cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 Linguistic Awareness and Orthographic Form

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the linguistic awareness and orthographic form. It has been widely agreed that the notion of linguistic awareness is essential for an understanding of the reading process, the acquisition of reading and reading disability. This notion is likewise essential for an understanding of the invention and dissemination of orthographies. There are really only two possible ways to write, the syllabic method and the segmental method, because only by using one of these two methods is the writer assured of being able to write any word in his language. But for an illiterate to discover either of these methods, and thus be in a position to invent writing, requires awareness of the appropriate unit of linguistic representations. Awareness of syllables, or, on the other hand, of segments, is fostered by special morphophonological properties found in those languages for which writing systems were invented, though by no means in all languages. But once it has become established, the writing system itself shapes the linguistic awareness, and even the phonology, both of those inheriting the system and of those borrowing it to transcribe some other language. Thus, in the history of writing, syllabic and segmental traditions are clearly distinguished.
Energetic solar flare particles and interplanetary shock waves

Estimates from hard X-ray measurements show that for many flares the bulk of the flare energy is released in the form of approximately 10-100-keV energy electrons. The interaction of these electrons with the solar atmosphere can produce the optical, UV, EUV, and radio emissions observed during the flare impulsive phase. In addition, explosive heating and evaporation of the chromosphere by these electrons can produce the roughly 10 million K soft X-ray plasma. For the large solar flares which produce interplanetary shock waves, the accelerated approximately 10-100-keV electron population may produce the heating and mass motion required for mass ejection and the formation of the shock wave. The shock wave can in turn accelerate ions and electrons to higher energy as it travels through the corona and interplanetary medium.
Prospective evaluation of immediate versus delayed refeeding and prognostic value of endoscopy in patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage

The effects of immediate vs. delayed refeeding and the prognostic value of endoscopic findings in patients with major upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were assessed in a prospective randomized study. Entry criteria were clinical evidence of major hemorrhage and endoscopic evidence of a Mallory-Weiss tear or an ulcer with a clean base, flat spot, or clot. Two hundred fifty-eight patients were randomly assigned to groups receiving a regular diet immediately or nothing by mouth for 36 hours, then clear liquids for 12 hours, and a regular diet thereafter. Outcomes in the immediate and delayed refeeding groups were comparable: rebleeding occurred in 4% vs. 5%; urgent intervention, 2% vs. 2%; and deaths, 1% vs. 1%, respectively. Rebleeding occurred in 2 (2%) of 96 patients with cleanbased ulcers, 5 (8%) of 65 with ulcers with spots, 3 (14%) of 21 with ulcers with clots (P = 0.05, 3 x 2 chi2 test), and 1 (2%) of 66 with Mallory-Weiss tears. It is concluded that the time of refeeding does not influence the hospital course of patients with a low risk of recurrent bleeding. Patients with clean-based ulcers or nonbleeding Mallory-Weiss tears may be refed and discharged home immediately after stabilization.
COMPUTER MEDIATED PARENT-TEACHER COMMUNICATION

La comunicacion entre padres y maestros es crucial para la educacion de los ninos. La literatura revela que la participacion de los padres en la educacion de sus hijos mejora los resultados en areas como el aprendizaje, asistencia, conducta, y en las tasas de graduacion. Una comunicacion efectiva entre la familia y la escuela aumenta la participacion de los padres en la educacion de sus ninos y consecuentemente mejora el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Las instituciones educativas estan utilizando diversas formas de tecnologia para incrementar la comunicacion familia-escuela, entre ellas estan el buzon de voz, el correo electronico, paginas Web de las escuelas con acceso a la informacion personal de cada estudiante (asistencia, calificaciones, y actividades escolares). No obstante, este uso no es consistente o masivo. Este ensayo examina las necesidades de comunicacion entre los maestros y los padres y los beneficios de combinar comunicacion tradicional, sincronica (tiempo real) y asincronica (con retraso), utilizando nuevas tecnologias de comunicacion para satisfacer estas necesidades.
Lectin labeling of sprouting neurons: III. Type-specific glycoconjugates on growth cones of different origin

Abstract Ferritin conjugates of various lectins were used to determine the densities of surface carbohydrates on nerve growth cones produced by different classes of neuron. These neurons, from superior cervical and dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum of the fetal rat, were grown as explant cultures, labeled with the probes, and then processed for quantitative electron microscopic analysis. It has been observed that each type of growth cone carries a characteristic set of lectin receptors on its surface, a “surface carbohydrate signature.” Neurons derived from the neural tube generally exhibit lower levels of lectin binding sites on their growth cones compared with those derived from the neural crest. However, after neuraminidase treatment, lectin labeling is consistently dense for all growth cone types. These findings suggest (i) that neurons are programmed, possibly at the time of neurulation, to generate high- or low-sialic-acid patterns of surface carbohydrates on their growth cones according to their origin, and (ii) that the specific glycoconjugate pattern found for each type of neuron may be involved in selective cell-cell interactions during nervous system development.
NRZ vs. RZ in 10-40 Gbit/s dispersion-managed WDM transmission systems

Summary form only given. We compare NRZ and RZ modulation for wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems operating up to 40 Gbit/s with as many as 16 channels. We find that in 10-40 Gbit/s dispersion-managed (single-mode fiber+dispersion-compensating fiber) systems, NRZ is more adversely affected than RZ by nonlinearity, which is the main degradation source. However, the difference between RZ and NRZ in a 16-channel 40-Gbit/s system is not very significant because dispersion becomes a key limiter. For /spl les/8 channels, RZ is almost always more optimal.
SNOs Differ: Methodological and Biological Implications.

Cellular signaling by endogenously generated nitric oxide (NO) was initially characterized as dependent on the ability of NO to bind heme, and in particular the heme of guanylate cyclase, thereby enhancing production of cGMP.1 However, it is now recognized that protein S-nitrosylation, the oxidative modification by NO of the thiol side chain of cysteine (Cys) to generate an S-nitrosothiol (SNO; first described in 1992)2 conveys the large part of the cellular influence of NO. The critical distinction between earlier and contemporary models of NO biology is the novel and unanticipated redox chemistry of NO that underlies a ubiquitous redox-based mechanism for both allosteric and active-site regulation of protein function (note that NO binding to heme in guanylate cyclase does not entail redox chemistry). S-nitrosylation operates ubiquitously across phylogeny from plants to microbes to man, and in all cell types, to regulate the function of proteins in most or all classes, and provides by far the most sophisticated and broadly operative system for redox regulation and signaling. Furthermore, dysregulated S-nitrosylation has been implicated in an increasingly broad spectrum of human pathophysiologies, including prominently cardiovascular disorders. Notably, SNOs in proteins are represented by several different forms, with both biological and methodological implications. Article, see p 846 Computational algorithms predict that ≈70% of proteins undergo S-nitrosylation,3 but only ≈3000 have been identified experimentally. Indeed, elucidation of the targets and regulation of S-nitrosylation has posed substantial methodological hurdles. These reflect, as in the case of phosphorylation, the sometimes low population stoichiometry of modification4 and the dynamic and ongoing reversibility of modification in the cellular milieu by specific denitrosylating mechanisms.5 However, in addition, S-nitrosylation is intrinsically relatively labile, so that, for example, mass spectrometric analysis in most cases requires conversion of SNO to a more stable form. A major advance …
Mechanisms Conferring Resistance to Pro-Apoptotic Cancer Gene Therapy

Recently, we have described a novel approach to the treatment of cancer that employs a series of vectors that encode surface expressed chimeric proteins in which the cytoplasmic death domain of Fas is fused in-frame to the extracellular domain of one of a number of cell surface receptors that recognize and bind various ligands that are differentially expressed within the tumor microenvironment. Although the majority of tumor cells transduced with such vectors are killed in the presence of the corresponding cognate ligand, a small percentage survive and in vivo may go on to repopulate a treated tumor. In order to understand the mechanisms employed by tumors to escape the cytotoxic effects of pro-apoptotic signals triggered via Fas, we isolated a large number of 293 tumor cell clones that survive following transfection with a plasmid vector encoding Flk-1/Fas, a chimeric receptor that induces tumor cell death in the presence of the pro-angiogenic cytokine VEGF. Characterization of Flk-1/Fas-positive clones revealed that while survival can most often be attributed simply to the down-regulation of VEGF ligand expression, in cells that express both receptor and ligand, other proteins involved in the regulation of apoptosis may be targeted. Specifically, a Flk-1/Fas-positive, VEGF-positive clone was identified in which expression of APAF-1 was almost completely abrogated.
Plasma properties in electron-bombardment ion thrusters

The paper describes a technique for computing volume-averaged plasma properties within electron-bombardment ion thrusters, using spatially varying Langmuir-probe measurements. Average values of the electron densities are defined by integrating the spatially varying Maxwellian and primary electron densities over the ionization volume, and then dividing by the volume. Plasma properties obtained in the 30-cm-diameter J-series and ring-cusp thrusters are analyzed by the volume-averaging technique. The superior performance exhibited by the ring-cusp thruster is correlated with a higher average Maxwellian electron temperature. The ring-cusp thruster maintains the same fraction of primary electrons as does the J-series thruster, but at a much lower ion production cost. The volume-averaged predictions for both thrusters are compared with those of a detailed thruster performance model.
Some Fundamental Issues in the Use of Zn-Containing Lead-Free Solders for Electronic Packaging

A synergistic approach is applied to address the major concerns about the use of Zn-containing lead-free solders for electronic packaging.Using computational thermodynamics as a predictive tool, the phase stability of the Ag-Al-Cu-In-Sn-Zn system is examined to design a Zn-containing lead-free solder with melting characteristics similar to near-eutectic Pb-Sn solder. Theoretically, it is found that a Sn-0.3mass%Al-4.2mass%In-7.8mass%Znsolderhas a meltingpoint(liquidustemperature) of 185 C and a solidiﬁcationrange of 10 C.It is demonstrated thatenvironmentallybenignﬂuxescontainingtin-organometallicssigniﬁcantlyimprovethewettingbehaviorcomparedtorosinﬂuxesusedforlead-tinsolders.FortheSn-ZneutecticsolderonaCusubstrateat260 C,itisfoundthatthecontactangleisreducedfrom150 toabout25 whentin-organometallic ﬂuxes are used instead of rosin ﬂux. Severe accelerated tests (85% relative humidity at 85 C) for up to six weeks show that themechanical properties of Sn-Zn eutectic solder interconnects are not aﬀected adversely by the environment.(Received July 25, 2003; Accepted September 26, 2003)Keywords: computational thermodynamics, ﬂuxes, lead-free solders, mechanical properties, wetting angle, zinc-containing solders
Actin polymerization overshoots induced by plus-end capping

Transient polymerization beyond the steady state has been experimentally observed in in vitro actin polymerization time courses. These 'polymerization overshoots' have previously been described in terms of the time-dependent probabilities for binding distinct nucleotide hydrolysis states within subunits near the plus ends of actin filaments. We demonstrate a different type of overshoot dynamics where the plus-end contribution to polymerization steadily decreases relative to that of the minus end. This decrease occurs due to plus-end capping of an initial impulse of rapidly created actin filaments. We calculate the contribution of these dynamics to observed overshoot magnitudes using rate equations describing the concentration of polymerized actin. We find this contribution is highly sensitive to both initial filament concentration and plus-end capping rate. We develop an analytic formula that describes the magnitude of the overshoot as a function of these two key parameters. The overshoots we describe could be observed by current experimental methods for studying the effects of severing and branching mechanisms upon actin polymerization in the presence of plus-end capping and rapid nucleotide exchange. We also present a plausible cellular mechanism that could greatly amplify these overshoots in vivo.
Attenuant cycles in periodically forced discrete-time age-structured population models

In discrete-time age-structured population models, a periodic environment is not always deleterious. We show that it is possible to have the average of the age class populations over an attracting cycle (in a periodic environment) not less than the average of the carrying capacities (in a corresponding constant environment). In our age-structured model, a periodic environment does not increase the average total biomass (no resonance). However, a periodic environment is disadvantageous for a population whenever there is no synchrony between the number of age classes and the period of the environment. As in periodically forced models without age-structure, we show that periodically forced age-structured population models support multiple attractors with complicated structures.
Effectiveness of a Skin Cancer Control Educational Intervention for Internal Medicine Housestaff and Attending Physicians

Objectives To evaluate the effects of a brief educational program on beliefs, knowledge, and behaviors related to skin cancer control among internal medicine housestaff and attending physicians.
Probabilistic Design Miming

Design miming is a process through which a person gesticulates (move hands) to describe a real-world physical object. The core idea of this paper is to present an efficient 3D shape synthesis system and interface that can identify and display the most relevant objects based on the movements of hands. In order to implement such a system three key things are needed. First, a moderately sized 3D shape repository from where the system can find good shape matches. Second, it requires a computational tool that can convert the gestures of a user to provide input to a display interface. Third, it requires the design of an interface where synthesized 3D shapes/models could be displayed. Large databases of 3D shapes exist in online shape repositories such as Google 3D warehouse and Turbosquid, which we reuse. We focus on the second and third components of the system. Specifically, we develop a probabilistic graphical model based 3D shape synthesis approach for structure recovery from a highly noisy 3D scan of a user’s hand movements. Such a system should be real time and it imposes a computational method to have reduced time and memory complexity. We term this technique Probabilistic Design Miming (PDM) and show the utility of this technique in multiple usage scenarios.© 2014 ASME
Ictal patterns in experimental models of epilepsy

Summary The goal of this article is to review many of the animal models that have been used for epilepsy research. The intent is to present the behavioral and electrographic patterns observed in these models and to relate those patterns to human epilepsy. This review is organized into three sections. The first section deals with the methods used in the study of epilepsy. These methods range from in vivo preparations, through in vitro brain slice preparations and neural grafting methods, to computer simulation methods. The second section of the review deals with agents capable of inducing epilepsy. Some of the agents include chemical convulsants, ionic changes in the tissue, changes in osmolarity, and withdrawal from drugs. The effects of these agents are reviewed with their relation to the mechanisms of action. Finally, the methods used to control epilepsy are reviewed. These methods include the application of anticonvulsants, changes in the osmolarity, neuronal grafts and electrical currents. Examples of epileptiform activity obtained from animal models published in the literature are shown in several figures for comparison to human patterns. It is clear from this review that animal models are capable of reproducing many of the seizure types found in clinical situations. Although we have some understanding of the mechanisms underlying the abnormal behavior in these animal models, we are unable to explain the mechanisms underlying human epilepsy. However, the combination of existing animal models, in vitro human tissue experiments, and computer stimulation should allow us to advance rapidly toward a solution.
Helium equation of state for small cavities: Recent developments☆

Abstract The pressure of helium in small bubbles can reach values up to 10 11 Pa. In the temperature range from 200 K to 1200 K no high pressure-volume data are available. Theoretical work performed recently on equations of state for both gaseous and solid helium are reviewed and the obtained equations are presented. Curvature corrections applicable to very small bubbles are also given.
Collaborating Over the Centuries: Creating the What Middletown Read Database

In 2003, library records from over a century ago were discovered in the attic of the Muncie Public Library. This finding led to a multi-year collaboration between the Muncie Public Library, the Center for Middletown Studies, and the University Libraries at Ball State University to create the What Middletown Read database, http://bsu.edu/libraries/wmr/index.php. This article describes the collaboration between various groups, focusing especially on the role of the Cataloging and Metadata Services unit at University Libraries in the project, and ends with lessons learned and recommendations for cataloging units.
GM AND INV FACTORS IN SUBCLASSES OF HUMAN IGG

Human G myeloma (7S gamma(2)-myeloma) proteins were investigated for relationships between Gm and Inv genetic factors and the different antigenic types of heavy polypeptide chains (gamma-chains) and light polypeptide chains. Myeloma proteins were isolated from the sera of 1 Chinese, 60 white and 28 Negro individuals. These 89 proteins were tested for eight Gm factors [Gm(a), Gm(x), Gm(b(2)), Gm(f), Gm(b(1)), Gm(b(3)), Gm(b(4)), and Gm(c)], and two Inv factors [Inv(l) and Inv(b)]. Results of the tests were correlated with the four gamma-chain subclasses (gamma(2a), gamma(2b), gamma(2c) and gamma(2d)) and the two types of light polypeptide chains, kappa-chains (type K or I) and lambda-chains (type L or II) found in human IgG molecules. 1. Gm factors were limited to myeloma proteins with heavy polypeptide chains of the gamma(2b)- and gamma(2c)-subclasses. No Gm factors were detected on gamma(2a)- and gamma(2d)-myeloma proteins or on a "heavy-chain" disease protein of subclass gamma(2d). 2. gamma(2b)-Proteins were positive for at least one Gm factor and were either Gm(a+), Gm(a + x+), or Gm(b(2)+ f+). 3. gamma(2c)-Myeloma proteins, and one gamma(2c)-"heavy-chain" disease protein, were positive for at least one Gm factor and contained various combinations of factors Gm(b(1)), (b(2)), (b(4)), and (c). Myeloma proteins from 3 Negroes were included in this group. 4. Inv factors (l) and (b) were limited to myeloma proteins with kappa-light polypeptide chains. These Inv factors were not detected on proteins with lambda-light polypeptide chains. 5. Most (70 per cent) of the gamma(2b)- and gamma(2c)-proteins with kappa-chains were Inv(l+) or Inv(b+). None of the gamma(2a)- or gamma(2d)-proteins with kappa-chains, however, contained these Inv factors.
A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF A WATER CONSERVATION CAMPAIGN

Time series analyses of total water production and domestic and commercial sales in the Goleta County Water District were performed to evaluate the extent to which a local water moratorium and conservation campaign have influenced water consumption. The findings indicated an average 15% reduction in water consumption for the three years following the implementation of the moratorium.
Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: membrane composition of a mutant defective in temperature compensation.

Abstract The cel mutant of Neurospora, partially blocked in fatty acid synthesis and lacking temperature compensation of its circadian rhythm below 22°C, had a phospholipid fatty acid composition in liquid shaker culture distinctly different from that of a cel+ control strain. During growth, cel+ exhibited a reproducible increase in its linoleic acid level from about 32 to a plateau at 63 mol%, and a corresponding decrease in its linolenic acid level from about 40 to a plateau at 10 mol%. The level of palmitic acid was constant at 19 mol%. In the cel strain, the linoleic acid level was constant at 54 mol% while the palmitic acid level increased from about 12 to about 23 mol%. Supplementation with palmitic or linoleic acids altered the patterns of fatty acid composition of cel, but did not affect the pattern of cel+. Altered fatty acid composition cosegregated with the cel marker. The mitochondrial phospholipids of cel in liquid culture also had abnormal fatty acid composition, as did the whole mycelial phospholipids on solid medium. These results are consistent with the involvement of membrane homeostasis in the temperature compensation of circadian rhythms.
Post-autotomy claw regrowth and functional recovery in the snapping shrimp Alpheus angulosus

The ability to regenerate lost tissues, organs or whole body parts is widespread across animal taxa; in some animals, regeneration includes transforming a remaining structure to replace the one that was lost. The transformation of one limb into another involves considerable plasticity in morphology, physiology and behavior, and snapping shrimp offer excellent opportunities for studying this process. We examined the changes required for the transformation of the small pincer to a mature snapping claw in Alpheus angulosus. First molt claws differ from mature claws in overall shape as well as in morphology related to snapping function; nonetheless, shrimp with first molt claws do produce snaps. While most shape variables of second molt claws do not differ significantly from mature claws, the plunger (structure required for snap production) does not reach mature size until the third molt for females, or later for males. Thus, the pincer claw can be transformed into a functional snapping claw in one molt, alth...
Organization of the sacral parasympathetic reflex pathways to the urinary bladder and large intestine

Electrophysiological and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques have provided new insights into the organization of the sacral parasympathetic reflex pathways to the large intestine and urinary bladder. The innervation of the two organs arises from separate groups of sacral preganglionic cells: (1) a dorsal band of cells in laminae V and VI providing an input to the intestine; and (2) a lateral band of cells in lamina VII providing an input to the bladder. These two groups of cells were separated by an interband region containing tract cells and interneurons. Neurons in the interband region received a visceral afferent input and exhibited firing correlated with the activity of intestine and urinary bladder. It seems reasonable therefore to consider the interband region as a third component of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. Anterograde transport of HRP revealed that visceral afferents from the intestine and bladder projected into the parasympathetic nucleus. Most of the projections were collaterals from afferent axons in Lissauer's tract that passed in lamina I laterally and medially around the dorsal horn. These afferent collaterals were located in close proximity to preganglionic perikarya and dendrites in laminae I, V and VI. The proximity of visceral afferents and efferents in the sacral cord probably reflects the existence of polysynaptic rather than monosynaptic connections since electrophysiological studies revealed that both the defecation and micturition reflexes occurred with very long central delays (45-70 msec). The reflex pathways mediating defecation and micturition in cats with an intact neuraxis were markedly different. Defecation was dependent upon a spinal reflex with unmyelinated (C-fiber) peripheral afferent and efferent limbs. On the other hand, micturition was mediated by a spinobulbospinal pathway with myelinated peripheral afferent (A-fiber) and efferent axons (B-fiber). Transection of the spinal cord at T12-L2 blocked the micturition reflex but only transiently depressed the defecation reflex. In chronic spinal cats the micturition reflex recovered 1-2 weeks after spinalization; however, in these animals bladder-to-bladder micturition reflexes were elicited by C-fiber rather than A-fiber afferents. The C-fiber afferent-evoked reflex was weak or undetectable in animals with an intact neuraxis. Transection of the spinal cord also changed the micturition reflex in neonatal kittens (age 5-28 days). In neonates with an intact neuraxis bladder-to-bladder reflexes occurred via a long latency spinobulbospinal pathway (325-430 msec). The long latency is attributable to the slow conduction velocity in immature unmyelinated peripheral and central axons. In chronic spinal kittens (3-7 days after spinalization) the long latency reflex was abolished and a shorter latency (90-150 msec) bladder reflex was unmasked. The emergence of this spinal pathway may reflect axonal sprouting and the formation of new reflex connections within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus.
Customizable Joint Mechanism for Knee Orthosis

Knee pain, muscle weakness, and their associated medical conditions cause a significant loss of mobility for a large and growing number of people. Accordingly, the need for effective, simple, and noninvasive methods for controlling these problems is becoming more apparent. To that end, we have designed a quasi-passive knee-orthosis that employs a “hybrid joint mechanism” as a central component. This joint combines a four-bar linkage with a compliant mechanism to follow natural knee motion. A poorly fitted knee orthosis can detrimentally affect its effectiveness due to the large variability in the patient-specific knee motion. Our design can be optimized to fit a given user, based on both motion capture data and their particular condition, which leads to several potential advantages over standardized hinges. In this paper, we will explore the design and individualization process of the joint mechanism as well as the background covering various design decisions.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Liposuction and lipofilling for treatment of symptomatic silicone toxicosis of the gluteal region.

Silicone has sometimes been injected into tissues indiscriminately causing debilitating pain, infection, skin changes, and deformation. The authors discuss complications of silicone injections, stages of silicone toxicosis, preoperative evaluation, patient selection, imaging, and the technique of ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL) for removal of siliconomas. The outcomes have been very good with complete reduction in episodes of cellulitis and infection requiring antibiotics, as well as emergency room visits, which are relatively frequent preoperatively in this population. Although not a cure for this disabling problem, this technique can improve patients’ quality of life, helping to avoid extensive surgical resections as well as achieve favorable aesthetic results.
Present and future trends for neutron source calibrations at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Abstract The neutron source calibration facility operated by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a world-class calibration laboratory providing neutron source calibration services for radioisotopic sources with neutron emission rates ranging from 5 × 105 to 1 × 1010 s−1. Calibrations are performed using the manganous sulfate bath technique with a relative expanded uncertainty of approximately 3.5% (2σ). Recently, an improvement to the calibration procedure has been implemented whereby sources are regularly cross-calibrated against the national standard neutron source as well as one of three (international) standard sources formerly maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. This feature helps ensure that the fidelity of NIST neutron source calibrations is maintained at the highest level. In addition to the Institute’s external customers, NIST’s neutron source calibration facility also provides important contributions to other neutron irradiation and calibration services provided by the Institute, as well as to NIST’s intramural research programs in neutron metrology, nuclear reactor pressure-vessel dosimetry, and fundamental neutron physics.
Evolution and development of the mammalian dentition: Insights from the marsupial Monodelphis domestica

To understand developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change, we must first know how different morphologies form. The vast majority of our knowledge on the developmental genetics of tooth formation derives from studies in mice, which have relatively derived mammalian dentitions. The marsupial Monodelphis domestica has a more plesiomorphic heterodont dentition with incisors, canines, premolars, and molars on both the upper and the lower jaws, and a deciduous premolar. The complexity of the M. domestica dentition ranges from simple, unicusped incisors to conical, sharp canines to multicusped molars. We examine the development of the teeth in M. domestica, with a specific focus on the enamel knot, a signaling center in the embryonic tooth that controls shape. We show that the tooth germs of M. domestica express fibroblast growth factor (FGF) genes and Sprouty genes in a manner similar to wild-type mouse molar germs, but with a few key differences.
Microelectronic Device Fabrication With Electron Beam Direct Writing

This work shows how the economics of comparing electron beam direct wafer exposure vs. replication is affected by (1) the time required for the electron beam machine to expose a wafer, (2) wafer distortion, and (3) linewidth control. It is shown that time per wafer tw 0.3 cm2, that machines with such values of tw have been demonstrated, and that such low exposure times are largely determined by the speed of the machine step and repeat operation for beam spot size > 0.5 μm. For very small spot sizes time per wafer is dominated by the resist exposure and there is a need for brighter electron sources or more sensitive high resolution electron resists than are in use today. Evidence is presented showing 1 part in 105 wafer contraction for conventional MOS wafer processing. Such values of wafer distortion will narrow the cost difference between replication and direct writing. Linewidth control with electron beam direct writing was found to be a few tenths of a micron better than available numbers from photolithography, but that this was not a strong differentiating factor economically because the wafer-to-wafer distribution of linewidth values is strongly dependent upon the reproducibility of thin film thickness, and etch endpoint detection.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wavelength Calibrations in the Infrared. IV. Use of a 1000-Lines-per-Inch Bausch and Lomb Plane Replica Grating

It has been demonstrated that the 1000-lines-per-inch Bausch and Lomb plane replica grating can be employed for high-resolution infrared studies anywhere in the region between 1 and 40 μ. In this manner, calibration procedures become simplified in measuring wavelengths relative to the CO standards. A map of the pure rotational lines of the H2O molecule along with the vacuum wave numbers of these lines has been presented.
Effects of exercise on immune functions of undernourished mice.

Abstract Regular moderate exercise may modulate the response to a stressor and thus improve immune functions in conditions commonly associated with immunodepression and elevated levels of stress hormones. For example, anorexia nervosa patients, many of whom engage in regular aerobic exercise, generally have normal immune function and viral disease resistance in spite of their severe undernutrition. To test the hypothesis that exercise can prevent undernutritioninduced immunodepression, mice were fed a nutritionally complete, semi-purified diet, either ad libitum or in restricted quantities to induce 25% loss of initial weight over 3 weeks. Half the animals from each dietary group were run on a treadmill for 30 min/day, 5 days/week. Exercise had no effect on several measures of nutritional status. Spleen weight and blastogenic response to lipopolysaccharide were significantly increased by exercise in undernourished mice. In vivo antibody response to sheep red blood cells, and in vitro splenic responses to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin were not significantly affected by exercise. Serum corticosterone level was increased by food restriction and significantly decreased by exercise in the undernourished mice. Within a treatment group there were no significant correlations between serum corticosterone level and any immune system measure. Hypothalamic concentration of uric acid was increased in food restriction groups and concentration of norepinephrine was increased in exercise groups. The results suggest that regular exercise may help prevent undernutrition-induced immunodepression, possibly through modulation of the stress response.
Charge Localization and Transport in Lithiated Olivine Phosphate Materials

We report density functional theory (DFT) calculations for olivine-type LiTMPO4 and TMPO4 (TM=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) structures, using GGA+U and the B3LYP hybrid density functional that includes nonlocal Fock exchange. TM is typically characterized in terms of the formal oxide states of 2+ or 3+, corresponding to TM with localized charge in LiTMPO4 and TMPO4 structures, respectively, in which electron transport would take place by thermally activated hopping of electrons strongly localized on the transition metal (small polarons). In this work, we assess the validity of the concept of formal TM oxidation states in these materials, and conclude that the valence depends in large part on the strength of d-p hybridization. Stable small polaron formation, i.e., mixed 2+ and 3+ valence states, appears to require that the ratio of differences in the metal and oxygen ionic charges (dQTM/dQO) of the two end member phases is larger than 2, corresponding to the mixed-valence TM system. If the ratio of dQTM/dQO is smaller than 2, excess electrons prefer delocalization and the system behaves more single-valence like with charge transport more akin to metallic conduction. The critical ratio emerging from our analysis may turn out to be relevant to other transition metal systems more » as well, as a criterion to discriminate single-valence or mixed-valence characteristics and hence the predominant conduction mechanism. « less
Minimum energy characterizations of Saint-Venant's solution to the relaxed Saint-Venant problem

The singular importance, in both theory and practice, of SAINT-VENANT'S celebrated memoirs [1], [2] on what has long since become known as SAINTVENANT'S problem, requires no emphasis. Indeed, a comprehensive bibliography of the vast and varied literature to which the work contained in [1], [2] has given impetus would multiply the length of this rather limited study. With a view toward describing the aim of the present investigation we recall first that SAINT-VENANT'S problem consists in the determination of the stresses and deformations in an elastic cylinder (or prism), which - in the absence of body forces - is subjected to surface tractions arbitrarily prescribed over its ends and which is free from lateral loading. In this formulation the problem, even within the linearized equilibrium theory of homogeneous and isotropic elastic solids, has remained one of undiminished notoriety. SAINT-VENANT'S treatment of the foregoing problem rests on a relaxed formulation in which the detailed assignment of the terminal tractions is abandoned in favor of prescribing merely the appropriate stress resultants.
Using Standardized Patients to Train and Evaluate Dietetics Students

Abstract Faced with a dwindling number of clinical sites for training dietetics students, we incorporated a standardized patient scenario of a 17-year-old pregnant woman into a nutrition counseling course. A young woman was hired to be the patient and was trained extensively. Each student signed up for a 20-minute block of time to assess her and provide nutrition instruction, after which the standardized patient and course instructor provided individualized feedback to each student. Students then completed a brief questionnaire related to the standardized patient session. Overall, student response to the standardized patient session was positive, and students believed standardized patients should be included formally in undergraduate training. The students noted that the standardized patient session allowed them to be trained and evaluated objectively. Because of their ease in building rapport with the standardized patient, students reported that they were able to provide more in-depth education. They also appreciated the immediate and detailed performance review provided by the standardized patient and the instructor. We conclude that standardized patient sessions provide a great service to dietetics students, and plans to develop another standardized patient scenario that students can follow up throughout the continuum of care are underway. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:1094–1097.
Characterization of the juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) and juvenile hormone diol phosphotransferase (JHDPT) from Manduca sexta Malpighian tubules

Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) and juvenile hormone diol phosphotransferase (JHDPT) were characterized from the Malpighian tubules of day 1 fifth instar Manduca sexta. An improved RP-HPLC assay is described for the major metabolites of (lOR,lIS) juvenile hormone I: diol, acid, aciddiol, and diol-phosphate. JHEH is strictly associated with membrane fractions, while JHDPT is cytosolic. JHEH may be solubilized in active form by the nonionic detergents Thesit or MEGA-8. Separation of Malpighian tubule cytosol proteins using preparative isoelectric focusing yields two zones which contain JHDPT activity, at pi 4.8-5.1 and 6.8-8.2. The partially purified JHDPT from either zone requires both ATP and Mg2+ for activity, so this enzyme may be formally called either ATP:juveni/e hormone diol phosphotransferase or juvenile hormone diol kinase (EC 2.1.7.3). Metabolites more polar than JH I aciddiol and JH I diol-phosphate are generated in vivo from either [3H]JH I or 13H]JH I diol. 0 1995 Wiley-Liss, inc.
Probable Alcohol Abuse or Dependence: A Risk Factor for Intensive-Care Readmission in Patients Undergoing Elective Vascular and Thoracic Surgical Procedures

Objective To determine whether alcohol abuse or dependence is a risk factor for perioperative complications, increased duration of hospital stay, and increased utilization of nursing resources in patients undergoing thoracic and vascular surgical procedures. Material and Methods We conducted a prospective study of all adult patients who underwent an elective vascular or thoracic surgical procedure and who received postoperative care in an intensive-care setting. Patients were screened for alcohol abuse or dependence, and actual versus expected durations of stay were evaluated. The patients' medical records were reviewed for preoperative comorbidities and perioperative complications. Fisher's exact test and the rank sum test were used in the analyses. Results Of 321 study subjects, 290 were classified as nonalcoholic and 31 as probable alcoholic patients. Patients in the probable alcohol abuse group had a significantly increased rate of alcohol withdrawal (12.9% versus 1.7%; P = 0.006) in comparison with patients in the nonalcoholic group. Patients in the probable alcohol abuse group were readmitted to an intensive-care unit more frequently (19.4% versus 7.9%; P = 0.047) and required sedation more often (32.3% versus 13.5%; P = 0.014) than those in the nonalcoholic group. No significant differences were found between the two study groups in intensive-care unit and hospital durations of stay or in utilization of nursing resources. A dismissal diagnosis of alcoholism was recorded for only one of four patients who had a documented withdrawal episode among those categorized in the probable alcoholic group and for three of five patients with alcohol withdrawal symptoms categorized in the nonalcoholic group. Conclusion Except for the occurrence of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, study patients classified in the probable alcohol abuse group did not have more medical or surgical perioperative complications than patients in the nonalcoholic group. They did have significantly more intensive-care setting readmissions. Patients with documented alcohol withdrawal episodes frequently were dismissed without a diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence.
Planning an Airborne High-Capacity Backbone (HCB) an Operational Approach

Traditionally, the sizing of network links (pipes) has used a great deal of engineering discipline and some measure of judgment or "engineering art". Unfortunately human predictions for future needs tend to be unreliable. Key systems engineering and project management challenges occur when the projections for the amount of information flow over some planned pipes are uncertain and vary by orders of magnitude. Another challenge occurs when users are not sure how to use a new capability. This paper explores these problems in the context of how to design and build a High-Capacity Backbone (HCB) capability for the Airborne Network (AN) in a manner that allows for system evolution as user needs become clearer and as technology evolves. The approach taken includes a look at the basic assumptions driving much of the current activity in AN and HCB planning and challenges those assumptions with alternatives. It then departs on a series of analogies to "right-sizing" network pipes to allow for flexibility and system evolution, applies those best-practices and lessons-learned from complex systems engineering challenges to the HCB problem, and recommends a way ahead for planning the HCB for the AN.
Characterization of a Trimeric Complex Containing Oct-1, SNAPc, and DNA *

The human small nuclear (sn) RNA promoters contain a proximal sequence element (PSE), which recruits the basal transcription factor SNAPc, and a distal sequence element characterized by an octamer sequence, which recruits the POU domain transcription factor Oct-1. The Oct-1 POU domain and SNAPc bind cooperatively to probes containing a PSE and an octamer sequence, and this effect contributes to efficient transcription in vitro. In vivo, however, Oct-1 regions outside of the POU domain can activate snRNA gene transcription. Here, we have examined whether the role of these regions is to contribute to cooperative binding with SNAPc. We find that they indeed improve cooperative binding, but most of the effect is nevertheless mediated by just the POU domain. This suggests that Oct-1 activates transcription of snRNA genes in at least two steps, recruitment of SNAPc mediated primarily by the POU domain, and a later step mediated by regions outside of the POU domain. We also show that a PSE-binding complex observed in nuclear extracts consists of Oct-1 and SNAPc. Although Oct-1 cannot bind effectively to the PSE probe on its own, in the complex it contacts DNA. Thus, in a nuclear extract, SNAPc can recruit Oct-1 to a probe to which Oct-1 cannot bind on its own.
Sensitivity analysis for two control groups

Many observational studies select controls from more than one source or according to more than one criterion in an effort to detect and assess hidden biases. Intuition strongly suggests that, on the one hand, a second control group can provide valuable information about hidden biases, but on the other, both control groups might be affected by similar biases to the same degree. The sensitivity analysis proposed here clarifies this issue in the context of particular studies. It permits us to ask: How much bias would need to be present to alter the study's qualitative conclusions (i) if both groups are affected by bias to a similar degree, (ii) if one group is largely free of bias but the other is not, or (iii) if various intermediate cases apply? The method embeds conventional randomization distributions within a family of departures involving an unobserved covariate and two sensitivity parameters that characterize the biases in the two control groups.
Police use of force: a transactional approach

Drawing on Tedeschi and Felson’s (1994) theory of coercive actions for conceptual guidance as well as principles underlying the notion of a force continuum structure (i.e., proportionality and incrementalism), this research examines 3,544 police–suspect encounters from an observational study of the police in an attempt to better understand the transactional process of the police–suspect encounter. Results indicate, within the context of a force continuum structure, that officers escalated the level of force in about one of five encounters involving nonresistant suspects, and de‐escalated the level of force in three of four encounters involving resistant suspects. A series of logistic and multinomial regression models show that a number of factors differentially affect the manner in which officers apply force. The results suggest that before one can begin to judge the appropriateness of police force, one should measure and consider the extent to which force is applied proportionately and incrementally.