cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NATURAL PAPER FORMED BY DRIED ALGAE

IN CERTAIN. sections of Louisiana after the backwater from the Atchafalaya and Ouchita Rivers receded this past spring (1937), an unusual deposit of thick, cobwebby, or, in many cases, paper-like material was seen hanging from weeds and other vegetation in the areas which had been flooded. The amount of this deposit was variable in different locations. In one section just north of Jonesville, Louisiana, the deposit was so great as to attract unusual attention. In this section the paper-like deposit not only clung to vegetation, but covered the ground and fences, making certain fields appear as though they were blanketed with snow (fig. 1-3). The inhabitants in the vicinity where the accumulation was abundant were so attracted by the phenomenon that a sample of the material was sent in on April 17, 1937, to the Botany Department, Louisiana State IUniversity, for identification. Microscopic examination of the white paper-like tissue revealed that it was composed of unbranched filaments interwoven very similarly to the fibers of lens paper (fig. 4). These fila'ments appeared to be of algal origin, but since no cell contents (protoplasts) were present, definite determination could not be made. In order to make a positive identification, the writer made a trip to Jonesville. In several places along the roadside en route the material was noted-first, where the backwater from the Atchafalaya River had receded sou-th of Melville and again along Little River east of Pollock. Just north of Jonesville, where the -greatest display was noted, a study revealed what probably had happened. The particular field in question had been planted in cotton the previous year, and the old stalks, which were three to four feet in height,' were still standing during the inundation. At the peak of the rise the 'water probably was four or five feet in depth over the field and contained a luxuriant growth of free-floating filamentous algae. There was evidence of a flow of water over this area, and apparently as the water p'assed through the branches of cotton stalks, weeds, and wire fences, the algal filaments were
Code Generation and Storage Allocation for Machines with Span-Dependent Instructions

Many machine languages have two instruction formats, one of which allows addressing of “nearby” operands with “short” (e.g. one word) instructions, while “faraway” operands require “long” format (e.g. two words). Because the distance between an instruction and its operand depends upon the formats of the intervening instructions, the formats of different instructions may be interdependent.An efficient technique is discussed which optimally assigns formats to instructions in a given program and is practical in space as well as time. The more sophisticated problem of arranging operands within programs is discussed. Unfortunately, it is unlikely that an efficient algorithm can guarantee even a good approximation for this problem, since it is shown that r-approximation is NP-complete.Finally, implications of these problems for hardware and software design are considered.
The Mechanism of F-Center Aggregation

The rate of formation of M centers from F centers by thermal aggregation was studied in nominally pure KCl and in KCl containing oxide and sulfide ions. The process was initially about 3/2 order with respect to F-center concetration, becoming approximately first order later. The order with respect to O2 -ion concentration was 0.64 ± 0.10. The activation energy was (1.06 ± 0.05) and (1.07 ± 0.05) eV in oxide- and sulfide-containing crystals respectively, nearly the same as the reported jump activation energy for negative-ion vacancies (ǒ centers) which compensate the divalent ions. The results support the two-step mechanism F + α = F, F + F = M α, with the first step being rate-determining. The order should be unity with respect to F-center concentration, but deviates intially, it is believed, because of a non-random spatial distribution of F centers at the start. Since oxide ions and α centers are strongly associated, the order should be one-half, or somewhat greater, with respect to oxide-ion concentration. Die Bildungsrate von M-Zentren aus F-Zentren durch thermische Zusammenlagerung wurde in nominell reimem KCl und in mit Sauerstoff und Schwefel dotiertem KCl untersucht. Die Reaktionsordnung bezuglich der Konzentration der F-Zentern war anfanglich 3/2, spater etwa eins. Die Ordnung bezuglich der O2−. Konzentration war 0,64 ± 0,10. Die Akttivierungsenergie betrug (1,06 ± 0,05) und (1,07 ± 0,05) eV in mit Sauerstoff, beziehungsweise mit Schwefel dotierten Kristallen, was fast den Werten entspricht, die fur die Sprung-Aktivierungsenergie von Anionenlelerstellen (α-Zentren) berichtet wurden, die die zweiwertigen Ionen komprnsiren. Die Ergebnises unterstutzen den zweistufigen Reaktionsmechanismus F + α = F und F + F = M + α, wobei die erste Reaktion geschwindigkeitsbestimmend ist. Die Reaktionsordnung bezuglich der Konzentration der F-Zentren sollte eins sein; es wird vermutet, das die anfangliche Abweichung auf eine unstatistische raumliche Verteilung der F-Zentren bei Reaktionsbeginn zuruckzufuhren ist. Da Sauer, stoffionen und α-Zentren stark assoziiert sind, sollte die Reaktionsordnung in bezug auf die Konzentration der Sauerstoffionen 1/2 oder etwas groser sein.
An Untraditional Intersectional Analysis of the 2008 Election

Most will agree that scholars of political science will examine the two-year cycle of this American presidential election for generations to come. The essays in this symposium are “first reads,” and due to time and space constraints can only identify a handful of trends. Suffice it to say that Senator Hillary Clinton and Governor Sarah Palin's candidacies are a boon to women and politics scholars, offering a wide swath of research questions and data to mine. The use of gender as an analytical category (Hawkesworth 2006; Scott 1986) will enhance examinations of the vast difference in Clinton's and Palin's ideologies, candidacies, and gendered performances in a way that illuminates, rather than obscures, the ideological diversity among women in the United States (see Schreiber 2008). Yet the deep attention paid to Clinton and Palin has so far focused on gender despite the candidates' own allusions to race and class identities as complicating factors in their gendered self-presentations. To focus solely on their positions as female candidates obscures some important macro-level questions about the 2008 election as a watershed moment, whether the focus is on “18 million cracks in the glass ceiling” or the shift in target voters from soccer moms into hockey moms.
Immunoregulation by behavioral conditioning

Converging evidence from immunology, neurophysiology, neuroendocrinology, pharmacology, and psychology indicate that, like any other system functioning in the interests of homeostasis, the immune system is integrated with other physiological processes and is thereby subject to regulation or modulation by the brain. For example, lesions or electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus result in alterations of humoral and cell mediated immunity 1. Lesions of the anterior hypothalamus, in particular, have been found to protect animals against lethal anaphylactic reactions. Hypothalamic lesions suppress Arthus reactivity whereas hypothalamic stimulation enhances this in vivo measure of hypersensitivity. It has also been found that lesions in the hypothalamus can reduce responses to mitogenic and antigenic stimuli and stimulation of the hypothalamus can enhance antibody responses. The central role of the hypothalamus in regulating neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous system function implies a role for hormones and neurotransmitters in the modulation of immune responses, a role that has since been documented by the findings that lymphocytes bear receptors for hormones and neurotransmitter substances. Experimentally-induced and naturally occurring variations in hormonal state influence immunocompetence and in vitro and in vivo immune responses are affected by serotonergic (generally inhibitory) and catecholaminergic and cholinergic (generally stimulatory) interventions. Conversely, antigenic stimulation (or, more likely, the immune response to antigenic stimulation) elicits neuroendocrine changes, including changes in the firing rate of neurons within the ventromedial hypothalamus. These, and other recent data providing morphological evidence for neural modulation of in vivo immunological activity 2, document the multiple connections between the brain and the immune system. Hormones and neurotransmitters are endogenous substances regulated by the central nervous system that are directly or indirectly involved in processes of adaptation (e.g. responses to 'stress'). They are also implicated in the modulation of immune responses. Although the immune system is capable of some autoregulation, the adaptive functions of the immune system that are of ultimate concern take place within a constantly changing neuroendocrine environment that is sensitive to external events, including behavioral processes of adaptation. There is, then, a neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis for a behavioral modulation of immune function. The potential influence of the sympathetic nervous system on immunoregulation was discussed in a previous issue of this journal 3. We shall consider here the evidence for a behavioral component in the modulation of immune responses. TIPS February 1983
Vocal repertoire of the long-tailed manakin and its relation to male-male cooperation

We examined the vocal repertoire of lek-mating Long-tailed Manakins (Chi- roxiphia linearis, Pipridae) in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Males in this genus are unusual in performing a cooperative courtship display, including duet songs and coordinated dual-male dance displays. Males give at least 13 distinct vocalizations, several of which occur in clear behavioral contexts. By observing the behavioral context and the sequence in which calls were given, we found that the most frequent calls occurred during three types of activity: song bouts, dance, and noncourtship interactions. The responses of males to playback of six vocalizations indicated that the calls function as much in mediating cooperative inter- actions as in expressing male-male agonism. The evolution of the large vocal repertoire in Long-tailed Manakins may be associated with their unique social system based on long- term, cooperative relationships among males.
Indentation and overall compression behavior of multilayered thin-film composites: Effect of undulating layer geometry

Two finite element models are used to investigate the behavior of aluminum/silicon carbide thin-film layered composites with imperfect internal geometry when subjected to various loadings. In both models, undulating layers are represented by regular waveforms with various amplitudes, wavelengths, and phase offsets. First, uniaxial compressive loading of the composite is considered. The modulus and stress/strain response of the composite is sensitive to both loading direction and frequency of the undulation. Second, the nanoindentation response of the composite is investigated. The derived hardness and modulus are shown to be sensitive to the presence of undulating layers and the relative size of the indenter to the undulation. Undulating layers create bands of tensile and compressive stress in the indentation direction that are significantly different from the flat layers. The amount of equivalent plastic strain in the Al layers is increased by the presence of undulating layers. The correlations between the two forms of loading, and the implications to composite property measurement are carefully examined in this study.
Agent-controlled active streams in a distributed services medical imaging network

Usually, data streams communicated between a source and a sink do so under the control of statically-established agencies (such as coder/decoders) established at either end of the pipe. In this paper, we propose the use of Java-based agent technology to impart control activity between source and sink, so that (for example), codecs can adapt to channel conditions, adaptive encryption of sensitive data (and even code) can be overlaid on the channel, and code can be migrated over the channel in addition to (or even in place of) data.
Increased Entry into the IFN-γ Effector Pathway by CD4+ T Cells Selected by I-Ag7 on a Nonobese Diabetic Versus C57BL/6 Genetic Background

IFN-γ-mediated Th1 effects play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. We analyzed functional responses of CD4+ T cells from NOD and B6.G7 MHC congenic mice, which share the H2g7 MHC region but differ in their non-MHC genetic background. T cells from each strain proliferated equally to panstimulation with T cell lectins as well as to stimulation with glutamic acid decarboxylase 524–543 (self) and hen egg lysozyme 11–23 (foreign) I-Ag7-binding peptide epitopes. Despite comparable proliferative responses, NOD CD4+ T cells had significantly increased IFN-γ intracellular/extracellular protein and mRNA responses compared with B6.G7 T cells as measured by intracellular cytokine analysis, time resolved fluorometry, and RNase protection assays. The increased IFN-γ production was not due to an increase in the amount of IFN-γ produced per cell but to an increase in the number of NOD CD4+ T cells entering the IFN-γ-producing pathway. The increased IFN-γ response in NOD mice was not due to increased numbers of activated precursors as measured by activation/memory markers. B6.G7 lymphoid cells demonstrated an absolute decrease in IFN-γ mRNA, an increase in IL-4 mRNA production, and a significantly decreased IFN-γ:IL-4 mRNA transcript ratio compared with NOD cells. CD4+ T cells from C57BL6 mice also showed significantly decreased IFN-γ production compared with CD4+ T cells from NOD.H2b MHC-congenic mice (which have an H2b MHC region introgressed onto an NOD non-MHC background). Therefore, the NOD non-MHC background predisposes to a quantitatively increased IFN-γ response, independent of MHC class II-mediated T cell repertoire selection, even when compared with a prototypical Th1 strain.
Design, Synthesis, and Polymerase‐Catalyzed Incorporation of Click‐Modified Boronic Acid–TTP Analogues

DNA molecules are known to be important materials in sensing, aptamer selection, nanocomputing, and construction of unique architectures. The incorporation of modified nucleobases affords unique DNA properties for applications in areas that would otherwise be difficult or not possible. Earlier, we demonstrated that the boronic acid moiety can be introduced into DNA through polymerase-catalyzed reactions. In order to study whether such incorporation by polymerase is a general phenomenon, we designed and synthesized four boronic acid-modified thymidine triphosphate (TTP) analogues. The synthesis of certain analogues was through the use of a single dialkyne tether for both the Sonogashira coupling with thymidine and the later Cu-mediated [3+2] cycloaddition for linking the boronic acid moiety. This approach is much more efficient than the previously described method, and paves the way for the preparation of a large number of boronic acid-modified TTPs with a diverse set of structural features. All analogues showed very good stability under polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions and were recognized as a substrate by DNA polymerase, and thus incorporated into DNA.
A SUMO-Phospho tag team for wrestling with potassium channel gating.

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels play an essential role in regulating membrane excitability. Among ion channels, Kv channels are exceptional in their genetic diversity and in that their gene products can coassemble with one another and with auxiliary subunits to generate a broad spectrum of
Prognostic value of adenosine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with low-risk chest pain

Background Approximately 5% of patients with an acute coronary syndrome are discharged from the emergency room with an erroneous diagnosis of non-cardiac chest pain. Highly accurate non-invasive stress imaging is valuable for assessment of low-risk chest pain patients to prevent these errors. Adenosine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (AS-CMR) is an imaging modality with increasing application. The goal of this study was to evaluate the negative prognostic value of AS-CMR among low-risk acute chest pain patients.
Topography measurement of scale-model representations of the rough ocean bottom by touch-trigger probe and its implications for spectral characterization

Scale models of the ocean bottom exhibiting multiscale roughness having power-law form power-spectral density are useful for validation of deterministic and stochastic rough-surface scattering theories. Such scattering theories require accurate knowledge of the topography of the scale-model surface, which, at acoustic scales, can be measured on a two-dimensional grid using a kinematic-resistive touch-trigger probe and represented by a digital elevation model. Both the discrete representation and the physical measurement process introduce spectral artifacts. While the theoretical relationship describing spectral effects of the discrete representation is well known, this relationship is more complex for the physical measurement process. In the later case, spectral effects result from a combination of random measurement errors and fundamental limitations of probe measurement. Here, a numerical model of the physical measurement process is presented, which is used to simulate spectral effects of probe measurement. While random measurement errors can be controlled for and tend to introduce only an additive white-noise component into the measured power-spectral density, limitations of probe measurement are due to the finite size of the probe stylus and result in a systematic error in the measured power-spectral density for spatial wavenumbers above a critical wavenumber.
Numerical Studies of Supersonic Flow in Bell-Shaped Micronozzles

In this study, numerical computations are performed that examine the thrust production and efficiency of supersonic micronozzles with bell-shaped expanders. The bell geometry is favored on the macroscale for its flow alignment. To date, concerns over microfabrication challenges of the contoured geometry have limited its consideration for microscale applications. Three different bell expander configurations are examined (100% full bell, 80%, and 60%) for two-dimensional and three-dimensional duct configurations of varying depths (25–200 μm), and a decomposed H2O2 monopropellant is used as the working fluid, and the associated throat Reynolds numbers range from 15 to 800. Owing to the inherently low Reynolds numbers on the microscale, substantial viscous subsonic layers develop on the walls of the nozzle expander, retard the bulk flow, and reduce the nozzle performance. The thrust production and specific impulse efficiency are computed for the various flow scenarios and nozzle geometries to delineate the i...
Neuroblastoma in adolescents and adults: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience.

Background We reviewed the utility of different treatment modalities in a large series of adolescents/adults with neuroblastoma (NB). Procedure The 30 adolescents/adults (median age, 19 years) had stage 2B (n = 1), 3 (n = 2), or 4 (n = 27) NB. Treatments included conventional and myeloablative therapy; local radiotherapy (RT); immunotherapy with anti-GD2 3F8 monoclonal antibody ± granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); and 3F8 alternating with low-dose oral etoposide. Results Seven patients are in first (n = 4) or second (n = 3) complete/very good partial remission (CR/VGPR) at 9+ to 181+ (median, 45+) months. Among 13 newly diagnosed or minimally prior-treated patients, no major responses were seen in 4/4 treated with N4/N5 chemotherapy, but 6/9 treated with the higher dose N6/N7 regimens and surgery had major responses, and immunotherapy produced CR in BM in three patients. Among 17 patients referred because of resistant NB, favorable responses occurred in 6/12 treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide-based salvage therapy, including one patient who is in CR 170+ months after myeloablative consolidation and five patients who achieved CR/VGPR after 3F8/GM-CSF (n = 4) or 3F8/oral etoposide (n = 1). With a median follow-up of 32+ months post-RT, no local relapses occurred in 10/10 patients who received hyperfractionated 21 Gy RT to prevent regrowth of soft tissue masses that had been resected. Conclusions High-dose chemotherapy and surgery can achieve a minimal disease state in >50% of newly diagnosed older NB patients. In that setting, local RT, and the use of agents with recently confirmed anti-NB activity, including anti-GD2 antibodies, and cis-retinoic acid, may improve the poor prognosis of these patients reported to date. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;41:508–515. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interleukin-1 and its inhibitors: implications for disease biology and therapy.

Interleukin (IL)-1 is a polypeptide hormone that was described originally in the 1940s as an endogenous pyrogen, and later as a lymphocyte-activating factor. Two distinct IL-1 polypeptides termed IL-1α and IL-1β, have been identified and are known to be the products of distinct genes. IL-1α and IL-1β are members of a family of cytokines that also includes the IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1RA) [1,2]. Although found predominantly in monocytes, these cytokines are also produced by various normal and neoplastic cells [2–20]. IL-1α and IL-1β share 26-amino acid homology, they bind to the same receptor, and possess identical biological activities [21,22]. In contrast to the agonist activities of IL-1α and IL-1β, IL-1RA is a specific antagonist of IL-1 that acts by blocking the binding of IL-1 to its cell surface receptors [23–25].
Measurements of the correlation between plasma bubble dynbamics and electron trapping in a laser wakefield accelerator

Summary form only given. Generation of conically emitted second harmonic radiation has recently been observed in a laser wakefield accelerator experiment at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. This second harmonic is the result of frequency mixing within the sheath surrounding a fully cavitated plasma region, "plasma bubble," created by the pondermotive force of a laser. Using this second harmonic signature, we have indirectly studied the dynamics of a plasma bubble. It has been observed that the plasma bubble dynamics are strongly correlated to the generation of electrons. Specifically, the onset of the bubble is connected to the generation of off-axis electrons, while forward accelerated electrons have been observed when the conical distribution of second harmonic is broken, signifying the disruption of the plasma bubble. Further results on bubble dynamics and its connection to electron beam production will be presented.
UNDERLINING OF PROSE MATERIAL FOR ELDERLY ADULTS

The effect of using underlining cues in prose materials was evauated in a study of 24 elderly volunteers with either low or high Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) vocabulary subtest scores. All participants read two passages and answered questions when the passages were available for review (comprehension) and after they had been removed from view (memory). The high vocabulary group had better performance than the low group in both the comprehension and memory tasks. Use of passages had a significant effect only for the low vocabulary group, while underlining cues aided performance of only the high vocabulary group. Thus, underlining cues were not successful in reducing vocabulary‐related differences in performance. Topic and/or readability of passages may be important determiners of performance of elderly individuals with low vocabulary/low education levels
"Ins" and "Outs" of mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis in regenerative medicine.

Repair and regeneration of bone requires mesenchymal stem cells that by self-renewal, are able to generate a critical mass of cells with the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts that can produce bone protein matrix (osteoid) and enable its mineralization. The number of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) diminishes with age and ex vivo replication of hMSCs has limited potential. While propagating hMSCs under hypoxic conditions may maintain their ability to self-renew, the strategy of using human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) to allow for hMSCs to prolong their replicative lifespan is an attractive means of ensuring a critical mass of cells with the potential to differentiate into various mesodermal structural tissues including bone. However, this strategy must be tempered by the oncogenic potential of TERT-transformed cells, or their ability to enhance already established cancers, the unknown differentiating potential of high population doubling hMSCs and the source of hMSCs (e.g. , bone marrow, adipose-derived, muscle-derived, umbilical cord blood, etc .) that may provide peculiarities to self-renewal, differentiation, and physiologic function that may differ from non-transformed native cells. Tissue engineering approaches to use hMSCs to repair bone defects utilize the growth of hMSCs on three-dimensional scaffolds that can either be a base on which hMSCs can attach and grow or as a means of sequestering growth factors to assist in the chemoattraction and differentiation of native hMSCs. The use of whole native extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by hMSCs, rather than individual ECM components, appear to be advantageous in not only being utilized as a three-dimensional attachment base but also in appropriate orientation of cells and their differentiation through the growth factors that native ECM harbor or in simulating growth factor motifs. The origin of native ECM, whether from hMSCs from young or old individuals is a critical factor in “rejuvenating” hMSCs from older individuals grown on ECM from younger individuals.
Domains of Heterochromatin Protein 1 Required for Drosophila melanogaster Heterochromatin Spreading

Centric regions of eukaryotic genomes are packaged into heterochromatin, which possesses the ability to spread along the chromosome and silence gene expression. The process of spreading has been challenging to study at the molecular level due to repetitious sequences within centric regions. A heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) tethering system was developed that generates "ectopic heterochromatin" at sites within euchromatic regions of the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Using this system, we show that HP1 dimerization and the PxVxL interaction platform formed by dimerization of the HP1 chromo shadow domain are necessary for spreading to a downstream reporter gene located 3.7 kb away. Surprisingly, either the HP1 chromo domain or the chromo shadow domain alone is sufficient for spreading and silencing at a downstream reporter gene located 1.9 kb away. Spreading is dependent on at least two H3K9 methyltransferases, with SU(VAR)3-9 playing a greater role at the 3.7-kb reporter and dSETDB1 predominately acting at the 1.9 kb reporter. These data support a model whereby HP1 takes part in multiple mechanisms of silencing and spreading.
Synthesis and Determination of Manganese Carbonate and Manganese-54 Carbonate

Abstract A method was developed by which radioactive manganese, manganese-54 carbonate (with a high specific activity), could be produced. This was accomplished by reacting manganese-54 chloride, manganese chloride tetrahydrate, and sodium bicarbonate. This reaction produced manganese-54 carbonate (specific activity .35 mCi/mg manganese mixed with stable manganese. The purity of the manganese carbonate (manganese-54 carbonate) was determined by the use of x-ray diffraction methods. One method compared " d " spacings (distance in angstroms between lattice planes of a crystal) with standard and index values for pure manganese carbonate. Another method compared x-ray diffractograms of the synthesized product with standard manganese carbonate. By both methods all material was the carbonate form of manganese (manganese-54 carbonate).
Total charge theorem for directional couplers and Z-matched coupled lines

It is proven that, in a two-line directional coupler of conventional design, the response to a voltage step on the input is a net amount of coupled charge on the output that is constant, and depends only on fixed properties of the coupler and the size of the voltage step, not on the waveform. This general property of Z-matched coupled lines is useful for pulse creation, and provides insight into certain memory bus techniques that use directional couplers for impedance-matched data transmission.
Flow Computation based on Kinematics

Flows are classified according to the vorticity distribution as irrotational flows wherein the vorticity vanishes throughout the domain of flow, vortex flows characterized by the presence of compact regions of concentrated vorticity in an otherwise irrotational fluid, and rotational flows wherein the vorticity is significant throughout the domain of flow. In this chapter, we discuss the kinematical structure and mathematical description of the simplest class of irrotational flows. Specifically, we develop finite-difference methods for computing the velocity field from knowledge of the velocity distribution over the boundaries, and derive a class of elementary irrotational flows that serve as building blocks for generating desired solutions. Complementary building blocks associated with elementary vortex flows will provide us with additional degrees of freedom and will allow us to address more general configurations pertinent to a broader class of flow conditions.
Functional asymmetry of the human Na+/glucose transporter (hSGLT1) in bacterial membrane vesicles.

The functional characteristics of the forward and reverse transport modes of the human Na + / glucose transporter (hSGLT1) were investigated using plasma membrane vesicles of E. coli expressing the recombinant transporter. Correctly and inverse-oriented vesicles were employed to measure the initial rates of methyl-R-D-glucose uptake, under zero-trans conditions, as a function of Na + , sugar, and phlorizin concentrations and membrane potential. This approach enabled the analysis of the two faces of hSGLT1 in parallel, revealing the reversibility of Na + /sugar cotransport. While the key characteristics of secondary active sugar transport were maintained in both modes, namely, Na + and voltage dependence, the kinetic properties of the two sides indicated a functional asymmetry of the transporter. That is, the apparent affinity for sugar and driver cation Na + exhibited a difference of more than 1 order of magnitude between the two modes. Furthermore, the selectivity pattern of ligands and the interaction of the transporter with the competitive inhibitor phlorizin were different. Whereas the high-affinity substrates, D-glucose and D-galactose, inhibited uptake of radioactive sugar tracer at their physiological concentrations (10 mM) in the forward reaction, they were poor inhibitors even at high concentrations in the reverse transport mode. Taken together, these results confirm the successful employment of E. coli to express and characterize a human membrane protein (hSGLT1), elucidating the functional asymmetry of this cotransporter.
Habitat Requirements of Henslow's Sparrows Wintering in Silvicultural Lands of the Gulf Coastal Plain

Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) is one of several grassland bird species that has declined during the last several decades. Although several studies have char- acterized the habitat requirements of breeding Henslow's Sparrows, winter habitat require- ments for the species remain poorly known. The purpose of our study was to identify habitat variables associated with occupancy by Henslow's Sparrow on silvicultural larids in the core of its winter range in the Gulf Coastal Plain. Forty-one study sites were chosen on lands managed for timber production in Baldwin County, Alabama. Henslow's Sparrows selected moist sites that occurred as pitcher plant bogs or as transition areas between wet pitcher plant bogs and drier upland areas. A multiple logistic regression model identified the den- sity of the grass Panicum verrucosum and the density of pitcher plants as the variables best able to explain the presence of Henslow's Sparrows. Sites occupied by Henslow's Sparrows had higher herbaceous vegetation densities and had been disturbed by timber harvest and/ or fire more recently than unoccupied sites. Within occupied sites, Henslow's Sparrows chose areas with higher densities of herbaceous vegetation, especially P. verrucosum. Received 16 October 1997, accepted 9 June 1998.
A new species of Operculicarya H. Perrier (Anacardiaceae) from western dry forests of Madagascar

Abstract Randrianasolo, A. & P. P. Lowry II (2015). A new species of Operculicarya H. Perrier (Anacardiaceae) from western dry forest of Madagascar. Candollea 70: 57–60. In English, English and French abstracts. A new species of Operculicarya H. Perrier (Anacardiaceae) is described from material collected in dry forest on karstic limestone in western Madagascar, bringing the total number of species in the genus to nine. Operculicarya calcicola Randrian. & Lowry is distinguished from the other members of the genus by the size and shape of its leaves and leaflets, the structure of its infructescence, and the size of its fruits. An illustration is provided along with a distribution map and preliminary assessment of its risk of extinction following the IUCN Red List criteria, which indicates a status of Least Concern.
The Future of Residence Life and Student Affairs in Christian Higher Education

ABSTRACTThe future of Christian higher education is not certain, and faith-based institutions will need to continue to convince prospective students that the experiences they offer are worth the investment. What is missing in the discussion of what makes Christian higher education special is the transformational experience provided outside of the classroom. To this end, residential life and student affairs in Christian higher education is an area of untapped potential critical to the future of these campuses. When taking into account the lost role of service in the professoriate, the research on the impact of living on campus on student success, and the research on the importance of student-faculty interaction, it becomes evident that residential communities can be transformed into environments that offer an integrated, holistic education that is vital to the mission of Christian institutions.
Parity Violation in Nuclei

Nuclear parity violation1 provides a window on a part of the hadronic weak interaction which is otherwise invisible. The idea of a universal weak current which acts in hadrons as well as leptons is of course central to all modern theories of the electroweak force but it is one which does not readily admit testing. We have some experimental knowledge of ΔS=1 and ΔC=1 non-1eptonic weak processes, and there is little cause for satisfaction in our understanding of those processes. The only immediate prospect for probing the ΔS=0 interaction is nuclear parity violation, and in the early days it was hoped that much of a fundamental nature might be learned. This optimism soon yielded to gloom when the cluttered nature of the nuclear workshop became apparent. Now, following substantial efforts both by theorists and experimentalists there is a renewed, more conservative optimism that nuclear parity violation (PV) can be understood at a level which tests our ability to calculate hadronic interactions, although it is not likely to influence the development of the underlying theories of the weak interaction.
The Skulls of the Cathartid Vultures

The New World vultures, family Cathartidae, form a heterogeneous group of large birds which is now limited in its range to the Americas. Only one member, the fossil Plesiocathartes of France, has been taken outside the Western Hemisphere. Including fossils, there have been at various times twelve genera and twenty species within the family. More than half of these are fossil; the oldest is from the Oligocene. An earlier study (in press) of the appendicular skeleton and musculature of the Recent genera indicated that the modern forms are surprisingly diverse in spite of similarities in locomotion in the air and on the ground, which are correlated with similarities in appendages. Because it was believed that the skull, especially the cranial part, is a more "stable" part of the body and less subject to adaptive change than are the appendages, this region of the skeleton was selected as the basis for a study of relationships. In pursuing this investigation it has been necessary, however, to examine some other skeletal parts in order to clarify questions of taxonomy.
Sheep ectoparasite control. II. Toxicity to sheep, and residues of diazinon and lindane.

Tissue residues were determined and toxicity symptoms were noted following sprinkling and dipping lambs with 0.06% diazinon emulsion, sprinkling with 1% diazinon emulsion, and dipping with 0.066% lindane suspension. Toxic effects only, including blood cholinesterase levels, were noted following dipping in 0.06, 0.12, and 0.25% diazinon suspension. The only considerable diazinon residues found were 1.45-2.30 ppm in fat I day after dipping in 0.06% diazinon with concurrent 44-47% cholinesterase depression. Small residues were present in blood from these sheep. Most tissues contained no detectable diazinon at 15 or 26 days after lambs were dipped in 0.06% diazinon, but fat contained up to 0.52 ppm at 15 days and 0.31 ppm at 26 days. Sprinkling with diazinon at 0.06% produced no residues in most tissues, with a maximum of 0.23 ppm in fat. The only definite poisoning produced involved a 3-day-old lamb dipped in 0.12% diazinon suspension. Lambs more than 1week old were not poisoned by 0.06% diazinon, nor were lambs more than 1 month old by 0.25%. Residues of 21-51 ppm lindane in fat were present as long as 3 weeks following the 2nd of 2 dippings in 0.066% lindane. Residues were 0.3 ppm or less 2 months after dipping.
UPTAKE, HYDROLYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL ESTERS BY A TRANSPLANTABLE ADRENAL CORTICAL TUMOR.

SummaryA very low-density, cholesterol-labeled lipoprotein fraction of rat chyle, in which about 70% of the sterol C14 was in the esterified form, was injected intravenously into normal rats and into rats bearing the transplanted Snell adrenal cortical tumor 494H. The esterified and free sterol C14 contents of the tumor and of the normal adrenal glands were measured at several intervals after the injection. The same general pattern—an initial decrease followed by an increase in the proportion of sterol C14 esterified—was observed for tumor and normal gland. This suggests that in both cases the uptake and hydrolysis of labeled chyle cholesterol esters were followed by cholesterol reesterification. In the tumor, however, the hydrolysis occurred later and the subsequent reesterification was much less pronounced. A comparison of esterification of free cholesterol and hydrolysis of cholesterol oleate by homogenates prepared from tumors and normal glands revealed the following for both tissues: The pH optimum, ...
Radiological Evaluation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Chapter 5 discusses the rationale and techniques for screening an at-risk population for the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The typical appearance of small HCC on ultrasound CT, and MRI and the challenges inherent in diagnosing early HCC and distinguishing it from regenerating and dysplastic nodules, arterioportal shunts, fibrosis, and other lesions have been noted. When proper computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are used with expert interpretation in a well-run screening program, many HCCs should be diagnosed when they are amenable to curative treatments, including resection, ablation, and liver transplantation.
A mixed method study on educational well-being and resilience among youth in foster care

Abstract This paper, framed by risk and resiliency theory, presents findings from a youth led collaborative social research study exploring the facilitators of educational success and college attendance among former foster youth. A simultaneous component/parallel process mixed method design was conducted to explore factors associated with educational success among youth in foster care. Findings suggest that stability and positive relationships with peers and adult mentors ease transitions, and reinforce emotional connections impacting educational success and post-secondary attendance. This manuscript attempts to raise the volume on youth's successful experiences of education and highlight the implications for trauma informed practice in child welfare and school settings.
A System for Ontology-Based Annotation of Biomedical Data

We present a system for ontology based annotation and indexing of biomedical data; the key functionality of this system is to provide a service that enables users to locate biomedical data resources related to particular ontology concepts. The system's indexing workflow processes the text metadata of diverse resource elements such as gene expression data sets, descriptions of radiology images, clinical-trial reports, and PubMed article abstracts to annotate and index them with concepts from appropriate ontologies. The system enables researchers to search biomedical data sources using ontology concepts. What distinguishes this work from other biomedical search tools is:(i) the use of ontology semantics to expand the initial set of annotations automatically generated by a concept recognition tool; (ii) the unique ability to use almost all publicly available biomedical ontologies in the indexing workflow; (iii) the ability to provide the user with integrated results from different biomedical resource in one place. We discuss the system architecture as well as our experiences during its prototype implementation (http://www.bioontology.org/tools.html).
Inhibiting Cardiac Fibrosis in Myocardial Infarction by CXCL10 Agonist Peptide

ObjectiveHeart failure is the leading cause of death and disability in the world, with 7.4 million deaths occurring in 2012 alone. Despite marked improvements in nearly every cardiovascular disease...
Feature-Selective Attention Adaptively Shifts Noise Correlations in Primary Auditory Cortex

Sensory environments often contain an overwhelming amount of information, with both relevant and irrelevant information competing for neural resources. Feature attention mediates this competition by selecting the sensory features needed to form a coherent percept. How attention affects the activity of populations of neurons to support this process is poorly understood because population coding is typically studied through simulations in which one sensory feature is encoded without competition. Therefore, to study the effects of feature attention on population-based neural coding, investigations must be extended to include stimuli with both relevant and irrelevant features. We measured noise correlations (rnoise) within small neural populations in primary auditory cortex while rhesus macaques performed a novel feature-selective attention task. We found that the effect of feature-selective attention on rnoise depended not only on the population tuning to the attended feature, but also on the tuning to the distractor feature. To attempt to explain how these observed effects might support enhanced perceptual performance, we propose an extension of a simple and influential model in which shifts in rnoise can simultaneously enhance the representation of the attended feature while suppressing the distractor. These findings present a novel mechanism by which attention modulates neural populations to support sensory processing in cluttered environments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although feature-selective attention constitutes one of the building blocks of listening in natural environments, its neural bases remain obscure. To address this, we developed a novel auditory feature-selective attention task and measured noise correlations (rnoise) in rhesus macaque A1 during task performance. Unlike previous studies showing that the effect of attention on rnoise depends on population tuning to the attended feature, we show that the effect of attention depends on the tuning to the distractor feature as well. We suggest that these effects represent an efficient process by which sensory cortex simultaneously enhances relevant information and suppresses irrelevant information.
Pharmacodynamics and effectiveness of topical nitroglycerin at lowering blood pressure during autonomic dysreflexia

Secondary analysis of prospectively collected observational data assessing the safety of an autonomic dysreflexia (AD) management protocol. To estimate the time to onset of action, time to full clinical effect (sustained systolic blood pressure (SBP) <160 mm Hg) and effectiveness of nitroglycerin ointment at lowering blood pressure for patients with spinal cord injuries experiencing AD. US Veterans Affairs inpatient spinal cord injury (SCI) unit. Episodes of AD recalcitrant to nonpharmacologic interventions that were given one to two inches of 2% topical nitroglycerin ointment were recorded. Pharmacodynamics as above and predictive characteristics (through a mixed multivariate logistic regression model) were calculated. A total of 260 episodes of pharmacologically managed AD were recorded in 56 individuals. Time to onset of action for nitroglycerin ointment was 9–11 min. Time to full clinical effect was 14–20 min. Topical nitroglycerin controlled SBP <160 mm Hg in 77.3% of pharmacologically treated AD episodes with the remainder requiring additional antihypertensive medications. A multivariate logistic regression model was unable to identify statistically significant factors to predict which patients would respond to nitroglycerin ointment (odds ratios 95% confidence intervals 0.29–4.93). The adverse event rate, entirely attributed to hypotension, was 3.6% with seven of the eight events resolving with close observation alone and one episode requiring normal saline. Nitroglycerin ointment has a rapid onset of action and time to full clinical effect with high efficacy and relatively low adverse event rate for patients with SCI experiencing AD.
Tinnitus Patients Suffering from Anxiety and Depression: A Review

Objectives: To review literature on the link between depression and anxiety in patients suffering from tinnitus. Method: A systematic review of published English-language literature was performed using PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane databases. Results: Of the 56 eligible abstracts 15 were chosen to be included in the review. All articles showed an association of depression and anxiety in tinnitus patients. Conclusions: Because of the strong association between tinnitus, depression, and anxiety- all tinnitus patients should be screened for psychiatric disorders. Treatment for these complex conditions should involve a multidisciplinary team with cognitive behavioral therapy and possible pharmacological therapy.