cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SIM comparison of dc resistance at 1 Ω, 1 MΩ, and 1 GΩ

A regional comparison of DC resistance standards at the nominal values of 1 Omega, 1 MOmega, and 1 GOmega has recently been completed in the Sistema Interamericano de Metrogia (SIM) region. The motivation, design, standards, and results of this regional comparison are reported.
The quality of healthcare jobs: can intrinsic rewards compensate for low extrinsic rewards?

Frontline healthcare worker jobs are among the fastest growing occupations in the USA. While many of these are ‘bad jobs’ with low pay and few benefits, the intrinsic nature of frontline work can also be very rewarding. This article examines the influence of extrinsic job characteristics (e.g. wages and benefits) versus intrinsic characteristics (e.g. meaningful tasks) on job satisfaction and intent to stay with one’s current employer. This article uses a mixed-methods approach, drawing on survey data collected from frontline workers and organizations in a variety of healthcare settings, as well as interview and focus group data from frontline workers to contextualize and interpret the findings in the multi-level models. The results indicate that both intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics are significant predictors of job satisfaction, but only extrinsic characteristics help explain intent to stay with the employer.
Early development of unfertilized turkey and chicken eggs.

(1967). Early Development of Unfertilized Turkey and Chicken Eggs. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 242-245.
Caged [18F]FDG Glycosylamines for Imaging Acidic Tumor Microenvironments Using Positron Emission Tomography

Solid tumors are hypoxic with altered metabolism, resulting in secretion of acids into the extracellular matrix and lower relative pH, a feature associated with local invasion and metastasis. Therapeutic and diagnostic agents responsive to this microenvironment may improve tumor-specific delivery. Therefore, we pursued a general strategy whereby caged small-molecule drugs or imaging agents liberate their parent compounds in regions of low interstitial pH. In this manuscript, we present a new acid-labile prodrug method based on the glycosylamine linkage, and its application to a class of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging tracers, termed [18F]FDG amines. [18F]FDG amines operate via a proposed two-step mechanism, in which an acid-labile precursor decomposes to form the common radiotracer 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose, which is subsequently accumulated by glucose avid cells. The rate of decomposition of [18F]FDG amines is tunable in a systematic fashion, tracking the pKa of the parent amine. In viv...
Exotic and Invasive Plants in Canaan Valley

Abstract The rare plants and unusual wetland communities of Canaan Valley are potentially threatened by establishment of exotic and invasive plants. We consulted various references and assembled a list of 106 invasive and/or exotic plant species that have been found growing in Canaan Valley; the most speciose families are Poaceae (grasses), Fabaceae (legumes), and Asteraceae (sunflowers). We recommend that diverse local stakeholders cooperate to plan and implement a program to prevent the establishment of highly invasive plants in Canaan Valley.
Beyond Homophobia: Thinking About Sexual Stigma and Prejudice in the Twenty-First Century

George Weinberg's introduction of the term homophobia in the late 1960s challenged traditional thinking about homosexuality and helped focus society's attention on the problem of anti-gay prejudice and stigma. This paper briefly describes the history and impact of homophobia. The term's limitations are discussed, including its underlying assumption that anti-gay prejudice is based mainly on fear and its inability to account for historical changes in how society regards homosexuality and heterosexuality as the bases for social identities. Although the importance of Weinberg's contribution should not be underestimated, a new vocabulary is needed to advance scholarship in this area. Toward this end, three constructs are defined and discussed: sexual stigma (the shared knowledge of society's negative regard for any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community), heterosexism (the cultural ideology that perpetuates sexual stigma), and sexual prejudice (individuals' negative attitudes based on sexual orientation). The concept of internalized homophobia is briefly considered.
Sympathetic reflexes after depletion of bulbospinal catecholaminergic neurons with anti-DβH-saporin

We examined the effects of destroying bulbospinal catecholaminergic neurons with the immunotoxin anti-dopamine β-hydroxylase-saporin (anti-DβH-Sap) on splanchnic nerve activity (SNA) and selected s...
Locating and Appraising Product Ideas

SSENTIAL first steps in sound manJagement of product planning and development for manufacturing concerns consist of an aggressive and intelligent search for product ideas and a critical appraisal of the potential profitability of these ideas. Other steps in the planning and development function can be classified briefly as technical development, market testing, reduction to manufacturing practice (often including pilot plant or semi-works operations) and introductory marketing campaigns. Efficient management of product planning and development is of current importance for companies which are seeking new materials and new designs for commercial products and for companies which are undertaking longer range activity in developing new products for future markets. This analysis is based primarily upon over twenty-five case studies1 of industrial and consumer goods manufacturers and a comprehensive survey of the product planning and development function in one industry.2 In scope it is limited to manufacture for commercial markets and does not discuss the special problems involved in searching for government contracts.
Marketing in Spain

The Spain of modern times has been an ultra-conservative nation in virtually every respect: economic, political, religious, and social. But Spain has attained some measure of financial and economic...
RELATION BETWEEN PILLING-TENDENCY AND TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ACRYLIC FIBER BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

The relation between pilling tendency and tensile properties of staple fiber was studied by rearranging and analysing a lot of data which had been carried out by trial and error.Principal component analysis was used as a statistical analysis. It was found that pilling tendency by ICI-method (pill grade) is composed of three principal components as shown below.Principal component No.1 is related to shear strength such as knot tenacity (KT), loop tenacity (LT) and loop elongation (LE), and its percentage of contribution to pilling tendency is found the largest.Consequently, pilling tendency can be represented by a few tensile properties of staple fiber such as KT, LT and LE. Furthermore, rate constant of pill wearing-off (k2) by SF-pill-tester shown in the previous report holds good correlation to principal component No.1.
Comparative Comprehension of Interlanguage and Target Language

Comparisons were made among interlanguage speakers (20 high school seniors) and target language speakers (10 Frenchmen) in various linguistic situations. Subjects' self-perception of the level of comprehension was also measured.
Shortening of Uterine Muscle at Different Temperatures

SummaryIn agreement with the observations of others on skeletal muscle, strips of uterine muscle from rabbits in estrus undergo changes in the extent of shortening in relation to temperature. The speed of contraction and relaxation also varies with temperature. These effects occur equally whether the contractions are spontaneous or electrically simulated.
Cytochemical Identification of Monocytes and Granulocytes

Cytochemical methods for chloroacetate esterase, nonspecific esterase, peroxidase, and metachromasia were used to identify monocytes and neutrophilic, basophilic, or eosinophilic granulocytes. These methods are very simple, sensitive, and easily reproducible. Their reaction products are highly chromogenic and insoluble in most organic solvents. Any of these methods may be used independently or in combination with another cytochemical method to demonstrate a particular type of cell as desired. The specific aims and possible areas for clinical application of these cytochemical methods are discussed.
Centrality and the Structure of Urban Interaction: Measures, Concepts, and Applications

Although social network analysis has provided many measures of network position, these are rarely applied to spatial networks. Sociological measures of network structure were constructed to reflect binary interactions and such measures were of limited use in analysis of urban systems. Recently, several measures have been refined to accommodate the asymmetric continuous flows of people and information across space, making them appropriate for urban models. In this article, we evaluate the applicability of graph theoretic measures to the urban system. Wefind that graph theoretic conceptualizations of centrality are consistent with theoretical specifications of urban hierarchy. We then apply centrality measures to simulated and actual urban systems. We conclude that such measures elucidate key substantive issues relevant to increasingly complex sociospatial structures. Concepts of position in spatial interaction networks are pivotal to all theories of urban structure. Terms such as centrality, dominance and hierarchy are explicit in classical and contemporary treatises on the structure of sociospatial systems. However, most research on structural relations has not measured these concepts in terms of the actual interactions among places; instead it has focused on the outcomes of interactions. Examples of the outcomes theorized to result from interaction include industrial specialization, size of place, and city status (center city,1 suburb). In part, this empirical lacuna is due to the paucity of measures that indicate structural position in a field of sociospatial interactions. Without appropriate measures, many fundamental premises of urban structural theory remain unexplored.
The status of deet (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) as a repellent for Anopheles albimanus.

Les etudes de laboratoire montrent que le deet ne confere qu'une protection limitee contre An. albimanus. Toutefois, sur le terrain, il peut proteger pendant au moins 3 heures
Evaluation of Container Ornamental Species Tolerance to Three p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase-inhibiting Herbicides

Selective weed control in ornamental plant production can be difficult as many herbicides can cause unacceptable injury. Research was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of several ornamental species to applications of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides for the control of problematic weeds in ornamental production. Mestotrione (0.09, 0.18, and 0.36 lb/acre), tembotrione (0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 lb/acre), and topramezone (0.016, 0.032, and 0.064 lb/acre) were applied alone postemergence (POST) in comparison with the photosystem II-inhibiting herbicide, bentazon (0.5 lb/acre). All herbicide treatments, with the exception of the two highest rates of tembotrione, caused less than 8% injury to ‘Noble Upright’ japanese holly (Ilex crenata) and ‘Compactus’ burning bush (Euonymus alatus). Similarly, no herbicide treatment caused greater than 12% injury to ‘Girard’s Rose’ azalea (Azalea). Conversely, all herbicides injured flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) 10% to 23%. Mesotrioneand tembotrioneinjured ‘Radrazz’ rose (Rosa) 18% to 55%, compared with only 5% to 18% with topramezone. ‘Siloam June Bug’ daylily (Hemerocallis) injury with topramezone and tembotrione was less than 10%. Topramezone was the only herbicide evaluated that provided at least 93% control of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) with all application rates by 4 weeks after treatment (WAT). Redroot pigweed was controlled 67% to 100% with mesotrione and tembotrione by 4 WAT, but this activity was variable among application rates. Spotted spurge (Chamaesyce maculata) was only adequately controlled by mesotrione applications at 0.18 and 0.36 lb/acre, whereas chamberbitter (Phyllanthus urinaria) was not controlled sufficiently with any herbicide evaluated in these studies. Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) was suppressed 72% to 87% with mesotrione applications at 0.18 lb/acre or higher and with bentazon at 0.5 lb/acre by 4 WAT. All other herbicide treatments provided less than 58% control of yellow nutsedge. In the second study, ‘Patriot’ hosta (Hosta), ‘Green Sheen’ pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), autumn fern (Dryopteris erythrosora), ‘Little Princess’ spirea (Spiraea japonica), ‘Green Giant’ arborvitae (Thuja plicata), and ‘Rosea’ weigela (Weigela florida) displayed no response to topramezone when applied at 0.024 and 0.095 lb/acre. Since 10 ornamental species in our studies exhibited less than 10% herbicidal response with all rates of at least one HPPD-inhibiting herbicide then it is possible that these herbicides may provide selective POST weed control in ornamental production systems.
A Responsive Tier 2 Process for a Middle School Student with Behavior Problems.

Students requiring Tier 2 behavioral supports frequently display behavioral deficits in multiple domains (e.g., emotional symptoms and peer problems). The Tier 2 framework developed by McDaniel, Br...
Is the Berg axillary lymph node categorization useful in the 3D Era

10643 Background: The Berg muscle-based categorization of axillary lymph node location has been used extensively by pathologists and surgeons to describe the extent of axillary node dissection in b...
The Free-Hand Technique for S2-Alar-Iliac Screw Placement: A Safe and Effective Method for Sacropelvic Fixation in Adult Spinal Deformity.

Background Spinopelvic fixation is an integral part of achieving solid fusion across the lumbosacral junction, especially in deformity procedures requiring substantial correction or long-segment constructs. Traditional S2-alar-iliac (S2AI) screw-placement techniques utilize fluoroscopy, increasing operative time and radiation exposure to the patient and surgeon. We describe a novel free-hand technique for S2AI screw placement in patients with adult spinal deformity. Methods We reviewed the records of 45 consecutive patients who underwent spinopelvic fixation performed with use of S2AI screws by the senior surgeon and various fellows or residents over a 12-month period (2015 to 2016). In each case, the S2AI screws were placed utilizing a free-hand technique without fluoroscopic or image guidance. Screw position and accuracy were assessed by intraoperative O-arm imaging and analyzed using 3-dimensional interactive manipulation of computed tomography images. Results A total of 100 screws were placed, 51 by the senior surgeon and 49 by trainees. The mean patient age was 57.4 ± 12.7 years at the time of surgery; 37 (82.2%) of the patients were female. Preoperative diagnoses included adult idiopathic scoliosis (n = 19), adult degenerative scoliosis (n = 15), flatback syndrome (n = 2), fixed sagittal imbalance (n = 6), and distal junctional kyphosis (n = 3). Five (5%) of the screws were placed with moderate to severe cortical breaches, all of which perforated the pelvis posteriorly, with no clinically notable neurovascular or visceral complications. The breach rate did not differ significantly between the senior surgeon and trainees. Conclusions The free-hand technique for S2AI screw placement, when performed in a standardized manner, was demonstrated to be safe and reliable in constructs requiring spinopelvic fixation. The accuracy of screw placement relies on visible and palpable anatomic landmarks that obviate the need for intraoperative fluoroscopy or image guidance, potentially reducing operative time and radiation exposure. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Unbound E2F modulates TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in HuH-7 cells

E2F is an important target of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and plays a critical role in G 1 /S progression through the cell cycle. TGF-β1 arrests HuH-7 cells in G 1 by suppressing phosphorylation of pRb and induces apoptosis by inhibiting its expression. In this study, we examined the downstream effects of TGF-β1-induced apoptosis and the potential roles for pRb and E2F. The results indicated that greater than 90% of the TGF-β1-induced preapoptotic cells were arrested in G 1 phase of the cell cycle. This was associated with a significant increase in both E2F-DNA-binding activity and transcription of E2F-responsive reporter constructs. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in E2F mRNA and protein levels, and the overexpression of pRb partially inhibited E2F activation. Gel-shift assays identified more than four E2F complexes from preapoptotic and synchronized G 1 HuH-7 cells, each exhibiting different patterns of E2F-associated proteins. The increased E2F activity did not affect the association patterns with pRb, p107 and p130, but altered the formation of an E2F—DP-1 complex. In contrast, E2F—DP-2 exhibited little change in the preapoptotic cells. Moreover, TGF-β1 induced apoptosis at G 1 and inhibited entry into S phase irrespective of the increased E2F activity. The release of preapoptotic cells from TGF-β1 resulted in rapid S phase entry and subsequent apoptosis in 33% of cells over a 72 hour period. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in HuH-7 cells is associated with a marked increase in activity of transcription factor E2F that is partially inhibited by overexpression of pRb. Preapoptotic changes are, in part, reversible upon removal of TGF-β1 and the majority of cells re-enter the normal cell cycle. Finally, TGF-β1-induced apoptosis with the associated increase in E2F activity can occur in both the G 1 and S phases of the cell cycle.
Sleep disordered breathing and hypertension.

Sleep disordered breathing is frequently associated with repeated arousals and hypoxia resulting from intermittent partial or complete collapse of upper airway during sleep. There is an emerging recognition of the association of this disorder with metabolic abnormalities, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and hypertension. Of these conditions, the data associating obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension are the most compelling. This review evaluates the recent literature investigating this association and identifies areas where additional research
Vascular Structure and Function in Women: Relationship with Body Mass Index

Background The purpose of the present study was to compare endothelial function in lean (body mass index [BMI] = 18.0–24.9 kg/m2); overweight (BMI = 25–29.9 kg/m2); and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), healthy, eumenorrheic women. Methods Eighteen lean, 22 overweight, and 19 obese eumenorrheic middle-aged women were studied. Vascular structure and function were assessed via non-invasive ultrasound imaging of the carotid and brachial arteries. Body composition, blood pressure, fasting blood lipids, glucose, and insulin also were measured. Results The groups demonstrated significantly (p Conclusions The results of this study support the hypothesis that carotid artery wall cross-sectional area is elevated and flow-mediated dilation reduced in overweight and obese eumennorheic women as compared to lean counterparts in relation to BMI classification.
The Use of Lunar Resources for Energy Generation on the Moon

Energy is fundamental to nearly everything that humans would like to do in space, whether it is science, commercial development, or human exploration. If indigenous energy sources can be developed, a wide range of possibilities emerges for subsequent development. Some of these will lower the cost of future exploration, others will expand the range of activities that can be carried out, and some will reduce the risks of further exploration and development. This picture is particularly true for the Moon where significant electrical energy will be required for a number of lunar development scenarios; including science stations, lunar resource processing, and tourism. As example, the presence of water in the permanently shadowed craters at the poles of the Moon (Colparete et al. 2010; Heldman et al. 2011) will allow for propellant production: oxygen and hydrogen through electrolysis which will require significant amounts of electrical energy. Further, proposed large radio telescopes on the back side of the Moon would require over 1 MW of power for echo microwave astronomy. The availability of solar cell raw materials in the surface regolith of the Moon, e.g., silicon, and the fact that the surface of the Moon is an ultra-high vacuum (1 x 10− 10 Torr) environment allows for the direct fabrication of thin film solar cells directly on the surface of the Moon.
Rock-welding materials development for deep borehole nuclear waste disposal

Abstract Various versions of deep borehole nuclear waste disposal have been proposed in the past in which effective sealing of a borehole after waste emplacement is generally required. In a high temperature disposal mode, the sealing function will be fulfilled by melting the ambient granitic rock with waste decay heat or an external heating source, creating a melt that will encapsulate waste containers or plug a portion of the borehole above a stack of the containers. However, there are certain drawbacks associated with natural materials, such as high melting temperatures, inefficient consolidation, slow crystallization kinetics, the resulting sealing materials generally being porous with low mechanical strength, insufficient adhesion to waste container surface, and lack of flexibility for engineering controls. In this study, we showed that natural granitic materials can be purposefully engineered through chemical modifications to enhance the sealing capability of the materials for deep borehole disposal. The present work systematically explores the effect of chemical modification and crystallinity (amorphous vs. crystalline) on the melting and crystallization processes of a granitic rock system. The approach can be applied to modify granites excavated from different geological sites. Several engineered granitic materials have been explored which possess significantly lower processing and densification temperatures than natural granites. Those new materials consolidate more efficiently by viscous flow and accelerated recrystallization without compromising their mechanical integrity and properties.
Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of TPM transcripts and proteins in developing striated chicken muscles indicate TPM4α is the major sarcomeric cardiac tropomyosin from early embryonic life to adulthood

The chicken has been used since the 1980s as an animal model for developmental studies regarding tropomyosin isoform diversity in striated muscles, however, the pattern of expression of transcripts as well as the corresponding TPM proteins of various tropomyosin isoforms in avian hearts are not well documented. In this study, using conventional and qRT-PCR, we report the expression of transcripts for various sarcomeric TPM isoforms in striated muscles through development. Transcripts of both TPM1α and TPM1κ, the two sarcomeric isoforms of the TPM1 gene, are expressed in embryonic chicken hearts but disappear in post hatch stages. TPM1α transcripts are expressed in embryonic and adult skeletal muscle. The sarcomeric isoform of the TPM2 gene is expressed mostly in embryonic skeletal muscles. As reported earlier, TPM3α is expressed in embryonic heart and skeletal muscle but significantly lower in adult striated muscle. TPM4α transcripts are expressed from embryonic to adult chicken hearts but not in skeletal muscle. Our 2D Western blot analyses using CH1 monoclonal antibody followed by mass spectra evaluations found TPM4α protein is the major sarcomeric tropomysin expressed in embryonic chicken hearts. However, in 7-day-old embryonic hearts, a minute quantity of TPM1α or TPM1κ is also expressed. This finding suggests that sarcomeric TPM1 protein may play some important role in cardiac contractility and/or cardiac morphogenesis during embryogenesis. Since only the transcripts of TPM4α are expressed in adult chicken hearts, it is logical to presume that TPM4α is the only sarcomeric TPM protein produced in adult cardiac tissues.
Development of a Methodology for Characterizing Reaction Kinetics, Rheology, and In-Situ Compaction of Polyimide Prepregs During Cure

PMR-type polyimide prepregs are challenging to fabricate into high quality composites due to volatiles that are generated and must be removed in situ during processing. The current work was conduct...
Toward a Universalism of Inclusion

This chapter returns to the discussion of the intersection of gender, race, and class in order to explore health inequities in relation to difference, adding more dimensions—disability, mental impairment, and the sequelae of war. Activists in women’s health movements have reshaped definitions of women’s health by shifting the paradigm from the biomedical sphere into a wider social framework. International disability movements claim disability as a collective identity rather than a medical category and recognize the political and economic dimensions of disability inequity as it intersects with other sources of inequality. Disability and mental impairment are ideal subjects for an intersectional exploration of gender, race, and class politics. This chapter concludes with some thoughts about universalism and equity.
Distilling Black-Box Travel Mode Choice Model for Behavioral Interpretation.

Machine learning has proved to be very successful for making predictions in travel behavior modeling. However, most machine-learning models have complex model structures and offer little or no explanation as to how they arrive at these predictions. Interpretations about travel behavior models are essential for decision makers to understand travelers' preferences and plan policy interventions accordingly. Therefore, this paper proposes to apply and extend the model distillation approach, a model-agnostic machine-learning interpretation method, to explain how a black-box travel mode choice model makes predictions for the entire population and subpopulations of interest. Model distillation aims at compressing knowledge from a complex model (teacher) into an understandable and interpretable model (student). In particular, the paper integrates model distillation with market segmentation to generate more insights by accounting for heterogeneity. Furthermore, the paper provides a comprehensive comparison of student models with the benchmark model (decision tree) and the teacher model (gradient boosting trees) to quantify the fidelity and accuracy of the students' interpretations.
Diagnostic gene sequencing panels: from design to report-a technical standard of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG).

Gene sequencing panels are a powerful diagnostic tool for many clinical presentations associated with genetic disorders. Advances in DNA sequencing technology have made gene panels more economical, flexible, and efficient. Because the genes included on gene panels vary widely between laboratories in gene content (e.g., number, reason for inclusion, evidence level for gene–disease association) and technical completeness (e.g., depth of coverage), standards that address technical and clinical aspects of gene panels are needed. This document serves as a technical standard for laboratories designing, offering, and reporting gene panel testing. Although these principles can apply to multiple indications for genetic testing, the primary focus is on diagnostic gene panels (as opposed to carrier screening or predictive testing) with emphasis on technical considerations for the specific genes being tested. This technical standard specifically addresses the impact of gene panel content on clinical sensitivity, specificity, and validity—in the context of gene evidence for contribution to and strength of evidence for gene–disease association—as well as technical considerations such as sequencing limitations, presence of pseudogenes/gene families, mosaicism, transcript choice, detection of copy-number variants, reporting, and disclosure of assay limitations.
Mobility Coordination of Participants in Mobile CrowdSensing Platforms with Spatio-Temporal Tasks

With the increased adoption of Mobile CrowdSensing platforms in urban environments, the mobility of participating self-motivated crowds already roaming in the field can be coordinated to assist in completing spatio-temporal sensing tasks. In this work, we propose to utilize the mobility predictability within such platforms, coupled with the availability of spatio-temporal tasks on the mobility field, to recommend routes for participants in real-time. In this paper, we define the graph-theoretic measure of Temporal Coverage Centrality, as well as adopt techniques from distributed systems to define three online route recommendation mechanisms, which can be used to coordinate the mobility of participants within MCS platforms to optimize system performance. Moreover, we empirically evaluate the efficiency of the proposed mechanisms with an insight on their benefits.
Infrared Signature of the Cation-π Interaction between Calcite and Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

The cation−π interaction is proposed as an important mechanism for the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons having non-zero quadrupole moments by mineral surfaces. Direct evidence supporting such a mechanism is, however, limited. Using the model mineral calcite, we probe the cation−π interaction with adsorbed benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene (BTE) molecules using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We show that the presence of calcite increases the energy required to excite the synchronized bending of aromatic C–H bonds of BTE molecules. The unique conformation of this vibrational mode indicates that the planar aromatic rings of BTE molecules are constrained in a tilted face-down position by the cation−π interaction, as further confirmed by density functional theory calculations. Our results suggest that the shift of the excitation energy of the aromatic C–H bending may be used as an infrared signature for the cation−π interaction occurring on mineral surfaces.
Specialized terminology limits the reach of new scientific knowledge

Words are the building blocks of science. As our understanding of the world progresses, scientific disciplines naturally enrich their specialized vocabulary (jargon). However, in the era of interdisciplinarity, the use of jargon may hinder effective communication amongst scientists that do not share a common linguistic background. The question of how jargon limits the transmission of scientific knowledge has long been debated, but rarely addressed quantitatively. We explored the relationship between the use of jargon and citations using 21,486 articles focusing on cave research, a multidisciplinary field particularly prone to terminological specialization and where linguistic disagreement among peers is frequent. We demonstrate that the use of jargon in the title and abstract significantly reduces the number of citations a paper receives. Given that these elements are the hook to readers, we urge scientists to restrict jargon to sections of the paper where its use is unavoidable.
Differential Via Designs for Crosstalk Reduction in High-Speed PCBs

With an increased data rate of high-speed PCBs, an increase in crosstalk degrades the signal integrity of the highspeed system. In most PCB designs, via-to-via coupling has the largest impact on crosstalk. Until now, multiple PCB design methods for crosstalk mitigation are proposed under the IC pin field area, such as increasing the distance between signal pairs, adding more ground vias in between the signal vias and placing signal pairs orthogonal to each other. However, such methods sacrifice the signal to ground (S:G) ratio and require a change in the IC package ball map. In this paper, two different via designs are proposed to reduce crosstalk without sacrificing the S:G ratio, while maintaining the package ball maps. In the first proposed design, crosstalk is mitigated through tilted drilling, where the vias are drilled with 45 degrees angle on the PCB. Differential via pairs located in different rows achieves orthogonality for crosstalk cancellation when viewed from the horizontal cross-section. In the second proposed design, additional intermediate vias are designed to achieve orthogonality between differential via pairs without changing the IC package ball map or the drilling direction. Using a 3D full-wave simulation tool, the two prosed designs are simulated. Simulation results demonstrate that both designs decrease in crosstalk with negligible change in insertion loss and return loss compared to the conventional via design up to 30 GHz range. The proposed methods can be directly applied to lower the crosstalk in the existing high-speed PCBs with minor adjustments in the PCB design while maintaining the same IC packages.
Victims’ Perceptions of Cyberstalking: an Examination of Perceived Offender Motivation

The current study explores cyberstalking victims’ perceived offender motivation for using a sample of 576 young adults who had been repeatedly pursued online by someone they knew within the previous 12-months. Results revealed that cyberstalking victims most frequently believed that the perpetrator engaged in the repeated unwanted contacts because they were motivated by affection (47.22%), rejection (43.58%), or were obsessed with them (41.49%). Further, the study assessed whether victims’ perceived cyberstalker motivation impacted whether they felt fearful as a result of the repeated online pursuit behavior, controlling for offense seriousness and demographic characteristics. Multivariate findings revealed that when victims perceived their cyberstalker was motivated by retaliation or revenge or rejection, they were statistically significantly more likely to feel fearful as a result of the repeated online behaviors. In contrast, when victims perceived their cyberstalker was motivated by feelings of affection, they were statistically significantly less likely to feel fearful as a result of the repeated online pursuit behaviors. Implications for cyberstalking victims’ reporting and help-seeking behaviors are offered.
When to Stop Eating: An Auxiliary Brake on Food Consumption from the Nucleus Accumbens.

Feeding is not only driven by homeostatic needs, but is also regulated by other factors, such as environmental sensory inputs, cognitive processes, emotions, and learning. For example, in the presence of palatable foods, feeding can be prolonged to store excess energy. However, in the presence of a
How to Use This Book

This chapter provides an overview of the organization of the book and suggestions to readers with different backgrounds and interests regarding how to use the book. We will first summarize the existing literature on multiphysics, the normal ways to learn about multiphysics, and especially, the lack of a general book on multiphysics. In this way, the users can better understand the purpose and organization of this book. The book is organized to reflect the understanding of multiphysics as a fusion of mathematics, physics, applications, and numerical analysis, which led to the major parts of the book: introduction, mathematics, monolithic physics, multiphysics, and numerical implementation. This book is designed for people with diversified backgrounds, from college-level students, engineers, and numerical simulation practitioners to experts in specific multiphysics applications, as a textbook, a reference book, or a technical book. Accordingly, detailed suggestions will be provided for the use of the book for different purposes.
Understanding artificial intelligence in the context of usage: Contributions and smartness of algorithmic capabilities in work systems

Abstract This paper presents an approach for describing and characterizing algorithms that are discussed as though they embody artificial intelligence. After identifying observations and assumptions related to algorithms and summarizing the work system perspective (WSP), this paper uses a hypothetical example to show how AI applications can be understood by using the WSP, including the ideas of facets of work and categories and degrees of smartness in devices and systems. It applies those ideas to aspects of five AI-related examples presented by entrepreneurs and researchers at an MIT AI conference in July 2020. Those examples were selected because they illustrated many AI-related issues. This paper’s contribution is a new approach for characterizing real world applications and impacts of almost any system that uses algorithms or is associated with artificial intelligence.
Regional wall stress differences on tricuspid aortic valve-associated ascending aortic aneurysms.

OBJECTIVES Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms (aTAAs) carry a risk of acute type A dissection. Elective repair guidelines are based on diameter, but complications often occur below diameter threshold. Biomechanically, dissection can occur when wall stress exceeds wall strength. Aneurysm wall stresses may better capture dissection risk. Our aim was to investigate patient-specific aTAA wall stresses associated with a tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) by anatomic region. METHODS Patients with aneurysm diameter ≥4.0 cm underwent computed tomography angiography. Aneurysm geometries were reconstructed and loaded to systemic pressure while taking prestress into account. Finite element analyses were conducted to obtain wall stress distributions. The 99th percentile longitudinal and circumferential stresses were determined at systole. Wall stresses between regions were compared using one-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey HSD for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS Peak longitudinal wall stresses on aneurysms (n = 204) were 326 [standard deviation (SD): 61.7], 246 (SD: 63.4) and 195 (SD: 38.7) kPa in sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction (STJ) and ascending aorta (AscAo), respectively, with significant differences between AscAo and both sinuses (P < 0.001) and STJ (P < 0.001). Peak circumferential wall stresses were 416 (SD: 85.1), 501 (SD: 119) and 340 (SD: 57.6) kPa for sinuses, STJ and AscAo, respectively, with significant differences between AscAo and both sinuses (P < 0.001) and STJ (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Circumferential and longitudinal wall stresses were greater in the aortic root than AscAo on aneurysm patients with a TAV. Aneurysm wall stress magnitudes and distribution relative to respective regional wall strength could improve understanding of aortic regions at greater risk of dissection in a particular patient.
The Economics and Law of Price Discrimination: Herein of Three Regulatory Schemes

definition of economic discrimination but rather to examine the techniques used to regulate discrimination.' 6 It should therefore be 16 While economic discrimination is certainly suspect among economists, see Dn1AM & KAHN, FAIR COMPrON 202 (1954), the condemnation is far from universal. Economic discrimination may under certain circumstances permit an increase in production and, in declining cost industries, through increased production, lower prices for [Vol. 31:1 PRICE DISCRIMINATION observed that if one adopts the position that differential pricing arising from differences in competitive conditions is not discrimination, it would not be necessary to consider the desirability of a meeting competition defense because such a defense would be superfluous. But if discrimination is defined more broadly, the availability of a meeting competition defense becomes crucial. The question will therefore be examined in the following manner. Following the general review of the three statutory schemes and the regulation of various types of discriminatory practices thereunder, the relevance of competition as a defense will be examined under each of the three schemes.
Distributed Resource Sharing in Computer Networks

In this paper we address a resource sharing problem that arises in distributed systems. The problem is to provide a mechanism whereby a node can obtain, in a distributed network, control of a set of resources that are necessary in performing a certain task. The mechanism has to provide a "reasonable guarantee" that if sufficient resources are available, the node will be able to obtain them. We define what such a "reasonable guarantee" means in a dynamic environment with resources constantly being added or removed from the pool of available resources. We then propose a distributed algorithm and show that it provides such a guarantee. Finally, we suggest extensions to the basic mechanism to improve performance.
Regulation of the insulin signalling pathway by cellular protein-tyrosine phosphatases

Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) have been implicated in the physiological regulation of the insulin signalling pathway. In cellular and molecular studies, the transmembrane, receptor-type PTPase LAR and the intracellular, non-receptor enzyme PTP1B have been shown to have a direct impact on insulin action in intact cell models. Since insulin signalling can be enhanced by reducing the abundance or activity of specific PTPases, pharmaceutical agents directed at blocking the interaction between individual PTPases and the insulin receptor may have potential clinical relevance to the treatment of insulin-resistant states such as obesity and Type II diabetes mellitus.
Use of Centrality Metrics to Determine Connected Dominating Sets for Real-World Network Graphs

The high-level contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the use of centrality metrics to determine connected dominating sets (CDS) in large complex graphs representing a variety of real-world networks. We consider the following centrality metrics: Degree, Eigenvector, Betweeness and Closeness. We implement algorithms to determine each of these centrality metrics on large complex network graphs. We run these algorithms on six classical real-world networks (of size 34 to 332 nodes) that are commonly used in network analysis studies. We observe the Betweeness centrality to yield CDS of the smallest size (number of nodes and edges constituting the CDS) in five of the six networks. We observe the Degree-based centrality to return the lowest CDS size for three of the six networks (all tied with Betweeness centrality). We observe the Closeness centrality-based CDS to be of the smallest size for the smallest of the six networks, but incurs the largest size for the other five networks.
Preventing Cross-Site Scripting with Script-Free HTML

The injection of scripts into a web page by means of evading input filtering is called a cross-site scripting (XSS) attack. Even popular websites, such as Google, Facebook, and YouTube, have been exploited by XSS attacks. In 2010, OWASP ranked XSS attacks the 2nd-leading source of web security risk. Current methods to prevent XSS exploits are either ineffective (allowing some attacks to succeed) or overly prohibitive (preventing legitimate HTML-rich content). This paper describes a new approach: the structure of safe input is rigorously defined and a server-side tool is implemented to detect the presence of a potential XSS attack. This tool prevents XSS attacks while still permitting HTML-rich content. We define a new context-free grammar (Script-Free HTML 4) that precisely characterizes safe input. Our approach is evaluated by applying it to a benchmark of known XSS vulnerabilities. We also consider the future evolution of this approach in the ever-changing world of web standards.
Inhibition of digestive enzymes by tea polyphenols: enzymological and in silico studies (1045.34)

Tea (Camellia sinensis) has shown anti-obesity effects in animals. Tea polyphenols can inhibit digestive enzymes such as pancreatic lipase (PL), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and trypsin in vitro. Our o...
Status of Cycle 23 Forecasts

A number of techniques for predicting solar activity on a solar cycle time scale are identified, described, and tested with historical data. Some techniques, e.g,, regression and curve-fitting, work well as solar activity approaches maximum and provide a month- by-month description of future activity, while others, e.g., geomagnetic precursors, work well near solar minimum but provide an estimate only of the amplitude of the cycle. A synthesis of different techniques is shown to provide a more accurate and useful forecast of solar cycle activity levels. A combination of two uncorrelated geomagnetic precursor techniques provides the most accurate prediction for the amplitude of a solar activity cycle at a time well before activity minimum. This precursor method gave a smoothed sunspot number maximum of 154+21 for cycle 23. A mathematical function dependent upon the time of cycle initiation and the cycle amplitude then describes the level of solar activity for the complete cycle. As the time of cycle maximum approaches a better estimate of the cycle activity is obtained by including the fit between recent activity levels and this function. This Combined Solar Cycle Activity Forecast now gives a smoothed sunspot maximum of 140+20 for cycle 23. The success of the geomagnetic precursors in predicting future solar activity suggests that solar magnetic phenomena at latitudes above the sunspot activity belts are linked to solar activity, which occurs many years later in the lower latitudes.
Improving Spoken Dialogue Understanding Using Phonetic Mixture Models

Augmenting word tokens with a phonetic representation, derived from a dictionary, improves the performance of a Natural Language Understanding component that interprets speech recognizer output: we observed a 5% to 7% reduction in errors across a wide range of response return rates. The best performance comes from mixture models incorporating both word and phone features. Since the phonetic representation is derived from a dictionary, the method can be applied easily without the need for integration with a specific speech recognizer. The method has similarities with autonomous (or bottom-up) psychological models of lexical access, where contextual information is not integrated at the stage of auditory perception but rather later.
Mother-child conversations about gender : understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs

This monograph provides the first in-depth look at how mothers and young children talk about gender, to discover the potential role of language in fostering gender stereotypes. Mothers and their sons/daughters, who were 2- ,4- , or 6- years of age, were videotaped discussing a picture book that focused on gender. A consistent contrast was found between mothers' explicit endorsement of gender stereotypes and implicit emphasis on gender. Although mothers rarely expressed gender stereotypes directly, they emphasized gender concepts indirectly, by referring to gender categories, providing gender labels, contrasting males and females, and giving approval to their children's stereotyped statements. With increasing age, children were more focused on gender categories and stereotypes, but also more gender-egalitarian. Gender-egalitarian items (e.g., a female fire-fighter) were associated with less overt stereotyping, but also with more implicit talk about gender. Altogether, mothers' language input conveys a wealth of subtle messages about gender from which children may construct their own beliefs.