cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noncontact True temperature measurement

A laser pyrometer has been developed for acquiring the true temperature of a levitated sample. The laser beam is first expanded to cover the entire cross-sectional surface of the target. For calibration of such a system, the reflectivity signal of an ideal 0.95cm diameter gold-coated sphere (reflectivity = .99) is used as the reference for any other real targets. The emissivity of the real target can then be calculated. The overall system constant is obtained by passively measuring the radiance of a blackbody furnace (emissivity = 1.0) at a known, arbitrary temperature. Since the photo sensor used is highly linear over the entire operating temperature range, the true temperature of the target can then be computed. Preliminary results indicate that true temperatures thus obtained are in excellent correlation with thermocouple measured temperatures.
Two-Component Approach Toward a Fully Substituted N-Fused Pyrrole Ring

An efficient two-component palladium-catalyzed arylation/cyclization cascade approach toward a variety of N-fused pyrroloheterocycles has been developed. This transformation proceeds via the palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with propargylic esters or ethers followed by the 5-endo-dig cyclization leading to highly functionalized pyrroloheterocycles in good to excellent yield.
A PHYSICALLY BASED METHOD FOR SCALING CEPHEID LIGHT CURVES FOR FUTURE DISTANCE DETERMINATIONS

We present a technique for decomposing Cepheid light curves into their fundamental constituent parts, that is, their radius and temperature variations. We demonstrate that any given pair of optical luminosity and color curves can be used to predict the shape, amplitude, and phase of a Cepheid's light variation at any other wavelength. With such predictions in hand, a single new observation at any given new wavelength can be used to normalize the properties of the predicted light curve, and in specific, derive a precise value of the time-averaged mean. We suggest that this method will be of great advantage in efficiently observing and precisely obtaining the mean properties of known Cepheids scheduled to be observed at new wavelengths, specifically in the mid-infrared where James Webb Space Telescope will be operating.
Self-assembled monolayers of bis-thioctic ester derivatives of oligoethyleneglycols: remarkable selectivity for K+/Na+ recognition

Bis-thioctic ester terminated derivatives of oligoethylene glycols form extremely stable self-assembled monlayers (SAMs) on gold electrodes and these can recognize K+ selectively over Na+, as measured by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy.
Fast causal multicast

We begin by outlining a new protocol that efficiently implements a reliable, causally ordered multicast primitive and is easily extended into a totally ordered one. Since measurements show that the dominant cost of this protocol is message transport, the design of a lower level multicast transport protocol is discussed. The overall scheme scales with bounded overhead. Our first conclusion is that systems such as Isis can achieve performance competitive with the best existing multicast facilities - a finding contradicting the widespread concern that fault-tolerance may be unacceptably costly. Our second conclusion is that the paradigm of multicast transport is extremely useful for constructing fault-tolerant applications. Our final conclusion is that the framework for fault-tolerant programming provided by Isis is very useful in the design and construction of these extensions to the basic system.
Experimental measurements of dynamic control surface effectiveness

This article reports on a low Reynolds number experimental study of the unsteady lift characteristics of an NACA 0009 airfoil pitched about its midchord, equipped with a 27% trailing-edge flap that could be independently deflected. The airfoil normal force, obtained from integrated surface pressure measurements, was captured during rapid, trailing-edge flap-only deflections; rapid, arbitrary, pitch-only excursions; and combined rapid pitch and flap-deflection motions. The measured aerodynamic response of the flapped airfoil to the various flap, airfoil, and airfoil flap combination motions was compared to theoretical and panel-code-computed aerodynamic-response predictions. These comparisons, and the results of flow visualization experiments, led to the observation that both the flap's effectiveness and the airfoil's lift-curve slope were higher during their motion than their steady-state values, and essentially matched their inviscid theoretical values.
Peak-to-peak control of an adaptive tensegrity space telescope

This paper proposes a new space telescope design in which the classical truss structure of the telescope is replaced by a tensegrity structure. A tensegrity structure is a prestressed structure whose structural shape is guaranteed by the interaction between elastic members in tension (tendons) and a set of rigid members (bars). A nonlinear dynamical model of a two stage tensegrity telescope is derived. Static analysis is performed for tensegrity telescopes composed of two stages. The performance specifications for the control system are formulated in terms of the peak value (L(infinity ) norm) of the pointing and alignment errors. The control system is designed to minimize a certain upper bound on this peak value subject to a peak value constraint on the external disturbances. Evaluations of the design are performed through numerical simulations of the closed loop system.
APPLICATIONS OF PROSTATE ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate is a relatively new diagnostic modality being used with increasing frequency in the assessment of prostatic disease. Applications include tumour staging, assisted biopsy and assessment of prostate size. The role of this study for the early detection of carcinoma of the prostate remains controversial and its role in this regard remains to be determined.
A Study of the Long-Term Stability of GRE General Test Scores.

Some applicants for admission to graduate programs present Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) General Test scores that are several years old. Due to different experiences over time, older GRE verbal, quantitative, and analytical scores may no longer accurately reflect the current capabilities of the applicants. To provide evidence regarding the long-term stability of GRE scores, test-retest correlations and average change (net gain) in test performance were analyzed for GRE General Test repeaters classified by time between test administrations in intervals ranging from less than 6 months to 10 years or more. Findings regarding average changes in verbal and quantitative test performance for long-term repeaters (with 5 years or more between tests), generally, and by graduate major area, sex, and ethnicity, appeared to be consistent with a differential growth hypothesis: Long-term repeaters generally, and in all of the subgroups, registered greater average (net) score gain on verbal tests than on quantitative tests and, for subgroups, the amount of gain tended to vary directly with initial means. A rationale is presented for a growth interpretation of the observed average gains in test performance. Implications for graduate school and GRE Program policies regarding the treatment of older test scores are considered.
Aerosol generation by raindrop impact on soil

Aerosols are investigated because of their significant impact on the environment and human health. To date, windblown dust and sea salt from sea spray through bursting bubbles have been considered the chief mechanisms of environmental aerosol dispersion. Here we investigate aerosol generation from droplets hitting wettable porous surfaces including various classifications of soil. We demonstrate that droplets can release aerosols when they influence porous surfaces, and these aerosols can deliver elements of the porous medium to the environment. Experiments on various porous media including soil and engineering materials reveal that knowledge of the surface properties and impact conditions can be used to predict when frenzied aerosol generation will occur. This study highlights new phenomena associated with droplets on porous media that could have implications for the investigation of aerosol generation in the environment.
Phase space transport in noisy Hamiltonian systems.

: This paper analyses the effect of low amplitude friction and noise in accelerating phase space transport in time-independent Hamiltonian systems that exhibit global stochasticy. Numerical experiments reveal that even very weak non-Hamiltonian perturbations can dramatically increase the rate at which an ensemble of orbits penetrates obstructions like cantori or Arnold Webs, thus accelerating the approach toward an invariant measure, i.e., a microcanonical population of the accessible phase space region. An investigation of first passage times through cantori leads to three conclusions, namely: (i) that, at least for white noise, the detailed form of the perturbation is unimportant, (ii) that the presence or absence of friction is largely irrelevant, and (iii) that, overall, the amplitude of the response to weak noise scales logarithmically in the amplitude of the noise.
Taking Clayton Homes Private

Warren Buffett took Clayton Homes, Inc., private in 2003 in what was called a “ballad-like” manner; however, the ballad quickly turned into controversy, making this acquisition one of Buffett’s toughest. The controversy predominantly centered on the deal’s price. As Buffett is a value investor, he invests in deals that present a margin of safety or discount from estimated value, and thus this controversy can be reframed for analytical purposes as an inquiry into the margin of safety, both in the context of this acquisition and conceptually. This article begins its own inquiry into this case by valuing Clayton Homes at the time of the deal using the modern Graham and Dodd approach. It then assesses the deal’s price and explains the fairness and sound economic logic of the margin of safety with respect to Clayton’s acquisition price as well as conceptually, which could prove useful to future private equity acquirers and targets alike.
A general theory for the flow of weakly ionized gases

A general theory is developed for the flow of a weakly ionized gas about an arbitrary solid body with absorbing surfaces The main interest lies in the prediction of the electrical responses of the body as a function of the pertinent properties of the flow The theory is based on continuum formulation, and is valid when 1) the mean-free-path of the charged particles is much smaller than the thickness of the sheath and 2) the debye length is much smaller than the thickness of the boundary layer adjacent to the body surface The entire range of flow velocity in terms of an electric Reynolds number R is investigated, but the detailed analysis is devoted to the case R ]^>1 It is found that the electrical disturbances can be divided into three physically distinct and mathematically uncoupled regions, namely the outer region, the ambipolar diffusion region, and the sheath region Closed-form analytical results are obtained for the floating potential and the current-voltage characteristic These are useful in the interpretations of Langmuir probe data Detailed structures of the solutions are given in terms of explicit universal functions
Nuclear shadowing at small values of x

The nuclear parton distributions are given in a model where the nucleus is viewed as a collection of uncorrelated nucleons. Using these distributions, we determine nuclear shadowing at small values of x. We find that the effect of nuclear shadowing goes away very slowly when Q2 increases. Our results are consistent with the experiment of Goodman et al. The amount of nuclear shadowing expected at higher energies is discussed.
Monetary Policy and Stable Indeterminacy with Inertia

Abstract We examine existence and stability under learning of sunspot equilibria in a New Keynesian model incorporating inertia. Indeterminacy remains prevalent, stable sunspots abound, and inertia in IS and aggregate supply (AS) relations do not significantly impact the policy region containing stable sunspots.
Bounce-averaged stability of compressional modes in geotail flux tubes

[1] The stability of low-frequency drift magnetosonic waves in the nightside magnetosphere between the outer ring current and the distant neutral line is investigated. As low-frequency Pi2 oscillations are seen before, during, and after substorm onset, these compressional waves are important for understanding the connection between the two substorm onset mechanisms of (1) the near geosynchronous orbit (NGO) mechanism and (2) the near-Earth neutral line (NENL) mechanism. It is found that there are two different regions of parameter space where drift-compressional modes can be unstable: (1) when pressure gradients become sufficiently steep to reverse the magnetic-guiding center drift and (2) when the temperature gradient is in the opposite direction to the density gradient. Nonlocal bounce-averaged eigenmode equations are solved with a simple analytic model of the magnetospheric magnetic field and with the Tsyganenko and Stern [1996] magnetic field model. Resulting growth rates, frequencies, and eigenmode structures are reported.
Magnesium-Mediated Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation in Aqueous Media: Barbier-Grignard Allylation and Pinacol Coupling of Aldehydes.

Magnesium-mediated Barbier−Grignard type alkylation of aldehydes with alkyl halides was studied in aqueous media. The reaction of aromatic aldehydes with allyl halides is highly effective with either THF or water as the reaction solvent but poor in a mixture of THF/water. It was found that the magnesium-mediated allylation of aldehydes with allyl bromide and iodide proceeds effectively in aqueous 0.1 N HCl or 0.1 N NH4Cl. Aromatic aldehydes reacted chemoselectively in the presence of aliphatic aldehydes. An exclusive selectivity was also observed when both aliphatic and aromatic aldehyde functionalities are present in the same molecule. In the absence of allyl halides, aldehydes and ketones reacted with magnesium in aqueous 0.1 N NH4Cl to form the corresponding pinacol coupling products in high yields. The effectiveness of the pinacol reaction was strongly influenced by the steric environment surrounding the carbonyl group. Aliphatic aldehydes and simple alkyl halides appear inert under the reaction condi...
Photon Storage Cavities

Abstract A general analysis is presented of a photon storage cavity, coupled to a free-electron laser (FEL) cavity. It is shown that if the coupling between the FEL cavity and the storage cavity is unidirectional (for example, a ring resonator storage cavity) then storage is possible, but that if the coupling is bidirectional then storage is not possible. Parameters are presented for an infrared FEL storage cavity giving an order of magnitude increase in the instantaneous photon power within the storage cavity.
Hash functions for priority queues

The complexity of priority queue operations is analyzed with respect to the cell probe computational model of A. Yao ( J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 28 , No. 3 (1981), 615–628). A method utilizing families of hash functions is developed which permits priority queue operations to be implemented in constant worst-case time provided that a size constraint is satisfied. The minimum necessary size of a family of hash functions for computing the rank function is estimated and contrasted with the minimum size required for perfect hashing.
A Survey of 557 GHz Water Vapor Emission in the NGC 1333 Molecular Cloud

Using NASA’s Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS), we have examined the production of water in quiescent and shocked molecular gas through a survey of the 556.936 GHz 110–101 transition of ortho-H2O in the NGC 1333 molecular core. These observations reveal broad emission lines associated with the IRAS 2, IRAS 4, IRAS 7, and HH 7–11 outflows. Toward three positions we detect narrow (Dv � 2–3 km s � 1 ) emission lines clearly associated with the ambient gas. The SWAS observations, with a resolution of � 4 0 , are supplemented with observations from the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and by an unbiased survey of a � 17 0 � 15 0 area, with � 50 00 resolution, in the low-J transitions of CO, 13 CO, C 18 O, N2H + ,C H 3OH, and SiO. Using these combined data sets, with consistent assumptions, we find beam-averaged ortho-H2O abundances of greater than 10 � 6 relative to H2 for all four outflows. A comparison of SWAS and ISO water data is consistent with nondissociative shock models, provided the majority of the ortho-H2 O( 1 10–101) emission arises from cool postshock material with enhanced abundances. In the ambient gas the ortho-H2O abundance is found to lie between 0:1 � 10 � 7 and 1 � 10 � 7 relative to H2 and is enhanced when compared to cold prestellar molecular cores. A comparison of the water emission with tracers of dense condensations and shock chemistry finds no clear correlation. However, the water emission appears to be associated with the presence of luminous external heating sources that power the reflection nebula and the photodissociation region (PDR). Simple PDR models are capable of reproducing the water and high-J 13 CO emission, suggesting that a PDR may account for the excitation of water in low-density undepleted gas, as suggested by Spaans & van Dishoeck. Subject headings: astrochemistry — ISM: individual (NGC 1333 Molecular Cloud) — ISM: jets and outflows — ISM: molecules — stars: formation — submillimeter
Heegaard Floer homology of some Mazur type manifolds

We show that an infinite family of contractible 4-manifolds have the same boundary as a special type of plumbing. Consequently their Ozsvath--Szabo invariants can be calculated algorithmically. We run this algorithm for the first few members of the family and list the resulting Heegaard--Floer homologies. We also show that the rank of the Heegaard--Floer homology can get arbitrary large values in this family by using its relation with the Casson invariant. For comparison, we list the ranks of Floer homologies of all the examples of Briekorn spheres that are known to bound contractible manifolds.
THE GLIA-NEURONAL INTERACTION: SOME OBSERVATIONS

UNTIL some 10 years ago, the functions performed by glial cells in the brain and peripheral nerves lay almost entirely in the realm of speculation. As an example, CAJAL, in an early paper entitled “Anatomical Mechanisms of Thought, Association and Attention”l attributed two different roles to the cortical glia, each dependent upon the motility of glial processes which his extensive microscopic examinations of stained material seemed to him to support. He supposed, on the one hand, that glial processes might insinuate themselves between pre- and post-synaptic elements and by impeding the flow of ‘nervous currents’ there produce mental relaxation and natural or induced sleep. Retraction of the neuroglial pseudopods would allow reestablishment of the synapse and “the brain would pass from the relaxed to the active stage.” These glial contractions, which might occur “automatically or by an act of will” in his scheme, could direct associative processes in specific directions. “The unpredictable turns that associations sometimes take-the fading away of ideas and words, the momentary halting of speech, the obsessive persistence of memory, the repression of an idea or experience as well as all types of erroneous motor reactions and other psychological phenomena can be understood . . . by supposing the neuroglia of the gray matter serve as an insulating and switching mechanism for nervous currents, permitting connections when they are active, and acting as insulators during repose.” His second hypothesis holds that when the perivascular astrocytes contracted, their endfeet attached to the walls of brain capillaries would pull on the wall of the vessel, enlarge its lumen, and thus increase local blood flow. To explain attention, he hypothesized that such contractions were voluntarily initiated in the cortical zone appropriate for the perceptions or recollections in order to produce and sustain the increased metabolism there. Apparently these ideas soon lost their appeal for CAJAL since he does not mention them in the two volumes on neuroanatomy that insure for him a permanent place in the history of science.2 Though SCHLEICH~ restates the glial switchboard idea in a fanciful way, neither of Cajal’s ideas seems to have received much currency nor, to my knowledge has either of them been directly tested experimentally. This despite Cajal’s statement about them at the end of his paper: “Needless to point out, a hypothesis represents a new path, opened up by experiments and observations, and even if it does not immediately reveal the truth, it
An Energy Balanced dynamic Topology Control algorithm for improved network lifetime

In wireless sensor networks, a few sensor nodes end up being vulnerable to potentially rapid depletion of the battery reserves due to either their central location or just the traffic patterns generated by the application. Traditional energy management strategies, such as those which use topology control algorithms, reduce the energy consumed at each node to the minimum necessary. In this paper, we use a different approach that balances the energy consumption at each of the nodes, thus increasing the functional lifetime of the network. We propose a new distributed dynamic topology control algorithm called Energy Balanced Topology Control (EBTC) which considers the actual energy consumed for each transmission and reception to achieve the goal of an increased functional lifetime. We analyze the algorithm's computational and communication complexity and show that it is equivalent or lower in complexity to other dynamic topology control algorithms. Using an empirical model of energy consumption, we show that the EBTC algorithm increases the lifetime of a wireless sensor network by over 40% compared to the best of previously known algorithms.
Superconductivity: from Electron Interaction to Nuclear Superfluidity

I present an expanded version of a talk given at the Urbana symposium that celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the microscopic theory of superconductivity by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer — BCS. I recall at some length, the work with my Ph.D. mentor, David Bohm, and my postdoctoral mentor, John Bardeen, on electron interaction in metals during the period 1948–55 that helped pave the way for BCS, describe the immediate impact of BCS on a small segment of the Princeton physics community in the early spring of 1957, and discuss the extent to which the Bardeen–Pines–Frohlich effective electron-electron interaction provided a criterion for superconductivity in the periodic system. I describe my lectures on BCS at Niels Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics in June 1957 that led to the proposal of nuclear superfluidity, discuss nuclear and cosmic superfluids briefly, and close with a tribute to John Bardeen, whose birth centennial we celebrated in 2008, and who was my mentor, close colleague, and dear friend.
Synthesis of spirofluorenes of biological interest.

1′-Substituted spiro[fluorene-9,3′-pyrrolidine-2′,5′-diones], 1′,1′′′ - (1,4-piperazinediyldimethylene)bis[spiro[fluorene-9,3′-pyrrolidine-2′,5′-dione]], and l′-arylspiro[fluorene-9,3′-pyrrolidines]w ere synthesized from spiro[fluorene-9,3′-tetrahydrofuran-2′,5′-dione]. The rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay showed that one compound possessed slight antiallergic activity. Synthesis of 3-substituted 1-aryl-4-oxospiro[azetidine-2,9′-fluorenesa]n d 1,1′′-p-phenylenebis[4-0 - 0-spiro[azetidine-2,9′-fluorenes]] was achieved via the reaction of appropriate N-fluorenylideneanilines with tert-butylcyanoketene and cyclopentamethyleneketene, respectively.
Testing hypotheses about interaction terms in nonlinear models

Abstract We examine the interaction effect in nonlinear models discussed by Ai and Norton (2003). Tests about partial effects and interaction terms are not necessarily informative in the context of the model. We suggest ways to examine the effects that do not involve statistical testing.
A virtual theory of global politics, mimetic war, and the spectral state

Some might invoke globalization and the attendant death of sovereignty as the first step toward more peaceful forms of governance. I would not. I think Friedrich Nietzsche, seeing the coachman beat his horse at the Piazza Carlo Alberto, embraced the dying beast out of not madness but clairvoyance. He understood, probably better than any other philosopher, how the effects of the near-dead play on the not-yet-alive. Faced by the uncertainties of life, we seek security from the dead, incurring debts that can never be repaid:
Optimal management of renewable resources with growing demand and stock externalities

Abstract In an equilibrium framework, optimal management of renewable resources in the presence of growing demand or externalities leads to steady states that differ from those characterized by rate of interest equals rate of change in growth plus rate of change in prices. Measures to reach an optimum with externalities other than direct controls are found to be critically mediated by the costs of harvesting.
Active phase compensation system for fiber optic holography

Fiber optic delivery systems promise to extend the application of holography to severe environments by simplifying test configurations and permitting the laser to be remotely placed in a more benign location. However, the introduction of optical fiber leads to phase stability problems. Environmental effects cause the pathlengths of the fibers to change randomly, preventing the formation of stationary interference patterns which are required for holography. An active phase control system has been designed and used with an all-fiber optical system to stabilize the phase difference between light emitted from two fibers, and to step the phase difference by 90 deg without applying any constraints on the placement of the fibers. The accuracy of the phase steps is shown to be better than 0.02 deg., and a stable phase difference can be maintained for 30 min. This system can be applied to both conventional and electro-optic holography, as well as to any system where the maintenance of an accurate phase difference between two coherent beams is required.
Water Budget on Various Land Use Areas Using NARR Reanalysis Data in Florida

1992 to 2002 data from North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) were used to investigate water budget on five land use areas: urban, forest, agriculture, lake, and wetland in the state of Florida, USA. The data were evaluated based on the anomalies of rainfall, evaporation, and soil moisture from the average condition. The anomalies were used to investigate the effect of extreme conditions on water budget parameters for various land uses in both northeast and south of Florida. The results showed that extreme events such as La Nina strongly affected the water budget on land-use areas in both regions as the negative monthly rainfall anomalies were observed during the 1999-2000 event, while EI Nino and thunderstorms in summer caused positive rainfall anomalies with more than 70% in all study areas. Higher rainfall led to higher soil moisture anomalies for the agriculture, forest, and wetland from 1992 to May 1998 in both study regions. However, soil moisture becomes primary source for evaporation in drier conditions, and differences in capacity of plants access water, often dictated by the rooting depth, can result in contrasting evaporative losses across vegetation types. Hence, the forest, which had the deeper roots, had lower soil moisture anomalies, but higher evaporation anomalies than agriculture area during the drought event.
A novel full-bridge DC-DC converter for battery charging using secondary-side control combines soft switching over the full load range and low magnetics requirement

A novel full-bridge DC-DC configuration with a tapped transformer and secondary side control is proposed. It achieves zero-voltage switching for the primary side switches and zero-current switching for the secondary side switches, under all operating conditions. The conduction losses are significantly lower than those in the conventional soft-switching DC-DC converters. Due to superior filter waveforms, the filter requirements, both at the input and at the output, are significantly reduced. The features of the proposed converter are compared with those for the conventional phase-modulated full-bridge DC-DC converters. The proposed configuration is ideally suited for the AC-DC stage of high-power battery-charging applications with a power-factor-corrected preregulator. Analytical and experimental results on a 500 W/100 kHz prototype are presented.
Value intensity of water used for electrical energy generation in the Western U.S.; An application of embedded resource accounting

This study evaluates the water intensity of thermoelectric power plants in the eleven Western states included within the Western Electricity Coordinating Council region. Water intensities are combined with retail electricity sales using an embedded resource accounting framework to estimate a value intensity of water embedded in electrical energy production and trade in the Western U.S. States with lower water intensities and higher retail electricity prices tend to be net importers of electricity and have the highest value intensities. A 35% increase in the value intensity of water embedded in electricity traded in export was shown to have occurred relative to electricity produced for in-state use. This increase in the value intensity of embedded water suggests that embedded water in the electricity trade has already emerged as a substitute for direct trade in water resources, and that this trade is organized in a manner that appears to benefit both importing and exporting parties.
Cellular instabilities of expanding hydrogen/propane spherical flames at elevated pressures: theory and experiment

Abstract An experimental and theoretical investigation of the onset of cellular instabilities on spherically expanding flames in mixtures of hydrogen and propane in air at elevated pressures was conducted. Critical conditions for the onset of instability were measured and mapped out over a range of pressures and mixture compositions. An asymptotic theory of hydrodynamic and diffusional-thermal cell development on flames in mixtures comprised of two scarce fuels burning in air was also formulated. Predicted values of Peclet number, defined as the flame radius at the onset of instability normalized by the flame thickness, were shown to compare favorably with the experimentally measured values.
A theory for program and data type specification

Abstract The theory presented here, IOCC (Impredicative theory of Operations, Control and Classes) is an essentially first-order, two-layered theory. The lower layer is a theory of program equivalence and definedness. Program primitives that can be treated within this theory include functional application and abstraction, conditional, numbers, pairing, and continuation capture and resumption. The upper layer is a theory of class membership with a general comprehension principle for defining classes. Many standard class constructions and data types can be represented naturally including algebraic abstract data types, list-, record-, and function-type constructions. In addition classes can be constructed satisfying systems of equations such as[S = A×G; G = B → S] which are useful in treating programming concepts such as streams and object behaviors. Coroutines can also be classified within this theory. Examples are given illustrating the derivation of programs using escape mechanisms, and methods for reasoning about streams and coroutines. Methods are given for constructing models of IOCC from semantic models of the underlying programming language.
Coloring intersection graphs of x-monotone curves in the plane

A class of graphs G is ?-bounded if the chromatic number of the graphs in G is bounded by some function of their clique number. We show that the class of intersection graphs of simple families of x-monotone curves in the plane intersecting a vertical line is ?-bounded. As a corollary, we show that the class of intersection graphs of rays in the plane is ?-bounded, and the class of intersection graphs of unit segments in the plane is ?-bounded.
A CO (J=3-2) Outflow Survey of the Elias 29 Region

We present a 5' × 5' integrated intensity map of 12CO (J = 3-2) emission from the ρ Ophiuchi cloud core that traces low-luminosity outflow emission from two protostars: Elias 29 and, most likely, LFAM 26. The morphology of the outflow from Elias 29 is bipolar and has a curved axis that traces the S-shaped symmetry seen in H2 emission. The outflow from LFAM 26 is a new detection and oriented in the east-west direction near the plane of the sky with most of the blueshifted emission being absorbed by intervening clouds. The outflow axis of this object also appears to intersect a knot of H2 emission previously attributed to Elias 29. LFAM 26 is a low-luminosity source (Lbol = 0.06 L☉), which, in combination with the observed outflow, makes it a candidate very low luminosity object (VeLLO). We derive lower limits to the gas column densities and energetics for both outflows. The mechanical luminosities for Elias 29 and LFAM 26 are 6.4 and 10.3 × 10-3 L☉, respectively.
Test scores, educational opportunities, and individual choice

Abstract A model combining student preferences for college with university admissions decisions is estimated to provide information on the role of test scores in the determination of post-secondary educational opportunities in the U.S. In contrast to implications of much of the recent criticism of tests and their use, we find that scholastic aptitude test scores are more strongly related to student application and choice of college ‘quality’ than to college admissions decisions. In addition, although there is a substantial correlation between test scores and high school performance, we find that both post-secondary school preferences and ultimate opportunities are related as much to performance in high school as to test scores themselves. Although SAT scores certainly exclude some persons from schools, our findings indicate that they do not represent an overriding constraint on the college opportunities of high school graduates.
Isometries of Elliptic 3-Manifolds

The closed 3-manifolds of constant positive curvature were classified long ago by Seifert and Threlfall. Using well-known information about the orthogonal group O(4), we calculate their full isometry groups Isom(M), determine which elliptic 3-manifolds admit Seifert fiberings that are invariant under all isometries, and verify that the inclusion of Isom(M) to Diff(M) is a bijection on path components.
Regio- and stereoselective copper-catalyzed β-borylation of allenoates by a preactivated diboron.

A mild and efficient copper-catalyzed borylation of electron deficient allenoates using an sp2–sp3 mixed hybridized diboron regioselectively installs a boron moiety on the β-position with exclusive (Z)-double bond geometry.
Hydrogen‐Implanted Silicon Nitride

Chemical bonding changes and electrical effects of hydrogen implantation into silicon nitride have been investigated. Silicon nitride films were prepared by chemical vapor deposition from the decomposition products of NH/sub 3/ and SiH/sub 4/ gases onto silicon substrates at 850/degree/C. Implantation of either hydrogen or deuterium causes Si-H bond formation by transfering deposition-incorporated hydrogen from nitrogen to silicon bonds. The implanted hydrogen isotope, however, bonds predominantly on nitrogen. Displacement damage, which causes the N-H band to broaden and shift to lower frequencies, is reduced by annealing at 500/degree/C, and a loss of both N-H and Si-H bonds occurs when implanted films are annealed at temperatures >500/degree/C. The observed electrical effects of hydrogen implantation of silicon nitride followed by annealing at 500/degree/C are increased equilibrium positive charge, decreased charge transport, and enhanced charge trapping and retention. 23 refs.
Habitus as Topic and Tool: Reflections on Becoming a Prizefighter

This article recounts how I took up the ethnographic craft; stumbled upon the Chicago boxing gym that is the central scene and character of my field study of prizefighting in the black American ghetto; and designed the book Body and Soul so as to both deploy methodologically and elaborate empirically Pierre Bourdieu's signal concept of habitus. Habitus is the topic of investigation: the book dissects the forging of the corporeal and mental dispositions that make up the competent pugilist in the crucible of the gym. It is also the tool of investigation: the practical acquisition of those dispositions by the analyst serves as technical vehicle for better penetrating their social production and assembly. The apprenticeship of the sociologist is a methodological mirror of the apprenticeship undergone by the empirical subjects of the study; the former is mined to dig deeper into the latter and unearth its inner logic and subterranean properties; and both in turn test the robustness and fruitfulness of habitus ...
QCD Thermodynamics on lattice

I discuss recent developments in lattice QCD thermodynamics on the nature of the transition at finite temperature and density, equation of state, screening of static charges and meson spectral functions at high temperatures.
Hydrocracking of n-butane and n-heptane over a sulfided nickel erionite catalyst

Abstract A sulfided Ni/H-erionite catalyst was prepared from the natural mineral, and its catalytic characteristics for hydrocracking n-alkanes were studied. Because of its shape selectivity toward straight chain hydrocarbons, branched products were largely absent and the major cracked product was propane. The observed product distribution could not be explained by simple primary cracking of the feed molecule or by secondary cracking or recombination of the primary products. It is proposed that the feed molecule participated in a set of reactions, including hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogen transfer, oligomerization and cracking. These reactions are also needed to explain the yield of less than two moles of product from each mole of feed converted. A set of six first order differential equations representing the proposed molecular transformations is shown to fit the product distribution data for n-butane very well. A fit of the n-heptane data was not attempted; however, it is proposed that the mechanism is analogous to that proposed for n-butane. The rate of cracking of n-butane is first order in n-butane concentration, while the rate of n-heptane cracking appeared to follow half order kinetics. For n-butane cracking, the apparent activation energy of all the important reactions are roughly equal, resulting in a product distribution which is nearly independent of temperature. For n-heptane, a larger difference between the apparent activation energy of n-heptane cracking and secondary cracking of its primary products, lead to a temperature dependence in product selectivity.
Greedy learning of Markov network structure

Markov Random Fields (MRFs), a.k.a. Graphical Models, serve as popular models for networks in the social and biological sciences, as well as communications and signal processing. A central problem is one of structure learning or model selection: given samples from the MRF, determine the graph structure of the underlying distribution. When the MRF is not Gaussian (e.g. the Ising model) and contains cycles, structure learning is known to be NP hard even with infinite samples. Existing approaches typically focus either on specific parametric classes of models, or on the sub-class of graphs with bounded degree; the complexity of many of these methods grows quickly in the degree bound. We develop a simple new ‘greedy’ algorithm for learning the structure of graphical models of discrete random variables. It learns the Markov neighborhood of a node by sequentially adding to it the node that produces the highest reduction in conditional entropy. We provide a general sufficient condition for exact structure recovery (under conditions on the degree/girth/correlation decay), and study its sample and computational complexity. We then consider its implications for the Ising model, for which we establish a self-contained condition for exact structure recovery.
A continuum theory of degrading elastic solids with application to stress corrosion

Abstract A mechanical constitutive relationship is developed for a material-corrodant system that includes the effects of corrosion, stress corrosion, and fatigue corrosion. The constitutive theory is based on observed macroscopic material behavior and the principles of continuum mechanics. The development is for a fixed material-corrodant system and for arbitrary stress, temperature, and corrodant concentration histories. The framework of the theory is that of aging materials; however, the real time is replaced by an intrinsic material time coordinate that depends on the relevant constitutive parameters.
Diffusion of light interstitials through nonuniformly distributed traps

A theoretical study has been made of the effect of nonuniformly distributed saturable and nonsaturable (void) traps on the permeation behavior of a mobile interstitial through a metal. Analytic time lag equations for trap distributions represented by a step function, an error function and a thin film solution have been derived using Frisch's method. Time lags for nonuniform distributions of traps were also evaluated numerically. Consistent results were obtained from time lag and transient calculations. Permeation transient and time lag were found to depend strongly on the average trap density of a distribution. At constant average trap density, the delaying effect of a nonuniform trap distribution can be larger or smaller than that of a uniform distribution. Traps concentrated near the exit surface in general are more effective in delaying the overall transport behavior than near the input surface. Asymmetric behavior was observed in both the transient and the time lag calculations, which can be used to detect the nonuniformity of the trap distribution. An analog between diffusion through nonuniformly distributed traps and diffusion through a laminate was examined.
Bayes p-values

Abstract The form of a Bayes p-value is given when the loss function in a testing problem with a point null is an increasing function of the p-value. A complete class result and an essentially complete class result are given.
Berry-like phases in structured atoms and molecules

Quantum mechanical phases arising from a periodically varying Hamiltonian are considered. These phases are derived from the eigenvalues of a stationary, 'dressed' Hamiltonian that is able to treat internal atomic or molecular structure in addition to the time variation. In the limit of an adiabatic time variation, the usual Berry phase is recovered. For more rapid variation, nonadiabatic corrections to the Berry phase are recovered in perturbation theory, and their explicit dependence on internal structure emerges. Simple demonstrations of this formalism are given, to particles containing interacting spins, and to molecules in electric fields.
Information in Equity Markets with Ambiguity-Averse Investors

This paper shows that persistent mispricing is consistent with a market that includes ambiguity-averse investors. In particular, ambiguity-averse investors may prefer to trade based on aggregate signals that reduce ambiguity at the cost of a loss in information. Equilibrium prices may therefore fail to impound publicly available information. While this creates profit opportunities for ambiguity-neutral investors, ambiguity-averse investors perceive that the benefit of ambiguity reduction outweighs the cost of trading against investors who have superior information. The model can explain both underreaction, such as that evident in postearnings announcement drifts and momentum, and overreaction to accounting accruals. The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Prebiotic Homochirality as a Critical Phenomenon

The development of prebiotic homochirality on early-Earth or another planetary platform may be viewed as a critical phenomenon. It is shown, in the context of spatio-temporal polymerization reaction networks, that environmental effects - be them temperature surges or other external disruptions - may destroy any net chirality previously produced. In order to understand the emergence of prebiotic homochirality it is important to model the coupling of polymerization reaction networks to different planetary environments.
A Cluster Bootstrap for Two-Loop MHV Amplitudes

We apply a bootstrap procedure to two-loop MHV amplitudes in planar $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ super-Yang-Mills theory. We argue that the mathematically most complicated part (the Λ2 B 2 coproduct component) of the n-particle amplitude is uniquely determined by a simple cluster algebra property together with a few physical constraints (dihedral symmetry, analytic structure, supersymmetry, and well-defined collinear limits). We present a concise, closed-form expression which manifests these properties for all n.
Verifiable secure operating system software

While the desire for reliable security in multiuser computer systems has grown significantly, the computing community's knowledge of how to provide the requisite protection is still inadequate. Security is a "weak link" phenomenon; one link whose condition is unsatisfactory is the operating system software. It has often been pointed out that currently "no protection system implementation of any major multiuser computer system is known to have withstood serious attempts at circumvention by determined and skilled users." The community is replete with apocryphal claims of secure systems that inevitably have failed.
The hodge de rham theory of relative malcev completion

Abstract Suppose that X is a smooth manifold and ρ : π1(X,x) → S is a representation of the fundamental group of X into a real reductive group with Zariski dense image. To such data one can associate the Malcev completion G of π1(X,x) relative to ρ. In this paper we generalize Chen's iterated integrals and show that the Ho of a suitable complex of these iterated integrals is the coordinate ring of G . This is used to show that if X is a complex algebraic manifold and ρ is the monodromy representation of a variation of Hodge structure over X, then the coordinate ring of G has a canonical mixed Hodge structure.
A Demonstration of Light Guides for Light Detection in Liquid Argon TPCs

Abstract Liquid Argon (LAr) Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) are a developing technology that is becoming a popular choice for neutrino and dark matter experiments due to the low cost of the LAr as a target material and the high signal effciency and background rejection that these detectors can achieve. When excited by a passing charged particle created in a neutrino interaction, argon produces scintillation light at 128 nm. Several types of systems exist for detecting this light. Most involve shifting the wavelength of the light using Tetraphenyl Butadiene (TPB), resulting in visible light which is detected by a PMT.I will discuss our work on a new system under development for light detection in LAr which uses acrylic lightguides. The lightguides are coated with a thin ﬁlm consisting of TPB embedded in polystyrene. This system could provide a solution to some of the issues associated with scaling existing systems for a larger future LAr detector. Though we are only in the preliminary stages of this R&D, we have shown that the results are already suffcient for triggering.