cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measures of Thrombosis and Fibrinolysis

Our recent understanding of acute coronary syndrome as an atherothrombotic process has led to research efforts in the development of markers of thrombosis and fibrinolysis for risk prediction in cardiovascular heart disease. Although American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines recommend fibrinogen as a category I risk factor and also suggest factor VII, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tissue-type plasminogen activator, and von Willebrand factor as other potentially clinically useful markers, these tests have not come into routine clinical use. Their development as predictors of risk may be hampered by inconsistent laboratory methodology, which causes difficulty in comparing result interpretation with published trial studies. This article presents the history of development for these tests, proper laboratory handling, the best trial data that present evidence of their accuracy, and current guidelines for clinical use.
Expanding Anfinsen's principle: contributions of synonymous codon selection to rational protein design.

Anfinsen’s principle asserts that all information required to specify the structure of a protein is encoded in its amino acid sequence. However, during protein synthesis by the ribosome, the N-terminus of the nascent chain can begin to fold before the C-terminus is available. We tested whether this cotranslational folding can alter the folded structure of an encoded protein in vivo, versus the structure formed when refolded in vitro. We designed a fluorescent protein consisting of three half-domains, where the N- and C-terminal half-domains compete with each other to interact with the central half-domain. The outcome of this competition determines the fluorescence properties of the resulting folded structure. Upon refolding after chemical denaturation, this protein produced equimolar amounts of the N- and C-terminal folded structures, respectively. In contrast, translation in Escherichia coli resulted in a 2-fold enhancement in the formation of the N-terminal folded structure. Rare synonymous codon substi...
Cerebellar-motor dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychosis-risk: the importance of regional cerebellar analysis approaches.

Motor abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia and those at-risk for psychosis are well documented. An accumulating body of work has also highlighted motor abnormalities related to cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia including eye-blink conditioning, timing, postural control, and motor learning. We have also recently found evidence for motor dysfunction in individuals at ultra high-risk for psychosis (1–3). This is particularly relevant as the cerebellum is thought to be central to the cognitive dysmetria model of schizophrenia, and these overt motor signs may point to more general cerebellar dysfunction in the etiology of psychotic disorders. While studies have provided evidence indicative of motor cerebellar dysfunction in at-risk populations and in schizophrenia, findings with respect to the cerebellum have been mixed. One factor potentially contributing to these mixed results is the whole-structure approach taken when investigating the cerebellum. In non-human primates there are distinct closed-loop circuits between the cerebellum, thalamus, and brain with motor and non-motor cortical regions. Recent human neuroimaging has supported this finding and indicates that there is a cerebellar functional topography (4), and this information is being missed with whole-structure approaches. Here, we review cerebellar motor dysfunction in individuals with schizophrenia and those at-risk for psychosis. We also discuss cerebellar abnormalities in psychosis, and the cerebellar functional topography. Because of the segregated functional regions of the cerebellum, we propose that it is important to look at the structure regionally in order to better understand its role in motor dysfunction in these populations. This is analogous to approaches taken with the basal ganglia, where each region is considered separately. Such an approach is necessary to better understand cerebellar pathophysiology on a macro-structural level with respect to the pathogenesis of psychosis.
The Schooling of Offspring and the Survival of Parents

Contemporary stratification research on developed societies usually views the intergenerational transmission of educational advantage as a one-way effect from parent to child. However, parents’ investment in their offspring’s schooling may yield significant returns for parents themselves in later life. For instance, well-educated offspring have greater knowledge of health and technology to share with their parents and more financial means to provide for them than do their less-educated counterparts. We use data from the 1992–2006 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine whether adult offspring’s educational attainments are associated with parents’ survival in the United States. We show that adult offspring’s educational attainments have independent effects on their parents’ mortality, even after controlling for parents’ own socioeconomic resources. This relationship is more pronounced for deaths that are linked to behavioral factors: most notably, chronic lower respiratory disease and lung cancer. Furthermore, at least part of the association between offspring’s schooling and parents’ survival may be explained by parents’ health behaviors, including smoking and physical activity. These findings suggest that one way to influence the health of the elderly is through their offspring. To harness the full value of schooling for health, then, a family and multigenerational perspective is needed.
Receptor for anionic pyrene derivatives provides the basis for new biomembrane assays.

This study describes a new receptor cyclen 1 capable of strong selective binding of pyrene-based anionic dyes under near-physiological conditions. This receptor comprises four naphthylthiourea groups tethered to a cyclen core via an ester linkage. The complexation behavior of cyclen 1 receptor is characterized by a series of 1H NMR, microcalorimetry, UV−vis, and fluorometry experiments. The relevance of structural features of this receptor to its recognition function is assessed using control compounds that lack some of the groups found in cyclen 1. The specificity of cyclen 1 toward pyrene-based dyes is assessed through experiments using dyes with different molecular organization. The most important finding was the ability of cyclen 1 to bind efficiently to a pH-sensitive dye pyranine, a dye that is commonly used in various biomembrane assays. The high affinity of cyclen 1 to pyranine, its impermeability to the lipid bilayer membrane, fast kinetics of binding, and ability to quench the pyranine's fluores...
Gamma-ray and hard X-ray imaging of solar flares

We discuss the scientific and technical aspects of high-resolution γ-ray and X-ray imaging of solar flares. The scientific necessity for imaging observations of solar flares and the implications of future observations for the study of solar flare electrons and ions are considered. Performance parameters for a future hard X-ray and γ-ray imager are then summarized. We briefly survey techniques for high-energy photon imaging including direct collimation imaging, coded apertures, and modulation collimators. We then discuss in detail the technique of Fourier-transform imaging. The basic formalism is presented, followed by a discussion of several practical aspects of the technique. We conclude our discussion of imaging techniques with a description of the options for detectors and grid fabrication. Several planned future high-energy imagers are described including the Solar-A hard X-ray imager, the balloon-borne GRID γ-ray imager, and the Pinhole/Occulter Facility.
Micromagnetic simulations for terabit/in2 head/media systems

Abstract Bit-patterned (BP) recording is a candidate for extending magnetic data storage towards 10 Tb/in 2 bit densities. An analysis of the design tolerances is carried out using dynamic micromagnetic simulations and statistical models. The effects of distributions of the magnetic material properties on phase margin and addressability error-rate during writing are investigated. At 1.3 Tb/in 2 a rapid increase of the error-rate is observed when the write-synchronization deviates from the optimum phase φ 0 . Estimates of the fabrication and write-synchronization tolerances are derived from the phase margins. It is shown that the switching-field distribution (from intra-island variations and inter-island interactions) as well as the fabrication and synchronization tolerances must be tightly controlled for Tb/in 2 applications. At ultra-high densities, BP media may need to be combined with energy-assisted writing, which is referred to as second-generation BP recording.
The dynamic behavior of continuous stirred-bed reactors for the solid catalyzed gas phase polymerization of propylene

Abstract A study of a continuous stirred-bed reactor for gas phase propylene polymerization has been carried out and shows that the steady state of interest is almost always open-loop-unstable over the temperature range of practical interest. In the absence of bed level control, there is a critical value of bed level below which relatively rapid polymer “wash-out” occurs. The only stable process steady states occur under conditions with bed level control and without pressure control; however, the unstable reactor can be readily stabilized through feedback controllers on reactor temperature.
The Conceptualization and Measurement of Cognitive Health Sophistication

This article develops a conceptualization and measure of cognitive health sophistication--the complexity of an individual's conceptual knowledge about health. Study 1 provides initial validity evidence for the measure--the Healthy-Unhealthy Other Instrument--by showing its association with other cognitive health constructs indicative of higher health sophistication. Study 2 presents data from a sample of low-income adults to provide evidence that the measure does not depend heavily on health-related vocabulary or ethnicity. Results from both studies suggest that the Healthy-Unhealthy Other Instrument can be used to capture variability in the sophistication or complexity of an individual's health-related schematic structures on the basis of responses to two simple open-ended questions. Methodological advantages of the Healthy-Unhealthy Other Instrument and suggestions for future research are highlighted in the discussion.
Harnessing color vision for visual oximetry in central cyanosis

Central cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, tongue, nails, and mucous membranes, and is due to poor arterial oxygenation. Although skin color is one of its characteristic properties, it has long been realized that by the time skin color signs become visible, oxygen saturation is dangerously low. Here we investigate the visibility of cyanosis in light of recent discoveries on what color vision evolved for in primates. We elucidate why low arterial oxygenation is visible at all, why it is perceived as blue, and why it can be so difficult to perceive. With a better understanding of the relationship between color vision and blood physiology, we suggest two simple techniques for greatly enhancing the clinician's ability to detect cyanosis and other clinical color changes. The first is called "skin-tone adaptation", wherein sheets, gowns, walls and other materials near a patient have a color close to that of the patient's skin, thereby optimizing a color-normal viewer's ability to sense skin color modulations. The second technique is called "biosensor color tabs", wherein adhesive tabs with a color matching the patient's skin tone are placed in several spots on the skin, and subsequent skin color changes have the effect of making the initially-invisible tabs change color, their hue and saturation indicating the direction and magnitude of the skin color shift.
The effect of experience on the foraging skill of lambs: Importance of plant form☆

Livestock moved often from one area to another are required to forage on plants of different life form. The degree to which experience foraging on one plant form affects foraging performance on another plant form is unknown. We compared the foraging skills of grass- vs. shrub-experienced lambs on monocultures of mature crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum × Agropyron desertorum) and the shrub serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia). Grass-experienced lambs were more successful (P 0.05), more successful than grass-experienced lambs at prehending (93% vs. 86% success) and ingesting (5.0 vs. 4.5 g min−1) shrub. Shrub-experienced lambs had a higher (P 0.05). We conclude that the skills acquired by foraging on one plant form are to an important extent specific to that plant form. However, grass-experienced lambs foraging on shrubs were aided more than shrub-experienced lambs foraging on grass by their respective experiences.
Career Changes in Medicine: Part II

We have known for some time that fewer medical students and internal medicine residents are deciding on careers in primary care. As we try to transform primary care into a desirable career choice, ...
Organic-rich sediment alteration; an experimental and theoretical study at elevated temperatures and pressures

Organic-rich diatomaceous ooze was reacted with sea water at 200 and 300°C, 500 bars, and an initial fluid/sediment mass ratio of 4 to evaluate the role of organic matter in sediment alteration processes at elevated temperatures and pressures. Decomposition of organic matter during the early stages of reaction dominated alteration and resulted in increased dissolved CO2, Corganic, NH4+ and H2S. Car☐ylic acids were identified as reaction intermediaries during the transformation of organic matter to CH4 and CO2. Extensive SO42− reduction was observed at 300°C, but not at 200°C. Sediment alteration at 300°C resulted in recrystallization of calcic plagioclase and diatoms to an assemblage containing albite, pyrrohotite and quartz, in addition to minor anhydrite and Mg-smectite. In contrast, sediment alteration at 200°C resulted in only minor anhydrite and Mg-smectite formation, and there was no indication of recrystallization of diatoms to quartz. Rapid Mg-fixation during the early stages of alteration resulted in the complete removal of Mg from solution at 300°C and partial removal at 200°C. Production of acidity associated with Mg metasomatism was efficiently titrated by thermolytic and oxidative degradation of organic matter resulting in conspicuously low dissolved metal concentrations during the experiments. In the later stages of sediment alteration at 300°C, albitization of calcic plagioclase caused the continuous release of Ca to solution, while at 200°C fluid chemistry remained relatively constant. Speciation calculations for the 300°C experiment indicate an in-situ pH of 5.11 and a highly reduced redox state likely controlled by organic matter decomposition. Experimental results permit us to evaluate fluid-mineral equilibria in complex fluids containing high concentrations of dissolved organic species, CO2 and H2S, and constrain better alteration processes in sub-sea floor hydrothermal systems at sediment-covered spreading centers, such as the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California.
Phase stabilization of ultrashort optical pulses

New methods have recently been developed to measure the carrier-envelope phase evolution of ultrashort optical pulses. These methods utilize a powerful combination of time-domain and frequency-domain techniques. The resulting ability to stabilize the carrier-envelope phase of the pulse train emitted by a mode-locked laser means that the absolute frequencies in the optical spectrum can be determined, which has had an immediate impact on optical frequency metrology and optical clocks. In the time domain, this establishes the basis for controlling and tailoring the electric field of ultrashort pulses, which will affect applications in extreme nonlinear optics and coherent control. This paper provides a detailed look at the correspondence between time and frequency that underlies these results and reviews the recent progress in the field.
Traffic impact analysis of tourism development

Abstract This paper develops a mathematical modeling framework for analyzing the traffic impacts of proposed tourism facilities. The estimation procedures make it possible to quantify traffic impacts in terms of the projected increase in total network travel time/cost that would result from the development of new facilities. The projected increase in travel cost provides a measure of the “true” traffic impacts born by residents and tourists and can be used by policymakers in deciding upon transportation system alternatives and/or imposing additional impact fees upon tourism developers.
Feminism and Feminist Therapy Across Generations

This article examines the effects of generational differences upon feminist perspectives and the relevance of feminism and feminist therapy to a society characterized by post-feminist rhetoric. Factors that prevent feminists from working together intergenerationally are examined and tentative solutions proposed. Finally, the accuracy of the terms feminism and patriarchy in representing current feminist therapy praxis is questioned. Kaschak's Contextual Theory and the notion of kyriarchy are proposed as more accurate conceptualizations for the 21st century. In the end, true dialogue and appreciation across generations is called for as the way for feminism to remain relevant to current and successive generations.
Engel curves and the unitary theory of the household

Previously unutilized household budget data are used to fit Engel curves to test Gary Becker's unitary theory of the household. If resources are fungible and are allocated to maximize a household utility function, the pattern of outlay should be invariant to control over and sources of income. The earnings of wives and Engel curves for food, rent, clothing, light and fuel, insurance and sundries are estimated using the two-step method of Murphy and Topel. Although working wives contributed an average of 20% of household income, the coefficient of their earnings is not significant in every Engel curve estimated. It appears that Becker's altruist head of the household is the housewife/financial manager, at least in New York City in the early twentieth century.
Inhibition of Apical Na+/H+ Exchangers on the Macula Densa Cells Augments Tubuloglomerular Feedback

NO produced by neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in the macula densa blunts tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). nNOS activity is strongly pH-dependent. Increasing luminal NaCl concentration increases nNOS activity, NO production, and apical Na + /H + exchange. Na + /H + exchange alkalinizes the macula densa. We hypothesized that inhibiting apical Na + /H + exchange in macula densa cells would augment TGF by blunting nNOS activation caused by increasing luminal NaCl concentration. Rabbit afferent arterioles and attached macula densas were microperfused in vitro. TGF response was defined as the change in afferent arteriole diameter caused by increasing the NaCl concentration in the macula densa perfusate. 7-Nitroindazole (7-NI; 10 μmol/L) alone in the macula densa lumen increased the TGF response from 2.4±0.1 to 3.8±0.2 μm ( P + /H + exchange inhibitor, was added to the macula densa lumen, it increased the TGF response from 2.5±0.3 to 3.7±0.5 μm ( P + /H + exchange in the macula densa mimics the effect of inhibiting NO production by nNOS in the macula densa on TGF. Thus, it is possible that increased apical Na + /H + exchange caused by increasing the sodium concentration in the lumen of the macula densa activates macula densa nNOS. The link between nNOS and Na + /H + exchange may be intracellular pH.
Assessment of skin absorption and irritation potential of arachidonic acid and glyceryl arachidonate using in vitro diffusion cell techniques.

Abstract Arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of pro-inflammatory mediators, and its glycerin ester, glyceryl arachidonate (GA), are reportedly used in cosmetic products. In vitro skin penetration of AA and GA and GA’s ester hydrolysis was determined in flow-through diffusion cells. AA penetration with human and rat skin was 19.5% and 52.3% of the applied dose respectively, a substantial amount of which remained in the skin at 24 h. Similar penetration results were obtained with GA in human skin. However, GA penetration through cultured skin (EpiDerm) was 51% of the applied dose, almost all of which appeared in the receptor fluid. At least 27.8% of GA penetrating skin was hydrolyzed to AA. In vitro methods were used to assess skin irritation in diffusion cells. Skin irritation of AA, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and Tween 80 was determined by changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin viability (3-(4,5-dimethylthiaxol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT, formation), and cytokine release (IL-1α). SLS irritation was much less pronounced in an emulsion versus an aqueous vehicle. No significant irritation was observed in vitro from AA in an emulsion. This work predicts that AA would penetrate human skin in vivo and that it could be formed in skin from topically applied GA.
Networked Knowledge Management Dimensions in Distributed Projects

Can knowledge capture and dissemination be managed efficiently? Is there a framework that addresses distributed knowledge management from creation to facilitation? The generation and dissipation of knowledge needs to be embedded in corporate processes. These processes need to have an underlying principle that eliminates the obstacles of collecting multiple knowledge perspectives within complex organizations. Furthermore, extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces and organizational climate factors are believed to influence knowledge sharing. This paper discusses a framework that provides a synergized view to collect, share, and manage the distributed corporate knowledge using organizational knowledge models and technology knowledge models. Structural, cognitive, relational, and technological factors are derived from a synthesized literature review to formulate this framework. The role of peer-to-peer networks and grid computing on distributed knowledge management is also examined.
A program for construction of a Regge theory with crossing symmetry and unitarity

Abstract A scheme for construction of a crossing-symmetric, unitary Regge theory of meson-meson scattering is reviewed. The construction proceeds by solution of the non-linear crossing-unitarity equations in a new formulation based entirely on partial waves. The high-energy divergences encountered in earlier formulations are avoided.
Short variable sequence acquired in evolution enables selective inhibition of various inward-rectifier K+ channels.

Tertiapin (TPN), a small protein toxin originally isolated from honey bee venom, inhibits only certain eukaryotic inward-rectifier K+ (Kir) channels with high affinity. We found that a short (∼10 residues) sequence in Kir channels, located in the N-terminal part of the linker between the two transmembrane segments, is essential for high-affinity inhibition by TPN and that variability in the region underlies the great variation of TPN affinities among eukaryotic Kir channels. This short variable region is however not present in a bacterial Kir channel (KirBac1.1) or in many other types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic K+ channels. Thus, the acquisition in evolution of the variable region in eukaryotic Kir channels has created the opportunity to selectively target the numerous types of Kir channel that play important physiological roles. We also show that TPN sensitivity can be readily conferred onto some Kir channels that currently have no known inhibitors by replacing their variable region with that from a T...
Positron Emission Tomography as a Diagnostic Tool in Infection: Present Role and Future Possibilities

The past decade has witnessed the emergence of yet another promising application of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging in the detection and management of patients with infection and inflammatory disorders. This phenomenon is quite evident when the peer-reviewed scientific literature is searched for on this topic. Among these scientific communications, the 6 conditions in which FDG-PET has demonstrated its greatest utility include (1) chronic osteomyelitis, (2) complicated lower-limb prostheses, (3) complicated diabetic foot, (4) fever of unknown origin, (5) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (ie, AIDS), and (6) vascular graft infection and fistula. On the basis of published literature, orthopedic infections, particularly those related to implanted prostheses and osteomyelitis (including that occurring in the setting of a complicated diabetic foot), can be detected successfully by the use of FDG-PET and, therefore, this modality has great promise for becoming the study of choice in these complex settings. Increasingly, this technique is being used to detect infection in soft tissues, including those representing the sources of fever of unknown origin. The ability of FDG-PET to diagnose vascular graft infection and fistula, even when the anatomical imaging modalities are inconclusive, is of considerable interest to practitioners of vascular surgery. Combined PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging has the potential to determine the sites of infection or inflammation with high precision. The data on the role of PET/CT imaging in the assessment of infection and inflammation is sparse, but this combined modality approach may prove to be the study of choice in foreseeable future for precise localization of involved sites. However, the role of PET/CT may be limited in the presence of metallic artifacts (such as those caused by prostheses) adjacent to the sites of infection.
Microphysical and radiative development of a cirrus cloud during FIRE: implications for dynamical effects

Data for this study were collected over Minnesota on 19 October, 1986 during the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment (FIRE) cirrus field campaign. Broadband radiometers mounted on the top and bottom of the NCAR King Air and Saberliner aircraft were used to measure irradiances. Constant altitude flight legs were flown at various altitudes within cirrus clouds. The data were averaged over the 60-km flight legs and used to calculate radiative heating rate profiles and cloud radiative properties over the resolved layers from 6 to 12 km. Adiabatic vertical velocity w (cooling rate) required to balance (compensate) the observed radiative heating rates was calculated. Values ranged from about 0.40 m s −1 at mid-cloud levels (8.2 km) to 0.05 m s −1 at the 10 km level. In the absence of other processes, the pattern of radiative heating would have generated a unstable thermal stratification (∂θ/∂z < 0) at the 8.2 km level where a near neutrally stratified layer was observed within the cloud. Observations of the cirrus cloud ice particle size distribution and habit were used to define the cloud ice water content profile. Assuming steady state supersaturation (S) with respect to ice, the rate of adiabatic ascent required to maintain constant S against the effects of diffusional growth of the ice particles was calculated. The resulting vertical motions were found to be comparable to, but smaller than, those needed to compensate the effects of radiative heating
INSTABILITY OF THE HIGH-PRESSURE CSCL STRUCTURE IN MOST III-V SEMICONDUCTORS

Using the density-functional linear response method, we study dynamical instabilities of the high-pressure CsCl phase in III-V semiconductors. For InSb, we find no phonon instability that could prevent the CsCl phase from forming, consistent with the experimental observation. In contrast, for the more ionic GaP, GaAs, InP, and InAs, we find that, while statically stable, the CsCl phase is dynamically unstable at high pressures with respect to transverse-acoustic [{xi}{xi}0] phonons. Analysis of the soft normal modes via {open_quotes}isotropy subgroup{close_quotes} suggests two candidate structures that will replace CsCl structure at high pressure: the tP4 (B10) InBi type and the oP4 (B19) AuCd type. Experimental examination of these predictions is called for. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Editor's Special Invited Paper: Second-Guessing Clinical Trial Designs

Abstract This article has two major purposes. First, we propose a methodology that can help biostatistical reviewers of nonsequential randomized clinical trials, armed only with the single summary statistic from the trial, ask the “what if” question “Could a group sequential design have reached a definitive conclusion earlier?” As a side benefit of this research, four-stage group sequential designs that are optimal in some sense are obtained to serve as reference designs for assessing an actual design against a reasonable alternative design with the same power as the original. Four-stage designs were chosen as a practical limit on the number of stages most practitioners would consider, given the inconvenience of interim analysis, including the need to close studies to accrual while the required follow-up information is collected. Since journal editors and the public can subject the trial to close scrutiny after the fact, this new capability could alter the mind-set of some investigators designing clinical...
Concentration of mutations causing schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia in the C‐terminal noncollagenous domain of type X collagen

Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD) has previously been shown to be the result of mutations in the type X collagen gene, COL10A1. A further three mutations have been identified, including two nonsense mutations (Y268X, W651X) and a frameshift mutation (1856delCC). Each of the 10 SMCD mutations identified to date is within the C-terminal noncollagenous domain of type X collagen and three of five deletions initiated around the same nucleotide. This domain is believed to be involved in the initiation of collagen trimerization. The concentration of mutations within this domain is consistent with the hypothesis that the phenotype is the result of a reduction in the level of mature type X collagen due to the mutant polypcptide's inability to participate in trimer formation, although a dominant-negative mechanism cannot be discounted, on the basis of current evidence. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
First-principles study of Mn, Al and C distribution and their effect on stacking fault energies in fcc Fe

Abstract Using ab initio simulation of manganese, aluminum and carbon impurities in fcc Fe, we demonstrated the features in their distribution, which involves repulsion of interstitial carbon atoms, formation of Mn–C pairs as well as short range Al-ordering of the D0 3 -type. We modeled the formation of stacking faults (SF) and analyzed the impurity effect on the intrinsic stacking fault energy (SFE), which controls the plasticity mechanism in austenitic alloys. First, we found that impurities have an influence on the SFE only when they are located within a few atomic layers near a stacking fault. As a result, the SFE is highly sensitive to the concentration of impurities in the vicinity of stacking fault defect. Aluminum and carbon as well as manganese for concentrations higher than 15 at.% increase the SFE, while the formation of Mn–C pairs and Al-ordering restrain the SFE growth. Short range Al-ordering strongly decreases the unstable stacking fault energy (USFE) making the formation of the stacking fault much easier, but does not affect the SFE that can explain the observed planar glide deformation before the occurrence of mechanical twinning regardless of the SFE.
Factors affecting prognosis of inhalation injury.

As care for burn injuries continue to improve, inhalation injuries have become a more significant cause of death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors affecting prognosis in patients with inhalation injuries. We undertook a retrospective chart review of all 829 consecutive patients admitted to our burn unit from January 2000 to September 2004. The 600 patients with thermal injury and no inhalation injury had a mortality of 3% (20/600). The 229 (28%) patients with an inhalation injury had an overall mortality of 16% (36/229; P .05). A significant difference was noted after the associated burn was larger then 10% (P < .05). The mortality rate and length of stay appear to be increased primarily by the severity of the associated burn in patients with inhalation injury andburns.
Stratification of rodent carcinogenicity bioassay results to reflect relative human hazard

Trans-species, multiple site (particularly common site between species), mutagenic rodent carcinogens are less affected by the influences of polymorphic genes than are chemicals inducing more limited carcinogenic effects. Trans-species carcinogens, therefore, should represent a first priority for attention for human health risk.
Optimal Nonlinear Feedback Control Design Using a Waypoint Method

This paper discusses an innovative idea of blending the notion of a waypoint scheme with a series solution method developed by the authors for solving the Hamilton―Jacobi―Bellman equation in the context of designing optimal feedback control laws for nonlinear dynamic systems subject to terminal constraints. The overall time interval of the given problem is partitioned into smaller segments, and the series solution method is applied within each segment using stored gains that are computed from one segment only. The methodology is applied to highly nonlinear systems including a minimum orbit transfer problem. Several examples are demonstrated, and the results are compared with the corresponding open-loop solutions to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Bioelectric observations on adult and newborn hypothalamic dendrites.

Bioelectric activities of hypothalamic dendrites of newborn kittens and adult cats were recorded in vivo. Stimulation of various hypothalamic areas with electrical stimuli, or by injection of norepinephrine, generated propagated spikes in both new-born and adult neurons. The morphologically immature hypothalamic dendrites were hypersensitive to stimuli and were able to generate propagated spikes not only of axon hillock (adults) but also of dendritic membrane origin. Some mechanisms responsible for the two types of spike formation (newborn and adult) have been identified.
Role of Gender and Attitudes on Public Transportation Use

This study aimed to evaluate gender differences in public transportation-related attitudes and their effects on transit use. How did attitudes affect people's transit use? Did public transit-related attitudes differ by gender in general and by status group (faculty, staff, and students)? This research aimed to address these questions. The analysis was based on data collected from the 2012 campus transportation survey at Ohio State University. The survey questionnaire covered individuals' sociodemographic characteristics, commute mode choices, and attitudes toward driving and taking public transit, including reliability, safety, flexibility, convenience, accessibility, and comfort. After the descriptive analysis of perceptions that were segmented on the basis of gender and status (faculty, staff, undergraduates, and graduate students), binary logit models were estimated to assess the influences of individuals' attitudes on transit use while controlling for other factors. First a binary logit model measurin...
Moche Sex Pots: Reproduction and Temporality in Ancient South America

This article asks the question: What is a reproductive act? Ceramics produced by the South American Moche (A.D. 150- 800) depict a wide variety of sex acts but rarely feature vaginal penetration. The cross-cultural literature, especially from Melanesia and Amazonia, is used here to argue that the relationship between sex and reproduction has been variably defined, with many acts- including anal and oral sex-sometimes perceived as reproductive. It contrasts notions of time found in Western ideas of procreation and in pornography to the expanded reproductive time frame of kin- and lineage-based societies and argues that Moche ceramics, with their emphasis on the movement of fluids between bodies, do in fact portray a reproductive process. In the stratified context of Moche society, where these pots were produced for elite consumers who often placed them in tombs, these representations solidified the power of ancestors, elders, and elites. (Keywords: Moche, sex, reproduction)
Studies on the absence of photodynamic mechanism in the normal pancreas

Extraction procedures to quantitate porfimer sodium concentration in tissues werecorrelated with fluorescence measurements made in vivo, on hamster and rat normal pancreasand intra-pancreatic tumors. The uptake of photosensitizer has been shown to be high in bothnormal and malignant pancreatic tissues, in both animal models studied. Photobleaching of thedrug, as evidenced by both techniques within the pancreatic tumor, occurs in a typical mannerduring PDT, with resultant tissue destruction. In contrast, when the normal pancreas is exposedto PDT, a negligible photobleaching effect, as well as a lack of tissue response, is observed. Thelack of observable response is corroborated by a lack of measurable physiological response.Both serum amylase and serum glucose show acute changes up to 12 hours post treatment butquickly return to normal. HPLC analysis shows that the drug extracted from both the normalpancreas and intrapancreatic tumor is essentially the same as that extracted from other tissuesand similar to that which has been injected into the animal. Fluorescence microscopy has shownthat at time points between 12-120 hours the drug is associated with lymphatic channels. Thiswould not, however, necessarily preclude normal tissue destruction. Similar results have beenfound with other photosensitizers. Understanding the lack of response in the pancreas may leadto a deeper understanding of the diseased state which is normally refractory to all therapy aswell as understanding the fundamental concepts of the mechanisms of PDT.1. INTRODUCTIONCarcinoma of the pancreas ranks among the most aggressive of visceral malignancies,claiming nearly 25,000 lives yearly in the United States and ultimately resulting in the deaths ofover 99% of the patients who develop the disease. Pancreatic cancer is the seventh mostcommon cancer in the United States, but the nearly uniform lethality of the disease causes it torank as the fourth most common cause of cancer death1. Several factors contribute to the lethalnature of pancreatic cancer2: (1) the disease is usually asymptomatic in its early stages; (2) thepancreas is an organ deeply seated in the body and not easily accessible for diagnostic purposes;(
Perfluorooctanoic acid effects on ovaries mediate its inhibition of peripubertal mammary gland development in Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice

Exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a synthetic perfluorinated compound and an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), causes stunted mouse mammary gland development in various developmental stages. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We found that peripubertal PFOA exposure significantly inhibited mammary gland growth in both Balb/c and C57Bl/6 wild type mice, but not in C57Bl/6 PPARα knockout mice, and Balb/c mice were more sensitive to PFOA inhibition. PFOA caused (1) delayed or absence of vaginal opening and lack of estrous cycling during the experimental period; (2) decreases in ovarian steroid hormonal synthetic enzyme levels; and (3) reduced expression of estrogen- or progesterone-induced mammary growth factors. Supplementation with exogenous estrogen and/or progesterone reversed the PFOA inhibitory effect on mammary gland. These results indicate that PFOA effects on ovaries mediate its inhibition of mammary gland development in Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice and that PPARα expression is a contributing factor.
The semi-automated classification of acoustic imagery for characterizing coral reef ecosystems

Coral reef habitat maps describe the spatial distribution and abundance of tropical marine resources, making them essential for ecosystem-based approaches to planning and management. Typically, these habitat maps have been created from optical and acoustic remotely sensed imagery using manual, pixel-and object-based classification methods. However, past studies have shown that none of these classification methods alone are optimal for characterizing coral reef habitats for multiple management applications because the maps they produce 1 are not synoptic, 2 are time consuming to develop, 3 have low thematic resolutions i.e. number of classes, or 4 have low overall thematic accuracies. To address these deficiencies, a novel, semi-automated object-and pixel-based technique was applied to multibeam echo sounder imagery to determine its utility for characterizing coral reef ecosystems. This study is not a direct comparison of these different methods but rather, a first attempt at applying a new classification technique to acoustic imagery. This technique used a combination of principal components analysis, edge-based segmentation, and Quick, Unbiased, and Efficient Statistical Trees QUEST to successfully partition the acoustic imagery into 35 distinct combinations of 1 major and 2 detailed geomorphological structure, 3 major and 4 detailed biological cover, and 5 live coral cover types. Thematic accuracies for these classes corrected for proportional bias were as follows: 1 95.7%, 2 88.7%, 3 95.0%, 4 74.0%, and 5 88.3%, respectively. Approximately half of the habitat polygons were manually edited hence the name ‘semi-automated’ due to a combination of mis-classifications by QUEST and noise in the acoustic data. While this method did not generate a map that was entirely reproducible, it does show promise for increasing the amount of automation with which thematically accurate benthic habitat maps can be generated from acoustic imagery.
Enzymes of glutathione metabolism as biochemical markers during hepatocarcinogenesis

Enzymes of glutathione metabolism, particularly gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), play a role in multistage hepatocarcinogenesis. The enhanced expression of these enzymes in preneoplastic altered hepatic foci, nodules, and hepatocellular carcinomas has been demonstrated after treatment with a variety of initiating and promoting agents. Glutathione is necessary for the detoxification of xenobiotics and carcinogens and for cell replication. Induction of GGT in altered hepatocytes may permit these cells to utilize extracellular glutathione to preserve their internal glutathione levels. GST induction allows glutathione utilization for the protection of the altered hepatocyte in an environment of exposure to xenobiotics, such as promoting agents. Thus, the combined effects of GGT and GST, in a toxic environment, may provide for the enhanced proliferation observed in preneoplastic hepatocytes. New clinical and research opportunities may involve the use of GGT and the placental isozyme of GST (PGST) as markers of preneoplasia and neoplasia in humans. Many factors, such as hormones, diet, and exposure to initiating and promoting agents, influence GGT and GST expression. The recent cloning of cDNAs to GGT and PGST offers opportunities for the study of factors involved in the genetic expression of these two enzymes. Coupled with the use of hepatocyte culture and transplantation, the factors involved at the molecular level in the creation of hepatocellular neoplasia may be discovered.
Growth Effects of Vanadium in the Rat

Vanadium is necessary for growing rats raised inside trace elementcontrolled, all plastic isolators on a highly purified amino acid diet. Addifion of vanadium to the diet enhances growth by over 40 percent. A nearly optimum effect is obtained with 10 micrograms of vanadium per 100 grams of diet in (0.1 part per million), supplied in the form of sodium orthovanadate, as seen from series of tests with levels ranging from 1 to 5 micrograms per 100 grams of diet. Different vanadium compounds show different potencies: sodium orthovanadate was effective, metavanadate less active, and pyrovanadate without activity. Tetravalent vanadium, supplied as vanadyl sulfate or acetate, was utilized but produced smaller responses. The amounts of vanadium required are those normally found in tissues and nutrients.
Synthesis of targetable cationic amphiphiles

Abstract Cationic amphiphiles 1a-1c , with monosaccharide at the ω-position of the hydrocarbon tails, were synthesized by utilization of Schmidt's trichloroacetimidate procedure for the glycosylation step and application of the commercially available 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol as a scaffold for the attachment of double hydrocarbon tails. Application of the Zemplen condition for O -deacetylation in the presence of base-sensitive benzyl bromide was found to be efficient. The synthetic route provides an entry for the synthesis of versatile quaternary ammonium amphiphiles having the cell targeting glycosyl ligands.
Petrology of iron-rich magmatic segregations associated with strongly peraluminous trondhjemite in the Cornucopia stock, northeastern Oregon

The Middle Cretaceous Cornucopia stock in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon is a small composite intrusion consisting of hornblende biotite tonalite, biotite trondhjemite, and three cordierite two mica trondhjemite units. Unusual magnetite + biotite-rich tonalitic rocks are associated with the Crater Lake cordierite trondhjemite, the youngest of the intrusions. Oxide-rich tonalites are characterized by high Fe (~47–68 wt% total Fe as FeO), low SiO2 (<36 wt%), and enrichments in HFSE and REE (La(N)=361–903). Oxide-rich tonalites appear in a variety of forms, including composite dikes and sheets, in which they are associated with leucocratic tonalite. Leucotonalite is lower in SiO2 (60–72 wt%) than Crater Lake trondhjemite, and generally has ΣREE contents and Eu anomalies intermediate between the oxide-rich tonalite and Crater Lake compositions. Oxide-rich tonalites crosscut, and are crosscut by, shear zones in the host trondhjemite, indicating their emplacement late in the pluton's crystallization history. Granitic dikes crosscut the composite dikes in all localities. Geochemical considerations and sedimentary-like structures, such as load casts and bedding of magnetite-rich assemblages in the composite dikes and sheets, are suggestive of crystal settling from an Fe-rich parental magma. The Fe-rich liquid parental to the oxide-rich tonalite–leucotonalite pairs formed by extensive, in-situ, plagioclase + quartz-dominated crystallization of strongly peraluminous trondhjemite. Early magnetite saturation in the trondhjemite was suppressed, either because the parental trondhjemitic magma had a lower initial total Fe content or because it had a lower ferric–ferrous ratio, possibly reflecting a lower oxygen fugacity. Accumulation of magnetite from Fe-rich residual magma is a viable mechanism for the concentration of iron, and the subsequent formation of Fe-rich rocks, in calcic siliceous intrusions. Apparently, Fe-enrichment can occur locally in calcic magmas, and is not restricted to rocks of mafic tholeiitic or anorthositic affinity.
A Three-Dimensional Planetary Boundary Layer Model for the Somali Jet

Abstract This paper is an extension of an earlier study on the planetary boundary layer dynamics of the low level monsoonal flow over the Arabian Sea (Krishnamurti and Wong, 1979), where the long term steady state motion field for a boundary layer was determined using a zonally symmetric model with a prescribed pressure field. In that study we examined the balance of forces in the surface layer and the planetary boundary layer for regions across the equator, across and along the low-level Somali jet, and across an intertropical convergence zone. The important role of advective accelerations in the near-equatorial balance of forces was demonstrated. The important study is based on a three-dimensional model that removes the restriction of zonal symmetry. This mesoscale fine mesh model, with a horizontal resolution of ∼55 km and a vertical resolution of 200 m, is integrated to examine the evolution of three-dimensional planetary boundary layer flows for prescribed three-dimensional pressure patterns. The obs...