cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the damage variable basic issues in continuum damage and healing mechanics

Abstract Consistent mathematics and mechanics are used here to properly interpret the damage variable within the confines of the concept of reduced area due to damage. In this work basic issues are investigated for the damage variable in conjunction with continuum damage and healing mechanics. First, the issue of the additive decomposition of the damage variable into damage due to voids and damage due to cracks in continuum damage mechanics is discussed. The accurate decomposition is shown to be non-additive and involves a term due to the interaction of cracks and voids. It is shown also that the additive decomposition can only be used for the special case of small damage. Furthermore, a new decomposition is derived for the evolution of the damage variable. The second issue to be discussed is the new concept of independent and dependent damage processes. For this purpose, exact expressions for the two types of damage processes are presented. The third issue addressed is the concept of healing processes occurring in series and in parallel. In this regard, systematically and consistently, the equations of healing processes occurring either consecutively or simultaneously are discussed. This is followed by introducing the new concept of small healing in damaged materials. Simplified equations that apply when healing effects are small are shown. Finally, some interesting and special damage processes using a systematic and original formulation are presented.
Latency of Alpha Blocking as a Function of Photic Stimulation During the Cardiac Cycle

Changes in reaction time during the cardiac cycle have been reported by a number of investigators. The present study concerns changes in the latency of alpha blocking as a function of the time of presentation of photic stimulation during the cardiac cycle. Stimuli were presented at intervals of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 msec following the peak of the R-wave of the EKG. Alpha blocking latency was found to be shorter for stimulus presentation early in the cardiac cycle.
Democratización: avances y retrocesos en América Latina

Clase Magistral realizada por la profesora Frances Hagopian el 15 de noviembre de 2006 en el VIIICongreso Chileno de Ciencia Politica organizado por la Asociacion Chilena de Ciencia Politica.
Defining the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a leading cause of death in severely immunocompromised patients. Delayed diagnosis remains a major impediment to successful treatment of IA. Conventional diagnostic methods based on use of histology and culture remain the cornerstone of diagnosis of IA. However, they have a low yield, and performance of them is frequently precluded in patients with cytopenia and/or underlying comorbidities. In recent years, efforts have been directed toward identifying non-culture-based markers for early, reliable diagnosis of IA by detection of Aspergillus components such as galactomannan (GM), 1,3-β-D-glucan, and DNA. Studies of profoundly neutropenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients on fluconazole prophylaxis have shown high sensitivity (67-100%) and specificity (86-99%) rates for the GM assay. However, the performance of the GM assay in other settings, including pediatric patients, patients receiving mould-active antifungal prophylaxis, patients with GvHD and recipients of solid organ transplants, is suboptimal. Other factors, such as the pretest probability of infection, sequestration of Aspergillus lesions, the patient's immune status, the presence of anti-GM antibodies, antibacterial therapy, and diet, may also affect both the performance and interpretation of the GM assay. A colorimetric assay for the detection of 1,3-β-D-glucan, an integral cell-wall component of most pathogenic fungi, has shown promising sensitivity (55-100%) and specificity (52-100%) in limited studies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of Aspergillus DNA is also a promising method for early detection of IA and other opportunistic fungal infections. The sensitivity of PCR is excellent, but its low level of specificity for invasive infections can be problematic. Multiple unresolved issues accompany the use of PCR for diagnosis of IA, including the sample type, amplification strategy, protocol, and primer selection, and account for the lack of a standardized, commercially available assay. Comparative prospective evaluation of non-culture-based assays would facilitate their incorporation into pre-emptive strategies for the optimal management of IA. Combinations of non-culture-based assays could enhance their performance and broaden the spectrum of detectable fungi. Clearly, there is a need for innovation in this area. Preclinical studies suggest that detection of secondary metabolites for Aspergillus and use of novel immunolabeling approaches to positron emission tomography are potentially new avenues for the development of novel diagnostics. In view of the evolving epidemiology of opportunistic mould infections, developing diagnostic strategies to distinguish between pulmonary aspergillosis and other lung mycoses is another important future research direction.
The new constitutions of east Germany

The restoration of the Lander in the former GDR in 1990 and the unification of Berlin called for a round of constitution drafting in the east that resulted in considerable discussion and controversy within the attentive public and, especially, among legal scholars in all of Germany. Controversy focused on two general issues: direct democracy and certain constitutional provisions such as social rights and state goals. Direct democracy is nothing new for the Lander, since most West German Land constitutions provided for referenda long before the Wall collapsed. But the three‐step process adopted in the east, and in particular the relatively low signature requirements for initiatives and petitions, both of which were in fact first introduced by Schleswig‐Holstein in 1990, did not meet with universal approval. Even more controversial were certain provisions in the Land constititions, for example, Brandenburg, that probably violate the Basic Law, and a number of unenforceable social rights and state goals that...
Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma : Implications for nephron sparing surgery

Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) is an uncommon type of cystic renal neoplasm with characteristic histologic findings and a good prognosis. Three cases are reported. One case involves enucleation of an MCRCC in a kidney donor with a 10-year follow-up and no recurrence in the transplant recipient. Nephron sparing surgery should be considered when the diagnosis of MCRCC is suspected preoperatively and confirmed intraoperatively.
A Comparative Study of Selected Physical Aspects of the Eggs of the Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii (Girard, 1852) and P. Zonangulus Hobbs & Hobbs, 1990 (Decapoda, Cambaridae)

Certain physical aspects of eggs from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and P. zonangulus were studied. Fecundity, both potential and actual, is greater in P. clarkii, while the size (diameter) of extruded eggs is considerably less. Counts of oocytes indicate that egg production in P. zonangulus is partitioned among all size classes of the reproducing population, while in P. clarkii, the major reproductive responsibility is with the largest individuals. P. clarkii exhibits a profligate reproductive strategy, one better adapted to warm water habitats where nutrient flow is continuous. P. zonangulus has a prudential reproductive strategy, one better adapted to cool water habitats in which nutrient flow is pulsed.
When the Time Comes for the Community College President to Step Aside: Daunting Realities of Leading

This interview study examined seven community college presidents’ experiences of facing a sudden and unplanned stepping aside (e.g., unexpectedly needing to resign or termination) in order to understand the meaning of the transition experience for leaders. It provides an up-close view of presidents’ perspectives on leaving the college. Despite the best efforts and good performance of presidents, sooner or later each encountered a crisis that challenged his or her role and identity as a leader, and they came to a crossroad in their careers. Being in control of stepping aside from the presidency, regardless of what brought them to that decision point, distinguished how they perceived the crisis that led up to their exit and how they viewed the transition. Presidents discussed the importance of recognizing that sometimes things happen that cannot be controlled such as broken promises and a change in board membership. The presidents we interviewed were celebrated with pomp and circumstance when entering; howe...
Examining the Determinants of State Borrowing Costs: Controlling for Different Terms to Maturity

Prior studies have developed models to identify factors that determine the borrowing costs for state governments. When state governments borrow money, they usually issue serial bonds. With a serial bond issue, a portion of the principal borrowed is repaid each year, along with the interest payments, over the life of the bond issue. Also, a separate yield‐to‐maturity (YTM) is assigned for the yearly maturities under the serial bond issue.
Preoperative determination of susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia

A careful individual and family history is of utmost importance in evaluating MH susceptibility. Patients having myopathy with or without a significant family history of MH must be suspected of having the condition. The initial evaluation should include routine blood studies and CPK determinations in addition to an electrocardiogram. Full evaluation differentiating rigid from nonrigid types must include a muscle biopsy for microscopic and contraction studies. Platelet ATP depletion with exposure to halothane shows promise as a prescreening test. Susceptible patients can be given both general and local anesthetics if the surgeon and support personnel have a thorough understanding of MH and if proper precautions have been taken and preparation of facilities has been made.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria That Cause Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis due to enteric pathogens is generally a self-limiting disease for which antimicrobial treatment is not required. However, treatment should be considered for cases of severe or prolonged diarrhea, extraintestinal isolation of bacteria, or diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts, the elderly, and infants. Various resistance trends and current issues concerning antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enteric pathogens are reviewed in this article, including Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and Clostridium difficile. Updated interpretive criteria from breakpoint-setting organizations are reviewed, along with explanations for recent changes in antimicrobial breakpoints.
The Declining Utility of the Right to Counsel in Federal Criminal Courts: An Empirical Study on the Role of Defense Attorney Advocacy Under the Sentencing Guidelines

Much has been written about how the Federal Sentencing Guidelines have changed the role of judges, prosecutors and probation officers in federal criminal courts. This paper, based on empirical research, adds a relatively new chapter to that literature by examining some of the ways in which defense attorney advocacy has been altered under the Guidelines regime. The study involves forty subjects, all federal criminal defense attorneys, who discuss their practices and experiences as advocates in a system that deters and penalizes zealous representation by equating it with the defendant's failure to accept responsibility or impediment of justice. The attorneys also describe their decreasing bargaining power in a system that over-empowers their prosecutorial adversaries, and the effect that this has on their work as advocates. The empirical evidence suggests that lawyers may have redefined what it means to be a good advocate in the face of the perceived rigidity and severity of the Guidelines. They devote their energies to counseling their clients, guiding them through the criminal adjudication process, and combing the complex sentencing rules for exceptions that might apply to their clients. Their accounts reveal that the role of the defense lawyer, as well as the impact of the right to counsel, has changed fundamentally from the time of Gideon v. Wainwright and other cases that championed the right to counsel as a vital safeguard for the protection of individual rights and the integrity of the criminal justice system.
Evaluation of the eradication program for Amblyomma variegatum (Acari:Ixodidae) on Puerto Rico.

A cooperative effort between the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, the Agricultural Research Service, and the Department of Agriculture, Commonwealth Government of Puerto Rico has been successful in eardicatingAmblyomma variegatum (Fabricius) from the islands of Puerto Rico and Vieques (an island municipality of Puerto Rico). Application of acaricides to livestock and dogs at 14-day intervals for an 18-month period eliminated foci of tick infestation on 188 farms in four different locations without additional aerial or ground treatment. Reasons for the success and some of the costs associated with the eradication program on Puerto Rico are presented.
Phosphatidylinositol metabolism accompanies early activation events in tumor target cell-stimulated human natural killer cells.

Abstract This study examined the role of phospholipid metabolism in human natural killer (NK) cells upon activation by tumor target cells (TC). The effector cell (EC) population consisted of peripheral blood lymphocytes enriched for NK cells. Upon a 5-min exposure of EC to the NK-sensitive tumor TC K562 and U937, nearly four- and threefold increases in the incorporation of 32 P into Phosphatidylinositol (PI) occurred, respectively. In contrast, no increase in 32 P incorporation into PI was seen when two NK-resistant TC were used. In addition, little or no change in the incorporation of 32 P into phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, or phosphatidylserine took place with any of the above TC. Depletion of Leu 11b-positive cells abolished the increase in 32 P incorporation into PI when K562 were used in the phospholipid assay. Furthermore, labeling kinetics of this phospholipid turnover showed that it occurred less than 5 min following exposure to NK-sensitive TC and that phosphatidic acid, a breakdown product of phosphoinositides, was produced during this 5-min period. These results indicated that metabolism of a phosphoinositide took place and that it occurred in association with early activation events in NK cells. Quercetin and dibutyryladenosine-cyclic monophosphate (dbcAMP) plus theophylline exerted profound inhibitory effects on both NK activity and PI metabolism, suggesting a linkage between the two events. The inhibitors had no effect on target cell-binding capacity, indicating that the inhibition occurred postbinding. PI metabolism took place in the absence of extracellular calcium even though NK activity was completely abolished under the same conditions. Thus, we have shown PI metabolism, but not other phospholipids, to occur in human NK cells upon exposure to NK-sensitive TC, in association with early activation events. This event was independent of extracellular calcium and could be inhibited by quercetin or dbcAMP plus theophylline.
Asian Ars Erotica and the Question of Sexual Aesthetics

On a recent visit to Vienna's opulent Kunsthistorisches Museum, I unexpectedly encountered a genre painting that expressed, with art's most powerful immediacy, a central theme of this paper. The theme is philosophy's persistent pose of resistance to the seductive aesthetics of sex, and the painting, The Steadfast Philosopher by Gerrit van Honthorst (1592-1656), depicts the attempted seduction of a diligent philosopher by a lovely young woman with fully exposed breasts (Figure 1). The philosopher in the painting is a manly, moustached figure in the prime of life, seated at his desk with a pile of books to his right and an open book directly in front of him. He has apparently been interrupted in the act of writing, since his right hand holds a feathered-quill pen, while his left arm is raised forward with its fingers spread in a gesture of "stop," as if to ward off both physically and symbolically the advances and attractions of the seductress who stands near the desk and seems
WLC45-3: Space-Time Trellis Codes with Asynchronous Full Diversity up to Fractional Symbol Delays

To achieve full cooperative diversity in a relay network, most of the existing space-time coding schemes require the synchronization between terminals. A family of space-time trellis codes that achieve full cooperative diversity order without the assumption of synchronization has been recently proposed, where it is assumed that the delays occurring at the relays must be integer multiples of the symbol duration. In this paper, we consider a cooperative system in which the delays can be fractional symbol duration and, correspondingly, multiple sampling per symbol interval is used at the destination. We show that the previously proposed space-time trellis codes for the system with integer symbol delays can still achieve asynchronous full diversity in the new scenario. Furthermore, compared with the applications in the system with integer symbol delays, the decoding complexity of the optimal Viterbi algorithm for the codes does not increase in the system with fractional symbol delays.
Privacy Is Dead: Long Live Surveillance Symmetry

Increasingly, despite the protests and concerns of consumers and consumer advocates, privacy is becoming encroached upon and whittled away. Here, the author offers an unconventional approach on how to handle this loss of privacy and empower the average person.
Smart millimeter-wave-devices using liquid crystal

Smart liquid crystal (LC) millimeter-wave (MMW) electronic devices are demonstrated using the electrically- controllable permittivity through LC directors’ reorientation. In this paper, we review the LC classes and its important physical properties for the proposed applications. Some commercially available LCs exhibit a relatively large birefringence (Δn~0.2) in MMW bands and, therefore, are useful for millimeter wave devices. A nonradiative dielectric waveguide using LC is proposed and characterized using numerical simulations. The simulation results show that the LC waveguide is promising for future MMW technologies.
Bureaucracy, development, and regime- politics: the case of iran

This paper deals with the role of bureaucracy and state in society. It examines the political regime-enhancement role and economic development role of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) in Iran before and after the revolution of 1978 - 79 . While the MARD transformed rural feudalism into capitalism and enhanced the Pahlavi regime, it failed to promote agricultural development. An agriculturaly self-sufficient Iran became almost totally dependent, and a massive rural exodus of more than nine million became a major force for the revolution of 1978-79. Two major trends in post-revolutionary Iran are identified and explained: initial debureaucratization of society along with an egalitarian agricultural and rural policy and the rebureaucratization of society and a policy in favor of large private landholding since 1983. The author analyzes the nature of growing public disbatisfaction with the bureaucracy, and outlines alternatives to reduce this dissatisfaction and to promote agricultural...
Transynaptic regulation of low-affinity p75 nerve growth factor receptor mRNA precedes and accompanies lesion-induced collateral neuronal sprouting

The bilateral sympathetic innervation of the rat pineal gland from the two superior cervical ganglia (SCG) is a useful model system to investigate the mechanisms by which intact neurons compensate for neuronal losses. Cutting of the internal carotid nerve (ICN) on one side has been shown to result in the removal of approximately one-half of the innervation to the pineal gland within 2 days. This denervation is followed by the development of collateral neuronal sprouting from the contralateral “intact” SCG, most of which takes place during the next 2 days. Using a solution hybridization protection assay, levels of low-affinity NGF receptor p75NGFR mRNA (pg/μg total RNA) were found to be increased 25%, with no change in cyclophilin mRNA, in the SCG contralateral to the lesion performed 1 or 3 days earlier. In situ hybridization with a 35S riboprobe complementary to p75NGFR mRNA demonstrated a large increase in this mRNA in some cells of this intact SCG at both 1 and 3 days after a contralateral ICN cut lesion. The clustering of these cells toward the rostral portion of the SCG suggests that they may overlap with the population of sympathetic neurons which provides innervation to bilaterally innervated structures such as the pineal gland. The nature of the signals involved in the regulation of NGF receptor mRNA levels and their role in initiating and maintaining collateral sprouting remain to be fully established. Nevertheless, the time course of the changes in mRNA levels suggests that regulation of the low-affinity NGF receptor gene may be involved in the sequence of events associated with the collateral sprouting response by intact sympathetic nerve cells following partial denervation.
Anesthetic Efficacy of Articaine for Combination Labial Plus Lingual Infiltrations versus Labial Infiltration in the Mandibular Lateral Incisor

Abstract Introduction Previous studies have shown higher success rates when using an articaine formulation versus a lidocaine formulation for buccal mandibular first molar infiltrations. However, there is little information on articaine's effect in mandibular anterior teeth. Methods The authors conducted a prospective, randomized, single-blind, crossover study comparing the degree of pulpal anesthesia obtained with 2 sets of mandibular lateral incisor infiltrations given in 2 separate appointments in 82 adult subjects. One set of infiltrations consisted of an initial labial infiltration of a cartridge of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine plus a lingual infiltration of the same anesthetic and dose. The other set of infiltrations consisted of an initial labial infiltration of a cartridge of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine plus a mock lingual infiltration. The authors used an electric pulp tester to test the lateral incisor for pulpal anesthesia in 2-minute cycles for 60 minutes after the injections. Results and Conclusions The labial plus lingual infiltration significantly improved the success rate (no response to 2 consecutive 80 readings with the pulp tester) to 98% when compared with a labial infiltration of a cartridge of the same articaine formulation (76% success). The combination labial and lingual infiltrations did not provide pulpal anesthesia for an hour.
Altruism, self-interest, and energy consumption

How can we encourage greater energy efficiency? Estimates that take account of behavioral plasticity—the ease with which actions can be taken—indicate that the United States could reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 7% if households adopted simple and money-saving efficiency actions (1). However, most households are not taking these actions despite the benefits for the environment and for household budgets. By engaging key factors that influence household energy consumption, Asensio and Delmas shed light on unrealized energy efficiency (2). Their results provide useful insights for the design of programs to encourage energy efficiency; in doing so, they hone our understanding of environmental decision making.
Recalibration of the pediatric risk of admission score using a multi-institutional sample

Abstract Study objective Case-mix adjustment is a critical component of quality assessment and benchmarking. The Pediatric Risk of Admission (PRISA) score is composed of descriptive, physiologic, and diagnostic variables that provide a probability of hospital admission as an index of severity. The score was developed and validated in a single tertiary pediatric hospital emergency department (ED) after exclusion of children with minor injuries and illnesses. We provide a multi-institutional recalibration and validation of the PRISA score and test its performance in 4 additional EDs, including patients with minor injuries and illnesses. Methods Masked, photocopied, randomly selected medical records of ED patients from 2000 were abstracted and were used to test the performance (discrimination and calibration) of the original PRISA score. This sample differed from the original PRISA sample by including 5 hospitals and including patients with minor injuries and minor illnesses. Independent variables included components of acute and chronic history, physiologic variables, and 3 ED therapies. The dependent variable was hospital admission. PRISA was then recalibrated as needed by using an 80% development sample and a 20% validation sample. Area under the curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test were used to measure, respectively, discrimination and calibration of the PRISA score after recalibration. We then applied the recalibrated PRISA score to secondary outcomes to test construct validity. We reasoned that a valid measure of ED severity should also be associated with the secondary outcomes of mandatory admissions (admissions using ≥1 inpatient resources) and ICU admissions. Results The recalibrated PRISA score performed well in all deciles of predicted probability of admission. The area under the curve was 0.81 and the calibration was good (Hosmer-Lemeshow 10.658; df =8; P =.222) for the development sample, and the area under the curve was 0.785 with excellent calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow 8.341; df =9; P =.500) for the validation sample. The overall development sample had 423.9 admissions predicted and 423 observed; the validation sample had 112.1 predicted and 110 observed. Conclusion The PRISA score has been recalibrated and performs well in EDs of tertiary pediatric hospitals. Comparison with this benchmark may allow individual EDs to improve their performance and may provide insight into best practices.
Identification of Specific Language Impairment in Bilingual Children: I. Assessment in English

Purpose This study was designed to derive cut scores for English testing for use in identifying specific language impairment (SLI) in bilingual children who were learning English as a second language. Method In a 1-gate design, 167 children received comprehensive language assessments in English and Spanish during their first-grade year. The reference standard was identification by a team of expert bilingual speech-language pathologists. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses were used to identify the optimal prediction model for SLI. Results The original, English EpiSLI criteria (Tomblin, Records, & Zhang, 1996) yielded a sensitivity of .95 and a specificity of .45 (LR+ = 1.73, LR− = 0.11, and AUC = .79) for our bilinguals. Revised cutoff scores yielded a sensitivity of .86 and a specificity of .68 (LR+ = 2.67, LR− = 0.21, and AUC = .77). An optimal prediction model yielded a sensitivity of .81 and a specificity of .81 (LR+ = 4.37, LR− = 0.23 and AUC = .85). Conclusion The results of English testing coul...
Selection Rules for Pion Production in Nucleon-Antinucleon Scattering

Selection rules governing the production of one and two pions in nucleon- antinucleon scattering are derived by utilizing conservation of the quantum numbers associated with the total angular momentum, the total isotopic spin, parity, the charge-conjugation operation, and the combined charge-conjugation, charge-symmetry operation. (auth)
Sandbathing to establish familiarity in the Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami

Abstract The hypothesis that olfactory signals deposited at sandbathing sites could function in neighbour and mate recognition was tested in Merriam's kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami . Habituation-discrimination tests revealed that both males and females could discriminate between the body oils of familiar and unfamiliar male donors. Only females, however, responded to sebum from the androgen-dependent dorsal gland of males. Oestrous and non-oestrous females preferred the dorsal gland scent of familiar males to that of unfamiliar males; males did not show a preference. In the field, many males sandbathed in the home area of oestrous females on night before and during mating. Taken together, laboratory studies and field observations show that scent deposited at sandbathing sites could convey the identity of the sandbather to conspecifics. Olfactory signals at sandbathing sites could promote familiarity among neighbours and enable males to become familiar to potential female mates.
Self-aligned fabrication of 10 nm wide asymmetric trenches for Si/SiGe heterojunction tunneling field effect transistors using nanoimprint lithography, shadow evaporation, and etching

Fabrication of an asymmetric source/drain structure is important to heterojunction tunneling transistors but is extremely difficult to achieve reliably due to the stringent requirement of nanometer overlay alignment. Here the authors propose and demonstrate a simple self-aligned asymmetric nanotrench fabrication method, which has achieved a 10 nm wide (35 nm deep) trench in source region with an alignment accuracy better than 3 nm. The method is based on asymmetric shadow evaporation of the metal with the gate as a mask, creating an area uncovered by the metal only in the source but not in the drain, and a subsequent reactive ion etching with the evaporated metal as the etching mask. The accuracy of this method was found experimentally and theoretically to be within 5 nm.
Production of thromboplastin (tissue factor) and thrombi by polymor phonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes adhering to vein walls

Abstract Separation of dog femoral and jugular veins from surrounding structures and transient stasis of blood flow for 30 seconds resulted in a lesion characterized by adhesion of neutrophils to the venous endothelium. Neutrophils harvested from this lesion 5 hours later had developed thromboplastic (tissue factor) activity. In immediately removed veins and veins from neutropenic dogs, this lesion did not occur and scrapings of the vein wall did not have thromboplastic activity. In some veins, gross or microscopic thrombosis was seen. It has been reported that neutrophil adhesion to veins also occurs during human surgery. We suggest, therefore, that neutrophils adhering to veins and producing thromboplastin may be a pathogenetic mechanism of deep vein thrombosis in man.
Getting to grips with the brain problem: Philosophy of the Brain: The Brain Problem, by Georg Northoff. John Benjamins Publishing Co. 2004. €68.00/$81.95 (x+429 pp.) ISBN 90 272 5184 3 (Europe)/1 58811 417 1 (US)

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A physical classification of the earth's spheroidal modes.

This paper shows that five different families of spheroidal modes can be isolated, namely: 1) Inner Core and Stoneley modes ("K" modes); 2) "V" (vertical) modes, with mainly vertical displacement; 3) "C" (Colatitudinal) modes, with mainly horizontal displacement; 4) "R" (Rayleigh) modes, in which the horizontal and vertical displacements are totally coupled, and 5) "H" (Hybrid) modes, with intermediate coupling. V and C modes occur at high phase velocities, R modes at low phase velocities, and H modes at intermediate ones. Each of the families of modes has distinctly different properties, including group velocity, Q, and excitation functions.Except for H modes, these families are arranged in "pseudo-overtone" branches, along which physical properties vary smoothly. A theoretical description of the properties of V, C and K modes is given, using the simplified model of a homogeneous, non-gravitating Earth. Two important observations are explained, using this model: i) The solution for C modes at low values of l are identical to the ones for corresponding T (Torsional) modes, and have, therefore, the same eigenperiods are relative excitation functions, and ii) the radial modes nS0 are the l=0 members of the V family, and their apparent scarcity results simply because only that family has modes with l=0. Furthermore, the group velocity of K, C, V and R modes is shown to be consistent with the physical concept of dispersion along a pseudo-overtone branch. An interpretation of the existence of the different families in terms of an increase in mode-coupling with angular order is presented.A formal classification of the spheroidal modes into 5 families is made, and a new nomenclature is proposed, which is closely related to their physical properties.
Assessing the accuracy of ANOVA calculations in statistical software

Abstract In this paper, we propose a flexible benchmark for measuring the accuracy of ANOVA calculations. The benchmark allows us to control the number of factors, the number of levels within each factor, and the number of observations within each cell. An additional parameter controls how close to constant the data within a cell is. The findings from using this benchmark to test three major mainframe statistical packages indicate that all three packages ignore ill-conditioning that occurs when the data grows more nearly constant. The packages print out highly inaccurate results without a warning to the user. We propose a simple diagnostic, CD , which measures the number of constant digits in a data set and which would detect highly ill-conditioned data sets before they are analyzed.
Nitrogen leaching in paper‐amended soil columns

Abstract In the southeastern United States, productivity of sandy, poorly structured soils could be improved by increasing organic matter content. Organic matter can be increased by adding waste paper with either nitrogen (N) fertilizer or poultry litter (PL) to adjust the carbon (C) to nitrogen ratio. Our objective was to compare N leached when ammonium nitrate (AN) or PL was added to 30‐cm‐deep, 20‐cm‐diameter soil columns amended with waste paper. We established soil columns with three treatments in the Ap horizon over three treatments in the E horizon in nine treatment combinations. No plants were grown. The Ap horizon treatments were AN plus waste paper, PL plus waste paper, and nothing added. Additions were balanced to a 20:1 C to N ratio. The E horizon treatments were waste paper mixed, waste paper on the column axis (not mixed), and nothing added. The experiment was run in 1993 and 1994. Columns were leached with 500 ml (1.5 cm) of deionized water two or three times a week. For both trials of the ...
Aluminium in soils and plants on the coastlands of british guiana

Extractable aluminium (i.e., soluble in 0.5N-acetic acid) has been determined in soils of the coastland of British Guiana and also the aluminium content of leaves of plants grown on them. It is shown that extractable aluminium in the soils depended on their organic matter content, but is not related to the aluminium contents of the leaves of natural vegetation. The aluminium contents of leaves varied much between species and also between plants growing in different soils.
Effect of serial blood sampling on interpretation of estradiol-17β involvement in laying hen calcium metabolism

Abstract 1. 1. Effects of long-term, low levels of exogenous estradiol-17β and dietary calcium on calcium metabolism and laying hen performance, and effects of serial blood-sampling, were studied. 2. 2. Significant 3-way (P 3. 3. Estradiol-17β appears to increase calcium utilization with very low dietary calcium only. 4. 4. Relatively small brachial vein samples taken only every 3–4 weeks have substantial confounding effects on interpretation of data.
Bulk copolymerization of dimethyl meta-isopropenyl benzyl isocyanate (TMI®): Determination of reactivity ratios

Dimethyl meta-isopropenyl benzyl isocyanate (TMI®) is a bifunctional monomer with an unsaturation and an isocyanate group. Bulk copolymerizations of TMI with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and n-butyl acrylate were investigated. Polymerizations were carried out to low conversions in sealed test tubes at 70°C. The copolymer composition was determined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The data were analyzed using the terminal, as well as restricted penultimate, model of copolymerization. The method of Kelen-Tudos was used to calculate the reactivity ratios according to the terminal model. A nonlinear regression analysis was also carried out. Low reactivity ratio values for TMI were obtained for the copolymerizations with styrene and methyl methacrylate as a result of the inability of TMI to undergo homopolymerization. The value was higher for the copolymerization with n-butyl acrylate. Composition diagrams were generated, and the range of TMI concentration in the monomer charge for the preferential incorporation of TMI in the copolymer was identified. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67: 559–568, 1998
Similar Nuclear Factors Mediate Stimulation of Rat Thyroglobulin Gene Transcription by Thyrotropin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I

Transcription of the thyroglobulin (TG) gene in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells is stimulated by two hormones, TSH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). The effect of TSH is mimicked by cAMP. Promoter regions of the rat TG gene responsible for hormonal action as well as the nuclear regulatory proteins that interact with these regions were characterized. Minimal promoter that responds to both hormones has been found to be up to -171 basepairs from the transcription initiation site. In DNase-I footprinting analysis, nuclear extracts from cells treated with either of these hormones protected the same two major regions within the minimal promoter. Mutations in these two regions abolished basal, TSH-stimulated, as well as IGF-I-stimulated expression of the fused reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. DNA mobility shift assay revealed that cAMP and IGF-I induce binding of similar nuclear proteins to these promoter regions. These results suggest that rat TG gene transcription is regulated by the convergent action of two distinct signaling pathways, possibly involving similar DNA-binding nuclear proteins and regulatory sequences of the TG gene promoter.
Fluorimetric studies of actin labeled with dansyl aziridine.

Abstract F-actin has been specifically labeled with a fluorescent probe, dansyl aziridine, at cysteine-373 of the protein. The fluorescence property of the conjugated probe serves as a spectroscopic indicator of several processes in which actin participates. The sulfhydryl modification does not impair the G-F transformation of actin, nor does it affect the complex formation of actin and myosin or the dissociation of the complex by ATP as judged by viscosity measurements. However, both labeled actin and actin modified by N-ethylmaleimide, which also reacts at cysteine-373, stimulate the Mg2+-ATPase of myosin only about 75% as well as unmodified actin. The probe attached to actin exhibits a 65-nm blue shift of its emission maximum from 560 to 495 nm and a sixfold fluorescence enhancement indicating that it is located in a hydrophobic environment. The excitation spectrum of labeled actin indicates that a tryptophan and a tyrosine residue are close to the probe and transfer excitation energy to the dansyl fluorophore. Upon depolymerization of F-actin, the fluorescence intensity of labeled actin increases about 20%. The fluorescence of labeled actin is also enhanced by the addition of EDTA, ATP, and pyrophosphate, but Mg2+ antagonizes this effect reversibly. However, in the presence of 10 m m orthophosphate buffer (pH 7.4) these effects disappear. When labeled F-actin binds with myosin subfragment-1 (SF-1) or heavy meromyosin (HMM), the fluorescence of the actin adduct is enhanced. The fluorescence properties of labeled acto-SF-1 and acto-HMM become insensitive to EDTA and polyphosphates even in the absence of orthophosphate. These results suggest that the two-stranded helical structure of the F-actin filament is stabilized by the presence of phosphate and/or the binding of the myosin “head”.
A 10-bit 60 Msps flash ADC

A 60-mega-sample/sec 10-bit flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that uses interpolation from 512 preamplifiers to derive 1023 parallel latches is described. The ADC was designed in a bipolar process offering three layers of metal interconnect and an effective emitter area of 0.8 mu m/sup 2/. Typical currents are 100 mu A for 300-ps gate delays. Overall design concerns are discussed. The advantages of the architecture are analyzed, focusing on the interpolation technique and the comparator design. >
Bridging Common Grounds: Metaphor, Multitude, and Chicana Third Space Feminism

In this article I argue the conceptualization of the multitude as a diffuse network and the attendant archipelagic metaphors in the work of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri as well as related Autonomous Marxist scholarship belie the vital role of identity and difference in social organizing under Empire or global capitalism. In order to energize these archipelagic metaphors and to flesh out Autonomous Marxist theory and praxis, I suggest this theory take cue from Chicana third space feminism, specifically Gloria Anzaldua’s metaphor and praxis of “bridging,” which foregrounds the significance of identity and difference in contingently connecting to and moving with others in pursuit of being in common.
RAINFALL EFFECTS ON PLANT–HERBIVORE PROCESSES IN ANUPLAND OAK FOREST

We examined the patterns of foliar chemistry and insect herbivory in white oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Q. prinus), and red maple (Acer rubrum) trees occupying an upland oak forest on the Walker Branch Watershed in Tennessee. Different size classes of each species were sampled to evaluate life cycle changes in foliar N and phenolic chemistry and their corresponding influence on insect herbivory. Oak trees had consistently higher foliar N and hydrolyzable tannin concentrations, and they experienced greater her- bivore damage than did red maple trees; maple trees had higher condensed tannin levels. Foliar chemistry and herbivore damage were usually quite similar for all size classes. However, condensed tannins, and occasionally total phenolics, were higher in well-insolated mature trees than in shaded understory conspecifics, fitting the pattern expected through plant carbon/nutrient balance relationships. Rainfall fluctuations during 1992-1994 significantly influenced plant-herbivore pro- cesses. Foliar N and phenolic concentrations were reduced in all species during the much drier summer of 1993, relative to 1992. The summer drought in 1993 was apparently severe enough to restrict carbon allocation to plant phenolics. In contrast, foliar N levels in oaks were somewhat elevated by the end of the wet 1994 growing season. Total phenol and hydrolyzable tannin levels remained quite low in 1994, when carbon may have been pref- erentially allocated to growth rather than differentiation, as N uptake increased during the wet summer following drought. Nevertheless, carbon allocation to condensed tannins was quite high for all species during the wet summer. Insect herbivore damage was directly correlated with rainfall totals over the 3-yr period. Herbivore damage on oaks was reduced during the 1993 drought, principally because of less impact by leaf skeletonizers. Insect feeding on oaks and maples was elevated during the wet 1994 summer, when strip feeding by lepidoptera larvae was at its highest. Our findings suggest that herbivore damage at Walker Branch appears to be largely dependent on the response of specific insect feeding guilds to moisture-related changes in foliar N and plant phenolics.
Epilysin (Matrix Metalloproteinase-28) Joins the Matrix Metalloproteinase Team on the Field of Postmyocardial Infarction Remodeling

Although significant advancements in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes have occurred, myocardial injury culminating in a myocardial infarction (MI) remains a significant and problematic outcome. The initial cellular and extracellular events that occur soon after an MI are those fairly prototypical to a wound-healing response, characterized by a robust expression of a number of inflammatory mediators, inflammatory cells, and eventually the emergence of a fibroblast phenotype, the myofibroblast. However, a divergence in this prototypical wound response occurs at later post-MI time periods. Notably, rather than a well-formed quiescent scar, continued extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover and instability can occur, ultimately yielding a process of infarct expansion and left ventricular (LV) dilation. Indeed, the magnitude of this post-MI LV dilation, presumably secondary to infarct expansion and matrix instability, is a recognized determinant of clinical outcomes.1,2 The post-MI period is one characterized by a number of complex events that are both time and cell type dependent, and these events are likely relevant to both the MI region and the viable myocardium, in terms of post-MI remodeling. Of particular interest and potential therapeutic relevance are biological cascades that contribute to the instability of the ECM in the post-MI context. In this issue of Circulation Research ,3 Ma and colleagues identify how a specific proteolytic pathway can significantly alter critical signaling and cell-dependent events within the ECM, and in turn, alter the course of post-MI remodeling. Article, see p 675 The initial description of a matrix-degrading enzyme was based on the seminal observations, whereby the excised tadpole tail degraded a collagen gel—hence the term collagenase.4 Over 23 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) types are expressed in humans, and the distribution, functionality, and substrates are diverse. The MMPs were classified based on recognized substrates, and although this nomenclature no longer holds relevance …