cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wandering womb, water and worms: the history, myths and messy immunologic etiology of preeclampsia/eclampsia

This paper will examine the development of the modern conception of preeclampsia/eclampsia, its surrounding myths, and the current understanding of its etiology.
Related-Key Slide Attacks on Block Ciphers with Secret Components

Lightweight cryptography aims to provide sufficient security with low area/power/energy requirements for constrained devices. In this paper, we focus on the lightweight encryption algorithm specified and approved in NRS 009-6-7:2002 by Electricity Suppliers Liaison Committee to be used with tokens in prepayment electricity dispensing systems in South Africa. The algorithm is a 16-round SP network with 64-bit key using two 4-to-4 bit S-boxes and a 64-bit permutation. The S-boxes and the permutation are kept secret and provided only to the manufacturers of the system under license conditions. We present related-key slide attacks to recover the secret key and secret components using four scenarios; (i) known S-box and permutation with 248 time complexity using 216 + 1 chosen plaintexts; (ii) unknown S-box and known permutation with 255 time complexity using 222.71 + 1 chosen plaintexts; (iii) known S-box and unknown permutation with 248 time complexity using 216 + 1 chosen plaintexts and 212.28 adaptively chosen plaintexts; and finally, (iv) unknown S-box and permutation, with 248 time complexity using 222.71 + 1 chosen plaintexts and 231.29 adaptively chosen plaintexts. We also extend these attacks to recover the secret components in a chosen-key setting with practical complexities.
Law and Society in Classical Athens (Routledge Revivals)

Law and Society in Classical Athens, first published in 1987, traces the development of legal thought and its relation to Athenian values. Previously Athens’ courts have been regarded as chaotic, isolated from the rest of society and even bizarre. The importance of rhetoric and the mischief made by Aristophanes have devalued the legal process in the eyes of modern scholars, whilst the analysis of legal codes and practice has seemed dauntingly complex. Professor Garner aims to situate the Athenian legal system within the general context of abstract thought on justice and of the democratic politics of the fifth century. His work is a valuable source of information on all aspects of Athenian law and its relation to culture.
Simple Concurrent Labeling Algorithms for Connected Components

We study a class of simple algorithms for concurrently computing the connected components of an $n$-vertex, $m$-edge graph. Our algorithms are easy to implement in either the COMBINING CRCW PRAM or the MPC computing model. For two related algorithms in this class, we obtain $\Theta(\lg n)$ step and $\Theta(m \lg n)$ work bounds. For two others, we obtain $O(\lg^2 n)$ step and $O(m \lg^2 n)$ work bounds, which are tight for one of them. All our algorithms are simpler than related algorithms in the literature. We also point out some gaps and errors in the analysis of previous algorithms. Our results show that even a basic problem like connected components still has secrets to reveal.
Transfer Effects and Ultimate Success in Archery due to Degree of Difficulty of the Initial Learning

Abstract Three archery service classes, containing 20, 18, and 20 subjects respectively, served as subjects for this study. Group A learned and practiced archery shooting at the 10-yd. line, Group C began at the 40-yd. line, and Group B originated at the 25-yd. line. When testing for transfer, no significant difference was observed in the transfer effects from practice on an easier task (Group A) as compared to the transfer effects of a more difficult task (Group C) in comparison to precise distance practice (Group B). The previous number and land of tasks practiced yielded no significant differences in tests at the 10-, 20-, 25-, 30-, and 40-yard lines. Finally, the Columbia junior round, which was used to measure ultimate archery proficiency, indicated that archery success was not affected by the initial learning technique.
Synthesis of Studies for the Potential of Fault Rupture at the Proposed Surface Facilities, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Published data for the Midway Valley area, the proposed site of the surface facilities of a high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, suggest that recognized regional faults have had average slip rates of less than 0.10 mm/yr (0.10 m/1,000 yr) since middle Miocene time. More importantly, the slip rate apparently decreased during the middle to late Miocene and has remained low. Slip rates in the last 8 Ma (Ma = 1,000,000 yr) are estimated to be one-sixth of previous slip rates or less. The decrease in fault activity coincides with the waning of magmatism related to the Painting-brush Tuff, a series of ignimbrite sheets that erupted from the area immediately north of Yucca Mountain. Two important uncertainties are inherent in the slip rate estimates: the relative amount of strike-slip versus dip-slip displacement and the errors in precision of dating offset units.
Assessment of Impacts of Dissolved Organic Matter and Dissolved Iron on the Performance of Amidoxime-Based Adsorbents for Seawater Uranium Extraction

One critical challenge of the development of seawater uranium extraction is to make uranium adsorbents perform well in the complex real seawater matrix, which is comprised of many competing ions and natural organic substances. Here, we conducted a systematic study using a continuous-flow seawater flume system to assess the potential impacts of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved iron on the uranium uptake performance, including adsorbent reusability, of amidoxime-based adsorbents. In the 28-day exposure, the adsorbent exposed in dissolved Fe-spiked seawater (low DOM/high Fe) and humic acid-spiked seawater (high DOM/high Fe) showed lower uranium adsorption loadings (73% and 56% of adsorption loading, respectively) than the same adsorbent exposed in seawater without spiking (low DOM/low Fe). The uranium adsorption loading of the reused adsorbent (after uranium stripping by a mild bicarbonate elution) in the dissolved Fe-spiked seawater dropped substantially to only 24% of the loading in the unspike...
Some Notes on Indian Influence on Malay Customary Law

The purpose of this paper is a modest one. It is intended to indicate that some rethinking in regard to the early period of Malaysian legal history is necessary. With all due respect to R. J. Wilkinson, who has done excellent work on Malay language, it is proposed that adat perpateh 1 was influenced by Indian customs as much or more than adat temenggong.2 It is generally assumed that adat temenggong was gleaned from Indian fields. I would suggest that Malay adat in general, irrespective of whether it is adat perpateh or adat temenggong, owed a great deal, probably its very soul, to Indian influences.
RNase L Induces Expression of A Novel Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase, DRAK1, to Promote Apoptosis.

Apoptosis of virus-infected cells is an effective antiviral mechanism in addition to interferon induction to establish antiviral state to restrict virus spread. The interferon-inducible 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase/RNase L pathway results in activation of RNase L in response to double stranded RNA and cleaves diverse RNA substrates to amplify interferon induction and promote apoptosis. Here we show that RNase L induces expression of Death-associated protein kinase-Related Apoptosis-inducing protein Kinase 1 (DRAK1), a member of the death-associated protein kinase family and interferon-signaling pathway is required for induction. Overexpression of DRAK1 triggers apoptosis in the absence of RNase L activation by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), translocation of BCL2 Associated X (Bax) to the mitochondria accompanied by cytochrome C release and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential promoting cleavage of caspase 3 and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP). Inhibitors of JNK and caspase 3 promote survival of DRAK1 overexpressing cells demonstrating an important role of JNK signaling pathway in DRAK1-mediated apoptosis. DRAK1 mutant proteins that lack kinase activity or nuclear localization fail to induce apoptosis highlighting the importance of cellular localization and kinase function in promoting cell death. Our studies identify DRAK1 as a mediator of RNase L-induced apoptosis.
Dynamic arrest of adhesive hard rod dispersions

The phenomenon of dynamic arrest, more commonly referred to as gel and glass formation, originates as particle motion slows significantly. Current understanding of gels and glasses stems primarily from dispersions of spherical particles, but much less is known about how particle shape affects dynamic arrest transitions. To better understand the effects of particle shape anisotropy on gel and glass formation, we systematically measure the rheology, particle dynamics, and static microstructure of thermoreversible colloidal dispersions of adhesive hard rods (AHR). First, the dynamic arrest transitions are mapped as a function of temperature T, aspect ratio L/D≈ 3 to 7, and volume fraction φ≈ 0.1 to 0.5. The critical gel temperature Tgel and glass volume fraction φg are determined from the particle dynamics and rheology. Second, an effective orientation-averaged, short-range attraction between rods is quantified from small-angle scattering measurements and characterized by a reduced temperature τ. Similar τ is found at low rod concentrations, indicating that rod gelation occurs at similar effective attraction strength independent of L/D. Monte Carlo simulations reveal a similar convergence in τ when rods cluster and percolate with an average bond coordination number 〈nc〉≈ 2.4, supporting the link between physical gelation and rigidity percolation. Lastly, AHR results are mapped onto a dimensionless state diagram to compare with previous predictions of attraction-driven gels, repulsion-driven glasses, and liquid crystal phases.
Teaching NeuroImages: CNS pituitary-hypothalamic Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult

A 66-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of worsening confusion and panhypopituitarism. MRI showed a 1.7-cm enhancing mass involving the infundibulum and hypothalamus.1 Total body PET scan showed isolated uptake in the hypothalamus (standardized uptake value 25.3) (figure 1). Full body CT, lumbar puncture, and infectious workup were negative. Endoscopic transventricular biopsies were performed. Microscopy revealed gliotic hypothalamus with clusters of cells with elongated grooved nuclei positive for CD1a, Langerin, BRAF ( V600E ), CD68, CD163, and S-100 by immunohistochemistry and negative for Grocott methenamine silver, Gram stain, acid-fast bacilli, Warthin-Starry, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, and β-amyloid, confirming the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (figure 2). The finding of BRAF (V600E) positivity is important diagnostically and as a potential therapeutic target.2
Nonlinear Radiometer Counts to Antenna Temperature Inverse Transfer Function for a Dicke Radiometer with Noise Injection

This paper presents results of a radiometric calibration of the L-band Microwave Radiometer. A forward radiometer nonlinear transfer function was derived to calibrate a 4-state Dicke radiometer utilizing empirical physical temperatures and radiometer output (counts) measurements, namely: T o (ambient physical temperature), $\mathrm{T}_{sc\mathrm{e}n\mathrm{e}}$ (noise temperature of antenna load), Co (counts for reference state), Ca (counts for antenna state), CoN (counts for reference + noise state), and CaN (counts for antenna +noise). An inverse radiometer model was developed and used in a direct comparisons of measured and modeled scene brightness temperatures during a 10-hour laboratory test. Results are presented that demonstrate superior radiometric calibration accuracy.
Investigating Impact-Activated Fronts with Ultrasound

A remarkable property of dense suspensions is that they can transform from liquid-like at rest to solid-like under sudden impact. Previous work showed that this impact-induced solidification involves rapidly moving jamming fronts; however, details of this process have remained unresolved. Here we use high-speed ultrasound imaging to probe non-invasively how the interior of a dense suspension responds to impact. By measuring the speed of sound we demonstrate that the solidification proceeds without a detectable increase in packing fraction, and by imaging the evolving flow field we find that the shear intensity is maximized right at the jamming front. Taken together, this provides direct experimental evidence for jamming by shear, rather than densification, as driving the transformation to solid-like behavior. Based on these findings we propose a new model to explain the anisotropy in the propagation speed of the fronts and delineate the onset conditions for dynamic shear jamming in suspensions.
Can Anticoagulation Be Stopped After Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

This review discusses the pros and cons of discontinuing oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF), and data from relevant studies, and summarizes the most recent Expert Consensus recommendations on the topic. Patients with AF are at risk of cerebrovascular embolic events (CVEs) including stroke and transient ischemic attacks. OAT can be effective in preventing CVEs, while catheter ablation is an effective treatment to eliminate AF. Whether OAT can be safely discontinued after successful AF ablation remains a controversial topic. Retrospective studies have suggested that successful AF ablation may mitigate the risk of CVE such that OAT may be discontinued in select patients after AF ablation. In certain patients with AF who undergo successful AF ablation, OAT might be able to be safely discontinued with continued long-term rhythm monitoring.
Evolution of particle morphology and mode of fracture during the oedometric compression of sand

This work uses synchrotron X-ray tomography to quantify the role of the particle shape on the interaction between collective comminution and individual grain fracture. Two sands (subrounded Ottawa ...
Distributed Tera-Scale Similarity Search with MPI: Provably Efficient Similarity Search over billions without a Single Distance Computation.

We present SLASH (Sketched LocAlity Sensitive Hashing), an MPI (Message Passing Interface) based distributed system for approximate similarity search over terabyte scale datasets. SLASH provides a multi-node implementation of the popular LSH (locality sensitive hashing) algorithm, which is generally implemented on a single machine. We show how we can append the LSH algorithm with heavy hitters sketches to provably solve the (high) similarity search problem without a single distance computation. Overall, we mathematically show that, under realistic data assumptions, we can identify the near-neighbor of a given query $q$ in sub-linear ($ \ll O(n)$) number of simple sketch aggregation operations only. To make such a system practical, we offer a novel design and sketching solution to reduce the inter-machine communication overheads exponentially. In a direct comparison on comparable hardware, SLASH is more than 10000x faster than the popular LSH package in PySpark. PySpark is a widely-adopted distributed implementation of the LSH algorithm for large datasets and is deployed in commercial platforms. In the end, we show how our system scale to Tera-scale Criteo dataset with more than 4 billion samples. SLASH can index this 2.3 terabyte data over 20 nodes in under an hour, with query times in a fraction of milliseconds. To the best of our knowledge, there is no open-source system that can index and perform a similarity search on Criteo with a commodity cluster.
Silent Girls in Fairy Tales: Against the Grain of Violence.

The poems selected here explore the hidden side of some of the most popular fairy tales. Girls become women guided by myths that define their passive role, their submission to violent behavior by m...
Clinical Data Mining With the Listening Guide: An Approach to Narrative Big Qual:

We developed a novel approach to narrative Big Qual research that combines Carol Gilligan and Lyn Mikel Brown’s Listening Guide with Irwin Epstein’s clinical data mining. We adapted the voice-based...
Multi-task learning for data-efficient spatiotemporal modeling of tool surface progression in ultrasonic metal welding

Abstract Spatiotemporal processes commonly exist in manufacturing. Modeling and monitoring such processes are crucial for ensuring high-quality production. For example, ultrasonic metal welding is an important industrial-scale joining technique with wide applications. The surfaces of ultrasonic welding tools evolve in both spatial and temporal domains, resulting in a spatiotemporal process. Close monitoring of tool surface progression is imperative since degraded tools often lead to low-quality joints. However, it is generally expensive and time-consuming to acquire fine-scale surface measurement data, which is not economically viable. This paper develops a multi-task learning method to enable data-efficient spatiotemporal modeling. A Gaussian process-based hierarchical Bayesian inference structure is constructed to transfer knowledge among multiple similar-but-not-identical measurement tasks. Meanwhile, a spatiotemporal kernel is developed based on squared sine exponential damping (SSED) function to characterize the periodic trend of anvil surfaces. The proposed method is able to improve interpolation accuracy using limited measurement data compared with state-of-the-art techniques. Data collected from lithium-ion battery production are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Additionally, the influence of training data size and hyperparameter selection on the modeling performance is systematically investigated.
The Pandemic Constitution

Pandemics threaten the health of our bodies and economies. They also threaten the health of our political and legal institutions. When COVID-19 hit, governments were utterly unprepared to meet the challenge. So were judges. Tasked with adjudicating the constitutionality of unprecedented lockdowns and emergency restrictions, and lacking recent precedents or scholarship to help them reflect, they reacted incoherently and ineffectively. To successfully meet the next, inevitable pandemic we must learn from our current hardships and devise a set of constitutional tools tailored to deal with public health emergencies. We need a pandemic constitution.
Sexual assault and white matter hyperintensities among midlife women.

Traumatic experiences have been linked to poor mental and physical health. However, there has been little examination of their relationship to neuroimaging markers of cerebrovascular risk. White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are markers of brain small vessel disease. WMHs can be detected decades before the onset of dementia and other disorders and can serve as early markers for these brain disorders. We tested whether traumatic experiences were associated with brain WMH volume among midlife women. In the MsBrain study, 145 women (mean age = 59 years) without cardiovascular disease, stroke, or dementia were recruited. Women completed questionnaires [trauma checklist, depression, post-traumatic stress measures]; physical measures [body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP)]; phlebotomy; actigraphy sleep measurement, and 3 Tesla magnetic resonance brain imaging for WMHs. Cross-sectional associations between traumatic experiences and WMH volume were assessed in linear regression models. Covariates were age, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, BP, lipids, preeclampsia, sleep, and additionally depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. 68% of women endorsed at least one of the traumas assessed. The most common trauma was sexual assault (23% of women). Women with trauma exposure had greater WMH volume than women without trauma [B(SE) = .24 (.09), p = .01, multivariable]. The single trauma most associated with WMH was sexual assault [B(SE) = .25 (.11), p = .02, multivariable]. Results persisted adjusting for depressive or post-traumatic stress symptoms. A trauma history, particularly sexual assault, was associated with greater WMH volume controlling for covariates, including depressive and post-traumatic symptoms. Sexual assault may place women at risk for poor brain health.
Specific Targeting of Plasma Kallikrein for Treatment of Hereditary Angioedema: A Revolutionary Decade.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare, chronic, genetic disease that presents with nonpruritic angioedema of the face, extremities, airway (can be life-threatening), genitourinary system, and abdomen. These symptoms can significantly impair daily activities. HAE is classified into either HAE due to a deficiency of functional C1-INH (HAE-C1-INH) or HAE with normal C1INH (HAE-nl-C1INH). Both type I and II HAE-C1-INH result from inherited or spontaneous mutations in the SERPING1 gene, which encodes for C1-INH. These mutations result in C1INH dysfunction, leading to uncontrolled plasma kallikrein activity with excessive bradykinin production. Bradykinin receptor activation leads to vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contractions, resulting in submucosal angioedema via fluid extravasation. HAE-nl-C1INH is secondary to either a known or unknown (labeled HAE-U) genetic mutation. The underlying mechanism of HAE-nl-C1INH is less well understood but thought to be related to bradykinin signaling. Plasma kallikrein inhibitors have been developed to inhibit the kallikrein-kinin pathway to prevent (prophylactic) and treat on-demand (acute) HAE attacks. Several of these medications are delivered via subcutaneous or intravenous injection, though new and emerging therapies include oral formulations. This manuscript provides a historical review and describes the evolving landscape of available kallikrein inhibitors to treat HAE-C1-INH.
Copper Deficiency Alters Rat Peptidylglycine α-Amidating Monooxygenase Activity

Perinatal copper deficiency was studied in 1-mo-old female and male Sprague-Dawley rat offspring to investigate changes in cuproenzymes. Offspring of dams given the low Cu treatment beginning at d 7 of gestation exhibited signs characteristic of Cu deficiency, including a 90% reduction in liver Cu levels compared with Cu-adequate controls. Compared with Cu-adequate rats, Cu-deficient rats had lower activities of the cuproenzymes peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) in heart and midbrain samples. Activity of dopamine-beta-monooxygenase (DBM) was higher in midbrain and lower in heart samples from Cu-deficient compared with Cu-adequate rats. Following 1 mo of Cu repletion, PAM and CCO activity were still lower in heart of Cu-replete rats. Midbrain DBM activity was still elevated in the former Cu-deficient males. A second study was conducted using weanling male Holtzman rats. After 5.5 wk of treatment, Cu-deficient rats had signs characteristic of Cu deficiency and lower PAM, CCO and DBM activities in heart but not midbrain as compared with Cu-adequate rats. The PAM activity was lower following Cu deficiency. Perhaps neuropeptide maturation is compromised by Cu deficiency.
Privatizing Biomedical Citizenship: Risk, Duty, and Potential in Circle of Pharmaceutical Life

Genomic research is at an impasse. In the decade since the completion of the first draft of the human genome, progress has been made but few of the grandest promises of genomics have materialized. Biomedical researchers largely agree that one critical thing is essential to propel genomics into the future and maintain its legitimacy: more bodies. This article will examine recent efforts at massive recruitment of subjects to participate in biomedical research and argue that such efforts, while clearly motivated by a desire to drive biomedical research to its next stage of promised critical breakthroughs, also promote a privatized conception of citizenship that configures citizens’ duties as serving, not the public good, but rather the good of private corporations – pharmaceutical manufacturers in particular. This reconfiguration of citizenship, in turn, implicates the allocation of related public resources to support drug development.In a prominent 2009 article, Ezekiel Emanuel, then Chief of the Department of Bioethics at the NIH (and brother to President Obama’s chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel), and colleagues made the case for a citizen obligation to participate in biomedical research. This paper critically examines such calls in relation to several recent federal initiatives directly seeking to enlist subjects into massive biomedical research enterprises (including a call to create a national biobanks, the Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act, the Million Veteran Program, proposed revisions to the Common Rule governing the regulation of human subjects research, and the newly created National Center for Advancing Translational Research (NCATS)). By taking an interdisciplinary approach to explore the intersections of law, science, commerce, and ideology, it argues that these efforts do not only aim to drive biomedical research forward but also to reconfigure citizenship itself to serve, not the public good, but rather the good of private corporations – pharmaceutical manufacturers in particular. In the process, these efforts construct a model of citizenship that imposes duties without rights while redistributing the risks of biomedical research away from private corporations and onto the public.
Optimistic Replication for Internet Data Services

We present a new replication algorithm that supports replication of a large number of objects on a diverse set of nodes. The Agoritinn allows replica sets to be changed dynamically on a per-objetct basis. It tolerates most types of failures, including multiple node failures, network partitions, and sudden node retirements. These advantages make the algorithm particularly attractive in large cluster-based data services that experience frequent failures and configuration changes. We prove the correctness of the algorithm and show that its performance is near-optimal.
Bayesian Thinking in Spatial Statistics

In the sections below we review basic motivations for spatial statistical analysis, review three general categories of data structure and associated inferential questions, and describe Bayesian methods for achieving inference. Our goal is to highlight similarities across spatial analytic methods, particularly with regards to how hierarchical probability structures often link approaches developed in one area of spatial analysis to components within other areas. By choosing to highlight similarities, we focus on general concepts in spatial inference, and often defer details of several interesting and current threads of development to the relevant literature. We conclude with a listing of some of these developing areas of interest and references for further reading.
Demand Matters: School District Concentration, Composition, and Educational Expenditure

Whether competition improves governments' efficiency is an enduring question in Local Public Economics. Based on Tiebout's framework, recent research suggests this effect is operative for school districts: decentralization (greater district availability) may reduce expenditures without sacrificing performance. Other research, however, draws on Tiebout to warn that school finance reforms, by effectively centralizing educational provision, may also lower expenditure. These literatures disagree because they emphasize different aspects of a Tiebout mechanism: competition, on the one hand, and the effects of stratification on demand, on the other. Testing their claims is difficult due to the endogeneity of district formation. To address these issues, this paper notes that metropolitan areas in fact contain two educational markets, one at the primary and one at the secondary level. Because in many cases different numbers of districts operate at each level, it is possible to identify the effects of concentration using differences in district availability between levels, within areas. The results suggest district availability does lead to Tiebout-style segregation, which may explain why it is also found to be associated with greater average expenditure.
Evaluation of a nursing handoff educational bundle to improve nursing student handoff communications: A pilot study

Background : Inadequate handoff education in prelicensure nursing programs may pose a significant latent safety risk. This pilot study evaluates a Nursing Handoff Educational Bundle (NHEB) for a cohort of Accelerated Bachelor of Science (ABS) nursing students. The Evidence-Based Bundle consists of an educational workshop, a standardized handoff format, clinical faculty education, and structured, formative evaluation of student handoffs. This study was implemented during Adult Health clinical experiences conducted at four different University-affiliated healthcare institutions in the Northeastern United States. Methods : A pre-test, post-test design was used with a convenience sample of 28 ABS nursing students. Fourteen students who received the NHEB were compared to a similar group (n = 14) who were not exposed. Student handoffs were observed and rated using the Handoff Clinical Examination (CEX) tool while providing and receiving handoffs during clinical experiences. Data was obtained at the beginning and the end of a 15-week time period. Results : The provider handoff scores in the intervention group improved significantly (M = 4.64, SD = 1.3) over the comparison group change scores (M = 1.5, SD 1.34) when measured by independent samples t -test ( t = 7.33, p = .000). The handoff recipients ’ scores in the intervention group also improved significantly (m = 5.5, SD = 1.01) compared to no improvement in the recipient control group (M = -0.36, SD = 1.39), ( t = 12.7, p = .000). Conclusions : Without structured handoff education, nursing students are passive recipients during handoffs and do not engage in safety communication practices. Exposure to a NHEB improves student handoff communication skills and provides an opportunity to practice evidence-based handoff skills with structured support during clinical experiences. The NHEB could be considered for incorporation into prelicensure programs. Further study using a larger sample size is recommended based on these preliminary findings. Additionally, this intervention should be evaluated in novice nurse cohorts.
The clinical use of social-ecological concepts: the case of an adolescent girl.

Semistructured interviews and four structured questionnaires were used to conceptualize the influences of the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem on a 15-year-old girl. The material is used to illustrate the utility of social-ecological evaluations in conceptualizing environmental factors, enhancing clinical case descriptions, and formulating intervention strategies.
Mitochondrial DNA sequences in the nuclear genome of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

Two sea urchin embryo complementary DNA clones representing mitochondrial 16 S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I messenger RNA have been characterized. The cloned cDNAs are colinear with sea urchin mitochondrial DNA, and their identification is based on cross-hybridization with known restriction fragments of human mitochondrial DNA, and on nucleotide sequence determinations. The mitochondrial cDNA clones also displayed an unexpected reaction with specific genomic DNA sequences in gel blot hybridizations. Genomic phage λ recombinants containing sequences hybridizing with the mitochondrial clones were isolated and the arrangement of these sequences was determined. The genomic region studied contains a sequence homologous with the 3′ end of the mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene, flanked on one side by what is possibly a complete copy of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, and on the other by a duplication of a fragment of this gene. The nucleotide sequence divergence between the mitochondrial and nuclear homologues of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene varies for different regions of the gene, from about 13% to 25%, while there is about 8% sequence divergence between nuclear and mitochondrial versions of the 3′ 16 S rRNA sequence. The structure of the genomic mitochondrial sequence homologues indicates that during sea urchin evolution there occurred a germ-line transposition of a fragment of the mitochondrial genome into the nuclear DNA, followed by rearrangements and single nucleotide substitutions.
A conceptual foundation for component-based software deployment

Abstract We use the term component-based software deployment (CBSD) to refer to the process of deploying a software application in a component-based format. In this paper, we propose a formal conceptual framework for CBSD. This framework allows us to articulate various strategies for deploying component-based software. In addition, the framework permits us to express conditions under which various forms of CBSD are both successful (the deployed application works) and safe (no existing applications are damaged).
Time-dependent recovery from electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia☆

To examine time-dependent recovery from ECS-induced amnesia, 44 hooded rats were trained to leverpress for food. On treatment day the first leverpress was followed by footshock and ECS or sham ECS (SECS). Animals in both treatment conditions then experienced a 10-min extinction session either 1 or 3 days following treatment. For both the 1-day and 3-day delay ECS groups, the latencies to the first response during extinction were lower than the latencies of the corresponding SECS groups. When extinction followed treatment by 1 day, the ECS rats also made more responses during the test than the SECS rats; however, when tested 3 days after treatment, the ECS and SECS groups did not differ on extinction response rate. In this operant setting, therefore, time-dependent recovery from amnesia can be demonstrated with response rate as the amnesia measure. In addition, since both groups of SECS animals exhibited significant interrelationships of measures following treatment and the same measures were not associated in the ECS groups, it was hypothesized that the proactive effects of ECS include a reduction in the stability of performance.
4-Acetoxy-2,2-dimethylbutanoate: a useful carbohydrate protecting group for the selective formation of β-(1→3)-d-glucans

The use of 4-acetoxy-2,2-dimethylbutanoyl protecting group for the C2-hydroxyl allows the selective formation of β-glycosides without producing α-glycosides. This very bulky protecting group can be removed under mild conditions.
Allozymes and fitness: Evolution of a problem.

It was expected that studies of electrophoretic variability in natural populations would resolve longstanding controversies concerning the form of natural selection and its effect on genetic variance in fitness. Recent studies of fitness components for allozymes in E. coli and Drosophila, where genetic backgrounds have been rigidly controlled, and experiments designed to detect small selection coefficients, suggest that selection is much weaker than earlier investigations would indicate. However, perturbing the metabolic background associated with specific loci often allows functional differences to be amplified to an experimentally measurable level. Frequencies of null activity variants in natural populations indicate that the fitness consequences of reduced activity in heterozygoles are probably very small. These results are supported by recent theoretical considerations suggesting that the activity variation associated with electrophoretic variation will have little effect on overall flux in many pathways.
The diagnosis and treatment of early psoriatic arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory musculoskeletal disorder associated with a heterogeneous disease presentation, varied disease expression and an unpredictable but often chronically destructive clinical course. Joint damage can occur early in the disease; indeed, several imaging modalities have demonstrated subclinical joint involvement in psoriasis patients without musculoskeletal signs or symptoms. Efforts are underway to validate questionnaires that will enable dermatologists to screen patients with psoriasis for the presence of musculoskeletal disease. To date, the use of therapies in patients with early PsA has not been reported in randomized controlled trials. Moreover, conventional agents are partially effective in established PsA but, in general, trials with DMARDS have not included validated outcome measures for the different manifestations of PsA. Tumor necrosis factor antagonists can alleviate the signs and symptoms of established psoriatic arthritis and inhibit radiographic progression, but the therapeutic impact of early intervention with these agents requires further study. The extent of disease and the presence of comorbidities should be used to guide treatment decisions and to minimize adverse events.
Hypoxia preconditioning attenuates brain edema associated with kainic acid-induced status epilepticus in rats

Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures elicit edema associated with necrosis in susceptible brain regions (e.g., piriform cortex and hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions). To test the hypothesis that hypoxia preconditioning protects against KA-induced edema formation, adult male rats were exposed to a 9% O2, 91% N2 atmosphere for 8 h. KA (14 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 1, 3, 7, or 14 days later. Regional analysis of edema indicated that hypoxia exposure attenuated edema formation in piriform and frontal cortices and hippocampus when KA was given 1, 3, or 7 days later but not 14 days after hypoxia. Cycloheximide (2 mg/kg s.c.) given 1 h prior to hypoxia prevented the protective effect of hypoxia on KA-induced edema attenuation in the piriform cortex and hippocampus. Thus, hypoxic challenge induces a general adaptive response that protects against the seizure-associated pathophysiology, with no direct relationship to seizure intensity. This response may involve stress-related transcription factors and effector proteins.
Muscle protein changes following eccentric exercise in humans.

This study characterized changes in the protein composition of human muscle tissue after eccentric exercise. Four subjects performed 70 maximum eccentric, isokinetic actions of the forearm flexors with one arm. The other arm served as control. A biopsy of the biceps muscle of each arm was taken 2 days after exercise when muscles were very sore (mean = 8.0; 1 = normal; 10 = very, very sore), and muscle damage was documented by a mean decrease of 0.2 radians in the relaxed elbow angle. Proteins from the biopsy tissue were solubilized in a high ionic strength buffer containing several proteolytic inhibitors. Protein concentrations of the extracts were determined and identical amounts loaded onto sodium dodecyl sulfate (SIDS) polyacrylamide gels (7.5, 12.5, and 17.5%). Densitometric analysis of the Coomassie brilliant blue stained gels revealed alterations in the amounts of three protein bands in the exercised tissue relative to the control. These changes were in the linear portion of the graph of absorbance versus protein amount. Wilcoxon's signed rank test showed the first two of the following bands to increase significantly in amount (P < 0.062). The average percentage changes [mean (SEM)] for these bands were 63 (21), 39 (5), and 82 (35). The corresponding molecular weights determined from known standards were 76 300 (860), 33 200 (310), and 12 000 (80) daltons, respectively. These changes imply that the increased synthesis, decreased degradation, or some combination thereof, of these three proteins may be necessary for the repair or regeneration response to exercise-induced muscle damage.
Attitudes toward Rape: Gender and Ethnic Differences across Asian and Caucasian College Students.

Previous research has demonstrated that males have a greater tendency to hold erroneous beliefs about rape than females. However, limited cross-cultural studies, particularly of Asians, have been done in this area. The present investigation examined attitudes toward rape victims and belief in rape myths across 302 Asian and Caucasian college students. Subjects were recruited from two college campuses in Orange County, California, and were from predominantly middle-income backgrounds. None of the Caucasian students and a minority (36.25%) of the Asian subjects identified their particular ethnic group(s) of origin. Of the Asian subjects who specified their ethnicity, the majority were of Southeast Asian and Pacific Islander descent. Results indicated significant differences across ethnicity and gender. Asians were more likely to endorse negative attitudes toward rape victims and greater belief in rape myths than their Caucasian counterparts; males endorsed greater negativity toward rape victims and more acceptance of rape myths than did females. Asian subjects who endorsed greater acculturation (Western affiliation) differed significantly from low acculturated subjects on all dependent variables. Results are discussed in regard to cross-cultural differences and gender. Culturally sensitive rape awareness outreach targeting potentially high risk groups, such as Asian college students, is encouraged.
On the direct vibrational spectroscopy of transition states

Abstract A technique for optically exciting and detecting vibrational resonances in transition state (TS) configurations of chemical reactions is described. By radiation-dressing the TS with tunable picosecond pulses under appropriate initial conditions, resonant TS interactions can become manifested by measurable changes in reaction rates and product rovibrational distributions. The essential features illustrating the TS spectral lineshapes and experimental conditions were modeled by adopting a radiation-dressed potential surface and evaluating the vibrational transition probability by an exact density-matrix solution. Results are presented describing (1) the conditions under which significant TS transition probability occurs, and (2) how a frequency-resolved vibrational spectrum can be interpreted in terms of the shape and dynamics of the reactive surface.
SENIORITY IN THE HOUSE: Patterns and Projections

Many authors have noted the long-term trend toward an “aging” of the U.S. House of Representatives as members have increased re-election attempts and re-election successes. Recently, however, the long-term trend has been reversed. A common explanation for this reversal is that members have become disaffected with congressional careers. This article focuses on a neglected factor that complements disaffection in explaining the shift towards a more junior House. The long-term trend toward careerism in the House left that institution with comparatively small junior classes in the 1950s and 1960s. Thus, subsequent senior classes could not continue to grow as easily as they had in the past. Projections indicate that the trend toward a more junior House will continue in the foreseeable future.
An application of catastrophe theory to management science process

Abstract Practicing management scientists often complain of the alleged irrational behavior on the part of the managers they are trying to serve, particularly when a manager suddenly and unexpectedly shifts behavior from one of support to one of resistance. The authors feel such behavior is only believed to be irrational because the management scientist is using the wrong mental model when projecting past behavioral patterns into the future. This paper attempts to solve this problem by using the newly developed catastrophe theory to develop a different model where sudden shifts in behavior are considered perfectly rational and explainable. The basic implication that is drawn from this new model is that successful implementation of management science depends on a sequence of interactions with the ultimate model user and that care in the structuring of these interactions can greatly enhance the probability of eventual user acceptance.
Thermal Characterization of Non-Raised Floor Air Cooled Data Centers Using Numerical Modeling

Data center equipment almost always represents a high expenditure capital investment to the customer, and is often operated without any down time. Data com equipment is typically designed to operate at a rack air inlet temperature of between 10 and 35°C, and a violation of this specification can diminish electronic device reliability and even lead to failure in the field. Thus, it is of paramount importance, from a reliability perspective, to sufficiently understand these systems. A representative non-raised floor data center system was numerically modeled and the data generated from a parametric study was analyzed. The model constitutes a half symmetry section of a 40 rack data center that is arranged in a cold aisle-hot aisle fashion. The effect of several input variables, namely, rack heat load, rack flow rate, rack temperature rise, diffuser flow rate, diffuser location, diffuser height, diffuser pitch, ceiling height, hot exhaust air return vent location, and non-uniformity in rack heat load, was studied. Temperature data was collected at several locations at the inlet to the racks. Statistical analysis was carried out to describe trends in the data.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Comparative phylogeography of sympatric sister species, Clevelandia ios and Eucyclogobius newberryi (Teleostei, Gobiidae), across the California Transition Zone.

It is paradigmatic in marine species that greater dispersal ability often, but not always, results in greater gene flow and less population structure. Some of the exceptions may be attributable to studies confounded by comparison of species with dissimilar evolutionary histories, i.e. co-occurring species that are not closely related or species that are closely related but allopatric. Investigation of sympatric sister species, in contrast, should allow differences in phylogeographic structure to be attributed reliably to recently derived differences in dispersal ability. Here, using mitochondrial DNA control region sequence, we first confirm that Clevelandia ios and Eucyclogobius newberryi are sympatric sister taxa, then demonstrate considerably shallower phylogeographic structure in C. ios than in E. newberryi. This shallower phylogeographic structure is consistent with the higher dispersal ability of C. ios, which most likely results from the interaction of habitat and life-history differences between the species. We suggest that the paradigm will be investigated most rigorously by similar studies of other sympatric sister species, appended by thorough ecological studies, and by extending this sister-taxon approach to comparative phylogeographic studies of monophyletic clades of sympatric species.
Using course survey feedback to encourage learning and concept application in a self-care and nonprescription medications course.

Objective. To improve student application of course content and learning in a self-care and nonprescription medications course. Design. A precourse survey was administered to students to determine confidence in their ability to advise patients about nonprescription medications and to identify what they would like to learn in the course. Data gathered from the precourse survey was then used to modify course content. A postcourse survey was conducted to encourage students to reflect on course concepts and apply them in practice or when advising friends and family members about nonprescription drugs and self-care. Assessment. Comparison of precourse and postcourse responses showed an increase in students' confidence in their ability to provide nonprescription medication advice. Postcourse qualitative responses described student application of class concepts in providing self-care education and advice. Course and course director evaluations were positive. Conclusion. Course surveys can be a useful strategy fo...