cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer Conferencing, Critical Reflection, and Teacher Development

The development of critical reflection in teachers is an issue of concern to teacher educators. Finding ways to foster that development becomes increasingly important as the schools continue to change with unprecedented rapidity. This paper reports the results of study that looked at whether computer conferencing could be used to help students of teaching become more aware of taken-for-granted assumptions ~ a crucial aspect of critical reflection. The following two questions guided our study. First, do conferencing activities generate opportunities for the identification and discussion of taken-for-granted assumptions and, if so, what types of assumptions? Second, do conferencing activities provide insight into the relationship between student development and the ability to identify and clarify taken-for-granted assumptions?
Influence of dimensionality and charge on anion binding in amide-based macrocyclic receptors

Abstract The influence of dimensionality and charge on anion binding and structure is explored for a selected series of amide-based macrocyclic receptors. Monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic hosts are described in terms of affinities towards simple oxo anions (including acetate) and halides. Binding propensities tend to vary, although some selectivity patterns emerge for similar ligand frameworks. Some anions also exert a template influence the cyclization reactions during the synthesis of host precursors. Structurally sandwich complexes are often formed in the monocycles, while bicycles tend to encapsulate their guests. Multiple anions plus water molecules are often found in the larger bicycles. Added charge via quaternization or protonation tends to enhance binding by one or two orders of magnitude while maintaining the same selectivity patterns.
Emission Peak Shifts of a Dipolar Solute Dissolved in Nondipolar Solvents: A Quantitative Measure of Quadrupole-Dipole Interactions in Supercritical CO2

Solvents are often broadly categorized as polar and nonpolar, depending on solvent permittivity. However, some common nonpolar solvents such as benzene, supercritical CO2, and 1,4-dioxane exhibit much larger polarity than that predicted from their permittivities. These solvents are unusual in that their polarities are not the result of dipolar charge distributions and are therefore more appropriately categorized as “nondipolar”. Our recent studies of ADMA (1-(9-anthryl)-3-(4-N,N-dimethylaniline)propane) in liquids demonstrate that the ADMA sandwich heteroexcimer is an excellent probe for investigation of solvent−solute interaction. In this paper we present measurements of the emission spectra of ADMA in a series of nondipolar solvents and determined the excess stabilization energy experienced by ADMA in each of these solvents. These excess energies have been analyzed according to a new theory (Matyushov and Voth, J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 111, 3630), demonstrating that quadrupole−dipole interactions are respon...
Cloning and characterization of the BamHI restriction modification system

The BamHI system has been cloned into Escherichia coli in two steps. First the bamHIM gene was cloned by selecting for its expression, a second gene was also cloned whose product modifies the same sequence
Rapid thermal annealing of dual Si and P implants in InP

In this study we evaluate the effects of dual implantation with different doses of Si and P on dopant activation efficiency and carrier mobility in InP:Fe. The implants were activated by a rapid thermal annealing step carried out in an optimized phosphoruscontaining ambient. For high dose implants (1014–1015 cm−2), which are typically employed for source/drain regions in FETs, dual implantation of equal doses of Si and P results in a higher sheet carrier concentration and lower sheet resistance. For 1014 cm−2 Si implants at 150 keV, the optimal P co-implant dose is equal to the Si dose for most anneal temperatures. We obtain an activation efficiency of ∼70% for dual implanted samples annealed at 850° C for 10 sec. The high activation efficiencies and low sheet resistances obtained in this study emphasize the importance of stoichiometry control through the use of P co-implants and a phosphorus-containing ambient during the thermal processing of InP.
A large-eddy simulation study of transition and flow instability in a porous-walled chamber with mass injection

The unsteady flow evolution in a porous chamber with surface mass injection simulating propellant burning in a nozzleless solid rocket motor has been investigated by means of a large-eddy simulation (LES) technique. Of particular importance is the turbulence-transition mechanism in injection-driven compressible flows with high injection rates in a chamber closed at one end and connected to a divergent nozzle at the exit. The spatially filtered and Favre-averaged conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy are solved for resolved scales. The effect of unresolved subgrid scales is treated by using a dynamic Smagorinsky model extended to compressible flows. Three successive regimes of flow development are observed: laminar, transitional, and fully developed turbulent flow. Surface transpiration facilitates the formation of roller-like vortical structures close to the injection surface. The flow is essentially two-dimensional up to the mid-section of the chamber, with the dominant frequencies of vortex shedding governed by two-dimensional hydrodynamic instability waves. These two-dimensional structures are convected downstream and break into complex three-dimensional eddies. Transition to turbulence occurs further away from the wall than in standard channel flows without mass injection. The peak in turbulence intensity moves closer to the wall in the downstream direction until the surface injection prohibits further penetration of turbulence. The temporal and spatial evolution of the vorticity field obtained herein is significantly different from that of channel flow without transpiration.
Structure of a Grass Pollen Flavonoid Glycoside

A FLAVONOID glycoside, dactylin, was found to occur in pollens of timothy and orchard grass in 1931 by Moore and Moore1. Until this present study, there existed no complete structural data on dactylin. An abstract by Johnson et al. 2 indicated that dactylin was not chromatographically similar to simultaneously processed isoquercitrin, quercitrin and quercetin. They also report that spectrographically dactylin aglycon and quercetin, individually and mixed, have identical patterns in three solvent systems.
Instructional uses of demonstration disks

Demonstration programs distributed by software publishers are an inexpensive source of software examples for student use. These programs can be used in a variety of computer classes and for a variety of assignments. They provide examples of different software types and of different approaches to interfaces and integration.
Copper iodide staining of protein blots on nitrocellulose membranes.

Abstract Copper iodide staining which can detect protein levels as low as 100–150 pg/mm2 on nitrocellulose membranes is described. The staining is quantitative as measured by densitometry. Staining is complete within 5 min and may be removed by washing the membrane for 15 min without loss of immunoreactivity. The stain utilizes a reddish-brown precipitate of copper iodide in highly alkaline conditions. Because of its high sensitivity, convenience, and low cost, this stain may be more practical than amido black or gold- and silver-based stains for most laboratory purposes.
Effeci of Stresses on Void Nucleation During Electromigration

Based on experimental findings obtained earlier by the authors [1], a model is devised in which the divergence of the vacancy flow created in the grain boundaries of Al-Si(1%) metallizations by high-density DC is attributed to temperature gradients and structural features. Void nuclei of critical size are created in areas of high vacancy concentration. These nuclei grow, fed by the electromigrational vacancy current. It is shown that stresses have only a negligible' effect on the vacancy diffusion but influence the nucleation process dramatically. Results expressed in terms of fraction of void area are calculated and then correlated with experimental results. Certain material parameters, whose values are not known, are derived from the experimental data. The physical significance of these parameters is discussed.
Calcium Dependent Inactivation of CaV1.1 Channels in Adult Skeletal Muscle: A Possible Role of RyR1 Channels

Ca2+ dependent inactivation (CDI) has been documented for the great majority of voltage dependent Ca2+ channels (Cav) but whether native Cav1.1 of adult skeletal muscle exhibits this feature remains controversial. When explored in heterologous (i.e., HEK cells) or homologous expression (i.e., myotubes), systems that lack or display immature E-C coupling, respectively, several groups have demonstrated both the absence and presence of Cav1.1 CDI. In a recent report using homologous expression system where CDI was documented, Cav1.1 channels displayed the classical features of CDI: 1) dependence on extracellular Ca2+, 2) elimination by replacing Ca2+ with Ba2+ or by using high affinity and fast kinetics Ca2+ buffer BAPTA, and 3) calmodulin modulation. Here we use whole-cell voltage clamp Ca2+ current recordings obtained from adult skeletal muscle fibers to address whether Cav1.1 exhibits CDI in its native environment. Surprisingly, Ca2+ current inactivation was insensitive to Ca2+ substitution by Ba2+, suggesting that 1) CDI is not present or 2) that Ca2+ flowing through the channels is not the Ca2+ source for current inactivation. We tested the hypothesis that Ca2+ release from SR via ortograde Cav1.1-RyR signaling may be the source for CDI. To test this hypothesis we use dantrolene (a membrane permeable RyR Ca2+ release channel antagonist). When 40 μM dantrolene (a concentration that suppress action potential evoked-Ca2+ transient by ∼30%) was added to the external solution Cav1.1 CDI was partially suppressed. These observations suggest the provocative idea that Cav1.1 CDI is regulated by Ca2+ release via adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum RyR1 channels. Supported by NIH-NIAMS (R01-AR055099).
Microstructure Evolution of SiC/Al2O3/Al‐Alloy Composites Produced by Melt Oxidation

Alumina-matrix composites with and without SiC particulates have been produced by directed melt oxidation of a multicomponent Al alloy. In the more general case, the microstructure consists of three interpenetrating phases: the SiC preform, a continuous α-Al2O3 matrix, and a network of unoxidized metal. The volume fraction of metal within the oxidation product decreases with increasing processing temperature, and its distribution is less uniform when a preform is present. The preform does not show evidence of degradation by the molten alloy, but the growth front tends to climb up the particles, increasing the oxidation area and enhancing the rate of composite formation. The total porosity of the composite was found to increase with increasing Mg content, processing temperature, and/or SiC particle size. Porosity within the channels is associated primarily with insufficient metal flow to feed the solidification shrinkage. Larger pores are common in the SiC composites and seem to evolve by encroachment of interparticle spaces by the convoluted growth front. Coarse chemical segregation of the heavily alloyed residual metal is pervasive regardless of the presence or characteristics of the preform, but can be significantly refined by increasing the cooling rate of the composite after growth.
Orientations of amphipathic helical peptides in membrane bilayers determined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the orientations of two amphipathic helical peptides associated with lipid bilayers. A single spectral parameter provides sufficient orientational information for these peptides, which are known, from other methods, to be helical. The orientations of the peptides were determined using the15N chemical shift observed for specifically labeled peptide sites. Magainin, an antibiotic peptide from frog skin, was found to lie in the plane of the bilayer. M2δ, a helical segment of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, was found to span the membrane, perpendicular to the plane of the bilayer. These findings have important implications for the mechanisms of biological functions of these peptides.
Interleukin-1β Gene Transcription in U937 Cells Is Modulated by Type I Collagen and Cytoskeletal Integrity via Distinct Signaling Pathways

Type I collagen (Col), an extracellular matrix molecule highly expressed in injured tissues, stimulates interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression in monocytic cells. Using U937 cells transfected with the h...
THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND IONIC ALTERATIONS ON THE METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS IN EXCISED SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLIA OF THE RAT

— The effects of supramaximal electrical stimulation on the metabolism of amino acids and proteins in incubated superior cervical ganglia of the rat were studied by the use of a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) assay procedure. Stimulation at 5 Hz for 2 h caused an apparent increase in tissue levels of free amino acids, with alanine, serine, glycine, valine, threonine, isoleucine and aspartate (+ asparagine) most noticeably affected. The amino acid composition (partial) of the TCA-insoluble proteins of resting and stimulated ganglia was approximately the same after 60 min of incubation, but there was less TCA-insoluble protein in the stimulated ganglia. The addition of amino acids (at plasma concentrations) to the standard media had no apparent affect on the amino acid composition of this protein fraction. Stimulation for 0, 5 h initially increased the efflux of alanine, valine, proline and ornithine into the incubation media but prolonged stimulation (for 4–0 h) decreased the efflux of alanine, serine, glycine and isoleucine and increased the efflux of lysine into the incubation media. The leakage of amino acids from the ganglia appeared to be a sodium-dependent process. The incorporation of 14C from [U-14C]glucose into glutamate (+ glutamine) and aspartate (+ asparagine) was greater in stimulated than in resting ganglia. However, the conversion of glutamate carbons from [U-14C]l-glutamate into aspartate was not affected by stimulation. Incorporation of 14C from [U-14C]glucose into glycine and serine was apparently not affected by stimulation during the 60 min of incubation. However, serine was the only amino acid which exhibited a higher specific radioactivity in stimulated ganglia than in resting ganglia incubated for 4 h in standard media. Lithium ions had the apparent specific effect of increasing the labelling with 14C from [U-14C]glucose into ornithine, and increasing the efflux and overall metabolism of serine in the ganglia. Incorporation of 14C from [U-14C]glucose into proteins was lower in the stimulated than in the resting ganglia if compensation was made for the higher radioactivity available in the total free amino acid pool of the stimulated ganglia. The rate of 14C incorporation from [U-14C]glutamate into the TCA-insoluble proteins of resting ganglia was greater when no other amino acids at concentrations approximating plasma levels were added to the bathing media; this rate was lower in stimulated than in resting ganglia.
The chi-squared statistic in ethology: use and misuse

Abstract Pearson's chi-squared and related tests are not appropriate for all frequency-type data. Lack of independence between observations can invalidate traditional contingency table analysis because sampling distributions are no longer Poisson, multinomial or product multinominal. The usual consequence is that a true null hypothesis is rejected too often, making dubious a claim of significance. If possible, counts should be verified as coming from a Poisson or multinomial distribution before conducting tests. Assuming independence is not sufficient; chi-squared and related tests are shown not to be robust to the violation of this assumption. Frequency-type ethological data, such as the number of encounters between individuals or performances of a behaviour, are likely to violate the assumption of independence. A superior approach for the analysis of these data is demonstrated using parametric and non-parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: Prospects and possibilities

Conventional drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has failed to control the long-term morbidity and mortality associated with RA. Similarly, drug therapy for osteoarthritis (OA) can relieve symptoms, but it is not clear that it alters progression of disease. Three classes of drugs are widely used for treatment of RA: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and the slow-acting agents. In most patients, pharma cologic therapy is initiated with NSAIDs. These drugs can relieve symptoms but do not alter the course of the disease. The gastrointestinal and other side effects attributed to these compounds are well known. Similarly, use of corticosteroids can provide rapid pain relief to patients with RA and, if used in low doses, pose limited risk of toxicity. Slow-acting agents, including gold, D-penicillamine, and methotrexate, appear to decrease radiographic progression and improve clinical and biochemical indicators of RA. Therefore, newer treatment philosophies encourage use of slow-acting agents earlier in the course of the disease in order to prevent or diminish bone and joint erosions and destruction and other manifestations of disease progression. Drugs under investigation for the treatment of arthritis appear to exhibit disease-modifying or immunomodulating properties. Tenidap is a novel agent that possesses a dual mechanism of action: cyclooxygenase inhibition and modulation of cytokine activity. In addition, several biologic agents, including antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and to intercellular adhesion molecule-1, may prove useful. These immunotherapeutic strategies are based on knowledge of the role of cytokines in the inflammatory process in arthritis. Osteoarthritis may be managed using drug and nondrug modalities. Weight loss is especially important when OA is in the weight-bearing joints. Biopsies of synovium from patients with OA show evidence of inflammation, but whether this disease should be treated with analgesics alone or with anti-inflammatory drugs remains controversial. Other treatment modalities, including tissue transplants and cytokine-modulating drugs, are emerging for the potential therapy of OA. Surgery may also be appropriate if drug treatment fails to control symptoms.
Air- and fuel-path coordinated control for advanced combustion mode transitions in Diesel engines

This paper presents an air- and fuel-path coordinated methodology for Diesel engine advanced combustion mode transient control. In the air-path loop, a reference governor method was utilized for the control of intake manifold conditions, so as to the in-cylinder conditions (ICCs) at the crank angle of intake valve closing. In the fuel-path loop, the active and rapid fuel injection timing and mass adjustments were employed, in conjunction with the air-path loop control, to improve the transient operations on advanced combustion mode transitions. This research is based on a Diesel engine equipped by dual-loop EGR (exhaust gas recirculation), VGT (variable geometry turbocharger), and HPCR (high pressure common rail) fuel injection systems. The effectiveness of such a control methodology was validated through simulations based on a high-fidelity, GT-Power, Diesel engine model.
Failure of albino guinea pigs to exhibit Lavin's poisoned partner effect

It is now well established that if a rat drinks a flavored solution and then is subjected to the presence of another rat suffering from lithium sickness, it will develop an aversion to the flavor. The presence of a poisoned rat acts like a US in apparently much the same way as toxicosis itself. We did not obtain a similar effect with female albino guinea pigs.
Marital Infidelity and Intimate Partner Violence in Rural Malawi: A Dyadic Investigation

Extramarital sexual partnerships are a common reason for intimate partner violence (IPV) in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the fact that IPV requires an interaction between two partners, the majority of the research focuses on individuals rather than the broader relationship context where such violence takes place. Using a sample of 422 married couples from rural Malawi, this study examined the dyadic environment of marital infidelity and two types of IPV victimization: sexual coercion and physical abuse. We considered both self-reported marital infidelity and perceived partner infidelity to assess how well partners knew each other and to compare their respective associations with IPV. Logistic regression was used to test for associations between self-reported marital infidelity and IPV. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine actor and partner effects of perceived partner infidelity on an individual’s and their partner’s experience of IPV. The results show that self-reported marital infidelity was not significantly associated with IPV for men or women. However, the perception of a partner’s infidelity was significantly associated with both an individual’s and their partner’s risk for sexual coercion and physical abuse. Contrary to the “sexual double standard” hypothesis, women were not significantly more likely than men to report being physically abused when their partners suspected infidelity. Future studies should continue to explore the relationship context of IPV in sub-Saharan Africa in order to understand how spouses mutually shape each other’s experience of IPV and subsequent health outcomes.
Structure-based nonparametric target definition and assessment procedures with an application to riparian forest management

Abstract Forest policy makers increasingly desire the use of quantitative descriptions to define desirable forest characteristics as a target for forest management. A framework for quantitative, multivariate target definition and assessment is described. The framework uses the joint distribution of multiple forest structure attributes to describe a set of desired forest structures and to identify a target region. The target region contains the most likely attribute values and its extent is controlled by choosing a probability of acceptance or acceptance level. Nonparametric procedures implementing the target definition and assessment framework have been developed and are described. The implemented procedures were used with a real data set representing 129 riparian stands in western Washington State, U.S.A. to define a three-dimensional target for riparian forest management in the region using stand density, quadratic mean diameter, and average tree height. A bootstrap simulation and a 50–50 split representative sample were used to evaluate the consistency of the implemented procedures by testing the null hypothesis that attribute value distributions for a target data set and an observation data set, both randomly drawn from a common distribution, were statistically indistinguishable. Chi-squared goodness of fit tests with α = 0.05 were used to compare observed mean acceptance percentages from the bootstrap simulation and observed acceptance percentages from the 50–50 split representative sample to the targeted acceptance levels of 95%, 90%, 80%, and 50%. Evaluation results indicated that the target definition and assessment procedures were consistent by failing to reject the null hypothesis for each evaluation method, with p-values of p = 0.963 for the bootstrap simulation and p = 0.866 for the 50–50 split representative sample.
On distributed computation rate optimization for deploying cloud computing programming frameworks

With the rapidly growing challenges of big data analytics, the need for efficient and distributed algorithms to optimize cloud computing performances is unprecedentedly high. In this paper, we consider how to optimally deploy a cloud computing programming framework (e.g., MapReduce and Dryad) over a given underlying network hardware infrastructure to maximize the end-to-end computation rate and minimize the overall computation and communication costs. The main contributions in this paper are three-fold: i) we develop a new network flow model with a generalized flowconservation law to enable a systematic design of distributed algorithms for computation rate utility maximization problems (CRUM) in cloud computing; ii) based on the network flow model, we reveal key separable properties of the dual functions of Problem CRUM, which further lead to a distributed algorithm design; and iii) we offer important networking insights and meaningful economic interpretations for the proposed algorithm and point out their connections to and distinctions from distributed algorithms design in traditional data communications networks. This paper serves as an important first step towards the development of a theoretical foundation for distributed computation analytics in cloud computing.
Phosphorylation-dependent differences in the activation properties of distal and proximal dendritic Na+ channels in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons.

At distal dendritic locations, the threshold for action potential generation is higher and the amplitude of back-propagating spikes is decreased. To study whether these characteristics depend upon Na+ channels, their voltage-dependent properties at proximal and distal dendritic locations were compared in CA1 hippocampal neurons. Distal Na+ channels activated at more hyperpolarized voltages than proximal (half-activation voltages were −20.4 ± 2.4 mV vs.−12.0 ± 1.7 mV for distal and proximal patches, respectively, n= 16, P < 0.01), while inactivation curves were not significantly different. The resting membrane potential of distal regions also appeared to be slightly but consistently more hyperpolarized than their proximal counterpart. Staurosporine, a non-selective protein kinase inhibitor, shifted the activation curves for both proximal and distal Na+ channels to the left so that they overlapped and also caused the resting potentials to be comparable. Staurosporine affected neither the inactivation kinetics of Na+ currents nor the reversal potential for Na+. These results suggest that the difference in the voltage dependence of activation of distal and proximal Na+ channels can be attributed to a different phosphorylation state at the two locations.
Uniplanar picosecond pulse generator using step-recovery diode

A simple, compact, low-cost picosecond pulse generator has been developed using a coplanar waveguide and step-recovery diode. This pulse generator generates pulses of 154 ps pulsewidth and 3.5 V amplitude from an input square wave of 10 MHz repetition rate. The generated pulses have low ringing level and good symmetry. The simplicity, compactness, low cost, and good performance of the developed pulse generator make it attractive for low-cost time-domain microwave systems.
Finding Fastest Paths on A Road Network with Speed Patterns

This paper proposes and solves the Time-Interval All Fastest Path (allFP) query. Given a user-defined leaving or arrival time interval I, a source node s and an end node e, allFP asks for a set of all fastest paths from s to e, one for each sub-interval of I. Note that the query algorithm should find a partitioning of I into sub-intervals. Existing methods can only be used to solve a very special case of the problem, when the leaving time is a single time instant. A straightforward solution to the allFP query is to run existing methods many times, once for every time instant in I. This paper proposes a solution based on novel extensions to the A* algorithm. Instead of expanding the network many times, we expand once. The travel time on a path is kept as a function of leaving time. Methods to combine travel-time functions are provided to expand a path. A novel lower-bound estimator for travel time is proposed. Performance results reveal that our method is more efficient and more accurate than the discrete-time approach.
Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test.

Background and Purpose. This study examined the sensitivity and specificity of the Timed Up & Go Test (TUG) under single-task versus dual-task conditions for identifying elderly individuals who are prone to falling. Subjects. Fifteen older adults with no history of falls (mean age578 years, SD56, range565‐ 85) and 15 older adults with a history of 2 or more falls in the previous 6 months (mean age586.2 years, SD56, range576 ‐95) participated. Methods. Time taken to complete the TUG under 3 conditions (TUG, TUG with a subtraction task [TUG cognitive], and TUG while carrying a full cup of water [TUG manual]) was measured. A multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results. The TUG was found to be a sensitive (sensitivity587%) and specific (specificity587%) measure for identifying elderly individuals who are prone to falls. For both groups of older adults, simultaneous performance of an additional task increased the time taken to complete the TUG, with the greatest effect in the older adults with a history of falls. The TUG scores with or without an additional task (cognitive or manual) were equivalent with respect to identifying fallers and nonfallers. Conclusions and Discussion. The results suggest that the TUG is a sensitive and specific measure for identifying communitydwelling adults who are at risk for falls. The ability to predict falls is not enhanced by adding a secondary task when performing the TUG. [Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test. Phys Ther. 2000;80:896 ‐903.]
Phases of vanadium under pressure investigated from first principles

The existence and stability under pressure of three phases of vanadium are calculated from first principles. The phases are one body-centered cubic (bcc) and two rhombohedral phases (rhu and rhl), which have greater and lower α values than the primitive bcc rhombohedral cell. The bcc phase is shown in two ways to become unstable at 0.65 Mbar, in agreement with an observed phase transition, but in disagreement with previous higher estimates. The rh phases exist when the bcc phase is unstable, but the bcc phase stabilizes again at 3 Mbar, and the rh phases disappear. At 1.15 Mbar the rhu phase becomes and remains unstable and the rhl phase becomes the ground state up to 3 Mbar, where the rhl phase disappears and the bcc phase takes over. The theory gives four phase transitions among the phases over the pressure range from 0 to 3 Mbar; two of them are bcc to rhu—a low pressure (0.3 Mbar) thermodynamic transition found from Gibbs free energies being equal (not observed) and a higher pressure (0.65 Mbar) instability transition when the bcc phase becomes unstable (observed).
Time-Frequency Analysis of Hemodynamic Waveforms to Predict the Occurrence and Severity of Periventricular Leukomalacia

This paper is concerned with the prediction of the occurrence and severity of Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL), a form of white-matter brain injury that occurs often in neonates after heart surgery. The data which is collected over a period of twelve hours after the cardiac surgery contains vital measurements. The fact that the exact cause of the PVL have still not been clearly understood renders a mathematical modeling approach for fault diagnosis impractical, if not impossible. Hence, the decision tree classification technique has been selected for its capacity for discovering rules and novel associations in the data. It classifies groups based on reducing uncertainty in the classified data. From a physiological point of view we know that there are several regulatory mechanisms responsible for fluctuation of the hemodynamic variables at different time scales. To discover the most important active physiological components which might lead to the occurrence of PVL and possibly affect its severity, we focus on the variation in the data in one minute, twenty minute and two hour periods. We calculate the energy of continuous wavelet transform coefficients of vital data at these time scales as a measure of variation in the different time frames. The results obtained from developing decision tree classifiers show that among all variations in all the variables, 2 hour and 20 minute variations in the heart rate, 1 minute and 20 minute variations in Oxygen saturation, and 2 hour variations in the mean arterial pressure are the most important parameters to be able to predict PVL occurrence.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Why Isn't the Whole World Developed? A Reply to Hanson

In "Why Isn't the Whole World Developed? Lessons from the Cotton Mills" I claimed that inefficient labor was the major obstacle to the industrial development of poor countries, at least in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.' John Hanson, in his response, "Why Isn't the Whole World Developed? A Traditional View," has, it seems, two major objections to my claim. The first is that it is old news, and the second that it is incorrect news.2 I will not respond to the old news issue, since I do not wish to make any strong claim of originality. Indeed, to find precursors of the view expressed in my article Hanson could have gone further back than Daniel Buchanan in 1934 to such writers as Thomas Brassey and James Jeans in the 1870s and 1880s.' Buchanan is in a long line of authors who have discussed the same phenomena, and much of his evidence is culled from the statements on labor efficiency by factory managers in India recorded by various British commissions.4 If labor efficiency varied as remarkably as I argued across countries we would expect people to have noticed already. The issue that is more important and difficult is whether we can show that these alleged differences in labor efficiency were real, and can show that they were the main obstacle to the industrialization of underdeveloped economies after the Industrial Revolution in Britain. My article addressed these issues.
Estimating simple closed contours in images

A technique for estimating the boundary of objects that may be described by a simple closed contour is presented. The problem is posed as one of maximum a posteriori (MAP) optimization. The method employs an elliptical Fourier series to describe the contour. A scaled derivative-of-Gaussian description of the object boundary cross-section is employed, coupled with guided gradient descent estimation of the contour coefficients. The technique is applied to X-ray images of the left ventricle, but is easily extensible to a wide variety of images of similar objects. It is shown that a few elliptical harmonics accurately model the ventricle outline. Accurate, robust estimation of the left ventricle outline from a single image is shown for a set of images. >
Work in progress — Using a computer gaming strategy to facilitate undergraduates' learning in a computer programming course: An experimental study

This study implemented and evaluated an educational computer game as a supplemental instructional method in a fundamental computer programming course. Twenty undergraduates who enrolled in a fundamental computer programming course for non-computer science majors participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to use one of two different supplemental instruction delivery methods for a three-week period of instruction. One group used an electronic quiz program and the other group used an educational computer game. Both methods used the same set of quiz bank and all quizzes were selected randomly by the applications. After the instructional treatments were implemented, students' intrinsic motivation and final achievement scores were measured and analyzed. The result of the study indicated that students in the treatment group had positive attitude toward the educational computer game. Specifically, the students in the educational computer game group demonstrated higher intrinsic motivation and better achievement scores compared to the students in the control group.
Evolution equation of moving defects: dislocations and inclusions

Evolution equations, or equations of motion, of moving defects are the balance of the “driving forces”, in the presence of external loading. The “driving forces” are defined as the configurational forces on the basis of Noether’s theorem, which governs the invariance of the variation of the Lagrangean of the mechanical system under infinitesimal transformations. For infinitesimal translations, the ensuing dynamic J integral equals the change in the Lagrangean if and only if the linear momentum is preserved. Dislocations and inclusions are “defects” that possess self-stresses, and the total driving force for these defects consists only of two terms, one expressing the “ self-force” due to the self-stresses, and the other the effect of the external loading on the change of configuration (Peach–Koehler force). For a spherically expanding (including inertia effects) Eshelby (constrained) inclusion with dilatational eigenstrain (or transformation strain) in general subsonic motion, the dynamic J integral, which equals the energy-release rate, was calculated. By a limiting process as the radius tends to infinity, the driving force (energy-release rate) of a moving half-space plane inclusion boundary was obtained which is the rate of the mechanical work required to create an incremental region of eigenstrain (or transformation strain) of a dynamic phase boundary. The total driving force (due to external loading and due to self-forces) must be equal to zero, in the absence of dissipation, and the evolution equation for a plane boundary with eigenstrain is presented. The equation applied to many strips of eigenstrain provides a system to solve for the position/ evolution of strips of eigenstrain.
Physical abuse of urban Native Americans.

To ascertain the extent of, and risk factors for, physical abuse among older urban American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs), we conducted a chart review of 550 urban AI/AN primary care patients ≥50 years old seen during 1 year. Mistreatment was documented in 10%. A logistic regression found younger age (P<.001), female gender (P<.001), current depression (P<.001), and dependence on others for food (P<.05) to be significant correlates of physical abuse. In only 31% of instances of definite abuse were the authorities notified. We conclude that providers should be alert to the possibility of physical mistreatment among older urban AI/ANs. Improvements in detection and management are sorely needed.
Anemia in the Setting of Cancer and Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Anemia commonly occurs in patients with cancer or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection as a result of the disease, its treatment, or both. The negative impact of anemia on patient quality of life (QOL), functional status, and treatment outcomes underscores the need for its correction in these patients. In anemic patients with cancer or HIV infection, treatment with epoetin alfa increases hemoglobin (Hb) levels, decreases transfusion requirements, and improves QOL. In both settings, the gains in overall QOL have been significantly and directly related to increases in Hb, with maximum QOL gains in the range of Hb levels of 11-13 g/dL, supporting the need to achieve and maintain Hb levels > or =12 g/dL in an effort to preserve and maximize QOL benefits. A potential survival benefit has also been associated with correction of anemia in patients with HIV infection--and possibly in those with cancer as well.
Prospective evaluation of chymopapain sensitivity in patients undergoing chemonucleolysis.

Abstract Immediate anaphylactic reactions after intradiscal chymopapain (CP) injection may occur in 1% of patients undergoing chemonucleolysis (CN). Skin prick testing to CP (10 mg/ml), a prescreening history, and CP serum-specific IgE determinations by the RAST method were performed in order to identify patients presensitized to CP before CN. Follow-up repeat CP skin testing and serum-specific IgE were done 2 to 6 weeks after CN to detect CP IgE-mediated sensitization resulting from the injection. Three of 84 patients who exhibited positive skin tests to CP before CN did not receive CP injections. Only one of the three patients (33%) was detected with elevated CP serum-specific IgE before CN. No immediate severe anaphylactic reactions caused by CP injection were encountered in the remaining 81 patients with negative CP skin tests and RASTs before CN. Eight (10%) nonlife-threatening immediate and late reactions were associated with conversion from negative skin tests and RASTs before CN to positive skin tests or RASTs after CN. Overall, 19 of 52 (37%) patients who returned for follow-up testing developed cutaneous sensitization to CP after CN. Despite the fact that RAST values after CN in these patients were significantly higher ( p
Assisted Housing and Neighborhood Poverty Dynamics, 1977 to 2008:

Changes in housing policy have led to the geographic deconcentration of assisted housing, with assisted units now located in more and lower-poverty neighborhoods. Little research examines how the c...
Lessons From Old and New Kinases

Elucidating the central role of protein phosphorylation in the regulation of muscle contraction on both beat-to-beat and long-term bases began with a series of classical studies starting in the mid-1970s.1,2 Despite years of extensive studies, two articles in this issue of Circulation Research 3,4 demonstrate that there is still a great deal to be learned about the complexity of the myocyte and its regulation by kinases. Protein kinase A (PKA) has been studied using purified proteins, isolated subproteomes, isolated myocytes, intact heart preparations, and in vivo animal studies, and yet we still do not have the whole picture. The work presented by Chu et al3 provides a tantalizing glimpse into widespread protein changes occurring in isolated myocytes with isoproterenol treatment. Although phosphorylation of the regulatory proteins phospholamban and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) under β-adrenergic stimulation has been well-characterized, it is apparent that many more proteins are phosphorylated. How could we have missed these other proteins in previous work? In contrast, Ke et al4 focus on the role of p21-activated kinase (PAK), a Ser/Thr kinase that is a relative newcomer to muscle research, and demonstrate that overexpression of the active form of PAK1 in isolated myocytes alters cardiac contractility through phosphorylation of the phosphatase, PP2A. Previous work using a variety of PAK isoforms has illustrated the ability of this kinase family to alter smooth5–8 and cardiac muscle contraction,9,10 but an incomplete molecular picture has been provided. Why were some protein alterations missed in previous work, and how can the results be melded to provide a deeper understanding of the biology? In both cases, the full range of protein alterations was lost in part due to the experimental approach used to identify phospho-proteins. The key difference in these two new pieces of work lies in the use …
When Politics Drives Science: Lysenko, Gore, and U.S. Biotechnology Policy

It has been said that those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it. It is important, therefore, to consider the parallels between the decimation of basic and applied biology by Trofim Denisovich Lysenko in the Soviet Union earlier in this century and the battering of present-day biotechnology by the Clinton administration. In both cases, we see the sacrifice of new science to old myth; heterodox, unscientific theories steering public policy; the abject failure of that public policy, with dire outcomes for research and commerce; and glib, condescending, and exclusionary attitudes toward policymaking.
DEVELOPMENT IN MIDLIFE

The midlife period in the lifespan is characterized by a complex interplay of multiple roles. The goal of this chapter is to summarize research findings on the central themes and salient issues of midlife such as balancing work and family responsibilities in the midst of the physical and psychological changes associated with aging. The field of midlife development is emerging in the context of large demographic shifts in the population. A section on the phenomenology of midlife development presents images and expectations including the seemingly disparate views of midlife as a time of peak functioning and a period of crisis. Conceptual frameworks useful for studying the multiple patterns of change in midlife are presented. Findings demonstrating patterns of gains and losses are reviewed for multiple domains: cognitive functioning, personality and the self, emotions, social relationships, work, and physical health. The need for future research to illuminate and integrate the diverse aspects of midlife is highlighted.
Effects of Age and Instructions on Teaching Older Adults To Use ELDERCOMM, an Electronic Bulletin Board System.

This study focused on how to train older adults to perform computer procedures. Young-old (aged 60 74 years) and old-old (aged 75 years and older) adults were instructed on how to use ELDERCOMM , an electronic bulletin board system using one of two types of text-based instructions. The first set of directions consisted of illustrated, step-by-step instructions (simple condition). The second set of directions included the same step-by-step instructions as in the first set, but explanatory information about how the bulletin board system worked was added before the
A Tale of Eleventh-Century Japan: Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari

This book is a complete translation of Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari, one of the few extant works of monogatari literature of the Heian periodOriginally published in 1983.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Working Foundations - ’ 91

There is currently a general malaise about the logical approach to the foundations of mathematics. One main reason is that foundational thought in this century has been dominated by a few global views about the nature of mathematics — logicism, formalism, platonism, and constructivism — each of which has proved to be defective in substantial ways, while nothing else has come to take their place. In recent years there has been an increasingly steady barrage of criticism directed against these all too familiar positions. Some of that criticism has been very sophisticated, coming from within the field of logic itself. Other criticism has come from mathematicians who would jettison the whole approach via logic and formal systems. Still more specifically on the mathematical side have been movements to replace logical foundations by purely mathematical foundations (e.g., using category theory)1.
Comparisons of One and Two-Specimen CFS Tests

Cohesion-friction-strain tests designed to permit determination of strain variation of mobilization of c and Phi components from test using single specimen; investigation of validity of tests by comparing results from one specimen CFS tests with results from identical tests using 2 specimens; paper includes 14 comparisons, involving 9 different normally consolidated soils.