cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct and reflex cardiovascular effects of trichothecene mycotoxins.

Abstract Intravenous injection of T-2 toxin or roridin-A (2 mg/kg) into pentobarbital-anesthetized (30 mg/kg) dogs produced, respectively, decreased systolic pressure within 30 min and atrio-ventricular block within 60 min. Within 45 ± 15 min after injection of each toxin heart rate increased and remained elevated for at least 4 hr. The increase in sinus rate was reduced by 50% when dogs were pretreated with i.v. propranolol—HCI (5 mg/kg); pretreatment with atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg) did not alter the effect of the trichothecenes. Upon administration of T-2 toxin or roridin-A (30 mg/1) to isolated arterially perfused canine right atria, sinus rate decreased by 12% and 28%, respectively, and sinus node cell diastolic potentials became more negative by 7% and 10%, respectively. Sino-atrial block observed in 50% of the isolated atrial preparations perfused with roridin-A disappeared when toxin perfusion was discontinued. Perfusion with T-2 toxin or roridin-A produced no significant effects on atrial muscle cell action potentials. The cardiovascular response to systemic trichothecenes was hypotension followed by propranonol-sensitive tachycardia. The direct effects on conduction system cells may contribute to the overall deleterious action on the cardiovascular system.
Donald Davidson, Anomalous Monism and the Study of Religion

Donald Davidson's concept of "anomalous monism" is not nearly as well known as his related attack on the idea of "conceptual schemes," though they are closely related. This concept, I shall argue, has several important implications for the study of religion. In particular, it implies that, as an account of mind and language, "cognitive science" is going to be of limited interest. Moreover, and that approaches to the study of religion based on models drawn from cognitive science are likely to be "degenerate research programmes." If this is so, then we can reasonably marginalize such programmes to the extent that they compete with more promising projects.
Impaired Infectivity of Ritonavir-resistant HIV Is Rescued by Heat Shock Protein 90AB1

Certain ritonavir resistance mutations impair HIV infectivity through incomplete Gag processing by the mutant viral protease. Analysis of the mutant virus phenotype indicates that accumulation of capsid-spacer peptide 1 precursor protein in virus particles impairs HIV infectivity and that the protease mutant virus is arrested during the early postentry stage of HIV infection before proviral DNA synthesis. However, activation of the target cell can rescue this defect, implying that specific host factors expressed in activated cells can compensate for the defect in ritonavir-resistant HIV. This ability to rescue impaired HIV replication presented a unique opportunity to identify host factors involved in postentry HIV replication, and we designed a functional genetic screen so that expression of a given host factor extracted from activated T cells would lead directly to its discovery by rescuing mutant virus replication in nonactivated T cells. We identified the cellular heat shock protein 90 kDa α (cytosolic), class B member 1 (HSP90AB1) as a host factor that can rescue impaired replication of ritonavir-resistant HIV. Moreover, we show that pharmacologic inhibition of HSP90AB1 with 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (tanespimycin) has potent in vitro anti-HIV activity and that ritonavir-resistant HIV is hypersensitive to the drug. These results suggest a possible role for HSP90AB1 in postentry HIV replication and may provide an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
The Syndromes of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone

I. Introduction THE syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone are characterized by reduced clinical and biochemical manifestations of thyroid hormone action relative to the circulating hormone levels. In practice, most patients are identified by the persistent elevation of serum levels of T4 and T3 with “inappropriately” nonsuppressed TSH, in the absence of intercurrent acute illness, drugs, or alterations of thyroid hormone binding to serum proteins. More importantly, administration of supraphysiological doses of thyroid hormone fail to produce the expected suppressive effect on the secretion of pituitary TSH and/or to induce the expected metabolic responses in the peripheral tissues. Since the publication of the index cases in 1967 (1), 347 subjects have been reported who exhibit the characteristics of the syndrome (Refs. 1–129 and our personal communications and observations). In this review, we summarize all cases known to us, present their common features as well as unusual manifestations, and attem...
Organ-specific, developmental, hormonal and stress regulation of expression of putative pectate lyase genes in Arabidopsis

Summary • Pectate lyases catalyse the eliminative cleavage of de-esterified homogalacturonan in pectin, a major component of the primary cell walls in higher plants. In the completed genome of Arabidopsis, there are 26 genes (AtPLLs) that encode pectate lyase-like proteins. • Here, we analysed the expression pattern of all AtPLLs in different organs, at different stages of seedling development and in response to various hormones and stresses. • The expression of PLLs varied considerably in different organs, with no expression of some PLLs in vegetative organs. Interestingly, all PLL genes are expressed in flowers. Several PLLs are expressed highly in pollen, suggesting a role for these in pollen development and/or function. Analysis of expression of all PLL genes in seedlings treated with hormones, abiotic stresses and elicitors of defense responses revealed significant changes in the expression of some PLLs without affecting the other PLLs. The stability of transcripts of PLLs varied considerably among different genes. • Our results indicate a complex regulation of expression of PLLs and involvement of PLLs in some of the hormonal and stress responses.
A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL MATERIAL BEHAVIOR

The inter-particle behavior that occurs within electrorheological (ER) materials was investigated numerically. In this initial phase of the study, a two-dimensional material assumption was adopted, and static situations were investigated. A unit cell geometry consisting of two particles separated by a fluidic carrier medium was selected, and hybrid cylindrical-numerically generated grid systems were utilized. With appropriate boundary conditions applied, electric potential distributions throughout unit cells were determined. Electric field and current distributions and resultant mechanical stresses were then calculated. Results are presented in the form of electric potential, field, and current distributions, as well as net inter-particle forces.
Statistical models of brittle deformation: Part II: computer simulations

Abstract The second part of this study grew from the extensive work needed to identify the patterns and dominant aspects of the quasi-brittle response of solids subjected to high strain rates. The study also addresses the limits within the effective parameters and average fields of deterministic continuum models are representative measures of the thermodynamic state during a non-equilibrium, non-local and irreversible deformation.
Separating function from structure in perfusion imaging of the aging brain

The accuracy of cerebral blood flow (CBF) imaging in humans has been impeded by the par- tial volume effects (PVE), which are a consequence of the limited spatial resolution. Because of brain atrophy, PVE can be particularly problematic in imaging the elderly and can considerably overestimate the CBF difference with the young. The primary goal of this study was to separate the structural decline from the true CBF reduction in elderly. To this end, a PVE-correction algorithm was applied on the CBF images acquired with spin-echo EPI continuous arterial spin labeling MRI (voxel size 5 3.4 3 3.4 3 8 mm 3 ). Tissue-specific CBF images that were independent of voxels' tissue fractional volume were obtained in elderly (N 5 30) and young (N 5 26); mean age difference was 43 years. Globally, PVE-corrected gray matter CBF was 88.2 6 16.1 and 107.3 6 17.5 mL/100 g min 21 in elderly and young, respectively. The largest PVE contribution was found in the frontal lobe and accounted for an additional 10% and 12% increase in the age-related CBF difference between men and women, respec- tively. The GM-to-WM CBF ratios were found to be on average 3.5 in elderly and 3.9 in young. Whole brain voxelwise comparisons showed marked CBF decrease in anterior cingulate (bilateral), caudate (bilateral), cingulate gyrus (bilateral), cuneus (left), inferior frontal gyrus (left), insula (left), middle frontal gyrus (left), precuneus (bilateral), prefrontal cortex (bilateral), and superior frontal gyrus (bilat- eral) in men and amygdala (bilateral), hypothalamus (left), hippocampus (bilateral), and middle frontal gyrus (right) in women. Hum Brain Mapp 00:000-000, 2009. V V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prorocentrum minimum tracks anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs on a global basis: Application of spatially explicit nutrient export models

Abstract Nutrient over-enrichment from land-based sources has degraded estuarine and coastal marine waters worldwide. Linking nutrient loading, in magnitude and form, to specific ecosystem effects, however, has been a challenge on the global scale. The harmful algal species Prorocentrum minimum has long been thought to be associated with eutrophication based on several site-specific long-term databases and a previous review of its global spreading. Using recently developed spatially explicit models that quantify global river nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) export to the coastal zone and the contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources, as well as a review of the global distribution of P. minimum , we show that this HAB species is associated with regions of high dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (DIP) exports that are strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources (such as fertilizers and manures for DIN). Blooms of this species were also linked to regions with relatively high anthropogenic contributions to dissolved organic N and P export. The global distribution of this species is expected to expand, given that nutrient inputs to watersheds from agriculture, sewage and fossil fuel combustion are projected to more than double by 2050 unless technological advances and policy changes are implemented.
Exploring metacognitive accuracy in visual search.

For decades, researchers have examined visual search. Much of this work has focused on the factors (e.g., movement, set size, luminance, distractor features and proximity) that influence search speed. However, no research has explored whether people are aware of the influence of these factors. For instance, increases in set size will typically slow down target detection; yet no research has measured participants’ metacognitive awareness of this phenomenon. The present research explores this area by integrating a visual search task with a metacognitive monitoring paradigm. All of the explored factors influenced search latency. However, all of the factors except target presence influenced ratings. Saliency and suppression are discussed as two possible explanations for the results. Future directions for extending the theory and the practical benefits of this research are also outlined.
THE CONTEXT OF DOMINANCE: AN INDUSTRY-DRIVEN FRAMEWORK FOR EXPLOITING REPUTATION

In spite of the growing interest in sustainable advantages, there has been little effort by strategy researchers to investigate market dominance. In this paper, the extent of dominance by leading firms is linked to the ability to develop and exploit their reputation as a key resource. Results from a wide spectrum of consumer product markets indicate that the advantages that stem from reputation are typically tied to specific industry characteristics. In particular, dominance is more likely to be observed in industries that offer consumer products that are purchased frequently and have lower prices. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extensional Models for Formation of Sedimentary Basins and Continental Shelves: ABSTRACT

Two kilometers of sediment cover more than 70% of the continents. The major accumulations occur in sedimentary basins and at continental shelves. The areas of maximum subsidence are generally associated with thin crust and evidence of extension. Of the concepts advanced to explain this subsidence, uniform extension has proved the most useful. Models based on uniform extension account for the gross features of the basins and shelves, and provide a quantitative method for examining the history of subsidence. Modifications, however, are needed to explain the detailed subsidence of most areas and to account for regions with early uplift. Problems associated with the sum of the heave on the faults underestimating the amount of extension appear resolved. The problems and modifications lead to limitations in the use of the models. The advantage, however, that they require a quantitative evaluation of all the data more than offsets these limitations. Because of this requirement for quantitative evaluation, the models have great value as tools in the design of data-acquisition programs. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1442------------
Cell-cycle regulation and mammalian gametogenesis: a lesson from the unexpected.

The progression of mammalian gametogenesis requires a precise balance between cell-cycle activities and elimination of defective gametogenic cells to ensure the perpetuation of species. Both spermatogonia and oogonia are stem cell populations committed to meiosis with the aim of generating haploid gametes for fertilization. At puberty, mitotically dividing spermatogonial cell cohorts maintain the ability of cell renewal and occupy niches in the seminiferous tubule. In contrast, mitotically dividing oogonial cell cohorts produced in the fetal ovary, are exclusively committed to meiosis and produce primordial follicles housing a primary oocyte surrounded by somatic follicular cells. A consistent physiological event during mammalian gametogenesis is the disposal of spermatogenic cells by apoptosis and ovarian follicles by atresia. Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their cyclin partners coordinate the activities of the cell cycle. An additional cell-cycle regulatory component is the centrosome. The centrosome harbors regulatory proteins controlling the normal progression of the cell cycle. Changes in individual centrosome proteins can lead to cell-cycle arrest and a decrease in the genomic protective function of p53 that promotes apoptosis. Disruption of cyclin A1, Cdk2, and Cdk4 expression in transgenic mice results in infertility and gonadal atrophy. Cdk–cyclin complexes interact with regulatory proteins, which may fine-tune the activities of the complex. One of the many regulatory proteins is p12, a 115 amino acid growth suppressor polypeptide designated p12CDK2AP1, partner of Cdk2 and with binding affinity to DNA polymerase α/primase. Overexpression of p12 is associated with testicular and ovarian atrophy without affecting fertility. Ectopic expression of p12 was driven by the keratin 14 promoter. Keratin 14 is the pairing partner of keratin 5 and both keratins are expressed in testis. The efficiency of keratin promoters in driving ectopic gonadal gene expression, the association of gonadal atrophy with the ectopic expression of a Cdk2 regulatory protein and the centrosome, as a reservoir of cell-cycle regulatory proteins, open new experimental opportunities to address still lingering questions concerning cell differentiation and division during mammalian gametogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 939–942, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Near-infrared luminescence of ferric oxide particles

Abstract A weak near-infrared luminescence has been observed for fine-particle Fe2O3 when excited by 1064 nm radiation from a Nd:YAG laser. There are three broad luminescence peaks at 7994, 7225 and 6686 cm− 1, with intensities about 10 times that of the Raman scattering. The relative intensities vary with particle morphology and with heat treatment. Overall band intensities increase by about a factor of 10 for Fe2O3 that has been heated to 500 °C and the decreases again for material that has been heated to 1000 °C. The emission was assigned to the 4T1g→6A1g crystal field transition of octahedral Fe3+. A large Stokes shift is associated with these transitions.
The role of emergency services in health care for the elderly: A review

The hospital emergency department (ED) has become an important means of access to health care for the elderly. Inadequacies in the current health care system for the elderly are reflected in their high utilization rates of the ED, continuing questions about the appropriateness of elderly ED patients, differences in the ED care offered the elderly versus the young, and poor coordination of care to and from the ED. Evidence of potential misuse of emergency services exists for both the ED and the emergency medical transport (EMS) systems. The increasing number of nursing home patients sent to the ED with nonemergent problems further emphasizes inadequacies of primary care in the nursing home setting. Economic, legal, and ethical issues that have changed the way medicine is practiced in other settings are finally reaching the sector of emergency services. The current and future roles of emergency medicine services, and the impact these issues will have on the practice of emergency medicine, are discussed.
Flow simulations in arbitrarily complex cardiovascular anatomies – An unstructured Cartesian grid approach

Abstract Image guided computational fluid dynamics is attracting increasing attention as a tool for refining in vivo flow measurements or predicting the outcome of different surgical scenarios. Sharp interface Cartesian/Immersed-Boundary methods constitute an attractive option for handling complex in vivo geometries but their capability to carry out fine-mesh simulations in the branching, multi-vessel configurations typically encountered in cardiovascular anatomies or pulmonary airways has yet to be demonstrated. A major computational challenge stems from the fact that when such a complex geometry is immersed in a rectangular Cartesian box the excessively large number of grid nodes in the exterior of the flow domain imposes an unnecessary burden on both memory and computational overhead of the Cartesian solver without enhancing the numerical resolution in the region of interest. For many anatomies, this added burden could be large enough to render comprehensive mesh refinement studies impossible. To remedy this situation, we recast the original structured Cartesian formulation of Gilmanov and Sotiropoulos [Gilmanov A, Sotiropoulos F. A hybrid Cartesian/immersed boundary method for simulating flows with 3D, geometrically complex, moving bodies. J Comput Phys 2005;207(2):457–92] into an unstructured Cartesian grid layout. This simple yet powerful approach retains the simplicity and computational efficiency of a Cartesian grid solver, while drastically reducing its memory footprint. The method is applied to carry out systematic mesh refinement studies for several internal flow problems ranging in complexity from flow in a 90° pipe bend to flow in an actual, patient-specific anatomy reconstructed from magnetic resonance images. Finally, we tackle the challenging clinical scenario of a single-ventricle patient with severe arterio-venous malformations, seeking to provide a fluid dynamics prospective on a clinical problem and suggestions for procedure improvements. Results from these simulations demonstrate very complex cardiovascular flow dynamics and underscore the need for high-resolution simulations prior to drawing any clinical recommendations.
High genetic diversity among fossorial lizard populations ( Anniella pulchra ) in a rapidly developing landscape (Central California)

California is a biodiversity hotspot facing unbridled human population growth, especially in Central California. One of the poorly known, sensitive species in this area is the California legless lizard (Anniella pulchra), a fossorial worm-like reptile. We report mt and nuDNA sequences from 69 museum-vouchered samples of Anniella (A. pulchra and its sister species A. geronimensis) from 48 localities. Our genetic survey reveals substantially more genetic diversity within A. pulchra than previously reported. Our two independently evolving markers (mt and nuDNA) reveal five major lineages of A. pulchra. Two of the five major lineages of A. pulchra correspond to a north-south split found in other widespread California reptiles. These northern and southern clades also correspond to a previous study showing variation in chromosomal number. Unlike most other Californian reptiles, A. pulchra has major genetic lineages that are endemic to Central California including two that are endemic to the San Joaquin Valley and Carrizo Plain. Although A. pulchra is threatened throughout its range, the distinct San Joaquin lineages are seriously imperiled by urban sprawl. Some of the localities for the newly recognized genetic lineages have already been destroyed by development.
Photoelectric observations of Krzeminski's star, the companion of Centaurus X-3

Centaurus X-3 was the first discovered X-ray source whose intensity is pulsed and eclipsed. Though the X-ray properties of the Cen X-3 system have been intensively studied, the optical properties remained unstudied until Krzeminski's identification of the optical counterpart of Cen X-3. Observations of the X-ray eclipse duration, pulsation frequency variation, and pulse arrival time variation have been used to place limits on the nature of the system and to predict the nature of the optical companion and X-ray sources. An observational determination is presented of the several system parameters based on a preliminary interpretation of the light curve of Krzeminski's star.
Middle management: the missing link

Suggests that, rather than being a block to quality improvement, middle managers can be a driving force in making improvement happen. Argues for a systemic improvement approach which deals with improvement issues in distinct organisational strata, which places hourly‐paid workers and managers on different teams. Makes a case for middle managers as an indispensable link between the hourly‐paid improvement teams and the rest of the organisation.
Managing for Water Clarity in Chesapeake Bay

Diminished clarity has been listed as a water quality impairment in Chesapeake Bay. The \ICE-QUAL-ICM\N eutrophication model has been revised and recalibrated to provide management guidance in alleviating impaired clarity. The algorithms used to model light attenuation and suspended solids are presented herein. Computed and observed total and volatile solids and light attenuation are examined in several formats. A solids budget constructed for the bay identifies major solids sources as internal production, bank erosion, and watershed loading. Sensitivity to loading sources and a key management scenario are examined. Major but feasible reductions in solids and nutrient loads, coupled with reductions in bank erosion, are calculated to meet clarity goals at the 1-m depth in the main bay and major eastern embayments. Careful examination of model results at small scales is required to verify large-scale findings, however. We recommend major improvements in monitoring, computation of light attenuation, and in sediment transport modeling to improve the state of the art in modeling and management of water clarity.
Ion-beam focusing in a double-plasma device

The authors studied the propagation of a low-energy charge-neutralized ion beam injected into the target region of a long double-plasma device. A magnetic field of up to approximately 180 G may be applied along the axis of the device. As a result of charge exchange collisions, the ion beam is attenuated as it propagates into the target region. However, under certain conditions of magnetic field strength and neutral gas pressure, the authors have observed a 'reemergence' of the beam on axis far downstream in the target. This reemergence of the ion beam is attributed to a focusing of the ions by a self-consistently produced radial ambipolar electric field. The effect may be expected to occur in other types of plasma devices as well, whenever a sufficiently large radially inward electric field is present. >
Social Identity and Health: An Intergroup Communication Approach to Cancer

This article describes the ways in which group identifications and stereotypes can inform our understanding of cancer prevention and treatment as well as more general social processes surrounding the experience of cancer. From a perspective grounded in social identity theory, we describe the ways in which understanding primary identities (i.e., those associated with large social collectives such as cultural groups), secondary identities (i.e., those associated with health behaviors), and tertiary identities (i.e., those associated with cancer) can help explain certain cancer-related social processes. We forward a series of propositions to stimulate further research on this topic.
Reaching Agreement in the Presence of Faults

The problem addressed here concerns a set of isolated processors, some unknown subset of which may be faulty, that communicate only by means of two-party messages. Each nonfaulty processor has a private value of information that must be communicated to each other nonfaulty processor. Nonfaulty processors always communicate honestly, whereas faulty processors may lie. The problem is to devise an algorithm in which processors communicate their own values and relay values received from others that allows each nonfaulty processor to infer a value for each other processor. The value inferred for a nonfaulty processor must be that processor's private value, and the value inferred for a faulty one must be consistent with the corresponding value inferred by each other nonfaulty processor.It is shown that the problem is solvable for, and only for, n ≥ 3m + 1, where m is the number of faulty processors and n is the total number. It is also shown that if faulty processors can refuse to pass on information but cannot falsely relay information, the problem is solvable for arbitrary n ≥ m ≥ 0. This weaker assumption can be approximated in practice using cryptographic methods.
Design, implementation, and testing of an adaptable optimal controller for an electric wheelchair

The design, implementation, and testing of an adaptable optimal controller for an electric wheelchair are presented. Optimal control theory and pattern recognition techniques are combined to produce the design of a controller using a modified proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) control method. The controller is adaptable in the sense that multiple sets of control coefficients are used with each set being optimized for a specific range of wheelchair load parameters. The appropriate set of control coefficients may be automatically selected based on load parameter estimates to provide a self-adaptive controller, or manually selected prior to installation to tailor the chair to a particular user. The manually adaptable controller is implemented in a microprocessor-based system. The experimental results obtained from installing and testing the system on an electric wheelchair are presented and discussed. >
Calibrated Localization Relationships for Polycrystalline Aggregates by Using Materials Knowledge System

Multiscale modeling of material systems demands novel solution strategies to simulating physical phenomena that occur in a hierarchy of length scales. Majority of the current approaches involve one way coupling such that the information is transferred from a lower length scale to a higher length scale. To enable bi-directional scale-bridging, a new data-driven framework called Materials Knowledge System (MKS) has been developed recently. The remarkable advantages of MKS in establishing computationally efficient localization linkages (e.g., spatial distribution of a field in lower length scale for an imposed loading condition in higher length scale) have been demonstrated in prior work. In these prior MKS studies, the effort was focused on composite materials that had a finite number of discrete local states. As a major extension, in this work, the MKS framework has been extended for polycrystalline aggregates which need to incorporate crystal lattice orientation as a continuous local state. This extension of the MKS framework for elastic deformation of polycrystals is achieved by employing compact Fourier representations of functions defined in the crystal orientation space. The viability of this new formulation will be presented for case studies involving single and multi-phase polycrystals.
Species-specific patterns of DNA bending and sequence

Nucleotide sequences in the GenEMBL database were analyzed using strategies designed to reveal species-specific patterns of DNA bending and DNA sequence. The results uncovered striking species-dependent patterns of bending with more variations among individual organisms than between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The frequency of bent sites in sequences from different bacteria was related to genomic A + T content and this relationship was confirmed by electrophoretic analysis of genomic DNA. However, base composition was not an accurate predictor for DNA bending in eukaryotes. Sequences from C. elegans exhibited the highest frequency of bent sites in the database and the RNA polymerase II locus from the nematode was the most bent gene in GenEMBL. Bent DNA extended throughout most introns and gene flanking segments from C.elegans while exon regions lacked A-tract bending characteristics. Independent evidence for the strong bending character of this genome was provided by electrophoretic studies which revealed that a large number of the fragments from C.elegans DNA exhibited anomalous gel mobilities when compared to genomic fragments from over 20 other organisms. The prevalence of bent sites in this genome enabled us to detect selectively C.elegans sequences in a computer search of the database using as probes C.elegans introns, bending elements, and a 20 nucleotide consensus sequence for bent DNA. This approach was also used to provide additional examples of species-specific sequence patterns in eukaryotes where it was shown that (A) greater than or equal to 10 and (A.T) greater than or equal to 5 tracts are prevalent throughout the untranslated DNA of D.discodium and P.falciparum, respectively. These results provide new insight into the organization of eukaryotic DNA because they show that species-specific patterns of simple sequences are found in introns and in other untranslated regions of the genome.
Tiling convex sets by translates

LetK be a compact, convex subset ofEdwhich can be tiled by a finite number of disjoint (on interiors) translates of some compact setY. Then we may writeK=X+Y, whereX is finite. The possible structures forK, X andY are completely determined under these conditions.
Social and Temperamental Influences on Children's Overestimation of Their Physical Abilities: Links to Accidental Injuries.

This study examined social and temperamental influences on children's judgments about their physical abilities and relations between temperamental characteristics, ability overestimation, and accidental injuries. Six- and 8-year-olds first observed a peer succeed or fail on a set of physical tasks and then made judgments about their ability to perform those same physical tasks. At both ages, children who first watched a peer fail on the tasks made more conservative judgments about their own abilities than did children who watched the peer succeed. The relations between temperamental characteristics and judgment ability differed for the two ages. An aggregated temperament measure of Surgency/Undercontrol was related to judgment accuracy for 6-year-olds and to decision times for 8-year-olds. Likewise, the relations between temperament, ability overestimation, and accidental injuries differed for the two age groups. Ability overestimation was related to accidental injuries for 6-year-old boys whereas temperamental characteristics were related to accidental injuries for 8-year-olds. These findings suggest that both the factors that put children at risk for accidental injuries and the relations between temperamental characteristics and cognitive abilities change with development.
Theda Skocpol: “Probing the Institutional Roots of Politics”

APSA president Theda Skocpol's research has had a profound intellectual influence that crosses disciplinary boundaries and spans several subfields in political science, including comparative politics, comparative-historical analysis, and American politics. Her work addresses major questions about politics and social organization in a remarkably diverse range of empirical settings. What are the causes of major social revolutions, such as the French, Russian, and Chinese revolutions? What is distinctive about the development of the welfare state in United States? How do basic forms of civic life influence American democracy? Running through this diverse body of work is a core concern: Skocpol's passion to show how politics works by studying patterns of conflict and institutional change at the intersection of government and society. This central goal drives the defining features of her work: the comparative-historical approach, attention to institutions and actors whose political role has been neglected, and a dedication to making social science address real world problems. Skocpol's research offers fresh perspectives and provocative arguments that have sparked spirited debates and launched whole new lines of research. In the process, her work has had a profound impact on both the questions that political scientists ask and the methods that they use. She has also served as a powerful voice in favor of universal social support for families in American public policy.
Proteins and Small Molecules for Cellular Regenerative Medicine

Regenerative medicine seeks to understand tissue development and homeostasis and build on that knowledge to enhance regeneration of injured tissues. By replenishing lost functional tissues and cells, regenerative medicine could change the treatment paradigm for a broad range of degenerative and ischemic diseases. Multipotent cells hold promise as potential building blocks for regenerating lost tissues, but successful tissue regeneration will depend on comprehensive control of multipotent cells–differentiation into a target cell type, delivery to a desired tissue, and integration into a durable functional structure. At each step of this process, proteins and small molecules provide essential signals and, in some cases, may themselves act as effective therapies. Identifying these signals is thus a fundamental goal of regenerative medicine. In this review we discuss current progress using proteins and small molecules to regulate tissue regeneration, both in combination with cellular therapies and as monotherapy.
Opportunistic application flows in pervasive environments

Summary form only given. Supporting applications in sensor-based pervasive environments requires a programming and management paradigm where the behaviors as well as the interactions of applications elements (sensors, actuators, and services) are dynamic, opportunistic, and context, content and capability aware. We present a programming model that enables opportunistic flows in pervasive environments. The model builds on content-based discovery and routing services and defines associative rendezvous as an abstraction for content-based decoupled interactions. Cascading local behaviors (CLB) then build on associative rendezvous to enable opportunistic application flows to emerge as a result of context and content based local behaviors. We also present the design, prototype implementation and experimental evaluation of the Meteor programming framework and content-based middleware.
Construction of optimal quality control for oligo arrays

Motivation: Oligo arrays are important experimental tools for the high throughput measurement of gene expression levels. During production of oligo arrays, it is important to identify any faulty manufacturing step. Results: We describe a practical algorithm for the construction of optimal quality control designs that identify any faulty manufacturing step. The algorithm uses hillclimbing, a search technique from combinatorial optimization. We also present the results of using this algorithm on all practical quality control design sizes. Availability: On request from the authors.
HCV infection clearance with functional or non-functional caspase-12

To the Editor: It has yet to be elucidated why some patients clear hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but most do not. Recent reports suggest that increased caspase activity may lead to clearance o...
A Transgenic Model of Central Nervous System Autoimmunity Mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T and B Cells

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used model of multiple sclerosis. In NOD mice, EAE develops as a relapsing-remitting disease that transitions to a chronic progressive disease, making the NOD model the only mouse model that recapitulates the full clinical disease course observed in most multiple sclerosis patients. We have generated a TCR transgenic mouse that expresses the α- and β-chains of a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55-reactive TCR (1C6) on the NOD background. 1C6 TCR transgenic mice spontaneously generate both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that recognize MOG and produce proinflammatory cytokines, allowing for the first time to our knowledge the simultaneous examination of myelin-reactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the same host. 1C6 CD8(+) T cells alone can induce optic neuritis and mild EAE with delayed onset; however, 1C6 CD4(+) T cells alone induce severe EAE and predominate in driving disease when both cell types are present. When 1C6 mice are crossed with mice bearing an IgH specific for MOG, the mice develop spontaneous EAE with high incidence, but surprisingly the disease pattern does not resemble the neuromyelitis optica-like disease observed in mice bearing CD4(+) T cells and B cells reactive to MOG on the C57BL/6 background. Collectively, our data show that although myelin-reactive CD8(+) T cells contribute to disease, disease is primarily driven by myelin-reactive CD4(+) T cells and that the coexistence of myelin-reactive T and B cells does not necessarily result in a distinct pathological phenotype.
Mining Interpretable Human Strategies: A Case Study

This paper focuses on mining human strategies by observing their actions. Our application domain is an HCI study aimed at discovering general strategies used by software users and understanding how such strategies relate to gender and success. We cast this as a sequential pattern discovery problem, where user strategies are manifested as sequential patterns. Problematically, we found that the patterns discovered by standard algorithms were difficult to interpret and provided limited information about high-level strategies. To help interpret the patterns and extract general strategies, we examined multiple ways of clustering the patterns into meaningful groups, which collectively led to interesting findings about user behavior both in terms of gender differences and problem-solving success. As a real-world application of data mining techniques, our work led to the discovery of new strategic patterns that are linked to user success and had not been revealed in more than nine years of manual empirical work. As a case study, our work highlights important research directions for making data mining more accessible to non-experts.
The determination of electric field gradients from X-ray diffraction data

The electric field gradient (EFG) tensors for Al and O atoms in corundum and for C and D(2H) in hexadeuterobenzene (C6D6) are determined from accurate X-ray diffraction data using four independent computational strategies. Two of the strategies capitalize on the fact that the electric field gradient is the second derivative of the electrostatic potential, a simple relationship which has not been exploited previously in analyses of diffraction data. The convergence behaviour of the tensor components calculated by each strategy is examined for both systems, and the fully converged results obtained with each computational strategy are shown to be identical. It is found that the orientation of the tensors and the signs of their components are well determined from diffraction data, but the magnitudes and asymmetry of the components are not. Discrepancies in previous analyses of the corundum data are resolved, and it is shown that the origin of the EFG at hydrogen is quite different from that at heavier nuclei....
Do Americans Understand That Global Warming Is Harmful to Human Health? Evidence From a National Survey

Abstract Background Global warming has significant negative consequences for human health, with some groups at greater risk than others. The extent to which the public is aware of these risks is unclear; the limited extant research has yielded discrepant findings. Objectives This paper describes Americans' awareness of the health effects of global warming, levels of support for government funding and action on the issue, and trust in information sources. We also investigate the discrepancy in previous research findings between assessments based on open- versus closed-ended questions. Methods A nationally representative survey of US adults (N = 1275) was conducted online in October 2014. Measures included general attitudes and beliefs about global warming, affective assessment of health effects, vulnerable populations and specific health conditions (open- and closed-ended), perceived risk, trust in sources, and support for government response. Findings Most respondents (61%) reported that, before taking the survey, they had given little or no thought to how global warming might affect people's health. In response to a closed-ended question, many respondents (64%) indicated global warming is harmful to health, yet in response to an open-ended question, few (27%) accurately named one or more specific type of harm. In response to a closed-ended question, 33% indicated some groups are more affected than others, yet on an open-ended question only 25% were able to identify any disproportionately affected populations. Perhaps not surprising given these findings, respondents demonstrated only limited support for a government response: less than 50% of respondents said government should be doing more to protect against health harms from global warming, and about 33% supported increased funding to public health agencies for this purpose. Respondents said their primary care physician is their most trusted source of information on this topic, followed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and their local public health department. Conclusions Most Americans report a general sense that global warming can be harmful to health, but relatively few understand the types of harm it causes or who is most likely to be affected. Perhaps as a result, there is only moderate support for an expanded public health response. Primary care physicians and public health officials appear well positioned to educate the public about the health relevance of climate change
An Introduction to Outlier Analysis

Outliers are also referred to as abnormalities, discordants, deviants, or anomalies in the data mining and statistics literature. In most applications, the data is created by one or more generating processes, which could either reflect activity in the system or observations collected about entities. When the generating process behaves unusually, it results in the creation of outliers. Therefore, an outlier often contains useful information about abnormal characteristics of the systems and entities that impact the data generation process. The recognition of such unusual characteristics provides useful application-specific insights.
Distress and Dysfunction: Homeowners Associations as Mirror and Metaphor

Common interest communities (CIC), a somewhat generic characterization that includes within its grasp planned and single-family home developments, condominiums, housing cooperatives and gated and walled communities all under the umbrella of a homeowners association, are the mainstay of residential development. It has been estimated that one in five Americans now live in some form of homeowner-association (HOA) controlled dwelling. In some states, upwards of fifty percent of homeowners find themselves living in a CIC. Much has been written about the proliferation of common interest communities, and the phenomenon of privatization that their prominence reflects. Relying on an exhaustive declaration of covenants, conditions and restrictions (CC&Rs) to privately control land use, the traditional CIC template for organization and resident governance has been both blessing and curse. In some instances, homeowner associations and their governing boards facilitate peaceful and predictable habitation, providing convenience, stability and order. By contrast, in many venues homeowner association governance has led to inefficiency, misunderstanding and heightened acrimony, as excessive reliance on rule-based models shifts the relevant inquiry of resident relations from “how is my neighbor doing?” to “what is my neighbor doing?” In a prior article, we explored the fundamental structural and conceptual deficiencies underlying the CIC as a form of property ownership, service delivery and self-governance. We proposed that the rule-bound boilerplate that governs the traditional CIC be replaced by a legal paradigm that places far greater reliance on the power of social trust and community and far less emphasis on the traditional command-and-control rule regime. Still, our research left us with the indelible impression that surprisingly little is known about the actual experience of CIC living. In this project, we engaged in empirical research to better understand that experience. In the process, we came to identify particular shortcomings and structural deficiencies in the standard CIC template. Our research includes a series of case studies of CICs in which deficient and unresponsive CIC governance and poor interpersonal relations among CIC members combined to produce atmospheres of social distrust and management dysfunction. Throughout the course of our inquiry, we sought tentative answers to these questions: Are the problems that plague troubled CICs primarily a problem of "bad" law, in the form of originating and governing documents and structure, or instead a problem of poor interpersonal relations and inadequate training of leaders? Are the existing CIC rules -- and their enforcement -- part of the problem or part of the solution to troubled and distressed CICs? What structural and non-structural reforms can be taken by a CIC board or by CIC members to help to build social trust and improve management accountability and responsiveness?
Finite Element for Buckling of Curved Beams and Shells with Shear

Inclusion of shear deformations allows the bending theory to be extended to relatively thick beams and shells and, at the same time, simplifies the finite element formulation for both thick and thin beams because monotonic convergence may be achieved without ensuring continuity of displacement derivatives between adjacent elements. Consequently, on may use low order interpolation polynomials, including linear ones. This is particularly useful in the case of curved beams because with higher order interpolation polynomials it is very difficult to satisfy exactly the conditions of no self-staining at rigid body rotations and of availability of all constant strain states, while with linear displacement interpolation polynomials and a straight shape of the element these requirements are easily met.
On the healthcare question.

Some years ago, a colleague of mine lamented the degree to which money pollutes our profession. “Money and medicine don't mix,” I recall him saying over dinner. In the April 26, New York Times Pete...