cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CemOrange2 fusions facilitate multifluorophore subcellular imaging in C. elegans

Due to its ease of genetic manipulation and transparency, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has become a preferred model system to study gene function by microscopy. The use of Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to proteins or targeting sequences of interest, further expanded upon the utility of C. elegans by labeling subcellular structures, which enables following their disposition during development or in the presence of genetic mutations. Fluorescent proteins with excitation and emission spectra different from that of GFP accelerated the use of multifluorophore imaging in real time. We have expanded the repertoire of fluorescent proteins for use in C. elegans by developing a codon-optimized version of Orange2 (CemOrange2). Proteins or targeting motifs fused to CemOrange2 were distinguishable from the more common fluorophores used in the nematode; such as GFP, YFP, and mKate2. We generated a panel of CemOrange2 fusion constructs, and confirmed they were targeted to their correct subcellular addresses by colocalization with independent markers. To demonstrate the potential usefulness of this new panel of fluorescent protein markers, we showed that CemOrange2 fusion proteins could be used to: 1) monitor biological pathways, 2) multiplex with other fluorescent proteins to determine colocalization and 3) gain phenotypic knowledge of a human ABCA3 orthologue, ABT-4, trafficking variant in the C. elegans model organism.
A Performance and Recommendation System for Parallel Graph Processing Implementations: Work-In-Progress

There are nearly one hundred parallel and distributed graph processing packages. Selecting the best package for a given problem is difficult; some packages require GPUs, some are optimized for distributed or shared memory, and some require proprietary compilers or perform better on different hardware. Furthermore, performance may vary wildly depending on the graph itself. This complexity makes selecting the optimal implementation manually infeasible. We develop an approach to predict the performance of parallel graph processing using both regression models and binary classification by labeling configurations as either well-performing or not. We demonstrate our approach on six graph processing packages: GraphMat, the Graph500, the Graph Algorithm Platform Benchmark Suite, GraphBIG, Galois, and PowerGraph and on four algorithms: PageRank, single-source shortest paths, triangle counting, and breadth first search. Given a graph, our method can estimate execution time or suggest an implementation and thread count expected to perform well. Our method correctly identifies well-performing configurations in 97% of test cases.
Reading Multimodal Texts in the 21st Century.

Discussions concerning which literacy skills will be required of students in the 21st century have appeared in numerous educational publications recently and have been greeted with mixed reactions (Bellanca & Brandt, 2010; Trilling & Fadel, 2009). It has been proposed that the skills necessary to be a literate citizen in the new millennium have expanded from simply being able to read and write printed text to being able to consume and produce a variety of texts across traditional and new technologies and working in digital and mobile environments (Kress, 2010; Lankshear & Knobel, 2006; Luke, 1995). What needs to be emphasized in these discussions are the challenges associated with the visual and multimodal aspects of the texts readers will encounter. As the texts readers encounter grow in complexity, shifting from monomodal to multimodal, and are distributed in digital forms in addition to traditional print-based forms, the requisite skills readers will draw upon needs to expand to handle the demands of these new texts (Serafini, 2010). The texts readers encounter in and out of school are usually accompanied by visual images and design elements in addition to printed text. Readers interact with print-based texts that contain multimodal elements, for example, picturebooks, informational texts, magazines and newspapers, as well as digitally based texts that contain hyperlinks, video images, music, sound effects, and graphic designs. Paul Duncum (2004) stated, “... there is no avoiding the multimodal nature of dominant and emerging cultural sites” (p. 259). Images and texts are being combined in unique ways, and readers in the new millennium will need new skills and strategies for constructing meaning in transaction with these multimodal texts as they are encountered both in and out of school settings (Serafini, 2009b). While print-based reading materials in the form of basal readers, children’s picturebooks and novels, writer’s notebooks, and commercial worksheets have dominated classroom reading instruction (Allington & Walmsley, 1995), the texts readers encounter As the world told becomes the world shown, the texts of the 21st century will require teachers to adopt new skills, strategies, and pedagogical frameworks to support students’ transactions with multimodal texts. This shift from a focus on monomodal, print-based texts to a focus on the skills necessary for producing and consuming multimodal texts requires readers to navigate, design, interpret, and analyze texts in more complex and interactive ways. As the texts readers encounter grow in complexity, shifting from monomodal structures to multimodal ensembles, and are distributed in digital forms in addition to traditional print-based texts, the requisite skills readers draw upon will need to expand to handle the demands of these new texts and experiences.
Illumination optics for solid-state lighting

The entire field of optics and photonics is vast, encompassing a wide range of technologies and affecting an even larger range of industries. The niche needed by the lighting industry is illumination optics, and in particular, illumination optics for solid-state devices. Optics for this industry have unique requirements that go beyond the basic achievement of a specific intensity distribution, as they are also often required to homogenize the variable spectral properties of the LEDs and provide a desired luminous appearance. Additionally, they need to fit within specific packaging constraints driven by all types of factors including the overall product aesthetic, manufacturing methods and cost. The styles of optics used to meet these requirements vary widely and are limited only by physics and the imagination of the designer. Instilling the right set of skills in students to succeed in this industry is therefore the challenge. Methods employed to date include a mix of the following: 1. fundamentals of photometry, reflection and refraction, 2. LED properties and package styles, 3. material properties including light scattering, 4. photometric labs, 5. reflector and refractor design development and simulation in software, and 6. optical design prototyping. Illumination optics are used in a wide range of industries including architecture, roadways, entertainment, automotive, aerospace, marine, medical, and consumer products. While this curriculum is focused on the narrow field of illumination, the skills are applicable to a much broader range of non-imaging applications including UV irradiation for disinfection and curing, IR sensors, light pipes, CPV, and daylighting.
Quantitative ultrasound imaging to assess skeletal muscles in adults with multiple sclerosis: A feasibility study

Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. The disease initiates in the central nervous system (CNS) that compromises the communication between the CNS and the rest of the body resulting in movement coordination impairment of the skeletal muscles. In addition, approximately 84% of MS patients have experienced some degree of spasticity. MRI of the brain and spinal is used for the diagnosis of MS. Electromyography is to measure electrical activity of the muscle without imaging guidance. The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is commonly applied for assessing spasticity non-quantitatively. There have been a few reports on using ultrasound to evaluate muscle spasticity in MS. The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of quantitative ultrasound imaging (QUI) in assessing the biceps brachii muscle (BBM) and gastrocnemius muscle (GM) in adults with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods The IRB at the University approved study and all subjects provided written informed consent before the ultrasound examination. From May to October 2018, we prospectively performed B-mode sonography and ultrasound strain elastography (USE) in 10 female healthy volunteers (mean age 43 y) and 24 female patients with MS (mean age 43 y). Image J was used to count muscle pixel-intensity in grayscale image. 2-D speckle tracking software was used to estimate tissue axial peak strain representing maximum muscle deformation produced by manual compression using an ultrasound transducer and longitudinal peak strain representing maximum muscle displacement produced by passive elbow and ankle movements. Muscle QUI parameters used in the study included mean pixel-intensity, axial peak strain ratio (SR, SR = muscle strain / subcutaneous tissue strain.), and longitudinal peak SR. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and post-hoc to test the difference in QUI parameters among three groups (1. affected muscle in MS, 2. non-affected muscle in MS, and 3. healthy muscles of the controls) and in all paired groups, unpaired t-test to analyze the difference in muscle SR between MS subjects with MAS ≥1 and MAS= 0. Results We observed a significant difference in QUI parameters among the affected, non-affected, and healthy muscles, in all paired groups, and between MS subjects with MAS ≥1 and MAS=0 (p Conclusions Our results suggest that QUI is feasible to assess muscle mechanical behaviors and echo-intensity in adult MS.
Reprint of: Qualitative methods in implementation research: An introduction

Qualitative methods are a valuable tool in implementation research because they help to answer complex questions such as how and why efforts to implement best practices may succeed or fail, and how patients and providers experience and make decisions in care. This article orients the novice implementation scientist to fundamentals of qualitative methods and their application in implementation research, describing: 1) implementation-related questions that can be addressed by qualitative methods; 2) qualitative methods commonly used in implementation research; 3) basic sampling and data collection procedures; and 4) recommended practices for data analysis and ensuring rigor. To illustrate qualitative methods decision-making, a case example is provided of a study examining implementation of a primary care-based collaborative care management model for women Veterans with anxiety, depression, and PTSD.
Hydrodynamics of countercurrent flows in a structured packed column: Effects of initial wetting and dynamic contact angle

Abstract Computational countercurrent flow investigation in the structured packed column is a multiscale problem. Multiphase flow studies using the volume of fluid (VOF) method in the representative elementary unit (REU) of the packed column can provide insight into the local hydrodynamics such as interfacial area, film thickness, etc. The interfacial area dictates the mass transfer in the absorption process and hence the overall efficiency of the column. The impacts of a solvent’s physical properties, liquid loads, and static contact angle (SCA) on the interfacial area have been examined previously. In the present study, the dynamic contact angle (DCA) was used to explore the impact of contact angle hysteresis on the interfacial area. The DCA has pronounced impact on the interfacial area (≈10% relative change) for the aqueous solvent of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The interfacial area shows undulation and does not achieve the pseudo-steady state. In contrast, the interfacial area gets a net pseudo-steady value for aqueous solvent that contains 40% monoethanolamine (MEA) by weight. Wetting hysteresis was also explored via simulations conducted with initially dry and wetted sheets. For the 0.10 M NaOH aqueous solvent, the use of initially wetted sheets led to a slightly higher value of the interfacial area (≈10%) than the use of initially dry sheets at the same liquid load and DCA. As expected, wetting hysteresis reduces with increasing liquid loads, but wetting hysteresis is not significant for 40% MEA aqueous solvent, which might feature lower surface tension and higher viscosity. Overall, the effect of the DCA on interfacial area is not as pronounced as it is found on a flat surface.
Research on the memory intervention to dysmnesia of elderly people in community

Objective To investigate the effects of the memory intervention on dysmnesia of elder people in 6 months as well as the intervention method and intervention duration. Methods 100 elderly people in Tangshan communities with memory impairment, with score less than 22 by Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test Second Edition( RBMT Ⅱ) ,were randomly selected and divided into the intervention group(n=50) and control group( n =50). The intervention group were given personalized memory training while the control group just went its normal course. Each group was evaluated with score by RBMT Ⅱ after 3 and 6 months respectively. All the data were made analysis of variance and t test using SPSS 13.0 software. Results After 6 months of intervention, the evaluation scores in the following aspects of the standard score, immediate story recalling, immediate route recalling, letter recalling,orientation, date and appointments recalling, delayed story recalling, name recalling and the hidden recalling were significantly higher than those of control group(P＜ 0. 01 or P＜ 0.05 ). The scores in the standard score,immediate story recalling, imformation recalling, appointments recalling, delayed story recalling, name recalling after 6 months of intervention were significantly higher than those before intervention(P＜ 0.01 or P＜ 0.05). The RBMT Ⅱ score increased significantly from (17.10±2.38 ) before the intervention to ( 19.90 ±2.17) after 3 months of intervention and to( 21.63 ± 1.45 ) after 6 months (P＜0.01). Conclusion Memory intervention is an effective method worthy to be widely spread in the communities in improving the memory of elderly people with dysmnesia. Key words: Elderly people; Memory intervention; Dysmnesia
The analysisis on the epidemiological characteristics of the soil-transmitted nematode infection at the national monitoring points in Sichuan from 2006 to 2010

Objective To explore the time trend and the main influencing factors of soil-transmitted nematodiasis at the national monitoring points in Sichuan so as to provide scientific basis for control strategies.Methods The modified Kato's thick smear method and cellophane tape anal swab method were used to monitor the infection rate of soil-transmitted nematode infections in residents at monitoring points.The saturated sodium nitrate floating method was used to detect the roundworm egg contamination in soil samples collected.Results A population of 5616 (2725 male and 2891 female) was examined from 2006 to 2010.Soil-transmitted nematodes infection rates were 32.06％,14.4％,10.16％,3.21％ and 5.62％ from 2006 to 2010.The infection rates of roundworm,hookworm,and whipworm in male were 1.32％,11.16％ and 0.37％,while 1.56％,11.41％,0.42％ in female respectively.The infection rates of roundworm,hookworm,and whipworm declined from 2006 to 2010.Roundworm eggs in soil at vegetable garden,beside lavatory,courtyard and kitchen in 50 households were tested.The results were 6.0％,4.0％,2.0％ and 4.0％,respectively.There was no significant difference among the distributions of unfertilized eggs,fertilized eggs and live fertilized eggs in different locations.The fertilized roundworm eggs and live fertilized roundworm eggs found in soil decreased by years.Conclusion The infection rates of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in the national monitoring points in Sichuan decreased from 2006 to 2010.The contamination rotes of roundworm eggs in soil also decreased by years. Key words: Nematode infection; Soil-transmitted nematodes; Infection rate; Monitoring
3D Virtual Pancreatography.

We present 3D virtual pancreatography (VP), a novel visualization procedure and application for non-invasive diagnosis and classification of pancreatic lesions, the precursors of pancreatic cancer. Currently, non-invasive screening of patients is performed through visual inspection of 2D axis-aligned CT images, though the relevant features are often not clearly visible nor automatically detected. VP is an end-to-end visual diagnosis system that includes: a machine learning based automatic segmentation of the pancreatic gland and the lesions, a semi-automatic approach to extract the primary pancreatic duct, a machine learning based automatic classification of lesions into four prominent types, and specialized 3D and 2D exploratory visualizations of the pancreas, lesions and surrounding anatomy. We combine volume rendering with pancreas- and lesion-centric visualizations and measurements for effective diagnosis. We designed VP through close collaboration and feedback from expert radiologists, and evaluated it on multiple real-world CT datasets with various pancreatic lesions and case studies examined by the expert radiologists.
NGC 7538 IRS 1: An Ionized Jet Powered by Accretion

Analysis of high spatial resolution VLA images shows that the free-free emission from NGC 7538 IRS 1 is dominated by a collimated ionized wind. We have re-analyzed high angular resolution VLA archive data from 6 cm to 7 mm, and measured separately the flux density from the compact bipolar core and the extended (15-3'') lobes. We find that the flux density of the core is ∝να, where ν is the frequency and α is ~0.7. The frequency dependence of the total flux density is slightly steeper with α = 0.8. A massive optically thick hypercompact core with a steep density gradient can explain this frequency dependence, but it cannot explain the extremely broad recombination line velocities observed in this source. Neither can it explain why the core is bipolar rather than spherical, nor the observed decrease of 4% in the flux density in less than 10 yr. An ionized wind modulated by accretion is expected to vary, because the accretion flow from the surrounding cloud will vary over time. BIMA and CARMA continuum observations at 3 mm show that the free-free emission still dominates at 3 mm. HCO+ J = 1 → 0 observations combined with FCRAO single dish data show a clear inverse P Cygni profile toward IRS 1. These observations confirm that IRS 1 is heavily accreting with an accretion rate ~2 × 10–4 M ☉ yr–1.
Milestone Level Changes From Residency to Fellowship: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Background A vital element of the Next Accreditation System is measuring and reporting educational Milestones. Little is known about changes in Milestones levels during the transition from residency to fellowship training. Objective Evaluate the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestones' ability to provide a linear trajectory of professional development from general pediatrics residency to neonatal-perinatal medicine (NPM) fellowship training. Methods We identified 11 subcompetencies that were the same for general pediatrics residency and NPM fellowship. We then extracted the last residency Milestone level and the first fellowship Milestone level for each subcompetency from the ACGME's Accreditation Data System on 89 subjects who started fellowship training between 2014 and 2018 at 6 NPM fellowship programs. Mixed-effects models were used to examine the intra-individual changes in Milestone scores between residency and fellowship after adjusting for the effects of the individual programs. Results A total of 1905 subcompetency Milestone levels were analyzed. The average first fellowship Milestone levels were significantly lower than the last residency Milestone levels (residency, mean 3.99 [SD = 0.48] vs fellowship 2.51 [SD = 0.56]; P < .001). Milestone levels decreased by an average of -1.49 (SD = 0.65) from the last residency to the first fellowship evaluation. Significant differences in Milestone levels were seen in both context-dependent subcompetencies (patient care and medical knowledge) and context-independent subcompetencies (professionalism). Conclusions Contrary to providing a linear trajectory of professional development, we found that Milestone levels were reset when trainees transitioned from general pediatrics residency to NPM fellowship.
Deep Learning Based MIMO Channel Prediction: An Initial Proof of Concept Prototype

Massive MIMO is a key component of current and future wireless communication systems. To harvest the multiplexing and beamforming gains of these large-scale MIMO systems, however, the channel knowledge needs to be acquired at the massive MIMO transmitters. This is typically associated with large training overhead, especially in FDD massive MIMO. Recent research showed that deep learning could lead to interesting gains for massive MIMO systems by mapping the channel knowledge from the uplink to downlink channels or between antennas at nearby locations. In this paper, we provide an initial proof-of-concept prototype for this concept, where we show using a sub-6GHz hardware setup promising results for channel mapping across frequency and space.
The Andragogical Librarian

Summary Andragogy is the art and science of helping adults learn. This article explores the foundations of adult learning theory, as well as current thought and practice. With special emphasis on Malcolm Knowles' Basic Assumptions of Andragogy, the article presents the learning needs and characteristics of the adult library user. These characteristics include: a psychological need to be self-directed; a preference for experiential learning; a desire and readiness to learn practical life applications; and a desire to grow and self-actualize. A discussion follows of the implications for providing more effective reference service and library instruction to adults.
The Role of Peer Attachment and Normative Beliefs about Aggression on Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying.

This study examined the effects of normative beliefs about aggression and peer attachment on traditional bullying, cyberbullying, and both types of victimization. Cyberbullying departs from traditional forms of bullying in that it is through forms of technology, such as the Internet, which increases situational anonymity. Eight hundred fifty students in Grades 6 through 8 completed a survey that assessed normative beliefs about aggression, peer attachment, and traditional bullying and cyberbullying behaviors, which suggested that students who are involved with traditional bullying are also involved in cyberbullying. Adolescents with higher normative beliefs about aggression are more likely to be traditional bullies, traditional victims, cyberbullies, and cybervictims. Additionally, peer attachment was found to be negatively associated with both types of bullying and victimization. Implications and future directions are discussed. Language: en
Sphingomyelinase and ceramide activate mitogen-activated protein kinase in myeloid HL-60 cells

Mechanisms involved in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha signal transduction are incompletely understood. In some circumstances, TNF may use a signal transduction pathway involving hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide and stimulation of a ceramide-activated protein kinase. In HL-60 cells, TNF rapidly activates this pathway and induces monocytic differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of HL-60 cells with TNF selectively increases tyrosine phosphorylation of p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42mapk) and stimulates its enzymatic activity. Induction of p42mapk phosphorylation was time- and dose-dependent and closely paralleled activation of sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Direct engagement of the sphingomyelin signal transduction pathway by addition of bacterial sphingomyelinase led to MAP kinase activation. The time course of p42mapk phosphorylation in the sphingomyelinase-treated cells was similar to that of TNF, with maximal response occurring at 5 min. A maximal concentration of sphingomyelinase (0.01 unit/ml) was more potent than TNF at inducing MAP kinase enzymatic activity (2.6-fold) and phosphorylation of MAP kinase and tyrosine. The cell-permeable ceramide analogs, C2- and C6-ceramide, which mimic effects of TNF, also induced p42mapk phosphorylation within seconds. These studies indicate that the sphingomyelin pathway can regulate MAP kinase activity and suggest that MAP kinase activation by this mechanism may be involved in TNF-induced signal transduction.
Determinants, Costs, and Duration of Banking Sector Distress: The Japanese Experience in International Comparison

This paper examines episodes of banking sector distress for a large sample of countries, highlighting the experience of Japan. We estimate a model that links the onset of banking problems to a set of macroeconomic variables and institutional characteristics. The model predicts a high probability of banking sector distress in Japan in the early 1990s, matching actual developments closely, and suggests that the Japanese episode fits a well-established pattern characterizing banking sector problems elsewhere. An empirical model explaining the output cost of banking sector distress is also investigated. The results indicate that output loss is smaller the more quickly banking sector problems are resolved and when exchange rate stability is maintained. Explicit deposit insurance also appears to lessen the output cost of banking sector distress. The real output loss to Japan of not resolving banking sector problems is estimated at almost one percent of GDP annually.
Platelet-leukocyte interactions link inflammatory and thromboembolic events in ischemic stroke

Stroke is a common and often fatal event, and, in survivors, it is accompanied by a high risk of recurrence. Ischemic stroke is associated with abnormal platelet activity and thrombus formation. In addition to their roles in the development of acute thrombi, platelets serve as a bridge for leukocytes within the vasculature. Myeloid leukocytes are critical mediators of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Interactions between platelets and leukocytes foster an inflammatory and thrombotic milieu that influences lesion progression, facilitates plaque rupture, and triggers thrombus formation and embolization. Accordingly, antiplatelet agents, including aspirin, dipyridamole, and clopidogrel, are recommended therapies for most patients with a history of stroke. In addition to mitigating thrombosis, antiplatelet drugs have direct and indirect effects on inflammation, which may translate to enhanced clinical efficacy.
A modular three phase power factor correction (PFC) approach with two single phase PFC stages and an electronic phase shifter

In this paper a modular three phase power factor corrections (PFC) structure is proposed. The proposed topology employs two single phase PFC stages that are independently controlled. To secure the single phase PFC independent operation; an electronic phase shifter (EPS) is employed to modify the three phase input voltages to two single phase input voltages. The electronic phase shifter replaces a conventional phase shifter transformer that improves the overall power density. Simulation results for a 12kW three phase PFC are included and an experimental results for a scale down prototype are discussed. A design example is included to benchmark the proposed solution.
Label-free detection of single nanoparticles and biological molecules using microtoroid optical resonators.

Single-molecule detection is one of the fundamental challenges of modern biology. Such experiments often use labels that can be expensive, difficult to produce, and for small analytes, might perturb the molecular events being studied. Analyte size plays an important role in determining detectability. Here we use laser-frequency locking in the context of sensing to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of microtoroid optical resonators to the extent that single nanoparticles 2.5 nm in radius, and 15.5 kDa molecules are detected in aqueous solution, thereby bringing these detectors to the size limits needed for detecting the key macromolecules of the cell. Our results, covering several orders of magnitude of particle radius (100 nm to 2 nm), agree with the ‘reactive’ model prediction for the frequency shift of the resonator upon particle binding. This confirms that the main contribution of the frequency shift for the resonator upon particle binding is an increase in the effective path length due to part of the evanescent field coupling into the adsorbed particle. We anticipate that our results will enable many applications, including more sensitive medical diagnostics and fundamental studies of single receptor–ligand and protein–protein interactions in real time.
Romantic Outlaws, Beloved Prisons: The Unconscious Meanings of Crime and Punishment

An ex-convict struggles with his addictive yearning for prison. A law-abiding citizen broods over his pleasure in violent, illegal acts. A prison warden loses his job because he is so successful in rehabilitating criminals. These are but a few of the intriguing stories Martha Grace Duncan examines in her bold, interdisciplinary book Romantic Outlaws, Beloved Prisons. Duncan writes: "This is a book about paradoxes and mingled yarns - about the bright sides of dark events, the silver linings of sable clouds." She portrays upright citizens who harbor a strange liking for criminal deeds, and criminals who conceive of prison in positive terms: as a nurturing mother, an academy, a matrix of spiritual rebirth, or a refuge from life's trivia. In developing her unique vision, Duncan draws on literature, history, psychoanalysis, and law. Her work reveals a nonutopian world in which criminals and non-criminals--while injuring each other in obvious ways--nonetheless live together in a symbiotic as well as an adversarial relationship, needing each other, serving each other, enriching each other's lives in profound and surprising fashion.
Transcriptional analysis of susceptible and resistant European corn borer strains and their response to Cry1F protoxin

Despite a number of recent reports of insect resistance to transgenic crops expressing insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), little is known about the mechanism of resistance to these toxins. The purpose of this study is to identify genes associated with the mechanism of Cry1F toxin resistance in European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner). For this, we compared the global transcriptomic response of laboratory selected resistant and susceptible O. nubilalis strain to Cry1F toxin. We further identified constitutive transcriptional differences between the two strains. An O. nubilalis midgut transcriptome of 36,125 transcripts was assembled de novo from 106 million Illumina HiSeq and Roche 454 reads and used as a reference for estimation of differential gene expression analysis. Evaluation of gene expression profiles of midgut tissues from the Cry1F susceptible and resistant strains after toxin exposure identified a suite of genes that responded to the toxin in the susceptible strain (n = 1,654), but almost 20-fold fewer in the resistant strain (n = 84). A total of 5,455 midgut transcripts showed significant constitutive expression differences between Cry1F susceptible and resistant strains. Transcripts coding for previously identified Cry toxin receptors, cadherin and alkaline phosphatase and proteases were also differentially expressed in the midgut of the susceptible and resistant strains. Our current study provides a valuable resource for further molecular characterization of Bt resistance and insect response to Cry1F toxin in O. nubilalis and other pest species.
Angiostatic Effect of Penetrating Ocular Injury: Role of Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor

PURPOSE. To characterize the angiostatic effect of penetrating ocular injury and to begin to explore its mechanism, with an emphasis on the role of pigment epithelium– derived factor (PEDF). METHODS. Using the rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), single or multiple dry needle injuries were made, penetrating the globe of one eye; the opposite eye served as a control. Eyes were harvested from rats killed 1, 3, and 6 days after injury, and retinas were dissected and processed for assessment of neovascularization and microglial activation or were processed for genetic and proteomic analysis. Temporal and spatial expression patterns of PEDF were analyzed by in situ hybridization. RESULTS. Penetrating ocular injury resulted in a 30% decrease in neovascular area in the retinas of OIR rats. At day 1 after injury, needle insertion caused a 4.1-fold increase in retinal PEDF mRNA and a 1.5-fold increase in retinal PEDF protein. Vitreous PEDF protein increased 3.4-fold in injured eyes compared with noninjured eyes. In situ hybridization showed an increase in PEDF mRNA in areas surrounding the puncture site. Concentrated vitreous protein from injured eyes caused a 60% decrease in retinal neovascularization when injected into the vitreous cavity of OIR rats. Preincubation of vitreous samples with anti-PEDF partially abolished this efficacy. CONCLUSIONS. The pattern of angiostasis resulting from penetrating ocular injury is consistent with the release of an endogenous antiangiogenic factor from the wound site. Preliminary studies show a possible role for PEDF in this effect. Further characterization of this role and the identification of other factors may lead to new therapeutic strategies for angiogenic eye conditions. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:405– 414)
Electrical activity of the cat amygdala during sexual behavior

Abstract Recordings from inplanted electrodes in the amygdala of male and female cats were taken during coitus and the female postcoital after reaction. In the female there was a marked increase in the amplitude and duration of the 30–40 Hz activity during coitus and after-reaction. In the male there was no observable change.
Interfacial Layers in Brittle Cracks

Etude de la propagation de fissure sur du mica et des verres silicates. Etude du mecanisme d'apres les proprietes a la surface (impuretes, corrosion...)
A model for helicopter guidance on spiral trajectories

A point mass model is developed for helicopter guidance on spiral trajectories. A fully coupled set of state equations is developed and perturbation equations suitable for 3-D and 4-D guidance are derived and shown to be amenable to conventional state variable feedback methods. Control variables are chosen to be the magnitude and orientation of the net rotor thrust. Using these variables reference controls for nonlevel accelerating trajectories are easily determined. The effects of constant wind are shown to require significant feedforward correction to some of the reference controls and to the time. Although not easily measured themselves, the controls variables chosen are shown to be easily related to the physical variables available in the cockpit.
Edge-on-impact response of a coarse-grained magnesium aluminate spinel rod

Abstract Edge-on-impact tests utilizing spherical steel balls were conducted in order to observe deformation and fracture behavior of magnesium aluminate spinel rods. The ensuing damage evolution was captured using a high-speed camera while an analysis of fracture modes was accomplished by post mortem inspections of recovered debris/fragments. Conclusive evidence of a shift from transgranular to intergranular fracture mode was uncovered as the damage front depth increased from the impact site. Recovered ball fragments revealed a high level of erosion between the ball and the fragmented materials during initial contact and subsequent ejection of the fragments. Finally, the energy dissipation mechanisms of various deformation modes during impact were analyzed and the contribution of each to the total impact energy dissipation is quantified using analytical equations available in literature. The formation of a 3-dimensional network of mixed mode fracture, grain ejection and frictional erosion were identified as the most significant inelastic mechanisms responsible for energy dissipation during impact events in magnesium aluminate spinel.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN U.S. METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1979-1983

Ordinary least-squares multiple regression is used to construct a path diagram showing the direct and indirect effects of corporate location factors on the share of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the 44 largest metropolitan areas in the United States during the period 1979-1983. The results show that the metropolitan areas with the most rapid population growth over the period 1970-1980 correspond to the centers with greater shares of FDI. The growth in Fortune measure, an indicator of the market dynamics of the metropolitan areas, has a direct effect on the level of investment. The growth of employment in manufacturing and in finance, insurance, and real estate, used as indexes of labor supply and of producer services, have indirect effects on FDI. The results show that foreign direct investors tend to concentrate in centers offering strong markets and strong bases of producer services, regardless of their regional locations.
Age at smoking onset and its association with alcohol consumption and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey

The major purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of early onset smoking with lifetime drinking and the subsequent development of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence using a large representative sample of the U.S. general population. Prevalences of lifetime drinking, alcohol abuse and dependence, and their associated severity were compared among smoking groups defined by age at onset of smoking and among nonsmokers. Linear logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between age at smoking onset and lifetime drinking, alcohol abuse and dependence, controlling for important covariates. Early onset smoking was a significant predictor of lifetime drinking and the subsequent development of lifetime alcohol abuse and dependence, a relationship that generally remained consistent for males, females, whites and blacks. Early onset smoking was significantly associated with more excessive alcohol consumption and more severe alcohol use disorders relative to late onset smokers and nonsmokers. Early onset smoking was also significantly associated with heavier and longer smoking careers compared to late onset smokers. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of prevention of adolescent smoking and the need for further research on understanding the mechanisms underlying the associations between early onset smoking and lifetime drinking, alcohol abuse and dependence.
Overcharge Protection for 4 V Lithium Batteries at High Rates and Low Temperatures

Overcharge protection for 4 V Li{sub 1.05}Mn{sub 1.95}O{sub 4}/lithium cells at charging rates in excess of 1 mA/cm{sup 2} (3C) and at temperatures as low as -20 C was achieved using a bilayer separator coated with two electroactive polymers. High rate and low temperature overcharge protection and discharge performance were improved by employing a design in which the polymer-coated portion of the separator is in parallel with the cell rather than between the electrodes. The effects of different membrane supports for the electroactive polymers are also examined.
Radar Scattering from a Self-Affine Fractal Surface: Near-Nadir Regime

Abstract Planetary surfaces are better described by nonstationary fractal statistics than those more commonly assumed in current radar scattering models. Therefore, we have developed a radar scattering model applicable to self-affine fractal surfaces when observed near-nadir. The model predicts a family of angular scattering functions that smoothly transition between forms similar to the commonly utilized Hagfors, Gaussian, and exponential surface models. The model predicts that the near-nadir scattering behavior is determined by the wavelength-scaled roughness, i.e., the roughness that would be measured by a field worker using a ruler one wavelength in size, and the surface scaling behavior described by the fractal dimension or Hurst exponent. Additionally, this model predicts that the scattering behavior should scale with wavelength in a self-affine manner, i.e., the scattering behavior at long wavelengths should look “smoother” than that at short wavelengths. The scattering behavior predicted by the model is consistent with that observed for Venus by the Magellan altimeter experiment.
Detectors For The Space Telescope

This review of Space Telescope (ST) detectors is divided into two parts. The first part gives short summaries of detector programs carried out during the final planning stage (Phase B) of the ST and discusses such detectors as Photicon, the MAMA detectors, the CODACON, the University of Maryland ICCD, the Goddard Space Flight Center ICCD, and the 70 mm SEC TV sensor. The second part describes the detectors selected for the first ST flight, including the wide field/planetary camera, the faint object and high resolution spectrographs, and the high speed photometer.
Abstract 3185: Use of whole slide digital imaging for determination of caPCNA and Ki-67 labeling index in normal breast reductions and DCIS: Comparison of the two biomarkers using the Aperio image-based positive pixel algorithm

While mitotic rates as well as proliferation indices have been reported as significantly different among normal breast and different grades of breast cancer, a reproducible cut-off value has not emerged. The goal of this study was to determine whether more reproducible algorithms using whole slide digital images (WSDI) can define better cut-off values for the normal breast vs. DCIS. Design: Whole tissue sections from 10 normal breast reductions and 10 cases of DCIS were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for caPCNA and Ki67 (Mib-1). Having identified an isoform of PCNA that was uniquely expressed by cancer cells (caPCNA) and distinct from the isoform expressed by non-malignant and normal cells (nmPCNA), antibody selectively binding to caPCNA was developed and used for these studies. Stained slides were scanned using the Aperio (Vista, California) automated whole slide scanning system (Scanscope CS) and were viewed using ImageScopeTM. Single fields of view from each WSDI measuring ∼420,000 µ2 and representing the highest density of caPCNA and Ki-67 positive nuclei were selected for analysis. Different areas were analyzed in a subset of slides to determine the variability in each case, and the total nuclear labeling index was generated using the Aperio positive pixel algorithm. Results: We analyzed the labeling indices in 10 normal breast reductions and 10 DCIS cases. Both caPCNA and Ki-67 were nuclear specific with minimal cytoplasmic staining. The mean labeling indices for the Aperio automated positive pixel counts were caPCNA (0.15) and Ki-67 (0.12) for normal breast and caPCNA (0.52) and Ki-67 (0.29) for DCIS. The correlation coefficients between automated counts were 0.653 for normal breast and 0.616 for DCIS, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.708 for the entire series. Conclusions: Our analysis of both biomarkers yielded a similarly increasing labeling index for DCIS cases when compared to their expression in normal breast expression. The positive pixel algorithm method has a sampling bias due to subjective selection of the area being counted. In summary, the present results show similar findings for caPCNA and Ki-67 in normal breast reductions with no evidence of breast disease and in DCIS clinical cases. Comparing caPCNA with Ki-67, and unlike traditional PCNA, caPCNA can potentially better differentiate between normal breast and DCIS, and may be a useful biomarker for early stage cancer diagnosis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3185. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3185
Design of Zeolite Frameworks with Defined Pore Geometry through Constrained Assembly of Atoms

A computational method for design of zeolite frameworks with specified pore geometry has been developed through constrained assembly of atoms around a specified pore structure. Forbidden zones, corresponding to a porous pattern, are first defined in a unit cell, and then, atoms are inserted on the basis of specified symmetry and distance constraints. Using the design of zeolite frameworks with a hexagonal space group P63/mmc (No. 194) as an example, various structure topologies have been generated by our computer program, through enumeration of combinations of different pore sizes, different numbers of unique T atoms, and different site symmetries. These structures include a number of known zeolite frameworks, including GME, ERI, EAB, LOS, AFX, and AFG, as well as a number of novel zeolite frameworks that have comparable potential energies to known zeolites. Interesting frameworks with cross-linked channels can be obtained by assuming some particular space groups. A framework with 3-D interconnected 12-me...
Nuclear-spin relaxation of Pb 207 in ferroelectric powders

Motivated by a recent proposal by Sushkov and co-workers [Phys. Rev. A 72, 034501 (2005); 73, 022107 (2006)] to search for a $P,T$-violating Schiff moment of the $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ nucleus in a ferroelectric solid, we have carried out a high-field nuclear magnetic resonance study of the longitudinal and transverse spin relaxation of the lead nuclei from room temperature down to $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ for powder samples of lead titanate (PT), lead zirconium titanate, and a PT monocrystal. For all powder samples and independently of temperature, transverse relaxation times were found to be ${T}_{2}\ensuremath{\approx}1.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ms}$, while the longitudinal relaxation times exhibited a temperature dependence, with ${T}_{1}$ of over an hour at the lowest temperatures, decreasing to ${T}_{1}\ensuremath{\approx}7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ at room temperature. At high temperatures, the observed behavior is consistent with a two-phonon Raman process, while in the low-temperature limit, the relaxation appears to be dominated by a single-phonon (direct) process involving magnetic impurities. We discuss the implications of the results for the Schiff-moment search.