cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DATING RECENT RESERVOIR SEDIMENTS1

Radioactive fallout 137Cs can be used to date sediment deposited in lakes and reservoirs since 1959. Within small regional watersheds, fallout 137Cs is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the surface soil and is tightly adsorbed to surface soil particles. Some of these soil particles naturally labeled with 137Cs then move through the sedimentation cycle and can be used to date sediment profiles. Two distinct periods of erosion and sedimentation (1959–1960 and 1963–1964) can be associated with periods of maximum atmospheric fallout. Data from other reservoirs illustrate the utility of this method.
Some architectural features of ada systems affecting defects

In this study, we discuss some software architecture tradeoffs for Ada83 systems. External and internal complexities are specified for Ada packages and these complexities are related to the numbers of defects uncovered during testing using a non-linear model based on the negative binomial probability distribution. The non-linear associations among the software measures that we investigate are exploited to identify optimal relationships between context coupling and the number of visible declarations. The data we used to develop our model consists of Ada package characteristics from four software systems. Some of the packages are reused from previous projects and nondefect changes may have been made to these packages during the software development process. Therefore, in our defect model, we controlled for these two factors. For the 262 packages that we considered, our research shows that with respect to software defects there is too much context coupling, indicating that the architecture is far from optimum. If less of the workload were delegated to other packages and instead implemented within the package through hidden declarations, then context coupling might be reduced.
Dual-tree fast exact max-kernel search

The problem of max-kernel search arises everywhere: given a query point \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$p_q$ \end{document}, a set of reference objects \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$S_r$ \end{document} and some kernel \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\mathcal{K}$ \end{document}, find \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$arg\,max_{p_r \in S_r} \mathcal{K}p_q, p_r$ \end{document}. Max-kernel search is ubiquitous and appears in countless domains of science, thanks to the wide applicability of kernels. A few domains include image matching, information retrieval, bio-informatics, similarity search, and collaborative filtering to name just a few. However, there is no generalized technique for efficiently solving max-kernel search. This paper presents a single-tree algorithm called single-tree FastMKS which returns the max-kernel solution for a single query point in provably \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$O\log N$ \end{document} time where \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$N$ \end{document} is the number of reference objects, and also a dual-tree algorithm dual-tree FastMKS which is useful for max-kernel search with many query points. If the set of query points is of size \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ON$ \end{document}, this algorithm returns a solution in provably \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ON$ \end{document} time, which is significantly better than the \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ON^2$ \end{document} linear scan solution; these bounds are dependent on the expansion constant of the data. These algorithms work for abstract objects, as they do not require explicit representation of the points in kernel space. Empirical results for a variety of datasets show up to five orders of magnitude speedup in some cases. In addition, we present approximate extensions of the FastMKS algorithms that can achieve further speedups.
Corn distillers dried grains with solubles supplementation in a pasture-based beef production system

Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (CDDGS) supplementation of Augustcalving cows or calves in a winter grazing system was evaluated. In two years, ‘Fawn’ endophyte-free tall fescue forage in six 4.04-ha pastures was stockpiled from mid-August. In mid-November, 24 pregnant, mature, August-calving Simmental x Angus cows (mean BW = 676 ± 2.6 and 669 ± 2.6 kg; mean BCS = 6.0 ± 0.05 and 6.2 ± 0.05) with calves (mean BW = 129 ± 4.8 and 137 ± 4.8 kg) were allotted by cow BW and BCS and calf sex and BW to the pastures to strip-graze stockpiled forage for 130 and 136 d. Supplementation treatments assigned to replicate pastures included: CDDGS supplementation of cows when weather prevented grazing (Minimal treatment), minimal CDDGS supplementation of cows, but ad libitum feeding of a pelleted CDDGS-soy hull creep feed to calves (Creep treatment), or CDDGS supplementation to the cows to maintain a mean BCS of 5 (9-point scale; CDDGS treatment). Over the 2 winters, calves in the Creep treatment had greater (P < 0.001) BW gains than calves in the CDDGS and Minimal treatments. Cows in the Minimal and Creep treatments had greater (P < 0.02) BW losses than cows in the CDDGS treatment. After weaning, calves were commingled in a drylot and fed tall fescue hay ad libitum with 0.91 kg/calf of the CDDGS-soy hull creep feed daily for 35 and 28 d. In April, steer calves were moved to a smooth bromegrass pasture divided into eight 2.02-ha paddocks to graze by rotational stocking as one group for 56 d. Subsequently, steers were separated by winter treatment and allotted to six of the 2.02-ha paddocks to graze by continuous stocking with a CDDGS-based supplement fed at up to 7.3 kg∙hd -1 ∙d -1 for 139 and 156 d in yr 1 and 2. To finish, steers were allotted to six pens in a feedlot and fed ground smooth bromegrass hay ad
gj OF THE (5s5p) $sup 3$P$sub 1$ LEVEL OF Cd AND THE (6s6p) $sup 3$P$sub 1$ LEVEL OF Hg BY HIGH-FIELD DOUBLE RESONANCE

An optical double resonance experiment at high magnetic fields has determined ${g}_{J}$ for the $(5s5p)^{3}P_{1}$ level of the even cadmium isotopes to be 1.499846(13), and ${g}_{J}$ for the $(6s6p)^{3}P_{1}$ level of the even mercury isotopes to be 1.486094(8). Resonance was observed in all cases at a frequency of exactly 24 Gc/sec, and magnetic fields near 11 430 G. At these high fields the Zeeman energy is of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ of the fine structure separations of the triplet terms of the ($\mathrm{nsnp}$) configuration, and the $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions are split by 9.51(7) G for Cd, and by 2.99(7) G for Hg. This splitting represents several linewidths in the case of Hg, and many linewidths in that of Cd. The average field of the two $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions, however, determines ${g}_{J}$ to high precision independent of second-order corrections.
TRAP Abortion Laws and Partisan Political Party Control of State Government

Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (or TRAP) laws impose medically unnecessary and burdensome regulations solely on abortion providers in order to make abortion services more expensive and difficult to obtain. Using event history analysis, this article examines the determinants of the enactment of a TRAP law by states over the period 1974–2008. The empirical results find that Republican institutional control of a state's legislative/executive branches is positively associated with a state enacting a TRAP law, while Democratic institutional control is negatively associated with a state enacting a TRAP law. The percentage of a state's population that is Catholic, public anti-abortion attitudes, state political ideology, and the abortion rate in a state are statistically insignificant predictors of a state enacting a TRAP law. The empirical results are consistent with the hypothesis that abortion is a redistributive issue and not a morality issue.
A surrogate marker for Aβ42 production in the CNS

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. There are currently no effective treatments that may delay the onset, slow the progression or prevent the disease. Unless such treatments are developed, the number of AD cases is expected to double in the next 30 years. There is overwhelming genetic and biochemical evidence that the aggregation and buildup of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide plays a critical role in AD pathogenesis.
Teaching for Understanding: Three Key Attributes.

Abstract Assumptions about teaching and learning play a vital role in any attempts to improve young students' mathematics and science performance. Despite the recent efforts of many educators and psychologists, “absorptionist” views of learning and “transmission” views of teaching continue to prevail. This paper draws on current research to argue for a more conceptually oriented approach to teaching. Such an approach, which highlights the role of three key attributes —focus, negotiation, and analysis—is more consistent with the emerging view that stresses the importance of developing networks of knowledge in learning mathematics and science.
Intramolecular alkylation of peroxides and hydroperoxides; peroxide transfer via peroxonium intermediates

Abstract A series of homologous peroxy-bromides is reacted with silver ion in organic solvents. Cyclic peroxide formation occurs along with peroxide transfer to the carbon originally bearing bromine. A preference for five-membered ring peroxonium ion formation is observed in these intramolecular alkylations.
Optimising Shewhart charts in parallel production lines

I describe a methodology for optimising n Shewhart -charts x operating on parallel production lines in a factory. The goal is to maximise the factory-wide probability of detecting an out-of-control condition subject to a constraint on the expected number of false signals. I use non-linear programming to appropriately set the -charts' x control limits incorporating information about the probability of each production line going out-of-control. Using this approach, factories can set their quality control systems to optimally detect out-of-control conditions. Given some distributional assumptions, I also present a one-dimensional optimisation methodology that allows for the efficient optimisation of very large factories.
Evaluating Abiotic Influences on Soil Salinity of Inland Managed Wetlands and Agricultural Croplands in a Semi-Arid Environment

Agriculture and moist-soil management are important management techniques used on wildlife refuges to provide adequate energy for migrant waterbirds. In semi-arid systems, the accumulation of soluble salts throughout the soil profile can limit total production of wetland plants and agronomic crops and thus jeopardize meeting waterbird energy needs. This study evaluates the effect of distinct hydrologic regimes associated with moist-soil management and agricultural production on salt accumulation in a semi-arid floodplain. We hypothesized that the frequency of flooding and quantity of floodwater in a moist-soil management hydroperiod results in a less saline soil profile compared to profiles under traditional agricultural management. Findings showed that agricultural croplands differed (p-value < 0.001, df = 9) in quantities of total soluble salts (TSS) compared to moist-soil impoundments and contained greater concentrations (TSS range = 1,160–1,750 (mg kg-1)) at depth greater than 55 cm below the surface of the profile, while moist-soil impoundments contained lower concentrations (TSS range = 307–531 (mg kg-1)) at the same depths. Increased salts in agricultural may be attributed to the lack of leaching afforded by smaller summer irrigations while larger periodic flooding events in winter and summer flood irrigations in moist-soil impoundments may serve as leaching events.
A closeness to divorce scale for wives of alcoholics

Abstract A 15-item Guttman scale, Closeness to Divorce, was developed to describe and quantify how close an alcoholic's wife is to divorce at a given point in time. A detailed precoded interview schedule guided extensive interviews with 60 women, varying in marital status, who were current or former wives of men treated for alcoholism in Veterans Administration Hospitals. The interview contained 24 items on various aspects of marital stability gathered from the literature and from pilot interviews. These items were factor analysed and 15 items, loading 0.40 or better on the first principal component, were chosen for further analysis. A Guttman scale computer program was used to arrange the 15 items to form a Closeness to Divorce Scale, i.e. a unidimensional, cumulative scale with divorce at the endpoint and sequential psychological, interpersonal, geographic and legal steps toward divorce as the other items. Preliminary evidence of construct validity, potential clinical and research uses for the scale, its limitations, and suggestions for future studies are described.
The use of moderate vacuum environments as a means of increasing the collection efficiencies and operating temperatures of flat-plate solar collectors

Abstract It is shown that evacuating a flat-plate solar collector to a pressure 1–25 torr results in elimination of the natural convection heat loss from the absorber for absorber-to-cover spacings up to 15 cm. This mode of heat transfer then reduces to pure conduction through the air space between the absorber and the cover. The effect of this reduction on the total upward heat loss from the collector is considered for a variety of collector operating conditions and is shown to be especially pronounced for collectors employing wavelength-selective surfaces (high absorptance for solar radiation, but low emittance for the energy re-radiated by the absorber). Computer simulations of collector performance for the Dallas, Texas area indicate that the combination of a moderate vacuum and a selective surface (α = 0·90, ϵ = 0·15) can increase daily energy collection as much as 278 per cent over that obtained with a non-vacuum collector using a flat-black (α = ϵ = 0·95) surface and can make it possible to operate at a temperature of 150°C with a daily energy collection efficiency of more than 40 per cent. The theoretical predictions are supported by the results of twelve experiments with a no-load solar tester. At an absorber-to-cover spacing of 7·5 cm, the steady-state temperature of a moderately selective absorber (α = 0·75, ϵ = 0·3) was increased from 115°C at atmospheric pressure to 179°C at a pressure of 25 torr.
Failure of thiourea to prevent hormone synthesis by the thyroid gland of man and animals treated with thyrotropin.

The effect of thyrotropin (TSH) upon the thiourea-inhibited thyroid gland was investigated in man and in animals. A single 500-mg. oral dose of thiourea virtually suppressed the thyroidal 24-hour uptake of radioiodine (I131) in 23 patients. Treatment of some of the same subjects with 30 units of TSH before the administration of 500–750 mg. of thiourea resulted in threefold to sixfold increments in I131 uptake. The TSH-induced increment of thyroidal radioactivity in association with large doses of thiourea was not great and represented only “trapped” iodide, whereas the elevated uptake values noted in association with smaller doses of thiourea usually represented organic iodine. A 70-mg. dose of thiourea injected into guinea pigs before the administration of radioiodine prevented the formation of endogenous thyroxine-I131, as shown by chromatography of the thyroid hydrolysates. However, in animals receiving 6 to 9 units of TSH before the administration of identical doses of thiourca and radioiodine there w...
A NEW INVARIANT IN PLANT PHYLLOTAXIS

It has been known for centuries that the configurations of phylla (flowers, bracts) on plants have special properties. The difference in angular positions of successive phylla is locally constant (called the divergence angle) and is close to the golden angle; the radial positions are related by the locally constant plastichrone ratio. The phylla themselves lie on clockwise and counterclockwise families of spirals and the numbers in each family follow, for many plants, the regular Fibonacci sequence. We introduce a new invariant related to the self-similar nature of the phyllotactic pattern which essentially tells one about the shapes of the deformations from which the pattern is formed.
LEED structures due to interaction of CO and O sub 2 with /0001/ Re

Low energy electron diffraction structures due to Re crystal surface interaction with CO and molecular oxygen at high temperatures
Late onset complications of otitis media in cochlear implant children

Abstract Cochlear implant patients, like all children, continue to be susceptible to middle ear disease and its complications. This case series describes the delayed complications of middle ear disease in pediatric cochlear implant patients. Records of children who received cochlear implants at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and had at least 1 year of otologic follow-up after implantation were reviewed to identify complications due to otitis media. The extent of disease and interval from time of surgery were recorded. Information regarding the management of complications was also collected. Seventy-eight children had at least 1 year of otologic follow-up, with a median of 2.8 years. Seven patients developed middle ear disease severe enough to require intravenous (IV) antibiotics or intervention other than tube placement. Of these, one required explantation and reimplantation. Conditions encountered included mastoiditis, infection around the receiver-stimulator portion of the implant, and severe atelectasis. Children with cochlear implants may present long after implantation with complications from middle ear disease. They are particularly at risk for complications due to the altered anatomy from the implant surgery. The otolaryngologist should continue to be an important member of the health management team for any child with a cochlear implant.
Detritus Production and Soil N Transformations in Old-Growth Eastern Hemlock and Sugar Maple Stands

To examine the linkage between forest cover type, litter inputs, and patterns of net N mineralization versus the turnover of N among soil microbes, we measured both the net and gross rates of N mineralization in replicated, adjacent old-growth eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis(L.) Carr.] or sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands in upper Michigan. Mean aboveground net primary production and annual litterfall mass were significantly higher (P 0.10) between the two forest types. In situ gross rates of N mineralization were higher (P < 0.06) in the maple forests than in the hemlock forests (7.5 and 6.1 mg N·kg soil-1·d-1 respectively), but in situ net N mineralization varied independently of forest type and stand-level litterfall N concentration. Cover type–dependent differences in detritus production and detritus C quality appear to result in different N turnover rates, but the balance between gross mineralization and immobilization of N is very sensitive to within stand variability and varies at a scale smaller than cover type alone can predict.
Crowding induced collective hydration of biological macromolecules over extended distances.

Ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy reveals picosecond protein and hydration dynamics of crowded hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) labeled with a metal–carbonyl vibrational probe covalently attached to a solvent accessible His residue. HEWL is systematically crowded alternatively with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or excess lysozyme in order to distinguish the chemically inert polymer from the complex electrostatic profile of the protein crowder. The results are threefold: (1) A sharp dynamical jamming-like transition is observed in the picosecond protein and hydration dynamics that is attributed to an independent-to-collective hydration transition induced by macromolecular crowding that slows the hydration dynamics up to an order of magnitude relative to bulk water. (2) The interprotein distance at which the transition occurs suggests collective hydration of proteins over distances of 30–40 A. (3) Comparing the crowding effects of PEG400 to our previously reported experiments using glycerol e...
Remote sensing analysis of physical complexity of North Pacific Rim rivers to assist wild salmon conservation

Salmon populations are highly variable in both space and time. Accurate forecasting of the productivity of salmon stocks makes effective management and conservation of the resource extremely challenging. Furthermore, widespread and consistent data on the productivity of species-specific and total salmon stocks in a river are almost nonexistent. Ranking rivers based on physical complexity derived from remote sensing allows rivers to be objectively compared. Our approach considered rivers with great geomorphic complexity (e.g. having expansive, multichanneled floodplains and/or on-channel lakes) as likely to have greater productivity of salmon than rivers flowing in constrained or canyon-bound channels. Our objective was to develop a database of landscape metrics that could be used to rank the rivers in relation to potential salmon productivity. We then examined the rankings in relation to existing empirical (monitoring) data describing productivity of salmon stocks. To extract the metrics for each river basin we used a digital elevation model and multispectral satellite imagery. We developed procedures to extract channel networks, floodplains, on-channel lakes and other catchment features; variables such as catchment area, channel elevation, main channel length, floodplain area, and density of hydrojunctions (nodes) were measured. We processed 1509 catchments in the North Pacific Rim including the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia and western North America. Overall, catchments were most physically complex in western Kamchatka and western Alaska, and particularly on the Arctic North Slope of Alaska. We could not directly examine coherence between potential and measured productivity except for a few rivers, but the expected relationship generally held. The resulting database and systematic ranking are objective tools that can be used to address questions about landscape structure and biological productivity at regional to continental extents, and provide a way to begin to efficiently prioritize the allocation of funding and resources towards salmon management and conservation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on Distribution Model of Electric Field for 220 kV Transmission Lines and Implement

For studying the environment of power frequency electric field near the transmission line, the electric field model of 220kV transmission line was made in charge simulation method. Using the model, the electric field strength nearby the ground that under the lines was calculated and the distribute curves were drew in MATLAB language. The results showed that increasing the height of the conductors to ground, the electric field strength at the same point becomes lower.
Three-Dimensional Inversion of Electromagnetic Data

The interpretation of electromagnetic (EM) data using one-dimensional (1-D) inversion algorithms can be expected to provide poor resolution of two-dimensional (2-D) and threedimensional (3-D) structures. Unfortunately 2or 3-D inversion of large datasets is computationally costly both in processing time and computer memory. Therefore we approach multidimensional interpretation with an inversion algorithm, based upon a Born approximation to the 3-D integral equation, that iteratively refines a piece-wise 1-D interpretation at a receiver using the data from neighboring receivers. We test the algorithm on the central-loop response of two 3-D models: a simple prism representing the problem of low-contrast resistivity mapping, and a conductive out-flow plume to simulate mapping of a conductive contaminant plume. Discretization of the first test model exactly matches that of the inversion and illustrates the strengths and weakness of the scheme. The second model is discretized such that its response simulates field data. The test results indicate our method does indeed improve a 1-D interpretation and has merit as a tool in multi-dimensional EM interpretation.
Toll-like receptor 4-dependent changes in serum injury markers after burn

Introduction. The clear understanding of mechanisms underlying burn-associated pathogenic processes, such as immune dysfunction and multiple organ failure, is necessary for the development of therapeutic regimens. Increased systemic levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) due to alterations in Gram-negative bacterial activities in the gut may be a key cause of postburn systemic response. We investigated the role of toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), a central component of the LPS receptor complex, in pathologic changes in distant organs after burn by examining serum injury markers. Methods. C3H/HeJ (Tlr4-deficient) and C3H/HeOuJ (wild-type control) mice were subjected to an approximately 18% total body surface area burn. Blood samples collected at 3 h and 1 day after injury were analyzed for changes in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AlkP), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Results. There was a greater elevation of serum ALT and AST levels in C3H/HeJ mice compared to C3H/HeOuJ controls at 3 h and 1 day after burn. In addition, a greater increase in serum BUN levels was observed in C3H/HeJ mice than in C3H/HeOuJ controls at 3 h after burn, which returned to basal levels at day 1 in both strains of mice. No significant changes were observed in AlkP levels in both groups after burn. Conclusions. The results from this study imply that the activation of Tlr4-mediated LPS signaling events may be beneficial to the host in postburn pathogenesis of distant organs. Figure options Download full-size image Download as PowerPoint slide
Visually evoked eye movements in the mouse (Mus musculus)

Abstract Visually evoked eye movements were observed and measured in one inbred strain of the mouse (C57BL/6J) and in one inter-strain hybrid. This was done by observing pupillary movements while a mouse was restrained inside of a test apparatus that presented the mouse with slowly moving stripes and allowed the experimenter to view the mouse's pupil using i.r. illumination. Slow eye movements (smooth pursuits) occurred only in the direction of drum rotation. Rapid eye movements (saccades) occurred only in the opposite direction. The eye position often appeared to follow a fixed location on the drum while the direction of drum rotation was being reversed. Eye movements did not occur when the stripes were rotated in the dark. Mutants having retinal degeneration (C57BL/6J rd le/rd le ) had oscillatory eye movements independent of visual stimulus luminance or motion. Hybrid animals performed more frequent following movements than inbred animals. It is concluded that M. musculus has visually-evoked eye movements, including the optokinetic nystagmus, and that the test described is suited to screen mice for subtle hereditary defects in vision.
Invited review article (C. Musès) ‐ Wiener’s paper not in the collected works: The history and prehistory of cybernetics

Reviews the proceedings of the Norbert Wiener Centenary Congress and includes the paper “The history and prehistory of cybernetics”, which is not included in the collected works.
Topical capsaicin for treatment of hemodialysis-related pruritus

Pruritus is a significant problem for many patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Topical capsaicin depletes and prevents the reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons. Substance P functions in the transmission of pain and probably itch sensations. An open-label, uncontrolled trial and a double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of capsaicin 0.025% cream in the treatment of localized areas of pruritus in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Eight of nine evaluable, patients in the open-label trial reported marked relief or complete resolution of itching during the study period, and two of five evaluable patients in the double-blind trial reported complete resolution of itching in the capsaicin-treated arm with no or minimal improvement in the vehicletreated arm. Twelve patients in the open-label trial and two in the double blind trial were unevaluable. No serious treatment-related adverse reactions occurred.
Short-term memory for the temporal order of events in monkeys

Two monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) demonstrated short-term memory for the recency of unpredictable visual events in a probe recognition task. On each trial, from two to five 3-dimensional objects were randomly selected from a pool of 200 and presented sequentially. In the test probe that followed, the subjects saw two objects from the preceding list and chose the one that had appeared earlier. Overall accuracy was 73% correct. Like human judgments of recency, accuracy varied inversely with the lag and directly with the temporal separation of the objects in the probe. The data suggest that monkeys encode information about object order as well as object identity, their mnemonic representation of the ordered list contains information about all of its constituent elements, and recency judgments are made at the time the probe is presented and not before. Monkey processing of temporal order information is in these respects similar to human order memory.
Control channels in the brain and their influence on brain executive functions

In a computer network there are distinct data channels and control channels where massive amount of visual information are transported through data channels but the information streams are routed and controlled by intelligent algorithm through “control channels”. Recent studies on cognition and consciousness have shown that the brain control channels are closely related to the brainwave beta (14-40 Hz) and alpha (7-13 Hz) oscillations. The high-beta wave is used by brain to synchronize local neural activities and the alpha oscillation is for desynchronization. When two sensory inputs are simultaneously presented to a person, the high-beta is used to select one of the inputs and the alpha is used to deselect the other so that only one input will get the attention. In this work we demonstrated that we can scan a person’s brain using binaural beats technique and identify the individual’s preferred control channels. The identified control channels can then be used to influence the subject’s brain executive functions. In the experiment, an EEG measurement system was used to record and identify a subject’s control channels. After these channels were identified, the subject was asked to do Stroop tests. Binaural beats was again used to produce these control-channel frequencies on the subject’s brain when we recorded the completion time of each test. We found that the high-beta signal indeed speeded up the subject’s executive function performance and reduced the time to complete incongruent tests, while the alpha signal didn’t seem to be able to slow down the executive function performance.
The Roles of Outcome and Position Associations in Animal Serial Learning.

Abstract Evidence that outcome associations, position associations, and response patterns each contribute to performance in animal serial learning came from two experiments in which three-trial series of rewarded and not-rewarded trials were examined. Response patterns were disrupted in Experiment 1 by placing animals directly in the goal on selected trials, a procedure that reduced (favoring outcome associations) but did not eliminate (favoring position associations) serial behavior. Series constructed to make outcome associations impossible (Experiment 2) produced serial behavior that indicated salient position associations can serve as phrasing cues to chunk the position information contained in the series.
The thermal structure of Jupiter I. Implications of Pioneer 10 infrared radiometer data

Temperature profiles for low latitude regions of Jupiter in the 1.0-0.1 bar pressure regime are recovered from Pioneer 10 infrared radiometer data. The temperature near 0.1 bar is 108-117 K, depending on the overlying thermal structure assumed. For the South Equatorial Belt (SEB), the temperature at 1.0 bar is 170 K, assuming an adiabatic lapse rate in the deep atmosphere. The South Tropical Zone temperature at this level is 155 K if pure gaseous absorption is assumed. The temperature is much closer to that in the SEB, assuming the presence of an optically opaque cloud near the 0.6 atm (145 K) level. Such a cloud presence in the STrZ may be correlated with the visible and 5 micron appearance of the planet and with NH3 saturation just below this position. The molar fraction of H2 most consistent with the data is 0.91 + or - 0.08. The effective temperatures of the SEB and STrZ are 127.6 and 124.2 K, respectively. A discrepancy with the preliminary neutral atmosphere inversion of Pioneer 10 radio occultation data remains unexplained.
Sol-Gel Derived PZT Fibers

Sol-gel routes were developed to prepare densified PZT fibers. The effects of the degree of hydrolysis and the addition of an organic polymer to the precursor sol on fiber forming ability were investigated. Results on the crystalline and microstructural development of gels and fibers are presented. The effects of the incorporation of excess PbO and sintering atmosphere are also discussed, particularly in relation to densification.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF EDROPHONIUM IN ANEPHRIC AND RENAL TRANSPLANT PATIENTS

The pharmacokinetics of edrophonium were determined in patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide and halothane undergoing kidney transplant nephrectomy (n = 6) or transplantation of a live related donor kidney (nxx 6). Serum concentrations of edrophonium were assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic variables computed using noh-compartmental analysis. Patients undergoing transplant nephrectomy had a significant increase in elimination half-life and a significant decrease (67%) in serum clearance when compared with kidney transplant recipients or patients with normal renal function. Pharmacokinetic indices for edrophonium in patients receiving a kidney transplant did not differ from those in patients with normal renal function. We conclude that absence of renal function decreases excretion of edrophonium to an extent similar to that of other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, neostigmine and pyridostigmine.
Polynuclear complexes of a series of hydrazone and hydrazone–oxime ligands – M2 (Fe), M4 (Mn, Ni, Cu), and Mn (Cu) examples

Abstract Tetranuclear, dinuclear and chain complexes involving some polyfunctional hydrazone and thio-carbohydrazone-based ligands are discussed. Ni(II) and Mn(II) [2 × 2] grids form with μ2-S and μ2-O bridges respectively, and are antiferromagnetically coupled (J = −167(5), −3.59(2) cm−1 respectively). With the Fe(II) based system oxidation to Fe(III) occurs, and a μ2-Ohydrazone bridged dimer results, with antiferromagnetic exchange between the S = 5/2 spin centers (J = −22.5(2) cm−1). In the case of Cu(II) the diazine group acts as a μ2-N–N bridge between Cu(II) centers in two cases involving a tetranuclear and a chain complex. Non-orthogonal bridging through N–N and carboxylate bridges leads to antiferromagnetic exchange in the tetranuclear case (J = −32.7(7), −16.1(7) cm−1 respectively) and ferromagnetic exchange in the chain complex due to orthogonal N–N bridging (J = 3.3(1) cm−1).
Potentiation of the action of anandamide on hippocampal slices by the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, palmitylsulphonyl fluoride (AM 374).

Abstract The electrically-evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine from hippocampal brain slices is inhibited by cannabinoid receptor agonists. The effect of palmitylsulphonyl fluoride (AM 374), a recently developed inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase, in influencing the potency of exogenously added anandamide in this preparation was examined. Anandamide alone had relatively little effect on [3H]acetylcholine release. By contrast, in the presence of AM 374 (0.1 μM), anandamide produced a significant inhibition of [3H]acetylcholine release at all concentrations tested (0.1–10 μM). In addition to experiments with AM 374 the effects of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)arachidonamide (AM 404), a putative anandamide uptake inhibitor, was also examined. However, AM 404 at concentrations up to 10 μM, was not found to significantly enhance the effect of anandamide on electrically-evoked [3H]acetylcholine release. These results indicate that AM 374 potently inhibits endogenous amidase activity and thus facilitates access of exogenous anandamide to cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampal tissue.
Recent magmatotectonic activity in the Eastern Snake River Plain–Island Park region revealed by SAR interferometry

Abstract Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) has been applied in this study to address crustal deformation in a 10,000-km 2 region located immediately west of the Yellowstone hotspot. InSAR results show that surface movements in the study area were non-linear and episodic during the period of observation (1993–2006). The Island Park region and its adjacent Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) were characterized by northeast-trending zones of uplift (+ 1 cm yr − 1 ) and subsidence (− 1 cm yr − 1 ) with various extents through time. The western edge of Yellowstone caldera experienced episodes of subsidence (− 1 cm yr − 1 ) during 1997–2000 and uplift (+ 3 cm yr − 1 ) during 2004–2006. Differential surface movements of varying rates were also detected between 1993 and 2006 in the vicinity of Basin and Range normal faults to the north of Henrys Fork caldera. Throughout the study area, surface displacements across the Island Park region, the ESRP, and the adjacent Basin and Range province generally reversed the movement direction in 2004, in concert with displacement reversal to uplift in the Yellowstone caldera. Crustal deformation in the general vicinity of major Basin and Range faults is interpreted to reflect diffuse extensional strain adjacent to the deeper segments of faults, rather than near-surface slip. The northeast-trending displacement zones in the ESRP and the Island Park region may indicate folding in response to converging zones of extension in the surrounding Basin and Range province. Surface displacements of the Yellowstone caldera are interpreted to reflect migration of magma or hydrothermal fluids. The inverse relation between vertical displacements in Yellowstone and its surrounding regions may reflect an upper crustal flexural response or a large-scale movement of hydrothermal fluids, though neither hypothesis is completely supported by the processed data.
Fetuin-A is linked to improved glucose tolerance after short-term exercise training in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Fetuin-A is synthesized in the liver and may be associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle-induced weight loss reduces fetuin-A, but the effect of exerc...
Gamma Radiation-Enhanced Thermal Diffusion of Transition Metal Ions into II-VI Semiconductor Crystals

We investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on the rate of post-growth thermal diffusion. Samples were annealed in the presence of gamma radiation and diffusion rates were compared to those of traditional methods.
On-board calibration monitor for tracking instrument sensitivity

The On-board Calibration Monitor (OCM) is being developed as an integral component of the ACCESS instrument and as a pathfinder for other missions. It provides stable full-aperture illumination of the telescope for tracking the instrument sensitivity as a function of time. The light source is composed of an ensemble of LED pairs with central wavelengths that span the spectral range of the instrument and illuminate a diffuser that is observed by the full optical path. Feedback stabilization of the light source intensity is achieved by photodiode monitoring of each LED. This stable source will provide real time knowledge of the ACCESS sensitivity throughout the 5-year duration of the program. The present status of the design and laboratory evaluation of the OCM system will be presented.
Modelling of recursive games of survival as finite state sequential machines and solutions by fictitious play

Fictitious play has been used effectively to solve extended games. In this work, recursive games of survival are investigated by fictitious play. The game is modelled as a finite state sequential machine with each component game representing a different state. Two types of algorithms are proposed to generate the desired behaviour strategy solutions.Two examples are investigated and the corresponding solutions compared.
The internal migration patterns of the foreign-born and native-born populations in the United States: 1975-80 and 1985-90.

"The focus of this article is on an examination of the influence of birthplace on the internal migration and spatial redistribution patterns of the foreign-born and native-born populations in the United States during the 1975-80 and 1985-90 periods. The analyses presented here consider the following principal questions: (1) What are the internal migration patterns of the foreign-born population in the United States, and how do they differ from those of the native-born population? (2) How do the relocation choices of various birthplace-specific foreign-born and native-born subpopulations differ from each other? (3) Are the internal migration patterns generating an increased or a decreased geographical concentration of such birthplace-specific subgroups?"
Some tips on getting funding for health services research.

R s G a ONTRIBUTIONS TO future directions of health care from nurse researchers is critical. he insights and expertise that nursing can afford s all too often missing from health services reearch that influences policy and change. Health ervices research analyzes systems and processes f care and their impact on utilization, cost, and uality of care. In the Federal Government, there are three priary funders of health services research: the Naional Institutes of Health, the Agency for Healthare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and the eterans Administration. Clear and methodologially sound grant applications are key to being uccessful in receiving federal research grants. For urposes of this article, the primary perspective ill be that from the AHRQ, but steps to take efore submitting grant application can be applied o other funders as well. There are several considrations that should be taken into account before ny application is submitted. When developing rant applications, it is important to consider the ollowing points
Energetics of lateral eddy diffusion/advection: Part III. Energetics of horizontal and isopycnal diffusion/advection

Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) change due to horizontal/isopycnal eddy diffusion and advection is examined. Horizontal/isopycnal eddy diffusion is conceptually separated into two steps: stirring and subscale diffusion. GPE changes associated with these two steps are analyzed. In addition, GPE changes due to stirring and subscale diffusion associated with horizontal/isopycnal advection in the Eulerian coordinates are analyzed. These formulae are applied to the SODA data for the world oceans. Our analysis indicates that horizontal/isopycnal advection in Eulerian coordinates can introduce large artificial diffusion in the model. It is shown that GPE source/sink in isopycnal coordinates is closely linked to physical property distribution, such as temperature, salinity and velocity. In comparison with z-coordinates, GPE source/sink due to stirring/cabbeling associated with isopycnal diffusion/advection is much smaller. Although isopycnal coordinates may be a better choice in terms of handling lateral diffusion, advection terms in the traditional Eulerian coordinates can produce artificial source of GPE due to cabbeling associated with advection. Reducing such numerical errors remains a grand challenge.
InGaN/GaN quantum well growth on pyramids of epitaxial lateral overgrown GaN

InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QW) were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on pyramids of epitaxial lateral overgrown (ELO) GaN samples. The ELO GaN samples were grown by MOCVD on sapphire (0001) substrates that were patterned with a SiNx mask. Scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging experiments were performed to examine lateral variations in structure and QW luminescence energy. CL wavelength imaging (CLWI) measurements show that the QW peaks on the top of the grooves are red-shifted in comparison with the QW emission from the side walls. The results show that In atoms have migrated to the top of the pyramids during the QW growth. The effects of V/III ratio, growth temperature as well as ELO GaN stripe orientation on the QW properties are also studied.
Functional left main coronary artery obstruction due to aortic dissection

A38-year-old black man with a history of hypertension was admitted with a sudden onset of severe retrosternal chest pain radiating to his back. The initial physical examination was remarkable only for severe hypertension. The ECG (Figure 1⇓, top) showed marked anterolateral ST-segment depression with T-wave inversion, suggestive of acute myocardial ischemia. Treatment with aspirin, nitroglycerin, and intravenous heparin was begun. Shortly after admission, the patient developed severe hypotension, pulmonary edema, and a soft diastolic murmur of aortic regurgitation. …
Social network integration and language change in progress in a rural alpine village

The quantification of communication network integration can provide information valuable to the study of language change in very small rural communities. The adaptation of urban and communication network methodology for rural alpine social structures establishes a framework for the study of variation leading to change based on individual usage for the dialect of Grossdorf in Vorarlberg, Austria's western-most province. This approach is particularly relevant when study of aggregate group behavior has failed to yield results due to small sample size or group internal inconsistency. (Field methods, language networks, variation and change)