cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(S)-5-ethynyl-anabasine, a novel compound, is a more potent agonist than other nicotine alkaloids on the nematode Asu-ACR-16 receptor

Abstract Nematode parasites infect ∼2 billion people world-wide. Infections are treated and prevented by anthelmintic drugs, some of which act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). There is an unmet need for novel therapeutic agents because of concerns about the development of resistance. We have selected Asu- ACR-16 from a significant nematode parasite genus, Ascaris suum, as a pharmaceutical target and nicotine as our basic moiety ( EC 50 6.21 ± 0.56 μM, I max 82.39 ± 2.52%) to facilitate the development of more effective anthelmintics. We expressed Asu -ACR-16 in Xenopus oocytes and used two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology to determine agonist concentration-current-response relationships and determine the potencies ( EC 50 s) of the agonists. Here, we describe the synthesis of a novel agonist, (S)-5-ethynyl-anabasine, and show that it is more potent ( EC 50 0.14 ± 0.01 μM) than other nicotine alkaloids on Asu -ACR-16. Agonists acting on ACR-16 receptors have the potential to circumvent drug resistance to anthelmintics, like levamisole, that do not act on the ACR-16 receptors.
Doing the Right Thing; Doing the Thing Right

(1997). Doing the Right Thing; Doing the Thing Right. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 22, Digital Media in Museums: Preparing for the Post-Hype Era, pp. 9-10.
How to Combat Terrorism: From Words to Political Participation

Both of these books in quite different ways are successful attempts to break new ground in the research on terrorism. What they do have in common is the fact that there are efforts to provide infor...
Analysis of Perioperative Chemotherapy in Resected Pancreatic Cancer: Identifying the Number and Sequence of Chemotherapy Cycles Needed to Optimize Survival

Receipt of 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) is standard of care in pancreatic cancer (PC). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is increasingly utilized; however, optimal number of cycles needed alone or in combination with AC remains unknown. We sought to determine the optimal number and sequence of perioperative chemotherapy cycles in PC. Single institutional review of all resected PCs from 2008 to 2015. The impact of cumulative number of chemotherapy cycles received (0, 1–5, and ≥6 cycles) and their sequence (NAC, AC, or NAC + AC) on overall survival was evaluated Cox-proportional hazard modeling, using 6 cycles of AC as reference. A total of 522 patients were analyzed. Based on sample size distribution, four combinations were evaluated: 0 cycles = 12.1%, 1–5 cycles of combined NAC + AC = 29%, 6 cycles of AC = 25%, and ≥6 cycles of combined NAC + AC = 34%, with corresponding survival. 13.1, 18.5, 37, and 36.8 months. On MVA (P < 0.0001), tumor stage [hazard ratio (HR) 1.35], LNR (HR 4.3), and R1 margins (HR 1.77) were associated with increased hazard of death. Compared with 6 cycles AC, receipt of 0 cycles [HR 3.57, confidence interval (CI) 2.47–5.18] or 1–5 cycles in any combination (HR 2.37, CI 1.73–3.23) was associated with increased hazard of death, whereas receipt of ≥6 cycles in any sequence was associated with optimal and comparable survival (HR 1.07, CI 0.78–1.47). Receipt of 6 or more perioperative cycles of chemotherapy either as combined neoadjuvant and adjuvant or adjuvant alone may be associated with optimal and comparable survival in resected PC.
milliScope: A Fine-Grained Monitoring Framework for Performance Debugging of n-Tier Web Services

Modern distributed systems are often considered to be black boxes that greatly limit the potential to understand behaviors at the level of detail necessary to diagnose some of the most important types of performance problems. Recently researchers have found abnormal response time delays, one to two orders of magnitude longer than the average response time, that exist in short periods and cause economic loss for service providers. These very short bottlenecks are hard to detect due to their short life spans and their variety of possible reasons. In this paper, we propose milliScope (mScope), the first millisecond-granularity software-based resource and event monitoring for distributed systems that achieves both performance, low overhead at high frequency, and high accuracy matched with other firmware monitoring tool. More specifically, milliScope is a fine-grained monitoring framework to collaborate multiple mScopeMonitors for event and resource monitoring to reconstruct the flow of each client request and profile execution performance in a distributed system. We utilize the resource mScopeMonitors for system resource monitoring, and we develop our own event mScopeMonitors to identify the execution boundary in a lightweight, precise and systematic methodology. The semantic and syntactic of these monitoring logs with arbitrary formats are enriched by our multistage data transformation tool, mScopeDataTransformer, which unifies the diverse monitoring logs into a dynamic data warehouse, mScopeDB, for advanced analysis. We conduct several illustrative scenarios in which milliScope successfully diagnoses the response time anomalies caused by very short bottlenecks using a representative web application benchmark (RUBBoS).
The Impella Microaxial Flow Catheter Is Safe and Effective for Treatment of Myocarditis Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: An Analysis From the Global cVAD Registry.

Abstract Background Myocarditis complicated by cardiogenic shock remains a complex problem. The use of acute mechanical circulatory support devices for cardiogenic shock is growing. We explored the utility of Impella transvalvular microaxial flow catheters in the setting of myocarditis with cardiogenic shock. Methods and Results We retrospectively analyzed data from 21 sites within the cVAD registry, an ongoing multicenter voluntary registry at sites in North America and Europe that have used Impella in patients with myocarditis. Myocarditis was defined by endomyocardial biopsy (n = 11) or by clinical history without angiographic evidence of coronary disease (n = 23). A total of 34 patients received an Impella 2.5, CP, 5.0, or RP device for cardiogenic shock complicating myocarditis. Baseline characteristics included age 42 ± 17 years, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 18% ± 10%, cardiac index 1.82 ± 0.46 L·min−1·m−2, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 25 ± 7 mm Hg, and lactate 27 ± 31 mg/dL. Before Impella placement, 32% (n = 11) of patients required intra-aortic balloon pump. Mean duration of Impella support was 91 ± 74 hours; 21 of 34 patients (62%) survived the index hospitalization and were discharged with an improved mean LVEF of 37.32% ± 20.31% (P = .001); 15 patients recovered with successful support, 5 patients were transferred to another hospital on initial Impella support, 1 patient underwent orthotopic heart transplantation. Ten patients required transition to another mechanical circulatory support device. Conclusions This is the largest analysis of Impella-supported myocarditis cases to date. The use of Impella appears to be safe and effective in the settings of myocarditis complicated by cardiogenic shock.
The “Ignorant” Other: Popular Stereotypes of North Koreans in South Korea and East Germans in Unified Germany

Horton compares the ways in which North Korean refugees in South Korea and East Germans after reunification have been regarded as ignorant, inferior people by their capitalist “cousins.” In two of the more prosperous nations in the world, North Korean refugees and East Germans have struggled to find employment and opportunity, a challenge exacerbated by negative stereotypes. North Korean refugees and East Germans have both been subjected to popular images depicting them as simple “rubes,” peoples incapable of adjusting to the hustle and bustle of modern society. Horton demonstrates that, despite significant differences, the experiences of North Korean refugees in South Korea and East Germans in unified Germany share numerous similarities.
Measurement of Twin Formation Energy Barriers Using Nudged Elastic Band Molecular Statics

The nudged elastic band (NEB) method [1, 2] is used to find the energy barrier separating stable twinned and untwinned states in Magnesium. This technique enables identification of the minimum energy path between the two stable states. The effects of dislocations, grain boundaries, and other defects which enhance twin nucleation produce a measurable effect on the minimum energy path [3, 4] and energy barrier. Thus, the NEB technique enables direct comparisons of the material twin-ability under a variety of boundary conditions. By simulating twinning in a variety of boundary conditions, NEB calculations provide key insight into the twin nucleation process by demonstrating both what defect arrangements encourage twin nucleation, and how likely twinning is to occur under given boundary conditions. This data is crucial for incorporating twin nucleation accurately into higher scale modeling.
A Novel Approach to Addressing an Unintended Consequence of Direct to Room: The Delay of Initial Vital Signs.

Introduction: The concept of “direct to room” (DTR) and “immediate bedding” has been described in the literature as a mechanism to improve front-end, emergency department (ED) processing. The process allows for an expedited clinician-patient encounter. An unintended consequence of DTR was a time delay in obtaining the initial set of vital signs upon patient arrival. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single, academic, tertiary-care facility with an annual census of 94,000 patient visits. Inclusion criteria were all patients who entered the ED from 11/1/15 to 5/1/16 and between the hours of 7 am to 11 pm. During the implementation period, a vital signs station was created and a personal care assistant was assigned to the waiting area with the designated job of obtaining vital signs on all patients upon arrival to the ED and prior to leaving the waiting area. Time to first vital sign documented (TTVS) was defined as the time from quick registration to first vital sign documented. Results: The pre-implementation period, mean TTVS was 15.3 minutes (N= 37,900). The post-implementation period, mean TTVS was 9.8 minutes (N= 39,392). The implementation yielded a 35% decrease and an absolute reduction in the average TTVS of 5.5 minutes (p<0.0001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the coupling of registration and a vital signs station was successful at overcoming delays in obtaining the time to initial vital signs.
David M. Brodzinsky and Adam Perman (eds.): Adoption by Lesbians and Gay Men: A New Dimension in Family Diversity

In Adoption by Lesbians and Gay Men: A New Dimension in Family Diversity, editors David M. Brodzinsky and Adam Pertman sought to provide an overview of the challenges that homosexual couples face in American adoption processes, as well as examine available social science research on children raised in these families. The book covers a wide variety of topics, including the overall history of the adoption process, specific legal challenges, and societal perceptions of the interfamilial dynamics in families consisting of two gay parents. The primary objective of the book is to familiarize readers with the concept of adoption and educate those who may have never considered any of the arguments for, or against, gay adoption. Each of the book’s eleven chapters starts by setting the foundations of its respective topic before delving into the outcomes of studies or surveys of state-by-state demographic data and, in doing so, makes the complex topic of gay adoption accessible to its audience. Looking at gay adoption from a legal standpoint, it is argued that differing state laws regarding adoption by one or more gay parents complicate the adoption process, despite most states having no explicit laws against gay parents’ adoption of children. Further, the related issue of gay marriage provides its own problems when the gay biological parent and his or her spouse both seek to establish legal guardianship of their children. The clarity of these laws to the public also serves as a barrier to adoption as some adoption agencies, if without a policy banning adoption by gay couples, act as though it is illegal to place children with gay couples. From a public policy standpoint, gay couples tend to adopt children considered ‘‘special needs,’’ which can include children with certain mental or physical handicaps, or children who are older and therefore less likely to be sought after by heterosexual parents. The chapters also examine the legitimacy of arguments against
Utilization of injected maltose and sucrose by insects: evidence for non-intestinal oligosaccharidases.

Abstract 1. 1. Homogenates of the abdomen and thorax of mosquitoes from which the alimentary canal had been removed and hemolymph of the honeybee hydrolyzed sucrose and maltose much faster than trehalose. 2. 2. Mosquitoes, honeybees, blowflies, butterflies and dragonfiles were capable of oxidizing massive doses of injected sucrose and maltose to carbon dioxide.
Diffraction Effects in the Scattering of Waves

This paper describes some recent progress in the use of parametrices for diffractive boundary value problems for studying effects of grazing rays on the behevior of scattered waves.
Automated home cage training of mice in a hold-still center-out reach task.

A novel joystick design resolves mouse forelimb kinematics with micron-millisecond precision. Home cage training is used to train mice in a hold-still center-out reach task. Analytical methods, pre...
Maternal Aggression in Mammals

The mammalian female exhibits a number of complex behaviors during pregnancy, parturition, and lactation that summate to ensure the survival of her young. The behaviors that have been selected for study have traditionally been those exhibited by the adult toward the young. The literature concerning the psychobiology of nursing, retrieving, and other pup-directed maternal activities is characterized by an impressive accumulation of research findings and theoretical principles (see Rosenblatt and Seigel, this volume). However, a less frequently studied dimension of maternal care is the dramatic change in female social behavior that occurs with pregnancy and subsequently with parturition and lactation. Instead of displaying passivity toward conspecifics, the pregnant and lactating mammal exhibits intense aggressive behavior, referred to as maternal aggression. This behavior most likely serves to protect the young but also may be involved in the regulation of social organization and population dynamics. We will speculate on both of these functions later on in the chapter.
Recent Advances Towards a Model-Based Pattern-Recognition Approach for the Left Ventricle Boundary Estimation

Large number of computer vision and pattern recognition techniques have lead to recent advancement towards model-based pattern recognition cardiac diagnostics imaging systems. As a result, medical imaging scientists, computer vision and pattern recognition researchers along with cardiologists have started to explore the system which is most clinically useful. Suri et al. [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30] showed model-based pattern-recognition system recognizes patterns for segmenting the left ventricle region in temporal and spatial domains. These segmented contours are very vital for the cardiologists to know the behavior of the left ventricle and to quantify the heart parameters like the ejection fraction. We first review the recent model-based pattern-recognition and computer vision approaches for the left ventricle contour estimation by different authors, their success and critiques. Finally, we present a state of the art model-based pattern-recognition system for left ventricle boundary estimation which yields an error as low as 2.5 mm for a data set with 377 patient studies.
Modeling gender counter-stereotypic group behavior: a brief video intervention reduces participation gender gaps on STEM teams

In STEM project group teams, men speak for more time (Meadows and Sekaquaptewa, in: Proceedings of ASEE annual conference, 2011) and engage in more active technical participation than women, which can have negative long-term consequences (Cheryan et al. in Psychol Bull 143:1–35, 2017; Lord et al. in IEEE Trans Educ 54(4):610–618, 2011). In the current study, we tested the effects of a brief counter-stereotypic video intervention on gender gaps in verbal participation on mixed-gender teams of STEM students (N = 143). Participants viewed either a control video of an engineering student team behaving in a gender stereotype-consistent way (men talked longer and presented more technical information than women) in a group presentation and group interview, or a gender counter-stereotypic intervention version (roles reversed) prior to engaging in their own STEM group project task in a laboratory setting. Analysis of video footage of the groups showed that men spoke longer than women in the control condition, but men and women spoke for equal time in the intervention condition. This result was corroborated by participants’ self-report of their verbal participation in their group.
Variable rates of scent evolution in functionally distinct organs of the NA Sarraceniaceae.

Plant volatiles play vital roles in signaling with their insect associates. Empirical studies show that both pollinators and herbivores exert strong selective pressures on plant phenotypes. While studies often evoke the assumption that volatiles from floral and vegetative tissues are distinct due to strong pollinator-mediated selection operating on the flowers or selection from herbivores acting on the leaves, explicit tests of these assumptions are often lacking. In this study, we examined the evolution of floral and vegetative volatiles in the North American (NA) pitcher plants (Sarraceniaceae). In these taxa, insects are attracted for both pollination and prey capture, providing an ideal opportunity to understand the evolution of scent compounds across different plant organs. We collected a comprehensive dataset of floral and vegetative volatiles from across the NA Sarraceniaceae. We used multivariate analysis methods to examine whether volatile profiles are distinct between plant tissues, and investigated rates of scent evolution in these unique taxa. Our major findings revealed that (i) flowers and pitchers produced highly distinct scent profiles, consistent with the hypothesis that volatiles alleviate trade-offs due to incidental pollinator consumption; (ii) across species, floral scent separated into distinct regions of scent space, while pitchers showed little evidence of clustering: this may be due to convergence on a generalist strategy for insect capture; and (iii) rates of scent evolution depended on tissue type, suggesting that pollinators and herbivores differentially influence the evolution of chemical traits. We emphasize the need for additional functional studies to further distinguish between volatile functions.
How Many Ways Can We Define Online Learning? A Systematic Literature Review of Definitions of Online Learning (1988-2018).

Online learning as a concept and as a keyword has consistently been a focus of education research for over two decades. In this paper, we present results from a systematic literature review for the...
Oropharynx, Nasopharynx, and Waldeyer Ring

The pharynx comprises two anatomic sites, the oropharynx and nasopharynx, which contain mucosal and lymphoid tissues. Both regions are sites of some of the most well-studied viral-associated malignancies, including human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal carcinomas and Epstein-Barr virus-related nasopharyngeal carcinomas. In this chapter, we will discuss the classification and pathogenesis of the most common carcinomas of the pharynx and recent advances in ancillary testing of these entities.
Espaanol & Inglaes: Reinforcing English Hegemony in Library Information Systems

The idea for this article took root upon discovering that certain words in the library in which I work’s catalog do not appear correctly – words with diacritics, or accents that change the meaning ...
Macroeconomic Inequality from Reagan to Trump

For five decades, rising US income and wealth inequality has been driven by wage repression and production realignments benefitting the top one percent of households. In this inaugural book for Cambridge Studies in New Economic Thinking, Professor Lance Taylor takes an innovative approach to measuring inequality, providing the first and only full integration of distributional and macro level data for the US. While work by Thomas Piketty and colleagues pursues integration from the income side, Professor Taylor uses data of distributions by size of income and wealth combined with the cost and demand sides, flows of funds, and full balance sheet accounting of real capital and financial claims. This blends measures of inequality with national income and product accounts to show the relationship between productivity and wages at the industry sector level. Taylor assesses the scope and nature of various interventions to reduce income and wealth inequalities using his simulation model, disentangling wage growth and productivity while challenging mainstream models.
Decoding Black Iconography: The Art Museum and the Acquisition of Visual Culture Literacy in Diaspora Studies in College

The paper examines how the Spelman College Museum of Fine Art, the only one in the country dedicated to the work of African descended women artists, is used as a pedagogical tool in the interdisciplinary African Diaspora and the World course to help students further explore the depiction and visualization of diasporan aesthetics during their matriculation. From a visual culture perspective, this is a critical examination of the process of looking among non-art major college goers. The emphasis of the analysis is on the perceiver or the “educand” as Paulo Freire puts it, and ways she is trained to visually represent Africa and its diasporas. The article discusses how the subjects, first year students at a black liberal arts women’s college, are taught to construct meaning from and respond to imagery made by women artists from the diaspora. At the heart of the study is the response of the perceivers, through an Audio Narrative assignment, to artefacts that communicate an African and Afro-descended iconography.
Rosalind Franklin and the Discovery of the Structure of DNA

Issues associated with nature of science (NOS) have long been recognized as an essential component of scientific literacy. While consensus exists regarding the importance of an explicit reflective approach, precisely how to teach NOS remains elusive. The present study explores one particularly promising approach, namely the use of historical narratives. The purpose of the study was to examine whether narratives based on the history of research on the structure of DNA shared using an explicit and reflective approach would affect students’ understandings of NOS. A mixed method approach was used to assess students’ NOS understanding in two different versions of a biology course. In the intervention version, students learned about research on the structure of DNA through historical narratives. In the alternative version, students learned the same material without historical narratives. The Student Understanding of Science and Scientific Inquiry (SUSSI) instrument was administered pre- and post- intervention to all students. Semi-structured interviews with a total of 27 participants from both treatments were conducted to further clarify students’ responses. Results indicate that most of the participants in the intervention treatment made significant changes from pre- to post-assessment in their understanding of two targeted aspects of NOS including scientists’ use of creativity and imagination, and social and cultural influences on science. Female participants in the intervention treatment also stated that learning about Rosalind Franklin’s contributions by way of the story had given them additional confidence to learn science.
Congenital Absence of the Patellar Tendon: A Report of 2 Cases.

CASE Isolated unilateral congenital patellar tendon absence is a rare condition that has not been well described. We report on 2 patients with congenital patellar tendon absence that underwent soft-tissue reconstruction of their patellar tendon. We present the clinical and radiographic features, surgical management with both single-stage and multistage approaches, and postoperative outcomes for the treatment of this condition. CONCLUSION Soft-tissue reconstruction of the patellar tendon led to satisfactory outcomes, providing active knee extension and improved ambulation in both cases. In cases of significant superior migration, multiple procedures may be required to mobilize the patella to an appropriate position.
Abstract 16084: Relationship Between Diastolic Interventricular Septal Flattening and Prognosis in Patients With Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation

Introduction: Diastolic interventricular septal flattening is one of the major findings in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR). However, the relationship between diastolic interventri...
Expanding sexual and gender minority research in movement disorders: More than awareness and acceptance

Culturally competent and inclusive care is slowly becoming the standard throughout healthcare institutions. Awareness, acceptance, and inclusion of the sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups in medicine and neurology are progressing. Research in SGM health, although increasing, remains remarkably scant in parkinsonism and other movement disorders, a community whose patient population is on the rise. Most SGM health research in movement disorders only focuses on the symptoms associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Multiple clinical and epidemiological research questions remain unaddressed when considering the intersection of movement disorders and SGM health. In this article, we highlight gaps in the care of SGM individuals with movement disorders. First, the prevalence and phenomenology of movement disorders could be different, considering the different rates of risk factors and the use of gender-affirming hormones. Also, the effect of creating a safe environment in healthcare institutions to disclose sexual orientation and gender identity on seeking care, access to resources, and quality of services remains unknown. Moreover, many individuals with movement disorders would require services from multidisciplinary teams or long-term care facilities, which might not consider the needs of SGM patients in their models of care. Last, the effect of social isolation and self-perception (or misperceptions) in the SGM populations on the non-motor and motor symptoms of movement disorders and the treatment plans is not understood.
A Broadly Applicable Alkyl-Alkyl Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by an Iron-Based Complex

An iron-based catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction between two sp3-hybridized substrates has been developed for a broad range of unactivated alkyl halides and alkyl boranes. Key to success was using a Cs-symmetric beta-diketiminate ligand that contained a tert-butyl and trifluoromethyl functionalized backbone. The breadth of the cross-coupling reaction was demonstrated with high yields of cross-coupled products observed from reactions using primary and secondary alkyl bromides as well as primary alkyl boranes and even some secondary alkyl boranes. Complementary methylation reactions using methyl iodide or methyl-9-BBN was also possible. The facile diversification of a steroid derivative using these reactions demonstrated the synthetic utility of such complementary cross coupling reactions.
Gratitude During the Pandemic

Responding to COVID-19 c.risis, leaders are asked to be both empathetic and strict. They must follow safety and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protocols, but also be flexible with our students, staff, and faculty as each individual will respond differently to the crisis. This chapter explores one educator’s gratitude for the ways in which trauma-informed care training shaped her and her faculty’s responses to the pandemic.
Composite grid designs for adaptive computer experiments with fast inference

Summary Experiments are often used to produce emulators of deterministic computer code. This article introduces composite grid experimental designs and a sequential method for building the designs for accurate emulation. Computational methods are developed that enable fast and exact Gaussian process inference even with large sample sizes. We demonstrate that the proposed approach can produce emulators that are orders of magnitude more accurate than current approximations at a comparable computational cost.
Sensitivity and complacency of sedimentary biogeochemical records to climate-mediated forest disturbances

Abstract We provide a synthesis and framework for using lacustrine sedimentary records to study the biogeochemical outcomes of landscape disturbances. Although disturbance regimes can now be effectively reconstructed in sedimentary records, biogeochemical responses to disturbance events are less frequently assessed. Further, there is a lack of consensus on the characteristics of disturbances or ecosystems that would lead to biogeochemical resilience. Both sensitivity (a change in a biogeochemical proxy following a disturbance event relative to a pre-disturbance condition) and complacency (absence of change in a biogeochemical proxy after a disturbance event) have been observed in paleorecords. Here, we discuss the factors that contribute to sensitivity/complacency as well as the short- and long-term biogeochemical effects of terrestrial disturbance agents such as fire and insect outbreaks. We discuss the appropriate strategies for sampling lacustrine sediment cores to assess the biogeochemical outcomes of disturbances and provide a review of the appropriate data scaling techniques for analyzing multiple records in space and time.
Communication in Mechanism Design: A Differential Approach

1. Introduction 2. Classical concepts and results 3. Applications to mechanisms 4. Realizing a C mapping.
Recent advances in breast cancer genetics.

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women and the second leading cause of cancer death in the US. In 2006, more than 214,000 new breast cancer cases were diagnosed. It is estimated that close to 50,000 women died of the same disease in 2006.13 Breast cancer develops in about 12% of women who live to age 90. A positive family history is reported by 15–20% of women with breast cancer. Studies of twins suggest that heritable factors accounts for 25 to 30% of all breast cancers.20 However, less than 7% of all breast cancers are associated with known inherited high penetrance gene mutations. The first two major susceptibility genes for breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2, were identified in 1994 and 1995, respectively.23,39 Other tumor susceptibility genes such as TP53 are known to increase breast cancer risk to an even greater level than BRCA1 and BRCA2. Nonetheless, deleterious mutations of TP53 are rare and therefore accounts for a much smaller proportion of breast cancer cases.19 We will review recent developments in the search for additional breast cancer susceptibility genes, recommendations for genetic counseling referral as well as follow-up of BRCA- gene mutation carriers.
DISTORTED-WAVE ANALYSIS OF THE $sup 13$C($sup 3$He,d) REACTION LEADING TO UNBOUND LEVELS OF $sup 14$N.

Distorted-wave calculations are compared with data from the $^{13}\mathrm{C}(^{3}\mathrm{He},d)^{14}\mathrm{N}$ reaction leading to proton-unbound levels at ${E}_{x}=7.966$ MeV (${2}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $T=0$), 8.489 MeV (${4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $T=0$), 8.617 MeV (${0}^{+}$, $T=1$), and 8.907 MeV (${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $T=1$). Results show appreciable nondirect components for population of the ${4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${0}^{+}$ states. The 7.966-MeV state is suggested to have positive parity, and a definite prediction is made for its width. The spectroscopic factor for the ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $T=1$ state approaches unity, in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
Designing silicon carbide NMOS integrated circuits for wide temperature operation

Designing integrated circuits using silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs for operation in a wide temperature range brings unique challenges that require a good understanding of device characteristics, careful analysis of device-circuit interactions and a fresh look at what the technology can and cannot do. We describe the available devices in General Electric's SiC MOSFET-based technology, and use common-source amplifiers as examples in the context of designing a circuit for a wide temperature range from 25 C to 500 C.
Hidden Strength: Encouraging Spiritual Leadership Attributes Among School Leaders

Today, district and school leaders are being recognized for their contributions to improving schools and enhancing student achievement, and this recognition is coming at a pivotal time in the evolution of education in the United States. The need to educate a new generation of learners that are capable of transforming the United States is paramount. Each state has a responsibility to provide the best education it can to its population. Kentucky has made great strides with its education reforms. The state’s alignment of Senate Bill 1 Core Academic Standards with the national Common Core Standards offers great promise (Holliday, 2012). Spiritual leadership traits and attributes exhibited by district and school leaders are gaining recognition as an effective leadership style for correcting what is wrong with the nation’s schools. Personal observations as well as research has shown that there are defined patterns of behavior among certain district and school leaders that indicates their successful use of these spiritual leadership traits and attributes in their daily actions and decisions. This paper discusses the key spiritual leadership traits and attributes that influence successful leadership and provides a list of the essential competences of spiritual leadership that are commonly employed by spiritual district and school leaders to improve schools.
Control of Gluconeogenesis in Liver IV. DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF FATTY ACIDS AND GLUCAGON ON KETOGENESIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS IN THE PERFUSED RAT LIVER

Abstract The possible roles of fatty acids in the regulation of gluconeogenesis and in the gluconeogenic action of glucagon were investigated in the isolated perfused rat liver. Oleate in complex with albumin did not alter glucose production or 14C-glucose formation in livers from fed rats perfused with saturating or lower concentrations of 14C-lactate. It also did not affect glucose utilization or 14C-glucose disappearance in livers from fed or fasted rats perfused with 18 mm 14C-glucose. Unbound oleate, infused at the rate of 2 µmoles per min in livers from fed rats, increased ketogenesis 3-fold but did not alter glucose production or gluconeogenesis. At a rate of 4 µmoles per min, it increased ketogenesis 5-fold, glucose synthesis from lactate by 50%, and total glucose production by about 30%. The stimulation of gluconeogenesis disappeared at still higher infusion rates although marked ketogenesis and glycogenolysis still occurred. Unbound oleate frequently produced detectable increases in tissue adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Unbound octanoate infused at 5 µmoles per min increased ketogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and cyclic AMP accumulation. Carnitine did not affect the rates of glucose production, gluconeogenesis, or ketogenesis in livers from fed rats and did not alter the effects of unbound oleate on these processes. In livers from fasted rats in which gluconeogenesis had been inactivated by an initial perfusion without substrate, oleate in complex with Fraction V serum albumin increased glucose formation from lactate by about 30% and enhanced glycogen deposition and ketogenesis. Some albumin samples had a stimulatory effect on gluconeogenesis which was unaltered by removal of fatty acids. Infusions of unbound oleate or octanoate increased gluconeogenesis by 50% and reduced or did not alter glycogen formation. Ketogenesis was stimulated manyfold. In contrast to the above effects of fatty acids, glucagon increased gluconeogenesis from lactate more than 2-fold but did not stimulate ketogenesis in livers from fed or fasted rats. The gluconeogenic effect of oleate-albumin complex or unbound oleate was additive with that of a maximally effective concentration of glucagon. Mechanisms proposed for the gluconeogenic and ketogenic actions of glucagon are discussed. It is concluded that fatty acids probably do not play a physiological role in the rapid regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis, and that glucagon does not stimulate gluconeogenesis by activating hepatic lipolysis. The physiological regulation of ketogenesis appears to involve primarily the control of fatty acid supply to the liver, i.e. the regulation of lipolysis in fat tissue. Regulation by glucagon at the hepatic level is of minor importance.
Imatinib-induced postoperative periorbital purpura: GASP (Gleevec-Associated Surgical Purpura) in a woman with imatinib-treated chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Author(s): Anzalone, C Lane; Cohen, Philip R; Kurzrock, Razelle; Cortes, Jorge E | Abstract: Background: Imatinib mesylate is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Ocular side effects of imatinib include periorbital edema, which may become so severe as to obstruct the visual field.Purpose: The purpose of this case study is to describe the clinical characteristics of imatinib- induced postoperative periorbital purpura.Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical literature using PubMed, searching the terms edema, Gleevec, imatinib, periorbital, postoperative and purpura. Patient reports and previous reviews of the subject were critically assessed and the salient features are presented.Results: Three patients have undergone surgery to reduce the imatinib-induced periorbital edema; two of these individuals have developed imatinib-induced postoperative periorbital purpura.Conclusion: We recommend discontinuing imatinib usage one week prior to periorbital surgery and not resuming therapy until the eighth postoperative day.
Characterization of space weathering from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera ultraviolet observations of the Moon

We investigate the effects of space weathering at ultraviolet wavelengths using a near-global seven-band (321–689 nm) mosaic from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Wide Angle Camera (WAC). We confirm that for moderate- to high-iron compositions (≳ 5 wt % FeO), the steeply positive UV slope at wavelengths <415 nm shallows with increasing exposure to space weathering. We measure these differences in LROC WAC data as variations in the 321/415 nm ratio, which has low values for fresh craters in the mare and moderate-iron highlands. For low-iron highland compositions, the break in slope occurs at shorter wavelengths, and it is instead the 321/360 nm ratio that increases with exposure to the space-weathering environment, whereas the 321/415 nm ratio appears to be largely controlled by the degree of shock experienced during the impact. The effects of shock may be more important at highland craters because modest shock pressures result in the solid-state transformation of plagioclase to its glass equivalent, maskelynite, and can help distinguish between primary shocked ejecta and locally exposed fresh material in rays. While all of the “fresh” craters we examined have UV spectral properties consistent with substantial alteration due to space weathering, the UV spectra of lunar swirls (magnetically shielded from the solar wind) are consistent with exposure of immature, crystalline material. Together these results suggest that lunar space weathering is dominated by the solar wind and “saturates” in the UV at Is/FeO values of ~40 (submature).
Security Assessment of E-Tax Filing Websites

Technical security is only part of E-Commerce security operations; human usability and security perception play major and sometimes dominating factors. For instance, slick websites with impressive security icons but no real technical security are often perceived by users to be trustworthy (and thus more profitable) than plain vanilla websites that use powerful encryption for transmission and server protection. We study one important type of E-Commerce transaction website, E-Tax Filing, that is exposed to large populations. We assess a large number of international (5), Federal (USA), and state E-Tax filing websites (38) for both technical security protection and human perception of security. As a result of this assessment, we identify security best practices across these E-Tax Filing websites and recommend additional security techniques that have not been found in current use by E-Tax Filing websites.
Nanostructured Silicon-Based Photovoltaic Cells

In recent years significant research has been conducted on the materials, design, and device physics of nanostructured solar cells to obtain enhanced performance. While there are several promising results, practical deployment of these nanostructured cells is quite limited due to the need for (1) cost-effective, scalable fabrication techniques; (2) readily available raw materials; and (3) cells that can reliably perform as installed with minimal performance degradation. This book chapter focuses on nanostructured silicon solar cells. Silicon has been chosen in this chapter as it is an abundantly available raw material; silicon cells are well understood due to broad deployment of conventional monocrystalline, multi-crystalline, and amorphous silicon solar cells; and silicon cells also are by far the dominant one in terms of production scale in the photovoltaic industry.
The effect of relaxin on the female anterior cruciate ligament: Analysis of mechanical properties in an animal model.

Abstract Background The peptide hormone relaxin, found in pregnant and non-pregnant females, has been shown to have collagenolytic effects on ligamentous tissue. Relaxin receptors have recently been identified on the human female anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Relaxin may affect the load bearing properties of the female ACL and contribute to non-contact ACL injuries. Hypothesis The administration of recombinant relaxin±estrogen will lead to a significant decrease in ACL integrity in the guinea pig model. Study design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Adult female guinea pigs were divided into three experimental groups. Group 1 ( n =4) was administered only 20 µg/h of recombinant porcine relaxin for 3 weeks. Group 2 ( n =4) was administered 20 µg/h of recombinant porcine relaxin and 5 µg/h of estradiol for 3 weeks. Group 3 ( n =4) served as both a normal control before surgical transection of the ACL and a positive ACL tear control after transection. All hormones were administered using separate implanted osmotic pumps. ACL laxity was tested by implanting radio-opaque markers in the femur and tibia of each leg. After applying a standard anterior force (22 N), the distance between markers was measured radiographically at day 0 and day 21. The animals were then sacrificed and the ACL's were analyzed for load-to-failure using a material testing machine. Results Load-to-failure testing indicated that animals treated with relaxin only had significantly weaker ACL's ( µ =40.4 N, p =0.001) compared to controls ( µ =64.1 N). The relaxin+estrogen group ( µ =32.7 N) was also significantly weaker than controls ( p =0.007). There were no statistical differences between relaxin and relaxin+estrogen groups. Both relaxin only and relaxin+estrogen groups showed an increase in anterior translation of the tibia after 3 weeks of infusion, but it did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusions Relaxin significantly alters the mechanical properties of the ACL in an animal model. Clinical relevance The effects of relaxin, possibly in conjunction with estrogen, may contribute to a comprehensive etiology for human female non-contact ACL injuries.
Tumor bed-to-skin distance using accelerated partial-breast irradiation with the strut-adjusted volume implant device.

Abstract Purpose Because of the risk of skin toxicity with single dwell position, single-lumen brachytherapy devices are sometimes contraindicated for tumor cavities 5–7 mm from the skin surface. We discuss the use of multicatheter device to treat patients with tumor bed-to-skin distances Methods and Materials We treated 117 patients with accelerated partial-breast irradiation brachytherapy: 77 single-lumen and 40 multicatheter devices. A subset of 12 patients treated with SAVI ® had bed-to-skin spacing Results Of the patients treated with the multicatheter device, 0% (0/12) had their device pulled. At 2 weeks after treatment, fewer than 50% of the patients had skin toxicities of Grades 1–2, all of which resolved by 6 months. The cosmetic outcome was good to excellent at followup. Conclusions Multicatheter devices permit well-tolerated accelerated partial-breast irradiation in patients with tumor cavities near the skin surface for which the single-lumen device may not be appropriate.
Discovery and characterization of 91 novel transcripts expressed in cattle placenta

Among the eutherian mammals, placental architecture varies to a greater extent than any other tissue. The diversity of placental types, even within a single mammalian order suggests that genes expressed in placenta are under strong Darwinian selection. Thus, the ruminant placenta may be a rich source of genes to explore adaptive evolutionary responses in mammals. The aim of our study was to identify novel transcripts expressed in ruminant placenta, and to characterize them with respect to their expression patterns, organization of coding sequences in the genome, and potential functions. A combination of bioinformatics, comparative genomics and transcript profiling was used to identify and characterize 91 novel transcripts (NTs) represented in a cattle placenta cDNA library. These NTs have no significant similarity to any non-ferungulate DNA or RNA sequence. Proteins longer than 100 aa were predicted for 29 NTs, and 21 are candidate non-coding RNAs. Eighty-six NTs were found to be expressed in one or more of 18 different tissues, with 39 (42%) showing tissue-preference, including six that were expressed exclusively in placentome. The authenticity of the NTs was confirmed by their alignment to cattle genome sequence, 42 of which showed evidence of mRNA splicing. Analysis of the genomic context where NT genes reside revealed 61 to be in intergenic regions, whereas 30 are within introns of known genes. The genes encoding the NTs were found to be significantly associated with subtelomeric regions. The 91 lineage-specific transcripts are a useful resource for studying adaptive evolutionary responses of the ruminant placenta. The presence of so many genes encoding NTs in cattle but not primates or rodents suggests that gene loss and gain are important mechanisms of genome evolution in mammals. Furthermore, the clustering of NT genes within subtelomeric regions suggests that such regions are highly dynamic and may foster the birth of novel genes. The sequencing of additional vertebrate genomes with defined phylogenetic relationships will permit the search for lineage-specific genes to take on a more evolutionary context that is required to understand their origins and functions.