cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Better Approach for Balancing Authority and Accountability in Shareholder Derivative Litigation

Corporations present an interesting illustration of the authority versus accountability dilemma. Shareholders elect the directors of the corporation and the law vests those directors with almost unlimited authority to manage the corporation. Yet, shareholders have few effective means for holding directors accountable for their decisions other than through shareholder derivative litigation. In such litigation, the business judgment rule serves as the mechanism by which courts attempt to balance directors' authority to make decisions for the corporation against shareholders' right to hold directors accountable for those decisions. As this Article discusses, numerous theories exist as to the proper formulation of the business judgment rule. At the core, such theories reflect differing perspectives on the proper balancing of authority and accountability in corporations. A broad and diverse literature examines the authority versus accountability dilemmas presented in other areas of law, yet corporate scholars have not examined the insights this literature offers for corporate law. This Article fills that void by examining this literature and applying it to the corporate context. It then analyzes the current balancing of authority and accountability in shareholder derivative litigation as well as scholars' proposals to shift that balance. After rejecting such proposals, the Article concludes by proffering a better approach for resolving the authority versus accountability dilemma in shareholder derivative litigation.
The Role of Default (Not Bankruptcy) as Unemployment Insurance: New Facts and Theory

How do job losers use default -- a phenomenon 6x more prevalent than bankruptcy -- as a type of "informal" unemployment insurance, and more importantly, what are the social costs and benefits of this behavior? To this end, I establish several new facts: (i) job loss is the main reason for default, not negative equity (ii) people default because they are credit constrained and cannot borrow more, and (iii) the value of debt payments is a significant fraction of a defaulter's earnings. Using these facts, I calibrate a general equilibrium model with a frictional labor market similar to Menzio and Shi (2009, 2011) and individually priced debt along the lines of Eaton and Gersovitz (1981) and Chatterjee et al. (2007). After proving the existence of a Block Recursive Equilibrium, I find that the extra self-insurance job losers obtain by defaulting outweighs the subsequent increase in the cost of credit, and as a result, protectionist policies such as the Mortgage Servicer Settlement of 2012 or the CARD Act of 2009 improve overall welfare by .1%. The side effect of the policies, however, is a .2 to .5% higher unemployment rate during recessions that persists throughout the recovery.
Supplementary Appendix to 'Identifying Optimal Sector Groupings with the Hypothetical Extraction Method'

In this extra appendix we show that (a) the key group problem is not equivalent to the sequential key sector problem; (b) there is a close link between the key group problem and the fields of influence approach; (c) the results of the key group problem in the standard input-output (IO) setting are invariant to the netting out of intrasectoral transactions for any factor other than gross output. Further, our MATLAB program for implementing the key group problem is provided.
The Entrepreneur's Guide to Financial Statements by David Worrell

The Entrepreneur's Guide to Financial Statements, part of the “Entrepreneur's Guide” series from Praeger, provides an excellent overview of financial statements for small business ownera looking to...
Imagined Facebook: An exploratory study of non-users’ perceptions of social media in Rural Zambia

This article describes an exploratory study of Facebook non-users living in rural Zambia. Drawing on evidence from 37 group interviews with mobile phone owners, we discovered that the majority of our participants were aware of, or ‘imagined’ Facebook, despite never having seen or used the site. Our analysis of how participants perceive Facebook suggests that they are interested in the communication and income-generating possibilities access to the site may provide, but that barriers prevent them from acting on these interests. This study contributes to social media research by making visible the experiences of a population whose non-use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) results from economic, infrastructural, and linguistic sources, as well as from other, hitherto less-explored areas. We discuss the practical significance of these findings, offer future research suggestions, and comment on what our respondents have not yet imagined about Facebook.
Altered Monoamine and Acylcarnitine Metabolites in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Subjects With Depression.

Background Depression is a frequent comorbidity in HIV infection that has been associated with worse treatment outcomes and increased mortality. Recent studies suggest that increased innate immune activation and tryptophan catabolism are associated with higher risk of depression in HIV infection and other chronic inflammatory diseases, but the mechanisms leading to depression remain poorly understood.
Surface States at LT GaAs-n+ GaAs Interfaces

GaAs grown using Molecular Beam Epitaxy at below normal substrate temperatures (∼ 220 °C) has found many potential applications in GaAs MESFET devices. These so-called Low Temperature (LT) layers were originally used between the MESFET substrate and active region to eliminate backgating effects.[1] More recently, LT layers have been incorporated into MESFET gate structures to improve gate breakdown characteristics.[2] [3] When used in this capacity, the quality of the LT GaAs - n+ GaAs interface becomes an important issue: a large number of traps at the interface will result in channel mobility degradation. Furthermore, it is desirable to develop a method by which the interface quality can be evaluated through simple electrical measurements.
Nutritional status and social behavior in preschool children: the mediating effects of neurocognitive functioning.

Early malnutritional status has been associated with reduced cognitive ability in childhood. However, there are almost no studies on the effect of malnutrition on positive social behavior, and no tests of possible mediating mechanisms. This study tests the hypothesis that poor nutritional status is associated with impaired social functioning in childhood, and that neurocognitive ability mediates this relationship. We assessed 1553 male and female 3-year-olds from a birth cohort on measures of malnutrition, social behavior and verbal and spatial neurocognitive functions. Children with indicators of malnutrition showed impaired social behavior (p < .0001) as compared with children in the control group with adequate nutritional status. These associations even persisted after controlling for social adversity and parental education. Findings were not moderated by gender or ethnicity, and there was no interaction effect with parental education. A dose-response relationship was observed between degree of malnutrition and degree of social behavior, with increased malnutrition associated with more impaired social behavior. Neurocognitive ability was found to mediate the nutrition-social behavior relationship. The mediation effect of neurocognitive functioning suggests that poor nutrition negatively impacts brain areas that play important roles in developing positive social behavior. Findings suggest that reducing poor nutrition, alternatively promoting good nutrition, may help promote positive social behavior in early childhood during a critical period for social and neurocognitive development, with implications for improving positive health in adulthood.
Time course of EPSCs in ON‐type starburst amacrine cells is independent of dendritic location

KEY POINTS Direction selectivity has been widely studied as an example of a complex neural computation. Directional GABA release from starburst amacrine cells (SBACs) is critical for generating directional signals in direction-selective ganglion cells. The mechanisms producing the directional release remain unclear. For SBACs, ordered distribution of sustained and transient bipolar cell inputs along the dendrites is proposed to generate directional GABA release. This study tests whether this hypothesis applies to ON-type SBACs. EPSCs activated at proximal and distal dendritic locations have the same time course. Therefore, the ordered arrangement of inputs from bipolar cells with different kinetic properties cannot be responsible for generating directional GABA release from ON-type SBACs. ABSTRACT Direction selectivity in the retina relies critically on directionally asymmetric GABA release from the dendritic tips of starburst amacrine cells (SBACs). GABA release from each radially directed dendrite is larger for motion outward from the soma toward the dendritic tips than for motion inwards toward the soma. The biophysical mechanisms generating these directional signals remain controversial. A model based on electron-microscopic reconstructions of the mouse retina proposed that an ordered arrangement of kinetically distinct bipolar cell inputs to ON- and OFF-type SBACs could produce directional GABA release. We tested this prediction by measuring the time course of EPSCs in ON-type SBACs in the mouse retina, activated by proximal and distal light stimulation. Contrary to the prediction, the kinetics of the excitatory inputs were independent of dendritic location. Computer simulations based on 3D reconstructions of SBAC dendrites demonstrated that the response kinetics of distal inputs were not significantly altered by dendritic filtering. These direct physiological measurements, do not support the hypothesis that directional signals in SBACs arise from the ordered arrangement of kinetically distinct bipolar cell inputs.
Introduction of a single isomer beta agonist.

The release of levalbuterol offers the first approved single-isomer beta agonist for oral inhalation. Data from in vitro studies support the concept that S albuterol is not inactive and may have properties antagonistic to bronchodilation. There is some variability in the results of clinical studies with the separate isomers of albuterol, which suggests the need for further study. The introduction of levalbuterol into general clinical use in managing asthma and chronic obstructive disease should begin to offer additional information on the effects of a single isomer beta agonist in comparison to previous racemic mixtures.
Evaluating Human Rights Advocacy on Criminal Justice and Sex Work

Between October 2011 and September 2013, we conducted research on the use, by police and/or prosecutors, of condom possession as evidence of intent to engage in prostitution-related offenses. We studied the practice in five large, geographically diverse cities in the U.S. To facilitate our advocacy on this issue, conducted concurrent to and following our research, we developed an advocacy framework consisting of six dimensions: (1) raising awareness, (2) building and engaging coalitions, (3) framing debate, (4) securing rhetorical commitments, (5) reforming law and policy, and (6) changing practice. Using a case study approach, we describe how this framework also provided a basis for the evaluation of our work, and discuss additional considerations and values related to the measurement and evaluation of human rights advocacy.
The Viability of Heuristics in Expert Judgement

A conventional assumption in economic models is that expert judgement requires Bayesian behavior. A justification for this assumption is that because Bayesian behavior results in superior decisions, it is dominant in a evolutionary sense. Bayesian experts who are sequentially rational, however, set standards that are "too low". Consequently, heuristic behaviors that result in more stringent sequentially rational standards may dominate Bayesian behavior. This suggests that deviations from Bayesian behavior observed in experimental auditing settings may be viable in an evolutionary sense in real economic settings.
Assessing minority party influence on partisan issue attention in the US House of representatives, 1989–2012

The majority party dominates legislative outputs and throughputs in rule-driven institutions, but these agenda-setting powers may not extend to other facets of the policy process. This article asse...
Constitutionally Regulating Telephone Harassment: An Exercise in Statutory Precision

For many years our society has benefited from the telephone as an inexpensive means of instantaneous communication. It provides convenient and virtually unlimited access to people wherever they may work or reside, but this capability can also make the telephone an "instrument for inflicting incalculable fear, abuse, annoyance, hardship, disgust, and grief on innocent victims."' Most states and the federal government have enacted statutes that criminalize forms of telephone harassment.2 Yet the offense is not one which lends itself to precise statutory definition. At least not without either incidentally prohibiting expression that is protected by the First Amendment (the problem of "overbreadth") or defining the prohibited conduct so imprecisely as to violate the Fourteenth Amendment's ban on vague laws (the problem of "vagueness").3 The majority of telephone harassment statutes have been challenged on one or both of these bases, and many statutes have been invalidated. From the legislators' point of view matters have only been made worse by the courts which have reviewed these statutes, relying as they have on highly procedural holdings and offering little in the way of substantive guidance.
Checkpoint controls and targets in cancer therapy

Checkpoint controls and targets in cancer therapy , Checkpoint controls and targets in cancer therapy , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
The Modern Family Farm and its Problems: With Particular Reference to the United States of America

If one were to define what is meant by ‘modernization of the family farm’, consolidation and/or farm enlargement would be rather high on one’s list of necessary requirements for modernization. So, too, would technological advance, especially the land and labour-saving varieties. Land-saving technology would be required to keep total agricultural production expanding to feed growing populations, while labour-saving technology would be required to increase per capita incomes in agriculture. These two, in turn, would require a substantial amount of off-farm migration as part of the modernization process. Another requirement for modernization would be an increasing level of education, both general and vocational, in order that farmers may handle the larger farms and the more advanced technologies which come with modernization. Still another requirement would be the existence of an institutional environment which would permit a modernized family farm to finance itself and prosper.
Informing vaccine decision-making: A strategic multi-attribute ranking tool for vaccines—SMART Vaccines 2.0

SMART Vaccines 2.0 software is being developed to support decision-making among multiple stakeholders in the process of prioritizing investments to optimize the outcomes of vaccine development and deployment. Vaccines and associated vaccination programs are one of the most successful and effective public health interventions to prevent communicable diseases and vaccine researchers are continually working towards expanding targets for communicable and non-communicable diseases through preventive and therapeutic modes. A growing body of evidence on emerging vaccine technologies, trends in disease burden, costs associated with vaccine development and deployment, and benefits derived from disease prevention through vaccination and a range of other factors can inform decision-making and investment in new and improved vaccines and targeted utilization of already existing vaccines. Recognizing that an array of inputs influences these decisions, the strategic multi-attribute ranking method for vaccines (SMART Vaccines 2.0) is in development as a web-based tool-modified from a U.S. Institute of Medicine Committee effort (IOM, 2015)-to highlight data needs and create transparency to facilitate dialogue and information-sharing among decision-makers and to optimize the investment of resources leading to improved health outcomes. Current development efforts of the SMART Vaccines 2.0 framework seek to generate a weighted recommendation on vaccine development or vaccination priorities based on population, disease, economic, and vaccine-specific data in combination with individual preference and weights of user-selected attributes incorporating valuations of health, economics, demographics, public concern, scientific and business, programmatic, and political considerations. Further development of the design and utility of the tool is being carried out by the National Vaccine Program Office of the Department of Health and Human Services and the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health. We aim to demonstrate the utility of SMART Vaccines 2.0 through the engagement of a community of relevant stakeholders and to identify a limited number of pilot projects to determine explicitly defined attribute preferences and the related data and model requirements that are responsive to user needs and able to improve the use of evidence for vaccine-related decision-making and consequential priorities of vaccination options.
Design of Cooling Cavities by the Application of the Constructal Design

This paper develops a numerical study about the geometry of isothermal cavities in solid bodies with internal heat generation. The solid is constituted of a isotropic material, with low thermal conductivity, and adiabatic external surfaces. The cavity is used to dissipate the internally generated heat. An evolutionary algorithm is proposed, based on Constructal Theory, that builds a cavity able to maximize the heat transfer between the solid body and the ambient. Initial solid geometry (a squared fin) is divided into smaller squared elements (regions) that will be remove in order to build the cavity. First element is removed from the bottom center of the geometry and other elements are, at every step, removed so that minimize the hot spots in the solid domain. At every stage of the building process, thermal diffusion equation is numerically solved by the finite element method (FEM). The cavity construction must be flexible so that it freely progresses (evolves) in direction to the hot spots. Results show that the smaller the elements (resolution) used in the cavity construction the lower will be the maximum temperature. Besides that, present results are compare with similar works for cavities C, H, X e Y, presented in literature, showing that current methodology is very efficient in minimizing maximum solid internal temperature.
Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Justice in Safe Drinking Water Compliance*

Objective Past research yields inconsistent evidence of disparities in environmental quality by socioeconomic status (SES), race, and/or ethnicity. Since the political significance of race/ethnicity may be contingent upon SES, this study advances environmental justice research by examining interactively the effects of race, ethnicity, and SES on environmental quality. Methods We match 2010–2013 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) compliance records with demographic and economic data for U.S. local government water utilities serving populations greater than 1,000. Statistical regression isolates direct and interactive relationships between communities’ racial/ethnic populations, SES, and SDWA compliance. Results We find that community racial/ethnic composition predicts drinking water quality, but also that SES conditions the effect; specifically, black and Hispanic populations most strongly predict SDWA violations in low-SES communities. Conclusions Our findings highlight the importance of analyzing race, ethnicity, and SES interactively in environmental justice research. Results also carry troubling implications for drinking water quality in the United States.
Subcritical Multiplication of Californium-252 Neutrons and ITS Applications

Calculations were performed which indicate that thermal flux increases of a factor of 20 should be possible through the optimal use of fissile material regions surrounding 252Cf sources.For demonst...
Population genetic structure and fitness of Daphnia pulicaria across a pH gradient in three North American lakes

Understanding the evolutionary response of organisms to environmental gradients is important in light of increasing anthropogenic changes to our environment. In this study, we use ecological genetic tools to determine local adaptation of the model organism, Daphnia pulicaria, across a pH gradient in three North American lakes. We predicted that there would be genetic differentiation and local adaptation among the three populations of D. pulicaria. To assess the degree of genetic differentiation, we genotyped individual D. pulicaria using 15 microsatellite loci across the three populations and performed a STRUCTURE analysis corroborated with PCA based upon Nei’s genetic distance and multiple F st comparisons. To test for signatures of local adaptation, a survivorship experiment across a pH gradient under common-garden conditions was performed. We determined that each of the three populations was genetically differentiated from one another, with Hill and Madison Lake populations of D. pulicaria being more similar to each other than that of the Frenchman Lake population. The results of the survivorship experiment showed a signal of local adaptation, with Frenchman Lake showing higher survivorship at lower pH [~6.5] when compared to Hill and Madison populations, while both Hill and Madison had higher survivorship at higher pH [7.9 and 8.6, respectively] when compared to the Frenchman population.
Abstract W P98: Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-3 Elevated in Stoke and Aging

Background: It is now recognized that stroke is a systemic stressor that triggers profound changes throughout the body, leading to alterations in the immune system and response. In the CNS, cell de...
The G Protein β-Subunit, AGB1, Interacts with FERONIA in RALF1-Regulated Stomatal Movement

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins are composed of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits and function as molecular switches in signal transduction. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), there are one canonical Gα (GPA1), three extra-large Gα (XLG1, XLG2, and XLG3), one Gβ (AGB1), and three Gγ (AGG1, AGG2, and AGG3) subunits. To elucidate AGB1 molecular signaling, we performed immunoprecipitation using plasma membrane-enriched proteins followed by mass spectrometry to identify the protein interactors of AGB1. After eliminating proteins present in the control immunoprecipitation, commonly identified contaminants, and organellar proteins, a total of 103 candidate AGB1-associated proteins were confidently identified. We identified all of the G protein subunits except XLG1, receptor-like kinases, Ca2+ signaling-related proteins, and 14-3-3-like proteins, all of which may couple with or modulate G protein signaling. We confirmed physical interaction between AGB1 and the receptor-like kinase FERONIA (FER) using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. The Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) family of polypeptides have been shown to be ligands of FER. In this study, we demonstrate that RALF1 regulates stomatal apertures and does so in a G protein-dependent manner, inhibiting stomatal opening and promoting stomatal closure in Columbia but not in agb1 mutants. We further show that AGGs and XLGs, but not GPA1, participate in RALF1-mediated stomatal signaling. Our results suggest that FER acts as a G protein-coupled receptor for plant heterotrimeric G proteins.
Self-stabilizing overlay networks

Today's distributed systems exist on a scale that was unimaginable only a few decades ago. Distributed systems now can consist of thousands or even millions of computers spread across the entire world. These large systems are often organized into overlay networks—networks composed of virtual links, with each virtual link realized by one or more physical links. Self-stabilizing overlay networks promise that, starting from any weakly-connected configuration, the correct network topology is always built. This area of research is young, and prior examples of self-stabilizing overlay networks have either been for simple topologies, or involved complex algorithms that were difficult to verify and extend. We address these limitations in this thesis. First, we present the Transitive Closure Framework, a generic framework to transform any locally-checkable overlay network into a self-stabilizing network. This simple framework has a running time which is at most a logarithmic number of rounds more than optimal, and in fact is optimal for a particular class of overlay networks. We also prove the only known non-trivial lower bound on the convergence time of any self-stabilizing overlay network. To allow fast and efficient repairs for local faults, we extend the Transitive Closure Framework to the Local Repair Framework. We demonstrate this framework by implementing an efficient algorithm for node joins in the Skip+ graph. Next, we present the Avatar network, which is a generic locally checkable overlay network capable of simulating many other overlay networks. We design a self-stabilizing algorithm for a binary search tree embedded onto the Avatar network, and prove this algorithm requires only a polylogarithmic number of rounds to converge and limits degree increases to within a polylogarithmic factor of optimal. This algorithm is the first to achieve such efficiency, and its modular design makes it easy to extend. Finally, we introduce a technique called network scaffolding, which builds other overlay network topologies using the Avatar network.
Starring in your own Snapchat advertisement: Influence of self-brand congruity, self-referencing and perceived humor on brand attitude and purchase intention of advertised brands

Abstract Snapchat geofilter advertisements use augmented reality (AR) technology to place consumers in photographs embellished with branded content. This study examined the joint influence of self-brand congruity, self-referencing and perceived humor in these self-endorsed geofilter brand advertisements on consumers’ brand-related preferences. Results revealed that self-brand congruity, self-referencing and perceived humor exerted significant main effects on consumers’ post-use brand attitude and purchase intention. Self-brand congruity also significantly interacted with self-referencing and perceived humor to affect brand attitude and purchase intention, while self-referencing significantly interacted with perceived humor to affect purchase intention, but not brand attitude. Theoretical and managerial implications of the research are discussed.
Acute transient thrombocytopenia associated with cocaine abuse in pregnancy

A case is described of cocaine-induced severe transient thrombocytopenia associated with a hypertensive crisis at 21 weeks' gestation. Liver function tests and coagulation studies were all within normal ranges. Blood pressure was controlled with hydralazine. This clinical presentation, similar to severe preeclampsia, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute hypertension and low platelet count, especially in early gestations when preeclampsia is relatively rare. Unlike severe preeclampsia, for which active intervention and delivery are usually selected, cocaine-related hypertension-thrombocytopenia, especially in very premature gestations, may warrant conservative management.
Learning to Understand and Control in a World of Events

We have developed a ‘neural’ architecture that autonomously learns to interpret sensory data consisting of events and to develop effective control strategies. It learns normal patterns of events detects novel patterns and selects actions to meet goals. The complexity is low enough that implementation in 2 dimensional circuitry is possible. The architecture is based on models of animal conditioning.
Imaging the itis: endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis.

Purpose of review Inflammatory and/or infectious conditions affecting the heart and pericardium in children are primarily diagnosed via noninvasive imaging modalities. In addition, the use of multiple imaging modalities (multimodality imaging) is becoming increasingly common to assist in diagnosis, management, and prognosis. This review focuses on the use of noninvasive imaging in endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis, with emphasis placed on the use of echocardiography and cardiac MRI in these conditions. Recent findings Echocardiography remains the most commonly employed imaging modality for all of the above diagnoses. However, echocardiography has several important limitations, foremost of which is a limited ability to characterize myocardial tissue abnormalities, such as inflammation and fibrosis. Quantitative assessment of cardiac output and valve function is also limited with echocardiography. Cardiac MRI is superior to echocardiography in these domains and provides useful complementary information. Summary Echocardiography and cardiac MRI play crucial roles in the diagnosis, management, and forecasting of prognosis in inflammatory and/or infectious conditions affecting the heart in children. New advances, particularly in MRI imaging, have allowed clinicians to provide more accurate diagnoses and information regarding prognosis.
Caregivers navigating rehabilitative care for people with aphasia after stroke: a multi-lens perspective.

Background Up to 40% of stroke survivors acquire aphasia and require long-term caregiver assistance after discharge from the hospital. Caregivers assume multiple roles as they help people with aphasia to access outpatient rehabilitative care in an increasingly person-centred model of care. Examining caregiver roles and how different stakeholders in the rehabilitative journey perceive these roles may be the first step in providing more tailored support to caregivers and improving outcomes for both caregivers and people with aphasia. Aims To characterize the roles caregivers assume while navigating outpatient rehabilitative care for people with aphasia after stroke from the perspective of different stakeholders in the rehabilitative process. Methods & procedures Thirty-six people participated in the study, including seven caregivers, 22 stroke survivors with aphasia and seven healthcare providers. Focus groups were conducted, and an iterative thematic analysis was used to identify themes. Outcomes & results Results indicate that caregivers are perceived differently by varying stakeholders, and that caregivers adopt diverse roles as advocates, therapists, motivators and guardians. They assume these roles in order to fill gaps in services or otherwise to facilitate the recovery journey for the person with aphasia. Conclusions & implications This study provides a valuable glimpse into how varying stakeholders view the role of the caregiver during rehabilitation for people with aphasia after stroke. Providing caregivers with the training and support they need throughout the recovery journey by treating them as partners in the process may mitigate the perception of caregivers as feeling compelled to adopt multiple roles.
A Two-Stage Supervised Learning Approach for Electricity Price Forecasting by Leveraging Different Data Sources

Abstract Over the years, the growing penetration of renewable energy into the electricity market has resulted in a significant change in the electricity market price. This change makes the existing forecasting method prone to error, decreasing the economic benefits. Hence, more precise forecasting methods need to be developed. This paper starts with a survey and benchmark of existing machine learning approaches for forecasting the real-time market (RTM) price. While these methods provide sufficient modeling capability via supervised learning, their accuracy is still limited due to the single data source, e.g., historical price information only. In this paper, a novel two-stage supervised learning approach is proposed by diversifying the data sources such as highly correlated power data. This idea is inspired by the recent load forecasting methods that have shown extremely well performances. Specifically, the proposed two-stage method, namely the rerouted method, learns two types of mapping rules. The first one is the mapping between the historical wind power and the historical price. The second is the forecasting rule for wind generation. Based on the two rules, we forecast the price via the forecasted generation and the first learned mapping between power and price. Additionally, we observed that it is not the more training data the better, leading to our validation steps to quantify the best training intervals for different datasets. We conduct comparisons of numerical results between existing methods and the proposed methods based on datasets from the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). For each machine learning step, we examine different learning methods, such as polynomial regression, support vector regression, neural network, and deep neural network. The results show that the proposed method is significantly better than existing approaches when renewables are involved.
RNA Sequencing of the NCI-60: Integration into CellMiner and CellMiner CDB

CellMiner (http://discover.nci.nih.gov/cellminer) and CellMinerCDB (https://discover.nci.nih.gov/cellminercdb/) are web-based applications for mining publicly available genomic, molecular, and pharmacologic datasets of human cancer cell lines including the NCI-60, Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer, Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal, NCI/DTP small cell lung cancer, and NCI Almanac cell line sets. Here, we introduce our RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data for the NCI-60 and their access and integration with the other databases. Correlation to transcript microarray expression levels for identical genes and identical cell lines across CellMinerCDB demonstrates the high quality of these new RNA-seq data. We provide composite and isoform transcript expression data and demonstrate diversity in isoform composition for individual cancer- and pharmacologically relevant genes, including HRAS, PTEN, EGFR, RAD51, ALKBH2, BRCA1, ERBB2, TP53, FGFR2, and CTNND1. We reveal cell-specific differences in the overall levels of isoforms and show their linkage to expression of RNA processing and splicing genes as well as resultant alterations in cancer and pharmacologic gene sets. Gene-drug pairings linked by pathways or functions show specific correlations to isoforms compared with composite gene expression, including ALKBH2-benzaldehyde, AKT3-vandetanib, BCR-imatinib, CDK1 and 20-palbociclib, CASP1-imexon, and FGFR3-pazopanib. Loss of MUC1 20 amino acid variable number tandem repeats, which is used to elicit immune response, and the presence of the androgen receptor AR-V4 and -V7 isoforms in all NCI-60 tissue of origin types demonstrate translational relevance. In summary, we introduce RNA-seq data to our CellMiner and CellMinerCDB web applications, allowing their exploration for both research and translational purposes. SIGNIFICANCE: The current study provides RNA sequencing data for the NCI-60 cell lines made accessible through both CellMiner and CellMinerCDB and is an important pharmacogenomics resource for the field.
Refugee children in Europe on the eve of World War II

In the summer of 1939, on the eve of World War II, Children’s Bureau social workers Elsa Castendyck visited four European countries to investigate the care of refugee children. Her report was publ...
Effect of Neighboring Groups on Enhancing Benzoxazine Autocatalytic Polymerization

Publisher Summary The unique features of polybenzoxazines make them attractive for a wide range of applications. The characteristics of polybenzoxazines such as excellent dimensional stability, lower surface energy, higher Tg, and lower moisture absorption are attributed to the stable intramolecular hydrogen bonding in their network structure. The features make polybenzoxazines excellent candidates for the applications that require near zero shrinkage and high dimensional stability. Polybenzoxazines are formed by the autocatalytic polymerization of benzoxazine monomers. Polybenzoxazines are well known as a new class of thermoset polymers used for high performance applications. They provide the characteristic properties found in phenolic resins, such as high thermal stability, excellent electrical properties, good mechanical properties, and better flame retardancy. Furthermore, they have the advantages of requiring no harsh initiators or catalysts for polymerization and of forming no byproduct upon polymerization. This chapter highlights the different approaches to the synthesis of benzoxazine monomers polymerized at a lower temperature by the autocatalytic effect on the ring-opening benzoxazine polymerization. The various approaches are mostly based on the introduction of electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups, or acidic groups that can activate the ring opening or stabilize the intermediates. In particular, we have focused on the DSC thermograms to find out the exothermic peaks of the monomers under study. From the systematic studies of the substituted benzoxazine monomers, carboxylic acid and hydroxyl containing benzoxazine monomers, it was clearly demonstrated that all the aforementioned systems represent successful approaches to improving the autocatalytic ring opening of the benzoxazine monomers.
Gardner's syndrome. Report of a case.

A case of Gardner's syndrome is presented. A spontaneous mutation of a skipped generation must be postulated. The case demonstrates how the true diagnosis can be suspected long before the appearance of the colonic polyps. The presence of widely distributed epidermal inclusion cysts and osteomas should alert the physician to the possible eventual development of polyposis.
Examining attitudes towards mental health treatment and experiences with trauma: Understanding the needs of trauma‐exposed middle‐aged and older adults

Middle-aged and older adults who have been exposed to traumatic events may have specific developmental needs with respect to engagement in mental health treatment. The current study examined factors that potentially facilitate or inhibit attitudes towards mental health service use (ATMHSU) in a trauma-exposed sample of treatment-seeking adults of age 50 years and older. In this mixed-methods study, quantitative data (N = 165) were analyzed to examine relationships with trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, quality of life (QOL), and ATMHSU. Semi-structured interviews were conducted assessing similar constructs with a subsample of the data (n = 12). Regression analysis revealed higher QOL-environmental well-being as associated with more positive ATMHSU and higher QOL-social support with more negative ATMHSU. Qualitative themes emerged around perceived distress in managing lifelong traumas due to challenges with functioning, coping, and accessing services. Emphasizing resources to help manage the impact of distress on daily life needs may support aging trauma-exposed populations.
Food Online: An Introduction to a Complex Environment

How does one characterize the many different aspects of food online? It is a complex topic involving the production and selling of many different kinds of products and services, the sharing of information such as recipes and restaurant reviews, the critiquing of nutritional and cultural topics, and the expression of personal interests, activities, and identities. This chapter provides four brief analyses that, together, provide an introduction to the various ways in which food appears online. The first analysis describes four categories of food websites according to a conceptual framework created by the authors. The second analysis uses data from the web analytics company Alexa to identify the most trafficked food websites in the United States, places these websites in groupings based on intended use, and shows how these food websites rank among all websites. The third analysis uses three case studies of websites created by individuals to illustrate the categories described in the first section. The fourth section provides a similar categorization of food applications for mobile phones. These four sections provide a useful entry point to understanding the many different ways in which food appears online.
Nationwide Evolution of Pediatric Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Indications, Utilization, and Readmissions over Time.

Objectives To analyze outcome and utilization trends over time of pediatric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in an all-capture US population-level study. Study design Using the National Inpatient Sample (2005-2014) and National Readmission Database (2010-2014), we identified pediatric (age Results A total of 11 060 hospitalized pediatric patients underwent ERCP between 2005 and 2014. Most were female (n = 8859; 81%), aged 14-20 years (n = 9342; 84%), and white (n = 4230; 45%). Most (85%) of ERCPs were therapeutic, and leading indications were biliary (n = 5350; 48%) and pancreatitis (n = 3218; 29%). Thirteen pecent of patients were readmitted post-ERCP. Odds for 30-day readmission were highest for patients with a history of liver transplantation, age 0-4 years, male sex, and obesity (P Conclusions These data represent a comprehensive study of nationwide trends in age-specific volumes and outcomes following ERCP in the pediatric population and provide important insights into trends in pediatric pancreaticobiliary disease management, as well as practice setting, patient characteristics, and patient comorbidities associated with pediatric post-ERCP outcomes, including readmission and length of stay.
Perceived Impact of COVID-19 and Other Factors on STEM Students’ Career Development

In early 2020, colleges shifted abruptly from traditional in-person to remote distant instruction due to COVID-19 potentially exacerbating science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students’ recruitment and retention. This preliminary study using survey methodology was conducted with STEM students at a small (700 students) private college to examine questions related to students’ perceptions of natural science careers, career decision-making factors, barriers influencing students’ career path, including effects of COVID-19 on career goals, mental health, and perceived quality of instruction. A Qualtrics® survey was sent to 180 STEM students, from which we received 53 responses (29.4% response rate). Consistent with other studies, family was one of the most important factors supporting their career path. Students had a relatively upbeat career outlook despite being in the middle of a global pandemic and were only moderately worried about the impact of COVID-19 on their future career. Despite these relatively positive outcomes, the abrupt switch to online instruction was viewed unfavorably by most respondents, who valued the hands-on learning experiences obtained with traditional in-person instruction. It is possible that respondents’ views of online instruction may improve over time as instructors become more adept at using new instructional tools. Future research should evaluate this aspect and whether students’ career goals change across time as the pandemic unfolds.
Lessons Learned from the Destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple: How to Truly Make America Great Again

The Second Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans in the year 70 C.E. and a large part of the Jewish population was either killed, sent into exile, or sold into slavery. The sages of the Talmud and Midrash attempted to answer the question as to why Jerusalem and the Temple were destroyed. This paper will examine some of the reasons and see what lessons for today may be learned from them. One major lesson is that baseless hatred can tear apart a company.
A Novel Thoracic Ultrasound Measurement After Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair Identifies Decreased Diaphragmatic Excursion Associated With Adverse Respiratory and Surgical Outcomes

Background and Aim: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare defect often associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and abnormal pulmonary vascular development. Even after successful hernia repair, pulmonary disease may persist into adulthood. Impaired diaphragmatic motility may lead to compromised respiratory function long after index repair. This study investigates whether a novel ultrasound measurement, the diaphragmatic excursion ratio, can be a simple and non-invasive method to evaluate routine diaphragmatic motion after CDH repair, and whether it correlates with adverse surgical and respiratory outcomes. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in consecutive patients who presented at medium-term follow-up visit between December 2017 and December 2018 after CDH repair at single pediatric hospital. Transthoracic ultrasound was performed with craniocaudal diaphragmatic excursion measured bilaterally during routine breathing. Diaphragmatic excursion ratios (diaphragmatic excursion of repaired vs. unrepaired side) were calculated and retrospectively compared with clinical data including demographics, length of stay, respiratory adjuncts, oral feeding, and need for gastrostomy. Results: Thirty-eight patients (median age at ultrasound, 24 months, interquartile range 11-60) were evaluated. Nine patients underwent primary repair, 29 had non-primary repair (internal oblique muscle flap or mesh patch). Patients with a diaphragmatic excursion ratio below the median (0.54) had longer hospital stays (median 77 vs. 28 days, p = 0.0007) more ventilator days (median 16 vs. 9 days, p =0.004), and were more likely to have been discharged on oxygen (68 vs. 16%, p = 0.001). They were also less likely to be exclusively taking oral feeds at 1-year post-surgery (37 vs. 74%, p = 0.02) and more likely to require a gastrostomy tube in the first year of life (74 vs. 21%, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Transthoracic ultrasound after CDH repair is practical method to assess diaphragm motion, and decreased diaphragm excursion ratio is associated with worse respiratory outcomes, a longer length of stay, and dependence on gastrostomy tube feeding within 1 year. Further prospective studies may help validate this novel ultrasound measurement and offer prognostic value.
Neoliberalismo elemento de influencia en las políticas públicas de las organizaciones: Caso del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología en México

El neoliberalismo es una ideologia presente en America Latina. En este trabajo se retoma la influencia que puede tener el pensamiento neoliberal en el comportamiento del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) en Mexico, describiendo este fenomeno en dos momentos distintos de la politica mexicana. En un primer momento se habla acerca del neoliberalismo, haciendo hincapie en algunas de sus caracteristicas y consecuencias. A continuacion se habla del CONACYT y las caracteristicas que tuvo su politica en los ultimos anos del sexenio 2012-2018. Finalmente se expondran las rutas propuestas para este sexenio (2018-2014). Se concluye senalando elementos ideologicos externos como el neoliberalismo deben ser tomados en cuenta al estudiar el comportamiento de las organizaciones publicas