cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining on-fault earthquake magnitude distributions from integer programming

Abstract Earthquake magnitude distributions among faults within a fault system are determined from regional seismicity and fault slip rates using binary integer programming. A synthetic earthquake catalog (i.e., list of randomly sampled magnitudes) that spans millennia is first formed, assuming that regional seismicity follows a Gutenberg-Richter relation. Each earthquake in the synthetic catalog can occur on any fault and at any location. The objective is to minimize misfits in the target slip rate for each fault, where slip for each earthquake is scaled from its magnitude. The decision vector consists of binary variables indicating which locations are optimal among all possibilities. Uncertainty estimates in fault slip rates provide explicit upper and lower bounding constraints to the problem. An implicit constraint is that an earthquake can only be located on a fault if it is long enough to contain that earthquake. A general mixed-integer programming solver, consisting of a number of different algorithms, is used to determine the optimal decision vector. A case study is presented for the State of California, where a 4 kyr synthetic earthquake catalog is created and faults with slip ≥3 mm/yr are considered, resulting in > 10 6 variables. The optimal magnitude distributions for each of the faults in the system span a rich diversity of shapes, ranging from characteristic to power-law distributions.
Convolutional Sequence Modeling Revisited

This paper revisits the problem of sequence modeling using convolutional architectures. Although both convolutional and recurrent architectures have a long history in sequence prediction, the current "default" mindset in much of the deep learning community is that generic sequence modeling is best handled using recurrent networks. The goal of this paper is to question this assumption. Specifically, we consider a simple generic temporal convolution network (TCN), which adopts features from modern ConvNet architectures such as a dilations and residual connections. We show that on a variety of sequence modeling tasks, including many frequently used as benchmarks for evaluating recurrent networks, the TCN outperforms baseline RNN methods (LSTMs, GRUs, and vanilla RNNs) and sometimes even highly specialized approaches. We further show that the potential "infinite memory" advantage that RNNs have over TCNs is largely absent in practice: TCNs indeed exhibit longer effective history sizes than their recurrent counterparts. As a whole, we argue that it may be time to (re)consider ConvNets as the default "go to" architecture for sequence modeling.
Advice-Giving in Parent Counseling:

The giving of advice by caseworkers and the reactions of parents to advice are explored by analysis of tape-recorded caseworker-parent interviews
The Effect of Paid Leave on Maternal Mental Health

Objectives I examined the relationship between paid maternity leave and maternal mental health among women returning to work within 12 weeks of childbirth, after 12 weeks, and those returning specifically to full-time work within 12 weeks of giving birth. Methods I used data from 3850 women who worked full-time before childbirth from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort. I utilized propensity score matching techniques to address selection bias. Mental health was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale, with high scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. Results Returning to work after giving birth provided psychological benefits to women who used to work full-time before childbirth. The average CESD score of women who returned to work was 0.15 standard deviation (p < 0.01) lower than the average CESD score of all women who worked full-time before giving birth. Shorter leave, on the other hand, was associated with adverse effects on mental health. The average CESD score of women who returned within 12 weeks of giving birth was 0.13 standard deviation higher (p < 0.05) than the average CESD score of all women who rejoined labor market within 9 months of giving birth. However, receipt of paid leave was associated with an improved mental health outcome. Among all women who returned to work within 12 weeks of childbirth, those women who received some paid leave had a 0.17 standard deviation (p < 0.05) lower CESD score than the average CESD score. The result was stronger for women who returned to full-time work within 12 weeks of giving birth, with a 0.32 standard deviation (p < 0.01) lower CESD score than the average CESD score. Conclusions The study revealed that the negative psychological effect of early return to work after giving birth was alleviated when women received paid leave.
Middlebox-Based Packet-Level Redundancy Elimination Over Encrypted Network Traffic

To eliminate redundant transfers over WAN links and improve network efficiency, middleboxes have been deployed at ingress/egress. These middleboxes can operate on individual packets and are application layer protocol transparent. They can identify and remove duplicated byte strings on the fly. However, with the increasing use of HTTPS, current redundancy elimination (RE) solution can no longer work without violating end-to-end privacy. In this paper, we present RE over encrypted traffic (REET), the first middlebox-based system that supports both intra-user and inter-user packet-level RE directly over encrypted traffic. REET realizes this by using a novel protocol with limited overhead and protects end users from honest-but-curious middleboxes. We implement REET and show its performance for both end users and middleboxes using several hundred gigabytes of network traffic traces collected from a large U.S. university.
Dynamics and Singularity of Boundary Flows

In this chapter, the switchability and attractivity of boundary flows to (n − 2) - dimensional edges will be discussed in order to understand edge and vertex dynamics in discontinuous dynamical systems. The basic properties of boundary flows to edges will be discussed first. The coming, leaving and tangency of a boundary flow to an (n − 2) -dimensional edge will be presented. The switchability and passability of a boundary flow from an accessible boundary to another accessible boundary will be presented with a switching rule. In addition, the switchability and passability of boundary flows and domain flows will be discussed with a switching rule. The equi-measuring edge for boundary flows will be introduced, and the attractivity of a boundary flow to the (n − 2) -dimensional edge will be presented. Finally, the bouncing characteristics of a boundary flow to the (n − 2) -dimensional edge will be discussed.
Generics, delegates and functional programming in C# 2.0

Functions are first class objects in functional languages such as Scheme or ML - functions can be passed as parameters, functions can construct and return functions. The functional style of programming that this allows is quite distinct from the style normally used with languages such as Java, C or C++. Delegates in C# allow mimicking important features of functional programming in a rather different way than in Java [3]. C# 2.0 introduces features such as generic classes, generic delegates and anonymous methods which make functional programming even easier and more natural. Generic delegates and anonymous methods are used to model functional programming in C# 2.0. This allows the use of a functional programming style in C# and is a tool for exploring some of the interesting new features of C# from outside the box.
SURFACE MEMBRANES OF TUMOR CELLS

Surface membrane glycoproteins of tumor cells contain glycopeptides characteristic of transformed fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Loosely associated and more intrinsic membrane glycoproteins of transformed cells, metabolically labeled, show striking differences in the specific activity of the hydrolyzable fucose residues. Pronase digestion and chromatographic purification separate four fucose-containing glycopeptides unique for transformed cells from three common to normal and transformed cells. One transformation-specific glycopeptide, which has been sequenced by treatment with exoglycosidases and quantitation of the released monosaccharides, contains three oligosaccharide branches, each terminating in sialic acid. The core contains β-D-mannose and α-L-fucose. The putative structure is given and reinforces previous suggestions that transformation specific glycopeptides are more complex than those from normal cells.
Impact of Cardiac Risk Factors in the Postsurgical Outcomes of Patients With Cleft Palate: Analysis of the 2012-2014 NSQIP Database.

Objective:To assess the risk of complication in patients undergoing cleft palate repair with congenital cardiac comorbidities in a large, national cohort.Design:Retrospective review.Patients/Settin...
Multistate occupancy modeling improves understanding of amphibian breeding dynamics in the Greater Yellowstone Area

Discerning the determinants of species occurrence across landscapes is fundamental to their conservation and management. In spatially and climatologically complex landscapes, explaining the dynamics of occurrence can lead to improved understanding of short- vs. long-term trends and offer novel insight on local vs. regional change. We examined the changes in occupancy for two species of anurans with different life histories over a decade using hundreds of wetland sites in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. To account for the joint dynamics of wetland drying and amphibian breeding, we adopted a multistate occupancy model as a means to investigate mechanistic relationships of observed occurrence patterns with climatological drivers of wetland hydrologic variability. This approach allowed us to decompose occupancy dynamics into habitat changes caused by wetland drying and amphibian breeding activity, conditional on available water and previous breeding state. Over our 10-yr time series, we observed considerable variability in climate drivers and the proportion of dry wetlands. Boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata) were more responsive to changes in wetland inundation status than Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris), as indicated by higher breeding colonization probabilities under favorable (wet) conditions. Both species had high probabilities of breeding persistence in permanently inundated wetlands with prior breeding. Despite the absence of multi-year drought in our time series, mechanistic relationships described here offer insights on how future climate variation may result in reduced and/or shifted occurrence patterns for pond-breeding anurans in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Further, our modeling approach may prove valuable in evaluating determinants of occurrence for other species that are dependent on wetlands or other dynamic habitats.
Agricultural technology commercialisation: stakeholders, business models, and abiotic stressors – part 2

Innovative agricultural technologies that bolster food value chains (FVCs) in developing countries can improve the livelihoods of millions of people while furthering food security. The first part of this article described a typology of business models that entrepreneurs can employ to integrate their technologies into FVCs. This part completes the typology by describing business models that leverage partnerships with entities like financing agencies, educational institutions, and localised manufacturing facilities to enhance access to the technology product. The impacts of abiotic stressors like access to capital, supply chain resiliency, and ownership dynamics are discussed with the objective of helping entrepreneurs make informed business strategy decisions. The article culminates with a discussion on how various models in the typology can be integrated to yield hybrid approaches that overcome diverse stressors while maximising the venture’s potential for long-term sustainability and large-scale impact.
The Public Intellectual, Service Learning, and Activist Research.

hile I support the good intentions of those who have recently proposed definitions of the public intellectual, I find these definitions problematic in their narrow delineation of the word "public"-they focus on a "public" consisting of middle and upper class policy makers, administrators, and professionals, and, in doing so, omit an important site for uniting knowledge-making and political action: the local community. Canvassing the letters submitted to the October 1997 PMLA forum on intellectual work in the twenty-first century, one notices numerous tensions regarding the larger public role of the intellectual:
Assessing Vitamin Status

Detection of suboptimal vitamin status at the early stages is desirable, as correction at these stages may prevent the manifestation of overt deficiency disorders involving irreversible morphological changes. Nutritional assessment may be utilized to characterize the nutritional status of populations and individuals and includes five methodologies: dietary assessment, biochemical assessment, clinical assessment, anthropometric assessment, and sociologic assessment. Biomarkers, assessed in blood and tissues, may be utilized to assess the current and stored metabolic function of vitamins. Many nations use national nutrition surveys to track the nutritional adequacy of the food supply and to identify population demographics at particular risk of deficiencies. Despite efforts to conduct nutritional surveillance and to prevent nutrient deficiency disorders, global undernutrition remains a public health concern, affecting nearly 800 million people and contributing to up to half of all childhood deaths. Providing adequate food in ways that preventing vitamin and other nutritional deficiencies will be a significant challenge as the world population grows to over 9 billion by 2050.
Connecting Heterogeneous Electronic Health Record Systems Using Tangle.

Currently, Electronic Medical Records (EHRs) are centralized and arduous to move around. Getting crucial information in front of a doctor shouldn’t be as difficult as it is. We want to solve a core problem of how to distribute transparent, updated medical data to a network of caregivers securely. Due to the current centralized nature of data ownership, there would be no guarantee to deliver untampered up-to-date information unless distributed ledgers or shared data structure is used. The number of patients is continually increasing, and it requires a system that would be able to keep track of a decentralized record of each patient, but at the same time, it should be able to scale to the proportions necessary for handling the increasing network throughput. Our approach from this study is to provide a new enhanced secure and trustable network platform between care providers and patients by sharing data using Tangle, where data is structured using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to store its EHRs ledger, with the primary motivation of being scalable.
Functional Electrical Stimulation

If a motor nerve is stimulated from an external electrode, the resulting action potential will propagate to the innervated muscle and a twitch will be produced. The muscle responds to the artificially initiated nerve signal just as it would a naturally occurring signal. For patients with (for example) spinal cord injury, signals originating in the brain may be unable to reach the desired motoneuron because of a transected cord. In this case, the affected muscle is paralyzed although it may, otherwise, be healthy and capable of excitation and contraction. In this situation an artificial signal initiated in the nerve will evoke a response. Devising strategies for the stimulation of motoneurons (or the muscle itself) to effect desired muscle contraction is the goal of functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS), and the subject of this chapter.
Cs+-Selective Ion Exchange and Magnetic Ordering in a Three-Dimensional Framework Uranyl Vanadium(IV) Phosphate

A three-dimensional framework uranyl vanadium(IV) phosphate, K3.48[(UO2)(VO)4H1.52(PO4)5], has been prepared by hydrothermal methods and structurally characterized. The K+ cations in this compound can be selectively exchanged with Cs+. This compound also undergoes antiferromagnetic ordering at 52(2) K.
Towards pixel-to-pixel deep nucleus detection in microscopy images

Nucleus or cell detection is a fundamental task in microscopy image analysis and supports many other quantitative studies such as object counting, segmentation, tracking, etc. Deep neural networks are emerging as a powerful tool for biomedical image computing; in particular, convolutional neural networks have been widely applied to nucleus/cell detection in microscopy images. However, almost all models are tailored for specific datasets and their applicability to other microscopy image data remains unknown. Some existing studies casually learn and evaluate deep neural networks on multiple microscopy datasets, but there are still several critical, open questions to be addressed. We analyze the applicability of deep models specifically for nucleus detection across a wide variety of microscopy image data. More specifically, we present a fully convolutional network-based regression model and extensively evaluate it on large-scale digital pathology and microscopy image datasets, which consist of 23 organs (or cancer diseases) and come from multiple institutions. We demonstrate that for a specific target dataset, training with images from the same types of organs might be usually necessary for nucleus detection. Although the images can be visually similar due to the same staining technique and imaging protocol, deep models learned with images from different organs might not deliver desirable results and would require model fine-tuning to be on a par with those trained with target data. We also observe that training with a mixture of target and other/non-target data does not always mean a higher accuracy of nucleus detection, and it might require proper data manipulation during model training to achieve good performance. We conduct a systematic case study on deep models for nucleus detection in a wide variety of microscopy images, aiming to address several important but previously understudied questions. We present and extensively evaluate an end-to-end, pixel-to-pixel fully convolutional regression network and report a few significant findings, some of which might have not been reported in previous studies. The model performance analysis and observations would be helpful to nucleus detection in microscopy images.
TCT-539 Novel Predictors of New Persistent Left Bundle Branch Block after Edwards Sapien 3 TAVR.

New persistent left bundle branch block (NP-LBBB) has been associated with adverse outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), but few predictors have thus far been reported. We sought to identify predictors of NP-LBBB after TAVR with the Edwards Sapien3 (S3) valve. From October
A resource query interface for network-aware applications

Networked systems provide a cost-effective platform for parallel computing, but the applications have to deal with the changing availability of computation and communication resources. Network-awareness is a recent attempt to bridge the gap between the realities of networks and the demands of applications. Network-aware applications obtain information about their execution environment and dynamically adapt to enhance their performance. Adaptation is especially important for synchronous parallel applications because a single busy communication link can become the bottleneck and degrade overall performance dramatically. This paper presents Remos, a uniform API that allows applications to obtain relevant network information, and reports on the development of parallel applications in this environment. The challenges in defining a uniform interface include network heterogeneity, diversity and variability in network traffic, and resource sharing in the network and even inside an application. The first implementation of the Remos interface uses SNMP to monitor IP-based networks. This paper reports on our methodology for developing adaptive parallel applications for high-speed networks with Remos and presents experimental results using applications generated by the Fx parallelizing compiler. The results highlight the importance and effectiveness of adaptive parallel computing.
Does how you treat yourself affect your health? The relationship between health-promoting behaviors and self-compassion among a community sample:

This study explores the relationship between self-compassion, or treating oneself with kindness and acceptance, using the Self-Compassion Scale, and health-promoting behaviors, using the Health-Pro...
Sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems via reweighted ℓ1-regularized least squares

Abstract This work proposes an iterative sparse-regularized regression method to recover governing equations of nonlinear dynamical systems from noisy state measurements. The method is inspired by the Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (SINDy) approach of Brunton et al. (2016), which relies on two main assumptions: the state variables are known a priori and the governing equations lend themselves to sparse, linear expansions in a (nonlinear) basis of the state variables. The aim of this work is to improve the accuracy and robustness of SINDy in the presence of state measurement noise. To this end, a reweighted l 1 -regularized least squares solver is developed, wherein the regularization parameter is selected from the corner point of a Pareto curve. The idea behind using weighted l 1 -norm for regularization – instead of the standard l 1 -norm – is to better promote sparsity in the recovery of the governing equations and, in turn, mitigate the effect of noise in the state variables. We also present a method to recover single physical constraints from state measurements. Through several examples of well-known nonlinear dynamical systems, we demonstrate empirically the accuracy and robustness of the reweighted l 1 -regularized least squares strategy with respect to state measurement noise, thus illustrating its viability for a wide range of potential applications.
Characteristics, precursors, and potential predictability of Amu Darya Drought in an Earth system model large ensemble

The socioeconomic stability of the Central Asian Republics in the Amu Darya watershed is sensitive to drought. Activities related to agriculture employ a large fraction of the population and are responsible for at least one-fifth of the gross domestic products of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. Toward building a predictive understanding that may be applied to drought early warning practices, the characteristics, precursors and potential predictability of agricultural drought in the Amu Darya watershed are examined in a large ensemble of Community Earth System Model version 1 simulations during 1920–2019. Agricultural drought is examined over Upper and Lower regions of the Amu Darya watershed, which have different mean hydroclimates, and is defined by 1-m soil moisture deficits lasting three or more months. The likelihood of drought onset and demise is phase-locked with the seasonal cycle of precipitation of each region, but with some notable differences. For the Upper region, drought onset and demise are three times more likely to occur during Autumn and Spring than other seasons. For the Lower region, drought onset and demise are three times more likely to occur during November–April than during Summer. Precipitation anomalies drive drought onset and demise during the climatological wet periods of both regions while temperatures play a smaller role. The probability of drought onset and demise is modulated by La Nina and El Nino, which control the interannual variability of precipitation over the Central Asian Republics during their wet seasons, indicating that the state of the El Nino Southern Oscillation serves as a key predictor of agricultural drought phase changes.
An Update on the Latest Treatment Approaches with Suicidal Adolescents

To summarize the literature on the treatment of suicidal adolescents in order to determine the psychotherapy approach with the strongest evidence as well as the core treatment techniques that cut across therapies. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) has the strongest evidence base of any current treatment approach for suicidal adolescents, but it is also the most time intensive and expensive. Different variations of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and family therapy also have some limited evidence for efficacy. Although safety planning does not have stand-alone, empirical support to date with adolescents, safety planning is often integrated into the various therapies and has become part of standard care. Ketamine as a psychopharmacologic treatment is just beginning to be studied with suicidal adolescents. Suicidal adolescents are a heterogeneous population presenting with varying levels of symptom severity that require clinicians to use flexible treatment protocols. Techniques used in DBT, and many CBT, protocols, including affect regulation, distress tolerance, and building interpersonal awareness and effectiveness skills, are typically core components of treatment. The use of digital technology to extend and enhance treatment of suicidal adolescents seems promising, but is just being tested. Other adjunctive interventions, such as positive affect enhancement, may also be useful additions to the treatment of suicidal adolescents but have limited evidence to date.
Candidate Gene Test for Quantitative Trait Loci Conferring Hypercholesterolemia on Mouse Chromosome 1

Objectives The TALLYHO (TH) mouse is a polygenic model for obesity, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia. We previously established a subcongenic mouse with TH donor segment, ∼25 Mb, on chromosome (Chr) 1 in a C57BL/6J (B6) background that harbors quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring hypercholesterolemia, named Tchol1 (Tallyho Associated Cholesterol 1). The subcongenic mouse developed hypercholesterolemia compared to B6 mice demonstrating that distal segment of Chr 1 from TH genome is necessary to cause the hypercholesterolemia. In this study, we tested the candidacy of the apolipoprotein A2 (Apoa2) gene for Tachol1 by the quantitative complementation test. Apoa2, known regulator of cholesterol metabolism, maps to the Tchol1 locus.
Renéee Binder, MD: Helping us claim our future

On October 22, 1998, a landmark presidential address was given at the opening of the 29th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (AAPL) in New Orleans, Louisiana. Renee Binder, MD, the second woman to serve as AAPL President, stood well-prepared behind the lectern on the
Something Old, Something New: Three Point Vortices on the Plane

The classic problem of three point vortex motion on the plane is revisited by using the interior angles of the vortex triangle, $$\theta_{j}$$ , $$j=1,2,3$$ , as the key system variables instead of the lengths of the triangle sides, $$s_{j}$$ , as has been used classically. Similar to the classic approach, the relative vortex motion can be represented in a phase space, with the topology of the level curves characterizing the motion. In contrast to the classic approach, the alternate formulation gives a compact, consistent phase space representation and facilitates comparisons of vortex motion in a co-moving frame. This alternate formulation is used to explore the vortex behavior in the two canonical cases of equal vortex strength magnitudes, $$\Gamma_{1}=\Gamma_{2}=\Gamma_{3}$$ and $$\Gamma_{1}=\Gamma_{2}=-\Gamma_{3}$$ .
Personal Jurisdiction After Goodyear and Macintyre One Step Forward; One Step Backward?

The 2011 Supreme Court decisions in Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 131 S. Ct. 2846 (2011) and J. McIntyre Mach., Ltd. v. Nicastro, 131 S. Ct. 2780 (2011) created expectations of a restrained approach to the exercise of personal jurisdiction by state and federal trial courts. The decisions seemed to be an attempt to reign in state and federal district courts which were trending to an expansive application of previous Supreme Court decisions using confusing and expansive analyses to extend personal jurisdiction over both non-U.S. affiliates of U.S. based companies and non-U.S. based manufacturers. While neither Goodyear nor McIntyre erased all concerns, they did raise hopes in the world wide business community. These hopes have been dashed by a number of inconsistent trial court and appellate decisions which confound predictability and further complicate the environment surveyed by businesses contemplating transactions or expansion in the United States. Issued the same day, the Supreme Court decisions in Goodyear and McIntyre provided guidelines for manufacturers concerned about the prospect of defending their products in United States courts. The Supreme Court’s instruction in Goodyear concerning
The Sociology of Food and Nutrition A Sociological Assessment

Sociologists have made few self-conscious efforts in the study of food and nutrition as potential sources of social phenomenon. Founding sociological theorists such as Marx, Simmel, Sorokin, and Mead and contemporary theorists such as Bourdieu, Collins, Lenski, Wallerstein, Goldstone, Tilly, Lamont, and others have used food as a scarce resource or as a symbol of class membership and nutrition as a state of deprivation to develop sociological theories of a general nature. A growing number of rural sociologists have enjoined efforts that contribute to such a subfield, but these largely concern labor and equity issues.
Acceleration mapping on Consort 5

The Consort 5 rocket carrying a set of commercial low-gravity experiments experienced a significant side thrust from an apparent burn-through of the second-stage motor just prior to cut-off. The resulting angular momentum could not be removed by the attitude rate control system, thus the payload was left in an uncontrollable rocking/tumbling mode. Although the primary low-gravity emphasis mission requirements could not be met, it was hoped that some science could be salvaged by mapping the acceleration field over the vehicle so that each investigator could correlate his or her results with the acceleration environment at his or her experiment location. This required some detective work to obtain the body rates and moment of inertia ratios required to solve the full set of Euler equations for a tri-axial rigid body. The techniques for acceleration mapping described in this paper may be applicable to other low-gravity emphasis missions.
Contrasting the Goals, Strategies, and Predictions Associated with Simplified Numerical Models and Detailed Simulations

Numerical models in geomorphology and geophysics can be arranged along a continuum with 'simulation models' at one end and highly simplified, 'exploratory models' at the other. Simulation models are designed to reproduce a natural system as completely as possible; to simulate as wide a range of behaviors, in as much detail, and with as much quantitative accuracy as can be achieved. To accomplish this goal, a modeler typically strives to include all the processes that could significantly affect the quantitative accuracy of the model, and typically treats the processes in as much detail as is practical. In this case, model evaluation naturally consists of quantitatively comparing predicted variable values to corresponding measurements made in the field or laboratory. At the other end of this model spectrum, exploratory models arise when trying to discover what processes or interactions produce some poorly understood phenomenon-when searching for the clearest, simplest explanation. In this case, a modeler strives to include as few processes as possible while reproducing the poorly understood aspects of the phenomenon in question, to find the essential mechanisms. In exploratory models, quantitative accuracy is not as important as simplifying the formalism to investigate the general features of the interactions and feedbacks capable of causing a poorly understood behavior; a quantitatively accurate match with a wide variety of observations may not be expected. As with simulation models, a quantitative match with specific observations may be achievable by tuning parameters and the form of model interactions. However, a better model-testing strategy in these cases involves robust predictions that do not depend on the details of the formal representations of processes in the model, but result inevitably from the most general aspects of the model interactions. Testing such predictions can falsify the basic hypotheses the model is designed to explore.
Additional stability results with bounded controls

This note is a simplified version of Teel (1994), it discusses, on a less technical level, only those problems that are closely related to the control of linear systems. Three results are presented. The first is that, for linear systems asymptotically null controllable with bounded controls, global asymptotic stability can be achieved which is robust to a class of stable nonlinear dynamic perturbations driven by the input. The second result is that the domain of attraction which can be achieved for an exponentially unstable system with a 'nice' bounded control is limited only by the domain of attraction which can be achieved with a 'nice' bounded control for the unstable subspace. As a simple example, the author discusses the linearized model of the inverted pendulum on a cart. The third result is that linear systems with simultaneous actuator rate and magnitude saturation and small time delays are no more difficult to globally asymptotically stabilize than linear systems with actuator magnitude saturation only. >
The logic of dreams

We understand half the mind fairly well and the other half barely at all—which is surprising given the suggestive facts that are all around us, scattered like shells on the beach at low tide, so plentiful it is hard to avoid crunching them underfoot. Most cognitive scientists do largely succeed, though, in proposing theories that simply ignore the nonanalytic, non-problem-solving, non-goal-directed aspect of thought. It would be absurd for me to claim that my work (or that of the small number of others who are interested in these problems) accounts for all the neglected facts. It doesn’t, but at least it acknowledges that they exist and need explaining.
Outline of a General Emotion-Based Theory of Temperament

Any theory of personality which is to be comprehensive must provide answers to the following questions. The first set of three contemporaneous questions addresses the interrelationships among behavioral, personality, and situational variables: (1) How is behavior a function of personality? (2) How is behavior a function of situation? (3) How is behavior a function of the interaction of personality and situation? The second set of longitudinal questions addresses issues of development and modification of personality over time: (4) How does personality develop over time? (5) What interventions are needed to modify personality?
Emerald mineralization and metasomatism of amphibolite, Khaltaro granitic pegmatite-hydrothermal vein system, Haramosh Mountains, northern Pakistan

Emerald mineralization is found within 0.1- to 1-m-thick hydrothermal veins and granitic pegmatites cutting amphibolite within the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh massif, in northern Pakistan. The amphibolite forms a sill-like body within garnet-mica schist, and both are part of a regional layered gneiss unit of Proterozoic (?) age. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data for muscovite from a pegmatite yield a plateau age of 9.13+ or -0.04 Ma. Muscovite from mica schist and hornblende from amphibolite yield disturbed spectra with interpreted ages of 9 to 10 Ma and more than 225 Ma, respectively, which indicate that peak Tertiary metamorphism reached 325 to 550 degrees C prior to 10 Ma. Pegmatites were emplaced after peak metamorphism during this interval and are older than pegmatites farther south in the massif. At Khaltaro, simply zoned albite-rich miarolitic pegmatites and hydrothermal veins containing various proportions of quartz, albite, tourmaline, muscovite, and beryl are associated with a 1- to 3-m-thick heterogeneous leucogranite sill, that is locally albitized. The pegmatites likely crystallized at 650 to 600 degrees C at pressures of less than 2 kbar. Crystals of emerald form within thin ( 0.20, 0.54-0.89 wt%), to pale blue beryl (< or =0.07, 0.10-0.63%), to colorless beryl (<0.07, 0.07-0.28%). The amphibolite is metasomatized in less than 20-cm-wide selvages that are symmetrically zoned around veins or pegmatites. A sporadic inner zone containing F-rich biotite, tourmaline, and fluorite, with local albite, muscovite, quartz, and rare beryl, gives way to an intermediate zone containing biotite and fluorite with local plagioclase and quartz, and to an outer zone of amphibolite containing sparse biotite and local quartz. The inner and intermediate zones experienced gains of K, H, F, B, Li, Rb, Cs, Be, Ta, Nb, As, Y and Sr, and losses of Si, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cr, V and Sc. The outer alteration zone has gained F, Li, Rb, Cs, and As. Oxygen isotope analyses of igneous and hydrothermal minerals indicate that a single fluid of magmatic origin with delta 18 OH 2 O = 8 per mil produced the pegmatite-vein system and hydrothermal alteration at temperatures between 550 and 400 degrees C. The formation of emerald result from introduction of HF-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids into the amphibolite, which caused hydrogen ion metasomatism and released Cr and Fe into the pegmatite-vein system.
Stability Phase‐Fields and Pyrochlore Formation in Sections of the Bi2O3–Al2O3–Fe2O3–Nb2O5 System

Bismuth-niobate-based ceramic materials are of interest for embedded elements such as capacitors and filters because they exhibit high relative dielectric permittivities and tend to be processible at temperatures in the 1000°–1200°C range. As part of ongoing studies of phase equilibria and structure–property relations in this class of electroceramics, a limited study of sections in the Bi2O3–Al2O3–FeO3–Nb2O5 system was conducted. In contrast to published reports, a pyrochlore phase was not found in the ternary subsystem Bi2O3–Al2O3–Nb2O5, despite detailed syntheses, which included controlled heatings up to and above the solidus: except for solid solutions of Al2O3 in binary Bi2O3–Nb2O5 phases (i.e., fluorite-related Bi3NbO7 and Bi5Nb3O15), no distinct ternary compounds were observed to form. In the quaternary Bi2O3–Al2O3–FeO3–Nb2O5 system, a pyrochlore solid solution was confirmed along a line from Bi1.657Fe1.092Nb1.150O7 (=42.50:28.00:29.50 Bi2O3:Fe2O3:Nb2O5) up to the limiting composition Bi1.657Al0.328Fe0.764Nb1.150O7 (=42.50:8.400:19.60:29.50 Bi2O3:Al2O3:Fe2O3:Nb2O5), corresponding to substitution of 30% of the Fe3+ with Al3+. This result suggests that the large pyrochlore phase-field in the Bi–Fe–Nb–O system extends into the quaternary Bi–Al–Fe–Nb–O system to form a single-phase volume of pyrochore solid solutions by dissolving appreciable amounts of Al2O3. The Bi–Al–Fe–Nb–O pyrochlore phases exhibited low-temperature dielectric relaxation characteristic of bismuth-based pyrochlores. The substitution of Al for Fe resulted in a small increase in relative dielectric permittivity (from 125 to ≈135 at 1 MHz, ≈200 K), and a decrease in the temperature (from ≈130 to ≈120 K) corresponding to the peak in the dielectric loss.
Structural Dynamics and Quasistatic Aeroelastic Equations of Motion

behavior is that a minimum interval corresponding to two turns of the main rotor is required to allow the transient engine dynamics to settle down toward a new steady state following each application of the controls. The time constant associated with a  rst-order approximation to the engine governormodel is typically 0.397 s. This is more than double the time interval of 0.1755 s that corresponds to one full turn of the main rotor. This explanation can be veri ed by reducing the engine model time constants s e1, s e2 , and s e3 to 1% of their nominal values. The results improve, and a control application interval of once per revolution produces smooth control time histories and engine states.
Seismic Induced Nonlinear Rotor-Bearing-Casing Interaction of Rotating Nuclear Components

The study of the dynamics of turbomachinery during seismic events has been of continuous interest to both researchers and designers of large rotating equipment. Failure in such equipment, especially those associated with nuclear power generation, can lead to catastrophic consequences. Hence, there is a general trend for corporations to “overdesign” the equipment without any indepth understanding of the dynamical performance of the machine under extreme operating conditions. The overall objectives of this paper are fourfold, namely: (1) To study the nonlinear dynamics of rotor-bearing casing system during rub interactions; (2) To examine the effects of suddenly induced imbalance and base motion in the global dynamical behavior of the system: (3) To develop engineering insights through the modal parameters in both time and frequency domain; (4) To generate signature analysis on rub forces for pattern recognition. These goals are achieved through the development of a modal impact model. Accuracy and efficiency of this transient model are maintained using a self-adaptive integration scheme. A numerical FFT scheme is applied to examine the modal participations, bearing forces, and rub signatures in the frequency domain. A typical nuclear water pump will be used as an example for this approach.
Multidimensional DIF Analyses: The Effects of Matching on Unidimensional Subtest Scores:

Popular techniques for assessing differential item functioning (DIF) assume that the test under study is unidimensional. When this assumption is tenable, number-correct score is a reasonable matching criterion. When a test is intentionally multidimensional, matching on a single test score does not ensure comparability and may result in inflated error rates. An alternate approach is to match on all relevant traits simultaneously, using a procedure such as logistic regression. In this study, data were generated to simulate two-dimensional tests. The dimensional structure of the tests, the discrimination levels of the items, and the correlation between the traits measured by the test were varied. Standard DIF analyses were conducted using total test score as the matching variable. High false-positive error rates were found. Items were divided into subtests using nonlinear factor analysis and DIF analyses were repeated with subtest scores as the matching criteria. False-positive error rates were reduced for m...
Overview of parallel processing research in Japan

Abstract This paper gives an overview of Japanese research and development efforts on the parallel processing architectures. Projects are categorized by their application domains. Following an introduction, general trends and some examples of research projects for each of the application domains such as artificial intelligence, numerical processing, and others like database, image, graphics, etc. are presented.
Stability of purified barley stripe mosaic virus.

Abstract Purified barley stripe mosaic virus was more stable between pH 6.0 and 6.5 than at higher and lower pH levels. The stability decreased rapidly below pH 5.5 and above pH 7.0. The virus was more stable at pH 7.0 in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer than in phosphate buffer. A detergent, Igepon T-73 (sodium N -methyl N -oleoyl taurate), decreased the stability of purified virus, whereas it had no effect on the stability of unpurified virus. The virus was more stable at ionic strengths of about 0.1 to 0.2 than at higher or lower ionic strengths. The effect of any one of these factors on the stability of the virus depended on the level of the other factors and on the degree of purity of the virus. In 0.1% Igepon T-73 or at an ionic strength of 0.06, purified virus was more stable when highly concentrated than when dilute. This fact suggested that the virus combined with a second component in the purified preparation. Since the diluted purified virus was stabilized by addition of an extract from healthy barley plants, this second component may have been a component of the host plant. The component from healthy barley plants that stabilized the purified virus in 0.05% Igepon T-73 would not pass through dialysis tubing, was heat stable, was precipitated by ethanol and by ammonium sulfate, and was not soluble in acetone, ether, or chloroform. Extracts of plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Cucurbita pepo L., Triticum aestivum L., Nicotiana rustica L., and N. glutinosa L., also stabilized barley stripe mosaic virus. Several methods of clarification for removal of host components before purification were tested.
High-energy point-projection radiography of a driven, shielded Hohlraum

Point projection backlighting is a high magnification, high resolution x-ray backlighting configuration that provides detailed images of large objects at a reduced energy budget compared to area backlighting. However, point projection backlighting has the drawback that the camera aperture is large and open to more sources of noise. This issue has made it difficult to image driven targets without shielding. We present 9keV x-ray images of the rear end of a driven Hohlraum that employs shielding. We also present data of a 10.3keV x-ray image of an undriven Hohlraum.
SPLIT-HALF RELIABILITY OF THE WORK ADDICTION RISK TEST-DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE OF WORKAHOLISM

The split-half reliability of the Work Addiction Risk Test was .85 for scores of 442 respondents representing varied groups.
A perspective on fulfilling the expectations of distance education

This paper discusses current and future expectations of distance education, as well as methods of achieving these goals. Distance education offers freedom from space and time constraints, increased interactivity, improved delivery of multimedia, broadened curricula, and personalized learning. However, not all distance education programs achieve these expectations. Lack of staff training and support, inadequate course design, lack of software, improper use of emerging technologies, inappropriate student selection, and flawed assessment methods detract from the successful implementation of distance learning programs.Interactivity between teachers and students and cooperation among students is difficult at a distance. Frequent real-time interaction with instructors via emerging technologies is essential. Periodic or occasional face to face interaction is also needed, and local facilitators or mentors can provide it. This type of hybrid distance learning is more promising than traditional methods. The use of Artificial Intelligence techniques to gather data about a student in order to customize his learning experience also offers benefits. Continuous evaluation, including proctor supervised exams, ensures quality education. To succeed, distance learning must be an organized, consistent program across many disciplines that include teacher training, student selection, course design, emerging technologies and effective educational assessment.
Structure of a hybrid signal LQG controller for adaptive optics

The effects of a controller on the residual wavefront variance in an adaptive optics system can be represented by a discrete-time system. Consequently, the controller design is optimized by the solution of a discrete-time Linear- Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) problem. This paper analyzes the structure of the LQG controller and the effects of varying loop delay and actuator lag on the controller. The loop delay is represented as a delay of actuator commands to emphasize the structure.