cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perception of stationary wind noise in vehicles

Predictors of people's responses to noise inside cars are used by car companies to identify and address potential noise problems from tests. Because significant improvements have been made in engine, powertrain, and tire/road noise, it is now important to pursue improvements in wind or aerodynamic noise. While models of loudness are commonly used to predict people's responses to stationary wind noise, some wind noises are less acceptable than is predicted by loudness metrics. Additional sound characteristics may account for this. Three listening studies were designed to examine the usefulness of including additional sound quality metrics with loudness in models used to predict acceptability for stationary wind-noise sounds. Test sounds were based on recordings made in cars in a wind tunnel. Signal modification techniques were developed to decorrelate metrics across a set of sounds and to examine how acceptability changes with strengths of particular sound characteristics. Models of acceptability for stationary wind noise are significantly improved when a metric that predicts the sharpness of a sound is included in the model with the loudness metric.
Crime, Universities and Campus Police

Crime motivates self-protection, such as undertaken quite visibly by individuals, households, and businesses. But we know much less about self-protection by public institutions, including schools, ...
The 99 Percent Economy: How Democratic Socialism Can Overcome the Crises of Capitalism, by Paul S. Adler. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. 240 pp

The financial collapse, deepening wealth inequality, police brutality against African Americans, wage stagnation and antilabor practices, sexual discrimination, corporate personhood, tech monopolization, increased urgency of the climate crisis, and current COVID-19 pandemic have given rise to left-leaning populism under the guises of such movements as Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, Poor People’s Campaign, Fight for 15, Indivisible, #MeToo, and the Sunrise Movement, among numerous others. [...]in seeking the root causes of these six crises, Adler threads together the features and by-products of the capitalist system, such as private enterprise, wage employment within firms, the capture of government by business, the natural environmental and social externalities posed by businesses, and a world economy that inherently depends on very uneven power relations. Admittedly, the majority of our research in business ethics and organizations and management offers at best theoretical and empirical tweaks to the status quo, translated practically into minor and temporary repairs to the crises posed by neoliberal capitalism.
Numerical Simulation of Dark Hole Maintenance and its Impact on Planet Detection for Roman Coronagraph Instrument Based on OS 9

During days-long exposure of the Roman Space Telescope (RST) Coronographic Instrument (CGI), the starlight wavefront will drift due to thermal instabilities of the optical tube assembly (OTA) and deformable mirror (DM) actuators. While low-order spatial wavefront modes will be sensed upstream of the coronagraph, focal-plane wavefront sensing (FPWS) via DM probing will be used to correct high-order modes. In RST’s nominal operation mode, the high-contrast region of the image (dark hole) will be periodically retouched by pointing at a bright reference star, performing FPWS, correcting the wavefront, and pointing back at the target. We propose instead to continuously probe the DM during the observation, so that the wavefront can be estimated without slewing the telescope. This approach will reduce the risk of introducing OTA instabilities at the expense of slight worsening of the contrast due to the introduction of small DM probes. This work expands previous FPWS methods from single-pixel Extended Kalman Filters (EKF) to an EKF in terms of multiple DM actuators simultaneously. We then evaluate this approach on a numerical model of RST-CGI, based on Observing Scenario (OS) 9. Besides wavefront drift, we also simulate the effects of detector noise associated with photon-counting and line-of-sight jitter. Our results show that it is possible to correct the DM once every 24 hours, without slewing the telescope. This continuous FPWS is compared to periodic slewing based on the planet detection performance in post-processing. In particular, we report similar post-processing errors when doing Angular Differential Imaging after the nominal OS, and Electric Field Order Reduction after continuous dark hole maintenance.
The statistical restricted isometry property and the Wigner semicircle distribution of incoherent dictionaries

In this article we present a statistical version of the Candes-Tao restricted isometry property (SRIP for short) which holds in general for any incoherent dictionary which is a disjoint union of orthonormal bases. In addition, we show that, under appropriate normalization, the eigenvalues of the associated Gram matrix fluctuate around 1 according to the Wigner semicircle distribution. The result is then applied to various dictionaries that arise naturally in the setting of finite harmonic analysis, giving, in particular, a better understanding on a remark of Applebaum-Howard-Searle-Calderbank concerning RIP for the Heisenberg dictionary of chirp like functions.
Simulation of motor unit recruitment and microvascular unit perfusion: spatial considerations

Fuglevand, Andrew J., and Steven S. Segal. Simulation of motor unit recruitment and microvascular unit perfusion: spatial considerations. J. Appl. Physiol.83(4): 1223–1234, 1997.—Muscle fiber activ...
Evidence for the coidentification of GAP-43, a growth-associated protein, and F1, a plasticity-associated protein

GAP-43 is a fast-axonally transported protein whose expression correlates with periods of axon growth both during development and during regeneration. Similarities in molecular weight (43–47 kDa), pI (4.3–4.5), and aberrant behavior in acrylamide gels suggested that GAP- 43 might be related or identical to protein F1, a protein kinase C substrate that has been shown to undergo a change in phosphorylation state during long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Here we show that GAP-43 and protein F1 comigrate by two-dimensional PAGE and that antiserum raised against GAP-43 specifically immunoprecipitates protein F1. More direct evidence that GAP-43 and protein F1 are identical proteins was obtained by performing S. aureus V8 protease digests of a mixture of purified 32P-labeled protein F1 and purified GAP-43. Under these conditions, 2 phosphorylated peptide fragments of protein F1 corresponded exactly to 2 Coomassie-stainable bands from purified GAP- 43. We conclude on the basis of these data that GAP-43 and protein F1 are identical proteins. Using light-microscopic immunocytochemistry, we also show that GAP-43/protein F1 immunoreactivity is localized to neuropil areas of the hippocampus consistent with its roles as a protein kinase C substrate in vivo and in long-term potentiation. These findings suggest that nerve growth during development and regeneration, and synaptic plasticity in the adult mammalian brain, may be mediated by a common mechanism involving the phosphorylation of GAP-43/protein F1.
Study of the energy transfer process in the highly luminescent heterometallic dimers of Ce3+ and d10 [Ag(CN)2]− or d8 [Pt(CN)4]2− ions

Abstract The interactions between trivalent Ce 3+ ions with d 10 [Ag(CN) 2 ] − and d 8 [Pt(CN) 4 ] 2− ions in acetonitrile solutions has been studied by luminescence, ATR-FTIR, UV–vis spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Addition of d 8 or d 10 cyano complexes to Ce 3+ ions in acetonitrile gives strongly emissive solutions, suggesting the presence of new highly luminescent mixed-metal species. The great variability of the cyano compound MLCT excited state energies allow a tunability of the donor–acceptor resonance process. This results in selectivity of the emissive center and of the luminescence enhancement ability of the heterodimer.
Cavity ringdown spectroscopy of the A˜–X˜ electronic transition of the phenyl peroxy radical

Abstract Cavity ringdown spectra (CRDS) of the near IR A ∼ 2 A ′ – X ∼ 2 A ″ electronic transition of phenyl peroxy radical are reported. The electronic origin is observed at 7497 cm−1. Ab initio calculations have been carried out to aid the assignment of the electronic origin and other bands involving vibrational excitation.
Preparation of Some Mannich Bases of Bicyclic Furans

The Mannich bases of 6(4H)cyclopenta[b] furanone (V) and substituted 6,7-dihydro-4(5H) benzofuranones (VIII) were synthesized and subjected to general biological screening procedures. No significant activity was noted.
Effect of the spin split-off band on optical absorption in p-type Ga1-xInxAsyP1-y quantum-well infrared detectors.

Experimental investigations of p-type ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{P}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$ quantum-well intersubband photodetectors (QWIP's) led to the discovery of unique features in photoresponse spectra of these devices. In particular, the strong 2--5-\ensuremath{\mu}m photoresponse of these QWIP's was not anticipated based on previous experimental and theoretical results for p-type GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As QWIP's. Our theoretical modeling of p-type QWIP's based on the ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{P}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$ system revealed that the intense short-wavelength photoresponse was due to a much stronger coupling to the spin-orbit split-off components in the continuum than occurs for GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As QWIP's. Due to the strong influence of the spin split-off band, an eight-band Kane Hamiltonian was required to accurately model the measured photoresponse spectra. This theoretical model is first applied to a standard p-type GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.7}$As QWIP, and then to a series of GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.51}$${\mathrm{In}}_{0.49}$P, GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.62}$${\mathrm{In}}_{0.38}$${\mathrm{As}}_{0.22}$${\mathrm{P}}_{0.78}$, ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.79}$${\mathrm{In}}_{0.21}$${\mathrm{As}}_{0.59}$${\mathrm{P}}_{0.41}$/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.51}$${\mathrm{In}}_{0.49}$P, and ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.79}$${\mathrm{In}}_{0.21}$${\mathrm{As}}_{0.59}$${\mathrm{P}}_{0.41}$/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.62}$${\mathrm{In}}_{0.38}$${\mathrm{As}}_{0.22}$ ${\mathrm{P}}_{0.78}$ QWIP's. Through this analysis, the insignificance of spin split-off absorption in GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As QWIP's is verified, as is the dual role of light-hole extended-state and spin split-off hole-extended-state absorption on the spectral shape of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{P}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$ QWIP's. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Pavlov's position on old age within the framework of the theory of the higher nervous activity

In the 1920s, as I. P. Pavlov was growing old, he began to show interest in the general process of aging. In order to study senescence, Pavlov and his disciples experimented in the laboratory on old dogs by the method of salivary conditioning and also observed aged psychotic patients in the psychiatric clinic. Pavlov never formulated a theory of aging per se, but incorporated his findings on aging into his theory of higher nervous activity, which dealt with the function of the brain in higher organisms'adaptation to the environment. Some of the major findings showed that salivary conditioning and stimulus differentiation were difficult to establish in old dogs. Conditioned reflexes established earlier in dogs' lives, however, persisted into old age. Pavlov explained these findings in terms of hypothesized neural processes in the brain; with age, neural processes deteriorate and their reactivity to the environment wanes. In light of more recent research, Pavlov's views on senescence, with the exception of the relation of conditioning to aging, are mainly of historical interest
Managing growth and change in an R & D organization: the role of dynamic modeling

A system dynamics model of its R & D organization has been developed by Battelle Northwest to serve as a basis for improved management planning and policy making. This model was designed to be applied in an interactive man–model environment. Thus far, the model has proven useful in forecasting future resource demands under various contingencies; and, importantly, it has improved management's understanding of the structure and dynamics of its organizational environment.
Steps Toward 8M Honeycomb Mirrors VII. Spin Casting An Experimental f/1 1.8m Honeycomb Blank Of Borosilicate Glass

In March 1985 a 1.8m diameter, f/1 focal ratio, lightweighted honeycomb sandwich mirror blank was cast at the Steward Observatory Mirror Laboratory. The front surface curvature was formed by spinning molten borosilicate glass at 15.6 rpm. The purpose of the casting was to test the method to be used to make 8m honeycomb mirrors. The blank will be used to test a polishing method for f/1 paraboloids.
Effect of spinal cord transection in the newborn, weanling, and adult rat on the morphology of thoracic motoneurons.

The midthoracic spinal cord was transected in neonatal (N = 12), weanling (N = 9), and adult (N = 9) rats and sections were prepared at various postoperative survival periods (2 to 106 days p.o.) using a modified Golgi-Cox stain. The morphology of large lamina IX "motoneurons" was examined 0 to 5 mm rostral to the lesion border and compared with the morphology of similar cells from this region in developing and adult rats. Motoneurons examined in neonatal operates underwent the same temporal sequence of morphologic changes seen during normal development. Motoneurons in weanling operates underwent rapid morphologic changes which were most marked at the earliest period studied (2 days p.o.). These changes included a decrease in perikaryal diameter, dendritic loss, and the appearance of perikaryal and dendritic spines and varicose swellings. At the longest p.o. survival period analyzed (60 days p.o.), neurons had partially recovered but still retained somatic and dendritic spines and a reduced dendritic arbor. Motoneurons stained in adult operates showed no morphologic changes at 15 days p.o. but by 90 days p.o. somatic and dentritic spines were apparent, more similar to the morphology normally seen in the early postnatal period. We interpret these data to indicate that motoneurons surviving spinal transection are relatively unaffected by this lesion during the synaptogenic period and most severely affected when denervated near the end of this time. The more gradual appearance of regressive morphologic changes seen in adult motoneurons may indicate the continued partial denervation of these cells.
Knowledge integration in a multiple classifier system

This paper introduces a knowledge integration framework based on Dempster-Shafer's mathematical theory of evidence for integrating classification results derived from multiple classifiers. This framework enables us to understand in which situations the classifiers give uncertain responses, to interpret classification evidence, and allows the classifiers to compensate for their individual deficiencies. Under this framework, we developed algorithms to model classification evidence and combine classification evidence form difference classifiers, we derived inference rules from evidential intervals for reasoning about classification results. The algorithms have been implemented and tested. Implementation issues, performance analysis and experimental results are presented.
Sex and age differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and diagnoses: implications for DSM-V and ICD-11.

Objective To examine gender and age differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom endorsement in a large community-based sample. Method Families with four or more full siblings ascertained from Missouri birth records completed telephone interviews regarding lifetime DSM-IV ADHD symptoms and the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal-behavior (SWAN) questionnaire for current ADHD symptoms. Complete data were available for 9,380 subjects aged 7 through 29 years. Lifetime and current DSM-IV–like ADHD diagnoses were assigned by the DSM-IV symptom criteria. Linear regression was used to examine sex and age effects on SWAN ADHD symptom scores. Logistic regression was used to examine sex and age effects on specific ADHD diagnoses. Fractional polynomial graphs were used to examine ADHD symptom count variations across age. Results Overall prevalence of current DSM-IV–like ADHD was 9.2% with a male:female ratio of 2.28:1. The prevalence of DSM-IV–like ADHD was highest in children. Gender differences in DSM-IV–like ADHD subtype prevalences were highest in adolescents. On average, individuals with lifetime DSM-IV–like ADHD diagnoses had elevated current ADHD symptoms even as adolescents or adults. Conclusions Lower male:female ratios than reported in some clinic-based studies suggest that females are underdiagnosed in the community. Although they may no longer meet the full symptom criteria, young adults with a history of lifetime DSM-IV–like ADHD maintain higher levels of ADHD symptoms compared with the general population. The use of age-specific diagnostic criteria should be considered for DSM-V and ICD-11.
QCD corrections and anomalous couplings in Z{gamma} production at hadron colliders

The processes p{anti p}{r_arrow}Z{gamma}+X{r_arrow}scr(l){sup +}scr(l){sup {minus}}{gamma}+X (scr(l)=e,{mu}) and p{anti p}{r_arrow}Z{gamma}+X{r_arrow}{bar {nu}}{nu}{gamma}+X are calculated to O({alpha}{sub s}) for general ZZ{gamma} and Z{gamma}{gamma} couplings. The impact of O({alpha}{sub s}) QCD corrections on the observability of ZZ{gamma} and Z{gamma}{gamma} couplings in Z{gamma} production at the Fermilab Tevatron and the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is discussed. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
SU-FF-I-95: Sensitivity of Biological Correlations to Different Registration Parameters

Purpose: Determining spatial correlation between biological phenotypes is important for understanding tumor biology necessary for biologically‐based radiotherapy or treatment assessment. Inaccurate image registration is one of the major uncertainties in determining such correlation. This study aims to investigate the sensitivity of correlation between different biological phenotypes to different registration techniques and parameters. Method and Materials: Seven HNSCC patients underwent PET/CT imaging with [18F]FDG, [18F]FLT, and [61Cu]CuATSM imaging to assess multiple biological phenotypes— metabolism, proliferation, and hypoxia respectively. Rigid and deformable registrations with various set of parameters (included similarity measures, optimizers, and resampling schemes) were performed on both CT and PET images sets for tumor co‐registration. Correlation was measured by the correlation coefficient (CC), which was calculated based on registered tumor regions. Differences among CCs and joint histograms with respect to different registration techniques and parameters were used to quantify the sensitivity of image correlations. Results: Correlations were rather sensitive to similarity measures. Normalized Mutual Information exceeded Euclidean and Correlation measures with CCs of 0.25 and 0.19 respectively. Varying resampling schemes had no significant effect on the correlation as changes in CC were <0.03. More moderate changes were observed when different optimizers were varied (differences in CC were <0.15). In addition to the optimization parameters, the choice of the manually segmented registration region had a significant effect on the overall level of correlation. Deformable registration of CT occasionally introduced unnecessary tumor size variation thus leading to lower CC than rigid registration by as much as 0.16. Conclusion: Correlations between different phenotypes of tumors are most sensitive to similarity measures and registration techniques (includes rigid and deformable registration). Uncertainty in the correlations is mainly due to misregistration of different biological representations of tumor. Uncertainty can be reduced with more precise segmentation of the registration region, which contains only tumor.
Golgi duplication in Trypanosoma brucei requires centrin2

Centrins are highly conserved components of the centrosome, which in the parasitic protozoan T. brucei comprises the basal body and nucleates the flagellum used for locomotion. Here, we found TbCentrin2 in an additional bi-lobed structure near to the Golgi apparatus. One lobe was associated with the old Golgi, and the other became associated with the newly forming Golgi as the cell grew. Depletion of TbCentrin1 inhibited duplication of the basal body, whereas depletion of TbCentrin2 also inhibited duplication of the Golgi. Thus, a Centrin2-containing structure distinct from the basal body appears to mark the site for new Golgi assembly.
An application of duality theory to control-approximation problems

In this paper we give an approach to the solution of control-approximation problems using duality theory. We solve the dual problem by homogeneous programming and apply the method to optimal control of distributed parameter systems. Our discussion of the implementation contains numerical examples.
A comparison of dogfish and porcine pancreatic lipases

1. A 16-fold purification of lipase activity from the pancreas of the dogfish (Squalus acanthias) was obtained by preparative isoelectric focussing. 2. The dogfish enzyme has a higher pH optimum (8.5) and a broader spectrum of activity above and below its optimum than a commercial porcine lipase preparation (optimum, 7.5). 3. The temperature optimum of dogfish lipase was 35 degrees C and it displayed greater stability than the porcine lipase preparation towards higher temperatures in the absence of substrate. 4. Dogfish lipase was active against a broad range of triacylglycerols and a wax ester. It had greater relative activity against the latter than the porcine lipase but hydrolyzed low mol. wt fatty acids less readily. In general, the effect of temperature was less on the dogfish enzyme than the porcine one.
Interleukin-1β-Induced Wnt5a Enhances Human Corneal Endothelial Cell Migration through Regulation of Cdc42 and RhoA

Wnt5a can activate β-catenin-independent pathways for regulation of various cellular functions, such as migration, that play critical roles in wound repair. Investigation of Wnt5a signaling may help identify therapeutic targets for enhancing corneal endothelial wound healing that could provide an alternative to corneal transplantation in patients with blindness from endothelial dysfunction. However, Wnt5a signaling in corneal endothelial cells (CECs) has not been well characterized. In this study, we show transient induction of Wnt5a by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulation proceeds through NF-κB in human CECs. This leads to binding of Fzd5 to Ror2, resulting in activation of disheveled protein (Dvl) and subsequently disheveled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (DAAM1). This leads to activation of Cdc42 and subsequent inhibition of RhoA. Inhibition of RhoA leads to parallel dephosphorylation and inactivation of LIM domain kinase 2 along with dephosphorylation and activation of slingshot 1, resulting in dephosphorylation and activation of cofilin and leading to enhanced cell migration. These findings suggest that Wnt5a enhances cell migration through activation of Cdc42 and inactivation of RhoA in human CECs.
Developments in Hybrid Si – SiC Power Modules

This paper investigates utilization of silicon carbide (SiC) Schottky power diodes as inverter Free Wheel Diodes (FWD) in a commercially available standard Econopak module also packaged with latest generation low-loss IGBT silicon. Static and switching characteristics of SiC diodes over standard module operating temperature 25 0C to 125 0C (298 0K - 398 0K) are measured. Module Turn-on, Turn-off and conduction losses vs. frequency are calculated and measured for three phase motor drive operation. Measurements are compared to standard modules using all Silicon (Si) IGBT- diode. System benefits justifying the increased SiC diode cost, such as EMI reduction, increased efficiency, reduced magnetic filter volume and reduced cooling requirements at higher allowable switching frequencies is investigated.
Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia: Late Presentation as Bloody Pleural Effusion

To draw attention to the difficulty with diagnosis, a case of strangulated diaphragmatic hernia with hemothorax is presented. Because it is uncommon, this entity may be overlooked in the differential diagnosis of bloody pleural effusions.
Effects of isolation rearing on keypecking in young domestic chicks

Forty-eight Vantress × Arbor Acre chicks were reared either in groups of 12 or individually until 3 days old and then trained individually in an autoshaping keypecking situation using heat reinforcement. Following six training sessions of 24 trials each, all chicks were given two extinction sessions of 24 trials each. Major findings were as follows: (1) The isolation-reared chicks made significantly more responses with shorter latencies during training than did the social-reared chicks; (2) the isolation-reared chicks extinguished more slowly than did the socialreared chicks, reflecting mainly the terminal acquisition differences between the two rearing groups.
Control of snap-through transitions in the response of mechanically- equivalent frequency modulators

Converted energy from ambient loading in civil and mechanical structures is typically used as a viable alternative. Although, piezoelectric vibration harvesters have been widely used given their energy conversion ability, these elements exhibit a narrow natural frequency response range, thus considerably limiting the levels of harvestable power.Recently our group has introduced the concept of using mechanically-equivalent frequency modulators that can transform the low-amplitude and low-rate service and ambient deformations into an amplified input to the piezoelectric transducer. The introduced methods allow energy generation and conversion within the unexplored quasi-static frequency range (≪ 1 Hz). The post-buckling behavior of bilaterally constrained columns was used for frequency up-conversion, and piezoelectric cantilever beams, attached to the columns, were used for energy conversion.The introduced concept was experimentally validated and finite element simulations were developed to evaluate the effect of system parameters (stiffness, thickness, and walls gap) on the position of the snap-through transition events and the levels of force-displacement at the multiple-equilibrium configurations. It was shown that the considered system parameters can determine the absolute levels of force and displacement, but they offer limited control on the number and the relative spacing between the energy-drop events. This paper shows that the combination of multiple slender elastic columns modulators, in parallel configurations, allows for the tailoring of the number and magnitude of the mode branch switching during the postbuckling response of the complete system. Experimental and numerical results are presented to validate the proposed concept.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Mutational Analysis of the tra Locus of the Broad-Host-Range Streptomyces Plasmid pIJ101

The tra gene of Streptomyces lividans plasmid pIJ101 encodes a 621-amino-acid protein that can mediate both plasmid transfer and the interbacterial transfer of chromosomal genes (i.e., chromosome-mobilizing ability [Cma]) during mating. Here we report the results of in-frame insertional mutagenesis studies aimed at defining regions of Tra required for these functions. While hexameric linker insertions throughout the tra gene affected plasmid and chromosomal gene transfer, insertions in a 200-amino-acid region of the Tra protein that contains presumed nucleotide-binding motifs and that is widely conserved among a functionally diverse family of bacterial and plasmid proteins (K. J. Begg, S. J. Dewar, and W. D. Donachie, J. Bacteriol. 177:6211-6222, 1995) had especially prominent effects on both functions. Insertions near the N terminus of Tra reduced Cma for either circular or linear host chromosomes to a much greater extent than pIJ101 plasmid transfer. Our results suggest that Cma involves Tra functions incremental to those needed for plasmid DNA transfer.
2 mev x-ray and cathode-ray irradiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Der Effekt von 2-Mev-Rontgen- und -Kathodenstrahlen auf Bakterien wurde untersucht. Die eventuelle Verwendung von Mikroorganismen fur Dosismessungen wurde in Betracht gezogen. Die physikalisch bestimmte Absorptionskurve der 2-Mev-Kathodenstrahlen konnte trotz der mit biologischen Objekten zu erwartenden Ungenauigkeit relativ gut dupliziert werden. Als Strahlenquelle diente ein druckisolierter Van-de-Graaff-Generator.
Dynamic expansion in recently introduced populations of fire ant parasitoids (Diptera: Phoridae)

Combating invasive species requires a detailed, mechanistic understanding of the manner and speed with which organisms expand their ranges. Biological control efforts provide an opportunity to study the process of species invasions and range expansions under known initial conditions. This study examines the rate, pattern and mechanisms of spread for two populations of the biological control agent Pseudacteon tricuspis, phorid-fly parasitoids of imported fire ants. We employ a trap-based survey method that detects phorid flies in low-density populations, and provides data on abundance. This technique allows us to differentiate between continuous population spread and effective long-distance dispersal and to examine density gradients of phorid flies across the expanding population front. We find that occupied sites in front of the leading edge of continuous populations were common; forming small populations we refer to as satellite populations. Satellite populations are tens of kilometers from the nearest possible source. Wind governs the dynamics of spread in these two central Texas populations. Population edges expanding with the wind exhibited a higher frequency of effective long-distance dispersal than did populations expanding into the wind. This enhanced effective long-distance dispersal rate translated into a five times faster rate of spread for population edges traveling with the wind. This planned invasion shares many characteristics in common with unplanned species invasions including: protracted establishment phase during which densities were below detection thresholds, and slow initial spread immediately after establishment followed by rapid, accelerating spread rates as population sizes grew.
Stochastic Modeling of Positive Bias Temperature Instability in High- \(\kappa \) Metal Gate nMOSFETs

Positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) has become one of the major reliability concerns in the present day CMOS technology. The PBTI mostly degrades the performance of high- \(\kappa \) /metal gate (HK/MG) nMOSFETs and is dominated by time dependent stress induced trap generation. The PBTI models proposed so far in different literature are deterministic in nature and overlook the randomness of the temporal degradation of transistor threshold voltage, \(V_{\rm th}\) . In this paper, we present a stochastic model for PBTI to predict the behavior of HK/MG nMOSFETs under inversion mode stress. The model is scalable and is verified against experimental data from two different groups. Our model separately considers each trap to predict their impact on device performance. The simulations are carried out at accelerated voltage and temperature conditions and we noted the variations in \(V_{\rm th}\) . In addition, we have analyzed the impact of PBTI on the performance of a ring oscillator and concluded that the circuit speed suffers significant degradation due to this effect. We have also observed that the adverse effect of PBTI becomes more severe as we go deeper into the nanometer technology.
Comparison of phencyclidine and three analogues on fixed-interval performance in rhesus monkeys

Abstract The effects of four arylcyclohexylamines on operant performance in rhesus monkeys were compared. Four rhesus monkeys were trained to lever press on a multiple fixed-interval 5 min time out 1 min schedule of food presentation during daily 1 1 2 hour sessions. Dose-response curves and median effective doses were determined for phencyclidine, N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine, 1-(1-(2-thienyl) cyclohexyl) piperidine and ketamine. Ketamine was found to be approximately 1/10 as potent as the other drugs which were approximately equipotent. The drugs had qualitatively similar effects. High doses of all four drugs decreased overall response rates and the slopes of the dose-response curves were comparable. A dose-related rate-dependent effect was found for all four drugs. Onset and duration of the drug effects were also presented.
Gender performance in qualitative studies of masculinities

The influence of gender in qualitative research studies of masculinities is considered in this article. The findings are based on two separate studies of masculinities involving men who participate...
A Scaling Law for Cavitation Inception in Circular Jet Flows

The historical data for circular jets indicates that the incipient cavitation number increases with the diameter of the jet. This trend is not explained by the classic cavitation theory which expects incipient cavitation number to remain constant regardless of the jet diameter, flow parameters, or water quality. This paper explores the origins of cavitation scale effects and explains the correlation between the incipient cavitation number, jet diameter, and nuclei size. This is accomplished through turbulence-resolving CFD simulations of the jet flow field at three length scales and Rayleigh-Plesset bubble dynamics for three nuclei sizes. The numerical simulations show that incipient cavitation number (σi ) changes significantly as the size of the jet is altered while the Reynolds number and the value of the minimum pressure coefficient are held constant. Larger nuclei bubbles (100 μm) exhibit an increase in σi with jet diameter, while moderate (50 μm) and small (10 μm) nuclei bubble exhibit a decrease in σi as jet diameter increases. The value of σi associated with a small jet was similar for all nuclei sizes. As the jet increased in size, the disparity between the values of σi associated with each nuclei size was found to increase substantially. The equilibrium form of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation was used to derive a correction to the classic theory of cavitation inception. This correction is a function of initial nuclei size and the dynamic head of the flow. As either the nuclei properties or dynamic head of the fluid change, the magnitude of the correction term will also change. This correction to the classic cavitation theory was used to make predictions of how σi will change as length scale and Reynolds number are altered. These equilibrium predictions were found to be in good agreement with the numerical simulations of cavitation inception for large and moderate (100 μm and 50 μm) nuclei bubbles. Comparisons with the small (10 μm) nuclei bubbles indicate that the inertial terms are quite significant for these bubbles, resulting in large discrepancies between the full numerical solution and the equilibrium predictions. In general, the equilibrium scaling relations show that as the length scale of a flow is held constant and the Reynolds number is increased, σi will converge to −CPmin . The scaling relations also show that when Reynolds number is held constant and the length scale of a flow is increased, σi will depart from −CPmin .Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Inquiry and Inquisition: Academic Freedom in Medieval Universities

The year 1988 marks not only the centennial of the American Society of Church History, it is also the anniversary of two important works dealing with the theme of religious toleration and freedom of ideas. One is the fiftieth anniversary of G. G. Coulton's Inquisition and Liberty. The other is Henry Charles Lea's History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, published in three volumes early in 1888. Coulton's work became a model for many that followed: a highly readable, consciously engaging narrative outlining the main features of one of the darker chapters of medieval church history. It covered the development of religious nonconformity, the church's response, especially through the creation and operation of the Inquistion, and the principal victims of the Inquisition: the Albigensians, Waldensians, Spiritual Franciscans, and those accused of witchcraft. Lea's earlier treatment covered those themes in a far more extensive way, and he also included, unlike Coulton, a final chapter on the problem of religious orthodoxy in the schools as viewed from the standpoint of the Inquisition. Lea, in fact, is one of the few authors writing on heresy and inquisition who attempted to place the cases of questioned orthodoxy and freedom of thought in medieval schools and universities in this larger context. Although he did not pursue the topic in any depth, Lea was aware that the character of theological study and the proper training of an educated priesthood were linked to the issue of religious orthodoxy in the schools and the threat of heresy among those charged with the preservation and dissemination of truth.
M-antigens common to pyoderma and acute glomerulonephritis.

A total of 1,227 strains of group A Streptococcus from skin lesions of patients with pyoderma (including 253 strains from patients with acute glomerulonephritis or the siblings of these patients) were serologically classified. The major nephritogenic serotypes included types 2, 49, and 60. These three serotypes were significantly less common among patients with uncomplicated pyoderma. Strains agglutinated by the 3/13/B3264 complex were most common in the latter group, and over 80% were further classified with M-antisera. Serotypes common to impetigo, but relatively less often found associated with acute glomerulonephritis, included new types 52, 53, 56, 59, and 61. Strains associated with pyoderma clearly formed M-antigens; the success in identification of these strains appears to be a function of the availability of suitable M-antisera that are representative of serotypes not often encountered in acute respiratory infections. The pyoderma-nephritis serotypes of major importance in our own population and in those studied elsewhere clearly differed from major nephritogenic strains found in the throat.
A simple enzymic assay for pyridoxal phosphate.

Abstract A method has been presented for assay of PLP utilizing partially purified and highly resolved tyrosine decarboxylase. A rapid and highly sensitive measurement of the reaction velocity, and thus concentration, is afforded by capture of 14CO2 in a KOH-containing well, which can be counted directly in a scintillation vial. The conditions and specificity of this assay have been defined.
Diastereoselective manipulations of bicyclo[m.1.0]alkane derivatives. 6. Stereocontrolled synthesis of tricyclo[m.n.0.0]alkenones

Enolates derived from bicyclo[m.1.0]alkan-2-ones possessing 5-, 6-, and 7-membered rings were sequentially alkylated with iodomethane and with precursors to 2-oxopropyl or 3-oxobutyl substituents. High diastereoselectivities were observed. Product yields for more active electrophiles were generally good to very good and were fair for less active electrophiles. Following unmasking of the 2-oxopropyl or 3-oxobutyl substituents, ring closure and dehydration under basic conditions provided the corresponding tricyclic γ,δ-cyclopropyl-α,β-enones. Reversal of the order of alkylation switched the configuration of the angular methyl substituent relative to the stereogenic cyclopropane in the tricyclo[m.n.0.0]alkenone product.
The metabolism of d- and l-lysine in the intact rat, perfused liver and liver mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. Isolated rat liver or kidney mitochondria readily form saccharopine from l -lysine when incubated anaerobically. Sacchropine is metabolized to ⇐inoadipic and glutamic acids under aerobic conditions. α-Aminoadipic and pipecolic acids, but not saccharopine, were isolated from the urine of a rat injected intraperitoneally with radioactive l -lysine. 2. 2. d -Lysine was metabolized very slowly by isolated liver mitochondria and by the isolated perfusedd liver. However, the intact rat converted a considerable amount of d -lysine to pipecolic acid. 3. 3. The pipecolic acid formed by the intact rat from either d - or l -lysine was shown to the l -isomer by its failure to be oxidized by d -amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3). This l -pipecolic acid was not metabolized by isolated liver or kidney mitochondria or by isolated perfused rat liver. 4. 4. The relative contrtibutions of d - and l -lysine to formation of l -pipecolic acid are such that approx. 96% of the pipecolic acid isolated after administration of dl -lysine would arise from the d -lysine. The initial reaction of d -lysine metabolism in the rat probably involves α-deamination. The initial reaction of l -lysine metabolism is not firmly established.
Sociometry and sociogenesis of colonies of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius : worker characteristics in relation to colony size and season

As colonies of all monogyne ants grow from a single, colony-founding queen to a mature colony with many workers, they develop the species-typical characteristics of the mature colony. This ontogeny, and these species-typical characteristics and their seasonal changes were studied in the Florida harvester ant by excavating 31 colonies of the full range of sizes, on 4 dates representing major phases of the annual cycle. Worker characteristics varied strongly with colony size, location in the nest, and season. All but incipient colonies contained both major and minor workers. The proportion of the colony which was major workers was unaffected by colony size, averaging about 7 %, but showed a small increase in mid-summer. Minor workers increased in size as colonies grew larger, but major workers did not. Most of the changes in minor worker weight were caused by changes in fat stores, which varied by 85 % or more. The patterns of weight variation supported the following life and seasonal history of minor workers. The young, lighter-colored workers (callows), occurred near the bottom of the nest between June and October, confirming a strong age-stratification in the nest. For a given headwidth, callow minors were fatter than their older, darker sisters. In the course of the season, young workers gained lean weight, but lost fat as they moved to nest chambers ever closer to the surface. Finally, when their fat content was less than 10 %, they became foragers on the surface. Along with these age-related changes, minor workers were lightest and least fat in July after the colony had produced its annual crop of sexual alates, and gained an average of 24 % by winter. Workers were heavier and fatter if they came from a larger colony, and heavier and younger deeper in the nest. Seasonal variation in fat weight and dry weight was greater in smaller colonies than large. Although less variable, lean weight was lower in July and in the bottom of the nest, and higher in a larger colony. These patterns were similar, though less precise, for major workers. ¶Altogether, in the life history of harvester ant colonies, the large pulse of early-spring sexuals probably cannot be produced solely from current foraging intake. The metabolic and labor resources needed for sexual production are stored in the bodies of the young workers, whose fat content reaches the annual minimum after producing sexuals. After these sexuals have flown, the colony once again switches to producing workers and storing excess foraging intake as worker fat for over-wintering, and for producing the next year's sexuals. As colonies get larger, this proportional excess increases, giving rise to fatter and larger workers.
UDSM (ultra-deep sub-micron)-aware post-layout power optimization for ultra low-power CMOS VLSI

In this paper, we propose an efficient approach to minimize total power (switching, short-circuit, and leakage power) without performance loss for ultra-low power CMOS circuits in nanometer technologies. We present a framework for combining supply/threshold voltage scaling, gate sizing, and interconnect scaling techniques for power optimization and propose an efficient heuristic algorithm which ensures that the total slack budget is maximal and the total power is minimal in the presence of back end (post-layout-based) UDSM effects. We have tested the proposed algorithms on a set of benchmark circuits and some building blocks of a synthesizable ARM core. The experimental results show that our polynomial-time solvable strategy delivers over an order of magnitude savings in total power without compromising performance.
Demonstration of a Software Package for the Reconstruction of the Dynamically Changing Structure of the Human Heart from Cone Beam X-Ray Projections*

The Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR) is a device constructed at the Biodynamics Research Unit of the Mayo Clinic for (among other things) the visualization of the beating heart inside the intact thorax. The device consists of 28 rotating X-ray sources arranged on a circular arc at 6 degrees intervals (total span 162 degrees) and a matching set of 28 imaging systems. The whole thorax of the patient is projected onto the two-dimensional screen of the imaging systems by cone beams of X rays from the sources. All of the X-ray sources are switched on and off within a total period of 10 milliseconds. The Medical Image Processing Group at the State University of New York at Buffalo has developed a software package for the design and evaluation of algorithms to be used by the DSR. In this paper we illustrate the operation of the package and a particular algorithm for the reconstruction of the dynamically changing structure of the heart from data collected by the DSR.
Aggression in Tropical Orb-weaving Spiders a Quest for Food?

This study examines factors that influence aggression between orb-weaving spiders in Panama. As a measure of a spider's tendency to invade, I randomly released 24 marked spiders near occupied webs. To assess aggression, I staged 150 interactions using 80 intruders of two species and 73 occupants of 12 species. Aggression was measured using a composite index resulting in a single measure for each combatant and each interaction. As anticipated, occupant and intruder aggression (measured by the aggressive index) were highly correlated. Surprisingly, no other variables were able to explain the remaining variation in either measure. Intruder prey deprivation, the presence or absence of prey at the beginning of the encounter and the presence or absence of mid-sequence prey were each related to contest length. This relationship, between contest length and prey, indicates that prey are important in determining the combatants' persistence and suggests the existence of complex interrelationships between aggression and measures of prey availability.