cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTRODERMAL CORRELATES OF HYPERACTIVITY IN CHILDREN

Basal skin conductance, non-specific GSRs, and specific GSRs were studied during 2 experimental sessions with two groups of 12 hyperkinetic children each and a group of 12 matched normal controls. Hyperkinetic children were found to have lower basal skin conductance, fewer and smaller non-specific GSRs, and smaller specific GSRs than those of normal children. Stimulant drugs, which were administered to one group of hyperkinetic children, tended to raise basal level conductance and non-specific GSR activity toward the levels of normal children. A tentative neurophysiological hypothesis is offered to account for these data as well as the clinical observations that stimulant drugs are effective in the treatment of hyperkinetic children.
Tradeoffs between impact loading rate, vertical impulse and effective mass for walkers and heel strike runners wearing footwear of varying stiffness

Humans experience repetitive impact forces beneath the heel during walking and heel strike running that cause impact peaks characterized by high rates and magnitudes of loading. Impact peaks are caused by the exchange of momentum between the ground and a portion of the body that comes to a full stop (the effective mass) during the period of the impact peak. A number of factors can influence this exchange of momentum, including footwear stiffness. This study presents and tests an impulse-momentum model of impact mechanics which predicts that effective mass and vertical impulse is greater in walkers and heel strike runners wearing less stiff footwear. The model also predicts a tradeoff between impact loading rate and effective mass, and between impact loading rate and vertical impulse among individuals wearing footwear of varying stiffness. We tested this model using 19 human subjects walking and running in minimal footwear and in two experimental footpads. Subjects walked and ran on an instrumented treadmill and 3D kinematic data were collected. As predicted, both vertical impulse (walking: F(2,54)=52.0, p=2.6E-13; running: F(2,54)=25.2, p=1.8E-8) and effective mass (walking: F(2,54)=12.1, p=4.6E-5; running: F(2,54)=15.5, p=4.7E-6) increase in less stiff footwear. In addition, there is a significant inverse relationship between impact loading rate and vertical impulse (walking: r=-0.88, p<0.0001; running: r=-0.78, p<0.0001) and between impact loading rate and effective mass (walking: r=-0.88, p<0.0001; running: r=-0.82, p<0.0001). The tradeoff relationships documented here raise questions about how and in what ways the stiffness of footwear heels influence injury risk during human walking and running.
Quantifying Coronal Tooth Discoloration Caused by Biodentine and EndoSequence Root Repair Material

Abstract Introduction Mineral trioxide aggregate (ProRoot [PR]; Dentsply, Tulsa, OK) has been shown to have high rates of success in various endodontic applications. A major drawback is its tendency to discolor dentin. Two new bioceramics (BD, Biodentine [BD]; Septodont, Saint Maur des Fosses, France; and EndoSequence [ES]; Brasseler, Savannah, GA) have been developed that claim to not discolor teeth. The aim of this study was to compare tooth discoloration between these 3 materials. Methods Forty-eight bovine mandibular incisors (4 groups, n = 12) were obtained and prepared from the apical aspect after root resection. Canals were prepared with sequentially larger ParaPost drills (Coltene/Whaledent Inc, Cuyahoga Falls, OH) to size 7 to 3 mm coronal to the cementoenamel junction. Experimental materials were condensed into the crowns and the access sealed. Color was assessed at various times up to 2 months according to the CIE L*a*b* color space system. Change in color, ΔE, was compared among groups and over time using analysis of variance. Results For all materials, there was a sharp increase in ΔE after placement. There was a rebound effect on day 1. After a rebound toward the initial color, all materials displayed a trend toward discoloration through the experimental period. At the end of 8 weeks, both BD and ES had discolored significantly more than either control or PR. BD and ES were not significantly different from each other. Control and PR were not significantly different from one another at the end of the experimental period. Conclusions BD and ES discolor bovine tooth structure to a perceptible degree. At 8 weeks, this was significantly more than PR.
Admitting mistakes pays: the long term impact of goodwill impairment write-offs on stock prices

Prior studies find a negative stock price reaction after goodwill impairment write-offs both in the short term and in the long term. In 2002 the Financial Accounting Standards Board rules for accounting for goodwill changed. We examine data from after the rule changes and find that investors continue to perceive goodwill write-offs as negative events in the short term, but contrary to previous studies, we find that investors perceive goodwill write-offs as positive news in the long term. We provide evidence suggesting that firms incorporate all foreseeable non-recurring charges into the goodwill impairment. We examine the overall firm performance and find that it improves significantly post event. However, firm operating performance only slightly improves after the write-off. The overall firm performance improvements are due to decreased non-recurring charges in the years subsequent to the write-off.
Intelligent control of a prosthetic ankle joint using gait recognition

Abstract Desire for better prosthetic feet for below-knee amputees has motivated the development of several active and highly functional devices. These devices are equipped with controlled actuators in order to replicate biomechanical characteristics of the human ankle, improve the amputee gait, and reduce the amount of metabolic energy consumed during locomotion. However, the functioning of such devices on human subjects is difficult to test due to changing gait, unknown ankle dynamics, complicated interaction between the foot and the ground, as well as between the residual limb and the prosthesis. Commonly used approaches in control of prosthetic feet treat these effects as disturbances and ignore them, thereby degrading the performance and efficiency of the devices. In this paper, an artificial neural network-based hierarchical controller is proposed that first recognizes the amputees' intent from the actual measured gait data, then selects a displacement profile for the prosthetic joint based on the amputees' intent, and then adaptively compensates for the unmodeled dynamics and disturbances for closed loop stability with guaranteed tracking performance. Detailed theoretical analysis is carried out to establish the stability and robustness of the proposed approach. The performance of the controller presented in this paper is demonstrated using actual gait data collected from human subjects. Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed strategy over conventional approaches to the control of the prosthetic ankle, especially when the presence of noise, uncertainty in terrain interaction, disturbance torques, variations in gait parameters, and changes in gait are considered.
Biomechanical Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow

It is generally accepted that myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic regulation mechanisms exist for the cerebral blood flow (CBF). Recently, a hydraulic control acting at the predural level has been suggested by Chopp et al. [2] These mechanisms, however, do not take into consideration the problem represented by the peculiar feature of the brain (an incompressible organ) within the skull and dura mater (a rigid box and a stiff envelope), perfused by a pulsatile blood flow through a vascular tree with elastic walls. On the basis of this consideration we think that the progressive CBF reduction up to cerebral circulatory arrest following severe intracranial hypertension is probably due to an unbalance between cerebral blood volume variations during each cardiac cycle and the compensatory systems, primarily the venous vascular bed.
Media Factors: A Review Article:

Qualitative factors influence media selection. This review article attempts to identify and group these factors. Sources of measurement data on these factors are identified and techniques are sugge...
3c/4e σ-type long-bonding: a novel transitional motif toward the metallic delocalization limit.

We describe a novel “long-bonding” motif that appears in the framework of natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis as a surprising form of 3-center, 4-electron (3c/4e) L···A···L′ bonding with “inverted” electronegativity pattern ΞA > ΞL, ΞL′. Such long-bonding (denoted L∧L′) underlies the predicted (meta)stability of exotic rare gas species with highly electronegative ligands (e.g., HeF2, NeF2) as well as the absolute stability of low-electronegativity metallic triads (e.g., BeLi2, ZnCu2, and related species) that are experimentally unknown but can be anticipated from simple valency and electronegativity trends. We focus particularly on the BeLi2 triad, whose Lewis-type Li∧Li′ long bond is of paradoxical antibonding phase pattern, denoted σ*LiLi′ to suggest its essential 2–1/2(sLi – sLi′) orbital composition. We demonstrate how the long-bonded triad serves as a fundamental building-block for numerous 1-, 2-, and 3-d structures that are predicted to exhibit extraordinary calorimetric, vibrational, and electric...
Size-dependent hydrogen storage properties of Mg nanocrystals prepared from solution.

Mg nanocrystals of controllable sizes were prepared in gram quantities by chemical reduction of magnesocene using a reducing solution of potassium with an aromatic hydrocarbon (either biphenyl, phenanthrene, or naphthalene). The hydrogen sorption kinetics were shown to be dramatically faster for nanocrystals with smaller diameters, although the activation energies calculated for hydrogen absorption (115−122 kJ/mol) and desorption (126−160 kJ/mol) were within previously measured values for bulk Mg. This large rate enhancement cannot be explained by the decrease in particle size alone but is likely due to an increase in the defect density present in smaller nanocrystals.
Role of Schottky Defects in Hydrogen and Metal Diffusion in NaH, MgH2, and NaMgH3

The diffusion of hydrogen in metal hydrides is crucial to the kinetics of H2 storage in these materials. Although the role of charged H-related defects in several metal hydrides has been studied previously, little is known about the possible role of charged defects associated with metal sites. We describe a comprehensive set of first-principles calculations examining Schottky, Frenkel, and anti-Frenkel defects in NaH, MgH2, and NaMgH3 to address this issue. Our calculations give information on the diffusivities of H and metal atoms in these materials and show that defects associated with metal sites can play a crucial role in net atomic transport. We also consider doping of NaH by heterovalent MgH2, finding that this doping can significantly enhance the diffusivity of H.
Malaria in Zhejiang Province, China, from 2005 to 2014

To summarize the changing epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Zhejiang Province, China, we collected data on malaria from the Chinese Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NDRS) and analyzed them. A total of 2,738 malaria cases were identified in Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2014, of which 2,018 were male and 720 were female. Notably, only 7% of malaria cases were indigenous and the other cases were all imported. The number of malaria cases increased from 2005 to 2007, peaked in 2007, and then decreased from 2007 to 2011. There were no indigenous cases from 2012 to 2014. Of all cases, 68% of cases contracted Plasmodium vivax, 27% of cases contracted P. falciparum, and two cases contracted P. malariae. About 88% of malaria cases during 2005-2011 occurred yearly between May and October, but the number of malaria cases in different months during 2012-2014 was similar. The median age was 33 years, and 1,892 cases occurred in persons aged 20-50 years. The proportion of businessmen increased and the proportion of migrant laborers decreased in recent years. The median time from illness onset to confirmation of malaria cases was 5 days and it decreased from 2005 to 2014. Some epidemiological characteristics of malaria have changed, and businessmen are the emphases to surveillance in every month.
Emergent interactions influence functional traits and success of dune building ecosystem engineers

Dune building processes are affected by interactions between the growth of ecosystem engineering dune grasses and environmental factors associated with disturbance such as sand burial and sea spray. Research investigating how species interactions influence dune community structure and functional trait responses in high abiotic stress environments is minimal. We investigated how species interactions influence the functional trait responses of three dominant dune grasses to common abiotic stressors. We performed a multi-factorial greenhouse experiment by planting three common dune grasses (Ammophila breviligulata Fern., Uniola paniculata L. and Spartina patens Muhl.) in different interspecific combinations, using sand burial and sea spray as abiotic stressors. Sand burial was applied once at the beginning of the study. Sea spray was applied three times per week using a calibrated spray bottle. Morphological functional trait measurements (leaf elongation, maximum root length, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass) were collected at the end of the study. The experiment continued from May 2015 to August 2015. Species interactions between A. breviligulata and U. paniculata negatively affected dune building function traits of A. breviligulata, indicating that interactions with U. paniculata could alter dune community structure. Furthermore, A. breviligulata had a negative interaction with S. patens, which decreased S. patens functional trait responses to abiotic stress. When all species occurred together, the interactions among species brought about coexistence of all three species. Our data suggest that species interactions can change traditional functional trait responses of dominant species to abiotic stress.
Automation Scheme of Manufacturing Executive System for Manufacturing Enterprise Based on FactoryTalk Platform

To the characters of manufacturing enterprise,the basic process platform for informationized manufacturing and the platform of manufacturing executive system(MES) are discussed,by analyzing the functions of MES.Based on the FactoryTalk of Rockwell Automation,the integrated architecture of Rockwell Automation hardware and the MES series software Bizware platform are introduced.Customer can select these modular MES software to set up their own MES system by configurate these software according to their specific requirements.
Observation and nursing of patients with stroke by rheumatic heart disease

The authors report in the paper their observation and experience in nursing21patients with stroke by rheumatic heart disease(SRHD).They argue that heart stroke results from mental factors,coronary spasm caused by the instability of automatic nerve after midnight and naturally SRHD.They believe accurate diagnosis and immediate rescue are key in the resuscitation and then mental nursing as well as health education is of great importance in promoting rehabilitation.
Enhanced spin Hall torque efficiency in Pt100−xAlx and Pt100−xHfx alloys arising from the intrinsic spin Hall effect

We report that the spin Hall torque generated by Pt can be enhanced substantially by alloying with Al or Hf. We observe damping-like spin torque efficiency per unit applied current density as high as ξDLj=0.23±0.02, nearly twice the maximum value reported for pure Pt. To achieve this maximum efficiency, a very thin (0.5 nm) Pt spacer layer is inserted between the alloy and the ferromagnet being manipulated, to avoid a degraded spin transparency at the alloy/ferromagnet interface.
Evolution of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Infants with Cleft Palate and Micrognathia.

Study Objectives:Children with craniofacial anomalies are a heterogeneous group at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the prevalence and structural predictors of OSA in this popu...
A Game-Theoretic Framework for Network Security Vulnerability Assessment and Mitigation

In this paper we propose and discuss a game-theoretic framework for (a) evaluating security vulnerability, (b) quantifying the corresponding Pareto optimal vulnerability/cost tradeoff, and (c) identifying the optimal operating point on this Pareto optimal frontier. We discuss our framework in the context of a flow-level model of Supply-Demand (S-D) network where we assume a sophisticated attacker attempting to disrupt the network flow. The vulnerability metric is determined by the Nash equilibrium payoff of the corresponding game. The vulnerability/cost tradeoff is derived by assuming that “the network” can reduce the security vulnerability at the cost of using more expensive flows and the optimal operating point is determined by “the network” preferences with respect to vulnerability and cost. We illustrate the proposed framework on examples through numerical investigations.
Constraint of Contemporary Cruciate-Retaining Total Knee Replacement Designs

Background The constraint of total knee replacement (TKR) implants is not simply defined and many of the factors that influence it are not well understood. Variability in the constraint of different TKR implants designed for the same indication (e.g. cruciate-retaining, or posterior-stabilized) have been previously demonstrated, but these differences among implants have yet to be simply quantified. Furthermore, the relative importance of several variables on the implant constraint remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify the differences in constraint that exist between different implant designs, and to examine the effects of axial load and flexion angle on the constraint of current cruciate-retaining (CR) TKR components. Methods Four contemporary CR TKR designs underwent laxity testing using a multi-axis mechanical test machine. Implants were tested at flexion angles of 0°, 20°, 90° and maximum flexion and axial loads of 712 N (1 BW) and 1424 N (2 BW). Friction-free motion in all secondary degrees of freedom was allowed. Force-displacement curves were generated for each testing condition in both anterior-posterior (AP) and rotational tests. AP constraint (N/mm) and rotational constraint (Nm/deg) were then calculated. Results Differences in the AP and rotational constraint of the various implants were identified. The rotating platform implant was the most AP constrained and least rotationally constrained of the implants studied. Among the fixed bearing implants, NexGen CR had less AP and rotational constraint than the Genesis II and PFC Sigma. Doubling the applied axial load during the laxity tests resulted in a significant increase in both AP (p Conclusion The constraints of four contemporary CR TKR designs were quantitatively compared and ranked according to their calculated constraints. Differences in the constraint of these designs were identified. This quantitative analysis is an important step towards the creation of a clinically meaningful constraint index that would aid surgeons in choosing the optimal implants for their TKR patients. Additionally, the analysis of the effects of axial load and flexion angle on constraint has implications which may influence how in vitro testing of implants is conducted as well as clinical implications in terms of how the constraint envelope of a given implant may influence the feel and function that a TKR patient experiences.
Gorbachev's arms policy rooted in past

The present Soviet emphasis on arms control dates from the late 1960s, although Gorbachev is the first to articulate the policy clearly and openly. In order to reach agreements, the Kremlin has repeatedly curtailed arms plans.
Linking the Gene Ontology with Social Ontology: A Prolegomena to the Ontology of Personhood

The Gene Ontology captures information at a very small scale, namely: molecular function, biological process, and cellular components. At this level, the Gene Ontology project should be capable of developing a semantics for every relation of genomic data to protein synthesis to the biological processes that result. In essence, the Gene Ontology should be able to describe the complete biomechanical functioning of an organism. But what of the social ontological statuses of organisms, and the relations of individuals to their higher level functions? Can the Gene Ontology account for higher level activities of an organism (such as intentionality, rights, property relations, etc)? Without leaping to conclusions about whether higher level functions are in fact naturalistically based, we should develop a semantics to serve as a hypothetical bridge should genomics lead us in that direction.
Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to the colon arising from a mature cystic ovarian teratoma

Malignant transformation of a mature cystic teratoma is extremely rare, occurring in 0.17-2% of cases.1 The most common malignant degeneration is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from the ectoderm. Approximately half of all cases of SCC of the ovary are confined to the ovary at time diagnosis.1,2 Secondary to its absolute rarity and the relative infrequency of cases with metastatic spread the optimal treatment of advanced stage disease is unknown. Outcomes for locally advanced and widespread disease have historically been very poor. Ford and Timmons recently reported on a patient with stage IIC SCC arising in a mature cystic teratoma treated with multimodal therapy who has been free of disease for more than five years.3 Herein we report on a woman with stage IIIC SCC arising within a mature cystic teratoma treated with directed chemoradiation who subsequently developed metastatic SCC to the colon.
Women in the Shadows: Gender, Puppets, and the Power of Tradition in Bali by Jennifer Goodlander

Goodlander, Jennifer. Women in the Shadows: Gender, Puppets, and the Power of Tradition in Bali . Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2016. Review by David Harnish.
Are Public Funds Used to Maintain Ruling Coalitions? Evidence from India

Political considerations can distort public policies in developing countries, making them less effective. While past literature has focused on incumbent politicians manipulating policies for reelection purposes in two-party settings, around 52% of the world’s democracies have coalition governments. In such settings, a national incumbent can not only allocate funds to woo voters pre-election, but also to buy legislative support from smaller parties post-election. My paper presents a simple framework formalizing these two mechanisms and tests it using a newly constructed dataset of district-level disbursements from India’s Total Sanitation Campaign. These two mechanisms give rise to two distinct patterns in the disbursement of funds: the “Buying Votes Cycle” and the “Patronage Cycle.” The former is the traditional cycle with a pre-election increase (60%) in the release of funds in swing districts for the national parties. The latter is a previously undocumented cycle with a post-election increase (55%) in the release of funds that occurs, as predicted by the model, only in safe districts for smaller parties. Both cycles are large enough to affect the timing of household consumption and hence their welfare.
Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of 0.7 Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3 PbTiO3 single crystal poled using alternating current

In this paper, 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-30%PT) single crystal samples were poled using an alternating current (electric field) poling (ACP) method. Compared to the traditional poling meth...
Waste Energy Recovery Through Turbo Generation: “Unexpected Fuel Efficiency Sweet Spot for Transient Control.”

A non-intuitive aspect of the transient management of a waste energy recovery (WER) system on a small turbocharged gasoline engine is presented in this work. The WER system is realized with a positive displacement expander and an electric motor, named exhaust turbo generating (ETG) system. The steady state simulations indicate that for a range of medium loads it can provide up to 5.5% reduction in the fuel consumption. For this, the ETG system set point and the engine spark timing, which is affected by the extra imposed backpressure, are optimized offline. The decentralized control design presented in this work warrants effective actuator coordination including five controlling actuators on the engine level and two for the ETG system. A sliding mode controller is designed for controlling the ETG speed with different closed loop bandwidths. The results indicate that the optimum control strategy is not the one with the fastest closed loop ETG response. Specifically, one would expect that the fastest transients would be better in maintaining the benefits that were projected in steady state GT-Power simulations. With this work, it is clarified for the first time that the ETG control design tuned to optimize the transitions to optimal rotational speed is as important as the actual selection of these steady state optimal set points, which has been studied extensively in the past.
Type Ia supernovae from dark matter core collapse

Dark matter (DM) which sufficiently heats a local region in a white dwarf will trigger runaway fusion, igniting a type Ia supernova (SN). In a companion paper, this instability was used to constrain DM heavier than $10^{16}$ GeV which ignites SN through the violent interaction of one or two individual DM particles with the stellar medium. Here we study the ignition of supernovae by the formation and self-gravitational collapse of a DM core containing many DM particles. For non-annihilating DM, such a core collapse may lead to a mini black hole that can ignite SN through the emission of Hawking radiation, or possibly as a by-product of accretion. For annihilating DM, core collapse leads to an increasing annihilation rate and can ignite SN through a large number of rapid annihilations. These processes extend the previously derived constraints on DM to masses as low as $10^{5}$ GeV.
Chemiresistive Sensor Array and Machine Learning Classification of Food.

Successful identification of complex odors by sensor arrays remains a challenging problem. Herein, we report robust, category-specific multiclass-time series classification using an array of 20 car...
Syntheses, X-ray structure, emission and vibrational spectroscopies, DFT and thermogravimetric studies of two complexes containing the bidentate ligand 5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl) phosphine oxide

The coordination chemistry of (diphenyl((5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl) phosphine oxide), 1, was explored. Reacting appropriate equivalents of this ligand and either cobalt perchlorate or MoO2Cl2...
Using drive-by health monitoring to detect bridge damage considering environmental and operational effects

Abstract Drive-by Health Monitoring utilizes accelerometers mounted on vehicles to gather dynamic response data that can be used to continuously evaluate the health of bridges faster and with less equipment than traditional structural health monitoring practices. Because vehicles and bridges create a coupled system, vehicle acceleration data contains information about bridge frequencies that can be used as health indicators. However, for drive-by health monitoring to be viable, variabilities in dynamic measurements caused by environmental and operational parameters, such as temperature, vehicle speed, traffic, and surface roughness need to be considered. In this paper, a finite element model of a simply supported bridge is developed considering the aforementioned variabilities and various levels of structural damage. Vehicle acceleration data obtained from the model is analyzed in the frequency domain and processed using a neural network architecture. This method is used to determine the relationships between noise inducing variables and changes in vehicle dynamic response spectrum; these relationships are leveraged to predict the overall health of the subject bridge. The results from this study indicate that the proposed approach can serve as a viable health monitoring strategy and should be further tested on physical bridge systems. Reproducibility: our code and data are available at [ https://github.com/JSybrandt/HighPerformanceBridgeSim ].
The Emerging Professional Practice of Remote Sighted Assistance for People with Visual Impairments

People with visual impairments (PVI) must interact with a world they cannot see. Remote sighted assistance (RSA) has emerged as a conversational assistive technology. We interviewed RSA assistants ("agents") who provide assistance to PVI via a conversational prosthetic called Aira (https://aira.io/) to understand their professional practice. We identified four types of support provided: scene description, navigation, task performance, and social engagement. We discovered that RSA provides an opportunity for PVI to appropriate the system as a richer conversational/social support tool. We studied and identified patterns in how agents provide assistance and how they interact with PVI as well as the challenges and strategies associated with each context. We found that conversational interaction is highly context-dependent. We also discuss implications for design.
From Disenchantment to Reenchantment: Rural Microcelebrities, Short Video, and the Spectacle-ization of the Rural Lifescape on Chinese Social Media

Facilitated by the explosive growth in mobile devices and social media, the rise of rural China’s microcelebrities and the accompanying short videos of the country’s rural lifescape disseminated through various social media platforms have generated astonishing viewership figures and taken Chinese netizens by storm. These digital productions, despite a wide range of filming techniques and production quality, employ sophisticated narrative strategies and visual languages. This article examines the cultural politics behind the production, circulation, and consumption of these videos and the sociospatial dynamics reflected in the rediscovering and repackaging of rural life on Chinese social media. This article contends that these videos, rather than bridging the urban–rural gap, as they seem to, in fact reveal the predicaments of China’s urbanization process and suggest further (though subtle) urban–rural discrepancies.
Measuring metrics - a 40-year longitudinal cross-validation of citations, downloads, and peer review in astrophysics

Citation measures, and newer altmetric measures such as downloads are now commonly used to inform personnel decisions. How well do or can these measures measure or predict the past, current, or future scholarly performance of an individual? Using data from the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System we analyze the publication, citation, download, and distinction histories of a cohort of 922 individuals who received a U.S. PhD in astronomy in the period 1972-1976. By examining the same and different measures at the same and different times for the same individuals we are able to show the capabilities and limitations of each measure. Because the distributions are lognormal, measurement uncertainties are multiplicative; we show that in order to state with 95% confidence that one person's citations and downloads are significantly higher than another person's, the log difference in the ratio of counts must be at least 0.3dex, which corresponds to a multiplicative factor of 2.
Analytical model for drag reduction on liquid-infused structured non-wetting surfaces

Liquid-infused structured non-wetting surfaces provide alternating no-slip and partial slip boundary conditions to the fluid flow, resulting in reduced friction at the interface. In this paper, an analytical model is developed for the evaluation of effective slip and, in turn, friction factor and drag reduction on liquid-infused structured non-wetting surfaces. By considering the entire range of anisotropy and heterogeneity of the surface structures as well as the full range of partial slip offered by the infusion liquid, the present model eliminates empirical fitting or correlations that are inherent in previous studies. Based on the effective slip length, drag reduction and skin friction coefficient values for Newtonian flow between two infinite parallel plates and flow in round tubes are presented. Extension of Moody charts for non-wetting surfaces and design maps of surface meso/micro/nano texturing for achieving desired drag reduction are presented for a broad range of engineering applications. The article further presents independent validation of the model across experimental and computational data from the literature and brings together several previous studies in a unified manner.
Synergistic and Antagonistic Drug Combinations against SARS-CoV-2.

Antiviral drug development for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is occurring at an unprecedented pace, yet there are still limited therapeutic options for treating this disease. We hypothesized that combining drugs with independent mechanisms of action could result in synergy against SARS-CoV-2, thus generating better antiviral efficacy. Using in silico approaches, we prioritized 73 combinations of 32 drugs with potential activity against SARS-CoV-2 and then tested them in vitro. Sixteen synergistic and eight antagonistic combinations were identified; among 16 synergistic cases, combinations of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug nitazoxanide with remdesivir, amodiaquine, or umifenovir were most notable, all exhibiting significant synergy against SARS-CoV-2 in a cell model. However, the combination of remdesivir and lysosomotropic drugs, such as hydroxychloroquine, demonstrated strong antagonism. Overall, these results highlight the utility of drug repurposing and preclinical testing of drug combinations for discovering potential therapies to treat COVID-19.
Focused Ultrasound Mechanical Disruption of Ex Vivo Rat Tendon

Around 30 million tendon injuries occur annually in the U.S. costing $\$ $ 114 billion. Conservative therapies, like dry needling, promote healing in chronically injured tendons by inducing microdamage but have mixed success rates. Focused ultrasound (fUS) therapy can noninvasively fractionate tissues through the creation, oscillation, and collapse of bubbles in a process termed histotripsy; however, highly collagenous tissues, like tendon, have shown resistance to mechanical fractionation. This study histologically evaluates whether fUS mechanical disruption is achievable in tendons. Ex vivo rat tendons (45 Achilles and 44 supraspinatus) were exposed to 1.5-MHz fUS operating with 0.1–10 ms pulses repeated at 1–100 Hz for 15–60 s with peak positive pressures <89 MPa and peak negative pressures <26 MPa; other tendons were exposed to dry needling or sham. Immediately after treatment, tendons were flash-frozen and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE however, not all samples showed histological injury. When the injury was detected, parameter sets with shorter pulses (0.1–1 ms), lower acoustic pressures, or reduced treatment times showed mechanical disruption in the form of fiber separation and fraying with little to no thermal injury. Longer pulses or treatment times showed a combination of mechanical and thermal injury. These findings suggest that mechanical disruption is achievable in tendons within a small window of acoustic parameters, supporting the potential of fUS therapy in tendon treatment.
Plant Root Absorption and Metabolic Fate of Technetium in Plants

Technetium-99 (Tc), produced in the fission of U-235 and Pu-239, has a long half-life (2·1 × 105 year) and has been shown to exhibit a relatively high degree of bioavailability. While Tc can enter the environment from a number of sources [1], the nuclear fuel cycle is the major contributor from the standpoint of point sources. Concentration ratios (CR = μg Tc/g dry wt vegetation per μg Tc/g dry wt soil) for transfer from soils to plants span three orders of magnitude from 1 to 1000 [2–7]. This broad range of CR values presents some difficulty in assessment of dose [8].
FOUNDATION TESTING TECHNIQUES FOR ARCH DAMS AND UNDERGROUND POWERPLANTS

TO ENSURE THAT FOUNDATION TESTS ARE PERFORMED ON REPRESENTATIVE SPECIMENS AND FIELD SITES, GEOLOGISTS TAKE ADVANTAGE OF REGIONAL SURVEYS, VICINITY SURFACE MAPPING, AND SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS AT THE SITE AS REVEALED FROM BORINGS AND BOREHOLE CAMERA STUDIES. FOLLOWING THIS, THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ROCK ARE DETERMINED FROM DRILL CORES. DEFORMATION OF THE ROCK, FOR COMPUTATION OF ARCH REACTIONS AND DEFLECTIONS, IS DETERMINED BY NUMEROUS LABORATORY TESTS OF SOUND ROCK SPECIMENS AND BY JACKING AND SEISMIC TESTS IN THE FIELD THAT SHOW THE INFLUENCE OF CRACKS AND OTHER INHERENT WEAKNESSES. THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE ROCK IS DETERMINED TRIAXIALLY IN THE LABORATORY WITH SPECIMENS FROM HOLES ORIENTED AT VARIOUS ANGLES TO THE FOLIATION PLANE. IN THE FIELD, LARGE BLOCKS OF ROCK ARE TESTED TO OBTAIN THE INFLUENCE OF JOINT SYSTEMS ON SHEAR STRENGTH AND RESISTANCE TO SLIDING UNDER VARIOUS NORMAL LOADS. STRAIN RELIEF TECHNIQUES ARE USED TO OBTAIN IN SITU STRESSES ON THE WALLS AND ROOF OF AN EXPLORATORY TUNNEL AND WITHIN THE ROCK MASS BY MEANS OF DEEP DRILL HOLES. ROCK DEFORMATION CAUSED BY EXCAVATION OF A MACHINE HALL CHAMBER IS MEASURED BY THE USE OF MULTIPLE BOREHOLD EXTENSOMETERS AND CONVERGENCE GAGE POINTS. WHEN JOINTED ROCK IS BOLTED TOGETHER AND USED AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL, TESTS ARE MADE TO DETERMINE THE TORQUE- TENSION RELATIONSHIP FOR BOLTS TO BE SURE THAT THE ANCHORS WILL HOLD AND NOT RELAX THEIR GRIP WITH TIME. AS A SAFETY MEASURE AND TO CHECK DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS, DEFORMATION METERS ARE INSTALLED BETWEEN THE BASE OF THE DAM AND THE FOUNDATION ROCK AT VARIOUS DEPTHS BELOW THE STRUCTURE. /AUTHOR/
Fault tuples in diagnosis of deep-submicron circuits

Diagnosis of malfunctioning deep-submicron (DSM) ICs is becoming more difficult due to the increasing sophistication of the manufacturing process and the structural complexity of the IC itself. At the same time, key diagnostic tasks that include defect localization are still solved using primitive models of the IC's defects. This paper explores the use of "fault tuples" in diagnosis. Fault tuples can accurately mimic the complex misbehavior of DSM ICs at the logic level, enabling practical diagnosis of large circuits. Initial assessment of the use of fault tuples in diagnosis is performed based on a case study involving one specific category of polysilicon spot defects. Obtained results indicate that fault tuples may enhance diagnosis significantly.
Screening cellular responses to cytokine pulses in a microfluidic device

The cellular response to a molecular stimulus depends on the concentration and duration of the stimulus. Conventional assays often neglect timing because the experiments are prohibitively tedious and time consuming. In this work, we describe a microfluidic living cell assay that allows efficient characterization of stimulus timing. A microfluidic network is designed to allow controlled parallel delivery of different stimulus regimens to downstream linear arrays of living GFP reporter cells. In contrast to conventional techniques that require a separate experiment for each exposure regimen and each response time point, this assay screens exposure durations and response dynamics in a single experiment. We demonstrate the approach by studying the effect of 7 durations of TNF-alpha exposure on activation of NFKB-mediated transcription at 17 time points, equivalent to 114 conventional experiments. This general approach to studying cell signaling dynamics has significant scaling potential and will be useful for high throughput drug development and investigation of dynamic signaling in basic cell biology.
Effects of UV photodegradation on subsequent microbial decomposition of Bromus diandrus litter

Photodegradation acts as a direct contributor to litter decomposition in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. However, its indirect effects are unclear. Does photodegradation condition litter for subsequent microbial decomposition? We conditioned litter of Bromus diandrus with ambient or reduced ultraviolet (UV) radiation and three periods of exposure (summer, summer-winter, and 1 year) in a California annual grassland. We then investigated how field UV exposure affected subsequent microbial decomposition of litter using a controlled laboratory incubation. Surprisingly, microbial decomposition was decreased by UV radiation when the exposure occurred during summer but was unaffected by UV treatment for exposure longer than summer. Litter lignin concentrations did not explain these results, as they were not affected by UV radiation for any of the exposure periods. However, for the summer period exposure, UV radiation was associated with decreased litter N concentration, which corresponded with lowered subsequent microbial activity. Our results suggest a new mechanism through which photodegradation interacts with litter microbial decomposition: photodegradation may decrease microbial decomposition through inhibition of microbial N immobilization. Our results imply that solar radiation can interact with litter N cycling dynamics to influence litter decomposition processes.
The B‐Cell Antigen Receptor

1 Structure and Synthesis of the BCR 2 BCR Signaling 3 BCR Antigen Uptake Function 4 Functions of the BCR in B-Cell Maturation and Activation 5 Conclusion Keywords: B-cell antigen receptor (BCR); BCR signaling; B lymphocytes and making antibodies; pre-BCR and B-cell development; protein tyrosine kinase activation by BCR; signaling complex formation; BCR signaling pathway downstream-NF-jB transcription factor activation; BCR antigen uptake function
The Most Common Barriers to Glaucoma Medication Adherence: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Purpose To evaluate the frequency of 11 commonly cited barriers to optimal glaucoma medication adherence among glaucoma patients and to identify barriers contributing to poor adherence. Design Prospective, cross-sectional survey. Participants One hundred ninety adults with glaucoma taking 1 or more glaucoma medication who received care in glaucoma clinics in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Baltimore, Maryland. Methods Participants completed a survey on demographic and disease characteristics, barriers to optimal glaucoma medication adherence, interest in an eye drop aid, and self-reported adherence (measured by the Morisky Adherence Scale). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed. Main Outcome Measures Frequency and number of barriers to adherence among both adherent and nonadherent patients. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) identifying barriers associated with poor adherence. Results Twenty-seven percent of the sample reported poor adherence. Sixty-one percent of all participants cited multiple barriers and 10% cited a single barrier as impediments to optimal adherence. Twenty-nine percent of subjects cited no barriers, although only 13% of patients who cited no barriers were nonadherent. Among nonadherent patients, 31% or more cited each of the 11 barriers as important. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, revealed that the following barriers were associated with higher odds of nonadherence: decreased self-efficacy (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 2.2–9.7; P ≤ 0.0001), difficulty instilling drops (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1–4.9; P = 0.03), forgetfulness (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.6–12.1; P ≤ 0.0001), and difficulties with the medication schedule (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4–6.0; P = 0.006). For each additional barrier cited as important, there was a 10% increased odds of being nonadherent (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0–1.2; P = 0.01). Conclusions Each of the 11 barriers was important to at least 30% of surveyed patients with poor adherence, with most identifying multiple barriers to adherence. Low self-efficacy, forgetfulness, and difficulty with drop administration and the medication schedule were barriers associated with poor adherence. Interventions to improve medication adherence must address each patient's unique set of barriers.
Reducing test application time for built-in-self-test test pattern generators

This paper presents a new technique, called C-compatibility, for reducing the test application time of the counter-based exhaustive built-in-self-test (BIST) test pattern generators. This technique reduces the test application time by reducing the size of the binary counter used in the test pattern generators. We have incorporated the synthesis algorithm for synthesizing BIST test pattern generators using the C-compatibility technique into ATOM, an advanced ATPG system for combinational circuits. The experimental results showed that the test pattern generators synthesized using this technique for the ISCAS 85 and full scan versions of the ISCAS 89 benchmark circuits achieve 100% stuck-at fault coverage in much smaller test application time than the previously published counter-based exhaustive BIST pattern generators.
Specificity of Oxidation of Bile-Salt Hydroxyl Groups by Crude Extracts of Pseudomonas Testosteroni (ATCC 11996) Used in Determining Bile Salts

Recent experimental evidence suggests that, presumably as a result of mutation, crude extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni (ATCC 11996) now contain amounts of 7α-and 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenate activity that invalidate the results of bile-salt determinations. To confirm or deny this, we studied the specificity of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase contained in crude extracts of currently available samples of this bacterium in the oxidation of bile-salt hydroxyl groups. The dehydrogenases in these extracts specifically oxidized 3α-hydroxyl groups of cholate, chenodeoxycholate, and deoxycholate anions. No significant amount of 12α-or 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was detected. Currently available crude extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni (ATCC 11996) are therefore suitable for bile-salt quantification
cdpop: A spatially explicit cost distance population genetics program.

Spatially explicit simulation of gene flow in complex landscapes is essential to explain observed population responses and provide a foundation for landscape genetics. To address this need, we wrote a spatially explicit, individual-based population genetics model (CDPOP). The model implements individual-based population modelling with Mendelian inheritance and k-allele mutation on a resistant landscape. The model simulates changes in population and genotypes through time as functions of individual based movement, reproduction, mortality and dispersal on a continuous cost surface. This model will be a valuable tool for the study of landscape genetics by increasing our understanding about the effects of life history, vagility and differential models of landscape resistance on the genetic structure of populations in complex landscapes.
An automated noise measurement system for packaged VLSI metal thin films

An approach to automating the noise measurement procedure for packaged VLSI metal films is described. The automation of noise measurements required that compromises be made with the traditional noise measurement system. Relays are used in place of many of the soldered interconnections of the traditional system. Heating of the metal films is accomplished through use of a several 'hot chucks'. The hot chucks used are high-power resistors that easily dissipate heat when DC current is supplied. A piezoelectric vibration detection system was designed and fabricated to monitor seismic occurrences during the measurement process. To control the automated measurement system a script language referred to as ANIMAL (automated noise measurement language) is being written to control the system through a series of stored commands. >