cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laryngeal Preservation in Glottic Cancer: A Comparison of Hospital Charges and Morbidity among Treatment Options.

ObjectiveWhen total laryngectomy is not required, organ preservation surgery or radiotherapy is considered the standard of care for primary glottic cancer. These accepted treatment options are avai...
Phonatory vocal fold function in the excised canine larynx.

The development of valid objective measurements of vocal cord vibration during phonation is a goal of current research in laryngeal physiology. An excised canine larynx was used to study the effects of vocal cord tension, air flow rate, and glottic width on glottographic parameters. The electroglottographic and photoglottographic waveforms were simultaneously recorded as the vocal cord tension, glottic width, and air flow rate were systematically varied. These glottographic waveforms were analyzed to determine the open quotient and speed quotient. Multiple regression analysis of the data obtained from 10 larynges showed the open quotient to be directly related to vocal fold tension (p< 0.001), glottic width (p < 0.01), and fundamental frequency (p < 0.001). Speed quotient was inversely related to glottic width and subglottic pressure (p < 0.05). Regression analysis also showed frequency of vibration to be directly related to tension (p < 0.001) and inversely related to glottic width (p < 0.001), with diff...
Requirement for caspase activation in monocytic differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells.

Human myeloid leukemia cells respond to 12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and other activators of protein kinase C (PKC) with the induction of terminal monocytic differentiation. The present studies demonstrate that TPA treatment of U-937 leukemia cells is associated with release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3 and induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. By contrast, the TUR cell variant, which is deficient in PKCβ, failed to respond to TPA with release of cytochrome c and induction of the caspase-3 cascade. Moreover, stable overexpression of PKCβ in TUR cells reconstituted sensitivity to TPA-induced cytochrome c release and activation of caspase-3. The results also demonstrate that treatment of cells with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk blocks both TPA-induced apoptosis and monocytic differentiation. Similar results were obtained in U-937 cells stably expressing the CrmA caspase inhibitor. These findings demonstrate that TPA induces cytochrome c release by a PKCβ-dependent mechanism and that activation of caspase-mediated signaling is required for induction of the differentiated monocytic phenotype.
Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer management: novel targets and recent clinical advances.

Lung cancer continues to be the most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States and other devel- oped countries. The most common subtype is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Within NSCLC, we are discovering remarkable molecular heterogeneity. Most current actionable mutations have been identified in patients with adenocarcinoma histology, but now new mutations are being discovered in squamous cell histology patients as well. This molecular heterogeneity provides an opportunity for clinical trials to exploit various candidate oncogene-addicted pathways in NSCLC. This article focuses on 2 shifting paradigms in NSCLC management: the recent advances in targeted therapy and maintenance treatment.
Horizontal Transmission of "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" by Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) on Convolvulus and Ipomoea (Solanales: Convolvulaceae).

“Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Proteobacteria) is an important pathogen of solanaceous crops (Solanales: Solanaceae) in North America and New Zealand, and is the putative causal agent of zebra chip disease of potato. This phloem-limited pathogen is transmitted to potato and other solanaceous plants by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae). While some plants in the Convolvulaceae (Solanales) are also known hosts for B. cockerelli, previous efforts to detect Liberibacter in Convolvulaceae have been unsuccessful. Moreover, studies to determine whether Liberibacter can be acquired from these plants by B. cockerelli are lacking. The goal of this study was to determine whether horizontal transmission of Liberibacter occurs among potato psyllids on two species of Convolvulaceae, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), which grows abundantly in potato growing regions of the United States. Results indicated that uninfected psyllids acquired Liberibacter from both I. batatas and C. arvensis if infected psyllids were present on plants concurrently with the uninfected psyllids. Uninfected psyllids did not acquire Liberibacter from plants if the infected psyllids were removed from the plants before the uninfected psyllids were allowed access. In contrast with previous reports, PCR did detect the presence of Liberibacter DNA in some plants. However, visible amplicons were faint and did not correspond with acquisition of the pathogen by uninfected psyllids. None of the plants exhibited disease symptoms. Results indicate that horizontal transmission of Liberibacter among potato psyllids can occur on Convolvulaceae, and that the association between Liberibacter and Convolvulaceae merits additional attention.
Therapeutic effect of attenuated salmonella typhimurium with siRNA-Stat3 plasmid on orthotopic transplantation tumor model of liver in mice

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of attenuated salmonella typhimurium with siRNA-Stat3 plasmid on orthotopic transplantation tumor model of liver in C57BL/6 mice.Methods The siRNA-Stat3 plasmid was transfected into attenuated salmonella typhimurium after that orthotopic transplantation tumor model of liver in mice were infused with attenuated salmonella typhimurium and then the gene expression and function were observed.Results Compared with mock group and pGC-Si-Scramble group,the growth of orthotopic transplantation tumors of liver was inhibited significantly in siRNA-Stat3 plasmid group(P0.05),the tumor weight was reduced obviously(P0.05),the expression levels of protein and mRNA were down-regulated(P0.01).Conclusion The attenuated salmonella typhimurium which carrying siRNA-Stat3 plasmid has the inhibitory effect on orthotopic transplantation tumor of liver.
Trends and Factors Influencing Inpatient Prolapse Surgical Costs and Length of Stay in the United States.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess trends and factors affecting inpatient hospital costs and length of stay (LOS) in surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse in the United States. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study along with longitudinal trend analysis from the 2001 to 2011 National Inpatient Sample included subjects who underwent inpatient prolapse repairs. The primary outcomes were inpatient mean cost per admission and LOS. We compared unadjusted differences in primary outcomes for each patient and hospital characteristic using 2011 data with analysis of variance. Multivariable regression estimated proportional change in cost and LOS associated with each characteristic. RESULTS Unadjusted analysis revealed increased LOS with age of 80 years or older, African American race, uninsured status, lower income, and lower surgical volume hospitals (≤75%) as well as increased costs in the West and public hospitals. On multivariable analyses, African Americans had 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.13; P < 0.001) times longer LOS compared with Caucasians, and the uninsured had 1.15 (95% CI, 1.01-1.30; P = 0.032) times longer LOS compared with those privately insured. Comorbidities associated with 20% increase in LOS and costs were pulmonary circulation disorders, metastatic cancer, weight loss, coagulopathy, and electrolyte/fluid imbalance (P < 0.001). Congestive heart failure and blood loss/deficiency anemia lead to 20% longer LOS (P < 0.001). In 2001-2011, mean LOS declined from 2.42 days (95% CI, 2.37-2.47) to 1.79 days (95% CI, 1.71-1.87) (P < 0.001), whereas mean total cost increased from $6233 (95% CI, $5859-$6607) to $9035 (95% CI, $8632-$9438) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Inpatient surgical costs for prolapse increased despite decreasing LOS. Some patient and hospital characteristics are associated with increased inpatient costs and LOS.
Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome Presenting as a Nevus Comedonicus-Like Lesion in an 8-Year-Old Boy.

Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome is an uncommon genodermatosis characterized by hair follicle hamartomas and an increased risk of pneumothorax and renal cell carcinoma. Recognition of cutaneous manifestations is essential because it allows for early screening and management of systemic complications. We present the case of an 8-year-old boy with a recently described cystic and comedonal variant of the classic fibrofolliculoma, which had been present since birth.
Molecular Studies of Genetic RNA–RNA Recombination in Brome Mosaic Virus

Publisher Summary It is well known that DNA-based organisms rearrange and repair their genomic DNA through recombination processes, and that these rearrangements serve as a powerful source of variability and adaptation for these organisms. In RNA viruses' genetic recombination is defined as any process leading to the exchange of information between viral RNAs. There are two types of recombination events: legitimate and illegitimate. While legitimate (homologous) recombination occurs between closely related sequences at corresponding positions, illegitimate (nonhomologous) recombination could happen at any position among the unrelated RNA molecules. In order to differentiate between the symmetrical and asymmetrical homologous crosses, Lai defined the former as homologous recombination and the latter as aberrant homologous recombination. This chapter uses brome mosaic virus (BMV), a multicomponent plant RNA virus, as an example to discuss the progress in studying the mechanism of genetic recombination in positive-stranded RNA viruses. Studies described in this chapter summarize the molecular approaches used to increase the frequency of recombination among BMV RNA segments and, more importantly, to target the sites of crossovers to specific BMV RNA regions. It demonstrates that the latter can be accomplished by introducing local complementarities to the recombining substrates.
Association of Proton Pump Inhibitors With Reduced Risk of Warfarin-Related Serious Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Background & Aims Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) might reduce the risk of serious warfarin-related upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the evidence of their efficacy for this indication is limited. A gastroprotective effect of PPIs would be particularly important for patients who take warfarin with antiplatelet drugs or nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which further increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods This retrospective cohort study of patients beginning warfarin treatment in Tennessee Medicaid and the 5% National Medicare Sample identified 97,430 new episodes of warfarin treatment with 75,720 person-years of follow-up. The study end points were hospitalizations for upper gastrointestinal bleeding potentially preventable by PPIs and for bleeding at other sites. Results Patients who took warfarin without PPI co-therapy had 119 hospitalizations for upper gastrointestinal bleeding per 10,000 person-years of treatment. The risk decreased by 24% among patients who received PPI co-therapy (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63−0.91). There was no significant reduction in the risk of other gastrointestinal bleeding hospitalizations (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.94−1.22) or non-gastrointestinal bleeding hospitalizations (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.84−1.15) in this group. Among patients concurrently using antiplatelet drugs or NSAIDs, those without PPI co-therapy had 284 upper gastrointestinal bleeding hospitalizations per 10,000 person-years of warfarin treatment. The risk decreased by 45% (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.39−0.77) with PPI co-therapy. PPI co-therapy had no significant protective effect for warfarin patients not using antiplatelet drugs or NSAIDs (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.70−1.06). Findings were similar in both study populations. Conclusions In an analysis of patients beginning warfarin treatment in Tennessee Medicaid and the 5% National Medicare Sample, PPI co-therapy was associated with reduced risk of warfarin-related upper gastrointestinal bleeding; the greatest reduction occurred in patients also taking antiplatelet drugs or NSAIDs.
Faith as a Cultural Variable: Implications for Counselor Training

Counselors are faced with a unique challenge when faith is a prominent clinical variable. Although faith is deemed relevant, counselors may not feel comfortable approaching the subject of faith with clients. Participants in this study were practicing counselors licensed in their respective states; each was also a current doctoral candidate in counselor education and supervision. A scenario involving a complex interaction of faith; family systems; and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender issues in clinical practice was provided. Participants were found to be more likely to value the importance of addressing faith in sessions than they were to actually use faith as an intervention.
Multimodal Intelligent Traffic Signal System Simulation Model Development and Assessment

The study demonstrated the multimodal intelligent traffic signal system (MMITSS) simulation tool to assess the potential effects of a broader MMITSS deployment that would ultimately facilitate the site-independent analysis of MMITSS applications. The study also identified the most beneficial operational conditions for each MMITSS operational scenario by considering a combination of simulation variables and traffic demand levels. The MMITSS simulation platform consists of the Vissim microscopic traffic simulation software, the basic safety message distributor program, an Econolite ASC/3 traffic controller emulator that runs on a Windows platform, and a roadside equipment module that runs on a Linux platform. The study demonstrated that the intelligent traffic signal system reduced vehicle delay by up to 35% and increased average traffic stream speed by up to 27%. In addition, transit signal priority (TSP) reduced travel time for both transit and passenger vehicles on the corridor by up to 29% and 28%, resp...
Effects of Calorie Restriction in Obese Older Adults: The CROSSROADS Randomized Controlled Trial

Background We lack a comprehensive assessment of the risks and benefits of calorie restriction in older adults at high risk for cardiometabolic disease. Calorie restriction may reduce visceral adipose tissue (VAT) but also have negative effects on lean mass and quality of life. Methods We conducted a 52-week, randomized controlled trial involving 164 older adults with obesity taking at least one medication for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or diabetes. Interventions included an exercise intervention alone (Exercise), or with diet modification and body weight maintenance (Maintenance), or with diet modification and energy restriction (Weight Loss). The primary outcome was change in VAT at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included cardiometabolic risk factors, functional status, and quality of life. Results A total of 148 participants had measured weight at 12 months. Despite loss of -1.6% ± 0.3% body fat and 4.1% ± 0.7% initial body weight, Weight Loss did not have statistically greater loss of VAT (-192.6 ± 185.2 cm3) or lean mass (-0.4 ± 0.3 kg) compared with Exercise (VAT = -21.9 ± 173.7 cm3; lean mass = 0.3 ± 0.3 kg). Quality of life improved in all groups with no differences between groups. No significant changes in physical function were observed. Weight Loss had significantly greater improvements in blood glucose (-8.3 ± 3.6 mg/dL, p < .05) and HDL-cholesterol (5.3 ± 1.9, p < .01) compared with Exercise. There were no group differences in the frequency of adverse events. Conclusions While moderate calorie restriction did not significantly decrease VAT in older adults at high risk for cardiometabolic disease, it did reduce total body fat and cardiometabolic risk factors without significantly more adverse events and lean mass loss.
The nicotine patch was a cost-effective adjunct to smoking cessation

Source Citation Fiscella K, Franks P. Cost-effectiveness of the transdermal nicotine patch as an adjunct to physicians' smoking cessation counseling. JAMA. 1996 Apr 24;275:1247-51.
Recognizing and Managing Depression in Primary Care A Standardized Patient Study

Background Guidelines for recognition and management of depression in primary care provide a framework for detailed exploration of physician practice patterns. Methods Our objective was to explore physician diagnosis and management approaches to depressive disorders according to type (major vs. minor) and presenting complaint (difficulty sleeping and concentrating vs. headache). The participants were community primary care internists and family physicians in northern New England, Washington, and Alabama (N = 149) who were randomly assigned to receive a visit from an unannounced actor portraying a standardized patient in 1 of 2 depression scenarios: (A) insomnia and poor concentration meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R) criteria for major depressive disorder; or (B) tension headaches meeting the criteria for minor depression. Results All physicians who were assigned to the standardized patients presenting with scenario A recognized depression, and 49% (38 of 78) of those assigned to scenario B patients diagnosed depression. Of those recognizing depression, 72% and 42% queried patients about anhedonia and mood, respectively. For both scenarios, if fewer than 2 DSM-III-R criteria were explored, depression was not diagnosed. Management for scenario A was compatible with Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines, including the prescription of an antidepressant (94%), scheduling of a follow-up visit within 2 weeks (61%), and exploration of suicidal ideation (69.4%). For scenario B, management included over-the-counter analgesics for the headache (84%), exercise (63%), prescription for an antidepressant (53%), recommendation for ongoing counseling (100%), and follow-up within 2 weeks (42%). Conclusions Major depression is recognized in primary care at a very high rate. Guidelines for recognizing and managing depression are often followed in primary care. Patients' presentations of depression influence its recognition and management.
Tailoring cardiovascular risk assessment and prevention for women: One size does not fit all

[first paragraph of article] For many years, cardiovascular disease was considered predominantly a disease of men, despite the fact that more U.S. women than men died annually from cardiovascular illness. 1 Because of this misperception of their cardiovascular risk, for many years women were underdiagnosed and undertreated, with consequent increases in cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, and disability. With recent appreciation of this historical gender disparity, clinical and epidemiological research studies have identified cardiovascular features specific to women, resulting in an improved spectrum of care. Although since 1984 more U.S. women than men died annually from cardiovascular disease, beginning in the year 2000 there was a sharp decline in cardiovascular mortality for women, indeed, more precipitous than that for men. Half of this favorable effect is considered due to improved preventive strategies and the remainder to improved management of recognized cardiovascular disease. In 2013, for the first time, more U.S. men than women died of cardiovascular disease and we are delighted to be in second place.
The threat of unexamined secondary data: a critical race transformative convergent mixed methods

AbstractThis article uses a critical race theory framework to conceptualize a Critical Race Transformative Convergent Mixed Methods (CRTCMM) in education. CRTCMM is a methodology that challenges normative educational research practices by acknowledging that racism permeates educational institutions and marginalizes Communities of Color. The focus of this article is to examine the quantitative component of the mixed methods to interrogate ‘objective’ and ‘scientific’ assumptions of the statistical practices used in analyzing secondary datasets. To demonstrate this method, we analyze the ways in which race and ethnicity are treated as a variable in a secondary higher education dataset, and highlight how the conflation of both can influence how a sample is taken. We argue that it is imperative that theoretical frameworks used in research are not only applied to the research questions, analysis or interpretation, but also the secondary datasets being used.
A comparison of online and offline measures of good-enough processing in garden-path sentences

In two self-paced reading and one ERP experiments, this study tested the good-enough processing account, which states that readers sometimes misinterpret sentences like While the man hunted the dee...
Leading through Placemaking and Boundary Spanning: Rural Christian Higher Education for the Common Good.

ABSTRACTEvangelical colleges and universities situated in rural communities are uniquely positioned to bridge the ever-widening cultural, economic, and political divide that threatens American demo...
Extracting Aspect Specific Sentiment Expressions Implying Negative Opinions

Subjective expression extraction is a central problem in fine-grained sentiment analysis. Most existing works focus on generic subjective expression extraction as opposed to aspect specific opinion phrase extraction. Given the ever-growing product reviews domain, extracting aspect specific opinion phrases is important as it yields the key product issues that are often mentioned via phrases (e.g., “signal fades very quickly,” “had to flash the firmware often”). In this paper, we solve the problem using a combination of generative and discriminative modeling. The generative model performs a first level processing facilitating (1) discovery of potential head aspects containing issues, (2) generation of a labeled dataset of issue phrases, and (3) feed latent semantic features to subsequent discriminative modeling. We then employ discriminative large-margin and sequence modeling with pivot features for issue sentence classification and issue phrase boundary extraction. Experimental results using real-world reviews from Amazon.com demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Infusing parent-child interaction therapy principles into community-based wraparound services: An evaluation of feasibility, child behavior problems, and staff sense of competence

Abstract The current study examined the implementation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) adapted to address problem behaviors of children (ages 2–9) through a home-based service program (i.e., wraparound). The current adaptation of PCIT was implemented by community-based wraparound clinicians and compared to treatment as usual (TAU). Results indicated a significant drop in child behavior problems for children receiving PCIT-informed services compared to TAU. In addition, PCIT-informed clinicians significantly increased their sense of competence. Feasibility and future directions regarding integration and expansion of this approach are discussed.
Das erfahrende Selbst

Zuerst werde ich zu Ihnen ganz allgemein uber den Titel dieser Vorlesung sprechen. Und wahrend ich dies tue, mochte ich, das jeder von Ihnen gemeinsam mit mir den Versuch unternimmt, die Bedeutung dessen, was ich zu sagen versuche, zu verstehen und auf sich selbst anzuwenden. Wenn Sie das mit mir gemeinsam tun, dann werden wir eine Art gedanklichen Dialogs fuhren, so das meine in Worte gefasten Gedanken Ihnen Gedanken eingeben, die mit meinen parallellaufen. Sie werden dann nicht meine Zuhorer, sondern meine Mitarbeiter in diesem gemeinsamen Bestreben sein, eine Erklarung fur das zu finden, was den Mittelpunkt unseres Wesens bildet: namlich das erfahrende Selbst. Wir wollen sehen, wie weit wir die Frage: Was bin ich?, beantworten konnen. Das ist eine Frage, die jeder von uns sich fragen kann und die einem unerschrockenen Blick in unser Inneres gleichkommt — eine Haltung, die als subjektiv und introspektiv bezeichnet wird.
Operationalizing a Conceptual Model of Colorism in Local Policing

This thought experiment uses agent-based modeling (computational simulation) to demonstrate how colorism might operate within a local policing context. Colorism is the allocation of privilege and disadvantage based on skin color, with a prejudice for lighter skin. Colorism might help to explain some of the racial disparities in the US’ criminal justice system. I use simulated scenarios to explore the plausibility of this notion in the form of two questions: (1) How might colorism function within an organization, and (2) What might occur when managers apply the typical dilemmatic responses to detected colorism? The simulated world consists of three citizen-groups (lights, mediums, and darks), five policy responses to detected colorism, and two policing behaviors (fair and biased). Using NetLogo, one hundred simulations were conducted for each policy response and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and pairwise comparison of means. When the tenets of colorism were applied to a simulated organizational setting, only some of the tenets held true. For instance, those in the middle of the skin color spectrum experienced higher rates of incarceration when aggressive steps were taken to counter colorism, which ran counter to the expectations of the thought experiment. The study identified an opportunity to expand the description of colorism to help describe the plight of those in the middle of the skin color spectrum. The major contributions from this work include a conceptual model that describes the relationship between the distinct levels of colorism, and it progresses the notion of interactive colorism. The study also explored conditional statements that can be converted into hypotheses for future experiments.
Chromosome misalignment is associated with PLK1 activity at cenexin-positive mitotic centrosomes

The mitotic kinase, polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), facilitates the assembly of the two mitotic spindle poles, which are required for the formation of the microtubule-based spindle that ensures appropriate chromosome distribution into the two forming daughter cells. Spindle poles are asymmetric in composition. One spindle pole contains the oldest mitotic centriole, the mother centriole, where the majority of cenexin, the mother centriole appendage protein and PLK1 binding partner, resides. We hypothesized that PLK1 activity is greater at the cenexin-positive older spindle pole. Our studies found that PLK1 asymmetrically localizes between spindle poles under conditions of chromosome misalignment, and chromosomes tend to misalign toward the oldest spindle pole in a cenexin- and PLK1-dependent manner. During chromosome misalignment, PLK1 activity is increased specifically at the oldest spindle pole, and this increase in activity is lost in cenexin-depleted cells. We propose a model where PLK1 activity elevates in response to misaligned chromosomes at the oldest spindle pole during metaphase.
The Electroencephalographic Pattern during Electroconvulsive Therapy II. Preliminary Analysis of Spectral Energy

Computer assisted energy-spectral analyses were obtained on EEG recordings of unilateral non-dominant hemisphere ECT-induced seizures using the different pre-ECT anesthetic agents methohexital (Brevital), Innovar, and ketamine (Ketalar). The previously postulated predominance of electrical energy over the stimulated (right) hemisphere early in ECT-induced seizures is confirmed. There appears to be marked reduction in total seizure energy with methohexital anesthesia, whereas ketamine anesthesia appears to be associated with increased overall seizure energy. The greatest right to left energy transfer during the seizure occurred with Innovar anesthesia.
Experimental validation of differential evolution indicators for ultrasonic imaging in unknown backgrounds

Abstract The differential evolution indicators, recently introduced Pourahmadian and Haddar (2020) [1] for imaging mechanical evolution in highly scattering solids, is examined in a laboratory setting with the focus on spatiotemporal tracking of an advancing damage zone in an elastic specimen. To this end, a prismatic slab of charcoal granite is quasi-statically fractured in the three-point-bending (3 PB) configuration, while ultrasonic shear waves are periodically generated in the sample at certain time steps t κ , κ = ∘ , 1 , 2 , … , 4 . The interaction of probing waves with the propagating damage give rise to transient velocity responses measured on the plate’s boundary by a 3D scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Thus obtained sensory data are then carefully processed to retrieve the associated spectra of scattered displacement fields v κ at every t κ . On deploying consecutive pairs of multifrequency data ( v κ , v κ + 1 ) , the differential indicators are computed exposing the progress of 3 PB-induced damage in the specimen. Verified with in situ observations, each indicator map successfully reconstructs (a) the support of newborn fractures, and (b) the loci of discontinuities in the process zone that undergo interfacial evolution in the designated timeframe [ t κ t κ + 1 ] . Further, it is shown that the evolution indicators help better understand the damage mechanism e.g., by shining light on the fragmented nature of induced cracks and their coalescence. For completeness, data inversion via reduced and partial-aperture data is investigated, including the one-sided reconstruction.
Targeted conspiratorial killing, human self-domestication and the evolution of groupishness

Groupishness is a set of tendencies to respond to group members with prosociality and cooperation in ways that transcend apparent self-interest. Its evolution is puzzling because it gives the impression of breaking the ordinary rules of natural selection. Boehm's solution is that moral elements of groupishness originated and evolved as a result of group members becoming efficient executioners of antisocial individuals, and he noted that self-domestication would have proceeded from the same dynamic. Self-domestication is indicated first at ~300,000 years ago and has probably gathered pace ever since, suggesting selection for self-domestication and groupishness for at least 12,000 generations. Here I propose that a specifically human style of violence, targeted conspiratorial killing, contributed importantly to both self-domestication and to promoting groupishness. Targeted conspiratorial killing is unknown in chimpanzees or any other vertebrate, and is significant because it permits coalitions to kill antisocial individuals cheaply. The hypothesis that major elements of groupishness are due to targeted conspiratorial killing helps explain why they are much more elaborated in humans than in other species.
Dimensionality reduction for neural population decoding

Abstract Rapidly developing technology for large scale neural recordings has allowed researchers to measure the activity of hundreds to thousands of neurons at single cell resolution in vivo. Neural decoding analyses are a widely used tool used for investigating what information is represented in this complex, high-dimensional neural population activity. Most population decoding methods assume that correlated activity between neurons has been estimated accurately. In practice, this requires large amounts of data, both across observations and across neurons. Unfortunately, most experiments are fundamentally constrained by practical variables that limit the number of times the neural population can be observed under a single stimulus and/or behavior condition. Therefore, new analytical tools are required to study neural population coding while taking into account these limitations. Here, we present a simple and interpretable method for dimensionality reduction that allows neural decoding metrics to be calculated reliably, even when experimental trial numbers are limited. We illustrate the method using simulations and compare its performance to standard approaches for dimensionality reduction and decoding by applying it to single-unit electrophysiological data collected from auditory cortex.
Violated and Transcended Bodies: Gender, Martyrdom, and Asceticism in Early Christianity

Given its eschatological orientation and its marginal position in the Roman Empire, emergent Christianity found embodiment, as an aspect of being in the world, problematic. Those identified and identifying as Christians developed two broad responses to that world as they embraced the idea of being in, yet not of it. The first response, martyrdom, was witness to the strength their faith gave to fragile bodies, particularly those of women, and the ability by suffering to overcome bodily limitation and attain the resurrection life. The second, asceticism, complemented and later continued martyrdom as a means of bodily transcendence and participation in the spiritual world.
Ceramic-on-Polyethylene Hip Arthroplasty Reduces the Risk of Post-operative Periprosthetic Joint infection

Metal on polyethylene (MoP) total hip arthroplasty prostheses are known to release metal debris. Basic science studies suggest that metal implants induce a pro-inflammatory response that ultimately chemoattracts leukocytes including macrophages and neutrophils to the surgical site. This raises concern of higher risk of infection with these prosthesis through the "trojan horse" mechanism by which neutrophils and macrophages transport intracellular pathogens from a remote site. This study compared the infection occurrence between MoP and ceramic on polyethylene (CoP) implants to determine if a higher infection rate in MoP is present. We reviewed a consecutive series of 6,052 CoP and 4,550 MoP primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients from 2015-2019. The occurrence of periprosthetic joint infection at two years was defined according to the 2018 ICM definition. Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, and regression modeling. When compared to CoP, MoP patients were older, included more females, had a higher body mass index, and more commonly affected by comorbidities according to Elixhauser score. Total revisions were higher in the MoP group (3.19% vs 2.41%) The absolute incidence of PJI was higher in MoP (2.40% vs 1.64%). When we adjusted for confounding factors, MoP was found independently associated with a higher PJI risk. Despite MoP and CoP both being widely used for primary THA, we found a higher incidence of PJI in MoP patients. The association remained significant when controlled for possible confounders. We hypothesize that leukocyte recruitment to these implants may play a role and should be further investigated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Evolution of EEG Changes during Extracorporeal Circulation and Progressive Hypothermia with or without Circulatory Arrest

ABSTRACT.Continuous EEG was recorded from 96 children and 9 adults undergoing deep hypothermia with or without a period of low perfusion or complete circulatory arrest. Hypothermia caused a progressive decline in amplitude and frequency and, in 41% of our cases, synchronous or asynchronous periodic paroxysmal activity. At the time of the anticipated arrest, which occurred at an average temperature of 16.3°C., 73% had persistent EEG activity. No EEG activity was seen within one minute after the arrest. Activity began to return with rewarming in a reversal of the pattern seen with progressive hypothermia. In patients without an arrest, activity had returned to normal by the time normothermia was regained. This process took longer in those with an arrest although the majority were back to prebypass baseline by the end of the procedure. The EEG changes were the same for children and adults.
A Curse of Riches or a Blessing? Information Access and Awareness Under Scarce Cognitive Resources

The informational landscape of the world has been changing quickly. The fast-paced drop in the cost of storage and bandwidth over the last decade, coupled with the rapid expansion in the number of content sources, has made unprecedented quantities of information available to people. Beyond external sources of content, typical personal stores now rival the size of the entire Web just a short time ago. But we face a challenging bottleneck: In stark contrast to the explosive growth in public and private content, stands our limited time-and unchanging abilities. For increasing numbers of people in the world, the primary informational bottleneck is our scarce attentional and memory resources. I will present research on addressing such informational bottlenecks with tools for searching, browsing, remembering, and staying aware. I will review challenges and opportunities of employing automated learning and reasoning methods, including efforts to construct and leverage models of attention and memory. Finally, I will touch on the promise of developing new designs for interaction and display informed by psychological findings on visual attention and spatial memory.
Biochemical studies of skeletal muscle mitochondria. I. Microanalysis of cytochrome content, oxidative and phosphorylative activities of mammalian skeletal muscle mitochondria.

Small-scale preparative and microassay techniques are described, requiring only 3–5 g of tissue to characterize mitochondrial metabolism of skeletal muscle. Mitochondria were isolated with the use of B. subtilis proteinase and mechanical disintegration of tissue cells followed by differential centrifugation. The cytochrome content was determined spectrophotometrically at the temperature of liquid N2. Oxidative and phosphorylative capacities, respiratory control, and cation accumulation were determined polarographically. A comparative analysis of mitochondria of human, canine, and rat skeletal muscle with respect to the cytochrome content and various respiratory parameters was presented.
Conflict Dissolution by Reframing Game Payoffs: Introduction

In many real life games, there are cooperative aspects in which the participants or players work in concerted effort to achieve their common goals. There are also competitive aspects in which the players maximize their own interest and result in hurting others. The mix of cooperative and competitive aspects can be so subtle as to defy any conflict resolution, thereby leading to Pareto inferior outcomes.
The S-probe-a new, cost-effective, 4-gamma method for evaluating multi-stage amplifier stability

The authors describe a generalized, automated, noninvasive, 4-gamma technique for stability analysis of multistage active circuits. It operates directly in the circuit simulator environment and eliminates all off-line calculations. This technique can be extended to n-port networks and works equally well with circuit models or S-parameter descriptions. Most importantly, it can detect special cases of instability involving active terminations. These are often missed using conventional stability analysis approaches. >
Beyond Compartmentalized Atlantics: A Case for Embracing the Atlantic from Spanish American Shores

Despite the recent surge of Atlantic histories that pursue connections across political boundaries, compartmentalized Atlantics still dominate the field's historiographical map. This paper presents some of the most recent efforts to construct Atlantic histories that cut across political borders and depict the entangled nature of lived experiences in the early modern Atlantic world. In particular, focusing on recent works that look at islands as loci of entanglement and studies that follow individuals as they crossed political borders, this article suggests that historians of Spanish America should embrace the Atlantic as a way to contribute to the production of an Atlantic history that more faithfully represents the lived experiences and collective imaginaries of Atlantic dwellers.
Molecular dynamics simulation of the structure and properties of lithium phosphate glasses

A new forcefield model was developed for modeling phosphate materials that have many important applications in the electronics and biomedical industries. Molecular dynamics simulations of a series of lithium phosphate glass compositions were performed using the new forcefield model. A high concentration of three member rings (P{sub 3}O{sub 3}) was found in the glass of intermediate composition (0.2 Li{sub 2}O {center_dot} 0.8 P{sub 2}O{sub 5}) that corresponds to the minimum in the glass transition temperature curve for the compositional series.
16 - Signal Enhancement

This chapter reviews that many experimental techniques rely on the quantitative measurement of charged particles. Often, the signal of interest is obscured by noise. The noise may be fundamental to the process: discrete charges are governed by Poisson statistics that give rise to shot noise. It describes the methods for making measurements of weak signals, even in the presence of large interfering sources, emphasizing the electronic aspects of the measurement. The chapter discusses the elements of a typical experiment, in which the photo ionization cross-section for a gas is determined, by passing a laser through the gas and measuring the number of photoions that are created. The photoions are collected and detected by a particle multiplier. The problem is to distinguish the photoion signal from background sources and noise. One important source of noise is the amplifier used to amplify the output of the detector before the signal is analyzed. Often, the amplifier noise will be the limiting factor in determining the S/N ratio in a measurement, especially in situations, in which the charge detector has no gain. There are two broad categories of signal analysis, depending on whether or not the source is modulated. Modulating the source, that is, making an AC measurement, allows the signal to be distinguished from the background. Often, source modulation is inherent to the measurement.
"Completeness, not reconstruction": Forster's Use of Letters in The Hill of Devi for "Part III" of A Passage To India

In 1953, Forster published The Hill of Devi, his edition of the letters he wrote home during his two visits to India in 1912-13 and 1921, augmented by descriptive and analytical details. Ever since its earliest reviews, this book has been acclaimed as a rich reservoir of material for A Passage To India. Though the letters are certainly not the only source for A Passage To India, many of the correspondences between them and sections of the novel are often so close as to argue an especial relationship. These correspondences range from paradigms in The Hill of Devi of situation, characters, and themes that appear in the novel to practically identical episodes and details. Most critics have noted the broader relationships, such as the fact diat both books contain accounts of the dead tree/snake episode, the motor car accident, and Gokul Ashtami, while others have considered rather more intricate ties, such as the attitudes towards Hinduism. Very little of this criticism, however, treats the question of what Forster did with his material, of how he handled the transfer of his memories into art.
The Mozi and the Daodejing

The Mozi and the Daodejing are usually seen as fundamentally distinct and even opposed. In this article, I argue that they should be seen as emerging from a context of shared concerns and assumptions. The article begins by laying out initial commonalities between the two texts, offering a justification for discussing them together. The second part of the article will address their main points of difference, showing the Daodejing can be seen as working out tensions inherent in the Mozi. The third part of the article briefly considers textual sources that suggest hybrid positions between the Mozi and the Daodejing.
A migration course for computer science graduate students

At Oklahoma City University, our incoming graduate class each year falls into three distinct groups: those with undergraduate degrees in computer science, those with technical undergraduate degrees plus some significant programming experience, and those with virtually no computer science background. A large percentage of our graduate students are international. These students are required by immigration law to remain fully enrolled which is difficult for this middle group of students to do, as they are not yet ready for most graduate level courses but need only a few undergraduate courses that may be sequenced over several semesters. In the fall of 1997 we began to develop an accelerated set of prerequisite classes to serve the needs of this middle population. The charter class completed the two-course sequence in the spring of 1999. The second group began in the fall of 1999. This paper presents our course design and initial observations.
Media Exchange Method for Demonstrating Killing of L-Phase Variants in Solid Media by Normal Human Serum

Abstract Normal human serum has been shown to kill L-phase variants in a fluid system by the action of antibody plus complement. Previous studies, however, failed to demonstrate such killing in solid media. This failure probably resulted from inhibition of complement by medium components such as agar and NaCl. A method was developed which circumvents the problems of the anticomplementary properties of agar media and the requirement of some L-phase variants for concentrations of salt that inhibit complement. Using this method, we have demonstrated in solid media the killing by normal human serum of the L-phase variants of Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi. This method provides a relatively simple and graphic means for studying host humoral factors lethal for L-phase variants.
An application of reciprocity to the numerical modeling of a GPR system

In this paper, a technique is developed to model ground penetrating radar interactions. It combines reciprocity with the results from a full numerical model and allows one to compute a large number of scattering responses simultaneously, provided the scatterers are small. The results of an example calculation are shown and compared with a full numerical model and a possible application is demonstrated.
Density functional studies of nitrosyl halides, thiazyl halides and related molecules

Abstract Density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G∗ level have been performed on a series of nitrosyl (Z–N O) and thiazyl (Z–S N) compounds where Z is F, Cl, Br and H, in order to understand the electronic properties and nature of bonding in these molecules. The energies at the optimized geometries, together with their less stable isomers were calculated and reported. All of the structural isomers studied were found to be minima on the potential energy surface. The energy differences between the isomers are 26.3–43.6 kcal/mol in the nitrosyl series and 13.7–26.2 kcal/mol in the thiazyl series. Based on the frontier molecular orbital (MO) theory and the second order perturbation theory, MO diagrams were constructed to account for the major orbital interactions which chiefly contribute to the stabilization of the molecules. The qualitative approach has shown to be successful in providing insights into the connectivities of the atoms, the bond orders and the relative stabilities of the isomers. Simple correlations between the electronegativity of Z and the magnitude of the energy difference between the two isomers have been established.