cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract LB-399: Genome-wide expression analysis of subtypes of non-small cell lung carcinoma in highly degraded formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Previous studies demonstrated that gene expression profiles from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are largely comparable to fresh frozen matched tissue. This technology can assist in discovering biomarkers of lung cancer prognosis and progression by vastly increasing in the potential resources available for cancer research. In this study, we investigated the potential use of the Whole-Genome DASL HT Assay (Illumina, San Diego, CA) for global expression profiling in FFPE tissues obtained by surgical biopsy from patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We obtained high-quality microarray data on 26 pairs of tumor/non-affected tissues, including 18 pairs of adenocarcinoma and 8 pairs of squamous carcinomas. Among genes differentially expressed between squamous carcinomas and adjacent non-affected lung tissue, we found that the AKR1C1 gene, encoding an aldo-keto reductases, was increased strongly in tumors (fold change: 3.0; p=0.02). This finding was consistent with previous reports that overexpression of AKR1C1 gene as an indicator of poor prognosis and chemoresistance in NSCLC. During pathway-based analysis using GeneGo database, we found that differentially expressed genes of adenocarcinoma were significantly enriched in the pathway of cytoskeleton remodeling\_TGF, WNT and cytoskeletal remodeling; and differentially expressed genes of squamous carcinomas were significantly enriched in the pathway of Lung Neoplasms\_Signal transduction. Our study demonstrates that with DASL expression profiling technology, genome-wide expression profiles can be successfully generated from FFPE lung tissues. Support: [CA092824][1] and CA CA90578, and [CA074386][2] from NCI Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-399. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-399 [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=CA092824&atom=%2Fcanres%2F72%2F8_Supplement%2FLB-399.atom [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=CA074386&atom=%2Fcanres%2F72%2F8_Supplement%2FLB-399.atom
Pleural Disease in the Intensive Care Unit

Pleural disease itself is an unusual cause for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Pleural complications of diseases and procedures in the ICU are common, however, and the impact on respiratory physiology is additive to that of the underlying cardiopulmonary disease. Pleural effusion and pneumothorax may be overlooked in the critically ill patient due to alterations in radiologic appearance in the supine patient. The development of a pneumothorax in a patient in the ICU represents a potentially life-threatening situation. This article reviews the etiologies, pathophysiology, and management of pleural effusion, pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, and bronchopleural fistula in the critically ill patient. In addition, we review the potential complications of thoracentesis and chest tube thoracostomy, including reexpansion pulmonary edema.
Solar activity and geomagnetic storms: The corpuscular hypothesis

An earlier article published in the December 6, 1994, issue of Eos traced the history of solar-terrestrial relations from 1852, when Sabine discovered that the 11-year sunspot and geomagnetic activity cycles waxed and waned in unison, to the early 1890s. The narrative here picks up in 1892, a year of fomentation that led to the development of the corpuscular hypothesis by Maunder, Birkeland, Chapman, Ferraro, and others. Magnetism was “in the air” in 1892. This seminal year for solar activity saw several remarkable developments, not all of which were positive or bore immediate fruit, but each provided stimulus and a basis for subsequent progress.
Parental origin of chromosomes involved in the translocation t(9;22)

Functionally equivalent genetic maternal can be labelled by an epigenetic marking process and used differentially depending on whether its origin is maternal or paternal. This phenomenon is known as genomic imprinting and is manifested at either the chromosomal or gene level. Genomic imprinting seems to play an important role in cancer predisposition syndromes, and phenotypic consequences are evident in constitutional deletion syndromes and uniparental disomies. Moreover, there seems to be a preferential retention of paternal alleles in sporadic tumours such as Wilms' tumour, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma and retinoblastoma. To investigate whether chromosomes involved in acquired abnormalities of haematologic neoplasms show a similar 'parent of origin' bias, we studied the inheritance of the translocated chromosomes 9 and 22 in cases of Philadelphia-chromosome-positive leukaemia, using unique specific chromosome band polymorphisms. Here we show that the translocated chromosome 9 was of paternal origin, whereas the translocated chromosomes 22 were derived exclusively from the maternal copy, in 11 cases with reliable polymorphisms. Our data therefore provide evidence that imprinting phenomena may play an important role in acquired tumour-specific chromosome rearrangements.
Optical interconnects for computing applications

Optical interconnects are now emerging in computing applications. A tight integration of electrical and optical functions and novel assembly techniques are required to meet anticipated bandwidth, efficiency and cost requirements.
Delayed fatal hyperkalemia in a patient with acute fluoride intoxication

A 19-year-old man presented with acute fluoride poisoning. Initially his serum electrolytes were normal, but two hours later he developed ECG evidence of hyperkalemia followed by refractory ventricular fibrillation, suggesting that hyperkalemia may be important in the cardiotoxicity of acute fluoride intoxication. Treatment of fluoride-induced hyperkalemia consists of removal of fluoride from the body by dialysis, binding fluoride with aluminum or calcium, or enhancing fluoride excretion by inducing a metabolic alkalosis. Direct treatment of the hyperkalemia with glucose, insulin, and bicarbonate is ineffective. Quinidine may be an effective therapy for the hyperkalemia and ventricular irritability, but is as yet untested in human beings.
Cardiovascular effects of longer-term, high-dose OROS methylphenidate in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Objective To examine the effects of high doses of extended-release methylphenidate (OROS MPH) on cardiovascular variables in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Study design ECG indices plus systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed during an open-label study of OROS MPH in 114 adolescents with ADHD (doses up to 1.5 mg/kg/d). Cardiovascular parameters were assessed at 6 weeks and 6 months. Results Small but statistically significant changes in DBP and HR were observed at 6 weeks, without further increases up to 6 months' follow-up. A small but statistically significant increase in SBP was observed over time. Twenty-nine percent of patients had isolated elevations in BP readings prior to study entry, and 14% had >3 consecutive visits at which elevated BP were observed during OROS MPH treatment. No clinically significant changes in ECG parameters were observed. No serious cardiovascular adverse events occurred. Conclusions Treatment with relatively high doses of OROS MPH was associated with small but statistically significant mean increases in BP and HR, primarily during the first 6 weeks of treatment, without clinically meaningful changes in ECG. These observations are consistent with previous reports using lower doses.
Physical integrity of herpes simplex virus following thermal inactivation.

The effect of thermal inactivation on the gross physical integrity of herpes simplex virus (HSV) was investigated. Purified preparations of HSV containing3H-thymidine were subjected to thermal inactivation at 36° C, pH 6.3 and pH 7.8 and then were analysed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The data indicated that although HSV inactivation at 36° C was significantly greater at pH 7.8 than at 6.3, the gross physical integrity of most of the HSV in both of these inactivated virus populations was maintained. In addition, heat inactivated HSV adsorbed to mammalian cells as readily as non-inactivated HSV. Thus, thermal inactivation of HSV does not result in the physical disassembly of the virion particles or in the destruction of virus receptor activity.
Parametric Study of the Transport Properties of Wicking Micro-Pillar Arrays

Two-phase passive heat carriers/spreaders are effective thermal management tools. However, their thermal performance is limited due to the transport characteristics of their wick structure. To enhance the performance of passive heat spreaders and expand their use to applications with high heat loads and severe operating environments, better wick structures are being developed. Advancements in the design of these structures have been hampered by a lack of models that can predict fluid flow rate in wicks over a wide range of geometrical parameters. The focus of this study is to find such a model for micro-pillar arrays. The model is intended for use in optimizing an array to achieve maximum liquid permeability at a given hydrostatic pressure. Two wicking devices with different pillar spacings were fabricated. The maximum heat transfer capacities of the devices at various wicking lengths were compared with predictions of selected correlations. A model by Byon et al. [1] predicted the experimental results with reasonable accuracy.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Localization of rDNA in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) chromosome complement.

In situ hybridization was used to identify the sites of rDNA in the chromosome complement of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The rDNA was present in the satellite regions of chimpanzee chromosomes 14, 15, 17, 22 and 23. Four of these (14, 15, 22, 23) are homologous to human chromosomes carrying rDNA: 13, 14, 21 and 22.
Properties of cognitive maps constructed from texts

Subjects in three experiments read texts describing the locations of landmarks in a fictitious town. Later they drew sketch maps and verified sentences describing the relative locations of the landmarks. We predicted that subjects would develop mental models of the town that were organized around important landmarks ("anchors"), as are cognitive maps constructed through real-world navigation. More specifically, we expected that landmarks used in the text as reference points for describing the locations of some other landmarks would emerge as anchors in the subjects' cognitive maps and would consequently be recalled more accurately. Results showed that subjects represented such reference-point landmarks more accurately than they did the locations of other landmarks. This effect was independent of: (1) the perspective from which the text was written (route or survey); (2) whether or not a map was present at learning; (3) the order of information in the text (linear or anchors-first), and (4) the amount of information available to the subjects while drawing sketch maps (the full text, the landmark names only, or no information).
Myocardial β-adrenergic receptor signaling in vivo: insights from transgenic mice

Heart failure is a problem of increasing importance in cardiovascular medicine. An important characteristic of heart failure is reduced agonist-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity (receptor desensitization) due to both diminished receptor number (receptor downregulation) and impaired receptor function (receptor uncoupling). These changes in the §-adrenergic receptor (§ AR) system may in part account for some of the abnormalities of contractile function in this disease. Myocardial contraction is closely regulated by G protein coupled β-adrenergic receptors through the action of the second messenger cAMP. The β-adrenergic receptors themselves are regulated by a set of specific kinases, termed the G protein-coupled receptor kinases. The study of this complex system in vivo has recently been advanced by the development of transgenic and gene targeted (“knock out”) mouse models. Combining transgenic technology with sophisticated physiological measurements of cardiac hemodynamics is an extremely powerful strategy to study the regulation of myocardial contractility in the normal and failing heart.
Palaeogeography and diachronous infill of an ancient deep-marine foreland basin, Upper Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation, Magallanes Basin

The details of how narrow, orogen-parallel ocean basins are filled with sediment by large axial submarine channels is important to understand because these depositional systems commonly form in through-like basins in various tectonic settings. The Magallanes foreland basin is an excellent location to study an orogen-parallel deep-marine system. Conglomerate lenses of the Upper Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation have been previously interpreted to represent the fill of a single submarine channel (4–8 km wide, >100 km long) that funneled coarse detritus southward along the basin axis. This interpretation was based on lithologic correlations. New U/Pb dating of zircons from volcanic ashes and sandstones, coupled with strontium isotope stratigraphy, refine the controls on depositional ages and provenance. Results demonstrate that north-south oriented conglomerate lenses are contemporaneous within error limits (ca. 84–82 Ma) supporting that they represent parts of an axial channel belt. Channel deposits 20 km west of the axial location are 87–82 Ma in age. These channels are partly contemporaneous with the ones within the axial channel belt, making it likely that they represent feeders to the axial channel system. The northern Cerro Toro Formation spans a Turonian to Campanian interval (ca. 90–82 Ma) whereas the formation top, 70 km to the south, is as young as ca. 76 Ma. Kolmogorov–Smirnoff statistical analysis on detrital zircon age distributions shows that the northern uppermost Cerro Toro Formation yields a statistically different age distribution than other samples from the same formation but shows no difference relative to the overlying Tres Pasos Formation. These results suggest the partly coeval deposition of both formations. Integration of previously acquired geochronologic and stratigraphic data with new data show a pronounced southward younging pattern in all four marine formations in the Magallanes Basin. Highly diachronous infilling may be an important depositional pattern for narrow, orogen-parallel ocean basins.
Televised Occupational Stereotypes and their Effects on Early Adolescents: Are they Changing?

By the mid 1980s, prime time television contained frequent portrayals of females in traditionally male occupations such as lawyer, police officer, and private detective. To determine whether young people's gender schemas about such occupations have been affected by these portrayals, fifth and sixth grade students were questioned about stereotypically feminine and masculine occupations they encounter frequently in real life, occupations often shown on television, and those infrequently encountered in real life or on television. The masculine "television" occupations were those in which females were frequently portrayed in the mid-1980s. Children knew more about the "real life' and "television" occupations than about the remaining jobs, confirming the prediction that television serves as a source of occupational information. Television occupations were regarded as more extremely sex stereotyped than real life occupations, and students had more negative attitudes about males participating in televised femini...
Combination therapy improves survival after acute myocardial infarction in the elderly with chronic kidney disease

Background: Individuals with chronic kidney disease have a high mortality rate after acute myocardial infarction. It is not known how frequently these individuals are prescribed combination cardioprotective therapy and if survival is affected by such therapy after acute myocardial infarction. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 1,342 Medicare recipients with acute myocardial infarction. Data were collected by medical chart abstraction as part of the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project in 60 hospitals in North Carolina during 5/30/1996–12/28/1997. We categorized cardioprotective medication use as aspirin alone, aspirin with beta‐blockers, and aspirin with beta‐blockers and ace‐inhibitors. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a derived glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranging from 15–89 mL/min/1.73 m2. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to determine the effect of cardioprotective medication use on survival while controlling for potential explanatory variables. Results: The prev...
Development of Nailed Wood Joint Element in ABAQUS

Testing showed that the hysteretic behavior of nailed wood joints governs the response of many wood systems when subjected to lateral loadings. Unfortunately, commercially available software does not have the appropriate hysteretic element for a nailed wood joint, and the accuracy and versatility of the previously developed nail joint elements are not satisfactory. A general hysteretic model, Bouc-Wen-Barer-Wen, was modified to represent the hysteretic behavior of a nailed joint, in which the hysteretic constitutive law is characterized by a series of ordinary differential equations. It can produce versatile and smoothly varying hysteresis curves, is nonlinear, history dependent, and includes stiffness and strength degradation, and pinching. Based on the test data, the suitable parameters for different joint configurations can be estimated through genetic algorithms. This model was embedded in commercially available software, ABAQUS/Standard (Version 6.5), as a user-defined element which accounted for the coupling property of the nail joint action. A detailed shear wall was modeled and analyzed, and the results agreed well with the test data.
SSI and Adults with Disabilities Background, Trends, and a Study of Participation

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is under close scrutiny because of the increase in the number of adults with disabilities on SSI and the low rate of their return to employment. So far, the focus of investigations by federal agencies and academics has been on the individual characteristics of these SSI recipients and the inner workings of the program. As a result, the interventions now in effect and those under consideration tend to focus on individual circumstances. This article presents the results of an empirical study, based on county-by-county data, indicating that an external factor—the unemployment rate in the county—is a strong correlate of the rate of SSI participation by adults with disabilities. On the basis of these findings, the author recommends using different types of programs, ranging from vocational rehabilitation to wage subsidies to moving expenses, and other goods and services to bring back into the labor force as many adults with disabilities as possible.
Plasma C-reactive protein concentrations in active and passive smokers: influence of antioxidant supplementation.

Objective: C-reactive protein (CRP) may directly affect the progression of atherosclerosis, and therefore, may be a target for reducing disease risk. The objective was to determine whether antioxidant supplementation reduces plasma CRP in active and passive smokers.Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial with 2 months exposure to study supplements.Setting: Berkeley and Oakland, California.Subjects: Healthy adult men and women, consuming <4 daily servings of fruits and vegetables, and who were actively or passively exposed to cigarette smoke. Analysis was limited to participants with detectable baseline CRP concentrations and no evidence of inflammation associated with acute illness at baseline or follow-up as reflected in CRP elevations (≥10.0 mg/L). A total of 1393 individuals were screened, 216 randomized, 203 completed the study, and 160 were included in the analysis.Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive a placebo or vitamin C (515 mg/day) or antioxid...
Introducing Social Stratification and Inequality: An Active Learning Technique.

TEACHING INDIVIDUAL TOPICS in meaningful ways in introductory courses can be challenging. Because most areas of sociology are covered in a one-week period, instructors must quickly communicate the content of the area while attempting to spark some interest, or at least provide a meaningful experience that will affect the way students view the social world. Social stratification contains crucial concepts for students to apply to many areas of social life. When stratification is taught well, the concepts can be applied throughout the course, enhancing and integrating all of the material. However, social stratification may appear somewhat dry when presented in condensed form. Many authors have articulated the difficulties of communicating the realities of social stratification to students. Bohmer and Briggs (1991) write:
Effects of air oxidation on the dissolution rate of LWR spent fuel

Dissolution rates for air-oxidized spent fuel were measured in flowthrough tests where U concentrations were kept well below the solubility limit. Results from two types of specimens, separated grains and coarse particles, both in oxidized (U{sub 4}O{sub 9+x}) and unoxidized (UO{sub 2}) conditions indicated only minor effects of oxidation on the surface-area-normalized rates. Similar results were obtained for unirradiated specimens in three different oxidation states (UO{sub 2}, U{sub 3}O{sub 7}, and U{sub 3}O{sub 8}). These observations have important practical implications for disposal of spent fuel in a geologic repository as well as implications regarding the oxidative dissolution mechanism of UO{sub 2} fuel.
Rethinking Warring States Cities: An Historical and Methodological Proposal

Unsatisfied with a rigid typology of Warring States cities based on static configurations of city walls, this paper approaches different urban forms during this period as linked phenomena in a broad sociopolitical movement. Through reexamining the expansion of several important cities such as Xue, Linzi, Xinzheng (Xiadu), Wuyang, and Qufu, the author argues that the most important feature of Warring States cities was not stability (as a necessary condition for a typology), but constant change (of the layout, enclosure, centers of administration and commerce, etc.). A study of these changes undermines the rigid division of cities into different types, and leads to the reconstruction of a city’s transformation as a dynamic historical process. This analysis also provides evidence for the historicity of the “ideal capital” ascribed in the “Kaogong ji” section of the Zhou li, an Eastern Zhou text.
Monoclonal Antibody Routinely Used To Identify Avirulent Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus Binds to an Epitope at the Carboxy Terminus of the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein and Recognizes Individual Mesogenic and Velogenic Strains

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains are classified as having high (velogenic), intermediate (mesogenic), or low (lentogenic) pathogenesis and virulence in chickens. Recent studies have established that the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein plays an important role in viral tropism and virulence. A monoclonal antibody (AVS-I) has previously been shown to be specific for lentogenic strains of NDV (Srinivasappa et al., Avian Dis. 30:562-567, 1986) and is routinely used to identify these strains. We have used competition antibody binding assays with a previously characterized panel of monoclonal antibodies, binding to chimeric HN proteins, and the characterization of an escape mutant to localize the binding site of AVS-I to the extreme carboxy terminus of the protein. In addition, we have shown that AVS-I does recognize at least one mesogenic strain and one velogenic strain of the virus, calling into question the potential of this antibody as a diagnostic reagent for avirulent NDV strains.
Effect of propionic acid on aflatoxin levels of stored Georgia 1981 dent corn samples

In 1981, 75 corn samples (ca. 60 ears per sample) were collected from 4 areas in Georgia to study methods for handling freshly harvested samples. The collection was not representative of the Georgia corn crop. Every sixth ear was husked and dried the day of collection. The rest of the corn was shipped, without husking, to Peoria in cardboard boxes. When the remaining undried, unhusked samples arrived in Peoria, they were husked and randomly separated into 5 equivalent samples. One set of 75 samples was shelled and dried as soon as possible to avoid further aflatoxin formation; another set of 75 samples was stored for 6 weeks before shelling and drying. The remaining 3 sets were placed in plastic bags with 5%, 2% and 1% Monoprop (1 part propionic acid plus 1 part Versite) and stored for 6 weeks before shelling and drying. The samples dried in Georgia had an average total aflatoxin level of 199 ng/g. Samples shelled and dried immediately after arriving in Peoria had an average level of 640 ng/g. Samples shelled and dried after a 6-week storage period had average aflatoxin levels of 601 ng/g. Samples stored 6 weeks with 5%, 2% and 1% Monoprop (2.5%, 1% and 0.5% propionic acid) had average aflatoxin levels of 340 ng/g, 351 ng/g and 376 ng/g, respectively. Monoprop cannot be used to maintain the integrity of high-moisture corn samples collected for aflatoxin analysis.
Maintaining real-time application timing similarity for defect-tolerant NoC-based many-core systems

Many-core Network-on-Chip (NoC) processors are emerging in broad application areas, including those with timing requirements, such as real-time and multimedia applications. Typically, these processors employ core-level backup to improve yield. However, when defective cores are replaced by backup ones, the NoC topology changes. Consequently, a fine-tuned application based on timing parameters given by one topology may not meet the expected timing behavior under the new one. We first develop a metric to measure timing similarity of an application on different NoC topologies and then propose mixed binary quadratic programming and greedy algorithms to reconfigure a defect-tolerant many-core NoC.
Is Locke’s Theory of Knowledge Inconsistent?

There is an important conundrum at the heart of Locke's theory of knowledge. On the one hand, Locke defines knowledge as "nothing but the perception of the connexion and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy of any of our Ideas" (E IV.i.l: 525). Thus, as Locke sees it, "we can have Knowledge no farther than we have Ideas" (E IV.iii.l: 538). On the other hand, Locke takes there to be a kind of knowledge he calls "sensitive," which is "employ'd about the particular existence of finite Beings without us" (E IV.ii.14: 537), from which it appears to follow that we can have knowledge farther than we have ideas. The inconsistency seems blatant: if Locke's official definition of knowledge is correct, then sensitive knowledge is impossible; and if sensitive knowledge is possible, then Locke's official definition of knowledge must fall. The importance of the conundrum lies in the fact that solving it is essential to a proper understanding of Locke's attitude toward external world skepticism. In various places, Locke severely criticizes and ridicules the external world skeptic, along with the arguments (such as the dream argument) on which such skepticism is founded (E IV.ii.14: 537, IV.xi.1-9: 630-636). As he puts it: "I think no body can, in earnest, be so skeptical, as to be uncertain of the Existence of those Things which he sees and feels" (E IV.xi.3: 631). And yet, given his official definition of knowledge and his consequent admission that knowledge is limited to the realm of mind-dependent ideas, it appears that Locke's anti-skeptical stance is completely unjustified. Some Locke scholars have despaired of finding a solution to the conundrum.1 To them, this is yet one more example of "those
Cluster-aware iterative improvement techniques for partitioning large VLSI circuits

Move-based iterative improvement partitioning (IIP) methods, such as the Fiduccia-Mattheyses (FM) algorithm [Fidducia and Mattheyses 1982] and Krishnamurthy's Look-Ahead (LA) algorithm [Krishnamurthy 1984], are widely used in VLSI CAD applications, largely due to their time efficiency and ease of implementation. This class of algorithms is of the "local/greedy improvement" type, and they generate relatively high-quality results for small and medium-size circuits. However, as VLSI circuits become larger, these algorithms suffer a rapid deterioration in solution quality. We propose new IIP methods CLIP and CDIP that select cells to move with a view to moving clusters that straddle the two subsets of a partition, into one of the subsets. The new algorithms significantly improve partition quality while preserving the advantage of time efficiency. Experimental results on 25 medium to large-size ACM/SIGDA benchmark circuits show up to 70p improvement over FM in mincut, and average mincut improvements of about 35p over all circuits and 47p over large circuits. They also outperform state-of-the-art non-IIP techniques, the quadratic-programming-based method Paraboli [Reiss et al. 1994] and the spectral partitioner MELO [Alpert and Yao 1995], by about 17p and 23p, respectively, with less CPU time. This demonstrates the potential of sophisticated IIP algorithms in dealing with the increasing complexity of emerging VLSI circuits. We also compare CLIP and CDIP to hMetis [Karypis et al. 1997], one of the best of the recent state-of-the-art partitioners that are based on the multilevel paradigm (others include MLc [Alpert et al. 1997] and LSR/MFFS [Cong et al. 1997]). The results show that one scheme of hMetis is 8p worse than CLIP/CDIP and the other two schemes are only 2--4p better. However, CLIP/CDIP have advantages over hMetis and other multilevel partitioners that outweigh these minimal mincut improvements. The first is much faster times-to-solution (for example, one of our best schemes CLIP-LA2 is 6.4 and 11.75 times faster than the two best hMetis schemes) and much better scalability with circuit size (e.g., for the largest circuit with about 162K nodes, CLIP-LA2 is 10.4 and and 21.5 times faster and obtains better solution qualities than the two best hMetis schemes). Second, CLIP/CDIP are "flat" partitioners, while multilevel techniques perform a sequence of node clustering/coarsening before partitioning the circuit. In complex placement applications such as timing-driven placement in the presence of multiple constraints, such circuit coarsening can hide crucial information needed for good-quality solutions, thus making the partitioning process oblivious to them. This, however, is not a problem with flat partitioners like CLIP/CDIP that can take all important parameters into account while partitioning. All these advantages make CLIP/CDIP suitable for use in complex physical design problems for large, deep-submicron VLSI circuits.
Transplantation of nuclei between Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica.

Abstract 1. 1. New data are offered to show that the cleavage rates of of pip × pip, (pip) × pip, pip × syl, and (pip) × syl embryos are essentially the same. 2. 2. When a diploid Rana sylvatica blastula nucleus is transferred to an enucleated Rana pipiens ovum the resulting embryo develops only to a late blastula stage and then stops. 3. 3. If a diploid blastula nucleus of Rana pipiens is transferred to enucleated Rana sylvatica ova this embryo will also develop to the blastula stage. When nuclei are transferred from these blastulae back to an enucleated pipiens ovum, the embryos develop only to an early gastrula stage. It is suggested that the original pipiens chromosomes are altered when they are in the sylvatica cytoplasm and are replicating from sylvatica-type substrates (probably DNA and similar compounds).
Acidity dependence of the trifluoromethanesulfonic acid catalyzed isobutane-isobutylene alkylation modified with trifluoroacetic acid or water

Abstract Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFSA) catalyzed isobutane-isobutylene alkylation modified with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or water, was studied over a wide range of acidity (Ho: −10.1 to −14.1). The effect of the acidity of these nonoxidizing strong mixed acid systems on the alkylation, is reported. For both systems, the best alkylation conditions were those at an acid strength of about Ho= −10.7, giving a calculated research octane number (RON) of 89.1 (TFSA/TFA) and 91.3 (TFSA/H2O).
Regional variation in infant survival in China.

Abstract From retrospective survey reports 1985–87, the study examined the determinants of neonatal and post‐neonatal survival in three provinces in China. Conditional logistic regression models were employed to estimate the effects of macro‐ and micro‐level factors (such as socioeconomic conditions, familial relationships, as well as biosocial determinants) on the survivorship of neonatal and post‐neonatal infants in China. The study yielded two findings: (1) Social changes in Chinese society had a strong positive effect on neonatal and post‐neonatal survivorship; and (2) the magnitude of such social changes differed across regions which, in turn, led to the differential effects on neonatal and post‐neonatal survivorship across provinces in China.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Arising in a Focus of Multilobular Adenoma: A Case Report

This report presents a case of hepatocellular carcinoma arising in a large multilobulated adenoma in the noncirrhotic liver of a 29-year-old woman. This unusual case demonstrates the potential for a benign proliferative process in the liver to evolve into a malignant neoplasm.
Whole body bone, fat, and lean mass in black and white men.

This research describes the effects of age, ethnicity, and body size and composition on whole body bone mass and bone density in healthy black and white men. We measured 79 male subjects, 42 white and 37 black, ranging in age from 33 to 64 years. Whole body bone mineral content (WBBMC) and bone mineral density (WBBMD), as well as fat and lean mass, were evaluated with a Hologic 1000W bone densitometer. We explore the utility of different methods of controlling for variations in body size in the two ethnic groups. There are statistically significant ethnic differences only in the bone mass variables. The black men had a 15% higher WBBMC (3111 vs. 2712 g, p or = 0.10). In multivariate linear regression models for predicting WBBMC or WBBMD, the two best models contained height, weight, and an interaction of ethnicity and weight (model r2 = 0.72 for WBBMC and r2 = 0.47 for WBBMD); and height, lean mass, and an ethnicity-fat interaction (model r2 = 0.69 for WBBMC and r2 = 0.46 for WBBMD). Using analysis of covariance, we found that controlling for lean mass and height reduced the black/white difference in bone mass from 14.7 to 9.8%.
Modulation of Rat Uterine Progesterone Receptor Levels and Peroxidase Activity by Tamoxifen Citrate, LY117018, and Estradiol*

The biochemical and morphological effects on the immature rat uterus of tamoxifen citrate (TAM) and LY117018 were compared with those of estradiol. A single dose of TAM (100 μg) increased uterine wet weight and peroxidase activity 12,24,36,48,60, and 72 h postinjection, while the uterine DNA content was increased after 36 h compared to controls at 72 h. A single sc dose of LY117018 (100 fig) also increased uterine wet weight and peroxidase activity, although to a lesser extent than TAM, 36–72 h postinjection. DNA content was increased to the same extent as that observed after TAM treatment. Coadministration of progesterone (1.0 mg) with 100 μg TAM or LY117018 completely blocked the antiestrogen-induced increase in uterine peroxidase activity and elongation of the luminal epithelium observed at 36 h, while the increase in uterine wet weight was only partially blocked. Cytosol progesterone receptor (PR) levels were increased significantly at 36 h by estradiol (10 μg) or TAM (100 μg), but no increase was obs...
BROMODEOXYURIDINE-MEDIATED RADIOSENSITIZATION IN HUMAN GLIOMA: THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION, DURATION, AND FLUOROPYRIMIDINE MODULATION

Abstract Purpose: To define the relative influence of duration of exposure, concentration, and modulation by fluorodeoxyuridines (FdUrd) on the incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) into DNA of a human malignant glioma line (D-54) in vitro and in vivo . Materials and Methods: In vitro studies: an established human malignant glioma line (D-54) was exposed to a clinically achievable concentration of BrdUrd to model intravenous (1 μM BrdUrd) and intraarterial (4 μM BrdUrd) conditions. The influence of modulation was assessed using 1 nM FdUrd. Incorporation of BrdUrd, radiosensitization, and cytotoxicity were determined after 24, 72, and 120 h drug exposures. In vivo studies: nude mice bearing D-54 xenografts were infused with BrdUrd at 100 mg/kg/day for 7 and 14 days or BrdUrd at 400 mg/kg/day for 5 days. The influence of modulation was assessed by combining 100 mg/kg/day of BrdUrd with 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg/day FdUrd for 7 days. Incorporation of BrdUrd into the DNA of tumor, gut, and marrow were determined. Results: In vitro : thymidine replacement and radiosensitization were a function of concentration, and incorporation began to plateau after 2 to 3 population doublings. Modulation with 1 nM FdUrd significantly increased incorporation. Radiosensitization was a linear function of thymidine replacement under all conditions tested. in vivo : infusion with 400 mg/kg/day for 5 days resulted in greater tumor incorporation (10.3 ± 0.4% thymidine replaced) than treatment with 100 mg/kg/day for 14 days (6.0 ± 0.6% of thymidine replaced). Infusion of FdUrd with BrdUrd increased normal tissue incorporation of BrdUrd, but failed to increase BrdUrd incorporation in tumor cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that relatively short, high dose rate infusions may be preferable to long, low dose rate infusions. The potential benefit of FdUrd modulation demonstrated in vitro may be difficult to realize using continuous systemic infusions.
A modeling framework for controlling structural idealizations in engineering design

Abstract The process of controlling analysis idealizations as they are used during engineering design is considered. The framework of a modeling system that supports various levels of analysis idealization control is presented and a prototype implementation of such a system is described. The application of this system is stress analysis as applied in the design of two-dimensional brackets. The analysis idealizations supported include geometric simplification and mesh discretization error control. The analysis idealization control techniques employed include automated adaptive analysis, analytic solutions to idealized situations, and rules based on known and reasonable limits.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN THE END-SYSTOLIC PRESSURE DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP (ESPDR) IN PUPPIES

In order to evaluate the developmental changes in the ESPDR, an index of ventricular contractility independent of afterload and preload, we studied 13 normal puppies age 6 weeks to 6 months, weighing 1.7 to 21.0 kg (mean 6.8 kg). Arterial blood pressure and M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions were measured simultaneously during brief balloon occlusion of the inferior vena cava. The ESPDR using this technique was linear (r=0.95±0.02) over the range of end systolic pressure from 104.9±22.0 to 75.7±23.5 mmHg. The slope of the ESPDR (Ees) correlated significantly with the left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVD) prior to balloon occlusion, (r=-0.63 p 0.02) with Ees = -31.3 LVD + 154. The diameter intercept, Do, did not correlate with LVD (r =0.33). We conclude that Ees does decrease with normal growth and the resultant increase in LVD. This apparent change in Ees with growth may be normalized by the LVD, suggesting that left ventricular pump function and contractility does not change in puppies over the ages studied. Furthermore, studies of the ESPDR in pathological states which alter the LVD should normalize Ees for LVD to more accurately assess left ventricular contractility.
CURRENT DEFINITIONS OF PERIPROCEDURAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION ARE NOT SURROGATE MARKERS FOR CATHETERIZATION LAB QUALITY OR CLINICAL TRIAL END POINTS

A consensus on what constitutes a clinically meaningful periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI) remains debated. We evaluated the accuracy of two PMI definitions currently implemented for quality outcome assessment and clinical trial end points. Patients undergoing elective PCI with normal
Selective chemical ablation of the enteric plexus in mice

Although genetically aganglionic mice such as piebald lethal and lethal spotted mice exhibit striking similarities to the human condition of Hirschsprung's disease (HD), the aganglionic segment is very short and always located in the distal part of the rectum. Topical application of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) to the rectum of rats has been reported to result in segmental aganglionosis. To induce chemical ablation of the enteric plexus in mice to produce an aperistaltic narrow segment simulating HD, 32 mice were divided into three groups: (1) abdominal (n=12), for sigmoid colon treatment; (2) rectal (n=10), for rectum treatment; and (3) controls (n=10). For groups 1 and 2, 0.1% BAC was applied to a 1-cm serosal surface of the bowel for 15 min. In the controls, isotonic saline was applied in this fashion. A detailed histologic examination was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Ten animals (9 in group 1 and 1 in group 2) died 1 to 9 weeks after BAC treatment. Autopsy revealed a narrow segment of bowel at the site of BAC treatment and marked dilatation of the bowel proximal to the narrow segment. The remaining animals were killed 12 weeks after BAC treatment. Histologic examination demonstrated normal myenteric and submucous plexuses in the controls, whereas there was a total lack of innervation in the BAC-treated segments.Topical application of BAC thus successfully produced a narrow aganglionic segment of bowel in normal mice. This model provides the basis for future studies to investigate the pathophysiology of HD and megacolon and for comparison with genetically aganglionic mice.
Supraoptic nucleus of the Brattleboro rat has an altered afferent noradrenergic input

The distribution of fluorescent varicosities in the supraoptic nucleus of Brattleboro rats was compared to that in normal rats. The Brattleboro rat, which is characterized by a genetic absence of vasopressin, had fewer fluorescent varicosities in apposition to the vasopressin-deficient perikarya. The oxytocin-producing neurons in the same nucleus were hyperinnervated. These data suggest that the target neuron peptide (vasopressin) is necessary for the maintenance of normal noradrenergic innervation patterns.
Co-Teaching as Science in the Schoolhouse More Questions Than Answers

The concept of science in the schoolhouse combines knowledge of research-based practices with the complexities of day-to-day life in schools. In this discussion, co-teaching is offered as an example of how advocacy for a practice can outpace the science that supports it. There is a push for co-teaching in contemporary schools, and special educators in great numbers are being asked to join with general educators in meeting the needs of students with disabilities. However, the science behind co-teaching to date is very limited. Studies have examined the implementation of co-teaching as a general service delivery option, but much less attention has been paid scientifically to the character and quality of the co-taught instruction or to the impact of co-teaching on student outcomes. Within this context, I also examine how Crockett's four recommendations to support science in the schoolhouse could address the questions about co-teaching for which there are few answers.
PULMONARY EXERCISES IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES

For many patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a program of graded pulmonary exercises (preceded by bronchial drainage) will induce improvement. This improvement is manifested by increased ability to perform the activities of daily living and an increase in exercise tolerance associated with a decrease in the heart rate (both at rest and during exercise). The medical management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is outlined, and the drainage technique and exercises are described in detail.
Gender differences in mesenteric vasoconstrictor reactivity following chronic hypoxia.

Male rats demonstrate persistent endothelium-dependent attenuation of vasoconstrictor reactivity following chronic hypoxia (CH). Since estrogen may interfere with hypoxia-induced gene expression, we hypothesized that gender differences exist in this response to CH. However, in conscious, instrumented rats, we found that CH resulted in a similar persistent reduction of pressor/total peripheral resistance responses to phenylephrine (PE) in rats of both genders. In contrast, although previous studies show mesenteric vascular responses to PE are reduced in CH males, we found that mesenteric reactivity was maintained in CH females. Since normoxic females demonstrate greater nitric oxide (NO) production, we hypothesized that the failure of CH to further diminish mesenteric reactivity in females was due to the inhibition of NO-dependent vasodilation. To test this hypothesis, constrictor reactivity of mesenteric arteries from male and female rats was examined. NO synthase (NOS) inhibition augmented constrictor re...
Encapsulated radiophosphorescent standards for day-to-day photometer calibration.

Solid, unquenched, radiophosphorescent standards for use in the day-to-day calibration of bottom viewing photometers (luminometers) were prepared by encapsulating commercially-available phosphor powders that are excited to phosphoresce by the beta- decay of 63Ni (t0.5 = 96 yr) or 14C (t0.5 = 5730 yr). The radionuclides are physically adsorbed on the phosphors by precipitation either as a "basic nickel carbonate" or as barium carbonate. The radioactive phosphors are then deposited by centrifugation as a thin layer at the bottom of the vials or tubes that are normally used in the photometer. The phosphor layer is infiltrated with a plastic resin and embedded. A light absorbing layer is subsequently cast over the phosphor layer to prevent stray light excitation of phosphorescence. The encapsulated photometer standards have remained mechanically and photometrically stable since their fabrication, which in some cases is 3 years ago. An equivalent level of visible luminescence emitted from the standards of up to 2.3 x 10(10) photons.s-1 was achieved by using an appropriate amount of radioactivity and the proper phosphor. The phosphor used in the standards could be chosen such that the radiophosphorescence emission spectrum corresponded approximately to the chemiluminescence or bioluminescence spectrum under investigation.
Carbachol induces desensitization of cardiac β-adrenergic receptors through muscarinic M1 receptors

Incubation of enzymatically dissociated cardiac myocytes with carbachol leads to a time- and concentration-dependent loss of beta-receptors assayable with [3H]CGP-12177. This loss is due to a redistribution of beta-receptors from the plasma membrane to a cytosol-derived vesicular fraction, consistent with an internalization process. The carbachol effects are not influenced by gallamine or oxotremorine which interact with the high-affinity (M2) muscarinic receptors. These results suggest that carbachol-induced desensitization is secondary to activation of protein kinase C by diacylglycerols generated through M1 receptor-linked phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
Two Distributions Involving a Bessel Function

Abstract Properties of the distribution of a certain sum of a normal random variable and the reciprocal of a gamma random variable are examined. This sum appears naturally in the course of doing a Bayesian analysis of the lognormal process.