cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In preparation for facial transplantation

The human face has an important role in a person’s identity and communication; hence it defines a functionally and aesthetically important unit. In addition, the face’s expressive function has social and psychological importance [38].
Biodistribution and toxicity assessment of photoactivatable antibody-conjugated, antibiotic loaded gold nanocages for the treatment of bacterial infections (Conference Presentation)

We previously explored the use of antibody-conjugated, antibiotic-loaded gold nanocages for the treatment of bacterial infections. Using Staphylococcus aureus as a proof-of-principle pathogen, we confirmed that nanocages coated with polydopamine and loaded with daptomycin could be effectively targeted to bacterial cells using an antibody targeting S. aureus surface-associated protein A. We also confirmed that laser irradiation could then be used to achieve a lethal photothermal effect and localized release of the antibiotic, the synergistic effect of which was capable of eradicating viable bacteria even from a therapeutically recalcitrant biofilm. To assess the possibility that this comes at the cost of adverse side effects, we used multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) to track the biodistribution of our nanocages following intravenous administered and determined whether their administration was associated with toxic side effects. The results of our MSOT analysis confirmed that our nanocages accumulate primarily in the liver, spleen and kidney irrespective of infection status. However, in an infected animal, they also confirmed that nanocages ultimately do reach the site of infection. MSOT results were consistent with studies involving the direct analysis of these tissues, which confirmed the correlation between MSOT signals and the presence of gold nanocages. More importantly, they also demonstrated that the presence of nanocages was not associated with appreciable histopathology in the spleen, liver, kidney, lung or heart. This suggests that our use of antibody-conjugated, antibiotic-loaded gold nanocages for the treatment of infection offers significant promise that would not be compromised by systemic toxicity.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Exploring Strengths in American Families of Faith

AbstractWe introduce the special issue of Marriage and Family Review on Exploring Strengths among American Families of Faith. The heart of the special issue is a collection of scholarly articles ab...
ZnO Hydrogen Nanoscale Sensors

Hydrogen has the potential to play an important role in energy and automobile industries in our society. Being an explosive gas, hydrogen is also a colorless and odorless gas; therefore, there is a great need to develop hydrogen sensors for public safety reason. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been used as hydrogen sensors for a number of years. Here we review the synthesis and fabrication of pure and doped ZnO nanoscaled materials for hydrogen sensing applications. First, we will describe both gas-phase growth and solution growth methods. Next, we describe the fabrication of nanoscaled sensors based on ZnO nanostructures and their characteristics. Several methods that were employed to enhance the nanosensor performance, such as increasing surface volume ratio, impurity doping, and surface functionalization, will be discussed as well. The effect of impurity doping on the gas response of ZnO to hydrogen will be discussed. Doped ZnO nanosystem demonstrates an enhanced gas response for the detection of hydrogen at room temperature compared to previously reported nanosensors based on pure single ZnO nanowire (NW) or multiple NWs. Finally, the sensing mechanisms will be discussed, and major conclusions and future directions will be given.
Bubble Noise Mechanisms — A Review

In the three years since the NATO meeting in Lerici (see Kerman 1988) rapid progress has been made in investigating natural sources of underwater sound. A subject that was ripe for investigation has been opened up to physical oceanogra-phers, fluid dynamicists and seismologists, as well as those specializing in underwater sound propagation. In this review I shall deal with only a small part of the total frequency spectrum, that between 1 and 80 kHz. Following pioneer work by Crowther, Prosperetti, Hollett and Heitmeyer and others at the Lerici meeting it has come to be recognised that one of the most important sources of sound in this range is from the oscillations of individual bubbles near the sea surface. Each bubble, when it is formed, emits a short acoustical pulse lasting for a few milliseconds only — a kind of birth yell. In listening to underwater sound at these frequencies we are, it appears, hearing a chorus of such birth yells.
Effect of Loading Method on a Peptide Substrate Reporter in Intact Cells.

Studies of live cells often require loading of exogenous molecules through the cell membrane; however, effects of loading method on experimental results are poorly understood. Therefore, in this wo...
The Marxist Theory of Social Movements, Revolution, and Social Transformation

In contrast to mainstream classical and contemporary conventional theories of social movements discussed in previous chapters, this chapter presents an alternative, Marxist perspective that differs from its conventional counterparts in some very important ways. The central component of this divergence is an analysis of the class nature of social movements, the state, and politics, and the class character of revolutionary movements vying for state power, as well as the nature and role of the state that assumes power following a social revolution.
The role of spillover hydrogen in gas phase catalytic aromatic hydrodechlorination and hydrogenation over nickel/silica

Spillover hydrogen has been shown to contribute to gas phase aromatic hydrodechlorination and hydrogenation over Ni/SiO2 + SiO2 physical mixtures. The reaction rates (per unit mass Ni) are enhanced by extending the Ni/SiO2-SiO2 interface; a non-contiguous combination does not deliver any beneficial effect. The physical mixtures exhibited different selectivity trends for the conversion of 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene and served to prolong productive catalyst lifetime by inhibiting coke formation.
Scrappy User Research: How to Get Feedback in 24 Hours or Less

Demands of the fast paced tech industry can leave little time for rigorous UX research. Some teams may not even have dedicated UX researchers or access to users. This workshop will focus on teaching various research methods to apply in 24 hours or less, at any phase of the product life cycle. We will demonstrate how to apply four methods: heuristic evaluations, cafe studies, surveys and remote user testing. These methods have been successfully used to provide immediately actionable results for our teams.
‘No nos representan’: Political Imagination in Gran Hotel Abismo (2016) by Marcos Prior and David Rubín

In a time of popular uprisings such as 15M and the Indignados movement, the Spanish cartoonists Marcos Prior and David Rubin visually recuperate Gyorgy Lukacs’s ‘ideological construct’, the ‘Grand Abyss Hotel’ (1984), in their graphic novel Gran Hotel Abismo (2016) to criticize similar contradictions and forms of exploitation that Lukacs addresses, but in the context of contemporary neoliberal Spain. In this article I address the political imagination in the graphic production of contemporary Spain and, particularly, in the graphic novel Gran Hotel Abismo by Prior y Rubin. In this sense I examine how the political shapes visual devices and cultural artifacts, and how the political repertoire of images, symbols and metaphors expresses three processes: precarization, memorialization and legitimation, and how these processes, as forms of politicization, are respectively articulated. Ultimately, I aim to analyse how political imagination affects graphic narratives such as Gran Hotel Abismo and how these narratives ‘interpellate’ readers and share a repertoire of the social movements in contemporary Spain that are used as tools of politicization in our society.
Food insecurity and housing instability during early childhood as predictors of adolescent mental health

This study examined the effects of food insecurity and housing instability experiences during early childhood on adolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms through maternal depression and parenting stress. This longitudinal study included 4 waves of data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study (n = 2,626). Food insecurity was measured when the child was 5 years of age using the U.S. Department of Agriculture's 18-item Food Security Scale. Housing instability was also measured when the child was 5 years of age based on an affirmative response to 6 housing adversity items. Maternal depression and parenting stress were measured when the child was 9 years of age. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed when the child (now adolescent) was 15 years of age using 6 items of the Brief Symptom Inventory 18 anxiety subscale and 5 items of the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, respectively. Two structural equation models assessed the associations between food insecurity and housing instability on adolescent anxiety (Model 1) and depressive symptoms (Model 2) through maternal depression and parenting stress simultaneously, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results suggest that experiencing both food insecurity and housing instability during early childhood increases the risk of long-term adolescent depressive (indirect: B = 0.008, 95% CI [0.002, 0.016]) and anxiety (indirect: B = 0.012, 95% CI [0.002, 0.026]) symptoms through maternal depression to parenting stress. Screening for food insecurity and housing instability during early childhood could potentially identify both mothers who are at risk for depression and parenting stress and children who are at increased risk for anxiety or depressive symptoms during adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological studies of C(4) modified salvinorin A analogues

Salvinorin A is the most potent naturally occurring opioid agonist with a high selectivity and affinity for kappa-opioid receptor. To explore its structure-activity relationships, modifications at the C(4) position have been studied and a series of salvinorin A derivatives were prepared. These C(4)-modified salvinorin A analogues were screened for binding and functional activities at the human kappa-opioid receptor and several potent new agonists have been identified.
Renewal Retreats for School Counselors: Design, Delivery, and Outcomes:

While providing counseling services, school counselors may experience compassion fatigue and need opportunities for support and supervision. To address the ethical imperative of self-care and provi...
Arbitration and Article III

This Article forms part of a broader research agenda that studies the relationship between arbitration and constitutional law. Taking its cue from the recent Canadian Softwood Lumber dispute over the constitutionality of NAFTA's dispute resolution boards, this paper asks a broader question: "Why is arbitration compatible with Article III?" Under the traditional account, parties waive their right to an Article III forum, thereby eliminating any Article III issue. Accounts grounded in waiver, however, fail to grapple adequately with the significant structural concerns presented by arbitration. Instead, this paper defends the need for a more robust theory, one that accounts for these structural concerns and can address the novel constitutional challenges presented by a variety of arbitral schemes ranging from domestic employment disputes to international commercial ones. Drawing on appellate review theory, the paper proposes a matrix for assessing the constitutionality of arbitration - an approach that comports with the core principles of the theory and also enhances its explanatory value. The paper concludes by applying this modified appellate review theory to a variety of contexts in arbitration law - including international commercial arbitration and NAFTA arbitration.
Forward cycle time distributions for returnable transport items

Forward cycle time (FCT) distributions for returnable transport items (RTIs) are developed for periods where incomplete data is available, and these distributions are utilized to create an estimate of future container returns. Such forecasts are important inputs to inventory control models for RTI and production models in remanufacturing, and the objective of this paper is to implement a method that incorporates appropriate trend and seasonality. A FCT distribution provides the probability that a container filled in a specific period (week or month) will return in a specified time. The method used to estimate FCT distributions employs an adaptive exponential smoothing method that accounts for seasonality to forecast the parameters of a lognormal distribution for FCT in future periods. This distribution is used to calculate discrete FCT probabilities, estimate container returns, and calculate the estimated mean and standard deviation of cycle time for periods with incomplete data. The estimation process continues through the future periods for which an prediction of container returns is needed. Validation of the method is provided by comparing estimates created using historical data with periods where the actual FCT distributions are known. The resulting cycle time distributions are highly accurate, allowing companies employing RTI in practice to use the method to predict the number of containers that will be available to accommodate future production.
The Role and Importance of the Subject Specialist in the Pac-12 Conference University Libraries

This unique study of subject specialists in the academic libraries of the Pac-12 conference universities may be long overdue. The strength of the investigation is a focused sample size and unique i...
Dosimetric and Clinical Features Associated with Replan in Proton Head and Neck Therapy.

Purpose/Objective(s) Intensity modulated proton therapy has become increasingly popular in the treatment of head and neck (HN) cancer because of its high normal tissue sparing compared to photon therapy. However, proton plans are very sensitive to anatomy changes such as weight loss or tumor shrinkage that leads to a 25% replan rate at our center. This analysis aims to predict whether a HN patient will need a replan using various dosimetric and clinical features at the onset of treatment. Materials/Methods Data were gathered from 176 HN patients treated at our institution. The most common sites were the oropharynx (40 cases), lip/oral cavity (20 cases), and nasal cavity/sinuses (14 cases). Beam dose heterogeneity index (BHI) was defined as the ratio of the D0.1cc of beam dose to half of the prescription dose. BHI was calculated for every beam and the average BHI for each plan was calculated. Robustness scenarios included a combination of ± 3 mm setup shifts on 3 coordinate directions and ± 3.5% range uncertainty. Plan robustness was evaluated with several features gathered from the highest dose level CTV. These include the fraction of all scenarios where V100 > 95% (passing rate), mean V100, mean V100 deviation from the nominal plan, and mean max dose change from the nominal. 61% of patients were treated to bilateral neck with multi-dose level simultaneous integrated boost plans. A five-beam arrangement (two posterior, two anterior oblique beams, and an AP beam) were used to treat most bilateral HN patients and a 3-beam arrangement was used to treat most unilateral HN patients. Any portion of the target is typically covered by at least two beams. Results Sixty-three patients were replanned at least once in this subpopulation. Plans were normalized at V100 = 98% when possible for the highest dose level. The BHIs from each planner were significantly different from each other, ranging from 1.01 to 1.27 (P = 0.003). Planner re-plan rates (ranging from 11%-42%) significantly correlate with their BHIs, r = 0.747 (P = 0.03). BHI for re-planned patients was higher than non-replan patients:1.11 ± 0.09 vs. 1.06 ± 0.16 (P = 0.017). The only significant robustness feature was the mean max dose change:3.1 ± 1.3% vs. 2.5 ± 1.4% (P = 0.038). Conclusion We have identified several features that correlate strongly with HN replans. A fine-tuned planning protocol is being developed to reduce the BHI for all HN plans. Our future work is to build a deep-learning model based on our current features and others such as patients’ clinical tumor information, planning image, plan conformity, etc., to predict the probability of a replan before treatment.
A comparative evaluation of physical activity in home school and public school children

Home schooling is an increasingly popular alternative to public or private schools but little is known about how home schooling may affects physical activity patterns or physical fitness levels. This study compared patterns of physical fitness, physical activity and psychosocial correlates of physical activity in home school and public school youth. Fitness levels were obtained from the PACER aerobic fitness test, physical activity levels were assessed with three days of accelerometry, and psychosocial correlates were assessed with the Children's Physical Activity Correlates scale. Two-way (Gender x School Type) analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed a significant gender x school type interaction for fitness with public school males having higher fitness levels than home school males. No school type effects were evident for the physical activity measures or the psychosocial correlate measures but trends in the data suggest the possibility of age-related interactions on the psychosocial measures. Additional research on possible differences between home school and public school youth is warranted. 1 Major professor and graduate student, respectively 2 Statistician/Consultant Introduction Increasing attention has been given to the importance of regular physical activity for youth (1,7,8,33). While limited data still exist, most studies suggest that children and adolescents are not getting sufficient amounts of physical activity (9,19). Low levels of
Effects of constraint on upper shelf fracture toughness

The upper shelf fracture toughness and tearing resistance of two structural steels, HY-100 and ASTM A533, Gr. B, were determined over a wide range of applied constraint. The constraint conditions were varied by changes in specimen geometry and loading mode. Bend specimens with shallow and deep cracks, compact specimens, and single and double edge notched tension specimens were used in this study. A rotation correction was developed for the single edge notch tension specimen which greatly improved the behavior of the J-R curves determined using this specimen. The experimental results were used to investigate the applicability of the Q and T stress parameters to the correlation of upper shelf initiation toughness, J{sub Ic}, and tearing resistance, T{sub mat}. The J-Q and J-T stress loci, and corresponding plots of material tearing resistance plotted against Q and T, were developed and compared with the expectations of the O`Dowd and Shih and the Betegon and Hancock analyses. The principle conclusions of this work are that J{sub Ic} does not appear to be dependent on T stress or Q while the material tearing resistance, T{sub mat}, is dependent on T stress and Q, with the tearing modulus increasing as constraint decreases.
Modeling of Growth Processes with Two Liquid Phases: A Review of Drop Phenomena, Mixing, and Growth

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recent research in the areas of drop phenomena, mixing, and growth modeling, which are important to the development of mathematical models of growth processes, where two liquid phases are present. A biological growth process with two liquid phases involves four phases: the gas (air) phase, solid (cell) phase, aqueous phase (water), and dispersed (oil) phase. The chapter discusses some of the engineering problems that must be considered in the analysis and design of fermentors with two liquid phases, including oxygen transfer, substrate transfer, control of liquid-liquid interfacial area, coalescence and dispersion of oil drops, and cell adsorption and desorption at the surface of the oil drops. The chapter describes various models of mixing for the liquid-liquid continuously stirred flow system. They are: homogeneous mixing model, dead corner mixing model, circulation mixing model, and general mixing models. In these models, the dispersion-coalescence phenomena are expressed quantitatively by the dispersion-coalescence frequency.
The Immunology of Early Pregnancy in Farm Animals

The mammalian conceptus undergoes development in the face of a functional immune system. This characteristic of viviparity creates opportunities and perils for the conceptus. In the period up to hatching from the zona pellucida, the conceptus appears immunologically inert with low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and little evidence for alterations in the function of maternal immune cells. The conceptus may benefit from cytokines produced by leucocytes resident in the reproductive tract or by other cells of the reproductive tract. One cytokine in particular, colony-stimulating factor 2, can promote preimplantation development and cause changes in conceptus function that increase the likelihood that the conceptus develops to term. It is not clear whether activation of specific types of immune responses in early pregnancy can enhance the likelihood of pregnancy success. Semen deposition causes inflammation in the reproductive tract, but there is little evidence that this process is beneficial to pregnancy unless the uterus was exposed to a prior inflammatory event. Around the time of placentation, the period of immunological inertness of the conceptus is replaced by a period of immune activation caused by the expression of interferon genes in ruminants and pigs and MHC class I genes in invasive trophoblast of the horse. The large-scale changes in the endometrium that occur as a result are likely to play an important role to ensure continued development of the conceptus. In contrast, other immune responses generated as a result of disease in the reproductive tract or other tissues (mastitis) can lead to death of the conceptus. Because of this hazard, as well as the possibility that cell-mediated immune responses against the conceptus could occur, the immune system is regulated by both the mother and conceptus to reduce immune responsiveness during pregnancy.
What Drives Equity Returns in Central and Eastern Europe

This paper investigates the apparent comovement of equity prices in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. It argues that the main underlying forces moving stock prices in small open emerging markets are of exogenous nature. It models the main factor driving prices in the region as an unobservable variable labeled "the international investor sentiment". This latent variable is represented as a two-state Markov chain and makes the stock returns switch from a high growth regime to a depression regime, or in the opposite direction. In such a framework, the stock return process comes from a mixture of two normal distributions with different means. This model is estimated using the vector Markov switching method of Hamilton (1989, 1990). The estimated process shows a significant correlation with a number of data series on capital flows as well as with emerging markets' benchmark indices, corroborating the main argument of the paper.
G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Pathogenesis

Obesity and its related metabolic diseases have reached a pandemic level worldwide. There are sex differences in the prevalence of obesity and its related metabolic diseases, with men being more vulnerable than women; however, the prevalence of these disorders increases dramatically in women after menopause, suggesting that sex steroid hormone estrogens play key protective roles against development of obesity and metabolic diseases. Estrogens are important regulators of several aspects of metabolism, including body weight and body fat, caloric intake and energy expenditure, and glucose and lipid metabolism in both males and females. Estrogens act in complex ways on their nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ and transmembrane ERs such as G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. Genetic tools, such as different lines of knockout mouse models, and pharmacological agents, such as selective agonists and antagonists, are available to study function and signaling mechanisms of ERs. We provide an overview of the evidence for the physiological and cellular actions of ERs in estrogen-dependent processes in the context of energy homeostasis and body fat regulation and discuss its pathology that leads to obesity and related metabolic states.
Cytokeratin subset immunostaining in rectal adenocarcinoma and normal anal glands. Implications for the pathogenesis of perianal Paget disease associated with rectal adenocarcinoma

Abstract Context.—A large percentage of cases of perianal Paget disease are associated with an internal cancer, most commonly rectal adenocarcinoma. Immunostains for cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 are useful in identifying cases associated with rectal adenocarcinoma. The Paget cells and rectal adenocarcinoma cells of these lesions typically have a cytokeratin 7+/cytokeratin 20+/gross cystic disease fluid protein 15− immunophenotype. It is not known whether rectal adenocarcinoma unassociated with perianal Paget disease has the same cytokeratin profile as rectal adenocarcinoma associated with perianal Paget disease. Objective.—To evaluate the immunohistochemical cytokeratin 7 and 20 profile of resected rectal adenocarcinoma unassociated with perianal Paget disease as well as that of normal anal glands from hemorrhoidectomy specimens. Design.—We performed immunohistochemistry for cytokeratins 7 and 20 on tissues from 30 cases of rectal adenocarcinoma unassociated wit...
Web technology for controls education

This paper describes the authors' development of software to use the WWW for control education. A tutorial concept was developed for teaching controls to students through the use of Matlab, a popular computation and visualization software package. The Controls Tutorials for Matlab illustrate control system design and analysis and enable students to quickly use the knowledge presented to them. Currently this web-based tutorial concept is being extended to control laboratory experiments and equipment. The goal of these Laboratory Web-assistants is to make students more self-reliant in the laboratory and to shift the role of instructors from lab technician to coach Both the Controls Tutorials and the Web-assistants provide students with useful information from diverse sources when and where they need it. This paper discusses the objectives, structure, implementation, and utility of the software and our experience with students.
A W-band monolithic HEMT receiver for passive millimeter-wave imaging system

A W-band monolithic direct conversion receiver for passive millimeter wave imaging system using commercial 0.15 µm GaAs pHEMT technology has been realized. The receiver module consists of a two-stage preamplifier, a zero bias detector and an low pass filter. The input return loss S11 over W-band was measured, and the estimated noise equivalent power (NEP) of the detector showed the value of 7.8 pW/√Hz. The measured responsivities of the proposed receiver showed the peak value of 1.31 kV/W and average value of 1.16 kV/W respectively. A low pass filter with preselected bandwidth of 2 GHz is integrated into the proposed chip to stable the output, and the receiver chip occupies the area of 2.26 × 0.68 mm2 excluding test pads.
Role of Dietary Acid on Maximal Respiratory Exchange Ratio and Anaerobic Exercise Performance

WWEIA data were used to assess energy intake and food sources of energy in the diets of children 2-19 years of age (N1⁄418,363) over the last decade. Regression analyses were conducted to determine a p-for-trend across the NHANES data releases (2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, and 2009-2010). Covariate adjusted energy intake was 2020 9 kcal/d. Major contributors of energy (mean SE, kcal/d) in the diet across the decade were Grains (790 8); Meat, Poultry, Fish and Mixtures (321 4); Milk and Milk Products (300 4); and Sugars, Sweets and Beverages (282 4). Energy intake decreased across the five NHANES releases; there was a significant (p<0.0001) p-for-trend of -44 kcal/d per release (-42 in those 2-11 yrs and -45 in those 12-19 yrs). The largest decrease in energy was from Sugars, Sweets and Beverages (-20 kcal/d per release, p<0.0001). There were smaller decreases (kcal/d per release) in Milk and Milk Products (-7; p<0.01), Vegetables (-5; p<0.001), and Fats, Oils and Salad Dressings (-3; p<0.0001). The largest decrease (p<0.0001) in energy was in Soft Drinks (Carbonated) of -15 kcal/d per release (-9 in those 2-11 yrs and -22 in those 12-19 yrs). There were smaller decreases (p<0.01) (kcal/d per release) in Cereals, Not Cooked (-7), Milks and Milk Drinks (-6), Cakes, Cookies, Pies, Pastries (-5), White Potatoes and Starchy Vegetables (-5), Sugars and Sweets (-4), Salad Dressings (-3), and Beef (-3). Energy intake decreased in children over the decade and warrants monitoring over time to assess if this leads to better weight status for American children.
Gastroesophageal Reflux in Cystic Fibrosis: Current Understandings of Mechanisms and Management

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that affects both the lungs and the digestive system in children and adults. Thick mucus fills the gut and blocks lumens of the pancreas and hepatobiliary systems, creating insufficient pancreas function and liver disease. Chronic gastrointestinal (GI) complications, including intestinal obstruction, occur in neonates, and poor digestion and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children. Although GI symptoms tend to improve with age, CF and associated GERD eventually create respiratory insufficiency; the only available treatment option at this stage is a bilateral lung transplant, which carries considerable morbidity and mortality. While GERD may reoccur as a complication of lung transplantation, GERD symptoms are often reduced following a fundoplication.
Stabilization of germanium(ii) by complex formation in iodimetric titration of germanium

Abstract Four factors are important in the reduction of germaniuin(IV) by hypophosphite, namely, proper acidity, temperature, proper concentration of complexing ligand, and time of heating. The complexing ligand is needed to stabilize the germaium(II) ions. Halides, with the exception of fluoride, and phosphate are good complexing ligands for germanium. Tin is quantitatively reduced and titrated under the same conditions. Many foreign ions do not interfere, so that prior separation of germanium can often be avoided. Successful results are presented for titrating germanium in the presence of many metals and for direct determination of germanium in actual samples. Germanium after reduction may be titrated with an iodate solution potentiometrically. The formal oxidation potentials of some germanium half-reactions were estimated and used to interpret the stabilization of germanium(II) by complex formation. Phosphoric acid is recommended as the reduction medium.
Hemostatic laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: Cable-tie compression

Abstract Objectives. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) has generally been reserved for small exophytic lesions because of the limited hemostatic capabilities when excising large segments of renal parenchyma. To overcome this problem, we investigated a technique of laparoscopic reversible, regional hypoperfusion using a cable-tie to minimize blood loss and optimize exposure. Methods. Ten domestic pigs underwent LPN after securing a cable-tie around one pole of the kidney and tightening it until the distal parenchymal surface blanched completely. Eight large amputations involving the collecting system and eight smaller amputations excluding the collecting system were performed using laparoscopic scissors. Fibrin glue was applied to seal the cut surface prior to cable-tie removal. Four pigs (4 large and 4 small amputations) were killed immediately and methylene blue was injected retrograde into the ureter to identify collecting system leaks. The remaining 6 pigs (4 large and 4 small amputations) were killed 4 weeks later and retrograde urograms were performed to assess collecting system integrity. Results. Median cable-tie ischemia time was 15 minutes (range 7 to 48) and median blood loss was 30 mL (range 10 to 300). In each case, hemostasis was attained with fibrin glue. In the survival group, all 4 small amputations healed with a fibrotic scar. In the large amputation group, 1 animal died from urinary extravasation on postoperative day 4. The collecting systems of the remaining 3 pigs sealed completely. Conclusions. In the porcine model, cable-tie-assisted LPN provides an almost bloodless surgical field that facilitates rapid resection of large renal segments and hemostasis during a short ischemic period. We anticipate that this technique will broaden the clinical application of LPN.
Steps Toward an Ecology of Writing in Digital Environments: A 21st-Century Walk Through van Gogh's Bedroom

This study examined how exposure to a computer-generated, avatar-based environment influences student composition of an essay in response to a writing prompt. Drawing on the distinctions between firsthand and secondhand experiences, this article sketches an ecological model of writing that attempts to explain why students exposed to an avatar-based environment wrote first-person essays in the present tense, whereas students exposed to a comparable web page-based environment wrote third-person essays in the past tense.
When it is especially important to explain why: Factors affecting the relationship between managers' explanations of a layoff and survivors' reactions to the layoff

Abstract Recent research has shown that subordinates are generally more accepting of their managers' resource allocation decisions to the extent that managers offer clear explanations (or accounts) of the reasons underlying their decisions. This study sought to delineate the conditions under which the clarity of managers' accounts is especially related to the favorability of subordinates' reactions. We hypothesized that when subordinates' need for information is high—i.e., when they are relatively uncertain about why the resources were allocated in a particular way, and when they attach greater importance to the resource allocation decisions—they will be greatly influenced by the presence or absence of clear managerial accounts. These hypotheses were tested in the context of a field study exploring survivors' reactions to the layoffs of co-workers. Survivors indicated how clearly the reasons for the layoff had been explained to them by management; they also reported how much their organizational commitment, work effort, and turnover intention had changed, relative to the prelayoff period. In general, the positive relationship between the clarity of managers' explanations and the favorability of survivors' reactions was especially pronounced under conditions of high uncertainty and high importance. The theoretical and practical implications of these results, and the limitations of the study, are discussed.
Piezoresistance and Piezo-Hall-Effect in n -Type Silicon

Preliminary piezoresistance and piezo-Hall-effect measurements have been made on three relatively pure samples of $n$-type silicon over the temperature range 77-300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to strains \ensuremath{\sim}\textonehalf{}%. The room-temperature value of the ratio of the saturation resistivity at large stress to the resistivity at zero stress confirms Long's estimate of the relative strength of the "across the zone face" umklapp scattering in intravalley acoustic phonon scattering, rather than a value an order of magnitude larger estimated by Dumke. Additionally, from the dependence of resistivity upon stress at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the value 8.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 eV is found for the shear deformation potential tensor component ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{u}$. The dependence of both resistivity and Hall coefficient on stress at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K can be fitted quite well by theoretical expressions, deduced under certain reasonable simplifying assumptions, over the entire range of stress.
The Mauk Model for Poststroke Recovery: Assessing the Phases

Despite the estimated 795,000 strokes occurring in America annually (American Heart Association, 2009), few practical models guide nurses when they provide quality care to stroke survivors. The Mauk Model for Poststroke Recovery is a theoretical framework concerning six phases of poststroke recovery. The purpose of this article is to discuss a pilot study detailing the ways in which nursing students used the Mauk model to identify these phases of stroke recovery via patient case examples. A sample of 30 volunteer nursing students read five case studies and determined the phase of stroke recovery. Descriptive statistics about sample characteristics and frequencies were calculated using SPSS 14 for Windows. Nearly 57% (n = 17) of the students rated all of the case studies to the correct phase. Ways in which the model might be clarified and used as a valuable tool when assessing the phase of stroke recovery are described.
Interaction and dynamics of polymer solutions at the air/liquid interface by laser light scattering

The viscoelastic property of the underlying polymer solution is shown to have an effect on the propagating behavior of surface modes. The propagation of the surface modes is affected by the interaction of the capillary wave and the viscoelastic response of the underlying liquid. The surface laser light scattering (SLLS) spectrum of the viscoelastic liquid is shown to exhibit in general a two-peak structure. A central peak appears as the solution viscoelasticity increases. It is shown that in the viscoelastic regime, the capillary wave component is suppressed by the increase of the surface dilational modulus. However, the effect of the dilational modulus is not pronounced in solutions with a large amplitude of shear modulus, despite the fact that in the same type of viscoelastic solutions, the decrease in the surface tension gives rise to an effect.
Wind, Sand, and Stars: Arabists, Arabs, and American Foreign Policy (Review Essay)

Book reviewed in this article: Robert D. Kaplan, The Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite
Single point blow-up for a semilinear initial value problem

Abstract The initial value problem on [− R, R ] is considered: u t ( t , x ) = u xx ( t , x ) + u ( t , x ) γ u ( t , ± R ) = 0 u (0, x ) = ϑ ( x ), where ϑ ⩾ 0 and γ is a fixed large number. It is known that for some initial values ϑ the solution u ( t , x ) exists only up to some finite time T , and that ∥ u ( t , ·)∥ ∞ → ∞ as t → T . For the specific initial value ϑ = kψ , where ψ ⩾ 0, ψ xx + ψ γ = 0, ψ (± R ) = 0, k is sufficiently large, it is shown that if x ≠ 0, then lim t → T u ( t , x ) and lim t → T u x ( t , x ) exist and are finite. In other words, blow-up occurs only at the point x = 0.
Princess or tyrant: a case report of a child with sensory defensiveness

The case report of Carrie describes a 3-and-a-half-year-old girl with sensory defensiveness. Social, emotional and behavioural problems related to this condition interfered with her assuming age-appropriate roles and learning pre-school skills. She responded well to occupational therapy using a sensory integration approach. Particular attention had to be paid to Carrie's anxiety, need for control, and the family dynamics that occur with this type of disability. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Algorithm development for non-intrusive load monitoring for verification and diagnostics

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a method of detecting the current energy consumption of a building using a single set of sensors on the main building supply. This is in contrast to intrusive monitoring where end use devices are sensed. Building on techniques of previous works, it will be shown that NILM can be implemented on currently available commercial devices and provide meaningful feedback both to the user and supplying utility. Limitations of inexpensive commercial devices such as resolution and measurement accuracy are a challenge. An algorithm currently under development, specifically developed for the low resolution of inexpensive commercial sensor packages, will be discussed and demonstrated. This information can then be used to verify the effectiveness of various smart grid initiatives in addition to other energy saving protocols such as weather proofing and energy efficient appliances. In addition, this information can be used to select devices for distributed control by analyzing not only the type of device but also the real world operating characteristics.
Bayesian nonparametric inference on stochastic ordering.

We consider Bayesian inference about collections of unknown distributions subject to a partial stochastic ordering. To address problems in testing of equalities between groups and estimation of group-specific distributions, we propose classes of restricted dependent Dirichlet process priors. These priors have full support in the space of stochastically ordered distributions, and can be used for collections of unknown mixture distributions to obtain a flexible class of mixture models. Theoretical properties are discussed, efficient methods are developed for posterior computation using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation and the methods are illustrated using data from a study of DNA damage and repair.
Illustration of airfoil shape effect on forward-swept wing divergence

A static aeroelastic analysis is presented of the divergence of untapered wings with conventional and supercritical airfoil sections at sweep angles of zero and -15 deg. One bending and one torsion mode were employed for a uniform rectangular cantilevered beam with the elastic axis at midchord, and calculations were based on a two-dimensional differential equations formulation in the structural coordinate system and in simple strip theory. A minimum divergence speed in the transonic range is obtained which is associated with the rearward shift of the aerodynamic center, and a 17% difference in minimum divergence dynamic pressure is found between a supercritical and a conventional wing. It is noted that although the strip method employed allows the assessment of the sensitivity of airfoil shapes to divergence, three-dimensional transonic aerodynamic methods should be used to predict wing divergence characteristics.
Osmolyte solutions and protein folding

In this brief review we discuss the evolution of recent thought regarding the role and mechanism of osmolytes with respect to protein stability. Osmolytes are naturally occurring intracellular compounds that change the protein folding landscape. Contributions from experiments are considered in the context of current theory and simulation results.
Preliminary Evaluation of the Use of Phosphogypsum for Reef Substrate. Ii. A Study of the Effects of Phosphogypsum Exposure On Diversity and Biomass of Aquatic Organisms

Abstract The effects of cement consolidated phosphogypsum (PG) on marine organisms was investigated under natural conditions in four 1000 m2 estuarine ponds. Two ponds were seeded with 160 kg of PG arranged in aggregations of blocks and two ponds received similar mass of sand/cement blocks. Meiofauna were sampled quarterly and PG did not affect total meiofauna or major taxa (nematodes and copepods) density. Abundant species of copepods either were slightly increased in ponds with PG or were inconsistently affected. All ponds were drained after one year. Three species of macroinvertebrates and 15 species of fishes were collected. Diversity indices showed modest but inconsistent variation among ponds. Only Pond 1 (control) and Pond 4 (experimental) had similar species abundances and all ponds showed unique distributions of biomasses among species. Thus, no differences in community structure attributable to the presence of PG could be detected among benthic invertebrates, natant invertebrates, or fishes.
Psychological and physiological responses to stereoscopic 3d presentation in handheld digital gaming: Comparing the experiences of frequent and infrequent game players

Recent advances in commercial gaming technology include stereoscopic 3D presentation. This experiment employed a mixed factorial design to explore the effects of game display format 2D; 3D, frequency of game play weekly; non-weekly, and participant gender male; female on feelings of presence and arousal among participants playing a handheld racing video game. Responses to display format were moderated by frequency of game play, with stereoscopic 3D presentation eliciting reduced presence and increased arousal among weekly game players, but the reverse pattern among non-weekly game players. Theoretical and practical implications of the moderating role of game play frequency in effects of 3D presentation are discussed.
Linking carbon balance to establishment patterns: comparison of whitebark pine and Engelmann spruce seedlings along an herb cover exposure gradient at treeline

There is increasing evidence that landscape vegetation patterns near species’ range limits are associated with positive biotic interactions, such as in the alpine-treeline ecotone. In the northern Rocky Mountains, whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is considered an early-successional species, able to establish in exposed microsites, while late-successional species such as Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) are more dependent on neighboring vegetation to facilitate establishment. We compared ecophysiological traits associated with carbon balance of newly germinated seedlings of whitebark pine and Engelmann spruce along an herb cover gradient to (1) infer which ecophysiological properties explain the establishment success of seedlings, and (2) to assess differences in establishment patterns with respect to distance from neighboring vegetation. We measured survival over 2 years, and concurrently measured gas exchange and water relations (photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration), morphology [specific leaf area (SLA)], and biochemistry [chlorophyll fluorescence (F v /F m) and nonstructural carbohydrates]. Both species initially established in the most exposed microsites away from vegetation during their first growing season, but only pine persisted in exposed microsites to the end of the second growing season. Pine exhibited phenotypic traits to increase stress tolerance (e.g., higher soluble sugar concentrations, lower SLA) and improve carbon balance (e.g., greater water use efficiency, lower respiration, higher F v /F m) compared to spruce in exposed sites, but had lower carbon balance under herb cover. Superior establishment success of pine in exposed microsites at treeline could thus be attributed to a suite of intrinsic physiological advantages that are apparent at the earliest stage of development.