cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulence-free two-photon double-slit interference with coherent and incoherent light.

This article reports a study on a turbulence-free Young’s double-slit interferometer. When the environmental turbulence blurs out the classic Young’s double-slit interference completely, a two-photon interference pattern is still observable from the measurement of intensity or photon number fluctuation correlation. This two-photon interferometer always produces a turbulence-free interference pattern, when the double-slit interferometer is utilizing both first-order spatially incoherent light and spatially coherent light. This type of two-photon interferometer establishes new capabilities in optical observations and sensing measurements that require high sensitivity and stability.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Effectiveness Against HPV Infection: Evaluation of One, Two, and Three Doses.

Background Highly effective human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are used in many national programs in 3- or 2-dose schedules. We examined HPV vaccine effectiveness against HPV prevalence by number of doses. Methods We collected residual liquid-based cytology samples from US women aged 20-29 years who were screened for cervical cancer. Women continuously enrolled from 2006 through the specimen collection date were analyzed. Specimens were tested using the Linear Array assay. We analyzed prevalence of quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV) types (HPV 6,11,16,18) and other HPV-type categories and determined prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 1, 2, and 3 compared with no vaccine doses. Results Among 4269 women, 1052 (24.6%) were unvaccinated, 2610 (61.1%) received 3 doses, 304 (7.1%) received 2 doses, and 303 (7.1%) received 1 dose. The 4vHPV-type prevalence was 7.4% among unvaccinated women compared with 1.7%, 1.0%, and 1.0% among 1-, 2-, and 3-dose recipients. Among women vaccinated at ≤18 years, adjusted PRs for 1, 2, and 3 doses were 0.06 (95% CI, 0.01-0.42), 0.05 (95% CI, 0.01-0.39), and 0.06 (95% CI, 0.04-0.12). Conclusions Among women who received their first dose at age ≤18, estimated HPV vaccine effectiveness was high regardless of number of doses.
Gene editing in plants: assessing the variables through a simplified case study.

Multiple variables that control the relative levels of successful heritable plant genome editing were addressed using simple case studies in Arabidopsis thaliana. The recent advent of genome editing technologies (especially CRISPR, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) has revolutionized various fields of scientific research. The process is much more specific than previous mutagenic processes and allows for targeting of nearly any gene of interest for the creation of loss-of-function mutations and many other types of editing, including gene-replacement and gene activation. However, not all CRISPR construct designs are successful, due to several factors, including differences in the strength and cell- or tissue-type specificity of the regulatory elements used to express the Cas9 (CRISPR Associated protein 9) DNA nuclease and single guide RNA components, and differences in the relative editing efficiency at different target areas within a given gene. Here we compare the levels of editing created in Arabidopsis thaliana by CRISPR constructs containing either different promoters, or altered target sites with varied levels of guanine–cytosine base content. Additionally, nuclease activity at sites targeted by imperfectly matched single guide RNAs was observed, suggesting that while the primary goal of most CRISPR construct designs is to achieve rapid, robust, heritable gene editing, the formation of unintended mutations at other genomic loci must be carefully monitored.
The effect of zolpidem on memory consolidation over a night of sleep.

Study objectives Nonrapid eye movement sleep boosts hippocampus-dependent, long-term memory formation more so than wake. Studies have pointed to several electrophysiological events that likely play a role in this process, including thalamocortical sleep spindles (12-15 Hz). However, interventional studies that directly probe the causal role of spindles in consolidation are scarce. Previous studies have used zolpidem, a GABA-A agonist, to increase sleep spindles during a daytime nap and promote hippocampal-dependent episodic memory. The current study investigated the effect of zolpidem on nighttime sleep and overnight improvement of episodic memories. Methods We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject design to test the a priori hypothesis that zolpidem would lead to increased memory performance on a word-paired associates task by boosting spindle activity. We also explored the impact of zolpidem across a range of other spectral sleep features, including slow oscillations (0-1 Hz), delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), sigma (12-15 Hz), as well as spindle-SO coupling. Results We showed greater memory improvement after a night of sleep with zolpidem, compared to placebo, replicating a prior nap study. Additionally, zolpidem increased sigma power, decreased theta and delta power, and altered the phase angle of spindle-SO coupling, compared to placebo. Spindle density, theta power, and spindle-SO coupling were associated with next-day memory performance. Conclusions These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sleep, specifically the timing and amount of sleep spindles, plays a causal role in the long-term formation of episodic memories. Furthermore, our results emphasize the role of nonrapid eye movement theta activity in human memory consolidation.
The detail is in the difficulty: Challenging search facilitates rich incidental object encoding

When searching for objects in the environment, observers necessarily encounter other, nontarget, objects. Despite their irrelevance for search, observers often incidentally encode the details of these objects, an effect that is exaggerated as the search task becomes more challenging. Although it is well established that searchers create incidental memories for targets, less is known about the fidelity with which nontargets are remembered. Do observers store richly detailed representations of nontargets, or are these memories characterized by gist-level detail, containing only the information necessary to reject the item as a nontarget? We addressed this question across two experiments in which observers completed multiple-target (one to four potential targets) searches, followed by surprise alternative forced-choice (AFC) recognition tests for all encountered objects. To assess the detail of incidentally stored memories, we used similarity rankings derived from multidimensional scaling to manipulate the perceptual similarity across objects in 4-AFC (Experiment 1a) and 16-AFC (Experiments 1b and 2) tests. Replicating prior work, observers recognized more nontarget objects encountered during challenging, relative to easier, searches. More importantly, AFC results revealed that observers stored more than gist-level detail: When search objects were not recognized, observers systematically chose lures with higher perceptual similarity, reflecting partial encoding of the search object’s perceptual features. Further, similarity effects increased with search difficulty, revealing that incidental memories for visual search objects are sharpened when the search task requires greater attentional processing.
Chute behavior of cattle handled using acclimation and low-stress handling techniques

Bovine Respiratory Disease is a multifactorial syndrome, which negatively impacts performance and welfare among cattle on feed. BRD is associated with viral and bacterial pathogens; but other causal factors include management techniques and environmental stresses. Immune systems of many species, including bovids, have the capability to become compromised by stress. Low-stress cattle handling (LSCH) and acclimation methods are thought to lower stress and may potentially benefit the health and performance of feedlot cattle. Low stress handling methods use the natural behavior and innate responses of cattle to minimize negative consequences due to handler interactions. Acclimation methods familiarize cattle with their environment and, therefore, decrease stress. It was hypothesized that cattle that were acclimated and handled with LSCH techniques would vocalize less and display calmer behavior in a squeeze chute compared to cattle that had not been acclimated and had been handled conventionally.
A compact W-band breadboard radar for Atmospheric Measurements

We present the W-band channel breadboard and first-light measurements of a new atmospheric profiling radar, called CloudCube. CloudCube is intended to be a multifrequency, ultra-compact, low-cost, modularized radar for vertical profiling of clouds, convection and precipitation structures and dynamics from space. The instrument uses a radar architecture, where the baseband signal is directly upconverted to the RF band without any addition of intermediate frequencies or further multiplication scheme. This architecture, combined with pulse compression techniques, provides a simple and effective solution while achieving the required performance and robustness of an airborne or space flight radar instrument.
Credible Commitments and Constitutional Constraints: State Debt Repudiation and Default in 19th Century America

Between 1839 and 1842 the United States suffered through an acute debt crisis. Over this period eight states and one territory defaulted, five of which outright repudiated all or parts of their debts outstanding. However, for many of those same states reentry into capital markets occurred relatively rapidly and at rather favorable terms. The question then remains, how and why was this possible? This current work attempts to explain this phenomena by suggesting that soon after default or repudiation many states enacted constitutional amendments meant to significantly constrain and credibly commit future governments from overextending credit and simultaneously to pursue time consistent public policy. I explore this by examining the impact that these newly imposed constitutional amendments, which limited both the type and amount of debt as well as created stronger procedural safeguards for issuing debt, had on average bond prices from New York market data. Overall, my results show that newly constrained states had higher average bond prices than states that did not impose constitutional limits on debt financing, thus suggesting that markets did in fact perceive these constitutional changes to be binding and credible. These results are robust to a number of specifications.
Linguistic Landscape Projects in Language Teaching: Opportunities for Critical Language Learning Beyond the Classroom

This chapter describes the design and integration of linguistic landscape (LL) projects in elementary-level Spanish-language courses in which students analyzed meaning-making practices and constructed knowledge from their active engagement with New York City (NYC), a socioculturally and linguistically diverse space for language learning. We provide an overview of the multiliteracies and knowledge processes pedagogical frameworks (New London Group Harv Educ Rev 66:60–92, 1996); (Kalantzis, Cope Literacies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012) and then discuss students’ work in NYC through the lens of these frameworks. These student-centered projects afforded students with opportunities to analyze and critically reflect upon the socially-situated and constructed public spaces in LLs and the communities who are represented and excluded.
Unprotected Left Main Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With or Without Hemodynamic Support.

Hemodynamic support is widely utilized for unprotected left main (ULM) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) despite lack of evidence from randomized studies and the risk of device-related complications. We aimed to compare ULMPCI with and without intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support. A single-center, retrospective analysis was performed for patients undergoing ULMPCI with and without IABP support. Clinical, procedural, in-hospital, and 30-day cardiovascular outcomes were compared. From 2003 through 2018, 217 patients underwent non-emergent ULMPCI, 55 with elective IABP support (IABP group), and 162 without support (No-IABP group). The study population comprised 56.4% men and 74.5% Caucasians in the IABP group and 53.7% men and 62.3% Caucasians in the No-IABP group. The mean age for IABP and No-IABP group patients was 75.75 ± 12.34 years and 73.47 ± 15.19 years, respectively (p = 0.315). Procedural success was achieved in 99% of IABP and 95.3% of No-IABP patients (p = 0.089). In-hospital and 30-day mortality was 5.5% for the IABP group and 5.6% for the No-IABP group (p = 0.977). Rates of major complications were statistically similar between the groups. Bailout IABP was required in 10% of No-IABP patients. Hospital and intensive care unit length of stay was statistically longer in the IABP group. In conclusion, ULMPCI without IABP support was not associated with increased mortality and major cardiovascular outcomes compared with supported patients and was associated with shorter hospital and intensive care unit stay. A randomized trial comparing unsupported versus supported ULMPCI is warranted to identify patients who would benefit from hemodynamic support.
Receipt of Cessation Treatments Among Medicaid Enrollees Trying to Quit Smoking.

Introduction Cigarette smoking prevalence is higher among adults enrolled in Medicaid than adults with private health insurance. State Medicaid coverage of cessation treatments has been gradually improving in recent years; however, the extent to which this has translated into increased use of these treatments by Medicaid enrollees remains unknown. Aims and methods Using Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) files, we estimated state-level receipt of smoking cessation treatments and associated spending among Medicaid fee-for service (FFS) enrollees who try to quit. MAX data are the only national person-level data set available for the Medicaid program. We used the most recent MAX data available for each state and the District of Columbia (ranging from 2010 to 2014) for this analysis. Results Among the 37 states with data, an average of 9.4% of FFS Medicaid smokers with a past-year quit attempt had claims for cessation medications, ranging from 0.2% (Arkansas) to 32.9% (Minnesota). Among the 20 states with data, an average of 2.7% of FFS Medicaid smokers with a past-year quit attempt received cessation counseling, ranging from 0.1% (Florida) to 5.6% (Missouri). Estimated Medicaid spending for cessation medications and counseling for these states totaled just over $13 million. If all Medicaid smokers who tried to quit were to have claims for cessation medications, projected annual Medicaid expenditures would total $0.8 billion, a small fraction of the amount ($45.9 billion) that Medicaid spends annually on treating smoking-related disease. Conclusions The receipt of cessation medications and counseling among FFS Medicaid enrollees was low and varied widely across states. Implications Few studies have examined use of cessation treatments among Medicaid enrollees. We found that many FFS Medicaid smokers made quit attempts, but few had claims for proven cessation treatments, especially counseling. The receipt of cessation treatments among FFS Medicaid enrollees varied widely across states, suggesting opportunities for additional promotion of the full range of Medicaid cessation benefits. Continued monitoring of Medicaid enrollees' use of cessation treatments could inform state and national efforts to help more Medicaid enrollees quit smoking.
A Compressive Sensing Approach to Inferring Cognitive Representations with Reverse Correlation

Uncovering high-level cognitive representations of categories such as faces is an elusive goal that has been frequently sought using reverse correlation, a technique employed in fields ranging from neurophysiology to cognitive psychology. In reverse correlation, subjects are asked to make perceptual judgments (e.g., "do you see a face?") about richly varying stimuli (e.g., white noise), and observed responses are then regressed against stimuli to yield reconstructions of the underlying cognitive representation. However, many thousands of stimulus-response pairs are frequently required, which severely limits the breadth of studies that are feasible using this powerful method. Techniques that are currently employed to improve efficiency, such as filtering the reconstruction, nevertheless bias the outcome. Here, we show that an advanced signal processing technique for improving sampling efficiency - compressive sensing - is directly compatible with reverse correlation. A trio of simulations are performed to demonstrate that compressive sensing can reduce the required stimulus-response pairs by up to 90% without biasing the reconstruction or can retrospectively improve the accuracy of the reconstructions on existing data. This work concludes by outlining the potential of compressive sensing to improve representation reconstruction throughout the field of neuroscience and beyond.
Distributed Sparse Regression via Penalization.

We study sparse linear regression over a network of agents, modeled as an undirected graph (with no centralized node). The estimation problem is formulated as the minimization of the sum of the local LASSO loss functions plus a quadratic penalty of the consensus constraint -- the latter being instrumental to obtain distributed solution methods. While penalty-based consensus methods have been extensively studied in the optimization literature, their statistical and computational guarantees in the high dimensional setting remain unclear. This work provides an answer to this open problem. Our contribution is two-fold. First, we establish statistical consistency of the estimator: under a suitable choice of the penalty parameter, the optimal solution of the penalized problem achieves near optimal minimax rate $\mathcal{O}(s \log d/N)$ in $\ell_2$-loss, where $s$ is the sparsity value, $d$ is the ambient dimension, and $N$ is the total sample size in the network -- this matches centralized sample rates. Second, we show that the proximal-gradient algorithm applied to the penalized problem, which naturally leads to distributed implementations, converges linearly up to a tolerance of the order of the centralized statistical error -- the rate scales as $\mathcal{O}(d)$, revealing an unavoidable speed-accuracy dilemma.Numerical results demonstrate the tightness of the derived sample rate and convergence rate scalings.
Reprint of “Using single-molecule magnets as analyte-recognition compounds in photo-electric chemical sensors: Recent results from [Mn12O12(O2CCH3)16(H2O)4]·2CH3COOH·4H2O, and [Mn12O12(O2CPh)16(H2O)4]”

Abstract Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) were tested for their chemical sensing properties on photo-electric chemical sensors. Photo-electric chemical sensors or PECS are contact sensors for the detection of various chemical analytes, with a wide range of possible applications, using different analyte-recognition compounds (ARCs). The ARC-analyte interaction on the surface of the sensor generates photovoltages (PVs), due to the Becquerel effect, as in photovoltaics. Detection of analyte is documented as modified PVs upon excitation of both the analyte and the ARC using an optical source providing fast light flashes (
Becoming Americans in Paris: Transatlantic Politics and Culture between the World Wars – By Brooke L. Blower

This intriguing read comes highly recommended. The author analyzes America's connection to Paris during the interwar years from new perspectives, undermining common perceptions of “Gay Paree” as a ...
A Miniature Cryogenic High Vacuum Valve

A small high vacuum valve has been built for use in a liquid hydrogen handling system. The valve stem tip consists of a polycarbonate resin which closes against a stainless steel seat. Other features of the valve include a closing mechanism that is helium gas operated and a bellows stem seal that allows the valve to open and close without changing the internal volume.
Fieldwork in common places: An ethnographer's experiences in Tory Island

This paper examines some fieldwork experiences in Tory Island, Co. Donegal, Ireland, contextualizing them within a critique of Irish folklore studies. It also examines the position of a fieldworker who shares the ethnicity of those with whom he has worked, discussing the challenges and opportunities presented by such a situation. The notion of “field” is questioned, and it is argued that a reciprocal “equity consciousness “ towards an ethics of practice is crucial to any worthwhile engagement with the musical traditions of others. The limitations of such an engagement are also discussed and I argue that, if we are to avoid complacency and grave error, critical moments of distanciation must always mediate the activity of appropriation.
Molecular Interactions of Uncompetitive Inhibitors with Bovine Liver Glutamate Dehydrogenase SODIUM ALKYL SULFATES

Abstract A series of sodium n-alkyl sulfate esters (6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 carbon atoms) were synthesized from the respective alcohols. The relative potency (negative logarithm of detergent concentration producing 50% inhibition) of these sodium dodecyl sulfate analogs for inhibition of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase was a linear function of the number of carbon atoms in the detergent. This linear correlation indicated that hydrophobic bonding interactions were a major force in the combination of inhibitor with enzyme. This was substantiated by the observation that a linear correlation was also obtained between log (1/I50) and log P. P was the partition coefficient for the inhibitor between the phases 1-octanol and water. Lengthening the alkyl chain of the anionic detergents beyond 14 carbon atoms did not bring an additional enhancement of inhibition. This indicated a possible size limitation of about 23 A (extended length of C14 analog) or 13 A (for a folded configuration of the detergent) at the detergent binding site on the enzyme. Inhibition occurred without denaturation since changes in protein fluorescence occurred only at much higher cencentrations than those used in the kinetic studies. Denaturation activity by the detergents (log 1/F50, F was the concentration of detergent producing 50% of the change in protein tryptophanyl fluorescence) was also linearly related to the number of carbon atoms in the sulfate ester. Double reciprocal plots of velocity against l-glutamate concentration indicated that sodium hexyl sulfate was a noncompetitive inhibitor. Sodium octyl sulfate gave mixed kinetics between competitive and uncompetitive inhibition. Sodium decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl sulfates were uncompetitive inhibitors. The inhibition by sodium decyl and dodecyl sulfates involved greater cooperativity than that which occurred with the other analogs. Sulfate ion was observed to be a weak competitive inhibitor (Ki, 0.29 m). Sodium laurate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were cooperative uncompetitive inhibitors with respect to l-glutamate. Thus, either a positive or negative charge at one end of the hydrophobic alkyl chain will suffice for uncompetitive inhibition by these detergents.
Isolation and analysis of a new hopper hAT transposon from the Bactrocera dorsalis white eye strain

A new hopper element belonging to the hAT transposon family was isolated from the white eye mutant strain of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. Using the original hopper element sequence from the wild type Kahuku strain as a template, the new hopper was isolated by inverse and direct PCR. Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals a 3131 bp element with terminal and subterminal inverted repeat sequences, an 8 bp duplicated insertion site, and a conceptual translation yielding a single uninterrupted 650 amino acid open reading frame. The white eye hopper has structure more consistent with function than the Kahuku element, indicating that hopper is not an ancient relic. The hopper element remains distantly related to other known hAT elements including those from insects, and presently it is most similar to Activator-related elements discovered in the human genome. DNA hybridization studies indicate, however, that elements closely related to hopper exist in another bactrocerid species, the melonfly, B. cucurbitae.
Crafting Tradition: The Making and Marketing of Oaxacan Wood Carvings

Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. History of Oaxacan Wood Carving (1940-1985) Chapter 3. Contemporary Wood Carving Chapter 4. Wood-Carving Communities Chapter 5. Economic Strategies Chapter 6. Making Wood Carvings Chapter 7. Global Markets and Local Work Organization Chapter 8. Specializations Chapter 9. How Artisans Attain Success Chapter 10. Popular Journalism, Artistic Styles, and Economic Success Chapter 11. Sales in Oaxaca Chapter 12. Sales in the United States Chapter 13. Conclusion Epilogue References Cited Index
Type reconstruction for general refinement types

General refinement types allow types to be refined by predicates written in a general-purpose programming language, and can express function pre- and postconditions and data structure invariants. In this setting, with expressive and possibly verbose types, type reconstruction is particularly valuable, yet typeability is undecidable because it subsumes type checking. Using a generalized notion of type reconstruction, we present the first type reconstruction algorithm for a type system with base types refined by abitrary program terms. Our algorithm is a typeability-preserving transformation and defers type checking to a subsequent phase. The algorithm generates and solves a collection of implication constraints over refinement predicates, inferring maximally precise refinement predicates in a largely syntactic manner that is reminiscent of strongest postcondition calculation. Perhaps surprisingly, our notion of type reconstruction is decidable even though type checking is not.
The Implications of Monitoring Frequency for Describing Riverine Water Quality Regimes

Strategies to characterize water quality vary widely, but regulatory approaches mainly consider single-value thresholds for individual parameters (e.g. minimum dissolved oxygen concentration). Distributions of parameter values across multiple temporal and spatial scales, commonly referred to as regimes, add greater context and interpretability to point measurements. Although uncommon among monitoring programmes, continuous water quality data collected at high frequency (e.g. hourly) can characterize waterbody health more accurately than infrequent point measurements. We used multivariate analysis to describe water quality regimes based on hourly measurements of dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance and water temperature from three divergent stream types in Southeast Alaska national parks. We also assessed whether less frequent measurements drawn from the original hourly data set resulted in similar water quality regime descriptions. The monthly means and standard deviations of the four water quality parameters created ordinations with interpretable, stream-specific environmental gradients. Procrustean analysis revealed that ordination results were strikingly similar across all temporal monitoring frequencies. Univariate medians and distributions of weekly, twice monthly and monthly measurements were similar across all parameters, but hourly monitoring was necessary to accurately characterize extreme values. These analyses demonstrated the ability of commonly collected water quality parameters to define unique physical–chemical properties across regional stream types and present scientists with common analytical tools to determine appropriate monitoring scales for accurately characterizing water quality regimes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypnerotomachia joins the Perkins Library: collecting to support persuasion in architectural design and history

The acquisition of the Hypnerotomachia by the University of Pennsylvania Libraries aligned with collection development objectives established in the 1950s by Architecture Dean G. Holmes Perkins. In order to support the university’s training in contemporary design for architecture and urban planning, Perkins built a collection of textual and graphic resources reflecting architectural theory and practice from the Renaissance through the twentieth century. Perkins was a modernist but expected students to acquire expertise in the whole of architectural history. The Perkins Library is made available in dedicated space within the Anne and Jerome Fisher Fine Arts Library, University of Pennsylvania.
Surges around the Hawaiian Islands from the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

[1] The 2011 Tohoku tsunami devastated the northeastern Japan coasts and caused localized damage to coastal infrastructure across the Pacific. The tsunami resulted in strong currents around the Hawaiian Islands that led to closure of harbors and marinas for up to 38 h after its arrival. We utilize a nonhydrostatic model to reconstruct the tsunami event from the seismic source for elucidation of the physical processes and inference of the coastal hazards. A number of tide gauges, bottom pressure sensors, and ADCPs provided point measurements for validation and assessment of the model results in Hawaii. Spectral analysis of the computed surface elevation and current reveals complex flow patterns due to multiscale resonance. Standing waves with 33–75 min period develop along the island chains, while oscillations of 27 min or shorter are primarily confined to an island or an island group with interconnected shelves. Standing edge waves with periods 16 min or shorter, which are able to form nodes on the reefs and inside harbors, are the main driving force of the observed coastal currents. Resonance and constructive interference of the oscillation modes provide an explanation of the impacts observed in Hawaii with implications for emergency management in Pacific island communities.
Transfer Pricing in Multinational Corporations: An Integrated Management- and Tax Perspective

Transfer prices play a central role for both managerial accounting and tax reporting purposes in vertically integrated firms. Common to these purposes is that transfer prices ultimately determine the distribution of reported income across different segments (divisions) of the firm. The managerial accounting literature has long viewed transfer prices as an instrument for coordinating the production and sales decisions of different business segments. The tax-oriented literature on transfer pricing, in contrast, has largely viewed the transactions between business segments of the firm as given. The major focus in this literature has been on how a firm can minimize its worldwide tax liability within the confines of the arm’s-length standard. In this article, we take an integrated view of managerial and tax considerations by analyzing how the optimal internal transfer prices depends on the admissible arm’s length price and the applicable tax rates.
Green Buildings and Potential Electric Light Energy Savings

This paper estimates the approximate yearly electric lighting load of a “green” commercial building for a temperate climate region by studying the impact of a large curved south-facing facade with an external horizontal shading louver, a high window location, and a specular light shelf on yearly interior daylight levels, based on hourly weather data for Washington, D.C. Thus the paper determines the required electric light quantity by calculating hourly daylight illuminance levels and deriving required electric fill-in light when daylight levels are too low, determining daylight quality by calculating luminance values and luminance ratios used for office lighting criteria. It is found that electric light in lux hours per year is needed only for 16% of yearly office hours. The paper gives recommendations for window size and shape, location, light shelf geometry, ceiling and wall details, and workstation layout in order to achieve these low lighting loads.
Superior photocatalytic performance by vertically aligned core–shell TiO2/WO3 nanorod arrays

Abstract Using two consecutive regarding glancing angle depositions at different deposition angles and with different materials, a WO3-core TiO2-shell nanostructure has been fabricated and has photocatalytic enhancement up to 70 times over amorphous single layer TiO2 thin films, 13 times enhancement over crystalline (anatase) TiO2 thin films, and 3 times enhancement over c-TiO2/a-WO3 two-layer thin films, with much less the load of TiO2. We believe that the mechanism for the photocatalytic enhancement is from the increased density of charge separated electron-hole pairs aided by the WO3 layer, the interfacial area between the two-layers, and the large surface area from the porous nanostructure.
Single-lung transplantation in situs inversus☆

Situs inversus totalis is a rare anatomic condition characterized by the mirror-imaged arrangement of asymmetric thoracic and abdominal organs. Although associated cardiopulmonary disease is uncommon, end-stage lung disease can develop in patients with situs inversus, necessitating transplantation. In this report, we describe a 30-year-old patient with situs inversus totalis and end-stage pulmonary hypertension who underwent successful orthotopic left lung transplantation.
Cigarette Smoke-induced Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Dysfunction in Human Airway Smooth Muscle

The balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion is crucial for mitochondria to perform its normal cellular functions. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke (CS) disrupts this balance and enhances mitochondrial dysfunction in the airway. In nonasthmatic human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, CS extract (CSE) induced mitochondrial fragmentation and damages their networked morphology in a concentration-dependent fashion, via increased expression of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and decreased fusion protein mitofusin (Mfn) 2. CSE effects on Drp1 vs. Mfn2 and mitochondrial network morphology involved reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), protein kinase C (PKC) and proteasome pathways, as well as transcriptional regulation via factors such as NF-κB and nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2. Inhibiting Drp1 prevented CSE effects on mitochondrial networks and ROS generation, whereas blocking Mfn2 had the opposite, detrimental effect. In ASM from asmatic patients, mitochondria exhibited substantial morphological defects at baseline and showed increased Drp1 but decreased Mfn2 expression, with exacerbating effects of CSE. Overall, these results highlight the importance of mitochondrial networks and their regulation in the context of cellular changes induced by insults such as inflammation (as in asthma) or CS. Altered mitochondrial fission/fusion proteins have a further potential to influence parameters such as ROS and cell proliferation and apoptosis relevant to airway diseases.
Effects of Child Neglect on Children

This article reviews empirical studies investigating the effects of child neglect on children's development. A number of methodological problems inherent in the study of child neglect are described and discussed in terms of their impact on our ability to interpret existing findings. Empirical findings are organized according to domains of development, including physical, intellectual, social, behavioral, and affective functioning. Throughout the review, a developmental perspective is suggested as a means of conceptualizing neglect and understanding its impact on the developing child. Language: en
Axial dispersion in beds of small particles

Abstract Axial dispersion coefficients (EA) in beds of small (0.1–1 mm) particles are often needed to interpret reaction rate data. A chromatographic technique was used to evaluate such coefficients for beds of porous catalyst particles and beds of non-porous glass beads over a wide range of velocities (Rep = 0. 00237 to 11.9). Two gaseous systems (helium in hydrogen and oxygen in nitrogen) were used to provide different molecular diffusivities. The results can be correlated by adding two terms: one due to molecular diffusion, which is dominant at low velocities, and a second term due to convective mixing, which is dominant at high velocities. The unusually high values of EA for porous particles at low velocities could be explained by including a contribution due to intraparticle diffusion. At high velocities Peclet numbers approached constant values which were proportional to particle diameter. Channeling in the bed due, for example, to shrinkage of catalyst particles as a result of reduction in situ, or to movement of particles, can cause a large increase in axial dispersion.
Some Poisonous Arthropods of Southwestern Mexico(Chilopoda and Arachnida)

The observations recorded in this paper were made during the summer (August 20 to September 28) of 1932. Material, including centipedes, tarantulas, funnel-web tarantulas, and scorpions, was collected in the following localities: Cuernavaca and jiutepec (ancient spelling Xiutepec) in the State of Morelos; Iguala, State of Guerrero; and Oaxaca, in the State of Oaxaca.
Controlled release of macromolecules and pharmaceuticals from synthetic polypeptides based on glutamic acid

Biocompatible, biodegradable copolymers of glutamic acid and ethyl glutamate were evaluated for their permeability to proteins ranging in molecular weight from 12,300 to 69,000. The results showed that the copolymers were sufficiently permeable that they could be used for the preparation of implantable, controlled-release systems capable of releasing therapeutic amounts of high-molecular-weight drugs.
Estrogen blocks homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries1,2

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to examine the effect of estrogen combined with homocysteine on vasomotor function and endothelial integrity in intact porcine coronary arteries. Materials and methods Pig coronary artery rings were incubated with estrogen, homocysteine, or estrogen and homocysteine for 24 h. Myographic analysis was performed with thromboxane A2 analog U46619 for contraction and bradykinin or sodium nitroprusside for relaxation. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels were determined by immunohistochemistry. Levels of superoxide anion were assessed by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence analysis. Results Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (bradykinin) for the homocysteine alone group was 62% compared with control (P 0.05). Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation for the estrogen-homocysteine combined group was 79% compared with 89% for control (P > 0.05). There were no differences in endothelium-independent vasorelaxation (sodium nitroprusside) or in smooth muscle contractility (U46619) between all three groups and control. In addition, the eNOS immunoreactivity was declined in the homocysteine group and had no major change in the estrogen or estrogen plus homocysteine-treated group as compared with controls. The superoxide free radical measurement showed a marked increase in the homocysteine group, no major change from controls in the estrogen group, and a much-lessened effect in the combination of estrogen and homocysteine. Conclusions These data demonstrate that combining estrogen with homocysteine significantly blocks the effect of homocysteine on impairing endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation as well as on decreasing eNOS expression and increasing oxidative stress in porcine coronary arteries. This study suggests that estrogen may play a role in preventing homocysteine-mediated endothelial dysfunction and may be of benefit in the hyperhomocysteinemic patient.
Effect of the Ionic Conductivity of the Electrolyte in Composite SOFC Cathodes

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes were prepared by infiltration of 35 wt % La 0.8 Sr 0.2 FeO 3 (LSF) into porous scaffolds of three, zirconia-based electrolytes in order to determine the effect of the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte material on cathode impedances. The electrolyte scaffolds were 10 mol % Sc 2 O 3 -stabilized zirconia (ScSZ), 8 mol % Y 2 O 3 -stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and 3 mol % Y 2 O 3 - 20 mol % Al 2 O 3 -doped zirconia (YAZ), prepared by tape casting with graphite pore formers. Each electrolyte scaffold was 65% porous, with identical pore structures as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both symmetric cells and fuel cells were prepared and tested between 873 and 1073 K, using LSF composites that had been calcined to 1123 or 1373 K. Literature values for the electrolyte conductivities were confirmed using the ohmic losses from the impedance spectra. The electrode impedances decreased with increasing electrolyte conductivity, with the dependence being between to the power of 0.5 and 1.0, depending on the operating temperature and LSF calcination temperature.
Impurity incorporation and doping of diamond

Abstract Electronic applications require the ability to dope diamond p- and n-type. Boron is well known to dope both natural and synthetic diamond p-type. N-type doping, however, has proven exceedingly difficult. In this work, the suitability of several impurities for n-type doping is investigated theoretically. We also examine the well-known nitrogen deep impurity as well as the effect of simultaneous doping with N and B on the thermodynamic equilibrium between diamond and graphite. The calculations were carried out using local density theory, the pseudopotential formalism, and the Car- Parrinello method. The impurities were embedded in a large supercell and atomic relaxations were computed using ab initio forces. The impurities Li, Na and P are shown to be shallow donors, but they have very low solubilities. This makes their incorporation via in-diffusion difficult and leaves ion implantation and possibly incorporation during growth as the only alternatives. Once incorporated, Li is found to be a fast diffuser whereas Na will be stable up to moderate temperatures. The most suitable shallow donor is Na, which occupies an interstitial site. It is particularly appropriate for ion implantation, since no self-implantation step to create vacant sites is necessary.
Evolution of surface morphology in laser-dressed alumina grinding wheel material

An approach to laser dressing of alumina grinding wheels is proposed based on solidification microstructures associated with rapid cooling rates obtained in laser surface processing. Laser dressing of alumina grinding wheels forms surface microstructures characterized by multifaceted grains that are expected to facilitate the micro-scale material removal during precision machining. A detailed investigation of variation of grain size and melt depth with laser fluence is conducted. The results are correlated with calculated cooling rates derived from a thermal model. In addition, based on microscopic observations, the formation of surface grains by stacking of individual multifaceted grains formed during laser dressing is suggested.
Utilization of the AMSU high frequency measurements for improved coastal rain retrievals

[1] This study describes a new rain estimation technique using Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) high frequency measurements and applicable over coastal regions. The existing operational AMSU rain retrieval algorithm utilizes the microwave window frequency measurements at 23, 31, 89 and 150 GHz. These measurements have limited applicability over coast due to ocean surface emissivity effects. This situation often leads to missing rain extent and thus rate retrievals over coastal regions. The new technique utilizes the higher window (89 and 150 GHz), opaque oxygen (53.6 GHz) and water vapor absorption (183 ± 1, ±3 and ±7 GHz) channels that are less impacted by surface emissivity variations. Rain extent is determined using a number of scattering measures computed from linear combinations of the brightness temperature at the selected high frequency channels. Next, the ice water path parameter is estimated from a quadratic relationship with the brightness temperature at the 183 ± 7 GHz water vapor absorption channel and the cosine of the local zenith angle. Rain rate is computed from ice water path. Evaluation and monitoring of the new technique integrated with the existing algorithm has indicated that the upgraded algorithm is robust and superior to the existing one over coast.
Indications of Strongly Flux-Limited Electron Thermal Conduction in Laser Target Experiments

Comparisons of calculations with experimental data indicate an anomalous reduction of electron thermal conduction when the incident laser irradiation is sufficiently intense. This reduction is interpreted as a flux limit, which is sufficiently restrictive to significantly affect heat flow at the intensities thought to be required for laser fusion. The direction of laser fusion efforts will be greatly influenced if electron thermal conduction is much less than predicted classically.
Nonadiabatic evolution of electronic states by electron nuclear dynamics theory

The problem of how to determine the nonadiabatic content of any given dynamic process involving molecular motion is addressed in the context of Electron Nuclear Dynamics (END) theory. Specifically, it is proposed to cast the dynamic END wave function into the language of static electronic configurations with time dependent complex-valued amplitudes. This is achieved by adiabatic transport of an electronic basis along the classical nuclear trajectories of the studied molecular system, as yielded by END simulation. Projecting the dynamic wave function on this basis yields a natural distinction between adiabatic and nonadiabatic components of the motion considered. Tracing the evolution of the leading configurations is shown to be a helpful device for clarifying the physical nature of electronic excitation processes. For illustration of these concepts, dynamic configuration analysis is applied to the scattering of a proton by a lithium atom. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
A Parametric Study of the Dynamics of a Six-Pocket Hydrostatic Journal Bearing

This paper presents a numerical investigation into the dynamics and pressure distribution of a full hydrostatic bearing with six pockets. The pockets are rectangular and the effects of their depth are investigated by choosing a deep pocket type (0.25in) and a shallow one (0.01in), respectively. Parametric studies are partitioned in operational and geometric. The operational ones include the effects of bearing eccentricity and shaft rotation speeds. The geometric ones are the concentric clearance and the pocket depth. Whether deep or shallow the pockets have the same footprint projected base. It was found that the pocket’s depth causes the pressure to be either uniform across the pocket (deep pocket) or vary (shallow) in a ramp increasing in the direction of rotation. In both cases a Raleigh step effect is observed at the downstream edge of the pocket. More interestingly, in the convergent region the hydrodynamic effect on the lands creates pressures that are significantly higher than those in the hydrostatic pockets when the rotational speeds are high. It was found that for narrow clearance the effect of pocket depth on cross-coupled and direct stiffness is negligible, while for the large clearance the stiffness decreases with the increase in the pocket depth. For either type of pocket the stiffness increases with eccentricity and rotation whether the concentric clearance is large or small.Copyright © 2008 by ASME