cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL MEASURES OF EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC MATCHED CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF COPPER SMELTER EMPLOYEES

To explore the relation between respiratory cancer mortality and exposure to airborne arsenic, methods of conditional logistic regression analysis are applied to a matched case-control study of copper smelter employees in Montana. With follow-up data for the period 1938-1977, several measures of arsenic exposure are compared. For men first employed prior to 1925, three measures--the category of maximum arsenic exposure, cumulative arsenic exposure, and time-weighted average arsenic exposure--are good predictors of respiratory cancer mortality. Within this group, there was a significantly elevated relative risk of respiratory cancer mortality associated with medium and heavy exposure to arsenic. For men first employed during 1925-1947, time-weighted average exposure to arsenic (adjusted for age at first employment) is the best predictor. In this group, men with heavy arsenic exposure and initially employed at 16.9 years had a relative risk of 6.0 in comparison to the baseline group with only light exposure to arsenic and initially employed at 31.9 years. No particular advantage is found in lagging exposures 10 years prior to death of the case in each matched set.
Vibrational lineshape and diffusion constant of adsorbed atoms

Abstract We have investigated the vibrational lineshape and diffusion constant of an adatom by evaluating the velocity autocorrelation function of the adatom. This is done through the Mori projection operator formalism and takes into account nonperturbatively the full anharmonicity of the adsorption potential as well as coupling with substrate phonons. The zero frequency value of the velocity autocorrelation yields the diffusion constant while the finite frequency components yield information about vibrational frequency and lineshape. The dephasing as well as amplitude decay contributions to line broadening are included self-consistently on equal footing.
From the bridges of Königsberg to the fields of Alzheimer Connecting the dots

Connectomics, the comprehensive mapping of all neural connections in the brain, is an emerging field with great promise.1–6 To better understand the puzzle of how these connections are organized, connectomics has recently turned to graph theory, a branch of mathematics developed in the 18th century by the Swiss mathematical genius Leonhard Euler to solve the problem known as the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg.4–6 Konigsberg, Prussia, was a city on the Pregel River with 2 islands linked to each other and the mainland by 7 bridges.4 The challenge, to find a continuous path that crosses each bridge exactly once and returns to the starting point,4 was solved by Euler, who determined, using graph theory, that it was mathematically impossible. In more recent times, scientists have used graph theory to probe the weaknesses of the New York City electrical power grid, the social network of the Screen Actors Guild, and the spread of happiness in the Framingham study cohort.4–6 The successful reconstruction of all neural and synaptic connections in Caenorhabditis elegans , followed by partial reconstructions of a mouse visual cortex, has naturally led to great interest in the human brain connectome.1,5
Experimental analysis of fretting related acoustic emission signals

Mating parts often experience repetitive relative motion termed fretting which results in friction, wear, as well as acoustic emission signals. Acoustic emission signals have the potential for monitoring the condition of the surfaces participating in the frictional process. In structural health monitoring studies, where the focus is on quantifying crack growth related acoustic emission signals, the signals generated by other mechanisms give rise to undesirable false positives. A major source of such false positives are fretting related signals. The present paper describes an experimental approach for characterizing the friction related acoustic emission signals. A test fixture is developed to obtain fretting related signals under controlled conditions. The waveforms are analyzed to extract features common to these signals. A comparison of acoustic emission signals related to fretting and crack growth is provided.
THE EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF FAST FISSION FACTORS IN LIGHT WATER- MODERATED, SLIGHTLY ENRICHED URANIUM ROD LATTICES

Abstract The ratio, δ28 of the fission rate in 238U to that in 235U was determined for various slightly enriched hexagonal miniature uranium rod lattices in light water. The experimental values of δ28, and e are given for 1·0 per cent, 1·15 per cent and 1·3 per cent fuel enrichments, 1, 1·5, 2, 3 and 4 water-to-uranium volume ratios and 0·250 in., 0·387 in. and 0·600 in. rod diameters. The data presented are in some instances new; the remainder represent appreciable improvement over older values in that certain systematic and random errors have now been reduced.
Attenuating phase-shift mask by thermal oxidation of chrome

A novel approach to fabricating an embedded attenuating DUV phase-shift mask by thermally oxidizing chrome is examined. Sputtered films of various chrome oxide composition have been proposed for i-line phase-shift masks, but the films to data have lacked a high enough transmission at the DUV wavelength. Thermally oxidized chrome is shown to produce a transmission usable at the DUV wavelength. The effects of oxidation time and temperature are examined, along with transmission and phase-shift as a function of chrome oxide thickness. While the thermal oxidation of chrome is not fully workable to fabricate a complete mask, it demonstrates the feasibility of using chrome-based materials in fabricating a DUV-embedded attenuating phase-shift mask.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The maturation of crystalline calcium phosphates in aqueous suspensions at physiologic pH.

The maturation of calcium phosphate crystals formed by the conversion of spontaneously precipitated amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was studied in aqueous media at temperatures ranging from 20° to 37°. Reaction pH was kept at 7.4 with either Hepes buffer or by the pH-stat addition of base. Reaction kinetics were followed by monitoring solution calcium and total phosphate, and, in the pH-stat controlled reaction, by recording the amount of KOH needed to maintain pH. Reaction products were examined chemically and by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microcopy. The first crystals to form deviated markedly from apatite in morphology, composition, structure, and solubility. They were extremely thin and flaky in appearance, had a low Ca/P molar ratio (1.4), contained an appreciable amount of acid phosphate (16%), and had an exceptionally largea-axis (10.5 A vs. 9.4 A for apatite). With maturation, the crystals became thicker but smaller in lateral dimensions, more apatitelike in structure and composition, and less soluble. However, this ripening of the crystals was accompanied by unusual inflections in the solution Ca and total PO4 curves, and, in the case of the pH-stat experiments, in the OH consumption profiles as well. These anomalous post-ACP solution changes suggest that a phase change had taken place during crystal maturation. Although the observed structural and compositional changes are not inconsistent with the perfection of an initially defective apatite, the changes in crystal morphology and the anomalous behavior of the reaction solution may more accurately reflect a conversion of the ACP first into an OCP-like crystalline phase which subsequently hydrolyzes into apatite.
Origin of the unusual stability of MnO4

Abstract The attachment of an electron to manganese tetroxide cluster is found to lower its total energy by as much as 5 eV, thus putting MnO 4 into the class of superhalogens. This result, predicted by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory and generalized gradient approximation, is verified experimentally by photodetachment spectroscopy. The combined theoretical and experimental studies not only allow a fundamental understanding of the origin of the unusual stability of MnO 4 − but also provide information on ground-state geometries, vibrational frequencies, and electronic structure of MnO 4 , MnO 4 − , and their isomers.
Methylation matters: a new spin on maspin.

The theory that DNA methylation controls tissue-specific gene expression has remained controversial despite being frequently cited for more than 25 years. A new study shows a pristine example of methylation and gene expression that is cell-type–restricted, although questions about causality persist.
Uncooled infrared sensors: rapid growth and future perspective

The uncooled infrared cameras are now available for both the military and commercial markets. The current camera technology incorporates the fruits of many years of development, focusing on the details of pixel design, novel material processing, and low noise read-out electronics. The rapid insertion of cameras into systems is testimony to the successful completion of this 'first phase' of development. In the military market, the first uncooled infrared cameras will be used for weapon sights, driver's viewers and helmet mounted cameras. Major commercial applications include night driving, security, police and fire fighting, and thermography, primarily for preventive maintenance and process control. The technology for the next generation of cameras is even more demanding, but within reach. The paper outlines the technology program planned for the next generation of cameras, and the approaches to further enhance performance, even to the radiation limit of thermal detectors.
A model for the study of ligand binding to the ribosomal RNA helix h44

Oligonucleotide models of ribosomal RNA domains are powerful tools to study the binding and molecular recognition of antibiotics that interfere with bacterial translation. Techniques such as selective chemical modification, fluorescence labeling and mutations are cumbersome for the whole ribosome but readily applicable to model RNAs, which are readily crystallized and often give rise to higher resolution crystal structures suitable for detailed analysis of ligand-RNA interactions. Here, we have investigated the HX RNA construct which contains two adjacent ligand binding regions of helix h44 in 16S ribosomal RNA. High-resolution crystal structure analysis confirmed that the HX RNA is a faithful structural model of the ribosomal target. Solution studies showed that HX RNA carrying a fluorescent 2-aminopurine modification provides a model system that can be used to monitor ligand binding to both the ribosomal decoding site and, through an indirect effect, the hygromycin B interaction region.
Quantitative analysis of ovipositional behavior: effects of a host-plant chemical on the onion fly (Diptera: Anthomyiidae).

Behavioral responses of female onion flies, Delia antiqua (Meigen), to hostplant cues were quantified during encounters of individual flies with onion plants and onion foliar surrogates. The behavioral repertoire of such females included sitting, grooming, running up and down foliar surfaces, extension of the proboscis such that the labellum contacted foliar and soil surfaces, movements of the tip of the abdomen over surfaces (surface probing), subsurface probing of soil crevices with the ovipositor, and oviposition. Sequences of behaviors preceding oviposition were probabilistic rather than highly stereotyped but generally followed the order given above. Foliar surrogates were used to determine the effects of n-dipropyl disulfide (Pr2S2) on the sequence of behaviors leading up to oviposition. The addition of a Pr2S2-treated surrogate to a cage increased the frequency of alighting on that surrogate but also increased alighting on a nearby foliar surrogate without Pr2S2. After alighting, females encountering surrogates treated with Pr2S2 had shorter latencies to proboscis extension and surface probing, spent less time sitting and grooming, and had runs of shorter duration. These females were also more likely to make the transition from probing of surfaces of foliage and soil to subsurface probing of soil crevices and oviposition. Thus, rather than mediating a particular step in the behavioral sequence, Pr2S2 played a role throughout the sequence leading up to oviposition. Collectively, these data and past studies on the onion fly support the hypothesis that egglaying is triggered by a temporal summation of inputs to the central nervous system from various sensory modalities rather than strict behavioral chaining, with each transition effected by some unique cue.
Diagnostic Dilemma: Crusted Scabies Superimposed on Psoriatic Erythroderma in a Patient With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

A 45-year-old man with AIDS presented with extensive erythema and scaling involving the face, trunk, and upper and lower extremities, and mild nail dystrophy. The patient had been diagnosed with psoriasis 2 years previously, and at the time of presentation was using emollients and topical corticosteroid creams with little improvement. He was receiving zidovudine, lamivudine, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, acyclovir, rifabutin, and hydroxyzine. Pertinent laboratory data included CD4 lymphocytes (10 cells/mm(3)), viral load (32,000 copies per mL) white blood cell count (3.4 x 10(3)/microL), hemoglobin (13.5 g/dL), and platelets (204 x 10(3)/microL). Because of the extensive eruption and lack of response to topical agents, the patient was started on acitretin 25 mg daily. The patient had shown no signs of improvement 4 weeks later and was noted to have brownish gray crusted plaques involving the beard area, neck, upper part of the back, arms, trunk, genitals, and thighs in addition to his erythroderma (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Microscopic examination of scales from the upper part of the back revealed numerous scabies mites and eggs. He was then treated with lindane shampoo on the scalp and beard area and permethrin 5% cream to the body. The patient returned 2 weeks later with some improvement after thrice-weekly applications of this regimen; however, scrapings from the trunk once again revealed live scabies mites. Microscopic examination of scales that had fallen on the examination table revealed multiple mites and eggs. The patient was then given permethrin 5% cream, which he applied 3 times a week for 2 weeks, and 1 dose of oral ivermectin, 200 micro/kg. This resulted in a marked decrease in crusting and scaling. With resolution of the scabies lesions, the patient displayed marked erythema and scaling of the trunk and extremities consistent with generalized psoriasis (Figure 3). Treatment with acitretin resulted in gradual resolution of the erythroderma. A few months later, the patient presented with nodules on the upper part of the back, which on biopsy revealed a scabies mite (Figure 4).
Translation Of Polysomal Messenger Rna During Epidermal Differentiation

Translation in vitro of messenger RNA obtained from preparations of active polysomes isolated from the epidermal basal, spinous, and granular cells of the newborn rat has provided evidence that in the context of differentiation in this tissue, control of protein synthesis is exerted at the level of transcription. The data supporting this hypothesis are reviewed.
Predicting vigilance: A fresh look at an old problem

Individual differences in vigilance are ubiquitous and relevant to a variety of work environments in industrial, transportation, medical and security settings. Despite much previous work, mostly on personality traits, it remains difficult to identify vigilant operators. This paper reviews recent research that may point towards practically useful predictor variables for vigilance. Theoretical approaches to identifying predictors that accommodate the heterogeneous nature of vigilance tasks are compared. The article surveys recent empirical studies using personality measures, ability tests and scales for stress and coping as predictors of vigilance. Promising new constructs include trait scales linked to fatigue, abnormal personality and the stress state of task engagement. Implications of the data reviewed for occupational selection are discussed. Selection should be based on a multivariate assessment strategy, cognitive task analysis of the operational vigilance task and use of work sample measures to capture typical stress responses to the task. This review paper surveys recent research that may point towards practically useful predictor variables for vigilance. The article surveys recent empirical studies using personality measures, ability tests and scales for stress and coping as predictors of vigilance. Selection should be based on a multivariate assessment strategy.
The quakingviable mutation affects qkI mRNA expression specifically in myelin-producing cells of the nervous system

The genetic lesion in the quakingviable (qk v ) mutant mice is a deletion 5¢ to the qkI gene, resulting in severe hypomyelination. qkI produces several QKI protein isoforms via alternative splicing of the C-terminal coding exons. In the qk v /qk v brain, immunostaining of QKI proteins is diminished in an isoform-differential manner with undefined mechanisms. We examined the expression of QKI protein isoforms and qkI mRNA isoforms in the qk v /qk v mutants and the non-phenotypic wt/qk v littermates. Our results indicated significant reduction of all qkI mRNA isoforms in the central and peripheral nervous system during active myelination without detectable post-transcriptional abnormalities. In the early stage of myelin development, qkI mRNAs are differentially reduced, which appeared to be responsible for the reduction of the corresponding QKI protein isoforms. The reduced qkI expression was a specific consequence of the qk v lesion, not observed in other hypomyelination mutants. Furthermore, no abnormal qkI expression was found in testis, heart and astroglia of the qkv /qk v mice, suggesting that the reduction of qkI mRNAs occurred specifically in myelin-producing cells of the nervous system. These observations suggest that diminished qkI expression results from deletion of an enhancer that promotes qkI transcription specifically in myelinating glia during active myelinogenesis.
Ferredoxin reducing substance (FRS) from spinach

Abstract The requirement for a heretofore unidentified chloroplast component for NADP photoreduction by chloroplast fragments is established. This component, termed “ferredoxin reducing substance (FRS),” is required also for the photoreduction of methyl viologen and, in the reduced form, serves as the reductant for the dark reduction of NADP or ferredoxin. These data suggest that FRS is the primary acceptor for photosystem 1 of photosynthesis.
Self-learning web question answering system

While being quite successful in providing keyword based access to web pages, commercial search portals, such as Google, Yahoo, AltaVista, and AOL, still lack the ability to answer questions expressed in a natural language. In this paper, we present a probabilistic approach to automated question answering on the Web. Our approach is based on pattern matching and answer triangulation. By taking advantage of the redundancy inherent in the Web, each answer found by the system is triangulated (confirmed or disconfirmed) against other possible answers. Our approach is entirely self-learning: it does not involve any linguistic resources, nor it does require any manual tuning. Thus, the propose approach can easily be replicated in other information systems with large redundancy.
Modern trends in seismological research

A survey of the field of modern research in seismology will reveal a surprising activity in three distinct fields: The field of pure seismology; the field of engineering seismology or of seismological engineering; and the field of applied seismology or of seismic prospecting. We may consider these briefly in succession. In pure seismology emphasis is shifting from average results and statistical studies to the intensive investigation of individual regions and of individual earthquakes. Even in those cases in which genuine contributions have been made along statistical lines, as, for example, in the exhaustive paper by Jeffreys and Bullen “On the times of transmission of earthquake-waves” (Bur. Central Seeis. Pub., A, Travaux Scientifiques, No. 11, 1935), the material has been sifted in such a manner as to bring out the distinguishing characteristics of earthquakes by means of particular constants. Also, in the three papers “On seismic waves” by Gutenberg and Richter (Beitr. Geophysik, v. 43, pp. 56–133, 1934; v. 45, pp. 280–360, 1935; v. 47, pp. 73–131, 1936) individual earthquakes are discussed. At the Fourth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics at Stockholm and again in the Fifth Assembly at Lisbon, the pressing need for the intensive study of individual earthquakes was urged.
Identifying muscle and processing combinations suitable for use as beef for fajitas

Abstract Four different treatments—control, papain, blade tenderization, and papain + blade tenderization—were applied to sixty USDA Choice M. diaphragma pars costalis, M. transversus abdominis, M. obliquus abdominis internus, M. rhomboideus, M. trapezius, M. latissimus, and M. serratus ventralis. Trained (n = 6) and consumer (n = 81) panelists scored papain samples higher for most sensory traits. Treatment tended not to affect the palatability scores of the M. diaphragma pars costalis and M. serratus ventralis, which tended to receive higher scores in comparison to the other muscles. Consumers were willing to purchase the M. latissimus and M. serratus ventralis treated with papain + blade tenderization and papain, respectively, and these muscles performed well enough to be considered as alternatives in the beef fajita market.
Cadmium Decreases Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Mouse Liver

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant of increasing importance, due to industrialization, smoking, and the lack of effective therapy for Cd poisoning. The general population is exposed to Cd principally through food and water. The metal accumulates slowly in the liver and kidney, the target organs of acute and chronic Cd toxicity, respectively. We showed recently that liver is also a target organ for chronic Cd toxicity. Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is a means of maintaining cellular homeostasis in multicellular organisms. It involves the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules through intercellular channels (gap junctions), composed of proteins called connexins. The major connexins of liver (hepatocytes) are connexin 32 (Cx32) and connexin 26 (Cx26). Cd disrupts cellular homeostasis in the liver through its induction of necrosis, apoptosis, and cellular proliferation. It is to be expected, therefore, that Cd must exert some effect on GJIC. This study investigates Cd-induced alterations in GJIC, Cx32, and Cx26 expression, and in cytoskeletal actin, and relates the changes to apoptosis and cell proliferation induced by Cd in vivo. Mice were injected ip with 30 micromol Cd/kg, and were observed for up to 48 h. Other groups of mice were injected with 5-60 micromol Cd/kg and observed for 9 h. Blood and liver were harvested and used for analysis of GJIC, connexin expression, cytoskeletal actin, serum enzymes, and liver pathology. Cd produced a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of GJIC in liver, along with parallel decreases in the expression of Cx32 and Cx26. Cd also produced disruption and loss of cytoskeletal actin in liver in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These observations are discussed in relation to the toxicity of Cd, and possible mechanisms of induction of the GJIC-related alterations are presented.
Selecting the best by comparing simulated systems in a group of three

We present a new fully sequential procedure for selecting the best among a finite number of simulated systems. While many fully sequential selection procedures make a decision based on pairwise comparison, the new procedure compares systems in a group of three and uses some properties of a bivariate Brownian motion process exiting a circle or an ellipse for its derivation.
The effects of induced lathyrism on Sr85 uptake in rats during late prenatal development.

During the last one-third of their gestational period, lathyritic rats incorporate significantly lower amounts of /sup 85/Sr as revealed by whole body counting techniques. This difference was maximum at term. The study provides evidence for lathyritic disturbance in the initial phases of mineralization of hard tissue matrices.
Evaluation of a First-Year Inclusion Program Student Perceptions and Classroom Performance

This article summarizes the first-year evaluation of an inclusive education program at an urban elementary school. Sixty primary-level (Grades K-2) students and 50 intermediate-level students (Grades 3-5) were evaluated using individualized and teacher report measures. At the primary level, results showed significant increases in self-perceptions of cognitive competence for both students with disabilities and students without disabilities. Self-perceptions of physical competence were higher for the students with disabilities group. No significant differences were found in preferred playmates. At the intermediate level, students without disablities reported higher perceptions of their academic and social abilities than students with disabilities. Teacher ratings showed improved social skills for both primary and intermediate students with disabilities. Finally, report card ratings and teacher comments suggested different expectations for students with disabilities and their typical peers.
An Indolent Case of T-Prolymphocytic Leukemia With t(3;22)(q21;q11.2) and Elevated Serum β2-Microglobulin

We report a novel case of T-prolymphocytic leukemia, small cell variant, associated with complex cytogenetic findings including t(3;22)(q21;11.2) and elevated serum beta2-microglobulin. The diagnosis is based on morphologic, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular analysis of peripheral blood and bone marrow. In contrast to most reported cases of T-prolymphocytic leukemia, this patient did not present with lymphadenopathy or organomegaly. Moreover, only a moderate leukocytosis (25.3 x 10(3)/microL) was evident at presentation. In the absence of any specific treatment, the patient is doing well, with a stable white blood cell count 12 months following presentation. Further investigation may be warranted to determine whether the unusual cytogenetic findings and elevated serum beta2-microglobulin are associated with the indolent clinical course in this patient.
Business Ethics Training: Insights from Learning Theory.

This paper explores research in educational psychology and learning theory in a search for insights to enhance business ethics training Useful educational principles uncovered are then applied to the development of an ethics training initiative for sales professionals. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research to help enrich business ethics training.
MEMS pressure sensor array for aeroacoustic analysis of the turbulent boundary layer

The second stage of the design, fabrication, and characterization of a surface micromachined, front-vented, 64 channel (8 8), capacitively sensed pressure sensor array is described. The array was fabricated using the MEMSCAP PolyMUMPs R process, a three layer polysilicon surface micromachining process with an additional fabrication step using Parylene-C. An acoustic lumped element model was used to model an individual microphone and then applied to the array as a whole. The computational results for the design, including mechanical components, environmental loading, uid damping, and other acoustic elements are detailed. Theory predicts single element sensitivity of 0.65 mV/Pa at the gain stage output in the 100-40,000 Hz band. A laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system has been used to map the spatial motion of the elements in response to electrostatic excitation. A strong resonance appears at 410 kHz for electrostatic excitation, in agreement with mathematical models. Static stiness measured electrostatically using an interferometer is 0.1 nm/V 2 , similar to the expected stiness.
Adolescent Ambiguities in American Pie Popular Culture as a Resource for Sex Education

Popular culture is a key site in the formation of teen knowledges about sex. Yet formal sex education programs have largely ignored this arena. In this article the author proposes the need to critically incorporate popular culture into sex education efforts to develop programs that resonate with teens experiences and at the same time allow them to construct more equitable social relations. The author illustrates how this might be done through an analysis of the recent teen film American Pie. In addition the author identifies specific implications and resources for broader theoretical efforts to reconstruct discourses of masculinity femininity and sexuality. (authors)
Depressed mood symptoms during the menopausal transition: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study.

Aim To describe patterns of depressed mood during the menopausal transition (MT) and to investigate relationships between patterns of depressed mood and MT stages.Methods Women during MT and early postmenopause rated depressed mood from 0 to 4 in a 3-day diary. Variables were percentage days with zero ratings, days with ratings of 3 or 4, and slope of ratings over time. Cluster analysis was used.Results Six distinct clusters were identified for 164 women. The three largest clusters (n = 134) had depressed mood ratings of zero (93% of days, 73%, 50%, respectively). Ratings of 3 or 4 were infrequent for these three clusters (0%, 3%, 9%, respectively). The three smallest clusters (n = 30) had zero ratings for 32% of days, 14% and 8%, respectively. The fourth cluster had 16% rated 3 or 4 with a positive slope. The fifth and sixth clusters had 23% and 6% of days at 3 or 4 with a negative slope. MT stage was not related to depressed mood ratings. Most women did not have depressed mood during the MT. Of those wh...
Bird and small mammal abundance at four types of waste-management facilities in northeast Ohio

Abstract Location of waste-management facilities in urban and suburban areas is increasingly controversial for a variety of reasons. Because traditional putrescible-waste landfills often attract large numbers of gulls (Larus spp.) and other birds, they can present a significant risk to air-traffic safety when located near airports. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides recommendations for the location of putrescible-waste landfills and other waste-management facilities near airports because of the potential for bird—aircraft collisions. To extend the life of traditional putrescible-waste landfills, many communities are turning to non-traditional waste-management facilities such as yard-waste compost facilities, construction and demolition landfills, and trash-transfer stations. These types of facilities may present potential bird-strike risks, and may attract nuisance birds such as starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and rock doves (Columba livia), and nuisance mammals such as Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). Objective data are needed on bird and mammal use of these facilities for wildlife biologists to advise regulatory agencies and local governments on the siting and management of these facilities. From May 1993 to April 1994, we compared bird species and numbers at five non-traditional waste-management facilities of three types in northeastern Ohio with species and numbers at a vacant lot (control site) and at a major putrescible-waste landfill. We also surveyed small mammal species and numbers at two compost facilities, a vacant lot, and a small wooded lot. Bird abundance at the five facilities was no different than, or less than, at the vacant lot. About 350 times more birds were seen per observation at the putrescible-waste landfill than at the other five waste-management facilities. Bird use of these non-traditional waste-management facilities appears to be influenced much more by the type of habitat or land-use surrounding the facility than by the waste itself. Fewer small mammals were caught at the compost facilities than at the vacant lot and wooded area. Thus, these non-traditional waste-management facilities do not appear to attract birds or small mammals at higher than background levels and would not pose a significant nuisance problem to the community or be a hazard to aircraft if located near airports.
How to Avoid the Experimenters’ Regress

Harry Collins is well known for both his skepticism concerning experimental results and evidence and for what he calls the “experimenters’ regress,” the view that a correct outcome is one obtained with a good experimental apparatus, whereas a good experimental apparatus is one that gives the correct outcome. He has expressed this view at length in Changing Order (Collins 1985).
Diagnostic predicament of secondary adrenal insufficiency

ABSTRACT Objective To propose an approach for the diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency (AI) by presentation of 2 clinical cases and review of the literature. Methods We describe 2 patients who were considered to have a normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis on the basis of an appropriate response to the high-dose (250 μg) cosyntropin stimulation test (HST), with use of a cutoff value of 20 μg/dL. Our first patient had undergone resection of a 4-cm pituitary tumor a few months previously, and the second patient had hyponatremia with empty sella syndrome. Both patients, however, had strong clinical evidence suggestive of secondary AI. On testing by the insulin tolerance test (ITT) in the first patient and the overnight metyrapone test (OMT) in the second patient, secondary AI was diagnosed. We reviewed the literature to compare the utility of the different tests for the diagnosis of secondary AI. Results An 8 am serum cortisol value less than 5 μg/ dL or above 13 μg/dL and a stimulated cortisol level less than 16 μg/dL on both the low-dose cosyntropin stimulation test (LST) and the HST as well as above 22 μg/dL on the LST and above 30 μg/dL on the HST can reliably predict the functional status of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis in chronic secondary AI. Values between these utoff points may necessitate further assessment with the OMT or ITT based on clinical suspicion. Conclusion We recommend a 3-step diagnostic approach, with the first 2 steps performed together—starting with the 8 am basal cortisol determination in conjunction with either the LST (preferably) or the HST. In cases of an indeterminate response coupled with a strong clinical suspicion, the final step should be definitive testing with the OMT or ITT. (Endocr Pract. 2010;16:686-691)
Origin of life and the underlying physics of the universe

The thesis is put forward that the non-linear self-organizing dynamics of biological systems are inherent in any physical theory that satisfies the requirements of both quantum mechanics and general relativity. Biological life is viewed as an extension of these underlying dynamics rather than as an emergent property of systems that reached a requisite threshold of complexity at a definite point in time. The underlying dynamics are based on interactions between manifest material organizations and an unmanifest vacuum sea whose density structure is isomorphic to the metric structure of space-time. These interactions possess an intrinsic self-corrective character, due to the fact that quantum processes lead to changes in particle states that have a random aspect, while general relativity requires that the distribution of manifest and unmanifest particles be self-consistent. The model implies vacuum hysteretic effects that would bear on nanobiological phenomena and that might be detected through nanobiological techniques.
Parameter estimation with multiple sources and levels of uncertainties

Least-squares designs are sensitive to errors in the data, which can be due to several factors including the approximation of complex models by simpler ones, the presence of unavoidable experimental errors when collecting data, or even due to unknown or unmodeled effects. We formulate a new design criterion that treats multiple sources of uncertainties in the data with possibly varied degrees of intensity. We show that the solution has a regularized form, with one regularization parameter for each source of uncertainty. The parameters turn out to be model dependent and can be determined optimally as the nonnegative roots of certain coupled equations. Applications in array signal processing and image processing are considered.
Synaptic Dysfunction in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with Autism and Intellectual Disabilities

The discovery of the genetic causes of syndromic autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities has greatly informed our understanding of the molecular pathways critical for normal synaptic function. The top-down approaches using human phenotypes and genetics helped identify causative genes and uncovered the broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric features that can result from various mutations in the same gene. Importantly, the human studies unveiled the exquisite sensitivity of cognitive function to precise levels of many diverse proteins. Bottom-up approaches applying molecular, biochemical, and neurophysiological studies to genetic models of these disorders revealed unsuspected pathogenic mechanisms and identified potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, studies in model organisms showed that symptoms of these devastating disorders can be reversed, which brings hope that affected individuals might benefit from interventions even after symptoms set in. Scientists predict that insights gained from studying these rare syndromic disorders will have an impact on the more common nonsyndromic autism and mild cognitive deficits.
Quadratic stabilization and control of piecewise-linear systems

We consider analysis and controller synthesis of piecewise-linear systems. The method is based on constructing quadratic and piecewise-quadratic Lyapunov functions that prove stability and performance for the system. It is shown that proving stability and performance, or designing (state-feedback) controllers, can be cast, as convex optimization problems involving linear matrix inequalities that can be solved very efficiently. A couple of simple examples are included to demonstrate applications of the methods described.
Geoacoustic Inversions of Horizontal and Vertical Line Array Acoustic Data From a Surface Ship Source of Opportunity

The application of an inversion methodology produces the first demonstration of a simultaneous solution for geoacoustic and source track parameters from acoustic data collected in a shallow-water, sandy sediment environment. Inversion solutions from data collected in the 2006 Shallow Water Experiment (SW06) are extracted from noise measurements of a surface ship source on an L-array. The methodology includes a screening algorithm to determine a set of frequencies for the inversion data. In addition, the methodology assesses the accuracy of the inversion solution and incorporates an estimation of parameter value uncertainties. The solution from the inversion of the horizontal component of the L-array data from the surface ship source before its closest point of approach (CPA) is used to construct modeled propagation loss for comparison with observed received level (RL) structure as the source departs from CPA. Inversion of the data from a single element in the vertical component of the L-array produces a solution that agrees with the solution obtained from the inversion of horizontal subaperture data. Also, modeled transmission loss (TL) structure obtained from the single-element inversion solution reproduces the depth dependence of the RL structure observed at other elements of the vertical component of the L-array.
Mortality and Morality: A Heideggerian Interpretation of Kierkegaard’s Either/Or

In Ian Duckles’ Derridian reading of Soren Kierkegaard’s Either/Or, Duckles claims that Judge William’s defense of ethical life represents an attempt to evade mortality and individual responsibility. His argument is based on the existential interpretation of mortality wherein death is understood as the individuating feature of human existence. The basic idea is that, in the individualization of death, one encounters her identity as an individual who has to stand on her own feet and make something of her life with no support or guarantees that it is the right way to live. According to Duckles, the ethical goal of rational justification for one’s actions might be an attempt to avoid responsibility by getting others to share the burden of choosing to make a choice. Is the goal or purpose of ethical existence a disguised attempt to evade mortality and abnegate individual responsibility? In this paper, I follow Charles Guignon’s lead and try to show how Heidegger’s existential interpretation of death opens up an enriched view of the purpose of ethical existence where the focus is on character formation or self-constitution. After I describe the key features of Heidegger’s approach to understanding mortality and morality, I offer a Heideggerian interpretation of Judge William’s description of ethical self-transformation. I believe that Kierkegaard uses the pseudonym of Judge William to articulate a secularized form of the ethical that involves a kind of personal transformation wherein one comes to realize one’s potential for being a responsible individual.
A Different World: A Personal History of Franklin Furnace

Franklin Furnace opened its doors in April 1976. It was a very different world. As a cofounder and first curator, it is easy for me to look back on those early years in the 197os and reminisce about the good times and the accomplishments of our youth. There are many many stories to be told about the art and the artists, and our struggles to keep it all going. But beyond the historical significance of personal anecdotes and descriptive data that need to be documented before they are lost, is the fact that Franklin Furnace is not only still here but continues to thrive when so many other artists' spaces have ceased to exist as such. This leads me to look deeper into the philosophical underpinnings of the artist space movement and the pitfalls it faced in the I98os when inflated budgets and ambitions and marketplace values brought about either the demise or co-option of many such spaces. By the 199gos a younger generation of artists emerged, but with ambitions honed by graduate school mainstreaming goals, they failed to lead the way and start new spaces. Not surprising, considering the collapse of arts funding for small organizations in recent years. Thus the artists space as we understood it, created it, knew it in its inception has become a seriously endangered species, almost extinct in some parts of the country. No doubt, there are those who may mourn that the Furnace as a physical space, a geographical site that was a point of exchange for two decades, is gone. But the spirit that fueled the Furnace for all those years is very much alive due to the fact that as an artists institution it has mutated and adapted to the needs and conditions of the times. Ironically perhaps, it has been able to evolve in form in response to the cultural environment without surrendering its primary raison d'etre because it has not lost sight of those principles on which it was founded. How does an arts space become "established" without becoming the establishment? That's a bit like asking, How does the revolutionary not become the new dictator after taking power? The parallel between politics and art is apt because the politics of the whole artist space movement was about the empowerment of artists, and the demise of the movement is about the power and politics of money and media both in and out of the art world. So survival is a balancing act. Catch-22! The real politik is that you need to be able to work on the inside in order to stay alive financially and serve your community in a tangible way, and the ideal politic is that you need to remain on the outside creatively in order to remain relevant and meaningful. In the '8os the gravitational pull of a certain kind of "success" was immensely seductive and easy to fall into. In the early '9os
Murine Anti-vaccinia Virus D8 Antibodies Target Different Epitopes and Differ in Their Ability to Block D8 Binding to CS-E

The IMV envelope protein D8 is an adhesion molecule and a major immunodominant antigen of vaccinia virus (VACV). Here we identified the optimal D8 ligand to be chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E). CS-E is characterized by a disaccharide moiety with two sulfated hydroxyl groups at positions 4′ and 6′ of GalNAc. To study the role of antibodies in preventing D8 adhesion to CS-E, we have used a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies, and tested their ability to compete with CS-E for D8 binding. Among four antibody specificity groups, MAbs of one group (group IV) fully abrogated CS-E binding, while MAbs of a second group (group III) displayed widely varying levels of CS-E blocking. Using EM, we identified the binding site for each antibody specificity group on D8. Recombinant D8 forms a hexameric arrangement, mediated by self-association of a small C-terminal domain of D8. We propose a model in which D8 oligomerization on the IMV would allow VACV to adhere to heterogeneous population of CS, including CS-C and potentially CS-A, while overall increasing binding efficiency to CS-E.
Observations of placental blood flow with a Doppler flowmeter

The Doppler flowmeter is a sensitive indicator of fetal life in early pregnancy. Characteristic placental sounds can also be detected with this instrument as a rushing wind or whirlwind sound. A series of 111 patients had placental localization by manual exploration at delivery compared to placental sounds in late pregnancy detected with the Doppler flowmeter. Placental localization using this instrument is currently limited, as only about 20 per cent of the placentas were heard; nearly all of these were located on the anterior uterine wall. The placental sound is fetal in origin as it is continuous through uterine contraction, is associated with a fetal arterial sound, and is interrupted by umbilical cord clamping.
“If It Is Written by Allah, There Is Nothing That Can Stop It”: Saudi women’s breast cancer narratives

The purpose of this study was to identify cultural models of breast cancer held by Saudi women and to explore how these may influence early detection and treatment-seeking behaviors. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with breast cancer survivors (n=20) from two Western cities in Saudi Arabia. Respondents were recruited through social networking, using purposive, snowball sampling. Illness narratives elicited during interviews were transcribed, coded and then analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach. Results suggest that fatalism, perceived threats to traditional role fulfillment, and a preference for traditional therapies commonly mark the breast cancer experiences of Saudi women, influencing their early detection and treatment-seeking behaviors. A more nuanced understanding of emic viewpoints could help to improve public health messaging and intervention strategies in Saudi Arabia.