cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Changing Burden of Alcoholic Hepatitis: Rising Incidence and Associations with Age, Gender, Race, and Geography

Alcoholic hepatitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. However, there are limited population-based data on its incidence, demographics, and temporal trends. We performed a retrospective cohort study using the State Inpatient Databases from Florida, Massachusetts, New York, and Washington from 2010 to 2014. We included patients aged 20–79 years admitted with alcoholic hepatitis and calculated incidence using population denominators obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database. We fit multivariable Poisson regression models to explore interactions between alcoholic hepatitis incidence rates and several predictors including state, calendar year, age, race/ethnicity, and gender. Among 56,973 unique individuals with alcoholic hepatitis, the majority were male (39,702; 69.7%) and white non-Hispanic (40,934; 72.0%). In multivariable Poisson models, there was a significant interaction between calendar year and age group (p < 0.001), with the highest incidence rates in those ages 40–49 and 50–59 across all years. The absolute increase in incidence rate across calendar years was highest in the 20–29 and 30–39 age groups in every state. Female gender was associated with a lower rate (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41–0.42, p < 0.001). Compared to white non-Hispanics, black non-Hispanics (IRR 0.79, CI 0.77–0.81, p < 0.001) and Hispanics (0.66, CI 0.65–0.68, p < 0.001) had lower incidence rates. The incidence of alcoholic hepatitis in the USA varies by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and state of residence. The group with the fastest rising incidence is those aged 20–39. More work is needed to evaluate the reasons for the temporal trends for admissions for alcoholic hepatitis.
Design of an Ultra-High Speed Bearingless Motor for Significant Rated Power

The goal of electric motor technology is to deliver maximum power in as compact of a form factor as efficiently and reliably as possible. Recent advancements in magnetic materials and semiconductor devices are enabling a new class of electric motors which utilize ultra high rotational speeds (100,000+ RPM) to increase power density. The technology is limited by shortcomings related to motor bearings, primarily insufficient lifetime and rotor dynamics that limit the speed-power capability of the electric machine. This paper investigates the design of a magnetically levitated, ultra-high speed motor based around a bearingless permanent magnet motor topology to solve these challenges. The design targets a speed-power capability of 160,000 RPM and 5.5 kW for a hydrogen fuel cell compressor. This rating is amongst the highest speed-power designs that utilize conventional bearings and would expand the limits of speed-power rating of a bearingless motor. A detailed multi-physics modeling framework is developed and coupled to a multi-objective optimization algorithm to explore the design space. An optimal design is proposed and investigated for prototype fabrication. Experimental validation of the modeling framework is provided with low speed and stationary test results.
Performance management, impact measurement and the sustainable development goals: The fourth wave of integrated social accounting?/Gestion de la performance, mesure de l'impact et les objectifs de développement durable: la quatrième vague de comptabilité sociale intégrée?

Integrated social accounting places social and environmental performance alongside financial performance. This is in contrast to supplemental social accounting reports, which are separate from the financial reporting and often used as marketing and public relations devices. It is possible to identify different ‘waves’ of integrated social accounting, starting with the first wave in the 1970s, the second wave in the 1990s, and the third wave in the 2000s. Today, with the popularization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 agenda, we may be entering the fourth wave. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a common language and shared purpose for a multitude of actors, spanning networks, organizational types, and geographical levels. This article proposes an integrated social accounting model that focuses organizational attention on the internal and external impacts of their activities, through the lens of the SDGs. La comptabilite sociale integree place la performance sociale et environnementale aux cotes de la performance financiere. Cela contraste avec les rapports supplementaires de comptabilite sociale, qui sont separes des rapports financiers et souvent utilises comme dispositifs de marketing et de relations publiques. Il est possible d’identifier differentes «vagues» de comptabilite sociale integree, a commencer par la premiere vague des annees 1970, la deuxieme vague des annees 1990 et la troisieme vague des annees 2000. Aujourd'hui, avec la popularisation du programme des Nations Unies pour le developpement durable a l'horizon 2030, nous entrons peut-etre dans la quatrieme vague. Les objectifs de developpement durable (ODD) fournissent un langage commun et un objectif commun a une multitude d'acteurs, couvrant des reseaux, des types d'organisations et des niveaux geographiques. Cet article propose un modele de comptabilite sociale integre qui concentre l'attention sur les impacts internes et externes des activites organisationnelles a travers la lentille des ODD.
On Privileged Information Driven Robust Face Verification: A Siamese Convolutional Neural Network Approach

Face verification is an important task to verify people’s identities, which has sample pairs and labels with only side information about whether the two images in a pair are from the same subject or not instead of a specific label for each sample. This paper is motivated by the limitations of previous efforts that the deep neural networks with only the RGB feature are not robust to intra-class noise (e.g., illumination), and the deep networks with both the RGB and depth feature are not robust to data availability of the depth images in applications. To overcome these limitations, we focus on developing a "double robust" face verification architecture using the Siamese convolutional neural network (SCNN). In particular, our goal is to propose an SCNN with privileged information (SCNN+), which is inspired by Learning Using Privileged Information (LUPI), through incorporating additional depth feature along with the RGB feature in the training stage to provide privileged information to restrain the RGB feature’s prediction error. We conduct experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed SCNN+ architecture and compare it with different categories of state-of-the-art baselines on two real-world RGB-D face datasets. The evaluation results demonstrate that SCNN+ significantly outperforms all types of baselines.
MRI-based quantification of ophthalmic changes in healthy volunteers during acute 15° head-down tilt as an analogue to microgravity

Spaceflight is known to cause ophthalmic changes in a condition known as spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). It is hypothesized that SANS is caused by cephalad fluid shifts and potentially mild elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) in microgravity. Head-down tilt (HDT) studies are a ground-based spaceflight analogue to create cephalad fluid shifts. Here, we developed non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based techniques to quantify ophthalmic structural changes under acute 15° HDT. We specifically quantified: (i) change in optic nerve sheath (ONS) and optic nerve (ON) cross-sectional area, (ii) change in ON deviation, an indicator of ON tortuosity, (iii) change in vitreous chamber depth, and (iv) an estimated ONS Young's modulus. Under acute HDT, ONS cross-sectional area increased by 4.04 mm2 (95% CI 2.88-5.21 mm2, p < 0. 000), while ON cross-sectional area remained nearly unchanged (95% CI -0.12 to 0.43 mm2, p = 0.271). ON deviation increased under HDT by 0.20 mm (95% CI 0.08-0.33 mm, p = 0.002). Vitreous chamber depth decreased under HDT by -0.11 mm (95% CI -0.21 to -0.03 mm, p = 0.009). ONS Young's modulus was estimated to be 85.0 kPa. We observed a significant effect of sex and BMI on ONS parameters, of interest since they are known risk factors for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The tools developed herein will be useful for future analyses of ON changes in various conditions.
Optimal Non-linear Taxation and the Design of Education Policy

This paper studies the design of education policy in an optimal non-linear tax model with asymmetric information. It shows that both heterogeneity in ability and risky human capital investment (or the combination of the two) can provide a theoretical justification for government intervention in education. The sign of the optimal policy is exclusively determined by the Hicksian coefficient of complementarity. Specifically, when education increases (decreases) exposure to risk, or equivalently, when the wage elasticity of education is increasing (decreasing) in ability, the optimal policy is to tax (subsidise) education. But when heterogeneity and risk are combined, the sign of the optimal policy is indeterminate. Numerical results suggest that the magnitude of the optimal policy will depend on the strength of the insurance and redistributive motives. Income-contingent loans or educationdependent taxes and subsidies can implement the optimum.
Benthic jellyfish dominate water mixing in mangrove ecosystems

Water mixing is a critical mechanism in marine habitats that governs many important processes, including nutrient transport. Physical mechanisms, such as winds or tides, are primarily responsible for mixing effects in shallow coastal systems, but the sheltered habitats adjacent to mangroves experience very low turbulence and vertical mixing. The significance of biogenic mixing in pelagic habitats has been investigated but remains unclear. In this study, we show that the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea sp. plays a significant role with respect to biogenic contributions to water column mixing within its shallow natural habitat ([Formula: see text] m deep). The mixing contribution was determined by high-resolution flow velocimetry methods in both the laboratory and the natural environment. We demonstrate that Cassiopea sp. continuously pump water from the benthos upward in a vertical jet with flow velocities on the scale of centimeters per second. The volumetric flow rate was calculated to be 212 L⋅h-1 for average-sized animals (8.6 cm bell diameter), which translates to turnover of the entire water column every 15 min for a median population density (29 animals per m2). In addition, we found Cassiopea sp. are capable of releasing porewater into the water column at an average rate of 2.64 mL⋅h-1 per individual. The release of nutrient-rich benthic porewater combined with strong contributions to water column mixing suggests a role for Cassiopea sp. as an ecosystem engineer in mangrove habitats.
How to Deal with Some of the Practical Problems Associated with Writing a Dissertation

Most graduate programs focus on readying students for the procedural aspects of constructing a dissertation. Few, on the other hand, prepare people for the promotional elements of this requirement. The present study offers seventeen suggestions regarding how to plan, organize, and present a dissertation.
Scholarly Books: What, To Whom and Why

mission. In certain arenas, tracing an idea from its origins to its ultimate application is straightforward. For example, the evolution of Germany's Schlieffen plan for invading France can be traced with little difficulty from the circumstances responsible for its birth, through years of refinement, to its eventual application in World War I.1 The development and acceptance of a medical innovation such as a new drug or type of treatment provides another useful illustration. One can easily reach back to an innovation's origins in basic scientific research and development and trace its progress through applied research, clinical investigation and gradual acceptance by practitioners.2 In contrast, the progress from idea to act in the law is obscure and difficult to trace.3 It is often impossible even to reach agreement whether a
Financial and Economic Analysis of Reduced Impact Logging

Concern regarding extensive damage to tropical forests resulting from logging increased dramatically after World War II when mechanized logging systems developed in industrialized countries were deployed in the tropics. As a consequence, tropical foresters began developing logging procedures that were more environmentally benign, and by the 1990s, these practices began to be described as “reducedimpact logging” (RIL) systems. As scientific evidence accumulated demonstrating that RIL techniques could substantially reduce logging impacts on the residual forest relative to conventional logging (CL), attention turned to understanding the financial conditions under which logging firms would choose to implement RIL. While most studies conducted in Latin America show that RIL is financially competitive or superior to CL, research in Southeast Asia and Africa suggests that economic incentives will likely be required to induce logging firms to adopt RIL. One approach that appears promising to promote better logging practices in the tropics is to offer payments for the incremental carbon retained by RIL systems.
Chapter 6 Fatty acid biosynthesis in higher plants

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the present status of the biosynthesis of fatty acids in higher plants. For a number of years, the general outline of fatty acid biosynthesis in extracts or isolated organelles derived from a variety of plant tissues has become quite well defined. However, precise knowledge concerning the localization of the fatty acid synthetase (FAS) systems was not available until the techniques of protoplast isolation and disruption were developed. More recently with the advent of sensitive assay systems and the development of methods for the chemical and enzymic synthesis of acyl acyl carrier protein (ACP), research into the individual enzymes of the FAS could be conducted. By using these and other techniques, investigators have recently shown that higher-plant FAS systems are prokaryotic in molecular structure, i.e. are non-associated enzyme proteins - both in the leaf cell and in the seed cell. This chapter, therefore, describes these results as they apply to a variety of plant tissues.
Role of circulatory disturbances in the development of post-ischemic brain edema.

Two post-ischemic circulatory disturbances that play a significant role in pathophysiology of an ischemic lesion are: (1) reactive hyperemia or hyperperfusion and (2) hypoperfusion. The reactive hyperemia promptly follows release of major cerebral artery occlusion, and it is associated with the opening of the blood-brain barrier to serum proteins and ensuing edema. Prevention or reduction of reactive hyperemia results in significant amelioration of edema and the resulting ischemic brain tissue injury. The post-ischemic hypoperfusion, studied in gerbils, develops soon after recirculation and usually lasts up to 6 h. Its relationship to post-ischemic edema is evident in repeated ischemic insults. In these studies, three ischemic insults of 5 min duration when applied at 1 h intervals, i.e., during the period of hypoperfusion, resulted in a cumulative effect, post-ischemic edema and tissue injury becoming considerably more pronounced that those following a single 15 min ischemia. There was no cumulative effect when the ischemic insults were spaced 3 min or longer than 6 h apart. These observations indicate that repeated ischemic insults taking place during the phase of post-ischemic hypoperfusion may significantly increase the development of edema and brain tissue injury.
The Cause of All My Suffering

My neighbor keeps a box of baby pigs all winter in her kitchen. They are motherless, always sleeping, sleepy creatures of blood & fog, a vapor of them wraps my house in gauze, and the windows mist up with their warm breath, their moist snores. They watch her peel potatoes, boil water from the floor, wearing a steamy gown. She must be like Demeter to them, but, like this weather to me, this box of pigs is the cause of all my suffering. They smell of invalids, lotioned. Death is over there. When I look toward my neighbor's house, I see trouble looking back at me. Horrible life! Horrible town! I start to dream their dreams. I dream
Why i am not a Scientist

At first glance, the title, Why I Am Not A Scientist, seems irrelevant to the discipline of oral history. However, anthropologist Jonathan Marks approaches scientific inquiry utilizing a framework ...
Discovery of a metastable π-state in a superfluid 3 He weak link

Under certain circumstances1,2, a superconducting Josephson junction can maintain a quantum phase difference of π between the two samples that are weakly connected to form the junction. Such systems are called ‘π-junctions’ and have formed the basis of several experiments designed to investigate the much-debated symmetry of the order parameter of high-temperature superconductors3,4,5,6,7,8. More recently, the possibility that similar phenomena might occur in another macroscopic quantum system — a pair of weakly coupled Bose–Einstein condensates — has also been suggested9. Here we report the discovery of a metastable superfluid state, in which a quantum phase difference of π is maintained across a weak link separating two reservoirs of superfluid 3He. The existence of this state, which is the superfluid analogue ofa superconducting π-junction, is likely to reflect the underlying ‘p-wave’ symmetry of the order parameter of superfluid 3He, but a precise microscopic explanation is at present unknown.
Thinking About Women: Sociological Perspectives on Sex and Gender, 8th edition edited by Margaret L. Andersen and Dana Hysock

Andersen and Hysock's Thinking About Women continues the tradition of providing a clearly written and well-organized sociological examination of sex and gender in society. The authors move logicall...
Incorporating AIDS Content across the BSW Curriculum

Abstract The article presents an attempt to incorporate AIDS education throughout the undergraduate social work curriculum. A two-tiered model of AIDS education is developed. The first stage focuses on students as a sexually active, at-risk group and provides information for their personal use. Building upon this base, the model proceeds to educate students as compassionate, ethical professionals prepared to provide services to people with AIDS. A number of learning exercises are discussed that can be integrated into the social work curriculum.
Hybridization histochemistry of neural transcripts.

Expression of genes is manifested by the production of RNA transcripts within cells. Hybridization histochemistry (or in situ hybridization) permits localization of these transcripts with cellular resolution or better. Furthermore, the relative amounts of transcripts detected in different tissues or in the same tissues in different states (e.g., physiological or developmental) may be quantified. This unit describes hybridization histochemical techniques using either oligodeoxynucleotide probes (see Basic Protocols 1 and 2, Alternate Protocol 1) or RNA probes (riboprobes; see Basic Protocols 3 and 5). These methods include a more recent approach using commercially available sets of oligodeoxynucleotide pairs for colorimetric and fluorescent detection (see Basic Protocol 2), as well as a method for detection of the Y chromosome using either mouse or human riboprobes (see Basic Protocol 5). Additional methods include colorimetric detection (see Basic Protocol 4) and tyramide signal amplification (TSA) of digoxigenin-labeled probes (see Alternate Protocol 2), and autoradiographic detection of radiolabeled probes (see Basic Protocol 6). Finally, methods are provided for labeling oligodeoxynucleotide (see Support Protocol 1) and RNA (see Support Protocol 2) probes, and verifying the probes by northern analysis (see Support Protocol 3).
Late-Taconian and pre-Acadian history of the New England Appalachians of southwestern Connecticut

New U-Pb age determinations and field observations combined with published field relations refine the late Taconian and pre-Acadian history of the New England Appalachians of southwestern Connecticut. Foliation within the Camerons Line shear zone was developed after 514 ± 11 Ma but prior to 445 ± 1.5 Ma. This structure probably experienced renewed movement in the Early Silurian (437 ± 2 Ma), as suggested by new xenotime growth in protomylonite. Metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks east of Camerons Line were deposited, were isoclinally folded, and reached temperatures in excess of about 550 °C before emplacement of small dioritic plutons of the 453 ± 3 Ma Brookfield plutonic series. Igneous titanites in Brookfield plutons cooled below U and Pb diffusion (e.g., 525 ± 25 °C) in the latest Ordovician to earliest Silurian and were not reset in the Acadian. The Newtown gneiss is a composite magmatic complex composed of quartz diorite (446 ± 2 Ma), granodiorite (436 ± 2 Ma), and granite (438 ± 2 Ma). Low 207 Pb/ 204 Pb feldspar isotopic compositions and 1150 Ma zircon inheritance in the Newtown gneiss and Brookfield plutonic series are consistent with interaction with Grenvillian crust or crustally derived material. We propose that the Newtown and Harrison gneisses, and possibly the Brookfield plutonic series, make up the plutonic roots of a Late Ordovician to Early Silurian (454–438 Ma) magmatic arc complex generated during subduction along the eastern North American continental margin. Magmatic activity was coeval with that in the Bronson Hill anticlinorium to the east (ca. 454–442 Ma).
Analysis of CFTR Interactome in the Macromolecular Complexes

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel localized primarily at the apical surface of epithelial cells lining the airway, gut, exocrine glands, etc., where it is responsible for transepithelial salt and water transport. A growing number of proteins have been reported to interact directly or indirectly with CFTR chloride channel, suggesting that CFTR might regulate the activities of other ion channels, receptors, and transporters, in addition to its role as a chloride conductor. Most interactions occur primarily between the opposing terminal tails (N or C) of CFTR and its binding partners, either directly or mediated through various PDZ domain-containing proteins. This chapter describes methods we developed to cross-link CFTR into a macromolecular complex to identify and analyze the assembly and regulation of CFTR-containing complexes in the plasma membrane.
Review of retail store lighting: implications for colour control of products

Lighting variables directly impact all areas of colour science. Lighting is of critical concern to the effective and consistent control of the perceived colour of all products. It is therefore important that all stakeholders involved in managing a commercial supply chain, including product design, colour standards development, manufacture and point of sale, work to understand and control the lighting environment during each stage of a product’s life cycle. New examples of lighting variability in a small and large US retail chain store are presented to illustrate key concepts. Some of the recent published work on retail lighting is reviewed, as well as some of the likely future directions of retail lighting in terms of environmental and technology development.
Growth and magnetic oscillatory exchange coupling of Mn/Fe(001) and Fe/Mn/Fe(001)

Abstract The magnetic ordering and the interlayer exchange coupling in Mn and Fe/Mn wedge structures grown epitaxially on Fe(0 0 1) whisker substrates were investigated using scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis (SEMPA). In bare Mn/Fe(0 0 1) samples, the magnetization of the top Mn layer is collinear with the Fe magnetization, and oscillates between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic alignment as the Mn thickness increases. The period of the oscillation is two layers of Mn, consistent with the growth of an antiferromagnetic Mn wedge. The bare Mn behaves very much like antiferromagnetic Cr, however the magnetic coupling in the Fe/Mn/Fe(0 0 1) sandwich structures is very different. For Mn thicknesses greater than four layers, the coupling between the top Fe layer and the Fe whisker substrate is not collinear. Between 4 to 8 layers of Mn, the direction of the top Fe in-plane magnetization lies at an angle of 60–80° relative to the magnetization of the Fe substrate. Beginning at the 9th Mn layer, the direction of the coupling oscillates, with a two-layer period, between 90°− φ and 90°+ φ , where φ is sample dependent. Values of φ between 10 and 30° were observed.
Impact of gate oxide complex band structure on n-channel III–V FinFETs

FinFET geometries have been developed for the sub-22 nm regime to extend Si-CMOS scaling via improved electrostatics compared to planar technology. Moreover, engineers have incorporated high-k oxide gate stacks. Beyond leakage current, less discussed is the impact of the gate oxide's complex band structure on the device performance. However, it defines the boundary condition for the channel wavefunction at the interface, which, in turn, affects the quantum confinement energy for channel electrons. Here we show that the ON-state performance of n-channel FinFETs may be sensitive to the oxide's complex band structure, especially with light-mass III–V channel materials, such as In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As. We study this effect using an ensemble semi-classical Monte Carlo device simulator with advanced quantum corrections for degeneracy and confinement effects. Our simulations suggest that using a surface oxide with a heavy effective mass may lower the channel carrier confinement energies, mitigating unwanted quantum side-effects that hinder device performance. Ultimately, future high-k stacks may benefit from oxide gate stack heterostructures balancing effective mass and dielectric permittivity considerations.
Rising Rights Consciousness: Undermining or Undergirding China’s Stability?

Claims that China’s people exhibit a rising “rights consciousness” have proliferated in recent years, often accompanied by the assertion that this trend has the potential to lead to significant political change. Despite or perhaps because of the term’s wide use, rights consciousness suffers from a severe lack of conceptual clarity. To address this, we develop a choice-theoretic framework to examine what might be driving growth in rights conscious behavior, identifying three possibilities: changing values, changing government policy, and changing social equilibrium. While the most common conception of rights consciousness is as a value change, we find more evidence for the primacy of policy change, implying that the spread of rights consciousness is more stabilizing than destabilizing for the state. We also suggest that monitoring changes in social equilibrium is just as important as monitoring changing values when looking for signs of dramatic change in the political system.
Bacteriophage T4 Head Maturation: Release of Progeny DNA from the Host Cell Membrane

We have presented a new approach to studying bacteriophage T4 head maturation. Using a modified M-band technique, we have shown that progeny deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was synthesized on the host cell membrane throughout infection. This DNA was released from the membrane later in infection as the result of formation of the phage head; detachment of the DNA required the action of gene products 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 31, 16, 17 and 49, known to be necessary for normal head formation. Gene products 2, 4, 50, 64, 65, 13 and 14, also involved in head morphogenesis were not required to detach progeny DNA from the membrane; the presence of the phage tail and tail fibers also was not required. DNA was released in the form of immature heads and initially was sensitive to deoxyribonuclease (DNase). Conversion to DNase resistance followed rapidly. The amount of phage precursors present at the time of DNA synthesis determined the time of onset and detachment rate of DNA from the M band as well as the kinetics by which the detached DNA become DNase resistant.
Therapeutic Components Shared by All Psychotherapies

The field of psychotherapy in the United States has presented a bewildering array of theories and techniques accompanied by a deafening cacophony of rival claims. A recent comprehensive review of the field requires over 250 pages simply to describe extant approaches (Wolberg, 1977). Now, however, observers are beginning to detect increasing signs that representatives of different schools are willing to acknowledge the potential value of a range of techniques and to show increasing flexibility in applying them (Goldfried & Padawer, 1983).
Relationships between quantum and classical space-bounded complexity classes

This paper investigates the relative power of space-bounded quantum and classical (probabilistic) computational models. The following relationships are proved. 1. Any probabilistic Turing machine (PTM) which runs in space s and which halts absolutely (i.e. halts with certainty after a finite number of steps) can be simulated in space O(s) by a quantum Turing machine (QTM). If the PTM operates with bounded error, then the QTM may be taken to operate with bounded error as well, although the QTM may not halt absolutely in this case. In the unbounded error case, the QTM may be taken to halt absolutely. 2. Any QTM running in space s can be simulated by an unbounded error PTM running in space O(s). No assumptions on the probability of error or Turing time for the QTM are required, but it is assumed that all transition amplitudes of the quantum machine are rational. It follows that unbounded error, space O(s) bounded quantum Turing machines and probabilistic Turing machines are equivalent in power. This implies that any space s QTM can be simulated deterministically in space O(s/sup 2/), and further that any (unbounded-error) QTM running in log-space can be simulated in NC/sup 2/ We also consider quantum analogues of nondeterministic and one-sided error probabilistic space-bounded classes, and prove some simple relationships regarding these classes.
Percentage Points for the Distribution of Outgoing Quality

Abstract When a consumer buys only a few lots from a producer according to some scheme based on the results of sampling inspection, he should not depend on the average outgoing quality limit as being the upper bound on the defectiveness of the lots he buys. The consumer should, in fact, examine the percentage points of the distribution of outgoing quality. Approximate percentage points for the distribution of outgoing quality for a finite number of lots are found in this paper.
On knowing when to quit: Task failure, self‐esteem, advice, and nonproductive persistence

Past research has found the performance of persons with high self-esteem to improve after failure, especially on tasks for which persistence correlates positively with performance. However, persistence may be nonproductive in some situations. Experiment 1 used a task for which persistence and performance were uncorrelated; subjects high in self-esteem persisted longer but performed worse than did those with low self-esteem, particularly after prior failure feedback. Experiment 2 tested whether differential sensitivity to advice about the efficacy of persistence mediates nonproductive persistence. High self-esteem subjects who received explicit advice against nonproductive persistence on a puzzle-solving task still tended to persist longer on unsolvable puzzles than did low self-esteem subjects. The implications of high self-esteem subjects' tendency to engage in nonproductive persistence are discussed.
Learned taste aversions in humans.

Abstract Taste aversion learning was examined in human adults. Adult patients receiving chemotherapeutic drugs were exposed to one of two distinctively flavored ice creams in a single conditioning session. Flavor preference were subsequently evaluated in a two-ice cream choice test. Significant reductions in preference for the specific flavor consumed before drug treatments were seen. Therefore, adults, like children (and numerous subhuman species) acquire learned taste aversions after a single pairing of a conditioned stimulus (CS) (taste) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) (drug treatment). Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical as well as practical implications.
A Comparison of Songwriting and Lyric Analysis Techniques to Evoke Emotional Change in a Single Session with People Who are Chemically Dependent

The purpose of this study was to determine which music therapy technique was most effective in eliciting emotional change with persons who are chemically dependent during a single session. Participants attended either a songwriting (n = 13) or a lyric analysis group (n = 13). A Visual Analog Mood Scale containing 11 emotion variables was completed prior to and immediately following sessions. No significant differences were found between groups or among the emotion variables between groups for either the pre or posttest data. Significant differences were found among the emotion variables for both the pretest and posttest data. Music therapy significantly increased feelings of acceptance and joy/happiness/enjoyment and significantly reduced feelings of guilty/regretful/blame and fear/distrust. Though not statistically significant, mean emotional change was greater for 10 of 11 variables in the songwriting group. Seventy-five percent of subjects indicated on the Significant Moments in Treatment Questionnaire that music therapy sessions were a significant tool for their recovery. Irrespective of technique, music therapy elicited significant emotional change during a single session and was perceived as therapeutic by the participants.
Superhydrophobic surfaces: From the lotus leaf to the submarine

Abstract In this review we discuss the current state of the art in evaluating the fabrication and performance of biomimetic superhydrophobic materials and their applications in engineering sciences. Superhydrophobicity, often referred to as the lotus effect , could be utilized to design surfaces with minimal skin-friction drag for applications such as self-cleaning and energy conservation. We start by discussing the concept of the lotus effect and continue to present a review of the recent advances in manufacturing superhydrophobic surfaces with ordered and disordered microstructures. We then present a discussion on the resistance of the air–water interface to elevated pressures—the phenomenon that enables a water strider to walk on water. We conclude the article by presenting a brief overview of the latest advancements in studying the longevity of submerged superhydrophobic surfaces for underwater applications.
Baire space and second category extensions

Abstract Nearness structures induced by a T 1 second category or Baire space strict extension are characterized. Given a T 1 topological space it is shown that there exists a one-to-one correspondence between compatible nearness structures satisfying certain stated conditions and T 1 Baire space strict extensions of the space, up to the usual equivalence. A similar result is provided for second category T 1 strict extensions.
Scalable Gigapixel Microscopy without Mechanical Scanning

We report the implementation of a 1.6 gigapixel microscope with a maximum numerical aperture of 0.5 and a field-of-view of ~120 mm^2. Images of histology slides were acquired by using such a platform for demonstration.
Ribosome-Bound Bovine Prolactin and Its Release

The sensitivity of the testicular response to exogenous LH and FSH has been evaluated in sexually immature and mature animals. Male rats were hypophysectomized at 21 days of age (weaning) and 87 days of age (sexually mature). Five days later, NIH—LH—B7 was administered daily for 5 days in doses ranging from 0.04-400 μ/100 g bw/day. Sexually immature males showed no response to any dose of LH, while sexually mature animals responded to 0.66 μg and showed a maximal response to 20 μg. However, the sexually immature 5-day hypophysectomized animal responded to NIH—FSH—S4; 8 μg/100 g bw/day, given over 5 days, significantly increased testicular wt, and 300 μg produced a maximal response. FSH alone failed to stimulate prostate wt. The minimal effective dose of testosterone required to increase prostate wt was identical in immature and mature animals. Thus, failure of prostate wt to respond to LH stimulation was not due to interference with testosterone action. Pretreatment of sexually immature, 5-day hypophysect...
Trace elements in vegetation downwind of a coal-fired power plant.

Concentrations of As, B, Br, Co, Cu, F, Ga, Li, Mo, Ni, Sr, V, and Zn were measured in samples of four different kinds of plant at distances of 8, 12, 16, 24, 40, 70, and 120 km downwind of a large coalfired power plant in New Mexico. Concentrations of B, Br, Co, Li, and Sr decreased with distance from the power plant in grasses, but not in shrubs. Fluorine concentrations decreased in stems of a shrub. These decreases, taken with concentration enrichment and solubility considerations, provide circumstantial evidence that at least B and F trends may be due to power plant stack emissions.
Attitudes toward hypnosis, self-predictions, and hypnotic susceptibility

Abstract Correlation of questionnaire results from a sample of 1326 students with hypnotic susceptibility scores of 340 of these later hypnotized showed (a) that those volunteering for hypnosis were more favorable in attitude than those who did not volunteer, (b) attitudes toward hypnosis were predictive of susceptibility for females, not for males, and (c) self-predictions yielded significant low positive correlations with actual susceptibility for both sexes. Other findings concern differences between those having prior experience with hypnosis and those without such experience.
On the particle terminal velocity in a gas‐liquid medium with liquid as the continuous phase

A mechanistic model was developed to describe the terminal velocity of spherical particles in a gas-liquid medium with liquid as the continuous phase. The model was established based on the momentum balance of a single particle taking into consideration the drag and buoyancy forces due to the liquid phase and the bubble-wake and particle interaction. The bubble-wake and particle interaction coefficient was shown to be a function of the particle properties only. A comparison of the particle terminal velocity between the model prediction and experimental data obtained in this study was also made over a wide range of particle size and gas velocity. On a developpe un modele mecanistique pour decrire la vitesse de chute libre de particules spheriques de un milieu gaz-liquide, le liquide etant la phase continue. Le modele a ete etabli a partir du bilan de la q de mouvement d'une particule unique en prenant en consideration les forces de trainee et de flottabilite dues la phase liquide et l'interaction du sillage des bulles et des particules. On decrit le coefficient d'interaction entre le partet le sillage des bulles comme une fonction des proprietes des particules seulement.Une comparaison des predictions du modele et des resultats experimentaux obtenus dans cette etude pour la vitesse de chute libre des particules, a eg etablie pour une grande variete de tallies de particules et de vitesses du gaz.
Theory of the Propagation of Shock Waves

A new theory of propagation of one-dimensional shock waves is described. The partial differential equations of hydrodynamics and the Hugoniot relation between pressure and particle velocity are used to provide three relations between the four partial derivatives of pressure and particle velocity, with respect to time and distance from the source, at the shock front. An approximate fourth relation is set up by imposing a similarity restraint on the shape of the energy-time curve of the shock wave and by utilizing the second law of thermodynamics to determine, at an arbitrary distance, the distribution of the initial energy input between dissipated energy residual in the fluid already traversed by the shock wave and energy available for further propagation. The four relations are used to formulate a pair of ordinary differential equations for peak pressure and shock wave energy as functions of distance from the source. The theory takes proper account of the finite entropy increment of the fluid produced by the passage of the shock and permits the use of the exact Hugoniot curve of the fluid in the numerical integration of the basic equations.
Ray Optics at a Deep-Subwavelength Scale: A Transformation Optics Approach

We present a transformation optics approach for molding the light flow at the deep-subwavelength scale, using metamaterials with uniquely designed dispersion. By conformal transformation of the electromagnetic space, we develop a methodology for realizing subwavelength ray optics with curved ray trajectories. This enables deep-subwavelength-scale beams to flow through two- or three-dimensional spaces.
Regulation of Gluconeogenesis by Krüppel-like Factor 15

In the postabsorptive state, certain tissues, including the brain, require glucose as the sole source of energy. After an overnight fast, hepatic glycogen stores are depleted, and gluconeogenesis becomes essential for preventing life-threatening hypoglycemia. Mice with a targeted deletion of KLF15, a member of the Kruppel-like family of transcription factors, display severe hypoglycemia after an overnight (18 hr) fast. We provide evidence that defective amino acid catabolism promotes the development of fasting hypoglycemia in KLF15-/- mice by limiting gluconeogenic substrate availability. KLF15-/- liver and skeletal muscle show markedly reduced mRNA expression of amino acid-degrading enzymes. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which converts the critical gluconeogenic amino acid alanine into pyruvate, is decreased (approximately 50%) in KLF15-/- hepatocytes. Consistent with this observation, intraperitoneal injection of pyruvate, but not alanine, rescues fasting hypoglycemia in KLF15-/- mice. We conclude that KLF15 plays an important role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis.
Should Structure Functions Be Used to Estimate Power Laws in Turbulence? A Comparative Study

Second-order structure functions are widely used to characterize turbulence in the inertial range because they are simple to estimate, particularly in comparison to spectral density functions and wavelet variances. Structure function estimators, however, are highly autocorrelated and, as a result, no suitable theory has been established to provide confidence intervals for turbulence parameters when determined via regression fits in log/log space. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to compare the performance of structure function estimators of turbulence parameters with corresponding multitaper spectral and wavelet variance estimators. The simulations indicate that these latter estimators have smaller variances than estimators based upon the structure function. In contrast to structure function estimators, the statistical properties of the multitaper spectral and wavelet variance estimators allow for the construction of confidence intervals for turbulence parameters. The Monte Carlo simulations also confirm the validity of the statistical theory behind the multitaper spectral and wavelet variance estimators. The strengths and weaknesses of the various estimators are further illustrated by analyzing an atmospheric temperature time series.
Oxygen isotopes from conodont apatite of the midcontinent, US: Implications for Late Ordovician climate evolution

Abstract The major glaciation at the end of the Ordovician is associated with the 2nd largest mass extinction event of the Phanerozoic. Growth of Late Ordovician ice sheets requires a dramatic cooling from the ‘greenhouse’ conditions that prevailed for most of the Ordovician, but when and how fast this cooling occurred are controversial issues. The controversy is due in large part to a lack of good geochemical constraints on the temperature history of the Katian (453–445.2 Ma). To address this uncertainty, we measured phosphate δ18O values from 3 conodont species collected from sections in the midcontinent region of the United States that span an ~ 5.7 m.yr. long interval covering most of the Katian. Results reveal a statistically significant offset in δ18O values between some taxa and show up to 2‰ differences among samples. However, there are no apparent long-term trends within or between sections; rather, values fluctuate around a δ18O mean of ~ 19‰ VSMOW. Our study provides the longest, relatively high resolution, species specific conodont record generated for this interval, and we found no evidence supporting progressive cooling during the Katian.
On Terminating Psychotherapy: More Evidence of Sex-Role Related Countertransference

This study was designed to investigate therapists’ affective reactions to and technical management of the termination of psychotherapy as a function of therapist sex. It was anticipated that if therapists need to protect themselves from the painful aspects of termination, they might abandon therapeutic roles for less threatening sex roles. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that male therapists might be less emotionally available and responsive than female clinicians during the terminal phase of psychotherapy, following cultural prescriptions for the display of emotions by the two sexes. The major findings, providing partial empirical support, revealed differential responses to termination as a function of the interaction of therapist sex and therapeutic orientation. Female therapists ascribing to other than a psychoanalytic orientation were found to become more anxious and emotionally closer to their patients at termination, compared to their male counterparts.
Ball lens reflections by direct solution of Maxwell`s equations

We calculate ball lens reflections, using the exact solution of Maxwell's equations for the scattering of a beam from a dielectric sphere. Our results are consistent to within 1 dB with measurements of backreflection to a single-mode fiber. We also calculate backreflection to an astigmatic spot laser diode.
Arylaminopeptidase Activities of Oral Bacteria

Protease and peptidase enzymes are thought to play a role in the virulence of many oral organisms, especially those associated with periodontal diseases. In order to evaluate the peptidases of periodontopathogens, we compared the arylaminopeptidase activities of Bacteroides gingivalis with those of other oral and non-oral bacteria. Sixty-three bacterial strains representing the prominent cultivable organisms in human periodontal pockets were tested, including representatives of the black-pigmented Bacteroides, Actinobacillus, Actinomyces, Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Veillonella species. Each micro-organism was examined for its ability to hydrolyze 18 synthetic substrates of β-naphthylamide derivatives of amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides. Quantitation of the enzyme activity was accomplished by colorimetric measurement of the amounts of released β-naphthylamines.N-CBz-glycyl-glycyl-L-arginine-β-naphthylamide was readily clea...