cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impaired detection of repetitive stimulation following interruption of the dorsal spinal column in primates

Transection of the dorsal spinal column in monkeys has been previously shown to spare detection, localization and a variety of discriminations between spatial attributes of tactile stimuli. In contrast, performance on certain tests involving stimulus sequences is substantially impaired, such as tactile direction sensitivity and frequency discrimination. The present study extends these findings to show that a repetitive cutaneous stimulus is undetectable following complete interruption of the ipsilateral dorsal column. Macaca arctoides monkeys were trained to discriminate between different durations of 10 Hz indentation of the glabrous skin of one foot. Preoperatively, these animals could discriminate reliably between three pulses (the standard stimulus duration of 200 ms) and comparison trains of six or more pulses (500 ms or more). Following incomplete interruption of the ipsilateral dorsal column of one monkey, discrimination of the duration of stimulation was unimpaired. However, complete lesions of th...
Design and Evaluation of an Onboard Computer-Based Information System for Aircraft

Information seeking by human operators of technical systems is considered. Types of information and forms of presentation are discussed and important issues reviewed. This broad discussion provides a framework within which flight management is considered. The design of an onboard computer-based information system for aircraft is discussed. The aiding possibilities of a computer-based system are emphasized. Results of an experimental evaluation of a prototype system are presented. It is concluded that a computer-based information system can substantially lessen the frequency of human errors.
Costly myths: An analysis of idling beliefs and behavior in personal motor vehicles

Despite the large contribution of individuals and households to climate change, little has been done in the US to reduce the CO2 emissions attributable to this sector. Motor vehicle idling among individual private citizens is one behavior that may be amenable to large-scale policy interventions. Currently, little data are available to quantify the potential reductions in emissions that could be realized by successful policy interventions. In addition, little is known about the motivations and beliefs that underlie idling. In the fall of 2007, 1300 drivers in the US were surveyed to assess typical idling practices, beliefs and motivations. Results indicate that the average individual idled for over 16 min a day and believed that a vehicle can be idled for at least 3.6 min before it is better to turn it off. Those who held inaccurate beliefs idled, on average, over 1 min longer than the remainder of the sample. These data suggest that idling accounts for over 93 MMt of CO2 and 10.6 billion gallons (40.1 billion liters) of gasoline a year, equaling 1.6% of all US emissions. Much of this idling is unnecessary and economically disadvantageous to drivers. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Novel Computational Methods for Nanostructure Electronic Structure Calculations

Experimentally relevant nanocrystals often contain a few thousands to hundreds of thousands of atoms. Yet, to understand their electronic structures, surface and impurity effects, atomic relaxations, interior electric fields, carrier dynamics, and transports, it is often necessary to carry out atomistic simulations. Owing to the advance of recent algorithm developments and improved supercomputer powers, it is now possible to calculate such nanocrystals based on ab initio methods. In this review, we discuss the numerical algorithms (the plane-wave pseudopotential method and the real-space finite-difference method) used in conventional density-functional-theory calculations, which enable the simulations of systems up to one or two thousand atoms. We also introduce methods designed specifically for nanostructure calculations. These methods [the charge-patching method (CPM) and the linear scaling three-dimensional fragment method (LS3DF)] can be used to calculate systems with hundreds of thousands of atoms. Whereas CPM is an approximation with ab initio quality, the LS3DF method is an O(N) method with essentially the same results as the direct methods. The computational aspects of the algorithms, especially for their parallelization scalability, are also emphasized in the review.
Optoelectronic random access memory with selective row decoder for optical information processing

We present the functional design of a random access memory (RAM) array which can be loaded in parallel in a single step. The rows of this array can be read out selectively thus reducing the overall time required for this operation. The optoelectronic RAM array presented here is a component of a larger architecture for digital optoelectronic information processing. This system is used as an interface between fast parallel optical memories and conventional electronic computers.
Flexibility-Based Damage Localization from Stochastic Realization Results

Localization of damage from changes in flexibility in structures identified from operational or ambient vibration has long been hindered by the fact that the flexibility cannot be extracted exclusively from output signals. This obstacle is substantially removed here by noting that the null space of the flexibility change contains the damage localization information and that vectors in this null space can be estimated from output signals without having explicit flexibility matrices. The central pillar of the contribution is a derivation showing that although the spatial distribution of the input that generates the observed output is unknown, the state-space triplet { Ac Bc Dc −1 Cc } connected with a collocated input distribution (for a model order up to twice the number of sensors) can be extracted from output measurements. The fact that vectors in the null space of the change in flexibility can be extracted from this triplet falls from the expression for the flexibility in terms of the state-space matric...
Democracy's Dignity

Dignity, as equal high standing characterized by nonhumiliation and noninfantilization, is democracy's third core value. Along with liberty and equality, it is a necessary condition for collective self-governance. Dignity enables robust exercise of liberty and equality while resisting both neglectful libertarianism and paternalistic egalitarianism. The civic dignity required for democracy is specified through a taxonomy of incompletely and fully moralized forms of dignity. Distinctive features of different regimes of dignity are modeled by simple games and illustrated by historical case studies. Unlike traditional meritocracy and universal human dignity, a civic dignity regime is theoretically stable in a population of self-interested social agents. It is real-world stable because citizens are predictably well motivated to defend those threatened with indignity and because they have resources for effective collective action against threats to dignity. Meritocracy and civic dignity are not inherently liberal, but may persist within a liberal democracy committed to universal human dignity.
Highly Scalable Saddle-Fin (S-Fin) Transistor for Sub-50nm DRAM Technology

Highly scalable saddle-fin cell transistor(S-Fin) has been successfully developed by combining FinFET with recess channel array transistor(RCAT). The S-Fin is simply integrated by dry-etching techniques and the desirable threshold voltage is easily obtained. The S-Fin exhibits feasible transistor characteristics such as excellent short channel effect, driving current, and refresh characteristics as compared with both RCAT and damascene-FinFET. We suggest the S-Fin is a very promising transistor structure for the sub-50nm DRAM technology
Hormonal response of free-living male white-crowned sparrows to experimental manipulation of female sexual behavior.

In free-living male white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys), plasma levels of testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and luteinizing hormone (LH) decrease precipitously at onset of incubation. The hypothesis that this decrease is a response to the simultaneous cessation of estradiol-dependent solicitation displays by females was tested in an experiment on free-living pairs. Solicitation displays were prolonged by implanting females with subcutaneous estradiol capsules and releasing them. Subsequent capture and blood sampling of the mates of these females showed that they had significantly higher plasma levels of testosterone and DHT than did control males, but results for LH were equivocal. Nevertheless, these results support the above hypothesis and suggest that hormone-behavior interactions are important even in free-living animals exposed to the entire spectrum of environmental information.
Collaboration in Distributed Hypothesis Testing with Quantized Prior Probabilities

The effect of quantization of prior probabilities in a collection of distributed Bayesian binary hypothesis testing problems over which the priors themselves vary is studied. In a setting with fusion of local binary decisions by majority rule, optimal local decision rules are discussed. Quantization is first considered under the constraint that agents employ identical quantizers. A method for design is presented that exploits an equivalence to a single-agent problem with a different likelihood function, the optimal quantizers are thus different than in the single-agent case. Removing the constraint of identical quantizers is demonstrated to improve performance. A method for design is presented that exploits an equivalence between agents having diverse K-level quantizers and agents having identical (3K-2)-level quantizers.
Substitutes for tobacco smoking: a behavioral economic analysis of nicotine gum, denicotinized cigarettes, and nicotine-containing cigarettes

Both pharmacological and nonpharmacological stimuli may be responsible for the reinforcement and maintenance of tobacco smoking. The present study examined the self-administration of nicotine gum, denicotinized cigarettes, and nicotine-containing cigarettes utilizing a behavioral economic design in order to investigate the pharmacological and nonpharmacological aspects of cigarette smoking. Cigarette-deprived, dependent smokers worked for cigarette puffs and nicotine gum in daily operant sessions. In one phase, nicotine-containing cigarettes were available at increasing unit prices across sessions. Three phases replicated these sessions with nicotine gum, denicotinized cigarettes, or both, concurrently available at a constant unit price. As nicotine-containing cigarette unit price increased, consumption decreased. However, as nicotine-containing cigarette unit price increased, nicotine gum and denicotinized cigarette consumption increased. Consumption of nicotine gum, but not denicotinized cigarettes, diminished when all three reinforcers were concurrently available. Concurrently available denicotinized cigarettes, but not nicotine gum, caused a statistically significant reduction in nicotine-containing cigarette consumption. In another phase, denicotinized cigarettes were available at increasing unit prices across sessions while nicotine gum was concurrently available at a constant unit price. This phase demonstrated that nicotine content had no reliable effect on cigarette or nicotine gum consumption. These results suggest that denicotinized cigarettes are a more effective alternative reinforcer than nicotine gum, indicating that nonpharmacological stimuli of smoking merit attention in smoking cessation treatment. Furthermore, these findings indicate that alternative reinforcement would be most effective in smoking cessation treatment when combined with high prices for cigarettes.
Double Beta Decay, Majorana Neutrinos, and Neutrino Mass

The theoretical and experimental issues relevant to neutrinoless double beta decay are reviewed. The impact that a direct observation of this exotic process would have on elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, and cosmology is profound. Now that neutrinos are known to have mass and experiments are becoming more sensitive, even the nonobservation of neutrinoless double beta decay will be useful. If the process is actually observed, we will immediately learn much about the neutrino. The status and discovery potential of proposed experiments are reviewed in this context, with significant emphasis on proposals favored by recent panel reviews. The importance of and challenges in the calculation of nuclear matrix elements that govern the decay are considered in detail. The increasing sensitivity of experiments and improvements in nuclear theory make the future exciting for this field at the interface of nuclear and particle physics.
Variance in multiplex suspension array assays: carryover of microspheres between sample wells.

Background This study was undertaken because of the accidental observation that a sample of 60+ beads was obtained by the instrument from a completely dry, unused well in a 96 well plate. Others have observed unexplained outliers in replicated wells. The problem was first observed on an older instrument, and replicated on a new instrument.
The immunogenicity of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis bearing BCG genes.

SUMMARY Specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 mice infected with recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis (rM. smegmatis) bearing BCG genes showed increased splenic survival compared to those receiving the vector control (plasmid DNA only). The mouse-passaged rM. smegmatis (J3R) survived in peritoneal macrophages better than the vector control, regardless of whether the macrophages were infected in vivo or in vitro. When rM. smegmatis J3R was cultured in synthetic Proskauer-Beck-Tween medium, protein bands characteristic of BCG culture filtrates and not present in the vector control preparation were observed. Mice immunized with two doses of heat-killed J3R suspended in Freund's adjuvant were able to limit the growth of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis within the lung and spleen compared to that observed in control mice receiving adjuvanted vector control or Freund's adjuvant alone.
A Managerial Cognition Perspective on Business Model Innovation

We present a view of business models as managerial schema that consist of managers’ interpretations of the elements and relationships representing a firm’s business model. Building on cognitive psy...
Evolutionary Dynamics of the Genomic Region Around the Blast Resistance Gene Pi-ta in AA Genome Oryza Species

The race-specific resistance gene Pi-ta has been effectively used to control blast disease, one of the most destructive plant diseases worldwide. A single amino acid change at the 918 position of the Pi-ta protein was known to determine resistance specificity. To understand the evolutionary dynamics present, we examined sequences of the Pi-ta locus and its flanking regions in 159 accessions composed of seven AA genome Oryza species: O. sativa, O. rufipogon, O. nivara, O. meridionalis, O. glaberrima, O. barthii, and O. glumaepatula. A 3364-bp fragment encoding a predicted transposon was found in the proximity of the Pi-ta promoter region associated with the resistance phenotype. Haplotype network analysis with 33 newly identified Pi-ta haplotypes and 18 newly identified Pi-ta protein variants demonstrated the evolutionary relationships of Pi-ta haplotypes between O. sativa and O. rufipogon. In O. rufipogon, the recent directional selection was found in the Pi-ta region, while significant deviation from neutral evolution was not found in all O. sativa groups. Results of sequence variation in flanking regions around Pi-ta in O. sativa suggest that the size of the resistant Pi-ta introgressed block was at least 5.4 Mb in all elite resistant cultivars but not in the cultivars without Pi-ta. These findings demonstrate that the Pi-ta region with transposon and additional plant modifiers has evolved under an extensive selection pressure during crop breeding.
A preliminary study on fall risk evaluation through electromiography systems

Falls are very dangerous events among elderly people. Several automatic fall detectors have been developed to reduce the time of the medical intervention, but they cannot avoid the injures due to the fall. In this paper a study about the feasibility of a wearable system for the detection of the fall risk is presented. The aim is to detect the fall before to the impact on the floor, allowing the intervention of an impact reduction system. An electromyography-based system has been chosen because it can recognize the risk of fall faster than other more commonly used inertial sensors based system. The logical framework implements the feature extraction procedure, demonstrating a higher discriminative power of Co-contraction Indices and Integrated EMG for which at least of 70% of specificity and sensitivity are achieved in the classification process.
Semisynthetic and Biomolecular Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts

There has been great interest in the development of stable, inexpensive, efficient catalysts capable of reducing aqueous protons to hydrogen (H2), an alternative to fossil fuels. While synthetic H2 evolution catalysts have been in development for decades, recently there has been great progress in engineering biomolecular catalysts and assemblies of synthetic catalysts and biomolecules. In this Forum Article, progress in engineering proteins to catalyze H2 evolution from water is discussed. The artificial enzymes described include assemblies of synthetic catalysts and photosynthetic proteins, proteins with cofactors replaced with synthetic catalysts, and derivatives of electron-transfer proteins. In addition, a new catalyst consisting of a thermophilic cobalt-substituted cytochrome c is reported. As an electrocatalyst, the cobalt cytochrome shows nearly quantitative Faradaic efficiency and excellent longevity with a turnover number of >270000.
Bashas' Diné Markets and the Navajo Nation: A Study of Cross-Cultural Trade

The Navajo Nation occupies more than 27,000 square miles in the Four Corners region of Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. Population is widely dispersed. The Navajo (Dine) People are isolated both culturally and physically from the mainstream population of the region. Unemployment rates consistently exceed 20 percent and nearly 40 percent of the population lives below the poverty line. In this unlikely setting a retail chain of supermarkets, Bashas' Dine Markets, is thriving. This study analyzes cross-cultural trade practices on the Navajo Nation from the early traders to today's supermarkets and the positive impact the Dine Markets have had on the Navajo Nation. The study also looks at the potential for the Dine Markets to serve as a model for niche marketing to similar cultural clusters.
An explanation for the universal 3.5 power-law observed in currency markets

Abstract We present a mathematical theory to explain a recent empirical finding in the Physics literature (Zhao et al., 2013) in which the distributions of waiting-times between discrete events were found to exhibit power-law tails with an apparent universal exponent: α ∼ 3.5 . This new theory provides the first ever qualitative and quantitative explanation of Zhao et al.’s surprising finding. It also provides a mechanistic description of the origin of the observed universality, assigning its cause to the emergence of dynamical feedback processes between evolving clusters of like-minded agents.
Lithospheric control of Gondwana breakup: Implications of a trans-Gondwana icosahedral fracture system

Gondwana broke apart along a truncated-icosahedral fracture system that minimized total crack length and therefore required the least work to nucleate and propagate new fractures across the supercontinent. The fracture arrangement met conditions imposed by Euler’s rule for ordering polyhedrons on a spherical shell. Linear grabens accumulated Permian rift facies along 10,000 km of the fracture system in east Gondwana. Large igneous provinces erupted more than 100 Ma later along these fractures. This suggests that widening of existing fractures rather than impingement of deep-mantle plumes triggered outbreaks of flood basalt. The tensile stress field that initiated the fractures was symmetrical with Gondwana and exploited pre-existing lithospheric suture zones. The stress field was also symmetrical about the African geoid bulge in the Permian locus of Gondwana. Tensile hoop-stress along the Gondwana boundary initiated radial fractures that defined the lateral edges of Australia, India, Arabia, Libya, and northwest Africa. Fractures then evidently propagated inward across Gondwana, spontaneously bending at critical lengths congruent with the tessellation. Fractures later branched outward from the bends to create triple-rift junctions. Plate tectonic processes later exploited the icosahedral fractures to separate the Gondwana daughter continents.
Photonic Crystals as Robust Label-Free Biosensors

This chapter focuses on a highly sensitive class of label-free optical sensor: photonic crystals (PhCs). One- and two-dimensional versions of these structures (1D-PhC, 2D-PhC) can be readily fabricated using standard techniques from the microelectronics industry. While many research groups have contributed to development of PhCs in the context of biosensing, the chapter primarily focuses on efforts from several groups at the University of Rochester. We discuss novel photonic crystal designs, methods to capture and quantify small molecules, proteins, and viruses with photonic crystals, and remarkable approaches to improving photonic crystals in terms of their ultimate limit of detection and sensitivity. Looking forward, we also discuss new ways to use photonic crystals to discriminate between specific and non-specific binding.
Can Asserting that p Improve the Speaker's Epistemic Position (And Is That a Good Thing)?

ABSTRACTIn this paper I argue that there are cases in which a speaker S's observation of the fact that her assertion that p is accepted by another person enhances the strength of S's own epistemic position with respect to p, as compared to S's strength of epistemic position with respect to p prior to having made the assertion. I conclude by noting that the sorts of consideration that underwrite this (happy) possibility may go some distance towards explaining several (unhappy) aspects of our group life as epistemic subjects—in particular, groupthink and group polarization.
Incorporating Service Learning in an Introductory Human Factors Course

The integration of service learning opportunities within an academic experience has enhanced the academic performance of the students and provided them with a sense of community and social involvement. The use of service learning was expanded by incorporating into a human factors course. Students evaluated the ergonomic design of elder care facilities in Oswego, NY. Through a literature review, interviews with residents and staff and their own evaluations, students assessed the ergonomics of two elder care facilities and presented their assessments to the facilities' administrators. All of the goals of the service learning component were met. Students were given a “real world” human factors problem to address, they provided information to the elder care facilities that will improve the quality of care provided to the residents, and the students developed a greater awareness of the needs of the elderly population.
A Power Spray Outfit Adapted for Applying Small Quantities of Material

The paper describes a power spray outfit which can be used for applying small quantities of material under field conditions. It was used extensively and satisfactorily during the summer of 1930, over 2,500 gallons of spray material being applied.
A Numerical Study on Improving Airfoil Performance at Low Reynolds Numbers for Small-Scale Wind Turbines using Intentional Roughness

With an increasing demand for energy combined with the current dependence on non� renewable resources, the need for sustainable energy sources has become evident. Because no single renewable energy source can supply the bulk of the demand, a diversified energy portfolio is required. One promising renewable resource is wind energy, typically extracted with horizontalaxis wind turbines. Largescale tur bines, often installed on wind farms, are promising because of the large quantities of energy they can extract but must be installed in areas of high average wind speed, requiring an expensive and extensive power grid to be built throughout the United States. Smallscale uni ts, on the other hand, can be optimized for much lower wind speeds. This allows them to be built near the areas of high energy consumption, which requires little grid development. In order to optimize smallscale wind turbines for low average wind speeds, blades designed for low Reynolds numbers are used. Another method of optimization, as shown in previous studies at Baylor, is to add certain types of roughness over a turbine blade. While roughness typically hinders turbine performance for Reynolds numbers 100,000 and higher, this study estimates an increase in torque produced of up to 20% by adding roughness on the surface of a 2 m diameter system that experiences Reynolds numbers below 100,000. The torque produced is a direct indicator of the power produced by the turbine. Turbines smaller than this would have more surface area experiencing Reynolds numbers below 100,000 and the improvement would be even greater. This paper analyzes the effects of roughness by examining the lift and drag produced by 2�D flow over the surface of a n S823 airfoil using XFOIL, a numerical code. Performance will be analyzed with and without added roughness over a range of low Reynolds numbers: 25,000, 50,000, 75,000, 100,000, and 200,000. The results of this study will be used to develop a methodology for applying intentional roughness at locations of low Reynolds number (below 100,000) for increased power performance in low wind conditions.
Enhanced Luminescence and Optical Cavity Modes from Uniformly Etched Porous Silicon

Uniform layers of porous silicon have been produced in a photoelectrochemical etch that show intensity enhancements of up to 100 fold, relative to samples etched in the dark. These films can also show fine structure in their photoluminescence (PL) spectra characteristic of longitudinal optical cavity modes. The highly luminescent, uniform porous layer is generated by illumination with blue or green light during the electrochemical etch of singlecrystal (B-doped) Si, and the enhancement is attributed to a localized photochemical etch process. The relevance of the increased PL intensity and interference-induced spectral changes to measurements of the intrinsic emission spectrum of porous Si are discussed.
Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3 from bone, liver, and blood serum

Radioactive metabolites present in bone, blood, liver, and feces of rats given (3)H vitamin D(3) have been isolated. Of these the aqueous soluble metabolite(s) from tissue and all those isolated from feces did not cure rickets in rats, while all the others were at least partially active in this regard. One of the metabolites proved to be as active as the parent vitamin in curing rickets and was found in large amounts in liver, blood, and bone. As much as 50-80% of the radioactivity in bone was found in this metabolite after a 500 IU oral dose of (3)H vitamin D(3). With 10 IU doses of 1,2-(3)H vitamin D(3), most of the radioactivity of the organs examined was found in this metabolite fraction. This metabolite appears to be more polar than vitamin D and is not an esterified form of the vitamin nor a complex of the vitamin with tissue lipids. Its possible role as the metabolically active form of the vitamin is discussed.
Pathway analysis of expression-related SNPs on genome-wide association study of basal cell carcinoma.

// Xin Li 1 , Liming Liang 1 , Immaculata De Vivo 1, 2 , Jean Y. Tang 3 , Jiali Han 4 1 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA 2 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 3 Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA 4 Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, and Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA Correspondence to: Jiali Han, e-mail: jialhan@iu.edu Keywords: expression-related SNPs (eSNPs), pathway analysis, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), genome-wide association study (GWAS), pathway databases Received: November 10, 2015 Accepted: April 24, 2016 Published: May 6, 2016 ABSTRACT Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have primarily focused on the association between individual genetic markers and risk of disease. We applied a novel approach that integrates skin expression-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (eSNPs) and pathway analysis for GWAS of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) to identify potential novel biological pathways. We evaluated the associations between 70,932 skin eSNPs and risk of BCC among 2,323 cases and 7,275 controls of European ancestry, and then assigned them to the pathways defined by KEGG, GO, and BioCarta databases. Three KEGG pathways (colorectal cancer, actin cytoskeleton, and BCC), two GO pathways (cellular component disassembly in apoptosis, and nucleus organization), and four BioCarta pathways (Ras signaling, T cell receptor signaling, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and links between Pyk2 and Map Kinases) showed significant association with BCC risk with p-value <0.05 and FDR<0.2. These pathways also ranked at top in sensitivity analyses. Two positive controls in KEGG, the hedgehog pathway and the BCC pathway, showed significant association with BCC risk in both main and sensitivity analyses. Our results indicate that SNPs that are undetectable by conventional GWASs are significantly associated with BCC when tested as pathways. Biological studies of these gene groups suggest their potential roles in the etiology of BCC.
Translingual oral and written practices: Rhetorical resources in multilingual writers’ discourses:

Aims and objectives:This study investigates how three multilingual scholars enact translingual negotiation strategies in a variety of contexts. The purpose of the study is to identify how translingual oral and written literacy practices serve as rhetorical tools of language self-awareness, identity construction, and negotiations of language difference.Design/Methodology/Approach:The objectives of the study are achieved by conducting a textual analysis of three primarily oral genres mediated by literate practices. The genres include: a plenary address, naturalization ceremony speech, and personal interview.Data and Analysis:The three genres composed by multilingual scholars are analyzed using the following four translingual negotiation strategies: envoicing, recontextualization, interactional, and entextualization.Findings/Conclusions:The key findings of the research reveal the important relationship between oral and written practices, particularly how oral language practices serve as rhetorical resources ...
Pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis

Inflammation of the central airways is a prominent feature in subjects with chronic bronchitis. The pathology of chronic bronchitis includes an inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate in the airway wall and a neutrophil influx into the airway lumen. The molecular events that produce the inflammation and its pathogenetic role in causing mucus hypersecretion are beginning to be elucidated. The inflammatory cell recruitment to the airways likely involves chemotactic agents derived not only from tissue fluid and invading microbes but also generated by the diseased bronchial epithelium. For example, bronchial epithelial cells synthesize interleukin (IL-8), a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Adhesion of infiltrating leukocytes to resident parenchymal cells in the bronchi and to extracellular matrix also is crucial for the development of airway inflammation. The resultant inflammation likely plays a direct role in the clinical features of the disorder. There is growing evidence incriminating neutrophil and lymphocytes constituents in the initiation and maintenance of cough and mucus expectoration that occurs in subjects with chronic bronchitis.
Grit, Self-Esteem, Learning Strategies and Attitudes and Estimated and Achieved Course Grades among College Students

Being aware and accurate of how one will perform in a college class may relate to personal qualities, how one feels about oneself, learning strategies, and attitudes towards learning. In this study, 302 undergraduate students completed a questionnaire in the first 2 weeks of the semester, which included estimated grade in a particular class and measures of grit, self-esteem, learning strategies, and attitudes towards lifelong learning. Perseverance of effort, a component of grit, and self-esteem predicted estimated grade. There were no significant predictors of achieved final grade. Self-esteem, attitudes towards lifelong learning and general strategies for learning predicted perseverance of effort. Self-esteem and general strategies for learning predicted consistency of interest, another component of grit. For college students, grit may still be in flux through their experiences learning and achieving in college.
Effect of Labels on Risk Perceptions of Consumer Products

Previous studies have shown many individuals do not know the meanings of terms often used as stand-alone descriptions of hazards. Leonard and Digby (1992) found subjects rated the danger associated with different products very differently despite being given the same hazard description. One possibility for the differences in ratings is that substances are experienced in very different quantities. While gasoline is usually seen in multigallon amounts, fingernail polish remover is seen in quantities of a few fluid ounces. An alternative explanation is that people's experiences (direct or vicarious) with the substances have given them different concepts of the characteristics of the substances. This study examined these alternatives by asking 88 subjects to rate the risk of a dangerous event occurring with the same specific quantity of each substance. Mean ratings over all subgroups indicated that they perceived less risk from certain substances than from others, although the substances are equally dangerous...
Unstable Immiscible Displacements in Oil-Wet Rocks

Displacement of a viscous fluid by a lower viscosity immiscible fluid (such as waterflood of a viscous oil) in a porous medium is unstable. The displacement front generates viscous fingers which lead to low oil recovery efficiency. These fingers are much smaller in width than typical reservoir simulation grid blocks, and capturing their effect in reservoir simulation is important. A dimensionless scaling group (viscous finger number) had been suggested in the past, which has a power-law relationship with the breakthrough recovery and cumulative recovery in unstable core floods. The relative permeability used in large grid block simulations had been modified to so-called pseudo-relative permeability on the basis of the dimensionless group, thus incorporating the effect of fingers in waterflood predictions. However, the previous proposed models were constructed from experiments in only water-wet rocks. This paper extends the recent viscous fingering models to oil-wet systems. Sandstone cores were treated to alter the wettability to oil-wet. Adverse viscosity water floods were performed in oil-wet cores. Viscosity ratio, velocity and diameter were varied. It is shown that the previously developed viscous finger number does not work for the oil-wet experiments. The correlating dimensionless number is modified for oil-wet systems; it is also different from the dimensionless group identified by Peters and Flock (Soc Petroleum Eng, 1981. doi: 10.2118/8371-PA ) for oil-wet cores. A pseudo-relative permeability model has been developed for oil-wet cores. Corefloods have been matched by the new pseudo-relative permeability model to determine the model parameters. This pseudo-relative permeability model can be used in reservoir simulations of water and polymer floods in viscous oil-wet reservoirs.
Impact of yoga on balance, balance confidence and occupational performance for adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A pilot study:

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to examine the preliminary efficacy of yoga on balance, balance confidence, occupational performance, and satisfaction with performance in adults with diab...
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Cancer

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) mediate the transcription of hundreds of genes that allow cells to adapt to hypoxic environments. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about mechanisms of HIF activation in cancer, as well as downstream cancer-promoting consequences such as altered substrate metabolism, angiogenesis, and cell differentiation. In addition, we examine the proposed relationship between respiratory-related hypoxia, HIFs, and cancer. HIFs are increased in many forms of cancer and portend a poor prognosis and response to therapy. HIFs play a critical role in various stages of carcinogenesis. HIF and its transcription targets may be useful as biomarkers of disease and therapeutic targets for cancer.
Stagnation point flow of a second-order viscoelastic fluid

The boundary-layer equations are solved for the case of two-dimensional flow of a second-order viscoelastic fluid near a stagnation point. It is shown that the effect of viscoelasticity is not only to increase the wall-shear stress but also to cause oscillations in the velocity profile. It is further shown that the constitutive equation for the second-order viscoelastic fluid is not applicable to the analysis of stagnation point flow for Weissenberg numbers greater than approximately 0.32.
Applied mathematics in the computer and communications industry

In the early ‘70’s, when I was a graduate student at Berkeley, I had the impression that mathematical problems of interest to industry were simply not of interest to mathematicians. I had read Hardy’s A Mathematician’s Apology and believed that pure mathematics ought not to be tainted by applications. But as my career progressed I found that I wanted to work on problems that bear more closely to science and engineering — partly in the hope that such work would be useful to people, but also that the connections would make the mathematics richer, more fun and more interesting. This was one of the reasons that I moved from a senior university position to IBM.
Abstract 1491: Mitochondrial dysfunction from defective Cytochrome oxidase complex induces tumorigenic phenotype

Mitochondrial defects that affect activity of the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes are associated with several diseases including cancer. Dysfunctional mitochondria resulting from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations or exposure to xenobiotics have been shown to initiate retrograde signaling pathway characterized by disrupted membrane potential, elevated cytosolic calcium and activation of Calcineurin, a calcium dependent phosphatase. In some cell types these events form the basis for triggering transcriptional reprogramming that converts non tumorigenic cells to tumorigenic phenotype. Cytochrome oxidase (CcO) is the terminal enzyme of the ETC that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from reduced cytochrome C to oxygen. All the mutations of CcO subunits identified as prevalent in various cancers like prostrate, pancreatic, colon and ovarian cancers have been found in mtDNA encoded subunits. Effect of loss of nuclear subunits leading to reduced Cytochrome oxidase activity on tumor progression are not well studied. Nuclear subunits IVi1 and Vb of CcO are susceptible to various stress conditions like exposure to long term hypoxia, ischemia-reperfusion and treatment with ethanol resulting in selective degradation and loss of activity. Here we report the activation of retrograde signaling by loss of these subunits. Genetic silencing of the subunits IVi1 and Vb, and loss of activity resulted in metabolic shift to glycolysis and was accompanied by increased glucose utilization. Disruption of the CcO complex activated many of the hallmark factors of Ca2+/Calcineurin mediated retrograde signaling. Importantly, rescue of the CcO deficiency by overexpressing CcO subunits or by inhibitors of retrograde signaling pathway attenuated the phenotypic changes such as anchorage independent growth and increased invasive potential. Further, esophageal tumor sections from human patients revealed reduced CcO subunits IVi1 and Vb in the center of the tumor mass suggesting a pathological significance of these findings. Our results show that mitochondrial ETC defect initiates a retrograde signaling and induces genes with major roles in tumor development. (Supported by NIH grants CA-22762 and GM-34883) Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Satish Srinivasan, Manti Guha, Gordon Ruthel, Hiroshi Nakagawa, Narayan Avadhani. Mitochondrial dysfunction from defective Cytochrome oxidase complex induces tumorigenic phenotype [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1491. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1491
Disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to advanced prostate cancer: Clinical characteristics, management, and prognosis.

355Background: Although disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a recognized complication of prostate cancer, little is known about the clinical features and optimal management of these patients. Although anecdotal case studies indicating that the prognosis of prostate cancer associated with DIC might improve with chemotherapy, the clinical data from single case report are far from sufficient for establishment of a standardized treatment strategy. The main objective of this study was to determine the clinical features, treatment and prognosis clinical outcome of patients with prostate cancer complicated by DIC. Methods: We conducted a pooled analysis of 85 prostate cancer patients diagnosed with DIC, two treated in our institution and 83 patients from published literature between January 1976 and June 2017. Results: Eighty-five patients were included in final analysis. The median age was 68 years (range, 44 to 92 years). The majority of patients (98%) has adenocarcinoma. Two (2%) patients with sma...
Criticality concerns of a group actinide co-crystallization separations approach to used nuclear fuel recycling

Abstract The co-crystallization of hexavalent actinides with uranyl nitrate hexahydrate has been established as a viable approach to achieving group actinide separation in used nuclear fuel recycle, while avoiding the difficulties associated with the solvent-extraction process altogether. A preliminary neutronics safety analysis has been performed to alleviate criticality concerns associated with this group hexavalent actinide co-crystallization approach. The basic uranyl nitrate hexahydrate material compositions used are representative of used fuel found at commercial pressurized water reactors all around the U.S. This material is subsequently doped with various percentages of either typical reactor grade plutonium or with the total transuranic vector, replacing the uranium atoms in the crystal lattice structure. Infinite and effective neutron multiplication factors were calculated using the state-of-the-art Monte Carlo neutron transport code MCNP in a variety of plausible material configurations, assuming an acceptable safety limit for criticality to be an effective neutron multiplication factor less than 0.95. The results indicate that the crystal structures form a very subcritical intrinsic geometry even with six water molecules being incorporated into the crystal structure. The results of this research suggest that significant opportunity exists for the safe transfer of the group actinide separation approach from a laboratory to an operational scale.
Tunable inversion symmetry to control indirect-to-direct band gaps transitions

Electric-field tunable indirect-to-direct band gap transitions occur in thin-film silicon and transition metal dichalcogenides; however, they remain challenging to access in three-dimensional transition metal oxides. Very recently, an unusual polar-to-nonpolar phase transition under epitaxial strain was discovered in ${\mathrm{A}}_{3}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ hybrid improper ferroelectrics (HIFs), which supports controllable dielectric anisotropy and magnetization. Here we examine HIF ${(\mathrm{AB}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{1}/{({\mathrm{A}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{1}$ superlattices and ${\mathrm{AA}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{BB}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ double perovskites and predict a competing nonpolar antiferroelectric phase, demonstrating it is hidden in hybrid improper ferroelectrics exhibiting corner-connected $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra. Furthermore, we show the transition between the polar and nonpolar phases enables an in-plane electric field to control the indirect-to-direct band gap transition at the phase boundary in the ${(\mathrm{AB}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{1}/{({\mathrm{A}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{1}$ superlattices and ${\mathrm{AA}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{BB}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ double perovskites, which may be tuned through static strain or chemical substitution. Our findings establish HIFs as a functional electronics class from which to realize direct gap materials and enables the integration of a broader palette of chemistries and compounds for linear and nonlinear optical applications.
Pathogenetic Studies of the Neurofilamentous Neuropathies

Exposure to both n-hexane and methyl n-butylketone (2-hexanone) have resulted in distal sensorimotor neuropathies in industrial settings (Yamamura, 1969; Allen et al., 1975), and n-hexane induced neuropathies have been seen in glue sniffers (Korokobin et al., 1975). The resulting neuropathy was characterized by paranodal axonal swellings filled with neurofilaments and was readily reproduced in experimental animals (Schaumburg and Spencer, 1976; Krasavage et al., 1980). Degeneration of the axon distal to the swellings has been observed in large myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but less often in small myelinated or unmyelinated PNS axons (Spencer and Schaumburg, 1977) or in central nervous system (CNS) axons, in which the masses of neurofilaments travel to the end of the axon where they undergo eventual digestion by a calcium-activated protease (Cavanagh and Bennetts, 1981; Cavanagh, 1982).
Introduction to The Special Issue on International Management

17, No. 5), the Journal of Business Ethics undertook a division of labour reflecting the current expansion and development of the whole field as well as likely progress in the future. Four new Associate Editors were appointed in various fields. At that time, I was appointed as Associate/Section Editor for International Management. It was the intention of the Editor-in-Chief to publish at least one issue of the Journal on a timely basis devoted to each of the four areas. While all manuscripts submitted to the Journal would be routinely sent to the Journals Editorial Office at Kluwer Academic Publishers in the Netherlands, some of these would be forwarded to the Associate Editors for consideration for their special issues. Thus, special issues would contain articles submitted to the Journal and subsequently targeted for a particular issue in one of the four areas. My Call For Papers in the field of International Management was stated in the following paragraph: