cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The persistent pull of police professionalism

The focus of this short essay is the renewed popularity of the ideal of police professionalism. That ideal dominated efforts at police reform throughout most of the twentieth century, and especially from the 1950s through the early 1970s, but in the 1980s and 1990s was supplanted by community policing as the reigning orthodoxy of police reform. At its core, police professionalism had three elements: police departments should focus on crime suppression; they should do so objectively and scientifically, free from political influence; and authority within the department should be centralized and rationalized. Community policing departed from police professionalism in each of these three respects. Police departments broadened their focus from crime control to a range of other goals; they selected and pursued those goals in consultation and cooperation with the public; and, to facilitate that consultation and cooperation, authority within departments was decentralized. Outside law enforcement circles, the ideal of community policing remains broadly popular. Inside policing, though, a sense has been growing for at least the past decade that it is time for something new. That sense is still far from universal. Many police executives and many police reformers continue to believe in community policing. But for years other figures within policing have been casting about for the next big thing. There are signs that those efforts are beginning to coalesce, and that the next big thing is … police professionalism. No one is arguing explicitly that policing should return to the 1960s. But there is increasing sympathy for the notions that police departments should focus on crime suppression, that they should do so in ways dictated by objective analysis rather than public whims, and that authority should be centralized and rationalized. This paper begins by describing some of the ideas getting the most attention today in police management circles and the under-appreciated ways in which they constitute a return to the ideal of police professionalism. The paper then speculates about why professionalism, so recently discredited, seems to be coming back, and it sounds a note of caution, warning that, despite changes since the 1970s, there are still reasons for police departments to resist the pull of professionalism. The paper concludes by suggesting that the competing ideal of community policing, for all its ambiguity and limitations, may deserve a longer run.
Serial Sections of Pseudopityophthorus spp

Oak bark beetles, Pseudopityophthorus spp., are of little importance as forest pests since they attack small dead and dying branches of oak. However, they have been the object of much investigation during the past 12 years as possible vectors of the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt (Rexrode 1968). Berryand Bretz (1966) and others found that when adults of minutissimus (Zimmermann) emerge from a disease source, they carry some form of the oak wilt fungus on within their bodies. But we do not know where on their bodies and how the beetles carry the pathogen.
Effect of reserpine on prolactin content of rabbit pituitary.

Summary1. A single intravenous injection of 1 mg reserpine kilo body weight into 5 mature female rabbits, followed by sacrifice 1 week later, resulted in at least a 5-fold increase in pituitary prolactin content over 5 controls. There was no evidence that reserpine induced mammary growth or lactation. 2. Subcutaneous injections of 0.2 mg estradiol daily for 10 days into 6 rabbits elicited 1 week later at least a 10-fold increase in pituitary prolactin content, a slight growth of the mammary duct system and no milk secretion. 3. When estradiol treatment was followed by a single intravenous injection of reserpine (above dose) and the rabbits killed 1 week later, pituitary prolactin content was at least 16 times greater than in controls. This was accompanied by a considerable degree of lobule-alveolar development and a limited amount of milk secretion in all 6 animals.
Changing Patterns of Concentration in American Meat Packing, 1880–1963

Professor Arnould analyzes the reasons for concentration in the American meat packing industry from 1880 through 1920, then describes and evaluates the varied forces which have led to declining concentration since the end of World War I.
Lagrange Multipliers Can Fail to Determine Extrema

where z denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to z. Using the approximation Fn ≈ φn √5 we get d(n) = 1 + log10( φ n √ 5 ) ≈ 1 + n log10 φ − log10 √ 5 ≈ 0.209n + 0.651 . Notice that d(n + k) − d(n) ≈ 0.209n + 0.651 + 0.209k − 0.209n + 0.651 . Notice that for k = 1, 2, 3 or 4, d(n + k) − d(n) = 0 or 1. But d(n + 5)− d(n) = 1 or 2. When d(n + 5) − d(n) = 1, we get a run of five Fibonnacci numbers with the same number of digits. However, when d(n + 5)− d(n) = 2, we get only four. Using a computer, we found that d(n + 5) − d(n) = 2 at n = 16, 35, 59, 83, 102, 126, 150, 169, 193, . . . . For example, F16 to F21 are 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, which shows a run of only four Fibonacci numbers with four digits.
Imaging of Targets Using Voltage Changes Across a Self-Coupled Single-Mode Vertical Cavity Laser

We exploit the terminal voltage sensitivity of self-coupled vertical cavity lasers to image a target with variable reflectivity. The technique does not use lock-in amplification, ensuring minimal components in the experimental setup. We demonstrate the imaging of a feature of the air force resolution target using this technique.
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION TO TEMPERATURE. IV. ADAPTATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AT A NICHE BOUNDARY.

Following an environmental change, the course of a population's adaptive evolution may be influenced by environmental factors, such as the degree of marginality of the new environment relative to the organism's potential range, and by genetic factors, including constraints that may have arisen during its past history. Experimental populations of bacteria were used to address these issues in the context of evolutionary adaptation to the thermal environment. Six replicate lines of Escherichia coli (20°C group), founded from a common ancestor, were propagated for 2000 generations at 20°C, a novel temperature that is very near the lower thermal limit at which it can maintain a stable population size in a daily serial transfer (100-fold dilution) regime. Four additional groups (32/20, 37/20, 42/20, and 32-42/20°C groups) of six lines, each with 2000 generation selection histories at different temperatures (32, 37, 42, and daily alternation of 32 and 42°C), were moved to the same 20°C environment and propagated in parallel to ascertain whether selection histories influence the adaptive response in this novel environment. Adaptation was measured by improvement in fitness relative to the common ancestor in direct competition experiments conducted at 20°C. All five groups showed improvement in relative fitness in this environment; the mean fitness of the 20°C group after 2000 generations increased by about 8%. Selection history had no discernible effect on the rate or final magnitude of the fitness responses of the four groups with different histories after 2000 generations. The correlated fitness responses of the 20°C group were measured across the entire thermal niche. There were significant tradeoffs in fitness at higher temperatures; for example, at 40°C the average fitness of the 20°C group was reduced by almost 20% relative to the common ancestor. We also observed a downward shift of 1-2°C in both the upper and lower thermal niche limits for the 20°C selected group. These observations are contrasted with previous observations of a markedly greater rate of adaptation to growth near the upper thermal limit (42°C) and a lack of trade-off in fitness at lower temperatures for lines adapted to that high temperature. The evolutionary implications of this asymmetry are discussed.
Development of Distributed Measurement and Control Devices for Tensile Lines Horizontal Displacement Meter

This paper introduces a type of distributed measurement and control devices for tensile lines horizontal displacement meter,summarizes the structural characteristics and the advantages and disadvantages of existing tensile lines horizontal displacement meter monitoring device,and puts forword a new monitoring device design ideas,and design a new control module,realized the control device of the flexible networking,low cost,fast installation and commissioning.The monitoring device has been applied in the reconstruction project of Zipingpu Water Conservancy after the earthquake disaster.It restored the system's measurements in a relatively short period of time,and greatly improved the maintainability of the system.
Study on Rapid Determination for 30 Organochlorine and Pyrethroid Pesticide Multi-residues in Food.

Objective To set up a rapid determination for 30 organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide multi-residue in food(vegetables,fruits, foodstuffs and teas).Methods The sample was extracted with acetonitrile,then pre-purified by passing through Solid-phase Extraction Florisil,the residues of 30 organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide in food(vegetables,fruits,foodstuffs and teas) were identified and quantitated simultaneously by gas chromatography with dual-column and ECD.Results In HP-5 Column and DB-17 Column,30 pesticides were separated from each other,and the liner range of standard curve were broad and the liner relationship of standard curve were good(r=0.99~0.9999),the average recoveries of the three levels of 30 organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide were 66.5%～116.2% in vegetables,fruits,foodstuffs and teas,the coefficient of variation(CV) were 0.7%～14.2%,the ranges of minimum detection limits were 0.08～26μg/kg.Conclusions This method is of good accuracy,high repeatability,precision and less interferences from impurities,simple and fast.The cost is low and applying scope is wide.This method has met the requirement of analysis method of pesticide multi-residue.
Ulnar Neuropathy in Cyclists

The form and function of the cyclist exposes the ulnar nerve to both traction and compressive forces at both the elbow and wrist. Prevention of ulnar neuropathy and treatment of early symptoms include bike fitting, avoidance of excessive or prolonged weight-bearing through the hands, and the use of padded gloves. For persisting or progressive symptoms, a thorough history and physical examination is essential to confirm the diagnosis and to rule out other sites of nerve compression. The majority of compression neuropathies in cyclists resolve after appropriate rest and conservative treatment; however, should symptoms persist, nerve decompression may be indicated.
The Brazilian Peppertree Thrips Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) as a Biological Control Agent: A Reappraisal of the Timeline of Events and Attribution of Credit

Summary The thrips Pseudophilothrips ichini (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), which is native to Brazil, is a candidate for classical biological control of the invasive Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), in the USA. This paper corrects errors of omission about the history of the Brazilian peppertree biological control program in Florida and several misstatements about the identity of the thrips in previously published literature.
Using Covalent Labeling and Mass Spectrometry To Study Protein Binding Sites of Amyloid Inhibiting Molecules

Amyloid aggregates are associated with several debilitating diseases, and there are numerous efforts to develop small molecule treatments against these diseases. One challenge associated with these efforts is determining protein binding site information for potential therapeutics because amyloid-forming proteins rapidly form oligomers and aggregates, making traditional protein structural analysis techniques challenging. Using β-2-microglobulin (β2m) as a model amyloid-forming protein along with two recently identified small molecule amyloid inhibitors (i.e., rifamycin SV and doxycycline), we demonstrate that covalent labeling and mass spectrometry (MS) can be used to map small-molecule binding sites for a rapidly aggregating protein. Specifically, three different covalent labeling reagents, namely diethylpyrocarbonate, 2,3-butanedione, and the reagent pair EDC/GEE, are used together to pinpoint the binding sites of rifamycin SV, doxycycline, and another molecule, suramin, which binds but does not inhibit ...
Handbook of Small Animal Imaging. Preclinical Imaging, Therapy and Applications

This textbook covers all currently available small animal imaging modalities and includes discussion about image acquisition techniques, image processing and analysis for applications in preclinical imaging for medical research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Going with the flow: a graph based approach to optimal path planning in general flows

Autonomous surface and underwater vehicles (ASVs and AUVs) used for ocean monitoring are typically deployed for long periods of time and must operate with limited energy budgets. Coupled with the increased accessibility to ocean flow data, there has been a significant interest in developing energy efficient motion plans for these vehicles that leverage the dynamics of the surrounding flow. In this paper, we present a graph search based method to plan time and energy optimal paths in static and time-varying flow fields. We also use tools from topological path planning to generate optimal paths in different homotopy classes to facilitate simultaneous exploration of the environment by multi-robot teams. The proposed strategy is validated using analytical flow models, actual ocean data, and in experiments using an indoor laboratory testbed capable of creating flows with ocean-like features. We also present an alternative approach using a Riemannian metric based approximation for the cost functions in the static flow case for computing time and energy optimal paths. The Riemannian approximation results in smoother trajectories in contrast to the graph based strategy while requiring less computational time.
Teaching NeuroImages: Distinct brain microhemorrhage pattern in critical illness associated with respiratory failure

A 51-year-old man with dementia presented with altered mental status and unremarkable initial brain CT and MRI. Hospitalization was complicated by aspiration pneumonia, hypoxia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation. He improved with antibiotics, but 1 week later developed seizures. MRI revealed new multiple microhemorrhages involving the subcortical white matter, internal capsules, and corpus callosum, sparing the deep white matter and deep gray nuclei (figure). This distinctive pattern is seen in critically ill patients with respiratory failure1 and resembles high altitude exposure.2 It is important to distinguish this from other causes of microhemorrhages including hypertension, diffuse axonal injury, and amyloid angiopathy.
Do Couple-Focused Cessation Messages Increase Motivation to Quit Among Dual-Smoker Couples?

Introduction Dual-smoker couples are a highly prevalent group who report low motivation to quit smoking. Aims This study tested the effect of a messaging intervention (couples- vs. individual-focused smoking outcomes) on motivation to quit among dual-smoker couples and examined the moderating effect of perceived support. Methods A total of 202 individuals in 101 dual-smoker couples were randomized by dyad using a 2 (frame: gain/loss) by 2 (outcome focus: individual/couple) factorial design. Participants reviewed scenarios of either positive or negative outcomes of quitting versus not quitting as they applied to either the individual or the couple. Participants then reported their own motivation to quit and motivation for their partner to quit. The main outcome was motivation to quit smoking. Results No main effects of framing or message focus emerged. Significant interactions between message focus and negative support predicted motivation for self and partner to quit. Individuals who reported lower negative support reported greater motivation for self to quit and less motivation for partner to quit after reviewing couple- (vs. individual-) focused messages. Conclusions Individuals in dual-smoker couples typically report low motivation to quit smoking. Couple-focused messages may increase motivation to quit among individuals who are not receiving negative support from their partners.
Applications of Integrated Pest Management

The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) has become widely accepted not only as applied to the vermin of public health importance discussed in Chapter 14, but across the entire field of agriculture. In essence, the concept is to decrease reliance on potentially dangerous chemical pesticides by integrating chemical applications into a more specifically targeted approach to pest control using a wide variety of methods. After learning the life cycle and ecology of the target pest and identifying the weakest link in that life cycle for attack, intervention is then achieved by combining judicious pesticide use with engineering, sanitation, and natural or biological control methods designed to avoid harm to nontarget species. IPM can best be illustrated by citing examples pertinent to the pests of public health importance.
Small RNAs in Germline Development

One of the most important and evolutionarily conserved strategies to control gene expression in higher metazoa is posttranscriptional regulation via small regulatory RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs), and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Primordial germ cells, which are defined by their totipotent potential and noted for their dependence on posttranscriptional regulation by RNA-binding proteins, rely on these small regulatory RNAs for virtually every aspect of their development, including specification, migration, and differentiation into competent gametes. Here, we review current knowledge of the roles miRNAs, endo-siRNAs, and piRNAs play at all stages of germline development in various organisms, focusing on studies in the mouse.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of meropenem and vaborbactam for the treatment of urinary tract infection

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Meropenem/vaborbactam (M/V) represents the first carbapenem and β-lactamase inhibitor combination approved for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs), including pyelonephritis. Vaborbactam is a novel boronic acid, β-lactamase inhibitor with a high affinity for serine β-lactamases, including Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). This combination, Vabomere™, was approved in August 2017 by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cUTIs in patients 18 years or older, including pyelonephritis, caused by the following susceptible microorganisms: Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae species complex.Areas covered: Relevant literature regarding microbiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical trials evaluating efficacy, safety, and tolerability will be discussed.Expert opinion: Current treatment options for KPC-producing infections such as aminoglycosides, polymyxins, fosfomycin, and tigecycline are associat...
Surgical timing and presence of a vitreoretinal fellow on postoperative adverse events following pars plana vitrectomy.

Introduction:To evaluate the adverse event rate following pars plana vitrectomy as a function of surgical start time and the presence of a vitreoretinal fellow.Methods:Single-institution retrospect...
Development of composite springs using 4D printing method

Abstract Composite springs have been used in many engineering applications, particularly in the transportation industry. This is due to their light weight, good stiffness, good strength, good corrosion and fatigue resistances . Normally special molds need to be prepared in the manufacturing of these springs. The molds have curvatures which fit into the shape of the final product. Recently the concept of 4D printing of composites was introduced. This concept is a combination of 3D printing together with the reconfiguration of the part upon the activation of some mechanism such as heat, light, or the absorption of moisture. This concept allows the ability to make structures of complex shapes without the need to have complex molds. Layers of composites can be laid on a flat mold. Upon curing, the layers reconfigure into curved structures. As such, curved composite structures can be made using only flat molds. The mechanism for this reconfiguration depends on the anisotropic nature of layered composite materials. This paper presents the fundamental study, as part of a larger project intended to use the concept of 4D printing to develop complex composite structures without the need for complex curved molds. The fundamental study examines the mechanical characteristics of curved composite beams made by 4D printing.
Effects of scandium and hafnium solute additions on microstructure thermal stability in nanostructured ferritic alloys

Abstract Two nanostructured ferritic steels with compositions of Fe-14Cr-0.5Hf-0.5Sc (at.%) and Fe-14Cr-1Hf-1Sc (at.%) were manufactured via high energy ball milling, cold compaction and annealing at 1000 °C. The nanostructure obtained in ferritic alloys was associated with the formation of thermally stable Sc-O-enriched and Hf-O-enriched nanoparticles with diameter varying from 5 to 25 nm. Detailed transmission electron microscopy study revealed that Hf was more concentrated in larger precipitates and at the grain boundaries, whereas Sc was found in the smaller precipitates (below 10 nm). Microstructure thermal stability of the alloys was further enhanced with increasing Sc and Hf content from 0.5 to 1 at.%.
Decreasing Empiric Use of Vancomycin in Late Onset Sepsis: Adherence to Guidelines and Quality Improvement

Background Neonatal late onset sepsis (LOS) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), with coagulase-negative staphylococci as the leading cause of infection. Vancomycin has historically been the drug of choice for staphylococcal infections and is now widely used for empiric management of LOS despite the paucity of data on optimal dosing, efficacy and safety. Its overuse and misuse has led to the emergence of resistant bacterial strains, higher rates of acute kidney injury and rising healthcare costs, and thus represents a crucial area of improvement in the NICU. Objective We aimed to …
Russell body gastritis.

Russell body gastritis is caused by an accumulation of plasma cells within the gastric mucosa. These plasma cells are characterized by eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions of immunoglobulin which are called “Russell bodies”. We report a case of Russell body gastritis in a 28-year-old male who presented with abdominal pain and rectal bleeding. Endoscopy showed erosions with edema and vascular congestion in the gastric body and antrum. The biopsy showed chronic gastritis with plasma cell infiltration of the lamina propria. Many plasma cells contained cytoplasmic Russell bodies which stained positive for CD138, CD79a, Kappa and lambda light chains. The Russell bodies were negative for pancytokeratin, excluding signet ring cell carcinoma. Russell body gastritis is an uncommon, benign reactive condition.
Multi-stage Image Quality Assessment of Diffusion MRI via Semi-supervised Nonlocal Residual Networks.

Fast and automated image quality assessment (IQA) for diffusion MR images is crucial so that a rescan decision can be made swiftly during or after the scanning session. However, learning this task is challenging as the number of annotated data is limited and the annotated label is not always perfect. To this end, we introduce an automatic multi-stage IQA method for pediatric diffusion MR images. Our IQA is performed in three sequential stages, i.e., slice-wise quality assessment (QA) using a nonlocal residual network, volume-wise QA by agglomerating the extracted features of slices belonging to one volume using a nonlocal network, and subject-wise QA by ensembling the QA results of volumes belonging to one subject. In addition, we employ semi-supervised learning to make full use of a small amount of annotated data and a large amount of unlabeled data to train our network. Specifically, we first pre-train our network using labeled data, which are iteratively expanded by labeling the unlabeled data with the trained network. Furthermore, we devise a self-training strategy which iteratively relabels and prunes the labeled dataset when training the network to deal with noisy labels. Experimental results demonstrate that our network, trained using only samples of modest size, exhibits great generalizability and is capable of conducting large-scale rapid IQA with near-perfect accuracy.
Barriers to Participation in Therapeutic Clinical Trials as Perceived by Community Oncologists

PURPOSE:Despite considerable research on the barriers to enrollment in cancer therapeutic trials, few studies have elicited barriers from the perspective of community physicians, who provide the ma...
Social network analysis and application in research on men having sex with men

Social network analysis is to measure the relations between the study objects and their associated struc-ture.This paper mainly describe the advancement on research methods of social network analysis,and its application on men having sex with men(MSM)populations,and the prospects of social network analysis on dynamic network research,social support and social resources,intervention strategies. Key words: Homosexuality,male; Sexual behavior; Social network
THE PATTERN OF PRIMOGENITURE REVERSAL AS AN EVIDENCE FOR THE UNIFIED NATURE OF GENESIS

The source-critical approach to biblical literature accentuated the diversity of material that constitutes ancient books of the Bible. In the past several decades, however, some scholars shifted their attention to the final canonical and literary composition of the biblical texts. This article will present a piece of evidence for the unity of the book of Genesis as a literary unit. To demonstrate this the author will trace the pattern of primogeniture reversal throughout the whole book. Arguably, the five main pairs (Cain – Abel, Ishmael – Isaac, Esau – Jacob, Reuben – Judah, Joseph, and Manasseh – Ephraim) and the two minor pairs (Leah – Rachel, Zerah – Perez) reflect six narrative features. These are parents’expectations, God’s election, a threat to the younger heir, resolution, promise to the older son, departure of the older brother. The consistent usage of this pattern leads to the conclusion that the author/editor of Genesis carefully constructed the plot of the whole book, not simply incorporated diverse material.
The effect of tosyl lysine chloromethyl ketone on the activity of uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract We report here that the specific activity of UDPG pyrophosphorylase in extracts of D. discoideum amoebae and preculmination-stage cells increases as a function of the length of their exposure to tosyl lysine chloromethyl ketone, an irreversible inhibitor of a number of serine and sulfhydryl proteases. This compound also stabilizes the activity of the enzyme in crude extracts of amoebae. These results can be interpreted, with some assumptions, as evidence in support of the hypothesis that the levels of the enzyme are maintained in D. discoideum by a balance of synthesis and degradation.
Mutant HER2 needs mutant HER3 to be an effective oncogene.

Hanker et al. reveal that co-occurring missense mutations in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and its catalytically inactive homolog HER3 synergize to promote oncogenic signaling by the HER2/HER3 complex.
Methods for the isolation and characterization of constituents of natural products: XVIII. A micro-bisulfite column for extracting aldehydes and certain ketones

Abstract A procedure using a sodium bisulfite-Celite column was modified for extraction of micromole amounts of aldehydes and certain ketones from nonaqueous solution. Quantitative removal of saturated and unsaturatcd normal chain aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes takes place rapidly, but under the same conditions aldehydes branched on the alpha carbon atom fail to extract quantitatively or at all. Acetone, cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone were removed quantitatively hut higher members in both classes were not. Vicinal diketones were extracted quantitatively. A scaled-down version conducted in a melting point capillary and suitable for microliter volumes containing microgram amounts of carbonyls also was tested.
Handbook of Divorce and Relationship Dissolution: M. A. Fine, & J. H. Harvey, (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006. 679 pp., paperback, $75.00

While collaborating on a previous book project, editors Mark A. Fine and John H. Harvey realized that there was not a single source that amassed the extant literature on divorce and relationship di...
Following a 60 day research cruise: teaching remote sensing to K-12 using online daily updates, QuickTime/spl trade/ VR, and 3D simulation

In this paper, some of the components are developed and then current development of interactive enhancements is discussed. A Website was developed first, and acted as a real time venue that enabled the public to follow the day-by-day progress of the research. The CD was an enhancement of the Website and has some objectives. The CD version also included a splash page and explains the plug-ins required to view certain features of the CD which is necessary for both videos and 3D interactive features is Quick Time Player. Cruise Info gave detailed background information on biographies, instrument description, methods explanation, background research information and Thematic Media Galleries. Research information, educational activities, glossary of technical terms are also discussed at K-12 curriculum. The entire project has developed on a very small budget, using part-time in-house, and common off-the-shelf software
Wide temperature range SiGe HBT noise parameter modeling and LNA design for extreme environment Electronics

Summary This paper investigates modeling of silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor noise parameters and impedance-matched Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) intended for operation across a wide temperature range (from 93 to 393 K). In general, noise performance improves with cooling until about 150 K, then degrades some because of carrier freeze-out. With a temperature independent bias current, an LNA designed for 300 K operation shows acceptable performance from 93 to 393 K, albeit with some degradation of linearity below 120 K. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conflict detection and validation strategies for software transactional memory

In a software transactional memory (STM) system, conflict detection is the problem of determining when two transactions cannot both safely commit. Validation is the related problem of ensuring that a transaction never views inconsistent data, which might potentially cause a doomed transaction to exhibit irreversible, externally visible side effects. Existing mechanisms for conflict detection vary greatly in their degree of speculation and their relative treatment of read-write and write-write conflicts. Validation, for its part, appears to be a dominant factor—perhaps the dominant factor—in the cost of complex transactions. We present the most comprehensive study to date of conflict detection strategies, characterizing the tradeoffs among them and identifying the ones that perform the best for various types of workload. In the process we introduce a lightweight heuristic mechanism—the global commit counter—that can greatly reduce the cost of validation and of single-threaded execution. The heuristic also allows us to experiment with mixed invalidation, a more opportunistic interleaving of reading and writing transactions. Experimental results on a 16-processor SunFire machine running our RSTM system indicate that the choice of conflict detection strategy can have a dramatic impact on performance, and that the best choice is workload dependent. In workloads whose transactions rarely conflict, the commit counter does little to help (and can even hurt) performance. For less scalable applications, however—those in which STM performance has traditionally been most problematic—it can improve transaction throughput many fold.
Prospects for Reform: Exploring Effective Health Policymaking in Congress

Health policymaking in Congress is mired in political gridlock. Reforms are far more likely to fail than to succeed, and the path forward is unclear. To reach such conclusions, scholars of health politics tend to analyze major reform proposals one by one to determine why they succeeded or failed and what lessons could be drawn for the future. Taking a different approach, we examine all health policies proposed in the U.S. House of Representatives between 1973 and 2002. We analyze these bills’ fates and the effectiveness of their sponsors in guiding their proposals through Congress. Set against a baseline of policy advancements in other policy areas, we demonstrate that health policymaking is indeed far more gridlocked than policymaking in most other areas. We then isolate some of the causes of this gridlock, as well as the more promising paths forward to health policy reform.
Foreignization, financialization and land grab regulation.

The global rush for land has provoked diverse policy responses from host countries. While some governments are facilitating ‘land grabs’ within their borders, others have restricted land acquisitions by foreigners. Drawing from the Brazilian case, I argue that such restrictive regulations may be limited in their effectiveness because they apply a state-centric geopolitical logic to a threat that is largely de-territorialized and financialized. The Brazilian government reacted to fears about land grabbing by reinstating a legal framework from the 1970s that focuses on the threat that foreigners pose to national sovereignty. This measure dampened international enthusiasm for Brazilian land, but it also triggered companies to begin searching for legal ways to get around the restrictions, often by exploiting the mismatch between the fungibility of global capital and the rigidity of the foreign/domestic dichotomy. I suggest that the semi-permeability of the new restrictions may present an opportunity for the Brazilian government to balance its conflicting commitments to smallholder farmers and export-oriented agribusiness. Regulations focused on foreign threats may be politically effective even as they impose an outdated conceptual framework on a far more complex reality.
Qualitative Problems for Some Hyperbolic Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates qualitative problems for some hyperbolic equations. The chapter begins with discussing the study conducted by A. N. Tikhonov and A. A. Samarskii to investigate a mathematical model for the dynamics of gas absorption. The basic equations describing the dynamics of the gas absorption are described. It is stated that some supplementary conditions have to be imposed on (S) to get a unique solution of that system. The chapter discusses the Darboux–Goursat problem. Such problems were considered for the first time by Riemann, in connection with a representation formula for the solution of Cauchy's problem for hyperbolic (linear) equations. Hyperbolic equations of the form u xt + a ( x , t ) ux + b ( x , t ) u t = c ( x,t,u ) are studied in the chapter. The chapter concludes by stating that the boundedness of solutions can be achieved even under less restrictive assumptions on the data.
Impact Oscillator Model for the Prediction of Dynamic Cushion Curves of Open Cell Foams

Cushion curves enable packaging designers to optimize a design solution for a given product fragility and expected distribution environment drop height. The industry accepted techniques for developing these curves are time intensive and devoid of a physical understanding of the materials and the physics involve in energy absorption. This paper delves into a qualitative understanding of the dynamics of a platen impacting an open cell foam cushion material. An hyperelastic material model is used to describe the foam's nonlinear stress–strain relationship, while its damping and hysteretic behaviour are represented with linear viscoelasticity. Using a simple nonlinear, discontinuous model of a drop test along with numerical simulations, the study examines the physics of the impact. The numerical studies show that the model is able to provide predictions of the shock pulse's shape, duration and amplitude at various static stresses and drop heights. The dynamic cushion curves generated by the model retain the characteristic concave upward ‘trough’ shape of the experimental curves. Furthermore, the model shows that the optimal amplitude of shock absorbed for a given set of drop conditions depends on the foam's thickness and cross-sectional area. Lastly, the model is validated using the comparison of a predicted curve and experimental data captured using a cushion tester. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship Between Habitual Physical Activity and Isometric Peak Torque of Knee Extensors and Plantar Flexors of Older Men and Women

. -----------------The purposes of this study were to examine the relationship between physical activity level (PAL) and isometric peak torque (PT) of the knee extensor (KE) and ankle plantar flexor (PF) muscles of people 51 to 90 years of age, and to examine changes in PAL and PT by decade of age for men and women. Isometric PT of the KE and PF was measured using the Minnesota System for Isometric Muscle Strength (SIMS). Seventy-nine healthy subjects (39 men and 40 women) were tested. PT decreased as age increased. The correlation between PAL and PT was significant for both muscle groups for all 79 subjects. The women showed a progressive decline in both PAL and PT. The PAL of men changed very little until the age of 80, and decreased rapidly between the 8th and 9th decades of life. PT appeared to gradually decrease up to age 80 and decline more rapidly
Generalized sensitization using fault tuples

Fault tuples have introduced a fault model independent methodology for digital circuit test analysis. However, the {0, 1, X} algebra currently used with fault tuples allows only one form of path sensitization. The sensitization options for fault tuples is enhanced based on a 5-value algebra. The 5-value algebra enables a more detailed test analysis through the selection of one of three types of sensitization. Simulation experiments performed using the ITC'99 benchmark circuits for transition and path delay faults reveal that faults can be simultaneously analyzed under different types of sensitization criteria with little increase in memory and CPU time.
Oesophagostomum columbianum: experimental infections in lambs. Effects of different types of exposure on the intestinal lesions.

The effects of different types of exposure upon the host-parasite relationship of O. columbianum in young lambs is considered. Most histotropic larvae leave the mucosa of the small intestine between the 5th and 9th days following initial infections but are retained longer if there has been prior infection.The main lesion of the disease is associated with vast accumulations of eosinophils around histotropic 4th stage larvae, or in tunnels left by the larvae as they move through the various tissues of the intestine. Necrotic masses of eosinophils eventually become encapsulated to form the characteristic nodules.Nodular lesions are much more pronounced in the small intestines if there has been prior exposure. Host response in the large intestine is similar regardless of prior infection. Likewise, histotropic larvae enter and remain for weeks or months in the wall of the large intestine regardless of prior exposure.
Systemic reactions associated with subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy: timing and risk assessment.

Background Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) is associated with risk of systemic reaction. Although risk factors have been identified, the incidence of immunotherapy-related systemic reactions has not changed in recent years. Objectives To examine patterns of systemic reaction and determine whether risk of systemic reaction from SCIT is associated with patterns of response to skin tests to inhalant allergens recorded before receiving SCIT. Methods We carried out a retrospective review from January 2001 to December 2007. Patterns of systemic reaction from immunotherapy were examined. Cases were matched with controls by age (±10 years), sex, and time of injection (±1 week) to determine whether a pattern of more than 33% 3+ and 4+ skin test responses is associated with elevated risk for systemic reaction. Results Rate of systemic reaction from SCIT was 0.28% (46/16,375) per injection visit. Twenty patients had 46 systemic reactions. All severe reactions occurred within 30 minutes. The estimated odds of systemic reaction were almost 6 times higher for patients with more than 33% 3 to 4+ positive skin tests (OR = 5.83; 95%CI: 1.23–27.59, P = .026). For each additional 4+ skin test, the estimated odds for systemic reaction increased by 17% ( P = .020). Conclusions A small number of patients receiving SCIT account for a large proportion of systemic reactions. Skin test patterns demonstrating a greater number of larger skin tests responses to inhalant skin testing are associated with significantly elevated risk for systemic reaction in patients receiving SCIT.
Stereoselective synthesis of a pyridoxamine coenzyme-amino acid chimera: Assembly of a polypeptide incorporating the pyridoxamine moiety

Abstract The stereoselective synthesis of ( S )-2-amino- N α -(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-3-( α 4 ,3- O - bis - tert -butoxycarbonylpyridoxamin-5-yl)propanoic acid ( 4 ) was accomplished from pyridoxamine dihydrochloride. A key step is the stereoselective alkylation of (−)pseudoephedrine glycinamide with the pyridoxamine bromide 7 . Amenability of the amino acid derivative 4 to solid phase methodology was demonstrated by its incorporation into a synthetic hexapeptide. Critical to the orthogonal protection of the pyridoxamine moiety is the in situ acetylation of the C3-hydroxyl group during peptide assembly.
A self-retaining retractor for the maze procedure.

Most surgical approaches for cure of atrial fibrillation require exposure of the pulmonary vein orifices and the posterior left atrium. Visualization of the left pulmonary veins and posterior left atrium is challenging, particularly in patients with left atrial enlargement. The maze procedure includes incisions that isolate the pulmonary veins, excise the left atrial appendage, and connect the pulmonary vein encircling incision to the mitral annulus. Recent modifications of the maze procedure recreate some or all of these lesions by using alternative energy sources that include microwave, radiofrequency, cryothermy, and laser sources. A new set of specially designed atrial retractor blades that affix to a standard sternal retractor attachment was designed to expose the pulmonary vein orifices and the posterior left atrium (Kapp Surgical, Cleveland, Ohio, and Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, Minn).
Estimation of Free Radical Ionization Energies by the Kinetic Method and the Relationship between the Kinetic Method and the Hammett Equation.

Substituted 1,2-diphenylethanes undergo competitive dissociations upon electron ionization (EI) to generate substituted benzyl cation and benzyl radical pairs. Application of the kinetic method to the previous reported EI mass spectra of these covalently bound precursor ions (data are taken from McLafferty et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 6867)) is used to estimate the ionization energies of substituted benzyl free radicals. A correlation is observed between the Hammett σ constant of the substituents and the kinetic method parameter, ln(kx/kH), where kx is the rate of fragmentation to give the substituted product ion and kH is the rate to give the benzyl ion itself. Systems involving weakly bound cluster ions, including proton-bound dimers of meta- and para-substituted pyridines and meta- and para-substituted anilines, and electron-bound dimers of meta- and para-substituted nitrobenzenes, also show good correlations between the kinetic method parameter and the Hammett σ constant.
One-directional 3D-SiC MESFET for high power applications

A one-directional 3D normally-on SiC MESFET, suitable for safe multi-KW/cm2 power applications, is designed and analyzed using the numerical analysis simulator, Silvaco Atlas. The analyses show that the drain current is a 100% higher than a surface device with the same dimensions, while occupying less than 33% of the area. At gate voltage of 0V, the drain current reaches 600 mA/mm with a breakdown voltage greater than 600V. The proposed vertical structure allows for more efficient heat dissipation and can be easily connected in parallel to provide power of more than 10 kW/cm2.
Efferent projections of the sexually dimorphic area of the gerbil hypothalamus: Anterograde identification and retrograde verification in males and females

Outputs of the sexually dimorphic area (SDA) of the gerbil hypothalamus were identified by injecting Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the medial or lateral SDA (mSDA, ISDA) in males and females. They were verified by injecting Fluoro-Gold or rhodamine-labeled beads into over half the areas that contained labeled fibers. Both anterograde and retrograde tracing showed that the mSDA and ISDA project to many of the same sites but often to differing degrees. The mSDA projects more heavily than the ISDA to many of their forebrain targets including the ventral part of the lateral septal nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial tuberal area, and the anteroventral periventricular, arcuate, ventromedial and ventral premammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus. The ISDA projects more heavily than the mSDA to many of their mid- and hindbrain targets including the caudal, ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray, the retrorubral field, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. In many other areas of the brain, the projections of the mSDA and ISDA are similar in size. These areas include the substantia innominata, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, the anterior amygdela, the posterior hypothalamus, the reuniens and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus, and the pontine periaqueductal gray lateral to the fourth ventricle. The SDA pars compacta (SDApc), a small cell group embedded in the mSDA of males, projects to many fewer areas than the surrounding mSDA. It was strongly labeled when retrograde tracers were injected into the encapsulated part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, or the mSDA. It was also labeled from the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, the caudal part of the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the ISDA, the area lateral to the mSDA, the arcuate nucleus, the ventral premammillary nucleus, and the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Nothing resembling an SDApc was identified during retrograde tracing in females. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimal control of orbital transfer vehicles

During the past two decades, considerable research effort has been spent to convincingly prove that the use of aerodynamic forces to assist in the orbital transfer can significantly reduce the fuel consumption as compared to the pure propulsive mode. Since in this aeroassisted mode, preliminary maneuvers in the vacuum effect the resulting performance in the atmospheric phase, and vice versa, the two, space and atmospheric maneuvers, are, to a great extent, coupled. This paper summarizes, via optimal control theory, the fundamental results in the problem of orbital transfer using combined propulsive and aerodynamic forces. For the atmospheric phase, the use of Chapman's variables reduced the number of the physical characteristics of the vehicle and the atmosphere to a minimum and hence allows a better generalization of the results. The paper concludes with some illustrative examples.