cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ICE SHEET ELEVATION MAPPING AND CHANGE DETECTION WITH THE ICE, CLOUD AND LAND ELEVATION SATELLITE-2

Abstract. On September 15, 2018, ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation satellite) was successfully launched to measure ice sheet and glacier elevation change, sea ice freeboard, and vegetation. This paper describes the computation of surface elevation change rates obtained with SERAC (Surface Elevation Reconstruction And Change detection) from ICESat-2 observations. After summarizing some relevant aspects of ICESat-2 and its sole instrument ATLAS (Advanced Topographic Laser Altimetry System) the paper focuses on how we calculate time series of elevation change rates from ICESat-2’s data product ATL03. Since real ICESat-2 data suitable for generating time series of several time epochs are not yet available, we used simulated data for this study. We will start generating time series from real ICESat-2 data after the conclusion of the ongoing calibration and validation phase and we expect to present real-world examples at the WG III/9 meeting in June, 2019 in Enschede, The Netherlands.
Does Intra-household Contagion Cause an Increase in Prescription Opioid Use?:

Opioid use claims many thousands of lives each year. This article considers the diffusion of prescription opioid (PO) use within family households as one potential culprit of the proliferation of t...
Troubling Practice: Exploring the Relationship between Whiteness and Practice-Based Teacher Education in Considering a Raciolinguicized Teacher Subjectivity.

In this essay, we argue that teacher education is increasingly marginalizing the relevance of teacher subjectivity and recentering Whiteness, especially in its uptake of practice-based teacher educ...
Practice of Zero Discharge Project for Desulfurization Wastewater of 1000MW Coal-fired Unit

The technological process, technical parameters, operation cost and effect of zero discharge project for desulphurization wastewater of 1000MW coal-fired unit in East China are analyzed. The project mainly adopts the process of softening pretreatment, membrane concentration and evaporation crystallization, the direct cost of per ton water treatment is about ￥35.3, and the final product is high purity industrial salt. This technology fully realize the zero discharge requirement of desulphurization wastewater, and has good envir(can )tal and economic benefits.
School-Based Mentoring for Middle Schoolers

School-based mentoring programs are plentiful in number; however, studies measuring the impact of school-based mentoring for students with disabilities are limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mentoring on the academic and social emotional skills of middle school students with documented disabilities, as well as the impact of the mentor-mentee relationship on college-student mentors. The mentoring program paired four college education majors with four middle school males with documented disabilities who were identified by their teacher as needing assistance with academic and socio-emotional skills. A mixed-methods study was used to conduct an in-depth investigation of the impact of the mentor partnership. Data collection methods included (1) mentor and mentee surveys, (2) observations of mentor-mentee activities, (3) interviews with a science teacher and special education teacher, and (4) science grades. Results from the study support the positive impact that mentoring can have on both academic and social-emotional development of middle school students with documented disabilities.
Firibastat: An Oral First-in-Class Brain Aminopeptidase A Inhibitor for Systemic Hypertension.

Systemic hypertension is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The management of hypertension is challenging in the high-risk patient population with high salt-sensitivity and low serum renin levels. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a central role in blood pressure (BP) regulation. While we have effective medications to act on peripheral RAS, our understanding of brain RAS and its effect on BP regulation is still in an evolving stage. Brain RAS hyperactivity is associated with the development and maintenance of hypertension. In comparison to peripheral RAS, where angiotensin II (Ang II) is the most crucial component responsible for BP regulation, angiotensin III (Ang III) is likely the main active peptide in the brain RAS. Ang II is metabolized by aminopeptidase A (APA) into Ang III in the brain. EC33 is a potent inhibitor of brain APA tested in animal models. The use of EC33 in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats, hypertensive deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt rats, and conscious normotensive rat models leads to a reduction in BP. In order to facilitate the passage of EC33 through the blood-brain barrier, the two molecules of EC33 were linked by a disulfide bridge to form a prodrug called RB150. RB150, later renamed as QGC001 or firibastat, was found to be effective in animal models and well-tolerated when used in healthy participants. Firibastat was found to be safe and effective in phase 2 trials, and is now planned to undergo a phase 3 trial. Firibastat has the potential to be groundbreaking in the management of resistant hypertension.
Characterization of Organoid Cultures to Study the Effects of Pregnancy Hormones on the Epigenome and Transcriptional Output of Mammary Epithelial Cells

The use of mouse derived mammary organoids can provide a unique strategy to study mammary gland development across a normal life cycle, as well as offering insights into how malignancies form and progress. Substantial cellular and epigenomic changes are triggered in response to pregnancy hormones, a reaction that engages molecular and cellular changes that transform the mammary epithelial cells into "milk producing machines". Such epigenomic alterations remain stable in post-involution mammary epithelial cells and control the reactivation of gene transcription in response to re-exposure to pregnancy hormones. Thus, a system that tightly controls exposure to pregnancy hormones, epigenomic alterations, and activation of transcription will allow for a better understanding of such molecular switches. Here, we describe the characterization of ex vivo cultures to mimic the response of mammary organoid cultures to pregnancy hormones and to understand gene regulation and epigenomic reprogramming on consecutive hormone exposure. Our findings suggest that this system yields similar epigenetic modifications to those reported in vivo, thus representing a suitable model to closely track epigenomic rearrangement and define unknown players of pregnancy-induced development.
Reliability of the PERFECT scheme assessed by unidigital and bidigital vaginal palpation.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the PERFECT scheme assessed by uni- and bidigital vaginal palpation in young nulligravid women. Forty healthy women [median age 22 (19–34) years] were evaluated by unidigital vaginal palpation by both Examiners A and C, while the other 40 participants [median age 23.5 (19–35) years] were assessed by Examiners B and C by bidigital vaginal palpation. Inter- and intra-rater reliability of all items of the PERFECT scheme were evaluated: P = power (Modified Oxford Scale); E = endurance; R = repetitions; F = fast contractions. Cohenʼs linear weighted kappa (κw) was used to assess the reliability of the power, while the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was applied for the other items. A priori sample size calculation found that 40 participants would be adequate. Inter-rater reliability of unidigital palpation was considered fair for power (κw = 0.34) and poor for other items (ICC < 0.50); bidigital inter-rater reliability was considered moderate (power: κw = 0.57; endurance: ICC = 0.53; fast contractions: ICC = 0.65, respectively) and low (repetitions: ICC = 0.27). Intra-rater reliability was substantial for power (κw = 0.73 and 0.62), moderate for fast contractions (ICC = 0.63 and 0.51) and poor for repetitions (ICC < 0.50), respectively, for uni- and bidigital palpation. Endurance showed poor (ICC < 0.50) and moderate (ICC = 0.61) reliability for uni- and bidigital palpation. The PERFECT scheme carried out by bidigital vaginal palpation presents higher reliability when two examiners carry out the physical examination. When one examiner is responsible for PFM assessment, both types of palpation are recommended for evaluation of power and fast contraction; endurance should be evaluated using bidigital palpation. Examiners should be careful during the assessment of repetition of sustained contractions because inter- and intra-reliabilities for both types of palpation were classified as poor.
Helping as a Means to Empower or Create Reliance: Hierarchical Motivations Predict Helping Behaviors

Prosocial organizational behaviors such as interpersonal helping are desirable, as it increases organizational effectiveness and engenders positive outcomes for both the help providers and recipien...
Practice Does Not Make Perfect: The Tireless Pursuit of Achieving Perfect Sleep.

Objective: Perfectionism is consistently identified as a predisposing and perpetuating factor for a wide range of mental health conditions and disorders. Given the unique cognitive, emotional, and physiological characteristics associated with perfectionism, perfection could have serious implications for a critical health behavior—our sleep. The current study examines the links between perfectionism and sleep health with the goal of identifying potential sleep-related beliefs as underlying mechanisms. Methods: Participants were 417 undergraduate students at a large, public university in the mid-Atlantic United States. Participants completed a one-time online survey with the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised, the Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep Scale, Perceived Competence Scale about their sleep, and the RU SATED sleep health scale. Results: A two-step structural equation modeling strategy was used. Greater perfectionism discrepancies predicted greater dysfunctional beliefs about sleep (β = 0.45) and worse perceived sleep competence (β = −0.33). Moreover, greater dysfunctional beliefs and worse perceived sleep competence predicted worse sleep health (β = −0.23 and 0.59, respectively). Dysfunctional beliefs and perceived sleep competence significantly mediated the effect of maladaptive perfectionism on sleep health (β = −0.302). Discussion: Dysfunctional beliefs and sleep competence emerged as mechanisms through which maladaptive perfectionism may function as a barrier to healthy sleep. Although prior research positions perfectionism as a primary correlate of poor sleep, the current study identifies the role of beliefs about sleep as the pathway from perfectionism to poorer sleep health. The results highlight the importance of addressing both maladaptive beliefs about sleep as well as beliefs about one’s own sleep competency with undergraduate students with higher maladaptive perfectionism.
Synergistic roles of homeodomain proteins UNC-62 homothorax and MLS-2 HMX/NKX in the specification of olfactory neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans

General identity of the Caenorhabditis elegans AWC olfactory neuron pair is specified by the OTX/OTD transcription factor CEH-36 and the HMG-box transcription factor SOX-2, followed by asymmetrical differentiation of the pair into two distinct subtypes, default AWCOFF and induced AWCON, through a stochastic signaling event. The HMX/NKX transcription factor MLS-2 regulates the expression of ceh-36 to specify general AWC identity. However, general AWC identity is lost in only one of the two AWC cells in the majority of mls-2 null mutants displaying defective general AWC identity, suggesting that additional transcription factors have a partially overlapping role with MLS-2 in the specification of general AWC identity. Here, we identify a role of unc-62, encoding a homothorax/Meis/TALE homeodomain protein, in the specification of general AWC identity. As in mls-2 null mutants, unc-62 null mutants showed an incomplete penetrance in loss of general AWC identity. However, unc-62; mls-2 double mutants display a nearly complete penetrance of identity loss in both AWC cells. Thus, unc-62 and mls-2 have a partially overlapping function in the specification of general AWC identity. Furthermore, our genetic results suggest that mls-2 and unc-62 act cell autonomously in promoting the AWCON subtype. Together, our findings reveal the sequential roles of the unc-62 and mls-2 pair in AWC development, specification of general AWC identity in early embryogenesis, and asymmetric differentiation of AWC subtypes in late embryogenesis.
Terrorism, Crime, and Public Policy: A Brief History of Terrorism

This chapter provides a historical context for the book, showing how terrorism has changed over three major periods: from its origins to the mid-twentieth century, the latter half of the twentieth century, and the emerging post-9/11 era. While the essential nature of terrorism has remained unchanged, many of its manifestations have mutated and adapted in response to some of the same circumstances that have induced and discouraged it. Early Forms of Terrorism: Babylon and Rome, Asia, Europe, and America Much of the world has become preoccupied with terrorism since September 11, 2001, but the terror dragon has in fact been marauding the planet for many centuries. Let us look at some of the more prominent episodes of terrorism over the past three millennia. Ancient Era . Acts of violence consistent with most definitions of terrorism are about as old as crime and war. Before the creation of sovereign nation-states, battles among men in defense of their tribes and territories, or to conquer others, often crossed the line to inflict damage on noncombatant populations. Among the earliest recorded such acts were those associated with the conquest of the kingdom of Judah and destruction of temples in Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, ruler of Babylon, in the sixth century bce (before the Common Era, pre-Christ). The assassinations of Roman emperors – Julius Caesar in 44 bce, Caligula in 41 ce , Galba in 68 ce , Domitian in 96 ce , Commodus in 193 ce , and others – are often cited as other examples of early acts of terrorism.
The First Decade of Biologic TNF Antagonists in Clinical Practice: Lessons Learned, Unresolved Issues and Future Directions

Results from clinical trials of biologic anti-TNF drugs performed in the late 1990s confirmed the biological relevance of TNF function in the pathogenesis of chronic noninfectious inflammation of joints, skin and gut, which collectively affects 2-3% of the population. Up to April 2009, more than two million patients worldwide have received the first marketed drugs, namely the monoclonal anti-TNF antibodies infliximab and adalimumab and the soluble TNF receptor etanercept. All three are equally effective in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, but, for not clearly defined reasons, only the monoclonal antibodies are effective in inflammatory bowel disease. About 60% of patients who do not benefit from standard nonbiologic treatments for these diseases respond to TNF antagonists. Less than half of responding patients achieve complete remission of disease. Importantly, some of those patients with rheumatoid arthritis in whom long-term anti-TNF therapy induced disease remission remain disease-free after discontinuation of any kind of treatment. There are not yet reliable predictors of which patients will or will not respond on anti-TNF therapy, whereas subsequent loss of an initial clinical response occurs frequently. The spectrum of efficacy anti-TNF therapies widens to include diseases such as systemic vasculitis and sight-threatening uveitis. While paradoxical new adverse effects are recognized, i.e. exacerbation or development of new onset psoriasis, reactivation of latent tuberculosis remains the most important safety issue of anti-TNF therapies. Clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements on the criteria of introduction, duration of treatment and cessation of TNF antagonists, including safety issues, are under constant revision as data from longer periods of patient exposure accumulate. It is hoped that more efficacious drugs that will ideally target the deleterious proinflammatory properties of TNF without compromising its protective role in host defense and (auto)immunity will be available in the near future.
Evaluation of the sampling plan used in collecting data for a study of LDL subclass pattern

The genetic epidemiologic study of coronary heart disease conducted by a group in the Donner Laboratory used survey and ad hoc sampling plans, resulting in a random and an ad hoc sample of families, respectively. These two samples were used to evaluate the ad hoc sampling plan used in that study. Following the description of data collection, we adjusted for ascertainment, but still found that the aggregation patterns of many lipoproteins in the ad hoc sample were different from those in the random sample
Heisenberg ring consisting of a prime number of atoms

Abstract In this work it will be shown that the dimensionality of the eigenvalue problem of a Heisenberg s = 1 2 ring with a prime number N of atoms can be reduced by a factor of N . This makes small systems such as N = 5 and 7 particularly easy to solve analytically for the case of nearest-neighbor interactions, without the use of Bethe's ansatz, as well as for the general case of couplings beyond nearest neighbors. Exact expressions are given for both the magnon dispersion relations and the eigenvectors.
Principles of Rehabilitation

The number of adolescent athletes competing in organized sports has significantly increased over the past several years, thus causing a rise in sport-related injuries. Adolescents are specializing in sports at an earlier age and, in some cases, performing excessive and repetitive training that often leads to overuse injuries. Sport is the number one cause of injuries in 5–17-yr-old children (1). Many sports-related injuries do not receive proper rehabilitation. Adolescents may return to sports training and/or competition too quickly after an injury. This often causes a recurrence of the injury and/or the development of a new injury. Therefore, a comprehensive rehabilitation program to successfully manage an injury is extremely important to ensure the safe return to sport and/or competition. Appropriate rehabilitation and education of athletes, parents, and coaches are essential components in assisting the young athlete’s recovery. In addition, the rehabilitation program should include the athlete’s personal goals.
Nonverbal Assessment of Personality and Psychopathology

In this chapter, the author describes nonverbal test methodologies for the assessment of personality and psychopathology, some of which date back to the beginning of personality assessment in psychology. Methods include drawing techniques, object placement and play techniques, and self-rating and self-report techniques. While adding a potentially valuable set of tools to assessment, these methods have some substantial strengths and weaknesses. For example, the Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (Paunonen and Jackson 1998) offers the strength of fully adequate psychometric properties while demonstrating good cross-cultural transferability, without the need for item translations. In contrast, no current system of scoring and interpreting human figure drawings appears to have adequate reliability and validity for personality assessment, and it appears difficult to justify continued use of projective drawing measures for any clinical or educational decision-making purposes. Research on nonverbal methods demonstrates that nonverbal techniques can be constructed to tap conventional constructs, like big five personality traits, and constructs that are not easily accessible with traditional verbal methodologies, like family relations, cohesiveness, and hierarchy. While the last two decades have seen a pronounced swing toward direct, face-valid, objective, and explicit assessment methods, nonverbal methods offer alternative methods that are less direct and more implicit. Moreover, nonverbal assessment methodologies are somewhat less obvious in their targeted constructs, thereby being less susceptible to the effects of examinee dissimulation and impression management.
Side lobe reduction in uniformly excited linear arrays

Uniformly excited, equally-spaced linear arrays do not provide side lobe levels below − 13.3 dB, and thus are less desirable in applications requiring lower side lobe levels. We present an efficient method for side lobe reduction in these arrays with little penalty on the directivity. The method involves the following steps: construction of a periodic function containing only the side lobes of the uniformly excited array, calculation of the Fourier series of this periodic function, and subtracting the series from the array factor of the original uniformly excited array after it is truncated. It is shown that such newly formed arrays can provide side lobe levels about 10 dB below those of the corresponding uniformly excited arrays, at the cost of nearly 0.5 dB drop in directivity.
Effect of overexpression of human Cu/Zn-SOD on activation-induced lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis

Abstract The process of lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis is known to be linked to oxidative stress. In the present study, we have used a new transgenic mouse model to investigate the effect of human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) overexpression on activation-induced lymphocytes proliferation and apoptosis. Cu/Zn-SOD activity was 3.5-fold higher in the spleen of the transgenic mice overexpressing Cu/Zn-SOD (Tg-Cu/Zn-SOD) compared to the wild-type littermates. Proliferative response of lymphocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Concanavalin A (Con A), and anti-CD3 was measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Activation-induced apoptosis was determined by incubating the T cells with anti-CD3 (primary stimulus) for 72 h, followed by restimulation with Con A (secondary stimulus) for various times. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring DNA fragmentation using a spectrofluorimetric assay and monitoring the expression of the specific apoptotic markers (Fas/CD95 receptor and Fas/CD95 ligand (Fas-L) using flow cytometry. There was no significant difference in proliferative response of lymphocytes to LPS, Con A, or anti-CD3 in transgenic mice overexpressing human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Tg-Cu/Zn-SOD) compared to wild-type littermates. In addition, no significant difference was observed in lymphocyte populations and subsets between Tg-Cu/Zn-SOD mice and wild-type littermates. However, splenic T cells from Tg-Cu/Zn-SOD mice exhibited a significantly (p
Fine structural, G-6-PD isoenzyme, and HaLV gs antigen studies of poly I/C and antiestrogen treated DES-induced hamster renal tumors.

Abstract Poly I C an interferon inducer with secondary antiviral action and antiestrogens ICI 46,474 and U- 11,100 A were given to hamsters carrying DES-induced and dependent renal tumors. Both promoted a reversal in the G- 6 -PD isoenzyme pattern to that pattern observed in non-tumours adjacent kidney tissue and normal non DES-treated kidney. Poly I C reduced the expression of HaLV gs antigen. Cytological changes in the DES-dependent tumors resulted from treatment by Poly I C and antiestrogens. Growth of DES-independent tumors was not inhibited following Poly I C treatment.
Antagonism of GABAergic transmission within the septum disrupts working/episodic memory in the rat.

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats, trained to perform a standard or delayed-non-match-to-sample radial arm maze task, were implanted with a single cannula aimed at the medial septal nucleus. A within-subjects design was utilized to examine the effects of intraseptal administration of the GABAergic antagonist bicuculline on performance of these tasks. Bicuculline (0−0.5μg/0.5μl) infusion produced dose-dependent impairments when administered prior to performance of a standard radial arm maze task. Post-training infusion of bicuculline (0−0.25μg/0.5μl) also induced dose-dependent impairments in the delayed version (4 h) of the task. Further testing indicated that post-training administration of a low dose of bicuculline (0.05 μg) in the delayed version of the task induced a deficit at a 4-h, but not a 1-h, retention interval. The latter indicates that the impairment varied as a function of bicuculline dose and increasing task difficulty (longer retention intervals). Previous observations indicated that post-training administration of the GABAergic agonist muscimol and the antagonist bicuculline could induce deficits in the performance of the delayed task. The present findings demonstrate that intraseptal bicuculline treatment can disrupt ongoing radial maze performance, as well as the maintenance and/or retrieval of memories necessary for performance of the delayed version of the task. These findings suggest that either activation or blockade of intraseptal GABA receptors is sufficient to disrupt working/episodic memory processes. The role of septum and septohippocampal pathway in working/episodic memory is discussed.
Particle decays and CPT non-invariance in cosmology

Abstract The effect of the expansion of the universe upon the rate of decay of a massive scalar particle is investigated. In the limit of weak coupling to the spacetime curvature, an expression is given for the average decay rate of such a particle. It is shown that in general this process is not CPT invariant. Several explicit models for the expansion are considered, and the application of the results to the early universe is discussed.
Rank and chromatic number of a graph

It was proved (A. Kotlov and L. Lovasz, The rank and size of graphs, J. Graph Theory23(1996), 185–189) that the number of vertices in a twin-free graph is where r is the rank of the adjacency matrix. This bound was shown to be tight. We show that the chromatic number of a graph is where $\Delta = 4/3 < \sqrt{2}$. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 26: 1–8, 1997
KEEPING U.S. COMPANIES PRODUCTIVE

U.S. companies can improve productivity and surpass foreign competition. Here are some questions and answers that offer insights and creative approaches.
Communicative competence as perceived by adults with severe speech impairments associated with cerebral palsy

The effects of aided message length (single-word vs. phrase-generated messages) and partner feedback (presence vs. absence of expanded message repetitions) on perceptions of the communicative competence of an adult augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system user were examined. Subjects consisted of 12 nonambulatory adults with severe speech impairments associated with cerebral palsy. Four scripted videotaped conversational conditions involving the AAC system user and a typically speaking partner were employed to manipulate the two independent variables. A balanced incomplete block design was used. Following each viewing, subjects completed a questionnaire designed to assess the communicative competence of the AAC system user. Results indicated that neither independent variable had an impact on the subjects' ratings of communicative competence. Findings are compared with those from an earlier investigation, and clinical implications are discussed.
Receptors for insulin and epidermal growth factor-urogastrone in adult human fibroblasts do not change with donor age.

Abstract The ligand binding and biological responsiveness of cultured fibroblast monolayers were measured for porcine insulin and for murine epidermal growth factor-urogastrone in skin fibroblast cultures derived from young (22 to 31 years) and old (65 to 80 years) normal male volunteer donors. The receptor characteristics of the cells studied from the two groups of donors were not found to differ. In contrast with previous data, suggesting that there may be a genetically programmed aging of the insulin binding system, it is concluded that for both insulin and epidermal growth factor, receptor characteristics do not change with adult donor age.
Red lights, camera, photoactivation!

Two groups present new photoactivatable fluorescent proteins that will be useful for super-resolution fluorescence microscopy.
Multi-undulator beam line V at SSRL: A progress report

Abstract A progress report is given on the implementation of Multi-Undulator Beam Line V at SSRL, also known as Beam Line Wunder. The beam line has been designed to exploit insertion device technology in the spectral range from 10 to 1000 eV. Aspects of the multi-undulator, the Locust monochromator, and the experimental areas are described.
The Use of Office-Based Sedation and General Anesthesia by Board Certified Pediatric Dentists Practicing in the United States

The purpose of this study is to explore the use of office-based sedation by board-certified pediatric dentists practicing in the United States. Pediatric dentists have traditionally relied upon self-administered sedation techniques to provide office-based sedation. The use of dentist anesthesiologists to provide office-based sedation is an emerging trend. This study examines and compares these two models of office-based sedations. A survey evaluating office-based sedation of diplomates of the American Board of Pediatric Dentistry (ABPD) based on gender, age, years in practice, practice types, regions, and years as a diplomate of the ABPD was completed by 494 active members. The results were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Relationships of dentist age, gender, and number of years in practice with the use of intravenous (IV) sedation was completed using two-way contingency tables and Mantel-Haenszel tests for ordered categorical data. Relationships of office-based sedation use and the type of one's practice were examined using Pearson chi-square tests. Of the 1917 surveys e-mailed, 494 completed the survey for a response rate of 26%. Over 70% of board-certified US pediatric dentists use some form of sedation in their offices. Less than 20% administer IV sedation, 20 to 40% use a dentist anesthesiologist, and 60 to 70% would use dentist anesthesiologists if one were available.
Hierarchical availability analysis of multi-tiered Web applications

Multi-tiered Web applications must offer their services with superior availability in order to encourage customers to choose online services over the traditional brick-and-mortar options. A systematic, quantitative analysis is the first step in ensuring that multi-tiered Web applications meet their high availability expectations. This paper proposes a hierarchical, model-based methodology to assess the availability of multi-tiered Web applications. The hierarchical approach partitions the analysis into three levels, which allows a systematic consideration of several factors that are relevant to application availability without encountering the issues of model complexity and intractability. We illustrate the approach via experimentation using the TPC-W benchmark. We also demonstrate how the approach could be used to guide resource provisioning decisions.
Endoscopic Management of Intraluminal Ureteral Endometriosis

Objective To present the largest experience on the ureteroscopic management of ureteral obstruction secondary to intraluminal endometrial implantation. Materials and Methods We retrospectively evaluated patients who underwent ureteroscopic management of intraluminal endometriosis from 1996 to 2012. All patients were diagnosed with ureteroscopic biopsy and underwent at least 1 ureteroscopic ablation with a holmium YAG (Ho:Yag) laser. Patients were monitored for evidence of disease persistence, recurrence, or progression with computed tomography, sonography, renal scan, ureteroscopy, and retrograde urography. Success was defined as the complete eradication of ureteral endometriosis, resolution of symptoms, and maintenance of renal function. Results Five patients were identified. Mean age was 37.5 years. All patients had hydroureteronephrosis at presentation whereas 2 had severely impaired renal function. Three patients were successfully treated with a single ablative procedure, whereas 2 had persistent symptomatic hydroureteronephrosis and underwent repeat ablation. Of those requiring repeat ablation, 1 became disease-free after the second ablation, whereas the other had persistence of disease, requiring nephroureterectomy. Three patients developed ureteral strictures, requiring balloon dilation and serial stent exchanges. At a median follow-up of 35 months (16-84), overall success rate was observed in 4 of 5 patients (80%). Conclusion Endometriosis affects approximately 15% of premenopausal women and can present anywhere along the urinary tract including the ureters, which might result in urinary obstruction and impaired renal function. Although surgical resection is the conventional treatment option for intraluminal endometriosis, ureteroscopic management is a viable nephron-sparing alternative. Follow-up imaging, including ureteroscopic surveillance and retrograde urography is recommended to detect disease recurrence or progression, or both.
Determinants of reluctance to perform CPR among residents and applicants: the impact of experience on helping behavior.

Abstract Background: Though mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (MMR) is widely endorsed as a useful lifesaving technique, studies have shown that health care professionals are reluctant to perform it. To characterize the circumstances which facilitate this reluctance among physicians, we have surveyed current and future residency trainees regarding attitudes toward providing ventilation by this method to strangers experiencing arrest in the community. Methods: A total of 280 categorical emergency medicine (EM) and internal medicine (IM) house officers and respective program applicants at a 655 bed Brooklyn, New York teaching hospital were anonymously surveyed regarding their willingness to attempt resuscitation in five hypothetical scenarios of cardiopulmonary arrest. Results: A direct relationship was observed between residency training level and reluctance to perform MMR in each scenario. Applicants expressed greater overall willingness to perform MMR than all residents (56 versus 34%, P P =0.01). EM and IM physicians were statistically indifferent in their responses. There were no differences in willingness to perform MMR by age in MD applicant or resident groups. Conclusions: Many physicians and future doctors are reluctant to perform MMR on arrest victims in the community, a trend that increases in prevalence among those with more residency training. These data support the hypothesis that diminished helping behavior occurs gradually over the training period and may occur as a direct consequence of the training experience. A model for characterizing the elements that make up a rescuer's decision process is proposed.
Mutual knowledge and the psychology of conversational inference

Abstract This paper examines the role of mutual knowledge in a psychological theory of conversational inference. Contrary to recent proposals, I argue that speakers and listeners must coordinate what they mutually know in order to comprehend utterances. Mutual knowledge is not only a result of comprehension, but it is a prerequisite for it as well. I review recent arguments on this issue and outline why mutual knowledge is necessary for listeners to draw the right inferences from what is said in conversation. This is especially important if a theory of conversational inference is to meet the criteria of a psychologically real model of human languange behavior.
Gender equity in televised sports: A comparative analysis of men's and women's NCAA division I basketball championship broadcasts, 1991–1995

This study compares the variety and frequency of camera shots and graphics in broadcasts of men's and women's NCAA Division I championship basketball games from 1991 to 1995. Hypotheses predict that broadcasts of women's games—in comparison to broadcasts of men's games—employ fewer camera shots and graphics, use camera shots and graphics of longer duration, and consume significantly less broadcast time. The data partially confirms the first two hypotheses but rejects the third.
What we know about offenders who drive under the influence: analysis of court case file reviews

This paper presents findings from a quantitative study about alcohol-impaired drivers in Utah. The University of Utah's Social Research Institute conducted a retrospective case file evaluation about the adjudication and sanctioning phases associated with driving under the influence (DUI) to determine Utah's response to DUI crime from arrest forward. Although Utah driver's license and court systems are on the cutting edge of dealing with DUI offenders, we found a variety of limitations for analysis due to data collection and entry. Therefore, it is difficult to develop a thorough understanding about the process of dealing with DUI offenders and the effectiveness of court actions and treatments. The purpose of this paper is to provide recommendations about how to ensure more accurate data collection about impaired drivers.
Stable isotopic studies on chitin. III. The D/H and 18O/16O ratios in arthropod chitin

Abstract Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios are presented for carbon-bound hydrogen and for oxygen in chitin-derived substrates from 57 arthropod species collected in 50 different locations or grown under controlled conditions in the laboratory. No systematic isotopic differences were found among Insecta, Crustacea, and Merostomata. The determination of infra- and interindividual isotopic variabilities in a lobster and among individuals of crustacean populations yielded small variances of about ±3 per mil for δD values and ±0.3 per mil for δ18O values. Molting stage and sex of crustaceans showed no systematic effects on isotopic composition. The δD and δ18O values of ambient water showed only weak correlations with the respective δ values of chitin-derived substrates. Positive correlation was observed between δD values and trophic level. No temperature effects on δ18O and δD values from marine crustaceans were found that exceed the natural isotopic noise level. Taken together, these observations indicate that reconstruction of water isotopic composition from arthropod chitin δD and δ18O values will require specific information about the habits and habitats of the species involved in the analysis.
Accretion Rates and Efficiency of Amino Acid Utilization during the Twenty-nine Days Post-Hatch Period in Male Ducks

The amino acid contents of whole body were determined in male ducks at 5 age intervals from d 1 to 29 post hatch. Whole body homogenates were analyzed of dry matter, nitrogen, and amino acids and used to determine amino acid accretion rates and efficiency of utilization of digestible amino acids for amino acid accretion. During periods d 1 to 8, d 8 to 15, d 15 to 22, and d 22 to 29 post hatch, growth rates of the duck averaged 29, 61, 79, and 92 g/d, respectively. There were rapid increases in rates of amino acid accretion during the periods of d 1 to 8, d 8 to 15, and d 15 to 22 and a leveling off during d 22 to 29 period of growth as shown by the linear (P<0.01) and quadratic (P<0.05) effects for all amino acids except tryptophan (Trp), which showed only a linear (P<0.01) effect. The respective rates of lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) accretion increased from 0.264 and 0.081 g/(d·duck) during d 1 to 8 post-hatch period to 0.883 and 0.269 g/(d·duck) during d 15 to 22 post-hatch period and plateaued at 0.854 and 0.265 g/(d·duck) during d 22 to 29 post-hatch period. Accretion rate for glutamic acid (Glu) was greatest, followed by glycine (Gly), aspartic acid (Asp), leucine (Leu), arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys), alanine (Ala), proline (Pro), and valine (Val) in decreasing order. Trp had the least accretion rate of all the amino acids. The efficiency of digestible amino acid utilization for amino acid accretion was highest from d 2 to 5 post hatch and decreased progressively thereafter with increasing age and body weight. The efficiency of digestible Trp utilization was much lower than any other indispensable amino acid. Digestible Met was utilized with highest efficiency followed by Lys, Val, and threonine (Thr) in decreasing order. Efficiencies of utilization were 0.70, 0.645, 0.667, and 0.630 at 2 to 5 d of age and 0.522, 0.486, 0.465, and 0.436 at 29 d of age for Met, Lys, Val and Thr, respectively.
Nucleic acid and ribosome synthesis by Escherichia coli incubated in 5',5',5'-trifluoroleucine.

Abstract If Escherichia coli leucine auxotrophs are transferred to a medium in which leucine is replaced by 5′,5′,5′-trifluoroleucine, DNA, RNA and protein syntheses stop within a short time. During the period of RNA synthesis 50-S and 30-S ribosomes containing trifluoroleucine are formed. In addition, the 37-S and 30-S precursors of the 50-S ribosome accumulate. RNA synthesis in trifluoroleucine is increased: (1) in an RC rel strain; (2) by a nutritional shift-up in the RC rel , but not in the isogenic RC str strain; and (3) by low concentrations of chloramphenicol in the RC str strain. Also, strain W C8 (Leu − , RC str ) permits equivalent synthesis of RNA in leucine or trifluoroleucine. In all cases of “improved” RNA synthesis, the ribosome precursors persist. Normal macromolecular and ribosome syntheses, thus, are processes which must be achieved during adaptation of E. coli in a chemostat to growth on trifluoroleucine ( O. M. Rennert and H. S. Anker , Biochemistry , 2 (1963) 471).
Opto-electronic immunosensors: a review of optical immunoassay at continuous surfaces.

Abstract Optical techniques for monitoring immunological reactions on continuous surfaces are reviewed. Initially Langmuir-Blodgett film techniques and ellipsometry are discussed, followed by internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS) systems. The latter includes attenuated total reflection (ATR) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF). Finally, light scattering and surface plasmon resonance methods are presented. Overall, it was considered that the IRS systems and ellipsometric approaches offered the most promise for the design of a specific immunosensor device. Of these two, the ellipsometric methods are the most sensitive but also the most vulnerable to non-specific signal interference. Although lacking in extreme sensitivity, the IRS approaches reviewed were more specific in signal generation and were considered to have considerable potential for the future.
Teratogenic effects of short-term and transitory zinc deficiency in rats†

Female rats fed a zinc-deficient diet during pregnancy (days 0 to 21) had impaired reproduction and a high incidence of congenitally malformed young even though they had been fed a normal diet adequate in zinc until the beginning of gestation. With a deficiency from days 0 to 21 of pregnancy 41% of the implantation sites were resorbed, full-term young weighed about half that of controls, and 90% of the fetuses showed gross malformations affecting every organ system. These results were similar to those found previously with females fed a zinc-low diet from weaning. The fetal malformations were specifically due to a maternal dietary deficiency of zinc rather than to reduced food intake since females fed restricted amounts of a zinc-supplemented diet had normal young. Shorter periods of deficiency were also teratogenic. With a deficiency from days 0 to 10 of pregnancy 22% of the young were malformed, and from days 0 to 12, 56% were malformed. When the zinc-deficient regime was imposed from days 6 to 14 of pregnancy almost half of the young were abnormal. Transitory periods of deficiency altered the incidences of the anomalies observed in accordance with the developmental events occurring at the time the deficiency was imposed. The rapid and severe effects of even relatively short periods of zinc deficiency on fetal development suggest that the pregnant rat cannot mobilize zinc from body stores in amounts sufficient to supply the needs of developing fetuses.
South Korean democratization: The role of economic development

(1989). South Korean democratization: The role of economic development. The Pacific Review: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-10.
Modulational development of nonlinear gravity-wave groups

Observations of the development of nonlinear surface gravity-wave groups are presented, and the amplitude and phase modulations are calculated using Hilbert-transform techniques. With increasing propagation distance and wave steepness, the phase modulation develops local phase reversals whose locations correspond to amplitude minima or nodes. The concomitant frequency modulation develops jumps or discontinuities. The observations are compared with recent similar results for wavetrains. The observations are modelled numerically using the cubic nonlinear Schroedinger equation. The motivation is twofold: to examine quantitatively the evolution of phase as well as amplitude modulation, and to test the inviscid predictions for the asymptotic behavior of groups versus long-time observations. Although dissipation rules out the recurrence, there is a long-time coherence of the groups. The phase modulation is found to distinguish between dispersive and soliton behavior.
An equation of state for the hard-sphere chain fluid: theory and Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract We have developed a modified version of the thermodynamic perturbation theory of Wertheim for the hard-sphere chain fluid by incorporating structural information for the diatomic fluid. Using two explicit expressions for the site—site correlation function at contact for the diatomic fluid, we obtained new equations of state for the hard-sphere chain fluid which are accurate at both low and high densities. We also performed Monte Carlo simulations for a bulk hard-sphere chain fluid, and obtained the compressibility factor using the Nezbeda's pressure equation extended to a chain fluid. We found that our results are consistent with the results of Dickman and Hall, but of higher accuracy and cover a wider range of density. By comparing with simulation results, we find that our modified thermodynamic perturbation theory is an accurate and convenient tool which can be useful for more realistic models of chain fluids.
Database and data analysis strategy for multi-designer testchips

A database and data analysis strategy is proposed for multi-designer test chips that involve a wide array of different test structures aimed at process characterization. The database described in this paper has been custom built for the multi-student FLCC testchip that has six contributing students and over 15,000 individually probably transistors/test structures. It has an interface with the Parametric Yield Simulator (PYS) that drives simulation parameters and automatically populates the database with simulation results of each test structure at the specified process conditions. A well-designed database forces structure into measurement and design related data, but includes enough flexibility as to adapt to different types of test structures and experiments. The database is split into four separate sections that store description of test structures, simulated results, experiment results, and process conditions. All data is centrally located and web accessible for easy access from any computer with Internet access. Simulation results can be uploaded from the server running the PYS, experimental results can be uploaded directly from the lab and data can be compared and queried by all users of the database. Data analysis strategies can be compared and reused as queries and data analysis results can be shared among users through the website. Queries can be saved, loaded, rated, and reused, so even novice SQL users can utilize advanced queries. Advanced queries form the basis of a strategy that first identifies good process monitors based on simulation results and then uses them to extract process conditions from electrical measurements via an iterative process. This paper describes strategies that can be used to help facilitate collaboration and hence leverage the benefits of combining multiple sets of test structures from different designers on one chip.