cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear waveform reshaping transmission using dispersion decreasing transmission fibre and narrow-band sliding filter

Nonlinear waveform reshaping transmission using dispersion decreasing transmission fibres (DDTFs) and narrow-band sliding filters is numerically analysed. This transmission technique can remove the pulse distortion due to higher order group-velocity dispersion (GVD) and self-phase modulation (SPM) while strongly suppressing the accumulation of timing jitter. The transmission distance is investigated with estimating the SNR, which is obtained from the P factor and timing jitter. The sliding rate and the filter bandwidth are optimized against the DDTF input power to maximise the transmission distance. Numerical results show that more than 5,300 km transmission can be achieved at the bit rate of 80 Gb/s.
Chain Structure of Substituted Stilbene−Maleic Anhydride Alternating Copolymer Probed by Solid-State NMR

Double-quantum heteronuclear local field solid-state NMR spectroscopy (2Q-HLF solid-state NMR) has been employed to investigate the chain structure of N,N,N',N" -tetraethyl-4, 4'-diaminostilbene (TDAS) and 13 C labeled maleic anhydride (MA) alternating copolymer. The torsional angle of the H- 13 C- 13 C-H part of the anhydride ring was found to be 0°, indicating an all cis configuration of the H- 13 C- 13 C-H moiety of the anhydride ring. After hydrolysis of the anhydride groups and protonation of the amino groups, the torsional angle of the H- 13 C- 13 C-H moiety of the hydrolyzed anhydride groups appears to be 60°, indicating significant rotation of the polymer backbone. Because of the predominately cis configuration of the H- 13 C- 13 C-H part of the anhydride ring, the diethylamino phenyl groups are concentrated on the two sides of the backbone plane and the anhydride groups are in the backbone plane.
It Is Not Just a Matter of Ethics: A Survey of the Provision of Health Disclaimers, Caveats, and Other Health-related Alerts in Consumer Health Information on Eating Disorders on the Internet

Eating disorders affect millions of people, and their prevalence demonstrates that the condition exists across gender and cultural boundaries. The Internet is a major channel for publishing and disseminating electronic information, allowing worldwide access of massive health-related, lay- and professional-oriented information. However, much research has found that health-related information on the Internet can be overwhelming, incomplete, and/or inaccurate. The success of health promotion in the 21st century depends on whether available consumer health information (CHI) is adequate, accurate, and easy to use. Usually, health disclaimers, caveats, and other health-related alerts are messages to notify users that the information provided is not intended nor implied to be a replacement or an alternative for professional health-related advice. These messages also serve as indicators to show that information providers take ethical responsibility for quality control in terms of providing valid and reliable cons...
But It's Doctor Recommended and I Read the Fine Print: Antecedents to Drug Companies' Perceived Credibility

Using 2009 National Consumer Survey data from Experian Simmons, the authors found that dependence on doctor recommendations to assess the integrity of advertised drugs and the extent of reading small print in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising positively related to consumers' perceived credibility of health information from pharmaceutical companies, which in turn positively influenced willingness to ask their doctor for a specific medicine they saw or heard advertised. The potential effect of small print reading on willingness to request prescription was partially mediated by perceived credibility of information from drug companies. The findings are discussed in light of their practical implications.
Decadal Variations of Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Central North Pacific

Abstract Tropical cyclone activity (tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes combined) in the central North Pacific has been found to be on the rise and this increase amounts to about 3.2 cyclones over the last 32 years (1966-97). An examination of time series of tropical storms and hurricanes and hurricane records alone also reveals an increasing trend in both series since 1966. The upward trend is characterized by decadal-scale variability as manifested by fewer cyclones during the first half of the record(1966-81) and more during the second half of the record (1982-97). The maximum hurricane intensity has also increased in the central North Pacific, as well as the number of intense hurricanes from the first to the second half of the record. Relative to 1966-81, sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific and relative vorticity near the surface to the south of Hawaii have increased dramatically during 1982-97. The changes in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones in the centr...
Reactions to social vs self-evaluation: Moderating effects of personal and social identity orientations

Abstract People differ in the degree to which their identities are based on personal versus social identity characteristics. This experiment tested the hypothesis that people are most concerned about evaluations that are relevant to their salient identity orientation. The Aspects of Identity Questionnaire was used to classify subjects as low or high in personal and social identities. Subjects then anticipated taking a test, believing that their performance would be known by only them, by only a research assistant, by both them and a research assistant, or by no one. Subjects then completed thought-listing and self-report measures of evaluation apprehension. Subjects who scored high in social identity reacted more strongly to the social evaluation than subjects low in social identity. Although subjects high in personal identity were not particularly threatened by private feedback, personal identity seemed to buffer subjects against the threat of social-evaluation. The results are discussed in the context of recent work on private and public aspects of the self.
Photochemical carbon dioxide fixation by a cell-free system.

Abstract A protein fraction which fixes carbon dioxide largely in phosphoglyceric and phosphopyruvic acids has been separated from cell-free macerates of spinach leaves. The rate of fixation is increased when this fraction is illuminated in the presence of chloroplast fragments, indicating a coupling between the photochemical activity of the chloroplasts and the enzymatic activity of the protein fraction. Three methods—dilution with inactive phosphoglyceric acid, short exposure times, and inhibition of enolase by fluoride—have indicated that carbon dioxide is fixed first in phosphoglyceric acid and subsequently appears in phosphopyruvic acid by the action of enolase. The effects of ATP and arsenate suggest that energy-rich phosphate bonds are not involved in the fixation. In the system used, the pyridine nucleotides (DPN and TPN) have no effect on the fixation ascribable to light, and sedoheptulose, ribose 5-phosphate, phosphoglyceric acid, and glyoxal do not appear to function as sources of a carbon dioxide acceptor.
The miscommunication of deception: An adaptive perspective

Abstract Undergraduates were videotaped as they told lies and truths about their last job. Later, these undergraduates viewed the videotape and tried to guess which of their fellow subject were lying. Monetary incentives had been offered for successful lying and lie detection. Our subjects showed a “demeanor bias”—some looked honest even when they were lying; others looked dishonest even when they were telling the truth. These differences in apparent honesty were the primary determinant of deception judgments; perceivers' detection skills played a lesser role. Honest-looking subjects were predisposed to perceive others as dishonest. In general, our liars used hand gestures, maintained eye contact, and refrained from smiling. Perceivers misconstrued these behaviors as signs of honesty and could not often detect deceit—unless the lie was being told by a subject who had earlier told the truth. We draw on sociobiological concepts and offer an adaptive perspective on human deceit.
Testing textbook theories and tests: the case of suprasegmentals in a pronunciation textbook

Abstract This report deals with dual challenges teachers often face: (1) testing the theoretical assumptions made by the authors of the textbooks; and (2) evaluating achievement tests that have been developed for use with those textbooks. The purpose of this report is to address these issues in the context of the use of an English as a Foreign Language (EFL)/Second Language pronunciation textbook and achievement test, ‘Clear Speech’ (Gilbert, 1993, Clear speech student's book, 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York), with a group of 24 second-year Japanese EFL students attending a private four-year college near Tokyo. After 32 h of production-focused instruction, students' perception of suprasegmentals seemed to improve, while their production did not. However, a content validity and generalizability analysis of the textbook-based speaking test used to estimate students' achievement revealed that the results of the test could not be trusted. Thus the test may have not allowed students adequate opportunity to demonstrate their abilities in producing suprasegmentals. This raises the question of whether tests and tasks used in classroom and research settings are allowing students to demonstrate their learning achievement.
Starvation Increases the Amount of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase in Several Mammalian Tissues

Covalent modification of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex provides an important regulatory mechanism for controlling the disposal of glucose and other compounds metabolized to pyruvate. Regulation of the complex by this mechanism is achieved in part by tissue-specific expression of the genes encoding isoenzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK). Starvation is known from our previous work to increase PDK activity of heart and skeletal muscle by increasing the amount of PDK isoenzyme 4 (PDK4) present in these tissues. This study demonstrates that increased expression of both PDK4 and PDK2 occurs in rat liver, kidney, and lactating mammary gland in response to starvation. PDK4 and PDK2 message levels were also increased by starvation in the two tissues examined (liver and kidney), suggesting enhancement of gene transcription. Changes in PDK2 message and protein were of similar magnitude, but changes in PDK4 message were greater than those in PDK4 protein, suggesting regulation at the level of translation. In contrast to these tissues, starvation had little or no effect on PDK2 and PDK4 protein in brain, white adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue. Nevertheless, PDK4 message levels were significantly increased in brain and white adipose tissue by starvation. The findings of this study indicate that increased expression of PDK isoenzymes is an important mechanism for bringing about inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex during starvation in many but not all tissues of the body. The absence of this mechanism preserves the capacity of neuronal tissue to utilize glucose for energy during starvation.
Cycle & save computer system

In June of 1981 the Tennessee Valley Authority began operation of its first large-scale load management program. This program, called Cycle & Save, manages electrical demand in residences and small commercial and industrial establishments by utilizing direct radio control of air-conditioners and water heaters.TVA obtained the right to interrupt service during certain hours of the day to the air-conditioners and water heaters of customers who volunteered for the program. As TVA's cost of operation rises above a predetermined economic threshold during peak demand hours, electrical service is temporarily curtailed to the water heaters and is reduced by up to 25 percent to air-conditioners.The scheduling of this new load management program's operation was controlled by six small computers located in five different cities in the TVA service area. The computers were part of an original equipment purchase from Motorola, Inc., for radio receivers, FM transmission equipment, and control computers with specially designed software.This software and hardware system is the subject of this paper. It will describe how the computers are used to optimize the benefits of load management of end-use devices to the TVA power system.
The Center for Excellence in Oral Communication: Integrating Communication across the Curriculum.

There is widespread debate in the communication discipline regarding the appropriateness and efficacy of communication across‐the‐curriculum programs. Currently, pedagogical approaches are in different stages of development and testing at a variety of academic institutions. This article describes the approach taken by the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs to communication across‐the‐curriculum courses and programs.
Characterization of sol-gel immobilized lipases

The immobilization of lipases within a chemically inert hydrophobic sol-gel support, which is prepared by polycondensation of hydrolyzed tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) or iso-butyltrimethoxysilane (iso-BTMS), results in heterocatalysts. The heterocatalysts so prepared showed a dramatically enhanced catalytic activity and stability as measured by the hydrolysis and transesterification of soybean oil. The lipase/sol-gel materials were characterized by nitrogen adsorption to determine their specific surface area. Solid state NMR was used to reveal the degree of cross-linking of the sol-gel materials. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to observe the morphology of the biocatalysts. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy were used to investigate the enzyme distribution within the sol-gel materials. The characterization studies showed that the most active lipase-containing sol-gel was a non-porous amorphous material with enzyme randomly distributed throughout the sol-gel material. The activity of the immobilized enzyme did not correlate to the degree of cross-linking or the specific surface area of the sol-gel materials. The highly retained activity of the immobilized enzyme was more likely attributed to the conformational changes of the enzyme during the immobilization, which result in enzyme's fixation in a more favorable conformation and to the lipophilic environment of the hybrid matrix structure which facilitates the transport of the hydrophobic substrate to the active sites.
Recognition of stance strength and polarity in spontaneous speech

From activities as simple as scheduling a meeting to those as complex as balancing a national budget, people take stances in negotiations and decision making. While the related areas of subjectivity and sentiment analysis have received significant attention, work has focused almost exclusively on text, and much stance-taking activity is carried out verbally. This paper investigates automatic recognition of stance-taking in spontaneous speech. It first presents a new annotated corpus of spontaneous, conversational speech designed to elicit high densities of stance-taking at different strengths. Speaker spurts are annotated both for strength of stance-taking behavior and polarity of stance. Based on this annotated corpus, we develop classifiers for automatic recognition of stance-taking behavior in speech. We employ a range of lexical, speaking style, and prosodic features in a boosting framework. The classifiers achieve strong accuracies on both binary detection of stance and four-way recognition of stance strength, well above most common class assignment. Finally, we classify the polarity of stance-taking spurts, obtaining accuracies around 80%. The best classifiers rely primarily on word unigram features, with speaking style and prosodic features yielding lower accuracies but still well above common class assignment.
Monte Carlo parallel algorithm for long range interactions

Abstract We show the use of the homogenous architecture in the parallel processing of long range interactions. We describe the implementation of a Monte Carlo algorithm for a two-dimensional Coulomb system on a parallel processor with hypercubic geometry (the 8-node concurrent processor at Caltech). Our results indicate that long range problems can be efficiently implemented on parallel machines.
Contemporary issues in stuttering therapy

The best model for understanding the development of stuttering appears to be one that considers certain characteristics of the subject and certain environmental variables and the ways in which these interact. Clinical experience, at present, does not indicate that a specific characteristic of a child, e.g. a specific language deficit or problem of oral or laryngeal motor coordination for speech, will by itself result in stuttering, nor will a stressful environment alone necessarily cause stuttering. Most case studies reveal that a combination of both subject variables and environmental factors appear to contribute to increased disfluency and/or stuttering behavior in a particular child. Of course, in some cases, it may be difficult to separate the two types of variables since environmental factors influence children’s development very early, but at the time of evaluation we attempt to use these two categories as a frame of reference. In using this model for the formulation of research, we are attempting to standardize the presentation of communicative pressure to study the way in which the fluency of the children’s speech responses varies depending on certain subject variables and specified magnitudes of speech pressure. My interest in differential evaluation grows out of clinical experience and my knowledge of stuttering research. In 1973, I wrote a brief introductory book, Stuttering: Differential Evaluation and Therapy, describing a broad case history, clinical observation, and testing approach, and giving the rationale for each procedure with reference to current theory and research information. The research rationale described included studies from different specialized fields such as psychology, psycholinguistics, sociology, anthropology, neurology, genetics, and of course, speech science and speech-language pathology. We expect this
Lability of Odor Pleasantness: Influence of Mere Exposure:

Subjects judged the pleasantness of various odorants both before and after intensive exposure to a pleasant, a neutral, or an unpleasant odorant, or a short period of relaxation. Intensive exposure comprised a 30 min task of intensity discrimination. The outcome implied that exposure to an odorant can modify its own pleasantness readily, but not so readily that of other odorants. Exposure to the pleasant lemon-smelling substance citral reduced its subsequent pleasantness, whereas exposure to the unpleasant rancid-smelling substance isobutyric acid reduced its subsequent unpleasantness. The results were compatible with the notion of affective habituation. Variability of the pleasantness judgments was uniform throughout the hedonic continuum. That is, subjects agreed as much about hedonically neutral odors as about extremely pleasant and unpleasant odors.
Accuracy of bipedal lymphangiography in testicular tumors

Abstract The accuracy of bipedal lymphangiography to evaluate nodal metastases in patients with testicular malignancies is discussed. A total of 108 patients were evaluated. Histologic correlation was available in 45 cases. The over-all accuracy was 89 per cent which compares favorably with other large series.
Product vibrational analysis of ion—molecule reactions by laser-induced fluorescence in a flowing afterglow: O− + HF → OH(ν = 0.1) + F−

Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence is coupled to a flowing afterglow to obtain product state distributions of thermal energy ion—molecule reactions. For OH produced in the O − + HF → OH(ν = 0,1) + F − reaction, ν = 0/ν = 1 is 1.0/0.22. Ion vibrational relaxation and obscuring Penning ionization reactions preclude accurate measurements for the N + + CO → CO + (ν = 0,1,2) + N system.
Calculation of the Lepage-Mackenzie scale for the lattice axial-vector and vector currents

We calculate the perturbative scales ${(q}^{\ensuremath{\star}})$ for the axial-vector and vector currents for the Wilson action, with and without tadpole improvement, using the formalism of Lepage and Mackenzie. The scale for the pseudoscalar density (times the mass) is computed as well. Contrary to naive expectation, tadpole improvement reduces ${q}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$ by only a small amount for the operators we consider. We also discuss the use of a nonperturbative coupling to calculate the perturbative scale.
Protective effect of milk against in vitro caries.

Additions of milk solids to laboratory "cakes" made of sucrose and starch reduced in vitro (Orofax) "caries" and the dissolution of granular enamel, but increased the amounts of fermentation acids produced. Withdrawal of the milk component of ice cream, yogurt, and chocolate milk resulted in increased Orofax "caries. "
Advances in diagnostic and treatment options in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.

Correspondence: Jill M Recla 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Me 04609, USA Tel +1 207 282 8033 email jill.recla@jax.org Dear Dr Liu, I have read with great interest the article entitled “Advances in diagnostic and treatment options in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome” by Gur and Oktayoglu, which has been published online in Open Access Rheumatology: Research and Reviews. The authors aimed to evaluate new diagnostic tools and new therapeutic treatment approaches for fibromyalgia (FM). I would like to comment on the article by referring to my recently published work in Medical Hypotheses, which the authors reference in their section on the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist memantine. My article describes the hypothesis that a combined therapeutic approach of the pharmaceuticals pregabalin and memantine may provide analgesic and neuroprotective benefits to patients with FM. The authors’ statement, which directly references my work – “Memantine may also suppress neuronal excitability and confers neuroprotection in a manner similar to pregabalin” – was either misinterpreted or misquoted from my article, in which I make a similar statement (using the word “confer” rather than “confers”). Although the syntactical difference is slight, the ramifications are profound, and I thusly feel that this statement requires further clarification. There are two primary points that need to be addressed. First is the assertion of neuroprotection. Memantine has been proven to confer neuroprotective benefits in human clinical trials and is currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. Conversely, while pregabalin has demonstrated neuroprotective capabilities in rats, the question of its clinical utility as a neuroprotective agent has yet to be adequately addressed in humans. Given the assumption that both drugs confer neuroprotection, the second concern is the molecular mechanism of this protection implied by the authors’ statement. Without the context of the biochemical effects of each drug that illustrate their ability to suppress neurodegenerative excitotoxicity, the reader may assume that both drugs confer their neuroprotective benefits via the same mechanism of action. This is technically inaccurate, as memantine is thought to target NMDARs, while pregabalin is thought to block the alpha-2-delta subunit of the voltage-gated calcium ion channel. Thus, while both memantine and pregabalin may confer neuroprotective benefits by suppressing neuronal excitability, I wish to clarify that 1) this capability has yet to be proven conclusively in humans for pregabalin, and 2) that the mechanisms by which these drugs suppress neuronal excitability differ at the molecular level.
Analysis of the initial stages of the Thermal Decomposition of 1,4‐Butanediammonium Dinitrate

The initial stages of the decomposition of 1,4-butanediammonium dinitrate (BDD) were investigated using a molecular beam sampling time-of-flight-quadrupole mass spectrometer system. Experimental results are consistent with the hypothesis that the compound undergoes dissociation into 1,4-butanediamine and nitric acid. Standard electron impact ionisation and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric analyses of BDD gave support to the molecular beam study.
Fission gas production in reactor fuels including the effects of ternary fission

An understanding of gas bubble formation and migration in nuclear fuel and its impacts on fuel and cladding materials requires knowledge of the isotopic composition of the gases and their generation rates. In this paper, we present results of simulations for the production of the dominant noble gases (helium, xenon, krypton) in nuclear fuels for different reactor core configurations and fuel compositions. The calculations were performed using detailed nuclear burn simulations with Monte Carlo nuclear transport, and included ternary fission to ensure an accurate treatment of helium production. For all reactor designs and fuels considered xenon was found to be the most dominant gas produced. Variation in the composition of fission gases is quantified for: (1) the burn time, (2) the composition of the fuel, and (3) the neutron energy spectrum. These three factors determine the relative fraction of each gas and its transmutation into or from stable gas by subsequent neutron capture.
Pre- and postnatal imaging of a girl with a cloacal variant

We describe the prenatal MR findings in a 29-week fetus with a cloacal variant (urogenital sinus and anterior placed anus) in combination with an enlarged clitoris and urethral duplication and correlate them with postnatal imaging. Fetal MR imaging permits the diagnosis and characterization of cloacal and urogenital sinus malformations in utero. This information may guide pre-, peri- and postnatal management.
An immunohistochemical study of adenohypophyseal cells containing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the phase of selective follicle-stimulating hormone release in postnatal female rats

Serum concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the juvenile female rat increases independently from that of luteinizing hormone (LH). The objective of this study was to determine whether this increase in serum FSH is accompanied by a proliferation of FSH-cells greater than the proliferation of LH-cells. Thus, we measured circulating FSH and LH in female rats on days 3, 10, 13, 17, and 20, calculated the percentages of adenohypophyseal cells that contained FSH or LH on days 3, 10, and 20, and determined whether cells containing only FSH existed on day 10. Serum FSH concentrations on days 10 and 13 were significantly greater than those on days 3, 17, or 20. No differences existed in serum LH concentrations. Cells containing FSH or LH were distributed throughout the entire adenohypophyses of 3, 10, and 20-day-old females. Clusters of these cells were observed in the ventral regions of adenohypophyses of 3-day-old females. The percentages of adenohypophyseal cells containing FSH increased significantly from ∼9% in 3-day-old rats to ∼17% in 10-day-old rats and then decreased to ∼14% in 20-day-old animals. At all ages the percentages of adenohypophyseal cells containing FSH were similar to the percentages of cells containing LH. At 10 days of age, all cells containing FSH also contained LH and all cells containing LH also contained FSH. These data suggest that the increase in serum FSH in the juvenile female rat is associated with an increase in the percentage of adenohypophyseal cells containing FSH and that at this time all cells containing FSH also contain LH.
Identification of a nucleotide exchange-promoting activity for p21ras.

Abstract The biological activity of proteins encoded by the ras family of oncogenes is dependent on whether they are bound to GTP or GDP: the type of nucleotide bound is dependent on the rate of GTP hydrolysis (promoted by the GTPase-activating protein, GAP) and the rate of nucleotide exchange with cytosolic pools. A protein that stimulates the rate of exchange of guanine nucleotide on p21ras has been identified and characterized in cytoplasmic extracts of human placenta. The exchange-promoting protein runs on a gel filtration column with an apparent relative molecular weight of about 60,000. It is sensitive to heat and to trypsin. The exchange-promoting protein acts reversibly and does not cause degradation of p21ras. It is inactive towards the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (Go alpha) but acts on a large number of different mutant ras proteins, including transforming and effector mutants that are insensitive to the action of GAP. This protein, which we have termed REP (ras exchange-promoting), has the characteristics expected of a physiological activator of p21ras in cellular growth-signal-transduction pathways.
Compression, self-bending, and collapse of Gaussian beams in photorefractive crystals

By means of an exact solution, we demonstrate that a Gaussian beam can undergo spatial compression when it traverses a photorefractive medium. This is possible provided that the external bias field exceeds the critical value necessary to establish photorefractive spatial solitons. In this regime and under paraxial assumptions our analysis indicates that a Gaussian beam tends to exhibit self-focusing collapse. Beam self-deflection effects that arise from the pi/2-phase-shifted component of the photorefractive grating are also considered in our study.
Team-Based Learning in a Capstone Course in Speech-Language Pathology Learning Outcomes and Student Perceptions

Team-based learning (TBL), although found to increase student engagement and higher-level thinking, has not been examined in the field of speech-language pathology. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of integrating TBL into a capstone course in evidence-based practice (EBP). The researcher evaluated 27 students’ understanding of EBP, perceptions of how TBL influenced their learning, and confidence that they achieved course objectives. Students’ responses on individual and group assessments, an exhaustive description, and a pre/post-course survey provided evidence of their achievement of the course objectives. Student rating and ranking of course elements indicate the perceived value of group learning and assessment. In addition, students also reported increased confidence on many of the course objectives.
The operation of the pool in England and Wales

This paper explains the methodology of the operation of the `pool' and the commodity type market for electricity in England and Wales. Details of the production of the unconstrained schedule which forms the basis of the `pool' purchase price are explained along with the inputs to the following day's generation schedule. The unconstrained schedule establishes the generation and interconnector requirements to meet the following day's demand according to a merit order determined from the price bids from generation companies and interconnected parties. Transmission constraints and interconnector capabilities are taken into account in this schedule and it determines the provisional requirements for each generating unit including transfers across the interconnectors. The paper then details the re-scheduling and despatch of both generation and interconnected parties in control timescales explaining the handling of transmission constraints overall system management including data exchange requirements with external utilities. Operational trends since the establishment of the `pool' in early 1990 are analyzed along with possible future developments of the pooling system and operational use of interconnections with other utilities.
Molecular genetic responses to lysergic acid diethylamide include transcriptional activation of MAP kinase phosphatase-1, C/EBP-beta and ILAD-1, a novel gene with homology to arrestins.

We recently demonstrated that the potent hallucinogenic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) dynamically influences the expression of a small collection of genes within the mammalian prefrontal cortex. Towards generating a greater understanding of the molecular genetic effects of hallucinogens and how they may relate to alterations in behavior, we have identified and characterized expression patterns of a new collection of three genes increased in expression by acute LSD administration. These genes were identified through additional screens of Affymetrix DNA microarrays and examined in experiments to assess dose–response, time course and the receptor mediating the expression changes. The first induced gene, C/EBP-β, is a transcription factor. The second gene, MKP-1, suggests that LSD activates the MAP (mitogen activated protein) kinase pathway. The third gene, ILAD-1, demonstrates sequence similarity to the arrestins. The increase in expression of each gene was partially mediated through LSD interactions at 5-HT2A (serotonin) receptors. There is evidence of alternative splicing at the ILAD-1 locus. Furthermore, data suggests that various splice isoforms of ILAD-1 respond differently at the transcriptional level to LSD. The genes thus far found to be responsive to LSD are beginning to give a more complete picture of the complex intracellular events initiated by hallucinogens.
STUDIES ON THE NUCLEOTIDE ARRANGEMENT IN DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACIDS. VII. DIRECT ESTIMATION OF PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDE RUNS.

Abstract A two-dimensional paper-chromatographic system is described permitting the direct separation of the pyrimidine oligonucleotide runs of length 1–6. The procedure is applicable to as little as 1 mg of DNA hydrolasate. The characteristics of the ultra-violet absorption and chromatographic mobility of the various pyrimidine nucleotide clusters are presented; and the method is exemplified through the quantitative distribution analysis of the DNA of human spleen.
Purification and characterization of baboon endogenous virus DNA polymerase

Abstract An RNA-directed DNA polymerase was purified from baboon endogenous type-C virus by successive column chromatography on DEAE cellulose, phosphocellulose and hydroxyapatite. The purified DNA polymerase has a molecular weight of 68 000, a pH optimum of 8.0, a Mn2+ optimum of 1 mM, and a KCl optimum of 40 mM. The purified enzyme transcribes heteropolymeric regions of viral 60–70 S RNA isolated from different type-C viruses. The purified enzyme is immunologically related to a similarly purified polymerase from the cat endogenous type-C virus RD114.
Deconstructing process isolation

Most operating systems enforce process isolation through hardware protection mechanisms such as memory segmentation, page mapping, and differentiated user and kernel instructions. Singularity is a new operating system that uses software mechanisms to enforce process isolation. A software isolated process (SIP) is a process whose boundaries are established by language safety rules and enforced by static type checking. SIPs provide a low cost isolation mechanism that provides failure isolation and fast inter-process communication.To compare the performance of Singularity's SIPs against traditional isolation techniques, we implemented an optional hardware isolation mechanism. Protection domains are hardware-enforced address spaces, which can contain one or more SIPs. Domains can either run at the kernel's privilege level or be fully isolated from the kernel and run at the normal application privilege level. With protection domains, we can construct Singularity configurations that are similar to micro-kernel and monolithic kernel systems. We found that hardware-based isolation incurs non-trivial performance costs (up to 25--33%) and complicates system implementation. Software isolation has less than 5% overhead on these benchmarks.The lower run-time cost of SIPs makes their use feasible at a finer granularity than conventional processes. However, hardware isolation remains valuable as a defense-in-depth against potential failures in software isolation mechanisms. Singularity's ability to employ hardware isolation selectively enables careful balancing of the costs and benefits of each isolation technique.
Larval development of Diploptera punctata reared alone and in groups

Abstract Larvae of the cockroach Diploptera punctata were reared in isolation, in pairs, or in groups of 8–10. Duration of larval development, age at each ecdysis, weights at birth and ecdyses, and adult head-capsule width were measured. Duration of larval development was longer and adult size was larger in isolated animals than in animals reared in pairs and groups. The effect of isolation on development was more pronounced in males. All females had 4 larval instars, whereas males had 3 or 4 instars. The proportion of males with 4 larval instars was higher among animals reared in isolation. There was no difference in the duration of larval development or adult size between pair- and group-reared animals. The sex of animals in the group did not affect adult size or the duration of larval development. Males which underwent 3 or 4 larval instars had different schedules of moulting. Rates of growth of males of both instar types reared in isolation and pairs were similar. Greater adult weight of isolated animals and 4-instar-type males was a result of their longer duration of larval development. Both a higher rate of growth and longer duration of larval development contribute to the larger adult size of females than males.
Subcommissural organ and adjacent ependyma: Autoradiographic study of their origin in the mouse brain

Morphogenesis and time and place of cell origin of the subcommissural organ and adjacent ependyma in the mouse brain was investigated by light microscopy and autoradiography. Pregnant mice were injected systematically at different stages of gestation and their offspring killed after various periods. Cells of the subcommissural organ arise (undergo final replication of nuclear DNA) from embryonic days 11 to 15 at the diencephalomesencephalic junction in close association with the primordial fibers of the posterior commissure. The ependymal cells of the caudal part of the third ventricle first arise at approximately the same embryonic stage as the subcommissural cells and continue to proliferate through embryonic day 18. The subcommissural organ is suitable for semiquantitative analysis because its cells are of one type, their number is small, they arise over a short time span and once formed, they persist indefinitely. Some cells exposed to thymidine-H3in utero at the time of final DNA replication were strongly labeled at adulthood, as expected, but others were weakly labeled. Calculations suggested that significant numbers of these weakly labeled cells should be assigned to the nondividing class i.e., had their birthdays on the day of thymidine-H3 injection. Errors are introduced if the usual practice is followed of assigning birthdays on the basis of the heavily labeled population exclusively.
Beliefs and Perceived Influence in a Natural Resource Conflict: An Advocacy Coalition Approach to Policy Networks:

To what extent do stakeholders in a conflict over natural resources interact with actors of congruent policy core beliefs or with actors who have perceived influence? The response to this question is structured principally by the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) using questionnaire and interview data collected from stakeholders involved in California Marine Protected Area policy. The findings indicate that shared beliefs are the best predictor for policy network relationships, supporting the ACF. Perceived influence, while less important than shared beliefs, is another significant predictor.
Ultrafast pipelined adders using RTTs

Ultrafast adders that perform 32 bit additions in less than 1 ns using resonant tunnelling transistors (RTTs) are proposed. Simulation results showing their subnanosecond performance are presented. The adders are shown to be better than others in terms of both area and speed. These results are obtained using true bistable logic which makes use of the bistability of circuits using the negative differential resistance (NDR) characteristic of the RTTs.
Differential response of Fe‐inefficient muskmelon, tomato, and soybean to phytosiderophore released by coker 227 oat

Abstract Several responses are induced in plants for the solubilization and uptake of iron (Fe) when they are subjected to Fe‐deficiency stress. Iron‐efficient Coker 227 oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch.) responds to Fe‐deficiency stress by producing a phytosiderophore which chelates Fe. Iron‐inefficient fefe muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), T3238fer tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and T203 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) are dicotyledonous plants which do not respond to Fe‐deficiency stress and are therefore classed as Fe‐inefficient cultivars. This study was conducted to determine whether these Fe‐inefficient cultivars possess the ability to utilize Fe from a phytosiderophore produced by Coker 227 oat. These Fe‐inefficient cultivars were grown in a modified Steinberg solution with 1.2 mg L‐1 Fe and in either the presence or absence of oat. Iron solubilized by phytosiderophore was quantified in a separate study. Phytosiderophore released into solution was proportional to the number of oat plants in the ...
3D robotic mapping: A biologic approach

Mapping a 3D environment is a big challenge for roboticists, expecially in underwater environments. Nowadays, the most applied solution to this problem relies in Probabilistic Filters, but with the discovery of neurons in the mammalian brain associated with navigation tasks, biological approaches has been take place. This paper presents a system inspired in mammalian brain to solve the problem of mapping and localization of robots. Preliminaries results in simulated environments shows the relevance of the proposed method, which is highly parallelizable and capable of running in real time applications.
Endoluminal clip closure of a circular full-thickness colon resection in a porcine model (with videos)

Background Linear perforations of the colon can be closed by the application of clips through a colonoscope. It is unclear whether circular perforations after full-thickness resection of the colon can be closed with clips. Objective To develop an animal model for circular perforation of the colon and to study different techniques to accomplish a leakproof sealing of the circular perforation of the colon. Design Pilot study. Setting University medical center. Animals Ten pigs: 2 perforations in the 1st pig and 1 perforation in the 2nd to 9th pigs were closed with clips. In the 10th pig, 5 perforations were created, and the dimensions of the perforation were measured. Interventions Creation of a circular full-thickness resection of the colon with a band-ligation–resection device, followed by longitudinal or transverse endoluminal closure of the perforation by using the first clip opened and applied in the 3- to 9-o'clock or the 6- to 12-o'clock direction in relation to the circular perforation, respectively. Main Outcome Measurements The mean (standard deviation) size of circular perforation was 1.7 ± 0.075 cm (range, 1.5–2.0 cm). Necropsy immediately after closure of the perforation was done to examine the closure and to confirm the quality of sealing with the methylene blue dye leak test. Results The transverse closure was unsuccessful in the closure of 3 perforations, whereas the longitudinal closure resulted in a leakproof sealing in 6 of the 7 closures. Limitations Perforation of the adjacent viscera limits it to a nonsurvival study. Conclusions Endoluminal application of clips by using the longitudinal closure technique results in a leak proof sealing of circular perforations of the colon.
The temperature dependence and thermal denaturation of the cytochrome c/cytochrome c oxidase/dioxygen system: an electrochemical investigation

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been used to study the thermal denaturation of the coupled cytochrome c/cytochrome c oxidase/dioxygen system in solution. CV has also been used to determine the rates of homogeneous electron transfer between cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase over a temperature range from 10 to 45°C. These electron transfer reactions have been initiated by direct reduction of cytochrome c at indium oxide electrodes. Denaturation mechanisms have been characterized by both CV and DSC demonstrating the complementary nature of the information provided from these different methods. Cytochrome c oxidase denaturation resulted in a large decrease in the thermal stability of cytochrome c while the presence of cytochrome c had no measurable effect on the thermal stability of cytochrome c oxidase. The kinetics of denaturation have been followed by CV following the rapid increase in sample temperature and mechanisms for denaturation have been suggested.
From Ethnocentrism to Realism: Can Discourse Ethics Bridge the Gap?

(2004). From Ethnocentrism to Realism: Can Discourse Ethics Bridge the Gap? Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 122-141.
Aging Does Not Affect the Activation of the Myocyte Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Autocrine System After Infarction and Ventricular Failure in Fischer 344 Rats

To determine whether the attenuation in the growth capacity of myocytes in the overloaded aging heart is associated with an impairment in the activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its receptor (IGF-1R) in the stressed cells, large myocardial infarcts were produced in Fischer 344 rats at 4 and 16 months of age, and the animals were killed 6 hours, 3 days, and 7 days later. After the documentation of cardiac failure, the unaffected myocytes were enzymatically dissociated, and the expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R was measured at these three time points after surgery. The level of expression of IGF-1R mRNA increased at 3 days and remained elevated at 7 days in both age groups. In addition, an increase in IGF-1R protein in these cells was found, with no apparent difference with age. This phenomenon was coupled with an upregulation of IGF-1 mRNA of comparable magnitude in the younger and older animals. In contrast, the increases in the dimensional properties of myocytes were delayed and of smaller magnitude in the older infarcted rats. Moreover, the expression of atrial natriuretic factor, used as a molecular marker of myocyte cellular hypertrophy, was greater at 3 days in 4-month-old rats and at 7 days in 16-month-old rats. Thus, aging may affect the hypertrophic response of myocytes after infarction but has no impact on the ability of the cells to enhance the expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R, which may sustain only in part the growth reserve mechanisms of the pathological heart.
The application of function descriptors to the development of an information system topology

A type of descriptor, termed a Function Descriptor, is suggested for application to the description and classification of information systems, and for the development of an information system typology. In the exploratory description of 25 systems, a list of 83 Function Descriptors was developed. In a small experiment undertaken, it was seen that consensual agreement in the application of the Function Descriptors is not simply achieved. Several suggestions are made for dealing with the difficulties of application, including the classification of information system functions into three types: utilization-level functions, production-level functions, and operation-level functions. The establishment of an Information System Reference Center is proposed as a basis for the continuance of the research.
Alpha-Structure Amplitudes for the 1p Shell

Structure amplitudes for transfer of a ${(1p)}^{4}$ group with spatial symmetry [4] are given for $1p$-shell targets with initial and final states represented by intermediate-coupling wave functions. The strength is fragmented, a feature likely to be even stronger in heavy nuclei as is shown for the ($2p, 1f$) region.