cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macrogeographic clines in fecundity, reproductive allocation, and offspring size of the forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria

Summary 1. The fecundity of the forest tent caterpillar varies considerably across its geographic range. Field data indicate that populations in the southern United States (Gulf States) produce nearly twice as many eggs as females from Canada or the Lake States, with little or no difference in the size of adult females. 2. In controlled rearing experiments, female forest tent caterpillar from the southern United States (Louisiana) had much larger clutch sizes than same sized females from northern populations in Michigan or Manitoba, Canada. Increased fecundity in Louisiana females was achieved through a significant reduction in egg size and a concomitant increase in the allocation of resources to egg production. 3. Comparison of 10 forest tent caterpillar populations spanning a 27° latitudinal gradient, validated the results of detailed comparisons among the three populations above by confirming the strong negative correlation between latitude and clutch size. 4. Neonate forest tent caterpillars from Manitoba were significantly larger than larvae from either Michigan or Louisiana. Michigan larvae were intermediate in size. It is postulated that large neonates are advantageous in thermally limiting environments. More than three times as many degree-days are available to Louisiana neonates during the first 2 weeks after hatching. A consistently favourable climate during the vulnerable post-hatching period may have allowed the evolution of larger clutches at the expense of neonate size in southern populations.
Prediction of Two- and Three-Dimensional Asymmetrical Turbulent Wakes, Including Curvature and Rotation Effects

Twoand three-dimensional turbulent wakes which develop under the influence of streamline curvature and rotation were calculated with three turbulence closure models. The first model was comprised of transport equations for the turbulent kinetic energy and the rate of energy dissipation. The second model was comprised of equations for the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and Reynolds stresses, but the effects of the convection and diffusion in the Reynolds stress transport equation were handled collectively. The third model utilizes equations of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and Reynolds stresses in nearly exact form. All three of the models were modified for the effects of streamline curvature. The second and third models include the effects of rotation through the rotation-originated redistribution term in the transport equation of Reynolds stresses. The numerical results for the wakes of airfoils, cascades, and turbomachinery rotor blades demonstrate that the second and third models provide accurate predictions, but computer time and storage can be considerably saved with the second model.
EFFECT OF BRINE DEPTH ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BRINE-STOCK CUCUMBERS

The effect of brine depth on the quality of brined pickling cucumbers was determined. Brines were maintained at specific and uniform concentrations of dissolved CO2 with either CO2, 68% CO2 in N2, or N2 bubbled through the brines. The extent of bloater damage (hollow cucumbers) varied directly with CO2 concentration and inversely with brine depth. Also, the rate at which cucumbers acquired a cured appearance increased with brine depth. Tests showed that brine depth affected bloater formation by its influence on three variables: CO2 concentration, hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy pressure. In nonpurged fermentations, CO2 retention increased with brine depth. Hydrostatic pressure, which increases with brine depth, caused resistance to bloater formation. Damage caused by buoyancy pressure was greater in freshly brined cucumbers near the top than in lower sections of the tanks. Bloater damage in natural, unpurged fermentations varied because of differences in the combined effects of the three depth-related variables cited above. The study suggested that brine-stock quality would be improved if cucumbers were brined in tanks deeper than those presently used; however, CO2 would have to be removed from the brine and buoyancy pressure would have to be properly distributed.
Generalizing from unrepresentative experiments: a stratified propensity score approach

Summary The paper addresses means of generalizing from an experiment based on a non-probability sample to a population of interest and to subpopulations of interest, where information is available about relevant covariates in the whole population. Using stratification based on propensity score matching with an external populationwide data set, an estimator of the population average treatment effect is constructed. An example is presented in which the applicability of a major education intervention in a non-probability sample of schools in Texas, USA, is assessed for the state as a whole and for its constituent counties. The implications of the results are discussed for two important situations: how to use this methodology to establish where future experiments should be conducted to improve this generalization and how to construct a priori a strategy for experimentation which will maximize both the initial inferential power and the final inferential basis for a series of experiments.
Pathology graduate medical education (overview from 1926 to 2005).

Summary Postgraduate training of pathologists in the United States dates from 1926. From 1926 to 1936, certification was developed as a measure of competence for the public. In 2000, competence was redefined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Outcome Project for all physicians-in-training as mastering "the six competencies." These consist of (1) patient care, (2) medical knowledge, (3) practice-based learning and improvement, (4) interpersonal and communication skills, (5) professionalism, and (6) systems-based practice. The Outcome Project emerged in parallel with the American Board of Medical Specialties' Maintenance of Certification Project for all physicians. Outcome measures and benchmarks are the methods by which competence in medical practice will be measured for the public. Trends in pathology graduate medical education previously reported in 2001 (Hum Path 2001;32[7]:671-676) are updated through 2005 and reviewed. Demographic data regarding number and size of programs, curricula initiatives for pathology, changes in assessment, and outcomes information on certificates issued are discussed. Factors shaping pathology residency training are reviewed, as well as future trends that will impact training curricula.
Disruption of apyrases inhibits pollen germination in Arabidopsis.

In Arabidopsis, we previously identified two highly similar apyrases, AtAPY1 and AtAPY2. Here, T-DNA knockout (KO) mutations of each gene were isolated in a reverse genetic approach. The single KO mutants lacked a discernible phenotype. The double KO mutants, however, exhibited a complete inhibition of pollen germination, and this correlated with positive β-glucuronidase staining in the pollen of apyrase promoter:β-glucuronidase fusion transgenic lines. The vast majority of the pollen grains of these mutants were identical to wild type in size, shape, and nuclear state and were viable as assayed by metabolic activity and plasma membrane integrity. Complementation with either AtAPY1 or AtAPY2 cDNA rescued pollen germination, confirming that the phenotype was apyrase specific. Despite the redundancy of the two apyrases in rescue potential, transmission analyses suggested a greater role for AtAPY2 in male gamete success. The effect of mutant apyrase on the transmission through the female gametophyte was only marginal, and embryo development appeared normal in the absence of apyrases. The male-specific double KO mutation is fully penetrant and shows that apyrases play a crucial role in pollen germination.
Primary hyperparathyroidism across the ages: presentation and outcomes

Background Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a disease process traditionally thought to present during middle age, but can occur at any age. The purpose of this study was to compare PHPT patient characteristics based on patient age at the time of surgical referral.
Changes in renal function associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment, compared with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor treatment.

In our large observational cohort, use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ( ) was associated with a greater decline in n p 344 renal function than was use of alternative nucleoside ana- logues ( ). Other associations included a lower CD4 n p 314 Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is the first nucleoside re- verse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of HIV disease. It is renally excreted via a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Adefovir dipivoxil, a related NRTI, caused proximal renal tubular dysfunction at a dosage of 60- 120 mg/day, which is required to inhibit HIV replication (1). However, in clinical trials, TDF has demonstrated an excellent renal safety profile. In the Gilead Sciences 903 trial, in which 299 treatment-naive patients received TDF in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz, there were no instances of renal fail- ure or grade 3/4 elevations in the serum creatinine level through 144 weeks, and there were no significant differences in renal function, compared with that of patients taking stavudine (2, 3). Nevertheless, renal impairment, including but not limited to proximal renal tubular dysfunction, has been reported to be associated with TDF use (4-11). The majority of cases of renal impairment have occurred in patients with underlying systemic
Carboxyl methylation and COOH-terminal processing of the brain G-protein gamma-subunit

The enzymatic methylation of the guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) gamma-subunit was investigated in brain membranes. Brain membranes were methylated in vitro using [3H-methyl]S-adenosylmethionine, and the G-protein beta gamma-complex was purified using an anti-beta antibody to assay for the protein during purification. The isolated G-protein beta gamma-complex was found to be carboxyl methylated on the gamma-subunit. The methyl group was localized by tryptic digestion to the carboxyl-terminal of the protein. The methylated tryptic peptides contained a modified cysteine and were very hydrophobic, suggesting additional modification by lipidation. The evidence suggests that the COOH-terminal of G-gamma is modified in a manner similar to the processing that occurs with the ras proteins.
Road extraction from motion cues in aerial video

Aerial video provides strong cues for automatic road extraction that are not available in static aerial images. Using stabilized (or geo-referenced) video data, capturing the distribution of spatio-temporal image derivatives gives a powerful, local representation of the scene variation and motion typical at each pixel. This allows a functional attribution of the scene; a "road" is defined as paths of consistent motion --- a definition which is valid in a large and diverse set of environments. Using a classical relationship between image motion and spatio-temporal image derivatives, road features can be extracted as image regions that have significant image variation and a motion consistent with its neighbors. The video pre-processing to generate image derivative distributions over arbitrarily long sequences is implemented in real time on standard laptops, and the flow field computation and interpretation involves a small number of 3 by 3 matrix operations at each pixel location. Example results are shown for an urban scene with both well-traveled and infrequently traveled roads, indicating that both can be discovered simultaneously. This method works robustly in scenes with significant traffic motion and is thus ideal for urban traffic scenes, which often are difficult to analyze using static imagery.
Rethinking axial patterning in amphibians.

Recent revisions in the Xenopus laevis fate map led to the designation of the rostral/caudal axis and reassignment of the dorsal/ventral axis (Lane and Smith [1999] Development 126:423–434; Lane and Sheets [2000] Dev. Biol. 225:37–58). It is unprecedented to reassign primary embryonic axes after many years of research in a model system. In this review, we use insights about vertebrate development from anatomy and comparative embryology, as well as knowledge about gastrulation in frogs, to reexamine several traditional amphibian fate maps. We show that four extant maps contain information on the missing rostral/caudal axis. These maps support the revised map as well as the designation of the rostral/caudal axis and reassignment of the dorsal/ventral axes. To illustrate why it is important for researchers to use the revised map and nomenclature when thinking about frog and fish embryos, we present an example of alternative interpretations of “dorsalized” zebrafish mutations. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optically processed self-routing, synchronization, and contention resolution for 1-D and 2-D photonic switching architectures

The use of optical processing to perform switch routing functions permits real-time routing of packets at high speed. The architecture of a 2*2 photonic packet switching node using optically processed fixed-directory routing, contention resolution using deflection routing, and synchronization is presented. Simplified optically processed self-routing procedures are found for banyan and lattice networks. Although lattice networks require a larger number of switching elements than banyan networks, they have a simpler interconnection field, and unlike banyan networks, the self-routing rule for lattices can avoid any internal blocking. The layout of a self-routing 2-D lattice, using 2*2 switches and a smart pixel, is described. Based on a first-arrival self-routing rule, an additional processing logic is required to perform routing. >
Optimization of a Shore Protection Scheme for the West Coast of India

More than 300 km of the 2000 km-long west coast of India are undergoing severe erosion. The economic importance of India’s coastal zone in the States of Kerala, Karnataka, Maharastra and part of Tamilnadu requires that various shore protection measures be investigated to halt the erosion which in some locations exceeds 5 meters per year. Shore protection measures considered were beach nourishment, groin construction and the construction of a rubble-mound seawall. Economic and practical considerations led to selecting the seawall alternative since a source of suitable beach sand was not readily available and the cost of the heavy construction equipment necessary to build groins would have been prohibitive. The shortage of heavy construction equipment, an abundant source of labor and the availability of suitable rock from nearby quarries influence the economically optimum seawall configuration. Hydraulic model tests of the proposed rubble seawall were undertaken to establish the seawall cross-section and to determine the amount of damage caused by various levels of wave attack. The results obtained by an interactive computer program to establish the optimum level of design for the seawall and to determine the most economical cross-section geometry are discussed. The program considers factors such as the size distribution of rock produced by blasting at the quarry, the quarrying costs of producing armor stone of the required size, the cost of transporting and placing the armor stone, and the cost of repairing the seawall in the event design conditions are exceeded.
RETHINKING RACISM: TOWARD A STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION *

The study of race and ethnic conflict historically has been hampered by inadequate and simplistic theories. I contend that the central problem of the various approaches to the study of racial phenomena is their lack of a structural theory of racism. I review traditional approaches and alternative approaches to the study of racism, and discuss their limitations. Following the leads suggested by some of the alternative frameworks, I advance a structural theory of racism based on the notion of racialized social systems. "The habit of considering racism as a mental quirk, as a psychological flaw, must be abandoned." -Frantz Fanon (1967:77) he area of race and ethnic studies lacks a _ sound theoretical apparatus. To complicate matters, many analysts of racial matters have abandoned the serious theorization and reconceptualization of their central topic: racism. Too many social analysts researching racism assume that the phenomenon is selfevident, and therefore either do not provide a definition or provide an elementary definition (Schuman, Steeh, and Bobo 1985; Sniderman and Piazza 1993). Nevertheless, whether implicitly or explicitly, most analysts regard racism as a purely ideological phenomenon.
Yin and Yang of Histone H2B Roles in Silencing and Longevity: A Tale of Two Arginines

In budding yeast, silent chromatin is defined at the region of telomeres, rDNA loci, and silent mating loci. Although the silent chromatin at different loci shows structural similarity, the underlying mechanism to establish, maintain, and inherit these structures may be fundamentally different. In this study, we found two arginine residues within histone H2B, which are specifically required to maintain either the telomeric or the rDNA silenct chromatin. Arginine 95 (R95) plays a specific role at telomeres, whereas arginine 102 (R102) is required to maintain the silent chromatin at rDNA and to ensure the integrity of rDNA loci by suppressing recombination between rDNA repeats. R95 mutants show enhanced rDNA silencing but a paradoxically low Sir2 protein abundance. Furthermore weakened silencing at telomeres in R95 mutants can be suppressed by a specific SIR3 allele, SIR3–D205N, which increases the affinity of Sir proteins to telomeres, suggesting H2B–R95 may directly mediate telomeric Sir protein–nucleosome interactions. Double mutations of R95 and R102 lead to desilencing of both rDNA and telomeres, indicating both arginines are necessary to ensure integrity of silent chromatin at these loci. Furthermore, mutations of R102 cause accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles and reduce life span, suggesting that histone H2B contributes to longevity.
Externally driven changes in the abundance of summer and winter flounder

Marine organisms that utilize nearshore environments for major components of their life histories are subject to both local-scale forcing such as water quality and estuarine degradation aswell as large-scale forcing such as fishing and decadal-scale climate variability. Large-scale forcing has the potential to synchronize the dynamics of subpopulations, while local-level forcing can produce asynchronous subpopulation trends. Summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) and winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) are important commercial and recreational flatfish along the east coast of North America which spend their first year of life in coastal habitats. We found that the two exhibited significant within-species coherence in commercial landings and fisheries-independent surveys across the northeast shelf of the United States, suggesting large-scale external drivers. In laboratory studies, temperature has been found to be an important factor regulating survival during the egg, larva and settlement phases of both species. We reconstructed a 40-year time-series of coastal water temperature for the major spawning and nursery areas to examine changes in the thermally available habitat. Estimates of winter flounder abundance were negatively correlated with the winter water temperature, but not with fishing mortality. Summer flounder abundance, by contrast, was negatively correlated with fishing mortality, but exhibited no link with temperature. In addition, time-varying stock–recruitment relationships indicated that stock productivity declined for winter flounder over time, while summer flounder productivity has varied without a trend. While both species declined in the 1980s and early 1990s due to heavy fishing pressure, the reduction in fishing over the last two decades has led to rebuilding of the summer flounder stock and an expansion of its age structure. Declining productivity due to warming estuarine conditions has kept the winter flounder stock at low levels despite low fishing pressure. The two stocks illustrate the importance of controlling fishing mortality in the management of natural marine resources while also accounting for changes in productivity due to climate variability and change.
Application of Proportional Reduction Loss Formula to Distinguish Adaptive and Innovative Products and Services

This article describes a method for determining interrater reliability of adaptive and innovative products and services. Using Kirton's (1989) A–I theory, judges rated 29 products and services using a 5-point Likert scale. Percentage of agreements and Proportional Reduction Loss (PRL) coefficients (Rust & Cooil, 1994) were calculated to identify products and services that were either clearly adaptive or clearly innovative. Judges consistently identified examples of A or I products and services.
Source generator equalization and enhancement of spectral properties for robust speech recognition in noise and stress

Studies have shown that depending on speaker task and environmental conditions, recognizers are sensitive to noisy stressful environments. The focus of the study is to achieve robust recognition in diverse environmental conditions through the formulation of feature enhancement and stress equalization algorithms under the framework of source generator theory. The generator framework is considered as a means of modeling production variation under stressful speaking conditions. A multi-dimensional stress equalization procedure is formulated that produces recognition features less sensitive to varying factors caused by stress. A feature enhancement algorithm is employed based on iterative techniques previously derived for enhancement of speech in varying background noise environments. Combined stress equalization and feature enhancement reduces average word error rates across 10 noisy stressful conditions by -38.7% (e.g., noisy loud, angry, and Lombard effect stress conditions, etc.). The results suggest that the combination of a flexible source generator framework to address stressed speaking conditions, and a feature enhancement algorithm that adapts based on speech-specific constraints, can be effective in reducing the consequences of stress and noise for robust automatic recognition. >
Parallel Prefix Computation

The prefix problem is to compute all the products x t o x2 . . . . o xk for i ~ k .~ n, where o is an associative operation A recurstve construction IS used to obtain a product circuit for solving the prefix problem which has depth exactly [log:n] and size bounded by 4n An application yields fast, small Boolean ctrcmts to simulate fimte-state transducers. By simulating a sequentml adder, a Boolean clrcmt which has depth 2[Iog2n] + 2 and size bounded by 14n Is obtained for n-bit binary addmon The size can be decreased significantly by permitting the depth to increase by an addmve constant
The DNA Binding Site(s) of the Escherichia coli RecA Protein

Photochemical cross-linking has been used to identify residues in the Escherichia coli RecA protein that are proximal to and may directly mediate binding of DNA. Ultraviolet irradiation promotes specific and efficient cross-linking of the RecA protein to poly(deoxythymidylic) acid. Cross-linked peptides remaining covalently attached to the polynucleotide following proteolytic digestion with trypsin correspond to amino acids 61-72, 178-183, and 233-243 of the RecA protein primary sequence. Their location and surface accessibility in the crystal structure, along with the behavior of various recA mutants, support the assignment of the cross-linked regions to the DNA binding site(s) of the RecA protein. Functional overlap of amino acids 61-72 with an element of the ATP binding site suggests a structural mechanism by which nucleotide cofactors allosterically affect the RecA nucleoprotein filament.
Identification of an Acute Ethanol Response Quantitative Trait Locus on Mouse Chromosome 2

A two-stage strategy was used to identify and confirm quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the changes in locomotor activity induced by a 1.5 gm/kg ethanol challenge. For stage 1, putative QTLs were identified by analysis of the strain means for 25 strains of the BXD recombinant inbred (RI) series (males only). QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, and 6. The activity response to chlordiazepoxide generated similar QTLs on chromosomes 2 and 6. None of the QTLs were similar to those generated from analysis of the saline response data. For stage 2, 900 male C57BL/6J (B6) x DBA/2J (D2) F2 intercross animals were phenotyped for ethanol response, and the phenotypic extremes (those animals > and 10,000 cm/15 min in their response to ethanol. The extreme progeny were used for a genome-wide scan both to confirm the putative RI-generated QTLs and to detect new QTLs. The F2 analysis generated no new QTLs with logarithm of the likelihood for linkage (LOD) scores >3. For RI-generated QTLs, only the QTL on chromosome 2 was confirmed (LOD = 5.3). The position of the peak LOD was estimated to be 47 cM with a 20 cM 1 LOD support interval; this QTL accounted for 6% of the phenotypic variance. The 1 LOD support interval overlaps with QTLs previously identified for alcohol preference and acute ethanol withdrawal (;; ).
Metal release from limestones at high partial-pressures of CO2

Abstract CO 2 leakage from underground CO 2 sequestration and storage poses potential risks to degradation of water quality in shallow aquifers. Increased CO 2 concentrations can result in decreased pH and lead to subsequent metal release from mineral dissolution or desorption from mineral surfaces. Dissolution of carbonate minerals present in aquifer sediments or rocks will buffer pH and is generally thought to reduce the potential risk of metal release in the event of a CO 2 leak. As a result, much of the research on geochemical impacts of CO 2 leakage has focused on siliciclastic aquifers with little to no carbonate minerals present. However, carbonate minerals contain trace amounts of metals in their crystal structure that will be released into solution with dissolution and may pose a risk to drinking water quality. Here, we perform laboratory water–rock experiments to analyze the potential for metal release due to carbonate mineral dissolution in limestone aquifers. Rock samples from three limestone aquifers were dissolved in batch reactors with varying partial-pressures of CO 2 (from 0.01 to 1 bar) in the headspace. As CO 2 dissolved into the fluid and decreased the pH, the carbonate minerals dissolved and released metals into solution. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, thallium, uranium, and cobalt increased but remained below any regulatory limits. The concentrations of arsenic and nickel increased and exceeded primary drinking water standards set by the USEPA and the State of California, respectively. Potential sources of metals in the rocks were determined through detailed sample characterization using sequential extractions, laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry, and high resolution mineralogical mapping with QEMSCAN. We found that calcite dissolution released more metals to solution than pyrite dissolution or metal desorption from mineral surfaces in these experiments. Geochemical models based on the experimental data were used to evaluate the relative importance of calcite dissolution versus pyrite dissolution over a 30-year time frame. Under both oxic and sub-oxic conditions, calcite dissolution is the dominant source of metals to solution immediately after exposure to CO 2 . Pyrite dissolution becomes the dominant source at later times as the fluid reaches equilibrium with respect to calcite. For all model scenarios, the cumulative contribution of metals to solution was dominated by calcite dissolution. Results from this study suggest that the pH-buffering benefit of carbonate mineral dissolution in the event of a CO 2 leak may be offset by the potentially negative effect of trace metal release from the crystal structure. This study highlights the need for detailed sample characterization at individual sites to identify sources of metals when assessing the potential risk of CO 2 leakage into shallow aquifers.
Precisely controllable traumatic brain injury devices for rodent models

The purpose of this work is to design novel, modular devices in order to reproduce traumatic brain injury in the rat and mouse models: fluid percussion injury (FPI), controlled cortical impact (CCI) and the Shock tube. Commercially available TBI devices are often unimethodical, expensive and sensitive to experimental variability. To achieve maximum control and sensitivity, in our first device, we utilized a closed loop voice coil control device to more accurately and precisely generate the temporal force function delivered by the CCI and FPI methods. This device has generated pressures comparable to the ones from literature where commercially available devices were utilized. Upon exposure to a moderate parasagittal TBI from this FPI device, experimental rats have shown comparable pathological effects as has been discussed in literature for similar levels of injury. The intent of the second device, the shock tube, which uses a slightly different technique but is nonetheless modular and precise; is also to induce blast related TBI in small animals. Initial studies would include in vitro bench testing with a pressure transducer to compare results obtained from literature using other shock tubes.
Singular value decomposition for cross-well tomography

I perform singular value decomposition (SVD) on the matrices that result in tomographic velocity esti­ mation from cross-well traveltimes in isotropic and anisotropic media. The slowness model is parameter­ ized in four ways: One-dimensional (I-D) isotropic, l-D anisotropic, two-dimensional (2-D) isotropic, and 2-D anisotropic. The singular value distribution is different for the different parameterizations. One-di­ mensional isotropic models can be resolved well but the resolution of the data is poor. One-dimensional anisotropic models can also be resolved well except for some variations in the vertical component of the slowness that are not sensitive to the data. In 2-D isotropic models, "pure" lateral variations are not sensitive to the data, and when anisotropy is intro­ duced, the result is that the horizontal and vertical component of the slowness cannot be estimated with the same spatial resolution because the null space is mostly related to horizontal and high frequency vari­ ations in the vertical component of the slowness. Since the distribution of singular values varies de­ pending on the parametrization used, the effect of conventional regularization procedures in the final solution may also vary. When the model is isotropic, regularization translates into smoothness, and when the model is anisotropic regularization not only smooths but may also alter the anisotropy in the solution.
Commentary: The Lucid Interval—Coping with Unscientific Terminology

The authors agree with Shulman et al. in their assertion that the term "lucid interval" does not describe what is now known to occur in the fluctuating mental status of some demented individuals. Therefore, its use by the courts to determine competency in such persons can result in an unjust outcome. However, we believe such criticism as Shulman and his coauthors levied at the legal profession should be broadened to consider antiquated and nonscientific terminology in our own field of psychiatry.
Abstract B69: SHP2 as a novel therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer

The basal-type/triple-negative breast cancer (BTBC) has the worst clinical outcome primarily because of its invasive nature and lack of targeted therapy. In addition, BTBC is more prevalent in younger African-American women. Therefore, there is an urgent need for discovering and characterizing potential drug targets for BTBC. In this study, we have focused on the Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (SHP) which seems to play critical roles in promoting BTBC. The major reason for focusing on SHP2 is its positive role in mitogenic and cell survival signaling induced by receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR (HER1), PDGFR, IGF-1R, and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Src, which are known to be elevated in BTBC. Here, we have shown that the SHP2 protein is elevated in approximately seventy percent of BTBC tumors, and is highly correlated with overexpression of the EGFR (HER1), suggesting their potential synergistic role to promote BTBC. Functional studies demonstrated that SHP2 is essential for EGF-induced mitogenic and cell survival signaling and for maintenance of the transformed phenotype in BTBC cells. More dramatic was that the invasive phenotype of BTBC cells in 3D matrigel was completely blocked by inhibition of SHP2, suggesting that the invasive property of these cells is dependent on SHP2. Even more dramatic was that the tumorigenic and metastatic potential of BTBC cells was abolished by SHP2 inhibition. These results show that SHP2 has untapped potential to serve as a drug target in BTBC. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B69.
The Indigenista Novel and the Mexican Revolution

Of all the issues raised by the Mexican Revolution, none has stimulated artistic creativity more than that of the Indian, his past, his culture and his exclusion from the mainstream of national life. At the same time, no artistic form provides so thorough a treatment of these issues as the indigenista novel. While the Revolution was not launched by Indians, nor were their interests initially central to it, as it developed their problems became a natural and important issue in the reorganization of Mexican society. As one writer observes: “in attempting to organize Mexican society, the mestizo revolutionary has had no other choice but to take into consideration the indigenous factor, so that although the Revolution was not the work of the Indian, in certain ways it has been for his benefit.”2
Influence of Long Intersuckling Interval on Composition of Milk in the Juan Fernández Fur Seal, Arctocephalus philippii

Female Juan Fernandez fur seals, Arctocephalus philippii , undertake long foraging trips during lactation, resulting in intersuckling intervals that are among the longest ever recorded for a mammal. We collected 44 samples of milk from this fur seal to determine if milk would have a high concentration of fat, as predicted from the hypothesized relation between milk concentration and intersuckling interval. Milk of Juan Fernandez fur seals contained on average 55.1% dry matter, 41.4% fat, 11.9% protein, 1.2% sugar, 0.7% ash, 780 mg/kg calcium, and 840 mg/kg phosphorous. Content of fat and energy were the highest reported for a fur seal or sea lion (Family Otariidae) in the 1st month of lactation. Energetic content was 17.95 kJ/g, and 74% of fatty acids were unsaturated. Data from seven species and subspecies of otariid seals indicated that length of foraging trip explained 66% of the variation in content of fat in milk among taxa. Content of energy in milk of otariid seals also was explained primarily by the duration of trips to sea.
Failure to Thrive: A Prospective Study in a Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic.

ABSTRACTObjectives:We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, diagnostic work-up, interventions, and outcomes of children referred to a pediatric gastroenterology clinic with the diagnosis of failure to thrive (FTT).Methods:We prospectively enrolled 110 children seen for the first time in ou
Death from supine asphyxia in late onset pompe disease: Two patients

Keywords: pompe disease; late onset pompe disease; neuromuscular weakness; supine asphyxia
Fast-Pitch Softball Pitchers Experience a Significant Increase in Pain and Fatigue During a Single High School Season

Background Fast-pitch softball is one of the fastest growing sports, but there is little research regarding pitcher fatigue. Currently, there are no pitch limits or game counts.
Clinical curative effect observation of monocular amblyopia in 182 children

Objective To observe the curative effect of the monocular amblyopia,and to discuss its best treatment.Methods One hundred and eighty-two patients with monocular amblyopia were followed up,and the relationships between amblyopia type,degree,fixation character and curative effects were analyzed.Results Cure rate of anisometropic amblyopia was 76.86%(93/121),pure strabismus amblyopia was 10.53%(2/19),strabismus amblyopia combined with anisomertopia was 7.14%(3/42);amblyopia was 88.00%(22/25),medium amblyopia light was 66.97%(73/109),heavy amblyopia was 6.25%(3/48),the fovea gaze of amblyopia was 73.60%(92/125),the non-fovea gaze of amblyopia was 10.53%(6/57).The curative effect showed significant difference among them amblyopia type,the amblyopia degree and fixation character.Conclusion The curative effect of anisometropic amblyopia is more satisfactory,while the effect of strabismus combined with anisometropia amblyopia is disappointing.
Advances in microwave ablation antennas for breast tumor treatment

In contrast to other types of cancer, breast cancer remains a relatively unexplored target for microwave ablation (MWA) technology. We highlight two recent developments towards the clinical realization of MWA for breast tumor treatment: the design of miniaturized MWA antennas that achieve compact heating patterns without the use of a balun and the investigation of microwave-induced heating in the heterogeneous tissue environment of the breast. Our electromagnetic and thermal simulation results using 3D MRI-derived breast phantoms as testbeds show the potential of MWA as a viable minimally invasive modality for treating breast cancer.
Chemoselective modifications for the traceless ligation of thioamide-containing peptides and proteins.

Thioamides are single-atom substitutions of canonical amide bonds, and have been proven to be versatile and minimally perturbing probes in protein folding studies. Previously, our group showed that thioamides can be incorporated into proteins by native chemical ligation (NCL) with Cys as a ligation handle. In this study, we report the expansion of this strategy into non-Cys ligation sites, utilizing radical initiated desulfurization to “erase” the side chain thiol after ligation. The reaction exhibited high chemoselectivity against thioamides, which can be further enhanced with thioacetamide as a sacrificial scavenger. As a proof-of-concept example, we demonstrated the incorporation of a thioamide probe into a 56 amino acid protein, the B1 domain of Protein G (GB1). Finally, we showed that the method can be extended to β-thiol amino acid analogs and selenocysteine.
Adding Biomolecular Recognition Capability to 3D Printed Objects.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies will impact the biosensor community in the near future, at both the sensor prototyping level and the sensing layer organization level. The present study aimed at demonstrating the capacity of one 3D printing technique, digital light processing (DLP), to produce hydrogel sensing layers with 3D shapes that are unattainable using conventional molding procedures. The first model of the sensing layer was composed of a sequential enzymatic reaction (glucose oxidase and peroxidase), which generated a chemiluminescent signal in the presence of glucose and luminol. Highly complex objects with assembly properties (fanciful ball, puzzle pieces, 3D pixels, propellers, fluidic and multicompartments) with mono-, di-, and tricomponents configurations were achieved, and the activity of the entrapped enzymes was demonstrated. The second model was a sandwich immunoassay protocol for the detection of brain natriuretic peptide. Here, highly complex propeller shape sensing layers w...
Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging of low Affinity Binding Interactions in Pacemaker ion Channels

Molecular recognition is a cornerstone of cellular signaling processes. However, most observations of binding rely on ensemble measurements that average over and thereby obscure the individual underlying steps. Single-molecule fluorescence can reveal these dynamic events, but is traditionally limited to low concentrations of fluorophores only suitable for studying high affinity reactions. Here, we show how a combination of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and zero-mode waveguide nanofabricated devices can be used to study single-molecule association dynamics at the micromolar to millimolar concentrations necessary for many relevant signaling pathways. As an exemplar system, we apply this approach to cyclic nucleotide binding at its receptor domain from hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channels. Our observations reveal the underlying dynamic events during cyclic nucleotide binding: an initial encounter complex when the binding site is in its receptive state, followed by an isomerization of the bound complex that traps the ligand.
Abstract 215: Angiotensin-II-induced Cardiac Remodeling is Reduced in TNFR1-deficient Mice Despite Increased Blood Pressure

Background: Infusion of angiotensin-II (Ang-II) to wild-type (WT) mice results in hypertension, development of interstitial cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy, and deterioration of myocardial function. We previously showed that after 1 week of Ang-II infusion, these effects were absent in mice deficient in tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1). We now investigated long-term effects of Ang-II infusion. Methods: WT and TNFR1-KO mice were infused with Ang-II for 6 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography; cardiac function by 2D-echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound. Hearts were analyzed for collagen deposition (histology) and expression of fibrosis- and hypertrophy- related genes (quantitative PCR). Results: In WT mice, SBP increased within 7 days and remained elevated at 6 weeks (152±4 mmHg); cardiac fibrosis developed after 1 week and persisted at 6 weeks (6.2±1.1% collagen area). By contrast, in TNFR1-KO mice, SBP at 7 days was low, but increased by 6 weeks (144±4 mmHg), whereas cardiac fibrosis was absent at 1 week and did not significantly increase by 6 weeks (2.5±0.5%). In support of these data, collagen I and collagen III mRNA expression at 6 weeks were upregulated in WT (2.9±0.6 and 4.1±0.8 -fold over sham), but not in TNFR1-KO hearts (1.3±0.1 and 1.8±0.2). In both mouse groups, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction developed over time, however, these changes were less prominent in TNFR1-KO mice: at 6 weeks, the heart-weight to body-weight ratio in WT was 6.7±0.4, in TNFR1-KO mice 5.5±0.2; the changes in anterior and posterior wall thicknesses in WT were 44±12% and 32±15%, in TNFR1-KO mice 19±8% and 17±10%; the change in ejection fraction in WT was -67±12%, in TNFR1-KO mice -39±5%; and the change in Tei-index (myocardial performance) in WT was 18±9%, in TNFR1-KO -1±7%. Also, hypertrophy-related atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and beta-myosin heavy chain (b-MHC) mRNA were upregulated in WT (4.3±0.9 and 4.3±0.6 -fold over sham), but less in TNFR1-KO hearts (2.6±0.5 and 2.4±0.5). Conclusion: Despite a significant increase in blood pressure over 6 weeks of Ang-II infusion, TNFR1-KO mice developed less cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy and had better cardiac function compared to WT mice.
Stimulus information and primate pattern discrimination: Simultaneous changes in positive and negative cue information

The present research studied the effects for two-choice, discrete-trial, pattern-discrimination learning of changes in the stimulus-information content of both the positive and negative stimulus cues. The major findings suggest that, with experienced primates, there exists a relation between equal increments in positive and negative stimulus information and discrimination learning that is strikingly similar to the classical psychophysical relationship between stimulus intensity and JNDs.
Technology Integration Preparation

As stated in Chap. 1, senior management of Drive Horse Motors recognized the needs of new technology integration to sustain business performance and market share in the competitive global economy. According to the request of the vice president (VP) of the Research Center, you investigated urgent technology needs of your company to develop a document for technology integration roadmap. Through numerous discussions with operational people, you found the biggest concern was operational disruption that is the primary factor of business performance degradation. You examined several technologies to address this operational interruption problem and identified RFID technology as the best fit. As part of the technology integration roadmap, you should also perform necessary preparation tasks prior to an actual implementation. You should analyze the business process in which the RFID will be used; assess the available RFID products and select the most appropriate one; identify all stakeholders; develop a business case; develop a solution architecture; validate the business case. As an illustration, this chapter uses RFID to explain technology integration preparation; however, its contents can be applicable to any other new technology integration.
Quantifying HDL proteins by mass spectrometry: how many proteins are there and what are their functions?

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Many lines of evidence indicate that low levels of HDL cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, recent clinical studies of statin-treated subjects with established atherosclerosis cast doubt on the hypothesis that elevating HDL cholesterol levels reduces CVD risk.Areas covered: It is critical to identify new HDL metrics that capture HDL’s proposed cardioprotective effects. One promising approach is quantitative MS/MS-based HDL proteomics. This article focuses on recent studies of the feasibility and challenges of using this strategy in translational studies. It also discusses how lipid-lowering therapy and renal disease alter HDL’s functions and proteome, and how HDL might serve as a platform for binding proteins with specific functional properties.Expert commentary: It is clear that HDL has a diverse protein cargo and that its functions extend well beyond its classic role in lipid transport and reverse cholesterol transport. MS/MS analysis has demonstr...
Promoting religious acceptance: the relationship between intercultural competence and religious attitudes among Third Culture Kids

The study explored whether intercultural competence was a significant predictor of religious attitudes among Third Culture Kids (TCKs), individuals who had spent their developmental years abroad. I...
Prologue: Toward Accurate Identification of Developmental Language Disorder Within Linguistically Diverse Schools

Purpose Although the 5 studies presented within this clinical forum include children who differ widely in locality, language learning profile, and age, all were motivated by a desire to improve the...
Ideals, Practices, and Concepts in Legal Theory

This paper offers an overview of the different approaches to theorizing about the nature of law, focusing on the justification and value of theories grounded in ideals or objectives. Part I discusses how many mainstream theorists have transformed theorizing about the practice of law into theories about the concept of law; Part II offers a quick overview of a number of theorists who offer theories fairly characterized as based on an ideal or teleology of law; and Part III revisits some basic methodological issues relating to the evaluation of the differing approaches to legal theory, before concluding.