cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction between naltrexone and oral THC in heavy marijuana smokers.

Abstract Rationale. Studies in non-human animals suggest that opioid antagonists block the reinforcing effects of cannabinoids. Objective. The present studies in humans investigated how naltrexone modulates (1) the subjective and physiological effects of oral THC in comparison to methadone, (2) the reinforcing effects of oral THC, and (3) plasma levels of oral THC. Methods. In study 1, marijuana smokers (n=9) received naltrexone (0, 50 mg) followed 30 min later by THC (0, 15, 30 mg) or methadone (5, 10 mg). Subjective effects, task performance, pupillary diameter, and cardiovascular parameters were measured repeatedly. In study 2a, marijuana smokers (n=23) were randomly assigned to one THC dose condition (0, 15 or 30 mg). One set of color-coded capsules containing THC and active naltrexone (50 mg) was given in one session, while another set of color-coded capsules containing THC and placebo naltrexone was given in another session. In the final three sessions, participants chose which color capsules they would receive. In study 2b, a subset of participants from study 2a (n=7) received naltrexone (0, 50 mg) 30 min prior to oral THC (30 mg) administration, and blood was drawn repeatedly. Results. Pretreatment with naltrexone significantly increased many of the "positive" subjective effects of oral THC (30 mg) e.g. ratings of Good Drug Effect and Capsule Liking. Naltrexone tended to increase the reinforcing effects of oral THC (30 mg), as indicated by performance in a drug choice test. Naltrexone did not alter plasma THC levels. Conclusions. These studies demonstrate that naltrexone increases the subjective effects of oral THC. Thus, oral THC's effects are enhanced rather than antagonized by opioid receptor blockade in heavy marijuana smokers.
Acute alcohol intoxication antagonizes contraction-induced mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle (702.1)

Acute alcohol (ethanol; EtOH) intoxication impairs basal protein synthesis and mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle but whether EtOH also blunts contraction-induced anabolic signaling is unknown. Fast...
Design and Testing of a 1T-1C Dynamic Random Access Memory Cell Utilizing a Ferroelectric Transistor

The ferroelectric transistor (FeFET) provides unique characteristics of memory circuits due to its hysteresis effects. This paper examines the design considerations of a 1T-1C dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) cell using a ferroelectric transistor. The research investigates the effects of the FeFET on the DRAM cell while modifying design parameters which are controlled by the circuit designer. Parameters include channel width and length and write-word-line (WWL) voltage. Experimental data will be taken for different circuit configurations. Comparisons will be made to similar circuits that utilize only metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs).
Simulator for amplifier and transistor noise-parameter measurements

This paper describes a simulation program that was developed to compare the uncertainties that would be expected with different measurement strategies for the noise parameters of connectorized amplifiers and of amplifiers or transistors on wafers. Both type A and type B uncertainties are included. An illustrative example is given.
Two-center calculations for x-ray scattering

Abstract An analytical procedure for the evaluation of two-center integrals in x-ray scattering calculations has been developed. The scattering potential is represented in prolate spheroidal coordinates. The plane wave operator is expanded in spheroidal wave-functions. All integrals are evaluated analytically with the aid of stable recursion relations. It is found that the several infinite sums involved are rapidly convergent, so that a practical computational method is at hand. The method is illustrated with a calculation of the molecular scattering factor for C-H from a near Hartree-Fock wavefunction comprised of an extended basis set of Slater-type orbitals. The coherent x-ray scattering intensity of HZ has been computed from a natural spin orbital expansion of the exact electronic wavefunction for the 1Σg+ state of H2.
“Just Some Spirits”: The Erosion of Spirit Possession and the Rise of “Tension” in South India

Based on research among possessed and mentally ill patients and an examination of depictions of mental health issues in the popular media in the state of Kerala, India, this article examines apparent changes in the incidence and form of spirit possession and the proliferation of psychological idioms such as "tension" and "depression." These changes involve a decline in the incidence of possession as well as the homogenization of the identities of spirits: spirits that were described as having names and personalities a few decades earlier are now presented as more anonymous. The homogenization of spirits and the use of psychological idioms are interpreted as signaling an erosion of context and the ascendance of universal categories, which, according to some theorists, is a characteristic of "modernity." It will also be shown that at the same time the "modern" can appear as simply another context, as when the idiom of possession permeates a psychological advice column in the print media.
Optimal Design of Item Banks for Computerized Adaptive Tests

Methods of optimal test assembly have served as the foundation for the development of methods for assembling adaptive tests. A model and a heuristic that facilitate the assembly of adaptive tests have been developed (Stocking & Swanson, 1993; Swanson & Stocking, 1993). Similar methods can be used to assemble item banks for adaptive testing in which optimal design seeks to simultaneously reduce item exposure to enhance item security and to increase exposure to enhance item efficiency. In this study, optimal design methods were applied to the item bank design of adaptive testing.
Transdermal Absorption of Castor Oil

This study evaluated the potential for transdermal absorption of castor oil, a treatment modality recommended by Edgar Cayce and used as an alternative medical treatment. Specific epoxydicarboxylic acids are known to be excreted via the urine when castor oil is administered orally. Comparison of the amounts of epoxydicarboxylic acids in the urine of subjects given oral and transdermal administrations of castor oil may provide evidence of transdermal absorption of castor oil and provide clues to its metabolism in the system. Three volunteers were given castor oil, both as an abdominal hot pack and by oral administration on two separate trials. Urine samples were collected before and after administration. Oral administration of castor oil resulted in high levels of excretion of epoxydicarboxylic acids in all subjects. In contrast, the level of urinary epoxydicarboxylic acids with the external application (abdominal pack) sessions did not vary from the relatively low endogenous levels of these molecules that are normally present. Castor oil is either not well absorbed through the skin or is metabolised in a way that did not have the effect of significantly increasing the excretion of the specific metabolic byproducts associated with the ingestion of castor oil.
Spin-lattice relaxation of nearest neighbor ortho-hydrogen pairs☆

Abstract Specially chosen pulse sequences have been used to isolate the contribution to the nuclear magnetic resonance signal from nearest neighbor o H 2 molecules. Measurements of the rotational diffusion were shown to be consistent with earlier measurements where only o H 2 pairs or only isolated singles could be observed. It was found that the pair magnetization so obtained did not relax exponentially.
Is meta-analysis clinically useful for perianesthesia nurses?

Abstract Meta-analyses can provide clinicians with the evidence-based information necessary to effect change in patient care delivery. Meta-analysis, the application of statistical techniques to condense data from a group of individual studies, is the most sophisticated summary of research evidence. An example meta-analysis study of inadvertent surgical hypothermia is used in this article to describe how nurses can locate, evaluate, and apply synthesized research data for perianesthesia clinical practice. Without data to support decisions, nurses will increasingly be faced with decisions made by others based on cost-cutting measures alone. Although meta-analysis may resolve a controversy or solve a clinical problem, it will not provide simple statistical answers for complex problems or obviate the need for sound and compassionate clinical judgment. © 2001 by American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.
Percutaneous Intervention of Superior Mesenteric Artery Stenosis in Elderly Patients

This review article focuses on stent placement in mesenteric arteries in older patients with an increasingly common diagnosis of chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI). We reviewed the articles that focused on the treatment of this gastrointestinal disorder by stenting/open surgical revascularization to avoid further ischemic episodes and bowel infarction and necrosis. The advantages of stent placement in mesenteric arteries are discussed in comparison to open surgical revascularization. In summary, the low morbidity and high technical success rate of catheter-based techniques have made this approach the first line of therapy for CMI due to superior mesenteric artery stenosis for many elderly patients especially high-risk operative candidates.
Probing small-x parton densities in proton-proton(-nucleus) collisions in the very forward direction

We present calculations of several pp scattering cross sections with potential applications at the CERN LHC. Significantly large rates for the momentum fraction x, as low as 10{sup {minus}7}, are obtained, allowing for possible extraction of quark and gluon densities in the proton and nuclei down to these small x values provided a detector with good acceptance at maximal rapidities is used. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Guest Editors' Introduction: Moving Mixed Reality into the Real World

The guest editors introduce this special issue on Moving Mixed Reality into the Real World. The four theme articles represent a balanced view of the challenges in dealing with the problems of creating mixed reality systems in the real world.
Relationship of erythropoietin, fetal hemoglobin, and hydroxyurea treatment to tricuspid regurgitation velocity in children with sickle cell disease

Hydroxyurea and higher hemoglobin F improve the clinical course and survival in sickle cell disease, but their roles in protecting from pulmonary hypertension are not clear. We studied 399 children and adolescents with sickle cell disease at steady state; 38% were being treated with hydroxyurea. Patients on hydroxyurea had higher hemoglobin concentration and lower values for a hemolytic component derived from 4 markers of hemolysis (P < or = .002) but no difference in tricuspid regurgitation velocity compared with those not receiving hydroxyurea; they also had higher hemoglobin F (P < .001) and erythropoietin (P = .012) levels. Hemoglobin F correlated positively with erythropoietin even after adjustment for hemoglobin concentration (P < .001). Greater hemoglobin F and erythropoietin each independently predicted higher regurgitation velocity in addition to the hemolytic component (P < or = .023). In conclusion, increase in hemoglobin F in sickle cell disease may be associated with relatively lower tissue oxygen delivery as reflected in higher erythropoietin concentration. Greater levels of erythropoietin or hemoglobin F were independently associated with higher tricuspid regurgitation velocity after adjustment for degree of hemolysis, suggesting an independent relationship of hypoxia with higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure. The hemolysis-lowering and hemoglobin F-augmenting effects of hydroxyurea may exert countervailing influences on pulmonary blood pressure in sickle cell disease.
Simulation of exploding clusters ionized by high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses

The dynamics of small ({le}55thinspatom) argon clusters ionized by a high-intensity, femtosecond laser pulse have been studied using classical particle dynamics simulations. The evolution of both ions and electrons during the laser pulse is examined. These simulations show that the space-charge and impact ionization of electrons, liberated from individual atoms in the cluster, have a very important effect on the ion energies resulting from the cluster explosion. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
MUC1-C Oncoprotein Regulates Glycolysis and Pyruvate Kinase m2 Activity in Cancer Cells

Aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells is regulated by multiple effectors that include Akt and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein that is aberrantly overexpressed by human breast and other carcinomas. Here we show that transformation of rat fibroblasts by the oncogenic MUC1-C subunit is associated with Akt-mediated increases in glucose uptake and lactate production, consistent with the stimulation of glycolysis. The results also demonstrate that the MUC1-C cytoplasmic domain binds directly to PKM2 at the B- and C-domains. Interaction between the MUC1-C cytoplasmic domain Cys-3 and the PKM2 C-domain Cys-474 was found to stimulate PKM2 activity. Conversely, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated phosphorylation of the MUC1-C cytoplasmic domain on Tyr-46 conferred binding to PKM2 Lys-433 and inhibited PKM2 activity. In human breast cancer cells, silencing MUC1-C was associated with decreases in glucose uptake and lactate production, confirming involvement of MUC1-C in the regulation of glycolysis. In addition, EGFR-mediated phosphorylation of MUC1-C in breast cancer cells was associated with decreases in PKM2 activity. These findings indicate that the MUC1-C subunit regulates glycolysis and that this response is conferred in part by PKM2. Thus, the overexpression of MUC1-C oncoprotein in diverse human carcinomas could be of importance to the Warburg effect of aerobic glycolysis.
Many‐Body Corrections to Isotopic Volume Differences in Solid Neon

A calculation is presented of the effect of triple‐dipole forces on the differences of volume of 20Ne and 22Ne lattices at 0°K in the quasiharmonic approximation.
EFFECTS OF OVINE GROWTH HORMONE AND PROLACTIN ON BLOOD GLUCOSE, SERUM INSULIN, PLASMA NONESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO NITROGEN IN SHEEP.

Ovine growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (LtH) each were injected (1 mg/kg) into 7 yearling castrate male sheep. Blood samples obtained by jugular venipuncture were analyzed for blood glucose, insulin concentrations in both whole sera and acidethanol extracts, plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and plasma amino nitrogen. Neither GH nor LtH produced changes in blood glucose or in whole serum insulin or acidethanol extracted insulin. GH caused a significant elevation in plasma NEFA and depression in plasma amino nitrogen; prolactin did not affect either parameter. It is concluded that in the sheep, at a dose level sufficient to produce significant anabolic effects, a homologous GH preparation does not cause endogenous insulin release, either by an indirect hyperglycemia or by a direct effect on the pancreas. (Endocrinology 76: 1109, 1965)
An optimization model for planning community health services.

Abstract This article reports results of a project to develop methods of planning health care delivery for a community with emphasis on ambulatory services in a health maintenance organization setting. Some of the special difficulties of the problem are discussed and a linear optimization model is presented that addresses the problem of planning the ambulatory service mix for a specified population. The model accounts for population characteristics, financial data, and system dynamics (including referral patterns). An application is shown for the case of a “model cities” population in Buffalo, New York, and some implications for further research are presented.
k.p Calculation of Effective Masses in Zinc-Blende Semiconductors

The conduction-band and valence-band effective-mass parameters have been calculated for 11 zinc-blende semiconductors. The k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p method is used to calculate these effective masses in the vicinity of $k=0$. The matrix elements of ${p}_{x}$ are found using pseudowave functions determined by the empirical pseudopotential method. Cohen and Bergstresser's pseudopotential parameters are employed. The calculated conduction-band masses are within 10% of the experimental values. The valence band masses are known experimentally for InSb and GaSb. Thus, our results provide information on the largely unknown valence band masses. We also discuss the errors caused by using pseudowave functions instead of real wave functions.
On Topology Dependence of Explosive Shock Properties

When explosive material is ignited, a detonation wave is generated causing a chemical reaction to take place. This chemical reaction results in the creation of a shockwave in the air surrounding the explosive material. The properties of this shockwave are dependent upon many different variables including but not limited to the type of explosive material used, the amount of material used, the surrounding fluid and the distance that the shockwave travels from the point of ignition. One variable that is not often considered is how the topology of the explosive material may affect the properties of a shockwave. If all other properties are held constant, the shockwave created by a spherical explosive charge will have different properties from those created by a cylindrical or cubical charge. This work uniquely applies an explicit finite element approach to simulate different shapes of explosives and the effects of explosive surface topology on the ensuing shockwaves. In order to fully observe these varying shockwaves, a target wall was included in the simulations. The propagating shockwaves damage the wall on impact, while creating a series of reflective shock- and strain-waves. By thoroughly examining the damaged portions of the target wall in conjunction with wave propagation patterns, it is possible to study the strength of the shockwave and the mechanism by which the reflective waves are created. Through these investigations, shockwave pressure, velocity, patterns and shapes, as well as damage sustained by the wall will be considered. The paper will conclude how shockwave properties are influenced by the original topology of the explosive mass.© 2014 ASME
Methods for the estimation of vapor pressures and oxygen solubilities of fluorochemicals for possible application in artificial blood formulations.

Abstract A group additivity system has been generated which makes it possible to estimate, from the structural formulas alone, the energy of vaporization and the molar at 25°C of many fluorocarbons and their derivatives. From these two parameters and appropriate thermodynamic relations it is then possible to predict the vapor pressure and the solubility of oxygen in a fluorochemical liquid with sufficient accuracy to estimate its potential for application in fluorochemical emulsion artificial blood.
A symmetric capacity-constrained differentiated oligopoly model for the United States pediatric vaccine market with linear demand

The United States pediatric vaccine market is examined using Bertrand–Edgeworth–Chamberlin price competition. The proposed game captures interactions between symmetric, capacity-constrained manufacturers in a differentiated, single-product market with linear demand. Results indicate that a unique pure strategy equilibrium exists in the case where the capacities of the manufacturers are at their extreme. For the capacity region where no pure strategy equilibrium exists, there exists a mixed strategy equilibrium where the distribution function, its support, and the expected profit of the manufacturers are characterized. Three game instances are introduced to model the United States pediatric vaccine market. In each instance, the manufacturers are assumed to have equal capacity in producing vaccines. Vaccines are differentiated based upon the number of reported adverse medical events for that vaccine. Using a game-theoretic model, equilibrium prices are computed for each monovalent vaccine. Results indicate ...
A note on synchronization recovery with extended cyclic codes

The notion of an extended cyclic code has recently been formulated. It is known that, subject to certain polynomial constraints, certain random-error-correcting cyclic codes can be extended to form codes capable of automatically recovering from synchronization losses. It is shown in this paper that the above-mentioned constraints are unnecessary and that this synchronization recovery technique can be used with any additive-error-correcting cyclic code.
Successful heparin desensitization: a case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to heparin have been described in the literature. Moreover, heparin remains the anticoagulant of choice in cardiopulmonary bypass. We describe a patient with heparin allergy who underwent successful heparin desensitization and a review of the literature.
Study of thiazole orange in aptamer-based dye-displacement assays

We screened a series of RNA and DNA aptamers for their ability to serve in the dye displacement assays in which analytes compete with TO dye. We conclude that, while the performance of the TO dye displacement approach is not always predictable, it is still a simple and sensitive assay to detect binding between RNA aptamers and small molecules. In particular, we describe efficient assays for tobramycin and theophylline, with up to 90% displacement of TO observed, and we describe the first aptameric assay for cAMP.
The presence of estrogen receptor in kidneys from normal and androgen-insensitive tfm/y mice.

In vitro and in vivo binding of [3H]estradiol to cytosol proteins and nuclei was studied in kidneys from normal and androgen-insensitive tfm/y mice. The use of tfm/y mice permitted study of the estrogen-receptor complex in the absence of androgen receptor. A high affinity, [3H]estradiol-labeled, 8S molecule was demonstrated in low salt sucrose gradients. This macromolecule sedimented more slowly in gradients containing KC1 (0.5 M). Binding of [3H]estradiol was inhibited by 100-fold excess estrone, estradiol, or diethylstillbestrol but was not affected by testosterone, androstenedione, or progesterone. Studies of equilibrium-binding kinetics for estradiol indicated a Kd of 1.4 X 10(-9) M and 4.4 X 10(-14) mol of binding sites/mg cytosol protein. Furthermore, the binder was an acidic, heat-labile protein (pI = 4.8) which could be precipitated from cytosol with 33% ammonium sulfate, and needed sulfhydryl groups for activity. The demonstration of an estradiol-binding protein in vitro was correlated with specific [3H]estradiol uptake by tfm/y kidney nuclei in vivo. We concluded that the mouse kidney contains an estradiol-binding protein, distinct from that for androgens, which has many of the characteristics of a steroid receptor. The presence of an estrogen receptor in both normal and tfm/y mice indicates that a genetic defect in one receptor does not influence the properties of another. We concluded that androgen and estrogen receptors are under independent genetic control.
Isolation of human cell hybrids (HeLa x skin fibroblast) expressing a radiation-induced tumour-associated antigen.

Les auteurs rapportent deux techniques d'isolement de cellules hybrides humaines (cellules HeLa croisees avec des fibroblastes du derme) associees a des tumeurs radio-induites basees sur le fait que les cellules tumorales expriment selectivement une proteine de surface qui peut etre reconnue par un anticorps monoclonal. De telles techniques permettent un enrichisement rapide du milieu de culture
Postnatal changes in the distribution and morphology of rat substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons.

Abstract Significant changes in the neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of nigral dopaminergic neurons take place in the first postnatal month. In order to correlate these changes with the postnatal development of dopaminergic neuron morphology and substantia nigra cytoarchitecture, brains from Sprague-Dawley rat pups of age postnatal days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 and adult rats were sectioned and processed for tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. At postnatal day 1, pars compacta and pars reticulata were not clearly delineated; tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons and a dense plexus of fibers were scattered throughout the substantia nigra. By day 7 the density of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons decreased markedly in ventral substantia nigra, and a dopaminergic pars compacta and a non-dopaminergic pars reticulata could be more clearly distinguished. By day 14 the substantia nigra appeared essentially as it does in the adult. Cell counts during development revealed that the number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons/section in both pars compacta and pars reticulata decreased significantly from postnatal day 1 to postnatal day 14, while those in pars lateralis did not change. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive somatic size increased modestly but significantly from postnatal day 1 to day 14 as did the diameter of the proximal and distal dendrites. However, even at day 1, the morphology of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons appeared essentially the same as in adults. Dendritic arborizations were well developed. The dendrites were non-varicose and modestly branched, with some of the longer ventrally directed dendrites passing through pars reticulata into the crus cerebri. The most significant postnatal changes in the rat substantia nigra take place in its cytoarchitectural organization, whereas only modest changes occur in the morphology of individual dopaminergic neurons. The distribution of dopaminergic neurons first resembled that in adults by around 14 days of age, the same time at which these neurons begin to display physiological and pharmacological responses similar to those seen in adults.
Parallelograms and ladders: Polymorphic solid-state structures and solution equilibria of CpGeCl

Two polymorphic structures of Cp*GeCl were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis: (I) a dimer in the form of a parallelogram in solid state (yellow crystals, P21/n) and (II) an infinite ladder of alternating parallelograms (colorless crystals, C2/c). Melting experiments in X-ray capillary tubes revealed that the C2/c polymorph converts to the P21/n polymorphic structure. Variable-temperature and concentration-dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy suggest an equilibrium between a monomer and either a dimer or higher oligomer species. Variable-temperature 1H NMR (from 25 to −80 °C) of Cp*GeCl (P21/n) dissolved in toluene-d8 indicates that lower temperature favors the dimers and/or oligomers. Increasing concentration (from 0.05 to 0.65 M) also favors the dimer or oligomer structure. The addition of chloride ions (from 0.1 to 1.0 equiv) via the addition of tetrabutylammonium chloride to solutions prepared from Cp*GeCl resulted in the formation of Cp*2Ge. Addition of increasing amounts (from 5 to 42 ...
Sweatshop Working Conditions and Employee Welfare: Say It Ain’t Sew

This study surveys workers at two firms accused of being sweatshops by the National Labor Committee. We find that the wages and working conditions are superior to the workers’ prior employment. The mix of compensation between wages and working conditions reflects employee preferences and employees found their conditions less satisfactory when a firm capitulated to activist demands.
Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: A critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds

Although organic compounds typically constitute a substantial fraction of the fine particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere, their molecular composition remains poorly characterized. This is largely because atmospheric particles contain a myriad of diverse organic compounds, not all of which extract in a single solvent or elute through a gas chromatograph; therefore, a substantial portion typically remains unanalyzed. Most often the chemical analysis is performed on a fraction that extracts in organic solvents such as benzene, ether or hexane; consequently, information on the molecular composition of the water-soluble fraction is particularly sparse and incomplete. This paper investigates theoretically the characteristics of the water-soluble fraction by splicing together various strands of information from the literature. We identify specific compounds that are likely to contribute to the water-soluble fraction by juxtaposing observations regarding the extraction characteristics and the molecular composition of atmospheric particulate organics with compound-specific solubility and condensibility for a wide variety of organics. The results show that water-soluble organics, which constitute a substantial fraction of the total organic mass, include C2 to C7 multifunctional compounds (e.g., diacids, polyols, amino acids). The importance of diacids is already recognized; our results provide an impetus for new experiments to establish the atmospheric concentrations and sources of polyols, amino acids and other oxygenated multifunctional compounds.
The evaluation and management of recurrent abdominal pain in childhood

Abstract Recurrent abdominal pain is a common symptom in children. It presents a diagnostic and management challenge. Underlying organic disease is rare but important to correctly identify. Most children with recurrent abdominal pain have a functional gastro-intestinal disorder. There are several recognized patterns of functional gastro-intestinal disorder affecting children. A combination of biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the aetiology of pain. Management is centred on identifying and modifying factors that may be contributing to the symptoms. The prognosis for functional gastro-intestinal disorder is generally good, though there is an increased chance of somatising and psychiatric disorders developing later in life.
Growth and molecular evolution of vesicular stomatitis serotype New Jersey in cells derived from its natural insect-host: evidence for natural adaptation

In this study we evaluated the growth and molecular evolution of a natural isolate of VSV-NJ (89GAS) from sand flies in cells derived from sand flies (LL5), mosquitoes (C6/36) or hamsters (BHK21). Two VSV-NJ natural isolates of mammalian origin were used for comparison. For each virus we measured: (i) ability to grow in one-step growth curve or after serial passage on each cell type; (ii) ability to induce persistent infection, and (iii) genetic stability of the glycoprotein gene (G) after serial passage in each cell type. Sand fly virus 89GAS grew to higher titers in insect cells compared with viruses of mammalian origin and showed increasing titers with each passage only in C6/36 cells. All viruses established productive persistent infections in both mosquito and sand fly cells but only LL5 cells yielded sustained high virus titers for periods of up to 81 days. Analyses of the consensus sequences of the G gene from each virus after 0, 10 or up to 25 passages in each cell line showed nucleotide substitution rates between 1.39 x l0(-4) and 6.95 x l0(-5). The majority of these changes were non-synonymous, suggesting positive selection. We did not detect increased nucleotide substitution rates on the G gene of 89GAS after passage in cell lines of mosquito or mammalian origin, nor in viruses of mammalian origin after passage in insect cells. This indicates that although VSV G is positively selected in vitro by the insect cell environment, this does not fully explain VSV natural adaptation. This is the first evidence of naturally occurring adaptation of VSV to cells derived from its natural host.
High-resolution spectroscopy of the Martian atmosphere: study of seasonal variations of CO, O3, H2O, and T on the north polar cap and a search for SO2, H2O2, and H2CO

An overview is presented of an observational campaign which will measure (1) the seasonal variations of the CO mixing ratio on the Martian polar cap due to accumulation and depletion of CO during the condensation and evaporation of CO2, as well as (2) the early spring ozone and water vapor of the Martian north polar cap, and (3) the presence of H2CO, H2O2, and SO2. The lines of these compounds will be measured by a combined 4-m telescope and Fourier-transform spectrometer 27097.
Irradiation-induced effects in magnesium oxide catalysts

Abstract An attempt has been made to find a model system in which to study irradiation effects on heterogenous catalysts. Pre-irradiation with gamma rays from cobalt-60 enhanced the rate of hydrogen conversion over magnesium oxide catalysts, especially when the oxide was pretreated with oxygen at elevated temperature. No correlation could be found between the catalytic activity and the formation of paramagnetic centers observed in the electron spin resonance spectra at room temperature. Irradiation produced no detectable change in the adsorption properties of magnesium oxide for hydrogen and carbon monoxide. While the results do not permit the establishment of a positive reaction mechanism they do permit the elimination of several of the possible alternatives.
In vitro inhibition of 5α-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in rat testes

Three steroidal inhibitors of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase have been tested in incubations of teased testicular tissue for their ability to inhibit the activity of 5α-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5α-3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. All three inhibitors significantly blocked the metabolism of 3β-diol. Additionally, small but significant reductions in the metabolism of DHT and 3α-diol were observed. These results demonstrate that these steroids are effective in blocking 5α-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity with minimal ability to block 5α-3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. These compounds may well be effective in helping differentiate in vivo biologic activity of 5α-reduced androgens.
Endogenizing Context: Opportunity, Organization, and Dealmaking in Major League Baseball

Abstract Market opportunities constrain the organization of market participants, which in turn constrain dealmaking patterns. Instead of making contexts overly determinative, however, this paper sets out to endogenize contexts. Using player deals among owners in Major League Baseball from 1901 to 1987, the paper traces the mutually reinforcing relations between the opportunity shift from local to national publics, the organizational erosion of large city dominance within leagues and the rise of new patterns of dealmaking among owners. Dealmaking reinforced large city dominance when teams depended on local publics for support and undermined this dominance when national television publics became the main source of opportunity. Yet dealmaking strategies changed well before the new organization and opportunity contexts were in place and played a role in bringing them about. Implications of this finding for understanding institutional change are discussed.
Checklist and key of New World species of Omiodes Guenée with descriptions of four new Costa Rican species (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Omiodes Guenee is redescribed based on all New World species, including the type species O. humeralis Guenee. Four new species from Costa Rica, O. janzeni sp. n., O. hallwachsae sp. n., O. sirena sp. n., O. ochracea sp. n., are described. Ten new synonymies are established : Phostria disciiridescens Hampson is =O. croeceiceps (Walker), Phostria cayennalis Schaus is =O. grandis (Druce), Omiodes ochrosoma Felder & Rogenhofer and Phryganodes gazalis Schaus are =O. pandaralis (Walker), Nacoleia lenticurvalis Hampson, Phryganodes anchoritalis Dyar, and Phostria duplicata Kaye are =O. confusalis (Dognin), O. cervinalis Amsel is =O. martvralis (Lederer), Nacoleia indicata ab. pigralis Dognin and Botis fortificalis Moschler are =O. metricalis (Moschler). One new combination is recognized: O. pandaralis (Walker) was transferred from Coelorhynchidia Hampson. A key and an updated checklist to the neotropical Omiodes species is provided, including O. indicata (Fabricius), a worldwide pest. Ten species that do not belong in Omiodes are retained until appropriate generic placements are identified.
The generation time of two day chick neuroepithelial cells

Des etudes autoradiographiques effectuees sur les stades du cycle cellulaire dans les cellules neuroepitheliales de poulet de 2 jours, ont donne les resultats suivants: G2=1,5 h; M=1,0 h; S=6,5–6,8 h; G1=1,0–1,5 h et le temps de generation=10,0–10,8 h. On a egalement constate que la thymidine H3 administree a l'embryon comme dans l'experience ci-dessus mit au moins 2 h a etre incorporee.
Apomorphine: North American clinical experience

This manuscript reviews North American clinical trials examining subcutaneous injection of apomorphine in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, and the available, cumulative apomorphine safety data for the US. These data provide strong documentation concerning dosing range (2–6 mg/injection), dosing frequency (1–10 injections/day), therapeutic response, and duration and onset of benefit. The US pivotal trial for subcutaneously injected apomorphine demonstrated robust and statistically significant benefit from drug administration when compared to subjects receiving placebo. Interestingly, these changes closely mirrored the response to levodopa in the same population, as measured by Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale and Webster Step Seconds, and suggests that apomorphine may have greater potency than other agonists. A study of subjects ranging from early to advanced disease, conducted at the NIH, demonstrated a decline in duration of response and increased time to response in the advanced group when compared to levodopa naive subjects, despite the observation that threshold and optimal response dosages did not differ. Pharmacodynamic responses from a single average-dosage administration of 4.2 mg apomorphine in several studies demonstrated a benefit as early as 7.5 minutes with a duration of benefit as long as 90 minutes. Serious adverse events occurred in 16% of the subjects in these studies with the most common adverse events including dyskinesias (21%), hallucinations (11%), and orthostatic hypotension (9%).
Anthracite Coal and the Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in the United States

Professor Chandler traces the rise and spread of the factory system in American industry, suggesting an explanation for the timing and the pattern of development of the industrial revolution in the United States.
Optimal error estimate of a projection based interpolation for the p-version approximation in three dimensions

Optimal p-interpolation error estimate is derived for the local, projection-based interpolation for H^1-conforming elements in three space dimensions. Two different procedures leading to the same logarithmic term ln^3^/^2p in the estimate, are discussed.
The Hollow Month At Athens

(1) Metageitnion in 407/6 was made a hollow month while still retaining δeυτeρα φνoντo by the omission of a day after δeℵάτη υστeρα, undoubtedly eνάτη φνoντo (pp. 230-2). (2) Skirophorion in 407/6 was made a hollow month while still retaining by the omission of a day between and It can be affirmed with great probability that the omitted day was actually (pp. 232-3). (3) Mounichion in 407/6 was planned as a hollow month while still retaining and omitting a day earlier than This was almost certainly (pp. 234-5). (4) Pollux, VIII 117, unequivocally retains in a hollow month (pp. 220-1). (5) A double tradition in Pollux (Ms. B) gives the calendar count for a hollow month without omitting (p. 220). (6) The Roman calendar, which did not omit pridie Kalendas, in its shorter months was modeled on the Athenian calendar which did not omit in a hollow month (p. 224). (7) The scholion of Proklos on Hesiod, Works and Days, line 814, shows that the count of days which caused confusion at the end of the month by omitting the next to the last day is not Athenian. It contradicts the scholion on line 765 (as transmitted) which is corrupt in saying that in the Boiotian calendar the next to the last day was omitted by the Athenians. The evidence of Moschopoulos (ca. A.D. 1300) who depends on this passage is also discredited (pp. 224-6). (8) The scholia vetera on the Clouds of Aristophanes give the count of days in a hollow month without omitting The omitted day was where the backward count began (pp. 221-3). (9) Solon is said to have introduced backward count in the last decade of an Athenian month. If is omitted in a hollow month the true value of every day with backward count is falsified (pp. 219-20). (10) It is questionable that 'hollow' (ℵoλo) can properly describe a month that has only the next to the last day omitted, the 28th out of 30 (p. 223). (11) Comparison of two calendar equations in I.G. II2, 338 and 339 of 333/2 B.C. shows that Metageitnion was a hollow month, but that the omitted day came earlier than was not omitted (pp. 229-30). (12) The calendar of 303/2 gives to Skirophorion an unnecessarily complex final two days unless is retained as the 28th day (pp. 227-9). (13) Aristophanes would not have used to alleviate the worries of Strepsiades in the Clouds if a hollow month had been available with this day missing to make his fears more pressing (p. 240). (14) The eℵάδe were the 20th and 21st days of every month. No other days were so named (pp. 235-9). The literary and the epigraphical evidence, especially the new evidence from the Choiseul Marble, combine to make an unassailable case that was not the omitted day in a hollow month in Athens. In evaluating the literary evidence the testimony of the scholia vetera and the explicit statement of Pollux of the second century outweigh the one scholion of Proklos of the fifth century which has to be emended even by those who rely upon it. Evidence from other sources outside Athens (except for Rome) has no bearing on the Athenian calendar and is not here discussed 70).
What does viewing a pro-anorexia website do? An experimental examination of website exposure and moderating effects.

Objective: This study experimentally examined the effects of viewing a pro-anorexia website. Method: Following construction of a prototypic pro-anorexia website, 235 female undergraduates were randomly assigned to view either the pro-anorexia website or one of two comparison websites related to female fashion (using average-sized models) or home decor. Post-website affect, cognitions, and behavioral expectations were examined along with moderator effects. Results: Study participants exposed to the pro-anorexia website had greater negative affect, lower social self-esteem, and lower appearance self-efficacy post-website than those who viewed a comparison website. Additionally, they perceived themselves as heavier, reported a greater likelihood of exercising and thinking about their weight in the near future, and engaged in more image comparison. Minimal support was found for moderator effects. Conclusion: Results provide an empirical basis for concern (expressed by clinicians, researchers, the media) that pro-anorexia websites are a troubling new form of thin-ideal exposure that warrants further examination. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Leptin: the “skinny” on torpor

outside of the tropics, winter can pose a significant threat to survival because food availability wanes as the ambient temperatures decrease and energy requirements for thermoregulation increase. Many animals cope with this seasonal energetic shortfall by engaging multiple winter adaptations to
Unsteady Non-Linear Waves in Sloping Channels

It is shown in general that the exact solution to every non-degenerate unsteady water-wave problem in a straight channel inclined at arbitrary slope, governed by the non-linear hydraulic equations, can be obtained in terms of the complete elliptic integral of the second kind, E. By means of a non-Newtonian reference frame, every such wave problem for a sloping channel can be replaced by an associated problem for a horizontal channel. For the latter, the partial differential equations become reducible and thus permit hodograph inversion. The Riemann integration method for the resulting Euler-Poisson equation yields an auxiliary function for these hydraulic problems which is transformable into a Legendre function and then into the elliptic integral. In particular, the procedure is applied to obtain the exact solution for the water wave in a sloping channel produced by sudden release of the triangular wedge of water (the reservoir) initially at rest behind a vertical wall. The behaviour of the solution is exhibited for convenience in two level-line charts, and representative wave profiles and velocity distributions are presented.
Pricing Linkages in the Supply Chain: The Case for Structural Adjustments in the Beef Industry

Fundamental to almost every agriculture sector is a distribution system or supply chain used to move products beyond the farm gate to the final point of consumption. In many cases the identity of the initial product is almost lost as the product is transformed along the distribution chain. Yet for many of the major agricultural products, such as beef or dairy, the identity remains reasonably clear throughout the distribution system. Points of exchange differ and transformation takes place, yet the initial product in some transformed state is still the major component that is being priced. While the process can become extremely complex, in general the system entails changes in the transformation process often associated with product innovation, new communication and exchange systems, and changes in who is making the decisions. Obviously the latter is related to the underlying control along the distribution system and structural change. Embedded in much of the change is the use of new electronic transaction and information flows.
A reconfigurable decision-feedback equalizer chip set architecture for high bit-rate QAM digital modems

A 70-MHz decision-feedback equalizer chip set using novel architecture and circuit design techniques that can accommodate a wide variety of modulation formats (QPSK, 16-, 64-, 256-QAM) is proposed. The equalizer is configurable into either a symbol-spaced or fractionally spaced structure. The CMOS chips are full cascadable to implement longer filter lengths without any speed degradation, and the coefficient updating circuitry for implementing the LMS algorithm is included on-chip. >