cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Finite-Volume High-Order ENO Scheme for Two-Dimensional Hyperbolic Systems

We consider here the finite-volume approach in developing a two-dimensional, high-order accurate, essentially non-oscillatory shock-capturing scheme. Such a scheme achieves high-order spatial accuracy by a piecewise polynomial approximation of the solution from its cell averages. High-order Runge-Kutta methods are employed for time integration, thus making such schemes best-suited for unsteady problems. The focal point in our development is a high-order spatial operator which will retain high-order accuracy in smooth regions, yet avoid the oscillatory behavior that is associated with interpolation across steep gradients. Such an operator is first presented within the context of a scalar function on a rectangular mesh and then extended to hyperbolic systems of equations and curvilinear meshes. Spatial and temporal accuracy are validated through grid refinement studies, involving the solutions of scalar hyperbolic equations and the Euler equations of gas dynamics. Through a control-volume approach, we find that this two-dimensional scheme is readily applied to inviscid flow problems involving solid walls and non-trivial geometries. Results of a physically relevant, numerical experiment are presented for qualitative and quantitative examination.
A trilateral brokerage system for power transactions

In this paper, we design and analyse a brokerage system for buyers, sellers and intermediate utilities of electric power. Specifically, we mathematically characterize the determination of bids by buyers and sellers, the matching process of bids, and the selection of the transmission routes by the brokerage system. Moreover, we analyse the cost/benefit to intermediate utilities from the transmission of transacted power. The two key features differentiating this model from the extant literature on electric power transmission pricing and brokerage systems are: (1) multiple purchase and sale bids from potential buyers and sellers; and (2) the systematic determination of transmission routes by minimizing the total cost to intermediate utilities. The improvement in economic efficiency (measured in terms of cost savings) is demonstrated via a series of numerical examples. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical coherence tomography: the past, present and future

Optical coherence tomography is a new technology that provides an atraumatic “optical biopsy” providing both anatomical and possible histopathologic results. It has only recently been incorporated into the urological field. This paper highlights previous and prospective advances of optical coherence tomography in urology and its potential application in robotic urologic surgery.
Equivalent circuit elements for PSpice simulation of PEM stacks at pulse load

Abstract The PEFC stack in a commercial power system was operated with room air and pure hydrogen. After the system reached a steady temperature, an ac impedance test was conducted on the fuel cell power system. The impedance data were real-time response generated by the ac sinusoidal excitation. Data for a single PEM stack and PEM stacks operating in parallel and series were collected with or without an embedded system controller board and electronic devices. The equivalent circuit model with three time constants and the non-linear least square fitting program (NLLS) were applied for fitting the stack impedance spectrum. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm utilized in the NLLS fitting process automatically adjusted the parameter values of the physical elements in the model to find the best fit result. From the preliminary results, data interpretation and the equivalent circuit model identified the physical elements, the related electrochemical processes, and the phenomenon inside the fuel cells or stacks. Losses from ohmic conduction, anode activation, cathode activation, and mass transfer were separated and analyzed. Further PSpice simulation curves using these equivalent circuit elements demonstrate good agreement with the pulse testing data measured from the PEFC power system.
A new model for the K+-induced macromolecular structure of guanosine 5'-monophosphate in solution.

The 31P NMR spectra of (TMA)2(5‘-GMP), where TMA is [(CH3)4N]+ and 5‘-GMP is guanosine 5‘-monophosphate, and K2(5‘-GMP), containing various amounts of KCl or TMACl, have been obtained at 2 °C. Variable-temperature spectra have also been obtained for K2(5‘-GMP). The TMA+ ion serves to neutralize the charge on the dianionic 5‘-GMP and permits the added K+ to bond preferentially in structure-forming sites. 1H NMR spectra (one- and two-dimensional) have been obtained for K2(5‘-GMP) and used to assign the proton resonances in the self-associated structures and determine that all residues have the anti glycosidic conformation. The 31P and 1H NMR spectra are very complex and indicate the presence of a large number of molecular environments and a structural variation dependent upon the mole ratio of 5‘-GMP to K+. A new model for the solution structure is proposed in which the 5‘-GMP forms a pseudo-four-stranded helix with guanine−guanine hydrogen bonding forming a continuous helical strand, rather than the usual ...
The Influence of Ratee Gender on Ratings of Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Two studies were conducted to examine discrepancies in the evaluation of men and women regarding the performance of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). In Study 1, base-rate differences in the perceived frequency and value of citizenship behaviors performed by males and females were investigated. A gender by job type interaction was found indicating that women were perceived to engage in OCB more frequently than were men in gender-neutral and male-typed jobs. No gender differences were found regarding the value associated with citizenship behaviors. In Study 2, undergraduates rated videotaped male and female instructors who exhibited different levels of OCB. Results revealed a gender by OCB interaction such that more accurate behavioral observations were made when observing males exhibiting OCB and females exhibiting no OCB than when observing males who did not exhibit OCB and females who did exhibit OCB. No gender by OCB interactions were found with regard to ratings of overall performance evaluation or reward recommendations.
Retained Endobronchial Foreign Body Removal Facilitated by Steroid Therapy of an Obstructing, Inflammatory Polyp

Oral and topical steroids were used to induce regression in an inflammatory, obstructing endobronchial polyp caused by a retained foreign body. The FB (a peanut half), which had been present for over six months, was then able to be easily and bloodlessly retrieved with fiberoptic bronchoscopy.
Virulence factors in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection.

Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are characterized by the expression of distinctive bacterial properties, products, or structures referred to as virulence factors because they help the organism overcome host defenses and colonize or invade the urinary tract. Virulence factors of recognized importance in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI) include adhesins (P fimbriae, certain other mannose-resistant adhesins, and type 1 fimbriae), the aerobactin system, hemolysin, K capsule, and resistance to serum killing. This review summarizes the virtual explosion of information regarding the epidemiology, biochemistry, mechanisms of action, and genetic basis of these urovirulence factors that has occurred in the past decade and identifies areas in need of further study. Virulence factor expression is more common among certain genetically related groups of E. coli which constitute virulent clones within the larger E. coli population. In general, the more virulence factors a strain expresses, the more severe an infection it is able to cause. Certain virulence factors specifically favor the development of pyelonephritis, others favor cystitis, and others favor asymptomatic bacteriuria. The currently defined virulence factors clearly contribute to the virulence of wild-type strains but are usually insufficient in themselves to transform an avirulent organism into a pathogen, demonstrating that other as-yet-undefined virulence properties await discovery. Virulence factor testing is a useful epidemiological and research tool but as yet has no defined clinical role. Immunological and biochemical anti-virulence factor interventions are effective in animal models of UTI and hold promise for the prevention of UTI in humans. Images
Phase II study of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in previously treated metastatic breast cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study (PA 185).

Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of a cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) combination in previously treated advanced breast cancer. Methods: Thirty‐six women with recurrent metastatic breast cancer were entered on a phase II study of 5‐FU 1000 mg/m2/day given intravenously as a continuous infusion on days 1–3 and cisplatin 30 mg/m2/day given intravenously over 1 h on days 2–4, repeated every 21 days. All subjects had received one previous chemotherapy regimen for metastatic disease and either progressed during treatment or relapsed after responding to previous chemotherapy. Fourteen patients had also received previous adjuvant chemotherapy, 17 patients had previous radiation therapy, and 29 patients had previous hormonal therapy. Results: Among 32 response‐evaluable patients, there were 10 partial remissions (31%) and 1 complete remission (3%), with an overall objective response rate of 34%. Median duration of response was 4 months. Median survival was 10.5 months for responders and 9.5 months for the entire group. Toxicity was mild to moderate in most patients. Overall twelve patients experienced grade 3 toxicity (10 hematologic, 1 mucositis, and 2 nausea). There were no grade 4 or 5 toxicities. Conclusion: Infusional cisplatin and 5‐FU is a well tolerated and active regimen in women with previously treated advanced breast cancer.
Enhanced accumulation of injected inorganic mercury in renal outer medulla after unilateral nephrectomy

Abstract The effects of unilateral nephrectomy on renal accumulation and intrarenal distribution of mercury following a single injection of mercuric chloride (HgCl2, 0.5 μmol Hg/kg body wt, ip) were evaluated in the rat. In rats injected with HgCl2 immediately after nephrectomy or 10, 28, or 43 days after nephrectomy, the accumulation of mercury in the renal outer medulla was significantly greater than in respective sham-operated control rats. The increased accumulation of mercury in renal outer medulla was evident at 24 hr after injection of HgCl2 and persisted for at least 72 hr. The effect appeared to be a phenomenon associated specifically with the renal outer medulla in that elevated concentrations of mercury in the outer medulla were observed in the absence of similar elevations in the renal cortex, inner medulla, liver, and blood or in the whole body mercury content. Urinary excretion of mercury was unaffected by nephrectomy. Thus, associated with unilateral nephrectomy are changes in the renal accumulation and intrarenal distribution of systemically administered inorganic mercury that persist long after the rapid phase of compensatory renal growth (0–7 days) is completed.
Rotational barriers in N,N-diethylbenzamides: substituent and solvent effects

Abstract The barrier to rotation about the C-N bond In a series of substituted N,N-diethylbenzamides has been calculated via total bandshape analysis of the exchanging alkyl carbons in the 13C-NMR spectra in four solvents: C6D6, CDCl3, CD3CN and CF3CH2OD. A linear free energy relationship between the Hammett substituent parameters and the overall activation barrier is apparent for the D -substitued compounds. Resonance effects contribute more heavily than inductive effects and show increasing importance as solvent coordination ability increases. Substituents in the meta-position show a reduced effect. Solvents have a pronounced effect on the barrier. The free energy of activation for any given compound increases in the order: C6D6 $ CDCl3, ≈ CD3CN CF3CH2OD. This trend is discussed in terms of the electrophilic character of the solvent.
Electrochemical Studies of Carbon Films from Pyrolyzed Photoresist

Carbon film electrodes were prepared by pyrolysis of photoresists on silicon wafers at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1,100 C. The physical properties of the carbon films were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopies, thermal gravimetric analysis, and four-point probe electrical resistivity measurements. The electrochemical properties of the carbon films were investigated by cyclic voltammetry to observe the kinetics of the Fe(CN){sub 6}{sup 4{minus}}/Fe(CN){sub 6}{sup 3{minus}} redox couple. The carbon film electrodes prepared at temperatures {ge} 700 C showed electrochemical behavior similar to that of glassy carbon. Better electrocatalytic behavior was obtained with carbon films prepared at the higher pyrolysis temperatures, which is attributed to different film compositions at different pyrolysis temperatures. The electrochemical properties of the carbon film electrodes are very stable, exhibiting reproducible behavior even after storing at room temperature in air for 3 months.
Psychological-Mindedness as a Defense:

Many patients seen today use sophisticated capacities for psychological reflection and premature synthesis to ward off knowledge of more primitive conflict and islands of unintegration. They show a precocious talent for free association, a talent they perversely misuse. Similarly, they enjoy access to a rich fantasy life, even as they subtly impoverish it. Effective therapeutic work requires that they suffer "traumatization"--experiences of dedifferentiation that undermine their considerable capacity to know what they feel and think. Structural and process variables interact with content variables in complex and ambiguous ways. As a consequence, estimates of the authenticity and "fit" of personal and interpersonal experiences and behaviors of both partners in the therapeutic encounter become necessarily involved. Such factors may increase the possibility of misunderstandings, but also of more authentic and firmly grounded understandings. Similar issues are eventually revealed in these patients' early lives, where psychological and other formulaic understandings were prematurely applied to offset overwhelmedness and other unarticulable experiences; the patient's talents for ambiguity, irony, self-soothing, or responsiveness to others were, in effect, exploited at the expense of full psychological growth. Versions of this clinical presentation may be increasingly common in a new generation of analyzable patients. Clinical work with them is facilitated by a synthesis of contemporary developmental, structural, and object relations theory.
Blind Test of Physics-Based Prediction of Protein Structures

We report here a multiprotein blind test of a computer method to predict native protein structures based solely on an all-atom physics-based force field. We use the AMBER 96 potential function with an implicit (GB/SA) model of solvation, combined with replica-exchange molecular-dynamics simulations. Coarse conformational sampling is performed using the zipping and assembly method (ZAM), an approach that is designed to mimic the putative physical routes of protein folding. ZAM was applied to the folding of six proteins, from 76 to 112 monomers in length, in CASP7, a community-wide blind test of protein structure prediction. Because these predictions have about the same level of accuracy as typical bioinformatics methods, and do not utilize information from databases of known native structures, this work opens up the possibility of predicting the structures of membrane proteins, synthetic peptides, or other foldable polymers, for which there is little prior knowledge of native structures. This approach may also be useful for predicting physical protein folding routes, non-native conformations, and other physical properties from amino acid sequences.
Human Th1 Cells That Express CD300a Are Polyfunctional and After Stimulation Up-Regulate the T-Box Transcription Factor Eomesodermin

Human naive CD4 T cells express low levels of the immunomodulatory receptor CD300a, whereas effector/memory CD4 cells can be either CD300a+ or CD300a−. This suggested that CD300a expression could define a specific subset within the effector/memory CD4 T cell subpopulations. In fact, ex vivo analysis of the IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells showed that they are enriched in the CD300a+ subset. Moreover, stimulated CD4 T cells producing TNF-α and IL-2 besides IFN-γ (polyfunctional) are predominantly CD300a+. In addition to producing markedly higher levels of Th1-associated cytokines, the stimulated CD300a+ CD4 T cells are distinguished by a striking up-regulation of the T-box transcription factor eomesodermin (Eomes), whereas T-bet is up-regulated in both CD300a+ and CD300a− activated CD4 T cells to similar levels. The pleiotropic cytokine TGF-β1 has a determinant role in dictating the development of this Th1 subset, as its presence inhibits the expression of CD300a and down-regulates the expression of Eomes and IFN-γ. We conclude that CD300a+ human Th1 cells tend to be polyfunctional and after stimulation up-regulate Eomes.
Effects of feed restriction on production performance of replacement pullets.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feed restriction on production performance of egg production pullets. In Experiment 1, two brown-egg strains (A and B) were subjected to full feeding, a restricted duration of feeding program, and a quantitative feed restriction program. Two White Leghorn strains (C and D) were subjected to full feeding and restricted duration of feeding only. For Experiment 2, only strains B and D were used and an additional restricted duration of feeding program was studied. Pullets were maintained on these programs to 20 weeks of age. Production data were collected to 66 and 62 weeks of age for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Restricted duration of feeding was found to depress body weight by 2 to 3%, and quantitative feed restriction depressed body weight by 5% with feed intake depressed by the same magnitudes. Feed restriction at these levels had no significant effects on hen-day or hen-housed egg production, egg weight, egg mass, or egg grades. Net egg income over feed cost was significantly improved by feed restriction in Experiment 2. Pullets on quantitative restriction produced the greatest returns. This was due to increased numbers of large eggs and the decrease in rearing feed consumption. Feed restriction had no effect on mortality or sexual maturity. Feed consumption, body weight, egg weight, and economic returns were higher for the heavy strain of pullets. Mortality was highest within the light strains.
Theory of unstable two-dimensional detonations: Genesis of the transverse waves

Abstract The stability of two-dimensional piston-supported gaseous detonations is examined both numerically and analytically. Results presented are for a one-step, first-order, irreversible reaction obeying an Arrhenius rate expression. The numerical analysis has shown many interesting results. First, in channels whose widths are smaller than or of the order of the characteristic reaction length, transverse waves do not develop and only one-dimensional longitudinal oscillations are observed. Second, a critical channel width exists beyond which a transverse wave may develop. Third, as teh channel becomes wider and up till a second critical channel width, the transverse wave persists while its oscillation period becomes longer. Fourth, beyond that second critical channel width, new transverse waves form, whose wavelengths are equal to the wavelength corresponding to the second critical value. Moreover, at and beyond that critical channel width, the oscillation period attains a constant value, almost identical to that of the one-dimensional oscillation. These results demonstrate the existence of a most unstable wavelength which persists further on and governs the cell size in wide channels. An approximate linearized stability theory previously developed for a one-dimensional shock-reaction-zone complex has been extended to the two-dimensional case and the mechanism of oscillation is identified. It is found that the interactions between the irreversible temperature fluctuations (due to shock perturbation) and the finite reaction zone induce an oscillatory energy-source field which generates pressure waves. The latter, in turn, perturb the shock front and generate the temperature fluctuations, thereby completing the cycle. Stability limits as well as amplification (or attenuation) rates and oscillation periods are obtained for different transverse wave numbers at different degrees of overdrive. The amplification rates are found to decrease and become negative for larger wave numbers or for larger degrees of overdrive. In orther words, transverse waves do not develop in very narrow channels or in highly overdriven detonations because of attenuation. Moreover, it is also shown that for the most unstable wavelength (as observed in the numerical simulations), the oscillation period is almost equal to that of the one-dimensional oscillation.
Ethical decision making styles in the workplace: Relations to the keirsey temperament sorter

To explicate Kinston s seven-style ethical decision typology, relationships between styles and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter were examined. All three factors underlying the ethicals styles were related in theoretically distinct ways to the character types identified by the Sorter. Overall, the ethical decision styles appear to be an elegant elaboration of the decision making (T-F) distinction within the Sorter.
Surface properties of erythrocytes: normal, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and glutathione-treated cells.

Abstract We have examined surface parameters of erythrocytes and found differences that distinguish among normal, proxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and glutathione-treated cells. 1. 1. The acetylcholinesterase activity of PNH cells is reduced compared to normal cells, and the reduction in activity parallels the severity of the disease, but the acetylcholinesterase activity of GSH-treated normal cells is normal. 2. 2. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed labeling of intact erythrocytes demonstrates that PNH erythrocyte bind much more 125I than normal cells while GSH-treated cells bind less. 3. 3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of isolated erythrocyte membranes reveals anomalies in the distribution of Coomassie blue-stained bands which are not seen in GSH-treated erythrocytes. 4. 4. The number of acetylcholinesterase activity sites revealed by binding of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate to isolated erythrocyte membranes was increased in PNH cells and decreased in GSH-treated cells compared to normal cells. 5. 5. The number of p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate molecules bound to intact erythrocytes is decreased in PNH erythrocytes, but not in GSH-treated erythrocytes compared to normal cells. 6. 6. Na+ uptake at 4 °C is increased to a greater extent in GSH-treated erythrocytes than in PNH erythrocytes compared to normal values. 7. 7. These results suggest that the PNH characteristic involves a constellation of differences in surface properties and that these properties are not shared by GSH-treated cells. GSH-treated cells are, therefore, not an adquate model for PNH cells.
QT prolongation and arrhythmia suppression

It seems possible to draw some overall conclusions from the data on antiarrhythmic drug-induced QT prolongation and its role in drug effects. At one end of the spectrum are patients with highly exaggerated QT responses during therapy, most often in the setting of hypokalemia and long cycle lengths (post-ectopic pauses, bradycardia). These patients may be at high risk for development of arrhythmias during therapy. It should also be remembered that the presence of hypokalemia may render antiarrhythmic agents less effective in general. On the other hand, modest QT prolongation in the course of therapy with an antiarrhythmic drug may well be a marker of reduction of dispersion of action potential durations or refractory periods and hence represent an antiarrhythmic effect. The clinical actions of these drugs in patients with arrhythmias strongly suggest that this is the case. New agents with the ability to reduce dispersion of repolarization or of refractoriness without inducing arrhythmias may well become the agents of choice for the treatment of serious cardiac rhythm disturbances.
The Construction of Nonlinear Discrete-time Observers with Local Lipschitz Conditions

In this paper, we present a new methodology for the construction of discrete-time observers for nonlinear discrete-time systems which satisfy Lipschitz condition on bounded sets. The problem under consideration is mathematically addressed through the existence of a continuous mapping in the state space that maps the linear system with an output injection to the observing system provided that the observing orbit is bounded. The existence of such a continuous mapping is proved by Banach's fixed point theorem by making use of a cut-off function, which is used to construct the observer. The proposed method can be directly carried over to the continuous-time cases. An example for discrete-time Henon system with non-smooth output is provided to illustrate the theoretical outcomes and to show the effectiveness of the proposed observer.
Community Organizing and Employee Representation

The decline in the scope and power of American unions has led to a search for new strategies and new organizational forms to better succeed in representing the interests of employees in the labour market. This paper examines the role of community-based organizations of the sort that proved so powerful during the Civil Rights Movement. The subject of the paper is a strong national network of community organizations that is neighbourhood-based and draws heavily on churches and other community institutions. The organizations are put together in neighbourhoods, yet they also wield power at the city and state levels. The paper describes the organizations and examines and assesses their labour market policies. The second part of the paper takes up organizational issues and, in particular, describes how the structure and culture of these organizations enable them to avoid some of the organizational perils that have befallen unions and other social movement organizations. The paper concludes by comparing these organizations with traditional unions and by discussing their prospects for growth as well as their limitations.
Hip Injuries in Athletes

Hip injuries are common in athletes, and there is an extensive differential diagnosis of potential causes. This article reviews the anatomy of the hip, and discusses the imaging findings of hip pathology in athletes including skeletal, intraarticular, and extra-articular abnormalities. The role of radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, MR arthrography, CT arthrography, and sonography in evaluating each condition is discussed.
Hollywood Renaissance: The Cinema of Democracy in the Era of Ford, Capra, and Kazan

American film directors from the late 1930s to the early 1960s instigated a renaissance of original artistic works that helped reinvigorate and renew American culture. During a time of unprecedented danger from anti-democratic forces both abroad and at home, the most imaginative and creative films of these directors - John Ford, Frank Capra, Howard Hawks, Fred Zinnemann, Elia Kazan, George Stevens - articulated issues, themes, and realities at the core of the American experience. In this lively and original book, Sam Girgus offers a fresh look at films such as The Searchers, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, It's a Wonderful Life, High Noon, and On the Waterfront. He shows how these films are part of the cultural and historic debate that examines, structures, and questions what modern America means to its people, the world, and history.
Abstract 3960: Mesothelin overexpression promotes autocrine IL-6/sIL-6R trans-signaling to stimulate pancreatic cancer cell proliferation

Background: We have shown previously that mesothelin (MSLN) overexpression in pancreatic cancer (PC) cells leads to enhanced cell survival/proliferation in vitro & tumor progression in a xenograft mouse model. The objective of this study is to determine the underlying MSLN-induced growth factors/signaling that contribute to the PC cell proliferation. Methods: PC tissue/serum & cell lines were used to evaluate MSLN/IL-6 expression. MIA PaCa-2 & Panc1 cells stably over-expressing MSLN (MIA-MSLN, Panc1-MSLN) & vector control cell lines (MIA-V, Panc1-V) were generated by using retrovirus expression system. IL-6 was measured by BioPlex. Silencing of MSLN/IL-6 was done by using specific siRNAs. NF-κB activation was examined by western blot & reporter assay. Different forms of IL-6Rs were determined by western blot, real-time PCR & FACS. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT. Cell cycle analysis was performed using PI staining & apoptosis determination by caspase3 cleavage. Results and Conclusions: MSLN expression positively correlated with secreted IL-6 in a panel of human PC specimens (serum) & cell lines (supernatants). Both MIA-MSLN & Panc1-MSLN showed high IL-6 expression & siRNA silencing of MSLN significantly reduced the IL-6 level (p 5 day) induced apoptosis with significant decrease of c-myc/bcl-2 levels. Interestingly, exogenous rIL-6 induced proliferation of MIA-MSLN cells but not MIA-V cells. Although there were no changes in mRNA/protein levels of the IL-6R (gp80), the soluble fraction (sIL-6R) was significantly elevated in MIA-MSLN cells. Treatment with the TACE/ADAM17 inhibitor TAPI-1 significantly reduced sIL-6R levels, indicating intramembrane cleavage of IL-6R in these cells. This, along with the absence of any difference in membrane IL-6R suggested IL-6 trans-signaling operative in these cells. Consequently, blocking this IL-6/sIL-6R axis using sIL-6R specific antibody abrogated serum free survival as well as rIL-6-induced proliferation. Moreover, a rIL-6/rsIL-6R mix induced proliferation was observed even in MIA-V cells. Our data suggest MSLN-activated NF-κB induces elevated IL-6 expression, which acts as growth factor to support pancreatic cancer cell survival/proliferation through a novel auto/paracrine IL-6/sIL-6R trans-signaling. The close correlation between MSLN & IL-6 provides an opportunity for formulating a new combined therapy for effective control of MSLN-overexpressing tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3960.
A General Analytical Approach for Defining Effectiveness in Ideal Two Fluid Heat Exchangers

A general analytical development, based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, is used to define the maximum possible heat transfer in an ideal two-fluid exchanger as well as the maximum possible temperature differences for both fluid streams. It is shown that the conventional expression for the maximum possible heat transfer in ideal two-fluid heat exchangers is a special case of the general expressions. The application of both the first and second laws of thermodynamics in defining the maximum possible heat transfer and maximum possible temperature difference provides only one expression (instead of two different expressions) for either stream which is a measure of both thermal and temperature effectiveness of the particular stream. Differences between the conventional and proposed effectiveness values are presented as functions of the capacity ratio and NTU. These data are used to demonstrate the advantages of the new definitions for maximum heat transfer and maximum temperature difference in ideal two-fluid heat exchangers.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Thermodynamic effects of laser irradiation of implants placed in bone: an in vitro study

Lasers have been proposed for various applications involving dental implants, including uncovering implants and treating peri-implantitis. However, the effect of laser irradiation on the implant surface temperature is only partially known. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effect of irradiation with diode, carbon dioxide, and Er:YAG lasers on the surface temperature of dental implants placed in bone, in vitro. For this study, one dental implant was placed in a bovine rib. A trephine bur was used to create a circumferential defect to simulate peri-implantitis, and thermocouples were placed at the coronal and apical aspect of the implant. The implant was irradiated for 60 s using four different lasers independently and change in temperature as well as time to reach a 10 °C increase in temperature were recorded. There was wide variability in results among the lasers and settings. Time for a 10 °C increase ranged from 0.9 to over 60 s for the coronal thermocouple and from 18 to over 60 s for the apical thermocouple. Maximum temperature ranged from 5.9 to 70.9 °C coronally and from 1.4 to 23.4 °C apically. During laser irradiation of dental implants, a surface temperature increase beyond the “critical threshold” of 10 °C can be reached after only 18 s.
Anger and Chess

In this essay I take what I think of as a Wittgensteinian look at emotions. I do not mean by this that I am going to explain Wittgenstein's view of emotions. His primary claims are negative; emotions are neither states nor processes. Nevertheless, keeping in mind his negative claims, along with the reasons and illustrations he gives in support of them, I hope to say something positive and interesting about emotions. My project is also Wittgensteinian in the sense that I take seriously his claim that philosophers should focus on descriptions, rather than on explanations. I am not sure that philosophy can offer no useful explanations, but I am sure that philosophers should do more describing than they usually do before attempting their explanations. In keeping with this perspective, I will begin by looking at a situation in which a person gets angry, and consider what we might say about the sorts of descriptions that are appropriate in that situation.
Two applications for a dual-beam transducer in hydroacoustic fish assessment systems

This paper describes the advantages of using a narrow- and a wide-beam acoustic transducer in systems for estimating fish abundance. In the technique considered, the acoustic pulse is transmitted with a narrow beam and the echo is received on both the narrow and wide beams. The signals received at the two transducers can be used to determine the acoustic scattering cross section of the fish. The mean value of the acoustic scattering cross section can be used to evaluate the scale factor needed by echo integrators to obtain an absolute abundance estimate. The outputs of the two transducers can also be used to control the sampling volume in an echo counting system.
Temperature-dependent development and survival rates of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera : Culicidae)

Development, growth, and survival of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L.) were determined at six constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 34 degrees C). The Sharpe & DeMichele four-parameter model with high-temperature inhibition described the temperature-dependent median developmental rates of both mosquito species. In both species, body size generally decreased as temperature increased. Head capsule widths in all instars in both species were significantly greater at 15 than at 30-34 degrees C. Except for the third instar of Ae. aegypti, the larval body lengths in both species were significantly greater at 15 than at 34 degrees C. All instars and pupae of both species and the adults in Cx. quinquefasciatus were significantly heavier at 15 than at 27-34 degrees C. In Cx. quinquefasciatus, survival from eclosion to adult emergence was highest in the range from 20 to 30 degrees C (85-90%) and dropped drastically at 15 (38%) and 34 degrees C (42%). In Ae. aegypti, survival to adult stage was high at 20 (92%) and 27 degrees C (90%) and lowest at 15 degrees C (3%).
Luxation of the Canine Shoulder Joint to Maximize Exposure for Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans

Luxation of the humeral head by internal rotation of theforelimb with the shoulder joint in flexion will maximize exposure of the humeral head for treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the canine shoulder. The procedure was performed on 51 normal dogs and on 13 shoulders of 11 dogs with osteochondritis dissecans. Postoperative evaluation was obtained in all 51 normal dogs and 8 clinical patients. Postoperative seromas were seen in two dogs; one was presumed to be due to reaction to the suture material used, and the other to unrestricted exercise during the immediate postoperative period. There were no other complications. The time for recovery to normal ambulation was similar to those reported for other approaches.
An ab initio potential energy surface and dynamics calculations for vibrational excitation of I2 by He

We present newab initio calculations of the interaction potential and the elastic and inelastic cross sections for He scattering by I2. The electronic structure calculations of the interaction potential are based on an extensive one-electron basis set (triple zeta plus ad set on each I, ans function plus ap set at the I2 bond center, and quadruple zeta plus twop sets on He), a two-configuration-SCF orbital set, and a configuration interaction calculation based on all single and double excitations out of the two-configuration reference space. The calculations are performed at 16He-I2 distances for nine combinations of I2 vibrational displacement and orientation. A new form of analytic representation is presented that is particularly well suited to efficient and accurate fitting ofab initio interaction potentials that include vibrational displacements. Scattering calculations are performed by the vibrational close-coupling, rotational-infinite-order-sudden approximation with a converged vibrational basis.
Promoting symptom control in palliative care.

Objectives : To describe management of common physical problems that occur in patients with advanced cancer. Data Sources : Research and review articles, book chapters, and published guidelines. Conclusions : Effective symptom control for patients with advanced cancer requires the coordinated efforts of a multidisciplinary team. Excellent palliation can be achieved in patients suffering from pain, as well as from gastrointestinal, respiratory, or dermatologic disorders. Implications for Nursing Practice : Nursing is the cornerstone of effective palliative care. Through accurate assessments and expertise in delivering pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments, nurses ensure optimal palliation of physical symptoms.
The Broyden Method for M-P-Φ Relationship of Beam-Column with Residual Stresses

The Broyden method for the numerical calculation of Moment-Thrust-Curvature (M-P-Φ) relationship of beam-column is put forward, which is suitable for all combinations of moment, thrust and curvature considering the effect of residual stresses. The relationship problem is simplified as two nonlinear equations of four variables. When two of the 4 variables are given, the relationship can be obtained by Broyden method. The advantages of Broyden method are discussed and the iterative calculation process is listed. The method offers significant improvements in accuracy, robustness and calculation amount of the solution, which can be used for beam-columns with any type section.
The Intersection of Virtual Organizations and the Library: A Case Study

Abstract The proliferation of virtual organizations is changing the nature and practice of research. These changes present a challenge to Libraries, as their traditional roles and services do not translate well to virtual organizations. However, virtual organizations also offer opportunities for librarians to participate in shaping the next generation of information discovery and management systems. This case study describes a project conducted by the Purdue University Libraries to assist CAT-hub, a developing virtual organization, in creating a set of tags for information discovery and site navigation. The methodology and processes used to develop and implement these tags are described in detail.
Activation of gracile nucleus: Time distribution of activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic elements

Abstract The time required for impulse conduction from the skin to the gracile nucleus has been determined for primary afferent fibers in the sural and accessory sural nerves of the cat. Fibers were classified into types on the basis of their receptor properties. Fibers of a particular type were found to have a characteristic range of conduction times. Fibers of the same type in different nerves were found to have similar skin-to-nucleus conduction times despite differences in conduction distance. These data enable one to predict the temporal characteristics of the input to the nucleus evoked by an abrupt stimulus at the skin. Conduction times from the sciatic nerve to the gracile nucleus were also determined. Comparison was made between the temporal dispersion of the input evoked by electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve and the first spike latencies of post-synaptic cells in the nucleus excited by the same stimulus. The range of arrival times of the input closely matched the distribution of postsynaptic first spike latencies.
Efficacy of rofecoxib for pain control after knee arthroscopy: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial.

Purpose: To determine if rofecoxib 50 mg administered 1 hour preoperatively to patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery reduces postoperative pain, provides a narcotic-sparing effect, and reduces time spent in recovery. Type of Study: Prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Methods: Fifty patients (age range, 30 to 60 years) undergoing knee arthroscopy under spinal anesthesia were randomized to receive either 50 mg of rofecoxib or placebo 1 hour preoperatively. Postoperatively, pain was assessed in recovery, 8 hours postoperatively, and 24 hours postoperatively, using a 100-mm visual analog scale. Pain medication usage was monitored for 24 hours and time in recovery room was determined. Mann-Whitney tests determined significance between groups. Results: Patients in the rofecoxib group showed significantly lower pain scores at 8 and 24 hours postoperatively. They also showed a significant reduction in postoperative narcotic consumption. Conclusions: Rofecoxib 50 mg as a single preoperative dose should be considered as part of a perioperative analgesic plan in arthroscopic knee surgery. Level of Evidence: Level I, Therapeutic Study (randomized controlled trial).
A New Class of Automated Theorem-Proving Algorithms

A procedure is defined for deriving from any statement S an infinite sequence of statements S0, S1, S2, S3, ··· such that: (a) if there exists an i such that Si is unsatisfiable, then S is unsatisfiable; (b) if S is unsatisfiable, then there exists an i such that Si is unsatisfiable; (c) for all i the Herbrand universe of Si is finite; hence, for each i the satisfiability of Si is decidable. The new algorithms are then based on the idea of generating successive Si in the sequence and testing each Si for satisfiability. Each element in the class of new algorithms is complete.
Will media influence learning? Reframing the debate

This article addresses the position taken by Clark (1983) that media do not influence learning under any conditions. The article reframes the questions raised by Clark to explore the conditions under which media will influence learning. Specifically, it posits the need to consider the capabilities of media, and the methods that employ them, as they interact with the cognitive and social processes by which knowledge is constructed. This approach is examined within the context of two major media-based projects, one which uses computers and the other, video. The article discusses the implications of this approach for media theory, research and practice.
Long‐chain acyl‐coenzyme a synthetase in rat brain myelin

Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3), an enzyme(s) that activates fatty acids prior to incorporation into phospholipids and other substances, has been detected in highly purified myelin from rat brain stem. The high levels relative to microsomes (11% and 15% for oleate and arachidonate, respectively) tended to preclude contamination by the latter membrane as the source of activity. Additional evidence came from sequential purification and mixing experiments. Km values were not appreciably different for the two substrates with the two membranes, but Vmax values were approximately 2-4-fold greater for arachidonate in both membranes. Triton X-100 increased activity somewhat in myelin but not in microsomes; with arachidonate as substrate it reduced activity in the latter. Heat inactivation studies and pH profiles suggested the presence of two different enzymes, as previously shown for other tissues.
Colliding cues in word segmentation: The role of cue strength and general cognitive processes

The process of word segmentation is flexible, with many strategies potentially available to learners. This experiment explores how segmentation cues interact, and whether successful resolution of cue competition is related to general executive functioning. Participants listened to artificial speech streams that contained both statistical and pause-defined cues to word boundaries. When these cues ‘collide’ (indicating different locations for word boundaries), cue strength appears to dictate the predominant parsing strategy. When cues are relatively equal in strength, the ability to successfully deploy a segmentation strategy significantly correlates with stronger performance on the Simon task, a non-linguistic cognitive task typically thought to involve executive processes such as inhibitory control and selective attention. These results suggest that general information processing strategies may play a role in solving one of the early challenges for language learners.
Measuring and Explaining Change in Artifact Variation with Clade-Diversity Diagrams

Abstract All archaeologists study and attempt to explain variation in artifacts. Darwinian evolution provides a set of theory-derived methods and explanatory principles that can be used to account for the appearance of novel variants and their differential persistence through time and across space within lineages, or traditions, of artifacts. One method developed by paleobiologists to study the history of the richness of variants within a lineage involves the construction of clade-diversity diagrams. Once an artifact lineage is established, statistical comparison of the artifact diversity represented by that lineage with randomly generated clades provides insights into the origination of novel variants and the history of artifact lineages and suggests explanations of those histories. Such comparisons indicate that (a) the twentieth-century history of diversity of radios attributed by Schiffer (1996) to stimulated variation might be difficult to identify in a prehistoric context; (b) the history of increasing Great Basin projectile point diversity is the result of changes in weapon delivery systems; and (c) the history of increasing diversity in Lower Mississippi Valley ceramic styles is the result of changing patterns of social interaction and transmission.
Becoming a Doctor -- Critical-Incident Reports from Third-Year Medical Students

“Critical-incident reports” are short narratives of events judged to be particularly meaningful by participants in the events1–3. Our medical students wrote such reports at the beginning, in the mi...