cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of yeast cell cycle analysis and morphological characterization by multispectral imaging flow cytometry.

Budding yeast Saccharoymyces cerevisiae is a powerful model system for analyzing eukaryotic cell cycle regulation. Yeast cell cycle analysis is typically performed by visual analysis or flow cytometry, and both have limitations in the scope and accuracy of data obtained. This study demonstrates how multispectral imaging flow cytometry (MIFC) provides precise quantitation of cell cycle distribution and morphological phenotypes of yeast cells in flow. Cell cycle analysis of wild-type yeast, nap1Δ, and yeast overexpressing NAP1, was performed visually, by flow cytometry and by MIFC. Quantitative morphological analysis employed measurements of cellular length, thickness, and aspect ratio in an algorithm to calculate a novel feature, bud length. MIFC demonstrated reliable quantification of the yeast cell cycle compared to morphological and flow cytometric analyses. By employing this technique, we observed both the G2/M delay and elongated buds previously described in the nap1Δ strain. Using MIFC, we demonstrate that overexpression of NAP1 causes elongated buds yet only a minor disruption in the cell cycle. The different effects of NAP1 expression level on cell cycle and morphology suggests that these phenotypes are independent. Unlike conventional yeast flow cytometry, MIFC generates complete cell cycle profiles and concurrently offers multiple parameters for morphological analysis. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Variable foraging demand rearing: sustained elevations in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in adult primates

Abstract Background: The authors previously reported elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations in juvenile primates nursed by mothers undergoing experimentally imposed unpredictable foraging conditions in comparison to normally reared controls. The purpose of the present study was to determine if these changes would endure into young adulthood. Methods: Cisternal CSF samples were obtained from those unpredictably reared young adult primates who had been previously studied as juveniles and age-matched ad libitum normally reared controls. Samples were assayed for CSF CRF. Results: Concentrations of CSF CRF were significantly elevated in the unpredictably reared sample in comparison to the ad libitum-reared control group. A significant positive correlation was noted between juvenile and young adult CSF CRF values within the unpredictably reared cohort. Conclusions: Disturbances of maternal-infant attachment processes have an enduring impact on primate CRF function into young adulthood. The CRF elevations following unpredictable maternal foraging conditions appear traitlike in nature.
Deployment and post-deployment experiences in OEF/OIF veterans: relationship to gray matter volume.

Background Combat-related PTSD has been associated with reduced gray matter volume in regions of the prefrontal and temporal cortex, hippocampus, insula, and amygdala. However, the relationship between gray matter volume and specific deployment and post-deployment experiences has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to delineate how such experiences may contribute to structural brain changes for combat veterans.
Variations in the fast folding rates of the λ-repressor: A hybrid molecular dynamics study

The ability to predict the effects of mutations on protein folding rates and mechanisms would greatly facilitate folding studies. Using a realistic full atom potential coupled with a G-like potential biased to the native state structure, we have investigated the effects of point mutations on the folding rates of a small single domain protein. The hybrid potential provides a detailed level of description of the folding mechanism that we correlate to features of the folding energy landscapes of fast and slow mutants of an 80-residue-long fragment of the λ-repressor. Our computational reconstruction of the folding events is compared to the recent experimental results of W. Y. Yang and M. Gruebele (see companion article) and T. G. Oas and co-workers on the λ-repressor, and helps to clarify the differences observed in the folding mechanisms of the various mutants.
Investigation of the interactions between dissimilar ions in (Er, Nd):Y 3 Al 5 O 12

Unusual fluorescence decay properties of both Er3+ and Nd3+ ions in (Er, Nd):YAG are reported. Studies reveal that the cross-relaxation-type ion–ion interactions involving Er3+ and Nd3+ ions are responsible. A rate-equation analysis is used to evaluate the interaction strengths of all the proposed processes. The rate-equation calculation does not fully explain the nonexponential nature of the measured fluorescence decay function of the 4F3/2 Nd3+ ions. As a result, the theory for donor–acceptor energy transfer processes, based on the inverse-power transfer rate model, is adopted to study the mechanism of the interactions between Er3+ and Nd3+ ions that result in the drastically altered fluorescence decay of is Nd3+ ions. It is found that the mechanisms governing the energy transfer processes have functional forms different from those for the commonly encountered electric multipolar interactions. The interaction strengths are evaluated by least-squares fitting of the theory to the experimental data. Effects of the ion–ion interactions on lasing properties of the (Er, Nd):YAG are also discussed.
Buffalo Gourd Root Starch. Part II. Rheologic Behavior, Freeze‐thaw Stability and Suitability for Use in Food Products

Buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima HBK) starch was examined for possible food uses through physico-chemical, rheologic, and organoleptic examination. The gelatinization and rheologic properties of this starch more closely resembled maize starch than those of other root and tuber starches. Detailed studies of pasting behavior revealed: a high initial pasting temperature, a stable gel viscosity throughout the temperature regime, increases in viscosity associated with increased starch concentration, an acid stability similar to that of maize, and substantial increases in final viscosity with the addition of other food ingredients (especially 25% sucrose). Gels subjected to freeze-thaw conditions underwent a significant degree of retrogradation, suggesting the need for chemical modification prior to acceptable use of this starch in frozen products. Organoleptic evaluations of vanilla and chocolate puddings prepared with buffalo gourd starch indicated their potential consumer acceptance. Buffelkurbis-Wurzelstarke. Teil 2. Rheologisches Verhalten, Gefrier-Tau-Stabilitat und Eignung fur die Verwendung in Nahrungsmitteln. Um die Moglichkeit ihrer Verwendung als Nahrungsmittel zu prufen, wurde Buffelkurbis- (Cucurbita foetidissima HBK) Starke physikalisch-chemisch, rheologisch und organoleptisch untersucht. Die Verkleisterungs- und die rheologischen Eigenschaften dieser Starke sind denen der Maisstarke ahnlicher als denen anderer Wurzel- oder Knollenstarken. Ausfuhrliche Studien uber das Verhalten der Kleister ergaben: Eine hohe Anfangs-Verkleisterungsviskositat, eine stabile Gelviskositat uber den ganzen Temperaturbereich, eine Zunahme der Viskositat mit zunehmender Starkekonzentration, eine Saurestabilitat ahnlich der von Maisstarke und eine wesentliche Zunahme der Endviskositat nach der Zugabe von anderen Nahrungsmittelbestandteilen (insbesondere 25% Saccharose). Gele, die einem Gefrier-Tau-Prozes ausgesetzt wurden, zeigten signifikante Retrogradierung, was die Notwendigkeit chemischer Modifizierung vor der Verwendung der Starke in gefrorenen Produkten nahelegt. Organoleptische Bewertungen von Vanille- und Schokoladenpuddingen, die mit Buffelkurbisstarke hergestellt waren, deuteten auf eine gunstige Aufnahme durch den Verbraucher hin.
Surgical management of obturator nerve lesions.

OBJECTIVE: Obturator neuropathy is a rare condition that may result from orthopedic, gynecological, or urological procedures or injuries. These pathologies are amenable to surgical intervention, and an accurate physical examination and electromyography are necessary before treatment. METHODS: Six patients with obturator nerve lesions underwent surgical exploration and decompression or primary repair. Their charts were retrospectively reviewed, and the electromyographic, surgical, and follow-up data were recorded. RESULTS: Postoperatively, all patients reported improved symptoms in the form of pain relief, numbness resolution, or improved adductor muscle strength. CONCLUSION: Obturator nerve injury is a treatable condition with minimal surgical complications and morbidities.
Local gas and liquid parameter measurements in air–water two-phase flows

Abstract Local measurements of flow parameters for the gas and liquid phases are conducted in an air–water two-phase flow loop. The test section is a vertical circular pipe with an inner diameter of 50 mm and a height of 3.2 m. The local measurements are performed at two elevations, namely 10 and 32 pipe diameters downstream from the test section inlet. The gas-phase measurements are carried out using four-sensor conductivity probes. The data taken from the probes at different radial locations are processed using a signal-processing program to yield radial profiles of the void fraction, bubble velocity, bubble number frequency, and interfacial area concentration. The measurements of the liquid-phase velocity are made using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system with an optical phase separation method, namely, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). Raw PIV images are acquired by a CCD camera using fluorescent particles and an optical filter. An image pre-processing scheme is developed and applied to the raw PIV images to minimize the residual signals due to the presence of bubble surfaces. A systematic uncertainty introduced by multiple refractions on the circular test section wall and a square viewing box is discussed and the measurement accuracy can then be improved by compensating for this uncertainty source. A statistical cross-correlation algorithm provided by LaVision Inc. is adopted to determine the liquid-phase velocity and its fluctuations. The local liquid-phase velocity is compared with data available in the literature. This relatively high spatial resolution data set for both the gas and liquid phases can be used for two-phase computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model development and benchmarking.
Age-dependent neurotransmitter plasticity of ciliary ganglion neurons.

We have examined neurotransmitter plasticity in postmitotic cholinergic neurons isolated from 6.5- to 11-day-old embryonic quail ciliary ganglia. Purified neurons were labeled with DiI, transplanted into the trunk of young chick embryos, and assayed for catecholamine content and [^3H]thymidine uptake 4 to 5 days later. For ciliary neurons derived from 6.5- to 8-day-old embryos, as many as 25% (average of 9% overall) expressed catecholamines in the host sympathetic ganglia, migratory stream, aortic plexuses, and adrenal medulla. In contrast, neurons from >8-day-old ganglia did not acquire or produce detectable catecholamines, indicating a limited time period over which phenotypic conversion can occurin vivo.As a control, ciliary neurons were also injected into the head mesenchyme of young embryos; no catecholamine expression was observed. Interestingly, after transplantation some Dil-labeled postmitotic ciliary neurons took up [^3H]thymidine with or without phenotypic change. These results suggest that phenotypic plasticity in ciliary neurons is age-dependent, is location-dependent, and may involve resumption of DNA replication, a characteristic feature of some differentiating adrenergic sympathetic neurons. Apoptosis of a few proliferating transplanted cells may be induced independently or in association with transmitter change.
Drug Testing at Work: Balancing Reason with Presumption

In an effort to increase productivity and reduce absenteeism, accidents, theft, equipment damage, and other losses attributed to employees who use illicit drugs, a growing number of private and public employers have begun to implement comprehensive drug-testing programs. Since public employees are protected by the Fourth Amendment's proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures, government-employee drug testing has engendered much legal controversy. Although employees of criminal justice agencies and other public employees have brought numerous lawsuits challenging various drug-testing schemes, the United States Supreme Court so far has decided only two cases in which public employees have challenged drug-testing plans. This article analyzes these cases and demonstrates that the Court has not yet articulated precise or even particularly useful guidelines for distinguishing constitutional drug-testing policies and programs from unconstitutional ones. Consequently, many important legal questions remain...
Topology-constrained flocking in locally interacting mobile networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of controlling a network of locally interacting mobile agents, subject to a set of non-local topology constraints, towards a group flocking objective. As opposed to switching network links directly in the space of discrete graphs, yielding a divide in spatial configuration and communication topology, we regulate topology through mobility, enabling adjacent agents to retain or deny links spatially on the basis of constraint satisfaction. Specifically, we propose a distributed formulation consisting of a switching control and smooth potential fields for local link discrimination and flocking, coupled with consensus-based coordination over proposed topology changes, yielding transitions in communication that respect non-local constraints and correspond to agent configuration. An analysis of the interplay between the topology consensus and constraint composition, together with a Lyapunov-like convergence argument guarantees the flocking, collision avoidance, and constraint satisfaction properties of the system. Finally, simulations of a novel constrained coordination scenario highlight the correctness and applicability of our proposed methods.
Reduced use of resources by early tracheostomy in ventilator-dependent patients with blunt trauma.

Abstract Background: Early tracheostomy has been advocated for ventilator-dependent patients with blunt trauma, but its advantages have not been examined critically. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with all patients with blunt trauma undergoing tracheostomy during the 6-year period from 1990 to 1995. Patients undergoing tracheostomy within the first 6 days of hospitalization were designated as early recipients (ET) and those undergoing the procedure at 7 or more days were defined as late recipients (LT). Results: The entire study group consisted of 157 patients. The ET group contained 62 patients and the LT group contained 95 patients. No statistical differences were noted between the 2 groups with respect to sex distribution, injury severity scores, probability of survival scores, or mortality rates. The mean stay in the intensive care unit for the ET group was 15 days compared with 29 days for the LT group ( P ≤.001). The mean total hospital stay for the ET group was 33 days compared with 68 days for the LT group ( P ≤.001). The mean estimated per-patient hospital charges for only room and ventilator care were $36,609 for the ET group compared with $73,714 for the LT group. Conclusions: ET in this patient group resulted in significantly lowered use of resources with no adverse effect on outcome. (Surgery 1998;124:763-7.)
Effects of racemic, (S)- and (R)-methylenedioxyamphetamine on synaptosomal uptake and release of tritiated norepinephrine.

Abstract Racemic, (S)- and (R)-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) were potent competitive inhibitors of [3H]norepinephrine (NE) uptake by rat hypothalamic synaptosomes. (S)- and (R)-α-methyldopamine were extremely potent competitive inhibitors of [3H]norepinephrine uptake, establishing these compounds as the most potent inhibitors of brain NE uptake reported to date. Racemic. (S)- and (R)-MDA were slightly less potent as releasing agents than (±)-, (+)- and (-)amphetamine respectively. (S)- and (R)-α-methyldopamine were the most potent releasing agents examined.
Effect of communication training on patient, family and healthcare provider outcomes: missing links

Commentary on: Curtis JR, Back AL, Ford DW, et al. Effect of communication skills training for residents and nurse practitioners on quality of communication with patients with serious illness: a randomised trial. JAMA 2013;310:2271–81.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Significant energy and resources have been devoted to the development of end-of-life (EOL) communication skills training programmes for healthcare providers. Development of these programmes is supported by evidence that patients who communicate with their providers about EOL care receive less aggressive care, early hospice enrollment and experience better quality of life at EOL.1 However, while palliative care communication skills training programmes improve providers’ communication skills,2 preliminary studies indicate that training does not affect patient-reported outcomes.3 This randomised trial examined … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.issn%253D0002-9955%26rft.volume%253D310%26rft.spage%253D2271%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.2013.282081%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24302090%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.2013.282081&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24302090&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F4%2F158.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000327746300012&link_type=ISI
Psychopathology in Substance Abusers: Diagnosis and Treatment

(1988). Psychopathology in Substance Abusers: Diagnosis and Treatment. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 139-157.
Mathematical Model of Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Ceftiofur in Commensal Enteric Escherichia coli of Cattle

Antimicrobial use in food animals may contribute to antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animals and humans. Commensal bacteria of animal intestine may serve as a reservoir of resistance-genes. To understand the dynamics of plasmid-mediated resistance to cephalosporin ceftiofur in enteric commensals of cattle, we developed a deterministic mathematical model of the dynamics of ceftiofur-sensitive and resistant commensal enteric Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the absence of and during parenteral therapy with ceftiofur. The most common treatment scenarios including those using a sustained-release drug formulation were simulated; the model outputs were in agreement with the available experimental data. The model indicated that a low but stable fraction of resistant enteric E. coli could persist in the absence of immediate ceftiofur pressure, being sustained by horizontal and vertical transfers of plasmids carrying resistance-genes, and ingestion of resistant E. coli. During parenteral therapy with ceftiofur, resistant enteric E. coli expanded in absolute number and relative frequency. This expansion was most influenced by parameters of antimicrobial action of ceftiofur against E. coli. After treatment (>5 weeks from start of therapy) the fraction of ceftiofur-resistant cells among enteric E. coli, similar to that in the absence of treatment, was most influenced by the parameters of ecology of enteric E. coli, such as the frequency of transfer of plasmids carrying resistance-genes, the rate of replacement of enteric E. coli by ingested E. coli, and the frequency of ceftiofur resistance in the latter.
Toward a psychophysiology of waking fantasy: EEG studies

EEG investigations into the psychophysiology of waking fantasy have yielded interesting but inconclusive results. The most promising lines of research are reviewed with particular reference to the methodological complexities involved. Studies of alpha blocking, alpha states, theta states, and cerebral asymmetries are described. Comparisons are drawn between these lines of investigation and the methods of experimental dream research.
Divisorial behavior of prime ideals in Prüfer domains

A nonzero nonmaximal prime ideal $$P$$ of a valuation domain $$V$$ is always a divisorial ideal $$V$$ . Thus for each prime $$Q\supsetneq P$$ , $$P=PV_Q$$ is a divisorial ideal of $$V_Q$$ . However, $$P=PV_P$$ is a divisorial ideal of $$V_P$$ if and only if it is a principal ideal of $$V_P$$ . We are interested in stability of the divisorial property for nonzero primes in Prufer domains. Specifically, we are interested in when a given nonzero (non)divisorial prime $$P$$ of a Prufer domain $$R$$ extends to a divisorial (prime) ideal in an overring $$S\subseteq R_P$$ , and when $$P\cap T$$ is a (non)divisorial ideal of $$T$$ for some (or all) Prufer underrings $$T$$ of $$R$$ with the same quotient field as $$R$$ . If $$P$$ is a maximal ideal of $$R$$ , then $$PS$$ is a divisorial ideal of $$S$$ for each $$R\subseteq S\subseteq R_P$$ if and only if $$P$$ is an invertible ideal of $$R$$ . Also, if $$P$$ is a maximal ideal of $$R$$ that is not a divisorial ideal of $$R$$ , then there is no Prufer underring $$T\subseteq R(\subseteq qf(T))$$ such that $$P\cap T$$ is a divisorial ideal of $$T$$ if and only if $$R/P$$ is an algebraic extension of a finite field.
Treatment of tardive dyskinesia in an agitated, depressed patient

In previous reports,l.2 a relationship between suscepti­ bility to tardive dyskinesia (TO) and the presence of major affective disorders was described. In another study. Rosenbaum and associates 3 found that these patients also had the endocrinologic abnormalities usually associated with primary affective disorders. Rosenbaum and associates4 have reported that use of a tricyclic antidepressant agent plus lithium is effica­ cious in therapy of depressed patients with tardive dyskinesia with or without dysphoria. An account of this treatment in 19 such patients appears elsewhere in this issue of Psychosomatics. The following is a brief case history ofa patient who was treated for depression and dyskinesia with electroconvulsive therapy and maintained on amitriptyline and lithium therapy. C8MNPOI1 A 74-year-old married woman dated the onset of her de­ pressive illness and TO to the appearance of severe pain in her low back region four years previously. Muscle relaxant medication was administered at that time, and one morning after this treatment had been started she awakened with the involuntary movements of the face, trunk, arms. and legs she currently exhibited. Gradually a pa«ern of 1i«le sleep.
The Effect of Climate Change on Natural Disasters: A College Student Perspective

Climate change is currently a topic of debate that is discussed not only within the physical science community butalsobythoseinpolicy.OutsideofthesecommunitiesliestheAmericanpublic,oftennotseekingoutclimate change research, but rather ingesting information interpreted by a third party, most likely through a political lens. Given the increased attention tonatural disasters, one area ofconcern is the possible relationship between climate change and natural disasters. An assessment of the public’s opinion on this relationship has seen minimal research and none regarding college students. College students are a unique subset of the populace for their age, media sensitivity, and possible future in policy or research. This study surveyed college students in geography courses at Kent State University regarding their opinion of the effect of climate change on various natural disasters, while given examples of recently occurring natural disasters. The natural disasters included bothatmospheric-relatedandnonatmospheric-relatedphenomena.Theresultsshowsimilarresponsesforthose natural disasters that are atmospheric related. However, disparities exist between atmospheric-related and nonatmospheric-related natural disasters, illustrating a lack of knowledge between climate change and nonatmospheric natural disasters, especially tsunamis. Finally, females were found more likely to agree with the effect of climate change on natural disasters, while males were more likely to disagree.
The use of ATP bioluminescence assays in selecting a drug screen panel for chemosensitivity testing of uterine cancer cell lines

The ATP bioluminescence assay has demonstrated a strong potential to become a clinical assay for chemosensitivity testing. Currently, chemotherapy of gynecologic cancers remains controversial and empirical. To optimize the patient's chance of survival and to justify related toxicities, the chemoregimen should be individualized and based on the patient's chemosensitivity profiles. This study was performed to identify a panel of active drugs against uterine cancer cell lines for possible use in future chemosensitivity testing. We used the ATP chemosensitivity assays to screen 12 common cytotoxic agents against six uterine cancer cell lines. Drug concentrations required for a 50% surviving fraction were defined as IC50s. When using an IC50 of 0.21 PPC (peak plasma concentration) as a cutoff value for sensitivity, the following 8 drugs were considered effective for uterine cancer cell lines: actinomycin D, Adriamycin, vinblastine, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and mitomycin-C. Meanwhile, 4 drugs, cisplatin, 4OH-Cytoxan, bleomycin, and Alkeran with mean IC50s of 2.1 +/- 0.7, 0.8 +/- 0.1, greater than 5.0, and 0.75 +/- 0.36 PPC, respectively, were considered inactive or partially active with higher IC50s than peak plasma concentrations. In conclusion, the above panel of promising drugs can be further tested in animal models or human cancer specimens for possible use in chemosensitivity testing of uterine cancer patients.
T1 mutants with increased transduction frequency are defective in host chromosome degradation.

Abstract Mutants of T1 with enhanced transduction ability ( tar mutants) were characterized by experiments designed to identify the cause for enhancement. Several bacterial markers and Mu PFU located in separate operons were transduced at different efficiencies. Infectious particles were produced in relatively normal amounts. Sensitivity to hydroxyurea (which inhibits de novo synthesis of nucleotides by the host) by a majority of the mutants suggested that they were defective in degradation of the host chromosome. One of the mutants was unable to incorporate host cell nucleotides, confirming its ability to degrade the host chromosome. Complementation experiments suggested that the tar mutations define a new T1 gene.
Influence of monosaccharides on the infection of vertebrate cells by Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii.

The effect of 9 monosaccharides which constitute cell surface carbohydrates on the infection of bovine embryonic skin and muscle (BESM) cells by Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites was assayed. Most of the monosaccharides tested stimulated the infection of BESM cells by T. gondii; none of the monosaccharides were inhibitory. In contrast (at a concentration of 50 mM or greater) the monosaccharides inhibited non-specifically the infection of BESM cells by T. cruzi. However, at 20 mM, N-acetylglucosamine was found to inhibit specifically the infection by T. cruzi trypomastigotes whereas the other 8 monosaccharides were ineffective. The inhibition was due to an effect on the trypomastigotes and not on the vertebrate cells. It is proposed that there is a wheat-germ agglutinin-like lectin on the T. cruzi trypomastigote surface which recognizes and attaches to an N-acetylglucosamine-containing receptor on the vertebrate cell surface prior to infection. Infection of vertebrate cells by T. gondii tachyzoites appears to be mediated by other cell surface components. If monosaccharides are involved in infection by tachyzoites, they are ones not commonly found on animal cell surfaces. Alternatively, infection of vertebrate cells by T. cruzi and T. gondii is effected by different mechanisms.
Prospero Lambertini: miraculous cure of epilepsy and canonization of Vatican saints.

Miraculous cures were a prominent aspect of saintly life in the early Catholic Church and the basis for canonization of many saints by the Vatican [1,2]. The list of ailments cured this way is extensive and at least 15 saints were canonized based on the cure of ‘‘epileptics’’ (Table 1). These cures seemed to have been accepted ‘‘prima facie’’ as proof of a miracle by the Vatican for the purpose of canonization for more than 1500 years. Cardinal Prospero Lambertini, who was later elected pope under the name Benedict XIV, radically changed this approach in 1738 [3].
Social change in natural resource-based rural communities: the evolution of sociological research and knowledge as influenced by William R. Freudenburg

This article provides a selective review of William Freudenburg’s key contributions to the sociological literature addressing social consequences of resource-based growth and development in rural communities. The review starts by examining Freudenburg’s earliest work on energy “boomtown” impacts that appeared in the late 1970s. From there, it moves to consideration of some later works pertaining to the social impacts of resource development as well as several more broadly focused works addressing resource dependency and community social change that he developed throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Freudenburg’s intellectual insights and legacy are highlighted in terms of five key areas of contribution: (1) his efforts to raise sociological consciousness about the occurrence and seriousness of social impacts in communities affected by large-scale resource development activity; (2) his provision of methodological guidance and leadership; (3) his effectiveness in promoting and demonstrating analytic rigor and depth of interpretation in his own empirical work; (4) his provision of major conceptual and theoretical direction to studies of resource dependency and social change; and (5) the foundations that his contributions have provided as points of departure for future research.
Network characterization of silicone rubber vulcanizates. Part I. solvent, temperature, and specimen shape effects on effective crosslink density determinations

The effective crosslink densities were determined for four silica-filled silicone rubber vulcanizates which represent different degrees of crosslinking. The determinations were made from compression-deflection measurements of rubber specimens at an equilibrium swelling condition. Nine solvents representing a wide range of dilatant strengths were investigated at four equilibrium temperatures (8, 23, 41, and 60°C.) for their effect on the crosslinking determinations. Specimen shape effects were also investigated. Explicit equations of state were derived empirically and were found to be similar to the well-known Mooney-Rivlin equation in which two independent parameters are required for the definition of a dilated rubber network.
Effect of isolation on components of aggressive and other behavior in the hermit crab, Pagurus samuelis

1. Hermit crabs (Pagurus samuelis) were held in groups and also in isolation in aquaria simulating their natural surroundings. Group-held crabs were matched against one another in a small arena to provide base-line data. Then group-held hermit crabs were matched against crabs held in isolation for 3, 8, 12, or 30 days. Individual components of behavior were quantified in terms of total seconds involved in that behavior, mean duration of each component, its frequency of occurrence, and the proportion of tests having at least one occurrence. Also noted were the latency of initiation of aggression, who initiated, who dominated, and the decisiveness of outcome. 2. Aggressive actions of low rank (Series 1) were relatively unaffected by isolation. High ranking actions (Series 2), mostly those of actual combat, increased with isolation; and the higher the rank the longer was the delay to the onset of the increase. 3. Dominance, decisiveness, and initiation were all hightened by isolation, but latency was unchanged. 4. Locomotory behavior decreased during isolation. 5. Fear behavior decreased at first, but then rose above the base-line level with further isolation.
Neck dissection: past, present, future.

With the exception of distant metastases, the single most important prognostic factor in the treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck is the status of cervical lymph nodes [1]. The presence of even a single lymph node, with metastatic cancer, reduces survival by 50% and contralateral or bilateral nodal involvement reduces survival by an additional 50% [2]. Thus, appropriate management of cervical lymph nodes is extremely crucial in the overall treatment strategy for patients with SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract. The incidence of microscopic metastases in a clinically negative neck can be as high as 25%, making elective treatment of cervical nodes an integral part of the care of high risk patients with head and neck cancer [3]. Classical radical neck dissection (RND) remained the standard practice for management of lymph node metastasis in the neck for nearly three quarters of the past century. However, the philosophy of surgical management of neck metastases has changed considerably over the past few decades. With better understanding of the patterns of nodal spread and nodal level classification, improved anatomic and functional imaging, importance of extracapsular spread (ECS), and better adjuvant therapies, the routine use of RND has been replaced with functional (FND), modified radical (MRND), and selective (SND) neck dissections, to preserve vital structures in the neck and achieve better functional results [4–6]. This article discusses the evolution of neck dissection in the management of cervical lymph nodes in patients with head and neck cancer.
Features of the neighborhood environment and walking by U.S. adults.

Background Manipulating the physical environment may be an efficacious way to promote physical activity. This study examined the relationships between features of the neighborhood environment and walking in the neighborhood by U.S. adults. Methods A random sample of women ( n =266) and men ( n =208) aged >18 years participated. Door-to-door interviews were conducted in 2003 to collect information about demographics, walking behavior, and features of the neighborhood environment. Results The analyses conducted in 2004 revealed that women were more likely to walk for exercise (odds ratio [OR]=4.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01–20.72) or walk a dog (OR=3.3, 95% CI=1.01–11.08) in the neighborhood if neighborhood safety was average as opposed to below average ( p p Conclusions Prospective studies are needed to determine if changes in neighborhood safety and awareness of neighborhood destinations promote increases in walking by women. Evaluations of the relationships between other environmental features and walking behavior in men are warranted.
Tube-worm-sediment relationships of Diopatra cuprea (Polychaeta: Onuphidae)

Diopatra cuprea (Bosc) builds a long, nearly vertical parchment tube in sediments, which is reinforced with bits of shell, sediment or debris. The tube can be divided on the basis of structure into reinforced sections built at or above the sediment surface, and unreinforced sections built below the sediment surface. If sediment accumulates faster than the worm can build reinforced tube, an unreinforced section results. When this occurs, D. cuprea builds reinforced tube at the new sediment surface, and then pulls it down into the substratum until it joins the next lower reinforced section, or until the worm can no longer overcome sediment resistance. In the latter case, the unreinforced section occurs between two reinforced sections. The tube cap is trimmed as sediment is eroded from around it. Selection for reinforcing materials occurs only in the transitional zone from unreinforced to reinforced tube. The exposed portion of the tube (the tube cap) extends from 1 to 6 cm above the sediment surface as an inverted “J”. The tube mouth is oriented perpendicularly to the direction of current flow. Tube maintenance continues at temperatures below feeding-response blockage (5° to 10°C), but ceases below about 1.8°C.
Grain Yield of Subsurface Microirrigated Corn as Affected by Irrigation Line Spacing

Without irrigation, crop yields are usually water-limited on the acid soils of the southeastern USA. Economically feasible irrigation systems that require less water are needed. As part of a feasibility study of subsurface microirrigation for corn (Zea mays L.) production, the effects of irrigation line spacing and irrigation water amount were investigated in a 5-yr study at Suffolk, VA. The soil was a Uchee loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Hapludult) with inclusions of Emporia loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludult). Treatments were three line spacings (0.91, 1.82, and 2.74 m apart, buried 0.38 m below and parallel to the crop row), low and high water amounts (about 41 and 62% of average pan evaporation, respectively), and a nonirrigated control [...]
Repeatable and accurate assembly of X-ray foil optics

Abstract Repeatable and accurate assembly of thin, foil optics is crucial to meeting performance goals in optical systems such as grazing-incidence X-ray telescopes and diffractive lithography tools. Our previous work in proving key technologies for assembly has been motivated by the need to meet spectral resolution goals for the NASA Constellation-X mission. We report a new generation of technology that makes strides towards simulating actual telescope assembly conditions. Our technology is based on the use of micromachined silicon tooling that we call microcombs. Theoretical error budgeting and analytical models were applied to a mechanical design with an isolated metrology frame and high-resolution actuation with feedback. Experimental testing has yielded assembly results with sub-micron repeatability and accuracy. For complete foil reassembly, placement errors are approximately 0.3 μ m over a 140 mm × 100 mm × 0.4 mm foil. Accuracy of assembly in pitch and yaw are 0.34 and 2.01 μ m, respectively. This performance meets the 1 μ m telescope assembly accuracy goal with the exception of yaw accuracy, which is under continued development.
A 3D Model for Ion Beam Formation and Transport Simulation

In this paper, we present a three-dimensional model forself-consistently modeling ion beam formation from plasma ion sources andtransporting in low energy beam transport systems. A multi-sectionoverlapped computational domain has been used to break the originaltransport system into a number of weakly coupled subsystems. Within eachsubsystem, macro-particle tracking is used to obtain the charge densitydistribution in this subdomain. The three-dimensional Poisson equation issolved within the subdomain after each particle tracking to obtain theself-consistent space-charge forces and the particle tracking is repeateduntil the solution converges. Two new Poisson solvers based on acombination of the spectral method and the finite difference multigridmethod have been developed to solve the Poisson equation in cylindricalcoordinates for the straight beam transport section and in Frenet-Serretcoordinates for the bending magnet section. This model can have importantapplication in design and optimization of the low energy beam line opticsof the proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) front end.
The Effects of Long-Term Vocabulary Instruction on Reading Comprehension: A Replication:

A study that investigated the relationship between vocabulary instruction and reading comprehension was replicated and extended. The original study showed substantial gains in accuracy of word know...
Evaluating the appropriateness of college-age norms for use with adolescents on the NEO personality inventory-revised.

The NEO Personality Inventory—Revised (NEO PI-R) measures normal personality characteristics and has demonstrated appropriate score reliability and validity. It is normed for two groups of individu...
Gross Tumor Volume Presentation in Different Race/Ethnic Groups as a Determinant of Treatment Outcome in Head-and-Neck Cancer Patients Treated With Definitive Radiation Therapy

Purpose/Objective(s): This study included 165,226 individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 1988 and 2001. Colorectal cancer cases were identified from 16 population-based registries of the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Materials/Methods: Survival probabilities were compared among white and black patients. Kaplan-Meier curves and proportional hazard ratios from Cox regression analysis were calculated accounting for marital status, age, gender, stage at diagnosis and year of diagnosis. Patients lacking complete information were excluded from analysis. Results: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that older age, male gender, non-recent year of diagnosis, and advanced stage at diagnosis were associated with worse survival. Black race independently predicted for a worse survival compared with whites. Marital status was a greater predictor of survival when analyzed in conjunction with race: compared to married white patients, black single/separated/divorced (unmarried) and black married patients were found to have hazard ratios (HR) of 1.63 (1.56-1.71) and 1.21 (1.17-1.25), respectively. While stage I patients experienced better survival, when compared to white married patients, the HR for black unmarried and black married patients was 2.11 (1.84-2.41) and 1.35 (1.241.47), respectively. Conclusions: Marital status and race are independent predictors of colorectal cancer survival. Additional strategies must be defined that address the social factors that account for disparities in cancer outcome. Author Disclosure: A. Blackstock: E. Research Grant; NIH/NCI P30 CA012197-36. B. Lally: None. S. Isom: None. E. Paskett: None.
DNA methylation functions as a critical regulator of Kir4.1 expression during CNS development

Kir4.1, a glial-specific K+ channel, is critical for normal CNS development. Studies using both global and glial-specific knockout of Kir4.1 reveal abnormal CNS development with the loss of the channel. Specifically, Kir4.1 knockout animals are characterized by ataxia, severe hypomyelination, and early postnatal death. Additionally, Kir4.1 has emerged as a key player in several CNS diseases. Notably, decreased Kir4.1 protein expression occurs in several human CNS pathologies including CNS ischemic injury, spinal cord injury, epilepsy, ALS, and Alzheimer's disease. Despite the emerging significance of Kir4.1 in normal and pathological conditions, its mechanisms of regulation are unknown. Here, we report the first epigenetic regulation of a K+ channel in the CNS. Robust developmental upregulation of Kir4.1 expression in rats is coincident with reductions in DNA methylation of the Kir4.1 gene, KCNJ10. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals a dynamic interaction between KCNJ10 and DNA methyltransferase 1 during development. Finally, demethylation of the KCNJ10 promoter is necessary for transcription. These findings indicate DNA methylation is a key regulator of Kir4.1 transcription. Given the essential role of Kir4.1 in normal CNS development, understanding the regulation of this K+ channel is critical to understanding normal glial biology.
A new CDMA scheme for multicasting using information classes

A new method of code allocation in code division multiple access is proposed that is particularly efficient in meeting multicasting needs, based on the concept of partitioned information 'classes' (CDMA-IC). Transmitters choose spreading codes based on the types of messages they are transmitting, and receivers listen to codes corresponding to the types of messages they are interested in. The performance of this approach can exceed that of both the traditional receiver-directed codes or broadcast codes in environments where there are several multicast groups (in which a given message is of interest to more than one node). Performance is further enhanced when receivers can simultaneously attempt to correlate multiple spreading codes. In a previous paper the authors (see IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), p.556-560, Boston, October 1993) demonstrated the superiority of CDMA-IC over receiver-directed CDMA and broadcasting, using simulation of some preliminary concepts of the scheme. In this paper, we describe a broader theoretical framework considering such attributes as priorities, relevance and 'value' of the messages, in which the CDMA-IC scheme scheme could be tailored for different scenarios and could be parameterized appropriately. >
THE IN VIVO FORMATION AND FATE OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES FORMED BY FRAGMENTS AND POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS OF RABBIT γG-ANTIBODIES

The in vivo formation and subsequent fate of complexes formed between specific rabbit gammaG-antibody subunits and circulating protein antigens was studied in rabbits and guinea pigs. Subunits obtained from purified antibodies were injected immediately after an injection of antigen, and the elimination from the circulation of either I*-labeled gammaG-subunits or labeled antigen determined. In the absence of antigen, all gammaG-subunits which lack the Fc fragment were rapidly eliminated. In the presence of excess antigen, F (ab')(2), Fab and Fd fragments reacted with antigen and remained in the circulation as complexes which were eliminated at the same rate as the antigen. Fab hybrids containing a specific Fd fragment and a nonspecific L chain similarly reacted with antigen and remained in the circulation complexed to antigen. In contrast, L chains and Fab hybrids containing a specific L chain and a nonspecific Fd fragment did not react with antigen in vivo and were rapidly eliminated in both presence and absence of antigen. H chains remained in the circulation of rabbits in the absence of antigen, however, in the presence of antigen, more H chains which formed complexes with antigen remained in the intravascular space and were rapidly eliminated when the immune elimination of the antigen by the host occurred. Nonspecific H chains were rapidly eliminated from the circulaion of guinea pigs, whereas specific H chains remained in the circulation with the antigen. F (ab')(2) fragments formed complexes with antigen near antibody equivalence and in antibody excess which were rapidly eliminated, however, less effectively than complexes formed near antibody equivalence with intact gammaG. Complexes formed in antibody excess between Fab fragments and H chains remained in the circulation at all concentrations studied and were eliminated at the rate of antigen. The role of the Fc fragment in the immune elimination of antigen-antibody complexes is discussed.
GLOBAL TESTS FOR ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE TUMOUR DATA FROM ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY EXPERIMENTS

This paper presents test procedures for testing of the overall dose effect at every tumour type site simultaneously in a chronic animal carcinogenicity bioassay. I derive global tests of the tumour prevalence rates and the tumour onset rates using the generalized estimating equations approach. The test is based on the model of a common dose effect alternative. I used the logistic regression model for simultaneous testing of non-lethal tumours, and the Poly-3 test for testing of mixtures of lethal or non-lethal tumours of different types/sites. An application illustrating the proposed tests concerns analysis of a carcinogenicity experiment designed to study the dose response of hepatocellular and bladder tumours to 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) exposure.