cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Janus’s Celluloid and Digital Faces: The Existential Cyborg—Autopoiēsis in Christopher Nolan’s Memento

This chapter argues that Leonard Shelby, protagonist of Memento, is a model of selfhood in the Anthropocene. His subjectivity is self-reflexive as he, despite impaired memory, shapes his identity and course of action in a recurring cycle of signs. Recording clues by Polaroid camera and tattoos, he becomes a human artifact, a cyborg or “spiritual automaton … reflected in its own content,” as Deleuze writes, displaying externalized memories like hieroglyphics, positioning himself existentially in an encircling mental ecology where he finds himself cast away: humanity “thrown” on the shore of a new era.
Screening of three-dimensional spheroids of ovarian cancer: identification of novel therapeutics targeting stemness and chemoresistance.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies in the United States (1). More than 75% of patients are diagnosed at late stages due to the insipient protracted nature of the disease and lack of specific diagnostic symptoms and/or biomarkers (2). Despite aggressive surgical debulking and cytoreduction, 80% patients experience recurrence of a chemo-resistant disease with limited treatment options (1,3). The standard of care (SOC) treatment is aggressive surgery followed by platinum-taxane chemotherapy, or neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery (2). However, cisplatin-resistance and recurrence develop in 25% of patients as early as 6 months, with the overall 5-year survival hovering around 30–40% (1,2).
Bacterial Type II Topoisomerases and Target-Mediated Drug Resistance

Fluoroquinolones are one of the most widely prescribed classes of broad-spectrum antibacterials currently in clinical use. These drugs kill bacteria by increasing DNA strand breaks generated by the type II topoisomerases, gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Despite the importance of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of bacterial infections, their usefulness is being diminished by the rise of drug resistance. The most common and clinically relevant form of fluoroquinolone resistance is target-mediated, which is caused by specific mutations in gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Although these mutations were first identified over 30 years ago, the mechanism by which they cause resistance has only recently been established. This knowledge has contributed greatly to our understanding of how fluoroquinolones interact with their enzyme targets and has suggested mechanisms for overcoming resistance. In order to more fully describe target-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance, this article will provide background on the drug class, discuss how gyrase and topoisomerase IV function, describe the basis for fluoroquinolone-enzyme interactions, and discuss how altering these interactions leads to resistance. Finally, new approaches to overcoming target-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance will be discussed.
Architecture, Chip, and Package Co-design Flow for 2.5D IC Design Enabling Heterogeneous IP Reuse

A new trend in complex SoC design is chiplet-based IP reuse using 2.5D integration. In this paper we present a highly-integrated design flow that encompasses architecture, circuit, and package to build and simulate heterogeneous 2.5D designs. We chipletize each IP by adding logical protocol translators and physical interface modules. These chiplets are placed/routed on a silicon interposer next. Our package models are then used to calculate PPA and signal/power integrity of the overall system. Our design space exploration study using our tool flow shows that 2.5D integration incurs 2.1x PPA overhead compared with 2D SoC counterpart.
Sarm1 deletion reduces axon damage, demyelination, and white matter atrophy after experimental traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often damages axons in white matter tracts and causes corpus callosum (CC) atrophy in chronic TBI patients. Injured axons encounter irreversible damage if transected, or alternatively may maintain continuity and subsequently either recover or degenerate. Secondary mechanisms can cause further axon damage, myelin pathology, and neuroinflammation. Molecular mechanisms regulating the progression of white matter pathology indicate potential therapeutic targets. SARM1 is essential for execution of the conserved axon death pathway. We examined white matter pathology following mild TBI with CC traumatic axonal injury in mice with Sarm1 gene deletion (Sarm1−/−). High resolution ultrastructural analysis at 3 days post-TBI revealed dramatically reduced axon damage in Sarm1−/− mice, as compared to Sarm1+/+ wild-type controls. Sarm1 deletion produced larger axons with thinner myelin, and attenuated TBI induced demyelination, i.e. myelin loss along apparently intact axons. At 6 weeks post-TBI, Sarm1−/− mice had less demyelination and thinner myelin than Sarm1+/+ mice, but axonal protection was no longer observed. We next used Thy1-YFP crosses to assess Sarm1 involvement in white matter neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation at 8 weeks post-TBI, when significant CC atrophy indicates chronic pathology. Thy1-YFP expression demonstrated continued CC axon damage yet absence of overt cortical pathology. Importantly, significant CC atrophy in Thy1-YFP/Sarm1+/+ mice was associated with reduced neurofilament immunolabeling of axons. Both effects were attenuated in Thy1-YFP/Sarm1−/− mice. Surprisingly, Thy1-YFP/Sarm1−/− mice had increased CC astrogliosis. This study demonstrates that Sarm1 inactivation reduces demyelination, and white matter atrophy after TBI, while the post-injury stage impacts when axon protection is effective.
How to produce a 3D computer animated short in one semester

This tutorial leads participants through the steps students must follow to produce a 1--2 minute 3D animated short in one semester. Commercially available animation software (e.g. Maya) is used and it is assumed that the students begin the course with no previous experience in either animation or computer science. Such a goal is ambitious; it requires setting strict limits on the complexity of the animation (e.g. no articulated figures!) and strictly adhering to a well planned timeline.Anyone who has taught computer programming knows both the importance and the difficulty of getting students to carefully carry out the design phase. They want to sit down at the computer and immediately start typing. Creating a 3D animated short is no different. The real work is done before one's hands ever touch the keyboard. First and foremost, there must be a good story. No amount of fancy animation or special effects will make up for a poorly constructed story. Next, one uses storyboards to develop how that story is to be told visually. Only after all of this is done should one begin work at the computer. This tutorial gives an overview of the entire process from story creation to post production. A quick overview of Maya will also be presented outlining its capabilities and identifying what features to avoid in a one semester class.
Transoral Endoscopic Vestibular Approach for Management of Thyroid Malignancies

The United States has seen an apparent increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer over the last three decades. Much debate is had on whether this temporal change represents a true increase in incidence or greater diagnostic sensitivity of thyroid pathology. There has however been a consensus on the relative benign clinical behavior of well-differentiated thyroid cancer which has resulted in a paradigm shift in the management thyroid malignancy with greater emphasis on risk stratification and de-escalation of intervention. As a result of these trends, there has been an increase interest in minimally invasive surgical approaches to the thyroid gland. This chapter investigates these trends and evaluates the role of endoscopic approaches in the management of thyroid malignancies.
Comparative Analysis of Residential Solar Farm with Energy Storage between the USA and Nigeria

Unlike the United States, Nigeria’s installed overall electricity capacity is 12.8 GW, while the operational capacity is estimated to be 3.9 GW which is well below the current demand of 98 GW. This results in a consumer power demand shortfall of 94.1 GW across the country. As a result of this wide gap between demand and generation, only about 45% of Nigeria’s citizens have access to electricity. In this paper, a comparative feasibility analysis of the utilization of a photovoltaic system with energy storage for residential application is presented. The comparative analysis is conducted to compare the feasibility of using a solar Farm with an energy storage system between the US and Nigeria. This analysis is carried out using a model developed by IREQ Hydro-Quebec Research Institute. The results are shown in phasor form to analyze the energy stored, solar intensity, and also enable the community in making informed decisions regarding reducing grid dependency.
Mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor in a woman with HIV

Mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor (MSP) is a rare benign entity characterized by tumor-like proliferations of spindle-shaped histiocytes containing acid-fast positive mycobacteria. MSPs tend to occur predominantly in immunocompromised individuals and are concerning for a malignant neoplasm. We report a case of MSP occurring in a woman with human immunodeficiency virus and a tumor-like mass in the abdomen. A subsequent biopsy revealed MSP, which was successfully treated with antimycobacterial therapy.
LSTM-based Quick Event Detection in Power Systems

In this paper, a data-driven online approach is established to detect events in power systems in real time. The approach does not require prior knowledge of the power system model or its parameters. Instead, it utilizes a long short-term memory (LSTM) model to capture the state evolution of the power system. Due to the expressiveness of the LSTM model, it is able to track the system states with small prediction error when it operates under normal conditions. However, when the system is perturbed by certain events that cannot be predicted by the model, the prediction error will increase dramatically. Thus, by tracking the prediction error of the trained LSTM model, the data-driven online approach is able to detect events in a timely fashion. The event detection problem is then cast into the quick change detection framework, where a Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) based approach is proposed. To overcome the difficulty that the statistics of the prediction error when events happen is generally unknown beforehand, a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is incorporated into the CUSUM procedure. A Rao-test is then adopted to reduce the computationally complexity of GLRT. Finally, the LSTM based event detection approach is validated with real-world PMU measurements.
Abstract TMP27: Par1 Mediates Protective Effect of 3K3K-APC After White Matter Stroke in Mice

3K3A-APC is a recombinant variant of activated protein C (APC) with > 90% reduced anticoagulant activity but preserved cell signaling activity. Benefical effects are mediated by its antiapoptotic d...
Patients who meet electrodiagnostic criteria for CIDP rarely present with a sensory predominant DSP phenotype.

Introduction It is unknown how often patients with electrodiagnostic evidence of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), a potentially treatable condition, present with a distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) phenotype. Methods We reviewed the records of patients who presented to our electrodiagnostic laboratory between January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2019 and fulfilled electrodiagnostic criteria for CIDP to identify those who presented with a sensory predominant DSP phenotype. Results One hundred sixty-two patients had a chronic acquired demyelinating neuropathy, of whom 138 met criteria for typical or atypical CIDP. Nine of these patients presented with a sensory predominant DSP phenotype, among whom 6 were eventually diagnosed with distal acquired demyelinating symmetric (DADS) neuropathy, 1 with Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal protein, Skin changes (POEMS) syndrome and 2 with idiopathic DSP. The prevalence of acquired chronic demyelinating neuropathies among all patients presenting with a DSP phenotype was estimated to be 0.34%. Discussion Patients who meet electrodiagnostic criteria for CIDP rarely present with a sensory predominant DSP phenotype, and electrodiagnostic testing rarely identifies treatable demyelinating neuropathies in patients who present with a DSP phenotype. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Resistance, reflexivity, and rest: Critical pedagogical rituals of “Ubuntu”

Our solidarity must be affirmed by shared belief in a spirit of intellectual openness that celebrates diversity, welcomes dissent, and rejoices in collective dedication to truth. (bell hooks)In the...
The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson

Robert Jensen. 2021. The Restless and Relentless Mind of Wes Jackson: Searching for Sustainability. (ISBN-13: 978-0-7006-3055-4, hbk). University Press of Kansas, 2502 Westbrooke Circle, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-4444, U.S.A. (Orders: kansaspress.ku.edu/978-0-7006-3055-4.html). $26.95 US, 152 pp., 6" × 9".
Against Discourse: Why Eliminating Racial Disparities Requires Radical Politics, Not More Discussion

Racial disparity discourse is one of the main modalities through which we discuss and experience race and racism in the United States today—in discussions with colleagues and friends, in scholarly work, on cable news, on social media, and in lecture halls. Despite its ubiquity, racial disparity discourse is under-theorized: what, exactly, is its intended purpose? This Essay argues that most discussion about racial disparities is predicated on the faulty premise—grounded in the Habermasian concepts of discourse and communicative rationality—that antiracists will convince their interlocutors by engaging in a practice of rationalistic discourse among participants who share the objective and expectation of consensus. Drawing on the work of political philosopher Charles Mills and sociologists Pierre Bourdieu and Moon-Kie Jung, the Essay explains why the pragmatic conditions of possibility for discourse of this sort concerning matters related to race in the United States are frequently absent. Specifically, Mills theorizes that a “racial contract,” saturated with racialized hierarchies and subordinating logics, has always underwritten the American social contract, leaving in its wake an “epistemology of ignorance” that is today responsible for localized and global cognitive dysfunctions. Jung develops Bourdieu’s concept of doxa to explain how, when it comes to the politics of race in the United States, individual agency and actions are always mediated by a classificatory, schematic, and hierarchical social structure in which race frequently plays a decisive organizing role. This Essay concludes by recommending that those committed to redressing vulnerability, precarity, and disposability along racialized lines should not focus their efforts on cobbling together a transracial coalition of the discursively convinced. Instead, it is argued that attentional and financial resources are better directed to develop and reinvigorate a radical, oppositional politics dedicated to eradicating racialized hierarchies and those elements of the political economy that reciprocally nurture and feed off them. Political theorist Chantal Mouffe’s model of “agonistic pluralism,” which centers the irreducibly conflictual nature of modern politics and proposes a politics that aims to confront and convert rather than to convince, is offered as a fruitful theoretical model to underwrite this non-discursive, radical politics.
Nanosecond laser-triggered microwave switch

The design and experimental testing of a laser-triggered microwave switch with a nanosecond activation time is described. The objectives of the project include, confirming that a nanosecond to subnanosecond risetime is achievable in the X-band waveguide at 9 GHz with the laser-triggered switch and to determine the minimum laser energy necessary to obtain the fastest possible risetime. A 1 kW pulsed X-band source with a 500 ns output pulse provides the microwave power for the system. A variable power Nd:YAG laser with a maximum 450 mJ at 532 nm, 10 ns FWHM output pulse is used in conjunction with an applied high voltage pulse to trigger the microwave switch. The microwave signal is switched with the rapid formation of plasma caused by the breakdown of a gas contained by a quartz tube inserted through a section of waveguide. The centerpiece of the waveguide system is a magic tee, which controls the direction of power flow through the system. Compared to tests in air and N/sub 2/, the best results have been obtained in argon. Risetimes below 2 ns have been obtained using argon at a reduced pressure of 150 Torr and a high voltage pulse of 28 kV from a spark gap. The impact of gas pressure, applied voltage pulse and applied laser pulse on the risetime of the microwave switch are discussed.
ACTING CONTRARY TO OUR PROFESSED BELIEFS OR THE GULF BETWEEN OCCURRENT JUDGMENT AND DISPOSITIONAL BELIEF

People often sincerely assert or judge one thing (for example, that all the races are intellectually equal) while at the same time being disposed to act in a way evidently quite contrary to the espoused attitude (for example, in a way that seems to suggest an implicit assumption of the intellectual superiority of their own race). Such cases should be regarded as 'in-between' cases of believing, in which it's neither quite right to ascribe the belief in question nor quite right to say that the person lacks the belief. papq_1381 531..553 Often our words and actions don't mesh. We lie, of course, and we waffle - but that's just the start of it. With genuine conviction and com- plete sincerity you endorse some proposition P. Every time you think about P, you reaffirm it; to you, it seems unquestionably true. Yet if we look at the overall arc of your behavior - at your automatic and implicit reactions, at your decisions, at your spontaneous remarks on nearby topics - there's a decidedly un-P-ish cast. What should we say you believe in such cases? The question is central to our understanding of belief.
The Commons and the Anticommons in the Law and Theory of Property

Recent work on the commons and the anticommons is novel and promising. Briefly, a commons is a resource which all have a liberty-right to use, from which no one has a normative power to exclude others, and which no one has a duty to refrain from exploiting. By contrast, an anticommons is, preliminarily, a resource from which each person has a normative power to exclude others and which no one has a liberty-right to use without the permission of others. This article explains how commons and anticommons analysis illuminates property law as well as property theory, shows why the analysis is novel, explores some further developments of the analysis, and ventures a critical appraisal of it. Although Buchanan and Yoon identify economic symmetries between the common and the anticommons, no general combined legal and philosophical examination of them yet exists, which is what this article provides. Prominent figures in the literature include Hardin, Heller, Dagan, Merrill, H. Smith, and Frantz. The article assesses their work and that of others. Neither all commons nor all anticommons are tragic. The commons and the anticommons, as extremes on a spectrum, illuminate the boundaries of private property. Yet anticommons analysis helps only modestly with governmental takings of private property and the numerus clausus principle. The further account of the liberal commons by Dagan and Heller runs into general difficulties and its extension to marital property encounters pitfalls. The next several decades will reveal much about the intellectual staying power of work in these areas. For the moment, it suffices to be grateful for work, much of it published within the last seven years, that pushes forward speculation about the theory of property and helps to solve real-world problems in property law.
Unique alterations in infection-induced immune activation during pregnancy.

Please cite this paper as: Witkin S, Linhares I, Bongiovanni A, Herway C, Skupski D. Unique alterations in infection-induced immune activation during pregnancy. BJOG 2011;118:145–153. Background Immune responses to infection are uniquely regulated during gestation to allow for antimicrobial defence and tissue repair, whilst preventing damage to developing fetal organs or the triggering of preterm labour. Objective A review and analysis of studies delineating gestation-specific immune modulation and intra-amniotic regulation of pro-inflammatory immunity. Search strategy Identification of the alterations between the fetus/neonate and adult with regard to the endogenous and infection-induced expression of molecules with immune regulatory properties, and the characterisation of intra-amniotic immune mediators that inhibit bacterial-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Selection criteria English and non-English publications from 1985 to the present. Data collection and analysis An electronic literature search using MEDLINE, PubMed, articles cited in the primary sources, as well as pregnancy-related immunology research from our laboratory at Weill Medical College of Cornell University. Main results During fetal development, interleukin (IL)-23, IL-10 and IL-6, as well as T-helper-17 (Th17)-mediated immune responses, are upregulated, whereas tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β- and Th1-mediated immune responses are downregulated in the intrauterine environment (both the fetal compartment and the amniotic compartment). Infection-related immunity during gestation is preferentially directed towards combating extracellular microbial pathogens. Amniotic fluid and the neonatal circulation contain multiple components that improve the ability of the developing neonate to tolerate microbial-induced immune activation. Conclusions The repertoire of immune mechanisms to control infection and inflammation differ between fetal and adult life. The dual mechanisms of resistance to infection and tolerance to infection-induced immune activation prevent damage to the developing fetus and the triggering of premature labour.
States and State Cycles

Step 2: State. List the recurrent states of the person and define them by behavior and subjective experiences that can be reported. Review each specific state repeatedly, as it occurs over time. Describe recurrent patterns of both content and form of behavior and experience. Indicate any common shifts between states and the frequency and duration of any given state whenever possible. The process may be aided by reordering data according to states.
VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS Ten Years' Experience

An analysis has been presented of the clinical features of visceral larva migrans based on the study of 20 cases seen during a 10-year period at the Ochsner Clinic. The disease is seen in small children who eat dirt and who thus ingest the ova of the canine roundworm, Toxocara canis. Larvae of the parasite invade the liver, causing hepatomegaly with extreme eosinophilia, and usually fever and anemia. Migration of the larvae to other organs may result in pneumonitis, encephalitis or myocarditis. Lesions may also be seen in skin, kidneys and possibly in bone. Proof of diagnosis requires biopsy of liver or other infected tissue. Treatment with diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan) may be helpful, but even without treatment, once pica is stopped most patients recover. Serious sequelae are seen in the form of intraocular granulomata, sometimes causing blindness. These lesions, because they resemble retinoblastoma, have in the past led to unnecessary enucleation of the eye. Enucleation for suspected retinoblastoma, therefore, should not be performed without due consideration of the possibility of a benign granuloma caused by T. canis.
Metabolic responses induced by DNA damage and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition in MCF-7 cells

Genomic instability is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Several chemotherapeutic drugs and radiotherapy induce DNA damage to prevent cancer cell replication. Cells in turn activate different DNA damage response (DDR) pathways to either repair the damage or induce cell death. These DDR pathways also elicit metabolic alterations which can play a significant role in the proper functioning of the cells. The understanding of these metabolic effects resulting from different types of DNA damage and repair mechanisms is currently lacking. In this study, we used NMR metabolomics to identify metabolic pathways which are altered in response to different DNA damaging agents. By comparing the metabolic responses in MCF-7 cells, we identified the activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)-induced DNA damage. PARP activation led to a significant depletion of NAD+. PARP inhibition using veliparib (ABT-888) was able to successfully restore the NAD+ levels in MMS-treated cells. In addition, double strand break induction by MMS and veliparib exhibited similar metabolic responses as zeocin, suggesting an application of metabolomics to classify the types of DNA damage responses. This prediction was validated by studying the metabolic responses elicited by radiation. Our findings indicate that cancer cell metabolic responses depend on the type of DNA damage responses and can also be used to classify the type of DNA damage.
The Taming of the Screw

Abstract The DSM IV's medical classification of women's sexual dysfunction pathologizes women who fail to perform according to a genital, orgasmic norm. The “New View of Women's Sexual Problems” provides a more complex instrument for assessing sexual problems women experience. It includes a broad enough sexual framework to allow for multi-level clinical evaluation, an outline of cultural factors that contribute to women's sexual problems, an emphasis on sex education, and relationship-friendly descriptors. The New View's assumption is that women's sexual problems manifest as defense and withdrawal; it would be strengthened by also addressing problems caused by socio-cultural, political, economic, relational, psychological, or medical discounting of women's positive sexual energy.
The STOP Violence Against Women Grants: Program Implementation and Initial Funding Strategies

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) provides for STOP (Services, Training, Officers, Prosecutors) grants intended to assist states and localities “to develop and strengthen effective law enforcement and prosecution strategies to combat violent crimes against women, and to develop and strengthen victim services in cases involving violent crimes against women.” STOP grants will be made annually to states through FY 2000. Drawing on site visits to 12 states and analyses of data on the subgrants awarded with fiscal year 1995 funds, this paper describes the program's progress and major accomplishments through January 1997. It describes how states have planned for and are implementing their STOP grants program and how they are spending STOP grant funds-the number and size of subgrants, the recipient agencies, subgrant beneficiaries, and the activities being supported. The paper concludes with some preliminary policy recommendations and. describes plans to evaluate the program in future years
The role of cell division in gastrulation of Fundulus heteroclitus.

Abstract Morphogenetic movements in gastrulation of Fundulus heteroclitus occur in a normal fashion in cases in which cytokinesis is prevented. In most cases the rate of occurrence of the process of gastrulation is uninterrupted by absence of cell division. Therefore, it is concluded thai in Fundulus cell division plays little, if any, role in the morphogenetic movements of gastrulation.
Hypertonic sodium resuscitation is associated with renal failure and death.

Objective The use of hypertonic sodium solutions (HSS) and lactated Ringer's (LR) solution in the resuscitation of patients with major burns was compared. Summary Background Data Hypertonic sodium solutions have been recommended for burn resuscitation to reduce the large total volumes required with isotonic LR solution and their attendant complications. Methods To evaluate the efficacy of this therapy in our adult burn center, we resuscitated 65 consecutive patients with HSS (290 mEq/L Na) between July 1991 and June 1993 and compared them with 109 burn patients resuscitated with LR (130 mEq/L Na) between July 1986 and June 1988 (LR-1). A subsequent 39 patients were resuscitated with LR between September 1993 and August 1994 (LR-2). Results Patients receiving hypertonic sodium solutions versus LR-1 were similar with respect to age (46.0 vs. 43.6 years), total burn size (39.2% vs. 39.9%), incidence of inhalation injury (41.5% vs. 47.7%), and predicted mortality (34.6% vs. 30.2%). Total resuscitation volumes during the first 24 hours were lower among patients treated with HSS than those in the LR-1 group (3.9 ± 0.3 vs. 5.3 ± 0.2 mL/kg/%body surface area [BSA], p < 0.05). After 48 hours, however, cumulative fluid loads were similar (6.6 ± 0.6 vs. 7.5 ± 0.3 mL/kg/%BSA), and total sodium load was greater with the HSS group (1.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1 mEq/kg/%BSA, p < 0.002). During the first 3 days after burn, serum sodium concentrations were moderately elevated in the HSS patients (153 ± 2 vs. 135 ± 1 mEq/L, p < 0.001). Patients resuscitated with HSS had a fourfold increase in renal failure (40.0 vs. 10.1%, p < 0.001) and twice the mortality of LR-1 patients (53.8 vs. 26.6%, p < 0.001). In patients resuscitated with HSS, renal failure was an independent risk factor (p < 0.001, by logistic regression). Analysis of these results prompted a return to LR resuscitation (LR-2). Age (41.6 ± 2.9 years), burn size (37.8 ± 3.9 %BSA), and incidence of inhalation injury (51.3%) were similar to the earlier groups. Total sodium load was less among LR-2 patients than the HSS group (0.7 ± 0.1 mEq/kg/%BSA, p < 0.01), but similar to the LR-1 patients. Renal failure developed in only 15.4%, and 33.3% died, similar to the LR-1 group and significantly lower than patients treated with HSS (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion Hypertonic sodium solution resuscitation of burn patients did not reduce the total resuscitation volume required. Furthermore, it was associated with an increased incidence of renal failure and death. The use of HSS for burn resuscitation may be ill advised.
Spirituality-based nursing practice by nursing students: an exploratory study.

This exploratory mixed-method study examines the nature of awareness and application of spirituality in senior nursing students in two separate nursing baccalaureate degree nursing programs. A comprehensive study of the literature yielded 45 statements on personal spirituality and its use in patient care, which were converted to a Likert-type scale questionnaire used as the instrument for this study. A purposive sample consisted of 86 senior-level nursing students in their final semester of study in both schools. Independent t tests, stepwise regression analysis, and factor analysis were used to determine the nature of spiritual-based nursing practice by these students in terms of their awareness, use, and understanding of this metaphysical dimension of health care. Combined mean spirituality score was 128.76; spirituality scores from the two groups were not significantly different, t (64)= 0.668, P = .507. Factor analysis extracted five dimensions of spirituality-based nursing. Results were used to support the development of a practice theory of spirituality-based nursing practice. Findings can be used to advance nursing theory, provide direction for curricular development, and strengthen nursing practice.
Intrinsic viscosities of cyclic and linear λ DNA

The ratio of the intrinsic viscosities of the linear and circular forms of λ DNA, [η]L/[η]c, has been measured as a function of ionic strength in the range [Na+] = 0.6. M–0.03MCorrections were made for the presence of uncyclizable linear contaminant in circular preparations. By combining data in the literature on the ionic strength dependence of linear DNA of various molecular weights with that obtained here, it was possible to determine the expansion parameter eL as a function of [Na+]. eL is defined by the relation 〈L2〉 = b2N1+eL, where 〈L1〉 is the mean-square end-to-end distance of a chain of N segments of length b. The empirical relation eL = 0.05 − 0.11 log [Na+] for native NaDNA at 25°C is found. When eL = 0, [η]L/[η]c extrapolates to 1.6, in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of 1.55. As eL increases, [η]L/[η]c increases, in agreement with a theory of Bloomfield and Zimm.
How the Legal System Affects the Equity Mix in Executive Compensation

We examine variation in relative use of equity-based compensation (equity mix) across firms from different legal environments by studying 381 non-US firms from 43 countries during the 19962000 period. These firms are from countries that provide varying degrees of legal protection for shareholders. The data indicate association between equity mix and the degree of legal protection of shareholder rights. Specifically, firms use relatively more equity-based compensation if in a legal environment where shareholder rights are more strongly protected and where laws are more effectively enforced. These findings add to the literature demonstrating a relationship between institutional factors and financial decisions. A growing stream of research has linked financial decisions to institutional settings. Utilizing primarily the models of La Porta et al. (1997), this body of work has identified that legal and other institutional characteristics are related to most of the firm’s major financial policies. For
Prevalence, competitive fitness and impact of the F129L mutation in Alternaria solani from the United States

Abstract Reduced sensitivity to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides conferred by the presence of the F129L mutation was identified in Alternaria solani isolates collected in Nebraska in 2000 and in isolates collected from the Midwestern states of Minnesota and North Dakota in 2001. Over 4200 isolates of A. solani collected over a 5-year period from 2002 to 2006 from 11 potato-producing states were evaluated for the presence of the F129L mutation utilizing azoxystrobin spore germination assays and real-time PCR. From this population, 96.5% of isolates were determined to have reduced sensitivity to QoI fungicides and/or to contain the F129L mutation. In addition to Midwestern states of Minnesota, Nebraska and North Dakota, A. solani isolates containing the F129L mutation were collected from Colorado, Michigan and Texas in 2003, Wisconsin in 2005, as well as from the Western United States including Idaho, Washington and Wyoming in 2005 and Oregon in 2006. The detection of these isolates in areas outside the Midwest suggests that the F129L mutation is stable and present under conditions that are less conducive for the pathogen and where it is under less selection pressure by QoI fungicides. Competitive fitness tests confirm that, while isolates of A. solani with the F129L mutation had a decrease in in vitro percentage germination compared with wild-type isolates, F129L mutant isolates produced higher disease severity in greenhouse trials than wild-type isolates. Field trials were performed in central Minnesota and central North Dakota in 2000 and 2001 when the A. solani population was dominated by wild-type isolates as well as in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2006 when F129L mutant isolates dominated. These trials support in vitro and greenhouse results indicating that the F129L mutation has affected the field performance of all QoI fungicides. Field trial results suggest that these fungicides do not provide improved disease control over standard protectant fungicides such as chlorothalonil and mancozeb.
Reporting observer agreement on stuttering event judgments: A survey and evaluation of current practice

Abstract A survey of articles appearing in three national journals over a five-year period was conducted in order to examine current practice in reporting observer agreement on stuttering event judgments. Of 55 articles in which observer agreement was deemed critical, 47 reported at least one observer agreement procedure. A total of eleven agreement procedures were reported and current practice is characterized by five procedures which account for 92% of the articles in which procedures are reported. Problems with using these five indices to represent observer agreement are detailed and several alternatives are discussed.
Covalent bond formation to a carbon nanotube metal

The pseudo–one-dimensional (psuedo-1D) conjugated electronic structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) allows them to exhibit semiconducting and metallic properties and to exhibit ballistic transport ( [1][1] ). We show that their unique electronic structure also offers the opportunity
The flotation of chrysocolla by mercaptan

Abstract Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that chrysocolla and malachite can be floated with a mercaptan as collector. In contrast, even when used in large quantities, the higher xanthate homologs (hexyl, dodecyl) will float malachite but not chrysocolla. The flotation of chrysocolla with mercaptan is readily accomplished in a pristine system, but in the presence of finely ground gangue particles, additions of the mercaptan to the grinding mill gave superior recoveries to those achieved when the mercaptan is added to the flotation cell. A model for the attachment of the mercaptan to the chrysocolla surface is proposed which involves the reaction of molecular mercaptan with the copper sites. This results in the formation of copper mercaptide at the surface and the splitting off of a molecule of water. By extension, this model should describe the reaction of mercaptan with any base metal oxide or sulfide mineral where the metal mercaptide is relatively insoluble.
Maximizing the Availability of Replicated Services in Widely Distributed Systems Considering Network Availability

Availability is an important issue in distributed environments that promise to provide quality of services and thus the mechanisms to improve data or service availability is critical to ensure such quality of service. Replication schemes have been widely used to improve data or service availability. In addition to the number of replicas, the location of the replicas also impacts the data availability. In this paper, we consider the impact of node and network link failures on the availability of replicated data and services. Efficient replica allocation algorithms with runtime of O(K|V|2) are developed to improve data availability, where K is the predetermined number of replica and |V| is the number of nodes in the system. Experimental studies have been conducted to evaluate how effective the proposed replica allocation algorithms on improving the availability of replicated data or services. The results show that the two proposed solutions are effective on enhancing system availability, especially when the number of replicas is small.
APPLAUSE: an implementation of the Collins-Michalski theory of plausible reasoning

Abstract Ability to make decisions in situations not encountered before characterizes human reasoning. This paper discusses a pilot implementation of the computational model of human plausible reasoning proposed by Collins and Michalski. The model assumes that human knowledge can be represented as objects or concepts that are related by similarity, generalization and specialization relations and are arranged into hierarchies. Facts about the world are represented as traces linking nodes of different hierarchies. The building of the hierarchies and construction of the links is an integral part of the learning process undergone by human beings. Plausible reasoning is an ability to draw inferences when direct links between concerned objects are not available. This involves perturbation of established traces and traversal through the concerned hierarchies, inheritance of the properties along the way, and combination of evidence for selection of the best inference. A pilot version of the theory of plausible reasoning has been implemented in a system called applause (for ap proximate/ Plaus ibl e reasoning). Some key operations are illustrated with the examples from the domain of the chemical periodic table.
Beyond Satisfaction: Journalists Doubt Career Intentions as Organizational Support Diminishes and Job Satisfaction Declines

A survey (N = 715) examined organizational and life issues that affect overall job satisfaction of daily newspaper journalists. The Herzberg motivational-hygiene theory is used to examine motivational (perceived organizational support, social support) and hygiene factors (work–family conflict, role overload, job demands) that affect overall job satisfaction. Results indicate that perceived organizational support and social support create satisfaction, and work–family conflict, role overload, and job demands influence dissatisfaction. In addition, 25.7% of journalists in this study said they intend to leave newspaper journalism. Open-ended responses indicated that the primary reasons for leaving include industry issues/job satisfaction. In essence, the tangential elements that tend to wear on journalists—deadlines, long hours, clashes between work and family—appear to take their toll and create dissatisfaction but are not driving journalists from the workforce. Primarily, journalists intending to leave the...
Solar velocity fields: 5-min oscillations and supergranulation

One dimensional magnetograph scans have been used to study the 5-min photospheric velocity oscillations and the supergranulation. The oscillations in wing brightness lead the oscillations in velocity by less than 90° in the photosphere, and about 90° in the chromosphere, suggesting that they are traveling waves at lower levels and standing waves at higher levels. Downward flows have been observed to be coincident with the chromospheric network confirming the hypothesis that material is flowing downward at supergranular boundaries.
Calculation of vibrational resonance parameters in benzene

Abstract Second-order perturbation theory is used to calculate the contribution of three low-lying energy states of the π-electron system of benzene to the deformation energy of the carbon skeleton. From this an estimation of resonance contribution to the Urey-Bradley force field of benzene is attempted. A mathematical formulation for this type of contribution is suggested.
Crooked Neck Dwarf (cn) mutant chicken skeletal muscle cells in low density primary cultures fail to express normal α ryanodine receptor and exhibit a partial mutant phenotype

The Crooked Neck Dwarf (cn) mutation in chickens causes marked changes in intact embryonic skeletal muscle. We have investigated whether the cn/cn phenotype develops in vitro, and if cultured muscle cells are suitable for studies of this mutation. The properties of cn/cn muscle cells maintained in low density primary cultures (6.25 x 10(3) cells/cm2) are described in this report. In normal muscle cells, the alpha ryanodine receptor (RyR) isoform appears prior to, and at greater levels than, the beta RyR, and is detected in mononucleated myocytes. The beta RyR isoform appears within 24 hr after the initiation of myotube formation, which is earlier than anticipated from studies with intact embryonic muscle. Normal alpha RyR protein is not detected in cultured cn/cn muscle cells, whereas the beta RyR, the alpha 1-subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor, the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase, and calsequestrin are expressed at comparable levels in normal and mutant muscle cells. Calcium transients elicited by electrical stimulation, acetylcholine, and caffeine are similar in normal and cn/cn cultured myotubes and are blocked by ryanodine in both cell types. In addition, comparable L- and T-type calcium currents are observed in normal and mutant muscle cells, suggesting that both the alpha 1-subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor and the beta RyR in mutant muscle cells are functional. Normal and cn/cn muscle cells proliferate and form myotubes in a similar manner. These latter events do not appear to depend on sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release, as they also occur in normal muscle cells in which calcium release is prevented by chronic treatment with 100 microM ryanodine. Both cn/cn and ryanodine-treated normal muscle cells exhibit morphological changes similar to those observed in intact cn/cn skeletal muscle. Thus, the mutant phenotype observed in ovo is partially expressed under low density culture conditions, and neither beta RyR protein nor its function appear to be capable of preventing the associated changes.
Lower Hybrid Wave Electron Heating in the Fast Solar Wind

We discuss electron-ion equilibration by lower hybrid waves in the fast solar wind, and its observed effects upon element charge state distributions.
Optimization of relative weights and wedge angles in treatment planning.

An efficient technique to optimize beam weights and wedge angles in radiotherapytreatment planning has been developed. Based on the fact that a wedged field can be regarded as a superposition of an open field and a nominal wedged field, this approach reduces the problem of finding J beam weights and the corresponding wedge angles to optimizing a linear system with 2J unknowns (weights of J open beams and J nominal wedged beams), where J is the total number of incident beam directions. Two iterative algorithms similar to the iterative-least-square technique in image reconstruction are used to optimize the system. Application of the algorithms to two specific examples shows that this technique can reduce treatment planning time and effort, and promises to create a better solution for an arbitrarily complex treatment plan.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PLANE STRAIN BIFURCATION WITHIN COMPRESSIBLE SOLIDS

Abstract The plane strain bifurcation of compressible solids is analyzed with finite elements by checking the singularity of the tangential stiffness matrix. The performance of the finite element method is tested by comparing numerical to analytical results in the particular case of the plane strain compression of hypoelastic materials. Although tested for a simple example, the proposed method can be applied to analyze the bifurcation phenomena which are observed in the boundary value problems of solid mechanics, structural geology, and geomechanics.
Controlability, observability, and duality in a distributed parameter system with continuous and point spectrum

The controllability of a specific system which is representative of the class of self-adjoint parabolic distributed parameter systems defined on a semi-infinite interval is established. Such systems possess nonempty continuous and/or point spectrum. Necessary and sufficient conditions for observability of the system are derived and, in the case where the observation is made at the boundary, a dual system is developed.
Inhibition of dextransucrase by Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris).

Abstract Initial rate kinetics of polysaccharide formation indicate that Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Co 2+ inhibit dextransucrase [sucrose: 1,6-α- d -glucan 6-α- d -glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.5] by binding to two types of metal ion sites. One type consists of a single site and has a low apparent affinity for Ca 2+ . At the remaining site(s), Ca 2+ has a much higher apparent affinity than Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ , or Co 2+ , and prevents inhibition by these metal ions. These findings are consistent with a two-site model previously proposed from studies with Ca 2+ and EDTA. Initial rate kinetics also show that Tris is competitive with sucrose, but that, unlike Zn 2+ , Tris does not bind with significant affinity to a second site. This argues that there is a site which is both the sucrose binding site and a general cation site.