cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of classroom instruction in bilingual and monolingual secondary school classrooms

Most research reports on programs for linguistically diverse students lack documentation of the classroom environment and teaching processes used (Walker de Felix, 1990). This aspect of studying schooling is particularly valuable with culturally diverse populations because of their divergent needs and experiences. Studying the specific classroom activities and the extent to which teachers incorporate higher level thinking skills into those activities can provide valuable insights into the issues related to effective teaching. Studies on effective teaching have been criticized for focusing on factors such as time on task, rather than the effectiveness of those tasks. In the present study, effective teaching was defined as environments that promote effective learning for secondary level limited English proficient (LEP) students. Specifically, teachers were informed about teaching critical thinking skills in communicative
Health Information Seeking and the World Wide Web: An Uncertainty Management Perspective

Uncertainty management theory was applied in the present study to offer one theoretical explanation for how individuals use the World Wide Web to acquire health information and to help better understand the implications of the Web for information seeking. The diversity of information sources available on the Web and potential to exert some control over the depth and breadth of one's information-acquisition effort is argued to facilitate uncertainty management. A total of 538 respondents completed a questionnaire about their uncertainty related to cancer prevention and information-seeking behavior. Consistent with study predictions, use of the Web for information seeking interacted with respondents' desired level of uncertainty to predict their actual level of uncertainty about cancer prevention. The results offer evidence that respondents who used the Web to search for cancer information were better able than were respondents who did not seek information to achieve a level of uncertainty commensurate with the level of uncertainty they desired.
Transient-phase energetics of the oxidative deamination of L-glutamate by L-glutamate dehydrogenase and NADP: a reaction with a large negative heat capacity of activation.

A study of the temperature dependence of the initial transient velocities of the oxidative deamination of L-glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase and NADP has permitted the determination of the enthalpies, entropies, and heat capacities of the phenomenological parameters for mechanistic steps up to and including the catalytic hydrogen-transfer step. The most striking feature observed is the extremely large negative heat capacity of activation (−590 ± 150 cal K−1 mol−1) for the catalytic step itself. Possible sources of such heat capacities are considered, with particular focus on the effects of hidden equilibria among multiple thermodynamic states. Heat-capacity changes of the sort observed here can be produced by shifts of such dynamic equilibria between multiple forms of the free enzyme induced by the formation of the catalytic transition state.
A World Infinite and Accessible: Digital Ubiquity, the Adaptable Library, and the End of Information

ABSTRACT Discusses the four ages of collection development leading up to the “network as library.” Information convergence, information ubiquity, and the end of information. Examines the role of the library when there is too much information and the concept of a collection has lost a significant portion of its meaning.
A composite study of the MJO influence on the surface air temperature and precipitation over the Continental United States

The influence of the MJO on the continental United States (CONUS) surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation is examined based on 30 years of daily data from 1979–2008. Composites are constructed for each of the eight phases of the Wheeler-Hendon MJO index over 12 overlapping three-month seasons. To ensure that the MJO signal is distinguished from other patterns of climate variability, several steps are taken: (a) only days classified as “MJO events” are used in the composites, (b) statistical significance of associated composites is assessed using a Monte Carlo procedure, and (c) intraseasonal frequencies are matched to the unfiltered data. Composites of other fields are also shown in order to examine how the SAT and precipitation anomalies are associated with large-scale circulations providing a link between the tropics and extratropics. The strongest and most significant MJO effects on SAT are found during the northern winter seasons. When enhanced convection is located over the equatorial Indian Ocean, below-average SAT tends to occur in New England and the Great Lakes region. As enhanced tropical convection shifts over the Maritime continent, above-average SAT appears in the eastern states of the US from Maine to Florida. The MJO influence on precipitation is also significant during northern winter seasons. When enhanced convection is located over the Maritime continent, more precipitation is observed in the central plains of the US. Enhanced precipitation also occurs over the west coast of the US when convective activity is stronger over the Indian Ocean. During the northern summer and fall, the MJO impact on precipitation is mainly significant at lower latitudes, over Mexico and southeastern US.
Venous rupture during percutaneous treatment of hemodialysis fistulas and grafts.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the risk and consequences of venous rupture during angioplasty of malfunctioning hemodialysis grafts and fistulas. Background: Venous stenoses in the outflow limb of hemodialysis accesses often require ultra-high balloon pressure for optimal dilatation. Methods: Baseline characteristics and outcomes were analyzed for a consecutive series of patients treated between 1999 and 2008. Results: Venous rupture or perforation occurred in 11 of 1242 (0.9%) procedures. No patient with a rupture or perforation died or required emergency or urgent surgical repair. Two of 11 patients (18.2%) required transfusions, 8 of 11 patients (72.7%) required stenting, and 6 of 8 (75.0%) who needed stenting received covered stents to achieve hemostasis. Rupture led to access thrombosis within 30 days in 9 of 11 cases (82%). Multivariable logistical regression analysis suggested that using a balloon catheter more than 2 mm larger than the diameter of the hemodialysis access or using peripheral cutting balloons increased the risk of rupture or perforation. Conclusions: Rupture or perforation is a rare complication of treatment of malfunctioning hemodialysis grafts and fistulas. The complication may be managed with nonsurgical methods and might be avoided by optimal balloon selection and sizing. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lessons from white coat hypertension: comment on Spruill et al. "The impact of perceived hypertension status on anxiety and the white coat effect".

The Implications of White Coat Hypertension by Spruill et al. (2007) are multiple and extend well beyond the domain of hypertension and cardiovascular risk. First, their excellent study indicates that theory and research need to treat emotional reactions as situation-specific events. Although traits such as Anxiety can be easily and reliably measured, their assessment may not detect the situation-specific mechanisms that link emotional responses to health risks. Second, patients-self perceptions, whether they label themselves as having a chronic disease, give meaning to the situational cues that elicit emotional reactions. Third, as Spruill et al. indicate, health behavioral research needs to examine how the clinical setting and social and cultural frameworks affect self-labeling. We add to their clinical concerns by questioning whether a clinician’s words, i.e., whether they suggest a condition is related to stress, can in our contemporary culture, lead patients to treat a condition as acute rather than chronic, and how the clinicians-behavior, e.g., attention to specific areas of the body during a clinical examination, may shape the perceived cause of symptoms. The implications of this excellent study extend well beyond its focus on white coat hypertension.
Controlling Growth Chemistry and Morphology of Single-Bath Electrodeposited Cu ( In , Ga ) Se2 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Application

Single-bath electrodeposition of polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films for photovoltaic applications is described. Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 was deposited onto Mo electrodes from low concentration aqueous baths containing CuCl 2 , InCl 3 , GaCl 3 , and H 2 SeO 3 . Buffering the solutions to pH ∼ 2.5 stabilized bath chemistry and improved Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 film composition. Bath concentrations were shown to affect composition of deposited films, with a bath [Se 4+ ]/[Cu 2+ ] ratio of 1.75 required to maintain suitable deposited Se and Cu levels, while [In 3+ ] could be adjusted to control deposited In and Ga. Deposited films initially exhibited significant cracking, which was prevented by lowering the [Se 4+ ] in the bath, and contained Cu 2-x Se as secondary phases, resembling cauliflower florets, embedded in the film surfaces. The formation of these secondary phases was overcome by pretreating the Mo electrodes with a short 1 min deposition from the Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 bath. This, coupled with a multipotential deposition regime, led to growth of smooth, compact, crack-free films of near stoichiometric values. Mechanisms of film growth and morphology control are discussed. All as-deposited films exhibit low crystallinity, and for device processing require recrystallization by annealing in an H 2 Se atmosphere. Promising preliminary results of electrodeposited Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 devices are presented.
Chemical modification and cross-linking of proteins by impurities in glycerol.

Abstract Impurities in glycerol are shown to cross-link bovine pancreatic ribonuclease and collagen and to eliminate the Soret band of the spectrum of myoglobin. Ethylene glycol behaves similarly. Aldehyde and peroxide are detected in impure glycerol. Glycerol may be purified by treatment with sodium borohydride, deionization and distillation in vacuo at as low a temperature as possible. Exposure of purified glycerol to air results in the reappearance of impurities.
Soil microbial residue storage linked to soil legacy under biofuel cropping systems in southern Wisconsin, USA.

Abstract Microbial residues can be a significant component of soil organic matter, and their component amino sugars are integrative indicators of biologically relevant ecosystem properties. We evaluate the impact of soil attributes, microbial functional group biomass, and cropping system type on soil amino sugar profiles in three model biofuel cropping systems in southern Wisconsin, USA. Total soil carbon and clay content explained differences in soil amino sugar profiles, with glucosamine and galactosamine more strongly related to soil carbon and muramic acid associated with clay content. Amino sugars were not correlated to cropping system or to microbial functional group lipid abundance, suggesting amino sugar differences among locations were due to differences in soil legacy properties such as total carbon, clay content and culture age rather than to current biotic drivers. The disconnect between the current biotic composition and legacies of past microbial activity suggests that microbial residues should be considered as trajectories over time rather than static system properties.
Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on selenium status and utilization in rats

Effects of chronic ingestion of 2 levels of alcohol on selenium (Se) utilization were determined in initially Se-depleted rats. Male weanling rats were fed ad lib a Se deficient (0.012 mg/kg) basal diet for 4 weeks and then were meal-fed low or marginally adequate Se in the form of high Se yeast for 4 weeks. During Se repletion, ethanol, which replaced medium-chain triglycerides in the diet, provided 10 or 20 percent of food energy. The basal diet provided 80% of food energy as well as adequate protein, vitamins and minerals. In rats given adequate Se moderate chronic ethanol consumption did not influence Se absorption or retention, but increasing ethanol level raised Se in liver and whole blood in a linear fashion and in kidney in a quadratic manner. In this rat model measures of Se status were reduced by low Se intake, not chronic moderate ethanol ingestion.
A Profile of the Man in Industrial Research

In order to recruit and cultivate the scientific talent which is needed for industrial research today, it is necessary to know something about the requirements for a good research man and also something about the character and motivation of the individual man now engaged in research. A number of desirable characteristics for the research man are described. The result of an informal survey taken at RCA Laboratories indicates that creativeness, training in the fundamentals of science, and integrity of character are the prime requirements. Among the most important sources of motivation for a man in research are his intellectual curiosity and the satisfaction of his ego. A discussion of the place of financial incentive in the research man's motivation is included. The types of team relationships in the daily work life of research men are also discussed.
Effects of language and similarity on comparison processing.

What factors promote conceptual (deep) processing in young children? In this research we examine two factors that seem likely to invite a focus on important conceptual information. The first is comparison processing: comparisons (such as “cats are like dogs”) involve a structural alignment that highlights common relational structure as well as differences connected to that structure. The second factor is the use of generic language (such as “cats have sharp teeth”), which invites a construal organized around information that is relatively central to the represented item. We ask whether these two forces can combine to foster deep processing in 4-year-olds, as well as in adults. Our secondary goal is to test whether the process of comparison operates in the same way in preschool children as in adults. In two studies (N = 132), we examined preschool children's and adults' comparison processing, by asking participants to produce either commonalities or differences for pairs of items while varying similarity (...
Adolescents' perceptions of kinship support and family management practices: Association with adolescent adjustment in African American families.

Relations among kinship support, family management, and adolescent adjustment were examined in 135 African American adolescents 14 to 19 years old. Kin social support was positively related to self-reliance and grades and negatively associated with problem behavior. Poor kin relations were associated with psychological distress. Kinship support was also positively linked to family organization and parental involvement in schooling, which in turn were positively associated with self-reliance and grades and negatively related to problem behavior and psychological distress.
Making hyperfine selection in Mims ENDOR independent of deadtime

Abstract A form of remote echo-detected ENDOR can be performed by adding an additional π pulse to the detection phase of a Mims three-pulse, stimulated-echo ENDOR experiment. The resulting four-pulse experiment, denoted refocused Mims (ReMims) ENDOR, retains the hyperfine selectivity of the Mims technique, but makes it possible to obtain arbitrarily short preparation intervals, τ 1 , independent of the spectrometer deadtime. As a result, without resonator redesign, it is possible to study a wider range of hyperfine values without distortions from “blind-spots”. The hyperfine selectivity of the ReMims ENDOR sequence is demonstrated on the 1 H and 14 N ENDOR spectra from a single crystal of Cu(glycine) 2 . Use of the ReMims protocol to augment the basic Mims and Davies ENDOR sequences is shown in two different types of situation: the sign of a 9 MHz coupled proton is assigned by the use of the implicit-TRIPLE effect in the proton ENDOR spectrum of nitrile hydratase; the true lineshape of the proton ENDOR spectrum of fluorometmyoglobin is determined without distortions by blindspots.
Laparoscopic Left Adrenalectomy for Aldosteronoma: Early Mayo Clinic Experience

Objective To evaluate early results with laparoscopic left adrenalectomy in patients with an aldosteronoma. Design We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of Mayo patients in whom laparoscopic left adrenalectomy had been attempted for presumed aldosteronoma. Material and Methods Data on the diagnosis, details about the procedure, occurrence of associated complications, and duration of recovery period were analyzed for all study patients. Results Of the nine patients who underwent attempted laparoscopic left adrenalectomy, seven had aldosteronoma. In six of the seven patients, the procedure was successful. No preoperative mortality occurred, and morbidity was limited to prolonged ileus in one patient. Of the other five patients with successful results, all tolerated liquids within 24 hours after the procedure. The mean postoperative hospital stay for the six patients with successful laparoscopic procedures was 2.3 days, and four patients were dismissed within 48 hours after the procedure. Conclusion Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe alternative for the management of aldosteronoma of the left adrenal gland.
The synthesis of the histidine analog of the vasopressins.

Abstract An analog of the vasopressins has been prepared containing histidine in place of the lysine or arginine occurring in the natural hormone. The synthesis of this cyclic octapeptide amide involved the preparation of the protected nonapeptide, S -benzyl- N -tosyl- l -cysteinyl- l -tyrosyl- l -phenylalanyl- l -glutaminyl- l -asparaginyl- S - benzyl- l -cysteinyl- l -prolyl- l -histidylglycinamide, cleavage of the protecting groups with sodium in liquid ammonia, and oxidation of the resulting sulfhydryl nonapeptide to the cyclic octapeptide amide. The histidine vasopressin possessed only 1.5 units of pressor activity/mg. as compared with approximately 300 and 400 units in the natural hormones. It would thus appear that the relative basicity of the amino acid residue in the penultimate position in the side chain of the posterior pituitary hormones has a considerable influence on the degree of pressor activity of these compounds.
The Effect of Surface Finish on Zinc Whisker Growth

To understand the relationship between surface finish and zinc whisker growth, this study investigated the growth of whiskers on two mild steel substrates of different surface finish by Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG SEM). Results show that, under the same experimental conditions, deposits on substrates with a mirror finish grew less whiskers and nodules than substrates with a rough surface finish.
Building a cell cycle oscillator: hysteresis and bistability in the activation of Cdc2

In the early embryonic cell cycle, Cdc2–cyclin B functions like an autonomous oscillator, whose robust biochemical rhythm continues even when DNA replication or mitosis is blocked1. At the core of the oscillator is a negative feedback loop; cyclins accumulate and produce active mitotic Cdc2–cyclin B2,3; Cdc2 activates the anaphase-promoting complex (APC); the APC then promotes cyclin degradation and resets Cdc2 to its inactive, interphase state. Cdc2 regulation also involves positive feedback4, with active Cdc2–cyclin B stimulating its activator Cdc25 (refs 5–7) and inactivating its inhibitors Wee1 and Myt1 (refs 8–11). Under the correct circumstances, these positive feedback loops could function as a bistable trigger for mitosis12,13, and oscillators with bistable triggers may be particularly relevant to biological applications such as cell cycle regulation14,15,16,17. Therefore, we examined whether Cdc2 activation is bistable. We confirm that the response of Cdc2 to non-degradable cyclin B is temporally abrupt and switch-like, as would be expected if Cdc2 activation were bistable. We also show that Cdc2 activation exhibits hysteresis, a property of bistable systems with particular relevance to biochemical oscillators. These findings help establish the basic systems-level logic of the mitotic oscillator.
Care transitions in elderly heart failure patients: current practices and the pharmacist's role.

OBJECTIVE To provide an up-to-date review of current care transitions in elderly heart failure (HF) patients and assess the role of the pharmacist in improving patient care. DATA SOURCE A PubMed search of articles in the English language published between 1995 and May 2013 was done using a combination of the following words: discharge counseling, elderly, heart failure, multidisciplinary team, pharmacist, pharmacy, readmission, transition of care. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION Relevant original studies, review articles, and guidelines were assessed for current practices in HF transitions of care. References from the above literature were also evaluated for relevance. Articles were selected for inclusion based on relevance to the topic, detailed methods, and clear, comprehensive results. DATA SYNTHESIS The incidence of HF is rapidly increasing, and emphasis has been placed on reducing readmissions. Although present practices are primarily nurse-led, pharmacists are in a key position to educate patients through multidisciplinary teams, discharge counseling, and medication reconciliation. Because of concerns about pharmacist provider status and reimbursement, pharmacists should identify areas in their practices where they can intervene and improve patient care to reduce readmissions. CONCLUSION Pharmacists are an integral part of the multidisciplinary team in optimizing care for elderly HF patients to prevent readmissions.
On a generalization of the rank one Rubin–Stark conjecture☆

Abstract In this paper we study further the extended abelian rank one Stark conjecture contained in Emmons and Popescu (2009) [4] and Erickson (2009) [5] . We formulate a stronger question (Question 4.2) which seems easier to investigate both theoretically and computationally. Question 4.2 includes a generalization of the Brumer–Stark conjecture on annihilation of class groups (see Question 4.7). We link it with a conjecture of Gross (contained in Gross (1988) [6] ), and in the process find some new integrality properties of the Stickelberger element (Theorem 4.30). Finally, we provide some numerical examples with base field Q for which Question 4.2, and thus the extended abelian rank one Stark conjecture, have an affirmative answer.
Influence of temperature and ethephon concentration on growth and composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines

Potted Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines were acclimated to two different temperature regimes (25°C/15°C and 35°C/25°C day/night temperatures, respectively) until 100% bloom, when the vines were treated with either 0, 250, 500, or 750 ppm ethephon (Ethrel®). Three days after ethephon application all vines were combined and held at 25°C/15°C in a phytotron room for 15 weeks. Growth was suppressed by a greater range of ethephon concentrations at the cool temperature, but effects were shorter-lived than at the high temperature. Generally, the 500 ppm treatment reduced vigor most effectively. The degree to which ethephon influences vine growth is mediated by temperature. Ethephon and temperature treatments caused significant differences in the concentrations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in leaves.
A damage model for ductile metals

Abstract A physically-based theory of damage for ductile metals is outlined. It rests upon a direct extension of the authors recently proposed viscoplastic model for finite deformations to include the effects of dislocation—void interactions as they manifest themselves in void nucleation, growth, and coalescence. Emphasis is put on illustrating the general structure of the present framework within which coupling effects of texture development, void formation, and adiabatic heating can be considered and their role to the localization of deformation and failure can be evaluated. No special attention is placed on justifying the various growth laws and simplifying assumptions pertaining to the detailed structure of the model, for example the manner that spatial gradients of the damage variable enter into the theory. Such simplifications, however, facilitate the solution of the relevant equations for a case of homogeneous triaxial state of stress permitting a qualitative comparison with experimental data obtained for Bridgeman-notch specimens.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: presentations and problems in the adult.

Three cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the adult are reported. Strangulation of the large bowel was the presenting feature in 1 case and pancreatitis in another. The abnormality was discovered as a coincidental finding in a third case. The incidence, presentations, and diagnosis of this uncommon condition are discussed.
Pictorial interference with geometric shapes and achromatic shades

In two experiments, subjects were required to match printed names with subsequently displayed achromatic shades or geoinetric shapes. The presence of incongruent shades or shapes at the time of word display substantially slowed the RT for performing the match. This pictorial interference (interference due to a visual, nonlingalistic attributel was substantially attenuated, however, as the delay between the word display and shapes or shades to be matched was increased beyond 100 msec. These findings illnstrate the occurrence of a transitory automatic pathway activation from an irrelevant pictorial attribute, which may be contrasted with the verbal interference effects typically observed in Stroop-naming tasks. In both our tasks and the Stroop task, selectiwe attention fails when a stimulus must be transformed to another form of encoding in the presence of a competing stimulns which is already close to that form.
Transcription initiation site of a NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase gene and potential use of its promoter region to express foreign genes in ammonium-culturedChlorella sorokiniana cells

Chlorella sorokiniana may prove to be a useful organism in which to express genes/cDNAs from certain higher plants encoding enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of compounds of medical or industrial importance. This organism has a NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) nuclear-gene encoding a precursor mRNA that appears to be alternatively spliced to yield mRNAs differing in size and encoding enzyme subunits with differing affinities for ammonium. The promoter of this gene may be useful to drive the expression of heterologous genes. The transcription initiation site of the NADP-GDH gene was identified. This site delineates the 3′-border of the promoter region, and 1285 bp upstream from this site have been sequenced. To identify the promoter 5′-border by deletion analysis, this region (coupled to a reporter gene in a plasmid vector) was to be introduced by electroporation intoC. sorokiniana protoplasts. Cells were treated with a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes; however, non-hydrolyzable component(s) in the cell wall inhibited protoplast formation. The cell wall was subsequently shown to contain acetolysis-resistant component(s) identified as sporopollenin-like in other algae. Since sporopollenin was reported earlier to be a polymer of carotenoids/carotenoid-esters, the cells were cultured in the presence of norflurazon, an inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis. Whereas synthesis of total carotenoids was inhibited by 75%, synthesis of the acetolysis-resistant component(s) in the cell wall was not inhibited. In addition to the above studies, a revised model for the regulation of expression of theC. sorokiniana NADP-GDH gene is presented.
Children's mental health policies in the United States: perspectives from advocates and state leaders

Background Previous research suggests a disconnect on both policy and practice between advocates and state leaders in child mental health. Aim To compare advocates' and state leader's perspectives and understanding on the three main themes in children's mental health policies: (i) state's initiatives to empower and engage families and youth in policy and practice; (ii) state's fiscal support for family and youth driven services; and (iii) policy challenges to improving children's mental health services and outcomes. Study design This study draws on data from national surveys of State Children's Mental Health Directors (2006) and of state affiliates of Mental Health America (2007). Results The findings from 38 responses representing 19 states suggest differences between state leaders and advocates on their understanding of family and youth engagement, service access, quality and fiscal supports. While state directors and advocates seem to have similar understanding on the existence of states' efforts related to evidence-based practices, many advocates are unaware of the specifics of the strategies that states undertook or funded. Advocates also did not know which types of settings were eligible for reimbursement for children's services. Conclusions Advocates lack some information that is vital to fulfilling their role. Policymakers seem unaware of key challenges that families face and therefore appear to be without critical information that fuels the agenda for advocates. The challenge for both set of actors is how to get beyond this information asymmetry to advance efforts to improve mental health.
Ternary Separations with One‐Column Analogs to SMB

Abstract Analogs, recycled chromatography systems that mimic SMBs, for both a cascade of two four‐zone SMBs and five‐zone SMBs performing ternary separations are designed and analyzed. The basic Analog consists of one column and several mixed tanks equal to the number of columns in the mimicked SMB. Analogs with mixed tanks give lower purities than the SMBs because of mixing in the tanks. For example, the five‐zone SMB with one column per zone achieved a purity index (PI) of 88.3, while the Analog with five mixed tanks has a PI of 83.4. If the tanks are divided into smaller tanks the purity improves, and for the Analog to be the five‐zone SMB using 10 tanks the PI was 85.4. Analogs with a single unmixed reservoir were also designed for a cascade of two four‐zone SMBs with one column per zone. This reservoir reduces the mixing and improves the separation. For example, a cascade of two four‐SMBs with one column per zone achieved a PI of 86.7; the Analog to this SMB with 8 mixed tanks achieved a PI of 82.9, ...
Extreme deuterium enrichment in stratospheric hydrogen and the global atmospheric budget of H2

Molecular hydrogen (H_2) is the second most abundant trace gas in the atmosphere after methane (CH_4). In the troposphere, the D/H ratio of H_2 is enriched by 120‰ relative to the world's oceans. This cannot be explained by the sources of H_2 for which the D/H ratio has been measured to date (for example, fossil fuels and biomass burning). But the isotopic composition of H_2 from its single largest source—the photochemical oxidation of methane—has yet to be determined. Here we show that the D/H ratio of stratospheric H2 develops enrichments greater than 440‰, the most extreme D/H enrichment observed in a terrestrial material. We estimate the D/H ratio of H_2 produced from CH_4 in the stratosphere, where production is isolated from the influences of non-photochemical sources and sinks, showing that the chain of reactions producing H_2 from CH_4 concentrates D in the product H_2. This enrichment, which we estimate is similar on a global average in the troposphere, contributes substantially to the D/H ratio of tropospheric H_2.
Alternative venues for computer music: SoundGallery_Living Room_ARTSHIP

The audience for contemporary classical music is small – the audience for computer music is even smaller. Traditional concert halls are failing to generate interest in new instrumental music, much less computer music, while museums are having much more success with new art, including art with a technological component. By marketing our music to art galleries and museums, we can reach an audience predisposed to accept the new and unusual in artistic expression. Presenting the works of music outside a traditional proscenium setting also helps shatter any a priori definitions of ‘music’ audiences may hold. Using the term ‘Sound Art’ instead of ‘music’ may also help to free people struggling to appreciate unfamiliar sounds.
Differential expression of cartilage and bone-related proteins in pediatric and adult diseased aortic valves

Approximately 5 million people are affected with aortic valve disease (AoVD) in the United States. The most common treatment is aortic valve (AoV) replacement surgery, however, replacement valves are susceptible to failure, necessitating additional surgeries. The molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression and late AoV calcification are not well understood. Recent studies suggest that genes involved in bone and cartilage development play an active role in osteogenic-like calcification in human calcific AoVD (CAVD). In an effort to define the molecular pathways involved in AoVD progression and calcification, expression of markers of valve mesenchymal progenitors, chondrogenic precursors, and osteogenic differentiation was compared in pediatric non-calcified and adult calcified AoV specimens. Valvular interstitial cell (VIC) activation, extracellular matrix (ECM) disorganization, and markers of valve mesenchymal and skeletal chondrogenic progenitor cells were observed in both pediatric and adult AoVD. However, activated BMP signaling, increased expression of cartilage and bone-type collagens, and increased expression of the osteogenic marker Runx2 are observed in adult diseased AoVs. They are not observed in the majority of pediatric diseased valves, representing a marked distinction in the molecular profile between pediatric and adult diseased AoVs. The combined evidence suggests that an actively regulated osteochondrogenic disease process underlies the pathological changes affecting AoVD progression, ultimately resulting in stenotic AoVD. Both pediatric and adult diseased AoVs express protein markers of valve mesenchymal and chondrogenic progenitor cells while adult diseased AoVs also express proteins involved in osteogenic calcification. These findings provide specific molecular indicators of AoVD progression, which may lead to identification of early disease markers and the development of potential therapeutics.
Is Computer Science a Relevant Academic Discipline for the 21st Century

The current view of computing as technology overlooks the discipline's theoretical and scientific foundations in computer science, weakening the entire computing enterprise.
In vivo demonstration of a real-time simultaneous B-mode/spatial coherence GPU-based beamformer

SLSC imaging is an advanced ultrasound beamforming technique that generates images of the coherence in the backscattered echo and has been shown to suppress image degradation due to clutter. However, the computational demand and the need for access to channel data has made real-time implementation difficult. GPU computing can significantly improve computational throughput, but has been used primarily to accelerate offline image processing. By implementing the SLSC algorithm on 3 GPUs and integrating it with a Verasonics ultrasound scanner, we have realized a real-time simultaneous B-mode and SLSC imaging system. We demonstrate the real-time imaging capabilities on an in vivo liver, gallbladder, and carotid artery and present snapshots of the on-screen display. The SLSC images were found to suppress clutter and showed a more homogeneous texture in tissue when compared to the B-mode images. Computation time and imaging frame rate were highly dependent on the imaging parameters. When imaging the liver, 46 transmit beams with a range of 10 cm were obtained at 6.7 fps for standard imaging and at 2.1 fps for harmonic imaging. A frame rate of 5.9 fps was achieved for carotid artery imaging with 129 transmit beams and a range of 3 cm. By restricting the field of view to 65 transmit beams and a range of 2 cm, a frame rate of 12.5 fps was achieved. Further increases in frame rates can be attained with additional system development and improvements to hardware.
THE DUAL-SPECIFICITY PHOSPHATASE ENCODED BY VACCINIA VIRUS, VH1, IS ESSENTIAL FOR VIRAL TRANSCRIPTION IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

The genetic complexity of vaccinia virus is such that as well as encoding its own transcription and replication machinery, it encodes two protein kinases and a protein phosphatase. The latter enzyme, designated VH1, is a prototype for the dual-specificity class of phosphatases. Here we report that the H1 phosphatase is encapsidated within vaccinia virions and describe the construction of a viral recombinant in which expression of the H1 gene is regulated by the presence or absence of isopropylthiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) in the culture medium. When expression of H1 is repressed, the number of viral particles produced is not compromised but the fraction of these particles which is infectious is significantly reduced. The lack of infectivity of the H1-deficient particles is specifically correlated with their inability to direct the transcription of early genes either in vitro or in vivo. A proximal role for the viral phosphatase in regulating the onset of viral gene expression is implied. Prominent among the encapsidated proteins found to be hyperphosphorylated in H1-deficient virions is the 11-kDa product of the F18 gene; this protein is the major DNA-binding component of the viral nucleoprotein complex. The ability of recombinant H1 phosphatase to reverse this hyperphosphorylation in permeabilized virions strengthens the conclusion that the F18 protein is a bona fide substrate for the H1 phosphatase.
The Power of Hard-Sphere Models: Explaining Side-Chain Dihedral Angle Distributions of Thr and Val

The energy functions used to predict protein structures typically include both molecular-mechanics and knowl- edge-based terms. In contrast, our approach is to develop robust physics- and geometry-based methods. Here, we investigate to what extent simple hard-sphere models can be used to predict side-chain conformations. The distributions of the side-chain dihedral anglec 1 of Val and Thr in proteins of known structure show distinctive features: Val side chains predominantly adopt c 1 !180 " , whereas Thr side chains typically adoptc 1 !60 " and 300 " (i.e.,c 1 !560 " org#andg $ configurations). Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these differences, including interresidue steric clashes and hydrogen-bonding inter- actions. In contrast, we show that the observed side-chain dihedral angle distributions for both Val and Thr can be explained using onlylocalsteric interactions in a dipeptide mimetic. Our results emphasize the power of simple physical approaches and their importance for future advances in protein engineering and design.
A novel method for angle independent ultrasonic imaging of blood flow and tissue motion

A simple algorithm for angle independent motion imaging is described. This method requires only one absolute difference operation per pixel, compared to eight operations for normalized cross correlation. Quantitative studies using speckle-generating targets translated by fixed amounts both axially and laterally indicate that the technique tracks moving speckle as accurately as correlation. Color flow images generated from clinical blood and liver data highlight the success of the technique for tracking both large and small motions in two dimensions. The algorithm's suitability for implementation in digital hardware makes possible the development of clinical instruments for angle independent ultrasonic imaging of blood flow and tissue motion in real time. >
Temporally Variable Selection on Proteolysis-Related Reproductive Tract Proteins in Drosophila

In order to gain further insight into the processes underlying rapid reproductive protein evolution, we have conducted a population genetic survey of 44 reproductive tract–expressed proteases, protease inhibitors, and targets of proteolysis in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. Our findings suggest that positive selection on this group of genes is temporally heterogeneous, with different patterns of selection inferred using tests sensitive at different time scales. Such variation in the strength and targets of selection through time may be expected under models of sexual conflict and/or host–pathogen interaction. Moreover, available functional information concerning the genes that show evidence of selection suggests that both sexual selection and immune processes have been important in the evolutionary history of this group of molecules.
Accurate calculation of eye diagrams and bit error rates in optical transmission systems using linearization

We present a novel linearization method to calculate accurate eye diagrams and bit error rates (BERs) for arbitrary optical transmission systems and apply it to a dispersion-managed soliton (DMS) system. In this approach, we calculate the full nonlinear evolution using Monte Carlo methods. However, we analyze the data at the receiver assuming that the nonlinear interaction of the noise with itself in an appropriate basis set is negligible during transmission. Noise-noise beating due to the quadratic nonlinearity in the receiver is kept. We apply this approach to a highly nonlinear DMS system, which is a stringent test of our approach. In this case, we cannot simply use a Fourier basis to linearize, but we must first separate the phase and timing jitters. Once that is done, the remaining Fourier amplitudes of the noise obey a multivariate Gaussian distribution, the timing jitter is Gaussian distributed, and the phase jitter obeys a Jacobi-/spl Theta/ distribution, which is the periodic analogue of a Gaussian distribution. We have carefully validated the linearization assumption through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Once the effect of timing jitter is restored at the receiver, we calculate complete eye diagrams and the probability density functions for the marks and spaces. This new method is far more accurate than the currently accepted approach of simply fitting Gaussian curves to the distributions of the marks and spaces. In addition, we present a deterministic solution alternative to the Monte Carlo method.
Robust adaptive beamforming using variable loading

It is well known that the performance of adaptive beamformers may degrade in the presence of steering errors or lack of training data. Diagonal loading of the sample covariance matrix is a popular technique applied to the minimum variance/minimum power distortionless response beamformer to increase robustness of the array system. However, this technique induces a trade-off between sidelobe suppression and the ability of the beamformer to adaptively cancel interference and reduce noise. Here we propose a new algorithm employing variable loading of the sample covariance matrix eigenvalues, which we show along with the standard diagonal loading technique to be a special case of a more general rational approximation problem. We also present an online implementation having computational complexity comparable to conventional methods, which in turn allows the weight vector to be efficiently updated. Simulation results indicate that in comparison with standard diagonal loading techniques, the proposed method exhibits enhanced robustness and performance.
Knowledge, Interest, Recall and Navigation: A Look at Hypertext Processing

This study examines how knowledge and interest affect recall of information from a hypertext environment. Participants were 34 undergraduates enrolled at a college of education in a large western university. Results indicate that domain knowledge significantly predicted both structured and unstructured reading recall of a hypertext. In contrast to patterns found within research on traditional reading environments, interest did not significantly affect recall of hypertext information. Differential navigation patterns emerged in conjunction with varying levels of knowledge and may help to explain these results. The results are discussed in terms of current schema theoretic models of reading comprehension.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation at a Site Highly Conserved in the L1 Family of Cell Adhesion Molecules Abolishes Ankyrin Binding and Increases Lateral Mobility of Neurofascin

This paper presents evidence that a member of the L1 family of ankyrin-binding cell adhesion molecules is a substrate for protein tyrosine kinase(s) and phosphatase(s), identifies the highly conserved FIGQY tyrosine in the cytoplasmic domain as the principal site of phosphorylation, and demonstrates that phosphorylation of the FIGQY tyrosine abolishes ankyrin-binding activity. Neurofascin expressed in neuroblastoma cells is subject to tyrosine phosphorylation after activation of tyrosine kinases by NGF or bFGF or inactivation of tyrosine phosphatases with vanadate or dephostatin. Furthermore, both neurofascin and the related molecule Nr-CAM are tyrosine phosphorylated in a developmentally regulated pattern in rat brain. The FIGQY sequence is present in the cytoplasmic domains of all members of the L1 family of neural cell adhesion molecules. Phosphorylation of the FIGQY tyrosine abolishes ankyrin binding, as determined by coimmunoprecipitation of endogenous ankyrin and in vitro ankyrin-binding assays. Measurements of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching demonstrate that phosphorylation of the FIGQY tyrosine also increases lateral mobility of neurofascin expressed in neuroblastoma cells to the same extent as removal of the cytoplasmic domain. Ankyrin binding, therefore, appears to regulate the dynamic behavior of neurofascin and is the target for regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to external signals. These findings suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation at the FIGQY site represents a highly conserved mechanism, used by the entire class of L1-related cell adhesion molecules, for regulation of ankyrin-dependent connections to the spectrin skeleton.
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies on the effects of Extended-Release niacin in women

The present meta-analysis pooled data from 5 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in 432 patients with dyslipidemia treated with various doses of extended-release niacin. Data were analyzed for possible gender differences in response to treatment. At all doses, mean decreases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were greater in women than in men; differences were significant at doses of 1,000 mg (6.8% vs 0.2%, p = 0.006), 1,500 mg (11.3% vs 5.6%, p = 0.013), 2,000 mg (14.8% vs 6.9%, p = 0.010), and 3,000 mg (28.7% vs 17.7%, p = 0.006). Decreases in triglyceride levels also tended to be greater in women than in men but reached significance only at the 1,500-mg dose (28.6% vs 20.4%, p = 0.040). No similar trends or significant gender differences were noted in levels of lipoprotein(a) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This meta-analysis confirms that women respond as well as men, and possibly slightly better, to treatment with extended-release niacin and that it is a safe and effective treatment option for women with dyslipidemia.