cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responsivity and Transient Response of 1.5 µm-Infrared Si Photodiodes Fabricated in a CMOS Line

CMOS-compatible, Si waveguide photodiodes, exhibit responsivity of 0.33 to 21 A W-1and have transient response from <12 to 16 ps when exposed to 1.5-µm radiation. The diode’s characteristics depend upon processing and bias voltage.
Iron stress response of three peach rootstock cultivars: Ferric‐iron reduction capacity 1

Abstract Three peach rootstocks were evaluated for their capacity to reduce ferric‐iron (Fe3+) after iron‐stress treatment. Neither of the rootstocks with tolerance to iron (Fe) chlorosis [Titan1 x Nemaguard (Prunus dulcis (all.) D. A. Webb x Prunus persica (Batsch) L.] nor ‘Montclar’ (P. persica) showed consistently higher Fe‐stress induced Fe3+ reduction/g root fresh weight (RFW) compared to the less tolerant rootstock Nemaguard [(P. persica)]. However, non‐stressed ‘Titan’ x Nemaguard (TNG) showed higher leaf chlorophyll content than both ‘Montclar’ (MC) and Nemaguard (NG) and higher mean Fe3+ reduction by root released reductants than Nemaguard. The reduction rate by root released reductants was approximately 22–34% for NG, 15% for MC, and 29% by TNG. ‘Titan’ x Nemaguard and Montclar maintained better root growth (i.e., had less root necrosis) under Fe‐stress than NG which resulted in greater Fe3+ reduction per plant. This indicates that the maintenance of a greater root surface area during Fe‐stress ...
The Search for Dark Matter via Gamma Rays from Astronomical Sources Using EGRET and GLAST

EGRET, aboard NASA's CGRO satellite, has made important contributions to establishing limits on WIMP dark matter in the galaxy. This paper will review these EGRET results. Based on past limits and theoretical estimates, future potential dark matter results from GLAST are projected.
Molecular dynamics simulations in biology.

Molecular dynamics—the science of simulating the motions of a system of particles—applied to biological macromolecules gives the fluctuations in the relative positions of the atoms in a protein or in DNA as a function of time. Knowledge of these motions provides insights into biological phenomena such as the role of flexibility in ligand binding and the rapid solvation of the electron transfer state in photosynthesis. Molecular dynamics is also being used to determine protein structures from NMR, to refine protein X-ray crystal structures faster from poorer starting models, and to calculate the free energy changes resulting from mutations in proteins.
A processing theory of alexithymia

This paper presents a processing theory of alexithymia in terms of failure of report across the components of emotional processing and the nature of explicit and implicit knowledge. The typical features of alexithymia (e.g., failure of cue recognition, flattened expression, inability to articulate emotional states) correspond to disruptions at the interfaces of components in emotional processing. The output of various components of emotional processing requires explicit representations in a variety of forms: it is these structured outputs which have suggested to some that alexithymia is a deficit of awareness or of emotional representations in working memory. This combination of information transfer and explicit/implicit knowledge leads to clarifications of the nature of alexithymia, the severity of the syndrome, and methods of measurement and intervention. These insights in turn suggest a broader consideration of alexithymia in terms of the vocabulary of cognitive science.
Flow-cytometric analysis of DNA content in postmortem tissue

In order to determine the heterogeneity of ploidy in disseminated cancer, we assessed the suitability of postmortem tissue for flow-cytometric analysis of cellular DNA content. Forty tissue samples from various tumor-bearing sites in 12 patients with widely metastatic cancer were analyzed. In eight cases studied there was a single unimodal ploidy level in all disease sites studied. The remaining four cases revealed bimodal tumor populations present in different proportions in the various sites studied. No difference in ploidy could be detected between irradiated and nonirradiated sites in patients who had received radiation therapy. Samples taken from normal tissues all revealed diploid DNA content, suggesting that DNA fluorescence is not altered in the immediate postmortem period. Systematic analysis of cellular DNA content in autopsy material is feasible and may contribute to our understanding of patterns of metastatic spread in patients with cancer.
How big, how bad, how often: are extreme events accounted for in modern seismic hazard analyses?

The occurrence of several recent “extreme” earthquakes with their significant loss of life and the apparent failure to have been prepared for such disasters has raised the question of whether such events are accounted for in modern seismic hazard analyses. In light of the great 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, were the questions of “how big, how bad, and how often” addressed in probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA) in Japan, one of the most earthquake-prone but most earthquake-prepared countries in the world? The guidance on how to properly perform PSHAs exists but may not be followed for a whole range of reasons, not all technical. One of the major emphases of these guidelines is that it must be recognized that there are significant uncertainties in our knowledge of earthquake processes and these uncertainties need to be fully incorporated into PSHAs. If such uncertainties are properly accounted for in PSHA, extreme events can be accounted for more often than not. This is not to say that no surprises will occur. That is the nature of trying to characterize a natural process such as earthquake generation whose properties also have random (aleatory) uncertainties. It must be stressed that no PSHA is ever final because new information and data need to be continuously monitored and addressed, often requiring an updated PSHA.
Diffractive lenses utilizing orthogonal cylindrical Fresnel zone plates

The curved fringes that exist in spherical diffractive lenses present problems in terms of the computational cost of fracturing the curved fringes into e-beam acceptable shapes, and the fact that the resulting minimum fringe width is limited to several ebeam spot widths. Using orthogonal cylindrical diffractive lenses (OCDL), both of these problems can be overcome because the e-beam data is made up entirely of rectangles. OCDLs also allow different focal lengths in the X and Y directions for new applications. The design and fabrication of OCDLs is presented, along with experimental results.
A comparison of behavioral interventions reported in treatment studies and programs for adults with developmental disabilities.

Abstract This study examined the frequency with which behavioral interventions reported in the research literature were being incorporated into residential treatment programs addressing identical skill deficits. A sample of 113 research articles involving 299 subjects and a corresponding sample of 299 adaptive skil programs implemented in state-funded facilities were reviewed. Information was collected about subject attributes, target behaviors, types of intervention, and alternative instructional techniques. Chi-square analyses revealed significant differences between researchers and clinicians in the categories of adaptive and maladaptive behavior targeted as well as the behavioral interventions reported. Disparities were also found in treatment implementation practices including the use of task analysis, instruction in the natural environment, teaching of replacement skills, and the functional analysis of behavior. These differences are discussed in light of federal regulations governing practices in state-funded facilities as well as current research trends.
Phosphorus loading to Lake Erie from the Maumee, Sandusky and Cuyahoga rivers: The importance of bioavailability

Abstract Lake Erie has undergone re-eutrophication beginning in the 1990s, even though total phosphorus (TP) loads to the lake continued to slowly decline. Using our 1982 and 2007–10 studies of the bioavailability of dissolved and particulate phosphorus export from major Ohio tributaries, together with our long-term TP and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loading data, we estimated long-term annual export of dissolved and particulate bioavailable phosphorus. DRP was found to adequately represent dissolved bioavailable export while 26–30% of the particulate phosphorus (PP) was extractable by 0.1 N NaOH, a frequently used indicator of PP bioavailability. During the period of re-eutrophication (1991–2012), DRP export from nonpoint sources in the Maumee and Sandusky rivers increased dramatically while NaOH-PP export had a slight decline for the Maumee and a small increase in the Sandusky. For the Cuyahoga River, both DRP and NaOH-PP increased, but these changes were small in relation to those of the Maumee and Sandusky. During this period, whole lake loading of both non-point and point sources of phosphorus declined. This study indicates that increased nonpoint loading of DRP is an important contributing factor to re-eutrophication. Although nonpoint control programs in the Maumee and Sandusky have been effective in reducing erosion and PP export, these programs have been accompanied by increased DRP export. Future target loads for Lake Erie should focus on reducing bioavailable phosphorus, especially DRP from nonpoint sources. Agricultural P load reduction programs should address both DRP and PP, and take into account the lower bioavailability of PP.
"Special delivery" to cancer cells.

Despite 20 years of clinical trials, systemically administered interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces clinical responses in only a very small minority of patients with only a few types of cancer. Based on the assumption that the results are limited largely by inadequate concentrations of IL-2 at the tumor
Conference on Magnetospheric Ionospheric Coupling

The magnetospheric-Ionospheric Coupling (MIC) Conference was held on February 6–8, 1974, at the Ahwahnee Hotel amid the magnificence of Yosemite National Park. The Conference was organized so as to keep the final attendance to a manageable number (less than 100) who were directly involved in the conference topic. By keeping the number of attendees down, we were able to achieve a maximum interchange of ideas. The daily schedule was set up to give a reasonable mixture between the lecture and discussion periods and the recreational and leisure time. This approach was quite successful and created an atmosphere in which the attendees could exchange ideas on both a formal and an informal basis. The Yosemite location furnished the combined benefits of a somewhat secluded spot with the incomparable beauty of the park surroundings. This combination served to keep the spirits of the participants high and contributed significantly to the success of the conference.
Pioneers in AIDS care--reflections on the epidemic's early years.

In July, 17 doctors gathered in New York to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first reported AIDS cases. They listened to an oral history documenting the U.S. epidemic. Ronald Bayer and Gerald Oppenheimer discuss the July meeting, the shared memories of the darkest years, the exhilaration of the first prospects for effective treatment, and concern about who will step in to care for future patients.
Xenopus TFIIIA Gene Transcription Is Dependent on cis-Element Positioning and Chromatin Structure

The Xenopus TFIIIA gene is transcribed very efficiently in oocytes. In addition to a TATA element at −30, we show that from −425 to +7 the TFIIIA gene contains only two positive cis elements centered at −267 (element 1) and −230 (element 2). This arrangement of the cis elements in the TFIIIA gene is striking because these two elements are positioned very close to each other yet separated from the TATA element by approximately 190 nucleotides. We show that the 190-nucleotide spacing between the TATA element and the upstream cis elements (elements 1 and 2) is critical for efficient transcription of the gene in oocytes and that a nucleosome is positioned in this intervening region. This nucleosome may act positively on TFIIIA transcription in oocytes by placing transcription factors bound at elements 1 and 2 in a favorable position relative to the transcription complex at the TATA element.
Use of generalized Taylor series expansion

Presents a class of orthonormal basis functions which is based on a generalization of the Taylor series expansion. Several examples are given showing the capabilities of this class of expansion for applications in exponential approximation. The generalized Taylor series expansion (known as the Burmann series) is also shown to be useful in representing dilated and translated versions of a signal with little error using a single function. The Burmann expansion is also shown to be useful in providing an alternative approach to the wavelet and Gabor transform. It is more efficient than the ordinary power series in small term approximations to exponential signals. >
Product development cycle time and commercial success

Proponents of time-based competition argue that a firm will be most successful if its development times are shorter and products generated faster than its competitors. Intensive research in one firm shows that rapid development times are not correlated with expected commercial success, and that forcing rapid development when technological and market uncertainties are high may produce failure. Difficulties in technology integration, which occur when multiple core technologies must be combined, slow the speed of developing new products. New channels of distribution will also extend the time required to develop and bring new products to market. Shortened cycle times may be associated with commercial success, but to pursue reduced cycle time in isolation from underlying organizational and technical foundations will not lead to improved performance. These foundations include the longer term development and renewal of functional product architectures and manufacturing processes from which specific products can be efficiently and rapidly synthesized, as well as a product planning and control system that reaches beyond single product, single period thinking. Without these, the effort to drive down cycle time may drive the firm out of business.
Satellite remote sensing of sea-ice thickness and kinematics: a review

Observations of sea-ice thickness and kinematics are essential for understanding changes in sea-ice mass balance, interactions between the ice cover and the ocean and atmosphere and for improving projections of sea-ice response in a warming climate. These parameters are not directly observable with current sensor technology, but are derived from satellite altimetry and imagery. While there is progress in the retrievals of Arctic sea-ice thickness from satellite altimetry, approaches to address Southern Ocean ice thickness require additional attention. On the other hand, procedures to derive sea-ice motion from satellite imagery are more mature and better understood and have been employed to produce useful results for more than a decade. Adequate sampling of sub-daily ice motion, however, remains a challenge. Generally, satellite instruments provide large-scale coverage but the frequency of temporal sampling is limited by orbit characteristics. In this review, I focus on the approaches, uncertainties, sampling limitations and validation issues associated with the estimation of sea-ice thickness and motion. I provide a summary of current and anticipated capabilities for monitoring sea-ice thickness and kinematics from space. The prospects for continuing these measurements into the next decade, from a satellite remote-sensing perspective, are discussed.
Phenolic Michael Reaction Acceptors: Combined Direct and Indirect Antioxidant Defenses Against Electrophiles and Oxidants

The implications of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many chronic human diseases has led to the widely accepted view that low molecular weight antioxidants could be beneficial and postpone or even prevent these diseases. Small molecules of either plant or synthetic origins, which contain Michael acceptor functionalities (olefins or acetylenes conjugated to electron-withdrawing groups) protect against the toxicity of oxidants and electrophiles indirectly, i.e., by inducing phase 2 cytoprotective enzymes. Some of these molecules, e.g., flavonoid and curcuminoid analogues that have phenolic hydroxyl groups in addition to Michael acceptor centers, are also potent direct antioxidants, and may therefore be appropriately designated: bifunctional antioxidants. By use of spectroscopic methods we identified phenolic chalcone and bis(benzylidene)acetone analogues containing one or two Michael acceptor groups, respectively, as very efficient scavengers of two different types of radicals: (a) the nitrogen-centered 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+) radical cation, and (b) the oxygen-centered galvinoxyl (phenoxyl) radical. The most potent scavengers are those also bearing hydroxyl substituents on the aromatic ring(s) at the ortho-position(s). The initial reaction velocities are very rapid and concentration-dependent. In the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, the same compounds coordinately increase the intracellular levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase, and thioredoxin reductase. Thus, such bifunctional antioxidants could exert synergistic protective effects against oxidants and electrophiles which represent the principal biological hazards by: (i) scavenging hazardous oxidants directly and immediately; and (ii) inducing the phase 2 response to prevent and resolve the consequences of hazardous processes that are already in progress, i.e., acting indirectly, but with much more diverse and long-lasting effects.
Deep Phylogeny and Character Evolution in Thecostraca (Crustacea: Maxillopoda)

The thecostracans include the Facetotecta, Ascothoracida, and Cirripedia and show great diversity in both morphology and biology. This makes them ideal models for studying evolutionary adaptations of the larval and adult body-plan, lifestyle, and reproduction. Surprisingly, despite all the work published since Darwin's seminal monographs, few studies have tested evolutionary hypotheses about Thecostraca within a phylogenetic context. In this review, we combine a Bayesian phylogenetic method and multilocus sequence data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of 12 key thecostracan phenotypic traits associated with their lifecycle, larval biology, reproduction, and adult morphology. Our analyses show that thecostracan biological diversity resulted both from unique innovations and from events of convergence. This provides an opportunity to reevaluate previous classifications of the Thecostraca and the theories relating to the origin and diversification of this taxon.
Sum-of-products variables: a methodological critique.

Sum-of-products variables are integral to testing certain psychological theories (e. g., the theory of reasoned action). A sum-of-products variable is a total score computed by multiplying the scores for corresponding items from two scales and then adding the products. This type of variable is associated with methodological difficulties, however. The purpose of this article is to discuss certain methodological issues associated with the use of sum-of-products variables in health-related research. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Union of forces advances myeloma care

In this issue of Blood , Richardson et al report on a landmark treatment regimen for newly diagnosed myeloma patients that for the first time combines lenalidomide and bortezomib. This effort required a team approach comprising 2 competing pharmaceutical companies (joining forces to study this
Manuel Fernández y González y la pervivencia posromántica de las comedias de capa y espada

Manuel Fernandez y Gonzalez, figura clave de mediados del siglo XIX por ser el introductor en Espana del folletin, desarrollo tambien una importante labor como dramaturgo. Su obra representa en buena medida lo que fue el teatro posromantico, un teatro profundamente anacronico que repetia hasta la saciedad esquemas teatrales superados y agotados a peticion de un publico que consumia con profusion este tipo de piezas. Tomando como ejemplo la dramaturgia de Manuel Fernandez y Gonzalez de analizara como la supervivencia de este tipo de teatro, con deudas tan profundas en el teatro del Siglo de Oro, descansa en la adaptacion de temas, recursos y motivos a los nuevos gustos de la sociedad decimononica, que si bien se sentia atraida por los valores que representaba el drama aurisecular, no podia estar totalmente su cosmovision social y politica.
Statistical, Epidemiological, and Risk-Assessment Approaches to Evaluating Safety of Vaccines Throughout the Life Cycle at the Food and Drug Administration

The public health community faces increasing demands for improving vaccine safety while simultaneously increasing the number of vaccines available to prevent infectious diseases. The passage of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Amendment Act of 2007 formalized the concept of life-cycle management of the risks and benefits of vaccines, from early clinical development through many years of use in large numbers of people. Harnessing scientific and technologic advances is necessary to improve vaccine-safety evaluation. The Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology in the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research is working to improve the FDA's ability to monitor vaccine safety by improving statistical, epidemiologic, and risk-assessment methods, gaining access to new sources of data, and exploring the use of genomics data. In this article we describe the current approaches, new resources, and future directions that the FDA is taking to improve the evaluation of vaccine safety.
MicroRNAs in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disorder. Strongly linked to obesity and diabetes, NAFLD has the characteristics of complex diseases with substantial heterogeneity. Accordingly, our ability to predict the risk of advanced NAFLD and provide efficient treatment may improve by a better understanding of the relationship between genotype and phenotype. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a major role in the fine-tuning of gene expression and they have recently emerged as novel biomarkers and therapeutic tools in the management of NAFLD. These short non-coding RNA sequences act by partial repression or degradation of targeted mRNAs. Deregulation of miRNAs has been associated with different stages of NAFLD, while their biological role in the pathogenesis remains to be fully understood. Systems biology analyses based on predicted target genes have associated hepatic miRNAs with molecular pathways involved in NAFLD progression such as cholesterol and lipid metabolism, insulin signaling, oxidative stress, inflammation, and pathways of cell survival and proliferation. Moreover, circulating miRNAs have been identified as promising noninvasive biomarkers of NAFLD and linked to disease severity. This rapidly growing field is likely to result in major advances in the pathomechanism, prognostication, and treatment of NAFLD.
Smoothened Regulation: A Tale of Two Signals

The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (Smo) is the signal transducer of the developmentally and therapeutically relevant Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Although recent structural analyses have advanced our understanding of Smo biology, several questions remain. Chief among them are the identity of its natural ligand, the regulatory processes controlling its activation, and the mechanisms by which it signals to downstream effectors. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries from multiple model systems that have set the stage for solving these mysteries. We focus on the roles of distinct Smo functional domains, post-translational modifications, and trafficking, and conclude by discussing their contributions to signal output.
The Role of the State in the Highway Program

Role of state in carrying out expanded federal-aid highway program is multiple, of initiative and cooperation, as public informer and guide, as planner of programs and developer of locations and plans, as acquirer of right of ways, as supervisor of construction, and as maintainer of finally achieved system; State Highway Departments must see that individual states get maximum benefits yet make certain state pattern fits into national system in best possible fashion.
Relation Between Axon Morphology in C1 Spinal Cord and Spatial Properties of Medial Vestibulospinal Tract Neurons in the Cat

Perlmutter, S. I., Y. Iwamoto, L. F. Barke, J. F. Baker, and B. W. Peterson. Relation between axon morphology in C1 spinal cord and spatial properties of medial vestibulospinal tract neurons in the...
Who Should Hear the Voices of Children with Disabilities: Proposed Changes in Due Process in New York's Special Education System

The proposals discussed in this article were implemented following publication. New York's then Governor Mario Cuomo proposed changes to the process by which children with disabilities secure educational rights. This article details the proposal from then Governor Mario Cuomo and outlines the positive and negative aspects of the proposed system. Furthermore, the article sets forth ideas for improving the system to provide the access to courts that is required to protect the rights of children with disabilities and to ensure impartiality of hearing officers.
Dollar General Corporation (a) Abridged

Condensed version of UVA-BP-0253 Excerpt UVA-BP-0388 DOLLAR GENERAL CORPORATION (A) ABRIDGED In February 1984, Cal Turner, Jr., 44‑year‑old president of Dollar General Corporation, was finally looking forward to returning to business as usual after the hectic pace of the past few months. The company had been understaffed even before the 1983 acquisition of 280 Hirsch stores from Interco, Inc. Now, just as the conversion of these stores to DG stores was on schedule, Interco was offering to sell DG another chain. Company Background Dollar General's roots stretched back to when J.L. Turner, Cal Jr.'s grandfather, quit school at age 11 to help support his widowed mother and three younger siblings living on a small, mortgaged farm. In his mid‑20s, J.L. went to work for a grocery and dry‑goods wholesaler. As J.L. traveled the small towns of Tennessee and Kentucky during a time “when everybody's belly was flat up against their backbone,” a fellow merchant suggested to him that the depression was forcing near-bankrupt retailers to sell their inventories for next to nothing. So J.L. began taking out short-term bank loans of $ 2,000 or $ 3,000 and buying complete inventories from hard-up merchants. He would sell the merchandise as quickly as possible and repay the bank, usually within 30 days. Financing was easy because depression-era banks were starved for good loans. J.L.'s son, Cal Turner (Sr.) was equally suited for retailing. A February 2, 1968, article in The Louisville Courier-Journal noted that, before he had graduated from Scottsville High School, Cal Sr. was already a storekeeper: . . .
Micro-timesharing within a single task

In continuous, reciprocal Fitts' Law tapping, movement timing and spatial accuracy control may be considered as two micro-tasks within an overall psychomotor task. Usually, timing demands are secondary while the spatial accuracy is stressed. In an experiment in which both timing and spatial demands were manipulated and equally important, subjects were required to divide available attention between these performance dimensions. Results are discussed in terms of current timesharing models. Language: en
DIBs, Interstellar Dust, and Extinction

The relationship between DIBs and dust is still unknown. The correlation between reddening and DIB strength means that the DIBs are mixed in with the dust and gas in interstellar clouds. The DIBs are relatively stronger in the diffuse interstellar medium than in dense clouds. There is only a weak correlation between the DIBs and the UV extinction parameters including the 2175 A bump strength and the far-UV rise. In addition, the bump dust grains are sometimes polarized, while the DIBs are not. However, observations of DIBs in the SMC show that when the 2175 A bump is weak or missing so are the DIBs. Two of the four sightlines that deviate strongly from the CCM UV extinction in the Galaxy show weak DIBs.
Enhancement of radiation response of prostatic carcinoma by taxol: Therapeutic potential for late-stage malignancy

Radiation therapy for advanced prostate cancer has dose-limiting complications and often results in limited tumor control. A combination of radiation and taxol, a potential radiation sensitizer, may enhance therapeutic efficacy at currently used individual doses. Human prostatic carcinoma lines in vitro, and Dunning rat prostatic adenocarcinoma in vivo, were treated with taxol and radiation individually, and in combination. Cytotoxicity of taxol was comparable between androgen sensitive and insensitive lines, with 50% growth inhibition at 9.6 to 12.7 nM. Combining agents increased cytotoxicity, with a dose modifying ratio of 1.8 at 0.1% survival. Flow cytometry showed an enhancement of radiation toxicity associated with taxol-induced cell cycle phase arrest at G2/M. Injection of taxol (4 mg/kg/day x 5), radiation dose fractionation (1.5 Gy/day x 5) and their combination significantly delayed Dunning tumor growth. Adverse side effects were minimal. The results imply that combination of these agents may have clinical potential in prostate cancer treatment.
PolarHub: A large-scale web crawling engine for OGC service discovery in cyberinfrastructure

Abstract The advancement of geospatial interoperability research has fostered the proliferation of geospatial resources that are shared and made publicly available on the Web. However, their increasingly availability has made the identification of the web signature of voluminous geospatial resources a major challenge. In this paper, we introduce our solution of a new cyberinfrastructure platform, the PolarHub, that conducts large-scale web crawling to discover distributed geospatial data and service resources and accomplish this goal efficiently and effectively. The PolarHub is built-upon a service-oriented architecture (SOA) and adopts Data Access Object (DAO)-based software design pattern to ensure the extendibility of the software system. The proposed meta-search-based seed selection and pattern-matching based crawling strategy facilitates the rapid resource identification and discovery through constraining the search scope on the Web. In addition, PolarHub introduces the use of advanced asynchronous communication strategy, which combines client-pull and server-push to ensure high efficiency of the crawling system. These unique design features of PolarHub enable a high performance, scalable, sustainable, collaborative, and interactive platform for active geospatial data discovery. Because of OGC's widespread adoption, OGC-compliant web services become the primary search target of PolarHub. Currently, the PolarHub system is up and running and is serving various scientific community that demands geospatial data. We consider PolarHub a significant contribution to the field of information retrieval and geospatial interoperability.
Complexity and institutional evolution

This paper shows which portions of complexity theory are most relevant for studying economic institutional evolution. This question leads to both the two main competing economics complexity theories: dynamic and computational complexity. Central to this is the concept of cumulative causation, invented by a main founder of institutional economics, Thorstein Veblen, a fact not widely recognized. This provides the basis for increasing returns, multiple equilibria, and bifurcations in the evolution of institutions. A central issue in institutional evolution involves both hierarchical emergence, with the interaction of spontaneous emergence with natural selection a central point. Recognizing these points may provide a new synthesis between the old and new institutional economics.
New York’s edTPA: The Perfect Solution to a Wrongly Identified Problem

This chapter begins with a historical interpretation of federal education policy’s ideological developments around standards, accountability, and choice as the context in which New York established its edTPA policy. From there, the chapter analyzes the State’s first and second Race to the Top applications in order to explain how the edTPA requirement, though misguided and even harmful, appears completely rational given the national framing of education policy. Viewed in this light, New York State’s edTPA adoption offers an object lesson in how, if policymakers internalize the dominant narrative, they miss the opportunity to design policies that actually support the systemic improvements they claim to seek. The chapter concludes with an alternative policy option for using the potential strengths of the edTPA.
COST-ANALYSIS OF OUTPATIENT CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN INFANTS WITH SINGLE VENTRICLE CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Background: Cardiac catheterization (CC) is performed in patients with single ventricle congenital heart disease (SVCHD) to aid in hemodynamic assessment, intervention and surgical planning. Outpatient CC reduces anxiety to patients and families and decreases cost. Given the morbidity and mortality
Direct reaction of silicon with α-ω dichloroalkanes : Direct formation of dichlorosilacyclopentane

The direct reaction of silicon with 1,4-dichlorobutane in the presence of a CuCl catalyst gives high selectivity for dichlorosilacyclopentane under some conditions. The effects of residence time, t...
Control structures for software agents

Control Structure is one of the most important issues which has to be addressed while designing and developing a software agent system. Based on the research and development of several agent systems, this thesis describes new agent architectures and a number of general principles.
Family Building by Same-Sex Male Couples via Gestational Surrogacy.

Best estimates suggest that the number of households with same-sex male couples is increasing. One option for family building by same-sex male couples is gestational surrogacy. Embryos would be generated in vitro, using the biologic father's sperm with donor oocytes, and another woman (the gestational carrier) would undergo an embryo transfer to bear a child. Conceiving via gestational surrogacy requires advance planning, not only to coordinate the oocyte donor and gestational carrier but also to comply with regulations set forth by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) has also published recommendations for practices using gestational carriers, which, in many cases, are more stringent than the FDA regulations. This article will review the FDA regulations and ASRM recommendations and their implications for same-sex male couples who plan to conceive via gestational surrogacy.
A Sociology of Millennials

This chapter starts with a discussion of the relationship between individuals and society and with marketer/psychoanalyst Clotaire Rapaille’s theory about the way children are “imprinted” by their societies between the age of one and seven. Next I deal with the ideas of Karl Mannheim who focused attention on the social origins of thought. This is followed by a discussion of Gustave LeBon’s classic book The Crowd and how his ideas relate to our interest in Millennials. This leads to a discussion the Claritas typology which posits that there are sixty-six different kinds of Americans; this suggests there are different ways of thinking about people other than in terms of generations. Next, I discuss the economic status of Millennials and the fact that while many of them are financially stressed, some of them are quite wealthy.
A brief validated screen to identify boys and girls at risk for early marijuana use

To guide recruitment, the ABCD Study requires a method for identifying children at high risk for early-onset substance use that may be utilized during the recruitment process. This study was undertaken to inform the development of a brief screen for identifying youths' risk of early-onset substance use and other adverse outcomes. To be acceptable by participants in this context, consideration of potential items was limited to child characteristics previously determined to be potentially pertinent and parental cigarette smoking. To focus the analyses on a single target substance use outcome pertinent to the stated goals of the ABCD Study, early-onset marijuana use was selected. Utilizing data collected prior to the initiation of the ABCD Study, four longitudinal data sets were used in nine secondary data analyses to test, replicate and validate a brief screening assessment for boys and girls to identify those at risk for early-onset marijuana use by ages 14-15. The combination of child externalizing problems reported by the parent (4 items: destroys things belonging to his/her family or others; disobedience at school; lying or cheating; steals outside the home) and parent smoking (1 item) proved to be the optimal screen. This was largely replicated across the four data sets. Indicators of predictive efficiency were modest in magnitude and statistically significant in 8 out of the 9 analyses. The results informed the screen's optimal threshold for identifying children at risk for early-onset marijuana use. The addition of child internalizing problems did not improve these predictions. Further analyses showed the predictive utility of the screen for several other substance use outcomes at ages 15 to 18, including alcohol and nicotine use. The results support the use of a short screening assessment to identify youth at risk for early-onset substance use in the ABCD Study and other research.
Pricing for Survival in the Biopharma Industry: A Case Study of Acthar Gel and QuestcorPharmaceuticals

Recent cases of aggressive pricing behavior in the biopharmaceutical industry have raised serious concerns among payers and policymakers about industry ethics. However, these cases should not be confused with price increases motivated by challenging business conditions that ultimately lead to greater investment in R&D and improved patient access to therapeutics. We study the example of Questcor Pharmaceuticals, which was forced to choose between increasing the price of an effective drug in 2007 and ceasing production and shutting down. We consider Questcor’s journey from inception to its acquisition in 2014, analyze the factors leading up to the price hike of its main revenue generator, Acthar Gel, and discuss its resulting impact on patients after 2007. A counterfactual financial simulation of the company’s prospects in the case where prices were not increased shows that Questcor would have become insolvent between 2008–2010.
The nature and role of liquid crystalline order in silk secretions.

Natural silks are extracellular fibers that are spun by a variety of organisms, for highly specialized applications. Their formation specifically by spinning is the single feature that distinguishes silks from other extracellular fibrous material such as hair or byssus. Spinning entails secretion of material by epithelial cells into the lumen of a gland, where it is stored in readiness for subsequent molding into fiber through an active or passive spinneret. While the majority of silks consist of protein, some examples based on chitin have been identified among cockroaches and praying mantids (Rudall 1962).
Epilogue: Perspectives on Community Archaeology

Historical archaeology has promoted dramatic changes in its felds of endeavor over the past quarter century. Theoretical sophistication, international scope, particular attention to the subaltern, and manifold engagement with living stakeholder communities now characterize the profession. This epilogue considers the history of this intellectual progression, interweaving it with consideration of the specifc contributions in this themed volume.
In-space assembly application and technology for NASA's future science observatory and platform missions

Significant developments are being made for the in-space assembly (iSA) of lightweight structures and spacecraft systems that are needed for NASA’s future science observatory and platform missions. Technology advances in autonomy, robotic manipulators, and modular architectures now make iSA and servicing possible at an acceptable risk and cost. Future in-space system capabilities will be needed for large optical observatory and science platform missions in order to assess key structural design considerations. This paper discusses possible NASA applications of iSA, capability and technology needs for telescope assembly, and emerging technologies for space systems in the future.
Do This, Not That: Important Pedagogies for Secondary School Physical Education Teachers

This article discusses five strategies that have been frequently taught to teachers, but less frequently implemented by teachers, and that impact student learning, namely: teaching skills in games ...
Review of Hochschild’s Strangers in Their Own Land and Cramer’s Politics of Resentment

Katherine J. Cramer’s The Politics of Resentment and Arlie Russell Hochschild’s Strangers in Their Own Land provide invaluable insight into rural American identity. Also, reading them can help soci...
Neurosecretion and Retinal Pigment Movement in Crustaceans

Retinal and integumentary pigment cells are two types of crustacean effectors known to be hormonally influenced by a neurosecretory product from the eyestalks. Initial studies by Hanstrom (1937) and subsequently by Brown (1940) indicated that the Sinus gland is probably the major source of chromatophore-activating substances in the crustacean eyestalk, but later investigators [Bliss, Durand and Welsh (1954), Knowles (1953), Potter (1954) ] showed histologically that a complex neurosecretory network exists in the crustacean central nervous system and that major pathways of this network from the ventral nerve cord and optic ganglia terminate in the sinus gland. The sinus gland thus appears to consist largely of the secretion-laden endings of neurones whose cell bodies might be located at some distance from the sinus gland itself. A series of tests by injection experiments supplied additional evidence that chromatophore-activating substances were present in the combined or separated optic ganglia of the eyestalk and in the ventral nerve cord as well as in the sinus gland [Bowman (1949), Brown (1950), Sandeen (1950)].
Do traditional economic theories of free riding behavior explain spatial clustering of HPV vaccine uptake

Abstract Rationale Geographic clusters of low vaccination uptake reduce the population-level efficacy of vaccination programs. However, little is known about the mechanisms that drive geographic patterns in vaccination rates. Traditional economic theory considers vaccination as a classic public good and suggests that free riding— individuals taking advantage of public goods by relying on others’ immunization behavior without contributing toward them — is a primary cause of low vaccination rates. However, behavioral economics suggests that free riding does not fully explain observed individual behavior, and the presence of both high and low clusters of vaccination rates suggest that this theory alone does not fully explain geographic patterns of vaccination. Objective We assessed geographic clustering of HPV vaccination uptake and examined the evidence for or against free riding in HPV vaccination decisions. Methods We analyzed HPV vaccination decisions of low-income adolescent females (N = 601) residing in urban neighborhoods in Dallas, Texas, USA during 2011–2012. Spatial econometric models were estimated to assess the relationship between neighborhood vaccination rates and individual vaccination decisions. Results We found a positive and significant relationship between individual HPV vaccination choices and the average neighborhood vaccination rate at the time parents were making vaccine decisions for their adolescent daughters while controlling for neighborhood sorting and other confounders. Conclusion Individuals were more likely to complete the HPV vaccination series when others in their neighborhood had already completed the series. We do not find evidence for free riding in HPV vaccination decisions.
Near-infrared optical transitions in PdSe2 phototransistors

We investigate electronic and optoelectronic properties of few-layer palladium diselenide (PdSe2) phototransistors through spatially-resolved photocurrent measurements. A strong photocurrent resonance peak is observed at 1060 nm (1.17 eV), likely attributed to indirect optical transitions in few-layer PdSe2. More interestingly, when the thickness of PdSe2 flakes increases, more and more photocurrent resonance peaks appear in the near-infrared region, suggesting strong interlayer interactions in few-layer PdSe2 help open up more optical transitions between the conduction and valence bands of PdSe2. Moreover, gate-dependent measurements indicate that remarkable photocurrent responses at the junctions between PdSe2 and metal electrodes primarily result from the photovoltaic effect when a PdSe2 phototransistor is in the off-state and are partially attributed to the photothermoelectric effect when the device turns on. We also demonstrate PdSe2 devices with a Seebeck coefficient as high as 74 μV K−1 at room temperature, which is comparable with recent theoretical predications. Additionally, we find that the rise and decay time constants of PdSe2 phototransistors are ∼156 μs and ∼163 μs, respectively, which are more than three orders of magnitude faster than previous PdSe2 work and two orders of magnitude over other noble metal dichalcogenide phototransistors, offering new avenues for engineering future optoelectronics.
Status and performance of the 0.5-NA EUV microfield exposure tool at Berkeley Lab (Conference Presentation)

To meet industry demand for EUV materials testing capabilities down to the 2 nm lithography node, the EUV Photoresist Testing Center at Berkeley Lab has been expanded to include a 8-nm resolution, 0.5-NA EUV microfield exposure system with robotic sample processing tailed for research. This paper provides an overview of the capabilities and performance of the 0.5-NA EUV exposure system and discusses printing results since user commissioning shifts began in Q2 2019.
Boards' Reactions to Accounting for Income Tax Failures

In this paper, we examine boards’ reactions to accounting for income tax (AFIT) failures compared to other types of accounting failures in an attempt to better understand AFIT and how it functions within a firm. Specifically, we investigate executive turnover decisions surrounding the announcement of AFIT control weaknesses and AFIT restatements compared to other types of control weaknesses and restatements, respectively. Relying on attribution theory and the uniqueness of AFIT, we argue and find that executive turnover is lower after AFIT control weaknesses compared to other control weaknesses and that executive turnover is higher after AFIT restatements compared to other restatements. We find no similar pattern among stock market reactions or auditor turnover, or around other types of control weaknesses and restatements. Overall, our study suggests that board perceptions of AFIT failures is different than other failures due to the unique characteristics and functions of AFIT.