cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCHWARTZ-KENNEY, Beth M., Michelle McCAULEY and Michelle A. EPSTEIN, eds., CHILD ABUSE: A Global View

SCHWARTZ-KENNEY, Beth M., Michelle McCAULEY and Michelle A. EPSTEIN, eds., CHILD ABUSE: A Global View. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000, 296 pp., $49.95 hardcover. Research on family processes around the world is quite immense. However, few of these studies examine the issue of child abuse, even though anecdotal evidence and existing data from governmental and non-governmental (NGOs) agencies indicate that child harassment and sexual exploitation and the use of child labor is widespread around the world. Indeed, in the case of the developing world where the problem may be more acute and hidden under the rubric of culture and poverty, scholarly research on the topic is quite limited. Moreover, in the developing world, what constitutes child abuse can vary from one society to another as well as in time and space. Indeed, demographic researchers have long suggested that in many high-fertility countries around the world, children are beneficial to parents from an early age, as they are a major source of cheap labor. The extent to which these normative practices impact or lead to abuse is as yet unclear. It is in light of the above observations that the scholarly community and child care advocates would welcome a book devoted entirely to the topic of child abuse in different cultural settings. This edited volume by Schwartz-Kenney, McCauley and Epstein provide insights into the prevalence of various types of child abuse as well as the available treatment strategies in sixteen countries from all over the world. For each country, the authors) provide comparable data on the history, dimension and prevalence of various types of child abuse (e.g., maltreatment, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect). For example, in the case of Canada, the author indicates that the government has established child victim support programs to help prepare children for court cases. In England, the author points to the existence of two main ideological orientations that have influenced child abuse intervention programs: the belief that physical abuse arises from factors like stress, poverty and immaturity of parents, and the perception that child abuse is the result of male power and dominance. According to the chapter on India, the country's constitution has a provision that deals with issues affecting children. Unfortunately, these provisions are rarely enforced. According to the author on Ireland, treatment programs for sex offenders are scandalously underdeveloped. In the case of Israel, we are told that the belief that the Jewish family is pro-children has made it difficult for many people to accept the existence of the problem. Thus, the author calls for mandatory training about child maltreatment in professional studies such as medicine, social work and law. Japan does not have a cohesive, integrated system of child protection we are told. …
Data Organization and Analysis

After completing this module, a student should be able to Describe an example of a spatial analysis problem. Define table, key field, record, attribute, query, join, cardinality, projection. Appreciate how GIS software can support spatial analysis. Construct correct attribute queries using SQL statements.
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis remains a significant problem with significant morbidity and mortality. Keys to management include proper diagnosis, admission to the intensive care unit, aggressive resuscitation, and a multidisciplinary approach for management options. The care team should include a designated surgeon, gastroenterologists with expertise in endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography and stent placement, interventional radiologists, infectious disease physicians, nutritionists, respiratory therapists, and physical therapists. Antibiotics, nutritional support, and a dedicated team with expertise in managing these patients are keys to successful outcomes. This chapter provides current state-of-the-art management of necrotizing pancreatitis with particular emphasis on managing complex complications a surgeon may encounter.
Parent Training via CD-ROM: Using Technology to Disseminate Effective Prevention Practices

Family-based prevention programs have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing risk factors for substance abuse. The lack of efficient methods for training staff and insuring treatment integrity and the limited time that program progenitors have for dissemination impede the spread of these programs. Additionally, there are barriers to families who use these programs such as stigma associated with a parent education or mental health approach, transportation and access difficulties, and inability to commit to months of treatment sessions. New developments in technology can surmount most of these barriers. The author describes a video-based interactive CD-ROM for training parents and families in child management and relationship enhancement skills. The program's development was based on two premises which are well-supported in the literature. One premise is that interactive videodisk programs increase knowledge and performance more efficiently than do standard methods of instruction. The other is that videotaped modeling of parenting skills is as effective in producing improvements in child behavior as are parent education discussion groups and parent training with a therapist. The CD-ROM program is self-administered, highly interactive, and brief, requiring no trained staff for its delivery. Users receives feedback about their choices from the computer, not a person, thus minimizing defensiveness. Controlled evaluations show improvements in knowledge and parenting skills, and reductions in child behavior problems. Many teens moved from the clinical range of behavior problems to the normal range after their mothers used the program. Replication efforts by service providers and universities are underway due to the program's ease of implementation and evaluation. Gaps in knowledge about this approach include general long-term effects, and, more specifically, how the program will affect ethnically diverse populations, how repetition and use by other family members affects outcomes, and how to overcome mental health professionals' resistance to the technology. Prevention practice can be improved with this approach since it can be disseminated relatively quickly and inexpensively, with very high treatment integrity. The convenience and lack of stigma can increase participation by parents prior to their becoming distressed by their children's behavior problems. Existing programs can incorporate and evaluate CD-ROM parent training, while new efforts will be encouraged by such an inexpensive program. Program changes, based upon research feedback, can be incorporated rapidly without the difficulty of retraining program staff.
Role of Emotions in Risk Perception

The ways that emotions affect the perception of risk are grounded in a conception of emotion as involving appraisals, feelings, and preparations for behavioral and cognitive action that are manifest on biological, individual, and social levels of analysis. Because these components are evoked and modulated in accordance with goal-relevant properties of the environment, emotions typically adjust responses, including the perception of risk, in ways that are functional. This chapter explicates this approach to emotions and describes how it is employed in the two major theories of how emotions influence risk perception. One, the appraisal-tendency framework, accounts for how emotional appraisals and action tendencies modify the perception of risk. The other, feelings-as-information theory, accounts for how emotional feelings may serve as a heuristic for a person’s overall assessment of situational risks and benefits.
Long term outcomes of hairy cell leukemia patients treated with first and subsequent line with purine analog: The Cleveland Clinic experience.

e18034 Background: Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) is an indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with high initial response rates (RR) and long remissions after treatment with purine nucleoside analogs (PNAS). At the time of relapse, re-challenge with PNAS is routinely offered but there are limited data on outcomes of this approach. To provide guidance to the management of HCL, we examined outcomes after 1stand subsequent line treatment of a large cohort of HCL pts treated at our institution. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 61 pts ≥ 18 years old diagnosed with HCL at the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute from 1995 to 2013. Baseline demographics, treatment history, RR, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated from the start of 1st line therapy. OS and PFS were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between groups using the log-rank test. Results: Median age was 54 years (range 31-80). 50 were male (82%). Median follow up was 72 months (3-193). 59 p...
The tropical cyclone response to changing wind shear using the method of time-varying point-downscaling

Previous studies using idealized numerical simulations to understand the tropical cyclone (TC) response to time-varying wind shear have applied instantaneous changes in the TC environment. This was typically accomplished by pausing the simulation, constructing a new environmental vertical wind profile, rebalancing the mass field, and then restarting the simulation. A new modeling framework allows for smoothly transitioning environmental wind states: time-varying point-downscaling (TVPDS). TVPDS uses large-scale relaxation to smoothly transition between different vertical profiles of environmental wind (and/or temperature and moisture) while coordinating the point-downscaling method such that the environment remains in balance. TVPDS simulations of quasi-steady state, moderately intense (∼50 m s−1) TCs show that the response to increasing wind shear is a steady reduction in intensity without recovery to the pre-shear intensity. These results, which are consistent with the typical evolution of real TCs, stand in contrast to some previous studies that found a recovery to pre-storm intensity after an initial weakening due to increased shear. TVPDS simulations also show that the rate at which the TC weakens depends on how rapidly the environment transitions to greater shear. Analyses of surface fluxes, regions of convection, and other variables are presented to determine how time-varying shear affects TCs. Finally, TVPDS simulations of TCs transitioning from environments characterized by high-shear into low-shear environments show that a similar but opposite response occurs.
Nonlinear Finite Element Model Updating, Part I: Experimental Techniques and Nonlinear Modal Model Parameter Extraction

Linear structural dynamic models are often used to support system design and qualification. Overall, linear models provide an efficient means for conducting design studies and augmenting test data by recovering un-instrumented or un-measurable quantities (e.g. stress). Nevertheless, the use of linear models often adds significant conservatism in design and qualification programs by failing to capture critical mechanisms for energy dissipation. Unfortunately, the use of explicit nonlinear models can require unacceptably large efforts in model development and experimental characterization to account for common nonlinearities such as frictional interfaces, macro-slip, and other complex material behavior. The computational requirements are also greater by orders of magnitude. Conversely, modal models are much more computationally efficient and experimentally have shown the ability to capture typical structural nonlinearity. Thus, this work will seek to use modal nonlinear identification techniques to improve the predictive capability of a finite element structural dynamics model.
Mammal decline, linked to invasive Burmese python, shifts host use of vector mosquito towards reservoir hosts of a zoonotic disease.

Invasive apex predators have profound impacts on natural communities, yet the consequences of these impacts on the transmission of zoonotic pathogens are unexplored. Collapse of large- and medium-sized mammal populations in the Florida Everglades has been linked to the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl. We used historic and current data to investigate potential impacts of these community effects on contact between the reservoir hosts (certain rodents) and vectors of Everglades virus, a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen that circulates in southern Florida. The percentage of blood meals taken from the primary reservoir host, the hispid cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord, increased dramatically (422.2%) from 1979 (14.7%) to 2016 (76.8%), while blood meals from deer, raccoons and opossums decreased by 98.2%, reflecting precipitous declines in relative abundance of these larger mammals, attributed to python predation. Overall species diversity of hosts detected in Culex cedecei blood meals from the Everglades declined by 40.2% over the same period ( H (1979) = 1.68, H (2016) = 1.01). Predictions based upon the dilution effect theory suggest that increased relative feedings upon reservoir hosts translate into increased abundance of infectious vectors, and a corresponding upsurge of Everglades virus occurrence and risk of human exposure, although this was not tested in the current study. This work constitutes the first indication that an invasive predator can increase contact between vectors and reservoirs of a human pathogen and highlights unrecognized indirect impacts of invasive predators.
Onset and Duration of Rocuronium and Succinylcholine at the Adductor Pollicis and Laryngeal Adductor Muscles in Patients Anesthetized with Fentanyl and Propofol

Rocuronium, a new non-depolarizing muscle relaxant, has a uniquely rapid onset of activity and may be suitable as a component of a rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia. We evaluated its onset and duration of effect at the larynx and the adductor pollicis in a range of doses and compared these characteristics with those of succinylcholine.
Craving as a DSM-5 Symptom of Alcohol Use Disorder in Non-Treatment Seekers.

Aims DSM-5 has added craving as a new criterion and changed the diagnostic structure of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Though craving has long been a target of intervention, less is known about the impact this addition will have on prevalence and factor structure of AUD, particularly in non-treatment seeker with alcohol problems. Methods Non-treatment seeking individuals reporting alcohol-related problems (N = 296) completed a structured clinical interview and the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS). PACS scores greater than 20 were considered to meet diagnostic criteria for the alcohol craving symptom. This study examined DSM-IV to DSM-5 diagnostic conversion and conducted an exploratory factor analysis to test the factor structure of the DSM-5 symptoms, including craving. Results The mean PACS score was 13.1 and alcohol craving was strongly correlated with other measures of alcohol use. Using the proposed cut-off score of PACS > 20, 46 participants (16.2%) met criteria for alcohol craving. Craving loaded moderately (0.47) onto the retained DSM symptoms and produced a unidimensional factor structure. The majority of participants who met for a DSM-IV AUD also met for a DSM-5 AUD (98.8%). Conclusions Craving prevalence using the PACS was relatively low compared to the remaining 10 DSM-5 symptoms, possibly due to the non-treatment seeking nature of the sample. Conversion of DSM-IV to DSM-5 in this sample led to a small increase in overall AUD prevalence. Craving loaded well onto a single factor structure for AUD.
Direct-FUSE: Removing the Middleman for High-Performance FUSE File System Support

Developing a file system is a challenging task, especially a kernel-level file system. User-level file systems alleviate the burden and development complexity associated with kernel-level implementations. The Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) is a widely used tool that allows non-privileged users to develop file systems in user space. When a FUSE file system is mounted, it runs as a user-level process. Application programs and FUSE file system processes are bridged through FUSE kernel module. However, as the FUSE kernel module transfers requests between an application program and a file system process, the overheads in a FUSE file system call from crossing the user-kernel boundary is non-trivial. The overheads contain user-kernel mode switches, context switches, and additional memory copies. In this paper, we describe our Direct-FUSE framework that supports multiple FUSE file systems as well as other, custom user-level file systems in user space without the need to cross the user/kernel boundary into the FUSE kernel module. All layers of Direct-FUSE are in user space, and applications can directly use pre-defined unified file system calls to interact with different user-defined file systems. Our performance results show that Direct-FUSE can outperform some native FUSE file systems by 11.9% on average and does not add significant overhead over backend file systems.
Archaeal Proteasomes and Sampylation

Archaea contain, both a functional proteasome and an ubiquitin-like protein conjugation system (termed sampylation) that is related to the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) of eukaryotes. Archaeal proteasomes have served as excellent models for understanding how proteins are degraded by the central energy-dependent proteolytic machine of eukaryotes, the 26S proteasome. While sampylation has only recently been discovered, it is thought to be linked to proteasome-mediated degradation in archaea. Unlike eukaryotes, sampylation only requires an E1 enzyme homolog of the E1-E2-E3 ubiquitylation cascade to mediate protein conjugation. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that archaeal and eurkaryotic E1 enzyme homologs can serve dual roles in mediating protein conjugation and activating sulfur for incorporation into biomolecules. The focus of this book chapter is the energy-dependent proteasome and sampylation systems of Archaea.
Software for Scientific Computation

Abstract The three themes of this paper are: (1) Software can be an excellent means for the transfer of scientific and technical know-how. (2) The two keys to exploiting this potential are very high level languages (problem solving environments) and a software parts technology (reusable software). (3) A software parts technology depends essentially on the use of a standard methodology for software performance evaluation. The emphasis is on the first two themes.
Accuracy analysis of the space shuttle solid rocket motor profile measuring device

The Profile Measuring Device (PMD) was developed at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center following the loss of the Space Shuttle Challenger. It is a rotating gauge used to measure the absolute diameters of mating features of redesigned Solid Rocket Motor field joints. Diameter tolerance of these features are typically + or - 0.005 inches and it is required that the PMD absolute measurement uncertainty be within this tolerance. In this analysis, the absolute accuracy of these measurements were found to be + or - 0.00375 inches, worst case, with a potential accuracy of + or - 0.0021 inches achievable by improved temperature control.
Radiative and Physiological Effects of Increased CO2: How does this Interaction Affect Climate in the Mediterranean Region?

the radiative and physiological effects of doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) on climate are described using climate simulations. When CO2 was increased for vegetation only assuming no radiative effect, the response was a decrease in stomatal conductance followed by a temperature increase. This temperature increase was stronger when the vegetation physiological down-regulation was allowed in the model. The radiative forcing alone did not affect the global mean photosynthesis, however, some stimulation was observed in cold places. The interactions between the physiological and the radiative effects of doubled CO2 are not linearly additive and when acting together they tend to reduce the warming in the Mediterranean region.
Ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids from high-oleate sunflower seeds.

The objective of these experiments was to examine methods of modifying the fatty acid composition of bovine tissues. In the first experiment, four steers were fitted with duodenal fistulas and were assigned to four diets in a Latin square design. The steers were fed a control diet or the same diet containing 10% high-oleate partially crushed sunflower seeds, serum-coated sunflower seeds, and heat-treated, serum-coated sunflower seeds for 5 d. Samples of digesta and feces were collected on d 5. The inclusion of sunflower seeds (plain or serum-coated) in the diet increased (P less than .05) the digesta concentration of stearate. The percentage of stearate in the digesta and feces was increased (P less than .05) from 51 to 67% and from 64 to 74%, respectively, when steers were fed the untreated sunflower seed. The fecal concentration of oleate was increased (P less than .05) by dietary sunflower seeds in steers that were fed the serum-coated, unheated sunflower seeds. In a second experiment, heifers (four per group) were fed a corn-based control diet or diets containing 10% of high-oleate sunflower oil encapsulated with calcium alginate, either plain, coated with blood meal, or with blood meal integrated into the pellet. After 50 d on treatment, samples of perianal adipose tissue were obtained by biopsy. The fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue was not modified by the inclusion of the encapsulated oleate in the diet. In summary, limited ruminal bypass of sunflower seed oleate was accomplished with sunflower seed but not with encapsulated oleate.
USE OF UNCONDITIONED AND CONDITIONED BEHAVIORS IN EVALUATING POSSIBLE HALLUCINOGENIC AGENTS

Abstract The effects of dl -4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and dl -3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) were compared to those of d -amphetamine (AMP) and mescaline (MES) on unconditioned and conditioned behavioral tests. The former tests included measures of horizontal locomotion in mice and rats, plus vertical activity in rats. AMP increased activity by all measures in rats and mice. Both PMA and MDA had effects in rats similar to those of MES, low doses depressing activity and higher doses increasing activity; such a biphasic pattern was also evident in mice for the former two drugs. These two agents diminished vertical activity in rats as MES did, although a low dose of PMA increased it. Concerning the conditioned avoidance response of rats in an automated shuttlebox, PMA and MDA, as well as MES, caused a biphasic temporal pattern of changes characteristic of hallucinogens, i.e., initial disruption followed by facilitation, whereas AMP caused a uniform facilitation. Thus, for these measures, PMA and MDA shared behavioral properties with MES rather than with AMP, a finding which correlates with the known acute hallucinogenic properties of PMA, MDA and MES in human subjects. The reinforcing properties of AMP, MES, PMA and dl -2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), were assessed in rats by the self-administration (SA) paradigm. Initial research on PMA suggested that toxicity occurring with the i.v. route caused avoidance rather than SA. However, rats having intragastric (i.g.) cannulas acquired SA behavior. To minimize aversive effects, further SA research on the other three agents also used the i.g. route. In such studies all four drugs were found to be self-administered. Lower doses produced the highest rates of infusion, and increases in dose resulted in a dose-related decrease in SA. Consideration of the amounts of drug taken relative to dose per infusion indicate a tendency to regulate drug intake independently of unit dose. Several aspects of the experimental setting which did not appear to hinder SA of other classes of drugs had to be modified in order to obtain consistent SA of these three hallucinogens.
Civil Litigation in Comparative Context

This collection of edited readings introduces the varieties of litigation systems in use in different modern states. It opens with a treatment of the principal differences among the major civil litigation systems. Subsequent chapters cover the organization of courts and the legal profession, the role of the attorney and the judge, the processes of learning and proving facts, short cuts to judgment and provisional remedies, the appellate process, enforcement of judgments, and the prospects for convergence and harmonization. The book can be used as (i) an adjunct to an introductory civil procedure course; (ii) the text for an upper-class seminar in comparative procedure; and (iii) as a supplement to the existing general comparative law casebooks.
Injury-based Geographic Access to Trauma Centers

OBJECTIVE Previous studies examining access to trauma care use patient residence as a proxy for location and need for services, which could result in a flawed understanding of access to trauma centers. The objective of this study was to examine the geographic access of the U.S. population to trauma centers based on trauma incident locations. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using 9-1-1 emergency medical services activations associated with traumatic injury from the 2014 National Emergency Medical Services Information System and trauma centers participating in the 2014 American Hospital Association Annual Survey. The measures included the percentage of trauma incidents that could reach a trauma center within 60 minutes by ground ambulance, capacity-to-demand ratio for each trauma center, and overall trauma care accessibility ratio for each U.S. zip code. RESULTS A total of 92.9% of all trauma incidents could be transported to an existing trauma center within 60 minutes by ground ambulance, and 85.3% could be transported to a Level I or II trauma center within this time frame in the 32 study states. While 94.7% of trauma incidents in the Northeast area could be transported to a Level I or II trauma center within a 60-minute driving time, the capacity-to-demand ratios of trauma centers in this region were low, indicating high utilization of those trauma center resources. By using the accessibility measure, we found that some Midwestern and Southern states had higher amounts of accessible trauma center resources relative to the number of injuries than Northeastern states. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that greater access to trauma care and significant variations can be observed throughout the 32 study states when using trauma incident location rather than patient residence to calculate access to trauma care. The proposed capacity-to-demand ratio and accessibility ratio can be applied to many other needs assessments in health care.
Divergent Auditory Nerve Encoding Deficits Between Two Common Etiologies of Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Speech intelligibility can vary dramatically between individuals with similar clinically defined severity of hearing loss based on the audiogram. These perceptual differences, despite equal audiometric-threshold elevation, are often assumed to reflect central-processing variations. Here, we compared peripheral-processing in auditory nerve (AN) fibers of male chinchillas between two prevalent hearing loss etiologies: metabolic hearing loss (MHL) and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). MHL results from age-related reduction of the endocochlear potential due to atrophy of the stria vascularis. MHL in the present study was induced using furosemide, which provides a validated model of age-related MHL in young animals by reversibly inhibiting the endocochlear potential. Effects of MHL on peripheral processing were assessed using Wiener-kernel (system identification) analyses of single AN fiber responses to broadband noise, for direct comparison to previously published AN responses from animals with NIHL. Wiener-kernel analyses show that even mild NIHL causes grossly abnormal coding of low-frequency stimulus components. In contrast, for MHL the same abnormal coding was only observed with moderate to severe loss. For equal sensitivity loss, coding impairment was substantially less severe with MHL than with NIHL, probably due to greater preservation of the tip-to-tail ratio of cochlear frequency tuning with MHL compared with NIHL rather than different intrinsic AN properties. Differences in peripheral neural coding between these two pathologies-the more severe of which, NIHL, is preventable-likely contribute to individual speech perception differences. Our results underscore the need to minimize noise overexposure and for strategies to personalize diagnosis and treatment for individuals with sensorineural hearing loss.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Differences in speech perception ability between individuals with similar clinically defined severity of hearing loss are often assumed to reflect central neural-processing differences. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that peripheral neural processing of complex sounds differs dramatically between the two most common etiologies of hearing loss. Greater processing impairment with noise-induced compared with an age-related (metabolic) hearing loss etiology may explain heightened speech perception difficulties in people overexposed to loud environments. These results highlight the need for public policies to prevent noise-induced hearing loss, an entirely avoidable hearing loss etiology, and for personalized strategies to diagnose and treat sensorineural hearing loss.
Auguste Comte: The Encounter between Two Luminaries: Comte and Mill

In the middle of the still more complete isolation that results from my new domestic situation, I attach more and more value to the intimate sympathy — both intellectual and affectionate — that has so happily developed between us. Comte to Mill, 1842 WORK ON VOLUME 6 OF THE COURS AND PROBLEMS AT SCHOOL Comte's recent battle with the scientists reaffirmed his tendency to view history as a struggle between specialists and generalists. He was eager to delineate this conflict in the Cours . As soon as the fifth volume appeared, he started lesson 56 of the next volume. Although this chapter came to 344 pages and was the longest of all, he completed it in a month, on June 17, 1841. It covered the development of the positive stage of history and demonstrated the provisional nature of the contemporary period, which he aptly named the “age of specialization.” During the following month, he wrote the first half of lesson 57, another 300-page chapter. It dealt with the organic tendencies of the positive age and the inevitable triumph of the “spirit of generalization.” These reveries about the future were interrupted, however, by his examination tour, which began July 14. He found it more onerous than usual, for he and other examiners were given the additional task of evaluating almost fifty candidates for the Ecole Royale Forestiere.
The Pharmacology of Stem Cell Transplant for Autoimmune Disease

Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells which have the ability to re-establish the bone marrow and immune systems. They can be derived from a multitude of sources, and the choice of using a specific stem cell source for a specific patient depends on the patient’s underlying disease state and comorbidities. Stem cells can be harvested from the patient’s own hemato-immune system, i.e., AUTOLOGOUS collection, or from another person (a donor), i.e., ALLOGENIC sources. The cells can be harvested through an APHERESIS (peripheral stem cell collection), from the placenta and CORD BLOOD or from the donor’s bone marrow. Unlike hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells are not specific for a patient. They are undifferentiated cells with the capacity of self-renewal and the ability to undergo multilineage differentiation which can be obtained from a multitude of sources.
A study for the properties of the Portland cement from different sources available in the Iraqi market

The quality of the cement used is the most important criteria for the implementation of the plain and reinforced concrete mixtures as well as the finishing works. So that the durability of concrete members and other cement applications is a function of the quality of the cement used. In recent years,the Iraqi marketimported many types of cement from another countries, most of them have no typical tests for their chemical and physical properties or not confirm with the Iraqi specifications.In this study a comparisonwas made between random types of cements which are common used in Iraq throughout an experimental investigation. All tests werecarried in a accordance with the Iraqi specifications. For this purpose the cement mix was prepared with cement content of 300 kg/m3 and W/C ratio of 0.45. Mix proportioning of 1:1.5:3 was used for all of tested mixes. The initial and find setting times and slump tests were performedin order to identify thepropertiesof fresh concrete. On the other hand, tests of compressive strengths were adoptedto evaluatethe properties of hardened concrete. The resultsobtained showed that the locally produced cement (type Al-Muthana) is the most favorable cement compared with the other tested samples (from another countries), because of its high compressive strength and less water requirements to reach the standard consistency
Peer Substance Use Norms and Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs among a National Sample of African American Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between peer substance use norms and lifetime and past year nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among African American adolescents...
Depression Treatment Evidence and Application to Individuals with Intellectual Disability

Depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Its effects impact individuals as well as families, communities, and the broader society. When depression is comorbid with other conditions, such as intellectual disabilities, a unique combination of challenges is presented that can make treatment efficacy difficult. The treatment efficacy literature contains much evidence from research on adults without intellectual disabilities, which provides the best support for combined treatments of CBT and psychopharmacological interventions. Although a smaller base of research exists for depression in youth, similar conclusions can be found; however, effect sizes tend to be smaller. For individuals with depression and comorbid disability, the research is very much in nascent stages. Conclusions for a clinical course of treatment must therefore rely on evidence from typically developing adults and youth, with appropriate adaptations based on the particular intellectual deficits that are present. This chapter explores evidence for depression treatment in typically developing adults and youth as well as for individuals with comorbid intellectual disabilities. Implications for treatment adaptations and directions for future research are also considered.
Actuation Frequency Modeling and Prediction for Shape Memory Alloy Actuators

This article proposes a numerical model to predict actuation frequencies (strain-cycling frequencies) for 1-D shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators. The numerical model is designed by comprehensively considering the factors that significantly affect an SMA actuator's strain-cycling frequency, i.e., heat convection methods, constant or nonconstant bias loads, and Joule heating methods. For computing strain cycles of SMA actuators, we develop a computation framework that effectively integrates an SMA constitutive model, a phase transformation kinetic model, stress-strain models for different types of bias stress, and a heat transfer model of SMA wires. The strain and temperature rates are formulated by nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The strain and temperature cycles can be accurately approximated by numerical iterative methods. Experimental verification was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed model. By initially identifying the SMA characteristic parameters, we employed Latin hypercube sampling method to generate 30 sets of design parameters for comparing the predicted and measured actuation frequencies. In addition, we investigated how the uncertainty of premeasured SMA characteristic parameters affect the numerical prediction of actuation frequency by conducting sensitivity analysis. The experiments demonstrate $0.7\%\text{--}9.03\%$ and $2.65\%\text{--}17.57\%$ differences between predicted and measured actuation frequencies for constant bias loads and spring bias loads, respectively.
On Finite Automata with Limited Nondeterminism

We develop a new algorithm for determining if a given nondeterministic finite automaton is limited in nondeterminism. From this, we show that the number of nondeterministic moves of a finite automaton, if limited, is bounded by \(2^{n} - 2\) where \(n\) is the number of states. If the finite automaton is over a one-letter alphabet, using Gohon's result the number of nondeterministic moves, if limited, is less than \(n^{2}\). In both cases, we present families of finite automata demonstrating that the upper bounds obtained are almost tight. We also show that the limitedness problem of the number of nondeterministic moves of finite automata is PSPACE-hard. Since the problem is already known to be in PSPACE, it is therefore PSPACE-complete.
Perioperative Indicators of Prognosis in Acute Invasive Fungal Sinusitis.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to identify perioperative independent prognostic factors that are available to the consulting team to aid in determining prognosis in patients with acute invas...
Abstract TP398: Cognitive Performance Over Time in Children With Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 40% of stroke in children. Few studies report cognitive outcomes and none have conducted serial testing over time. We hypothesi...
Age-Related Differences in Ventral Striatal and Default Mode Network Function During Reciprocated Trust

Social relationships change across the lifespan as social networks narrow and motivational priorities shift to the present. Interestingly, aging is also associated with changes in executive function, including decision-making abilities, but it remains unclear how age-related changes in both domains interact to impact financial decisions involving other people. To study this problem, we recruited 50 human participants (N_younger = 26, ages 18-34; N_older = 24, ages 63-80) to play an economic trust game as the investor with three partners (friend, stranger, and computer) who played the role of investee. Investors underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the trust game while investees were seated outside of the scanner. Building on our previous work with younger adults showing both enhanced striatal responses and altered default-mode network (DMN) connectivity as a function of social closeness during reciprocated trust, we predicted that these relations would exhibit age-related differences. We found that striatal responses to reciprocated trust from friends relative to strangers and computers were blunted in older adults relative to younger adults, thus supporting our primary pre-registered hypothesis regarding social closeness. We also found that older adults exhibited enhanced DMN connectivity with the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) during reciprocated trust from friends compared to computers while younger adults exhibited the opposite pattern. Taken together, these results advance our understanding of age-related differences in sensitivity to social closeness in the context of trusting others.
Optimal Multi-Manipulator Arm Placement for Maximal Dexterity during Robotics Surgery

Robot arm placements are oftentimes a limitation in surgical preoperative procedures, relying on trained staff to evaluate and decide on the optimal positions for the arms. Given new and different patient anatomies, it can be challenging to make an informed choice, leading to more frequently colliding arms or limited manipulator workspaces. In this paper, we develop a method to generate the optimal manipulator base positions for the multi-port da Vinci surgical system that minimizes self-collision and environment-collision, and maximizes the surgeon’s reachability inside the patient. Scoring functions are defined for each criterion so that they may be optimized over. Since for multi-manipulator setups, a large number of free parameters are available to adjust the base positioning of each arm, a challenge becomes how one can expediently assess possible setups. We thus also propose methods that perform fast queries of each measure with the use of a proxy collision-checker. We then develop an optimization method to determine the optimal position using the scoring functions. We evaluate the optimality of the base positions for the robot arms on canonical trajectories, and show that the solution yielded by the optimization program can satisfy each criterion. The metrics and optimization strategy are generalizable to other surgical robotic platforms so that patient-side manipulator positioning may be optimized and solved.
Foot and ankle disorders associated with functional impairment in the elderly

Maintaining mobility is critical for the elderly because decreased mobility compromises their reduced neuromuscular and cardiopulmonary reserve capacities. Lack of weight-bearing activities contributes to the development of progressive osteopenia and osteoporosis which may lead to serious medical problems. Maintenance of independent ambulation allows the elderly to participate in social activities, reducing depression and promoting general wellbeing. Fear of falling is one of the main concerns of the institutionalized elderly as well as their caregivers, and discourages active ambulation [1]. Although impaired mobility due solely to foot problems seems relatively rare in the elderly, mobility requires healthy feet. Practicing physicians frequently overlook chronic foot disorders in the elderly because they mostly result from a lifetime of use and are seldom life-threatening. Physicians in general may not be concerned about foot complaints and may never examine their patient’s feet or shoes. On the other hand, some specialists like to treat foot problems surgically as a quick and convenient way to solve foot problems of the elderly. This article will discuss foot and ankle disorders associated with musculoskeletal dysfunction, and systemic diseases that affect the lower extremities. Conditions well described in many other textbooks, such as corns, calluses, hammer and claw toes, bunions, and
Impact experiments. I - Ejecta velocity distributions and related results from regolith targets

Results are reported of laboratory measurements of the velocity distributions of powdery ejecta of 14 impacts into powders simulating regolith in near vacuum. The impact velocities ranged from 5-2321 m/sec, a velocity range believed prevalent in the early solar system. The powder was mechanically similar to lunar regolith. The projectiles comprised harder materials than the regolith, i.e., pyrex spheres, basalt spheres and cylinders, and igneous rocks. High-speed photography was employed to record the events. The differences between the present results and those from hypervelocity impacts are discussed in detail. Notably, an impact velocity threshold was detected between 10-30 m/sec, below which the amount of ejecta is less than the projectile mass.
Just say no! Drugs and febrile seizures.

A seizure, even a febrile seizure, is terrifying to the family. Seeking reassurance that their child will not die and does not have epilepsy, parents turn to their physician. What is he or she to do? Often the physician prescribes medication "to prevent further seizures" and then reassures the family that the child will be fine if the medicine is given daily as directed. Both the recommendation and the reassurance are wrong. A Consensus Development Conference on Febrile Seizures held by the National Institutes of Health in 19801 concluded that they would only "consider" anticonvulsant prophylaxis when the child (1) had abnormal neurologic development, (2) had long or focal seizures, (3) had more than two seizures in 24 hours, (4) had a history of nonfebrile seizures in parent or sibling, or (5) was younger than 1 years of age.
Biological and environmental dynamics of insect growth regulators (IGRs) as used against Diptera of public health importance.

Chemicals which interfere and induce alterations in the development and growth processes of insects are commonly known as insect hormones, hormone mimics, insect developmental inhibitors, morphogenic agents, and insect growth regulators (IGRs). The effectiveness and potential use of IGRs have been recently reported extensively in the entomological literature. The types of IGRs studied to date include insect juvenile hormones (JHs) and their synthetic analogs (JHAs), chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs), and other substances manifesting growth modifying properties.
Fortune 1000 communication strategies on Facebook and Twitter

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the communication strategies corporations adopt for Facebook and/or Twitter, and the consistency of communication strategies used on both Facebook and Twitter. Design/methodology/approach – A content analysis of 2011 Fortune 1000 corporate Facebook and Twitter sites was undertaken. Specially, communication strategies on 63 Fortune 1000 Facebook sites and 65 Fortune 1000 Twitter sites in January 2012 were examined. Findings – This study found that a majority of the examined Fortune 1000 companies emphasized a corporate ability communication strategy over a corporate social responsibility communication strategy on their Facebook and Twitter sites. Additionally, none of these companies used a true hybrid strategy on their social media sites (SMSs). Results also demonstrated that these companies were following the one message principle of integrated communication. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to its samples size and the coding time...
Loop expansions and string/five-brane duality

Abstract The heterotic string involves two kinds of loop expansion: quantum D = 10 string loops (L) and classical d = 2 σ-model loops (l). Similarly, the heterotic five-brane requires quantum D = 10 five-brane loops (L′) and classical d = 6 δ-model loops (l′). We show that under string/five-brane duality the roˆles are reversed: L = l′ − 1 and L′ = l − 1. Thus the theory may be regarded as purely classical. Assuming L′ ⩾ O, this rules out a cosmological term which can occur only for l = 0.
Convex functions on real Banach spaces

The letter E will always denote a real Banach space, D will be a nonempty open convex subset of E and f will be a convex function on D.