cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impaired energy metabolism in skeletal muscle during phosphate depletion.

Abstract Impaired energy metabolism in skeletal muscle during phosphate depletion. The effects of phosphate depletion (PD) of 4, 8, and 12 weeks on skeletal muscle energy metabolism were studied in rats fed a phosphate deficiency diet and compared with rats pairfed with a normal phosphate diet. Skeletal muscle biopsy specimens were examined for energy production, transport, and utilization. The results show that already by 4 weeks of PD, the concentration of inorganic phosphorus of the skeletal muscle was significantly reduced and remained low thereafter. There was significant (P Alteration du metabolisme energetique dans le muscle squellettique pendant la depletion phosphate. Les effets d'une depletion phosphatee (PD) pendant 4, 8, et 12 semaines sur le metabolisme energetique du muscle squelettique ont ete etudies chez des rats recevant un regime deficient en phosphate et compares avec des rats nourris de facon appariee avec un regime normal en phosphate. Des specimens biopsies de muscles squelettiques ont ete examinees pour la production, le transport, et l'utilisation d'energie. Les resultats indiquent que deja a 4 semaines de PD, la concentration de phosphore inorganique dans le muscle squelettique etait significativement reduite et restait basse ensuite. Il y avait une correlation significative (P
Analysis of Distributed Noise Canceling

This paper tackles the issues which arise when the process of porting conventional algorithms, especially signal processing ones, from their normal centralized form to a parallel distributed form is undertaken. It deals specifically with those all too familiar issues particular to wireless sensor networks of limited power, memory, computational capabilities, and bandwidth. What is the proper approach one should take to ensure that goals of efficiency and performance are met, and to what degree of granularity should the parallelism available within an algorithm be exploited are some of the questions which will be addressed here. The issue of modeling the communication and computation scheme for the distributed version of the algorithm is introduced here along with the preliminary prototype for doing so
Alkylation damage causes MMR-dependent chromosomal instability in vertebrate embryos

S(N)1-type alkylating agents, like N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), are potent mutagens. Exposure to alkylating agents gives rise to O(6)-alkylguanine, a modified base that is recognized by DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins but is not repairable, resulting in replication fork stalling and cell death. We used a somatic mutation detection assay to study the in vivo effects of alkylation damage on lethality and mutation frequency in developing zebrafish embryos. Consistent with the damage-sensing role of the MMR system, mutant embryos lacking the MMR enzyme MSH6 displayed lower lethality than wild-type embryos after exposure to ENU and MNU. In line with this, alkylation-induced somatic mutation frequencies were found to be higher in wild-type embryos than in the msh6 loss-of-function mutants. These mutations were found to be chromosomal aberrations that may be caused by chromosomal breaks that arise from stalled replication forks. As these chromosomal breaks arise at replication, they are not expected to be repaired by non-homologous end joining. Indeed, Ku70 loss-of-function mutants were found to be equally sensitive to ENU as wild-type embryos. Taken together, our results suggest that in vivo alkylation damage results in chromosomal instability and cell death due to aberrantly processed MMR-induced stalled replication forks.
A High Power and Low Distortion AlGaAs Hetero MESFET with a Graded Pulse-doped Channel for Base Station Applications

This paper reports on high power GaAs MESFET for base station applications, which has been improved over conventional GaAs MESFET in several aspects. High uniformity and high yield are achieved with a planar structure by using an n+ implantation and rapid thermal anneal (RTA) process rather than a recess process. Breakdown voltage and gate leak current are improved by the insertion of an AlGaAs-cap layer for usage in high drain voltage operations more than 10V. A graded pulse-doped channel is an active layer in which doping concentration increases exponentially toward the buffer layer, prevents output power deviation for bias drain current The AlGaAs hetero MESFET shows high gain (18dB), high output power (450mW/mm), and low intermodulation distortion (IP3=40dBm) at 1.9GH, which demonstrates excellent performance for digital wireless base station applications.
Organizations as places: a metaphor for change

Organizational theorists have used metaphors such as organism, machine and language to understand organizations. Develops a new metaphor of place, based on writing about natural places, to imagine how an organization could radically recreate itself so that a healthy ecology is possible.
Anerobic glycolysis of human prostatic adenoma: in vitro inhibition by estrogen and by androgen and estrogen.

THE clinical usefulness of estrogens in treatment of carcinoma of the prostate scarcely needs documentation, but the mechanisms whereby the effects are produced are incompletely understood. Indirectly, pituitary inhibition by estrogens may decrease gonadotrophin production which results in reduced testosterone production by the testis. A direct estrogenandrogen antagonism is postulated by Huggins (8), for Huggins and Clark (6) have shown that estrogen can nullify the stimulatory effect of testosterone on the dog prostate “in vivo”. In the castrate human with active prostatic carcinoma, administration of estrogens further inhibits the prostatic carcinoma. This may be a direct effect on the carcinoma, or it may be due to suppression of the pituitary lactogenic hormone, which Grayhack, Kearns, Bunce and Scott (4) have experimentally shown may enhance prostatic growth. Flocks, Marberger, Begley and Prendergast (3) have found that high doses of diethylstilbestrol may inhibit prostatic carcinoma even in the abs...
Status Implications of the Employment of Married Women in the United States

Abstract: The working wife as a factor in the determination of family status has been universally ignored by students of stratification. In this plea for investigation, it is suggested that the employment or married women could affect the system of stratification in the following ways: (1) making possible greater access to symbols of status; (2) implying that the husband has been unsuccessful in his own career; (3) identifying the wife with a particular occupation; and (4) identifying certain occupations with wives of high status.
Oral premalignant lesions induce immune reactivity to both premalignant oral lesions and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy, and despite advances in treatments, the 5-year survival has remained at less than 50%. One treatment strategy is to focus on patients with premalignant oral lesions that carry a high-risk for developing recurrent premalignant lesions and HNSCC disease. As an initial attempt to determine if immune therapy has the potential to be protective in these patients, studies determined if premalignant lesions express tumor antigens that have previously been shown to be expressed on HNSCC. Immunohistochemical analyses showed prominent expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in premalignant lesions, even in lesions with mild dysplasia. MUC-1 and carcinoembryonic antigen were expressed in most patient samples, while NY-ESO-1 was less frequently expressed. Each of these antigens was expressed on HNSCC. This provided the rationale for determining if premalignant oral lesions could be used to stimulate autologous peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) to react against heterologous premalignant lesions and HNSCC. Following sensitization with autologous premalignant lesions, PBML responded to a challenge with either heterologous premalignant oral lesion cells or HNSCC by releasing IFN-γ. In addition, sensitization with autologous premalignant lesion lysates generated cytolytic activity by both PBML and T cells against allogeneic premalignant lesion cells and HNSCC. These studies show the feasibility of using premalignant oral lesions to stimulate immune reactivity against both premalignant oral lesions as well as HNSCC.
Mechanistic studies of inactivation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by amidines.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyzes the conversion of l-arginine to l-citrulline and nitric oxide. N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-l-ornithine (l-NIO), an amidine-containing molecule, is a natural product known to be an inactivator of inducible NOS (iNOS). Because of the presence of the amidine methyl group in place of the guanidine amino group of substrate l-arginine, the active site heme peroxy intermediate sometimes cannot be protonated, thereby preventing its conversion to the heme oxo intermediate; instead, a heme oxygenase-type mechanism occurs, leading to conversion of the heme to biliverdin. This might be a new and general inactivation mechanism for heme-containing enzymes. In the studies described here, we attempted to provide support for amidines as substrates and inactivators of iNOS by the design and synthesis of amidine analogues of l-NIO having groups other than the amidine methyl group. No nitric oxide- or enzyme-catalyzed products could be detected by incubation of these amidines with iNOS. Although n...
Can we still stand by words? or: Why rhetoric needs A pragmatic turn

Rhetorical theory has developed powerful criticisms of pretentions to objectivity, in the spirit of deconstruction and ideology critique. These critiques contain nihilistic tendencies when they become abstracted from the interactive social contexts upon which they depend for their own significance and efficacy. With a rich analysis of the social bases of communication sustained by its commitment to the project of deliberative democracy, the classic Pragmatism of John Dewey and G. H. Mead can provide an important corrective by orienting rhetorical theory toward reflective social-political engagement.
An Assessment of Statistical Theory of Contact Between Macroscopically Conforming Rough Surfaces

Most engineering surfaces possess topographies that are anisotropic. Some of the anisotropic surfaces are unintended result of machining process and others are by design for the purpose of lubricant retention or other considerations. Such is the case in problems involving piston liner and mechanical seal performance wherein the conformal contact of two rough surfaces is considered. It becomes critical to component performance to predict average contact pressure and gap between rough surfaces. Two of the well-known asperity-based statistical theories along with a deterministic method, based on Multi Level Multi Summation (MLMS) technique, are used to study the contact of nominally flat rough surfaces. The asperity-based statistical theories are GW model (Greenwood and Williamson, [1]), and its extension proposed by Chang, Bogy and Etsion [2], CEB model, for treating elastic-plastic contact. The contact examined is a set of nominally flat rough surfaces with a smooth flat. This study attempts to address two questions. The first concerns the effectiveness of asperity-based statistical theories in predicting average contact stress of rough surfaces with various degrees of topographic anisotropy. The second question involves the use of directional curvatures to ascertain the appropriateness of plane curvatures when degree of anisotropy is significant. To this end random surfaces are generated for five degrees of anisotropy including correlation length ratios 1, corresponding to an isotropic surface, and 3, 9, 36 and 81, corresponding to an increasing degree of geometric anisotropy. A module of Surface Distress Analytical Toolset (SDAT), for treating dry contact using deterministic approach with MLMS technique, is utilized to compute the contact pressure for these surfaces. This analysis constitutes ten surfaces for each correlation ratio resulting in fifty simulations of SDAT. For each correlation ratio statistical averages and variations of the maximum and mean contact pressures are found. Using the generated random surfaces, GW and CEB models are furnished with the parameters that include the standard deviation of summit height distribution, area summit density and six curvatures associated with asperity summit. These involve four directional curvatures that include curvatures along the x, y, positive diagonal, negative diagonal, and two equivalent curvatures, one based on spherical tip using average of the four diagonal curvatures and the other based on ellipsoidal asperity summit (Fig 1). The study suggests that GW and CEB typically overestimate average contact pressure. The mean pressures predicted using the largest directional summit curvature agrees most favorably with those predicted by SDAT. Surprisingly, agreement is most favorable for highest geometrical anisotropy. Both statistical methods seem effective in predicting mean gap between surfaces for moderate to low nominal pressures.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Real-time optical imaging and tracking of micron-sized particles

Abstract We report real-time imaging and dynamics monitoring of micrometer predefined and random sized particles by time–space-wavelength mapping technology using a single-detector. Experimentally, we demonstrate real-time line imaging of a 5 μm polystyrene microsphere, glass powder particles and patterns such as fingerprints with up to 5 μm resolution at 1 line/50 ns capture rate. By using the same setup, real-time displacement tracking of micrometer-size glass particles with 50 ns temporal resolution and up to 5 μm spatial resolution is achieved. We also show that existing correlation spectroscopy algorithms can be adopted to extract dynamic information in a complex environment.
Executives, legislatures, and whales: the birth of Japan's scientific whaling regime

Why did Japan begin scientific whaling, a policy that benefits few domestically and alienates many around the world? In this essay, I argue that Japan’s scientific whaling regime was formed as a result of a ‘two-level game’ between President Reagan and Prime Minister Nakasone. Although Reagan was faced with a unified, anti-whaling Congress, he himself was not much concerned about the issue. Nakasone was also not particularly concerned about whaling, and he initially was faced with a Diet that was divided on how to deal with whaling (although it became less divided over time). Ultimately, these circumstances led Japan to develop the scientific whaling regime that persists to this day.
Analysis of tropomyosin cDNAs isolated from skeletal and smooth muscle mRNA

Several clones containing alpha tropomyosin sequences were isolated from cDNA libraries prepared from quail skeletal or smooth muscle RNA. All of these clones contain identical sequences coding for amino acids 81-257 of alpha skeletal muscle tropomyosin where they overlap, strongly indicating they are derived from the same gene. However, there are differences among these clones in sequences coding for the final 27 amino acids, as well as 3' untranslated sequences. In addition, S1 nuclease and Northern analyses indicate that coding sequences at the 5' end of the tropomyosin mRNA are also differentially expressed in smooth and skeletal muscle. These data point to the likelihood that differential splicing at both the 5' and 3' ends of a single tropomyosin gene results in the appearance of multiple tissue-specific transcripts.
On the kinetic approach to many-body problems in general relativity

A new formulation of general relativistic kinetic theory, which includes the effects of ‘collisions’ in a self-consistent way, is given. It is found that if collision terms are necessary in the kinetic equation, then Einstein's field equations must be modified as well.
Inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission from the midbrain, pons and medulla in the rat: activation of descending inhibition by morphine, glutamate and electrical stimulation

It is generally believed that morphine activates a descending system(s) of inhibition, an effect contributing significantly to the analgesia produced. There has arisen, however, considerable controversy on this point. To address whether morphine inhibits spinal nociceptive transmission when given into the brainstem, the effects of focal electrical stimulation and monosodium S-glutamate (Glu) given in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) and/or the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) on spinal unit responses to noxious heating (50 degrees C) of the skin were examined and compared with effects produced by morphine (Mor). Focal electrical stimulation in 46 sites in the midbrain, dorsolateral pons and ventromedial medulla reliably inhibited unit responses to noxious heating of the skin (mean 34% of control). Microinjections of Glu (50 nmol, 0.5 microliter) were made into 17 sites in the midbrain, 10 sites in the LC/SC and 11 sites in the NRM, inhibiting unit responses to a mean 57% at 22 of the 38 sites of microinjection. Mor (10-20 micrograms, 0.5 microliter) was microinjected into 15 sites in the midbrain, 13 sites in the LC/SC and 11 sites in the NRM, inhibiting unit responses to heat to 63% of control at 24 sites of microinjection. The effects of morphine were shown to be receptor specific by antagonism with naloxone administered either intravenously or into the brainstem at the same site of microinjection as morphine. In 31 sites in the midbrain, dorsolateral pons and ventromedial medulla, microinjections of both Mor and Glu into the same sites attenuated unit responses to heating of the skin to a mean 77% and 71% of control, respectively. The results support the hypothesis that Mor acts supraspinally to modulate spinal nociceptive transmission by activating an endogenous descending inhibitory system(s). Focal electrical stimulation, glutamate and morphine modulated spinal nociceptive transmission by activation of descending inhibitory systems whose cell bodies of origin are in the PAG, the LC/SC or the NRM.
Impairment of one-way active avoidance in rats with habenular or dorsomedial thalamic lesions

This study examined the effect of habenular or dorsomedial thalamic lesions on one-way active avoidance behavior in the rat. It was found that habenular lesions impaired avoidance responding and that the deficit appeared to be related to an abnormal freezing tendency. Dorsomedial thalamic lesions also resulted in impaired avoidance responding. However, since the thalamic lesion included several nuclei, it is not clear if any one nucleus was responsible for the effect.
SU-GG-J-104: Image-Guided Intervention Based On Registration Between C-Arm Projection and Cone-Beam Reprojection of Reconstructed Volume

Purpose: To provide an image‐guided manipulation of the catheter introduction during intervention procedure by registering the C‐arm projection image with the cone‐beam reprojection image of a reconstructed volume that was generated previously by a volume CT (64‐slice CT or flat‐panel‐ based cone‐beam CT).Method and Materials First, reconstruct a volume for the interventional region by volume CT scanning and reconstruction, i.e., generate an angiographic volume; Second, perform volume segmentation to segment 3D blood vessels; Third, capture the C‐arm projection image during catheter introduction; Fourth, calculate the cone‐beam reprojection image on the angiographic volume, and adjust the reprojection parameters based on the matching or coregistration with the C‐arm image; Finally, perform 3D display of the segmented vessels where vessel segments are colored as indications of the catheter position. Results: The angiographic volume for the interventional region is reconstructed from a 64‐slice CT scanner or from a cone‐beam CT scanner. The volume segmentation is based on voxel value and vessel tree structure knowledge. The 2D image registration between the C‐arm image and the cone‐beam reprojection image of the angiographic volume requires a trial‐and‐error process by adjusting the reprojection geometric settings. The 3D vessels are displayed by fast isosurface or volume rendering. Conclusion: By reprojecting a reconstructed angiographic volume and co‐registering the projection image with the C‐arm projection image, the catheter in the 3D blood vessels can be visualized by 3D rendering, which provides a 3D intuitive image‐based guidance for the intervention procedure.
The effects of temperature on the spontaneous and induced electrical activity in the cerebral cortex of the golden hamster.

Abstract 1. 1. During hibernation the body temperature of the golden hamster may drop to 2.5°C. Arousal from hibernation is characterized by a gradual autogenous increase in body temperature to 37°C. Under anaesthesia the non-hibernating animal can be chilled to body temperatures which would be lethal to mammals which do not hibernate. 2. 2. Investigation of the electrocorticogram of the arousing hibernator revealed no conspicuous activity until the cortex reached 19–21°C. Slow, low voltage activity was the first to appear, to be replaced at higher temperatures by spontaneous burst activity and, at about 29°C., by very fast frequency low voltage discharges (fig. 1). Local strychninization did not produce convulsive activity until the temperature had reached levels at which spontaneous activity would normally have appeared (fig. 2). 3. 3. Though the cortex appeared quiescent early in arousal, peripheral movement could still be elicited at temperatures as low as 12°C. by electrical stimulation of motor areas and under anaesthesia (pentobarbital sodium) peripheral stimulation evoked a complex cortical response down to 9.1°C. (fig. 3). 4. 4. When the anaesthetised, non-hibernating hamster was artificially chilled, spontaneous electrical activity disappeared at 17°C. and reappeared at 19°C. (fig. 4). During progressive hypothermia the frequency of induced strychnine spikes gradually diminished until they disappeared at about 15°C. (fig. 5). 5. 5. It is concluded from this evidence that the bulbar reticular activating system is least resistant to cold because fast frequency, low voltage activity was the last to appear during arousal from hibernation. The intralaminar thalamo-cortical circuits must be second in order of resistance, since spontaneous burst activity appeared before the fast frequency discharges. Spino-bulbo-thalamo-cortical relay systems and the cortex itself are more resistant than either of the preceding since the cortex was electrically excitable at low temperatures and a complex evoked potential could be obtained at temperatures as low as 9.1°C. It has previously been shown that peripheral nerve is most resistant since conduction in vitro will occur down to 2°C. 6. 6. It is pointed out that the hibernating hamster, even though functionally decorticate, must retain the ability to function in other parts of the central nervous system, since the waking process is characterized by a coordinated, integrated series of events all designed to greatly increase the animal's heat production and restore its body temperature to normal levels. The cold resisting structures would most certainly include peripheral nerves capable of activating the neuromuscular mechanisms, as well as ascending and descending (sensory and motor) systems associated with the heat regulating centers of the hypothalamus.
Growth Conditions and Rifampin Susceptibility

The susceptibility of Escherichia coli to rifampin was measured during unlimited growth in rich and poor media and during chemostat growth limited by the carbon source. During batch growth at low turbidities, the susceptibility of the bacteria increased as the growth rate decreased, consistent with the longer time available for drug penetration in the poorer media. During chemostat culture, the bacteria remained highly susceptible or became genetically resistant, dependent on the manner in which the bacteria were exposed to the antibiotic. If the concentration of rifampin was abruptly raised, susceptible cells were replaced by genetically resistant cells. However, if the concentration of antibiotic was raised slowly, the genetically susceptible cells continued to grow. This difference in response of chemostat cultures according to mode of drug administration was attributed to an inducible detoxification of the drug by the bacteria, because the susceptible genotype is maintained only when the concentration of rifampin is increased gradually and when a high population of cells is maintained. Direct evidence for the inactivation of the rifampin from the bioassay of culture supernatants is presented.
Diabolical points in magnetic molecules: An exactly solvable model

The magnetic molecule Fe${}_{8}$ has a rich pattern of degeneracies in its magnetic spectrum as the static magnetic field applied to it is varied. The points of degeneracy, or diabolical points in the magnetic field space, are found exactly in the simplest model Hamiltonian for this molecule. They are shown to form a perfect centered rectangular lattice, and to be multiply diabolical in general. The multiplicity is found. An earlier semiclassical solution to this problem is thereby shown to be exact in leading order in $1/J$ where J is the spin.
Modified resectoscope loop for transurethral resection of the ejaculatory duct

We report the design of a modified resectoscope loop for transurethral resectionof the ejaculatory ducts. The loop is a modification of a standard 24 F resectoscope loop. Cutting dimensions are 2.5 mm in width and 3 mm in depth for the modified loop versus 6 mm in width and 5 mm in depth for the conventional loop. This modification allows precise resection of obstructed ejaculatory ducts with minimal trauma to the prostatic fossa, reducing the potential for troublesome bleeding.
A versatile procedure for rapid induction of narcotic addiction in the rat utilizing intravenous injections

Intermittent injections of morphine sulfate in increasing doses produced reliable narcotic dependence in rats within 6 days. Discontinuation of programmed injections induced withdrawal symptoms which were relieved by narcotic administration and which therefore provided motivation to acquire high rates of operant responding for morphine self-administration.
Levomilnacipran (Fetzima™) for the treatment of major depressive disorder

Levomilnacipran (Fetzima™) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 2013 for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in adults. Levomilnacipran is the (1S,2R) enantiomer of racemic milnacipran and represents one of the newest medications designed and marketed as an enantiomer of an already approved medication with hopes of improving efficacy and limiting side effects. This article reviews the evidence supporting the use of milnacipran for MDD, examines the clinical studies behind levomilnacipran's approval, and discusses practical considerations regarding the use of this new antidepressant medication.
Photoionization profiles of metal clusters and the Fowler formula

Metal-cluster ionization potentials are important characteristics of these ``artificial atoms,'' but extracting these quantities from cluster photoabsorption spectra, especially in the presence of thermal smearing, remains a big challenge. Here we demonstrate that the classic Fowler theory of surface photoemission does an excellent job of fitting the photoabsorption profile shapes of neutral In${}_{n}$${}_{=3\ensuremath{-}34}$ clusters [Wucher et al., New J. Phys. 10, 103007 (2008)]. The deduced ionization potentials extrapolate precisely to the bulk work function, and the internal cluster temperatures are in close agreement with values expected for an ensemble of freely evaporating clusters. Supplementing an earlier application to potassium clusters, these results suggest that the Fowler formalism, which is straightforward and physical, may be of significant utility in metal-cluster spectroscopy. It is hoped also that the results will encourage a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the applicability of bulk-derived models to cluster photoionization behavior, and of the transition from atomic and molecular-type to surface-type photoemission.
Benthic oxygen consumption rates during hypoxic conditions on the Oregon continental shelf: Evaluation of the eddy correlation method

[1] Three stations, at ∼80 m water depth on the Oregon shelf between 44.7°N and 43.9 N, were studied under hypoxic conditions in late spring and summer of 2009 to determine benthic oxygen consumption rates. Oxygen fluxes were derived from eddy correlation (EC) measurements made from an autonomous lander deployed for 11–15 h at a time. Average oxygen consumption rates ranged from 3.2 to 9.8 mmol m−2 d−1 and were highest at the southernmost station. Methods for separating eddy components and rotating coordinates were examined for effects on EC fluxes. It was found that oscillations at frequencies associated with surface and internal waves made significant contributions, but horizontal component biasing could be minimized by wave-based rotation methods. Additional measurements included benthic boundary layer properties, and sediment permeability and profiles of sediment organic C, chlorophyll-a, excess 210Pb and % fines. Comparative flux estimates were determined from benthic chamber measurements and microelectrode profiles at two of the stations. The chamber O2 consumption rates exceeded the EC fluxes by factors of 1.2–1.8, which may reflect enclosure effects, the different spatial and temporal scales of the measurements, and/or inhomogeneous benthic respiration rates. The magnitudes of the fluxes by either method, however, are low for shelf depths. Thus, for benthic O2 consumption to contribute to Oregon shelf hypoxia, bottom waters must be slowly renewed and minimally ventilated by along- or across-shelf advection and turbulent mixing. Circulation studies indicate these conditions are favored by increased near-bottom stratification during persistent summer upwelling- relaxation cycles.
Building comparable global change vulnerability assessments: The vulnerability scoping diagram

Abstract Advancing vulnerability science depends in part on identifying common themes from multiple, independent vulnerability assessments. Such insights are difficult to produce when the assessments use dissimilar, often qualitative, measures. The Vulnerability Scoping Diagram is presented to facilitate the comparison of assessments with dissimilar measures. The diagram is illustrated with recent research on drought vulnerabilities, showing that common insights into vulnerability may emerge if independent research teams use a common structure for organizing information about exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity—even if the underlying measures differ between assessments. Broadly adopting this technique, which is grounded in the “Eight Steps” methodological protocol [Schroter, D., Polsky, C., Patt, A., 2005. Assessing vulnerabilities to the effects of global change: an eight step approach. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 10(4), 573–595], will enable a vulnerability meta-analysis, the lessons from which may permit places to identify helpful adaptation or mitigation options without first having to conduct their own vulnerability assessments.
Glycosaminoglycans of some mouse mastocytomas

Abstract The glycosaminoglycan fractions of four murine mastocytomas (AB-CBF 1 - MCT-1, AB-CXBG-MCT-1, AB-CXBI-MCT-1, and Furth), were isolated and characterized using microelectrophoresis, degradation with specific mucopoly- saccharidases, paper chromatography and, in some instances, ion-exchange chromatography. Intramuscular and ascites tumors and tumors cultured in vitro were used. The glycosaminoglycans were labeled with [ 35 S]sulfate and, in a few instances, with D -[6− 3 H]glucosamine. The glycosaminoglycan fraction obtained from the AB-CBF 1 -MCT-1 mastocytoma cultured in vitro consisted predominantly of dermatan sulfate-like material. On the other hand, the major components of the glycosaminoglycan fraction of the AB-CXBG-MCT-1 and AB-CXBI-MCT-1 and Furth tumors were observed to behave like heparin or heparan sulfate. In most of the mastocytoma samples examined, chondroitin 4-sulfate-like components were found to be present in smaller amounts, even in samples derived from tumor cells cultured in vitro. A component exhibiting a keratan sulfate-like behavior was detected in fractions obtained from the solid CXBG, CXBI and Furth tumors.
Influences on physicians' adoption of electronic detailing (e-detailing)

E-detailing means using digital technology: internet, video conferencing and interactive voice response. There are two types of e-detailing: interactive (virtual) and video. Currently, little is kn...
A Lower Limit for the Ground State of the Helium Atom

A method of obtaining a lower limit for the ground state of any system in terms of the energy difference between the ground state and the next highest state is given. Applied to the helium atom this gives a rough value of -6.2R as compared to the experimental value of -5.818R.
Review EssayOpposing Authoritarian Rule with Nonviolent Civil Resistance

The French Revolution has been mined for all sorts of lessons about revolutions but not often for instruction in the power of mass nonviolent mobilisation. Perhaps it should be. One of the pivotal ...
Sharp interface simulations with Local Mesh Refinement for multi-material dynamics in strongly shocked flows

Shock waves interacting with multi-material interfaces in compressible flows result in complex shock diffraction patterns involving total or partial reflection, refraction and transmission of the impinging shock wave. To simulate such complicated interfacial dynamics problems, a fixed Cartesian grid approach in conjunction with levelset interface tracking is attractive. In this regard, a unified Riemann solver based Ghost Fluid Method (GFM) is developed to accurately resolve and represent the embedded solid and fluid object(s) in high speed compressible multiphase flows. In addition, the Riemann solver based GFM approach is augmented with a quadtree (octree in three-dimensions) based Local Mesh Refinement (LMR) technique for efficient and high fidelity computations involving strong shock interactions. The paper reports on a conservative formulation for accurate calculation of ENO-based numerical fluxes at the fine-coarse mesh boundaries. The numerical examples presented in this paper clearly demonstrate that the methodology produces accurate benchmark solutions and effectively captures fine structures in the flow field.
Topographic organization and neurochemical identity of dorsal raphe neurons that project to the trigeminal somatosensory pathway in the rat.

The primary goals of this study were to: 1) examine the distribution of neurons within the dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus that project to cortical and subcortical sites along the trigeminal somatosensory pathway in rat; 2) determine the extent to which different regions within this ascending sensory system receive collateral projections from the same DR neuron; and 3) identify the putative transmitters contained within these DR projection neurons. Long-Evans hooded rats received pressure injections of various combinations of retrograde fluorescent tracers; into the whisker-related regions of the primary somatosensory cortex (barrel field cortex [BC]), ventral posterior medial thalamus (VPM), and principal nucleus of the trigeminal complex (PrV). The distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons within the DR was examined by fluorescence microscopy. The major finding was that cortically projecting neurons were located within the midline regions of the rostral portion of the DR, whereas cells projecting to subcortical trigeminal somatosensory structures were distributed bilaterally in the lateral wing regions of the DR as well as in the midline portions of the nucleus. Single neurons that send axon collaterals to multiple cortical and subcortical trigeminal somatosensory targets were observed in the dorsomedian and ventromedian regions of the DR. DR neurons that projected to cortical and subcortical sites contained serotonin but not tyrosine hydroxylase, the marker enzyme for catecholamine transmitters. Taken together, these findings provide further evidence of neurochemical specificity and functional anatomical organization within the DR efferent projection system.
Nonlinear dynamic model of a solar steam generator

Abstract A thermal-hydraulic model of a once-through subcritical steam generator has been developed for predicting dynamic characteristics of solar thermal power plants as well as for control system design. The purpose of the model is to evaluate the overall system performance and component interaction with sufficient accuracy for controller design, rather than to describe the microscopic details occurring within the steam generator. The three-section (compressed water, two-phase mixture, and superheated steam) model with time-varying phase boundaries is described by a set of nonlinear differential equations derived from conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Local stability of the model has been examined at different levels of insolation. Transient response of six plant variables due to independent step disturbances in three input variables are presented as typical results.
CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN ac-20, A MUTANT STRAIN OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDI : III. Chloroplast Ribosomes and Membrane Organization

The fine structure of the ac-20 strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi is described. Cells grown mixotrophically in the presence of acetate have a highly disordered chloroplast membrane organization and usually lack pyrenoids. Chloroplast ribosome levels are only 5–10% of wild-type levels. Cells grown phototrophically without acetate possess more chloroplast ribosomes and have more normal membrane and pyrenoid organization. Chloroplast ribosome levels rise rapidly when cells are transferred from acetate to minimal medium, whereas membrane reorganization occurs only after a lag. These results, combined with earlier studies of the photosynthetic properties of the mutant strain, suggest that proper membrane organization, Photosystem II activity, and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase formation are dependent on the presence of chloroplast ribosomes. Other chloroplast components tested are unaffected by a 10-fold reduction in levels of chloroplast ribosomes.
MODIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS WITH MeV IONS

MeV ion beams often allow unique opportunities for the modification of the electronic properties of materials. In this talk I shall discuss three such examples from our recent work. The first is the production of deeply buried SiO2 layers formed in Si by MeV oxygen implantation for a variety of implantation and annealing conditions. The resulting material has been characterized by XTEM. The second involves the modification of InP by N implantation and GaAs by O implantation. In these cases we have used XTEM, x-ray rocking curve analysis, ion channeling, and nuclear reaction profiling to study the structural damage and its behavior under thermal annealing. The third example shows how the resistivity of thin amorphous carbon films can be changed over a range of 10^4 by MeV ion bombardment. The mechanism for this phenomenon is shown to be closely related to that proposed for MeV ion induced desorption.
Path-sequential labellings of cycles

Abstract We investigate labelling the vertices of the cycle of length n with the integers 0, …, n − 1 in such a way that the n sums of k adjacent integers are sequential. We show that this is impossible for both n and k even, possible for n even and k odd, and that it is possible for many cases where n is odd. We conjecture that it is always possible when n is odd.
Acidolysis of Wood in Ionic Liquids

Three wood species including Eucalyptus grandis (E. grandis), Southern pine (S. pine), and Norway spruce thermomechanical pulp (N. spruce TMP) were dissolved in the ionic liquid (IL) 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Amim]Cl), and then they were pretreated with small amounts of hydrochloric acid, as a function of time. The materials regenerated from the IL solutions were determined to contain significantly higher amounts of lignin than the original wood. Detailed analyses of the recovered IL revealed the presence of typical wood degradation compounds, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furan-2-carboxylic acid, catechol, methylcatechol, methylguaiacol, acetoguaiacone, and acetol. The acidic pretreatment of these wood species in IL resulted in not only the near-complete hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses but also in a significant amount of lignin degradation. Aqueous reactions (under identical acid concentrations) showed a remarkably lower efficiency, demonstrating that ILs offer a unique environment for the acid-catalyzed dehydration chemistry, which is known to occur when polysaccharides and/or wood are subjected to an acid treatment.
Analysis of the changes of vegetation coverage of western Beijing mountainous areas using remote sensing and GIS

Mentougou District acts as a crucial component in the ecological buffer in western Beijing mountainous areas, Beijing, China. Using two Landsat MSS/TM images acquired on July 14, 1979 and July 23, 2005, the vegetation coverage of Mentougou District was calculated based on normalized difference vegetation index and spectral mixture analysis (NDVI-SMA) model. Its temporal and spatial changes were analyzed according to digital elevation model (DEM) image, social and economic data. The results showed that the vegetation coverage decreased from 76.4% in 1979 to 72.7% in 2005. Vegetation degradation was probably the result of human disturbance, such as outspreading of resident areas, and coal and stone mining activities, while vegetation restoration might be contributed by the combined effects of both natural processes and ecological construction effort. Vegetation changes were closely related to topographical characteristics. Plants at high altitude were more stable and less degraded than the plants at low altitude, while the plants on steep slope or northwest aspect were more vulnerable to degradation. During the period of 26 years, landscape appeared to become more fragmental, and ecological quality of the land seemed deteriorated sharply in that highly-covered vegetation area has been decreased by 24%.
Steam Tube Defect Characterization Using Eddy Current Z -Parameters

Steam generator tubing inspections use the impedance of a differential eddy current probe inside a tube as an indication of incipient failure. An axisymmetric finite-element computer code has been developed and utilized to calculate the impedances of the differential probe. The calculated values have been validated by comparison with experimental results. A Z -parameter model for a probe inside a steam tube utilizing differential coils is described, and the response of Z -parameters for the differential probe under various changes in the steam tube configuration is investigated.
Variation in the Gene TAS2R13 is Associated with Differences in Alcohol Consumption in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

Variation in responsiveness to bitter-tasting compounds has been associated with differences in alcohol consumption. One strong genetic determinant of variation in bitter taste sensitivity is alleles of the TAS2R gene family, which encode chemosensory receptors sensitive to a diverse array of natural and synthetic compounds. Members of the TAS2R family, when expressed in the gustatory system, function as bitter taste receptors. To better understand the relationship between TAS2R function and alcohol consumption, we asked if TAS2R variants are associated with measures of alcohol consumption in a head and neck cancer patient cohort. Factors associated with increased alcohol intake are of strong interest to those concerned with decreasing the incidence of cancers of oral and pharyngeal structures. We found a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located within the TAS2R13 gene (rs1015443 [C1040T, Ser259Asn]), which showed a significant association with measures of alcohol consumption assessed via the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Analyses with other SNPs in close proximity to rs1015443 suggest that this locus is principally responsible for the association. Thus, our results provide additional support to the emerging hypothesis that genetic variation in bitter taste receptors can impact upon alcohol consumption.
Residual motion estimation for UAVSAR: Implications of an electronically scanned array

The UAVSAR instrument, employing an L-band actively electronically scanned antenna, had its genesis in the ESTO Instrument Incubator Program and after 3 years of development has begun collecting engineering and science data. System design was motivated by solid Earth applications where repeat pass radar interferometry can be used to measure subtle deformation of the surface, however flexibility and extensibility to support other applications were also major design drivers. In order to make geophysically useful repeat pass interferometric measurements it is necessary to reconstruct the repeat pass baseline with millimeter accuracy, however onboard motion metrology systems only achieve 5–15 cm accuracy. Thus it is necessary to recover the residual motion from the data itself. Algorithms for recovering the motion based on along-track offsets between the repeat pass interferometric pair of images were described in [3], [1] and [4]. Later these techniques were extended to use azimuth subbanded differential interferograms in [5]. This paper provides a derivation for the formula for the along-track offsets (or corresponding the subbanded differential phase), i.e. the relative displacement between two SAR images in a interferometric pair in the along track direction, as a function of baseline for systems employing an electronically scanned antenna. The standard formula for systems not employing electronically scanned antenna for the along-track offsets, Δs, has the form in given equation where b c is the cross-track baseline, b h is the vertical baseline, θ l is the look angle, θ az is the azimuth or squint angle, ρ is the range and d = 1 for left looking systems and d = −1 for right looking systems. A key feature of this formula is the along-track offsets only range dependency is from the derivatives of the baseline with respect to along-track position. In the electronically scanned case this in no longer true and an additional range dependency arises that is a function of the electronic steering angle.
Ross ice shelf vibrations

Broadband seismic stations were deployed across the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) in November 2014 to study ocean gravity wave-induced vibrations. Initial data from three stations 100 km from the RIS front and within 10 km of each other show both dispersed infragravity (IG) wave and ocean swell-generated signals resulting from waves that originate in the North Pacific. Spectral levels from 0.001 to 10 Hz have the highest accelerations in the IG band (0.0025–0.03 Hz). Polarization analyses indicate complex frequency-dependent particle motions, with energy in several frequency bands having distinctly different propagation characteristics. The dominant IG band signals exhibit predominantly horizontal propagation from the north. Particle motion analyses indicate retrograde elliptical particle motions in the IG band, consistent with these signals propagating as Rayleigh-Lamb (flexural) waves in the ice shelf/water cavity system that are excited by ocean wave interactions nearer the shelf front.
The succession of generations of electron microscopists

Abstract Since its inception, the electron microscope has undergone numerous modifications and improvements, such that one speaks of the various “generations” of instruments. Often overlooked is the fact that also the microscopists have changed. Today they concentrate on questions and problems which differ from those of the early years; and also the techniques, means and knowledge which lead to the solution of the problems are different from those of the first days. In this paper the various generations of electron microscope users—and their modus operandi—are described.