cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Impatience: The Origins of Know Nothingism

W RHILE historians still disagree over the ultimate causes of the Civil War, most of them would concur that a major proximate cause was the political realignment of the 1850s. The collapse of the national Whig party snapped a crucial bond of union between North and South. Its replacement in the North, the Republican party, provided a powerful political vehicle for sectional hostility to the South, and Republican victory in 1860 provoked secession. Viewed with hindsight, the reason for this political reorganization seems clear and compelling. The fragile national coalitions of Whigs and Democrats could not withstand the sectional pressure of the slavery extension issue. When that pressure was re-aggravated by the passage of the KansasNebraska Act in 1854, the old parties fragmented; and the northern Republican party emerged as the major opponent of the pro-southern Democratic party. Without the slavery issue the old parties would not have split along sectional lines, the Democratic party would not have been the target of such great northern anger, and the Republican party would never have been formed. If, however, one asks why voters deserted the Whig party at the state level, rather than why the national Whig organization was destroyed or why the Republican party emerged, it becomes apparent that the slavery issue alone cannot account for the process of realignment in the 1850s. Although the slavery issue divided northern and southern Whigs, it did not necessarily have to drive Whig voters from the party in the North, especially in the states where the Whigs were competitive with the Democrats. In the 1840s both Democrats and Whigs had divided in Congress over the Wilmot Proviso along sharp North-South lines, but rank-and-file voters in both sections had remained loyal to their old parties. The major parties in 1848 had run different campaigns in the different sections, opposing slav-
Closing the back door.

A recent paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association ([1][1]) highlights a growing problem: the sharp increase in overdoses of prescription medications. As is generally the case, global statistics tend to make it hard to tease out individual factors, but there is no denying the growing
IMMUNOFLUORESCENT LOCALIZATION OF LH AND FSH IN THE HUMAN ADENOHYPOPHYSIS.

ConclusionsPurified antisera to HCG and HMG, specific for LH and FSH, have been demonstrated to localize in cells of the human adenohypophysis by the fluorescent antibody technique.We are gratefully indebted to Dr. Hans Popper and Dr. Saul B. Gusberg for helpful advice and criticism, and to Patricia Saigo and Joan Horwitz for excellent technical assistance.
A Case of More Is Less The Role of Gender in U.S. Presidential Debates

For candidates and voters alike, U.S. politics is a gendered space in which women are often underrepresented. Participation from women is assumed to equalize representation and voice in the political process; however, little research has explored gender influence on campaign agendas, particularly in non-news contexts. This study applies a quantitative content analysis to explore the influence of (1) candidate gender, (2) journalist gender, and (3) voter gender on the presidential debate agenda. In examining the issue focus of debate questions, we find that participation from women candidates and women journalists does little to improve agenda diversity and that the agendas set by women journalists fail to satisfy the issue priorities of women voters participating in these same debates.
Induction of Larval Settlement in the Reef Coral Porites astreoides by a Cultivated Marine Roseobacter Strain

Successful larval settlement and recruitment by corals is critical for the survival of coral reef ecosystems. Several closely related strains of γ-proteobacteria have been identified as cues for coral larval settlement, but the inductive properties of other bacterial taxa naturally occurring in reef ecosystems have not yet been explored. In this study, we assayed bacterial strains representing taxonomic groups consistently detected in corals for their ability to influence larval settlement in the coral Porites astreoides. We identified one α-proteobacterial strain, Roseivivax sp. 46E8, which significantly increased larval settlement in P. astreoides. Logarithmic growth phase (log phase) cell cultures of Roseivivax sp. 46E8 and filtrates (0.22μm) from log phase Roseivivax sp. 46E8 cultures significantly increased settlement, suggesting that an extracellular settlement factor is produced during active growth phase. Filtrates from log phase cultures of two other bacterial isolates, Marinobacter sp. 46E3, and Cytophaga sp. 46B6, also significantly increased settlement, but the cell cultures themselves did not. Monospecific biofilms of the three strains did not result in significant increases in larval settlement. Organic and aqueous/methanol extracts of Roseivivax sp. 46E8 cultures did not affect larval settlement. Examination of filtrates from cell cultures showed that Roseivivax sp. 46E8 spontaneously generated virus-like particles in log and stationary phase growth. Though the mechanism of settlement enhancement by Roseivivax sp. 46E8 is not yet elucidated, our findings point to a new aspect of coral-Roseobacter interactions that should be further investigated, especially in naturally occurring, complex microbial biofilms on reef surfaces.
Theories of Financial Crises

This book surveys four contemporary theories of financial crises. These four were chosen from a larger collection of work because they maintain prominence in current discussions. In other words, the first financial crisis of the twenty-first century has garnered significant interest in rethinking many aspects of macroeconomic and financial economics. Some of the focus is on the effectiveness of theory, including theories of financial crises. It is clear from these discussions that the theories presented in this book hold a central place in the re-evaluation. Consequently, these four theories are the focus of both this chapter and several of the later chapters.
Rudder Winglets on Sailing Yachts

During the defender round robins of the 1995 America's Cup, the yacht Young America featured a pair of rudder winglets. Their raison d'etre was to improve the vessel rough water performance, and in particular reduce her added resistance in waves. This article presents the background analysis which leads to the conclusion that rudder winglets may improve appreciably the seakeeping performance of a sailing yacht. The seakeeping method used to study the rough water performance of America in 1992 and Young America in 1995 is reviewed along with the fluid dynamics governing the generation of thrust by oscillating wings wings. The effect of winglets upon the yacht seakeeping is considered, the mechanisms contributing to the reduction of the yacht added resistance are identified and the effect of rudder, bulb and bow winglets is studied.
IMPERIAL, ANGLOPHONE, GEOPOLITICAL, WORLDLY: EVALUATING THE “GLOBAL” IN VICTORIAN STUDIES

In the last decade or so , Victorian studies – the only major literary field identified with a British ruler – has begun a slow but inexorable shift away from its traditional nation-based parameters. A cursory glance through the book review section of prominent Victorianist journals reveals that approximately half of new books reviewed treat subjects that extend beyond Britain and British literature: Ireland, India, slavery, settler literature, Continental literature, and global technological and media networks are all examples. While this development reflects broader trends in the discipline, in the humanities, and in public discourse as a whole, arguments about the desirability of expanding the scope of Victorian studies have turned largely on the particular inaptness of the national frame for the Victorian period. Since the 1980s, postcolonial critics such as Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, and Gauri Viswanathan have argued for the significance of Britain's vast empire to its literature and the very existence of a British literary canon, as well as to literature produced in the colonies. More recently, Victorianists such as Margaret Cohen and Carolyn Dever, Amanda Claybaugh, Caroline Levine, Sharon Marcus, and Julia Sun-Joo Lee have stressed other transnational contexts for Victorian literature, noting that Victorian writers themselves were polylingual and comparative in their understanding of both literature and culture and that “even in its heyday, print culture was international and the nation was a relative, hybrid, comparative category” (Marcus 682).
Philosophy of Science and the Origin of Life

Birth and death are the two certainties of a human life. Birth is due to the fertilization of an egg which then develops into a human being. When mankind was young the embryological paradigm was used to explain the birth of the universe. “In the beginning time created the silver egg of the cosmos. Out of this egg burst Phanes-Dionysus. For the Orphics he was the first god to appear, the first born, whence he early became known as Protogonos. He was bisexual and bore within him the seeds of all gods and men.” [1] * It required a symmetry breaking event to convert this god into male and female. It was only a later discovery which implied the necessity for a coupling between a man and a woman to fertilize the egg. Thus a whole new set of cosmogenies were invented involving world parents. As male chauvinism became dominant, the world mother turned into matter; until the Judeo-Christian tradition allowed god the father to create the universe out of nothing.
California’s Water Resources and Institutions

California has developed one of the most sophisticated water storage and distribution systems in the world. It serves nearly 30 million people and supports a $20 billion agricultural industry. Despite the high level of development, the state’s water users continue to overdraft groundwater aquifers by nearly 2 million acre feet per year. New concerns over environmental degradation and population growth have led environmental, agricultural, and urban interests to participate in a process to find solutions to the state’s water problems. Some of these problems will involve economic incentives to promote efficient water use. Economic tools such as tiered pricing and water marketing are becoming established methods to improve water allocation within the state.
Listen to Others, Listen to Yourself: Combining Feedback Review and Reflection to Improve Iterative Design

Feedback from diverse audiences can contain ambiguity and contradictions, making it difficult to interpret and act on. To promote deeper interpretation of feedback, we tested the effects of combining a reflection activity and reviewing external feedback for an iterative design task. Designers (N=90) created a design and revised it after a) performing a reflection activity before reviewing feedback, b) performing the reflection after reviewing feedback, c) performing the reflection only, or d) reviewing the feedback only. We measured design quality, depth of revision, perceived effort, and confidence; and categorized the content produced from the reflections. We found that performing reflection after feedback review led to the largest increase in perceived quality for the revised designs, and performing reflection and feedback review regardless of the order resulted in the most extensive revision. Our results also showed that performing the reflection alone yielded outcomes that were similar to when only reviewing feedback, and either activity led to better outcomes than the control condition (no feedback or reflection). Designers stated that the reflection helped them recall their goals, question their choices, and prioritize revisions. We argue that designers should perform a lightweight, explicit reflection to enhance their iterative process, and discuss implications for feedback platforms.
Nonlinear System Identification of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

A nonlinear system identification methodology based on theprinciple of harmonic balance is extended tomulti-degree-of-freedom systems. The methodology, called HarmonicBalance Nonlinearity IDentification (HBNID), is then used toidentify two theoretical two-degree-of-freedom models and anexperimental single-degree-of freedom system. The three modelsand experiments deal with self-excited motions of afluid-structure system with a subcritical Hopf bifurcation. Theperformance of HBNID in capturing the stable and unstable limitcycles in the global bifurcation behavior of these systems is alsostudied. It is found that if the model structure is well known,HBNID performs well in capturing the unknown parameters. If themodel structure is not well known, however, HBNID captures thestable limit cycle but not the unstable limit cycle.
Photochemistry of Chlorophylls in Vitro

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the photochemistry of chlorophylls in vitro. The earliest investigations of chlorophyll photochemistry were concerned with the photosensitization of photographic emulsions to red light, and with photodynamic action on animals. Sensitized reactions involving oxidants other than oxygen were first systematically studied by Bohl, who observed the bleaching of a number of azo dyes and other oxidants in the presence of chlorophyll, phenylhydrazine, and light. The development of the technique of flash photolysis, making it possible to follow transients during photochemical reactions, has paved the way toward a more complete understanding of the basic mechanisms of photochemical reactions of chlorophylls. Chlorophylls can receive energy by transfer from some other excited molecule, and energy transfer from chlorophyll to chlorophyll is possible in concentrated solution. Transfer of triplet state energy also occurs not by the Forster process but by an electron exchange process requiring much closer approach of the two molecules. Nevertheless, transfer of triplet state energy can be very efficient, because of the long life of the triplet state. Photoexcited chlorophyll may react with some component of the solvent in a way not classifiable as oxidation or reduction, as in the photosensitized displacement of magnesium by weak acids.
Linear Structures (1963–1976)

Although linear structures can be found in sediments deposited in many environments, they are of primary importance in turbidites, where as sole marks, they are the chief guides to paleocurrent flow. Mapping of sole mark orientation, a novelty before 1963, is now commonplace (fig. 5-18) and turbidity current deposits and their sole marks have even now been recognized in lacustrine deposits, ancient (Negendank, 1972) and Pleistocene (Baker, 1973, p.42–47).
Castaing Instabilities in Spin-Echo Experiments

The effects of spin-wave instabilities on θ−Δ t−π spin-echo experiments in spin-polarized normal Fermi fluids are investigated. Using a linear stability analysis, the helical configuration of the magnetization density which occurs in such experiments is shown to be unstable against long-wavelength perturbations—an example of the Castaing instability of the Leggett equation. For large values of the spin rotation parameter, μM≫1, and large tip angles, perturbations develop into large amplitude oscillations which destroy the helix before the transverse magnetization decays by diffusion. This, of course, affects the interpretation of spin echo data. The nonlinear dynamics of the instabilities in spin echo experiments and their effects on spin-echo data are studied using computer simulations. The results are compared with the linear analysis and summarized in a μM−θ diagram which indicates when the standard Leggett–Rice spin-echo analysis breaks down.
CloudFence: Data Flow Tracking as a Cloud Service

The risk of unauthorized private data access is among the primary concerns for users of cloud-based services. For the common setting in which the infrastructure provider and the service provider are different, users have to trust their data to both parties, although they interact solely with the latter. In this paper we propose CloudFence, a framework for cloud hosting environments that provides transparent, fine-grained data tracking capabilities to both service providers, as well as their users. CloudFence allows users to independently audit the treatment of their data by third-party services, through the intervention of the infrastructure provider that hosts these services. CloudFence also enables service providers to confine the use of sensitive data in well-defined domains, offering additional protection against inadvertent information leakage and unauthorized access. The results of our evaluation demonstrate the ease of incorporating CloudFence on existing real-world applications, its effectiveness in preventing a wide range of security breaches, and its modest performance overhead on real settings.
AR-PED: A framework of augmented reality enabled pedestrian-in-the-loop simulation

Abstract Pedestrian simulators are in high demand for many research and industry applications, such as evaluating pedestrian safety and testing of autonomous vehicles. A recent trend on the development of pedestrian simulators is to use virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD) devices, since they offer a highly immersive and realistic view of the virtual environment (VE). However, existing pedestrian simulators that make use of this technology have a set of limitations that make them unsuitable for the simulation of a large virtual scenario. Specifically, the boundaries of the virtual scene set by these simulators encompass a relatively small area (e.g., a single crosswalk). In light of these issues, this paper aims to develop an augmented reality (AR) enabled pedestrian-in-the-loop simulation (AR-PED) framework that enables the simulation of pedestrians in a large virtual scenario (e.g., a city) with an actual scale. The proposed AR-PED simulation framework is empowered by the latest advances in cloud computing and AR to allow multiple users to access the simulation at the same time. A client-server architecture allows users to act as pedestrians, drive a car or simply visualize the scene simultaneously. Additionally, other vehicles can be artificially generated by a microscopic traffic simulation (MTS) package that acts as the server. A prototype of the proposed framework is implemented and demonstrated by simulating a model of a city. The promising capabilities and performance of the AR-PED framework are attested with the deployable experiments and potential improvements over the present study to further excel the current framework are also discussed.
State of the Field: Teaching with Digital Tools in the Writing and Communication Classroom

Abstract Recent rapid technological change has influenced the ways writing and communication teachers and students use digital tools in their classrooms. We surveyed 328 writing and communication teachers about their use of digital resources in the classroom, in planning, and in course management. Our study finds that over one-third of teachers either teach themselves or use their existing knowledge to support digital pedagogy; learning management systems are used overwhelmingly to distribute materials; teachers perform a range of teaching tasks with both digital and non-digital tools; and teachers often depend on familiar, commonly available resources to perform teacher and learner actions. We recommend that the field should offer more targeted training for writing and communication teachers about the use of digital resources, support development of a repository of crowdsourced best practices, advocate for teachers to become stakeholders in the development and selection of digital resources to encourage more deliberate and targeted use of digital tools, and systematically collect information about digital resource use in the field.
Top-Down Etch Processes for III-Nitride Nanophotonics

Three-dimensional chemical etch processes for III-nitride (AlGaInN) materials and devices remain significantly underdeveloped due to its apparent inertness to common wet etchants. Further knowledge and development of anisotropic and three-dimensional top-down etch techniques are needed to fully realize the potential of the III-nitrides in new electronic and photonic nano and micro device concepts. Here, we explore the etch characteristics of GaN, AlGaN, and AlN using a two-step dry plus wet etch approach, which allows for the exposure of crystal facets with non-zero and differing etch rates. We apply general geometric principles of crystallographic dissolution processes to enable the prediction of facet-determined etch structures, including high aspect ratio nanowires and nanowalls.
Mohs micrographic surgery for male genital tumors: Local recurrence rates and patient-reported outcomes.

Background Local recurrence rates (LRRs) after Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) for male genital cancers have been reported in only a few small case series, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have not been studied. Objective To determine the LRR and PROs after MMS for male genital skin cancers. Methods Retrospective review of all male genital skin cancers removed with MMS between 2008 and 2019 at an academic center. LRR was determined by chart review and phone calls. PROs were assessed by survey. Results A total of 119 skin cancers in 108 patients were removed with MMS. Tumors were located on the penis (90/119) and scrotum (29/119). Diagnoses included squamous cell carcinoma in situ (n = 71), invasive squamous cell carcinoma (n = 32), extramammary Paget disease (n = 13), melanoma (n = 2), and basal cell carcinoma (n = 1). The LRR was 0.84% (1/119), with a mean follow-up time of 3.25 years (median, 2.36 years). The majority of survey respondents reported no changes in urinary (66%) or sexual functioning (57.5%) after surgery. Limitations Retrospective single-center experience; short follow-up time; low survey response rate; no baseline functional data. Conclusion MMS for male genital skin cancer has a low LRR and high patient-reported satisfaction with urinary and sexual function.
Heart rate response to alarm tones in firefighters.

To examine cardiovascular responses to medical (MED) and fire (FIRE) alarm tones in firefighters. Heart rate was collected throughout 24-h shifts (N = 41). Call logs were utilized post hoc to identify heart rate at the time the alarm sounded (TIMETONE), peak heart rate following the alarm (TIMEPEAK), and heart rate at the time of station departure (TIMEDEPART) for MED and FIRE calls. A 2X3 (TONE x TIME) split-plot mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant differences tests examined the influence of tone type on heart rate, expressed as a percent of age estimated maximum. Bivariate Pearson correlations examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and TIMEPEAK and TIMEDEPART. An alpha of 0.05 determined statistical significance and Bonferroni Corrections were applied to post hoc comparisons (p TIMEDEPART. There was a non-significant simple effect of time for MED and FIRE at TIMETONE (p = 0.259), but significant effects of tone type where FIRE > MED at TIMEPEAK (p < 0.001) and TIMEDEPART (p = 0.002). There was a significant small positive relationship between BMI and TIMEPEAK (p = 0.002) and TIMEDEPART (p < 0.001) for MED only. Alarms increased heart rates to a greater extent in FIRE than MED calls. Higher BMI was related to greater heart rate responses in MED but was unrelated to FIRE response.
Dexmedetomidine as an Adjunct for Regional Anesthetic Nerve Blocks

This article will review current evidence related to the use of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant for regional anesthesia. Adjuvants, frequently used during regional anesthesia, act synergistically with local anesthetics thus enhancing the quality of regional anesthesia while minimizing adverse effects. These adjuvants may be administered via different routes including topical, perineural, neuraxial, and systemic. Recent studies indicate that dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of intravenous regional anesthesia, peripheral nerve blocks, and spinal analgesia. Controversy regarding potential neurotoxicity of perineural dexmedetomidine in patients with diabetic neuropathy requires further evaluation.
Domain Experts on Dementia-Care Technologies: Mitigating Risk in Design and Implementation

There is an urgent need to learn how to appropriately integrate technologies into dementia care. The aims of this Delphi study were to project which technologies will be most prevalent in dementia care in five years, articulate potential benefits and risks, and identify specific options to mitigate risks. Participants were also asked to identify technologies that are most likely to cause value tensions and thus most warrant a conversation with an older person with mild dementia when families are deciding about their use. Twenty-one interdisciplinary domain experts from academia and industry in aging and technology in the U.S. and Canada participated in a two-round online survey using the Delphi approach with an 84% response rate and no attrition between rounds. Rankings were analyzed using frequency counts and written-in responses were thematically analyzed. Twelve technology categories were identified along with a detailed list of risks and benefits for each. Suggestions to mitigate the most commonly raised risks are categorized as follows: intervene during design, make specific technical choices, build in choice and control, require data transparency, place restrictions on data use and ensure security, enable informed consent, and proactively educate users. This study provides information that is needed to navigate person-centered technology use in dementia care. The specific recommendations participants offered are relevant to designers, clinicians, researchers, ethicists, and policy makers and require proactive engagement from design through implementation.
Determination of factors affecting the consumption behavior of ornamental plant consumers: Şanliurfa sampling of Turkey

Ornamental plants are a sector that meets the spiritual and visual needs of people, improves the physical properties of the space they are used in, and contributes significantly to the economy and employment with the added value it creates. Sanliurfa has an important potential for ornamental plants due to its geothermal resource and seasonal characteristics. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that affect the consumption behavior of ornamental plant consumers in Sanliurfa. The material of this research consists of data obtained from face-to-face surveys with consumers selected by a simple random sampling method in Sanliurfa, and the surveys were conducted in 2020. Multinomial probit, negative binomial regression, and Tobit models were used in the analyzes. According to the results, the gender, marital status, income, employment status, and education level of the participants were determined as effective factors at different statistical significance levels. It was determined that age is not an effective factor. When the income level rises by one level, the ornamental plant expenditure increases by 19.93 TL annually, and when the education level rises by one level, it increases by 17 TL. The spread of ornamental plant cultivation should be encouraged in Sanliurfa. This study is the first kind on this subject in Sanliurfa.
Insights on Geochemical, Isotopic, and Volumetric Compositions of Produced Water from Hydraulically Fractured Williston Basin Oil Wells.

Tracing produced water origins from wells hydraulically fractured with freshwater-based fluids is sometimes predicated on assumptions that (1) each geological formation contains compositionally unique brine and (2) produced water from recently hydraulically fractured wells resembles fresher meteoric water more so than produced water from older wells. These assumptions are not valid in Williston Basin oil wells sampled in this study. Although distinct average 228Ra/226Ra ratios were found in water produced from the Bakken and Three Forks Formations, average δ2H, δ18O, specific gravity, and conductivity were similar but exhibited significant variability across five oil fields within each formation. Furthermore, initial produced water ("flowback") was operationally defined based on the presence of glycol ether compounds and water from wells that had produced 0.84 and sampled more than 316 days after fracturing). As such, establishing an overall geochemical and isotopic signature of produced water compositions based solely on chemical similarity to meteoric water and formation without the consideration of well treatments, well completion depth, or lateral location across the basin could be misleading if these signatures are assumed to be applicable across the entire basin. These findings have implications for using produced water compositions to understand the interbasin fluid flow and trace sources of hydraulic fracturing fluids.
Standardizing the haemoglobin glycation index.

AIMS A high haemoglobin glycation index (HGI) is associated with greater risk for hypoglycaemia and chronic vascular disease. Standardizing how the HGI is calculated would normalize results between research studies and hospital laboratories and facilitate the clinical use of HGI for assessing risk. METHODS The HGI is the difference between an observed HbA1c and a predicted HbA1c obtained by inserting fasting plasma glucose (FPG) into a regression equation describing the linear relationship between FPG and HbA1c in a reference population. We used data from the 2005-2016 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to identify a reference population of 18,675 diabetes treatment-naive adults without self-reported diabetes. The reference population regression equation (predicted HbA1c = 0.024 FPG + 3.1) was then used to calculate the HGI and divide participants into low (<-0.150), moderate (-0.150 to <0.150) and high (≥0.150) HGI subgroups. Diabetes status was classified by OGTTs. RESULTS As previously reported in multiple studies, a high HGI was associated with black race independent of diabetes status, and with older age, higher BMI and higher CRP in normal and prediabetic but not diabetic participants. The mean HGI was 0.6% higher in self-reported diabetic adults. The HGI was not associated with plasma insulin, HOMA-IR or 2 h OGTT in participants classified as normal, prediabetic or diabetic. CONCLUSIONS The regression equation derived from this demographically diverse diabetes treatment-naive adult NHANES reference population is suitable for standardizing how the HGI is calculated for both clinical use and in research to mechanistically explain population variation in the HGI and why a high HGI is associated with greater risk for chronic vascular disease.
Burn Severity and Albedo Analysis Concerning the Mendocino Complex Fire

Wildfires leave significant impacts upon many ecosystems. In California, the Mendocino Complex Fire was the second largest fire in California history. This fire left a sizable burn scar within the Mendocino National Forest. This work examines normalized burn ratio to understand the burn severity to formulate insight on wildfire impacts to land albedo and its recovery.
Mothers’ and Children’s Concentrations of Oxytocin Following Close, Physical Interactions with Biological and Non-biological Children

The current study examined the concentration of mothers’ peripherally produced oxytocin after close physical interactions with their biological and non-biological children. Each of 35 mothers and children participated in a computer game that promoted physical contact. In one interaction context, mothers interacted with their own children, and in the other context, mothers interacted with unfamiliar children. After the activity, urine samples were collected from the mothers and were assayed for oxytocin. Data from 26 mothers were available for oxytocin analyses. Oxytocin levels were higher among mothers following interactions with unfamiliar children than following interactions with their own children. Possible explanations for the differences in oxytocin levels across contexts are discussed.
Molecular genetics of phenylketonuria: from molecular anthropology to gene therapy.

Publisher Summary Classical phenylketonuria (PKU) was first recognized as a distinct metabolic disorder causing severe, irreversible mental retardation by the Norwegian biochemist and physician Asbjorn Folling. Folling observed increased levels of phenylpyruvate in the urine. Because of the structural similarity between phenylpyruvate and the essential amino acid phenylalanine, Folling hypothesized that phenylalanine was the most likely source of the urinary phenylpyruvate. Folling's observations clearly implicated some defect of phenylalanine metabolism in phenylketonuric individuals. Subsequent studies reveal that phenylalanine hydroxylation (PAH) in humans is a complex reaction involving at least six different enzymes and their requisite cofactors. The cloning of the PAH cDNA provides the single most important reagent for the understanding of molecular genetics of PKU. The expression of this cDNA conclusively demonstrated that the human PAH protein is the product of a single gene. The knowledge of the molecular basis of PKU and the fact that it is primarily a single gene disorder has made it an attractive model for the development of new treatment modalities based on somatic gene transfer, which should also be applicable to a variety of monogenic diseases.
The Cotonou Agreement: Will it Successfully Improve the Small Island Economies of the Caribbean?

On June 23, 2000, after eighteen months of negotiations, the European Union (EU) and its Member States signed a new partnership agreement with the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) states in Cotonou, Benin, called the Cotonou Agreement. This twenty-year partnership agreement with seventy-seven ACP states replaced the Lome Convention, which had provided the structure for trade and cooperation between the ACP states and the EU since 1975. The Cotonou Agreement focuses on poverty reduction as its principal objective, which will be achieved through political dialogue, develop-ment aid, and closer economic and trade cooperation. This Note discusses the structure of the Cotonou Agreement and analyzes the various effects the Agreement will have on the ACP countries, par-ticularly, the countries of the Caribbean. It concludes that, despite its objectives, the Agreement will likely contribute to a decline in the economies of the ACP nations.
Partial entrainment of gravel bars during floods

[1] Spatial patterns of bed material entrainment by floods were documented at seven gravel bars using arrays of metal washers (bed tags) placed in the streambed. The observed patterns were used to test a general stochastic model that bed material entrainment is a spatially independent, random process where the probability of entrainment is uniform over a gravel bar and a function of the peak dimensionless shear stress t* of the flood. The fraction of tags missing from a gravel bar during a flood, or partial entrainment, had an approximately normal distribution with respect to t* 0 with a mean value (50% of the tags entrained) of 0.085 and standard deviation of 0.022 (root-mean-square error of 0.09). Variation in partial entrainment for a given t* demonstrated the effects of flow conditioning on bed strength, with lower values of partial entrainment after intermediate magnitude floods (0.065 < t* < 0.08) than after higher magnitude floods. Although the probability of bed material entrainment was approximately uniform over a gravel bar during individual floods and independent from flood to flood, regions of preferential stability and instability emerged at some bars over the course of a wet season. Deviations from spatially uniform and independent bed material entrainment were most pronounced for reaches with varied flow and in consecutive floods with small to intermediate magnitudes. INDEX TERMS: 1815 Hydrology: Erosion and sedimentation; 1821 Hydrology: Floods; 1869 Hydrology: Stochastic processes; KEYWORDS: sediment transport, bed material entrainment, disturbance, gravel bars, stochastic model
Classical solutions of the generalized Camassa-Holm equation

In this paper, well-posedness in $C^1(\mathbb R)$ (a.k.a. classical solutions) for a generalized Camassa-Holm equation (g-$k$$b$CH) having $(k+1)$-degree nonlinearities is shown. This result holds for the Camassa-Holm, the Degasperis-Procesi and the Novikov equations, which improves upon earlier results in Sobolev and Besov spaces.
Smokers' Strategic Responses to Sin Taxes: Evidence from Panel Data in Thailand

In addition to quitting and cutting consumption, smokers faced with higher cigarette prices may compensate in several ways that mute the health impact of cigarette taxes. This study examines three price avoidance strategies among adult male smokers in Thailand: trading down to a lower-priced brand, buying individual sticks of cigarettes instead of packs, and substituting roll-your-own tobacco for factory-manufactured cigarettes. Using two panels of microlevel data from the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Study, collected in 2005 and 2006, we estimate the effects of a substantial excise tax increase implemented throughout Thailand in December 2005. We present estimates of the marginal effects and price elasticities for each of five consumer behaviors. We find that, controlling for baseline smoking characteristics, sociodemographics, and policy variables, quitting is highly sensitive to changes in cigarette prices, but so are brand choice, stick-buying, and use of roll-your-own tobacco. Neglecting such strategic responses leads to overestimates of a sin tax's health impact, and neglecting product substitution distorts estimates of the price elasticity of cigarette demand. We discuss the implications for consumer welfare and several policies that mitigate the adverse impact of consumer responses.
Compound negative ion resonances and threshold-electron excitation spectra of quinoline and isoquinoline

Abstract Two compound negative ion resonances below 2 eV have been observed for quinoline, isoquinoline and naphthalene. Electronic transitions in quinoline and isoquinoline are reported.
When foresight seems impeccable, things still go wrong. Why?

Purpose – This article seeks to provide a systematic examination of the unanticipated results following the introduction of various types of new policy, process, design, product or service.Design/methodology/approach – A rough taxonomy categorizes the generic kinds of unintentional consequences.Findings – Careless political, technical, commercial, military or even personal decisions often underlie the most problematic of secondary effects.Originality/value – Unscheduled second‐ or third‐order effects have often been attributed to a “law” governing such phenomena. Although no such law exists, there exist indeed the unwanted effects – and sometimes on a grand scale, too often a bane of humankind.
Second Session of the Seventy-first Congress, December 2, 1929, to July 3, 1930; Special Session of the Senate, July 7–21

Membership . Even in seasons when politics are pointing toward congressional elections of unusual interest, the filling of vacancies in the House attracts little attention. Political perspectives are almost unavoidably narrowed by the reaction of presidential government; localism confuses general tendencies; and the prevalence of one-party areas further conceals trends which can be read only by a close scrutiny of relative returns. It is not that the opportunity for by-elections is lacking. In the course of the session under consideration, twenty-three seats in the House were vacated, five by resignation and eighteen by death. The resulting replacements brought the Democrats a net gain of one; for, though losing their sole foothold in Pennsylvania, they won in the third district in Kentucky and the second district in Massachusetts. In the latter, never previously represented by a Democrat, the victory of W. J. Granfield in the special election on February 11,1930, was widely noted and deemed significant by many, although it was not clear whether it indicated a desire for drink or a dread of depression. The Senate came to grips at last with the long-delayed problem of the Pennsylvania senatorship. In accordance with an understanding reached in the special session, Senator Norris's resolution (S. Res. 111) to deny William S. Vare a seat in the Senate came up on December 3. Debate closed on December 6, when the resolution was adopted by a vote of 58 (25 Republicans, 32 Democrats, 1 Farmer Labor) to 22 (all Republicans).
Inference in binomial AR(1) models

This paper studies inference methods for stationary time series with binomial distributions. Such series describe, for example, the number of rainy days in consecutive weeks. First, we formulate the renewal sequence version of the model that seemingly generates a new class of stationary binomial series. The model is shown to obey an AR(1) recursion in cases where the renewal lifetime has a constant hazard rate past lag one. Explicit asymptotic variances of the parameter estimators in the AR(1) case are derived from conditional least squares methods; likelihood techniques are also considered.
In vitro pharmacologic characterization of a cholinergic receptor on outer hair cells.

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the major neurotransmitter released from the efferent fibers in the cochlea onto the outer hair cells (OHCs). The type of ACh receptor on OHCs and the events subsequent to receptor activation are unclear. Therefore we studied the effect of agonists and antagonists of the ACh receptor on isolated OHCs from the guinea pig. OHCs were recorded from in whole cell voltage and current clamp configuration. ACh induced an increase in outward K+ current (IACh) which hyperpolarized the OHCs. No desensitization to ACh application was observed. Cs+ replaced K+ in carrying the IACh. The IACh is Ca2+-dependent, time and voltage sensitive, and different from the IKCa induced by depolarization of the membrane potential. When tested at 100 μM, several agonists also induced outward current responses (acetylcholine > suberyldicholine ≥ carbachol > DMPP) whereas nicotine, cytisine and muscarine did not. The IACh response to 10 μM ACh was blocked by low concentrations of traditional and non-traditional nicotinic antagonists (strychnine > curare > bicuculline > α-bungarotoxin > trimethaphan) and by higher concentrations of muscarinic antagonists (atropine > 4-DAMP > AF-DX 116 > pirenzepine). Pharmacologically, the ACh receptor on OHCs is nicotinic.
Infectious Diseases and Immunizations

Many significant advances were made during the 1970s in the field of infectious diseases. Laboratory and clinical research provided new diagnostic methods for hepatitis A and B, almost complete elimination of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, improved antibiotics, identification of rotaviruses as causes of infant diarrhea, recognition of chlamydial infections as important genital and congenital infections, the association of the Epstein-Barr virus with several types of malignancies, and the identification of the cause of Legionnaires' disease. Immunization programs resulted in the eradication of smallpox throughout the world; extremely reduced levels of measles and German measles in the United States; only rare cases of polio; new meningococcal, mumps, and pneumococcal vaccines; and a highly potent rabies vaccine. These important research findings were made available to practicing physicians and have resulted in important improvements in the health care and prevention of disease in the United States. Prospects for the 1980s are extremely good. With continued research efforts, progress should be made in the development of new diagnostic tests as well as in methods for treatment or prevention of a number of diseases.
A preliminary paleomagnetic pole for mid-Cretaceous rocks from Tobago: further evidence for large clockwise rotations in the Caribbean-South American plate boundary zone

Abstract The island of Tobago occupies the eastern end of the central (igneous) belt of the Caribbean-South American plate boundary zone. Volcaniclastic sediment of the Albian (∼ 100 Ma) Tobago Volcanic Group and dikes of similar age within it were sampled in two homoclinal sections with different attitudes. The mean of virtual geomagnetic poles for 12 sites (25.4°N, 24.1°E, A95 = 4.2°) is well defined, pre-tilting and apparently reliable, yet is far removed from a similar age reference pole for South America. Five other paleomagnetic studies of Cretaceous rocks from widely separated localities farther west in the plate boundary zone yield pole positions that are remarkably similar to the Tobago pole. Poles obtained from the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, the islands of Aruba and Bonaire, and the Caribbean Mountains of Venezuela are among those that agree with the Tobago result. The paleolatitudes for study areas within the plate boundary zone are consistent with an origin on or near South America, yet the poles throughout the zone are rotated roughly 90°. Dextral relative motion between the Caribbean and South American plates was probably responsible for the rotation.
Density and Temperature Measurements in a Solar Active Region

We present electron density and temperature measurements from an active region observed above the limb with the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation spectrometer on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. Density-sensitive line ratios from Si VIII and S X indicate densities greater than 108 cm-3 as high as 200'' (or 145 Mm) above the limb. At these heights, static, uniformly heated loop models predict densities close to 107 cm-3. Differential emission measure analysis shows that the observed plasma is nearly isothermal with a mean temperature of about 1.5 MK and a dispersion of about 0.2 MK. Both the differential emission measure and the Si XI/Si VIII line ratios indicate only small variations in the temperature at the heights observed. These measurements confirm recent observations from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer of "overdense" plasma at temperatures near 1 MK in solar active regions. Time-dependent hydrodynamic simulations suggest that impulsive heating models can account for the large densities, but they have a difficult time reproducing the narrow range of observed temperatures. The observations of overdense, nearly isothermal plasma in the solar corona provide a significant challenge to theories of coronal heating.
Thermal method of measuring concentration during turbulent reactive mixing

When the total reactant diffusivities are equal, the time-average concentration fields which result from turbulently mixing reactants can be measured thermally if the temperature difference between the feed streams is suitably chosen. Each reactant profile is obtained from measurements of the temperature profile in an experiment in which the inlet temperature of that reactant is less than that of the other reactant by an amount equal to the adiabatic reaction temperature change of the measured reactant. The method is demonstrated in a liquid phase confined jet reactor.
[Leu31,Pro34]Neuropeptide Y (NPY), but not NPY 20–36, produces discriminative stimulus effects similar to NPY and induces food intake

Rats were trained to discriminate between an intracerebroventricular injection of 1.15 nmol of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and a sham injection. Rats rapidly learned to press the appropriate lever during training. NPY's discriminative stimulus effects were compared to those of saline, and 1.15-3.45 nmol [Leu31,Pro34]NPY, a Y1 receptor agonist and NPY 20-36, Y2 receptor agonist. [Leu31,Pro34]NPY resulted in NPY-appropriate responding, whereas saline and NPY 20-36 did not. [Leu31,Pro34]NPY also increased food intake, but NPY 20-36 did not. This suggests that NPY's discriminative stimulus and orexigenic effects involve the Y1, but not the Y2, receptor.