cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D printed hierarchically-porous microlattice electrode materials for exceptionally high specific capacity and areal capacity lithium ion batteries

Abstract Despite the enormous potential of additive manufacturing in fabricating three-dimensional battery electrodes, the structures realized through this technology are mainly limited to the interdigitated geometries due to the nature of the manufacturing process. This work reports a major advance in 3D batteries, where highly complex and controlled 3D electrode architectures with a lattice structure and a hierarchical porosity are realized by 3D printing. Microlattice electrodes with porous solid truss members (Ag) are fabricated by Aerosol Jet 3D printing that leads to an unprecedented improvement in the battery performance such as 400% increase in specific capacity, 100% increase in areal capacity, and a high electrode volume utilization when compared to a thin solid Ag block electrode. Further, the microlattice electrodes retain their morphologies after 40 electrochemical cycles, demonstrating their mechanical robustness. These results indicate that the 3D microlattice structure with a hierarchical porosity enhances the electrolyte transport through the electrode volume, increases the available surface area for electrochemical reaction, and relieves the intercalation-induced stress; leading to an extremely robust high capacity battery system. Results presented in this work can lead to new avenues for improving the performance of a wide range of electrochemical energy storage systems.
Parent Perceptions of Their College Students' Self-Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Abstract Purpose The present study examines parents' perspectives of the experiences and challenges surrounding self-management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in their college students. Methods Participants were parents of emerging young adults with ADHD prescribed daily medication for their condition. Thirteen individual interviews were conducted using a semistructured interview script guided by the Health Belief Model. The qualitative data were analyzed via directed content analysis. Results Five themes emerged from the interviews: (1) parents are heavily involved in their child's self-management prior to college, and the abrupt transition of responsibilities is difficult for parents; (2) parents' worries about their child's self-management and functioning are exacerbated by privacy laws and poor communication from child and university; (3) volitional nonadherence is high; (4) obtaining academic accommodations is difficult; and (5) parents recommend a gradual transition, desire enhanced communication from the college, and wish for social support resources in the college setting for their children. Conclusions Parents of college students with ADHD are distressed and frustrated by the transition to college. They express the desire to remain continually involved in their child's self-management of ADHD, but several barriers hinder their ability to do so, resulting in fear of the potential consequences on their child's functioning. This collateral information from parents regarding the challenges associated with ADHD self-management experiences in college should result in the development of comprehensive interventions to improve the quality of life in college students with ADHD.
The political legacy of slavery

Deep Roots argues that political culture in the South can be explained by the path dependence of political attitudes—that is, that ideas, norms, and behaviors of the past can influence the present. The argument sits in dialogue with a long-standing literature in institutional path dependence but differs in its approach by making political attitudes and behaviors, rather than institutional outcomes, the subject of observation. The authors make an important contribution by showing that just as attitudes and behavioral norms can be passed down through families and social circles, so too can they be reinforced by institutions.
Achieving Security in the Internet of Things through Expansion of the Partnership Model

There are countless connected devices and applications in the Internet of Things (IoT), in areas ranging from health to automotive and industrial, to energy, security, and logistics. Currently, a lack of security within the IoT presents significant cybersecurity risks, including the compromise of sensitive information and damage to infrastructure. As a way to overcome security challenges, this paper proposes expanding the current public-private partnership framework for cybersecurity to one that more effectively encompasses personal-level considerations. To be successful, this new public-private-personal partnership model will require simultaneous advancements in three co-equal domains: technology, policy, and society. Specifically, technology adjustments consist of upgrades to device access and authorization; policy adjustments consist of changes to cooperation regimes and regulations at the federal, state, and local level; and societal adjustments involve public education about vulnerabilities and changes in attitudes toward individual roles in security. In this research, we leverage two examples of emerging IoT applications: health monitoring and smart-grid. For each application and related sector, we outline the security challenges, discuss the shortcomings of existing public-private partnerships, and make recommendations for the expansion of existing partnerships to the personal level.
The Genetics of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Review*

Glaucoma is the major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), as the most prevalent form of glaucoma, is a complex inherited disorder and affects more than 2 million individuals in the United States. It has become increasingly clear that a host of genetic as well as environmental factors contribute to the phenotype. A number of chromosomal and genetic associations have been reported for POAG. This article examines what is currently known about the underlying genetic structure, what remains to be learned, and how this may affect our medical management of this major blinding disease.
Molecular characteristics of noroviruses GII variants in Suzhou in 2011

Objective To investigate norovirus infection status and indentify molecular characteristics of its variants in Suzhou.Methods Four hundred and ninteen fecal specimens of infantile viral diarrhea cases were collected from Suzhou Children's Hospital in 2011.Norovirus genomes were detected by Real-Time RT-PCR,and genotypes were determined by sequence analysis.Results Among all fecal specimens,122(29％) cases were positive for norovirus G Ⅱ,and G Ⅰ was not found.Nucleotide sequence analysis of genome regions A(RdRp region),C(N-S region) and D(P region) were performed and genotypes were determined,respectively.Based on region A,25 strains were G Ⅱ.4 in the 25 samples.Based on region C among 26 samples,17 strains with G Ⅱ.4,8 strains with G Ⅱ.3 and 1 strain with G Ⅱ.2 were identified,respectively.16 strains were G Ⅱ.4 and 9 strains were G Ⅱ.3 in 25 samples based on region D characteristics.As the most important pathogens causing infantile viral diarrhea in Suzhou,type G Ⅱ.4 (mainly G Ⅱ.4-2006b subtype) viruses were the dominant strain of norovirus.In addition,G Ⅱ.4-2010subtype viruses (G Ⅱ.4 New Orleans strain) were also detected.Conclusion To our knowledge,this is the first time reporting the detection of G Ⅱ.4-2010 viruses in China.A variety of recombinant viral strains were detected,suggesting that the complexity of the genetic variation of norovirus were increasing in Suzhou. Key words: Norovirus; Molecular characteristics; G Ⅱ.4-2010 subtype; Recombinant
Long-Slit Observations of Extended C II λ1335 Emission around V854 Centauri and RY Sagittarii

We have obtained long-slit far-ultraviolet (1150-1730 A) spectra of the R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars V854 Cen and RY Sgr near maximum light and pulsational phase zero with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The far-UV spectrum of each star shows a photospheric continuum rising steeply toward longer wavelengths and a prominent emission feature at C II λ1335. RY Sgr displays a second, but fainter, emission attributed to Cl I λ1351 (which is radiatively fluoresced by C II λ1335), but Cl I is weak or absent in V854 Cen. Most surprisingly, the C II emission of V854 Cen is significantly extended along the slit by ±25, about 6 × 103 AU at the distance of the star. The C II feature of RY Sgr exhibits no such gross extension. Nevertheless, subtle broadenings of the C II emissions beyond the point response profile suggest inner clouds of radius ~01 (250 AU) around both stars. V854 Cen is only the third RCB star after R CrB and UW Cen known to have a resolved shell.
True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility in black soldier fly larvae meals, cricket meal, and mealworms using a precision-fed rooster assay

Six precision-fed rooster assays were conducted to determine nutrient composition, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and standardized amino acid digestibility for three black soldier fly larvae meals (BSFL), one partially-defatted BSFL, one cricket meal and two mealworm meals. The TMEn values were determined in three 48-h rooster assays using conventional roosters and the standardized amino acid digestibility values were determined in three 48-h rooster assays using cecectomized roosters. Nutrient analysis (DM basis) of the meals indicated that the CP varied from 45 to 58% among the four BSFL, was 67% for the cricket meal and varied from 51 to 56% for the two mealworms. Crude fat (12-30%), total P (0.7-1.1%), Ca (0.04-3.6%), and neutral detergent fiber (10-36%) also varied among the insect meals. The TMEn values for the three BSFL were generally consistent and averaged 4079 kcal/kg DM. As expected, partially-defatted BSFL contained a lower level of TMEn. The TMEn of the cricket meal was 4223 kcal/kg DM. Due to their low fiber content and high fat content, the TMEn values for the two mealworms were high and in excess of 5000 kcal/kg DM. Amino acid concentrations of the various insect meals ranged from 0.69 to 1.1% for methionine, 0.57 to 0.73% for cystine, 3.3 to 4.5% for lysine, and 1.9 to 2.6% for threonine. Standardized amino acid digestibility values were generally high (most were 85-95%) for the four BSFL and two mealworms. Digestibility values for most amino acids were slightly lower for the cricket meal. Digestibility of cystine and valine were generally lower and more variable than other amino acids in the seven insect meals. The results of this study indicated that nutrient composition varies substantially among different insect meals, but all insect meals contained high levels of TMEn and digestible amino acids compared with feed ingredients commonly used in poultry diets.
Does iPhone night shift mitigate negative effects of smartphone use on sleep outcomes in emerging adults

Abstract Objectives Apple's iPhone Night Shift feature purports to reduce short-wavelength light emissions and improve sleep. We aimed to investigate these claims by comparing emerging adults’ sleep outcomes associated with smartphone use before bed with iPhone's Night Shift enabled to two comparison conditions (iPhone use with no Night Shift, no iPhone use). Design Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions specifying iPhone use during the hour preceding bedtime for seven consecutive nights: iPhone use with Night Shift enabled; iPhone use with Night Shift disabled; and no phone use. Setting Participants were recruited from a western undergraduate university. Participants A sample of 167 emerging adults (ages 18-24; 71.3% female) with iPhones participated in the study. Measurements Sleep outcomes (sleep latency, duration, efficiency and wake after sleep onset) were tracked using wrist-worn accelerometers. Results There were no significant differences in sleep outcomes across the three experimental groups. Post-hoc exploratory stratified analyses revealed a significant main effect of phone condition on sleep efficiency (P = .014) and WASO (P = .013) for participants averaging more than 6.8 hours of sleep per night, with the no phone condition demonstrating the best sleep outcomes. For those averaging less than 6.8 hours of sleep, there was no effect of phone condition on sleep outcomes. Conclusions Across our full study sample, there were no differences in sleep outcomes attributable to Night Shift. For individuals who regularly obtained adequate sleep, abstaining from screen use resulted in better quality sleep than did phone use with Night Shift enabled.
Capital Account Convertibility and the Financial Sector

As if it were still necessary, events unfolding in Asia for over a year reconfirm the critical importance of a sound, efficient financial sector for economic development and growth. Indeed, a growing number of studies underscore the risks that a vulnerable financial sector pose for macroeconomic stability. In this context, it is often argued that the liberalization of capital account heightens financial sector vulnerability. But openness to capital flows can also underpin and deepen the development of the financial sector, thus contributing to its robustness. The paper examines these issues, drawing a parallel between capital account liberalization and domestic financial deregulation, indicating the role of the macroeconomic policy environment and reviewing their implications for the pace and sequence of the external liberalization process. The examination concludes with a brief discussion of the role and procedures the IMF envisages to take toward capital account liberalization.
Carbon Dots: A Future Blood–Brain Barrier Penetrating Nanomedicine and Drug Nanocarrier

Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the biggest challenges in modern medicine due to the BBB's highly semipermeable property that limits most therapeutic agents of brain diseases to enter the central nervous system (CNS). In recent years, nanoparticles, especially carbon dots (CDs), exhibit many unprecedented applications for drug delivery. Several types of CDs and CD-ligand conjugates have been reported successfully penetrating the BBB, which shows a promising progress in the application of CD-based drug delivery system (DDS) for the treatment of CNS diseases. In this review, our discussion of CDs includes their classification, preparations, structures, properties, and applications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) and brain tumor. Moreover, abundant functional groups on the surface, especially amine and carboxyl groups, allow CDs to conjugate with diverse drugs as versatile drug nanocarriers. In addition, structure of the BBB is briefly described, and mechanisms for transporting various molecules across the BBB and other biological barriers are elucidated. Most importantly, recent developments in drug delivery with CDs as BBB-penetrating nanodrugs and drug nanocarriers to target CNS diseases especially Alzheimer's disease and brain tumor are summarized. Eventually, future prospects of the CD-based DDS are discussed in combination with the development of artificial intelligence and nanorobots.
Psychiatry: Informed Consent and Care

Informed consent is a philosophical and legal doctrine that has come to serve as the cornerstone of ethically sound clinical care in Western society. This doctrine requires that individuals truly understand and freely and knowledgeably make choices regarding their treatment. Informed consent is an ideal that emphasizes respect for the individual and places primacy on autonomous decision-making. Informed consent, furthermore, is inherently relational, that is, it occurs in the context of a professional relationship in which the fundamental values of the medical profession find expression. Fulfilling the ideal of informed consent in practice is an elusive aim, however. As suggested by intuition, clinical phenomenology, and empirical evidence, it is particularly challenging when consent is sought from individuals who suffer from mental illness. For this reason, it is important to consider the specific issues arising in informed consent in the context of mental health care. This article provides a clinically-oriented overview of informed consent in mental illness by: (a) characterizing the core conceptual elements of informed consent; (b) applying informed consent concepts in mental health clinical practice; and (c) giving a brief overview of key empirical data related to mental and physical illness in clinical consent decisions.
Abortive apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease

Multiple studies suggest that neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the result of an apoptotic mechanism. However, the stereotypical manifestations that define the terminal phases of apoptosis, such as chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies, and blebbing, are not seen in AD. In this study, we show that the caspases, such as caspase 6, which cleave amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and presenilins, are localized to the pathological lesions associated with AD. However, while upstream caspases such as 8 and 9 are clearly found in association with the intraneuronal pathology in AD, downstream caspases such as 3, 6 and 7 are present only at control levels. Given that execution of apoptosis requires amplification of the caspase-mediated apoptotic signal, our results indicate that in AD there is a lack of effective apoptotic signal propagation to downstream caspase effectors. Therefore, while the presence of caspases, especially caspase 6, in association with extracellular deposits of amyloid-β, could obviously have important ramifications on the proteolytic processing of AβPP and, thereby, on disease pathogenesis, it seems that AD represents the first in vivo situation reported in which the initiation of apoptosis does not proceed to caspase-dependent cell death. This novel phenomenon of apoptotic avoidance, which we term abortive apoptosis, or abortosis, may represent an exit from the caspase-induced apoptotic program that leads to neuronal survival in AD.
Adhesive recognition sequences

Specific cellular adhesion and migration of cells are recurring themes in embryonic development, tumor cell metastasis, and wound healing. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of cell adhesive and migratory interactions with extracellular matrix molecules have converged on the concept that many cell interactions are dependent on specific adhesive recognition sequences. As will be described in detail below, certain short peptide sequences in adhesion proteins are thought to serve as sites for recognition and binding by specific plasma membrane receptors
Measuring crime seriousness perceptions: What have we learned and what else do we want to know

Perceptions of crime seriousness have been studied since the 1960s. Based predominantly on data from surveys, researchers have identified characteristics of acts affecting seriousness perceptions and have examined the degree of consensus in perceived seriousness for a variety of deviant and criminal behaviors. Methodological issues (methods of measurement, questionnaire structure and content, level or measurement, etc.) have been discussed at length. This review presents the most important substantive and methodological accomplishments and challenges of this body of research. It also discusses possible future directions, including the establishment of connections to sociological theory and normative philosophy.
Ice fabrics in a vertical flow plane, Barnes Ice Cap, Canada.

At a depth of about 75 m in the lower part of the accumulation area of the Barnes Ice Cap there is a change from fine-grained ice with a weakly-oriented c-axis fabric to coarser ice with a broad single-maximum fabric. At a depth of about 150 m the single maximum becomes elongate perpendicular to the direction of bubble elongation, and then splits into two distinct maxima making an angle of about 40–45° with respect to one another. At greater depths a third and finally a fourth maximum appear, forming the well known diamond pattern. Mean crystal size does not seem to increase in the transitions from one to two and thence to three maxima, but it may become more uniform. Crystal size does increase in the transition from three to four maxima, however. At the base of the glacier there is a 10–20 m thick layer of unusually-bubbly, fine-grained white ice with a strong single-maximum fabric. The depths to the transitions increase up-glacier and in place of the single-maximum fabric a small-circle pattern is found. Down-glacier the depths to the transitions decrease, systematically eliminating the higher zones. Thus in the lower part of the ablation area, ice with a four-maximum fabric appears at the surface. The independent variables governing these fabric transitions appear to be temperature T, stress τ, and cumulative strain ³ oc. In a tentative stability diagram showing the fields in which given fabrics are stable in T–τ– ³ oc space, multiple-maximum fabrics occur at high temperatures (> —10°C) and at moderate to high stresses, weakly-oriented fabrics at low stresses or low cumulative strains, broad single-maximum fabrics at moderate stresses or moderate cumulative strains, and strong single-maximum fabrics at high stresses or large cumulative strains.
Reducing test application time for full scan embedded cores

We propose a new design for testability technique, Parallel Serial Full Scan (PSFS), for reducing the test application time for full scan embedded cores. Test application time reduction is achieved by dividing the scan chain into multiple partitions and shifting in the same vector to each scan chain through a single scan in input. The experimental results for the ISCAS890 circuits showed that PSFS technique significantly reduces both the test application time and the amount of test data for full scan embedded cores.
VLSI Architectures for Computing Multiplications and Inverses in GF(2 m )

Finite field arithmetic logic is central in the implementation of Reed-Solomon coders and in some cryptographic algorithms. There is a need for good multiplication and inversion algorithms that can be easily realized on VLSI chips. Massey and Omura [1] recently developed a new multiplication algorithm for Galois fields based on a normal basis representation. In this paper, a pipeline structure is developed to realize the Massey-Omura multiplier in the finite field GF(2m). With the simple squaring property of the normal basis representation used together with this multiplier, a pipeline architecture is also developed for computing inverse elements in GF(2m). The designs developed for the Massey-Omura multiplier and the computation of inverse elements are regular, simple, expandable, and therefore, naturally suitable for VLSI implementation.
Chlamydia trachomatis Infections: Implications for Pregnant Adolescents and Their Infants

Objective: Chlamydia trachomatis infections are common in pregnant adolescents. Previous studies have shown that treating pregnant women of all ages with erythromycin prevents transmission of this infection to their infants. However, there are no published studies on the efficacy of aggressive screening and treatment of C. trachomatis in pregnant adolescents. This study was undertaken to determine if aggressive screening for C. trachomatis in pregnant adolescents and early treatment with erythromycin can prevent complications in their newborn infants. Methods: A group of pregnant adolescents enrolled at Teen Pregnancy Service of Milwaukee was evaluated prospectively for the presence of C. trachomatis infection. Screening was performed during the 1st and 3rd trimesters by enzyme immunoassay. Adolescents with positive enzyme immunoassays for Chlamydia were treated with erythromycin for 10 days. Those with negative enzyme immunoassays were enrolled as controls. All infants born to adolescents in both groups were followed for episodes of conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and wheezing during their 1st year of life. Results: Ninety mother/infant pairs were followed during the study period. Twenty-eight mothers (31%) had positive enzyme assay tests and all received erythromycin therapy. Nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from 60 (67%) infants; all were negative. There were no significant differences in general characteristics, development of conjunctivitis (relative risk 1.27), wheezing (relative risk 0.91), or pneumonia (relative risk 1.12) between infants born to adolescents in either group. Conclusions: We conclude that aggressive screening and treatment of C. trachomatis infection in pregnant adolescents may prevent complications in their offspring.
Response to Comments by Caldwell et al. on Article "Applying Mode-of-Action and Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Contemporary Cancer Risk Assessments: An Example with Trichloroethylene"

have criticized our article in this journal (), in which we attempted to demonstrate how mode-of-action and pharmacokinetic considerations could be applied in a cancer risk assessment for trichloroethylene. This short response provides us the opportunity to endorse, without reservations, our earlier conclusions about a mode of action-based cancer risk assessment approach for trichloroethylene. Our comments here also note the continuing reluctance of regulators to embrace widely-held scientific consensus positions on mode of action rather than to maintain a regulatory bias requiring proof that no other mode-of-action could be operative—an impossible hurdle in any assessment. We remain concerned that policy and precautionary decisions rather than any true regard for the body of scientific research are likely to drive the US EPA risk assessment for TCE, and perhaps for most other animal carcinogens, despite research to clarify mode of action and tissue dosimetry considerations.
The role of CD40L in T cell-dependent nitric oxide production by murine macrophages.

Abstract Upon activation, T cells express CD40L, a member of the TNF cytokine superfamily, which serves as a ligand for CD40 on antigen presenting cells, including dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages. While initial studies on the function of CD40 focused its role in the regulation of B cell activation, more recent studies have indicated that CD40 ligation may be critical for the initiation of T cell-dependent macrophage activation, including stimulation of nitric oxide production. However, the relative contribution of the CD40 pathway in macrophage nitric oxide production during T-dependent immune responses remains unclear. We have found that while CD40 ligation of macrophages can stimulate nitric oxide production, disruption of CD40 signaling during a T cell-mediated alloimmune response has no appreciable effect on nitric oxide production. If the T cell alloimmune response is restricted to CD4 cells, CD40L blockade has only a minimal effect on nitric oxide production. Rather, IFNγ, produced by alloactivated T cells, seems to be a necessary ‘first’ signal for nitric oxide production, while TNFα and CD40L each provide independent ‘second’ signals. Finally, we demonstrate that CD40L stimulates macrophage NO production independent from autocrine TNFα stimulation. These results suggest that macrophage nitric oxide production during a T-dependent immune response requires IFNγ production by CD4 cells whereas TNFα and CD40L can each provide important functionally overlapping ‘second’ signals to costimulate nitric oxide production, though neither is required.
Uniform allocation and reallocation revisited

Thomson (1995a) proved that the uniform allocation rule is the only allocation rule for allocation economies with single-peaked preferences that satisfies Pareto efficiency, no-envy,one-sided population-monotonicity, and replication-invariance on a restricted domain of single-peaked preferences. We prove that this result also holds on the unrestricted domain of single-peaked preferences.
Do growth, investment, and trade encourage water use or water conservation?

A two-sector, country-wide model of production, consumption, and regulation is developed to examine the linkages between water use and economic activity. The model indicates that water use is influenced by economic scale, composition, national income, openness to trade, and climatic factors. The relationships described by the model are tested using UNESCO data on water withdrawals and water consumption. Results indicate that increases in economic scale lead to increases in water use while trade intensity, capital investment, and national income reduce water use. Numerical simulations using the estimated results show that equal percentage increases in scale, personal income, and capital investment lead to increases in water use. Such increases are readily offset by increased trade intensity. The simulations show that improvements in trade intensity have the potential to switch the sign on water use trends from increases of 6 to 8 percent to reductions of 4 to 13 percent over the course of a decade.
Surface Treatment Effects on the Electron Emission Characteristics of Ultra Thin AIN Coated Molybdenum Tips

Although plasma surface treatment has proven useful for both metal and diamond field emitters, there is at this time no study of the effect of plasma treatment on the field emission from a thin layer of AIN. In this study a 7 nm film of AIN deposited on a molybdenum emitter tip was treated with different plasmas (H2, O2, and N2). All surface treatments and measurements were carried out by using an in-situ technique inside the magnetron sputtering chamber. Changes in the measured I-V curves were not observed from the emitter after treatment with either hydrogen or nitrogen plasmas, but were observed after oxygen plasma treatment. In addition, it was found that a very thin coating of aluminum over the AIN further enhanced the emission characteristics. We propose that the lowering of the surface barrier is due to the electronegativity difference of the species forming the surface layer.
Arsonium compounds in algae

Abstract Search for a precursor of the arsenobetaine discovered in Western Australian rock lobster tail muscle has led to an algal metabolite of radioarsenate having the properties of a trimethylarsoniumriboside derivative of the major arsenicals of aquatic plants, dimethylarsinoylribosylglycerol, its sulfate ester, and the corresponding riboside of phosphatidylglycerol. Such an arsonium compound could serve as metabolic precursor of arsenobetaine, the innocuous arsenical component of many marine food products. The oceanic diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis, cultured in radioarsenate produced a compound whose chemical, chromatographic, and electrophoretic properties are described. It was found to be identical to the trimethylarsonium derivative synthesized from the major algal arsenical, 1-(5′-dimethylarsinoyl-5′-deoxyribosyl)glycerol-3-O -sulfate.
Health Literacy Missouri: Evaluating a Social Media Program at a Health Literacy Organization

This study evaluated the current social media program at Health Literacy Missouri, focusing on the four platforms upon which it has the strongest presence. Retrospective data were collected by counting the number of fans, followers, likes, wall posts/reposts, and tweets/retweets on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and a blog. These metrics were then compared with benchmarks for social media use in other not-for-profit organizations and placed in the context of other statewide health literacy organizations. Health Literacy Missouri meets most, but not all, benchmarks and leads other statewide health literacy organizations in its adoption of social media.
Physician-Assisted Suicide Should Be Legalized

Bernat, inthe accompanying article, has nicely summarized important arguments both favoring and opposing physician-assisted suicide (PAS). In the public arena, the debate might appear at first to be one of extremes. On one side are those demanding a total ban on PAS. On the other are those who claim that PAS is a constitutional right and should remain unregulated, as a private transaction between patient and physician. Within medical circles, however, the conceptual distance separating the disputants ought to be much narrower. Colleagues and I have argued that no physician can advocate, with integrity, anything resembling "PAS on demand." The alternative to an outright ban on PAS is PAS only as a last resort for a small group of carefully selected patients. 1-3 Bernat further focuses attention on one of the most critical elements in the debate—the impact of PAS policy on palliative care. He argues, as have many
Whence 776? The Origin of the Date for the First Olympiad

This essay explores the origin of the date of 776 bc for the first Olympiad. That date was established by Hippias of Elis c.400 bc when he compiled the first complete list of Olympic victors. Contrary to what one might expect, Hippias did not arrive at the date of 776 on the basis of written records pertaining to the Olympics or to Olympic victors. Instead, he calculated the date of the first Olympiad by associating that Olympiad with a famous Spartan lawgiver named Lycurgus, who was a member of one of the Spartan royal families and who was believed to have helped organize the Olympic Games. Hippias used a list of Spartan kings to determine the number of generations between his own time and that of Lycurgus. He then assigned a fixed number of years to each generation and ended up with a date for Lycurgus and hence the first Olympiad. The inaccuracies inherent in this approach mean that the date of 776 for the first Olympiad is at best an approximation. The excavators at Olympia have suggested a date close...
The Relief of Resistant Edema by Utilization of a Sump Phenomenon

Fourteen massively edematous patients with either cardiac disease or nephritis, who had hydrothorax and/or ascites, have proved resistant to the usual diuretic measures, but have been relieved of edema by repeated aspirations of fluid from either the pleural or peritoneal spaces. In the intervals between aspirations the fluid of the interstitial space appeared to seep readily into the sump from which fluid had just been removed. The repeated aspirations did not result in hyponatremia nor hypoproteinemia in these cases. As a means of by-passing "`reluctant" kidneys the utilization of the sump phenomenon has proved simple, safe and effective in some very obstinate cases.
Study on the Curing Process of Allyl Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin

Allyl phenol-formaldehyde (APF) resin was synthesized by using phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin and allyl chloride as raw materials and sodium hydroxide as alkali catalyst, and its curing process was investigated. The results showed that APF could not only dissolve in polar solvents, but also dissolve in nonpolar solvent. The APF started curing from around 180°C, and it was higher than PF. The curing took place by polyaddition at allyl double bonds, and a wider controllable curing range of 44°C was obtained. The cured surface of the matrix manifested a continuous phase.
Papillary Eccrine Adenoma in Association with Cutaneous Horn

Papillary eccrine adenoma (PEA) is an uncommon sweat gland neoplasm that occurs more frequently on the distal extremities of Black women. Clinically, it appears as a small, isolated, firm, dome-shaped cutaneous nodule. We report two unusual cases of PEA that presented clinically as cutaneous horn. Histologically, both cases showed the typical dermal morphology of PEA with overlying epidermal changes suggestive of human papillomavirus (HPV). However, HPV immunoperoxidase staining and polymerase chain reaction for HPV were negative in both cases. Concurrent occurrence of PEA and HPV-like epidermal changes may be coincidental; however, their co-occurrence may also be related to the environment induced by this adnexal tumor. Whether PEA with verrucous epidermal changes has a different clinical behavior or increased risk for a malignant transformation is unknown, as both patients were lost to follow-up.
Optimization of circular orifice jets mixing into a heated cross flow in a cylindrical duct

To examine the mixing characteristics of circular jets in an axisymmetric can geometry, temperature measurements were obtained downstream of a row of cold jet injected into a heated cross stream. The objective was to obtain uniform mixing within one duct radius downstream of the leading edge of the jet orifices. An area weighted standard deviation of the mixture fraction was used to help quantify the degree of mixedness at a given plane. Non-reacting experiments were conducted to determine the influence of the number of jets on the mixedness in a cylindrical configuration. Results show that the number of orifices significantly impacts the mixing characteristics of jets injected from round hole orifices in a can geometry. Optimum mixing occurs when the mean jet trajectory aligns with the radius which divides the cross sectional area of the can into two equal parts at one mixer radius downstream of the leading edge of the orifice. The optimum number of holes at momentum-flux ratios of 25 and 52 is 10 and 15 respectively.
Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori natural transformation

For Helicobacter pylori, which exhibits substantial genetic diversity, many strains are naturally competent for transformation by exogenous DNA. To better understand the mechanism of natural transformation and its role in the generation of diversity, we sought to systematically identify factors important for natural transformation in H. pylori. We now show that the highest frequency of H. pylori transformation occurs when DNA is introduced prior to exponential phase growth, and that it is a saturable phenomenon. That transformation can be inhibited by DNA from Helicobacter (H. pylori and Helicobacter bilis) but not Escherichia coli suggests specificity based on DNA source. Finally, the cag island was determined to be unnecessary for high-frequency transformation.
Quasi-quadrennial and quasi-biennial variability in the equatorial Pacific

Evaluation of competing El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) theories requires one to identify separate spectral peaks in equatorial wind and sea-surface temperature (SST) time series. To sharpen this identification, we examine the seasonal-to-interannual variability of these fields by the data-adaptive method of multi-channel singular spectrum analysis (M-SSA). M-SSA is applied to the equatorial band (4°N-4°S), using 1950–1990 data from the Comprehensive Ocean and Atmosphere Data Set. Two major interannual oscillations are found in the equatorial SST and surface zonal wind fields, U. The main peak is centered at about 52-months; we refer to it as the quasi-quadrennial (QQ) mode. Quasi-biennial (QB) variability is split between two modes, with periods near 28 months and 24 months. A faster, 15-month oscillation has smaller amplitude. The QQ mode dominates the variance and has the most distinct spectral peak. In time-longitude reconstructions of this mode, the SST has the form of a standing oscillation in the eastern equatorial Pacific, while the U-field is dominated by a standing oscillation pattern in the western Pacific and exhibits also slight eastward propagation in the central and western Pacific. The locations of maximum anomalies in both QB modes are similar to those of the QQ mode. Slight westward migration in SST, across the eastern and central, and eastward propagation of U, across the western and central Pacific, are found. The significant wind anomaly covers a smaller region than for the QQ. The QQ and QB modes together represent the ENSO variability well and interfere constructively during major events. The sharper definition of the QQ spectral peak and its dominance are consistent with the “devil's staircase” interaction mechanism between the annual cycle and ENSO.
Sampled-data observer error linearization

The effects of time-sampling on the solvability conditions for the observer linearization design methodology are investigated. It is shown that the class of systems for which this design method can be applied for an open set of sampling times is quite small. In particular, when the dimension of the state space is two, it consists only of those systems that are state-equivalent to a linear system. The practical implication is that digital implementations of this methodology will have to be approximate.
Compressible Large-Eddy Simulation of Separation Control on a Wall-Mounted Hump

Compressible large-eddy simulations of turbulent flow over a wall-mounted hump with active flow control are performed and compared with previous experiments. The flow is characterized by the unsteady separation before the steep trailing edge, which naturally reattaches downstream of the hump to form an unsteady turbulent separation bubble. The low Mach number large-eddy simulation demonstrated a good prediction of surface pressure coefficient, separation-bubble length, and velocity profiles compared with experiments. The effect of compressibility on the baseline flow is documented and analyzed and is found to increase the separation-bubble size, due to a reduced growth rate. Control is applied just before the natural separation point via steady suction and zero-net-mass-flux oscillatory forcing, and steady suction is shown to be more effective in decreasing the size of the separation bubble and pressure drag for the control parameters investigated. Controlled flow at a compressible subsonic Mach number is applied, and found to be slightly less effective than the same control parameters at low Mach numbers.
Wave-like solutions to reaction-diffusion equations on a cylinder: dependence on cylinder width

For a certain class of scalar reaction-diffusion equations, we show that any solution decays if the cylindrical domain’s width is too narrow, whereas if it is sufficiently thick, there are solutions which lie and persist between two traveling wave fronts. These ideas are then generalized to a special class of reaction-diffusion systems occurring in the modeling of competing biological species.
The interaction of aldosterone and of cholesterol in the in vitro biosynthesis of estroprotein.

Earlier observations on antagonistic behavior between pairs of steroids in the enzjmie-catalyzed biosynthesis of their protein-bound forms have been extended to the study of interaction of aldosterone and of cholesterol with estrone-16-C14, as analyzed by methods previously described. It has been demonstrated that aldosterone suppresses, while cholesterol leaves unaffected, hepatically-catalyzed estroprotein biosynthesis in vitro. The data suggest that the nature of the inhibition by aldosterone may be competitive, as earlier shown for cortisol in parallel studies from this laboratory. Analysis of the behavior of labeled cholesterol in the system reveals that the liver functions to enhance the association with protein of radioactivity originating from this substrate without being obligatory for the process. Cholesterol does not interfere with simultaneous estroprotein biosynthesis presumably because it does not utilize, selectively, the same protein carrier.
The Ins and Outs of Doctor-Patient Relations in Japan

This paper analyzes doctor-patient relations in Japan from an interactionist perspective, based on interviews of medical personnel and patients and on participant-observation in a number of medical institutions. After describing Japanese categories of social relationships, the author shows how, by utilizing symbolic behavior, both doctors and patients attempt to manipulate the relationship to provide a desired degree of mutual reliance.
Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to vitamin A on the development of the murine immune system.

Abstract Vitamin A and its derivatives are known to enhance the immune system and affect embryogenesis. In this study, five daily subcutaneous injections of retinol palmitate (0.001 mg/kg body weight) were administered to eight female SW mice before mating. Six more weekly injections of retinol palmitate were given during pregnancy and lactation. Eight controls were similarly treated with saline. Four of the eight vitamin-A-treated females had litters, whereas seven of the eight saline-treated females had litters. Resultant litters did not differ in size or appearance. At 12 weeks of age, serum IqM and IgG1 levels were significantly higher in the progeny of vitamin-A-treated mothers before but not after immunization with a test antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBC). This difference was not seen when other progeny were tested at the age of one year. Anti-SRBC titers did not differ in the two groups of progeny at the age of 12 weeks or one year. One-year-old progeny of vitamin-A-treated mothers weighed significantly more than did control progeny; significant enlargement of the heart, spleen, and kidneys was observed. However, organ-to-body-weight ratios did not differ significantly. In a separate experiment, adult female mice treated with varying doses of vitamin A (five daily doses of 0.0001, 0.0005, or 0.001 mg/kg body weight) showed a dose-dependent reduction of serum IgG1 and hematocrits, but no change in serum IgM levels or leukocyte counts. Resting untreated mice had IgM levels which were one-half those seen in saline-treated controls. These studies indicate that large doses of vitamin A can affect some aspects of the developing and mature murine immune system.
Chemical resistance and structural integrity of protective glove materials

Abstract Liquid‐proof gloves are a critical component of protective clothing for workers who handle toxic liquid chemicals. Gloves must exhibit chemical barrier characteristics, physical, and chemical integrity and not hinder dexterity. Selection of chemical protective gloves presents intricate problems because many parameters are involved. Chemical permeation tests provide the most rigorous of all chemical resistance tests and measure the diffusion of chemical vapor on a molecular level, but do not adequately take degradation of the material into account. When liquid‐splash protection is the main concern, hazards from vapor contact are minimum, and prolonged contact of a gloved hand with the chemical is expected; liquid‐penetration testing is a viable method of screening glove materials. However, physical integrity and chemical‐degradation resistance in conjunction with chemical penetration‐resistance testing provides a clearer picture of the performance of glove materials.
Identification of Rhipicephalus microplus Genes That Modulate the Infection Rate of the Rickettsia Anaplasma marginale

Arthropod vectors transmit a diversity of animal and human pathogens, ranging from RNA viruses to protozoal parasites. Chemotherapeutic control of pathogens has classically focused either on insecticides that kill the vector itself or antimicrobials for infected patients. The limitation of the former is that it targets both infected and uninfected vectors and selects for resistant populations while the latter requires prompt and accurate diagnosis. An alternative strategy is to target vector molecules that permit the pathogen to establish itself, replicate, and/or develop within the vector. Using the rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma marginale and its tropical tick vector, Rhipicephalus microplus, as a model, we tested whether silencing specific gene targets would affect tick infection rates (the % of fed ticks that are infected with the pathogen) and pathogen levels within infected ticks. Silencing of three R. microplus genes, CK187220, CV437619 and TC18492, significantly decreased the A. marginale infection rate in salivary glands, whereas gene silencing of TC22382, TC17129 and TC16059 significantly increased the infection rate in salivary glands. However in all cases of significant difference in the infection rate, the pathogen levels in the ticks that did become infected, were not significantly different. These results are consistent with the targeted genes affecting the pathogen at early steps in infection of the vector rather than in replication efficiency. Identifying vector genes and subsequent determination of the encoded functions are initial steps in discovery of new targets for inhibiting pathogen development and subsequent transmission.