cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular transport and packing underlie increasing ribosome productivity in faster growing cells

Faster growing cells must make proteins more quickly. This occurs in part through increasing total ribosome abundance. However, the productivity of individual ribosomes also increases, almost doubling via an unknown mechanism. To investigate, we model both physical transport and chemical reactions among ensembles of individual molecules involved in translation elongation in Escherichia coli. We predict that the Damkohler number, the ratio of transport latency to reaction latency, for translation elongation is ~4; physical transport of individual ternary complexes accounts for ~80% of elongation latency. We also model how molecules pack closer together as growth quickens. Although denser cytoplasm both decreases transport distances and hinders motion, we predict that decreasing distance wins out, offering a simple mechanism for how individual elongating ribosomes become more productive as growth quickens. We also quantify how crowding imposes a physical limit on the performance of self-mixing molecular systems and likely undergirds cellular behavior more broadly.
Building social capital:: The role of local government

This paper explores the constructability of social capital and specifically the role formal state supported institutions can play in structuring community level interventions to build social capital.
The phenomenon of adolescent addiction.

In 1969 the office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City released statistics which provided blunt quantitative confirmation to a matter of growing concern to both the lay and professional communities. Two hundred twenty-four deaths from heroin were attributed to persons between the ages of 12 and 18, representing 25 percent of the total number of deaths in that city due to heroin. This startling statistic represented a fantastic increase from the preceding year and was greater than 5 percent for the first time in the fifty-year period that this information was compiled.
Computer Modelling of Bulk Crystal Growth

4 Transport Modelling in Bulk Crystal Growth 7 4.1 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.2 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.3 Continuum Interface Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.4 Radiation Heat Transfer Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.5 Non-Inertial Reference Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.6 Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.7 Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ability Composition Effects on the Education Premium

If higher ability individuals are more likely to attend college and if there is significant ability bias in the college education premium, then a significant portion of the observed complementarity between the college and non-college educated is due to changes in the ability composition of education groups. If college attainment rose to over half the population, this composition e¤ect would reverse, as is illustrated with high school attainment. If there is little ability bias, the ability distribution is nearly degenerate, with the awkward implication that the most productive in- dividuals would earn barely more without a college education than the least.
Role of Short Sellers in Price Formation - The Weekend Effect

In this paper, we argue that short sellers affect prices in a significant and systematic manner. In particular, we contend that speculative short sales contribute to the weekend effect: the inability to trade over the weekend is likely to cause these short sellers to close many of their speculative positions on Fridays and reestablish new short positions on Mondays causing stock prices to rise on Fridays and fall on Mondays. We find evidence in support of this hypothesis: the weekend effect is significantly larger for high short-interest stocks than for low short-interest stocks. Further, we find that the likely substitution of speculative short sales by put options results in the weekend effect to diminish for stocks with actively traded options, but to continue for other stocks. An analysis of several special types of stocks, viz. IPOs, zero short-interest stocks, and highly volatile stocks, reveals support for the hypothesis.
Improving Surface Flux Parameterizations in the NRL Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System

Abstract : The long-term goal is to understand the physical processes that critically regulate the coupling between the oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers and develop advanced parameterizations of this interaction for a new generation of coupled ocean-atmosphere models.
Effects of recovery, plating, and inoculation methods on quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes from strawberries.

Effects of different recovery and inoculation methods on quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes from strawberries were studied. Strawberries were spot or dip inoculated with 7 to 8 log CFU per strawberry of each pathogen, air dried for 2 h, and stored for 1, 3, and 7 days at 4°C. The inoculated samples were stomached or washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) or with modified PBS (pH 8.4). Bacterial levels were determined using a direct selective plating, thin agar layer plating, or membrane-transferring plating (MTP) with tryptic soy agar and sorbital MacConkey agar (E. coli O157:H7) or modified Oxford agar (L. monocytogenes). Under most test conditions, washing with PBS followed by MTP had significantly higher (P < 0.05) recovery for both bacteria compared with other tested methods. Within a 7-day storage period for spot-inoculated strawberries, a stomaching step resulted in an injury of 0.9 to 1.4 log CFU for E. coli O157: H7 and 1.4 to 1.7 log CFU for L. mono...
Einstein Images of Clusters of Galaxies: Galaxy Haloes, the Intracluster Medium, and the Intercluster Gas

Analyses of the x-ray images obtained with the Einstein Observatory have provided a new and different view of clusters of galaxies. The primary topics discussed in this review are the role of the central dominant galaxy, the origin of SO galaxies, cluster classification and the dynamically young state of most clusters, the large scale height of the gas compared to the galaxy distribution, and the effects of a hot intercluster gas on the intracluster gas.
ISAKOS classification of meniscal tears—illustration on 2D and 3D isotropic spin echo MR imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is modality of choice for the non-invasive evaluation of meniscal tears. Accurate and uniform documentation of meniscal pathology is necessary for optimal multi-disciplinary communication, to guide treatment options and for validation of patient outcomes studies. The increasingly used ISAKOS arthroscopic meniscus tear classification system has been shown to provide sufficient interobserver reliability among the surgeons. However, the terminology is not in common use in the radiology world. In this article, the authors discuss the MR imaging appearances of meniscal tears based on ISAKOS classification on 2D and multiplanar 3D isotropic spin echo imaging techniques and illustrate the correlations of various meniscal pathologies with relevant arthroscopic images.
Putting Health and Behavior in Context: Current Knowledge and Future Directions on Research Embracing Ecological Perspectives

Context matters. Social scientists (eg, social epidemiologists and medical sociologists) have long recognized the salience of context in health. For instance, Louis Rene Villerme, a noted French ph...
Epithelioid angiosarcoma of the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary artery angiosarcoma is a rare entity. We report a case of an epithelioid angiosarcoma developing from the right pulmonary artery with pulmonary parenchymal invasion. The patient was a 69-year-old man who presented with massive hemoptysis and shortness of breath. Right middle and lower lobectomies were performed because of uncontrollable bleeding. An angiosarcoma was observed developing from the right pulmonary artery with contiguous spread down smaller artery branches with invasion of the pulmonary parenchyma. Although typical angiosarcomatous areas were observed, the neoplasm was dominated by cells with an epithelioid morphology. Immunohistochemically, the majority of cells stained for endothelial markers factor VIII-related antigen and CD34, but in addition, the cells with an epithelioid morphology stained intensely for cytokeratin. Knowledge of cytokeratin positivity in epithelioid vascular neoplasms is critical to avoid a misdiagnosis of carcinoma, particularly at sites where carcinoma is a much more likely diagnosis.
Actual versus perceived peer sexual risk behavior in online youth social networks

Perception of peer behaviors is an important predictor of actual risk behaviors among youth. However, we lack understanding of peer influence through social media and of actual and perceived peer behavior concordance. The purpose of this research is to document the relationship between individual perception of and actual peer sexual risk behavior using online social networks. The data are a result of a secondary analysis of baseline self-reported and peer-reported sexual risk behavior from a cluster randomized trial including 1,029 persons from 162 virtual networks. Individuals (seeds) recruited up to three friends who then recruited additional friends, extending three waves from the seed. ANOVA models compared network means of actual participant behavior across categories of perceived behavior. Concordance varied between reported and perceived behavior, with higher concordance between perceived and reported condom use, multiple partners, concurrent partners, sexual pressure, and drug and alcohol use during sex. Individuals significantly over-reported risk and under-reported protective peer behaviors related to sex.
Protein, dipeptide, and amino acid absorption in the young of protein-deprived rats.

Summary: Intestines of newborn and postnatal young of female rats fed diets containing 4% or 24% casein during pregnancy were infused in vivo with 50 mM 14C-labeled 1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), glycyl-1-L-leucine (GL), or 8% 3H-histidine-labeled casein in 5% glucose and physiologic saline. The amounts of each material removed from the lumen or absorbed and the amount retained by the intestinal tissue were expressed as a total amount and per g body weight and per enterocyte. Casein absorption was significantly reduced per absorptive cell in prenatally protein-deprived (PPD) young at birth, but there were no differences at 8 days of age. AIB absorption and retention were decreased in PPD newborn young compared to controls whether expressed as a total, or on the basis of body weight or per enterocyte. At 12 days, total retention and absorption were reduced in PPD young, but all other differences no longer existed. ACC absorption was reduced in PPD young, compared to controls, regardless of the means of expression. Retention of ACC per enterocyte was increased at birth compared to controls. These differences had disappeared by 8 days. GL retention was increased in PPD young compared to controls at birth, but not at 8 days. The data on casein absorption indicate that newborn PPD young are handicapped at some point in the process of digestion and absorption of protein. At birth, amino acid absorption is also affected. Active transport of amino acids may be affected in some way, such as by an effect on carrier protein, by a deficit of available energy for active transport. The high retention of dipeptide per enterocyte may be the consequence of a decreased ability of the enterocytes of PPD young to hydrolyze the dipeptide or may be the result of increased incorporation of these materials into mucosal protein. There is apparently a marked difference between the effects of intestinal absorption of prenatal protein deprivation and those of postnatal malnutrition. It is suggested that the competence of the enterocytes are reduced in newborn PPD young whereas animals whose prenatal nutrition was normal would begin life with a larger complement of fully differentiated absorptive cells and might therefore be capable of greater adaptation to the nutritional deficit. Speculation: The data presented demonstrate that maternal protein deficiency results in decreased absorption of protein and its digestion products in the intestine of newborn rat pups. This may contribute to an explanation of the postnatal growth retardation, high mortality rate, and reduced immunocompetence in these offspring. Further investigation is needed on the specific steps in the protein digestion and absorption process which are affected and on the procedures which might be used to compensate for the depressed absorption.
Estimation of Ammonium Concentration in the Cytosol of Soybean Nodules

Analysis of ammonium concentration in the cytosol of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) root nodules gave high levels of error variation. When the separation of cytosol and bacteroids was deliberately delayed following nodule maceration, a large increase in ammonium concentration was found in the cytosol. When a series of samples was subjected to delay intervals of 0 to 60 minutes, extrapolation of the regression line to time zero indicated that the ammonium concentration in cytosol at the time of nodule maceration was essentially nil. The source of ammonium buildup following maceration was not found, but hydrolysis of free amino acids or ureides was ruled out. An extremely low concentration of ammonium in the cytosol is consistent with a model for movement of ammonia (or ammonium) from bacteroids to host cytoplasm by diffusion.
Assessing quality costs of external failures (warranty claims)

Measuring quality costs is an essential step for achieving competitiveness because these costs are strongly related to the company's annual revenue. One of the most important categories of quality costs is that of external failure costs. The consequences of these failures are not only related to the costs incurred to the failure in the field, but also to customer appeasement Within this quality cost category there are the claims against warrant. The warranty, which is a contract between a manufacturer and the consumer, specifies that the manufacturer agrees to repair or replace the failed product within the predetermined warranty period. This paper deals with the assessment of external failures by presenting a case study on warranty costs. The findings demonstrated that warranty costs can be significant and their reduction very important. In the studied case, the assessment of warranty costs has proved to be feasible and effective.
The impact of hot carriers on timing in large circuits

This paper focuses on hot carrier (HC) effects in large scale digital circuits and proposes a scalable method for analyzing circuit-level delay degradations. At the transistor level, a multi-mode energy-driven model for nanometer technologies is employed. At the logic cell level, a methodology that captures the aging of a device as a sum of device age gains per signal transition is described, and the age gain is characterized using SPICE simulation. At the circuit level, the cell-level characterizations are used in conjunction with probabilistic methods to perform fast degradation analysis. The proposed analysis method is validated by Monte Carlo simulation on various benchmark circuits, and is proved to be accurate, efficient and scalable.
Topical treatments for pain

Topical analgesics exert their analgesic benefit locally and without significant systemic absorption. The mechanism of the topical analgesic is unique to the specific medication. Key differences between topical and transdermal analgesics are discussed in this article. A new term, targeted peripheral analgesics, has been suggested to replace the term topical analgesics, but is not in widespread use. Topical analgesics have been studied in an increasing number of painful clinical conditions; the results of many of these studies are summarized in this review. Recent data suggest that at least one topical analgesic, although applied peripherally, may result in central nervous system alterations of pain processing.
Myocardial Dysfunction Associated with Valvular Heart Disease

Abstract Seventy-one patients undergoing valve replacement surgery were studied before and after operation to determine change of clinical condition and ventricular contractility. Preoperatively, all patients had functional class III or IV disease (New York Heart Association classification) and 55 percent had myocardial dysfunction. Post-operatively, the condition of 86 percent of patients improved clinically by at least 1 functional class, but 56 percent of patients had myocardial dysfunction. Cardiac index and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were closely related to changes in angiographically determined myocardial contractility. Neither patient age, sex, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, residual uncorrected valve disease nor coronary artery disease alone determined the degree of impairment in left ventricular contractility. A high incidence of myocardial dysfunction was found pre- and postoperatively in this study. In 16 patients with pure mitral stenosis, 6 (38 percent) had left ventricular dysfunction preoperatively, demonstrating intrinsic myocardial disease, possibly chronic rheumatic myocarditis. The demonstration of postoperative myocardial contractile abnormalities in previously normal patients suggests an intraoperative cause, perhaps related to cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative dysfunction may (1) exist preoperatively and remain unchanged, (2) occur intraoperatively, or (3) exist in a latent form preoperatively but be aggravated by the stress of surgery. Without both pre- and postoperative microscopic examination of the myocardium in the same patient, it is impossible to determine which process is primary.
Chinese Intellectual Discourse on Democracy

Democracy is an important component of the Chinese political discourse since the concept was introduced from the West to China in the mid- 19th century.1 A democratic movement developed in China over the past hundred years. Pioneer reformers such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao advocated a constitutional monarchy patterned after the British model. The later thinkers, such as Hu Shih (1891–1962), Carsun Chang (1886–1969), and Chang Tung-sun (1886–1973), were ardent supporters of democracy They opposed both the one-party dictatorship of the Guomindang and the people’s democratic dictatorship of the Chinese Communist Party. In 1911, Dr. Sun Yat-sen established the Republic of China, putting an end to more than 3,000 years of political system ruled by dynasties. He tried, though unsuccessfully, to introduce the democratic system to China. The lack of democracy is a great disappointment of the Chinese intellectuals in the modern era.
Nonvolumetric Stereotaxy-Assisted Craniotomy.Results in 50 Consecutive Cases

Craniotomy using stereotactic techniques has the potential to improve the extent of tumor resection and to reduce wound and neurologic morbidity. Most re-ports of stereotaxy-assisted craniotomy (SC) f
Distributed Bragg feedback intensity modulator in Ti:LiNbO3

A distributed feedback electro-optic intensity modulator in Ti:LiNbO 3 , utilising Bragg reflectors etched in an amorphous Si overlay film, is demonstrated. A maximum modulation depth of 94% is realised at an operating wavelength of 1542 nm.
Crystallographic refinement by simulated annealing

Crystallographic refinement by simulated annealing with molecular dynamics has been applied to a 2·8 A (1 A = 0·1 nm) resolution X-ray structure of aspartate aminotransferase. Comparison of the refined structure and a structure obtained by combined restrained least-squares refinement and manual re-fitting shows a similar R factor, stereochemistry, and mean difference from the isomorphous replacement phase centroids. Crystallographic refinement by simulated annealing accomplished structural changes and improvements of the electron density maps that were not possible by using restrained least-squares refinement without manual re-fitting. Crystallographic refinement by simulated annealing can generate an ensemble of structures, each of which agrees with the diffraction information. Regions of large variations of the ensemble indicate either erroneously fitted or disordered segments of the macromolecule.
Synthesis of a high-yield activated carbon by oxygen gasification of macadamia nut shell charcoal in hot, liquid water

Abstract Macadamia nut shells (‘macshells’) were pyrolyzed at elevated pressure to produce a high-yield charcoal. This macshell charcoal was carbonized at 950°C, reacted with oxygen dissolved in flowing hot liquid water at 100 bar and temperatures between 100 and 200°C, and carbonized again at 950°C to produce an activated carbon. Using this procedure, activated carbons with iodine numbers as large as 615 were manufactured with burnoffs as low as 13% (by weight of the carbonized charcoal). Doubling of the water flow rate and halving of the particle size did not affect the measured rates of oxygen chemisorption and gasification. These observations, together with calculated small values of the Thiele modulus, are consistent with the conclusion that the chemisorption and gasification rates were not mass transfer limited. Variations in the dissolved oxygen concentration had little effect on the oxygen chemisorption and gasification rates, suggesting that the order of reaction in oxygen was near zero. The overall yield of the activated carbon from the dry, raw macadamia shell feedstock was about 25 wt%.
Contribution of metallurgy to the origin of meteorites Part II—the significance of neumann bands in meteorites

Abstract Neumann bands in alpha iron are produced by shock waves, their formation occurring readily at low temperatures but not at all at high temperatures. They represent lamellae of mechanically twinned metal, where twinning of the crystal along the (112) planes more easily accommodates sudden shear than does slip. Reinforcement and interference of reflected shock waves probably account for the serrated outline and frequent convolution of the bands. The bands make up characteristic metallographic markings of hexahedrites and of kamacite in octahedrites. They reveal, therefore, that sometime in history after the Widmanstatten pattern formed (in the case of octahedrites) and at relatively low temperatures, meteorite bodies were subjected to violent impact or explosion. The appearance of acicular phase transformation products both within and without Neumann bands of the Dexter meteorite constitute evidence that the bands were formed previous to collision with the earth. It is proposed that the shock wave to which the parent body was subjected first formed Neumann bands, followed by pressure changes which produced observed transformation products throughout kamacite, including twinned metal. The necessary conditions for transformation include a temporary increase of pressure brought about perhaps by distortion or impact, followed by sudden release of pressure, such as would accompany fragmentation of a large body.
A new intercellular transfer phenomenon is uncovered by three-dimensional particle tracking.

Single-particle tracking (SPT) methods image and/or record the movement of individual proteins or other targets of interest and therefore can be used to gain important information about dynamics that may be lost in an ensemble imaging technique. Typically, SPT is carried out using a wide-field microscope system. A particular portion of the sample is maintained in focus and a time series of images is collected. Isolated, individual fluorescent or scattering tags that are bound to the target of interest are localized using the image data and their positions linked to form trajectories.
Compressive light transport sensing

In this article we propose a new framework for capturing light transport data of a real scene, based on the recently developed theory of compressive sensing. Compressive sensing offers a solid mathematical framework to infer a sparse signal from a limited number of nonadaptive measurements. Besides introducing compressive sensing for fast acquisition of light transport to computer graphics, we develop several innovations that address specific challenges for image-based relighting, and which may have broader implications. We develop a novel hierarchical decoding algorithm that improves reconstruction quality by exploiting interpixel coherency relations. Additionally, we design new nonadaptive illumination patterns that minimize measurement noise and further improve reconstruction quality. We illustrate our framework by capturing detailed high-resolution reflectance fields for image-based relighting.
Balance and generation in finite groups

In the study of finite simple groups, the analysis of the cores of the centralizers of involutions is of fundamental importance. The principal aim of this analysis is to prove that the centralizers of involutions have what is called semisimple 2-layers, a property which holds in all known simple groups. Thompson has termed this the B(G)-conjecture. At present two methods exist for treating this problem-the so-called signalixer functor method which has as its starting point the GorensteinGoldschmidt signalizer functor theorem [3-51 and the Bender method which emanates from his simplified proof of the uniqueness theorems of FeitThompson in minimal simple groups of odd order. Both methods have been used effectively in the applications, the former notably in the study of balanced groups [S] and in a number of characterization theorems concerning known simple groups and families of simple groups by the structure of their Sylow 2-subgroups; and the latter in Bender’s proof of the classification of simple groups with abelian Sylow 2-subgroups and Goldschmidt’s determination of all simple groups which possess a nontrivial abelian 2-subgroup which is strongly closed in a Sylow 2-subgroup (with respect to the given simple group). The prototype of a balanced group X is one in which the associated quasisimple components (if any) of the centralizers of the involutions of G are groups of Lie type over GF(2”) (with the exception of L,(4) and L,(4) and their covering groups, these being the only such groups which are not balanced quasisimple groups). In particular, X is balanced if the centralizer of every involution is 2-constrained (corresponding to the case in which no such components exist). The object of the present paper is to develop the
CEPH viewer: a client-server database to browse and manipulate CEPH physical mapping and linkage data.

With their announcement of the first high-level physical map of the human genome, the Center for Study of Human Polymorphisms (CEPH) made the supporting data on the clones in their mega-YAC library and their linkage markers publicly available through anonymous ftp. Individual researchers as well as genome centers now need to constantly reference this voluminous body of data that, as of May 9, 1994, held information on approximately 4000 STSs, 33,500 YACs, 17,600 STS-YAC associations, 87,400 YAC-YAC associations based on Alu-PCR analysis, and 99,000 YAC-YAC associations based on a combination of fingerprint and Alu-PCR data, in addition to 6 sets of fingerprints for each YAC and a total of 1.5 million fingerprint fragments for all YACs. 2 refs., 1 fig.
EPR investigations of the quasi-two-dimensional eclipsed structures of (NH3(CH2)nNH3)CUCl4 with n = 2, 3, and 4

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance linewidth measurements as functions of orientation were made on single crystals of the eclipsed, layered series of compounds (NH 3 (CH 2 ) n NH 3 )CuCl 4 , n = 2, 3, 4, for the temperature range 100 to 333 K. Static spin correlations and antisymmetric exchange contributions are sufficient to explain the orientationally dependent data of the linewidths of the n = 2 and n = 3 compounds of the series, but the n = 4 compound linewidth data require the addition of the secular part of the two-dimensional spin-diffusive effects.
Nuclear receptor rev-erbα is a critical lithium-sensitive component of the circadian clock

Lithium is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, which is associated with altered circadian rhythm. Lithium is a potent inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which regulates circadian rhythm in several organisms. In experiments with cultured cells, we show here that GSK3beta phosphorylates and stabilizes the orphan nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha, a negative component of the circadian clock. Lithium treatment of cells leads to rapid proteasomal degradation of Rev-erbalpha and activation of clock gene Bmal1. A form of Rev-erbalpha that is insensitive to lithium interferes with the expression of circadian genes. Control of Rev-erbalpha protein stability is thus a critical component of the peripheral clock and a biological target of lithium therapy.
Immunologic and clinical status of blood donors with subnormal levels of IgG2

Abstract To determine the immunologic and clinical status of individuals from a general population with subnormal levels of IgG2, we prospectively studied 37 of 312 blood donors with low IgG2 levels identified among 8015 donors. We examined (1) G2m(23) allotypes, (2) levels of other IgG subclasses and immunoglobulin classes, (3) composition of peripheral leukocyte populations, (4) responses to two carbohydrate antigen vaccines, (5) in vitro secretion of IgG subclasses by isolated lymphocytes after mitogen stimulation, and (6) clinical histories. We found that most (90%) individuals with subnormal IgG2 levels had G2m(23) − allotypes, whereas only 30% of the unselected donors had G2m(23) − . When individuals were separated according to their G2m(23) allotype, we found that IgG2 "normal" range for individuals with G2m(23) − allotype is 35% lower than for individuals with G2m(23) + allotype. Individuals who had G2m(23) − allotype and had IgG2 levels ≥0.8 but + allotype and with IgG2 levels − allotype and with IgG2 levels
A simple chemical view of relaxations at stoichiometric (110) surfaces of rutile-structure type oxides : A first-principles study of stishovite, SiO2

Abstract First-principles electronic structure calculations have been used to examine the geometric and electronic structure of the bulk and (1 1 0) surface of stishovite, the rutile-structure polymorph of SiO2. The primary changes in geometric and electronic structure associated with surface relaxation are similar to those predicted for stoichiometric (1 1 0) surfaces of other rutile-structure oxides: TiO2, SnO2, RuO2. Occupied surface states can be attributed primarily to changes in the local coordination environment (hybridization) of surface oxygen anions, and the relaxations that lead to “rumpling” of the stoichiometric (1 1 0) surface can be viewed as a change in hybridization of 3-coordinated in-plane oxygen from a planar (sp2) bulk local coordination environment to a lower-energy, non-planar, pyramidal (sp3) surface geometry, following earlier descriptions by Godin and LaFemina for SnO2(1 1 0). It is demonstrated that these descriptions follow naturally from a visual examination of the 3D valence charge density distributions and the electron localization function (ELF) which provide a view of the electronic structure in terms of electron bond pairs and lone pairs. Consideration of the surface relaxations in terms of molecular analogs suggests that the simple valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model provides insight into the chemical driving force for surface relaxation and oxygen rehybridization.
Anthracycline resistance in breast cancer: Clinical applications of current knowledge

Summary Anthracyclines are highly effective antineoplastic agents for the treatment of breast cancer. Nevertheless, essentially all breast cancer patients have tumours which are intrinsically resistant or which develop resistance during the course of therapy. Clinical trails provide indirect information on the nature of anthracycline resistance and work in the basic sciences has demonstrated molecular mechanisms which play a role. Initial clinical attempts to expolit and translate these mechanisms to predict, and interfere with, anthracycline resistance have met with mixed success, and have not yet led to accepted clinical applications.
Effects of soluble and insoluble surfactant on laminar interactions of vortical flows with a free surface

We study the two-dimensional, laminar interactions between a contaminated free surface and a vortical flow below. Two canonical vortical flows are considered: a pair of vortex tubes impinging onto the free surface; and an unstable shear wake behind a body operating on the surface. A quantitative model for free-surface viscous flows in the presence of soluble or insoluble surfactants is developed. For the low to moderate Froude numbers considered here, for which weakly nonlinear free-surface boundary conditions are valid, the surface boundary layer and vorticity production are weak for clean water and the vortical flow evolution does not differ qualitatively from that under a free-slip boundary. When even a small amount of contamination is present, the flow can be dramatically affected. The vortical flow creates gradients in the surfactant surface concentration which leads to Marangoni stresses, strong surface vorticity generation, boundary layers, and even separation. These significantly influence the underlying flow which itself affects surfactant transport in a closed-loop interaction. The resulting flow features are intermediate between but qualitatively distinct from those under either a free- or no-slip boundary. Surfactant effects are most prominent for insoluble surface contamination with likely development of surfactant shocks and associated surface features such as Reynolds ridges. For soluble surfactant with initially uniform bulk concentration, surface concentration variations are moderated by sorption kinetics between the surface and bulk phases, and the overall effects are generally diminished. For initially stratified bulk concentrations, however, the evolution dynamics becomes more varied and surfactant effects may be amplified relative to the insoluble case. The dependence of these results on the properties of the contamination is studied.
Albuminoid molecules: a novel, variability-generating cell-surface receptor system?

Abstract The mechanisms by which lymphoid cells produce infinitely variable molecules of the immunoglobulin protein superfamily have been recently elucidated. These molecules serve, in part, as the mediators of cell: cell recognition and interaction among lymphoid cells. However, the generality of those molecular mechanisms to occur in non-lymphoid cell types has not yet been established. In this paper, we propose that the serum albumin superfamily of proteins has the necessary characteristics to serve analogous functions in epithelioid cells, and we critique recent evidence which leads to this hypothesis.
Cooling and trapping of three-level atoms in a bichromatic standing wave

We show that a three-level atom in the cascade configuration can be stably trapped and cooled in one dimension by an intense bichromatic standing wave. At the two-photon resonance, rectified dipole forces result in a deep potential well which can be used to localize the atoms in space. In the vicinity of the rectified potential minimum, the spatial dependence of the dressed state energies can lead to a velocity dependence of the force which produces damping of the atomic motion. Consideration of the heating effects of momentum diffusion indicates that cooling and stable trapping at low temperatures is possible in such a bichromatic field.
Listening to Their Stories: Students' Perspectives about Campus Gambling.

This chapter explores students' perspectives regarding campus gambling by listening to their gambling-related experiences and stories. Similarly, the chapter presents the perspective of a senior student affairs officer regarding campus gambling.
Antenatal diagnosis of acardiac, acephalic twin

A case of acardiac, acephalic twin diagnosed by antenatal ultrasound is reported. The obstetrical significance of this condition is discussed.
Benzodiazepine Use and Misuse Among Patients in a Methadone Program

Benzodiazepines (BZD) misuse is a serious public health problem, especially among opiate-dependent patients with anxiety enrolled in methadone program because it puts patients at higher risk of life-threatening multiple drug overdoses. Both elevated anxiety and BZD misuse increase the risk for ex-addicts to relapse. However, there is no recent study to assess how serious the problem is and what factors are associated with BZD misuse. This study estimates the prevalence of BZD misuse in a methadone program, and provides information on the characteristics of BZD users compared to non-users. An anonymous survey was carried out at a methadone program in Baltimore, MD, and all patients were invited to participate through group meetings and fliers around the clinic on a voluntary basis. Of the 205 returned questionnaires, 194 were complete and entered into final data analysis. Those who completed the questionnaire were offered a $5 gift card as an appreciation. 47% of the respondents had a history of BZD use, and 39.8% used BZD without a prescription. Half of the BZD users (54%) started using BZD after entering the methadone program, and 61% of previous BZD users reported increased or resumed use after entering methadone program. Compared to the non-users, BZD users were more likely to be White, have prescribed medication for mental problems, have preexistent anxiety problems before opiate use, and had anxiety problems before entering methadone program. They reported more mental health problems in the past month, and had higher scores in anxiety state, depression and perceived stress (p < .05). Important information on epidemiology of BZD misuse among methadone-maintenance patients suggests that most methadone programs do not address co-occurring anxiety problems, and methadone treatment may trigger onset or worsening of BZD misuse. Further study is needed to explore how to curb misuse and abuse of BZD in the addiction population, and provide effective treatments targeting simultaneously addiction symptoms, anxiety disorders and BZD misuse.
Observations on three species of branchiobdellid (Annelida: Clitellata) worms from eastern Asia

Three jars from the Hamburg Museum contained specimens of Branchiobdella minuta,presumably from the original Pierantoni (1912) material, and Cirrodrilus cirratus and C. uchidai from Yamaguchi’s (1932a) collection. The head of a syntype of B. minuta was described and B. cheni becomes its junior subjective synonym. One specimen each of C. cirratus and C. uchidai was sectioned and described, particularly the male genitalia. The diet of all three branchiobdellids consists of microorganisms. In Cirrodrilus sp. basic protein granules were demonstrated in the gland cells of the intestine and its chloragogen cells. The peristomial and lateral epidermal gland cell secretions were characterized histoehemically.
Using Appreciative Inquiry to Support a Culture Shift in Transition

The authors explore the appreciative inquiry framework and its potential value for supporting staff and faculty during a transition leading up to and for the year following the hire of a new University Librarian. Appreciative inquiry occurs in four distinct phases: discovery, dream, design, and destiny, known as the 4-D model; currently the Hesburgh Libraries are between stages 3 and 4. The authors define the appreciative inquiry framework and its four phases; provide a context for the current cultural environment, and discuss major recommendations made at all employee levels during a baseline strategic planning process, the introduction of a balanced scorecard approach and the results of an internal climate survey—all of which pointed to the need for a major culture shift in the libraries; and finally, apply the appreciative inquiry framework to explore how the needed changes identified can be supported during the leadership transition.
Conventional magnetic superconductors

Abstract We discuss several classes of conventional magnetic superconductors including the ternary rhodium borides and molybdenum chalcogenides (or Chevrel phases), and the quaternary nickel-borocarbides. These materials exhibit some exotic phenomena related to the interplay between superconductivity and long-range magnetic order including: the coexistence of superconductivity and antiferromagnetic order; reentrant and double reentrant superconductivity, magnetic field induced superconductivity, and the formation of a sinusoidally-modulated magnetic state that coexists with superconductivity. We introduce the article with a discussion of the binary and pseudobinary superconducting materials containing magnetic impurities which at best exhibit short-range “glassy” magnetic order. Early experiments on these materials led to the idea of a magnetic exchange interaction between the localized spins of magnetic impurity ions and the spins of the conduction electrons which plays an important role in understanding conventional magnetic superconductors. These advances provide a natural foundation for investigating unconventional superconductivity in heavy-fermion compounds, cuprates, and other classes of materials in which superconductivity coexists with, or is in proximity to, a magnetically-ordered phase.
Performance analysis of direction of arrival estimation with a uniform circular array

High resolution directional of arrival (DOA) estimation technology play an important role in passive RF signal source localization, enhancing the performance of MIMO and beamforming arrays for mobile wireless communication. This paper presents the performance analysis and comparison for MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) DOA estimation algorithm with uniform circular arrays (UCA). It has been reported that DOA estimation accuracy can also be fundamentally limited by the size of the region over which we measure a waveform. This paper we present our study for DOA estimation with UCAs in the presence of mutual coupling. The dipole model has been chosen for mutual coupling matrix calculation. Root mean square error (RMSE) of DOA estimation vs. array radius with and without mutual coupling, with different number of signal sources, for even and odd array element number were presented.1 2
Need for an image quality assurance program in clinical teleradiology

need for an image quality assurance program inclinical teleradiologyRobert J. Telepak, Charles A. KelseyUniversity of New Mexico Health Science CenterAlbuquerque, NM, 87131-5336ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to report on the experience we havegained with regard to image quality assurance (QA) in a clinicalteleradiology practice between a central university hub andmultiple very remote rural spokes in a 2 state area. Identicalstandard SMPTE test pattern images were supplied to each remotesite which digitized and transmitted them at monthly intervals tothe hub for QA analysis. Many types of image qualityinadequacies were detected. These included vertical artifactlines from dirt in the scanning mechanism, inadequate spatialresolution, inadequate contrast resolution, brightness imbalance,and variable distortions of the image. A predictable pattern ofdigitizer malfunction was not detected. While the quality ofsome sites remained relatively stable over many months, othersdeteriorated rapidly. We conclude that a continuous QA imagescreening program is essential in a hub and spoke teleradiologyoperation with the type and interval of screening depending uponmultiple factors described in this paper.Keywords: teleradiology, quality assurance, SMPTE test pattern1. NEED FOR AN IMAGE QA PROGRAM IN CLINICAL TELERADIOLOGYImage quality assurance (QA) is an essential element indiagnostic radiology. It is required for Joint Commission(JCAHO) accreditation. More importantly, if film images are notclear and accurate representations of the patient's pathology,the likelihood of making an accurate interpretation and thecorrect diagnosis is significantly diminished.The same is true for clinical teleradiology. Digitizedequivalents of the film images must be of diagnostic quality. Inaddition, there is a need to provide a medical-legal basis toprove that images presented for teleradiology interpretation arediagnostically equivalent to the hard-copy film images sent fromremote sites.2. IMAGE QA PROGRAM DEVELOPED IN THIS STUDYWe have developed an image QA program for our clinicalteleradiology practice between a central university hub and 12
Ferrous iron in post-perovskite from first-principles calculations

Abstract We investigate by first-principles calculations the effect of ferrous iron, Fe 2+ , on the structure and the equation of state of MgSiO 3 post-perovskite. We find that ferrous iron is high-spin over the pressure range of the mantle assuming a ferromagnetic structure. The bulk modulus and the specific volume increase with the addition of ferrous iron to MgSiO 3 . We find that Fe partitions preferentially to post-perovskite and broadens the two-phase pressure range.
Statistical Analysis of Direct Identity‐by‐descent Mapping

Summary Genetic mismatch scanning has been suggested as a method for using affected pairs of ostensibly unrelated but putatively distantly related affecteds in isolated populations to map disease genes. We model the regions of identity-by-descent of these affected pairs as a continuous time two state process with unknown parameters that depend on the (unknown) relationships, and we estimate the unknown parameters from the observed data. Simulated data involving pairs of first to fourth cousins show that the procedure thus obtained has properties similar, albeit slightly inferior, to the case where the relationships of the affected pairs, hence the parameters governing the processes, are known.
Further progress on the Laetoli trails

Abstract In addition to showing that bipedalism notably preceded the appearance of stone tools and ballooning brains in the paleontological record, the 3.5 million-year-old footprint trails at Laetoli Site G, Tanzania, provide an unprecedented opportunity to discern the pedal morphology and gaits of Pliocene Hominidae. Although plantar prints had been collected for unshod people, studies of gait had been performed only on subjects who habitually wore shoes. Initial inferences about the Laetoli printmakers seemed to be limited by this comparative data. Therefore, we expanded the base for interpreting fossil hominid footprints with a study of > 70 never shod Machiguenga in Cuzco Department, Peru. In all discernible plantar features, including foot indices, an interdigital space between the hallux and second toe, anterior “fanning” of the foot, a medial longitudinal arch, and overall morphology, the Laetoli G impressions are matched by Machiguenga footprints. No features of gait, viz. foot angles, stride widths, or step lengths, demonstrate that the Laetoli creatures were naturally less efficient bipeds than we are. On average, Machiguenga stride widths are narrower than those of Laetoli G-3 and shod Yankees but only slightly narrower than those of Laetoli G-1: this may be ascribed to custom, to differences in the substrates upon which they walked, or to both factors. The Laetoli hominids progressed slowly by modern human standards, but their inferred paces are within the range of walking Homo sapiens.
State Data Centers: improving access to census information.

Abstract The U.S. Bureau of the Census created the State Data Center program in 1978 to improve public access to census information. This article discusses the background, structure, and services of that program; the role of libraries in the program; and future directions in State Data Center/library relationships. The appendix lists contact person names, as well as addresses and telephone numbers for State Data Center lead agencies.