cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Full Voltage Starting Method of High-power Asynchronous Motor Considering Electromagnetic Transient Process

In accordance with existing problems in the starting of large asynchronous motors,we proposed a full-voltage starting method for high-power asynchronous motors by taking electromagnetic transient process into consideration.The method balances the mechanical and electromagnetic physical quantities dynamically during the starting process of induction motors,which makes large induction motors to start rapidly and smoothly while taking starting torque,starting current,and thermal entropy into account.The principle and control strategy of the method was also described.On the basis of analyzing mechanical and electromagnetic transient characteristics of the starting process of induction motors,a mathematical model in which electromagnetic transient processes of full-voltage starting system of large induction motors which were taken into consideration was established.Moreover,numerical simulation experiments of starting three-phase large induction motors were performed in Matlab/Simulink.The experimental results show that the proposed method can ensure enough electromagnetic torque for dragging the load and starting quickly and smoothly,while restraining the starting impact current and bus voltage fluctuations.Compared with soft starting methods,the proposed method decreases the starting time and thermal entropy increment of stator windings by about 90%,and has excellent starting characteristics while taking the starting current,starting torque and energy consumption into consideration.
PURIFICATION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS RECOVERED FROM THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAMS FOR INFRARED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS.

An application of the Folch washing procedure for the removal of contaminants from phospholipid classes recovered from thin-layer chromatograms is described. The infrared spectra from the purified phospholipids are satisfactory for identification. The pattern of the major milk phospholipids separated on a thin-layer plate is presented.
Pot-In-Pot Production and Cyclic Irrigation Influence Growth and Irrigation Efficiency of ‘Okame’ Cherries

Abstract -------------------, A study was conducted with Prunus x incamp 'Okame' to evaluate the effects of a pot-in-pot production system (PIP) compared to a conventional above-ground system (CAG) and cyclic irrigation on plant growth and water loss. Plants were grown in #7 (26 liter) containers with a pinebark:sand (8: 1 by vol) substrate. Cyclic irrigation provided the same total volume of water, but was applied one, three, or four times per day. Final plant height and stem diameter, shoot and root dry weight, total biomass, and rootshoot ratio all increased for plants grown pot-in-pot compared to above-ground. Multiple irrigation cycles increased stem diameter, shoot dry weight and total biomass compared to a single irrigation application. Multiple irrigation cycles also decreased the rootshoot ratio. Mean daily water loss (plant transpiration + evaporative loss from the substrate) was influenced by production system, irrigation, and date. Mean daily water loss was 30% higher for pot-in-pot grown plants compared to above-ground. Cyclic irrigation resulted in a two-fold decrease in average leachate volume and a 27% increase in overall irrigation application efficiency compared to a single application. Production system had no affect on leachate volume or irrigation application efficiency. Substrate pH increased when cyclic irrigation was used. Production system and irrigation had no affect on soluble salts. Nitrate-N concentrations were less in the leachate of plants grown pot-in-pot compared to above-ground. Index words: pot-in-pot production, cyclic irrigation, production systems, water use efficiency.
Long-Term Tillage, Cover Crop, and Nitrogen Rate Effects on Cotton: Plant Growth and Yield Components

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield is influenced by tillage, cover crop, and N fertility, but the plant growth and yield component responses related to these yield responses have not been well defined. A field study was conducted from 1991 through 2001 on Gigger silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Fragidaulf) to determine the long-term effects of tillage practices, cover crops, and N fertilization rates on cotton growth and yield components. Cotton was grown continuously without tillage (no-till) or with surface tillage (surface till) following annual winter cover crops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), and volunteer winter vegetation in plots receiving fertilizer N rates of 0, 39, 78, 118, or 159 kg ha -1 . Tillage practice, cover crop, and N rate significantly affected cotton plant height, main-stem node number, number of nodes above white flower (NAWF), main-stem internode length, lint fraction, percentage first harvest, individual boll weight, and boll number per square meter. Increases in lint yields were associated with increases in plant height (r = 0.73 to 0.95), node number (r = 0.71 to 0.83), internode length (r = 0.44 to 0.91), NAWF (r = 0.65 to 0.90), boll weight (r = 0.12 to 0.86), and boll number per square meter (r = 0.91 to 0.93). Lint fraction showed no association or, in some years, a negative association with lint yield (r = -0.12 to -0.70). No-till management and optimal N rate improved the environment for plant growth, which enhanced several growth parameters and yield components that were associated with increases in yield.
Money and cognitive complexity

And Mony (of what manner soever syned by the Sovereign of a Common-wealth) is a sufficient measure of the valuye of all things else [beyond gold and silver], between the Subjects of that Common-wealth. … In so far as this Concoction is, as it were, the Sanguinifcation of the Common-wealth; for naturall Bloud is in like manner made of the fruits of the earth; and circulating, nourisheth, by the way, every Member of the Bod of Man . Thomas Hobbes , Leviathan In this chapter and the next I will focus on money. There are sound economic and psychological reasons for this focus. The economic reason for this attention to money, which Schumpeter said was “exalted” by the capitalist system, is that money is the medium for executing the market's central function: coordinating economic activity. The very concept of a self -regulating market requires monetary feedback, and the market's network of transactions depends upon the information that money prices provide. The coordinating function of the market would not work without it. But it is the cognitive function that is of concern here. Whereas the concept of cognitive development employed in the previous chapters means the growing capacities of the mind to cope with increasingly complex events, cognitive facilitation means the removal of concepts or circumstances that inhibit such development and the use of conceptual technology that permits people to think more clearly about their problems. Money may contribute to cognitive development; I think it does, but it is primarily an instrument of cognitive facilitation, a tool for thinking, and, as we shall see, money may also be a fetter that constrains clear thinking.
Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2002

Mr. President, members and guests: Thank you for selecting me as the recipient of the 2001 MSA award; this is a great honor bestowed by a great organization. There are several awards for junior scientists in the earth sciences and all deserve respect, but the MSA award is special to me. It is one of the oldest and most full of tradition, and many of its recipients are my role models, colleagues, and friends. I am naturally honored to be added to their ranks. In fact, when I looked back at the list of previous recipients my only thought was that I have a way to go before I’m really in their league. Of course, the mission of junior scientist awards is to encourage their recipients to live up to their potential. I’ll certainly try my best, and I thank you again for using it on me. …
Challenges in building continuous smartphone sensing applications

Continuous (24/7) smartphone sensing applications are on the rise, especially in the field of health and wellness, e.g., to monitor physical activity, to quickly detect emergencies (e.g., falls), and to provide various context-specific services and tools. Smartphones are able to monitor a large array of human activities and patterns, including a user's mobility, physical activities, social interactions, mobile app usage, or communication events. However, building smartphone sensing applications that operate reliably and efficiently on a continuous basis is challenging. Specifically, in this paper, we describe our experience with building a sensing service for the iOS platform, that has been running on more than 400 devices continuously for more than 9 months to date. We present and discuss a variety of technical and non-technical obstacles and challenges and how they were addressed.
Demonstration of qubit operations below a rigorous fault tolerance threshold with gate set tomography

Quantum information processors promise fast algorithms for problems inaccessible to classical computers. But since qubits are noisy and error-prone, they will depend on fault-tolerant quantum error correction (FTQEC) to compute reliably. Quantum error correction can protect against general noise if—and only if—the error in each physical qubit operation is smaller than a certain threshold. The threshold for general errors is quantified by their diamond norm. Until now, qubits have been assessed primarily by randomized benchmarking, which reports a different error rate that is not sensitive to all errors, and cannot be compared directly to diamond norm thresholds. Here we use gate set tomography to completely characterize operations on a trapped-Yb+-ion qubit and demonstrate with greater than 95% confidence that they satisfy a rigorous threshold for FTQEC (diamond norm ≤6.7 × 10−4). Quantum computation will depend on fault-tolerant error correction, which requires the chance for errors to occur to be below a certain threshold. Here the authors use gate set tomography as a means to rigorously characterize error rates of single-qubit operations of a qubit encoded in a trapped ion.
Predicting social response to infectious disease outbreaks from internet-based news streams

Infectious disease outbreaks often have consequences beyond human health, including concern among the population, economic instability, and sometimes violence. A warning system capable of anticipating social disruptions resulting from disease outbreaks is urgently needed to help decision makers prepare appropriately. We designed a system that operates in near real-time to identify and predict social response. Over 150,000 Internet-based news articles related to outbreaks of 16 diseases in 72 countries and territories were provided by HealthMap. These articles were automatically tagged with indicators of the disease activity and population reaction. An anomaly detection algorithm was implemented on the population reaction indicators to identify periods of unusually severe social response. Then a model was developed to predict the probability of these periods of unusually severe social response occurring in the coming week, 2 and 3 weeks. This model exhibited remarkably strong performance for diseases with substantial media coverage. For country-disease pairs with a median of 20 or more articles per year, the onset of social response in the next week was correctly predicted over 60% of the time, and 87% of weeks were correctly predicted. Performance was weaker for diseases with little media coverage, and, for these diseases, the main utility of our system is in identifying social response when it occurs, rather than predicting when it will happen in the future. Overall, the developed near real-time prediction approach is a promising step toward developing predictive models to inform responders of the likely social consequences of disease spread.
Customers' perceptions of employee engagement: fortifying the service-profit chain.

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the three dimensions of employee engagement: dedication, energy, and absorption from the customer’s perspective. The service–profit chain (SPC) and employee behavior that promotes customer satisfaction and loyalty were examined. The results revealed that certain aspects of employee engagement are more readily perceived by consumers and more likely to promote customer satisfaction and loyalty. Findings showed that energy and dedication combined were most likely to foster feelings of satisfaction and loyalty among hospitality patrons. From a theoretical perspective, the study contributes to the literature by enhancing the SPC, revealing new insight into employee engagement, and linking employee engagement to positive consumer outcomes. Hospitality industry professionals may find that employee engagement benefits the customers’ perceptions of the establishment, ultimately increasing profitability. This study utilizes the SPC in the hospitality context and proposes a new link i...
Transdermal Delivery of Peptides and Proteins by Physical Methods

Delivery of peptides and proteins is critical for their clinical applications. Oral administration of these molecules is not feasible due to degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Peptides and proteins are, hence, conventionally administered by the parenteral route. Transdermal route offers a good alternative for parenteral delivery of proteins resulting in improved patient compliance. However, due to their size and hydrophilicity, peptides and proteins are unable to permeate through the skin. To overcome the skin barrier, various physical enhancement techniques such as microporation, iontophoresis, sonophoresis, electroporation, and jet injectors have been investigated. These techniques enabling transdermal delivery of peptides and proteins will be discussed in this book chapter.
Estimating the Value of a Unitization Law for Shale Gas

Horizontal drilling together with hydraulic fracturing has become a very effective mechanism for the extraction of natural gas in several shale plays in the United States. Efficient horizontal drilling, however, generally requires operating in a “unit,” across the property of numerous landowners. If a particular landowner, however, is unwilling to allow drilling below their property, the result can be harm to both to the producing company and to other landowners in the unit. To address this problem, most major oil and nature gas states, with the exception of Pennsylvania, have unitization statutes. We examine the impact of such laws by looking the recent Emersyn matter from the state of Ohio. We estimate that the unitization ordered by the State of Ohio greatly increased the potential recoverable product from the proposed unit. Just as importantly, it more than proportionally increased the profits to the producer and royalty owners. Our results also show that the break-even production price is very sensitive to whether or not forced unitization is available to the producer. At least two policy issues arise from this analysis. First, the rationale for unitization is not clear in all circumstances. In the Emersyn matter, the State of Ohio required access to property rights, even though not allowing such access would not have “stranded” any other landowners, and where the party in question was a sophisticated producer, rather than a landowner. Second, there appears to be no guidance for setting reimbursements to property owners who are forced to allow producers access to their property.
Chemical Hand Warmer Packet Ingestion: A Case of Elemental Iron Exposure

For individuals who work outdoors in the winter or play winter sports, chemical hand warmers are becoming increasingly more commonplace because of their convenience and effectiveness. A 32-year-old woman with a history of chronic pain and bipolar disorder presented to the emergency department complaining of a "warm sensation" in her mouth and epigastrium after reportedly ingesting the partial contents of a chemical hand warmer packet containing between 5 and 8 g of elemental iron. She had been complaining of abdominal pain for approximately 1 month and was prescribed unknown antibiotics the previous day. The patient denied ingestion of any other product or medication other than what was prescribed. A serum iron level obtained approximately 6 hours after ingestion measured 235 micrograms/dL (reference range 40-180 micrograms/dL). As the patient demonstrated no new abdominal complaints and no evidence of systemic iron toxicity, she was discharged uneventfully after education. However, the potential for significant iron toxicity exists depending on the extent of exposure to this or similar products. Treatment for severe iron toxicity may include fluid resuscitation, whole bowel irrigation, and iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine. Physicians should become aware of the toxicity associated with ingestion of commercially available hand warmers. Consultation with a medical toxicologist is recommended.
Announcement and Description of the Journal of Chemical Education Editor-in-Chief Position

The Board of Publication of the Division of Chemical Education announces the opening of a search for the ninth Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Chemical Education. The Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Chemical Education is responsible for all aspects of its publication either directly or cooperatively through the copublication agreement with the American Chemical Society Publications Division. This announcement describes the Editor-in-Chief position and its responsibilities, the associated editorial support staff, and the application procedure.
Intercultural Dialogue: in Search of Harmony in Diversity

In response to our current era of tremendous political and cultural discord, injustice, and violence, Edward Demenchonok offers a dialogic examination of the role that philosophic analysis and expl...
Individual tree segmentation from a leaf-off photogrammetric point cloud

The proliferation of small unmanned aerial vehicles and structure from motion photogrammetry provides simple, repeatable, and inexpensive techniques for creating high-resolution aerial imagery and ...
Version Control Graphical Interface for Open OnDemand

Use of high performance computing (HPC) clusters is challenging for the average researcher who is not familiar with the necessary tools such as the Linux operating system and job management software. Of those using HPC systems, the majority are not trained specifically in computer programming. Nearly 70% of users on the NSF-funded XSEDE system are in fields other than computer science and computing science. The graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that most users rely on for common software on personal computers are typically not available on HPCs. The Ohio Supercomputer Center has addressed these issues through the development of an open source, web-based GUI called Open OnDemand. Because it is open source, administrators are free to deploy it on their own systems, and developers are free to enhance it. To improve workforce development and diversity, we sought to: (1) install Open OnDemand on a private cluster and (2) develop a custom add-on module for version control of HPC application software. We successfully installed and configured Open OnDemand for a private cluster at Case Western Reserve University in order to evaluate the difficulty level of deployment. Despite our lack of experience in HPC system administration, the installation process was straight forward due to a streamlined installer package and thorough documentation. In order to evaluate the extensibility of Open OnDemand, we developed a custom web-based interface for use of the popular Git version control system. Version control tools are important in maintaining software by easily tracking and accessing file changes in both single- and multi-developer projects. Our module successfully integrates with the existing Open OnDemand interface and provides common version control operations that can be used during typical HPC workflows. It is our hope that making version control software easier to use will encourage HPC users to adopt the use of version control into their own workflows to improve productivity and repeatability. Source code for the app will be made available on the author's github site.
Adaptive Error Control Coding at Datalink Layer

Reliable on-chip communication in a multi-ore system-on-chip is one of the most important challenges [1–3]. Networks-on-chip (NoCs) have been proposed to facilitate on-chip communication [4–6]. Within this framework, many coding methods have been examined to handle transient errors in NoC links [6–14]. These works typically assume that the probability of error is very low and use simple error detection codes combined with retransmission to save energy [7,8,15]. Unfortunately, as technology scales deep into the nanometer regime, on-chip communication becomes more susceptible to increased crosstalk, external radiation and spurious voltage spikes than before; thus, the number of erroneous bits per flit (flow control unit) is expected to increase [16–18]. As a result, more powerful codes are needed to provide improved error resilience against multi-bit errors.
The Detection of Potential Genetic Hazards in Complex Environmental Mixtures Using Plant Cytogenetics and Microbial Mutagenesis Assays

The recent realization that industrial effluents and wastes could pose health hazards to future generations has led to considerable research on the health effects of these substances and to efforts to regulate their release. The Research Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) specifically addresses the potential health and environmental hazards of solid wastes. Evaluation of long-term consequences of exposure to the huge number of potentially hazardous compounds and complex mixtures would tax the scientific community’s whole-animal testing capabilities. Therefore, many short-term bioassays have been developed to rapidly screen compounds for toxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity. It is hoped that these short-term tests will predict lealth hazards early in the development of new technologies, allowing technological changes to be made at early stages, and resulting in timely whole-animal testing where screening indicates potential hazards. Time and money should thus be saved in both technological development and biological testing.
The training of professional film workers in Europe

WHAT the technical, artistic, and communicative qualities of the motion picture will be 20 years from now may well depend upon what is happening in a dozen or more schools and institutes in various parts of the world where hundreds of young film makers are being trained today. In the United States, colleges and universities have been slowly expanding their programs for the training of both professional and nonprofessional film makers,' although Hollywood has only recently become seriously interested in professional training of film workers at the university level.2 In Europe, state schools of cinema have been in operation for some years, and professional training in motion picture production has become a matter of national concern. The impetus for such training on the Continent came somewhat earlier than in our country for several reasons. First, while in the United States, pioneers like Griffith and Chaplin were making film history, Europeans like Pudovkin and Rotha were also writing about it, building a set of classic principles which could be transmitted, developing a "language of film" which could be effectively taught. While the entire energies of American film producers were going into production, a group of European film makers like L'Herbier in France, Eisenstein in the Soviet
A twenty-two-year experience with Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy in a US pediatric tertiary care center 1996-2018

Abstract Background The rate of systemic reactions (SRs) to venom immunotherapy (VIT) in children has not been well evaluated. Objective To evaluate the rate of SRs to VIT in pediatric patients age 5 to 18 years who were treated with a standard protocol. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify patients who received VIT at Boston Children's Hospital from 1996 through 2018. Information on venom testing, severity of reaction to insect field sting, and SRs to VIT were retrieved. Results A total of 78 patients were included. Most had moderate to severe reactions to insect sting before VIT. The rate of SRs was 0.2% of injection visits, occurring in 9% of patients. The SRs from VIT were mild (mostly grade 1 and some grade 2), and no grades 3, 4, or 5 reactions were seen. Male sex was a significant risk factor for moderate to severe reactions to insect sting. Positive testing to vespinae was seen in 98.7% of patients, and none had exclusive sensitivity to honeybee. The severity of the initial, pre-VIT insect sting reactions in our patients did not correlate with the occurrence of SRs from VIT. Twenty-seven percent of the patients were subsequently stung while on VIT. Only 1 patient (5%) had a mild SR, while all others had only local or no reaction at all. Conclusion In the largest US study evaluating the safety of VIT in children, SRs to VIT were mild, and none required epinephrine. Male sex was significantly associated with higher risk of moderate to severe reactions to insect sting. Larger multicenter studies are needed to further evaluate the rate of SRs to VIT in pediatric patients.
Ectopic pituitary adenomas: common presentations of a rare entity

Ectopic pituitary adenomas (EPA) are rare tumors thought to arise from embryological remnants along the route of normal pituitary migration. Clinically, these tumors vary in hormonal activity and can exert mass effect based on location and size. We performed a single-center retrospective analysis of patients with diagnosis of ectopic pituitary adenoma from 2001 to 2018. Five patients were identified with EPA: a 48-year-old woman with suprasellar EPA treated with transsphenoidal removal of the tumor, a 44-year-old woman with cavernous EPA treated with transsphenoidal removal of the tumor, a 48-year-old woman with sphenoid EPA treated with cabergoline, a 45-year-old man with clival EPA treated with cabergoline and transsphenoidal surgical resection, and a 54-year-old man with clival EPA treated with cabergoline therapy. EPA should be considered as a differential diagnosis of juxta-sellar lesions. Appropriate hormonal testing may lead to early diagnosis, avoidance of unnecessary biopsy or surgery, and improved outcomes.
Associative binding in early childhood: Evidence from a preferential looking paradigm

Relational memory processes are responsible for forming representations that bind together the co-occurring elements of an experience. These processes provide a foundation of episodic memory, the capacity to remember specific events about one's past. In the present research, we used a visual comparison paradigm to determine whether toddlers can form memories for the relation between co-occurring items. In Experiment 1, 66 2-year-olds viewed pairs of cartoon faces (AB; CD) and did not show a significant novelty preference for the violated associations (i.e., did not look longer at AD rearranged pair than old AB pair when exposed to AD-AB). However, toddlers looked longest at the individual face (i.e., D) violating a studied pair, which appeared to be supported by visual preference for centrally located stimuli. In Experiment 2, 46 2-year-olds participated in a similar procedure, but faces violating the pair during test were located to the periphery (e.g., AB-AC). Under these conditions, toddlers looked longer at recombined pair AC. Overall, our results show that toddlers show some ability to make item-item associations but may need to overcome preferential looking biases to demonstrate this capacity. Furthermore, looking behaviors beyond overall novelty preference may be informative even when overall novelty preference is not found.
Homework Works at School: National Evidence for Policy Changes

The report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education was quite critical of homework practices in U.S. high schools, and recommended increasing homework requirements as a means of improv...
Reward Responsiveness in Suicide Attempters: An Electroencephalography/Event-Related Potential Study.

Abstract Background The present study aimed to objectively examine the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) subconstructs of reward anticipation and initial response to reward in adult suicide attempters, compared with nonattempters, using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) within the context of the RDoC–recommended experimental paradigms for these subconstructs. Methods Participants had either a history of at least 1 suicide attempt (n = 30) or no history of attempting suicide (n = 30). They completed diagnostic interviews, self-report questionnaires, and 2 computer-based tasks—the monetary incentive delay task and the doors task—during which continuous EEG was recorded. Temporospatial principal component analysis was used to isolate each of the ERP components of interest from other temporally or spatially overlapping components. Exploratory time-frequency analyses were also conducted to supplement the ERP analyses. Results Suicide attempters, compared with nonattempters, exhibited specific deficits in reward anticipation (i.e., blunted cue-P3 ERP during the monetary incentive delay task) and in initial response to reward (i.e., reduced feedback-related delta power in the gain condition of the doors task). These results were at least partially independent of current symptoms or diagnoses of depression and anxiety. Conclusions These findings constitute an important step in obtaining a more fine-grained understanding of the specific reward-related abnormalities that might contribute to suicide risk.
Chapter 136 – Insectivorous Plants

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses insectivorous plants. Plant carnivory is a rarity, occurring in only about 550–600 out of approximately 250,000 plant species. The carnivorous plant habitat is typically low in nitrogen and phosphorus and, as suggested by some reports, in potassium as well. In this sort of habitat, plants that have alternative strategies for obtaining essential minerals are at a competitive advantage. The capture of insects and other animals thus provides carnivorous plants with a supplemental source of essential nutrients. In the vast majority of carnivorous plants, the trap represents a modification of the entire leaf or of structures borne on the leaf. Given this rather straightforward requirement of a trap, it should be easy enough to characterize a plant as carnivorous, or not. However, the picture is not so simple: many plants can trap insects yet are not considered to be carnivorous. What truly distinguishes a plant as carnivorous is not only a trapping ability but also a mechanism to digest prey and to absorb the prey's nutrients.
A Young Woman with Thrombocytosis

The diagnostic approach to thrombocytosis involves consideration of reactive, hereditary, and neoplastic causes. Once reactive causes of thrombocytosis, such as iron deficiency, infections, solid tumors, and other obvious causes such as post-splenectomy thrombocytosis, have been ruled out, the focus shifts to myeloid malignancies, such as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the classic Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), essential thrombocythemia (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PMF), polycythemia vera (PV), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with isolated deletion 5q and the rare MDS/MPN "overlap" syndrome, MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts, and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T).
Regulatory mechanisms of tau protein fibrillation under the conditions of liquid–liquid phase separation

One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and several other neurodegenerative disorders is the aggregation of tau protein into fibrillar structures. Building on recent reports that tau readily undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), here we explored the relationship between disease-related mutations, LLPS, and tau fibrillation. Our data demonstrate that, in contrast to previous suggestions, pathogenic mutations within the pseudorepeat region do not affect tau441's propensity to form liquid droplets. LLPS does, however, greatly accelerate formation of fibrillar aggregates, and this effect is especially dramatic for tau441 variants with disease-related mutations. Most important, this study also reveals a previously unrecognized mechanism by which LLPS can regulate the rate of fibrillation in mixtures containing tau isoforms with different aggregation propensities. This regulation results from unique properties of proteins under LLPS conditions, where total concentration of all tau variants in the condensed phase is constant. Therefore, the presence of increasing proportions of the slowly aggregating tau isoform gradually lowers the concentration of the isoform with high aggregation propensity, reducing the rate of its fibrillation. This regulatory mechanism may be of direct relevance to phenotypic variability of tauopathies, as the ratios of fast and slowly aggregating tau isoforms in brain varies substantially in different diseases.
Profiling the heroic leader: Empirical lessons from combat-decorated veterans of World War II

Abstract How is heroism related to leadership? A survey of 526 World War II combat veterans suggests leadership, loyalty, and risk-taking are three differentiating dimensions of combat-decorated heroism. The results also show that the relative strength of these dimensions varies between those who were eager to enlist (eager heroes) versus those who were drafted or otherwise reluctant to enlist (reluctant heroes). A second study of West Point Cadets and civilians supports the notion that the leadership exhibited by heroes is more strongly associated with transformative leadership than with transactional leadership. These findings offer two contributions. Conceptually, these profiles in heroism can help us better understand leadership in crisis situations. Operationally, these profiles may aid recruiters of soldiers, fire fighters, police officers, and rescue workers by knowing what characteristics in potential employees might best reflect the potential for heroic leadership.
Is Formal Lifelong Learning a Profitable Investment for All of Life? How Age, Education Level, and Flexibility of Provision Affect Rates of Return to Adult Education in Colombia

Lifelong learning is increasingly being recognized as a primary factor for knowledge diffusion and productivity growth. However, little economic evidence exists on the economic value of lifelong learning for the individual, especially in developing countries. This paper contributes to remedy this shortfall. It investigates one aspect of lifelong learning: returns to formal education across ages. In the absence of long-term longitudinal data, the paper estimates rates of return for simulated re-entry into the education system. The estimations use the method of internal rate of return and are based on observed education-age-earnings profiles from the Colombian national household survey. It finds that rates of return to all levels of education are only slightly smaller for 35 year olds than for young people, thus confirming the profitability of investment in adult education. Tertiary education continues to attract a positive return until late in life, 45-50 years, whereas the economic value of re-entering primary and secondary education is positive up till the age of 40-45. So, formal lifelong learning seems to remain a profitable investment for at least half of life. But lack of part-time work, high tuition fees, and prolonged study time reduce the return. The findings suggest that adult formal education initiatives should focus on the 20 to 40 year olds and be designed flexibly to allow learners to work part time.
Ergonomic Process Improvement for Mapping Risk and Identifying Key Interventions for Eliminating Injuries from Needles and Sharps in the OR

The risk of a needle stick or sharps injury in the operating room (OR) is high due to conditions such as minimal physical protective measures, frequent transfer of sharps, and reliance on human att...
Silacycle-Templated Intramolecular Diels-Alder Cyclizations for the Diastereoselective Construction of Complex Carbon Skeletons.

The utility of the dioxasiline ring as a π-facial directing group in the intramolecular Diels–Alder cyclization is explored. An initial investigation of substrate scope demonstrates that the rigidi...
Divergence of Opinion, Arbitrage Costs and Stock Returns

In this paper we examine how divergence of opinion affect cross-sectional asset returns for different stocks with different arbitrage costs by employing a new proxy for divergence of opinion. We generalize Tauchen and Pitts’ (1983) wellknown Mixture of Distribution Hypothesis (MDH), which links asset volume and volatility in a way that derives a proxy for divergence of opinion among all individual investors. This new measure is a more reliable proxy for divergence of opinion among all individual investors than the existing proxies such as dispersion in analysts’ earnings forecasts and turnover. We then use this measure of divergence of opinion in an empirical asset pricing analysis. In particular, we incorporate the crucial role of divergence of opinion in the determination of cross-sectional asset returns, establishing that when divergence of opinion is high, stock prices tend to be biased upwardly, resulting in lower future returns. These effects are especially pronounced for stocks with higher arbitrage costs including idiosyncratic risks, ∗I would like to thank my dissertation committee, Francis X. Diebold (chairperson), Gregory Kordas, Craig MacKinlay, Frank Schorfheide and Yihong Xia for their comments. I also thank Nicolae Garleanu, Petra Todd and Clara Vega, as well as participants at the econometrics seminar in University of Georgia and University of Pennsylvania for helpful discussion. I greatly appreciate Robert Stambaugh’s generosity in giving me his aggregate liquidity data. Please address correspondence to Ginger Wu, Department of Banking and Finance, University of Georgia, 443 Brooks Hall, Athens, GA 30602. Email: jinw@terry.uga.edu.
Personalized predictions and non-invasive imaging of human brain temperature

Brain temperature is an important yet understudied medical parameter, and increased brain temperature after injury is associated with worse patient outcomes. The scarcity of methods for measuring brain temperature non-invasively motivates the need for computational models enabling predictions when clinical measurements are challenging. Here, we develop a biophysical model based on the first principles of energy and mass conservation that uses data from magnetic resonance imaging of individual brain tissue and vessel structure to facilitate personalized brain temperature predictions. We compare model-predicted 3D thermal distributions with experimental temperature measured using whole brain magnetic resonance-based thermometry. We find brain thermometry maps predicted by the model capture unique spatial variations for each subject, which are in agreement with experimentally-measured temperatures. As medicine becomes more personalized, this foundational study provides a framework to develop an individualized approach for brain temperature predictions. While progress has been made to formulate models for brain temperature regulation that incorporate non-simplified anatomy and vasculature, accounting for heterogeneity between individuals is still a challenge. Here, the authors propose a fully conserved biophysical model that, starting from an individual subject’s magnetic resonance-derived tissue and vessel structure, predicts individual patterns in local brain temperature in agreement with magnetic resonance thermometry.
Design, synthesis, and characterization of [18F]mG2P026 as a high contrast PET imaging ligand for metabotropic glutamate receptor 2

ABSTRACT An array of triazolopyridines based on JNJ-46356479 (6) were synthesized as potential PET imaging ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) in the brain. The selected candidates 8-11 featured an enhanced positive allosteric modulator (PAM) activity (37-fold max.) and an apparent mGluR2 agonist activity (25-fold max.) compared to compound 6. Radiolabeling of compounds 8 and 9 (also named mG2P026) was achieved via the Cu(I)-mediated radiofluorination in the automated TRACERLabTM FXF-N platform. Both [18F]8 and [18F]9 were obtained with satisfactory radiochemical yields (> 5%, non-decay corrected), high molar activity (> 180 GBq/μmol), and excellent chemical and radiochemical purities (> 98%). Preliminary characterization of [18F]8 and [18F]9 in rats confirmed their excellent brain permeability with [18F]9 showing better brain heterogeneity and favorable binding kinetics. Pretreatment with different classes of PAMs enhanced the radioactivity uptake for both [18F]8 and [18F]9 at the regions of interest by 20.3-40.9% and 16.7-81.6%, respectively, due to their pharmacological effects. Further evaluation of [18F]9 in a nonhuman primate confirmed its superior brain heterogeneity in mapping mGlu2 receptors and its higher specific binding than [18F]6. Pretreatment with 0.5 mg/kg BINA led (2) to an enhanced brain uptake of [18F]9 by 3% in high tracer uptake regions that was consistent with the rat studies. Therefore, [18F]9 has the potential to be translated for human studies.
Interpersonal skills And organizational commitment

Every managers have special skills that make them most effective as a manager and a leader in an industry. When a manager can identify their strengths, they can use that to effectively inspire their employees, enhance their managerial performance and create a healthy working environment.
Essentials for excellence in quality early child care

Often, because of low wages for center and family childcare providers, low-income family financial constraints, and sometimes lack of societal awareness and appreciation for the crucial nature of e...
On bridging simulation and formal verification

Simulation and formal verification are two complementary techniques for checking the correctness of hardware and software designs. Formal verification proves that a design property holds for all points of the search space while simulation checks this property by probing the search space at a subset of points. A known fact is that simulation works surprisingly well taking into account the negligible part of the search space covered by test points. We explore this phenomenon by the example of the satisfiability problem (SAT). We believe that the success of simulation can be understood if one interprets a set of test points not as a sample of the search space, but as an "encryption" of a formal proof. We introduce the notion of a sufficient test set of a CNF formula as a test set encrypting a formal proof that this formula is unsatisfiable. We show how sufficient test sets can be built. We discuss applications of tight sufficient test sets for testing technological faults (manufacturing testing) and design changes (functional verification) and give some experimental results.
The Role of Mathematical Models in the Study of Product Development

Cover title. Prepared for the 1996 Paul D. Converse Award Symposium, May 6-8, 1996 at the University of Illinois. "April 1996."
Reflections on Relevance of Professional Journals

It appears the major private benefit from peer reviewed journals such as the Review of Agricultural Economics (RAE) is certification. To maintain public support for our journals, increased efforts are needed to demonstrate the social benefits from peer reviewed publications. Research cost considerations have led agricultural economists to emphasize applied disciplinary work using secondary data and to ignore the important work of careful data collection and reporting. Moreover, pressures to publish have led to more isolated research efforts ignoring other disciplines. Recommendations to improve the relevance of journal publications include more active efforts by journal editors to make applied journals such as RAE more accessible to the public.
Metal hydride reactions: II. Reaction of hydrogen with CaMG2 and CaCU5 and thermodynamic properties of the compounds☆

Abstract The equilibrium hydrogen pressure for the reaction CaMg2 + H2aiCaH2 + 2Mg was measured in the temperature range 450°–637°C. The data below 517°C can be represented by log PH 2 ( atm ) = −6919 T + 5.95 and that above 517°C by log PH 2 ( atm ) = −6666 T + 5.56 The change in slope at 517°C is to be expected on the basis of a eutectic horizontal at this temperature. The data in the temperature range 450°–517°C were combined with known thermodynamic data for calcium hydride to give the relations ΔFoCaMg2 = −10,624 + 4.28 T (440°–517°C) and ΔFoCaMg2 = −9,735 − 2.46 T + 1.93 T log T (25°–440°C) The equilibrium hydrogen pressure for the reaction CaCu5 + H2aiCaH2 + 5Cu was measured for the temperature range 492°–648°C. The data can be represented by log PH 2 ( atm ) = −6700 T + 7.11 These data were combined with thermodynamic data for calcium hydride to obtain the relations ΔFoCaCu5 = −11,600 − 1,0 T (440°–780°C) and ΔFoCaCu5 = −10,740 − 7.70 T + 1.93 T log T (25°–440°C)
Cdk4: Cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (vertebrates) (PSK-J3)

The cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are 34 kDa catalytic subunits that require regulatory cyclin subunits to manifest their serine/threonine kinase activity. As a group, the Cdks (prototype Cdc2 [Cdkl]) are believed to regulate key cell cycle transitions. A human Cdk4 cDNA, initially cloned based on homology to nucleotide sequences conserved within known serine/threonine kinases and termed PSK-J3, is now recognized to be a major but nonexclusive catalytic partner for mammalian D-type G1 cyclins. The Cdk4 kinase can be activated by cyclins Dl, D2 and D3, but not by cyclins A, B1, or E. Like other Cdks, Cdk4 consists essentially of a catalytic domain only. Cyclins are presumed to act as regulatory subunits in vivo. Cdk4 expression in tissues has not been well documented. The enzyme is expressed in a variety of cultured cell lines, including fibroblasts, T cells, macrophages, and other cells of the myeloid lineage, and may be ubiquitous. Its levels of synthesis oscillate minimally during the cell cycle, being highest during late G1 and early S phase, and the protein is quite stable. In proliferating cells, Cdk4 forms persistent complexes with regulatory D-type cyclin subunits. In contrast to the catalytic subunit, D-type cyclins in these complexes turn over rapidly.
Damage Tolerance of Laminated Composites Containing an Open Hole and Subjected to Compressive Loadings: Part I—Analysis

An analytical investigation was performed to study the damage in laminated composites containing an open hole and subjected to compressive loading. A progressive damage model was developed during t...
Effect of low levels of trypsin on erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract The effects of trypsin at concentrations of 1 μg/ml on red blood cell membranes (ghosts) have been investigated. Tryptic digestion induced a gross morphologic change as observed by phase microscopy with the formation of small close vesicles by a process of exocytosis. These vesicles were more tightly sealed (less leaky) to hexoses than the parent ghosts. Coincident with vesiculation there occurred a decrease in particle density from 1.06 to 1.01 as determined by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation in Dextran. Since the equilibrium density in sucrose gradients was much less affected, the creation of new charge groups on the internal membrane surface was suggested. Continued accessibility of all sialic acid residues to attack by neuraminidase after tryptic digestion indicated that the exocytotic vesicles were in fact “right-side-out”. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that two of the major membrane peptides (mol. wt of 89000 and 77500) were selectively attacked. Under these conditions, proteolysis did not cause the release of protein from the membrane. We suggest that the vesiculation and alteration in membrane permeability seen in association with the cleavage of these two peptides indicates that one or both are critical to the maintenance of erythrocyte membrane structure, probably through their association with lipid.