cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Property Rights versus “Public Necessity”: A Perspective on Emergency Powers and the Supreme Court

Chief Justice Earl Warren once wrote that a free government is continuously “on trial for its life.”1 And never are the foundations of constitutional liberties more fragile than in periods of emergency, when government invokes extraordinary powers. Invariably, emergency powers involve the immediate curtailment of some rights; at their extreme in martial law, they can warrant an entire suspension of normal civilian governmental functions, as well as full suspension of due-process guarantees.2 Once the constitutional fabric has been stretched to accommodate urgent public necessity in such situations, moreover, restoration to its earlier condition is not automatic or inevitable. On the contrary, as Justice Robert Jackson presciently warned, once the Supreme Court validates as constitutional the abridgement of essential rights during an emergency—and especially when the Court does so in relation to “the vague, undefined and undefinable ‘war power’”—any principle that is thus articulated to justify such emergency action “then lies about like a loaded weapon ready for the hand of any authority that can bring forward a plausible claim of an urgent need.”3
Using Jackknife to Assess the Quality of Gene Order Phylogenies

In recent years, gene order data has attracted increasing attention from both biologists and computer scientists as a new type of data for phylogenetic analysis. If gene orders are viewed as one character with a large number of states, traditional bootstrap procedures cannot be applied. Researchers began to use a jackknife resampling method to assess the quality of gene order phylogenies. In this paper, we design and conduct a set of experiments to validate the performance of this jackknife procedure and provide discussions on how to conduct it properly. Our results show that jackknife is very useful to determine the confidence level of a phylogeny obtained from gene orders and a jackknife rate of 40% should be used. However, although a branch with support value of 85% can be trusted, low support branches require careful investigation before being discarded. Our experiments show that jackknife is indeed necessary and useful for gene order data, yet some caution should be taken when the results are interpreted.
Minimally invasive lateral interbody fusion for the treatment of rostral adjacent-segment lumbar degenerative stenosis without supplemental pedicle screw fixation

Object Adjacent-segment degeneration and stenosis are common in patients who have undergone previous lumbar fusion. Treatment typically involves a revision posterior approach, which requires management of postoperative scar tissue and previously implanted instrumentation. A minimally invasive lateral approach allows the surgeon to potentially reduce the risk of these hazards. The technique relies on indirect decompression to treat central and foraminal stenosis and placement of a graft with a large surface area to promote robust fusion and stability in concert with the surrounding tensioned ligaments. The goal in this study was to determine if lateral interbody fusion without supplemental pedicle screws is effective in treating adjacent-segment disease. Methods For a 30-month study period at two institutions, the authors obtained all cases of lumbar fusion with new back and leg pain due to adjacent-segment stenosis and spondylosis failing conservative measures. All patients had undergone minimally invasiv...
Review of the Amyrsidea in the Subgenus Argimenopon (Mallophaga: Menoponidae)

Seventeen species are recognized in the subgenus Argimenopon Eichler, genus Amyrsidea Ewing, from galliform hosts of the Megapodiidae, Tetraonidae, Phasianidae (except Odontophorus ), and Numididae; descriptions, illustrations, and a key are provided. Five new species and their type-hosts are: A. (A.) nicobariensis (Megapodius nicobariensis cumingii); A. (A.) impejani (Lophophorus impejanus); A. (A.) himalayensis (Tetraogallus h. himalayensis); A. (A.) tibetani (Tetraogallus tibetanus aquilonifer); and A. (A.) rolluli (Rollulus roulroul). A lectotype is designated for Menopon fulvomaculatum Denny, and seven new synonymies are given.
When the Hurly-Burly's Done, of Battles Lost and Won: How a Hybrid Program of Study Emerged from the Toil and Trouble of Stirring Liberal Arts into an Engineering Cauldron at a Public Polytechnic

This paper examines the process of putting a new interdisciplinary program into place that combines study in the liberal arts with traditional engineering study at a traditional state university to create a new, hybrid program of study. The program is called the Liberal Arts and Engineering Studies (LAES) program and it was built at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. The LAES program is one of only a few programs in the USA to successfully combine liberal arts with engineering study into a comprehensive Bachelor of Arts degree. The authors discuss the conflicts involved with the process of permanently adding this hybrid form of study to the university's curriculum and offer their definition of hybrid study using this new program as their central example.
Effects of deprival of glucose or individual amino acids on polyribosome distribution and rate of protein synthesis in cultured mammalian cells

Abstract Using Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in culture, we have examined the effects of omitting glucose or 13 essential amino acids, individually and in combination, on the rate of protein synthesis and the proportions of monomeric and polyribosomal ribosomes in the cells. These data have been used to determine the rate of peptide chain elongation, expressed as the synthesis rate per unit of polyribosomal ribosomes, and to infer a slowing of peptide chain initiation, relative to elongation, from an increase in the proportion of monomeric ribosomes. With omission of glucose from the culture medium, or addition of 2-deoxyglucose, the rates of peptide chain initiation and elongation decreased. These changes, which were rapidly reversed by glucose addition, occur in parallel with, and presumably are directly related to, a decrease in the intracellular ATP concentration. Omission of any one of 13 essential amino acids resulted in an immediate decrease of about 30% in the protein synthesis rate per cell, due largely to a decrease in initiation rate. Omitting combinations of two amino acids had about the same effect as the absence of all 13, producing an approx. 45% decrease in the synthesis rate per cell, again largely due to a slowing of initiation. Although amino acid restriction might be expected to exert a direct effect on the rate of both chain initiation and elongation through lowering of the intracellular aminoacyl-tRNA concentration, operation of some other rate-limiting mechanism is suggested by the fact that lack of any of the other 12 essential amino acids was as effective in slowing initiation as a lack of the initiating amino acid methionine. Evidence for such an indirect mechanism acting through limitation of the energy supply is the observation that deprival of amino acids resulted in a prompt and marked decrease in glucose utilization and in the amount of intracellular ATP. Thus, the effects of amino acid restriction on protein synthesis observed here may be mediated, at least in part, through a decrease in the rate of ATP generation.
An α-Helical Burst in the src SH3 Folding Pathway

Src SH3 is a small all-‚-sheet protein composed of a single domain. We studied the folding behavior of src SH3 at various conditions by circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and X-ray solution scattering methods. On the src SH3 folding pathway, an R-helix-rich intermediate appeared not only at subzero temperatures but also above 0 °C. The fraction of R-helix in the kinetically observed intermediate is ca. 26% based on the kinetic CD experiment. X-ray solution scattering revealed that the intermediate was compact but not fully packed. The analysis of CD implies that the amplitude of the burst phase is proportional to the helical fraction calculated according to the helix -coil transition theory. This strongly suggests that the initial folding core is formed by the collapse of much less stably existing R-helices. The biological function of globular proteins is determined by their native structure. Therefore, understanding how proteins fold into their compact forms is a central problem in modern structure biology (1). In the past few years, we have been studying the refolding process of proteins such as ubiquitin (2, 3) and bovine ‚-lactoglobulin (BLG) 1 (4 )a t low temperatures. They are mainly composed of ‚-structures. It appears that several such proteins form R-helical intermediates before acquiring their native ‚-sheet structure. BLG has been thoroughly studied from experimental and theoretical points of view (5-8). We have reported how BLG formed an R-helix-rich intermediate and then converted to its native-like structure at a temperature as low as -28 °C. This indicated that the R-helix-rich folding core was formed in the folding process of the ‚-structure-rich protein (4). We have also studied another small ‚-structure-rich protein (76 amino acids), ubiquitin. It also shows a non-native helix formation at its early stage, the rate of which depends on the temperature and the viscosity of the solution, but the amplitude of the CD value of the intermediate did not depend on them (3). We therefore pose the question: Does the non- native helix formed at the early stage of the ‚-structure-rich protein folding process appear in general? BLG belongs to the UD‚ (up and down ‚-barrel) family. Nishikawa and co-workers reported that the helical content of BLG in trifluoroethanol was correlated with the helical content predicted by the secondary structure prediction program, suggesting that the helical structure of BLG in trifluoroethanol is mainly stabilized by local interaction ( 9). In addition, Chikenji et al. reported that the free energy analysis shows a strong probability of forming R-helix-rich intermediates in the BLG folding process (10). Secondary structure prediction analysis of BLG shows a high helix propensity in sequence as discussed below. Therefore, it could have been argued that an R-helix-rich intermediate appears only in the folding process of ‚-lactoglobulin as an exceptional case due to a consequence of high helix propensity.
Control of Nonlinear Electro/Elastic Beam and Plate Systems (Finite Element Formulation and Analysis)

Adaptive structures involving large imposed deformation often go beyond the boundary of linear theory and they should be treated as nonlinear structures. A generic nonlinear finite element formulation for vibration sensing and control analysis of laminated electro/ elastic nonlinear shell structures is derived based on the virtual work principle. A generic curved triangular piezoelectric shell element is proposed based on the layerwise constant shear angle theory. The dynamic system equations, equations of electric potential output and feedback control force defined in a matrix form are derived. The modified Newton-Raphson method is adopted for nonlinear dynamic analysis of large and complex piezoelectric/elastic/control structures. A finite element code for vibration sensing and control analysis of nonlinear active piezoelectric structronic systems is developed. The developed piezoelectric shell element and finite element code are validated and then applied to control analysis of flexible electro-elastic (piezoelectric/elastic) structural systems. Vibration control of constant-curvature electro/elastic beam and plate systems are studied. Time-history responses of free and controlled nonlinear electro/elastic beam and plate systems are presented and nonlinear effects discussed.
Immunoreactivity for epithelial and neuroendocrine antibodies are useful in the differential diagnosis of lung carcinomas.

Abstract The histologic classification of pulmonary neoplasms can have important implications regarding appropriate management of patients. Although the histologic classification of lung tumors is predominantly based on morphology, ancillary studies such as immunohistochemistry can be used in difficult cases, and the diagnosis of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma requires confirmation of neuroendocrine differentiation by immunohistochemistry or electron microscopy. We immunostained 142 lung tumors for B72.3, keratin 34[beta ]E12, keratin 7, keratin 14, keratin 17, synaptophysin, and chromogranin to determine the utility of neuroendocrine markers and epithelial markers in the differential diagnosis. Among neuroendocrine carcinomas (small cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma), 84% (37 of 44) were chromogranin positive, 64% (21 of 36 small cell, 6 of 6 large cell neuroendocrine) were synaptophysin positive, 5% (2 of 43) were keratin 34[beta ]E12 positive, 9% (4 of 44) were keratin 7 positive, and 5% (2 of 37) of small cell carcinomas and 50% (3 of 6) of large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas were B72.3 positive. Among non-neuroendocrine carcinomas, 5% (5 of 98) were chromogranin positive, 3% (3 of 96) were synaptophysin positive, and 97% (95 of 98) were positive for either keratin 34[beta ]E12 or keratin 7 and 99% (97 of 98) were positive for either keratin 34[beta ]E12, keratin 7 or B72.3. An antibody panel consisting of keratin 7, keratin 34[beta ]E12, chromogranin, and synaptophysin separated 132 of 141 tumors (94%) into distinct groups. We conclude that immunostaining with both neuroendocrine markers and epithelial markers can be useful in the differential diagnosis of lung neoplasms. H UM P ATHOL , 31:980-987.
Cathodic Delamination of an Epoxy/Polyamide Coating from Steel

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to determine the mechanism responsible for debonding of an epoxy/polyamide coating from steel during cathodic delamination in 3.5% aqueous NaCl solutions. Coating failure always occurred near the interface between the coating and the oxide. The nitrogen content of the free surface of the prepared coatings was about 10%. However, the nitrogen content of the free surface dropped to only 5% after exposure to 1 N NaOH for four weeks and that of the coating failure surface after cathodic delamination was only about 2%, implying that the failure involved degradation of the polyamide curing agent by hydroxide ions formed at the steel surface by reduction of oxygen. That conclusion was supported by results obtained from curve fitting of C(1s) and O(1s) spectra. The intensity of components in the C(1s) spectra due to C—N and C≡O bonds in amide functional groups decreased significantly after coatings were exposed to NaOH or subjected to cathodic delamina...
A simple general binary source code (Corresp.)

A source code for binary strings, admitting a simple and fast hardware implementation, is described. The code is an arithmetic code, and it is capable of encoding strings modeled by stationary or nonstationary sources alike without use of alphabet extension. In particular, in the case with a stationary independent information source, the code degenerates to a bitwise implementation of Golomb's run-length code.
Subtree isomorphism is random NC

Abstract Given two trees, a guest tree G and a host tree H , the subtree isomorphism problem is to determine whether there is a subgraph of H that is isomorphic to G . We present a randomized parallel algorithm for finding such an isomorphism, if it exists. The algorithm runs in time O(log 3 n ) on a CREW PRAM, where n is the number of nodes in H . The number of processors required by the algorithm is polynomial in n . Randomization is used (solely) to solve each of a series of bipartite matching problems during the course of the algorithm. We demonstrate the close connection between the two problems by presenting a log-space reduction from bipartite perfect matching to subtree isomorphism. Finally, we present some techniques to reduce the number of processors used by the algorithm.
Chemical and physical aspects of the post-exposure baking process used for positive-tone chemically amplified resists

Chemically amplified (CA) resists are in widespread use for the fabrication of leading-edge microelectronic devices, and it is anticipated that they will see use well into the future. The refinement and optimization of these materials to allow routine imaging at dimensions that will ultimately approach the molecular scale will depend on an improved in-depth understanding of the materials and their processing. We provide here an overview of recent work in our laboratory on the chemical and physical processes that occur during post-exposure baking (PEB) of positive-tone CA resists. Our results provide a clearer understanding of how this critical step in the lithographic imaging process will affect extendibility of the CA resist concept to nanoscale feature sizes.
Alveolar bone loss as a prognostic sign of diabetes in patients of the 60-plus age group.

: This study was undertaken in 19 presumably healthy elderly persons, to see if there was any relationship between alveolar bone loss and carbohydrate metabolism. In 9 of the subjects, alveolar bone loss, as determined by periapical radiography of the anterior teeth and graded on a 7-point scale, was correlated with carbohydrate metabolism as judged from the results of the conventional glucose tolerance test. In the other 10 subjects, alveolar bone loss, estimated on a percentage basis, was correlated with carbohydrate metabolism judged according to the results of the cortisone glucose tolerance test. Within the limits of this study, there appeared to be a relationship between bone loss and blood glucose concentration. The subjects with the greatest bone loss had the highest blood glucose levels.
A NEW CMOS DRIVER MODEL FOR TRANSIENT ANALYSIS AND POWER DISSIPATION ANALYSIS

While most transient analysis techniques of interconnect networks ignore the nonlinearity of the driving gates, most CMOS driver models do not take into account the distributed loads. In this paper, we propose a new CMOS driver model which can handle distributed-lumped loads for transient analysis and power dissipation analysis. The output current of the CMOS driver is represented by a linear-quadratic-exponential piecewise model, taking into account the slope of the input signal, nonlinear effects of the driver and interconnect effects of the load. The CMOS transient leakage (short-circuit) current, thus short-circuit power dissipation, can be accurately evaluated. The model provides accuracy comparable to that of SPICE3e2 with one or two orders of magnitude less computing time.
Crystal Ball physics

Abstract Selected results are presented for neutral final-state reactions produced by π − and K − beams incident on a proton target. Special attention is given to 2 π 0 production. Evidence is found for the applicability of dynamic SU(3) flavor symmetry. New data on η decays are included, such as two novel tests of C invariance. The experiments were carried out with the Crystal Ball multiphoton spectrometer in the C6 line of the AGS.
The Unipolar Precordial and Extremity Electrocardiogram in Normal Infants and Children

Information regarding the normal unipolar electrocardiogram in the young ages is very limited. This study furnishes data obtained from 521 normal infants and children from birth to 13 years, using the V chest leads and the aV limb leads. Four age groups were noted in the evolution of the newborn pattern into the adult pattern as mainly reflected by the configuration of the QRS complex in V1. Detailed analyses of the rest of the unipolar electrocardiogram disclosed other distinctive features both in wave patterns and voltages which differ significantly not only from adult findings but also among the various age groups noted.
Lymph node involvement as the only prognostic factor in curative resected gastric carcinoma: a multivariate analysis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the independent influence of clinical and pathological variables on survival of patients with gastric carcinoma using the Cox regression proportional hazard model. Of 156 patients operated on for gastric carcinoma, 46 (29.5%) underwent palliative operation, 24 (15.5%) had a palliative resection, and 86 (55%) had a curative resection. The overall 5-year survival rate was 25±4%. After curative resection, the 5-year survival rate was 44±6%. Univariate analysis applied to these patients showed that poor survival was related (p <0.01)to : age (over 80 years), absence of epigastric pain, vomiting and dysphagia, total gastrectomy, tumor size (more than 4 cm), lymph node involvement (LNI), invasion through the muscularis propria, absence of intestinal metaplasia near the tumor, and linitis plastica. In multivariate analysis, lymph node involvement was found to be the only independent prognostic factor. The 5-year survival rate was 75.5±8% without LNI, 28±10% with proximal LNI, and 7±6% with distal LNI. Our results suggest that classification into 3 LNI groups is the best staging system for curative resection in gastric carcinoma.
Optical Adaptive Filter; Analytical Model

A general analytical model is developed for an adaptive optical filter. This model is used to explain system performance limitations and relate them to specific imperfections of the hardware implementation. Optimization of the system transfer function shows that 30-35 dB of stable gain can be achieved with reasonable hardware and system tolerances.
Growth of seminal vesicle epithelial cells in serum-free collagen gel culture.

Epithelial cells from mouse seminal vesicles were enzymatically dissociated enriched by gradient centrifugation, and maintained in collagen gel cultures with defined (serum-free) media. The epithelial origin of the cells was determined morhologically, immunocytochemically, and biochemically. Cells formed three-dimensional colonies with a lumen in collagen gels. Cell number was increased eight-fold within a 8 to 12-d culture period in a medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 ng/ml), insulin (10 μg/ml), transferrin (10 μg/ml), cholera toxin (10 ng/ml), and hydrocortisone (0.1 μg/ml). The cells required eGF and insulin; the growth-promoting effects of these two peptide hormones were optimized by transferrin, cholera toxin, and hydrocortisone. Fetal bovine serum did not support growth; rather, it suppressed the stimulated growth observed in serum-free media. A time-course study revealed that a lag period preceded rapi growth. The collagen gel, serum-free culture provides a powerful tool to study the effects of hormones on proliferation and differentiation of androgen sensitive cells.
193-nm resist shrinkage carryover effect to a post-etch layer due to CD-SEM measurement

193 nm resist shrinkage due to critical dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM) measurements is a well-known but unresolved metrology issue in microlithography. Although there have been numerous studies on this subject, there are few publications on the 193 nm resist shrinkage finger-print carried over to etched features, i.e., the CD shrinkage carryover effect. This paper reports the results of our CD-SEM measurement study. We observed that the CD changes due to measurement were still present after etch and were often greater than 15% of the feature size. The shrinkage result implies that the action of CD-SEM measurement is destructive to the patterned circuitry. An improved CD-SEM measurement methodology is required to reduce circuitry damage. The study also revealed that minimal shrinkage carryover (less than 1%) could be obtained when the CD-SEM measurement condition was optimized. These results also indicate that measurement of CD shrinkage on post-etch patterns can offer a very effective method to characterize pre-etch resist shrinkage.
Prevalence of sleep problems in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, and intellectual disability. It is caused by a genetically inherited deficiency of the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol-delta-7-reductase, which results in increased serum levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), and decreased levels of cholesterol. This study assesses the prevalence of sleep problems in patients with SLOS. The study group comprised 18 subjects with SLOS, ages 2-31 years (median 10.7 ± 8.5 years). Parents completed several questionnaires (Intake Demographic Form; Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire; Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale). The SLOS subjects had symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing (50% snoring; 66.7% mouth breathing), problems with sleep onset [difficulty falling asleep (61.1%) sleep onset time >30 min (62%)], sleep maintenance [wake up screaming (61.1%), waking up more than twice (44.4%), having trouble falling back to sleep (66.7%), waking up early in the morning (61.1%), and restless sleep (50%)]. The subjects with SLOS needed parents in the room to fall asleep (50%), watch TV or listen to music to fall asleep (44.4%), and described bed sharing (33.3%), indicating sleep-anxiety and sleep-associations. Symptoms of excessive-daytime-sleepiness were frequently reported [un-refreshed in the morning (38.9%), daytime sleepiness (44.4%), and daytime naps (55.6%)]. Parents frequently observed difficulty of organizing tasks (66.7%), and easy distractibility (88.9%). Sleep problems such as sleep-disordered breathing, sleep-related anxiety and sleep associations, disturbed sleep patterns at night, and excessive daytime sleepiness are frequent in children with SLOS.
Chronology of the Black Sea over the last 25,000 years

Abstract Deep-water sediments of the Black Sea deposited during Late Pleistocene and Holocene time are distinguished by three sedimentary units: (1) a microlaminated coccolith ooze mainly consisting of Emiliania huxleyi ; (2) a sapropel; and (3) a banded lutite. The base of the first unit lies at 3,000 years B.P., that of the second at 7,000 years B.P., and that of the third at least at about 25,000 years B.P. Fossils and geochemical criteria are used to decipher the environmental events of this time period. Beginning with the base of the section dated at about 25,000 years B.P. we witness the final stage of metamorphosis from anoxic marine to oxic freshwater conditions. By the time this stage ended, about 22,000 years B.P., the Black Sea had become a truly freshwater habitat. The lake phase lasted about 12,000 to 13,000 years. Sedimentation rates were in the order of 1 m/10 3 years, but began to decrease as sea level rose during the last 5,000 years of this phase (9,000–15,000 years B.P.). Starting at about 9,000 years B.P. and continuing to 7,000 years B.P., Mediterranean waters occasionally spilled over the Bosporus as a consequence of ice retreat and sea level rise. This marked the beginning of a gradual shift from freshwater to marine, and from well aerated to stagnant conditions. At about 7,000 years B.P. when deposition of unit 2 started, the H 2 S zone was well established. Sedimentation rates dropped to 10 cm/10 3 years. Environmental conditions similar to those of today finally became established around 3,000 years B.P., almost exactly the time when Jason and the Argonauts sailed through the Bosporus in search of the Golden Fleece.
Analyzing debris flows with the statistically calibrated empirical model LAHARZ in southeastern Arizona, USA

Abstract Hazard-zone delineation for extreme events is essential for floodplain management near mountain fronts in arid and semiarid regions. On 31 July 2006, unprecedented debris flows occurred in the Santa Catalina Mountains of southeastern Arizona following extreme multiday precipitation (recurrence interval > 1000 years for 4-day precipitation). Most mobilized sediment contributing to debris flows was derived from shallow-seated failures of colluvium on steep slopes. A total of 435 slope failures in the southern Santa Catalina Mountains released 1.34 million Mg of sediment into the channels of 10 drainage basins. Five drainages produced debris flows that moved to the apices of alluvial fans on the southern edge of the mountain front, damaging infrastructure and aggrading channels to reduce future flood conveyance. Using the statistically calibrated, empirical debris-flow model LAHARZ and modified model coefficients developed to better match conditions in southeastern Arizona, we predicted the approximate area of deposition and travel distance in comparison to observed depositional areas and travel distance for seven debris flows. Two of the modeled debris flows represented single slope failures that terminated downslope with no additive influence of other debris flows or streamflow flooding. Five of the simulated debris flows represented the aggregation of multiple slope failures and streamflow flooding into multiple debris-flow pulses. Because LAHARZ is a debris-flow hazard-zone delineation tool, the complexity of alternating transport and deposition zones in channels with abrupt expansions and contractions reduces the applicability of the model in some drainage basins.
Crown ether complexes of lead(II) nitrate. Crystal structures of the 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 complexes

Abstract The straightforward reaction of common crown ethers with Pb(NO3)2 in CH3CN and CH3OH mixtures has produced several crystalline complexes which have been structurally characterized. Crystallographic analysis reveals the following formulations: [Pb(NO3)(12-crown-4)2][Pb(NO3)3(12-crown-4)] (1), [PbL2][Pb(NO3)3L]2 (L=15-crown-5 (2) or benzo-15-crown-5 (3)), and [Pb(NO3)2(18-crown-6)] (4). As anticipated the cavity size of 18-crown-6 matches the ionic radius of Pb2+ and the lead ion resides exactly in the center of the crown ether. For all four structures, the PbO separations range from 2.645(8)–3.06(1) A (crown ether) and 2.53(1)–2.809(8) A (nitrate). Variations in bond distances are noted relating to differences in coordination number, geometry and ionic charge, however, a lone pair effect is not distinguished. The crystallographic parameters are as follows: 1: monoclinic, P21/c with (at 22 °C) a=8.237(5), b=28.464(9), c=16.331(8) A, β=93.77(7)°, Dcalc=2.07 g cm−3 for Z=4 formula units, and R=0.038 utilizing 4596 independent observed (Fo⩾5σ(Fo)) reflections; 2: orthorhombic, Pccn with (at 22 °C) a=37.462(5), b=9.586(2), c=17.378(4) A, and Dcalc=2.00 g cm−3 for Z=4 (severe disorder precluded a complete structure determination); 3: triclinic, P 1 with (at 22 °C) a=10.392(2), b=18.799(6), c=21.069(8) A, α=112.11(3), β=98.01(2), γ=104.32(2)°, Dcalc=1.92 g cm−3 for Z=2, and R=0.052 (8505 reflections); 4: monoclinic, P21/c with (at 22 °C) a=8.171(8), b=15.499(9), c=7.856(8) A, β=105.08(7)°, Dcalc=2.06 g cm−3 for Z=2 and R=0.034 (1018 reflections).
Cognitive Event-Related Potentials in Attention Deficit Disorder

Cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to aid in the interpretation of findings that children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) make more errors and react more slowly than nondisabled controls in tests of sustained attention. Coincident with their abnormally poor performance, children with ADD have smaller late positive components of the ERP (especially a wave known as P3b) than their peers with psychiatric diagnoses. Notably, stimulant administration improves the performance of children with ADD and enlarges the amplitude of the late positive waves of their ERPs. These findings are interpreted as reflecting reduced capacity allocation, which, in turn, is increased by stimulant medications. Research on memory scanning suggests that children with ADD are deficient in energetic aspects of information processes and that their excessive slowness in reaction time tests involves stages following memory search and decision, that is, motor processes. The same factors seem to be involved in t...
Effect of difference in glucose infusion rate on quantification of hepatic glucose production.

This study was carried out to determine whether hepatic glucose production (HGP) could be suppressed in normal subjects by infusing different amounts of glucose, in the absence of significant changes in steady state plasma glucose (SSPG) or insulin (SSPI) concentrations. Consequently, subjects were infused with somatostatin (215 nmol/h), insulin (28.7 pmol/m2.min), and amounts of glucose varying from 0-200 mumol/m2.min in the absence or presence of glucagon (5.2 pmol/m2.min). SSPI concentrations were constant (60-70 pmol/L) during these studies, and values for the total glucose appearance rate (glucose infusion rate plus HGP) and SSPG did not vary significantly as a function of the rate of exogenous glucose infusion. However, values for HGP fell in response to increases in glucose infusion rate and could be suppressed to approximately 50% of the original value despite the fact that SSPG, SSPI, and glucose appearance rate did not change significantly. These data indicate that HGP can be regulated by varying the rate of exogenous glucose infusion during glucose clamp studies.
Automated AFM force curve analysis for determining elastic modulus of biomaterials and biological samples

Abstract The analysis of atomic force microscopy (AFM) force data requires the selection of a contact point (CP) and is often time consuming and subjective due to influence from intermolecular forces and low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). In this report, we present an automated algorithm for the selection of CPs in AFM force data and the evaluation of elastic moduli. We propose that CP may be algorithmically easier to detect by identifying a linear elastic indentation region of data (high SNR) rather than the contact point itself (low SNR). Utilizing Hertzian mechanics, the data are fitted for the CP. We first detail the algorithm and then evaluate it on sample polymeric and biological materials. As a demonstration of automation, 64 × 64 force maps were analyzed to yield spatially varying topographical and mechanical information of cells. Finally, we compared manually selected CPs to automatically identified CPs and demonstrated that our automated approach is both accurate (
Superthermal ionospheric outflows

In recent years observations have shown that the terrestrial ionosphere serves as a significant source of the hot plasma in the magnetosphere. These findings imply that cold plasma flows upward to great altitudes and at some point along the way gains energies much larger than typical ionospheric values. The present investigation is mainly concerned with observations of ionospheric outflows at energies higher than those predicted by ambipolar wind models but lower than those associated with keV auroral ion acceleration, giving particular attention to the energy range from a few to a few hundred electron volts. The ion flows in the energy range intermediate between polar wind and keV auroral ion beams are called superthermal ion outflows. It is shown that recent observations of superthermal ion outflows from the terrestrial ionosphere are related to theoretical models of the topside ionosphere.
Sequence patterns indicate an enzymatic involvement in integration of mammalian retroposons

It is commonly accepted that the reverse-transcribed cellular RNA molecules, called retroposons, integrate at staggered breaks in mammalian chromosomes. However, unlike what was previously thought, most of the staggered breaks are not generated by random nicking. One of the two nicks involved is primarily associated with the 5′-TTAAAA hexanucleotide and its variants derived by a single base substitution, particularly A → G and T → C. It is probably generated in the antisense strand between the consensus bases 3′-AA and TTTT complementary to 5′-TTAAAA. The sense strand is nicked at variable distances from the TTAAAA consensus site toward the 3′ end, preferably within 15–16 base pairs. The base composition near the second nicking site is also nonrandom at positions preceding the nick. On the basis of the observed sequence patterns it is proposed that integration of mammalian retroposons is mediated by an enzyme with endonucleolytic activity. The best candidate for such enzyme may be the reverse transcriptase encoded by the L1 non-long-terminal-repeat retrotransposon, which contains a freshly reported domain homologous to the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease family [Martin, F., Olivares, M., Lopez, M. C. & Alonso, C. (1996) Trends Biochem. Sci. 21, 283–285; Feng, Q., Moran, J. V., Kazazian, H. H. & Boeke, J. D. (1996) Cell 87, 905–916] and shows nicking in vitro with preference for targets similar to 5′-TTAAAA/3′-AATTTT consensus sequence [Feng, Q., Moran, J. V., Kazazian, H. H. & Boeke, J. D. (1996) Cell 87, 905–916]. A model for integration of mammalian retroposons based on the presented data is discussed.
CASE ANALYSIS 3

Don Cochrane faces a problem of organisation in his fast growing company: to what extent should he develop an integrated “Logistics” group. Inventory control, development of auxiliary storage locations, the possible construction of a new plant, and a host of other problems also await his attention. Cochrane is also aware of the current fashion for greater integration of the “Logistics” functions and has thought much about the issue.
Fluoroscopic Image Quality Requirements For Coronary Angioplasty

Fluoroscopic image quality requirements for coronary angioplastyCarl C. ScheidX -Ray Products Engineering, General Electric Company, Medical Systems OperationsMail Code W -686, P. O. Box 414, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201AbstractCoronary interventional procedures are placing new demands on fluoroscopic imagingperformance. These procedural requirements are defined and related to the performance ofa high definition video system. System factors considered include line rate, intensifierdose, spatial resolution and temporal response.IntroductionInterventional procedures such as coronary angioplasty are placing new requirements onfluoroscopic image quality. These procedures are characterized by extensive use of fluorocombined with the magnification modes of the image intensifier. As a result high defin-ition video systems are increasingly being specified. Certain G. I. procedures are alsobenefiting by the application of high definition television. In these video intensiveprocedures improved television performance can reduce fluoroscopic time with its associated
Improved CL efficiency of coated ZnS:Ag phosphors

We have developed a process for coating individual phosphor particles with different coating compositions. The phosphor is suspended in a solvent containing the appropriate coating material precursors (alkoxides, or metal salts). Coating deposition is via a sol-gel technique. The suspension is sprayed into a hot zone to dry. Coating thicknesses of 10 and 90 nm have been achieved in a single pass. Testing shows that the coated phosphor efficiency is not degraded, while the aging behavior is improved.
Effect of Crop Rotations on Rotylenchulus reniformis Population Structure

Leach, M., Agudelo, P., and Lawton-Rauh, A. 2012. Effect of crop rotations on Rotylenchulus reniformis population structure. Plant Dis. 96:24-29. Rotylenchulus reniformis is a highly variable nematode species and an economically important pest in many cotton fields across the southeastern United States. Rotation with resistant or poor host crops is a method for management of reniform nematode. We studied the effect of six planting schemes covering four 120-day planting cycles on the predominant genotype of R. reniformis. Rotations used were: (i) cotton to corn; (ii) susceptible soybean to corn; (iii) resistant soybean to cotton; (iv) corn to cotton; (v) continuous susceptible soybean; (vi) continuous cotton. After each 120-day cycle, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) produced from four primer pairs were used to determine the effect of crop rotation on the predominant genotype of reniform nematode. A total of 279 polymorphic bands were scored using four primer combinations. Distinct changes in genotype composition were observed following rotations with resistant soybean or corn. Rotations involving soybean (susceptible and resistant) had the greatest effect on population structure. The characterization of field population variability of reniform nematode and of population responses to host plants used in rotations can help extend the durability of resistant varieties and can help identify effective rotation schemes.
Coordination of DNA Mismatch Repair and Base Excision Repair Processing of Chemotherapy and Radiation Damage for Targeting Resistant Cancers

DNA damage processing by mismatch repair (MMR) and/or base excision repair (BER) can determine the therapeutic index following treatment of human cancers using radiation therapy and several classes of chemotherapy drugs. Over the last decade, basic and translational cancer research in DNA repair has led to an increased understanding of how these two DNA repair pathways can modify cytotoxicity to chemotherapy and/or ionizing radiation treatments in both normal and malignant tissues. This Molecular Pathways article provides an overview of the current understanding of mechanisms involved in MMR and BER damage processing, including insights into possible coordination of these two DNA repair pathways after chemotherapy and/or ionizing radiation damage. It also introduces principles of systems biology that have been applied to better understand the complexities and coordination of MMR and BER in processing these DNA damages. Finally, it highlights novel therapeutic approaches to target resistant (or DNA damage tolerant) human cancers using chemical and molecular modifiers of chemotherapy and/or ionizing radiation including poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, methoxyamine and iododeoxyuridine (and the prodrug, 5-iodo-2-pyrimidinone-2'-deoxyribose).
Evaluation of Check In/Check Out for Students With Internalizing Behavior Problems

Internalizing behaviors are directed inward toward the child and are frequently overlooked in classrooms compared with externalizing behaviors. When internalizing behaviors are identified, cognitive-behavioral interventions (CBIs) are typically the intervention of choice; however, CBIs are time-consuming and require considerable skill and experience for successful implementation. An efficient and time-effective targeted intervention for children with internalizing behavior problems is needed. Check In/Check Out (CICO) has been shown to be an effective targeted intervention for children with externalizing behavior problems, but this intervention has not been implemented directly targeting children with internalizing behavior patterns. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate CICO as a targeted intervention for children with internalizing behavior problems. Four elementary school students with internalizing behavior problems received a CICO intervention. Results showed that ratings of prosocial repl...
A mobile agents-based approach to test the reliability of web services

The paradigm of web services has been transforming the internet from a repository of data into a repository of services, or so-called web services. As more and more web services are published on the internet, how to opt for an appropriate and trustworthy web service poses a big challenge. In this paper we propose a mobile agents-based approach that selects reliable web service components in a cost-effective manner.
Reliability of a clinical test for deep cervical flexor endurance.

Abstract Objective Endurance deficiencies of the deep cervical flexors are associated with pain, increased lordosis, and headache. A need exists for reliable clinical tests of flexor endurance. This study determined intrarater and interrater reliability of such a test in persons without neck pain. Methods Twenty-seven subjects (aged 20-35 years) without a history of neck pain or injury were tested. Supine subjects were timed in maintaining a position involving two components: (1) craniovertebral flexion (chin tuck) and (2) lower cervical flexion (holding the occiput at a fixed height). Each subject was examined twice by 3 different examiners with 1 to 2 days between trials. Results When two values were averaged, interrater reliability for the 3 testers was 0.83, 0.85, and 0.88. Intrarater reliability values were 0.78 and 0.85 for tests 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusions The flexor endurance test showed good intertester and intratester reliability when two values were averaged and, thus, may represent a useful clinical tool for practitioners involved in treating and preventing neck pain.
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Whole or Fractionated Gram-Negative Bacterial Endotoxin in the Unanesthetized Rhesus Monkey

Rhesus monkeys were infused with endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg [LPS10] or 2.5 mg/kg [LPS2.5]) or with fractions of LPS containing 6.3% lipid (PS1) or 0.5% lipid (PS2) (2.5 mg/kg). Systemic and regional hemodynamics, leukocyte counts, blood gases, pH, and plasma bradykinin concentration were measured. Monkeys receiving LPS10, LPS2.5, or PS1 became hypotensive (mean blood pressure -37 ± 10 mm Hg) and had decreased peripheral vascular resistance (-10% to -24% of the base line), compensated metabolic acidosis, and elevated plasma bradykinin concentrations (14 ± 6 ng/ml) 2 hours after infusion. Vasodilation occurred in coronary, hepatic, and splanchnic vasculature; vasoconstriction occurred in the spleen. Cardiac output was diverted from muscle to viscera. Monkeys receiving PS2 were normotensive with elevated peripheral vascular resistance (+46%) and no measurable plasma bradykinin concentration. By 6 hours, marked elevation of peripheral vascular resistance developed in monkeys given LPS10 (+11...
Arthropathic Properties Related to the Molecular Weight of Peptidoglycan-Polysaccharide Polymers of Streptococcal Cell Walls

The covalently bound polymers of peptidoglycan and group-specific polysaccharide (PG-APS) were isolated from the cell walls of group A streptococci. Arthritis was induced in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous suspension of PG-APS fragments derived by sonication. The joint lesions induced with this polydisperse suspension followed a bimodal pattern consisting of an acute phase, which reached a peak 5 days after injection and then receded, followed by a chronic, remittent, erosive arthritis lasting several months. The relative severities of the acute and chronic phases could be manipulated by selection of the size of PG-APS fragments. The fragments of PG-APS obtained by sonic treatment were resolved on the basis of size into three major populations by sucrose gradient or differential centrifugation. Based upon light scattering and gel filtration, the average molecular weight of the largest family of fragments was estimated to be about 500 x 10(6), the intermediate fragments were 50 x 10(6) daltons, and the predominant size in the smallest population was 5.3 x 10(6) daltons. The larger fragments induced negligible acute inflammation, but chronic disease became apparent 5 to 9 weeks after injection. The smallest fragments induced the most severe acute inflammation, with relatively little late, chronic joint disease. The particles of intermediate size induced moderate acute inflammation and the most severe chronic, erosive joint lesions. A single injection of fragments of the isolated peptidoglycan moiety of the PG-APS induced only a moderate acute inflammation of joints, with no apparent capacity to maintain the injury and induce chronic disease.
Mastodon Bone Age and Geomorphic Relations in the Susquehanna Valley

Two radiocarbon ages provide a stratigraphic framework for some events in the Susquehanna Valley. A 13,320 ± 200 yrs B.P. date on a mastodon pelvic fragment from outwash gravels aids in refining the Valley Heads substage in central New York. A 1,690 ± 100 yrs B.P. date on wood provides an age for the first preserved flood-plain deposits.