cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Tetracycline-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Gnotobiotic Mice

Germ-free mice were colonized with a pigmented, tetracycline-sensitive strain of Staphylococcus aureus and maintained in flexible plastic isolators. Treatment of the gnotobiotic mice with oral tetracycline (20 mg/ml) resulted in the development of staphylococci resistant to tetracycline (5 μg/ml or higher). Resistant staphylococci did not appear in feces until several days after exposure of mice to the antibiotic and persisted for as long as specimens were collected (64 days subsequently). Resistance developed after a single exposure of gnotobiotes to antibiotic. Resistant staphylococci were present in the intestinal tracts of mice at counts of 103 per g of contents, whereas sensitive organisms coexisted at counts of 105 to 1011 per g. Resistant staphylococci were isolated only from treated mice and not from untreated mice in adjacent cages. Initial colonization of germ-free mice with sensitive staphylococci interfered with subsequent colonization by resistant staphylococci and provided an example of bacterial interference. Resistance to tetracycline was not associated with resistance to chloramphenicol, penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, streptomycin, or kanamycin. Hydrolysis of gelatin was the only biochemical characteristic in which isolates varied but was not correlated with resistance to tetracycline or pigmentation of colonies. A nonpigmented, gray variant of S. aureus appeared in all specimens after colonization with the original, pigmented strain. Only the nonpigmented strain was obtained from gnotobiotes colonized with the nonpigmented variant. Contact between bacteria and antibiotic in the intestinal tract of gnotobiotes was considered to be essential for the development of tetracycline-resistant staphylococci.
Rovibrationally resolved, continuous supersonic-jet, Fourier-transform, infrared absorption spectroscopy of weakly bound heterodimers: analysis of ν1 and ν2 of OCHCl

Abstract Application of rovibrationally resolved, continuous supersonic-jet, Fourier-transform, infrared absorption spectroscopy to the investigation of weakly bound dimers is reported. Analysis of the ν 1 and ν 2 stretching vibrational bands of OCH 35 Cl and OCH 37 Cl has been performed and the following molecular parameters, including band origin frequencies (ν i ) and excited state rotational and distortion constants ( B ′, D ′), have been determined (in cm −1 ). For OCH 35 Cl: ν 1 = 2851.76061 (21); B ′ 1 = 0.0560443 (31); D ′ 1 = 1.795 (80) × 10 −7 ; ν 2 = 2155.50001 (13); B ′ 2 = 0.0554824 (10); D ′ 2 = 1.650 (15) × 10 −7 . For OCH 37 Cl: ν 1 = 2849.67217 (54); B ′ 1 = 0.0547611 (55); D ′ 1 = 1.63 (11) × 10 −7 ; ν 2 = 2155.50626 (62); B ′ 2 = 0.0542013 (21); D ′ 2 = 1.48 (16) × 10 −7 . These results are compared with a previous study of this complex performed using continuous supersonic-jet, diode-laser, infrared absorption spectroscopy.
MONITORING IONIZED CALCIUM ALLOWS DECREASED THERAPY FOR EARLY HYPOCALCEMIA IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS. 1255

Universal calcium (Ca) therapy in the first days of life for VLBW infants with a total serum Ca < 7.0 mg/dl may pose unnecessary risks. Total serum Ca may not adequately reflect Ca status. We evaluated the use of ionized Ca obtained with blood gas measurements in a clinical setting to determine if we could decrease the number of infants treated for hypocalcemia. Forty infants< 1500 grams birthweight requiring mechanical ventilation were enrolled in the study. Both ionized Ca and total serum Ca were simultaneously measured at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours of age. A Smooth E syringe from Radiometer was used to collect 0.3 ml of blood for an ABG and ionized Ca and values measured on a Radiometer ABL 505 Analyzer. The total serum Ca was measured on a Kodax EKTACHEM 700 Chemistry Analyzer. An EKG was obtained at 24 hours of life to evaluate changes associated with hypocalcemia. Infants were also assessed for any clinical symptoms of hypocalcemia. If the ionized Ca was < 0.80 mmol/l, therapy for hypocalcemia was instituted.
SEM-based nanoprobing on 32 and 28 nm CMOS devices challenges for semiconductor failure analysis

Abstract This paper presents an effective device-level failure analysis (FA) method which uses a high-resolution low-kV Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in combination with an integrated state-of-the-art nanomanipulator to locate and characterize single defects in failing CMOS devices. The presented case studies utilize several FA-techniques in combination with SEM-based nanoprobing for nanometer node technologies and demonstrate how these methods are used to investigate the root cause of IC device failures. The methodology represents a highly-efficient physical failure analysis flow for 28 nm and larger technology nodes.
Plasma von Willebrand factor multimer quantitative analysis by in-gel immunostaining and infrared fluorescent imaging

Abstract Introduction Electrophoretic analysis of plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimer distribution and infrastructure is essential for subtyping von Willebrand disease. To improve the sensitivity, precision and efficiency of this assay, we developed and validated a new in-gel infrared fluorescent VWF multimer imaging method to visualize and quantify VWF multimers directly in the agarose gel, thus eliminating electroblotting or autoradiographic steps. Materials/Methods VWF multimer analyses of plasma samples from 34 patients with known von Willebrand disease or acquired von Willebrand syndrome, 9 patients with acquired VWF abnormalities, 26 normal volunteer donors and 49 patient samples referred for von Willebrand factor multimer analysis were performed by both traditional autoradiographic and the new infra-red imaging methods and compared. VWF multimer image data were electronically acquired, archived and analyzed. Results The in-gel infrared method has a sensitivity of detecting VWF antigen as low as approximately 1.6 IU/dL, a reliable fluorescent intensity with intra- and inter-day variability (CV) of 5% and 6% respectively, and provides superior imaging resolution and shortened test turnaround time. Using intermediate resolution agarose gel electrophoresis, the infra-red method sensitively detects subtle loss of highest molecular weight von Willebrand factor multimers in plasmas with acquired VWF abnormalities and in commercial normal reference plasmas, and provides evidence of increased proteolysis of ultralarge multimers in some type 2 VWD plasmas. Conclusions The in-gel infrared fluorescent VWF multimer imaging method provides a sensitive, reliable, efficient and robust system to improve laboratory testing for von Willebrand disease classification.
Small Signal Analysis of Wavelength Converters Based on Cross-Gain Modulation in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

Small signal analysis of wavelength converters based on cross-gain modulation in semiconductor optical amplifiers is developed based on more accurate gain coefficient model. A numerical algorithm is developed using the finite difference method.
Severe Bradycardia Caused by a Single Dose of Lithium

Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in patients with manic-depressive disorder. It is a drug that requires close monitoring due to its narrow therapeutic window and many side effects. There are several case reports of lithium side effects and toxicity occurring even at the therapeutic levels. Cardiac toxicity is observed in approximately 5% of patients; however, severe bradycardia caused by a single dose of lithium is exceedingly rare. We herein report a case of severe symptomatic bradycardia in a young man that occurred after a single dose of lithium. This case emphasizes the need to closely monitor patients when initiating therapy, even before the lithium levels are high enough to be detected.
EpiNet: a simulation framework to study the spread of malware in wireless networks

We describe a modeling framework to study the spread of malware over realistic wireless networks. We develop (i) methods for generating synthetic, yet realistic wireless networks using activity-based models of urban population mobility, and (ii) an interaction-based simulation framework to study the dynamics of worm propagation over wireless networks. We use the prototype framework to study how Bluetooth worms spread over realistic wireless networks. This required developing an abstract model of the Bluetooth worm and its within-host behavior. As an illustration of the applicability of our framework, and the utility of activity-based models, we compare the dynamics of Bluetooth worm epidemics over realistic wireless networks and networks generated using random waypoint mobility models. We show that realistic wireless networks exhibit very different structural properties. Importantly, these differences have significant qualitative effect on spatial as well as temporal dynamics of worm propagation. Our results also demonstrate the importance of early detection to control the epidemic.
PARTITION FUNCTIONS AS AVERAGES OF FUNCTIONALS OF GAUSSIAN RANDOM FUNCTIONS

It is shown that the grand partition function for a system of interacting particles can be obtained by a method which entirely bypasses tbe second quantization formalism. Equations were determined for the coordinate representation of the density matrix with Born-von Karman conditions for particles with Boltzmann statistics. The equations for the canonical and grand canonical partition functions were derived for particles with Boltzmann, Bose, and Fermi statiatics. (M.C.G.)
Fast distributed consensus seeking in large-scale sensor networks via shortcuts

Consensus protocols are distributed algorithms in networked multi-agent systems. An important measure of the protocols is the convergence speed. In this paper, we consider the convergence behaviour of a discrete-time consensus protocol over large-scale sensor networks with uniformly random deployment in an area. We locate specific nodes in the network and add shortcuts among them so that the number of iterations to reach average consensus drops dramatically. Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effect of different amount of shortcuts.
Beyond curriculum: the exploring computer science program

➧1 In the past few decades, computer science has driven innovation across a variety of academic fields and become a robust part of democratic participation and the labor economy. Today’s youth are surrounded with applications of these new technologies that affect how they access and produce information and communicate with friends, family, and educators. Yet, though students often gain skills as “users” of these technologies in schools, too many have been denied opportunities to study computer science and produce new knowledge required to become “creators” of computing innovations. The students who do study computer science courses often represent only a narrow band of students that excludes significant numbers of girls and students of color. Further, for a field that depends on creativity, a homogenous workforce fails to take advantage of those with diverse experiences and world viewpoints that likely foster divergent and fresh thinking. This article will provide an overview of Exploring Computer Science (ECS), a curriculum and program developed to broaden participation in computing for high school students in the Los Angeles Unified School District. This program is framed around a three-pronged approach to reform: curricular development, teacher professional development, and policy work across a variety of educational institutions. The focus is to provide the necessary structures and support to schools and teachers that leads to high quality teaching and learning in computer science classrooms. In ECS classrooms, high quality teaching and learning is viewed within the frame of inquiry-based teaching strategies that lead to deep student content learning and engagement. The incorporation of equity-based teaching practices is an essential part of setting up the classroom culture that facilitates inquiry-based learning. As the second largest and one of the most diverse districts in the United States, the Los Angeles Unified School District provides an important context to understand opportunities and obstacles encountered while engaging in institutional K-12 computer science education reform. This article will begin with an account of the educational research that provided key information about the obstacles students encounter in computer science classrooms. Next, we will describe the key elements of the ECS program. Finally, we will highlight several lessons that we have learned that inform the CS 10K campaign (see Jan Cuny’s Critical Perspective “Transforming High School Computing: A Call to Action”, this issue).
Optimal network topology design in multi-agent systems for efficient average consensus

The problem considered in the present article is optimal design of network topologies in multi-agent systems in order to make communication on the network as efficient as possible for the continuous-time average-consensus protocol. The network design problem can be posed in two different ways. (1) Assuming that the maximum communication cost, i.e. the maximum number of communication links, is known, the goal is to find the network topology which results in the fastest convergence to the consensus (in presence of communication time delays on the links). (2) If a minimum performance of the protocol is required, the design problem can be posed as finding the network with lowest possible communication cost which fulfills the required performance. In both approaches, we formulate the problem of finding the optimal communication graph among a class of directed graphs, strongly balanced digraphs, as a Mixed Integer Semidefinite Program (MISDP). By solving this MISDP, the optimal graph and the weights on communication links are obtained.
Laminar-to-Turbulent Boundary Layer Prediction Using an Alternative to the Laminar Kinetic Energy Approach

This paper presents a new model concept for prediction of boundary layer transition using a linear eddy-viscosity RANS approach. It is a single-point, physics-based method that adopts an alternative to the Laminar Kinetic Energy (LKE) framework. The model is based on a description of the transition process previously discussed by Walters (2009). The version of the model presented here uses the k-ω SST model as the baseline, and includes the effects of transition through one additional transport equation for v2. Here v2 is interpreted as the energy of fully turbulent, 3D velocity fluctuations, while k represents the energy of both fully turbulent and pre-transitional velocity fluctuations. This modelling approach leads to slow growth of fluctuating energy in the pre-transitional region and relaxation towards a fully turbulent model result downstream of transition. Simplicity of the formulation and ease of extension to other baseline models are two potential advantages of the new method. An initial version of the model has been implemented as a UDF subroutine in the commercial CFD code FLUENT and tested for canonical flat plate boundary layer test cases with different freestream turbulence conditions.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Soft-Phonon Response Function: Inelastic Neutron Scattering from LaA1 O 3

High-resolution inelastic-neutron-scattering measurements have been performed at the cubic-rhombohedral ($\mathrm{Pm}3\mathrm{m}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{R}\overline{3}\mathrm{c}$) phase transitions in a low-mosaic flux-grown single crystal of LaA1${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The transition occurred at (489 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2) \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, somewhat lower than reported for Verneuil-grown samples. The scattering from the soft ${R}_{25}$ mode at the corner of the Brillouin zone in the cubic phase exhibits the central component up to 610 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. In addition, phonon sidebands centered around $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ are observed which are overdamped below 550 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The observed intensities are well described by a model which relates the central component to the phonon sidebands through an anharmonic coupling parameter $\ensuremath{\delta}(T)$, as recently reported by Shapiro et al. for SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}^{2}(T)$ is found to deviate from the mean-field behavior near the transition temperature and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}^{2}(T)$ is found to be nearly constant. A comparison is made between LaA1${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and KMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ with respect to these parameters as well as the anisotropy of the dispersion surfaces near the $R$ point.
Processing of barium titanate tapes with different binders for MLCC applications—Part II: Comparison of the properties

Abstract Most of multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) industries are currently using solvent-based slip system for tape casting. On the other hand, water-based slip formulation has received special attention recently due to reduced health and environmental hazards coupled with a lower cost compared to solvent-based process. Nevertheless, there are no publications on the direct comparison of the two systems using BaTiO 3 slip for MLCC applications. Therefore, solvent- and water-based systems were compared systematically in this paper using three different kinds of binders: polyvinyl butyral (PVB) for solvent-based system, and water-soluble acrylic binder and acrylic emulsion for water-based systems. By following several important MLCC production steps, responses such as slip viscosity, mechanical properties of the green tapes, green and sintered density, and dielectric permittivity were compared. Slip viscosity and green tape strength depended significantly on the binder type, while other responses such as green, sintered, and dielectric properties depended on dispersant, ceramic powder and other processing additives.
Some simple models of chemical alteration caused by the movement of metamorphic fluids in the deeper parts of the crust

Pore fluids in the crust are generally in chemical equilibrium with the common inorganic rock minerals they contact. The chemistry of the "rock-buffered" pore fluid is not very sensitive to the particular aluminosilicate minerals contacted. For this reason the temperature at which the fluid equilibrated can be inferred from analyses of fluid composition alone through the application of various geothermometers (e.g., N a K C a , S i O 2 and various gas geothermometers; Henley et al., 1984). Pore fluids may equilibrate at temperatures as low as 50 °C under common crustal conditions. If pore fluids are equilibrated with their host rock minerals in the deeper parts of the crust as the above discussion indicates must be the case under reasonably quiescent conditions, rock alteration will occur only when pore fluids move with respect to physical fields that affect their equilibrium chemistry. The most important physical fields are temperature, pressure, and chlorinity (C1being a non-reactive and therefore unbuffered fluid component that controls fluid pH through charge balance). When pore fluids move through such physical gradients, the chemical flux from the rock minerals to the fluid is easily defined:
Perception of sexual experience: The impact of nonverbal behavior

A study was conducted to determine if nonverbal displays of masculinity and femininity can lead subjects to make inferences about the sexual experience of a person. It was predicted that male and female stimulus persons who displayed nonverbal masculine expressions would be seen as more sexually experienced, and more sexual in general, than those who exhibited feminine expressions. The results strongly supported this prediction. It was also expected that the stimulus persons displaying sex-appropriate behaviors would be evaluated more positively. This prediction was supported only for male stimulus persons.
Selective laryngeal neurotomy and the control of phonation by the echolocating bat,Eptesicus

1. The effect, on the subglottic pressure and on the emitted orientation sounds, of selectively cutting nerves to various laryngeal muscles of the Big Brown Bat,Eptesicus fuscus, was studied. 2. Bilateral inferior laryngeal neurotomy caused no change in the repetition rate, duration, initial frequency or bandwidth of downward sweeping frequency modulated (FM) pulses, but after this treatment mean subglottic pressure at pulse onset was lowered 8 to 16 cm H2O and the mean peak pulse intensity was reduced 4 to 5 dB. The relationship of subglottic pressure to the bandwidth of the FM sweep was also altered (Table 1, Figs. 1, 2, 3). 3. Inferior laryngeal neurotomy also caused the bat to produce atypical rising FM pulses which began at about 20 kHz and swept upward almost one octave (Table 1, Fig. 2). 4. Total bilateral superior laryngeal neurotomy eliminated most of the FM and reduced the fundamental frequency to 7.9 kHz with multiple harmonics (Fig. 4). Pulse duration became highly variable and the peak sound pressure level (SPL) dropped 7 to 13 dB (Table 2). The correlation between subglottic pressure and pulse SPL was also eliminated. 5. Bilateral section of only the caudal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve reduced the fundamental frequency of the pulses to 10 kHz and eliminated most of the frequency modulation. Pulse SPL was reduced about 10 dB, but pulse onset subglottic pressure remained correlated with the maximum SPL (Table 2). 6. Paralysis of the tongue by bilateral section of the hypoglossal nerves distal to the thyrohyoid twigs had no detectable effect on the downward sweeping FM pulses, but caused the bats to also emit long duration pulses whose frequency rose and fell in a sinusoidal fashion (Figs. 5, 6). 7. The muscular control of pulse frequency and intensity is discussed in the light of these data. The aberrant rising FM after section of the inferior laryngeal nerves and sigmoid pulses after hypoglossal neurotomy can be understood as the result of timing errors in the opening and/or closing of the glottis relative to the contraction-relaxation cycle of the cricothyroid muscles.
Synthesis of [(11)C]Bexarotene by Cu-Mediated [(11)C]Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Preliminary PET Imaging.

Bexarotene (Targretin) is a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist that has applications for treatment of T cell lymphoma and proposed mechanisms of action in Alzheimer’s disease that have been the subject of recent controversy. Carbon-11 labeled bexarotene ([11C-carbonyl]4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyltetralin-2-yl)ethenyl]benzoic acid) was synthesized using a Cu-mediated cross-coupling reaction employing an arylboronate precursor 1 and [11C]carbon dioxide under atmospheric pressure in 15 ± 2% uncorrected radiochemical yield (n = 3), based on [11C]CO2. Judicious choice of solvents, catalysts, and additives, as well as precursor concentration and purity of [11C]CO2, enabled the preparation of this 11C-labeled carboxylic acid. Formulated [11C]bexarotene was isolated (>37 mCi) with >99% radiochemical purity in 32 min. Preliminary positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance imaging revealed rapid brain uptake in nonhuman primate in the first 75 s following intravenous administration of the radiotracer (specific a...
Reward-related brain function as a predictor of treatment response in adolescents with major depressive disorder

The present study provides preliminary evidence that pretreatment reward-related brain function in the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) could have relevance for predicting both final level and rate of change of clinical characteristics in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Adolescents with depression underwent a functional MRI scan during a monetary reward task, participated in an 8-week open trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or CBT plus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and completed reports of anxiety and depressive symptoms before, during, and after treatment. Clinicians rated adolescents' improvement and severity at the same time points. Growth models were used to examine change in clinical characteristics and its association with brain function. Severity, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms decreased over treatment. Final levels of severity and anxiety symptoms were associated with pretreatment striatal reactivity, and rate of anxiety symptom reduction was associated with greater striatal reactivity and lower medial PFC reactivity.
The Tumor-Immune Microenvironment and Response to Radiation Therapy

Chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) are standard therapeutic modalities for patients with cancer, including breast cancer. Historic studies examining tissue and cellular responses to RT have predominantly focused on damage caused to proliferating malignant cells leading to their death. However, there is increasing evidence that RT also leads to significant alterations in the tumor microenvironment, particularly with respect to effects on immune cells infiltrating tumors. This review focuses on tumor-associated immune cell responses following RT and discusses how immune responses may be modified to enhance durability and efficacy of RT.
A boundary only procedure for time-dependent diffusion equations

Abstract In the recent literature, the boundary element method (BEM) is extensively used to solve time-dependent partial differential equations. However, most of these formulations yield algorithms where one has to include all interior points in the computation process if finite difference procedures are used to approximate the temporal derivative. This obviously restricts the advantages of the BEM, which is mainly considered to be a boundary only algorithm for time-independent problems. A new algorithm is demonstrated here, which extends the boundary only nature of the method to time-dependent partial differential equations. Using this procedure, one can reduce the finite difference time integration algorithm, generated in a standard manner, to a boundary only process. The proposed method is demonstrated with considerable success for diffusion problems. Results obtained in these applications are presented comparatively with analytical and other boundary element time integration procedures. The algorithm proposed may utilize several coordinate functions in the secondary reduction phase of the formulation. A summary of such functions is described here and performances of these functions are tested and compared in three applications. It is shown that some coordinate functions perform better than others under certain conditions. Using these results, we propose a general coordinate function, which may be used with satisfactory results in all parabolic partial differential equation applications.
Object segregation in 8-month-old infants

Abstract Two experiments examined 8-month-old infants' use of configural and physical knowledge in segregating three-dimensional adjacent displays. The infants in Experiment 1 saw two identical yellow octagons standing side by side; in the test events, a hand grasped the right octagon and pulled it to the side. The infants looked reliably longer when the octagons moved apart than when they moved together, suggesting that the infants (a) perceived the octagons as a single unit and hence (b) expected them to move together and were surprised when they did not. The infants in Experiment 2 saw a yellow cylinder and a blue box; a hand grasped the cylinder and pulled it to the side. The infants looked reliably longer when the box moved with the cylinder than when the box remained in place, suggesting that they (a) viewed the cylinder and box as distinct units and thus (b) expected the cylinder to move alone and were surprised when it did not. These results indicate that, by 8 months of age, infants use configural knowledge when organizing adjacent displays: they expect similar parts to belong to the same unit and dissimilar parts to belong to distinct units. Additional results revealed that 8-month-old infants' interpretation of displays is affected not only by configural but also by physical considerations. Thus, infants in Experiment 1 who saw a thin blade lowered between the octagons viewed them as two rather than as one unit. Similarly, infants in Experiment 2 who saw the cylinder lying above instead of on the apparatus floor perceived the cylinder and box as one rather than two units. These results indicate that 8-month-old infants bring to bear their knowledge of impenetrability and support when parsing adjacent displays. Furthermore, when faced with two conflicting interpretations of a display, one suggested by their configural and one by their physical knowledge, infants allow the latter to supersede the former. Together, these findings suggest that, by 8 months of age, infants' approach to segregation is fundamentally similar to that of adults. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Antagonistic action of exogenous histone and rna in mouse ascites cells.

SummaryFunctional interaction between histone and RNA was studied using Nelson mouse ascites cells. Liver RNA was capable of stimulating RNA synthesis and arginine-rich histone inhibited it. The potency of low molecular weight fraction was superior to the high and whole RNAs, but inferior to the nucleolar RNA. Poly I-C was unable to lift the RNA synthesis to a level above the controls.Intracellular distribution of 125I-histone was traced by high resolution autoradiography. The predominant nuclear uptake of histone coupled with early work on RNA uptake provided evidence for the in situ action of histone and RNA. The RNA-stimulated RNA synthesis was sensitive to actinomycin D. From studies on the action of RNA versus histone, it was concluded that the action of RNA was mediated by arginine-rich histone.Fig. 10. The response of the histone pretreated cells (H) to RNA (HR) and RNAse-digested RNA (RNAse). The concentration of histone and RNA is same as Fig. 9 (3H-uridine triphosphate as precursor).
Kinetics of a rough crystal face: Temperature dependence of the growth rate

We present measurements of the linear growth rate of the (110)-face of naphthalene growing from toluene solution at various equilibrium temperatures. Above a critical supersaturation the growth rate depends linear on the supersaturation and the (110)-face becomes round, which both indicates kinetic roughening. Within a temperature interval of 50° C the growth rate changes by nearly two orders of magnitude. The slope of the linear part of the growth curve can be described by an activated process, the activation energy turns out to be of the order of the evaporation enthalpy of naphthalene.
Traumatic intracranial aneurysm and Gradenigo's syndrome secondary to gunshot wound

A patient suffering a gunshot wound subsequently developed an intracranial carotid aneurysm and Gradenigo's syndrome secondary to the aneurysm. A review of the related literature is presented.
Orthodoxy and creativity in theories of mountain building before 1922

In the 1870s, theories of mountain building emerged from little more than speculation to inference based on a growing body of observation and documentation. This coincided with abandonment of models stressing uplift, and their replacement, in the new orthodoxy, by models in which earth contraction led to lateral compression in its outer shell. Nevertheless, perceived weaknesses in this model gave impetus to new theories, some emphasizing primary vertical movement, and others continental displacement or subcrustal flow. The rebel theories added to the understanding of earth processes in important ways, by drawing attention to the weaknesses in the prevailing orthodoxy. But, in 1922, the complete answer remained out of reach.
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF): mechanism to elevate mean arterial pressure and heart rate

The efferent mechanisms by which central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) elevates mean arterial pressure and heart rate were assessed in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats. CRF increased blood pressure and heart rate by stimulating noradrenergic sympathetic nervous outflow. CRF-induced cardiovascular changes were not dependent on anterior pituitary hormone release, adrenomedullary epinephrine secretion, the renin-angiotensin system or circulating vasopressin.
Coolability of UO2 debris beds in pressurized water pools: DCC-1 and DCC-2 experiment results

Abstract The DCC-1 and DCC-2 experiments were designed to examine post-accident heat removal from reactor fuel debris using prototypic materials over a pressure range of 1 to 170 atmospheres. The purpose of these experiments is to provide dryout data for comparison with current predictive models. The experiments displayed two unexpected features. In DCC-1, the pressure dependence of the dryout flux was less than anticipated. In DCC-2, localized thermally stable dryouts were observed.
Variation in thyroid hormone action and tissue content underlies species differences in the timing of metamorphosis in desert frogs.

Summary Hormonal control of post-embryonic morphogenesis is well established, but it is not clear how differences in developmental endocrinology between species may underlie animal diversity. We studied this issue by comparing metamorphic thyroid hormone (TH) physiology and gonad development across spadefoot toad species divergent in metamorphic rate. Tissue TH content, in vitro tail tip sensitivity to TH, and rates of TH-induced tail tip shrinkage correlated with species differences in larval period duration. Gonad differentiation occurred before metamorphosis in species with long larval periods and after metamorphosis in the species with short larval periods. These differences in TH physiology and gonad development, informed by phylogeny and ecology of spadefoot metamorphosis, provide evidence that selection for the short larval periods in spadefoot toads acted via TH physiology and led to dramatic heterochronic shifts in metamorphic climax relative to gonad development.
Epidemiological relationship between steroid hormones and liver lesions

In the past 3 yr, over 140 cases of benign liver cell adenomas in young women who have used oral contraceptives have been reported in the world's medical literature. In the past, these tumors have been considered rare. Although hepatic cell tumors are benign, reports have indicated that the onset of the disease is of a critical nature--victims are frequently subject to sudden pain, shock, and hemorrhage, and a fatality rate of 10% was recorded in the aforementioned reports. In light of these facts, an epidemiological study was initiated in Nebraska. As a result, 20 new cases have been recorded of hepatic cell tumors in oral contraceptive users.
Perinatal asphyxia: Assessing its causal role and timing

Perinatal asphyxia, whether, prenatal, intrapartum, or neonatal is thought, to be a significant contributor to newborn mobidity and mortality as well as long-term neurological deficits. Development of an intrapartum tool/test that can reliably identify and discriminate between varying degrees of fetal acidemia and suggest whether it is respiratory or metabolic in nature would be highly desirable. This article critically reviews the avallable experience with the currently avallable monitoring techniques and the significance of abnormallties of fetal and intrapartum measurements with respect to the predictive value of the observations avallable to the clinician.
Application of high‐speed motion analysis to measure shock in cushioned drops

A high-speed motion analysis technique for measuring shocks in cushioned drops is developed and compared with the conventional accelerometer method. Actual drop-test results show significant differences between the measured peak decelerations using the two methods. The drop-test results are also compared with the published cushion-curve data and are again found to be in disagreement. The errors associated with each method are discussed and related back to the observed differences in measured acceleration.
A simulation model for a same day care facility at a university hospital

A simulation model was developed to evaluate the adequacy of the ambulatory care center space planned for the same-day care center at West Virginia University Medical Center. After thorough testing, the model was implemented, and results were obtained for different scenarios and modes of operation. Based on the results produced, officials at the hospital altered their original design and moved some of the services to the main hospital. After the study was performed, construction was completed for the outpatient care facility, and the same-day care unit was moved into it under the split service arrangement recommended from the analysis of the simulation results. After several months of operation, real-life results confirmed those predicted by the model. >
Toughness and Microstructure of Coarse Grain Heat Affected Zone with High Heat Input Welding in Zr-bearing Low Carbon Steel

The microstructure and toughness of simulated coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) in low carbon steel have been investigated in this study. In order to simulate microstructure evolution in CGHAZ, specimens were subject to weld thermal cycle with heat input of 100 kJ/cm, 400 kJ/cm and 800 kJ/cm at 1 400°C peak temperature using thermal simulator. As increase in heat input energy of weld thermal cycle, prior austenite grain size increases due to longer holding time at peak temperature. Excellent impact toughness of CGHAZ with heat input of 800 kJ/cm was obtained because of high volume fraction of fine acicular ferrite (AF) inside gain acting as an obstacle to cleavage propagation owe to its high angle grain boundary, forcing cleavage crack to change the route of propagation and effectively impedes the propagation of crack. The primary AF mainly originated from Zr-oxide particle with MnS and subsequently secondary AF nucleated sympathetically in form of side arms and grew from the primary AF in CGHAZ.
Multi‐Slice, Breathhold Imaging of the Lung with Submillisecond Echo Times

The signal from the lungs is heavily attenuated by T2 and T2* decay in standard MR images of the thorax. The authors utilized the capabilities of a prototype fast gradient system to develop a multi-slice gradient echo sequence that can obtain images with an echo time of 0.7 ms. Images acquired in a single breath-hold are free from respiratory motion artifacts and clearly display signal from lung parenchyma. The use of fast gradients makes short echo times possible without the use of nonstandard RF pulses and spatial encoding techniques and their associated limitations.
Changes in Alfalfa Yield and Nutritive Value within Individual Harvest Periods

Understanding the relationship between alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yield and nutritive value throughout the growing season will permit optimum timing of harvest. Our objective was to determine the rate at which alfalfa yield and fiber components change during each of four harvest periods. In spring, early summer, late summer, and fall of 2004 and 2005 at Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Idaho, primary growth of three alfalfa cultivars was initially harvested at late vegetative stage and every 5 d thereafter for 20 d. Forage dry matter (DM) yield, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) were measured at each harvest. Rate of DM production of all cultivars was greatest both years during the spring at Pennsylvania (222.5 and 702.2 kg ha -1 d -1 , respectively) and early summer at Wisconsin (83.4 and 278.8 kg ha -1 d -1 , respectively), and in early and late summer at Idaho (198.4 and 194.4 kg DM ha -1 d -1 , respectively, in 2005 only). The rate of increase in NDF was generally greatest during spring at Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, and during early summer at Idaho, while the rate of decrease in NDFD was generally greatest during early summer at all locations. The results suggest that the negative association between yield and nutritive value has greatest impact on timing of harvests made in spring and early summer in humid environments, and in early and late summer in more arid regions.
Discovering components of the Primary Language

In 1957 J. von Neumann introduced the Primary Language when he suggested that the languages we use are just external languages while the Primary Language is the only internal language of the human brain. Due to its age this cannot be symbolic. Instead, this must be a system of hybrid and mostly analog algorithms embedded in the human brain. This paper reports results of research on two possible components of the Primary Language, Linguistic Geometry (LG) and the Algorithm of Discovery. LG is a type of game theory for a class of extensive discrete games called Abstract Board Games (ABG), scalable to the level of real life defense systems. LG is an evolutionary product of millions of years of human warfare. It appears that LG is a formal model of human reasoning about armed conflict, a mental reality “hard-wired” in the human brain. Experiences of development of LG were utilized for solving major puzzle, discovering the Algorithm of Discovery, which must be another ancient component of the Primary Language. The major emphasis of his paper is on the results of investigation of the mental processes called visual streams that manifest execution of this algorithm. It reveals the various types of visual streams, the way of focusing those streams and constructing new streams. It particular it reveals the relationship of visual streams and mathematical proofs.
Counting facets and incidences

We show thatm distinct cells in an arrangement ofn planes in ?3 are bounded byO(m2/3n+n2) faces, which in turn yields a tight bound on the maximum number of facets boundingm cells in an arrangement ofn hyperplanes in ?d, for everyd?3. In addition, the method is extended to obtain tight bounds on the maximum number of faces on the boundary of all nonconvex cells in an arrangement of triangles in ?3. We also present a simpler proof of theO(m2/3nd/3+nd?1) bound on the number of incidences betweenn hyperplanes in ?d andm vertices of their arrangement.
Free liposomes enhance the transfection activity of DNA/lipid complexes in vivo by intravenous administration.

Factors that regulate the transfection efficiency of cationic lipid-based carriers are still largely unknown. We have shown in a previous report [F. Liu, H.W. Qi, L. Huang, D. Liu, Factors controlling the efficiency of cationic lipid-mediated transfection in vivo via intravenous administration, Gene Ther., 4 (1997) 517–523.] that the transfection efficiency, to the lung, of a lipid formulation composed of N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) and Tween 80 is directly proportional to the ratio of DOTMA to DNA. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the high cationic lipid to DNA ratio dependent transfection activity. Specifically, we have examined the role of free cationic liposomes in affecting the transfection efficiency of the DNA/lipid complexes in vivo by intravenous administration. The data show that greater transfection activity of DNA/lipid complexes in the lung at a higher cationic lipid to DNA ratio is due to the function of free liposomes present in the DNA/lipid mixture. Free liposomes enhance the transfection activity of DNA/lipid complexes by increasing the retention time of DNA and decreasing transgene degradation in different organs. In addition to DOTMA liposomes, liposomes composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane chloride (DOTAP) and 3β[N-(N′, N′-dimethylaminoethane) carbamoyl] cholesterol (DC-Chol) also enhance the level of gene expression in animals transfected by DNA/DOTMA complexes. These results suggest that inclusion of free liposomes into the DNA/lipid complexes may be important in achieving an optimal transfection activity in vivo.
A Stereotaxic Template Atlas of the Macaque Brain for Digital Imaging and Quantitative Neuroanatomy

A stereotaxic brain atlas of the longtailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is presented in a format suitable for use as a template atlas of the macaque brain. It includes most of the brain segmented to show the boundaries of landmark structures such that every point in the brain can be represented by a unique set of coordinates in three-dimensional space and ascribed unambiguously to one and only one primary structure. More than 400 structures are represented, including 360 volumetric structures, which constitute the substance of the brain, and 50 superficial features. To facilitate use with ventriculography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other noninvasive imaging techniques, the stereotaxic space is referenced to internal landmarks, viz., the anterior commissure and posterior commissure; the center of the anterior commissure at the midline is the origin of the stereotaxic axes. Reference of stereotaxis to this bicommissural space facilitates structural comparison with human brain atlases, which are commonly referenced to the biocommissural line. It also facilitates comparison of brains of different nonhuman primate species by providing a template brain against which to compare size and internal variability. Thirty-three coronal sections at 1-mm intervals from the spinomedullary junction to the rostral extreme of the caudate nucleus show most structures of the hindbrain, midbrain, and subcortical forebrain. Separately, four side views and 16 coronal sections show cortical structures. Structures are represented by outlines of their boundaries and labeled according to NeuroNames, a systematic English nomenclature of human and nonhuman primate neuroanatomy. Abbreviations are based on a protocol designed to facilitate cross-species comparisons. Instructions are provided for: (1) locating sites from the Template Atlas in the conventional stereotaxic space of an experimental animal, (2) locating sites identified by conventional stereotaxis in the Template Atlas, and (3) using the Template Atlas to collate, compare, and display image information (e.g., labeled cells, recording sites, stimulation sites, lesions) from multiple animals.
Serotonin 2C receptor activates a distinct population of arcuate pro-opiomelanocortin neurons via TRPC channels.

Summary Serotonin 2C receptors (5-HT 2C Rs) expressed by pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus regulate food intake, energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of 5-HT to regulate POMC neuronal activity via 5-HT 2C Rs have not yet been identified. In the present study, we found the putative transient receptor potential C (TRPC) channels mediate the activation of a subpopulation of POMC neurons by mCPP (a 5-HT 2C R agonist). Interestingly, mCPP-activated POMC neurons were found to be a distinct population from those activated by leptin. Together, our data suggest that 5-HT 2C R and leptin receptors are expressed by distinct subpopulations of arcuate POMC neurons and that both 5-HT and leptin exert their actions in POMC neurons via TRPC channels. Video Abstract
The Interaction of Ferredoxin with Chloroplast Ferredoxin-Linked Enzymes

Ferredoxin, reduced by Photosystem I during oxygenic photosynthesis, then serves as the electron donor for the reduction of NADP+ [1], nitrite [2], and the reductive conversion of 2-oxoglutarate plus glutamine to glutamate [3]. Evidence exists thit two of these ferredoxin-dependent reductions, that of NADP+ (catalyzed by ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase, hereafter abbreviated FNR) and of nitrite to ammonia (catalyzed by ferredoxinmitrite oxidoreductase, hereafter referred to as nitrite reductase) involve electrostatically-stabilized complexes between ferredoxin and the enzymes [4,5]. Glutamate synthase, the enzyme responsible for the ferredoxin-dependent synthesis of glutamate, like FNR [6] and nitrite reductase [7], can be purified by ferredoxin affinity chromatography [8]. This suggested that glutamate synthase can form an electrostatic complex with ferredoxin. Evidence for such a complex [9] is presented below.