cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facile Botanical Templating Strategies for the Growth of Porous Metal Oxides in Artificial Leaf-Like Macroscale Structures for Potential Use in Energy Related Catalysis

A major challenge in utilizing living botanical materials, such as cellular leaf structures, as templates is that they are filled with water and conventional dehydration strategies often collapse or degrade the intricate botanical structure. This restricts the ability to introduce water reactive precursors into such structures. We have developed a room-temperature chemical method using acidified 2,2-dimethoxypropane to dehydrate water-rich botanical materials (e.g., fern leaves and water-rich jade succulents). This mild dehydration process leaves much of the porous cellular leaf structure intact even with ∼90% mass loss. These chemically dehydrated templates have been utilized in the growth of porous and ordered leaf replicate structures consisting of TiO2 and SiO2 via sol-gel precursor impregnation methods. These white metal oxide products exhibit external and internal structures that look very similar to their original templates, but are shrunken intact versions of the original. This paper details the chemical procedures that enable one to effectively use sensitive botanical templates in metal oxide growth. The physical and structural properties of several dried porous templates and macroporous anatase TiO2 and amorphous or crystoballite SiO2 products will be described. Recent efforts to use these botanical templates to produce other porous metal oxides (e.g., Co3O4, NiO, and CuO) using both halide and acetate precursor impregnation strategies are noted. Porous metal oxides with interconnected pore walls may have use in electrochemical energy storage systems, including in photocatalytic, photovoltaic or battery systems.
Adverse childhood experience, attachment style, and quality of life in adult congenital heart disease

Abstract Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with poorer health outcomes, including a higher risk of acquired cardiovascular disease. This was the first investigation of ACEs in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). Methods Adults with CHD completed the following surveys in the outpatient setting: ACE questionnaire, measure of attachment style, and linear analogue measure of quality of life. We performed Chi-square tests and t-tests to explore relationships between ACE scores with other surveys as well as demographic and clinical characteristics. Results A total of 100 patients participated in the study (age 40 ​± ​13 years; 60% female); 90% had CHD of moderate or great complexity. The total number of reported ACEs ranged from 0 to 9 out of a possible total of 10, with a mean of 2.6 ​± ​2.5.30% of participants reported ≥ 4 ACEs, which is higher than the reported prevalence in the general population. The most frequently reported ACEs were parental divorce (46%), emotional abuse (42%), and parental substance abuse (32%). ACE scores did not differ as a function of age, sex or CHD defect complexity. Total ACE scores were significantly associated with two attachment styles (preoccupied: p ​ Conclusion ACEs appear to be common in adults with CHD and are associated with negative attachment styles. Further research is needed to determine the impact of ACEs on long-term outcomes.
Hunters Who Haul with Dogs: Man’s Best-Friend or Woman’s Little Helper?

The use of dogs in haulage at the end of the Pleistocene is viewed as a pivotal event that facilitated the spread of modern humans into new environments. Using historic records and comparative data from 56 ethnographic cases, this study examines how canid haulage influenced different dimensions of populations mobility. These data show that while hauling dogs did not increase travel speed, they did improve the transport capacity of human populations. Improvements in transport capacity from canids is associated with the use of larger territories and longer distances in annual residential moves but not frequency of movement. Reductions in the energetic costs of transport for long residential and logistical moves benefited human populations, especially women, who are often tasked with carrying household burdens, more than men. The importance of hauling dogs in daily household activities likely had profound evolutionary impacts on prehistoric human-canid interactions.
Antitrust as Consumer Choice: Comments on the New Paradigm

Neil Averitt and Robert Lande have for some time been writing about consumer choice as a new paradigm for antitrust. In this comment, I both praise and extend the consumer choice paradigm and provide concrete examples of both cutting edge and familiar antitrust issues where consumer choice can help anchor sound antitrust decision-making by both the enforcement agencies and the courts.
Fostering Future Leadership in Quality and Safety in Health Care through Systems Thinking

There is a critical need for leadership in quality and safety to reform today's disparate spectrum of health services to serve patients in complex health care environments. Nurse graduates of degree completion programs (registered nurse–bachelor of science in nursing [RN-BSN]) are poised for leadership due to their recent education and nursing practice experience. The authors propose that integration of systems thinking into RN-BSN curricula is essential for developing these much needed leadership skills. The purpose of this article is to introduce progressive teaching strategies to help nurse educators achieve the student competencies described in the second essential of the BSN Essentials document (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2009), linking them with the competencies in Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN; L. Cronenwett et al., 2007) using an author-created model for curricular design, the Systems-level Awareness Model. The Systems Thinking Tool (M. A. Dolansky & S. M. Moore, 2013) can be used to evaluate systems thinking in the RN-BSN curriculum.
Incidental LV LGE on CMR Imaging in Atrial Fibrillation Predicts Recurrence After Ablation Therapy

AbstractObjectives: This study sought to evaluate the prognostic significance of left ventricular late gadolinium enhancement (LV-LGE) incidentally found in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients who un...
Complexity and the function of mind in nature: The question of correspondence

The division In the previous chapter we looked at a basic difference between Spencer's and Dewey's versions of the environmental complexity thesis: Dewey was opposed to conceptions of mind which are asymmetrically externalist. He accepted, with others of a generally empiricist temper, that thought is highly responsive to patterns in experience. But unlike Spencer and unlike more orthodox empiricist views, Dewey placed great stress on the role played by thought in the transformation of external affairs, and hence on the future course of experience. On this point I follow Dewey. But though this is, in my view, the most fundamental difference between their conceptions of the place of mind in nature, it is not the most obvious difference between them. The most obvious difference is in their attitudes to the concept of correspondence . Spencer believed that states of mind, by virtue of their role in adapting organisms to particular external conditions, often bear a relation of correspondence to these external conditions. Dewey viewed his account of the role played by the mind in dealing with environmental problems as a replacement for the idea that the business of thought is correspondence to the external world. He saw the idea of correspondence as a typical product of a “dualist” view about mind and nature – philosophers first assert a breach or gulf between mind and the world, and then invent magical relations to overcome it.
An Analytical Framework for Designing Community‐Based Care for Chronic Diseases

In this study, we propose a methodological framework to provide a road map to clinicians and system planners in developing chronic disease management strategies, and designing community-based care. We extend the analytical epidemiologic model by utilizing a patient flow approach, in order to model the multiple care-provider visit patterns of patients with a specific chronic illness. The patterns of care received by a group of patients are represented in compact form by means of a Markov model that is based on a disease-specific state space. Our framework also reflects the case-mix biases as well as the care-provider level clustering of the patients. By using this approach, we identify the patterns of care, determine the care provider and patient characteristics associated with optimal management of care, and estimate the potential influence of various interventions. The framework is applied to the data of 40001 stroke patients discharged from the acute care hospitals of Quebec to their homes. Our findings provide a basis for designing community-based care initiatives for stroke survivors in the province.
The Americans with Disabilities Act: A Tool to Combat Poverty

Abstract Statistics consistently demonstrate that people with disabilities are the poorest, least educated, and largest minority population in America. This article examines the employment provisions of Title I of the recently enacted Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and its use in combating poverty for individuals with disabilities. The ADA in its entirety, and Title I in particular, is useful both as an advocacy and pedagogical tool to understand and alleviate poverty, oppression, and discrimination. Suggestions for infusing this content into the professional foundation curriculum are included.
Absolute measurement of lattice parameter in single crystals and epitaxic layers on a double-crystal X-ray diffractometer.

Details of the recently developed `zone technique' for the absolute measurement of lattice parameter and strain in single-crystal solids and thin films are presented. The method is based on measuring X-ray rocking curves from a few equatorial planes within a suitable zone and correcting their peak positions at once with a single zero offset. In contrast to the comparative method, which usually requires use of two opposite azimuthal directions, those in the zone technique can often be completed in only one azimuthal setting. A typical strained layer in the cubic system can be fully and rapidly characterized with only three rocking curves. The technique is suitable for routine applications under typical laboratory conditions, and for high-precision measurements of nearly perfect crystals in a controlled environment, with a potential parts in 10 million accuracy. This degree of accuracy is a direct consequence of the zero offset correction procedure, which effectively cancels a large portion of the misalignment errors in the diffractometer. The use of the (n,−n) geometry substantially reduces the errors of eccentricity compared to the Bond technique, and its stronger reflections enable the measurement of small samples about 0.05 mm in length with relative ease. The technique is illustrated with examples, and its extension to the triple-axis (ω–2θ) instruments is discussed.
Some recent developments in pressure tuning spectroscopy

Pressure tuning spectroscopy has proved to be a powerful tool for studying a wide variety of electronic phenomena. In this review we present two recent examples of the application of high pressure luminescence: (1) a test of the validity of a kinetic model for the emission characteristics of molecules that emit from excited states with different degrees of charge transfer and different geometries (molecules with twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT)); (2) an elucidation of the mechanism for the large difference observed between the luminescence efficiencies of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [Ru(bpy)2(py)2]2+ in solid media.
Surface characterization of hot-dip Galfan coatings

Abstract The surface of a hot dipped Galfan (Zn-5wt.% Al-mischmetal) coating on sheet steel was characterized with the use of various microscopy techniques. Surface depressions, or dents, were found to occur at eutectic nodule boundaries and triple points, and were typically 10–15μm deep. The surface characteristics of the Galfan coating were reproduced by the solidification of Zn-5% Al-mischmetal alloy samples on an inert substrate, implying that surface depressions are not caused by substrate interactions. Chemical analyses of both the coating and the alloy samples indicate that impurities, particularly lead, are strongly segregated to eutectic nodule boundaries and triple points. Based on these observations, a mechanism for denting and cracking in Galfan coatings is suggested.
Network structure and dynamics of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

In this paper we discuss the application of current ab initio computer simulation techniques to hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). We begin by discussing thermal fluctuation in the number of coordination defects in the material, and its temperature dependence. We connect this to the ‘fluctuating bond-center detachment’ mechanism for liberating H bonded to Si atoms. Next, from extended thermal MD simulation, we illustrate various mechanisms of H motion. The dynamics of the lattice is then linked to the electrons, and we point out that the squared electron-lattice coupling (and the thermally-induced mean square variation in electron energy eigenvalues) is robustly proportional to the localization of the conjugate state, if localization is measured with inverse participation ratio. Finally we discuss the Staebler–Wronski effect using these methods, and argue that a sophisticated local heating picture (based upon reasonable calculations of the electron-lattice coupling and molecular dynamic simulation) explains significant aspects of the phenomenon.
Memory functions for transport fluxes: Explicit formulae for high order memory kernels

Abstract Memory kernels of the fourth order and fifth order in Mori's continued fraction representation of time correlation functions are derived here explicitly in terms of the transport fluxes and their time derivatives. Collective modes and mode-mode coupling effects are included in the basic dynamic variable set. It is observed that the damping matrix terms in the continued fraction, are equilibrium ensemble averages of the transport fluxes and are thus amenable to computer simulation calculations. Since equilibrium ensemble averages can be obtained with less numerical uncertainties than dynamic time correlations, the expressions presented for K 4 (0) and K 5 (0) are useful in numerical works.
TABLE OF ALPHA-DISINTEGRATION ENERGIES OF THE HEAVY ELEMENTS

This compilation is a revision of the Table of AlphaDisintegration Energies of the Heavy Elements'' published in 1954 STAF. Asaro and I. Perlman, Revs. Mod. Phys. 26, 456(1954)!. Included are new alpha emitters and revisions concerning those previously listed. (M.H.R.)
Coverage control with information aggregation

The aim of this paper is to incorporate information aggregation into coverage control for mobile sensor networks. In this scenario, the mobile sensor nodes serve a geographical region but in addition also communicate with a mobile sink node that aggregates the information. Finding the optimal sensor location for coverage with information aggregation is formalized by adding an appropriate term to the traditional coverage cost. We prove that the optimal partition of the space given locations of all sensor nodes is the power diagram and derive explicit expressions for the equilibrium location for all sensor nodes, including the sink node. We also design a gradient-descent motion control algorithm that drives all sensor nodes to an equilibrium configuration from arbitrary initial configuration. Numerical simulations that demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed motion control algorithm are also provided.
Are organ donation attitudes and beliefs, empathy, and life orientation related to donor registration status?

Context—The severe organ donor shortage necessitates additional research on variables that may distinguish those who register to be organ donors and those who do not. Such research has important implications for the development of educational interventions.Objective—To examine whether registered organ donors differ significantly from nondonors on measures of organ donation beliefs and attitudes, empathy, and life orientation.Design and Setting—Prospective participants were approached about the study while visiting a local branch of the Department of Motor Vehicles. Once consent was obtained, participants completed several questionnaires.Participants—Two hundred fifty community dwellers who visited the Department of Motor Vehicles office in Alachua County, Fla.Main Outcome Measures—Organ donor registration status, beliefs about organ donation, attitudes toward organ donation, empathy, and life orientation (ie, optimism).Results—Registered organ donors reported more positive beliefs toward organ donation th...
Isolation of actin-binding protein and villin from toad oocytes.

Abstract Two actin-modulating proteins have been purified from toad oocytes. A high-molecular weight protein, similar in structure and function to macrophage actin-binding protein, accounts for the isotropic actin-crosslinking activity in oocyte homogenates. A calcium-dependent activity in toad oocyte homogenates which shortens actin filaments is accounted for by a 95,000-dalton protein which resembles villin, an actin-severing and -bundling protein of avian epithelial brush borders. In the presence of high (⩾ μM) calcium, this protein shortens actin filaments in a concentration-dependent fashion and stimulates filament assembly when added to monomeric actin. In the absence of calcium the protein promotes the formation of actin filament bundles. Therefore, in the toad oocyte actin can be crosslinked into a network by actin-binding protein. Calcium regulation of the actin network may be mediated by villin. These results are different from those reported in echinoderm eggs.
A comparison of developmental changes in surface charge in mouse blastocysts and uterine epithelium using DEAE beads and dextran sulfate in vitro

Abstract The ability of 3.5-day mouse blastocysts and vesicles prepared from maternal uterine epithelium to adhere to surfaces by charge interactions was compared by observing their adhesion to DEAE-Sephadex beads in the presence of increasing concentrations of dextran sulfate. The adhesion frequency for both the blastocysts and epithelium declined in a manner suggesting that predominantly ionic sites were being titrated, but differences between the two tissues in characteristics of the titration curve and susceptibility to neuraminidase digestion indicated that nonionic interactions were relatively more important for blastocysts. Because the threshold concentration of dextran sulfate required to initiate displacement of uterine epithelium from the DEAE beads was at least 4× that required to initiate the displacement of blastocysts, we argue that the uterine epithelium had at least 4× more interactive charged groups on its surface than the blastocysts. These differences were even more pronounced 4.5 days after mating, a time when attachment to the uterine epithelium is normally first seen in vivo. Blastocysts isolated at this time showed a marked increase in resistance to polyanion competition, but the epithelium showed a nearly 50% decline in surface negative charge that was not compensated by nonionic mechanisms. These observations support the conclusion that the initial adhesion of blastocysts in vivo is accompanied by a reduction in negativity of the uterine epithelial surface and by the formation of new trophoblast cell surfaces that adhere by nonelectrostatic interactions.
Field articulation of enuretic boys and their mothers

The description of the personality of the enuretic boy and his mother as characteristically immature had a particular relevance to field articulation as formulated by Witkin, the literature suggesting that both would be predisposed toward a perceptual field-dependence. 60 enuretic and non-enuretic boys, ranging in age from 6 to 12 yr. and coming from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, were selected from a pediatric and psychiatric clinic. The Children's Embedded-figures Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children were administered to the boys and the Embedded-figures Test to the mothers. The results indicated: (a) enuretic boys, but not their mothers, tend to be field-dependent, (b) field articulation is not related to level of adjustment in the enuretic boy, and (c) field articulation is not related to IQ to the same degree in lower socioeconomic level children as for those of middle socioeconomic level.
A model of seed dormancy

Seed dormancy is considered as an aspect of growth cessation. It is characterized by partial metabolic arrest with its inception and termination under endogenous hormonal control. Although several distinct types of seed dormancy have been recognized traditionally, an examination of the experimental literature suggests that a common regulatory mechanism exists. Dormancy onset, control, and termination are apparently regulated by a balance of growth inhibitors and promotors. At the onset of dormancy this balance is shifted in favor of the inhibitor component; at its termination it is shifted back in favor of the promotor component. The experimental evidence indicates that the levels of growth-promoting hormones decrease markedly during seed maturation, imposing dormancy. A trigger mechanism stimulates hormone activation and/or synthesis, thus terminating dormancy and culminating in resumption of embryo growth (germination). A model is proposed that embodies a hormonal regulation of four phases of dormancy: an inductive mechanism, a maintenance mechanism, a trigger mechanism, and a germination mechanism. This hormonal regulation, in conjunction with specific metabolic inhibitors, is considered to mediate the activation and/or synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes. From this model the dormant seed is viewed as a cybernetic system. Particular emphasis is given to the regulatory role of gibberellins in seed dormancy and germination.
The ambiguous nature of forecasts in project evaluation: Diagnosing the over-optimism of rate-of-return analysis

Abstract Development projects often have low economic rates of return, despite high ex ante forecasts. By reviewing several sets of project appraisals undertaken by the World Bank, this paper isolates the technical/methodological sources of this bias. There are several types of failures to account for the fact that unforeseen conditions are more likely to reduce rather than enhance the true rate of return, but the ambiguity in the status of ‘predictions’ in project evaluation allows unreasonably conditional, optimistic forecasts to be used where usually more pessimistic absolute forecasts would be appropriate.
FlexConnects: A Cost-Effective Implementation of Compliant Chip-to-Substrate Interconnects

Compliant free-standing structures can be used as chip-to-substrate interconnects. Such "compliant interconnects" are a potential solution to the requirements that will be imposed on chip-to-substrate interconnects over the next decade. However, cost of implementation and electrical performance limit compliant interconnects. In this paper we present a new compliant interconnect technology called "FlexConnects" which attempts to address these two areas of concern. To fabricate FlexConnects, sequential lithography and electroplating processes with two masking steps are utilized. Such an approach potentially reduces the cost of fabricating compliant interconnects. In this paper the viability of this fabrication process is demonstrated by fabricating interconnects at a 100mum pitch. A new compliant interconnect design was developed. The new design is based on the concept of employing parallel electrical paths as part of the compliant interconnect design. Through numerical simulations it is shown that the electrical performance of FlexConnects (self inductance of ~37pH) is considerably enhanced without compromising their mechanical performance.
Effect of substrate on the freezing potential

Abstract The magnitude of the freezing potential (Workman-Reynolds' effect) has been shown to depend on the nature of the substrate used to initiate freezing. The freezing potential was unrelated to the initial charge excess (with respect to potential of zero charge) at a mercury—electrolyte interface. Substrate chemical composition strongly affected the freezing potential even as ice growth proceeded remote from the starting surface.
Cross-dialectal data sharing for acoustic modeling in Arabic speech recognition

Abstract Many of the world’s languages have a multitude of dialects which differ considerably from each other in their linguistic properties. Dialects are often spoken rather than written varieties; the development of automatic speech recognition systems for dialects therefore requires the collection and transcription of large amounts of dialectal speech. In those cases where sufficient training data is not available, acoustic and/or language models may benefit from additional data from different though related dialects. In this study we investigate the feasibility of cross-dialectal data sharing for acoustic modeling using two different varieties of Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic and Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. An obstacle to this type of data sharing is the Arabic writing system, which lacks short vowels and other phonetic information. We address this problem by developing automatic procedures to restore the missing information based on morphological, contextual and acoustic knowledge. These procedures are evaluated with respect to the relative contributions of different knowledge sources and with respect to their effect on the overall recognition system. We demonstrate that cross-dialectal data sharing leads to significant reductions in word error rate.
Teacher Identity in the Context of Literacy Teaching: Three Explorations of Classroom Positioning and Interaction in Secondary Schools

Abstract This article presents the results of three separate studies of literacy teaching and learning in the U.S. that explore the social functions of language, specifically focused on the identity development of literacy learners and teachers. Each study offers a detailed account of how literate identities are constructed and enacted and the positive and negative consequences that occur for teachers and students when they are enacted. Taken together, these three studies demonstrate how teachers' and students' understandings of identity can promote or inhibit literacy teaching and learning.
Feeding time entrainment of activity and self-produced illumination change in a squirrel monkey

Daily feeding time was changed or left the same for four 20-day replications (A, B, B, C) for one female squirrel monkey while quantifying tilt cage activity and number of illumination changes/hour. Periodic regression analysis indicated that a statistically significant circadian cycle (23.5-24.6 h) was present for each replication. In addition, significant Phase by Replication interactions verified that feeding time served as an effective entraining stimulus for the two dependent variables under investigation.
Stability of spatially heterogeneous steady-state distributions of oxygen-chemotactic aerobic/anaerobic bacteria

Alternative sufficient conditions are derived that guarantee the stability of spatially heterogenous steady-state distributions of motile aerobic bacterial populations attracted chemotactically by oxygen, motile anaerobic populations repelled by oxygen, and the oxygen concentration itself through a stationary aqueous medium. In particular, it follows from the latter criteria that the heterogeneous steady-state distributions for cylindrical regions with arbitrary cross-sections, uniform depth and mixed Dirichlet-Neumann boundary conditions on the oxygen concentration (appropriate to certain still-water bodies in nature) are stable with respect to arbitrary perturbations in the bacteria cell and the oxygen distributions.
The preparation of polymeric organophosphorus ligands for catalyst attachment

Abstract Polystyrene crosslinked with divinylbenzene (2 or 20%) was converted to polystyrene-lithium by treatment with a 1:1 complex of butyl-lithium- tetramethylethylenediamine in cyclohexane. The lithiated polymer was allowed to react with chlorodiphenylphosphine to produce polystyryldiphenylphosphine. The radial distribution and percent substitution of phosphine could be controlled over a wide range by controlling the reaction time and temperature. Rhodium (I) hydrogenation catalysts could be prepared from these polymeric ligands.
Statistical performance of outer-product associative memory models

A figure of merit, the probability a bit is correct after update, is used to evaluate the performance of randomly coded outer-product associative memory models. Networks with bipolar binary states and nonzero diagonal connections are shown to yield the best performance with respect to this figure of merit. A surprising result is that an all-positive network, one with binary states and positive connections, is superior to a standard Hopfield style network with binary states and bipolar connections. A prescription for the optimal threshold point for the all-positive network is given.
Role Playing in the History of Economic Thought

Active learning has been widely recognized as central in a student's mastery of a subject (Angelo and Cross 1993; Pascarella and Terenzini 1991). One type of active learning is role playing, which has been used effectively in a variety of fields. For example, Bhawuk (1990) discusses it as a technique to foster cross-cultural awareness; Smokowski (1992) describes its use in psychodrama; and McCaughey (1991) describes its role in exploring acute psychological distress. Role playing is also widely used in studying economics and evaluating social policy options (Williams 1992; Hester 1991; and King and LaRoe 1991). It has also been part of a number of experiments reported in this journal (Leuthold 1993; DeYoung 1993; Bell 1993; Fels 1993). Most closely related to the topic of this article is the example used by Brooks (1985) in a history of psychology course. In each case, role playing is a part of the course experience for students, usually intertwined with other, more traditional academic experiences. In no case was it the exclusive technique used in the delivery of course material. In this article, I describe a history of economic thought (HET) course built entirely on a role-playing model. This course places unusual demands on students and faculty but has led to a remarkable student engagement with the subject matter.
Theory of two-dimensional oblique dispersive shock waves in supersonic flow of a superfluid

One of the hallmarks of supersonic flows is the formation of shock waves, which are nonlinear disturbances in the fluid’s material and thermodynamic properties. In dissipative media, self-steepening can lead to the formation of viscous shock waves VSWs, which are localized, sharp jumps in the fluid properties. Geometry plays a key role in VSW formation: a two-dimensional 2D supersonic flow when turned through a compression, e.g., by an obstacle, can lead to a VSW. Straight, oblique, and curved detached VSWs can form when the flow is supersonic or transonic, respectively 1. These stationary shock patterns can exhibit stable rich dynamical behavior 2 and have recently found application in the study of granular flows 3.
Review of the book by Alexander Schrijver: Combinatorial Optimization: Polyhedra and Efficiency

This article reviews the book by Alexander Schrijver, Combinatorial Optimization: Polyhedra and Efficiency, Springer, Berlin, 2003, ISBN 3-540-44389-4, xxxvii+xxxiv+xxxiii+1881 pp., EUR @? 89.00, $ 109.00.
Ethics for the pediatrician: a brave new pediatrics? Managing the desire for better children through biotechnological enhancement.

1. Ryan M. Antiel, MA* 2. Robert M. Jacobson, MD† 3. Philip R. Fischer, MD‡ 1. *Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 2. †Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 3. ‡Editorial board member. Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. In his article published in May 2010, Dr Yates discussed the ethical principles involved in various forms of enhancement (Yates FD. Ethics for the pediatrician: the persuasion of enhancements in pediatrics. Pediatr Rev. 2010;31:216–218). In this commentary, Drs Antiel, Jacobson, and Fischer address the same concept of enhancement, providing their personal views as well as those of others, reminding the reader that pediatricians face ethical decisions in situations much more commonly encountered than the classic clinical dilemmas that involve serious illness and matters of life and death. LFN Brave New World, Aldous Huxley's masterpiece of dystopian literature, begins with a tour of the fertilizing room at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Center. The hatchery director, Mr Foster, describes the work in progress to the new employees: “We also predestine and condition. We decant our babies as socialized human beings, as Alphas or Epsilons, as future sewage workers or future Directors of Hatcheries.” (1) In Huxley's world with the scientific wherewithal, the state determined the destiny of each child. The state predetermined everyone to a particular class, that is, limited the potential ability of everyone to fulfill specific functions in society. Thankfully, there are no hatchery directors in the modern pediatric clinic. However, children's parents, sometimes with the spoken or unspoken support of their pediatricians, attempt to use biotechnology in a similar manner: to condition and so predestine their children. Perhaps what we now view as well-meaning attempts to increase the odds of success for our children will prove a prelude to a fearsome brave new world. Although the majority of parents may not be willing to pay exorbitant …
Modeling of Droplet Deformation Near the Leading Edge of an Airfoil

Information concerning droplets impinging on airfoils, including their drag coefficient, that depends on the droplet shape is needed to feed computational codes used to simulate the ice accretion process on wing surfaces. A new model is presented to predict the droplet ratio of deformation for a given flowfield. This model is based on the analogy of a distorted droplet and a damped spring-mass system. It differs from known Taylor analogy breakup model, Clark’s model, and droplet deformation and breakup model in some departing assumptions. Comparisons of the model results with experimental data in the stagnation line show excellent agreement. The new model proposed here will aid to determine the drag coefficient evolution, being able to be included in ice accretion codes.
Satellite detection of phytoplankton export from the mid-Atlantic Bight during the 1979 spring bloom

Analysis of Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) imagery confirms shipboard and in situ moored fluorometer observations of resuspension of near-bottom chlorophyll within surface waters (1 to 10 m) by northwesterly wind events in the mid-Atlantic Bight. As much as 8 to 16 micrograms chl/l are found during these wind events from March to May, with a seasonal increase of algal biomass until onset of stratification of the water column. Rapid sinking or downwelling apparently occurs after subsequent wind events, however, such that the predominant surface chlorophyll pattern is approx. 0.5 to 1.5 micrograms/l over the continental shelf during most of the spring bloom. Perhaps half of the chlorophyll increase observed by satellite during a wind resuspension event represents in-situ production during the 4 to 5 day interval, with the remainder attributed to accumulation of algal biomass previously produced and temporarily stored within near-bottom water. Present calculations suggest that about 10% of the primary production of the spring bloom may be exported as ungrazed phytoplankton carbon from mid-Atlantic shelf waters to those of the continental slope.
Clovis Coastal Zone Width Variation: A Possible Solution for Early Paleoindian Population Disparity Along the Mid-Atlantic Coast, USA

ABSTRACT A coastal ecological model based on coastal zone width is presented to explain human interest in the coastal plain during the Clovis-era circa 13,200 to 12,800 years ago. Isobathic depths on the continental shelf along with relative sea-level data are used to approximate the Clovis-age coastal zone widths for the Delmarva Peninsula and coastal North Carolina. Coastal plain areas with former broad coastal zones during the Clovis-era have revealed large numbers of Clovis diagnostics within the extant terrestrial settings. In contrast, regions with narrow coastal zones during the Clovis-era imply limited use of the coastal plain. Modern analogues to these types of settings denote disproportionate coastal and marine resource productivity, which may explain the disparity of Clovis sites along the extant Atlantic coastal plain areas of the eastern United States.
Improving Mathematics Skills of High School Students

In U.S. schools, students must pass statewide competency tests to graduate from high school. In this article, the authors summarize the development and testing of a program implemented to improve the skills of students failing to "make the grade" on these high-stakes tests. District personnel randomly assigned twenty-eight students who previously failed the math test to participate in an experimental (Arizona Instrument to Measure Standards [AIMS]) or control math class. The AIMS group used a computerized tool to generate multiple-choice problems for students to practice the content of the state's competency test. Eight AIMS students (57 percent) and two control students (14 percent) passed the retest. The outcomes offer promise for schools looking for evidence-based solutions to problems related to increasing numbers of students experiencing difficulties with high-stakes assessments.
Genome cartography: charting the apicomplexan genome.

Genes reside in particular genomic contexts that can be mapped at many levels. Historically, ‘genetic maps' were used primarily to locate genes. Recent technological advances in the determination of genome sequences have made the analysis and comparison of whole genomes possible and increasingly tractable. What do we see if we shift our focus from gene content (the ‘inventory' of genes contained within a genome) to the composition and organization of a genome? This review examines what has been learned about the evolution of the apicomplexan genome as well as the significance and impact of genomic location on our understanding of the eukaryotic genome and parasite biology.
Product-state control in barium

We report photoionization measurements that help us interpret mechanisms leading to the control of the branching ratio for resonantly enhanced, two-color, two-photon ionization experiments. We measure intermediate state populations and photoelectron angular distributions to explore the ionization dynamics. Our measurements support the interpretation that ac Stark shifts are the primary mechanism of the product state control previously observed in a similar experimental setup. We discuss the role of interference in the ionization continuum and the effect of the ac Stark shift on the product state control.
Barium enema findings in a case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the colon

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis is probably not uncommon [1, 2], but reports of radiologic findings have been limited to the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes [3–5]. We report a 16-month-old child with known Langerhans cell histiocytosis, who was found to have mucosal irregularities of the colon as seen on air contrast barium enema, and was subsequently found to have diffuse involvement of the colon histologically confirmed by multiple biopsies.
Muscle gene E-box control elements. Evidence for quantitatively different transcriptional activities and the binding of distinct regulatory factors

The muscle creatine kinase gene enhancer contains two regulatory elements (MCK-R and MCK-L) with the consensus E-box sequence (CAnnTG). A myocyte specific protein complex, MEF1, binds the MCK-R site. MEF1 contains several basic H-L-H myogenic determination factors (MDFs), each dimerized with ubiquitous members of the bH-L-H family (e.g. E12/E47). We now demonstrate that the ubiquitous bH-L-H factor E2-2 is a major component of the endogenous MCK-R site specific complex. Previous studies described the MCK-L site as a similar but low affinity MDF/bH-L-H heterodimer binding site. However, we find that the MCK-L site exhibits preferential binding of an unknown ubiquitous factor which contains neither E12/E47 nor E2-2, and that it exhibits differential transcriptional activity with muscle and non-muscle cells. The differential behavior of the MCK-L and MCK-R sites may be a general trait of E-box elements since one among several E-boxes in the MLC 1/3 enhancer also binds preferentially to the MCK-L factor. From our studies we now propose separate consensus sequences for MCK-R and MCK-L E-box types: AACAc/gc/gTGCa/t and GGa/cCANGTGGc/gNa/g. Our results suggest that while many muscle gene E-boxes are capable of binding the previously characterized spectrum of MDF/bH-L-H heterodimers in vitro, MCK-L type E-boxes probably bind qualitatively different factors in vivo.
Stakeholders' pressure and managerial responses: lessons from hybrid car development and commercialisation

Sustainability has risen to prominence as firms strategically pursue competitive advantage in their supply chains. Various stakeholders' pressures have been a driving force behind the scenes. It is unclear, however, why some firms make more proactive responses than others despite the fact that they are under lower levels of pressure. This paper proposes the idea that the management's proactive responses guide firms to achieve sustainable competitive advantage in the supply chain. These proactive responses overcome 'long-term planning traps' by strategic intent, short-and long-term concurrency, and strategic flexibility. This study presents a research model that synthesises three theoretical lenses: institutional theory, stakeholder theory, and strategic choice theory. Examining seven automotive companies that competed for the development and commercialisation of the hybrid car, this study suggests that while stakeholders' pressures play a significant role, managerial vision and perspective allow firms to progress toward innovative product development even under unfavourable market conditions and competing stakeholder pressures. In this strategic process, integrated information systems enable firms to scan the implicit customer demands and facilitate the translations of the market information to product development.
Consistent modeling of interphase turbulent kinetic energy transfer in particle-laden turbulent flows

The interphase transfer of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is an important term that affects the evolution of TKE in fluid and particle phases in particle-laden turbulent flow. This work shows that the interphase TKE transfer terms must obey a mathematical constraint, which in the limiting case of statistically homogeneous flow with zero mean velocity in both phases, requires these terms be equal and opposite. In the single-point statistical approach called the two-fluid theory, the interphase TKE transfer terms are unclosed and need to be modeled. Multiphase turbulence models that satisfy this constraint of conservative interphase TKE transfer admit a term-by-term comparison with true direct numerical simulations (DNS) that enforce the exact velocity boundary condition on each particle’s surface. Analysis of three models reveals that not all models satisfy the requirement of conservative interphase TKE transfer. DNS that invoke the point-particle assumption also do not obey this principle of conservative ...
Effect of Flow Baffles on the Dialysate Flow Distribution of Hollow-Fiber Hemodialyzers: A Nonintrusive Experimental Study Using MRI

We used an innovative, nonintrusive MRI technique called the two-dimensional (2D) Phase-Contrast (2DPC) velocity-imaging technique to investigate the effect of flow baffles on the dialysate-side flow distribution in two different hollow-fiber hemodialyzers (A and B); each with flow rates between 200 and 1000 mL/min (3.33 x 10(-6) and 1.67 x 10(-5) m3/s). Our experimental results show that (1) the dialysate-side flow distribution was nonuniform with channeling flow occurred at the peripheral cross section of these hollow-fiber hemodialyzers, and (2) the existing designs of flow baffles failed to promote uniform dialysate-side flow distribution for all flow rates studies.
The Privileged Moment: a Study in the Rhetoric of Thomas Wolfe

The rhetoric of Thomas Wolfe is part of his legend.’ Building a fury of signs, he elevated words and sounds to an intensity which is qualitatively their own and unique to his style; protean and boundless, he urged language into a wildness and power that signalized his transcendent view of the world as a labyrinth of the lonely and the alone. Wolfe’s style, then, is as striking as his great figure must have been; and there is no critic of his work who has failed to remark its reach and also its problematics.2 But as with so many other features of the Wolfe legend, there has been more mention of his rhetoric than there has been serious analysis of it.3 Somehow it has been taken for granted for the very reason of its immediacy. That much has been lost in this way I hope to show; but the present essay cannot claim to be a study of Wolfe’s style or an anatomy of his language. Rather, I am here concerned with his rhetoric as a single, though crucial, facet of a phenomenology of language, a facet which will, however, lead to nuclear issues in rhetorical theory.
Experimental and numerical analyses of the natural convection of water through its density maximum in a rectangular enclosure

Abstract An experimental and numerical investigation is presented concerning the transient and steady-state natural convection of water through its density maximum in a rectangular enclosure with the vertical end walls held at different temperatures. The water in the enclosure is initially at a uniform temperature above the density maximum at 3.98°C, and then the temperature of the cold wall is suddenly reduced to and maintained at 0°C. Experimental flow patterns are presented for 5 and 8°C initial and hot wall temperatures. A pH indicator technique is used to visualize the convective flow patterns in the enclosure. Numerical solutions of the convective flow patterns are presented for transient and steady-state natural convection, and are shown to be in good agreement with experimental flow patterns. The effect of the density inversion on the transient convective flow patterns was dominant at a 5°C initial and hot wall temperature. Steady-state results for an 8°C initial and hot wall temperature show an asymmetric convective flow pattern with the dominant flow cell being above the density inversion.