cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The unification of disparate rheological measures in oscillatory shearing

Oscillatory shearing is a popular method to understand transient nonlinear rheology. Various viscoelastic metrics have been used to analyze oscillatory rheology with different perspectives. We present a translation between various viscoelastic metrics for oscillatory rheology, using the framework of sequence of physical processes (SPPs) as a basis. The relation between the SPP metrics and Fourier-based metrics, such as Fourier sine and cosine coefficients, and large and minimum strain and rate metrics is provided. The meaning of the curvature in elastic and viscous Lissajous figures is explained with the sign of the SPP viscoelastic metrics. A low dimensional interpretation of the SPP framework is presented, featuring the center, size, and orientation of a deltoid in a transient Cole-Cole plot. Finally, we show how statistical information regarding the amount of change exhibited by the SPP metrics over a period of oscillation can be used to enhance the presentation and understanding of traditionally performed amplitude sweep experiments.
Femoroacetabular impingement is more common in military veterans with end-stage hip osteoarthritis than civilian patients: a retrospective case control study

The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) between matched groups of military veterans and civilian patients with end-stage hip osteoarthritis (OA). Patients who underwent a primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2015 at a single Veteran’s Affairs Hospital were identified. Veterans were then matched 1:2 with civilian patients from our prospective outcome registry. The alpha angle and lateral center-edge angle (LCEA) were measured by a single evaluator. Independent t-tests were used to compare joint angles, and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the prevalence of cam (alpha angle ≥60°), pincer (LCEA ≥40°), or mixed-type pathologies. Twenty-one veterans were matched 1:2 with civilian patients. The mean alpha angle did not significantly differ between groups (P = 0.33) nor did the prevalence of cam deformities (P = 0.79). The LCEAs were significantly greater in veterans than in civilians (P = 0.04), and veterans also demonstrated a significantly greater prevalence of pincer and mixed-type deformities than civilians (P = 0.025 and P = 0.004, respectively). These results suggest that FAI is perhaps a more common mechanism in the progression of OA in a veteran population than in a civilian population, as pincer and mixed-type deformities were significantly more common among veterans than civilians. The forces borne by the hip during military training exceed normal physiologic conditions. In addition, the time between symptom onset and surgical correction may be 10–12 months longer for active military personnel than for civilians. The combination of increased physical demands and a protracted time to treatment highlights the need for better recognition of FAI in military members. Future studies are necessary to determine whether earlier intervention may prevent or delay the progression to end-stage OA and the need for total hip arthroplasty.
Si, SiGe, InP, III-N, and p-diamond FETs and HBTs for sub-terahertz and terahertz applications

InGaAs and GaN HEMTs, InP and SiGe HBTs, and Si MOS demonstrated an efficient detection of terahertz (THz) radiation. The detection mechanism is the rectification of the decaying oscillations of plasma waves. These devices have been also used for homodyne and heterodyne detection, frequency mixing, and for the detection of THz pulses. A high detection speed, a wide dynamic range, and the sensitivity to the sign of the THz electric field make them very attractive for applications in the THz time resolved and time-domain spectroscopy. InP-based and SiGe HBTs have also demonstrated the THz operation. The missing link to revolutionizing the THz electronics is the lack of efficient and powerful THz electronic sources. The Dyakonov-Shur and plasmonic boom instabilities - the proposed mechanisms of generating THz radiation by FETs - require the resonant excitation of the plasma waves, i.e. very short device sizes and high materials and interface quality. The feature sizes of 7 nm and 5 nm of the current and emerging generations of Si CMOS are considerably smaller than the 15 to 30 nm mean free path in Si at room temperature. Ballistic transport in such nanoscale FETs should enable the resonant plasma wave regimes. GaN-based FETs, with extremely high sheet carrier densities and, as a consequence, with higher plasma frequencies, should demonstrate even better performance. The materials properties of p-diamond make it a promising candidate for plasmonic THz sources. New device designs - plasmonic crystals - using multiple resonant sections should improve coupling and increase power.
The GUT-Immune System

Seventy percent of the immune system is located within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Each day we ingest pounds of foreign matter, food, which can either provoke immune tolerance or aggravation. This chapter focuses on the key interactions between the GIT and immune response, with a focus on utilizing food to protect, maintain, and restore health. The digestive process includes what we eat and how well it is digested, absorbed, assimilated, mobilized, and excreted. The mastication process and having adequate levels of gastric acid, bile, and digestive enzymes optimize digestion and the body’s ability to optimize assimilation of nutrients to each cell in the body. Increased intestinal permeability contributes to systemic conditions. The microbiome regulates metabolism. Dysbiosis has been associated with fatty liver disease, obesity, cardiometabolic syndromes, mental health, and cancers. Key dietary, lifestyle, and natural therapeutic approaches are discussed, including therapeutic diets, therapeutic foods, probiotics, and prebiotics.
Protective and risk factors associated with comorbid mental health disorders and psychological distress among Latinx subgroups

Psychological distress, often coupled with comorbid mental illnesses, affects Latinxs at higher rates and severity than other ethnic groups. This study examined differences in the association betwe...
Viral Infections of the Upper Airway in the Setting of COVID-19: A Primer for Rhinologists.

BackgroundViral respiratory tract infections are associated with a significant burden of disease and represent one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The current Coronavirus Disease 2019...
Milling stability identification using Bayesian machine learning

Abstract This paper describes automated identification of the milling stability boundary using Bayesian machine learning and experiments. The Bayesian machine learning process begins with the user’s initial beliefs about milling stability. This “prior” is a distribution that uses all available information, which may be based only on experience or may be informed by physics-based model predictions. Experiments are then completed to update this prior by calculating the “posterior,” a modified probabilistic description of the milling stability limit based on the new information. The approach is demonstrated and results are presented for both numerical and experimental cases.
Hyperlocal Variation in Soil Iron and the Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Determines Dollar Spot Development in Amenity Turfgrass.

ABSTRACT Dollar spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Clarireedia spp., is an economically important foliar disease of amenity turfgrass in temperate climates worldwide. This disease often occurs in a highly variable manner, even on a local scale with relatively uniform environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate mechanisms behind this local variation, focusing on contributions of the soil and rhizosphere microbiome. Turfgrass, rhizosphere, and bulk soil samples were collected from within a 256-m2 area of healthy turfgrass, transported to a controlled environment chamber, and inoculated with Clarireedia jacksonii. Bacterial communities were profiled by targeting the 16S rRNA gene, and 16 different soil chemical properties were assessed. Despite their initial uniform appearance, the samples differentiated into highly susceptible and moderately susceptible groups following inoculation in the controlled environment chamber. The highly susceptible samples harbored a unique rhizosphere microbiome with suggestively lower relative abundance of putative antibiotic-producing bacterial taxa and higher predicted abundance of genes associated with xenobiotic biodegradation pathways. In addition, stepwise regression revealed that bulk soil iron content was the only significant soil characteristic that positively regressed with decreased dollar spot susceptibility during the peak disease development stage. These findings suggest that localized variation in soil iron induces the plant to select for a particular rhizosphere microbiome that alters the disease outcome. More broadly, further research in this area may indicate how plot-scale variability in soil properties can drive variable plant disease development through alterations in the rhizosphere microbiome. IMPORTANCE Dollar spot is the most economically important disease of amenity turfgrass, and more fungicides are applied targeting dollar spot than any other turfgrass disease. Dollar spot symptoms are small (3 to 5 cm), circular patches that develop in a highly variable manner within plot scale even under seemingly uniform conditions. The mechanism behind this variable development is unknown. This study observed that differences in dollar spot development over a 256-m2 area were associated with differences in bulk soil iron concentration and correlated with a particular rhizosphere microbiome. These findings provide interesting avenues for future research to further characterize the mechanisms behind the highly variable development of dollar spot, which may inform innovative control strategies. Additionally, these results suggest that small changes in soil properties can alter plant activity and hence the plant-associated microbial community, which has important implications for a broad array of agricultural and horticultural plant pathosystems.
Structure in motion: visual motion perception as online hierarchical inference

Identifying the structure of motion relations in the environment is critical for navigation, tracking, prediction, and pursuit. Yet, little is known about the mental and neural computations that allow the visual system to infer this structure online from a volatile stream of visual information. We propose online hierarchical Bayesian inference as a principled solution for how the brain might solve this complex perceptual task. We derive an online Expectation-Maximization algorithm that explains human percepts qualitatively and quantitatively for a diverse set of stimuli, covering classical psychophysics experiments, ambiguous motion scenes, and illusory motion displays. We thereby identify normative explanations for the origin of human motion structure perception and make testable predictions for new psychophysics experiments. The algorithm furthermore affords a neural network implementation which shares properties with motion-sensitive cortical areas and motivates a novel class of experiments to reveal the neural representations of latent structure.
Topological Regularization for Dense Prediction

Dense prediction tasks such as depth perception and semantic segmentation are important applications in computer vision that have a concrete topological description in terms of partitioning an image into connected components or estimating a function with a small number of local extrema corresponding to objects in the image. We develop a form of topological regularization based on persistent homology that can be used in dense prediction tasks with these topological descriptions. Experimental results show that the output topology can also appear in the internal activations of trained neural networks which allows for a novel use of topological regularization to the internal states of neural networks during training, reducing the computational cost of the regularization. We demonstrate that this topological regularization of internal activations leads to improved convergence and test benchmarks on several problems and architectures.
Stability of Communications Networks in the Presence of Delays

Abstract In this paper, we present a study of the destabilizing effects of delay in communications networks. We the apply results from a companion paper to find the range of delays for which a Smith predictor controller guarantees the stability of an ATMjABR network
Negotiating a Seat at the Table: Questions to Guide Institutional Involvement

In addition to traditional roles, educational developers increasingly find themselves considering their involvement in issues of institutional change. However, this evolution leads to new challenges as educational developers attempt to discern whether and how to be involved in particular organizational change efforts. This chapter provides a framework that can help centers of all types reflect on the broader risks and rewards of institution-level leadership. Through a series of context-based reflective questions, the authors hope to promote strategic thinking among educational developers (particularly center directors) and to spur new questions and research as our field continues to evolve.
Out‐of‐sequence thrusting in experimental Coulomb wedges: Implications for the structural development of mega‐splay faults and forearc basins

[1] We have investigated how an arc-ward increase in bulk mechanical strength in an experimental accretionary prism influences the development, timing, and duration of slip on out-of-sequence thrusts. We have monitored the structural development and kinematics, in side-view, during the development of a frontally accreting Coulomb wedge growing out in front of a critically tapered and mechanically stronger inner wedge. The inner-wedge initially behaved as classic backstop to deformation with the most actively slipping thrust occurring near the deformation front on the forward most thrust structures. With continued growth, however, significant out-of-sequence slip on reactivated fore-thrusts occurred in conjunction with slip on newly formed back-thrusts in the inner-wedge. This out-of-sequence deformation resulted in punctuated, rapid uplift of the model forearc basin and a noticeable break in topographic slope in the outer pro-wedge. Cyclical out-of-sequence fore- and back-thrusting, driven by ongoing frontal thrust imbrication, continued with periodic recovery of taper and was followed by additional out-of-sequence faulting and associated basin uplift.
K-BRiR: An Efficient and Self-organized Routing Mechanism for Structured Peer-to-Peer Service Networks

Peer-to-Peer service network takes an important role in the internet technology. The routing mechanism is the core technology for P2P service network. In this paper, an efficient and self-organized routing mechanism named K-BRiR for structured P2P service network is presented. K-BRiR includes a basic routing protocol BRiR which is based on ring topology. The definitions and algorithms are discussed. Our experimental results confirm that K-BRiR is stable and efficient in P2P service network.
Quantitative analysis of the green microalga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C169 reveals homeostasis of complex lipid synthesis retained during nitrogen stress (605.14)

The inevitable decline of fossil fuel availability and the destructive escalation of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration are pressing problems that scientific innovation can potentially address. Algae accumulate large amounts of oil when exposed to abiotic stress, enough to possibility use their cultivation to produce carbon-neutral replacements of conventional transportation fuels. Unraveling the intricacies of triglyceride (TG) synthesis during abiotic stress is a means to generate genetic intervention strategies for improving lipid productivity. Our research is focused on understanding TG accumulation in the context of lipid biosynthesis for Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C169, a sequenced relative of Chlorella and a sensible proxy for biofuel production species. A thorough analysis of lipid synthesis was conducted including GC-MS fatty acid profiles of isolated lipid pools and LC-MS/MS quantification of membrane lipid (ML) and TG pools through a time course of N starvation. Stable isotopic labeling stu...
Effects of excess leucine on growth and food selection.

Q. R. ROGERS,* R. I. TANNOUS > ANDA. E. HARPER Â«Department of Nutrition and Food Science,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, MassachusettsABSTRACT When 5% leucine was added to a 9% casein diet supplemented withmethionine, growth and food intake of rats were depressed. Although isoleucine andvaline were found to largely overcome this growth depression the initial reduction inweight and complete restoration to the control rate of growth resulted only after additional supplementation with tryptophan, phenylalanine and threonine. When rats weregiven a choice between diets containing 5% leucine and a protein-free diet, they invariably chose the protein-free diet. About half of the rats chose the protein-free dieteven when the high leucine diet was "corrected" by supplementation with isoleucine,valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and threonine. Supplementation of the high leucinediet with a complete amino acid mixture devoid of leucine increased selection of thehigh leucine diet. Thus, it appears that rats will avoid almost all diets containing5% leucine, even if the alternate is a much inferior, protein-free diet.
Properties of some glycosyltransferases in embryonic chicken brain.

Abstract This paper describes the kinetic properties of three glycosyltransferases found in the synaptosome-rich fraction obtained from embryonic chicken brain: CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid:glycoprotein sialyltransferase; UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase; and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. These enzymes synthesize the terminal trisaccharide, sialyl → galactosyl → N-acetylglucosaminyl, of serum type glycoproteins by stepwise addition of the respective glycose moieties. Three other galactosyltransferase activities were detected in the same fraction. These catalyze transfer of the galactosyl group to the terminal N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues of sialidase-treated mucins, to Tay-Sachs ganglioside, and to xylosylserine. A distinguishing characteristic of all of the particulate enzymes is their absolute requirement for detergent for activity. At early stages of development, UDP-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase were found in soluble form in the fluid surrounding embryonic chicken brains. The soluble galactosyltransferase was also detected in embryonic and adult chicken serum, amniotic fluid, and vitreous humor, and in human spinal fluid. The possible significance of this enzyme in embryonic brain development is discussed.
Decorative Landscaping Rock as a Source for Heavy Metal Contamination, Las Vegas, Nevada

Recent drought coupled with population growth throughout the southwestern United States has increased the demand for water-efficient landscaping alternatives. As a result, xeriscaping has become a popular approach to landscaping in arid climates. Currently, no regulations control the mineralogy of decorative rocks that are used in these applications. Eight public sites were examined in Las Vegas, NV, where green and white salt crusts appeared on recently emplaced decorative rocks. The landscaping rocks, underlying soil, surface salt crusts, irrigation water runoff, and plants were analyzed for mineralogy and/or chemistry. Pyrite and high levels of copper were identified in the decorative rock. Acid-rock drainage caused by pyrite oxidation has concentrated copper in salt efflorescences, and As, Cu, Mo, Pb, and Cr in plant tissues. These metals are not known to occur naturally in Las Vegas Valley soils, and our results indicate that their source is the landscaping aggregate. These highly soluble salt crusts...
Uncertainty and Expectation in Sentence Processing: Evidence From Subcategorization Distributions

There is now considerable evidence that human sentence processing is expectation based: As people read a sentence, they use their statistical experience with their language to generate predictions about upcoming syntactic structure. This study examines how sentence processing is affected by readers' uncertainty about those expectations. In a self-paced reading study, we use lexical subcategorization distributions to factorially manipulate both the strength of expectations and the uncertainty about them. We compare two types of uncertainty: uncertainty about the verb's complement, reflecting the next prediction step; and uncertainty about the full sentence, reflecting an unbounded number of prediction steps. We find that uncertainty about the full structure, but not about the next step, was a significant predictor of processing difficulty: Greater reduction in uncertainty was correlated with increased reading times (RTs). We additionally replicated previously observed effects of expectation violation (surprisal), orthogonal to the effect of uncertainty. This suggests that both surprisal and uncertainty affect human RTs. We discuss the consequences for theories of sentence comprehension.
Destructive-read random access memory system buffered with destructive-read memory cache for SoC applications

This paper describes a novel random access memory system. The system is based on a destructive-read memory buffered by a destructive-read memory cache for hidden write back. SRAM comparable random access cycle time (tRC) is achieved, as tRC of the architecture is limited only by the destructive-read time of the memory array. By using a DRAM array as cache, the silicon area is reduced by about 25% from SRAM-cache system. Write back algorithms have been proved by mathematical models, and confirmed by simulations.
Electrical and magnetic properties of antiferromagnetic rare earth disilicides

Abstract We present electrical resistivity and a.c. susceptibility data for polycrystalline RSi 2 compounds ( R ≡ rare earths and yttrium ). Measurements have been carried out from room temperature down to 4.2 K. Our data show an antiferromagnetic transition for all compounds, except when R  La , Y , Yb , Ce and Sm . The ordering temperature T N varies from 39 K (GdSi 2 and EuSi 2 ) to below 4.2 K (TmSi 2 and ErSi 2 ), and the variation of T N over the series is qualitatively described by DeGennes' rule. In the ordered state, resistivity is found to have a T 3 dependence at the lowest temperatures, and Curie-Weiss behavior is observed in the paramagnetic state. The low temperature T 3 resistivity in antiferromagnetic compounds is interpreted as being caused by electron-magnon scattering. Another interesting feature is a second transition below T N observed for GdSi 2 , PrSi 2 and EuSi 2 . The nature of this transition is not known at present.
A Simple Method for Exposing the External Jugular Vein for Placement of a Permanent Transvenous Pacing Catheter Electrode

Abstract A method is presented for cannulating the external jugular vein and implanting a pacemaker through one incision. No increase in morbidity over the conventional methods has been demonstrated. This technique is an attractive alternative to the standard methods in use.
Structure of turbulent plumes from a momentumless source in a smooth bed

The spatial development of a passive scalar plume is studied within the inhomogeneous turbulence of a boundary layer flow in a recirculating laboratory flume with a smooth bed. The source of the scalar is located flush with the bed, and the low-momentum source design is intended to simulate a diffusive-type scalar release. A weakly diffusive fluorescent dye is used as the scalar. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) techniques were used to record the structure of the plume at a spatial resolution of 150 μm. The measured structure of the mean concentration field is compared to an analytical solution for shear-free, homogeneous turbulence. The laboratory plume exhibits spatial development in the mean concentration field that deviates from the self-similar behavior predicted by the analytical solution; this deviation is due to the mean shear and inhomogeneity of the turbulence. In particular, the influence of the viscous sublayer on the plume development is seen to be significant. Nonetheless, the analytical solution replicates some of the features seen in the laboratory plume, and the solution suggests methods of reducing the laboratory data even for cases where the results deviate from the analysis. We also examine the spatial development of the root-mean-square (rms) fluctuating concentration field, and use scalar probability density functions to examine the relationship between the mean and fluctuating concentrations.
The adsorption of CO on Ir(111) investigated with FT-IRAS

Abstract The adsorption of CO on Ir(111) has been investigated with Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, temperature programmed desorption, and low-energy electron diffraction. At sample temperatures between 90 and 350 K, only a single absorption band, above 2000 cm−1, has been observed at all CO coverages. For fractional coverages above approximately 0.2, the bandwidth becomes as narrow as 5.5 cm−1. The linewidth is attributed mainly to inhomogeneous broadening at low CO coverages and to the creation of electron-hole pairs at higher CO coverages. The coverage-dependent frequency shift of the IR band can be described quantitatively using an improved dipolar coupling model. The contribution of the dipole shift and the chemical shift to the total frequency shift were separated using isotopic mixtures of CO. The chemical shift is positive with a constant value of approximately 12 cm−1 for all coverages, whereas the dipole shift increases with coverage up to a value of 36 cm−1 at a coverage of 0.5 ML.
Design of a Large Range XY Nanopositioning System

Achieving large motion range (> 1 mm) along with nanometric motion quality (< 10 nm), simultaneously, has been a key challenge in nanopositioning systems. Practical limitations associated with the individual physical components (flexure bearing, actuators, and sensors) and their integration, particularly in the case of multi-axis systems, have restricted the range of current nanopositioning systems to about 100 μm. This paper presents a novel physical system layout, with a parallel-kinematic XY flexure mechanism at its heart, that provides a high degree of decoupling between the two motion axes by avoiding geometric over-constraints, provides actuator isolation that allows the use of large-stroke single-axis actuators, and enables a complementary end-point sensing scheme that employs commonly available sensors. These attributes help achieve an unprecedented 10 mm × 10 mm motion range in the proposed nanopositioning system. Having overcome the physical system design challenges, a dynamic model of proposed nanopositioning system is created and verified via system identification methods. In particular, dynamic non-linearities associated with the large displacements of the flexure mechanism and resulting controls challenges are identified. The physical system is fabricated, assembled, and tested to validate its simultaneous large range and nanometric motion capabilities. Preliminary closed-loop test results, which highlight the potential of this new design configuration, are presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A phase of liposomes with entangled tubular vesicles

An equilibrium phase belonging to the family of bilayer liposomes in ternary mixtures of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), water, and geraniol (a biological alcohol derived from oil-soluble vitamins that acts as a cosurfactant) has been identified. Electron and optical microscopy reveal the phase, labeled Ltv, to be composed of highly entangled tubular vesicles. In situ x-ray diffraction confirms that the tubule walls are multilamellar with the lipids in the chain-melted state. Macroscopic observations show that the Ltv phase coexists with the well-known L4 phase of spherical vesicles and a bulk L alpha phase. However, the defining characteristic of the Ltv phase is the Weissenberg rod climbing effect under shear, which results from its polymer-like entangled microstructure.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the freezing of gold nanoparticles

A set of molten gold clusters, each with 1157 gold atoms, was studied by molecular dynamics simulations as the clusters underwent freezing at three different temperatures. Most of the clusters attained an icosahedral structure upon freezing, a structure found to be stable to mild annealing. Other structures observed were imperfect truncated decahedral, truncated octahedral and hexagonal close packed structures. The role of kinetics in the process of cluster solidification is discussed.
Growing into literacy

Consider these events in the life of pre-school children: A 3-year-old boy is riding in the back seat of the car with his family. 'Daddy,' he says, 'You didn't stop for that stop sign. You might get into trouble.' ' I can read,' says the 4-year-old girl talking to strangers in the airport waiting room. 'See? That says "Taxi", ' she says, pointing to the sign overhead. 'How do you know?' asks the interested stranger. 'Because it says T-R-A-N-S-P-O-R-T-A-T-I-O-N, ' she replies. Children growing up in literate societies, surrounded by the printed word, begin to read and write long before they start school. They become aware of many of the uses of written language, they develop a sense of the written forms, and they begin to make sense of print and to experiment with communication through writing. Until recently, this growth into literacy has not been expected or appreciated, even by professional educationists. In this article, the extent and scope of early literacy development will be considered. Theoretical explanations for the reasons of this development will be offered. The reasons why such significant and widespread development has been overlooked and minimized will be examined and the implications for reform of school programmes will be considered. The ability to develop and use language is a universal human quality; it is perhaps the most uniquely human trait. All people and all human societies are able to create language. Language
Growth and preharvest stress and processing quality of potatoes

The quality factors influenced by stress conditions are: total dry matter or starch content and distribution of starch, sugar content, types of sugars and distribution, texture, mealiness, flesh color, tuber size and shape, and tuber defects such as growth cracks, and hollow heart. Early stress during growth can cause tubers to become pointed on the stem-end with low starch content and high reducing sugars. Uneven growth due to stress results in growth cracks, or hollow heart and malformed tubers. Varieties differ considerably as to susceptibility. Stress generally causes lower starch content in tubers which results in greater sugar accumulation in storage. Relative maturity is also influenced by stress during growth. Immature and over-mature tubers (from prematurely dead plants) accumulate greater amounts of sugar in storage than tubers properly matured. Stress can also cause poor texture of processed products, such as tough texture of French fries as well as lack of mealiness. Flavor and color of processed products can also be detrimentally influenced by stress.
A comment on the reaction 10B(t,p)12B

Abstract The 10B(t,p) ground state angular distribution has been quoted as one of the clearest indications of a two-step reaction mechanism. As, however, no DWBA calculations were performed, one might doubt, whether the unusual angular distribution was not due to coincidental peculiarities lost in the plane wave description. Our DWBA calculation indicates, that the basis for ruling out a one-step mechanism is weakened when distorted waves are introduced, but that there is still room left for components of various two-step mechanisms.
Mixtures of ionic liquids with similar molar volumes form regular solutions and obey the cross-square rules for electrolyte mixtures

Abstract The mixing of ionic liquids of similar and dissimilar molar volumes was studied using molecular dynamic simulations. Binary mixtures of liquids with similar molar volume have negligible enthalpies of mixing, form regular solutions, and obey the cross-square rules for the mixing of electrolytes. In the case of binary mixtures of ionic liquids with significantly different molar volumes, the excess enthalpy is positive and the solution structure shows some dependence on the composition. One particular system exhibited a positive free energy of mixing as a function of the composition of the solution. This suggests the existence of a demixing region in the phase diagram.
The reaction of F atoms with methane in an argon matrix

Abstract A microwave discharge through an Ar:CF 4 or Ar:NF 3 sample flowing through an Al 2 O 3 tube provides a suitable source of F atoms for studies of the infrared spectra of the products of their reaction with CH 4 trapped in an argon matrix at 14 K. Prominent infrared absorptions of isolated CH 3 and HF appeared in these experiments. The further reaction of F atoms in the solid deposit leads to the stabilization of the H 3 C|HF complex, for which two infrared absorption have been identified. Detailed isotopic studies of this complex are presented. Secondary reaction of F atoms with CH 3 isolated in solid argon leads to the stabilization of CH 3 F, while the corresponding reaction with H 3 C|HF leads to the appearance of the H 3 CF|HF complex, for which isotopic data are also presented.
High-fidelity simulation-based team training in urology: evaluation of technical and nontechnical skills of urology residents during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.

Introduction The use of low-risk simulation training for resident education is rapidly expanding as teaching centers integrate simulation-based team training (SBTT) sessions into their education curriculum. SBTT is a valuable tool in technical and communication skills training and assessment for residents. We created a unique SBTT scenario for urology residents involving a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy procedure. Materials and Methods Urology residents were randomly paired with a certified registered nurse anesthetists or an anesthesia resident. The scenario incorporated a laparoscopic right partial nephrectomy utilizing a unique polyvinyl alcohol kidney model with an embedded 3 cm lower pole exophytic tumor and the high-fidelity SimMan3G mannequin. The Urology residents were instructed to pay particular attention to the patient’s identifying information provided at the beginning of the case. Two scripted events occurred, the patient had an anaphylactic reaction to a drug and, after tumor specimen was sent for a frozen section, the confederate pathologist called into the operating room (OR) twice, first with the wrong patient name and subsequently with the wrong specimen. After the scenario was complete, technical performance and nontechnical performance were evaluated and assessed. A debriefing session followed the scenario to discuss and assess technical performance and interdisciplinary nontechnical communication between the team. Results All Urology residents (n = 9) rated the SBTT scenario as a useful tool in developing communication skills among the OR team and 88% rated the model as useful for technical skills training. Despite cuing to note patient identification, only 3 of 9 (33%) participants identified that the wrong patient information was presented when the confederate “pathologist” called in to report pathology results. Conclusion All urology residents rated SBTT sessions as useful for the development of communication skills between different team members and making residents aware of unlikely but potential critical errors in the OR. We will continue to use SBTT as a useful method to develop resident technical and nontechnical skills outside of the high-risk operating environment.
Events that Trigger Disabling Back Pain among Nurses

Nurses experience more cases of disabling back injuries in relation to their population than most occupational groups. Patient handling is generally assumed to be the hazard which causes most of the problems. The sparse epidemiologic evidence to support this assumption is reviewed. New information about the proportion of work-related disabling back injuries reportedly triggered by patient handling is reported. Based on the present state of knowledge, derived from reports by nurses who have experienced back pain, it appears that among nurses about 38 to 46 percent of all back pain episodes and roughly 73 to 81 percent of their compensable back injuries are attributed to patient handling.
Manufacture of mesoporous alumina of boehmite type via subcritical drying and application to purify liquid crystal

Abstract Mesoporous alumina is prepared by using the sodium aluminate as the starting material in this study. The pore diameter of mesoporous alumina is controlled between 2 and 20 nm. The factors of pH value, ageing, water washing and drying conditions on synthesising mesoporous alumina have been discussed. We found that more amount of product can be obtained when the pH of sol is controlled around 7 in the neutralisation process. Ageing temperature of 90 °C and ageing time of 3 h is sufficient to form mesoporous alumina in this process. The mesoporous alumina product with specific surface area of 367 m 2 / g and pore volume of 0.98 cm 3 / g can be obtained. Besides, when subcritical drying of 250 °C and 6.2 MPa is applied to obtained boehmite type mesoporous alumina, larger pore volume of 1.42 cm 3 / g is observed comparing with 0.55 cm 3 / g pore volume of the comparison sample drying under normal pressure. Further, 89.5% sodium release of sample can be reduced by water washing process. The synthesised mesoporous alumina product has been applied to liquid crystal purification test. The superior purification efficiency is found to raise the specific resistance of liquid crystal from 1.8 × 10 12 to 2.9 × 10 13 Ω cm .
Climate change damage and the trace gas index issue

Efficient policies to control trace gas emissions require estimation of an appropriate “exchange rate” among these gases; i.e. the relative value of reducing emissions of each gas. A dynamic stock pollutant model is developed that considers damages associated with both non-climatic and climatic effects of the gases, differing atmospheric lifetimes of the gases, the discount rate, and non-linear damages. The index value and shadow value of control are estimated for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrous oxide and the 4 major chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The value of control for short-lived relative to long-lives gases is lower for low discount rates and quadratic compared with linear damages. The relative value of control for all gases falls relative to carbon dioxide if one considers the direct beneficial effects of carbon dioxide on agriculture. The general approach developed in the paper may have application for other environmental problems where multiple substances pose individual risks but also jointly contribute to a single risk.
Further evidence on dimensionality of the Index of Psychophysiological Stress.

Cluster analysis is used to examine dimensionality if the 22-item Langner index. Intercorrelation of the 22 items reveals they do not form a cohesive set; only a few are correlated above the 0.30 level. Using this as the criterion for cluster membership, five dimensions are identified for the total sample. These results demonstrate empirically what several authors have indicated previously, namely that the symptom statements reflect a multiplicity of content. Cluster analysis by sex indicates that female and male response patterns differ both as to numbers and types of symptoms forming clusters. Females report more “psychological” symptoms, whereas males report more“physiological” symptoms. Cluster analysis by level of impairment (<4,4 + symptoms) indicates essentially no difference in cluster content—clusters for both groups contain more “physiological” than “psychological” symptoms. Examination of cluster content using the Crandell and Dohrenwend fourfold classification of the 22 items raises serious questions concerning the substantive usefulness of this a priori approach to the derivation of symptom subsets. Most clusters derived in this analysis contained items from several of the Crandell and Dohrenwend categories; several clusters contained items from all four.
Bifurcation phenomena in CSTR dynamics: A system with extraneous thermal capacitance

Abstract By considering the single, irreversible, exothermic reaction A → B taking place in a CSTR with extraneous thermal capacitance, the emergence of dynamic phenomena through degenerate bifurcations is studied. These bifurcations arise when one or more of the hypotheses of the classical Hopf bifurcation theory break down. Their analysis involves the identification of parameter values for which the bifurcations occur and description of the possible dynamic behaviour in the unfoldings of the bifurcations. Normal form theory is shown to be a useful technique providing new insights which otherwise would be difficult to obtain by numerical procedures. The analysis reveals dynamic phenomena and bifurcation diagrams not previously observed in the one-reaction CSTR problem, including bifurcations of periodic solutions to invariant tori, isolas of periodic branches, bifurcation diagrams with four Hopf points, and multiple stable periodic orbits.
A CCD-based fluorescence imaging system for real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based rapid and sensitive detection of waterborne pathogens on microchips

Rapid, sensitive, and low-cost pathogen diagnostic systems are needed for early disease diagnosis and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. This study reports a low-cost charge-coupled device (CCD)-based fluorescence imaging system for rapid detection of waterborne pathogens by isothermal gene amplification in disposable microchips. Fluorescence imaging capability of this monochromatic CCD camera is evaluated by optimizing the gain, offset, and exposure time. This imaging system is validated for 12 virulence genes of major waterborne pathogens on cyclic olefin polymer (COP) microchips, using SYTO-82 dye and real time fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification referred here as microRTf-LAMP. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and threshold time (Tt) of microRTf-LAMP assays are compared with those from a commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument. Applying a CCD exposure of 5 s to 105 starting DNA copies of microRTf-LAMP assays increases the SNR by 8-fold and reduces the Tt by 9.8 min in comparison to a commercial real-time PCR instrument. Additionally, single copy level sensitivity for Campylobacter jejuni 0414 gene is obtained for microRTf-LAMP with a Tt of 19 min, which is half the time of the commercial real-time PCR instrument. Due to the control over the exposure time and the wide field imaging capability of CCD, this low-cost fluorescence imaging system has the potential for rapid and parallel detection of pathogenic microorganisms in high throughput microfluidic chips.
Decision-Making in Physical Intelligent Systems Regulated by Growth Rate Factors

In the literature, self-organizing physical and chemical systems have been proposed as candidates for physical intelligent systems that may solve problems in the field of artificial intelligent in a non-algorithmic way that is not based on computation. In this theoretical study, decision-making in such physical intelligent systems is discussed in terms of non-equilibrium transitions between two self-organized states. The control parameter driving the non-equilibrium transitions is related to two growth rate factors. It is shown for a particular non-equilibrium system that the decision-making process satisfies the principle of selecting the state with the fastest growth rate factor. The system under consideration is a two component gas discharge system whose current flows can be described by means of an electronic blueprint.
Cardiac asystole masquerading as temporal lobe epilepsy

Episodic behavior associated with impairment of consciousness is a protean clinical manifestation that may suggest a wide range of medical or neurologic disorders. We describe a patient whose symptoms of an epigastric "aura" followed by loss of consciousness suggested temporal lobe epilepsy. The episodic behavior was refractory to antiepileptic drug therapy. Prolonged video-electro-encephalographic monitoring confirmed that the clinical events were cardiogenic related to asystole. Antiepileptic drug therapy was discontinued, and a cardiac pacemaker was inserted. The clinical patterns that distinguish syncope from seizures and the importance of prolonged video-electroencephalographic monitoring are discussed.
Phosphoinositides' link to neurodegeneration.

Mutations in the phosphoinositide metabolism gene FIG4 disrupt the endosomal pathway, leading to neurodegeneration and a newly identified variant of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorder.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF THYROGLOBULIN AND THYROXIN ON THE O2 CONSUMPTION OF TISSUES IN VITRO1

IN A PREVIOUS paper2 we reported the effect on liver metabolism of various substances which have a putative relationship to the thyroid hormone, namely; thyroglobulin, thyroxin, diiodothyronin, thyronin and diiodo-tyrosin. Of these substances, only thyroglobulin had an unequivocal effect in elevating the O2 consumption of the liver in vitro. We have extended the observations on thyroglobulin and thyroxin to other tissues, with the object of determining whether the peculiarities of response of the individual tissues may throw further light on the nature of the thyroid hormone. The present communication deals with the guinea pig kidney, testis and heart. The O2 consumption of the tissues was determined in a Barcroft-War-burg differential manometer system. The kidney and heart were sliced free hand, as rapidly as possible after removal from animals which were killed by a blow on the head. Suitable precautions were taken as to thickness of slices. In the case of testis, the tissue was teased apart.
On the number of edge-disjoint one factors and the existence of k -factors in complete multipartite graphs

Abstract In this paper we use Tutte's f -factor theorem and the method of amalgamations to find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a k -factor in the complete multipartite graph K ( p (1), …, p ( n )), conditions that are reminiscent of the Erdos-Gallai conditions for the existence of simple graphs with a given degree sequence. We then use this result to investigate the maximum number of edge-disjoint 1-factors in K ( p (1), …, p ( n )), settling the problem in the case where this number is greater than δ - p (2), where p (1) ⩽ p (2) ⩽…⩽ p ( n ).
Heating Of Gaas And Inp By Incoherent Radiation

An investigation of the heating behavior of GaAs and InP in a Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) system shows a significant variation in the temperature response of these materials. These compound semiconductors are heated with incoherent light in an RTA system where a Si sample is used for temperature feedback. The temperatures of GaAs and InP samples thermally isolated from the Si control sample during heating may overshoot or undershoot the desired temperature by hundreds of degrees. When the samples are thermally connected to the Si control sample by means of a susceptor, the temperatures of the III-V semiconductors follow the programmed temperature closely. Much of the variation in temperature response can be correlated with free carrier concentrations in the materials, but other material properties also play a role. This significant variation in temperature response has practical implications for the design and application of RTA systems.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.