cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System-level design studies for large rotors

Abstract. We examine the effect of rotor design choices on the power capture and structural loading of each major wind turbine component. A harmonic model for structural loading is derived from simulations using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) aeroelastic code FAST to reduce computational expense while evaluating design trade-offs for rotors with radii greater than 100 m. Design studies are performed, which focus on blade aerodynamic and structural parameters as well as different hub configurations and nacelle placements atop the tower. The effects of tower design and closed-loop control are also analyzed. Design loads are calculated according to the IEC design standards and used to create a mapping from the harmonic model of the loads and quantify the uncertainty of the transformation. Our design studies highlight both industry trends and innovative designs: we progress from a conventional, upwind, three-bladed rotor to a rotor with longer, more slender blades that is downwind and two-bladed. For a 13 MW design, we show that increasing the blade length by 25 m, while decreasing the induction factor of the rotor, increases annual energy capture by 11 % while constraining peak blade loads. A downwind, two-bladed rotor design is analyzed, with a focus on its ability to reduce peak blade loads by 10 % per 5 ∘ of cone angle and also reduce total blade mass. However, when compared to conventional, three-bladed, upwind designs, the peak main-bearing load of the upscaled, downwind, two-bladed rotor is increased by 280 %. Optimized teeter configurations and individual pitch control can reduce non-rotating damage equivalent loads by 45 % and 22 %, respectively, compared with fixed-hub designs.
HYPERCONTRACTILITY IN WOMEN WITH HIGH RESTING CORONARY VELOCITY AND LOW CORONARY FLOW RESERVE: RESULTS FROM THE WOMEN'S ISCHEMIA SYNDROME EVALUATION-CORONARY VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION (WISE-CVD) PROJECT

Women with evidence of ischemia and non-obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) often have impaired coronary flow reserve (CFR). Importantly, in patients with low CFR high resting coronary blood flow velocity is associated with worse prognosis, including heart failure development, although
Cultures of learning in developing education systems: Government and NGO classrooms in India

Abstract School culture is known to be important for positive student outcomes. This study examines the unique situation in which two distinct cultures of learning—propagated by government and NGO teachers—coexist in the same learning environments in Delhi, India. Based on data from four government schools, observed government-teacher classrooms tended to exhibit discrimination against supposed non-learners, a focus on discipline and rote learning, and inefficient time use. Observed NGO-teacher classrooms featured inclusive, creative teaching styles and more efficient time use. Government teachers were not observed to adopt NGO-specific behaviors, while NGO teachers appeared to be limited by the government school environment.
Analogy and Single-Instance Generalization

This paper aims to clarify the inferential underpinnings of three commonly-discussed forms of reasoning. I point out a distinction between analogy and metaphor, showing that they have fundamentally different justifications and hence should be analysed and implemented distinctly. I show that analogy and single-instance generalization share a common inferential structure, and that they share two distinct possible modes of justification: one, explanation-based reasoning, that is already well-known, and one, determination-based reasoning, that is more recent. Whilst both offer the capability for sound analogy and single-instance generalization, determination-based reasoning is more generally applicable since it operates without the need for a strong domain theory, since it uses, rather than explains, the information contained in the instance. These observations suggest a classification of inference modes by their justification rather than their surface form.
Artificial neural network correction for density-functional tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations

The authors developed a Behler–Parrinello-type neural network (NN) to improve the density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) energy and force prediction. The Δ-machine learning approach was adopted and the NN was designed to predict the energy differences between the density functional theory (DFT) quantum chemical potential and DFTB for a given molecular structure. Most notably, the DFTB-NN method is capable of improving the energetics of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and torsional potentials without modifying the framework of DFTB itself. This improvement enables considerably larger simulations of complex chemical systems that currently could not easily been accomplished using DFT or higher level ab initio quantum chemistry methods alone.
Supporting Active Aging for Persons with Severe Disabilities and Their Families Across the Life Course

Individuals with severe disabilities and their families can engage in person-centered and family-centered planning for aging using a life course view. Viewing aging within the context of the family...
Early Lessons in Changing Engineering Culture for the Success of URM Doctoral Students in Engineering: PITT STRIVE

Research universities face the increasing challenge of diversifying its STEM faculty. The National Science Foundation (NSF) Alliances for Graduate Education and the Professoriate (AGEP) program is funding a University of Pittsburgh project that is trying to address this challenge by supporting sustainable programs that improve the transition of a diverse population of PhD students into the professorate. The program is labelled the Transition to the Doctorate by Adaptable Engagement program (aka: PITT STRIVE Program). The goal of the program is to adopt evidence-based strategies to improve the academic climate and the success of underrepresented doctoral students in engineering. We have developed a four-dimensional model that includes the key components that we believe contribute to the academic climate, including: Leadership Receptivity and Intentionality; Cultural Competency and Awareness, Shared Vision and Adaptation for Collective Impact, and Proficiency for Engaging Culture, Climate, and Community. The initial plan was to adapt/adopt strategies from other institutions, with an eye towards practices implemented by the University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC)’s AGEP PROMISE and Meyerhoff programs. Realizing a direct adoption of successful activities from one institution does not guarantee success at another, as success can be significantly influenced by various factors; it necessitated the PITT STRIVE program to initially assess its own climate/culture to determine a systematic approach for adoption/adaptation that addressed the specific needs of our school. Thus, the goal of this paper is to describe our initial assessments related to dimensions I and II of our model (Leadership Receptivity and Intentionality and Cultural Competency and Awareness). We provide data from surveys of our leadership (deans and department chairs), faculty, and graduate students. We conclude by discussing how these data influenced the decisions related to replicating UMBC strategies and practices at PITT.
Spatiotemporal Modeling and Real-Time Prediction of Origin-Destination Traffic Demand

Traffic demand prediction has been a crucial problem for the planning, scheduling, and optimization in transportation management. The prediction of traffic demand counts for origin-destination (OD)...
Sand Dunes, Modern and Ancient, on Southern Colorado Plateau Tribal Lands, Southwestern USA

A mantle of both active and stable aeolian sand covers approximately 34,000 km2 of northern Arizona, western New Mexico and southern Utah on the southern Colorado Plateau. From west to east, these deposits can be subdivided into the Kaibab-Moenkopi dunes, Chinle Valley dunes, and Chaco dunes, all of which include relict, partly stable and mobile aeolian sand. Locally, these deposits have distinct compositional characteristics. An examination of previous studies into disparate aspects of Colorado Plateau dunes, taken in the context of local geology, Quaternary landscape history and geomorphic processes, provides new insights into interpretation of this regional aeolian sedimentary record. Additional new data about the characteristics of the deposits, and an assessment of present-day climatic conditions enhances our ability to interpret the relative influences of ecosystem and geomorphologic processes with climate variability that continue to influence both new dune formation and reactivation of older deposits. Taken as a whole, the data emphasizes the role that local landscape conditions and history play in providing the context for correctly interpreting aeolian activity and depositional environments, and whether sediment supply or climate play a dominant role in sand dune formation. This is particularly true in the Little Colorado River Valley of northeastern Arizona, where Quaternary volcanic activity has significantly influenced the local landscape processes, deposit characteristics, and dune paleohistory.
Mechanisms of procollagen and HSP47 sorting during ER-to-Golgi trafficking

Efficient quality control and export of procollagen from the cell is crucial for extracellular matrix homeostasis, yet it is still incompletely understood. One of the debated questions is the role of a collagen-specific ER chaperone HSP47 in these processes. Most ER chaperones preferentially bind to unfolded polypeptide chains, enabling selective export of natively folded proteins from the ER after chaperone release. In contrast, HSP47 preferentially binds to the natively folded procollagen and is believed to be released only in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) or cis-Golgi. HSP47 colocalization with procollagen in punctate structures observed by immunofluorescence imaging of fixed cells has thus been interpreted as evidence for HSP47 export from the ER together with procollagen in transport vesicles destined for ERGIC or Golgi. To understand the mechanism of this co-trafficking and its physiological significance, we imaged the dynamics of fluorescently tagged type I procollagen and HSP47 punctate structures in live MC3T3 murine osteoblasts with up to 120 nm spatial and 500 ms time resolution. Contrary to the prevailing model, we discovered that most bona fide carriers delivering procollagen from ER exit sites (ERESs) to Golgi contained no HSP47, unless the RDEL signal for ER retention in HSP47 was deleted or mutated. These transport intermediates exhibited characteristic rapid, directional motion along microtubules, while puncta with colocalized HSP47 and procollagen similar to the ones described before had only limited, stochastic motion. Live cell imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching revealed that the latter puncta (including the ones induced by ARF1 inhibition) were dilated regions of ER lumen, ERESs, or autophagic structures surrounded by lysosomal membranes. Procollagen was colocalized with HSP47 and ERGIC53 at ERESs. It was colocalized with ERGIC53 but not HSP47 in Golgi-bound transport intermediates. Our results suggest that procollagen and HSP47 sorting occurs at ERES before procollagen is exported from the ER in Golgi-bound transport intermediates, providing new insights into mechanisms of procollagen trafficking.
Estimation of tree failure consequences due to high winds using convolutional neural networks

Hurricanes cause significant property loss every year. A substantial part of that loss is due to trees destroyed by wind. The destroyed trees block roads and produce a large amount of debris that n...
LB-16. Association Between Universal Face Shield in a Quaternary Care Center and Reduction of SARS-COV2 Infections Among Healthcare Personnel and Hospitalized Patients

Background. SARS-COV2 transmission to healthcare personnel (HCP) and hospitalized patients is a significant challenge. Our hospital is a quaternary healthcare system with more than 500 beds and 8,000 HCP. Between April 1 and April 17, 2020, we instituted several infection prevention strategies to limit transmission of SARSCOV2 including universal masking of HCP and patients, surveillance testing every two weeks for high-risk HCP and every week for cluster units, and surveillance testing for all patients on admission and prior to invasive procedures. On July 6, 2020, we implemented universal face shield for all healthcare personnel upon entry to facility. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of face shield policy on SARS-COV2 infection among HCP and hospitalized patients. Methods. The preintervention period (April 17, 2020-July 5, 2020) included implementation of universal face masks and surveillance testing of HCP and patients. The intervention period (July 6, 2020-July 26, 2020) included the addition of face shield to all HCP (for patient encounters and staff-to-staff encounters). We used interrupted time series analysis with segmented regression to examine the effect of our intervention on the difference in proportion of HCP positive for SARS-COV2 (using logistic regression) and HAI (using Poisson regression). We defined significance as p values < 0.05. Results. Of 4731 HCP tested, 192 tested positive for SARS-COV2 (4.1%). In the preintervention period, the weekly positivity rate among HCP increased from 0% to 12.9%. During the intervention period, the weekly positivity rate among HCP decreased to 2.3%, with segmented regression showing a change in predicted proportion positive in week 13 (18.0% to 3.7%, p< 0.001) and change in the post-intervention slope on the log odds scale (p< 0.001). A total of 14 HAI cases were identified. In the preintervention period, HAI cases increased from 0 to 5. During the intervention period, HAI cases decreased to 0. There was a change between pre-intervention and post-intervention slope on the log scale was significant (p< 0.01). Conclusion. Our study showed that the universal use of face shield was associated with significant reduction in SARS-COV2 infection among HCP and hospitalized patients. (Figure Presented).
Validation of a simple technique of volumetric analysis of complex incisional hernias without 3D CT scan reconstruction

Volumetric analysis is being increasingly utilized in the preoperative evaluation of complex incisional hernias. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan has been used to obtain surface area (SA) and volume (Vol.) measurements, while others have used simple mathematical formulas to obtain SA and Vol. estimates without 3D reconstruction. Our objective was to assess the correlation of SA and Vol. measurements and estimates of complex incisional hernias. We conducted a retrospective agreement study of adults who underwent abdominal wall reconstruction from 2007 to 2018. Demographics, hernia characteristics, and operative data were collected from the medical record. SA and Vol. measurements were obtained after 3D CT reconstruction. Linear CT variables were obtained independently by two surgeons and SA and Vol. estimates were calculated. Because both surgeons reported similar results, only lead author values are reported in the abstract. We used Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) to assess inter-rater agreement and the agreement between SA and Vol. measurements and estimates. A total of 108 patients were eligible for analysis. The mean age was 57 ± 11 years and 53 (49%) were female. 42 (39%) hernias were recurrent, 10 (9%) patients had a stoma, and 9 (8%) had a history of open abdomen. The mean defect width was 11 ± 4 cm and mean defect surface area (DSA) was 150 ± 95 cm2. Inter-rater agreement of SA and Vol. estimates was high (r ≥ 0.80). There was high correlation between SA and Vol. measurements and estimates for DSA, hernia sac volume (HSV), abdominal cavity volume (ACV), and HSV/ACV ratio (r = 0.81, 0.89, 0.94 and 0.91, respectively). SA and Vol. estimates demonstrated high level of agreement with SA and Vol. measurements using 3D reconstruction. SA and Vol. estimates can be obtained using simple mathematical formulas using easily obtained linear variables negating the need for the time and effort consuming 3D reconstruction.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Alkylidenecyclobutanones via Formal Vinylidene Insertion into Cyclopropanone Equivalents

1-Sulfonylcyclopropanols are employed here as efficient cyclopropanone equivalents in a formal vinylidene insertion process, providing the first general synthetic route to enantioenriched alkylidenecyclobutanones. The addition of an alkenyl-Grignard reagent to the cyclo-propanone leads to an alkenylcyclopropanol capable of electrophilic activation by NBS, triggering a regio- and stereospecific 1,2-migration and the formation of a brominated cyclobutanone intermediate prone to elimination. The parent β-amino ketone can also be accessed by one-pot aza-Michael addition to the resulting product, and activation of the alkenylcyclopropanol intermediate with other electrophiles such as HCl or mCPBA led to the controlled formation of a variety of chiral cyclobutanones and γ-lactones via alternative pathways.
Plant productivity parameters in rice varieties with different type of panicles and their variability

To increase rice yield, scientists are considering the possibility of changing the morphological parameters of plants. At the same time, there are not enough attempts in Russia to analyze the yield potential of varieties with different panicle architectonics. The purpose of our research was a comparative analysis of rice varieties differing in panicle morphotype, by the formation of productivity elements. In the ecological conditions of the south of Russia, in 2019-2020, a series of field experiments were carried out with 24 Oryza sativa L. varieties under conditions of artificial irrigation. The results of assessing the elements of plant productivity and biological productivity of varieties differentiated into 6 groups according to the panicle type and grown on plots 1x12 m are presented. The present study showed that in the rice-growing zone of Krasnodar region, varieties with a compact inclined and slightly spreading panicle had an advantage in achieving high productivity. However, the stability of quantitative traits was exhibited by varieties with spreading panicles of the drooping type. Correlation analysis confirmed: the longer the panicle, the more spreading it is and the less sterile spikelets are formed on it. Along with other researchers, we revealed significant differences in yield between japonica and Indica varieties. Due to the cultivation of varieties under equal conditions, the variation in biological yield from 778 to 1203 g / m2 can be explained by their genotypic characteristics. For the sustainable development of rice growing in the region, our studies emphasize the importance of the diversity of varieties of various morphotypes with high potential and stability of productivity elements and provide useful information for breeding.
An Odd Coupling: Nietzsche and W.E.B. Du Bois on 21st Century Philosophy of Education

This essay contrasts Nietzsche’s remarks on elite education with W.E.B. Du Bois’ demand for democratized education. The essay takes their remarks as springboards for a twenty-first century philosophy of education rather than an historical account of their philosophies. Both thinkers cultivated Kant and Hegel’s dream that the spirit of freedom guided by reason would unite all the world’s peoples. Both held that education was key to realizing the dream. Their judgments about qualifying for education separated them. Nietzsche insisted that only the elite should receive the fullest measure of education. Du Bois believed that in the future virtually every human being would receive a university-level education. The essay’s principal point is to show how contemporary technology can make Du Bois’ dream a reality. An African philosopher’s working model demonstrates a path to universal university education.
Phage-like particle vaccines are highly immunogenic and protect against pathogenic coronavirus infection and disease

The response by vaccine developers to the COVID-19 pandemic has been extraordinary with effective vaccines authorized for emergency use in the U.S. within one year of the appearance of the first COVID-19 cases. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and obstacles with the global rollout of new vaccines highlight the need for platforms that are amenable to rapid tuning and stable formulation to facilitate the logistics of vaccine delivery worldwide. We developed a designer nanoparticle platform using phage-like particles (PLPs) derived from bacteriophage lambda for multivalent display of antigens in rigorously defined ratios. Here, we engineered PLPs that display the receptor binding domain (RBD) protein from SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, alone (RBD-SARS-PLPs, RBD-MERS-PLPs) and in combination (hCoV-RBD PLPs). Functionalized particles possess physiochemical properties compatible with pharmaceutical standards and retain antigenicity. Following primary immunization, BALB/c mice immunized with RBD-SARS- or RBD-MERS-PLPs display serum RBD-specific IgG endpoint and live virus neutralization titers that, in the case of SARS-CoV-2, were comparable to those detected in convalescent plasma from infected patients. Further, these antibody levels remain elevated up to 6 months post-prime. In dose response studies, immunization with as little as one microgram of RBD-SARS-PLPs elicited robust neutralizing antibody responses. Finally, animals immunized with RBD-SARS-PLPs, RBD-MERS-PLPs, and hCoV-RBD PLPs were protected against SARS-CoV-2 and/or MERS-CoV lung infection and disease. Collectively, these data suggest that the designer PLP system provides a platform for facile and rapid generation of single and multi-target vaccines.
Making Tensor Factorizations Robust to Non-Gaussian Noise

Tensors are multi-way arrays, and the CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) tensor factorization has found application in many different domains. The CP model is typically fit using a least squares objective function, which is a maximum likelihood estimate under the assumption of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian noise. We demonstrate that this loss function can be highly sensitive to non-Gaussian noise. Therefore, we propose a loss function based on the 1-norm because it can accommodate both Gaussian and grossly non-Gaussian perturbations. We also present an alternating majorization-minimization (MM) algorithm for fitting a CP model using our proposed loss function (CPAL1) and compare its performance to the workhorse algorithm for fitting CP models, CP alternating least squares (CPALS).
Black Slaves in Mamlūk Narratives: Representations of Transgression

While a great deal of scholarly attention has been paid to the white military slaves and freedmen in the Mamluk Empire (1250- 1517), the black slaves ( ‘abīd ) have often been overlooked. In Egypt, Mamluk society, especially military society, was marked by a profound racial discourse that privileged white over black. This was by no means the only ethnic/racial categorization of people and groups, nor was it the only mechanism of privilege. But the definition of black slaves as the subaltern had social, economic and political ramifications that can not be ignored. Such definitions are especially evident in accounts of black slaves who are perceived to violate existing boundaries. My purpose in this paper is to explore the ways in which six Mamluk historians construct often mutually contradictory narratives of transgressive black slaves.
Approximation schemes for degree-restricted MST and red-blue separation problem

We develop a quasi-polynomial time approximation scheme for the Euclidean version of the Degree-restricted MST by adapting techniques used previously for approximating TSP. Given n points in the plane, d = 2 or 3, and Ɛ > 0, the scheme finds an approximation with cost within 1+Ɛ of the lowest cost spanning tree with the property that all nodes have degree at most d. We also develop a polynomial time approximation scheme for the Euclidean version of the Red-Blue Separation Problem.
Oblique gaze shifts: head movements reveal new aspects of component coupling.

Abstract: When the head is prevented from moving, it has been clearly demonstrated that the horizontal and vertical components of oblique saccades are not independently produced. The duration of the smaller of the two components is stretched in time to match the duration of the larger component. Several hypotheses have been proposed and each can account for the observed interaction between horizontal and vertical saccade components. When the head is free to move, gaze shifts can be accomplished by combining eye and head movements. During repeated gaze shifts of the same amplitude, as head contribution increases, saccade amplitude declines but saccade duration increases. Thus, the expected relationship between duration and amplitude of saccadic eye movements can be reversed. We have used this altered relationship to determine whether the duration of the vertical saccade component is affected by the amplitude or the duration of the horizontal component. We find that the relative amplitudes of horizontal and vertical saccades cannot account for the observed temporal stretching: vertical component duration increases despite a decrease in the amplitude of the horizontal component. These results are likely inconsistent with models that rely on calculating the vector or relative component amplitudes to account for component stretching.
Receptive Fields of Second‐Order Taste Neurons in Sheep

Previous neurophysiological studies have provided only a gross regional characterization of the lingual receptive fields of mammalian central taste neurons. Here we report the preliminary results of a quantitative analysis of the receptive fields of secondorder taste neurons in terms of discrete receptor populations, and present evidence for an increase in afferent convergence on central taste neurons in sheep during development. Afferent neurons in the chorda tympani nerve ((3) innervate taste buds located in fungiform papillae on the anterior tongue and synapse centrally on neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the medulla. CT fibers’ or NST neurons were studied in fetal sheep aged about 130 days gestation (term = 147 days) and lambs aged 40-50 days postnatal. Single neurons were isolated and responses to 0.5 M NH,C1, NaC1, and KCI were recorded. Then a fine platinum probe was used to electrically stimulate ( 10 microamps anodal current) individual fungiform papillae and the number and location of papillae in the receptive field of the neuron were recorded. The criterion for a chemical or electrical response was that impulse frequency should be greater than the mean plus two standard deviations of the spontaneous rate. Most neurons had a receptive field located in the area of the highest concentration of fungiform papillae: the edge of the anterior one-third of the tongue extending about 1.5 cm on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces. In general, the fungiform papillae in the receptive field of a particular neuron were located together and were not scattered among other papillae. We also found there could be considerable overlap in the receptive fields of different neurons, that is, they might share many of the same papillae. As presented in TABLE 1, the receptive field size of NST neurons was generally greater than that of CT neurons. Furthermore, the receptive field size of NST neurons was larger in lambs than fetuses, but for CT neurons receptive field size did not
ORIGIN OF THE LEFT CORONARY ARTERY FROM THE PULMONARY ARTERY WITHOUT COLLATERAL CIRCULATION: Report of a Case with a Suggested Surgical Correction

A 4-month-old infant with repeated painful shock-like episodes was shown by the progression of electrocardiographic findings to have coronary insufficiency and finally a myocardial infarction. Selective cineangio-cardiography demonstrated anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the main pulmonary artery with flow from the pulmonary artery to the myocardium. Preparations for surgical transplantation to the aorta were being made when the infant died. The feasibility of the proposed operation was demonstrated post mortem. A segment of the main pulmonary artery was excised with the coronary ostium at its base and converted into a tube which was anastomosed to the aorta. The defect in the pulmonary artery was repaired with a patch graft of Dacron.
Determination of amides

Abstract A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of amides. The compound is saponified with a large excess of alkali and the resulting solution passed through a heated cationexchange resin in the hydrogen form. The resin neutralizes the excess sodium hydroxide and converts the carboxylic salt to the free acid which is then titrated directly in the effluent with standard alkaline solution. The time required for a determination is less than one hour.
A Built-In Advantage: The Office of the Solicitor General and the U.S. Supreme Court

The Office of the Solicitor General wins the vast majority of Supreme Court cases in which it participates. Does it enjoy a built-in advantage, or does it win because it employs experienced litigators, enjoys resource advantages, or carries the executive’s sword? To answer these questions, we employ cutting edge matching methods. After matching OSG lawyers with nearly identical non-OSG lawyers in nearly identical cases, we find that OSG attorneys still are more likely to win their cases. We discuss possible reasons for this built-in advantage along with some practical implications of our findings.
Imagining projective transformations: aligned orientations in spatial organization.

Four experiments were conducted to investigate whether variations in orientation that profoundly affect the ability to imagine rotations also affect the ability to imagine projective transformations. For a basic rectilinear object and the three simpler Platonic Solids, imagining projective transformations (e.g., the casting of a shadow) was quite successful when the objects were aligned with the direction of projection. For the solids, this alignment occurred when the objects were generalized cylinders about axes aligned with the projection. As the objects were made more oblique to the projection, performance deteriorated markedly. When the objects were moderately aligned with the projection, performance depended on the orientation of the object and the orientation of the projection to the environment. We suggest that the imagination of projection and of rotation is a type of problem solving in which spatial structures are organized in relation to initially given properties of the objects and transformations. When there is alignment among the various structural components, this process of imagination works efficiently. Without such alignment, nonexperts often fail. We suggest that aligned (i.e., parallel and perpendicular) orientations are effective in spatial imagination because they are categorically distinct and singular, and they provide a critical form of redundancy.
Correlate for Lightness in Terms of CIE Chromaticity Coordinates and Luminous Reflectance

This is a report on a side-line experiment of the OSA Committee on Uniform Color Scales. It gives new data on L/Y ratios in terms of CIE chromaticity coordinates, based on observations made by seventy-six observers on forty-three colored ceramic tiles. The mean results are given in tabular and graphical form and compared with similar results obtained previously by other investigators.
Thermal decomposition products of PVC plastics: effects on guinea pig lung mechanics and pulmonary mixed function oxidase activity

The toxicity of the thermal decomposition products of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic were studied and their pulmonary effects in guinea pigs evaluated. Measures of toxicity included lethality, alteration in lung mechanical function, lung mixed function oxidase enzyme activity and lung organ to body weight ratio. A technical PVC formulation (composition not known) was more lethal than another formulation designed to simulate electrical insulation. Both materials and pure PVC produced highly irritant gases as measured by changes in respiratory rate and compliance (decreased) and total flow resistance (increased). While adverse pulmonary mechanical effects in lung function were observed, lung biochemical parameters were relatively unchanged.
Prognostic features in childhood idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

The clinical course, noninvasive findings and outcome of 25 infants and children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were reviewed retrospectively to identify factors predictive of outcome both at diagnosis and at short-term follow-up. Patients, stratified by clinical status at last visit, were assigned to groups encompassing those who were asymptomatic and receiving on medication, those patients who were symptomatic or needed medication to control symptoms, and those who were dead, awaiting heart transplantation, or had undergone transplantation. Older age at diagnosis was strongly associated with poor clinical outcome (p=0.005), as was the presence of arrhythmias at the time of diagnosis (p=0.008) and at short-term follow-up-(p=0.003). Echocardiographic studies at diagnosis failed to predict eventual clinical outcome, although patients who ultimately recovered and did not need medications tended to demonstrate improvement in or resolution of echocardiographic abnormalities within 6 months of diagnosis.
Surface temperatures and fretting corrosion of steel under conditions of fretting contact

Abstract One of the fundamental questions in tribology is the magnitude of surface temperatures generated in the fretting of steel and if this is a factor in the formation of metallic oxides. An infrared microscope was used as a means of direct measurement of surface temperatures generated under low frictional heat rates (lower than 1.5 J s −1 ) encountered in fretting experiments. A photo/video technique was developed to view the fretting contact interface in “real time” and to observe the process of oxide formation. In addition, wear scars on the steel were examined using both photomacrography and scanning electron microscopy. Spherical 52100 steel specimens, 1.25 cm in diameter, were studied under various loads (4 N-20 N), amplitudes (20 μm and 100 μm), and at a constant frequency of 150 Hz. Studies in air showed that even with surface temperatures as low as 25–30 °C, significant quantities of oxides quickly formed on the steel ball in contact with sapphire during fretting. The observed formation of iron oxides in low surface temperature tribological experiments is explained in terms of exoelectron emission as suggested by Kajdas. The measured surface temperature rises were also compared with Archard's theoretical model. The wear rates of steel under these fretting conditions depended on load, vibration amplitude, and environment — the latter two effects being greatest. For example, in air, increasing the amplitude from 20 to 100 μm resulted in a 20 fold increase in wear for a given sliding distance. Fretting experiments in nitrogen, under high load/ high amplitude conditions, resulted in a 100 fold decrease in wear compared with that observed in air. However, the magnitudes of surface temperature rise in air and in nitrogen were not significantly different.
3′5′ AMP and Ca2+ in slime mold aggregation

Abstract The relationship between 3′5′ AMP secretion [Ca 2+ ] and aggregation has been studied in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum . Aggregation was shown to be a function of calcium ion concentration. Below a calcium ion concentration of 10 −6 M, aggregation did not take place, but cyclic 3′5′ AMP secretion actually increased. Thus, it appears that 3′5′ AMP-induced aggregation is a calcium-dependent phenomenon. In addition, a simple radioactive assay was developed to measure endogenous cyclic 3′5′ AMP production. With this method it was shown that exogenous cyclic 3′5′ AMP inhibited endogenous cyclic 3′5′ AMP production.
New immunosuppressive agents for pediatric transplantation

Pediatric transplantation has always been challenging for transplant surgeons. Although the higher immunoreactivity and the faster metabolism showed by this unique population when compared with adults requires a heavy immunosuppressive regimen, the possibility of disrupting the delicate balance of correct psychophysical development calls for a regimen of more selective and less toxic immunosuppressive drugs. In the past decade several new drugs have been investigated and some of them appear to be very promising, although pleiotropic toxicities have not yet been eliminated. An appropriate pharmacokinetic approach and the evaluation of synergistic multi-drug combinations by rigorous mathematical models would lead to highly selective immunosuppressive regimens which may result in virtually no toxicity.
Relationships between direction of wind flow and ozone inflow concentrations at rural locations outside of St. Louis, MO

The relationships between the monthly and seasonal averages of the daily 1200–1500 h O3 inflow concentrations and wind flow direction have been evaluated. The O3 measurements used are those during inflow of air parcels from upwind to rural monitoring stations outside of St. Louis, MO. The results obtained are consistent with the O3 measurements reported from other monitoring studies at rural locations both to the west and east of St. Louis. Although there is a stratospheric component to these ground level rural O3 concentrations, it is likely that most of the O3 measured during the warmer months of the year is associated with photochemical O3 formation in the planetary boundary layer and in the free troposphere. A substantial part of the increments in rural O3 concentrations which occur from west to east of St. Louis during the warmer months of the year appear best to be accounted for as a result of photochemical formation O3 precursors from anthropogenic emission sources to the east of St. Louis. Differences in the values of meteorological parameters with wind flow direction account for only a small part of the differences in O3 concentration observed.
A BASIC factorial ANOVA program with a repeated-measures option for microprocessors

This BASIC program, designed for microprocessors, offers complete input, analysis, and tabular output functions for either two-way or three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for completely randomized (CRF) or randomized block (RBF) factorial designs (see Kirk, 1968, pp. 171-187,237-243). Input. Via keyboard input, the user selects the number of treatments, the number of levels per treatment, whether or not the design has repeated measures, and the number of subjects per cell. Using an OSI Challenger 11 microprocessor with 48K of RAM, it is possible to select any twoor three-treatment design that has a total cell count not in excess of 32. For example, the program can accommodate a 4 by 8 or a 2 by 4 by 4 design. The subject-per-cell limit is 50. Two data entry options are available. The user may key each entry into the terminal. If, however, the data are already stored on a floppy disk, the user inputs the appropriate file name, which triggers the transfer of the data into active memory. Analysis and output functions follow immediately. Output. After data analysis, a video display informs the user that, in addition to receiving output on the terminal's video monitor, he can also elect to receive a hard-copy printout. A single keystroke determines output mode. Initial output consists of a listing of cell means and standard deviations, followed by an ANOVA summary listing. Table I presents a hard-copy output of a 2 by 2 ANOVA with repeated measures produced by a printer with a 132-character/line capacity. The user also has the option for outputting a listing (not included in Table I) of the sums of Xs for all levels of all treatments as well as for all possible treatment interactions. After any hard-copy output, the user may request additional printouts of that listing before continuing. Language and Requirements. Since the program is written in BASIC, it should be adaptable to most 48K microprocessors with minor changes in several output addresses. By changing several dimension statements within the program, users having less than 48K of RAM can reduce cell and/or subject limits and thus adjust the program to available RAM. For users not
Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency Without Immunodeficiency: Clinical and Metabolic Studies

Summary: A child diagnosed at birth as deficient in red blood cell adenosine deaminase (ADA) but with substantial residual lymphocyte ADA has been evaluated for two and one-half years. The only immunologic abnormality observed was hypogammaglobulinemia during the fifth month of life. This was unexpected because children with total ADA deficiency either have severe combined immunodeficiency or selectively greater impairment of cellular than humoral immunity. The absence of severe combined immunodeficiency in this child was associated with normal lymphocyte content of ATP, dATP, and cyclic 3′5′-adenosine monophosphate, potentially toxic metabolites which are elevated in ADA-deficient immunodeficient children. Speculation: Partial deficiency of lymphocyte adenosine deaminase, although sufficient for cell-mediated immune function, may exaggerate physiologic conditions that favor decreased immunoglobulin synthesis. The substance(s) responsible for this effect are probably adenosine metabolites which are of undetermined nature.
Theory for electric charging in flow of low-conductivity liquids through screens

Abstract This paper presents a theory for the electric charging process which occurs when low-conductivity fluids pass through a screen. It is shown that the process can be characterized by a charging electromotive force. Explicit analytic expression are derived for the charging current for a wide range of flow rates and fluid conductivities.
The romance as rhetorical dissociation: The purification of imperialism in king Solomon's mines

That the romance can be employed for rhetorical purposes other than reaffirming a culture's values is illustrated by H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines, a romance that purifies imperialism by dissociating its “appearance” as exploitation from its “reality” as the establishment of justice and the resulting transformation of identity.
Lead poisoning and multiple sclerosis.

Since past and recent studies have suggested that multiple sclerosis and lead poisoning are related, five patients with multiple sclerosis were evaluated for plumbism using current in vivo methods. These included analyses of lead stores, mobilizable lead, and blood and urine lead levels. The results showed no association between lead poisoning and multiple sclerosis, either early or late in the disease. The findings would apply to acute or chronic plumbism and to the effects of lead that might be induced by repeated mobilization from storage sources.
A Heuristic Approach to the Maximum Principle

This is a companion article to Hybrid Simulation of Adaptive Path Control (page R-24 in this issue) in that it explains a prin ciple which is used to advantage in the adaptive control study.
The Rational Imperative to Believe

‘The Will to Believe.’ The mere mention of this title cannot fail to elicit a reaction from philosophers. Written almost 100 years ago, it continues to intrigue, inspire, perplex and repel, often all in the selfsame reader. Few who make acquaintance with this robust and insightful lecture can remain neutral toward it. In 100 years there has been continuous debate about both the content of the argument and its merits. I will confess to being among those intrigued and inspired by this lecture of James's – and, until recently, also much perplexed by it. The sources of my intrigue have been its guiding insights: that living is choosing in the midst of uncertainty; that in pressing cases, waiting for evidence is no escape from risk; and that believing can create certain truths. The sources of my inspiration have been its vibrant presence and its gallant call to courage. But the main source of my perplexity was the shape of the argument itself: Just what was James's case here? What was the conclusion? What were the premises? Off and on, I pondered the matter for years without resolution, and it was only after I abandoned the very frame of the question that I found a way out of my puzzlement. What I have come to see is that James is not pressing toward one key conclusion in ‘The Will to Believe’. There are two, the second far bolder, far more sweeping than the first. What makes this especially difficult to see is that James himself nowhere acknowledges it. Indeed, he expressly disavows the second conclusion, and this for good reason: The two conclusions are incompatible. In what follows, I want first to take you to the source of my problem in understanding James's classic lecture, then to explain to you why my two-argument theory seems its unavoidable if inelegant resolution. Finally, I want to turn to the properly philosophical task. I want to inquire into the truth of his more sweeping (albeit disavowed) claim.
X-ray lithography in IBM, 1980-1992 the development years

The IBM X-ray lithography research and development program is outlined, from a personal perspective, covering the period from the inception of the program in 1980 through the development of IBM's own storage ring for X-ray production in 1992. The following aspects, among others, are discussed: origins of the program; acquisition of an X-ray port at Brookhaven National Laboratory; masks for X-ray lithography; development of special tooling for X-ray lithography, including a wafer stepper, a precision e-beam X-ray mask writing system, and a superconducting (dipole) electron synchrotron installed in the IBM Advanced Lithography Facility (ALF) in East Fishkill, New York. Key device programs were conducted to increase understanding of the X-ray lithography process and confirm its utility.
Tracking Route Progression in the Posterior Parietal Cortex

Quick and efficient traversal of learned routes is critical to the survival of many animals. Routes can be defined by both the ordering of navigational epochs, such as continued forward motion or execution of a turn, and the distances separating them. The neural substrates conferring the ability to fluidly traverse complex routes are not well understood, but likely entail interactions between frontal, parietal, and rhinal cortices and the hippocampus. This paper demonstrates that posterior parietal cortical neurons map both individual and multiple navigational epochs with respect to their order in a route. In direct contrast to spatial firing patterns of hippocampal neurons, parietal neurons discharged in a place- and direction-independent fashion. Parietal route maps were scalable and versatile in that they were independent of the size and spatial configuration of navigational epochs. The results provide a framework in which to consider parietal function in spatial cognition.
China's World's Fair of 1910: Lessons from a Forgotten Event

From before the turn of the century, the great powers held large commercial, industrial and technological exhibitions to show off the fruits of progress and to give their citizens a glimpse of where civilization was headed. World fairs thus provided one window into the future. But it must be remembered that such events also constructed monuments to their own era—an age when jingoism and a paradoxical recognition of the shrinking nature of the globe coexisted before the road to war. In the final analysis, the grand exposition, with its curiosity about other peoples and nations and its faith nonetheless that mechanical invention would soon make everyone much the same, was a place where imperialists met in thinly disguised competition. How strange it must seem, then, to learn that the last Chinese dynasty, having just discovered the power of nationalism, attempted an international exposition of its own in the summer of 1910 at the same time that the ‘Festival of Empire Exhibition’ was booked into London's famed Crystal Palace.