cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical aspects of a phase I study of PD-0325901, a selective oral MEK inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancer

B113 Background: PD-0325901 is a highly potent and selective oral inhibitor of the dual-specificity kinases, MEK1/2 (MAPK/ERK/Kinase), thereby preventing phosphorylation and subsequent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (pMAPK/pERK). MEK inhibition seems to be a rational therapeutic strategy for BRAF mutant tumors. Methods: This evaluation was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD)/recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) and dose limiting toxicities (DLT) of PD-0325901. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results are presented in a separate abstract. PD-0325901 was administered at 1 mg QD, and at 1 to 30 mg BID. Each cycle consisted of 28 days and 3 schedules of administration were evaluated: intermittent (3 weeks on/1 week off), continuous (every day), and continuous with breaks (5 days on/2 days off). Results: Sixty six patients were enrolled: 33 M/ 33 F, median age 57 (range 29 - 86), breast (7), colon (4), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (5) and melanoma (50). All except 4 patients had received prior systemic therapy with a median of 4 (range 0-14). Patients received a median number of 3 (range 1-9) cycles of PD-0325901. The most common toxicities included rash, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, visual disturbances and vomiting. Acute neurotoxicity was frequent in patients receiving ≥15 mg BID (all schedules). Escalation in the intermittent schedule proceeded until DLT was observed in 2 patients at 30 mg BID: grade (G) 3 rash and G3 syncope. There were also 1 case of optic neuropathy at 20 mg BID and 1 case of optic nerve ischemia at 15 mg BID. Based on this early experience, 20 mg BID (intermittent) was originally chosen as the RP2D. However, emerging phase 2 data indicated that this dose was not well tolerated (G3-4 confusion, neck/foot drop, slurred speech) and continuous with breaks schedule was evaluated with an initial dose of 10 mg BID. Of the 13 patients on this dose, there was one case of retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Continuous dosing was evaluated concurrently, and two patients had RVO (at 15 and 10 mg BID). Contrary to the neurotoxic effects, all episodes of RVO presented quite late, after 13, 15 and 36 weeks of therapy. A subsequent analysis of relevant visual episodes found predisposing factors for retinopathy in all patients with RVO, but no correlation with cumulative dose. There were 3 PRs (melanoma) and 24 SD ≥3 months (22 melanoma, 2 NSCLC). Conclusion: PD-0325901 demonstrated preliminary activity in heavily pretreated patients with melanoma. Nevertheless, two different continuous regimens of PD-0325901 have been associated with RVO. Predisposing factors for retinopathy may have increased risk. Further evaluation at doses ≤10 mg BID may be conducted in selected patients with an intermittent schedule.
African American Financial Socialization

Financial socialization, or who and how individuals were influenced financially, while growing up, has an impact on their current financial literacy and well-being. Little is known about African Americans' financial socialization, so this study explored their financial socialization through the best and brightest of the community-educated African Americans; and then determine if the way in which they were socialized has an impact on their financial knowledge. The African American community is a heterogeneous community and differences in education levels would probably produce differences in financial outcomes. Primary data and 2015 FINRA survey data were used in this study. This study found that participants' top three financial influences were parents, followed by life experiences, and then formal influences. Furthermore, those who were financial socialization by self-directed influences were more likely to be more financially knowledgeable than those who were financially socialized by other informal influences.
Not in Conflict, But in Coalition: Imagining Lesbians at the Center of the Second Wave

Historical assessments of Second-Wave Feminism have often portrayed lesbian feminists as outsiders of the more popular organizations that have been, at least in scholarly accounts, depicted as the real driving forces behind the movement. The common narrative characterizes lesbian activists as forced into exile by heterosexual feminists attempting to appeal to a more general public. Such portraits are understandable given the openly homophobic views expressed by leaders such as Betty Friedan, who warned of the “lavender menace” and the threat lesbians presented to the success of the feminist movement. In this chapter, however, Claire Bond Potter argues that lesbian feminists played a central role in the Second Wave by forcing key leaders and organizations to grapple with differences across race, class, and sexuality. For example, sexual freedom was an important component of the movement, and lesbian feminists represented women who were uniquely defining sexuality entirely on their own terms without male influence. Lesbian feminists, in this respect, posed a direct challenge to the homogenous view of womanhood and forced society, as well as heterosexual feminists, to face differences across and among women. In addition, Potter argues that existing scholarship often ignores the many lesbians who did indeed play a central role in the Second Wave, even ignoring lesbians who remained active within Friedan’s National Organization of Women. Ultimately, Potter concludes that while lesbians certainly found conflict in the Second-Wave feminist movement, their very presence, and the way in which they challenged the assumptions of the movement, created a critical activist foundation crucial to the fights for gay marriage, gay motherhood, and gay rights in the decades that followed. Placing lesbians at the center of the Second-Wave movement brings their true legacy to light.
Photoprotective, excited-state quenching mechanisms in diverse photosynthetic organisms

Light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) serve a dual role in photosynthesis, depending on the prevailing light conditions. In low light, they ensure photosynthetic efficiency by maximizing the light absorption cross-section and subsequent energy storage. Under excess light conditions, LHCs perform photoprotective quenching functions to prevent harmful chemical species such as triplet chlorophyll and singlet oxygen from forming and damaging the photosynthetic apparatus. In this Minireview, various photoprotective quenching mechanisms that have been identified in different photosynthetic organisms are surveyed and summarized, and implications for improving photosynthetic productivity are briefly discussed.
Leisure and Recreation Places. By Neil H. Cheek, Jr., Donald R. Field, and Rabel J. Burdge

(1977). Leisure and Recreation Places. By Neil H. Cheek, Jr., Donald R. Field, and Rabel J. Burdge. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 233-234.
Reduced cognitive capacity impairs the malleability of older adults' negative attitudes to stigmatized individuals.

Background: Although engaging explicit regulatory strategies may reduce negative bias toward outgroup members, these strategies are cognitively demanding and thus may not be effective for older adu...
Future Societal Vulnerability, Risk and Adaptability

It is imperative for humanity to anticipate and plan better for the future impacts of climate change and coastal flooding on low-income, elderly and infirm communities living in flood-prone areas. As sea levels rise, low-lying vulnerable urban areas throughout the world will be more frequently flooded by storms. Low-income families will be forced to move into higher density areas or to low-lying, flood-prone areas. There is growing vulnerability of impoverished people living coastal cities, particularly coastal megacities, to the impacts of climate change. Education and awareness along with regionally specific adaptive management policies are probably the most effective tragedy preventers.
A Cultural Algorithm Framework to Evolve Multi-Agent Cooperation with Evolutionary Programming

Cultural Algorithms have been previously used as a framework in which to evolve cooperative behavior within groups. Here they provide a framework within which to develop multiagent cooperation among a group of soccer players. The current system is used to learn several types of plays: offensive and defensive. In addition, plays can be learned without opposition, passive opposition, or active opposition. The Cultural Algorithms with Evolution Programming were effective learning all of these plays within several hundred generations each. In general, defensive plays were harder to learn than offensive ones. But, defensive plays with active protagonists were easier to learn than those with passive protagonists. This may be due to the fact that active protagonists provide additional information for the team members to use in formulating their plays. In addition, successful learning involved a coordination of individual adjustments among participating agents. A description of these adjustments in terms of the belief space for these agents is given.
Spinal Deformity: Presentation, Treatment and Return to Sport

Spinal deformity may be seen in the 2–3 % of adolescents and become evident to a coach, trainer, parent, or medical clinician caring for a young athlete. Most deformities are mild with little impact on participation or performance. Moderate deformity is treated with a spinal orthosis which may influence athletic participation. Severe deformity may require surgical treatment by spinal fusion and instrumentation. The resultant reduction in spinal motion will necessitate alteration of exercise routine and may influence sport-specific techniques that require trunk rotation or flexion.
Megaloptera (Alderflies, Dobsonflies)

The Megalopterans represent an old insect group and one not extremely speciose, having approximately 275 described species. Neotropical and Indomalayan biogeographic areas probably hold the most species, whereas Nearctic and Australian species are the most well studied. The aquatic larvae are medium-to-large predaceous insects found in a wide variety of habitats, including habitats as unique as pitcher plants. Many species have long lived larvae (up to 5 years). This long residence time in the aquatic environment, coupled with their large size, makes megalopterans important consumers in stream and river trophic webs. Additionally, the insects often make suitable attachment sites for a wide diversity of ectosymbiotic organisms. The egg, pupa, and adults stages are short-lived and terrestrial.
Aquaplanet Models on Eccentric Orbits: Effects of the Rotation Rate on Observables

Author(s): Adams, AD; Boos, WR; Wolf, ET | Abstract: Rotation and orbital eccentricity both strongly influence planetary climate. Eccentricities can often be measured for exoplanets, but rotation rates are currently difficult or impossible to constrain. Here we examine how the combined effects of rotation and eccentricity on observed emission from ocean-rich terrestrial planets can be used to infer their rotation rates in circumstances where their eccentricities are known. We employ an Earth climate model with no land and a slab ocean, and consider two eccentricities (e = 0.3 and 0.6) and two rotation rates: a fast Earth-like period of 24 hr, and a slower pseudo-synchronous period that generalizes spin synchronization for eccentric orbits. We adopt bandpasses of the Mid-Infrared Instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope as a template for future photometry. At e = 0.3 the rotation rates can be distinguished if the planet transits near periastron, because slow rotation produces a strong day-night contrast and thus an emission minimum during periastron. However, light curves behave similarly if the planet is eclipsed near periastron, as well as for either viewing geometry at e = 0.6. Rotation rates can nevertheless be distinguished using ratios of emission in different bands, one in the water vapor window with another in a region of strong water absorption. These ratios vary over an orbit by ≲0.1 dex for Earth-like rotation, but by 0.3-0.5 dex for pseudo-synchronous rotation because of large day-night contrast in upper-tropospheric water. For planets with condensible atmospheric constituents in eccentric orbits, rotation regimes might thus be distinguished with infrared observations for a range of viewing geometries.
Interaction of Sea-Level Pulses With Periodically Retreating Barrier Islands

Barrier deposits preserved on continental shelf seabeds provide a record of the paleocoastal environment from the last glacial maximum through the Holocene. The formation of these offshore deposits is often attributed to intermittent periods of rapidly rising sea levels, especially glacial meltwater pulses, which are expected to lead to partial or complete drowning—overstepping—of migrating barrier islands. However, recent cross-shore modeling and field evidence suggests that even for constant sea-level rise and shelf slope, the internal dynamics of migrating barriers could plausibly drive periodic retreat accompanied by autogenic partial overstepping and deposition of barrier sediment. We hypothesize that the interaction of periodic retreat with changes in external (allogenic) forcing from sea-level rise may create novel retreat responses and corresponding relict barrier deposits. Specifically, we posit that autogenic deposits can be amplified by an increased rate of sea-level rise, while in other cases internal dynamics can disrupt or mask the production of allogenic deposits. Here, we model barriers through a range of autogenic-allogenic interactions, exploring how barriers with different inherent autogenic periods respond to discrete, centennial-scale sea-level-rise pulses of variable magnitude and timing within the autogenic transgressive barrier cycle. Our results demonstrate a diversity of depositional signals, where production of relict sands is amplified or suppressed depending on both the barrier’s internal dynamic state and the pulse magnitude. We also show that millennial-scale autogenic periodicity renders barriers vulnerable to complete drowning for relatively low pulse rates of rise (< 15 mm/yr).
Why Do Lifestyle Recommendations Fail in Most Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been recognized as a major health burden. The efficacy and safety profile of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains uncertain; therefore, lifestyle modification is the first line of treatment. Based on available data, patients should optimally achieve at least a 5% to 10% weight reduction for histologic improvement. There is no clear consensus on the optimal diet or exercise regimen. Sustainability of any intervention is key to success; however, compliance has been a major issue in clinical trials. This finding underscores the importance of multidisciplinary strategies to achieve targeted weigh loss.
What Is Psychological Trauma

Psychological trauma can alter people’s fundamental beliefs and change the way in which they interact with the world. Sexual and gender-based violence, including sexual assault, childhood sexual abuse (CSA), sexual harassment, stalking, and intimate partner violence (IPV), constitutes a form of psychological trauma and is associated with mental and physical health concerns. Given the frequency of sexual and gender-based violence, all medical providers care for people who have had these experiences, even if they are unaware that the patient in front of them is a survivor. A basic understanding of psychological trauma and its effects is essential to providing quality trauma-informed care, and it can assist medical providers in engaging patients in physical healthcare or bridging patients to mental healthcare. This chapter reviews psychological trauma with a specific focus on sexual and gender-based violence. We discuss characteristics of and reactions to sexual and gender-based violence and present important information to guide medical providers’ care of trauma survivors.
Chapter 7 – Scholastic Performance

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces four topics on which the expectations have been that television would enhance achievement that are vocabulary, interests, visual skills, and televised interventions. The chapter puts a view on a variety of other relationships where expectations have been less favorable or more mixed and ambiguous. It specifies the relationship between viewing and achievement. Two well-studied examples of television designed to change attitudes, beliefs, and behavior are Freestyle and The Great American Values Test. Freestyle was a public television series of thirteen 30-minute episodes intended to change the beliefs and norms of pre teens (ages 9-12) about gender roles, such as a girl doing auto repair (Grease Monkey) and a boy showing nurturing behavior (Helping Hand). The Great American Values Test was a 30-minute program designed to change attitudes in regard to the environment, gender equality, and relationships between whites and blacks that was broadcast in the evening simultaneously on all three network outlets in an eastern Washington city. The effects of television on scholastic performance and cognitive activity continue to be debated. Several specific outcomes have been hypothesized that would mediate performance, some positively, some negatively. With regard to the relationship between viewing and achievement, some have concluded that when confounding variables are properly controlled there is no evidence of any association. Others have concluded that achievement declines as viewing increases, but there is disagreement on the causal contribution of viewing.
Evidence that male sea lamprey increase pheromone release after perceiving a competitor

ABSTRACT Sexual signals evolve via selective pressures arising from male–male competition and female choice, including those originating from unintended receivers that detect the signal. For example, males can acquire information from other males signaling to females and alter their own signal. Relative to visual and acoustic signals, less is known about how such communication networks influence chemical signaling among animals. In sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), the chemical communication system is essential for reproduction, offering a useful system to study a pheromone communication network that includes signalers and both intended and unintended receivers. Male sea lamprey aggregate on spawning grounds, where individuals build nests and signal to females using sex pheromones. We examined how exposure to a major component of the male pheromone, 3keto-petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS), influenced male pheromone signaling, and whether females had a preference for males that altered their signal. Exposure to 3kPZS, at a concentration of 5×10−10 mol l−1, simulated the presence of other male(s) and led to increased 3kPZS release rates within 10 min, followed by a return to baseline levels within 30 min. Exposure also led to increases in hepatic synthesis and circulatory transport of pheromone components. In behavioral assays, females preferred the odor of males that had been exposed to 3kPZS; therefore, males likely benefit from upregulating 3kPZS release after detecting competition for mates. Here, we define how a specific pheromone component influences chemical signaling during intrasexual competition, and show a rare example of how changes in chemical signaling strategies resulting from male competition may influence mate choice.
Sensing through Non-Sensing Ocular Ion Channels

Ion channels are membrane-spanning integral proteins expressed in multiple organs, including the eye. In the eye, ion channels are involved in various physiological processes, like signal transmission and visual processing. A wide range of mutations have been reported in the corresponding genes and their interacting subunit coding genes, which contribute significantly to an array of blindness, termed ocular channelopathies. These mutations result in either a loss- or gain-of channel functions affecting the structure, assembly, trafficking, and localization of channel proteins. A dominant-negative effect is caused in a few channels formed by the assembly of several subunits that exist as homo- or heteromeric proteins. Here, we review the role of different mutations in switching a “sensing” ion channel to “non-sensing,” leading to ocular channelopathies like Leber’s congenital amaurosis 16 (LCA16), cone dystrophy, congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), achromatopsia, bestrophinopathies, retinitis pigmentosa, etc. We also discuss the various in vitro and in vivo disease models available to investigate the impact of mutations on channel properties, to dissect the disease mechanism, and understand the pathophysiology. Innovating the potential pharmacological and therapeutic approaches and their efficient delivery to the eye for reversing a “non-sensing” channel to “sensing” would be life-changing.
Composite Steel Tee Concrete Deck Bridge System: Design, Fabrication, and Full-Scale Verification

Abstract A short-span highway bridge system composed of steel tee sections embedded in a concrete deck slab during fabrication of the member was developed for the Pennsylvania Department of Transpo...
Sexual Harassment of Law Enforcement Officers: Findings From a Nationally Representative Survey:

Sexual harassment continues to be a consistent destructive feature of American life and workplaces, especially in fields for which women are under-represented, such as law enforcement. We use one of the first nationally representative cross-sectional surveys (n = 2,867) of female and male law enforcement officers (LEOs) to assess the prevalence of workplace sexual harassment victimization. Next, we assess how risk factors are related to this harassment through multivariable modeling. We observed large differences between rates of sexual harassment for female compared to male officers on both our measures of non-physical and physical workplace sexual harassment (sexual assault). Our combined measure of non-physical sexual harassment and sexual assault of female officers (71%) was in the range found in prior research and our 41% rate for male officers is also not trivial and requires attention from law enforcement leaders. We tested two competing hypotheses on whether female officers (and possibly some male officers not meeting certain definitions of masculinity) viewed as the most threatening by virtue of their job role in the male-dominated hierarchy will have the highest probability of being a victim of workplace sexual harassment (power-threat model) or whether those viewed as the most vulnerable officers will have the highest probability of sexual harassment victimization (vulnerable-victim model). We found greater support for the vulnerable-victim model. We discuss the implications of these results for guiding training and prevention strategies to address sexual harassment in the law enforcement workplace.
Setting Future Water Rates for Sustainability of a Water Distribution System

AbstractThis study introduces an approach to plan future water rates to achieve water distribution system (WDS) sustainability triple-top line (TTL) targets. The WDS components are modeled by conne...
Optical refrigeration with all-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals

One photon up-conversion photoluminescence is an optical phenomenon whereby the thermal energy of a fluorescent material is used to increase the energy of an emitted photon compared with the energy of the photon that was absorbed. When this occurs with near unity efficiency, the emitting material undergoes a net decrease in temperature—so called optical refrigeration. Because the up-conversion is thermally activated, the yield of up-converted photoluminescence is also a reporter of the temperature of the emitter. Taking advantage of this optical signature, we have shown that cesium lead trihalide nanocrystals are cooled by as much as 66 K during the up-conversion of 532 nm CW laser excitation. Our work is the first demonstration of optical cooling of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, as well as a new record for optical cooling of any semiconductor system, highlighting the intrinsic advantages of colloidal nanocrystals for this goal.
Metaphors of Cyberspace and Digital Technologies

Chapter 2 develops a study of “Metaphors of Cyberspace and New Technologies,” that conceptually maps the field of the technoculture by exploring the meanings of dominant metaphors. The “information superhighway” emerged as a key ideological discourse that legitimates the development of technocapitalism and the concept of the information and/or knowledge society, followed by other ideologies that developed with the emergence of new digital technologies and social media that I explore in this and following chapters. I would indeed go so far as to claim that the “information superhighway” is the dominant ideology and the infotainment society is the primary project of the contemporary technocapitalist society. The infotainment society is hyped to the maximum by the U.S. media because these corporations are major players in this project, and since the same corporations that own big media are merging with computer and information industries, digital technologies and social media are both a source of profit and of social power and prestige. Thus, while one could envisage competition between the established media institutions and new institutions of the information and high-tech society, their mergers have created a situation where the media are cheerleaders and promoters of the always-expanding digital technologies, social media, and the devices that are part of the infrastructure of a high-tech industrial-entertainment complex.
Enteropathogenic infections modulate intestinal serotonin transporter (SERT) function by activating Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) in Crohn's disease.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is an intestinal neuromodulator that regulates several essential enteric physiological functions such as absorption or secretion of fluids, and peristaltic reflexes. Availability of the intestinal 5-HT is dependent on serotonin transporter (SERT), which uptakes 5-HT and facilitates its degradation. Interestingly, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) is co-localized with 5-HT, which suggests a possible impact of neuroendocrine cells in the inflammatory response through TLR-2 activation. Serum 5-HT levels were measured in 80 Crohn’s disease (CD) patients and 40 healthy control subjects. Additionally, fully differentiated Caco-2 monolayers were infected with Mycobacteria paratuberculosis (MAP), L. monocytogenes, or M. smegmatis in the presence of exogenous 5-HT at different concentrations. Cells were subsequently harvested and used for measuring SERT activity, RNA isolation followed by RT-PCR, protein quantification, and tissue damage markers (DHE, LDH, GSH and MDA). TLR-2 intracellular signaling pathways were assessed by pre-incubating Caco-2 monolayers with selective blockers of ERK, cAMP/PKA, p38 MAPK, and 5-HT3 receptors. MAP-infected CD patients (N = 40) had higher serum 5-HT levels (462.95 ± 8.55 ng/mL, N = 40) than those without MAP infection (385.33 ± 10.3 ng/mL, N = 40). TLR-2 activation by enteropathogenic bacteria inhibited SERT activity in the presence of exogenous 5-HT by up to 50%. These effects were increasing gradually over 72 h, and MAP infection had the greatest effect on SERT inhibition when cells were exposed to 5-HT in a concentration dependent manner. Additionally, inhibition of SERT activity was accompanied with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8) and oxidative stress markers (DHE, LDH and MDA), whereas SERT expression and protein level were downregulated. Consequently, inhibition of TLR-2 and p38 MAPK signaling or blocking 5-HT3 receptors restored SERT activity and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as reflected by the downregulation of oxidative stress and tissue damage markers. The involvement of TLR-2 in the intestinal pathology might be concluded not only from its innate immune role, but also from its effect on modulating the intestinal serotonergic response. Ultimately, regulating the intestinal serotonergic system can be therapeutically exploited to mitigate other enteropathogenic infections, which will help in understanding the gut-microbiome-brain connection.
Myers-Saito cyclization

Construction of substituted arenes through the thermal or photochemical cycloaromatization of allenyl enynes in the presence of a H. donor such as 1,4- cyclohexadiene. Cf. Bergman cyclization and Schmittel cyclization.
The Contour Method Cutting Assumption: Error Minimization and Correction

The recently developed contour method can measure 2-D, cross-sectional residual-stress map. A part is cut in two using a precise and low-stress cutting technique such as electric discharge machining. The contours of the new surfaces created by the cut, which will not be flat if residual stresses are relaxed by the cutting, are then measured and used to calculate the original residual stresses. The precise nature of the assumption about the cut is presented theoretically and is evaluated experimentally. Simply assuming a flat cut is overly restrictive and misleading. The critical assumption is that the width of the cut, when measured in the original, undeformed configuration of the body is constant. Stresses at the cut tip during cutting cause the material to deform, which causes errors. The effect of such cutting errors on the measured stresses is presented. The important parameters are quantified. Experimental procedures for minimizing these errors are presented. An iterative finite element procedure to correct for the errors is also presented. The correction procedure is demonstrated on experimental data from a steel beam that was plastically bent to put in a known profile of residual stresses.
Perceptions of gender and leader emergence in virtual groups

This study examines perceptions of gender and leader emergence. Specifically, the study examines: (1) the extent to which gender is identifiable through anonymous, text-based communication; (2) the effect of an individual’s text-based communication on other people’s perceptions of that individual as an emerging leader; and, (3) the effect of an individual’s physical characteristics on other people’s perceptions of that individual as a leader. The mixed-methods analyses are based on data collected from 149 participants in a leadership-preparation process conducted partially in a virtual environment. The results indicate that context mediates the extent to which gender is identifiable through anonymous, text-based communication. The results also indicate that the ways in which individuals participate in a group process affect others’ perceptions of those individuals as leaders. In addition, an individual’s physical characteristics affect others’ perceptions that the individual looks like a leader. Physical characteristics and looking leader-like do not, however, affect perceptions of being a leader.
Private Interhousehold Transfers in Vietnam in the Early and Late 1990s

Cox uses date from the 1992-93 and 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) to describe patterns of money transfers between households. Rapid economic growth during the 1990s did little to diminish the importance of private transfers in Vietnam. Private transfers are large and widespread in both surveys, and are much larger than public transfers. Private transfers appear to function like means-tested public transfers, flowing from better-off to worse-off households and providing old age support in retirement. Panel evidence suggests some hysteresis in private transfer patterns, but many households also changed from recipients to givers and vice versa between surveys. Changes in private transfers appear responsive to changes in household pre-transfer income, demographic changes, and life-course events. Transfer inflows rise upon retirement and widowhood, for example, and are positively associated with increases in health expenditures. It also appears that private transfer inflows increased for households affected by Typhoon Linda, which devastated Vietnam`s southernmost provinces in late 1997. This paper is a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Economic Growth and Household Welfare: Policy Lessons from Vietnam. The author may be contacted at donald.cox@bc.edu.
Adolescent pregnancy: Involvement of the male partner

The role played by the male partner in an adolescent pregnancy was investigated. Questionnaires were completed by the male partners of 41 adolescent females who continued their pregnancy to term and attended an optional education program. Most fathers (81%) maintained an ongoing relationship with the mother and informed their own family about the pregnancy. Only 48% helped with the decision regarding the outcome of the pregnancy. Only 19% saw a health care professional to discuss the pregnancy and only 9% received contraceptive information. Our data suggest that a significant number of these males suffered negative psychosocial consequences such as depression and increased social isolation. We believe that more effort should be made to identify those males interested in participating in their partner's pregnancy, encourage them to play a role in the decisionmaking process regarding the outcome of the pregnancy, and provide them with contraceptive counseling and psychologic support.
Hormonal and nervous control of tanning in the fly.

In the newly emerged fly, darkening and hardening of the cuticle (tanning) starts after 15 to 20 minutes but can be delayed under certain conditions. Ligaturing off the head abolishes tanning. Tann...
PySHMEM: A High Productivity OpenSHMEM Interface for Python

OpenSHMEM is a well known high performance communication library implementing the Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming model. It exposes a broad range of one-sided communication semantics which maps well to modern network technologies and can achieve a level of performance that is close to that of network hardware. In this paper we explore how OpenSHMEM semantics can be integrated within the context of Python, a high level programming language that is widely used by the scientific community. In this work we introduce the PySHMEM library that provides simple and convenient interfaces for accessing OpenSHMEM functionality. The goal of this paper is twofold: (1) investigate how high-level programming semantics can be used to expose a high productivity interface for accessing low-level communication semantics, and (2) evaluate performance overheads imposed by Python with respect to native (C) OpenSHMEM performance.
Characteristics of a child's critical illness and parents' reactions: preliminary report of a pilot study.

Objective To explore the relationships between parents' reactions to the pediatric intensive care unit admission of a child and characteristics of the child's illness. Method A convenience sample, consisting of 16 mothers and 13 fathers of 16 children aged 5 years and younger, was used. The Pediatric Risk of Mortality scale was used to measure severity of illness. Parental reactions were measured at about 24 hours after the child's admission with the Parental Stressor Scale: PICU and the Parental Concerns Scale. Results Mothers' concerns and stressors were not related to the child's Pediatric Risk of Mortality score. However, fathers reported greater concern about the child's experience and about parenting as the child's Pediatric Risk of Mortality score increased. Conclusions Parents' reactions to their child's critical illness and admission to the pediatric intensive care unit were not related to characteristics of the child's condition in this small sample. Future research needs are suggested.
A TABLE TO FACILITATE CORRECTION FOR UNDERCOOLING IN CRYOSCOPIC WORK

Since the freezing point of a solution is by definition the temperature at which the solution and crystals of pure solvent are in equilibrium, it is necessary in any careful cryoscopic work to correct the observed temperature at equilibrium, A' as read from the thermometer, for the concentration of the solution by the separation of the solid phase of the solvent to obtain the true freezing-point lowering of the original solution. Jones 1 many years ago pointed out that the concentration of the solution by the separation of crystals of solvent may be expressed by
Seven principles of surface structure parsing in natural language

Abstract In generative grammar there is a traditional distinction between sentence acceptability, having to do with performance, and sentence grammaticality, having to do with competence. The attempt of this paper is to provide a characterization of the notion ‘acceptable sentence’ in English, with some suggestions as to how this characterization might be made universal. The procedure is to outline a set of procedures which are conjectured to be operative in the assignment of a surface structure tree to an input sentence. To some extent, these principles of parsing are modeled on certain parsing techniques formulated by computer scientists for computer languages. These principles account for the high acceptability of right branching structures, outline the role of grammatical function words in sentence perception, describe what seems to be a fixed limit on short-term memory in linguistic processing, and hypothesize the structure of the internal syntactic processing devices. The operation of various classes of transformations with regard to preparing deep structures for input to parsing procedures such as those outlined in the paper is discussed.
Long-term results of high-dose conformal radiotherapy for patients with medically inoperable T1-3N0 non-small-cell lung cancer : Is low incidence of regional failure due to incidental nodal irradiation?

Purpose: To report the results of high-dose conformal irradiation and examine incidental nodal irradiation and nodal failure in patients with inoperable early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials: This analysis included patients with inoperable CT-staged T1–3N0M0 NSCLC treated on our prospective dose-escalation trial. Patients were treated with radiation alone (total dose, 63–102.9 Gy in 2.1-Gy daily fractions) with a three-dimensional conformal technique without intentional nodal irradiation. Bilateral highest mediastinal and upper/lower paratracheal, prevascular and retrotracheal, sub- and para-aortic, subcarinal, paraesophageal, and ipsilateral hilar regions were delineated individually. Nodal failure and doses of incidental irradiation were studied. Results: The potential median follow-up was 104 months. For patients who completed protocol treatment, median survival was 31 months. The actuarial overall survival rate was 86%, 61%, 43%, and 21% and the cause-specific survival rate was 89%, 70%, 53%, and 35% at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Weight loss ( p = 0.008) and radiation dose in Gy ( p = 0.013) were significantly associated with overall survival. In only 22% and 13% of patients examined did ipsilateral hilar and paratracheal (and subaortic for left-sided tumor) nodal regions receive a dose of ≥40 Gy, respectively. Less than 10% of all other nodal regions received a dose of ≥40 Gy. No patients failed initially at nodal sites. Conclusions: Radiation dose is positively associated with overall survival in patients with medically inoperable T1–3N0 NSCLC, though long-term results remain poor. The nodal failure rate is low and does not seem to be due to high-dose incidental irradiation.
Monitoring mercury in the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta.

The validity of using blood samples and keratinized scutes for nonlethal routine monitoring of mercury (Hg) in loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, is evaluated in the context of how effectively these matrixes predict internal tissue Hg burdens and the different temporal scales of exposure they represent. Total Hg (THg) was measured in blood and scutes collected from live captures (n = 34) and liver, kidney, muscle, spinal cord, blood, and scutes collected from freshly stranded loggerhead turtles (n = 6) along the coast of the southeastern United States. Linear regressions between monitoring compartments and internal tissues from stranded animals were all statistically significant (r2 > 0.805, p < 0.015) but varied in their utility as a predictive tool depending on which tissues were paired. Blood was an effective predictor of THg in muscle (r2 = 0.988, p < 0.0001) and spinal cord (r2 = 0.988, p < 0.0001), while scute was the most accurate predictor of THg in liver (r2 = 0.948, p = 0.0010). The streng...
Effectiveness of a CD-ROM multimedia tutorial in transferring cognitive knowledge essential for laparoscopic skill training

BACKGROUND: Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) can benefit surgical education by improving efficiency, effectiveness, standardization, and access. This study compares knowledge gains for laparoscopic skill acquisition following a standardized tutorial delivered via CD-ROM versus live instructor. METHODS: A standardized tutorial was written and subsequently converted to multimedia CD-ROM format by its author (JR). During a laparoscopic development course, experienced US-trained surgeons (n = 52) participated in the tutorial delivered live by the author. The CD-ROM tutorial replaced the instructor for the following groups: (1) experienced US-trained surgeons (n = 27); (2) US-trained surgical residents (n = 59); and (3) Greek surgeons (n = 63). A 51-item knowledge test was administered before and after tutorial instruction. RESULTS: The mean increase in scores between pretest and posttest was significant (P <0.01) and of similar magnitude in each group, with nonsignificant posttest mean differences among US-trained groups. CONCLUSIONS: The CD-ROM tutorial effectively transfers cognitive information necessary for skill development. Distance learning modes of this tutorial program may be feasible.
Chronic sleep fragmentation during the sleep period induces hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and PTP1b-mediated leptin resistance in male mice.

Background Sleep fragmentation (SF) is highly prevalent and may constitute an important contributing factor to excessive weight gain and the metabolic syndrome. Increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) leading to the attenuation of leptin receptor signaling in the hypothalamus leads to obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Methods Mice were exposed to SF and sleep control (SC) for varying periods of time during which ingestive behaviors were monitored. UPR pathways and leptin receptor signaling were assessed in hypothalami. To further examine the mechanistic role of ER stress, changes in leptin receptor (ObR) signaling were also examined in wild-type mice treated with the ER chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), as well as in CHOP-/+ transgenic mice. Results Fragmented sleep in male mice induced increased food intake starting day 3 and thereafter, which was preceded by increases in ER stress and activation of all three UPR pathways in the hypothalamus. Although ObR expression was unchanged, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation was decreased, suggesting reduced ObR signaling. Unchanged suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) expression and increases in protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) expression and activity emerged with SF, along with reduced p-STAT3 responses to exogenous leptin. SF-induced effects were reversed following TUDCA treatment and were absent in CHOP -/+ mice. Conclusions SF induces hyperphagic behaviors and reduced leptin signaling in hypothalamus that are mediated by activation of ER stress, and ultimately lead to increased PTP1B activity. ER stress pathways are therefore potentially implicated in SF-induced weight gain and metabolic dysfunction, and may represent a viable therapeutic target.
Acoustic radiation from slender bodies

Abstract A general approach is proposed to compute the acoustic field radiated by axisymmetric slender bodies at medium (Ka ≅ 1) and low (Ka ⪡ 1) frequencies. A multiple-scales technique is developed to determine the sound pressure in the near field. The far field solution is built up as a continuous distribution of sectorial spherical harmonics and their densities are deduced by matching with the near field solution. Some applications are presented to support the analytical results.
Bioactive protein nanoarrays on nickel oxide surfaces formed by dip-pen nanolithography.

Biologically functional protein arrays are important for chipbased protein detection assays and proteomic profiling experiments. Nanoscale arrays allow for smaller chips with more reaction sites, smaller test sample volumes, potentially higher sensitivity and speed, and direct feature analysis with a scanning probe instrument. Several promising routes to protein nanoarrays with submicrometer and even sub-100-nm features have been reported. The activity of the immobilized proteins in some of the arrays generated by dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) has been confirmed by fluorescence labeling studies and direct imaging by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nickel is a commonly used substrate for biological arrays because the oxidized Ni surface has a high affinity for polyhistidine residues, and this specific interaction, in principle, can provide control over the uniformity of protein binding and presentation to the analyte solution. The histidine tag allows for protein adsorption without direct contact between the active area of the protein and the substrate surface. The deposition of histidine-tagged peptides and proteins on Ni substrates by using electrochemical DPN was recently reported; however, it was concluded that peptide and protein transport could not be effected without an applied field, and the biological activities of the generated nanofeatures were not studied. The requirement of an applied field is limiting with respect to chemical compatibility of the protein inks and protein denaturation under such conditions ( 2 to 3 V) and the complexity of the hardware used to effect such a process. Herein, we report a methodology based upon DPN and conditions that allow one to generate biologically active protein nanoarrays with feature sizes as small as approximately 80 nm on Ni surfaces without the need for an applied field (Figure 1). To facilitate ink wetting and transport, AFM tips were coated with a thin layer of Ni (ca. 5 nm) by thermal
A model of stratified entrainment using vortex persistence

A new model is proposed for the entrainment rate by vortices across stratified interfaces. In the model, different entrainment regimes are distinguished by the conventional parameters Richardson, Reynolds, and Schmidt number as well as a new parameter, the “vortex persistence”. Vortex persistence is defined as the number of rotations a vortex makes during the time it moves its own diameter with respect to the interface. It is further proposed that the concept of vortex persistence is important whenever a vortex is near any kind of surface, either stratified or solid. The model is in accord with most field and laboratory observations in a variety of stratified and bounded flows, including measurements of wall heat transfer and vortex formation in starting jets.