cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of paramagnetic impurities on the wave-vector of the spin-density-wave of an itinerant electron antiferromagnet

Abstract It is shown that magnetic impurities can produce a first order phase transition between the commensurate and incommensurate spin-density-wave phases of an itinerant electron antiferromagnet. The result is a consequence of the impurity-induced discontinuity in the wave-vector of the SDW at the phase boundary.
Drowning in data: Satellite oceanography and information overload in the Earth sciences

ABSTRACT In the late 20 th century, remote sensing from space offered a means of resolving one of the principal challenges plaguing physical oceanographers, poor spatial sampling. But in fact, remote sensing offered an opposing problem––so much data that the traditional oceanographic institutions were not equipped to cope with it. NASA decided to resolve this problem by having the Jet Propulsion Laboratory construct an oceanographic data center at its Pasadena facility. This represents a new kind of scientific institution, whose purpose is the development, validation, and distribution of scientific data to third-party users. Since 1990, NASA has established several such facilities, each rooted in a subset of the Earth science disciplines and each making its data publicly available via the Internet. In so doing, it reversed a decades-old policy that had given an instrument9s science team proprietary privileges. Agency leaders did this to expand scientific demand for NASA9s capabilities, thus buttressing the agency9s political support; because they believed remote sensing could enable great scientific strides; because they thought open access to data would foster competition and thus produce better scientific results; and because they believed that publicly-funded data should be public. In the process, they created a ““market”” for oceanographic data far larger than that represented by professional oceanographers.
The effects of environmental stress on cholesterol synthesis and metabolism.

Abstract 1. 1. A study was done on the effect of stress on cholesterol deposition in various organs of pair-fed rats. 2. 2. There was an increased amount of cholesterol with aortas, livers, and serum of the stressed animals as compared to the control. 3. 3. There was only a transient elevation in the kidneys of the stressed animals. 4. 4. Evidence is presented that the kidney possesses a better mechanism for clearing cholesterol than the aorta.
Development of proton-transfer ion trap-mass spectrometry: on-line detection and identification of volatile organic compounds in air

We present a newly developed instrument that uses proton-transfer ion trap-mass spectrometry (PIT-MS) for on-line trace gas analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The instrument is based on the principle of proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS): VOCs are ionized using PTRs and detected with a mass spectrometer. As opposed to a quadrupole mass filter in a PTR-MS, the PIT-MS instrument uses an IT-MS, which has the following advantages: (1) the ability to acquire a full mass spectrum in the same time as one mass with a quadrupole and (2) extended analytical capabilities of identifying VOCs by performing collision-induced dissociation (CID) and ion molecule reactions in the IT. The instrument described has, at its current status, limits of detection between 0.05 and 0.5 pbbv for 1-min measurements for all tested VOCs. The PIT-MS was tested in an ambient air measurement in the urban area of Boulder, Colorado, and intercompared with PTR-MS. For all measured compounds the degree of correlation between the two measurements was high (r2 > 0.85), except for acetonitrile (CH3CN), which was close to the limit of detection of the PIT-MS instrument. The two measurements agreed within less than 25%, which was within the combined measurement uncertainties. Automated CID measurements on m/z 59 during the intercomparison were used to determine the contributions of acetone and propanal to the measured signal; both are detected at m/z 59 and thus are indistinguishable in PTR-MS. It was determined that m/z 59 was mainly composed of acetone. An influence of propanal was detected only during a high pollution event. The advantages and future developments of PIT-MS are discussed.
Lupus Nephritis: The Evolving Role of Novel Therapeutics

Immune complex accumulation in the kidney is the hallmark of lupus nephritis and triggers a series of events that result in kidney inflammation and injury. Cytotoxic agents and corticosteroids are standard of care for lupus nephritis treatment, but are associated with considerable morbidity and suboptimal outcomes. Recently, there has been interest in using novel biologic agents and small molecules to treat lupus nephritis. These therapies can be broadly categorized as anti-inflammatory (laquinamod, anti–tumor necrosis factor–like weak inducer of apotosis, anti-C5, and retinoids), antiautoimmunity (anti-CD20, anti–interferon α, and costimulatory blockers), or both (anti–interleukin 6 and proteasome inhibitors). Recent lupus nephritis clinical trials applied biologics or small molecules of any category to induction treatment, seeking short-term end points of complete renal response. These trials in general have not succeeded. When lupus nephritis comes to clinical attention during the inflammatory stage of the disease, the autoimmune stage leading to kidney inflammation will have been active for some time. The optimal approach for using novel therapies may be to initially target kidney inflammation to preserve renal parenchyma, followed by suppression of autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss novel lupus nephritis therapies and how they fit into a combinatorial treatment strategy based on the pathogenic stage.
Increasing donor designation through black churches: results of a randomized trial.

ContextAfrican Americans are disproportionately represented among those awaiting a transplant, but many are reluctant to donate their organs.ObjectiveTo test the effectiveness of using lay health advisors to increase organ donation among church members.DesignChurches were pair-matched by average estimated income and size and then randomized to 1 of 2 interventions: one addressing organ donation and the other addressing increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables.SettingTwenty-two African American churches in Southeast Michigan.Patients or Other ParticipantsChurch members were trained to serve as lay health advisors (called peer leaders).InterventionsPeer leaders conducted organ donation discussions with church groups and showed a DVD created for this program that was tailored to African American churches.Main Outcome MeasuresThe primary outcome was verified registration in the state's donor registry. Participants also completed pre/post questionnaires regarding their attitudes about organ donation.Res...
Mechanism of insulin-stimulated electrogenic sodium transport

Mechanisms of insulin-stimulated electrogenic sodium transport. Studies were performed to determine the signal transduction mechanism involved in the onset of insulin stimulated electrogenic sodium transport (Ieq) in cultured A 6 cells. Insulin stimulated Ieq at a threshold concentration of one nM and a half-maximum concentration of approximately 3 nM. The onset of action occurred within 10 seconds and the increase in Ieq was augmented by pretreatment with aldosterone, similar to the action of vasopressin. Insulin stimulated an increase in Ca i 2+ in a dose-dependent manner that involved release from intracellular stores. Hormone stimulated Ieq was dependent on increases in Ca i 2+ because pretreatment with 5, 5′ dimethyl BAPTA/AM blocked the increase in sodium transport. further studies with dihydroxyclorpromazine, trifluoperazine and genistein, inhibitors of PKC, Ca i 2+ dependent, calmodulin dependent kinases and tyrosine kinase, respectively, suggested that the action of insulin was dependent on activation of these kinases. In contrast, insulin stimulated Ieq was independent of changes in cAMP, because insulin did not increase the accumulation of cAMP, and inhibition of adenylate cyclase with 2′, 5′ dideoxyadenosine did not affect transport. These results suggest that insulin, as previously shown for aldosterone, activates apical membrane amiloride sensitive sodium channels by a calcium-dependent second messenger system.
Compacton solutions of the Kawahara-type nonlinear dispersive equation

In this paper we study nonlinear dispersive forms of the Kawahara equation or fifth-order KdV-type equation. We establish compactons, new form of solitary waves with compact support and width independent of amplitude. We further show that the defocusing branches of these models generate solitary patterns solutions.
A century of breast cancer surgery.

Presented are three consecutive breast cancer series totaling 1912 women, treated by three generations of surgeons. All operations were done in one institution over the last 100 years. Most of the early patients underwent radical mastectomy. The 673 patients in the last series were treated by an assortment of different modalities, reflecting the changing therapeutic concepts of the past 25 years. This report is primarily an historical account showing the improvement in operating conditions and survival figures. Of greater scientific significance is the collection of 50 patients with late-appearing metastases (more than 10 years postoperatively) as well as a group of long-surviving patients with advanced stage II disease
A water-budget approach to restoring a sedge fen affected by diking and ditching

A vast, ground-water-supported sedge fen in the UpperPeninsula of Michigan, USA was ditched in theearly 1900 s in a failed attempttopromoteagriculture.Dikeswerelaterconstructedtoimpoundseasonalsheetsurfaceflowsforwaterfowlmanagement. The US Fish and WildlifeService, which now manages thewetland as part of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, sought toredirect water flows from impounded C-3 Pool to reduce erosion in downstream Walsh Ditch, reduce ground-water losses into the ditch, and restore sheet flows of surface water to the peatland. A water budget was developed for C-3 Pool, which serves as the central receivinganddistributionbodyforwaterintheaffectedwetland.Surface-waterinflowsandoutflowsweremeasuredinassociated ditches and natural creeks, ground-water flows were estimated using a network of wells and piezometers, and precipitation and evaporation/evapotranspiration components were estimated using local meteorological data. Water budgets for the 1999 springtime peak flow period and the 1999 water year were used to estimate required releases of water from C-3 Pool via outlets other than Walsh Ditch and to guide other restoration activities. Refuge managers subsequently used these results to guide restoration efforts, including construction of earthen damsin Walsh Ditch upslope from the poolto stop surfaceflow, installation ofnewwater-controlstructurestoredirectsurfacewatertosheetflowandnaturalcreekchannels,planningseasonalreleasesfrom C-3 Pool to avoid erosion in natural channels, stopping flow in downslope Walsh Ditch to reduce erosion, and using constructed earthen dams and natural beaver dams toflood the ditch channel below C-3 Pool. Interactions between ground water and surface water are critical for maintaining ecosystem processes in many wetlands, and management actions directed at restoring either ground-orsurface-waterflow patternsoftenaffect bothofthese componentsofthewaterbudget.Thisapproachcouldthusprove useful in guiding restoration efforts in many hydrologically altered and managed wetlands worldwide. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Can we have global ethics in a global economy

With the collapse of the bi-polar world, we live in an increasingly integrated global economy, which includes economic, political, and cultural dimensions. We argue that there is a need for a global ethic commensurate with a global economy, based upon the claims of interdependence, economic insecurity, multiculturalism, and shared problems. The need to identify some common cross-cultural ethical norms is asserted as an important component of a global ethic and various sources and means for such identification are proposed. Finally, we propose reasons why global corporations ought to embrace cross-cultural ethical norms within their own corporate ethics.
Navajo verb stem position and the bipartite structure of the Navajo conjunct sector

The Navajo verb stem appears at the rightmost edge of the verb word. In numerous cases it forms a lexical constituent with a preverb, occurring at the leftmost edge of the surface verb word, much in the manner of Dutch and German verb-particle arrangements in verb-second finite clauses. In Navajo the initial and final positions are separated by eight morpheme order “slots” recognized in the Athabaskan literature (and described in detail for Navajo in Young and Morgan 1987). A phonological solution to this and a number of other deep-surface disparities is explored here, based on the insights of earlier works on the Navajo verb, including Speas 1984, 1990, McDonough 1996, 2000, and Rice 1989, 2000.
controls of the Venezuela rainy season

Abstract Anomalies of the general circulation are shown capable of producing very dry and very wet rainy seasons over Venezuela. In 1969, a wet year, migratory synoptic systems kept passing through the area; in 1972, a dry year, a classical stationary circulation prevailed. At least part of the difference is accounted for by effect of wind shear on cumulonimbus precipitation. During large vertical shear (1972) most falling water evaporated while in 1969; with deep easterlies, cloud drops could grow to rain drop size through accretion.
Dormia basket entanglement with a T tube: management with interventional radiologic techniques.

the sigmoid to be pneumatically distended and to occupy the left lower quadrant. Adjacent viscera are displaced, and the wall of the colon abuts the peritoneum. In such a situation, endoscopic sigmoidopexy becomes feasible. Our patient was subjected to full bowel preparation before the endoscopic sigmoidopexy. This allowed a colonoscopic view of the colon to rule out concomitant pathologic conditions.
ASSESSING NATIONAL URBAN TRANSPORTATION NEEDS

A decade of increasing Federal attention to urban transportation needs has culminated in the 1970 Urban Mass Transportation Assistance Act. This Act is intended to provide 10 thousand million dollars over the next 12 years in Federal assistance money to urban public transportation systems. This paper examines the needs of selected U.S. cities as a basis for (1) understanding the vast, various and complex transportation needs of urban areas throughout the country, and (2) assessing the sufficiency of these funds. The sample cities have been placed into three broad categories based on the state of development of their transportation systems. In Category I cities, the essential need is to ensure the survival of bus systems for the use of non‐drivers, or to provide some other viable alternative to the automobile; in Category II cities, the primary needs are to relieve auto congestion and to improve public transportation components, while in Category III cities, the primary need is massive investment to improv...
Tellurium and selenium derivatives of π-cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl

Abstract Reactions of the diphenyl dichalcogenides Ph 2 E 2 (E = Te, Se) with [π-CpFe-(CO) 2 ] 2 have been studied and several new complexes have been isolated and characterized. These include mononuclear π-CpFe(CO) 2 EPh (E = Te, Se) and dinuclear [π-CpFe(CO)EPh] 2 (E = Te, Se). In the case of the dinuclear compounds two isomers were obtained and separated for selenium and a mixture of two isomers was obtained for tellurium. Comparisons of the donor properties of sulfur, selenium, and tellurium in these complexes are made.
Pore and Surface Diffusion and Bulk-Phase Mass Transfer in Packed and Fluidized Beds

Experimental breakthrough data of l-phenylalanine were obtained from cation-exchange columns over a wide range of feed concentrations and flow rates. Simulations based on three rate models were used to analyze the data. The models include three different intraparticle diffusion mechanisms: pore diffusion, surface diffusion, or parallel pore and surface diffusion, respectively. Simulated column breakthrough curves were compared to data from both packed beds and fluidized beds. Both the pore diffusion and surface diffusion models gave reasonable fits for breakthrough curves; however, these fits required that the apparent surface diffusivities obtained from the surface diffusion model increase with increasing concentration, and the apparent pore diffusivities obtained from the pore diffusion model decrease with increasing concentration and are larger than Brownian diffusivity. These results suggest that both pore diffusion and surface diffusion are important intraparticle transport mechanisms. A systematic ...
Battery Management for Maximum Performance in Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Battery energy and power density are limiting factors in the design of electric and hybrid vehicle systems, particularly in the context of wide-range cycling needed for plug- in systems. Many commercial hybrid designs are controlled around specific operating conditions for long battery life. In this paper, battery management aspects for long operating life are discussed. Electrical considerations in valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal-hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries are described. Emphasis is provided on charge balancing requirements and state-of-charge operating ranges. The role of ultracapacitors for power buffering is addressed briefly. It is shown that lithium-ion cells offer considerable promise because of their high input-output energy efficiency and possibility of relatively wide operating range. Charge balancing is known to be a vital aspect, and balancing requirements are quantified for sample systems.
A modified tree code: don't laugh; it runs

Abstract I describe a modification of the Barnes-Hut tree algorithm together with a series of numerical tests of this method. The basic idea is to improve the performance of the code on heavily vector-oriented machines such as the Cyber 205 by exploiting the fact that nearby particles tend to have very similar interaction lists. By building an interaction list good everywhere within a cell containing a modest number of particles and reusing this interaction list for each particle in the cell in turn, the balance of computation can be shifted from recursive descent to force summation. Instead of vectorizing tree descent, this scheme simply avoids it in favor of force summation, which is quite easy to vectorize. A welcome side-effect of this modification is that the force calculation, which now treats a larger fraction of the local interactions exactly, is significantly more accurate than the unmodified method.
Electro-optic effect and second-order optical nonlinearity in poled silica fibers

A simple fabrication technique, readily extensible to volume manufacturing, is presented to produce an electro-optically active fiber segment hat can be simply integrated into optoelectronic devices. The fabrication technique offers a dielectric isolation structure surrounding the fiber to a low high field poling, a pair of electrodes used both for poling and for inducing an electro-optic effect, and needs of the fiber unaffected by the fabrication and available for splicing to additional fiber sections. An electro-optic coefficient, including overlap between the nonlinearity and the fiber mode, as high as 0.4 pm.V was obtained by combined temperature/electric field poling. The related device applications are discussed.
Diagonal scaling and the analysis of polarization experiments in nuclear physics

A new method is described to deduce observables from the yields measured in a nuclear physics experiment with polarized beam and target. The method makes use of a formalism, known in the mathematical literature under the name of {open_quotes}diagonal scaling{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}biproportional matrix adjustment,{close_quotes} which deals with the problem of scaling the rows and columns of a matrix to obtain a new matrix with given row and column sums. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Revision of Upper Ordovician, Silurian, and Lower Devonian stratigraphy, southwestern Great Basin

Abundant and diverse conodonts indicate age revisions or refinements for Upper Ordovician, Silurian, and Lower Devonian rocks in the southwestern Great Basin. Measured sections from the Inyo Mountains, northern Panamint Range, and Nopah Range in California and from the Bullfrog Hills in Nevada include the Ely Springs Dolomite, Roberts Mountains Formation, Hidden Valley Dolomite, Vaughn Gulch Limestone, and Sunday Canyon Formation. Using conodonts as indicators, ages of these formations are as follows: (1) the Ely Springs Dolomite ranges from latest Middle Ordovician to Early Silurian, (2) the Roberts Mountains Formation ranges from Early to Late Silurian, (3) the Hidden Valley Dolomite ranges from Early Silurian to Early Devonian, (4) the Vaughn Gulch Limestone ranges from Early (?) Silurian to Early Devonian, and (5) the Sunday Canyon Formation ranges from Early to Middle(?) Devonian.
THE IMPACT OF SIX–MINUTE WALK TEST PERFORMANCE ON OUTCOMES AFTER TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT: INSIGHTS FROM THE PARTNER TRIAL

methods: The study population consisted of 514 TAVR pts from the PARTNER trial, who were stratiied into 3 groups according to baseline 6MWD: unable to walk (UW), slow walkers (SW) in whom 6MWD was below the median (129 m), and fast walkers (FW) with 6MWD > 129 m. The association of 6MWD group with procedural (30-day), clinical, and functional outcomes was evaluated using univariable and multivariable analyses.
Investigation of the continuous flow sorption of heavy metals in a biomass-packed column: revisiting the Thomas design model for correlation of binary component systems

Remediation of aquatic environments polluted by toxic heavy metals has become a focus of interest for many chemical and environmental engineers throughout the world. In the present study, rice straw was employed as a low-cost agricultural waste material for the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from single and binary solutions. Isothermal biosorption experiments were conducted at 303.15 K using a column at various flow rates and bed heights. The breakthrough curves for single metal systems were fitted with the Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, bed-depth-service-time (BDST) and dose-response models. A new semi-empirical model based on the classical Thomas equation has been developed for simulation of the breakthrough curves for binary metal systems. This modified Thomas model, combined with sorption-inhibiting coefficients determining competitive sorption behavior, was found to represent the breakthrough data very adequately. The exhausted biosorbent bed was readily regenerated using an acid elution method involving a 0.05 mol l−1 HCl solution, and was reused for five consecutive sorption–regeneration cycles without significant loss of adsorption capacity. The used biosorbent also showed economic promise in the packed bed treatment of actual electroplating wastewater containing Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions.
An object oriented approach to simulating large communication networks

The complexity of modern communication systems in terms of the number of entities, their interaction, and the resulting dynamics make an analytical study often impossible. Their analysis may require the experimental study through simulation. A simulation environment for large network infrastructures must be carefully designed since the simulator performance becomes a critical issue as the model complexity increases. Our effort to design such a simulation environment was driven by the need to evaluate heuristic routing strategies for very large communication networks through experimental studies. We have chosen to employ the object oriented paradigm in our approach. In addition, critical issues such as the choice of pre-scheduling versus post-scheduling and the generation of a priori service time had to be considered during the design. In this paper we give an overview of the design of an object oriented simulation tool for large networks and discuss some of the issues that are pertinent to the design of a discrete event simulator for the study of complex communication infrastructures.
The cell-surface distribution of alloantigens on the bovine erythrocyte

The topographical distribution of genetically defined alloantigens of the bovine erythrocyte was investigated by a serological absorption procedure known as the blocking test. Blocking was observed between the E′1 and Y2 antigens in theB system when these occurred in the same phenogroup. E′1 was also blocked by G and Q′ in the same phenogroup and Y2 was blocked by G. No blocking was observed between specificities residing either in different phenogroups or in different systems. We conclude that the several specificities in a givenB-system phenogroup are carried on a single molecule having multiple antigenic determinants, and that this arrangement is entirely consistent with the hypothesis that these factors are controlled by multiple alleles at a single locus.
Nanowire-transistor based ultra-sensitive DNA methylation detection

Abstract Accurate detection of DNA methylation at specific gene transcription sites is important to identify potential tumor formation since this epigenetic alteration may result in silencing of tumor suppressor genes that protect against tumor formation or that repair damaged DNA. Current technologies used in DNA methylation detection are complicated and time consuming. This work presents the first nanowire field effect transistor (FET) based biosensor technology which achieves simple and ultra-sensitive electronic DNA methylation detection and avoids complicated bisulfite treatment and PCR amplification. The promoter of the p16 INK gene, a tumor suppressor gene, is the target DNA in the detection model. The target DNA was captured and concentrated with magnetic beads, and released to the sensing surface of a nano-FET through a reversible binding process. The methylated p16 INK promoter was recognized and bound to monoclonal anti-5-methylcytosine antibodies which were immobilized on the nano-FET sensing surface. The presence of the target DNA molecules induced electronic charge and changed the electronic properties of the nano-transistor from which detectable electronic signals are generated. The electronic charge based DNA methylation detection is simple and ultra-sensitive with the potential for low cost. The detection sensitivity was achieved at 2.5 × 10 −19 mol with no false positives observed.
Specification of retinal central connections in Rana pipiens before the appearance of the first post‐mitotic ganglion cells

The order of production of retinal cells and the time when retinal cells become post-mitotic was studied in Rana pipiens embryos using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. Cell division stops first in the fundus of the retinal rudiment between embryonic stages 17 and 18 and gradually becomes restricted to the retinal margin. The ganglion cells in the fundus are among the first cells to become post-mitotic. The specification of the central connections of ganglion cells was studied by rotating the eye primordium at embryonic stages 16–21. After metamorphosis, the visual projection from the rotated eye to the contralateral optic tectum was mapped electrophysiologically and compared with the normal retinotectal map. In all cases, the visual projection map was rotated through the same angle as was indicated by the position of the choroidal fissure. It appears that ganglion cell connections with the tectum were specified by stage 17. These results indicate that ganglion cell central connections are specified before the first ganglion cells become post-mitotic.
Late First-Row Transition-Metal Complexes of Texaphyrin

The preparation of first-row transition-metal complexes of texaphyrin, a porphyrin-like, monoanionic penta-aza macrocyclic ligand, is reported. Specifically, the synthesis of organic-soluble Mn(II) (1), Co(II) (2), Ni(II) (3), Zn(II) (4), and Fe(III) (5) texaphyrin derivatives and their water-soluble counterparts (6−10) from appropriate metal-free, nonaromatic macrocyclic precursors is described. It was found that metal cations of sufficient reduction potential could act to oxidize the nonaromatic macrocyclic precursor in the course of metal insertion. Complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, electrochemistry, flash photolysis, and EPR spectroscopy. The structural and electronic properties of these “expanded porphyrin” complexes are compared with those of analogous porphyrins. Notably, the texaphyrin ligand is found to support the complexation of cations in a lower valence and a higher spin state than do porphyrins. Interactions between the coordinated cation and the ligand π system app...
Latent and differential toxicity of insecticides to larvae and adults of six fly species.

The relative susceptibility to dieldrin, dimethoate, trichlorfon, dichlorvos, and naled of mature 3rd-instar larvae and 3- to 4-day-old females of the house fly, Musca domestica L., Fannia pusio (Wiedemann), Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy), Chrysomya megacephala (F.), Chrysomya mfifacies Macquart, and Phaenicia cuprina (Wiedemann) was investigated. The latent toxicity of these insecticides to each species was also determined. Median-lethal dosages and dosages causing 90% mortality with respective fiducial limits were calculated by probit analysis. Larvae of B. peregrina , C. megacephala , C. rufifacies , and P. cuprina were more resistant to the insecticides than were the corresponding adults. However, the larva of M. domestica was more susceptible than the adult to trichlorfon. Of the 5 toxicants tested, dieldrin was the only one to exhibit latent toxicity. Larvae of C. megacephala , C. rufifacies , and P. cuprina were very variable in their response to this insecticide. Larvae of M. domestica and B. peregrina were unaffected by dieldrin at dosages of 88,100 and 55,500 µg/g, respectively.
Detection of multiple electrical sources in tissue using ultrasound current source density imaging

Accurate three dimensional (3D) mapping of bioelectric sources in the body with high spatial resolution is important for the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of cardiac and neurological disorders. Ultrasound current source density imaging (UCSDI) is a new technique that maps electrical current flow in tissue. UCSDI is based on the acousto-electric (AE) effect, an interaction between electrical current and acoustic pressure waves propagating through a conducting material and has distinct advantages over conventional electrophysiology (i.e., without ultrasound). In this study, UCSDI was used to simultaneously image current flow induced in two tissue phantoms positioned at different depths. Software to simulate AE signal was developed in Matlab™ to complement the experimental model and further characterize the relationship between the ultrasound beam and electrical properties of the tissue. Both experimental and simulated images depended on the magnitude and direction of the current, as well as the geometry (shape and thickness) and location of the current sources in the ultrasound field (2.25MHz transducer). The AE signal was proportional to pressure and current with detection levels on the order of 1 mA/cm 2 at 258kPa. We have imaged simultaneously two separate current sources in tissue slabs using UCSDI and two bridge circuits to accurately monitor current flow through each source. These results are consistent with UCSDI simulations of multiple current sources. Real-time 3D UCSD images of current flow automatically co-registered with pulse echo ultrasound potentially facilitates corrective procedures for cardiac and neural abnormalities.
Interfacial charge-mediated non-volatile magnetoelectric coupling in Co0.3Fe0.7/Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3/Nb:SrTiO3 multiferroic heterostructures

The central challenge in realizing non-volatile, E-field manipulation of magnetism lies in finding an energy efficient means to switch between the distinct magnetic states in a stable and reversible manner. In this work, we demonstrate using electrical polarization-induced charge screening to change the ground state of magnetic ordering in order to non-volatilely tune magnetic properties in ultra-thin Co0.3Fe0.7/Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3/Nb:SrTiO3 (001) multiferroic heterostructures. A robust, voltage-induced, non-volatile manipulation of out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy up to 40 Oe is demonstrated and confirmed by ferromagnetic resonance measurements. This discovery provides a framework for realizing charge-sensitive order parameter tuning in ultra-thin multiferroic heterostructures, demonstrating great potential for delivering compact, lightweight, reconfigurable, and energy-efficient electronic devices.
A multi-length scale sensitivity analysis for the control of texture-dependent properties in deformation processing

Abstract Material property evolution during processing is governed by the evolution of the underlying microstructure. We present an efficient technique for tailoring texture development and thus, optimizing properties in forming processes involving polycrystalline materials. The deformation process simulator allows simulation of texture formation using a continuum representation of the orientation distribution function. An efficient multi-scale sensitivity analysis technique is then introduced that allows computation of the sensitivity of microstructure field variables such as slip resistances and texture with respect to perturbations in macro-scale forming parameters such as forging rates, die shapes and preform shapes. These sensitivities are used within a gradient-based optimization framework for computational design of material property distribution during metal forming processes. Effectiveness of the developed computational scheme is demonstrated through computationally intensive examples that address control of properties such as Young’s modulus, strength and magnetic hysteresis loss in finished products.
4-Year Curriculum for Urology Residency Training

Purpose: A standardized curriculum for urology surgical training does not exist at this time. We propose a template for a cognitive and basic skills curriculum to cover the 4 years of urology residency training based on weekly 1-hour, year specific education sessions.Materials and Methods: Resident scores from the American Urological In-Service Examination were reviewed to assess resident performance before and 6 months after implementation of the 4-year curriculum. Resident and faculty questionnaires were used 6 months after incorporating the curriculum to evaluate the usefulness and value of the new curriculum.Results: Average In-Service Examination results following the introduction of the 4-year curriculum were 10% to 27% higher than the previous 4 years of examination results. Most residents and faculty considered the weekly learning sessions to be mostly or completely valuable educational experiences.Conclusions: The initial experience with a structured 4-year curriculum for urology residency traini...
New directions in water soluble homogeneous catalysis

Abstract A brief review of the role of water soluble ligands in the immobilization of homogeneous catalysts is given. Amphiphilic water soluble phosphines that aggregate in water are described. In aqueous biphasic catalysis use of the amphiphilic ligands leads to improved reaction rates with substrates that are poorly water soluble. The amphiphilic ligands aggregate in aqueous solution and there is evidence that these ligand aggregates solubilize the substrates in the aqueous phase.
The effect of changing viscosity on the transient response of a reaction vessel

Abstract The material presented in this paper demonstrates that small continuous flow vessels behave like perfect mixers when mechanical agitation is applied and behave very nearly like perfect mixers even without the use of an agitator. The agitation of the inlet stream seems to give sufficient agitation. The case of a high viscosity fluid replaced by one of lower viscosity follows quite different behavior. For extremely low flow rates the system seems to exhibit almost perfect displacement if there is no agitation but behaves as a perfect mixer if there is agitation. With moderate flow rates the behavior is similar with or without an agitator and shows characteristics of dead space, channeling and diffusion.
The influence of concomitant triceps surae lengthening at the time of total ankle arthroplasty on postoperative outcomes.

Background:Concomitant procedures are being performed with total ankle replacement (TAR) to improve alignment, function, and mobility. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in outcomes between patients who had a concomitant triceps surae lengthening (gastrocnemius recession [GSR] or triple hemisection [TAL]) versus a group that underwent TAR alone preoperatively and 1 year after TAR.Methods:For this prospective, nonrandomized study, 229 patients (37 GSR, 22 TAL, and 170 TAR alone) were examined. Patient-reported outcomes, physical performance, and lower extremity gait mechanics were completed preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. A series of repeated measures ANOVAs were used to determine significant differences (P < .05), and Tukey’s post hoc testing was used to follow any significant ANOVA results.Results:No difference existed in BMI, age, gender, or dorsiflexion (DF) angle at heel strike between the triceps surae lengthening groups or between preoperative and 1 year following TA...
Low-resolution real-space envelopes: improvements to the condensing protocol approach and a new method to fix the sign of such envelopes

The condensing-protocol strategy for obtaining low-resolution real-space envelopes of macromolecules from native Fourier intensities alone was recently reported [Subbiah (1991). Science, 252, 128–133]. The present work introduces three improvements to the original methodology. In terms of the j index, which was defined as the crude ratio of correctly placed scatterers to those incorrectly placed, these changes collectively contribute to j values that range from 8 to 28 and in one case even infinity. This compares with the previously reported values of 1.9 and 2.6. Nevertheless, under different conditions, both the original and the current improved condensing protocol can preferentially converge on the solvent or the matter region. Since such control is not absolute there still remains a certain amount of ambiguity in deciding whether the congealed gas represents bulk solvent or bulk matter. To overcome this ambiguity, a simple method based on the systematic placement of point scatterers on a grid lattice within and without the envelope is presented. This `sign-fixing' method is shown to work with both perfect envelopes as well as the cruder envelopes produced by the improved condensing protocol. The new methodology is illustrated using four macromolecular examples.
The background and some current problems of theoretical ecology

The term ‘Oekologie’ was coined in 1866 by Ernest Haeckel in a book relating animal morphology to Charles Darwin’s then new theory of evolution by natural selection. Haeckel claimed that the theory of evolution explained and formed the groundwork of ecology. This natal link with the premier theory of biology was quite clear in the minds of early American ecologists. S. A. Forbes (1895) allowed that the whole Darwinian doctrine belonged to ecology. J. C. Arthur (1895) wrote, “We may call Darwin the father of vegetable ecology, for had he not written, the field would have lain largely uncultivated and uninteresting”. H. C. Cowles (1904) was equally explicit, “If ecology has a place at all in modern biology, certainly one of its great tasks is to unravel the mysteries of adaptation”; and J. G. Needham (1904) described it as, “the study of the phenomena of fitness”. The Darwinian derivation and emphasis of ecology has also been noted by historians of science. R. C. Stauffer (1957) asserted, “As a source for a vital stimulus to the continuing development of ecology we must look rather to the work of Charles Darwin”. R. Tobey (1976) wrote the “great theoretical synthesis” of ecology by Darwin was generally assumed by historians; and D. Worster (1977) developed the Darwinian base for ecology in detail. Recent ecologists, like John Harper (1967), reclaimed the theory of natural selection as an ecological theory, and Darwin as “the greatest of all ecologists”, but complained that Darwinian ecology had been largely neglected by ecologists.
Relationships between Solution Thermodynamics and Hydrogen‐Bond Patterns of Crystalline Dialkylhydroxypyridone Iron Chelators and Their Formic Acid Solvates

Abstract 1,2‐Dialkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐pyridones (DAHPs) are iron chelators that are being considered for oral administration for the treatment of anemias. They form 1:1 solvates with formic acid (DAHP‐F). The lower DAHP homologues, differing in the alkyl chain length in the 1‐ and/or 2‐positions, have known crystal structures and hydrogen‐bond patterns. The main objective of this work is to investigate the influences of the hydrogen‐bond patterns and the position and chain length of the alkyl groups on the free energies, enthalpies and entropies of solvation of the nonsolvates in formic acid, and of desolvation of the solvates in water at 25 °C. The standard free energy changes for desolvation of the solvates in water and for solvation of the nonsolvates in formic acid differed for different alkyl chain lengths at the 2‐position but not at the 1‐position. In contrast, the calorimetric enthalpies and entropies of solvation fell into two distinct classes, depending on the hydrogen‐bond patterns of the solvates: that is, compounds which form 18‐membered hydrogen‐bonded rings, and a compound that forms a 10‐membered hydrogen‐bonded ring. The equilibrium constants for solid‐state solvation indicated an approximately twofold greater solvating tendency for the 2‐ethyl DAHPs than for the 2‐methyl DAHPs. The mass transfer coefficient for the aqueous dissolution of each solvate was usually lower than that for the corresponding nonsolvate. The results provide links between molecular structure, crystal structure, and solution properties among the DAHP series.
Transverse Magnetoconductivity in n-Type Germanium

A quantum-mechanical calculation of transverse magnetoresistance is made for an electron gas with anisotropic effective mass. For acoustic-phonon scattering, numerical calculations are made with parameters appropriate to the conduction band of $n\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}$ in the temperature range 30-77 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with magnetic fields up to 200 kG. For high magnetic fields there is a quantitative disagreement between theory and experiment which is not understood at present.
Applying methods of the M&S spectrum for complex systems engineering

Systems engineering for complex systems or system of systems cannot rely on a single method for modeling and analysis. However, established methods ranging from system dynamics (SD) to agent based simulation (ABS) can be applied to analyze specific domains. This paper introduces a spectrum of modeling & simulation (M&S) methods ranging from differential equations and highly aggregated models to high resolution models of individual behavior. Orchestration and choreography of all methods in this spectrum allow the seamless and continuous evaluation of complex systems and system of systems. A proposed classification is illustrated through two example problem domains: traffic and evacuation modeling.
An application of response theory to steam venting during a loss of AC power transient

Abstract We have applied the theory of response to the loss of AC power transient for an LMFBR design to determine the ultimate loss of coolant inventory and the sensitivity of this figure with respect to the initial conditions and input parameters. Using a simple four region heat transfer model, the analysis shows that 3717 kg coolant are vented after feed water is lost and before venting stops. The sensitivity analysis reveals that this figure is strongly dependent on design parameters and system assumptions. The uncertainty in the lost inventory caused by the uncertainties and correlations in the input parameters and initial conditions is found to be 3464 kg. We thus report the result of the calculation as and conclude that the available inventory of 8775 kg is sufficient to ensure an adequate heat sink.
Percutaneous needle localisation of breast lesions prior to biopsy: analysis of failures.

Mammography can detect clinically occult breast cancer. But with minimal or no physical findings the lesion can be quite difficult for the surgeon to find within the recumbent breast at biospy. Percutaneous needle localisation, the placement of a needle in or in the vicinity of such a clinically silent lesion, provides an internal landmark to assist the surgeon. Review of our experience of 90 procedures using this technique disclosed a success rate of approximately 90%. The biopsies diagnosed 14 cancers before local or distant metastasis could be found. The eleven of the fourteen who had axillary dissection were found to have negative nodes. Identifiable causes of failure were sought and discussed in the 7 documented failures. Faulty needle placement was judged noncontributory in all but one case. Needle movement between time of placement and time of biopsy could never be excluded and is in fact suspected in two failures. Immediate re-sampling, or larger initial specimens would have salvaged the procedure in most instances of failure. We feel poor communication and poor mutual understanding of the localization procedure to be the major contributing cause of failure. Even so, we have been able to use the technique with 90% success. The development of mammography brought with it the opportunity to detect small non-palpable carcinomas and the surgical problem of removing them at biopsy. While the suspect lesions identified by mammography are frequently benign, the cancers found are usually small and some only microscopic in size. The literature contains many descriptions of various techniques for localising such lesions prior to biopsy. We are reporting our experience with percutaneous needle localisation. To our knowledge, we have the distinction of being the first to report difficulty with a localisation technique and will analyse possible reasons. Some of the problems are common to all the localisation techniques.
Absence of binding of targeted analogs of somatostatin carrying cytotoxic radicals or radionuclides to growth hormone secretagogue receptors on human myocardium

Abstract Various peripheral human tissues express receptors for growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), the highest density being in the myocardium. It was also reported that some octapeptide analogs of somatostatin (SRIH) can displace radiolabeled Tyr-Ala-hexarelin from GHS receptors on the human pituitary and heart. Thus, it is possible that radionuclide analogs of SRIH such as OctreoScan® and recently developed cytotoxic SRIH analogs containing doxorubicin (DOX) intended for targeted tumor therapy, could bind to these GHS receptors, compromising the safety of compounds of this type. Therefore, we determined the binding of OctreoScan® and two cytotoxic SRIH analogs consisting of octapeptide carrier RC-121 and DOX (AN-162) or 2-pyrrolino-DOX (AN-238) to human myocardium specimens. None of these compounds displayed specific binding to the human heart indicating that the clinical use of SRIH analogs linked to anthracyclines or radionuclides should not be associated with increased cardiac side effects.