularly that of agencies, determines the course of law. This Essay argues that the ascendancy of the executive branch in policymaking is an unintended consequence of the modern administrative state. The emergence of the executive as the fulcrum of power within the administrative state upsets the traditional balance of powers among the three branches of government. This imbalance can be counteracted only by a concerted effort by the federal judiciary to rein in executive power that improperly usurps Congress’s authority to make law. author. Sam Harris Professor of Corporate Law, Securities Law, and Corporate Finance, Yale Law School. I am grateful for useful comments from Bruce Ackerman, Ian Ayres, Bill Eskridge, and Judy Coleman, as well as for the able research assistance of Mark Cho, Sabrina Glaser, and Johanna Spellman. MACEY_09-12-06_BIG FINALE 9/25/2006 11:38:34 PM executive branch usurpation of power
Residential Land Values and the Decentralization of Jobs

The land-value surface in suburban Washington, D.C., changed dramatically over the decade of the 1980s. This article explains these changes in terms of the decentralization of jobs versus socioeconomic trends. Contemporaneous correlation among selected variables needs to be controlled with reduced forms and SES techniques. But all explanatory variables except distance from some unchanged point are determined simultaneously. Predetermined variables control for this double-endogeneity issue.Land values in 1990 have a U-shape with respect to distance from the U.S. Capitol Building after controlling for other variables. The data indicate that this is the result of demographic changes rather than the development of suburban employment nodes: polycentric SUE theory is rejected. Land values are an increasing function of lagged land values, a decreasing function of work at home. Moreover, work at home is attracted by low structural density and high socioeconomic status as well as low land values. This supports the argument that demographics and technological innovations have shaped the land-value surface; baby boomers are seeking low-density housing for work and family life.
Enhancing recombination with the Complementary Surrogate Genetic Algorithm

In traditional genetic algorithm (GA) approaches using finite populations, recombination alone has been shown to be insufficient to guarantee optimal solutions because of the well known problems of fixation of alleles and premature convergence. Mutation is widely regarded as critical to preserve diversity in recombination dominant GAs, as well as a powerful search heuristic in its own right; mutation is central to recent GA convergence proofs. The paper examines an alternate genetic algorithm with no explicit mutation operator. The Complementary Surrogate GA (CSGA) uses traditional crossover operators, but guarantees recombination access to the complete search space by modifying the GA population structure. Complementary Surrogate Sets (CSS) within the population ensure allele diversity at each locus, while allowing standard selection methods to work as expected. A proof of convergence is provided as well as the results of an empirical study examining the CSGA using various CSS strategies on standard function optimization benchmarks.
Verbal Aggression Among Male Alcoholic Patients and Their Wives in the Year Before and Two Years After Alcoholism Treatment

Our earlier reports on 88 male alcoholics and their wives showed that domestic violence decreased significantly in the first and second year following a behavioral marital therapy (BMT) alcoholism treatment program. The present study examined verbal aggression in this same sample. In the year before BMT, verbal aggression was significantly greater—being five to seven times more prevalent for clinically elevated aggression and substantially more frequent—for the alcoholic husbands and their wives than for a demographically matched, nonalcoholic comparison sample. In the two years after BMT, both alcoholic men and their wives showed significant and substantial reductions in verbal aggression as compared with the year before BMT. Despite these significant reductions from the year before BMT, verbal aggression in the two years after BMT remained significantly elevated relative to demographically similar nonalcoholic controls. As predicted, relapsed alcoholics and their wives showed more verbal aggression in the 2 years after BMT than both couples with a remitted alcoholic husband and demographically similar nonalcoholic controls, whereas remitted alcoholics and their wives had similar levels of verbal aggression to the nonalcoholic controls. Further, frequency of drinking was positively correlated with verbal aggression in the 2 years after BMT; verbal aggression was greater when the alcoholic husband drank more frequently.
The Identification of Cathinone in Khat ( Catha edulis ): A Time Study

Previous studies on the khat plant (Catha edulis) illustrated the importance of using freshly harvested young shoots and leaves such that cathinone, the principal active component and Schedule I controlled drug contained within the plant, could be suitably isolated and identified. Upon drying and storage of the cut plant material, cathinone readily converts to the reduced product, cathine, which necessitates rapid extraction and chemical analysis for cathinone identification. This study demonstrates that by air drying the young khat shoots at ambient temperature, cathinone may be detected in khat samples that have been harvested for more than 10 days. Refrigeration for two weeks and freezing for one month of the khat samples also yield identifiable levels of cathinone. Cathinone and cathine are both specifically determined and differentiated by vapor phase infrared detection, which is the method of choice in relation to mass spectrometry.
Activity recognition for a smartphone and web based travel survey.

In transport modeling and prediction, trip purposes play an important role since mobility choices (e.g. modes, routes, departure times) are made in order to carry out specific activities. Activity based models, which have been gaining popularity in recent years, are built from a large number of observed trips and their purposes. However, data acquired through traditional interview-based travel surveys lack the accuracy and quantity required by such models. Smartphones and interactive web interfaces have emerged as an attractive alternative to conventional travel surveys. A smartphone-based travel survey, Future Mobility Survey (FMS), was developed and field-tested in Singapore and collected travel data from more than 1000 participants for multiple days. To provide a more intelligent interface, inferring the activities of a user at a certain location is a crucial challenge. This paper presents a learning model that infers the most likely activity associated to a certain visited place. The data collected in FMS contain errors or noise due to various reasons, so a robust approach via ensemble learning is used to improve generalization performance. Our model takes advantage of cross-user historical data as well as user-specific information, including socio-demographics. Our empirical results using FMS data demonstrate that the proposed method contributes significantly to our travel survey application.
Robustness of reduced order decentralized control designs

Although there have been a great deal of studies in reduced Order control designs, the issues relating to the robustness of the resulting controller with respect to distortions in the feedback channels, as well as gain and phase margin, have not been addressed. In this paper, the robustness of reduced order Linear Quadratic (LQ) design is considered.
Changes in reliability of synaptic function as a mechanism for plasticity

SYNAPTIC transmission in the hippocampus is rather unreliable, with many presynaptic action potentials failing to release neurotransmitter1–4. How is this unreliability affected by the alterations in synaptic strength seen in long-term potentiation (LTP)5 and long-term depression6,7 (LTD)? We find that LTP increases synaptic reliability, and LTD decreases it, both without a change in the size of those postsynaptic currents that do occur. Thus LTD is a functional inverse of LTP.
Preparation and characterisation of permethylated derivatives of bile acids, and their application to gas chromatographic analysis☆

Abstract Permethylation of bile acids was achieved in a one-step reaction with sodium methylsulfinylmethanide and methyl iodide in dimethylsulfoxide. The products were characterised by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by gas—liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry. The derivatives were separated by gas—liquid chromatography on a SP-2250 wall coated 30-m glass capillary column: formation of permethylated products was quantitative over the range 5–50 nmol for each bile acid.
The Effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act: A Longitudinal Model Analysis

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 intends to provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities. By 1994 ...
Bone mineral density is normal in children with Fanconi anemia.

Background Conflicting data exist regarding whether low bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with Fanconi anemia (FA). The current study identified the frequency of low BMD in FA, expecting low BMD even in childhood and before HCT. Procedure Thirty-seven FA patients (18 prior HCT, 19 no prior HCT), participating in an IRB-approved database, had clinical assessment of DXA of lumbar spine BMD. Four had used androgens, one later underwent HCT. Most had used glucocorticoids after HCT (prolonged in five), and one more with no HCT. BMD [in standard deviation units from mean for age (SD), gender, and ethnicity (BMD Z-score)] was then adjusted for height age, and separately for bone maturation (BA). Data were collected for height SD, pubertal stage, and duration since HCT. Results BMD Z-score (without adjustment) was <−1 SD in half of FA children. BA-adjusted BMD Z-score was similar. (BA was not usually delayed, although most patients were short.) In contrast, height age-adjusted BMD Z-score was normal in most with FA (only below −2.0 in one child after prolonged glucocorticoids). Mean duration after HCT until DXA test was 6.2 years (median 4.2 years, range 1–18 years). Conclusions Children and adolescents with FA have normal BMD prior to and after HCT, when DXA results are adjusted for bone size/height age. In contrast, BA-adjustment of BMD was not useful in this population. Individual BMD results may be influenced by gonadal function, transplantation status, and prolonged glucocorticoid therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 1034–1038. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inelastic finite element analysis of a heterogeneous medium exhibiting temperature and moisture dependent material properties

Abstract A pseudo-three-dimensional finite element method is presented for the analysis of the microstress state within a fibre-reinforced material. The method is based on a slightly revised definition of the generalised plane strain conditions. The analysis includes both inelastic and anisotropic (transversely isotropic) material properties. The necessary material matrices for elastic isotropic, inelastic isotropic, and elastic anisotropic material behaviour are given under the conditions of generalised plane strain. A unique aspect of the analysis is that environmental dilatational strains are included in the inelastic constituent material formulations. The dependence of the material properties on temperature and/or moisture is extended into the inelastic material range. A means of incorporating these hygrothermally dependent material properties by using the Richard-Blacklock parametric modelling equations is introduced. A numerical example showing the importance of including the temperature dependence of the constitutive material properties when analysing a fibre-reinforced composite material is presented.
The Effects of Acquaintance Between the Sexes on Sexual Behavior in White Leghorns

Abstract THE sexual behavior of the common domestic chicken has received some attention during the past thirty years, with accelerated interest recently. The many reports present some difficulties in making critical comparisons of results. These lie chiefly in a confusion of terminology for behavior patterns and in a lack of an adequate description of the birds and of the conditions of the experiments. This is not an attempt to devise any standardization, but rather a presentation of some evidence that more experimental attention to certain details may be of value. With present trends to study the genetic background of sexual behavior (Wood-Gush, 1956; McDaniel and Craig, 1959; Siegel, 1959) the methods of measuring sex drive require careful consideration. There are many terms used for sexual behavior patterns, and there is some question as to which should be included as sexual, especially those which may serve as measures for sexuality. Skard (1937) …
Dielectric response in ferroelectric superlattices

The dielectric response of a ferroelectric multilayer, having a designed heterogeneity, has been studied near its phase transition range by use of the Landau-Ginzburg theory. The coherent lattice coupling between ultrathin layers can be significantly strong, resulting in a broad phase transition of the superlattice system as a whole. The thickness of layers and their spatial distribution hold the keys for enhancing dielectric properties in a broad temperature range.
Effect of Majorana component in the Λ-nucleon potential on the BΛ value of 5ΛHe

Abstract A previous theoretically predicted b λ value of the hypernucleus 5 Λ He using a direct-type Λ potential, obtained by analyzing the binding-energy data of the hypernuclei 3 Λ H and 4 Λ H and the Λp low-energy scattering data, has been in excess of 5 MeV as compared to the experimentally determined value of 3.12 ± 0.02 MeV. It was speculated that this overbinding could be alleviated by introducing a Majorana component into the ΛN potential. Analysis made here indicates that the Majorana effect on reducing B Λ ( 5 Λ He ) is minimal and is not sufficient to explain the overbinding problem.
Hybrid Genetic Algorithm—Local Search Methods for Solving Groundwater Source Identification Inverse Problems

Identifying contaminant sources in groundwater is important for developing effective remediation strategies and identifying responsible parties in a contamination incident. Groundwater source identification problems require solution of an inverse problem. Gradient-based local optimization approaches are among the most popular approaches for solving these inverse problems. While these methods are sometimes appropriate, they are not effective for problems that contain several local minima and for problems where the decision space is highly discontinuous or convoluted. For these types of problems, heuristic global search approaches such as genetic algorithms (GAs) are more effective. But methods such as GAs are inefficient for fine-tuning solutions once a near global minimum is found. For problems that contain several local minima, a hybrid approach starting with a global method and then fine-tuning with a local method may be more attractive, especially if the decision space is reasonably well behaved near t...
Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the human Coxsackievirus B-adenovirus receptor gene

Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are common causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Many studies have implicated the enteroviruses and, particularly, the Coxsackievirus-B family as etiologic agents of the acquired forms of these diseases. However, we have shown the group-C adenoviruses to be as commonly detected as enteroviruses in the myocardium of children and adults with these diseases. It has remained something of a conundrum why two such divergent virus families cause these diseases. The recent description of the common human Coxsackievirus B-adenovirus receptor (CAR) offers at least a partial explanation. In order to characterize the CAR gene, we screened a bacterial artificial chromosomal (BAC) library (RPCI11) using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product derived from the 3' end of the CAR cDNA sequence. This identified 13 BACs that were further characterized by PCR amplification of seven contiguous regions of the entire cDNA sequence. Eleven of the BACs were determined to encode pseudogenes while the other two BACs (131J5 and 246M1) encoded the presumed functional gene. PCR amplification of a monochromosomal hybrid panel indicated the presence of pseudogenes on chromosomes 15, 18, and 21 while the functional gene is encoded on chromosome 21. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated that the gene is located at 21q11.2. DNA sequencing of BACs 131J5 and 246M1 revealed the presence of seven exons. The DNA sequences have been determined for each exon–intron boundary, and putative promoter sequences and transcription initiation sites identified. No consensus polyadenylation signal was identified.
The channel occlusion technique: a novel method of retrieving polyps following snare resection.

The channel occlusion technique: a novel method of retrieving polyps following snare resection
Epitaxial Growth of ZnTe and ZnSe on GaAs by Pulsed Laser Deposition

We report the successful growth of ZnTe and ZnSe epitaxial layers on GaAs by pulsed laser deposition. A frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser was used to ablate/evaporate II-VI bulk targets and pressed powder targets in an ultra high vacuum enclosure. For typical growth temperatures in the range 200°–400°C x-ray analysis of the layers revealed sharp peaks with no evidence of growth in other orientations. Polarization dependent Raman spectroscopy was also used to further characterize the epitaxial layers, by verifying the selection rules for backscattering from oriented films. The low temperature photoluminescence spectra show distinct near-band-edge features indicating high crystalline quality. The photoluminescence of the films grown from bulk targets was superior to that of films grown from pressed powder targets, indicating that the use of high purity bulk targets is critical. Our results indicate that pulsed laser deposition is a promising new growth technique for the fabrication of II–VI epitaxial layers with unique advantages.
No tolerance for depletion.

T-cell depletion is commonly used in strategies that attempt to coax the immune system into tolerating foreign tissue after transplantation. Studies in mice now indicate that this depletion may be at odds with the goal of inducing tolerance ( pages 87–92 ).
Cryogenic SiGe Integrated Circuits for Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector Readout

There is a growing interest in developing systems employing large arrays of SNSPDs. To make such instruments practical, it is desirable to perform signal processing before transporting the detector outputs to room temperature. We present a cryogenic eight-channel pixel combiner circuit designed to amplify, digitize, edge detect, and combine the output signals of an array of eight SNSPDs. The circuit has been fabricated and measurement results agree well with expectation. The paper will conclude with a summary of ongoing work and future directions.
Boundary Interaction Changing Operators and Dynamical Correlations in Quantum Impurity Problems

Recent developments have made possible the computation of equilibrium dynamical correlators in quantum impurity problems. In many situations, however, one is interested in correlators subject to a nonequilibrium initial preparation. This is the case, for instance, for the occupation probability $P(t)$ in the double well problem of dissipative quantum mechanics. We show here how to handle this situation in the framework of integrable quantum field theories. This allows us to obtain new exact results for $P(t)$: for instance, we find that at large times (or small $g$), the leading behavior for $gl\frac{1}{2}$ is $P(t)\ensuremath{\propto}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Gamma}t}\mathrm{cos}\ensuremath{\Omega}t$, with the universal ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\Omega}}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{cot}\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}g}{2(1\ensuremath{-}g)}$.
CH3I: Isotope shift for 129I in the v6 band

Abstract The isotope shift in the v6 band of CH3I has been measured with high resolution for the radioisotope 129I (half-life = 1.6 × 107 y) with respect to the stable 127I, using tunable diode laser spectroscopy. The average shift obtained from 30 transitions, free from interference in the RQ(J, 3) and RQ(J, 4) branches, amounted to (-0.0135 ± 0.0006) cm-1. The abundance ratio 129I/127I in the gas mixture was determined spectroscopically on RQ(16, 3) and found to be (0.032 ± 0.003), as compared to a mass-spectrometric analysis of (0.030 ± 0.001). The self and air broadening coefficients measured on RR(6, 0) of CH3127I were (32 ± 3) MHz Torr-1 and (10.4 ± 1.5) MHz Torr-1 respectively. The line strengths for RQ(16, 3) were found to be (2.0 ± 0.2) × 10-21 cm-1 mol-1 cm2 for both CH3127I and CH3129I.
Universality and Particularity.

I am honored to contribute to this volume on Lawrence Kohlberg's work. Kohlberg was always an inspirational figure for me-first, as a psychologist who saw both philosophy and psychology as necessary for an understanding of the phenomena of morality and moral development; and second, as a thinker who invited criticism of his views and who struggled to come to grips with the criticism. As a philosophical critic of Kohlberg's view of morality, I always felt welcome to engage him in dialogue.
Public Health Consequences of Chronic Kidney Disease

With its rising incidence and prevalence, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern, both in the United States and worldwide. Recent worldwide initiatives have attempted to garner attention for CKD by emphasizing that the condition is “common, harmful, and treatable.”1 In the United States, as many as 26 million adults may have CKD, an increase from ~10% of the US adult population between 1988 and 1994 to >13% just one decade later.2,3 Similar rates have been seen worldwide, with a CKD prevalence of 13% in Beijing, China4 and 16% in Australia.5 In the United States, the dramatic rise in the prevalence of CKD likely reflects similar increases in obesity and its sequelae—namely, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.3 The prevalence of CKD, as well as its associated costs, is expected to continue to increase.6 Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009) 86 5, 566–569. doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.137
Resolution of Appellate Litigation A Controlled Experiment

Appellate courts—both state and federal—have experienced dramatic increases in court business since 1960. A popular policy for meeting this demand has been to encourage litigants to end their disputes short of decision by the judges. This article reports the results of the first controlled experiment in the federal appellate court system to test the efficacy of two innovative court procedures designed to meet the litigation explosion swamping the federal courts of appeals: court-supervised confer ences with appellate advocates and court-issued orders to control the speed of the appellate process in individual cases. Both procedures are radical departures from traditional practice. The results from the experiment indicate that the procedures did not significantly reduce appeals, produced negligible improvement in case quality, and had mixed effects in expediting the appellate process. The evidence from the experiment weakens the theory that gave birth to the policy. Nevertheless, further controlled experim...
Quasi-elastic measurements using neutron spin flippers

A method for low-resolution quasi-elastic measurements using commonly available components on a polarized neutron beam reflectometer is demonstrated. By amplitude modulation of the current in a neutron spin flipper placed between the neutron beam polarizer and polarization analyzer, the intensity of the neutron beam illuminating a sample is similarly modulated (or chopped). We show that the intensity contrast between subsequent chopped pulses is dramatically reduced by a sample that changes neutron velocity.
Film Cooling With Multiple Slots and Louvers

Experimental results are presented for film cooling of an adiabatic plate downstream of one to ten slots (Part 1) and two to twenty rows of discrete punched louvers (Part 2) in a subsonic turbulent flow under zero pressure gradient. The adiabatic wall temperatures downstreams of the last equivalent slot were measured and correlated in terms of the flow parameters, equivalent slot number and slot spacing, and distances downstreams of the last equivalent slot.
Link performance of all-optical buffers using slow light

We analyze the link performance of an optical buffer using slow light as the delay mechanism. A power penalty of a few dBm is found for a 40 Gbit/s link. We show the existence of a bandwidth-storage product trade-off.
Multiple simultaneous urologic procedures in pediatric patient Evaluation of risk and cost-effectiveness

We report on several pediatric patients in whom multiple surgical procedures were performed under the same anesthesia. The hospital cost is compared with the estimated cost if the procedures were performed separately. The savings were considerable, and there was no increase in morbidity and no lessening of the quality of results.
Sensitivity of Carbon Sequestration Costs to Economic and Biological Uncertainties

Modifying current agricultural management practices as a means of sequestering carbon has been shown to be a relatively low cost way to offset greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we examine the sensitivity of the estimates of the amount of soil carbon sequestered and the costs of sequestering carbon to uncertainties in the underlying economic and biological parameters of the modeling framework and to scale of analysis. An application is made to the dryland grain production systems of the US northern Great Plains under a per-hectare payment policy. We show that the resulting changes in the marginal costs and corresponding quantities of soil carbon sequestered are a nonlinear function of the changes in the soil carbon rates, yields, or economic parameters, and depend upon the spatial heterogeneity of the area. The analysis of changes in yields supports the argument that sequestering soil C could be a long-term win-win situation for producers and society. In the short run, providing incentives to producers to switch production practices in order to sequester soil C could lead to higher productivity in the long run that would induce farmers to maintain these practices without incentives.
STUDIES ON THE SELF‐INCOMPATIBILITY RESPONSE OF LILIUM LONGIFLORUM

Removal of substances loosely associated with the wall of Lilium longiflorum pollen did not affect in vitro germination and tube growth, tube growth within compatible styles, or production of viable seeds. Nor was growth of pollen tubes within incompatible styles enhanced by prior removal of the loosely bound materials. Hence, these materials appear not to be recognition factors in the gametophytic self-incompatibility system of Lilium and to have no role in pollen germination. Heat treatment of selected portions of lily pistils prior to pollination indicated that the incompatibility factor(s) was located in the lower half of the style, and that the stigma plays no role in incompatibility.
Resistant hypertension—its identification and epidemiology

Resistant hypertension is currently defined as the failure to achieve a goal blood pressure 55 years, of black ethnicity, with high BMI, diabetes or chronic kidney disease have an increased risk of cardiovascular events compared to nonresistant hypertensive patients. Analyses that exclude the effects of white-coat hypertension and pseudoresistant hypertension are also needed to clarify the epidemiology of true resistant hypertension.
Serologic and hematologic values of wild coyotes in Wisconsin.

Blood samples were obtained from 30 coyotes (Canis latrans) captured in northern Wisconsin in conjunction with radio-telemetry studies. Samples were assayed for seven hematologic values, seven serum chemistries, serum albumin, globulin and total protein. Results are given with respect to sex and age and are compared with available data for captive wild and pen-raised coyotes. Leukocyte counts were greater for males than females and packed cell volumes were greater for adults than young, possibly due to differential response to capture and handling stress. Hemoglobin concentrations and calcium levels suggest differences in nutrition between pen-raised and wild coyotes. Sex and age differences in serum calcium for wild coyotes probably reflect nutritional differences between groups examined. Juvenile coyote serum alkaline phosphatase levels declined curvilinearly with age for coyotes less than one year old, suggesting a possible technique for separating juveniles and yearlings captured in autumn that are re...
Conditional inference and Cauchy models

SUMMARY Many computations associated with the two-parameter Cauchy model are shown to be greatly simplified if the parameter space is represented by the complex plane rather than the real plane. With this convention we show that the family is closed under M6bius transformation of the sample space: there is a similar induced transformation on the parameter space. The chief raison d'etre of the paper, however, is that the two-parameter Cauchy model provides an example of a nonunique configuration ancillary in the sense of Fisher (1934), such that the maximum likelihood estimate together with either ancillary is minimal sufficient. Some consequences for Bayesian inference and non-Bayesian conditional inference are explored. In particular, it is shown that conditional coverage probability assessments depend on the choice of ancillary. For moderate deviations, the effect occurs in the Op(n-1) term: for large deviations the relative effect is Op(n2).
Development of multifunctional materials exhibiting distributed sensing and actuation inspired by fish

This manuscript is an overview of the research that is currently being performed as part of a 2009 NSF Office of Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innnovation (EFRI) grant on BioSensing and BioActuation (BSBA). The objectives of this multi-university collaborative research are to achieve a greater understanding of the hierarchical organization and structure of the sensory, muscular, and control systems of fish, and to develop advanced biologically-inspired material systems having distributed sensing, actuation, and intelligent control. New experimental apparatus have been developed for performing experiments involving live fish and robotic devices, and new bio-inspired haircell sensors and artificial muscles are being developed using carbonaceous nanomaterials, bio-derived molecules, and composite technology. Results demonstrating flow sensing and actuation are presented.
Arylsulfatases of human tissue studies on a form of arylsulfatase B found predominantly in brain

Abstract The distribution of soluble arylsulfatase (aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolases, EC 3.1.6.1) in human tissues was investigated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. All tissues examined contained arylsulfatase A and arylsulfatase B. In addition, brain singularly contained significant quantities (15–25% of total arylsulfatase) of a minor anionic arylsulfatase form designated arylsulfatase Bm, whereas only trace amounts of arylsulfatase Bm were found in liver, kidney, testis and placenta. Arylsulfatase B and arylsulfatase Bm had equal activity toward methylumbelliferyl sulfate, nitrocatechol sulfate and a physiological substrate UDP -N acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate, but both forms were inactive toward the arylsulfatase A substrates cerebroside sulfate and ascorbic acid 2-sulfate. Purified preparations of placental arylsulfatase B, brain arylsulfatase Bm, and urinary arylsulfatase A did not hydrolyze estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or pregnenolone sulfate. The physico-chemical properties of arylsulfatase B and arylsulfatase Bm differed with respect to thermal lability, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. In the latter technique, utilizing thin polyacrylamide slab gels, the isoelectric point for placental arylsulfatase B was 8.2, while brain arylsulfatase Bm resolved into 3 activity bands with p I values 6.8, 7.0 and 7.2. Although the physico-chemical properties differed, arylsulfatase B and arylsulfatase Bm appear to be functionally equivalent as well as generically related.
Proton-pump inhibitor use and hip fractures in men: a population-based case-control study

Abstract Purpose To estimate the association between proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) use and hip fracture. Methods We conducted a case-control study of 6774 pairs of men aged 45 years or older, matched on age, race, and medical center. Cases sustained incident hip fractures in 1997–2006. Fracture date was index date for each case-control pair. PPI exposure was identified from electronic pharmacy records, 1991–2006. PPI use was measured as (1) ever versus never; (2) adherence; (3) duration; and (4) recentness. Omeprazole and pantoprazole were analyzed separately using conditional logistic regression, adjusted for comorbidities. Nonusers were the referent group. Results Eight hundred ninety-six (13.2%) cases and 713 (10.5%) controls used omeprazole before index date (matched odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.27). Greatest adherence (medication possession ratio > 80%) (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.09–1.62), highest tertile of duration (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.02–1.48), and recent use (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.02–1.47) were associated with hip fracture. Six hundred ninety-four (10.2%) cases and 576 (8.5%) controls had used pantoprazole (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.97–1.24). Longest duration (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.02–1.53) and most recent use (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.12–1.71) were associated with hip fracture. Our study suggests that PPI use and hip fractures are associated, with risk increasing with longer duration and more recent use.
Stein's Paradox is Impossible in the Nonanticipative Context

Abstract Suppose several parameters are to be estimated in sequence. Independent data relating to them are available, but data later in the sequence cannot be used to estimate earlier parameters. Then the use of an admissible estimator for each individual parameter is an admissible procedure in the combined problem using summed loss. If the estimator were not required to be nonanticipative, the use might be inadmissible as in Stein's famous inadmissibility result.
New Jerseyans in the Civil War: For Union and Liberty

The Civil War divided New Jersey just as it did the nation. As a small state sandwiched between two large and powerful neighbors, New Jersey had always enthusiastically supported the creation of a strong central government. On the other hand, many New Jersey citizens did not share the anti-slavery sentiments of the North; they supported property rights of slave owners and believed in the natural inferiority of blacks. Subsequently, when southern states began to secede from the Union to form the Confederacy, New Jerseyans were left divided and confused.William J. Jackson examines the ironies, paradoxes, and contradictions that characterized New Jersey's unique historical role in the war. This is the only book to incorporate social and political history with that of military history and strategy. Civil War aficionados and historians will also welcome Jackson's analysis of the participation of New Jersey African Americans on the home front and in the military.