cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Kleene Algebra with Tests

Concurrent Kleene algebras were introduced by Hoare, Moller, Struth and Wehrman in [HMSW09, HMSW09a, HMSW11] as idempotent bisemirings that satisfy a concurrency inequation and have a Kleene-star for both sequential and concurrent composition. Kleene algebra with tests (KAT) were defined earlier by Kozen and Smith [KS97]. Concurrent Kleene algebras with tests (CKAT) combine these concepts and give a relatively simple algebraic model for reasoning about operational semantics of concurrent programs. We generalize guarded strings to guarded series-parallel strings, or gsp-strings, to provide a concrete language model for CKAT. Combining nondeterministic guarded automata [Koz03] with branching automata of Lodaya and Weil [LW00] one obtains a model for processing gsp-strings in parallel, and hence an operational interpretation for CKAT. For gsp-strings that are simply guarded strings, the model works like an ordinary nondeterministic guarded automaton. If the test algebra is assumed to be {0,1} the language model reduces to the regular sets of bounded-width sp-strings of Lodaya and Weil.
Summarization of Text, Automatic

With the explosion in the quantity of on-line text and multimedia information in recent years, demand for automatic summarization systems is growing. The goal of automatic summarization is to take a source document or documents, extract information content from it, and present the most important content in a condensed form in a manner sensitive to the needs of the user and task. This article summarizes the principal challenges, approaches, and outstanding problems in summarization. It offers an account of evaluation methods as well as areas for future research.
Open wide: transient wide-open mitral regurgitation during transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

An 87-year-old woman underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for severe aortic stenosis via the transfemoral approach. Pre-procedural mitral regurgitation (MR) (​(A,A, Online Video 1) was mild. During guidewire positioning across the aortic valve, the MR was unchanged (​(B,B, Online Video 2). After balloon valvuloplasty, the MR increased in severity (C and D, Online Videos 3 and ​and4).4). Subsequent continuous-wave Doppler demonstrated wide-open MR flow with a triangular-shaped spectral envelope confirming rapid pressure equalization (​(E).E). Three-dimensional echocardiography revealed noncoapting mitral valve leaflets and wire impingement (arrow) of the chordae (F and G, Online Videos 5 and ​and6).6). With guidewire removal, the severe MR resolved (​(H,H, Online Video 7). Wire impingement of the mitral valve apparatus, causing the leaflets to “open wide” with transient severe MR, can occur during any portion of the TAVI procedure and must be monitored closely for early recognition and procedural modification. LA = left atrium; LV = left ventricle. Online Video 1 Online Video 2 Online Video 3 Online Video 4 Online Video 5 Online Video 7
Delayed rectifier K currents in NF1 Schwann cells Pharmacological block inhibits proliferation

K+(K) currents are related to the proliferation of many cell types and have a relationship to second messenger pathways implicated in regulation of the cell cycle in development and certain disease states. We examined the role of K currents in Schwann cells (SC) cultured from tumors that arise in the human disease neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Comparisons were made between whole cell voltage clamp recordings from normal human SC cultures and from neurofibroma cultures and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cell lines. The outward K currents of normal and tumor cells could be divided into three types based on pharmacology and macroscopic inactivation: (1) "A type" current blocked by 4-aminopyridine, (2) delayed rectifier (DR) current blocked by tetraethylammonium, and (3) biphasic current consisting of a combination of these two current types. The DR K current was present in MPNST- and neurofibroma-derived SC, but not in quiescent, nondividing, normal SC. DR currents were largest in MPNST-derived SC (50 pA/pF vs. 2.1-4.9 pA/pF in dividing and quiescent normal SC). Normal SC cultures had significantly more cells with A type current than cultures of MPNST and the plexiform neurofibroma. Conversely, MPNST and plexiform neurofibroma cultures had significantly more SC with DR current than did normal cultures, and these DR currents were significantly larger. In addition, the plexiform neurofibroma culture had significantly more cells with DR current than the dermal neurofibroma culture. K currents in SC from normal NF1 SC cultures had current abundances similar to GGF-exposed normal SC and the plexiform neurofibroma. We have established a link between DR K current blockade via TEA analogs and inhibition of proliferation of NF1 SC in vitro. In addition, a farnysyl transferase inhibitor (FTI), a blocker of Ras activation, blocked cell proliferation without blocking K currents in all cultures except a plexiform neurofibroma, suggesting that regulation of proliferation in neoplastic and normal SC in vitro is complex.
Evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18 with a parent-of-origin effect.

A susceptibility gene on chromosome 18 and a parent-of-origin effect have been suggested for bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). We have studied 28 nuclear families selected for apparent unilineal transmission of the BPAD phenotype, by using 31 polymorphic markers spanning chromosome 18. Evidence for linkage was tested with affected-sib-pair and LOD score methods under two definitions of the affected phenotype. The affected-sibpair analyses indicated excess allele sharing for markers on 18p within the region reported previously. The greatest sharing was at D18S37: 64% in bipolar and recurrent unipolar (RUP) sib pairs (P = .0006). In addition, excess sharing of the paternally, but not maternally, transmitted alleles was observed at three markers on 18q: at D18S41, 51 bipolar and RUP sib pairs were concordant for paternally transmitted alleles, and 21 pairs were discordant (P = 0004). The evidence for linkage to loci on both 18p and 18q was strongest in the 11 paternal pedigrees, i.e., those in which the father or one of the father's sibs is affected. In these pedigrees, the greatest allele sharing (81%; P = .00002) and the highest LOD score (3.51; phi = 0.0) were observed at D18S41. Our results provide further support for linkage of BPAD to chromosome 18 and the first molecular evidence for a parent-of-origin effect operating in this disorder. The number of loci involved, and their precise location, require further study..
Adolescents' Perceptions of Belonging in Their Families

The authors explore the differences between adolescents who have a sense of belonging in their families and adolescents who do not using six variables: self-esteem, locus of control, sense of belon...
Sustainability indices to evaluate groundwater adaptive management: a case study in California (USA) for the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act

The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) enacted in California (USA) outlines legal standards to regulate groundwater management. A key requirement of SGMA is local-scale adaptive management, which requires evaluation of measurable objectives defined by local water users. The objective of this study is to illustrate a groundwater sustainability framework using performance indicators and groundwater-level elevation records that may be used to quantify objective management strategy outcomes. Application of the framework to groundwater basins in the Central Valley identified spatial variability in groundwater-basin sustainability indices, attributed to complex interactions between climate and groundwater use. Further, a temporal assessment of performance indicators documented the utility of the framework to evaluate the performance of adaptive management implementations. The proposed framework can be used to inform management decisions and identify future intervention management strategies.
Safety and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Patients With HIV Infection and Advanced-Stage Cancer: A Systematic Review

Importance Patients with HIV infection are at increased risk for cancer. Cancer is the leading cause of death among non–AIDS-defining illnesses in these patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has transformed the treatment of cancer. However, clinical trials of ICIs have historically excluded patients with HIV infection. The safety and efficacy profile of ICIs is unknown in this underrepresented population. Objective To summarize results on the safety and efficacy of ICI therapy in HIV-infected patients with advanced-stage cancer. Evidence Review This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A literature search of PubMed was performed on April 16, 2018, using the keywordHIVand the names of ICIs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (ipilimumab,nivolumab,pembrolizumab,avelumab,atezolizumab, anddurvalumab). Patients with HIV infection who were being treated with ICIs for advanced-stage cancer were included. In addition, abstracts and posters from major oncology and AIDS society annual meetings from 2016 through 2018 were reviewed. Findings Seventy-three patients (66 [90.4%] male; mean age, 56.1 years [range, 30.0-77.0 years]) were identified from 13 articles (11 case reports and 2 case series) and 4 meeting abstracts. Sixty-two patients were treated with anti–programmed cell death 1 (anti–PD-1) therapy, 6 with anti–cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti–CTLA-4) therapy, 4 with anti–PD-1/CTLA-4 therapy, and 1 with sequential ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy was generally well tolerated, with grade 3 or higher immune-related adverse events noted in 6 of 70 patients (8.6%). Among 34 patients with known paired pretreatment and posttreatment HIV loads, HIV remained suppressed in 26 of the 28 (93%) with undetectable HIV load. Among the 25 with paired pretreatment and posttreatment CD4 cell counts, the counts increased (mean [SD] change, 12.3 [28.5] /μL). Objective response rates were 30% for non–small cell lung cancer, 27% for melanoma, and 63% for Kaposi sarcoma. Conclusions and Relevance Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for the treatment of advanced-stage cancer in patients with HIV infection was associated with no new safety signals. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may be a safe and efficacious treatment option in this patient population. Several ongoing prospective clinical trials will shed further light on the safety and efficacy of ICI therapy in HIV-infected patients with cancer.
Dual-specificity phosphatase 4 is upregulated during skeletal muscle atrophy and modulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity.

Skeletal muscle atrophy results from disparate physiological conditions, including denervation, corticosteroid treatment, and aging. The purpose of this study was to describe and characterize the f...
Aluminum Parts Fabricated by Laser-Foil-Printing Additive Manufacturing: Processing, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties

Fabrication of dense aluminum (Al-1100) parts (>99.3% of relative density) by our recently developed laser-foil-printing (LFP) additive manufacturing method was investigated as described in this paper. This was achieved by using a laser energy density of 7.0 MW/cm2 to stabilize the melt pool formation and create sufficient penetration depth with 300 μm thickness foil. The highest yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in the LFP-fabricated samples reached 111 ± 8 MPa and 128 ± 3 MPa, respectively, along the laser scanning direction. These samples exhibited greater tensile strength but less ductility compared to annealed Al-1100 samples. Fractographic analysis showed elongated gas pores in the tensile test samples. Strong crystallographic texturing along the solidification direction and dense subgrain boundaries in the LFP-fabricated samples were observed by using the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique.
Wildfire controls on evapotranspiration in California’s Sierra Nevada

Abstract We used Landsat-based measures of annual evapotranspiration (ET) to explore the effects of wildfires on vegetation water use across California’s Sierra Nevada. Wildfires decreased ET relative to unburned and pre-fire controls, in many areas this reduction persisted for at least 15 years. The ET reduction averaged 265 mm yr−1 (36% of pre-fire ET) during the first year after fire, and 169 mm yr−1 (23%) over the first 15 years after fire. The ET reduction varied with burn severity, pre-fire canopy density, and hydro-topographic environment. In areas burned at low severity the ET reduction in the first year after fire averaged 224 mm yr−1 (31% of pre-fire ET) whereas high severity were reduced a 362 mm yr−1 (50%) for the first year. Forest stands that were denser pre-fire had a larger ET reduction across all burn severities. Evapotranspiration reduction following moderate-to-high-severity burns was greatest at 900–1300 m asl elevation. The combination of pre-fire canopy density and burn severity explained 70% of the spatial variation in first-year ET reduction. Forest restoration and a reintroduction of low-intensity fire have been proposed as management practices to mitigate fire risk and improve ecosystem health. Our findings illustrate that restoration and fire reintroduction may reduce the current total ET by up to 9%, with potential benefits for downstream water supply in a globally important food-producing region.
Immune Mechanisms, Pathology, and Management of Allergic Ocular Diseases

Allergic eye diseases are mediated primarily by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and/or Th2 cells along with cytokines, chemokines, histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes that participate in the immunopathogenesis and immunopathology. Dendritic cells initiate the immune response to allergens by processing and presenting them as peptides to naive T cells, which in turn, develops into allergen-specific Th2 cells that play a crucial role in the allergic immune process via action of Th2-derived cytokines that induce B cells to become allergen-specific IgE-producing plasma cells. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the current understanding of the immunopathogenesis and immunopathology of allergic eye diseases including allergic conjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. The immunopathological process is responsible for the clinical manifestations of allergic eye diseases as well as damage and remodeling of the ocular surface. Furthermore, the role of immune cells and mediators in allergic ocular surface inflammation will be discussed in great detail with particular focus on T cells, eosinophils, mast cells, histamine, cytokines, chemokines, and eosinophil-derived mediators. Finally, clinical management of allergic eye diseases with pharmacotherapy that targets cells and mediators of allergic eye diseases as well as potential future therapeutic directions such as potential adjunctive therapeutic benefits of resident ocular microbiome that modulate the ocular mucosal immunity will be discussed. The main objective of this chapter is to highlight the immunopathology of allergic eye disease with a view to focus interest in developing therapeutic agents that target cells and mediators of allergic immune response and consequential immunopathological processes.
Adverse effects of chronic nitrofurantoin therapy in women with recurrent urinary tract infections in an outpatient setting.

To review the frequency of adverse events reported with nitrofurantoin (NF) in perimenopausal and menopausal women on prolonged daily prophylaxis in an outpatient setting. Electronic medical records of women aged 50–95 prescribed NF by 2 primary urology providers for at least 3 consecutive months from 2006 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, reason for the initiation, dose and duration of therapy, explanation of therapy interruptions, occurrence of adverse events, comorbid conditions, and relevant lab and imaging results were recorded. The number of months on prolonged therapy were summed. Of the 221 patients included, 167 (77%) were prescribed 100 mg of NF daily with a mean duration of therapy of 1.5 years. The most common indication for therapy was recurrent urinary tract infection prophylaxis. Breakthrough urinary tract infections developed in 88 (40%) patients on prolonged NF therapy but only 10 were not restarted on NF. Four patients (1.8%) were determined to have pulmonary adverse events and 1 (0.4%) developed elevated liver function tests. In peri-menopausal and menopausal women, the risks and benefits of chronic NF therapy should be weighed by the clinician and patient prior to prescribing long term NF. Patients must be educated about the potential NF toxicities and clinically monitored for signs and symptoms of potential adverse events while on chronic NF therapy.
A Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Study of Debris Disks Around Planet-host Stars

Since giant planets scatter planetesimals within a few tidal radii of their orbits, the locations of existing planetesimal belts indicate regions where giant planet formation failed in bygone protostellar disks. Infrared observations of circumstellar dust produced by colliding planetesimals are therefore powerful probes of the formation histories of known planets. Here we present new Spitzer infrared spectrograph (IRS) spectrophotometry of 111 solar-type stars, including 105 planet hosts. Our observations reveal 11 debris disks, including two previously undetected debris disks orbiting HD 108874 and HD 130322. Combining the 32 μm spectrophotometry with previously published MIPS photometry, we find that the majority of debris disks around solar-type stars have temperatures in the range 60 T dust 100 K. Assuming a dust temperature T dust = 70 K, which is representative of the nine debris disks detected by both IRS and MIPS, debris rings surrounding Sun-like stars orbit between 15 and 240 AU depending on the mean particle size. Our observations imply that the planets detected by radial-velocity searches formed within 240 AU of their parent stars. If any of the debris disks studied here have mostly large, blackbody emitting grains, their companion giant planets must have formed in a narrow region between the ice line and 15 AU.
The Impact of a Community Supervision Officer Training Program on Client Outcomes: A Propensity Score Modeling Analysis by Officer Training Dosage:

A growing body of research indicates officer training in correctional supervision programs is associated with improved use of evidence-based practices and lower rates of client recidivism. This sch...
Synchronization and Feedback Loop Integration of a Non-real Time Microscopic Traffic Simulation with a Real-time Driving Simulator using Model-Based Prediction

Driving simulators are a common tool to study human responses to driver assistance algorithms interacting with vehicle behavior. The accuracy of human responses, particularly to other vehicles, depends on the fidelity of representing the traffic surrounding the ego-vehicle. The traffic surrounding the ego- vehicle must also react to the ego-vehicle and be updated at a high enough rate such that the driver can perceive continuity. Microscopic traffic simulation tools are well developed to simulate traffic behavior replicating the real world over large networks. But the speed of microscopic simulations depends on the size of the network, traffic volume, simulation's computational hardware, and the traffic simulation software itself. The frequency of updating the traffic in many traffic simulators is not frequent enough for direct use in a driving simulator, thus causing discontinuous jumps in vehicle motion perceived by drivers. However, these traffic simulation results can be made continuous in perception by performing trajectory-level smoothing and time up-sampling as a real-time process occurring parallel to the driving simulator's rendering software. This ensures a realistic human perception of traffic behavior around the ego-vehicle. However, this integration creates the problem of synchronizing the traffic simulation dynamics with the ego-vehicle's dynamics within a driving simulator. This is challenging because traffic simulations are not typically programmed to be real-time, and thus the time offsets of the traffic simulator in relation to real-time can be time-varying. This paper describes a model-predictive feedback control method to synchronize a traffic simulator with a driving simulator in real-time by projecting the ego-vehicle into the future while adjusting time offsets via a feedback loop taking the traffic simulator's speed and communication delays into account. The update rate of the traffic is enhanced using a uniform acceleration observer that utilizes a localized simulation of the traffic network, and thus three dynamic systems are integrated at once: a large-scale network traffic simulation, a local realtime reduced -order model of the traffic, and the behavior of an ego-vehicle. This method of integrating traffic simulation with a driving simulator is demonstrated for a high-speed vehicle motion in a highway driving simulator, and the error analysis shows the success of this approach.
Ocular elongation and retraction in foveated reptiles

Background: Pronounced asymmetric changes in ocular globe size during eye development have been observed in a number of species ranging from humans to lizards. In contrast, largely symmetric changes in globe size have been described for other species such as rodents. We propose that asymmetric changes in the three-dimensional structure of the developing eye correlate with the types of retinal remodeling needed to produce areas of high photoreceptor density. As a test of this idea, we systematically examined three-dimensional aspects of globe size as a function of eye development in the bifoveated brown anole, Anolis sagrei. Results: During embryonic development, the anole eye undergoes dynamic changes in ocular shape. Initially spherical, the eye elongates in the presumptive foveal regions of the retina and then proceeds through a period of retraction that returns the eye to its spherical shape. During this period of retraction, pit formation and photoreceptor cell packing are observed. We found a similar pattern of elongation and retraction associated with the single fovea of the veiled chameleon, Chamaeleo calyptratus. Conclusions: These results, together with those reported for other foveated species, support the idea that areas of high photoreceptor packing occur in regions where the ocular globe asymmetrically elongates and retracts during development.
Developing a Small Business Educational Program for Growing Rural Businesses

[...]the program participants have grown their regional business networks, which has been shown to be an important factor for rural business success. None were found to provide the technical and face-to-face training business owners wanted to receive. [...]the university, along with other state partners collaborated in creating the certificate program. According to Brookings Institute data, rural small businesses face additional challenges different from urban businesses such as the lack of access to capital, limited broadband connectivity, and being clustered in industries inordinately impacted by the pandemic such as retail, bars and restaurants (Love & Powe, 2020). Another large federal program is the USDA Rural Grant Development Assistance Program (USDA Rural Development-Subject, 2014), which aids through direct or guaranteed loans, grants, technical assistance, research and educational materials for qualified small businesses.
The Middle Class in Neoliberal China: Governing Risk, Life-Building, and Themed Spaces

Introduction: The Risk Economy of the Middle Class 1. The State Question of the Middle Class 2. Cultural Neoliberalization 3. Life Spectacles 4. Imagineering a Middle Class Society 5. Middle Class Photography 6. Individualization and Precariousness of Life 7. Conclusion: The Middle Class Dispositive in Chinese Risk Society
Inhibition of SOCS1−/− Lethal Autoinflammatory Disease Correlated to Enhanced Peripheral Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Homeostasis

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1-deficient (SOCS1(-/-)) mice, which are lymphopenic, die <3 wk after birth of a T cell-mediated autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by leukocyte infiltration and destruction of vital organs. Notably, Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be particularly potent in inhibiting inflammation-associated autoimmune diseases. We observed that SOCS1(-/-) mice were deficient in peripheral Tregs despite enhanced thymic development. The adoptive transfer of SOCS1-sufficient Tregs, CD4(+) T lymphocytes, or administration of SOCS1 kinase inhibitory region (KIR), a peptide that partially restores SOCS1 function, mediated a statistically significant but short-term survival of SOCS1(-/-) mice. However, the adoptive transfer of SOCS1-sufficient CD4(+) T lymphocytes, combined with the administration of SOCS1-KIR, resulted in a significant increase in the survival of SOCS1(-/-) mice both short and long term, where 100% death occurred by day 18 in the absence of treatment. Moreover, the CD4(+)/SOCS1-KIR combined therapy resulted in decreased leukocytic organ infiltration, reduction of serum IFN-γ, and enhanced peripheral accumulation of Foxp3(+) Tregs in treated mice. These data show that CD4(+)/SOCS1-KIR combined treatment can synergistically promote the long-term survival of perinatal lethal SOCS1(-/-) mice. In addition, these results strongly suggest that SOCS1 contributes to the stability of the Foxp3(+) Treg peripheral population under conditions of strong proinflammatory environments.
Optically enhanced absorption in thin silicon layers using photonic crystals

Yablonovitch derived a limit to enhancement in optical absorption in the weak absorption regime for a textured solar cell of 4n/sup 2/, where n is the refractive index of the medium. This limit assumes that the incident rays experience full randomization inside the medium so that all the photonic states are filled equally. We demonstrate that this statistical limit can be exceeded over a limited spectral and angular range using photonic structures. We theoretically examine the use of photonic crystals to improve the optical absorption. Photonic crystals have a periodic modulation of the refractive index that alters the photonic density of states. A simple model of a silicon photonic crystal is presented in order to illustrate the possible optical enhancement in thin silicon layers.
The purification and partial characterization of gluconokinase from a pseudomonad.

Abstract Gluconokinase from a pseudomonad has been purified to homogeneity by the criteria of sedimentation equilibrium and agarose gel electrophoresis. Ultracentrifugal analyses indicate a molecular weight of 112,000 and an s20,w of 7.0. The enzyme activity is lost rapidly in the presence of p-mercuribenzoate and more slowly in the presence of disulfides such as oxidized glutathione and carboxymethyldisulfide. Neither of the substrates or products of the reaction offer any protection against p-mercuribenzoate inactivation. Gluconate and ATP both offer protection against heat inactivation, whereas ADP renders the enzyme very labile to elevated temperatures.
RNASEK is required for internalization of diverse acid-dependent viruses.

Viruses must gain entry into cells to establish infection. In general, viruses enter either at the plasma membrane or from intracellular endosomal compartments. Viruses that use endosomal pathways are dependent on the cellular factors that control this process; however, these genes have proven to be essential for endogenous cargo uptake, and thus are of limited value for therapeutic intervention. The identification of genes that are selectively required for viral uptake would make appealing drug targets, as their inhibition would block an early step in the life cycle of diverse viruses. At this time, we lack pan-antiviral therapeutics, in part because of our lack of knowledge of such cellular factors. RNAi screening has begun to reveal previously unknown genes that play roles in viral infection. We identified dRNASEK in two genome-wide RNAi screens performed in Drosophila cells against West Nile and Rift Valley Fever viruses. Here we found that ribonuclease kappa (RNASEK) is essential for the infection of human cells by divergent and unrelated positive- and negative-strand-enveloped viruses from the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Orthomyxoviridae families that all enter cells from endosomal compartments. In contrast, RNASEK was dispensable for viruses, including parainfluenza virus 5 and Coxsackie B virus, that enter at the plasma membrane. RNASEK is dispensable for attachment but is required for uptake of these acid-dependent viruses. Furthermore, this requirement appears specific, as general endocytic uptake of transferrin is unaffected in RNASEK-depleted cells. Therefore, RNASEK is a potential host cell Achilles’ heel for viral infection.
WHEN TRIAL AND PUNISHMENT INTERSECT: NEW DEFECTS IN THE DEATH PENALTY

Most death penalty schemes in the United States today deter­ mine whether a defendant is guilty of capital murder during a sen­ tencing hearing. In every other criminal case, a trial determines guilt, and a sentencing hearing selects a punishment for a guilty defendant. The effect of this is that some elements of capital murder are denied the procedural protections of a trial. Providing a less relia­ ble procedure for determining elements of a capital crime is without any precedent in American law or its common law foundations. This disparity has been revealed by recent Supreme Court cases dis­ tinguishing between the elements of a crime and sentencing factors.
On Accounting and Economics Methods of Depreciation

This paper studies the reliability of the accounting methods of depreciation in the automobile industry. It finds that in this industry the behavior of the market depreciation is similar to the depreciation functions used by accountants for the firms' financial statements. Some rationale is supplied to support the empirical findings.
An analytical framework for the charaterization of link dynamics in MANETs

We present an analytical framework and statistical models to accurately characterize the lifetime of a wireless link in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). We show that the lifetime of a link can be computed through a two-state Markov model and that the analytical solution follows closely the results obtained through discrete event simulations. The proposed framework has widespread application in the modeling of medium access control protocols, routing protocols, clustering, and the optimization of MANETs.
Erythematous Bullous Lesions on the Dorsa of the Hands Due to Contact Exposure to Ibutilide Fumarate for Injection

While waiting to observe the response to ibutilide fumarate by a patient with atrial fibrillation, a nurse preparing the intravenous solution inadvertently spilled the drug on the hands of a medical resident. The resident immediately wiped his hands dry with disposable paper towels. Several hours later he sensed tingling and itching over the area, and the next day two erythematous bullous lesions were present on the dorsal surfaces of both hands. A single application of topical steroid was applied to the affected areas. The lesions were kept clean and dry, and healed completely in approximately 10 days. This is an unusual allergic reaction due to contact with ibutilide fumarate.
Deer response to exclusion from stored cattle feed in Michigan, USA.

Disease and damage from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) continually threaten the livelihood of agricultural producers and the economy in the United States, as well as challenge state and federal wildlife managers. Threats can be partially addressed by excluding free-ranging deer from livestock-related resources. Throughout the year, use of stored livestock feed by deer in northern Lower Michigan (MI), USA fluctuates, though their presence is relatively consistent. Since 2008, use of livestock areas and resources by deer has been reduced through intensive efforts by livestock producers in cooperation with state and federal agencies. These efforts focused on excluding deer from stored cattle feed in areas where deer were abundant. We monitored deer activity from Jan 2012 to June 2013 on 6 cattle farms in northern MI using GPS collars to evaluate behavioral effects of excluding deer from stored feed. We characterized areas deer occupied before and after installing 2361 m of fences and gates to exclude deer from stored cattle feed. Following fence installation, 9 deer previously accessing stored feed shifted to patterns of habitat use similar to 5 deer that did not use stored feed. However, continued attempts to regain access to stored feed were made at low frequencies, emphasizing the need to maintain the integrity of fences and keep gates closed for damage prevention and biosecurity. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Test-Retest Stability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test:

Eighty-seven normal older persons were administered the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) on two occasions an average of 1.1 years apart. Means for age and education were 68.79 years (SD = 6.21) and 14.80 years (SD = 2.42), respectively. Stability coefficients ranged from .12 on the Learning to Learn scale to .66 for the Total Number of Errors scale. The majority of individuals improved on retest with five WCST scores demonstrating significant average retest gains of 5 to 7 standard score points. The standard error of prediction, standard error of difference, and abnormal test-retest discrepancy scores were calculated to assist clinicians in detecting possible meaningful changes in WCST scores on retest.
In-Depth Coursework in Undergraduate Inorganic Chemistry: Results from a National Survey of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty.

A national survey of inorganic chemists explored the self-reported topics covered in in-depth inorganic chemistry courses at the postsecondary level; an in-depth course is defined by the American Chemical Society’s Committee on Professional Training as a course that integrates and covers topics that were introduced in introductory and foundation courses in a more thorough manner. Anecdotal evidence suggested that more than one type of in-depth course was offered in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. Cluster analysis confirmed this evidence and revealed three distinct types of in-depth inorganic chemistry courses with unique topical profiles. These results confirm diversity in the inorganic chemistry curriculum and the need for awareness that our students leave degree programs with varying understanding of inorganic chemistry based on the coursework offered at their respective institutions.
Self powered system for civil structures

Globally, civil infrastructures are deteriorating at an alarming rate caused by overuse, overloading, aging, damage or failure due to natural or man-made hazards. With such a vast network of deteriorating infrastructure, there is a growing interest in continuous monitoring technologies. In order to provide a true distributed sensor and control system for civil structures, we are developing a Structural Nervous System that mimics key attributes of a human nervous system. This nervous system is made up of building blocks that are designed based on mechanoreceptors as a fundamentally new approach for the development of a structural health monitoring and diagnostic system that utilizes the recently developed piezo-fibers capable of sensing and actuation. In particular, our research has been focused on producing a sensory nervous system for civil structures by using piezo-fibers as sensory receptors, nerve fibers, neuronal pools, and spinocervical tract to the nodal and central processing units. This paper presents up to date results of our research, including the design and analysis of the structural nervous system.
The Self–Stigma of Mental Illness: Implications for Self–Esteem and Self–Efficacy

Abstract Self–stigma is distinguished from perceived stigma (stereotype awareness) and presented as a three-level model: stereotype agreement, self–concurrence, and self–esteem decrement. The relationships between elements of this model and self–esteem, self–efficacy, and depression are examined in this study. In Study 1, 54 people with psychiatric disabilities completed a draft version of the Self–Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (SSMIS) to determine internal consistency and test–retest reliability of composite scales. In Study 2, 60 people with psychiatric disabilities completed the revised SSMIS plus instruments that represent self–esteem, self–efficacy, and depression. Stereotype awareness was found to not be significantly associated with the three levels of self–stigma. The remaining three levels were significantly intercorrelated. Self–concurrence and self–esteem decrement were significantly associated with measures of self–esteem and self–efficacy. These associations remained significant after partia...
An Innocent Eye: The “Pictorial Turn,” Film Studies, and History

Marcia Landy, ed. The Historical Film: History and Memory in Media. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000.350pp. Cloth $50.00. Peter Burke. Eyewitnessing: The Uses of Images as Historical Evidence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. 224pp. Cloth $35.00. “What do pictures want?”—W.J.T. Mitchell “The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, “which is to be master – that's all.”—Lewis Carroll
Destabilizing effect of velocity-dependent forces in nonconservative continuous systems.

Cantilevered continuous pipe conveying fluid at constant velocity, showing that internal and external damping and Coriolis forces may have destabilizing effect
A prospective follow-along study of the course of social phobia

The goals of this study were to delineate the courses of social phobia and to determine whether the course of generalized and specific social phobia differed. In the Harvard/Brown Longitudinal Study of Anxiety Research Project, 66 specific and 74 generalized social phobic subjects were identified for whom adequate course data were available. These subjects had been followed prospectively with a standardized follow-along measure of psychopathology. The probability of remission was calculated for each individual group and both groups combined. Demographics were the same for both groups except that the specific social phobia group had a marginally higher mean score on the Global Assessment Scale. Complete remission for the combined group was not different from that for either subgroup and was 0.11 at 65 weeks. Social phobia appears to be a disorder with considerable long-term morbidity. Surprisingly, both subtypes took a comparably long time to remit and were similar in their high level of psychosocial dysfunction.
Orthopraxy in Tannaitic Literature

M. Sanhedrin 10:1 is well-known as a succinct statement of rabbinic doctrine. Yet as a statement of doctrine, this mishnah’s language is remarkably pragmatic: it proscribes saying certain things but does not explicitly proscribe believing them. I propose that this use of practical rather than doctrinal phraseology was an intentional editorial stance of the Mishnah’s compilers. A close philological examination of parallel texts in the Tosefta and Seder Olam reveals that earlier generations of the textual tradition underlying this mishnah phrased these same prohibitions using doctrinal terms such as “denying” or “not acknowledging.” Moreover, this choice of pragmatic language is evident throughout the Mishnah, even when fundamentals of Judaic faith such as belief in one God and in the oral Torah are being addressed. The Mishnah’s compilers, perhaps in response to trends like early Christian antinomianism and heresiology, chose to produce a work dedicated to orthopraxy rather than orthodoxy.
Vertical and cross-shelf flow in the coastal upwelling region off Oregon

In August 1973, an experiment was conducted over the Oregon continental shelf using an array of Cyclesondes. In August 1974, a similar experiment was conducted using a profiling current meter, which sampled repeatedly and sequentially at four locations. The results of these two profiling experiments were synthesized with emphasis on cross-shelf flow and vertical motions. A double cell type of cross-shelf circulation pattern was found. The double cell circulation occurs near a density front formed by upwarped isopycnals intersecting (or nearly intersecting) the sea surface and seems to be limited in horizontal extent. The vertical velocity profiles calculated for each experiment are similar, with maximum velocities of about 2 × 10−2 cm s−1 at mid-depth.
New invariants of CR manifolds and a criterion for finite mappings to be diffeomorphic

We introduce a new sequence of invariants for a generic (CR) submanifold of complex space. We provide a sufficient condition, in terms of these invariants, which guarantees that all finite CR mappings are locally diffeomorphic.
Identification of new states in 26 Si using the 29 Si ( 3 He , 6 He ) 26 Si reaction and consequences for the 25 Al ( p , γ ) 26 Si reaction rate in explosive hydrogen burning environments

We have studied the ${}^{29}\mathrm{Si}{(}^{3}\mathrm{He}{,}^{6}\mathrm{He}{)}^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ reaction and have identified new states in ${}^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ at ${E}_{x}=5.140(10),$ ${E}_{x}=5.678(8) \mathrm{MeV},$ and ${E}_{x}=5.945(8).$ Based on these measurements and other recent evidence, we suggest spin-parity assignments of ${1}^{+}$ for the 5.678 MeV state and ${3}^{+}$ for the 5.945 MeV state, which would account for all the ``missing'' unnatural parity states in ${}^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ in the excitation energy region important to hydrogen burning in novae. New reaction rates are presented for the ${}^{25}\mathrm{Al}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma}{)}^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ reaction based on this possible assignment of states.
Application of polarization for optical motion-registered SPECT functional imaging of tumors in mice

The use of small animal models to investigate human diseases is an integral part of the development of new diagnostic and treatment regimens. Consequently, functional imaging modalities such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are increasingly being utilized to streamline the screening of animal phenotypes and to monitor disease states, progressions, and therapies. This paper focuses on the utilization of polarization filtering to minimize specular reflection from a glass tube used for holding live human-tumor-mice during functional imaging in a dedicated small animal SPECT system. The system presented is potentially useful for the real-time non-invasive investigation of diseases, such as cancer, and drug therapies in small animals because it utilizes optical motion-registered functional imaging that minimizes the effects of motion artifacts.
Integration of temporal and spatial models for examining the epidemiology of African trypansomiasis

Abstract A stochastic model was first developed to study the spatial dispersal of tsetse fly population, and subsequently integrated with a time oriented epidemiologic model. Such an integrated model was needed to understand better the epidemiology of cattle trypanosomiasis. Pre-existing data were used to determine the distributions of the random variables involved in the model. We used the model to assess several alternatives of preventing the spatial progression of trypanosomiasis. We address the following question: what size of protective barrier is required to prevent the spatial progression of trypanosomiasis? The vector control alternatives considered in this study included insecticide applications, vegetation clearing, wild animal depopulation, use of tsetse traps, and combinations of the above methods within a protective barrier. Simulation results indicated that a protective barrier, about 1000 m wide, was effective in stopping the spatial spread of cattle trypanosomiasis.
Solidification phenomena for UO2, UC, and UN relative to quenching in sodium coolant

Abstract Analysis of crystallization kinetics for UO 2 in sodium [1] has been extended to UC and UN. Calculated results for all three fuels indicate that the fuel-sodium contact temperature is well below the homogeneous crystallization temperature, and that the potential crystal growth rate is greater than the heat-transfer-controlled solidification velocity. Thus, solidification commences shortly after contact and is limited by heat transport, even for the relatively high conductivity fuels of UC and UN. Thus, the effect of solidification must be considered in analysing fragmentation phenomena and vapor explosions.
Laser velocimetry for benthic sediment transport

Abstract Two deep-sea laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) systems are described. The first, a backscatter instrument, measures the two horizontal components of velocity at a programmable sequence of heights above the seafloor, from a few cm's to roughly 40 cm. The second instrument, a forward scatter system, measures the downstream and vertical velocities in an inverted bottom flume, SeaDuct, thereby also obtaining the Reynold's stress. Both instruments sample the velocity at 32 Hz although the actual velocity “realization” rate for the backscatter instrument depends strongly on the suspended mass concentration in the water column. In this paper we describe the LDV instrumentation and present example data. The observations with the backscatter system in natural flows were taken at the HEBBLE site in water depth of 4815 m and over a region of microtopography. These suggest departure of the velocity profile from the logarithmic wall layer which may be due to a lack of statistical stationarity, but a consistent change in direction of flow over the short range of heights suggests steering by bottom bedforms. The turbulent kinetic energy appears to vary weakly near bottom. Data from the SeaDuct system at a fixed height, taken at USGS site ‘Q’, indicate constancy of the drag coefficient and the ratio of stress to total turbulent intensity. The stress-suspended load relationship for the sediment at this site shows large erosion at low stress, with no evidence of a critical stress for initiation of motion.
On the Relative Importance of Individual Components of Chord Recognition Systems

Most chord recognition systems share a common architecture comprising two main stages: feature extraction and pattern matching, and two optional sub stages: pre-filtering and post-filtering. Understanding the interaction between these basic components is very important not only for achieving optimal performance, but also for assessing the potential and limitations of the system. Unfortunately, there are no studies that sufficiently evaluate the effects of the different approaches to each processing step and the interactions between these steps. In this paper we attempt to remedy this deficiency by performing a systematic evaluation encompassing a wide variety of techniques used for each processing step. In our study we find that filtering has a significant impact on performance, but providing musical context information in the transition matrix is rendered moot by the need to enforce continuity in the estimations. We discovered that the benefits of using complex chord models can be largely offset by an appropriate choice of features. In addition, the initial performance gap between different features were not fully compensated by any subsequent processing stages.
Glow discharge preparation of thin film amorphous silicon solar cells

This paper discusses the preparation of thin film hydrogenated amorphous silicon suitable for I solar cell fabrication from dc and rf silane glow discharges. The operating conditions are described and the physical properties of the a-Si:H films, including hydrogen concentration, optical, and infrared transmission spectra are discussed. Finally, we discuss some measurements on the ion composition of an rf silane glow discharge obtained using a quadrupole mass spectrometer and we attempt to relate the plasma conditions to the physical properties of a ~ i ~ films deposited from the plasma-.