cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Productivity in the Creative Process

In the early 1980's, large computing systems became capable of supporting response times of 300 ms for transactions consisting of 500,000 instructions. In interactive environments this produced an unexpectedly large (±100 percent) increase in the productivity of scientists, engineers, and programmers. An investigation of the findings by cognitive researchers led to a reconciliation of the productivity improvement and response time. This article examines the implications of this, and suggests several strategies for further productivity improvements. Cognitive research models are augmented with additional theory to develop an analytic model of interaction between the problem-solver and the computational system. This analytic model predicts that improvements in system response time and data entry technology can produce even greater gains in productivity.
Combination of Lenalidomide and Rituximab Overcomes Rituximab Resistance in Patients with Indolent B-cell and Mantle Cell Lymphomas

Purpose: Lenalidomide, an immunomodulatory agent that enhances antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, has the potential to synergize with rituximab, an anti-CD20 mAb. We hypothesized that the addition of lenalidomide to rituximab would improve clinical outcomes in patients with B-cell lymphomas who were previously rituximab resistant, defined as no response to or progression of lymphoma within 6 months of rituximab-based therapy. Experimental Design: We conducted a single-center, phase II trial in patients with indolent B-cell or mantle cell lymphomas who were previously rituximab resistant. Patients received 10 mg lenalidomide daily for 8 weeks, and then received four weekly doses of 375 mg/m 2 rituximab; lenalidomide continued during and after rituximab. Response to therapy was assessed after 8 weeks of lenalidomide and 12 weeks after first dose of rituximab. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) after lenalidomide and rituximab. Results: Fifty patients were enrolled and 43 patients completed both response assessments. ORR after 8 weeks of lenalidomide was 30.2%; 12 weeks after the addition of rituximab to lenalidomide, ORR increased to 62.8% ( N = 43). For all patients ( N = 50), median progression-free survival (PFS) is 22.2 months (median follow-up, 39.2 months). PFS after lenalidomide–rituximab was significantly longer than the PFS for the antecedent regimen used to define rituximab resistance (22.2 vs. 9.13 months, P = 0.0004). Conclusions: This trial is the first to show that the combination of lenalidomide and rituximab overcomes prior rituximab resistance in patients with indolent B-cell and mantle cell lymphomas. Clin Cancer Res; 21(8); 1835–42. ©2015 AACR .
Developing a Competency-Based Educational Structure within Clinical and Translational Science

In the emerging field of clinical and translational science (CTS), where researchers use both basic and clinical science research methodologies to move discoveries to clinical practice, establishing standards of competence is essential for preparing physician-scientists for the profession and for defining the field. The diversity of skills needed to execute quality research within the field of CTS has heightened the importance of an educational process that requires learners to demonstrate competence. Particularly within the more applied clinical science disciplines where there is a multi- or interdisciplinary approach to conducting research, defining and articulating the unique role and associated competencies of a physician-scientist is necessary. This paper describes a systematic process for developing a competency-based educational framework within a CTS graduate program at one institution.
Towards a Physical Understanding of the Earthquake Frequency Distribution

Summary In this paper the cumulative frequency-magnitude relationship is replaced by the cumulative frequency-moment equation in which the B-value takes the place of the b-value where the constants α and B can be observed or derived from the magnitude-moment and frequency-magnitude relationships. The average and maximal moments of a given set of earthquakes are found to be directly related to B and α respectively: The total cumulative moment of an earthquake sequence can be expressed as which is approximately equal to twice M0(max) for most observed sets of earthquakes. Using the definition of the moment we then derive the general area frequency relationship which shows that B gives the distribution of the product of average displacement D and fault area A. We may reformulate this in terms of the product of stress-drop Δσ and fault area If we make the assumption that the stress-brop is a known function of the source dimension, which can be verified for a given sequence, we may express the frequency of earthquake occurrence as a function of one source parameter from which we can obtain the mean rupture area of a set as a function of B, γ and the smallest area in the set Alternatively we may eliminate the area and obtain From this we may calculate the ratio of the average stress-drops of two sets with different B. From the different b-values of Denver earthquakes during low and high injection pressure the stress-drop is computed as 30 per cent higher at low-pore pressure. This difference is in good agreement with the difference of the respectively necessary failure stresses, which is 14 per cent. In addition high apparent stresses and high stress-drop Δσ were found to correlate with low b- and low B-values, as they do in microfracture experiments. The combination of high average , high mean Δσ, large mean A and low b- or low B-value can be explained by high regional shear stress.
Proton affinities of molecules containing nitrogen and oxygen: comparing ab initio and semiempirical results to experiments

We report a comparison of theoretical and experimental proton affinities at nitrogen and oxygen sites within a series of small molecules. The calculated proton affinities are determined using the semiempirical methods AM1, MNDO, and PM3; the ab initio Hartree–Fock method at the following basis levels: 3-21G//3-21G, 3-21+G//3-21G, 6-31G*//6-31G*, and 6-31+G(d, p)//6-31G*; and Moller–Plesset perturbation calculations: MP2/6-31G*//6-31G*, MP3/6-31G*//6-31G*, MP2/6-31G+(d, p)//6-31G*, MP3/6-31G+(d, p)//6-31G*, and MP4(SDTQ)/6-31G+G(d, p)//6-31G*. The semiempirical methods have more nonsystematic scatter from the experimental values, compared to even the minimal 3-21G level ab initio calculations. The thermodynamically corrected 6-31G*//6-31G* proton affinities provide acceptable results compared to experiment, and we see no significant improvement over 6-31G*//6-31G* in the proton affinities with any of the higher-level calculations. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Selective disruption of growth hormone transcription machinery by viral infection.

Abstract Viruses that establish persistent infections may show selective and unique effects on the host's transcriptional machinery. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a noncytolytic virus, can persistently infect a rat pituitary cell line. Although the infected cells remain free of structural damage, virus markedly interferes with growth hormone (GH) but only minimally interferes with prolactin transcription. The study of GH promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-transfected cells and GH promoter deletion mutants demonstrates that the viral effect is at the level of GH promoter and is due to interference with GH transactivator factor GHF1 (Pit1). Treatment of LCMV-infected cells with the antiviral agent ribavirin cures the infection and restores normal GH mRNA levels. These results illustrate a molecular mechanism by which a virus infection can disrupt synthesis of a cell's differentiated product without perturbing vital cellular functions.
Formation of sand bars under surface waves

A quantitative theory is described for the formation mechanism of sand bars under surface water waves. By assuming that the slopes of waves and bars are comparably gentle and sediment motion is dominated by the bedload, an approximate evolution equation for bar height is derived. The wave field and the boundary layer structure above the wavy bed are worked out to the accuracy needed for solving this evolution equation. It is shown that the evolution of sand bars is a process of forced diffusion. This is unlike that for sand ripples which is governed by an instability. The forcing is directly caused by the non-uniformity of the wave envelope, hence of the wave-induced bottom shear stress associated with wave reflection, while the effective diffusivity is the consequence of gravity and modified by the local bed stress. During the slow formation, bars and waves affect each other through the Bragg scattering mechanism, which consists of two concurrent processes: energy transfer between waves propagating in opposite directions and change of their wavelengths. Both effects are found to be controlled locally by the position of bar crests relative to wave nodes. Comparison with available laboratory experiments is discussed and theoretical examples are studied to help understand the coupled evolution of bars and waves in the field.
Computer science needs an insight-based curriculum

Computer science is a fundamentally creative endeavour. The creativity necessary for science is not produced through a knowledge of many facts, but through deep insight into the relationships between facts and the methods of inquiry through which they are discovered. The goal of computer science education should be the development of insight into the methods and nature of the discipline, not simply exposure to its current factual content. Unfortunately, few aspects of insight are explicitly addressed in any standard curricula. We call for, and present an outline for, a curricula based on insight rather than topics.
A designer's associate for command and control software development

Supervisory control is a cooperative effort between operators, automated systems, and designers. For this reason, one can seek to address in part past and future supervisory control problems by explicitly supporting designers. This paper describes a computer-based decision support approach for design which is directed at facilitating recognition-primed decision making and at ensuring that designer decision-making is not bounded by personal experience, but at most by the experiences of the organization in which the designer works. The approach relies on an inter-linked base of knowledge which integrates information from multiple organizations, systems, and individuals.
A link between H3K27me3 mark and exon length in the gene promoters of pluripotent and differentiated cells

We conducted a reanalysis of genome-wide histone H3 tail methylation data in mammalian pluripotent and differentiated cells. We show that the promoters marked with histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) tend to have more exonic positions in the promoter regions. However, this is not due to any preferential marking on exons over introns by H3K27me3. The relationship is also independent the status of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) mark, CpG content and the platforms used in the high-throughput profiling of histone modifications. It provides evidence for the link between histone modifications and transcribed exons in promoter regions. Contact: liang.chen@usc.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A fuzzy set approach to client acceptance decisions

Client acceptance policies and procedures are important elements of a public accounting firm's quality control system. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers as a means of enhancing and refining the authoritative client acceptance guidelines. The paper illustrates how fuzzy sets can be used to capture the beliefs of one or several partners assessing the factors involved in the client acceptance decision, and then to build a fuzzy model that combines these assessments to determine whether a client should be accepted. The fuzzy models can be used as an alternative to or in combination with traditional decision-making approaches.
Personal and Professional Enrichment: Humanities in the Engineering Curriculum

The Drexel E4 approach to engineering education has evolved from emphases on teamwork and course integration to include an emphasis on faculty development through the Personal and Professional Enrichment component. One of the four components of the curriculum which are described elsewhere, the Personal and Professional Enrichment Program, encompasses a short orientation course and the year long Humanities sequence. The orientation course, taught by all the team members, provides a forum for faculty as well as students to discuss personal and educational goals. It also provides faculty with a social arena which has become important in developing and maintaining the strong sense of community the team shares. The faculty have profited from talking about themselves as individuals, as much as the students who have discovered professionals as role models—concerned citizens and parents, and lifelong learners. Students are introduced to engineering as a profession that requires not only technological skills but also an awareness of ethics, of the need for lifelong learning, and of the importance of Humanities. It is important to note that the technical faculty teach the introductory course and thus themselves attest to the value of humanistic concerns throughout the entire program. Continuing the integration of goals as well as subjects, the Humanities curriculum includes the traditional sequence in reading, writing, and research skills with an emphasis on technical writing, visuals and oral presentation skills. Meritorious texts are chosen to highlight humanistic concerns about the impact of technology so that students recognize the engineers' obligation to the world we all share. By enhancing communication skills, developing an awareness of audience and expanding their imagination, students gain confidence in expressing creative and responsible attempts at solving engineering problems.
Path blocking performance in multifiber wavelength routing networks with and without wavelength conversion

The tradeoffs involving the use of multifiber multihop networks such as the number of fibers, number of wavelengths, conversion options, and the different switch configurations are examined, and their impact on end-to-end blocking and throughput performance is evaluated. Models relating network parameters to end-to-end performance of circuit switched all-optical networks are developed. The performance gain due to the use of multiple fibers with or without conversion proved to be superior to the single fiber case, when the total number of wavelength are the same, for traffic that traverses multiple hops between source and destination nodes.
Rudimentary uterine horn pregnancy. The 20th-century worldwide experience of 588 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcomes of rudimentary uterine horn pregnancies and to identify trends and opportunities for improvemerit in patient care. STUDY DESIGN: During the period 1900-1999, 588 cases of rudimentary uterine horn pregnancy were identified using Both manual and computerized searches of Index Medicus, Excerpta Medica and the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office of the United States Army as well as standard reference tracing. Nine characteristics of each case were evaluated: (1) fetal status at birth, (2) maternal survival, (3) neonatal survival, (4) gestational age at delivery, (5) whether the rudimentary horn ruptured, (6) communication status of the horn with the contralateral hemiuterus, (7) gravidity and parity, (8) side of the horn, and (9) order of the gestation. RESULTS: Newborn survival ranged from 0-13% by decade and trended upward. Eighty-five percent of pregnancies occupied noncommunicating horns. Thirty percent of gestations progressed to term or beyond. Fifty percent of pregnant uterine horns ruptured, with 80% of these events occurring before the third trimester. There was no trend in either the incidence or timing of uterine horn rupture during the century. Maternal mortality decreased from 6% to 23% during the first half of the century to < 0.5% currently. Twin pregnancies consisted of 5.3% of cases. CONCLUSION: Neonatal survival has improved greatly for rudimentary horn pregnancies, and maternal mortality has decreased significantly. Such pregnancies are now identifiable early in gestation by obstetric imaging studies, and there can be guarded optimism that favorable trends in outcomes will continue into the 21st century.
The Peripheral Knowledge Paradox: Interfirm Knowledge Partitioning and Integration in Services Contracting

Specialized firms engaged in service offshoring contracts often face a tension between specializing in their own domain and maintaining knowledge in their partners' domains. When knowledge is “peripheral” to a firm's own specialty e.g., an information technology IT service contractor's knowledge of a client's business domain or a client's technical knowledge of a contractor's domain, firms face a paradoxical dilemma of how much of such knowledge to invest in. This paper explores when it is important for clients and contractors to have in-house knowledge beyond their own, to be effective in IT service offshoring. We explore IT service engagements where it is more important for a the client to have deeper technical knowledge and b the contractor to have deeper business domain knowledge. We define the pattern of client--contractor knowledge overlaps as interfirm knowledge partitioning. The central thesis is that ex ante alignment between interfirm knowledge partitioning and service engagement newness enhances interfirm knowledge integration in offshoring engagements. To effectively organize service offshoring, solutions to interfirm knowledge integration problems in the presence of interfirm specialization are required; this is the underlying idea of this paper. The proposed model is tested using data on IT service offshoring engagements by 209 U.S. firms to foreign IT service firms. The findings offer novel theoretical insights into optimal interfirm knowledge partitioning in services contracting. Implications for service science theory and practice are also discussed.
Osp ( {4}/{2}, R) supersymmetry and the one- and two-photon dressed Jaynes-Cummings hamiltonian

Abstract It is shown that several two-photon dressed Jaynes-Cummings hamiltonians can be written in terms of the generators of the supergroup Osp( 4 2 , R). For the two-photon hamiltonians, the interaction are written as bilinear combinations of Osp( 4 2 , R) generators. In the one-photon Jaynes-Cummings hamiltonian, the interaction is written as a sum of the odd generators of the supergroup by employing a linearization of the fermion operators. In general, the resulting hamiltonian picks up driving terms that are not in the Osp( 4 2 , R) superalgebra. If the driving terms vanish, the hamiltonian lies in Osp( 4 2 , R). More generally a similarity transform can be employed to remove the unwanted terms.
Neural dynamics of object-based multifocal visual spatial attention and priming: object cueing, useful-field-of-view, and crowding.

How are spatial and object attention coordinated to achieve rapid object learning and recognition during eye movement search? How do prefrontal priming and parietal spatial mechanisms interact to determine the reaction time costs of intra-object attention shifts, inter-object attention shifts, and shifts between visible objects and covertly cued locations? What factors underlie individual differences in the timing and frequency of such attentional shifts? How do transient and sustained spatial attentional mechanisms work and interact? How can volition, mediated via the basal ganglia, influence the span of spatial attention? A neural model is developed of how spatial attention in the where cortical stream coordinates view-invariant object category learning in the what cortical stream under free viewing conditions. The model simulates psychological data about the dynamics of covert attention priming and switching requiring multifocal attention without eye movements. The model predicts how “attentional shrouds” are formed when surface representations in cortical area V4 resonate with spatial attention in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), while shrouds compete among themselves for dominance. Winning shrouds support invariant object category learning, and active surface-shroud resonances support conscious surface perception and recognition. Attentive competition between multiple objects and cues simulates reaction-time data from the two-object cueing paradigm. The relative strength of sustained surface-driven and fast-transient motion-driven spatial attention controls individual differences in reaction time for invalid cues. Competition between surface-driven attentional shrouds controls individual differences in detection rate of peripheral targets in useful-field-of-view tasks. The model proposes how the strength of competition can be mediated, though learning or momentary changes in volition, by the basal ganglia. A new explanation of crowding shows how the cortical magnification factor, among other variables, can cause multiple object surfaces to share a single surface-shroud resonance, thereby preventing recognition of the individual objects.
Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder: face validity

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that develops in a proportion of individuals following a traumatic event. Despite recent advances, ethical limitations associated with human research impede progress in understanding PTSD. Fortunately, much effort has focused on developing animal models to help study the pathophysiology of PTSD. Here, we provide an overview of animal PTSD models where a variety of stressors (physical, psychosocial, or psychogenic) are used to examine the long-term effects of severe trauma. We emphasize models involving predator threat because they reproduce human individual differences in susceptibility to, and in the long-term consequences of, psychological trauma.
Comparative toxicity of ammonium and nitrate compounds to pacific treefrog and african clawed frog tadpoles

The effects of ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and sodium nitrate on survival and growth of Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla [Baird and Girard]) and African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis [Daudin]) tadpoles were determined in static-renewal tests. The 10-d ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate LC50s for P. regilla were 55.2 and 89.7 mg/L NH{sub 4}-N, respectively. The 10-d LC50s for X. laevis for the three ammonium compounds ranged from 45 to 64 mg/L NH{sub 4}-N. The 10-d sodium nitrate LC50s were 266.2 mg/L NO{sub 3}-N for P. regilla and 1,236.2 mg/L NO{sub 3}-N for X. laevis. The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of ammonium compound based on reduced length or weight was 24.6 mg/L NH{sub 4}-N for P. regilla and 99.5 mg/L NH{sub 4}-N for X. laevis. The lowest sodium nitrate LOAELs based on reduced length or weight were {lt}30.1 mg/L NO{sub 3}-N for P. regilla and 126.3 mg/L NO{sub 3}-N for X. laevis. Calculated un-ionized NH{sub 3} comprised 0.3 to 1.0% of measured NH{sub 4}-N concentrations. Potential harm to amphibians could occur if sensitive life stages were impacted by NH{sub 4}-N and NO{sub 3}-N in agricultural runoff or drainage for a sufficiently long period.
Married to the “living dead”: madness as a cause for divorce in late nineteenth-century France

French lawmakers legalized divorce under certain circumstances in 1884. Unlike legislation passed during the revolutionary period of the 1790s, which allowed for divorce under a wide range of circumstances, the law of 1884 considered only three situations as acceptable justifications for the initiation of divorce proceedings: (1) a husband or wife’s adultery, (2) cruelty or serious insult, and (3) the conviction of either husband or wife of a serious crime. The right to divorce through mutual consent was conspicuously absent from the list. Despite some debate, the Chamber of Deputies likewise rejected the perceived insanity of one spouse as a justification for divorce. This article analyzes the question of madness and divorce in late nineteenth-century France from three distinct but interconnected angles: the precise terms of the debate in 1882, the debate’s meaning within the context of the history of French psychiatry, and the implications of the law in the decades after its passage. On its surface, leg...
The Role of Ethylene in Plant Responses to K(+) Deficiency.

Potassium is an essential macronutrient that is involved in regulating turgor, in driving plant growth, and in modulating enzyme activation. The changes in root morphology, root function, as well as cellular and molecular responses to low potassium conditions have been studied in the model plant Arabidopsis and in other plant species. In Arabidopsis ethylene plays a key role in roots in the transduction of the low potassium signal, which results in altered root function and growth. The first clues regarding the role of ethylene were detected through transcriptional profiling experiments showing changes in the expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis. Later it was shown that ethylene plays a foundational early role in the many responses observed in Arabidopsis. One of the most striking findings is the link between ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which is part of the signal transduction pathway in K+ deprived plants. This mini-review will summarize what is known about the role ethylene plays in response to low potassium in Arabidopsis and other plant species.
Beyond Assimilation: Tribal Colleges, Basic Writing, and the Exigencies of Settler Colonialism.

This article discusses basic writing pedagogy at a two-year tribal college, an institution type that has not been visible in the basic writing literature to date. Inmany tribal college contexts, socioeconomic challenges, under-resourced K-12 schools, and linguistic diversity all contribute to high student placement rates into “developmental”writing courses. Operating from the understanding that tribal college writing curricula are assertions of rhetorical sovereignty, I present a narrative of the pedagogical reasoning that ledme to structure my basic writing course around the exigencies of U.S. settler colonialism—that is, the settler state’s ongoing political, social, and economic project of controlling Indigenous peoples, lands, and resources. This approach encouragesNative American students to develop critical language awareness and invites them to consider the importance ofwriting for furthering the interests of their communities and nations while meeting the tribal college’s self-determined learning outcomes.
Condemning Open Space: Making Way for National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors (or Not)

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 authorizes the Secretary of Energy to "designate any geographic area experiencing electric energy transmission capacity constraints or congestion that adversely affects consumers as a national interest electric transmission corridor." In 2007, the Secretary formally designated the Southwest Area National Corridor (which includes counties in California and Arizona) and the Mid-Atlantic Area National Corridor (which includes counties in Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland, and Virginia, as well as all of New Jersey, Delaware, and the District of Columbia). Once the Secretary designates a National Corridor, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission can issue permits to public utilities authorizing them to exercise the power of eminent domain to acquire rights-of-way to construct electric transmission facilities in the corridor. Questions have been raised in Virginia regarding the extent to which public utilities can exercise this power of eminent domain to condemn land encumbered by conservation easements. Some worry that land encumbered by conservation easements, which by definition is largely undeveloped, will be a natural target for condemnation because of the political difficulties associated with locating steel towers supporting high voltage transmission lines in populated areas. Others believe that encumbering land with a conservation easement can insulate the land from condemnation. This article discusses the extent to which public utilities may or may not have the right under either federal or Virginia law to condemn conservation easements.
Role of the intestine in endotoxin shock.

SummaryPrevious reports have suggested that the gastrointestinal tract plays a major role in development of irreversible endotoxin shock in the dog. However, results presented here do not support this view but show a statistically significant stepwise decrease in survival time as an increasing amount of visceral tissue is removed from the dog. These data indicate that the gut of the dog is not the “shock organ” but rather serves a protective role in endotoxin shock. A possible mechanism for development of the irreversible phase of endotoxin shock in the cat, rabbit, dog and monkey is suggested.
In Vitro Effect of Testosterone and cAMP on Cholesterol Synthesis in Rat Ventral Prostate

SummaryThe effect of testosterone and cAMP on the in vitro synthesis of cholesterol in minced tissues of ventral prostate gland from castrated rats was studied. The synthesis of cholesterol was found to increase by 85% after incubation with testosterone for 4 hr. The increase in cholesterol synthesis was completely inhibited by blocking RNA or protein synthesis using actinomycin D or cycloheximide, respectively. Whereas cAMP, like testosterone, increased the in vitro synthesis of prostatic protein and RNA in tissues obtained from castrated rats, unlike testosterone, it inhibited the in vitro synthesis of cholesterol by 73% after 4 hr of incubation. All of these cAMP-stimulated effects on the synthesis of protein, RNA, and cholesterol were enhanced by the simultaneous addition of theophylline. The inhibitory effect of cAMP on cholesterol synthesis was partially reversed by the simultaneous addition of either actinomycin D or cycloheximide.Thus, although both testosterone and cAMP increased the synthesis of...
Evidence that potential fish predators elicit the production of carapace vibrations by the American lobster

American lobsters ( Homarus americanus ) will on rare occasions produce sounds by vibrating their dorsal carapace. Although this behavior can be elicited in the laboratory by handling lobsters, the stimulus that triggers the production of sounds in the lobster's natural habitat is not known. We investigated the influence of two fish that are known to prey on lobsters, cod ( Gadus morhua ) and striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ), on the production of sounds by American lobsters. In addition, we examined the response of the same fish to the sounds the lobsters produced. Although solitary lobsters spontaneously produced sounds at a low rate of 1.2±0.23 sound events per 30 min, the presence of a single cod or striped bass led to an increase in the rate of sound production (cod: 51.1±13.1 events per 30 min; striped bass: 17.0±7.0 events per 30 min). Most (74.6±6.6%) of the 292 sound events recorded occurred when a fish came within 0.5 m of a lobster, but a fish did not have to come into contact with a lobster to elicit sounds. Immediately following the production of a sound by a lobster, fish turned and swam away significantly faster than when they encountered a lobster that did not make a sound. Moreover, after striped bass (but not cod) experienced a number of these sound events, they subsequently tended to avoid swimming close to the lobsters. These data, taken together, suggest that sound production by American lobsters may serve to deter potential fish predators.
Application and Fast Simulation of Cascading Outage Based on Genetic Algorithms

At present,China has finally entered a fast developing period characterized by trans-regional mutual supply,ultra high voltage(UHV),extra high voltage(EHV)and AC-DC hybrid transmission.However,this has led to the staggering rate of power electric system complexity that increases the risk of cascading outage and blackout.A power system cascading outage simulation algorithm is proposed based on genetic algorithms.In searching for the paths with great risk of cascading outage,the algorithm takes the real-time operation environment into consideration while simulating the process of biological evolution based on natural selection.Finally probable cascading outage paths caused by different initial states are found.A case study shows that this algorithm is able to quickly simulate cascading outage,locate critical points of the system and issue alarm of outage,while providing further support to dispatchers in stopping cascading outage in its initial state.
Study on Productivity of Low Permeability Reservoir Developed by Horizontal Well Pattern

The productivity calculation formulae for low permeability reservoir developed by vertical well integrated with horizontal well patterns including inverted 4-spot,inverted 5-spot,inverted 7-spot and inverted 9-spot patterns are theoretically deduced using hydroelectricity similarity principle and equivalent filtrational resistance method,considering starting pressure gradient,and four kinds of formulae for calculation of productivity of horizontal wells by these patterns are offered.And the factors affecting the productivities from these different patterns are analyzed in terms of penetrating proportion,reservoir thickness and starting pressure gradient.The results show that the different well patterns' productivity ratios by horizontal well process will be reduced for existence of starting pressure gradient;with the increase of penetrating proportion,the ratios will be increased;with the increase of reservoir thickness,the ratios will be decreased in view of low permeability reservoir.These conclusions can be used for design of field development program and prediction of these productivities.
TU‐FG‐207A‐02: LungX ‐ Lessons Learned and Key Results

Peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings publish hundreds of papers that describe new medical imaging algorithms, including, for example, techniques for computer-aided diagnosis or characterization, segmentation, image registration, image reconstruction, and radiomics. It is difficult, if not impossible, to fairly compare the performance of these algorithms as investigators must either use different data sets, or if using the same data, use different implementations of competing algorithms. Grand Challenges facilitate the fair comparison of algorithms by providing a common data set to all participants and by having each participant be responsible for implementation of their own algorithm. The dissemination of findings from Grand Challenges provides important information to the scientific community and helps to determine which approaches have the greatest promise for successful translation to clinical practice. In this session we will review the outcomes and lessons learned from the 2015 SPIE-AAPM-NCI Lung Nodule Classification Challenge. We will then turn to the 2016 NIH-AAPM-Mayo Clinic Low Dose CT Grand Challenge, providing an overview of denoising and iterative reconstruction approaches and a description of the Challenge. The top 3 performing participants will be announced, and each will give a short presentation on their technique. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the role of Grand Challenges in the field of medical imaging 2.Be able to summarize the outcomes of the 2015 lung nodule classification challenge 3.Be able to review the primary types of noise reduction techniques used in CT 4.Be familiar with a library of patient CT projection data available to researchers 5.Learn which techniques performed best in the Low Dose CT Grand Challenge Pelc: GE Healthcare, Philips Healthcare; McCollough: Research grant, Siemens Healthcare; Low Dose CT Grand Challenge supported by the AAPM Science Council and NIH (grant EB 017185), and hosted by the Mayo Clinic; Giger: stockholder R2 technology/Hologic, royalties from Hologic, GE Medical Systems, MEDIAN Technologies, Riverain Medical, Mitsubishi/Toshiba. Cofounder/stockholder Quantitative Insights.
Amputations and Prostheses, a Topic of Global Concern

A preliminary comprehensive overview of the role of the prothesis, in particular the transtibial prosthesis is presented. With the increasing number of people experiencing amputation, there is considerable motivation to advance the technology capabilities of the lower limb prosthesis. The historical origins of the prosthesis are presented from a diversity of geographic perspectives. A general historic perspective of the evolutionary trends from passive to energy storage and return that lead to the modern powered prostheses are established with the pathway leading to the state of the art powered prosthesis. The diverse fields of engineering that support the research and development of prosthetic technology are emphasized. A brief preview of the basis for amputation, amputation surgical procedure evolution, and post-amputation surgery are amended to provide a global perspective. The role of functional classification scales for the purpose of identifying rehabilitation status are discussed. In summary, a broad series of subjects provide the evolutionary basis for the improvement of prostheses serving to better the quality of life for people with amputation.
Attitudes of Incoming Civil Engineering Students toward Sustainability as an Engineering Ethic

AbstractThis study presents the results of a survey of new civil engineering students at a large, conservative, land-grant university. Students were asked a set of questions about engineering ethics and professional issues; these were designed to determine their opinions on the relative importance of sustainability in the professional practice of engineering. Of 192 students approached, 130 (67%) completed the survey, with participant demographics resembling that of the department as a whole. Students viewed sustainability favorably, with nearly all agreeing (43%) or strongly agreeing (55%) with the statement “engineers should strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their duties.” When asked to rank a set of societal priorities, students valued people-centric objectives (e.g., quality of human life) most highly followed by planet-centric objectives (e.g., quality of the environment). Prosperity-centric objectives (e.g., economic growth) were rated the lowest. ...
Confessions of Faith in Early Modern England: Book Review

Brooke Conti's Confessions of Faith in Early Modern England argues that English religious autobiographies of the early and mid-seventeenth century deserve special classification. According to Conti...
Forced Aerobic Exercise Preceding Task Practice Improves Motor Recovery Poststroke.

Objective To understand how two types of aerobic exercise affect upper-extremity motor recovery post-stroke. Our aims were to (1) evaluate the feasibility of having people who had a stroke complete an aerobic exercise intervention and (2) determine whether forced or voluntary exercise differentially facilitates upper-extremity recovery when paired with task practice. Method Seventeen participants with chronic stroke completed twenty-four 90-min sessions over 8 wk. Aerobic exercise was immediately followed by task practice. Participants were randomized to forced or voluntary aerobic exercise groups or to task practice only. Results Improvement on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment exceeded the minimal clinically important difference: 12.3, 4.8, and 4.4 for the forced exercise, voluntary exercise, and repetitive task practice-only groups, respectively. Only the forced exercise group exhibited a statistically significant improvement. Conclusion People with chronic stroke can safely complete intensive aerobic exercise. Forced aerobic exercise may be optimal in facilitating motor recovery associated with task practice.
Developing Effective Transition Reports for Secondary Students: A Nationwide Survey of College and University Disability Support Personnel

This exploratory study analyzes the perceptions of Disability Support Services (DSS) personnel regarding the transition process and documentation requirements to receive services for students with ...
Parallel Voice Onset Time shift in Chinese Korean: A case for linguistic drift

This study reveals the existence of a Voice Onset Time shift in the Korean spoken by native speakers residing in northeast China, a shift parallel to those reported in other Korean varieties in Korea, the USA, and Canada. The VOT pattern observed in the Chinese Korean community is argued to represent a change that cannot be simply explained in terms of diffusion via recent dialect contact, or as a feature directly inherited from the source language when it was transplanted into China over a century ago. We suggest that behind the parallel VOT shifts is the power of “drift” that drives the different Korean varieties along similar journeys of language evolution. This study presents an intriguing case where internal changes driven by “drift” may actually be initiated and further supported by language/dialect contact.
Photovoltaic Array Fault Detection by Automatic Reconfiguration

Photovoltaic (PV) system output electricity is related to PV cells’ conditions, with the PV faults decreasing the efficiency of the PV system and even causing a possible source of fire. In industrial production, PV fault detection is typically laborious manual work. In this paper, we present a method that can automatically detect PV faults. Based on the observation that different faults will have different impacts on a PV system, we propose a method that systematically and iteratively reconfigures the PV array until the faults are located based on the specific current-voltage (I-V) curve of the (sub-)array. Our method can detect several main types of faults including open-circuit faults, mismatch faults, short circuit faults, etc. We evaluate our methods by Matlab/Simulink-based simulation. The results show that the proposed methods can accurately detect and classify the different faults occurring in a PV system.
Rapid urban expansion and the challenge of pro-poor housing in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

ABSTRACTA common challenge faced by countries in the developing world is to provide public goods such as housing and safe water and sanitation to rapidly expanding and poor populations in urban areas. This is a particularly acute problem when the process of governing is accompanied by unplanned urban population growth and the displacement of the urban poor while pursuing market-oriented development strategies without proper safety nets for them. The purpose of this essay is to critically assess the plight of the city Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in its efforts to address this issue over the past decade. The study, based upon field research conducted in 2015, concludes that while having had success in expanding the availability of the quantity and quality of low-income housing, the urban housing development programme has largely failed to directly address the housing needs of the poorest of the poor. In large measure, this is due to the enormity of the problem coupled with the limited capacity of local governance...
Teaching NeuroImages: Sucking candy sign in Bell palsy

A 20-year-old woman presented with spontaneous onset of facial weakness. Examination revealed House-Brackmann grade IV1 right facial paresis and a contralaterally pigmented tongue (figure) from habitual sucking candy use. Contemporaneous taste loss on the anterior right tongue led her to keep the candy as far away from that area as possible—the posterior left tongue.
Insights into the plasticity of Ag3Sn from density functional theory

Abstract The intermetallic Ag3Sn is a strengthening phase in both silver amalgams as well as Sn–Ag lead-free solders, but is also a relatively ductile compound. Experimental reports have suggested that the compound can both readily slip via dislocations as well as deform via twinning. To better understand the deformation mechanisms in Ag3Sn, we investigate the energetics of slip via generalized stacking fault (GSF) curves as well as the structure and energetics of the twins using both density functional theory and analytical modeling. Our results suggest that [100](001) slip, which is equivalent to 〈 a 〉 hcp slip on a prism plane in the hcp structure, is favorable due to a very low antiphase boundary energy. Slip on the (010) plane, which is equivalent to the basal plane in hcp metals, can occur in either the [100] or [001] directions via the formation of four superpartials. Our results further suggest that slip in the 〈 102 〉 direction could occur easily on either the { 201 } or { 211 } planes with the former being more likely since it is similar to prism planes in the hcp crystal. The overall values of the GSF curves are quite low, similar to high stacking fault energy metals, resulting in a rather ductile intermetallic. Simulations of the twins in Ag3Sn demonstrate that they are structurally similar to twins in hcp metals with similar energy magnitudes. However, the experimentally observed activation of the { 011 } and { 211 } is likely a result of the small shear required to form the twins, and the suppression of other twin types is a likely a result of chemical ordering. Finally, our results point out that twinning is likely a necessary deformation mode to account for a general state of plastic deformation.
Model-Based Clustering of Microarray Data

The K-means method (Hartigan and Wong 1979; Hartigan 1975; MacQueen 1967) is not a model-based clustering method. It is a data-partitioning method that divides the entire data into K disjoint groups. The idea is similar to the multivariate Gaussian mixture model analysis (a model-based method). Both deal with the problem of data partitioning and thus are in clear contrast to the hierarchical clustering methods described in Chap. 18. The K-means method is simple but very useful in microarray data analysis. As a result, it earns a section here in this chapter, even though it is not a model-based clustering method.
Long‐term complications of glycogen storage disease type Ia in the canine model treated with gene replacement therapy

Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) in dogs closely resembles human GSD Ia. Untreated patients with GSD Ia develop complications associated with glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency. Survival of human patients on intensive nutritional management has improved; however, long-term complications persist including renal failure, nephrolithiasis, hepatocellular adenomas (HCA), and a high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Affected dogs fail to thrive with dietary therapy alone. Treatment with gene replacement therapy using adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) expressing G6Pase has greatly prolonged life and prevented hypoglycemia in affected dogs. However, long-term complications have not been described to date. Five GSD Ia-affected dogs treated with AAV-G6Pase were evaluated. Dogs were euthanized due to reaching humane endpoints related to liver and/or kidney involvement, at 4 to 8 years of life. Necropsies were performed and tissues were analyzed. Four dogs had liver tumors consistent with HCA and HCC. Three dogs developed renal failure, but all dogs exhibited progressive kidney disease histologically. Urolithiasis was detected in two dogs; uroliths were composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. One affected and one carrier dog had polycystic ovarian disease. Bone mineral density was not significantly affected. Here, we show that the canine GSD Ia model demonstrates similar long-term complications as GSD Ia patients in spite of gene replacement therapy. Further development of gene therapy is needed to develop a more effective treatment to prevent long-term complications of GSD Ia.