cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human + agent: creating recombinant information

combinFormation is a tool that enables browsing and collecting information elements in a generative space. By generative, we mean that the tool is an agent that automatically retrieves information elements and visually composes them. A combinFormation session presents a dynamic, evolving recombination of information elements from different sources. The elements are manipulable in the information space. Recombination is the process of taking previously unconnected elements, and combining them to create new configurations.One purpose of this space is to support the formation of ideas, through more and less focused processes of foraging. While ideas are forming, the criteria that underlie information foraging activities may not be well defined. Collecting the specific subset of related information elements is challenging. Cognitive scientists have established that combinations of images and textual elements are examples of preinventive structures that can lead to the emergence of new ideas. These preinventive structures often combine existing representations.Our program generates recombinant visualizations that develop interrelationships between the information elements. The generative visualization is based on a procedural model of the information, and the user's interests. The user model reflects interactions in which s/he explicitly expresses interest. The agent retrieves information based on the evolving model. The visual composition is also developed to emphasize the user's evolving sense of what is important. This involves solving problems in the dynamic visualization of dynamic, heterogeneous collections. In our novel interaction model, the human being shares control of the evolving information space with the agent. The user can express interest in information elements as they stream in, and design the visual space, using interactive tools. Expressions feed back through the model to drive the program's retrieval and visual composition decisions.
Marital quality, depressive symptoms, and the metabolic syndrome: a couples structural model

The indirect association of marital quality with metabolic syndrome (MetS) through depressive symptoms was examined in 301 middle-aged and older couples. MetS components (i.e., waist circumference, blood pressure, blood draws to assess triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and fasting glucose) were assessed following a 12-h fast, and were treated as a continuous latent variable for analyses. In structural equation modeling of this indirect effect, overall model fit was good, and husbands' and wives' marital quality was associated with MetS only through depressive symptoms. Joint tests of the parameters indicated that gender did not moderate this association. The best fitting, most parsimonious model, after nested model comparisons, was one in which husbands' and wives' indirect paths were equated. Overall, marital quality was related to MetS through its relationship to depressive symptoms for men and women. Associations of marital quality and depression with MetS may overlap, and couple-based approaches to psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be useful in future research.
Morton Prince on anxiety disorders: intellectual antecedents of the cognitive approach to panic?

The past fifteen years have seen a dramatic increase in the amount of research that has been devoted to the study of anxiety disorders. Progress has been made on numerous fronts, from classification and descriptive psychopathology to etiological models and intervention strategies. In the midst of this excitement, it is occasionally useful to consider historical foundations that set the stage for periods of rapid intellectual development.
Individual differences in perceived esteem across cultures

A study was conducted to investigate individual differences in perceived esteem (perceptions of how positively one is viewed by others) and the relationship between perceived esteem, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and life satisfaction across cultures. A study with Japanese and American college students (and a pilot study with Caucasian and Asian American participants), indicated that a 10-item measure of perceived esteem, assessing such perceptions across a variety of target others, was internally consistent and had a unitary factor structure across cultural groups. Among Japanese participants, perceived esteem predicted unique variance in other-directed self-monitoring and life satisfaction beyond that of self-esteem, while self-esteem accounted for perceived esteem's effect on both variables for Americans. These findings suggest that perceived esteem, independent of self-worth, is particularly important to social functioning and life satisfaction for those in collectivistic cultures.
Data Visualization and Rapid Analytics: Applying Tableau Desktop to Support Library Decision-Making

Data visualization offers librarians the ability to better manage, explore, and present information collected by various individuals throughout a library organization. This article discusses The Ohio State University Libraries experiments with Tableau, a sophisticated data visualization and rapid analytics software. Tableau allows librarians to blend and leverage data collected from a number of disparate sources, including transaction logs, Google Analytics, and e-resource usage reports. The article provides context for incorporating data visualization into the Ohio State University Libraries’ assessment program and shares examples of visualizations created for two data analysis projects. The benefits of blending and simultaneously viewing visualizations of data from multiple sources are articulated and explored. The article concludes with a short discussion of potential future projects for visualizing library data using Tableau Desktop.
Seasonal Setting Patterns of Five Species of Bivalves in the Tred Avon River, Maryland

Bottle collectors were placed in the Tred Avon River, Maryland, during 1961, 1962, and 1963, to obtain information on the setting of bivalves. The bottle collector was an economical and efficient tool for obtaining and studying newly metamorphosed invertebrates in shallow estuarine waters. Seven bivalve species were caught on or in these bottles and the seasonal setting patterns of five species were observed. Of these species,Mya arenaria andMacoma balthica appeared to have dual spawning cycles each year, whileBrachidontes recurvus, Macoma phenax, andMulinia laterali had a single annual spawning cycle.
Investigation of boron distribution in a TiAl-based alloy using particle-tracking

Abstract There are two ways for boron to distribute in the TiAl-based alloy: One is to dissolve it in a matrix, and the other is to form a TiB2 second phase. The TiB2 compound is very easy to form, even in the alloy where the boron content is as low as 0.075 wt%. In the as-cast state, no segregation of boron at the grain boundaries was found. In the hot-deformation samples, there is boron segregation at the grain boundaries. The segregated grain boundary boron has a strong suppression effect on grain growth, and this makes it possible to refine the grain size of the fully lamellar structure.
New Viscoelastic Phenomenon and Turbulent Drag Reduction

DURING some experiments on turbulent drag reduction, an interesting phenomenon, to be referred to as vortex inhibition (VI), was observed. A ‘Plexiglass’ tank (Fig. 1) was filled with tap water and stirred vigorously with a paddle. The bottom plug was then removed and after a few moments a vortex formed, extending from the surface of the liquid to the small drain hole at the bottom of the tank. This vortex was quite stable and readily reformed after various disturbances (rapid stopping of the flow, mixing and so on). The same procedure was then repeated with a dilute drag reducing polymer solution. In this case, as long as the concentration was above some minimum value (CVI), there was extreme vortex inhibition. A vortex would start to form at the liquid surface, dip a few centimetres below the surface and then either remain stationary or oscillate slightly about this point (Fig. 1). The most striking aspect of this phenomenon was the extremely low concentrations required. For ‘Polyox FRA’ (a polyethylene oxide), some vortex inhibition was observed at concentrations of 3 w.p.p.m. (0.0003%) and almost complete inhibition was attained with a concentration of 10 w.p.p.m. In Table 1, values of CVI are listed for the polymers used in this study.
The resource potential of demolition debris in the United States

Abstract The scanty data which are available on the generation of demolition debris in the United States are reviewed. Estimates are made of the proportions of the constituent materials in debris which are recycled in any form. The institutional, economic and technological restrictions preventing a greater proportion of materials from being recycled are described, and suggestions are made of methods by which a higher level of recycling can be brought about.
Pharmacokinetics and Tolerance of Weekly Oxygent™ Ca Infusions in the Dog

This study determined the OXYGENT CA (90% w/v perflubron emulsion, Alliance Pharmaceutical Corporation) dose necessary to achieve a 3-4% fluorocrit, and the tolerance of this dose administered once per week for four weeks to dogs. This study simulated OXYGENT CA use as a radiosensitizing agent. Six adult dogs were administered 6 ml/kg OXYGENT CA once per week for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected following infusion, until fluorocrits were 3.0% (3.5-5.1%) with the 6 ml/kg dose. A 3 ml/kg dose did not provide a fluorocrit > 3.0%. Serum bilirubin concentrations were elevated at 24-hour sampling times and declined within 72 hours. Elevations in ALT, SAP, and bile acids were noted. Splenic and hepatic microvasculature fibrosis occurred in the long-term study dogs. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 5/6 dogs, necessitating exclusions of one dog from 2 infusions. However, 3/5 thrombocytopenic dogs had titers for Ehrlichia sp., which elicits thrombocytopenia. Therefore, we cannot conclude the effect of OXYGENT CA on platelets.
Force Amplitude Perception in Six Orthogonal Directions

This paper presents three psychophysical experiments that attempt to determine whether human perception of force amplitude is isotropic in a virtual environment (VE). Participants employed passive or active forces in the same or different directions. Our results indicate that, regardless of whether stimulus presentation and response are active or passive, human perception of force amplitude is in fact anisotropic. Implications of these results for design of VR systems are briefly discussed.
The interaction of time-dependent rotating and stratified flow with isolated topography

Abstract Laboratory experiments concerned with a time-varying, spatially homogeneous, free stream current past truncated right circular cylinders in the presence of a linear stratification and uniform background rotation are discussed. The current is composed of a sinusoidal component superimposed on a uniform flow. It is shown that such a flow can be investigated by the suitable translation of an obstacle through a fluid otherwise at rest with respect to a rotating observer. The principal dynamical parameters of the system are the Burger, Ekman, Rossby and temporal Rossby numbers and the velocity ratio u 1 u 0 where u1 is the amplitude of the oscillating component and u0 is the magnitude of the uniform flow. The ranges of dynamical parameters considered are of relevance to certain oceanographic current systems. A series of characteristic flow regimes are described for u 1 u 0 = 1.0 and fixed Burger and Ekman numbers; these characteristic flows are depicted on a Rossby against temporal Rossby number flow regime diagram. Emphasis is given to those flow features that are dependent on the time-varying nature of the free stream. For example, for the velocity ratio u 1 u 0 = 1.0 , the free stream comes to rest at a given time in each flow cycle. At this instant, for sufficiently small Rossby and temporal Rossby numbers, a residual anticyclonic motion around the obstacle is present. In another region of the flow regime diagram, the wake flow at this phase consists of a jet-like motion toward the topography. Quantitative measures are made of such observable features as the maximum bubble extent for non eddy-shedding flow regimes and eddy speeds for cases of vortex shedding. Some qualitative observations are also made for cases in which there is no background rotation.
Effect of Adhesive Strips and Dermal Sutures vs Dermal Sutures Only on Wound Closure: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Although applying adhesive strips to a wound closure has been shown to have outcomes equivalent to those with cuticular suturing, it is unknown whether adhesive strips provide additional benefit compared with dermal suturing alone. Objective To determine whether the addition of adhesive strips to a wound closed with buried interrupted subcuticular sutures improves outcomes following wound closure. Design, setting, and participants A prospective, randomized split-wound intervention was conducted between November 14, 2013, and May 16, 2014, in patients who underwent cutaneous surgical procedures at the University of California, Davis, outpatient dermatology clinic. Fifty-seven patients 18 years or older with postoperative defects of at least 3 cm, resulting from either Mohs micrographic surgical procedures or surgical excision, were screened for participation. Nine patients were excluded and 48 were enrolled. Interventions Half of each wound was randomized to receive buried interrupted subcuticular sutures and overlying adhesive strips and the other half received buried interrupted subcuticular sutures only. Main outcomes and measures At 3 months' follow-up, each patient and 2 blinded observers evaluated the wound using the Patient Observer Scar Assessment Scale. Results The total mean (SD) Patient Observer Scar Assessment Scale score for observers for the side that received a combination of adhesive strips and buried interrupted subcuticular suturing (12.3 [4.8]) and the side that received sutures only (12.9 [6.3]) did not differ significantly at 3 months (P = .32). There was no significant difference in the total patient assessment scale score between the combination closure (14.0 [7.6]) and sutures only (14.7 [7.6]) sides at 3 months (P = .39). There was also no significant difference between the 2 closure methods in terms of mean (SD) scar width (both methods: 1.1 [0.8] mm, P = .89) at follow-up. Conclusions and relevance Combination closure with adhesive strips and buried interrupted subcuticular suturing was not significantly associated with improved overall scar assessment compared with buried interrupted subcuticular suturing alone when evaluated by blinded observers or the patients themselves. Our results do not support the use of adhesive strips as a means to improve cosmetic outcomes or reduce scar width. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01979497.
Electromagnetically induced transparency with a partially standing drive field

We study electromagnetically induced transparency in a vacuum rubidium atomic cell and show that reflected drive radiation results in the reshaping and shift of dark resonance. We show that those effects are connected with (i) Bragg reflection of the probe radiation in optically thick atomic coherent medium modulated by the standing-wave drive field, as well as with (ii) quantum interference enhanced absorption of the probe radiation in four-level N-configuration formed due to the reflected drive field.
Are personality disorders associated with social welfare burden in the United States

This study examined the association between personality disorders and use of major social welfare services in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (N = 43,093). Social welfare services received and diagnoses of personality, substance use, mood, and anxiety disorders were assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV-version. Analyses quantified the association between personality disorders and forms of public assistance while controlling for numerous confounds. Logistic regression analyses revealed dependent personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and avoidant personality disorder were significantly associated with increased odds of receiving public assistance. In contrast, persons diagnosed with histrionic, schizoid, and obsessive-personality disorder were not significantly more likely to receive any public welfare service. Development of effective prevention and treatment of personality disorders would likely lead to reductions in overall social welfare burden.
Grand Canyon Bight--Significant Tectonic Feature of the Southwest: ABSTRACT

A bight, by definition, is a curve in a coastline, or a bend, angle, or corner in any configuration. This seems to be descriptive of the dominant tectonic feature of southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona, and a small adjacent tract of Nevada. The Grand Canyon is the best-known local geographic feature of the region, hence the name Grand Canyon bight. The Grand Canyon bight is the somewhat drawn out and distorted southwest corner of the Colorado Plateau; more importantly, it is a region of relatively simple structure between the converging Wasatch line on the north and the Central Arizona uplift (Mogollon rim?) on the south. These great structural trends approach each other but, due chiefly to the change of direction of the Wasatch line from southerly to westerly and the dying out of the Central Arizona uplift, they do not merge and there is a space of relatively simple structure between them. The bounding tectonic features came into topographic prominence when the Mesocordilleran highland was elevated in Middle Triassic time. Subsequent sedimentary deposits, especially the marine and fluvial formations, are strongly influenced by the bight. Cretaceous shorelines and isopachs show this influence particularly well. The river system which deposited the Salt Wash Sandstone Member of the Morrison Formation entered the region of the Colorado Plateau through the Grand Canyon bight; the present Colorado River leaves the bight in a reverse direction. Other geologic references also are simplified by recognition of the Grand Canyon bight as a tectonic entity. End_of_Article - Last_Page 656------------
Early lineage specification of long-lived germline precursors in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri

In many taxa, germline precursors segregate from somatic lineages during embryonic development and are irreversibly committed to gametogenesis. However, in animals that can propagate asexually, germline precursors can originate in adults. Botryllus schlosseri is a colonial ascidian that grows by asexual reproduction, and on a weekly basis regenerates all somatic and germline tissues. Embryonic development in solitary ascidians is the classic example of determinative specification, and we are interested in both the origins and the persistence of stem cells responsible for asexual development in colonial ascidians. In this study, we characterized vasa as a putative marker of germline precursors. We found that maternally deposited vasa mRNA segregates early in development to a posterior lineage of cells, suggesting that germline formation is determinative in colonial ascidians. In adults, vasa expression was observed in the gonads, as well as in a population of mobile cells scattered throughout the open circulatory system, consistent with previous transplantation/reconstitution results. vasa expression was dynamic during asexual development in both fertile and infertile adults, and was also enriched in a population of stem cells. Germline precursors in juveniles could contribute to gamete formation immediately upon transplantation into fertile adults, thus vasa expression is correlated with the potential for gamete formation, which suggests that it is a marker for embryonically specified, long-lived germline progenitors. Transient vasa knockdown did not have obvious effects on germline or somatic development in adult colonies, although it did result in a profound heterochrony, suggesting that vasa might play a homeostatic role in asexual development.
Computer-simulated urea reflection coefficients in human red cells

Summary Relative volume curves for human red cells were generated with a computer program to simulate the experimental results obtained by rapidly mixing red cells and urea. Known values for the permeability variables were used in the Kedem and Katchalsky (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1958) 27, 229–246) solute and solvent flux equations. The different values used for the reflection coefficient, σ = 0.75 compared closely with the experimental stopped-flow curves.
Effect of mercaptoethanol in the radioactive thin layer chromatography assay of NAD+-15-hydroxyprostagland in dehydrogenase

Summary The use of mercaptoethanol in the assay of rat kidney 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) was found to have minimal effect on activity assayed with the spectrophotometric and substrate loss assays. However, mercaptoethanol appeared to inhibit PGDH when assayed by thin-layer chromatography, based upon conversion of 3 H-PGE 1 to 15-keto- 3 H-PGE 1 . Mercaptoethanol reacted with 15-keto-PGE 1 to alter its chromatographic mobility and to suppress the U.V. absorption spectrum of 15-keto-PGE 1 . The implication of the use of ME in radiometric assays is discussed.
Spatial aperture shading applied to distributed systems for uniform damping control

This paper introduces a model for a vibration control system in which spatially etched Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) was utilized to implement uniform damping control on a distributed system. Uniform damping node control (UDNC) theory states that near optimal vibration control can be achieved when the following criteria are met: all modes are damped at the same exponential decay rate, the open loop and closed loop natural frequencies of the structure are identical, and the closed loop modal shapes are identical to the open loop modal shapes. To help accomplish this, in a system with N modes participating in a response, sensor/actuator pairs are placed at the nodes of the N+1 mode. Spatially shaded PVDF actuators are distributed actuators that produce pseudo discrete forces due to the special weighting applied to the etched electrodes. The system was implemented using a spring steel cantilevered beam and spatially etched PVDF actuators which were placed according to nodal control theory (NCT). When given the set of gains that are attributed to UDNC, the modes de-couple, reducing spillover. This experiment marks the first time that distributed control techniques such as uniform damping control were realized in a discrete fashion by utilizing spatially shaded piezoelectric actuators.
Rehearsal effects in adult word learning

The goal of this research was to examine the effects of phonological familiarity and rehearsal method (vocal vs. subvocal) on novel word learning. In Experiment 1, English-speaking adults learned phonologically familiar novel words that followed English phonological structure. Participants learned half the words via vocal rehearsal (saying the novel word out loud) and half the words via subvocal rehearsal (saying the novel word silently). Results revealed retrieval advantages for vocally rehearsed novel words. In Experiment 2, English-speaking adults learned phonologically unfamiliar novel words that diverged from English phonological structure. Unlike in Experiment 1, results revealed retrieval advantages for novel words that were rehearsed subvocally. Together, findings suggest that the effect of the rehearsal strategy depends on the phonological structure of novel words, and that the two rehearsal types rely on somewhat distinct cognitive processes.
Involvement of Intermediate Sulfur Species in Biological Reduction of Elemental Sulfur under Acidic, Hydrothermal Conditions

The thermoacidophile and obligate elemental sulfur (S(8)(0))-reducing anaerobe Acidilobus sulfurireducens 18D70 does not associate with bulk solid-phase sulfur during S(8)(0)-dependent batch culture growth. Cyclic voltammetry indicated the production of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) as well as polysulfides after 1 day of batch growth of the organism at pH 3.0 and 81°C. The production of polysulfide is likely due to the abiotic reaction between S(8)(0) and the biologically produced H(2)S, as evinced by a rapid cessation of polysulfide formation when the growth temperature was decreased, inhibiting the biological production of sulfide. After an additional 5 days of growth, nanoparticulate S(8)(0) was detected in the cultivation medium, a result of the hydrolysis of polysulfides in acidic medium. To examine whether soluble polysulfides and/or nanoparticulate S(8)(0) can serve as terminal electron acceptors (TEA) supporting the growth of A. sulfurireducens, total sulfide concentration and cell density were monitored in batch cultures with S(8)(0) provided as a solid phase in the medium or with S(8)(0) sequestered in dialysis tubing. The rates of sulfide production in 7-day-old cultures with S(8)(0) sequestered in dialysis tubing with pore sizes of 12 to 14 kDa and 6 to 8 kDa were 55% and 22%, respectively, of that of cultures with S(8)(0) provided as a solid phase in the medium. These results indicate that the TEA existed in a range of particle sizes that affected its ability to diffuse through dialysis tubing of different pore sizes. Dynamic light scattering revealed that S(8)(0) particles generated through polysulfide rapidly grew in size, a rate which was influenced by the pH of the medium and the presence of organic carbon. Thus, S(8)(0) particles formed through abiological hydrolysis of polysulfide under acidic conditions appeared to serve as a growth-promoting TEA for A. sulfurireducens.
Diplopia after limited macular translocation surgery.

Abstract Purpose: Full macular translocation surgery relocates the fovea away from choroidal neovascularization, inducing significant postoperative torsional diplopia. In "limited macular translocation," a saline-induced retinal detachment is followed by scleral imbrication with mattress sutures and spontaneous retinal reattachment. In this study, diplopia was characterized in patients treated with limited macular translocation. Methods: Two surgeons performed retinal translocation surgery on 250 patients over an 18-month time span. The extent and direction of the retinal translocation, and the amount and location of scleral imbrication, were recorded. All patients complaining of diplopia were referred for ocular motility evaluation and treatment. Results: Thirteen (5.2%) patients complained of occasional or constant diplopia. Imbricating sutures were placed supero-temporally in all cases. Inferior foveal translocation ranged from 200 to 2115 μm (median, 1750 μm). Visual acuity ranged from 20/40 to 20/400 in the operated eye. Prism-and-cover testing underestimated the strabismus when compared with subjective testing. In 3 patients, there was no shift on alternate-cover testing despite binocular diplopia. Excyclotorsion ranged from 0° to 16°. Diplopia resolved in 10 cases with prism; 3 required an occlusive filter for distortion or aniseikonia. One patient underwent successful strabismus surgery to eliminate dependence on prism glasses. Conclusions: Limited macular translocation only rarely produces symptomatic diplopia. Suprisingly, traditional prism-and-cover testing does not reliably quantify the misalignment. This may result from the combination of a persistent macular scotoma and a repositioned fovea relative to the peripheral retina. Prism therapy is generally satisfactory in the absence of retinal distortion or aniseikonia. (J AAPOS 2001;5:388-94)
Empirical problems with the notion of “Big Gods” and of prosociality in large societies

Ara Norenzayan's book and this precis weave together various strands of evidence and modeling into an impressive narrative or causal explanation for the appearance of both “Big Gods” and large-scal...
Radiation and creep analysis for tubular fuel elements at unsteady state

Abstract A radiation and creep analysis for strain rates, strains and stresses induced by thermal cycling, radiation and creep in long, tubular fuel elements at unsteady state is presented. The primary effects of thermal-cycling growth, irradiation growth, swelling and creep of the fuel materials for nuclear power reactors are considered. The thermal, radiation and time effects on the components of strain rate, strain and stress produced in the fuel elements are shown from equations and the calculated results of a numerical example.
Computation of bond dissociation energies of substituted methanes with density functional theory

Abstract Density functional theory has been used to calculate bond dissociation energies of substituted methanes and radical stabilization energies obtained are compared to other systems.
Adjacent track interference analysis of shielded perpendicular writers

In order to achieve high track density in perpendicular recording, write-field leakage from the main pole to adjacent tracks needs to be minimized. We used a 3-D finite-element method to investigate the optimal writer design, which minimizes fringing fields. We also confirmed the results using experimentally by studying adjacent track interference (ATI) on a spinstand. According to both modeling and experimental data, we found that ATI performance can be clearly improved with a wrap-around-shielded (WAS) writer while maintaining enough write-ability. In order to reduce the fringing field, a WAS having thick throat, high permeability and high saturated magnetic flux density was required. We also confirmed that variations of ATI performance due to flare length distributions can be effectively suppressed with the WAS writer.
A comparison between implicit and hybrid methods for the calculation of steady and unsteady inlet flows

Numerical simulation of steady and unsteady transonic diffuser flows using two different computer codes are discussed and compared with experimental data. The codes solve the Reynolds-averaged, compressible, Navier-Stokes equations using various turbulence models. One of the codes has been applied extensively to diffuser flows and uses the hybrid method of MacCormack. This code is relatively inefficient numerically. The second code, which was developed more recently, is fully implicit and is relatively efficient numerically. Simulations of steady flows using the implicit code are shown to be in good agreement with simulations using the hybrid code. Both simulations are in good agreement with experimental results. Simulations of unsteady flows using the two codes are in good qualitative agreement with each other, although the quantitative agreement is not as good as in the steady flow cases. The implicit code is shown to be eight times faster than the hybrid code for unsteady flow calculations and up to 32 times faster for steady flow calculations. Results of calculations using alternative turbulence models are also discussed.
Effects of glutamine supplementation on circulating lymphocytes after bone marrow transplantation : A pilot study

Glutamine (Gln) is an important nutrient substrate for lymphocytes and macrophages in vitro. This pilot study evaluated effects of Gln supplementation on circulating lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Adult patients received either parenteral nutrition supplemented by L-Gln (Gln-PN) or standard Gln-free PN after BMT. Leukocyte and total lymphocyte counts were determined during hospitalization, and flow cytometry studies of peripheral mononuclear cells were performed 1 to 2 weeks after hospital discharge. The Gln-PN group demonstrated a higher percentage of blood lymphocytes during hospitalization. At flow cytometry, patients who received Gln-PN had an increased total lymphocyte count (332 +/- 50 versus 590 +/- 71 cells/microL, P = 0.010); greater numbers of total T lymphocytes (54 +/- 19 versus 229 +/- 70 cells/microL, P = 0.030); and higher CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood compared with controls. Gln-PN may support lymphocyte recovery after BMT.
Quantum paraelectric-like behavior of the paratitanate family of materials

Abstract Quantum paraelectric-like behavior has been observed in the paratitanate family of materials. Experiments performed on the dielectric properties of (La 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 and (Nd 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 over the temperature range 4 K–300 K suggest quantum paraelectric-like behavior and the dielectric data fits Barrett’s expression. Other characteristics known to possess quantum paraelectrics, like a strong E -field dependence of dielectric constant at low temperature, were not observed and are discussed in this paper.
Thermal stability of electroless-nickel/solder interface: Part A. interfacial chemistry and microstructure

The thermal stability of the interface between the Sn-Pb eutectic alloy and an electroless Ni-P coating was examined by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The interface was formed by reflowing the eutectic Sn-Pb solder alloy between electroless Ni-P deposits. The microchemistry and microstructure of the interface were analyzed in the as-reflowed, mild-aged, and overaged conditions, by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), selected-area electron diffraction (SAD) convergentbeam electron diffraction (CBED), and bright- and dark-field imaging. In the as-reflowed condition, the interfacial microstructure consisted of a thin Ni3Sn4 intermetallic layer and a thin P-rich layer. The P-rich layer was composed of two phases, face-centered cubic (fcc) Ni and Ni3P, and the excess P was primarily due to the ejection of P from the electroless Ni-P when it reacted with Sn in the reflow process. Following the mild aging, a trilayer interfacial microstructure was found, including a coarsened Ni3Sn4 layer, a P-rich layer with increased P concentration, and a P-deficient layer. With overaging, a multilayer interfacial microstructure was developed, which consisted of two Ni-Sn intermetallic layers, Ni3Sn4 and Ni3Sn2, and three distinct P-rich layers, Ni12P5, Ni12P5 + Ni3P, and Ni3P + Ni.
Gaze-shift strategies during functional activity in progressive supranuclear palsy

The relative sparing of visual fixation in parallel with disruption of saccade function in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) creates a unique human model for the study of gaze-shift strategies which are adopted when vertical gaze palsy impairs primarily the eye-movement component of gaze control. It was hypothesized that people with PSP would rely on head pitch as a primary component of gaze shift during a platform stepping task and that there would be a predominance of fixation behavior (counter rotation of the eyes during head pitch) while attempting a down-gaze shift. Fourteen subjects with probable and 5 subjects with possible PSP participated in two experiments to measure visual fixation and gaze shift on the same continuum (using a derived vertical gaze fixation score, vGFS). Experiment #1 required gaze fixation during passive head pitch at 0.1–0.2 Hz, whereas experiment #2 required gaze shifts during a continuous platform step on, over, and off task. The primary gaze-shift strategy involved pitching the head downward to compensate for a loss in vertical saccade function. This strategy produced head pitch velocity that leads vertical eye velocity on the order of 200–500 ms. Gaze shifts during platform stepping showed greater fixation suppression (e.g., lower vGFS) in both groups of PSP compared to the visual stabilization task, but some subjects showed “fixation intrusion” during attempted gaze shift. The amount of eye movement was relatively constant when corrected for orbit height, whereas the extent of head pitch varied in proportion to the task demands. The mechanism controlling gaze in PSP, therefore appears to modulate head pitch independently of eye movement, but the gaze strategy seems dependent upon the extent of gaze dysfunction. These findings support the view that the desired gaze signal is parsed into separate eye and head pathways upstream from the burst neurons.
Multiple primary tumors following stage II and III rectal cancer in patients receiving radiotherapy, 1998-2010.

This report investigated the impact of radiation therapy among stage II/III rectal cancer patients who were resected for cure and then developed second primary cancer. The analysis included patients diagnosed with rectal cancer from 1992 to 2010 and who were registered in the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. Standardized incidence ratios assessed the location of second primary cancers by the receipt and sequence of radiation therapy. A Cox proportional hazards model examined the predictors for patients who developed second primary cancers. The hazard ratio for developing any type of second primary was 12 % higher in patients receiving preoperative radiotherapy, Hazard Ratio and 95 % confidence interval, HR 95 % CI 1.12 (1.0, 1.2), and 33 % lower for patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy, HR 95 % CI 0.75 (0.7, 0.8), relative to patients who did not receive radiation therapy. The location of the second cancer varied by both the receipt and sequence of radiation therapy. Secondary rectal cancers were reduced 170 % after postoperative radiation and 103 % after preoperative radiation, compared to the non-receipt of radiation therapy. The impact of radiation therapy on secondary colon cancers was not as marked. Rectal cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy are at a higher risk of thyroid cancers and leukemia, but males have a lower risk of prostate cancer. While preoperative radiation therapy is advantageous for reducing rectal cancer recurrence, this study identifies advantages of postoperative radiation for reducing second primary cancers. This research will help improve recommendations for postdiagnosis surveillance in patients with rectal cancer.
Population Response Profiles in Early Visual Cortex Are Biased in Favor of More Valuable Stimuli

Voluntary and stimulus-driven shifts of attention can modulate the representation of behaviorally relevant stimuli in early areas of visual cortex. In turn, attended items are processed faster and more accurately, facilitating the selection of appropriate behavioral responses. Information processing is also strongly influenced by past experience and recent studies indicate that the learned value of a stimulus can influence relatively late stages of decision making such as the process of selecting a motor response. However, the learned value of a stimulus can also influence the magnitude of cortical responses in early sensory areas such as V1 and S1. These early effects of stimulus value are presumed to improve the quality of sensory representations; however, the nature of these modulations is not clear. They could reflect nonspecific changes in response amplitude associated with changes in general arousal or they could reflect a bias in population responses so that high-value features are represented more robustly. To examine this issue, subjects performed a two-alternative forced choice paradigm with a variable-interval payoff schedule to dynamically manipulate the relative value of two stimuli defined by their orientation (one was rotated clockwise from vertical, the other counterclockwise). Activation levels in visual cortex were monitored using functional MRI and feature-selective voxel tuning functions while subjects performed the behavioral task. The results suggest that value not only modulates the relative amplitude of responses in early areas of human visual cortex, but also sharpens the response profile across the populations of feature-selective neurons that encode the critical stimulus feature (orientation). Moreover, changes in space- or feature-based attention cannot easily explain the results because representations of both the selected and the unselected stimuli underwent a similar feature-selective modulation. This sharpening in the population response profile could theoretically improve the probability of correctly discriminating high-value stimuli from low-value alternatives.
A new ganglion in male Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala)

A new ganglion identified as the bursal ganglion is described from male Moniliformis moniliformis. This ganglion is located adjacent to the pseudocoel and longitudinal muscle fibers and medial to the dorsal lacunar canal about 1 mm from the posterior end of males with non-everted bursa. The ganglion consists of four large club-shaped cells with single nuclei and bipolar neurons. The ganglion cells are paired with one neuron from each cell innervating the opposite side of the worm.
The New York Case: Lessons Being Learned

Recently, a case of HIV infection in New York City gained wide public attention because of the possibility that it represented a novel and “superaggressive” virus. Publicizing this case before care...
Temporal trends in risk of future cardiac events among stroke survivors in the United States

BackgroundLong term, stroke survivors have a higher risk of death from cardiac causes than incident stroke. However, little is known about temporal trends in age- and gender-specific risk of future cardiac events among stroke survivors.AimsTo determine temporal trends in 10-year risk of future major cardiac events (measured using the Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Score) and components of the Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Score among a nationally representative population of stroke survivors in the United States.MethodsFramingham Cardiovascular Risk Score was assessed among individuals with a self-reported history of stroke (n = 748) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in the United States during the years 1988–1994 and 1999–2006.ResultsIn both National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys waves, male stroke survivors had higher mean Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Scores than their female counterparts. This gender disparity was driven by the #>64 years age group,...
Modulation of behavioral and neurochemical measures of forebrain dopamine function in mice by species-specific interleukin-2.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has recently been implicated as a modulator of brain neuronal function and in the pathogenesis of several major neuropsychiatric disorders involving the dopamine system (e.g. schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease). Little is known, however, about the effects of IL-2 on dopamine-mediated behaviors. A series of behavioral experiments were performed in mice to examine the hypothesis that species-specific IL-2 could modify behaviors known to be mediated by forebrain dopamine pathways. IL-2 administered subcutaneously produced a robust increase in locomotor activity in an elevated plus-maze. No effects of the cytokine were evident on measures of acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI), or fearfulness. In complementary in vitro neurochemical experiments, to most closely assess physiologically relevant effects of the cytokine on dopamine release from striatal neurons, species-specific IL-2 as well as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to measure endogenous dopamine release from striatal slices. IL-2 dose-dependently modulated veratrine-evoked release of endogenous dopamine in a biphasic pattern, increasing release at lower concentrations and inhibiting release at a high concentration of the cytokine. In radioligand competition binding experiments, IL-2 was not active at striatal binding sites for [3H]spiroperidol (D2-like receptors), [3H]mazindol binding (dopamine uptake sites) and [3H]SCH23390 (D1-like receptors), indicating that the neuromodulatory actions of IL-2 are not the result of direct or allosteric effects on dopamine receptors. Knowledge of the mechanisms by which IL-2 influences brain dopamine function could provide new insight into the pathophysiology of forebrain dopamine neurons seen in disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
A New Species of Cyathura (Isopoda, Anthuridae) From a High Intertidal Marsh in North Carolina, U.S.a

[Une espece non decrite de Cyathura a ete trouvee dans un marais intertidal, saumâtre, a Juncus roemerianus dans le sud-est de la Caroline du Nord. La nouvelle espece, C. madelinae, ressemble morphologiquement a C. polita. Elle en differe cependant fortement par l'habitat et en ce qui concerne les proteines detectees par electrophorese sur gel d'amidon (electromorphes). C. madelinae se distingue facilement de C. polita par l'absence de chromatophores sur le segment basal de l'antenne et par les yeux plus grands. Une clef facilitant l'identification et la separation des trois especes connues de la cote est de l'Amerique du Nord peut etre utilisee pour les mâles et femelles adultes., Une espece non decrite de Cyathura a ete trouvee dans un marais intertidal, saumâtre, a Juncus roemerianus dans le sud-est de la Caroline du Nord. La nouvelle espece, C. madelinae, ressemble morphologiquement a C. polita. Elle en differe cependant fortement par l'habitat et en ce qui concerne les proteines detectees par electrophorese sur gel d'amidon (electromorphes). C. madelinae se distingue facilement de C. polita par l'absence de chromatophores sur le segment basal de l'antenne et par les yeux plus grands. Une clef facilitant l'identification et la separation des trois especes connues de la cote est de l'Amerique du Nord peut etre utilisee pour les mâles et femelles adultes.]
Profiling Sentence Enhancement Offenders: A Case Study of Florida's 10-20-Lifers:

This study creates a profile of criminals incarcerated as 10-20-Life offenders and is the initial stage of a postimpact analysis of the statute. Data on all incarcerated 10-20-Life offenders (N = 1,065 as of November 1, 2001) were collected from the Florida Department of Corrections. The data included individual and criminal offense characteristics. The findings reveal that Florida's 10-20-Lifers are overwhelmingly male (96%) and one half are between the ages of 23 and 41. Eighty percent of the offenses were for felon in possession of a firearm or concealed weapon and robbery with a fire-arm or deadly weapon. Slightly over one half of the offenders were sentenced to a term of 3 years and the remaining were sentenced to 10 or more years. The average sentence received was 8 years. The average sentence length was significantly higher for Black offenders sentenced under 10-20-Life. Moreover, Black offenders received all nine of the life sentences.
Puerto Rican Men and the Struggle for Place in the United States: An Exploration of Cultural Citizenship, Gender, and Violence

This article explores the construction of masculinity among poor and working-class Puerto Rican men on the mainland, filling a distinct gap in both the literatures on Puerto Ricans' and men's studi...
Detailed gravity anomalies from Geos 3 satellite altimetry data

A technique for deriving mean gravity anomalies from dense altimetry data was developed. A combination of both deterministic and statistical techniques was used. The basic mathematical model was based on the Stokes' equation which describes the analytical relationship between mean gravity anomalies and geoid undulations at a point; this undulation is a linear function of the altimetry data at that point. The overdetermined problem resulting from the excessive altimetry data available was solved using Least-Squares principles. These principles enable the simultaneous estimation of the associated standard deviations reflecting the internal consistency based on the accuracy estimates provided for the altimetry data as well as for the terrestrial anomaly data. Several test computations were made of the anomalies and their accuracy estimates using GOES-3 data.
Automatic script identification from document images using cluster-based templates

We describe an automated script identification system for typeset document images. Templates for each script are created by clustering textual symbols from a training set. Symbols from new images are compared to the templates to find the best script. Our current system processes thirteen scripts with minimal preprocessing and high accuracy.