cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cold emission characterization using secondary electron emission spectroscopy

Secondary electron emission spectroscopy is used to study the electron transport and emission properties of wide bandgap materials (e.g., diamond, BeO). The secondary electron distribution generated in diamond is found to be dominated by a high concentration of very low-energy electrons, and the emission characteristics of these low-energy electrons is used to deduce information about the cold emission properties of the material. In particular, analysis of the extremely high yields measured from diamond samples indicates that the low-energy electrons have long escape depths in the material. Furthermore, electron energy distribution measurements provide insight into the emission process at various surfaces. The electron transport and emission model inferred from the diamond measurements suggests that diamond and other wide bandgap materials may be promising cold emitter materials, in which case secondary electron emission spectroscopy can be a useful characterization tool.
Impact of Hormonal Therapy on Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer Treated With Combination Brachytherapy and External Beam Irradiation

Purpose: We assessed the impact of androgen suppressive therapy on biochemical failure in patients with intermediate risk prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy and external beam irradiation.Materials and Methods: From 1994 to 2006, 432 patients with intermediate risk prostate cancer as defined by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network were treated with low dose rate brachytherapy and external beam irradiation with or without 9 months of androgen suppressive therapy. Gleason score was 7 in 76% of cases and prostate specific antigen was 1.4 to 20 ng/ml (median 7.6). Of the patients 350 received androgen suppressive therapy and 82 did not. The biologically effective dose was 142 to 280 Gy2 (median 206). Followup was 23 to 155 months (median 56).Results: The overall 8-year biochemical failure-free rate using the Phoenix definition in patients with vs without androgen suppressive therapy was 92% vs 92% (p = 0.4). The therapy had no significant impact on the biochemical failure-free rate in patients wit...
Established therapies for diabetes mellitus

SUMMARYTraditional oral anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus include the sulfonylureas, metformin, and the a-glucosidase inhibitors. Insulin has traditionally been used in various forms with an aim to mimic physiological insulin secretion patterns. Combinations of any of these treatment classes have also been utilized for their additive effects. All of these options have specific advantages and disadvantages, making them ideal for certain patients and less ideal for others. Each of these treatment classes is briefly discussed with respect to mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, side-effects and current controversies associated with their use. Newer agents (such as the thiazolidinediones, newer insulin secretagogues, and insulin analogues) will be discussed elsewhere.
A mathematical model of a one-dimensional char flame: A comparison of theory and experiment

A mathematical model of a one-dimensional char flame is used to predict the temperature profiles, char burn-out and oxygen depletion profiles, ignition time, and flame speed for different initial char concentrations, particle sizes, and size distributions without and with preheat. The model is based on the conservation equations using the radiative Equation of Transfer as the basis for the energy conservation. The relevant predictions are shown to be in good agreement with available char and coal flame data obtained by Cogoli (1) and Howard (2). Three reactivity models are examined: Case 1 for surface reaction at constant density (shrinking particle); Case 2 for internal reaction at constant radius (non-shrinking particle); and Case 3, a combined model. the low reactivity chars fit the Case 1 model which predicts, in agreement with experiment, ignition times of about 1 sec. The high reactivity chars and bituminous coal fit Case 3, the combined model, with about equal reaction externally and internally, which predicts, in a greement with experiment, ignition times of about 0.1 sec. Both monodisperse and polydisperse distributions are examined, with good agreement with experiment. The peak flame temperatures and final temperatures are shown to be substantially insensitive to particle diameter, excess air, and preheat; however, these factors strongly affect rate of heating and ignition distance or time. Ignition time is found to be most sensitive to the reactivity mode; this affects the variation of particle diameter along the flame so that there is coupling between the reaction mode and flame speed through the influence of the cloud absorptivity on the radiative flux through the flame. This is regarded as one of the most significant results of the work.
Breakdown of elasticity theory for jammed hard-particle packings: conical nonlinear constitutive theory

Abstract Hard-particle packings have provided a rich source of outstanding theoretical problems and served as useful starting points to model the structure of granular media, liquids, living cells, glasses, and random media. The nature of “jammed” hard-particle packings is a current subject of keen interest. We demonstrate that the response of jammed hard-particle packings to global deformations cannot be described by linear elasticity (even for small particle displacements) but involves a “conical” nonlinear constitutive theory. It is the singular nature of the hard-particle potential that leads to the breakdown of linear elasticity. Interestingly, a nonlinear theory arises because the feasible particle displacements (leading to unjamming) depend critically on the local spatial arrangement of the particles, implying a directionality in the feasible strains that is absent in particle systems with soft potentials. Mathematically, the set of feasible strains has a conical structure, i.e., components of the imposed strain tensor generally obey linear inequalities. The nature of the nonlinear behavior is illustrated by analyzing several specific packings. Finally, we examine the conditions under which a packing can be considered to “incompressible” in the traditional sense.
LAMELLAR STRUCTURES INDUCED BY COUPLED ELECTROMAGNETIC AND SHEAR FIELDS: A DEFINING CHARACTER OF ER/MR ACITIVITY

In this article it will be demonstrated that columns of particles bridging the electrodes are not the characteristic feature of ER fluids under field. Instead a higher level of order, particle lamellae, must develop under shear and E field if a suspension is to be a legetimate ER fluid.
Simulation of nonlinear bridge aerodynamics: A sparse third-order Volterra model

A sparse third-order Volterra model is utilized to simulate nonlinear bridge aerodynamics and attendant response under turbulent fluctuations. The Volterra model is pruned based on aerodynamic considerations, which significantly reduces computational effort needed for nonlinear analysis. The first-, second- and third-order Volterra kernels are identified using least-squares with the input–output pairs obtained from a numerical simulation and a wind-tunnel experiment. Both studies involving a simulation and an experiment show that the proposed sparse third-order Volterra model can adequately simulate nonlinear bridge aerodynamics with high fidelity. Finally, the robustness of the sparse Volterra model is verified by comparing it to an upgraded Volterra scheme.
Algal Cell-Surface Interaction: An Overview and Preliminary Test

Five methods, namely adsorption, covalent binding, encapsulation, entrapment, and cross-linking, for algae immobilization were briefly reviewed in this article. The immobilization capabilities of four solid carrier materials (polystyrene, polyurethane, polyethylene, and cross-linked polyethylene) with two algal species (Nannochloropsis oculata and Scendesmus dimorphus) were tested. After 14 days of immobilization, polystyrene foam showed the best cell attachment and was covered by algae cells not only on the outer surface but also inside the porous spaces of the carrier. The cross-linked polyethylene also showed good attachment and growth of algae cells. Between the two algae species, N. oculata showed better cell attachment than S. dimorphus on all four materials indicating that cell characteristics played an important role in cell-surface interactions. The Derjaguin & Landau and Verwey & Overbeek (DLVO) theory was applied to understand the interaction mechanism and predicted attachment trends were found qualitatively accurate in matching the experimental results.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Mode locking in arrays of superconducting weak links

Abstract The independent Josephson oscillation of individual elements in a series array of proximity coupled bridges becomes spontaneously synchronized into a single mode when the interbridge spacing is made sufficiently small.
A "Wash-out Pipet System" for Sampling Red Blood Cells

A "Wash-Out Pipet System" is described for sampling erythrocytes in heparinized blood. Packed red blood cells are drawn into a 1.0 ml pipet, washed out of the pipet, and diluted to at least 50 ml, causing the cells to lyse. The pipet is blown dry with air and is ready for use again in less than 20 s.
A collaborative informatics infrastructure for multi-scale science

The collaboratory for multiscale chemical science (CMCS) is developing a powerful informatics-based approach to synthesizing multiscale information to support a systems-based research approach and is applying it in support of combustion research. An open source multiscale informatics toolkit is being developed that addresses a number of issues core to the emerging concept of knowledge grids including provenance tracking and lightweight federation of data and application resources into cross-scale information flows. The CMCS portal is currently in use by a number of high-profile pilot groups and is playing a significant role in enabling their efforts to improve and extend community maintained chemical reference information.
Canard: a framework for community messaging

A portable and extensible framework for community messaging is described. It integrates off-the-shelf communications devices and protocols by converting them into a uniform message representation. Using personal databases, the relevancy of a message is evaluated and appropriate delivery channels selected. This framework is being tested with a group of forty students in a living group at MIT. They have been equipped with two-way pagers which can be carried at all times and work in concert with this communication framework. The framework's ability to autonomously manage communications, makes it a flexible model for the wearable community where communications reliability is an issue.
CFEL-I: a compact free electron laser

A discussion is presented of the design and predicted performance of the CREOL-UCF Compact Free Electron Laser (CFEL-I). This device will consist of a 1.7-MV Pelletron electrostatic accelerator that will be able to provide electron beam energies between 800 keV and 1.7 MeV. A 200-mA electron beam will be used to achieve output laser power of up to 1 kW. Highly efficient electron beam transport and collection will enable this device to have a large duty cycle, and eventually it may operate on a CW basis. Construction of a microundulator is underway. The 8-mm microundulator period will allow device operation between 250 mu m and 1 mm. >
The Nature-Nurture Issue: Lessons from the Pillsbury Doughboy.

One of the most difficult concepts to explain in the classroom is the complex interrelationship between genes and experience in the development of organic structure and behavior. This article descr...
Lithium intercalation in porous carbon electrodes

Carbons derived from the phase separation of polyacrylonitrile/solvent mixtures were investigated as lithium intercalation anodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The carbon electrodes have a bulk density of 0.35-0.5 g/cm{sup 3}, relatively low surface areas (< 10 m{sup 2}/g), and micron-size cells. Pyrolysis temperature influences the reversible lithium intercalation and the irreversible capacity (associated with the formation of the passivating layer). Carbon electrodes pyrolyzed at 600{degrees}C have first-cycle capacity as high as 550 mAh/g as well as large irreversible capacity, 440 mAh/g. Electrodes prepared at 1050{degrees}C have reversible capacities around 270 mAh/g with relatively lower capacity losses (120 mAh/g). Doping the organic precursors with phosphoric acid, prior to pyrolysis at 1050{degrees}C, leads to carbon electrodes with reversible capacities as high as 450 mAh/g. The capacity of doped carbon increased with increasing phosphorus concentration in the samples. The doped carbon anodes exhibited good cycleability and excellent coulombic efficiency. The electrochemical performance is related to morphology, chemical composition, and local structural order.
Fluxes of Nitrous Oxide and Other Nitrogen Trace Gases from Intensively Managed Landscapes: A Global Perspective

Concentrations of N20 in the global atmosphere have been rising over the last 20 yr at about 0.8 parts per billion volumetric (ppbv) or 0.25% yr1 to the 310 ppbv present in today's atmosphere (Fig. 6-1; Elkins and Rossen, 1989). Ice core data that indicate concentrations of around 280 ppbv in the preindustrial atmosphere (e.g., Pearman et al., 1986) suggest that this rise reflects a long-term trend (Fig. 6-2; IPCC, 1990). In fact, this 0.8 ppbv increase represents a 3.5 Tg addition of N20-N to the global atmosphere each year, and if one assumes that the present photodissociation rate of N20 in the stratosphere (11 Tg yr I N) is typical of preindustrial steady-state loading rates, then the preindustrial loading rate of N20-N was 11 Tg yr 1-suggesting that we are today adding another 40% (3.5 Tg N) of N20 to the atmosphere each year than was the case 100 yr ago (Cicerone, 1987; Robertson et al., 1989). This loading rate is significant primarily for two reasons. First, N20 is one of the major greenhouse gases, accounting for 6 to 8% of the present greenhouse forcing rate ascribed to anthropically derived gases (C02 , CFC's, CH4 , and N20; Hansen et al., 1990; IPCC, 1990). On a molar basis N20 is about 250 times more potent than C02 as an absorber of infrared radiation-in part due to its molecular structure but largely due to the fact that it absorbs in a portion of the infrared transmission window that in our present atmosphere is relatively clean (Duxbury et al., 1993). Second, N20 is the major natural regulator of stratospheric 0 3, which effectively controls the earth's ultraviolet-B (UV8 ) radiation balance. Through a series of reactions elucidated over the last 20 yr, the oxidation of N20 to NO via reaction with photolytically produced atomic oxygen 0( 1 D) in the upper stratosphere ( > 25 km) produces NO that in turn reacts with 0 3 to form
The long-term effect of moving on patients with asthma and hay fever

Abstract This is a "follow-up" study of allergic alumni seen in the University of Iowa Clinics from 15 to 25 years ago. Correspondence with them served to gather information on the long-term effect of a change in locale. The patients were from the Midwest where Alternaria mold and ragweed are the major allergens to which exposure is very heavy. Sixty-two per cent of the patients remaining in the Midwest considered themselves much better than they were years ago. Eighty-three per cent of those who had moved west regarded themselves as all or much better, and in 71 per cent this change had occurred promptly after moving. Improvement experienced in the first year usually was maintained, the development of clinically significant new allergies being uncommon. Fourteen of the 29 patients who had not done well over the years described themselves as having nasal polyps.
A robotic library system for an off-site shelving facility

This paper describes a unique robotics project, Comprehensive Access to Printed Materials (CAPM), within the context of libraries. As libraries provide a growing array of digital library services and resources, they continue to acquire large quantities of printed material. This combined pressure of providing electronic and print-based resources and services has led to severe space constraints for many libraries, especially academic research libraries. Consequently, many libraries have built or plan to build off-site shelving facilities to accommodate printed materials. An autonomous mobile robotic library system has been developed to retrieve items from bookshelves and carry them to scanning stations located in the off-site shelving facility. In subsequent stages, remote users will be able to trigger this process through a web interface in order to achieve real-time browsing of printed materials. Enhanced commercial robot systems are used in this project. The developments of the robot design, control systems, simulations, experiments and results are presented.
Weed-species dynamics and management in no-till and reduced-till fallow cropping systems for the semi-arid agricultural region of the Pacific Northwest, USA

Weed management is an important consideration in implementing newcropping systems. In the semi-arid region of the Pacific Northwest, grower interest is increasing in no-till spring cropping systems because of wind erosion from traditional winter wheat Triticum aestivum L./dust-mulch fallow(WWF). How ever, no-till represents a major shift in production practices and is likely to produce new weed management challenges. A 6-year study was initiated in 1995 to develop no-till spring cropping systems and to examine associated weed management strategies for the region. Large field-size plots were delineated in two adjacent WWF fields designated west and east sites. Rotations in each site were WWF, no-till spring wheat Triticum aestivum L./chemical fallow(SWF), no-till continuous hard-red spring wheat (CSW), and no-till hard-red spring wheat/spring barley Hordeum vulgare L. (SWSB). Weed density and richness were surveyed three times each year and included late-winter, spring in-crop, and prior to crop harvest. Because of previous cropping histories, initial weed density was higher in the east than in the west plots. Weed management for east WWF was more intense than for west WWF and reduced Bromus tectorum L. density without a subsequent increase of other species. In contrast, weed management in west WWF was less intense and B. tectorum increased. No difference in weed density or richness was detected between CSW and SWSB rotations within each field site; therefore, data from these two rotations were combined and analyzed as a single continuous spring cereal (CSC) rotation. After 6 yrs, weed density was lower in east SWF and east CSC rotations at all three assessments. Weed density in the west CSC rotation was low throughout the research except for an occasional increase in volunteer cereal, but problems in chemical-fallow management increased west SWF weed density. Species richness in notill increased in late-winter assessments after the first year as B. tectorum population declined and dicot species appeared. However, species richness was low at harvest assessments as herbicides controlled dicot weeds better than annual grasses. Weed populations in no-till rotations declined because of late-winter herbicide control of winter-annual weeds, in-crop herbicide control of dicot weeds, and postharvest herbicide applications to control Salsora iberica. The presence of wind-disseminated seed of Lactuca serriola L. and Conyza canadensis L. Cronq. in west SWF suggests these species may be future problems for long-term no-till. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Large range electrically-induced reflection notch tuning in polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals

This communication reports large magnitude (exceeding 1500 nm) and reversible reflection notch tuning in polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals (PSCLCs) formulated with negative dielectric anisotropy (−Δe) hosts upon application of a direct current (DC) field. Selective and repeatable tuning ranges of 100 nm to 400 nm are demonstrated. The reflection changes are dictated by a nonlinear distortion of the pitch across the cell thickness, which is associated with electromechanical displacement of the polymer stabilizing network. The electro-optical control of the selective reflection in −Δe PSCLCs may have potential use in optics, displays, and other commercial products.
Mental Health Problems in Hospital-Based Clinics: Patient Profile and Referral Patterns

BACKGROUND: Although several investigators have suggested that the primary care setting has become the "de facto" mental health provider, few researchers have docu mented the psychiatric referral practices of providers in these settings.OBJECTIVE: In this study, the psychiatric referral patterns of hospital-based outpa tient clinics and the needs and characteristics of the referred patient population were examined.DESIGN: After a 4-year retrospective log audit, 2, 678 written referrals were examined for patients 18 years of age and older from a large urban medical center's outpatient clinics to the outpatient psychiatry clinic at the same site.RESULTS: Findings revealed a predominately middle-aged, white, female, Medicaid popu lation referred by physician providers in primary care clinics for signs of depression and associated symptoms. However, of the patients scheduled in the psychiatry clinic, only 56% actually had visits. The average number of visits was five or less. CONCLUSIONS: Early assessment and...
Low Loss Surface-Acoustic-Wave Filters

For several years surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) devices have looked promising as future components for receiver front-end and intermediate frequency filters. However, high insertion loss and a time domain triple transit signal have limited the utilization of these devices. The low loss SAW filter overcomes both previous problems and is a milestone in electronic component development. Filters with loss as low as -0.6 dB at 35 MHz, -2.3 dB at 320 MHz, and -50 dB sidelobes are routinely constructed. This paper discusses surface-wave filters in general, and then specifically the design of low loss SAW filters.
Aerodigestive manifestations of eosinophilic esophagitis in Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome

Abstract Children with Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome may present with a variety of otorhinologic symptoms including recurrent otitis media, rhinosinusitis and sleep disordered breathing. These children also have symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease. The purpose of this case report is to highlight the case of a child with Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome who presented aerodigestive tract symptoms refractory to acid suppression treatment and was eventually diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis as a causative factor.
Is it the Kids or the Schedule?: The Incremental Effect of Families and Flexible Scheduling on Perceived Career Success

Flexible work arrangements (FWAs) are widely offered in public accounting as a tool to retain valued professional staff. Previous research has shown that participants in FWAs are perceived to be less likely to succeed in their careers in public accounting than individuals in public accounting who do not participate in FWAs (Cohen and Single 2001). Research has also documented an increasing backlash against family-friendly policies in the workplace as placing unfair burdens on individuals without children.Building directly on a previous study in this journal (Cohen and Single 2001), this study addresses the issue of whether the documented perceptions toward FWA participants are the result of electing to take part in the FWA or the result of bias against employees with children. The research questions are addressed in a 3 x 2 experimental setting in which we manipulate FWA participation, along with family status and gender of a hypothetical manager in a public accounting firm. Our findings indicate that FWA participants are viewed as less likely to advance and as less committed than individuals without children or individuals who had children but who were not taking part in a FWA. Male FWA participants are viewed as less likely to succeed than female FWA participants. This effect appears to arise from a perception that FWA participants are willing to make sacrifices in their careers to accommodate family needs and thus may not be as committed to making the sacrifices perceived as necessary to meet the rigorous demands of the public accounting environment. This raises the ethical question of what could be done to change the milieu in public accounting to foster a substantive support system for individuals who want to balance a family and a career.
The Case for Reasonable Accommodation of Conscientious Objections to Declarations of Brain Death.

Since its inception in 1968, the concept of whole-brain death has been contentious, and four decades on, controversy concerning the validity and coherence of whole-brain death continues unabated. Although whole-brain death is legally recognized and medically entrenched in the United States and elsewhere, there is reasonable disagreement among physicians, philosophers, and the public concerning whether brain death is really equivalent to death as it has been traditionally understood. A handful of states have acknowledged this plurality of viewpoints and enacted “conscience clauses” that require “reasonable accommodation” of religious and moral objections to the determination of death by neurological criteria. This paper argues for the universal adoption of “reasonable accommodation” policies using the New Jersey statute as a model, in light of both the ongoing controversy and the recent case of Jahi McMath, a child whose family raised religious objections to a declaration of brain death. Public policies that accommodate reasonable, divergent viewpoints concerning death provide a practical and compassionate way to resolve those conflicts that are the most urgent, painful, and difficult to reconcile.
Libel in the Blogosphere: Some Preliminary Thoughts (Final Version)

This brief essay attempts to account for the paucity of libel litigation relating to weblogs, and to explore ways in which the law of libel may change in response to the different character of weblogs, and new media in general.
Evaluation and Comparison of Various Strategies for Estimating Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolic Rate from Brain Images in Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) in use with F-18 labeled deoxyglucose (FDG) has received considerable attention in recent years for its role in studies of cerebral glucose metabolism. PET measurements, combined with a mathematical model describing the biochemical and physiological processes of deoxyglucose (DG) and glucose, permit noninvasive assessments of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (LCMRG). This study investigates various strategies of estimating LCMRG from PET data. Their computation requirements are compared and their sensitivities to experimental errors associated with various parameters are examined.
SCLEROTINIACEAE XIV. ASTEROCALYX

SUMMARY Asterocalyx is placed for the first time in the Sclerotiniaceae and its taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships within the family are dis- cussed. The type and one new species from Ecuador are fully described and illustrated. During the course of monographic studies with the members of the Helotiaceae which produce a gelatinized ectal excipulum in the apothe- cium, the junior author examined an isotoype specimen of A. mirabilis, the type species of Asterocalyx. He discovered a rind on the host at the base of the stipe of the apothecium, which was also noted by von Hohnel in his original description, and concluded that it belonged in the Sclerotiniaceae. It is surely a member of the Sclerotiniaceae, but as with many species, the rind is not detectable with the unaided eye and
CRITICAL MASS FLOW RATE AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION THROUGH HORIZONTAL ADIABATIC CAPILLARY TUBES FOR THE FLOW OF R-134a

Although numerical methods such as drift flux model or separated flow model are known as alternatives for experimental methods to predict critical mass flow rate through capillary tubes, they are time consuming and may not be suitable to an engineer’s need. As a result, in this paper two general correlations are developed by using drift flux model to predict critical mass flow rate and critical pressure distribution through capillary tubes. Critical mass flow rate and pressure distribution for nearly 500 operational conditions for the flow of R-134a, with inlet pressure varying from 800 to 1500 kPa and inlet subcold temperature of 0 ≤ sub T ≤ 10°C flowing through capillary tubes with length varying from 1 to 2 m and inner diameter of 0.5 ≤ D ≤ 1.5 mm were evaluated. Using developed data from drift flux model and dimensionless analysis, two general correlations were developed to predict critical mass flow rate and critical pressure distribution through capillary tubes.
The effect of chronic alveolar hypoxia on lung and serum angiotensin I converting enzyme activity.

SummaryMice exposed to chronic alveolar hypoxia showed elevations of serum and lung angiotensin I converting enzyme activity during the second week of exposure. The increment of activity of the lung and serum converting enzyme was of the same order of magnitude and occurred at approximately the same time. An increase in renal renin granules was closely correlated with both lung and serum converting enzyme activity.
Brain Macromolecules: In Vivo Measurement by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

New single- and multiple-volume in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques detect signals from brain macromolecules and can separate them from overlapping small molecule resonances. In vitro and animal studies have identified these resonances as arising from cytosolic proteins and mobile lipids. Increased macromolecule signals from lipids have been detected in both subacute stroke and in active multiple sclerosis plaques that reflect tissue breakdown and, in conjunction with elevated lactate, can be used to monitor phagocytic cell activity. The ability to follow changes in brain lipids and proteins should help to elucidate biochemical abnormalities accompanying a variety of pathological conditions.
Gold, Oil, and Dollars, and the Decline of an Economic Superpower

We discussed earlier why the convergence of the First Economic World and the Second Economic World will have inevitable effects on the upward spiral of prices on fixed resources of all sorts, like gold and oil, and a reappraisal of the value of sustainable agricultural products that require arable land and water.
Application Analysis of Explosion Proof Diesel Engine on Vehicle Used for Underground Detection

According to problem that complex environment and power of flameproof diesel locomotive is deficient in under utmost hypoxia after catastrophe underground coal mine,this paper proposes a design idea of small armored vehicle,analyzes feasibility of gas cylinder aided for oxygen and allocation of oxygenic fuel additive,and detailed calculation of related parameters is calculated.Guidance is provided for design and development of armored vehicles used for detection and rescue after catastrophe underground coal mine.
On Teaching the Course of Computer Culture Basics: Research and Practice

The course of Computer Culture Basics is a national common course for computer science, which plays an important role in raising students' consciousness of the computer culture, basic operation skill and ability in solving practical problems. This paper makes an analysis and a research study of the teaching aim of this course, compilation of its teaching materials, teaching practice and examination system. It also presents some specific data gamed from teaching practice. Our aim is to improve the teaching quality of the course and help students develop their ability to use computers through research and practice.
Rigid internal fixation and vascularized bone grafting in mandibular reconstruction.

Abstract The technique of mandibular reconstruction utilizing rigid internal fixation and vascularized bone grafts has been described. This type of repair should be considered in all patients undergoing mandibular resection for head and neck malignancies. Although no ideal method of reconstruction has yet been described, it appears that rigid internal fixation combined with vascularized bone grafts most satisfactorily fulfills the requirements associated with reconstruction of jaw defects.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Coronary Arteries

Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States, despite significant efforts in prevention and treatment. Coronary artery magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive diagnosis technique among patients with suspected anomalous coronary artery disease and coronary artery aneurysms. In this chapter, we will review the imaging strategies for magnetic resonance imaging of coronary arteries and veins. We review techniques for compensating the near-constant motion of the coronaries during both the respiratory and the cardiac cycles, for improving signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio, advanced methods for accelerated imaging and high-field imaging, and coronary vein imaging.
The effect of malathion on the activity, performance, and microbial ecology of activated sludge.

This study evaluated the effect of a VX (O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) surrogate (malathion) on the activity, performance, and ecology of activated sludge bioreactors. In the presence of malathion, the maximum observed respiration rates varied between 43 and 53 μg/O2 min, generally similar to the 49 μg O2/min rates observed in controls. Malathion did not alter the respiration ratio of O2 consumed-to-CO2 produced nor did it impact the shape of the oxygen consumption curves during respirometry. Shorter term (12 h) batch tests showed that both chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia removal were not negatively impacted by the presence of 0.1-3 mg/L malathion. Longer term continuous addition (i.e. 40 days) of 0.1 mg/L of malathion also had no effect on COD and ammonia removal. In contrast to shorter term exposures, longer term continuous addition of 3 mg/L of malathion negatively impacted both COD and nitrogen removal and was associated with shifts in the abundance of species that are common to activated sludge. These results illustrate the impact that chemicals like malathion may have on COD removal, and nitrification, as well as the robustness of activated sludge microbial communities.
Compositional modeling of fracture-to-fracture miscible gas injection in an oil-rich shale

Abstract The ultra-low permeability of shale makes injection from a well to other wells difficult. A novel scheme was proposed in a recent patent (Dombrowski et al., 2015) where gas is injected into a hydraulic fracture along a horizontal well and production occurs from an adjacent fracture, intersecting the same well. Compositional reservoir modeling was performed to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed gas injection scheme. The computational domain consists of two hydrofrac half-stages along a horizontal well. The results show 15.7% and 12.5% OOIP incremental recovery over 5000 days of CO 2 injection for the base models with the matrix permeability of 10 μD and 1 μD, respectively, demonstrating that the gas injection scheme has the potential to vastly improve oil recovery in oil-rich shale formations. The effects of reservoir properties and injection conditions on oil recovery were investigated by changing the injection pressure, reservoir heterogeneity, distribution of natural fractures, hydrofrac spacing, size of pore space, and compositions of the injection gas. Most of them affect the oil recovery significantly. Recovery by miscible hydrocarbon gas injection is comparable to CO 2 ; so it should be considered as an alternative.
“We Are Present Here Today for the Purpose of Having a Joint Discussion”: The Conditions Requisite for Political Debates

Political debates are likely to occur only when at least five of the following six criteria are met: the election is likely to be close, each candidate expects to accrue advantages from, debating, ...
Blood Injection Cerebral Vasospasm Rabbit Model

Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the major causes of cerebral ischemia, and is the leading cause of death and disability following aneurysm rupture. The pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm is poorly understood, and numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain its underlying cause. The development of an animal model able to mimic the human condition is extremely useful to try to understand the pathogenesis of post-SAH cerebral vasospasm, ultimately leading to more efficacious treatment. We introduce step-by-step procedures to create a double-hemorrhage model of SAH in rabbits. We also performed angiographic studies of the vertebrobasilar vasculature and measured the diameter of the basilar artery to quantify the post-SAH vasospasm.
Effects of Instrumental Success and Failure on Perceptions of Underaccommodative Messages and Sources

Guided by communication accommodation theory, this study examined how the success or failure of accomplishing an instrumental goal affects people’s perceptions of objectively underaccommodative messages and corresponding sources. Participants (N = 141) completed two map-based tasks that required them to follow directions that contained insufficient information (i.e., were underaccommodative). Participants received feedback about their accuracy in completing the task. Consistent with predictions, successful participants perceived the directions as more accommodative and clear, and inferred more positive motives and higher levels of perspective-taking by the direction-giver (compared to unsuccessful participants). These results identify instrumental success/failure as a factor that leads people to interpret the same communication adjustments differently, and that contributes to perceptions of communication adjustments as problematic.
Abstract 17731: Prognostic Value of Peri-infarct and Core infarct Area in Patients with Severe Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Differences in Associations with Clinical Parameters

BACKGROUND: Peri-infarct (PI), but not core infarct (CI) area, have previously been demonstrated to be independently associated with adverse outcomes. However, it is unknown if infarct characterization remains independently predictive after controlling for clinical and echocardiographic assessment. PURPOSE: We sought to assess the prognostic power of PI% and CI% over clinical and echocardiographic assessment and their associations with clinical parameters. METHODS: A total of 494 pts with ischemic cardiomyopathy (LV dysfunction with >70% stenosis in ≥1 epicardial coronary artery) underwent delayed hyperenhancement-MRI (Avanto, Siemens) between 2002-2006. Total infarct (TI) was defined as ≥2SD of the defined remote myocardium. CI was defined as >3 SDs and 2-3 SD for PI. Quantification of infarct heterogeneity was expressed as a percentage of PI or CI mass/left ventricular mass. Multivariate survival analysis, (primary end-point of all-cause mortality) was conducted. Multivariate logistic regression modelling was performed to identify associations with PI% and CI%. RESULTS: There were 212 (43%)deaths over a mean 5.5y follow-up (mean LVEF 23±9%, mean ESVi 115±48 ml, mean TI% 30 ± 17%, mean PI% 6 ± 4%, and mean CI% 24±16%). PI% (s 0.08, p=0.001) and CI% (s 0.017,p=0.001), were independent predictors of survival, independent of age, end systolic volume, gender, mitral regurgitation (s 0.875, p=0.02), renal function (s -0.011, p=0.001), diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, CAD severity, incomplete revascularization (s 0.266,p=0.005), presence of ICD (s 0.017,p=0.001), LBBB, and diastolic dysfunction (s 0.289,p=0.016). Multivariate logistic regression revealed significantly different associations of PI% and CI% with clinical variables. Table 1. CONCLUSION: PI% and CI% both provide independent prognostic value, but demonstrate very different associations with clinical parameters.
Future directions in alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions

Chiral alcohol synthesis by enzymatic carbonyl reduction has become a mainstream methodology, particularly in industry. Collections of alcohol dehydrogenases are commercially available, which provide simple starting points for process development. Genome sequence data now provide an enormous range of potentially useful enzymes, although identifying the subset with the desired substrate-, regio- and stereoselectivities still requires significant effort. Directed evolution offers an alternative; although many advances have been made, such projects still remain resource-intensive. If catalyst discovery, catalyst improvement, and process development can become more streamlined, alcohol dehydrogenases can play an even greater role in the future of chiral organic synthesis.
From Local to Global: The Role of Interdisciplinary Place-Based Research in Teaching Environmental Economics

This chapter examines the value of student engagement in interdisciplinary, place-based research—where the exploration of “place” assumes a central component of students’ semester research projects in an undergraduate environmental economics class. It considers the benefits of teaching from an interdisciplinary perspective while employing the resources of the local community as a laboratory where students engage in research linked to place—the local community, urban space, or a virtual location—encouraging students to make meaningful connections between the theoretical study of local and global environmental problems and the actual observation and investigation of those challenges in real-world settings. At the same time, students incorporate the perspectives offered by another discipline to demonstrate a comprehensive inquiry into current environmental challenges and policy.
Specialization of the auditory system for the processing of bio-sonar information in the frequency domain: Mustached bats.

Abstract For echolocation, mustached bats emit velocity-sensitive orientation sounds (pulses) containing a constant-frequency component consisting of four harmonics (CF1-4). They show unique behavior called Doppler-shift compensation for Doppler-shifted echoes and hunting behavior for frequency and amplitude modulated echoes from fluttering insects. Their peripheral auditory system is highly specialized for fine frequency analysis of CF2 (∼61.0 kHz) and detecting echo CF2 from fluttering insects. In their central auditory system, lateral inhibition occurring at multiple levels sharpens V-shaped frequency-tuning curves at the periphery and creates sharp spindle-shaped tuning curves and amplitude tuning. The large CF2-tuned area of the auditory cortex systematically represents the frequency and amplitude of CF2 in a frequency-versus-amplitude map. “CF/CF” neurons are tuned to a specific combination of pulse CF1 and Doppler-shifted echo CF2 or 3. They are tuned to specific velocities. CF/CF neurons cluster in the CC (“C” stands for CF) and DIF (dorsal intrafossa) areas of the auditory cortex. The CC area has the velocity map for Doppler imaging. The DIF area is particularly for Dopper imaging of other bats approaching in cruising flight. To optimize the processing of behaviorally relevant sounds, cortico-cortical interactions and corticofugal feedback modulate the frequency tuning of cortical and sub-cortical auditory neurons and cochlear hair cells through a neural net consisting of positive feedback associated with lateral inhibition.
Achieving success in historic research: The importance of research methods and theory

Historic research is an important area of exploration in the field of fashion and textiles. It is important, however, to ensure that historical research maintains a high level of quality by utilizing sound methodology and theory. This panel seeks to address the role of methodology and theory in historical research and discuss how these can be better implemented and communicated to improve research productivity, presentations, and publications.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF SYMPATHETIC DETONATION BETWEEN TWO AXIALLY ADJACENT, CASED CHARGES OF H6

One-dimensional hydrodynamic computations modeling the initial pressure wave transmitted between the donor and the acceptor charge through various combinations of interface materials and a 0.16 cm gap are presented. The interface materials modeled were a combination of aluminum 6061-T6, epoxy resin, and water or air in the gap. Pressure versus time results in the first element of the acceptor charge support the premise that sympathetic detonation will occur.
Ein Ansatz zur Systematik des Handels

Um Implikationen fur das spezifische Handels-Marketing ableiten zu konnen, bedarf es einer grundlegenden Systematisierung dieses interessanten Teilbereiches der Wirtschaft. Hierzu reichen eindimensionale Ansatze nicht aus — die Realitat im Handel zeigt eine Vielfalt von Erscheinungsformen, deren Komplexitat mehrere Standorte des Betrachters erfordert. Im folgenden Beitrag wird der Handel anhand von funf Systematisierungsebenen geordnet. Dabei zeigt sich, das die prinzipiellen Moglichkeiten zu Innovationen ausgereizt sind — echte Neuerungen sind kaum zu erwarten. Die Profilierung der existenten Formen wird so zur Hauptaufgabe des zukunftigen Handels-Marketing.
What is moral relativism

Of the various views that have been called ‘moral relativism,’ there are three plausible versions, which I will label ‘normative moral relativism,’ ‘moral judgment relativism,’ and ‘meta-ethical relativism.’ The first of these views is a thesis about moral agents; the second, a thesis about the form of meaning of moral judgments; the third, a thesis about the truth conditions or justification of moral judgments. Normative moral relativism is the view roughly that different people, as agents, can be subject to different ultimate moral demands. Moral judgment relativism holds that moral judgments make implicit reference to the speaker or some other person or to some group or to one or another set of moral standards, etc. Meta-ethical relativism says that conflicting moral judgments about a particular case can both be right.
Penetration of the zona-free hamster egg by human sperm

Human sperm become capable of penetrating zona-free hamster eggs after preincubation in an appropriate culture medium. This observation has led to the development of an assay for characterizing the fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa. In the present study, the incorporation of sperm by zona-free hamster eggs was quantitated, and several parmeters that contribute to penetration were evaluated. The importance of the motile sperm concentration was established; no penetration was seen at concentrations lower than 6 x 10(5) motile cells/ml, whereas above this level the mean number of incorporated sperm per egg was linearly related to concentration. Freeze-thawed sperm, although capable of penetrating zona-free hamster eggs, did so with lesser frequency than did fresh sperm at equal concentrations of motile sperm. Kinetic experiments indicated that eggs were maximally penetrated after 5 hours of exposure to capacitated sperm and that the cessation in sperm incorporation seen at this time resulted from egg-related changes that occurred during aging in vitro. A protocol for evaluating "fertilizing capacity" of human sperm samples was outlined incorporating the findings from the present study. Using these conditions, reproducible penetration levels were obtained when several ejaculates obtained from the same donor over a 3-month interval were tested at similar motile sperm concentrations.
Some Numerical Implications of the Hardy and Littlewood Analysis of the 3-Primes Problem

We explore some of the numerical implications of the famous 1922 paper “Some Problems of ‘Partitio Numerorum’ III: On the Expression of a Number as a Sum of Primes” of Hardy and Littlewood. In particular, we prove that if the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis holds, then Hardy and Littlewood's analysis yields that every odd number greater than 1.24 × 1050 is a sum of three primes.