cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a Great Entrepreneurial University

On April 4, 2017, the Silicon Flatirons Center for Law, Technology, and Entrepreneurship brought together entrepreneurial leaders from campus, the community, and other states to discuss Building a Great Entrepreneurial University. After reflecting on the University of Colorado Boulder’s (“CU”) progress in entrepreneurship over the past decade, participants considered what future opportunities could be spearheaded by the recently launched campus-wide Innovation and Entrepreneurship Initiative. The participants were united on the essential importance of developing an entrepreneurial mindset among students, faculty, and staff. Amidst the world’s rising complexity and uncertainty, CU must prepare all students - from those majoring in the humanities to the sciences - for a future where students must adapt to repeated changes to their jobs and careers. Notably, to thrive in today’s world of accelerated technological change, students, faculty, and staff need to develop a set of core competencies, including grit, resilience, adaptability, collaboration, creativity, and a willingness to take initiative (as well as learn from trial and error problem solving). The roundtable focused on how CU can enable students to develop their innate entrepreneurial capacity. To do so, Zach Shulman of Cornell University and Troy D’Ambrosio of the University of Utah explained, CU needs to provide forums for exploration, iteration, and failure. This report provides a strategic framework for fostering such forums.
Efficient Encoding of the Long-Term Predictor in Vector Excitation Coders

Speech coding algorithms based on Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) [1], have been widely studied in the past few years for low bit rate speech coding and many improvements and variations of the basic algorithm have since emerged. We use Vector Excitation Coding (VXC) as a generic name to represent the class of coders using vector quantization (VQ) coding of filtered excitation signals with “closed-loop” codebook search [2, 3].
How Commitment Leads to Coordination: The Effect of Individual Reasoning Strategies on Multi-Agent Interaction

Most agents, human or artificial, are situated in dynamic environments, i.e., environments in which the agent is not itself the only cause of change. Moreover, all agents have computational resource limits: their reasoning processes are not instantaneous, but take time. A dynamic environment may change during the time an agent is reasoning, and, indeed, may change in ways that undermine the very assumptions underlying the ongoing reasoning. Thus an agent that blindly pushes forward with a reasoning task, without regard to the amount of time it is taking or the changes meanwhile going on in the environment, is not likely to make rational decisions. Agents in dynamic environments need a way of deciding what to reason about when, and for how long. Recognition of this fact has led to a number of proposals for mechanisms for controlling reasoning (Russell and Wefald (1991), Dean and Boddy (1988), Horvitz et al. (1989), Zilberstein (1993), Dean et al. (1993).
The Functional Design and Phylogeny of Women’s Sexuality

Over the past 15 years, extensive research has documented that estrus in women is present, not absent due to evolutionary loss, as scholars concluded erroneously by the middle of the last century. Estrus in women is a set of sexual preferences, manifested in the fertile window of the menstrual cycle, for mates with traits that connote male phenotypic and genetic quality. We hypothesize that women’s estrus is an adaptation that functions to obtain genes, including conditionally via extra-pair copulation, that enhance offspring reproductive value. Women’s estrus is ancient phylogenetically, and has homology and functional similarity with estrus throughout vertebrates. Women’s sexuality at infertile cycle points and other infertile times is referred to as “extended sexuality.” It is common in Old World primates and probably in pair-bonding, socially monogamous birds. The kinds of preferences associated with women’s extended sexuality are consistent with the hypothesis that its function is to obtain nongenetic material benefits and services from males by exchanging sexual access for them. Concealed estrus is present in women as evidenced by men’s limited ability (compared to other male mammals) to detect estrus, women’s limited behavioral changes (compared to other female mammals) during estrus, and estrous women’s efforts to limit male mate guarding. Evidence supports the hypothesis that concealed estrus is adaptation that functions in extra-pair-bond copulation to cuckold the main partner in service of better genes for offspring, while maintaining the main partner’s material benefits. Research findings indicate that women’s estrogen-based sexual ornaments honestly signal residual reproductive value.
Cardiac Septal Defects: Treatment via the Amplatzer® Family of Devices

The majority of patients with congenital heart disease present with defects resulting from vascular narrowing or absence (such as interruption or coarctation of the aorta or pulmonary arteries) or failure of structures to fuse or separate during development (total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, septal defects, fusion of valve cusps). Correction of these defects initially began with open-heart surgery, but now many of these repairs can be performed through catheter-delivered closure devices (e.g., Amplatzer closure devices). This chapter will present a brief history of defect repairs and provide information on the design, development, and preclinical animal testing of such systems.
Building robust learning systems by combining induction and optimization

Each concept description language and search strategy has an inherent inductive bias, a preference for some hypotheses over others. No single inductive bias performs optimally on all problems. This paper describes a system that couples induction with optimization to carry out an efficient search of large regions of inductive bias space. Experimental results are reported demonstrating the system's capacity to choose optimal biases even for complex and noisy problems.
Teaching residents about practice-based learning and improvement.

Article-at-a-Glance Background The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has endorsed practice-based learning and improvement (PBLI) as a core competency for residents. Health professions educators have sought since the early 1990s to incorporate quality improvement principles, methods, and skills into training programs. A literature review indicates that questions remain regarding how to best train physicians to lead the improvement of patient care. The efficacy of two PBLI educational interventions was examined by comparing the performance of participating residents with that of controls. Interventions Personal improvement projects (PIPs) and a workshop were implemented to teach PBLI to internal medicine residents. Residents in an ambulatory block rotation were required to complete a PIP. All residents were invited to attend the workshop. Those participating in neither served as controls. Evaluation An instrument was used to assess applied improvement knowledge for PIP participants at project completion and all residents six to eight months later. Analysis of variance showed no difference between the performance of PIP participants at project completion and PIP participants and controls six to eight months later. A second analysis compared six- to eight-month follow-up data for residents doing PIP only, workshop only, both PIP and workshop, and controls. No significant differences were detected among groups. Interrater reliability for the tool was good. Discussion No difference was found between intervention residents and controls in the assessment of their ability to apply improvement knowledge. This suggests that workshops and PIPs alone will not lead to competence in PBLI. Building this competency likely will require more emphasis on experiential learning and resident participation in health care improvement projects.
For Better or Worse: Game Structure and Mechanics Driving Social Interactions and Isolation

Game developers write code that governs and impacts our behaviors. The resulting positive and negative social outcomes are the inevitable consequence of some designs, even when those consequences are unintended. To make this point, the chapter lays out a theoretical groundwork from computer-mediated communication and references a series of empirical research examples. The operating assumptions are that online communities are real, code impacts behaviors, and developers working in the “mechanics-design-aesthetics” framework make this code in an attempt to create experiences. Games have real community effects as the result of what we can call “social architecture.” Games with heavier social architectures have more social interactions and more vibrant communities than those that don’t.
Exploring the anomalous cytotoxicity of commercially-available poly( N -isopropyl acrylamide) substrates.

Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAM) is a stimulus-responsive polymer that has been of great interest to the bioengineering community. When the temperature is lowered below its lower critical solution temperature (∼32 °C), pNIPAM rapidly hydrates, and adherent cells detach as intact cell sheets. This cell-releasing behavior in a physiologically relevant temperature range has led to NIPAM's use for engineered tissues and other devices. In a previous study, however, the authors found that although most techniques used to polymerize NIPAM yield biocompatible films, some formulations from commercially-available NIPAM (cpNIPAM) can be cytotoxic. In this work, the authors investigate the reasons underlying this anomaly. The authors evaluated the response of a variety of cell types (e.g., bovine aortic endothelial cells, BAECs; monkey kidney epithelial cells, Vero cells; and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, 3T3s) after culture on substrates spin-coated with sol-gel (spNIPAM) and commercially-prepared (cpNIPAM). The relative biocompatibility of each cell type was evaluated using observations of its cell morphology and function (e.g., XTT and Live/Dead assays) after 48 and 96 h in culture. In addition, the substrates themselves were analyzed using NMR, goniometry, and XPS. The authors find that all the cell types were compromised by 96 h in culture with cpNIPAM, although the manner in which the cells are compromised differs; in particular, while Vero and 3T3 cells appear to be undergoing cytotoxic death, BAECs undergo apoptic death. The authors believe that this result is due to a combination of factors, including the presence of short chain oligomers of NIPAM in the commercially-available preparation. This work will provide valuable insights into the cytotoxicity of commercially-prepared polymer substrates for this type of bioengineering work and therefore into the applicability of cells grown on such surfaces for human subjects.
Mandatory Neuroendovascular Evolution: Meeting the New Demands.

Background Traditionally, patients undergoing acute ischemic strokes were candidates for mechanical thrombectomy if they were within the 6-h window from onset of symptoms. This timeframe would exclude many patient populations, such as wake-up strokes. However, the most recent clinical trials, DAWN and DEFUSE3, have expanded the window of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke patients to within 24 h from symptom onset. This expanded window increases the number of potential candidates for endovascular intervention for emergent large vessel occlusions and raises the question of how to efficiently screen and triage this increase of patients. Summary Abbreviated pre-hospital stroke scales can be used to guide EMS personnel in quickly deciding if a patient is undergoing a stroke. Telestroke networks connect remote hospitals to stroke specialists to improve the transportation time of the patient to a comprehensive stroke center for the appropriate level of care. Mobile stroke units, mobile interventional units, and helistroke reverse the traditional hub-and-spoke model by bringing imaging, tPA, and expertise to the patient. Smartphone applications and social media aid in educating patients and the public regarding acute and long-term stroke care. Key messages The DAWN and DEFUSE3 trials have expanded the treatment window for certain acute ischemic stroke patients with mechanical thrombectomy and subsequently have increased the number of potential candidates for endovascular intervention. This expansion brings patient screening and triaging to greater importance, as reducing the time from symptom onset to decision-to-treat and groin puncture can better stroke patient outcomes. Several strategies have been employed to address this issue by reducing the time of symptom onset to decision-to-treat time.
Equitable Principles and Jurisdictional Time Periods, Part 2

This is the second of two articles looking at the relationship of equitable doctrines and time limits in the Tax Code. In the first article “Equitable Principles and Jurisdictional Time Periods” I showed how courts apply a mythical rule that equitable principles cannot apply to jurisdictional time limits. I showed why this rule is in fact a myth and argued that both normatively and empirically, the question of whether equitable principles can be applied to a given time period is a different question than whether the time period is “jurisdictional.” This article addresses a different aspect of how equitable doctrines affect a jurisdictional time period in tax law. When one studies the case law, one finds many instances where the Tax Court---often blessed by the Courts of Appeals---laments that it may not equitably “enlarge” or “extend” jurisdictional time periods, but then accomplishes the same result through its discretionary fact-finding power. In effect, it cheats. Less dramatically, it creates fictions to cover the gap between what is and what ought to be. While denying the power to use equitable principals to modify the legal bed, it instead uses equitable principles to stretch or lop off facts to fit a procrustean conception of the relevant limitation period. Part I of this article explains how the Tax Court has used equitable powers to create the facts necessary to obtain jurisdiction. Part II explores how the Tax Court has used equitable powers to ignore facts that would deny it jurisdiction. Part III shows how the Tax Court has used equity to alter how it counts the relevant time periods when doing do furthers the purpose of the statutes giving taxpayers access to judicial review. As I show below, the Tax Court is quite sympathetic to allowing parties to get to the merits of a case and so will bend and twist facts to give parties that chance where possible. Finally, Part IV takes a critical look at the common-sense reaction that the difference between facts and law justify this use of equity to indirectly alter applicable time periods when, at the same time, the Court refuses to use equity to directly toll a time period or estop the government from asserting a time period as a defense.
Elementary Statistical Applications

With the basic introduction of wavelets in Chapter 1 and the overview of standard smoothing techniques in Chapter 2, we are ready to combine these concepts and examine some fundamental applications of wavelets in function estimation. This chapter will focus on wavelet versions of the two types of estimators discussed in Chapter 2 (kernels and orthogonal series), as they are applied to density estimation and nonparametric regression.
What proportion of the brain structural and functional abnormalities observed among children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is explained by their prenatal alcohol exposure and their other prenatal and postnatal risks

Background: Individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) often present with a myriad of other prenatal (e.g. exposure to tobacco and other illicit drugs, poor prenatal care) and postnatal risk factors (e.g. multiple home placements, physical/sexual abuse, low socio-economic status)-all of which are likely contributing to their adverse outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive neuropsychological battery, coupled with magnetic resonance imaging, was administered to children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in 2009. Study participants diagnosed with FASD by the University of Washington using the FASD 4-Digit Code were compared to typically-developing peers with no PAE. Data from this MRI study were used to explore the proportion of variance in brain structural and functional abnormalities explained by PAE and 14 other prenatal and postnatal risk factors. Results: PAE was the dominant risk factor explaining the largest proportion of variance in regional brain size (total brain, frontal lobe, caudate, hippocampus and corpus callosum) and brain function (intellect, achievement, memory, language, executive-function, motor, adaptation, behavior-attention and mental health symptoms). Other prenatal and postnatal risk factors were 3 to 7-fold more prevalent than in the general population. Individually, each risk factor explained a statistically significant, but smaller proportion of variance in brain outcome compared to PAE. In combination, the proportion of variance explained by the presence of multiple prenatal and postnatal risks rivaled that of PAE. Conclusion: A better understanding of the impact other prenatal and postnatal risk factors have on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of individuals with FASD can inform more effective prevention and intervention strategies.
Distinct Diarrhea Profiles During Outpatient Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) is a common symptom that occurs in 50 to 80% of patients. Given that the majority of the data on the occurrence and severity of CID is based on physician-rated toxicity criteria, this study’s purposes were to identify subgroups of patients with distinct CID profiles and determine how these subgroups differ in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics; severity, frequency, and distress of CID; the co-occurrence of common GI symptoms; and QOL. Patients (n = 1133) completed the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale six times over two cycles of chemotherapy. Latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients with distinct diarrhea profiles. Differences among these subgroups were evaluated using parametric and nonparametric statistics. Four distinct diarrhea profiles were identified: none (58.3%), decreasing (22.0%), increasing (5.2%), and high (14.5%). Compared with the none class, patients in the high class had a lower functional status, a worse comorbidity profile, were more likely to have gastrointestinal cancer, and were more likely to receive chemotherapy on a 14-day cycle. No differences were found among the classes in the percentages of patients who received chemotherapy with a targeted therapy. Given that CID occurred in over 40% of the patients, clinicians should assess for this symptom and other common GI symptoms and initiate appropriate pharmacologic and dietary interventions.
O-024 Four or more thrombectomy passes, tPA use, and high initial stress glucose ratio are independently associated with malignant cerebral edema after mechanical thrombectomy: a single-center, retrospective study

Background The development of malignant cerebral edema (MCE) after large-vessel occlusion mechanical thrombectomy (MT) with the ensuing requirement for decompressive craniectomy is a dreaded outcome of stroke. We analyzed factors associated with the development of malignant cerebral edema following mechanical thrombectomy. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of anterior cerebral circulation large vessel occlusion cases that underwent MT from April 2012 to November 2019 at single comprehensive stroke center. Data included patient demographics, presenting NIHSS score, vessel occlusion site, onset-to-revascularization timing, presenting blood glucose, 90 day modified Rankin Scale (mRS), post-procedural intracerebral hemorrhage (PH1 or PH2), and post-procedural development of MCE (midline shift greater than 5 mm associated with neurological deterioration after greater than 50% infarction of the MCA territory). Multi-variate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine significant predictors of malignant „cerebral edema and poor functional outcome (mRS 3–6) at 90 days. Results 400 patients were included in the analysis. 42 (10.5%) patients developed MCE following mechanical thrombectomy with 26 (6.5%) patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy. Significant independent predictors of MCE following MT included: NIHSS (OR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03–1.18; p=0.008), tPA administration (OR 2.38 95% CI: 1.04–5.46; p=0.041), 4 or more thrombectomy passes (OR 5.25, 95% CI: 1.53–17.94; p=0.008), and initial stress glucose ratio (OR 14.92 95% CI: 3.95–56.43; p Conclusion Our data demonstrate an association of malignant cerebral edema with ICA occlusion, higher presenting NIHSS scores, tPA administration, 4 or more thrombectomy passes, and a high initial stress glucose ratio. Malignant cerebral edema is associated with poor functional outcome at 90 days. Further investigation of causes of malignant cerebral edema after MT are warranted. Disclosures G. Cannarsa: None. A. Wessell: None. T. Chryssikos: None. K. Kim: None. J. Stokum: None. H. Carvalho: None. T. Miller: None. D. Gandhi: None. G. Jindal: None.
Genotype-environment correlation by intervention effects underlying middle childhood peer rejection and associations with adolescent marijuana use.

Aggressive behavior in middle childhood can contribute to peer rejection, subsequently increasing risk for substance use in adolescence. However, the quality of peer relationships a child experiences can be associated with his or her genetic predisposition, a genotype-environment correlation (rGE). In addition, recent evidence indicates that psychosocial preventive interventions can buffer genetic predispositions for negative behavior. The current study examined associations between polygenic risk for aggression, aggressive behavior, and peer rejection from 8.5 to 10.5 years, and the subsequent influence of peer rejection on marijuana use in adolescence (n = 515; 256 control, 259 intervention). Associations were examined separately in control and intervention groups for children of families who participated in a randomized controlled trial of the family-based preventive intervention, the Family Check-Up . Using time-varying effect modeling (TVEM), polygenic risk for aggression was associated with peer rejection from approximately age 8.50 to 9.50 in the control group but no associations were present in the intervention group. Subsequent analyses showed peer rejection mediated the association between polygenic risk for aggression and adolescent marijuana use in the control group. The role of rGEs in middle childhood peer processes and implications for preventive intervention programs for adolescent substance use are discussed.
Kenotic Ecumenism: What Can Eastern Catholics and Orthodox Learn from the Parable of the Grain of Wheat?

This chapter proposes a fresh theological reflection on the dialogue between the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches (ECC) based on the concept of kenosis (self-emptying). The chapter begins by introducing the concept of kenosis in theology and ethics. This concept is subsequently applied to ecumenical relations. It is argued that, in order for ECC to accomplish their mission of being the “bridges” between East and West, their attitude toward the Orthodox should be kenotic, asymmetrical, and eschato-centric: ECC should consider themselves as a means of unity of the Body of Christ, reject the model of reciprocity, and embrace the eschatological perspective, which transcends the logic of mundane successes, and models itself after the “grain of wheat” which is not afraid to die (Jn 12:24–25).
Novel Predictors of COVID-19 Protective Behaviors Among US Adults: Cross-sectional Survey.

Background: A central component of the public health strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic involves encouraging mask wearing and social distancing to protect individuals from acquiring and transmitting the virus. Objective: This study aims to understand the psychological factors that drive adoption or rejection of these protective behaviors, which can inform public health interventions to control the pandemic. Methods: We conducted an online survey of a representative sample of 1074 US adults and assessed three novel potential predictors of COVID-19 behaviors: trait reactance, COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, and COVID-19 apocalypse beliefs. Key outcomes (dependent variables) included an index of COVID-19 protective behaviors, the number of trips taken from the home, and COVID-19 knowledge. Results: In bivariate analyses, all three predictors were significantly correlated in the hypothesized direction with the three COVID-19 outcomes. Specifically, each predictor was negatively (P<.01) correlated with the COVID-19 protective behaviors index and COVID-19 knowledge score, and positively correlated with trips taken from home per week (more of which was considered higher risk). COVID-19 protective behaviors and COVID-19 knowledge were significantly lower in the top median compared to the bottom median for all three predictors. In general, these findings remained significant after adjusting for all novel predictors plus age, gender, income, education, race, political party, and religiosity. Self-identified Republicans (vs other political affiliations) reported the highest values for each of the novel predictors. Conclusions: This study can inform the development of health communication interventions to encourage the adoption of COVID-19 protective behaviors. Interestingly, we found that higher scores of all three novel predictors were associated with lower COVID-19 knowledge, suggesting that lack of an accurate understanding of the virus may be driving some of these attitudes; although, it is also possible that these attributes may interfere with one’s willingness or ability to seek and absorb accurate health information. These individuals may be particularly immune to accepting new information and yielding their beliefs. Health communication professionals may apply lessons learned from countering similar beliefs around climate change and vaccine hesitancy. Messages designed for individuals prone to reactance may be more effective if they minimize controlling language and emphasize the individual’s independence in adopting these behavioral recommendations. Messaging for those who possess conspiracy beliefs should similarly not assume that providing evidence contrary to these beliefs will alone alter behavior. Other communication techniques such as rolling with resistance, a strategy used in motivational interviewing, may be helpful. Messaging for those with apocalyptic beliefs may require using religious leaders as the message source and using scripture that would support the adoption of COVID-19 protection behaviors.
Single Versus Double-Sided Hypotheses and Probabilities.

Single-sided (1-tailed) and double-sided (2-tailed) probabilities are products of statistical tests that can be crucial to drawing accurate conclusions in scientific studies. In a review of articles published in issues of Pediatric Emergency Care from 2020, we identified 2 where single-sided versus double-sided probability issues potentially reversed a conclusion of study investigators. The purpose of this study is to describe single-sided versus double-sided probability issues found in Pediatric Emergency Care 2020 articles to increase awareness surrounding these issues. Methods This study involved a review of all articles from 2020 issues of the Pediatric Emergency Care journal, examining whether P values between and including the values 0.05 and 0.10, were characterized as not significant when, in fact, they resulted from a double-sided test and arguably should have been halved to yield significant single-sided probabilities less than or equal to 0.05. Results Two such studies were identified. In the first study, researchers concluded that their intervention resulted in "no statistically significant improvement," citing a P value of 0.08, but if a single-sided P value was used, it would have been 0.04 and the authors would have instead concluded that their intervention resulted in significant improvement. In the second study, researchers measured resuscitation times in pediatric and adult manikin simulations. They concluded no difference, citing a P value of 0.088, but if a single-sided P value was used, it would have been 0.044, and the authors would have instead concluded that the resuscitation times took longer in the pediatric simulation. Conclusions These articles demonstrate how single-sided versus double-sided probability issues can cause researchers to draw inaccurate conclusions. As such, we would urge that this be more rigorously evaluated when the P values are between 0.05 and 0.10.
Statistical Power and Search Intensity Bias in Hit Rates Tests of Discrimination

This study derives the statistical power of the common hit rates test of taste-based discrimination in police searches. It also identifies search intensity as a source of bias in the test and proposes a simple empirical adjustment to account for the bias. Data simulations, along with two empirical applications to motor vehicle search data, display the practical importance of both statistical power and search intensity bias in the hit rates test. Statistical power varies markedly with the parameters of the application. Differential search intensity across groups will bias results, but the simple empirical adjustment provides a valid test when the data contain a discrete indicator of search intensity. In the empirical applications, unadjusted and adjusted tests differ in their conclusion of whether police discrimination exists. For the presentation of multiple hit rates tests, statistical power should be reported with p-values. Theoretical bounds on search intensity bias are wide, and the bias can persist for any sample size. Hit rates tests should therefore be interpreted with caution when data contain no indicator of search intensity.
Bovine heart malic enzyme. I. Isolation and partial purification of a cytoplasmic and a mitochondrial enzyme.

Abstract Homogenates prepared from bovine heart muscle contain two distinct forms of malic enzyme (malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40), which can be easily separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. A partial purification of the two enzymes has been accomplished by means of DEAE-cellulose chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and chromatography on CM-Sephadex. The isolated fractions migrate at different rates on disc gel electrophoresis and appear to have a similar molecular weight (approximately 200,000) as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and gel filtration. Malic enzyme has also been purified from isolated bovine heart mitochondria, and all the properties of this enzyme correspond to one of the forms isolated from the homogenate. On the basis of these observations, it is concluded that malic enzyme is present in both the cytosol and the mitochondria of bovine heart, a distribution similar to that observed in bovine adrenal cortex but clearly distinct from that of liver.
‘Falling Leaves Return To Their Roots’: Taiwanese-Americans Consider Return Migration

Because technical innovation is the engine of growth, nations are eager to attract and retain skilled migrants. This paper uses survey data to explore the intention to return among a highly skilled migrant population: Taiwan-born household heads in the US. The inquiry is guided by expectations drawn from neo-classical economics (NE) and the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM). Multivariate analysis firsts predicts the intention to return, then distinguishes among motives. The results of the first analysis yield some findings consonant with NE and others consonant with NELM, but the results of the second indicate that only respondents motivated by a desire to invest fit the pattern articulated by NELM. Most of the remainder fit the pattern described by NE. Because potential investors comprise just 8.6% of the sample, the paper concludes that NE does a better job predicting the expectations of Taiwanese household heads than does NELM. Yet, most return migration occurs within 5 years of arrival, while the present sample represents all Taiwanese households, regardless of time in the US. Thus, the sample underrepresents migrants with the greatest propensity to return. Consequently, the findings of this research generalise only to relatively settled Taiwanese-Americans. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four-Bit Wireless Link Estimation.

We consider the problem of estimating link quality in an ad-hoc wireless mesh. We argue that estimating links well requires combining information from the network, link, and physical layers. We propose narrow, protocol-independent interfaces for the layers, which in total provide four bits of information: 1 from the physical layer, 1 from the link layer, and 2 from the network layer. We present a link estimator design with these interfaces that reduces packet delivery costs by up to 44% over current approaches and maintains a 99% delivery ratio over large, multihop testbeds.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE SEGREGATION DISTORTER POLYMORPHISM OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Two two-locus models of the population dynamics of the segregation distortion (SD) polymorphism of Drosophila melanogaster are described. One model is appropriate for understanding the population genetics of SD in nature, whereas the other is a special case appropriate for understanding an artificial population that has been extensively analysed. The models incorporate the general features of the Sd and Rsp loci which form the core of the SD system. It is shown that the SD polymorphism can be established only when there is sufficiently tight linkage between Sd and Rsp. An approximate treatment, valid for tight linkage, is given of all the equilibria of the system and their stabilities. It is shown that the observed composition of natural and artificial populations with respect to the Sd and Rsp loci is predicted well by the model, provided that restrictions are imposed on the fertilities of certain genotypes. Highly oscillatory paths towards equilibrium are usually to be expected on the basis of this model. The selection pressures on inversions introduced into this system are also investigated.
Examining Teacher Candidate Resistance to Diversity: What Can Teacher Educators Learn?

How teachers interpret and respond to diverse students’ cultural identities is critical to students’ success. Therefore, teacher educators require candidates to gain experience with multicultural populations during fieldwork. What can teacher educators learn from candidate perceptions of these experiences? This study features a case analysis of a fascinating candidate’s descriptions of multicultural school experiences. The candidate negated the need to be culturally responsive by inaccurately simplifying culture and using the binary constructs of “same” and “different”. The article contends that educators must provide a platform for the deconstruction of “same” and “different” and offers a visual model as a pedagogical discussion tool.
Stress Analysis of a Composite Plate with a Circular Hole under Axisymmetric Bending

In this paper, the axisymmetric bending problem of a perforated plate which consists of two bonded isotropic dissimilar materials is considered. The problem is of interest in the delamination failure study of multilayered composites. From the plane elasticity solution of bonded isotropic materials, it is well-known that the interface stresses have a weak power singularity near the free boundary and this in turn may enhance the possibility of delamination failure. The solution given in this paper is based on the method developed in [1]. An elasticity series solution of the axisymmetric bending problem is presented. This can be considered as the first component of the general bending problem. The stresses exhibit the expected singular behavior around the hole boundary. The results are also compared with those obtained by using the Finite Ele ment Method. It is observed that the two sets agree rather well with regard to trend and magnitude of interface stresses.
An α-Helical Conformation of the SEVI Peptide, a Dramatic Enhancer of HIV Infectivity, Promotes Lipid Aggregation and Fusion

A peptide ubiquitous in human seminal fluid has been recently described that dramatically enhances the infectivity of the HIV virus (3-5 orders of magnitude by some measures). Previous studies have shown that this peptide, a fragment of human Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP248-286) referred to as SEVI (Semen-derived Enhancer of Viral Infection), is amyloidogenic and the enhancement of viral infectivity is dependent on the aggregation state of the peptide. To complement these previous in vivo studies we have performed in vitro assays to investigate the physical mechanisms by which the PAP248-286 promotes the interaction with lipid bilayers. Our results indicate a strong interaction of freshly dissolved PAP248-286 with lipid bilayers but a weaker interaction with the amyloid form of PAP248-286, as measured by the tendency of freshly dissolved PAP248-286 to induce aggregation of lipid vesicles and membrane fusion. The amyloid form of PAP248-286 had little effect on either vesicle aggregation or fusion. To further investigate this effect we have solved the structure of PAP248-286 in SDS micelles. A largely α-helical conformation of PAP248-286, lying parallel to the membrane surface, is implicated in promoting bridging interactions between membranes by the screening of the electrostatic repulsion that occurs when two membranes are brought into close contact. This suggests non-specific binding of small oligomeric forms of SEVI in an α-helical conformation to lipid membranes may be an additional mechanism by which SEVI enhances the infectivity of the HIV virus.
Cr4+-doped Li2CaSiO4 crystal: growth and spectroscopic properties

The growth and optical properties of Cr4+-doped Li2CaSiO4 single crystals are described. Absorption spectroscopy together with calculations of energy levels shows distortion of tetrahedral sites with Cr4+ doping. The symmetry of the local environment was assigned to D2d; ligand field parameters were determined for both undistorted and distorted tetrahedral sites. Emission spectra show broadband fluorescence from 1000 to 1500 nm. The fluorescence spectrum is structureless at room temperature and exhibits sharp lines at low temperature. The temperature dependence of nonradiative relaxation shows a quantum efficiency ∼46%. From the experimental data and the best fit with the Struck and Fonger model, the following spectroscopic parameters were obtained: effective energies of odd- and even-parity phonons are hωodd=158 and hωeven=564 cm−1, respectively, Huang–Rhys parameter S=2.1, nonradiative constant Knr=1014 s−1, and the number of phonons bridging the energy gap is ∼19. Long lifetime (41 μs at 300 K) and high quantum efficiency make this crystal a new promising tunable laser medium for the near-infrared region.
The rat androgen-binding protein (ABP/SHBG) gene contains triplet repeats similar to unstable triplets: evidence that the ABP/SHBG and the fragile X-related 2 genes overlap.

Abstract The rat androgen-binding protein/sex hormone-binding globulin (ABP/SHBG) gene is regulated by promoters P1 and PA. P1 regulates the mRNA encoding secreted ABP/SHBG, whereas PA regulates an alternate mRNA which encodes a modified protein that is targeted to the nucleus. Promoter PA is GC rich, consisting of 70–80% GC residues. During routine BLAST sequence analysis it was discovered that this GC-rich region is highly related to the human fragile X-related protein 2 (FXR-2) 5′-untranslated RNA sequence. Furthermore, the nucleotide coding sequence of the initial 14 FXR-2 amino acid residues was identical in the ABP/SHBG gene. The 5′-untranslated FXR-2 sequence contains triplet (CGG) repeats, which are also present in the rat ABP/SHBG gene. The meiotic instability of CGG repeats in the human fragile X (FMR1) gene causes the fragile X mental retardation syndrome. The data presented here suggest that the ABP/SHBG and FXR-2 genes overlap with each gene transcribed in the opposite direction. In support of this structure, the human ABP/SHBG and the FXR-2 genes map to the same site on chromosome 17. Thus, the ABP/SHBG gene contains triplet repeats in the alternate promoter PA. It will be of particular interest to determine if triplet instability affects ABP/SHBG gene expression. A triplet instability in the X-linked androgen receptor gene causes spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.
Dedifferentiation of emotion regulation strategies in the aging brain

Different emotion regulation strategies are distinctly represented in the brains of younger adults. Decreasing a reaction to a negative situation by reinterpreting it (reappraisal) relies on cognitive control regions in the prefrontal cortex, while distracting away from a stressor involves more posterior medial structures. In this study, we used Multi-Voxel pattern analyses (MVPA) to examine whether reappraisal and distraction strategies have distinct representations in the older adult brain, or whether emotion regulation strategies become more dedifferentiated in later life. MVPA better differentiated the two emotion regulation strategies for younger adults than for older adults, and revealed the greatest age-related differences in differentiation in the posterior medial cortex (PMC). Univariate analyses revealed equal PMC recruitment across strategies for older adults, but greater activity during distraction than reappraisal for younger adults. The PMC is central to self-focused processing, and thus our findings are consistent with the possibility that focusing on the self may be a default mechanism across emotion regulation strategies for older people.
A More Predictive Index of Market Sentiment

Recently, finance literature has turned to non-economic factors such as investor sentiment as possible determinants of asset prices. Using mutual fund data, I calculate a new sentiment measure, a perceived loss index. The advantage of the loss index is that it can determine perceived risk for different categories of equities, including market capitalization, style and sector. Results provide evidence that the perceived loss index outperforms all other sentiment and systematic risk measures in predicting future medium run returns, especially for one- and two-year horizons. This evidence pertains not just to broad market returns but also to capitalization-style and sector specific indice returns as well. In addition, I provide evidence that the loss index can be used as a quantitative measure to detect bubbles and financial crises in financial markets.
Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis secondary to low-dose birth control pills

The clinical and radiographic features of cerebral deep venous thrombosis in a 21-year-old white woman are presented. This nulliparous patient presented with relatively mild clinical symptoms and progressing mental status changes. The only known risk factor was “low-dose” oral contraceptive pills. The magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed increased signal intensity from the internal cerebral veins, vein of Galen, and straight sinus. The diagnosis was confirmed by arterial angiography.
A comparison of phosphonothioic acids with phosphonic acids as phosphatase inhibitors.

Phosphorothioates, analogues of phosphate esters in which a sulfur replaces an oxygen atom in the phosphoryl group, are competent surrogate substrates for a number of phosphatases. In some cases the thio analogues show similar binding (as estimated by Km) while other phosphatases show quite different Km values for phosphate compared to phosphorothioate esters. On this basis it was hypothesized that there might be different inhibitory tendencies by the nonhydrolyzable analogues, phosphonothioic acids compared with phosphonic acids. A series of phosphonothioic acids and corresponding phosphonic acids were synthesized and their inhibitory properties were compared toward human placental and E. coli alkaline phosphatases, the protein-tyrosine phosphatase from Yersinia, and the serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP2C and lambda. Sulfur substitution for oxygen gives the phosphonothioic acids pKa values that are close to those of phosphate esters, in contrast to the higher pKa values typical of phosphonic acid...
Covalent Functionalization for Biomolecular Recognition on Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers

We compare two different strategies for covalently modifying carbon nanofibers with biological molecules such as DNA. One method begins with a photochemical reaction between the nanofibers and molecules bearing both a terminal olefin group and a protected amine group followed by deprotection to yield the free primary amine. The second method uses a chemical reaction of an aryldiazonium salt with the nanofibers followed by electrochemical reduction to the primary amine. Both methods then link the primary amines to thio-terminated DNA oligonucleotides. Our measurements show that both methods yield DNA-modified carbon nanofibers exhibiting excellent specificity and reversibility in binding to DNA probe molecules in solution having complementary vs noncomplementary sequences. Quantitative measurements show that 2.3 × 1014 DNA molecules/cm2 will hybridize to the DNA-modified nanofiber samples, approximately eight times higher than for a flat sample of glassy carbon functionalized in an identical manner. Simila...
CUDA acceleration of a matrix-free Rosenbrock-K method applied to the shallow water equations

Many simulations of evolutionary ordinary and partial differential equations require implicit time integration methods to avoid stability restrictions on the step size. The computation and communication costs associated with solving nonlinear systems at each time step dominates the total simulation cost. Rosenbrock-Krylov (Rosenbrock-K) methods alleviate this major bottleneck by using Krylov space approximations tightly coupled with the time discretization.This work studies the performance of Rosenbrock-K methods on accelerated hardware. GPU acceleration is used to expedite computations of the semi-discrete right hand side and the linear-algebra computations in the time integration method. A novel parallelization of the Arnoldi procedure for the construction of the Krylov based approximations of the Jacobian matrix is presented. Rosenbrock-K methods' unique ability to operate almost entirely in a reduced space make them especially suitable for efficient utilization of accelerated hardware, where standard implicit approaches may lead to systems too large for device memory.
Cosmic ray antiprotons in the closed galaxy model

A calculation is made of the flux of secondary antiprotons expected for the leaky box model and for the closed galaxy model of Peters and Westergaard (1977). The antiproton/proton ratio observed at several GeV is a factor of 4 higher than the prediction for the leaky box model but is consistent with that predicted for the closed galaxy model. It is found that new low-energy data are not consistent with either model. Attention is given to the possibility of a primary antiproton component.