cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size and location of cusp diamagnetic cavities observed by Polar

[1] We examine 6 years of cusp crossings by the Polar spacecraft to determine the size and solar wind dependence of cusp diamagnetic cavities (CDCs) and energetic particle events (CEPs). Both are frequently observed (about 50% of the time spent in the cusp). Neither shows a strong statistical dependence on upstream conditions beyond variations in the cusp itself. CEPs are found throughout the cusp, peaking near the magnetopause. CDCs are primarily found near local noon and close to the magnetopause, forming an extended region against the magnetopause.
A High-Throughput Fatty Acid Profiling Screen Reveals Novel Variations in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Related Algae

Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by gas chromatography (GC) is a common technique for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of acyl lipids. Methods for FAME preparation are typically time-consuming and labor-intensive and require multiple transfers of reagents and products between reaction tubes and autosampler vials. In order to increase throughput and lower the time and materials costs required for FAME preparation prior to GC analysis, we have developed a method in which 10-to-20-mg samples of microbial biomass are transferred to standard GC autosampler vials, transesterified using an emulsion of methanolic trimethylsulfonium hydroxide and hexane, and analyzed directly by GC without further sample handling. This method gives results that are essentially identical to those obtained by the more labor- and material-intensive FAME preparation methods, such as transmethylation with methanolic HCl. We applied this method to the screening of laboratory and environmental isolates of the green alga Chlamydomonas for variations in fatty acid composition. This screening method facilitated two novel discoveries. First, we identified a common laboratory strain of C. reinhardtii, CC-620, completely lacking all ω-3 fatty acids normally found in this organism and showed that this strain contains an inactivating mutation in the CrFAD7 gene, encoding the sole ω-3 desaturase activity in this organism. Second, we showed that some species of Chlamydomonas make Δ6-unsaturated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) rather than the Δ5 species normally made by the previously characterized laboratory strains of Chlamydomonas, suggesting that there is species-specific variation in the regiospecificity and substrate selectivity of front-end desaturases in this algal genus.
Flat slab deformation caused by interplate suction force

We image the structure at the southern end of the Peruvian flat subduction zone, using receiver function and surface wave methods. The Nazca slab subducts to ~100 km depth and then remains flat for ~300 km distance before it resumes the dipping subduction. The flat slab closely follows the topography of the continental Moho above, indicating a strong suction force between the slab and the overriding plate. A high-velocity mantle wedge exists above the initial half of the flat slab, and the velocity resumes to normal values before the slab steepens again, indicating the resumption of dehydration and ecologitization. Two prominent midcrust structures are revealed in the 70 km thick crust under the Central Andes: molten rocks beneath the Western Cordillera and the underthrusting Brazilian Shield beneath the Eastern Cordillera.
Atypical antipsychotic dosing: the effect of smoking and caffeine.

Aprevious Psychopharmacology column focused on the effect of co-prescribing anticonvulsant inducers with atypical antipsychotics and argued that the dosing recommendations for atypical antipsychotics that are provided on package inserts do not apply well to patients with unusual genetic profiles or to patients who are exposed to environmental factors that change the concentration-dose ratio (C/D) (1). Severe mental illnesses are associated with tobacco smoking and, among smokers, with heavy smoking. Is smoking relevant to atypical antipsychotic dosing? Certainly. Byproducts of tobacco smoking, particularly the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are metabolic inducers. These byproducts are inducers of the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) and of the less understood UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). The metabolic inductive effects are not specific to tobacco smoking; they can also be expected from marijuana smoking. Because inducers require the synthesis of new enzymes, several weeks are usually needed before the maximum effects of inducers are seen. Inducers’ effects may take a few weeks to disappear as well. The case reports of clozapine’s toxicity after smoking cessation suggest that the inductive effects of smoking take at least two to four weeks to disappear (Table 1). The studies listed in Table 1 suggest that smoking’s inductive effects may be relevant for clinicians who prescribe atypical antipsychotics. Additional pharmacologic support of the relevance of smoking’s inductive effects comes from caffeine intake studies. Caffeine, a drug that is more than 90 percent dependent on CYP1A2 for its metabolism and that is widely used in the United States, can exemplify smoking’s effects on drug metabolism. The C/D of caffeine appears to be threefold to fourfold as high among nonsmokers compared with smokers. This higher ratio means that smokers need three to four times the caffeine “dosage” as nonsmokers on average to get the same plasma caffeine levels. In a caffeine intake study of 147 outpatients with schizophrenia who drank caffeine, the average caffeine intake was 1.3 mg per kg a day for nonsmokers, 2.7 mg per kg a day for nonheavy smokers (less than 1.5 packs a day), and 3.4 mg per kg a day for heavy smokers (1.5 packs a day or more) (2).
Home Health Care Services: A Look At Audit Opinion Announcements And The Contagion Or Competitive Effect On Rival Firms

With the aging of the American population and the increase in demand for health care services, we can expect an increase in investment activity in the health care market. This study focuses on whether intra-industry information transfers from going-concern audit opinion announcements create contagion or competitive stock price reactions in rival home health care firms. Data are derived from a sample of firms traded on the NASDAQ, the New York Stock Exchange, or the American Stock Exchange. Average standardized abnormal returns for each firm are computed during an 8-year period. The findings suggest a dominating competitive effect for rival home health care and miscellaneous home service firms significant at the .05 level.
Orbital ordering transition in La4Ru2O10 probed with Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract The discovery of an orbital ordering transition in La 4 Ru 2 O 10 provided an exciting link between ruthenate physics and that of the 3d transition metals. Despite clear evidence for the La 4 Ru 2 O 10 orbital ordering at ∼ 160 K (phase transition from a high temperature monoclinic structure to a low temperature triclinic structure accompanied by the opening of a spin gap), the atomic mechanism for this orbital ordering transition remains unresolved. We studied the local environment via Mossbauer effect (ME) measurements of 99Ru (97%) enriched samples over a temperature range of 4.2–196 K. Fits to the spectra show that they arise solely from electric field gradients at the Ru sites without any hyperfine magnetic fields, ruling out the possibility of long range order. While the high temperature structure is accurately described by a single-site ME spectrum, the low temperature measurements can only be explained by a two-site model with significantly different symmetry at the two sites. At all temperatures the isomer shift is consistent with a + 4 oxidation state.
Evolution of Crystallinity in Mixed-Phase (a+μc)-Si:H as Determined by Real Time Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

The ability to characterize the phase of the intrinsic (i) layers incorporated into amorphous silicon [a-Si:H] and microcrystalline silicon [μc-Si:H] thin film solar cells is critically important for cell optimization. In our research, a new method has been developed to extract the thickness evolution of the μc-Si:H volume fraction in mixed phase amorphous + microcrystalline silicon [(a+μc)-Si:H] i-layers. This method is based on real time spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements performed during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of the films. In the analysis, the thickness at which crystallites first nucleate from the a-Si:H phase can be estimated, as well as the nucleation density and microcrystallite cone angle. The results correlate well with structural and solar cell measurements.
Social Skills and Promotions

This paper examines which factors raise the probability a worker will be promoted using the NLSY dataset. While other papers have tried to explain what affects a worker’s probability of receiving a promotion, this is the first paper to look at the impact of social ability. We use the respondent’s self reported sociability at age eighteen and whether the individual participated in clubs during high school as measures of social skills. Individuals who participated in clubs during high school are thirteen percent more likely to receive a promotion than those who did not. Interestingly, this result only holds for blue-collar workers. On the other hand, white-collar workers who report they are somewhat social are ten percent more likely to receive a promotion than their co-workers who are somewhat shy. There is no evidence of gender or race discrimination in the promotion process.
The Concept of a Fundamental Solution

The first explicit encounter with the notion of fundamental solution takes place in this chapter and the classical Malgrange-Ehrenpreis theorem is presented.
Managing Access Control in Collaborative Processes for Healthcare Applications

Team-based patient care, biomedical research, and clinical education require coordinated access of relevant information in specific contexts of workflow and collaboration. Research on methodology development to manage information access in collaborative processes therefore is essential to build successful healthcare applications. In this chapter, we first survey the existing research on access control to support team collaboration and workflow management. We then introduce an illustrative example, New York State HIV Clinical Education Initiative (CEI), as a domain application requiring complex information access in the combined contexts of workflow and team collaboration. To address the specific challenges in access control for CEI, we present a series of studies on model development, system implementation, and effectiveness evaluation. Specifically, we describe the enhancement of the Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) model through formulating universal constraints, defining bridging entities and contributing attributes, extending access permissions to include workflow contexts, synthesizing a role-based access delegation model to target on specific objects, and developing domain ontologies as instantiations of the general model to particular applications. We illustrate the development of a generic system framework to implement the enhanced RBAC model, with three functional layers: encoding of access control policies, interpretation of these policies, and application of the policies to specific scenarios for information access management. We present an evaluation study to assess the effectiveness of the enhanced RBAC model when applied to CEI, with quantitative measures on degree of agreement with a control system as well as sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy based on a gold-standard. We close this chapter with discussions, future works, and some conclusion remarks.
Hemodilution as a result of estrogen therapy; estrogenic effects in the human female.

Summary(1) In all 16 patients in this study there was a lowering of the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and hematocrit during the 4 to 10 days that estrogen was administered.On cessation of estrogen therapy there was a subsequent return to the initial blood constituent levels within a period of 5 to 8 days. (2) Evans Blue dye studies made in 3 of the 16 women demonstrated that the blood volume increased sufficiently to account for the lowering of the red cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit. (3) During short periods of estrogen therapy there may be a significant hemodilution. Further studies are necessary to determine whether this effect is transitory or whether it may be maintained indefinitely.
Vitamin or supplement use among adults, behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 13 states, 2001.

Objective.The authors examined vitamin/supplement (V/S) use and its relationship to sociodemographics, health behaviors, and health conditions among adults in 13 states.Methods.This investigation u...
Modulation equation for SPDEs in unbounded domains with space–time white noise — Linear theory

Abstract We study the approximation of SPDEs on the whole real line near a change of stability via modulation or amplitude equations, which acts as a replacement for the lack of random invariant manifolds on extended domains. Due to the unboundedness of the underlying domain a whole band of infinitely many eigenfunctions changes stability. Thus we expect not only a slow motion in time, but also a slow spatial modulation of the dominant modes, which is described by the modulation equation. As a first step towards a full theory of modulation equations for nonlinear SPDEs on unbounded domains, we focus, in the results presented here, on the linear theory for one particular example, the Swift–Hohenberg equation. These linear results are one of the key technical tools to carry over the deterministic approximation results to the stochastic case with additive forcing. One technical problem for establishing error estimates rises from the spatially translation invariant nature of space–time white noise on unbounded domains, which implies that at any time we can expect the error to be always very large somewhere in space.
"Data Structure" of Higher Vocational Education Teaching Reform

Aiming at the students' actual situation,following acertain teaching principles,we reform the teaching content and the teaching mode for the"data structure",carrying out "enough theory,attach importance to practice",and finally puts forward some reform suggestions.
The Case of the Orphan Embryos

The major news story of June 18, 1984 in Australia, and indeed around the world, was the discovery that two frozen embryos might well become, if successfully implanted in a surrogate mother, heirs to an estate left by the death of what was thought originally to be their biological parents.1
A large-scale comparison of cortical thickness and volume methods for measuring Alzheimer's disease severity.

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) researchers commonly use MRI as a quantitative measure of disease severity. Historically, hippocampal volume has been favored. Recently, “AD signature” measurements of gray matter (GM) volumes or cortical thicknesses have gained attention. Here, we systematically evaluate multiple thickness- and volume-based candidate-methods side-by-side, built using the popular FreeSurfer, SPM, and ANTs packages, according to the following criteria: (a) ability to separate clinically normal individuals from those with AD; (b) (extent of) correlation with head size, a nuisance covariatel (c) reliability on repeated scans; and (d) correlation with Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage in a group with autopsy. We show that volume- and thickness-based measures generally perform similarly for separating clinically normal from AD populations, and in correlation with Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage at autopsy. Volume-based measures are generally more reliable than thickness measures. As expected, volume measures are highly correlated with head size, while thickness measures are generally not. Because approaches to statistically correcting volumes for head size vary and may be inadequate to deal with this underlying confound, and because our goal is to determine a measure which can be used to examine age and sex effects in a cohort across a large age range, we thus recommend thickness-based measures. Ultimately, based on these criteria and additional practical considerations of run-time and failure rates, we recommend an AD signature measure formed from a composite of thickness measurements in the entorhinal, fusiform, parahippocampal, mid-temporal, inferior-temporal, and angular gyrus ROIs using ANTs with input segmentations from SPM12.
Metaphor: The Tragic Orchestra

This chapter explores one instance of neo-baroque distortion that points to the ultimate unsayability of the universe: the exacerbated metaphor. “Metaphor” can be interpreted simultaneously as an instrument for deciphering the hieroglyphic of the world and as a subterfuge for perpetually transferring all meaning. Thus, this chapter attempts to amplify the resonances that reverberate between the “conceit” as a privileged device of baroque rhetoric and the “metaphor of risk” as a defining figure of the historical avant-gardes. In this context, this chapter compares Chilean poet Vicente Huidobro’s exasperated metaphor in his most famous poetry book Altazor with the unique, disrupting use of the pun in Francisco de Quevedo’s work Canta Sola a Lisi y la amorosa pasion de su amante.
Control of Intracellular Calcium Oscillations

The voltage-gated calcium channel is closed at the end of the cytosol side when the transmembrane voltage is at the resting voltage. If the membrane depolarization exceeds a threshold, most of the voltage-gated calcium channels stay shut, but some open, and calcium ions rush into the cell down their electrochemical gradient. The flow of positive charge inward on the calcium ions outweighs the outward flow of positive charge on potassium ions, so the cytosol is gaining positive charge and its voltages is moving in the positive direction.
Patient education and monitoring recommendations for the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists

Ongoing patient education and feedback is critical to successful self-management for patients with T2DM. The patient's individualized program is based on an ongoing needs assessment, involves an interprofessional approach with a team of qualified health care professionals, and supports the patient by using positive feedback and motivational strategies at each visit.
Evaluation of aggregates surface micro-texture using spectral analysis

Abstract Micro-texture of aggregates is a critical component of pavement texture as well as a major contributing factor in roadway safety, especially in low speed conditions. Comprehending the effects of specific wavelengths in micro-texture is essential in the design of pavements to achieve adequate skid resistance. This paper analyzes the micro-texture of aggregates by means of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and power spectral density (PSD) function. Six aggregates from two different quarries were scanned using a developed line laser scanner (LLS) prototype. The first decade of micro-texture (0.05–0.5 mm) and macro-texture (0.5–2.56 mm) were divided into four and two sub-bands of wavelengths, respectively, in order to better evaluate individual wavelengths. Paired t-test was utilized to differentiate the PSD results of the different aggregates. Repeatability of LLS and the effect of aggregates orientation on scanned data were also studied. Filtered micro-texture profiles were obtained from scanned height profiles and subsequently two parameters, root mean square roughness (Rq) and depth of surface smoothness (Rp), were calculated as quantitative measurement of aggregate surface friction for all sub-bands of wavelengths. The results indicated that the wavelengths ranging from 0.05 to 0.25 mm significantly contributes to the aggregate surface frictional properties (Rq and Rp).
Prediction of Local Scour Depth Downstream of Sluice Gates Using Harmony Search Algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks

AbstractUsing two coupled models, this study predicts the maximum local scour depth downstream of sluice gates. The models are an artificial neural network (ANN) coupled with the harmony search (HS...
On elastic compliances of irregularly shaped cracks

Several methods are suggested to estimate compliances of irregularly shaped cracks – quantities that determine the increase in the overall compliance of a solid due to introduction of such a crack. Besides, the compliance of an annular crack is given – a result that may be of interest on its own.
The Hopf Decomposition in Riesz Spaces

Our goal in the paper is to discuss two extensions of the Hopf ergodic decomposition to Riesz spaces. The article is intended to be an outline of results which we have obtained recently on the topic, although it also contains material that has not been discussed elsewhere.
Systematic review with meta-analysis: risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis without cirrhosis compared to other liver diseases.

BACKGROUND Given the lack of long-term prospective studies, it is challenging for clinicians to make informed decisions about screening and treatment decisions regarding the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) who do not have cirrhosis. AIM To characterise the pooled risk of HCC in the non-cirrhosis population. METHODS Published studies were identified through April 2016 in MEDLINE, Scopus, Science Citation Index, AMED and the Cochrane Library. Two independent reviewers screened citations and extracted data. Random effect odds ratios (OR) were calculated to obtain aggregate estimates of effect size between NASH and non-NASH groups. Between-study variability and heterogeneity were assessed. RESULTS Nineteen studies with 168 571 participants were included. Eighty-six per cent of included subjects had cirrhosis. The prevalence of HCC in non-cirrhotic NASH was 38.0%; among other aetiologies in non-cirrhotics, it was 14.2% (P < 0.001). Non-cirrhotic NASH subjects were at greater odds of developing HCC than non-cirrhotic subjects of other aetiologies (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.27-5.35, P = 0.009). When examining all NASH subjects either with or without cirrhosis, those with NASH as the underlying liver disease did not have a significantly increased risk of HCC (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.77-2.65, P = 0.250). CONCLUSIONS In non-cirrhotic subjects, those with NASH have a higher risk of HCC compared to other aetiologies of liver disease. Further study investigating the risk factors of HCC among non-cirrhotic NASH patients is needed.
The Phallus-y Fallacy: On Unsexy Intimate Tracking

In “The Quantified Relationship,” Danaher, Nyholm, and Earp (2018) catalogue a number of ethical and social objections to what they term the “quantified relationship” and its attendant technologies...
Racial/ethnic differences in prognosis communication during initial inpatient palliative care consultations among people with advanced cancer.

Abstract Objective We examined whether conversations involving Black or Latino patients with advanced cancer differ in the presence or characteristics of prognosis communication. Methods We audio-recorded initial consultations between 54 palliative care clinicians and 231 hospitalized people with advanced cancer. We coded for the presence and characteristics of prognosis communication. We examined whether the presence or characteristics of prognosis communication differed by patients' self-reported race/ethnicity. Results In 231 consultations, 75.7% contained prognosis communication. Prognosis communication was less than half as likely to occur during conversations with Black or Latino patients (N = 48) compared to others. Among consultations in which prognosis was addressed, those involving Black or Latino patients were more than 8 times less likely to contain optimistically cued prognoses compared to others. Conclusion Prognosis communication occurred less frequently for Black and Latino patients and included fewer optimistic cues than conversations with other patients. More work is needed to better understand these observed patterns of prognosis communication that vary by race and ethnicity. Practice implications Growing evidence supports prognosis communication being important for end-of-life decision-making and disproportionately rare among non-White populations. Therefore, our findings identify a potentially salient target for clinical interventions that are focused on ameliorating disparities in end-of-life care.
Lues maligna in an immunocompetent male

Lues maligna (malignant syphilis) is an aggressive, rapidly developing, rare variant of secondary syphilis and is characterized by flu-like prodromal symptoms followed by an eruption of irregularly scattered erythematous papules and pustules that quickly progress into well-defined necrotic ulcers. Atypical presentations of syphilis, such as lues maligna, occur more commonly in HIV-positive and immunocompromised individuals. We present a rarer case of an immunocompetent patient with lues maligna. As syphilis is a great mimicker and is easily treatable, dermatologists should consider this diagnosis in a patient presenting with lesions consistent with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, drug eruption, disseminated herpes or zoster infection, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and ulcerating vasculitis.
Loss Of SNAP Is Associated With Food Insecurity And Poor Health In Working Families With Young Children.

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) helps working families meet their nutritional needs. Families whose earned income increases in a given month may have their SNAP benefits abrupt...
Surrogate model for gravitational wave signals from comparable and large-mass-ratio black hole binaries

Gravitational wave signals from compact astrophysical sources such as those observed by LIGO and Virgo require a high-accuracy, theory-based waveform model for the analysis of the recorded signal. Current inspiral-merger-ringdown models are calibrated only up to moderate mass ratios, thereby limiting their applicability to signals from high-mass-ratio binary systems. We present EMRISur1dq1e4, a reduced-order surrogate model for gravitational waveforms of $13\text{ }500\text{ }\text{ }M$ in duration and including several harmonic modes for nonspinning black hole binary systems with mass ratios varying from 3 to 10000, thus vastly expanding the parameter range beyond the current models. This surrogate model is trained on waveform data generated by point-particle black hole perturbation theory (ppBHPT) both for large-mass-ratio and comparable mass-ratio binaries. We observe that the gravitational waveforms generated through a simple application of ppBHPT to the comparable mass-ratio cases agree surprisingly well with those from full numerical relativity after a rescaling of the ppBHPT's total mass parameter. This observation and the EMRISur1dq1e4 surrogate model will enable data analysis studies in the high-mass-ratio regime, including potential intermediate-mass-ratio signals from LIGO/Virgo and extreme-mass-ratio events of interest to the future space-based observatory LISA.
Integrating life cycle assessment and commodity chain analysis to explore sustainable and just photovoltaics

Abstract There is a growing trend toward measuring the environmental impacts of commodities and production systems using life cycle assessment (LCA) and using these metrics to inform the development of sustainability standards. This environmental accounting framework is transforming how some commodity systems are governed, managed, and organized, as they become integral parts of policy-making and increasingly influence production processes. Yet, while LCA is seen as a critical tool for advancing key concepts in sustainability studies, green design, and industrial ecology, the quantitative approach used by its practitioners may erase key socio-ecological relations—the labor, the communities, and landscapes—that constitute production systems. This means that LCA has only limited purview into questions of environmental justice, human rights, and other nonquantifiable impacts of production systems. LCA-derived metrics can furthermore be problematic because once socio-ecological issues are reduced to metrics they can have an effective political agency owing to their nature as numbers because numbers purport to be more “scientifically correct.” This chapter draws on several LCA and environmental justice case studies related to photovoltaic commodity chains where LCA has become an industrial and policy norm and where a robust LCA practitioner community has emerged over 40 years, trying to shape the life cycle sustainability of photovoltaics. The chapter aims to draw out the core themes across these fields that would constitute an environmentally just and sustainability standard for photovoltaics.
Pediatric Skull Fracture Characteristics Associated with the Development of Leptomeningeal Cysts in Young Children after Trauma: A Single Institution's Experience.

BACKGROUND Currently, the pathogenesis of leptomeningeal cysts, also known as growing skull fractures, is still debated. The purpose of this study was to examine the specific skull fracture characteristics that are associated with the development of growing skull fractures and describe the authors' institutional experience managing this rare entity. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed that included all patients younger than 5 years presenting to a single institution with skull fractures from 2003 to 2017. Patient demographics, cause of injury, skull fracture characteristics (e.g., amount of diastasis, linear versus comminuted fracture), concomitant neurologic injuries, and management outcomes were recorded. Potential factors contributing to the development of a growing skull fracture and neurologic injuries associated with growing skull fractures were evaluated using univariate logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 905 patients met the authors' inclusion criteria. Of these, six (0.66 percent) were diagnosed with a growing skull fracture. Growing skull fractures were more likely to be comminuted (83.3 percent versus 40.7 percent; p = 0.082) and to present with diastasis on imaging (100 percent versus 26.1 percent; p < 0.001; mean amount of diastasis, 7.1 mm versus 3.1 mm; p < 0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis confirmed the role of a comminuted fracture pattern (OR, 7.572) and the degree of diastasis (OR, 2.081 per mm diastasis) as significant risk factors for the development of growing skull fractures. CONCLUSIONS The authors' analysis revealed that fracture comminution and diastasis width are associated with the development of growing skull fractures. The authors recommend dural integrity assessment, close follow-up, and early management in young children who present with these skull fracture characteristics. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.
Selective Checksum based On-line Error Correction for RRAM based Matrix Operations

Resistive RAM technology with it’s in memory computation and matrix vector multiplication capabilities has paved the way for efficient hardware implementations of neural networks. The ability to store the training weights and perform a direct matrix vector multiplication with the applied inputs thus producing the outputs directly reduces a lot of memory transfer overhead. But such schemes are prone to various soft errors and hard errors due to immature fabrication processes creating marginal cells, read disturbance errors, etc. Soft errors are of concern in this case since they can potentially cause mi-classification of objects leading to catastrophic consequences for safety critical applications. Since the location of soft errors are not known previously, they can potentially manifest in the field leading to data corruption. In this paper, a new on-line error correcting scheme is proposed based on partial and selective checksums which can correct errors in the field. The proposed scheme can correct any number of errors in a single column of a given RRAM matrix. Two different checksum computation schemes are proposed, a majority voting-based scheme and a Hamming code-based scheme. The memory overhead and decoding area, latency and dynamic power consumption for both the proposed schemes are presented. It is seen that the proposed solutions can achieve low decoding latency and comparatively smaller memory and area overhead in order to guarantee protection against errors in a single column. Lastly, a scheme to extend the proposed scheme to multiple column errors is also discussed.
Nodular Pachymeningitis Associated With Relapsing Polychondritis and Crohn Disease Responsive to Adalimumab and Prednisone.

Objectives To review the previous literature on the associations of pachymeningitis with Crohn disease (CD) and relapsing polychondritis (RP) and to describe a new case occurring in association with both in addition to highlighting its positive response to steroid and adalimumab treatment. Methods We review the patient9s clinical presentation, diagnostic workup (serum and CSF testing), and MRI findings in detail and chronicle the response of the pachymeningitis to intensive immunotherapy. We contrast this case against previous reports of pachymeningitis occurring in association with RP and inflammatory bowel disease that were found on PubMed. Results Only 2 cases of ulcerative colitis and 5 cases of RP were found in association with pachymeningitis; there were no cases in association with CD. Our patient presented with symptoms isolated to a steroid-responsive headache in the setting of normal neurologic and rheumatologic examinations. Her preceding history was notable for long-standing CD and increasingly active symptoms referable to RP. Focal nodular pachymeningitis was seen overlying the left hemisphere on brain MRI. An extensive serum and CSF workup and body fluorodeoxyglucose-PET scan failed to identify an alternative etiology beyond her underlying autoimmune inflammatory disorders. After adding prednisone and adalimumab to her preexisting treatment of methotrexate, she responded dramatically both clinically and radiographically. Conclusions Although exceptionally rare, pachymeningitis may occur as a neuroinflammatory complication of CD and RP.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition Profiles of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Classification and Regression Trees Analysis:

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC) are the most widely used instrument in assessing cognitive ability, especially with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous liter...
Resolute Expressivism

Over the years, we have witnessed the rise of a metaethical cottage industry devoted to claiming that expressivist analyses cannot capture some allegedly important feature of moral language. In this paper, I show how Simon Blackburn's pragmatist method enables him to respond decisively to many of these objections. In doing so, I hope to call into question some prevailing assumptions about the linguistic phenomena that a metaethical theory should be expected to capture.
Current Challenges in the Management of Hemophilia

Hemophilia is characterized by genetic mutations resulting in the deficiency of factors critical to the normal process of coagulation, sometimes resulting in spontaneous bleeding into soft tissue, joints, and internal organs. The 2 most common subtypes are hemophilia A, or factor VIII deficiency, and hemophilia B, or factor IX deficiency. Hemophilia affects an estimated 20,000 individuals in the United States. The diagnosis and management of patients with severe hemophilia is complex, and requires preventive treatment (prophylaxis) to avoid bleeding episodes and related complications and the use of replacement therapy with coagulation factors during acute bleeding episodes. To achieve optimal long-term results, the treatment of patients with hemophilia requires a comprehensive approach coordinated by a multidisciplinary team of specialists. Hemophilia imposes a substantial burden from economic, societal, and patient perspectives.
Prophylactic indomethacin for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants.

The impact of early prophylactic use of intravenous indomethacin on the incidence and severity of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus in 199 oxygen-requiring premature infants (less than or equal to 1300 g birth weight) was prospectively investigated. The trial was controlled, the infants were randomized, and the investigators were unaware of the group assignments. Patients with minimal (grade I) or no periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage determined by prestudy echoencephalography were randomized within two birth weight subgroups (500 to 899 and 900 to 1300 g) to receive either prophylactic indomethacin (n = 99) or an equal volume of saline-vehicle placebo (n = 100). The first dose (0.2 mg/kg) was given within 12 hours of delivery and two subsequent doses (0.1 mg/kg) were administered at 12 hourly intervals. Prophylactic indomethacin significantly reduced the incidence of grades II to IV periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. Intraventricular hemorrhage was half as common in infants given prophylactic indomethacin as in control infants (23% v 46%, P less than .002). The reduction was manifested in both birth weight subgroups. Results of this study also confirmed a lower incidence of clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus in infants who received prophylactic indomethacin in contrast to those who received placebo (11% v 42%, P less than .001). No significant differences were found between treatment and control groups in the duration of oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, or hospitalization or in the incidence of pneumothorax, chronic lung disease, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, or death. Early prophylactic indomethacin initiated within 12 hours of delivery is effective in reducing the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage as well as clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight premature infants.
The “simple” steady boiling flow in a pipe

Didactically, nuclear thermal hydraulics needs introductions at different levels of complexity by introducing step by step the new features after the previous ones have been clearly presented. The following two chapters serve this purpose. Chapter 3 describes mathematically the “simple” steady boiling flow in a pipe. The steady mass-, momentum-, and energy-conservation equations are solved at different levels of complexity by removing one after the other the simplifying assumptions. First the idea of mechanical and thermodynamic equilibrium is introduced. Then the assumption of mechanical equilibrium is relaxed. Then the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium is relaxed in addition. In all cases, comparisons with experimental data give the evidence of the level of adequacy of the different levels of modeling complexity. The engineering relaxation methods are considered, followed by the more sophisticated boundary layer treatment without and with variable effective bubble size. Then an introduction to the saturated- flow boiling heat transfer is given and the accuracy of the methods is demonstrated by comparisons with experiments. The hybrid method of combining the asymptotic method with boundary layer treatment allowing for variable effective bubble size is also presented. Finally, the idea of using the separated momentum equations and bubble dynamics is introduced and again its adequacy is demonstrated by comparison with experiments.
Characteristics of spontaneous and drug-induced gastric dysrhythmias in a chronic canine model

We developed a chronic canine model to study electrical characteristics of both spontaneously occurring and drug-induced gastric dysrhythmias. Seven female dogs were fitted with a catheter chronically implanted in the left gastric artery, and five monopolar silver-silver chloride electrodes were sutured to the serosa of the stomach and proximal duodenum. Three dogs exhibited spontaneous dysrhythmia, and in 4 other dogs, dysrhythmias were drug-induced. Ninety-seven episodes of spontaneous dysrhythmia and 21 episodes of drug-induced dysrhythmia were recorded and analyzed. All episodes of tachygastria were first detected in the distal antrum, and the tachygastric pacesetter potentials usually spread orally. All but one episode of bradygastria were detected both in the corpus and the antrum simultaneously. During bradygastria, pacesetter potentials spread aborally. Spontaneous and drug-induced dysrhythmias exhibited similar characteristics. Therefore, we conclude that the origin and propagation characteristics of gastric dysrhythmias depend on the type of dysrhythmia rather than whether they are spontaneous or drug-induced.
Essentialism, Culture, and Beliefs about Gender among the Aravanis of Tamil Nadu, India

The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender beliefs of the Aravanis, a transgender community in Tamil Nadu. Gender transgression and gender transformation (attempts to change gender) tasks were used to examine the essentialist notions of the Aravanis' beliefs about gender. A total of 100 Aravanis participated in the study. In the gender transgression task the Aravanis endorsed both male and female gender transgressions. In the gender transformation task the Aravanis believed in the male to female transformation but not in the female to male transformation. I argue that the asymmetry in the Aravanis' responses suggests that their beliefs about gender are consistent with Hindu patriarchal beliefs that feminine gender is essential and primordial, whereas masculine gender transformations are viewed as part of the male prerogative. The marginalized gender experience of the Aravanis influenced their judgments about gender transgressions but not their beliefs about gender transformations. I also discuss the implications of a cultural psychology of gender.
The Drosophila Tumorous lethal hematopoietic oncogene is a dominant mutation in the hopscotch locus

The Drosophila Tumorous-lethal (Tum-l) mutation acts as an activated oncogene, causing hematopoietic neoplasms, overproliferation, and premature differentiation. Tum-l is a dominant mutation in the hopscotch (hop) locus, which is required for cell division and for proper embryonic segmentation. The Tum-l temperature-sensitive period for melanotic tumor formation includes most of larval and pupal development.
Urban target search and tracking using a UAV and unattended ground sensors

We present a framework to search for and track a target within an urban environment by fusing data from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Unattended Ground Sensors. The target and UAV are restricted to a road network modeled as a directed graph with the ground sensors deployed along selected edges. The UAV is equipped with an onboard camera capable of detecting the target, and it is guided by an information-theoretic planner that uses a particle filter estimate of the target state as its input. We introduce a method to process out-of-sequence measurements that exploits the time-sparseness of the UGS readings to reduce the computational complexity. Finally, we present simulation results on real road networks that show the target tracking performance and the gains in computation time of our approach.
Noise Trader Risk, Odd-Lot Trading, and Security Returns

Using the ratio of odd-lot purchases to sales as a measure of small investor sentiment, this research documents that small firms do well (poorly) when small investors are optimistic (pessimistic). In contrast, large firms are generally unaffected by the sentiment of small investors. From 1941 through 1989, 6.5% of the time-series variation in the small firm premium can be explained by this measure of investor sentiment. Furthermore, the ratio of odd-lot purchases to sales serves as a complement to, rather than substitute for, other measures of investor sentiment including the discounts of closed-end funds and the ratio of mutual fund sales to redemptions.
The Use of Guerrilla Defectors as Fighting Forces in Counterinsurgency: Preliminary Lessons Learned from Five Campaigns

This paper explores the use of guerrilla defectors in counterinsurgency (COIN) campaigns, asking under what conditions states have effectively made use of them as fighting forces. It considers evidence from several cases, including France-Algeria; Dhofar, Oman; Rhodesia/Zimbabwe; El Salvador; and the United States in Iraq, to produce a preliminary set of guidelines for counterinsurgents. Attempts to woo guerrillas away from their cause are common in COIN campaigns, and the use of defectors indirectly, in pseudo-gangs that infiltrate the insurgency, is not rare. Their direct use as fighters for the counterinsurgent is apparently less common, but there is little literature on this aspect of COIN. This paper takes a first cut at addressing this lacuna in COIN studies, looking only at the direct use of defectors as fighting forces.
Did Harvard Violate Federal Securities Law? The Campaign Against Classified Boards of Directors

The Harvard Shareholder Rights Project ("Harvard SRP") has, on more than 120 occasions, invoked SEC Rule 14a-8 to propose precatory shareholder resolutions calling for the de-staggering of corporate boards of directors (the "Harvard Proposal"), and claims to have contributed to de-staggering at approximately 100 of America's largest publicly traded corporations. The Harvard Proposal relies on a summary of academic research that portrays staggered boards as categorically detrimental to shareholder interests, and cites only one study reaching a contrary conclusion, while dismissing that study's analysis. The academic research contradicting the Harvard Proposal is, however, far more substantial, but the Proposal omits any mention of that larger body of opposing research. The opposing research concludes that studies relied on by the Harvard Proposal are in error because of flawed analytic techniques. This research also documents heterogeneous effects indicating that classified boards are more likely to be beneficial for identifiable categories of corporations. Rule 14a-8 requires that shareholder proposals not be materially false or misleading in violation of Rule 14a-9. The Harvard Proposal's failure accurately to describe the current state of the academic literature can be characterized as a material omission that violates Rule 14a-9. Companies should therefore be able to exclude the Harvard Proposal from the corporate proxy either by seeking no-action relief or through motions for declaratory judgment. Under the principle of respondeat superior, the SEC could bring enforcement proceedings against Harvard University alleging violations of Rule 14a-9. Private party plaintiffs should also be able to prevail in 14a-9 actions against Harvard. Courts have the authority to void prior votes that caused boards to de-stagger, but it is a matter of judicial discretion -- and a subject for conjecture -- as to whether such a remedy would be imposed as a cure for the material omissions in the Harvard Proposal.