cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rare earth element sources and modification in the Lower Kittanning coal bed, Pennsylvania: implications for the origin of coal mineral matter and rare earth element exposure in underground mines

Abstract In this study, we examine the variations in rare earth elements (REE) from the Lower Kittanning coal bed of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, USA, in an attempt to understand the factors that control mineral matter deposition and modification in coal, and to evaluate possible REE mixed exposure hazards facing underground mine workers. The results of this study suggest that the Lower Kittanning coal mineral matter is derived primarily from a clastic source similar to that of the shale overburden. While highly charged cations like silicon, aluminum, and titanium remained relatively immobile within the coal mineral matter, iron (primarily as pyrite) was added from nonclastic sources, either during deposition of the coal mire vegetation or subsequent to burial. Other mobile cations (e.g., alkali and alkaline earth elements) appear to have been added to and/or leached from the originally deposited clastic mineral matter. Most of the sulfur in the Lower Kittanning coal bed is bound as FeS2 in the mineral matter, but a majority of samples contain a small excess of S that is most likely organically bound. In general, the total rare earth element content (TREE) in coal ash is greater than that in the shale overburden. If the primary source of mineral matter is the same as that for the overlying shale, then REE must have been enriched in the coal mineral matter subsequent to deposition. The total rare earth element content of Lower Kittanning coals correlates strongly with Si concentration ([TREE]≈0.0024 [Si]), which provides a threshold for evaluating possible mixed exposure health effects. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns reveal a shale-like light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment for the coal, similar to that of the shale overburden, again suggesting a primarily clastic REE source. However, when normalized to the shale overburden, most of the coal ash samples display a small but distinct heavy rare earth element (HREE) enrichment. We surmise that the HREE were added and/or preferentially retained during epigenesis, possibly associated with groundwater flow through the coal unit, but not necessarily in close association with the addition of iron. At least some of the “excess” HREE could be organically bound within the Lower Kittanning coal.
A New Surface Variation Measurement Algorithm Via Surface Normals

Quantitative measurements of surface variations are essential to computer inspection of surface quality. We propose a new surface variation measurement algorithm which computes a surface roughness map via the surface normals. The sampled surface data are first approximated by bivariate polynomial functions under least squares criterion. Surface normals are then estimated from the polynomial coefficients. A roughness metric is determined for each surface point in terms of the cumulative angular differences between pairwise normal vectors in the neighborhood. Experimental results show that the established roughness metric can distinguish subtle details of minor surface variations. The computation required in this algorithm are convolution-based operations. Therefore, the method can be readily implemented in a parallel computing environment for real-time applications.
An Unsupervised Learning Approach for Classifying Sequence Data for Human Robotic Interaction Using Spiking Neural Network

The goal of this research is to enable robots to learn spatio-temporal patterns from a human's demonstration. We propose an approach based on Spiking Neural Networks. The method brings the following contributions: first, it enables the encoding of patterns in an unsupervised manner. Second, it requires a very small number of training examples. Third, the approach is invariant to scale and translation. We validated our method on a dataset of hand movement gestures representing the drawing of digits 0 to 9, in front of a camera. We compared the proposed approach with other standard pattern recognition approaches. The results indicate the superiority of proposed method over other approaches.
A dynamic model of an underwater vehicle with a robotic manipulator using Kane's method

Development of a robust autonomous Underwater Robotic Vehicle (URV) is a key element to the exploitation of marine resources. An accurate dynamic model is important for both controller design and mission simulation, regardless of the control strategy employed. In this paper, a dynamic model for an underwater vehicle with an n-axis robot arm is developed based on Kane's method. The technique provides a direct method for incorporating external environmental forces into the model. The model developed in this paper includes four major hydrodynamic forces: added mass, profile drag, fluid acceleration, and buoyancy. The model derived is a closed form solution which can be utilized in modern model-based control schemes.
Lipid-A-antibodies--indicators for the risk of renal scarring in children with urinary tract infection.

. The levels of IgG- and IgM-antibodies against lipid A were determined by an ultramicro-ELISA in 54 children between 2 months and 13 years of age with non-obstructive urinary tract infections at the onset of the infection and subsequently after 3, 6 and 12 months. Children older than 2 years who later developed renal scarring as shown by intravenous pyelo-grams had higher levels of IgG antibodies than those without scars. This correlation was not found in children younger than 2 years of age. IgM-anribody levels did not correlate with the risk of scar formation. We conclude that the IgG-antibody level against lipid A is a useful indicator for early recognition of children over the age of two years who will later develop renal scars. The ultramicro-ELISA technique makes screening for children at risk possible at a low cost.
Characterisation of the binding of digitoxin and acetyldigitoxin to human serum albumin by high-performance affinity chromatography.

Zonal elution and high-performance affinity chromatography were used to examine interactions of the drugs digitoxin and acetyldigitoxin with the protein human serum albumin (HSA). This was done by injecting small amounts of digitoxin and acetyldigitoxin onto an immobilized HSA column in the presence of mobile phases that contained various concentrations of digitoxin, acetyldigitoxin or other solutes as competing agents. A fixed concentration of β-cyclodextrin was also present in the mobile phase as a solubilising agent. It was found that digitoxin and acetyldigitoxin each had strong interactions at a single common binding site on HSA, but with slightly different equilibrium constants for this region. Neither compound showed any competition with warfarin or L-tryptophan, which were used as probes for binding at the warfarin-azapropazone and indole-benzodiazepine sites of HSA. These results confirmed the presence of a separate binding region on HSA for digitoxin-related compounds.
Semiautonomous Multivehicle Safety

In this article, we have illustrated the application of a formal hybrid control approach to design semiautonomous multivehicle systems that are guaranteed to be safe. Our experimental results illustrate that, in a structured task, such as driving, simple human-decision models can be effectively learned and employed in a feedback control system that enforces a safety specification. They also highlight how the incorporation of these models in a safety control system makes the control actions required for safety less conservative. In fact, by virtue of the mode estimate, the current (mode-dependent) capture set to avoid guaranteeing safety is considerably smaller than the capture set to be avoided when the mode estimate is not available. This is essential for the practical applicability of cooperative active safety systems. In our data set, the flow entered the capture set only 3% times. These failures are mainly due to communication delays between the vehicles and the workstation. These delays, when significant, cause the calculated capture set to be different from the actual one and hence may cause to enforce control too late. These delays, in future work, should be formally accounted for in the models and in the safety control algorithm. More complex models of human decisions in the proximity of an intersection and the incorporation of additional details, such as weather conditions and road geometry, offer the potential for reducing the conservatism of safe control actions even further. Future work will also consider the extension to the case in which vehicles are not known to evolve on a fixed route. This case will be handled by keeping track of routes that are compatible with the position and speed of the vehicle and by progressively eliminating those that become incompatible. The models considered here are deterministic because most of the tools currently available to perform safety control have assumed deterministic models, wherein uncertainty is bounded. However, human decision models are more naturally captured by stochastic frameworks, in which uncertainty due to variability in both subjects and realizations of the same decision is probabilistic. As results in stochastic safety verification and design become available, it will be important to extend the proposed techniques of this article to safety control of stochastic hybrid automata in which the mode estimate is constructed probabilistically.
Essential parameters to consider for the characterization of optical imaging probes

The Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agents Database (MICAD) was launched in 2005 to promote the development and application of imaging and contrast agents (probes) to advance the field of molecular imaging. As of March 2012, there are approximately 1170 agents available in MICAD. Based on the modality used for imaging, the largest category of probes described in MICAD are those used for PET (41.6%), followed by agents used for single-photon emission computed tomography (30.3%), optical imaging (12.0%), MRI (9.3%), multimodality imaging (3.4%), ultrasound (2.4%) and x-ray/computed tomography (1.0%). This article is intended to be a guideline for new investigators and students who wish to characterize an optical imaging probe that will be used to perform in vivo molecular imaging studies. It is necessary, however, to ensure that these agents meet certain quality control parameters before they are used in various in vitro and in vivo applications.
On the structure of instantaneous plumes in the atmosphere

Abstract Current methods for the analysis and prediction of the concentration fluctuations occurring in substances dispersing in the atmosphere are reviewed par The results obtained from a series of very high time resolution concentration measurements conducted in neutral conditions over flat terrain using spec It is evident that risk/hazard analyses based on time mean concentrations distributions can at best be misleading and at worst result in serious undere
The influence of a pre-exercise sports drink (PRX) on factors related to maximal aerobic performance

Background Pre-exercise sports drinks (PRX) are commonly used as ergogenic aids in athletic competitions requiring aerobic power. However, in most cases, claims regarding their effectiveness have not been substantiated. In addition, the ingredients in PRX products must be deemed acceptable by the athletic governing bodies that regulate their use in training and competition. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a modified PRX formulation (known as EM·PACT™) from earlier investigations on factors related to maximal aerobic performance during a graded exercise test. The modification consisted of removing creatine to meet the compliance standards set forth by various athletic organizations that regulate the use of nutritional supplements.
MAXIMAL INDEPENDENT SET, WEAKLY-CONNECTED DOMINATING SET, AND INDUCED SPANNERS IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS

A maximal independent set (MIS) S for a graph G is an independent set and no proper superset of S is also independent. A set S is dominating if each node in the graph is either in S or adjacent to one of the nodes in S. The subgraph weakly induced by S is the graph G′ such that each edge in G′ has at least one end point in S. A set S is a weakly-connected dominating set (WCDS) of G if S is dominating and G′ is connected. G′ is a sparse spanner if it has linear edges. The nodes of WCDS have been proposed in the literature as clusterheads for clustered wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, we present two distributed algorithms for constructing a WCDS for wireless ad hoc networks in linear time. The first algorithm has an approximation ratio of 5, and requires O(n log n) messages, while the second algorithm has a larger approximation ratio, and requires only O(n) messages. Both of these algorithms are used to obtain sparse spanners. The spanner obtained by the second algorithm has a topological dilation of 3, and a geometric dilation of 6. Both of these algorithms are based on the construction of a MIS. The first algorithm requires the construction of a spanning tree. The second algorithm is fully localized, and does not depend on the spanning tree, which makes the maintenance of the WCDS simpler, and guarantees the maintenance of the same approximation ratio.
Risk factors for second trimester PPROM: case control study

RISK FACTORS FOR SECOND TRIMESTER PPROM: CASE CONTROL STUDY SARAH KILPATRICK, RAJITA GARG, JENESS BARTHEL, MARGARET NETTLETON, JESSICA NICHOLS, University of Illinois at Chicago, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago, IL Univeristy of California, San Francisco, Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Francisco, CA University of Michigan, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ann Arbor, MI OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for second trimester premature preterm rupture of membranes (PPROM) in a high risk population. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case control study was performed comparing women with PPROM to term controls. Cases were all singleton pregnancies at 14-24 weeks presenting with PPROM or advanced cervical dilation between 1996 and 2000. The next two term deliveries were chosen as controls. Variables compared included: pregnancy history, cervical/uterine procedures, infectious and medical histories, and habits. This study had IRB approval. RESULTS: There were 158 cases and 323 controls. Mean gestational age at presentation for the cases was 20 + 2.6 weeks. Cases were significantly older than controls (26 vs 24; p < .01); heavier (175 vs. 152 lbs; p < .01), and had a significantly higher incidence of smoking (22 vs. 9%; p < .001). STD (GC, RPR, HIV, BV) incidence was not different between groups except that the controls had a significantly higher incidence of history of chlamydia (20 vs. 13%; p < .05). Medical complications were significantly more common in controls (31 vs. 19%; p < .01). But of those with medical complications, asthma was significantly associated with PPROM (57 vs. 18%; p < .001). Other variables significantly positively associated with PPROM included: prior PPROM, cerclage in prior pregnancy, presence of fibroids or polyps, and prior preterm delivery. Cases and controls had a 3 and 0.3% history of a cone biopsy (p = .07). Variables not significantly associated with PPROM included substance abuse, race (AA: 58 vs. 51%; Latina: 32 vs. 40%), and abnormal pap smear. ± CONCLUSION: In a high risk population of inner city women of color only pregnancy history, asthma, weight and smoking were significantly associated with second trimester PPROM. Surprisingly Chlamydia history was significantly more common in controls. That over half the women with PPROMwith medical problems had asthma is a new association and warrants prospective study.
Simulation of the multi-node Open Access Same-Time Information System

The paper describes a Web based simulator of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) mandated Open Access Same-Time Information System (OASIS) network. The purpose of the simulator is to provide a tool for study of the various aspects of an OASIS network and to gain a strong intuitive feel for its operations. For a specified simulation period, the OASISNET simulator reproduces an OASIS network of multiple nodes using the same communications medium as the actual system, the Internet, and with multiple players using the simulator simultaneously. Salient features of the simulator are its modular architecture, the ability to simulate multi node OASIS network operations and to accept simultaneous access from remote users through use of client/server technology. The simulation focuses on the dissemination and use of the available transmission capability information. Sample applications of the new simulator are discussed.
Using directed evolution to probe the substrate specificity of mandelamide hydrolase

Mandelamide hydrolase (MAH), a member of the amidase signature family, catalyzes the hydrolysis of mandelamide to mandelate and ammonia. X-ray structures of several members of this family, but not that of MAH, have been reported. These reveal nearly superimposable conformations of the unusual Ser-cisSer-Lys catalytic triad. Conversely, the residues involved in substrate recognition are not conserved, implying that the binding pocket could be modified to change the substrate specificity, perhaps by directed evolution. Here we show that MAH is able to hydrolyze small aliphatic substrates such as lactamide, albeit with low efficiency. A selection method to monitor changes in mandelamide/lactamide preference was developed and used to identify several mutations affecting substrate binding. A homology model places some of these mutations close to the catalytic triad, presumably in the MAH active site. In particular, Gly202 appears to control the preference for aromatic substrates as the G202A variant showed three orders of magnitude decrease in kcat/Km for (R)- and (S)-mandelamide. This reduction in activity increased to six orders of magnitude for the G202V variant.
Truth in advertising: lightweight verification of route integrity

We design and evaluate a lightweight route verification mechanism that enables a router to discover route failures and inconsistencies between advertised Internet routes and actual paths taken by the data packets. Our mechanism is accurate, incrementally deployable, and secure against malicious intermediary routers. By carefully avoiding any cryptographic operations in the data path, our prototype implementation achieves the overhead of less than 1% on a 1 Gbps link, demonstrating that our method is suitable even for high-performance networks.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Selective Bowel Decontamination for Prevention of Infections Following Liver Transplantation

Nonabsorbable antibiotics for selective bowel decontamination (SBD) sometimes are administered to liver transplant patients to prevent postoperative infections, but the efficacy of SBD is not known. Accordingly, we prospectively studied 69 patients randomly assigned to receive conventional prophylaxis with systemic antibiotics (control patients) or conventional prophylaxis plus oral nonabsorbable antibiotics for SBD (SBD patients). Overall rates of bacterial and/or yeast infections were nearly equal among control patients (42%) and SBD patients (39%). However, the infection rate at SBD key sites (abdomen, bloodstream, surgical wound, and lungs) was lower among patients who received the SBD regimen > or = 3 days before transplantation (23%) than among control patients (36%). Administration of the SBD regimen was complicated by gastrointestinal intolerance and noncompliance but not by increased stool colonization with antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Practical problems associated with administering an SBD regimen to patients awaiting cadaver liver transplants limit the regimen's usefulness, but we found a trend toward reduced key site infection when the regimen was given > or = 3 days before transplantation.
Myocardial Contraction Frequency and Onset of Cardiac Glycoside Action

Left atrial strips and right ventricular papillary muscles of kittens and left atrial strips of guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, and chickens were exposed to ouabain, acetylstrophanthidin, or digoxin at 37°C during rest or while contracting at frequencies from 0.06 to 60/min. Both the positive inotropic effect and increases in resting tension developed fully in all preparations exposed to the three drugs during complete quiescence. Contraction frequency had some influence on the rate of development of these effects, but this influence was not the result of the number of beats during exposure. In ventricular myocardium, exposure times required for the attainment of the maximum positive inotropic effect and for the induction of contracture at different contraction frequencies were proportional to the increase in tension development. It is concluded that the development of the myocardial effects of digitalis-like compounds does not require cardiac activity. The limited influence of contraction frequency on the rate of development of these effects may be partly due to frequency-dependent changes in the functional state of the myocardium which affect the magnitude of the positive inotropic action of cardiac glycosides.
Changes in blood oxytocinase during parturition.

Abstract The presence of an enzyme in the blood of pregnant women which inactivates posterior pituitary hormone was first reported by Von Fekete 1 in 1930. Since then, this substance has been studied by numerous investigators. It has not been specifically isolated, however, and the blood of pregnant women has been reported to inactivate not only the oxytocic but also the pressor and antidiuretic fractions of the posterior pituitary hormone. Woodbury and associates 2 in 1946 described the destruction of both oxytocin and vasopressin. He found that the inactivating factor was present in high concentrations from about the fifth month of pregnancy until about 7 days post partum. Page, 3, 4 at about the same time, studied the effects of the plasma of pregnant women on oxytocin and proposed the name "pitocinase" or "oxytocinase" for the enzyme which inactivated oxytocin. He further postulated that, since this substance increased progressively during pregnancy, its concentration in the blood might be used as an estimate of the duration of pregnancy. Dieckmann and co-workers 5 found that plasma from pregnant women would also inactivate the antidiuretic hormone. Whatever the exact nature or specific physiological function of the enzyme, its possible relationship to the onset and progress of labor is of interest. While there are many theories as to the possible cause of the onset of labor, 6 increased production or decreased inactivation of oxytocin remains an attractive possibility. Evidence for the function of oxytocinase in this respect is scanty. Kanazawa 7 stated that blood oxytocinase was not necessarily decreased at the time of parturition. He could show no direct relationship between the changes in blood oxytocinase and the onset of labor. On the other hand, Namiki 8 found a decrease in blood oxytocinase during the period of parturition. The present study is an attempt to re-evaluate this problem by studying blood oxytocinase levels before, during, and after parturition and thus to shed some light on the possible part played by this enzyme.
Total Synthesis of the Proposed Azaspiracid-1 Structure, Part 1: Construction of the Enantiomerically Pure C1–C20, C21–C27, and C28–C40 Fragments†

As a build-up to the synthesis of the proposed structure of azaspiracid, both enantiomers of fragments 2, 3, and 4 were synthesized stereoselectively. Piv=pivaloyl, PFP=pentafluorophenyl, Teoc=2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, TES=triethylsilyl.
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE ABNORMAL BODY IN THE MOONSTONE

Wilkie Collins's The Moonstone is a novel constructed through the repeated representation of the abnormal body. Reading The Moonstone in critical terms has traditionally required a primary engagement with form. The work has been defined as a foundational narrative in the genre of crime and detection and at the same time read as a narrative located within the context of the immensely popular group of sensation novels that dominate the Victorian literary marketplace through the middle and the second half of the nineteenth century. T. S. Eliot is one of the first readers to define one end of this paradigm, reading the novel as an original text in the genre of detective fiction, and famously saying that The Moonstone is “the first, the longest and the best of modern English detective novels” (xii). On the other end of the paradigm, the novel's formal workings are again often cited as a larger example, and even triumph, of Victorian sensation fiction – melodramatic narratives built, according to Winifred Hughes and the more recent Derridean readings by Patrick Brantlinger and others, around a discursive cross-fertilization of romanticism, gothicism, and realism.
Deviant Expression of Rab5 on Phagosomes Containing the Intracellular Pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Legionella pneumophila Is Associated with Altered Phagosomal Fate

The intracellular human pathogens Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium tuberculosis reside in altered phagosomes that do not fuse with lysosomes and are only mildly acidified. The L. pneumophila phagosome exists completely outside the endolysosomal pathway, and the M. tuberculosis phagosome displays a maturational arrest at an early endosomal stage along this pathway. Rab5 plays a critical role in regulating membrane trafficking involving endosomes and phagosomes. To determine whether an alteration in the function or delivery of Rab5 could play a role in the aberrant development of L. pneumophila and M. tuberculosis phagosomes, we have examined the distribution of the small GTPase, Rab5c, in infected HeLa cells overexpressing Rab5c. Both pathogens formed phagosomes in HeLa cells with molecular characteristics similar to their phagosomes in human macrophages and multiplied in these host cells. Phagosomes containing virulent wild-type L. pneumophila never acquired immunogold staining for Rab5c, whereas phagosomes containing an avirulent mutant L. pneumophila (which ultimately fused with lysosomes) transiently acquired staining for Rab5c after phagocytosis. In contrast, M. tuberculosis phagosomes exhibited abundant staining for Rab5c throughout its life cycle. To verify that the overexpressed, recombinant Rab5c observed on the bacterial phagosomes was biologically active, we examined the phagosomes in HeLa cells expressing Rab5c Q79L, a fusion-promoting mutant. Such HeLa cells formed giant vacuoles, and after incubation with various particles, the giant vacuoles acquired large numbers of latex beads, M. tuberculosis, and avirulent L. pneumophila but not wild-type L. pneumophila, which consistently remained in tight phagosomes that did not fuse with the giant vacuoles. These results indicate that whereas Rab5 is absent from wild-type L. pneumophila phagosomes, functional Rab5 persists on M. tuberculosis phagosomes. The absence of Rab5 on the L. pneumophila phagosome may underlie its lack of interaction with endocytic compartments. The persistence of functional Rab5 on the M. tuberculosis phagosomes may enable the phagosome to retard its own maturation at an early endosomal stage.
A preterm infant with early Bacteroides fragilis meningitis and bilateral subdural empyema: Literature review and treatment options

We report a case on a low birth weight infant who developed early onset meningitis with bilateral occipital empyema. The pathogen isolated from the cerebral spinal fluid was Bacteroides fragilis, an anaerobic Gram negative bacillus of the gut, rarely reported as an etiology of neonatal meningitis.
Crystal structure of the 70S ribosome bound with the Q253P mutant form of release factor RF2.

Summary Bacterial translation termination is mediated by release factors RF1 and RF2, which recognize stop codons and catalyze hydrolysis of the peptidyl-tRNA ester bond. The catalytic mechanism has been debated. We proposed that the backbone amide NH group, rather than the side chain, of the glutamine of the universally conserved GGQ motif participates in catalysis by H-bonding to the tetrahedral transition-state intermediate and by product stabilization. This was supported by complete loss of RF1 catalytic activity when glutamine is replaced by proline, the only residue that lacks a backbone NH group. Here, we present the 3.4 A crystal structure of the ribosome complex containing the RF2 Q253P mutant and find that its fold, including the GGP sequence, is virtually identical to that of wild-type RF2. This rules out proline-induced misfolding and further supports the proposal that catalytic activity requires interaction of the Gln-253 backbone amide with the 3′ end of peptidyl-tRNA.
Emotion, the bodily, and the cognitive

In both psychology and philosophy, cognitive theories of emotion have met with increasing opposition in recent years. However, this apparent controversy is not so much a gridlock between antithetical stances as a critical debate in which each side is being forced to qualify its position in order to accommodate the other side of the story. Here, I attempt to sort out some of the disagreements between cognitivism and its rivals, adjudicating some disputes while showing that others are merely superficial. Looking at evidence from neuroscience and social psychology, as well as thought experiments and theoretical arguments, I conclude that it is necessary to acknowledge both that emotions have intentional content and that they involve somatic agitation. I also point out some of the more promising directions for future research in this area.
Stability of dissolving or depositing surfaces

In a previous paper, we have examined the variation of the mass transfer rate along a small amplitude wavy surface which is exchanging mass with a turbulently flowing fluid. We now use these results to show that a soluble flat surface is unstable in the presence of a turbulent flow. The wavelength of the most rapidly growing surface disturbance, made dimensionless with respect to the friction velocity and the kinematic viscosity, is found to be a very weak function of the Schmidt number. These results provide a possible explanation for wavelike dissolution patterns observed in caves and on the underside of river ice. The analysis predicts that deposition patterns should be quite different from dissolution patterns in that the most rapidly growing wave for deposition has a length of zero.
Modifying a Stainless Steel for PEMFC Bipolar Plates via Electrochemical Nitridation

AISI446 stainless steel was electrochemically nitrided at room temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that the nitrided steel was covered with surface ammonia and a layer of nitrides (mainly of mixed chromium nitrides). The nitride layer for 4 h nitrided steel at –0.9 V was about 2.5 nm thick. Dominating oxides appear on the steel's surface, so nitrogen incorporated oxides is a suitable term to describe the nitrided surface. The nitrided surface showed very low interfacial contact resistance (ICR) and excellent corrosion resistance in simulated polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) environments. The excellent stability of the nitride steel was confirmed by XPS depth profiling before and after testing in the PEMFC environments. Electrochemical nitridation provides an economic way for modifying the steel's surface to approach the U.S. Department of Energy 2015 goal for bipolar plates.
Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)

1. George H Roberts[⇑][1] 1. Address for correspondence : George H Roberts EdD CLS(NCA), Department of Clinical Laboratory Science and Radiologic Technology, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe LA 71209-0440. (318) 342-1632, (318) 342-3256 (fax). groberts{at}ulm.edu Transfusion is an inevitable event in the life of many individuals. Transfusion medicine personnel attempt to provide blood products that will result in a safe and harmless transfusion. However, this is not always possible since no laboratory test gives totally accurate and reliable results all the time and testing in routine transfusion services is devoted primarily to the identification of red blood cell problems. Thus, when patients are transfused, several possible adverse effects may occur in the transfused patient even though quality testing indicates no potential problem. These adverse events include infectious complications, hemolytic reactions, anaphylaxis, urticaria, circulatory overload, transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease, chills and fever, immunomodulation, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI).1 CASE HISTORY A 52-year-old white male was admitted to a local hospital emergency room (ER) for an acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. He denied any other medical problems, took no medications, and stated that he did not smoke or drink alcohol. His admitting hemoglobin and hematocrit were 7.8 g/dL and 24%. He was referred by the ER physician to a gastroenterologist who performed an esophagogastro duodenoscopy (EGD) in the ER to determine the cause of the bleeding episode. During and immediately following the procedure, the patient received four units of compatible packed red blood cells (RBCs) and four units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP). His baseline vital signs were normal; however, following administration of approximately 125 mL of the fourth unit of FFP, he began to complain of nausea, chills, and difficulty breathing. The transfusion was immediately discontinued and… ABBREVIATIONS: TRALI = transfusion related acute lung injury. [1]: #corresp-1
A way with words: Using language for psychological science in the modern era.

List of Tables and Figures Preface Claudiu V. Dimofte, Curtis P. Haugtvedt, and Richard F. Yalch Part 1: Consumer Engagement with Social Media 1. Motivations for Consumer Engagement with Social Media Eva Buechel and Jonah Berger 2. Being a Likable Braggart: How Consumers Use Brand Mentions for Self-Presentation on Social Media Tejvir Sekhon, Barbara Bickart, Remi Trudel, and Susan Fournier 3. Resistance to Electronic Word of Mouth as a Function of the Message Source and Context Susan Powell Mantel, Maria L. Cronley, Jeffrey L. Cohen, and Frank R. Kardes 4. Now or Later: Synchrony Effects on Electronic Word-of-Mouth Content Cansu Sogut, Barbara Bickart, and Frederic Brunel 5. A Video is Worth 1000 Words: Linking Consumer Value for Opinion Seekers to Visually-Oriented eWOM Practices Andrew Smith and Martin A. Pyle 6. Consumer Behavior in the Social Media Marketplace: Platform Personality Matters Marlene Towns 7. The Effects of Goal Publicity on Goal Persistence in the Social Media World Jinfeng (Jenny) Jiao and Catherine Cole Part 2: Branding and Advertising Issues in Social Media 8. Hearing Their Voice: When Brand Co-Creation Leads to Social Brand Engagement Heather Johnson Dretsch and Amna Kirmani 9. Choose Wisely: Individual and Situational Influences on the Effectiveness of Social Media Melanie Green and Jenna Clark 10. To Forward or Not: Consumer Response to Brand Crises in the Context of Micro Blogs Richard Yalch and Xi Chen 11. To Manipulate, or not to Manipulate: The Naive Beliefs of the Simple Application of Persuasion Techniques Sascha Langner, Steffen Schmidt, Sebastian Fritz, Nadine Hennigs, and Klaus-Peter Wiedmann Part 3: Measurement and Interpretation Issues in Social Media 12. Exploring the Motivational and Consumption Impact of Personal Analytics and Informatics Heather Honea 13. Advertising Effects in Social Media Yogesh Joshi 14. A Way with Words: Using Language for Psychological Science in the Modern Era Ryan Boyd and James Pennebaker Part 4: Public Policy Issues in Social and Digital Media 15. Marketing Unhealthy Foods to Children on Facebook: Social Policy and Public Health Concerns Jennifer Harris, Amy Heard, and Dale Kunkel 16. Online Violent Media Consumption in Adolescents: An Exploratory Study Yupin Patarapongsant and Issariya Woraphiphat 17. Current Issues and Future Challenges Related to Consumer Privacy in Social Media Curtis Haugtvedt
Assessing current technical limitations in the small-hole endoscopic approach to the maxillary sinus

BACKGROUND Endoscopic sinus surgery has evolved to become the standard surgical approach to address paranasal sinus disease. To access inflammatory mucosal disease and other benign processes, it is desirable to reach all parts of the maxillary sinus. This project explores the combination of three medial wall small-hole antrostomies with multiple angled microdebrider blades to determine if an ideal combination exists. A prospective cadaveric study was performed. METHODS Each 3.5-mm blade was passed through the natural ostium and two separate inferior meatal antrostomies. The space reached by the tip of four different microdebrider blades (12, 60, 90 and 120°) within each maxillary sinus was mapped using an image guidance system. Percent volume of the sinus reached and access to subsites were determined. RESULTS Regardless of instrument or antrostomy combination, mean percent volume of maxillary sinus reached was 28% (range, 24-34%). The anterior wall was rarely reached by any combination, with the best blade/antrostomy combination (90° blade/anterior inferior antrostomy) only reaching 28% of the anterior wall. Likewise, the floor of the maxillary sinus was also poorly reached in general. The lateral and posterior maxillary sinus walls were most reliably reached with the roof and medial walls being intermediate. CONCLUSION Using the endoscopic small-hole approach to the maxillary sinus results in <⅓ of the sinus being routinely reached regardless of antrostomy or angled microdebrider instrument selected. Further study and development of new technologies to more thoroughly reach benign processes within the maxillary sinus via a small-hole approach is warranted.
Spray and Fumigation Combination for Resistant Red Scale

Results are given of spray alone, fumigation alone, and these in combination against the red scale on citrus trees. Highest efficiency was secured when fumigation followed within a week or ten days the application of oil spray. Oil shown to absorb little if any HCN gas and an oil spray serves as a protective film to the citrus tree, rendering it less susceptible to hydrocyanic acid injury.
GPU-accelerated Software Library for Unsteady Flamelet Modeling of Turbulent Combustion with Complex Chemical Kinetics

Modeling and simulation of turbulent combustion are computationally demanding and challenging problems due to the complexity of turbulent flows and the complex chemical reaction kinetics. Recent advances in high performance computing (HPC) has allowed simulations to utilize increasing computer power to obtain newer insights that were not feasible before. The arrival of GPUs and many-core processors is set to revolutionize the HPC landscape. This paper presents an unsteady flamelet software library developed for utilizing GPUs as an onboard accelerator while the flow solver continues to run on conventional host processors using legacy software. The software was architected to expose multiple levels of parallelism and concurrency available in the unsteady flamelet model which is also necessary to realize the full potential of these accelerators. While the model and its coupling with the flow solver have been known for some time, the potential to target these models and libraries for newer HPC architectures provides a greater incentive for pursuing combustion model development.
A high-order multi-zone cut-stencil method for numerical simulations of high-speed flows over complex geometries

In this paper, we present a method for performing uniformly high-order direct numerical simulations of high-speed flows over arbitrary geometries. The method was developed with the goal of simulating and studying the effects of complex isolated roughness elements on the stability of hypersonic boundary layers. The simulations are carried out on Cartesian grids with the geometries imposed by a third-order cut-stencil method. A fifth-order hybrid weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme was implemented to capture any steep gradients in the flow created by the geometries and a third-order Runge-Kutta method is used for time advancement. A multi-zone refinement method was also utilized to provide extra resolution at locations with expected complex physics. The combination results in a globally fourth-order scheme in space and third order in time. Results confirming the method's high order of convergence are shown. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional test cases are presented and show good agreement with previous results. A simulation of Mach 3 flow over the logo of the Ubuntu Linux distribution is shown to demonstrate the method's capabilities for handling complex geometries. Results for Mach 6 wall-bounded flow over a three-dimensional cylindrical roughness element are also presented. The results demonstrate that the method is a promising tool for the study of hypersonic roughness-induced transition.
Illegal Aliens, Criminals, and Hypersexual Spitfires: Latin@ Youth and Pedagogies of Citizenship in Media Texts

ABSTRACTThis article aims to broaden the ways we conceptualize citizenship and implement citizenship education in social studies. To do so, the authors explore media texts as a curricular and pedagogical site for teaching lessons about citizenship. Specifically, the authors investigate how media drafts the boundaries of citizenship for Latin@ youth, and influences how young people come to understand who is and who is not perceived as a citizen entitled to rights and freedoms. Media texts, like formal social studies curricula, are powerful and enduring educators that shape how students know the world and imagine their place in it. Therefore, this article addresses how social studies teachers can integrate media texts into the classroom to explore representations of Latin@s and the impact that media has on our citizenship identities and experiences.
Spontaneous Materiality: An Informal Survey of the January 8, 2011 Vernacular Shrines at University Medical Center

On the morning of January 8, 2011, Tucson, Arizona joined the leagues of American cities to experience the mass shooting. This shooting targeted U.S. Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords; six were killed and 15 were injured, including the shooter. At the time it occurred, I was just a few miles away from the event having breakfast. I was close enough to hear the sirens going by when someone turned on the local news to hear the breaking story. The experience was jarring and quite sad. Though I did not know any of the victims on a personal level, the events felt too close to home in a number of ways. At the time, I was also living blocks away from the University Medical Center (UMC), where the injured were transferred to receive emergency care. Over the ensuing days and weeks,
Complete multipactor suppression in an X-band dielectric-loaded accelerating structure

Multipactor is a major issue limiting the gradient of rf-driven Dielectric-Loaded Accelerating (DLA) structures. Theoretical models have predicted that an axial magnetic field applied to DLA structures may completely block the multipactor discharge. However, previous attempts to demonstrate this magnetic field effect in an X-band traveling-wave DLA structure were inconclusive, due to the axial variation of the applied magnetic field, and showed only partial suppression of the multipactor loading [Jing et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 213503 (2013)]. The present experiment has been performed under improved conditions with a uniform axial magnetic field extending along the length of an X-band standing-wave DLA structure. Multipactor loading began to be continuously reduced starting from 3.5 kG applied magnetic field and was completely suppressed at ∼8 kG. Dependence of multipactor suppression on the rf gradient inside the DLA structure was also measured.
Thermally Conductive-Silicone Composites with Thermally Reversible Cross-links

Thermally conductive-silicone composites that contain thermally reversible cross-links were prepared by blending diene- and dienophile-functionalized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with an aluminum oxide conductive filler. This class of thermally conductive-silicones are useful as thermal interface materials (TIMs) within Information Technology (IT) hardware applications to allow rework of valuable components. The composites were rendered reworkable via retro Diels-Alder cross-links when temperatures were elevated above 130 °C and required little mechanical force to remove, making them advantageous over other TIM materials. Results show high thermal conductivity (0.4 W/m·K) at low filler loadings (45 wt %) compared to other TIM solutions (>45 wt %). Additionally, the adhesion of the material was found to be ∼7 times greater at lower temperatures (25 °C) and ∼2 times greater at higher temperatures (120 °C) than commercially available TIMs.
Studies on translocation of immunoglobulins across intestinal epithelium. IV. Evidence for binding of IgA and IgM to secretory component in intestinal epithelium.

We conducted studies concerning the issue of whether secretory component (SC) is a specific receptor on intestinal epithelial cells for IgA and IgM. Initially, frozen sections of human intestinal mucosa were incubated with dimeric monoclonal human IgA1 conjugated to horseradish peroxidase; adjacent sections were reacted with peroxidase- conjugated antibodies to SC. The conjugated IgA and anti-SC bound to similar sites in the epithelium, that is to basolateral margins and supranuclear cytoplasm of columnar epithelial cells, principally in gland crypts. In subsequent tests of binding specificity, binding of the dimeric IgA conjugate was inhibited by pretreating the tissues with unconjugated dimeric IgA or 19S IgM, pretreating the tissues with unconjugated antibodies to SC, or preincubating the dimeric IgA conjugate with free SC. Binding was not inhibited or only partially inhibited by pretreating the tissues with monomeric IgA or IgG, pretreating the tissues with antibodies to human or heterologous immunoglobulins, or preincubating the dimeric IgA conjugate with US secretory colostral IgA. The findings indicate that dimeric IgA and 19S IgM are capable of binding in vitro to specific sites on intestinal epithelial cells, most likely to SC. This supports the hypothesis that transport of these immunoglobulins into intestinal fluids involves their combination with SC in the epithelium.
Morphological study of chronic Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in the lactating bovine mammary gland.

Pathological changes and leucocyte response to chronic Staphylococcus aureus mastitis were studied in bovine mammary glands. Less synthetic and secretory activity was evident in quarters with chronic mastitis than in control quarters as indicated by a distended stromal area, diminished alveolar lumina, and epithelia without secretory characteristics. Ultra-structural examination demonstrated decreased cell area occupied by cytoplasmic organelles which further substantiated impaired synthetic ability. Leucocyte infiltration into the stroma, epithelial lining and lumina was more marked than in uninfected tissue. However, prolonged exposure to S aureus mastitis appeared to interfere with the antigenic stimulation of B lymphocyte precursor cells into plasma cells. Involution and loss of alveolar function may have been associated with extensive leucocyte diapedesis into luminal spaces and, or, potentially harmful staphylotoxins.