cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on comparasion of disinfection effect of acidic electrolyzed-oxidizing water( AEOW) and chlorine-containing disinfectant

Objective To compare the disinfection effect of acidic electrolyzed- oxidizing water( AEOW) and Chloramine- T,and provide reference for selecting disinfection methods. Methods Suspension quantitative germicidal test and field disinfection experiment were used to compare disinfection effect of AEOW and Chloramine- T. Results The ORP value of AEOW was 1 100 m V,the p H value was 2. 40,the average content of available chlorine was 63 mg / L. The killing logarithm value of Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli in exposed AEOW solution for 1min were 5. 00 and that of Candida albicans exposed for 1min was 4. 00. Chloramine- T with 150 mg / L available chlorine had the same disinfection effect.The killing logarithm value of natural bacterial on environmental surface by sweeping the AEOW and Chloramine- T solution for 5min were both above 1. 00. Conclusion The disinfecting effect of acidic electrolyzed- oxidizing water was the same as Chloramine- T with 150 mg / L available chlorine.
Vibrational energy transfer for H2D2 and H2HCl mixtures from 220–450 K

A laser fluorescence technique is used for the direct observation of the vibrational relaxation of H2 in the presence of D2 and HCl. The technique used is much simpler than the Raman absorption laser-schlieren method and has the advantage that the direct observation of changes in the vibrational energy of H2 permits the study of V-V relaxation processes in mixtures of H2 with other gases. The rapid V-V transfer between HF and H2 is used to permit the selective vibrational excitation of H2 by trace amounts of HF excited by laser absorption. The subsequent relaxation of vibrational energy from the coupled HF and H2 molecules is monitored by the laser induced fluorescence of HF.
Molecular dynamics simulation of the structures and properties of NEPE propellant / liner( II)——Demonstrating component molecule migrating and formulation for complex system

Molecular dynamics( MD) simulation was applied to propellant / liner model( PEG / NG / BTTN) / NPBA / HMX / AP /PEG / N-100 / / HTPB / TDI at 295 K with NVT ensemble. Component concentration distribution and migration behavior were presented and analyzed. The simulation results show that HMX and NPBA have a tendency to migrate to interface,while AP tends to have a homogeneous distribution. Moreover,a new model built by replacing HMX with RDX equivalently was studied by the molecular dynamic simulation. It is found that tensile modulus( E),bulk modulus( K),shear modulus( G) and Cauchy pressure( C12-C44) of the new formula decreas apparently. This implies that its stiffness,strength and ductibility are all decreased; The maximum bond length of the N—NO2trigger bonds of the new formula( 1. 528 ) is larger than that of the original formula( 1. 503 ),indicating that the sensitivity increases and safety decreases of the new formula. The results shows that the binding energies of HMX and other constituent is larger than RDX and other constituent indicate that compatibility of HMX and other constituent,which is better than RDX and other constituent.
Health Effects Associated with Welding

Welding is a common industrial process that generates complex aerosols of potentially hazardous metal fumes and gases. Millions of workers worldwide are exposed to welding aerosols daily. The health of welders is difficult to assess because of differences in worker populations, work area ventilation, welding processes and materials used, and other occupational exposures besides welding aerosols. Most long-time welders experience some type of respiratory disorder during their time of employment. Less information exists concerning the nonpulmonary health effects associated with welding. This chapter reviews the different types of welding processes and exposures and the health hazards associated with welding.
Review article: the pathogenesis of pouchitis

SummaryBackground A total proctocolectomy followed by ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is a potentially curative surgery for ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis. About 5–35% of patients with ulcerative colitis and 0–11% of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis develop subsequent inflammation of the ileal pouch termed pouchitis. Aim To provide a comprehensive analysis of the research studying the possible pathogenesis of pouchitis. The goals were to identify promising areas of investigation, to help focus clinicians, researchers and patients on how to better understand and then potentially manage ileal pouchitis, and to provide avenues for future research investigations. Methods This review examined manuscripts from 1981 to 2015 that discussed and/or proposed hypotheses with supportive evidence for the potential underlying pathogenic mechanism for pouchitis. Results The pathogenesis of pouchitis is not definitively understood, but various hypotheses have been proposed, including (i) recurrence of ulcerative colitis, (ii) dysbiosis of the ileal pouch microbiota, (iii) deprivation of nutritional short-chain fatty acids, (iv) mucosal ischaemia and oxygen-free radical injury, (v) host genetic susceptibility and (vi) immune dysregulation. However, none of these alone are able to fully explain pouchitis pathogenesis. Conclusions Pouchitis, similar to inflammatory bowel disease, is a complex disorder that is not caused by any one single factor. More likely, pouchitis occurs through a combination of both dysregulated host inflammatory mechanisms and interaction with luminal microbiota.
Lung Pericytes and Resident Fibroblasts: Busy Multitaskers

Pericytes, resident fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells are poorly described cell populations. They have recently been characterized in much greater detail in rodent lungs and have been shown to play important roles in development, homeostasis, response to injury and pathogens, as well as recovery from damage. These closely related mesenchymal cell populations form extensive connections to the lung's internal structure, as well as its internal and external surfaces. They generate and remodel extracellular matrix, coregulate the vasculature, help maintain and restore the epithelium, and act as sentries for the immune system. In this review, we revisit these functions in light of significant advances in characterizing and tracking lung fibroblast populations in rodents. Lineage tracing experiments have mapped the heritage, identified functions that discriminate lung pericytes from resident fibroblasts, identified a subset of mesenchymal stem cells, and shown these populations to be the predominant progenitors of pathological fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in lung diseases. These findings point to the importance of resident lung mesenchymal populations as therapeutic targets in acute lung injury as well as fibrotic and degenerative diseases. Far from being passive and quiescent, pericytes and resident fibroblasts are busily sensing and responding, through diverse mechanisms, to changes in lung health and function.
Interregional differences in MODIS‐derived cloud regimes

Cloud regimes based on histogram clustering offer a potentially useful tool for observational analysis of clouds. The utility of the regimes depends on their ability to identify cloud structures that are associated with distinct meteorological conditions. In this study, active remote sensing observations from CloudSat and CALIPSO are binned according to the cloud regimes derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. The occurrence of CloudSat radar reflectivity by altitude, as well as CloudSat-CALIPSO retrievals of cloud cover, precipitation occurrence, cloud radiative effect, and multilayered cloud structure are analyzed for each MODIS cloud regime and for different regions. While the picture of the regimes given by CloudSat and CALIPSO is generally consistent with that derived from MODIS, substantial region-to-region variability is found within the regimes. The regimes constrain the shortwave cloud radiative effect well, while the longwave effect and the precipitation occurrence exhibit more variability. The joint distributions of radar reflectivity and altitude also reveal differences in the structure of clouds within each regime. Thus, it appears that there is region-dependent variability within each regime, resulting from the different meteorological environments. Among the major differences in the cloud structure are cloud top height in convective clouds and the number of distinct cloud layers in boundary layer clouds. Thus, passive optical sensors appear limited in their ability to characterize clouds and assign them to distinct regimes. The differences can be used to estimate the cloud regime inherent variability for studies that use them as a proxy for the climate effects of clouds.
Arthroscopic Treatment: Principles and Devices for Hip Joint Access

Unique challenges exist in hip arthroscopy because of the constrained ball and socket architecture of the joint, dense surrounding soft tissue envelope, and thick capsule with limited compliance. The basic technical principles of joint access have been well defined. In recent years, there has been a groundswell of technological advancements in the field of hip arthroscopy. These aid immensely in the safety and efficacy of joint access in addition to providing numerous new methods directed at joint repair, preservation, and restoration. This chapter catalogs current industry contributions to the various aspects of arthroscopic and endoscopic strategies for addressing symptomatic hip disorders.
Immunotoxin Therapy for Brain Tumors

Despite a multimodal approach involving surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the median survival for malignant brain tumor patients is limited to 15–19 months. To improve glioblastoma patient survival, novel therapies targeting the heterogeneous tumor cell population are needed. Advances in understanding the molecular features of patients' tumors have led to the development of personalized tumor-targeted therapies that are more effective and less toxic. Immunotoxins, a novel class of antibody/ligand-toxin conjugates, have been developed during the last two decades for the treatment of brain tumors. The antibody/ligand domain of the immunotoxin binds to the target antigen on the tumor cell surface, whereas the toxin payload kills the tumor cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. Advances in immunotoxin delivery and monitoring of immunotoxin distribution in tumors are overcoming the challenges in the brain tumor therapy field. Herein, we summarize the different antiglioma immunotoxins that are at the preclinical and clinical stages of development.
“With Gentle Hand / Touch——”: “The Horrid Blank of Nature” and the New Feel of Reading

ABSTRACTMy essay explores the rise of tactile media in France, the antecedents of Braille, and their refractions in Romantic representations of blindness. I begin by interrogating Coleridge’s depiction of Kendal botanist, zoologist, and mathematician John Gough in relation to Robert Southey’s commentary on the French invention of embossed printing for the blind—both published in their 1812 Omniana. What is at stake in the focusing of Gough’s face as “the undisturbed ectypon” of “his own soul”? To answer this, I examine two texts by Wordsworth on which Coleridge had significant influence—“The Blind Highland Boy” and the passage on Gough in The Excursion. Of particular interest is the role of tactile maps in the development of tangible print and revaluation of the blind. Touching maps, I argue, had impressive effects, on the unsighted and sighted—not only answering the inability of the blind to see the world, but also figuring new forms of agency and informing Romantic conceptions of the poet of nature and ...
Abstract TMEM-040: TUMOR ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES MEDIATES THE ONCOGENIC EFFECT OF FGF18 IN OVARIAN CANCER

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among women and has the highest case-fatality rate among gynecologic cancers. Effective management of this deadly disease still remains scanty due to the inadequate understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the tumor progression and prognosis. We have previously reported the tumor-promoting role of Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18), which have been identified through genomic analysis of ovarian tumors. Initial studies suggested FGF18 promotes ovarian tumor progression through NF-κB pathway mediated elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, which mediate the increased tumor burden, angiogenesis and infiltration of macrophages in FGF18 expressing xenografts. Based on these findings, the present study aims to delineate the mechanism by which FGF18 modulates the phenotype of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) as well as the reciprocal tumor-promoting feedback from the TAMs which potentially contributes FGF18 mediated ovarian tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemical staining of a tissue array comprising 216 archived high-grade advanced stage serous ovarian tumor specimens revealed a significant correlation between the FGF18 expression and infiltration of M2-polarized macrophages (by CD163). In addition, the density of intratumoral M2 TAMs inversely associated with patients9 overall survival as a negative prognostic factor independent to age, tumor grade and debulking status. These findings suggest intratumoral TAMs may play an important role in ovarian tumorigenesis. In vitro co-culture studies further demonstrated that human monocyte cell line THP-1 or murine peritoneal macrophage cell line IC-21 could significantly activate the NF-κB pathway and increase the production of various proinflammatory cytokines in ovarian cancer cells. Co-culture also increased the migratory, adhesive and angiogenic potential of ovarian cancer cells cells. Addition of an IKKβ inhibitor into the co-culture system nullified the cytokine production and oncogenic changes of tumor cells promoted by monocytes/macrophages, implicating the involvement of NF-κB signaling in the crosstalk. Conversely, liposome clodronate mediated in vivo macrophage depletion significantly shrunk the tumor burden of the intraperitoneal xenograft derived from FGF18 overexpressing SKOV3 cells, while minimal effect was observed over the control RFP overexpressing xenograft. Besides, macrophage depletion also markedly decreased the intratumoral microvessel density induced by FGF18 overexpression. Taken together, our data potentially suggest TAMs may mediate the FGF18 related ovarian tumorigenesis by augmenting the proinflammatory status of the tumors. Citation Format: Wei Wei and Michael J. Birrer. TUMOR ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES MEDIATES THE ONCOGENIC EFFECT OF FGF18 IN OVARIAN CANCER [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 12-13, 2016; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr TMEM-040.
Total Intravenous Alimentation in Low Birth Weight Premature Infants

We have given total intravenous alimentation to nine infants weighing less than 1200 grams at birth. Table I shows the pertinent clinical data pertaining to these infants. There were three males and six females; birth weights ranged from 720 to 1150 grams. Gestational age, as determined by last menstrual period, neurological examination and neuroelectrical techniques, was between 26 and 30 weeks, with eight of the nine infants’ weights being appropriate for gestational age. All infants were given intravenous nutrients as an attempt to increase the caloric intake above that usually achieved in infants of this weight. Associated clinical problems included pulmonary insufficiency of prematurity, recurrent apnea and necrotizing enterocolitis. No infant had respiratory distress syndrome.
Reconceptualizing the Whistleblower's Dilemma

Since its inception in August 2011, the SEC’s whistleblowing program has received over 18,000 tips and has distributed over thirty awards. The Commission’s Enforcement Division has lauded the program, emphasizing its recoveries (over $500 million in the aggregate) as well as its generous bounties (over $100 million total). Nevertheless, an agency focused on deterrence must pay attention to the volume of credible reports it receives from insiders, particularly because deterrence has been shown to rest so strongly on the putative wrongdoer’s perceived probability of detection. From that perspective, the program’s success is more ambiguous: twenty-six covered actions (some involving more than one whistleblower) derived from a field of more than 18,000 tips. This Article advances an explanation for the program’s modest “hit rate” namely whistleblowing’s effect on the probability of criminal sanction. If employees who possess the most concrete information of wrongdoing are also those most exposed to criminal prosecution, whistleblowing morphs into self-incrimination. This is so because the whistleblower who voluntarily discloses her participation strips herself of her most effective legal protection, the government’s difficulty in establishing her guilty state of mind. To demonstrate this dynamic, the Article introduces two types of employees: Complicits (those who have violated the law) and Innocents (those with no legal exposure whatsoever). Whereas Complicits possess more valuable information, they are less incentivized to seek a financial bounty. The Article then identifies the legal, psychological and organizational factors most likely to inflate the number of Complicits within the firm, thereby depressing the pool of potential whistleblowers. The Article then considers the various strategies policymakers might employ to either dampen or undo this effect.
Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review

Literature reviews establish the foundation of academic inquires. However, in the planning field, we lack rigorous systematic reviews. In this article, through a systematic search on the methodology of literature review, we categorize a typology of literature reviews, discuss steps in conducting a systematic literature review, and provide suggestions on how to enhance rigor in literature reviews in planning education and research.
The influence of teaching assistants in an undergraduate engineering laboratory course

At large universities, it is common for a teaching assistant (TA) to have a prominent role in an undergraduate laboratory course. Therefore, they have a direct impact on the experience of the students in the laboratory. The training, background, and motivation of these TAs vary. The motivation of the students in the course also varies. This study sought to answer this question: how do TAs influence the students' learning experience in a required laboratory course? In the fall semester of 2014, at a large public university in the Midwest, TAs were observed in the laboratory sections of a required, junior-level course in general engineering. Additional data were obtained from student reflections in each laboratory report and an end of semester survey. Reflections were also collected from students enrolled in the same course in the spring semester of 2015. Finally, at the end of the spring semester, students from both semesters participated in a focus group about the course. The data were analyzed using values coding, which identified values, beliefs, and attitudes expressed by students about the course or the TA. Due to the TAs' prominent role in the laboratory setting, they had a direct impact on the students' experience in the laboratory. However, the impact was different among students who had the same TA. Some of the negative impacts reported were unclear expectations for success, inconsistent grading, and being unavailable or unhelpful. Some positive impacts were also reported, including being helpful and patient. Since data were only collected from the students, the motivations of the TAs were not clear. In this study, there was evidence that the TAs had a negative impact on the learning experience for some students, but not all. To reduce the negative impact in future courses, systems of training, assessment, and accountability for TAs could be improved.
Insights into the molecular mechanisms of plaque rupture and thrombosis

Understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to plaque instability and plaque rupture will continue to provide novel insights into prevention of atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and thrombosis. Ruptured plaques and, by inference, plaques at risk for rupture (vulnerable or unstable plaques) generally contain a large acellular lipid core with a reduced collagen content and fewer collagen synthesizing smooth muscle cells, a thinned out fibrous cap, intimal and adventitial inflammation with destruction of internal and external elastic membranes, enhanced plaque neovascularity, and outward remodeling of the vessel wall. Coronary culprit lesions responsible for 60–70% of acute coronary syndromes evolve from only mildly or moderately stenotic lesions suggesting that such less obstructive lesions may be more prone to plaque rupture and thrombosis. Inflammation is implicated not only in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis but also appears to play a critical role in promoting plaque vulnerability, plaque rupture, and eventual thrombosis through its effect on matrix turnover and release of thrombogenic mediators.
Certainty affect detection in informal text

Uncertain and varied contexts have been shown to change individual skills and perceptions, particularly of leaders (Rast, 2012; Hutchison, Jetten & Gutierrez, 2011; Smith, Hogg, Martin & Terry, 2007). For this reason, we investigate the certain and uncertain affect of active players in a voluntary, virtual organization. Uncertainty is a constant in human interaction, and we investigate active players’ text for patterns of certainty and uncertainty affect that can assist in understanding social interactions in online communities. In this forum data, the most active players expressed significantly less uncertain or mixed certainty affect. We discuss how certainty and uncertainty affect detection provides a window into teaming and community dynamics.
IN-VESSEL ACTIVITIES AND RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION CONTROL DURING THE 1987 TFTR SHUTDOWN

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) vacuum vessel was opened in July, 1987 for a period of seven months in order to install and refurbish in-vessel hardware. The primary purpose of this shutdown was to install two ICRF antennas and reorient the neutral beam injectors for balanced injection at full power. The in-vessel work consisted of six major tasks. A vacuum leak in a vessel bellows segment designed to increase the toroidal resistance of the vessel was exposed and welded over. All 36 of the Surface Pumping System panels were removed from the vessel and rebuilt without the Zr/A1 pumping modules as the result of a flaking problem which compromised tritium compatability. The rebuilt panels were replaced in the machine to provide protection for the bellows. Most of the carbon tiles on the inner toroidal Bumper Limiter were removed, sanded clean of metal deposits, and replaced in the vessel. To protect the vacuum vessel from damage due to neutral beam shinethrough and faults, new first-wall protective plates were installed. In order to protect the new ICRF antennas, two new limiters fabricated from a carbon-carbon composite material were installed, replacing the Moveable Limiter which was removed. Extensive in-vessel diagnostic installation and calibration occurred. All of these activities were significantly complicated due to the in-vessel hardware having become radioactive by neutron activation during the previous run period and the presence in the vessel of removable tritium surface contamination exceeding 17 Bq/100 cm 2 (1000 dpm/100 cm 2 ).
Iris Microhemangiomatosis: Clinical, Fluorescein Angiography, and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Features in 14 Consecutive Patients

Purpose To describe the clinical and imaging findings and treatment options in a series of patients with iris microhemangiomatosis. Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods Setting : Single institution. Study Population : Twenty-two eyes of 14 consecutive patients with iris microhemangiomatosis were reviewed. Observation Procedures : Clinical examination and slit-lamp photography were performed on every patient. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography (AS-OCTA), anterior segment intravenous fluorescein angiography (AS-IVFA), and ultrasound biomicroscopy were performed when possible. Main Outcome Measures : Clinical and imaging features and treatment strategies. Results Twenty-two eyes of 14 patients with iris microhemangiomatosis were included in this series. Mean patient age was 70 years (range, 58–82 years), and all patients were white. The iris hemangiomatosis appeared as subtle, multifocal, ectatic vascular channels arranged circumferentially at the pupillary margin. Iris color was blue (n = 19 eyes) or green (n = 3 eyes), and the features were unilateral (n = 6 patients) or bilateral (n = 8 patients). Additional features included reduced visual acuity (n = 13 eyes), hyphema (n = 12 eyes), and glaucoma (n = 7 eyes). There was no history of ocular trauma or systemic vasculopathic conditions. AS-OCT documented the fine tuft at the pupillary margin, AS-OCTA showed vascular flow, and AS-IVFA demonstrated pupillary margin vascular lesions with mild staining. Observation was advised in 20 cases (91%), and argon laser photocoagulation was required for repetitive hyphema in 2 cases (9%). Conclusion Iris microhemangiomatosis is a rare ocular condition, often manifesting with spontaneous unilateral hyphema and/or secondary glaucoma. AS-IVFA confirms the diagnosis, and intervention with laser photocoagulation is necessary in only 9% of eyes.
Big Data Processing and Access Controls in Cloud Environment

several customers access the data in a cloud environment. Security of such data for storing, processing, retrieving, and updating in the cloud environment is critical. If the data is sensitive, access level for every step takes primary responsibility of cloud provider. Currently, the communication of internet-enabled devices (IED) is processing big data and require cloud environment due to their limited storage, processing, and energy capabilities (battery). Encryption is the primary security for transmitting the data from IED's to the cloud, but there is no access control for the data stored in the cloud. Kerberos, a third party authentication protocol, builds on symmetric key (cryptography basis) to allow the nodes for non-secure information, but it does not provide the access control on stored data and other management of the data in the cloud. Because of the current status of the cloud access facilities, this paper builds an event-based access control model for the variety of users and the analysis of messages from social media data, text data, and continuously generated data. In trials, the event-based model was applied to identify the spikes in data (messages or stored data) and decisions based on spikes in the data in a window of time.
Decentralization from Above, Dispossession by Recognition: Contradictions in Tanzania's New Wave Land Reforms

Recent decades have seen a surge in land reform throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, largely described as “new wave” land reforms aiming to promote rural development through decentralization and formal recognition of claims to land. Focusing on Tanzania, a country with historically highly centralized land management, this investigation examines how new legislation, in particular the 1999 Village Land Act, has attempted to address both local concerns and international pressures and evaluates how successful reforms have been in terms of both. This paper analyzes these reforms in the context of neoliberalism and the related “pro-poor growth” model, which advocates for the formalization and marketization of land titles as a long-term solution to rural poverty. It first provides a theoretical background on the debates surrounding land reform strategies and then examines specific examples from reforms in Tanzania.Tanzania’s reforms have been guided both by local grievances (such as lack of clarity and security regarding access to land) and international pressures (desiring, among other things, greater ease of foreign investment and the creation of a rural land market); as such, issues have frequently arisen in attempting to reconcile sometimes contradictory demands and determining priorities. The results of reforms have been mixed. Formalization, in particular, has shown the potential to exacerbate inequality instead of reducing it, and the process of formalization itself can lead to an increase in conflict over land. However, reforms have also opened new avenues for previously marginalized groups, such as pastoralists, to secure land access through participation in civil society.
Neck posture is influenced by anticipation of stepping

Abstract Background Postural deviations such as forward head posture (FHP) are associated with adverse health effects. The causes of these deviations are poorly understood. We hypothesized that anticipating target-directed movement could cause the head to get “ahead of” the body, interfering with optimal head/neck posture, and that the effect may be exacerbated by task difficulty and/or poor inhibitory control. Method We assessed posture in 45 healthy young adults standing quietly and when they anticipated walking to place a tray: in a simple condition and in conditions requiring that they bend low or balance an object on the tray. We defined FHP as neck angle relative to torso; we also measured head angle relative to neck and total neck length. We assessed inhibitory control using a Go/No-Go task, Stroop task, and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Results FHP increased when participants anticipated movement, particularly for more difficult movements. Worse Stroop performance and lower MAAS scores correlated with higher FHP. False alarms on the Go/No-Go task correlated with a more extended head relative to the neck and with shortening of the neck when anticipating movement. Conclusions Maintaining neutral posture may require inhibition of an impulse to put the head forward of the body when anticipating target-directed movement.
MinXSS-2 CubeSat mission overview: Improvements from the successful MinXSS-1 mission

Abstract The second Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS-2) CubeSat, which begins its flight in late 2018, builds on the success of MinXSS-1, which flew from 2016-05-16 to 2017-05-06. The science instrument is more advanced – now capable of greater dynamic range with higher energy resolution. More data will be captured on the ground than was possible with MinXSS-1 thanks to a sun-synchronous, polar orbit and technical improvements to both the spacecraft and the ground network. Additionally, a new open-source beacon decoder for amateur radio operators is available that can automatically forward any captured MinXSS data to the operations and science team. While MinXSS-1 was only able to downlink about 1 MB of data per day corresponding to a data capture rate of about 1%, MinXSS-2 will increase that by at least a factor of 6. This increase of data capture rate in combination with the mission’s longer orbital lifetime will be used to address new science questions focused on how coronal soft X-rays vary over solar cycle timescales and what impact those variations have on the earth’s upper atmosphere.
A DPLL(T) Theory Solver for a Theory of Strings and Regular Expressions

An increasing number of applications in verification and security rely on or could benefit from automatic solvers that can check the satisfiability of constraints over a rich set of data types that includes character strings. Unfortunately, most string solvers today are standalone tools that can reason only about (some fragment) of the theory of strings and regular expressions, sometimes with strong restrictions on the expressiveness of their input language. These solvers are based on reductions to satisfiability problems over other data types, such as bit vectors, or to automata decision problems. We present a set of algebraic techniques for solving constraints over the theory of unbounded strings natively, without reduction to other problems. These techniques can be used to integrate string reasoning into general, multi-theory SMT solvers based on the DPLL(T) architecture. We have implemented them in our SMT solver cvc4 to expand its already large set of built-in theories to a theory of strings with concatenation, length, and membership in regular languages. Our initial experimental results show that, in addition, over pure string problems, cvc4 is highly competitive with specialized string solvers with a comparable input language.
Chapter 4 – More Pieces of the Puzzle: F.B.I. Evidence Response Team Approaches to Scenes with Commingled Evidence

This chapter presents the FBI ERT concept and basic operational guidelines. It then presents two cases to illustrate how those guidelines were followed and how the extra effort toward three-dimensional mapping of human remains and associated evidence can aid in the interpretation, reconstruction, and presentation of a crime or disaster scene. Both cases involve multiple victims and represent a middle ground between cases of a single victim and those constituting large-scale mass disasters.
On a study of the /Delta T/c and C/asterisk/ integrals for fracture analysis under non-steady creep

Applications of a vector quantity, path-independent integral which has an energy interpretation to the characterization of crack-tip fields in the range from fast to slow crack propagation are examined. The crack tip characterization parameter is defined in terms of a conservation integral for an area around the crack tip in a two-dimensional cracked body. The actual physical interpretation of the parameter is shown to be the difference in crack lengths displayed by two identical bodies which have equal load histories. A steady-state value is obtained for the parameter for cases of steady-state creep and is shown to be related to the standard path-independent integral for macroscopic self-similar crack growth under mode I conditions. A finite element model is developed for viscoplastic material models, using an initial strain approach with steps in a size employed in tangent stiffness methods.
A Comparison of men’s Life History, Aging, and Testosterone Levels among Datoga Pastoralists, Hadza Foragers, and Qom Transitional Foragers

Relative to industrialized populations, men from subsistence groups exhibit lower testosterone values and more modest declines with age. Limited energy availability has been hypothesized to suppress testosterone production, particularly during young adulthood when testosterone levels are highest, resulting in a flatter trajectory of age-decline. Energetic constraint, however, is not unique to the evolutionary ecology of humans, and yet significant age-related testosterone decline is observed in numerous species of wild primates. Conversely, human life history is distinguished by extensive bi-parental care and male provisioning. Because fathers show decreased testosterone with parenting effort, we argue that within more naturalistic and evolutionarily relevant ecologies, natural fertility and earlier reproduction suppresses testosterone in emerging adulthood such that a lower relative baseline dictates less age-decline across the remaining lifespan. We examine men’s testosterone levels as contrasting functions of energetic status and paternal involvement across three traditional populations with substantial variability in men’s nutritional condition and parental investment. Anthropometric and demographic data along with saliva samples were collected from 70 Datoga, 29 Hadza, and 43 Qom men, ages 20–72 years. Population variation in salivary testosterone was greatest at younger ages and patterned so paternal involvement associated with lower morning and evening testosterone, along with diminished age-decline in both measures. Men’s energetic status as indicated by body mass index was not associated with testosterone values or age-related decline. Within socioecological contexts of smaller scale society, these data suggest that blunted age-decline in men’s testosterone levels is primarily due to population variation in parental investment rather than energetic constraint.
Simultaneous EEG-fMRI Study Reveals Separate Bias Mechanisms Modulated by Stimulus Evidence During Rapid Face Processing

Perceptual choice is affected not only by the stimulus evidence present in the decision alternatives, but also by the propensity to choose one alternative over another. In the drift-diffusion model (DDM), such bias can be expressed either as a change in drift rate or a change in starting point of the decision process. Here, we collected simultaneous EEG and fMRI data while human subjects were performing a three-choice (Face vs. Car vs. House) visual categorization task. We spatially and temporally dissociated the neural correlates underlying the face decision bias as a function of stimulus evidence. Firstly, by fitting the DDM, we quantitatively showed that the change in drift rate best accounted for the decision bias towards faces when sensory evidence was abundant, whereas the shift in starting point best explained the bias effect when inadequate sensory evidence was present. Secondly, we used the EEG single-trial variability to temporally identify brain regions modulated by the two sets of subject-wise bias parameters in the fMRI analysis. Imaging results showed a double dissociation of the bias effects in space and in time as the level of sensory evidence changed: bias in drift rate correlated only with an early sensory network while bias in starting point activated a distributed late decision-related network.
Human Rights as “Law of Nations” in Conversation with Contemporary Christian and Islamic Liberation Theologies

This chapter argues that more fully integrating ideas found in Christian and Islamic liberation theologies into human rights thought and practice, with human rights understood as a “law of nations,” can begin to overcome prevalent criticisms of human rights and promote fruitful conversation between religious and human rights thought. Drawing on the work of liberation theologians Monica Coleman and Farid Esack, the paper examines how liberation theologies might help human rights advocates attend to lived experience and recognize how people meaningfully belong to multiple traditions and participate in multiple moral conversations. This may clarify how people can embrace both religious and human rights values, reinforcing the idea that religious and human rights values are complementary and bringing us closer to shared goals of enhancing well-being.
Understanding prescription in language. A corpus-based approach

We define prescription as any intervention in the way another person speaks. Long excluded from linguistics as unscientific, prescription is in fact a natural part of linguistic behavior. We seek to understand the logic and method of prescriptivism through the study of usage manuals: their authors, sources and audience; their social context; the categories of “errors” targeted; the justification for correction; the phrasing of prescription; the relationship between demonstrated usage and the usage prescribed; the effect of the prescription. Our corpus is a collection of about 30 usage manuals in the French tradition. Eventually we hope to create a database permitting easy comparison of these features.
Leveraging Service Learning in PETE Programs: Training Preservice Teachers on the Afterschool Component of CSPAP

The article offers readers an example of how one physical education teacher education (PETE) program created a service-learning course to integrate the Comprehensive School Physical Activity Progra...
83 – Filobasidium Olive

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Filobasidium genus and its member species. Asexual reproduction of this genus occurs by budding of globose, ovoidal, ellipsoidal, or elongated cells. Pseudomycelium and true mycelium may be produced and growth on solid media is white, cream-colored, or slightly pinkish, and often mucoid. Sexual reproduction is heterothallic, and following mating, the mycelium produces lateral or terminal holometabasidia. Sessile basidiospores are produced terminally on the apex of the metabasidium in a petal-like whorl, which gives the basidium a flower-like appearance in an apical view. Clamp connections are present at cross walls, and the septa contain typical dolipores with or without parenthesomes. The member species of this genus include Filobasidium capsuligenum, Filobasidium elegans, Filobasidium floriforme, Filobasidium globisporum, and Filobasidium uniguttulatum. The haploid cells of Filobasidium capsuligenum after undergoing growth in 2% malt extract for three days at 25° C appear as subglobose, ovoidal, ellipsoidal to elongated, either singly or in pairs. When the cells of Filobasidium elegans undergo growth on 2% malt agar, they multiply byunipolar budding, and are predominantly ellipsoidal, although a few cells may elongate or become spheroidal to subspheroidal.
Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcome Utilization Within National Clinical Trials Network Cooperative Group Radiation Oncology Trials Over the Past 2 Decades.

Purpose When treating cancer, both quantity and quality of life are valuable, though oncology trials have long placed greater emphasis on the former. The goal of this work was to evaluate how patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have been incorporated into radiation therapy trials within the National Clinical Trials Network over the last 2 decades to measure quality of life and to assess how PRO data have been disseminated in publications upon trial conclusion. Methods and Materials This cross-sectional study analyzed the frequency of use of PROs in National Clinical Trials Network cooperative group radiation therapy phase 2 and 3 clinical trials over the past 2 decades. A literature review was performed to determine the publication outcomes of PRO data, including only trials that used PROs in their design and were mature enough to have published results. Results Fifty-seven (56.4%) of the 101 trials included in this study included PROs in their design. Brain and head and neck trials demonstrated the largest proportional incorporation of PROs (81.8% and 76.9%, respectively), and thoracic and breast trials used the fewest (18.8% and 37.5%, respectively). The EQ-5D family of questionnaires was the most commonly used PROs, used in 22.8% of trials included. The literature review demonstrated a pattern of increased publication of PRO data alongside survival endpoints in manuscripts derived from these trials over time. Conclusions Though there is room for improvement, the field of radiation oncology has embraced the incorporation of PROs into multicenter, high-impact clinical trials over the past 2 decades and has increased its publication of this data alongside survival data from these trials.
Classifying Institutions to Guide Mission-Relevant Performance Assessment:

The shift from a post-industrial to a knowledge economy has placed higher education at the center of attention among policy makers and the public at large. The increase in attention, along with the...
Recommendations for the safe, effective use of adaptive CDS in the US healthcare system: an AMIA position paper

The development and implementation of clinical decision support (CDS) that trains itself and adapts its algorithms based on new data-here referred to as Adaptive CDS-present unique challenges and considerations. Although Adaptive CDS represents an expected progression from earlier work, the activities needed to appropriately manage and support the establishment and evolution of Adaptive CDS require new, coordinated initiatives and oversight that do not currently exist. In this AMIA position paper, the authors describe current and emerging challenges to the safe use of Adaptive CDS and lay out recommendations for the effective management and monitoring of Adaptive CDS.
His-Purkinje Involvement in Arrhythmias and Defibrillation

The His–Purkinje system provides rapid and coordinated activation of the heart. In recent years, its role in the initiation and maintenance of ventricular arrhythmia has started to be explored. Experimentally, the Purkinje system (PS) has been shown to be an essential component to maintain long-duration ventricular fibrillation (more than 2 min) in humans and dogs, where computer models are able to show reentry mechanisms between the myocardium and the PS. Experiments and computer simulations have also shown that the PS may initiate ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia through early and delayed afterdepolarizations. In sum, arrhythmogenesis in the PS has been demonstrated and its implication is a current focus in research for rhythm control and prevention of cardiac sudden death.
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Following the Assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963.

Women exposed to stressful events during pregnancy are thought to be at increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. However, studies investigating stressful events are often unable to control for important confounders, such as behavioral and genetic characteristics, or to isolate the impact of the stressor from other secondary effects. We used a discordant-sibling design, which provides stronger inferences about causality, to examine whether a widespread stressor with limited impact on day-to-day life (John F. Kennedy assassination) resulted in an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. Data were obtained from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a prospective, multi-site cohort study conducted in the US from 1959 to 1965. Our analysis was restricted to singleton live births ≥24 weeks born before the assassination (n = 24,406) or in utero at the time (n = 5833). We also evaluated associations within siblings discordant for exposure (n = 1144). We used survival analysis to evaluate associations between exposure and preterm birth and marginal models to evaluate associations with birthweight and placental pathology. First trimester exposure was associated with preterm birth (hazard ratio (HR): 1.17; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.31). In the discordant-sibling model, the point estimate was similar (HR: 1.22; 95% CI: 0.36, 4.06). Third trimester exposure was associated with increased odds of fetal acute inflammation in the placenta (odds ratio (OR): 1.34, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.71). First trimester exposure to an acute stressor was associated with preterm birth. We did not observe increased odds of placental pathology with first trimester exposure; however, stress may increase preterm birth risk through chronic placental inflammation, which was not evaluated in this sample.