cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is the Source of the Narrow Positron Peaks Observed in Superheavy Collision Systems

We have observed that the positrons associated with a narrow peak in the positron spectrum from U+Th collisions are correlated with the simultaneous emission of electrons whose energy spectrum also contains a narrow peak. The mean energies and widths of the two peaks are equal within measurement errors. Neither the coincidence-peak intensity nor the energy distributions of the positrons and electrons can be accounted for by known nuclear internal conversion processes. Similar observations have also been made in the Th+Th and Th+Cm collision systems. New measurements confirm the emission of correlated positrons and electrons and establish the existence of more than one set of correlated energies.
Humane Treatment of the Terminally Ill

Should patients who are doomed to die know their fate? This used to be a troublesome question, the most baffling in the entire issue of dying. Discussions were always theoretical. No scientific or clinical evidence existed for the comparison of the benefits in telling the patient with the benefits of remaining silent. Everybody guessed. Parlor talk and religion classes abounded with moral platitudes about man’s right to know his condition or about our duty to keep the patient comfortable by silence. “Every man has the right to know so he can put his house in order!” “Happiness is an inalienable right and should not be destroyed when nothing is accomplished!” Doctors differed in theory. In practice they were nearly unanimous in not telling. Clergymen leaned toward telling, though they were easily convinced otherwise if they were asked to tell. The dying were seldom consulted, only left to suffer the results of the arguments outside their door.
Differences Between Early and Late Readmissions Among Patients.

Early and late hospital readmissions may be caused by different factors and may require different prevention strategies. In this cohort study, the authors sought to determine whether predictors of ...
Was ist eine Institution

Wahrend meiner Zeit als Student in Oxford wurde Okonomie fast so unterrichtet, als ob sie eine Naturwissenschaft sei. Der Gegenstand der Okonomie sei zwar ein anderer als der der Physik, aber nur in der Form, in der sich auch der Gegenstand der Chemie oder der Biologie von dem der Physik unterscheidet. Damalige okonomische Erkenntnisse wurden uns prasentiert, als seien sie wissenschaftliche Theorien. Entsprechend wurde uns etwa das „Sparen gleich Investieren“-Theorem in demselben Tonfall erklart wie der Lehrsatz, dass Kraft gleich Masse mal Beschleunigung ist. Und dass ein Unternehmer vernunftigerweise dann verkauft, wenn die Grenzkosten gleich den Grenzertragen sind, lernten wir auf die gleiche Art wie einst, dass die Anziehung zwischen zwei Korpern direkt proportional ist zum Produkt ihrer Massen und indirekt proportional zum Quadrat ihrer Entfernung zueinander. Zu keinem Zeitpunkt wurde auch nur angedeutet, dass die von der okonomischen Theorie beschriebene Wirklichkeit von menschlichen Uberzeugungen und anderen Einstellungen abhing – vollig anders als die von der Physik oder Chemie beschriebene Wirklichkeit.
Cultural Contexts for Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man

Part 1 "The scaffolding of a nation" - the black belt and beyond: Atlanta exposition address, Booker T. Washington of our spiritual strivings, W.E.B. Du Bois of Mr Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois founder's day address at Tuskegee, 1931, Anson Phelps Stokes cowards from the colleges, Langston Hughes social equality, Gunnar Myrdal Brown vs Board of Education - the effects of segregation, Supreme Court Brief the shadow of the plantation, Charles S. Johnson tore up and a-movin', Bernice Kelly Harris an analysis of negro patriotism, William N. Colson the Black migration, W.T. Andrews million Black voices, Richard Wright. Part 2 "A heap of signifying" - vernacular culture: (what did I do to be so) Black and blue, Andy Razaf run, nigger, run, African American folk song Jack the rabbit! Jack the bear!, African American folk song the devil's son-in-law, Peetie Wheatstraw many thousands gone, African American spiritual why Mr Dog runs Brer Rabbit, Emma Backus Brer Rabbit and the goobers, Carl Carmer de sweet pertater man, street market song sweet-the-monkey, Leo Gurley hip language, Mezz Mezzrow and Bernard Wolfe. Part 3 "The city within a city" - Harlem, USA: portrait of Harlem, Federal Writers' Project the new negro, Alain Locke Blacks in the labour movement, Sterling Spero and Abram L. Harris race catechism, Cyril V. Briggs Africa for the Africans, Marcus Garvey speech delivered at Liberty Hall NYC during Second International Convention of Negroes, August, 1921, Marcus Garvey the road to Negro liberation, Harry Haywood marxism and the American Negro, Will Herberg marxism and the woman question, Avram Landy Negro Americans, what now?, James Welson Johnson Harlem runs wild, Claude McKay the Harlem riot of 1943, A. Clayton Powell Sr the Negro and the Second World War, Ralph Ellison Harlem is nowhere, Ralph Ellison.
Multispectral Observations of Lunar Occultations. I. Resolving the Dust Shell around AFGL 5440

We present observations and modeling of a lunar occultation of the dust-enshrouded carbon star AFGL 5440. The observations were made over a continuous range of wavelengths from 1 to 4 μm with a high-speed spectrophotometer designed expressly for this purpose. We find that the occultation fringes cannot be fit by any single-size model. We use the DUSTY radiative transfer code to model a circumstellar shell and fit both the observed occultation light curves and the spectral energy distribution described in the literature. We find a strong constraint on the inner radius of the dust shell, Tmax = 950 ± 50 K, and optical depth at 5 μm of 0.5 ± 0.1. The observations are best fit by models with a density gradient of ρ ∝ r-2 or the gradient derived by Ivezic & Elitzur for a radiatively driven hydrodynamic outflow. Our models cannot fit the observed IRAS 60 μm flux without assuming a substantial abundance of graphite or by assuming a substantially higher mass-loss rate in the past.
High-performance, event-driven, low-cost, and SWaP imaging sensor for hostile fire detection, homeland protection, and border security

The advanced imagers team at JHU APL and ECE has been advocating and developing a new class of sensor systems that address key system level performance bottlenecks but are sufficiently flexible to allow optimization of associated cost and size, weight, and power (SWaP) for different applications and missions. A primary component of this approach is the innovative system-on-chip architecture: Flexible Readout and Integration Sensors (FRIS). This paper reports on the development and testing of a prototype based on the FRIS concept. It will include the architecture, a summary of test results to date relevant to the hostile fire detection challenge. For this application, this prototype demonstrates the potential for this concept to yield the smallest SWaP and lowest cost imaging solution with a low false alarm rate. In addition, a specific solution based on the visible band is proposed. Similar performance and SWaP gains are expected for other wavebands such as SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR and/or other applications like persistent surveillance for critical infrastructure and border control in addition to unattended sensors.
Negative and positive peer influence: Relations to positive and negative behaviors for African American, European American, and Hispanic adolescents

The purpose of the current study was to examine adolescents' perceptions of negative and positive peer influence (i.e., indirect peer association and direct peer pressure) as they related to adolescent behavior. Regression analyses were conducted using a sample of African American, European American, and Hispanic adolescents (N=1659, M age=16.06, SD=1.10). The study found differences and similarities in relation to respondents' ethnicity vis-a-vis indirect peer association and adolescent behavior. Although few ethnic-based differences occurred as a function of indirect negative peer association, indirect positive peer association was not as consistently or as strongly related to behaviors for minority youth as it was for European American youth.
A Transforming Experience

Books reviewed in this article: Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State
Human scalp-recorded evoked-potential correlates of linguistic stimuli

Interhemispheric asymmetries for verb and noun meanings of “ambiguous” linguistic stimuli (words) were observed in human scalp recordings of click-evoked brain activity. Linguistic stimuli elicited responses of greater magnitude in the dominant hemisphere. Within-hemisphere response latencies and waveforms were different for verb and noun forms of the stimulus word; whereas between-hemisphere waveforms were similar for a given stimulus word form.
Classification of Plot-Level Fire-Caused Tree Mortality in a Redwood Forest Using Digital Orthophotography and LiDAR

Aerial and satellite imagery are widely used to assess the severity and impact of wildfires. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is a newer remote sensing technology that has demonstrated utility in measuring vegetation structure. Combined use of imagery and LiDAR may improve the assessment of wildfire impacts compared to imagery alone. Estimation of tree mortality at the plot scale could serve for more rapid, broad-scale, and lower cost post-fire assessments than feasible through field assessment. We assessed the accuracy of classifying color-infrared imagery in combination with post-fire LiDAR, and with differenced (pre- and post-fire) LiDAR, in estimating plot percent mortality in a second-growth coast redwood forest near Santa Cruz, CA. Percent mortality of trees greater than 25.4 cm DBH in 47 permanent 0.08 ha plots was categorized as low ( 50%). The model using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) was 74% accurate; the model using NDVI and post-fire LiDAR was 85% accurate, while the model using NDVI and differenced LiDAR was 83% accurate. The addition of post-fire LiDAR data provided a modest increase in accuracy compared to imagery alone, which may not justify the substantial cost of data acquisition. The method demonstrated could be applied to rapidly estimate tree mortality resulting from wildfires at fine to moderate scale.
Variance-Covariance Estimation of Standard Weight Equation Coefficients

ABSTRACT We estimated through bootstrapping the variances and covariances of standard weight (Ws ) equation coefficients for 58 fish species and purposeful hybrids whose Ws equations were developed using the regression-line-percentile technique. Variance and covariance estimates appeared to stabilize at approximately 50 populations, which supports previous recommendations as to the minimum number of populations that should be used when developing Ws equations. Fishery biologists wishing to test for differences among or within fish populations using the R test can use these estimates when conducting the test.
Semantics of the typed λ-calculus with substitution in a cartesian closed category

Abstract Two versions of semantics of the typed λ-calculus with substitution are given. The first uses a global environments object which is the domain of all interpreted terms, while the second uses individual environments objects for each term. The algebraic properties of the environments object(s) play a central role in showing that the interpretation function is invariant under the operational semantics given by substitution.
APPLICATION OF THE FINITE METHOD IN MICROMECHANICAL ANALYSES OF CREEP FRACTURE PROBLEMS

Abstract The finite element method is applied to determine the generalized stress intensity factors for two problems fundamental in the micromechanical study of intergranular creep fracture. Special techniques to simulate multipoint constraints arising from symmetry and periodicity, and a singularity element have been developed and proved effective. The good agreements of finite element results with local field solutions are discussed.
Association reactions at low pressure. I. Collision-stabilized association below 1 micron

Abstract Rate coefficients for collision-stabilized association of a protonated ion AH + and its parent molecule A to form the proton bound dimer A 2 H + were measured in an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) cell at room temperature for the systems where A  dimethyl ether and acetonitrile. Third-order rate coefficients are reported for the dimethyl ether system with the third bodies (CH 3 ) 2 O, Ar, N 2 , Ne, He, and for the acetonitrile system with the third bodies CH 3 CN, N 2 , Ne, and He. A selected ion flow tube (SIFT) study on these same systems provides evidence that the rate coefficient, k f , for (A 2 H + )* formation may be less than the collision rate, k c . The lifetimes of the collision complex (A 2 H + )* are ≥ 0.5 × 10 −6 s. A consequence of k f k c is that derivation of the average lifetime of (A 2 H + )* with respect to unimolecular decomposition from the third-order rate coefficient may generally lead to values that are too small.
Effects of occlusion of the brachiocephalic vessels on cerebral metabolism in the dog.

Abstract Cerebral and systemic metabolism were studied by measurement of gas tensions, pH, and lactate and pyruvate concentrations in CSF and arterial blood in dogs subjected to simultaneous occlusion of the carotid and vertebral arteries in the neck, or simultaneous intrathoracic occlusion of the brachiocephalic vessels and their branches. No appreciable change in cerebral metabolism was demonstrated with cervical occlusion of the vertebral and carotid vessels and all the dogs recovered with no detectable alterations in their gross clinical behavior. On the other hand, simultaneous interruption of the brachial and cephalic blood flow was associated with severe cerebral hypoxia and lactic acidosis, and with irreversible brain damage, leading eventually to death. Canine cerebral metabolism and function appear to remain intact after bilateral interruption of the carotid and vertebral arteries in the neck. Brain integrity, however, is then dependent upon the extensive collateral circulation between branches of the brachial vessels and of the cerebral vessels, particularly the vertebral arteries. Additional interference with flow of blood through the brachial vessels rapidly results in cerebral metabolic failure and irreversible brain damage.
Six Criteria for Better Goals

Institutional purposes once were embodied in the college catalogs, often stated in th most acade ic and pedagogical terminology, incomprehensible to any one but the ivory tower intellectual. Such abstract state ments are inadequate as institutional guidelines. Many administrators and boards of control have begun to look inwardly, to reassess what it is that they are about and where they are going. They are beginning to look for bet ter ways of utilizing the resources they have at their dis posal. Planning is taking a higher priority. Planning is not, however, a simple, mechanical task. Even the most experienced administrators find that it can be difficult, with numerous hurdles to overcome. One of the biggest hurdles, vital in the planning process, is the assessment of current goals and objectives, and the establishment of new ones: "anyone can invent a plan. The first real difficulty is to relate it to some real goals and, secondly, to carry it out."1 A plan without clear cut explicit goals provides no direction, no target toward which the efforts of faculty, administration, or students can be aimed. The development of a set of goals, how ever, will help focus thought and action on the direction in which an organization should move.2 Without this element in the process, the plan is like a play without a plot, an empty set. In its relation to the whole planning process, goal setting has two fundamental requirements: (1) Admin istrators must realize that a comprehensive plan includes different types of goals to insure that all institutional op erations and activities are incorporated into the plan. (2) They must then make sure that the goals are soundly based, viable and valid. They must have some knowledge and understanding of at least six criteria of worthwhile goals: compatibility, attainability, intelligibility, accepta bility, measureability, and accountability. Compatibility is probably the most important cri terion. Goals which lack unity and agreement will breed discontent and foster conflict within the institution. Com
Acoustic detection, tracking, and characterization of three tornadoes.

Acoustic data recorded at 1000 samples per second by two sensor arrays located at ranges of 1–113 km from three tornadoes that occurred on 24 May 2011 in Oklahoma are analyzed. Accurate bearings to the tornadoes have been obtained using beamforming methods applied to the data at infrasonic frequencies. Beamforming was not viable at audio frequencies, but the data demonstrate the ability to detect significant changes in the shape of the estimated power spectral density in the band encompassing 10 Hz to approximately 100 Hz at distances of practical value from the sensors. This suggests that arrays of more closely spaced sensors might provide better bearing accuracy at practically useful distances from a tornado. Additionally, a mathematical model, based on established relationships of aeroacoustic turbulence, is demonstrated to provide good agreement to the estimated power spectra produced by the tornadoes at different times and distances from the sensors. The results of this analysis indicate that, qualitatively, an inverse relationship appears to exist between the frequency of an observed peak of the power spectral density and the reported tornado intensity.
Trends in the Design of Nucleoside Analogues as Anti-HIV Drugs

HIV infection remains incurable although several anti-HIV drugs have been identified and developed. Among these the nucleoside analogues were and remain in the forefront of anti-HIV chemotherapeutic regimens. Most of these nucleoside analogues are modified mainly in the sugar moiety. In general, they lack a free hydroxy group at the 3'-position. Consequently, they cannot participate in the formation of a 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage, which renders the nucleoside 5'-triphosphates of such nucleoside analogues effective anti-HIV agents. Preventing the formation of 3',5'-phosphodiester linkages leads to inhibition of the viral DNA strand elongation and ultimately chain termination. The phosphorylation of nucleoside analogues is a key factor in their efficacy as anti-HIV agents. Efficient phosphorylation depends largely on the structure of the nucleoside. Therefore, modification of the structure of nucleoside analogues are sought to enhance their phosphorylation and ultimately, effective inhibition of the HIV reverse transcriptase. This review is concerned with the trends in the design of nucleoside analogues as anti-HIV agents.
The effect of small concentrations of carbon impurity on dislocation mobility in iron monocrystals

Experiments have recently been reported by Turner and Vreeland (1) in which the dislocation velocities in pure iron single crystals were measured. This paper describes some limited results for identical experiments on crystals containing approximately 45 ppm by weight, of carbon. These results indicate that the carbon has very little effect on the velocity of free dislocations. However strong pinning effects were observed for aged dislocations.
Periodontal innate immune mechanisms relevant to atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease in the USA where it is a leading cause of illness and death. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause for heart attack and stroke. Most commonly, people develop atherosclerosis as a result of diabetes, genetic risk factors, high blood pressure, a high-fat diet, obesity, high blood cholesterol levels, and smoking. However, a sizable number of patients suffering from atherosclerosis do not harbor the classical risk factors. Ongoing infections have been suggested to play a role in this process. Periodontal disease is perhaps the most common chronic infection in adults with a wide range of clinical variability and severity. Research in the past decade has shed substantial light on both the initiating infectious agents and host immunological responses in periodontal disease. Up to 46% of the general population harbors the microorganism(s) associated with periodontal disease, although many are able to limit the progression of periodontal disease or even clear the organism(s) if infected. In the last decade, several epidemiological studies have found an association between periodontal infection and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on exploring the molecular consequences of infection by pathogens that exacerbate atherosclerosis, with the focus on infections by the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis as a running example.
The effect of weanling and adult males on sexual maturation in female voles (Microtus ochrogaster).

Abstract Weanling iemale voles were paired with either litlermate males, nonlittermate weanling males or adult males. Vaginal opening was earliest in females with adult males, latest in females with littermate males, and intermediate in females with nonlittermate weanling males. Littering occurred at approximately the same time in females with adult or nonlittermate weanling males and was significantly delayed in females with littermate males.
A transient (subsecond) technique for measuring heat of fusion of metals

A transient technique is described for measuring the heats of fusion of metals with melting temperatures above 1500 K. The specimen configuration consists of a strip of the metal under study “sandwiched” between two strips of another metal with a higher melting temperature. The basic method consists of rapidly heating the composite specimen by passing a subsecond-duration electrical current pulse through it and simultaneously measuring the radiance temperature of the containment metal surface, as well as the current through and voltage drop across the specimen. The melting of the metal under study is manifested by a plateau in the temperature versus time function for the containing metal surface. The time integral of the power absorbed by the specimen during melting yields the heat of fusion. Measurements on several tantalum-niobium-tantalum specimens yield a value of 31.5 kJ · mor−1 for the heat of fusion of niobium, with an estimated maximum inaccuracy of ± 5%.
Do Driving Impairments from Concurrent Cell-Phone Use Diminish with Practice?:

Our research examined the effects of practice on in-vehicle cell-phone use. Drivers that reported either high or low real world cell-phone usage were selected to participate in four, hour-and-a-half simulated driving sessions, on different days. The research consisted of two phases, a training phase and a novel transfer phase. Compared to single-task driving, dual-task performance deficits persisted through training and transfer driving conditions. Furthermore, groups of high and low real world experience were equally impaired. It is concluded that practice does not improve the ability to drive while conversing on a cellphone.
Transaction costs and the small firm effect

Abstract Recent empirical work by Banz (1981) and Reinganum (1981) documents abnormally large risk-adjusted returns for small firms listed on the NYSE and the AMEX. The strength and persistence with which the returns appear lead both authors to conclude the single-period, two-parameter capital asset pricing model is misspecified. This study (1) confirms that total market value of common stock equity varies inversely with risk-adjusted returns, (2) demonstrates that price per share does also, and (3) finds that transaction costs at least partially account for the abnormality.
Lignin Formation and Surface Discoloration of Minimally Processed Carrot Sticks

The effects of an ethylene absorbent and storage at 2°C on surface discoloration and phenolic changes in modified atmosphere packaged carrot sticks was studied. Lignin formation occurred and corresponded with development of white discoloration in storage. Phenylalanine ammonialyase and peroxidase activity were stimulated by slicing and both enzyme activities remained elevated during storage. Soluble phenolics increased during storage, while dry matter content decreased within 24 hr after processing and then remained constant during storage. Ethylene absorbents prevented accumulation of ethylene, but did not affect surface discoloration or lignification.
Management Strategy for Symptomatic Bisphosphonate-Associated Incomplete Atypical Femoral Fractures:

Background Long-term bisphosphonate use has often been associated with atypical femoral fractures. These fractures evolve from incomplete femoral fractures. A previous study demonstrated that the presence of a radiolucent line in an incomplete fracture can indicate a high risk of progression to complete fracture.
Studying the Emergence of New Organizations: Entrepreneurship Research Design

Entrepreneurship is a fundamental phenomenon in society around the world, but empirical work to improve its understanding has struggled to gain legitimacy. This article examines the challenge of establishing the field of research by comparing six recent studies on entrepreneurship research design and methods. Consistently, scholars have defined entrepreneurship as a phenomenon of emergence; however, most entrepreneurship research has focused on questions regarding new ventures characteristics and outcomes after a new venture is started. One reason scholars continue to struggle with origins and emergence questions is the difficulty in obtaining relevant data. This paper recommends a series of tools and strategies to gather and analyze holistic data on entrepreneurship and organizational emergence. Specifically, the use of multi-level longitudinal data from several sources by multiple collection methods can provide the rich context necessary to illuminate venture emergence. To inform future studies, examples from nanotechnology entrepreneurship research are provided.
Changes in complex resistivity during creep in granite

A sample of Westerly granite was deformed under constant stress conditions: a pore pressure of 5 MPa, a confining pressure of 10 MPa, and an axial load of 170 MPa. Pore volume changes were determined by measuring the volume of pore fluid (0.01M KClaq) injected into the sample. After 6 days of creep, characterized by accelerating volumetric stain, the sample failed along a macroscopic fault. Measurements of complex resistivity over the frequency range 0.001–300 Hz, taken at various times during creep, showed a gradual increase in both conductivity and permittivity. When analysed in terms of standard induced polarization (IP) techniques, the changing complex resistivity resulted in systematic changes in such parameters as percent frequency effect and chargeability. These results suggest that it may be possible to monitor the development of dilatancy in the source region of an impending earthquake through standard IP techniques.
Cognitive and Emotion-Regulatory Mediators of the Relationship Between Behavioral Approach System Sensitivity and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Frequency

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is highly prevalent among late adolescents and predicts the onset of suicidal ideation and behavior. Although research has established an association between the behavioral approach system (BAS) and NSSI, less research has explored mechanisms underlying this relationship. The authors examined negative and positive emotion regulation patterns, as well as the BAS-relevant cognitive style of self-criticism, as potential mechanisms through which a hypersensitive BAS might be related to NSSI frequency. Late adolescents (N = 177) with high and moderate BAS levels completed measures of self-criticism, positive emotion regulation, brooding, and both lifetime and last-year frequency of NSSI. Results indicated that self-criticism and positive emotion dampening independently mediated the relationship between BAS and last-year frequency of NSSI. Self-criticism also mediated the relationship between BAS and lifetime frequency of NSSI. Results suggest that cognitive and emotion-regulatory styles may help to explain why high BAS individuals are likely to engage in NSSI.
Early detection of Alzheimer's based on intrinsic measurements

Hippocampus and raphe nuclei are complex circuits that consist of distinct anatomical regions. The abnormalities due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) are seen within the subfields of hippocampus and structures of raphe nuclei at the earlier stages of AD to different degrees. The abnormalities follow a particular pattern and can be classified into six stages of AD with a little variation among individuals. Segmenting the subfields and structures, and studying intrinsic properties among these structures can lead to novel and potentially more accurate ways for an early detection of AD, which has been challenging.
Hemodynamics in Ruptured Chordae Tendineae and Chronic Rheumatic Mitral Regurgitation

Twenty-five patients with proven ruptured mitral chordae tendineae and 25 patients with chronic rheumatic mitral regurgitation were studied with quantitative biplane left-heart angiocardiography. Compared to the rheumatic patients, the ruptured chordae group had strikingly smaller left atrial maximum volume (mean: 119 ± 47 vs 267 ± 131 ml/m2 mean) and less compliant left atrium (mean: 1.61 ± 1.52 vs 5.14 ± 4.31 ml/mm Hg-m2); less impressively but significantly smaller left ventricular end-diastolic volume (mean: 142 ± 43 vs 188 ± 75 ml/m2) and mass (mean: 133 ± 27 vs 166 ± 50 mm/m2), and relatively insignificant tendency toward smaller left ventricular stroke volume and regurgitant flow per stroke. Ejection fractions, ventricular pressures, and forward flow per stroke were not significantly different. Within the ruptured chordae group, the duration of heart failure was not significantly correlated with any hemodynamic variable. These results indicate quantitatively the spectrum of abnormal hemodynamics in...
Influence of Cholesterol Microstructures on Fluctuation Spikes in Nystatin Channel Currents in Phospholipid/Cholesterol Bilayers

Nystatin (NYS) is an antifungal agent that preferentially forms ion channels in membranes containing ergosterol (ERG) or cholesterol (CHOL). In phospholipid bilayers ERG or CHOL segregate into ordered (Lo) and disordered (Ld) domains. We prepared POPC bilayers containing CHOL mol fraction 0.18 ≤ χERG ≤ 0.50 separating two chambers containing KCl solutions. The concentration gradient between chambers was 435/150 mM KCl. We allowed the CHOL/POPC bilayer to settle 15 min then added 19 or 38 microM NYS to the reference (Cis) chamber, imposed 50 mV across the bilayer, and stirred the Cis chamber at 4 Hz. The NYS molecules adhered to the bilayer forming channels on the boundaries of the Lo domains. [1] The resultant bilayer current exhibited prominent spikes of very short duration. A plot of the frequency of these spikes against χERG revealed prominent spikes at χERG = 0.19, 0.25 and 0.40. These correspond well to the dips in dehydroergosterol fluorescence observed by Chong [2], which he understood in terms of a superlattice. We conclude that fluctuations in NYS channels on the perimeter of the Lo CHOL domains depend strongly on Lo domain structure.1. Helrich, C. S., J. A. Schmucker, and D. J. Woodbury 2006. Evidence that Nystatin Channels Form at the Boundaries, Not the Interiors of Lipid Domains. Biophys. J. 91: 1116-1127.2. Chong, P.L-G. 1994. Evidence for regular distribution of sterols in liquid crystalline phosphatidylcholine bilayers, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10069-10073.
Toward an Understanding of the Role of Applied Linguists in Foreign Language Departments.

This article presents an analysis of the results of a survey conducted with foreign language program directors and coordinators in American university foreign language departments. The goal of the survey was twofold. First, it aimed to compile a profile of these individuals: their backgrounds, research, and teaching and coordinating responsibilities. A second objective was to investigate whether the participants consider themselves to be applied linguists. Despite the fact that most participants interviewed are arguably practicing applied linguists, many of them hesitated to identify themselves as such. This ambivalence reflects recent heated discussions about the field of applied linguistics, a debate that was sparked by Firth and Wagner's provocative (1997) article. We call for more voices in this ongoing dialogue. The future of the diverse field of applied linguistics depends upon a variety of perspectives, including more input from applied linguists within foreign language departments.
Chemical and thermal constraints on models of Thermal Springs Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska

Thermal (15–30°C) springs issuing from 1912 ash-flow tuff in the mid-valley region of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes consist of meteoric water that may have been heated by an incompletely cooled lens of welded tuff upvalley from the springs. Conductive cooling of the thermal waters along the flow path is the likely cause for the difference between the observed spring temperatures and the source temperature inferred from chemical geothermometry. Conductive cooling alone can not easily account for the seasonal fluctuations in spring temperatures, however. Mixing of the thermal waters with cold meteoric waters would seem a likely possibility; but thermal water chemistry is constant, indicating that mixing does not occur after the water leaves the zone of heating. Even if mixing occurred, simple mixing models do not account totally for the observed temperature differences of the springs from late spring to summer. The geochemical and thermal data argue for a complex hydrological and thermal regime.
Evidence of a geographically variable competitive mimicry relationship in coral reef fishes

In Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea, juvenile surgeonfish Acanthurus pyroferus have been shown to gain access to food resources defended by the damselfish Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus by mimicking a pygmy angelfish, Centropyge vrolikii, that does not compete with the damsel for food. I tested whether A. pyroferus juveniles gain the same competitive advantage from mimicking a different pygmy angelfish, Centropyge flavissima, in Moorea, French Polynesia. Through abundance and substrate surveys, behavioral observations and stomach content analyses, I demonstrate that in Moorea, mimicry of Ce. flavissima does not provide A. pyroferus with access to damselfish Stegastes nigricans territories; Ce. flavissima models are always attacked upon territory entry and A. pyroferus mimics avoid damsel territories. Damselfish aggression toward the model angelfish cannot be attributed to overabundance of the deceptive mimic; instead, aggression can best be explained by the fact that Ce. flavissima competes with damsels in Moorea by consuming their algal turfs, making them inappropriate models for competitive mimics. Juveniles of many Indo-Pacific surgeonfishes appear to mimic pygmy angelfishes; I suggest that these mimics' success in gaining access to damselfish territories is geographically variable and may be determined by the extent to which mimics, models and receivers overlap in resource use at a given site. This mimicry complex may thus present an excellent illustration of the geographic mosaic model of coevolution.
Comparative Pharmacodynamics of Amphotericin B Lipid Complex and Liposomal Amphotericin B in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Mucormycosis

We compared the kinetics of amphotericin B (AMB) lung accumulation and fungal clearance by liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) and amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary mucormycosis (IPM). Immunosuppressed BALB/c mice were inoculated with 1 x 10(6) Rhizopus oryzae spores and administered L-AMB or ABLC at daily intravenous doses of 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg of body weight for 5 days starting 12 h after infection. At a dose of 10 mg/kg/day, both L-AMB and ABLC were effective at reducing the R. oryzae lung fungal burden and achieved lung tissue concentrations exceeding the isolate mean fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 8 microg/ml by 72 h. When ABLC was dosed at 5 mg/kg/day, the ABLC-treated animals had significantly higher AMB lung concentrations than the L-AMB treated animals at 24 h (6.64 and 1.44 microg/g, respectively; P = 0.013) and 72 h (7.49 and 1.03 microg/g, respectively; P = 0.005), and these higher concentrations were associated with improved fungal clearance, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR (mean conidial equivalent of R. oryzae DNA per lung, 4.44 +/- 0.44 and 6.57 +/- 0.74 log(10), respectively; P < 0.001). Analysis of the AMB tissue concentration-response relationships revealed that the suppression of R. oryzae growth in the lung required tissue concentrations that approached the MFC for the infecting isolate (50% effective concentration, 8.19 microg/g [95% confidence interval, 2.81 to 18.1 microg/g]). The rates of survival were similar in the animals treated with L-AMB and ABLC at 10 mg/kg/day. These data suggest that higher initial doses may be required during L-AMB treatment than during ABLC treatment of experimental IPM.
Fatal pulmonary failure complicating high‐dose cytosine arabinoside therapy in acute leukemia

One hundred three relapsed leukemia patients were treated with high-dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C); 3 g/m2 intravenously over 2 hours every 6 to 12 hours for a total of nine to 12 doses or 3 g/m2 intravenously over 2 hours for two doses 12 hours apart followed by a continuous infusion of 1.5 g/m2 over 24 hours daily for 3 to 4 days. Thirteen of them developed adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) without having any recognized reason for the development of pulmonary edema. This problem showed no correlation with age or prior chemotherapy. Four of the patients recovered, but in nine this complication was fatal. The authors have reviewed the clinical course of these 13 patients and the postmortem findings of the seven patients who had an autopsy performed. The pulmonary tissue from six patients showed massive edema and one had diffuse alveolar damage. Histologic examination revealed a highly proteinaceous intraalveolar infiltrate without any inflammatory reaction in all cases. Intestinal tissue from all patients revealed changes compatible with cytotoxic damage, and pleura and/or pericardium from six of the seven patients showed an extensive fibrinous exudate suggestive of capillary leakage. The time sequence of the clinical events and the histologic findings indicate that high-dose Ara-C treatment in leukemia may cause a capillary leakage syndrome with ARDS that may progress to fatal respiratory failure.
Good education for all? Student race and identity development in the multicultural classroom

Abstract This study examined the role of ethnic identity in students’ responses to a multicultural curriculum. Specifically, it tested group differences in the key premise of multicultural education, which is that learning about other groups affects students’ identity formation and that this learning translates into skills critical to academic success, intergroup harmony, and promotion of democratic values. The results provided partial support of the hypothesis. Participating in a curriculum focusing on race and ethnicity yielded more benefits to White than non-White students, suggesting that Whites may be uniquely positioned to benefit from multiculturalism. Possible mechanisms underlying the different outcomes of multicultural education for various groups of students are discussed.
Self-Healing of Confined Plasmas with Finite Pressure

At finite ratios of the kinetic plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure, the magnetic confinement configurations of axisymmetric plasma columns tend to acquire characteristics that hinder the onset of instabilities driven by the combined effects of magnetic curvature and pressure gradient. A simple analytical dispersion relation that contains the main physical factors affecting an important class of these modes is given.
Probation officers' recommendations and final sentencing outcomes

Using the focal concerns perspective, the current study examines the factors that affect probation officers’ recommendations and the effect these recommendations have on final sentencing decisions. Results indicate that there is a high level of agreement between probation officers’ recommendations and final sentencing decisions. When judges depart from recommendations, departures are most often upward, with judges sentencing defendants to a harsher penalty. Although it was predicted that the variables that construct the perceptual shorthand would have a greater influence on judges’ decisions than on probation officers’ recommendations, this was only partially supported by the findings. Final sentence outcomes appeared to be more directly influenced by race than the probation officers’ recommendations. Instead of having a direct effect, race affected probation officers’ recommendations through income and education. The implications of these findings are further discussed.
Cranial variation amongst independent lineages of the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii)

Recent interest in diagnoses and relationships between lineages of the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) present conflicting patterns of molecular variation across the taxon's range. This study uses geometric morphometric techniques to test molecular hypotheses. We analyse alligator snapping turtle cranial variation amongst populations (i.e. drainages) with the hypothesis that populations of turtles recovered as monophyletic by previous molecular studies are more similar to each other in cranial shape. Dorsal, lateral and ventral cranial shape analyses corroborate the uniqueness of populations recovered by molecular genetic hypotheses. Additionally, analyses reveal near equal separation between drainages that were assigned to monophyletic clades by previous phylogenetic studies. These results reveal the potential for more independent lineages that have yet to be diagnosed, and unique cranial shapes are described for our three most heavily sampled drainages.
The potentials and limitations of using neutron activation analysis data on human hair as a forensic evidence

An examination of neutron activation analysis as a method to develop trace element profiles of human hair for use in criminal investigations was undertaken using modern instrumental methods and specially designed analytical procedures. A survey of hair samples from a group of 300 volunteers, involving nearly 12,000 elemental analyses, indicates that while neutron activation analysis data have distinct potentials to develop useful forensic evidence, there are several limitations to its routine applications as a forensic evidence due to extensive data generation required to satisfy the requirements of the statistical techniques used during this investigation. A brief discussion of experimental methods followed by a detailed description of the statistical techniques used in individualizing human hair is presented.
Discrete and planar monolithic structures of III IV compounds and alloys

Abstract Progress in the state-of-the-art of the fabrication of discrete and planar monolithic structures in III–V semiconductor compounds and alloys will be presented. Devices made by diffusion and grown-diffusion techniques on Ga1−xAlxAs, GaAs1−xPx, and GaP will be discussed with emphasis on planar device structures. In addition, a comparison of the contacts from various metallurgies used on these materials will be discussed.
Test of circular dichroism (CD) methods for crambin and CD-assisted secondary structure prediction of its homologous toxins

Methods that analyze protein circular dichroism (CD) spectra for fractions of secondary structure are evaluated for the plant protein crambin, which has a known high-resolution crystal structure. In addition, a two-step secondary structure prediction scheme is presented and used for the toxins homologous to crambin, shown by others to have secondary structures similar to crambin. The test of CD spectral analysis methods with the protein crambin employed two computer programs and several CD basis sets. Crambin's crystal structure, known to 0.945 A resolution (Hendrickson, W.A., Teeter, M.M. Nature 290:107–113, 1981), allows accurate evaluation of results. Analysis with the protein spectra basis sets (Provencher, S. W., Glockner, J. Biochemistry 20:33–37, 1981) as modified (Manavalan, P., Johnson, W. C., Jr. Anal. Biochem. 167:76–85, 1987) agreed most closely with crambin's crystal structure. This method was then applied to the CD spectra of the membrane-active toxins homologous to crambin (α1- and β-purothionin, phoratoxin A and B, an viscotoxin A3 and B). The new program SEQ (pronounced “seek”) was developed to assign the secondary structure along the protein chain in a hierarchical fashion and applied to the plant toxins. The method constrained the secondary structure fractions to those from CD analysis and combined standard statistical methods with amphipathic helix location. Both CD-arrived secondary structure percentages and sequence assignment indicate that the viscotoxins are structurally most similar to crambin. Purothionin's secondary structure was predicted to be fundamentally similar to crambin's with a difference at the start of the first helix. This assignment agreed with Raman and NMR analyses of Purothionin and lends validity to the method presented here. Differences from the NMR in the CD secondary structure fraction analysis for phoratoxin suggest interference in the CD from tryptophan residues.
Selective flotation of phosphates from dolomite using cationic collectors. Part II. Effect of particle size, abrasion and pH

Abstract Flotation behavior of apatite and dolomite, both of crystalline and sedimentary varieties, was studied using an octadecylamine-kerosene mixture. In a single mineral flotation, dolomite floated better than apatite. When dolomite was mixed with apatite and conditioned at high-percent solids, apatite floated preferentially to dolomite. Pulp density in conditioning played a role in inducing the selectivity of separation. Crystalline and sedimentary minerals behaved alike, but the crystalline minerals had much lower surface areas and consumed less collector than the sedimentary minerals. Both minerals approached respective equilibrium pH values upon addition of acid or alkali. Their flotation behaviors were relatively insensitive to the pulp pH. Electrophoretic mobility measurements suggest that the electrostatic model of adsorption of aminium ion in these minerals may not fully account for the foregoing flotation behavior.
Left stellectomy in the long QT syndrome

Recent investigations have reaffirmed the role of autonomic innervation of the heart in the genesis of certain cardiac arrhythmias. The long QT syndrome (LQTS) has been described for years, but only recently has evidence of its link to autonomic imbalance been established. A case of LQTS is presented with intraoperative evidence at the time of left stellectomy of life-threatening arrhythmias triggered by stimulation of this neural body. Removal of the left stellate ganglion normalized the electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities and has rendered the patient asymptomatic since surgery. Left stellectomy may become definitive therapy for selected patients with the LQTS.