cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical considerations and capabilities for laser assisted direct metal deposition

Abstract Laser assisted direct metal deposition refers to the additive layered manufacturing technology for building components from a computer-aided design (CAD) model. A motion control program, developed from the CAD model of a desired metal component, is used to control the motion of a laser focal spot to trace all areas of the part, typically a planar layer at a time. Metal powders, injected into the laser focal zone, are melted and then re-solidify into fully dense metal in the wake of the moving molten pool created by the laser beam. Successive layers are then stacked to produce the entire component volume of fused metal representing the desired CAD model. Development of this technology has been pursued at both Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories and has resulted in the Directed Light Fabrication (DLF) and Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS TM ) processes. These processes have been proven feasible for fabricating components from nearly any metal system to near-net shape accuracy with mechanical properties approaching and in some cases exceeding the properties found in conventionally processed wrought structures. Single step processing by LENS and DLF produce cost savings realized by elimination of conventional multi-step thermo-mechanical processing. Design features such as internal cavities or over-hanging features can be made without joined assemblies. Hard to process materials such as intermetallics, refractory metals, and high temperature alloys can be processed in a single step. Functionally graded compositions can be created within three-dimensional components to vary the properties to match localized requirements due to the service environment. The technology offers the designer a rapid prototyping capability at the push of a button, without the need to fabricate dyes or use forming equipment or extensive machining and joining processes to produce a part. Future development is still required for these processes to be commercially accepted and used in industry. Parts are deposited with a surface roughness of 10 μm, arithmetic average, making a secondary finishing operation necessary for some applications to achieve high accuracy and polished surface texture. Residual stress measurement and control is also required to avoid distortion of deposited components. Motion path and control code needs to be optimized to reduce overall process time from the CAD model to the finished part.
Communicative Competence and Ancillary Conversation Courses in French

This article describes an innovative curricular program which allows students to opt for more oral practice of a modern foreign language in real communication situations. It also discusses classroom procedures and provides specific information as to materials and methods used in these courses. The results of this curricular alternative include increased student enrollments.
A simple device for drying precipitates

A simple drying apparatus is described. It is made from a 500-watt tubular quartz infrared lamp and a sheet of aluminum which serves as the reflector. The apparatus is suitable for drying precipitates in filter tubes, crucibles, microbeakers with filtersticks; rapid concentration of solutions; drying of solids, spot test papers, and paper chromatograms.
The effect of free-machining elements on dry machining of B319 aluminum alloy

Abstract The ability to machine aluminum dry would have enormous benefits in reduced infrastructure, lower costs and a cleaner environment compared to today's practice of wet machining. However, that goal has been impractical due to the build-up of hot aluminum on tools in the absence of the lubrication and cooling supplied by metal removal fluids. While experimenting with tool coatings to enable dry machining, it was discovered that trace amounts of free-machining elements in the aluminum alloy greatly improved dry machinability. In the present study, small quantities (
Cochlear implants: a remarkable past and a brilliant future

The aims of this paper are to (i) provide a brief history of cochlear implants; (ii) present a status report on the current state of implant engineering and the levels of speech understanding enabled by that engineering; (iii) describe limitations of current signal processing strategies; and (iv) suggest new directions for research. With current technology the "average" implant patient, when listening to predictable conversations in quiet, is able to communicate with relative ease. However, in an environment typical of a workplace the average patient has a great deal of difficulty. Patients who are "above average" in terms of speech understanding, can achieve 100% correct scores on the most difficult tests of speech understanding in quiet but also have significant difficulty when signals are presented in noise. The major factors in these outcomes appear to be (i) a loss of low-frequency, fine structure information possibly due to the envelope extraction algorithms common to cochlear implant signal processing; (ii) a limitation in the number of effective channels of stimulation due to overlap in electric fields from electrodes; and (iii) central processing deficits, especially for patients with poor speech understanding. Two recent developments, bilateral implants and combined electric and acoustic stimulation, have promise to remediate some of the difficulties experienced by patients in noise and to reinstate low-frequency fine structure information. If other possibilities are realized, e.g., electrodes that emit drugs to inhibit cell death following trauma and to induce the growth of neurites toward electrodes, then the future is very bright indeed.
Surgical planning for radical prostatectomies using three-dimensional visualization and a virtual reality display system

Thousands of radical prostatectomies for prostate cancer are performed each year. Radical prostatectomy is a challenging procedure due to anatomical variability and the adjacency of critical structures, including the external urinary sphincter and neurovascular bundles that subserve erectile function. Because of this, there are significant risks of urinary incontinence and impotence following this procedure. Preoperative interaction with three-dimensional visualization of the important anatomical structures might allow the surgeon to understand important individual anatomical relationships of patients. Such understanding might decrease the rate of morbidities, especially for surgeons in training. Patient specific anatomic data can be obtained from preoperative 3D MRI diagnostic imaging examinations of the prostate gland utilizing endorectal coils and phased array multicoils. The volumes of the important structures can then be segmented using interactive image editing tools and then displayed using 3-D surface rendering algorithms on standard work stations. Anatomic relationships can be visualized using surface displays and 3-D colorwash and transparency to allow internal visualization of hidden structures. Preoperatively a surgeon and radiologist can interactively manipulate the 3-D visualizations. Important anatomical relationships can better be visualized and used to plan the surgery. Postoperatively the 3-D displays can be compared to actual surgical experience and pathologic data. Patients can then be followed to assess the incidence of morbidities. More advanced approaches to visualize these anatomical structures in support of surgical planning will be implemented on virtual reality (VR) display systems. Such realistic displays are `immersive,' and allow surgeons to simultaneously see and manipulate the anatomy, to plan the procedure and to rehearse it in a realistic way. Ultimately the VR systems will be implemented in the operating room (OR) to assist the surgeon in conducting the surgery. Such an implementation will bring to the OR all of the pre-surgical planning data and rehearsal experience in synchrony with the actual patient and operation to optimize the effectiveness and outcome of the procedure.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PBJ: a Gnutella inspired file sharing system

We present PBJ a Gnutella inspired file sharing system developed as an undergraduate project during the Clemson course on distributed computing. The goal of the project was to investigate challenges in distributed system design such as bootstrapping, scalability and complexity of the search process. PBJ is novel in that it marries the positive aspects of centralized and decentralized P2P design paradigms.
Blockade of ventral pallidal opioid receptors induces a conditioned place aversion and attenuates acquisition of cocaine place preference in the rat.

Abstract Peripheral administration of naloxone is known to produce a conditioned place aversion and to block cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. The ventral pallidum receives a dense enkephalinergic projection from the nucleus accumbens and is implicated as a locus mediating the rewarding and reinforcing effects of psychostimulant and opiate drugs. We sought to provide evidence for the involvement of pallidal opioid receptors in modulating affective state using the place-conditioning paradigm. Microinjection of naloxone (0.01–10 μg) into the ventral pallidum once a day for 3 days dose-dependently produced a conditioned place aversion when tested in the drug-free state 24 h after the last naloxone injection. This effect was reproduced using the μ-opioid receptor selective agonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH 2 (CTOP, 1 μg). Locomotor activity was reduced following injection of the highest dose of naloxone (10 μg) but elevated following CTOP (1 μg). Daily injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg) for 3 days produced a conditioned place preference 24 h later. This effect of cocaine was attenuated by concomitant intra-ventral pallidal injection of naloxone at a dose (0.01 μg) that had no significant aversive property when injected alone. In contrast, the locomotor activation induced by peripheral cocaine injection was unaffected by naloxone injection into the ventral pallidum. The data implicate endogenous opioid peptide systems within the ventral pallidum as regulators of hedonic status.
IS THE CONCEPT OF THE HOME MAINTENANCE AREA OUTMODED

The home maintenance area or living area has played an important part in closer settlement programmes in Australia during the last fifty years. It has been applied in Australian land policy in a number of ways:- (i) as a maximum in restricting transfers of land to prevent aggregation into large holdings; ( ii) as a minimum in determining the size of farms to be allotted in closer settlement programmes; (iii) as a measure in determining the area for retention by an original holder, when land is resumed or surrendered for closer settlement.
The Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome: Possible Herpes Simplex Retinitis

Abstract The acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome is a severe necrotic peripheral retinitis with vasculitis and vitritis. It attacks healthy people and carries a poor visual prognosis. Five patients with ARN were seen. Two showed interesting clinical features. One patient developed the ARN syndrome in both eyes but with a 14-year hiatus separating the two episodes, each being preceded by an infectious illness. A second patient had a possible recurrence of the ARN syndrome in the same eye, one year after the original episode. Each episode was preceded by an upper respiratory infection and ipsilateral vesicular skin lesions on the face. Biopsy of one lesion yielded herpes simplex virus (HSV) in culture. These associations, although not definitive, do lend support to the hypothesis that HSV may be the cause of the ARN syndrome.
Studies on the reaction of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds with dimethyl 3-ketoglutarate. Steric and electronic effects

Abstract The steric and electronic influences of substituents attached to the 1,2-dicarbonyl system on the success of the reaction of 1,2- diketones with dimethyl 3-ketoglutarate 2 have been examined. It is clear from the reaction of 2 with benzil, thienil, furil, and phenanthrenequinone 5 , respectively, coupled with 13C NMR spectroscopy of the reaction intermediates, that steric effects play a major role in the overall success of the reaction to provide 4 . This is analogous to the situation observed earlier with 1,2-diketones, R-CO-CO-R, where R represented an aliptiatic or alicyclic group.
Indecomposable channels with side information at the transmitter

In this paper the direct part and the strong converse of the coding theorem for two classes of Finite State Indecomposable Channels with Side Information at the Transmitter are proven. The question of membership in the first class can always be easily settled; to show that a channel belongs to the second class requires in general an infinite number of operations. A finite test is developed that is applicable if the given channel satisfies either of two additional restrictions. Fortunately, the second of these will be met by any “practical≓ indecomposable channel.
Limited resection of bronchogenic carcinoma in the patient with impaired pulmonary function

Abstract Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. In some patients with marked impairment of pulmonary function, cardiac disease, or other medical conditions, the surgeon is faced with performing either a limited resection or carrying out nonoperative therapy. Impaired pulmonary functions are defined as a maximum breathing capacity (MBC) of 35% to 40% of predicted; forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV,) of less than 1 L; and a forced expiratory volume 25%–75% (FEV 25–75 ) of less than 0.6 L. When MBC values are less than 35% of predicted; the FEV 1 is less than 0.6 L; and the FEV 25–75 is less than 0.6 L, elective resection is contraindicated. Useful criteria for indicating an elective limited resection include the following: (1) T1 lesion, (2) peripheral location, (3) margins easily encompassed by resection, and (4) no gross lymph node involvement. In a study of 67 patients, there was 1 postoperative death, with less than an 80% 2-year survival and a 31% 5-year survival. The role of video-assisted thoracoscopy in the management of primary lung cancer remains to be defined. When the high-risk patient can be operated on with attendant low morbidity and mortality, I believe, at the current time, a video-assisted thoracic resection for prirmary lung cancer is not the best option, as the patient will be offered a compromised operation, and I suspect follow-up studies will prove this correct.
SHORT-TERM UNSCHEDULED RETURN VISITS OF ADULT PATIENTS TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Abstract Background Emergency department (ED) crowding is a major international concern that affects patients and providers. Study Objective We describe the characteristics of patients who had an unscheduled related return visit to the ED and investigate its relation to ED crowding. Methods Retrospective medical record review of all unscheduled related ED return visits by patients older than 16 years of age over a 1-year period. The top quartile of ED occupancy rates was defined as ED crowding. Results Eight hundred thirty-seven patients (1.9%) made an unscheduled related return visit. Length of stay (LOS) at the ED for the index visit and the LOS for the return visit (5 h, 54 min vs. 6 h, 51 min) were significantly different, as were the percent admitted (11.6% vs. 46.1%). Of these patients, 85.1% and 12.0% returned due to persistence or a wrong initial diagnosis, of their initial illness, respectively, and 2.9% returned due to an adverse event related to the treatment initially received. Patients presented the least frequently with an alcohol-related complaint during the index visit (480 patients), but they had the highest number of unscheduled return visits (45 patients; 9.4%). Unscheduled related return visits were not associated with ED crowding. Conclusion Return visits impose additional pressure on the ED, because return patients have a significantly longer LOS at the ED. However, the rate of unscheduled return visits and ED crowding was not related. Because this parameter serves as an essential quality assurance tool, we can assume that the studied hospital scores well on this particular parameter.
Effect of functional monomer on the stability and film properties of thermosetting core-shell latexes

Abstract Functionalized core–shell latexes were prepared by copolymerization of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) or methacrylic acid (MAA), which were added during the first or second stages of polymerization, respectively. The HEMA and MAA concentrations were increased while the equivalent ratio of functional groups remained constant. Colloidal stability, particle size, particle size distribution, film properties and morphology were studied as functions of functional monomer content. The upper limit functionality content was limited by the stability of the system during synthesis. A bimodal particle size distribution was observed for high concentrations of functional monomers. Increase in carboxyl and hydroxyl functionalities improved tensile strength and modulus for un-crosslinked films, and generally higher tensile strength, tensile modulus and storage modulus at high temperature were obtained after the functional latexes were crosslinked with a cycloaliphatic diepoxide.
The attitudes of nurses, dietitians, and physicians toward diabetes.

This paper describes the attitudes of physicians, nurses, and dietitians toward diabetes. The study involves 1,608 diabetes attitude surveys that were completed by both diabetes specialists and nonspecialists. The study found that overall the attitudes of diabetes specialists were consistently more positive than those of nonspecialists. Also, the study found that the diabetes- related attitudes ofnurses and dietitians were consistently more positive than the attitudes of physicians. The respondents were most positive in their support of the need for special training to treat diabetes, the team approach to diabetes care, and the relationship between glycemic control and the subsequent development of complications. The support for patient autonomy in the treatment of diabetes and for the seriousness of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was less strong although still favorable.
Highlights of the ALCTS heads of technical services for medium-sized libraries discussion group

The ALCTS Heads of Technical Services for Medium-Sized Libraries Discussion Group met at ALA Midwinter in San Antonio, Texas on January 15, 2000. Cecily Johns, chair of the discussion group, introd...
Successful surgical salvage of partial pancreatic allograft thrombosis.

Abstract Background Venous thrombosis remains an important cause of pancreatic graft loss. Nevertheless, reports are scarce of treatment alternatives to complete graft removal. We describe a case of surgical salvage of a partial pancreatic graft thrombosis. Methods We used descriptive retrospective analysis. Results A 36-year-old patient with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus and previous living related renal transplant received a cadaveric pancreas transplant in the right iliac fossa with enteric exocrine drainage and standard vascular anastomosis. Two days after discharge from the hospital, he presented with severe right upper quadrant pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and leukocytosis. He was taken to the operating room for exploration. The tail of the pancreas, which was kinked under the gallbladder, was necrotic and excised. The remainder of the pancreas looked normal. The patient recovered well from surgery and was discharged home 7 days later. Conclusions Partial pancreatectomy is an acceptable surgical alternative for incomplete graft thrombosis.
Histopathologic ond enzyme histochemical observations of the cuprizone-induced brain edema

Abstract The induction of status spongiosus and astrocytosis in the brains of mice by dietary administration of 0.3% cuprizone was studied sequentially by histopathological and enzyme-histochemical techniques. The study demonstrated a progressive development in the severity and distribution of the status spongiosus and astrocytosis. Edematous vacuolation of both grey and white matter was observed in a few specific brain locations as early as the 5th day of cuprizone feeding but by the 3rd week, and later, status spongiosus was severe throughout the brain. Reactive astrocytes were not apparent in the edematous brain tissue until after the 7th day of feeding, but by the 14th day reactive astrocytes were a characteristic feature of the cuprizone encephalopathy. Reactive astrocytes occurred in the areas of edema and generally paralleled the edema in severity although there were exceptions. Qualitative enzyme-histochemical studies revealed that normal astrocytes exhibited little or no oxidative enzyme activity whereas reactive astrocytes showed strong activity for the various enzymes studied. Weak glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was detected in astrocytes after only 3 days of cuprizone feeding followed, after 5 days and later, by strong activity for GDH, NAD diaphorase, and lactic dehydrogenase. Increased staining intensity for NADP diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and succinic dehydrogenase was observed in reactive astrocytes late in the experiment but the staining intensity for these enzymes never reached that of GDH and NAD diaphorase.
Development and multi-laboratory verification of U.S. EPA method 538 for the analysis of drinking water contaminants by direct aqueous injection-LC/MS/MS

A drinking water method for 11 chemicals, predominantly pesticides, is presented that addresses the occurrence monitoring needs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for a future Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR). The method employs direct aqueous injection liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (DAI-LC/MS/MS). The method uses sodium omadine and ammonium acetate to preserve the drinking water samples for up to 14 days. Mean recoveries of tap water samples fortified with the method analytes at 0.99–4.0 μg L−1 (quinoline = 43 μg L−1) are 89.3–106% with relative standard deviations of less than 8%. Single laboratory lowest concentration minimum reporting levels of 0.011–1.5 μg L−1 are demonstrated with this methodology. Multi-laboratory data are presented that demonstrate method ruggedness and transferability. The final method meets all of the EPA UCMR survey requirements for sample collection and storage, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. The final method is expected to be proposed for use under a future UCMR.
Two cases of a wrong-site peripheral nerve block and a process to prevent this complication.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a system to prevent laterality errors while performing peripheral nerve blockade. Case Report: The report depicts 2 cases of peripheral nerve blocks being performed on the wrong (nonoperative) extremity. An analysis of the circumstances in each case reveals distractions, schedule changes, and communication breakdown, which contributed to the error. A protocol to prevent these errors from occurring in the future, based on the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations guidelines, to eliminate “wrong-site” surgical procedures is developed and discussed. Conclusions: The anesthesiologist plays an important role in preventing wrong-site peripheral nerve blockade and surgery. The protocol developed for “Pre-Anesthetic Site Verification” as a supplement to our preoperative site verification policy is invaluable in preventing wrong-site anesthesia and surgery.
Isolation, characterization and radioimmunoassay of rat alpha macrofetoprotein (acute phase A2 macroglobulin).

Abstract Rat alpha-macrofetoprotein (AMF)§ has been isolated and purified by antibody affinity chromatography and quantitated using a double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) with a sensitivity of 20 ng. Two forms of AMF, differing in reference mobilities ( R ) in 5% polyacrylamide gels and in isoelectric focusing points (pI), are present in serum. The R f 0.10 AMF has a pI of 4.35 and R f 0.25 AMF a pI of 4.65. R f 0.25 AMF competes 2.2 times better than R f 0.10 AMF in an RIA with 125 I R f 0.25 AMF as the predominant antigen. The two forms do not differ substantially in mol. wt. AMF has a mol. wt of 700,000 ± 70,000 determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Dithiothreitol reduction of AMF resulted in six different chains, the largest with mol. wt 175,000. It is suggested that the five smaller chains are the result of interaction of AMF with endoproteases. The E 1% 280 of AMF is 9.16 ± 0.3 by the biuret method using bovine serum albumin as a standard and 10.6 ± 0.3 by microKjeldahl N analysis. Amino-acid analysis of AMF is compared with the analyses recently reported by others. Normal adult rat serum AMF concentrations determined for two groups of rats are 17 ± 2 and 32 ± 6 μg/ml.
Detailed anatomy of the normally functioning aortic valve in hearts of normal and increased weight.

Abstract The area, weight and 4 linear variables were measured in each aortic valve cusp in 100 necropsy patients with normally functioning aortic valves, and the volume of each sinus of Valsalva and the aortic area at the sinotubular junction were determined in the same patients. The sums of the aortic valve cuspal areas, cuspal weights and sinus of Valsalva volumes increased with age (p
Thermal-electron scattering by polar molecules

The temperature dependence of the drift velocity of thermal electrons travelling through polar gases has been investigated, and the data have been used to determine more accurately the magnitude and the velocity dependence of the momentum transfer cross section sigma m, expressed as sigma m=aalpha / nu alpha , where Aalpha is a constant for each value of alpha . The values of alpha for the 14 polar molecules investigated are found to be close to the value of 2 predicted by the Born approximation. There is a considerable spreading in sigma m for permanent electric dipole moments mu in the region 1.65<or= mu <or=3 debye.
The Role of National Culture and Multimedia on First Impression Bias Reduction: An Experimental Study in US and China

Research problem: The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of national culture and medium type on first impression bias reduction in the context of job interview and performance appraisals. Research questions: (1) Does the evaluators' national culture affect first impression bias reduction? (2) Which medium type (text or multimedia) is more effective in reducing first impression bias? and (3) Does medium effect in reducing first impression bias vary with national culture? Literature review: The purpose of the literature review is to examine the current literature in the areas of national culture, medium type and first impression bias reduction, especially in a communication context. Researchers reviewed the discussions on first impression formation, and national culture theories, and the Media Richness Theory. For media, multimedia type was found to reduce first impression bias more than text medium type. For national culture, the literature review suggested that national culture dimensions (such as collectivism, assertiveness, and uncertainty avoidance) could possibly affect first impression bias reduction. Methodology: The researchers conducted a quantitative experiment with 407 students from a US university and a Chinese university, who majored in business-related disciplines. Researchers requested the treatment group participants to access performance bias cue. The participants then performed an initial appraisal of a manager based on Denison's leadership index. The participants then viewed the job interview of the manager, via different media, and performed the appraisal again. The performance appraisal data were collected via a website. The researchers used Analysis of Variance to analyze the data. Results and discussion: This study found that for our participants, national culture reduces first impression bias more than media. It identified that first impression bias reduction in US participants is significantly greater than that in Chinese participants, independent of media used. Regardless of national culture of media users, this study found that users using text medium were able to reduce first impression bias significantly more than users using multimedia. The implications of this study are that to reduce first impression bias in cross-cultural settings, managers and employees must adapt the channels and effort allocation for communication to national culture. Managers and researchers must understand that national culture is more important than media in reducing first impression bias. The limitations of the study were the use of student participants, and absence of national culture dimensions measurement. The study was conducted in only two national cultures. Future research could use employees as participants, measure national culture dimensions, and replicate the study in various national cultures.
Involvement of seven in absentia homolog-1 in ethanol-induced apoptosis in neural crest cells.

Abstract Ethanol-induced apoptosis in selected cell populations is a major component of pathogenesis underlying ethanol-induced teratogenesis. However, there is a fundamental gap in understanding how ethanol leads to apoptosis in embryos. In this study, we investigate the role of seven in absentia homolog-1 (Siah1) protein, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, in ethanol-induced apoptosis. Using an in vitro model of neural crest cell (NCC), JoMa1.3 cells, we found that exposure to 100 mM ethanol resulted in a significant increase in Siah1 mRNA expression in NCCs, an ethanol-sensitive cell population implicated in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Treatment with 100 mM ethanol for 24 h also significantly increased the protein expression of Siah1 in JoMa1.3 cells. The nuclear translocation and accumulation of Siah1 was evidenced in the cells exposed to ethanol. In addition, we have found that the inhibition of Siah1 function with siRNA prevents ethanol-induced increase in Siah1 protein expression and nuclear translocation in NCCs. Down-regulation of Siah1 by siRNA also greatly diminished ethanol-induced cell death and caspase-3 activation, indicating that inhibition of Siah1 can attenuate ethanol-induced apoptosis. These results strongly suggest that Siah1 plays an important role in ethanol-induced apoptosis in NCCs.
On the Application of the Source Theory to the Solution of Problems Involving Phase Change: Part 1—Growth and Collapse of Bubbles

Growth of vapor bubble in liquid mixtures and growth and collapse of noncondensing, nonsoluble gas in pure liquid determined by approximate solutions derived from forster source theory
Multimedia Content Tagging Using Multilabel Decision Tree

This paper formulates the automated tagging of media as a multilabel classification problem. An induction method for creating a multilabel decision tree is presented, then applied to the problem of identifying emotions associated with music clips. The results are compared to two other multilabel classification approaches (CLUS and RAKEL), and the proposed approach is shown to produce better results using a variety of performance measures.
THE REPAIR OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED FEMALE RATS BY COMBINATIONS OF AN HYPOPHYSEAL EXTRACT (SYNERGIST) WITH PREGNANCY-PROLAN

It is now well known that the substance present in the urine of pregnant women (prolan) provokes characteristic changes in the ovaries of immature mice or rats—changes which consist essentially in the growth of the ovarian follicles, in ovulation, and above all, in luteinization whether of ripe or unripe follicles. It has been equally well established that these changes are more difficult to secure by the administration of this substance to hypophysectomized females (1) (2).† These circumstances led naturally to the assumption that the pituitary gland itself contributes in some obscure Avay to confer gonadotropic effects on prolan. We sought further support for this hypothesis by adding various hypophyseal extracts to prolan to ascertain whether they would enable prolan to exert the abovementioned effects on the ovaries of hypophysectomized females (6). The gonads of hypophysectomized female puppies had been found to be unresponsive to prolan, though treated for a period of 2 months with high daily dosage...
Enantioselective carbon-hydrogen insertion is an effective and efficient methodology for the synthesis of (R)-(-)-baclofen.

A highly enantioselective methodology for the synthesis of the GABAB receptor agonist (R)-(-)-baclofen is described. This synthesis begins with p-chlorophenethyl alcohol and involves a catalytic carbon-hydrogen insertion reaction of a chiral dirhodium(II) carboxamidate with the corresponding diazoacetate (81% yield, 95% ee). Subsequent steps convert the intermediate γ-lactone to (R)- (-)-baclofen in a 60% overall yield. The amount of catalyst required for the C–H insertion transformation is only 0.5 mol%. Chirality 14:169–172, 2002.© 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reduced-Order Modeling and Control for Subsonic Cavity Flows

A benchmark problem in active aerodynamic flow control, suppression of pressure oscillations induced by flow over a shallow cavity, is used in this paper to present a comprehensive approach to reduced-order model based flow control. Proper orthogonal decomposition and Galerkin projection techniques are used to obtain a reduced-order model of the flow dynamics from experimental data. The model is made amenable to control design by means of a control separation technique. Quadratic stochastic estimation is used to correlate flow field data with surface pressure measurements to reconstruct the state of the model in real time. Experimental results show that a linear-quadratic controller designed on the basis of the reduced-order model achieves a significant attenuation of the resonant tone with a redistribution of the energy into other frequencies, and exhibits a certain degree of robustness when operating in off-design conditions.
Effects of distributed generation (DG) interconnections on protection of distribution feeders

Application of distributed generation (DG) to supply the demand of a diverse customer base has been gaining popularity. Various DG technologies are being integrated into power systems to provide alternatives to energy sources or to improve reliability. In this paper, the effects of DG on system protection have been identified. Changes in system fault duties and associated concerns are presented. Commonly raised issues of relay de-sensitization, Unintentional islanding, series resonance, and ferroresonance are identified, and some methods of their detection are discussed and analyzed. Documented examples of actual cases are presented. Efficient recommendations to protect the distribution feeders against these conditions are proposed.
A novel 6H-SiC power DMOSFET with implanted p-well spacer

In this letter, we utilize a lower thermal budget with an aluminum doped p-well to minimize the effect of "step bunching" and a new structural design with deep spacer implants to prevent the JFET "pinching" action at small p-well spacings (5 /spl mu/m) in planar vertical double implanted MOSFET (DIMOS) devices fabricated on 6H-SiC. A specific ON-resistance of 42 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ (further reducible by 35% through simple design modification), which represents a 100% reduction over devices which did not receive the spacer implants, is observed on the 2-/spl mu/m channel devices. This novel scheme will allow increased packing densities for high power applications using the DIMOS structure in SiC.
Radical Manufacturing Strategies for Failing Firms

In many ways, failing manufacturers are very different from going manufacturers. Manufacturing strategy process and content in failing firms are dictated by the unique crisis circumstances that prevail in these firms. The resulting manufacturing strategy necessary to turnaround the firm is called turnaround or radical manufacturing strategy (RMS). This paper proposes a framework to organize preliminary ideas and stimulate research and practitioner interest on the issues surrounding RMS. This paper is a report on an ongoing study on business failures.
Enriching the Tapestry: Expanding the Scope of Life Course Concepts

UANE Alwin is to be thanked for an ambitious effort to provide a systematic review of the diverse array of meanings of “life course” and related terms and to contrib-ute to the discussion of the possibilities of integration of this important but often unwieldy literature. It is an undertaking that invites reaction at many points. Of course, space pre-cludes a comprehensive response to the full range of ideas and issues Alwin presents. I limit my comment to three top-ics that warrant further attention: (a) the importance of the life course as a social institution, (b) the relation of the “life span” and “life course” concepts, and (c) the need to address what I have earlier identified as theoretical deficiencies that are common to both life span and life course perspectives.At the beginning of his essay “Integrating Varieties of Life-Course Concepts” (hereafter termed “IVLC”), Alwin counter-poses the risks that may be present when a single term is used to connote “a multiplicity of meanings that are at variance with one another” with the benefits that may come from a concept whose breadth offers “rich tapestry of different emphases.” I am sympathetic to Alwin’s caution of the dangers inherent in requiring a single term—life course—to carry a “multiplicity of meanings,” which is the more worrisome when the use of the term is accompanied by unexamined assumptions and a lack of consistency in explanatory objectives. In attempting to bring some order to this unwieldy domain, I applaud and appreciate the taxonomic and integrative objectives of IVLC. In this comment, I will note some significant arenas in which the formulation offered in IVLC needs to be extended in terms of conceptual scope, precision, and critical analysis.Although the array of terms, concepts, and issues intro-duced in IVLC do indeed represent quite a varied collec-tion, I must begin by taking note of the need to add yet even more “richness to the tapestry.” The task of integration pre-supposes that the components essential to the integrative ef-fort have been identified, and it is necessary to begin by pointing out at least one omitted but essential class of phe-nomena, which revolve around the concept of the life course as a social institution.
Expression of constitutively active Notch arrests follicle cells at a precursor stage during Drosophila oogenesis and disrupts the anterior-posterior axis of the oocyte

During early development, there are numerous instances where a bipotent progenitor divides to give rise to two progeny cells with different fates. The Notch gene of Drosophila and its homologues in other metazoans have been implicated in many of these cell fate decisions. It has been argued that the role of Notch in such instances may be to maintain cells in a precursor state susceptible to specific differentiating signals. This has been difficult to prove, however, due to a lack of definitive markers for precursor identity. We here perform molecular and morphological analyses of the roles of Notch in ovarian follicle cells during Drosophila oogenesis. These studies show directly that constitutively active Notch arrests cells at a precursor stage, while the loss of Notch function eliminates this stage. Expression of moderate levels of activated Notch leads to partial transformation of cell fates, as found in other systems, and we show that this milder phenotype correlates with a prolonged, but still transient, precursor stage. We also find that expression of constitutively active Notch in follicle cells at later stages leads to a defect in the anterior-posterior axis of the oocyte.
Behavior of countercurrent liquid‐liquid columns with a liquid metal

Packed columns are being considered for contacting liquid metals with molten salts to extract fission products from spent nuclear fuel. Extraction rates between a liquid cadmium alloy and a liquid chloride salt were measured at 530°C. in a prototype column. With a system of water and a low melting metal alloy, measurements of the pressure drop, limiting flow rates, and hold-up were made and compared with the predictions of existing correlations. These data indicate that packed columns might be effective contacting devices for pyrochemical processes.
Sensor Network and Robot Interaction Using Coarse Localization

Rapid advances in the field of sensing and sensor net-works are opening the door to many new possibilities. One of the main challenges is the localization of the sensor nodes. In this paper we discuss the issue of localization in the context of sensor network assisted telerobotics. The sensor network is used to feedback information to the robot or remote operator to be used to efficiently and safely navigate. We show that coarse localization results in comparable performance to accurate and fine localization. This finding will relax the requirement from localization algorithms and will open the door to a new class of reduced complexity and reduced overhead localization algorithms. Experimental results are provided to highlight the concepts developed and compare performance.
Monitoring and the Portability of Soft Information

We study the portability of soft information in a decentralized financial institution. Theories from a variety of literatures suggest that difficulties in capturing, storing, and communicating soft information can inhibit its portability over time and across individuals within the organization. Using unique data on lending decisions made by employees in a highly decentralized financial services organization, we show that a monitoring system which captures soft information for vertical communication (to superiors) purposes also facilitates the horizontal communication of soft information (across employees) for decision-making purposes. Contrary to prevailing views on the limited portability of soft information, our results provide evidence that the “stock” of soft information accumulated in this system has persistent effects on the lending decisions of employees. We show that employees rely on this information to increase access to credit for borrowers, provide more favorable pricing terms, and reduce the ex post risk of their lending decisions. These effects remain even when this information was acquired by employees other than the decision-maker, and they are not diminished by the physical separation of employees working in different business units.
Epac2A Makes a New Impact in β-Cell Biology

The high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mouse model of obesity-related type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to provide new insights concerning the molecular basis for pancreatic β-cell compensation under conditions of diet-induced insulin resistance. In the new study by Song et al. (1), β-cell compensation to preserve glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) under conditions of the HFD is shown to be lost in mice in which there is a knockout (KO) of Rapgef4 , the gene coding for a cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor designated as Epac2A. These findings obtained with mice fed the HFD suggest that Epac2A activators might be of use for the treatment of T2DM, or that aberrant Epac2A signaling in the β-cell might predispose to T2DM. Protein kinase A (PKA)-independent signaling properties of cAMP are mediated by Epac2A in β-cells, and Epac2A acts as a cofactor with PKA in order to mediate the potentiation of GSIS by cAMP-elevating hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (2–5). Since GLP-1 is the prototype of a new class of insulin secretagogues for use in the treatment of T2DM (6), speculation exists concerning what additional roles Epac2A might play in β-cell biology. Song et al. (1) now report that when mice are fed an HFD (7), there exists β-cell compensation in which Epac2A enables GSIS to occur in the absence of administered GLP-1. Thus, Epac2A expression in islets is of importance to the cAMP-dependent potentiation of GSIS by GLP-1 (Fig. 1 A ), while also being of importance to the maintenance of GSIS under conditions of an HFD (Fig. 1 B ). These new findings concerning Epac2A …
Taming hurricanes with arrays of offshore wind turbines

Damage from hurricanes is increasing in many coastal regions worldwide. Research now shows that large wind-turbine arrays can significantly diminish peak near-surface hurricane wind speeds and storm surge. The net cost of turbine arrays is less than that of today’s fossil-fuel electricity generation and also than that of sea walls used to avoid storm-surge damage. Hurricanes are causing increasing damage to many coastal regions worldwide1,2. Offshore wind turbines can provide substantial clean electricity year-round, but can they also mitigate hurricane damage while avoiding damage to themselves? This study uses an advanced climate–weather computer model that correctly treats the energy extraction of wind turbines3,4 to examine this question. It finds that large turbine arrays (300+ GW installed capacity) may diminish peak near-surface hurricane wind speeds by 25–41 m s−1 (56–92 mph) and storm surge by 6–79%. Benefits occur whether turbine arrays are placed immediately upstream of a city or along an expanse of coastline. The reduction in wind speed due to large arrays increases the probability of survival of even present turbine designs. The net cost of turbine arrays (capital plus operation cost less cost reduction from electricity generation and from health, climate, and hurricane damage avoidance) is estimated to be less than today’s fossil fuel electricity generation net cost in these regions and less than the net cost of sea walls used solely to avoid storm surge damage.
Reactive Ion Etching of Molybdenum in CF4/O2 Plasma

A mechanistic study of Mo etching in a CF4/O2 plasma has been performed using optical emission spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Etching characteristics of Mo for a wide range of conditions relevant to plasma processing are also reported. Addition of small amount of O2 to the CF4 plasma dramatically increases the Mo etch rates, as well as concentrations of 0 and F in plasma. However, further addition of O2 above 50% leads to decrease in etch rates. Two types of neutral molybdenum oxifluorides and a trace amount of molybdenum hexafluoride were observed in the effluent gas. Comparing the etch rates with the concentration changes of F and 0 with and without Mo present in plasma, it is suggested that Mo is chemically etched by F and 0. Atomic oxygen enhances the etch rate by increasing the F concentration in the plasma as well as by removing a carbon layer forming desorbed CO on the surface. XPS and AES analysis results for the etched surface inferred that chemisorbed fluorocarbon radicals dissociate into carbon and fluorine atoms, which in turn form a passivating graphite-like layer and a volatile molybdenum oxifluoride and molybdenum hexafluoride layer.