cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Geriatric Consults into Routine Care of Older Trauma Patients: One-Year Experience of a Level I Trauma Center

Background Although involvement of geriatricians in the care of older trauma patients is associated with changes in processes of care and improved outcomes, few geriatrician consultations were ordered on our service. Study Design Mandatory geriatric consults were initiated in September 2013 for all trauma patients 70 years and older admitted to our hospital. We prospectively collected data on patients admitted from October 2013 through September 2014 (postintervention) and compared their data with those of patients admitted from June 2011 through June 2012 (preintervention). We collected data on processes of care (DNR and do not intubate status, delirium, and referral for cognitive evaluation) and patient outcomes (mortality, readmission, and length of stay). Descriptive statistics and post-hoc power analyses were performed. Results There were 215 and 191 patients included in the preintervention and postintervention cohorts, respectively. After the intervention, geriatric consults increased from 3.26% to 100%. Patients with DNR and do not intubate status increased from 10.23% to 38.22% (p Conclusions The initiation of mandatory geriatric consults on our trauma service was associated with improved advance care planning and increased multidisciplinary care. Ensuring involvement of geriatricians can aid in reducing adverse outcomes among geriatric trauma patients.
Warp Processors

We describe a new processing architecture, known as a warp processor, that utilizes a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to improve the speed and energy consumption of a software binary executing on a microprocessor. Unlike previous approaches that also improve software using an FPGA but do so using a special compiler, a warp processor achieves these improvements completely transparently and operates from a standard binary. A warp processor dynamically detects the binary's critical regions, reimplements those regions as a custom hardware circuit in the FPGA, and replaces the software region by a call to the new hardware implementation of that region. While not all benchmarks can be improved using warp processing, many can, and the improvements are dramatically better than those achievable by more traditional architecture improvements. The hardest part of warp processing is that of dynamically reimplementing code regions on an FPGA, requiring partitioning, decompilation, synthesis, placement, and routing tools, all having to execute with minimal computation time and data memory so as to coexist on chip with the main processor. We describe the results of developing our warp processor. We developed a custom FPGA fabric specifically designed to enable lean place and route tools, and we developed extremely fast and efficient versions of partitioning, decompilation, synthesis, technology mapping, placement, and routing. Warp processors achieve overall application speedups of 6.3X with energy savings of 66% across a set of embedded benchmark applications. We further show that our tools utilize acceptably small amounts of computation and memory which are far less than traditional tools. Our work illustrates the feasibility and potential of warp processing, and we can foresee the possibility of warp processing becoming a feature in a variety of computing domains, including desktop, server, and embedded applications.
Diffusion of helium in natural monazite, and preliminary results on He diffusion in synthetic light rare earth phosphates

Diffusion of helium has been characterized in natural monazite and synthetic LREE phosphates. Polished slabs of natural monazite and flat growth faces of synthetic phosphates were implanted with 100 keV 3 He at a dose of 5 × 10 15 3 He/cm 2 and annealed in 1 atm furnaces. 3 He distributions in monazites following experiments were measured with nuclear reaction analysis using the reaction 3 He(d,p) 4 He. For diffusion in monazite we obtain the following Arrhenius relation for diffusion normal to (100) D = 1.60 × 10 - 7 exp ( - 150 ± 8 kJ / mol / RT ) m 2 / s . Diffusion in natural monazite exhibits little diffusional anisotropy, as diffusion normal to (001), (100), and (010) appear similar, as do diffusivities of He in natural monazites from two different localities. Over the investigated temperature range, these diffusivities are similar to those of Farley and Stockli (2002), and values obtained for some of the monazite grains analyzed by Boyce et al. (2005), obtained through bulk-release of He by step heating, and are bracketed by diffusivities obtained by Farley (2007) for monazite-structure synthetic REE phosphates. Helium diffusion measured in synthetic REE phosphates (LaPO 4 , NdPO 4 , SmPO 4 , and EuPO 4 ) with the monazite structure appears to behave systematically, with diffusion in the lighter REE phosphates slightly faster than in the heavier REE phosphates. This trend is in broad agreement with the findings of Farley (2007), but the difference in diffusivities among the REE phosphates is smaller than that reported by Farley (2007). Activation energies for He diffusion in the synthetic LREE phosphates are similar to that for natural monazite measured in this study, but He diffusivities in synthetic LaPO 4 are about an order of magnitude faster than in the natural monazites. The differences in He diffusivities among the natural monazites and synthetic REE phosphates may be a consequence of the density and distribution of interstitial apertures in the crystal structure, which may result in differences in He migration rates. The similarities in He diffusivities for natural monazites containing varying mixtures of rare-earth elements, as well as differences in Th contents, however, indicate that the above Arrhenius relation is most relevant for describing He diffusion in monazite in nature. We use this Arrhenius relation to evaluate He retentivity in monazite experiencing thermal events, using both the closure temperature formulation of Dodson (1973) and recently developed expressions (Watson and Cherniak 2013) for prograde thermal events and heating and cooling trajectories. Calculations indicate that monazite is relatively retentive of He compared with accessory mineral phases.
Managerial structuring of work as a moderator of the Machiavellianism and job performance relationship

ABSTRACT In this study, we addressed the effect of the perceived work environment structure, as initiated by the managerial superior, on the relationship between Machiavellianism and job performance of store managers in a retail setting. The results showed a significant effect for managers who perceived that their supervisors initiated a loose work environment structure. No effect was found for managers working in a highly structured environment.
Scarcity of the C30 sterane biomarker, 24-n-propylcholestane, in Lower Paleozoic marine paleoenvironments

Abstract 24-n-Propylcholestane (24-npc), a C30 sterane compound derived from sterol precursors which are the major sterol constituents of modern pelagophyte microalgae, occurs in certain Neoproterozoic rocks and oils and throughout the Phanerozoic rock record. This broad distribution leads 24-npc to be widely considered a reliable indicator of open to partially restricted marine depositional conditions for source rocks and oils. Here we report two significant hiatuses in the occurrences of 24-npc in the Lower Paleozoic marine rock record: the first in the Middle–Late Cambrian and the second in the Late Ordovician–early Silurian transition for a range of lithofacies (carbonates and siliciclastic rocks), organic carbon contents (both organic-lean and organic-rich), and paleoceanographic environments (shelf and deeper water marine settings) and observed offshore of two paleocontinents, Laurentia and Baltica. The Ordovician–Silurian gap is at least 9 million years, and possibly up to 20 million years, in duration. Robust older occurrences of 24-npc steranes in some Neoproterozoic rocks and oils suggest that oceanographic conditions in our intervals of Lower Paleozoic time were unfavorable for the proliferation of pelagophyte algae as phytoplankton. Caution should therefore be applied when interpreting a lacustrine versus marine depositional environmental setting for source rocks and oils in these intervals of Early Paleozoic time using lipid biomarker assemblages.
The Rise of Black Ethnics: The Ethnic Turn in African American Religions, 1916–1945

During the world war years of the early twentieth century, new African American religious movements emerged that emphasized black heritage identities. Among these were Rabbi Wentworth Arthur Matthew9s Congregation of Commandment Keepers (Jewish) and "Noble" Drew Ali9s Moorish Science Temple of America (Islamic). Unlike African American religions of the previous century, these religious communities distinctly captured the ethos of ethnicity (cultural heritage) that pervaded American social consciousness at the time. Their central message of salvation asserted that blacks were an ethnic people distinguished not by superficial phenotype but by membership in a heritage that reached far beyond the bounds of American history and geography. The academic study of these religions has largely moved from dismissal and cynicism to serious engagement with African American Jews and Muslims as veritable forms of religion. Despite this progress among scholars, some recent studies continue to deny that Matthew9s and Ali9s communities were authentically Jewish and Islamic (respectively). When scholars dispense with theological or racial biases that bifurcate religions into 9true9 and 9false9 forms, the study of these black ethnic religions might best yield important insights for understanding the linkage among ethnicity, the nation-state, and religion. The religious reasoning of Matthew and Ali produced resourceful, complicated challenges to dominant colonial and racist paradigms for understanding agency and history. Their theology is appropriately discerned not as illusion, hybridity, or confusion but as thoughtful anticolonial expressions of Judaism and Islam that sought inclusion and honor through black ethnicity. At a time when African Americans were viewed as cultureless and without any legacy of inheritance except the deformities of slavery, the rise of black ethnics introduced religious traditions that demonstrated blacks were indeed a people with heritage.
Hematologic findings in cases of mammary cancer metastatic to bone marrow.

The hematologic findings in 22 cases of mammary cancer metastatic to bone marrow are presented. Cancer of the breast was the most frequent neoplasm metastatic in bone marrow in this study of 2,878 bonemarrow examinations. All 22 patients who had carcinoma of the breast metastatic to bone marrow had clinical, radiographic, or hematologic evidence of widespread metastatic disease. Peripheral blood was abnormal in 58% of the cases, and in most of these cases two or more abnormalities were present. Bone-marrow biopsies were superior to particle sections and aspirates in identifying tumor, but correlations among all modalities were necessary for proper interpretation. Although the morphologic features of tumor cells in sections and smears were quite characteristic for carcinoma of the breast, pitfalls in interpretation were numerous and should be recognized. The mean survival time of these patients was only 6.9 months after identification of bonemarrow metastases. The significant response to chemotherapy obtained with some individuals, however, should encourage aggressive therapy of this disorder.
Self-Assembly of Short Linear Chains to A- and B-Type Starch Spherulites and Their Enzymatic Digestibility

A novel process combining enzymatic debranching, melting, and crystallization was developed to produce spherulites from short linear α-1,4-linked glucans (short-chain amylose, SCA) with controlled enzyme digestibility. SCA was obtained by completely debranching waxy maize starch at 50 °C and 25% solids in 0.01 M sodium acetate buffer. The mixture was then heated to 180 °C followed by cooling and crystallization to form well-developed spherulites. Multiple analytical techniques including light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) covered over 5 orders of length scale and were applied to study the morphology and structure of the spherulites. Spherulites crystallized at low temperatures (4 and 25 °C) had a large size (5–10 μm), a B-type starch X-ray diffraction pattern, a lower melting temperature (70–110 °C), and a higher digestibility (Englyst method) compared to the spherulites crystal...
Priming of neutrophils toward NETosis promotes tumor growth

Neutrophils play a major role in cancer biology and both pro- and antitumoral functions of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils have been described. We have shown that tumors, by releasing G-CSF into the bloodstream, prime circulating neutrophils to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and we have detected the presence of NETs within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we report, using PAD4-deficient mice with a defect in neutrophil chromatin decondensation and NET formation, that the priming of neutrophils toward NETosis favors tumor growth. Interestingly, in a tumor model that does not release G-CSF and in which neutrophils are not primed for NETosis, PAD4-deficiency did not reduce tumor growth. However, supplying exogenous G-CSF to the wild-type (WT) host promoted intratumoral NETosis and tumor growth. Taken together, our results suggest that the priming of neutrophils for NETosis by the tumor or its environment leads to the accumulation of intratumoral NETs and a growth advantage to the tumor. Our work unveiled a pro-tumoral role for NETs which strengthens their potential as a new target in the fight against cancer.
Pre-Arrest Silence and Self-Incrimination Rights: Why States Should Adopt an Implied Invocation Standard Under Their State Constitutions in the Wake of Salinas v. Texas

Prior to the Supreme Court case of Salinas v. Texas, both state and federal circuit courts divided over whether a prosecutor could comment on a defendant’s pre-arrest silence as substantive evidence of guilt. In an attempt to resolve the split, the Court granted certiorari to hear the case. While no majority resulted, the plurality concluded that pre-arrest, a defendant must expressly invoke the Fifth Amendment’s Self-Incrimination Clause in order to benefit from its protections. If a defendant does not expressly invoke the privilege, a prosecutor can comment on the defendant’s pre-arrest silence without violating the Self-Incrimination Clause. Justices Thomas and Scalia, concurring in the judgment only, argued that because no compulsion exists pre-arrest, a prosecutor can comment on that silence regardless of whether a person invokes. This Comment argues in the wake of Salinas’s express invocation requirement, that state courts, under their state constitutional analogues to the Self-Incrimination Clause, should offer their citizens greater protections.Using Justice Breyer’s dissent as inspiration, this Comment has developed a totality of the circumstances “accusation test” to assist courts in determining whether an implied invocation occurred. This test will help courts decide if an individual’s silence in response to accusatory questioning, conduct or statements by police officers should be considered an implied invocation of the states constitutional analogue to the Self-Incrimination Clause. Once a court determines that a defendant impliedly invoked the privilege, this Comment advocates state courts extend Griffin’s no adverse inference bar to cover the defendant’s pre-arrest silence. Thus, preventing prosecutors from commenting and using the pre-arrest silence as substantive evidence of the defendant’s guilt.
Resistance and Adherence to the Gendered Representations of School Lunch Ladies

This article is based on 18 months of ethnographic field work in an elementary, middle, and high school cafeteria in the Midwest to analyze how school food service employees (i.e., lunch ladies) challenged and adhered to common portrayals of them in popular culture through the use of emotions. Utilizing Collins’ concept of “controlling images,” this article explores media representations of lunch ladies from television, film, literature and music to describe two reoccurring depictions—“the mother” and “the witch.” Then, by drawing on participant observation and interviews, this article shows how lunch ladies simultaneously challenge and adhere to these controlling images in their everyday work by invoking a range of emotions. Consequently, this article illustrates how lunch ladies can find meaning in this low-status, low-paying occupation, in a society that devalues and underpays feminized occupations.
Toward an antifibrotic therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

Fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a largely unresolved clinical problem. Despite recent advances in anti-inflammatory therapies over the last few decades, the occurrence of intestinal strictures in Crohn’s disease patients has not significantly changed. No antifibrotic therapies are available. This journal supplement will address novel mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis, biomarker and imaging techniques and is intended to provide a roadmap toward antifibrotic therapies in IBD.
Mesoscale Growth and Assembly of Bright Luminescent Organolead Halide Perovskite Quantum Wires

The long carrier lifetimes and low nonradiative recombination rates of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have opened new avenues in fabrication of highly efficient solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and lasers. Controlling shapes and organization of newly synthesized perovskite nanostructures should greatly expand their practical application. Here, we report a colloidal synthetic approach to the preparation of methylammonium lead bromide (CH3NH3PbBr3) quantum wires by controlling their surface ligand chemistry to achieve well-defined superstructures. Quantum wire formation was proceeded by the appearance of pearl-necklace assemblies of spherical CH3NH3PbBr3 nanocrystals as intermediates formed mainly through dipolar interactions. The diameter of the quantum wires (∼3.8 nm) was found to be larger than the precursor spherical CH3NH3PbBr3 nanocrystals (∼2.4 nm). Our experimental findings support mesoscale growth and assembly into CH3NH3PbBr3 quantum wires driven by cooperative interactions between nanocr...
Less may be more: Using small molecules to reprogram human cells into functional cardiomyocytes.

Abstract The prospect of genetically reprogramming cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes by using cardio-differentiating transcription factors represents a significant advantage over previous strategies involving stem cell implantation or the delivery of angiogenic factors. Remarkably, intramyocardial administration of cardio-differentiating factors consistently results in 20% to 30% improvements in postinfarct ejection fraction and nearly a 50% reduction in myocardial fibrosis in murine models. Despite these encouraging observations, few breakthroughs have been made in the reprogramming of human cells, which have more rigorous epigenetic constraints and gene regulatory networks that oppose reprogramming. As a potential solution to this challenge, Cao and colleagues used a cocktail of 9 chemicals capable of reprogramming human fibroblasts into contractile cardiomyocyte-like cells, albeit at a low efficiency. This strategy would obviate the concerns with viral vectors and appears to partially overcome the epigenetic constraints in human cells. Nevertheless, significant challenges, including drug-drug interactions, low reprogramming efficiency, and lack of in vivo data must be overcome before future clinical application.
Mycosis Fungoides of the Oral Cavity: Fungating Tumor Successfully Treated with Electron Beam Radiation and Maintenance Bexarotene

Oral involvement in mycosis fungoides is unusual and portends a poor prognosis. The clinical findings of three new cases are described along with a differential diagnosis and review of the literature. For brevity, only one patient is discussed in detail below whereas the other two cases are solely described in table form. The patient had a four-year history of mycosis fungoides before developing an exophytic tongue tumor. He was treated with local electron beam radiation and is disease-free to date while being on maintenance therapy with oral bexarotene. Analysis of the data collected from our review of the literature and the present cases reveal key insights.
‘The opposite of a European democracy’: the American real estate lobby, French and British social housing, and the making of the postwar American welfare state, 1945–1949

This article takes a new approach to the question of postwar American welfare state ‘exceptionalism’ by arguing that scholars should look at ideas and discourses of American welfare exceptionalism in historical context as a social construct and a political project. By focusing on the National Association of Real Estate Boards’ lobbying campaign against US public housing legislation in the late 1940s, I show that US business interests often used the example of Western European welfare state initiatives in order to not only decisively shaped specific pieces of social legislation, but to contest the very meaning of the postwar New Deal state.
Extracting attack narratives from traffic datasets

Parsing through large amounts of network traffic to extract attack signatures is a complex and time consuming process. It is an even harder process to piece together those signatures to formulate an attack narrative. An attack narrative can be defined as the set of attack signatures, that when combined provides an overview of the attack and the attacker themselves. In this paper, we propose a framework for extracting attack narratives from traffic datasets. Within this framework, we propose the re-examination of packet grepping for attack signatures in network traffic as a viable, fast, and effective means to extract attack narratives from large amounts of network traffic. By combining attack signature packet grepping with Mandiant’s Attack Lifecycle Model, we increase the effectiveness of packet grepping and create a methodology that is simple and powerful for constructing attack narratives. In order to show the effectiveness of the framework, we conduct a case study by using the 2015 National Collegiate Cyber Defense Competition (NCCDC) network traffic. Our preliminary results show that the framework is promising.
Decision making in commercial construction

As part of an ongoing project to develop interventions to improve the rates of adoption of lower-risk materials and equipment in commercial construction, an investigation to elucidate the process of materials-specification decision-making was undertaken. Interviews at three sites revealed the following. Architects/designers typically base material selection upon aesthetic, quality, or green performance criteria. Management firms typically hire subcontractors to perform the construction operations and materials specification occasionally occurs at these levels due to quality or usability concerns over the design-specified supplies. Management firms may specify the need for hazard mitigating equipment but may not mandate a specific form.
Baseline microcephaly prevalence in rural Guatemala: implications for neonatal screening for congenital Zika virus infection

Abstract Background Microcephaly is the result of disturbance in early brain development and has various causes. Zika was identified in Central America in early 2015. Establishing baseline microcephaly rates in areas affected by Zika is important for the assessment of the burden and contribution of Zika to microcephaly in low-resource settings. Methods We undertook a retrospective review of records from a community wellness programme in rural Guatemala where trained community health workers obtained data on weight, length, and head circumference for infants aged 0 to 13 days, enrolled in the programme between August 1, 2014, and March 31, 2016. We estimated gestational age using a Z-score of zero for length on the modified Fenton growth curve. Z-scores for head circumference and weight, adjusted for gestational age and sex, were then calculated. We used univariate logistic regression to test associations between microcephaly and low weight (Z ≤−1), small size for gestational age (weight below 10th percentile for gestational age), and sex. We analysed head circumference Z-scores and microcephaly for changes over time using birth month as well as multiple time-breaks (we compared infants born before versus after April 30, 2015; October 31, 2015; and January 31, 2016) with Student t-tests, and logistic and linear regression. Findings We included 296 infants: mean head circumference Z-score was −0·68 (95% CI −0·78 to −0·58). 20 infants (6·8%) had a head circumference Z-score ≤–2 and were considered to have microcephaly, giving a microcephaly prevalence of 676 per 10 000 livebirths. One infant (0·3%) had a head circumference Z-score ≤–3. Weight ≤–1 SD (OR 4·59 (1·69–12·41, p=0·003) and small for gestational age (6·65, 1·88–23·55, p=0·003) were associated with microcephaly. Sex was not significantly associated with microcephaly. Birth month and time-breaks were not associated with microcephaly nor with head circumference Z score. Interpretation Baseline neonatal microcephaly present in this rural Guatemalan community before and during Guatemala's early Zika epidemic is more than 100 and 300 times higher than baseline rates reported before the Zika virus epidemic in Puerto Rico and Brazil, respectively. Increased microcephaly rate associated with Zika epidemics in other countries was not detectable in our study population, probably because data were collected early in the Zika epidemic. High baseline microcephaly rates have important implications for neonatal screening programmes to identify infants congenitally infected with Zika in low-income countries. Funding The Center for Global Health at the University of Colorado and the Jose Fernando Bolanos Menendez Foundation provided funding for the wellness programme.
Attributes of Effective Mentoring Relationships for Novice Faculty Members: Perspectives of Mentors and Mentees

Context: Although doctoral education provides ample opportunities for skill development, the new faculty member may still require further support and guidance. Mentorship is often the mechanism whe...
Glycogen storage diseases

The pathways of glycogen synthesis and degradation have been reviewed in relation to the glycogen storage diseases. Six types of glycogen storage diseases have been classified on the basis of the enzymatic defect which is present. The clinical features, physical findings and laboratory abnormalities present in each type have been discussed and related to the consequences of the enzymatic defect. The mode of inheritance of the various types of glycogen storage disease has been outlined.
Enhancement of polar anchoring strength in a graphene-nematic suspension and its effect on nematic electro-optic switching

A small quantity of monolayer graphene flakes is doped in a nematic liquid crystal (LC), and the effective polar anchoring strength coefficient between the LC and the alignment substrate is found to increase by an order of magnitude. The hexagonal pattern of graphene can interact with the LC's benzene rings via $\ensuremath{\pi}--\ensuremath{\pi}$ electron stacking, enabling the LC to anchor to the graphene surface homogeneously (i.e., planar anchoring). When the LC cell is filled with the graphene-doped LC, some graphene flakes are preferentially attached to the alignment layer and modify the substrate's anchoring property. These spontaneously deposited graphene flakes promote planar anchoring at the substrate and the polar anchoring energy at alignment layer is enhanced significantly. The enhanced anchoring energy is found to impact favorably on the electro-optic response of the LC. Additional studies reveal that the nematic electro-optic switching is significantly faster in the LC-graphene hybrid than that of the pure LC.
Aristotelischer Naturalismus und die Autonomie der Ethik

Die Diskussion um die Unterscheidung zwischen Naturalismus und Non-Naturalismus in der Metaethik wird manchmal in Bezug auf eine Meinungsverschiedenheit gefuhrt, welche die Abhangigkeit oder Unabhangigkeit der Ethik von den Naturwissenschaften betrifft. Zum Beispiel schreibt Michael Ridge: »Sehr grob gesagt beruht der Non-Naturalismus in der Metaethik auf der Vorstellung, dass die Moralphilosophie grundsatzlich autonom gegenuber den Naturwissenschaften ist« (Ridge 2014, 2).
Unnecessary tests and ethics of quality of care

Patients' requests for unnecessary medical tests erode health care quality for all. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Adjusting for heterogeneous response thresholds in cross-country comparisons of self-reported health

Abstract Comparisons of subjective scale measures across countries can be distorted by the use of different response thresholds in different countries. Anchoring vignettes are a survey tool designed to address this problem, and are becoming widely used to adjust comparisons of subjective measures across groups, primarily within countries or across relatively similar high-income countries. This paper expands the existing literature by comparing six domains of self-reported health across the United States, England, and two countries with very different income levels, cultures, and geographic locations – Indonesia and China. In the raw data, respondents from the U.S. and England appear to be in worse health than their Indonesian and Chinese counterparts, but across the majority of health domains, this relationship completely reverses once I account for threshold differences.
Core vocabulary in the narratives of bilingual children with and without language impairment

Purpose: Children with primary language impairment (PLI) demonstrate deficits in morphosyntax and vocabulary. We studied how these deficits may manifest in the core vocabulary use of bilingual chil...
Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals

The well-being of healthcare providers and the influence of healthcare provider mental health and wellness on patient safety have garnered national interest and attention, though the concept of burnout among healthcare professionals is not new.[1][1],[2][2] Healthcare, as an industry, places
Do U.S. Anglers Care about Harmful Algal Blooms? A Discrete Choice Experiment of Lake Erie Recreational Anglers

Despite the growing awareness of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States and abroad, estimates of welfare losses due to their presence are missing from the literature. Using a mail survey of 767 Ohio Lake Erie recreational angler respondents and a choice experiment, this study provides the first empirical quantification of the economic impacts of HABs on U.S. recreational anglers. Our results demonstrate a significant and substantial willingness to pay by anglers for reduction in HABs, beyond the benefits associated with conventional water quality measures such as catch rates and water clarity. For instance, we find that anglers are willing to pay $8 to $10 more per trip for one less mile of boating through HABs en route to a fishing site. This finding suggests that explicit measures of HABs need to be collected and considered when valuing water quality in nutrient‐rich bodies of water. We evaluate the welfare improvements resulting from several nutrient reduction policies, and find that anglers are willing to pay on average $40 to $60 per trip for a policy that cuts upstream phosphorus loadings by 40%. The majority of welfare gains for anglers result from improving the non‐catchable component of the fishing experience, notably water clarity and HAB reduction, as opposed to better chances of angler success.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition of lymph nodes

Abstract One of the most common indications for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue sampling is to diagnose the etiology of suspicious lymphadenopathy. Although most cases of lymphadenopathy are benign and self-limiting, patients with deep-seated lymph nodes living in tuberculosis endemic areas or with suspected malignancy require tissue diagnosis to guide treatment. Fine-needle aspirate and fine-needle biopsy systems have excellent reliability for evaluating both benign and malignant lymph node diseases. The advent of new technologies and addition of ancillary molecular diagnostics have improved the diagnostic potential obtained by fine-needle sampling. In turn, the clinical applications of EUS tissue sampling have evolved and further expanded to include granulomatous diseases and lymphoma. Optimizing tissue acquisition to obtain high-quality specimens is of utmost importance and may be achieved with operative strategies unique to lymph node sampling. This chapter discusses the powerful clinical impact of EUS-guided lymph node sampling and technical considerations of optimizing diagnostic yield.
Association Genetics in Populus Reveal the Allelic Interactions of Pto-MIR167a and Its Targets in Wood Formation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial regulatory roles in plant growth and development by interacting with RNA molecules, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs); however, the genetic networks of miRNAs and their targets influencing the phenotypes of perennial trees remain to be investigated. Here, we integrated expression profiling and association analysis of underlying physiology and expression traits to dissect the allelic variations and genetic interactions of Pto-MIR167a and its targets, sponge lncRNA ARFRL, and Pto-ARF8, in 435 unrelated individuals of Populus tomentosa. Tissue-specific expression analysis in eight tissues, including stem, leaf, root, and shoot apex, revealed negative correlations between Pto-MIR167a and lncRNA ARFRL and Pto-ARF8 (r = -0.60 and -0.61, respectively, P < 0.01), and a positive correlation between sponge lncRNA ARFRL and Pto-ARF8 (r = 0.90, P < 0.01), indicating their potential regulatory roles in tree growth and wood formation. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association studies detected 53 significant associations (P < 0.01, Q < 0.1) representing 41 unique SNPs from the three genes and six traits, suggesting their potential roles in wood formation. Epistasis uncovered 88 pairwise interactions for 10 traits, which provided substantial evidence for genetic interactions among Pto-MIR167a, lncRNA ARFRL, and Pto-ARF8. Using gene expression-based association mapping, we also examined SNPs within the three genes that influence phenotypes by regulating the expression of Pto-ARF8. Interestingly, SNPs in the precursor region of Pto-MIR167a altered its secondary structure stability and transcription, thereby affecting the expression of its targets. In summary, we elucidated the genetic interactions between Pto-MIR167a and its targets, sponge lncRNA ARFRL, and Pto-ARF8, in tree growth and wood formation, and provide a feasible method for further investigation of multi-factor genetic networks influencing phenotypic variation in the population genetics of trees.
Periampullary neuroendocrine tumor with large intracellular mucin globules, an amphicrine tumor?

Abstract Amphicrine carcinoma is a rare type of mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma in which both exocrine and endocrine components are co-expressed in the same tumor cells. We report a case of a 57 year old man with a complex cystic and solid periampullary mass which shows a misleading poorly differentiated morphology. The tumor cells are positive for neuroendocrine markers with some cells showing large intracytoplasmic mucin. Additionally, CEA immunostain is weakly, but diffusely positive in the same tumor cells. The tumor may represent an amphicrine carcinoma, however, it has been reported that neuroendocrine cells may show aberrant mucin production. To what extent of mucin production should the tumor have to be considered as amphicrine is the question without answer, and currently the diagnostic criteria for amphicrine carcinoma have not been well established.
Late archaic mortuary practices of the lower Pecos River region, southwest Texas.

The most common mortuary practice documented in southwest Texas is flexed primary burials where the corpse is wrapped in mats and interred in pits dug in dry rockshelter deposits. Natural dessicati...
Biological Control of Invasive Insect Pests

Biological control of invasive insect pests has a long history of success. Implementation of biological control requires a comprehensive understanding of natural enemy ecology to facilitate prediction of the effectiveness of prospective biological control agents, and to ensure that non-target impacts are avoided. Research and practice of biological control has made great progress in this regard during the past few decades. Biological control has contributed significantly to reducing the environmental impacts of agricultural pest management, and in conserving indigenous species attacked by invasive insects. Classical biological control of insect pests is likely to become increasingly important in the future with no evident abatement in the rate of invasion by insect pests worldwide.
In vivo study of a new radioisotope-powered cardiac pacer.

A new radioisotopic pulse generator has been developed. It is 6 cm. long, 4.7 cm. high, 1.92 cm. wide, and weighs 61 Gm. (2 oz.). It is the smallest pulse generator made and has a life expectancy of over 20 years. The circuit is a conventional ventricular-inhibited (V.V.I.) type. In vitro testing has passed all Atomic Energy Commission requirements. The present study is concerned with in vivo testing of the complete pacemaker system, by means of both myocardial and endocardial electrodes, in 20 dogs with and without induced heart block. Extensive testing for electromagnetic compatability was carried out on 1 animal with induced heart block and a special, fast-rate pulse generator. Based on studies to date, the Atomic Energy Commission has issued a license for limited clinical trial which has already begun at the collaborating institutions.
Small Bowel and Liver/Small Bowel Transplantation in Children

A clinical trial of intestinal transplantation was initiated at the University of Pittsburgh in May 1990. Eleven children received either a combined liver/small bowel graft (n = 8) or an isolated small bowel graft (n = 3). Induction as well as maintenance immunosuppression was with FK-506 and steroids. Four patients were male, and seven were female; the age range was 6 months to 10.2 years. There were 3 deaths (all in recipients of the combined liver/small bowel graft), which were attributed to graft-versus-host disease (n = 1), posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (n = 1), and biliary leak (n = 1). Transplantation of the intestine has evolved into a feasible operation, with an overall patient and graft survival rate of 73%. These survivors are free of total parenteral nutrition, and the majority are home. These encouraging results justify further clinical trials.
Effects of CdCl 2 Passivation on Thin CdTe Absorbers Fabricated by Close-Space Sublimation

Thin CdTe solar cells with absorber thicknesses between 0.6 and 1.2 μm were passivated with varying amounts of CdCl 2. Current densities and voltages were relatively flat with CdCl 2 dose for the larger doses, but decreased markedly for smaller amounts. The voltages of the cells with sufficient CdCl 2 were near 750 mV; the current densities were near 23 mA/cm2, and decreased only slightly for the thinner absorbers. Spatial characterization indicates that devices with optimal CdCl 2 dosing are uniform.
Nitric Oxide Story

Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn. By Roberts JD, Polaner DM, Lang P, and Zapol WM. Lancet 1992; 130:435-40. Reprinted with permission.NO has vasodilatory effects on the pulmonary vasculature in adults and animals. We examined the effects on systemic oxygenation and blood pressure of inhaling up to 80 parts per million by volume of NO at fraction of inspired oxygen 0.9 for up to 30 min by six infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. In all infants, this treatment rapidly and significantly increased preductal oxygen saturation; in five infants, postductal oxygen saturation and oxygen tensions also increased. Inhalation of NO did not cause systemic hypotension or raise methemoglobin. These data suggest that low levels of inhaled NO have an important role in the reversal of hypoxemia due to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
Risk Factors Associated With Complications After Treatment of Mandible Fractures.

ImportanceComplications that arise after treatment of mandible fractures can result in significant morbidity. Identifying modifiable risk factors associated with these complications is valuable in ...
Biomechanical Comparison of Titanium Locking Fragment-Specific and Volar Locking Plates for AO B1 and B2 Fractures of the Distal Radius.

Purpose This biomechanical study compared the stability of volar locking plates (VLPs) and locking fragment-specific (LFS) dorsal and radial styloid plates for the fixation of dorsal (AO 23-B2) and radial styloid (AO 23-B1) shear fractures of the distal radius , respectively. Methods Two groups of 6 composite radii were fixed with a VLP or an LFS dorsal plate over a simulated dorsal shear fracture. Two additional groups of 6 radii received the same VLP or an LFS radial plate to fix a radial styloid fracture. Each plated radius was tested under cyclic axial compression by a servohydraulic testing machine that recorded axial displacement per cycle. Construct stiffness was calculated from the slope of the force-displacement curve. Results In the dorsal shear fracture model, the dorsal LFS plate exhibited less displacement than the VLP (0.32 ± 0.04 vs 0.43 ± 0.07 mm, respectively) and showed greater average stiffness (645 ± 64 vs 433 ± 88 N/mm, respectively). Plate type was responsible for 53.1% of the variation in displacement and 68.6% of the variation in stiffness. In the radial styloid fracture model, variations due to number of cycles elapsed and plate type were similar for displacement and stiffness in both groups. The average stiffness during cyclical nondestructive testing was 566 ± 45 and 573 ± 60 N/mm for VLP and LFS radial plating groups, respectively. Conclusions For AO 23-B2 (dorsal rim) fractures, the dorsal LFS plates exhibited significantly less displacement and greater stiffness in axial loading than VLPs. For AO 23-B1 (radial styloid) fractures, the VLP displayed similar displacement and stiffness to the radial LFS plates. Clinical relevance All constructs tested could be expected to withstand axial compressive forces typical of early postoperative rehabilitation.
A negative autoregulation network motif is required for synchronized Myxococcus xanthus development

Abstract Transcription factor autoregulation is a simple network motif (recurring circuit) built into genetic regulatory networks that direct cell behavior. Negative autoregulation (NAR) network motifs are particularly abundant in bacteria and provide specific functions, such as buffering against transcriptional noise. Here, we investigate the phenotypic consequence of perturbing NAR of a major transcription factor, MrpC, that controls the multicellular development program of the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. Launch of the developmental program directs certain cells in the population to first aggregate into haystack-shaped mounds, and then to differentiate into environmentally resistant spores to form mature fruiting bodies. Perturbation of MrpC NAR causes a striking phenotype in which cells lose synchronized transition from aggregation to sporulation. Instead, some cells abruptly exit aggregation centers and remain locked in a cohesive swarming state, while the remaining cells transition to spores inside residual fruiting bodies. As predicted, disruption of MrpC NAR led to an increased and broadened population distribution of mrpC expression. Examination of MrpC levels in developmental subpopulations during in situ development demonstrated cells locked in the swarms contained intermediate MrpC levels insufficient to promote sporulation. These results suggest an inherent property of NAR motifs that function in multicellular developmental programs is to facilitate synchronized responses. Significance Statement All organisms use regulatory networks for cellular homeostasis, mediating appropriate responses to environmental changes, or to direct animal development. Understanding how the basic building blocks (motifs) of regulatory networks contribute to these processes is essential to mitigate the effects of mutations in regulatory networks (i.e. cancers) or to synthesize beneficial organisms. In this study, we demonstrate that a common regulatory motif, a transcription factor that represses its own expression, helps synchronize cells that engage in collective behaviors.
Carbon nanospikes have better electrochemical properties than carbon nanotubes due to greater surface roughness and defect sites.

Abstract Carbon nanomaterials are used to improve electrodes for neurotransmitter detection, but what properties are important for maximizing those effects? In this work, we compare a newer form of graphene, carbon nanospikes (CNSs), with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on wires and carbon fibers (CFs). CNS electrodes have a short, dense, defect-filled surface that produces remarkable electrochemical properties, much better than CNTs or CFs. The CNS surface roughness is 5.5 times greater than glassy carbon, while CNTs enhance roughness only 1.8-fold. D/G ratios are higher for CNS electrodes than CNT electrodes, an indication of more defect sites. For cyclic voltammetry of dopamine and ferricyanide, CNSs have both higher currents and smaller ΔEp values than CNTs and CFs. CNS electrodes also have a very low resistance to charge transfer. With fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), CNS electrodes have enhanced current density for dopamine and cationic neurotransmitters due to increased adsorption to edge plane sites. This study establishes that not all carbon nanomaterials are equally advantageous for dopamine electrochemistry, but that short, dense nanomaterials that add defect sites provide improved current and electron transfer. CNSs are simple to mass fabricate on a variety of substrates and thus could be a favorable material for neurotransmitter sensing.
Do, or Do Not, Make Them Think?: A Usability Study of an Academic Library Search Box

AbstractThis usability study explores whether patrons prefer and are well-served by specialized, format-based searches or simpler, single-box searches, and the implications of these practices and p...