cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relation of the Fat Content of Milk to the Passage of the Milk Curd from the Stomach of the Calf

Summary Although whole milk has always been considered preferable for calf feeding to separator skimmed milk from a growth promoting standpoint, the cost of feeding whole milk makes it desirable to change to skim milk feeding at the earliest possible age. In this paper the physiological effect of the fat on the rate of evacuation of the stomach is discussed. Curd from milk containing up to six per cent fat tends to leave the stomach more rapidly than skimmed mild due to the difference in texture of the curd formed. Milk containing this amount of fat does not apparently inhibit gastric secretion or gastric motility. Fat, in addition to being a valuable source of food, would appear to aid digestion when incorporated in the milk in limited amounts.
Lectinlike interactions of Fusobacterium nucleatum with human neutrophils.

Fusobacterium nucleatum expresses lectinlike adherence factors which mediate binding to a variety of human tissue cells. Adherence is selectively inhibited by galactose, lactose, and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. In this study, adherence of F. nucleatum to human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) was investigated. The results indicated that the fusobacteria adhered to live and metabolically inactivated or fixed PMNs. Adherence of F. nucleatum resulted in activation of PMNs as determined by PMN aggregation, membrane depolarization, increased intracellular free Ca2+, superoxide anion production, and lysozyme release. Transmission electron micrographs showed that F. nucleatum was phagocytized by the PMNs. Microbicidal assays indicated that greater than 98% of F. nucleatum organisms were killed by PMNs within 60 min. Adherence to and activation of PMNs by F. nucleatum were inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine or lactose greater than galactose, whereas equal concentrations of glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, mannose, and fucose had little or no effect on F. nucleatum-PMN interactions. Pretreatment of the fusobacteria with heat (80 degrees C, 20 min) or proteases inhibited adherence to and activation of PMNs, but superoxide production was also stimulated by heated bacteria. The results indicate that interaction of F. nucleatum with PMNs is lectinlike and is probably mediated by fusobacterial proteins which bind to other human tissue cells. Adherence of F. nucleatum to PMNs in the absence of serum opsonins, such as antibodies and complement, may play an important role in PMN recognition and killing of F. nucleatum in the gingival sulcus and in the subsequent release of PMN factors associated with tissue destruction. Images
HIV-1 Infection of First-Trimester and Term Human Placental Tissue: A Possible Mode of Maternal-Fetal Transmission

To understand the potential role of placental tissue in the pathogenesis of neonatal AIDS, the distribution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) receptor and the infectability of placental tissue by HIV-1 were studied. Both the mRNA and the protein for the HIV receptor (CD4) were present in fetal-derived placenta. By immunofluorescent microscopy, a number of different cell types appeared to be CD4+; positive cells were observed in the lining and stroma of the chorionic villi. Some of these CD4+ cells dual-labeled with the trophoblastic marker placental lactogen. In addition, CD4+ cells were observed within the lining of placental blood vessels. Organ cultures of first-trimester and term placentas were infectable by HIV as monitored by reverse transcriptase activity of culture supernatants and by immunofluorescent labeling of HIV antigens. One potential route of congenital HIV transmission may be direct placental infection by HIV as early as the first trimester, with subsequent transplacental spread of the virus.
Effects of Introducing Five-Day Work Week in Korean Labor Market: A Semiparametric Vector Error Correction Approach

This paper uses the semiparametric error correction model (Li and Wooldridge, 2002) and investigates the dynamics of wage, employment and labor efficiency after introducing five-day work week to the Korean labor market. Efficient working hour function is obtained by nonparametric method (polynomial approximation) and the dynamics are investigated using impulse response analysis. Average derivative estimator is used to derive the impulse response function of the semiparametric error correction model. The results show that reducing working hours would not create new employment and thus it, as a labor policy, could not be a solution for unemployment. On the other hand, cutting working hours boosts labor efficiency so sharply that the efficient labor input increases. It is also shown that the Korean labor market is flexible enough to adjust the shock within a year.
An extension of the steepest descent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems: the small dispersion limit of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation.

This paper extends the steepest descent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems introduced by Deift and Zhou in a critical new way. We present, in particular, an algorithm, to obtain the support of the Riemann-Hilbert problem for leading asymptotics. Applying this extended method to small dispersion KdV (Korteweg-de Vries) equation, we (i) recover the variational formulation of P. D. Lax and C. D. Levermore [(1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 3602–3606] for the weak limit of the solution, (ii) derive, without using an ansatz, the hyperelliptic asymptotic solution of S. Venakides that describes the oscillations; and (iii) are now able to compute the phase shifts, integrating the modulation equations exactly. The procedure of this paper is a version of fully nonlinear geometrical optics for integrable systems. With some additional analysis the theory can provide rigorous error estimates between the solution and its computed asymptotic expression.
An Interactive Fortran Program to Compute Tukey's a Posteriori Comparisons:

The TUKEY FORTRAN program was designed to facilitate pairwise comparisons among means following a significant F ratio in an analysis of variance. Intended for use on CMS, the program has been written to allow the user to obtain Tukey's HSD statistic by entering information regarding the design and the analysis of variance results. Two variations of Tukey's test, the Tukey-Kramer test and the Games-Howell test, are available as alternatives for designs in which the assumptions of the HSD test are not met.
Comparison of protective effects of ethylestrenol, norbolethone, and spironolactone against lethality from acute doses of parathion and paraoxon in female rats

Abstract Protection against the toxicity of parathion (increased LD 50 ) was provided by preadministered ethylestrenol and, to a lesser extent, by norbolethone and spironolactone. Ethylestrenol and norbolethone also offered protection against paraoxon toxicity. With ethylestrenol and spironolactone, the protection against parathion lethality was greater than that against paraoxon lethality.
Multi-Ligand Poly(l-Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles Inhibit Activation of Endothelial Cells

Endothelial cell (EC) activation and inflammation is a key step in the initiation and progression of many cardiovascular diseases. Targeted delivery of therapeutic reagents to inflamed EC using nanoparticles is challenging as nanoparticles do not arrest on EC efficiently under high shear stress. In this study, we developed a novel polymeric platelet-mimicking nanoparticle for strong particle adhesion onto ECs and enhanced particle internalization by ECs. This nanoparticle was encapsulated with dexamethasone as the anti-inflammatory drug, and conjugated with polyethylene glycol, glycoprotein 1b, and trans-activating transcriptional peptide. The multi-ligand nanoparticle showed significantly greater adhesion on P-selectin, von Willebrand Factor, than the unmodified particles, and activated EC in vitro under both static and flow conditions. Treatment of injured rat carotid arteries with these multi-ligand nanoparticles suppressed neointimal stenosis more than unconjugated nanoparticles did. These results indicate that this novel multi-ligand nanoparticle is efficient to target inflamed EC and inhibit inflammation and subsequent stenosis.
Software and Simulation Modeling for Real-Time Software-Intensive Systems

Successful development of large-scale complex and distributed real-time systems commonly relies on models developed separately for simulation studies and software implementation. Systems theory provides sound modeling principles to characterize structural and behavioral aspects of systems across time and space. The behavior of these models can be observed using simulation protocols that can correctly interpret time-based logical dynamics. Similarly, object-orientation theories and software architecture principles enable modeling static and dynamic behavior of systems. While models described either in system-theoretic or object-orientated languages may be used for both software design and simulation modeling, each has its own strengths and weaknesses. For example, a class of system-theoretic modeling approach called Discrete-event System Specification (DEVS) provides an appropriate basis to develop simulation models exhibiting concurrent and distributed behavior. Similarly, the Unified Modeling Language with real-time (UML-RT) constructs can be used to develop software design models that can be implemented and executed. Since software models are not suitable to be used as simulation models and simulation models may not adequately lend themselves to serve as software design blueprints, it is important to examine these approaches. We show some of the key shortcomings of these simulation and software design modeling approaches by developing some detailed specifications and implementation of a coffee machine with a focus on their treatment of logical and physical time.
At the Edge of the Precipice: Henry Clay and the Compromise that Saved the Union – By Robert V. Remini

The Compromise of 1850 ushered in a decade of contention and controversy. Henry Clay, the flawed protagonist of this brief and lively history of the Compromise, usually receives credit for crafting...
Application of the Kihara potential to high pressure phase equilibria

This paper is concerned with the virial equation of state as applied to vapor mixtures at moderate densities. The required virial coefficients for small molecules can usually be estimated from generalized corresponding states correlations, but these correlations are not sufficient for mixtures which contain one very heavy and one very light component. It is shown that for such mixtures the necessary virial coefficients can be calculated by statistical thermodynamics with a potential function proposed by Kihara. This type of calculation is especially useful at low temperatures where virial coefficients have not been measured because of large experimental difficulties. Application of the Kihara potential is demonstrated with the computation of K values for heavy components for several mixtures at advanced pressures; good agreement with experimental results is obtained. The virial equation may in some cases be used to test data for thermodynamic consistency, and for illustration it is shown that recently reported K data for propane in compressed hydrogen are thermodynamically inconsistent and too large by about two orders of magnitude.
High Speed DSP Block for FPGA Devices Using a Programmable Adder Graph

Multiple constant multiplications (MCM) is an optimization technique that is well-suited to DSP implementations. Using MCM, all coefficient multiplications are grouped into one efficient block of wired shifts and adds. A disadvantage of using MCM is the requirement of knowing the filter coefficients a priori. Due to this limitation, MCM optimizations cannot be used in many applications. We propose a programmable adder graph (PAG) circuit that can implement multiplication using shift and add techniques without prior knowledge of the multiplier value. The PAG circuit allows any programmable device to be optimized using MCM for a wide range of DSP applications, including adaptive filters.
Both human SP-A1 and Sp-A2 genes are expressed in small and large intestine.

The human SP-A locus consists of two functional genes and one pseudogene, and SP-A is shown to play a role in local host defense and the regulation of inflammation in lung. Because the intestine, like the lung, is constantly exposed to foreign and potentially harmful substances, we investigated the hypothesis that both human SP-A genes are expressed in intestine. We demonstrate that both SP-A genes are expressed in human small and large intestine. The presence of SP-A mRNA in human intestine was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Northern blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. The size of intestinal SP-A mRNA is the same as that in human lung, but the level of expression, compared with that in the lung, is very low in both the small and large intestine. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed positive reactivity for SP-A in a subgroup of epithelial cells in the intestine. Expression of both SP-A1 and SP-A2 genes was established by gene-specific PCR amplification, PCR-bas...
Basics of noise generation for pavement engineers

This paper is intended as a brief basic primer on tire-pavement noise generation and measurement. It is particularly directed toward pavement and materials engineers who are aware that noise is an issue of concern to the public but have not been able to invest the time needed to investigate and learn about noise control fundamentals. This paper defines sound and noise, illustrates the public's growing awareness of noise issues, explains the units of measurement and measurement techniques, outlines some of the mechanisms of noise generation at the tire-pavement interface, and briefly discusses how pavements can help to mitigate noise problems. Significant progress has been made to reduce tire-pavement noise, and, with more applications and an increased understanding of noise generation and propagation, economical pavements are possible that control noise while maintaining safety and durability.
On the rate of convergence of the ML spectral estimate for identification of sinusoids in noise

The practical aspects of the convergence properties of the family of maximum-likelihood (ML) estimators are investigated in the context of harmonic signal estimation. Specifically, the consequences of having only a finite number of correlation lags and of performing finite-resolution computations are addressed. The results of this investigation include guidelines for assessing the available frequency resolution and for improved estimates of signal power. Finally, an example is presented which demonstrates the advantages of using autoregressive and ML estimates jointly in harmonic signal estimation. >
Dysfunctional ryanodine receptor and cardiac hypertrophy: role of signaling molecules

Mice with three amino acid mutations in the calmodulin binding domain of type-2 ryanodine receptor ion channel (Ryr2ADA/ADA mice) have impaired intracellular Ca2+ handling and cardiac hypertrophy w...
Recommending source code for use in rapid software prototypes

Rapid prototypes are often developed early in the software development process in order to help project stakeholders explore ideas for possible features, and to discover, analyze, and specify requirements for the project. As prototypes are typically thrown-away following the initial analysis phase, it is imperative for them to be created quickly with little cost and effort. Tool support for finding and reusing components from open-source repositories offers a major opportunity to reduce this manual effort. In this paper, we present a system for rapid prototyping that facilitates software reuse by mining feature descriptions and source code from open-source repositories. Our system identifies and recommends features and associated source code modules that are relevant to the software product under development. The modules are selected such that they implement as many of the desired features as possible while exhibiting the lowest possible levels of external coupling. We conducted a user study to evaluate our approach and the results indicated that our proposed system returned packages that implemented more features and were considered more relevant than the state-of-the-art approach.
Management of invasive fungal infections: a role for polyenes

The spectrum of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) continues to evolve with the emergence of rare and resistant fungal pathogens. Clinicians are faced with difficult diagnostic and treatment challenges in the management of immunocompromised patients at high risk of developing IFIs. Early and appropriate antifungal therapy is essential for a successful outcome when treating invasive mycoses. The armamentarium of antifungal drugs continues to grow; the three main classes of commonly administered drugs are the polyenes, azoles and echinocandins. The newer triazoles and the echinocandins have changed primary treatment options for some fungal infections, such as aspergillosis and candidiasis. However, despite their toxic potential, the oldest antifungal drugs, polyenes, remain useful in the treatment of IFIs because of their broad-spectrum activity, low rates of resistance and established clinical record, particularly in immunocompromised patients with breakthrough fungal infections. This review highlights important issues in the treatment of IFIs for consideration by clinicians.
Structure and magnetic switching of thin-film a-HITPERM/SiO/sub 2/ soft magnetic multilayers

Laminated (Fe/sub 0.7/Co/sub 0.3/)/sub 88/Zr/sub 7/B/sub 4/Cu/sub 1/ amorphous HITPERM/SiO/sub 2/ multilayer thin films have been studied by room-temperature (RT) pulsed inductive microwave magnetometry (PIMM) in single, bilayer, and trilayer films. Switching has been measured in a multilayer film with six (50 nm) HITPERM layers, separated by five (2 nm) SiO/sub 2/ layers. Films were investigated by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HREM), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. HREM and TEM show BCC FeCo nanocrystals to nucleate on top of SiO/sub 2/ layers. Plan view TEM on the top layer reveals FCC nanocrystals that align in chains with spacing of /spl sim/50-100 nm. SQUID magnetometry shows reversal to begin by rotation in a single layer for H<14.4 kA/m (180 Oe) followed by nearly simultaneous reversal of several layers. A final switching event is thermally activated, requiring fields in excess of 8 kA/m (100 Oe) to switch at 2 K, but switching at the same field as other layers for elevated temperatures (RT).
A SINGLE GENE MAY ENCODE DIFFERENTIALLY LOCALIZED CA2+-ATPASES IN TOMATO

Previously, a partial-length cDNA and a complete genomic clone encoding a putative sarcoplasmic reticulum-type Ca2+-ATPase (LCA, Lycopersicon Ca2+-ATPase) were isolated from tomato. To determine the subcellular localization of this Ca2+-ATPase, specific polyclonal antibodies raised against a fusion protein encoding a portion of the LCA polypeptide were generated. Based on hybridization of the LCA cDNA and of the nucleotide sequence encoding the fusion protein to genomic DNA, it appears that LCA and the fusion protein domain are encoded by a single gene in tomato. Antibodies raised against the LCA domain fusion protein reacted specifically with two polypeptides of 116 and 120 kD that are localized in the vacuolar and plasma membranes, respectively. The distribution of vanadate-sensitive ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport activities in sucrose gradients coincided with the distribution of the immunodetected proteins. The ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport activities associated with tonoplast and plasma membrane fractions shared similar properties, because both fractions were inhibited by vanadate but insensitive to carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, nitrate, and calmodulin. Moreover, antibodies raised against the LCA domain fusion protein inhibited ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake activity associated with both the tonoplast and plasma membrane fractions. These data suggest that a single gene (LCA) may encode two P-type Ca2+-ATPase isoforms that are differentially localized in the tonoplast and plasma membrane of tomato roots.
K-nearest-neighbor consistency in data clustering: incorporating local information into global optimization

Nearest neighbor consistency is a central concept in statistical pattern recognition, especially the kNN classification methods and its strong theoretical foundation. In this paper, we extend this concept to data clustering, requiring that for any data point in a cluster, its k-nearest neighbors and mutual nearest neighbors should also be in the same cluster. We study properties of the cluster k-nearest neighbor consistency and propose kNN and kMN consistency enforcing and improving algorithms. Extensive experiments on internet newsgroup datasets using the K-means clustering algorithm with kNN consistency enhancement show that kNN / kMN consistency can be improved significantly (about 100% for 1MN and 1NN consistencies) while the clustering accuracy is improved simultaneously. This indicates the local consistency information helps the global cluster objective function optimization.
Phylogenomics of strongylocentrotid sea urchins.

Strongylocentrotid sea urchins have a long tradition as model organisms for studying many fundamental processes in biology including fertilization, embryology, development and genome regulation but the phylogenetic relationships of the group remain largely unresolved. Although the differing isolating mechanisms of vicariance and rapidly evolving gamete recognition proteins have been proposed, a stable and robust phylogeny is unavailable. We used a phylogenomic approach with mitochondrial and nuclear genes taking advantage of the whole-genome sequencing of nine species in the group to establish a stable (i.e. concordance in tree topology among multiple lies of evidence) and robust (i.e. high nodal support) phylogenetic hypothesis for the family Strongylocentrotidae. We generated eight draft mitochondrial genome assemblies and obtained 13 complete mitochondrial genes for each species. Consistent with previous studies, mitochondrial sequences failed to provide a reliable phylogeny. In contrast, we obtained a very well-supported phylogeny from 2301 nuclear genes without evidence of positive Darwinian selection both from the majority of most-likely gene trees and the concatenated fourfold degenerate sites: ((P. depressus, (M. nudus, M. franciscanus), (H. pulcherrimus, (S. purpuratus, (S. fragilis, (S. pallidus, (S. droebachiensis, S. intermedius)). This phylogeny was consistent with a single invasion of deep-water environments followed by a holarctic expansion by Strongylocentrotus. Divergence times for each species estimated with reference to the divergence times between the two major clades of the group suggest a correspondence in the timing with the opening of the Bering Strait and the invasion of the holarctic regions. Nuclear genome data contains phylogenetic signal informative for understanding the evolutionary history of this group. However, mitochondrial genome data does not. Vicariance can explain major patterns observed in the phylogeny. Other isolating mechanisms are appropriate to explore in this system to help explain divergence patterns not well supported by vicariance, such as the effects of rapidly evolving gamete recognition proteins on isolating populations. Our findings of a stable and robust phylogeny, with the increase in mitochondrial and nuclear comparative genomic data, provide a system in which we can enhance our understanding of molecular evolution and adaptation in this group of sea urchins.
Comparison of phase‐contrast and fluorescence digital autofocus for scanning microscopy

Reliable autofocus is required to obtain accurate measurements of fluorescent stained cellular components from a system capable of scanning multiple microscope fields. Autofocus could be performed directly with fluorescence images, but due to photobleaching and destructive fluorescence by-products, it is best to minimize fluorescence exposure for photosensitive specimens and live cells. This exposure problem could be completely avoided by using phase-contrast microscopy, implemented through the same optics as fluorescence microscopy. The purpose of this work was to evaluate functions for both phase-contrast and fluorescence autofocus and determine the suitability of phase-contrast autofocus for fluorescence microscopy. Eleven autofocus functions were independently evaluated for fluorescence and phase-contrast microscopy. The most suitable functions were then chosen from these and phase-contrast and fluorescence autofocus were compared on scans each comprising more than 1,000 microscope fields. Autofocus standard deviation (S.D.) of better than 100 nm was achieved for both phase contrast and fluorescence. There was a measurable difference between the best focus positions in the two modes, but the difference was constant enough to be measured and corrected, suggesting the possibility of using phase contrast to predict best focus in fluorescence microscopy. The scanning experiments also showed that autofocus can be performed at least as fast as 0.25 s/field without loss of precision.
A Saga of Siderophores

This is the first international symposium the title of which contains the term “siderophore”. Accordingly, I take this unique opportunity in a “review type” paper to survey some of the data emanating from our laboratory over the past three or four decades. The account will be a more-or-less chronological one and is organized mainly under the names of the microorganisms studied. Only very recent references and those particularly pertinent to plants will be cited. The subject has been treated in extenso in reviews which have been published at regular intervals since 1957 (Hider, 1984; Neilands, 1957; Neilands, 1984).
Mediatized Controversies of Feminist Protest: FEMEN and Bodies as Affective Events

Despite the low number of FEMEN protesters per event, their images still manage to saturate the Internet through its myriad platforms and networks. These young, attractive female activists crowned ...
ENERGY TRANSFER IN VIBRONIC LASER MATERIALS.

The factors affecting excitation transfer between ions in vibronic laser materials are listed and briefly discussed. Examples are given of the important excitation transfer mechanisms. A new method for utilization of collision-induced electric dipole radiation and collision-induced excitation transfer in the solid state is introduced.
ICU Bedside Nurses' Involvement in Palliative Care Communication: A Multicenter Survey

Abstract Context Successful and sustained integration of palliative care into the intensive care unit (ICU) requires the active engagement of bedside nurses. Objectives To describe the perspectives of ICU bedside nurses on their involvement in palliative care communication. Methods A survey was designed, based on prior work, to assess nurses' perspectives on palliative care communication, including the importance and frequency of their involvement, confidence, and barriers. The 46-item survey was distributed via e-mail in 2013 to bedside nurses working in ICUs across the five academic medical centers of the University of California, U.S. Results The survey was sent to 1791 nurses; 598 (33%) responded. Most participants (88%) reported that their engagement in discussions of prognosis, goals of care, and palliative care was very important to the quality of patient care. A minority reported often discussing palliative care consultations with physicians (31%) or families (33%); 45% reported rarely or never participating in family meeting discussions. Participating nurses most frequently cited the following barriers to their involvement in palliative care communication: need for more training (66%), physicians not asking their perspective (60%), and the emotional toll of discussions (43%). Conclusion ICU bedside nurses see their involvement in discussions of prognosis, goals of care, and palliative care as a key element of overall quality of patient care. Based on the barriers participants identified regarding their engagement, interventions are needed to ensure that nurses have the education, opportunities, and support to actively participate in these discussions.
Light Scattering from Second Sound in NaF

Second sound is wave-like rather than diffusive propagation of heat.1 The existence of such a mode in a good crystal is to he expected from the close analogy between an ideal gas of atoms and the phonon “gas”. Fluctuations in the particle density propagate as “sound” if the mean free paths of momentum-conserving (λN) and momentum-destroying collisions (λR) are sufficiently small and large, respectively, compared to the wavelength λ, i.e., if λN < λ < λR (window condition).1 At low temperatures and in sufficiently enharmonic crystals normal process may become frequent enough to satisfy the condition. The Rayleigh peak in the scattered spectrum which is a manifestation of entropy fluctuations then breaks up into a pair of second-sound peaks.2 The displacement and width of the new peaks are a measure for the velocity and damping of the second-sound mode.
Experimental models of gastric ulceration and injury

There are inumerable experimental models of gastric mucosal epithelial injury. Many of these currently in wide use can be regarded as unphysiological and severe, rarely encountered in humans. An analysis of more physiological and simple models indicates that little is known of the events that ultimately cause cellular death, even in simple and easily controllable systems. A review of acceptable measures of gastric mucosal injury is presented. It is suggested that studies of subtle physiological injuries at the cellular level are more likely to yield meaningful insights into the causation of gastric mucosal ulceration.
Hydride-Assisted Hydrogenation of Ti-Doped NaH/Al: A Density Functional Theory Study

Density-functional theory calculations were performed to study the hydrogenation mechanism of Ti-doped NaH/Al, with emphasis on the role of NaH. Results from TiAl3Hx (x = 0−16) clusters showed that hydrogenation of TiAl3 experienced a structural evolution in which TiAl3 organizes into a distorted tetrahedral skeleton in TiAl3Hx (x = 0∼7), but forms a planar T-shape structure in TiAl3Hx (x = 10−16), with TiAl3H8 and TiAl3H9 being transition structures between the tetrahedral and planar structures. Moreover, H2 adsorbs molecularly at the Ti site of TiAl3Hx, and dissociates spontaneously into hydrides when an extra electron was added to the cluster. The electron-assisted dissociation of H2 is manifested as hydride-assisted hydrogenation of Ti-doped NaH/Al, simulated as TiAl3Hx supported on the NaH (001) surface. Geometry optimizations and molecular dynamics trajectories showed that TiAl3Hx clusters are active for H2 dissociation after acquiring hydride from the NaH surface. The present results suggest a poss...
Characterization of Conformational Structures of Plant Proteins in Solutions

In this work, conformational structures of glycinin and β-conglycinin were characterized in aqueous solvents containing different urea concentrations and pH values in order to find industrially processable denatured conformations. The results revealed that both proteins possess thermoset behaviors without melting points. Dynamic light scattering and circular dichroism of the solutions were measured. Structural dissociation of the proteins into subunits occurred at high concentrations of urea in protein solutions under either very acidic or very alkaline conditions. Hydrodynamic radii of the protein subunits gradually increased with increasing urea concentrations, but the hydrodynamic radii and polydispersity indexes of the subunits in very alkaline solutions decreased. Both proteins were denatured by 6–8 M urea solutions through a two-step denaturation mechanism. However, some structural transitions were detected by changing the pH of solutions. Solubilities of glycinin and β-conglycinin are significantly...
Aromaticity, Closed-Shell Effects, and Metallization of Hydrogen

ConspectusRecent theoretical and experimental studies reveal that compressed molecular hydrogen at 200–350 GPa transforms to layered structures consisting of distorted graphene sheets. The discovery of chemical bonding motifs in these phases that are far from close-packed contrasts with the long-held view that hydrogen should form simple, symmetric, ambient alkali-metal-like structures at these pressures. Chemical bonding considerations indicate that the realization of such unexpected structures can be explained by consideration of simple low-dimensional model systems based on H6 rings and graphene-like monolayers.Both molecular quantum chemistry and solid-state physics approaches show that these model systems exhibit a special stability, associated with the completely filled set of bonding orbitals or valence bands. This closed-shell effect persists in the experimentally observed layered structures where it prevents the energy gap from closing, thus delaying the pressure-induced metallization. Metallizat...
Predation by Four Species of Histeridae (Coleoptera) on Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

Four species of Histeridae, Hister coenosus Erichson, H. incertus Marseul, Xerosaprinus orbiculatus (Marseul), and Saprinus pennsylvanicus (Paykull), were studied in the laboratory to evaluate their potential as control agents of immature stages of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). When eggs, first- to third-stage larvae and newly formed pupae of the horn fly were exposed to varying numbers (one to five) of adult histerid beetles, control varied with each beetle species. Both Hister species were effective predators throughout the horn fly developmental period from egg to pupa; however, H. incertus was significantly less efficient during horn fly larval-to-pupal developmental periods. Saprinus pennsylvanicus and X. orbiculatus were significantly less effective against all horn fly immature stages than either of the Hister species. With the exception of H. coenosus , increased densities resulted in significantly greater horn fly predation.
Discovery of a Highly Selective Caspase-3 Substrate for Imaging Live Cells

Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that are well-known for their roles in apoptosis and inflammation. Recent studies provide evidence that caspases are also integral to many additional cellular processes, such as differentiation and proliferation. Likewise, aberrant caspase activity has been implicated in the progression of several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and sepsis. These observations establish the importance of caspases to a diverse array of physiological functions and future endeavors will undoubtedly continue to elucidate additional processes that require caspase activity. Unfortunately, the existence of 11 functional human caspases, with overlapping substrate specificities, confounds the ability to confidently assign one or more isoforms to biological phenomena. Herein, we characterize a first-in-class FRET substrate that is selectively recognized by active caspase-3 over other initiator and executioner caspases. We further apply this ...
Patterns of Singing in a Population of the Plain Titmouse

In recent years students of bird song have concerned themselves with the system of communication involved in this conspicuous behavior. For example, provision for individual recognition has been inferred from analysis of the seemingly monotonous songs of the Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) by Borror (1959) and Marler and Isaac (1960), and such recognition has been demonstrated in the differential responses of Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) to broadcasts of songs of neighboring and distant males (Weeden and Falls 1959). In contrast, the suppression of individual variation appears evident in the songs of the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys (Marler and Tamura 1962), and the Cardinal, Richmondena cardinalis (Lemon 1965). In the last two species and in the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) the existence of local "dialects" has been shown. The Plain Titmouse (Parus inornatus) exhibits a system similar to that of the Cardinal, several song-types being shared by members of the population. However, an impression of great variability (Dawson 1923:604) results from regional variation in dialects. This paper will explore some facets of the song system in the population of Plain Titmice occupying the Hastings Natural History Reservation, two miles east of Jamesburg, Monterey Co., California.
Phenotypic characteristics of triple negative breast cancer in a rural population

17060 Background: Triple negative breast tumors are a basal-like subtype of breast cancer associated with the poorest clinical outcomes. Typically they are found in younger patients, African-Americ...
85 DEFINITION OF COMMON MEDICAL TERMS BY SPANISH-SPEAKING CAREGIVERS.

Objectives Medical terms that are familiar to physicians and other health care workers may often be misunderstood by the lay person. With the addition of a language barrier, the possibility of communication errors is all the more likely. The objective of this study was to evaluate how common medical terms are defined and understood by the Spanish-speaking population in an urban area. Methods A cross-sectional convenience survey was verbally conducted by the primary investigator and two assistants, all of whom speak Spanish. The surveys were conducted in the pediatric waiting area of an urban health department that provides primary pediatric care to a large Spanish-speaking population. The survey consisted of open-ended questions regarding the definitions of eight commonly used medical terms. Responses were grouped into four categories: correct, nonspecific, incorrect, and “don9t know.” Results A total of 84 surveys were completed. Ninety-four percent of caregivers were from Mexico. Thirty percent had lived in the United States for 2 or 3 years. Seventy-three percent believed that they understood what their doctor told them either all or most of the time. Most (95%) participants in the survey were either the mother and/or the father, and the majority of these (90%) were the primary caregivers for their children. The majority of those surveyed were able to accurately define constipation (88%), diarrhea (78%), cold (75%), fracture (73%), and dehydration (60%). A substantial number of responses were considered “nonspecific” for virus (31%), dehydration (30%), fracture (21%), cold (19%), and diarrhea (18%). Six percent of participants considered a virus something dangerous. The majority of caregivers were unable to accurately define meningitis (95%) or lethargic (92%). Eighteen percent considered meningitis a problem related to the throat. Conclusions Care must be taken when physicians are eliciting patient histories and when giving care plan and discharge instructions to Spanish-speaking caregivers to ensure congruity in the definitions of medical terms by both parties.
Implications of American rural tourism development experience to Beijing

This article aims to apply American rural tourism experiences to rural tourism development in Beijing.Firstly,the concept of"rural"and its connotation are reviewed.Secondly,the origin and driving forces of rural tourism and summarizes development models of American rural tourism are examined.Finally,based on the existing problems in Beijing rural tourism,we propose some implications to Beijing rural tourism development:maintaining rural landscapes,completing country road identification system,improving service quality awareness,cultivating creative talents and focusing different mechanisms of driving forces of tourism in rural areas and expect these implications to provide some references for rural tourism's sustainable development in Beijing.
Phases and argument ellipsis in Japanese

This article investigates the nature of Japanese null arguments. Although it has been more or less standardly assumed that Japanese null arguments are empty pronouns, recent literature has shown that they can also be derived via argument ellipsis based on the fact that they can yield readings that pronouns generally cannot support (Oku in A theory of selection and reconstruction in the minimalist program, 1998; Saito in Lang Res 43: 203–227, 2007; Takahashi in: Miyagawa and Saito (eds) The Oxford handbook of Japanese linguistics, Oxford University Press, New York, 2008a, in Linguist Inq 39:307–326, 2008b, among others). Most of the literature on argument ellipsis has discussed its availability, while less attention has been paid to the issue of the conditions under which ellipsis of arguments is possible. This article focuses on this issue. Specifically, building on Abe’s (in: Hoshi (ed.) The dynamics of the language faculty: Perspectives from linguistics and cognitive neuroscience, Kuroshio Publishers, Tokyo, 2009) observation that argument ellipsis is not freely available, I argue that argument ellipsis is locally phase-constrained (cf. Chomsky in Martin et al. (eds) Step by step: Essays on minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik, MIT, Cambridge, 2000; in Kenstowicz (ed) Ken Hale: A life in language, MIT, Cambridge, 2001, and seq.), developing a particular phase-based approach to argument ellipsis which is shown to have consequences for Abe’s (in: Hoshi (ed.) The dynamics of the language faculty: Perspectives from linguistics and cognitive neuroscience, Kuroshio Publishers, Tokyo, 2009) anti-c-command generalization regarding the availability of argument ellipsis and Takahashi’s (in: Laurencot (eds) University of Connecticut working papers in linguistics 5, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 1996a; in: Uchibori and Yatsushiro (eds) University of Connecticut working papers in linguistics 7: Papers in honor of Mamoru Saito, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 1996b) “Antecedent-Contained Deletion” in Japanese. The approach developed in this article thus provides a tool which contributes to our understanding of the context in which the ellipsis-indicating readings are/are not available with Japanese null arguments.
MAX UnMix

It is common in the fields of rock and environmental magnetism to unmix magnetic mineral components using statistical methods that decompose various types of magnetization curves (e.g., acquisition, demagnetization, or backfield). A number of programs have been developed over the past decade that are frequently used by the rock magnetic community, however many of these programs are either outdated or have obstacles inhibiting their usability. MAX UnMix is a web application (available online at http://www.irm.umn.edu/maxunmix), built using the shiny package for R studio, that can be used for unmixing coercivity distributions derived from magnetization curves. Here, we describe in detail the statistical model underpinning the MAX UnMix web application and discuss the programs functionality. MAX UnMix is an improvement over previous unmixing programs in that it is designed to be user friendly, runs as an independent website, and is platform independent. HighlightsOnline application for unmixing magnetic coercivity distributions.User-friendly interface increases accessibility.Results from MAX UnMix are comparable with existing methods.
The High Costs of Large Enrollment Classes: Can Cooperative Learning Help?

We examine the potential for cooperative learning activities to offset costs of large enrollment courses. We use a quasi-experimental research design to examine achievement and course perceptions in small and large enrollment sections of microeconomic principles. While large enrollment sections attain lower levels of achievement (measured by course score) than those with smaller enrollments, this effect is partially mitigated by use of cooperative learning. Furthermore, while students in large enrollment sections report lower levels of satisfaction and learning than students in smaller-sized classes, the use of cooperative learning eliminates the negative effects of increased class size on student perceptions.
A Unified Energy-Based Framework for Unsupervised Learning

We introduce a view of unsupervised learning that integrates probabilistic and nonprobabilistic methods for clustering, dimensionality reduction, and feature extraction in a unified framework. In this framework, an energy function associates low energies to input points that are similar to training samples, and high energies to unobserved points. Learning consists in minimizing the energies of training samples while ensuring that the energies of unobserved ones are higher. Some traditional methods construct the architecture so that only a small number of points can have low energy, while other methods explicitly “pull up” on the energies of unobserved points. In probabilistic methods the energy of unobserved points is pulled by minimizing the log partition function, an expensive, and sometimes intractable process. We explore different and more efficient methods using an energy-based approach. In particular, we show that a simple solution is to restrict the amount of information contained in codes that represent the data. We demonstrate such a method by training it on natural image patches and by applying to image denoising.
Response to: A double-edged sword: does highly active antiretroviral therapy contribute to syphilis incidence by impairing immunity to Treponema pallidum?

The authors impute a biological mechanism to the high incidence of syphilis in men who have sex with men using antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), when empiric data do not support the biological hypothesis, and behavioural explanations (ie, increased condomless sex and selection of higher risk partners) are supported by stronger evidence. Randomised double-blind trials of PrEP for HIV prevention1 provide a rigorous test of the author's hypothesis. The …
Intangible cultural heritage in contemporary China: the participation of local communities

The venerable intangible cultural heritage protection programmes of Japan and the Republic of Korea have long inspired scholarly critique of their effects on local and artistic communities. With Ch...
Unified Near-Field and Far-Field Localization for AOA and Hybrid AOA-TDOA Positionings

Point positioning of a signal source is feasible if it is not far from the sensors and direction of arrival (DOA) localization is only applicable if it is distant. Point positioning and DOA localization employ different estimation models and prior knowledge about the source range is often not available to decide which model is appropriate. This paper introduces the modified polar representation to unify the localization of a source using angle of arrival (AOA) regardless if it is near or far. From the Gaussian AOA measurements, we utilize the hybrid Bhattacharyya-Barankin (HBB) bound to illustrate it is not possible to obtain the Cartesian coordinates of a distant source when applying the near-field model, and derive the DOA bias of a not so distant source when using the far-field model. An iterative maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is next derived under the modified polar representation with a single model, where the HBB bound confirms the stable behavior of the estimator regardless it is near or far. The algorithm yields a position if the source is close and a DOA if it is distant. A preliminary solution to initialize the MLE using semidefinite relaxation is also proposed. The HBB bound, the analysis and the algorithm are extended for hybrid AOA-TDOA localization.