cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic and psychological correlates of postpartum depression at 6 months in Dhaka, Bangladesh

To current study aimed to estimate the point prevalence and identify correlates of postpartum depression (PPD) in a sample of mothers in Dhaka. A total of 235 participants from low- and middle-SES neighbourhoods in Dhaka completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and other assessments of socioeconomic and psychological factors at 24 weeks postpartum. Regression models were fit to explore potential correlates of PPD. The estimated prevalence of high PPD risk in the current sample is 24.3%. In multivariable linear regression models, recent life events, perceived stress and household resources (e.g., access to cooking gas, telephone, furniture, electricity, television, etc.) were significantly associated with PPD. The association of social support with PPD when controlling for other variables was sensitive to the choice of social support measure, highlighting an important methodological issue. The point prevalence of PPD among poor, urban mothers in Bangladesh ranges from 12.3 to 28.5%, with psychological risk factors and household resources as strong correlates.
Phonon-induced Floquet topological phases protected by space-time symmetries

This work shows how the symmetry promotion action of a phonon drive can be used to realize Floquet topological phases protected by space-time symmetry.
Denial of tubal ligation in religious hospitals: Consumer attitudes when insurance limits hospital choice

Abstract Objectives Postpartum tubal ligation provides demonstrated benefits to women, but access to this procedure is threatened by restrictions at Catholic healthcare institutions. We aimed to understand how insured employees assign responsibility for postpartum sterilization denial and how it impacts their view of the quality of care provided. Study design We conducted a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of employees at Standard and Poor's (SP 95% CI: 1.58–6.33 some college; RRR = 4.26; 95% CI: 2.10–8.62 bachelor's or more) and less common among non-white respondents (RRR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.31–0.97). Three quarters of respondents thought the employer should have intervened. Conclusions The majority of insured employees do not think women should be denied postpartum tubal ligation. They assign hospitals, insurers, and employers responsibility to remove barriers to care. Implications Most people who receive health insurance through a large employer disapprove of Catholic hospital restrictions when the patient's insurance restricts her hospital choice. To improve access to comprehensive reproductive care, employers and insurers should assure employees have in-network coverage of hospitals without religious restrictions.
Blinded by the Pain: A Grounded Theory of Myopia During Job Transition

Job turnover affects organizations of all types and sizes, whether non-profits, for-profits, government agencies, or other institutions. Even though some turnover is avoidable, managers still do not know how to prevent much of the unnecessary exodus of employees. Searches for causes of turnover are typically contained to a relatively short time frame and fail to consider the history of individuals’ experiences, such as experiences at previous jobs. Through our grounded theory study, we set out to answer this question: How does the experience of prior job dissatisfaction and turnover influence satisfaction during entry into a new job? We conducted a series of phone interviews with 16 salaried employees in white-collar positions who left their previous jobs within the past 30 months, and we discovered that many factors contribute to employee turnover and that these factors, especially those that inflicted the most pain on the employee, play a large part in their search for a new role and subsequent job satisfaction. We find evidence that, with the focus on healing the pain of past wounds, employees often discount or minimize other potential sources of dissatisfaction during organizational attraction and entry. This myopic focus on a single factor, and discounting of other factors, may explain patterns of job satisfaction changes such as the previously-documented “honeymoon and hangover” effect.
Demonstration of a modular, scalable, laser communication terminal for human spaceflight missions

Free-space laser communication systems are increasingly implemented on state of the art satellites for their high-speed connectivity. This work outlines a demonstration of the Modular, Agile, Scalable Optical Terminal (MAScOT) we have developed to support Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) to deep-space communication links. In LEO, the MAScOT will be implemented on the International Space Station to support the Integrated Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) LEO User Modem and Amplifier Terminal (ILLUMA-T) program. ILLUMA-T's overarching objective is to demonstrate high bandwidth data transfer between LEO and a ground station via a geosynchronous (GEO) relay satellite. Outside of LEO, the MAScOT will be implemented on the Artemis-II mission to demonstrate high data rate optical communications to and from the moon as part of the Optical to Orion (O2O) program. Both missions leverage the same modular architecture despite varying structural, thermal, and optical requirements. To achieve sufficient performance, the terminal relies on a nested tracking loop to realize sub-arcsecond pointing across a ±120 ° elevation and ±175° azimuth field of regard.
Imaging characteristics of pathologically proven adrenal adenomas with myelolipomatous degeneration: correlation with clinical and pathologic features.

ObjectivesAdrenal adenoma with myelolipomatous degeneration (AMD) is a rarely reported and often overlooked entity. The aim of this study is to improve understanding of these lesions by characteriz...
Human Apolipoprotein B

Human liver apo B-100 has been cloned in plasmid and phage λgt-11 expression vectors and apo B-100 cDNA clones were identified by screening with monospecific anti-apo B antibodies and synthetic oligonucleotides based on peptides isolated and sequenced from apo B-100. Overlapping cDNA clones containing the entire apo B-100 mRNA were isolated and sequenced. All peptides previously isolated from apo B-100 mRNA were identified and their locations defined. Northern blot analysis utilizing radiolabeled cDNA probes revealed that the apoB-100 mRNA is 14.1 kb in size. On the contrary, two distinct molecular species of apo B mRNA are being produced by the small intestine. The larger-molecular-weight species migrate at the same position as liver apo B-100 mRNA. The smaller species is 7.5 kb in size, and most likely codes for apo B-48. Hybridization and nucleic acid sequence studies were carried out to define common domains and apo B-100 mRNA-specific domains. Since apo B is a single-copy gene, we propose a mechanism for the generation of apo B-100 mRNA and apo B-48 mRNA through differential splicing of the precursor apo B RNA transcript. We have also localized the apo B gene to the p23 → pter region of the short arm of chromosome 2 by filter hybridization analysis of human-mouse hybrid cell DNAs. We have also initiated studies on the gene organization and expression of apo B in patients with abetalipoproteinemia. Studies on two unrelated kindreds revealed no major deletions or insertions and that the apo B-100 mRNA and apo B-100 protein are present in the liver cells of abetalipoproteinemia patients.
SU-D-304-03: Small Field Proton Dosimetry Using MicroDiamond and Gafchromic Film

Purpose: Certain dosimetric characteristics continue to make proton beam therapy an appealing modality for cancer treatment. The proton Bragg peak allows for conformal radiation dose delivery to the target while reducing dose to normal tissue and organs. As field sizes become very small the benefit of the Bragg peak is diminished due to loss of transverse equilibrium along the central beam axis. Furthermore, aperture scattering contributes additional dose along the central axis. These factors warrant the need for accurate small field dosimetry. In this study small field dosimetry was performed using two different methods. Methods: Small field dosimetry measurements were performed using a PTW microdiamond detector and Gafchromic EBT2 film for aperture sizes ranging from 0.5cm to 10cm and a proton range in water of 10cm to 27cm. The measurements were analyzed and then compared to each other and to reference dosimetry data acquired with a Markus chamber. Results: A decrease in normalized output is observed at small field sizes and at larger ranges in water using both measurement methods. Also, a large variation is observed between the output measurements by microdiamond and film at very small field sizes. At the smallest aperture, normalized output ranged from 0.16 to 0.72more » and the percent difference between both measurement methods ranged from 36% to 70% depending on proton range. At field sizes above 5cm the film and microdiamond agree within 3%. Conclusion: Although both measurement methods exhibit a general decrease in output factor at small field sizes, dosimetric measurements for small fields using these two methods can vary significantly. Dosimetry under standard conditions is not sufficient to correctly model the dose distributions and outputs factors for small field sizes, additional small field measurements should be performed.« less
Prolapse of the vagina following abdominal hysterectomy.

Abstract Sixteen cases of vaginal prolapse following subtotal abdominal hysterectomy were studied. Prolapse of the cervical stump occurred within from less than one year of 16 years following the hysterectomy. No cases were observed following total abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy. The treatment in 14 cases consisted of: a vaginal plastic procedure in 8 cases; colpocleisis in 4 cases; and 2 cases were treated by wearing a pessary. A study of the anatomy and mechanics of uterine and vaginal support and also clinical observation demonstrate that removal of the cervix with the fundus of the uterus does not predispose to prolapse of the vagina. When uterine descensus is present at the time of hysterectomy, vaginal removal of the uterus and repair of the hernial defect will prevent subsequent prolapse of the vagina.
Disease Trials on Pediatric Patients

Randomized clinical trials are the cornerstone of the Cochrane Collaboration and recommendations from the USPSTF. Data suggest that there are less RCTs involving children than adults. Unique obstracts that researchers face when conducting RCTs which include children as subjects include: limited number of children with major medical diseases; issues related to ethics, and measurable objective health outcomes. Keywords: RCT ; children
Magneto‐Seismology Using Spacecraft Observations

The frequencies of toroidal Alfven waves can be used to infer the mass density along magnetospheric field lines. While ground-based measurements have a greater potential for global coverage, there are several advantages to using spacecraft data. These are the increased accuracy of the magnetic field line mapping in the vicinity of the magnetic equator, the greater ability to observe multiple harmonic frequencies, and the possibility of comparing the inferred mass density to in situ measurements of electron density. Here we review the methods which are used to determine the mass density from the frequencies, and review results obtained from studies using spacecraft data. These results cluster into three groups, the spatial and temporal distribution of mass density, the field line dependence of mass density, and the average ion mass (ratio of mass density to electron density) inferred at the spacecraft location.
Respiratory muscle dysfunction in mechanically-ventilated patients

The interaction between a patient and a ventilator is the major determinant of the amount of respiratory muscle rest achieved by the machine. We are beginning to acquire a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this complex interaction, but this information has yet to be integrated into the routine clinical management of ventilator-supported patients. To achieve that goal, we need better techniques of detecting and monitoring patient-ventilation asynchrony, and the development of simple algorithms that can minimize its occurence. Finally, research is needed to determine the occurrence and importance of respiratory muscle fatigue during failed weaning attempts so as to better guide the timing and pace of the weaning process in problematic patients.
Receptor‐Mediated Endocytosis of Polypeptide Hormones by Vascular Endothelium

The sections in this article are: 1 Insulin 2 Insulin-Like Growth Factors 3 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) 4 Glucagon
A fractional volume of fluid method for free boundary dynamics

The volume of fluid (VOF) technique is presented as a simple and efficient means for numerically treating free boundaries embedded in a calculational mesh of Eulerian or Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian cells. It is particularly useful because it uses a minimum of stored information, treats intersecting free boundaries automatically, and can be readily extended to three-dimensional calculations.
Expression of actin-binding proteins and requirement for actin-depolymerizing factor in chick neural crest cells.

Background: Neural crest cells are multipotent cells that migrate extensively throughout vertebrate embryos to form diverse lineages. Cell migration requires polarized, organized actin networks that provide the driving force for motility. Actin-binding proteins that regulate neural crest cell migration are just beginning to be defined. Results: We recently identified a number of actin-associated factors through proteomic profiling of methylated proteins in migratory neural crest cells. Here, we report the previously undocumented expression pattern of three of these proteins in chick early neural crest development: doublecortin (DCX), tropomyosin-1 (TPM-1), and actin depolymerizing factor (ADF). All three genes are expressed with varying degrees of specificity and intensity in premigratory and migratory neural crest cells, and their resulting proteins exhibit distinct subcellular localization in migratory neural crest cells. Morpholino knock down of ADF reveals it is required for Sox10 gene expression, but minimally important during neural crest migration. Conclusions: Neural crest cells express DCX, TPM-1, and ADF. ADF is necessary during neural crest specification, but largely dispensable for migration. Developmental Dynamics 243:731–739, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Creating 3D visualizations of MRI data: A brief guide.

While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data is itself 3D, it is often difficult to adequately present the results papers and slides in 3D. As a result, findings of MRI studies are often presented in 2D instead. A solution is to create figures that include perspective and can convey 3D information; such figures can sometimes be produced by standard functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis packages and related specialty programs. However, many options cannot provide functionality such as visualizing activation clusters that are both cortical and subcortical (i.e., a 3D glass brain), the production of several statistical maps with an identical perspective in the 3D rendering, or animated renderings. Here I detail an approach for creating 3D visualizations of MRI data that satisfies all of these criteria. Though a 3D ‘glass brain’ rendering can sometimes be difficult to interpret, they are useful in showing a more overall representation of the results, whereas the traditional slices show a more local view. Combined, presenting both 2D and 3D representations of MR images can provide a more comprehensive view of the study’s findings.
Reengineering the Los Alamos common file system

The authors reviewed the pros and cons of the common file system and numerous existing and planned systems. Their conclusion is that the common file system is a valuable resource with many strengths that should be preserved for the future. A set of recommendations for changes and additions that may allow the common file systems to continue to meet data-storage needs in both the short and long term is presented. The recommendations for 1990-2 support the transition to Unix on supercomputers and support high-performance networking. The recommendations for 1992-5 support the transition to a Unix-type file system that provides a significant level of file-allocation transparency. For 1995-2000, the recommendations are necessarily less precise but support the notion of standard security, transparent file systems, and faster networking. >
Facilitators of an Interprofessional Approach to Care in Medical and Mixed Medical/Surgical ICUs: A Multicenter Qualitative Study

The purpose of this study was to describe clinicians' perceptions of interprofessional collaboration in the intensive care unit and identify factors associated with interprofessional collaboration. We performed 64 semi-structured interviews in seven hospitals with ICU nurses, physicians, respiratory therapists, nurse managers, clinical pharmacists, and dieticians. ICU clinicians perceived two distinct types of facilitators to interprofessional collaboration in critical care: cultural and structural. In the critical care setting, cultural and structural facilitators worked independently as well as in concert to create effective interprofessional collaboration. Initiatives aimed at creating and facilitating interprofessional collaboration should focus attention on cultural and structural facilitators to improve patient care and team effectiveness.
Radio Broadcasting: French and Spanish

We began our broadcasts in the evening, in Spanish, using a text and technique which we had developed in our Spanish classes. Success was immediate. After one year of evening broadcasts in Spanish, we put on broadcasts in the daytime in both French and Spanish, both of which were successful. The following year we continued both French and Spanish in the daytime, and made a very vigorous attempt to induce high-school classes to use the broadcasts. To our surprise, we found certain of the highschool systems in the state opposed to radio reception of any kind. Various reasons were given, but I suspect that the real reason was that the superintendents feared advertising might be introduced into the classes through the medium of the radio. However, a number of the smaller school systems did permit their students to listen in. They did so with profit, as is clearly shown by a study made by Dr. Hillis Lumley, who made a careful examination of the students before and after the course by radio, checking them with the same teachers' students in another class which did not listen to
Pancreatic actinomycosis: Possible complication of long-term pancreatic stenting, diagnosed on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography guided pancreatic duct brushings

Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography guided biliary and pancreatic ductal brushings are being used as routine procedures to diagnose mass lesions of the pancreas and stenotic lesions of the biliary ducts and pancreas. We report a rare case of pancreatic actinomycosis in a patient with alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis with biliary and pancreatic duct strictures and occluded pancreatic stents, diagnosed on pancreatic duct brushings.
Transmission electron microscopy of irradiated boron carbide

Boron carbide powders and a section of a high density pellet were irradiated at 350 to 400 °C to a burnup of about 8% of the 10B (16 × 1020 captures/cm3). The resulting damage was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Techniques of sample preparation are described. A very high density uniform black spot damage was observed. The damage appeared to be similar to that observed in metals due to lattice strain after very high fast fluences. There was no evidence of movement or agglomeration of the reaction products.
Psychiatric Disorders and Survival After Lung Transplantation

The 30 patients who underwent lung transplantation between 1990 and 1996 were included in this study, and data were analyzed to find predictors of 1-year survival posttransplantation. All patients were followed throughout the posttransplantation period. Fifteen patients had a pretransplantation diagnosis of an anxiety and/or depressive disorders. Of the 30 patients transplanted, 19 survived 12 months or more, and 11 died less than 12 months posttransplantation. The > 12-month survival group had a mean age of 45.2 years at transplantation, compared with a mean age of 43.0 years in the 12-month survival group had more psychiatric illness pretransplantation than the < 12-month survival group (56% vs. 27%, P < 0.05). The recipients with a psychiatric history (N = 15) were more likely to survive 1 year posttransplantation than the recipients without a psychiatric history (80% vs. 47%, P < 0.05) and were not significantly different from the recipients without a psychiatric history in terms of episodes of rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans, or noncompliance with treatment. Depression and anxiety are treatable disorders that occur frequently in patients with end-stage lung disease, and a premorbid history of either did not predict a worse outcome posttransplantation in this study of lung transplantation recipients.
Echinoderm Calcite: Single Crystal or Polycrystalline Aggregate

Electron microscopy of natural and broken surfaces of echinoid skeletal plates reveals that the interior portions have the morphology of a single crystal, whereas the exterior is a polycrystalline aggregate with preferred orientation. These data help to resolve earlier contradictory x-ray and optical evidence.
Criminal responsibility for state-ments in recall charges

A discussion of the prosecutions for criminal libel in connection With the recall elections in Kelso, Washington.
Cultural Values in Indian Television Advertising

The study investigates cultural values portrayed in commercials aired on television in India. The study included a comparison of the cultural values depicted in Indian and Western product brands as well as a comparison across four groups of products for both within and across Indian and Western brands. The study concludes that Indian and Western marketers are stressing the following cultural values: modern, symbolic, tradition, and utilitarian, and are blending Eastern and Western values. Results of the study indicate the importance of considering cultural values associated with different product types in the development of successful advertising campaigns.
Matching metabolites and reactions in different metabolic networks

Abstract Comparing and identifying matching metabolites, reactions, and compartments in genome-scale reconstructed metabolic networks can be difficult due to inconsistent naming in different networks. In this paper, we propose metabolite and reaction matching techniques for matching metabolites and reactions in a given metabolic network to metabolites and reactions in another metabolic network. We employ a variety of techniques that include approximate string matching, similarity score functions and multi-step filtering techniques, all enhanced by a set of rules based on the underlying metabolic biochemistry. The proposed techniques are evaluated by an empirical study on four pairs of metabolic networks, and significant accuracy gains are achieved using the proposed metabolite and reaction identification techniques.
Survey development for assessing correlates of young adolescents' eating.

OBJECTIVE To describe the development and psychometric testing of a survey to assess multiple influences on young adolescents' eating behaviors. METHODS A 204-item survey was piloted with middle-school students. We incorporated a broad view of determinants of eating behavior in an effort to expand the current field of predictors. RESULTS The survey was reduced to 147 items and administered to 3,878 students. Internal consistencies were generally >0.70. Test-retest reliabilities were 0.30-0.98, mostly >0.60. CONCLUSIONS We estimated psychometric properties for a range of measures in a diverse sample. This is important as the increasing demand for outcomes-based research expands the need for psychometrically sound survey measures.
Measurements of anomalous refraction and tip-tilt compensation at millimeter wavelengths

Radio seeing shows up on filled-aperture telescopes as an apparent displacement of a radio source from its true position, known as anomalous refraction (AR). The magnitude of this effect, as a fraction of the beam width, is bigger on larger telescopes. Here we report the partial results of systematic AR measurements conducted with the 14 m telescope of the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory. The measured values range from approximately equals 2' (winter) to approximately equals 20' (summer). These data indicate that the pointing accuracy of large telescopes will be limited by tropospheric turbulence. We therefore discuss the basic concept and preliminary design of a tip-tilt compensation system at millimeter wavelengths that would use a 183 GHz radiometer as a wave front sensing device, capable of recovering most of the turbulence-induced pointing error.
CONGENITAL GOITROUS CRETINISM DUE TO THE ABSENCE OF IODIDE-CONCENTRATING ABILITY.

An 8-year-old goitrous cretin is presented whose thyroid, salivary glands, gastric mucosa and probably the choroid plexus have lost the ability for active transport of iodide. Treatment with iodide alone corrected the hypothyroidism. Five mg of I−/day gave partial and 14 mg I−/day gave complete return to the euthyroid state as shown in such indices as oxygen consumption, serum thyroxine, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels, and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. Very large doses of I− (up to 803 mg/day) caused no further effects. Certain factors related to the nature of the tissue defect are briefly discussed.
Alcoholism among Hospital Employees

An employee alcoholism service for hospital workers is described. Sixty-eight alcoholic workers identified over a 3V4 year period are assessed for current status as to activity in the service, work status, and drinking status by a chart review. The principle route of referral was via the employee health service (EHS) and a medical problem (63%) versus a supervisor or self-referral. Fifty-three percent of the workers are active in the service, 31% have had no contact, 12% are terminated from the job, and 4% are deceased. Of the active cases, 75% are abstinent. Active status in the service is highly associated with a supervisor or self-referral rather than an EHS referral. Self- and supervisor referrals to the service increased substantially after the initiation of an employee assistance program in the hospital.
Chronic Hypoxia and Developmental Regulation of Cytochrome C Expression in Rats

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia upregulates cytochrome c expression in heart, brain, and liver of fetal and maternal rats. METHODS Time-dated pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normoxic and hypoxic (48 hours of 10.5% oxygen from days 19 to 21) groups, and were killed on day 21. Tissue levels of cytochrome c in heart, brain, and liver were determined by using monoclonal antiserum for cytochrome c. RESULTS Chronic hypoxia caused a decrease in fetal body weight (5.3 +/- 0.1 to 4.7 +/- 0.1 g) and an increase in heart/body weight ratio (0.0048 +/- 0.0001 to 0.0061 +/- 0.0002). Cytochrome c levels were 4-, 2.6-, and 13-fold higher in heart, liver, and brain, respectively, of the mother than of the fetus. Chronic hypoxia did not change cytochrome c levels in maternal tissues but caused a 70% increase and 54% decrease in cytochrome c levels in the fetal heart and liver, respectively. No difference was observed in the fetal brain. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that expression of cytochrome c is tissue specific and developmentally regulated. Chronic hypoxia showed differential regulation of cytochrome c levels both developmentally and tissue specifically. The increased sensitivity of cytochrome c in fetal tissue to chronic hypoxia is likely to represent a fetal adaptive mechanism to the stress of chronic hypoxia.
Flavor Changing Z0 Decay and the Top Quark

Abstract The flavor changing neutral current decay of the Z0 boson into charge 2 3 quarks in the standard three generation SU(2)L × U(1) theory of electroweak interactions has been studied. This process occurs first at one-loop order, where it has been calculated without approximation. The possibility of producing the as yet undiscovered top quark by this decay has been considered. The branching ratios are extremely small, independent of the top quark mass and plausible quark mixing matrices if there are three generations, making it unlikely that the top quark will be produced by this mechanism. However, a massive fourth bottom quark could increase the rates.
Opening Doors for Career Advancement: Masters' Students Insight on Program Participation

The purpose of the study was to: 1. uncover the decision making factors which potential adult learners consider in their determination to enroll in a graduate program; 2. explore their unique program experiences; and 3. identify anticipated outcomes. The following themes were uncovered: Reasons for Enrollment, Nature of Program Experiences: Transformations, Outcomes: Broader Outlook on Program Impact. Findings demonstrated the impact masters' programs could have on students in terms of intellectual, employability, and marketability capacities. It also suggests students' decision making in terms of pursuing a master's degree might not be as well thought out and calculated as the literature suggests.
Lethal injections: legal extensions and implications of "do no harm".

Abortion, sterilization, and futility are just a few examples of the ethically complex cases that the United States Supreme Court has addressed. Perhaps recognizing its institutional inability to a...
Modification of a Gas Chromatograph for Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Abstract Modification of a gas chromatograph for operation with supercritical fluids can be made in a simple manner without losing the capability for conventional gas chromatography. Using readily available commercial equipment, supercritical fluid chromatography on a level permitting useful application can be performed by many laboratories. A simple analog ramp generator is used to program the pressure of a syringe pump. This work will describe such a system and some of the analytical results obtained.
3-D inversion of helicopter-borne EM data in areas with rough topography

Rough topography can significantly distort the observed helicopter-borne electromagnetic (EM) data, which may result in erroneous interpretation. In this paper, we consider a novel approach to the topographic correction of HEM data. Our approach is based on using the rigorous integral equation (IE) method for EM modeling the topographic effect and application of a localized quasi-linear (LQL) approximation for fast inversion. We have developed an effective 3-D inversion technique for HEM data which takes into account the distortion caused by rough earth-air interface and compensate for the topographic effects. The method and the corresponding computer code are carefully tested on synthetic models and applied to the interpretation of the practical helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) data provided by BHP Billiton World Exploration Inc.
The Eastern Front in World War II

In the first decades after the SecondWorldWar historical writing on the eastern front was dominated by self-serving, exculpatory memoirs by former German generals. They sang the same tune: they had not known, they had not seen, and they had not heard of the horrendous atrocities taking place in front of their very eyes. The course of the campaign in the SovietUnionwent something like this. Brilliant planning by the German General Staff was ruined by Hitler, who insisted on attacking everywhere, denying the German army a Schwerpunkt, or point of concentration. In the initial
Development of Academic Skills from Preschool Through Second Grade: Family and Classroom Predictors of Developmental Trajectories

Abstract Children's experiences with their parents and teachers were related to the acquisition of academic skills from preschool through second grade. Individual and group growth curves were estimated, and individual patterns of change were predicted from selected demographic, family, and classroom characteristics to identify multiple pathways to early academic competence. Standardized assessments of language and academic skills and parent and teacher surveys were collected on 511 children beginning in the second-to-last year of child care through the third year of elementary school. As expected, children tended to show better academic skills across time if their parents had more education and reported more progressive parenting beliefs and practices. Statistical interactions between family background and teacher–child relationships indicated that a closer relationship with the teacher was positively related to language skills for African-American children and to reading competence for children whose parents reported more authoritarian attitudes. These results provide further evidence that social processes in classrooms are important for academic competence for children considered at risk for academic problems.
Pushing Your Back into Place

In multicellular animals, the localization of specific molecules to some but not other cells during development defines three body axes: anterior-posterior (AP; head to tail), dorsal-ventral (DV; back to belly), and left-right. On page 999 of this issue, Zhao et al. ( 1 ) describe an elegant application of live-cell imaging to investigate molecular polarity and body axis establishment in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . Their insights debunk a long-standing linkage between the mechanisms that establish the AP and DV body axes, and illuminate a new role for microtubule polymerization pushing forces.
Neural correlates of maternal separation in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Background: The neurobiological basis of stress and anxiety in primates remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the neural response to a naturalistic social stressor: maternal separation. We used rhesus monkeys as an animal model because of their close phylogenetic affinity with humans. Methods: Six juvenile rhesus monkeys received [ 18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans following 1) a period together with their mothers and again after separation from their mothers 2) with or 3) without visual contact. Image subtraction revealed brain regions that exhibited altered activity during separation. In addition, plasma cortisol concentrations obtained following each condition were tested for correlations with regional brain activity. Results: Maternal separation activated the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the right ventral temporal/occipital lobe. There was also decreased activity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associated with separation stress. Correlational analyses demonstrated these activated and deactivated regions to be positively and negatively correlated with cortisol, respectively. Additionally, correlational analyses revealed cortisol-related activation in brainstem areas previously implicated in stress and anxiety. Conclusions: In juvenile rhesus monkeys, the stress of maternal separation is associated with activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral temporal/occipital lobes and decreased activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Creative Behavior through Basic Inferences: Evidence from Person-Computer Interactions.

This article reviews the contributions of basic reasoning mechanisms to the generation of creative ideas. The investigated reasoning mechanisms are deduction, induction, abduction, specialization/generalization, and elementary memory associations. The article claims that if we measure creativity by outcomes, that is, by the quality of the resulting ideas, then these basic forms of reasoning can be considered at least mildly creative. The claim is backed by references to computer programs which have generated creative outcomes, and by the outcomes of computer based reasoning activities shown in the article. Limitations of this approach to creativity are also discussed, particularly, difficulties in the recognition of creative ideas.
Ostwald-Meyers metastable region in LiBr crystallization: Comparison of measurements with predictions

Abstract Experiments have been performed to measure the Ostwald–Meyers metastable region during crystallization from concentrated LiBr solutions. Solution thermodynamics shows that several hydrated LiBr salts and ice can crystallize depending upon the concentration of LiBr in aqueous solution. The available solubility data were interpreted to give solubility products of several hydrated LiBr salts using the formulation of Helgeson, which accounts for the activity of water. The crystallization temperature was measured by monitoring to ±0.01°C the temperature of solutions inside test tubes placed in a cooling bath programmed at a cooling rate of 20°C/h. A release of the heat of crystallization identifies the temperature of crystallization. The equilibrium solubility was verified by crystallization with seed crystals present. The crystallization temperature without seeds present was 10 to 20°C less than the equilibrium solubility temperature corresponding to the Ostwald–Meyers metastable region. This crystallization temperature measured at 20°C/h was shown to correspond to nucleation on the surface of the test tube with an interface energy of 40±1.2 erg/cm 2 . Homogeneous nucleation from solution data shows the crystallization temperature to be from 40 to 50°C below the equilibrium solubility curve and to be accurately predicted by homogeneous nucleation with an interface energy of 26 erg/cm 2 , the literature value of the ice/water interface. Since the hydrated LiBr salts have surfaces that expose structured water molecules to the solution, this value is believed to be an appropriate value of the interface energy of the hydrated LiBr crystals. Crystallization temperature measurements were performed at different cooling rates, showing that slower cooling rates gave a narrower Ostwald–Myers metastable zone as is expected. Induction time measurements showed that the time to spontaneous crystallization increases as the supersaturation is decreased.
Dynamic Chromatin Alterations Triggered by Natural and Synthetic Activation Domains

The activation domains (ADs) of transcription activators recruit a multiplicity of enzymatic activities to gene promoters. The mechanisms by which such recruitment takes place are not well understood. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate dynamic alterations in the abundance of histones H2A, H3, and H4 at promoters of genes regulated by the HSF and Gal4 activators ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Transcriptional activation of these genes, particularly those regulated by HSF, is accompanied by a significant reduction in both acetylated and unacetylated histones at promoters and may involve the transient displacement of histone octamers. To gain insight into the function of ADs, we conducted a genetic screen to identify polypeptides that could substitute for the 340-residue C-terminal activator of HSF and rescue the temperature sensitivity caused by its deletion. We found that thets− phenotype of HSF(1–493) could be complemented by peptides as short as 11 amino acids. Such peptides are enriched in acidic and hydrophobic residues, and exhibit bothtrans-activating and chromatin-modifying activities when fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding domain. We also demonstrate that a previously identified 14-amino acid histone H3-binding module of human CTF1/NF1, which is similar to synthetic ADs, can substitute for the HSF C-terminal activator in conferring temperature resistance and can mediate the modification of promoter chromatin structure. Possible mechanisms of AD function, including one involving direct interactions with histones, are discussed.
The value of external beam radiation in node positive prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of local/regional treatment, particularly external beam radiation alone vs. radical prostatectomy plus radiation therapy in patients with pathologic node positive prostate cancer on survival. Methods: Medical records of all 116 patients who received their initial treatment at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1980 and 1996 for adenocarcinoma of the prostate with pathologic confirmed nodal metastases and no distant metastases were reviewed. The mean follow up was 5.5 years. Overall survival, time to PSA failure on endocrine therapy, and time to first intervention were evaluated. The effect of the different treatment options were compared using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models to adjust for tumor characteristics that might influence survival. These included clinical T stage, clinical N stage, Gleason grade, number and location of positive lymph nodes and pretreatment PSA. Results: The combined patient population had a 5-year survival rate of 74% and a 10-year survival rate of 48%. Patients receiving local/regional treatment had adjusted 5 year survival rates of 80% compared to 27% for patients receiving no local/regional treatment (p = .001) with corresponding cumulative intervention rates (CIR) of 11% vs. 73% (p = .01) Patients receiving external beam radiation (XRT) alone did not differ significantly from those receiving prostatectomy plus radiation therapy in terms of survival (75 vs. 82%, p = .23) or cumulative intervention rates (14% vs. 14%, p = .94) Conclusion: Although it appears that all patients with node positive prostate cancer will eventually develop failure, this paper suggests local/regional therapy offers a medium term survival advantage over no local/regional treatment. The addition of prostatectomy did not confer a demonstrable advantage over radiation alone.
Kierkegaard, indirect communication, and religious truth

Kierkegaard says in the Postscript that "the religious individual can never use direct communication."1 Religious individuals, if they are to communicate at all, must use what he calls "indirect communication." Occasionally philosophers say something of significance; and if one allows oneself to be confronted by Kierkegaard's denial of direct communication in religion, it is hard not to sense that he has touched a nerve. Yet one can still be unclear what the significance is, let alone whether Kierkegaard is right. In fact, it seems to me, that Kierkegaard's denial, as well as his counterpoised affirmation of the need of indirect communication, is right and in more than one way. To begin to see why Kierkegaard is right, however, we need to understand the difference between direct and indirect communication. In the Postscript direct communication belongs to "objective thinking;" it is used to communicate what one believes, what one understands the facts to be. Indirect communication belongs to and communicates subjectivity; and subjectivity relates to the how of an individual's belief, to a particular individual's inwardness and "personal appropriation."2 Direct communication, as exposition and setting forth, changes minds, while indirect communication changes lives, as one commentator has put it.3 Why can't the religious individual use direct communication? One reason that Kierkegaard gives is that the religious individual is "constantly in process of becoming inwardly." Another reason that he gives, closely related to the first, is that "direct communication presupposes certainty" and, for Kierkegaard, "certainty is impossible for anyone in process of becoming." However there is to my mind a clearer, more decisive reason available to Kierkegaard in the terms of his own categories. If I understand Kierkegaard rightly, for him all communication involves what he calls "reduplication." In direct communication an idea or proposition is communicated, or reduplicated, from one person to another. Here it is sufficient for one person plainly to tell another. As Kierkegaard says, "when one man sets forth something and another acknowledges the same, word for word, it is taken for granted that they are in agreement." It is regarding direct communication of objective truth that ceteris paribus we can reason "I told him, so he knows." This
Activation of a Floral Homeotic Gene in Arabidopsis

The patterned expression of floral homeotic genes in Arabidopsis depends on the earlier action of meristem-identity genes such as LEAFY, which encodes a transcription factor that determines whether a meristem will generate flowers instead of leaves and shoots. The LEAFY protein, which is expressed throughout the flower, participates in the activation of homeotic genes, which are expressed in specific regions of the flower. Analysis of a LEAFY-responsive enhancer in the homeotic gene AGAMOUS indicates that direct interaction of LEAFY with this enhancer is required for its activity in plants. Thus, LEAFY is a direct upstream regulator of floral homeotic genes.
Lidar Multiple Scattering in Water Droplet Clouds : Toward an Improved Treatment

Although it has long been recognized that the effects of photon multiple scattering generally need to be accounted for in the analysis of lidar cloud returns, this is a difficult problem and current approaches are still rudimentary. The multiple scattering process is controlled by the size of the lidar beamwidth and the distance to the cloud, which jointly determine the lidar footprint, but cloud microphysical content (i.e., particle size, concentration, and shape) exerts a strong influence on the range distribution and depolarization of the returned energy. Since clouds are inherently inhomogeneous with height, it is our premise that vertically homogeneous cloud simulations based on idealized particle size distributions lead to misleading results. We offer a more realistic approach based on the contents of growing water droplet clouds predicted by a sophisticated adiabatic cloud model, which are offered for use as new standard vertically-inhomogeneous cloud models. Lidar returned signal and depolarization profiles derived from our analytical double-scattering method are given for inter-comparison purposes.
Kainic acid seizure-evoked parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve activity and altered baroreceptor reflex responses in urethane-anesthesized rats

Abstract Kainic acid (KA) can cause limbic cortical seizure activity that generalizes to produce severe convulsions. Limbic seizures can spread to subcortical structures, producing severe autonomic consequences. We recorded from the vagus nerves in the neck region, renal sympathetic nerves, splanchnic nerves, and cervical sympathetic ganglia. In each animal, two or three nerves were recorded simultaneously. A femoral arterial catheter was used for blood pressure monitoring. Limb electrodes were used for electrocardiogram (ECG), and electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from the dorsal or ventral hippocampus. Vagus nerves were cut bilaterally (distally) to prevent fatal arrhythmias. KA (10 mg/kg, i.a.) was given to rats anesthesized with urethane or ketamine/xylazine. Baroreceptor reflex activity was assessed by recording nerve and ECG responses to nitroprusside (0.1 mg, i.a.) or phenylephrine (0.25 mg, i.a.). Modest sustained increases in vagus and sympathetic nerve activity were seen after KA when seizure activity was seen ventral hippocampus. A transient blood pressure decrease occurred in rats anesthesized with urethane but not ketamine/xylazine. After KA, neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic nerve activity changed in response to nitroprusside or phenylephrine challenges. EEG seizure discharges in dorsal hippocampus were associated with substantial additional sustained increases in firing, plus evidence of phasic seizure-related activity, in the vagus and sympathetic nerves. We conclude that KA alters sympathetic and parasympathetic neural activity by acting initially at ventral hippocampal regions. Limbic seizure discharges increase activity in both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, profoundly disrupting blood pressure regulation and heart rhythms.