cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diel Dissolved Oxygen Consumption and Total Ammonia Nitrogen Production by Fingerling Channel Catfish following Feeding at Different Times

Abstract Diel total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) production and dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption rates were characterized for fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) following a feeding at 0800 or 1600 hours. Mean hourly TAN production rates of channel catfish fed at 0800 hours ranged from 10.1 to 64.4 mg N/kg; rates for fingerlings fed at 1600 hours ranged from 8.9 to 105.4 mg N/kg. Hourly oxygen consumption averaged from 148.7 to 326 mg/kg for channel catfish fed at 0800 hours and from 295.8 to 462.0 mg/kg for fish fed at 1600 hours.
Hybrid carbon nanotube and graphene nanostructures for lithium ion battery anodes

Abstract We report on an innovative approach to fabricate lithium ion battery anodes based on optimized growth of hybrid carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene nanostructures directly on copper foil substrates by an ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition process. Seamlessly connected graphene and CNT pillars provide a relatively strong active material-current collector integrity, which facilitates charge transfer in the system. This innovative architecture provides a binder-free technique for preparing electrodes for lithium ion batteries.
Glacial-Holocene stratigraphy, chronology, and paleoceanographic observations on some North Atlantic sediment drifts

Several sediment drifts in the deep North Atlantic have been studied using oxygen isotopes, percent CaCO3, clay mineralogy, tephra content and Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dating. Because enhanced deposition of fine-grained terrigenous sediment increases rates of sedimentation by as much as 100 times the regional mean, sediment drifts contain high-resolution records of climate and oceanographic change. The major results of this study are that: (1) patterns of sedimentation rate are regionally variable. In the Western North Atlantic (Bermuda Rise, Blake-Bahama Outer Ridges), rates of sedimentation have been relatively low during the Holocene, but were as high as 200 cm/1000 years during the latest glacial episode, reflecting a greater supply of sediment due to glaciation and sea level lowering. Deep circulation patterns were probably similar to today. In the northern North Atlantic (Gardar Drift), which is dominated today By Norwegian Sea Overflow Water (NSOW), sedimentation rates were lowest during the glacial, despite the availability of sediment, because NSOW production was stopped. Rates peaked during the early Holocene as NSOW resumed. Glacial and Holocene rates of sedimentation were roughly comparable in the northeast Atlantic (Feni Drift) because sedimentation at that location is influenced less by NSOW than by Northeast Atlantic Deep Water (NEADW), which has a large southern-source component. (2) Stable isotopic events of deglacial age are preserved with unprecedented clarity in the sediment of North Atlantic drifts. Where the Younger Dryas cooling and the Vedde Ash occurred together, at 56°N on Feni Drift, direct AMS dating suggests that the radiocarbon age difference between the surface ocean and atmosphere reservoirs in the northeast Atlantic was the same 10,500 years ago as it is today (about 400 years). A δ18O maximum of Younger Dryas age indicates cooler or more saline surface waters above the Bermuda Rise at 33°N and as far south as 28°N on the Bahama Outer Ridge. Two δ18O minima at 12,000 and 13,500 radiocarbon years BP on the Bahama Outer Ridge and the Bermuda Rise probably resulted from lowered surface water salinity. These low salinity events most likely originated as meltwater discharge down the Mississippi and into the Gulf of Mexico, followed by advection into the open North Atlantic via the Gulf Stream.
Response of counterflow diffusion flames to oscillating strain rates

Abstract The response of counterflow flames to oscillating strain rates is analyzed by using large activation energy asymptotics, as a potential application to turbulent combustion and acoustic instability of rocket engines. The characteristic oscillation time of practical interest is found to be of the same order as the characteristic diffusion time of the flame, so that the flame structure consists of a quasi-steady reactive-diffusive layer embedded in the outer unsteady-diffusive-convective zone. A linear analysis is conducted by assuming that the amplitude of the strain rate oscillation is small relative to the mean strain rate. Results show that the flame response is controlled mainly by two effects: (a) the response of the convective mass flux into the reaction sheet, which is directly related to the flow-field variation applied at the boundary, and (b) the response of the reaction sheet to adjust the reduced residence time due to finite-rate chemistry. For flames near equilibrium, the former effect tends to be dominant, so that the response of the net heat release is in phase with the strain rate oscillation. For flames near extinction, however, the finite-rate chemistry effect overtakes the fluid-dynamic effect such that increasing strain rate leads to a reduction of the reactivity of the flame during the oscillatory cycle. As such, the net heat release response of the near-extinction flame becomes out of phase with the strain rate oscillation in the sense of the Rayleigh's criterion. Results of the present study suggest the possibility that the unsteady characteristics of the near-extinction diffusion flame can be significantly different from those in the Burke-Schumann limit.
Diffractive charm and jet production at HERA

A new high precision inclusive measurement of the diffractive production of D *± (2010) mesons in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) in the kinematic region Q 2 > 1.5 GeV 2 , 0.02≪ y ≪0.7, x IP ≪0.035 as well as differential dijet cross sections in low-| t | diffractive photoproduction (PHP) process in the kinematic region Q 2 ≪0.01 GeV 2 , 165≪ W ≪240 GeV 2 , x IP ≪ 0.03 are presented. Diffractive parton densities extracted using a NLO DGLAP QCD fit are used for comparisons with diffractive DIS and PHP dijet and open charm cross sections at HERA and the Tevatron, thus testing the factorization properties of hard diffraction.
A Sticky Wicket: Opposing Functions of p120-Catenin in Development and Cancer

It has been known for some time that cell-cell adhesion mediated by E-cadherin and catenins is important for development and cancer in epithelial tissues. Although β-catenin is upregulated in many cancers, p120-catenin is downregulated in most human cancers. Before this study, the molecular mechanism underlying β-catenin function in tumorigenesis was well on its way to being worked out, but little was known about p120. This paper piqued my interest because it showed that p120 was a major regulator of E-cadherin stability in the salivary gland. Its loss caused a major decrease in E-cadherin with severe defects in cell-cell adhesion and tissue morphology resembling intraepithelial hyperplasia. I liked this paper because it made me think about how looking at development gives important insights into cancer and about how two related molecules that bind to E-cadherin could behave in opposite ways to get the initial phases of tumorigenesis started. This PaperPick refers to "Blocked Acinar Development, E-Cadherin Reduction, and Intraepithelial Neoplasia upon Ablation of p120-Catenin in the Mouse Salivary Gland," by M.A. Davis and A.B. Reynolds, published in January 2006. Video Abstract Albert Reynolds discusses how his group came to examine the role of p120-catenin in the mouse salivary gland and the implications of their findings.
Differential expression of members of the napin storage protein gene family during embryogenesis in Brassica napus

S1 nuclease analysis and sub-family-specific oligonucleotide probes were used to characterize the expression during embryogenesis of the napin storage protein gene family ofBrassica napus (oilseed rape). The expression of one sub-class represented by the napin gene gNa peaks and declines earlier than the other members of the family. This sub-class was highly expressed representing ca. 20% of napin mRNA at 26 days after anthesis.
Students explore livable communities

In 2006 and 2007, undergraduate and certificate students in gerontology at the University of Massachusetts Boston investigated the elder livability of seven area communities. Elder "livability" refers to features of a local community that support residents who wish to age in place--characteristics such as the availability of appropriate services, transportation options, and affordable housing. A survey developed by AARP guided the research and facilitated its completion within a single academic semester. With its potential to benefit both students and researched cities and towns, the Livable Communities project is recommended to gerontology educators and action researchers as a meaningful, real-world inquiry into factors affecting the ability of older adults to age in place.
Estrogen differentially modulates nicotine-evoked dopamine release from the striatum of male and female rats.

Abstract In the present experiment we examined the effects of an in vitro infusion of nicotine (10 μM) upon dopamine release from superfused striatum of castrated male and female rats treated or not treated with estrogen. Estrogen exerted bidirectional effects on nicotine-evoked dopamine release as a function of the sex of the animal. Nicotine-evoked dopamine release was increased in estrogen treated females and decreased in estrogen treated males. Peak nicotine-evoked dopamine output from estrogen treated females was significantly greater than that of estrogen treated males. These results may be related to the gender differences in response to nicotine and smoking behavior.
The differential antagonism by bicuculline and SR95531 of pentobarbitone-induced currents in cultured hippocampal neurons

In voltage clamped cultured hippocampal neurons, application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or pentobarbitone induced chloride current in a dose-dependent manner. The dose dependence of these agonists were well described by ED50 and Hill coefficients of 14.7 +/- 7 microM and 1.2 +/- 0.5, and 299 +/- 17.3 microM and 1.6 +/- 0.1, for GABA and pentobarbitone, respectively. The effects of two GABAA receptor antagonists, bicuculline and 2-(3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-6-methoxyphenyl-pyridazinium bromide (SR95531) were evaluated by co-application of increasing concentrations of the antagonists with a fixed equipotent (approximately ED30) dose of GABA or pentobarbitone. Both bicuculline and SR95531 blocked the GABA induced current with ID50 and Hill coefficients of 0.74 +/- 0.07 microM and 0.96 +/- 0.07, and 0.44 +/- 0.02 microM and 1.22 +/- 0.06, respectively. Bicuculline similarly blocked the pentobarbitone induced current with a ID50 and Hill coefficient of 0.69 +/- 0.04 microM and 1.2 +/- 0.1. However, pentobarbitone induced current was poorly blocked by SR95531 retaining 86.5% of current amplitude at a concentration of SR95531, 200 times the IC50 for GABA induced current. Current induced by etomidate, another intravenous general anesthetic with GABAA receptor agonistic property, is likewise resistant to SR95531 blockade. Three-dimensional modeling of bicuculline and SR95531 with alignment of the molecules along the suggested GABA-receptor binding moiety indicates that these two antagonist molecules have distinct steric properties. We suggest that GABA and pentobarbitone act at nearby but non-identical sites on the hippocampal GABAA receptor to open the chloride ionophore, and that these sites can be distinguished by bicuculline and SR95531. This is the first demonstration that the prototypic GABAA site antagonists bicuculline and SR95531 have different effects on currents induced by GABA and pentobarbitone.
The Two Phase Drum with the Deepest Bass Note

Given an open bounded connected set δ ⊂ R2 and a prescribed amount of two homogeneous materials of different density we characterize that distribution which minimizes the least eigenvalue of the associated clamped drum. We establish geometric conditions on δ under which the interface separating the two materials is an analytic Jordan curve. We bound the length of this interface and construct and test an algorithm for its calculation in the case of square δ. Our numerical results depict the dependence of this minimum least eigenvalue on the volume fractions of the two phases and suggest possible candidates for the two phase drum with the least second eigenvalue.
Decline and development in the finger lakes wine region of New York state

Abstract Changing wine preferences by American consumers are producing significant changes in the Finger Lakes viticultural area of New York State. Decline, as measured by grape acreage and number of growers, has been widespread since the mid‐1970s, especially within the traditional core area around Keuka and Canandaigua Lakes, where sweet and fortified wines made from native American grapes have been the long time staples of large corporate producers. At the same time, many new small wineries specialising in the production of drier‐style table wines made from vinifera and French‐American hybrid vines have come into existence around Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. Image problems, coupled with small volume output and limited financial resources, however, make their futures uncertain.
AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF TRAUMATIC AND OTHER ABNORMAL TISSUES IN CARNEGIEA GIGANTEA

Traumatic tissues in Carnegiea giga:ntea are formed apparently in response to acute wounds made by the plant's natural eifemies, birds and insects, and to general surface irritation or weathering. The two types are the same in color, a brownish-gray, and in general texture, though the former is more "horny" and the latter more bark-like and scaly in appearance. The first purpose of this investigation was to make an anatomical analysis and comparison of the two types. Later, other abnormal vascular structures were studied. There is very little literature on the anatomy of the Cactaceae, and nothing was found concerning traumatic tissue in Canegiea gigantea, although the plant, according to MacDougal (I905), was first mentioned as early as I604. Ganong (I895) merely makes the general statement that " perfect cork" occurs in cacti. Schleiden (I839), whose detailed anatomical study of a number of genera of this family is unique, describes and illustrates cork formation in Opuntia and Echinocactus, remarking that this cork is made up of lamellae due to the alternation of layers of thickand thin-walled cells. He agrees with those whom he calls " the older anatomists " that the bark (by which he declares they usually mean " cork ") is an epidermis, and goes on to say that the tissue around wounds and the " cork " (referring to the bark-like type) are identical. His final conclusion is that all cork is a form of traumatic tissue. Scott (I932), in her study of Fouquicria, which is somewhat close to the Cactaceae, states that the cork cambium produces unthickened cork cells and thick-walled " fibrous cork cells." In reference to the " fibrous cork," she says, " As is seen: from micro-chemical tests only the middle lamella is suberized, and the wall thickening is due to a heavy lining of cellulose." The extreme hardness of this " fibrous cork" seemed to indicate that lignin must be present, and made it seem necessary to check her last statement carefuly. It was found that in a phloroglucinol-hydrochloric-acid test, if left for at least twenty minutes, the " heavy lining of cellulose " becomes a pale violet-red, giving a reaction about one-third as intense as that of ordinary lignified tissue, and showing the presence of some lignin.
An easy method to accelerate an iterative algebraic equation solver

This article proposes to add a single function calls to an iterative algebraic equation solver with an order n convergence rate, and to raise (for n>1n>1) the order of convergence to 2n−12n−1.
Entropies of Redox Reactions between Proteins and Mediators: The Temperature Dependence of Reversible Electrode Potentials in Aqueous Buffers

The temperature dependencies of the reversible electrode potentials for a number of charge transfer reactions of redox mediators were used to evaluate the corresponding charge transfer entropies in Tris–HCl (pH 8) buffer. The redox mediator thermodynamic data, along with reaction enthalpy data for mediator redox protein electron transfer, were used to evaluate the charge transfer entropy for the cytochrome c redox couple [(cytc)ox/(cytc)red] in Tris–HCl (pH 8) buffer and were found to be equal to −16 cal/°K mol. Reversible electrode potentials at 298°K for the redox mediator half-reactions were observed to vary from −528 to +657 mV (vs NHE). Charge transfer entropies were observed to depend upon the structure of the redox mediators and to vary from −13.8 to −29.7 cal/°K mol for a closely related series of organic dications (viologens) and a value of −43.6 cal/°K mol was observed for the [Fe(CN)6]3−/[Fe(CN)6]4−couple under the same conditions. A procedure for determining charge transfer entropies of protein redox couples which cannot be studied by direct electrochemical methods is outlined. The factors contributing to the magnitude of the charge transfer entropies are discussed.
A Hidden Markov Model approach to predicting yeast gene function from sequential gene expression data

Existing data mining tools can only achieve about 40% precision in function prediction of unannotated genes. We developed a gene function prediction tool based on profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Each function class was modelled using a distinct HMM whose parameters were trained using yeast time-series gene expression profiles. Two structural variants of HMMs were designed and tested, each of them on 40 function classes. The highest overall prediction precision achieved was 67% using double-split HMM with leave-one-out cross-validation. We also attempted to generalise HMMs to dynamic Bayesian networks for gene function prediction using heterogeneous data sets.
Mitotic Recombination in Patients with Ichthyosis Causes Reversion of Dominant Mutations in KRT10

Somatic loss of wild-type alleles can produce disease traits such as neoplasia. Conversely, somatic loss of disease-causing mutations can revert phenotypes; however, these events are infrequently observed. Here we show that ichthyosis with confetti, a severe, sporadic skin disease in humans, is associated with thousands of revertant clones of normal skin that arise from loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 17q via mitotic recombination. This allowed us to map and identify disease-causing mutations in the gene encoding keratin 10 (KRT10); all result in frameshifts into the same alternative reading frame, producing an arginine-rich C-terminal peptide that redirects keratin 10 from the cytokeratin filament network to the nucleolus. The high frequency of somatic reversion in ichthyosis with confetti suggests that revertant stem cell clones are under strong positive selection and/or that the rate of mitotic recombination is elevated in individuals with this disorder.
Discrete and continuous conceptualizations of science: Implications for knowledge domain visualization

Abstract Visual depiction of the structure and evolution of science has been proposed as a key strategy for dealing with the large, complex, and increasingly interdisciplinary records of scientific communication. While every such visualization assumes the existence of spatial structures within the system of science, new methods and tools are rarely linked to thorough reflection on the underlying spatial concepts. Meanwhile, geographic information science has adopted a view of geographic space as conceptualized through the duality of discrete objects and continuous fields. This paper argues that conceptualization of science has been dominated by a view of its constituent elements (e.g., authors, articles, journals, disciplines) as discrete objects. It is proposed that, like in geographic information science, alternative concepts could be used for the same phenomenon. For example, one could view an author as either a discrete object at a specific location or as a continuous field occupying all of a discipline. It is further proposed that this duality of spatial concepts can extend to the methods by which low-dimensional geometric models of high-dimensional scientific spaces are created and used. This can result in new methods revealing different kinds of insights. This is demonstrated by a juxtaposition of two visualizations of an author's intellectual evolution on the basis of either a discrete or continuous conceptualization.
A Novel 2-D DOA estimation algorithm with superior resolution and reduced sidelobes

We present a 2-D Direction of arrival algorithm whose resolution is superior to that of the subspace class of algorithms and sidelobes are reduced compared to most algorithms. The algorithm is based on the 2-D AR Power Spectral Density (2-D ARPSD) applied to a uniformly spaced data set (space-time) which transforms the space-time data to spatial frequency (wavenumber, which is a function of the direction of arrival) and temporal frequency in a high resolution context. This is done by modeling the sensor array data with a 2-D AR model. The 2-D AR parameters are then used in a specialized form of a 2-D FFT to create an enhanced wavenumber-frequency image. A wavenumber vector for a specific narrowband temporal frequency is extracted and compared to other high resolution algorithm such as MUSIC. Our results exhibit superior performance in low SNR and short sample sized scenarios and when mismatch occurs in the subspace techniques. Our technique also exhibits reduced sidelobes as compared with traditional methods.
Editor's Introduction (Part Two)

As readers will recall from the previous issue of Political Psychology (April 2004), the special issue on prospect theory in political science and political psychology has been broken into two parts. The substantive introduction to this topic and to the papers in the first part of the special issue appeared in April. This second commentary introduces the final three papers in this special issue. William Boettcher's article "The Prospects for Prospect Theory: An Empirical Evaluation of International Relations Applications of Framing and Loss Aversion" presents both an experimental test and a methodological critique of prospect theory as it has been used in political science. In particular, Boettcher notes, in line with Kahneman's (2000) argument, that political scientists confront unique challenges in seeking to apply the findings from laboratory experiments to realworld problems in international relations. Boettcher calls for a careful consideration of the signal differences between laboratory domains and those presented by real-world decision-making, which obviously present a whole host of pressures, constraints, and demands that would be impossible and unethical to simulate in a laboratory. As a result, the issues of external validity and generalizability remain open and subject to further empirical tests, validations, and/or discounting. Boettcher's article also reports the results of three experiments designed to examine the difference between domains in explicitly political contexts involving group decision-making. Like framing, group decision-making remains a fruitful area for the expansion and development of prospect theory in political science. Because few political decisions rest on one person's choice alone, and most political decisions involve some kind of group decision-making process, advances in the use of prospect theory in group interactions remain a crucial component of broader applicability for the model within political science. Boettcher's first experiment finds little support for the impact of framing on group polarization. The second and third experiments suggest stronger support for predicted findings in the area of preference reversals, especially when the context of framing effects
Comparative proteomics analysis of high n-butanol producing metabolically engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum.

a b s t r a c t The acidogenic Clostridium tyrobutyricum has recently been metabolically engineered to produce n- butanol. The objective of this study was to obtain a comprehensive understanding as to how butanol production was regulated in C. tyrobutyricum to guide the engineering of next-generation strains. We performed a comparative proteomics analysis, covering 78.1% of open reading frames and 95% of core enzymes, using wild type, ACKKO mutant (� ack) producing 37.30 g/L of butyrate and ACKKO-adhE2 mutant (� ack-adhE2) producing 16.68 g/L of butanol. In ACKKO-adhE2, the expression of most glycolytic enzymes was decreased, the thiolase (thl), acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ato), 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (hbd) and crotonase (crt) that convert acetyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA were increased, and the heterologous bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (adhE2) catalyzing butanol formation was highly expressed. The apparent imbalance of energy and redox was observed due to the down- regulation of acids production and the addition of butanol synthesis pathway, which also resulted in increased expression of chaperone proteins and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glpA) and the silence of sporulation transcription factor Spo0A (spo0A) as the cellular responses to butanol production. This study revealed the mechanism of carbon redistribution, and limiting factors and rational metabolic cell and process engineering strategies to achieve high butanol production in C. tyrobutyricum.
Microtubules Are Required for Efficient Epithelial Tight Junction Homeostasis and Restoration.

Epithelial tight junctions are critical for creating a barrier yet allowing paracellular transport. Although it is well established that the actin cytoskeleton is critical for preserving the dynami...
The Toeplitz operator proof of noncommutative Bott periodicity

We adapt the Toeplitz operator proof of Bott periodicity to give a short direct proof of Bott periodicity for the representable K-theory of σ-C*-algebras. We further show how the use of this proof and the right definitions simplifies the derivation of the basic properties of representable K-theory.
Postoperative imaging of vestibular schwannomas

Symptomatic vestibular schwannomas can be treated with resection (translabyrinthine, retrosigmoid [suboccipital], or middle cranial fossa approaches) or stereotactic radiosurgery. When appropriate, auditory brainstem stimulators can also be implanted in patients with current or impending hearing loss due to bilateral vestibular schwannomas. Imaging plays a prominent role in determining management following these procedures. In this article, the expected postoperative imaging appearances are depicted. The radiological features of complications are also reviewed, including recurrent tumor, fat graft necrosis, CSF leakage, infection, hydrocephalus, cerebral infarction, venous sinus thrombosis, hemorrhage, and temporal lobe and cerebellar contusions.
The effects of adenine nucleotides on NADH binding to mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase.

Abstract The effects of adenine nucleotides on initial velocity and NADH binding have been studied with the malate dehydrogenase reaction. ATP, ADP, and AMP were inhibitors competitive with NADH and uncompetitive with oxaloacetate but caused only 50–60% inhibition at saturating concentrations. Direct fluorescence titrations indicated that saturating concentrations of the adenine nucleotides displaced 50–60% of the bound NADH from enzyme-NADH complex. Adenine and adenosine had no inhibitory effect but ADP-ribose caused complete inhibition and NADH dissociation. The possible mechanistic basis for these results and their physiological implications are discussed.
POLITICS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF COLLECTIVE ACTION: The Case of Nigeria, 1960--1975

The case of Nigeria provides support for an organizational conception of collective action. Such a conception rests on the notion that collective events—riots, demonstrations, strikes, marches, and violent confrontations—are the accompanying manifestations of routine politics and are instigated by many of the same organizations that sponsor nonviolent, ordinary political and economic activity. It is argued that collective action is organized action; its vehicles are mainly preexisting organizations that determine the location and timing of collective action, select the forms of contention, articulate the issues, and choose the targets of collective protest. It is further argued that insofar as a society's organizational base determines the shape of collective action, then political policies that affect the society's organizational composition will have a corresponding effect on the shape of collective action. That is, policies of organizational repression and facilitation will decrease or increase associated forms of collective action.
Minimum Spanning Tree Pose Estimation

The extrinsic camera parameters from video stream images can be accurately estimated by tracking features through the image sequence and using these features to compute parameter estimates. The poses for long video sequences have been estimated in this manner. However, the poses of large sets of still images cannot be estimated using the same strategy because wide-baseline correspondences are not as robust as narrow-baseline feature tracks. Moreover, video pose estimation requires a linear or hierarchically-linear ordering on the images to be calibrated, reducing the image matches to the neighboring video frames. We propose a novel generalization to the linear ordering requirement of video pose estimation by computing the Minimum Spanning Tree of the camera adjacency graph and using the tree hierarchy to determine the calibration order for a set of input images. We validate the pose accuracy using an error metric that is functionally independent of the estimation process. Because we do not rely on feature tracking for generating feature correspondences, our method can use internally calibrated wide- or narrow-baseline images as input, and can estimate the camera poses from multiple video streams without special pre-processing to concatenate the streams.
VH and VL region structure of antibodies that recognize the (NANP)3 dodecapeptide sequence in the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum

The sporozoite form of Plasmodium falciparum displays on its surface the circumsporozoite (CS) protein. The central domain of this protein possesses a reiterated tetrapeptide sequence Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro (NANP), and greater than 90% of the sporozoite-specific antibodies obtained from individuals living in malaria endemic areas recognize epitopes within this repeat sequence. Considering the highly repetitive structure of this naturally occurring antigen and its immunodominance, we were interested in analyzing the structural diversity of antibodies that bind to the (NANP)3 sequence. Molecular characterization of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain mRNA was performed for five hybridomas that produce antibodies with binding specificity for the dodecapeptide (NANP)3. These hybridomas were produced in BALB/c mice by inoculation with whole P. falciparum sporozoites. Sequence analysis and Northern blotting showed that for heavy chain, three hybridomas used VH elements that belong to the VHIX family and two to the VHJ558 family. Four different V kappa subgroups were represented among the light chains. Different D and J kappa segments are also utilized, while four heavy chain gene rearrangements involved the JH4 segment. These results indicated that multiple VH-VL gene combinations can code for reactivity to the (NANP)3 sequence, demonstrating that the murine antibody response to this immunodominant region is structurally heterogeneous.
The development of the norm against the use of poison: what literature tells us.

The use of chemical and biological weapons on the battlefield is considered by most commentators — and by international law — as more abhorrent than the use of nearly all other weapons, including ones meant either to kill secretly or to kill terribly, as do fire or burial alive. I ask why this is so. I explore this question through the study of imagery patterns in Western literature and campaigns against food contamination and environmental pollution. I find that the norm against chemical and biological weapons builds upon a taboo against poisons, a prohibition widely accepted in military manuals as distinguishing soldierly conduct from criminal conduct, especially those forms of conduct made criminal by the employment of treachery, invisibility, and transformation.
Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany

Over ten million Muslims live in Western Europe. Since the early 1990s, and especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, vexing policy questions have emerged about the religious rights of native-born and immigrant Muslims. Britain has struggled over whether to give state funding to private Islamic schools. France has been convulsed over Muslim teenagers wearing the hijab in public schools. Germany has debated whether to grant 'public-corporation' status to Muslims. And each state is searching for policies to ensure the successful incorporation of practicing Muslims into liberal democratic society. This 2004 book analyzes state accommodation of Muslims' religious practices in Britain, France, and Germany, first examining three major theories: resource mobilization, political-opportunity structure, and ideology. It then proposes an additional explanation, arguing that each nation's approach to Muslims follows from its historically based church-state institutions.
Perfusion abnormalities in subchondral bone associated with marrow edema, osteoarthritis, and avascular necrosis

Bone marrow edema is seen in osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and other clinical conditions including the bone marrow edema syndrome. Bone marrow edema is associated with bone pain and may be related to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Our hypothesis is that bone marrow edema is associated with a reduction in perfusion in subchondral bone, which contributes to focal and segmental bone necrosis and cartilage breakdown. We further hypothesize that altered fluid dynamics in subchondral bone comprise part of the physicochemical environment to which osteocytes are highly sensitive and alter their cytokine expression profile in response to changes in fluid flow, pressure, and oxygen gradients. We have used contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with Gd-DTPA to characterize changes in subchondral bone perfusion in two relevant and related models-the Dunkin-Hartley guinea pig model of osteoarthritis and human bone marrow edema associated with osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis. Pharmacokinetic modeling was used to extract dynamic parameters of perfusion. Representative time-intensity curves are derived, which characterize normal bone and bone with marrow edema. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging may be a useful tool for the early diagnosis of bone perfusion abnormalities and may be used to characterize marrow edema associated with a number of clinical conditions. This technique may also shed light on the pathophysiology of subchondral perfusion in osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis.
Clinical pathology and hemostatic abnormalities in experimental African horsesickness.

Infection of naive North American horses with lo4 cell culture infectious doses (CCID,,) of virulence variants of African horsesickness virus (AHSV), designated AHSVMSP, AHSV/9PI, and AHSV/4PI, reproduced three classical forms of African horsesickness: acute (pulmonary), subacute (cardiac), and febrile, respectively. Distinct clinicopathologic and hemostatic abnormalities were associated with each form of disease. Hemostatic abnormalities included increased concentration of fibrin degradation products and prolongation of prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin, and thrombin clotting times. Hemostatic findings indicated activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems with clotting factor consumption in acute and subacute cases of African horsesickness. Hematologic abnormalities in acute and subacute cases of African horsesickness included leukopenia, decreased platelet counts, elevated hematocrit, and increased erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin concentration. Leukopenia was characterized by lymphopenia, neutropenia, and a left shift. In- creased levels of serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phos- phatase, hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, and elevated creatinine, phosphorus, and total bilirubin levels were present in some but not all horses. Metabolic acidosis, indicated by decreased total bicarbonate and increased lactate and anion gap, was present in horses with the acute form of disease. Mild thrombocytopenia and leukopenia were occasionally associated with the febrile form of disease. These results suggest a role for intravascular coagulation in the pathogenesis of African horsesickness. African horsesickness (AHS) is an arthropod-borne, noncontagious disease of horses. The causative agent, African horsesickness virus (AHSV), is classified as an orbivirus within the family Reoviridae and is closely related to bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hem- orrhagic disease virus (EHDV).'O Infection of suscep- tible horses with AHSV can result in high morbidity and mortality. In 192 1, Theiler33 described four clin- icopathologic forms of AHS: the acute (pulmonary), subacute (cardiac), mixed, and febrile forms of the dis- ease. The disease in its acute form is characterized by rapid onset of high fever, signs of respiratory distress, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, hemorrhage, and death. The subacute form is characterized by hydro- pericardium, endocardia1 hemorrhage, marked accu- mulation of edema fluid in the head and neck, partic- ularly in the supraorbital fossae, ligamentum nuchae, and fascia1 planes of the cervical musculature. The mixed form consists of clinical signs and lesions typical of both acute and subacute AHS. The febrile form is characterized by mild, remittent fever that is some- times associated with vague clinical signs, which may escape clinical recognition. Recent evidence indicates that in naive horses, the major determinant of the clin- icopathologic form of disease is the viral virulence phenotype.19
Effects of nitrogen fertilization and dried distillers grains supplementation: nitrogen use efficiency.

In a 3-yr study, 135 crossbred steers (330 ± 10 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate corn dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) fed to yearling steers as a substitute for forage and N fertilizer and its effect on N use ef- ficiency in yearling steers grazing smooth bromegrass pastures. Steers were initially stocked at 6.8 animal unit months (AUM)/ha on nonfertilized smooth bromegrass pastures (CONT), at 9.9 AUM/ha on smooth brome- grass pastures fertilized with 90 kg of N/ha (FERT), or at 9.9 AUM/ha on nonfertilized smooth bromegrass pastures with 2.3 kg (DM) of DDGS supplemented daily per steer (SUPP). Paddock was the experimental unit, with 3 replications per treatment per year for 3 yr. Pad- docks were strip-grazed, and put-and-take cattle were used to maintain similar grazing pressure among treat- ment paddocks during the 160-d grazing season. Steers consumed less forage (P < 0.01), but total N intake for SUPP was greater (P < 0.01) per steer and per hectare than for FERT, and both were greater (P < 0.01) than for CONT. Nitrogen retention for steers in the SUPP treatment was increased (P < 0.01) by 31% compared with N retention in the CONT and FERT treatments. Nitrogen retention per hectare for SUPP was 30 and 98% greater (P < 0.01) than N retention per hectare for FERT and CONT, respectively. Nitrogen excretion per steer and per hectare were also greater (P < 0.01) for SUPP than FERT, and both were increased (P < 0.01) compared with CONT. Animal N use efficiency was similar (P = 0.29) for steers in the CONT, FERT, and SUPP treatments. However, system-based N use improved (P < 0.01) by 144% for SUPP compared with FERT. The DDGS increased N intake and N excretion in yearling steers. However, because of improvements in BW gain and increases in stocking rate of pastures, DDGS can be a useful tool to increase the efficiency of N use in smooth bromegrass grazing systems.
From cloud overlap to PDF overlap

In many applications, large-scale numerical models of the atmosphere must represent small-scale variability in clouds and water content. In particular, radiative-transfer calculations need to know ‘cloud overlap’: that is, whether or not cloud patches at different altitudes overlap each other in the horizontal. Furthermore, it is important to know the overlap of horizontal variability in water content, or ‘PDF overlap’ (where PDF denotes ‘probability density function’). One approach to modelling PDF overlap is to stochastically generate profiles of water content that collectively have the desired statistical properties of the cloud field. Such approaches usually draw sample profiles using the Monte Carlo method and the independent-column approximation. This paper proposes a new stochastic generator of cloud profiles. The primary novel advantage of our algorithm is that it can model correlations among multiple fields, such as water content and temperature. The algorithm is based on a simplified mixture of multiple normals (i.e. a sum of several Gaussians), which we call a ‘peg-hat’ PDF because its normals are arranged like hats on pegs. The algorithm represents an entire vertical grid column by a single high-dimensional sample point. The peg-hat PDF is tested using large-eddy simulations of boundary-layer clouds: namely, a cumulus case, a case involving cumulus clouds rising into broken stratocumulus, and a marine stratocumulus case. For calculations of the histogram of liquid-water path, the peg-hat PDF outperforms a single-normal PDF for cumulus clouds, which are often skewed. The peg-hat and single-normal PDFs perform comparably for stratocumulus. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
A Meta-Analytic Review of eHealth Interventions for Pediatric Health Promoting and Maintaining Behaviors

Objective The current study quantitatively evaluated the impact of eHealth interventions on pediatric health promoting and maintaining behaviors believed to impact the development or worsening of a physical disease and their associated outcomes. Method PsycINFO, PUBMED/MEDLINE, Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), and reference sections of identified articles were searched. Results An omnibus weighted mean effect size for all identified eHealth interventions revealed a small, but significant, effect (mean d = .118, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .066-.171). However, when considered independently, educational interventions demonstrated no significant effect on pediatric health behavior or health outcomes. Behavioral eHealth interventions produced relatively homogeneous effects that were small but significantly different from zero (mean d = .354, 95% CI = .232-.475). Conclusion eHealth interventions that incorporate behavioral methods (e.g., self-monitoring, goal setting, immediate feedback, contingency management) produce larger effect sizes for health behaviors and their associated outcomes than interventions that rely solely on education.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Glaucoma After Pediatric Cataract Surgery With and Without Intraocular Lens Implantation

Purpose: We sought to report the incidence of glaucoma in the eyes of children who underwent cataract surgery with and without intraocular lens implantation and to report the risk factors for developing glaucoma. Methods: We undertook a retrospective review of pediatric cataract surgery charts, excluding traumatic cataract, aniridia and Lowe syndrome, steroid-induced cataract, lens subluxation, uveitis, retinoblastoma, radiation-induced cataract, retinopathy of prematurity, secondary IOL implantation, and patients with less than 1 month of postoperative follow-up. Results: After pediatric cataract surgery, 10 (3.8%) of 266 eyes with primary intraocular lens implantation were diagnosed with glaucoma, whereas 8 (17.0%) of 47 aphakic eyes were diagnosed with glaucoma. During the initial analyses, we noted that all of the patients who developed glaucoma underwent cataract surgery when they were 4.5 months or younger. For all patients who underwent surgery during the first 4.5 months of their life, the glaucoma incidence was 24.4% (10/41) in children with pseudophakic eyes and 19.0% (8/42) in age-matched children with aphakic eyes (risk ratio = 1.1, CI = 0.7–1.9; P = .555). In patients who underwent surgery during the first 4.5 months of their life, the average age of the patients who developed glaucoma was not significantly different than those who did not develop glaucoma in pseudophakic eyes (2.0 months ± 1.4 vs. 1.9 months ± 1.0, P = .700) or aphakic eyes (2.6 months ± 1.5 vs. 1.4 months ± 0.9, P = .070). The corneal diameter of the eyes that developed glaucoma versus eyes that did not was not significantly different in patients with pseudophakic eyes (P = .860) or aphakic eyes (P = .254). Glaucoma was diagnosed in patients at an average of 8.6 months and 117.9 months after cataract surgery in those with pseudophakic eyes and aphakic eyes, respectively. Conclusions: Patients undergoing cataract surgery at an early age are at high risk for the development of glaucoma with or without an intraocular lens implant.
Context-driven assessment of commercial Web sites

Companies seeking to achieve significant benefits through e-business need to create an effective and usable Web presence to ensure successful interaction and communication with their employee, partners and customers. Despite the wealth of information available on Web ease-of-use or usability, there is no standard, all-encompassing framework defining Web site effectiveness. Hence it is difficult to measure usability from a qualitative and especially quantitative perspective. In this paper, we examine various approaches to assessing Web site effectiveness and usability, and then present a three-dimensional approach that takes into account the context of the site and its functionality within that context.
Polyporicolous Species of Hypomyces

Nineteen species of Hypomyces (Ascomycotina, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) occur on members of the Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycotina, Hymenomycetes). Five new species, viz. H. amaurodermatis, H. lanceo...