cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
French Travel Writing in the Ottoman Empire: Marseilles to Constantinople, 1650-1700

Introduction 1. The Jeweler / Voyeur. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605-1689) 2. The Tourist / Ethnographer. Jean Thevenot (1633-1667) 3. The Arriviste / Envoy. Laurent D'Arvieux (1635-1702) 4. The Conquering Artist. Guillaume-Joseph Grelot (1638 - ?) 5. The English Frenchman. Jean Chardin (1643-1712) 6. The Reluctant Diarist. Antoine Galland (1646-1715) Conclusion
Some Attached Multi-Stranded Polymers at Equilibrium and in Transients

Section 10 in Chapter 4 is concerned with a two-component single-stranded polymer: the two components are mixed together in the same strand (see also Section 27). Most of this chapter (Sections 16, 17, and 18) deals with a some- what related problem;1 two different components grow separate pure strands from a surface, but the strands are adjacent to each other and interact laterally so that there is some degree of cooperativity between them. This problem has a certain intrinsic interest in relation to self-assembly of various structures. In addition, the possibility of a “vernier effect” (Ref. 2, p. 126) can be studied using this model; this is the subject of Sections 16 and 17.
Theoretical models of X-ray emission from rich clusters of galaxies

At the present time it seems best to divide the X-ray emission from rich clusters into two broad classes according to morphology, which we will call homogeneous and clumped respectively. (Further subdivision does not seem useful as yet.) The homogeneous clusters such as Perseus and Coma show uniform emission with relatively high temperatures (≈108°K) while in clumped clusters, such as Virgo, emission is concentrated around the member galaxies and is relatively cool (≈107°K). In theoretical terms the homogeneous case requires us to consider uniform cluster atmospheres while the clumped case is a problem of individual galaxy atmospheres.
Values and Beliefs Related to Ethical Decisions

Although there is reason to suspect thatpeople's values and beliefs influenceintegrity-related decisions, few studies haveexamined the values and beliefs related tomanagerial integrity. In the present study,197 students were asked to complete measures ofvalues and beliefs as manifest in theirpreferred courses of action when confrontedwith ambiguous situations. Subsequently, theywere asked to work on a managerial ``in-basket''task where the decisions made might result inharm to others or harm to the organization. Itwas found that values and beliefs were relatedto both types of decisions producing multiplecorrelations in the 0.40s. People whose valuesstressed growth and contributions to others, asopposed to personal gain, and believed actionswere under their control, as opposed toexternal control, exhibited greater integrity. The implications of these findings forunderstanding leader integrity are discussed.
Microsporidia in Insects

This chapter highlights the biological and life cycle features of entomogenous microsporidia and provides some basic information on their taxonomic distribution. The development of all insect-parasitic microsporidia is restricted to the cytoplasm of the host cell. The development of all insect-parasitic microsporidia is restricted to the cytoplasm of the host cell. Specialized relationships between microsporidia and the host at the cellular level have been termed xenomas. Weiser distinguished two main types of xenomas in insects, syncytial and neoplastic. The chapter presents the major and minor pathways of transmission for insect microsporidia. Alternatively, the criteria used to establish the genera of microsporidia from aquatic insects may not truly reflect phylogenetic diversity but adaptations to specific habitats and host systems. A section lists a few genera for which insects are not the type hosts. This is because many species have been reported to occur in insects (such as Thelohania, Pleistophora) or because there are possible links to insect microsporidia (such as Trichotuzetia). Finally, the chapter provides diagnostic information which is primarily restricted to the features of sporulation and the spore, with the addition of distinguishing life cycle characteristics when available. The type host and species are given followed by comments on distribution and other matters deemed of importance.
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Condensation of Nitrogen in Transonic Flow

Being able to predict the onset of condensation effects in nitrogen gas has taken on new importance with the advent of transonic cryogenic wind tunnels, which achieve high unit Reynolds number by cooling the nitrogen test gas down to cryogenic temperatures. The lower in temperature the tunnel can be operated, the greater the increase in unit Reynolds number capability. Since the onset of condensation limits the minimum operating temperatures and, consequently, the maximum Reynolds number capability, the NASA Langley Research Center has undertaken a program to study the effects of both homogeneous (condensation on seed particles created by the gas itself) and heterogenous (condensation on pre-existing seed particles) nucleation in the Langley 0.3m Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (TCT).
Introspección y conciencia ecológica en "Ceremonias desde la lluvia" de Carlos Manuel Villalobos

En este trabajo, analizaremos la relacion que existe entre la voz poetica, la naturaleza y la cultura bribri. En este poemario, el poeta se encuentra en un proceso de busqueda espiritual para re-encontrarse consigo mismo y con sus raices. Por esta razon, encontramos una voz poetica inquisidora que se cuestiona cual es su lugar en este mundo y sobre todo cual es su responsabilidad como poeta-chaman. La relacion del ser humano con el cosmos es relevante en estos poemas porque es lo que nos permite comprender por que para el poeta escudrinar en la cultura bribri es sumamente importante. Se analizan dos o tres poemas de cada apartado para mostrar como cada seccion esta intrinsecamente relacionada la una con la otra porque el poeta empieza con su propio genesis para terminar con unos poemas de corte apocalipticos en donde se muestra la posible destruccion del mundo que heredamos de nuestros ancestros, si no modificamos nuestra relacion con la naturaleza.
Engineering trophic diversity into photosynthetic microbes

“The same functional systems that other bacteria take advantage of should be exploitable in cyanobacteria.”
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS SUPPLEMENTATION DECREASES GROWTH, BUT DOES NOT INDUCE PYRAMIDING, IN YOUNG RED-EARED SLIDERS, TRACHEMYS SCRIPTA ELEGANS

It has been speculated that pyramiding, a condition in which the scutes of the carapace become deformed and elevated, may be caused by an imbalance in dietary calcium (Ca) and/or phosphorus (P). This was tested by feeding 48 red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), 12–14 weeks old, one of four diets for 150 days. The control diet was 67% krill and 33% flour (DM), providing 1.38% Ca and 1.03% P. The high Ca (2.24%) and high P (2.56%) diets were created by adding limestone or sodium phosphate, respectively, to the control diet. The fourth diet contained 2.95% Ca and 2.48% P, with a Ca:P ratio similar to the control diet. Turtles were maintained in groups of four in 12 10-gallon aquariums with incandescent heat lamps and full spectrum fluorescent lamps (n = 3 tanks/diet). The incidence of pyramiding, body weight, and carapace length were measured every 50 days. Pyramiding was not induced in any group during this study, with all turtles having shells of normal shape and appearance. At the beginning of the study, the turtles weighed 8.37 ± 1.50 g (mean ± SEM), with a carapace length of 35.08 ± 1.88 mm. Those receiving the control and high Ca/high P diets grew significantly faster in body weight than the turtles receiving the high Ca diet, with the turtles on the high P diet being intermediate (control: 10.83 ± 1.49a; high Ca: 5.82 ± .78b; high P: 7.77 ± 1.94a,b; high Ca/high P: 9.01 ± 1.88a g of gain; P = 0.013). The carapaces of turtles on the high Ca diet also grew significantly slower than those of all other groups (control: 9.87 ± 1.10a; high Ca: 5.18 ± .73b; high P: 8.22 ± 2.17a; high Ca/high P: 8.20 ± 1.07a mm of gain; P = 0.010). These data suggest that oversupplementation of calcium may be detrimental to growth performance in young turtles. Zoo Biol 17:17–24, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stimulus Feature Detection by Neurons in Somatosensory Areas I and II of Primates

The responses of individual neurons in the cerebral cortex of unanesthetized macaques to moving cutaneous stimuli are described. In somatic sensory area I, 70 percent of the neurons studied exhibit a directional polarization to stimuli moving in opposite direction. In somatic sensory area II, the magnitude of responses is determined by more complex concatenations of stimulus properties, as regards direction of stimulus motion and site of stimulus application on the body.
Papyrus swamps, hypoxia, and faunal diversification: variation among populations of Barbus neumayeri

To test whether patches of papyrus swamp contribute to diversification of populations of non-air-breathing fishes, the gill morphology of Barbus neumayeri was compared between a papyrus swamp and several tributaries which diVered in oxygen regime. Total gill filament length diVered among sites and was negatively related to dissolved oxygen availability, supporting strong selection pressure for low-oxygen tolerance in the swamp interior. Among recaptures of marked B. neumayeri over a 4·5-year period among the focal swamp and connected stream and river sites, 93% of fish were recovered at the site of capture. Some of the individuals that moved crossed physicochemical gradients and traversed long distances within the swamp/stream system. This movement rate would theoretically be suYcient to homogenize gene frequencies among populations. However, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers indicated significant genetic diVerentiation among sites and no relationship between genetic diVerences and geographical distances among sites suggesting habitat-specific selection pressures on dispersers, rather than insuYcient dispersal. ? 1999 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Progress and outlook in structural biology of large viral RNAs

The field of viral molecular biology has reached a precipice for which pioneering studies on the structure of viral RNAs are beginning to bridge the gap. It has become clear that viral genomic RNAs are not simply carriers of hereditary information, but rather are active players in many critical stages during replication. Indeed, functions such as cap-independent translation initiation mechanisms are, in some cases, primarily driven by RNA structural determinants. Other stages including reverse transcription initiation in retroviruses, nuclear export and viral packaging are specifically dependent on the proper 3-dimensional folding of multiple RNA domains to recruit necessary viral and host factors required for activity. Furthermore, a large-scale conformational change within the 5′-untranslated region of HIV-1 has been proposed to regulate the temporal switch between viral protein synthesis and packaging. These RNA-dependent functions are necessary for replication of many human disease-causing viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus, West Nile virus, and HIV-1. The potential for antiviral development is currently hindered by a poor understanding of RNA-driven molecular mechanisms, resulting from a lack of structural information on large RNAs and ribonucleoprotein complexes. Herein, we describe the recent progress that has been made on characterizing these large RNAs and provide brief descriptions of the techniques that will be at the forefront of future advances. Ongoing and future work will contribute to a more complete understanding of the lifecycles of retroviruses and RNA viruses and potentially lead to novel antiviral strategies.
2-(Anilinomethyl)imidazolines as α1A Adrenergic Receptor Agonists: 2′-Heteroaryl and 2′-Oxime Ether Series

Abstract A series of 2′-heteroaryl and 2′-oxime anilinomethylimidazolines was prepared and evaluated in in vitro functional assays for cloned human α1A, α1B, and α1D receptor subtypes. Potent and selective α1A agonists have been identified in these series.
Evidence from carbonate platforms bearing on climate, salinity, dasycladalean diversity, and marine anoxic events during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous greenhouse

Carbonate platforms are sensitive recorders of environmental change through geologic time. Climatically induced changes in sea level or changes in subsidence are expressed through migration of sediment belts that are recorded in the accumulating sedimentary succession. Changes in nutrient levels are recorded in shifts in the biotic community and, if eutrophic levels are reached, platforms may drown due to breakdown in carbonate production (Follmi et al., 1994). Our group has been focusing on the ∼60 Ma Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous period, which was originally considered to have had uniform greenhouse conditions (Fischer, 1982). Available climate proxy data, however, such as oxygen isotope data (δ18O) from deep sea cores, the paleontologic data (e.g., Frakes et al., 1992), and the 87Sr/86Sr and carbon isotope data of Jurassic and Cretaceous carbonates (Jenkyns and Wilson, 1999), indicate that there were major cooling and warming events that likely affected global ice volume, sea level, and the accumulating sedimentary and microfossil record of carbonate platforms. Numerous carbonate platforms were developed within the tropical–subtropical belt of the circumequatorial Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Tethys Ocean. Many of these platforms have comparable shapes, sizes, facies, subsidence rates, and geologic structure to the present-day Bahamas Banks, a commonly used modern-day analogue (e.g., Bosellini, 2002, and references therein). In addition, the outcropping Tethyan platforms provide important clues to the poorly known subsurface Mesozoic carbonates that underpin the modern Bahamas platform. The Tethyan platforms were characterized by high rates of sedimentation (from 100 m/myr; D'Argenio et al., 1999) and exhibit meter-scale shallowing-upward cycles or parasequences generated during high frequency, small sea-level fluctuations within the Milankovitch band (Strasser, 1991; Schulz and Schafer-Neth, 1997; Lehmann et al., 1999; Strasser et al., 1999; Immenhauser et al., 2004; Husinec and …
A pilot study of students' perceptions and attitudes toward multicultural concepts: a pre- and post-course analysis.

Diversity issues have been the cause of both pain and inspiration within the United States. One environment that has aided diversity movements are institutions of higher learning. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine characteristics of a survey used to measure students' perceptions toward various diversity issues pre- and post-course on multicultural/diversity issues in hospitality management. One hundred students were solicited for this study. The instrument measured perceptions toward 23 statements in four sections using a 5-point Likert-type scale. The statistical procedures employed for this study were descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. It was found that the survey used for this study contained areas of concern, and adjustments to the survey may be needed to improve reliability. It was also found that students' post-course self-assessments of their diversity awareness differed significantly from their pre-course assessments. The result...
Modeling of plasma rotation in radio-frequency-wave-heated tokamak plasmas

Abstract It is shown by considering the general properties of solution of the kinetic equation that plasma rotation in radio-frequency (RF) wave-heated tokamak plasmas can be modeled by the RF-modified plasma viscous force. This approach is qualitatively different from a model that uses a radial current to model the RF effects on plasma rotation.
Pyrrolopyrimidine nucleosides 19. A total synthesis of the nucleoside antibiotic cadeguomycin [2-amino-7-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one-5-carboxylic acid]☆

A total synthesis of 2-amino-7-(O-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo(2,3-dlpyrimidin-4-one- properties. We now wish to report a total synthesis of the nucleoside 2-amino-7-(B-D-ribo- furanosyl)pyrrolo(2,3-dlpyrimidin-4-one-5-carboxylic acid (2, cadeguomycin). We initiated two separate routes for the total synthesis of cadeguomycin, with each route being designed to ultimately afford the desired antibiotic. In the first route investigated, we envisaged the use of 2-amino-7-(O-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo(2,3-dl-pyrimidin-4-one-5- - carboxamide (4) as the immediate precursor of cadeguomycin. The synthesis of this precursor (4-j was accomplished from the nucleoside antibiotic toyocamycin via a seven step sequence. - However, the low yield (14%) from the last step, treatment of 2-amino-5-cyano-7-(&D- ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo(2,3-dl-pyrimidin-l-one 8
The adsorption of carbon dioxide on uranium and plutonium oxides

Abstract Equilibrium isotherms and adsorption rates of CO2 on PuO2.00 and UO2.04 were measured from 30 to 100°C and pressures from 0.01 – to 80 kPa (0.10 to 600 torr). The CO2 fractional coverage for PuO2.00is increased from 0.18 to 0.46 and for UO2.04 from 0.03 to 0.13 both at 30°C from 2 to 40 kPa (15 to 300 torr). The coverage for both oxides decreased for temperatures from 60 to 100°C. The isotheric heat of adsorption ofCO2 on PuO2.00 increased from 27 to 58.8 kJ/mol (6.4 to 12.1 kcal/mol) for temperatures from 30 to 90°C and coverages from 7.0 × 10 −5 to 5.5 × 10 −5 mol/g. For UO2.04, the isosteric heat increased from 25 to 49.8 kJ/mol (6.0 to 11.9 kcal/mol) for decreasing coverages from 8.0 × 10 −7 to 1.0 × 10 −7 mol/g for temperatures from 30 to 100°C. CO2 was chemisorbed on both oxides as an electron acceptor molecule.
Identification and characterization of a phorbol ester-responsive element in the murine 8S-lipoxygenase gene.

Murine 8S-lipoxygenase (8S-LOX) is a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-inducible lipoxygenase. That is, it is not detected in normal mouse skin, however, a significant increase in expression is detected in the skin of TPA promotion-sensitive strains of mice after TPA treatment. In this study, we found TPA-induced 8S-LOX mRNA expression is a result of increased transcription in SSIN primary keratinocytes and further investigated transcriptional regulation of 8S-LOX expression by cloning its promoter. The cloned 8S-LOX promoter (∼2 kb) in which a transcription initiation site was mapped at –27 from the ATG has neither a TATA box nor a CCAAT box. However, the promoter was highly responsive to TPA in TPA promotion-sensitive SSIN but not in TPA promotion-resistant C57BL/6J primary keratinocytes. We then identified a Sp1 binding site located –77 to –68 from the ATG that is a TPA-responsive element (TRE) of the promoter and that Sp1, Sp2, and Sp3 proteins bind to the TRE. We also found that the binding of these proteins to the TRE was significantly increased by TPA treatment and inhibition of the binding by mithramycin A decreased TPA-induced promoter activity as well as 8S-LOX mRNA expression. These data suggest that increased binding of Sp1, Sp2, and Sp3 to the TRE of the 8S-LOX promoter is a mechanism by which TPA induces 8S-LOX expression in keratinocytes.
Evaluation of various fungal pretreatment of switchgrass for enhanced saccharification and simultaneous enzyme production

Abstract In order to produce clean energy from renewable lignocellulosic biomass, the feedstock must be pretreated by means of one or combined cost-competitive methods to make the entire process economically feasible. Fungal cultivation may be one promising pretreatment approach, for which the effectiveness varies with different fungal strains in regard to biomass loss, sugar yield, enzyme loading, and co-product yield. Wild-type fungus might have a great potential in pretreating feedstock for both lowered enzyme loading and beneficial co-product enzyme production. In this study, 25 diverse fungal strains were screened for pretreatment of switchgrass biomass with regard to co-production of beneficial enzymes and the subsequent saccharification process, by examining switchgrass biomass loss, effectiveness of enzymatic hydrolysis, and ligninolytic activity. The most promising fungus was identified as an inedible mushroom, Agaricus molybdites (H4) with the highest saccharification efficiency and ligninolytic enzyme production. Additionally, eight accessory enzymes, e.g. pectinase, esterase, xylanase, β-glucosidase, chitinase, lipase, α-amylase, and laccase, were found to assist cellulase in enhancing saccharification of H4 pretreated switchgrass to varying degrees. Our experimental results suggest that pretreatment of switchgrass with an appropriate fungus, followed by exposure to cellulase and synergistic accessory enzymes can be an effective strategy for maximizing the process of saccharification.
Ability to register new information: a memory measure for the aged.

Summary.-Ability to register new information is a necessity for the maintenance of autonomy. Its measurement is especially critical with older patients to distinguish cognitive from other aging losses. This paper introduces the Aronson Shopping List, constructed to assess that ability. It describes a check on the test's reliability and an aspect of construct validity for its use. The subjects were 67 community volunteers aged 62 to 89 yr. Those aged 80 to 89 yr. required more training than members of the two preceding decades. Correlations of learning scores on the Atonson Shopping List with WAIS or WAIS-R subtests and prorated IQs were significant. Alternate form stability/reliability, checked after a mean interval of 11 mo. was .75. Assessing cognitive aging was discussed and related to memory. Much effort has been devoted to detecting and localizing central loss. But with older patients apparent deficits are too readily misconstrued as cognitive when they reflect only reduced sensory acuity, motor speed or dexterity. Little has been done to provide alternatives to evaluate cognitive losses of a growing geriatric population. This introduces a brief test constructed with that assessment as a major goal.
Automatic digital data acquisition and computer calculation in amino acid analysis.

Abstract Amino acid analysis data acquisition and computation have been automated by (1) measuring the ninhydrin color with a spectrophotometer which is linear with respect to optical density, (2) digitizing the data directly from the photometer circuit by means of a digital voltmeter, and (3) formating and punching the digital data in paper tape so that each data word is identified as to channel of information (i.e., cuvet position and wavelength), and processing the punched data on a computer using a FORTRAN program. The program edits the data with regard to noise, compensates for baseline changes of various types, splits unresolved peaks, and calculates peak areas over a range of optical densities from 0 to 3.000. This system, in daily use in our laboratory, provides increased accuracy and saves approximately 2 man hours per analysis.
The boundary value problem for maximal hypersurfaces

Abstract A spacelike hypersurface (condimension 1) in a Lorentzian manifold is called a maximal surface if it extremizes the hypervolume functional. Although maximal surfaces are superficially analogous to minimal hypersurfaces in Riemannian geometry, their properties can be dramatically different, as can be seen from the validity of Bernstein's theorem in all dimensions [Cheng, S.-Y. & Yau, S.-T. (1976) Ann. Math. 104, 407-419]. Here we establish a point of contact between maximal surfaces and minimal surfaces by solving the Dirichlet problem for acausal boundary data but using boundary curvature conditions similar to those of H. Jenkins and J. Serrin [(1968) J. Reine Angew. Math. 229, 170-187].
The structure of informed consent in psychiatric research

The manner in which the informed consent process is structured was explored by means of intensive interviews with 17 experienced psychiatric researchers. Despite differing views on informed consent, investigators displayed a commonality of practice. Most investigators were themselves not usually involved in obtaining consents, relegating the process to lower-level assistants. They did not closely monitor the process and generally were unaware of problems that may have arisen. Most protocols called for repeat contact with patients so that a relationship would develop and information could be provided before obtaining a formal consent. The actual signing of a consent form often reflected a decision that had been made much earlier in the process. These findings have significance for both sides in the dispute over informed consent in research. Those who favor tighter controls over psychiatric research will have to consider the implications of monitoring, without destroying, a prolonged and complicated process. Those who argue for a reliance on investigators' integrity must deal with the apparent lack of involvement most investigators have in the consent process.
Manpower issues affecting public health policy.

This paper addresses the efficiency of health care delivery in several countries. Confusions arising from comparing the share of gross domestic product going to health care in various countries are discussed, along with the varying levels of coverage enjoyed by the populace. Factors contributing to the rising cost of health care are analyzed and suggestions for improvement are offered
THE ETHNOGRAPH: A computer program for the analysis of qualitative data

THE ETHNOGRAPH is a computer program designed to facilitate the processing of qualitatively gathered sociological data. The purpose of THE ETHNOGRAPH is to manage some of the mechanical tasks of qualitative data analysis while freeing the researcher to concentrate on the analytical or thinking parts of the research. THE ETHNOGRAPH is not a concordance type of program, but concordance (or key-word-in-context) techniques can be used on ETHNOGRAPH data files. THE ETHNOGRAPH does not do the coding work for the researcher. But the programs do facilitate the coding work of the researcher.
mTOR is out of control in polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disease caused by mutations in the PKD1 gene. This adult-onset disease results in the accumulation of destructive kidney cysts, leading to progressive loss of renal function and eventually to renal failure. A need for kidney transplantation and dialysis are common outcomes. There are currently no treatment options to prevent or delay the disease onset. Although the PKD1 gene was identified more than a decade ago, the development of treatment strategies has been hampered by a lack of understanding of the function of polycystin-1 (PC1), the protein encoded by the PKD1 gene (1, 2). Work by Shillingford et al. (3) in this issue of PNAS now identifies a new function of PC1, which immediately suggests a possibility for future treatment options. PC1 is a very large integral membrane protein with a much smaller C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. Previous work had implicated this tail in numerous signaling events, but their relevance to ADPKD had remained largely unclear. Shillingford et al. (3) now report that the PC1 tail interacts with a very interesting player by the name of tuberin, the product of the TSC2 gene. Tuberin mutations lead to the complex disease tuberous sclerosis (TSC), which is ≈10 times less common than ADPKD. Three earlier observations had already suggested that tuberin and PC1 could be functionally linked. First, in addition to benign tumors in multiple organs, TSC patients also exhibit kidney cysts. Second, the TSC2 gene is located only a handful of base pairs away from the PKD1 gene. A subset of patients has larger chromosomal deletions that affect both the TSC2 and the PKD1 genes at the same time. These patients suffer from very severe, early onset polycystic kidney disease. Third, previous results using tuberin null cells had suggested that tuberin may play … *Correspondence should be addressed: Department of Anatomy, University of California School of Medicine, Genentech Hall, Room N212B, Box 2140, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94107. E-mail: mostov{at}itsa.ucsf.edu
The Lack of Spectral Variability in 51 Pegasi: Confirmation of the Planet Hypothesis

We present-high resolution (R > 200,000), high signal-to-noise spectral data for 51 Pegasi spanning a complete orbital period of the purported planetary companion. A detailed examination of the line bisectors from eight spectral lines as well as the ratio of the line depth of the V I 6251 A line to the Fe I 6253 A line were performed. The changes in the mean bisector velocity span and curvature are about 1 m s-1 and 4 m s-1, respectively. These variations are an order of magnitude less than the variations reported by Gray and are small enough to exclude all nonradial sectoral pulsation modes. The line-depth ratio of V I/Fe I also shows no significant variations, and a least-squares sine fit using the planet period of 4.23 days yields an amplitude of 0.00038 for any line-depth ratio variations. This corresponds to a disk-integrated temperature variation (peak-to-peak) of less than 1.7 K. We conclude that the radial velocity variations are not due to a dynamical stellar atmosphere and that a planetary companion remains as the only viable explanation for the observed radial velocity variations. The lack of bisector variability in our data indicates that the contribution to the observed spectra due to reflected light from the planet is at least 2000 times less than that of the primary light. Assuming a planetary albedo of unity, this places an upper limit of 0.2 R☉ for the radius of the planet.
Roadless areas and biodiversity: a case study in Alabama, USA

Roadless areas are important for biodiversity maintenance and nature conservation but remain politically controversial due to conflicting interests of conservation and development. In this study, we applied a recently developed index of roadless volume (RV) across 67 counties of Alabama, USA as a case study to examine the relationships between roadless areas and local species richness. Our results indicated that with the increase of RV across counties, both the number of total fish and exotic fish species increased, but the relationship was not significant for endemic fish species. The number of both herpetofaunal and plant species also increased with the increasing RV. For all included species, there was a significant positive correlation between species richness and RV values. The number of endangered species decreased with the increase of RV per-capita. Wildfire occurrences increased with the increase of RV. Preserving roadless areas is an important component of biodiversity conservation.
Nonequilibrium Population Dynamics of Phenotype Conversion of Cancer Cells

Tumorigenesis is a dynamic biological process that involves distinct cancer cell subpopulations proliferating at different rates and interconverting between them. In this paper we proposed a mathematical framework of population dynamics that considers both distinctive growth rates and intercellular transitions between cancer cell populations. Our mathematical framework showed that both growth and transition influence the ratio of cancer cell subpopulations but the latter is more significant. We derived the condition that different cancer cell types can maintain distinctive subpopulations and we also explain why there always exists a stable fixed ratio after cell sorting based on putative surface markers. The cell fraction ratio can be shifted by changing either the growth rates of the subpopulations (Darwinism selection) or by environment-instructed transitions (Lamarckism induction). This insight can help us to understand the dynamics of the heterogeneity of cancer cells and lead us to new strategies to overcome cancer drug resistance.
Electrical and Structural Diagnostics of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) Thin Films

The properties of radio frequency, rf magnetron sputtered Barium Strontium Titanate (Ba1-xSrxTiO3), BST, thin films were investigated and compared with BST thin films deposited by sol-gel method with the aim of determining relationships between the oxide deposition parameters, the film structure, and the electric field dependence. This work presents noncontact electrical characterization of BST films using Corona Kelvin metrology (C-KM) which has been employed earlier only in the silicon industry. The films were structurally characterized using thickness profilometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The use of sol-gel technique to fabricate small area metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures is found to be beneficial from the point of saving fabrication time and production costs.
Length and Distance: Do Preschoolers Think That Occlusion Brings Things Together?

Preschoolers often assert that objects becom e closer together when part of the distance between them is occluded (occlu~on = nearer). Piaget argued that this is due to young children's use of a topological spatial representation. Three studies explored the occlusion = nearer phenomenon. In Study 1, children who asserted that occlusion -- nearer nonvfl~iess picked the same stick before and after occlusion as just fitting between 2 points. Study 2 showed that occlusion = nearer is due neither to a belief that all movement alters distance nor to a gene~'al misunderstanding about the terms near and far. In Study 3, children shown separate occluded and unoccluded gaps picked shorter sticks to span occluded gaps, indicating a perceptual basis for the occlusion = nearer phenomenon. Preschool children do not appear to change the geometries they use to represent space, but do show increases in the generality and explicitness with which they map early spatial knowledge onto spatial language. Formal models of the structure of knowledge have proven to be a fertile source of theories for understanding children's acquisition of knowledge in domains ranging from linguistics (Chomsky, 1965) to conceptual structure (e.~, Quine, 1970; Wittgenstein, 1953). In understanding children's representations of space, it is natural to ask whether children's spatial concepts conform to the same or to a different geometry than do those of adults.
Racial and ethnic disparities in assisted reproductive technology pregnancy and live birth rates within body mass index categories.

Objective To evaluate the effect of maternal race and ethnicity within body mass index (BMI) categories on assisted reproduction technology (ART) pregnancy and live birth rates. Design Historical cohort study. Setting Clinic-based data. Patient(s) 31,672 ART embryo transfers from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcomes Reporting System for 2007, limited to women with documented race, ethnicity, height, and weight, with women grouped as white, Asian, Hispanic, or black and by BMI. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Failure to achieve a clinical intrauterine gestation and failure to achieve a live birth as adjusted odds ratios within BMI categories overall with normal-weight women as the reference group, and by race and ethnicity with white women as the reference group. Result(s) Failure to achieve a clinical intrauterine gestation was significantly more likely among obese women overall (1.22), normal-weight and obese Asian women (1.36 and 1.73, respectively), normal-weight Hispanic women (1.21), and overweight and obese black women (1.34 and 1.47, respectively). Among women who did conceive, failure to achieve a live birth was significantly more likely among overweight and obese women overall (1.16 and 1.27, respectively), overweight and obese Asian women (1.56 and 2.20, respectively) and Hispanic women (1.57 and 1.76, respectively), and normal-weight and obese black women (1.45 and 1.84, respectively). Conclusion(s) These findings indicate significant disparities in pregnancy and live birth rates by race and ethnicity, even within BMI categories.
Ciliary gliding in lower invertebrates

Ciliary gliding is a type of locomotion in which an animal moves on a secreted layer of mucus, propelled by the beating of cilia. It is characteristic of small, soft-bodied invertebrates and has received little attention. However, the interactions between cilia and mucous secretions involved in ciliary gliding are similar to, if not the same as, those in other muco-ciliary systems such as the mammalian lung or the ctenidia of bivalves. In this paper, the ultrastructure of the ciliated and mucous secreting cells on the locomotor sole of two archiannelids (Protodrilus sp. andNerilla antennata) and two turbellarians (Polychoerus carmelensis andMonocelis cincta) is described and discussed in terms of a proposed mechanism of ciliary gliding.
Fitting of multi-region ionospheric profiles of electron density by a single analytic function of height

Abstract A single analytic function of height is devised that has the flexibility required to represent simultaneously the principal features of the D-, E-, F1- and F2-regions of the ionosphere. Such a function, free of mathematical singularities, is essential for obtaining satisfactory wave-solutions to ionospheric problems using methods more exact than the phase-integral (WKB) approximation. The method is applicable to profiles of atmospheric parameters besides electron density.
The molecular basis of latent infections by alphaherpesviruses

Abstract Paradoxically, alphaherpesviruses, which otherwise are extremely lytic, establish reactivatable latent infections in their natural hosts; primarily, in nervous tissue. To accomplish this, lytic replication must not occur in neurons during the latent phase of infection, but is probably necessary for viral reactivation. Progress has been made in the last few years in describing molecular aspects of viral latency and reactivation. Restricted transcription of the viral genome is seen in latently infected neurons, with latency-associated transcription being antiparallel and overlapping viral immediate early genes. Results in animal latency systems using viral mutants containing deletions in this region of the genome indicate that latency-associated transcription has a significant role in viral latency, probably in establishment or reactivation of latent infection. The challenges, however, of understanding the complexities underlying conditional permissiveness of neurons for viral replication still lie ahead.
Intramolecular vibrational relaxation and excitation energy dependence of fluorescence in dilute vapors of tetracene and pentacene

Abstract Excitation energy dependences of fluorescence (lifetime and quantum yield) in dilute vapors of tetracene and pentacene show evidence of intramolecular vibrational relaxation which competes with electronic relaxation. The results imply that intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution is a fast process compared with electronic relaxation for aromatic molecules with large excess vibrational energies. The assumption of rapid vibrational randomization is consistent with three previous observations relating to the energy dependence of radiationless decay rate, including the energy gap law.
SU-E-J-110: Structure Density Variations between Free Breathing CT and Respiration-Gated 4D CT in Lung SBRT-GATED 4D CT IN LUNG SBRT

Purpose: Moving structures cause uncertainness in dose calculation when different CTimaging techniques are employed. This study determines the variations of structure densities shown on free breathing simulation CT and respiration‐gated 4D CT. Methods: 16 consecutive cases of lungSBRT for non small cell lungcancer(NSCLC) with tumor motion range from 0.5–1.2 cm (mean, 0.7 cm) were selected for this study. Each case had a free breathing simulation CT immediately followed by a respiration‐gated 4D CT using a Siemens Sensation Open scanner. The mean CT Hounsfield units (HU) of ITV and both lungs outside PTV were measured separately using the simulation CT (SCT), Maximal Intensity Projection (MIP) and Mean Intensity Projection (AIP) of 4D CT. Results: The mean HU of lungs in SCT, MIP and AIP were measured as −707.8 ±47.9, −516.4 ± 49.7, and −682.9 ±40.7 respectively. Meanwhile, the corresponding mean HU of ITV were −329.5 ±145.1, −151.6 ±118.4, and −337.4 ±138.7. Comparatively, the mean HU of lungs and ITV based on SCT were −1.1 ±1.0 (rang, −3.4 to +0.4) % and +0.1 ±1.7 (rang, −3.2 to +2.1) % respectively, deviating from those measured with AIP. In the similar comparison using MIP against AIP, higher mean HU were detected for both lung (+8.3 ±1.0 %) and ITV (+9.3 ±1.8 %). Conclusions: In this study, MIP over‐estimated the HU for key structures by more than 8%. When free breathing SCT is used, the respiration‐induced HU deviations from measurements of AIP were as small as −1.1 ±1.0 % for the lungs and +0.1 ±1.7 % for ITV. The impact of the HU deviations on the calculated radiation dose is expected within tolerance, but shall be further investigated.
Development of a symptom-based, screening tool for early-stage endometriosis in patients with chronic pelvic pain

PurposeThe aim of this study was to develop a noninvasive screening tool for patients with chronic pelvic pain, for early-stage endometriosis, with a discriminatory ability of the area under the cu...
HELP-based decision analysis applied to coronary artery disease.

Abstract Decision analysis is an explicit, quantitative approach to making choices under uncertainty. A problem is broken into component modules and structured into a decision tree which attempts to account for all possible outcomes. Outcomes are assigned probabilities of occurring and utilities (measure of relative worth). The alternative which leads to the highest expected utility becomes the preferred choice for a decision maker. Application of decision theory to the decisions a physician must make in treating patients with suspected coronary artery disease appears fruitful because this approach identifies which factors are important. Decision analysis can be conveniently implemented using the HELP system for medical decision making.
Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade during exercise: Comparison of losartan and saralasin

Previous studies indicate that angiotensin II (ANG II) plays a minor role in the hemodynamic responses during dynamic exercise. However, nonspecific effects associated with methods used to block its production [e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors] or receptors (e.g., saralasin) may have contributed to these findings. Losartan is a nonpeptide ANG II receptor antagonist that is devoid of such nonspecific effects. We hypothesized that the contribution of ANG II to the cardiovascular response to dynamic exercise is characterized more precisely with losartan than with saralasin. On separate days, 6 miniswine performed treadmill running at 80% of their maximal heart rate (HR) reserve (HRR) in the presence of vehicle (0.9% saline), saralasin (10 or 20 micrograms/kg/min intraleft arterially, i.a.), or losartan (15 or 20 mg/kg i.a.). Cardiac output (CO), HR, and myocardial contractility were similar among all exercise conditions. As compared with the vehicle, losartan decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) during exercise, whereas no differences occurred between the vehicle and saralasin conditions. Both receptor antagonists increased blood flow and/or decreased vascular resistance during exercise in the myocardium, stomach, small intestine, and colon. As compared with that during treadmill running with vehicle infusion, renal blood flow (RBF) was increased by losartan and decreased by saralasin. We conclude that the contribution of ANG II to the cardiovascular response to dynamic exercise is demonstrated more clearly with losartan than with saralasin.
Experimental verification of Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer flow model for natural convection in porous media

Experimental results for natural convection in a horizontal porous cavity of aspect ratio A = 5 and heated from below are reported. A wide range of governing parameters are covered by careful selection of bead size, solid material, and fluid. These results fully support the effects of fluid-flow parameters (Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers), porous matrix-structure parameters (Darcy and Forchheimer numbers), and the conductivity ratio as predicted by the formulation based on the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer (DBF) equations of motion. The DBF flow model, with variable porosity and variable thermal conductivity in the wall regions, predicts reasonably well in comparison with the experimental data. However, the difference between the predictions and the measurements increases as the ratio of solid-to-fluid thermal conductivity becomes very large. 32 refs.
High-field QCPMG NMR of strontium nuclei in natural minerals.

Abstract The only stable NMR-active isotope of strontium, 87 Sr, is a spin-9/2 quadrupolar nucleus that has a low gyromagnetic ratio, a low natural abundance, and a large nuclear electric quadrupole moment. In this work, we utilize the quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (QCPMG) pulse sequence and a 21.14 T NMR spectrometer at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to characterize the strontium sites in the natural minerals strontianite (SrCO 3 ) and celestine (SrSO 4 ). QCPMG at 21.14 T was found to provide sensitivity enhancements of roughly two orders of magnitude over Hahn-echo experiments at an 11.74 T magnetic field. We extracted the quadrupolar parameters for the strontium nuclei through iterative simulations of the experimental spectra with the SIMPSON program by Bak, Rasmussen, and Nielsen. The data show that the quadrupolar parameters of 87 Sr appear to be highly sensitive to the symmetry of the strontium coordination environment and can thus provide information about the strontium binding environment in complex systems.
Fused s-triazino heterocycles. X. Displacement reactions of 7,9-dibromo-2-tribromomethyl-5-trichloromethyl-1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalene and 7,9-dibromo-2,5-bis(tribromomethyl)- 1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalene

The preparation of 7, 9-dibromo-2-tribromomethyl-5-trichloromethyl-1, 3, 4, 6, 9b-pentaazaphenalene (1c) and 7, 9-dibromo-2, 5-bis(tribromomethyl)-1, 3, 4, 6, 9b-pentaazaphenalene (1d) is described. Reaction of 1c with various nucleophiles converted it to the corresponding 7, 9-dibromo-2, 5-bis-substituted derivatives, the tri-halomethyl groups serving as leaving groups. Displacement, first of one tribromomethyl group on 1d by pyrrolidine, and then by various nucleophiles on the remaining tribromomethyl group led to several mixed 2, 5-disubstituted derivatives.