cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Snuff the puff: international evidence on the determinants of anti-smoking laws

Using data from a cross-section of countries, we find to varying degrees of significance that the probability governments adopt smoking bans and youth access restrictions depends upon per capita income, per capita cigarette consumption, life expectancy, government health care expenditures, economic freedom and population density. Because some results differ from studies of US anti-smoking policy, this highlights a limitation of using US results to draw inferences about other countries.
The STARPAHC collection: part of an archive of the history of telemedicine

An early telemedicine project involving NASA, the Papago Tribe (now the Tohono O'odham Indian Nation), the Lockheed Missile and Space Company, the Indian Health Service and the Department of Health, Education and Welfare explored the possibilities of using technology to provide improved health care to a remote population in southern Arizona. The project, called STARPAHC (Space Technology Applied to Rural Papago Advanced Health Care), took place in the 1970s and demonstrated the feasibility of a consortium of public and private partners working together to provide medical care to remote populations via telecommunication. In 2001 the Arizona Health Sciences Library acquired important archival materials documenting the STARPAHC project and in collaboration with the Arizona Telemedicine Program established the Arizona Archive of Telemedicine. The material is likely to interest those studying early attempts to use technology to deliver health care at a distance, as well as those studying the sociological ramifications of technical and scientific projects among indigenous populations.
Biosynthesis and processing of rat α1-antitrypsin

Abstract Various biosynthetic forms of rat α 1 -antitrypsin ( α 1 AT) have been isolated by immunoprecipitation of in vitro and in vivo synthesized products. Rat α 1 AT is synthesized in a rabbit reticulocyte system as a 45,000-Da preprotein with a 23-amino acid signal sequence. The majority of the amino acids in the signal sequence have been identified and resemble the signal peptides of other secretory proteins with respect to the abundance and positions of hydrophobic amino acids. Evidence from the translation of rat liver RNA in the presence of dog pancreas microsomes, from the translation of rat liver polysomes, and from tunicamycin-treated rat hepatocytes established that cleavage of the signal peptide of pre- α 1 AT results in the formation of a 42,000-Da protein, the polypeptide backbone of mature α 1 AT. A 50,000-Da glycoprotein is immunoprecipitated from translations programmed with rat liver microsomes or with rat liver mRNA and dog pancreas microsomes. Cotranslational glycosylation of α 1 AT appears to occur in a stepwise fashion since three glycosylated forms of α 1 AT (~45,000, 47,000, and 50,000 Da) can be detected in polysome translations. These proteins are susceptible to cleavage by endo -β- N -acetylglucosaminidase H and are digested to the same product, indicating that they have identical polypeptide chains. Two intracellular forms of α 1 AT were detected in cultured rat hepatocytes, a 50,000- and a 52,000-Da protein; only the larger protein was immunoprecipitated from the medium of these cells. Digestion with endo -β- N -acetylglucosaminidase H indicated that the 50,000-Da protein is a core glycosylate dprocessing intermediate, whereas the 52,000-Da protein, which comigrated with purified serum α 1 AT, appears to contain complex carbohydrate sidechains. When glycosylation was inhibited by incubation of hepatocytes with tunicamycin, a nonglycosylated 42,000-Da protein was immunoprecipitated from the cells and the culture medium, indicating that glycosylation of α 1 AT is not essential for its secretion.
Baroreflex Sensitivity in Obesity: Relationship With Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Activity

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), assessed by indirect measurement of aortic pressure, is blunted in obesity. Additionally, the potential effect of cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, aortic compliance, and metabolic parameters on BRS of obese subjects was investigated. Research Methods and Procedures: A group of 30 women with BMI >30 kg/m2 and a group of 30 controls with BMI <25 kg/m2 were examined. BRS was estimated by the sequence technique, cardiac ANS activity by short-term spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), and aortic compliance by the method of applanation tonometry. Results: BRS was lower in obese women (9.18 ± 3.77 vs. 19.63 ± 9.16 ms/mm Hg, p < 0.001). The median values (interquartile range) of the power of both the high-frequency and low-frequency components of the HRV were higher in the lean than in the obese participants [1079.2 (202.7 to 1716.9) vs. 224.1 (72.7 to 539.6) msec2, p = 0.001 and 411.8 (199.3 to 798.0) vs. 235.8 (99.4 to 424.5) msec2, p = 0.01 respectively]. Low-to-high-frequency ratio values were higher in the obese subjects [0.82 (0.47 to 2.1) vs. 0.57 (0.28 to 0.89), p = 0.02]. Aortic augmentation values were not significantly different between lean and obese subjects. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant and independent association between BRS and age (p = 0.003), BMI (p < 0.001), and high-frequency power of HRV (p < 0.001). These variables explained 72% of the variation of BRS values. Discussion: BRS is severely reduced in obese subjects. BMI, age, and the parasympathetic nervous system activity are the main determinants of BRS. Baroreflex behavior is of clinical relevance because an attenuated BRS represents a negative prognostic factor in cardiovascular diseases, which are common in obesity.
Diabetes in the Undernourished: Coincidence or Consequence?

Introduction DIABETES is recognized as a disease that is closely linked to nutrition, both in etiology and treatment. Overnutrition was the first risk factor for diabetes to be identified. In the sixth century A.D., Hindu physicians described two forms of the disease, one hereditary and the other acquired, and two types of patients, one lean and emaciated, and the other obese, observing that the acquired type was a disease brought on by “nonconducive foods and habits,” chief among which were the gluttonous ingestion of “foods which are sweet and/or fatty, a lack of exercise, laziness and lethargy” (1). The modern concept of diabetes owes much to the clinical observations of Joslin (2). He clearly recognized the importance of obesity in the etiology of diabetes, noting that “Diabetes is largely a penalty of obesity, and the greater the obesity, the more likely is Nature to enforce it” (2). Subsequently, several epidemiological studies have confirmed his clinical observations, with the exception that the du...
Designing Collaborative Systems for Better Knowledge Management and Team Performance

Collaborative technologies have been widely used to support teams to function effectively in today's competitive business environment. However, the impacts of collaborative technologies on team performance were inconclusive in prior research. This paper seeks to understand the mediational mechanisms that transmit the effect of collaborative technologies to team performance. Specifically, we theorize the relationships between: (a) design features and knowledge contextualization; and (b) knowledge contextualization and a team's ability to collaborate, i.e., collaboration know-how development, and assimilating knowledge, i.e., absorptive capacity, both of which are expected to influence team performance. We conducted a field study and collected data from nearly 1,900 team members (190 software project teams) in an organization and the results indicated support for our theoretical model. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
In situ investigation of solid-liquid catalytic interfaces by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy

It is demonstrated that attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy can be effectively used for in situ investigation of supported catalyst−liquid interfaces. Thin (ca. 10 μm) films of a 5 wt % Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst were deposited onto the surface of a germanium waveguide. The very small support particles (average size, 37 nm) form a stable film that does not peel from the waveguide when exposed to flowing liquid. The catalyst film is thick enough so that essentially all of the IR electric field is attenuated within the film, thus decreasing bulk liquid signals. The applicability of this technique for studying adsorption and reaction of molecules on supported catalysts has been tested using several probe molecules (carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ethanol, butyronitrile) and solvents (water, ethanol, hexane). Examination of adsorption of CO from aqueous and ethanolic solutions reveals that CO resides in both atop and bridged configurations on the catalyst surface in both solvents. A 10-fold dec...
Regulation of N-Acetylgalactosamine 4-Sulfatase Expression in Retrovirus-Transduced Feline Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VI Muscle Cells

As a preliminary step toward muscle-mediated gene therapy in the mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type VI cat, we have analyzed the transcriptional regulation of feline N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase (f4S) gene expression from various retroviral constructs in primary cultures of muscle cells. Two retroviral constructs were made containing the f4S cDNA under the transcriptional control of the human polypeptide chain-elongation factor 1alpha (EF1alpha) gene promoter or the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter. Two further retroviral constructs were made with the murine muscle creatine kinase (mck) enhancer sequence upstream of the internal promoter. Virus made from each construct was used to transduce feline MPS VI myoblasts. The mck enhancer significantly upregulated f4S gene expression from both the EF1alpha promoter and the CMV promoter in transduced myoblasts and in differentiated myofibers. The highest level of 4S activity was observed in myoblasts and myofibers transduced with the retroviral construct Lmckcmv4S, in which the f4S gene is under the transcriptional regulation of the mck enhancer and CMV immediate-early promoter. Lmckcmv4S-transduced myofibers demonstrated correction of glycosaminoglycan storage and contained a 58-fold elevated level of 4S activity compared with normal myofibers. Recombinant f4S secreted from Lmckcmv4S-transduced myofibers was endocytosed by feline MPS VI myofibers, leading to correction of the biochemical storage phenotype.
De Broglie-wave lens

A simple focusing device is proposed for de Broglie matter waves—a diffractive lens, based on the optical effect of diffractive multifocal focusing of radiation. This matter-wave lens consists of two coaxial circular apertures in which the second aperture of smaller diameter is located where the Fresnel number of the first aperture is unity. It is shown that diffraction of a de Broglie matter wave by a system of two pinholes on an optical axis exhibits the multifocal focusing effect of matter waves in the near-field (Fresnel) zone, which creates a very intense, spatially localized beam of atoms. Theoretical predictions for the focusing efficiency of a neutral atomic beam by the diffractive lens are as follows. The spot diameter is ~0.1 µm, the ratio of focal and incident intensities is ~15, the focal length of the diffractive lens is in the range ~0.13 to 6 cm, the focusing depth is in the range ~15 to 30 cm, and the energy transmitting efficiency is ~30 %. For the relatively large diameters of the pinholes, 5.0 µm, the proposed configuration acts as a matter-wave lens with a large focal length and a long focusing depth.
Congenital abnormalities and hepatoblastoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group (COG) and the Utah Population Database (UPDB)†

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are known to predispose to hepatoblastoma (HB). A case-control study was conducted through the Children's Oncology Group (COG) to study the association of HB with isolated congenital abnormalities. Cases (N = 383) were diagnosed between 2000 and 2008. Controls (N = 387) were recruited from state birth registries, frequency matched for sex, region, year of birth, and birth weight. Data on congenital abnormalities among subjects and covariates were obtained by maternal telephone interview. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) describing the association between congenital abnormalities with HB, adjusted for sex, birth weight, maternal age and maternal education, were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. There was a significant association of HB with kidney, bladder, or sex organ abnormalities (OR = 4.75; 95% CI: 1.74-13) which appeared to be specific to kidney/bladder defects (OR = 4.3; 95% CI: 1.2-15.3) but not those of sex organs (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 0.37-4.1). Elevated but non-significant ORs were found for spina bifida or other spinal defects (OR = 2.12; 95% CI: 0.39-11.7), large or multiple birthmarks (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 0.81-2.21). The results were validated through the Utah Population Database (UPDB), a statewide population-based registry linking birth certificates, medical records, and cancer diagnoses. In the UPDB, there were 29 cases and 290 population controls matched 10:1 on sex and birth year. Consistent with the COG findings, kidney/bladder defects were associated with hepatoblastoma. These results confirm the association of HB with kidney/bladder abnormalities.
Environmentally adaptive wedge modes

The notion of environmentally adaptive, curvilinear, uncoupled normal modes is developed by writing the Helmholtz equation in curvilinear coordinates. The depth-dependent vertical scaling function provides some coordinate freedom missing from the Cartesian formulation. This freedom permits adaptation of the normal mode approach to variable depth and variable sound-speed problems for environments that change slowly in range. A W.K.B. approximation to the eigenfunctions shows modal decoupling can be realized when the vertical scaling function is chosen equal to the reciprocal of the depth-dependent vertical wave number of the lowest mode. Numerical simulations demonstrate that a requirement for constant inter-modal ratios of the vertical wave number is valid throughout several wedges with different bottom boundary conditions. The horizontal refraction of such modes agrees closely with analytic solutions. For a wide-angle wedge, the acoustic field agrees qualitatively well with the benchmark solution of Dean and Buckingham [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 1319–1328 (1993)].
Arthroscopic documentation of elbow cartilage pathology in dogs with clinical lameness without changes on standard radiographic projections.

Objective— To document cartilage damage associated with elbow lameness in dogs without radiographic signs. Study Design— Case series. Animals— Dogs (n=16). Methods— Medical records (November 2004–January 2006) of dogs with undiagnosed forelimb lameness localized to the elbow but without radiographic signs that had lesions identified by either computed tomography (CT) or nuclear scintigraphy and confirmed by arthroscopy were included. Signalment, duration of clinical signs before admission, surgical diagnosis, and treatment were recorded. Results— Sixteen dogs (10 left, 6 right elbows) were identified. Median age was 30.1 months and median duration of clinical signs before admission was 15.6 months. CT or scintigraphy were strongly suggestive of elbow pathology before confirmation by arthroscopy. Medial coronoid pathology was identified in every abnormal elbow and osteochondrosis dissecans in 2 elbows. Conclusions— Elbow pathology not associated with radiographic changes can be identified by CT and scintigraphy. Coronoid pathology is the most likely diagnosis. Clinical Relevance— Absence of radiographic signs in elbows with clinical signs of lameness should be evaluated with advanced imaging techniques (CT, scintigraphy) and arthroscopy to identify the cause of lameness.
Holography, a covariant c function, and the geometry of the renormalization group

We propose a covariant geometrical expression for the c function for theories which admit dual gravitational descriptions. We state a c theorem with respect to this quantity and prove it. We apply the expression to a class of geometries, from domain walls in gauged supergravities, to extremal and near extremal $\mathrm{D}p$-branes, and the AdS Schwarzschild black hole. In all cases, we find agreement with expectations.
A 1,2-d(GpG) cisplatin intrastrand cross-link influences the rotational and translational setting of DNA in nucleosomes.

The mechanism of action of platinum-based anticancer drugs such as cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), or cisplatin, involves three early steps: cell entry, drug activation, and target binding. A major target in the cell, responsible for the anticancer activity, is nuclear DNA, which is packaged in nucleosomes that comprise chromatin. It is important to understand the nature of platinum−DNA interactions at the level of the nucleosome. The cis-{Pt(NH3)2}2+ 1,2-d(GpG) intrastrand cross-link is the DNA lesion most commonly encountered following cisplatin treatment. We therefore assembled two site-specifically platinated nucleosomes using synthetic DNA containing defined cis-{Pt(NH3)2}2+ 1,2-d(GpG) cross-links and core histones from HeLa-S3 cancer cells. The structures of these complexes were investigated by hydroxyl radical footprinting and exonuclease III mapping. Our experiments demonstrate that the 1,2-d(GpG) cross-link alters the rotational setting of the DNA on the histone octamer core such that the lesi...
Pre-Columbian Representations of the Elephant in America

I NOTE with no little interest that the subject of “the elephant in America” has been revived in a communication to NATURE by Prof. G. Elliot Smith. The animal pictured by Prof. Smith has been interpreted by Dr. Allen and myself as a blue macaw (Ara militaris) in the following passage:—“The (figure) has even been interpreted as a trunk of an elephant or a mastodon, but is unquestionably a macaw's beak. In addition to the ornamental cross-hatching on the beak, which is also seen on the glyph from the same stela, there is an ornamental scroll beneath the eye, which likewise is cross-hatched and surrounded by a ring of subcircular marks that continue to the base of the beak. The nostril is the large oval marking directly in front of the eye” (Tozzer and Allen, Peabody Museum Papers, vol. iv., No. 3, p. 343, Cambridge, 1910).
The Response of a Two-Wire Transmission Line Excited by the Nonuniform Electromagnetic Fields of a Nearby Loop

Equations are derived for the currents in the load of a two-wire transmission line illuminated by the nonuniform fields of a small coplanar loop. Since the derived equations contain complicated integrals requiring machine computation, an approximate solution, which is applicable to most coupling geometries and which greatly reduces the computational effort, is also developed. In a numerical example, the currents excited by the loop are compared with the currents excited by a plane wave.
The Democratizing Potential of an Online Leisure Space: Facebook and Critical Thought

Critical theorists have long examined cultural processes and their often deleterious effects on social and political movements. Using Kracauer's mass ornament and Bourdieu's construct of habitus, this study empirically investigates political participation and e-mobilization of civil society in the United States' "democratic" regime. Through examining the popular social media application, Facebook, the authors sought to understand political participation and responses to a series of sociopolitical events over one month. Analyses explored the nature of the Facebook posts, evidence for various power inequalities, and the nature of political spaces created by Facebook users. Despite Facebook's potential to be a social leveler and organizational tool for Hardt and Negri's multitude, the authors' analyses left them less than hopeful about the mobilizing potential of Facebook use in the United States. They outline cultural constraints inhibiting such political participation and point toward the possibilities of a more socially and politically active social media landscape.
The geometry of certain fixed marginal probability distributions

Abstract The geometry of the set of p × q probability mass function matrices with fixed marginals is discussed. The positively quadrant dependent and negatively quadrant dependent subsets are also considered. Explicit graphical representations of these sets are given in the 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 cases.
An olivine‐microchondrule‐bearing clast in the Krymka meteorite

A small (150 x 200-micron-size) clast consisting of 20 vol pct olivine microchondrules (with barred and granular textures) and 80 vol pct recrystallized silicate matrix material occurs in Krymka (LL3.1). This is the fourth microchondrule-bearing clast to be described. The chondrules are zoned in FeO with concentrations increasing toward the surface. The clast most closely resembles a previously described radial-pyroxene-microchondrule-bearing clast in Piancaldoli (LL3.4).
Numerical Correction of Error in a Computer-Aided Mechanical Navigation System for Arthroscopic Hip Surgery

Computer-Aided techniques have been deployed more commonly in recent years to assist with surgical procedures, particularly in the case of minimally invasive surgeries. Arthroscopy, as one of the most prevailing minimally invasive surgical procedures, increases surgical complexity due to the loss of joint visibility, but has many advantages. More obstacles are encountered during hip arthroscopy, given the tight socket-joint hip anatomy. Therefore, computer-aided techniques could be used to ease such difficulties during hip arthroscopy.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Introductory remarks on space observations of long-term climatic changes produced by escalating energy use

Abstract The possibility that escalating energy use may produce significant and irreversible climatic changes has been considered by a number of investigators. The impact of direct thermal heat loads will probably be relatively unimportant, at least until the middle of the next century. On the other hand, the greenhouse effect associated with atmospheric CO2 build-up may well become important on a time scale comparable with that needed for major technological replacements of fossil-fuel energy supplies. Because of significant inherent climate variations that occur normally, it is not certain that major long-term changes will be observable above the noise background sufficiently early to allow unambiguous conclusions and required energy-policy shifts before the problem becomes essentially intractable. The judicious use of satellite observations may provide early indications of projected long-term climatic shifts. If the monitoring job were adequately done and climate modeling could be made sufficiently precise, then one might tackle, in principle, the ultimate climate problem, namely, control through the use of man-made changes in atmospheric particulate loadings, CO2 concentrations, direct heat addition, etc. Unfortunately, our present level of understanding is such that there is little reason for optimism that we shall accomplish climate control in the foreseeable future.
Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and biotherapy with opioid growth factor (OGF) enhances the growth inhibition of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Gemcitabine is the standard of care for ad- vanced pancreatic neoplasia, and exerts its effect through inhibition of DNA synthesis. However, gemcitabine has limited survival benefits. Opioid growth factor (OGF) is an autocrine-produced peptide that interacts with the nuclear receptor, OGFr, to inhibit cell proliferation but is not cytotoxic or apoptotic. The present study was de- signed to examine whether a combination of chemo- therapy with gemcitabine and biotherapy with OGF is more effective than either agent alone in inhibiting pan- creatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. The combi- nation of OGF (10 6 M) and gemcitabine (10 8 M) reduced MIA PaCa-2 cell number from control levels by 46% within 48 h, and resulted in a growth inhibition greater than that of the individual compounds. OGF in combination with 5-fluorouracil also depressed cell growth more than either agent alone. The action of OGF, but not gemcitabine, was mediated by a naloxone-sensi- tive receptor, and was completely reversible. OGF, but no other endogenous or exogenous opioids, altered pancre- atic cancer growth in tissue culture. The combination of OGF and gemcitabine also repressed the growth of an- other pancreatic cancer cell line, PANC-1. MIA PaCa-2 cells transplanted into athymic mice received 10 mg/kg OGF daily, 120 mg/kg gemcitabine every 3 days; 10 mg/ kg OGF daily and 120 mg/kg gemcitabine every 3rd day, or 0.1 ml of sterile saline daily. Tumor incidence, and latency times to tumor appearance, of mice receiving combined therapy with OGF and gemcitabine, were sig- nificantly decreased from those of the control, OGF, and gemcitabine groups. Tumor volumes in the OGF, gem- citabine, and OGF/gemcitabine groups were markedly decreased from controls beginning on days 14, 12, and 8, respectively, after tumor cell inoculation. Tumor weight and tumor volume were reduced from control levels by 36-85% in the OGF and/or gemcitabine groups on day 45 (date of termination), and the group of mice exposed to a combination of OGF and gemcitabine had decreases in tumor size of 70% and 63% from the OGF or the gem- citabine alone groups, respectively. This preclinical evi- dence shows that combined chemotherapy (e.g. gemcitabine) and biotherapy (OGF) provides an en- hanced therapeutic benefit for pancreatic cancer.
New method for determining the thermodynamic functions of dense gases and plasmas

Abstract A new method for calculating the partition function of real gases is developed and applied to a system of point charges without repulsive core, e.g., a fully ionized hydrogen gas. The electrostatic energy U of the total system is represented as a function of the Fourier coefficients, As, of the particle density, and the configuration integral is evaluated by direct integration in the function space which is generated by the As. To this purpose, the As are treated as stochastic variables characterized by a multivariate probability density whose determination represents a major part of this paper. The potential of mean force, W(r) is found equal to the average Debye-Huckel potential, ( Z 2 e 2 r ) exp ( −r h ), (Ze = ionic charge, h = Debye shielding length). The radial distribution function g(r) is determined as g(r) = exp [ −W(r) kT ] , and the part of U which is proportional to the total particle number N is found to be equal to the Debye-Huckel energy.
Transient creep behavior of a metal matrix composite with a dilute concentration of randomly oriented spheroidal inclusions

Abstract The transient creep behavior of a metal matrix composite containing a dilute concentration of randomly oriented spheroidal inclusions is derived explicitly from the constitutive equation of the matrix. This theory can account for the influence of inclusion shape, elastic inhomogeneity between both phases, and the volume fraction of inclusions. The micro-macro transition is carried out by considering the mechanics of incremental creep, which discloses the nature of stress relaxation in the ductile matrix and the connection between the micro and macro creep strains. The transient creep curves of the composite are displayed with several inclusion shapes. Consistent with the known elastic behavior, spherical inclusions are found to provide the weakest reinforcing effect, whereas thin, circular discs possess the most effective strengthening shape. According to this theory and in line with the experimental data, the creep resistance of cobalt at 500°C can improve by more than 80% after adding a mere 5% of rutile particles into it.
Background Oriented Schlieren Implementation in a Jet-Surface Interaction Test

Many current and future aircraft designs rely on the wing or other aircraft surfaces to shield the engine noise from observers on the ground. However the available data regarding how a planar surface interacts with a jet to shield and/or enhance the jet noise are currently limited. Therefore, the Jet-Surface Interaction Tests supported by NASA's Fundamental Aeronautics Program's Fixed Wing Project were undertaken to supply experimental data covering a wide range of surface geometries and positions interacting with high-speed jet flows in order to support the development of noise prediction methods. Phase 1 of the Test was conducted in the Aero-Acoustic Propulsion Laboratory at NASA Glenn Research Center and consisted of validating noise prediction schemes for a round nozzle interacting with a planar surface. Phased array data and far-field acoustic data were collected for both the shielded and reflected sides of the surface. Phase 1 results showed that the broadband shock noise was greatly reduced by the surface when the jet was operated at the over-expanded condition, however, it was unclear whether this reduction was due a change in the shock cell structure by the surface. In the present study, Background Oriented Schlieren is implemented in Phase 2 of the Jet-Surface Interaction Tests to investigate whether the planar surface interacts with the high-speed jet ow to change the shock cell structure. Background Oriented Schlieren data are acquired for under-expanded, ideally-expanded, and over-expanded ow regimes for multiple axial and radial positions of the surface at three different plate lengths. These data are analyzed with far-field noise measurements to relate the shock cell structure to the broadband shock noise produced by a jet near a surface.
Pursuing a Multidimensional View of Transfer

Training researchers and practitioners have typically focused their attention on one type of transfer, the transfer of tasks that require trainees to learn and apply a prescribed standard procedure. Further, researchers and practitioners have examined this type of transfer in situations where supervisors hold trainees accountable for applying the trained knowledge and skill, Performance professionals have developed theoretical frameworks, training principles, and training guidelines to improve transfer based on this conception of transfer. In contrast, this paper presents a multidimensional perspective to training transfer. One dimension concerns task adaptability-a continuum from relatively closed tasks, where task steps are highly prescribed, to relatively open tasks, where the task steps can be adapted to varying circumstances of the job. The other dimension concerns worker autonomy-a continuum from heavily supervised to highly independent work. Based on this expanded perspective of transfer, for each combination of variable, we offer principles for effective transfer as well as specific problems which must be solved to achieve the best results. We also provide suggestions for evaluating training success and derive research propositions that deserve attention.
Xerophthalmia of Sjogren's Syndrome Diagnosed with Anti-Salivary Gland Protein 1 Antibodies

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to describe 2 patients with persistent severe dry eyes, positive Schirmer tests for Sjogren's syndrome (SS) but lacking antibodies to either Ro or La. These patients were diagnosed to have SS by detecting antibodies to salivary gland protein 1 (Sp1) and parotid secretory protein (PSP). This report emphasizes the existence of patients with SS who lack antibodies to either Ro or La and may therefore be misdiagnosed. Detection of novel autoantibodies, including antibodies to Sp1 and PSP, are helpful in identifying these patients. Initial presentation may simply be dry eyes. Methods: Two patients who presented to our ophthalmology clinic are described. One of the patients underwent multiple procedures over a period of 10 years for severe xerophthalmia. The other patient had rheumatoid arthritis and xerophthalmia. However, in both patients, chronic xerophthalmia had been considered to be idiopathic because antibodies Ro and La were negative. Further serologic testing revealed antibodies to Sp1 and PSP. Results: Two patients who lacked antibodies to Ro and La but not to Sp1 and PSP were diagnosed as having SS. Conclusion: Patients presenting with unexplained dry eyes may not always show the serology markers in the current criteria for SS, anti-Ro and anti-La. In these cases, investigation for novel, early antibodies to Sp1 and PSP is of importance in the diagnosis of SS.
Bipolar cells in monkey retina selective for the cones likely to be blue-sensitive

Bipolar cells are a class of retinal interneurone with dendrites in the outer plexiform layer that contact photoreceptors, and axons terminating in the inner plexiform layer1 where they convey the centre responses of ganglion cells2,3. In the monkey, many of whose ganglion cells respond to stimuli selective4 for each of the three different cones5,6. There are five types of cone bipolar cells: flat and invaginating midget7–9; diffuse, flat7 and invaginating cone7,10; and giant, bistratified11. Although many of the monkey's ganglion cells are specific for one of the three different cone mechanisms, none of the bipolar cells are known to connect to the morphologically identified counterparts of the different spectral types of cones as in teleost retina12–15. Here, however, I describe a bipolar cell found in Golgi preparations of the rhesus monkey retina which displays an apparently selective and patterned distribution of its dendritic contacts with cone pedicles in the outer plexiform layer. The intercone spacing of dendritic contacts and their distribution match the intercone spacing and proportion of cones thought to be blue-sensitive16,17.
Predicting IGSCC/IGA susceptibility of Ni-Cr-Fe alloys by modeling of grain boundary chromium depletion

Abstract Computer simulations based in part on a semi-empirical model of chromium diffusion in Alloy 600 (Ni-16 Cr-9 Fe) have been performed to predict heat treatment regimes that produce high susceptibility to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) or intergranular attack (IGA). The model is based in part on empirical data to establish boundary conditions for the one dimensional discretized diffusion equation that describes chromium depletion in the presence of semi-continuous grain boundary carbides. The simulations correctly predict the minimum Cr concentration (C min ) at the grain boundary and also correctly estimate the depletion zone halfwidth for the thermal treatments for which experimental data is available. Once the model was verified by the limited available experimental data, calculations were then extended to much wider temperature and time ranges. Based on these calculations, a time-temperature contour plot is generated for estimating C min that predicts regions of high IGSCC/IGA susceptibility. Agreement between the calculated contour plot of C min and the limited experimental observations of IGSCC and IGA is good.
What apparent reasons appear to be

Many meta-ethicists have thought that rationality requires us to heed apparent normative reasons, not objective normative reasons. But what are apparent reasons? There are two kinds of standard answers. On de dicto views, R is an apparent reason for S to $$\phi $$ when it appears to S that R is an objective reason to $$\phi $$ . On de re views, R is an apparent reason for S to $$\phi $$ when (i) R’s truth would constitute an objective reason for S to $$\phi $$ , and (ii) it appears to S that R. De re views are currently more popular because they avoid overintellectualizing rationality. But they face problems owing to the way in which they do so. Some assume that we can escape these problems by requiring more information to be apparent or by appealing to defeat. But these strategies fail. So, I defend a new view: apparent reasons are apparent facts that agents are competently attracted to treat like objective reasons, where competence is indirectly defined in terms of objective reasons and a competence/performance distinction is honored. Since one can treat X like an F without having the concept of an F, the view does not overintellectualize rationality. But it is also strong enough to dodge the pitfalls of de re views.
Surgical Diseases Presenting in Pregnancy

Surgical diseases frequently arise in gravid patients, with an estimated 1 in 500 pregnancies requiring nonobstetric surgical intervention. Evaluation and treatment generally are the same as for the nonpregnant patient, but pregnancy may mask some of the typical presenting symptoms, leading to delayed diagnosis. This article highlights some of the more common surgical diseases that may present during pregnancy, including appendicitis, biliary diseases, bowel obstruction, hemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease, and malignancies.
Quantum electrodynamical cross-section formula from photon mass and dimensional regularization

Abstract Exact cross section formulae for quantum electrodynamical processes are derived in terms of an infrared regulating measure, which explicitly segregates the real infrared divergence. It also yields a simple prescription for the removal of the virtual infrared divergence, which we discuss in the context of two different regularization schemes: the traditional photon-mass regularization and the recently developed dimensional regularization. Comparison with the coherent state formulation of quantum electrodynamics establishes the equivalence of the two approaches at the cross-section level.
Competition between intersystem crossing and internal conversion in isolated large molecules

Abstract The excess energy and deuteration dependence of the radiationless decay rate in “isolated” aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene, 9,10-dimethylanthracene, phenanthrene and fluorene) suggest that S 1 →S 0 internal conversion dominates over S 1 →T intersystem crossing for molecules with very large excess vibrational energies.
Exercise Recommendations in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Fibromyalgia

Objective To evaluate exercise recommendations in patients newly diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Design A retrospective chart review. Setting A public university rheumatology clinic. Patients Patients newly diagnosed with fibromyalgia (N = 122). Main Outcome Measurements Frequency and type of exercise recommendations. Results The mean (standard deviation) age of these patients with fibromyalgia was 45 ± 12 years; 91% were women. Exercise was recommended as part of the documented treatment plan in 47% of these patients (57/122); only 3 patients had a documented contraindication for exercise. Aquatic exercise was most frequently recommended (56% [32/57]), followed by combined aquatic-aerobic exercise (26% [15/57]), and, infrequently, aerobic exercise only (5% [3/57]); only 7% of these patients (4/57) were referred for physical therapy. The primary method of communication was verbal discussion (94% [54/57]). Conclusions Although there is well-documented evidence that exercise is beneficial for patients with fibromyalgia, we found that less than half of patients with newly diagnosed fibromyalgia in our study were provided recommendations to initiate an exercise program as part of their treatment plan. Further investigation of these findings are warranted, including evaluation of other university and community rheumatology practices as well as that of other physicians caring for patients with fibromyalgia. However, our findings indicate that there appears to be an opportunity to provide more specific and practical education regarding the implementation of an exercise regimen for patients with newly diagnosed fibromyalgia. Physiatrists may be particularly well suited to manage the exercise component of patients with fibromyalgia because of their specialized training in exercise prescription.
Stepwise refinement and problem solving

The possibility of reexpressing the traditional notion of stepwise refinement as a combination of general problem-solving activities that are based on paradigms taken from artificial intelligence research is discussed. This reexpression can form the basis for a more explicit view of programming as a problem-solving activity. Experiments in which each step of the refinement process is encoded into problem solving activities are described. 26 examples of code implementation using the stepwise refinement of pseudocode have been analyzed. The presence of certain combinations of activities suggest that programmers are implicitly emulating certain paradigms that have proved useful in solving complex problems. Also, a particular paradigm and its associated activities seem to be applied often throughout the refinement sequence for a given problem. The nature of the problem to be solved influences the type of activities performed to achieve a solution, as well as the problem-solving paradigm that they implicitly support. >
Infrared Transmission Topography for Whole-Wafer Gallium-Arsenide Materials Characterization

Abstract Infrared transmission topography is shown to be useful for evaluating GaAs wafers. Whole-wafer, half-millimeter resolution plots of EL2 density and dislocation density are shown to correlate with plots of saturation current in MESFET devices at an early stage of fabrication.
The human group

George C. Homans's classic volume The Human Group was among the first to study the small group as a microcosm of society. It introduced a method of analysis and a set of influential theories that cut across areas of specialization on the personality, community, and industry. The study of even the smallest groups is extremely complex, with the simplest associations involving an abundance of actions, relationships, emotions, motives, ideas, and beliefs. Homans concentrates on certain activities and processes he observes in five carefully selected and differentiated case studies and from them draws common patterns and ideas that serve as the bases of testable propositions. He divides his cases into static and dynamic groups. In all five cases, Homans selects comparable phenomena for analysis with a contextually different emphasis and elaboration each time. His results demonstrate that, different as these groups are, their behavior reveals fundamental similarities and social uniformities. A ground-breaking and authoritative work when it was first published in 1950, The Human Group continues to Inform and invigorate the study of small groups in sociology, psychology, management, and organizations.
Cell/dendrite distribution in directionally solidified hypoeutectic Pb-Sb alloys

The alloys Pb-2.2 wt pct Sb and Pb-5.8 wt pct Sb were directionally solidified with three different thermal gradients of 40, 86, and 140 K cm−1 at growth rates ranging from 0.6 to 30 µm s−1. A Gaussian peak amplitude analysis of the cell/dendrite spacing distribution shows a distinct peak corresponding to the nearest neighbors. The peaks corresponding to the second and the third nearest neighbor spacings are also brought out by this technique. The ratios of the second to the first nearest neighbor spacings and that of the third to the first neighbor spacings are 1.85 ± 0.11 and 2.70 ± 0.25, respectively. This indicates that the cells and dendrites both have a hexagonal distribution with a significant amount of superimposed noise. This is also confirmed by the frequency distribution of their number of nearest neighbors (coordination number).
Assessment of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma for sulfidopeptide leukotrienes during endotoxemia in pigs.

Abstract We hypothesized that sulfidopeptide leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) might be important to the pathophysiology of endotoxin-induced acute respiratory failure (ARF) observed in young pigs. We used radioimmunoassay (RIA), reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and guinea pig ileum bioassay techniques to determine the presence of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma of saline(n=12)- and endotoxin(n=12)-treated pigs. Endotoxin, infused at 5 μg/kg for 1 hr followed by 2 μg/kg/hr for 3.5 hrs, caused pulmonary hypertension, a biphasic increase in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, hypoxemia, bronchoconstriction and hemo-concentration. The levels of immunoreactive sulfidopeptide leukotrienes were not significantly increased in BALF recovered from endotoxemic pigs. Arterial plasma samples (collected at 0.5 hr intervals for 4.5 hrs) were below the detectable limits of the RIA. During RP-HPLC, ethanol extracted BALF failed to show an ultraviolet (UV) absorbance peak (280 nm) that was coincident with authentic standards. Concentrated BALF samples and BALF eluate fractions (collected at a retention time consistent with authentic LTC4) failed to cause a sustained contraction of guinea pig ileum. We conclude that sulfidopeptide leukotrienes are not increased in BALF or plasma recovered from endotoxemic pigs and that these lipoxygenase metabolites might not be important factors contributing to the pathophysiology of endotoxin-induced ARF. An alternate explanation is that the sulfidopeptide leukotrienes are rapidly metabolized so as to be undetectable by the methods employed.
Proof of a conjectured exponential formula

A proof is outlined for the conjecture that, if A and B are Hermitian matrices, unitary matrices U and V exist such that . The proof uses results announced by B. V. Lidskii for the eigenvalues of a sum of Hermitian matrices, a theorem of A. Nudel'man and P. Svarcman on the eigenvalues of a product of unitary matrices, and certain facts from perturbation theory.
Virtual Organization: Resource-Based View

Virtual organization incorporates all the revolutionary practices in the global network and provides a unique opportunity for society. This study provides a new vision of the future organization with the revolution of communication technologies. Virtual organization is analyzed with the premises of time and space. The findings of this chapter show the strategic implication of virtual organization in terms of its life cycle through various stages and interactions based on structuration. A resource-based view is employed to identify more effective and strategic ways to operate virtual organization.
The duty to succeed: honor versus happiness in college and career choices of East Asian students in the United States

To better understand factors underlying educational and career choices, this study used both survey data from an online networking tool and data collected in college classrooms to gauge differences between Asians (primarily Korean) and white students in the United States. More Asians (41%) than whites (9%) prioritized prestige over happiness, while more white students (67%) than Asian‐American students (28%) deemed happiness as paramount in selecting a college. When assessing their parents, more Asian Americans thought their mothers (51%) and fathers (34%) emphasized prestige in choosing a college than white mothers (9%) and fathers (17%). In addition, Asian parents were assessed as much more prone to stress the importance of financial independence in career selection while white parents were perceived as prioritizing career enjoyment. Certain parenting techniques were much more common among Asians, such as reminding children of parental sacrifices made for the next generation, teaching them that academic...