cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in Acute Myocarditis - Insights from a National Inpatient Database

Purpose Acute myocarditis can be a challenging entity to manage, and may require the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), if it is severe enough. However, there is a lack of large, nationally representative studies examining the use of ECMO in patients with acute myocarditis. In this study we used a large national inpatient database to investigate the use of ECMO in acute myocarditis. Methods We queried the 2013-14 National Inpatient Sample for all adult patients (aged 18+ years) admitted with a diagnosis of acute myocarditis using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes 422.0, 422.9x and 429.0, and patients requiring ECMO use (ICD-9-CM code 39.65). We then used complex samples multivariable regression to identify predictors of ECMO use. All results are weighted, and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) are presented with 95% confidence intervals (CI). SPSS version 25 (SPSS, IBM) was used for all statistical analyses. Results We identified 16,590 patients (weighted) with an admission diagnosis of acute myocarditis. Of these, 200 (1.2%) required ECMO. Patients in the ECMO group were younger (mean age 40.1 +- 15.5 years vs non-ECMO 46.8 +- 18.3 years; P Conclusion In our analysis of a national inpatient database, we found that ECMO was utilized in a small percentage of hospitalizations for acute myocarditis, and was associated with significantly increased mortality. However, mortality associated with ECMO use in our study may be related to more severe presentation of acute myocarditis. Further work is needed to identify predictors of improved survival in patients with acute myocarditis who require ECMO.
Pricing strategies of food retailers

Studies examining pricing outcomes in the food retail industry are complicated both by the multiproduct nature of transactions and by the presence of highly concentrated food processing and retaili...
Aging, Imagery, and Imagery Vividness in Daydreams: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Perspectives

There are two salient components of mental imagery and aging: the spontaneous occurrence of images and the deliberate evocation and mental manipulation of images. Of specific interest in this study is the frequency, clarity and semblance to reality of visual and auditory images in daydreams as a function of age. When asked to use images to increase memory it has been generally shown that the elderly are capable of utilizing such a strategy (see Poon, Walsh-Sweeney, & Fozard for a review). However, Hulicka and Grossman (1967) have reported that the spontaneous use of visual imagery in memorization tasks is less likely to occur in the elderly as opposed to younger individuals. Hulicka and Grossman’s results have formed the basis for the frequent claim that the elderly are less likely than the young to have spontaneous imagery--see for example, Pierce & Storandt (1988) and Poon et al (1980). There does not appear to be any independent corroboration of Hulicka and Grossman’s claim. Indeed, Wood and Pratt (1987) have reported virtually the same percentage of subjects spontaneously using imagery in a memory task in both young (8%) and elderly (7%) subjects.
MQTT-SN, CoAP, and RTP in wireless IoT real-time communications

A great number of Internet of things (IoT) applications rely on real-time communication (RTC) mechanisms for transmission of media. Essentially, applications analyze and process media to make decisions that typically affect actuation and control of embedded devices. IoT networks, however, are subjected to constrains that limit the computational and resource complexity of all entities involved. This is particularly critical when considering the traditional RTC protocols like real-time protocol (RTP) that was not designed to perform well in the context of low-power lossy networks (LLNs). This paper focuses on alternatives to media transport in IoT networks. Specially, constrained application protocol (CoAP) and the message queuing telemetry transport sensor network protocol (MQTT-SN) are presented as valid technologies for media propagation in LLNs. The paper models and compares CoAP, RTP, and MQTT-SN to determine the most efficient scenario for audio, speech, and video transmission.
Association of Longitudinal Changes in Symptoms and Urinary Biomarkers in Patients with Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A MAPP Research Network Study

Purpose:We analyzed a series of novel noninvasive urinary biomarkers for their ability to objectively monitor the longitudinal clinical status of patients with urological chronic pelvic pain syndro...
Optimization of Levelized Cost of Hybrid Wind-Solar-Diesel-Battery System Using Political Optimizer

The hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) provides locally available green power for remote areas where reach of utility grid is difficult or not possible. The main aim of this paper is to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) consisting of wind turbine (WT), solar photovoltaic (PV), diesel generator (DG) and battery. A mathematical model is develop using a recently proposed novel, population based, meta-heuristic which derives its inspiration from politics. The performance of political optimizer (PO), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and interior point algorithm (IPA) is compared for the optimization of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The performance of the traditional gradient based solver IPA is compared with PSO and PO for HRES with and without battery integration considering seasonal load variation over the year.
Nilai Kearifan Lokal Tradisi Manugal Masyarakat Dayak Meratus Kalimantan Selatan Pada Materi Geografi Bidang Lingkungan Hidup (Kajian Etnografi)

Kalimantan Selatan mempunyai suku yang memiliki keanekaragaman dalam berbagai hal. Salah satunya adalah budaya yang berkembang dalam masyarakat adat sebagai kekayaan nasional. Masyarakat adat secara tradisi terus berpegang pada nilai-nilai lokal yang diyakini kebenaran dan kesakralannya serta menjadi pegangan hidup anggotanya yang diwariskan secara turun temurun. Nilai-nilai tersebut saling berkaitan dalam sebuah sistem. Sebagai kesatuan hidup manusia, masyarakat adat memiliki nilai sosial-budaya yang dapat dikaji untuk dikembangkan dalam pembelajaran. Masyarakat adat sangat kental dengan budaya kesetiakawanan sosial dalam melakukan segala aktivitas hidupnya. Seperti yang terjadi pada suku Dayak Meratus, Kalimantan Selatan. Terlepas dari unsur mistis yang ada di dalamnya, pemahaman tentang nilai-nilai tersebut sangat penting dimiliki oleh peserta didik, kini dan masa yang akan datang. Oleh karena itu, nilai-nilai budaya masyarakat tradisional yang dikembangkan dalam konteks kekinian, sangat penting untuk dijadikan kajian dalam pembelajaran Geografi berkaitan dengan Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup sehingga terinternalisasi pada diri peserta didik. Tentu setelah dikaji secara ilmiah, mengapa nilai-nilai tersebut harus diwarisi oleh mereka.
Life cycle assessment of photosynthetic microalgae for sustainable biodiesel production

Abstract Microalgae-derived biodiesel has been extensively researched as a promising substitute for petroleum diesel since it releases fewer greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has reduced eutrophication potential, and is fully compatible with the current fuel infrastructure. Numerous Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies have been conducted to date to evaluate the environmental sustainability of algal-based biofuels. These studies are essential for identifying the bottlenecks in the algal biomass to biodiesel conversion pathways, which can then be improved to increase the economic and environmental viability of the entire value chain. This chapter discusses the basics of LCA, provides a comprehensive review of numerous algae-to-biodiesel LCA studies, and compares them based on Net Energy Ratio (NER) and life cycle-GHG emissions. The analysis indicates that significant improvements are required in algae production and conversion to achieve sustainability and cost-competitiveness. Integrating algal biodiesel production with value-added coproducts, such as animal feed, and nutraceuticals can help the commercialization prospects of the algae industry.
An Overview of Computing at Los Alamos

The Los Alamos National Laboratory operates one of the largest scientific and engineering computing facilities in the world to support its national defence and other programs. This facility, as of the summer of 1984, had six Cray-computers, five CDC-7600-class machines, and many other smaller computers in an “Integrated Computing Network” (ICN). This network also provides central and distributed nodes for file management and storage, graphical and printed output, network and production control, and distributed computing.
Allergen Component Testing in the Diagnosis of Food Allergy

IgE-mediated food allergies are an important public health problem, affecting 5 % of adults and 8 % of children, with numerous studies indicating that the prevalence is increasing. Food allergic reactions can range in severity from mild to severe and life threatening. Accurate diagnosis of food allergy is necessary not only to provide appropriate and potentially life-saving preventive measures but also to prevent unwarranted dietary restrictions. The diagnosis of food allergy has traditionally been based on clinical history and food specific IgE (sIgE) testing, including skin prick testing (SPT), serum tests, or both. These tests tend to be extremely sensitive, but positive test results to foods that are tolerated are common. Studies of allergen component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) show that adjuvant use of this modality may provide a more accurate assessment in the diagnosis of food allergy, though the reported benefits are questionable for a number of major allergens. Furthermore, diagnostic cutoff values have been difficult to determine for allergens where component testing has been demonstrated to be beneficial.
An analytical survey of multigravidas.

Abstract 1. 1. A total of 783 pregnancies of 500 consecutive multigravidas, gravida vi and over, are analyzed. 2. 2. One-fourth of these are private patients. 3. 3. Maternal morbidity is increased, necessitating an average increased hospitalization of 2.4 days per patient. 4. 4. The maternal mortality rate is seven times that of the average mortality rate. 5. 5. Fetal mortality is high in the multigravida, and the morbidity cannot be estimated. 6. 6. Toxemias in the grandipara are increased over the average expectancy. 7. 7. The frequency of placenta previa and premature separation is greater in the multigravida. 8. 8. Malpresentations increase maternal and fetal mortality. 9. 9. False labors are common in the multigravida. 10. 10. Infections are prominent as causes of morbidity in the multigravida in pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium. 11. 11. Medical complications other than those summarized above, which require treatment, are found frequently.
Traduction littéraire et diplomatie culturelle. Le cas de la fiction québécoise traduite en Espagne

Cet article montre que si la fiction quebecoise reussit a franchir les frontieres linguistiques et culturelles et a se creer un espace de reception dans les champs litteraires espagnol et catalan – et ce malgre les nombreux obstacles a la diffusion d’une litterature minoritaire – c’est grâce a l’action d’acteurs institutionnels associes au gouvernement federal canadien et au gouvernement provincial quebecois. Un tel investissement est motive par le fait que la traduction litteraire est consideree comme un outil au service de la diplomatie culturelle qui sert a construire une « image de marque » positive du Canada et du Quebec a l’etranger, une image qui les rendrait competitifs sur la scene internationale. Or, une fois hors de la portee des reseaux institutionnels, les textes selectionnes pour etre traduits entrent dans les reseaux des espaces cibles ou ils se voient recontextualises. Dans ce nouveau contexte, ils ne pourront pas echapper a leur resemantisation axio-ideologique par les agents issus des champs cibles, une resemantisation qui peut d’ailleurs etre loin des representations du Canada ou du Quebec voulues par les acteurs institutionnels qui avaient encourage le transfert litteraire. Ainsi, cet article degage la portee, mais egalement les limites de l’action de ces acteurs institutionnels, ainsi que les rapports ambivalents qui s’etablissent entre eux et les agents appartenant au champ litteraire, notamment les editeurs quebecois, mais aussi les editeurs espagnols et catalans, qui ont le dernier mot en ce qui concerne la selection des oeuvres a traduire.
Outsourcing, productivity, and input composition at the plant level

We evaluate the productivity and input composition effects of outsourcing (or subcontracting) for Turkish textile and apparel manufacturing plants. We analyze differences in performance indicators for plants that subcontract inputs or outputs, and find that plants that outsource internationally perform better than those that outsource domestically. We evaluate labour productivity gaps and find that more productive plants both initiate outsourcing and subsequently increase their productivity. We then estimate a flexible production function, controlling for simultaneity and selection bias, and find that higher productivity from input subcontracting involves greater skilled labour intensity but
Control of Cell Growth in Bacteria: Experiments with Thymine Starvation

When cells of Escherichia coli THU were starved for thymine, they continued to grow without division for at least two successive volume doublings at their initial rate. Within experimental error this average rate of volume increase, 0.21 mum(3) per hr, was identical with that observed in control cultures during two generations of growth in the presence of thymine. This growth rate was also independent of the age of the cells at the time of starvation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis, proposed earlier, that growth rates are controlled by uptake sites for binding, transport, or accumulation of compounds into the cell, that the number of these sites is constant throughout most of the cell cycle, and that this number doubles near or at cell division.
Cognitive load theory vs. constructivist approaches: which best leads to efficient, deep learning?

Computer-assisted learning, in the form of simulation-based training, is heavily focused upon by the military. Because computer-based learning offers highly portable, reusable, and cost-efficient training options, the military has dedicated significant resources to the investigation of instructional strategies that improve learning efficiency within this environment. In order to identify efficient instructional strategies, this paper investigates the two major learning theories that dominate the recent literature on optimizing knowledge acquisition: cognitive load theory (CLT) and constructivism. According to CLT, instructional guidance that promotes efficient learning is most beneficial. Constructivist approaches, in contrast, emphasize the importance of developing a conceptual understanding of the learning material. Supporters of these theories have debated the merits and shortcomings of both positions. However, in the absence of consensus, instructional designers lack a well-defined model for training complex skills in a rapid, efficient manner. The current study investigates the relative utility of CLT and constructivist-based approaches for teaching complex skills using a military command and control task. Findings suggest that the acquisition of procedural, declarative, and conceptual knowledge, as well as decision-making skills, did not differ as a function of the type of instruction used. However, integrated knowledge was slightly better retained by the group provided with CLT-based instruction. These results are contrary to our expectation that constructivist approaches, which focus on the development and integration of information, would yield better performance in an applied problem-based environment. Thus, while contemporary researchers continue to defend the use of constructivist strategies for teaching, our research supports earlier findings that question the utility, efficiency, and impact of these strategies in applied domains.
Neurons versus herpes simplex virus: the innate immune interactions that contribute to a host–pathogen standoff

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a prevalent neurotropic virus, which establishes lifelong latent infections in the neurons of sensory ganglia. Despite our long-standing knowledge that HSV predominately infects sensory neurons during its life cycle, little is known about the neuronal antiviral response to HSV infection. Recent studies show that while sensory neurons have impaired intrinsic immunity to HSV infection, paracrine IFN signaling can potentiate a potent antiviral response. Additionally, antiviral autophagy plays an important role in neuronal control of HSV infection. Here we review the literature of antiviral signaling and autophagy in neurons, the mechanisms by which HSV can counteract these responses, and postulate how these two pathways may synergize to mediate neuronal control of HSV infection and yet result in lifelong persistence of the virus.
MESOSCALE ATMOSPHERIC 2XCO2 CLIMATE CHANGE SIMULATION APPLIED TO AN OREGON WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: A 2xCO2 climate and runoff in the Upper Deschutes Basin in central Oregon is simulated using a mesoscale atmospheric model and a watershed model that incorporates spatial variability of the runoff process. A nine-year control climate monthly time series provides a benchmark for assessing changes related to a warmer and wetter 2xCO2 climate. Potential evapotranspiration is increased by 23 percent and snow water equivalent is reduced by 59 percent in the 2xCO2 climate. Annual runoff increases by 23 percent, while November runoff increases by 55 percent. The average maximum monthly runoff is in May for both the control climate and 2xCO2 climate, but in five of the nine years the monthly maximum runoff for the 2xCO2 climate occurs two to five months earlier than for the control climate. The minimum runoff month is one to five months earlier in the 2xCO2 climate in seven of the nine years, and the month of average minimum runoff is March in the control climate and November in the 2xCO2 climate. Since precipitation is greatest in December in both the control climate and 2xCO2 climate, the earlier maximum and minimum runoff for a 2xCO2 climate indicates greater watershed sensitivity to temperature than to precipitation.
Spatiotemporal sampling rates for wireless sensor networks

This paper addresses an important issue in the design of sensor networks: determining the spatiotemporal sampling rate of the network under the condition of minimum energy usage. In this paper, we propose a new collision-free protocol for gathering sensor data. We use this protocol to find the tradeoff between the spatial sampling rates, temporal sampling rates and the energy consumed in the network. We also compare the delay incurred and the energy consumed in collecting data at a given spatial sampling rate when the proposed transmission scheduling scheme is used versus the delay incurred and energy spent when IEEE 802.11 is the underlying media access scheme.
Transfer and mediation in verbal concept learning

In a training task, one group of Ss was reinforced for a set of words belonging to one class (Cl), another group was reinforced for a set of words not belonging to a class (Ncl). In transfer, half of each group was shifted to a set of words belonging to another Cl, the other half was shifted to another set of Ncl words. In both the training and the transfer tasks, learning was faster when Cl words were relevant than when Ncl words were relevant. In transfer, learning was also faster when previously reinforced-now irrelevant words were Cl rather than Ncl. Mediation appears to operate among irrelevant as well as among relevant Cl words, although the effect of mediation was greater among relevant words.
Multi-utilization of chicken litter as biomass source. Part I. Combustion

Chicken litter disposal is a major economic and pollution concern. Poor waste management practices lead to air and water pollution. To produce a useful renewable resource for energy, optimal conditions for combustion were studied. Three samples differing in particle size were obtained from the chicken litter by drying, milling, and sieving, each at a recovery of (A) larger than 150 μm in size, 87.5%; (B) between 150 and 45 μm in size, 6.3%; and (C) below 45 μm in size, 6.3%. Sample A showed the highest calorific value (5 300 BTU lb-1= 12 320 kJ kg-1) and lowest ash content (ca. 25%), whereas sample C showed the lowest calorific value (2 900 BTU lb-1 = 6 740 kJ kg-1) and highest ash content (ca. 54%). Evolved gas analysis (EGA) techniques, including thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) and TG-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) were used to identify off-gases. Kinetic analyses using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were also performed to find that the combustion process proceeds in four stages (whe...
Bio‐optical observations of first‐year Arctic sea ice

The interrelationships among snow cover, ice structure, optical properties, and biological activity are of critical importance in understanding the response and behavior of sea ice systems. Of particular concern in this regard are the optical properties of the algae and the effect of snow thickness on biomass accumulation. In this paper we present the first direct in situ measurements of biomass specific diffuse attenuation spectra for arctic ice algae. The data show in situ attenuation values that are about 3 times larger than those obtained from corresponding in vivo absorption measurements, apparently reflecting differences in the geometrical distribution of the algae or the influence of skeletal ice and dissolved organic material. Observations also confirm that maximal algal accumulation occurs when there is a thin layer of snow covering the ice. A new technique to separate the effects of snow and algae in observed transmission spectra is presented. The ratio of transmittance between 600 nm and 450 nm is a sensitive indicator of biomass, while the 700 nm to 600 nm ratio is strongly affected by snow depth.
FT-IR Study of CO2 Adsorption in a Dynamic Copper(II) Benzoate-Pyrazine Host with CO2-CO2 Interactions in the Adsorbed State

A detailed correlation is presented between the in situ Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra of adsorbed CO2, CuBzPyz host bands, and CO2 adsorption sites using previously reported crystal structures of CO2-loaded CuBzPyz and CO2 adsorption isotherms. Through the analysis of both in situ attenuated total reflectance FT-IR spectra taken at several points on the high pressure isotherm and in situ transmission FT-IR spectra acquired at low pressures and cryogenic temperatures, we provide additional insight into the pore-filling mechanism of CO2 on the structurally dynamic CuBzPyz host. The FT-IR spectrum of adsorbed CO2 shows distinct ν2 and ν3 spectral features that can be attributed to known CO2 adsorption sites observed in the reported crystal structure of the CO2-saturated phase of CuBzPyz. The availability of detailed high quality CO2-loaded structural data for CuBzPyz makes this system a case study for associating infrared spectral features with CO2 adsorption sites and should prove valuable for ...
Geography beyond the Ivory Tower

Abstract The primary argument put forth is that the employment and research frontier for geography lies in the non-academic sectors of the economy—local and federal employment, the private sector and the school system. To expand opportunities in those sectors, as well as to strengthen academic geography, the profession must create an unambiguous image through relevant, clearly written research on significant issues. Geographers in all sectors must play a role in exploring the frontier by appropriately training students, applying our tools and methods to significant problems, heightening awareness of the value of geographical analysis among decision-makers in non-academic sectors, and creating a clear and important image of geography for the Public.
Artificial airways: A survey of cuff management practices*

Objective To determine current endotracheal and tracheostomy tube cuff management practices in adult and pediatric populations, and to compare current adult cuff management practice with those reported in use in 1984 and 1987. Design Descriptive survey. Setting Sixty-four acute care hospitals in the northeastern United States. Sample Responders represented 93 critical care units: 59 adult and 34 pediatric units. Measurements Subjects completed a survey questionnaire. Results Forty-one percent reported cuffs were routinely deflated, with most (88%) reporting cuff deflation every 8 to 12 hours or daily. In the pediatric population, minimal occlusive volume was the most frequent technique (29%); whereas in the adult population, both minimal occlusive volume technique and minimal leak technique were used more frequently (36%). Most (93%) cuff pressures were measured every 8 to 12 hours or daily with a recommended maximum range of 20 to 30 mm Hg. Cuff deflation and cuff inflation were performed more often by the nursing staff (36%). Cuff pressures were performed more often by respiratory staff (71%). There were no statistically significant differences in the cuff management practices between the adult and pediatric populations. In comparing the results for adults to the data of 1984 and 1987, most cuff management practices changed from every 8 hours or less to every 8 to 12 hours or daily, and the nursing responsibility for these techniques increased (22%). Conclusion Most responders do not routinely deflate cuffs. Cuff management practices are performed less frequently, and nursing responsibility for these techniques has increased.
Professor Hepburn on Meaning in Life

Some people do not find much sense in talk about meaning in life. Some people think that such talk cannot have or express any sense, that those who find sense in it must be under an illusion. Some others think that if one is inclined to think that such talk cannot have any sense that is because one misconstrues its logic. So they set off to show us how it is to be construed if what is said here is to make sense. However, there may not really be anything wrong with what they thus set themselves the task of putting right. Their idea that the logic of discourse on meaning in life has been misconstrued may itself come from limitations in their view of logic and its relation to language, from ‘misunderstandings about the logic of our language’. Therefore, as Professor Hepburn rightly points out, such philosophers, in their attempt to ‘prune and rationalise and redefine the vocabulary’ in question, will merely succeed in misleading themselves in their appreciation of its logic and, worse still, in their understanding of life. In his article (‘Questions about the Meaning of Life’, Religious Studies, vol. I, 1965–66) Hepburn opposes such simplifications and distortions of logic which may confine our understanding of life. I am in sympathy with his programme, with his desire to fight superficiality, his caution in rejecting brashness. What I want to do is to remark on some of its limitations and to open up some new questions—though it is not my intention here to pursue any of them.
Inhibition of Guanosine Monophosphate Synthetase by the Substrate Enantiomer L‐XMP

Studies with mirror-image l-enantiomer nucleosides and nucleotides have revealed relaxed enantioselectivities of several cellular kinases and viral polymerases.[1,2] This feature of enzyme-ligand molecular recognition has been exploited in the design of efficacious antiviral l-nucleoside drugs, which have lowered host cell toxicity.[3-6] For example, lamivudine (2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine, 3TC), an l-nucleoside drug, exploits the relaxed enantioselectivity of HIV reverse transcriptase to inhibit viral replication.[7] Conversely, the enantioselectivities of the majority of nucleotide biosynthesis enzymes have not been characterized. The depletion of cellular nucleotide pools has been shown to result in antiproliferative, antibacterial, and immunosuppressive effects.[8-11]
Try It, You'll Like It The Influence of Expectation, Consumption, and Revelation on Preferences for Beer

Patrons of a pub evaluated regular beer and "MIT brew" (regular beer plus a few drops of balsamic vinegar) in one of three conditions. One group tasted the samples blind (the secret ingredient was never disclosed). A second group was informed of the contents before tasting. A third group learned of the secret ingredient immediately after tasting, but prior to indicating their preference. Not surprisingly, preference for the MIT brew was higher in the blind condition than in either of the two disclosure conditions. However, the timing of the information mattered substantially. Disclosure of the secret ingredient significantly reduced preference only when the disclosure preceded tasting, suggesting that disclosure affected preferences by influencing the experience itself, rather than by acting as an independent negative input or by modifying retrospective interpretation of the experience.
Biochemical changes associated with the administration of glutamic acid and arginine to patients with hyperammonemia

Summary Some of the metabolic changes associated with the administration of l -glutamic acid and l -arginine to patients with hyperammoniemia have been studied. The infusion of glutamate was accompanied by a fall and a subsequent post-infusion rise in blood ammonia, by a rise and subsequent post-infusion fall in glutamine and alpha-ketoglutaric acid and, on occasions, by a fall in citric acid. The infusion of arginine hydrochloride was not attended by any immediate significant fall in blood ammonia, and only occasionally by a rise in blood urea nitrogen. No changes were observed in the other parameters which were studied. The biochemical and clinical implications of these observations have been discussed.
The dynamic mechanical behavior of titanium in shear

Constant strain-rate stress-strain data in shear for commercially pure titanium are obtained through the use of a torsional split Hopkinson pressure-bar and a pneumatic-mechanical torsion testing machine. These data, which cover a range in shear strain rates from 10−4 to 5 × 103s−1, are used to obtain the constants in a constitutive equation which expresses the dynamic over-stress as a function of the logarithm of the plastic strain rate. The equation is used to predict the results of torsional plastic wave propagation experiments using the rate-dependent theory of L.E. Malvem. The sensitivity of the results to the constants in the constitutive equation is studied along with predictions using the rate-independent theory and an elevated static stress-strain curve.
Further investigation of preoperative overtraining, visual cortex lesions and black-white discrimination by the rat

Preoperative overtraining can improve retention after brain lesions. However, studies of effects of overtraining on relearning of a black-white discrimination after visual cortex lesions in the rat have obtained conflicting results. Another experiment was done on this problem. The postoperative performance of overtrained rats was found to be slightly better than that of non-overtrained rats, but the difference was not significant. Nevertheless, when saving scores were computed, differences were significant. These saving score results seem to demonstrate a preoperative overtraining effect. It is suggested that overtraining before surgery produces a shift of function in the brain, and this shift is related to the development of long-term memory.
MODELING THE ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL OF ISOLATED POPULATIONS: EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATIONS USING DROSOPHILA

The genetic variability underlying many morphological and stress resistance traits may largely depend on the effects of genetic drift balanced by polygenic mutation. This model of adaptive potential has played a central role in the minimum viable population size concept and has been used to predict the effective population size necessary to prevent extinction within changing environments. However, there have been few long-term experimental studies of adaptive potential within isolated populations, and no study has thus far provided an experimental test of the drift-mutation model of quantitative genetic variation. Using the sternopleural bristle number of Drosophila melanogaster as a model quantitative trait, we performed repeated measurements of adaptive potential on 15 replicate populations of two and 10 male-female pairs over 30 and 77 generations, respectively. Declines in adaptive potential were analyzed by comparing observed and expected changes in realized heritability over time. The only significant model deviation occurred immediately after bottlenecks of two pairs, in which greater than expected declines in realized heritability were observed. This result suggests that changes in allelic diversity during bottleneck events may be as important as changes in heterozygosity in determining adaptive potential. Drift-mutation model expectations were otherwise realized over all generations. Our results validate the use of the drift-mutation model as a tool for understanding the dynamics of adaptive potential for peripheral fitness characters, but suggest caution in applying this model to recently bottlenecked populations.
Psychosocial adjustment three years after traumatic brain injury

Abstract This study examined the relationship of social support and family cohesion to psychosocial outcome in a group of 25 individuals three years after they each sustained a severe brain injury (TBI). The subject group was initially recruited while they were inpatients in a community hospital rehabilitation unit. The subjects were assessed with the Portland Adaptability Inventory (PAI), the Family Environment Scale (FES), and a family interview at various intervals up to three years post-trauma. Findings suggested that family cohesion and available perceived social support for the injured person were related to the individual's psychosocial and vocational status three years after injury, with higher levels of cohesion and support being related to better outcomes. Implications for researching and applying techniques to improve social support variables in TBI rehabilitation are provided.
Temporally resolved, two-line fluorescence imaging of NO temperature in a transverse jet in a supersonic cross flow

Temporally resolved temperature imaging of a fuel jet in a hot, nonoxidizing supersonic cross flow is described. The temperature measurements are obtained with two lasers and two intensified cameras, with a two-line ratio of planar laser-induced fluorescence from nitric oxide, seeded either in the jet or in both the jet and the cross flow. Diagnostic issues related to the application of the two-line technique in high-speed combustion flows are addressed and include temperature sensitivity, transition selection, measurement resolution, fluorescence lifetime, temporal resolution, and intensifier and camera dynamic-range limitations. Single-shot and frame-averaged side-view temperature images of the flow field are presented, and the measurement uncertainties, which are dominated by photon statistical noise and pulse-to-pulse laser fluctuations, are discussed.
Attitudes About Hard Work: A Global Perspective on the Beliefs of Government Employees

ABSTRACT Government workers are often criticized for holding views that are at odds with the mainstream. Few studies have empirically tested the congruency between attitudes held by government and private sector workers. Using data from the 2009 International Social Survey Programme that includes individual responses across 32 countries, we examine whether government employees’ beliefs about opportunities in society systematically differ from those of private sector workers. We estimate the effect of sector (government/private) and position (supervisor/non-supervisor), among workers in “helping professions,” on perceptions of the role of hard work for getting ahead in society. We find that government supervisors and government/private non-supervisors are significantly less likely than private sector supervisors to emphasize the role of hard work for getting ahead. Private sector supervisors believe that hard work is essential for getting ahead. Government workers are less likely to emphasize the importanc...
High field transport in an edge overgrown lateral superlattice

We have realized by cleaved edge overgrowth a two‐dimensional electron gas system in a one‐dimensional lateral superlattice consisting of 100 periods of 120 A GaAs/20 A AlGaAs. These devices exhibit nonlinear I–V, including negative differential resistance, at high electric fields. We demonstrate, by monitoring the changes in the two‐dimensional electron density, that the nonlinear I–V is due to high field induced electron trapping.
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Topic Review and a Unique Case of Metastasis to the Mandible

There are few reports of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) metastasis to the head and neck region, and no cases reporting LCNEC from lung metastasizing to the mandible. LCNEC is not well reported in the literature due to recent changes in the criteria for diagnosis, revised in 2004 by the world health organization, due to its propensity for rapid growth and low 5 year prognosis. We present a 61 year old female diagnosed with LCNEC of the lung in October, 2007 treated with radiation and chemotherapy. Our patient had a PET scan performed in March, 2009 revealing no sign of metastasis. In July, 2009 she was seen for suspected sialadenitis by another department and referred to our oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic. Her signs and symptoms were consistent with metastatic disease to the mandible confirmed by histologic and immunohistochemical examination which revealed an invasive poorly differentiated non-small cell carcinoma. Palliative care was offered. Our patient died 2 years after initial diagnosis of lung cancer and 3 months after initial finding of metastatic disease. The rapid growth and spread of this cancer was surprising and knowledge of this cancer should be included in a differential diagnosis of expanding mandibular jaw lesions.
Performance of the InFOCμS pixellated CdZnTe detector

InFOCμS is a new generation balloon-borne hard X-ray telescope with focusing optics and spectroscopy in a collaboration between NASA's GSFC and Nagoya University. We had a successful 22.5-hour flight from Fort Sumner, NM on September 16-17, 2004. The InFOCμS hard X-ray telescope consists of a depth-graded platinum-carbon multilayer mirror and a CdZnTe detector, which is a pixellated solid-state device capable of imaging spectroscopy. In this paper, we present the performance of the InFOCμS CdZnTe detector. The detector is configured with a 12 × 12 segmented array of detector pixels. The pixels are 2 mm square, and are placed on 2.1 mm centers. The averaged energy resolution is 4.4 keV at 60 keV and its standard deviation is 0.36 keV over 128 pixels. It has a 241 Am tagged source to monitor the energy gain of each detector pixel during the flight. The gain was stable within a few percent during observations. The detector is also surrounded by a 3-cm thick CsI anti-coincidence shield to reduce background from particles and photons not incident along the mirror focal direction. Owing to the active shield, 97.3% of the background was rejected as vetoed events. The observed background rate is 2.9 × 10 -4 cts sec -1 cm -2 keV -1 (20-50 keV). We achieved sensitivity as great as 5 × 10-6 cts sec -1 cm -2 keV -1 with 8-hour observations (in 20-50 keV and three sigma detection) in this flight. We also present our plan for the future InFOCμS flights as well as their sensitivity we would expect.
Measurement of the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia: A Step Hypoxia Three-minute Test

A step hypoxia method for testing response of patients has been described. It involves a well-trained operator who must observe the patient while monitoring and adjusting alveolar oxygen and CO2 tensions. The advantages of the step test are that the time effects can be examined and that quantitative information in a steady-state can be obtained in a relatively short period of time. It can be done at several different levels of CO2.
Filtration in a Porous Granular Medium: 1. Simulation of Pore-Scale Particle Deposition and Clogging

This paper presents a numerical model for simulating the pore-scale transport and infiltration of dilute suspensions of particles in a granular porous medium under the action of hydrodynamic and gravitational forces. The formulation solves the Stokes’ flow equations for an incompressible fluid using a fixed grid, multigrid finite difference method and an embedded boundary technique for modeling particle–fluid coupling. The analyses simulate a constant flux of the fluid suspension through a cylindrical model pore. Randomly generated particles are collected within the model pore, initially through contact and attachment at the grain surface (pore wall) and later through mounding close to the pore inlet. Simple correlations have been derived from extensive numerical simulations in order to estimate the volume of filtered particles that accumulate in the pore and the differential pressure needed to maintain a constant flux through the pore. The results show that particle collection efficiency is correlated with the Stokes’ settling velocity and indirectly through the attachment probability with the particle–grain surface roughness. The differential pressure is correlated directly with the maximum mound height and indirectly with particle size and settling velocity that affect mound packing density. Simple modification factors are introduced to account for pore length and dip angle. These parameters are used to characterize pore-scale infiltration processes within larger scale network models of particle transport in granular porous media in a companion paper.
Food processors requirements met by radiation processing

Abstract Processing food using irradiation provides significant advantages to food producers by destroying harmful pathogens and extending shelf life without any detectable physical or chemical changes. It is expected that through increased public education, food irradiation will emerge as a viable commercial industry. Food production in most countries involves state of the art manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and shipping techniques that provides maximum efficiency and profit. In the United States, food sales are extremely competitive and profit margins small. Most food producers have heavily invested in equipment and are hesitant to modify their equipment. Meat and poultry producers in particular utilize sophisticated production machinery that processes enormous volumes of product on a continuous basis. It is incumbent on the food irradiation equipment suppliers to develop equipment that can easily merge with existing processes without requiring major changes to either the final food product or the process utilized to produce that product. Before a food producer can include irradiation as part of their food production process, they must be certain the available equipment meets their needs. This paper will examine several major requirements of food processors that will most likely have to be provided by the supplier of the irradiation equipment.
Test of the isotropy of the one-way speed of light using hydrogen-maser frequency standards.

A new test of the isotropy of the one-way velocity of light has been performed using NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN). During five rotations of the Earth, we compared the phases of two hydrogen-maser frequency standards separated by 21 km using an ultrastable fiber optics link. Because of the unique design of the experiment, it is possible to derive independent limits on anisotropies that are linear and quadratic in the velocity of the Earth with respect to a preferred frame. Assuming that the anisotropies have not been partially cancelled by systematic environmental effects on the instrumentation, the best limits that can be inferred from the data are \ensuremath{\Delta}c/c3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}7}$ and \ensuremath{\Delta}c/c2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ for linear and quadratic dependencies, respectively, on the velocity of the Earth with respect to the cosmic microwave background. The theoretical interpretation of the experiment is discussed.
Anthropometric parameters in children: a comparison of values obtained from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and cadaver-based estimates.

Anthropometric data used in gait analysis for children are often estimated from older adult cadavers. The extent to which these estimates accurately represent children or affect the calculation of net joint moments during gait analysis is unknown. The purpose of this study was: (1) to compare dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived anthropometric parameters to cadaver-based estimates in children, and (2) to determine if DXA-derived anthropometric data alter the results of gait analyses in children. Using DXA, the mass, center of mass location, and moment of inertia of the foot, shank, and thigh were obtained from 7 to 13 year-old children (n=50) and compared to cadaver-based estimates. Additionally, lower extremity net joint moments were calculated (inverse dynamics equations) for three children during gait using (a) DXA-derived, and (b) cadaver-based estimates of anthropometric parameters. Statistically significant differences were identified for most DXA-derived and cadaver-based anthropometric values. However, based on gait analysis of three children, it is likely that the differences between DXA-derived and cadaver-based anthropometric estimates would have a negligible effect on the calculation of net joint moments during gait in 7–13 year-old children.
THE DOSE‐RESPONSE RELATION FOR THE PHOTO‐REACTIVATION OF ULTRAVIOLET INACTIVATED STATIONARY PHASE TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS

— Some kinetics of photoreactivation of the lethal effect of u.v. light on Tetrahymena pyriformis have been determined. The dose-response relation appears to be first order (single-hit). First-order photoreactivation kinetics have been found in some other systems and are difficult to reconcile with current knowledge about other aspects of photoreactivation.
Non-commutative graded algebras and their Hilbert series

Abstract This paper begins to develop a theory of non-commutative graded algebras and their Hilbert series which parallels the extensive already existing theory on commutative graded algebras. We begin with a discussion of “order ideals of monomials,” which give us vector space bases for these algebras. We develop next the concept of “weak summand,” which is a special relationship a subalgebra may have to an algebra, and the concept of “strongly free sets.” Strongly free sets have many properties which are analogous to the properties of regular sequences in commutative algebras. We discuss “combinatorially free” sets, which are useful for constructing examples of many of the preceding ideas. We conclude with an application of our results to algebraic topology by showing that there is a finite CW-complex with only nine positive-dimensional cells whose loop space has an irrational Poincare series.