cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bringing the customer to the market: A new utility business model

Abstract This article outlines principles that govern a new utility business model for vertically integrated electric utilities. The principles spell out a direct relationship between the utility and its customers in which customers may have a greater say in the sources of their energy. A sample program illustrates these principles.
Remnant Woven Bone and Calcified Cartilage in Mouse Bone: Differences between Ages/Sex and Effects on Bone Strength.

Introduction Mouse models are used frequently to study effects of bone diseases and genetic determinates of bone strength. Murine bones have an intracortical band of woven bone that is not present in human bones. This band is not obvious under brightfield imaging and not typically analyzed. Due to the band’s morphology and location it has been theorized to be remnant bone from early in life. Furthermore, lamellar and woven bone are well known to have differing mechanical strengths. The purpose of this study was to determine (i) if the band is from early life and (ii) if the woven bone or calcified cartilage contained within the band affect whole bone strength. Woven Bone Origin Studies In twelve to fourteen week old mice, doxycycline was used to label bone formed prior to 3 weeks old. Doxycycline labeling and woven bone patterns on contralateral femora matched well and encompassed an almost identical cross-sectional area. Also, we highlight for the first time in mice the presence of calcified cartilage exclusively within the band. However, calcified cartilage could not be identified on high resolution cone-beam microCT scans when examined visually or by thresholding methods. Mechanical Strength Studies Subsequently, three-point bending was used to analyze the effects of woven bone and calcified cartilage on whole bone mechanics in a cohort of male and female six and 13 week old Balb/C mice. Three-point bending outcomes were correlated with structural and compositional measures using multivariate linear regression. Woven bone composed a higher percent of young bones than older bones. However, calcified cartilage in older bones was twice that of younger bones, which was similar when normalized by area. Area and/or tissue mineral density accounted for >75% of variation for most strength outcomes. Percent calcified cartilage added significant predictive power to maximal force and bending stress. Calcified cartilage and woven bone could have more influence in genetic models where calcified cartilage percent is double our highest value.
A virtual assistant to help dysphagia patients eat safely at home

For millions of people with swallowing disorders, preventing potentially deadly aspiration pneumonia requires following prescribed safe eating strategies. But adherence is poor, and caregivers' ability to encourage adherence is limited by the onerous and socially aversive need to monitoring another's eating. We have developed an early prototype for an intelligent assistant that monitors adherence and provides feedback to the patient, and tested monitoring precision with healthy subjects for one strategy called a "chin tuck." Results indicate that adaptations of current generation machine vision and personal assistant technologies can effectively monitor chin tuck adherence, and suggest feasibility of a more general assistant that encourages adherence to a range of safe eating strategies.
Tricoordinated Stabilized Cations, Anions, and Radicals, + CX 1 X 2 X 3 , − CX 1 X 2 X 3 , and CX 1 X 2 X 3

This chapter covers the literature of carbon that is attached to three heteroatom functions and the carbon is either positively charged (carbocation) or negatively charged (carbanion). The main aim of this review is to cover more stable and possibly isolable salts, which appeared in the literature during the period 1995–2003. Preparative methods of such salts and their reactions with other substrates have continued to be interesting topics in the early 2000s. All the transient intermediates that fall under the category of carbocation or carbanion are excluded from this review. However, a few species which are not normally regarded as stabilized carbocations or carbanions, are included to illustrate the range of possible substitutents attached to such carbon. Some carbocations with three different heteroatom functions that appeared prior to 1995 were omitted in the earlier review and are now included here.The carbocations and carbanions are classified according to the types of heteroatoms attached to the charged carbon. A brief discussion of carbon-centered radicals with three heteroatom functions is included, although few such radicals are stable enough to be considered in the present work.
Hospitalization rates in elderly, newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients treated with azacitidine.

e18040 Background: Azacitidine is a common treatment for elderly AML and MDS patients. We describe rates of hospitalization in an older cohort of AML or high-risk MDS patients initially treated wit...
Governance Structures and the “(De)Politicization” of Performance Measures

The nature of the politico-administrative structure at the county level shapes the way performance measures are used within them. In this chapter, we show how differences between two counties regarding the degree to which performance measures are linked to the overall strategic planning goals of the County as whole reflect differences in the politico-administrative structure of the counties themselves.
X-ray penumbral imaging diagnostic developments at the National Ignition Facility

X-ray penumbral imaging has been successfully fielded on a variety of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule implosion experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). We have demonstrated sub-5 μm resolution imaging of stagnated plasma cores (hot spots) at x-ray energies from 6 to 30 keV. These measurements are crucial for improving our understanding of the hot deuterium-tritium fuel assembly, which can be affected by various mechanisms, including complex 3-D perturbations caused by the support tent, fill tube or capsule surface roughness. Here we present the progress on several approaches to improve x-ray penumbral imaging experiments on the NIF. We will discuss experimental setups that include penumbral imaging from multiple lines-of-sight, target mounted penumbral apertures and variably filtered penumbral images. Such setups will improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the spatial imaging resolution, with the goal of enabling spatially resolved measurements of the hot spot electron temperature and material mix in ICF implosions.
Ambiguity and Ambiguity Aversion

Abstract The phenomena of ambiguity and ambiguity aversion , introduced in Daniel Ellsberg’s seminal 1961 article, are ubiquitous in the real world and violate both the key rationality axioms and classic models of choice under uncertainty. In particular, they violate the hypothesis that individuals’ uncertain beliefs can be represented by subjective probabilities (sometimes called personal probabilities or priors ). This chapter begins with a review of early notions of subjective probability and Leonard Savage’s joint axiomatic formalization of expected utility and subjective probability. It goes on to describe Ellsberg’s classic urn paradoxes and the extensive experimental literature they have inspired. It continues with analytical descriptions of the numerous (primarily axiomatic) models of ambiguity aversion which have been developed by economic theorists, and concludes with a discussion of some current theoretical topics and newer examples of ambiguity aversion.
On Nachträglichkeit, or a Certain Blindness of the “Now:” Time, Self, and Self-Responsibility in Derrida’s Analyses of the Husserlian ac-count of Temporality

Derrida’s analysis of Husserl’s work on time-consciousness has been re-jected by many phenomenologists as a misreading, and as entailing an in-consistent account of temporality. Specifically, Derrida attributes a kind of “nachtraglich” to self-presence, and with this, a purported “blindness,” no-tions which are ostensibly antithetical to any adequate phenomenological account. However, an examination of the relevant Derridean and Husser-lian texts makes it clear, firstly, that these notions have to be included in any adequate account of time-consciousness; and secondly, that in his lat-er work on temporality, Husserl himself comes to anticipate Derrida’s ob-jections, and in fact, reworks his account significantly in response. After demonstrating both these points, I conclude by examining the ultimate implications of Derrida’s analysis for our self-understanding as conscious subjects – some of which, but not all of which, Husserl comes to appreci-ate himself.
Research Issues and Strategies

The investigation of family interaction and psychopathology presents a number of challenges. Any study in this area faces special difficulties because of the nature of the family, of psychopathology, and of their interaction. Families present methodological problems because they are an unusual unit of analysis. Most researchers examine the individual as the central unit of analysis, but studies of the family must focus on larger units, such as the dyad, the triad, and the entire family system. Systems for measuring and categorizing the person, although far from satisfactory, do have a history and tradition that gives the researcher options from which to choose. For example, the DSM-III provides a taxonomy of individual disorders that, despite its inadequacies, has some consensual validity across practitioners and researchers in the field. Nothing comparable exists for families or for interactional pathology.
State Space Linear Systems: Formal Definitions and General Properties

In this section, we present formal definitions of continuous-and discrete-time state space linear systems and discuss some general properties which such systems exhibit. The treatment may be viewed as an effort to make precise some of the notions described heuristically in the Introduction. Specifically, linear systems should serve as mathematical models for “real-world” processes which take input “time functions” to output “time functions” in some linear fashion. The real-world processes which we seek to model with, say, continuous-time state space linear systems are those which take m real-valued suitably well-behaved input time-functions t →u i (t), 1 ⩽ i ⩽ m, and “process” them through a box in such a way as to yield p real-valued output time functions t →y j (t), 1 ⩽ j ⩽ p.
Hiding intermittent information leakage with architectural support for blinking

As demonstrated by numerous practical attacks, the physical act of computation emits unintended and damaging information through infinitesimal variations in timing, power, and resource contention. While there are many techniques for preventing the leakage of information through power channels for specific cryptographic units, they are typically either built directly into the hardware logic or exploit intricate mathematical properties of the algorithm itself. However, such leaks are not uniform in time but, as we show, rather occur in specific bursts. Exploiting this observation we propose a set of software-controlled techniques allowing for the seamless disconnection and reconnection of general purpose programmable components in a system-on-chip. Such a system is capable of providing brief moments of electrical isolation during which the most critical computations can be performed free from both timing and power measurement. Of course, disconnection comes at a cost. To balance the resulting trade-off between overhead and security effectively, we describe a new analysis technique to uncover the "leakiest" intervals of time, we provide an algorithm to co-optimize the covering of these intervals and the performance/energy costs under a set of architecture imposed constraints, and explore the architectural and software ramifications of such intermittent disconnection. In the end we find that by hiding only between 15% and 30% of the trace, at a performance cost of between 15% and 50%, we are able to reduce the mutual information between the leakage model and key bits by 75% on average, and to nearly zero in specific cases.
Proteome and transcriptome profiling of equine myofibrillar myopathy identifies diminished peroxiredoxin 6 and altered cysteine metabolic pathways

Equine myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) causes exertional muscle pain and is characterized by myofibrillar disarray and ectopic desmin aggregates of unknown origin. To investigate the pathophysiology of...
Temporal associations between circadian sleep and activity patterns in Mexican American children.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to examine the relationship between circadian sleep and activity behaviors (sedentary time [SED], light-intensity physical activity [LPA], and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity [MVPA]) across 3 consecutive days. Methods This study included 308 Mexican American children aged 8-10 years from the San Francisco Bay Area. Minutes of sleep duration, SED, LPA, and MVPA were estimated using hip-worn accelerometers from Wednesday night to Saturday night. A cross-lagged panel model was used to estimate paths between sleep duration the prior night and subsequent behaviors, and paths between behaviors to subsequent sleep duration across the 3 days. We adjusted for child age, sex, body mass index, and household income. Results Overall, children were 8.9 (SD 0.8) years old; the weighted average for weekday and weekend combined was 9.6 (SD 0.7) hours per night in sleep duration, 483 (SD 74) min/d SED, 288 (SD 61) min/d LPA, and 63 (SD 38) min/d MVPA. Cross-lagged panel analyses showed that, over 3 days, for every 1-hour increase in sleep duration, there were an expected 0.66-hour (40-minute) decrease in SED, 0.37-hour (22-minute) decrease in LPA, and 0.06-hour (4-minute) decrease in MVPA. For every 1-hour increase in LPA, there was an expected 0.25-hour (15-minute) decrease in sleep duration. Conclusion An additional hour of sleep the night before corresponded to an hour decrease in combined SED and LPA the next day in Mexican American children. For every hour of LPA, there was an associated 15-minute decrease in sleep. Encouraging longer sleep may help to reduce SED and LPA, and help offset LPA’s negative predictive effect on sleep.
David Oliver: The TaxPayers’ Alliance, Hancock, and health technology

On 24 April the TaxPayers’ Alliance published a report on the potential benefits of automation for the NHS, social care, and wider local government services.1 The previous day the organisation, which describes itself as a think tank and “non-partisan grassroots campaign for lower taxes,” which “speaks up for taxpayers,”2 announced that it was launching the report “with” Matt Hancock, secretary of state for health and social care in England.3 I can’t see any evidence in the report of his involvement, beyond an enthusiastic foreword. The report states, “There are barriers to entry into the NHS for companies offering innovative healthcare solutions. Many are being addressed and in the long term it’s crucial that the NHS remains open to new ideas and innovation.” …
Social Genesis in Computing Education

It is common to think of learning as the acquisition of knowledge by an individual learner. Starting a century ago, Lev Vygotsky developed a different perspective on learning, initiating a tradition of educational research whose momentum and influence continue to grow. One of Vygotsky's key principles is the general genetic law of cultural development that states that whatever skilled cognition that individuals carry out within their own minds is preceded by homologous activity carried out by a social group of which this individual was a part. In linking the individual and society through this law, learning is not simply a matter of the acquisition of domain knowledge. Rather, it is a cyclic process by which a social group, in its functioning through joint activity, leads to individuals taking into themselves (i.e., internalizing) the social forms of activity. In this article, our goal is to explicate Vygotsky's genetic law and demonstrate its utility for yielding novel insight into computing education. We provide an extended illustration of the use of Vygotsky's law in examining a teacher and students in a university setting write code together during a class session. What our analysis reveals is that the teacher and students together enact a sequential, rule-based, and dialogical process of problem decomposition and code writing far different from the plan and schema-based models for programming that have emerged from prior research focused on the individual student and their cognitive strategies and structures. We provide commentary on implications of the genetic law for both research and practice in computing education.
Correction to: Matching Atomistic Simulations and In Situ Experiments to Investigate the Mechanics of Nanoscale Contact

In the original version of this paper, there is a typo in the last two sentences of section ‘2.1 In Situ TEM Experimental Measurements’.
Developmentally Regulated Fusion of Carrot Protoplasts

Protoplast fusion can be induced by PEG, high calcium at high pH, nitrate, and electric field stimulus. However, with all of these treatments, increasing the percentage of fusion beyond a certain threshold decreases protoplast viability. As a result of our studies on the structure of protoplast membranes, we have found that fusion potential varies with the developmental state of the culture cells. When wild carrot cultures which have the potential to undergo somatic cell embryogenesis are stimulated to differentiate, protoplasts can be isolated which are fusogenic (that is, they fuse with little or no stimulus). Our objectives were to optimize conditions for obtaining fusogenic protoplasts and to compare membrane structure of fusogenic and non-fusogenic protoplasts using video-enhanced microscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR).
Chapter 7 – Communication

Publisher Summary Communication is the foundation for mating behavior and social behavior. It involves a signal that is produced by a sending animal and received by another animal that interprets the signal. Senders (or signalers) and receivers co-evolve in the communication process. Evolution refines both the sender's ability to send a meaningful signal and the recipient's ability to perceive and understand the signal. Signals used in communication evolve following the basic principles of co-option, ritualization, stereotypy, and redundancy. Modes, or channels, such as sight, sound, or touch are used in animal communication. Each mode has advantages and disadvantages, depending on the environmental conditions and the signaling and receiving capacities of the species. Signals are often honest, but sometimes deceitful signaling is advantageous, which is especially important in mate choice. Once broadcast, signals become public information, available both to the intended recipient and to other animals, which might take advantage of the signal. Noise interferes with signaling and influences the evolution of communication by causing selection to favor sensory mechanisms that filter noise or behavior that avoids noise. The potential for human-caused noise to disrupt animal communication is a major conservation concern. Interspecific signaling occurs when a signal has evolved to influence the behavior of other species. Communication is the keystone in the arch of behavior from the individual to its participation in behavioral interactions with other animals.
A model for the constant-density boundary layer surrounding fire whirls

This paper investigates the steady axisymmetric structure of the cold boundary-layer flow surrounding fire whirls developing over localized fuel sources lying on a horizontal surface. The inviscid swirling motion found outside the boundary layer, driven by the entrainment of the buoyant turbulent plume of hot combustion products that develops above the fire, is described by an irrotational solution, obtained by combining Taylor's self-similar solution for the motion in the axial plane with the azimuthal motion induced by a line vortex of circulation . The velocity description provided is useful in mathematical formulations of localized fire-whirl flows, providing consistent boundary conditions accounting for the ambient swirl level.
Nanotechnology Usages for Cellular Adhesion and Traction Forces

Cell mechanobiology studies have incorporated micro- and nanotechnology-based tools to understand the interaction between cells and their surrounding environment. These tools have helped to uncover findings that physical factors in the extracellular matrix can strongly affect important cell functions like proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. Here, we review the nanotechnologies that have been used for cellular adhesions and traction forces and the findings that have come at the molecular and protein level.
Iron deficiency and the loss of chloroplast iron–sulfur cluster assembly trigger distinct transcriptome changes in Arabidopsis rosettes

Regulation of mRNA abundance revealed a genetic program for plant leaf acclimation to iron (Fe) limitation. The transcript for SUFB, a key component of the plastid iron-sulfur (Fe-S) assembly pathway is down-regulated early after Fe deficiency, and prior to down-regulation of mRNAs encoding abundant chloroplast Fe containing proteins, which should economize the use of Fe. What controls this system is unclear. We utilized RNA-seq. aimed to identify differentially expressed transcripts that are co-regulated with SUFB after Fe deficiency in leaves. To distinguish if lack of Fe or lack of Fe-S cofactors and associated loss of enzymatic and photosynthetic activity trigger transcriptome reprogramming, WT plants on low Fe were compared with an inducible sufb-RNAi knockdown. Fe deficiency targeted a limited set of genes and predominantly affected transcripts for chloroplast localized proteins. A set of glutaredoxin transcripts was concertedly down-regulated early after Fe deficiency, however when these same genes were down-regulated by RNAi the effect on known chloroplast Fe deficiency marker proteins was minimal. In promoters of differentially expressed genes, binding motifs for AP2/ERF transcription factors were most abundant and three AP2/ERF transcription factors were also differentially expressed early after low Fe treatment. Surprisingly, Fe deficiency in a WT on low Fe and a sufb-RNAi knockdown presented very little overlap in differentially expressed genes. sufb-RNAi produced expression patterns expected for Fe excess and up-regulation of a transcript for another Fe-S assembly component not affected by low Fe. These findings indicate that Fe scarcity, not Fe utilization, triggers reprogramming of the transcriptome in leaves.
Beyond 16 Sessions: Extending Manualized Treatment of Anxious Youth.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is well established as an efficacious treatment for anxious youth, yet a number of youth remain symptomatic after the 10–16 sessions of treatment stipulated by most CBT treatment manuals. While a significant minority do not respond, no study has examined the frequency and impact of additional therapy sessions. This study examined youth receiving outpatient therapy at an anxiety clinic who were offered the option to continue treatment after completing 16 sessions of manual-based CBT. Fifty-nine percent of participants chose to continue treatment, with an average of approximately 20 total sessions across participants. Therapist ratings demonstrated a significant overall improvement between session 16 and the final session. No pre-treatment measure of symptom severity differed between those who extended treatment and those who ended at session 16. Parent-rated anxiety differed between groups at session 16, as did the length of time to complete 16 sessions. Findings indicate that extending treatment is not uncommon, is typically limited to several additional sessions, and is associated with an increase in treatment gains. Current results suggest that two factors at session 16, parental perceptions of anxiety and time to complete 16 sessions, are influential and may be central to the decision to continue treatment past this point. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
Executive Insights: Leading the Way in Corporate Social Innovation – An Interview with Gary M. Cohen, Executive Vice President of Global Health & President of the BD Foundation

We interviewed Gary M. Cohen, Executive Vice President, Global Health & President of the BD Foundation (Becton, Dickinson and Company). As the leader of BD’s global health strategy, which has had a significant beneficial impact globally, Gary told us about key turning points in his career and how he was able to bring about transformational change on a global scale. Gary described his views on the role of business in society, how he defines corporate social innovation (CSI) and its four key methods, and provided recommendations for how it can be applied to other companies and industries. Finally, he provided invaluable advice for recent graduates who want to pursue a career that addresses society’s greatest challenges.
Strategic use of evidence in state-level policymaking: matching evidence type to legislative stage

Although interest in research utilization in the policy process has grown, how advocates strategically deploy different types of evidence to influence lawmakers remains not well understood. In this paper, we draw on the Advocacy Coalition Framework and the Narrative Policy Framework to show how various types of evidence—from empirical findings to personal anecdotes—were utilized by advocates during the 2 years leading to the passage of California’s historic 2010 law to extend foster care. The result was a generous and flexible entitlement policy passed with bipartisan support in the context of a recession, a state budget deficit, and an ambivalent governor. We find that leaders of a diverse advocacy coalition strategically showcased different types of evidence at specific moments in the legislative process. Each evidence type can be tied to a specific narrative element and strategy. Advocates first used research evidence to convince lawmakers of the policy’s effectiveness, then used professional expertise and benefit-cost analysis to convince them it would come at an acceptable cost, and finally used personal narratives to motivate them to act. We conclude that though benefit-cost analyses play an integral role in policymaking during a time of austerity, advocacy coalitions may still benefit from personal stories that lend emotional potency and urgency.
Criminal Procedure Rights and Harmless Error: A Response to Professor Epps

The harmless error doctrine is beset with problems, both theoretical and practical. In Harmless Error and Substantial Rights, recently published in the Harvard Law Review, Professor Daniel Epps proposes a reconceptualization of constitutional criminal procedure rights that is designed to address these problems. Epps argues that those constitutional criminal procedure rights that are capable of being violated by prosecutors and judges in nonharmful ways should be redefined to include a require- ment that their violation causes the right holder harm. In other words, what we now regard as a nonharmful violation of a constitutional crimi- nal procedure right would not amount to a constitutional violation at all. This Response argues that, while harmless error doctrine should indeed be reformed, acceptance of Epps’s proposal would create more problems than it would solve. Specifically, the narrower constitutional precedent that would result from implementing the proposal would cause mischief when translated into other adjudicatory and lawmaking con- texts. The Response thus defends the conventional understanding of harmless error review as a remedial inquiry. It does so by summarizing Epps’s argument, laying out concerns about certain transcontexual e ects if it were to be accepted, and proposing some alternative pathways to reform.
Hospital length of stay, do not resuscitate orders, and survival for post-cardiac arrest patients in Michigan: A study for the CARES Surveillance Group.

Abstract Objective Current guidelines recommend deferring prognostic decisions for at least 72 h following admission after Out of Hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Most non-survivors experience withdrawal of life sustaining therapy (WLST), and early WLST may adversely impact survival. We sought to characterize the hospital length of stay (LOS) and timing of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders (as surrogates for WLST), to assess their relationship to survival following cardiac arrest. Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of probabilistically linked cardiac arrest registries (Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) and Michigan Inpatient Database (MIDB) from 2014 to 2017. Patients Adult (≥18 years) patients admitted following OHCA were included. We considered LOS ≤ 3 days (short LOS) and written DNR order with LOS ≤ 3 days (Early DNR) as indicators of early WLST. Our primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. We utilized multilevel logistic regression clustered by hospital to examine associations of these variables, patient characteristics and survival to hospital discharge. Measurement and Main Results We included 3644 patients from 38 hospitals with >30 patients. Patients mean age was 62.4 years and were predominately male (59.3%). LOS ≤ 3 days (ORadj = 0.11) and early DNR (ORadj = 0.02) were inversely associated with survival to discharge. There was a non-significant inverse association between hospital rates of LOS ≤ 3 days and survival (p = 0.11), and Early DNR and survival (p = 0.83). In the multilevel model, using median odd ratios to assess variation in LOS ≤ 3 days and survival, patient characteristics contributed more to variability in surviival than between-hospital variation. However, between-hospital variation contributed more to variability than patient characteristics in the provision of early DNR orders. Conclusions We observed that LOS ≤ 3 days for post-arrest patients was negatively-associated with survival, with both patient characteristics and between-hospital variation associated with outcomes. However, between-hospital variation appears to be more highly-associated with provision of early DNR orders than patient characteristics. Further work is needed to assess variation in early DNR orders and their impact on patient survival.
Management of Type B Aortic Dissection

Acute type B dissection is a catastrophic life-threatening condition. One in five patients may develop severe complications such as rupture or branch-vessel malperfusion. Besides optimized medical therapy, these challenging patients are usually triaged to surgical or endovascular management. The surgical approach has been the gold standard for treatment of complicated type B dissection. However, there has been a shift in management in the last decade.
Tunable Wave Dispersion in 3D Woodpile Mechanical Metamaterials

We numerically and experimentally investigate the nonlinear wave dispersion in 3D woodpile periodic structures consisting of slender cylindrical rods. The slender rods have low frequency resonance modes that are coupled with the propagating wave. Depending on the coupling of local modes, the propagating waveform in woodpile can change significantly. Also, the wave dispersion in temporal and spatial domain depends significantly on the mode coupling. The coupling of the local modes can be tuned by adjusting the architecture of the woodpile.
Walking on Water

That day we walked out on the water Dangling our fins above the echoing blue Distances our feet could not disturb, Hanging like glass chandeliers in the depths The familiar striped fish nosed our wake But there on the floor your letter lay, The one you dropped yesterday, shimmering Among the flowering coral, calmly White, illegibly scrawled But unmistakably yours, the single leaf There on the yellow sand Shining like silk, shifting with the slow current? So I decided to dive for it, down through the azure The aqua the navy the green layers of light To the bottom, my ears beginning to tingle Even as the clear vistas turned Quieter and quieter, As your mislaid words loomed Larger and larger? But long before I reached you the wet tissue Like soggy rice unraveled; Suspended in the sky blue galleries it hung Motionless, the white frazzled shreds A miniature blizzard of thin pieces of flesh The fish obviously thought, moving among them Nibbling a word here, a question there The gaudy parrot, the inquisitive Decorous silver backed bream
Single table access using multiple indexes: optimization, execution, and concurrency control techniques

Many data base management systems' query optimizers choose at most one index for accessing the records of a table in a given query, even though many indexes may exist on the table. In spite of the fact that there are some systems which use multiple indexes, very little has been published about the concurrency control or query optimization implications (e.g., deciding how many indexes to use) of using multiple indexes. This paper addresses these issues and presents solutions to the associated problems. Techniques are presented for the efficient handling of record ID lists, elimination of some locking, and determination of how many and which indexes to use. The techniques are adaptive in the sense that the execution strategies may be modified at run-time (e.g., not use some indexes which were to have been used), if the assumptions made at optimization-time (e.g., about selectivities) turn out to be wrong. Opportunities for exploiting parallelism are also identified. A subset of our ideas have been implemented in IBM's DB2 V2R2 relational data base management system.
In support of mothers’ employment: limits to policy convergence in the EU?

This article compares 11 Western European countries with respect to public policies that promote the employment of mothers: maternity and parental leave, childcare provisions and family-related tax credits and allowances. The goal of this analysis is to characterise trends in the development of these policies from the mid-1980s to the present and identify the degree of policy convergence in this area of social policy. The process of convergence is analysed along two sets of criteria: the amount and forms of provisions, and the coherence of policies (eligibility, funding mechanisms, locus of regulation and quality control). The analysis is informed by theories of welfare regimes that identify distinctive patterns in which national policies shape the employment of women: general family support, dual-earner families and market-oriented families. Findings of the study reveal limited development towards harmonisation of national social policies. Such resilience of national welfare regimes can be attributed to institutional path dependence, on the one hand, and to minimal EU efforts to harmonise social policies, on the other. The article suggests that integrating markets have so far had a limited effect on social policy development, but that there are positive signs that convergence is possible in the future.
An Approach for Quantifying Dynamic Properties and Simulated Deployment Loading of Fire Service Escape Rope Systems

Rope systems are simple mechanical structures that provide life-critical protection from dynamic loading in a variety of applications where falls from height are possible. Recently, the Fire Service has realized the importance of using fall protection systems while endeavoring to gain a better understanding of how these systems will respond during fire ground deployments. A new extensometer, utilizing a linear variable differential transformer, was designed to advance the ability to characterize the dynamic and static properties of these ropes. A series of experiments were conducted to replicate various deployment scenarios, quantifying the effect of fall height, payout length, and ledge geometry on the dynamic loads a firefighter and his/her equipment may expect in realistic escape scenarios utilizing common rope systems. These loads are compared to occupational health-safety-based maximum load recommendations and the quasistatic strength of the rope. While the ropes constructed from all aramid fibers were the strongest in standard quasistatic tests; during dynamic loading they generated the largest maximum arrest loads that were consistently above the occupational health-safety recommended load of 8 kN. Finally, using the experimentally determined rope properties measured with the new extensometer, positive agreement was found between the experimental drop tests and numerical simulations.
Using computational grid capabilities to enhance the capability of an X-ray source for structural biology

The Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory enables structural biologists to perform state-of-the-art crystallography diffraction experiments with high-intensity X-rays. The data gathered during such experiments is used to determine the molecular structure of macromolecules to enhance, for example, the capabilities of modern drug design for basic and applied research. The steps involved in obtaining a complete structure are computationally intensive and require the proper adjustment of a considerable number of parameters that are not known a priori. Thus, it is advantageous to develop a computational infrastructure for solving the numerically complex problems quickly, in order to enable quasi-real-time information discovery and computational steering. Specifically, we propose that the time-consuming calculations be performed in a “computational grid” accessing a large number of state-of-the-art computational facilities. Furthermore, we envision that experiments could be conducted by researchers at their home institution via remote steering while a beamline technician performs the actual experiment; such an approach would be cost-efficient for the user. We conducted a case study involving multiple tasks of a structural biologist, including data acquisition, data reduction, solution of the phase problem, and calculation of the final result – an electron density map, which is subsequently used for modeling of the molecular structure. We developed a parallel program for the data reduction phase that reduces the turnaround time significantly. We also distributed the solution of the phase problem in order to obtain the resulting electron density map more quickly. We used the GUSTO testbed provided by the Globus metacomputing project as the source of the necessary state-of-the-art computational resources, including workstation clusters.
Adaptive Management for Natural Resources - Inevitable, Impossible, or Both?

The disconnect between adaptive management in practice and adaptive management in law is quite palpable. Today's practitioner of natural resources law is bombarded with adaptive management. It is firmly entrenched in natural resource management agency practice from headquarters to the field level. It shows up in land management plans, resource development permits, and agency guidance documents. Yet, it appears almost nowhere as codified statutory and regulatory text, and it is dealt with significantly in only a handful of judicial opinions. Agencies can practice adaptive management because their organic statutes are sufficiently vague to allow it, but few statutes mention adaptive management and even fewer require it. No other principle of natural resources management has so deeply permeated the practice on the basis of so little mention in the law. Is this because adaptive management is both inevitable for the practice of natural resources management while being impossible under existing procedural conventions of natural resources law? This chapter explores that paradox and provides a practical overview of adaptive management for natural resources lawyers. The first section describes the origins of adaptive management theory and examines the difficult time natural resources policy has had in translating the theory into statutory and regulatory text. The next section examines applications of adaptive management in three contexts: (1) environmental assessment processes; (2) regulation of private resources; and (3) public lands and resources management. The final two sections survey some of the implementation concerns and difficulties that adaptive management has generated thus far in its brief history and review how adaptive management has fared in the courts.
Applying NAEP to Improve Mathematics Content and Methods Courses for Preservice Elementary and Middle School Teachers

This study explored how mathematics content and methods courses for preservice elementary and middle school teachers could be improved through the integration of a set of instructional materials based on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). A set of eight instructional modules was developed and tested. The study involved 7 university instructors and 542 preservice teachers (PSTs) from three different universities. A quasi-experimental nonequivalent groups design was used for this study in which the following data sources were collected and analyzed. Three versions of a Learning Mathematics for Teaching test were given to assess PSTs‘ mathematical content knowledge for teaching: (a) Elementary Number Concepts and Operations—Content Knowledge; (b) Elementary Geometry—Content Knowledge; and (c) Middle School Number Concepts and Operations—Content Knowledge. In addition, the Mathematics Teacher Efficacy Beliefs Instrument was given to assess PSTs’ teacher efficacy beliefs. Test results were analyzed using paired samples t-tests. Findings suggest that use of instructional materials, based on NAEP, with PSTs results in increases in their mathematical content knowledge for teaching and in their teaching efficacy beliefs.
Gastro-Hepatic Fistula with Liver Abscess: A Rare Complication of a Common Procedure.

Patient: Female, 76 Final Diagnosis: Septic shock secondary to liver abscesses and gastro-hepatic fistula from PEG displacement Symptoms: Acute delirium Medication: — Clinical Procedure: None Specialty: Gastroenterology and Hepatology Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a procedure used most commonly for enteral access for nutrition and continuation of treatment in patients when oral nutrition is not possible. It is a safe, cost-effective procedure; however, has its own complications and adverse effects that can be life threatening. Case Report: Here, we present the case of a 76-year-old woman who was sent to a long-term skilled nursing facility after discharge from a hospital a month before, initially admitted for seizures after a fall and diabetic ketoacidosis. She underwent tracheostomy for prolonged respiratory support on mechanical ventilation and also underwent PEG tube placement. She presented in our Emergency Department (ED) with septic shock and multi-organ failure initially attributed to urinary tract infection and possible Clostridium difficile colitis. However, on further evaluation she was found to have a dislodged PEG tube, which led to development of gastro-hepatic fistula and multiple liver abscesses with liver necrosis. Comfort measures were implemented and she died due to her critical condition. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a PEG tube, with no post-procedure complications, that dislodged and resulted in formation of a gastro-hepatic fistula and multiple liver abscesses. It is the first case that describes liver injury resulting from dislodgement rather than the liver being injured during the procedure of PEG tube placement itself.
Color Preferences Differ with Variations in Color Perception.

A recent study demonstrates that color preferences of red–green dichromats differ systematically from color preferences of typical trichromatic observers. These differences can be partially explained by variations in cone-opponent mechanisms of dichromatic and trichromatic observers, but they may also be explained from an ecological perspective.
Children's literature and child abuse.

This article focuses on the use of children's literature in the treatment of child abuse, a method referred to as bibliotherapy. Appropriate children's books are described that can be used in this approach. Language: en
Alterations in key gluconeogenic regulators with age and endurance training

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to examine changes in six potential regulators of hepatic gluconeogenesis with normal aging and endurance training: fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F 2,6-P2), mitochondrial and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity, PEPCK mRNA, and pyruvate carboxylase and malate dehydrogenase activity. Young (4 months), middle-aged (12 months), and old (22 months) male Fischer 344 rats (N = 66) were divided into trained and sedentary groups. Trained animals were run 1 h/d, 5 d/wk for 10 weeks at treadmill speeds of 75% age-specific maximal running capacity. Animals were killed at rest, and the right main lobe of the liver was removed. F 2,6-P2 levels were significantly greater in old compared with young animals regardless of training condition (119% and 80% increase in old trained and untrained animals, respectively). No changes were found with training. Rates of cytosolic PEPCK activity declined significantly with age in both trained (1.3 ± 0.1, 1.0 ± 0.1, and 0.7 ± 0.1 μmol/g/min in young, middle-aged, and old, respectively) and untrained (1.3 ± 0.1, 1.1 ± 0.1, and 0.8 ± 0.2 μmol/g/min) groups. Training did not result in any significant differences between age groups. PEPCK gene expression (mRNA) determined by Northern blot analysis decreased 30% in trained and untrained old animals compared to the young counterparts; again, training had no effect in any age group. No significant differences were found in pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial PEPCK, or malate dehydrogenase activity with either age or training. These results suggest that previous age-related declines found in hepatic gluconeogenic capacity can be attributed, in part, to changes in F 2,6-P2, cytosolic PEPCK activity, and PEPCK mRNA, but not to alterations in the activities of mitochondrial PEPCK, malate dehydrogenase, or pyruvate carboxylase. Since training had no effect on any regulator studied, the factors responsible for attenuation in the age-related decline in gluconeogenesis with training remain to be determined.
Community and Growth: Muddling Through with Russian Credit Cooperatives

This article examines the evolution of the Russian government's policies between 1861 and 1917 in the sphere of rural credit, especially the extent to which social and cultural factors and ministerial politics impinged on the choice of banks and their development. Discussions concerned measures for economic change that could take place within the traditional and legal framework of the village community. The Ministry of Interior supported a classbased estate bank. The Ministry of Finance opted for the cooperative credit association which was to foster rural pacification and agricultural development by mobilizing peasant collective habits and private initiative that favored cooperative organizations.