cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Input Condition for Teleosemantics? Reply to Shea (and Godfrey‐Smith)1

In his essay "Consumers Need Information: Supplementing Teleosemantics with an Input Condition" (this issue) Nicholas Shea argues, with support from the work of Peter Godfrey-Smith (1996), that teleosemantics, as David Papineau (1987) and I (1984, 2004) have articulated it, cannot explain why "content attribution can be used to explain successful behavior." This failure is said to result from defining the intentional contents of representations by reference merely to historically normal conditions for success of their "outputs," that is, of their uses by interpreting or consuming mechanisms, bypassing the more traditional focus, of those who would naturalize intentional content, on causal or informational inputs. Shea proposes to "add an input condition to teleosemantics," requiring that simple representations must carry "correlational information." I am grateful to Shea for his paper, as it presents me with an opportunity to clarify two fairly central features of my position on intentional content, one of which seems to have been overlooked in the literature (Millikan, 1993a), the other of which I have stated previously only in a confusing way (Millikan, 2004, Chapters 3-4). The first clarification concerns the general form that I take explanation by reference to intentional states to have. The second concerns my description of "locally recurrent natural information," why this kind of information is needed in place of Shea's "correlational information" to explain what feeds simple representational systems, and why no reference to natural information is needed to account for the success of behaviors by reference to the truth of representations that motivate them.
Nutritional diseases of South American camelids

Literature describing nutritional or nutrition-related diseases of llamas and alpacas was reviewed. Case reports of copper toxicity, polioencephalomalacia, plant poisonings and urolithiasis accounted for the greatest number of literature citations relative to llamas and alpaca nutritional diseases. However, the overall number of published studies detailing nutritional disease of llamas and alpacas is very limited. Metabolic bone disease, associated with Vitamin D deficiency, and hepatic lipidosis were metabolic diseases for which controlled research studies were completed to address underlying mechanisms. Circumstantial evidence would suggest llamas and alpacas are similar to other ruminants relative to most nutrient deficiency or toxicity disease problems. Llamas and alpacas are unique compared to other ruminant animals in their susceptibility to zinc and Vitamin D deficiency diseases. A zinc-responsive dermatosis has been described, but the true role of zinc deficiency is debated. Llamas and alpacas show a seasonal deficiency in Vitamin D resulting in a hypophosphatemic rickets syndrome. Camelids may have a lower capacity to endogenously synthesize Vitamin D or higher requirement compared to other species. Although mechanisms are not fully understood, llamas and alpacas are somewhat different in metabolic responses to negative energy balance and subsequent hepatic lipidosis. Further research is necessary to better define llama and alpaca nutrient requirements and metabolism as they directly impact potential for nutritional disease. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Outcomes of Children With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome After Intensive Inpatient Rehabilitation

Objective To examine the effectiveness of an inpatient treatment program on eliminating pain and increasing function for children with complex regional pain syndrome. Design A retrospective chart review and follow-up telephone survey. Setting A tertiary care hospital. Patients Retrospective chart review of 32 children admitted for treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. Nineteen completed the telephone survey. Intervention Intensive inpatient physical and occupation therapy in conjunction with psychological counseling, art therapy, recreational therapy, and child life specialists who focused on improving physical function and conditioning, stress management, and the development of self-efficacy related to pain and stress. Main Outcome Measurements Resolution of pain and restoration of full function by patient or family report. Results All the children had failed various prior treatment approaches: 34% had resolution at the time of discharge; 78% of admissions and 89% of those with follow-up had eventual resolution of pain; and 95% had full restoration of physical function at a median time from start of treatment of 2 months. Seven had recurrence and 5 were able to resolve the recurrence without further intervention from the medical community. Conclusions Intensive inpatient rehabilitation is effective for children with complex regional pain syndrome. Additional studies are necessary to compare this treatment with other approaches.
COTTONWOODS, ELK, AND WOLVES IN THE LAMAR VALLEY OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

In September 2001, the diameter at breast height (dbh) of all cottonwood (Populus spp.) $5 cm in diameter was measured within a 9.5-km 2 section of the Lamar Valley (elevation ;2000 m), in northeastern Yellowstone National Park. A total of 700 trees were measured of which 71% were narrowleaf cottonwood (P. angustifolia) and 29% were black cottonwood (P. trichocarpa). Slightly more than half of the narrowleaf trees were growing on point bar landforms at three major meander bends of the Lamar River, with the remainder occurring in small groves spread across various floodplain surfaces within the valley. Almost all of the black cottonwood occurred on point bars at only two of the meander bend locations. Tree diameters for both species ranged mostly between 30 and 110 cm with a nearly total absence of cottonwoods between 5 and 29 cm in diameter. Age vs. diameter relationships were developed and used as a basis for estimating estab- lishment dates for all narrowleaf cottonwoods. These relationships, in conjunction with the dbh data, indicated an absence of cottonwood recruitment (i.e., growth of seedlings/suckers into $5-cm diameters trees) over approximately the last 60 years. The paucity of cottonwood recruitment appears to have occurred independently of fire history, flow regimes, channel migrations, or factors affecting normal stand development, but over the same period of time that wolves (Canis lupus) had been extirpated from Yellowstone National Park. With the removal of this wide-ranging and keystone predator, elk (Cervus elaphus) populations were able to browse riparian plant communities unaffected by wolves.
Recent developments in adolescent pregnancy.

New Knowledge Has Not Eliminated the Problem Pregnancy remains one of the preeminent problems in adolescent medicine worldwide, and adolescent pregnancy is still one of this country’s most important public health problems.’ The concerns that health care providers, educators, and parents share about childbearing at this age reflect both the large number of young Americans who become pregnant each year and the medical and psychosocial morbidities listed in Table 1.’ Studies conducted during the 1970s and 1980s produced a wealth of observational and correlational data that increased our knowledge and deepened our understanding of these young people’s problems but failed to answer three important questions:
The Location-Allocation versus Functional Integration Debate: An Assessment in Terms of Linkage Effects

The Belsky-Karaska critique of the functional integration approach to development maintains that its urban functions orientation to planning was originally designed for descriptive, not prescriptive, purposes and that functional integration neglects demand. These objections are examined in the contexts of the balanced versus unbalanced growth controversy and the hierarchical diffusion of innovation paradigm. Functional integration adopts a more developmental approach than does the application of location-allocation models, which nonetheless have value in their own right. The major goal of functional integration should be to induce linkage effects that will have beneficial, if not readily predictable, social and economic consequences. The relevance of functional integration would be enhanced by giving more attention to the economics of linkage effects, including the processes by which direct investment in agriculture induces urban functions.
A Wet-Wall Electroinertial Precipitator: A Highly Efficient Air Cleaner for Cotton Dust

A wet-wall electroinertial air cleaner has been developed to control and remove dust generated during the processing of cotton textile fibers. The combination of electrostatic and inertial forces provides for high-efficiency collection of fine cotton dust, and the wet wall is used to continuously flush out the precipitated dust, thus avoiding problems of dust reentrainment or fire hazard. The air-cleaner design consists of a vertical tube equipped with a coaxial charging wire and an air entrance tangential to the periphery of the tube so as to inpart internal rotational flow. Dust entering the tube is charged by corona from the coaxial wire and is attracted to the tube wall by a combination of both the electrical and the centrifugal forces. A film of water introduced at the upper end of the tube flows down the inner wall and washes collected dust down the tube wall to a discharge sump. Data is presented on the efficiencies of a 4-in and an 8-in diameter precipitator operating at upper limits of about 200 ft3/min and 800 ft3/min, respectively, with artificially produced cotton dusts.
Postnatal changes in intracranial blood flow velocity in preterm infants.

. Postnatal changes in intracranial arterial blood flow velocity, were studied in preterm infants of less than 34 weeks of gestation. The blood flow velocity was measured in an artery on the base of the skull, using a range-gated Doppler ultrasound velocimeter. Ten healthy infants (mean gestational age 32.5 weeks), and ten infants with transitional respiratory disease (mean gestational age 31.3 weeks) were studied at 1, 2, 5, 24 h, and 2, 3, 5 and 10 days after birth. The healthy infants showed a consistent pattern of changes on the first day, with an average reduction in mean flow velocity of 29% between 1 and 5 h. At 24 h after birth, mean flow velocity had almost returned to the level of the 1 h recording. After 24 h there was a gradual increase in systolic and mean flow velocity until 10 days, while diastolic flow velocity remained unchanged. In the infants with respiratory disease there were no systematic changes in mean flow velocity on the first day, although large individual changes were seen. After 24 h no differences were seen between the healthy infants and the infants with respiratory disease. These findings indicate a transient decrease in cerebral perfusion during early circulatory transition in healthy preterm infants, and that mild to moderate respiratory disease causes larger individual variations in intracranial blood flow velocity.
A Unit in German Grammar‐Review

EDITOR's NOTE: This contribution to our series on the unit lesson plans furnishes valuable help to our teachers and prospective teachers of German. While it is called a Unit in German Grammar-Review, the teachers of the other languages will find most helpful and practical hints in conducting such a lesson and avoiding dull, purposeless repetition. We are glad to take this occasion to thank our colleague, Dr. Harold Lenz, Assistant Professor of German and Registrar at Queens College, for this fine presentation.
Mechanisms of Post-CMP Cleaning

We investigate the post-CMP cleaning process with a tribological approach. A cleaning process involves three components: brush, wafer/disk, fluid undergoing three-body sliding contact between the brush, wafer, and particles from slurry. Having this in mind, we investigated cleaning mechanisms through experimental measurement of friction force and analyzed the contact condition for particle removal. Our investigation leads to the conclusions that the cleaning process is a boundary to elastohydrodynamic lubricating process that involves a constant contact between a brush and the wafer or disk surface. The motion of the brush nodule is such that the surface forces between the brush and workpiece change from an initial adhesion to sliding abrasion. These analysis leads to insight of particle removal mechanisms.
Overcoming failures in reconfigurable antenna arrays using equivalent frequency dependent graphs

This paper discusses failures in arrays of reconfigurable antennas. Each array element is reconfigured via different electronic components such as switches, varactors, or other reconfiguration techniques. The possibility and origin of errors in such arrays is discussed and analysed. Overcoming such failures is based on the equivalence between various frequency dependent graphs that model the respective reconfigurable antenna arrays.
Total Synthesis of Vancomycin—Part 2: Retrosynthetic Analysis, Synthesis of Amino Acid Building Blocks and Strategy Evaluations

A number of valuable new synthetic strategies, such as the triazene-driven biaryl ether synthesis, have been developed during the total synthesis of vancomycin (1). Modern catalytic asymmetric reactions were employed for the construction of the required amino acid building blocks, which were then assembled to the appropriate peptide fragments, whose cyclization in the order C-O-D→AB/C-O-D→AB/C-O-D-E led to framework of the vancomycin aglycon (2). Sequential attachment of the required sugar moieties onto a suitably protected aglycon derivative, followed by deprotection, allowed the stereoselective total synthesis of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin (1).
Misstatement Direction, Litigation Risk, and Planned Audit Investment

This study reports the results of an experiment showing that auditor assessments of litigation risk and planned audit investments are higher when potential errors overstate financial performance than when those errors understate performance. This result is much stronger in the presence of high levels of litigation risk in the client’s industry. These results suggest that in industries where litigation risk is high audited financial statements may contain more unintentional material understatement errors than overstatement errors. Thus, litigation risk—through its effect on auditors—may encourage financial statements that understate firm performance
Glucocorticoids and relapse and infection rates in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody disease.

Summary Background and objectives The optimal course of glucocorticoid therapy in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) disease is unknown. This cohort study evaluates effects of glucocorticoid therapy duration on patient outcomes and adverse events. Design, setting, participants, & measurements This study assessed 147 patients diagnosed between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2009 who were treated with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide. Patients with end stage kidney disease at presentation, treatment resistance, or who had died within 6 months were excluded. Patients were divided into three groups: 0, 5, or >5 mg prednisone daily at 6 months after therapy initiation. The latter two groups were combined for assessment of adverse events. Wilcoxon rank sum, Kruskal–Wallis, or Fisher’s exact tests were used for between-group comparisons. Time to relapse was evaluated by the Kaplan–Meier method with log-rank test for comparison. Results There were no differences between groups in ANCA specificity, serum creatinine, frequency of risk factors for relapse, or length of therapy with immunosuppressants. Length of glucocorticoid therapy had no impact on time to relapse (hazard ratio, 0.69 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.23−2.02]; 1.01, [95% CI, 0.57−1.81] for the 5-mg and >5-mg groups, respectively), relapse-free survival, end stage kidney disease, or death. Patients receiving glucocorticoids beyond 6 months had significantly higher incidence of infections (0.64 infections per person-year versus 0.39, P Conclusions Glucocorticoid therapy beyond 6 months is associated with a significantly greater risk of infections but not a significantly decreased risk of relapse.
Peering Inside the Black Box of Patient-Centered Care

Patient centeredness is a distinct dimension of healthcare quality. Patient-centered care is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values in ways that guide treatment decisions.1 Translating patient centeredness into routine care is challenging. Citing evidence that patients often do not want a role in treatment decision making, many initially questioned the utility of engaging patients or eliciting their preferences.2,3 It is not surprising that many subjects enrolled in older studies of medical decision making would endorse passive decision making styles, given the paucity of tools to facilitate meaningful patient or caregiver engagement. When such tools were available, they were often overly complex and technical with little appreciation for health literacy, numeracy, or cognitive biases. The purpose of these tools was to facilitate decision making for clinicians rather than explore or uncover patient preferences, values, and goals. In essence, these earlier studies attempted to measure patient participation, experiences, and preferences within the context of clinician-centric medical encounters. Articles see p 353, 360, 368 The results described by Dunlay et al4 in this issue of Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes are illustrative of these early attempts in understanding patient centeredness within the context of a clinician-centered healthcare environment. Their study sought to better understand the end-of-life preferences of patients with heart failure and how those preferences changed during the disease course and, in particular, during hospitalizations for acute exacerbation.5 The focus on do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders as a surrogate is indicative of our limited capacity to clearly understand, elicit, and document end-of-life preferences. DNR orders are rudimentary measures of patient values and preferences for end-of-life care; orders are often placed with little or no previous discussions and are largely for the purpose of clinician decision making.5,6 Dunlay et …
Initial results in Prony analysis for harmonic selective active filters

In this paper, Prony analysis is implemented in harmonic selective active filters for power quality improvement. Unlike existing harmonic selective active filters, which require prior knowledge of harmonics and have limited reference generation ability for exponential decay in harmonics, the Prony analysis based active filters can identify frequencies, magnitudes, phases and even damping factors of harmonics. The dominant harmonics identified from Prony analysis are used for the harmonic reference generation for the harmonic selective active filters for power quality improvement. An appropriate Prony algorithm is selected for its best overall performance for harmonic selectivity. Simulation results from stationary and nonstationary harmonic cancellation verify the power quality improvement of a test system by the Prony analysis based harmonic selective active filter. The initial results in Prony analysis for harmonic selective active filters can be used in other applications to improve power quality.
The ozonolysis of primary aliphatic amines in fine particles

The oxidative processing by ozone of the particulate amines octadecylamine (ODA) and hexadecylamine (HDA) is reported. Ozonolysis of these amines resulted in strong NO 2 – and NO 3 – ion signals that increased with ozone exposure as monitored by photoelectron resonance capture ionization aerosol mass spectrometry. These products suggest a mechanism of progressive oxidation of the particulate amines to nitroalkanes. Additionally, a strong ion signal at 125 m/z is assigned to the ion NO 3 – (HNO 3 ). For ozonized mixed particles containing ODA or HDA + oleic acid (OL), with p O 3 ≥3×10 –7 atm, imine, secondary amide, and tertiary amide products were measured. These products most likely arise from reactions of amines with aldehydes (for imines) and stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI) or secondary ozonides (for amides) from the fatty acid. The routes to amides via SCI and/or secondary ozonides were shown to be more important than comparable amide forming reactions between amines and organic acids, using azelaic acid as a test compound. Finally, direct evidence is provided for the formation of a surface barrier in the ODA + OL reaction system that resulted in the retention of OL at high ozone exposures (up to 10 −3 atm for 17 s). This effect was not observed in HDA + OL or single component OL particles, suggesting that it may be a species-specific surfactant effect from an in situ generated amide or imine. Implications to tropospheric chemistry, including particle bound amines as sources of oxidized gas phase nitrogen species (e.g.~NO 2 , NO 3 ), formation of nitrogen enriched HULIS via ozonolysis of amines and source apportionment are discussed.
Methodological challenges in treatment outcome research with ethnic minorities.

Treatment outcome research focused on ethnic minorities is critically needed to eliminate mental health disparities. Because the conduct of treatment outcome research with ethnic minorities is difficult and complex, we discuss key challenges and present some methodological options suited to provide answers to specific types of questions. We focus first on the randomized clinical trial (RCT) paradigm, reviewing specific challenges facing investigators conducting ethnically inclusive trials. We then highlight the promise of other methods of inquiry to expand the science on mental health treatment with ethnic minorities. "What psychological treatment works for whom under what circumstances?" Answering this question is an urgent priority in the context of mental health disparities and high levels of unmet need in underserved ethnic minority communities. In 1994, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) mandated sufficient inclusion of ethnic minorities in all funded Phase III trials to allow valid analyses of ethnic differences in intervention effects (Hohmann & Parron, 1996). Yet 15 years after these guidelines were instituted, attention to issues of racial/ethnic diversity in treatment outcomes remains the exception rather than the rule. Among 379 National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH)-funded trials published be- tween 1995 and 2004 in five major journals, fewer than half even reported the race/ethnicity of the participants, and among those reporting race/ethnicity all minority groups but African Americans were underrepresented (Mak, Law, Alvidrez, & Perez-Stable, 2007). Thus, the diversification of the evidence base upon which to make treatment decisions remains an aspirational goal. In this paper we review methodological challenges inherent in treatment outcome research with ethnic minorities. First, because the randomized controlled trial (RCT) represents the field's most widely accepted strategy for examining treatment effects (Concato, Shaw, & Horwitz, 2000) we discuss challenges in the design and conduct of RCTs with ethnic minorities. Conducting RCTs with ethnic minority groups presents some vexing complications that, in some contexts, render this design untenable or prohibitively costly. Thus, we also review alternatives to the RCT that can also answer important questions regarding the implementation and optimiza- tion of mental health treatment for ethnic minorities.
Scale-invariant behavior and vascular network formation in normal and tumor tissue.

Tumor vascular networks look different from normal vascular networks, but the mechanisms underlying these differences are not known. By studying the scale-invariant behavior of normal and tumor vascular networks we show that vascular networks exhibit three classes of fractal behavior. Tumor networks display percolationlike scaling. Normal arteriovenous networks display diffusion-limited scaling, and normal capillary networks are compact structures. The mechanisms responsible for these differences are suggested using a growth model.
US Intervention in Colombia: The Role of Transnational Relations

In July 2000, US President, Bill Clinton, signed into law the aid package popularly known as ‘Plan Colombia’. Foreign policy analysts examining the ‘US drug war’ have generally focused upon the perceived national security interests of the US state and/or the intermestic nature of domestic politics, or the economic interests of an imperial US state in explaining US drug policy. I posit that the development, initiation and implementation of Plan Colombia cannot solely be understood through these various nation-state paradigms, as this process was aided by, and facilitated through, an incipient transnational state. The emergence and consolidation into power of a neoliberal state within Colombia, the role of transnational lobbying by US and Colombian policy-makers, as well as the influence of transnational corporations all played instrumental roles in the initiation, development and implementation of Plan Colombia.
The Epic Element in Japanese Literature

To begin with let us recall Sartre’s emphasis upon the societal aspect of literature. No literature exhibits the impact of the social life more clearly than Japanese literature. My paper will treat largely the “epic element” in Japanese literature rather than the epic as such. Since the definition of what constitutes the epic derives wholly from Western literature, quite obviously I should have had to take great liberties in applying that definition to a literature which has had such a different development. A glance at any of the numerous handbooks or glossaries of literary terms will suffice to show that the common features of literary epics are in fact derived from the traditional epics of Homer. One of these handbooks 1 gives five major features of the epic: (1) the hero is a figure of great national or international importance; (2) the setting is ample in scale, sometimes world-wide, or even larger; (3) the action involves heroic deeds in battle, or a long and arduous journey intrepidly accomplished; (4) in these great actions the gods and other supernatural beings themselves take an interest and an active part; (5) an epic poem is a ceremonial performance and is deliberately given a ceremonial style proportionate to its great subject and architecture.
Transportation Infrastructure Investment in Developing Countries: Implications for International Marketers

Developing nations are becoming popular targets for many businesses, but managers should develop a clear understanding of market potential before committing resources. In this paper we assess the role of transportation infrastructure on economic development. Our findings suggest that managers can help assess risk by monitoring the government's commitment to developing various components of the nation’s infrastructure.
Risks of Mortality in New-Onset Epilepsy

Investigators at Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and centers in Connecticut, the Netherlands and Nova Scotia, pooled data from 4 large pediatric cohorts and obtained direct estimates of the mortality risk overall and from specific causes of mortality, particularly seizure related SUDEP.
Existence without Convexity

The existence theorems in the preceding chapter required certain regularity in the behavior of the data of the problem and required that certain sets I +(t,x) be convex. In the case of non- compact constraints it was also required that the trajectories be equi-absolutely continuous, and reasonable growth conditions to ensure this were formulated. All of the conditions placed on the problem can be justified except, perhaps, the requirement that the sets I +(t,x) be convex. This requirement essentially restricts us to systems whose state equations are linear in the control, whose payoff function f0 is convex in z, and for which the constraint sets Ω(t,x) are convex. In this chapter we investigate systems in which the sets I +(t,x) need not be convex.
Can Employment Prevent Risk Behavior? The Role of Socio-Emotional Skills

This paper employs unique experimental data to identify the causal effects of employment on the risk behavior of young adults. For this purpose, we exploit the exogenous variation induced by a youth training program which successfully increased employment. The program was not designed to affect risk behavior directly. We find no significant effects of employment on the probability of engaging on risk behavior; yet, we see improvements on the risk behavior of those individuals with higher socio-emotional skills. JEL Classification: O11, O22, and O17.
Muscle injury and repair

Muscle injury presents a challenging problem in traumatology and is frequently encountered in sports medicine. The injury can occur via a variety of mechanisms, ranging from direct mechanical deformation (as in contusions, lacerations, and strain) to indirect causes (such as ischemia and neurological damage). Injured muscle usually undergoes a process of degeneration and regeneration. The injured muscle fibers first undergo necrosis, during which the damaged myofibers are removed by macrophages. New muscle fibers regenerate within the connective tissue framework of the damaged muscle. Even though muscles retain their ability to regenerate after injury, the healing process is very slow and often leads to incomplete functional recovery. We, along with others, have observed that injured muscle promptly initiates the process of healing; however, it is often inefficient and hindered by fibrosis (ie, scar tissue formation). This review is intended to increase the reader's understanding of the muscle healing process and will cover the events that occur after muscle injury including: (1) the pathological processes of degeneration and inflammation, (2) the biological repair process of muscle regeneration, and (3) the development of muscle fibrosis during the repair process. We will also discuss potential biological approaches to enhance muscle regeneration and prevent muscle fibrosis, which can eventually be used to improve muscle healing after injuries. This chapter should further our understanding of the muscle healing process and may help to develop novel and innovative therapies to promote efficient muscle healing for complete functional recovery after injuries.
High TC Superconducting Switch

A switch has been developed which uses a thin film of Y-Ba-Cu-O as a switching element. The two important process parameters in the fabrication of the switch - contact resistance between a metal and a superconductor and the passivation of the superconducting films by SiO2 have been studied. The thin film of superconductor is patterned into a narrow line (gate) crossed by a metal control line with a deposited SiO2 as an insulation layer between them. When the control line carries current large enough to switch the gate into the normal state the gate is in the s'off′ state. When no current is present, the gate is superconducting and it is in the s'on′ state. The operation of the device was verified by testing at 77 K. Applications of the device include amplifiers, digital logic circuits, and microwave switches.
Unsteady Heat-Flux Measurements of Second-Mode Instability Waves in a Hypersonic Boundary Layer

In this paper we report on the application of the atomic layer thermopile (ALTP) heat- flux sensor to the measurement of laminar-to-turbulent transition in a hypersonic flat plate boundary layer. The centerline of the flat-plate model was instrumented with a streamwise array of ALTP sensors and the flat-plate model was exposed to a Mach 6 freestream over a range of unit Reynolds numbers. Here, we observed an unstable band of frequencies that are associated with second-mode instability waves in the laminar boundary layer that forms on the flat-plate surface. The measured frequencies, group velocities, phase speeds, and wavelengths of these instability waves are in agreement with data previously reported in the literature. Heat flux time series, and the Morlet-wavelet transforms of them, revealed the wave-packet nature of the second-mode instability waves. In addition, a laser-based radiative heating system was developed to measure the frequency response functions (FRF) of the ALTP sensors used in the wind tunnel test. These measurements were used to assess the stability of the sensor FRFs over time and to correct spectral estimates for any attenuation caused by the finite sensor bandwidth.
MICU1 and MICU2 Operate Together to Regulate the Uniporter

The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is regulated by the calcium binding, EF hand-containing proteins MICU1 and MICU2. These proteins reside in the intermembrane space and physically and functionally interact with the uniporter channel. While MICU1 and MICU2 are paralogous proteins, we now establish that their roles are complementary and nonredundant. Both proteins appear to be involved in inhibiting calcium uptake when calcium levels are low, while allowing calcium transport when levels rise. Mutations to the EF hand domains suggest that this inhibition is accomplished by the apo state (calcium free) of MICU1 and MICU2. Finally, the association of MICU2 with MCU, the pore-forming subunit, appears to require MICU1, but MICU1 interacts with MCU even in the absence of MICU2. Taken together, our results suggest that MICU1 and MICU2 play complementary roles in the regulation of the uniporter.
Quantification of nanoparticle pesticide adsorption: computational approaches based on experimental data

AbstractQuantitative analysis of the interactions between nanomaterials and environmental contamINANts, such as pesticides, in natural water systems and food residuals is crucial for the application of nanomaterials-based tools for the detection of the presence of toxic substances, monitoring pollution levels and environmental remediation. Previously, the Biological Surface Adsorption Index (BSAI) has demonstrated promising capabilities of interaction characterization and prediction based on experimental data from small organic molecules. In this article, the first attempt of the application of such quantitative measures toward environmental endpoints by analyzing the interactions of a selected group of nanomaterials with a variety of pesticides was made. Statistical modeling was conducted on the experimental obtained adsorption data based on polynomial BSAI models, as well as models with the incorporation of artificial neural network methodologies. Finally, clustering analyzes were performed for the cate...
LD side-pump Er∶glass lasers

Erbium glass lasers can directly output 1.54μm eye-safe laser and can be used in eye-safe rangefinding applications.LD bar side-pumped Er~(+3),Yb~(+3) phosphate glass laser is reported.At free-running mode maximum pulse energy of 60mJ is obtained.At 0.5Hz repetition rate,it can output 50mJ/pulse,at 1.54μm stably.Eexperiments indicate that the key of Er glass laser design is pumping symmetry and uniformity.
Identifying Agreement/Disagreement in Conversational Speech: A Cross-Lingual Study.

This paper presents models for detecting agreement/disagreement between speakers in English and Arabic broadcast conversation shows. We explore a variety of features, including lexical, structural, durational, and prosodic features. We experiment with these features using Conditional Random Fields models and conduct systematic investigations on efficacy of various feature groups across languages. Sampling approaches are examined for handling highly imbalanced data. Overall, we achieved 79.2% (precision), 50.5% (recall), 61.7% (F1) for agreement detection and 69.2% (precision), 46.9% (recall), and 55.9% (F1) for disagreement detection, on English broadcast conversation data; and 89.2% (precision), 30.1% (recall), 45.1% (F1) for agreement detection and 75.9% (precision), 28.4% (recall), and 41.3% (F1) for disagreement detection, on Arabic broadcast conversation data.
Apps with hardware: enabling run-time architectural customization in smart phones

In this paper we present a novel system which incorporates programmable hardware (an FPGA) into a smart phone to enable a vision where apps can include both software and hardware components, or apps with hardware. We introduce a novel mechanism to enable sharing the FPGA in a practical manner by leveraging the unique deployment model of mobile applications - namely that deployment is via an app store, where we introduce a new cloud-based compilation. We present our prototype smart phone using the Zedboard, which pairs a Xilinx Zynq FPGA with an embedded Cortex A9, running an Android-based system which we extended to provide run-time system support for dynamically managing apps with hardware and providing a secure loading system. With this prototype, our evaluation demonstrates the performance gains for an AES encryption module (representing cryptography), a QAM modulation module (representing software-defined radio) of 3x to several orders of magnitude, with room for improvement and a hardware-based memory scanner (representing custom co-processors). We demonstrate the feasibility of our cloud-based compilation within the context of real app store statistics. Finally, we present a case study of a complete integration of hardware into an existing application (the Orbot Tor client).
Earning a living: a blueprint for psychiatrists.

Psychiatrists face an uncertain future in this era of managed competition and health systems that are accountable to payers for costs and clinical outcomes. Economic forces are reshaping what psychiatrists do, where they do it, and how much they will earn. Survival depends on adapting to these business intrusions into medicine.
Computed Tomography and Ultrasound of the Traumatized and Acutely III Patient

SUMMARY CT and ultrasound have become invaluable diagnostic tools in the radiologic evaluation of the traumatized and acutely ill patient. CT is the imaging modality of choice in blunt abdominal trauma, retroperitoneal injury and some types of pelvic injury. Ultrasound plays an important role in the evaluation of patients presenting with right upper quadrant pain, renal failure, scrotal pain and enlargement, or pain and bleeding during pregnancy. CT should be reserved for patients with complicated pancreatitis or some forms of renal infection. Thus, CT and ultrasound are important imaging modalities in the work-up of many patients treated by the emergency room physician.
On plantations and patterns

South’s pattern concept has acquired prominence in archaeological research since its explanation in the late 1970s. Nowhere has this prominence been greater than in plantation archaeology. Unfortunately, the pattern concept is inappropriate for the analysis of plantation remains because its scope is too large and its perspective is mainly synchronic.
The Earth is a Dangerous Place - The World View of the Aetherius Society

Current UFO accounts display many of the themes that have been central in most, if not all, of the world's religions (Saliba 1995). The widespread belief in flying saucers and the religious connotations ascribed to their presence have contributed to the emergence of several religious organizations based on the existence and activities of extraterrestrial intelligences who are believed to communicate with select human beings. Moreover, many UFO experiences have been frightening and foreboding. Reports of abductions (cf. Jacobs 1993; Mack 1994) are noted also for stressing the dangers that aliens present to a scientifically inferior human race and for the imminent apocalyptic scenario they so often graphically depict (Whitmore 1993). The drastic demise of the members of Heaven's Gate has lent support to the popular view that UFO religions are dangerous apocalyptic cults and may lead their members to commit suicide or other forms of violence.
Utility of blood culture in sepsis diagnostics

Blood culture remains the most important microbiological investigation in the management of sepsis. The conventional definition of sepsis has been challenged recently and likely to increase number of patients screened for sepsis due to the change in the definition. Blood culture contamination still remains a challenge, especially in resource poor settings where educational facilities are limited. Clinical correlation of positive (as well as negative) blood culture is an important aspect of the investigation where a clinical microbiologist can significantly impact on the management of sepsis.
Towards a meaningful metric for the quantification of GHG emissions of electric vehicles (EVs)

Abstract A key motivator for wider deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) – vehicles that are fully powered by battery charged from grid electricity – is to bring about environmental cleanliness. This goal is based on the fact that EVs produce zero tailpipe emissioon the associated carbon emissins. However, the generation and transmission of the charge electricity produce emissions that are not explicitly accounted by current measurement metrics for EV greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and as such, the notion of environmental cleanliness of EVs becomes questionable. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive metric to quantify the actual environmental impacts of EVs. The new metric that we call the electric vehicle emissions index (EVEI) captures CO2 emissions in the electricity production to consumption stages. Our metric is the first that provides transparency in the comparison of total emissions among various EV models, as well as in the side-by-side comparison of an EV with a gasoline vehicle (GV). Illustrative results indicate that the actual environmental impacts of an EV may show wide spatial variations and in some case, these impacts may be even greater than that of GV. Such insights that the EVEI provides may be useful in a wide range of applications, particularly in policy and incentive formulation.
Growing Their Own: Legitimate Peripheral Participation for Computational Learning in an Online Fandom Community

Online communities dedicated to the creation of fanworks (e.g., fiction or art inspired by media such as books or television shows) often serve as communities of practice for learning communication, artistic, and technical skills. In studying one successful fan fiction archive that was designed and built entirely by (predominantly women) fans, we observed processes of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP) in which some of these fans began in peripheral roles and came to be more involved in the technical aspects of the archive over time. In addition to outlining positive outcomes, we discuss the challenges of supporting learning within this CoP, particularly with respect to the burden on experts. We discuss potential implications and solutions for the problem of expert scarcity in CoPs, and propose that LPP within fan communities can be leveraged for broadening participation in computing among women.
Forecasting in a Mixed Up World: Nowcasting Hawaii Tourism

Abstract We evaluate the short term forecasting performance of methods that systematically incorporate high frequency information via covariates. Our study provides a thorough introduction of these methods to the tourism literature. We highlight the distinguishing features and limitations of each tool and evaluate their forecasting performance in two tourism-specific applications. The first uses monthly indicators to predict quarterly tourist arrivals to Hawaii; the second predicts quarterly labor income in the accommodations and food services sector. Our results indicate that compared to the exclusive use of low frequency aggregates, including timely intra-period data in the forecasting process results in significant gains in predictive accuracy. Anticipating growing popularity of these techniques among empirical analysts, we present practical implementation guidelines to facilitate their adoption.
ROLE OF ANTICOAGULATION THERAPY AFTER ANTERIOR WALL ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION IN PREVENTING LV THROMBUS: A META-ANALYSIS AND META-REGRESSION

Background: Anticoagulation (AC) is used for treatment of left ventricle thrombus (LVT) after anterior wall ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Whether AC should be used for prevention in this setting is debated. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of AC therapy compared
On the Accuracy of Pairwise Time Synchronization

Time synchronization is a fundamental problem in any distributed system. In particular, wireless sensor networks require scalable time synchronization for implementing distributed tasks on multiple sensor nodes. Different synchronization schemes and hardware systems are able to achieve widely different levels of synchronization accuracy. Since synchronization accuracy is very sensitive to random delays and clock rate fluctuations, we model the pairwise synchronization error as a function of random delays and clock drifts to quantitatively model synchronization performance as a function of the relevant parameters, such as the beacon interval, the number of beacons per synchronization period, and the measurement point. The synchronization error is analyzed for different state-of-the-art pairwise synchronization schemes, based on one-way sender–receiver, two-way sender–receiver, and receiver–receiver approaches, using application layer or medium access control layer timestamping. The models are validated through numerical and experimental results.
A New Clustered HetNet Model to Accurately Characterize User-Centric Small Cell Deployments

This paper develops a comprehensive framework for the performance analysis of user-centric capacity-driven small cell deployments, where small cell BSs (SBSs) are deployed at the places of high user density, i.e., user hotspots. In order to incorporate the correlation between user and SBS locations, we model the geographical centers of user hotspots as a homogeneous Poisson point process (PPP) around which users and SBSs are clustered following two independent general distributions. The macrocell base station (BS) locations are modeled by an independent PPP. A key intermediate step of our analysis is the derivation of a new set of distance distributions, which enable the exact characterization of coverage probability and throughput. For numerical evaluation, we specialized the setup to the case where users and SBSs are clustered with two independent normal distributions. Our analysis demonstrates that as the number of SBSs reusing the same resource block increases (higher frequency reuse), coverage probability decreases whereas throughput increases. Thus the same resource block can be aggressively reused by more SBSs as long as the coverage probability remains acceptable.
Measuring Harm in Hospitalized Children via a Trigger Tool.

Abstract Background The 1999 report To Err Is Human published by the Institute of Medicine estimated that between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths occur each year in US hospitals due to medical errors. However, processes to detect medically induced harm remain inaccurate and inconsistent. Hospitalized pediatric patients are at high risk for adverse events, with published rates ranging between 1% and 11% of all hospitalizations. Objective The study aimed to use the Global Assessment of Pediatric Patient Safety (GAPPS) tool to detect adverse events in a pediatric inpatient setting of an academic medical center children's hospital and compare to internal incident reporting methods. Methods Nurse reviewers used the GAPPS tool during a retrospective chart review of 100 patients discharged from the children's hospital. Among the total 100 cases, 20 adverse events were discovered with the tool. Adverse events were validated by physician reviewers, and the severity of harm and preventability were assigned. The number of adverse events was then compared to internal incident reporting for the same time frame. Results The detection rate is 4.87% within 411 patient-days. In contrast, the hospital had only 1.22% incident reports. Conclusions The GAPPS tool can detect four times more adverse events than the hospital incident reporting system. The results are likely to be replicated for other children's hospitals to increase identification of adverse events and harm to patients.