cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Competition in Friendships

Though ubiquitous in American life, competition has been neglected in studies of friendship. Conceiving of interpersonal competition as a dyadic process motivated by self-evaluation, the authors analyzed survey data from a random sample of 162 undergraduates at a US college who were asked about their closest friends of the same and opposite sex. Results indicated that male friendship dyads were most competitive followed by cross-sex and female dyads. Among same-sex friends, competition was negatively associated with academic class and positively associated with number of role relationships. Intimacy and companionship had positive effects and competition and conflict had negative effects on friendship satisfaction. Due to lower intimacy and greater competition in male friendships, men were less satisfied with same-sex friends than women.
TNF binding protein prevents hyperlactatemia and inactivation of PDH complex in skeletal muscle during sepsis.

Abstract Background. Hyperlactatemia is a metabolic complication of hypermetabolic, hyperdynamic sepsis. An important mechanism responsible for elevating plasma lactate concentrations in sepsis is altered regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) in skeletal muscle. We investigated the ability of a specific tumor necrosis factor binding protein, TNFbp, to modulate lactate concentrations and skeletal muscle PDH activity in a rodent model of chronic abdominal sepsis. Materials and methods. We examined the regulation of lactate metabolism in four groups of animals: Control, Control + TNFbp, Septic, and Septic + TNFbp. Chronic (5 days) sepsis was induced by the creation of a stable intraabdominal abscess using a sterile fecal-agar pellet inoculated with E. coli plus B. Fragilis as the foreign body nidus. TNFbp (1 mg/kg/day) was injected subcutaneously daily. Results. Sepsis increased plasma and skeletal muscle lactate concentrations 2-fold compared with control. In septic rats treated with TNFbp, plasma and skeletal muscle lactate concentrations were significantly decreased compared with untreated septic rats. In skeletal muscle, sepsis resulted in a 70% decrease in the proportion of the PDH in the active form compared with controls. The sepsis-induced inhibition in the PDH complex activity was prevented by TNFbp. PDH kinase was enhanced 1.8-fold in sepsis, and the increase in PDH kinase activity was prevented by treatment with TNFbp. TNFbp treatment did not have any effects on plasma lactate or the proportion of active skeletal muscle PDH activity in control animals. Conclusions. TNFbp prevents the sepsis-induced hyperlactatemia and derangements in skeletal muscle lactate concentrations and PDH activity. These observations suggest that TNF is an important mediator responsible for lactate dyshomeostasis during sepsis.
Text data mining: a case study

A vast amount of data is available on the World Wide Web. Many companies have started to mine this data to augment datasets used in production. This paper presents an industry study for one such text data mining. The study and analysis of the extracted data from the World Wide Web could be used to help improve products and services. A prototype has been completed and benched marked in the laboratory.
Effect of ionizing radiation on poly‐(1‐pentene) and poly‐(1‐hexene)

Poly-1-pentene and poly-1 -hexene were prepared from corresponding olefins using a Ziegler catalyst and extracted with acetone and ethyl acetate. The only unsaturation observed in the infrared spectrum of irradiated polypentene films was trans-vinylene (absorption at 10.35 mu ). At a dose of 50 Mrep the concentration was 9.8 x 10/sup -5/ moles/g, giving a G value of 2.0 for trans- vinylene. Both polymers were crosslinked by electron irradiation and gel was formed at sufficiently high doses. The dose required for incipient gel formation was 7 Mrep for polyhexene and 24 Mrep for polypentene. (C.J.G.)
Subject identification from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals during imagined speech

We investigate the potential of using electrical brainwave signals during imagined speech to identify which subject the signals originated from. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded at the University of California, Irvine (UCI) from 6 volunteer subjects imagining speaking one of two syllables, /ba/ and /ku/, at different rhythms without performing any overt actions. In this work, we assess the degree of subject-to-subject variation and the feasibility of using imagined speech for subject identification. The EEG data are first preprocessed to reduce the effects of artifacts and noise, and autoregressive (AR) coefficients are extracted from each electrode's signal and concatenated for subject identification using a linear SVM classifier. The subjects were identifiable to a 99.76% accuracy, which indicates a clear potential for using imagined speech EEG data for biometrie identification due to its strong inter-subject variation. Furthermore, the subject identification appears to be tolerant to differing conditions such as different imagined syllables and rhythms (as it is expected that the subjects will not imagine speaking the syllables at exactly the same rhythms from trial to trial). The proposed approach was also tested on a publicly available database consisting of EEG signals corresponding to Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) to test the applicability of the proposed method on a larger number of subjects, and it was able to classify 120 subjects with 98.96% accuracy.
Fabrication of fine-grain piezoelectric ceramics using reactive calcination

Fine-grain piezoelectric ceramics with the formula Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3(PZT) were prepared by a reactive calcination process. Using conventional materials and processing techniques, highly reactive powders of PZT were achieved by calcining to or near the point of maximum volume expansion, whereby associated morphological changes resulted in highly reactive powder. Upon milling, powders <0.3 μm were readily obtained allowing densification at temperatures <1000°C. The B-site precursor method, whereby the ZrO2 and TiO2 oxides were pre-reacted prior to reaction with PbO, further enhanced reactivity by eliminating intermediate reactions and subsequent phase(s) which can hinder densification and overall homogeneity. Highly dense piezoceramics with grain sizes ∼1 to 2 μm exhibiting dielectric and piezoelectric characteristics comparable to conventionally prepared large grain size materials were obtained.
Considering Trends among Industrial Accidents: A Preliminary Meta Analysis of HFACS Causal Factors across Industries

This study investigated human error across a variety of industry types utilizing the Human Factors Classification and Analysis System (HFACS). One of the goals of the present study was to determine any similarities or disparities across industry type in regards to HFACS causal categories. Seven data sources represented five different industry types were collected and analyzed for percentage of cases associated with a causal factor at each HFACS causal category. Skill-based errors were found to dominate the unsafe acts tier regardless of industry type. Different statistical methods for determining population differences yielded conflicting results. Significant differences were found among certain data source pairings when the traditional two-proportion z-test was applied; however, the differences were found to be non-significant when the false discovery rate method was applied. Language: en
Selectable marker replacement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Selectable markers integrated by the 'gamma' deletion method (Sikorski and Hieter, 1989) can be efficiently replaced in vivo with other markers by transformation with homologous plasmids. Transformation frequencies in experiments designed to replace original selectable markers with an alternate marker were high and molecular analysis confirmed that all transformants that exhibited the expected phenotypes (loss of the original prototrophy and gain of the alternate prototrophy) resulted from homologous recombination between plasmid sequences at the target locus. This technique involves no plasmid construction and greatly facilitates the generation of yeast cells containing multiple gene disruptions.
A stress echocardiography study of cardiac function during progressive exercise in pediatric oncology patients treated with anthracyclines.

Background Anthracycline-treated patients (AP) are at risk for cardiac dysfunction years after treatment. Cardiac function has not been evaluated during exercise in AP. The purpose of this study was to assess exercise tolerance, left ventricular (LV) function, and hemodynamics during progressive exercise. Procedure We studied 47 AP (cumulative dose: 36–504 mg/m2) who were in complete remission and 12 healthy controls (CON). AP were further grouped by cumulative dose (LOW ≤ 260 mg/m2; HIGH ≥ 260 mg/m2) and resting echocardiographic function. All subjects performed 3-min incremental stages on a semi-recumbent cycle ergometer until volitional fatigue. Using echocardiography and Doppler, LV dimensions, posterior wall thickness (LVPWs), peak aortic velocity (PAoV), shortening fraction (SF), rate-corrected mean velocity of fiber shortening (MVCFc), wall stress at peak systole (σPS), stroke volume index (SVI), and cardiac index (CI) were determined. Measurements were performed at rest, during each stage of exercise, and in recovery. Results AP did less work than CON (P < 0.050). CON and LOW had similar resting function, while HIGH had a lower SF and MVCFc (P < 0.050) and a higher σPS (P < 0.001). Resting SVI and CI were also lower in HIGH. At peak exercise, MVCFc and σPS remained different in HIGH, and both AP groups had a lower SF, SVI, and CI (P < 0.001). AP had an abnormal SVI response to exercise. AP showed a smaller initial increase in SVI that was not maintained throughout exercise. Conclusions AP have reduced exercise tolerance. There also appears to be a dose-related effect on myocardial contractility and SVI. These findings may help to guide treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:56–64. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
FM-laser operation of the Nd:YAG laser

The FM-laser or frequency-sweeping mode of laser oscillation has been demonstrated in a Nd :YAG 1.06-μ laser with an intracavity LiNbO 3 phase modulator. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical expression \Delta= (\Delta\Omega/\Delta\nu) (\delta/\pi) where δ= peak single-pass phase retardation in the modulator, \Delta\Omega = axial mode spacing, \Delta\nu =modulator detuning, and Δ=resulting FM index of the laser output. Modulation indices as large as \Delta \approx 230 rad have been obtained, in which case the instantaneous laser frequency is sweeping over a full spectral range of 2\Delta \cdot f_{m} \approx 120 GHz (≈ 4 cm-1) at a repetition frequency f_{m} \approx 260 MHz, with a time-bandwidth product per period \approx 2\Delta \approx 460 . The coherently mode-locked spectral bandwidth thus obtained in the FM-laser case is very much wider than can be achieved in the pulsed mode-locked case with the same Nd:YAG laser. Some possible ways of using this broad-band coherent FM spectrum are suggested.
Use of a hydroxyapatite-coated hemiarthroplasty in the management of subcapital fractures of the femur

A prospective clinical trial has been conducted comparing the use of a hydoxyapatite-coated bipolar hemiarthroplasty and an uncemented bipolar prosthesis in the treatment of displaced subcapital fractures of the femur. The trial was conducted over 1 year, 82 patients suffering displaced subcapital fractures of the femur were included. The patients were followed up for 1 year postoperatively. The functional result was significantly superior in the hydroxyapatite-coated group. Characteristic changes were found on radiographs both proximally and distally, indicating that distal stem fixation with proximal stress shielding had occurred.
Comparison of viable and nonviable tumor uptake of Sc-46, Mn-54, Zn-65, In-111 and Au-195 with Ga-67 citrate in a hepatoma model.

The tissue distribution of Sc-46, Mn-54, Zn-65, In-111 and Au-195 were studied in a rat hepatoma model at various time intervals over a 96 h period. The tumor localizing properties of these isotopes were evaluated by examining their incorporation and clearance from viable and nonviable tumor tissue and determining the critical tissue ratios formed with blood and muscle. In general, the results showed greater uptake in viable than nonviable tumor tissue at early time periods (4–24 h). By 96 h, however, the activity remaining in the nonviable tumor tissue exceeded the quantity in viable tumor tissue. This trend was previously noted for Ga-67. When compared with Ga-67, only Mn-54 among the isotopes studied showed remarkably higher viable tumor/blood ratios (4–24 h, 45:1–83:1 respectively). Manganese-54 also showed highly significant accumulation in cardiac muscle with a heart/blood ratio at 4 h superior to comparable values previously reported for Cs-137 and Tl-201. It is suggested that tumor and heart imaging may be feasible utilizing radioactive manganese (Mn-51 or Mn-52) with the new positron imaging systems.
A multiscale finite element pollutant transport scheme for urban and regional modeling

Abstract Accurately describing the transport from urban to regional areas, and vice versa, is necessary for effective emission control strategies. However, this task is complicated by the need to use a fine spatial scale in cities to resolve the steep concentration gradients, and the desire to use a coarser scale in rural areas for computational efficiency. A multiscale transport scheme is developed for use in multiscale air quality models. This Petrov-Galerkin finite element scheme accommodates a fine-grid mesh within a coarse-grid mesh. Spurious waves are eliminated locally, without loss of high-order accuracy, by applying a mass-conservative smoothing filter. Some aliasing errors are observed due to the changes in the mesh size. Nevertheless, the scheme performs bettern than others used for following the transport of pollutants in regional models and has the added advantage of accurately describing the transition from urban to rural areas, and vice versa.
Statistics, ethics, and research: An agenda for education and reform

This essay argues that the research community needs to pay more attention to the appropriate use of statistical methods in discussions of research ethics, and proposes some strategies for enhancing discussions of the ethical uses of statistics within investigational, educational, and organizational settings. The essay supports its position by 1) explaining why statistics plays such a key role in research integrity, 2) describing how some common misuses of statistics in research violate ethical standards pertaining to honesty and error avoidance, and 3) reviewing evidence which suggests that the misuse of statistics is more prevalent (and perhaps more significant) than research misconduct (narrowly defined as “fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism").
BER performance analysis of an on-off keying based minimum energy coding for energy constrained wireless sensor applications

An on-off keying based minimum-energy coding scheme with coherent receiver has been shown to provide better performance than BPSK. This paper presents a closed-form expression of the BER performance of that scheme over an AWGN channel with either a coherent receiver or a noncoherent receiver. In this paper, a more conservative result is obtained due to a better characterization of the average energy per source bit. Our results show that the performance is better than BPSK only when the codeword length is greater than 63. It is shown that hard-decision decoding outperforms BPSK only when the SNR is higher than a certain threshold and that soft-decision decoding outperforms BPSK regardless of the SNR value. Recommendations for practical codeword lengths are also provided.
Replication of the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae and Crithidia fasciculata

Abstract 1. Replicating kinetoplast DNA networks from both Crithidia fasciculata and Leishmania tarentolae have an equilibrium density in ethidium bromide—CsCl which is less than that of covalently closed non-replicating networks. After a few hours of chase, these networks assume the covalently closed position in the gradient. 2. Pulse-labeled minicircles isolated from sonicated networks band in the upper position in ethidium bromide—CsCl equilibrium gradients. Both “free” and network minicircles incorporate [3H] thymidine at the same rate in a pulse. Labeled single stranded fragments of less than unit minicircle length are released from pulse-labeled minicircles in alkali. 3. Intact networks of Leishmania and Crithidia can be isolated in the process of replication: replication involves a doubling of the surface area of the networks as visualized by spreading the kinetoplast DNA on glass slides, staining and examining in the light microscope. 4. DNA replication within the kinetoplast DNA networks of both Leishmania and Crithidia in all parts of the S phase is restricted to the periphery of the structures. In C. fasciculata the pulse-labeled DNA remains in position as the network enlarges by peripheral growth, and then becomes redistributed throughout the network sheet by an unknown mechanism after one cell generation. 5. In the case of L. tarentolae it was demonstrated by density transfer experiments that all network minicircles replicate by an apparent semi-conservative pattern in one cell generation. This implies that there is some type of lateral mobility of molecules within the network, by which minicircles move past the peripheral locus of replication.
Clinical differences among patients treated for mental health problems in general medical and specialty mental health settings in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

Abstract Objective General medical (GM) treatments for mental health disorders are less likely than specialty mental health (SMH) treatments to be adequate. We explored whether differences in the clinical characteristics of patients treated in each sector (GM-only or SMH-only) or in both sectors (GM+SMH) may help to explain this finding. Method We analyzed data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a nationally representative household survey of 5692 English-speaking adult household residents that was carried out in 2001–2003. The NCS-R used a fully structured diagnostic interview to assess DSM-IV disorders, including mood, anxiety, impulse control and substance use disorders. We classified disorders in terms of a three-category severity gradient (serious, moderate and mild) based on information about clinically significant distress and role impairment. We collected self-report data on chronic physical conditions, sociodemographics and type of treatment received for emotional and substance use problems in the 12 months before the interview. Results Patients who received GM+SMH treatment had more severe mental disorders and a higher prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders than patients who received treatment in only one of the two sectors. Patients seen in the GM-only and GM+SMH sectors had more chronic physical conditions than patients seen in the SMH-only sector. Conclusion Patient characteristics may partially explain the lower intensity and adequacy of GM treatment.
Special Education A Career of Choice

This study identified factors that contributed toward the decision of 57 special educators from one metropolitan region of a southwestern state to initially pursue special education careers in addition to influences that contributed toward their decision to remain on the special education career path. Participants surveyed also provided recommendations that school districts could take to effectively recruit and retain special educators. Although participants surveyed responded positively that school districts took deliberate efforts to effectively recruit special educators, perceptions regarding special educator retention efforts were less favorable. Measures to be taken by school districts to retain special educators, as recommended by those surveyed, included providing more administrative support, increasing financial incentives, and increasing training opportunities to effectively serve students receiving special education services.
Age trends in transmissible and non-transmissible components of family resemblance for stature

Yearly measurements of recumbent length and stature on participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study of Growth and their first-degree relatives were submitted to path analysis. Using a model consistent with simple polygenic inheritance, two parameters were estimated at each age: t2 or transmissibility, and s, or non-transmissible sibling resemblance. Transmissibility showed no long-term age trends, whereas non-transmissible sibling resemblance declined steadily from age four years to the late teens. The factors controlling family resemblance for stature (genes and common family environment) make different contributions at different points in the growth cycle of these family members. These differences are more discernable in the Fels data because all family members, including parents, are measured at the same age throughout childhood.
Effects of Statins on 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibition Beyond Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Statins are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis and exert beneficial effects in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. However, the overall benefits observed with statins appear to occur much earlier and to be greater than what might be expected from changes in lipid levels alone, suggesting effects beyond cholesterol lowering. Indeed, recent studies indicate that some of the cholesterol-independent or “pleiotropic” effects of statins involve improving endothelial function, enhancing the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation, and inhibiting the thrombogenic response. Many of these pleiotropic effects are mediated by inhibition of isoprenoids, which serve as lipid attachments for intracellular signaling molecules. In particular, inhibition of the small guanosine triphosphate–binding proteins Rho, Ras, and Rac, whose proper membrane localization and function are dependent on isoprenylation, may play an important role in mediating the pleiotropic effects of statins.
Adolescent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the Secure Treatment Setting

This article examines issues related to adolescent and young adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in juvenile justice treatment settings. Characteristics of ADHD are first discusse...
A new relationship

Fuelling innovation requires a different kind of collaboration between industrial and academic researchers, argues Bill Destler.
Transplanting Interneuron Precursors for Epilepsy Control

Certain interneurons in the brain—those that use the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)—inhibit the activity of neuronal circuits and prevent the uncontrolled excitation that characterizes a seizure. Hunt et al. study a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common type of epilepsy in adults, and find that transplantation of precursors for these GABAergic interneurons, even after the onset of seizures, can eliminate or dramatically reduce seizure frequency and ameliorate the ensuing behavioral deficits. The authors studied mice treated with pilocarpine, which exhibit status epilepticus (a full-body seizure), and then the development of spontaneous seizures and mossy fiber sprouting, a prominent anatomical response also seen in the hippocampi of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. After the spontaneous seizures had commenced, Hunt et al. injected precursor cells for GABA-releasing (GABAergic) interneurons into either the hippocampus or amygdala of these mice. The precursors were derived from the medial ganglion eminence of control fetal mice at embryonic day 13.5. This brain area is the source of most of the GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus and neocortex. Many of the transplanted precursor cells survived, migrated, and developed morphologies, physiological properties, and patterns of gene expression characteristic of the mature interneurons normally born in the medial ganglion eminence. Most important, seizure frequency was reduced by 92% in mice with cells transplanted to the hippocampus, even though anatomic changes, such as mossy fiber sprouting, persisted after transplantation. By contrast, transplantation of the cells into the amygdala failed to reduce seizure frequency. Some of the behavioral deficits in the pilocarpine-treated mice, including impairments in spatial learning, were also rescued by hippocampal transplantation. Interneuron precursors may represent a powerful cell therapy for epilepsy. A critical next step in translating this work to patients will be the development of human cell lines similar the precursor cells from the medial ganglion eminence. This strategy may also be useful for other conditions associated with deficient GABAergic interneuron function such as schizophrenia and autism. R. F. Hunt et al ., GABA progenitors grafted into the adult epileptic brain control seizures and abnormal behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 16 , 692–697 (2013). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n6/abs/nn.3392.html
Reduced-order modal-domain structural control for seismic vibration control over wireless sensor networks

Semi-active control devices are promising technologies to provide economical and reliable protection for the safety of civil infrastructure assets as well as preserving the comfort of their occupants due to their low costs and power requirements. However, these devices can be limited in their capacity to provide large control forces necessitating installations in large numbers, creating additional expense and vulnerabilities to the system in the form of extensive lengths of signal cables. Wireless sensor networks are gaining popularity as a means of collecting, coordinating, and processing data from spatially distributed locations in civil structures. Their inherent computational abilities can also be harnessed to command networks of structural control actuators, however significant issues exist with regard to communication delays and computational power that must be addressed. This study demonstrates the successful application of a modal-domain state-space control algorithm for use in wireless structural control of a six-story shear building with magneto-rheological actuators. Control laws and state estimators are derived in modal coordinates for models of increasing size. Increasing the complexity of the underlying model yields a more optimal control law; however due to the limitations of the wireless actuator nodes in computational power, this increase in complexity comes at the expense of significantly increased latency which degrades performance. The trade-off between speed and model order is explored in terms of control performance. Both simulation and experimental results are presented.
Bioactive Agarose Carbon-Nanotube Composites are Capable of Manipulating Brain–Implant Interface

Composite electrodes made of the polysaccharide agarose and carbon nanotube fibers (A-CNE) have shown potential to be applied as tissue-compatible, micro-electronic devices. In the present work, A-CNEs were functionalized using neuro-relevant proteins (laminin and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone) and implanted in brain tissue for 1 week (acute response) and 4 weeks (chronic response). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of neuronal and immunological responses revealed significant changes in immunological response to implanted materials depending on the type of biomolecule used. The potential to manipulate tissue response through the use of an anti-inflammatory protein, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, was shown in the reduction of astroglia presence near the implant site during the glial scar formation. These results suggest that A-CNEs, which are soft, flexible, and easily made bioactive, have the ability to modify brain tissue response through surface modification as a function of the biomolecule used.
A comparison of the effects of objective and perceived land use on travel behavior.

Planning and medical studies have independently evaluated the effects of land use on travel behavior. Focusing on actual land use, planning studies have measured the impacts of land use. This study analyzes the effects of two land use factors—objective and perceived land use. It develops a structural equation model in which the land use factors have multiple relationships with travel behavior, and then modifies the model to consider different travel behaviors reflecting varying travel purposes: commuting, shopping, and leisure. The three purpose-specific models are tested in Seoul, Korea, using recent geographic information system and travel survey data. The results indicate that the strongest variable is the same as reported in planning, but at the factor level, the relative strengths of the factors differ according to travel purposes. The findings are explained by qualitative aspects of land use that affect shopping and leisure travel, including perceived land use.
Simulation of error detection in computer programs

The relationship between computer program complexity and error detection capability is investigated by representing a program as a directed graph and simulating the detection and correction of errors. Variables of interest are test coverage, number of inputs, residual errors, execution time, correction time and node-arc-loop relationships. One application is in software design where the information provided by the model would be used to select program structures which are easy to test. A second application is in software testing where test strategies and allocation of test effort would be based on error detection and complexity considerations.
Banking on the King: The Evolution of the Royal Revenue Farms in France

The writing and allocation of French tax farm contracts changed dramatically after the Fronde (1648-1653): they were gradually transformed from small, competitively auctioned, units into a large cartel known as the Company of General Farms. Surprisingly, the crown's revenues increased. I present a transaction cost argument to explain the behavior of tax farm lease prices as tax farming changed during the seventeenth century. Cartelization of tax farms lowered costs faced by the crown. The tax farm system's evolution offers insights into how organizations evolve to protect their property rights in the absence of well functioning representative institutions.
Mexican American Educational Stagnation: The Role of Generational Status, Parental Narratives, and Educator Messages

Research on Mexican American educational incorporation has shown educational stagnation between the second and third generations. Whether educational stagnation is attributable to generational differences in parental narratives that affect the academic motivation between members of the second and third generation, or negative school conditions that lead to their low educational attainment regardless of generational status, remains in question. Utilizing 41 interviews, I examine how the parental narratives and high school experiences of Mexican Americans differ by generational status, that is, for the second and third generations. My findings demonstrate that both second- and third-generation participants received encouraging parental messages to pursue higher education, regardless of parents’ nativity. Therefore, generational differences in parental narratives inadequately account for educational stagnation. Furthermore, my findings substantiate the role of educator messages in shaping the educational trajectories of Mexican American youth. I find no generational differences in how Mexican Americans perceived and responded to their racialized treatment in high school, whether they attended a diverse or majority-Latino institution. In all, I argue that educator messages are equally or more important than parental narratives in shaping Mexican American educational incorporation.
Parallel Compressive Imaging

Natural scenes are highly compressible when resolved at a high-resolution. To exploit this, we need imaging architectures that deliver high measurement rates. In this paper, we describe recent advances in compressive imaging that deliver this.
151 TISSUE OXYGENATION DURING INFUSION OF VASOACTIVE AGENTS IN NEW ZEALAND RABBITS.

Background Dobutamine, norepinephrine, and phenylephrine are used in the treatment of shock. The primary goal of resuscitation is improved tissue oxygenation; clinically applicable methods to assess adequacy of resuscitation at the tissue level are indirect at this time. Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) is a noninvasive technology capable of direct assessment of tissue oxygenation. In this study, the feasibility of monitoring tissue oxygenation using DOS was assessed during infusion of vasoactive agents. Methods Four New Zealand rabbits were intubated and mechanically ventilated. Femoral arterial and venous lines were placed for blood pressure monitoring and blood sampling. Dobutamine, norepinephrine, and phenylephrine were infused in sequence. Each infusion lasted 5 to 10 minutes and was followed by a 10-minute washout period. Blood pressure and venous blood gases were monitored. DOS was used to measure tissue hemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, oxygen saturation, and cytochrome oxidation state. Results All three vasoactive agents caused MAP and VO2 to increase from baseline. DOS measurements revealed an increase in tissue oxyhemoglobin and tissue oxygen saturation during infusion. This finding reflects increased tissue oxygenation, which correlated with VO2 measurements. Conclusion DOS measurements of tissue oxygenation correlated with VO2 measurements. DOS shows potential as a noninvasive means of directly monitoring tissue oxygenation, which could be used to guide decisions regarding optimization of vasoactive agent administration.
North of Songhuajiang River Construction and Ecological Protection

Harbin is located in northeast of China northern analysis and located between the middle of Southeast of Songnen Plain and Songhuajiang River.According to the "Leaping forward north,Expanding sorth,Flourishing middle and Developing country",Harbin will further develop of urban and rural integration so as to realize the city wetland.
Prostaglandins mediate the defect in AVP-stimulated cAMP generation in immature collecting duct.

The immature kidney is characterized by resistance to arginine vasopressin (AVP). In the immature cortical collecting duct (iCCD), AVP-stimulated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) generat...
Intraoperative TEE for the management of pulmonary tumour embolism during chondroblastic osteosarcoma resection.

Chondroblastic osteosarcoma requiring surgical intervention is associated with a high risk of pulmonary tumour embolism. Rapid intraoperative diagnosis with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allowed changing the management plan and treatment of a life-threatening pathology. A 32-yr-old female with right pelvic chondrosarcoma presented for right hemipelvectomy. Two hours into the operation during ligation of the iliac blood vessels the patient’s hemodynamic condition deteriorated and was followed by cardiac arrest. TEE was performed immediately and revealed massive tumour embolism in the right and left pulmonary arteries. Large tumour emboli were removed from the right and left pulmonary arteries after median sternotomy under cardiopulmonary bypass and moderate hypothermia. The hemipelvectomy was completed on the next day after fluid and inotropic agent resuscitation. An inferior vena cava filter was placed below the renal veins.The patient was discharged from hospital ten days after the surgery. This case report illustrates the important role TEE can play in the early diagnosis and subsequent surgical treatment of non-cardiac emergencies. Intraoperative TEE can have a significant impact on the decision making process in life threatening emergencies.
Akt1 overexpression in HER2/neu positive breast tumors in African American and Latina women may contribute to poor disease free and overall survival

B104 Breast cancer patients with HER2/neu overexpressing tumors have a decrease in disease free survival and overall survival. It remains to be understood, what the etilology of HER2/neu overexpressing breast tumors is in African American and Latina women. These groups generally have a poorer outcome from their breast cancer compared to Caucasian and Asian women. The purpose of this study is to understand the clinical significance of activated Akt expression in breast tumors from African American and Latina patients with corresponding tissue HER2/neu over-expression. Cellular and molecular studies have shown that activation of the cell signaling PI3-kinase/Akt cascade via the HER2/neu and other receptor tyrosine kinases induce cell proliferation. A total 234 African American and Latina patients were selected retrospectively. From this group, 120 tumor tissue samples were analyzed for tissue pAkt by immunohistochemistry. This cohort consisted of 59 HER2/neu positive and 61 HER2/neu negative tumors and these numbers gave the study 80% power with 95% confidence limit. The predictive value of activated tissue Akt in relation to HER2/neu over-expression for disease free survival was determined. Our results demonstrate that increase in pAkt was significantly associated with HER2/neu positive and estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) negative breast tumor. The activation of Akt was associated with positive lymph nodes. These patients were less responsive to tamoxifen and/or chemotherapy. Activation of Akt significantly reduced DFS in both HER2/neu positive and negative groups. However, the DFS was similar between HER2/neu-positive/pAkt-negative and HER2/neu-negativer/pAkt-positve groups. In summary, our data suggest that there may be differences in tumor phenotypes within the HER2/neu over-expressing breast cancer patients. The over-expression of pAkt may be a powerful prognostic marker for breast cancer relapse.
Abstract 28: Racial Disparities In Outcomes Of Endovascular Procedures For Peripheral Arterial Disease: An Evaluation Of California Hospitals, 2005-2009

Background: Endovascular procedures are being increasingly performed for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), exceeding the number of open surgical bypass procedures. Previously, it had been demonstrated that there is a disparity in access to and outcomes of PAD treatment based on race/ethnicity. Blacks have been shown to be more likely to undergo amputation and less likely to undergo revascularization procedures for limb salvage compared to whites. The aim of this study was to determine if there is disparity in the outcomes of endovascular PAD procedures based on race/ethnicity in this contemporary population-based study. Methods: We used the Patient Discharge Data (PDD) from California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) to identify all patients >35 years of age who underwent a lower extremity arterial intervention from 2005 to 2009. OSHPD has been recording ambulatory surgery data since 2005. A look back period of five years was used to exclude patients with prior lower extremity endovascular or open bypass procedures. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compare amputation-free survival and logistic regression was used to compare 12-month reintervention rate among the racial groups adjusting for age, gender, insurance status, severity of illness, and comorbidities. Results: Between 2005 and 2009, 41,507 individuals underwent lower extremity arterial interventions; 25,635 (61.7%) underwent endovascular procedures. There were 11,389 women (44.2%) and 14,246 men. This cohort included 17,433 (68%) non-Hispanic (NH) whites, 4,417 (17.3%) Hispanics, 1,979 (7.7%) blacks, 1,163 (4.5%) Asian/Native Hawaiians, and 643 (2.5%) others. The Hazard ratio for amputation or death was 1.69 in Hispanics (95%CI 1.50-1.89) and 1.65 in blacks (95%CI 1.42-1.92) compared to NH whites ( p <0.001). The 12-month reintervention rate was significantly associated with race/ethnicity ( p =0.001). The odds ratio for 12-month reintervention was 1.18 in Hispanics (95% CI 1.06-1.31) and 1.08 in blacks (95%CI 0.95-1.22) compared to NH whites following endovascular procedures. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that Hispanics and blacks have worse amputation-free survival than NH whites following endovascular PAD procedures in this contemporary state-wide database. However, Hispanics and blacks were more likely than NH whites to undergo reintervention. Further research is needed to understand if the higher reintervention rate is secondary to more severe illness and/or poor access to proper follow-up care and cardiovascular risk factor modifications.
The Silver Lining of Shame: Framing HPV to Influence Vaccination Intentions

ABSTRACTCollege students suffer disproportionately from human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that could result in genital warts or cancers in both males and females. Research contends that stigma and shame may serve as barriers to disclosure intentions, as well as vaccination intentions. The goal of this study was to examine whether two framing strategies—whether to mention that HPV is sexually transmitted and whether to highlight the cause of infection as internal or external—would influence young adults’ intentions to disclose a potential diagnosis and their intentions to get the recommended HPV vaccine. Results indicate that STI framing and gender had consistent impacts on disclosure and vaccination intentions. Further, causal attribution framing also influenced participants’ intention to get the vaccine at no cost immediately and their intention to get the vaccine at the retail price of $375 in the future. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Autonomy and Agency in American Criminal Process

This is an essay about the interaction of two assumptions that shape the way fairness is pursued in American criminal procedure. The first assumption is that fairness is best advanced through a series of procedural rights that defendants can invoke or waive at their discretion. The second assumption is that the choices made by defense attorneys can fairly be attributed to their clients. The first of these assumptions reflects a strong national commitment to individualism; the second reflects a heavy reliance on lawyers to safeguard defendants’ interests. Both reflect a deeply rooted distrust of government. Each of these two assumptions is defensible, and each relates to fundamental aspects of the national political culture. Taken together, though, they have narrowed what fairness means in American criminal adjudication; they combine with a kind of negative synergy, making each harder to defend than it might be without the other.
Non-Relapse Mortality Associated with Autologous Stem Cell Transplant (ASCT).

Advances in supportive care have reduced early treatment related mortality with ASCT to approximately 1%. Registry data has shown that relapse is the cause of treatment failure in approximately 80% of patients. However, non-relapse mortality (NRM), over time, affects 20% of transplant recipients. Delayed NRM is poorly studied. To characterize the factors associated with NRM, we reviewed 1573 consecutive autologous transplants performed at the Cleveland Clinic from 1/1992 through 12/2005. This analysis included only adult patients (pts) receiving peripheral stem cells, busulfan based preparative regimens, single transplants, and diagnoses of NHL, HD and MM (n = 856). The median age was 49, 62% were male, and 30% received prior radiation therapy. The most common number of prior chemotherapy regimens was 2 (48%); the primary diagnosis was NHL (67%), HD (18%), MM (15%); and 90% had sensitive disease at the time of transplant. 471 (55%) are alive and 385 (45%) have died. Relapse was the most common cause of death, occurring in 303 (79%) patients. Non-relapse mortality occurred in 82 patients (21% of deaths). The most common cause of NRM was pulmonary toxicity, occurring in 26 patients, followed by secondary malignancy in 19 pts, infection (12 pts), cardiac toxicity (7 pts), other organ failure (7 pts), and other causes (11 pts). Patients who died from secondary malignancy were significantly more likely to have received prior radiation therapy (p = 0.004), to require more days of pheresis to collect stem cells (p<0.001) and had a longer time to platelet engraftment than did other patients (p<0.001). 16/19 deaths due to secondary malignancy were from hematologic malignancies. Causes of death in the “other” category included accidents (n=3), homicide (n=1) and suicide (n=1). Liver toxicity was the most common organ affected in the “other organ failure” category. 46% of patients with NRM due to pulmonary toxicity had a prior exposure to radiation therapy, as did 43% of those with cardiac toxicity. The time to development of NRM is shown below: ![Figure][1] Figure The substantial majority of NRM due to pulmonary toxicity, other organ failure or infection occurs within one year post-transplant. This suggests a need for more intensive surveillance of recipients of autologous transplantation for 12 months, possibly with regular visits to the transplanting institution. We have adopted more stringent follow up with promising early results at reducing 1 year NRM. The median time of NRM from secondary malignancy is 3.5 years, which suggests that surveillance of blood counts should continue well beyond one year post-transplant. Whether more aggressive surveillance will reduce NRM associated with ASCT requires further study. [1]: pending:yes
AMD3100 and G-CSF Mobilize Angiogenic Cells into the Blood of Healthy Donors.

There is evidence that angiogenic cells exist in the blood that are able to home to sites of ischemia and induce angiogenesis. Angiogenic cell populations identified in human blood include endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) and circulating angiogenic monocytes (CAM). Under basal conditions, however, the number of angiogenic cells in the circulation is small, potentially limiting their delivery to sites of ischemia and subsequent stimulation of angiogenesis. To circumvent this limitation, animal studies have shown that angiogenic cells can be mobilized into blood by certain cytokines; whether a similar mobilization of angiogenic cells can be achieved in humans is not clear. Herein, we report the results of a clinical trial that examined the ability of G-CSF and AMD3100 to mobilize EPC and CAM into the blood. Donors were treated with a single injection of AMD3100 (5mg/kg) after which pheresis was performed. One week later, donors were treated with G-CSF (250microg/kg/d x 5 days) and pheresed. Blood was collected at baseline (prior to the initiation of the mobilizing regimen) and after treatment with AMD3100 or G-CSF (at the time of peak HSC mobilization). In addition, pheresis product was collected after mobilization by AMD3100 or G-CSF. Mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated from the blood products and cultured under angiogenic conditions. EPC were identified by the formation of discrete colonies of endothelial cells on days 14-28. A novel method to quantify CAM was developed to avoid the pitfalls of counting adherent cells in culture. Briefly, adherent cells were recovered from the culture, counted, and analyzed by flow cytometry. CAM were identified as CD45+ CD14+ CD31+ cells. The angiogenic potential of the CAM was assessed by their transplantation into NOD/SCID/b2M−/− mice following surgical induction of hindlimb ischemia. Indeed, reperfusion was significantly enhanced in mice that received CAM compared to control mice [ratio±SEM) of ischemic to non-ischemic limb perfusion: 0.47±0.05 (saline treated); 0.78±0.09 (CAM transplant); p