cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cervical–petrous internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm presenting with otorrhagia treated with endovascular techniques

Cervical–petrous internal carotid artery (CP-ICA) pseudoaneurysms are rare and have different etiologies, presentations, and treatment options. A middle-aged patient with a history of chronic otitis media presented with acute otorrhagia and was found to have a left-sided CP-ICA pseudoaneurysm. The patient was a poor surgical candidate with difficult arterial access. The pseudoaneurysm was treated with stand-alone coiling via a left brachial approach with persistent contrast filling seen only in the aneurysm neck at the end of the procedure. The patient re-presented 12 days later with repeat hemorrhage and rapid enlargement of the neck remnant, and was treated with a covered stent via a transcervical common carotid artery cut-down. A covered stent may provide a more definitive treatment for CP-ICA pseudoaneurysms compared with standalone coiling.
Dens invaginatus of the mandibular first molars in a dog.

A 6-year-old dog was presented for draining tracts associated with both mandibular first molar teeth. Radiographs of the affected teeth showed periapical bone lysis. Surgical tooth extractions were...
Inference of network delays for SUPL 3.0-based assisted GNSS

The concept of assisted global positioning system (A-GPS) has successfully facilitated receiver operations in signal-challenged environments and enhanced GPS receiver performance in terms of time-to-first-fix. A-GPS provides known coarse position, time references, satellite navigation parameters, and other supporting data from alternative sources using terrestrial networks. Other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as the European Galileo, the Russian GLONASS, the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System, and Chinese BeiDou, are currently experiencing an evolution that will increase the number of visible satellites, receiver sensitivity, and positioning geometries. At the same time, assistance operation for GPS should be extended to support all available satellite constellations in an A-GNSS setting. Terrestrial channels for A-GNSS deliver random timing delays, which may impact time-sensitive GNSS performance and operations. We provide a methodology for A-GNSS network delay modeling that is applicable to various simulation environments. We first describe a testbed for delay measurements in communication networks supporting A-GNSS operation for both US GPS and Russian GLONASS systems, which employs standardized Secure User Plane Location 3.0 in two modes, Mobile Station-based (MS-based) and MS-assisted, for assistance communications. We also present a statistical modeling approach and propose an A-GNSS network delay channel model (AGNDCM), which characterizes delays through a statistical mixture distribution representation, for A-GNSS-enabled devices. Using several metrics, we show that the AGNDCM significantly outperforms conventional delay modeling techniques. Representative A-GNSS network delays are collected for various communication environments, including LAN, WLAN, third-generation mobile telecommunication, and fourth-generation long-term evolution. The AGNDCM will provide developers with the accurate network delay models required to realistically simulate the impact of delays to A-GNSS receiver performance.
Sediment Dynamics in the Upper and Lower Bays of New York Harbor

ABSTRACT Coch, N.K., 2016. Sediment dynamics in the Upper and Lower Bays of New York Harbor. A long-term geologic and oceanographic study has provided the first holistic picture of sediment dynamics in the estuaries of SW New York state. Oceanographic data indicates that the east (Brooklyn) part of the Upper Bay is flood dominant, while the western (Staten Island) side is ebb-dominant. Bedform analysis indicates a net northerly (flood) orientation on the eastern side of the Lower Bay. The west side, in contrast, has fine sediment similar to that supplied by the Hudson River to the Upper Bay. The numerous sand borrow pits on the nearshore shelf also reflect a difference in net flow. The eastern pits are filled with shelf sands while the western ones are filled with mixtures of fine Hudson derived sediments and shelf sands. These patterns suggest flood dominant transport of shelf sands from the Lower Bay into the Upper Bay and ebb dominant supply of Hudson-derived fine material into the Lower Bay on the wes...
Examples of Innovation by Surgeons: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy and Its Ethical Implications

The development of the first percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in 1979 at Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital in Cleveland “was the result of need, vision, and ingenuity” [1]. It involved teamwork, pragmatism, and trust, but no university or industry sponsor, no mechanical testing or preclinical study, and no randomized clinical trial. “Such a progression would be unlikely to occur today” [1]. In spite of its humble beginnings, PEG has become one of the most common endoscopic procedures performed today. With the widespread adoption of the innovation though have come a host of ethical considerations. Indications for PEG placement vary and at times overlap with clinical ethical dilemmas. There should be strong consideration of the true benefit of this procedure and its overall impact on the quality of life and prognosis of the patient. The aim of this chapter is to examine the current indications for PEG placement and the related ethical implications.
The Effects of Salt Iodization on Normal Thyroid Physiology and Graves’ Disease in India

This chapter discusses the effect of iodization on normal thyroid physiology and hyperthyroidism over the period of time during which salt iodization was introduced in India. Since the introduction of salt iodization, the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders has decreased significantly. The increase in urine iodine levels by about three–five-fold has been accompanied by a decrease in the rate of goiter by as much as fivefold. Simultaneously, plasma inorganic iodine levels have increased up to ten-fold in the latest study of iodine kinetics in the normal individuals. This has been accompanied by a decrease in thyroid iodine clearance from plasma, and hence a decrease in radioiodine thyroid uptake, altering the normal values of this clinical test from the mean of 51% to 19% at 24 h. Although no data are available on the prevalence of hyperthyroidism in India, the response of Graves' disease to treatment may have been altered with increasing iodine consumption. Higher urinary iodine concentrations are associated with a poorer response of Graves' disease to antithyroid medication. The response of Graves' disease to treatment with antithyroid medication is delayed after iodization. The response may be poorer in patients with higher urine iodine levels. No systematic data are available on the change in occurrence of Graves' disease, iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer with the introduction of iodization in India.
Crystal Structure and Bonding

Crystal structure is described by a lattice, symmetry, and atomic arrangements inside the asymmetric unit. Some crystals are further organized according to structural types, and empirical rules have been developed in solid-state chemistry regarding the classification of crystal structures according to atomic radii, electronegativity, packing, and tiling.
Social Support, Personality, and Life Stress Adjustment

Research on the relationship between life stress and psychological and medical outcomes began approximately 30 years ago. Despite researchers’ initial optimism, however, it soon became apparent that life stress accounted for only a small portion of variance, with correlations in the. 30–40 range. This led to an interest in variables that might moderate the stress-outcome relationship, that is, variables that might define the conditions affecting the predictive role of life events. Initially, the moderator variable of social support dominated research of this type; the empirical literature on the stress-buffering effects of social support is very large (Adler & Matthews, 1994; Cohen & Wills, 1985). In general, this literature provided some support for the stress-buffering role of perceived social support; received support and social network indices were found to be less consistent stress moderators (Cohen & Wills, 1985).
Sonoluminescence – the plot thickens

Sonoluminescence (the conversion of sound into light by the extraordinary nonlinear pulsations of tiny bubbles of gas trapped in water) is a phenomenon that has attracted strong interest. The subject of sonoluminescence has also had an unusual history characterized by promising avenues of research being left unexplored following interesting and unexpected experimental results (see, for example, May 1998 pp38–42). Another example of sonoluminescence being discovered, only for the researcher to abandon this line of study, recently came to my attention.
A low cost gate driver with dynamic turn-off transient control for HEV/EV traction inverter application

The IGBTs are dominantly used in traction inverters for automotive applications. Because the Si-based device technology is being pushed to its theoretical performance limit in such applications during recent years, the gate driver design is playing a more prominent role to further improve the traction inverter loss performance. The conventional gate driver design in traction inverter application needs to consider worst case scenarios which adversely limit the semiconductor devices' switching speed in its most frequent operation regions. Specifically, when selecting the gate resistors, the IGBT peak surge voltage induced by di/dt and stray inductance must be limited below the device rated voltage rating under any conditions. The worst cases considered include both highest dc bus voltage and maximum load current. However, the traction inverter operates mainly in low current regions and at bus voltage much lower than the worst case voltage. This paper proposed a gate driver circuit that can mitigate the compromise between low switching loss and high device stresses. Compared with conventional gate driver circuits, only a low voltage PNP BJT, two Zener diodes and a resistor are added in the proposed circuit. The implementation is easy and the potential cost increase is low. The proposed gate driver can separately control the different phases of turn-off transient to achieve short turn-off delay, fast dv/dt and low surge voltage across IGBT. Because the proposed method does not require any feedback circuits, logic and control circuits which could limit the circuit bandwidth, this method can be used for fast switching applications.
Life-threatening hemorrhage and exsanguination from Crohn's disease. Report of four cases.

PURPOSE AND METHODS: From 1979 through 1991, four patients of 631 admissions (0.6 percent) for Crohn's disease in Erie, Pennsylvania, presented with life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage. These and 34 similar cases from the medical literature were reviewed to provide a composite of those at risk and elucidate appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers. RESULTS: The study revealed a preponderance of young men (2∶1 ratio) with an average age of 35 (range, 14–89) years, the majority of whom had known Crohn's disease (60 percent) for an average of 4.6 (range, 0–18) years. The site of bleeding resembled the general distribution for Crohn's disease, with small bowel disease predominating (66 percent involved the ileum). The five cases of exsanguination (13 percent of the total) were all men with known Crohn's disease (average, 58 years) involving the ileum alone or in part. Mesenteric arteriography was positive in 17 patients, providing precise preoperative localization resulting in no mortality in this group. Excluding those who presented with exsanguination, surgery was necessary to cease hemorrhage in 91 percent (30/33) of patients. Ileocolectomy was the most frequently performed procedure (53 percent). In follow-up, only one patient required further surgical resection for recurrent bleeding (3.5 percent), and two other patients (7 percent) required further therapy for nonhemorrhagic recurrence. CONCLUSION: Crohn's disease may be responsible for life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage and even exsanguination. Many of the characteristics of these patients resemble the general Crohn's disease population. Surgical resection provides excellent palliation. A long-term benign course can be expected in this subgroup of Crohn's disease patients.
Safety of Antidepressant Classes Used Following Traumatic Brain Injury Among Medicare Beneficiaries: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

There is poor evidence supporting the use of any pharmacologic treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders following traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially among older adults. Informed by our recent characterization of psychotropic medication use among Medicare beneficiaries with TBI, the objective of this study was to compare the risk of several adverse events associated with use of the three most commonly used classes of antidepressants following TBI in this population. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative claims data from US Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with TBI between 2006 and 2010 (n = 30,886). We assessed monthly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), and tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) use. We identified adverse events associated with these drug classes that were available in administrative claims data from studies in TBI and non-TBI populations: seizures, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, gastrointestinal bleed, hyponatremia, and fractures. We made comparisons between antidepressant classes to assess excess risk of each adverse event using discrete time analysis and controlling for potential confounders. SSRIs were the most commonly used of the antidepressant classes, followed by SNRIs and TCAs. We observed a total of 23,021 adverse events. Ischemic stroke was the most frequent (8296 events). Hemorrhagic stroke (1706 events) and seizures (1841) were least often observed. Compared with TCAs, SSRI use was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (risk ratio 2.47; 95% confidence interval 1.30–4.70). No other antidepressant class comparisons were associated with increased risk of adverse events. Compared with SSRIs, use of SNRIs and TCAs following hospitalization for TBI among Medicare beneficiaries was not associated with an increased risk of any of the studied adverse events. Compared to TCAs, SSRI use was associated with increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. This information may help guide patients and prescribers in selecting antidepressants for older adults following TBI.
KRAS mutation in secondary malignant histiocytosis arising from low grade follicular lymphoma

Transformation of follicular lymphoma most typically occurs as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, however other forms of transformation such as classic Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphoblastic transformation can occur. Secondary malignant histiocytosis also represents a rare form of transformation, which is thought to occur due to a process of transdifferentiation whereby the lymphoma cells exhibit lineage plasticity and lose all evidence of B-cell phenotype and instead acquire the phenotype of a histiocytic neoplasm. Little is known about the underlying genetic alterations that occur during this unusual process. Comparative genetic analysis of pre- and post-transformation/transdifferentiation would be one tool by which we could better understand how this phenomenon occurs. Here we report the clinical, immunophenotypic and genetic features of a rare case of secondary malignant histiocytosis, Langerhans cell-type (Langerhans cell sarcoma) arising from a previous low grade follicular lymphoma. FISH analysis confirmed the presence of IgH/BCL2 rearrangement in both the low grade follicular lymphoma (FL) and transformed Langerhans cells sarcoma (LCS) samples, demonstrating a clonal relationship. Comparative whole exome sequencing was then performed, which identified a KRAS p.G13D mutation in the LCS that was not present in the FL. This report highlights genetic alterations, in particular an acquired somatic KRAS mutation, that may occur during transdifferentiation, with additional significance of KRAS mutation as a possible therapeutic target in cases which otherwise would have limited treatment options.
In-office versus Operating Room Sialendoscopy: Comparison of Outcomes, Patient Time Burden, and Charge Analysis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate outcomes of in-office versus operating room (OR) sialendoscopy/sialolithotomy and to recognize the efficiency of outpatient salivary gland surgery with significant time and fac...
Adaptive signatures in thermal performance of the temperate coral Astrangia poculata.

ABSTRACT Variation in environmental characteristics and divergent selection pressures can drive adaptive differentiation across a species9 range. Astrangia poculata is a temperate scleractinian coral that provides unique opportunities to understand the roles of phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation in coral physiological tolerance limits. This species inhabits hard-bottom ecosystems from the northwestern Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico and withstands an annual temperature range of up to 20°C. Additionally, A. poculata is facultatively symbiotic and co-occurs in both symbiotic (‘brown’) and aposymbiotic (‘white’) states. Here, brown and white A. poculata were collected from Virginia (VA) and Rhode Island (RI), USA, and exposed to heat (18–32°C) and cold (18–6°C) stress, during which respiration of the coral host along with photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of Breviolum psygmophilum photosymbionts were measured. Thermal performance curves (TPCs) of respiration revealed a pattern of countergradient variation with RI corals exhibiting higher respiration rates overall, and specifically at 6, 15, 18, 22 and 26°C. Additionally, thermal optimum (Topt) analyses show a 3.8°C (brown) and 6.9°C (white) higher Topt in the VA population, corresponding to the warmer in situ thermal environment in VA. In contrast to respiration, no origin effect was detected in photosynthesis rates or Fv/Fm, suggesting a possible host-only signature of adaptation. This study is the first to consider A. poculata’s response to both heat and cold stress across symbiotic states and geography, and provides insight into the potential evolutionary mechanisms behind the success of this species along the East Coast of the USA.
Impact of Type and Number of Complications on Mortality in Admitted Elderly Blunt Trauma Patients.

BACKGROUND Advanced age and comorbidities are recognized risk factors for adverse outcomes in elderly trauma patients. However, the contribution of the number and type of complications to in-hospital mortality in elderly blunt trauma admissions has not been extensively studied. METHODS A retrospective review of the trauma registry at a level 1 trauma center for blunt trauma patients age ≥65 y hospitalized for at least 2 d between 2010 and 2015. RESULTS There were 2467 admissions, with a median age of 81 y and median injury severity score of 9. The most common mechanism of injury was a low-level fall. Approximately 19.6% of admissions had a complication: 11.1% major complications, 8.6% other complications. The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly different (P < 0.001) among the three groups at 16.1% of major complications group, 7.1% of other, and 2.1% of no complications (P < 0.001). On multivariate logistic regression, each major complication increased the odds for in-hospital mortality by 1.59-fold. CONCLUSIONS Complications are not infrequent in elderly blunt trauma admissions, despite a generally lower energy mechanism of injury. Each major complication is associated with increased odds of mortality. Multifaceted interventions for prevention and mitigation of complications are indicated.
"I Almost Fell in Love with a Machine": Speaking with Computers Affects Self-disclosure

Listening and speaking are tied to human experiences of closeness and trust. As voice interfaces gain mainstream popularity, we ask: is our relationship with technology that speaks with us fundamentally different from technology we use to read and type? In particular, will we disclose more about ourselves to computers that speak to us and listen to our answer? We examine this question through a controlled experiment where a conversational agent asked participants closeness-generating questions common in social psychology through either text-based or voice-based interfaces. We found that people skipped more invasive questions when reading-typing compared to speaking-listening. Surprisingly, typing in their answers seemed to increased the propensity for self-disclosure. This research has implications for the future design of voice-based conversational agents and deepens concerns of user privacy.
Migratory flexibility in native Hawai'ian amphidromous fishes

We assessed the prevalence of life history variation across four of the five native amphidromous Hawai'ian gobioids to determine whether some or all exhibit evidence of partial migration. Analysis of otolith Sr.: Ca concentrations affirmed that all are amphidromous and revealed evidence of partial migration in three of the four species. We found that 25% of Lentipes concolor (n = 8), 40% of Eleotris sandwicensis (n = 20) and 29% of Stenogobius hawaiiensis (n = 24) did not exhibit a migratory life-history. In contrast, all individuals of Sicyopterus stimpsoni (n = 55) included in the study went to sea as larvae. Lentipes concolor exhibited the shortest mean larval duration (LD) at 87 days, successively followed by E. sandwicensis (mean LD = 102 days), S. hawaiiensis (mean LD = 114 days) and S. stimpsoni (mean LD = 120 days). These findings offer a fresh perspective on migratory life histories that can help improve efforts to conserve and protect all of these and other at-risk amphidromous species that are subject to escalating anthropogenic pressures in both freshwater and marine environments.
New Treatment Approaches in Hereditary Cancer: The Route Towards Personalized Care

ABSTRACT Patients diagnosed with tumors arising on the basis of hereditary cancer syndromes represent a relatively small fraction from the total of cancer cases. However, the risks to develop different types of tumors among carriers highlight the need to develop surveillance strategies and preventive interventions to decrease the burden of cancer in this population. The specific molecular characteristics displayed by these tumors make them ideal candidates to identify new targets and implement not only personalized cancer treatments but also targeted chemoprevention strategies. In addition, hereditary tumors have served as a model to gain further knowledge in the molecular biology of cancer and to develop targeted drugs. The best example in this context is the case of PARP inhibitors and breast and ovarian tumors arising in families diagnosed with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (BRCA 1 and 2 mutations). In this presentation we will review the most recent research advances on target identification and drug development for hereditary cancer syndromes with a special emphasis in hereditary gastrointestinal cancers. Disclosure The author has declared no conflicts of interest.
Optimal execution with liquidity risk in a diffusive order book market

We study the optimal order placement strategy with the presence of a liquidity cost. In this problem, a stock trader wishes to clear her large inventory by a predetermined time horizon $T$. A trader uses both limit and market orders, and a large market order faces an adverse price movement caused by the liquidity risk. First, we study a single period model where the trader places a limit order and/or a market order at the beginning. We show the behavior of optimal amount of market order, $m^*$, and optimal placement of limit order, $y^*$, under different market conditions. Next, we extend it to a multi-period model, where the trader makes sequential decisions of limit and market orders at multiple time points.
The Elephant in the (Physics Class)Room: Discussing Gender Inequality in Our Class

Diversity strengthens science, but in most physics classrooms female students are disadvantaged both directly and indirectly: extensive research shows that they are undermined, viewed as less capable, and have less successful experiences both in terms of learning and identity formation. The following article was written in partnership between a male high school physics teacher (Rifkin) and a female student from his 2018-2019 12th-grade physics class (Eickerman). In this article, which we wrote by reflecting separately and then combining our writings, we describe a two-week period in which we worked together to try to change the culture of our physics class.
Improving Pediatric Hearing Testing for Children with Developmental Delays: The Effects of Video Modeling on Child Compliance and Caregiver Stress.

Background For children with developmental delays (DDs) of any kind (e.g., global DDs, autism spectrum disorder, and Down syndrome), it is essential to understand if a hearing loss may be contributing to these delays. However, toddlers with DDs may have difficulty understanding directions, may be uncomfortable with a new situation, or may simply not want to complete the hearing testing tasks. Regardless of the reasons, noncompliant behaviors have a negative impact on hearing testing, which requires reliable behavioral responses from the child. Purpose The purpose of this study was to test a video intervention to improve hearing testing compliance in toddlers with developmental disabilities. Research Design Double-blind randomized clinical trial. Study Sample Twenty-four children with DDs between 24 and 36 months of age. Intervention Video model of the hearing testing procedures. Data Collection and Analysis The primary child outcome measure was the number of hearing tests completed by the audiologist. Caregiver outcome included a parent survey of perceived stress level before and after the evaluation. Results There was no significant difference between treatment and control groups regarding the number of hearing tests that were completed. Parents in the treatment group reported less stress following the evaluation as compared with parents of children in the control group. Conclusions Pre-exposure to the hearing testing procedures did not significantly improve patient compliance but may reduce caregiver stress. Given the high rates of noncompliance in toddlers with DDs, audiologists may benefit from multiple strategies to help improve testing compliance.
Places Are Power-Based Conflicted Negotiations

Issue C8 constitutes another addition made by community health science scholars to the quasi-generalist definition of complex systems used in complexity science. It is clear in its focus: places are imbued with power relations. Its empirical study, however, and its epistemological-theoretical frame need to be developed—particularly given the availability of different theories of power, from Marx to Foucault. Nonetheless, despite its tentative outline, Issue C8 makes an important point that complexity scholars involved in the study of place need to address. Let us explain.
The Impact of U.S. Tax Code on Mergers and Acquisitions

There are tax synergies to be realized through the integration of newly acquired businesses into a preexisting structure. Those benefits generally derive from two sources: (i) the use of debt to finance the acquisitions; and (ii) the integration of the intellectual property of the acquired companies into the preexisting corporate structure.
Fetomaternal cellular relations in the human basal plate: An ultrastructural study of the placenta

Abstract Deciduotrophoblastic cellular relations in the basal plate were studied by correlative histology and electron microscopy. The floor of the human placenta consists of varying proportions of maternal and fetal cells, both viable and degenerating, and fibrinoid. Ultrastructurally well-preserved trophoblast and decidua, however, are never in direct contact, but remain separated by regressing tissues of dual origin, by fibrinoid, or by both. The fibrinoid may arise from degeneration of decidual or trophoblastic cytoplasm or through transformation of the ground substance. Although fibrinoid may serve the ancillary function of providing an antigenic barrier in many hemochorial placentas, its absence from areas of fetomaternal contact in histologically less intimate placentas precludes its playing a principal immunologic role in placentation in general. The apparently viable giant cells of the basal plate are essentially syncytiotrophoblastic, representing either derivatives of the peripheral syncytium or results of differentiation in situ of cytotrophoblast. Transitional elements, similar to those described in villous trophobtast, are commonly observed. These giant cells very likely sustain placental endocrine function throughout gestation. Although there is not yet proof of hormonal activity in the maternal component of the human placenta, the ultrastructure of the basal decidua provides the basis for suggesting that possibility. The basal plate, with its intimate juxtaposition of genetically dissimilar cells, represents a unique region for study of placental endocrinoloey and immunology. Ultrastructurat histogenetic identification of the components is thus a preliminary requisite toward that goal.
Automatic generation of mobile app signatures from traffic observations

There are network management, traffic engineering, and security practices adopted in today's networking that rely on the knowledge about what applications' traffic is passing through the networks. These practices might fail with mobile apps whose identity remains hidden in generic HTTP traffic. The main reason is that unlike traditional applications, most mobile apps do not use specific protocols or IP ports with distinctive features. Many enterprises and service providers are in a great need of regaining control over their networks that increasingly carry mobile traffic. In this paper we propose FLOWR, a system that automatically identifies mobile apps by continually learning the apps' distinguishing features via traffic analysis. FLOWR focuses solely on key-value pairs in HTTP headers and intelligently identifies the pairs suitable for app signatures. Our system employs a custom supervised learning approach that leverages a very limited knowledge of app-signature seeds and autonomously grows its capacity for app identification. The approach is motivated by a simple but effective hypothesis that unknown app-identifying features should co-occur with the known signatures. Our experimental results show a significant growth in flow identification coverage provided by FLOWR. Specifically, we show that FLOWR can achieve identification of 86–95% of flows related to their generating apps.
William Clark's World: Describing America in an Age of Unknowns

Review of: "William Clark's World: Describing America in an Age of Unknowns," by Peter J. Kastor.
The effects of fill gases on the failure rate of gated silicon field emitter arrays

The influence of a variety of background gasses on the failure rate of gated field emitter arrays has been investigated. The effects of argon, helium, nitrogen and xenon were investigated, with pressures ranging from 1/spl times/10/sup -8/ Torr to 1/spl times/10/sup -4/ Torr. The gated field emitter arrays were operated in DC and pulsed emission modes. The failure rate of gated field emitter is a very strong function of the type of background gas, its pressure and whether the array was operated in a pulsed or DC bias mode. As expected, the failure rate for all gases increased rapidly as the background pressure increased, but was substantially different for the various gases. The failure rate of arrays increased rapidly as the electron impact ionization cross section of the background gas decreased. The large reduction in failure rates due to operation in a pulsed mode as compared to a DC mode of operation as previously seen for experiments without a background gas was also evident for all background gases tested.
Development of Ferromagnetism in the Doped Topological Insulator Bi 2-x Mn x Te 3

The development of ferromagnetism in Mn-doped Bi_2Te_3 is characterized through measurements on a series of single crystals with different Mn content. Scanning tunneling microscopy analysis shows that the Mn substitutes on the Bi sites, forming compounds of the type Bi_(2−x)Mn_xTe_3, and that the Mn substitutions are randomly distributed, not clustered. Mn doping first gives rise to local magnetic moments with Curie-like behavior, but by the compositions Bi_(1.96)Mn_(0.04)Te_3 and Bi_(1.91)Mn_(0.09)Te_3, a second-order ferromagnetic transition is observed, with T_C∼9–12 K. The easy axis of magnetization in the ferromagnetic phase is perpendicular to the Bi2Te3 basal plane. Thermoelectric power and Hall effect measurements show that the Mn-doped Bi_2Te_3 crystals are p-type. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements show that the topological surface states that are present in pristine Bi_2Te_3 are also present at 15 K in ferromagnetic Mn-doped Bi2−xMnxTe3 and that the dispersion relations of the surface states are changed in a subtle fashion.
The Unusual Structure of the Human Centromere (GGA)2 Motif: Unpaired Guanosine Residues Stacked Between Sheared G·A Pairs

The centromere of human chromosomes contains multiple repeats of the DNA sequence d(TGGAA)n. This sequence has the interesting property of pairing with itself to form stable duplexes. We have determined the solution structure of the unusual DNA duplex 5'-TGGAATGGAA:TGGAATGGAA-3' at atomic resolution. The duplex contains unpaired staggered guanosine residues, which co-stack by intercalation between sheared G.A and A.G base-pairs to form an interesting new structural motif, the GA-bracketed G-stack. The TGGAA repeat unit contains six "steps", four of which are not Watson-Crick base-pairs.
Alpha fetoprotein, ultrasound, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with advanced cirrhosis.

Summary Background Serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP), ultrasound, computerized tomography scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging are commonly used to screen for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis. Aim To assess the accuracy of screening in advanced cirrhosis. Methods The study group consisted of 239 patients with proven HCC in the explanted liver at the time of liver transplant. AFP and imaging were done at referral and serially until transplant. Results Hepatocellular carcinoma was detected before liver transplant in 78% and discovered incidentally in 22%. The cause of cirrhosis was hepatitis C (HCV) (55%), hepatitis B (HBV) (17%), alcohol (9%), and other/unknown (19%). Although AFP was elevated 62%, the median level was 15 ng/mL. Only 26%, 15% and 13% were more than 100, 400 and 1000 ng/mL, respectively. By comparison, AFP was elevated in 20% without HCC, but exceeded 100 ng/mL in only 3%. The overall accuracy of AFP was poor regardless of the cutoff. Magnetic resonance imaging was more accurate than computerized tomography or ultrasound in detecting tumour, particularly when performed within 3 months of transplant. Conclusions Magnetic resonance imaging is most sensitive for imaging HCC and best reflects actual tumour size. AFP is insensitive and adds little to screening strategies, but has prognostic value when extremely elevated.
INFECTIOUS VIRUS-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES: INTERACTION WITH ANTI-IMMUNOGLOBULINS, COMPLEMENT, AND RHEUMATOID FACTOR

Interaction of antiviral antibody with the virion can result in the formation of infectious VA complexes. These complexes have been recovered from the blood of chronically infected animals and have been produced in vitro. Incubation of infectious VA complexes with specific anti-immunoglobulins or the purified first and fourth components of complement resulted in neutralization. With subneutralizing concentrations of the first and fourth components of complement, neutralization was enhanced by the addition of the second and third components of complement. RF attached to infectious VA complexes but failed to produce neutralization. The attachment of RF to VA complexes, however, increased the susceptibility of these complexes to neutralization by complement. These findings support the hypothesis that anti-immunoglobulins and complement result in neutralization by more extensive coverage of the surface of the virion than occurs with antiviral antibody alone. Other experiments showed that antiviral antibody increased the sedimentation of radio-labeled virus and that rate-zonal centrifugation could be used to purify VA complexes and to study factors which influence the association and dissociation of these complexes. Our experiments suggest that in vivo the attachment of accessory factors to infectious VA complexes might enhance virus neutralization and play a role in the pathogenesis of virus-induced immune complex disease.
Measurement of solvation responses at multiple sites in a globular protein.

Proteins respond to electrostatic perturbations through complex reorganizations of their charged and polar groups, as well as those of the surrounding media. These solvation responses occur both in the protein interior and on its surface, though the exact mechanisms of solvation are not well understood, in part because of limited data on the solvation responses for any given protein. Here, we characterize the solvation kinetics at sites throughout the sequence of a small globular protein, the B1 domain of streptococcal protein G (GB1), using the synthetic fluorescent amino acid Aladan. Aladan was incorporated into seven different GB1 sites, and the time-dependent Stokes shift was measured over the femtosecond to nanosecond time scales by fluorescence upconversion and time-correlated single photon counting. The seven sites range from buried within the protein core to fully solvent-exposed on the protein surface, and are located on different protein secondary structures including β-sheets, helices, and loop...
Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating stroke subtype in which perihematomal inflammation contributes to neuronal injury and functional disability. Histologically, the region becomes infiltrated with neutrophils and activated microglia followed by neuronal loss, but little is known about the immune signals that coordinate these events. This study aimed to determine the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the innate immune response after ICH and its impact on neurobehavioral outcome. Methods: Transgenic mice incapable of TLR4 signaling and wild-type controls were subjected to striatal blood injection to model ICH. The perihematomal inflammatory response was then quantified by immunohistochemistry, whole brain flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction. The critical location of TLR4 signaling was determined by blood transfer experiments between genotypes. Functional outcomes were quantified in all cohorts using the cylinder and open field tests. Results: TLR4-deficient mice had markedly decreased perihematomal inflammation, associated with reduced recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes, fewer microglia, and improved functional outcome by day 3 after ICH. Moreover, blood transfer experiments revealed that TLR4 on leukocytes or platelets within the hemorrhage contributes to perihematomal leukocyte infiltration and the neurological deficit. Interpretation: Together, these data identify a critical role for TLR4 signaling in perihematomal inflammation and injury and indicate this pathway may be a target for therapeutic intervention. ANN NEUROL 2011;70:646–656
An efficient model for the analysis of fission gas release

Abstract This paper presents the fission gas release (FGR) model that has been developed at Framatome ANP and incorporated into its fuel rod performance code COPERNIC in order to accurately predict FGR into pressurized water reactor fuel rods under normal and off-normal operating conditions including UO2, gadolinia and MOX fuels. The model is analytical, thus enabling fast and robust fuel rod calculations, a must within an industrial framework where safety evaluations may require the analyses of a full core and of a very large number of transients. Although the model is simple, it includes the most important FGR features: athermal, thermal, steady-state, and transient regimes, burst effect, rim formation, and MOX-type microstructure. The validation of the model covers 400 irradiated rods that include high burnups, high powers, short to long transients, and shows the quality of the prediction of the model in all types of conditions. As temperature is a key parameter that affects FGR, the COPERNIC thermal model is briefly described and its impact on fission gas released uncertainty is discussed.
SU‐E‐T‐445: Prostate Motion Effect Evaluation in Proton Pencil Beam Scanning Delivery

Purpose: To quantitatively assess the impact of interplay effect associated with the intra‐and inter‐fraction prostate motion and the delivery of the scanning proton beam. Methods: A cohort of ten prostate patients with weekly verification CTs was treated by proton pencil beam scanning with bi‐lateral single field uniform dose modality. A typical field has 10–15 energy layers and 500–1000 spots. According to patient treatment logs, each layer delivery time was less than 1 second with average time to change layers of about 8 seconds. Real‐time intrafraction prostate motions were determined from a previously reported prospective study using the Calypso beacon transponder. The worst‐case‐scenario patient prostate motion was adopted in this study. The prostate motion and the beam delivering sequence were synchronized to demonstrate the interplay effect. Results: CTV coverage was altered due to intrafraction motion. In each individual fraction, the CTV D 99% can vary more than 10% relative to the initial plan. However, over the entire course of treatment the total dose degradation of D 99% had a mean of −1.5% and standard deviation of 1.2%. The large variation generally happens where one beam spot is significantly heavier weighted relative to the surrounding spots. The magnitude of deviation also depends on individual patient. The consideration of both intrafraction and interfraction motion further reduced the CTV coverage D 99% , with mean of ‐ 1.7% and standard deviation of 1.3%. The mean dose to the anterior rectal wall varied about 10% due to either intrafraction or interfraction motion. Conclusion: The intrafraction and interfraction prostate motion have comparable dosimetric impact. The dose over the course of treatment can reduce ∼2% for CTV coverage and increase about 10% for anterior rectal wall.
Co-Regulation of p16INK4a and Migratory Genes in Culture Conditions that Lead to Premature Senescence in Human Keratinocytes

Cellular stasis, also known as telomere-independent senescence, prevents many epithelial cells from becoming immortalized by telomerase alone. As human keratinocytes age in culture, protein levels of the tumor suppressor p16INK4a continue to increase, resulting in growth arrest independent of telomere length. Differences in culture conditions have been shown to modulate both p16INK4a expression and replicative capacity of human keratinocytes; however, the mechanism of p16INK4a induction under these conditions is unknown. Using multiple primary keratinocyte cell strains, we verified a delay in p16INK4a induction and an extended lifespan of human keratinocytes when grown in co-culture with post-mitotic fibroblast feeder cells as compared with keratinocytes grown on tissue culture plastic alone. Evaluation of gene expression levels in the two culture conditions by microarray analysis, and subsequent validation, demonstrated that keratinocytes cultured on plastic alone had significantly increased expression of many genes involved in keratinocyte migration and reduced expression levels of genes involved in keratinocyte differentiation. Higher levels of p16INK4a expression were present in cells that also displayed increased amounts of autophosphorylated focal adhesion kinase and urokinase plaminogen activator receptor (uPAR), both markers of keratinocyte migration. Furthermore, when tyrosine phosphorylation or urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/uPAR function was inhibited, both keratinocyte migration and p16INK4a expression were reduced. Our results indicate that keratinocytes cultured in the absence of feeder cells exhibit a migratory phenotype and suggest that p16INK4a is selectively induced under these conditions by a mechanism involving tyrosine kinase activity and the urokinase plasminogen activation system.
Mars parking orbit selection

For a Mars mission, the selection of a parking orbit is greatly influenced by the precession caused by the oblateness of the planet. This affects the departure condition for earth return, and therefore, the mass required in LEO for a Mars mission. In this investigation, minimum LEO mass penalties were observed for parking orbits characterized by having near-equatorial inclinations, high eccentricities, and requiring a three-dimensional departure burn. However, because near-equatorial inclination orbits have poor planetary coverage characteristics, they are not desirable from a science viewpoint. To enhance these science requirements along with landing-site accessibility, a penalty in initial LEO mass is required. This study shows that this initial LEO mass penalty is reduced for orbits characterized with low to moderate eccentricities, nonequatorial inclinations, and a tangential periapsis arrival and departure burn.
Multifocal Basal-Cell Carcinomas in a Nevus Sebaceus of Jadassohn

A lesion of nevus sebaceus with multifocal basal-cell carcinomas was excised by Mohs' fresh-tissue technique. Histologically, most of the foci of basal-cell carcinomatosis were of the superficial type, but the few more deeply situated foci had adamantinoid features. The malignancies extended well beyond the clinically discernible margins of the nevus sebaceus. Spontaneous healing of the wound of ablation resulted in a satisfactory appearance.
A theoretical analysis of substituted formamide conformers

Abstract Twelve conformers of substituted formamides, X–NHC(O)H, where X represents CH3, CH2F, CHF2 and CF3 were examined by ab initio calculations. The relatively small dipole moment of cis N-trifluoromethyl formamide (1.4 D) contributes to it being more stable than the trans conformer (4.8 D). The energy difference between these two conformers, calculated at the MP2/6-31+G∗ level of theory, is 1.4 kcal/mol. On the other hand, even though the cis and trans conformers of N-methyl formamide have similar dipole moments (4.8 and 4.5 D, respectively), the trans conformer is more stable than the cis conformer by 1.4 kcal/mol. A difference in dipole moments may not be the only factor to account for this energy difference. Since the distance between the carbonyl oxygen and the N-methyl substituent of trans N-methyl formamide is shorter than expected, a possible interaction exists between these two groups. Such an interaction would contribute to the unexpected stability of trans N-methyl formamide. For trans N-trifluoromethyl formamide, a similar type interaction between these two groups does not exist and the difference in dipole moment is the dominant factor that determines the most stable conformer. The results of a similar analysis of fluoromethyl formamide and difluoromethyl formamide are also discussed.