cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Herpes simplex virus 1 glycoprotein B and US3 collaborate to inhibit CD1d antigen presentation and NKT cell function

Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are prevalent human pathogens that establish latency in human neuronal cells and efficiently evade the immune system. It has been a major medical challenge to eradicate them and, despite intensive efforts, an effective vaccine is not available. We previously showed that upon infection of antigen-presenting cells, HSV type 1 (HSV-1) rapidly and efficiently downregulates the major histocompatibility complex class I-like antigen-presenting molecule, CD1d, and potently inhibits its recognition by CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells. It suppresses CD1d expression primarily by inhibiting its recycling to the cell surface after endocytosis. We identify here the viral glycoprotein B (gB) as the predominant CD1d-interacting protein. gB initiates the interaction with CD1d in the endoplasmic reticulum and stably associates with it throughout CD1d trafficking. However, an additional HSV-1 component, the serine-threonine kinase US3, is required for optimal CD1d downregulation. US3 expression in infected cells leads to gB enrichment in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and enhances the relocalization of both gB and CD1d to this compartment, suggesting that following internalization CD1d is translocated from the endocytic pathway to the TGN by its association with gB. Importantly, both US3 and gB are required for efficient inhibition of CD1d antigen presentation and NKT cell activation. In summary, our results suggest that HSV-1 uses gB and US3 to rapidly inhibit NKT cell function in the initial antiviral response.
Clinical and investigational use of proteasome inhibitors for transplant rejection.

Introduction: The presence of donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (DSA) in patients experiencing acute cellular rejection and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is associated with poor renal allograft survival in kidney transplant recipients. Traditional therapies for AMR provide variable results, and do not deplete the cellular source of antibody production, that is, the plasma cell. Areas covered: Physiologic effects of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are reviewed in the context of recent clinical reports of PI therapy in solid organ transplantation for AMR and desensitization. Expert opinion: PI-based therapy is a novel approach for treating AMR that is being employed with increasing frequency in transplantation. Initial reports of PI-based regimens for treating AMR have demonstrated the ability of bortezomib to significantly reduce DSA levels and improve histology and allograft function. Use of PI agents have recently been evaluated in a large multicenter collaborative consisting o...
Stimulus compounding in interval timing: the modality-duration relationship of the anchor durations results in qualitatively different response patterns to the compound cue.

We have previously demonstrated that rats trained on a two-duration peak procedure in which 2 different modal signals (i.e., tone and houselight) predicted probabilistic reinforcement availability at 2 different times (10s and 20s), would respond in a scalar manner at a time between the trained durations in response to the simultaneous compound cue (tone + houselight). The present experiments evaluated whether this scalar response pattern would remain with greater relative separation between the anchor durations. Results revealed an effect of the modality-duration relationship, such that scalar responding was seen on compound trials in rats trained that the auditory stimulus signaled the shorter duration, while the visual stimulus signaled the longer duration, but not in the reverse condition. In those rats showing scalar responding on compound trials, post-hoc analyses demonstrated that the peak time of compound responding was most accurately predicted by the reinforcement probability weighted average of anchor peak times. In contrast, rats trained that the visual stimulus signaled the shorter duration, while the auditory stimulus signaled the longer duration, responded in a highly rightward skewed manner. In these subjects, initiation of responding to the compound stimulus appeared to be controlled by the visual stimulus only, while response terminations reflected control by both modal stimuli. These latter data provide evidence of separate determinants of response initiation and termination.
Evidence for Altered NMDA Receptor Function as a Basis for Metaplasticity in Visual Cortex

Sensory deprivation alters the properties of synaptic plasticity induced in the superficial layers of the visual cortex, facilitating long-term potentiation and reducing long-term depression (LTD) across a range of stimulation frequencies. Available data are compatible with either a downregulation of the mechanisms of LTD or an upregulation of NMDA receptor function in the visual cortex of dark-reared animals. Here, we provide evidence for enhanced NMDA receptor function by showing that deprivation produces a horizontal shift in the frequency-response function, decreasing LTD in response to 1 Hz stimulation, but increasing LTD in response to 0.5 Hz stimulation. In addition, we show that the effects of dark-rearing on the frequency dependence of LTD can be reversed acutely by partial NMDA receptor blockade. Finally, we show that an in vivo manipulation that rapidly downregulates NMDA receptor function in the visual cortex, brief light exposure, also rapidly reverses the effect of dark-rearing on LTD.
A static magnetic field modulates severity of audiogenic seizures and anticonvulsant effects of phenytoin in DBA/2 mice.

Abstract Rationale : In a search for potential supplements or alternatives to the pharmacological treatment of epilepsy, we examined the effects of static magnetic fields on audiogenic seizures of DBA/2 mice. Methods : Two strains of DBA/2 mice were subjected to auditory stimulation that resulted sequentially in wild running, loss of righting, clonus, tonic hindlimb extension, and death in 80–95% of animals in different experiments. The incidence of seizure stages in groups of animals pretreated with a static magnetic field, phenytoin (PHT) or both was compared to the incidence in sham-exposed control mice. Results : Depending on magnetic flux density and duration of exposure to the field, seizure severity decreased significantly, but not completely, in both strains. However, incidence of five seizure stages was reduced in one strain, with about half of the mice seizure free. Two seizure stages (tonic hindlimb extension and death) were reduced significantly in the other. Magnetic field pretreatment potentiated the effect of PHT. Clonic seizures refractory to PHT or magnetic field pretreatment in DBA/2J mice responded to pretreatment with a combination of PHT and the magnetic field. Conclusions : A static magnetic field had some anticonvulsant effects when employed alone. More robust effects were seen in combination with PHT. Further testing of magnetic fields for anticonvulsant effects and elucidation of mechanisms of action seem to be warranted.
Classrooms of Spatial Justice: Counter-Spaces and Young Men of Color in a GED Program:

This article, based on an ethnographic study of an urban General Education Development (GED) program, suggests that for some marginalized young men of color, Adult education programs are counter-spaces of spatial justice in opposition to previous negative school spaces. Framed by critical race theory (CRT) and drawing on critical geography and adult education literature on space and place, the author defines these counter-spaces through four dimensions: place, temporal, intrapersonal, and interpersonal, maintaining that they are not equivalent to activities or experiences although they may inhabit them. The article concludes with implications for the use of CRT in understanding GED as potential counter-space.
The effects of smoking and physical inactivity on advancing mortality in U.S. adults

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to calculate the rate advancement period (RAP) by which deaths for all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific mortality is advanced by smoking and physical inactivity among U.S. adults aged 18 years or more who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and were followed to December 31, 2006. Methods Mortality status was determined using the underlying cause of death. Cox regression was used to calculate the advanced time of deaths for all-cause and CVD-specific mortality among exposed adults relative to their nonexposed counterparts. Results Deaths for all-cause and CVD-specific mortality were advanced by 7.9 and 5.1 years among current smoker adults. For physically inactive adults, the RAPs for all-cause and CVD-specific mortality were 4.0 and 2.4 years, respectively. The joint effects of current smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity resulted in early all-cause and CVD-specific deaths of 14.2 and 12.2 years. For current smokers, physically inactive, and overweight adults, the RAPs for all-cause and CVD-specific deaths were 7.9 and 8.9 years, respectively. Conclusions Our findings suggest that smoking and physical inactivity could significantly advance the time of death associated with all-cause and CVD-specific mortality by at least 2.4 years among U.S. adults. Moreover, the advancement death period for the joint effects of smoking, physical inactivity, and overweight or obesity could be at least 7.9 years.
An improved synthesis of [phenyl-14C(U)] Lawsone

Synthesis of 14C-labelled Lawsone or 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone was achieved by auto-oxidation of [phenyl-14C(U)]α-tetralone; the latter was prepared from [14C(U)] benzene in a reaction sequence more convenient than reported earlier. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal electric power capacity expansion in the presence of options

This paper studies optimal long-term electric power capacity strategies with capacity options. Gencos can sign contracts with Discos, where such contracts take the form of capacity options that may or may not be executed by Discos at some pre-specified maturation date. Capacity not offered in the options market, or for which options by Discos are not executed, can then be offered in the spot market. The purpose of this paper is to derive the optimal capacities for Gencos in the long run, given full knowledge of the short-term equilibria in previous literature. We determine the best response strategies for each Gencos in the game derived from the short-term outcome resulting from capacity decisions. We then characterize the long-run equilibrium and derive an efficient algorithm to compute it, when it exists. This allows us also important insights into the nature of technologies that can survive in the long run.
Amino acid incorporation into protein during the molt cycle of the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis

This is the first of a series of studies on protein synthesis and its control during the molt cycle of the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis. Incorporation of valine-1-C14 and leucine-1-C14 into proteins of blood, epithelium, midgut gland, and muscle has been measured at each stage and found to reach a maximum rate in all tissues during the stages D0 through D2 of the premolt period. This period is not necessarily the period of maximum net synthesis of total protein in all tissues. Total muscle protein, in fact, is decreasing at this time: the high incorporation rate may reflect synthesis of degradative enzymes. In control experiments on possible rate limiting features in amino acid incorporation, the pool sizes of valine and leucine in plasma water were determined. These do not vary systematically with stages in the molt cycle; the relatively small fluctuations in these pools do not correlate with the larger fluctuations in incorporation rate. The sizes of these pools do not appear to be rate limiting. In conjunction with these measurements, the plasma water volume of Gecarcinus was found to be 22 ± 1.72 (S.D.) per cent of the body weight. It is also shown that the rate of penetration of amino acid from plasma water into intracellular water was not the rate limiting step in the incorporation of C14-leucine into muscle protein. (Muscle is the tissue with the lowest incorporation rates.) Leucine penetrates muscle readily and appears to be concentrated four-fold in muscle water relative to plasma water.
The facts of death.

Cell death is a physiological process critical for organismal development and required for the removal of damaged cells. Apoptosis, the purposeful killing of cells, is highly regulated, and abnormalities in apoptotic control mechanisms contribute to an assortment of human diseases. Depending on the nature of the death signal, separate independent signaling pathways become activated that coordinately participate in the execution of apoptosis via a common death effector machinery. This article reviews the specific morphological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis, the major participating players, and the various signaling pathways involved in triggering this highly complex form of cell death.
Fate of ammonia emissions at the local to regional scale as simulated by the Community Multiscale Air Quality model

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen contributes to eutrophication of estuarine waters and acidification of lakes and streams. Ammonia also contributes to fine particle formation in the atmosphere and associated health effects. Model projections suggest that NH3 deposition may become the major source of nitrogen deposition in the future. The regional transport of NH3 contributes to nitrogen deposition. Conventional wisdom for many is that a large fraction, or even all, of the NH3 emissions deposit locally, near their source as dry deposition, which we believe is incorrect. In this study we use a regional atmospheric model, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to identify the dominant processes that dictate the fate of NH3 and address the questions of how much NH3 deposits locally and what is the range of influence of NH3 emissions. The CMAQ simulation is for June 2002 with a 12–km grid size, covering the eastern half of the U.S. We study three different NH3 dry deposition formulations, including one that represents bi–directional NH3 air–surface exchange, to represent uncertainty in the NH3 dry deposition estimates. We find for 12–km cells with high NH3 emissions from confined animal operations that the local budget is dominated by turbulent transport away from the surface and that from 8–15% of a cell’s NH3 emissions dry deposit locally back within the same cell. The CMAQ estimates are consistent with local, semi–empirical budget studies of NH3 emissions. The range of influence of a single cell’s emissions varies from 180 to 380 kilometers, depending on the dry deposition formulation. At the regional scale, wet deposition is the major loss pathway for NH3; nonetheless, about a quarter of the NH3 emissions are estimated to transport off the North American continent, an estimate that is not sensitive to the uncertainty in dry deposition.
Elevated expectancies among persons diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Evidence links bipolar disorder to enhanced reward sensitivity (Meyer, Johnson, & Winters, 2001) and a belief in the importance of achievement (Lam, Wright, & Smith, 2004). More specific to goal-setting, students at high risk for mania endorse higher expectations for occupational and academic success than students at low risk (Meyer & Krumm-Merabet, 2003). To examine this issue further, Johnson and Carver (2006) developed a measure of extremely ambitious life goals. In two studies, students at risk of mania endorsed higher aspirations on subscales for fame, wealth, and political influence, independent of current symptoms of mania. The study reported here considers life expectancies among people with diagnoses of bipolar disorder. We predicted that people who meet lifetime diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorders would endorse elevated expectations for fame, wealth, and political influence, compared with those who did not meet criteria. Given evidence that mania and depression have different cognitive correlates within bipolar disorder (Alloy, Reilly-Harrington, Fresco, Whitehouse, & Zechmeister, 1999), we predicted that history of depression would not relate to elevated expectations. Thus, we examined lifetime history of mania and major depressive episodes (MDE) separately. This study examined undergraduates. This minimizes a problem likely to emerge in more severely ill populations, where high ambitions might stem from a desire to make up for losses associated with the disorder.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Multinomial‐Poisson Models: A Generalization of Birch's Numerical Invariance Results

. This study gives a generalization of Birch's log-linear model numerical invariance result. The generalization is given in the form of a sufficient condition for numerical invariance that is simple to verify in practice and is applicable for a much broader class of models than log-linear models. Unlike Birch's log-linear result, the generalization herein does not rely on any relationship between sufficient statistics and maximum likelihood estimates. Indeed the generalization does not rely on the existence of a reduced set of sufficient statistics. Instead, the concept of homogeneity takes centre stage. Several examples illustrate the utility of non-log-linear models, the invariance (and non-invariance) of fitted values, and the invariance (and non-invariance) of certain approximating distributions.
Paradoxical use of frontalis muscle and the possible role of botulinum a toxin in permanent motor relearning.

Purpose To report 7 patients with paradoxical use of the frontalis muscle despite postsurgical correction of ptosis with good postoperative eyelid position. Successful treatment with botulinum A toxin facilitated motor relearning and cessation of muscle contraction. Design Interventional case series. Participants Seven patients, in 2 eye-plastic clinics, who underwent successful surgical correction of upper eyelid ptosis. Methods Review of clinical history, clinical photographs, treatment, and follow-up. Main Outcome Measures Frontalis muscle contraction and upper eyelid position. Results Patients underwent successful surgical correction of ptosis but continued using the frontalis muscle despite good eyelid position postoperatively. Frontalis contraction ceased spontaneously in 2 patients, but required botulinum A toxin injection in 5. The effects of a single treatment of botulinum A toxin lasted from 3 months to 2 years, longer than the expected effect of the toxin. Conclusion Patients with long-standing eyelid ptosis may paradoxically continue utilizing the frontalis after successful surgical correction and despite good postoperative eyelid position. Cessation of frontalis contraction can be achieved with a single injection of botulinum A toxin. We hypothesize that chemodenervation, achieved with the toxin, may influence the central nervous system to relearn the set point for muscle contraction and may be associated with permanent motor relearning. Spontaneous resolution of muscle contraction can occur in the first months after surgery.
Use of a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reporter virus expressing human placental alkaline phosphatase to detect an alternative viral receptor.

We report here on the construction and use of a novel human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 reporter vector,HIV-AP,thatencodeshumanplacentalalkalinephosphatase.Uponstainingwithchromogenicalkaline phosphatasesubstrates24to36hpostinfection,cellsinfectedwithHIV-APdevelopanintensepurplecolorand can then be counted under a dissecting microscope. Alternatively, HIV-AP infectivity can be quantitated and infected cells can be sorted by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter after staining with a fluorescent alkaline phosphatase substrate. The assay is rapid and accurate, has very low background in a variety of cell lines and primary cells, and is not restricted to use in human cells. Infectious HIV-AP can be pseudotyped by various HIV or murine leukemia virus envelope glycoproteins. Using this virus, we have addressed the long-standing question of CD4-independent infection of cells by HIV. Our results confirm the presence on a human osteosarcoma cell line of an alternative receptor for HIV infection that functions with an efficiency approximately 1/20 that of CD4. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vectors containing reporter genes or selectable markers have proven useful in a wide variety of experimental applications. For example, they have been used to study HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein function (4, 16), to test the effects of antiviral compounds (14), and to study viral assembly (20), integration, and regulatory gene function (7). While for some studies, the use of replicationcompetent virus may be advantageous, quantitating the infectivity of HIV stocks typically requires an end point dilution assay. This assay is time-consuming and is subject to statistical fluctuation due to the small number of viruses used and to experimental error inherent in the dilution process. Viral infectivity can also be estimated by infecting cells and measuring the amount of virus produced over a period of 1 to 2 weeks. However, such measurements are subject to variability in both viralreplicationandviabilityofthecellculture;overthecourse ofseveralroundsofreplication,smalldifferencesininitialviral growth rate can be either magnified or diminished. Furthermore, it is difficult to determine the infectivity of replicationcompetent virus in a single round of viral replication. Generally, only a small amount of virus is produced by an infected culture shortly after infection, and this amount may not be distinguishable from input virus remaining in the culture and shed into the supernatant from cell surfaces. Several HIV-1 reporter viruses and indicator cell lines have beendevelopedtoallowquantitationofHIV-1infectivity.One
Adult Learning, Assessment, and the Extraordinary Teacher

The enclosed literature focuses on delivering content through learner participation while increasing learning using creative modalities and participants’ dominant learning styles without increasing administrative cost to the school. Personal experiences of about 40 years in corporate executive and training as well as best practices gleaned from several different universities (graduate / undergraduate business programs using cutting edge technologies) are discussed and highlighted. Learner participation and interaction are critical to effective “experiential facilitation techniques” that increase learning and retention with adult participants. A major element of being or becoming effective educators involves understanding how students learn best and then integrating activities that best suit learning styles regardless of teaching modality. Compared to children and teens, adults need to be involved in the learning process.
'Greatness (un)channelled': the role of sport in the life of an elite athlete who overcame multiple developmental risk factors

AbstractWithin under-resourced urban communities, sport is a huge draw for many young males, with a commonly shared belief that sport can lead to a better life. However, there is a paucity of research examining the experience of elite athletes from under-resourced areas. Additionally, there has been insufficient research that examines the interrelated systems impacting youth development (e.g. individuals, families, neighbourhoods, schools), which is needed to understand talent development in sport and personal development through sport. In this article, a qualitative case study will be presented through narrative inquiry. Following a constructivist philosophical orientation, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with a former All-American athlete in one of the major USA sports, along with individuals identified by this athlete as influential during his developmental years (secondary participants). These interviews explored the athlete’s experiences growing up in an under-resourced, violent communi...
Brief of Amicus Curiae Knowledge Ecology International in Support of Petitioner (Federal Trade Commission v. Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et. al.)

Argues that pay-for-delay settlement agreements should be considered presumptively anticompetitive and unlawful. The brief argues that immunizing pay-for-delay from antitrust scrutiny impedes the purposes of the Hatch-Waxman Act. It notes that the justifications for heightened patent protection and immunization from antitrust scrutiny ignore other rewards to compensate the patent holder that fall outside the patent system. It also argues that the justifications for heightened patent protection on the grounds of high costs of drug development often rely on inflated data and do not provide an adequate reason to immunize pay-for-delay settlement agreements, also know as reverse payments, from antitrust scrutiny.
Atomic level tuning of the catalytic properties: Doping effects of 25-atom bimetallic nanoclusters on styrene oxidation

Abstract Atomically precise bimetallic MxAu25-x(SR)18 (M Cu and Ag, R = CH2CH2Ph) nanoclusters are investigated as oxide-supported catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of styrene. Their catalytic properties are compared with the case of homogold Au25(SR)18 nanocluster. The oxide-supported MxAu25-x(SR)18 catalysts give rise to 42–82% conversion of styrene at 70 °C using (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (PhI(OAc)2) as the oxidant. The Ag and Cu dopants are found to modulate both the activity (i.e., conversion of styrene) and the selectivity to styrene epoxide or benzaldehyde (major products). The AgxAu25-x(SR)18 clusters exhibit higher activity and benzaldehyde selectivity than the homogold cluster, while the CuxAu25-x(SR)18 clusters primarily enhance the selectivity to benzaldehyde without significantly changing the activity. The results provide insights into the factors that influence the catalytic activity and selectivity in styrene oxidation.
A dual role for apolipoprotein e in neuroinflammation: anti- and pro-inflammatory activity.

Chronically activated glia associated with amyloid plaques might contribute to neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) through generation of neuroinflammatory molecules. Apolipoprotein E (apoE), also found associated with amyloid plaques, has been hypothesized to serve an anti-inflammatory role in the CNS through its ability to modulate β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced glial activation. To further characterize the effect of apoE on inflammation, we examined the ability of exogenously added human apoE3 and apoE4 to modulate neuroinflammatory responses of cultured rat glia. Apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) and apoE4 suppressed oligomeric Aβ-induced production of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2, supporting an anti-inflammatory role for apoE. Exogenous apoE also inhibited Aβ-induced production of endogenous apoE. However, exogenous apoE in the absence of Aβ stimulated production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β in an isoform-dependent manner, with apoE4 inducing a significantly greater response than apoE3. These data support the idea that Aβ stimulation of glial apoE limits neuroinflammation but that overproduction of apoE by activated glia might exacerbate inflammation. In addition, the observation that apoE4 has more robust pro-inflammatory activity than apoE3 provides a mechanistic link between the APOE4 allele and AD, and suggests potential apoE-based therapeutic strategies.
To Narrate and Denounce: Frederick Douglass and the Politics of Personal Narrative

What political problem can autobiography solve? This article examines the politics of Frederick Douglass’s antebellum personal narratives: his 1845 slave narrative, the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, and his 1855 autobiography, My Bondage and My Freedom, written at the opposite ends of Douglass’s transition from the abolitionist politics of William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips to Douglass’s defense of political action and the Constitution as anti-slavery. Placing the two texts alongside Douglass’s distinction “to narrate wrongs” and “denouncing them,” I argue that Douglass writes My Bondage and My Freedom as a mode of denunciation: an autobiographical critique of injustice that balances analysis of collective oppression with advocacy for communal emancipation. Whereas to narrate wrongs encouraged readers to judge Douglass’s story alongside popular criteria of justice, to denounce wrongs is to implicate readers within the structures that create antebellum subjects on...
Hypertension in dichorionic twin gestations: how is birthweight affected?*

AbstractObjective: To examine the association between hypertension (HTN) and discordant or small for gestational age (SGA) birthweights among dichorionic twin pregnancies.Methods: Retrospective cohort of dichorionic twin pregnancies delivered at ≥24 0/7 weeks from 2002 to 2015. Women with HTN in pregnancy (gestational HTN or preeclampsia) and chronic HTN (cHTN) were compared to those with uncomplicated dichorionic pregnancies. Outcomes were any discordance (≥20% difference within each twin pair), discordance with at least one twin also SGA (≥20% discordance with at least one twin also SGA <10th percentile), and SGA alone of one or both twins (<5th and <10th percentile).Results: 474 Dichorionic pregnancies were identified. Women with HTN in pregnancy had an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 2.68 (95% CI 1.48-4.87) for any discordance and 2.94 (1.57-5.48) for discordance with at least one twin also SGA. These aORs for women with cHTN were 4.65 (1.39-15.52) and 4.37 (1.21-15.76), respectively. Significant differe...
TEACHING ENGLISH GENERIC NOUNS: THE EXPLORATION OF THE GENERIC IDEA IN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN AND THE APPLICATIONS OF EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION IN CLASSROOM

Although the generic idea is often expressed in discourse, the acquisition of it is so slow among learners. Moreover, this idea is expressed through a highly complex system of the English language called the article system. As a result, learners tend to make errors when they attempt to convey the generic idea in their output. Since the Indonesian language has a different way to express the generic idea, Indonesian learners of English may be interfered by their first language when expressing this idea. Consequently, errors are inevitable. A thorough examination at how the generic idea is expressed in English and in Indonesian is perhaps the only way to understand this complexity. To help learners express the idea correctly and appropriately, teachers should give explicit instruction in forms of mini lesson and explicit corrective feedback (i.e. metalinguistic feedback). This article presents all the patterns to express the generic idea both in English and Indonesian, poses some pedagogical implications and discusses some useful approaches for English teachers in dealing with it.
Coupled Convection and Radiation Modeling of Furnace in Supercritical Pressure Boilers Based on Thermal Load Characteristics

Convection and radiation heat transfer have demonstrated different load characteristics in the furnace of a utility boiler,and ignoring convective heat transfer may give rise to deviation from the designed thermal properties of furnace.Based on the test data,this paper presents a coupled radiation and convection model of furnace in a supercritical pressure once-through boiler.Multi-dimensional minimization techniques are employed to draw compositional information about radiation and convection out of furnace load characteristics.Heat fluxes of 32 loads are predicted in 5 supercritical pressure boilers,and it is shown that the predictions are in good agreement with the actual values,indicating that the coupled convection and radiation model can accurately describe the furnace load characteristics.This model can be used to revise regulating parameters and give instructions for steam temperature control when boiler is in operation.
Appendicitis, 2002: relationship between payors and outcome.

As the status of health-care insurance changes in the United States, studies have indicated that uninsured patients are less likely to receive timely and quality health care. Previous studies of appendicitis have shown that insurance status may effect the stage of presentation and outcome. However, these studies were based on databases lacking information regarding stage of presentation, timeliness of diagnosis and treatment, and character of hospitalization (length of stay, duration of antibiotic therapy, hospital costs). We accomplished a case control study, retrospective analysis of 975 patients treated for acute appendicitis between January 1996 and December 1999. Times to operation, number of preoperative outpatient visits, number of studies, severity of presentation, length of antibiotics and hospital stay, and hospital costs were analyzed [analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques, P 65 years old) presented with more advanced appendicitis, independent of insurance category. In contrast to previously published data, the treatment of acute appendicitis is not affected by insurance coverage in the sample community. Age and timeliness of presentation were the only factors correlating to outcomes.
A ubiquitous but ineffective intervention: Signs do not increase hand hygiene compliance

Proper hand hygiene is critical for preventing healthcare-associated infection, but provider compliance remains suboptimal. While signs are commonly used to remind physicians and nurses to perform hand hygiene, the content of these signs is rarely based on specific, validated health behavior theories. This observational study assessed the efficacy of a hand hygiene sign disseminated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in an intensive care unit compared to an optimized evidence-based sign designed by a team of patient safety experts. The optimized sign was developed by four patient safety experts to include known evidence-based components and was subsequently validated by surveying ten physicians and ten nurses using a 10 point Likert scale. Eighty-two physicians and 98 nurses (102 females; 78 males) were observed for hand hygiene (HH) compliance, and the total HH compliance rate was 16%. HH compliance was not significantly different among the signs (Baseline 10% vs. CDC 18% vs. OIS 20%; p=0.280). The findings of this study suggest that even when the content and design of a hand hygiene reminder sign incorporates evidence-based constructs, healthcare providers comply only a fraction of the time.
J. Schott and J. Kalita

This paper describes a framework that utilizes an adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system to perform user-constrained pattern recognition on time-series data. Using a customizable fuzzy logic grammar, the architecture allows an analyst to capture domain expertise in a context-relevant manner. Fuzzy logic rules constructed by the analyst are used to perform feature extraction and influence the training of a neural network to perform pattern recognition. We demonstrate that the architecture is capable of performing noise-tolerant searches across multiple features on large volumes of time-series data. The experiments presented here are from the domain of stock analysis. We are able to create simple rule sets automatically to search a data warehouse of stocks to select stocks that exhibit desirable behaviours. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High frequency pulses occurring in 60 cycle discharges in dielectric voids

A sufficiently high a.c. voltage impressed upon a sample of dielectric containing a void will result in discharges (corona) in the void, and thus to degradation of the dielectric. The discharge current is in the form of very rapid pulses, < 0.1 μsec in duration, and it is the ultimate purpose of this work to examine the factors controlling the number and size of these pulses and to correlate these quantities with the chemical degradation obtained.
Solutions to the scientific divide

Those who doubt the relevance of social science to physics need only have attended the recent Public Communication of Science and Technology (PCST) conference, which was held in February at CERN. The conferences began 12 years ago as a small group of people interested in the special problems of science communication. Since then they have grown in size and influence.
Harmonically Assisted Methods for Computing the Free Energy of Classical Crystals by Molecular Simulation: A Comparative Study.

Four methods for calculation of the classical free energy of crystalline systems are compared with respect to their efficiency and accuracy. Two of the methods involve thermodynamic integration along an unphysical path (λ integration, λI), and two involve integration in temperature from the low-temperature harmonic limit (T integration, TI). Specifically, the methods considered are (1) Frenkel–Ladd integration from a noninteracting Einstein crystal reference (ECR-λI); (2) conventional integration in temperature (Conv-TI); (3) integration from an interacting quasi-harmonic reference (QHR-λI); and (4) temperature integration using harmonically mapped averaging to evaluate the integrand (HMA-TI). The latter two methods are “harmonically assisted”, meaning that they exploit the harmonic nature of the crystal to greatly reduce fluctuations in the relevant averages. This feature allows them to deliver a result of much higher precision for a given computational effort, compared to ECR-λI and Conv-TI, and with no...
Emerging Issues and Models in College Mental Health Services

This chapter provides a brief overview of the psychological issues facing today's college students, information about students receiving mental health services, and an evidence-based model describing the practice and functions of today's counseling centers.
Clinical Reasoning: A 10-year-old boy with bilateral vision loss.

A 10-year-old previously healthy Caucasian boy was referred for evaluation of bilateral loss of vision with abnormal appearing optic nerves. Two months before the referral, the patient started to exhibit a decrease in vision both at near and at distance with difficulty reading books and difficulty viewing the chalkboard at school. One month prior to the referral, the patient was seen by his primary care physician with a complaint of intermittent headaches, which varied in severity, occurring as frequently as daily. The patient had been taking ibuprofen regularly to alleviate the pain. Vital signs were within normal limits. The patient weighed 53.5 kg and stood 145 cm tall (body mass index 25.4). The patient's family reported that the patient had gained substantial weight over the previous months. MRI and venography of the brain and orbit were unremarkable with no evidence of inflammation, demyelinating disease, or compressive or infiltrative lesions. A lumbar puncture was performed with an opening pressure of 20 cm H2O with normal cell count, protein, and glucose levels. The patient was started on acetazolamide 250 mg twice a day for a possible diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) and referred to neuro-ophthalmology for further evaluation.
Using Social Audits to Detect and Eliminate Human Trafficking in Corporate Supply Chains

By providing social audits that examine corporate supply chains; internal auditors, management accountants, and external auditors can assist corporations in their efforts to stop human trafficking. This paper describes how social audits can be used in identifying and eliminating the presence of human trafficking in corporate supply chains. Human trafficking is one of the world’s top three global crime industries, the other two being the unlawful drugs trade and illegal arms dealing. Human trafficking is especially detrimental to females, who are the great majority of trafficking victims. Trafficking occurs in developing countries but also in developed countries such as the United States. A multinational corporation can help end human trafficking by ensuring that it does not occur among suppliers in its business supply chain.
Effects of Volar Tilt, Wrist Extension, and Plate Position on Contact Between Flexor Pollicis Longus Tendon and Volar Plate.

Purpose Volar plates positioned at, or distal to, the watershed line have been shown to have a higher incidence of attritional rupture of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of wrist extension and volar tilt on the contact between the plate and the FPL tendon in a cadaver model. We hypothesized that, following volar plate application, loss of native volar tilt increases the contact between the FPL and the plate at lower degrees of wrist extension. Methods A volar locking plate was applied on 6 fresh-frozen cadavers. To determine the contact between the plate and the FPL tendon, both structures were wrapped with copper wire and circuit conductivity was monitored throughout wrist motion. A lateral wrist radiograph was obtained at each circuit closure, indicating tendon-plate contact. Baseline measurements were obtained with plate positioned at Soong grades 0, 1, and 2. An extra-articular osteotomy was made and contact was recorded at various volar tilt angles (+5°, 0°, –5°, –10°, –15°, and –20°) in 3 different plate positions. A blinded observer measured the degree of wrist extension on all lateral radiographs. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects regression model. Results Plates placed distal to the watershed line had the most contact throughout wrist range of motion. Significantly, less wrist extension was required for contact in wrists with neutral or dorsal tilt and in distally placed volar plates. Volar tilt, wrist extension, and plate position were 3 independent risk factors determining contact between plate and tendon. Conclusions Loss of volar tilt, increased wrist extension, and higher Soong grade plate position result in greater contact between wire-wrapped FPL tendon and plate. Clinical relevance The FPL/plate contact chart generated in this study may be used to assess the risk of rupture in the clinical setting.
Mitochondrial A3243G mutation results in corneal endothelial polymegathism.

The mitochondrial DNA point mutation A3243G leads to a spectrum of syndromes ranging from MIDD to MELAS. Ocular manifestations include pattern macular dystrophy and concentric perifoveal atrophy. Given the high metabolic demand of corneal endothelial cells, we performed specular biomicroscopy analysis in patients harboring the mitochondrial DNA point mutation A3243G to assess for the associated presence of corneal endothelial abnormalities. We present a case series with participants from two institutions. Patients diagnosed with macular dystrophy associated with MIDD or MELAS, and the mitochondrial DNA point mutation A3243G were recruited. Exclusion criteria included a prior diagnosis, or a positive family history, of endothelial corneal dystrophy. Slit-lamp corneal examination and specular biomicroscopy were performed. Corneal endothelial cell count, cell size and polymegathism, and central corneal thickness were assessed. Patients diagnosed with MIDD or MELAS based on clinical history and examination were genetically tested for the mitochondrial DNA point mutation A3243G using pyrosequencing. Five patients (two male and three female participants) from five different families, and with different ethnic backgrounds, met the inclusion criteria. Their ages ranged from 41 to 60 years. Corneal endothelial changes observed using slit-lamp examination were primarily mild to rare guttata. Specular biomicroscopy displayed mainly polymegathism associated with guttata. The average endothelial cell count was 2358 ± 456 cells per mm2, the average endothelial cell size was 442 ± 103 μm2 and the average central corneal thickness (CCT) was 551 ± 33 μm. These values were similar to that of the average population. The average coefficient of variation (COV), an index of heterogeneity in cell size, was 42.0 ± 4.1%. When compared to the average population, the average COV was significantly higher than predicted for the patients’ age. None of the patients had signs of corneal edema. One patient had a pre-Descemet’s opacity. In patients with the mitochondrial DNA point mutation A3243G, corneal endothelial polymegathism is present. This is mainly associated with mild guttata. The findings of corneal endothelial cell polymegathism may be a biomarker of mitochondrial disease, specifically in patients with the mitochondrial DNA A3243G mutation.
Liberalism, Illiberalism, and the Environment

Environmental social science faces daunting theoretical and empirical challenges today, as the modern political ideas of liberalism that shaped its historical development encounter the growing infl...
Dynamic Optimization of the Level of Operational Effectiveness of a CSOC Under Adverse Conditions

The analysts at a cybersecurity operations center (CSOC) analyze the alerts that are generated by intrusion detection systems (IDSs). Under normal operating conditions, sufficient numbers of analysts are available to analyze the alert workload. For the purpose of this article, this means that the cybersecurity analysts in each shift can fully investigate each and every alert that is generated by the IDSs in a reasonable amount of time and perform their normal tasks in a shift. Normal tasks include analysis time, time to attend training programs, report writing time, personal break time, and time to update the signatures on new patterns in alerts as detected by the IDS. There are several disruptive factors that occur randomly and can adversely impact the normal operating condition of a CSOC, such as (1) higher alert generation rates from a few IDSs, (2) new alert patterns that decrease the throughput of the alert analysis process, and (3) analyst absenteeism. The impact of the preceding factors is that the alerts wait for a long duration before being analyzed, which impacts the level of operational effectiveness (LOE) of the CSOC. To return the CSOC to normal operating conditions, the manager of a CSOC can take several actions, such as increasing the alert analysis time spent by analysts in a shift by canceling a training program, spending some of his own time to assist the analysts in alert investigation, and calling upon the on-call analyst workforce to boost the service rate of alerts. However, additional resources are limited in quantity over a 14-day work cycle, and the CSOC manager must determine when and how much action to take in the face of uncertainty, which arises from both the intensity and the random occurrences of the disruptive factors. The preceding decision by the CSOC manager is nontrivial and is often made in an ad hoc manner using prior experiences. This work develops a reinforcement learning (RL) model for optimizing the LOE throughout the entire 14-day work cycle of a CSOC in the face of uncertainties due to disruptive events. Results indicate that the RL model is able to assist the CSOC manager with a decision support tool to make better decisions than current practices in determining when and how much resource to allocate when the LOE of a CSOC deviates from the normal operating condition.
Utilitarianism, the Difference Principle, and the Veil of Ignorance: An Application of the Theory of Social Situations

Both Harsanyi and Rawls have been credited with introducing the idea of the veil of ignorance as a thought experiment to motivate deliberation about the correct standard of justice for a society.1 Harsanyi argues that behind the veil of ignorance, ‘agents’ would (or should) choose the utilitarian social choice rule, and Rawls argues they would choose the maximin rule. In this paper, I use Joseph Greenberg’s (1990) innovative theory of social situations to study the problem of choice of income distribution behind a veil of ignorance.