cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cartesian Natural Laws

In chapter 1, it was necessary to briefly present Descartes’ theory of space and relational motion in order to better grasp the motivation underlying Newton’s argument against relationalism. If we intend to construct a Cartesian science immune to Newton’s problem, however, an in-depth examination of the details of Descartes’ natural philosophy is required. Only when all the components of the Cartesian theory have been revealed and their functions explained can the relationalist proceed to assemble a coherent version of Descartes’ theory. Before we can effectively study, or even construct, a Cartesian spacetime, moreover, it is necessary to investigate the origin and specific content of his views on force and material interaction. These ideas represent a sort of framework or foundation on which a Cartesian spacetime must be built. Among these ideas, the Cartesian laws of nature figure prominently; for they form the basis of all applications of Descartes’ relational theory of motion to the physical world. In this chapter, consequently, the content of the Cartesian natural laws will be analyzed in an attempt to uncover an effective means of resolving the dilemma imposed by Newton’s argument (although the working-out of any promising candidates will have to await Part III).
FAST, APPROXIMATE SCHEME OF ACTIVATION-INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY EVALUATION FOR FUSION REACTOR SYSTEMS STUDIES

A fast, approximate scheme of evaluating the activation-induced radioactivity for HT-9 ferritic steel based on scaling equations formulated from data regression of numerical results is discussed. This work is an extension of previous studies [Refs. 1–2], which derived a set of scaling equations to model the radioactivity inventories as continuous functions of reactor design parameters for a silicon carbide first wall. The successful completion of such fast calculational scheme can achieve the benefit of incorporating safety and environmental factors in fusion reactor systems studies.
Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) in paediatric cutaneous lupus among paediatric dermatologists and rheumatologists

Background The Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) is a reliable outcome measure for cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) in adults used in clinical trials. However, it has not been validated in children, limiting clinical trials for paediatric CLE. Objectives This study aimed to validate the CLASI in paediatrics. Methods Eleven paediatric patients with CLE, six dermatologists and six rheumatologists participated. The physicians were trained to use the CLASI and Physician's Global Assessment (PGA), and individually rated all patients using both tools. Each physician reassessed two randomly selected patients. Within each physician group, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the reliability of each measure. Results CLASI activity scores demonstrated excellent inter- and intrarater reliability (ICC > 0·90), while the PGA activity scores had good inter-rater reliability (ICC 0·73-0·77) among both specialties. PGA activity scores showed excellent (ICC 0·89) and good intrarater reliability (ICC 0·76) for dermatologists and rheumatologists, respectively. Limitations of this study include the small sample size of patients and potential recall bias during the physician rerating session. Conclusions CLASI activity measurement showed excellent inter- and intrarater reliability in paediatric CLE and superiority over the PGA. These results demonstrate that the CLASI is a reliable and valid outcome instrument for paediatric CLE.
The Clery Act: Freedom of Information at what Cost to students?

The Clery Act, which requires full disclosure of campus crime statistics, is bringing campus disciplinary issues into the criminal justice system. The result, say the authors, is grave damage to th...
Modeling and Optimization of 144 kVA Transformer for EV Fast Charger Application

This paper presents a comparison of the analytical modeling and 3-D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of a medium frequency, high power transformer for use in the Electric Vehicle (EV) Fast Charger power converter design currently being developed at FREEDM Systems Center. This initial design is then optimized using a generic multi-variable optimization algorithm at 50 kHz. For further optimization, a frequency sweep is completed using the converter constraints to gain an overall optimal design for the power electronics converter.
Tuning the Polarization and Directionality of Photoluminescence of Achiral Quantum Dot Films with Chiral Nanorod Dimer Arrays: Implications for Luminescent Applications

We examine the polarization state of photoluminescence of core/shell semiconducting nanocrystals coupled to periodic arrays of gold nanorod dimers. Here, we study the effects of changing the pitch ...
Deliberation at the Margins: Participant Accounts of Face-to-Face Public Deliberation at the 1999-2000 World Trade Protests in Seattle and Prague

Research on public deliberatio11 oz~erlooks impevfect forms of face-to-face deliberation that occur outside the mainstream. Such deliberation may be oriented toward the development of a counternarrative rather than a broader conception of the common good; however, it may have some ofthe same characteristics and efects ascribed to more refined deliberatizle forum. This paper explores the possibility of such deliberation by exploring tlze world trade protests that occurred in Seattle and Prague in
Fuzzy Clustering Based Scenario Reduction for Stochastic Day-Ahead Scheduling in Power Systems

Scenario based stochastic scheduling has drawn a tremendous amount of interest worldwide in tackling the uncertainty of renewable energy and accounting for risks. It is important to generate representative time-series scenarios of renewable energy, while keeping the dimensionality of the scenario set tractable. This paper presents a mixed autoencoder based fuzzy clustering approach to select a reduced scenario set from high-dimensional time series. In contrast to other techniques targeting on minimizing different probability distances, the proposed architecture accounts for the pattern recognition within a large set of scenarios. The effectiveness of the model is verified in the case studies.
Mechanical properties characterization of fiber reinforced composites by nonlinear constitutive parameter optimization in short beam shear specimens

This work presents a novel approach to quantify the nonlinear shear stress-strain behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites without finite element stress calculation. Full-field noncon...
Moderating effect of partisanship on personal experience with sexual harassment and gender discrimination on the evaluation of political figures

Sexual harassment and gender discrimination have become more salient in U.S. politics in recent years due, in part, to the #MeToo movement. We conducted two surveys on Californians in the 2018 prim...
Segmentation of neurons from fluorescence calcium recordings beyond real time

Fluorescent genetically encoded calcium indicators and two-photon microscopy help understand brain function by generating large-scale in vivo recordings in multiple animal models. Automatic, fast and accurate active neuron segmentation is critical when processing these videos. Here we developed and characterized a novel method, Shallow U-Net Neuron Segmentation (SUNS), to quickly and accurately segment active neurons from two-photon fluorescence imaging videos. We used temporal filtering and whitening schemes to extract temporal features associated with active neurons, and used a compact shallow U-Net to extract spatial features of neurons. Our method was both more accurate and an order of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art techniques when processing multiple datasets acquired by independent experimental groups; the difference in accuracy was enlarged when processing datasets containing few manually marked ground truths. We also developed an online version, potentially enabling real-time feedback neuroscience experiments. Calcium imaging is a valuable tool for recording in vivo neural activity, but the task of extracting signals of individual neurons is computationally challenging. Bao and colleagues present a U-Net-based method that is both accurate and fast enough to potentially allow real-time processing and closed-loop experiments.
Developmentally determined reduction in CD31 during gestation is associated with CD8+ T cell effector differentiation in preterm infants.

Homeostatic T cell proliferation is more robust during human fetal development. In order to understand the relative effect of normal fetal homeostasis and perinatal exposures on CD8+ T cell behavior in PT infants, we characterized umbilical cord blood CD8+ T cells from infants born between 23-42weeks gestation. Subjects were recruited as part of the NHLBI-sponsored Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program. Cord blood from PT infants had fewer naive CD8+ T cells and lower regulatory CD31 expression on both naive and effector, independent of prenatal exposures. CD8+ T cell in vitro effector function was greater at younger gestational ages, an effect that was exaggerated in infants with prior inflammatory exposures. These results suggest that CD8+ T cells earlier in gestation have loss of regulatory co-receptor CD31 and greater effector differentiation, which may place PT neonates at unique risk for CD8+ T cell-mediated inflammation and impaired T cell memory formation.
Chapter 15 – g, Jobs and Life

Publisher Summary This chapter drawn attention to the fact that tests and tasks differ systematically in general cognitive ability, g loading, that is, in the degree to which they call forth general intelligence g. This suggests a way to better understand the impact of differences in g in daily life—examine everyday tasks and broad life outcomes for their psychometric properties, including their g loadedness. That is, to address the ways in which life mimics or departs from a standardized intelligence test. The value of six specific questions is illustrated by applying them to the literature on job performance and occupational attainment—what is the distribution, by g loading, of the many subtests one takes in life's extensive mental test battery; to what extent do one takes common vs. different subtests in life; to what extent do the differences in g determine which subtests one takes. Applying the life-as-a-mental-test-battery analogy to the world of work yields predictions about where and why a higher g will be an advantage elsewhere in life. The analogy also explains why even big effects can be hard to discern in the psychometrically messy real world.
A note on recursive completions of the countable atomless Boolean algebras

The Baire category theorem for compact Hausdorff spaces is used to show that any recursive completion ℬϕof the countable atomless Boolean algebra ℬ is ℬrecursively closed." Also, a theorem of R.D. Anderson on the simplicity of Aut(ℬ) is used to show that uncountably many automorphisms of ℬ extend to ℬϕ.
Retailer Transshipment versus Central Depot Allocation for Supply Network Design

We consider a supply chain structure with shipments from an external warehouse directly to retailers and compare two enhancement options: costly transshipment among retailers after demand has been realized vs. cost-free allocation to the retailers from the development of a centralized depot. Stochastic programming models are developed for both the transshipment and allocation structures. We study the impact of cost parameters and demand coefficient of variation on both system structures. Our results show an increasing convex relationship between average costs and demand coefficient of variation, and furthermore that this increase is more pronounced for the allocation structure. We employ simulation and nonlinear search techniques to computationally compare the cost performance of allocation and transshipment structures under a wide range of system parameters such as demand uncertainty and correlation; lead times from the external warehouse to retailers, from warehouse to central depot, and from depot to retailers; and transshipment, holding, and penalty costs. The transshipment approach is found to outperform allocation for a broad range of parameter inputs including many situations for which transshipment is not an economically sound decision for a single period. The insights provided enable the manager to choose whether to invest in reducing lead times or demand uncertainty and assist in the selection of investments across identical and nonidentical retailers.
CEO Compensation and Stock Mispricing: How Do Boards React to Mutual Fund Flow-Driven Price Pressure?

The endogeneity of board structure complicates studies of board decisions on CEO compensation. Using mutual fund flow-driven trading pressure as an exogenous shock to stock price informativeness of CEO effort, we examine how boards adjust CEO pay in response to such exogenous price movements. Consistent with economic efficiency, boards rely more on accounting and less on stock performance in setting CEO bonuses when the stock price becomes less informative. Boards consisting of directors with greater advising ability are more likely to make such adjustments. We find only weak evidence that boards selectively adjust bonuses to benefit the CEO.
Ethnic Competition and Modernization in Contemporary Africa

It has been argued that modernization promotes potentially disintegrative forces in developing areas, and in particular, often gives rise to powerful ethnic groupings (for example, see Geertz, 1963; Melson and Wolpe, 1970; Huntington, 1968). In this article, we elaborate this hypothesis in the context of the developing nations of black Africa. We note that important competition can and do covary in contemporary Africa (Morrison and Stevenson, 1972). And we attempt to explain why this should be so.
Discovery of phenotypic networks from genotypic association studies with application to obesity

Genome-wide Association Studies GWAS have resulted in many discovered risk variants for several obesity-related traits. However, before clinical relevance of these discoveries can be achieved, molecular or physiological mechanisms of these risk variants needs to be discovered. One strategy is to perform data mining of phenotypically-rich data sources such as those present in dbGAP database of Genotypes and Phenotypes for hypothesis generation. Here we propose a technique that combines the power of existing Bayesian Network BN learning algorithms with the statistical rigour of Structural Equation Modelling SEM to produce an overall phenotypic network discovery system with optimal properties. We illustrate our method using the analysis of a candidate SNP data set from the AMERICO sample, a multi-ethnic cross-sectional cohort of roughly 300 children with detailed obesity-related phenotypes. We demonstrate our approach by showing genetic mechanisms for three obesity-related SNPs.
What is it so stressful about caring for a dying patient? A qualitative study of nurses’ experiences

The nursing shortage continues to be a problem in the United States, in part, owing to the experience of stress and burnout by practicing nurses. With an ageing population, the stress of caring for dying patients and their families is one reason for the high levels of stress and burnout. Although we know that caring for dying patients is stressful for nurses, there is little information about the specific aspects of that experience that concern them. In order to alleviate the stress and to help nurses cope more effectively with this situation, this research examined the aspects of caring for a dying patient that cause concern for nurses. This study used a grounded theory approach to examine the experiences of nurses and their particular concerns about caring for a dying patient. Nurses expressed personal concerns, concerns about the patient and their families, which include communication challenges with both patients and families.
Use of Knee Magnetic Resonance Imaging by Primary Care Physicians in Patients Aged 40 Years and Older

Background:Criteria are needed for primary care providers such that they can evaluate age-related knee pain in a cost-effective manner. This study examined (1) in what percentage of patients are ap...
Serge I. Zaïtzeff (ed.). Julio Torri y la crítica en los años ochenta. Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara, 1989.

Ahora nos presenta ZaItzeff una nueva seleccion de veinticuatro notas y articulos dedicados a Torri, esta vez aparecidos en revistas y periodicos de Mexico y del extranjero durante la decada de los ochenta. Ademas de los materiales seleccionados y la introduccion, se incluye la ultima version de la cada vez mas rica bibliografia de y sobre Torri que mantiene al dia ZaItzeff en sus diversas publicaciones.
Irreducible Polynomials in ℝ[ x ]

A. Factoring xpn − x In this chapter we show that there are irreducible polynomials of any degree over ℤ p , and get a formula for the number of monic irreducible polynomials of each degree.
The OptIPuter, Quartzite, and Starlight projects: a campus to global-scale testbed for optical technologies enabling LambdaGrid computing

Dedicated optical connections have significant advantages over shared Internet connections. The OptIPuter project (www.optiputer.net) uses medical and earth sciences imaging as application drivers. Quartzite (UCSD) and Starlight (Chicago) create unique combinations of OEO routers and OOO and wavelength-selective optical switches.
Transesophageal echocardiography: procedures and clinical application.

Abstract In existence for more than a decade, transesophageal echocardiography has gained renewed interest because of technologic advances including high resolution transducers, multiple imaging planes and Doppler color flow mapping. The heart is imaged from within the esophagus with a gastroscope-mounted transducer, obviating technical difficulties encountered in transthoracic echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography is utilized intraoperatively to monitor patients undergoing open heart surgery or high risk cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. In the ambulatory patient, the procedure facilitates imaging of many structures (including the left atrium and appendage, mitral and aortic native and prosthetic valves and thoracic aorta), with better resolution than that obtained by routine transthoracic echocardiography. Technical aspects of transesophageal echocardiography as well as its indications and limitations are reviewed.
Symbol Store: sharing map symbols for emergency management

Maps are a primary means for supporting information sharing and collaboration in emergency management and crisis situations. While a variety of formalized map symbol standards for emergency context...
Informational Influences on Physician Referrals

Today's health care marketers are devoting significant resources to increase physician referrals, an area vital to their continued survival. The goal of this investigation was to integrate the findings of previous research on physician referrals, and to provide an up-to-date assessment of those influences underlying physician referral behavior. A questionnaire was mailed to 1,800 physicians differing in specialty and years in practice. Three informational influences were found to affect physician referrals: Program Information, Patient Input, and Location. The results suggest a need for specialists and other organizations interested in managing physician referrals to (a) establish and maintain a network of relationships among those physicians referring patients and specialists being referred to through personal communication, (b) maintain a pool of knowledgeable professionals willing to supply relevant and current information to physicians, and (c) provide complete and prompt feedback information to the referring physician. Managerial implications and directions for future research are also discussed.
Phase transformations and defect clusters in single crystal SrTiO3 irradiated at different temperatures

Abstract Radiation damage mechanisms in single crystal SrTiO 3 irradiated with 250 keV Ne ions to a fluence of 1.11 × 10 20 ions/m 2 at both room temperature and 773 K were systematically investigated. The irradiation-induced microstructural evolution was characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Ion irradiation at room temperature results in amorphization of crystalline SrTiO 3 near the peak damage region at this fluence. On the other hand, ion irradiation at high temperature leads to less irradiation-induced damage in SrTiO 3 due to the higher recovery rate of defects. Nevertheless, the formation of dislocation loops has been observed in the SrTiO 3 crystals irradiated at high temperature. These dislocation loops were determined to be unfaulted loops with Burgers vector along 〈0 1 1〉.
The spacecraft encounters of comet Halley

The characteristics of the Comet Halley spacecraft 'fleet' (VEGA 1 and VEGA 2, Giotto, Suisei, and Sakigake) are presented. The major aims of these missions were (1) to discover and characterize the nucleus, (2) to characterize the atmosphere and ionosphere, (3) to characterize the dust, and (4) to characterize the nature of the large-scale comet-solar wind interaction. While the VEGA and Giotto missions were designed to study all four areas, Suisei addressed the second and fourth. Sakigake was designed to study the solar wind conditions upstream of the comet. It is noted that NASA's Deep Space Network played an important role in spacecraft tracking.
The archaeological data bank: A progress report

For a number of years, a small group of archaeologists scattered around the world have been struggling toward what seems an impossible dream: the creation of a world-wide, computer-oriented data bank. The motives for engaging in this struggle are undoubtedly as varied as the number of persons involved. For some of us, a remark Jesse Jennings made in 1963, in the introduction to a paper on the Glen Canyon Survey, aptly expresses the underlying problem that serves as a continuing stimulus: One mind-and in this I am referring to a particular mind with which I am intimately familiar-simply cannot retain all of the details necessary to adequately assess [this much information]. One of the marks of scholarship has always been the ability to retain for recall when needed specific data which might be significant to any problem under consideration. However, scholarship has been possible at all only because of a long series of memory aids which mankind developed to assist in this process of factual recall. Today, even when these aids are used to their fullest extent, the sheer quantity of raw data available is often so
Acute Effects of Ethanol on Pharmacologically Isolated Kainate Receptors in Cerebellar Granule Neurons: Comparison with NMDA and AMPA Receptors

Abstract: Comparisons of acute ethanol's effects on individual members of the three major families of ionotropic glutamate receptors (kainate, AMPA, and NMDA) have been performed only with recombinant receptors. However, no study has compared the acute effects of ethanol on individual members of each one of these receptor families in the same neuron. We accomplished this task by using cultured cerebellar granule neurons and LY303070 (GYKI-53784), a noncompetitive and selective AMPA receptor antagonist. Ethanol concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM decreased the amplitude of pharmacologically isolated kainate-activated currents by 3 ± 1, 9 ± 2, 14 ± 2, and 22 ± 3% (n = 8), respectively. The magnitude of the ethanol-induced inhibition of nonselective kainate-activated currents, i.e., in the absence of LY303070, and currents activated by submaximal AMPA concentrations was not significantly different from that obtained with isolated kainate currents. However, the magnitude of the ethanol-induced inhibition of NMDA receptor-activated currents was about twofold greater than that of kainate and/or AMPA receptors.
Results from organizational development interventions in a technology call center

Technology support call centers are becoming an increasingly important part of the American economy. However, there are many scholarly reports of problems associated among these endeavors. Research into mitigating these problems has tended to focus on structural alignment, or forms of team participation, leading to conflicting outcomes. HRD researchers are left with an unclear picture of the outcomes, and HRD practitioners have been left with the question of which of these interventions to implement. This study concurrently investigated the effects on job satisfaction from structural-alignment, high-involvement, autonomous-team interventions compared to a control group. The analysis indicated job satisfaction improvements in the alignment and high-involvement groups, with the high-involvement groups suggesting the most significant improvements. As a result, recommendations are made for HRD practitioners and future HRD research.
Thermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass

Torrefaction is a process to convert diverse lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks into an energy dense homogeneous solid, a pretreatment for subsequent thermochemical conversion. Loblolly pine was treated by wet torrefaction (hot compressed water, 200–260°C) and dry torrefaction (nitrogen, 250–300°C), with mass yield of solid product ranging between 57 and 89%, and energy densification to 108–136% of the original feedstock. The solid product has been characterized, including proximate analysis, fiber analysis, ultimate analysis, and equilibrium moisture. In both dry and wet torrefaction, increasing temperature results in decreased mass yield and increased energy densification, and results in a solid with increased carbon content, decreased oxygen content, and decreased volatiles. The biomass is transformed into a fuel similar to a low-rank coal. Generally, the wet torrefaction process produces a solid with greater energy density than dry torrefaction, with the same mass yield. The fiber analysis indicates that hemicellulose is quickly removed during wet torrefaction, and the solid product contains substantial quantities of aqueous soluble compounds. The equilibrium moisture content of solids produced by both processes is somewhat decreased from that of the biomass feedstock, indicating a hydrophobic solid suitable for storage and transportation. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
The benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy in single-node-positive squamous cell vulvar carcinoma.

Abstract Objective. To determine if adjuvant radiotherapy improves the survival of women with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva involving one inguinal node. Methods. Demographic, pathologic, and treatment information was obtained on patients with vulvar cancers from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 1988 and 2001. Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox-proportional hazards model were used for analyses. Results. Of the 490 patients with stage III, node-positive vulvar cancers, 208 had a single positive inguinal node. The median age of this group was 71 years (range: 29–100). 82.2% of patients were White, 7.2% were Hispanic, 7.7% were Black, 1.4% were Asian, and 1.4% were Others. 91.8% of patients underwent a radical vulvectomy with a unilateral or bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy. The median number of lymph nodes resected was 13 (range: 1–34). 102 women underwent adjuvant radiotherapy, while 106 did not receive any radiation treatment. Women who received adjuvant radiotherapy had a 5-year disease-specific survival of 77.0% compared to 61.2% in those without radiotherapy ( p =0.02). After stratifying the study group based on the extent of lymphadenectomy, we found that radiation treatment improved the survival of those with ≤12 lymph nodes removed (76.6% versus 55.1%, p =0.035). In those with more than 12 nodes resected, radiotherapy increased the survival from 66.7% to 77.3%, though this difference was not statistically significant ( p =0.23). In multivariate analysis, younger age ( p =0.01) remained as a significant prognostic factor for improved survival; however, adjuvant radiotherapy had a borderline significance ( p =0.06). Conclusion. Our data suggest that adjuvant radiotherapy may improve the disease-specific survival of patients with single-node-positive vulvar cancer who underwent a less extensive lymph node resection (≤12 nodes removed).
The establishment of an attachment research network in Latin America: Goals, accomplishments, and challenges

In the face of a pressing need for expanded attachment research programs and attachment informed interventions in Latin America, a research network was established: Red Iberoamericana de Apego: RIA (Iberian-American Attachment Network). The purpose of RIA is to promote human development and well being, informed by attachment theory, centering on research, and with implications for public policies, education, and intervention. We report the proceedings of the second meeting of RIA held in Panama City, Panama, in February 2010. As part of this meeting, RIA sponsored the first Latin-American attachment conference. Proceedings of the conference are described, as are future goals of this new organization.
Influence of Sb/As soak times on the structural and optical properties of GaAsSb/GaAs interfaces

Abstract The effects of Sb/As soak times, prior to growth of GaAsSb on GaAs were investigated by High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction (HRXRD) and photoluminescence (PL). Multiple quantum well samples with soak times of 0 s, 30 s and 60 s were grown at 500 °C with nominally identical Sb and As fluxes. HRXRD results show that a 30 s soak minimizes diffuse scattering seen around superlattice peaks in the reciprocal space maps, an effect attributed to corrugations in the GaAs–GaAsSb interface. An inferred band diagram calculated using a four band k.p model and modified taking into account the HRXRD results was used to explain PL spectra taken for each sample at 80 K. It is concluded that an optimum soak time exists for GaASb growth on GaAs, determined by the growth conditions.
Localization and Characterization of Binding Sites with High Affinity for [3H]Ouabain in Cerebral Cortex of Rabbit Brain Using Quantitative Autoradiography

: [3H]Ouabain binding was studied in sections of rabbit somatosensory cortex by quantitative autoradiography and in rabbit brain microsomal membranes using a conventional filtration assay. KD values of 8–12 nM for specific high-affinity binding of [3H]ouabain were found by both methods. High-affinity binding was not uniformly distributed in somatosensory cortex and was localized predominantly to laminae 1,3, and 4. [3H]Ouabain binding in tissue sections was stimulated by the ligands Mg2+/Pi or Mg2+/ATP/Na+ and was inhibited by K+ (IC50= 0.7–0.9 mM), N-ethylmaleimide, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and erythrosin B. We conclude that [3H]ouabain is reversibly and specifically bound with high affinity in rabbit brain tissue sections under conditions that favor phosphorylation of Na+,K+-ATPase. Quantitative autoradiography is a powerful tool for assessing the affinity and number of specific ouabain binding sites in brain tissue.
Monte albán: Collecting, analyzing, and publishing information about a prehistoric city

Richard E. Blanton. Monte Alban: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotee Capital. New York: Academic Press, 1978. 451 pp. $24.50.
Secure remote user access over insecure networks

Remote user authentication based on passwords over untrusted networks is the conventional method of authentication in the Internet and mobile communication environment. Typical secure remote user access solutions rely on pre-established secure cryptographic keys, public-key infrastructure, or secure hardware. In this paper, we present secure password-based protocols for remote user authentication, password change, and session key establishment over insecure networks. The proposed protocols do not require the use of any additional private- or public-key infrastructure.
Temperature Tolerance of Some Antarctic Fishes

Three species of Antarctic fishes which live in constantly near-freezing waters have a markedly low upper-lethal temperature of 6 degrees C ; this is the lowest upper-lethal temperature reported for any organism. The fishes survive supercooling to -2.5 degrees C. Data on brain metabolism in vitro support the hypothesis that the central nervous system is a primary site of thermal injury.
Net calcium fluxes in rat parotid acinar cells: evidence for a hormone-sensitive calcium pool in or near the plasma membrane.

The effects of receptor stimulation on net fluxes of45Ca in parotid acinar cells were investigated. When cellular45Ca content was near steady-state, muscarinic receptor activation by carbachol caused a net efflux of45Ca (not always reproducible) followed by a net influx. In the presence of excess ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, net efflux invariably occurred, but the influx phase was prevented. When the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine was added to the medium during the influx phase, an abrupt transient influx occured followed by a return of net influx to the prestimulation level. When cellular responses believed to reflect intracellular ionized Ca (K+ permeability, protein secretion) were examined under similar conditions, atropine invariably had an inhibitory effect. The Ca taken up in response to atropine apparently replenishes the hormone-sensitive pool of cellular Ca since it can be released subsequently by adrenoceptor activation. Taken together, these observations suggest that when atropine is administered to cholinergically activated cells, the hormone-sensitive Ca pool rapidly refills from the extracellular fluid without a concomitant increase in ionized intracellular Ca. Thus, it is suggested that this Ca pool is most likely associated with the plasma membrane.
Two active structures for hemicholinium-like action.

Abstract The hemiketal structure has been reported as necessary for compounds to exhibit hemicholinium action. This report describes the hemicholinium-like effect of 2 bisquaternary compounds (2-hydroxy ethyldimethylammonio derivatives) in which the positively charged nitrogens are connected by either the phenylene diacetyl chain or by the same chain in which the keto groups have been reduced. The former compound (IIIb) exists in a cyclic hemiketal or closed ring form and the latter (IIIb-OH) exists as the straight chain form. Studies on the intact rat anterior tibial nerve muscle preparation show that the compounds produce quantitatively similar effects and that both produce significant hemicholinium-like action. These results indicate that both the straight-chain and the hemiketal forms are active structures for hemicholinium-like action.
Assessing the Quality of Four Naturally Colored Cottons

Small quantities of four cottons with distinctive hues ranging from light tan to cinnamon and green, grown by the University of Arizona, are converted into sliver and spun into both ring and rotor yarns using industrial-scale equipment. Fiber and yarn tests are performed in order to compare the cottons, and the yarns are inserted into a woven fabric as filling yarns. There is evidence that shade varies with Micronaire value. The weakest, shortest cotton is the dark cinnamon type, which provides the weakest, least regular yarns. The strongest cotton is the champagne variety, which is also the longest and coarsest of the four types evaluated. The strongest, most regular yarns are provided by the green cotton. Light cinnamon and champagne cottons produce yarns of similar tensile and regularity properties.
The effect of film thickness on contact electrification

Contact electrification experiments have been performed for the purpose of studying the effect of varying film thickness on charge transfer during metal-insulator contact. Thin films of plasma polymerized methane are deposited on silicon substrates using a magnetically enhanced glow discharge system. Film uniformity across the wafer is verified by ellipsometric techniques. Variations in film thickness from approximately 100 to 600 A result in a variable amount of charge transfer when the films come in contact with a metal probe. Charging of the polymer film increases with increasing film thickness up to a limiting thickness of approximately 375-400 A. Similar results are obtained when various substrate treatments are performed previous to film deposition and charge measurements are obtained as a function of film thickness. Contact electrification measurements show the metal-insulator contact is influenced by the insulator/substrate interface up to the same limiting film thickness (375-400 A). The instrumentation used in this series of experiments is based on measurement of the currents associated with the contact and subsequent separation of the surface state systems of a metal and an insulating polymer. This technique relies on measurement of currents in the picoampere range and appears to be a novel method to experimentally determine charge penetration depth.
New systolic array processor architecture for simultaneous discrete convolution of an image plane with multiple filter coefficient sets

A new high-performance scalable systolic array processor architecture module for implementation of the two-dimensional discrete convolution algorithm on an (i×j) pixel input image plane (IP) using an (n×n) filter coefficient (FC) plane is first presented. The module generates one convoluted output image (OI) plane pixel per system clock cycle for an (n×n) FC plane using a level of r hardware resources. Second, the architecture is extended in a modular scalable manner to allow simultaneous convolution of a single IP, with k different (n×n) FC planes, such that k convoluted OI plane pixels are generated each system clock cycle, utilizing less than (k*r) hardware resources. The new convolution architecture may be implemented to an ASIC or programmable logic device (PLD) platform. Results of synthesizing and implementing the proposed architecture are shown, illustrating the scalability of the new convolution architecture relative to k. Results from postimplementation virtual hardware prototype simulation testing and from testing a PLD-based experimental hardware prototype are shown that validate correct functional and performance operation of the new convolution architecture module.
Studies on arylsulphatases in the barnacle Balanus eburneus

Arylsulphatases (ASases) have been identified in the mantle tissues of the barnacle Balanus eburneusGould. This is the first report of these enzymes in the Cirripedia. Using p-nitrocatechol sulphate (NCS) as a substrate, the optimum pH for activity was found to be 5.6 in 0.5 M-acetate buffer, and substrate concentration of 12 mM. The activity of the enzyme was strongly inhibited by phosphate, sulphite and sulphate and not by cyanide, indicating the presence of Type II ASase. Biochemical and electrophoretic studies revealed the coexistence of at least two distinct Type II ASases in the mantle tissues. These are probably similar to the ASase-A and ASase-B reported for vertebrate tissues. The presence of multiple molecular forms of ASase capable of hydrolyzing potassium 6-benzoyl-2-naphthyl sulphate was demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis. The activity patterns of ASases in the mantle tissues were studied in relation to the molt cycle. The activity of ASase-B followed a cyclic pattern which correlated with the molt stages, reaching a maximum in the postmolt. The activity of ASase-A remained essentially the same during the entire molt cycle. Analysis of the activities after dialysis indicates a change in the activity of ASase-B into a non-fluctuating pattern. The enzyme was found in all stages of development, with a ninefold increase in activity in adult forms. The fact that a greater activity was found in the nondigestive organs and that there is an increase in the activity of ASase in tissues of unfed (starved) specimens indicates that the enzyme does not function in the digestive processes, as suggested for other animals by certain investigators. The evidence in this study implicates a major role for dialyzable inhibitory factor(s) as the mechanism involved in the regulation of the activity of ASase-B during the molt cycle. The possible relationship of endogenous phosphate and/or neurosecretory substance(s) with the dialyzable inhibitory factor(s) is discussed. A discussion speculating on the relationship of ASase activity to the cyclic formation and hardening of the exoskeleton and adhesive substance(s) is also presented.
Deferoxamine Attenuates White Matter Injury in a Piglet Intracerebral Hemorrhage Model

Background and Purpose—Deferoxamine reduces neuronal death in a piglet model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study examined the effect of deferoxamine on perihematomal white matter edema in piglets. Methods—ICH was induced by an injection of autologous blood into the right frontal lobe of piglets. In the first part of study, the time course of edema formation was determined. In the second part, the effects of deferoxamine on ICH-induced white matter edema, tumor necrosis factor α, and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 were examined. Results—ICH resulted in marked brain edema and increased tumor necrosis factor α and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 levels in white matter. Systemic treatment with deferoxamine markedly reduced white matter tumor necrosis factor α and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 levels and attenuated white matter edema after ICH. Conclusions—Deferoxamine reduces white matter edema, tumor necrosis factor α, and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 levels after ICH ...
A helitron-like transposon superfamily from lepidoptera disrupts (GAAA)(n) microsatellites and is responsible for flanking sequence similarity within a microsatellite family.

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA regions that alter host genome structure and gene expression. A novel 588 bp non-autonomous high copy number TE in the Ostrinia nubilalis genome has features in common with miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs): high A + T content (62.3%), lack of internal protein coding sequence, and secondary structure consisting of subterminal inverted repeats (SIRs). The O. nubilalis TE has inserted at (GAAA)n microsatellite loci, and was named the microsatellite-associated interspersed nuclear element (MINE-1). Non-autonomous MINE-1 superfamily members also were identified downstream of (GAAA)n microsatellites within Bombyx mori and Pectinophora gossypiella genomes. Of 316 (GAAA)n microsatellites from the B. mori whole genome sequence, 201 (63.6%) have associated autonomous or non-autonomous MINE-1 elements. Autonomous B. mori MINE-1s a encode a helicase and endonuclease domain RepHel-like protein (BMHELp1) indicating their classification as Helitron-like transposons and were renamed Helitron1_BM. Transposition of MINE-1 members in Lepidoptera has resulted in the disruption of (GAAA)n microsatellite loci, has impacted the application of microsatellite-based genetic markers, and suggests genome sequence that flanks TT/AA dinucleotides may be required for target site recognition by RepHel endonuclease domains.
Socioeconomic position in childhood and adulthood and weight gain over 34 years: the Alameda County Study.

Purpose Socioeconomic position (SEP) has been shown to be related to obesity and weight gain, especially among women. It is unclear how different measures of socioeconomic position may impact weight gain over long periods of time, and whether the effect of different measures vary by gender and age group. We examined the effect of childhood socioeconomic position, education, occupation, and log household income on a measure of weight gain using individual growth mixed regression models and Alameda County Study data collected over thirty four years(1965–1999). Methods Analyses were performed in four groups stratified by gender and age at baseline: women, 17–30 years ( n = 945) and 31–40 years ( n = 712); men, 17–30 years ( n = 766) and 31–40 years ( n = 608). Results Low childhood SEP was associated with increased weight gain among women 17–30 (0.13 kg/year, p p = 0.030), 31–40 (0.14 kg/year, p = 0.014), and men 17–30 (0.20 kg/year, p = 0.001). Conclusion Log household income was inversely associated with weight gain among men 31–40 (–0.10 kg/yr, p = 0.16). Long-term weight gain in adulthood is associated with childhood SEP and education in women and education and income in men.
Elevation of serum Phase II enzymes by anticarcinogenic enzyme inducers: markers for a chemoprotected state?

Inducers of Phase II enzymes, already consumed by humans as food additives, medicines or as constituents of vegetables, can prevent experimental carcinogenesis. Since protection is neither carcinogen- nor organ-specific, clinical trials are already underway to establish the efficacy of 'anticarcinogenic enzyme inducers' (i.e. oltipraz). However, efficient and cost-effective assays to establish the dose wherein a putative anticarcinogen can raise Phase II enzyme levels are lacking. We tested the proposal that serum Phase II enzyme activities would be dependent on relative tissue levels by measuring quinone reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in sera of mice treated with dietary 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) or dimethyl fumarate. Serum activities were significantly elevated in animals with increased tissue specific activities of these Phase II enzymes. Increasing concentrations of BHA in the diet from 0.05-0.5% increased hepatic specific activities of both QR and GST from two to six-fold, and increases in serum activities were well correlated to increases observed in the liver (r2 > or = 0.95). There was no evidence for an elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Thus, in the absence of serological evidence for hepatocellular damage, increased serum Phase II enzyme activities can be correlated to tissue levels. Our results suggest that similar assays tailored to human sera will not only be useful in the execution of chemoprevention trials, but also to assess the role that Phase II enzyme induction plays in the prevention of cancer by fruits and vegetables.
Toward and Operational Theory of Media

Computer science currently lacks a widely applicable definition for the concept of a medium. Most existing definitions are implicit and treat data types, such as video streams, text, and digital audio, as examples of media. This viewpoint does a poor job of discriminating between many pairs of media, such as 2D static graphics and 2D animation, which share the same set of data types. Furthermore, this viewpoint is not suitable as a conceptual basis for software services that can be configured to serve many different media.