cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of protein B-50 (GAP-43) from adult rat brain cortex by casein kinase II.

Summary The phosphoprotein B-50 (GAP-43) was purified from adult rat brain cortex and phosphorylated by casein kinase II. Phosphorylation of B-50 by casein kinase II approached 1.2 mol phosphate/mol B-50. The apparent K m of casein kinase II for B-50 was 4 μ M with an apparent V max of 13 nmol.min −1 .mg −1 . A tryptic phosphopeptide map on reversed phase HPLC and phosphoamino acid analysis of [ 32 P]B-50 showed that casein kinase II phosphorylated in serine residue(s) which were located in a single tryptic peptide. Phosphorylation of B-50 by casein kinase II was inhibited more than 90% by 5 μ g heparin/ml or 2.4 mM peptide substrate specific for casein kinase II (RRREEETEEE). The initial phosphorylation rate was increased about 2-fold by 1 mM spermine.
SMI adaptive antenna arrays for weak interfering signals

The performance of adaptive antenna arrays in the presence of weak interfering signals (below noise level) is studied. It is shown that conventional adaptive arrays are unable to suppress such interfering signals. To overcome this problem, the feedback loops controlling the array weights are modified. In the modified feedback loops, the noise level in the feedback loops is reduced by reducing the correlation between the noise components of the two inputs to the loop correlator. Two techniques to decorrelate these noise components are discussed. It is shown that adaptive arrays with the modified feedback loops provide the desired interference suppression. An expression is given for the amount of noise decorrelation required to achieve a specified interference suppression.
Ru(bpy)32+/TiO2-Codoped Zeolites: Synthesis, Characterization, and the Role of TiO2 in Electron Transfer Photocatalysis

Novel heterogeneous photocatalysts were developed which are able to transfer electrons from excited Ru(II) donors within the zeolite framework to Co(III) acceptor complexes in the exterior. The materials were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, electrochemical methods, diffuse reflectance, and raster and transmission electron microscopy. The catalysts consist of zeolite Y-encapsulated Ru(bpy)32+ (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) sensitizers in close proximity to TiO2 nanoparticles on the same support. The photophysical properties of Ru(bpy)32+ within the zeolite supercages were investigated at different loadings of Ru(bpy)32+ and TiO2. The photoexcited MLCT state of the zeolite-entrapped Ru(bpy)32+ reacts via electron transfer with Co(dpphen)33+ (dpphen = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) in the exterior of the zeolite particles. The relative quenching of Ru(bpy)32+ by external Co(dpphen)33+ increases as the TiO2 content within the zeolite is increased, where electron transfer from Ru(bpy)32+ complexe...
Blood pressure fluctuations in hypertensive patients during oral surgery

The lability of blood pressure during oral surgical procedures and the effects of antihypertensive drugs on this lability have not been investigated sufficiently to evaluate potential medical risks. The purpose of this study was to accurately evaluate blood pressure fluctuations during oral surgical procedures in three groups of patients: normotensive patients; stratum I hypertensive patients not taking medication; and stratum I hypertensive patients taking antihypertensive medication. Blood pressure measurements were recorded by an American Heart Association certified technician at baseline, immediately prior to surgery, during administration of the local anesthetic, during the surgical procedure, and 15 minutes after surgery. Analysis of variance indicated that the blood pressure fluctuations (systolic and diastolic) among these five intervals were not statistically significant for any of the groups. The clinical significance of the above findings is that stratum I hypertensive patients experience minimal fluctuations in blood pressure that are no greater than those in normotensive patients and, therefore, may present no greater clinical risk during the dental stress associated with certain oral surgical procedures.
VEGF-A isoform modulation in an preclinical TNBS model of ulcerative colitis: protective effects of a VEGF164b therapy

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease in the USA. A key component of UC is the increase in inflammatory angiogenesis of the colon during active disease. This increase is driven to a great extent by the over expression of VEGF-A. Recently, VEGF165b (VEGF164b in mouse), an anti-angiogenic form of VEGF-A was described and its regulation was determined to be disturbed in many pathologies such as cancer and pre-eclampsia. The aims of this study were to examine the role of this inhibitory VEGF by expressing this molecule in a model of intestinal inflammation, and to evaluate its expression as a potential new therapeutic approach for treating UC. A modified model of TNBS colitis was used to determine the effects of rVEGF164b expression on colon inflammation. Expansion of the vascular system was assessed by immunhistochemical methods and macro- and microscopic measurements of inflammation in the colon were measured. Leukocyte invasion of the tissue was measured by myeloperoxidase assay and identification and counting of lymphoid follicles. Both angio- and lymphangiogenesis were reduced by expression of rVEGF164b, which correlated with reduction in both gross and microscopic inflammatory scores. Leukocyte invasion of the tissue was also reduced by rVEGF164b expression. This is the first report using an endogenous inhibitory VEGF-A isoform for therapy in a model of experimental colitis. Inhibitory VEGF molecules play an important role in maintenance of gut homeostasis and may be dysregulated in UC. The results of this study suggest that restoration of rVEGF164b expression has anti-inflammatory activity in a TNBS model and warrants further examination as a possible therapeutic for UC.
Research on Children: New Approaches to Answer Old Questions, But Is This Sufficient?

This article addresses how kinesiological research on children should advance. Using the study of motor development as a backdrop, the article is divided into three sections. The first section relates the four fundamental questions in motor development that have been asked throughout its history. The second section describes four areas of advancing knowledge, primarily from other disciplinary fields, that provide new approaches or paradigms that can advance us in answering these old but relevant questions. The third section suggests that there may be new questions equally or more deserving to be answered because they have broad and applied societal implications. These new questions require interdisciplinary and translational methods that we, as a field, are uniquely able to address.
Smokers who report smoking but do not consider themselves smokers: a phenomenon in need of further attention

Background Heightened stigma surrounding the action of smoking may decrease the likelihood that individuals who engage in smoking identify with the label ‘smoker’. Non-identifying smokers (NIS) may undermine accurate smoking prevalence estimates and can be overlooked by tobacco control efforts. Objective We sought to characterise NIS in a cross-sectional study using a sample representative of the population of adults (>18 years) in California who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, smoking at least some days and at least once in the last 30 days (n=1698). Individuals were considered NIS if they met the above criteria and answered ‘no’ when asked if they ‘considered themselves a smoker’. Results We estimate that 395 928 (SD=54 126) NIS were living in California in 2011 (a prevalence of 12.3% of all smokers in California). The odds of being NIS were higher among non-daily smokers who were previously daily smokers (adjusted OR (AOR)=7.63, 95% CI 2.67 to 21.8) or were never previously daily smokers (AOR=7.14, CI 2.78 to 18.3) compared with daily smokers. The odds of being an NIS were also higher among those who did not believe they were addicted to cigarettes (AOR=3.84, CI 1.68 to 9.22), were older than 65 years (vs less than 45 years) (AOR=3.35, CI 1.16 to 9.75) or were from ethnic minorities including Black and Asian (vs non-Hispanic white) (AOR=3.16, CI 1.19 to 8.49). Conclusions Smoking surveillance should restructure selection criteria to more accurately account for NIS in areas with high stigma toward smokers. Targeted interventions may be needed for NIS including educating healthcare providers to enquire more deeply into smoking habits.
Computer graphics visualization for acoustic simulation

Computer simulations can be used to generate the spatial and temporal data describing the acoustical behavior of performance halls, but typically the analytical results are difficult to assimilate and compare. By using computer graphics to display the multi-dimensional data, substantially greater amounts of information than that conveyed by standard techniques can be communicated to the designer. This allows designs of different acoustical spaces to be tested, evaluated, and compared.An example comparing the acoustical behavior of three different concert halls demonstrates these techniques and allows for the simultaneous assimilation of much of the information necessary to evaluate the acoustical nature of a space. The use of three-dimensional images, color, animation and abstract representation allows for the comprehension of the complex results of a scientific simulation. Specifically, the simultaneous display of particular icons familiar to the discipline enabled the simultaneous presentation of up to twelve parameters.From a more general point of view, the procedures demonstrate how computer graphics can be utilized for the portrayal of multi-dimensional time dependent data. The visualization techniques are potentially useful for the display of three-dimensional vector fields in many scientific and design applications.
On multiobjective volt-VAR optimization in power systems

The need for simultaneous optimization of reactive resources for the transmission and distribution system has long been recognized. If investment resources are limited, various combinations of solutions (voltage level, amount and type of reactive support, etc.) may impact a number of objectives (distribution losses, distribution feeder power factor, voltage profile for conservative voltage reduction, transmission losses, transmission capacity, voltage stability, etc.). While solutions have been proposed for subsets of the above problems, few algorithms have undertaken the simultaneous optimization of reactive resources in the transmission and distribution network. This paper attempts to address various issues that need to be solved: decomposition of the transmission model from the distribution model, design of an interface suitable for simultaneous optimization, and development of the methodology (multiobjective optimization based on building Pareto fronts with the help of custom-tailored genetic algorithms). Some of the issues discussed in this paper are illustrated on suitable examples and guidelines proposed for building a practical model that would incorporate all of the concerns with the modeling issues.
Mature myelin basic protein-expressing oligodendrocytes are insensitive to kainate toxicity.

We examined the vulnerability to excitotoxicity of rat oligodendrocytes in dissociated cell culture at different developmental stages. Mature oligodendrocytes that express myelin basic protein were resistant to excitotoxic injury produced by kainate, whereas earlier stages in the oligodendrocyte lineage were vulnerable to this insult. To test the hypothesis that the sensitivity of immature oligodendrocytes and the resistance of mature oligodendrocytes to kainate toxicity were due to differences in membrane responsiveness to kainate, we used whole-cell patch-clamp recording. Oligodendrocyte precursors in cultures vulnerable to kainate toxicity responded to 500 μM kainate with large inward currents, whereas mature myelin basic protein-expressing oligodendrocytes in cultures resistant to kainate toxicity showed no clear response to application of this agonist. We assayed expression of glutamate receptor subunits (GluR) -2, -4, -6, -7, and KA2 using immunoblot analysis and found that expression of all of these glutamate receptors was significantly down-regulated in mature oligodendrocytes. These results suggest a striking developmental regulation of glutamate receptors in oligodendrocytes and suggest that the vulnerability of oligodendrocytes to non- N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity might be much greater in developing oligodendrocytes than after the completion of myelination. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF TURBULENT COMBUSTION

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent combustion is a relatively new research field. Much research has been carried out over the past years, but to realize the full predictive potential of combustion LES, many fundamental questions still have to be addressed, and common practices of LES of nonreacting flows revisited. The focus of the present review is to highlight the fundamental differences between Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and LES combustion models for nonpremixed and premixed turbulent combustion, to identify some of the open questions and modeling issues for LES, and to provide future perspectives.
Chronic pelvic pain in teens.

Persistent pelvic pain in teens can be a challenging problem with multifactorial etiologies. Certainly because of the high incidence of sexually transmitted infections in this age group an infectious cause (pelvic inflammatory disease; PID) is a likely diagnosis. Somatization of mental health problems such as depression can be a contributing factor. Pain that has become chronic in reproductive age women is increasingly attributed to endometriosis. Between 71% and 87% of women of childbearing age who present with chronic pelvic pain have endometriosis. Myra is the 18-year-old single mother of an 8-month-old daughter. She lives with her daughter in a shelter for teen mothers. Since her daughters birth she has used oral contraceptives for birth control. For about 5 days Myra had some pelvic pain and irregular vaginal bleeding. Her examination was consistent with PID: positive for cervical discharge cervical motion tenderness tender uterus and adnexa. She was afebrile and wet mount had many white blood cells (WBCs). Her pregnancy test was negative. (excerpt)
HBV infection is associated with greater mortality in hospitalised patients compared to HCV infection or alcoholic liver disease.

Summary Background Little is known about outcomes of Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hospitalisations. Aim To compare the characteristics and outcomes of hospitalised HBV patients to those with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and to examine variables associated with poor outcomes. Methods Using the 2011 US Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified hospitalised patients with HBV, HCV or ALD-related admissions using ICD-9-CM codes. We compared liver-related complications between the three groups. Multivariable regression was performed to identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality and length of stay. Results A total of 22 843 HBV, 203 300 HCV and 244 383 ALD-related discharges were included. Cirrhosis was noted less commonly in those with HBV (69.1%) compared to HCV (83.9%) or ALD (80.9%) (P < 0.001). In contrast, hepatocellular cancer and acute liver failure were more common with HBV (16.5% and 5.2%) compared to HCV (10.4% and 2.8%) or ALD (2.5% and 4.9%) respectively (P < 0.0001). On multivariable analysis, adjusting for demographics, liver and nonliver comorbidity, HBV infection was associated with higher mortality compared to HCV infection [Odds ratio (OR) 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04–1.39) or ALD (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05–1.40). Length of hospital stay was greater with HBV compared to HCV (+0.54 days) or ALD (+0.36 days). Among those with HBV, significant factors associated with mortality included renal failure, hepatocellular cancer, respiratory failure, ascites, coagulopathy and acute liver failure. Conclusion Patients hospitalised with HBV infection represent a particularly high-risk group with poor in-hospital outcomes and increased mortality compared to HCV infection or alcoholic liver disease.
Gender Differences in Depression A Theoretical Examination of Power

The authors propose a novel theoretical approach for conceptualizing gender differences in depression. Although the empirical literature documents an array of variables that are related to depression, most theories focus on microlevel variables at the expense of macrolevel variables in their conceptualization. This article focuses on the potential importance of power differentials in the etiology of depression in women who cohabit with men and presents an integrated theoretical model that will be useful for both practice and research.
The Value of Formal Planning for Strategic Decisions: A Reply

In Armstrong (1982a), I examined alternative explanations to the empirical findings that supported the use of formal planning. In considering the possibility that researcher bias might lead to such results, I used Terpstra's (1981) evaluation scheme. Based on this test, poor methodology did not seem responsible for the conclusions on the value of formal planning. Foster suggests that Terpstra's test was not valid because the studies were not experimental. I disagree. The possibility exists to do experimental work. Van de Ven (1980) approaches this ideal. Furthermore five of the six Terpstra scale items are relevant to quasi-experimental or non-experimental research. There may, however, be other reasons to challenge the validity of these scales. While I accepted the validity of the scales in my original study, I reported some difficulty in applying the scale. This was surprising inasmuch as the scale seems simple and Terpstra had reported 100 per cent interrater reliability for its use in his study on organizational development. In any event, the reliability of the scales was open to question.
Diffuse optical monitoring of blood flow and oxygenation in human breast cancer during early stages of neoadjuvant chemotherapy

We combine diffuse optical spectroscopy DOS and dif- fuse correlation spectroscopy DCS to noninvasively monitor early hemodynamic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a breast cancer patient. The potential for early treatment monitoring is dem- onstrated. Within the first week of treatment day 7 DOS revealed significant changes in tumor/normal contrast compared to pretreat- ment day 0 tissue concentrations of deoxyhemoglobin rctHHbT/N =69±21%, oxyhemoglobin rctO2HbT/N=73±25%, total hemo- globin rctTHbT/N=72±17%, and lipid concentration rctLipidT/N =116±13%. Similarly, DCS found significant changes in tumor/ normal blood flow contrast rBFT/N=75±7%on day 7 with respect to day 0. Our observations suggest the combination of DCS and DOS enhances treatment monitoring compared to either technique alone. The hybrid approach also enables construction of indices reflecting tissue metabolic rate of oxygen, which may provide new insights about therapy mechanisms. © 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engi-
IL-22 is involved in liver regeneration after hepatectomy

Hepatocyte proliferation following partial hepatectomy is an important component of liver regeneration, and recent in vitro studies have shown that IL-22 is involved in cellular proliferation in a variety of cell types, including hepatocytes. IL-22 functions through IL-10Rβ and IL-22Rα. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential role of IL-22 in liver regeneration after 70% hepatectomy. Following 70% hepatectomy, done under general anesthesia in mice, serum IL-22 and hepatic IL-22Rα mRNA were significantly increased. Although administration of exogenous IL-22 prior to hepatectomy did not increase hepatocyte proliferation, administration of anti-IL-22 antibody before hepatectomy did significantly decrease hepatocyte proliferation. Furthermore, IL-22 treatment prior to 70% hepatectomy induced stat-3 activation; no significant changes were seen in ERK1/2 activation, stat-1 activation, or stat-5 activation. IL-22 pretreatment also significantly increased hepatic and serum IL-6 levels. In addition, animals treated with anti-IL-22 antibody also expressed less TGF-α. In conclusion, these data suggest that IL-22 is involved in liver regeneration and this may be due to interaction with IL-6 and TGF-α cascades.
Radiolocation using AM broadcast signals: The role of signal propagation irregularities

We have previously demonstrated that carrier phase measurements of the ubiquitous AM broadcast signals can be used for instantaneous radiolocation. The positioning accuracy, however, depends on how well the signal propagation characteristics can be modeled. In this paper, the signal propagation issues relevant to radiolocation are reviewed and empirical data on phase perturbation are presented. An AM radiolocation system, though not nearly as susceptible as GPS to tropospheric, ionospheric, and multipath errors, has its own set of challenges that include: ground property fluctuation, skywave interference, phase perturbation caused by nearby conductors, and phase variation caused by directional transmitter antennas. In this paper, the effects of these error sources are quantified using experimental results and two models are developed and evaluated: a ground model and a directional transmitter antenna model. Many AM stations employ multi-element directional antennas to maximize SNR to a market while minimizing interference with distant stations. Because even moderate baseline AM navigation can involve significantly varying lines-of-sight to some transmitters, a model is developed to account for the phase variation caused by this effect. The effectiveness of this model is demonstrated using experimental results. AM broadcast signals have wavelengths between 175 and 550 meters. For radiolocation purposes, the useful mode of propagation for signals with these wavelengths is groundwave, the speed of which depends on the electrical properties of the ground. Ground properties vary with time at a given place mainly due to groundwater fluctuations. In most areas, however, ground properties are constant enough to make modeling productive. A groundwave propagation model is developed and shown to significantly improve positioning performance over a wide area. At night when the D-layer of the ionosphere recombines, signals in the AM band reflect off the ionosphere enabling so-called skywave propagation. Because of the uncertain geometry of the reflection, the skywave component of a received signal is difficult to account for. To quantify this effect, the results of similar experiments, conducted at noon and at midnight, are compared. Many things we encounter in our modern world perturb measurements of AM carrier phase. Overhead and underground utilities are particularly insidious because they consist of vast interconnected conductor networks. The phase perturbations caused by the collection of conductors that are typically hung from power poles are experimentally quantified.
Non-Linear Coherent Mode Interactions and the Control of Shear Layers

A non-linear integral formulation, based on local linear stability considerations, is used to study the collective interactions between discrete wave-modes associated with large-scale structures and the mean flow in a developing shear layer. Aspects of shear layer control are examined in light of the sensitivity of these interactions to the initial frequency parameter, modal energy contents and modal phases. Manipulation of the large-scale structure is argued to be an effective means of controlling the flow, including the small-scale turbulence dominatedregionfar downstream. Cases of fundamental, lst and 2nd subharmonic forcing are discussed in conjunction with relevant experiments.
Improved data reduction for the deep-hole method of residual stress measurement

This paper describes an improved data reduction scheme for the deep-hole method of residual stress measurement. The deep-hole method uses the changes in diameter of a reference hole, drilled through the thickness of a component, to determine residual stress. The diameter changes result from the removal of a cylindrical core from the component, where the core is larger than and concentric with the reference hole. The new data reduction seeks to determine the unknown eigenstrain distribution that gives rise to the residual stress state and to the reference hole deformations; once the eigenstrain distribution is found, it is input to an elastic finite element analysis to provide the residual stress distribution in the original component. The new data reduction relies on expressing the unknown eigenstrain field in a polynomial basis, and finding the unknown basis function amplitudes from the measured reference hole diameter changes. The new data reduction is compared with the current technique, and it is shown that the proposed scheme offers several advantages to the current method of data reduction.
Change in rape narratives during exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder

This paper presents a coding system developed to explore changes in narratives of rape during therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involving repeated reliving and recounting of the trauma. Relationships between narrative categories hypothesized to be affected by the treatment and treatment outcome were also examined. As hypothesized, narrative length increased from pre- to post-treatment, percentage of actions and dialogue decreased and percentage of thoughts and feelings increased, particularly thoughts reflecting attempts to organize the trauma memory. Also as expected, increase in organized thoughts was correlated negatively with depression. While indices of fragmentation did not significantly decrease during therapy, the hypothesized correlation between decrease in fragmentation and reduction in trauma-related symptoms was detected.
Genuinity Signatures: Designing Signatures for Verifying 3D Object Genuinity

D computer graphics models and digitally-controlled manufacturing have come together to enable the design, visualiza- tion, simulation, and automated creation of complex 3D objects. In our work, we propose and implement a framework for designing computer graphics objects and digitally manufacturing them such that no adversary can make imitations or coun- terfeit copies of the physical object, even if the adversary has a large number of original copies of the object, knowledge of the original object design, and has manufacturing precision that is comparable to or superior to that of the legitimate creator of the object. Our approach is to design and embed a signature on the surface of the object which acts as a certificate of genuini- ty of the object. The signature is detectable by a signature-reading device, based on methods in computer graphics and com- puter vision, which contains some of the secret information that was used when marking the physical object. Further, the compromise of a signature-reading device by an adversary who is able to extract all its secrets, does not enable the adversary to create counterfeit objects that fool other readers, thereby still enabling reliable copy detection. We implemented a proto- type of our scheme end-to-end, including the production of the physical object and the genuinity-testing device. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3 (Computer Graphics), I.3.3 (Picture/Image Gen- eration), I.3.7 (Three-dimensional Graphics and Realism), I.4.1 (Digitization and Image Capture).
Low-trunk epiphytic ferns on tree ferns versus angiosperms in Costa Rica

Abstract We studied the occurrence of epiphytic ferns on the lower trunks of two kinds of hosts: tree ferns and angiosperms. The study was conducted in Costa Rica at the La Selva Biological Field Station (50 m elev.), Las Cruces Biological Field Station (1200 m), Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve (1500 m), and Cuerici Biological Field Station (2600 m). At each site, 20 tree fern trunks with a root mantle were sampled for epiphytes up to a height of 3 m, and the same was done for the nearest angiosperm trunk of similar diameter at breast height (DBH). A total of 106 species of epiphytic ferns was found at all of the study sites; none occurred more frequently on angiosperm trunks, but 11 occurred more frequently on tree ferns. Seven of the 11 species were entirely restricted to tree ferns, whereas the other 4 also occurred on angiosperms. Tree ferns had a significantly higher number of epiphytic species than angiosperms, averaging (depending on the site) 3–5 species, whereas angiosperms averaged 1 or 2. Epiph...
Modeling and Analysis of Energy Consumption for RF Transceivers in Wireless Cellular Systems

In this paper, a comprehensive model has been provided to study the energy consumption of wireless cellular devices, by analyzing the relationship between the modulation order and energy consumption of the power amplifier (PA) and other circuits in radio frequency transceivers. Two types of energy consumption for PAs are studied in detail: transmitted energy, which is provided to the antenna to transmit data, and energy dissipated as a heat. First, the transmitted energy is studied along with different modulation orders for different distances between the transmitter and receiver. Next, the dissipated energy with all corresponding parameters such as peak to average ratio (PAR) and the drain efficiency of the PA is discussed. Other circuits are examined to show that the energy of these circuits--unlike other models in the literature--change with modulation order. The results reinforce the idea that increasing the modulation order leads to higher energy consumption in the RF transceiver for large distance. The results also show that the energy dissipated due to PAR and drain efficiency is larger than the transmitted energy.
Oncological outcomes of partial nephrectomy for renal carcinoma greater than 4 cm

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide the clinical evidence and benefits of performing partial nephrectomy for renal tumors greater than 4 cm. RECENT FINDINGS Partial nephrectomy was historically performed only for the essential indications of a tumor in a functional or anatomical solitary kidney or in the face of bilateral renal tumors. Partial nephrectomy has now emerged as an oncologically equivalent operation to radical nephrectomy for T1a tumors (<4 cm) with the added benefit of renal functional preservation which can prevent or delay the onset of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is an independent risk factor for hospitalization events, cardiovascular disease, and worse overall survival. Recent evidence has demonstrated that partial nephrectomy also provides equivalent oncological results for larger renal tumors including those of 4-7 cm and even for greater than 7 cm, whenever technically feasible with the continued added benefit of renal functional preservation. Partial nephrectomy is effectively performed using both open surgical techniques and increasingly by minimally invasive approaches although the latter is technically challenging. SUMMARY Despite the mounting clinical evidence that partial nephrectomy is an effective and preferable approach to the T1 renal mass, it remains markedly underutilized in the USA and abroad. The overzealous use of radical nephrectomy for the T1 renal mass, by whatever surgical approach, must now be considered detrimental to the long-term health of the kidney tumor patient.
Towards Quantitative Measurements of Soot Concentrations in Strongly Sooting Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames

Two-dimensional laser-induced incandescence has been used to quantify soot properties in strongly sooting turbulent nonpremixed flames fueled by ethylene and JP-8 surrogate, despite strong laser attenuation and signal trapping.
Energetic Electron Beam Induced Recrystallization of Ion Implantation Damage in Semiconductors

Isolated amorphous zones produced in GaAs, GaP, Si, and Ge by the implantation of 50 keV Kr+ or Xe+ ions have been induced to recrystallize under the influence of the electron beam in the transmission electron microscope. This effect has been investigated as a function of electron irradiation temperature and beam energy in the TEM. Temperature effects were investigated through irradiations performed at 30 and 300 K. The electron energies used ranged from 50‐300 keV in the 300 K experiments and 200 keV electrons were used at 30 K. p]Recovery was induced in all of the materials even at electron energies below the threshold displacement energy indicating production of point defects within the crystalline material is not required to induce regrowth. In GaAs and GaP, recovery occurred for all electron energies studied, down to 50 keV. In Si, the beam induced regrowth rate approaches zero at an energy of 80 keV with the recovery rate increasing with increasing electron energy. At 30 K, the 200 keV electron beam induced recrystallization in all cases studied (GaAs, GaP, and Si).
Killing Miranda Slowly

The Self-Incrimination Clause of the Fifth Amendment was put into place to protect individual rights against self-incrimination. In 1966, in a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court decided the landmark case, Miranda v. Arizona 2. When the Supreme Court decided Miranda, it was the aim of the Court to protect criminal defendants’ Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination. It was the aim of the Court to protect individuals from making confessions coerced by the police. Overtime, the Court has adopted exceptions to Miranda making it legal for law enforcement to exclude Miranda when questioning a suspect. Those exceptions include the following: (1) public safety exception; (2) traffic stops; and (3) undercover agents or confidential informants. These exceptions give law enforcement the authority to question a suspect without reading him his Miranda rights. Consequently, the Court is giving law enforcement the authority to disregard a right afforded by the Constitution. This article discusses one of those exceptions created by the United States Supreme Court. Part I of this case note will explore the historical development of the Self-Incrimination Clause. Part II will discuss the holding in Miranda v. Arizona and when it should be implied. Part III will also explore the Court’s designation of Miranda as a constitutional rule in Dickerson v. United States. Part IV discusses the development of the public-safety exception in Quarles. Finally, part V provides an analysis of the Court’s holding in New York v. Quarles and the constitutionality of the public-safety exception.
The jaundiced newborn infant and the dogfish.

Transient unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which occurs in almost all newborns, is usually not a serious problem; however, when additional factors such as hemolysis, infection, prematurity, etc., are superimposed on it, this benign disorder becomes a lethal one.Glucuronyl transferase probably plays a critical role in this disorder. Syndromes are presented which result in lifelong deficiency of this enzyme or inhibition of its activity. Also reported are results of studies of pigment metabolism in the spiny dogfish which indicate that this primitive fish has a mechanism by which unconjugated bilirubin may be excreted in the bile.
Study on the detection rate of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and its influencing factors in the community

Objective To explore the detection rate of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus(DM) and the influencing factors, and to provide the basic data for intervening in DM of community. Methods The simple random sampling method was used to select 627 cases with DM from data of the Pilot Project of Community Prevention and Control of Chronic Disease in Fuzhou City, 627 cases with DM were divided into two groups according to complications: DCP group(413 cases) and non-DCP group(214 cases). Awareness, treatment and control rates between the two groups were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of DM complications. Results The results indicated that 65.87% of the DM patients had complications. The detection rate of hypertension was the highest, the detection rate of dyslipidemia came second. The awareness rate(69.5%) in DCP group was significantly higher than that(58.4%) in non-DCP group, but the control rate(8.7%) in DCP group was significantly lower than that(14.5%) in non-DCP group. The multi factor regression analysis showed DM duration(4 years),fasting plasma glucose(7.0 mmol/L), HbA1C(6.0%), walking time(280 min/w), compliance behavior, water intake(1 200ml/d), carbonhydrates intake(250 g/d) and salt intake(6 g/d) were correlated negatively with chronic complications of DM, age(50 years old), BMI(24.0 kg/m2), A type of personality and animal oil intake(25 g/d) were correlated positively with chronic complications of DM. Conclusion The detected rate of DM complications in the community is high and the occurrence of DM complications is related with life style.
Nativity, Country of Education, and Mexican‐Origin Women's Breastfeeding Behaviors in the First 10 Months Postpartum

Background Breastfeeding is associated with numerous health benefits for the infant and mother. Latina women in the United States have historically had high overall rates of initiation and duration of breastfeeding. However, these rates vary by nativity and time lived in the United States. Exclusive breastfeeding patterns among Latina women are unclear. In this study, we investigate the current and exclusive breastfeeding patterns of Mexican-origin women at four time points from delivery to 10 months postpartum to determine the combined association of nativity and country of education with breastfeeding duration and supplementation. Methods Data are from the Postpartum Contraception Study, a prospective cohort study of postpartum women ages 18–44 recruited from three hospitals in Austin and El Paso, Texas. We included Mexican-origin women who were born in either the United States or Mexico in the analytic sample (n = 593). Results Women completing schooling in Mexico had higher rates of overall breastfeeding throughout the study period than women educated in the United States, regardless of country of birth. This trend held in multivariate models while diminishing over time. Women born in Mexico who completed their schooling in the United States were least likely to exclusively breastfeed. Discussion Country of education should also be considered when assessing Latina women's risk for breastfeeding discontinuation. Efforts should be made to identify the barriers and facilitators to breastfeeding among US-educated Mexican-origin women to enhance existing breastfeeding promotion efforts in the United States.
Efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes featuring nanometre-sized crystallites

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials are emerging as highly attractive semiconductors for use in optoelectronics. In addition to their use in photovoltaics, perovskites are promising for realizing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their high colour purity, low non-radiative recombination rates and tunable bandgap. Here, we report highly efficient perovskite LEDs enabled through the formation of self-assembled, nanometre-sized crystallites. Large-group ammonium halides added to the perovskite precursor solution act as a surfactant that dramatically constrains the growth of 3D perovskite grains during film forming, producing crystallites with dimensions as small as 10 nm and film roughness of less than 1 nm. Coating these nanometre-sized perovskite grains with longer-chain organic cations yields highly efficient emitters, resulting in LEDs that operate with external quantum efficiencies of 10.4% for the methylammonium lead iodide system and 9.3% for the methylammonium lead bromide system, with significantly improved shelf and operational stability. Perovskite nanocrystal LEDs featuring long-chain ammonium cations offer improved stability and efficiency.
Application of Computer Axial Tomography (CAT) to measuring crop canopy geometry

The feasibility of using the principles of computer axial topography (CAT) to quantify the structure of crop canopies was investigated because six variables are needed to describe the position-orientation with time of a small piece of canopy foliage. Several cross sections were cut through the foliage of healthy, green corn and soybean canopies in the dent and full pod development stages, respectively. A photograph of each cross section representing the intersection of a plane with the foliage was enlarged and the air-foliage boundaries delineated by the plane were digitized. A computer program was written and used to reconstruct the cross section of the canopy. The approach used in applying optical computer axial tomography to measuring crop canopy geometry shows promise of being able to provide needed geometric information for input data to canopy reflectance models. The difficulty of using the CAT scanner to measure large canopies of crops like corn is discussed and a solution is proposed involving the measurement of plants one at a time.
Molecular dynamics analysis of the aggregation propensity of polyglutamine segments

Protein misfolding and aggregation is a pathogenic feature shared among at least ten polyglutamine (polyQ) neurodegenerative diseases. While solvent-solution interaction is a key factor driving protein folding and aggregation, the solvation properties of expanded polyQ tracts are not well understood. By using GPU-enabled all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of polyQ monomers in an explicit solvent environment, this study shows that solvent-polyQ interaction propensity decreases as the lengths of polyQ tract increases. This study finds a predominance in long-distance interactions between residues far apart in polyQ sequences with longer polyQ segments, that leads to significant conformational differences. This study also indicates that large loops, comprised of parallel β-structures, appear in long polyQ tracts and present new aggregation building blocks with aggregation driven by long-distance intra-polyQ interactions. Finally, consistent with previous observations using coarse-grain simulations, this study demonstrates that there is a gain in the aggregation propensity with increased polyQ length, and that this gain is correlated with decreasing ability of solvent-polyQ interaction. These results suggest the modulation of solvent-polyQ interactions as a possible therapeutic strategy for treating polyQ diseases.
Abstract 15552: Risk Factors for Postnatal Surgery in the Fetus With Borderline Small Left Heart

Background: The presence of mild to moderate hypoplasia of left sided structures in the fetus is commonly observed, but predictors for the need for single ventricle palliation have not been defined. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate echocardiographic features associated with the need for any postnatal surgery, and specifically for single ventricle palliation in fetuses with mild to moderate aortic valve hypoplasia. Methods: We reviewed all fetal echocardiograms performed at Results: A total of 48 fetuses were identified. Postnatally, 29 underwent cardiac surgery; 12 had aortic arch advancement, 11 had coarctation repair, and 6 required stage I single ventricle palliation. There were 11 postnatal deaths; 4 required stage I palliation prior to death, one would have required stage I palliation but was placed on comfort care, and 6 had significant non-cardiac anomalies who were not surgical candidates. The strongest independent variable associated with outcome was a novel measurement of prenatal aortic valve z-score plus mitral valve z-score (AMZ). An AMZ cutoff of -4.4 was 91% sensitive and 80% specific for survival without surgery (area under curve = 0.876, p Conclusion: AMZ is a novel measurement associated with outcomes in fetuses with mild to moderate aortic valve hypoplasia; AMZ scores using cutoffs of -6.4 and -4.4 are useful in predicting stage I palliation and survival without surgery, respectively. AMZ may be helpful in prenatal counseling.
CHAPTER 320 – Role of Alternative Splicing During the Cell Cycle and Programmed Cell Death

This chapter summarizes some of the progress made in the past years on pre-mRNA splicing regulation, focusing on genes involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and cell cycle control. Alternative splicing plays an important role in gene expression in metazoan organisms. By the mid-1980s, it was estimated that 5% of genes in higher eukaryotes might be subject to alternative splicing. However, recent genome-wide analyses involving computational identification of alternative splicing frequencies indicate that 35–60% of human genes give rise to at least one alternatively spliced form. These findings suggest a significant role for alternative splicing in both the generation of protein diversity and also the control of gene expression. Negative regulatory sequences also exist, and seem to interact with hnRNP proteins as well as SR proteins, and also participate in splicing regulation. Therefore, splicing control can be achieved by coordination between positive and negative regulatory elements in the pre-mRNA and the variation or activity of individual SR proteins in cells. Phosphorylation of splicing factors has been demonstrated to influence premRNA splicing and thus likely also contributes to splicing regulation.
Do privacy and security regulations need a status update? Perspectives from an intergenerational survey.

Background The importance of health privacy protections in the era of the “Facebook Generation” has been called into question. The ease with which younger people share personal information about themselves has led to the assumption that they are less concerned than older generations about the privacy of their information, including health information. We explored whether survey respondents’ views toward health privacy suggest that efforts to strengthen privacy protections as health information is moved online are unnecessary. Methods Using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk), which is well-known for recruitment for survey research, we distributed a 45-item survey to individuals in the U.S. to assess their perspectives toward privacy and security of online and health information, social media behaviors, use of health and fitness devices, and demographic information. Results 1310 participants (mean age: 36 years, 50% female, 78% non-Hispanic white, 54% college graduates or higher) were categorized by generations: Millennials, Generation X, and Baby Boomers. In multivariate regression models, we found that generational cohort was an independent predictor of level of concern about privacy and security of both online and health information. Younger generations were significantly less likely to be concerned than older generations (all P 0.05). Limitations This study is limited by the non-representativeness of our sample. Conclusions Though Millennials reported lower levels of concern about privacy and security, this was not related to internet or social media behaviors, and majorities within all generations reported concern about both the privacy and security of their health information. Thus, there is no intergenerational imperative to relax privacy and security standards, and it would be advisable to take privacy and security of health information more seriously.