cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatal attraction, or the post‐modern Prometheus

This paper examines the issue of representation of women in advertising and in one very popular film from 1987, Fatal Attraction, drawing attention to the dangers, implicit in certain feminist appr...
MBERT: A Basic Program to Alleviate Experimenter Effect in Biofeedback Research:

Rosenthal (1) suggests that the experimenter's effect can be alleviated if experimenter-subject contact is minimized. There is a point, however, beyond which an experimenter cannot minimize contact with the subject and still relay instructions, respond to questions, and comply with the ethical principles of research with human participants. An alternative approach is to reduce the information available to the experimenter, i.e., different levels of "blind" controls. This method is not possible for small studies conducted by one or two experimenters. Microcomputers provide a new alternative which may prove superior to earlier methods. Even computers must be programmed directly or indirectly by the experimenter so this approach may not completely eliminate his effect. The significant aspect of computerized interaction with subjects is that an unknown contaminating variable will be consistent across subjects and groups. Program Description. The Multiparameter Biofeedback Experimental Research Tool (MBERT) program is written in Applesoft BASIC which is characteristic of the Apple I1 microcomputer. The flexibiliry of the programming language BASIC permits this program to be modified to accommodate the syntaxes of other BASIC language versions. The program is 360 statements long and requires at least 16K bytes of random access memory (RAM). Experimenter Mode.-The MBERT program can be adapted to a variety of research problems and settings bur was originally developed to examine biofeedback as an independent and a dependent measure. In this mode the experimenter sets or defines the dependent (i.e., monitoring machines, muscle group) and independent (i.e., experimental condition, task) variable(s). Also other housekeeping functions that aid the experimenter are defined in this mode. Subject Mode.-Specific parameters defined in the experiment mode are executed in this mode. The function of the monitoring equipment is explained and the requirements of the experiment are indicated. Then the program gives the subject an opportunity to withdraw from the experiment. If the subject chooses to continue, the experimenter readies the dependent variable for measurement. If the experiment requires a subsequent visit, the subject is given a choice of reviewing the instructions before continuing to the task, continuing directly to .the task, or withdrawing from the experiment entirely. A listing of the program and a sample run can be obtained from the first author. The next phase in the MBERT program is to create a hierarchical data-based system to manage and store the specifics of the subject pool.
Olive oil, high-oleic acid sunflower oil and CHD.

The low levels of CHD morbidity and mortality in Mediterranean regions is partly attributed to dietary factors. Olive oil is a key component of the traditional Mediterranean diet, therefore there has been intensive investigation to determine how olive oil mediates this effect. CHD has a very complex pathophysiology characterised by atherosclerosis, which is the result of aberrant lipoprotein metabolism and a local inflammatory response in the vascular endothelium, and thrombosis. Olive oil is a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and antioxidant phenolic compounds. Both of these components mediate the cardio-protective effects associated with olive oil in a number of ways. Traditionally the cardio-protective effect of the Mediterranean diet was ascribed to the hypocholesterolaemic effect of dietary MUFA. Numerous intervention studies have shown that the substitution of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) for MUFA significantly reduces total LDL cholesterol concentrations (Mensink & Katan, 1989). More recently, studies have shown that diets
(3R(*),5S (*),6R (*))-3,5-dimethyl-6-(methylethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one, a third sex pheromone component forMacrocentrus grandii (goidanich) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and evidence for its utility at eclosion.

The compound (3R*,5S*,6R*)-3,5-dimethyl-6-(methylethyl)-3, 4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one was identified as a sex pheromone component ofM. grandii. Laboratory and field bioassays demonstrated that it elicits flight initiation, upwind anemotaxis, and casting in male wasps. The compound acts synergistically with (Z)-4-tridecenal, a previously identified sex pheromone component of femaleM. grandii, to increase male response to the aldehyde component. The source of the lactone was determined to be the mandibular glands of male and female wasps. At eclosion a majority of male-female and female-only cocoon masses released the lactone and attracted male wasps. Male-only cocoon masses were not attractive at eclosion and the lactone component was either not released or released at below-threshold concentration. Mating was observed to occur following eclosion in laboratory and field studies.
Ordered phases of a liquid of biaxial particles

A simple model for an interacting liquid of particles lacking an axis of rotational symmetry is proposed. The four order parameters necessary to describe an ordered phase are identified. An ensemble of such particles is described by a mean field theory. A phase diagram showing both uniaxial and biaxial phases results. The model predicts a phase diagram similar to that of the phenomenological model of Alben.
Premonitory Signs of the 1978 Break in the West Coast Drought

Abstract A diagnosis is made of the atmospheric-flow patterns and North Pacific sea surface temperature patterns leading up to the dramatic break in the western drought of the winters 1975–76 and 1976–77. Excessively wet weather occurred during the winter 1977–78. Antecedent signs of the break occurred as early as September 1977—both in atmospheric flow patterns over the Northern Hemisphere and in North Pacific sea surface temperatures. Quasi-objective methods of long-range prediction involving large-scale air-sea interactions were employed to successfully predict the change in precipitation regime.
The Means and End of Work

This paper offers a teleological perspective on efforts to improve the quality of working life. Our view of working arrangements and what they "should" be is often confused by contradictory ideas of "what we are pursuing" when we seek to alter the present arrangements. At the enterprise level, there is disagreement among the workplace interest groups (e.g., supervisors, the top manager, local-wide union officers, rank-and-file workers, middle managers, etc.) on which are the means and what is the end of work. There is less disagreement at the societal level about what constitutes the "bottom line": in general, there is an implicit acceptance of the view that the end of work is economic. The schemata presented here recognizes the economic value of work, but only as one means toward a higher end: human well-being.
Evaluation of different temperature management strategies for suppression of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) in stored maize

Abstract Three years of experimental trials (2001–2003) were conducted in 12.7 t capacity pilot-scale bins to determine the survival, reproduction and suppression of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky under three temperature management strategies, no aeration (NA, control), ambient aeration (AA, ⩽23.9 °C), and chilled aeration (CA, ⩽18.3 °C) from May to November in Indiana, USA. One-way ANOVA indicated that the number of progeny for small adult populations of caged insects (0.14–0.28 insects per gram maize) embedded 0.6 m deep in the stored grain mass varied among temperature strategies for some, but not all of the storage periods. Progeny numbers in the CA strategy were significantly lower ( P S. zeamai s under the NA strategy caused by factors in the caged insect microclimate (e.g., rapid food depletion, heating, moisture, molding, and high CO 2 levels). Our results suggest that maintaining stored maize at temperatures ⩽15.0 °C for longer periods suppressed S. zeamais progeny more effectively than at ⩽18.3 °C. In addition, leaving the stored grain bulk unaerated early in the spring so it remained cool at ⩽15.0 °C due to winter aeration resulted in early suppression of S. zeamais progeny.
Isolation and mapping of the rRNA genes in the macronucleus of Oxytricha fallax.

The DNA in the macronucleus of the protozoan Oxytricha, unlike like that of typical eukaryotes, exists as short, gene-sized molecules. Within the macronucleus the rRNA genes are contained in molecules 7,380 nucleotide pairs in length. This rDNA has been substanially purified by selective denaturation of non-ribosomal DNA followed by Sl nuclease digestion. Results from restriction nuclease digestion and rRNA:DNA hybridization show that the rDNA is a linear, non-palindromic molecule which contains one gene each for the 19s and 25s rRNAs. A total of less than 600 base pairs of DNA lies between the 19s and 25s genes or at the 3′ end of the 25s gene. The non-coding portion of the ribosomal DNA is almost entirely limited to an approximately 1,400 base pair region at the 5′ end of the molecule.
Psychological and Demographic Characteristics as Determinants of Women's Health Insurance Coverage

The study examines the role of demographic and psychological characteristics in determining women's healthcare insurance coverage. To assess the role of these characteristics, data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience (NLSLME), Young Women's Cohort, were used considering both a married and not married subsample. Overall, the results indicate that in addition to the influence of previously examined demographic characteristics, the role of psychological attributes is substantial particularly for the not married subsample. Findings suggest that in addition to policy aimed at increasing health insurance coverage by way of considering demographic characteristics policy should also consider psychological attributes.
Research on the Simulation Method for I.C.E Structural Acoustic Radiation

By systematical research on the analytic procedure of excitation loads inside the internal combustion engine, the computational method of dynamic characteristics and dynamic response, and the prediction technique of structural acoustic radiation, an approach for structural acoustic radiation prediction of I.C.E based on BEM theory, ATV technique and coupled BEM-FEM method is proposed. It is a new and efficient way to solve the problem of engine’s structural acoustic radiation under multi-operating conditions. The numerical simulation results and measured values through experiments indicate that this approach is scientific, correct and feasible.
Flexible on-chip power delivery for energy efficient heterogeneous systems

Heterogeneous systems-on-chip pose a challenge for power delivery given the variety of needs for different components. In this paper, we describe recent work that leverages power switches and conventional EDA toolflows to implement a set of power delivery schemes that provide a flexible, adaptable range of options for power management of SoCs for which energy efficiency is important. We first present an enhanced dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) scheme that uses power switches to provide rapid changes in the energy-speed operating point to match workloads at a component level. To demonstrate this approach, we describe a data flow processor chip in 90nm CMOS that supports flexible operation from 0.25V with super high energy efficiency up to GHz speeds at 1.2V. This chip shows that our low overhead method to scale energy consumption with the performance requirement supports both high performance and ultra low energy (>10X reduction in energy per operation) in the same circuit. We discuss power switch design for this scheme and investigate strategies for optimizing power switches for different operating modes. Finally, we show how segmented power switches offer several advantages for flexibly managing leakage and for modulating local voltages with low overhead.
Radiation-induced sarcoma after treatment of breast cancer.

Two case reports are presented of radiation-induced sarcomas occurring 23 years and 7 years after radiotherapy for breast carcinoma. One patient developed an undifferentiated sarcoma of the scapula believed to be induced by a calculated dose to the soft tissue component of bone of 8,195 rads in 3 weeks. The second patient had a fibrosarcoma involving the soft tissues of the axilla. Both patients died several months after diagnosis of the second neoplasm. A review of the literature disclosed 12 other cases in which a malignant tumor developed under similar circumstances. An analysis of these 12 cases and the 2 reported here showed that the most frequent site for the development of a malignant tumor was the scapula, and osteogenic sarcoma was the predominant histologic type encountered in these cases. Treatment with radical surgery or radiation was usually unsuccessful because most patients developed metastases early. A study of the reported cases brought out the fact that incompletely reported dosages made it impossible to calculate accurately doses of radiation absorbed in the target tissues. The authors present a scheme for presenting precise and informative physical data when future cases of radiation-induced tumors are encountered. In order to diagnose these cases more accurately, criteria for evaluating the patient are presented.
Negative Phototropism of Phycomyces in the Ultra-violet

IN the course of a study of the growth and curvature of the sporangiophores of Phycomyces, the phototropic sensitivity was re-examined. Preliminary experiments showed that unfiltered green light, isolated from a General Electric H85C3 capillary mercury lamp by a Bausch and Lomb grating monochromator with quartz optics, caused very marked negative curvatures, that is, away from the light source. Addition of a plain glass filter to the system eliminated this response, thus showing that it was due to ultra-violet light of wave-length less than 300 mµ in the second-order spectrum from the monochromator. When sporangiophores were exposed to ultra-violet light of wave-length 280 mµ, negative curvatures began to develop after about 5 min., and after 20–30 min. most of the sporangiophores had curved through at least 90°, pointing directly away from the light source.
A Stochastic Planning System for Siting and Closing Public Service Facilities

In this report we describe a planning tool for siting (or closing) public facilities. The approach is based on an optimizing framework—the objective is to provide and plan services as effectively as possible—in which the demands for future services are taken as stochastic parameters. Two kinds of general errors (overage and underage) are included in the planning objectives, along with economic and other considerations. An interactive choice procedure is recommended. At each stage, the planner selects potential sites for opening and for possibly closing facilities. The planning system is then used to evaluate the various impacts of these choices, and to help suggest several courses of action. The methodology is demonstrated through an example—the Queens Borough public library system in New York City. The system takes advantage of the problem's special structure as a network graph, thus allowing computational efficiencies. Large-scale problems can be easily solved in this environment. The World Bank's Gener...
Hiding in Plain Sight: Why Mutual Mate Choice Should Have Been Found Sooner

The idea of mutual mate choice (MMC) as an alternative to the males compete, females choose (MCFC) model should have been obvious long ago, but it has been obscured by a limited interpretation of e...
FAST: A Framework for Simulation and Analysis of Large-Scale Protein-Silicon Biosensor Circuits

This paper presents a computer aided design (CAD) framework for verification and reliability analysis of protein-silicon hybrid circuits used in biosensors. It is envisioned that similar to integrated circuit (IC) CAD design tools, the proposed framework will be useful for system level optimization of biosensors and for discovery of new sensing modalities without resorting to laborious fabrication and experimental procedures. The framework referred to as FAST analyzes protein-based circuits by solving inverse problems involving stochastic functional elements that admit non-linear relationships between different circuit variables. In this regard, FAST uses a factor-graph netlist as a user interface and solving the inverse problem entails passing messages/signals between the internal nodes of the netlist. Stochastic analysis techniques like density evolution are used to understand the dynamics of the circuit and estimate the reliability of the solution. As an example, we present a complete design flow using FAST for synthesis, analysis and verification of our previously reported conductometric immunoassay that uses antibody-based circuits to implement forward error-correction (FEC).
How should Christians make judgments at the edge of life and death

Death has become banal. It is devoid of meaning, if not simply surd. Yet, not even the very best of medicine can cure death. Most will suffer, except perhaps those who die suddenly while very young...
Potential measurement from a single lead ziroconate titanate nanofiber using a nanomanipulator

Direct piezoelectric potential measurement of single lead ziroconate titanate (PZT) nanofiber under bending using a nanomanipulator inside a scanning electron microscope chamber was presented. The PZT nanofibers, with the diameter and length around 100 nm and 70–100 μm, respectively, were aligned across trenches on a silicon substrate with a thermally grown oxide diffusion barrier and evaporated gold electrodes. A potential of ∼0.4 mV was generated when a bending moment was applied to a PZT nanofiber with an effective length of 4 μm by a tungsten tip of the nanomanipulator. The experiment demonstrated the feasibility of using these PZT nanofibers for nanoscale sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting.
Superconductivity of Metallic Indium Telluride

Metallic indium telluride is a superconductor with a transition temperature of 2.18° K. The critical magnetic field is about 800 gauss.
Single-trial identification of failed memory retrieval

We show that it is possible to distinguish unsuccessful from successful retrieval of study items based on single-trial EEG recorded during the test phase of 3 separate recognition memory experiments. The overall classification accuracy across all 34 classification problems was 58.4 %. The classification accuracy monotonically increased to 68.03 % by only classifying trials with high classifier confidence levels. The likelihood of remembering a study item for trials with the 10% highest and lowest classifier outputs were 0.80 and 0.45 respectively. This suggests that the classifier outputs are reflecting the level of retrieval during the test phase. These findings combined with previous single-trial results predicting subsequent memory from EEG recorded during and prior to memory encoding will provide a basis for a passive brain-computer interface (BCI) system for improving memory.
Generation of cushion curves from one shock pulse

Three methods for generating performance information relative to the shock absorbing ability of cushioning materials are discussed. The conventional method, which follows the test standard ASTM D1596, requires enormous amounts of test data and can be quite expensive in material costs, laboratory time and equipment. Two methods based on generating the dynamic stress vs. energy density curve for the material are discussed. This single curve replaces all of the published cushion curves. One method requires only 10-20 drops and predicts peak G to within ± 5% of the published values. A new method proposed here produces the same stress vs. energy curve from only one drop.
Ex vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to corneal graft endothelial cells in mice.

PURPOSE Genetic modulation of donor tissue before corneal transplantation may have the potential to modulate alloimmunity and/or to prevent corneal endothelial cell death. This study was conducted to optimize adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to donor corneal endothelium and to delineate the kinetics of marker gene expression in syngeneic and allogeneic corneal grafts. METHODS BALB/c mouse corneas were incubated with replication-deficient adenovirus encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) or empty vector ex vivo at a dose of 6 x 10(7) or 6 x 10(6) PFU at temperatures of 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C. After ex vivo infection, the donor corneas were transplanted orthotopically to BALB/c or C57BL/6 recipients. After transplantation, localization of GFP in the grafts was determined in cryosections of enucleated eyes, and GFP expression in the grafts was visualized in vivo by using epifluorescence microscopy over 12 weeks. All grafts were evaluated clinically by slit lamp biomicroscopy. RESULTS GFP expression was found to be restricted to the corneal endothelium. In vivo expression of GFP in syngeneic corneal grafts was demonstrated for up to 12 weeks. Syngeneic grafts incubated with the vector at 4 degrees C exhibited a more extensive and longer duration of expression of green fluorescence than grafts incubated at 37 degrees C. Moreover, the syngeneic grafts infected at 4 degrees C maintained their transparency, whereas those infected at 37 degrees C displayed a high degree of opacity. Corneal allogeneic grafts infected with a low dose of the vector displayed longer GFP expression and graft survival than the allogeneic grafts infected with a high dose of the viral vector. CONCLUSIONS Adenoviral vector can selectively and efficiently deliver exogenous gene(s) to the endothelium of corneal grafts during hypothermic organ preservation. Gene expression is retained in vivo in corneal syngeneic grafts for longer periods than are allogeneic grafts.
Pits and uplifts on Europa

Abstract A survey of depression and uplift features on Europa, based on Galileo regional mapping images, shows that these features come in a wide range of sizes, with numbers increasing greatly with decreasing size, down to the limits of resolution. Size distributions are similar in the northern leading and southern trailing hemispheres, where they are distinctly different from the southern leading and northern trailing hemispheres, suggesting an oblique, antipodal symmetry pattern, similar to that of chaotic and tectonic terrain. This pattern is suggestive of polar wander. Uplifts are usually polygonal or irregular in shape and rarely are cracked. Patches of chaotic terrain, which we had surveyed earlier, are not included in the current study because their topography is generally unclear, and because there is no a priori known genetic linkage with the pits and uplifts. These results contradict generalizations based on the earlier “pits, spots, and domes” (PSD) taxonomy. Most of the type examples for PSDs were simply patches of chaotic terrain selected from a limited portion of their full size range. The use of the term lenticula to collectively describe PSDs is inconsistent with the IAU definition of lenticula: a small dark spot seen at low resolution. Pits and uplifts do not correlate with lenticulae, although chaos often does. Properties of PSDs that have been widely cited as primary evidence for convective upwelling in thick ice (e.g., that uplifts are generally dome-shaped and often cracked; that pits and domes are regularly spaced; that there is a typical diameter of ∼10 km) were premature and not supported by subsequent data. Most pits and uplifts are less than 10 km across so, if they formed by diapirism or convective upwelling, the sources must have been very shallow, less than 5 km deep. How they actually formed remains unknown.
A disequilibrium analysis of incidental teaching : Determining reinforcement effects

An important goal of reinforcement models and procedures is to predict the direction and magnitude of reinforcement effects. Although traditional models of reinforcement have been unable to adequately predict effects, Timberlake and Farmer-Dougan (1991) have suggested that the disequilibrium model provides such a framework for specifying reinforcers ahead of time. Further, they suggest that incidental teaching may be one procedure in which such predictions may be made. The present experiment investigated the reinforcement effects produced by changes in the probability of disruption of an initiation to a toy item. Four preschoolers served as the participants in the experiment. Results indicated that there appeared to be an optimal level for disrupting ongoing behavior, above or below which reinforcement effects greatly suffered. These findings, although not a direct test of the disequilibrium model ol reinforcement, are consistent with and predicted by the model.
Long term performance of an arsenite-oxidizing-chlorate-reducing microbial consortium in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) bioreactor

Abstract A chlorate ( ClO 3 - ) reducing microbial consortium oxidized arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)) in an upflow anaerobic sludge-bed bioreactor over 550 days operation. As(III) was converted with high conversion efficiencies (>98%) at volumetric loadings ranging from 0.45 to 1.92 mmol As/(L reactor d). The oxidation of As(III) was linked to the complete reduction of ClO 3 - to Cl − and H 2 O, as demonstrated by a molar ratio of approximately 3.0 mol As(III) oxidized per mole of Cl − formed and by the greatly lowered ClO 3 - -reducing capacity without As(III) feeding. An autotrophic enrichment culture was established from the bioreactor biofilm. A 16S rRNA gene clone library indicated that the culture was dominated by Dechloromonas , and Stenotrophomonas as well as genera within the family Comamonadaceae . The results indicate that the oxidation of As(III) to less mobile As(V) utilizing ClO 3 - as a terminal electron acceptor provides a sustainable bioremediation strategy for arsenic contamination in anaerobic environments.
Accurate incident neutrino momentum determination

When neutrinos produced from the decay of pions in a bunched, accelerated pion beam interact in a downstream target, the arrival time and location define the energy of the incident neutrino independently of whether the scattering event occurs by a charged or neutral current interaction and the details of the final state.
Interactive Effects of Creativity and IQ on Ninth-Grade Achievement.

The interactive effects of IQ and creativity upon ninth-grade achievement were examined, with special focus upon the IQ threshold concept of Torrance He hypothesized that achievement is predicted better by IQ than by creativity below the IQ threshold, while IQ validity decreases as creativity validity increases above the threshold. This implies an IQ X Creativity interactive effect on achievement. If an IQ threshold exists, regression weights for IQ X Creativity interactive predictors should be statistically significant when included in multiple regression equations. Three creativity factor scores were estimated and were each multiplied by IQ to define three moderated or interactive predictor variables. A slight though statistically significant increase in validity resulted by adding the moderated variables to IQ and the three factor scores in multiple regression equations. Thus, there was weak support for the existence of an IQ threshold, but the regression of achievement on creativity decreased rather than increased with higher IQ.
Ablation rates of human meniscal tissue with the Ho:YAG laser: The effects of varying fluences

Abstract To further define the operating parameters for Holmium laser meniscectomy, an in vitro experiment was set up to specifically measure ablation rates and the concomitant thermal injury. Using an experimental set-up with a laser fiber penetrating through meniscal tissue slices, energy levels were varied between 167 and 927 Joules (J)/cm 2 per pulse to measure meniscal ablation rates. Following each experiment the adjacent thermal effects were evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin and trichrome staining. The fastest ablation rate was found at 927 J/cm 2 per pulse. The increase in ablation rates was directly proportional to the increases in energy levels. Histological examination showed the average lateral thermal change to be 400 to 500 μm, with no demonstrated relation to the pulse level of energy. At these laser parameters the higher levels of energy per pulse showed better ablation of human meniscal tissue without increasing thermal effects in adjacent tissue. Higher energy levels and fluences appeared desirable for more efficient arthroscopic meniscectomy with the Holmium laser.
Programming and reprogramming neuronal subtypes in the central nervous system

Recent discoveries in nuclear reprogramming have challenged the dogma that the identity of terminally differentiated cells cannot be changed. The identification of molecular mechanisms that reprogram differentiated cells to a new identity carries profound implications for regenerative medicine across organ systems. The central nervous system (CNS) has historically been considered to be largely immutable. However, recent studies indicate that even the adult CNS is imparted with the potential to change under the appropriate stimuli. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the capability of distinct cells within the CNS to reprogram their identity and consider the role of developmental signals in directing these cell fate decisions. Finally, we discuss the progress and current challenges of using developmental signals to precisely direct the generation of individual neuronal subtypes in the postnatal CNS and in the dish.
Instability of a thermal Stokes layer

We examine experimentally the stability of a Stokes layer in a fluid near a boundary whose temperature is modulated as ${T}_{0}cos\ensuremath{\omega}t$. We define an appropriate Rayleigh number for the problem and determine its critical value. Increased stabilization is observed to accompany a reduction in the Prandtl number. We observe hysteresis effects near the critical Rayleigh number, including a double hysteresis loop, which appear qualitatively similar to recent predictions of Roppo, Davis, and Rosenblat.
Skin Temperature Analysis and Bias Correction in a Coupled Land-Atmosphere Data Assimilation System

In an initial investigation, remotely sensed surface temperature is assimilated into a coupled atmosphere/land global data assimilation system, with explicit accounting for biases in the model state. In this scheme, an incremental bias correction term is introduced in the model's surface energy budget. In its simplest form, the algorithm estimates and corrects a constant time mean bias for each gridpoint; additional benefits are attained with a refined version of the algorithm which allows for a correction of the mean diurnal cycle. The method is validated against the assimilated observations, as well as independent near-surface air temperature observations. In many regions, not accounting for the diurnal cycle of bias caused degradation of the diurnal amplitude of background model air temperature. Energy fluxes collected through the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) are used to more closely inspect the surface energy budget. In general, sensible heat flux is improved with the surface temperature assimilation, and two stations show a reduction of bias by as much as 30 Wm(sup -2) Rondonia station in Amazonia, the Bowen ratio changes direction in an improvement related to the temperature assimilation. However, at many stations the monthly latent heat flux bias is slightly increased. These results show the impact of univariate assimilation of surface temperature observations on the surface energy budget, and suggest the need for multivariate land data assimilation. The results also show the need for independent validation data, especially flux stations in varied climate regimes.
Criminality in a sample of drug abusers in Greece

Criminality as expressed by self-reported arrests and convictions was studied in a sample of 294 drug--mainly heroin--abusing subjects, 77.6% of whom had been arrested and 57.1% convicted. The majority had more than one arrest or conviction for a variety of crimes. Arrests and convictions for other than drug offences outnumbered the drug offences. Only a minority of the subjects were responsible for the majority of criminal acts. In half of the subjects, involvement in criminality predated initiation to heroin use. Gender, polydrug use, unemployment, low education level--not injecting heroin as main mode of use--were found to be among the main factors significantly predicting criminality.
Parity-violating interactions and currents in the deuteron

We investigate parity-violating asymmetries in $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}p$ radiative capture at thermal neutron energies and in deuteron electrodisintegration in quasielastic kinematics, using the Desplanques, Donoghue, and Holstein model for the parity-violating nucleon-nucleon interaction. We find dramatic cancellations between the asymmetries induced by the parity-violating interaction and those arising from the associated parity-violating pion-exchange currents. In the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}p$ capture, the model dependence of the result is nevertheless quite small, because of constraints arising through the Siegert evaluation of the relevant ${E}_{1}$ matrix elements. In quasielastic electron scattering, these processes are found to be insignificant compared to the asymmetry produced by $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}Z$ interference on individual nucleons. These two experiments, then, provide clean probes of different aspects of weak-interaction physics associated with parity violation in the $\mathrm{np}$ system.
On the Depth and Persistence of Generational Change Evidence from Italy

Though generations is now a standard item in the vocabulary of political change, identification of their boundaries is notoriously difficult. In this article the authors stress two themes, one theoretical and one specific to Italy. The predominant interpretation of Italian voting in the late 1970s is that the political “season” favorable to the Communist party (PCI) ended in 1976. The authors argue that the generational surge continued through another election and was almost as strong in 1979 as in 1976. The election of 1983, not 1979, witnessed a sharp change in youthful voting behavior. From a theoretical perspective, what is significant is that the leftist generation of the 1970s altered its voting behavior as a consistent part of a broad shift in party images and social attitudes and that these attitudes lingered on among new voters in 1983, even as the voting behavior of this new cohort changed radically. It is hypothesized that this pattern is characteristic of generations in general and that it is ...
Influence of fatty acid chain length and unsaturation on mid-infrared milk analysis.

Abstract Our first objective was to optimize center wavelengths and bandwidths for virtual filters used in a Fourier transform mid-infrared (MIR) milk analyzer. Optimization was accomplished by adjusting center wavelengths and bandwidths to minimize the size of intercorrection factors. Once optimized, the virtual filters were defined as follows: fat B sample, 3.508μm (2,851cm −1 ), and bandwidth of 0.032μm (26cm −1 ); fat B reference, 3.556μm (2812cm −1 ), and bandwidth of 0.030μm (24cm −1 ); lactose sample, 9.542μm (1,048cm −1 ), and bandwidth of 0.092μm (20cm −1 ); lactose reference, 7.734μm (1,293cm −1 ), and bandwidth of 0.084μm (14cm −1 ); protein sample, 6.489μm (1,541cm −1 ), and bandwidth of 0.085μm (20cm −1 ); protein reference, 6.707μm (1491cm −1 ), and bandwidth of 0.054μm (12cm −1 ); fat A sample, 5.721μm (1,748cm −1 ), and bandwidth of 0.052μm (16cm −1 ); fat A reference, 5.583μm (1,791cm −1 ), and bandwidth of 0.050μm (16cm −1 ). The bandwidth and its proximity to areas of intense water absorption had the largest effect on the intercorrection factors. The second objective was to quantify the impact of fatty acid chain length and unsaturation on fat B and fat A MIR measurements. Increasing the chain length increased the difference (i.e., MIR minus reference) between MIR prediction and reference chemistry by 0.0429% and by −0.0566% fat per unit of increase in carbon number per 1% change in fat, for fat B and fat A, respectively. Increasing the unsaturation decreased the difference (i.e., MIR minus reference) between MIR prediction of fat and chemistry for fat B by −0.4021% and increased fat A by 0.0291% fat per unit of increase in double bonds per 1% change in fat concentration.
Steric Course of the Reaction Catalyzed by Phosphatidylserine Decarboxylase from Escherichia-Coli

Abstract We have determined the steric course of the reaction catalyzed by the membrane-bound, pyruvoyl-dependent phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. The decarboxylation reaction was carried out in D2O, and the resulting [2H]phosphatidylethanolamine was degraded by phospholipase D to give 2-amino-[2-2H1]ethanol. The configuration of the latter was determined by derivatizing with (−)-camphanoyl chloride to give N,O-dicamphanoyl-2-amino-[2-2H1] ethanol, followed by 1H NMR analysis, according to an established procedure. The result indicated the reaction is completely stereospecific, with overall retention of configuration. Thus, this membrane-bound decarboxylase shows the same stereochemical property as most soluble decarboxylases.
Weekly transparent dressing changes linked to increased bacteremia rates.

Background In 2000, the rate of primary bloodstream infections (BSIs) was double that in 1999 for intensive care unit (ICU) patients with triple lumen catheters, pulmonary artery catheters, or both. In December 1999, changes in products and practices related to site care were implemented as a cost-saving initiative. Objective To determine the factors contributing to an increase of BSIs after cost-saving measures for site care had been introduced. Design Epidemiologic study involving prospective identification of infection. Setting A community teaching hospital. Participants Patients in a 20-bed, medical-surgical ICU identified as having triple lumen catheters, pulmonary artery catheters, or both and a primary BSI during 2000 and 2001. Methods Alcohol swab sticks were reintroduced and the frequency of transparent dressing changes and site care was increased. Inservice presentations were conducted on aseptic technique and posters were placed reviewing site care protocol for physicians and nurses. Results The incidence of primary BSIs decreased significantly (P = .003) during a 3-month intervention and this decrease was sustained through the following 12 months. Conclusions Prolonging the interval between the change of transparent dressings from 3 times weekly to once weekly and switching from alcohol swab sticks to pads was associated with an increase in BSIs, which was controlled after returning to the original policy.
Surface Second Harmonic Generation Studies of Stepped Ag(111) Electrode Surfaces

Abstract The rotational anisotropy in the optical second harmonic response from flat and stepped Ag electrode surfaces biased in an electrolyte solution have been examined. Compared to the flat Ag(111) surface, the stepped surfaces show a pronounced effect due to the lowering of the surface symmetry. The results are interpreted in terms of a pseudo mirror plane at these steps.
Dreaming of adaptive interface agents

This interactive project uses the metaphor of human sleep and dreaming to present a novel paradigm that helps address problems in adaptive user interface design. Two significant problems in adaptive interfaces are: interfaces that adapt when a user does not want them to do so, and interfaces where it is hard to understand how it changed during the process of adaptation. In the project described here, the system only adapts when the user allows it to go to sleep long enough to have a dream. In addition, the dream itself is a visualization of the transformation of the interface, so that a person may see what changes have occurred. This project presents an interim stage of this system, in which an autonomous agent collects knowledge about its environment, falls asleep, has dreams, and reconfigures its internal representation of the world while it dreams. People may alter the agent's environment, may prevent it from sleeping by making noise into a microphone, and may observe the dream process that ensues when it is allowed to fall asleep. By drawing on the universal human experience of sleep and dreaming, this project seeks to make adaptive interfaces more effective and comprehensible.
EDGAR-analyzer: automating the analysis of corporate data contained in the SEC's EDGAR database

Publicly owned companies, their officers and major investors are required to file regular disclosures with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). To improve accessibility to these public documents, the SEC began developed the EDGAR (Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval) electronic disclosure system. This system provides ready, free access to all electronic filings made since 1994. The paper describes a tool that automates the analysis of SEC filings, emphasizing the unstructured text sections of these documents. To illustrate the capabilities of the EDGAR-Analyzer program, results of a large-scale case study of corporate Y2K disclosures in 18,595 10K filings made from 1997 to 1999 is presented.
Shape Control of Al Nanoclusters by Ligand Size

It is a challenge to synthesize clusters having a certain shape associated with a desirable property. In this study, we perform density functional calculations on ligand-protected Al7 and Al77 clusters. It is found that small ligands such as NH2 still prefer the compact structure of bare Al clusters. However, large ligands such as N(SiMe3)2 stabilize the experimentally observed shell-like structures due to the steric effect. This is different from the Ga84 cluster case where small ligands can stabilize the experimental shell-like Ga84 cluster. Our study suggests that the shape, and thus the properties, of clusters (for instance, C3v Al7 cluster has a finite dipole moment in contrast to the centrosymmetric D3d cluster) can be controlled by using ligands with different sizes.
Overview of Clinical Cytoprotection

In thinking about cytoprotection five questions seem pertinent: (i) what is 'cytoprotection'? For convenience I shall use this term in spite of the semantic controversies between certain centers. (ii) How does cytoprotection occur? In other words what are the mechanisms that impart protection to the surface epithelial cells of the stomach and duodenum? (iii) What agents can produce mucosal protection? (iv) Can cytoprotection be demonstrated in humans? (v) What does the future hold for protecting the upper gastrointestinal tract from damage? A satisfactory working definition is the ability of an agent (be it a drug, a hormone, etc.) at nonantisecretory doses to prevent mucosal damage produced by noxious agents. There are several potential mechanisms whereby prostaglandins as well as other agents can produce protection of the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Prostaglandins stimulate mucus production and/or alteration of its constituents (1). Prostaglandins are potent stimulants of surface epithelial bicarbonate secretion and alter the pH-mucus barrier (2). Prostaglandins as well as other agents may protect mucosal damage by their intrinsic effect on mucosal blood flow (3). For example, prostacyclin is an extremely potent vasodilator whereas PGF2~ decreases mucosal blood flow while still affording mucosal protection. Protective drugs may produce alterations of cell membrane integrity (4). Furthermore, they may stimulate mucosal growth (C. Johansson, personal communication). In addition, prostaglandins may also maintain mucosal sulphydryls as described by Szabo and colleagues (5). Finally they may stabilize the tissue lysozymes
Lung retrieval from non–heart beating cadavers with the use of a rat lung transplant model

Abstract Background: Lungs retrieved from cadavers after death and circulatory arrest may alleviate the critical shortage of lungs for transplant. We report a rat lung transplantation model that allows serial measurement of arterial blood gases after left single lung transplantation from non–heart beating donors. Methods: Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left lung transplantation with a vascular cuff technique. Donor rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital, heparinized, intubated via tracheotomy, and then killed with pentobarbital. Lungs were retrieved immediately or after 2 hours of oxygen ventilation after death (tidal volume 1 mL/100 g, rate 40/min FIO 2 = 1.0, positive end-expiratory pressure 5 cm H 2 O). Recipient rats were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated. The carotid artery and jugular vein were cannulated for arterial blood gases and infusion of Ringer's lactate (4 mL/h). Anesthesia was maintained with halothane 0.2%, and recipient arterial blood gases were measured at 4 and 6 hours after lung transplantation after snaring the right pulmonary artery for 5 minutes. Animals were put to death 6 hours after lung transplantation, and portions of transplanted lungs were frozen in liquid nitrogen and assayed for wet/dry ratio, myeloperoxidase as a measure of neutrophil infiltration, and conjugated dienes as a measure of free radical–mediated lipid peroxidation. Results: Arterial PO 2 and wet/dry ratio were not significantly different in recipients of non–heart beating donor lungs retrieved immediately after death or after 2 hours of oxygen ventilation. Significant neutrophil infiltration was observed in recipients of non–heart beating donor lungs retrieved 2 hours after death from oxygenventilated donors. Conclusions: Strategies to ameliorate reperfusion injury may allow for successful lung transplantation from non–heart beating donors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:18-23
Structural stability and failure analysis using peridynamic theory

Abstract The peridynamic theory has been successfully utilized for damage prediction in many problems. However, the elastic stability of structures has not been studied using the peridynamic theory. Therefore, this paper investigates the elastic stability of simple structures to determine buckling characteristics of the peridynamic theory by considering two sets of problems. The first set of problems involves rectangular columns under compression to find the effects of the cross-sectional area and boundary conditions on buckling load. The second set involves rectangular plates under a uniform temperature load to establish the effects of plate dimensions and material properties on the critical buckling temperature. The predictions of the peridynamic theory agree with those published in the literature. The solution method is based on reducing the peridynamic equations of motion to discrete forms by using collocation points. These discrete equations are then solved using adaptive dynamic relaxation. Furthermore, perturbation method using geometrical imperfections is utilized to trigger lateral displacements in the numerical solutions.
Dynamic simulation of bubbly flow in bubble columns

Gas–liquid bubbly flow in two-dimensional bubble columns is studied by numerical simulation. An Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model is used to describe the time-dependent motion of the liquid driven by small, spherical gas bubbles injected at the bottom of the columns. The simulations are able to capture the large scale structures as observed experimentally in the laboratory. The numerical results, which include the characteristics of large scale structures such as wave length and frequency, mean velocities, turbulence intensities and turbulence shear stress, are analized and compared with the experimental data of Lin et al. (1996) [A.I.Ch.E. J., 42, 301–318] and Mudde et al. (1997) [A.I.Ch.E. J., 43, 913–926] and show good agreement.