cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REM sleep in primary depression: A computerized analysis ☆ ☆☆

REM sleep in 35 inpatients with primary depression was automatically analyzed for 7 consecutive nights during placebo administration. For the total night of sleep, as well as each individual REM period, the number of REMs, their total voltage integral over time, the sum of their durations and the average REM size were automatically calculated. Validity of these automated REM measures was established by significant correlations with manually scored REM measures. Changes in REM sleep across the night were also investigated. Similar to findings in normal subjects, REM time did not change from REM period to REM period. Average REM size increased significantly from REM period 2-3 and 3-4. Contrary to what is seen in normal subjects, REM frequency was high during the first REM period, significantly decreased from the first to second REM period and then remained constant. Finally, a significant inverse correlation between REM frequency for the first REM period and REM latency was noted. This pattern of REM sleep is interpreted as indicating a high pressure for phasic REM at the beginning of the night which is dissipated by the first REM period.
Homosexual behavior in cross‐cultural perspective

Whitam, Frederick L. and Robin M. Mathy. Male Homosexuality in Four Societies: Brazil, Guatemala, the Philippines, and the United States. New York: Praeger, 1986. xxxii 4‐ 208 pp. including statistical tables and bibliography. No price. Murray, Stephen O. Social Theory, Homosexual Realities. New York: Gay Academic Union, 1984. iii + 83 pp. including appendix, notes, and bibliography. $6.75 paper.
Oxidized metal film dielectrics for III–V devices

Abstract A new technique, referred to as the oxidized metal film method, was investigated for the formation of dielectric layers on GaAs. Basically the technique involves the deposition and subsequent oxidation of a metal film on the semiconductor substrate. Tantalum was used, and ion backscattering measurements indicate that Ta2O5 is formed. Capacitance-voltage measurements on metal-oxide-GaAs device structures formed in this manner indicate that the surface potential can be varied. Charge transport through the oxide appears to be controlled by a field-aided thermionic emission process.
Macroion clustering in solutions and suspensions: the roles of microions and solvent.

Under certain conditions, macroion systems undergo a transition from a homogeneous state to a heterogeneous state in regard to spatial configurations and dynamic processes. Examined herein are three specific cases: highly ordered “crystalline-like” structures with very little kinetic activity in equilibrium with disordered spatial regions that exhibit normal diffusive motions, as first examined by Ise and co-workers (class I); an anomalously slow relaxation domain coexisting with “normal” relaxation modes but with no spatially ordered regions, as first reported by Schurr and co-workers (class II); and the formation of “vesicle-like” structures by inorganic molybdenum oxide macroions (polyoxometalates, POM), as examined in detail by Liu and co-workers (class III). A common feature of these three cases is that the heterogeneous structures do not involve macroions in physical contact, thereby ruling out the possibility of van der Waals attraction as the source of attraction. The commonalities of these three ...
Susceptibility of Waxy Starch Granules to Mechanical Damage

ABSTRACT Starch samples isolated from wheat flour that represented four possible waxy states (0, 1, 2, and 3-gene waxy) were subjected to crushing loads under both dry and wet conditions. Calibrated loads of 0.5–20 kg were applied to the starch samples and the percentage of damaged granules was visually determined. Under dry crushing conditions, starches containing amylose (0, 1, and 2-gene waxy) had between 1% (5-kg load) to 3% (15- and 20-kg load) damaged granules, whereas waxy starch (3- gene waxy; <1% amylose) began rupturing at 0.5-kg load (3.5% damaged granules) and had 13% damaged granules when ≥10-kg load was applied. Under wet crushing conditions, normal and partial waxy starch (0, 1, and 2-gene waxy) showed little difference in percentage of damaged granules when compared to the results of dry crushing. Waxy starch (3-gene waxy), however, showed substantially increased numbers of damaged granules: 12% damaged granules at 0.5-kg load, rising to 55% damaged granules at 15-kg load. The results indi...
Poverty, Inequality, and the Urban Homicide Rate: Some Unexpected Findings

The purpose of this article is to report findings concerning the relationship between poverty, inequality, and the homicide rate for a sample of 204 SMSAs. A measure of family income inequality exhibits a moderate zero order correlation with the homicide rate, but the effect becomes insignificant in the regression analysis. A second economic measure, that of the size of the poverty population, also exhibits a moderate zero order correlation with the homicide rate, but the partial effect is significant and the sign is quite unexpectedly negative. Additional unexpected results include strong partial effects for measures of Southern regional and racial composition. These findings suggest the need for reconsideration of the role of economic and perhaps subcultural factors in the explanation of urban homicide.
Sex differences in schedule-induced alcohol consumption

Abstract Six female and five male Wistar rats obtained food by pressing a lever on a fixed-interval (FI) 60-s schedule in the presence of a sipper tube which allowed access to an alcohol solution. Systematic manipulation of the alcohol concentration revealed that male rats consumed higher alcohol concentrations (v/v) than female rats to obtain maximum alcohol intake (g ETOH/kg) during an experimental session. Males also reached higher blood alcohol levels (BALs) than females. Individual lick rates varied over a small range when the FI schedule parameter was manipulated (20 s and 180 s) during probe sessions. Very few licks were observed when all pellets were presented at the beginning of the session, during extinction, or during sessions in which only a few pellets were presented. Reduction of the solution's alcohol concentration to half the maximum concentration or presentation of distilled water resulted in increased lick rates at most values of the FI schedule in four of the five male subjects, but not in female subjects. Alcohol intake during sessions in which half the maximum alcohol concentration was available was lower than that observed during sessions in which subjects consumed the maximum alcohol concentration. The lick rate data in conjunction with those on alcohol intake suggest that male rats, but not female rats, maintained blood alcohol concentrations at levels which they had also reached during sessions in which the maximum alcohol concentration was available from the sipper tube.
Impacts of antecedant moisture and soil surface mulch coverage on water and chemical transport through a no-till soil

Abstract Flow in macropores of no-tillage soils is often implicated as a principal mechanism responsible for accelerated movement of agrochemcials into groundwater. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of a surface mulch coverage and antecedent water content on water and chemical transport characteristics in a Typic Hapludult soil. SrBr2·6H2O and atrazine were surface-applied to four undisturbed 0.3 m × 0.3 m × 0.3 m surface soil blocks. Three simulated 30 mm rains were applied to the block surfaces, and leachate was collected from 64 cells at the bottom of each block. Leachate volume, chemical amounts, and conducting macropore areas were determined for each cell and block. A parameter, m, found by fitting sorted cumulative outflow curves to an exponential function, was used to desctibe the degree of flow preference in a block. The dominant factor producing transport differences betweent the four blocks was pre-rain moisture content, which correlated negatively with degree of flow preference and positively with total leachate volume in each block. In a drier soil only the more rapid flow pathways, marked by high cell leachate volumes, contributed to the flow, while the slower pathways having greater interaction with the bulk soil were mostly truncated. This resulted in a higher degree of flow preference, smaller total leachate volumes and smaller block-averaged concentrations of Br, Sr and atrazine in soil with lower pre-rain moisture content. The peak of chemical transport was observed after the first simulated rain regardless of pre-rain moisture and surface mulch coverage. Following the second and third rains the chemical transport was reduced twofold for the less reactive Br, three-fold for the more reactive atrazine and ten-fold for Sr, apparently due to the by-pass of chemicals by subsequent leaching events. Much had little effect on water movement, but slightly enhanced the Sr and atrazine transport through the block, most likely by prolonging the chemical contact with infiltrating water at the soil surface.
TU-F-18A-04: Use of An Image-Based Material-Decomposition Algorithm for Multi-Energy CT to Determine Basis Material Densities

Purpose: Published methods for image-based material decomposition with multi-energy CT images have required the assumption of volume conservation or accurate knowledge of the x-ray spectra and detector response. The purpose of this work was to develop an image-based material-decomposition algorithm that can overcome these limitations. Methods: An image-based material decomposition algorithm was developed that requires only mass conservation (rather than volume conservation). With this method, using multi-energy CT measurements made with n=4 energy bins, the mass density of each basis material and of the mixture can be determined without knowledge of the tube spectra and detector response. A digital phantom containing 12 samples of mixtures from water, calcium, iron, and iodine was used in the simulation (Siemens DRASIM). The calibration was performed by using pure materials at each energy bin. The accuracy of the technique was evaluated in noise-free and noisy data under the assumption of an ideal photon-counting detector. Results: Basis material densities can be estimated accurately by either theoretic calculation or calibration with known pure materials. The calibration approach requires no prior information about the spectra and detector response. Regression analysis of theoretical values versus estimated values results in excellent agreement for both noise-free and noisy data. For the calibration approach, the R-square values are 0.9960+/−0.0025 and 0.9476+/−0.0363 for noise-free and noisy data, respectively. Conclusion: From multi-energy CT images with n=4 energy bins, the developed image-based material decomposition method accurately estimated 4 basis material density (3 without k-edge and 1 with in the range of the simulated energy bins) even without any prior information about spectra and detector response. This method is applicable to mixtures of solutions and dissolvable materials, where volume conservation assumptions do not apply. CHM receives research support from NIH and Siemens Healthcare.
Development of a 3-Spring Pseudo Rigid Body Model of Compliant Joints for Robotic Applications

Compliant mechanisms achieve motion utilizing deformation of elastic members. However, analysis of compliant mechanisms for large deflections remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we will develop a 3-spring pseudo-rigid-body model for 2D beams that are often used in compliant joints in robots. First, we utilize the Timoshenko beam theory to calculate the tip deflection for a large range of loading conditions. An optimization process is then carried out to calculate the values of the parameters of the PRB model. The errors in the model will be analyzed and compared to the beam model. An example based on a robotic grasper finger is provided to demonstrate how the model can be used in analysis of such a system. This model will provide a much simpler approach for the analysis of compliant robotic mechanisms.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Modulation of p53 and p73 levels by cyclin G: implication of a negative feedback regulation

Cyclin G is a transcriptional target gene of tumor suppressor p53. Recent studies present evidence that cyclin G may play a central role in the p53-Mdm2 autoregulated module, but the precise function of cyclin G remains elusive. Here, we show a negative effect of cyclin G on the stability of p53 and p73. Cyclin G expression resulted in a dramatic decrease of p53 protein levels in response to DNA damage and abrogated irradiation-mediated G1 arrest along with an increase of S phase in MCF7 cells containing wild-type p53. In p53-null Saos2 cells, cyclin G inhibited p73 induction in response to genotoxic stress and delayed the camptothecin-mediated cell cycle arrest. Cyclin G interacts with p53 as well as p73, and its binding to p53 or p73 presumably mediates downregulation of p53 and p73. We also found that cyclin G-mediated reduction of p53 but not of p73 is Mdm2-dependent. Moreover, inhibition of cyclin G by small interfering RNA (siRNA) caused the accumulation of p53 and p73 protein levels in response to DNA damage. Therefore, our results imply that cyclin G is transcriptionally activated by p53 or p73, and, in turn, cyclin G negatively regulates the stabilization of p53 family proteins through an unknown mechanism different from ubiquitination or transcriptional control.
Distributing and load-balancing for loops in scientific applications

We present experimental results for two engineering applications that have had load balancing and fault tolerance mechanisms added through the use of a standard interface. The abstraction technique employed forms the foundation of a problem solving environment under development at Clemson.
Historical trends in forager and farmer exchange in the Ituri rain forest of northeastern Zaïre

Using oral histories, archival materials, and observations of present behavior, a largely hypothetical historical reconstruction of the natural resource exploitation and subsistence practices of Lese farmers and Efe foragers in the Ituri Forest of northeastern Zaire is presented. Distinct epochs associated with the advent of forest agriculture, Belgian colonization, and post-independence economic collapse have resulted in changes in local population density, the range of forest resources exploited, and the spatial distribution and intensity of resource use. Broadly speaking, there has been a historical trend toward sedentism, spatial clumping of settlements, localization of resource exploitation, reduced importance of forest carbohydrates in the diet, and an increased reliance on agricultural products. Over time the Efe and Lese exchange system has changed, in relation to the items traded and the relative dependence of each partner on the exchange relationship. Involvement in this alliance has had a considerable impact on Efe settlement pattern, diet, and probably fecundity. It ultimately placed the Lese in a position of power over the Efe, and provided the farmers with means to enter a transient monetary economy. By providing a retrospective on Efe and Lese subsistence, we hope to demonstrate that to decipher the relative benefits and constraints of this contemporary exchange relationship, we must understand their historical etiology.
Pathogenicity to western larch (Larix occidentalis) of two fungi, Ophiostoma pseudotsugae and Leptographium abietinum, associated with the Douglas fir beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

1 Pole-sized, live western larch Larix occidentalis Nutt. were mass-inoculated with Ophiostoma pseudotsugae (Romb.) von Arx or Leptographium abietinum (Peck) Wingf., two blue-stain fungi associated with the Douglas fir beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, to assess their pathogenicity. 2 Inoculation with O. pseudotsugae resulted in significantly greater percentages of necrotic phloem compared with L. abietinum inoculations. 3 The percentage of occluded sapwood was significantly greater after L. abietinum inoculations compared with O. pseudotsugae inoculations. 4 Within the inoculation band, all trees had more than 60% functional sapwood 4 months after treatment. 5 The results suggest that western larch can successfully limit colonization by O. pseudotsugae and L. abietinum. 6 The inability of the fungi to thrive in live western larch may be a factor in the consistent failure of Douglas fir beetle broods in this host tree species.
Retinopathy mutations in the bZIP protein NRL alter phosphorylation and transcriptional activity.

The transcription factor neural retina leucine zipper (NRL) is required for rod photoreceptor differentiation during mammalian retinal development. NRL interacts with CRX, NR2E3, and other transcription factors and synergistically regulates the activity of photoreceptor-specific genes. Mutations in the human NRL gene are associated with retinal degenerative diseases. Here we report functional analyses of 17 amino acid variations and/or mutations of NRL. We show that 13 of these lead to changes in NRL phosphorylation. Six mutations at residues p.S50 (c.148T>A, c.148T>C, and c.149C>T) and p.P51 (c.151C>A, c.151C>T, and c.152C>T), identified in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, result in a major NRL isoform that exhibits reduced phosphorylation but enhanced activation of the rhodopsin promoter. The truncated NRL mutant proteins—p.L75fs (c.224_225insC) and p.L160fs (c.459_477dup)—do not localize to the nucleus because of the absence of bZIP domain. The p.L160P (c.479T>C), p.L160fs, and p.R218fs (c.654delC) mutant proteins do not bind to the NRL-response element, as revealed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. These three and p.S225N (c.674G>A) mutant show reduced transcriptional activity and may contribute to recessive disease. The p.P67S (c.199C>T) and p.L235F (c.703C>T) variations in NRL do not appear to directly cause retinitis pigmentosa, while p.E63K (c.187G>A), p.A76V (c.227C>T), p.G122E (c.365G>A), and p.H125Q (c.375C>G) are of uncertain significance. Our results support the notion that gain-of-function mutations in the NRL gene cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa while loss-of-function NRL mutations lead to autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. We propose that differential phosphorylation of NRL fine-tunes its transcriptional regulatory activity, leading to a more precise control of gene expression. Hum Mutat 28(6), 589–598, 2007. © Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of lime and fertilizer amendments on plant growth in smelter impacted soils in Montana

A greenhouse study was conducted in 1995 to determine shoot and root biomass and shoot concentrations of trace elements in bluebunch wheatgrass [Agropyron spicatum (Pursch)Scribn.] grown in soils impacted by copper smelting that extended for a period of 96 years. Soils from two separate sites, ranging from 2 to 8 km from the smelter, were used in the study along with soil from the same area that was not impacted by smelting activities. Soils from the two impacted sites were amended with lime, fertilizer, or lime + fertilizer or were not treated with any amendments (control) to determine the effect of lime and fertilizer on plant growth, shoot concentrations of trace elements, and plant availability of trace elements in the soil. Following a 13‐week growth period, bluebunch wheatgrass growing on unamended smelter impacted soils had reduced amounts of shoot and root biomass compared to the control soil, but the differences were not significant. An increase in shoot and root biomass resulted from the applica...
Electrical conductivity in Pb(II)- and Na(I)-Pb(II)-β″-alumina

Abstract Pb(II)- β ″-alumina, Pb 0.83 Mg 0.67 Al 10.33 O 17 , is a divalent isomorph of the well-known fast ion conductor, Na(I)- β ″-alumina, and is distinguished by having the highest ionic conductivity of the known divalent β ″-aluminas. The electrical properties of this compound are extremely sensitive to the presence of water. Pb(II)- β ″-alumina reacts readily with water vapor to form a hydrated compound, Pb 0.83 Mg 0.67 Al 10.33 O 17 - (H 2 O) x , in which x varies from 0 to 0.83. Hydration greatly decreases the ionic conductivity of Pb(II)- β ″-alumina, and dehydration of the electrolyte in vacuum results in the chemical reduction of Pb(II) cations in the conduction layers and an insulator to semiconductor transition. The composition dependence of the ionic conductivity of anhydrous Na(I)-Pb(II)- β ″-alumina has also been studied. Enhanced charge carrier correlation produces a minimum in the ionic conductivity at the composition at which 80% of the Na(I) ions are replaced by Pb(II). This paper describes the results of a study of ionic and electronic conductivity in Pb(II)- and Na(I)-Pb(II)- β ″-alumina and the influence of hydration on the properties of the material.
The sulfhydryl groups of citrate cleavage enzyme

Abstract Chicken liver citrate cleavage enzyme has an apparent optimum activity at pH 8.7, similar to the enzyme isolated from rat liver. Early results indicating a lower pH optimum were due to a pH dependent disulfide inhibition of the enzyme. Both chicken liver and rat liver citrate cleavage enzymes are inhibited by oxidized glutathione, oxidized BAL, lipoate, and arsenite. Studies with the purified rat liver enzyme indicate the presence of 6–8 moles of very reactive SH groups per mole of enzyme which are essential for enzyme activity. These groups can be protected by Mg-citrate but not by Mg-ATP. The loss of enzyme activity observed upon storage and its subsequent reactivation by dithiothreitol does not result from changes in aggregation and dissociation of the enzyme as judged by gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation.
On the stability of certain collision resolution protocols with retransmission diversity

A class of collision resolution protocols [(B)NDMA] has been introduced for slotted packet multiple access. By providing retransmission diversity of the collided packets, these protocols offer the means to improve upon random splitting-based collision resolution protocols, at a moderate complexity cost. In this paper, we find sufficient conditions for stability of (B)NDMA by using the dominant system approach, developed for stability analysis of finite population slotted ALOHA. We reconsider the steady-state analysis, bypassing the earlier generating function approach, so that we can deal with asymmetry (multirate systems). This yields expressions for throughput and delay per queue. We also generalize BNDMA and the associated stability analysis to multicode systems.
Influence of Process Parameters on the Mechanical Behavior of an Ultrafine-Grained Al Alloy

Aluminum alloys with nanocrystalline (NC) and ultrafine grain (UFG) size are of interest because of their strengths that are typically 30 pct greater than conventionally processed alloys of the same composition. In this study, UFG AA 5083 plate was prepared by quasi-isostatic (QI) forging of cryomilled powder, and the microstructure and mechanical behavior was investigated and compared with the behavior of coarse-grained AA 5083. Forging parameters were adjusted in an effort to strengthen the UFG material while retaining some tensile ductility. Different forging parameters were employed on three plates, with approximate dimensions of 254 mm diameter and 19 mm thickness. The overarching goal of the current effort was to increase strength through minimized grain growth during processing while maintaining ductility by breaking up prior particle boundaries (PPBs) with high forging pressures. Mechanical tests revealed that strength increased inversely with grain size, whereas ductility for some of the experimental materials was preserved at the level of the conventional alloy. The application of the Hall-Petch relationship to the materials was studied and is discussed in detail with consideration given to strengthening mechanisms other than grain size, including dispersion (Orowan), solid solution, and dislocation strengthening.
Blind localization and counting of multiple acoustic sources in a randomly distributed sensor system

We consider a sensor system to localize multiple acoustic sources through the estimation of time difference of arrival. For locally wide sense stationary (WSS) acoustic sources, space-time correlation matrix, although not in Toeplitz (or even block Toeplitz) form, has eigenvalues which asymptotically contain the power spectral density (PSD) of the sources. By exploiting the whole eigen system including all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, we show that multiple acoustic sources can be separated through high-resolution bandpass eigen filtering vectors. Using cross correlation among each eigenvector's piece with respect to each sensor, the relative time delay of arrivals (TDOA) can be obtained. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed scheme.
Capability enhancement and amputee care in Operation Iraqi Freedom: The role of a rehabilitation and prosthetics assistance team in reconstruction operations.

ABSTRACTDefining the role of the U.S. Army Rehabilitation and Prosthetic Assistance Team in reconstruction operations was a key component of this first of its kind Army Medical Department (AMEDD) mission in a combat theater of operations. In the tradition of civil–military operations, a five-man team trained 11 Iraqi rehabilitation and prosthetic providers on best clinical, technical, and business practices to manage the nation's growing amputee population. The team instructed, assisted, and supervised Iraqi clinicians in the delivery of prosthetic and rehabilitation services to 124 patients over 350 patient clinical visits. After a successful transition from Multi-National Force–Iraq oversight to the Iraqi Ministry of Defense (MoD), the premier prosthetics and rehabilitation clinic in Iraq now provides services to patients from current and past conflicts, including civilians and pediatric patients.
Design for agility: a scheduling perspective

Abstract Agility is the ability of a company to produce a variety of products in a short time and at a low cost. This demands that products and manufacturing systems be simple, robust, and flexible to allow for quick response to the changing market. Scheduling of manufacturing systems in a changing environment is complex. This paper attempts to simplify scheduling of manufacturing systems through appropriate design of products and manufacturing systems. An attempt has been made to generate rules that allow to design products and systems for easy scheduling. Four design for agility rules are proposed in the paper. The first rule deals with decomposition of a manufacturing system. The rule simplifies the scheduling problem and reduces the total changeover cost. The second rule is concerned with design of products with robust scheduling characteristics. Product designs with robust scheduling characteristics can improve the response of a manufacturing system to the changes in the product demand and mix and reconfigurability of the system. The third rule results in a streamlined assembly line which has the type of product flow that simplifies scheduling. The fourth rule emphasizes the reduction of the number of stations in an assembly line. Examples are provided to demonstrate the benefits from using these rules. The implemention of the four rules is also discussed.
Service learning in software engineering and maintenance

We discuss a service-learning program called EPICS (engineering projects in community service). More specifically, we describe an effort to incorporate EPICS within computer science and computer engineering curricula at Purdue University and Butler University, respectively.
Projections of U.S. Edentulism Prevalence Following 5 Decades of Decline

After decades of decline in prevalence of complete tooth loss (edentulism), the trend continues to be misinterpreted, producing flawed projections and misdirected health goals. We investigated population trends in edentulism among U.S. adults aged ≥ 15 yr by creating time-series data from 5 national cross-sectional health surveys: 1957-1958 (n ≈ 100,000 adults), 1971-1975 (n = 14,655 adults), 1988-1998 (n = 18,011 adults), 1999-2002 (n = 12,336 adults), and 2009-2012 (n = 10,522 adults). Birth cohort analysis was used to isolate age and cohort effects. Geographic and sociodemographic variation in prevalence was investigated with a sixth U.S. survey of 432,519 adults conducted in 2010. Prevalence through 2050 was projected with age-cohort regression models using Monte-Carlo simulation of prediction intervals. Across the 5-decade observation period, edentulism prevalence declined from 18.9% in 1957-1958 (95% confidence limits: 18.4%, 19.4%) to 4.9% in 2009-2012 (95% confidence limits: 4.0%, 5.8%). The most influential determinant of the decline was the passing of generations born before the 1940s, whose rate of edentulism incidence (5%-6% per decade of age) far exceeded later cohorts (1%-3% per decade of age). High-income households experienced a greater relative decline, although a smaller absolute decline, than low-income households. By 2010, edentulism was a rare condition in high-income households, and it had contracted geographically to states with disproportionately high poverty. With the passing of generations born in the mid-20th century, the rate of decline in edentulism is projected to slow, reaching 2.6% (95% prediction limits: 2.1%, 3.1%) by 2050. The continuing decline will be offset only partially by population growth and population aging such that the predicted number of edentulous people in 2050 (8.6 million; 95% prediction limits: 6.8 million, 10.3 million) will be 30% lower than the 12.2 million edentulous people in 2010.
Mongolian Ethnicity and Linguistic Anxiety in China

Language is one of the official criteria of defining a nationality in socialist China, but it simultaneously has been subjected to an "ideology of contempt" by the Chinese regime that builds nationality only to destroy it. This article examines the linguistic anxiety displayed by the Mongols and their controversial language revitalization efforts in a social environment in which they have become an absolute minority even while they have formal autonomy under their name. The tremendous cost—both emotional and economic—at which such language maintenance comes suggests that nationality in China may not be understood as primarily cultural but, instead, as political. As more Mongols lose their language, arguably the last bastion of their "nationality" status, they face the prospect of becoming a deinstitutionalized, depoliticized, and deterritorialized "ethnic group" in a racialized "Chinese Nation." [Keywords: language, nationality, ethnic group, Mongols, Chinese National Multiculturalism]
Sympatric Speciation in Threespine Stickleback: Why Not?

Numerous theoretical models suggest that sympatric speciation is possible when frequency-dependent interactions such as intraspecific competition drive disruptive selection on a trait that is also subject to assortative mating. Here, I review recent evidence that both conditions are met in lake populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Nonetheless, sympatric speciation appears to be rare or absent in stickleback. If stickleback qualitatively fit the theoretical requirements for sympatric speciation, why do they not undergo sympatric speciation? I present simulations showing that disruptive selection and assortative mating in stickleback, though present, are too weak to drive speciation. Furthermore, I summarize empirical evidence that disruptive selection in stickleback drives other forms of evolutionary diversification (plasticity, increased trait variance, and sexual dimorphism) instead of speciation. In conclusion, core assumptions of sympatric speciation theory seem to be qualitatively reasonable for stickleback, but speciation may nevertheless fail because of (i) quantitative mismatches with theory and (ii) alternative evolutionary outcomes.
The Cube Law and the Decomposed System

Given a plurality single-member district system of election and a legislative general election contested only by the same two political parties in each and every district, if the ratio of the parties' aggregate votes is X/Y, then the ratio of the parties seats is X3/Y3. (Since division by zero is not defined, X and Y are assumed to be non-zero.) This proposition is the well-known cube law. Given the cited conditions, it is equivalent to the hypothesis (for convenience, called the classic cube law) that the Xt1 party's proportion of the seats is X3/(X3 + Y3) and the Yth party's share of the seats is Y3/(X3 + Y3). The empirical regularity of this result has essentially divided political scientists familiar with it into two groups. One group considers the result to be intriguing but has been unable to account for its validity in many situations; the other dismisses it as a mere eccentricity a harmless, but irrelevant, juggling with figures. It would seem that the classic situation described in Alice's Adventures in Won-
Large-scale plant growth chamber design for elevated pCO2 and δ13C studies.

METHODS: We designed and built low-cost plant growth chambers for growing staple crop species under precise pCO2 and δ 13 CCO2 conditions. Over the course of 14 hours, we assessed for pCO2 stability at two targeted levels (ambient, ~400 ppm; and 2×, ~800 ppm) and measured the δ 13 CCO2 value within the two chambers using a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer. We also compared the temperature and relative humidity conditions within the two growth chambers, and in the ambient, outside air. RESULTS: Across our experimental period, we achieved δ 13 CCO2 stability (ambient: –8.05 ± 0.17‰ ;e levated:–12.99 ± 0.29‰) that showed nearly half the variability of any previously reported values for other chamber designs. The stability of the pCO2 conditions (ambient: 406 ± 3 ppm; elevated: 793 ± 54 ppm) was comparable with that in previous studies, but our design provided ~8 times more growing space than previous chamber designs. We also measured nearly identical temperature and relative humidity conditions for the two chambers throughout the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: Our growth chamber design marks a significant improvement in our ability to test for plant stress across a range of future pCO2 scenarios. Through significant improvement in δ 13 CCO2 stability and increased chamber size, small changes in carbon isotope fractionation can be used to assess stress in crop species under specific environmental (temperature, relative humidity, pCO2) conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chaotic mixing in three-dimensional microvascular networks fabricated by direct-write assembly

The creation of geometrically complex fluidic devices is a subject of broad fundamental and technological interest. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microvascular networks through direct-write assembly of a fugitive organic ink. This approach yields a pervasive network of smooth cylindrical channels (approximately 10-300 microm) with defined connectivity. Square-spiral towers, isolated within this vascular network, promote fluid mixing through chaotic advection. These vertical towers give rise to dramatic improvements in mixing relative to simple straight (1D) and square-wave (2D) channels while significantly reducing the device planar footprint. We envisage that 3D microvascular networks will provide an enabling platform for a wide array of fluidic-based applications.
Ecological assessment criteria for restoring anadromous salmonid habitat in Pacific Northwest estuaries

Restoration of estuarine habitats is essential for the conservation and recovery of depressed Pacific salmon populations. However, assessing the functions of recently restored habitat poses a number of problems because of the transitory occurrence of salmonids in any one location. We propose assessment criteria and metrics that are based on the habitat’s capacity, opportunity, and realized function to enhance survivability of juvenile salmon. Because of the paucity of data relating capacity and opportunity attributes to realized function (e.g. growth, consumption rate, survival), there continues to be a need for manipulative experiments to assess the developmental status of restoration sites. Such a self-monitoring approach of letting the fish diagnose the ecological state of restoration would effectively address the small-scale, site-specific assessment goals and criteria, but ignores the larger-scale issues relating to the ability of diverse salmon species and life histories to occupy estuarine habitat landscapes. If coastal restoration is going to contribute the recovery of anadromous salmonid populations, a landscape perspective is fundamental to restoration planning, implementation, and particularly assessment. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Books for Boys: Multicultural Literature with Strong Male Characters

Boys need books with which they can connect, books that reach out to them with characters that reflect themselves, books that feature people who speak and look and act like the people in their lives. Among the functions of literature in children’s lives, two are particularly relevant: facilitating literacy skills and providing role models. The path to becoming a proficient reader begins with the spark of interest in a book – the desire to know more. Young male readers need to envision characters like themselves in active roles: solving problems, undertaking responsibilities, exhibiting leadership, accomplishing worthy tasks.
The Growth of the Storm-Time Radiation Belt and the Magnetospheric Substorm

Surrrmary Important features of the radiation belt (or the so-called ‘ ring current’) which grows in the magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms are summarized. The growth of the belt is studied in relation to a frequent occurrence of intense magnetospheric substorms (of which manifestations in the polar upper atmosphere are the auroral and polar magnetic substorms). It is concluded that during the magnetospheric substorm, the particles responsible for the storm-time belt are produced locally in the trapping region in the evening sector, but not in the midnight sector. In 1933, after completing their study of the impact of a fully ionized gac on a magnetic dipole, Chapman & Ferraro (1933) examined the formation of a ‘ring current’ around the Earth and its stability. Their study was intended to explain a large decrease of the horizontal component (H) of the Earth’s field during the main phase of geomagnetic storms. The results appeared in the last paper of the series ‘A new theory of magnetic storms’ with the subtitle ‘Part 11-The Main Phase’. Their toroidal ring current consisted ewentially of positive ions and electrons circulating around the Earth, in which their centripetal force due to the circular motion ic balanced by the Lorentz force. The stability of such a current system was, however, questioned by AlfvCn (1955) and others. It appears now that their study was an unsuccessful one on this particular subject, but it marked an epoch in geomagnetism, since they correctly located the ‘ring current’ inside the cavity carved in the solar wind, which is now called the magnetosphere; for some earlier concepts of the ‘ring currents’ see Chapman (1952, p. 213). In examining possibilities as to how the ring current is formed, Chapman & Ferraro (ibid., p. 80) thought that positive ions near the morning side of the magnetospheric boundary tend to leap across the cavity, but drift closer to the Earth. Further, they tend also to drag the electrons from the evening side of the magnetospheric boundary and may eventually form the ring current. Although the formation of the ‘ ring current’ does not seem to be as simple as they inferred in their paper, it has now become one of the most challenging problems in magnetospheric physics. The purpose of this paper is first to review both morphological and theoretical studies of the formation of the ‘ring current’ and associated phenomena during the main phase of geomagnetic storms, particularly the auroral substorm (Sections 2 and 3). In the second part (Section 4), we try to find the clues for the process responsible for the onset of the growth of the ‘ring current ’ and magnetospheric substorms.
Deadline constrained scheduling for data aggregation in unreliable sensor networks

We study the problem of maximizing the aggregated information in a wireless sensor network. We consider a sensor network with a tree topology, where the root corresponds to the sink, and the rest of the network detects an event and transmits data to the sink. We formulate an integer optimization problem that maximizes the aggregated information that reaches the sink under deadline and interference constraints. This framework allows using a variety of error recovery schemes to tackle link unreliability. We show that the optimal solution involves solving a Job Interval Selection Problem (JISP) which is known to be MAX SNP-Hard. We construct a sub-optimal version, and develop a low complexity, distributed optimal solution to this version. We investigate tree structures for which this solution is optimal to the original problem. Our numerical results show that the sub-optimal solution outperforms existing JISP approximation algorithms even for general trees.
Degrees of Freedom of the MIMO Z-Interference Channel With Delayed CSIT

The degrees of freedom region is established for the 2-user multiple-input multiple-output Z-interference channel with an arbitrary number of antennas at each node, under the assumption of delayed channel state information at the transmitters. A new interference alignment scheme is obtained and is shown to be optimal in the degrees of freedom (DoF) metric. When used over an interference channel with one cross-link being statistically weaker than the other three links, this scheme, by explicitly recognizing the relative weakness of that link, can lead to a DoF improvement over the DoF-optimal scheme designed for the fully connected interference channel, while also requiring no feedback of the weak link's channel state information.
Optical mapping of activation patterns in an animal model of congenital heart block

Congenital heart block (CHB) is associated with high mortality and affects children of mothers with autoantibodies (IgG) to ribonucleoproteins SSB/La and SSA/Ro. IgG from mothers of children with CHB (positive IgG) was used to assess activation patterns in both the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) of Langendorff-perfused young rabbit hearts. Optical action potentials (AP) were obtained by using a 124-site photodiode array with 4-[-[2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthyl]vinyl]pyridinium. Optical APs were recorded to simultaneously image activation patterns from the RA and RV. Perfusion of positive IgG (800--1,200 micro resulted in sinus bradycardia and varying degrees of heart block. Activation maps revealed marked conduction delay at the sinoatrial junction but only minor changes in overall atrial and ventricular activation patterns. No conduction disturbances were seen in the presence of IgG from mothers with healthy children. In conclusion, besides atrioventricular (AV) block, positive IgG induces sinus bradycardia. These results establish that the sequelae of CHB are associated with impaired intrasinus and/or sinoatrial conduction. The findings raise the possibility that sinus bradycardia in the developing heart may indicate the potential for AV conduction disturbances.
Visual Imagery and Deontological Moral Judgment: Individual Differences, Interference, and the Percepts of Imagined Moral Agents

Three studies examined the hypothesis that characteristically deontological moral judgments (judging against sacrificing the interests of one individual for the greater good of others) are preferentially supported by visual imagery. In Experiment 1 subjects judged the moral acceptability of killing one person to save others in "high-conflict" moral dilemmas. Subsequently, they performed two speeded working memory tasks; one using visual stimuli and the other using matched verbal stimuli. As predicted, individuals with more visual cognitive styles made more deontological judgments while individuals with more verbal cognitive styles made more utilitarian judgments. In Experiment 2 subjects responded to moral dilemmas while simultaneously performing a visual working memory task, a verbal working memory task, and no concurrent task. As predicted, the interference produced by the visual working memory task decreased the frequency of characteristically deontological judgments, relative to both of the other conditions. Finally, in Experiment 3 subjects responded to one of two versions of a moral dilemma. In one condition, the agent in the dilemma was described as being able to see the victim of his possible action while in the other condition the agent could not see the victim. As predicted, subjects made more characteristically deontological judgments in the first condition, which facilitated visual imagery by describing the victim as visible to the agent. The results are consistent with the role of emotions in deontological moral judgments, as suggested by the dual process model of moral judgments (e.g., Greene et al, 2001; 2008) and with the advantage of pictures in representing low-construal goals (e.g., Amit et al, 2008; 2009).
Picosecond Detector, Optical Temporal Analyzer, and Free-Standing Circuit Probe

With picosecond semiconductors we have demonstrated a 1.2-ps photoconductive detector/gate, a 1.9-ps Semiconductor Optical Temporal Analyzer, and a 2.3- ps Free-Standing Circuit Probe with pV-resolution.
Quasi-War between Japan and the U.S.S.R., 1937–1939

The scale and intensity of the fighting in Korea have been such as Americans have, before 1950, associated only with full-fledged war. How such a conflict could fail to develop into World War III they only dimly understand. They had assumed that in the twentieth century war, or at least wars involving great powers, had to be total.To the extent that this assumption is incorporated in the expectations of the ruling elite of either of two or more contending powers, it is likely to be true; to the extent that war is made an end in itself, is conceptually divorced from the political ends it in fact seeks to achieve, the organized violence of warring great powers must be not only totally organized, but totally applied, while the consequences go hang. The weapons and techniques of the last war when handled non-politically produced, therefore, as might have been anticipated, conditions singularly unpropitious to the realization of what were professed to have been the aims for which the war was fought.
GEOMETRY OF TRICUSPID VALVE INFLOW CORRELATES WITH VENTILATORY EFFICIENCY AND PEAK OXYGEN PULSE IN ADULTS WITH SYSTEMIC RIGHT VENTRICLES AND TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES

Exercise test variables including ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) and peak oxygen uptake (pVO2) correlate with mortality in adults with congenital heart disease. O2 pulse (VO2 divided by heart rate) is used as a surrogate for stroke volume. However, correlation of these exercise values with
The Social Evolution of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

The occasion of a Presidential Address presents a unique opportunity to share some of the thoughts and concerns I have had as we, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, face a number of challenges and opportunities in the future. Our Society is now 22 years old exceedingly youthful, by any standard. I have been privileged to have participated in the governance of this Society for 10 of those 22 years, three as a member of the Council, five as Secretary, one as President-elect, and finally this year as President. After one more year as Past-President, I look forward to joining a distinguished group of emeritus Presidents whose major role seems to be to ensure some degree of institutional memory and to provide, when asked, presumably sage advice to the existing leadership. I need not remind this audience that there have