cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of P450 inhibition and induction on the olfactory toxicity of β, β′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in the rat†

In addition to the neurotoxic effects of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) which have been previously reported by other investigators, the olfactory toxicity of this compound has recently been uncovered in this laboratory. Due to the apparently conflicting observations that the IDPN-induced lesion in the olfactory mucosa is very focal in nature (suggesting site-specific activation) and the observation by other investigators that the behavioral effects of IDPN appear to be due to the parent compound, we initiated studies into the possible role of the cytochrome P450 enzymes in the olfactory toxicity of IDPN. Immunohistochemical studies with antibodies raised against several different P450 isoforms revealed good correlation between IDPN-induced olfactory mucosal degeneration and the localization of a protein immunoreacting with an antibody to P450 2E1. Enzymatic studies revealed that there is approximately five-fold more p-nitrophenol hydroxylation activity in the olfactory mucosa than in the liver on a per milligram microsomal protein basis. Administration of 1% acetone in the drinking water increased the levels of olfactory mucosal 2E1, and the increase in enzyme levels corresponded to increased olfactory toxicity of IDPN; inhibition of P450 activities with either metyrapone or carbon tetrachloride eliminated or significantly decreased the olfactory toxicity of IDPN, respectively. These studies suggest a role for cytochrome P450, specifically the 2E1 isoform, in the activation of IDPN within the nasal mucosa.
Cytokine-specific induction of the TGF-beta inducible early gene (TIEG): regulation by specific members of the TGF-beta family.

Select members of the TGF-beta family of cytokines play key regulatory roles in skeletal development, structure, and turnover. This laboratory has previously reported that TGF-beta treatment of immortalized normal human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells results in the rapid induction of the mRNA levels of a TGF-beta inducible early gene (TIEG) followed by changes in cell proliferation and bone matrix protein production. Previous studies have also shown that nonmembers of the TGF-beta superfamily showed little or no induction of TIEG mRNA. This article further addresses the cytokine specificity of this TIEG induction by examining whether activin and select bone morphogenetic proteins, (BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-6), which are representative of different subfamilies of this superfamily, also induce the expression of TIEG in hFOB cells. However, TGF-beta remained the most potent of these cytokines, inducing TIEG mRNA steady-state levels at 0.1 ng/ml, with a maximum induction of 24-fold at 2.0 ng/ml. The BMP-2 (16-fold), BMP-4 (4-fold), and activin (1-3-fold) also induced TIEG mRNA levels, but at reduced degrees compared to TGF-beta (24-fold), and only at much higher cytokine concentrations, e.g., 50-100 ng/ml, compared to 2 ng/ml for TGF-beta. BMP-6 showed no effect on TIEG mRNA levels. The TIEG protein levels generally correlated with the mRNA steady-state levels. As with TGF-beta, BMP-2 treatment of hFOB cells was shown by confocal microscopy to induce a rapid translocation of the TIEG protein to the nucleus. In summary, the relative potencies of these TGF-beta family members to induce TIEG expression generally follows the general osteoinductive capacity of these cytokines, with TGF-beta >>> BMP-2 > BMP-4 > activin >> BMP-6.
Chemical Composition Studies on Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) Tubers

To add data to the very limited information on winged bean tubers, samples from 26 varieties were analyzed for proximate analysis, tannin, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN). The averages obtained were: crude fat, 0.96%, ash, 2.94%; acid detergent fiber, 16.56%; crude protein, 16.4%; carbohydrate, 57.72%; tannin, 5.32 mg/g tubers; trypsin inhibitor, 1033 TIU/g tubers. NPN constituted only a small percentage (16.2%) of the total nitrogen indicating that most of the nitrogen is protein. A significant proportion of NPN (76%) was ninhydrin positive, indicating free amino adds, peptides and possibly other amines. Tannin concentration was higher than those present in seeds. The presence of TIA necessitates heat processing before consumption.
A consistent test for the null of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root

Abstract This paper constructs a consistent test for the null of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root, utilizing the regression properties investigated by Kahn and Ogaki (1990).
Why Some Beliefs of the Transformational Linguists Are Unbelievable.

Abstract On occasion, transformational linguists write about the psychological reality of the rules that they produce for their grammers. Assuming such rules have psychological reality, some curious facets of the theory come to light. In particular, the well-known and accepted series of rules which constitute the lexicalist hypothesis would require belief in the fact that the human brain stores such obviously related pairs as careful/carefully as separate entities and does not relate them. Similarly, the transformationalist's position would require that lexical units manifesting varying degrees of polysemy would also be stored separately. This would then make it impossible to derive ambiguous strings since the individual lexical units are subcategorized in such a way that their distribution is mutually exclusive. Both of these beliefs seem to be incorrect since, on the one hand, the brain must store and then produce items such as careful/carefully in a maximally efficient manner and, on the other hand, it can obviously produce intentionally ambiguous strings such as puns. At both of these points, then, the rules produced by a transformational grammar cannot be psychologically real.
The enantioselective determination of chlorpheniramine and its major metabolites in human plasma using chiral chromatography on a β-cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase and mass spectrometric detection ☆

Abstract A sensitive enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of plasma concentrations of (−)( R )- and (+)( S )-chlorpheniramine (CP) and their metabolites, desmethyl-chlorpheniramine (DCP), didesmethyl-chorpheniramine (DDCP) and chlorpheniramine N -oxide (CPNO). Enantioselective separations were achieved on a β-cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase (CYCLOBOND I 2000™) with a mobile phase consisting of diethylamine acetate (0.25%, pH 4.4):methanol:acetonitrile {85:7.5:7.5, (v/v/v)} and a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min. For CP, the enantioselectivity ( α ) of the separation was 1.12 with a resolution factor ( R s ) of 1.17. The method was validated for CP by using mass spectroscopy detection (MSD). Concentrations of each enantiomer could be measured down to 125 pg/ml from a 1-ml plasma sample. Extracted calibration curves were linear from 0.13 to 50.00 ng/ml for each enantiomer. The method was applied to samples from two clinical studies.
Political Regimes and Suburban Growth, 1980–1990:

We provide new evidence on two hypotheses associated with the model of the city as a growth machine. The first posits the pervasive influence of pro‐growth coalitions in local governing regimes. Th...
Angular Distribution of Neutrons from O 18 ( p , n ) F 18

The reaction ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}(p, n){\mathrm{F}}^{18}$ has been studied using monoenergetic protons from the Rockefeller electrostatic generator. Resonances in the neutron yield in the forward direction are found at proton energies ${E}_{p}=2.657, 2.732, 2.778, 3.045, 3.170, 3.268, 3.386, 3.495, 3.600, \mathrm{and} 3.755$ Mev. The angular distribution of neutrons from this reaction at proton energies ${E}_{p}=3.045, 3.170, 3.268, \mathrm{and} 3.386$ Mev has been measured with a proton recoil counter. The most probable values of the spins of the excited states in ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ corresponding to these resonances are $J={\frac{3}{2}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}, {\frac{1}{2}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}, {\frac{3}{2}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}, \mathrm{and} {\frac{1}{2}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ respectively.
The 5-HT4 Agonists Cisapride, Mosapride, and CJ-033466, a Novel Potent Compound, Exhibit Different Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene (hERG)-Blocking Activities

Abstract The blocking effect of three 5-HT4 agonists, cisapride, mosapride, and the newly discovered CJ-033466 on the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel was studied using a whole cell patch-clamp technique in HEK293 cells. Cisapride was found to be the most potent of the hERG blockers. CJ-033466 had the widest safety margin between its hERG blocking activity and 5-HT4 agonism among the tested compounds. This suggests a lower clinical risk of cardiac arrhythmia in CJ-033466 compared with the other 2 agonists. Therefore, CJ-033466 has the potential to be a drug with higher therapeutic efficacy and less cardiac risk than both cisapride and mosapride.
Identifying the metastatic seeds of breast cancer

Two studies show that circulating tumor cells from breast cancer patients give rise to metastases in mice.
Interrelationships of merchandise performance measures as determined by merchandise plans and merchandise plan errors

The purpose of this study was to explore the interrelationships of selected merchandise performance measures as determined by merchandise plans and merchandise plan errors through development of stochastic computer simulation models. Utilising Sourcing Simulator, a merchandising analysis tool, a total of 4320 data were generated and analysed through path analysis. The findings indicate significant relationships among inventory management, service level, and profitability, which were critically influenced by the internal merchandise planning factors – assortment diversity and merchandise replenishment – and external consumer demand factors – merchandise plan errors. This study identified the significant role of volume per stock-keeping unit for an assortment (VSA) as a guideline of assortment diversity on inventory management, service level, and profitability. Well-integrated merchandise planning, considering the internal merchandise planning factors and the external consumer demand factors, is suggested f...
Two-band model for halogen-bridged mixed-valence transition-metal complexes. I. Ground state and excitation spectrum.

We consider a 3/4-filled, two-band discrete tight-binding Peierls-Hubbard model for an isolated chain of a halogen-bridged, mixed-valence, transition-metal linear-chain complex (HMMC or {ital MX} chain). We have employed the adiabatic approximation in which the quantum fluctuations associated with phonons are implicitly treated as an external field for the electrons, and treat electron-electron effects in the Hartree-Fock approximation. We investigate ground states as functions of the model parameters and doping-induced and photoinduced excitations---kinks, polarons, bipolarons, and excitons. Results for several experimental observables, including the lattice distortion, the excess charge and spin densities of defects, and the optical absorption, are compiled. For the ground state, we find that the bond-order-wave (BOW) portion of the one-band phase diagram is eliminated from the two-band phase diagram, in agreement with the lack of real materials in the pure BOW phase. The extent of electron-hole asymmetry and of spatial localization or delocalization of defects is explored. Two separate solitons or polarons are compared with corresponding bipolarons. We demonstrate explicitly the need to employ the two-band model for a realistic modeling of the {ital MX} systems, focusing on three specific systems: (a) highly distorted, valence-localized (strongly charge-disproportionated) PtCl, (b) moderately distorted PtBr, and (c) weakly distorted, valence-delocalizedmore » (weak charge-density wave) PtI. The compilation of results reported here constitutes a reference resource against which the rapidly expanding experimental data can be compared.« less
An air-carrier continuous analysis system.

Abstract An air-carrier continuous analysis system (ACCAS) is introduced that permits the reaction of a fixed volume of a sample with fixed volumes of one or more reagents, either simultaneously or sequentially. ACCAS is envisioned as a complement to segmented continuous-flow analysis (SCFA) and flow-injection analysis (FIA). ACCAS is capable of high throughput rates (∼3600 samples/hr) and low waste generation.
Heterosexual Dominance and Mating Behavior in Chickens 1

In a flock of chickens the cocks have a social organization distinct from that among the hens. Although the males usually do not peck the females they appear to dominate them. An experiment was devised in an effort to determine whether the social dominance of males over females exerts any influence on success in mating. With the use of capons an experimental heterosexual peck-order was formed. Capons which were socially inferior to some of the females were injected with an estrogen, which restored treading and copulation without any evident increase in aggressiveness. It was found that social dominance by the hormonally treated capons over the females was not essential for treading and copulation although it did facilitate mating. Observations of unisexual matings among hens or among cockerels also suggest that the individual taking the male role was more successful in attempts to mate with its inferiors than with its social superiors. These results along with others presented in the discussion give indications that the passive dominance of normal cocks over the hens in well integrated flocks facilitates mating.
Real-time PCR-based genotyping assay for CXCR2 polymorphisms

Abstract Background : The human chemokine receptor CXCR2 (IL8RB) is a high affinity receptor for interleukin-8 as well as other CXC chemokines, and is involved in the chemotaxis of immune cells. Genetic variants of CXCR2 have potential relevance in various inflammatory human disorders. We developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based allelic discrimination assay for the detection of the CXCR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) C785T, T1208C and G1440A. Methods : Polymorphisms were delineated using PCR amplification of specific alleles (PASA). Allele-specific primers were developed for both wild-type and mutant alleles. An additional nucleotide mismatch at the third position from the 3′ end of each primer was used to improve amplification specificity and to prevent generation of nonspecific products. Genotypes were assigned based on PCR growth curves and melt curve analysis performed on a SmartCycler® using SYBR Green I chemistry. Results : Genotyping assignments were successfully performed in a set of 20 human DNA samples, and were validated by comparison with results from direct DNA sequencing and agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products. Conclusions : Due to its rapid and relatively inexpensive performance and accuracy, the presented allelic discrimination assay for CXCR2 polymorphisms has wide applicability, especially for high-throughput sample analysis in large population genotyping studies.
Structure and Instability of the Ekman Spiral in the Presence of Surface Gravity Waves

Abstract The physical processes responsible for maintaining the mixed layer am examined by considering the velocity structure. The low-frequency Ekman response in the interior of unstratified mixed layers is much less sheared than is predicted using eddy viscosity models that reproduce the temperature structure. However, the response is more sheared than predicted by models that parameterize the mixed layer as a slab. An explanation is sought by considering the effect of an infinite train of surface gravity waves on the mean Ekman spiral. For some realistic conditions, the Ekman spiral predicted by assuming small-scale diffusion alone is strongly unstable to Langmuir cells driven by wave-current interaction. In the Northern Hemisphere, these cells are oriented to the right of the wind, the result of a balance between maximizing the wave-current forcing, maximizing the efficiency of this forcing in producing cells, and minimizing the crosscell shear. The cells are capable of replacing small-scale turbulent...
An enthalpy-temperature hybrid method for solving phase change problems and its application to polymer pyrolysis and ignition

In this work, an enthalpy-temperature hybrid method is proposed for the numerical solution of generalized phase change problems, and applied to the prediction of polymer pyrolysis and ignition. The basic idea of this method is to treat both enthalpy and temperature as independent variables, and to solve the conservation equations and the constitutive equations (enthalpy-temperature relations) simultaneously. The formula of the enthalpy-temperature relations are not necessary the same for different phases, but can be chosen independently according to the characteristics of physical problems and the convenience of numerical analysis for each respective phase. Therefore this method applies to the problems regardless of the form of the constitutive equations. It overcomes the difficulty or even impossibility encountered in the traditional enthalpy-temperature method, of which either enthalpy or temperature must be consistently and explicitly expressed as a function of the other over all the phases. The method is first applied to a one-dimensional classical freezing problem for method demonstration and verification. It is found that the numerical results of temperature history and the position of phase change interface agree well with the analytic solution existing in the literature. The method is then applied to the numerical simulation of the pyrolysis and ignition of a composite material with a polymer as the matrix and fiberglass as the filling material. Three models of oxygen distribution in the molten layer are considered to explore the melting and oxygen effects on the polymer pyrolysis. Numerical calculation shows that high oxygen concentrations in the molten layer enhance the pyrolysis reaction, resulting in a larger amount of pyrolysate, but in lower surface temperatures of the sample. It also shows that distribution of oxygen in the molten layer has a strong effect on pyrolysate rate, and therefore on ignition and combustion of polymers. Comparison with available experimental data indicates that a model of oxygen distribution in the molten layer that is limited to a thin layer near the surface describes best the ignition process for a homogeneously blended polypropylene/fiberglass composite.
Abstract 4879: Distinct roles of p53 and p19ARF in MYC-dependent tumor oncogene addiction

Acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a pediatric malignancy in which the MYC oncogene is frequently overexpressed. Although, T-ALL responds to standard therapies, in 20% of cases, treatment fails to induce sustained remission, resulting in reduced patient survival. Inhibition or restoration of the mutant gene products that drive tumorigenesis can reverse the aberrant cell growth and result in elimination of tumor cells through the phenomenon of oncogene addiction. In order to recapitulate tumor regression and recurrence, we have developed conditional mouse models of MYC-dependent T-ALL, thereby allowing for the investigation of therapeutic resistance. Recently, we have shown oncogene addiction in our MYC-driven murine model of T-ALL occurs through both tumor cell-intrinsic mechanisms, such as cellular senescence and apoptosis, and tumor cell-extrinsic, host-dependent mechanisms, including inhibition of angiogenesis, immune system-dependent tumor clearance, and autocrine/paracrine survival signaling. We now present evidence that loss of either p53 or p19ARF facilitates tumor recurrence through distinct mechanisms. p53 utilizes host-dependent mechanisms by allowing tumors to maintain angiogenesis, while p19ARF employs tumor-cell intrinsic mechanisms to circumvent senescence upon oncogene inactivation in vivo. To further interrogate the mechanisms that underlie p53- and p19ARF-dependent tumor recurrence, we performed gene expression analysis on MYC wild-type, MYC/p53-/-, and MYC/p19-/- tumors before and after MYC inactivation. Utilizing novel computational techniques to compare gene expression from our T-ALL cells to gene expression of normal hematopoietic differentiation from the Immunologic Genome Project, we have delineated the regulatory pathways underlying the effects of tumor suppressor loss in human MYC-driven lymphoma cells in the presence of targeted MYC-inactivation. We have also utilized expression analysis to establish gene signatures from unique to our MYC/p53-/- and MYC/p19-/- murine T-ALL models and shown them to be prognostic for specific human T-ALL subtypes, as well as patient relapse-free survival. Overall, we have utilized whole transcriptomic analysis to further define the underlying cell signaling by which loss of p53 and p19 facilitate tumor recurrence and demonstrated that loss of these tumor suppressors can predict outcome in human patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4879. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4879
The effects of some herbicides and pesticides on sodium uptake by isolated perfused gills from the carp Cyprinus Carpio

Abstract 1. 1. The isolated perfused gill system was used to examine the effects of various herbicides and pesticides on sodium uptake and branchial vascular resistance. 2. 2. The pesticide, p,p′-DDT, significantly increased sodium uptake and flow rate at the concentration tested. 3. 3. The pesticide, aldrin, and the herbicides, atrazine and trifluralin, significantly decreased sodium uptake, but had no effects on flow rate at the concentrations tested.
Magnetic fields and plasmas in the inner heliosphere: Helios results

Abstract The magnetic field of Mercury and the structure and dynamics of Mercury's magnetosphere, which will be studied by the spacecraft orbiting Mercury, are strongly influenced by the interaction of the solar wind with Mercury. In order to understand the internal magnetic field, it will be necessary to correct the observations of the external field for the distortions produced by the solar wind. Understanding of the solar wind interaction with Mercury is essential for understanding the structure and dynamics of the magnetosphere and phenomena such as magnetic storms. Helios 1 and 2 made a number of passes in the region traversed by the orbit of Mercury, and each pass provided a sample of the solar wind environment of Mercury. This paper reviews the plasma and magnetic field observations from Helios that provide a general basis for interpreting the observations of Mercury that will be made by orbiting spacecraft. The variables that govern the structure and dynamics of the magnetospheres of Mercury and Earth are approximately 5–10 times larger at Mercury than at Earth. Thus, the solar wind interaction with Mercury will be much stronger than the interaction with Earth. Moreover, the solar wind at Mercury is probably more variable than that at Earth. There is a clear need for measurements of the solar wind during the approach of spacecraft to Mercury and while they are in orbit around Mercury.
Religious Insight and the Cognitive Problem

Despite the title, I do not intend to launch another expedition into the domain of epistemology. I wish instead to call attention to some problems which have arisen for philosophical theologians and philosophers of religion, as a result of two facts about the development of modern philosophy and its bearing on the analysis and interpretation of religious insight. Following these considerations, I shall propose in brief compass a programme for the future which I believe will prove fruitful for the philosophical treatment of religious concerns.
On the Angular Distribution in Nuclear Reactions and Coincidence Measurements

Theorems concerning the general form of the angular distribution of products of nuclear reactions and distintegrations are derived. These theorems are based only on the invariance properties of the physical process under space rotation and under inversion. The following examples are studied in detail: (i) angular correlation between the electron and the neutrino in $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay; (ii) angular correlation between a $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray and a $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emitted in succession by a nucleus; and (iii) angular correlation between two $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays emitted in succession by a nucleus.
Reflections at graduation: The long‐term impact of elementary school experiences in creative productivity

The research presented in this article reports the first phase of a longitudinal study of young creative producers involved in a pilot program in Torrington, Connecticut based on the Enrichment Triad Model and the Revolving Door Identification Model. Nine senior high school students from the program underwent extensive interviews concerning their educational experiences ten years after their involvement in the program. The students selected for the study were chosen because of the creative productivity (Type Ills) they exhibited during their elementary Talented and Gifted Program experience. Student products and management plans provided information about the creative productivity experiences of the students. Interviews with the students concerning their Type III experiences were analyzed resulting in five major findings which provide insightful information for educators responsible for implementing programs for high ability students.
Scale of attentional focus in visual search.

The effects of the spatial scale of attention on feature and conjunction search were examined in two experiments. Adult participants in three age groups—young, young-old, and old-old—were given precues of varying validity and precision in indicating the location of a target letter subsequently presented in a visual array. Systematic decreases in the size of a valid precue (toward the size of the target) progressively facilitated both feature and conjunction search, with a greater benefit accruing to conjunction search. Age-related slowing in conjunction search was mitigated by precise (small and valid) precues, presumably because they reduced the need for participants in the young-old group to focus and to shift attention. Nevertheless, this benefit was reduced in the old-old group. The effects of valid location precue size varied with cue-target stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) in a manner that interacted with search difficulty: Effects of cue size developed more rapidly in feature search but more slowly in conjunction search. Finally, when precues were invalid for target location, search was faster with larger sized precues. Thus, in both easy feature search and hard conjunction search, the scale of visuospatial attention modulates the speed of visual search. Furthermore, when the SOA is sufficiently long for cue effects to develop, the ability to dynamically adjust the scale of visuospatial attention appears to decline in advanced age. These results go beyond current models in suggesting that visuospatial attention possesses two dynamic properties—shifting in space and varying in scale—that are deployed independently, depending on task demands.
Modified Time-Dependent Penetration Length and Inlet Pressure Field in Rectangular and Cylindrical Channel Flows Driven by Non-Mechanical Forces

In this paper, we derive the governing equation for the time dependent penetration length of a fluid column in rectangular and cylindrical channels under the action of nonmechanical forces like capillary or electro-osmotic force. For this purpose, first we obtain the velocity profile for unidirectional unsteady flow by satisfying momentum equation in differential form. Then, we relate the rate of change of penetration length with volume flux to obtain the governing equation of the penetration length. As the velocity profile is exact, the analysis is devoid of any mathematical error. As a result, the theoretical results are valid irrespective of the Reynolds number of the system as long as the flow inside the cylindrical or rectangular conduit is laminar. We then use the new expressions of velocity fields of respective conduits to derive a more accurate expression of the entrance pressure by using a hemispherical model for the control volume for finite aspect ratio. As these channels are very common, our governing equations for penetration length will have a wide range of applicability. These applications especially include creeping flow in micro fluidic domain for which we have a simplified version of the derived equation.
Debugging with Evaluation Abstractions

Do programmers put everything they know about a problem domain into the code they write to solve that problem? Or do they instead select a relatively parsimonious subset of that knowledge to define formally and translate into code? If the latter is true, it may be that they bring their original, richer perspective to bear in checking their program's behavior against their expectations. I will refer to these richer abstractions as "evaluation abstractions", in contrast to the formal "programming abstractions" embodied in the code.
Air Travel after Biopsy-related Pneumothorax: Is It Safe to Fly?

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the safety of air travel after percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy (PTNB). Materials and Methods The study population included 179 patients who underwent 183 PTNBs followed by air travel within 14 days of the procedure. Patients were contacted after their flight and asked to complete a brief telephone survey that assessed for the development of respiratory symptoms during air travel. Results No patient reported experiencing an in-flight medical event that required emergent, in-flight medical attention or flight diversion. Postbiopsy pneumothorax developed in 65 patients. Of patients with postbiopsy pneumothorax, including patients with radiographic evidence of residual pneumothorax, 50 (77%) traveled within 4 days of the final postbiopsy chest radiograph. Worsening of existing respiratory symptoms or the development of new respiratory symptoms during or after the flight was reported in 14 of 183 patients (8%). Conclusions This study shows that air travel after biopsy-related pneumothorax can occur safely before radiographic resolution of pneumothorax and as soon as 24 hours after PTNB.
Measured and calculated variation of the photoionization cross section ratio for argon from 0 to 0.50 eV above the 2Po32,12 photoionization thresholds

Abstract By means of a newly developed electron energy analyser, the ratio σ( 2 P 0 3 2 )/σ( 2 P 0 1 2 ) for 90° electron ejection has been directly measured for argon gas in the range 0–0.050 eV above the respective 2 P 0 3 2 and 2 P 0 1 2 photoionization thresholds. Pronounced spectral variation of the branching ratio is observed, due to auto onizing n s and n d levels above the 2 P 0 3 2 threshold. The results of a multi-channel quantum defect analysis account quantitatively for the measurements.
Population pharmacokinetics of nicotine and its metabolites I. Model development.

We present a mechanistic population model for the pharmacokinetics of nicotine (NIC), its primary (CYP2A6-generated) metabolite cotinine (COT), and COT’s primary (CYP2A6-generated) metabolite, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (3HC). Sixty-six subjects received oral deuterium-labeled NIC (NIC-d2, 2 mg), and COT (COT-d4, 10 mg) simultaneously. Frequent plasma/saliva samples were taken for measurement of concentrations of NIC-d2, COT-d2, 3HC-d2, COT-d4, and 3HC-d4. A mechanistic population pharmacokinetic model was fitted to all data simultaneously. Most of the pharmacokinetic parameters found here agree with previous studies and with a previous model-independent analysis of these data. However, 3HC t1/2 was found to be considerably shorter than a previously reported value, possibly because 3HC elimination was saturated with the larger doses used in the previous study. Additionally, the delay in the appearance of COT-d2 in the blood was modeled as a time delay (t1/2 = 12 min) in its release from the liver following NIC-d2 administration. The most important result of the previous model-independent analysis of these data, confirmed here, is that NIC clearance to COT and the 3HC:COT saliva concentration ratio are highly correlated (r = 0.7−0.8). The correlation above support that idea that the 3HC:COT ratio can be used as a predictor of CYP2A6 activity and nicotine clearance. The model-based analysis extends and further justifies this conclusion.
The Role of Flexibility in the Rational Design of Modularly Assembled Ligands Targeting the RNAs that Cause the Myotonic Dystrophies

Modularly assembled ligands were designed to target the RNAs that cause two currently untreatable neuromuscular disorders, myotonic dystrophy types 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2). DM1 is caused by an expanded repeating sequence of CUG, and DM2 is caused by expanded CCUG repeats. Both are present in noncoding regions and fold into hairpins with either repeating 1x1 nucleotide UU (DM1) or 2x2 nucleotide 5'-CU/3'-UC (DM2) internal loops separated by two GC pairs. The repeats are toxic because they sequester the RNA splicing regulator muscleblind-like 1 protein (MBNL1). Rational design of ligands targeting these RNAs was enabled by a database of RNA motif-ligand partners compiled by using two-dimensional combinatorial screening (2DCS). One 2DCS study found that the 6''-azido-kanamycin A module binds internal loops similar to those found in DM1 and DM2. In order to further enhance affinity and specificity, the ligand was assembled on a peptoid backbone to precisely control valency and the distance between ligand modules. Designed compounds are more potent and specific binders to the toxic RNAs than MBNL1 and inhibit the formation of the RNA-protein complexes with nanomolar IC(50) values. This study shows that three important factors govern potent inhibition: 1) the surface area sequestered by the assembled ligands; 2) the spacing between ligand modules since a longer distance is required to target DM2 RNAs than DM1 RNAs; and 3) flexibility in the modular assembly scaffold used to display the RNA-binding module. These results have impacts on the general design of assembled ligands targeting RNAs present in genomic sequence.
The economic determinants of accounting choices: The unique case of equity carve-outs under SAB 51

Abstract Since 1983, parents carving out subsidiaries have faced two unusual accounting choices. First, whether to take the carve-out gain into income or directly to equity. Second, whether to provide a book tax on the gain or not. We find that parent leverage, unexpected write-offs in the carve-out year, the carve-out gain size, and unexpected future earnings generate predicted probabilities that are concordant with 78% of the observed equity versus net income choices and 73% of tax versus no-tax choices. We conclude that parents' SAB 51 decisions reflect forces from efficient contracting, earnings management and information signaling theories of accounting choice.
Making Greater Use Of Dedicated Hospital Observation Units For Many Short-Stay Patients Could Save $3.1 Billion A Year

Using observation units in hospitals to provide care to certain patients can be more efficient than admitting them to the hospital and can result in shorter lengths-of-stay and lower costs. However, such units are present in only about one-third of US hospitals. We estimated national cost savings that would result from increasing the prevalence and use of observation units for patients whose stay there would be shorter than twenty-four hours. Using a systematic literature review, national survey data, and a simulation model, we estimated that if hospitals without observation units had them in place, the average cost savings per patient would be $1,572, annual hospital savings would be $4.6 million, and national cost savings would be $3.1 billion. Future policies intended to increase the cost-efficiency of hospital care should include support for observation unit care as an alternative to short-stay inpatient admission.
Subarachnoid Extension of Hemorrhage is Associated with Early Seizures in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background Seizures are common in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, potentially by inciting cortical irritability. Seizures are also commonly seen after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), although the mechanisms and risk factors within that population are not well understood. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether subarachnoid hemorrhage extension (SAHE) is associated with early seizures in patients with primary ICH. Methods Patients with primary ICH were enrolled into a prospective registry between December 2006 and July 2012. Patients were managed per a structured protocol. SAHE was identified on imaging by expert reviewers blinded to outcomes. Electroencephalograms were routinely obtained in patients with unexplained, poor level of arousal. Seizure was determined by clinically observed convulsions or traditional electroencephalographic criteria. Early seizures were defined as occurring within 3 days of hemorrhage. A binary logistic regression model was developed to test whether the occurrence of SAHE was independently associated with seizures. Results A total of 234 patients were studied. Of these, 93 (40%) had SAHE and 9 (4%) had early seizures. SAHE was associated with early seizures ( P = .03). No additional variables were identified by regression modeling to mediate the association between SAHE and early seizures (odds ratio 5.62 [95% confidence interval 1.14-27.7], P = .034). Conclusions SAHE is associated with early seizures in patients with primary ICH. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and determine whether modifications to routine care based on the presence of SAHE would be of benefit.
Dihydroxybenzoic acid isomers differentially dissociate soluble biotinyl-Aβ(1-42) oligomers.

Polyphenolic compounds including a number of natural products such as resveratrol, curcumin, catechin derivatives, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid have effects on the assembly of Aβ fibrils and oligomers as well as on fibril morphology. Based on a lead structure obtained from a screen of a small molecule diversity library, simple benzoic acid derivatives distinguished by the number and position of hydroxyls on the aromatic ring displayed different abilities to dissociate preformed biotinyl-Aβ(1–42) oligomers. The 2,3-, 2,5-, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) isomers were active oligomer dissociators. The remaining DHBA isomers and the monohydroxy and unsubstituted benzoic acids were inactive and did not compete with the active compounds to block oligomer dissociation. None of the compounds blocked oligomer assembly, indicating that they do not interact with monomeric Aβ to shift the oligomer–monomer equilibrium. Dissociating activity was not associated with quinone redox cycling capacity of the compounds...
Effects of Carrier Density and Shape on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances of Cu2–xS Nanodisks

A major challenge in the synthesis of plasmonic semiconductor nanocrystals is the ability to control localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties by varying the size, shape, and carrier density of the nanocrystal. For example, copper sulfide (Cu2–xS) nanodisks possess two distinct LSPR modes that occur in the infrared range. Here, we demonstrate that the wavelengths of these LSPR modes can be modulated by independently varying the aspect ratio of the disk and the overall carrier density of Cu2–xS. These variables can be controlled during nanocrystal growth by carrying out thermolysis of a copper-thiolate precursor under a specific gas environment. Our results show that during thermolysis, the presence of oxygen enhances the growth rate of crystalline Cu2–xS nanodisks and the formation of Cu vacancies that contribute to free carrier concentration. By carrying out thermolysis under a nitrogen environment, we are able to tune the aspect ratio of nanodisks independent of Cu vacancy formation. Using t...
Two cases of traumatic head injury mimicking acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion

Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) presents a distinct clinical course of biphasic seizures and impaired consciousness. These symptoms are followed by reduced diffusion in the subcortical white matter on magnetic resonance imaging that is typically observed between 3 and 9 days after illness onset. Here, we report two cases of traumatic head injury with clinical and radiological features similar to those for AESD. The similarities between our cases and AESD may be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of AESD.
Postoperative upper and lower gastrointestinal recovery and gastrointestinal morbidity in patients undergoing bowel resection: pooled analysis of placebo data from 3 randomized controlled trials

Abstract Background This analysis examines gastrointestinal recovery in patients who underwent bowel resection (BR) in 3 recent trials. Methods Patients who underwent BR in the placebo groups of 3 randomized, double-blind, phase III, parallel-group, multicenter alvimopan efficacy trials were analyzed. Results Most patients tolerated solid food and had a bowel movement by postoperative day 4. The majority of patients were discharged from the hospital by day 6, but 24.4% required a prolonged hospital stay or readmission. The incidence of nausea was highest on the day of surgery and decreased thereafter, whereas vomiting was uncommon on the day of surgery but increased slightly on postoperative days 1 to 6. The incidence of postoperative nasogastric tube insertion was highest (12%) on day 2. Conclusions This analysis provides valuable clinical insight into gastrointestinal recovery after BR in a large homogenous patient population receiving multimodal care.
Lessing's Fragmentary History of the Aesopic Fable

AbstractThis article deals with the fragments Lessing left on the History of the Aesopic Fable. It analyses the fragments, and discusses modern materials as an aid toward a modern History.
Metal-colloid partitioning in artificial interstitial waters of marine sediments: influences of salinity, pH, and colloidal organic carbon concentration.

For decades, heavy metals have been deposited into marine sediments as a result of anthropogenic activities. Depending on their bioavailability, these metals may represent a risk to benthic organisms. Dissolved interstitial water metal concentrations have been shown to be better predictors of bioavailability than sediment metal concentrations. In order to improve our understanding of metals bioavailability in sediments, it is essential to fully comprehend metal speciation. Colloidal organic carbon is ubiquitous in marine interstitial water and readily forms complexes with numerous dissolved metals, greatly reducing their bioavailability. Methods were applied to isolate dissolved and colloidal cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc from interstitial waters using centrifugation and stirred cell ultrafiltration. Influences of salinity, pH, and colloidal carbon concentration on partitioning behavior were investigated. In the pH study, colloidal-dissolved partitioning of each metal (Kp) was observed to increase as pH rose. Conversely, in the salinity experiment, metal Kps declined as salinity increased. For the metal–organic colloid study, linear isotherms were calculated for each of the metals, resulting in log Kcocs ranging from 5.90 for zinc to 7.50 for copper. Kp values calculated from metal-spiked field sediments were in good agreement with those measured in the salinity study. These results provide insight into the behavior of metals associated with colloidal organic carbon in marine sediments under the conditions occurring in estuarine systems.
In vivo monitoring of skeletal aluminum burden in patients with renal failure

In vivo neutron activation analysis was used to examine the total body and partial body (hand) aluminum levels in patients with end-stage renal failure. Patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis had higher mean body burdens of aluminum than, did those clinically managed without dialysis. Approximately 70% of the patients examined indicated elevated levels of body or skeletal aluminum. A significant correlation was observed between the in vivo aluminum/calcium ratio obtained for the hand measurement and the increase in serum aluminum levels following a disferroxamine infusion test. The direct in vivo monitoring of hand Al/Ca values in patients may provide an alternate choice to bone biopsy for the detection of aluminum intoxication.
Footsteps on the borane trail

Abstract The course of nearly four decades of research on the preparation and reactions of diborane and its derivatives is reviewed.
Assessing biochar's ability to reduce bioavailability of aminocyclopyrachlor in soils.

Aminocyclopyrachlor is a pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds and brush. Amending soil with activated charcoal is recommended to prevent off-site transport of aminocyclopyrachlor and non-target plant damage. We used the batch-equilibrium method to determine the concentration of aminocyclopyrachlor in a pseudo-steady state with biochar, soil, and biochar-soil systems (<10% biochar by weight). We observed that aminocyclopyrachlor is mobile in soils. Soil incorporation of activated charcoal removed nearly all of the aqueous aminocyclopyrachlor thereby limiting its bioavailability to non-target flora. On the other hand, biochars were less effective than activated charcoal. Biochar produced from olive mill waste feedstock was the most effective biochar that we assessed for reducing the aqueous herbicide concentration. Although these biochars reduced the aminocyclopyrachlor concentration, they would not be practical remediation media due to the extraordinarily high application rates required to reduce the concentration by 50% (2.13 × 105 kg ha−1–7.27 × 105 kg ha−1).
Fractal community tissue: Differentiating the energy harvest through self-similar urban form

Abstract This paper describes the application of fractal dimensioning and self-similar geometric patterning properties to the strategic harvest of solar energy. Specifically, the paper examines application of fractal principles at the scales of community, building, component, and material surface. Using fundamental geometric properties as the “simple rules applied repeatedly”, one can maximize (at differing scales) the opportunity for differentiating and managing the energy harvest to fit user(s) need. The paper discusses the use of fractal patterning as a means of dimensioning and scaling the “ratios of transparency” — the formal geometric expressions of conversion potential resulting from surface roughness condition(s). Roughness in fractal terms is a relative factor ranging in application from community-scale constructs on the land (which can mimic natural physiography) to the microscopic geometry of PV semi-conductor surfaces. Specific illustration at the scales cited can be correlated to the spreadsheet inventorying of energy harvest potentials. Fractal patterning provides an opportunity for treating strategies of energy harvest — embodied in community, building, component, and material surface — as seeds for a new urban form.