cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symbiosis—Evolution’s Co-Author

Symbiotic integration is a primary contributor to the centerpiece of evolution, genetic novelty. Acquisition of foreign organisms or parts thereof, and potential subsequent assimilation and often internalization of one or several different genomes into another different entity are the foundational expressions upon which natural selection acts, particularly in eukaryotic organisms. Thus, the entire landscape of life—from cells to biomes—is substantially an evolving collection of chimeric communities. Competition may be pronounced and successful in evolution in large part because the competing organisms do not function as, and indeed are not, individuals. Moreover, growing evidence indicates symbiosis to be on a flexible continuum of physiological expression, often with real plasticity in the organisms’ integrating life cycles. Therefore, so-called “mutualism”, “parasitism”, and “commensalism” as symbiotic reference points and analyses may be outdated and perhaps of dubious use. For example, fundamental ecological principles show us that “parasitism” among two different organisms is often of significant advantage to not only the “parasite” but its “host.” Symbiosis system examples are here reviewed and redefined on a more meaningful evolutionary context; namely, symbiosis is the acquisition of one organism(s) by another different organism(s), and through subsequent long-term integration, new structures and metabolism emerge.
17 Search Process Versus Pattern Structure in Chess Skill

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how theories of expertise, particularly in the domain of chess skill, may be distinguished in terms of their reliance on structure or process descriptions. The early theories were couched in broad, general terms and failed to suggest detailed mechanisms for the selection of good chess moves. The theories were unsatisfactory in the sense that they offered no clear basis for experimental verification. Only two theories of chess expertise are sufficiently elaborate and specific, to permit the testing of critical predictions. The first of these is the recognition–association theory developed by Chase and Simon, which may be classified as structural in emphasis. The second is the search, evaluation, knowledge (SEEK) model, which relies primarily on the processes of forward search and evaluation. In forward search, a player considers what moves are available, what replies these moves would prompt from the opponent, what further moves would then be practicable, and so on. The resulting positions are evaluated at the end of each line of play to find the most favorable outcome. Chess move choices and chess skill attainments depend on the accurate anticipation and comparison of move consequences with known values. Both declarative and procedural knowledge play some part in facilitating the process of looking ahead, and there are circumstances in which knowledge may substitute for search.
Glucocorticoid anorexia in rats.

The effects of two mineralocorticoids, two glucocorticoids and a compound possessing both activities on ad lib food intake, water intake and salt intake were investigated. Dose response curves for d-aldosterone, DOCA, 9 alpha fluorocortisone, corticosterone and dexamethasone were obtained following subcutaneous injections in different groups of rats. Results support the conclusion of a clear separation between the mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids in terms of their effects on salt intake and food intake respectively. In general (but with some notable exceptions) glucocorticoid activity was associated with anorexia while mineralocorticoid activity was associated with enhanced salt appetite, and the two effects appeared entirely independent of each other. Single doses of dexamethasone and 9 alpha flurocortisone significantly reduced (p<0.0001) 24 hr ad lib food intakes and body weights for several post injection days. Conversely, d-aldosterone, DOCA, 9 alpha flurocortisone, and corticosterone all significantly (p<0.001) increased salt intakes for 1 or more post injection days. The glucocorticoid data are discussed in terms of a possible modification of arterial-venous glucose utilization differences affecting hypothalamic sites or the possible activation of glucose sensitive hepatic cells.
Design Tools for Intelligent Silicon Compilation

This paper describes behavioral compilation tools built for use in an intelligent silicon compiler. These tools allow the user or an expert system to compile behavioral descriptions to a register transfer level under user-imposed constraints. A flexible design model offers a combination of design features previously unavailable in behavioral compilers such as multicycle, chained, and pipelined function units along with the ability to choose between bus- and mux-based connectivity models. Furthermore, we present a new design strategy that allows easy exploratory design and we describe algorithms for state synthesis and connectivity binding that achieved higher quality designs than previous systems on selected benchmarks. The code for this project is run under 42 BSD Unix on a VAX 11 780 and is written in C.
Comparison of clotrimazole cream, Whitfield's ointment and Nystatin ointment for the topical treatment of ringworm infections, pityriasis versicolor, erythrasma and candidiasis.

SUMMARY A double-blind trial was used to compare the efficacy and acceptability of topical treatment with clotrimazole cream or Whitfield's ointment for ringworm, pityriasis versicolor, and erythrasma infections, and that of clotrimazole cream or Nystatin ointment for Candida infections. Clotrimazole was found to be as effective and acceptable as Whitfield's ointment and Nystatin ointment.
An on-chip inductive impedance measurement method with adaptive measurement range control for MWM-array based NDE applications

Motivated by emerging meandering winding magnetometer (MWM) array based Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) applications, this paper presents a new approach for on-chip inductive impedance measurement to enable MWM-array applications to be happened in field, in real-time, and during targets' operation. Different from state of art solutions which rely on high precision analog processing functions to achieve high accuracy, the proposed approach innovatively incorporate bridge circuit, feedback, and resonance concepts to achieve impedance measurement on a single chip. Behavior level simulation demonstrated the measurement algorithm and feasibility of the proposed method.
Prognostic factors at relapse for adults with acute myeloid leukemia

To identify prognostic factors for patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse we have analyzed the courses of 57 patients undergoing intensive reinduction therapy. The median duration of first remission was 9 months. A second complete remission was achieved by 31 patients (54%). The median duration of second remission was 5 months (range 1-142 + months). Two patients are still disease-free with 42 months and 142 months follow-up. Clinical, laboratory, and treatment variables at the time of original diagnosis and at relapse were examined for possible associations with the outcome of reinduction chemotherapy. Only duration of first remission consistently correlated with ability to achieve a second remission, second remission duration, and overall survival from reinduction. The second complete remission rate was 69% for those with a first remission longer than 9 months but only 39% for those with a first remission less than 9 months (P less than 0.05). The patients with longer first remissions also had longer second remissions (8 months median vs. 4 months, P = 0.02) and a longer median survival following reinduction chemotherapy (8 months vs. 5 months, P = 0.02). We conclude that the duration of a patient's first remission should be considered a useful prognostic factor both in treatment planning and in the interpretation of clinical trials of patients in relapse.
Out-of-hospital rapid-sequence induction for intubation of the pediatric patient.

Objective:To determine the effectiveness and morbidity of out-of-hospital rapid-sequence induction (RSI) for endotracheal intubation (ETI) in the pediatric population. Methods: The medical records were retrospectively reviewed for a consecutive series of pediatric patients undergoing out-of-hospital RSI by flight paramedics from July 1990 through July 1994. Patient demographics, pharmacologic agents, ED arterial blood gas data, pulmonary complications, and RSI-related complications were abstracted. Results: Forty patients (31 injured, 9 medical) with a mean age of 8.1 years (range 0.5–17 years) underwent out-of-hospital RSI. Indications for intubation included hyperventilation (n = 20), combativeness (n = 16), apnea (n = 5), and unknown (n = 5). Intubation mishaps occurred in 13 patients (33%); these included multiple attempts (n = 9), aspiration (n = 8), and esophageal intubation (n = 1). The success rate of ETI was 97.5% (one failed attempt). Hemodynamic side effects occurred in three patients (8%); all three had bradycardia, with one developing hypotension. Bradycardia was associated with failure to pretreat with atropine (p < 0.05). Sixteen pulmonary complications, seven pneumonia (18%) and nine atelectasis (22.5%), occurred in 13 patients within the first ten hospital days. Intubation mishaps were not associated with pulmonary complications. There were six deaths, none associated with RSI. Conclusions: 1) Rapid-sequence induction is an effective method for obtaining airway control in the critically ill pediatric patient. 2) Intubation mishaps did not influence the rate of pulmonary complications. 3) Omission of atropine was associated with bradycardia during RSI in pediatric patients.
A review of numerical experiments on seismic wave scattering

This paper reviews applications of the finite-difference and finite-element methods to the study of seismic wave scattering in both simple and complex velocity models. These numerical simulations have improved our understanding of seismic scattering in portions of the earth where there is significant lateral heterogeneity, such as the crust. The methods propagate complete seismic wavefields through highly complex media and include multiply scattered waves and converted phases (e.g.,P toSV, SV toP, body wave to surface wave). The numerical methods have been especially useful in cases of moderate and strong scattering in complex media where multiple scattering becomes important. Progress has been made with numerical methods in understanding how near-surface, low-velocity basin structures scatter surface waves and vertically-incident body waves. The numerical methods have proven useful in evaluating scattering of surface waves and body waves from topography of both the free surface and interfaces buried at depth. Numerical studies have demonstrated the importance of conversions from body waves to surface waves (andvice versa) when lateral heterogeneities and topographic relief are present in the uppermost crust. Recently, several investigations have applied numerical methods to study seismic wave propagation in velocity models which vary randomly in space. This stochastic approach seeks to understand the effects of small-scale complexity in the earth which cannot be resolved deterministically. These experiments have quantified the relationships between the statistical properties of the random heterogeneity and the measurable properties of high-frequency (≥1 Hz) seismograms. These simulations have been applied to the study of many features observed in actual high-frequency seismic waves, including: the amplitude and time decay of seismic coda, the apparent attenuation from scattering, the dispersion of waveforms, and the travel time and waveform variations across arrays of receivers.
The Zero Lower Bound, the Dual Mandate, and Unconventional Dynamics

This article examines monetary policy when it is constrained by the zero lower bound (ZLB) on the nominal interest rate. Our analysis uses a nonlinear New Keynesian model with technology and discount factor shocks. Specifically, we investigate why technology shocks may have unconventional effects at the ZLB, what factors affect the likelihood of hitting the ZLB, and the implications of alternative monetary policy rules. We initially focus on a New Keynesian model without capital (Model 1) and then study that model with capital (Model 2). The advantage of including capital is that it introduces another mechanism for intertemporal substitution that strengthens the expectational effects of the ZLB. Four main findings emerge: (1) In Model 1, the choice of output target in the Taylor rule may reverse the effects of technology shocks when the ZLB binds; (2) When the central bank targets steady-state output in Model 2, a positive technology shock at the ZLB leads to more pronounced unconventional dynamics than in Model 1; (3) The presence of capital changes the qualitative effects of demand shocks and alters the impact of a monetary policy rule that emphasizes output stability; and (4) In Model 1, the constrained linear solution is a decent approximation of the nonlinear solution, but meaningful differences exist between the solutions in Model 2.
Preparation and use of sex attractants for four species of pine sawflies

Sex attractants were prepared for four species of diprionid sawflies,Neodiprion lecontei, N. swainei, N. sertifer, andDiprion similis, by esterification of both synthetic and naturally occurring alcohols. For the first two species totally synthetic (racemic) compounds were attractive to males in the field. For the latter two species, none of the synthetic compounds tested were consistently attractive. For these, effective attractants were prepared by saponification and reesterification of crude extracts from female insects.
The Impact of Home Hemodialysis on the Marital Dyad

Twelve home hemodialysis patients and their spouse-assistants were evaluated to determine how the interaction between the marital partners affected their marital satisfaction, degree of psychopathology, physical health and effective performance of dialysis-related tasks. The data suggested that the patient's medical adaptation is enhanced when there is a non-conflictual relationship and when the spouse makes a positive emotional adjustment to home dialysis, experiencing few somatic complaints. Professional attention, therefore, should shift from the traditional focus on the patient alone to include assessment of the marital relationship and the physical and psychological well-being of the spouse-assistant.
Getting wet, clean, and healthy: why households matter

This commentary raises the issue of population growth as a major impediment to progress toward Millennium Development Goal target 7c: "To reduce by half between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation". Although evidence suggests that slower population growth enables faster progress for most MDG targets than does rapid growth this relation is uncertain for drinking water and sanitation.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON SUGAR : I. REACTIONS BETWEEN SOLUTIONS OF REAGENT SUCROSE AND TYPE II ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM.

Solutions of all of the C. P. sucrose reagents of American manufacture that were tested gave reactions with Type II antipneumococcus serum. The capacity of that antiserum to react with sucrose solutions was removed by absorption with the homologous pneumococci or with Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The serological reactivity was due not to sucrose itself but to accompanying substances that could be removed by precipitation with a proper concentration of alcohol or by treatment with activated carbon. Although Type II antipneumococcus serum was used to detect its presence the reactive material found in the sucrose can be considered to be only related and not identical with antigens of Type II pneumococci.
Effect of Propylene Glycol on Bacterial Spores

ConclusionPropylene glycol in its liquid or vapor state demonstrates no killing effect on spores of B. subtilis. This observation tends to support the hypothesis that the bactericidal action of the glycols is due to the hydroscopic properties of these substances.
Ridge Function Spaces and Their Interpolation Property

Abstract We use the concept of "characteristic matrices" to study the problem of interpolating scattered data by ridge functions. We show that the solvability of the interpolation is equivalent to the positive definiteness of the characteristic matrices. On the basis of the theory of characteristic matrices, we give a sufficient condition for the singularity of the interpolation matrices. In a special case, this condition is equivalent to the "closed path" criterion given by Dyn, Light and Cheney (J. Approx. Theory59 (1989), 202-223).
An interview with Melanie Mitchell: On complexity

Melanie Mitchell, a Professor of Computer Science at Portland State University and an External Professor at the Santa Fe Institute, has written a compelling and engaging book entitled Complexity: A Guided Tour, published just last year by Oxford University Press. This book was named by Amazon.com as one of the 10 best science books of 2009. Her research interests include artificial intelligence, machine learning, biologically inspired computing, cognitive science, and complex systems.
A Field Evaluation of In-Situ Biodegradation of Chlorinated Ethenes: Part I, Methodology and Field Site Characterization

Careful site characterization and implementation of quantitative monitoring methods are prerequisites for a convincing evaluation of enhanced biostimulation for aquifer restoration. This paper describes the characterization of a site at Moffett Naval Air Station, Mountain View, California, and the implementation of a data acquisition system suitable for real-time monitoring of subsequent aquifer restoration experiments. A shallow, confined aquifer was chosen for the enhanced biodegradation demonstration, and was shown to have suitable hydraulic and geochemical characteristics. Injection and extraction wells were installed at a distance of 6 m, with intermediate monitoring wells at distances of 1, 2.2, and 4 meters from the injection well. Bromide tracer tests revealed travel times of S to 27 hours from the injection well to the various monitoring wells, and 20 to 42 hours from the injection well to the extraction well. Complete breakthrough of the tracer at the monitoring wells was facilitated by choosing a line of wells aligned with the regional flow, and selecting injection and extraction flow rates of approximately 1.5 and 10 liters/min. Transport studies were conducted with selected halogenated organic compounds. The retardation factors were found to range from approximately 2 to 12. The breakthrough responses for the more strongly sorbing compounds, e.g. TCE, exhibited pronounced tailing, such that a minimum period of several weeks was required to achieve complete saturation of the aquifer. The microcomputer-driven sampling, analysis and data management system provided automated data acquisition at sample intervals of 40 minutes, with coefficients of variation smaller than 20%, and allowed for real-time surveillance of the dynamic responses. Overall, the conditions were favorable for a quantitative evaluation of in-situ aquifer restoration by enhanced biodegradation.
Recommendations for nomenclature of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein superfamily.

Kolling Institute of Medical Research (R.C.B.), St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia; INSERM U142, Hopital Sainte-Antoine (M.A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine (D.R.C.), Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7170; Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic (C.A.C.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905-0001; Division of Endocrinology, Sophia Children’s Hospital (S.L.S.D.), Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Bristol Royal Infirmary (J.M.P.H.) Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University (S.M.) Loma Linda, California 92357-0001; Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University (Y.O., R.G.R.) Portland, Oregon 97201
Effects of glucose and acetylcholine on islet tissue NADH and insulin release

Abstract The relationship between islet tissue NADH and insulin release resulting from glucose or acetylcholine was investigated with the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Switching the perfusate from 4 to 16 mM glucose or adding 1 μM acetylcholine to 4.4 mM basal glucose elicited biphasic insulin release and rapidly elevated the NADH content of islet tissue, suggesting that intermediary metabolism was stimulated. The biochemical basis for this NADH increase and its significance in islet physiology are discussed.
Field studies and the IACUC: protocol review, oversight, and occupational health and safety considerations

Field studies involving animals, like other institutional research endeavors, are regulated and evaluated by an IACUC to insure that the protocols employed in those studies are consistent with the most humane care and use of animals. Unlike many other on-site research projects, however, field studies present unique logistical and other challenges to IACUC evaluation. The authors explore many of these challenges, including the special protocol considerations and idiosyncratic occupational health and safety concerns characteristic of field-study reviews.
Ankylosis of Maxillary Permanent First Molar

Ankylosis was diagnosed in a permanent first molar before the tooth erupted. When the molar had not appeared in a 10-year-old patient, a rocking technique was used to break the ankylosis.
The Epidemiologic Necropsy for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

The epidemiologic necropsy measures the occurrence of unsuspected disease through the examination of necropsy records. The estimates of unsuspected disease should approximate what occurs in the living population. The necropsy records of the University of Kansas Medical Center (Kansas City) from 1950 to 1984 were examined for the occurrence rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Each adult patient was categorized as (1) without abdominal aortic aneurysm, (2) abdominal aortic aneurysm discovered as a necropsy surprise, or (3) abdominal aortic aneurysm diagnosed or suspected during life. Necropsy detection rates of unsuspected abdominal aortic aneurysms were compared with those found in five published screening surveys. The necropsy detection rate in men was 81 (0.019) of 4155 and was 28 (0.009) of 3142 in women, a difference that was statistically significant. When the necropsy series was adjusted to reflect the same demographic composition as the screening surveys, the results from necropsy and screening were statistically similar. In particular, two surveys from the United Kingdom showed screening detection rates among white men of 0.072 compared with a necropsy detection rate of 0.058. These results further support the use of the epidemiologic necropsy as a research tool for estimating the reservoir of disease in the population. ( JAMA . 1991;265:2085-2088)
Synthesis and structure of methyl-substituted 1,3-Dioxa-2-Silacylohexanes

The reaction of dimethyl(diethylthio)silane with 1,3-diols gave methyl-substituted 1,3-dioxa-2-silacyclohexanes.1H and13C NMR spectroscopy were used to study the configuration and predominant conformations of the compounds studied.
Thin-film solar cells: Device measurements and analysis

Characterization of amorphous Si, CdTe, and Cu(InGa)Se2-based thin-film solar cells is described with focus on the deviations in device behavior from standard device models. Quantum efficiency (QE), current–voltage (J–V), and admittance measurements are reviewed with regard to aspects of interpretation unique to the thin-film solar cells. In each case, methods are presented for characterizing parasitic effects common in these solar cells in order to identify loss mechanisms and reveal fundamental device properties. Differences between these thin-film solar cells and idealized devices are largely due to a high density of defect states in the absorbing layers and to parasitic losses due to the device structure and contacts. There is also commonly a voltage-dependent photocurrent collection which affects J–V and QE measurements. The voltage and light bias dependence of these measurements can be used to diagnose specific losses. Examples of how these losses impact the QE, J–V, and admittance characterization are shown for each type of solar cell. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein disulfide isomerase capture during thrombus formation in vivo depends on the presence of β3 integrins

Extracellular protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is required for platelet thrombus formation and fibrin generation after arteriolar wall injury in live mice. PDI is secreted from platelets and endothelial cells on cellular activation, but the mechanism of capture of secreted PDI within the injured vasculature is unknown. We establish that, like the endothelial β3 integrin αVβ3, the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 binds PDI. PDI also binds to recombinant β3. Using intravital microscopy, we demonstrate that PDI accumulation at the site of laser-induced arteriolar wall injury is markedly reduced in β3-null (β3−/−) mice, and neither a platelet thrombus nor fibrin is generated at the vessel injury site. The absence of fibrin after vascular injury in β3−/− mice is because of the absence of extracellular PDI. To evaluate the relative importance of endothelial αVβ3 versus platelet αIIbβ3 or αVβ3, we performed reciprocal bone marrow transplants on wild-type and β3−/− mice. PDI accumulation and platelet thrombus formation were markedly decreased after vessel injury in wild-type mice transplanted with β3−/− bone marrow or in β3−/− mice transplanted with wild-type bone marrow. These results indicate that both endothelial and platelet β3 integrins contribute to extracellular PDI binding at the vascular injury site.
Judging Socialist Reform The Politics of Coordinate Construction in France and Germany

Case studies of judicial-political interaction during two periods, 1969-1976 in Germany and 1981-1985 in France, illustrate two general points about constitutional politics in both countries. First, constitutional courts are powerful policy makers whose impact on legislative processes and outcomes is multidimensional. These courts are more than simply negative legislators, empowered to veto legislative provisions. They also exercise creative legislative powers: to recast policy-making environments, to encourage certain legislative solutions while undermining others, and to have the precise terms of their decisions written directly into legislative provisions. Second, governments and parliamentarians are often led to behave judicially, to debate and make meaningful decisions about the constitutionality of legislation. In France and Germany, both the making of public policy and the construction of constitutional law are products of sustained and intimate judicial-political interaction.
Space object surveillance using incidental measurements from vehicle-board sensors

This article envisions surveillance and estimation in a future data-rich space environment, wherein spacecraft and other systems sense and record myriad environmental parameters incidentally to their primary missions. In this future environment, a wide range of sensor data will be available, but much of the data may be incidental, and hence subject to fluctuation, gaps, and low fidelity. Here, we explore estimation using such incidental-measurement data streams. Specifically, two canonical incidental-measurement-based estimation problems are posed—one concerned with recovering diffusive processes from an incidentally-mobile sensor, the other concerned with object (target) tracking using incidental measurements. Basic formal analyses of these estimation problems are pursued, and simulation results are also presented.
Genome Sequencing Reveals Widespread Virulence Gene Exchange among Human Neisseria Species

Commensal bacteria comprise a large part of the microbial world, playing important roles in human development, health and disease. However, little is known about the genomic content of commensals or how related they are to their pathogenic counterparts. The genus Neisseria, containing both commensal and pathogenic species, provides an excellent opportunity to study these issues. We undertook a comprehensive sequencing and analysis of human commensal and pathogenic Neisseria genomes. Commensals have an extensive repertoire of virulence alleles, a large fraction of which has been exchanged among Neisseria species. Commensals also have the genetic capacity to donate DNA to, and take up DNA from, other Neisseria. Our findings strongly suggest that commensal Neisseria serve as reservoirs of virulence alleles, and that they engage extensively in genetic exchange.
Evaluation of Ferulic Acid for Controlling the Musty-Odor Cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria perornata, in Aquaculture Ponds

Abstract The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata f. attenuata, a common inhabitant of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, aquaculture ponds, produces the musty compound 2-methylisoborneol that causes fish to become off-flavor and unmarketable. Previous laboratory studies suggest that the natural compound trans-ferulic acid (4-hy-droxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) is selectively toxic against O. perorna-ta. The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the compound for controlling the growth of O. perornata under field conditions. The study was conducted in 12 0.1-ha earthern ponds in northwest Mississippi. Ponds contained 20,000 catfish/ha and were managed according to commercial culture practices. Half of the ponds were treated six times over a 2-month period with 5μM (0.97 mg/L) trans-ferulic acid, and the other half were untreated controls. Water samples obtained from all ponds preceding and following treatment were analyzed for phytoplankton community structure and concentrations of...
Exposure of a ‘witness rat’ to one treated with β-carboline FG 7142 does not increase dopamine turnover in the medial prefrontal cortex of the ‘witness rat’

A method for selectively activating the dopaminergic field of the prefrontal cortex would be highly useful for studies of mesocortical dopamine systems. When a rat ('witness' rat) is exposed to a rat that is undergoing footshock, prefrontocortical dopamine metabolism is selectively increased in the witness rat. Since the anxiogenic beta-carboline FG 7142 mimics many of the effects of footshock, we hypothesized that exposure of a witness-rat to a rat treated with FG 7142 would also increase dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex. We found that while as expected, FG 7142 itself increased prefrontal cortex dopamine metabolism, there was no significant change in dopamine metabolism in the witness rat. Thus exposure to a rat treated with FG 7142 does not selectively activate the mesocortical dopamine system.
Understanding the thermodynamic stability of an RNA hairpin and its mutant

The thermodynamic stability of RNA hairpin loops has been a subject of considerable interest in the recent past (Wimberly et al., 1991). There have been experimental reports indicating that the hairpins with a C(UUCG)G loop sequence are thermodynamically very stable (Wimberly et al., 1991). We used the solution structure of GGAC(UUCG)GUCC (Cheong et al., 1990; Varani et al., 1991) as the starting conformation in our attempt to understand its thermodynamic stability. We carried out molecular dynamics/free energy simulations to understand the basis for the destabilization of the C(UUCG)G loop by mutating cytosine (C7)-->uracil. Because of the limited length of simulation and the presence of kinetic barriers (solvent intervention) to the uracil-->cytosine mutation, all of our computed free energy differences are based on multiple forward simulations. Based on these calculations we find that the cytosine-->uracil mutation in the loop destabilizes it by approximately 1.5kcal/mol relative to that of the reference state, an A-form RNA but with cytosine (C7) looped out. This is the same sign and magnitude as that observed in the thermodynamic studies carried out by Varani et al.(1991). We have carried out free energy component analysis to understand the effect of mutating the cytosine residue to uracil on the thermodynamic stability of the C(UUCG)G hairpin loops. Our calculations show that the most significant contribution to the stability is from the phosphate group linking U5 and U6, which favors the cytosine residue over uracil by about 6.0 kcal/mol. The residues U5, U6, and G8 in the loop region also contribute significantly to the stability. The contributions from the salt and solvent compensate each other, indicating the dynamic nature of interactions of the environment with the nucleic acid system and the coupling between these two components.
Electrocardiographic T- and U-Wave Discordance

Background: Abundant information has been reported regarding the U wave, which almost entirely has been focused on U waves in isolation. There has been little investigation of discordant T and U waves. Methods: Of 18,750 consecutively recorded electrocardiograms, 143 patients were categorized resulting in three groups. Group A: 53 patients with negative T waves and positive U waves (Type I Discordance); Group B: 26 patients with positive T waves and negative U waves (Type II Discordance); and Group C: 63 patients with negative T and negative U waves. Each patient's chart was reviewed for relevant clinical, laboratory, and medical history. Results: Coronary disease was slightly more common in Group A (64%) than in Group B (46%) (P = 0.174; ns). Coronary disease in Group C was extremely common (88%; P <0.001). Hypertension in the two discordant groups was similar: Group A (60%) versus Group B (58%) (P = ns), Group C was significantly higher (88%) (P <0.001). Left ventricular hypertrophy was 49% in Group A and 58% in Group B (P = ns), but Group C was significantly higher at 70% (P = 0.038). Conclusions: This appears to be the first investigation of the associations of discordant T and U waves. We found that the significance of any U wave is not independent of their respective T wave. In addition, we propose that the U wave not be analyzed in isolation, but rather with respect to its T wave.
ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AND REPRESENTATION

The articles in this special issue represent advances in several areas of knowledge acquisition and knowledge representation. In this article we attempt to place these advances in the context of a fundamental challenge in AI; namely, the automated acquisition of knowledge from data and the representation of this knowledge to support understanding and reasoning. We observe that while this work does indeed advance the field in important areas, the need exists to integrate these components into an end-to-end system and begin to extract general methodologies for this challenge. At the heart of this integration is the need for performance feedback throughout the process to guide the selection of alternative methods, the support for human interaction in the process, and the definition of general metrics and testbeds to evaluate progress.
Calcineurin Inhibitors: Short-Term Friend, Long-Term Foe?

Although calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) have significantly improved the outcome for solid-organ transplant recipients, they have drug-specific side effects. One purported side effect is chronic progressive nephrotoxicity, but there are few meaningful data to support this contention. Given that the concern regarding CNI nephrotoxicity limits CNI dosing, and the reduced dosing may impair long-term transplant outcome, it is important to develop studies that accurately determine whether CNIs cause long-term kidney dysfunction.
Anisotropy and large magnetoresistance in the narrow-gap semiconductor FeSb2

A study of the anisotropy in magnetic, transport, and magnetotransport properties of ${\mathrm{FeSb}}_{2}$ has been made on large single crystals grown from Sb flux. Magnetic susceptibility of ${\mathrm{FeSb}}_{2}$ shows diamagnetic to paramagnetic crossover around 100 K. Electrical transport along two axes is semiconducting, whereas the third axis exhibits a metal-semiconductor crossover at temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{cr}}$ which is sensitive to current alignment and ranges between 40 and 80 K. In $H=70\mathrm{kOe}$ semiconducting transport is restored for $Tl300\mathrm{K},$ resulting in large magnetoresistance $[\ensuremath{\rho}(70\mathrm{kOe})\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\rho}(0)]/\ensuremath{\rho}(0)=2200%$ in the crossover temperature range.
The Role of Community Colleges in Career Transitions for Older Workers.

Despite the desire of many older adults to remain in the workforce, those without jobs face unprecedented durations of unemployment. Many of the unemployed lack current skills for jobs in demand and need to either upgrade their skills or be trained for a new occupation to become reemployed. An aging workforce, combined with the negative effects of the recent economic downturn, has increased the importance of identifying strategies to encourage working at older ages. In recent years there has been increased focus on training that results in a credential; much of this training takes place at community colleges. The present study examined community college involvement in outreach and support programs for older displaced workers. This involved interviews with 27 key informants at 14 community colleges to gain an understanding of the role community colleges play in linking older students to credential or certificate programs. Effective strategies for community college involvement in workforce training were ide...
Decondensation of pericentric heterochromatin alters the sequence of centromere separation in mouse cells.

The centromeres of a genome separate in a sequential, nonrandom manner that is apparently dependent upon the quantity and quality of pericentric heterochromatin. It is becoming increasingly clear that the biological properties of a centromere depend upon its physicochemical makeup, such as its tertiary structure, and not necessarily on its particular nucleotide sequence. To test this idea we altered the physical state of the AT-rich pericentric heterochromatin of mouse with Hoechst 33258 (bis-benzimidazole) and studied a biological parameter, viz., sequence of separation. We report that an alteration in the physical state of heterochromatin, i.e., decondensation, is accompanied by aberrations in the pattern of centromere separation. The most dramatic effect seems to be on chromosomes with large blocks of heterochromatin. Many chromosomes with large blocks of heterochromatin that, in untreated cells, separate late tend to separate early. Decondensation with Hoechst 33258 does not seem to alter the sequence of separation of inactive centromeres relative to that of active centromeres. These data indicate that alteration in the physical parameters of the pericentric heterochromatin might dispose the centromeres to errors. It is likely that this aberration results from early replication of the pericentric heterochromatin associated with active centromeres.
Effects of Reserpine Therapy on Cardiac Output and Atrioventricular Conduction During Rest and Controlled Heart Rates in Patients with Essential Hypertension

The effects of long-term reserpine therapy (1) on cardiac output during rest and induced atrial tachycardia and (2) on atrioventricular (A-V) conduction were examined in a group of eight men with previously untreated essential hypertension. The patients were studied before and after 20 to 205 days of reserpine therapy. All studies were performed in the cardiopulmonary laboratory with the patients supine. Heart rate was controlled with a transvenous pacing catheter and a battery-powered pacemaker. After therapy six of six patients had a fall in cardiac output with a statistically significant difference (P<0.001) between the means of paired pre-reserpine and reserpine cardiac outputs during both rest and paced tachycardia. At comparable heart rates, atrioventricular conduction increased in six of eight patients following reserpine, and a significant difference (P<0.05) was evident when the means of pooled paired pre-and post-reserpine A-V conductions were compared. This study indicates that therapeutically ...
Partial and multiple Wh-movement

This paper deals with two types of Wh-constructions that occur in German and Romani: partial and multiple Wh-movement. In these constructions a Wh-phrase moves to the specifier of a CP that is lower than the CP over which the Wh-phrase takes scope. In partial Wh-movement, the scope position contains a scope-marker, and in multiple Wh-movement, the scope position contains another Wh-phrase. Both constructions are restricted by a Subjacency-like constraint. It is argued that the data can be accounted for by considering Subjacency to be a condition on representation. In addition, it is claimed that Absorption applies at S-structure, as well as LF, in these languages, whereas in languages like English, it applies only at LF. The possibility of S-structure Absorption unifies partial and multiple Wh-movement and accounts for their existence in a language.
Profile of a Leader: The Wallenberg Effect

This is a study of the leadership principles employed by Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish diplomat who went to Budapest in 1944 to intervene on behalf of Hungary's 700,000 Jews who were being deported by the Nazis to extermination camps. This extended case narrative profiles the extraordinary accomplishments of a truly unique leader. The leadership implications addressed herein are timely, because the study of leadership is beginning to overcome decades of intellectual neglect.Wallenberg is credited with having saved close to 100,000 lives. On 5 October 1981, the President and Congress recognized Wallenberg's contribution to humanity when they named him only the second person ever to be awarded honorary United States citizenship; the other is Winston Churchill. By joint resolution, the United States Congress also designated 5 October 1989 as Raoul Wallenberg Day. In addition, the street in front of the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., has been renamed Raoul Wallenberg Plaza.Leadership is movement...
Low-Temperature Specific Heat of Germanium

Electronic and lattice contributions to the specific heat are reported for several $n$-type degenerate Ge ignots. The electronic effective mass, calculated on the assumption of a parabolic conduction band, is not strongly dependent on donor concentration in Ge. The Debye temperature decreases as donor or acceptor impurities are added, from 371\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for pure Ge to 362\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for the most heavily doped ingot. However, this marked decrease did not occur in silicon-doped Ge. It is suggested that the effect is due to screening of long-range lattice forces by free electrons or holes.
Critical review of self-reported functional ankle instability measures: a follow up.

Abstract Objective Determine which ankle instability questionnaire predicts subject's ankle instability status based on a minimum accepted criteria for FAI (MC_FAI). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Large Midwestern University. Participants College aged subjects ( n = 1127 19.6 ± 2.1 years) from a university population were recruited for this study. Any volunteer, regardless of ankle injury history was included in the study. Main outcome measures The independent variables were the score on three self-report ankle instability questionnaires: Ankle Instability Instrument, Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool, and Identification of Functional Ankle Instability. Subjects completed the questionnaires for their dominant limb during a single testing session. The dependent variable was created based on the previously established MC_FAI. This was established as at least one ankle sprain and at least one episode of giving way. Data were modeled using a chi-square and multinomial logistic regression. 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the resulting odds ratios. Results A test of the full model with all three predictors against MC_FAI revealed that only the IdFAI ( X 2 = 457.09, p = .001) had a significant relationship with the outcome variable. The IdFAI had an overall prediction rate of 87.8%. Conclusions This analysis illustrates that IdFAI is a good overall option for predicting ankle stability status by self-reported questionnaire.
Combined linear quadratic Gaussian and H-infinity control of a benchmark problem

A combined linear quadratic Gaussian and Hx design method is applied to a benchmark problem. Robust controllers are derived that minimize an upper bound of a quadratic performance index subject to an Hx norm bound on a disturbance transfer function matrix. Real parameter variations are included in the design through the addition of fictitious weighted disturbances. Three design cases, each with different robustness, performance, and disturbance rejection requirements, are considered for the benchmark problem. Uncertain parameters and noncollocation of the sensor and actuator make the problem nontrivial. Compensators are found that meet the requirements with reasonable control effort, controller complexity, and noise rejection.
An algorithm for defining the onset and cessation of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon in the low back musculature

The flexion-relaxation phenomenon (FRP) in the low back provides insights into the interplay between the active and passive tissues. Establishing a reliable algorithm for defining the lumbar angle at which the muscles deactivate and reactivate was the focus of the current paper. First, the EMG data were processed using six different smoothing techniques (no smoothing, moving average, moving standard deviation, Butterworth low pass filter at 0.5 Hz, 5 Hz, and 50 Hz) herein called the processed EMG (pEMG). The FRP points were then defined using four thresholds (pEMG less than 3% MVC, pEMG less than 5% MVC, pEMG less than 2 times FRP pEMG, and pEMG less than 3 times FRP pEMG). Finally, a duration requirement was tested (no duration requirement, pEMG data must maintain threshold requirement for 50 data points). Each combination of smoothing, threshold, and duration were applied through a computer program to each muscle for all trials and established an EMG-off and EMG-on angle for each muscle. These estimates were compared to the gold standard of expert-identified EMG-off and EMG-on angles and the root mean square error (RMSE) between this gold standard and the predictions of the algorithms served as the dependent variable. The results showed that the most important factor to produce low values of RMSE is to utilize a Butterworth low pass filter of 5 Hz or less and, if this is employed, there is no value to a duration requirement. The results also suggest that using the "3 times FRP pEMG" threshold technique may provide further improvements in these predictions.
Unified Transport Model for Organics

The Unified Transport Model UTM-TOX is a computer simulation model funded by the USEPA at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to develop transport capabilities for new chemicals and pesticides that are organic in nature. This model combines atmospheric transport with hydrologic transport and couples sediment transport, plant growth models, and biodegradation within one unified package. It is an outgrowth of an original study [1] sponsored by NSF which was concerned with the transport of trace heavy metal ions. As a part of that development of the Unified Transport Model, the atmospheric model and the hydrologic transport model were coupled in order to study the concentrations of trace heavy metal ions from deposition on the vegetation through the soil profile into the stream channel. The current model builds heavily on this initial model. The present additions to the model are, in fact, logical extensions of those capabilities that already existed within the model.