cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A series of murine interleukin molecules which stimulate both murine and human lymphocytes: I. Production by Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) lectin 2 (Pa-2)-stimulated thymus and thymus-derived cells

Abstract Cell-free supernatant fluid, from cultures of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) lectin 2 (Pa-2)-pulsed murine spleen or thymus cells, contains factors which induce cultured lymphocytes to differentiate into IgM-secreting cells (assayed by a reverse plaque technique) and to proliferate (measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine) without the addition of mitogen. The factors in this supernatant fluid responsible for these activities have been designated as lymphocyte stimulating factors (LSF). LSF showed no genetic restrictions related to the major histocompatability complex; LSF made in one strain of mice worked in other strains. Indeed, LSF is not restricted by species barriers; human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also stimulated by murine LSF to proliferate and differentiate into immunoglobulin-secreting cells without further addition of antigen or mitogen. Maximum production of LSF was achieved within 12 hr of culture and was independent of cell division. In contrast to TRF, no further production of LSF was detectable after 24 hr of culture. Unlike T-cell growth factor, this material stimulated increased mitosis of thymic, T, and B lymphocytes without the addition of mitogen or antigen. LSF also stimulated polyclonal B-cell differentiation into IgM-secreting cells. Maximal numbers of immunoglobulin-secreting cells were generated when LSF was added at the initiation of the culture. Indeed, unlike TRF, LSF needed to be present only during the first 6 hr of culture to achieve maximum stimulation, and did not require the presence of antigen. The production of LSF by a T-cell population in the spleen was shown by two independent methods. Spleen cells treated with anti-Thy 1 plus complement failed to produce detectable levels of LSF. On the other hand, purified populations of surface immunoglobulin-negative spleen cells produced LSF. Furthermore, the subset of thymocytes responsible for LSF production was the small population (approximately 10%) of cells in the thymus, which are not agglutinated by peanut agglutinin.
Serum calcium levels in cord sera of the progeny of mothers treated with magnesium sulfate for toxemia of pregnancy

Abstract Data from the analysis of 96 cord sera from the progeny of mothers with toxemia of pregnancy revealed an apparent depression of serum calcium in the cord sera of progeny whose mothers had received massive and prolonged parenteral therapy with magnesium sulfate. In the 2 cases of hypermagnesemia associated with significant findings, the serum calcium was significantly depressed (P
Polarization-independent and flat-gain CW two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier and wavelength converter

We have demonstrated polarization-independent operation of a CW fiber optical parametric amplifier using two orthogonal pumps, with 15 dB of gain over a 20 nm bandwidth. This method is compatible with two-pump dithering to avoid idler broadening, and provides a flat-gain spectrum. Another advantage of using this method, compared with a polarization diversity scheme is that higher gain can be obtained: by using the same total pump power: we obtained 16 dB of signal gain compared to a maximum of 10 dB when using a polarisation diversity scheme. This method will help bring about the realization of practical high-quality fiber OPAs.
Extended CSF cytarabine exposure following intrathecal administration of DTC 101.

PURPOSEThe aims of the present study were to determine ventricular and lumbar CSF pharmacokinetics and the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of DTC 101 (DepoFoam; DepoTech Corp, La Jolla, CA) following intraventricular administration.PATIENTS AND METHODSTwelve patients with neoplastic meningitis were treated with escalating doses of DTC 101. CSF samples were obtained from the right lateral ventricle or from the lumbar subarachnoid space and cytarabine concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.RESULTSTherapeutic ventricular CSF concentrations were maintained for 9 +/- 2 days following administration of a single dose of DTC 101 into the lateral ventricle. Lumbar cytarabine concentrations became equal to those in the ventricle within the first 6 hours after intraventricular injection, and the subsequent decay in concentrations of free and total cytarabine were the same at both sites. Following intralumbar administration, the peak ventricular concentration of free cytarabine was reac...
The Effect of the 150-hour Requirement on New Accountants' Professional Commitment, Ethical Orientation, and Professionalism

Abstract This study examines the professional commitment, ethical orientation, and professionalism of 414 accountants beginning their careers at two Big 5 public accounting firms. After comparing the accountants possessing 5-year degrees with those possessing four-year degrees, we find insufficient evidence to conclude that the 150-hour requirement affects new accountants’ professional commitment, ethical orientation, or professionalism.
Comparative evaluation of casting retention using the ITI solid abutment with six cements.

Abstract:Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the retention of metal copings fabricated to fit on the one-groove, one flat-sided solid titanium abutment using six different cements. Materials and methods: Ten hollow screw 3.8 mm ITI implants were mounted in acrylic resin blocks. A solid titanium abutment was placed on each implant and torqued at 35 Ncm. Prefabricated burn-out caps were placed on the titanium abutment and wax loops added to the occlusal surface to allow for subsequent retention testing. All plastic caps were embedded in phosphate-bonded investment and cast with noble alloy. Castings were inspected for surface irregularities using a stereomicroscope at 10× magnification. The six cements were: 1) eugenol-free zinc oxide (Temp Bond NE); 2) zinc-oxide eugenol (IRM); 3) zinc phosphate (Hy-Bond); 4) resin-modified glass ionomer (Protec Cem); 5) zinc polycarboxylate (Durelon) and 6) 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate resin (Panavia 21). After cementation, implant–abutment–casting assemblies were stored for 24 h in 100% humidity. Samples were subjected to a pull-out test using an Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The load required to de-cement each coping was recorded and mean values for each group calculated. Means and standard deviations of loads at failure were analyzed using ANOVA and a Tukey studentized test. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean values (± SD) of loads in kilograms at failure (n = 10) for the various cements were as follows: Temp Bond 3.18 (± 1.1) (Tukey group D), IRM 9.25 (± 3.83) (Tukey group CD), HY-Bond 10.9 (± 6.52) (Tukey group C), Protec Cem 18.98 (± 6.23) (Tukey group B), Durelon 23.55 (± 4.29) (Tukey group B) and Panavia 21, 36.53 (± 8.1) (Tukey group A). Means with the same letter in the Tukey grouping are not significantly different. Conclusions: The retention values of castings cemented to ITI solid abutments have not been reported in the literature. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the results do not suggest that one cement type is better than another, but they do provide a ranking order of the cements in their ability to retain the castings. This ranking is somehow different than that obtained when the same cements are used on natural teeth. The material and surface characteristics of the implant abutment are likely responsible for this difference. Cement retention values obtained from studies that use teeth as abutments may be misleading when used in cement-retained implant-supported crowns. It is at the clinician's discretion to use a certain type of cement, based on the situation at hand.
Adjuvant systemic therapy for male breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND In the current study, the authors describe the M. D. Anderson experience with adjuvant systemic therapy in male breast carcinoma patients. METHODS A total of 156 men with a diagnosis of breast carcinoma registered and were treated at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1944 and 2001. One hundred thirty-five men had nonmetastatic breast carcinoma at diagnosis and were included in this analysis. Patients' charts were retrospectively reviewed to obtain details of patient characteristics, adjuvant therapy, and outcomes. Analysis was performed with descriptive statistics; the log rank test was used to compare outcomes. RESULTS The median patient age was 59 years (range, 25–80 yrs). Median follow-up was 13.8 years (range, 0.6–32.5 yrs). Sixty percent of patients had tumors 2 cm or smaller. Pathologic lymph node involvement was seen in 55% of patients. Tumors were estrogen receptor-positive in 85% of cases and progesterone receptor-positive in 71%. Chemotherapy was administered to 32 men (84% with adjuvant chemotherapy, 6% with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and 9% with both). Approximately 81% received anthracycline-based regimens; 9% received additional taxanes; and 16% were treated with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). The median number of cycles was 6 (range, 4–14 cycles). Thirty-eight men received adjuvant hormonal therapy (92% received tamoxifen and 8% were treated with other therapy). The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 86% and 75%, respectively, for men with lymph node-negative disease and 70% and 43%, respectively, for men with lymph node-positive disease. For men with lymph node-positive disease, adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a lower risk of death (hazards ratio [HR] of 0.78), although this difference was not statistically significant. Overall survival was significantly better for men who received adjuvant hormonal therapy (HR of 0.45; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This relatively large series of men with breast carcinoma suggests that men benefit from adjuvant systemic therapy for breast carcinoma, with the greatest benefit from adjuvant hormonal therapy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Actin localization in ram spermatozoa: effect of freezing/thawing, capacitation and calcium ionophore-induced acrosomal exocytosis

Abstract We have analyzed, by immunofluorescence, the localization of actin in ram spermatozoa, its colocalization with the actin-binding protein, gelsolin, and the effect of freeze/thawing, in vitro capacitation, and induced acrosomal exocytosis on its distribution. The monoclonal anti-actin and anti-gelsolin antibodies used recognized single bands at 43 000 and 90 000 kDa, respectively. In all spermatozoa, intense actin staining was observed in the whole length of the flagellum and, depending on the protocol used, in the neck and postacrosomal region of the head. Comparison of three staining methods, together with the use of NBD-phallacidin, allowed us to characterize ram sperm actin as a monomeric, intracellular, membrane-associated protein. Gelsolin was also present in ram spermatozoa and precisely colocalized with actin. Processes involving alterations in membrane structure such as freezing/thawing, in vitro capacitation, and calcium ionophore-induced acrosomal exocytosis provoked changes in the exposure of actin to the antibody. This strongly suggests a physical association of this protein to the plasma membrane, most likely by its intracellular side. The possible role of actin in sperm function is discussed.
In utero and lactational exposure of Long-Evans rats to ammonium perchlorate (AP) disrupts ovarian follicle maturation.

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is a powerful oxidizer manufactured almost exclusively for the aerospace industry. AP salts are also used in airbags, flares, fertilizers, enamels and paints. As a result of widespread industrial use, AP has become a persistent environmental contaminant of drinking water in several U.S. states. AP ion disrupts the trapping of iodide as well as facilitates the discharge of unorganified iodide from the thyroid gland. Such disturbances in thyroid hormone concentrations during critical periods of development are then known to cause profound reproductive and developmental defects, since thyroid hormones modulate both follicular development and steroidogenesis and affect estrogen metabolism and receptor. This study was designed (1) to determine whether exposure to a low or high concentration of AP (LAP, HAP) exerts detrimental effects on follicle maturation in the Long-Evans hooded rat and (2) to determine whether the modulatory effects of AP can be ameliorated by levo-thyroxine sodium (T4) supplementation. Animals were treated via deionized drinking water on GD 7-21 with LAP (0.4 mg/kg/day) or HAP (4.0 mg/kg/day). Half of each group was also given T4 supplements via drinking water on GD 7-21. Female pups were sacrificed on postnatal days 24/25, and the ovaries were excised, fixed for histology and analyzed. The analysis included a count, measurement and classification of preantral and antral follicles in the greatest cross-sectional area of the ovary. The results indicated that treatment with the HAP significantly reduced the number of preantral follicles 100,000 microm2 size classes. In ovaries treated with the LAP, we observed no significant decrease in preantral follicles of any size class and only a significant reduction in the largest antral follicles. T4 only circumvented the effect on the number of small preantral and antral follicles; however, a significant diminution in the antral follicle number persisted in the mid-sized (HAP) and large (LAP, HAP)-sized classes. These data support the hypothesis that AP reduces the number of preantral and antral follicles in certain size classes in rats exposed during a critical period of development, and that T4 can attenuate the effects of AP on small preantral and antral follicles, but not on medium or large antral follicles. (T35ES007292 & ES08342.).
First-principles study of cubic Bi pyrochlores

We examined a range of cubic ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{B}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ ($B=\mathrm{Ti}$, Ru, Rh, Ir, Os, and Pt) pyrochlores with density functional theory (DFT) calculations and report the structural parameters along with the electronic structure of the bismuth pyrochlores in their ideal cubic, defect-free structure. We also examined the role of cation displacements within the cubic structure and find that only ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ shows a substantial increase in favorability with Bi cation displacements. For ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, we find an average displacement of $0.38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ for the Bi cation and an energy change of $0.146\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}∕\mathrm{Bi}$ atom. The cation displacement in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ follows the spin-ice rules reported in complex Bi-based pyrochlores, where two-long and two-short bonds are found in each tetrahedron of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. Examination of the electronic structure shows the main driving force in the displacement is the extent of $\mathrm{Bi}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ interactions in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and metallic bismuth pyrochlores. In ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, we observe more overlap of $\mathrm{Bi}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}s$ and $p$ states with $\mathrm{O}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2p$ states, similar to the reported electronic structure of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, PbO, and SnO, which leads to the asymmetric electronic structure around the Bi cation. This asymmetric electron structure is associated with the displacement of cations in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. Our DFT results match the general understanding from experimental studies but underestimate the displacement in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$.
Application of a programmable pocket calculator to a single compartment mathematical model of solute kinetics.

Abstract A single compartment mathematical model has been applied to kinetics of small solutes (urea and creatinine) in dialysis therapy. The model can be described by two equations requiring iterative solution of calculated values, given several measurable variables. The equations have been programmed onto a Hewlett-Packard 65 pocket calculator and recorded on 3 × 1 2 ′' magnetic strips, facilitating clinical application to dialysis therapy.
Methodological Issues and Recommendations on Research with At-Risk Youth across Cultures: A Case Study.

This article examines methodological issues in conducting research with at-risk youth across cultures. A case study is used to illustrate key methodological issues and explores where conventional methodology may not be applicable to cross-cultural research with at-risk youth. Recommendations are made to address some of the methodological challenges.
Transition to turbulence, small disturbances, and sensitivity analysis I: A motivating problem

Abstract For over 100 years, researchers have attempted to predict transition to turbulence in fluid flows by analyzing the spectrum of the linearized Navier–Stokes equations. However, for many simple flows this approach fails to match experimental results. Recently, new scenarios for transition have been proposed that are based on the interaction of the linearized equations of motion with small disturbances to the flow system. These new “mostly linear” theories have increased our understanding of the transition process, but the role of nonlinearity has not been explored in detail. This paper is the first of a two part work in which sensitivity analysis is used to study the effects of small disturbances on transition to turbulence. In this part, we study a highly sensitive one-dimensional Burgers' equation as a motivating problem. Sensitivity analysis is used to predict the large changes in solutions in the presence of a small disturbance. Also, sensitivity analysis is shown to provide more information about the disturbed nonlinear problem than a purely linear analysis of the problem. In the second part of this work, this analysis will be extended to the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations to show that small disturbances have great potential to trigger transition to turbulence.
Physiologic and other effects and compliance with long-term respirator use among medical intensive care unit nurses

Background: Long-term use of respiratory protection may be necessary, but compliance may be low, and physiologic effects have not been well evaluated. Methods: Ten nurses participated; physiologic effects, subjective symptoms, and compliance with wearing an N95 alone or with a surgical mask overlay were assessed. Longitudinal analysis based on multivariate linear regression models assessed changes in outcome variables (CO2 ,O 2, heart rate, perceived comfort items, compliance measures, and others). Analyses compared changes over time, and compared wearing only an N95 to wearing an N95 with a surgical mask overlay. Results: Most nurses (90%, n ¼ 9) tolerated wearing respiratory protection for two 12-hour shifts. CO2 levels increased significantly compared with baseline measures, especially when comparing an N95 with a surgical mask to only an N95, but changes were not clinically relevant. Perceived exertion; perceived shortness of air; and complaints of headache, lightheadedness, and difficulty communicating also increased over time. Almost one-quarter (22%) of respirator removals were due to reported discomfort. N95 adjustments increased over time, but other compliance measures did not vary by time. Compliance increased on day 2, except for adjustments, touching under the N95, and eye touches. Conclusion: Long-term use of respiratory protection did not result in any clinically relevant physiologic burden for health care personnel, although many subjective symptoms were reported. N95 compliance was fairly high. Copyright 2013 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.
Use of sparse matrix techniques in numerical solution of differential equations for renal counterflow systems.

Abstract Mammals concentrate urine by intricate counterflow systems in their kidneys. The mathematical models of such systems involve the numerical solution of a system of differential equations. (A preliminary report of this work was given in Notices of the American Mathematical Society21, A498 (1974).) This leads to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations, that are solved by the Newton-Raphson method. The basic step in the Newton-Raphson method is the repeated solution of a system of linear equations with the Jacobian of the nonlinear equations as the coefficient matrix. It is shown that the zero-nonzero structure of the Jacobian can be predicted from the physical connectivity of the model. We exploit this zero-nonzero structure to permute the Jacobian to a bordered block triangular form, which is then used to compute the correction to the solution vector of the nonlinear equations. For this computation a modified form of partial pivoting is used. Results are given that show the high accuracy of the computed solutions, the optimum use of the internal computer storage, and the fast rate of computation.
Imported Asian swamp eels (Synbranchidae: Monopterus) in North American live food markets: Potential vectors of non-native parasites

Since the 1990s, possibly earlier, large numbers of Asian swamp eels (Synbranchidae: Monopterus spp.), some wild-caught, have been imported live from various countries in Asia and sold in ethnic food markets in cities throughout the USA and parts of Canada. Such markets are the likely introduction pathway of some, perhaps most, of the five known wild populations of Asian swamp eels present in the continental United States. This paper presents results of a pilot study intended to gather baseline data on the occurrence and abundance of internal macroparasites infecting swamp eels imported from Asia to North American retail food markets. These data are important in assessing the potential role that imported swamp eels may play as possible vectors of non-native parasites. Examination of the gastrointestinal tracts and associated tissues of 19 adult-sized swamp eels—identified as M. albus “Clade C”—imported from Vietnam and present in a U.S. retail food market revealed that 18 (95%) contained macroparasites. The 394 individual parasites recovered included a mix of nematodes, acanthocephalans, cestodes, digeneans, and pentastomes. The findings raise concern because of the likelihood that some parasites infecting market swamp eels imported from Asia are themselves Asian taxa, some possibly new to North America. The ecological risk is exacerbated because swamp eels sold in food markets are occasionally retained live by customers and a few reportedly released into the wild. For comparative purposes, M. albus “Clade C” swamp eels from a non-native population in Florida (USA) were also examined and most (84%) were found to be infected with internal macroparasites. The current level of analysis does not allow us to confirm whether these are non-native parasites.
The isolation, characterization, and expression of a novel GDF11 gene and a second myostatin form in zebrafish, Danio rerio.

Abstract In the current study, the first non-mammalian growth/differentiation factor (GDF) 11-like homolog was cloned from zebrafish. At the nucleotide level, zebrafish GDF11 is most similar to human GDF11 (79%), while the peptide is most similar to mouse GDF11 (78%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the zebrafish GDF11 clusters with mammalian GDF11s. This study also cloned a second MSTN form in zebrafish most similar to Salmonid MSTN2 forms. Based on real time PCR, GDF11 is expressed in multiple adult tissues, with levels highest in whole heads and gonads, and expression is less ubiquitous when compared to MSTN expression. During embryonic development, real time PCR demonstrated increasing GDF11 mRNA levels 10 h post-fertilization (hpf), while MSTN mRNA levels remain low until 48 hpf. This is the first report of a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily member in a non-mammalian species that is more closely related to GDF11 than MSTN, and also a second form of MSTN in zebrafish; suggesting that a more complex TGF-β superfamily array exists in primitive vertebrates than previously thought.
Molecular Basis for the Relative Substrate Specificity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Proteases

We have used a random hexamer phage library to delineate similarities and differences between the substrate specificities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) proteases (PRs). Peptide sequences were identified that were specifically cleaved by each protease, as well as sequences cleaved equally well by both enzymes. Based on amino acid distinctions within the P3-P3' region of substrates that appeared to correlate with these cleavage specificities, we prepared a series of synthetic peptides within the framework of a peptide sequence cleaved with essentially the same efficiency by both HIV-1 and FIV PRs, Ac-KSGVF/VVNGLVK-NH(2) (arrow denotes cleavage site). We used the resultant peptide set to assess the influence of specific amino acid substitutions on the cleavage characteristics of the two proteases. The findings show that when Asn is substituted for Val at the P2 position, HIV-1 PR cleaves the substrate at a much greater rate than does FIV PR. Likewise, Glu or Gln substituted for Val at the P2' position also yields peptides specifically susceptible to HIV-1 PR. In contrast, when Ser is substituted for Val at P1', FIV PR cleaves the substrate at a much higher rate than does HIV-1 PR. In addition, Asn or Gln at the P1 position, in combination with an appropriate P3 amino acid, Arg, also strongly favors cleavage by FIV PR over HIV PR. Structural analysis identified several protease residues likely to dictate the observed specificity differences. Interestingly, HIV PR Asp30 (Ile-35 in FIV PR), which influences specificity at the S2 and S2' subsites, and HIV-1 PR Pro-81 and Val-82 (Ile-98 and Gln-99 in FIV PR), which influence specificity at the S1 and S1' subsites, are residues which are often involved in development of drug resistance in HIV-1 protease. The peptide substrate KSGVF/VVNGK, cleaved by both PRs, was used as a template for the design of a reduced amide inhibitor, Ac-GSGVF Psi(CH(2)NH)VVNGL-NH(2.) This compound inhibited both FIV and HIV-1 PRs with approximately equal efficiency. These findings establish a molecular basis for distinctions in substrate specificity between human and feline lentivirus PRs and offer a framework for development of efficient broad-based inhibitors.
Antagonism of dextro-propoxyphene poisoning in albino mice with nalorphine HCL, levallorphan tartrate, and methylene blue

The intraperitoneal administration of d -propoxyphene HCL to albino mice at a dosage level of 200 mg./Kg. was lethal to all 80 controls. The prophylactic subcutaneous administration of either nalorphine HCL, levallorphan tartrate, or methylene blue produced a significant increase in the number of survivors and also increased significantly the mean survival time of the remainder. Methylene blue in combination with nalorphine HCL potentiated the protective effect of nalorphine HCL, while the dye in combination with levallorphan tartrate reduced the antidotal effectiveness of the latter. Neither malachite green oxalate nor quinacrine dihydrochloride was able to produce significant protection against lethal doses of d -propoxyphene.
Blunt trauma-induced bilateral chylothorax

This report describes the case of a man who presented in a delayed manner after blunt trauma with bilateral chylothoraces, a rare result of trauma. He presented with shortness of breath and chest pain. A diagnostic workup resulted in the determination of traumatic chylothorax. His course in the hospital identified a disruption at a level of the 5th thoracic vertebra. No surgical ligation was required because his leak spontaneously sealed after conservative measures. The anatomy, physiology, mechanisms, and management of this injury are discussed.
Optimal analysis of gas cooler and intercooler for two-stage CO2 trans-critical refrigeration system

Energy-based 1st law and exergy-based 2nd law are both employed in the paper to assess the optimal design of gas cooler and intercooler for two-stage CO2 refrigeration system. A simplified mathematical model of the air-cooled coil is presented and validated against experimental data with good accuracy. The optimum circuit length under the influence of frontal air velocity and deep rows is investigated first. Thereafter, designed coil with optimum circuit length is further evaluated within the two-stage refrigeration system. It is found out the optimum point using 1st law does not coincide with the point using 2nd law in isolated component and the simulation results from isolated component by 2nd law are closer to system analysis. Results show optimum circuit length is much bigger for gas cooler than intercooler and the influence on the length from variation of frontal air velocity and deep rows may be neglected. There does exist optimum frontal air velocity which will decrease with more number of deep rows.
A Large-Scale Model Developed for Predicting the Corroding Conditions of a Carrier Pipe in a Casing

The corroding conditions of a cased carrier pipe segment are difficult to measure in the field. It is hard to know whether or how well the cased pipe segment is cathodically protected. The pipeline industry needs a tool that can predict the in-situ corrosion potential of the carrier pipe in the casing annulus in order to determine the level of cathodic protection (CP). This work reports on a large-scale, three-dimensional computer model developed to make such a prediction. The casing wall may be treated as bare or coated on both or either of the external and internal surfaces. The carrier pipe is coated, and the coating quality inside the annulus may or may not be the same as the outside of the casing segment. The casing annulus is full of electrolytes. The model is used to investigate the effect of several factors on the level of CP imposed on the carrier pipe in the annulus, including the coating quality on the carrier pipe, the casing wall native potentials (both external and internal), the presence of a coating on a casing wall surface, and a metallic contact (between the casing and the carrier pipe) with the contact resistance being a variable. The effect of the voltage variation inside the pipe metal wall is also investigated.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Instability of local deformations of an elastic rod

Abstract We study the instability of pulse solutions of two coupled non-linear Klein–Gordon equations by means of Evans function techniques. The system of coupled Klein–Gordon equations considered here describes the near-threshold dynamics of a three-dimensional elastic rod with circular cross-section, subject to constant twist. We determine a condition on the speed of the traveling pulse which ensures spectral instability.
Rotational vertebral artery occlusion in a child with multiple strokes: a case-based update

Rotational vertebral artery occlusion (RVAO), sometimes known as “Bow hunter syndrome,” is an important and diagnostically challenging cause of posterior circulation stroke in children. It is caused by impingement of osseous and/or ligamentous structures on the vertebral artery. We review the differential diagnosis and recommended workup for posterior circulation stroke in children. The anatomical cause for pediatric RVAO is most commonly an anomalous bone formation of the rostral vertebral column. Many bony anomalies have been associated with RVAO, including the “ponticulus posticus,” a common anomaly of the C1 vertebrae. The definitive diagnosis of RVAO is made with dynamic angiography, and surgical decompression of the vertebral artery prevents recurrent strokes. We report a 15-year-old boy with recurrent posterior circulation ischemic strokes caused by an anomalous ossification of the C1 vertebrae. Three-dimensional (3D) and multiplanar reconstructed CT images showed the anomalous C1 ossification, and cervicocerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed an associated vertebral artery (VA) dissection. The patient was initially managed by head immobilization in a hard collar and anticoagulation for 3 months. After healing of the dissection that was confirmed angiographically, dynamic DSA demonstrated reversible occlusion of the VA during contralateral head turn. Surgical decompression of the VA was performed and confirmed by intra-operative DSA with head turning. RVAO is an important diagnosis in children with posterior circulation stroke. Our case demonstrates the need for high clinical suspicion and careful analysis of 3D cervical spine CT images in children with posterior circulation stroke.
Estimation of the underwater implosion pulse from cylindrical metal shells

Abstract Underwater implosion, the rapid and catastrophic collapse of a structure caused by hydrostatic pressure, generates a short-duration, high-pressure pulse in the surrounding water that is potentially damaging to adjacent structures or personnel. This paper presents a method to estimate the energy in the pressure pulse as the difference between the known total potential energy and energy lost by plastic deformation. The implosion pulse energy is proportional to the maximum system kinetic energy developed during collapse. The pulse was approximated by considering only the first phase of collapse (up to the instant of first contact), because the maximum kinetic energy occurs very near that instant. The plastic energy dissipated by the structure during the initial phase of implosion was evaluated analytically, using the principle of virtual velocities. The solution for energy dissipation agreed with numerical simulation within 1% at the end of the initial collapse phase. It was found that for a representative aluminum cylinder, the implosion pulse represents only 15% of the total available energy.
Practice Variations in the Management of Status Epilepticus

Numerous anticonvulsant agents are now available for treating status epilepticus (SE). However, a paucity of data is available to guide clinicians in the initial treatment of seizures or SE. This study describes the current strategies being employed to treat SE in the USA. Fifteen American academic medical centers completed a retrospective, multicenter, observational study by reviewing 10–20 of the most recent cases of SE at their institution prior to December 31, 2009. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine factors associated with cessation of seizures. A total of 150 patients were included. Most patients with SE had a seizure disorder (58 %). SE patients required a median of 3 AEDs for treatment. Three quarters of patients received a benzodiazepine as first-line therapy (74.7 %). Phenytoin (33.3 %) and levetiracetam (10 %) were commonly used as the second AED. Continuous infusions of propofol, barbiturate, or benzodiazepine were used in 36 % of patients. Median time to resolution of SE was 1 day and was positively associated with presence of a complex partial seizure, AED non-compliance prior to admission, and lorazepam plus another AED as initial therapy. Prolonged ICU length of stay and topiramate therapy prior to admission were negatively associated with SE resolution. Mortality was higher in patients without a history of seizure (22.2 vs 6.9 %, p = 0.006). The use of a benzodiazepine followed by an AED, such as phenytoin or levetiracetam, is common as first and second-line therapy for SE and appears to be associated with a shorter time to SE resolution. AED selection thereafter is highly variable. Patients without a history of seizure who develop SE had a higher mortality rate.
Name authority control in institutional repositories

Neither the standards nor the software underlying institutional repositories anticipated performing name authority control on widely disparate metadata from highly unreliable sources. Without it, though, both machines and humans are stymied in their efforts to access and aggregate information by author. Many organizations are awakening to the problems and possibilities of name authority control, but without better coordination, their efforts will only confuse matters further. Local heuristics-based name-disambiguation software may help those repository managers who can implement it. For the time being, however, most repository managers can only control their own name lists as best they can after deposit while they advocate for better systems and services.
Teaching Mands to Older Adults with Dementia

Millions of Americans are diagnosed with dementia, and that number is only expected to rise. The diagnosis of dementia comes with impairments, especially in language. Furthermore, dementia-related functional declines appear to be moderated by environmental variables (Alzheimer's Association, Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association 8:131-168 2012; American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Engelman et al., Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 32:107-110, 1999; Engelman et al., Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 36:129-132, 2003) Traditional language tests are not likely to assess or inform treatment for deficits in manding (Esch et al., The Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis 5:166-191, 2010), and the mand is a verbal operant about which little is known among this population. The current study evaluated whether contriving an establishing operation within a preferred activity using a prompt-probe intermix procedure and a transfer of stimulus control procedure was effective in establishing mands in older adults with dementia. The procedure was demonstrated to be effective with one participant, but results were inconsistent with the second participant. Modifications were made throughout training for both participants, showing the importance of individualizing interventions.
INTOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY AND NEED FOR CLOSURE

The definition of intolerance of ambiguity as a predisposition to perceive lack of structure as a possible threat implies that both environmental demands and the individual's coping resources will affect that perception. Thus, Raphael and his colleagues, in establishing the relationship of intolerance of ambiguity to intelligence and the need to control for this relationship, have made a point long overdue. Christie (1970) anticipated their point when he noted that Machiavellian individuals tend to prefer unstructured situations since this provides them greater opportunities to manipulate others. Further, I would expect that both age and situations of chronic stress (unemployment, social marginality, illness, etc.) would be positively related to intolerance of ambiguity. On a more general level, the conclusion by Raphael and his colleagues that "it may be more useful to view intolerance of ambiguity as an intervening variable reflecting individuals' repertoire of coping skills," while tenable, raises a basic theoretical question. We know what is meant by intolerance of ambiguity operationally, but do we know what is meant by it as a personality variable? By and large, any relatively general and persistent response tendency in individuals is categorized as a personality variableand there appears to be no limit to the number of variables which can be so labelled. Unfortunately, the
The effects of temperature, pH, and magnesium on the diffusion coefficient of ATP in solutions of physiological ionic strength.

Abstract Intracellular diffusive transport of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is critical to cellular metabolism. Physical models predict that diffusion coefficients (D) of small molecules are functions of temperature and viscosity of the diffusive environment. Therefore, changes in body temperature, commonly experienced by poikilotherms, are expected to result in changes in the rate of intracellular ATP transport. However, it has been postulated that changes in the electrical charge of ATP may influence the interaction between ATP and the cytosol and that the temperature sensitivity of DATP may deviate from the predicted relationship. To investigate the effects of changes in electrical charge on the temperature sensitivity of DATP, we measured DATP under various conditions of temperature, pH, and pMg2+. Changes in pH and pMg2+ were used to alter the net charge of ATP, and DATP was measured in solutions of physiological ionic strength. Results showed a positive correlation between DATP and temperature; DATP = 1.75 ± 0.09, 3.68 ± 0.14, and 4.64 ± 0.13 (mean ± S.E.M.) × 10−6 cm2/s at 5°C, 25°C, and 40°C, respectively. Changes in pH and pMg2+ did not significantly influence DATP, and the change in DATP with respect to temperature was similar to that predicted on the basis of changes in temperature and viscosity of the aqueous medium.
Strategies for real-time spatial analysis using massively parallel SIMD computers: an application to urban traffic flow analysis

Abstract The current research focuses upon the development of a methodology for undertaking real-time spatial analysis in a supercomputing environment, specifically using massively parallel SIMD computers. Several approaches that can be used to explore the parallelization characteristics of spatial problems are introduced. Within the focus of a methodology directed toward spatial data parallelism, strategies based on both location-based data decomposition and object-based data decomposition are proposed and a programming logic for spatial operations at local, neighborhood and global levels is also recommended. An empirical study of real-time traffic flow analysis shows the utility of the suggested approach for a complex, spatial analysis situation. The empirical example demonstrates that the proposed methodology, especially when combined with appropriate programming strategies, is preferable in situations where critical, real-time, spatial analysis computations are required. The implementation of this exa...
Bandwidth requirements for direct detection optical communication receivers with PPM signaling

The performance of a direct detection optical communication receiver for pulse position modulation (PPM) signal formats which contains an avalanche photodiode photodetector is calculated as a function of the parameters which characterize a raised cosine filter used in the receiver. It is shown that the performance penalty of this receiver relative to that of an optimal receiver which contains an integrator and assumes a perfectly rectangular PPM pulse shape is less than 1 dB at a receiver bit error rate of 10 exp -6. The advantage of the raised cosine filter is that the electrical bandwidth required is no more than one-half that of the integrator, that is, 1/tau as opposed to 2/tau where tau is the PPM time slot duration.
Optical transmission and thermal heating effects due to irradiation of nonlinear optic and conductive polymers for space-based electro-optic applications

A nonlinear optic polymer blend of disperse red 1 in poly methyl methacrylate, spin cast on an indium tin oxide coated borosilicate glass substrate and a conductive polymer blend of polyethylene dioxythiophene/poly styrene sulphonate (Baytron P) in poly vinyl alcohol, spin cast on an uncoated borosilicate glass substrate were irradiated by 63.3 MeV proton to a dose of 1 Mrad (Si) of proton particles. The pre and post irradiated optical transmission characteristics of these polymer films over a wavelength range of 400 - 2000 nm, as well as in-situ thermal heating generated by irradiation are presented.
The Molecular Biology of Rabies Viruses

Comparative nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analyses of the RNA and proteins of several fixed rabies virus strains have allowed detailed characterization of structural-functional relations of individual virus components. Several unique features of rabies viruses have been deduced from the complete nucleotide sequences of four of the five genes and the four intergenic regions of the genome. The most extensively analyzed rabies virus gene has been that of the surface glycoprotein. Direct comparisons between the deduced amino acid sequences of glycoprotein variants have led to the location of specific sites on the glycoprotein that bind virus-neutralizing antibodies and to the identification of an epitope correlating with viral pathogenicity. Structural requirements for immunogenic activity within the glycoprotein have also been investigated. This article presents an overview of the molecular biology of rabies viruses and describes the current state of knowledge of immunobiologic characteristics of different rabies virus components.
Heritable one-hit events defining cancer prevention?

Over 100 y ago (1902–1914) Theodor Boveri suggested a role for mutations in cancer.1,2 Boveri’s ideas were derived from the then “just-emerging” chromosome theory of inheritance. While demonstrating chromosomal aberrations as a cause of genetic imbalance, Boveri suggested that possible causes of malignancy may include events such as aneuploidy that are now defined as gene mutations, asserting all the while that malignancy occurs at the cellular level. Indeed, studies to date essentially uniformly show that cancer is a genetic disease.3,4
THE DETERMINATION BY REFLECTANCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY OF AMINO ACIDS RESOLVED ON THIN-LAYER PLATES.

Abstract A procedure was devised whereby amino acids resolved on chromatoplates can be determined by spectral reflectance. Direct examination of plates yielded a degree of precision comparable to that afforded by direct transmission methods applied to paper chromatography. Precision approaching that afforded by transmittance is attained if the reflectance measurements are carried out on spots removed from the plates and specified precautions are observed in the generation of the ninhydrin color.
Symmetricality and Complementarity and Their Relationship to Marital Stability

Bateson's concepts of symmetricality and complementarity in dyads were operationalized via the development of the Symmetrical-Complementary Relationship Scale (SCRS). The relationship of symmetricality and complementarity to marital stability was assessed in a sample of 136 intact married couples. Contrary to predictions drawn from Bateson's conceptualizations, symmetrical couples reported a significantly higher level of marital stability than complementary couples. However, when marital satisfaction was statistically controlled, the relationship between symmetricality and complementarity and marital stability was not maintained. The results affirm the need for continuing empirical examination of Batesonian propositions about marital and family life.
Nefazodone-associated torsade de pointes.

Nefazodone is an antidepressant with a chemical structure unrelated to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The pharmacological actions of nefazodone involve both the serotonergic system and the noradrenergic system [1]. Within the serotonergic system, nefazodone is a potent antagonist at type 2 serotonin post-synaptic receptors (5HT2). Nefazodone also inhibits pre-synaptic serotonin reuptake but this mechanism is secondary in importance. Both mechanisms increase the amount of serotonin available to interact with 5-HT receptors. Within the noradrenergic system, nefazodone inhibits norepinephrine uptake but this effect is lost with chronic dosing. In addition, nefazodone has been shown to antagonize a1-adrenergic receptors. The cardiovascular side effects associated with the use of this agent include hypotension, postural hypotension and sinus bradycardia. We report a case of syncopal event from torsade de pointes associated with nefazodone therapy. A 58-year-old woman presented with a sudden onset, witnessed syncopal event, approximately 1 h prior to the presentation. There was no preceding light-headedness, vertigo, chest pain, diaphoresis, palpitations, or seizure activity. The past medical history was of adult-onset diabetes mellitus and depression. The medications on admission