cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiologic research on the obesity epidemic: a socioenvironmental perspective.

lhere is little doubt that the world is in the throes of an obesity epidemic. As noted by I Potter, on a fundamental level, the basis of obesity is straightforward. Simply put, excess body fat will accumulate if the food energy consumed exceeds energy expended. However, as he also states, this truism provides little insight into the causes or the prevention of obesity. Just as the realm of epidemiologic research has primarily been human biologic conditions, there has been a tendency for epidemiologic approaches to obesity to consider biologic causes. Potter covers some of these, pointing to factors such as early exposures and genetic polymorphisms that promote overeating, tilting energy balance in favor of excess energy intake. There has also been substantial research into the roles of various metabolic factors such as gastrointestinal peptide hormones that control appetite2 or the interplay of leptin, insulin, and other hormones that influence fat metabolism.3 Although epidemiology may continue to refine the potential roles of these factors in obesity, the search for effective measures for obesity prevention will need to consider the broader societal context in which obesity occurs. Specifically, food intake and energy expenditure do not occur in a vacuum. The socioenvironmental context, and changes in that context, need to be considered. This approach requires the application of epidemio logic methods in studies that consider social trends, transportation and land use policies, zoning regulations, and even political philosophies that underlie decisions that influence food availability and opportunities for physical activity.
FEDERAL PARTICIPATION IN TWO WORLD'S FAIRS

Mr. Gutheim is Assistant Director of the Informational Service Division of the United States Housing Authority. Graduating from the University of Wisconsin, he was a junior staff member of the Institute for Government Research, Brookings Institution, and Assistant to the Chairman of the Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago. He was consultant to the Committee on Theme of the New York World's Fair, and program director of the U.S. Golden Gate International Exposition Commission.
Conserved Tensor Currents, Isovector Photons, and the Algebraic Realization of Chiral Symmetry. I. The Algebra of Couplings

Weinberg's program for the algebraic realization of chiral symmetry is considered in an enlarged chiral model obtained by adjoining to the usual SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(2) algebra of currents, isovector and isoscalar tensor currents with equal-time commutation relations given by the quark model. The isovector tensor current is taken to be conserved, thereby permitting the introduction of "isovector photons" into the ordinary model. It is necessary to analyze asymptotically inelastic ($\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\beta}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\beta}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\beta}$) processes as well as elastic ($\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}+\ensuremath{\beta}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\beta}$) processes to close the derived algebra of couplings, which is shown to be that of SU(4).
Fatty acid composition of lymph lipids in relation to diet lipids.

SummarySamples of thoracic duct lymph were obtained from unanesthetized dogs at timed intervals for up to 24 hours after feeding a synthetic diet containing either olive oil or partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. The total lipid extracted from the diets and from all lymph samples was analyzed for specific fatty acid percentage composition by gas-liquid chromatography. Only small differences were revealed between the fatty acid pattern of the diet lipid and that of the lymph samples containing high concentrations of total lipid. These differences were independent of time after feeding. Large differences were revealed between the fatty acid pattern of the diet lipid and that of the lymph samples containing low concentrations of total lipid. These differences were attributed to a marked disparity between the fatty acid composition of endogenous lymph lipid and that of the previously fed diet lipid.
Atrial pacing in coronary artery disease, including preinfarction angina and postoperative studies

Abstract Right atrial pacing studies were performed in 58 patients with coronary artery disease and in 15 normal subjects. Angina pectoris was induced in 58 percent of patients with coronary artery disease at an average heart rate of 129 ± 3 beats/min; ischemic S-T segment depression was noted in 63 percent of such patients experiencing angina pectoris and in 31 percent of those without angina. The greater the severity of coronary artery disease, the more frequent the pacing-induced angina. The main hemodynamic difference between the normal subject and the patient with coronary artery disease was the failure of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to decrease during pacing in the latter. Pacing ventricular function curves were abnormal in 60 percent of patients with coronary artery disease in the absence of angina pectoris and abnormal in 90 percent during induced chest pain. Pacing studies were safely performed in 8 patients with unstable angina pectoris, with angina induced by pacing in 7. No significant hemodynamic differences were noted between these patients and those with stable coronary artery disease. Significant postoperative hemodynamic abnormalities were noted in 9 patients; preoperative and postoperative studies indicated little improvement in myocardial performance after aortocoronary arteryvein bypass surgery.
Modal Analysis of Multistage Gear Systems Coupled With Gearbox Vibrations

This paper presents an analytical procedure to simulate vibrations in gear transmission systems. This procedure couples the dynamics of the rotor-bearing gear system with the vibration in the gearbox structure. The modal synthesis method is used in solving the overall dynamics of the system, and a variable time-stepping integration scheme is used in evaluating the global transient vibration of the system. Locally each gear stage is modelled as a multimass rotor-bearing system using a discrete model. The modal characteristics are calculated using the matrix-transfer technique. The gearbox structure is represented by a finite element model, and modal parameters are solved by using NASTRAN. The rotor-gear stages are coupled through nonlinear compliance in the gear mesh while the gearbox structure is coupled through the bearing supports of the rotor system. Transient and steady state vibrations of the coupled system are examined in both time and frequency domains. A typical three-geared system is used as an example for demonstration of the developed procedure.
Historical changes in harvest index and crop nitrogen accumulation

Plant harvest index, the ratio of grain weight to total plant weight, is an important trait associated with the dramatic increases in crop yields that have occurred in the twentieth century. Harvest index reflects the partitioning of photosynthate between the grain and the vegetative plant and improvements in harvest index emphasize the importance of carbon allocation in grain production. The objective of this review is to examine from an historical perspective some of the changes that have occurred in crop harvest index and to consider the importance of crop nitrogen accumulation associated with changing this trait. In modern times, harvest index has generally increased. Prior to the twentieth century, there is evidence that plant selections also resulted in changes in harvest index. One factor that may have influenced these changes was the relative value of grain, compared with straw. Historically, straw production was a high priority, making low harvest index a desirable trait. Another factor was the level of nitrogen availabile for the production of high grain yields. Accumulation of high levels of nitrogen is essential for high grain yields, and thus, high levels of nitrogen are commonly associated with crops having high harvest indices. Under conditions where nitrogen is limiting, a low harvest index crop is advantageous. Limited nitrogen can be partitioned into the low nitrogen concentration vegetative tissue, which results in high total production of plant mass. However, increasing grain yield and crop harvest index with high nitrogen grain requires a concomitant increase in crop nitrogen accumulation.
SPECTROSCOPY OF HYDROTHERMAL REACTIONS. 6. KINETICS AND PATHWAY OF CONVERSION OF CARBOHYDRAZIDE TO CO2 AND N2H4 AT 503-543 K

Spectrokinetic analysis by IR spectroscopy was performed on 1.07 m carbohydrazide, (NH2NH)2CO, in a Pt/Ir flow cell with diamond windows. The reaction rate at five temperatures between 503 and 543 ...
Convolute Cut-Edge Design with a New Anisotropic Yield Function for Earless Target Cup in a Circular Cup Drawing

A convolute cut-edge design is performed using FEM (Finite Element Method) for a single step cup drawing operation in order to produce an earless cup profile. Mini-die drawing based on a circular blank shape is initially carried out in order to verify the earing prediction of the Yld2004 anisotropic model (Barlat et al. [1]) for a body stock material. Realistic cup geometry is then employed to design a non-circular convolute edge shape. An iterative procedure based on finite element method is initially used to design a convolute shape for an earless target cup height. A constant strain method is suggested to obtain a new convolute prediction for the next iteration from the current solution. It is proven that Yld2004 model is accurate to predict the anisotropy of the material.
Design and analysis of seismically isolated structures

Abstract This paper describes developing methodology for performing three-dimensional (3D) analysis of individual seismic bearings and for simulating the 3D system response of isolated reactor structures (superstructure, isolators, basemats, etc.) including the surrounding soil under earthquake excitation. In addition, programs for elastomer research and quality control are discussed. Several sample problems are presented to illustrate the 3D capability.
Erratum to: Individual and Community-Level Determinants of Mental and Physical Health After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Findings from Two Federal Surveys

Address correspondence to Amy Z. Fan, PhD, Division of Behavioral Surveillance, Public Health Surveillance and Informatics Program Office, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Email: afan@cdc.gov. Guixang Zhao, PhD, Division of Behavioral Surveillance, Public Health Surveillance and Informatics Program Office, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Carol A. Gotway, PhD, Division of Behavioral Surveillance, Public Health Surveillance and Informatics Program Office, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Marta R. Prescott, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Sandro Galea, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. The online version of the original article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11414-014-9418-7.
Thyroxine normalizes polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dose-related depression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in hippocampus and basal forebrain of 15-day-old rats.

Neonatal exposure to the toxic chemical polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) induces hypothyroidism (depressed thyroid hormones). Neonatal rats made hypothyroid by other means (chemical or surgical) have subnormal activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), which catalyzes synthesis of acetylcholine, in the hippocampus and basal forebrain. The present study examined whether neonatal rats with PCB-induced hypothyroidism had depressed ChAT activity in these two brain areas, and whether alterations in ChAT activity were secondary to hypothyroidism rather than/in addition to a direct effect of PCB. Neonatal rats were exposed to PCB by feeding pregnant female rats chow containing various concentrations of PCB (0, 62.5, 125 or 250 ppm) throughout pregnancy and lactation. During postnatal days 4–14, neonatal rats exposed to the highest concentration of PCB were injected with either saline, triiodothyronine (T3), or thyroxine (T4), or were not injected at all. Circulating thyroid hormone levels (T4 and T3) and brain ChAT activity were determined at 15 days of age. All concentrations of PCB depressed circulating T4 levels and ChAT activity in a dose-r response manner, but did not modify T3 levels. Injections of T4, but not T3, elevated ChAT activity in PCB-exposed rats to near control levels. Thus, altered ChAT activity in PCB- exposed rats may partially result from the hypothyroidism accompanying PCB poisoning. The possible molecular mechanism(s) of action of PCB on brain ChAT activity remains unclear.
One-dimensional binary alloy with Ising interactions

Abstract The problem of a one-dimensional binary alloy with spin sol;1 2 nearest neighbor Ising interactions is considered. Results on the zero field specific heat and the susceptibility are given for various ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions.
Hydrodynamic turbulence cannot transport angular momentum effectively in astrophysical disks

The accretion disks that harness gravitational energy to power quasars or form stars and planets are among the most efficient energy sources known. A disk around a black hole, for instance, converts rest-mass energy to radiation at up to 40% efficiency. The nature of this conversion remains something of a mystery. Taylor–Couette experiments (involving fluid flow between rotating cylinders) are central to studies of nonlinear fluid dynamics and transition to turbulence, but mostly in flow regimes irrelevant to astrophysics. In a rare example of experimental astrophysics, a Taylor–Couette apparatus was used to model the forces involved in a rotating fluid in astrophysical conditions. The results rule out purely hydrodynamic turbulence, thereby supporting magnetorotational instabilities as the likely cause of turbulence. A laboratory experiment demonstrates that non-magnetic quasi-keplerian flows at Reynolds numbers up to millions are essentially steady. By ruling out purely hydrodynamic turbulence, results support magnetorotational instabilities as the likely cause of turbulence. The most efficient energy sources known in the Universe are accretion disks. Those around black holes convert 5–40 per cent of rest-mass energy to radiation. Like water circling a drain, inflowing mass must lose angular momentum, presumably by vigorous turbulence in disks, which are essentially inviscid1. The origin of the turbulence is unclear. Hot disks of electrically conducting plasma can become turbulent by way of the linear magnetorotational instability2. Cool disks, such as the planet-forming disks of protostars, may be too poorly ionized for the magnetorotational instability to occur, and therefore essentially unmagnetized and linearly stable. Nonlinear hydrodynamic instability often occurs in linearly stable flows (for example, pipe flows) at sufficiently large Reynolds numbers. Although planet-forming disks have extreme Reynolds numbers, keplerian rotation enhances their linear hydrodynamic stability, so the question of whether they can be turbulent and thereby transport angular momentum effectively is controversial3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15. Here we report a laboratory experiment, demonstrating that non-magnetic quasi-keplerian flows at Reynolds numbers up to millions are essentially steady. Scaled to accretion disks, rates of angular momentum transport lie far below astrophysical requirements. By ruling out purely hydrodynamic turbulence, our results indirectly support the magnetorotational instability as the likely cause of turbulence, even in cool disks.
Clinical Significance of Diffusely Increased 18F-FDG Uptake in the Thyroid Gland

Our purpose was to determine the clinical significance of diffusely increased 18F-FDG uptake in the thyroid gland as an incidental finding on PET/CT. Methods: All patients who were found to have diffuse thyroid uptake on 18F-FDG PET/CT in our institution between November 2004 and June 2006 were investigated and compared with an age- and sex-matched control group. The 18F-FDG uptake in the thyroid was semiquantified using maximum standardized uptake value and correlated to the available serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody levels using regression analysis. Results: Of the 4,732 patients, 138 (2.9%) had diffuse thyroid uptake. Clinical information was available for 133 of the 138 patients. Sixty-three (47.4%) had a prior diagnosis of hypothyroidism or autoimmune thyroiditis, of whom 56 were receiving thyroxine therapy. In the control group, consisting of 133 patients with no thyroid uptake, there were 13 (9.8%) with a prior diagnosis of hypothyroidism, 11 of whom were receiving thyroxine therapy. In the study group, 38 (28.6%) of 133 patients did not undergo any further investigation for thyroid disease, whereas 32 (24.1%) of 133 patients were examined for thyroid disease after PET. Nineteen were found with autoimmune thyroiditis or hypothyroidism, and replacement therapy was initiated in 12. No significant correlation was found between maximum standardized uptake value and TSH (P = 0.09) or TPO antibody (P = 0.68) levels. Conclusion: The incidental finding of increased 18F-FDG uptake in the thyroid gland is associated with chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto9s) thyroiditis and does not seem to be affected by thyroid hormone therapy. SUV correlated neither with the degree of hypothyroidism nor with the titer of TPO antibodies.
Effects of 1‐MCP applied postharvest on epicuticular wax of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) during storage

BACKGROUND: Certain apple cultivars develop a greasy feel when overripe. Treating fruits with the ripening inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, SmartFresh™) reduces fruit greasiness. This study examines the nature of this phenomenon. ‘Royal Gala’ apples were treated with 1-MCP at 1.0 µl L−1 following harvest. Periodically, during storage at − 1 °C for up to 6 months, fruits were evaluated for internal ethylene concentration, fruit epicuticular wax morphology (using scanning electron microscopy) and non-polar organic solvent-extractable (NPOSE) wax constituents of the cuticle (using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). RESULTS: In 2004, 1-MCP strongly inhibited internal ethylene production; however, total weight of NPOSE wax during storage was unaffected by treatment. In 2005, several wax constituents present in both ‘Autumn Gold’ and ‘Royal Gala’ showed differences during storage. In 2006, cuticular wax constituents comprising 80% of the total from ‘Royal Gala’ showed no treatment differences. Although several minor constituents did exhibit differences within treatment and sampling date, these did not appear sufficient to cause the subtle differences in surface wax morphology. CONCLUSION: 1-MCP strongly inhibited ethylene production and delayed development of certain wax constituents thought responsible for fruit greasiness during cold storage. Subtle differences in surface wax morphology appeared unrelated to wax production. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expectancy, Integration, and Interactional Processes: Age Differences in the Nature of Words Affected by Sentence Context.

Abstract Two experiments investigated sentence context effects on the naming times of sentence completion words by third-grade children and college students. Across both experiments, the largest age difference in contextual facilitation was obtained for highly predictable, best completion words. Pronounced age differences in facilitation effects were also present for semantically acceptable target words which were much less predictable in the sentence context than the best completion words. However, age differences in contextual facilitation were negligible for target words which were associatively related to the best completion word, but which were not also semantically acceptable in the sentence context. Thus, the semantic acceptability of the word in the sentence context had a much greater influence on children's as compared to adults' word identification times, both when the word was highly predictable, as well as when it was much less predictable in the sentence context.
Updated generalized biomass equations for North American tree species

Historically, tree biomass at large scales has been estimated by applying dimensional analysis techniques and field measurements such as diameter at breast height (dbh) in allometric regression equations. Equations often have been developed using differing methods and applied only to certain species or isolated areas. We previously had compiled and combined (in meta-analysis) available diameter-based allometric regression equations for estimating total aboveground and component dry-weight biomass for US trees. This had resulted in a set of 10 consistent, national-scale aboveground biomass regression equations for US species, as well as equations for predicting biomass of tree components as proportions of total aboveground biomass. In this update of our published equation database and refinement of our model, we developed equations based on allometric scaling theory, using taxonomic groupings and wood specific gravity as surrogates for scaling parameters that we could not estimate. The new approach resulted in 35 theoretically based generalized equations (13 conifer, 18 hardwood, 4 woodland), compared with the previous empirically grouped 10. For trees from USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis Program (FIA) plots, with forest types grouped into conifers and hardwoods, previous and updated equations produced nearly identical estimates that predicted ~20percent higher biomass than FIA estimates. Differences were observed between previous and updated equation estimates when comparisons were made using individual FIA forest types.
Comprehensive discovery of endogenous Argonaute binding sites in Caenorhabditis elegans

MicroRNAs are small RNAs involved in regulation of cognate mRNAs, but predicting their exact targets has been difficult. Using a cross-linking immunoprecipitation technique, a comprehensive examination of endogenous mRNA target sites associated with the C. elegans Argonaute family member ALG-1 is now presented.
Language recovery after left hemispherectomy in children with late‐onset seizures

We investigated the language capabilities of the isolated right hemisphere in 6 children (age, 7-14 years) after left hemidecorticectomy for treatment of Rasmussen's syndrome. Patients were right-handed before surgery and had at least 5 years of normal language development before the onset of seizures. Language testing included speech sound (phoneme) discrimination, single word and phrasal comprehension, repetition, and naming. Within 4 to 16 days after surgery, patients showed improved phoneme discrimination compared with their performance shortly before surgery. Other language functions remained severely impaired until at least 6 months after surgery. By 1 year after surgery, receptive functions were comparable with, or surpassed, patient presurgery performance. Although word repetition was intact by 1 year after surgery, naming remained impaired, and patient speech was limited largely to production of single words. These results suggest that the right hemisphere is innately capable of supporting multiple aspects of phoneme processing. Recovery of higher level receptive and, to a lesser extent, expressive language functions is attributed to plasticity of the right hemisphere, which appears to persist beyond the proposed critical period for language acquisition and lateralization.
Synthetic approaches to long-wavelength-absorbing photosensitizers: porphyrinone and derivatives

There has been considerable interest in the development of photosensitizers having increased absorption in the red or near infrared region for PDT applications. It is known that porphyrin absorptions can be shifted to longer wavelengths by expanding the n-conjugation of the macrocycle and by introducing electron-withdrawing groups at the ring. This principle has been applied to a number of porphyrinone (oxochlorin), porphyrintriones (dioxobacteriochlorins and dioxoisobacteriochlorins), as well as a porphyrintrione. The oxo group in this class of compounds has been transformed into sulfido-, imino, and methide derivatives, i.e., the ring system contains at least one exocyclic double bond connected to S, N-CN, and C(CN)2 using suitable reaction conditions. Many of these compounds exhibit absorption maxima longer than 700 nm, some even in the 800 nm region. Since the porphyrinones are generally photodynamically active to in vitro cells, they are attractive for PDT drug use.
A Pertussis Toxin Substrate Regulates α1-Adrenergic Dependent Phosphatidylinositol Hydrolysis in Cultured Rat Myocytes

The chronotropic response of the heart to alpha 1-adrenergic catecholamines influenced by pertussis toxin under certain conditions. In view of the fact that alpha 1-adrenergic action is mediated by the phosphatidylinositol pathway of hormone action in many cells, we examined the hypothesis that alpha-adrenergic agonists stimulate phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in cardiomyocytes and that this effect is sensitive to pertussis toxin. Addition of norepinephrine to cultured rat ventricular myocytes prelabeled with myo-[2-3H]inositol resulted in rapid and significant accumulation of inositol phosphate (IP1) and inositol biphosphate. Norepinephrine-stimulated IP1 formation was not inhibited by propranolol, but was inhibited by alpha-adrenergic antagonists with an order of potency indicating alpha 1-adrenergic receptor subselectivity: prazosin (alpha 1; 3 nM) greater than yohimbine (alpha 2; 10 microM). The effect of norepinephrine to enhance IP1 formation was markedly attenuated in cells pretreated with pertussis toxin. Pertussis toxin also induced the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD to a 41,000-dalton membrane protein in these cells. The concentration of pertussis toxin resulting in maximal inhibition of norepinephrine-stimulated IP1 formation correlated well with the concentration of pertussis toxin necessary to completely ADP-ribosylate a 41,000-dalton membrane protein (1 ng/ml). The range over which pertussis toxin inhibited norepinephrine-dependent IP1 formation and ADP-ribosylated the 41,000-dalton substrate was virtually identical. These observations establish a role for a 41,000-dalton pertussis toxin substrate in coupling the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor to phosphoinositol hydrolysis in myocardial cells.
Modeling the Effect of Mobile Handoffs on TCP and TFRC Throughput

At the forefront of the recent advances in mobile networks is the development of sophisticated mobility manage- ment mechanisms that are usually based on Mobile IP and its derivatives. Based on these mobility management protocols, several studies that characterize transport protocol performance have been presented. In this work we move one step further, and present a joint performance evaluation model of TCP and TFRC, with the underlying IP-based mobility protocols. We develop stochastic models that can characterize the protocol performance during handoffs between heterogeneous wireless networks like WLAN, cellular, or WMAN. We present performance evaluation results for validating the developed models under a set of different handoff scenarios. The developed model can be utilized as a basis for further analytical evaluation of new mobility management protocols, allowing thus a fast and accurate comparison. The proposed system model assumes an end-to-end connec- tion with the data flowing from the correspondent host (CH) to the mobile host (MH). According to the mobility scenario that we want to analyze, the MH is initially associated with the first access network (AN1), and at some time in the future it may move towards AN2. The two access networks are modeled separately, while they are both attached to the core network (CN) which is the Internet. We make the assumption that while the mobile host is connected to AN1, the transport protocol is in steady state. Subsequently, after handoff is performed to AN2, the protocol will reach the steady state at some time in the future. Many studies have shown that the first-order two-state Markov chain (i.e. the Gilbert path model) can approximate fairly well the behavior of the Internet. However, in this paper we adopt the Bernoulli path model which is a simplification of the Gilbert model. The reason why we selected a simpler path model comes from the need to model TCP on the packet level and obtain a closed form result. By following a more complex path model, and therefore TCP model, the overall system complexity will be unnecessarily increased. With the Bernoulli model the only quantity needed to model the channel is the average packet loss rate. The average packet loss rate is simply calculated by dividing the number of lost packets vs. the total number of packets lost or received for each of the two paths: P1,2 = #lost #(lost + received)
Modeling Cavitating Venturi Flows

Simulations of various venturi orie ce cavitating e ows were performed using a homogeneous e ow model. The dynamics of a bubble response per the Rayleigh ‐Plesset equation are cast into constitutive equation for the density for the pseudoe uid, and the turbulence is approximated by the ki! turbulence model. The computed results show that cavitation develops at the throat and its downstream region grows and collapses in a quasi-periodic fashion. The size of the cavity grows as the cavitation number for the e ow is reduced. The mass e ow rate through the cavitating venturi oscillates periodically essentially in phase with the vapor cloud in the diffuser. Venturi e ow rate, oscillation frequency,and cavitationextentarecharacterized fora widerangeof conditionsandarecompared against experimental data. Results indicate that computations are accurate to within a few percent in e ow rate for the venturis modeled in the project.
Racial Self‐Categorization in Adolescence: Multiracial Development and Social Pathways

Research on multiracial individuals is often cross-sectional, obscuring the fluid nature of multiracial self-categorization across time. Pathways of racial self-identification are developed from a nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 14-18, measured again 5 years later. A significant proportion of multiracial adolescents change racial self-identification across time. Youth who ever report being multiracial are 4 times as likely to switch self-identification as to report consistent multiracial identities. Across this time, more multiracial adolescents either add a racial category (diversify) or subtract one (consolidate) than maintain consistent multiracial self-categorization. Exploratory multinomial analyses show few differences between these pathways on select psychological and social characteristics. Results lend quantitative support to qualitative studies indicating the fluidity of racial self-categorization.
Upper hybrid wave collective accelerator studies

The authors report progress in the development of a low-repetition-rate modulator for use in an upper-hybrid-wave collective accelerator project as well as initial results on wave excitation on a 400-kV, 150-400-A beam driven by a single-shot Marx-Blumlein pulser. Waves are excited as the beam propagates through a cavity where an interaction develops between the rotating beam and electromagnetic waves in the cavity. The cavity is tapered into a uniform guide in which all electromagnetic modes are cut off for the frequencies of interest while the cyclotron body wave on the beam continues to propagate. Measurements of the body wave downstream of the cavity are reported. It is pointed out that the accelerator concept is of interest for a variety of reasons, one of which is that it allows for the development of an accelerator in which the need for coupling circuits between the RF source and the accelerated beam is eliminated. A corollary of this is that the acceleration field is a maximum at the location of the beam being accelerated and not at the structure boundaries where breakdown may occur. A second important reason for the study is that the system is simple and eliminates the need for complex structures while retaining the essential features of an RF accelerator. >
Voltage-splitting technique for reliability evaluation of off-state mode of MOSFETs in ultrathin gate oxides

A simple and practical new methodology is proposed for reliability evaluation of off-state mode in ultrathin oxides. By applying a negative voltage on the gate while the drain region is biased at the operating voltage; the so-called voltage-splitting technique (VST), we successfully resolve the difficulty associated with the unrealistic high drain-bias stress otherwise required, which leads to the excessive damage to oxide integrity in the overlap region. In comparison with a high drain-bias stress, the time-dependent dielectric breakdown measurements using VST show the well-behaved breakdown distribution and correlate with the measured device characteristics. In addition, this methodology may provide a possible method to extrapolate stress data to operational voltage for realistic off-state reliability projection.
Isolation and Functional Analysis of Homogentisate Phytyltransferase from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Arabidopsis

Tocopherols, collectively known as vitamin E, are lipid-soluble antioxidants synthesized exclusively by photosynthetic organisms and are required components of mammalian diets. The committed step in tocopherol biosynthesis involves condensation of homogentisic acid and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) catalyzed by a membrane-bound homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT). HPTs were identified from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Arabidopsis based on their sequence similarity to chlorophyll synthases, which utilize PDP in a similar prenylation reaction. HPTs from both organisms used homogentisic acid and PDP as their preferred substrates in vitro but only Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 HPT was active with geranylgeranyl diphosphate as a substrate. Neither enzyme could utilize solanesyl diphosphate, the prenyl substrate for plastoquinone-9 synthesis. In addition, disruption of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 HPT function causes an absence of tocopherols without affecting plastoquinone-9 levels, indicating that separate polyprenyltransferases exist for tocopherol and plastoquinone synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. It is surprising that the absence of tocopherols in this mutant had no discernible effect on cell growth and photosynthesis.
Multi-Path Key Establishment against REM Attacks in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Secure communications in wireless ad hoc networks require setting up end-to-end secret keys for communicating node pairs. Due to physical limitations and scalability requirements, full key-connectivity can not be achieved by key pre-distribution. In this paper, we develop an analytical framework for the on-demand key establishment approach. We propose a novel security metric, called REM resilience vector to quantify the resilience of any key establishment schemes against Revealing, Erasure, and Modification (REM) attacks. Our analysis shows that previous key establishment schemes are vulnerable under REM attacks. Relying on the new security metric, we prove a universal bound on achievable REM resilience vectors for any on-demand key establishment scheme. This bound that characterizes the optimal security performance analytically is shown to be tight, as we propose a REM-resilient key establishment scheme which achieves any vector within this bound. In addition, we develop a class of low complexity key establishment schemes which achieve nearly-optimal REM-attack resilience.
How Common is the Common External Tariff?: Domestic Influences on European Union Trade Policy

This article examines the role of national-level politics and economics on the setting of supranational trade policy within the European Union (EU). It argues that, though EU member states must have a uniform tariff schedule, significant variation remains in the average, trade-weighted tariff because each country has a different bundle of imports into each country. Thus, some countries import more high-tariff goods than others. This article argues that a significant part of this variation is intentional, because countries know which goods they import. Therefore, countries that prefer protection push for tariffs on products they import whereas countries that prefer free trade push for liberalization on products they import, with these preferences being driven by the amount of institutional access provided to interest groups and the economic conditions in the member states. This argument is tested with regression analyses of a panel of average tariff rates in the EU member states and the tariff schedule agr...
Cross‐sectional AFM study of etching kinetics of oxidized porous silicon

We have studied the morphology and etching kinetics of partially oxidized porous silicon films. Film morphology and thickness was measured using cross-sectional atomic force microscopy. Air and UV-ozone oxidized porous silicon films were etched in buffered hydrofluoric acid. The observed etching rate was much faster than expected for a bulk film. These data consist of: direct visualization of cluster formation, enhanced etching rates and subsequent analysis of the liberated nanoparticles, and consistent with a mesoporous morphology of undulating Si nanowires. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bottom-Up Analysis of Single-Case Research Designs

This paper defines and promotes the qualities of a “bottom-up” approach to single-case research (SCR) data analysis. Although “top-down” models, for example, multi-level or hierarchical linear models, are gaining momentum and have much to offer, interventionists should be cautious about analyses that are not easily understood, are not governed by a “wide lens” visual analysis, do not yield intuitive results, and remove the analysis process from the interventionist, who alone has intimate understanding of the design logic and resulting data patterns. “Bottom-up” analysis possesses benefits which fit well with SCR, including applicability to designs with few data points and few phases, customization of analyses based on design and data idiosyncrasies, conformation with visual analysis, and directly meaningful effect sizes. Examples are provided to illustrate these benefits of bottom-up analyses.
Affective processing in bilingual speakers: disembodied cognition?

A recent study by Keysar, Hayakawa, and An (2012) suggests that “thinking in a foreign language” may reduce decision biases because a foreign language provides a greater emotional distance than a native tongue. The possibility of such “disembodied” cognition is of great interest for theories of affect and cognition and for many other areas of psychological theory and practice, from clinical and forensic psychology to marketing, but first this claim needs to be properly evaluated. The purpose of this review is to examine the findings of clinical, introspective, cognitive, psychophysiological, and neuroimaging studies of affective processing in bilingual speakers in order to identify converging patterns of results, to evaluate the claim about “disembodied cognition,” and to outline directions for future inquiry. The findings to date reveal two interrelated processing effects. First-language (L1) advantage refers to increased automaticity of affective processing in the L1 and heightened electrodermal reactiv...
Partial Replacement with Menhaden Oil Improves Peripheral Neuropathy in High-Fat-Fed Low-Dose Streptozotocin Type 2 Diabetic Rat

Aims. To determine the effect of partial replacement of a high-fat diet with menhaden oil on diabetic neuropathy in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods. High-fat/low-dose streptozotocin diabetic rats were used to examine the influence of replacing 50% of the source of the high-fat diet (lard) with menhaden oil, a natural source of n-3 fatty acids, on diabetic neuropathy. Endpoints included analyses of glucose tolerance, fatty liver disease, serum and liver fatty acid composition, serum lipid and adiponectin levels, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity, thermal sensitivity and innervation of the hindpaw. Results. Diabetic rats were insulin resistant and menhaden oil did not improve whole animal glucose utilization. Menhaden oil did not improve elevated HbA1C levels or serum lipid levels but serum levels of adiponectin were significantly increased and hepatic steatosis was significantly improved. Diabetic rats were thermal hypoalgesic, had reduced motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities and intraepidermal nerve fiber profiles were decreased in the hindpaw and these endpoints were significantly improved with menhaden oil. Conclusions. We found that enrichment of a high-fat diet with menhaden oil improved a number of endpoints associated with diabetic neuropathy.
The Future Career Autobiography: A Narrative Measure of Career Intervention Effectiveness.

To be consistent with narrative career theory, effective career interventions should result in changes to individuals' occupational narratives over time. This exploratory study sought to present and examine the efficacy of the Future Career Autobiography (FCA), which is a narrative tool designed to identify and measure change or lack of change in individuals' occupational narratives over time. Undecided undergraduate students completed the FCA before and after a traditional career exploration course. The FCA seemed to measure both change and lack of change in occupational narratives, consistent with the career choice process and narrative theory.
Valuing Ecological Restoration and Recreational Benefits in a Mountain Protected Area: The Case of Los Nevados National Park, Colombia

This study uses travel cost and contingent valuation methods to derive estimates of economic value for recreational use of Los Nevados National Park in the Andean region of Colombia. Park visitors were surveyed regarding their travel costs and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for ecological restoration of areas affected by wildfires in 2006. The travel cost data was analyzed using a zonal travel cost model. The contingent valuation experiment used a dichotomous choice format followed by an open-ended question asking for their maximum WTP for restoration. Consumer surplus for recreational use of the park was found to be large relative to the budget of the Colombian Parks Service, which justifies continued funding. Respondents’ WTP for ecological restoration was modest and possibly influenced by bequest values, but unaffected by potential information bias.
Cum Consensu Omnium: Frankish Church Councils from Clovis to Charlemagne

For scholars of early medieval Europe, and of the Frankish Kingdoms in particular, the canonical decisions of church councils have proven to be immensely valuable sources for understanding the beliefs and policies of the ecclesiastical elite. Although we cannot always assume their enforcement, the canons offer a priceless window into the minds of their authors and the historical contexts that prompted their action. Less work has been done, however, on the institution that produced this legislation. The following article provides an overview of the function of the church council in the Frankish Kingdoms, as well as surveys the relevant evidence and scholarly literature.
Voltage-sensitive ion channels in human B lymphocytes.

Ion channels are protein pores that provide for the rapid movement of ions across cell membranes. Such channels control the transmembrane flow of ions by opening or closing in response to appropriate stimuli (a property referred to as gating) and by allowing only specific types of ions to pass through (a property referred to as selectivity). Although ion channels have been studied in nerve and muscle for many years (see 1 for a review), it is only since the development of the patch-clamp technique (2) that they have been detected in a variety of other tissues and systems. In the immune system such diverse cell types as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, hybridomas, and natural killer cells express an assortment of channels (reviewed in 3).
Interaction and Distance

Space, the two-dimensional surface of the earth, enters into economic relationships in two ways: first through the (uneven) distribution of natural resources and secondly through distance separating economic activities.
The Racial Gap in Childhood Blood Lead Levels Related to Socioeconomic Position of Residence in Metropolitan Detroit

Childhood lead poisoning in the United States remains a persistent, prevalent environmental public health problem, especially for children living in central-city neighborhoods. These neighborhoods ...
Tin-Catalyzed Plasma-Assisted Growth of Silicon Nanowires

A systematic study of tin-catalyzed vapor−liquid−solid (VLS) growth of silicon nanowires by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition at temperatures ranging from 300 to 400 °C is presented. Wire s...
Bridging the gap: perceived educational needs in the inpatient to home care setting for the person with a new ostomy.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate what specific ostomy self-care educational content is considered the most useful by the new ostomy patient after discharge. Design A cross-sectional, correlational design was used to address study aims. Subjects and setting The sample comprised 33 men and 27 women with a mean age of 55.58 ± 15.56 (mean ± SD) years, range 27 to 79 years old. The study setting was a 587-bed teaching hospital, level 1 trauma center in the Midwest, with Magnet designation. Methods Demographic data were collected during the patients' hospital stay as part of routine care. This information is used for follow-up with all ostomy patients who have surgery in this hospital. All of the participants in this study completed an interview administered by phone or in person. A semistructured interview guide was used to elicit participant perceptions of the usefulness of 4 categories of ostomy care, including (1) ostomy information (ostomy function), (2) activities of daily living (strategies to manage travel, bathing, intimacy, odor), (3) ostomy care (strategies for managing the ostomy), and (4) other informational needs (social support resources). Participants were asked to rate these 4 areas from most useful to least useful, using a 4-point scale. At the end of the interview, participants were asked, "Has there been anything that has happened or event related to your ostomy that your ostomy teaching did not prepare you for?" The interview took place several weeks after surgery or during their readmission visit for surgical ostomy takedown. Results Sixty-two patients were enrolled into the study, and 60 participants completed the data collection. The sample included 26 (43%) patients with ileostomies, 18 (30%) with colostomies, and 16 (27%) with urostomies. Ninety percent ranked the education category of ostomy self-care as the most useful content, 55% ranked information on resuming activities of daily living as the second most useful category, and 55% ranked general information as third most useful content area. Fifty respondents (83%) ranked ostomy support as the least useful. Nine (15%) of the participants felt unprepared for their first pouch leak, and 2 (3%) reported difficulty adjusting to the feel of the stool entering the pouch. Two patients would have liked more photos of peristomal skin conditions and how to treat them. Conclusions Since the category of ostomy self-care ranked highest, patient teaching for the new ostomy patient should focus on this skill set, including stoma care, how, and when to empty and change the pouch.