cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations of Job Strain, Stressful Life Events, and Social Strain With Coronary Heart Disease in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study

Background The association between psychosocial stress and coronary heart disease (CHD) may be stronger in women than men and may differ across types of stressors. In this study, we assessed associations of psychosocial stressors, including job strain, stressful life events, and social strain with the incidence of CHD in women. Methods and Results We used longitudinal data from 80 825 WHI-OS (Women's Health Initiative Observational Study) participants with a mean age of 63.4 years (7.3 years) at baseline. Job strain was assessed through linkage of Standard Occupational Classification codes to the Occupational Information Network. Stressful life events and social strain were assessed via validated self-reported questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate associations of each stressor with CHD separately and jointly. A total of 3841 (4.8%) women developed CHD during an average of 14.7 years of follow-up. After adjustment for age, other stressors, job tenure, and socioeconomic factors, high stressful life events score was associated with a 12% increased CHD risk, and high social strain was associated with a 9% increased CHD risk. Job strain was not independently associated with CHD risk, but we observed a statistically significant interaction between job strain and social strain (P=0.04), such that among women with high social strain, passive job strain was associated with a 21% increased CHD risk. Conclusions High stressful life events and social strain were each associated with higher CHD risk. Job strain and social strain work synergistically to increase CHD risk.
Definitions and core competencies for interprofessional education in telehealth practice

Abstract Interprofessional education interventions are effective at improving the ability of health professionals to work well in teams, to communicate effectively with patients and their families, to respect and appreciate each other's unique and complementary roles in healthcare, and to develop shared values that help sustain collaboration. Yet the definitions and implications of these competencies for telehealth practice need to be clarified. This article reviews and presents the evidence on the development of interprofessional competencies and the implications of these competencies for health professional education. This article also proposes ways in which interprofessional competencies can be incorporated into telehealth practice.
Long-term air pollution exposure and diabetes incidence in two prospective cohorts of U.S. women

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Global prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is increasing. Research has identified links between air pollution exposure and T2DM through metabolic and inflammatory pathways, but...
Comparison of FASTlab [18F]FDG production using phosphate and sodium citrate buffer cassettes

2730 Objectives GE Healthcare’s FASTlab FDG synthesizer is utilized in producing bulk [18F]FDG. There are two cassette types, one in which the [18F]FDG solution is diluted in 15 mL phosphate buffer, and the other in 29 mL of sodium citrate solution. The cassettes include all the necessary components for synthesis of [18F]FDG. The synthesis is controlled and monitored with vendor supplied computer software, reducing exposure to the operator. The objective of this research is to determine if there are significant differences in the [18F]FDG produced by either cassette. Methods Data for 80 batches of [18F]FDG were analyzed retrospectively: 40 batches produced with each cassette. The analysis consisted of determining the mean radiochemical yield (RCY, corrected for decay), radiochemical purity (RCP), and performing an independent T-test (α = 0.05) to determine if the differences were statistically significant. Results The mean decay corrected RCY for the phosphate and citrate cassettes were 82.9 ± 17.4% ([18F]FDG - 3.6 Ci [range 1.6 - 7.1 Ci]) and 79.2 ± 5.0% ([18F]FDG - 3.6 Ci [range 1.1 - 6.6 Ci]), respectively. This led to a difference of 4.4% and a P value of 0.11, meaning the differences observed were statistically insignificant. The mean RCP for the phosphate cassette was 99.4 ± 0.2% and 99.0 ± 1.1% for the citrate. There was a percent difference of 0.5% and a P value of 0.021, meaning the difference was statistically significant. Conclusions The differences in yield between cassettes are due to statistical variability. The results confirm our opinion that there is no significant difference in RCY. The deviation seen in RCP is dependent on the cassette used since the P value is less than 0.05. However, with a difference of 0.5%, it is insignificant since the value falls within the 90.0% minimum limit set by the United States Pharmacopeia. Therefore, determining which cassette to use is a matter of preference for the institution. Our initial experience has shown a number of citrate cassette catastrophic failures. We are currently working with GE Healthcare to resolve these issues
Notes on Inference: A Somewhat Skewed Survey

It is widely agreed that any reasonable AI system has to reason. Once it is agreed why that must be so, one can go on to look at alternative conceptions of what reasoning consist of. This chapter presents an extremely partial and incomplete survey of some of the options.
Synthesis and Anti‐HIV Activity of Acyclic Unsaturated C6‐ and C5‐Thiophenyl Uracil Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues

Acyclic unsaturated C6- and C5-thiophenyl uracil nucleosides and nucleotides, analogues of 1[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]6-(phenylthio)thymine (HEPT), were designed, synthesized and investigated as potential anti-HIV-1 agents in ATH8 cell lines. Alkylation of C6- or C5-thiophenyl uracil with cis- or trans-1, 4-dichlorobutene or 1, 4-dichlorobutyne gave chloro compounds, which were hydrolysed to give hydroxy, or treated with triethyl phosphite and then hydrolysed to give phosphonate compounds. Precentage cell viability in HIV-infected ATH8 cell lines was evaluated. All compounds were found to be moderately effective compared with azidothymidine. Cell viability was about 40–50% for phosphonates at 0·5 μM concentrations. These results suggest that the phosphonates may be useful in further structure-activity relationship investigations in the search for potential agents with improved anti-HIV-1 activity and low toxicity.
Introduction to ADO.NET

ActiveX Data Object (ADO) is developed based on Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) and Component Object Model (COM) technologies. COM is used by developers to create re‐usable software components, link components together to build applications, and take advantage of Windows services. This chapter deals with the ADO.NET and presents an overview, architecture, and components of the ADO.NET. The classes provided by ADO.NET are core to develop a professional data‐driven application and they can be divided into the following three major components: .NET Framework Data Provider, DataSet, and DataTable. Data Provider contains four classes: Connection, Command, DataAdapter and DataReader. These four classes can be used to perform the different functionalities. The ADO.NET architecture can be divided into two logical pieces: command execution and caching.
Heterogeneity of the Hemoglobin from the Common Bloodworm Glycera dibranchiata

Abstract The hemoglobin from the annelid polychaete Glycera dibranchiata, present in large coelomic erythrocytes, was demonstrated to be of a heterogeneous nature with respect to both electrophoretic properties and molecular weight. On the basis of gel filtration, sedimentation velocity, and sedimentation equilibrium studies, 2 basic hemoglobin units were found: a monomer with a molecular weight of approximately 17,000 and a polydisperse higher order aggregate. The ratio of monomeric to polymeric hemoglobin was 0.85 (±0.10):1. Determination of iron content by atomic absorption spectroscopy and pyridine-hemochromogen determination revealed a minimum molecular weight of 18,400 to 19,700 for both monomer and polymer. Electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal studies of the globins obtained from the monomer and aggregate indicate the subunits are extremely similar with respect to molecular weight. Both the monomeric and polymeric globins gave similar patterms by disc gel electrophoresis. Each was found to contain two similar components. These data suggest that two hemoglobin monomers capable of polymerization are present.
Millisecond Pulsars in X-Ray Binaries

Despite considerable evidence verifying that millisecond pulsars are spun up through sustained accretion in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), it has proven surprisingly difficult to actually detect millisecond X-ray pulsars in LMXBs. There are only 5 accretion-powered millisecond X-ray pulsars known among more than 80 LMXBs containing neutron stars, but there are another 11 "nuclear powered" millisecond pulsars which reveal their spin only during brief, thermonuclear X-ray bursts. In addition, 2 of the accretion-powered pulsars also exhibit X-ray burst oscillations, and their unusual properties, along with the absence of persistent pulsations in most LMXBs, suggest that the magnetic fields in many LMXBs may be hidden by accreted material. Interestingly, the nuclear-powered pulsars offer a statistically unbiased probe of the spin distribution of recycled pulsars and show that this distribution cuts off sharply above 730 Hz, well below the breakup spin rate for most neutron star equations of state. This indicates that some mechanism acts to halt or balance spin-up due to accretion and that submillisecond pulsars must be very rare (and are possibly nonexistent). It is unclear what provides the necessary angular momentum sink, although gravitational radiation is an attractive possibility.
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez and Its Aftermath

In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court observed that "education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments" and held that it was a public service that "must be made available to all on equal terms." While Brown removed one obvious barrier to equal educational opportunities, it left in place another: the obstacle faced by poor school districts that wish to provide an education to their students "on equal terms" relative to the education offered by wealthier school districts within a State. Nineteen years after Brown, the Court decided another equal-protection case, San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, which gave the Court an opportunity to remove, or at least ameliorate, wealth-based barriers to equal educational opportunities as well. But the Court rejected the plaintiffs' claims. This Essay explains what happened in Rodriguez, describes what happened in the States in the thirty-five years after Rodriguez and raises some questions prompted by the experience.
Technology in hospitals the effect of prospective reimbursement

The hypothesis is presented that prospective reimbursement will alter the adoption and dissemination of new technology in hospitals beginning immediately and extending into the indefinite future. During the past two decades the dramatic rise in health care costs has been paralleled by an equally dramatic adoption and proliferation of cost raising technologies. Both "big ticket" and "little ticket" technologies have contributed to the rising costs. Cost or cost-plus reimbursement mechanisms have fueled this phenomenon. Prospective reimbursement reverses the incentives for cost raising technology adoption and will select out cost saving technologies. Both the mechanism of prospective reimbursement and the psychological and political environment which accepts limitations in resources will make the stated hypothesis a reality.
Initiating the use of non-invasive respiratory support following delivery of 27–30 week gestation infants in a Level III NICU

Abstract Historically it has been common practice to intubate and give surfactant to extremely premature infants. The most recent evidence-based literature has shown this practice results in similar outcomes to infants treated with non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) with selective surfactant administration following delivery. The need for an evidence-based practice change was identified at Integris Baptist Medical Center-Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (IBMC-NICU) and steps taken to implement new practice following the delivery of extremely premature infants. To date seventeen infants have been managed with the new practice in place. The new practice has resulted in a culture change in the unit leading to more evidence-based changes.
A Discrete Model for an Electrostatically Driven Micro-Hydraulic Actuator

High-force, large-deflection actuators are critical for devices such as valves and pumps used in micro-fluidic systems. The major technical impediment in improving the performance of the micro-actuators lies in the lack of understanding the physical phenomena and their interactions of electric, mechanical, and fluidic fields for performing their intended functions. Because of the complexity of the actuator, the fully coupled numerical analysis such as finite element analysis is extremely expensive.Here, we introduce a discrete model of an Electrostatic Micro-Hydraulic (EMH) actuator. The model considers all dynamic forces which are involved in a time operation of the hydraulic actuator cell and covers three major physics: electrostatic, mechanical and fluidic. The physics have been coupled together to investigate the dynamic of the device.The discrete dynamic model developed in this work may be used for simple yet accurate predictions of dynamic performance of such actuators, and is preferable to more complicated and very expensive coupled numerical models. The analysis relies on physics-based equations and can be modified to accommodate different chamber geometries, different material properties and different working fluids. Results from the analytical model compare favorably with experimental measurements.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Calculation of surface area of sacculi from low-angle light-scattering measurements

Abstract Light-scattering provides a non-destructive way to measure the size and shape of bacteria. It is particularly appropriate for the study of isolated sacculi, i.e., the peptidoglycan, bag-shaped, supermacromolecules that are the stress-bearing component of the cell wall. We have developed an apparatus for low-angle laser light-scattering measurements to study gram-negative sacculi in the hydrated state. Here we present the theory based on the approximation that the sacculi are a population of ellipsoidal thin shells of revolution. The program assumes that the semi-minor axis remains constant, but the semi-major axis varies over two-fold during the growth cycle. The calculation approximates the size distribution of bacteria undergoing balanced exponential growth. The computation also averages over all angles of orientation of the sacculi in the suspension with respect to the light beam. The program calculates by a least squares method the best fitting semiminor axis of the newborn cell and from this calculates the mean surface area.
The effect of channel boron implants on electron mobility in NMOSFET's

The Hall mobilities and Hall concentrations of channel electrons in boron-implanted NMOSFETs were measured at 77 and 300 K. At both temperatures, the mobilities were found to decrease with increasing implantation dose (10/sup 11/-10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/) only for electron concentrations >
Reliability and Reproducibility of Gene Expression Measurements Using Amplified RNA from Laser-Microdissected Primary Breast Tissue with Oligonucleotide Arrays

Combined use of microdissection and high-density oligonucleotide arrays is a powerful technique to study in vivo gene expression. Because microdissection generally yields ng quantities of RNA, RNA amplification is necessary but affects array results. We tested the reliability and reproducibility of oligonucleotide array data obtained from small sample amplified RNA isolated from primary tissues via laser capture microdissection, to determine whether gene expression measurements obtained under these now customary conditions are reliable and reproducible enough to detect authentic expression differences between clinical samples. We performed eight U133A Affymetrix GeneChip oligonucleotide array hybridizations using RNA isolated from a single normal human breast specimen: two standard and six small samples prepared using independent microdissections, RNA isolations, and amplifications. We then performed six array hybridizations using RNA obtained similarly from paired normal epithelium and ductal carcinoma in situ from three independent breast specimens. We determined reliability by analysis of hybridization quality metrics, and reproducibility by analysis of the number of more than twofold changed genes, linear regression, and principal components analysis. All amplified RNA generated good quality hybridizations. From the initial specimen, correlations between replicates (r = 0.96 to 0.99) and between small samples (r = 0.94 to 0.98) were high, and between standard and small samples (r = 0.84) were moderate. In contrast, in the three normal cancer pairs, the differences in gene expression were large among the normal samples, the ductal carcinoma in situ samples, and between normal and ductal carcinoma in situ within each pair. These differences were a much larger source of variability than the technical variability introduced by the processes of laser capture microdissection, small sample amplification, and array hybridization. Nanogram quantities of RNA isolated from primary tissue using laser-capture microdissection generates reliable and reproducible gene expression measurements. These measurements do not mirror those obtained using micrograms of RNA. Biological variability in gene expression between independent specimens, and between histologically distinct samples within a specimen, is greater than the technical variability associated with the procedures. Future studies of in vivo gene expression using this approach will identify functionally important differences within or between specimens.
Universal Scaling of Linear and Nonlinear Rheological Properties of Semidilute and Concentrated Polymer Solutions

Using oscillatory and steady-shear rheometry on polystyrene (PS) solutions in tricresyl phosphate (TCP) with three nearly monodisperse molecular weights at six values of the reduced concentration c/ce, where ce is the entanglement concentration, we show that for each value of c/ce below 2.0 rheological functions are successfully superimposed using de Gennes “blob” scaling laws for the concentration-dependent plateau modulus GN0, and the equilibration time τe,scaling using the literature value of the solvent-quality exponent ν = 0.53 (Solomon, M. J.; Muller, S. J. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. 1996, 334, 181−192). However, once the polymer volume fraction exceeds the “swelling volume fraction” ϕs, above which the polymer takes a random walk configuration on all length scales even in a good solvent, this universal scaling breaks down and the polymer conformation appears to be governed by Colby−Rubinstein’s scaling laws for Θ solutions. We estimate that all polybutadiene solutions in phenyl octane (a good sol...
Effect of Music on Performance in Human-Computer Interface:

The effect of music at two levels (60–65 dB and 80–85 dB), vs. no music (silent), on the performance of 40 subjects engaged in a data processing task was studied. It was found that, while the music...
Total Dose and Dose Rate Radiation Characterization of a Hardened EPI-CMOS Gate Array

Radiation test results are presented for a 600 gate EPI-CMOS array processed for enhanced radiation hardness. The array is one of a family of standard CMOS gate arrays and is mask compatible and software compatible with the non-hardened products. Only minor performance degradation was observed for doses up to 105 rad-Si and all macros tested continue to function at doses greater than 106 rad-Si. Dose rate testing showed no latchup for doses to 1011 rads/sec. Upset in the D flip-flop for worst case conditions occurred at approximately 5×108 rads/sec.
Automated retrieval from multiple disparate information sources: The World Wide Web and the NLM's sourcerer project

The burgeoning amount of information available via the Internet has heightened awareness of the need for improved tools for resource identification. The U.S. National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Sourcerer project is developing software which accepts a user query, automatically identifies appropriate information resources, and facilitates connection to those sources for information retrieval. The current Sourcerer prototype utilizes the multimedia/multiplatform/multiprotocol network-based hypertext system known as World Wide Web. It also relies upon the knowledge sources of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). The UMLS is the result of a long-term project of NLM. It comprises a large Metathesaurus of biomedical concepts (coupled with a semantic network and syntactical/lexical software tools) and the Information Sources Map (ISM), a database of records describing specific biomedical information resources. Recent advances in the standardization of information exchange over computer networks, coupled with the tools provided by UMLS, facilitate query refinement and augmentation, connection to resources, and retrieval from resources. Daunting challenges remain with respect to optimizing resource descriptions, defining optimal algorithms for searching for sources, optimizing user interface design, and organizing retrieved information. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mechanism of Interferon Induction by Endotoxin

When 1-kg rabbits received iv 500 j'g of Boivin Escherichia coli endotoxin and were sacrificed 15 min later, production of interferon, as monitored by incubation of tissue slices in vitro, occurred primarily in the spleen, lung, liver, and thymus. When the temperature of incubation was 23 C, more interferon was produced than at 37 C. If the animals received 1 mg of actinomycin/kg 1 hr before administration of endotoxin, interferon production was accentuated in the spleen and lung. However, if the dose was increased to 5 mg/kg, no detectable interferon was produced. Production of interferon in slices was reversibly inhibited by cycloheximide or puromycin and was marginally accentuated after removal of these substances. These findings suggest that induction of interferon production by endotoxin, like induction by polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) or virus, requires synthesis of messenger RNA and protein. Accentuated production by a marginal dose of actinomycin is explained by inhibited synthesis of messenger RNA for a control protein that inhibits interferon synthesis, as has been postulated for induction of interferon by poly I:C and by viruses.
Coupled Cluster CCSD(T) Calculations of Equilibrium Geometries, Anharmonic Force Fields, and Thermodynamic Properties of the Formyl (HCO) and Isoformyl (COH) Radical Species

The HCO and COH formyl radical species were studied by the coupled cluster electron correlation technique and using the augmented correlation consistent polarized core-valence basis sets of quadruple-ζ quality. The complete basis set limits for the equilibrium geometry and spectroscopic parameters of HCO were estimated: Re(CH) = 1.117 A; Re(CO) = 1.174 A; αe(HCO) = 124.6°. The COH isomerization energy is equal to 176 kJ/mol. The energy of the COH → HCO transition state is equal to 107 kJ/mol. The heat of formation was found using the basis set of cc-pcv5z quality: ΔfH°(298.15) = 42.3 for HCO and 218.1 kJ/mol for COH. The thermochemistry of HCO and COH was studied beyond the rigid rotor harmonic oscillator approach. The results were compared with available experimental data and results of previous calculations.
Total synthesis of (±)-xanthocidin and (±)-desdihydroxy-4,5-dihydroxanthocidin

The first total synthesis of both (±)-xanthocidin (1), a novel α-methylene cyolopentanoid antibiotic, and (±)-desdihydroxy-4,5-dihydpoxanthocidin (2), the likely penultimate biosynthetic precursor is reported.
THE SCHMIDT REACTION ON 3A,4,5,6-TETRAHYDROSUCCINIMIDO(3,4-B)ACENAPHTHEN-10-ONE AND ITS ALKYLATED DERIVATIVES

The rearrangement of 3a,4,5,6-tetrahydrosuccinimido[3,4-b]acenaphthen-10-one and two methylated derivatives using Schmidt conditions is described. The ratio of the major product, 2,3,8,9-tetrahydro-3-oxo-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-1,9a-(7H)dicarboximide, to the minor product, 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-3-oxo-4H-benz[ij]-isoquinoline-4,4a-(5H)dicarboximide, under different acidic conditions is given. The ratios of analogous products from the methylated derivatives are similar under similar conditions.
Relationships within Subtypes of Anorexic, Bulimic, and Normal Families

Abstract This study compared relationship patterns within anorexic, bulimic-anorexic, bulimic, and normal families. A total of 74 family triads, including father, mother, and teenage daughter, participated in the study. Each family member completed a series of ratings on their interrelationships, using Benjamin's Structural Analysis of Social Behavior model and methodology. Results indicate that both bulimic subgroups experienced greater mutual neglect, rejection, and blame, and also less understanding, nurturance, and support in their families, relative to normal controls. In contrast, the classical anorexics' families generally denied any such problems in the parent-child relationships but did evidence severe marital distress. These findings are discussed in relation to clinical theories of anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
Management of aortic arch interruption with prostaglandin E1 infusion and microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts

Prostaglandin E1 infusion and a microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft were used in the management of eight infants, all less than 4 days old, with interruption of the aortic arch. Five of the six infants receiving prostaglandin E1 responded dramatically to this therapy, with return of lower limb pulses and lessening of metabolic acidosis. There were no adverse effects attributable to the prostaglandin E1 infusion. Seven infants subsequently underwent aortic reconstruction with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft. There were no operative deaths, and in up to 3 years of follow-up of these patients, graft obstruction occurred in only one patient and this graft was successfully revised. The long-term mortality rate was high (62 percent); all deaths but one were attributable either to the palliation or to the total correction of the associated cardiac malformations.
A New Retractor to Aid in Coronary Artery Surgery

During coronary artery bypass grafting, exposing the arteries can be difficult, especially on the posterior and lateral aspects of the left ventricle. A silicone-covered flexible retractor has been modified to facilitate this procedure. Its central opening and easy malleability aid in myocardial retraction and coronary artery bypass grafting.
Depolarization of tooth pulp primary afferent fibers in the medulla oblongata.

Die zentralen Endigungen der primaren afferenten Fasern der Zahnpulpa, welche ausschliesslich der A-δ-Gruppe angehoren, konnen sowohl durch Impulse in A-α- undβ-Trigeminus-Fasern als auch in Aδ afferenten Fasern der Pulpa eines anderen Zahnes depolarisiert werden.
Selective Desorption of Alkanethiols in Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers for Subsequent Oligonucleotide Attachment and DNA Hybridization

Oligonucleotides whose 5‘ ends are linked to mercaptohexyl tether groups (HS-ss-DNA) are attached onto gold regions freshly exposed by reductive desorption of the mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) in a mixed MPA/hexanethiol (HT) or MPA/mercaptohexanol (MCH) self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The size of the bare Au region was shown to be controllable by using various MPA/HT solution compositions during the fabrication of the mixed SAMs. Atomic force microscopy shows that the size of the segregated gold regions has a profound effect on the surface density and orientation of the subsequently immobilized HS-ss-DNA molecules. The DNA surface density begins to increase when the bare gold domain (12−19 nm wide, prepared by stripping MPA off a mixed SAM formed from a solution with an alkanethiol molar ratio of χMPA/χΗΤ = 1/4) approaches the size of the HS-ss-DNA (ca. 5−6 nm for a 17mer). The surface density of the HS-ss-DNA in the mixed HS-ss-DNA/HT SAM or the mixed HS-ss-DNA/MCH SAM is slightly greater than SAMs contai...
Maturation-dependent responses of human neuronal cells to western equine encephalitis virus infection and type I interferons.

Innate cell-autonomous antiviral responses are essential first lines of defense against central nervous system infections but may also contribute to neuropathogenesis. We investigated the relationships between innate immunity and neuronal differentiation using an in vitro culture system with human cell lines to analyze cellular responses to the neurotropic alphavirus western equine encephalitis virus. Human neuronal cells displayed a maturation-dependent reduction in virus-induced cytopathology that was independent of autocrine interferon α or β activity. In addition, maturation was associated with enhanced responsiveness to exogenous stimuli, such that differentiated neurons required five- to ten-fold less type I interferon to suppress viral replication or virus-induced cytopathology compared to immature cells, although this enhanced responsiveness extended to only a subset of unique type I interferons. These results demonstrate that maturation-dependent changes in human neuronal cells may be key determinants in the innate immune response to infections with neurotropic alphaviruses.
A model for fatty aldehyde dimethyl acetal gas-liquuid chromatography the conversion of octadecanal dimethyl acetal to methyl i-octadecenyl ether

Gas-liquid chromatography of fatty aldehyde dimethyl acetals, produced by methanolysis of plasmalogenic lipids, is shown to be complicated on some columns by morer or less extensive conversion of dimethyl acetal into the corresponding methyl I-alkenyl ether (of both cis and trans configuration) and/or the parent aldehyde. Interpretation of the resulting chromatogrms may be further complicated by less than quantitative detection of such products. Studies of the gas-liquid chromatographic behavior of synthetic octadecanal dimethyl acetal and methyl I-octadecenyl ether (both isomers) and aldehydes and esters of known structure and purity serve to assess the uncertaintries of this analytical technique. Mechanisms involved in the alteration of dimethyl acetals in the course of gas-liquid chromatography on certain column are discussed.
Methotrexate-induced mucositis in mucin 2-deficient mice

The mucin Muc2 or Mycin2 (Muc2), which is the main structural component of the protective mucus layer, has shown to be upregulated during chemotherapy-induced mucositis. As Muc2 has shown to have protective capacities, upregulation of Muc2 may be a counter reaction of the intestine protecting against mucositis. Therefore, increasing Muc2 protein levels could be a therapeutic target in mucositis prevention or reduction. Our aim was to determine the role of Muc2 in chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Mucositis was induced in Muc2 knockout (Muc2(-/-)) and wild type (Muc2(+/+)) mice by injecting methotrexate (MTX). Animals were weighed and sacrificed on Days 2-6 after MTX treatment and jejunal segments were analyzed. Before MTX treatment, the small intestine of Muc2(+/+) and Muc2(-/-) mice were similar with respect to epithelial morphology and proliferation. Moreover, sucrase-isomaltase and trefoil factor-3 protein expression levels were comparable between Muc2(+/+) and Muc2(-/-) mice. Up to Day 3 after MTX treatment, percentages of weight-loss did not differ. Thereafter, Muc2(+/+) mice showed a trend towards regaining weight, whereas Muc2(-/-) mice continued to lose weight. Surprisingly, MTX-induced intestinal damage of Muc2(-/-) and Muc2(+/+) mice was comparable. Prior to MTX-injection, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 mRNAs were upregulated in Muc2(-/-) mice, probably due to continuous exposure of the intestine to luminal antigens. Muc2 deficiency does not lead to an increase in chemotherapy-induced mucositis. A possible explanation is the mechanism by which Muc2 deficiency may trigger the immune system to release interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine before MTX-treatment.
THE VISCOSITY OF SUPERCOOLED FRUCTOSE AND ITS GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE

The viscosities of supercooled liquid fructose and glucose are measured between a lower viscosity limit corresponding to 95°C and an upper limit of about 106 Pa.s. The glass transition temperature of fructose is estimated from the viscosity data using different extrapolation procedures. The Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher and power-law equations gave estimates of 283K and 289K, respectively and the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation 286K. These values are in agreement with recent calorimetric determinations of the glass transition temperature.
Molecular basis of transcription pausing

During RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase moves erratically along DNA, frequently resting as it produces an RNA copy of the DNA sequence. Such pausing helps coordinate the appearance of a transcript with its utilization by cellular processes; to this end, the movement of RNA polymerase is modulated by mechanisms that determine its rate. For example, pausing is critical to regulatory activities of the enzyme such as the termination of transcription. It is also essential during early modifications of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that activate the enzyme for elongation. Two reports analyzing transcription pausing on a global scale in Escherichia coli , by Larson et al. ( 1 ) and by Vvedenskaya et al. ( 2 ) on page 1285 of this issue, suggest new functions of pausing and reveal important aspects of its molecular basis.
Territorial exclusion and violence: the case of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

If we had to point out one single feature to define Brazilian cities today, it would be the existence of a dual built environment: a landscape produced by private entrepreneurs and contained within the framework of detailed urban legislation, and another one, three times greater, self-produced by the poor and eternally situated in an intermediate zone between the legal and the illegal. In addition to being an expression of economic and social disparities, this contrast has profound implications on the form and functioning of the cities. The sprawl of the precarious peripheries has lead to an absurd disconnection of poorly urbanized spaces and the city center where jobs, cultural and economic opportunities are concentrated. The effects of this persistent territorial exclusion are devastating and occur in both the peripheries and the city center. The purpose of this paper is to explore the nexus between the precarious and risky urbanization which took place in Brazilian cities and the urban violence that seems to be the most recent and visible face of this model, using the concrete example of different cities in the state of Sao Paulo. In order to construct the links it is first important to understand how patterns of economic development and population trends have contributed to the generation of risk urbanization and how planning and urban management policies interact with it.
Pattern recognition in olfactory systems: modeling and simulation

An attempt is made to understand the natural design principles that underlie the superior performance of biological olfactory systems in pattern recognition. The authors express these principles in mathematics, learning algorithms, and neuromorphic hardware. A diagram of the olfactory system and its mathematical model are presented to show how to implement the system by software and electronic hardware. Its capability for pattern classification is verified in an input-driven model olfactory bulb under an input correlation learning rule. >
Maximal Force Characteristics of the Ca2+-Powered Actuator of Vorticella convallaria

The millisecond stalk contraction of the sessile ciliate Vorticella convallaria is powered by energy from Ca(2+) binding to generate contractile forces of ∼10 nN. Its contractile organelle, the spasmoneme, generates higher contractile force under increased stall resistances. By applying viscous drag force to contracting V. convallaria in a microfluidic channel, we observed that the mechanical force and work of the spasmoneme depended on the stalk length, i.e., the maximum tension (150-350 nN) and work linearly depended on the stalk length (∼2.5 nN and ∼30 fJ per 1 μm of the stalk). This stalk-length dependency suggests that motor units of the spasmoneme may be organized in such a way that the mechanical force and work of each unit cumulate in series along the spasmoneme.
Current Practices in Left-Sided Colonic Emergencies

Background: The paradigms in the surgical management of obstruction and perforation of the left colon – once considered absolute contraindications to primary resection and anastomos
Concurrent elevation of the levels of expression of striatal preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin mRNA in the rat brain by chronic treatment with caffeine

Caffeine is a widely consumed substance that elicits psychomotor stimulant effects and also displays addictive properties. In order to assess the effect of caffeine on striatal neuropeptide mRNA expression, male rats were injected (i.p.) with caffeine at 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg of body weight twice daily for 9 consecutive days. Preproenkephalin (PPE), preprotachykinin A (PPT-A) and preprodynorphin (PPD) mRNA levels were determined in coronal sections of brain tissue by in situ hybridization histochemistry. PPE mRNA levels were increased by chronic caffeine in all subdivisions of the striatum at 80 mg/kg (dorsolateral caudate-putamen (dlCPu), +139%; dorsomedial CPu (dmCPu), +42%; ventrolateral CPu (vlCPu), +102%; ventromedial CPu (vmCPu), +20%; and anterior CPu (aCPu), +75% relative to vehicle-injected controls that were normalized to 0% change). Similarly, PPD mRNA expression was increased in all aspects of the striatum at 80 mg/kg (dlCPu, dmCPu, vlCPu, vmCPu and aCPu, +98%, +25%, +104%, +9% and +85%, respectively). In contrast to PPE mRNA, PPD mRNA was increased +117% above control in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) at 20 mg/kg of caffeine. PPT-A mRNA expression was not significantly affected by caffeine treatment in the CPu or NAc. The data demonstrate that repeated exposure to caffeine selectively increases opioid neuropeptide mRNA expression in the striatum and the NAc of the rat brain by a dopamine-independent mechanism.
Continuum-regularized quantum gravity

The recent continuum regularization ofd-dimensional Euclidean gravity is generalized to arbitrary power-law measure and studied in some detail as a representative example of coordinate-invariant regularization. The weak-coupling expansion of the theory illustrates a generic geometrization of regularized Schwinger-Dyson rules, generalizing previous rules in flat space and flat superspace. The rules are applied in a non-trivial explicit check of Einstein invariance at one loop: The cosmological counterterm is computed and its contribution is included in a verification that the graviton mass is zero.
Trading States, Trading Places: The Role of Patrimonialism in Early Modern Dutch Development

in the seventeenth century, the world system had been reconfigured. The United Provinces of the Netherlands had become the first truly global commercial power-the first hegemon.2 The rise of the Netherlands to the position of world hegemony is at first glance startling. The seven provinces had a relatively small population (some 1.5 million inhabitants in 1600, compared to 10 million in Spain and Portugal, and 16 to 20 million in neighboring France), and had formed part of the Low Countries, an uneasily aggregated group of seigneuries, cities, and provinces under Spanish rule until the 1570s. Even after the Dutch Revolt against Spain had begun, the Dutch were enmeshed in a bitter war of independence that ended only in 1648. The Netherlands appeared to be an also-ran. Why, then, its surprising success? This question is worth answering, not only because of its intrinsic historical interest but also because it illuminates processes of early moder European development and the mechanisms of politico-economic development more generally. This essay will argue that the nexus of patrimonial state and merchant elite was a key component of the Dutch trajectory. This factor was a necessary, but not sufficient, cause of the rise of the Netherlands and the genesis of the A previous version of this essay was presented and discussed at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies in Wassenaar, Holland. I would like to thank the participants in that discussion, as well as Terry Boswell, Femme Gaastra, Marjolein 't Hart, Edgar Kiser, Sharon Witherspoon, and CSSH's anonymous reviewers. The research for this paper was funded by the Social Science Research Council. The causes of the decay of Iberian hegemony are complex and contested and cannot be
Current use and future development of gemtuzumab ozogamicin.

Abstract The antigen CD33 is expressed on blast cells in 80% to 90% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases but, importantly, is not expressed on pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells or on nonhematologic cells. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (CMA-676) uses a recombinant humanized anti-CD33 monoclonal IgG4 antibody to deliver the potent cytotoxin, callcheamicin, into cells. Three multicenter trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety of gemtuzumab ozogamicin as a single agent in 142 patients with CD33 + AML in untreated first relapse. The median age was 61 years (range, 22 to 84 years), none had prior myelodysplasia, and all had had a first complete remission lasting ≥ 3 months. Two doses of 9 mg/m 2 were given 14 days apart by 2-hour intravenous infusion. The overall response rate was 30% (ie, ≤ 5% blasts remaining in the bone marrow, neutrophils ≥ 1,500/μL, and red blood cell and platelet transfusion independence). There was no significant difference in response rate between patients less than 60 years of age and those ≥ 60 years old (34% v 26%, respectively) or between patients whose first remission had lasted less than 12 months or ≥ 12 months (28% v 32%, respectively). Overall survival was 31% at 1 year; median survival was 5.9 months. Median relapse-free survival was 6.8 months. An infusion-related syndrome (chills, fever, rigors, nausea, hypotension, and pain) was common. Severe myelosuppression occurred in all patients, but severe mucositis (4%) and infections (23%) were relatively infrequent. Severe hyperbilirubinemia (23%) and elevated hepatic transaminases (18%) were usually transient. Among all 142 patients, the median total hospitalization was 24 days; 16% of patients required ≤ 7 days in hospital. Additional studies are currently evaluating gemtuzumab ozogamicin in combination with, or as an alternative to, other standard AML chemotherapy.
Service Systems Engineering Applications

Abstract The rapid growth in the global service economy has greatly increased research in Service Science and Service Systems Engineering (SSE). In Service Systems practice, the service value chain in terms of links among system entities is defined to co- create value and deliver high quality of service. A Service System is thus defined by its value co-creation chain in which all relevant stakeholders collaborate dynamically in real time or near-real time to deliver high quality service according to the business, service, and customer goals. This paper illustrates how SSE can help define, and discover relationships among Service System entities and addresses the service-oriented, customer-centric, holistic systems view in order to plan, design, adapt or self- adapt to co-create value. Modern service systems, which may be classified as system of systems (SoS), mandate well-defined integration and governance to link service system entities for the real-time dynamic analysis of ever-changing requirements within a Service System. In this paper, SSE concepts and methodologies are applied across various SSE stages to describe an intelligent emergency transportation system and a near real-time dynamic Smart Grid service system. Additionally, issues which need to be addressed within SSE methodologies for global deployment of efficient world-wide service systems are discussed. Finally, future work required for improving current SSE methodologies and help steer research towards achieving global service effectiveness is discussed.
Examining the Generalization of Milieu Language Objectives in Situations Requiring Listener Preparatory Behaviors

Children were taught target communication objectives using milieu language teaching. The construction of generalization probes and the categorization of spontaneous occurrences of the target objectives were guided by a 4 x 6 matrix with setting/communication partner (SCP) variables on one dimension and situations requiring gradually decreasing demands for listener preparatory behaviors (LPBs) on the other. Both dimensions also represented continua that progressed from situations that were most like those of intervention to situations that were less similar. The 2 children who acquired their objectives using milieu language teaching were observed to generalize their target objectives spontaneously and in probe situations that also required them to display listener preparatory behaviors. However, analyses of the generalization matrices revealed that their patterns of generalization differed in a variety of ways and that similarity to training offered only a partial explanation of the results.
The effects of differential rotation on the magnetic structure of the solar corona : Magnetohydrodynamic simulations

Coronal holes are magnetically open regions from which the solar wind streams. Magnetic reconnection has been invoked to reconcile the apparently rigid rotation of coronal holes with the differential rotation of magnetic flux in the photosphere. This mechanism might also be relevant to the formation of the slow solar wind, the properties of which seem to indicate an origin from the opening of closed magnetic field lines. We have developed a global MHD model to study the effect of differential rotation on the coronal magnetic field. Starting from a magnetic flux distribution similar to that of Wang and coworkers, which consists of a bipolar magnetic region added to a background dipole field, we applied differential rotation over a period of 5 solar rotations. The evolution of the magnetic field and of the boundaries of coronal holes are in substantial agreement with the findings of Wang and coworkers. We identified examples of interchange reconnection and other changes of topology of the magnetic field. Possible consequences for the origin of the slow solar wind are also discussed.