cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a servo settling algorithm

Abstract The aim of this work is to discuss methods of friction identification and provide experimental evaluation of a novel control algorithm that enhances settling after point-to-point motion. This algorithm is called the Nonlinear Integral Action Settling Algorithm or NIASA. As the name suggests, the integral gain is nonlinear, and is based upon a Dahl friction model. The settling resulting from PID + NIASA control is nearly exponential, and governed by a time constant that is specified in the control design. As the NIASA algorithm requires, friction parameters must be identified for the servo under test. Two methods of friction identification (Step Tests and Identification Profile) are contrasted and found to provide comparable results, although the latter can provide advantages. The identified friction parameters are in turn used to perform four sets of control experiments; two PID controllers (standard factory tuning and high performance PID with acceleration feedforward) are tested both with and without NIASA compensation. In the case study with a factory tuned PID controller, servo settling times to within ±3–100 nm, are reduced by between 80.5% and 87.4% when NIASA compensation is added. When the NIASA compensator is added to the high performance PID controller, servo settling time is still reduced by between 50.5% and 73.0%. Although the NIASA compensator was designed to increase settling performance for relatively large point-to-point motions, similar positive results are achieved when the method is applied to smaller step motions that do not leave the pre-rolling friction regime. Frequency domain analyses demonstrated the nonlinear loop-gain of the plant, with a clear distinction between the rolling and pre-rolling friction cases. As expected, the nonlinear loop gain was found to lower the bandwidth for smaller motions. Adding NIASA control was observed to increase the bandwidth for small motions by a factor of 3–6, while having little effect for large motions.
Endothelial-dependent sexual dimorphism in vascular smooth muscle: role of Mg2+ and Na+

Summary 1 . In isolated aortae of the male rat [Mg2+]o withdrawal and concomitant reduction in [Na+]o (to 84 mm) induced significant increases of basal tone, but, surprisingly, this did not occur in intact aortae removed from female rats. Such tension development, however, was observed in endothelium-denuded aortic preparations from both sexes. These observed gender-related differences were not dependent on animal strain or types of tissue preparations. 2 . No tension development was observed in aortae obtained from castrated males treated with oestradiol. Aortic tissues of sexually-immature male and female rats exhibited marked tension development when exposed to 0 mm [Mg2+]o and low [Na+]o. 3 . Tension development in Mg2+-free, low-Na+ media was not tachyphylactic and completely dependent on extracellular Ca2+; addition of 1.2 mm Mg2+ to the Mg2+ and Na+-deficient incubation media relaxed the increase in tension to a normal basal level. 4 . Two known endothelial-derived relaxant factor (EDRF) inhibitors, methylene blue and haemoglobin, induced tension development in female aortae with intact endothelium exposed to Mg2+-Na+ deficient media, while use of a specific inhibitor of EDRF-derived nitric oxide, viz., NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA), resulted in potentiation of tension development in male, but not in female, aortae. This effect of l-NMMA was antagonized by l-arginine. 5 . The Ca ionophore, A23187, partially relaxed contractile responses in male aortae (with intact endothelium) which were followed by potentiated contractions. Endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses to A23187 (10−10−10−6 m) of aortic rings from male or female rats in normal Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution were not different. 6 . These results suggest that: (a) as in vascular smooth muscle cells, Mg2+ plays an important role in Ca2+ homeostasis in endothelial cells, probably via Na+-Ca2+ exchange; and (b) sex steroid hormones, probably the female sex hormone, 17-β-oestradiol, may regulate contractile responses of intact vascular smooth muscle by modifying endothelium functions through such Mg2+-regulated internal Na+-dependent Ca2+ entry. These data may help to explain why female subjects, despite Mg deficiency, unlike male subjects, are protected against ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease until menopause.
An investigation of general education requirements in college curricula

The subject of study is the impact of general education or “core” requirements on students in the Purdue School of Humanities, Social Science, and Education. The investigation, begun in 1969, deals with approximately 1100 beginning freshmen of which over 400 make up the experimental group. All students are being followed through their undergraduate years, the first two of which are reported here. The experimental group is differentiated from the other groups in that its constituents have been permitted to waive any or all core requirements. The experimental group has achieved a higher grade index while carrying a slightly higher course load. Contrary to expectation, they selected many core courses. They also indicated greater satisfaction with their programs, their school, and the University. Core requirements for future students have been modified as a result.
Effect of cholesterol and surfactant protein B on the viscosity of phospholipid mixtures

Low viscosity of the surface of alveolar fluid is mandatory for undisturbed surfactant function. Based on the known reduction of the viscosity of surfactant-like phospholipid (PL-) mixtures by plasmalogens, the effect of cholesterol and surfactant protein (SP-) B on surface viscosity of these lipid mixtures has been studied. Surface viscosity at the corresponding surface tension was measured with the oscillating drop surfactometer. We found that the viscosity was lowest in cholesterol-, followed by plasmalogen- and SP-B containing samples. Addition of SP-B to a plasmalogen-containing PL-mixture caused a further decrease in viscosity. However, in cholesterol containing mixtures, addition of SP-B led to a significant increase in viscosity, and the effect was reversed by further addition of plasmalogens. We conclude that SP-B, plasmalogens and cholesterol all affect the surface viscosity, thus synergistically regulate monolayer stability. This suggests that they are all needed in vivo for fine tuning of surface properties of pulmonary surfactant.
Testing and Fault Diagnosis of Time-Interleaved S? Modulators Using Checksums

Mismatch of components in a time-interleaved ADC (TIADC) is a major problem which can significantly degrade the performance, even with a 0.5\% mismatch. This paper describes a new technique which uses checksums for diagnosing the mismatch of components among sub-ADCs in a TIADC. In our checksum formulation, a transition matrix is used to represent the transition relationship between the current state and the next state of modulators, while another matrix is used to represent the states of a TIADCs, where the state of a sub-ADC is presented in a column vector. We have applied the checksum technique to a TIADC which contains two 1-bit fifth-order $\Sigma \Delta$ modulators with matched resistances and capacitances, and demonstrated that the checksums successfully detect and locate mismatches.
Microwave signature of thick-target electron beams in solar flares

The steady-state behavior of a flux of nonthermal electrons injected into a fully ionized thick target is examined. Owing to the (inverse square) energy dependence of the Coulomb collisional cross section, it is found that injected electron distributions that are monotonically decreasing functions of electron energy develop at finite depths into distributions that have 'humps' in velocity space; the electron energy corresponding to the hump correlates with the overlying particle column density to the target. This results in a two-stream unstable situation. The distribution is constantly being relaxed by quasi-linear relaxation and re-created by collisions; in this way a steady nonthermal level of Langmuir plasma waves is created, and these waves in turn produce microwave plasma radiation with a typical flux of 3 x 10 to the -16th erg/sq cm-sec. This flux can be enhanced by a factor of up to 100 by a high level of low-frequency (such as ion-acoustic) turbulence, which prevents quasi-linear relaxation for a sufficient fraction of the path length.
Evaluating technology oversight through multiple frameworks: A case study of genetically engineered cotton in India

Oversight systems for emerging technologies involve a diversity of institutions, stakeholders, and goals; yet they are usually based upon one or a few perspectives. This paper uses a multi-framework approach to evaluate the oversight system for genetically engineered organisms in India. It uses four established frameworks — policy options, risk assessment, risk management and regulatory oversight — and ethics, to assess strengths and weaknesses of the system. Through the case study, the authors argue that multiple frameworks should be used in the design and evaluation of oversight systems for emerging technologies. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Color-luminance relationships and the McCollough effect.

The McCollough effect is an orientation-specific color aftereffect induced by adapting to colored gratings. We examined how the McCollough effect depends on the relationships between color and luminance within the inducing and test gratings and compared the aftereffects to the color changes predicted from selective adaptation to different color—luminance combinations. Our results suggest that the important contingency underlying the McCollough effect is between orientation and color—luminance direction and are consistent with sensitivity changes within mechanisms tuned to specific color—luminance directions. Aftereffects are similar in magnitude for adapting color pairs that differ only in S cone excitation or L and M cone excitation, and they have a similar dependence on spatial frequency. In particular, orientation-specific aftereffects are induced for S cone colors even when the grating frequencies are above the S cone resolution limit. Thus, the McCollough effect persists even when different cone classes encode the orientation and color of the gratings.
Borel equivalence relations and classifications of countable models

Using the theory of Borel equivalence relations we analyze the isomorphism relation on the countable models of a theory and develop a framework for measuring the complexity of possible complete invariants for isomorphism.
Spectral Irradiance Calibration in the Infrared. VIII. 5-14 Micron Spectroscopy of the Asteroids Ceres, Vesta, and Pallas

We describe our efforts to seek "closure" in our infrared absolute calibration scheme by comparing spectra of asteroids, absolutely calibrated through reference stars, with "Standard Thermal Models" and "Thermophysical Models" for these bodies. Our use of continuous 5-14 microns airborne spectra provides complete sampling of the rise to, and peak, of the infrared spectral energy distribution and constrains these models. Such models currently support the absolute calibration of ISO-PHOT at far-infrared wave- lengths (as far as 300 microns), and contribute to that of the Mid-Infrared Spectrometer on the "Infrared Telescope in Space" in the 6-12 microns region. The best match to our observed spectra of Ceres and Vesta is a, standard thermal model using a beaming factor of unity. We also report the presence of three emissivity features in Ceres which may complicate the traditional model extrapolation to the far-infrared from contemporaneous ground-based N-band photometry that is used to support calibration of, for example, ISO-PHOT. While identification of specific materials that cause these features is not made, we discuss families of minerals that may be responsible.
Dioxin Activates Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Expression in Chronically Infected Promonocytic U1 Cells by Enhancing NF-κB Activity and Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Abstract Dioxin, a prevalent environmental pollutant, is known to enhance replication of viruses in animals, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Here we report that dioxin triggers human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gene expression, resulting in increased production of HIV in chronically infected promonocytic U1 cells. This effect of dioxin is mediated, in part, via activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), a key cellular transcription factor that plays an important role in the induction of HIV genes and cytokine genes that regulate HIV-replication. Dioxin stimulated the production of tumor necrosis-α in U1 cells, and pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of TNF-α synthesis, inhibited dioxin induced HIV production and TNF-α. These studies provide a molecular and cellular basis for increased viral replication in cells exposed to dioxin.
New matter effects and BBN constraints for mass-varying neutrinos

The presence of light (mA � 10 6 eV) scalar fields in the early universe can modify the cosmology of neutrinos considerably by allowing their masses to vary on cosmological times. In this paper, we consider the effect of Planck-suppressed couplings of this scalar to electrons and show that such couplings can easily make new sterile states thermally inaccessible in the early universe, preserving the successes of big bang nucleosynthesis predictions. We consider the circumstances under which these effects give the proper initial conditions for recently considered models of neutrino dark energy, and consider limits from tests of the equivalence principle. The parameters which satisfy cosmological constraints naturally give rise to interesting signals in terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments.
Unrestrained caspase-dependent cell death caused by loss of Diap1 function requires the Drosophila Apaf-1 homolog, Dark.

In mammals and Drosophila, apoptotic caspases are under positive control via the CED-4/Apaf-1/Dark adaptors and negative control via IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins). However, the in vivo genetic relationship between these opposing regulators is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that a dark mutation reverses catastrophic defects seen in Diap1 mutants and rescues cells specified for Diap1- regulated cell death in development and in response to genotoxic stress. We also find that dark function is required for hyperactivation of caspases which occurs in the absence of Diap1. Since the action of dark is epistatic to that of Diap1, these findings demonstrate that caspase-dependent cell death requires concurrent positive input through Apaf-1-like proteins together with disruption of IAP–caspase complexes.
Bulls, clowns, and ritual identity in Spain

Mintz, Jerome R. Carnival Song and Society: Gossip, Sexuality and Creativity in Andalusia. New York: Berg, 1997. XXXV + 267 pp. including index. $50.00 cloth, $19.50 paper. Douglass, Carrie B. Bulls, Bullfighting, and Spanish Identities. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. XII + 245 pp. including notes, literature cited, and index. $35.00 cloth.
XIAP associates with GSK3 and inhibits the promotion of intrinsic apoptotic signaling by GSK3.

This study examined if there are interactions between two key proteins that oppositely regulate intrinsic apoptosis, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), a key suppressor of apoptosis that binds to inhibit active caspases, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), which promotes intrinsic apoptosis. Immunoprecipitation of GSK3β revealed that XIAP associates with GSK3β, as do two other members of the IAP family, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2. Cell fractionation revealed that XIAP is predominantly cytosolic, cIAP-1 is predominantly nuclear and nearly all of the nuclear cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 are associated with GSK3. Expression of individual domains of XIAP demonstrated that the RING domain of XIAP associates with GSK3. Inhibition of GSK3 did not alter the binding of XIAP to active caspase-9 or caspase-3 after stimulation of apoptosis with staurosporine. However, inhibition of GSK3 reduced apoptosis and apoptosome formation, including the recruitments of caspase-9 and XIAP to Apaf-1, in response to staurosporine treatment. Cell free measurements of apoptosome-induced caspase-3 activation demonstrated that GSK3 acts upstream of the apoptosome to facilitate intrinsic apoptotic signaling. This facilitation was blocked by overexpression of XIAP. These findings indicate that the RING domain of XIAP (and probably cIAP-1 and cIAP-2) associates with GSK3, GSK3 acts upstream of the apoptosome to promote intrinsic apoptosis, and the association between XIAP and GSK3 may block the pro-apoptotic function of GSK3.
Circadian rhythm in the plasma levels of prolactin in goldfish, Carassius auratus L

Abstract Circulating prolactin hormone levels demonstrate a marked circadian rhythm in tapwater‐ and 30% seawater‐acclimated Carassius auratus L. The levels of prolactin were essentially similar in fish in both ambient media except at 12.00 hr when the levels in tapwater fish were significantly (p<0.01) lower than in tapwater‐ and seawater‐acclimated animals at any other time period. The implications of the prolactin hormone levels are discussed in relation to the involvement of prolactin in freshwater osmo(iono)regulation in this species. There was no significant circadian rhythm in the content of acid phosphatase in the prolactin‐secreting cells.
Posttraumatic obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case study☆☆☆

Recent epidemiologic evidence has pointed to a disproportionate rate of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among high-combat-exposed Vietnam veterans. This case report describes an individual without previous overt psychopathology who under the stress of combat developed concurrent OCD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) persisting for more than 20 years. Phenomenologic, behavioral, psychodynamic, and biologic considerations all help to elucidate the potential role of emotional trauma in the pathogenesis of obsessions and compulsions.
Visual Outcome in Eight Cases of Serratia Marcescens Keratitis

We examined 52 culture-proven bacterial corneal ulcers between July 1977 and November 1978 and identified Serratia marcescens in eight. Gram-negative ulcers, especially the S. marcescens ulcers, were associated with previous contact-lens wear more often than the gram-positive ulcers were. Seven of the eight patients with S. marcescens ulcers responded to intensive medical therapy alone. The eighth patient required a conjunctival flap.
Magnetically driven jets and winds: Exact solutions

We present a general class of self-similar solutions of the full set of MHD equations that include matter flow, electromagnetic fields, pressure, and gravity. The solutions represent axisymmetric, time-independent, nonrelativistic, ideal, magnetohydrodynamic, collimated outflows (jet and winds) from magnetized accretion disks around compact objects. The magnetic field extracts angular momentum from the disk, accelerates the outflows perpedicular to the disk, and provides collimation at large distances. The terminal outflow velocities are of the order of or greater than the rotational velocity of the disk at the base of the flow. When a nonzero electric current flows along the jet, the outflow radius oscillates with axial distance, whereas when the total electric current is zero (with the return current flowing across the jet's cross section), the outflow radius increase to a maximum and then decreases. The method can also be applied to relativistic outflows.
Assuring the Day-to-Day Accuracy of Coordinate Measuring Machines—A Comparison of Tools and Procedures

Abstract The continual use of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) in high-volume manufacturing has led to several applied standards. With the ever-increasing emphasis on quality, annual certification of conformity by a qualified outside calibration service is no longer adequate. An artifact can be used in an interim testing plan to evaluate machine performance between certifications. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the design of artifacts, evaluate the analytical procedure to estimate certain characteristics of CMM performance, and evaluate the artifacts’ repeatability and accuracy measurements. The capability of two traceable artifacts (one 2-D and one 3-D design) and a machine checking gage were assessed. The results indicate that an artifact can be used for interim performance evaluation but not for calibration or certification.
Who reads nonfiction

A survey of readers of nonfiction estimates the size of the market, compares the demographics of the survey group to those of readers of “literature,” and describes the respondents' reading habits: how much they read, what other kinds of books they read, what magazines they read, and where they read. It then examines how these readers select books and what influences their choices. Their reasons for reading serious nonfiction are also explored. Finally, these readers are compared with two other groups that have been studied in depth: readers of romance novels and female readers of self-help books.
The Breast Cancer β4 Integrin and Endothelial Human CLCA2 Mediate Lung Metastasis

Adhesion of blood-borne cancer cells to the endothelium is a critical determinant of organ-specific metastasis. Here we show that colonization of the lungs by human breast cancer cells is correlated with cell surface expression of the α6β4 integrin and adhesion to human CLCA2 (hCLCA2), a Ca2+-sensitive chloride channel protein that is expressed on the endothelial cell luminal surface of pulmonary arteries, arterioles, and venules. Tumor cell adhesion to endothelial hCLCA2 is mediated by the β4 integrin, establishing for the first time a cell-cell adhesion property for this integrin that involves an entirely new adhesion partner. This adhesion is augmented by an increased surface expression of the α6β4 integrin in breast cancer cells selected in vivo for enhanced lung colonization but abolished by the specific cleavage of the β4 integrin with matrilysin. β4 integrin/hCLCA2 adhesion-blocking antibodies directed against either of the two interacting adhesion molecules inhibit lung colonization, while overexpression of the β4 integrin in a model murine tumor cell line of modest lung colonization potential significantly increases the lung metastatic performance. Our data clearly show that the β4/hCLCA2 adhesion is critical for lung metastasis, yet expression of the β4 integrin in many benign breast tumors shows that this integrin is insufficient to bestow metastatic competence on cells that lack invasiveness and other established properties of metastatic cells.
Stress factors, emotional stress and rheumatoid arthritis disease activity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stress factors, emotional stress and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity. Subjects (n = 101) confirmed to have RA completed the Daily Hassles Scale (DHS) to identify daily stress factors and the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) as well as a visual analogue (VA) to measure emotional stress levels. The investigator evaluated RA disease activity (RADA) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Pearson product-moment correlation was used for statistical evaluation. A statistically significant, positive correlation was found between RADA and both measures of emotional stress; STAI r2 = 0.16, VA r2 = 0.25, P less than 0.01. Utilizing a psychophysiological feedback loop model, it was hypothesized that emotional stress levels and RA disease activity each served as a driving force and a consequence, i.e. as emotional stress levels increased, RA symptoms intensified and, likewise, as RA symptoms intensified, emotional stress levels increased. Nursing interventions were identified which possibly would reduce emotional stress levels, and thus, perhaps, decrease the incidence and/or severity of RA disease activity.
Impact of coherence in radiation from ultrahigh-field atomic ionization

We quantify interference effects on radiation by calculating the angle- and energy-resolved Larmor radiation from atomic ionization in the focus of ultraintense field. Our calculations use a Monte Carlo classical and semiclassical tunneling probability current models of ionization for intensities in the range of ${10}^{16}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. For nonrelativistic intensities, whether the radiation from the photoionization is treated coherently or incoherently, classically or semiclassically, leads to a negligible effect on radiation. For relativistic intensities, coherently summing across the tunneling ionization probability current decreases the radiation by an order of magnitude when compared to classical ionization or incoherent summation of the radiation from the tunneling ionization probability current. The interference effect is most pronounced for high-energy photons since ionization and the electron quiver may be $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and extends over multiple radiation wavelengths.
Structure and shear deformation of metallic crystalline–amorphous interfaces

Abstract The structure and shear properties of crystalline–amorphous laminar nanocomposites are studied in an atomistic model of face-centered cubic copper with amorphous Cu46Zr54 bulk metallic glass in the quasi-static limit. The plastic shear deformation response is determined by the production and motion of interface dislocations at the crystalline–amorphous interface, which is closely linked to the structural and chemical transition from crystalline Cu to the amorphous Cu/Zr phase. The implication of interfacial shear are discussed in context of dislocation–interface interactions and co-deformation of a crystalline–amorphous nanocomposite.
Microbial and environmental effects on avian egg viability: Do tropical mechanisms act in a temperate environment?

The viability of freshly laid avian eggs declines after several days of exposure to ambient temperatures above physiological zero, and declines occur faster in tropical than temperate ecosystems. Microbial infection during preincubation exposure has recently been shown as a second cause of egg viability decline in the tropics, but whether microbial processes influence the viability of wild bird eggs in temperate ecosystems is unknown. We determined the microbial load on eggshells, the incidence of microbial penetration of egg contents, and changes in the viability of wild bird eggs (Sialia mexicana, Tachycineta bicolor, Tachycineta thalassina) experimentally exposed to temperate-zone ambient conditions in situ in a mediterranean climate in northern California. Initial microbial loads on eggshells were generally low, although they were significantly higher on eggs laid in old boxes than in new boxes. Eggshell microbial loads did not increase with exposure to ambient conditions, were not reduced by twice-daily disinfection with alcohol, and were unaffected by parental incubation. The rate of microbial penetration into egg contents was low and unaffected by the duration of exposure. Nevertheless, egg viability declined very gradually and significantly with exposure duration, and the rate of decline differed among species. In contrast to studies performed in the tropics, we found little evidence that temperature or microbial mechanisms of egg viability decline were important at our temperate-zone site; neither temperatures above physiological zero nor alcohol disinfection was significantly related to hatching success. Delaying the onset of incubation until the penultimate or last egg of a clutch at our study site may maintain hatching synchrony without a large trade-off in egg viability. These results provide insight into the environmental mechanisms that may be responsible for large-scale latitudinal patterns in avian clutch size and hatching asynchrony.
Quantitation of l-α-acetylmethadol and its metabolites in human serum by capillary gas—liquid chromatography and nitrogen detection

A procedure is described for the simultaneous measurement of l-α-acetylmethadol and its two pharmacologically active metabolites: noracetylmethadol and dinoracetylmethadol. In the method an intramolecular conversion reaction of the two metabolites to their amide configuration is utilized. The reaction is performed while the metabolites are still in the serum. Following solvent extraction the samples are analyzed by capillary gas—liquid chromatography coupled with nitrogen detection. Quantitation is achieved by internal standardization. The lower limit of sensitivity is 5 ng/ml in serum. Absolute sensitivity is 0.1 ng for all three compounds. The advantages over other procedures are: (1) speed due to the single extraction step; (2) increased recovery of noracetylmethadol and dinoracetylmethadol due to decreased polarity of the amides; (3) greater stability of the metabolites in the amide configuration; (4) better chromatographic quantitation and separation because detector response for the amides is greater than it is for the original configuration of the metabolites and the area of the chromatographic tracing is free of interfering substances.
Polymerization of Acetylene in Liquid Crystal Media

Abstract The synthesis of polyacetylene in a new class of solvents - liquid crystals - will be reported. The effect of the solvent molecules orientation in the polymer's structure and its properties will be discussed.
‘Use’ is an anagram of ‘sue’: Cultural control, resistance, and the role of copyright in Chinese cyberspace

The role of copyright in cultural control and resistance in Chinese cyberspace is an under-researched topic. This article studies the copyright controversy of an online video in 2006, as well as the dynamics and features of a social mobilization triggered by the video. It argues that Chinese copyright law has very stringent limitations on ‘fair use’, the use of copyrighted works for public or non-market interest and purposes. Under specific technological and regulatory environments, video-sharing as a new media form showed unique power in resisting cultural control in China, yet it is faced with restraints from a pro-control system of copyright. With the rise of capitalist interests and proprietary control mechanisms in Chinese communications sectors, intellectual property is coming to the core of cultural resistance and repression in China.
Initial Designs of Coated Nano-particle Lasers and Simulations of their Performance

The optical properties of coated nanometer-sized spherical particles comprised of a gain medium core covered with a concentric plasmonic shell are investigated. Numerically predicted super-resonant radiative scattering suggests the possibility of realizing highly sub-wavelength lasers.
Adaptive Switches in Midbrain Circuits

In this issue of Neuron, Mysore and Knudsen (2012) describe a simple, anatomically supported circuit that can categorize stimuli into "strongest" and "others," regardless of their absolute strength. Such flexible categorization cannot be achieved by lateral inhibition alone but also requires that the inhibitory neurons reciprocally inhibit each other.
Measurement of Adhesion Between Carbon Fibers and Bismaleimide Resins

Abstract The adhesion between carbon fibers and bismaleimide resins was evaluated using the microbond single fiber pull-out test. A commercially-available, methylene dianiline-based bismaleimide resin and a novel phosphorus-containing bismaleimide were tested with as-received and plasma-treated polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers. The surface chemical composition, topography, tensile strength, and surface free energy of the carbon fibers were studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, single fiber tensile tests, and dynamic contact angle analysis. The carbon fiber-bismaleimide adhesion improved when the carbon fiber received an oxidative commercial surface treatment or was exposed to an air or ammonia plasma prior to bonding.
Substituent effect on oxygen atom transfer reactivity from oxomolybdenum centers: synthesis, structure, electrochemistry, and mechanism.

Dioxo molybdenum complexes of general formula Tp*MoO2(S-p-RC6H4) (1), where Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate and R = OMe, Me, SMe, NHCOMe, H, Cl, CF3, NO2, were reacted with trimethyl phosphine (PMe3) to convert into complexes of general formula Tp*MoO(S- p-RC6H4)(OPMe3) (2) (where R = OMe, Me, SMe, H, Cl, and CF3). These complexes were isolated and characterized by NMR, IR, UV/vis, and single crystal X-ray crystallography. Electronic and NMR spectra, as well as redox potentials vary as a function of substituent on the thiophenolato ligand. When viewed entirety of the oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactivity, the reaction of Tp*MoO2(S-p-RC6H4) with PMe3 shows a biphasic behavior, indicating the formation of at least one intermediate. The kinetics of the both steps, that is, the formation of the phosphoryl intermediate and the formation of the solvent coordinated species have been investigated by UV−vis spectroscopy. The first step follows a second order process, first order with respect to bot...
Effect of endogenous biotin on the applications of streptavidin and biotin in mice

The use of streptavidin-conjugated antibody to pretarget tumors in animals and patients, prior to administration of radiolabeled biotin, has provided encouraging results, in part because of the high affinity of biotin for streptavidin and the rapid whole-body clearance of biotin. However, binding of endogenous biotin to streptavidin may interfere with the clinical potential of this approach. This report evaluates the effect of endogenous biotin on an antibody-streptavidin conjugate in a mouse tumor model. Tumored nude mice were depleted of endogenous biotin by sequential intraperitoneal injections of streptavidin. The assay of serum biotin levels indicated less than 0.5 ng of biotin per mL of serum in treated mice versus 4 ng per mL in untreated animals. Flow cytometric analysis was used on single-cell suspensions of tumor from animals receiving streptavidin-conjugated IgG to detect the presence of the antibody on the cell membrane (with fluoroisothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody), and to detect biotin binding sites on streptavidin (with biotin-phycoerythrin). Both treated and untreated mice demonstrated the presence of antibody on tumor cells through 48 h postadministration, but only in treated animals were biotin binding sites observed. These results in the mouse model suggest that the small concentration of streptavidin delivered to a tumor via a specific antibody may be saturated with endogenous biotin and therefore not able to be targeted subsequently with radiolabeled biotin.
Compact bone fatigue damage, I: residual strength and stiffness

Abstract Residual strength and stiffness of compact bovine bone specimens during fatigue were investigated and the fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Residual strength tests consisted of rotating bending fatigue followed by tensile tests to failure. Specimens loaded to 50% of their fatigue lives had approximately a 13% loss of tensile strength ( p
Spontaneous feeding in the satiated cat evoked by sodium or calcium ions perfused within the hypothalamus

Abstract Feeding was elicited in satiated cats during hypothalamic perfusions with a physiological solution in which one of the ionic constituents was selectively elevated above the level found in extracellular fluid. When 13.6–34.9 mM excess sodium was perfused for 30 min by means of push-pull cannulae in the lateral or posterior hypothalamus, an average of 48.4 g of food was consumed after a latency of 3 min. Calcium 2.6–10.4 mM in excess of extracellular fluid, perfused in the same way at corresponding sites also elicited stimulus-bound feeding with a mean intake of 44.6 g; however, the latency was longer than sodium and the anatomical sites at which calcium evoked feeding included the ventromedial hypothalamus. Hypertonic Krebs or sucrose solutions, or perfusates containing excess magnesium or potassium failed to elicit an intense stimulus-bound feeding response. An ionic mechanism, rather than an osmotic factor, is implicated in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior.
Improved syntheses of ethyl α-(bromomethyl)acrylate and 2-methylene-1,3-propanediol via ethyl α-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate

Abstract Ethyl α-(bromomethyl)acrylate ( 1 ) and 2-methylene-1,3-propanediol ( 2 ) have been prepared via formaldehyde addition to ethyl acrylate in the presence of DABCO, giving α,β-unsaturated ester 3 . Reduction of hydroxy ester 3 with one equivalent of alane, then borohydride reduction of the resulting aldehyde 4 gives 2 .
TECHNOLOGY AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Technological innovations can have Important strategic implications for individual companies and can greatly influence industries as a whole. Yet, not all technological change is strategically beneficial. This article focuses on ways to recognize and exploit the competitive significance of change.
Enhancing wireless communication privacy with artificial fading

This paper addresses the problem of anti-eavesdropping in wireless network physical layer. The main contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we propose a novel concept of artificial fading that is produced by double-beam switching of smart antenna array to intentionally corrupt unwanted wireless communication links. Second, we develop a physical layer anti-eavesdropping scheme to minimize the unnecessary coverage area, and hence, lower the chance of being eavesdropped. Our anti-eavesdropping scheme employs smart antenna with two synthesized radiation patterns, which are optimized to provide good signal quality to the intended receiver, while their overlap apart from the intended direction is minimized. During the transmission, the transmitter periodically alternates between the two optimized patterns at a high frequency, which produces severe fading to the received signal in undesired directions. Since such signals are corrupted and cannot be decoded, eavesdropping is prevented. Simulation experiments show that our anti-eavesdropping scheme outperforms single pattern beamforming in reducing the unnecessary coverage area exposed to eavesdroppers.
Identification of the genetic alteration at the molecular level of ultraviolet light-induced ad-3B mutants in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract The genetic alterations in UV-induced ad-3B mutants of Neurospora crassa have been identified by tests for specific revertibility after treatment with nitrous acid (NA), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), hydroxylamine (HA), and a monofunctional nitrogen mustard derivative of acridine, ICR-170. On the basis of their reactions with these chemicals, mutants were classified as base-pair transitions, base-pair transversions, base-pair insertions or deletions, or nonrevertible. A random sample of 151 UV-induced ad-3B mutants were analyzed: 46 with nonpolarized and 49 with polarized complementation patterns and 56 that are non-complementing. The mutants were characterized as to reversion mechanism as follows: (1) base-pair transitions AT → GC, 27.7%; GC → AT, 8.0%; (2 base-pair transversions, 6.6%; (3) base-pair insertions or deletions, 27/0%; (4) nonrevertible, 8.6%; (5) mutants which revert only spontaneously, 22.1%. The correlation between complementation pattern and genetic alteration at the molecular level found previously by Malling and De Serres among NA- and EMS-induced ad-3B mutants, was also found among UV-induced mutants. Mutants with nonpolarized patterns resulted mainly from base-pair substitutions, whereas mutants with polarized complementation patterns and noncomplementing mutants are derived from a variety of genetic alterations.
Perinatal changes of circulating N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in normal and intrauterine-growth-restricted pregnancies.

Objective: To investigate changes in NT-proBNP in intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) pregnancies. Methods: NT-proBNP levels were measured in 40 mothers (MS), umbilical cords (UC), and their 20 IUGR/ 20 AGA neonates on day 1 (N1) and day 4 (N4). Results: UC, N1, and N4 NT-proBNP was lower in IUGR pregnancies (p ≤ 0.049). In both groups, NT-proBNP levels were similar in MS and higher in N1 (p ≤ 0.001). In AGA, MS NT-proBNP correlated positively with UC. Conclusions: Fetal and neonatal NT-proBNP levels are lower in IUGR compared with AGA, probably due to blood flow redistribution in IUGR and NT-proBNP placental transport in AGA. NT-proBNP levels peak on N1.
Sequence Requirements for Sindbis Virus Subgenomic mRNA Promoter Function in Cultured Cells

The Sindbis virus minimal subgenomic mRNA promoter (spanning positions -19 to +5 relative to the subgenomic mRNA start site) is approximately three- to sixfold less active than the fully active -98 to +14 promoter region. We identified two elements flanking the -19 to +5 region which increase its transcription to levels comparable to the -98 to +14 region. These elements span positions -40 to -20 and +6 to +14 and act synergistically to enhance transcription. Nine different virus libraries were constructed containing blocks of five randomized nucleotides at various positions in the -40 to +14 region. On passaging these libraries in mosquito cells, a small subset of the viruses came to dominate the population. Sequence analysis at the population level and for individual clones revealed that in general, wild-type bases were preferred for positions -15 to +5 of the minimal promoter. Base mutagenesis experiments indicated that the selection of wild-type bases in this region was primarily due to requirements for subgenomic mRNA transcription. Outside of the minimal promoter, the -35 to -29 region contained four positions which also preferred wildtype bases. However, the remaining positions generally preferred non-wild-type bases. On passaging of the virus libraries on hamster cells, the -15 to +5 region again preferred the wild-type base but most of the remaining positions exhibited almost no base preference. The promoter thus consists of an essential central region from -15 to +5 and discrete flanking sites that render it fully active, depending on the host environment.
SALIX EXIGUA CLONAL GROWTH AND POPULATION DYNAMICS IN RELATION TO DISTURBANCE REGIME VARIATION

Willows are important riparian colonizers. However, the predominant models of early riparian colonization, which emphasize seedling recruitment, are inadequate to explain the success of these species in light of the extremely low rates of seedling survival observed. We used molecular fingerprinting markers (AFLPs) to identify and characterize Salix exigua clones on six sites, ranging in size from 850 to 1150 m(2), located on two rivers. Clones as large as 325 m(2) were detected, and an average of six clones per site occupied 75% of the vegetated area. Building on Mahoney and Rood's recruitment box model, we propose a model whereby prolific clonal growth allows for long-term colonization of riparian zones, and the balance between the relative importance of seedling regeneration and clonal growth varies based upon disturbance regime. A reduction in disturbance regime resulted in greater clonal growth and reduced genotypic variation. It is probable that, with an extended reduction in disturbance, the Salix exigua component would be represented by fewer, larger clones and would eventually decline significantly when these clones are replaced by taller and more shade tolerant species.
Clarifying the mechanics of DNA strand exchange in meiotic recombination

During meiosis, accurate separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes requires that they first be connected to one another through homologous recombination. Meiotic recombination has many intriguing but poorly understood features that distinguish it from recombination in mitotically dividing cells, and several of these features depend on the meiosis-specific DNA strand exchange protein Dmc1 (disrupted meiotic cDNA1). Many questions about this protein have arisen since its discovery more than a decade ago, but recent genetic and biochemical breakthroughs promise to shed light on the unique behaviours and functions of this central player in the remarkable chromosome dynamics of meiosis.
Do Smarter Teams Do Better A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Ability and Team Performance

This study reports the results of several meta-analyses examining the relationship between four operational definitions of cognitive ability within teams (highest member score, lowest member score,...
Characteristics of ultra-long range surface plasmon waves at optical frequencies

It has been reported earlier that ultra-long range surface plasmon waves can be supported if dielectric layers with lower index of refraction than that of the dielectric cladding are placed on either side of the thin metal film. In this paper, we report a further investigation of the ultra-long range surface plasmon modes and the condition to support such ultra-long propagation distances at optical frequencies. We studied the effects of the index of refraction contrast between the inner layer and the cladding dielectrics, the metal film thickness, and the dispersion with wavelength. We present a condition which must be satisfied by the waveguide structure to support the bound ultra-long range surface plasmon mode.
How Does Mindfulness Training Affect Health? A Mindfulness Stress Buffering Account

Initial well-controlled studies have suggested that mindfulness training interventions can improve a broad range of mental and physical health outcomes (e.g., HIV pathogenesis, depression relapse, inflammation, drug abuse), yet the underlying pathways linking mindfulness and health are poorly understood. In this article, we offer a mindfulness stress buffering account to explain these health outcomes, which posits that mindfulness-based health effects are mostly likely to be observed in high-stress populations for which stress is known to affect the onset or exacerbation of disease pathogenic processes. We then offer an evidence-based biological model of mindfulness, stress buffering, and health.
The value of Phobos sample return

Phobos occupies a unique position physically, scientifically, and programmatically on the road to exploration of the solar system. It is a low-gravity object moderately inside the gravity well of Mars. Scientifically, it is both an enigma and an opportunity: an enigma because the origins of both it and Deimos are uncertain, and provide insights into formation of the terrestrial planets; and an opportunity because Phobos may be a waypoint or staging point for future human exploration of the Mars system. Phobos is a low albedo, spectrally bland body with a red-sloped continuum. It appears similar to D-type objects more commonly found in the outer asteroid belt and Jovian space (Rivkin et al., 2002), but occurs in an orbit that is difficult to explain by capture (Burns, 1992). It might have a primitive composition like that inferred for outer solar system objects or it could be related to Mars and, for example, be composed of Martian basin ejecta. Regardless, Phobos has acted as a witness plate to Martian debris over the age of the solar system. The moons may possibly be a source of in situ resources that could support future human exploration in circum-Mars space or on the Martian surface. in situ compositional analyses can address many questions relevant to preparation for future human exploration. Sample return resolves those questions while also enabling detailed analyses in terrestrial laboratories to address higher order questions, many of which have not yet been asked.
The superconducting super collider from a department of energy staff point of view

The U.S. high energy physics community has given highest priority to the creation of a new forefront accelerator facility called the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC). A brief description of the proposed facility is presented. The scientific need for the SSC and the DOE mission it supports is described. Progress to date, through the Department of Energy (DOE) review and approval process, is reported. Near term and longer term possible actions are discussed.