cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dendritic cell differentiation and proliferation: enhancement by tumor necrosis factor-α

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a diverse group of hematopoietic-derived cells that play a prominent role in initiating the body's immune response. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) aids CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells in the development of DCs. In this study, we aimed to further define the relationship between TNFalpha and DC maturation. CD34+ stem cells were isolated from umbilical cord blood and cultured using granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, stem cell factor, and varying concentrations of TNFalpha. An anti-TNF receptor 1 (anti-TNFR1) antibody was used to show the specificity of TNFalpha. Flow cytometry and light microscopy analyses were performed at days 0, 7, and 14 of culture, revealing mature DCs at all concentrations of TNFalpha by day 14, excluding those with anti-TNFR1 bound to the cell's TNF receptor 1. DCs possessed a characteristic veiled appearance and were consistent with a DC panel of surface markers. TNFalpha was essential to the development of DCs, as those with bound anti-TNFR1 were virtually unable to develop into DCs. Increasing TNFalpha enhanced the survival of culturing stem cells and resulted in a parallel increase in day 14 DCs. Although increases in TNFalpha produced more DCs, these cells were not as phenotypically mature, expressing less CD80 than those receiving only a single initial dosage of TNFalpha. These studies support the prevalence of large numbers of DCs under inflammatory conditions, such as the rheumatoid joint, where local concentrations of TNFalpha are high.
An Ensemble Forecast of the South China Sea Monsoon

This paper presents a generalized ensemble forecast procedure for the tropical latitudes. Here we propose an empirical orthogonal function-based procedure for the definition of a seven-member ensemble. The wind and the temperature fields are perturbed over the global tropics. Although the forecasts are made over the global belt with a high-resolution model, the emphasis of this study is on a South China Sea monsoon. Over this domain of the South China Sea includes the passage of a Tropical Storm, Gary, that moved eastwards north of the Philippines. The ensemble forecast handled the precipitation of this storm reasonably well. A global model at the resolution Triangular Truncation 126 waves is used to carry out these seven forecasts. The evaluation of the ensemble of forecasts is carried out via standard root mean square errors of the precipitation and the wind fields. The ensemble average is shown to have a higher skill compared to a control experiment, which was a first analysis based on operational data sets over both the global tropical and South China Sea domain. All of these experiments were subjected to physical initialization which provides a spin-up of the model rain close to that obtained from satellite and gauge-based estimates. The results furthermore show that inherently much higher skill resides in the forecast precipitation fields if they are averaged over area elements of the order of 4° latitude by 4° longitude squares.
Amplitude and phase recording of ultrashort pulses

The performance of a new method of measuring the amplitude and phase of ultrashort pulses is evaluated with simulated and real data.
Adjuvant high dose rate brachytherapy (Ir-192) in the management of keloids which have recurred after surgical excision and external radiation

We describe our experience with adjuvant high dose rate brachytherapy (Ir-192) (HDRB) in patients, who failed surgery and post-operative external radiation therapy. The salvage treatment consisted of excision of the keloid and wound closure followed by HDRB (15 Gy in three fractions given on three consecutive business days beginning the day of surgery). At the time of last follow up, 88% (15/17) of the keloids were without any evidence of recurrence.
Renal Bleeding Due to Extramedullary Hematopoiesis in a Patient With Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder that normally presents in middle-aged adults. Renal infiltration and extramedullary hematopoiesis in renal tissue has been rarely reported. This case report presents a patient with CML and renal insufficiency who developed gross hematuria. Efforts at controlling the hematuria led to a cascade of events propelled by the underlying disorder that ultimately led to a radical nephrectomy, multiorgan failure, and prolonged hospitalization. We suggest that management of gross hematuria in clinically stable patients with CML, suspected of having extramedullary hematopoiesis, should prioritize treatment of the myeloproliferative disorder over efforts to control bleeding.
The course of biodegradation of anionic detergents by analyses for carbon, methylene blue active substance and sulfate ion

Tallow alcohol sulfates, ether alcohol sulfates and esters of α-sulfo tallow fatty acids were degraded aerobically by sewage microorganisms in a system in which detergent was the sole source of C. Biodegradation was followed by loss of C and methylene blue active substance (MBAS) and formation of SO 4 −− . Tallow alcohol sulfates were rapidly and completely degraded; ether alcohol sulfates not quite as readily. Reduction in MBAS was rapid for the α-sulfo esters but loss of C and SO 4 −− formation was incomplete, possibly because of the intermediate formation of a resistant sulfosuccinate. Sodiump-(1-methylundecyl) benzenesulfonate (LAS) was the reference standard.
The Comparative Approach to Typology

(1941). The Comparative Approach to Typology. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 39-48.
Stimulation of the phosphatase activity of (Na+, K+)-ATPase preparations by ouabain

Abstract 1. 1. We have observed that under certain conditions the phosphatase activity of (Na + , K + )-ATPase preparations is stimulated by ouabain and other cardioactive steroids. 2. 2. This effect requires Mg2+ and occurs in the absence of Na+ and K+ and at sub-optimal substrate concentrations. 3. 3. The maximal stimulation observed was greater than 3-fold.
Interrelationships among students' study activities, self-concept of academic ability, and achievement as a function of characteristics of high-school biology courses

This investigation focused on the interrelationships among students' study activities, students' self‐concept of academic ability ratings, students' academic achievement, and instructional practices in 12 high school biology courses. Using a framework derived from a previous investigation, course features were classified into those that appear to (a) place demands on, (b) support, or (c) compensate for student engagement in particular study activities. Students' study activities, self‐concept of academic ability ratings, and achievement were measured with experimenter‐developed instruments. Results are reported for (a) characteristics of instruments and course features, (b) relationships between central factors of the investigation, and (c) multi‐level relationships between course features and student variables. Results at the student level indicated that self‐concept of academic ability and, to a lesser extent, students' study activities were positively associated with student achievement. Students' self‐concept of academic ability ratings were also linked to students' engagement in generative, proactive study activities. At the course level the supportive practices of providing challenging homework assignments and extensive feedback on student coursework were associated with student engagement in effortful, generative, proactive study activities. The provision of extensive feedback was also associated with high student achievement. Multi‐level relationships were analysed using hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) analyses. These analyses revealed, for example, that in courses in which little or no feedback is given on homework assignments, the relationship between achievement and student engagement in diligent effort management activities was enhanced. Other HLM analyses were conducted to examine the mediating role of course features on the relationship between students' self‐concept of academic ability and their study activities and achievement. For example, the presence of challenging course demands was associated with an enhancement of the relationship between self‐concept of academic ability and achievement whereas the presence of instructor provisions (supports and compensations) designed to reduce course demands was associated with a reduction in this relationship. Copyright © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Temporal stability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in an untreated patient sample

This study evaluates the temporal stability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The only previous similar study found unacceptably low test-retest stability in a non-patient elderly sample. In contrast, the present study utilizes 29 untreated obstructive sleep apnea patients who are more typical of persons likely to receive the WCST clinically. The 11 WCST scores examined demonstrated test-retest correlations from .34 to .83 (mean = .64). Six of 11 correlations were within .10 of the .80 criterion for clinical utility and there was minimal change across sessions. The current findings justify greater optimism regarding the test-retest reliability of the WCST.
Building Kindergartners' Number Sense: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Math achievement in elementary school is mediated by performance and growth in number sense during kindergarten. The aim of the present study was to test the effectiveness of a targeted small-group number sense intervention for high-risk kindergartners from low-income communities. Children were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (n = 44 in each group): a number sense intervention group, a language intervention group, or a business-as-usual control group. Accounting for initial skill level in mathematical knowledge, children who received the number sense intervention performed better than controls at immediate posttest, with meaningful effects on measures of number competencies and general math achievement. Many of the effects held 8 weeks after the intervention was completed, suggesting that children internalized what they had learned. There were no differences between the language and control groups on any math-related measures.
Raman spectra of molecules on metal surfaces

Abstract Several studies of the Raman spectra of organic molecules on metal surfaces are described; included among these are: the enhancement of Raman signals by direct excitation of plasmon surface polaritons on holographic metal gratings and the wavelength dependence of the breathing mode vibrations of pyridine adsorbed on an anodized Ag electrode.
ELECTRICAL POLYSPERMY BLOCK IN SEA URCHINS: NICOTINE AND LOW SODIUM EXPERIMENTS1.

Nicotine reduces the amplitude of the fertilization potential in sea urchin eggs, at least in part because it decreases the slope of the current voltage relation of the unfertilized egg membrane. The reduced fertilization potential amplitude provides an electrophysiological explanation for previous observations that nicotine impairs the fast block to polyspermy. The block to polyspermy is also impaired by fertilization in low sodium sea water, a medium which has been reported to reduce fertilization potential amplitude.
CYTOTOXICITY MEDIATED BY SOLUBLE ANTIGEN AND LYMPHOCYTES IN DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY : II. CORRELATION OF THE IN VITRO RESPONSE WITH SKIN REACTIVITY.

Damage of rat embryo fibroblasts in the presence of sensitized lymph node cells reacting with specific antigen was shown to be closely correlated with delayed hypersensitivity in the animals from which the lymph node cells were taken. The phenomenon was not correlated with Arthus reactivity. In. animals sensitized with picryl conjugates of ovalbumin or human serum albumin, skin reactivity and the in vitro cytotoxic effect could be elicited only with the homologous conjugate or the protein carrier alone and not with picryl conjugates of heterologous proteins. Lewis rats developed more intense delayed sensitivity than BN rats, and Lewis lymph node cells were correspondingly more effective in producing specific damage of both syngeneic and allogeneic fibroblasts.
Design methods as discourse on practice

In this paper, we present a view of design methods as discourse on practice. We consider how the deployment of a particular set of design methods enables and constrains not only practical action but also discursive action within the design practice. A case study of agile software development methods illustrates the ways that methods establish conditions for who can speak in the design process and how. We indentify three main kinds of discourse work performed in the invoking of design methods. These are the establishing of ontologies, the authorizing of voices, and the legitimizing of practices. We then discuss implications of this view on methods for CSCW research on the relationship between methods and practice as well as implications for participation in the design process.
Reduced insulin endocytosis in serum-transformed fibroblasts demonstrated by flow cytometry†

Neoplastic transformation often results in the loss of growth control and concomitant changes in cell surface properties. The changes in endocytosis of a variety of probes after serum or anchorage transformation were measured for mouse fibroblasts by flow cytofluorometry. No major differences in dextran (fluid phase) or histone (nonspecific-adsorptive) endocytosis were observed among four cell lines with different growth properties. However, decreased receptor-mediated internalization of alpha 2-macroglobulin was observed for cell lines transformed to either serum or anchorage independence. Furthermore, increased wheat germ agglutinin and decreased insulin endocytosis were observed, but only in serum transformants. The changes specific to serum transformants were not accounted for by changes in binding of wheat germ agglutinin or insulin. The possible implications of these observations regarding serum transformation and the insulin requirement for growth in serum-free medium are discussed.
Natural mass matrices

We introduce the idea of natural mass matrices, an organizing principle useful in the search for GUT scale quark mass matrix patterns that are consistent with known CKM constraints and quark mass eigenvalues. An application of this idea is made in the context of SUSY GUT{close_quote}s and some potentially {open_quote}{open_quote}successful{close_quote}{close_quote} GUT scale mass patterns are found. The CKM predictions of these patterns are presented and some relevant strong {ital CP} issues are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Lagrangian finite element analysis of Newtonian fluid flows

A fully Lagrangian nite element method for the analysis of Newtonian ows is developed. The approach furnishes, in eect, a Lagrangian implementation of the compressible Navier{Stokes equations. As the ow proceeds, the mesh is maintained undistorted through continuous and adaptive remeshing of the uid mass. The principal advantage of the present approach lies in the treatment of boundary conditions at material surfaces such as free boundaries, uid=uid or uid=solid interfaces. In contrast to Eulerian approaches, boundary conditions are enforced at material surfaces ab initio and therefore require no special attention. Consistent tangents are obtained for Lagrangian implicit analysis of a Newtonian uid ow which may exhibit compressibility eects. The accuracy of the approach is assessed by comparison of the solution for a sloshing problem with existing numerical results and its versatility demonstrated through a simulation of wave breaking. The nite element mesh is maintained undistorted throughout the computation by recourse to frequent and adaptive remeshing ? 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motion sickness in migraine sufferers

Motion sickness commonly occurs after exposure to actual motion, such as car or amusement park rides, or virtual motion, such as panoramic movies. Motion sickness symptoms may be disabling, signifi...
Low recycling regime in ITER and the LiWall concept for its divertor

The low recycling regime, although never considered as an option for ITER, may suggest a solution to its important issues, such as edge localized modes, plasma and particle control, tritium inventory, damage of plasma facing components and dust accumulation, in a way consistent with both the ITER mission (including the ignition) and its baseline design and safety. Such a regime can be approached using liquid lithium surfaces efficiently pumping hydrogen isotopes. An active area of about 40 m 2 , covered by ’0.1 mm thick lithium, which is replenished with the rate of 10 kg/h would be capable of absorption of plasma D and T particles and at the same time consistent with the ITER limitations regarding lithium. For low recycling conditions, a new consideration is outlined for the helium ash pumping problem. � 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 52.35.Py; 52.40.Hf; 52.55.Fa; 28.52.Fa
Ventricular ectopic activity with spontaneous variant angina: frequency and relation to transient ST segment deviation.

Abstract This study was performed (1) to assess the frequency of ventricular ectopic activity (ventricular bigeminy, couplets, or ventricular tachycardia) during spontaneous variant angina; (2) to assess the relation between ventricular ectopy and the severity and duration of ischemia; and (3) to evaluate the precise temporal relation between episodes of ischemia and ventricular ectopy. Fifteen ambulatory patients with variant angina (12 men, 3 women, aged 50 ± 8 [mean ± SD] years) had Holter monitoring for 24 hours/week for 10 months (total, 10,238 hours of monitoring), from which the following were measured during each episode of ST deviation (elevation or depression): duration of ST deviation (minutes), maximal ST deviation (millivolts), presence of ventricular ectopic activity, and timing of ventricular ectopy in relation to ST deviation. Of 645 eplsodes of ST deviation, 79 (12.2%) had associated ectopy, almost all of which occurred in three patients. The 79 episodes of ST deviation with ectopy lasted 4.6 ± 3.3 minutes and averaged 0.16 ± 0.12 mV, whereas the 566 episodes of ST deviation without ectopy lasted 4.7 ± 6.1 minutes and averaged 0.17 ± 0.11 mV (NS in comparison to the 79 episodes with ectopy). Of 489 episodes of ST elevation, 72 (14.7%) were accompanied by ventricular ectopy; of 156 episodes of ST depression, only seven (4.5%) had ectopy ( χ 2 = 11.531, p
Efficient generation of lung and airway epithelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells

The ability to generate lung and airway epithelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) would have applications in regenerative medicine, drug screening and modeling of lung disease, and studies of human lung development. We established, based on developmental paradigms, a highly efficient method for directed differentiation of hPSCs into lung and airway epithelial cells. Long-term differentiation in vivo and in vitro yielded basal, goblet, Clara, ciliated, type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells. Type II alveolar epithelial cells generated were capable of surfactant protein-B uptake and stimulated surfactant release, providing evidence of specific function. Inhibiting or removing agonists to signaling pathways critical for early lung development in the mouse—retinoic acid, Wnt and BMP—recapitulated defects in corresponding genetic mouse knockouts. The capability of this protocol to generate most cell types of the respiratory system suggests its utility for deriving patient-specific therapeutic cells.
An Evaluation of a Personal Electronic Device to Enhance Self-Monitoring Adherence in a Pediatric Weight Management Program using a Multiple Baseline Design

Objective To examine the effectiveness of a personal electronic device (PED) in order to improve adherence to self-monitoring of dietary intake and physical activity. Method The impact of a PED on adherence to self-monitoring goals was examined in a multiple baseline design across three overweight adolescents. During baseline, a traditional paper-and-pencil method of self-monitoring was utilized. The subsequent study phase introduced a PED for self-monitoring. Percent self-monitoring goal attainment was the outcome of interest. Results During baseline, attainment of self-monitoring goals was low for all three participants (3–4%). Each subject’s percent attainment of self-monitoring goal increased upon the introduction of the PED. For two of the three subjects this increase was stable (� 75 and 100%) post-intervention. For the third subject the increase in percent attainment of self-monitoring goal was more variable but remained above baseline levels. Conclusion PEDs have potential for improving self-monitoring in the context of behavioral weight management treatment for adolescents.
HORMONE FACTORS IN MALE BEHAVIOR OF THE FEMALE RAT1

MASCULINE behavior in the normal female rat has always been considered extremely rare, according to reports of Moore (1919), Hemmingsen (1933), Long and Evans (1922) and Beach (1938), but Beach and Rasquin (1942) have suggested that previous observations were not properly controlled, and they offer substantial evidence that normal female rats frequently show distinct masculine reactions. Ball (1939) castrated a number of 21-day old male and female rats and implanted pellets of crystalline estrone. Three male rats and one female, aged 47 to 100 days, each received a total of 8600 K.TJ. of estrogen by daily injection in 2 weeks. Three male and two female animals received both estrogen and progesterone. All of these animals exhibited lordosis, but the females had a very low feminine response, rating only 1 to 3 on Ball's 12-point scale, in which 7 to 8 indicates an average state of receptivity No female showed any male behavior.
A Coalescent-based Method for Population Tree Inference with Haplotypes

Motivation: Population trees represent past population divergence histories. The inference of population trees can be useful for the study of population evolution. With the size of data increases in large-scale population genetic projects, such as the 1000 Genomes Project, there are new computational challenges for ancestral population inference, including population tree inference. Existing methods for population tree inference are mainly designed for unlinked genetic variants (e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs). There is a potential loss of information by not considering the haplotypes. Results: In this article, we propose a new population tree inference method (called STELLSH) based on coalescent likelihood. The likelihood is for haplotypes over multiple SNPs within a non-recombining region, not unlinked variants. Unlike many existing ancestral inference methods, STELLSH does not use Monte Carlo approaches when computing the likelihood. For efficient computation, the likelihood model is approximated but still retains much information about population divergence history. STELLSH can find the maximum likelihood population tree based on the approximate likelihood. We show through simulation data and the 1000 Genomes Project data that STELLSH gives reasonably accurate inference results. STELLSH is reasonably efficient for data of current interest and can scale to handle whole-genome data. Availability and implementation: The population tree inference method STELLSH has been implemented as part of the STELLS program: http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~ywu/STELLS.html. Contact: ude.nnocu.rgne@uwy Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Epidemiology of Venous Thromboembolism in the Community

Venous thromboembolism is a major health problem. The average annual incidence of venous thromboembolism among Whites is 108 per 100 000 person-years,1,2 with about 250 000 incident cases occurring annually among US whites. The incidence appears to be similar or higher among Blacks and lower among Asian- and Native-Americans.3,4 Adjusting for the different age and sex distribution of African-Americans, the venous thromboembolism incidence is about 78 per 100 000, suggesting that about 27 000 incident venous thromboembolism cases occur annually among US Blacks. Recent modeling suggests that more than 900 000 incident or recurrent, fatal and nonfatal VTE events occur in the US annually.5 The incidence of venous thromboembolism has not changed significantly over the last 25 years.2 Venous thromboembolism is predominantly a disease of older age.1,2,6 Incidence rates increase exponentially with age for both men and women and for both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.1,2,6 The overall age-adjusted incidence rate is higher for men (114 per 100 000) then women (105 per 100 000; male:female sex ratio is 1.2:1).1,2 Incidence rates are somewhat higher in women during the childbearing years, whereas incidence rates after age 45 years are generally higher in men. Pulmonary embolism accounts for an increasing proportion of venous thromboembolism with increasing age for both genders.1 Observed survival after venous thromboembolism is significantly worse than expected survival for age and gender, and survival after pulmonary embolism is much worse than after deep vein thrombosis alone.7,8 The risk of early death among patients with symptomatic pulmonary embolism is 18-fold higher compared to patients with deep vein thrombosis alone.7 Pulmonary embolism is an independent predictor of reduced survival for up to 3 months after onset. For almost one-quarter of pulmonary …
Novel high-throughput screen against Candida albicans identifies antifungal potentiators and agents effective against biofilms

Methods: Biofilm growth, in individual wells of 384-well plates, was measured using the metabolic indicator alamarBlue w and found to be very consistent and reproducible. This assay was used to test the effect of more than 120000 small molecule compounds from the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository, and compounds that enhanced the activity of clotrimazole or acted on the biofilms alone were identified as hits. Results: Nineteen compounds (0.016% hit rate) were identified and found to cause more than 30% metabolic inhibition of biofilms compared with clotrimazole alone, which had a modest effect on biofilm viability at the concentration tested. Hits were confirmed for activity against biofilms with dose‐response measurements. Several compounds had increased activity in combination with clotrimazole, including a 1,3-benzothiazole scaffold that exhibited a .100-fold improvement against biofilms of three separate C. albicans isolates. Cytotoxicity experiments using human fibroblasts confirmed the presence of lead molecules with favourable antifungal activity relative to cytotoxicity. Conclusions: We have validated a novel approach to identify antifungal potentiators and completed a highthroughput screen to identify small molecules with activity against C. albicans biofilms. These small molecules may specifically target the biofilm and make currently available antifungals more effective.
Swimming Performance of the Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) an Endangered Midwestern Minnow

Abstract The Topeka shiner (Notropis topeka) is imperiled by extensive changes in stream hydrology. Responses of shiners to changes or variation in stream hydraulics, however, have not been quantified, hampering conservation efforts. We quantified swimming endurance and behavior for Topeka shiners in a laboratory swim tunnel. Sustained swimming (>200 min) was observed at water velocities of 30–40 cm/s. Prolonged and burst swimming (approximately 10 min to less than 0.1 min) was observed at water velocities of 40–75 cm/s and endurance was negatively correlated with water velocity. Larger individuals (4.4–5.5 cm standard length) exhibited greater sustained swimming ability than smaller individuals (3.0–4.2 cm standard length). Oral grasping of wire mesh within the swim tunnel was frequently employed at moderate water velocities (35–50 cm/s); this behavior may limit downstream displacement of shiners during freshets. Topeka shiners are capable of swimming speeds faster than water velocities which they typica...
Senescent stromal cells induce cancer cell migration via inhibition of RhoA/ROCK/myosin-based cell contractility

// Ivie Aifuwa 1,2 , Anjil Giri 1,2 , Nick Longe 2 , Sang Hyuk Lee 2 , Steven S. An 1,4 and Denis Wirtz 1,2,3 1 Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 3 Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 4 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Correspondence to: Denis Wirtz, email: // Keywords : SASP, senescence Received : August 06, 2015 Accepted : August 29, 2015 Published : October 01, 2015 Abstract Cells induced into senescence exhibit a marked increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines termed senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here we report that SASP from senescent stromal fibroblasts promote spontaneous morphological changes accompanied by an aggressive migratory behavior in originally non-motile human breast cancer cells. This phenotypic switch is coordinated, in space and time, by a dramatic reorganization of the actin and microtubule filament networks, a discrete polarization of EB1 comets, and an unconventional front-to-back inversion of nucleus-MTOC polarity. SASP-induced morphological/migratory changes are critically dependent on microtubule integrity and dynamics, and are coordinated by the inhibition of RhoA and cell contractility. RhoA/ROCK inhibition reduces focal adhesions and traction forces, while promoting a novel gliding mode of migration.
Homelessness and Mental Health: A Research Perspective

This article reviews existing research on homelessness and presents some developing areas of new research. Prevalence estimates, as well as demographic, social, and diagnostic characteristics of homeless adults, youth, and family subgroups are presented. The article describes some preventive and other interventions for homeless people, including those with severe mental illness and substance use disorders.
Enzyme-linked immunoassays for the detection of microbial antigens and their antibodies.

Publisher Summary Antibodies could be labeled with enzymes for use in histochemical staining procedures by enzyme-immunoassay (EIA). The use of EIA is an extension of previously used serological tests, using enzyme-labeled antibody or antigen to determine antibody content. Direct detection of antigen by EIA represents a more dramatic departure from previous methods based on culture. Also, the method has enabled detection of infectious agents that are difficult to cultivate, such as hepatitis A virus and rotavirus, or agents that cannot be cultivated, such as hepatitis B. The use of EIA tests for detection of microbial antigens provides an alternative to culture as a means for direct identification of a specific microbial agent. It also provides a means to detect microbial agents which have not been successfully propagated. The detection of circulating antigen or detection of antigen in other body fluids by EIA is more difficult than detection of antibody because of the sensitivity required, and because of interfering substances in specimens such as feces and respiratory secretions. For this reason, very few antigen detection assays have the sensitivity and specificity required to be used as a primary diagnostic test. The number of tests that have been developed, however, is impressive and because of the possibilities for rapid, specific diagnosis, the interest in antigen detection by EIA remains high.
Inclusion bodies enriched for p62 and polyubiquitinated proteins in macrophages protect against atherosclerosis

Autophagy is a catabolic cellular mechanism that degrades dysfunctional proteins and organelles. Atherosclerotic plaque formation is enhanced in mice with macrophages deficient for the critical autophagy protein ATG5. We showed that exposure of macrophages to lipids that promote atherosclerosis increased the abundance of the autophagy chaperone p62 and that p62 colocalized with polyubiquitinated proteins in cytoplasmic inclusions, which are characterized by insoluble protein aggregates. ATG5-null macrophages developed further p62 accumulation at the sites of large cytoplasmic ubiquitin-positive inclusion bodies. Aortas from atherosclerotic mice and plaques from human endarterectomy samples showed increased abundance of p62 and polyubiquitinated proteins that colocalized with plaque macrophages, suggesting that p62-enriched protein aggregates were characteristic of atherosclerosis. The formation of the cytoplasmic inclusions depended on p62 because lipid-loaded p62-null macrophages accumulated polyubiquitinated proteins in a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern. Lipid-loaded p62-null macrophages also exhibited increased secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and had an increased tendency to undergo apoptosis, which depended on the p62 ubiquitin-binding domain and at least partly involved p62-mediated clearance of NLRP3 inflammasomes. Consistent with our in vitro observations, p62-deficient mice formed greater numbers of more complex atherosclerotic plaques, and p62 deficiency further increased atherosclerotic plaque burden in mice with a macrophage-specific ablation of ATG5. Together, these data suggested that sequestration of cytotoxic ubiquitinated proteins by p62 protects against atherogenesis, a condition in which the clearance of protein aggregates is disrupted.
Uniform Estimation and Inference of Time-Heterogeneous Dynamic Panels with Interactive Fixed Effects

We consider high-dimensional panel data models (large cross sections and long time horizons) with interactive fixed effects and allow the covariate/slope coefficients to vary over time without any restrictions. The parameter of interest is the vector that contains all the covariate effects across time. This vector has dimensionality tending to infinity, potentially much faster than the cross-sectional sample size. We develop methods for the estimation and inference of this high-dimensional vector, i.e., the entire trajectory of time variation in covariate effects. We show that both the consistency of our estimator and the asymptotic accuracy of the proposed inference procedure hold uniformly in time. Our methodology can be applied to several important issues in econometrics, such as constructing confidence bands for the entire path of covariate coefficients across time, testing the time-invariance of slope coefficients and estimation and inference of patterns of time variations, including structural breaks and regime switching. An important feature of our method is that it provides inference procedures for the time variation in prespecified components of slope coefficients while allowing for arbitrary time variation in other components. Computationally, our procedures do not require any numerical optimization and are very simple to implement. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate favorable properties of our methods in finite samples. We illustrate our methods through empirical applications in finance and economics.
Capture of Boll Weevils in Traps Baited with Males: Effect of Size, Color, Location, and Height Above Ground Level

Optimum conditions were determined for capturing. Anthonomus grandis Boheman in traps baited with males. Metal wing traps were painted daylight fluorescent yellow over a white undercoat (about 4×6-m. wings × 9-in. base) and were coated With an adhesive. Traps were baited with male boll weevils which were held in a container with a single layer of screen and placed at heights of 1–3 ft above ground around a cotton field adjacent to overwintering sites. This system, or a slight modification, would be useful in subsequent surveys and for control or possible eradication of the boll weevil with traps.
Portrait of a Civil Libertarian: The Faith and Fear of Zechariah Chafee, Jr.

EVER in the history of our country, since the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798," announced a concerned young Harvard law professor, Zechariah Chafee, Jr., "has the meaning of free speech been the subject of such sharp controversy as today." Appearing as it did in a 1919 Harvard Law Review article,' amidst the unreasoning suspicion of dissent which pervaded the country during and just after World War I, this assessment, despite its somewhat dramatic tone, was not unwarranted. The xenophobia aroused by President Woodrow Wilson's call to arms, together with the fear and confusion engendered by the Bolshevik Revolution, had created an atmosphere in which the guarantees of the First Amendment were ignored by private citizen and public official alike. By the time the essay appeared, the Wisconsin socialist Victor Berger had been banned from Congress, Masses had been excluded from the mails, and more than 800 persons had been convicted in the federal courts under the most severe espionage and sedition legislation enacted in more than a century.2 In the face of such widespread disregard for free speech, the recommendation offered by Chafee was sensible enough. What was needed, he observed, was "to determine the true limits of freedom of expression, so that speakers and writers may know how much they can properly say, and governments may be sure how much they can lawfully and wisely suppress. 3 Although he did not then know it, and although he would subsequently have cause to regret it, Zechariah Chafee, Jr.-at the age of thirty-three-
The Anaesthesia Management of Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypasses Grafting Surgery

Objective To explore the clinical effect of anaesthesia management used in OPCABG.Methods 47 cases of patients with OPCABG were given proper anaesthesia management and strict monitoring in perioperative period.Results There is no case happened anaesthesia accident,and the physical signs showed no changes in large degree,it showed good effect of anaesthesia management.Conclusion Strict and scientific anaesthesia management is important and necessary for effect of OPCABG,so,for reducing accidents and improving life quality of patients,it must strengthen the anaesthesia management in perioperative period.
Analysis on the condition of female HIV/AIDS infection in Guiyang

Objective To investigate the feminine infection situation of the AIDS infects crowds,In order to prevent and controls HlV/AIDS provides the scientific basis in the feminine crowd's dissemination.Methods The diagnose report and the epidemiology document examination table from January 1994 to the end of 2005 carries on the statistical analysis.Results Until the end of December,2005 Guiyang altogether discovered the feminine HIV infected person 121 examples,occupy the complete infected person 31.68%;infection crowed by young adults primarily;the dissemination way takes drugs by the vein primarily;at present did not have appears the female infant to disseminate the way.Conclusion The Guiyang feminine AIDS infected person population obvious increase,the harm of AIDS is serious to the women day by day,we should take the measure to prevent HIV/AIDS in feminine crowd's dissemination.
Implementation of the Tunnel Diode Oscillator with the Open-Flat Measuring HTSC Coil for Creation of New Type Detectors of Particles and Radiation

We consider the feasibility of use of high-Tc superconductors for the development of completely new type of high-sensitive and less-costly detectors of particles and radiation. At this, the use of the tunnel diode oscillator technique with the open-flat measuring coil (HTSC made, in particular) is very promising. This technique may be used also in a number of other applications in different areas of the science and technology. The feasibility of new detectors is evaluated and compared with existent ones. Some opportunities of sufficient improvement of limits of new detectors are suggested. Two designs of these detectors are proposed suitable for various applications. The sensitivities of the detectors achieved up-to-date are: about l0−11W/cm2/Hz>−1/2 for the visible spectrum radiation; about 0.1mOe/cm2/Hz−1/2 for the constant magnetic fields and about 0.1μA/cm2/Hz−1/2 for the DC passing through the HTSC thin-film structures. The fast operating time ~10−5÷10−6 s was achieved during registration of changes of magnetic fields or penetrating of currents through the HTSC films.
Radiation Effects in Graphite

The requirements for a solid moderator are reviewed and the reasons why graphite has become the solid moderator of choice are discussed. The manufacture and properties of some currently available near-isotropic and isotropic grades are described. The major features of a graphite-moderated reactor are briefly outlined. Displacement damage and the induced structural and dimensional changes in graphite are described. Recent characterization work on nanocarbons and oriented pyrolytic graphites that have shed new light on graphite defect structures are reviewed, and the effect of irradiation temperature on the defect structures is highlighted. Changes in the physical properties of nuclear graphite caused by neutron irradiation are reported. Finally, the importance of irradiation-induced creep is presented, along with current models and their deficiencies.
A Settlement with Something of Monarchy in It

Abolishing the monarchy proved to be easier than eliminating the need for a king, and from 1649 to 1660 the idea of a restoration never disappeared from view. Although unremarkable in respect of loyalist opinion, the call for a revived monarchy was also to emanate from some of the same people who had been eager for a republic and who had been instrumental in the trial and destruction of Charles I. The appeal of kingship to the English ranged widely from Levellers who believed that the people had cashiered one tyrant only to be burdened with another to Cromwell himself, who appreciated that monarchy might be the only effective safeguard against a supreme and irresponsible parliament. It had been reassuring, at least in theory, that the laws of England contemplated a king whose prerogative was limited. In practice, as well, the prerogative had never been wholly unrestrained. Even Charles I, who had subjected England to eleven years of personal rule and who had been condemned in the end as a tyrant, governed in accordance with the rule of law and was sympathetic to legal limits on monarchical power.1 A commonwealth, on the other hand, in which sovereignty was vested solely in a House of Commons as the representative of the people, was a disturbing unknown. As Sir Roger Twysden remarked at the time of transition from kingdom to commonwealth, ‘the world, now above 5500 years old, hath found means to limit kings, but never yet any republique.’2
Death or repair of the myocyte in chronic heart failure

Perceptions of the fundamental biology of cardiac muscle are undergoing radical change. For many years the accepted mantra was that the cardiac myocyte soon after birth became a terminally differentiated cell that, once destroyed, could not be replaced [(1)][1]. Many studies by eminent pathologists
Feeding properties and behavior of hammer- and knife-milled pine

Abstract This work reports the rheological characterization of hammer- and knife-milled lodgepole pine materials as a function of grind size and moisture content (MC). Characterizations included particle size and shape distributions, bulk density, compressibility at 10 kPa uniaxial pressure, elastic recovery from 10 kPa uniaxial pressure, shear strength, effective angle of internal friction, arching in a custom hopper, and feeding performance in an auger feeder operating separately in volumetric and gravimetric feeding modes. Compressibility and elastic recovery increased as much as 15% and 4%, respectively with increasing MC. Adding 3 kPa of pressure increased the minimum hopper outlet width needed to ensure consistent flow (i.e. the critical arching width) for all hopper arching tests, except for the pellets. Interestingly, for materials with smaller particle sizes, the volumetric feed rate tends to decrease as MC increases even though the density of the material increases with MC. Time variability of volumetric feed rate increased dramatically with increasing particle size but the impact of MC was not as clear. For nearly all tests, gravimetric auger feeding resulted in better feeding control and substantially decreased time variability in the material feed rate. Shear tests indicate that material strength generally decreased with increasing particle size; while the impact of MC was not as obvious. Agreement between experiments and predictions of the critical arching width were best for 1.6 mm and 6 mm grinds and worst for the 13 mm grinds. This work also shows that the correlation between experiments and predictions of the critical arching width can be improved in terms of the coefficient of determination (R2) from 0.56 to 0.84 by correlating the respective upper limits of the 95% confidence intervals rather than the mean values.
Temporally static environment coverage with offline planning techniques

Complete coverage path planning remains a challenge for environments that change over time. Currently, computationally expensive online, sensor-based planning algorithms are used to address the uncertainty caused by any changes to an environment. Temporally static environments, common in many robot coverage tasks such as cleaning or maintenance surveying, see changes only over extended periods of time. Enhancing offline methods to handle such variations is ideal in order to maintain guaranteed optimality and completeness. This work presents a method of enhancing offline coverage path planning algorithms for temporally static maps through the introduction of adaptive permanence for offline planning decisions. The presentation will include a review of offline and online methods as well as a discussion of how to combine their strengths to address the described situation. It will include any developed algorithms as well as experimental results or demonstrations of the proposed coverage algorithm.
Rethinking Bail Reform

The monetary bail procedures the criminal justice system employs for detaining defendants before trial, when they are cloaked with the presumption of innocence, have come under increasing criticism of late. Legal scholars and social scientists alike are uniform in their belief that monetary bail systems are expensive, unjust, and do little to further public safety or to ensure a defendant’s return to court. Burgeoning scientific research has led to the creation of evidence-based risk assessment tools designed to predict a defendant’s recidivism risk and to reduce detention rates for defendants being held on bonds they cannot afford. But, thus far, the consensus approach to achieving bail reform has focused on litigation-based, one-size-fits-all solutions that are limited in scope. This Article calls into question the notion that litigation is the sole and superior approach for achieving bail reform. It discusses the history of the American bail system and surveys current scholarly critiques of the system of money bond, as well as recent and pending lawsuits challenging standard bail schedules and the imposition of money bonds in cases of non-violent misdemeanors. The Article then focuses on the limitations of bail reform litigation and the obstacles to achieving reform through the courts. Using specific examples where reform has been achieved outside of litigation, the Article also discusses possible extra-judicial alternatives for holistic bail reform, including community bail funds, travel assistance programs, and legislative amendments. It concludes that, while litigation may be an effective tool for eliminating monetary bonds in certain jurisdictions, the better and more comprehensive approach for bail reform is one that employs both judicial and extra-judicial strategies.