cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation that a 1-year fellowship in minimally invasive and bariatric surgery can eliminate the learning curve for laparoscopic gastric bypass

The concept that advanced surgical training can reduce or eliminate the learning curve for complex procedures makes logical sense but is difficult to verify and has not been tested for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). We sought to determine if minimally invasive/bariatric surgery fellowship graduates (FGs) would demonstrate complication-related outcomes (CRO) equivalent to the outcomes achieved during their training experience under the supervision of experienced bariatric surgeons. We compared CRO for the first 100 consecutive LRYGBs performed in practice by five consecutive minimally invasive/bariatric fellows at new institutions (total 500 cases) to CRO for the 611 consecutive LRYGBs performed during their fellowship training experience under the supervision of three experienced bariatric surgeons at the host training institution. The two patient groups did not differ demographically. The 18 types of major and minor complications identified after LRYGB did not differ among the five fellowship graduates. The mentors’ CRO were compatible with published benchmark data. As compared with the training institution data, the overall incidence of complications for the combined experience of fellowship graduates did not differ statistically from that of the mentors. The fellowship graduates’ early experience included zero nongastrojejunostomy leaks (0% versus 1.5%) and a low rate of anastomotic stricture (0.8% versus 3.0%), incisional hernia (1% versus 4.4%), bowel obstruction (0% versus 3%), wound infection (0.3% versus 3.1%), and gastrointestinal hemorrhage (0.2% versus 1.6%). The rate of gastrojejunostomy leak (1.8% versus 2.6%) and, most importantly, mortality (0.8% versus 0.7%) did not differ between the two groups. Fellowship graduates achieved high-quality surgical outcomes from the very beginning of their postfellowship practices, which are comparable to those of their experienced mentors. These data validate the concept that advanced surgical training can eliminate the learning curve often associated with complex minimally invasive procedures, specifically LRYGB.
Proper Proof of a Reliability Theorem

The theorem that mean life is the integral of the reliability is improperly proved in the literature. It is necessary to take into account some restrictions on the time behavior of the reliability. It is sufficient that the mean life be bounded.
Thermal effects on flow and dispersion over urban areas: Capabilities for prediction by physical modeling

Abstract Criteria for physical modeling of urban area heating and thermally stratified, boundary-layer flows approaching the area are summarized. Flow modeling facilities, boundary-layer wind tunnels and a natural convection chamber, developed at Colorado State University that can satisfy the essential criteria are described. Three categories of studies are summarized to illustrate the range of capabilities for physical modeling of flow and dispersion over urban areas: (1) idealized heat island, (2) heat island for a particular urban complex, and (3) mountain-valley drainage flow onto a town. Model data are compared with available field measurements and observations.
Individual Differences in Working Memory for Comprehension and Following Directions

AbstractThe extent to which individual differences in working memory capacity were related to differences in comprehension and following direction was studied in first, third, and sixth graders. Working memory was tested by a simple word span and Daneman and Carpenter’s (1980) reading span. A reading comprehension test and a following directions test, including directions heard in a classroom, were also given. The number of words recalled in both the word span and the reading span predicted comprehension for all grades. This relationship showed no age differences. However, the relationship between the span measures and following directions indicated that the role of working memory in following directions may increase with age. As the complexity of directions increased, low-span subjects in each grade had more difficulty performing directions than high-span subjects did. Implications for giving directions to school children are discussed.
The Origin of the Concept of the Seven Cardinal Sins

Since the work of Zielinski and Gothein in the early years of this century, it has been clear that the medieval and modern Catholic teaching of the seven cardinal sins, sometimes called the deadly sins, had a Hellenistic astrological origin. The details of that provenance, however, are still vague, and it is my purpose to add some further information tending to clarify the complex problems of origins. The material here presented will strengthen what must be a nebulous, though very probable, hypothesis. The problem, however, is not so much to show the exact origin of the concept, as it is to refute certain misleading orthodox theories of origin.
Soluble and Insoluble Dietary Fiber Content and Composition in Oat

ABSTRACT Six oat genotypes were grown in nursery yield trials during 1989-1992 at Lisbon, ND. Groats were analyzed for soluble and insoluble dietary fiber content and composition. Genotype-by-growing year interaction was not significant for soluble or insoluble dietary fiber. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber differed with genotype (6.0–7.1% and 4.1– 4.9%, respectively) and with growing year (6.0–6.9% and 3.9–5.2%, respectively). The genotype-by-growing year interaction was significant for soluble β-glucan content but not for total neutral sugar or uronic acid content of the soluble dietary fiber. Genotypes did vary in total neutral sugar content but not in uronic acid content. The genotype-by-growing year interaction was not significant for total neutral sugar, β-glucan, uronic acid, or Klason lignin content of insoluble dietary fiber. Genotypes did vary in total neutral sugar, β-glucan, and Klason lignin content but not in uronic acid content of insoluble dietary fiber. The neutral sugar content of so...
Dietary induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis.

Summary The effect of dietary carbohydrate on rat liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis has been determined by using a method which can accurately quantitate relative rates of synthesis as low as 0.001 percent of total protein synthesis. Hepatocytes were incubated with ( 3 H)leucine for 60 min and G6PD was separated from all other proteins by immunoprecipitation and electrophoresis on two-dimensional O'Farrell gels. The relative rate of synthesis of G6PD increased 70-fold (from 0.0015 to 0.11% of total protein synthesis) in hepatocytes from fasted rats refed a high carbohydrate diet. We have concluded that the 20–30 fold dietary induction of G6PD is due to a 70 and 3 fold increase in synthesis and degradation, respectively.
Mentalese syntax: Between a rock and two hard places

L'A. montre que le computationnalisme de J. Fodor, selon lequel un etat intentionnel se definit par sa relation a un symbole mental, souffre de l'impossibilite d'elaborer une syntaxe du langage de la pensee (LOT). L'A. etudie trois principes d'individuation syntaxique susceptibles de fonder une telle theorie. Mais seul le connexionnisme echappe aux problemes de syntaxe evoques
The Influence of Individual Differences on Garment Wear and Wear Evaluation

Using correlation and stepwise multiple regression techniques, the garment wear scores from a wear study of men's polyester/cotton durable-press trousers were found to be related to: (1) an estimat...
Postoperative complications associated with dural substitutes in suboccipital craniotomies.

OBJECTIVE: Dural replacements are used in cranial surgery when primary closure of native dura is not possible. The goal is to recreate a watertight barrier to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage with few associated complications. We reviewed a single-institution experience with a variety of dural substitutes in posterior fossa neurosurgery, for which higher complication rates are well described. METHODS: Patients were screened for suboccipital posterior fossa neurosurgery between November 2005 and April 2007. Surgical logs were reviewed for diagnosis, procedure, and use of dural replacement. Clinical courses were reviewed for hydrodynamic complications, including delayed hydrocephalus, clinically significant pseudomeningocele, aseptic meningitis, and persistent cerebrospinal leakage. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-eight patients were included, and a dural replacement was used in 106. Overall, the complication rate was 21.9% (28 patients). Complications were seen for acellular human dermis in 33.3%, for collagen matrix in the original formulation in 18.2%, for the reformulation in 16.9%, for the suturable formulation in 50%, for nonautologous materials in 24%, and for no dural replacement in 16.7%. Univariate and multivariate analysis demonstrated that hydrodynamic complications were associated with use of the suturable collagen matrix (odds ratio, 10.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.5-46.1; P = 0.0014) and trended with use of acellular human dermis (odds ratio, 4.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-23.1; P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: The increased risk of hydrodynamic complications associated with suboccipital neurosurgery is modified by choice of dural replacement. Similar complication rates were seen for most materials with a variety of primary abnormalities, with the exception of suturable bovine collagen matrix, with hydrodynamic complications in 50% of patients.
Evaluation of copper-based electrodes for the analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics by CE-EC

Aminoglycoside antibiotics including gentamicin, bekanamycin, tobramycin, lincomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and ribostamycin have been determined by CE-EC with copper clectrodes. Both copper wall-jet electrodes (WJEs) and copper on-capillary electrodes (OCEs) were evaluated. The OCEs provided μM detection limits, superior stability and reproducibility (2–3% relative standard deviation in oxidation current), and a simple instrumental set-up without the need for capillary/electrode alignment. The analytical capabilities of the Cu-OCE were examined, following the optimization of CE conditions, for the seven aminoglycosides above; and the practical utility of this approach was demonstrated through the determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics in three pharmaceutical preparations.
THE EFFECTS OF GANGLIOSIDE PREPARATIONS ON SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Abstract An impure preparation of gangliosides caused both contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles. The contractile effect was tachyphylactic. The relaxation induced by the impure ganglioside preparation resembled norepinephrine in being blocked by ephedrine and phentolamine. Norepinephrine was demonstrated in the impure ganglioside by a fluorometric method. With further purification, the ganglioside preparation lost all activity on smooth muscle.
Strong segregation theory of block copolymer-nanoparticle composites

We present strong segregation approximation based analytical calculations and complementary computer simulation results on the ordering and structural characteristics of block copolymer−nanoparticle mixtures. We consider specifically the case of a symmetric block copolymer organized in a lamella phase, which is mixed with both selective and nonselective nanoparticles. We present results within the strong segregation approximation quantifying the density distribution of nanoparticles and the influence of the nanoparticles upon the lamella thickness and their elastic constants. The case of nonselective nanoparticles is treated in detail to account more accurately for both size effects and finite concentrations of nanoparticles. The latter results suggest the possibility of layer instabilities and morphological transitions resulting from the surfactant-like role of nonselective particles. Qualitative features of our model predictions are in agreement with our computer simulation results.
Annual and interannual changes on a reef-fringed pocket beach: Kailua Bay, Hawaii

Abstract Historical aerial photographs and topographic survey sheets are used to establish a 70-year shoreline history (1926–1996) for Kailua Beach, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. The shoreline has migrated seaward over this period at an average rate of 0.5 m/yr, with a maximum net accretion along the beach of 58.7 m and a maximum net erosion of −13.2 m. Net accretion has taken place even while sea levels have risen on the order of 0.1 m. Semi-annual and monthly beach profile surveys (1995–1999) at seven transects reveal short-term variations of shoreline position, sand volume, and beach shape. A relationship between beach width and corresponding sand volume fluctuations, established from the beach profile data, is applied to the historical shoreline change data to establish a history of sand volume fluctuations. Results show that Kailua has experienced a net accretion of 673 000 m3 of sand over the period 1926–1996, with average annual rates of volume change varying between 6.8 m3/m/yr and −0.1 m3/m/yr. The most recent period (1989–1996) shows a net volume increase of 41 000 m3. Given the lack of sand inputs at the ends of the beach, exchange with offshore deposits is a likely mechanism for long-term accretional trends. Seasonal fluctuations in Kailua Beach morphology dominate the variability with a response to seasonal wave state that varies along the length of the beach in magnitude and sign. At least four alongshore zones are observed, with the first and third zones exhibiting high/low sand volumes during the summer/winter, and the second and fourth zones exhibiting opposite behavior with high/low volumes during the winter/summer. Although seasonal sand accumulation varies along the beach, the overall beach profile is largely maintained. Moreover, changes in sand volume occur in phase over the subaqueous and subaerial sections of the beach. This behavior suggests that longshore rather than cross-shore sand transport is important at annual time scales. A simple seasonal transport pattern is proposed to account for these observed fluctuations, which depends in part on the topography of the offshore reef.
Logic-Based Outer-Approximation Algorithm for Solving Discrete-Continuous Dynamic Optimization Problems

We present an extension of the logic outer-approximation algorithm for dealing with disjunctive discrete-continuous optimal control problems whose dynamic behavior is modeled in terms of differential-algebraic equations. Although the proposed algorithm can be applied to a wide variety of discrete-continuous optimal control problems, we are mainly interested in problems where disjunctions are also present. Disjunctions are included to take into account only certain parts of the underlying model which become relevant under some processing conditions. By doing so the numerical robustness of the optimization algorithm improves since those parts of the model that are not active are discarded leading to a reduced size problem and avoiding potential model singularities. We test the proposed algorithm using three examples of different complex dynamic behavior. In all the case studies the number of iterations and the computational effort required to obtain the optimal solutions is modest and the solutions are rela...
The effects of a self-control weight loss program on an obese woman

Abstract Self-control techniques were taught to an obese, 55-yr-old woman to help modify overeating behavior. Self-reinforcement was employed in addition to systematic isolation of eating behaviors from associated stimulus situations. Chained eating responses were also broken down. She lost 15 lb in 4 1 2 weeks. However, mental and physical fatigue and low blood sugar caused hospitalization. Results are discussed in terms of too rapid a weight loss and the need for careful supervision of the nutritional intake. The problem of sufficient reinforcement is also discussed, and the great potential for self-control methods in treating obesity.
Dosimetry and species sensitivity: Key factors in hazard evaluation using animal exposure data

Abstract To assess the potential threat to human health following inhalation of airborne contaminants, laboratory test animals are often used as human surrogates in inhalation exposure studies. To aid in the extrapolation of animal data to man, dosimetry and species sensitivity factors need to be addressed in the interpretation of data from animal exposures. To these ends, a new mathematical model describing inhaled particulate behavior in the respiratory tract has been developed. Validity of the predictive model has been substantiated by agreement between theoretical and measured aerosol deposition patterns in human test subjects.
Data physics - an unorthodox view of data and its implications in data processors

It is an appropriate time to step back and examine the foundations of our field - to determine how the various approaches and fragmentary principles fit together. The approach that we currently call “data physics” has this as its objective. While our work clearly is based on that of others in the field, our concepts may seem unusual to the practitioner.We propose a broad and esoteric view of the universe of information - a view that must jibe with the everyday world of libraries and databases, but which may ultimately be stated in terms quite different from those that the practitioner normally uses.We undertake four tasks in this paper: to define the data physics approach, to state the important issues, to propose a model of the information universe, and to discuss the implications of this model.
Ready...action!: a performative authoring system for children to create animated stories

Animated stories are challenging to produce for the novice adult, let alone for children. Research into how to facilitate the creation of animations for children is an ongoing effort. In this paper, we propose the concept of performative authoring which taps into the power of children's pretend play to allow them to create animations through body enactments. We review the literature on animation authoring systems focusing on children, propose the new concept of performative authoring that uses enactment as a mode of story authoring, and describe the design of DiME, an exemplar system embodying performative authoring. We report on a pilot study that was conducted with the system.
Changes in nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the spinal cord of rat following induction of chronic arthritis.

Nitric oxide (NO) possibly plays an important role in the events resulting in hyperalgesia. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a key enzyme in the production of NO. In this study, the relationship between NOS and hyperalgesia in a rat chronic arthritis model was tested. Chronic arthritis was induced by injection of incomplete Freund’s adjuvant into the knee joint cavity unilaterally. The paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to radiant heat was used to detect secondary thermal hyperalgesia induced by the arthritis. After 1 day the PWL of the arthritic hindpaw decreased and it reached its nadir at 3 days after induction of arthritis. The lumbar and cervical enlargement of the spinal cord were removed in different groups of animals 3, 7, 14, or 21 days after induction of arthritis, and frozen tissue sections were cut. Two series of sections were incubated with polyclonal antibodies to neuronal NOS (nNOS) or to inducible NOS (iNOS). nNOS was found to increase gradually in laminae I–III in the lumber but not in the cervical enlargement. The change became most obvious 14 days after induction of arthritis as compared to the control animals. Ependymal cells around the central canal of the lumbar enlargement were more densely stained by anti-iNOS after arthritis. A corresponding change was also found in the cervical enlargement. Computer-assisted image analysis revealed that the mean density of the affected areas in the treated group increased significantly compared with the control animals. This study suggests that the expression of both nNOS and iNOS increase following induction of chronic arthritis, which in turn would presumably lead to an increase in the production of NO. This process could be involved in mediation of the secondary thermal hyperalgesia induced by chronic arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy: Disease activity, pregnancy outcomes, and treatment options during pregnancy and lactation

The present work reviews the available data on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The data generally support some improvement in RA during pregnancy, but these data are not consistent, and a subgroup of patients may have significant disability and flares. The literature supports a tendency toward postpartum flares. Babies born to mothers with RA are found to have lower birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, and an increased risk of delivery by cesarean section. Limited safety information is available for medications used for treatment during pregnancy and lactation. There are many options for treatment during the first trimester and throughout pregnancy, but each decision must be made on an individual basis. Whereas methotrexate and leflunomide are contraindicated in pregnancy, sulfasalazine is generally considered useful, as is hydroxychloroquine (despite the latter's FDA pregnancy category C rating). Of the biologics, the tumor necrosis factor (TNFi) are classified as category B; the other biologics vary between categories B and C, but more human data are available on TNFi. Drug Dev Res 72:689–702, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electric field experiments on superfluid 3He-A

Abstract The expected orienting effect of an electric field on 3 He-A is shown to be absent.
Satellite Response and Separate Body Testing within an SGEMP Simulator

A study is made of the feasibility of separate body testing of satellites within SGEMP simulators. A method is suggested which reproduces the two lowest frequency satellite modes of a triaxial satellite using a lumped circuit parameter model. A systematic numerical study of lumped circuit parameter models of triaxial satellite systems is also presented.
Cortical Stimulation for Upper Limb Recovery Following Ischemic Stroke: A Small Phase II Pilot Study of a Fully Implanted Stimulator

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the feasibility of a fully implanted cortical stimulator for improving hand and arm function in patients following ischemic stroke. Method: Twenty-four chronic stroke patients with hemiplegia were randomized to targeted implanted cortical electrical stimulation of the motor cortex with upper limb rehabilitation therapy or rehabilitation therapy alone. Results: Using repeated measures regression models, we estimated and compared treatment effects between groups over the study follow-up period. The investigational group had significantly greater mean improvements in Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer (UEFM) scores during the 6-month follow-up period (weeks 1–24 following therapy), as compared to the control group (difference in estimated means = 3.8, p = .042). Box and Block (B & B) test improvement from baseline scores were also significantly better in the investigational group across the 6-month follow-up assessments (difference in estimated means = 3.8, p = .046). There was one rep...
The Humanistic Tradition: A Vision for the Future

This article is based on an address given at the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center graduation ceremony in June 1998. It reviews the early history of Saybrook, which was founded in 1970 b...
Safe handling of 8-m mirror blanks during manufacture: equipment designs based on finite element analyses of stresses

The manufacturing of 8-meter mirror blanks by Corning's hex seal process requires several handling steps, including lifting and turnover of both plano and contoured configurations. Special equipment was designed and built to lift and turn these 35-ton, 27-foot diameter pieces of glass. Finite Element Analysis was used to evaluate the lifting and turnover equipment designs and the handling processes. The analyses predicted the stress and distortion in the glass. The results showed that the equipment designs and processes would be safe; that is they would not stress the glass beyond the safe design stress limits.
Electronic Access to Agricultural Journals: An Agronomy Case Study

This study examines the electronic availability of agronomy journals at eight ARL (Association of Research Libraries) member institutions with doctoral programs in agronomy. Of the forty-seven journals examined, twelve were not available electronically at any of the institutions. On average, institutions provided access to thirty of the titles, with twenty-seven of these being unembargoed. In terms of depth of access, much of the older literature which is important to the agricultural sciences was not available electronically. Librarians can use these results to communicate to researchers the importance of not relying solely on electronically available research materials.
Ceftizoxime elimination kinetics in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

We investigated the kinetics of ceftizoxime, a β-lactamase stable cephalosporin, in eight subjects undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). A single 500-mg or 1-gm dose was injected IV, or a 500-mg dose was given intraperitoneally in the CAPD fluid during a 6-hr dwell time. The ceftizoxime (500 mg) serum kinetic parameters were as follows: peak concentrations, 21 to 46 mg/l; volume of distribution, 0.27 l/kg; elimination rate constant, 0.0784 hr−1; plasma clearance, 1.66 l/kg hr−1; and t½, 10.2 hr. The t½ after 1 gm was 12 hr. Dialysate ceftizoxime concentrations rose rapidly between 0.25 and 2 hr and slowly over the next 4 hr, but only 4.04 ± 7.5 and 7.4 ± 2.9 mg ceftizoxime/hr was eliminated by the peritoneal route over a 6-hr dwell time after 500 mg or 1 gm IV. This represents only 4% to 5% of the dose. After intraperitoneal instillation, the antibiotic appeared in the serum within 15 min in all four subjects, and the peak serum concentrations ranged from 12 to 19.8 mg/l (mean ± SD = 16.4 ± 3.3) between 5 and 6 hr. Approximately 78% of ceftizoxime was absorbed from the peritoneal dialysis fluid during a single 6-hr dwell time. Rate constant for absorption, ka, was 0.3959 hr−1 and absorption t½ was 1.75 hr (as calculated by the residual equation). These data suggest that ceftizoxime has bidirectional exchange characteristics through the peritoneal membrane. Instillation of ceftizoxime in CAPD fluid alone may permit rapid absorption to reach therapeutic serum concentrations. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 34, 673–680; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.231
Online tutor training: Synchronous conferencing in a professional community

Abstract Daedalus Interchange, an online synchronous conferencing program, fits well with writing center tutor training philosophies that are based on the social and dynamic construction of knowledge with each member of a community having a voice. Providing examples of four InterChange transcripts from writing center staff meetings at Ball State University, we discuss goals for tutor training at Ball State, the rationale for choosing synchronous conferencing as a tutor training technique, and benefits of using synchronous conferencing as a part of tutor training. We present survey results from tutors who participated in online tutor training, suggesting a favorable response to InterChange from tutors.
Computerized Trace Impurity Measurement in Spark-Source Mass Spectrometry

An original computer program is applied to handle spark-source mass-spectrometry data. Computerized "Celidometry" (trace impurity measurement) increases the speed of data handling and also leaves complete freedom in interpretation of results. This article briefly describes the method utilized to obtain trace impurity concentrations by spark-source mass spectrometry and discusses in detail the computer program used to perform some of the operations. The computer program is written in DOS FORTRAN IV (E LEVEL SUBSET) supplied by IBM for System 360. The main program requires a card reader, a printer, and a 65K byte central processor. In addition, two magnetic tape drivers are used to provide off-line plotting of the calibration curve.
Two-bent-crystal technique in neutron small angle scattering

The design of two-bent-crystal small angle neutron scattering configurations is discussed. Neutron optics computations for experiment optimization are presented. An arrangement implemented at the Missouri University Research Reactor is described. It consists of a curved pyrolytic graphite premonochromator followed by two curved thin silicon wafers diffracting from (111) and (220) planes, respectively.
A convenient tubulin-based quantitative assay for paclitaxel (Taxol) derivatives more effective in inducing assembly than the parent compound

A room temperature biochemical assay, based on centrifugal removal of tubulin polymer, was developed to permit ready detection of paclitaxel analogs more active than the parent compound and to permit reliable quantification of differences in activity relative to paclitaxel in terms of drug concentration. The assay was validated by comparing paclitaxel to two compounds (docetaxel and 2-debenzoyl-2-meta-azidobenzoylpaclitaxel) known to be more active under multiple reaction conditions. The assay was designed to yield a relatively high EC50 (23 μM) for paclitaxel. This was possible because paclitaxel only weakly induced tubulin assembly at room temperature in 0.4 M glutamate without exogenous GTP. Under these same reaction conditions 50% assembly occurred with 4.7 μM 2-debenzoyl-2-meta-azidobenzoylpaclitaxel and 11 μM docetaxel. These biochemical EC50 values were in agreement with the relative cytotoxicity of the three compounds for human Burkitt lymphoma CA46 cells (IC50 values for paclitaxel, docetaxel, and 2-debenzoyl-2-meta-azidobenzoylpaclitaxel were 40, 10, and 3 nM, respectively).
What's in a name? A comparison of men's and women's judgements about food names and their nutrient contents.

The current study had two goals: first, to examine the stereotypes people have of particular foods by having them rate foods' names and nutrient descriptions; second, to determine if men and women rated food names and descriptions differently, and to examine the characteristics used to gauge salubrity. Of 33 foods presented, 16 had names rated better than their descriptions (a positive stereotype). In 11 cases, foods' descriptions were rated more positively than their names (a negative stereotype). Therefore, people have expectations about food names that do not match descriptions of foods' nutritional contents. Also, names of particular types of foods (e.g. fruits) were often perceived to be healthier than their corresponding descriptions. Women rated certain low-fat food names as more healthy compared to men. In addition, women tended to have bigger discrepancies between food names and their corresponding descriptions than did men, indicating that women were more likely to have biases about food names that did not match their ratings of the same foods' descriptions. Regression analyses indicated that women used fat content when judging healthfulness of food names, while men used fat content and vitamins and minerals. Men and women used similar characteristics when judging healthfulness of food descriptions.
The lethality of streptomycin and the stimulation of RNA synthesis in the absence of protein synthesis

The action of streptomycin and related drugs has been studied with thymineless, arginineless and uracilless strains of Escherichia coli. Many experiments were performed in the absence of arginine, a condition shown to reduce 35SO42−incorporation (mainly protein synthesis) to 0·5% and less of the rate of incorporation during growth. In the absence of arginine and in the presence of thymine, under conditions in which the rate of RNA synthesis is 10 to 15% of that during normal growth, streptomycin initially inhibits and then markedly stimulates RNA synthesis. In a wide variety of conditions, the inception of stimulation coincides closely with the inception of lethality. Also the rate of stimulated synthesis of RNA correlates well with the rate of loss of capacity to form colonies. Such a stimulation of RNA synthesis and correlation with lethality also occurs in the presence of neomycin and kanamycin. The stimulation does not occur in a derived streptomycin-resistant strain in which streptomycin does inhibit slightly the basal level of RNA synthesis occurring in the absence of protein synthesis. Anaerobiosis, which protects against the lethal action of streptomycin, also prevents the stimulation of RNA synthesis, although the internal concentrations of phosphates and of streptomycin during anaerobiosis were not significantly changed as compared to the concentrations of these substances during aerobiosis. Reduction of the phosphate concentration in a medium containing streptomycin reduced the lag before both the beginning of killing and the stimulation of RNA synthesis, and increased the degree of the latter function. Indeed under these conditions, the stimulation produced by streptomycin approached the stimulated rate of synthesis of RNA produced on addition of chloramphenicol. The RNA made under the influence of streptomycin was partially associated with the ribosomal fraction and had a rapid but incomplete turnover; however, the partial degradation of this RNA in the absence of the antibiotic did not permit the restoration of apparently killed bacteria to viability. The incorporation of fluorouracil in the presence or absence of uracil was not lethal in the absence of streptomycin. In the presence of the antibiotic, lethality was increased by the analog, concomitant with the stimulated incorporation of the analog into the new type of RNA. At the beginning of stimulation of RNA synthesis, the capacity to incorporate arginine is reduced about 50%. The formation of the RNA stimulated by the antibiotic in the absence of protein synthesis (measured by uptake of 35SO42−) is coincident with a rapid reduction of the capacity to incorporate arginine to less than 5% of the normal rate. Thus physiological lethality, i.e. the irreversible loss of the ability to make proteins in the absence of streptomycin, occurs without protein synthesis.
Regulation of 6S RNA by pRNA synthesis is required for efficient recovery from stationary phase in E. coli and B. subtilis

6S RNAs function through interaction with housekeeping forms of RNA polymerase holoenzyme (Eσ70 in Escherichia coli, EσA in Bacillus subtilis). Escherichia coli 6S RNA accumulates to high levels during stationary phase, and has been shown to be released from Eσ70 during exit from stationary phase by a process in which 6S RNA serves as a template for Eσ70 to generate product RNAs (pRNAs). Here, we demonstrate that not only does pRNA synthesis occur, but it is an important mechanism for regulation of 6S RNA function that is required for cells to exit stationary phase efficiently in both E. coli and B. subtilis. Bacillus subtilis has two 6S RNAs, 6S-1 and 6S-2. Intriguingly, 6S-2 RNA does not direct pRNA synthesis under physiological conditions and its non-release from EσA prevents efficient outgrowth in cells lacking 6S-1 RNA. The behavioral differences in the two B. subtilis RNAs clearly demonstrate that they act independently, revealing a higher than anticipated diversity in 6S RNA function globally. Overexpression of a pRNA-synthesis-defective 6S RNA in E. coli leads to decreased cell viability, suggesting pRNA synthesis-mediated regulation of 6S RNA function is important at other times of growth as well.
Dorsal Disks on the Abdomens of Aleurodicus Dugesii Males (Homoptera: Aleurodicinae)

Adult males of the whitefly Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell have large numbers of dorsal disks located on the dorsal surface of their abdomens. These disks have many cuticular pores and occur above a relatively large lumen into which 1 or possibly more epidermal cells release secretory material. The complex of modified cuticle and epidermal cells appeared essentially similar to those on the dorsal surface of abdomens of adult male greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Thus, the dorsal disks appear to be widely distributed among whiteflies. The function of the dorsal disks and the nature of the secretory material remains unknown. That the disks are sex limited suggests a role in reproduction. For several reasons, but especially because of a lack of innervation, it is thought unlikely that the dorsal disks function as sensory receptors.
Rheological Behavior of Confined Fluids in Thin Lubricated Contacts

Continuum based methods are traditionally thought to be of little value in describing boundary lubrication, or the mode of lubrication in molecular scale films that may occur at asperity interactions during the sliding of nominally flat surfaces. There is considerable experimental evidence, which suggests that the classical theory may be valid with modification to films as thin as several nanometers. In addition, lubricants, which exhibit viscous liquid properties in balk, may form attached solid-like elastic layers when confined between solid surfaces. In the present paper, the simple elastic foundation concept is used to model the elastic layers, in contact with a viscous fluid film. Several typical bearing contact flow problems are solved, giving hope that boundary lubrication may eventually be modeled in the same manner as hydrodynamic lubrication in thicker films.
Quantum instruments as a foundation for both states and observables

We demonstrate that quantum instruments can provide a unified operational foundation for quantum theory. Since these instruments directly correspond to laboratory devices, this foundation provides an alternate, more experimentally grounded, perspective from which to understand the elements of the traditional approach. We first show that in principle all measurable probabilities and correlations can be expressed entirely in terms of quantum instruments without the need for conventional quantum states or observables. We then show how these states and observables reappear as derived quantities by conditioning joint detection probabilities on the first or last measurement in a sequence as a preparation or a post-selection. Both predictive and retrodictive versions of states and observables appear in this manner, as well as more exotic bidirectional and interdictive states and observables that cannot be easily expressed using the traditional approach. We also revisit the conceptual meaning of the Heisenberg and Schr\"{o}dinger pictures of time evolution as applied to the various derived quantities, illustrate how detector loss can be included naturally, and discuss how the instrumental approach fully generalizes the time-symmetric two-vector approach of Aharonov \emph{et al.} to any realistic laboratory situation.
Tracking changes in oil exploration and development technology and their economic implications

The objectives of this paper are to identify improvements made during the past 15 years in the technology and methods used for the exploration, development, and production of oil reserves in the U.S. Wherever possible, observations have been made with respect to the effect of these improvements on the exploitation of these reserves. Areas of research that will be of interest in the future have also been referenced. In this regard, it may be recognized that after an era in which it was important to find oil at any price to ensure supplies, the petroleum industry is now entering a period of systematic research to reduce costs in response to the new market conditions.
Wire retiming as fixpoint computation

In system-on-chips (SOCs), a nonnegligible part of operation time is spent on global wires with long delays. Retiming-that is moving flip-flops in a circuit without changing its functionality-can be explored to pipeline long interconnect wires in SOC designs. The problem of retiming over a netlist of macro-blocks, where the internal structures may not be changed and flip-flops may not be inserted on some wire segments is called the wire retiming problem. In this paper, we formulate the constraints of the wire retiming problem as a fixpoint computation and use an iterative algorithm to solve it. Experimental results show that this approach is multiple orders more efficient than the previous one.
Amyloid disease of the heart

A 70-year-old woman with a history of hypertension had been well until 3 years before when she developed atrial fibrillation and subsequently congestive heart failure. The heart failure became worse and she had three fainting spells. Low voltage on electrocardiogram and global hypokinesis on echocardiography were suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis. The patient died suddenly of intractable ventricular fibrillation. Autopsy confirmed heavy infiltration of the myocardium by amyloid.
Metastatic tumors to the eyelid: report of 20 cases and review of the literature.

Objective To determine the primary sites, clinical features, treatment, and outcome of 20 patients with cancer metastatic to the eyelids. Methods Retrospective review of medical records. Results The primary tumors included skin melanoma (4 [20%]), uveal melanoma (4 [20%]), breast carcinoma and conjunctival melanoma (3 [15%] each), renal cell carcinoma (2 [10%]), and medullary thyroid carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, lung carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma (1 [5%] each). Eyelid metastasis was the first sign of systemic cancer in 3 patients (15%). The most common clinical finding at the initial examination was a solitary nodule in 12 patients (60%), a flat pigmented lesion and diffuse eyelid swelling in 3 patients each (15%), and multiple nodules and epiphora in 1 patient (5%) each. Ten patients (50%) had concomitant ocular site metastasis. Primary treatment included excision alone in 6 patients (30%), external beam radiotherapy in 7 (35%), systemic chemotherapy in 4 (20%), and observation in 3 (15%). The metastatic tumors regressed in 10 patients (50%), remained stable in 7 (35%), and showed progression in 3 (15%). After a mean follow-up of 16 months, 9 patients (45%) were alive and 11 (55%) had died of systemic metastatic disease. Conclusions Eyelid metastasis can display a variety of clinical features and should be considered in patients with known systemic cancer. These patients usually have multiple metastatic sites, ocular and nonocular. The systemic prognosis is poor.
Jane Austen: Irony and authority

(1988). Jane Austen: Irony and authority. Women's Studies: Vol. 15, Last Laughs: Perspectives on Women and Comedy, pp. 57-70.
Stage-specific regulation of caspase activity in Drosophila oogenesis

In Drosophila oogenesis, the programmed cell death of germline cells occurs predominantly at three distinct stages. These cell deaths are subject to distinct regulatory controls, as cell death during early and midoogenesis is stress-induced, whereas the cell death of nurse cells in late oogenesis is developmentally regulated. In this report, we show that the effector caspase Drice is activated during cell death in both mid- and late oogenesis, but that the level and localization of activity differ depending on the stage. Active Drice formed localized aggregates during nurse cell death in late oogenesis; however, active Drice was found more ubiquitously and at a higher level during germline cell death in midoogenesis. Because Drice activity was limited in late oogenesis, we examined whether another effector caspase, Dcp-1, could drive the unique morphological events that occur normally in late oogenesis. We found that premature activation of the effector caspase, Dcp-1, resulted in a disappearance of filamentous actin, rather than the formation of actin bundles, suggesting that Dcp-1 activity must also be restrained in late oogenesis. Overexpression of the caspase inhibitor DIAP1 suppressed cell death induced by Dcp-1 but had no effect on cell death during late oogenesis. This limited caspase activation in dying nurse cells may prevent destruction of the nurse cell cytoskeleton and the connected oocyte.
Clamped end conditions and cross section deformation in the finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation

In the finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), the elimination of the relative translations and rotations at a point does not necessarily define a fully clamped joint, particularly in the case of fully parameterized ANCF finite elements that allow for the deformation of the cross section. In this investigation, the formulations and results of two different sets of clamped end conditions that define two different joints are compared. The first joint, called the partially clamped joint, eliminates only the translations and rotations at a point on the cross section. The second joint, called the fully clamped joint, eliminates all the translation, rotation and deformation degrees of freedom at a point on the cross section. The kinematic equations that define the partially and fully clamped joints are developed, and the dynamic equations used in the comparative numerical study presented in this paper are shown. As discussed in this investigation, the fully clamped joint does not allow for the deformation of the cross section at the joint node since the gradient vectors remain orthogonal unit vectors. The partially clamped joint, on the other hand, allows for the deformation of the cross section. Nanson’s formula is used as a measure of the deformation of the cross section in the case of the partially clamped joint. A very flexible pendulum that has a rigid body attached to its free end is used to compare the results of the partially and fully clamped joints. The numerical results obtained using this very flexible pendulum example show that, while the type of joint (partially or fully clamped) does not significantly affect the gross reference motion of the system, there are fundamental differences between the two joints since the partially clamped joint allows for the cross section deformations at the joint node.
Impact of Weather on Downhill Ski Lift Ticket Sales

Skiing heavily relies on specific weather and environmental conditions to make participation both feasible and enjoyable. The lack of published research on the relationships among ski activity, weather, and climate is, therefore, surprising, especially in light of mounting evidence regarding climate change. The analyses of the influence of daily weather variations on daily ski lift ticket sales at two Michigan ski resorts presented here appear to be the first of their kind. Results suggest that weather variables such as minimum and maximum temperature, snow depth, and wind chill do indeed have a statistically significant impact on downhill ski lift ticket sales. The regression models developed could be used by outdoor recreation and tourism providers for both short-term decision making and longer-term planning and management activities, in particular those involving consideration of climate change and potential adaptation strategies.
Distributed Solution of Network Programming Problems

A method is presented for the solution of network programming problems through the iterative execution of the same algorithm for each station of the network. At a given station, the algorithm requires data only from adjacent stations of the network. The theory of the method is developed through the use of electrical models of network programming problems. The techniques should be useful for the communications message-routing problem and similar cases in which the disadvantages of relying on a computation performed at a master station must be avoided.
Clamping in Boltzmann machines

A certain assumption that appears in the proof of correctness of the standard Boltzmann machine learning procedure is investigated. The assumption, called the clamping assumption, concerns the behavior of a Boltzmann machine when some of its units are clamped to a fixed state. It is argued that the clamping assumption is essentially an assertion of the time reversibility of a certain Markov chain underlying the behavior of the Boltzmann machine. As such, the clamping assumption is generally false, though it is certainly true of the Boltzmann machines themselves. The author also considers how the concept of the Boltzmann machine may be generalized while retaining the validity of the clamping assumption. >