cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial Orientation in Special Populations: The Mentally Retarded, the Blind, and the Elderly

The populations described in the preceding three papers--the mentally retarded, the elderly, and the blind--are certainly far removed from the subjects generally chosen for cognitive mapping research. However, as Hans Furth’s description of cognitive development among deaf children aptly demonstrated (Furth, 1966), the study of atypical populations can often provide valuable insights into the nature of a phenomenon by indicating what factors are or are not necessary for its proper functioning. A second benefit stemming from research of the type just reported is of a more practical sort. It is quite possible that by identifying problems these three populations have with spatial orientation we will have gone half the distance toward determining workable solutions. Few would disagree that the quality of life for the blind, elderly, and mentally retarded would be vastly improved by their being better able to move confidently and independently through both familiar and unfamiliar environments.
The marginal cost of public funds of mineral and energy taxes in Peru

Abstract We estimate the Marginal Cost of Public Funds (MCPF) for Peru using a detailed computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Revenues from all major sources (including taxes on factors of production, natural resources such as energy and minerals, consumption, and imports) are examined. Our focus is on the efficiency implications of mineral and energy taxes, given their importance to Peruvian public finance. The primary data are from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) as modified to include detailed tax information from the Peruvian Ministry of Economy and Finance and the Peruvian Internal Revenue Service. Consistent with the theories of public finance, we find that the MCPF is greater for activities that face high or widely varying tax rates. The taxes on energy and mineral activities represent a clear illustration of this relationship. The results presented in this paper indicate opportunities to improved efficiency in the current tax mix, and also indicate the financing costs of proposed expenditures that would be funded with taxes on energy and natural resources.
The Enlargement of the European Union and NATO: Ordering from the Menu in Central Europe

Introduction: ordering from the menu in Central Europe 1. The new institutionalisms and theories of emulation 2. Emulation as rapid modernization: health care and consumer protection 3. Emulation under pressure: regional policy and agriculture 4. The struggle for civilian control 5. Military professionalization in war and peace 6. Using theory to illuminate the cases 7. Theoretical syntheses 8. Conclusions and extensions.
On-line SPC with consideration of learning curve

This work identifies a link between on-line statistical process control (SPC) and the learning effect for the process standard deviation (PSD) caused by the quality improvement (QI) program. The learning curve (LC) is used to describe and forecast, and the exponentially weighted root mean square control chart is used to monitor the progress in reducing PSD. A modification of the quality control chart (QCC) that considers LC of PSD is proposed. The reduction rate of PSD may be large during the initial stage of the QI program, and influences QCC construction. Simulation is used to compare the shift-detecting ability of the Shewhart-X@? control chart and EWMA-X@? control chart, without- and with- consideration of LC. The EWMA-X@? chart with consideration of LC performs best. In comparison, the Shewhart-X@? chart without LC consideration has almost no shift-detecting ability when the shift magnitude of the process mean is small, leading to rendering quality control ineffective.
A Staining Rack for Handling Cover-Glass Preparations

A porcelain staining rack (Fig. 1) has been devised for handling cover-glass preparations. The design is along the general lines of staining racks for slides commonly sold by commercial houses. It consists of three parallel rods—one at the bottom, two on the sides. These three rods are held together by two end pieces. Each of the rods has twelve slots, thus the rack holds twelve cover glasses. The slots have been arranged to hold the cover glasses some distance apart. Circular cover glasses having a diameter of 22 mm. are most desirable. Each of the two end pieces has a hole near the top for inserting one end of the wire tongs or handle (see Fig. 1) which is used for removing the rack from the stender dish. The staining rack is 40 mm. long and 35 mm. high and is designed, as shown in the figure, to fit the ordinary Stender dishes commonly used in many laboratories.
Effect of density and plant age on color phase variation and development of larval velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, were reared at different densities on ‘Davis’ soybean. The degree of dark pigmentation was found to be density dependent under field and laboratory conditions. No significant effect on the degree of dark pigmentation was observed when the soybean plant, ages R2–R4, R4–R6, and R6–R7, were tested under laboratory conditions. Larval development was delayed and 1-day-old adult weight decreased as the population density and plant age increased. The highest degree of dark pigmentation was expressed in the last instar when larvae were crowded throughout development.
Home gardens and the energy and nutrient intakes of women and preschoolers in rural Puerto Rico

The study investigated how the increased availability of self‐grown foods was related to the adequacy of the energy and nutrient intake of rural women and preschoolers in Puerto Rico. The 109 women included in the study were found to be most seriously deficient in iron and calcium, and tended to suffer from obesity. The 50 preschoolers demonstrated no serious chronic/acute undernutrition or growth retardation, and were most seriously deficient in iron and vitamin C. Results indicated that per capita food expenditures did not decrease with increased availability of self‐grown foods. Home gardens had the effect of increasing the total food supply of the household during certain seasons. Preschoolers appeared to benefit nutritionally more from horticultural production than adult women. With the exception of iron intake, more adequate energy and nutrient intakes of preschoolers were associated with the availability of different self‐grown foods. This was only true for the vitamin A intake of the women.
Effect of Late Pleistocene Karst Topography on Holocene Sedimentation and Biota, Lower Florida Keys

Detailed mapping of bedrock topography on Bahia Honda and Big Pine Keys has revealed a buried karst topography not previously documented in the lower Florida Keys. This topography, developed during lowered sea level of the Pleistocene, strongly controls Holocene sediment thickness and present biotic distribution. Circular to oval sinkholes, which are up to 75 m or more in diameter and over 4 m deep, are usually completely filled with peat and carbonate sediment. Sinkholes are well developed on both the Miami Limestone (oolitic facies) and the Key Largo Limestone (both late Pleistocene in age). Thick sediment in buried sinkholes in more than a few inches of water favors the growth of thick patches of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum). Shallower water and supratidally located sinkholes (that is, those partly or wholly surrounded by subaerially exposed bedrock) are generally marked by thick growths of either red or black mangroves (Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia nitida). These distinct, nearly circular vegetation patterns are extremely abundant in the study area, as shown by aerial photographs which suggest that Bahia Honda and Big Pine Keys are “riddled” with sinkholes.
Carbachol, but Not Norepinephrine, NMDA, lonomycin, Ouabain, or Phorbol Myristate Acetate, Increases Inositol 1,3,4,5‐Tetrakisphosphate Accumulation in Rat Brain Cortical Slices

Ionomycin, a Ca2+ ionophore, stimulated phosphoinositide breakdown in rat brain cortical slices incubated in the presence of 1.2 mM Ca2+, but, unlike muscarinic cholinergic stimulation, it had little effect on inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate accumulation. However, at 2 min, the increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate due to 10 microM ionomycin was equivalent to that seen with 1 mM carbachol. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or high K+ (30 mM) increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, but not inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate accumulation. The stimulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate accumulation due to ionomycin, unlike that seen with carbachol, was abolished in buffer containing 0.2 mM Ca2+. The increase in inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate accumulation in brain slices due to 1 mM carbachol ranged from 55 to 68% of that for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Norepinephrine, NMDA, veratridine, and ouabain also increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, but had minimal effects on inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate accumulation. These results suggest that there is something unique about the stimulation of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate accumulation by carbachol, which is also the only one of these agents that is able to activate phosphoinositidase C beta 1 in isolated rat brain membranes.
Treatment of Harlequin syndrome by costotransversectomy and sympathectomy: case report.

Background and importance Harlequin syndrome is a rare neurological condition involving various degrees of unilateral hyperhidrosis and erythema of the head and neck. We present a clinical presentation and description of curative therapy in a patient with a sudden onset of Harlequin syndrome following a thoracotomy. Clinical presentation A 42-year-old female with a history of mastectomy for right-sided breast cancer subsequently had a left partial pneumonectomy for a metastasis. Postoperatively, she had onset of contralateral neck and facial flushing and sweating. Flushing was triggered by emotion and exercise, but also occurred spontaneously at random intervals. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, cervical spine, and thoracic spine were negative for pathology. Because of the patient's surgical history and negative workup, she was given a diagnosis of Harlequin syndrome. Surgical intervention consisted of a partial right T3 costotransversectomy with T2 sympathectomy. Postoperatively, the patient's symptoms of Harlequin syndrome resolved. The procedure was complicated by T1 radicular pain, which responded well to Gabapentin. Conclusion The diagnosis of Harlequin syndrome is relatively new, and the majority of the scientific literature is concerned with descriptive case presentations. We present a surgical technique for the treatment of Harlequin syndrome.
Improving Student Discussions in Graduate and Undergraduate Courses: Transforming the Discussion Leader

Student discussions are a common teaching approach in graduate and advanced undergraduate courses because of their benefits to student learning, and to future professional development for natural resources professionals. However, traditional student-led discussions often are ineffective at meeting course and learning objectives and suffer from many common pitfalls, such as dominance by a few vocal students. I present the “student facilitator approach” to student-led discussions that changes the roles of all students in the discussion classroom, particularly the leader, and provides students clear guidelines about preparing for and participating in classroom discussions. A key feature of the approach is the replacement of the student discussion leader (who has control over both discussion content and process) with a student facilitator (who has control over only the discussion process). Using this approach, I found that students responded very positively, that it tended to encourage student participation, and that it created an environment where students took more ownership of the discussion.
Key Principles of Community-Based Natural Resource Management: A Synthesis and Interpretation of Identified Effective Approaches for Managing the Commons

This article examines recent research on approaches to community-based environmental and natural resource management and reviews the commonalities and differences between these interdisciplinary and multistakeholder initiatives. To identify the most effective characteristics of Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), I collected a multiplicity of perspectives from research teams and then grouped findings into a matrix of organizational principles and key characteristics. The matrix was initially vetted (or “field tested”) by applying numerous case studies that were previously submitted to the World Bank International Workshop on CBNRM. These practitioner case studies were then compared and contrasted with the findings of the research teams. It is hoped that the developed matrix may be useful to researchers in further focusing research, understanding core characteristics of effective and sustainable CBNRM, providing practitioners with a framework for developing new CBNRM initiatives for managing the commons, and providing a potential resource for academic institutions during their evaluation of their practitioner-focused environmental management and leadership curriculum.
Preferable Fullerenes and Clar-Sextet Cages

Abstract All 558 fullerenes satisfying the isolated-pentagon rule and having no more than 96 vertices are generated and analyzed. A novel subclass of cages of especially favored π-network “topology” is identified, given several structural characterizations, and all such cages of up to 120 vertices are generated and analyzed.
Unique contributions of meanings of smoking and outcome expectancies to understanding smoking initiation in middle school

Background: Previous research has shown that meanings of smoking are highly predictive of smoking in middle school children. Three factors of meanings of smoking have been suggested in the literature: personal meanings, functional meanings, and social meanings. These conceptually derived factors of meanings of smoking have not previously been empirically studied.Purpose: This study examined the factor structure of the Meanings of Smoking Index (MSI) to determine the unique contribution of meanings of smoking and positive outcome expectancies to smoking behavior in middle school children.Methods: A multiethnic sample of 2,247 eighth-grade students enrolled in 24 middle schools in greater Los Angeles completed a paper-and-pencil survey in class.Results: Four factors of the MSI emerged (functional, personal, social image, and weight concern). Positive outcome expectancies and each of the four factors of the MSI predicted lifetime smoking in a multivariate model.Conclusions: Meanings of smoking were empirically distinct from positive outcome expectancies. Adolescents who endorsed personal and functional meanings were more likely to smoke. Social image and weight concern meanings were negatively related to smoking after controlling for all other meanings. Meanings of smoking may prove to be important and modifiable mediators of smoking and therefore useful in future prevention studies.
The Toponymy of the Tonb islands

1. The name "Tonb" occurs in many forms, including "Tomb," "Tunb," "Tamb," "Tanb," and "Tumb." See, for example, respectively, J. G. Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf Oman, and Central Arabia (reprinted from an original in the India Office Library) (Farnborough: Gregg International/Irish University Press, 1970), 2:1908; K. Mitchell et al., eds., "Persian Gulf Islands," in Alvin J. Cottrell, ed., The Persian Gulf States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), Appendix D, 566; British Foreign Office Records [F.O.] 371/310 (1907), Persia 34/41755, no. 1: "Memorandum Respecting the Persian Gulf Islands of Abu Musa, Tamb, and Sirri," by Alwyn Parker, dated 17 December 1907 (hereafter Parker, "Memorandum"); Muhammad Morsy Abdullah, The United Arab Emirates (London: Croom Helm, 1978), 16; Duarte Barbosa, The Book of Duarte Barbosa (1518), trans. and ed. Mansel Longworth Dames (London: Hakluyt Society, 1918), 1:79-81. Once the vowels are factored out from these variants, the name is reduced to one of two series of consonants: tnb and tmb, both of which occur also in Persian usage. See, for example, Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, GozTdeh-ye asnad-e khaltj-e Firs (Tehran: Institute of Political and International Studies, 1989), 1:264 (doc. no. 82/1904 for tamb; 266, doc. no. 83/1905 for tomb; 268, doc. no. 84/1904 for tomb and tonb). Furthermore, the Persian orthography of the letter t as in Tonb has been at times with t or t, but for the most part with the former. See ibid., 272 (doc. no. 86/1904 for tonb and tonb, and title page to chapter 2 for tonb).
On the mechanism of α-chymotrypsin dimerization

Abstract The dimerization of α-chymotrypsin between pH 2.5 and 8 has been examined in terms of electrostatic interactions. In appears that the association involves the attraction between a pair of groups with p K values of 3.3 and 8.5 and the repulsion between a pair of carboxyls with p K 5.0.
A biomechanical comparison of multistrand flexor tendon repairs using an in situ testing model

An in situ testing model was used to evaluate the performance of zone II flexor tendon repairs and to compare the biomechanical properties of 4-strand repairs with 2- and 6-strand repairs. Fifty digits from human cadaveric hands were mounted in a custom apparatus for in situ tensile testing. Intratendinous metallic markers were placed so that gap formation could be determined by fluoroscopy during tensile testing. Three 4-strand repairs (the 4-strand Kessler, the cruciate, and a locked modification of the cruciate repair) were compared with the 2-strand Kessler and the 6-strand Savage repairs. Ultimate tensile strength, load at 2-, 3-, and 4-mm gap formation, and work of flexion were determined. Work of flexion, while increased for the multistrand repairs, did not show a statistically significant correlation with the number of strands crossing the repair site. The tensile strength of the 6-strand repair was significantly greater than each of the 2- or 4-strand repairs. The tensile strength of all 4-strand repairs was significantly greater than the 2-strand repair. The 6-strand repair and the 2 cruciate repairs demonstrated a statistically increased resistance to gap formation compared with the 2-strand Kessler repair, but notably there was no statistically significant difference in gap resistance between the 2and 4-strand Kessler repairs. This in situ tensiletesting protocol demonstrated that 4- and 6-strand repairs have adequate initial strength to withstand the projected forces of early active motion protocols. Three of the 4 multistrand repairs demonstrated improved gap resistance compared with the 2-strand repair. The presence of the second suture in the Kessler configuration significantly increases its strength but not its gap resistance.
Isothermal thickening and thinning processes in low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) fractions crystallized from the melt: 6. Configurational defects in molecules

Abstract Three two-arm poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) fractions were prepared via a coupling reaction. These PEOs possess the same number average molecular weight of 2220 g mol−1 for each arm and the coupling agents used are para-(1,4-), meta-(1,3-) and ortho-(1,2-) benzene dicarbonyl dichlorides. The configurations of these two-arm PEO molecules thus exhibit angles of 180, 120 and 60°, respectively, at the coupling agent. These coupling agents may substantially affect the overall molecular conformations (OMCs) in the crystals of the two-arm PEOs. Wide angle X-ray diffraction powder patterns indicate that these fractions have the same crystal structure regardless of the coupling agents (which act as defects) used, and therefore the defects must be excluded from the lamellar crystals. Differential scanning calorimetry results show that two populations of crystals exist when the samples are crystallized at relatively low undercoolings. This is particularly evident in the cases of 1,4- and 1,3-two-arm PEOs. Corresponding small angle X-ray scattering experiments show two different long periods in these fractions. Experimental results reveal the possibility that the crystals which correspond to the thinner long period possess an extended OMC in which one layer of defects exists between two neighboring lamellae. The crystals which exhibit the thicker long period possess a once-folded OMC, with two layers of defects lying between neighboring lamellae. During heating, the extended OMC crystals with the thinner long period melt at lower temperatures than the thicker, once-folded OMC crystals. Detailed studies on the efforts of these configurational defects on the lamellar crystal morphology and crystal stability are discussed in the main body of the article.
Molecular Excitations in Liquid Helium

CELL theories of liquid helium have been proposed by several investigators1. They distinguish successfully between the statistics of helium-3 and helium-4 but are unable to reconcile the measured energy gap with the distance of the observed nearest neighbour. Co-operative motion of the cells accounts without difficulty for the phonon spectrum, but the assumption of weak coupling between the diatomic rotors and the acoustical vibrations is inadequate. The analysis recorded here is a new attack on the nature of the excitations which account for the normal component.
A Comparison of Actuators for Vibration Control of the Planar Vibrations of a Flexible Cantilevered Beam

The methods and results of an analytical study comparing the effectiveness of four actuators in damping the vibrations of a planar clamped-free beam are presented. The actuators studied are two inertia-type actuators, the proof mass and reaction wheel, and two variable geometry trusses, the planar truss and the planar truss proof mass (a combination variable geometry truss/inertia-type actuator). Actuator parameters and loca tions used in the models were chosen based on the results of a parametric study. A full- state, LQR optimal feedback control law was used for control in each system. Numerical simulations of each beam/actuator system were performed in response to initial condition inputs. These simulations provided information such as time response of the closed-loop system and damping provided to the beam. This information can be used to determine the "best" actuator for a given purpose.
Detection of forest change in the Green Mountains of Vermont using Multispectral Scanner data

Abstract This study evaluates the potential of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data to monitor long term changes in high-elevation coniferous forests. August 1973 and 1984 MSS data from the Green Mountains of Vermont were used. Following co-registration and standardization of data sets, colour density slices of 0.75 μm and 0·95 μm band difference images were produced. False colour composites using either (a) the 1973 0·65 μm and 0·75 μm band in conjunction with the 0.75 μm band difference data set or (b) the 1973 0·65 μm and 0·95 μm band in conjunction with the 0.95 μm band difference data set, were also produced. These images indicated that major reflectance decreases occurred for the near-infrared bands between 1973 and 1984 for much of the high-elevation forests. This includes the west-facing slope of Camels Hump, an area for which long term records documenting decreases in basal area and inferred biomass are available. It is believed that the reflectance decreases noted for the high-elevation coni...
The relative importance of risk factors in nonmelanoma carcinoma.

• The relative importance of risk factors such as solar exposure, complexion, age, and the ability to tan were examined for their relationships to the development of basal and squamous cell carcinoma. Three samples were studied: patients with basal cell carcinoma (N = 366), patients with squamous cell carcinoma (N = 58), and control subjects (N = 294). The technique of logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk of each type of carcinoma. Solar exposure was the most important risk factor for both basal and squamous cell carcinoma; however, the ability to tan was shown to be of special importance even at low levels of exposure. Given the same level of cumulative lifetime solar exposure, subjects over 60 years of age were shown to be at higher risk for nonmelanoma carcinoma than those at younger ages. Complexion was only shown to be significant for basal cell carcinoma. ( Arch Dermatol 116:454-456, 1980)
Resident management of emergency department patients: is closer attending supervision needed?

Study objective: To determine the extent of supervision necessary for emergency medicine residents practicing in the emergency department. Setting: ED of a university-affiliated tertiary care facility with an annual census of 32,000 visits. Study population: All ED patients presenting during study hours during a four-month period. Design: A prospective study was conducted of changes made by emergency medicine attendings in the management of ED patients seen initially by second-year emergency medicine residents. Second-year emergency medicine residents presented all patients seen by them to a specified emergency medicine attending, who also interviewed and examined these patients. Initial patient care was designed by the resident and modified by the emergency medicine attending. Attending modification was recorded by the emergency medicine attending in the study log. Modifications of the residents' proposed care were designated as major (change resulted in an alteration in patient disposition, detection of unsuspected pathology, or marked revision of intended treatment); minor (change resulted in lesser modification of patient management); or no change. Results: Four hundred eight patient encounters were included in the study. Sixteen patients (4%) had major modifications of their care, 134 (33%) had minor modifications, and 258 (63%) had no change. Conclusion: Supervision is required for all patients managed by second-year emergency medicine residents, regardless of complaints. This evaluation should include a direct patient interview and examination by the emergency medicine attending and should not be limited to a case discussion or ED record cosignature.
Poverty Politics and Crime Control in Europe and America

The growth of prisons and jails over the last thirty years transformed the social experi- ence of American poverty. Penal confine- ment became commonplace for poor men of working age. Incarceration added to the unstable home life of poor children and their mothers, whose own imprisonment rates had also grown rapidly. LoicW acquant'sPrisons of Poverty (in part, first published in French in 1999) can be read as a forerunner to the author's trilo- gy, Urban Outcasts (2007), Punishing the Poor (2009), and Deadly Symbiosis (2009). Together, these works describe a new urban poverty embedded in the institutions of criminal punishment. In the main thesis of Prisons of Poverty, punitive crime policy joined with a stingy welfare state to propel neoliberal political projects in the United States and Europe. Though regularly trafficking in free market rhetoric, the neoliberal state assumed a muscular role in the lives of the inner-city poor through the agency of the police and penal institutions. In Wacquant's account, the punitive man- agement of urban poverty was set in motion in the late 1960s. Richard Nixon, in the pres- idential campaign of 1968, touted a law- and-order message that resonated with white voters discomfited by urban riots and Civil Rights protest. As the problem of urban dis- order was thrust into the political spotlight, penal policy experts—and their commitment to rehabilitation—were marginalized. The political and cultural backlash to the tumul- tuous 1960s ran headlong into the economic collapse of the ghetto. In describing how the jobless ghetto contributed to mass incarcera- tion, Wacquant (pp. 155-56) writes that,
Ω-Gorenstein Projective and Flat Covers and Ω-Gorenstein Injective Envelopes

Abstract In this paper, we show that if R is a local Cohen–Macaulay ring admitting a dualizing module Ω, then Ω-Gorenstein projective and flat covers and Ω-Gorenstein injective envelopes exist for certain modules. These results generalize the well known results for local Gorenstein rings.
Transcription of mouse Sp2 yields alternatively spliced and sub-genomic mRNAs in a tissue- and cell type-specific fashion

The Sp-family of transcription factors is comprised by nine members, Sp1-9, that share a highly conserved DNA-binding domain. Sp2 is a poorly characterized member of this transcription factor family that is widely expressed in murine and human cell lines yet exhibits little DNA-binding or trans-activation activity in these settings. As a prelude to the generation of a "knock-out" mouse strain, we isolated a mouse Sp2 cDNA and performed a detailed analysis of Sp2 transcription in embryonic and adult mouse tissues. We report that (1) the 5' untranslated region of Sp2 is subject to alternative splicing, (2) Sp2 transcription is regulated by at least two promoters that differ in their cell-type specificity, (3) one Sp2 promoter is highly active in nine mammalian cell lines and strains and is regulated by at least five discrete stimulatory and inhibitory elements, (4) a variety of sub-genomic messages are synthesized from the Sp2 locus in a tissue- and cell-type-specific fashion and these transcripts have the capacity to encode a novel partial-Sp2 protein, and (5) RNA in situ hybridization assays indicate that Sp2 is widely expressed during mouse embryogenesis, particularly in the embryonic brain, and robust Sp2 expression occurs in neurogenic regions of the post-natal and adult brain.
Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a common disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical risk factors can identify patients most likely to have osteoporosis. Patients who have decreased bone mass are candidates for calcium and vitamin D supplementation; those who have more severe bone loss should be screened for secondary causes and started on medical therapy. First-line therapy most often is a bisphosphonate. Estrogen reduces hip fractures in women. Recombinant parathyroid hormone is reserved for patients who have failed or are not candidates for bisphosphonate therapy. Follow-up dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry is reserved for when a change in bone mineral density will make a difference in therapy.
Negative Endor Study of the Collective Motion in TGS

Abstract An x-ray irradiated crystal of deuterated triglycine sulphate (DTGS) was studied with the use of negative ENDOR technique. When observed below T c = 332°K, the signal was found to split into a doublet. It was also found that the intensities of the doublet components were practically equal over the temperature range from 332°K to 175°K. Below 175°K, however, one of the components was found to be weak and broad compared with the other component. These results further supported the collective tunneling model which was proposed in a previous paper.
Current Understanding on Starch Granule Structures

Starch is synthesized in semi-crystalline granular structures. Starches of different botanical origins possess different granular sizes, morphology, polymorphism and enzyme digestibility. These characteristics are related to the chemical structures of the amylopectin and amylose and how they are arranged in the starch granule. In this paper, structures and locations of amylose and amylopectin molecules in the granule are reviewed. The branch structures of amylopectin molecules and their relationship with the polymorphism, structures, and morphology of the starch granules are discussed. Internal structures of starch granules revealed by confocal laser-scattering microscopy and by using a surface-gelatinization method are compared and their effects on surface pinholes and serpentine channels of the starch granules are discussed.
Sensitivity and specificity of dural sac and herniated disc dimensions in patients with low back-related leg pain.

Narrow spinal canals or herniated discs can be associated with leg pain. However, it is not known whether quantitative measurements of the spinal canal or herniated disc are sensitive and specific for low back-related leg pain. The size and cross-sectional area of the dural sac and any herniated discs were measured from magnetic resonance imaging examinations of 22 asymptomatic individuals and 44 patients with sciatica. The sensitivity and specificity of these measurements were determined. In this small population of patients, a dural sac anteroposterior (AP) diameter of 10.2 mm at the L3-4, L4-5, or L5-S1 vertebral levels was 74% sensitive and 74% specific for leg pain. Based on measurements in symptomatic patients, a herniated disc with an AP diameter of approximately 3 mm was over 95% sensitive and 95% specific. However, if the AP diameters of herniated discs in symptomatic patients were compared with similar measurements in asymptomatic controls, the most sensitive and specific threshold value was 6.8 mm. These findings must be confirmed in a larger population before they are applied clinically. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;12:439-443.
Anomalies in the Infrared Spectra of Mixed Carbonate Precipitates

When a mixture of cations in solution is precipitated by the addition of carbonate, the resulting mixed carbonate precipitate, when subjected to infrared examination, does not usually exhibit the individually characteristic absorption bands due to each of the carbonates constituting the mixture. Instead, various interesting anomalies such as blending of bands, shifting of positions, and changing of intensities are observed. Such anomalous behavior may hamper any qualitative or quantitative measurements on such samples. Representative spectra and possible explanations for some of these anomalies are presented.
Influence of DL-2-phenyl [6-ethoxybenzothiazolyl-(2)-thio] propionic acid (EMD 34853) on gallstone formation in hamsters*

Summary The effects of two levels (50 and 167 mg/kg) of a new hypocholesterolemic drug (EMD 34853) on gallstone formation in hamsters were investigated. Lithogenicity was inhibited by 28–45%. Levels of biliary lipids (cholesterol, phospholipid, bile acids) were reduced in the drug-treated animals.
PhD Forum: On the scalability of source routing architectures

Conventional wisdom says that a source-routed network architecture — that is, one in which packets carry explicit (partial) paths through the network, and nodes of the infrastructure simply forwards packets along those paths — is not scalable. Because of the significant benefits offered by such an architecture, its scalability merits a careful investigation. Using a combination of simulation and measurement, we propose to examine the limits of scalability of source routing architectures. We limit our focus to architectures that (i) separate routing from forwarding, (ii) separate routing from topology discovery, and (iii) use flat identifiers because these architectures are radically different than the current Internet architecture, whose scalability limits are known. We measure scalability along three dimensions: path discovery and computation; collection and maintenance of up-to-date topological information; and the latency cost of communicating with a path service.
Model protein surface domains for the investigation of metal ion-dependent macromolecular interactions and biospecific metal ion transfer*1

We describe the use of surface-immobilized transition metal ions not only as tools for the site-specific immobilization and purification of peptides and proteins but also as probes of altered macromolecular surface architecture. Although we present examples of the use of traditional immobilized chemical chelators (e.g., iminodiacetate) for these purposes, we also introduce methods for identifying and using natural metal-binding domains derived from protein surfaces to immobilize metal ions in a biospecific manner. Such model protein surfaces facilitate the investigation of the mechanisms by which metal ions influence the interaction of macromolecules. This approach, immobilized metal-binding domain recognition, depends on the proficient identification and characterization of individual protein surface metal-binding domains. To facilitate this process, we have developed the use of two different forms of soft ionization mass spectrometry to observe intact peptide-metal ion complexes; this enables the mass-dependent identification of specific metal-binding sequences. Model protein surfaces constructed thus far and found to exhibit metal ion-dependent macromolecular recognition specificity include (i) a series of immobilized peptides (GHHPH)nG, which define the surface metal-binding domain (G365-H389) of the human plasma metal ion transport protein known as histidine-rich glycoprotein; (ii) the immobilized dimerization domain (D473-L525) from the human estrogen receptor protein; (iii) the immobilized “zinc-finger” DNA-binding domain (K180-M250) of the human estrogen receptor; and (iv) the immobilized iron-binding domain (R1-K18) derived from the N-terminus of human β-casein. We discuss the investigation of metal ion-dependent interactions between macromolecules and the transfer of metal ions between macromolecules.
Environmental impact of military base closure in the United States: a case study on the closing of Fort Sheridan, Illinois

In 1991, the Fort Sheridan Army Garrison was slated for closure and remediation. This would have a significant economic and environmental impact on the region, particularly the three surrounding communities. Once the base closed, there would be about 700 acres of what are considered some of Illinois' most valuable real estate available for future use. This study identified the hazards, such as soil and groundwater contaminated with toxic or hazardous fuels, that were found as a result of the military activity; it analyzes the process by which the conflicting regulatory authorities assessed the facility. Particular emphasis focuses on how the Army communicated the risks found at the base to the three surrounding communities.
Hydrogen atom abstraction by methyl radicals in methanol glasses at 15–100 K: evidence for a limiting rate constant below 40 K by quantum-mechanical tunneling

Abstract Rate constants for hydrogen atom abstraction by methyl radicals in methanol glasses have been measured from 100 to 15 K. The Arrhenius plot is nonlinear and the reaction rate constant appears to reach a limiting value below 40 K. The results are discussed in terms of simple models for quantum-mechanical tunneling in the solid state at low temperatures. Assuming that the methyl group rotation in methanol brings about a merging of the energy level distribution at the potential barrier, the observation of temperature-independent rate constants below 40 K may be attributable to a freezing out of this rotation such that tunneling occurs only from the zero-point vibrational level.
Readability Levels of Individualized Family Service Plans

This descriptive study examined the readability levels of Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs). The readability of 85 de-identified IFSP documents developed by seven agencies that serve families and children enrolled in a county early intervention program was analyzed using Flesch Kincaid grade levels and Flesch reading ease scores. The average Flesch Kincaid grade level of the entire IFSP documents was 8.0, indicating that the text was written at the 8th grade reading level. The Flesch reading ease mean score for all of the IFSP documents was 58.6, indicating that the text was written at a moderate level of ease to read. The highest Flesch Kincaid grade level scores and lowest reading ease scores were found in sections that require descriptive documentation of IFSP activities and ideas, justification for services provided outside of the natural environment, the way in which outcomes would be met, and a description of the activities provided in the natural environment. The lowest Flesch Kincaid grade level and the highest reading ease level were found in the section involving gross motor development. There were no agencies that prepared IFSP documents at or below the recommended 5th grade reading level. The findings from this study indicated that on average the entire IFSP documents and most sections of the documents were written above a 5th grade reading level. Overall there were no agencies that wrote the IFSP documents at or below the recommended 5th grade reading level. Analysis of readability levels when preparing IFSP documents is recommended to optimize accessibility and usability.
Probability-based structural parameters from three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance images as predictors of trabecular bone strength.

The mechanical competence of trabecular bone is a function of its apparent density and three-dimensional (3D) distribution. Three-dimensional structure is typically inferred from histomorphometry and stereology on a limited number of two-dimensional anatomic sections. In this work 3D nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)images of anisotropic trabecular bone from the distal radius were analyzed in terms of a series of new structural parameters which are obtainable at relatively crude resolution, i.e., in the presence of substantial partial volume blurring. Unlike typical feature extraction techniques requiring image segmentation, the method relies on spatial autocorrelation analysis, which is based on the probability of finding bone at specified locations. The structural parameters were measured from high-resolution images ( 78×78×78 μ m 3 voxels) of 23 trabecular bone specimens from the distal radius. Maximum-likelihood bone volume fractions (BVF) were calculated for each voxel and a resolution achievable in vivo (156×156×391 μ m 3 voxels) was simulated by averaging BVF’s from neighboring voxels. The parameters derived from the low-resolution images were found to account for 91% of the variation in Young’s modulus. The results suggest that noninvasive assessment of the mechanical competence of trabecular bone in osteoporotic patients may be feasible.
Assessment of the mitral valve splitability score by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography

Abstract The mitral valve “splitability” score has been devised as a composite index of valve mobility, thickening, calcium deposits and subvalvular disease. 1 The score is useful for selecting patients for mitral balloon valvuloplasty, and correlates with the immediate and long-term response to this procedure.2,3 These patients are often studied using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to further evaluate the severity of mitral regurgitation and the presence of left atrial thrombi.4 The purpose of this study was to compare the results of the “splitability score” for transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and TEE.
Ultraviolet light absorbing pseudophakos

We evaluated a new compound of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) that effectively blocks radiation below 380 nm, while maintaining nearly ideal transmittance characteristics above this wavelength. Our in vitro studies demonstrated no toxicity from this compound. Comparisons in primate eyes showed the standard and ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing plastic to be equally well tolerated.
Bird abundance and species richness on Florida lakes: influence of trophic status, lake morphology, and aquatic macrophytes

Data from 46 Florida lakes were used to examine relationships between bird abundance (numbers and biomass) and species richness, and lake trophic status, lake morphology and aquatic macrophyte abundance. Average annual bird numbers ranged from 7 to 800 birds km−2 and bird biomass ranged from 1 to 465 kg km−2. Total species richness ranged from 1 to 30 species per lake. Annual average bird numbers and biomass were positively correlated to lake trophic status as assessed by total phosphorus (r = 0.61), total nitrogen (r = 0.60) and chlorophyll a (r = 0.56) concentrations. Species richness was positively correlated to lake area (r = 0.86) and trophic status (r = 0.64 for total phosphorus concentrations). The percentage of the total annual phosphorus load contributed to 14 Florida lakes by bird populations was low averaging 2.4%. Bird populations using Florida lakes, therefore, do not significantly impact the trophic status of the lakes under natural situations, but lake trophic status is a major factor influencing bird abundance and species richness on lakes. Bird abundance and species richness were not significantly correlated to other lake morphology or aquatic macrophyte parameters after the effects of lake area and trophic status were accounted for using stepwise multiple regression. The lack of significant relations between annual average bird abundance and species richness and macrophyte abundance seems to be related to changes in bird species composition. Bird abundance and species richness remain relatively stable as macrophyte abundance increases, but birds that use open-water habitats (e.g., double-crested cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus) are replaced by species that use macrophyte communities (e.g., ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris).
The Importance of Resource and Interpersonal Skills in the Hospitality Industry

This study examines the importance of resource and interpersonal skills the hospitality industry is looking for in college graduates. Hotel and lodging, foodservice, and travel and tourism professionals were asked to rank the importance of 10 resource and interpersonal skills identified by the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) in “The Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills” (SCANS; U.S. DOL, 1991). This study found that there was considerable consensus between the three hospitality segments and, as expected, there was an emphasis placed on interpersonal skills.
The Spectra of the Calcium I-Like Ions: Manganese VI, Iron VII, Cobalt VIII and Nickel IX

The spectra of four new ions have been added to the sequence of spectra isoelectronic with Ca I. A vacuum spark produced the radiation, which was analyzed in a vacuum spectrograph with a concave grating set for grazing incidence. The transitions observed were those between the ground configuration, $3{d}^{2}$, and the lowest configuration that combines with it, $3d4p$. Nearly all the levels to be expected in these configurations were found, for all four spectra. Almost all the allowed transitions among the observed levels were identified, as were several intercombinations and other forbidden lines. Slater's theory for the levels (neglecting fine-structure) in a configuration gives a good fit with the observed multiplets, especially in $3d4p$, which is remote from other odd configurations. In $3{d}^{2}$, $^{1}D_{2}$ is evidently perturbed by $3d4s$.
Thermal nanoimprint fabrication of chalcogenide glass waveguide resonators on nonconventional plastic substrates

We demonstrated thermal nanoimprint fabrication of photonic devices in chalcogenide glass films on both semiconductor and nonconventional plastic substrates. A high micro-ring intrinsic quality factor of 3 × 105 is achieved at 1550 nm wavelength.
Evaluation of a Short-Form of the Berg Card Sorting Test

The Psychology Experimental Building Language http://pebl.sourceforge.net/ Berg Card Sorting Test is an open-source neurobehavioral test. Participants (N = 207, ages 6 to 74) completed the Berg Card Sorting Test. Performance on the first 64 trials were isolated and compared to that on the full-length (128 trials) test. Strong correlations between the short and long forms (total errors: r = .87, perseverative response: r = .83, perseverative errors r = .77, categories completed r = .86) support the Berg Card Sorting Test-64 as an abbreviated alternative for the full-length executive function test.