cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Auditory Attention in Children1

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the development in childhood of one aspect of listening skills: namely, the ability to hear verbal messages and report them accurately in a situation where selection is necessary. In most of the studies, subjects ranging in age from 5 to 12 are presented with two voices speaking simultaneously, and are instructed to report only one of them. The major issues discussed are: (1) the increasing selective listening skill with increasing age, (2) the factors that contribute to the improvement, (3) the role of preparatory set in selective listening performance, and (4) if the preparatory set depend for its effectiveness on senseorgan orientation.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF LEPTOSPIRES. I. ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF LEPTOSPIRA POMONA.

Ritchie, A. E. (National Animal Disease Laboratory, Ames, Iowa), and Herman C. Ellinghausen. Electron microscopy of leptospires. I. Anatomical features of Leptospira pomona . J. Bacteriol. 89: 223–233. 1965.—Anatomical features of Leptospira pomona are described. Most cells in the logarithmic phase of growth, when examined in whole cell “negative-stained” preparations, display a homogeneous finely granular protoplasmic cylinder. Some cells contain discrete or complex lamellar structures. The cell termini are attached to the protoplasmic cylinder by a membrane system. Each organism appears to have two independent axial filaments originating from opposite ends of the cell. The axial filaments are composed of a closely knit bundle of some 12 to 15 individual strands. A simple model suggesting a locomotory function for the axial filaments is presented. A superficial callouslike mass is occasionally observed in the cell9s terminal region. The enveloping sheath is similar to the cytoplasmic membrane; both are triple-layered and ca. 50 A thick. The sheath preferentially forms blebs at the cell termini and midway along the protoplasmic cylinder. Septal-wall formation occurs at the mid region of the cell, and it is concluded that simple transverse binary fission is the predominant mode of reproduction. Images
Alert characteristics and identification of avatars on a virtual battlefield

Effectively transmitting alert information to soldiers on patrol is important and challenging. Such signals must be covertly presented, yet must effectively represent appropriate levels of urgency. Few researchers have investigated the joint effects of signal reliability and modality on receiver trust and compliance. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether alerts delivered through different sensory modalities (visual, auditory, or tactile) and different reliabilities (60% or 80% true alerts) yielded different trust levels and target identification behaviors. Thirty undergraduates completed two sessions of a virtual reconnaissance mission. During each session, they received 10 alerts about nearby opposing forces. They indicated trust or distrust of each alert, and subsequently identified the avatar as a friend or a foe. Results indicated that participants trusted more historically reliable alerts, and that they showed quicker identification behavior for visually presented alerts. Future researchers should investigate the match between modality and threat presentation.
Experiences with student research at a primarily undergraduate institution

Research in Computer Science is labor-intensive and requires the involvement of students. In primarily undergraduate institutions, the lack of doctoral students increases the need to involve undergraduate and Master's level graduate students in research. This paper reports on experiences gathered with student research at such an institution and suggests strategies for successful student research. We also report on a case study in student participation as an example for successful student-faculty collaboration.
PLC and PC system documentation concepts

The author describes the various important aspects of quality documentation for software used in industrial environments. Since the vast majority of these industrial applications use programmable logic controllers (PLCs), he concentrates on the specific documentation of PLC type devices. Highlights of the paper include a historical overview of significant developments in the field, current features using laptop personal computers, and future trends including advanced concepts. It is emphasized that PLC documentation can no longer be viewed as a stand-alone process but should be incorporated into a complete and comprehensive design package. >
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Requirements in Healthy Adult Human Subjects

There is now an expanding body of evidence to recommend, in the case of adult humans, the use of revised indispensable amino acid requirement values; these are approximately 2 to 3 times higher than the current international recommendations. The earlier methodologies for determining amino acid requirements, based on nitrogen balance, were criticized because of their design and the associated high energy intakes. The 1985 World Health Organization/Food & Agriculture Organization/United Nations University requirement for leucine has been demonstrated to be too low by short- and long-term (24-h) tracer-derived estimates of leucine oxidation and balance. The best values for leucine requirements come from 24-h direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO) and direct amino acid balance (DAAB) studies. Finally, we also collated all available data from studies on fed-state leucine oxidation with an adequate dietary adaptation period to assess the inflection on the leucine oxidation-leucine intake curve. The mean requirements for leucine, valine, and isoleucine are likely to be 40, 17-25, and 19 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1), respectively. This adds up to a total of approximately 84 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1), which is much lower than the lowest estimate of the total BCAA requirement of approximately 110 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) made by the short-term indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method, which determined the BCAA requirement from the pattern of oxidation of an indicator amino acid (phenylyalanine) at different levels of BCAA intake. An additional estimate of the leucine requirement was also made by a meta-analysis of all available 24-h DAAO/DAAB data from different studies. This resulted in a higher value for the leucine requirement than that obtained by the specific studies that utilized the 24-h DAAO/DAAB approach; however, even adding this value to the total BCAA requirement does not account for the difference in the total BCAA requirement estimates and the summed individual BCAA estimates.
Detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in seawater using a reversed-displacement immunosensor.

Abstract Reported in this study are the experimental design and results of an immunosensor for the detection of the explosive, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in seawater using a reversed-displacement format. This reversed-displacement immunosensor methodology has successfully measured TNT in seawater by direct injection, eliminating the need for preconcentration or pretreatment of samples. A microcolumn containing an Affi-Gel resin derivatized with a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TNB) moiety and a fluorophore-labeled anti-TNT antibody composed the immunoassay reactive chamber. Fluorophore-labeled anti-TNT antibody was incubated with the modified Affi-Gel resin until binding equilibrium was reached. Under a constant flow, samples containing TNT were introduced into the flow stream displacing the fluorophore-labeled TNT antibody. Limits of detection were 2.5 ng/mL or part-per-billion (ppb) for TNT in saline buffer and 25 ppb in seawater with an analysis time of 10 min. Two anti-TNT antibodies with differing binding affinities were compared in the reversed-displacement assay format, and a correlation between affinity and detection limits was observed. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the reversed-displacement format can be used to screen seawater samples containing TNT, remains effective after dozens of cycles, and provides significant fluorescence response before regeneration is required.
Number and distribution of T lymphocytes in the small intestinal mucosa of calves inoculated with rotavirus.

Abstract An understanding of the immune response to rotavirus is needed to develop effective prophylaxis. There is evidence that cell-mediated responses may be involved and to extend these observations, rotavirus antigen and the three major T cell subsets, BoCD4 + , BoCD8 + , and BoWC1 + γ / δ lymphocytes were immunostained in tissue sections from calves killed at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days post inoculation and quantified by image analysis. It was established that in control calves, BoCD4 + lymphocytes were predominantly in the lamina propria, while the majority of BoCD8 + and BoWC1 + γ / δ lymphocytes were in the epithelium. Rotavirus infection was seen throughout the small intestine with the greatest amount of viral antigen detected at 4 days post inoculation in the mid and distal small intestine. Increased numbers of all subsets were detected; small increases in intraepithelial BoCD4 + and BoWC1 + γ / δ T lymphocytes were observed especially in the distal small intestine, while larger increases in BoCD8 + cells were detected in the epithelium and lamina propria of the proximal, mid and distal small intestine. The timing and location of these increases in T lymphocyte subsets is indicative of a specific immune response involving BoCD8 + and BoWC1 + γ / δ T lymphocytes.
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Privacy Notices of the Global 2000

AbstractTo build consumer trust online, many companies place their privacy policies on their websites. Online privacy notices are intended to promote consumer choice and reduce the fear of disclosing information online. The current study examines the leading international companies’ online privacy notices. Particularly, this study examines firms listed on Forbes’ Global 2000 company list and are headquartered in Australia, China and Hong Kong, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States and assesses their privacy policy notices. Using the content analysis method, privacy policies on the websites from 125 companies were qualitatively examined and coded along the categories based on the FTC’s privacy principles. Different emphases between countries were found and cultural perspectives were explored.
Shortfall in on-road fuel economy: Implications for public policy☆

A prime factor in studying energy conservation in the USA has been the improvement in car fuel economy. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published values for all models for several years. These laboratory values often do not correspond to those found by motorists; the differences, in many cases, between the two sets of data are substantial. Any future policies based on fuel economy will have to take into account the fact that ‘on-road’ values, in miles per gallon, are often much lower than the EPA values. The author devises a simple model to show the likely difference of petrol use in the USA using theoretical and actual fuel economies. This amounts to about 5 000 million gallons between 1976 and 1985, over half of petrol use in 1978.
Factors Affecting Steam Generator Tube Bow

One of the challenges in straight shell-and-tube Steam Generator design is to avoid the tube to tube wear that can arise during operation due to higher than anticipated compressive tube loads and the resulting tube bow that can occur. Tube bow becomes significant when the compressive load in the tube exceeds its critical buckling capacity. This excessive load does not lead to unstable collapse of the tube as the axial load in the tube is displacement controlled. However, it does lead to significant lateral deformation for a very small increase in axial load/displacement. In this paper, several factors are investigated to determine their influence on the onset of tube bowing.Based on the studies performed in this paper there are factors that play a significant role in the behavior of steam generator tubes that have not typically been addressed in associated design analyses. Failure to address these factors can lead to unexpected behavior, premature degradation of steam generator performance, and possibly pressure boundary failure. A thorough understanding of these factors is necessary to ensure that a given design will perform as expected.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The continuing vitality of electromagnetic measurements

MR. CHAIRMAN, members, and guests of CPEM. There are at least two reasons why I feel honored in being asked to address this meeting. First, the mark of excellence that characterizes the conference — a dynamic, up-to-date conference of international importance, one that has continued to maintain its scientific and technological interest during the 18 years of existence; and second, because I find in looking back through the record, that, I join a prestigious list of others who have served in the same capacity as keynote speaker.
On the possibility of chain folding in solutions of normal paraffins and polyethylene

A simple statistical thermodynamic argument is presented in which the probability of intramolecular chain folding of normal paraffins and polyethylene in solution is examined. This possibility is based on the existence of low-energy intramolecular conformations which are stable enough to overcome the tendency of a chain molecule to assume a random arrangement in solution. Some rough estimates of the magnitudes of energetic interaction in straight-chain hydrocarbons are made to demonstrate the plausibility of this hypothesis. The experimental support for this model arises from NMR spectra of normal paraffins in aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.
Evaluation of Mechanical Deaeration Parameters for High Vacuum Canned Foods

In mechanical deaeration of sliced apples, pears and cut green beans, increasing fill temperatures or chamber vacuum enhanced product deaeration, whereas increasing dwell time under vacuum from 3 to 9 sec did not (p < 0.05). Product ability to resist explosion when subject to sudden vacuum varied with products, firmness and temperature. Control of fill temperature was necessary for proper removal of oxygen from the canned products.
Maverick Entertainment presents “marketing mimicry”: targeting the urban‐American teen film‐viewer via DVD and direct‐download

Purpose – This paper seeks to explore a host of straight‐to‐DVD and direct‐download motion picture marketing, production, and distribution strategies deployed by Florida‐based Maverick Entertainment. The focus is Maverick's most prominent and successful sub‐genre “urban teen gangsta” films.Design/methodolgy/approach – The somewhat wide‐ranging and eclectic approach taken in this paper draws from two emergent academic subdisciplines: consumer culture theory (CCT), largely on the business‐school side, and media industry studies (MIS), largely on the communications‐school side. The project thus attempts to bridge the interpretive poetics and eclecticism of CCT with the interpretive aesthetics and eclecticism of MIS and relies on a blend of filmic, marketing, PR, journalistic, trade publication, and academic evidence.Findings – It is argued that “marketing mimicry” – where Maverick imitates specific successful urban‐teen themed cross‐over film marketing strategies of major and mini‐major Hollywood studio titl...
The Impact of Homicide on Survivors and Clinicians

In this article, we offer reflections on long-term clinical work with survivors of homicide. These reflections are based on our experience at the Center for Homicide Bereavement (CHB), a community-based program of the Victims of Violence Program at the Cambridge Health Alliance. There are unique features of homicidal death, including the abrupt and irreversible loss of a loved one to violence and the intentionality of the perpetrator. In this article we (a) offer a brief review of the literature regarding the aftermath of homicide, (b) present a summary of the CHB program, and (c) illuminate key clinical issues involved in this work.
The Development of Education for Social Entrepreneurship and Nonprofit Management: Diverging or Converging Paths?

Although nonprofit management education has developed within a variety of university settings to date, curricula content of these programs has converged over time. However, recent social entrepreneurship programming calls into question whether such convergence will continue. This article compares social entrepreneurship education programming in schools of public administration and policy, schools of business and management, and religiously oriented institutions and considers whether curricula among these groups will remain distinct. Possible scenarios include convergence toward the traditional nonprofit management education model, toward the new business school model of social entrepreneurship, toward new blended models, or continued bifurcation between traditional and business school models.
PhyTraces: Simulating New RF Environments with Physical Layer Traces

Wireless systems are deployed in environments like buildings, bridges and forests - each of which has very different wireless properties. In this paper, we propose a technique to customize simulation for a new RF environment, before a physical layer model has been created for it. Our approach is to create physical layer traces or PhyTraces that capture the RF environment of a single node. These PhyTraces can then be composed in multiple ways to simulate protocol-layer performance in the target environment. This approach offers an alternative to conventional trace-based network simulation that is very realistic, but does not permit protocol-level changes after the traces are collected. We show that PhyTraces can be collected very quickly and can be used in simulation with low computational overhead to model networks of various sizes and densities. To evaluate this approach, we collect PhyTraces in 3 different physical environments using 2 different low-power radios at 4 different transmission power levels. Our analysis indicates that the PhyTraces can predict the performance of neighbor discovery algorithms, distance vector routing algorithms, and flooding algorithms in real deployments, including some effects of complex dynamics due to packet loss and wireless collisions.
Persistence of TCDD-induced hepatic cell proliferation and growth of enzyme altered foci after chronic exposure followed by cessation of treatment in DEN initiated female rats

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a potent tumor promoter in two-stage models of hepatocarcinogenesis. This study focuses on the persistence or reversibility of TCDD-mediated changes in livers after 30 weeks of treatment and cessation of treatment. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) initiated animals (175 mg/kg) were promoted bi-weekly with TCDD at a dose equivalent to 125 ng/kg/day for 30 weeks without or with a following waiting period of 32 weeks before necropsy. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin liver concentration decreased 300-fold in the 32 week waiting period but was still five-fold above background. Induction of CYP1A1 dependent enzyme activity decreased according to TCDD tissue levels. In contrast, cell proliferation, as measured by BrdU-labeling index, was still 2.8-fold increased over controls in the TCDD group with waiting period compared to a 4-fold increase over controls at the end of the 30 week dosing period. Enzyme altered hepatic foci expressing the placental form of glutathione S-transferase decreased in number but the remaining foci were significantly increased in size and the percent of liver occupied by foci was higher at the end of the waiting period as compared to livers at the end of the dosing period. Liver tumor incidence at the end of the waiting period was 71% (5 of 7 animals) and the livers showed an increase in bile duct lesions with only mild toxicity. There was pronounced bile duct proliferation in DEN/TCDD treated animals after the waiting period with intense expression of TGFα in bile duct epithelial cells as detected by immunohistochemical methods. In comparison, at the end of the 30 week dosing period the livers showed more severe toxicity and only mild bile duct proliferation. Also, one small hepatocellular adenoma was observed. It is concluded that as opposed to CYP1A1 induction the more complex biological responses, cell proliferation and selective growth of certain preneoplastic foci, are persistent after prolonged TCDD treatment within the experimental framework of our study.
THE EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSEAL GROWTH HORMONE ON THE METABOLISM OF Ca45 IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS

ALTHOUGH the effects of hypophyseal growth hormone on bone histology have been thoroughly studied, little experimental work has been done on the interrelationships of this hormone and calcium metabolism. The few reports appearing in the literature have been inconclusive. Teel and Cushing (1930) noted that the urinary excretion of calcium in dogs was increased during the first few days following the injection of growth stimulating extracts. Pugsley and Anderson (1934) found that hypophysectomized rats on a low calcium diet showed a negative calcium balance which became positive on the administration of a crude growth hormone preparation. Krishnan (1942), using rats and guinea pigs, showed that injections of growth-promoting extracts caused calcium retention in these animals. It was with the object of studying the effects of pure growth hormone administration on the metabolism of Ca45 in hypophysectomized rats that the following experiment was performed.
ARENEIRON COMPLEXES FROM METAL ATOM EVAPORATION

Abstract Metal evaporation syntheses have given Fe(η 6 -arene)L 2 and Fe(η 6 -arene)-(η 4 -diene) complexes (where L  phosphorus ligand). Protonation and methylation of Fe(arene)L 2 complexes yield [Fe(arene)L 2H ] + and [Fe(arene)L 2 Me] + species, respectively. Protonation of Fe(arene)(η 4 -triene) complexes yields [Fe(arene)(η 5 -dienyl)] + salts.
Targeting Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism in Melanoma Causes Metabolic Compensation through Glucose and Glutamine Utilization

Metabolic targets offer attractive opportunities for cancer therapy. However, their targeting may activate alternative metabolic pathways that can still support tumor growth. A subset of human melanomas relies on PGC1α-dependent mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to maintain growth and survival. Herein, we show that loss of viability caused by suppression of PGC1α in these melanomas is rescued by induction of glycolysis. Suppression of PGC1α elevates reactive oxygen species levels decreasing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) hydroxylation that, in turn, increases its protein stability. HIF1α reprograms melanomas to become highly glycolytic and dependent on this pathway for survival. Dual suppression of PGC1α and HIF1α causes energetic deficits and loss of viability that are partially compensated by glutamine utilization. Notably, triple suppression of PGC1α, HIF1α, and glutamine utilization results in complete blockage of tumor growth. These results show that due to high metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility, complete treatment of melanomas will require combinatorial therapy that targets multiple metabolic components.
Effect of Nutrition Information in Perceptions of Food Quality, Consumption Behavior and Purchase Intentions

Abstract When consumers have relevant information, they are empowered to make informed choices. Therefore, access to nutrition information at the point of purchase may empower customer decisions regarding food selection, and lead to higher satisfaction and product ratings. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of displayed nutrition information on customers' selections and ratings of food in a restaurant setting. Specific objectives were to compare selection, quality ratings, and intention to purchase ratings with and without information on nutrients per serving associated with entree selections. When nutrition information was displayed, customers rated the food quality significantly higher, and had significantly higher intentions to repurchase than when no nutrition information was supplied. The nutrition information most important to the customers was total fat, calories, and fat calories per serving. Additionally, higher fat entrees were chosen less often and lower fat entrees more often, when...
An open-flow helium cryostat for single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments

An open-flow helium cryostat for single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments capable of reaching 14 K has been developed using off-the-shelf components. Solid/liquid air build-up is prevented using the transfer-line helium back-flow and a heated nozzle. The system has run for over 30 h with no frost build-up.In a recent experiment the system has run for over 60 h with no frost build-up. The effectiveness of the system has been demonstrated using test data for oxalic acid, terbium vanadate and dysprosium vanadate.
RFIDiocy: It's D&#xe9;j&#xe0; Vu All over Again

Not content with pedestrian applications, some manufacturers extended RFID far beyond the level justified by good taste and common sense.
Rab3-GAP Controls the Progression of Synaptic Homeostasis at a Late Stage of Vesicle Release

Homeostatic signaling systems stabilize neural function through the modulation of neurotransmitter receptor abundance, ion channel density, and presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Molecular mechanisms that drive these changes are being unveiled. In theory, molecular mechanisms may also exist to oppose the induction or expression of homeostatic plasticity, but these mechanisms have yet to be explored. In an ongoing electrophysiology-based genetic screen, we have tested 162 new mutations for genes involved in homeostatic signaling at the Drosophila NMJ. This screen identified a mutation in the rab3-GAP gene. We show that Rab3-GAP is necessary for the induction and expression of synaptic homeostasis. We then provide evidence that Rab3-GAP relieves an opposing influence on homeostasis that is catalyzed by Rab3 and which is independent of any change in NMJ anatomy. These data define roles for Rab3-GAP and Rab3 in synaptic homeostasis and uncover a mechanism, acting at a late stage of vesicle release, that opposes the progression of homeostatic plasticity.
Characterization of the codY gene and its influence on biofilm formation in Bacillus cereus

The foodborne pathogen Bacillus cereus can form biofilms on various food contact surfaces, leading to contamination of food products. To study the mechanisms of biofilm formation by B. cereus, a Tn5401 library was generated from strain UW101C. Eight thousand mutants were screened in EPS, a low nutrient medium. One mutant (M124), with a disruption in codY, developed fourfold less biofilm than the wild-type, and its defective biofilm phenotype was rescued by complementation. Addition of 0.1% casamino acids to EPS prolonged the duration of biofilms in the wild-type but not codY mutant. When decoyinine, a GTP synthesis inhibitor, was added to EPS, biofilm formation was decreased in the wild-type but not the mutant. The codY mutant produced three times higher protease activity than the wild-type. Zymogram and SDS-PAGE data showed that production of the protease (∼130 kDa) was repressed by CodY. Addition of proteinase K to EPS decreased biofilm formation by the wild-type. Using a dpp-lacZ fusion reporter system, it was shown that that the B. cereus CodY can sense amino acids and GTP levels. These data suggest that by responding to amino acids and intracellular GTP levels CodY represses production of an unknown protease and is involved in biofilm formation.
Oxidation and Diffusion in Ti-Al-(Mo, Nb) Intermetallics

The oxidation resistance of Ti-Al intermetallics is superior to many of their counterparts at high temperatures. High-temperature stability of these intermetallics appears to improve with a ternary alloying addition such as Mo, Nb, etc. A detailed analysis of oxidation of the Ti3Al intermetallics, Ti3Al-2.9 at. pct Mo and Ti3Al-1.1 at. pct Nb, in pure oxygen using crystallographic and microscopic techniques is presented here. The alloy containing 1.1 at. pct Nb did not show an improvement in oxidation resistance over the base alloy but that containing 2.9 at. pct Mo showed marked resistance to oxidation. Activation energies of oxidation for both the alloys were comparable with those reported in the literature for similar compositions. TiO2 and Al2O3 were the major phases present in the oxide scales of the oxidized alloys. The crystal orientations from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the morphologies from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were in good agreement and were helpful in further analysis of the oxidation process. The effective diffusion of oxygen in the oxide layers was calculated using the mole fraction of individual oxide and the diffusivity of oxygen in pure oxide. The activation energy for the effective diffusion of oxygen through the oxide layers was determined to be ~24 kJ/mol. The activation energy for the oxidation process was higher than that of the diffusion of oxygen. Hence, it can be concluded that the oxidation process in both the alloys studied is not diffusion controlled.
Clinicopathologic analysis of ampullary neoplasms in 450 patients: implications for surgical strategy and long-term prognosis.

Whether ampullary neoplasms are best surgically managed by pancreaticoduodenectomy versus local ampullectomy is controversial. We sought to examine the outcome of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy versus ampullectomy, as well as to identify factors predictive of lymph node metastasis in patients with ampullary neoplasms. Between 1970 and 2007, 450 patients who underwent surgical resection of ampullary adenoma or adenocarcinoma were identified from a prospective, single-institution database. Data on clinicopathologic factors, morbidity, mortality, and survival were analyzed. The initial surgical procedure was pancreaticoduodenectomy in 96.7% patients and ampullectomy in 3.3%. Final diagnosis was invasive adenocarcinoma (77.1%) or adenoma (22.9%). Median tumor size was similar for adenomas associated with an adenocarcinoma (2.5 cm) versus adenomas without invasive cancer (2.9 cm; P = 0.71). Morbidity was comparable with pancreaticoduodenectomy (52.2%) versus ampullectomy (33.3%; P = 0.15), as was 30-day mortality (pancreaticoduodenectomy, 2.1% versus ampullectomy, 0%; P = 0.6). Metastatic disease to regional lymph nodes was present in 54.5% patients with adenocarcinoma. Factors associated with presence of lymph node metastasis included tumor size ≥1 cm (OR 2.1), poor histologic grade (OR 4.8), perineural invasion (OR 3.0), microscopic vessel invasion (OR 6.6), and depth of invasion > pT1 (OR 4.3; all P < 0.05). Specifically, risk of lymph node metastasis increased with T stage (T1, 28.0%; T2, 50.9%; T3, 71.7%; T4, 77.3%; P < 0.001). When surgery is indicated, radical resection is required for early invasive adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, as lymph node metastases are present in nearly 30% of patients with T1 disease. Pancreaticoduodenectomy should be the preferred approach for most ampullary neoplasms that require surgical resection.
Is employee discipline the solution for patient safety

Explore alternative solutions to discipline and address ways to achieve patient safety without penalizing employees.
Yohimbine impairs P50 auditory sensory gating in normal subjects.

The evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli generally decreases in amplitude, a phenomenon that demonstrates the activity of sensory gating mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS). Gating of the P50 wave of the auditory evoked response shows such behavior in normals, but not in schizophrenic or manic subjects. In mania, diminished gating of the auditory evoked response is correlated with elevated levels of noradrenergic metabolites. In animals, yohimbine, a presynaptic α-2 antagonist, increases noradrenergic neuronal transmission in the CNS and diminished gating of the auditory evoked response. The aim of this experiment was to test whether yohimbine causes diminished auditory sensory gating in normal human controls. Seven normal subjects with normal P50 auditory gating were treated either with 0.4 mg/kg of oral yohimbine on one day or placebo on a different day. Each subject acted as his own control. Yohimbine, but not placebo, caused a significant but transient decrease in P50 auditory gating in these subjects. Thus, increasing CNS noradrenergic neuronal transmission in normal controls can cause a transient impairment in auditory sensory gating.
A Cold Look at Transcription

Abstract Two single-particle reconstructions, one obtained by cryo-EM of yeast RNAPII polymerase and the other by EM of negatively stained molecules of yeast RNAPII holoenzyme, shine new light on the multistep transcription process in eukaryotes.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced changes in glucose transporting activity in guinea pigs, mice, and rats in vivo and in vitro.

The toxic action of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on glucose uptake was studied on different species, sexes, and strains of animals by using a nonmetabolizable glucose analog, 3-0-methyl D [1-3H] glucose (3H-Me-glc). We have found a drastic reduction in glucose uptake in different organs from male guinea pigs in vivo as well as in vitro. Female guinea pigs were less responsive to this effect of TCDD compared to males. Highly TCDD-responsive mice strains responded in the same way as the male guinea pigs, while less TCDD-responsive mice strains did not. A reduction in glucose uptake was found in explant adipose tissue cultures (in vitro) of male mice (highly TCDD-responsive) after a 4 hour incubation with 10(-8) M TCDD. In less responsive mice strains, stimulation was observed using the same model (in vitro). In the case of male rats, as well as male guinea pigs, glucose uptake was highly reduced by 10(-8) M TCDD using an in vitro system of explant adipose tissue. The Ah-receptor blocker, 4,7-phenanthroline, abolished the effect of TCDD on inhibition of glucose uptake in adipose tissue of male guinea pigs both in vivo and in vitro. Transcription and translation inhibitors (actinomycin D and cycloheximide, respectively) were tested separately or in combination with TCDD using the guinea pig adipose tissue culture model. It was found that actinomycin D could block the effect of TCDD on glucose uptake throughout the experiment time (360 min) while cycloheximide blocked TCDD action for about 60 minutes. Protein kinase inhibitors (e.g., genistein, neomycin) did not change the effect of TCDD on glucose uptake in male guinea pig adipose tissue. Based on these observations, we conclude that TCDD inhibits Me-glc uptake in various organs in guinea pigs, mice, and rats, and this response is mediated by the Ah-receptor.
Characterization of a 180-kDa Intestinal Epithelial Cell Membrane Glycoprotein, gp180 A CANDIDATE MOLECULE MEDIATING T CELL-EPITHELIAL CELL INTERACTIONS

Previous studies have shown that normal human intestinal epithelial cells stimulate CD8(+) suppressor T cell proliferation in an allogeneic mixed epithelial/T cell co-culture system, which is neither restricted by class I or class II major histocompatibility complex antigens nor by any soluble factors from epithelial cells. Two epithelial specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb), mAb B9 and mAb L12, are potent inhibitors of this mixed epithelial/T cell reaction but not of conventional mixed lymphocyte reactions. While phenotypically distinct by tissue staining, both mAbs recognize a 180-kDa epithelial membrane glycoprotein (gp180). Further characterization of gp180 revealed the following. 1) The protein migrated between 150 and 180 kDa in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and could be resolved by Western blot using mAb B9 or mAb L12. 2) The molecule has two forms, an apically sorted glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored form and a basolateral transmembrane form. 3) gp180 is heavily N-glycosylated, since N-glycanase treatment results in a >50% reduction in size. 4) Purified gp180 can bind to peripheral blood T cells and activate p56(lck). 5) gp180 can activate p56(lck) in 3G8 (a murine T cell hybridoma transfected with human CD8alpha cDNA) but not in 3G4 (CD4 transfectant), suggesting that gp180 binds to CD8. Thus, gp180 appears to be a novel regulator of mucosal immune responses.
Characteristics of Internet Addiction/Pathological Internet Use in U.S. University Students: A Qualitative-Method Investigation

Studies have identified high rates and severe consequences of Internet Addiction/Pathological Internet Use (IA/PIU) in university students. However, most research concerning IA/PIU in U.S. university students has been conducted within a quantitative research paradigm, and frequently fails to contextualize the problem of IA/PIU. To address this gap, we conducted an exploratory qualitative study using the focus group approach and examined 27 U.S. university students who self-identified as intensive Internet users, spent more than 25 hours/week on the Internet for non-school or non-work-related activities and who reported Internet-associated health and/or psychosocial problems. Students completed two IA/PIU measures (Young’s Diagnostic Questionnaire and the Compulsive Internet Use Scale) and participated in focus groups exploring the natural history of their Internet use; preferred online activities; emotional, interpersonal, and situational triggers for intensive Internet use; and health and/or psychosocial consequences of their Internet overuse. Students’ self-reports of Internet overuse problems were consistent with results of standardized measures. Students first accessed the Internet at an average age of 9 (SD = 2.7), and first had a problem with Internet overuse at an average age of 16 (SD = 4.3). Sadness and depression, boredom, and stress were common triggers of intensive Internet use. Social media use was nearly universal and pervasive in participants’ lives. Sleep deprivation, academic under-achievement, failure to exercise and to engage in face-to-face social activities, negative affective states, and decreased ability to concentrate were frequently reported consequences of intensive Internet use/Internet overuse. IA/PIU may be an underappreciated problem among U.S. university students and warrants additional research.
Five Early Renaissance Portraits

Among the earliest surviving examples of early Renaissance portraiture are a group of five portraits of men in profile. The portrait of Matteo Olivieri, which is in the Mellon Collection at the National Gallery in Washington (Fig. 9), and the portrait of his son, Michele, now in a private collection (Fig. 10), are attributed to Domenico Veneziano. Two other portraits in the group are ascribed at present to Masaccio: one is in the Mellon Collection at the National Gallery (Fig. 11), the other in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum at Boston (Fig. 23). The last of the portraits, located in the Musee des Beaux-Arts at Chambery, is generally accepted as a work by Paolo Uccello (Fig. 12).
A representational approach to patient education.

Purpose: To describe the theoretical basis for a representational approach to patient education and the application of this approach to the development, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of a representational intervention for pain management. Organizing Construct: Leventhal's common sense model (CSM) was a guide for this approach to patient education. The CSM is based on the idea that people have common sense beliefs, or representations, that guide how they cope with health problems. Theoretically based interventions derived from the CSM have not been reported. Methods: Steps included: (a) designing a general approach to educational interventions, centered on illness representations; (b) specifying an intervention (RIDPAIN) to facilitate coping with cancer pain; (c) pilot-testing and revising the intervention; and (d) testing feasibility and acceptability of the intervention with 61 patients in a Midwestern American city. Findings: The RIDPAIN intervention was useful in eliciting misconceptions of pain and pain management from patients experiencing cancer pain. Many patients found RIDPAIN to be meaningful and useful, and they perceived it to have an effect on pain-related beliefs and behaviors. Conclusions: This theory-driven approach should be effective and widely applicable because it includes patients as active participants in all phases of the learning continuum, from information acquisition to behavior change.
Packet switching optical network-on-chip architectures

In this paper we propose three packet switching optical network-on-chip architectures, i.e., TON-I, TON-II and TON-III. Micro-ring resonator (MRR)-based optical switches are adopted for wavelength-based routing in TONs. Direct optical channels (DOCs) are introduced as the direct optical paths between nodes. For each node in TON-I, II, and III, the number of DOCs is 4, 8, and 10 respectively. We present the implementations of a packet switching optical NoC with TONs with a limited number of wavelengths. The design of routers and schema for wavelength assignment are presented for each TON. The number of different wavelengths needed for in TON-I, II, and III is 2, 4, and 6. The proposed architectures yield highly scalabilities, high bandwidth, low latency and low power consumption. TON network performances are evaluated by simulation as presented. The transmission power loss analysis is provided as well. Simulation and analysis results show that the proposed architectures can be considered as a viable solution for future NoCs.
Correlations among Hill parameters reflect models of activating ligand-gated ion channels

Molecular biology has contributed a concept, novel in pharmacology, in which the receptor is an independent variable. Site-directed mutagenesis of ligand-gated ion channels is now commonplace. The mutant receptor is usually characterized by the Hill parameters that describe concentration-response curves from transfected, voltage-clamped cells. In this article, Charles Spivak describes how to convert parameters for realistic models of channel activation into Hill parameters. Correlations among the Hill parameters that the models enforce can be useful in tentatively assigning a physiological function to the mutation site.
On existence and uniqueness of classical solutions to Euler equations in a rotating cylinder

Abstract In this paper we consider the existence and uniqueness of classical solutions of the non-stationary Euler equations for an ideal incompressible flow in a cylinder rotating with a constant angular velocity about an axis orthogonal to the axis of the cylinder. If we consider, say, one of the most-studied three-dimensional cases of fluid flow, axially-symmetric flow in a pipe, it can be easily seen that the (Navier–Stokes or Euler) equations are essentially two-dimensional because they split into a two-dimensional analog and a one-dimensional equation. The two-dimensional equations are known to have global classical solutions. If we add, as is standard in the literature, rotation along the axis of symmetry, the same conclusions are valid. However the picture completely changes if the axis of rotation does not coincide with the symmetry axis. The flow is then “stirred” and the splitting we mentioned above is coupled. Therefore in spite of the symmetry, i.e., the dependence on two spatial variables, the flow is essentially not two-dimensional. The flows of this type are called in physical literature 2D–3C flows (two-dimensional, three-components flows). In the present paper we show that in this case for any T > 0 the unique classical solution exists on the interval [ 0 , T ] for a sufficiently small angular velocity of rotation.
A second-order accurate immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method for particle-laden flows

Abstract A new immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) is presented for fully resolved simulations of incompressible viscous flows laden with rigid particles. The immersed boundary method (IBM) recently developed by Breugem (2012) [19] is adopted in the present method, development including the retraction technique, the multi-direct forcing method and the direct account of the inertia of the fluid contained within the particles. The present IB-LBM is, however, formulated with further improvement with the implementation of the high-order Runge–Kutta schemes in the coupled fluid–particle interaction. The major challenge to implement high-order Runge–Kutta schemes in the LBM is that the flow information such as density and velocity cannot be directly obtained at a fractional time step from the LBM since the LBM only provides the flow information at an integer time step. This challenge can be, however, overcome as given in the present IB-LBM by extrapolating the flow field around particles from the known flow field at the previous integer time step. The newly calculated fluid–particle interactions from the previous fractional time steps of the current integer time step are also accounted for in the extrapolation. The IB-LBM with high-order Runge–Kutta schemes developed in this study is validated by several benchmark applications. It is demonstrated, for the first time, that the IB-LBM has the capacity to resolve the translational and rotational motion of particles with the second-order accuracy. The optimal retraction distances for spheres and tubes that help the method achieve the second-order accuracy are found to be around 0.30 and −0.47 times of the lattice spacing, respectively. Simulations of the Stokes flow through a simple cubic lattice of rotational spheres indicate that the lift force produced by the Magnus effect can be very significant in view of the magnitude of the drag force when the practical rotating speed of the spheres is encountered. This finding may lead to more comprehensive studies of the effect of the particle rotation on fluid–solid drag laws. It is also demonstrated that, when the third-order or the fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme is used, the numerical stability of the present IB-LBM is better than that of all methods in the literature, including the previous IB-LBMs and also the methods with the combination of the IBM and the traditional incompressible Navier–Stokes solver.
Investigation of the Readiness of Ground Soils for the Installation of Ground Heat Exchange Systems in Baghdad City

This paper was meant to bench mark the possibility of the use of underground soils of Baghdad, Iraq for the installation of Ground Heat Exchange (GHE) systems for heating and cooling purposes in order to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels that were used in conventional plants and the related economic and environmental pollution aspects. Ten thermocouples were installed in each location, at different depths down to 4.5m at AlSadr and AlKry`at cities, north eastern side of Baghdad, in order to record their daily temperature trends at different times for four months; namely January, April, July and October of 2010. The relevant soil thermal properties were tested at different depths to incorporate their possible variations. Both locations had proved high chances to host summer horizontal cooling systems at 3m depths or more, where higher than 20C negative temperature differences were recorded as compared with ground surface temperatures, while positive differences were determined to be around 7C and 10C at 4m depth for AlKry`at and AlSadr cities respectively during winter times, which suggest that they may serve for preheating systems during these times.