cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in learning preferences among participants of serious business games

Abstract We examine gender differences in learning style revealed by attitudinal response to participation in serious business games. Two hundred twenty undergraduate business students played The Marketing Game! and completed exit surveys soliciting their attitudes toward the game experience, as well as an inventory revealing learning styles. Results extend empirical support for previously developed female and male learner profiles to learning game participants. Results also indicate games to be a rather different experience across genders, though a positive learning experience for both. Pedagogical implications are discussed.
Is biodiversity bad for your health

Natural ecosystems provide services that support human well-being, but ecosystems may also contain elements that can endanger humans. Some researchers have argued that ecosystems that support high vertebrate diversity pose a danger to human health because they are likely to support a high diversity of zoonotic pathogens, leading to the emergence of infectious diseases. We evaluated the evidence for the three necessary links in the hypothesized causal chain linking high vertebrate diversity to a high probability of emergence of infectious diseases. We found no support for one critical link—that high total diversity of vertebrate pathogens correlates with high diversity of actual or potential zoonotic pathogens. In contrast, there is now substantial evidence that high diversity protects humans against the transmission of many existing diseases. These results have substantial relevance for environmental policy.
Ilioinguinal Nerve Block

This chapter describes the indications, setup, technical details and other pertinent information required to perform and ilioinguinal nerve block.
A Theologico-Political Analysis

In this chapter, the methodological heart of the work, Royce subjects 17 West European nation-states—Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland—to Boolean qualitative comparison. His tests concern religious history since the Thirty Years’ War, demographic data from the year 2000, legal recognition of religion, and constitutional establishment of religion. All the constitutional laws of those nations are examined, and the findings provide possibly the most complete iteration of European church and state institutional relationships within existing literature.
Activation of catalase activity by a peroxisome-localized small heat shock protein Hsp17.6CII

Plant catalases are important antioxidant enzymes and are indispensable for plant to cope with adverse environmental stresses. However, little is known how catalase activity is regulated especially at an organelle level. In this study, we identified that small heat shock protein Hsp17.6CII (AT5G12020) interacts with and activates catalases in the peroxisome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Although Hsp17.6CII is classified into the cytosol-located small heat shock protein subfamily, we found that Hsp17.6CII is located in the peroxisome. Moreover, Hsp17.6CII contains a novel non-canonical peroxisome targeting signal 1 (PTS1), QKL, 16 amino acids upstream from the C-terminus. The QKL signal peptide can partially locate GFP to peroxisome, and mutations in the tripeptide lead to the abolishment of this activity. In vitro catalase activity assay and holdase activity assay showed that Hsp17.6CII increases CAT2 activity and prevents it from thermal aggregation. These results indicate that Hsp17.6CII is a peroxisome-localized catalase chaperone. Overexpression of Hsp17.6CII conferred enhanced catalase activity and tolerance to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, overexpression of Hsp17.6CII in catalase-deficient mutants, nca1-3 and cat2 cat3, failed to rescue their stress-sensitive phenotypes and catalase activity, suggesting that Hsp17.6CII-mediated stress response is dependent on NCA1 and catalase activity. Overall, we identified a novel peroxisome-located catalase chaperone that is involved in plant abiotic stress resistance by activating catalase activity.
American Grand Strategy and East Asian Security in the Twenty-First Century

East Asia is richer, more integrated and more stable than ever before, whilst East Asian defense spending is now roughly half of what it was in 1990 and shows no sign of increasing. There is no evidence of any Asian arms race. All countries in the region are seeking diplomatic, not military solutions with each other. Yet this East Asia reality still runs counter to a largely Western narrative that views China's rise as a threat and the region as increasingly unstable. In this important book, David C. Kang argues that American grand strategy should emphasize diplomatic and economic relations with the region, rather than military-first policies. Using longitudinal and comparative data, statistical analysis, and intensive research in selected East Asian countries, he suggests that East Asia is in sync with the American desire to share burdens and that the region may in fact be more stable than popularly believed.
Quadrature Domains for the Bergman Space in Several Complex Variables

We make use of the Bergman kernel function to study quadrature domains whose quadrature identities hold for $$L^2$$ holomorphic functions of several complex variables. We generalize some mapping properties of planar quadrature domains and point out some differences from the planar case. We then show that every smooth bounded convex domain in $${\mathbb {C}}^n$$ is biholomorphic to a quadrature domain. Finally, the possibility of continuous deformations within the class of planar quadrature domains is examined.
Der Ursprung und die explosive Entwicklung von GMOs

Anno 1981 entwickelten Forscher in einer Garage in Davis, Kalifornien eine kuhne Idee. Es war einer dieser raren Geistesblitze mit dem Potenzial, die Welt zu verandern. Dieser Hightech-Heureka-Moment ereignete sich nicht weit entfernt von dem Ort, an dem ich das Buch, das Sie gerade in der Hand halten, geschrieben habe. Ich lebe in Davis, als Professor an der UC Davis School of Medicine.
A model of a multilateral proxy war with spillovers

Motivated by the war in Syria and the ascension of ISIS, this paper models a proxy war with three sponsors and three combatants as a dynamic game. Sponsors are leaders that provide resources for combatants to fight each other. Sponsors 1 and 2 have strong aversion to sponsor 3’s proxy, but not against each other. Three pure strategy equilibria exist in the game. When the ex post value of winning is small, all players fight in equilibrium. However, when the ex post value of winning is large, in equilibrium either sponsors 1 and 2 coordinate their actions, with one of them staying out of the contest, or sponsor 3 does not participate. The probability of winning and the sponsors’ payoffs depend on a spillover effect. We find that no unique way of characterizing the comparative statics of the spillover effect emerges and that the answer varies from one equilibrium to another. Finally, we identify conditions under which sponsors 1 and 2 would want to form an alliance.
Preventative Behavioral Parent Training: A Preliminary Investigation of Strategies for Preventing At-Risk Children From Developing Later Conduct Problems

Children exhibiting conduct problems comprise the largest source of referrals to children's mental health services. The treatment for conduct problems that possesses the greatest amount of empirical support is behavioral parent training. Unfortunately, a cogent approach to the identification of risk factors and prevention of chronic conduct problem display has not been developed. This project was an initial longitudinal assessment examining the merits of preventative behavioral parent training as a primary prevention strategy for at-risk children. Results demonstrated that prevention participants were engaging in normative rates of disruptive behaviors at 6-month follow-up, whereas comparison children showed a behavioral decline over time.
Contra the Fregean Approach

Any appraisal of the positive arguments for the Fregean interpretation of the noema must begin with Follesdal’s “Husserl’s Notion of Noema” and must take account of Smith and McIntyre’s detailed expansion thereof. Follesdal argues for twelve theses concerning the noema,1 the first and chief of which is that “the noema is an intensional entity, a generalization of the notion of meaning (Sinn, Bedeutung)” (“HNN,” 681 [HICS, 73]). While it is clear from Ideen I (203 [241]) that noemata are to be considered senses (Sinne), Husserl also makes clear that he is using “sense” with an extended meaning. And we cannot assume that this extended meaning is a simple generalization of the notion of linguistic sense, i.e. the sense of a linguistic expression, which, at least in the first edition of LU, Husserl shares with Frege. In the first place, Husserl himself indicates that this extended meaning of “sense” is to be distinguished from and involves a modification of the more ordinary meaning of “linguistic sense,” for which he reserves the term “Bedeutung” (Ideen I, 285 [294]). While this distinction is essentially a limitation of the term “Bedeutung” to a certain class of acts, the fact that the acts to which the notion is generalized have different characters underlies the possibility that the generalized notion might find different applications in those acts.
Movement of Materials

The movement of bulk material and unit loads, as well as liquids, is an important consideration in the design of any food factory. This chapter opens with an overview of pallets and palletization. It then describes in some depth the techniques available for moving solids within the factory. These include conveyors, chutes, cranes and hoists, elevators, pneumatic conveying systems, and trucks (including forklifts), as well as manual handling. The accumulation and intermediate storage of materials are also addressed as are factors affecting the choice of conveying systems. Finally, the movement of liquids and transportation of materials to and from the factory site are described.
Adjacent-Cell Interference in Direct-Sequence CDMA Forward Traffic Channels

Each transmission from a base station in a mobile cellular direct-sequence CDMA network is a source of interference for the receivers in the mobile handsets that are operating in adjacent cells. This interference can limit the capacity of the forward traffic channels. The effect of adjacent-cell interference on the performance of the handset receivers is evaluated for a mobile cellular CDMA network that employs quadriphase-shift-key spreading, convolutional coding, and soft-decision decoding. It is demonstrated that acceptable performance may not be possible for a fully loaded cellular network. Of particular interest in this paper are cellular networks in which the base stations are mobile and must be interconnected by wireless communication links. Such networks are important for military applications and certain civilian emergency communications services.
EFFECT OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL AND OXYGEN TENSION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATIC NECROSIS IN RAT

Israel et. al. (1) have suggested that alcoholic hepatic necrosis can derive from a hypermetabolic state associated with chronic alcohol ingestion. We have attempted to confirm and further pursue this attractive hypothesis. Following the same protocol as Israel et. al. we have determined (a) survival and liver necrosis after six hours at 7.5% 02, (b) tetra- and triiodothyronine levels and (c) ouabain sensitive respiration for pair fed control, chronic alcoholic, and alcoholic rats treated with propylthiouracil. Unfortunately, our results lend no support to either a hypermetabolic state or enhanced oxygen sensitivity in alcoholic rats.
A Field Study of Hybridization between Berberis swaseyi and B. trifoliolata (Berberidaceae) in Hays County, Texas

Abstract: The widespread Berberis trifoliolata is sympatric with the narrowly restricted B. swaseyi in central Texas, where apparent intermediates occur. A detailed field study of sympatric populations in northern Hays Co. during 2004 to 2007 clarifies the morphological and phenological differences between the two species and shows that intermediates almost surely arose from hybridization. Limited evidence of introgression is also discussed.
ReSPonSe: Real-time, Secure, and Privacy-aware Video Redaction System

Nowadays the camera has developed into an indispensable and ubiquitous part of our life. It ensures the safety of people and their belongings, keeps records of special moments, or logs daily life. However, the ever-increasing amount of cameras surrounding us raised privacy concerns among people, who find themselves easily captured by a camera without themselves acknowledging it. To make matters worse, cameras, especially those on smart phones, are now more pervasive than ever before and can hardly be regulated as the recorders have full control of their cameras. Motivated by the privacy challenges originated from the ever-increasing and wide-spreading cameras, this paper presents the Real-time, Secure, and Privacy-aware Video Redaction System (ReSPonSe), which aims at protecting private information in personal videos according to permissions of people-in-video for other viewers to view them in the video. This system innovatively separates the production of videos into two stages: Encapsulation and Decapsulation. The first stage produces neutral videos in real-time while the second stage provides privacy-aware video to the viewer revealing private content of people-in-video who grants access rights to that viewer. The evaluation demonstrates the capability of this system to protect private information in videos with high efficiency and accuracy.
The effect of transfusions on the incidence of bacterial infection.

Abstract : The use of blood transfusions have been a art of medical practice for over half a century. The efficacy of blood and blood products in patients in hypovolemic shock from trauma or operative procedures has been well established. During the past quarter century, it has been demonstrated that blood transfusions administered prior to transplantation decrease the frequency and severity of allograft rejection. More recent work has indicated that this beneficial effect is the result of the transfusion inducing a stat of immunosuppression in the recipient. A number of reports have suggested that this posttransfusion immunosuppression may result in an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. Blood transfusions became a clinical reality following Landsteiner's demonstration of three of the four main blood groups in 1990. Subsequent to this discovery, the complications that resulted from the transfusion of incompatible red blood cells became avoidable and transfusion of blood and blood products became reasonably safe and accepted treatment for severe anemias and life-threatening hemorrhage. (js)
High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Assay for Quantifying β-Amyloid 40 and 42 in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Background: The ratio of β-amyloid 1–42 (Aβ42) to Aβ40 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be useful for evaluating Alzheimer disease (AD), but quantification is limited by factors including preanalytical analyte loss. We developed an LC-MS/MS assay that limits analyte loss. Here we describe the analytical characteristics of the assay and its performance in differentiating patients with AD from non-AD dementia and healthy controls. Methods: To measure Aβ42/Aβ40, we used unique proteolytically derived C-terminal peptides as surrogate markers of Aβ40 and Aβ42, which were analyzed and quantified by LC-MS/MS. The assay was analytically validated and applied to specimens from individuals with clinically diagnosed AD (n = 102), mild cognitive impairment (n = 37), and non-AD dementias (n = 22), as well as from healthy controls (n = 130). Aβ42/Aβ40 values were compared with APOE genotype inferred from phenotype, also measured by LC-MS/MS. Results: The assay had a reportable range of 100 to 25000 pg/mL, a limit of quantification of 100 pg/mL, recoveries between 93% and 111%, and intraassay and interassay CV Conclusions: This assay can be used to determine Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios, which correlate with the presence of AD.
Toward Actionable Knowledge: A Systematic Analysis of Mobile Patient Portal Use

As the aging population grows, chronic illness increases, and our healthcare costs sharply increase, patient portals are positioned as a central component of patient engagement through the potential to change the physician-patient relationship and enable chronic disease self-management. A patient’s engagement in their healthcare contributes to improving health outcomes, and information technologies can support health engagement. In this chapter, we extend the existing literature by discovering design gaps for patient portals from a systematic analysis of negative users’ feedback from the actual use of patient portals. Specifically, we adopt a topic modeling approach, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) algorithm, to discover design gaps from online low rating user reviews of a common mobile patient portal, EPIC’s mychart. To validate the extracted gaps, we compared the results of LDA analysis with that of human analysis. Overall, the results revealed opportunities to improve collaboration and to enhance the design of portals intended for patient-centered care. Incorporating these changes may enable the technologies to have stronger position to influence health improvement and wellness.
Retired Surgeons' Reflections on Their Careers.

This survey study explores how retired surgeons reflect on their careers and their attitudes toward career decisions.
Clinical Lessons From Studies of Children With Specific Language Impairment

Purpose This clinical focus article addresses a current debate contrasting the long-standing label of “specific language impairment” (SLI) with a recent alternative, “developmental language disorde...
LOCATING THE WALLACHIAN REVOLUTION OF 1848

This article offers a new interpretation of the Wallachian revolution of 1848. It places the revolution in its imperial and European contexts and suggests that the course of the revolution cannot be understood without reference to these spheres. The predominantly agrarian principality faced different but commensurate problems to other European states that experienced revolution in 1848. Revolutionary leaders attempted to create a popular political culture in which all citizens, both urban and rural, could participate. This revolutionary community formed the basis of the government's attempts to enter into relations with its Ottoman suzerain and its Russian protector. Far from attempting to subvert the geopolitical order, this article argues that the Wallachians positioned themselves as loyal subjects of the sultan and saw their revolution as a meeting point between the Ottoman Empire and European civilization. The revolution was not a staging post on the road to Romanian unification, but a brief moment when it seemed possible to realize internal regeneration on a European model within an Ottoman imperial framework. But the Europe of 1848 was too unstable for the revolutionaries to succeed. The passing of this moment would lead some to lose faith in both the Ottoman Empire and Europe.
Cross-Training NICU Clinical Experts to Transport: The Best of Both Worlds

Title: Cross-Training NICU Clinical Experts to Transport: The Best of Both Worlds Introduction: Transport nursing is a nuanced specialty that necessitates dynamic strategies for recruitment, talent development, and retention. We employed a creative solution to accomplish these goals while simultaneously increasing our transport bandwidth through a unique partnership between our “combined” Pediatric/Neonatal Transport Team and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Purpose: To describe an innovative cross-training collaborative for neonatal nurses and the Transport Team that is standardized across practice settings and sensitive to transport program needs. Methods: …
PET imaging of pancreatic β-cell mass with 18F-FP-DTBZ in human

185 Objectives PET imaging of vesicular monoamine transporters type 2 (VMAT2) with 11C-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) has the potential as a biomarker of pancreatic β-cell mass (BCM) (J Nucl Med 2009; 50:382-9). An analog of DTBZ, 18F-fluoropropyl (+) DTBZ (FP-DTBZ) may be more suitable for VMAT2 imaging due to its higher affinity for VMAT2 (Ki = 0.11 nM vs. 0.97 nM) and longer half-life (110 min) (J Nucl Med 2008;49:1171-6). We evaluated the feasibility of FP-DTBZ PET imaging of BCM in healthy control (HC) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) subjects. Methods Six HC and 2 T1D subjects (disease duration > 20 y) underwent 90 min dynamic abdominal PET/CT scanning post injection of FP-DTBZ (370 MBq). VMAT2 binding potential (BPND) was quantified voxel-wise by a multilinear reference tissue model using the spleen as reference tissue. BCM was here defined as the sum of (BPND x voxel volume) (mL). Results FP-DTBZ showed excellent reversible pancreatic uptake (19 ± 4 SUV at 22 ± 4 min). Pancreatic BPND and BCM for HC vs.T1D were (2.2 ± 0.4 vs.1.4 ± 0.2) and (189 ± 90 mL vs. 72 ± 30 mL), respectively, indicating a 62% reduction of PET defined BCM in T1D. Conclusions FP-DTBZ PET appears a promising method for imaging of pancreatic β-cell mass. Research Support Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc
Portal Vein Aneurysm Treated With Trans-Jugular Intrahepatic Porto-Systemic Shunt:

Portal vein aneurysm (PVA) is a rare entity that can lead to hemorrhage or thrombosis. Although there is no standard treatment, most cases can be managed conservatively; intervention is reserved fo...
Role of Inflammatory Cells in Metabolic and Cellular Alterations Underlying the Exaggerated Renal Prostaglandin and Thromboxane Synthesis in Ureter Obstruction

Perfused normal rabbit kidney releases modest amounts of prostaglandin (PG) E2 in response to vasoactive peptides (bradykinin and angiotensin II) (Needleman et al., 1973). In microsomes prepared from the normal kidney, the medulla is the primary site of arachidonic acid metabolism; much less PG produetion occurs in the cortex (Larsson and Anggard, 1974). Unilateral Ureter obstruction (hydronephrosis) for several days results in a marked facilitation of (1) PGE2 release from an isolated perfused kidney (Nishikawa et al, 1977), (2) cortical microsomal arachidonate metabolism (Morrison et al., 1977; Needleman et al., 1979), and (3) cortical slice PG release (Currie et al, 1981). In addition, the perfused hydronephrotic kidney (HNK) has been demonstrated to release thromboxane A2 (TxA2). The thromboxane synthetase activity is clearly evident in HNK cortical microsomes, whereas this enzyme is not detectable in normal or contralateral unobstrueted rabbit kidneys (CLK) (Morrison et al, 1977, 1978). Measurement of prostaglandins by radioimmunoassay demonstrated that PGE2 , 6-keto-PGF1α, and TxB2 levels are increased in the venous effluent of the hydronephrotic kidney in both the basal and hormone-stimulated states (e.g., bradykinin and angiotensin) (Reingold et al, 1981). The release of these substances could be blocked with indomethacin treatment.
A Review of “The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History”

According to Stanley Katz, the scholarly study of the origins of law probably originated in Germany in the nineteenth century. The legal history of the United States took shape much later—after the...
ATP synthase: subunit-subunit interactions in the stator stalk.

In ATP synthase, proton translocation through the Fo subcomplex and ATP synthesis/hydrolysis in the F1 subcomplex are coupled by subunit rotation. The static, non-rotating portions of F1 and Fo are attached to each other via the peripheral “stator stalk”, which has to withstand elastic strain during subunit rotation. In Escherichia coli, the stator stalk consists of subunits b2δ; in other organisms, it has three or four different subunits. Recent advances in this area include affinity measurements between individual components of the stator stalk as well as a detailed analysis of the interaction between subunit δ (or its mitochondrial counterpart, the oligomycin-sensitivity conferring protein, OSCP) and F1. The current status of our knowledge of the structure of the stator stalk and of the interactions between its subunits will be discussed in this review.
Diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: sensitivity of sonography, cholescintigraphy, and combined sonography-cholescintigraphy

Abstract BACKGROUND: Radiographic diagnosis of acute cholecystitis can be established using ultrasonography (US), cholecystoscintigraphy (HIDA), or both. Although both modalities have been effective in diagnosing acute cholecystitis (AC), physicians from the emergency department and admitting surgeons continue to request both tests in an attempt to increase the diagnostic accuracy of AC. This article reports the institutional experience of a large tertiary care health care facility, with respect to the sensitivity of US, HIDA, and combined US and HIDA. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective review of 132 patients diagnosed with AC who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the same hospitalization. Patients were stratified into three groups: Group 1 (Gp1, n=50) included patients who underwent US alone, group 2 (Gp2, n=28) included patients who underwent HIDA scan alone, and group 3 (Gp3, n=54) included patients who underwent both US and HIDA. RESULTS: The three groups did not differ with respect to age, liver chemistry, time to operation, and hospital length of stay. The sensitivity of US, HIDA, and combined US/HIDA as diagnostic modalities for acute cholecystitis was referenced to histopathologic confirmation. Sensitivity was 24 of 50 (48%), 24 of 28 (86%), and 49 of 54 (90%) for US, HIDA, and the combination of US/HIDA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HIDA scan is a more sensitive test than US in diagnosing patients with AC. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that HIDA scan should be used as the first diagnostic modality in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis; US should be used to confirm the presence of gallbladder stones rather than to diagnose AC.
Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of SiC/ZrTiO4 composites hot-pressed in CO

SiC fiber-reinforced ZrTiO4 matrix composites were fabricated to study the effect of hot-pressing atmosphere (CO vs argon) on the mechanical properties and interfacial microstructure of the resultant composites. The effect of using CO heat-treated BN-coated Tyranno fibers as compared to untreated BN-coated Tyranno fibers was also investigated. Composites hot-pressed in CO with BN-coated Nicalon fibers resulted in a strong (960 MPa) and tough material. Composites hot-pressed with CO heat-treated BN-coated Tyranno fibers indicated that the microstructure of the heat-treated fibers was retained after processing. 14 refs.
Total Synthesis of Acetate from CO2 II. Purification and Properties of Formyltetrahydrofolate Synthetase from Clostridium thermoaceticum

Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Clostridium thermoaceticum had optimal activity at 55 to 60 C. K(m) values were: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 6.25 x 10(-4)m; formate, 1.67 x 10(-3)m; and tetrahydrofolate, 1.00 x 10(-3)m; at pH 8.0. There was a requirement for divalent metals and specifically for ATP.
Ontology-Driven Conceptual Modeling

Ontology is a discipline of Philosophy concerned with what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality. The first recognition that the work of this philosophical field was relevant to designing and creating computer systems was made by John McCarthy in 1980, who claimed that one must first "list everything that exists ? creating an ontology of our world." The computer science use of the term "ontology" has since undergone some evolution, and today it is normally taken as synonymous with knowledge engineering in AI, conceptual modeling in databases, and domain modeling in object-oriented design. This is not, however, simply a new word for something computer scientists have been doing for 20-30 years; Ontology is hundreds, if not thousands, of years old. We have been working for some time on adapting fundamental notions from this centuries-old field to the younger discipline of conceptual modeling, as the core of a formal (that is, domain independent) methodology for developing ontologies and evaluating ontological decisions. Among other things, we use our methodology to clean taxonomies by exposing inappropriate and inconsistent subumption relations.
A naturally occurring horizontal gene transfer from a eukaryote to a prokaryote.

Naturally occurring horizontal gene transfers between nonviral organisms are difficult to prove. Only with the availability of sequence data from a wide variety of organisms can a convincing case be made. In the case of putative gene transfers between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the minimum requirements for inferring such an event include (1) sequences of the transferred gene or its product from several appropriately divergent eukaryotes and several prokaryotes, and (2) a similar set of sequences from the same (or closely related organisms) for another gene or genes. Given these criteria, we believe that a strong case can be made forEscherichia coli having acquired a second glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from some eukaryotic host. Ancillary observations on the general rate of change and the time of the prokaryote-eukaryote divergence support the notion.
Detection of Fc receptors for IgA on rat alveolar and peritoneal macrophages.

Abstract The presence of Fc receptors for IgA on alveolar macrophages was determined by rosette assay and immunogold labeling. IgA-mediated phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages was observed. Results of these assays were compared between rats receiving no treatment and those receiving long-term cortisone administration. Sheep erythrocytes coated with dextran and an IgA monoclonal antibody specific for the α 1,3 linkages of dextran bound to 16% of alveolar macrophages. However, peritoneal macrophages did not form rosettes with dextran-IgA-coated erythrocytes. Immunogold labeling by transmission electron microscopy revealed that most Fc receptors for IgA were found on the membrane of pseudopodia of activated alveolar macrophages. Long-term cortisone administration diminished the phagocytosis and phagocytic index of alveolar macrophages, thereby contributing to decreased host resistance to infection (e.g., Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia).
Cubic - Inverted Hexagonal Phase Transition Kinetics in Monoolein-Sucrose Mixtures

Sugars play key roles in the biology, yet much remains unknown about their interactions with lipids. In particular, we examine the effect of different concentrations of sucrose-water solutions on the cubic - inverted hexagonal transition in monoolein. Using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), we ramp the temperature up and down through the transition and measure the ramp-rate dependence of the heating and cooling hysteresis. Sucrose has a marked effect on the location of the cubic- inverted hexagonal phase transition temperature, dropping it by about 20°C per molal of sucrose concentration. A strong asymmetry is seen in the kinetics, with the hysteresis in the cooling direction being roughly twice that in the heating direction. This is in contrast to the heating and cooling symmetry in the lamellar- inverted hexagonal transition seen in phospholipids. Sucrose also dramatically increases the hysteresis and the effect is most pronounced at slow temperature ramps. When cooling at a rate of 0.01°C/s, monoolein in a 0.5 molal solution of sucrose exhibits a hysteresis of 1.7°C; monoolein in a 3.0 molal solution shows a hysteresis of 7°C. Avrami exponents for cooling fall in the range of 2.0 - 2.5; for heating, they range from 1 - 3, with the higher exponents seen at slower ramp rates and higher sucrose concentrations.
Using integrated food‐web and population‐based models for environmental monitoring, remediation decisions, and long‐term planning

While ecologists have used food-web models to understand how ecosystems function, the potential role of integrated food-web and population-based models in environmental monitoring and decision making has been ignored. Sound ecological principles should be integrated with state-of-the-art monitoring and management practices. This article presents the ways in which population-based models can answer basic ecological questions necessary for decision making about remediation and restoration, and for monitoring to ensure long-term stewardship. Discussed are the uses of food-web and population-based models for understanding the movement of chemicals through different trophic levels. Three examples, including global warming, tributyltin, and monomethylmercury scenarios, are presented to illustrate how such models are useful. The responses of the component parts varies, depending on parameters such as birth, death, and respiration, as well as feeding rates, predator-prey rates, and uptake and elimination rates. There are several different models available for decision making, with different levels of complexity, based on the specific hypothesis or question being asked and the amount of current information available. Therefore, it is recommended to use deterministic-based, population-based food-web models for ecological risk assessment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Oral History Interview: Molefi Kete Asante

Oral history is empowering because it initiates African agency while creating primary documents for future research and historical interpretation. An oral history interview with Molefi Kete Asante, conducted by historian Diane D. Turner, reveals aspects of his early life with autobiographical sketches about his mother, father, and the community where he was raised. The interview moves from personal accounts of his childhood to his academic career and his transformation from Arthur L. Smith, to Molefi Kete Asante. Asante addresses questions around a variety of topics, including key issues in Black Studies. Asante discusses the intellectual and developmental process that brought him to construct the theory of Afrocentricity and how our nation's first Ph.D. program in African American Studies was established at Temple University under his leadership.
Financial Reform of Basic Education in China

Abstract Since the early 1980s, the financing of basic education in China has moved rapidly away from a centralized system with a narrow revenue base to a decentralized system with a diversified revenue base. This paper provides a critical assessment of the impacts of the financial reform of basic education in China, focusing on issues of structure, resource mobilization, inequality, and inefficiency. It concludes that while the reform has been successful in achieving the objectives of structural change and mobilization of additional government and non-government resources, the current system is marked by notable weaknesses in terms of glaring inequalities and significant inefficiencies. Further improvements of the financing system require interventions both inside and outside the education sector.
FEMORAL FRACTURE REPAIR USING A LOCKING PLATE TECHNIQUE IN AN ADULT CAPTIVE POLAR BEAR (URSUS MARITIMUS)

Objective— To report successful femoral fracture repair in a polar bear. Study Design— Case report. Animals— Female polar bear (Ursus maritimus) 5 years and ∼250 kg. Methods— A closed, complete, comminuted fracture of the distal midshaft femur was successfully reduced and stabilized using a compression plating technique with 2 specialized human femur plates offering axial, rotational, and bending support, and allowing the bone to share loads with the implant. Postoperative radiographs were obtained at 11.5 weeks, 11 months, and 24 months. Results— Bone healing characterized by marked periosteal reaction was evident at 11 months with extensive remodeling evident at 24 months. No complications were noted. Conclusions— Distal mid shaft femoral fracture was reduced, stabilized, and healed in an adult polar bear with a locking plate technique using 2 plates. Clinical Relevance— Previously, femoral fractures in polar bears were considered irreparable. Use of 2 plates applied with a locking plate technique can result in successful fracture repair despite large body weight and inability to restrict postoperative activity.
Medical comorbidity in schizophrenia.

To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Carney et al.1 on the association of schizophrenia with other medical illnesses. In reality, the migration of psychiatric patients into general Internal Medicine practice has been progressively increasing since the deinstitutionalization of the severely mentally ill over 40 years ago. At Denver Health, a large vertically integrated public safety net hospital system, we responded to this phenomenon almost 10 years ago by establishing clinics within our Internal Medicine practices, specifically geared to caring for the complex medical comorbidities of severely mentally ill patients.2,3 A key component to our clinics is having 1 provider with interest in the population who can bridge communication with mental health providers and facilitate care coordination. This initiative was also spawned because we often treated these patients when their disease process had advanced beyond when it should have been treated. These patients are often reticent to seek timely medical care caused by their inherent paranoia, the stigma they have perceived when seeking care previously, and as the editorial on Carney’s article points out, “for patients with schizophrenia, negotiating a separate complex, medical health care system can be challenging...”4 Although there is an increasing need for General Internists to became more familiar with prescribing psychiatric medication, as services for mental health patients continue to shrink,5 this perhaps should be limited to the care of the less complex mental health patient who also has medical comorbidities. However, for those patients with severe and persistent complex mental illness, our model of designating some Internists, with a special interest in these patients and clinic times solely for the care of these patients, may ultimately be the most efficient and tenable manner to attend to their mental health and medical needs. This in turn may avert the impediments that challenge the health of these patients and minimize the impact on health care systems, which by default must provide the care. Philip S. Mehler, MD, Denver Health Medical Center, 660 Bannock Street, MC 0278, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (e-mail: David.bekelman@UCHSC.edu);Cynthia K. Crews, MD, Thomas Mackenzie, MD,Department of General Internal Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA.
Adaptive Control of Shape Memory Alloy Actuators for Underwater Biomimetic Applications

In actuator technology active or smart materials have opened up new horizons in terms of actuation simplicity, compactness, and miniaturization potential. One such material is the nickel-titanium shape memory alloy (NiTi SMA), which is gaining widespread use in a variety of applications. The numerous advantages of SMA over traditional actuators are of particular interest in the area of underwater vehicle design, particularly the development of highly maneuverable vehicles of a design based on the swimming techniques and anatomic structure of e sh. An SMA actuation cycle consists of heating/cooling half-cycles, currently imposing a limit on the frequency of actuation to well below 1 Hz in air because of slow cooling. The aquatic environment of underwater vehicles lends itself to cooling schemes that use the excellent heat-transfer properties of water, thus enabling much higher actuation frequencies. A controller for SMA actuators must account not only for large hysteretic nonlinearities betweenactuatoroutput (strainordisplacement )andinput(temperature ),butalso thethermalcontrolforresistive heating via an applied current. The control of SMA in water presents a problem not encountered when actuating in air: accurate temperature feedback for the SMA is very dife cult in water. We overcome this problem by using a simplie ed thermal model to estimate the temperatureof the wire in conjunction with an adaptivehysteresismodel, which relates the actuator output to the estimated temperature. Experimental results are provided, showing that this method for control of an SMA wire works equally well both in air and in water, with only rough estimates (easily obtained )ofthethermal parameters.Successful tracking of referencedisplacementsignals with frequencies up to 2 Hz and relatively large amplitudes have been demonstrated experimentally. I. Introduction I N aerodynamicsand hydrodynamics birds and e sh have inspired and guided the development of aircraft and underwater vehicles. These manmademachinesseemsoprimitive compared to their natural counterparts in terms of intelligence, efe ciency, agility, adaptability, and functionalcomplexity. These and other similar observationsandissuesthathavebeenaddressedbythescientie ccommunity havetriggered theformulation of thescience ofbiomimetics and have inspired new approaches to old problems. In the area of underwater vehicle design, the development of highly maneuverable vehicles is presently of interest, with their design being based on the swimming techniques and anatomic structure of e sh; primarily the undulatory body motions, the highly controllable e ns, and the large aspect ratio lunate tail. The tailoring and implementation of the accumulated knowledge into biomimetic vehicles is a task of multidisciplinary nature with two of the dominant e elds being
Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Pulmonary Artery Diameter in Infants and Children

Two-dimensional suprasternal notch echocardiograms of the right pulmonary artery were obtained in 50 normal infants and children to determine the right pulmonary artery diameter. An excellent nonlinear correlation between the right pulmonary artery diameter (RPA) in cm and body surface area (BSA) in m2was observed: RPA (systole) = 1.41 (BSA)051, r = 0.94 and RPA (diastole) = 1.28 (BSA)0.52, r = 0.93. These data were utilized to calculate the normal range (3rd and 97th percentiles) of right pulmonary artery diameter as a function of body surface area. The right pulmonary artery diameter was also measured in 37 patients with tetralogy of Fallot, 30 patients with a secundum atrial septal defect and 12 patients with pulmonary valve insufficiency of various causes. Pulmonary artery diameter was less than the 3rd percentile for body surface area in 16 of the 37 patients with tetralogy of Fallot, but it exceeded the 97th percentile in 17 of the 30 patients with an atrial septal defect and 8 of the 12 patients with pulmonary insufficiency. In 20 patients undergoing both angiography (Angio) and echocardiography (Echo), then was excellent agreement of right pulmonary artery di-ameter measurements by the two methods: Angio = 1.06 (Echo), r = 0.93. Thus, accurate measurement of the right pulmonary artery diameter can be achieved by echocardiography, This important information, which provides quantitative and serial assessment of right pulmonary artery diam-eter in pathologic conditions that affect its caliber, may facilitate decisions about the selection of the appropriate initial surgical procedure and the timing of subsequent angiography in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.
Measuring the effort for creating and using domain-specific models

The use of domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs) results in higher productivity during the development process. This is accomplished by raising the level of abstraction during design and focusing on domain concepts rather than low-level implementation details. Unlike other development paradigms, little work has been done in determining and measuring the claimed benefits of using DSMLs.In this paper, we propose a new approach to determine the effort involved in creating and using DSML models to develop applications and to manage the behavior of applications at runtime. The approach involves a classification of the effort involved, and definition of relevant metrics to measure the effort for each category. A case study is presented that shows how we applied the proposed metrics during the development and execution of an application using three different DSMLs.
Expression and regulation of phospholipase D isoforms in mammalian cell lines.

Phospholipase D (PLD) is activated in mammalian cells in response to diverse stimuli that include growth factors, activators of protein kinase C, and agonists binding to G-protein-coupled receptors. Two forms of mammalian PLD, PLD1 and PLD2, have been identified. Expression of mRNA and protein for PLD1 and PLD2 was analyzed in the following cell lines: A7r5 (rat vascular smooth muscle); EL4 (mouse thymoma); HL-60 (human myeloid leukemia); Jurkat (human leukemia); PC-3 (human prostate adenocarcinoma); PC-12K (rat phaeochromocytoma); and Rat-1 HIR (rat fibroblast). All, with the exception of EL4, express agonist-activated PLD activity. PLD1 is expressed in A7r5, HL-60, PC-3, and Rat-1, while PLD2 is expressed in A7r5, Jurkat, PC12K, PC-3, and Rat-1. Neither isoform is expressed in EL4. Guanine nucleotide-independent PLD activity is present in membranes from all cells expressing PLD2. In PC12K cells, which express only PLD2, treatment with nerve growth factor causes neurite outgrowth and increases expression of PLD2 mRNA and protein within 6–12 h. A corresponding increase is observed in membrane PLD activity and in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated PLD activity in intact cells. These results show that PLD2 can be regulated both pretranslationally and posttranslationally by agonists. J. Cell. Physiol. 182:77–87, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Charge State Assignment from Schiff-Base Adducts in Low Resolution Electrospray Mass Spectra of Protein Mixtures and Dissociation Products

Schiff-bases formed by reaction between ketones and free amine sites in proteins yield mass-shifted ions that are useful in assigning charge states in low resolution electrospray ionization mass spectra of mixtures and dissociation products. The technique is attractive for those mass analyzers incapable of achieving sufficient resolving power to distinguish the 13 C-isotope distribution within an individual charge state. Instead, acetone is used here to append a C 3 H 4 group to the protein and achieve a forty-fold reduction in the necessary mass resolution for charge state determination. The utility of Schiff-base adducts for assigning charge states among a mixture of proteins is demonstrated; here, the molecular weights for horse myoglobin (MW 16950) and cytochrome c (MW 12360) in a two component mixture are unambiguously determined from a mass spectrum with a mass resolution of only 800. The -C=N- bond formed by the Schiff base is sufficiently strong to survive ion dissociation processes and permit assignment of charge state to fragment ions in tandem mass spectrometry experiments. For example, adducted sequence ions are observed in high yield when a melittin/acetone solution is subjected to nozzle-skimmer dissociation conditions in the electrospray process. Other advantages of Schiff-base reaction include site-pecificity and minimal alteration to the charge state. This site-specific binding feature appears to be promising method for locating the lysine groups in structural characterization by tandem mass spectrometry