cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Pathogen Resistance in Crop Plants

As the world population continues to increase, food supplies must also grow to meet nutritional requirements. One means of ensuring the stability and plentitude of the food supply is to mitigate crop loss caused by plant pathogens. Strategies for combating disease include traditional technologies such as plant breeding and chemical applications; current technologies such as generating transgenic plants that express components of known defense signaling pathways; and the adaptation of newer technologies such as RNA silencing of pathogen and plant transcripts. Breeding has been used to pyramid resistance (R) genes into many different plants including rice. Chemical strategies include application of salicylic acid (SA) analogs to stimulate systemic acquired resistance (SAR) responses. Genetic screens in Arabidopsis have identified genes controlling SAR and these genes have been manipulated and used to engineer crop plants. The diseases caused by plant viruses are being thwarted through the initiation of endogenous RNA silencing mechanisms. Many of these strategies show great promise, some limitations, and exciting opportunities to develop many new tools for combating plant pests.
Effect of Basement Membrane Entactin on Epidermal Cell Attachment and Growth

Abstract A preparation of laminin and entactin (Matrix), extracted from the basement membrane of the murine cell line M1536-B3 was used to evaluate the effect of entactin on epidermal cell attachment and growth in culture. Cell growth on Matrix was significantly higher than on laminin or plastic, in the presence or absence of serum. In attachment assays, the attachment of cells to laminin (137% of control) or to Matrix (158% of control) was significantly higher when compared with plastic ( p p p Inhibition studies with anti-entactin and anti-laminin antibodies were used to assay the specific contribution of entactin to cell attachment to Matrix. Pretreatment of the substratum with increasing amounts of anti-entactin antibody decreased cell attachment to Matrix in a concentration-dependent manner, with cell attachment to Matrix eventually falling to the same level as that obtained with laminin. There was no effect with anti-entactin on cell attachment to laminin or to plastic controls, and nonspecific rabbit IgG had no effect on any group. Similar experiments were performed using 2 different concentrations of anti-laminin antibody. At a low concentration, antilaminin antibody decreased attachment to laminin (to a level equivalent to the plastic control). At a higher concentration anti-laminin decreased attachment to Matrix, but to a level that was still greater than the plastic control. The anti-laminin antibody had no effect on attachment to the plastic control and nonspecific rat IgG in equivalent amounts had no effect on attachment to any of the substrata. These results indicate that Matrix, containing laminin and entactin, enhanced cell attachment above the level seen with laminin alone, and that this effect was probably due to the presence of entactin in the Matrix.
Clinical monitoring scales in acute brain injury: assessment of coma, pain, agitation, and delirium.

Serial clinical examination represents the most fundamental and basic form of neurological monitoring, and is often the first and only form of such monitoring in patients. Even in patients subjected to physiological monitoring using a range of technologies, the clinical examination remains an essential tool to follow neurological progress. Key aspects of the clinical examination have now been systematized into scoring schemes, and address consciousness, pain, agitation, and delirium (PAD). The Glasgow Coma Scale has been the traditional tool to measure consciousness, but the full outline of unresponsiveness (FOUR) score has recently been validated in a variety of settings, and at present, both represent clinically useful tools. Assessment of PAD in neurologically compromised patients present special challenges. For pain, the Numeric Rating Scale is the preferred initial approach, with either the Behavioral Pain Scale or the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool in subjects who are not able to respond. The Nociception Coma Scale-Revised may be useful in patients with severe disorders of consciousness. Conventional sedation scoring tools for critical care, such as the Richmond Area Sedation Scale (RASS) and Sedation–Agitation Scale (SAS) may provide reasonable tools in some neurocritical care patients. The use of sedative drugs and neuromuscular blockers may invalidate the use of some clinical examination tools in others. The use of sedation interruption to assess neurological status can result in physiological derangement in unstable patients (such as those with uncontrolled intracranial hypertension), and is not recommended.
Axoglial junctions in the mouse mutant Shiverer.

Abstract Analysis of Shiverer central nervous tissue by the freeze-fracture method shows that axoglial junctions of the type found normally in the paranodal region occur commonly despite the gross reduction in myelin. On a substructural level these junctions appear identical to those that form between paranodal oligodendroglial processes and the axolemma. On a grosser level, however, they are bizarre in shape, arrangement and distribution. Isolated glial processes, or small sheaves of them, course among axons and form such junctions in an irregular patchy manner, usually without apparent relationship to paranodal regions. These aberrant junctions may be oriented transversely, obliquely or longitudinally with respect to the axonal axis. Axolemmal E face particle accumulations, which characterize normal nodes of Ranvier, are usually not found in the membrane adjacent to the aberrant junctional patches. Thus, axoglial junctional specializations of the paranodal type can form in this mutant in the absence of the myelin proteins that are deficient in Shiverer, and such junctions may appear in areas not related to other paranodal or nodal structures. The relevance of these findings to differentiation of the axolemma and to the neurological defects in this mutation is discussed.
Should living-unrelated renal transplant recipients receive antibody induction? Results of a clinical experience trial.

Background. Living-donor kidney transplant recipients generally do not receive antibody induction. Induction avoidance may not be appropriate, particularly for living-unrelated renal transplant (LURT) recipients, in whom matching may not be optimal. We compared the incidence of acute rejection and graft outcome of LURT recipients who were administered no induction and cadaveric renal transplant (CRT) recipients who were administered anti-CD25 antibody. These groups both had immediate graft function and similar maintenance immunosuppression. Methods. This retrospective analysis included patients who received kidney transplants between 1999 and 2000. CRT recipients received basiliximab, corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and delayed tacrolimus (serum creatinine <3 mg/dL). LURT recipients received tacrolimus (initiated pretransplantation), MMF, and corticosteroids. Results. The analysis included 136 LURT recipients and 126 CRT recipients. CRT recipients included more African Americans (52.4% vs. 30.9%, P<0.01). LURT recipients included more patients with at least one human leukocyte antigen mismatch (97.8% vs. 85.7%, P<0.01). A higher acute rejection rate was observed in LURT recipients at both 6 months (LURT recipients 19.1% vs. CRT recipients 3.2%, P<0.01) and 1 year (21.3% vs. 4.0%, P<0.0004); a higher rate also was observed in African American LURT recipients compared with African American CRT recipients (35.7% vs. 4.5%, P<0.0015) at 1 year. LURT recipients demonstrated a threefold greater rejection risk than CRT recipients who were administered basiliximab (relative risk: 3.6, P<0.002). Graft survival was similar at 1 year. Conclusion. The higher rejection rates in LURT recipients (no induction) compared with CRT recipients (basiliximab induction), despite similar chronic immunosuppression (tacrolimus, MMF, and steroids) and immediate graft function, indicate the potential advantage of anti-CD25 induction in LURT protocols to reduce the risk of acute rejection.
Crowdsourcing recommendations from social sentiment

In this paper, we investigate an innovative recommendation system by incorporating relevant social opinion and sentiment information. Our recommendation system, a powerful application of social sentiment analysis, differs from many existing models, which investigate the situation where the social network itself is structured to work with the product ranking and is specially built inside an e-commerce website. In contrast, our proposed system focuses on constructing and inferring product recommendations from external social network services (SNS) such as Facebook. In our system, we process product features in a finite-dimensional polynomial linear space. Additional components of our proposed system include an asymmetric similarity measurement and an asymmetric advantage measurement. We also show that our definitions for the two measurements include specific properties that reduce the computational overhead in the experiments. An important aspect of our modeling is to incorporate user-generated high-level semantic sentiment in the analysis. We apply our models to real time data and observe promising results for not only product recommendation but also job recommendation.
Cloning and characterization of SARI (suppressor of AP-1, regulated by IFN)

We describe a novel basic leucine zipper containing type I IFN-inducible early response gene SARI (Suppressor of AP-1, Regulated by IFN). Steady-state SARI mRNA expression was detected in multiple lineage-specific normal cells, but not in their transformed/tumorigenic counterparts. In normal and cancer cells, SARI expression was induced 2 h after fibroblast IFN (IFN-β) treatment with 1 U/ml of IFN-β. Antisense inhibition of SARI protected HeLa cells from IFN-β-mediated growth inhibition. As a corollary, overexpression of SARI inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in cancer cells, but not in normal cells. SARI interacted with c-Jun via its leucine zipper, resulting in inhibition of DNA binding of activator protein (AP-1) complex and consequently AP-1-dependent gene expression. Transformed cells relying on AP-1 activity for proliferative advantage demonstrated increased susceptibility to SARI-mediated growth inhibition. These findings uncover a novel mode of IFN-induced anti-tumor growth suppression and suggest potential gene therapy applications for SARI.
Polarized light sensitivity in the stage I zoea of the mud crab Panopeus herbstii

Stage I zoea larvae of Panopeus herbstii were tested for their orientations while swimming in a glass chamber and exposed to either polarized or unpolarized light. The larvae assumed a primarily vertical orientation of the dorsal spine (body axis horizontal) under all experimental conditions. Sensitivity to polarized light was demonstrated when larvae exposed to a polarization plane tilted off the horizontal shifted their orientations in the direction of the e-vector tilt. In addition, more of the larvae exposed to a horizontal e-vector were oriented to within a few degrees about the vertical direction, and they were less variable in their orientations than the populations of larvae exposed to unpolarized light. The possible ecological implications of such behavior are discussed.
The acceleration potential in fluid-body interaction problems

The velocity potential \({\phi}\) is commonly used when solving fluid–body interaction problems. The acceleration potential \({\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial t}}\) is a supplementary concept that offers several advantages. It increases temporal accuracy when solving large-amplitude motions numerically. It also results in better time-stepping stability when solving body equations of motion in the time-domain. The acceleration-potential formulation requires solving the velocity-potential problem first, and in many interesting cases increases accuracy and stability while improving overall computational efficiency. This paper reviews various formulations of the acceleration potential found in potential-flow hydrodynamics. For brevity, only the radiation-problem is considered where waves are due to the motion of the body. First, the velocity-potential problem is stated, including conventions and coordinate systems. The form of the rigid-body equations of motions is briefly discussed, as well as the coupling to the hydrodynamic problem. The various acceleration-potential formulations are reviewed and compared mathematically. Analytic and numerical solutions are also evaluated and analyzed. The computer simulations include convergence studies and large-amplitude motions. Finally, conclusions are presented discussing the applicability and advantages of the methods described, as well as the general use of the acceleration potential.
The i.r. and Raman spectra of cis- and trans-1,2-dimethyldiborane

Abstract Raman spectra (liquid and solid) and i.r. spectra (gas and solid) have been measured for samples of trans -1,2-dimethyldiborane and of cis -1,2-dimethyldiborane. The observed spectra have been assigned and a set of fundamentals has been proposed. Methyl torsions have been assigned in the i.r. and Raman spectra of the trans isomer in the solid and a three-fold barrier to internal rotation, 2.61 kcal mol −1 , has been calculated. No methyl torsions could be uniquely located for the cis isomer. The fundamentals observed are compared with a calculation due to other workers, and the general agreement is quite good. Previous spectroscopic work on these compounds, thought to be mainly on the cis form, is believed to represent spectra of an equilibrium mixture of both forms.
Epimerization and substrate gating by a TE domain in β-lactam antibiotic biosynthesis

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases are versatile engines of bioactive natural product biosynthesis that function according to the multiple carrier thiotemplate mechanism. C-terminal thioesterase (TE) domains of these giant modular proteins typically catalyze product release by hydrolysis or macrocyclization. We now report an unprecedented, dual-function TE that is involved in the biosynthesis of nocardicin A, which is the paradigm monocyclic β-lactam antibiotic. Contrary to our expectation, a stereodefined series of potential peptide substrates for the nocardicin TE domain failed to undergo hydrolysis. The stringent discrimination against peptide intermediates was overcome by prior monocyclic β-lactam formation at an L-seryl site. Kinetic data are interpreted such that the TE domain acts as a gatekeeper to hold the assembling peptide on an upstream domain until β-lactam formation takes place and then rapidly catalyzes epimerization, which has not been observed previously as a TE catalytic function, and thioesterase cleavage to discharge a fully fledged pentapeptide β-lactam harboring nocardicin G, the universal precursor of the nocardicins.
APRN consensus model implementation and planning

The Annual Legislative Update describes the legislative issues that have the most impact on nurse practitioners and other advanced practice nurses across the country.
Assembly and activation of the plasma kallikrein/kinin system: a new interpretation.

Abstract Understanding the importance and physiologic activity of the plasma kallikrein/kinin system (KKS) has been thwarted by the absence of an inclusive theory for its assembly and activation. The contact activation hypothesis describes the assembly and activation of this system in test tubes and disease states, but not under physiologic circumstances. Recent investigations have indicated a new cohesive hypothesis for understanding physiologic activation of this system. Prekallikrein (PK) and factor XI (FXI) through high molecular weight kininogen (HK) assemble on a co-localized, multiprotein receptor complex on endothelial cells that consists of at least cytokeratin 1 (CK1), gC1qR, and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). When assembled on these proteins, prekallikrein becomes activated to kallikrein by the membrane-expressed enzyme prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP). Formed kallikrein then activates factor XII (FXII) for amplification of its activation and single chain urokinase. The plasma kallikrein/kinin system may serve as a physiologic counterbalance to the plasma renin angiotensin system (RAS) by lowering blood pressure and preventing thrombosis. Insights into the integrated role of these two systems may afford the development of novel therapeutic drugs to manage hypertension and thrombosis.
Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy for stages I through III non-small cell lung cancer.

1. Hughes FA, Higgins G. Veterans Administration surgical adjuvant lung cancer chemotherapy study: present status. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1962;44:295-304. 2. Slack NH. Bronchogenic carcinoma: nitrogen mustard as a surgical adjuvant and factors influencing survival. University Surgical Adjuvant Lung Project. Cancer 1970;25:987-1002. 3. Brunner KW, Marthaler T, Muller W, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research. Effects of long-term adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) for radically resected bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Rep 1973;4: 125-32. 4. Shields TW, Robinette CO, Keehn RJ. Bronchial carcinoma treated by adjuvant cancer chemotherapy. Arch Surg 1974;109: 329-33. 5. Shields TW, Humphrey EW, Eastridge CE, Keehn RJ. Adjuvant cancer chemotherapy after resection of carcinoma of the lung. Cancer 1977;40:2057-62. 6. Van Houtte P, Rocmans P, Smets P, et al. Postoperative radiation therapy in lung cancer: a controlled trial after resection of curative design. Int J Radiat Oncol Bioi Phys 1980;6:983-6. 7. McKneally MF, Maver C, Lininger L, et al. Four-year follow-up on the Albany experience with intrapleural BCG in lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981;81:485-92. 8. Mountain CF, Gail MH. Surgical adjuvant intrapleural BCG treatment for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Preliminary report of the National Cancer Institute Lung Cancer Study Group. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981;82:649-57. 9. Kirsh MM, Sloan H. Mediastinal metastases in bronchogenic carcinoma: influence of postoperative irradiation, cell type and location. Ann Thorac Surg 1982;33:459-63. 10. Shields TW, Higgins GA Jr, Humphrey EW, Matthews MJ, Keehn RJ. Prolonged intermittent adjuvant chemotherapy with CCNU and hydroxyurea after resection of carcinoma of the lung. Cancer 1982;50:1713-21. 11. The Lung Cancer Study Group, Holmes EC, Hill LO, Gail M. A randomized comparison of the effects of adjuvant therapy on resected stages II and III non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Ann Surg 1985;202:335-41. 12. Ludwig Lung Cancer Study Group. Adverse effect of intrapleural Corynebacterium parvum as adjuvant therapy in resected stage I and II non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985;89:842-7. 13. Holmes EC, Gail M, The Lung Cancer Study Group. Surgical adjuvant therapy for stage II and stage III adenocarcinoma and large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1986; 4:710-5. 14. The Lung Cancer Study Group. Effects of postoperative mediastinal radiation on completely resected stage II and stage III epidermoid cancer of the lung. N Engl J Med 1986;315: 1377-81. 15. Sadeghi A, Payne 0, Rubinstein L, Lad T, The Lung Cancer Study Group. Combined modality treatment for resected advanced non-small cell lung cancer: local control and local recurrence. Int J Radiat Oncol BioI Phys 1988;15:89-97.
Evaluation of precipitates used in strainer head loss testing: Part III. Long-term aluminum hydroxide precipitation tests in borated water

Abstract Long-term aluminum (Al) hydroxide precipitation tests were conducted in slightly alkaline solutions containing 2500 ppm boron. The solution temperature was cycled to obtain a temperature history more representative of emergency core cooling system temperatures after a loss-of-coolant accident. The observed Al precipitation boundary was close to predicted results for amorphous precipitates, which are higher than the solubility expected for crystalline forms. Bench-scale and loop head loss test results under various conditions were successfully combined into single map in a temperature – ‘pH + p[Al]T’ domain, which yielded two bounding lines for Al hydroxide solubility in borated alkaline water that depend on whether or not loop head loss tests with Al alloy coupons are included. Precipitates were observed to form either as fine, cloudy suspensions, which showed very little tendency to settle, or as flocculated precipitates. The flocculation tendency of the precipitates can be qualitatively explained by a colloid stability theory or a phase diagram for protein solutions.
Effect of succinylcholine on the intraocular contents of open globes.

Abstract The use of succinylcholine in patients with suspected or proven open globes is considered dangerous by some for fear of extruding the intraocular contents as a consequence of the co-contraction of the extraocular muscles it produces. To test this hypothesis, the authors devised an anterior and a posterior trauma model in the cat eye. Thirty events were studied using the anterior trauma model and eight with the posterior model. The only observable effect of succinylcholine administration was forward displacement of the lens and iris. No intraocular content was lost in any event. The authors believe this study supports the argument that, when indicated, succinylcholine may be considered in open globes.
Simulating the Formation of Dual-Patterned Archaeofaunal Assemblages with Experimental Control Samples

Abstract Attempts to discern bone modification by early hominids from that by carnivores are limited due, in part, to the fact that most inferential models are based on the singular actions of either hominids or carnivores. In order partly to rectify this situation, I conducted two types of two-stage, or dual-patterned, actualistic studies to simulate whole carcass processing by hominids (stage one) followed by carnivores (stage two) in the Serengeti and Ngorongoro ecosystems of Tanzania in 1990 and 1991. Thirty whole-bone to carnivore experiments, which model hominid defleshing, and 39 hammerstone to carnivore experiments, which model the removal of flesh, marrow, the brain, and the mandibular nerve by hominids, were conducted to model variability in the behaviour of early hominids and determine its effect on secondary bone modification by carnivores. Vultures, maribou storks, jackals, and spotted hyenas were observed modifying bones from experiments in both samples; however, the overwhelming majority of bone modification was conducted by spotted hyenas. In stage two, spotted hyenas (1) deleted between 90 and 100% of the axial and compact elements placed in both experimental samples; (2) deleted 79·7% of long-bone epiphyses produced by hammerstone breakage and 98·9% of epiphyses from intact long bones; (3) placed at least one tooth mark on 64·3 and 23·2% of all the specimens recovered from whole-bone to carnivore and hammerstone to carnivore experiments, respectively; and (4) added and subtracted specimens which altered the number of specimens bearing at least one cut mark, scrape mark, and/or percussion mark. These results all reflect the cumulative and variable actions of hominids (via simulation) and spotted hyenas. Therefore, it is not possible to delete traces produced by carnivores without removing data indicative of hominid behaviour as well.
The reflection of diffuse radiation by the sea surface

Measurements of the fraction of the solar radiation passing through stratus cloud reflected by the sea surface led to the conclusion that the radiation is not completely diffuse. The average albedo was 10.5 per cent with values varying with cloud thickness and solar elevation. The indication is that for completely diffuse radiation Schmidt's theoretical value of 17 per cent would apply.
The importance of the asymmetry parameter for interpreting photoelectron spectral intensities

Abstract The importance of the asymmetry paramter β on the observed photoelectron band intensities is illustrated by comparing the spectra of benzene obtained using polarized and unpolarized photons. This method is also used to give preliminary values for the asymmetry parameter of benzene at 740 A. The energy dependence of β follows the shape of that predicted by Lohr for π and σ orbitals in ethylene.
Bone marrow transplantation in cartilage-hair hypoplasia: correction of the immunodeficiency but not of the chondrodysplasia.

We diagnosed cartilagehair hypoplasia (CHH) in a female child with prenatal-onset short stature, metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, and severe combined immunodeficiency leading to recurrent, severe respiratory tract infections. The patient required several hospital admissions during her 1st year of life and failed to thrive in spite of antimicrobial therapy and hypercaloric nutrition. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from an HLA-identical sister was performed at age 16 months after conditioning with busulphan and cyclophosphamide, using 9×108 nucleated bone marrow cells/kg body weight. Graft-versus-host disase prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine and methotrexate. The post-transplantation period was uneventful. She developed full and sustained chimerism as demonstrated by DNA analysis of granulocytes and mononucleated cells on days 44, 69 and 455 post BMT. Cellular immunity was completely reconstituted at 4 months, humoral immunity at 15 months post BMT. The patient is alive and well 24 months post BMT without medication, but the radiological osseous changes persist, and longitudinal growth remains markedly below the 10th percentile for CHH standards; her height at age 3 years 4 months is 66 cm. In this patient with unusually severe CHH, bone-marrow transplantation has fully corected the immune deficiency but has had no influence on the course of the chondrodysplasia.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of GLP-1 in healthy rats.

Purpose To provide a mechanism-based model to quantitatively describe GLP-1 pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) in rats.
Specifying composite illustrations with communicative goals

IBIS (Intent-Based Illustration System) generates illustrations automatically, guided by communicative goals. Communicative goals specify that particular properties of objects, such as their color, size, or location are to be conveyed in the illustration. IBIS is intended to be part of an interactive multimedia explanation generation system. It has access to a knowledge base that contains a collection of objects, including information about their geometric properties, material, and location. As the goals are interpreted by a rule-based control component, the system generates a precise definition of the final illustration. If IBIS determines that a set of goals cannot be satisfied in a single picture, then it attempts to create a composite illustration that has multiple viewports. For example, a composite illustration may contain a nested inset illustration showing an object in greater detail than is possible in the parent picture. Each component illustration is defined by its placement, size, viewing specification, lighting specification, and list of objects to be displayed and their graphical style.
Presence of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells.

Abstract A bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor was isolated from bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. Its N-terminal sequence is: arg-pro-asp-phe-cys-leu-glu-pro-pro-tyr-thr-gly-pro-cys-lys-ala-arg-ile-arg-tyr- phe-tyr-asn-ala-lys-ala-gly-leu-cys-gln-thr-phe-val-tyr-gly-gly-cys-arg-ala-lys- arg-asn-asn-phe-lys- which corresponds precisely with the N-terminus of Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin inhibitor. The presence of this inhibitor in these granules suggests another method of regulating the prohormone proteases present there.
Historical Vignette: Hypophosphatasia: Molecular Diagnosis of Rathbun's Original Case

In 1948, Dr. John Campbell Rathbun characterized the disorder "hypophosphatasia" when he reported paradoxically low levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in blood and in several tissues from an infant who died with rickets and epilepsy, which seemed to reflect "a new developmental anomaly." Hypophosphatasia is now recognized to be an inborn error of metabolism featuring deficient activity of the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme of ALP (TNSALP) caused by deactivating mutations in TNSALP. Here, we show, more than 50 years after Rathbun's case report, that analysis of the parental DNA indicates compound heterozygosity involving two missense mutations (G340A and A881C) in TNSALP caused the death of Rathbun's patient.
Isolation and characterization of a glycopeptide from human senescent erythrocytes

Abstract A glycopeptide (called “senescence-factor glycopeptide”, SF-G) has been isolated from a tryptic digest of human erythrocytes by specific adsorption and elution from immobilized peanut lectin. SF-G was detectable in old but not in young erythrocytes isolated from the same unit of blood. It is present in small quantities, d -galactose oxidase-borotritide-labeled d -galactosyl residues of erythrocytes. SF-G is free of sialic acid but is quite distinct from a similar glycopeptide isolated from completely desialylated erythrocytes. SF-G binds to spleen monocytes, and this property is abolished upon treatment of SF-G with β-galactosidase. Some, but not all, of the oligosaccharide chains of the SF-G are of the O -glycosyl type, being released by an endo- N -acetyl-α- d -galactosaminidase.
Quantitative analysis of pre-and postsynaptic sex differences in the nucleus accumbens

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a central role in motivation and reward. While there is ample evidence for sex differences in addiction-related behaviors, little is known about the neuroanatomical substrates that underlie these sexual dimorphisms. We investigated sex differences in synaptic connectivity of the NAc by evaluating pre- and postsynaptic measures in gonadally intact male and proestrous female rats. We used DiI labeling and confocal microscopy to measure dendritic spine density, spine head size, dendritic length, and branching of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the NAc, and quantitative immunofluorescence to measure glutamatergic innervation using pre- (vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and 2) and postsynaptic (postsynaptic density 95) markers, as well as dopaminergic innervation of the NAc. We also utilized electron microscopy to complement the above measures. Clear but subtle sex differences were identified, namely, in distal dendritic spine density and the proportion of large spines on MSNs, both of which are greater in females. Sex differences in spine density and spine head size are evident in both the core and shell subregions, but are stronger in the core. This study is the first demonstration of neuroanatomical sex differences in the NAc and provides evidence that structural differences in synaptic connectivity and glutamatergic input may contribute to behavioral sex differences in reward and addiction.
Prediction Versus Explanation in the Measurement of Values

Although economists and sociologists have often concluded that values and other internal states have little causal weight in determining behaviour, there is some evidence that the tide is turning in this respect. This article contributes to the recent revival of interest in subjectivity by comparing two different kinds of survey methods that can be used to measure values in general, and the value of civic mindedness in particular. The explicit approach -widely used in current empirical research - derives value measures on the basis of direct questions asked in nationally representative surveys such as the General Social Survey and the National Election Studies. The factorial approach imputes values indirectly from answers to vignettes. In this study, the explicit approach is revealed to have greater predictive validity but substantially lower construct validity than the factorial approach. This finding highlights the distinction between prediction and explanation in social research, and casts doubt on the adequacy of revealed preference theory.
Height estimation improvement via baseline calibration for a dual-pass dual-antenna ground-mapping IFSAR system

Data collection for interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) mapping systems currently utilize two operation modes. A single-antenna, dual-pass IFSAR operation mode is the first mode in which a platform carrying a single antenna traverses a flight path by the scene of interest twice collecting data. A dual-antenna, single-pass IFSAR operation mode is the second mode where a platform possessing two antennas flies past the scene of interest collecting data. There are advantages and disadvantages associated with both of these data collection modes. The single-antenna, dual-pass IFSAR operation mode possesses an imprecise knowledge of the antenna baseline length but allows for large antenna baseline lengths. This imprecise antenna baseline length knowledge lends itself to inaccurate target height scaling. The dual-antenna, one-pass IFSAR operation mode allows for a precise knowledge of the limited antenna baseline length but this limited baseline length leads to increased target height noise. This paper presents a new, innovative dual-antenna, dual-pass IFSAR operation mode which overcomes the disadvantages of the two current IFSAR operation modes. Improved target height information is now obtained with this new mode by accurately estimating the antenna baseline length between the dual flight passes using the data itself. Consequently, this new IFSAR operation mode possesses the target height scaling accuracies of the dual-antenna, one-pass operation mode and the height-noise performance of the one-antenna, dual-pass operation mode.
Effects of 450 deg and 600 deg F exposures on the mechanical properties of polyimide/glass- fiber honeycomb sandwiches and laminated beams.

Effects of 450 and 600 degrees F exposures on mechanical properties of glass-fiber polyimide resin sandwich panels to be used on large skin areas of SST aircraft
Editor's Choice: Valuing Diversity—Student Teacher Relations that Enhance Achievement:

Based on experience as a developmental writing teacher, the author describes strategies for promoting student success within diverse groups of learners. After discussing how teachers can innocently...
Survey of parasites of rhesus monkeys housed in small social groups

A survey of specific parasites in fecal samples randomly collected from socially housed rhesus monkeys was done over a 1-year period. Differences in frequency of samples with parasites, and number of different species per sample, were assessed by social group composition, social group size, female reproductive status, and season of the year. Common parasites were Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba butschlii, Balantidium coli, Strongyloides fulleborni, and Trichuris trichiura. Samples from juvenile/subadult groups had more species of potentially pathogenic parasites per sample but fewer species of nonpathogenic parasites per sample than samples from adult groups. When group size reached 12 to 16 animals, the number of samples with helminths doubled. Samples collected from groups with gestating/ lactating females had more species of nonpathogenic parasites than samples collected from groups with cycling or noncycling females. Fewer samples collected in the spring had helminths than samples collected during the fall, winter, and summer. The number of potentially pathogenic species present per sample was highest during the summer. Following anthelminthic treatment, the number of helminthic species present per sample and the number of samples with helminths remained low, then began increasing after 2 to 3 months. The number of potentially pathogenic species per sample decreased while animals were fed an inadvertently vitamin C deficient chow. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pre-association of polynuclear platinum anticancer agents on a protein, human serum albumin. Implications for drug design.

The interactions of polynuclear platinum complexes with human serum albumin were studied. The compounds examined were the “non-covalent” analogs of the trinuclear BBR3464 as well as the dinuclear spermidine-bridged compounds differing in only the presence or absence of a central –NH2–+ (BBR3571 and analogs). Thus, closely-related compounds could be compared. Evidence for pre-association, presumably through electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding, was obtained from fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). In the case of those compounds containing Pt-Cl bonds, further reaction took place presumably through displacement by sulfur nucleophiles. The implications for protein pre-association and plasma stability of polynuclear platinum compounds are discussed.
Amygdalar GABAergic-Rich Neural Grafts Attenuate Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rats

Transplantation experiments have shown that neurologic deficits may be reversed by engrafting fresh tissue or engineered cells within dysfunctional neural circuitry. In experimental and clinical settings, this approach has provided insights into the pathology and treatment of neurologic diseases, primarily movement disorders. The present experiments were designed to investigate whether a similar strategy is feasible as a method to investigate, and perhaps repair, circuitry integral to emotional disorders. We focused on the amygdala, a macrostructure known to be involved in the expression of anxiety- and fear-related behaviors. GABAergic cell-rich suspensions were prepared from E17 rat lateral ganglionic eminence and engrafted bilaterally into the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei of young adult rats. After 6 weeks, increased numbers of GABAergic neurons were identified in the vicinity of the graft sites, and electron microscopy provided evidence for functional integration of transplanted cells. Rats with these grafts spent more time in the open arms of the elevated-plus maze, consistent with an anxioloytic-like phenotype. These rats were also less sensitive to the unconditioned anxiogenic effects of light on the acoustic startle response, although fear-potentiated startle was not affected, suggesting that the grafts produced an attenuation of unlearned fear but did not affect acquisition of conditioned fear. Our results raise the possibility that distinct components of emotion can be modulated by strategic neural engraftment.
On the factor score controversy

A summary and interpretation of the recent literature on the indeterminacy of factor scores is given in simple terms. A good index of factor score determinacy is the squared multiple correlation of the factor with the observed variables.
Representation theory and homological stability

Abstract We introduce the idea of representation stability (and several variations) for a sequence of representations V n of groups G n . A central application of the new viewpoint we introduce here is the importation of representation theory into the study of homological stability. This makes it possible to extend classical theorems of homological stability to a much broader variety of examples. Representation stability also provides a framework in which to find and to predict patterns, from classical representation theory (Littlewood–Richardson and Murnaghan rules, stability of Schur functors), to cohomology of groups (pure braid, Torelli and congruence groups), to Lie algebras and their homology, to the (equivariant) cohomology of flag and Schubert varieties, to combinatorics (the ( n + 1 ) n − 1 conjecture). The majority of this paper is devoted to exposing this phenomenon through examples. In doing this we obtain applications, theorems and conjectures. Beyond the discovery of new phenomena, the viewpoint of representation stability can be useful in solving problems outside the theory. In addition to the applications given in this paper, it is applied by Church–Ellenberg–Farb (in preparation) [20] to counting problems in number theory and finite group theory. Representation stability is also used by Church (2012) [19] to give broad generalizations and new proofs of classical homological stability theorems for configuration spaces on oriented manifolds.
Current in Periodic Lorentz Gases with Twists

We study electrical current in two-dimensional periodic Lorentz gas in the presence of a twist force on the scatterers. In this deterministic system, billiard orbits are still geodesics between collisions, but do not reflect elastically when reaching the boundary. When the horizon is finite, i.e. the free flights between collisions are bounded, the resulting current J is proportional to the strength of the twist force measured by e. We also prove the existence of a unique SRB measure, for which the Pesin entropy formula and Young’s expression for the fractal dimension are valid.
Graduated Driver Licensing in the United States: Evaluation Results from the Early Programs.

Background: Seventeen states enacted graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs that were implemented from 1996 through 1999 and for which evaluations are of interest. Methods: We received evaluation results reported for six states for which data were available. Summarizing results is difficult in other than the most global terms because of differences in pre-GDL programs, differences in GDL programs, and differences in evaluation methodology. Results: All states identified some crash reduction among teen drivers following GDL implementation. This positive effect was observed across different geographic regions, and with different GDL programs. Simple counts are down—fewer teens are experiencing crashes and becoming injured. After calculating crash rates to adjust for changes over time in populations or licensed drivers, reductions generally were still found. Population-adjusted risks of injury/fatal crash involvement of 16-year-old drivers in Florida and Michigan were reduced by 11% and 24%, respectively. Population-adjusted risks of any crash involvement of 16-year-old drivers in Michigan and North Carolina were reduced by 25% and 27%, respectively. Reductions in night (restricted hours) crash risk were impressive in Florida, Michigan, and North Carolina. A comparison state design was only possible in the Florida evaluation, and results showed greater crash reductions under GDL. Change-point analyses of Michigan's crash data trends over time provided additional support of GDL's effectiveness in reducing crashes. Discussion: Taken as a whole, and including the preliminary findings from California, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, these reports demonstrate the early effectiveness of GDL in reducing the crash risk of teen drivers. The impact of these studies and others to come will guide future research, practice, and policy.
Texture-based steganalysis: results for color images

Steganographic and watermarking information inserted into a color image file, regardless of embedding algorithm, causes disturbances in the relationships between neighboring pixels. A method for steganalysis utilizing the local binary pattern (LBP) texture operator to examine the pixel texture patterns within neighborhoods across the color planes is presented. Providing the outputs of this simple algorithm to an artificial neural net capable of supervised learning results in the creation of a surprisingly reliable predictor of steganographic content, even with relatively small amounts of embedded data. Other tools for identifying images with steganographic content have been developed by forming a neural network input vector comprised of image statistics that respond to particular side effects of specific embedding algorithms. The neural net in our experiment is trained with general texture related statistics from clean images and images modified using only one embedding algorithm, and is able to correctly discriminate clean images from images altered by data embedded by one of various different watermarking and steganographic algorithms. Algorithms tested include various steganographic and watermarking programs and include spatial and transform domain image hiding techniques. The interesting result is that clean color images can be reliably distinguished from steganographically-altered images based on texture alone, regardless of the embedding algorithm.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: Which outcomes should we measure?

Abstract Although mortality remains a crucial outcome of acute renal failure (ARF), there are several other outcomes which are of interest. Multiple factors can influence these outcomes, and practice variations are a significant factor. It is important to be aware of the potential effects of these factors when clinical trials are planned and executed for ARF patients. For any intervention trials, it appears that standardization of the criteria for initiation, frequency, duration, and withdrawal of dialysis support would be of great benefit. Evidence-based guidelines are sorely needed in this area.
High spectral and spatial resolution MRI of age-related changes in murine prostate.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate high-resolution echo-planar spectroscopic MRI of normal and precancerous prostatic changes in a transgenic mouse line. Simian virus large T-antigen transgenic male mice (N = 7, age = 34 ± 3.7 weeks) with prostatic hyperplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) were studied. High spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) MRI of the water proton signal was compared to the free induction decay (FID) integral image and conventional gradient-echo and spin-echo imaging. Water peak-height images of the prostate produced from HiSS datasets showed improved contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) (P < 0.03), and greater morphological detail (P < 0.004) based on texture analysis. Despite the high spectral resolution of the HiSS datasets, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared favorably with that of the FID integral and conventional images. Lobular features in HiSS images of older mice were consistent with hyperplasia seen on histology. A partially deuterated water-filled catheter was inserted in the mouse rectum for susceptibility matching between the colon interior and exterior to minimize image artifacts. These preliminary results suggest that HiSS MRI provides detailed morphology of the murine prostate and can detect early changes associated with the development of cancer. HiSS MRI of patients may have similar advantages. Magn Reson Med 60:575–581, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Towards a principled approach to designing distributed MAC protocols

Emerging applications such as cyber-physical systems and the electric smart grid have placed a greater demand for distributed protocols that can scale and adapt without centralized control, while providing throughput and delay guarantees. This paper proposes a formal approach to designing a distributed scheduling protocol. Similar to previous queue-length based CSMA-type schedulers, the protocol proposed in this paper is a CSMA-type scheduler that is throughput-optimal, generates collision-free schedules, is fully distributed, and adapts to traffic demands without explicitly knowing the arrival rates. However, our design takes a more formal approach, where the multi-information (a natural extension of mutual information) between links is minimized, rather than maximizing the entropy, as was done by previous CSMA-type schedulers. Zero multiinformation corresponds to a fully distributed scheduler. The formal approach in this paper also admits side information (e.g., a universal clock from GPS) into the framework. Simulations show our proposed protocol has better delay performance compared with previous CSMA-type schedulers.