cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiferroic BiFeO 3 -BiMnO 3 nanoscale checkerboard from first principles

We present a first principles study of an unusual heterostructure, an atomic-scale checkerboard of ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}{\text{-BiMnO}}_{3}$, and compare its properties to the two bulk constituent materials, ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}$ and ${\text{BiMnO}}_{3}$. The ``nanocheckerboard'' is found to have a multiferroic ground state with the desired properties of each constituent: polar and ferrimagnetic due to ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}$ and ${\text{BiMnO}}_{3}$, respectively. The effect of B-site cation ordering on magnetic ordering in the ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}{\text{-BiMnO}}_{3}$ system is studied. The checkerboard geometry is seen to give rise to a magnetostructural effect that is neither present in the bulk constituent materials, nor in the layered ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}{\text{-BiMnO}}_{3}$ superlattice.
Constitutional Law: A Contemporary Approach

The third edition of the casebook, which is suitable either for a one- or two-semester course, strives to make constitutional law easily teachable and readily accessible for students. The authors have selected the cases very carefully and provided extensive excerpts of the opinions so that students get a good sense of the Court's reasoning. Text boxes call the students' attention to important aspects of each opinion, and the book is filled with introductions, points for discussion, hypotheticals, and executive summaries. The authors present a diversity of views on every subject, and, reflecting some of their own disagreements, the authors have written point-counterpoint discussions on many disputed questions.
The Drosophila gene rbp9 encodes a protein that is a member of a conserved group of putative RNA binding proteins that are nervous system-specific in both flies and humans

The rbp9 gene of Drosophila melanogaster has been molecularly characterized and shown to be expressed solely in the CNS, where it encodes proteins with three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs). Sequencing of genomic and cDNA clones of rbp9 revealed a complex gene with three alternative promoters as well as alternative patterns of splicing. The deduced amino acid sequence of the RBP9 proteins is highly similar to those of three other nervous system-specific genes, human HuC and HuD and Drosophila elav, which also encode proteins with three RRMs. Developmental Northern analysis revealed that rbp9 is expressed from the late third instar larva through adult stages. The RBP9 protein was detected specifically in nuclei of the nervous system after morphogenesis of the adult CNS in the mid-pupal stage. Thus, the RBP9 protein does not appear until substantially later than rbp9 transcripts are detected. The adult nervous system nuclear-limited expression pattern, the presence of RRMs, and the high similarity to a group of nervous system-specific proteins in flies and humans suggest that rbp9 belongs to a nervous system-specific RRM protein gene subfamily that may participate in the processing of RNAs involved in the development of the CNS.
Neuropsychiatric features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The traditional view of motor neuron disease (MND) has been that it is a neurodegenerative disorder isolated to the motor system, affecting motor activity under voluntary control and sparing all other systems. When explaining the diagnosis to patients, neurologists were able to focus on this silver lining and emphasize that “. . . while your body may fail, your mind will remain clear.” Patients and families seemed to take great comfort in this knowledge. However, over the last 10 years evidence has accumulated that a proportion of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have measurable cognitive and behavioral deficits that are sometimes severe enough to be clinically relevant [1, 3,4,22,23,32,34–36,38,42,45]. This paper will review the growing body of data on neuropsychiatric features of ALS, including disorders of language, behavior and mood.
Is Antidepressant Use Changing? Prevalence and Clinical Correlates in Two New England Communities

We attempted to determine whether the prevalence of antidepressant use had increased in population-based samples between 1981 and 1993, and compared the characteristics of antidepressant users and nonusers. Data were derived from six biennial, random sample, cross-sectional household surveys conducted between 1981 and 1993 in two southeastern New England communities. For each survey, point prevalence estimates were determined for the major antidepressant categories. Antidepressant users were most likely to be women, slightly older, and less likely to be employed than nonusers (p<0.0001). Comorbid conditions and concurrent drug therapy were present more frequently among users. The overall prevalence of antidepressant use per 1000 population increased from 7.8 (95% confidence interval 4.3, 11.3) in 1981-1982 to 31.4 (95% CI 23.9, 38.9) in 1992-1993, especially among women and respondents between ages 40 and 59 years
Electrophoretic Differences in the Capsid Proteins of Simian Virus 40 Plaque Mutants

Abstract The structural proteins of three mutants of simian virus 40 (SV40) which differ in plaque size, temperature sensitivity, oncogenicity, host cell restriction, and immunological properties were studied. The polypeptide components of these SV40 strains could not be distinguished by their polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns. When the dissociated virions of two of the mutants were analyzed by the isoelectric focusing technique in a urea gradient, the capsid protein peaks were found to differ significantly in their isoelectric points. The capsid protein of the small-plaque mutant had an isoelectric point of pH 6.51 as compared with pH 6.28 for the large-plaque strain. Isoelectric focusing of the isolated capsid protein revealed three components, a single major subunit and two minor forms. The coat proteins of two of the mutants, small-plaque and minute-plaque strains, were indistinguishable by this technique. The capsid protein peaks obtained by isoelectric focusing were further analyzed by polyacryalmide gel electrophoresis.
Nitrogenase Activity Associated with Halodule wrightii Roots.

Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) associated with roots of the seagrass Halodule wrightii was measured offshore near Beaufort and Moorhead City, N.C. Rates of acetylene reduction were higher in aerobic than in anaerobic assays and were linear for up to 5 days. The temperature range for acetylene reduction was 15 to 35°C with a maximum activity at 35°C. Nitrogenase activity was shown to vary seasonally with highest activities occurring during warmer summer months (23 μg of N2 fixed per m2 per day). At in situ temperature, nitrogenase activities associated with surface-sterilized and non-surface-sterilized roots were similar. One morphological bacterial type was isolated from surface-sterilized roots and identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae type 4B.
Sparse optical microstimulation in barrel cortex drives learned behaviour in freely moving mice

Electrical microstimulation can establish causal links between the activity of groups of neurons and perceptual and cognitive functions. However, the number and identities of neurons microstimulated, as well as the number of action potentials evoked, are difficult to ascertain. To address these issues we introduced the light-gated algal channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) specifically into a small fraction of layer 2/3 neurons of the mouse primary somatosensory cortex. ChR2 photostimulation in vivo reliably generated stimulus-locked action potentials at frequencies up to 50 Hz. Here we show that naive mice readily learned to detect brief trains of action potentials (five light pulses, 1 ms, 20 Hz). After training, mice could detect a photostimulus firing a single action potential in approximately 300 neurons. Even fewer neurons (approximately 60) were required for longer stimuli (five action potentials, 250 ms). Our results show that perceptual decisions and learning can be driven by extremely brief epochs of cortical activity in a sparse subset of supragranular cortical pyramidal neurons.
Error density and size in Ada software

The author and her colleagues have completed the development of a large project written in Ada. The project team kept error reports, and the many modules ranged greatly in size. They analyzed module size to see if there was a relationship with module quality. They used error density-defects per thousand lines-as an inverse measure of quality: the lower the error density, the higher the quality. The author presents and discusses the results, which lend support to the hypothesis that there is an optimal, intermediate module size. >
Intergroup dynamics of extra-legal police aggression: An integrated theory of race and place

Abstract The police are empowered to use various forms of coercion to accomplish legitimate duties, but they also may employ them gratuitously in violation of law or departmental policy. These extra-legal behaviors range in severity from verbal abuse, such as racial slurs and profanity, to unjustified physical force resulting in severe injury or death. Racial and ethnic minorities, especially those residing in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods, may be disproportionately targeted for such practices. Scholars have offered several explanations for the differential employment of extra-legal police aggression, but an integrated theory of minority disadvantage has yet to be developed. In this article, we synthesize the existing literature into a model of extra-legal police aggression that considers intergroup dynamics of race and place. We argue that ordinary social-psychological processes triggered by the characteristics of neighborhoods explain extra-legal police aggression against minority citizens.
A generalized class of nonlinear Rossby localized structures in geophysical fluid flows

Abstract A generalized class of nonlinear localized Rossby structures generated by nonlinear variations in the Coriolis parameter (the so-called γ-effect) and nonuniform zonal-flow shear is explored within the framework of the Charney–Hasegawa–Mima equation. A generalized class of solitary waves becomes possible when both the quadratic and cubic nonlinearities associated with nonlinear variations in the Coriolis parameter and nonuniformities in zonal-flow shear are included to compensate the dispersive decay due to Rossby wave radiation.
Secondary Structure of the HIV Reverse Transcription Initiation Complex by NMR

Abstract Initiation of reverse transcription of genomic RNA is a key early step in replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) upon infection of a host cell. Viral reverse transcriptase initiates from a specific RNA–RNA complex formed between a host transfer RNA (tRNALys3) and a region at the 5′ end of genomic RNA; the 3′ end of the tRNA acts as a primer for reverse transcription of genomic RNA. We report here the secondary structure of the HIV genomic RNA–human tRNALys3 initiation complex using heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance methods. We show that both RNAs undergo large-scale conformational changes upon complex formation. Formation of the 18-bp primer helix with the 3′ end of tRNALys3 drives large conformational rearrangements of the tRNA at the 5′ end while maintaining the anticodon loop for potential loop–loop interactions. HIV RNA forms an intramolecular helix adjacent to the intermolecular primer helix. This helix, which must be broken by reverse transcription, likely acts as a kinetic block to reverse transcription.
An open study of dehydroepiandrosterone in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective. To determine if dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has clinical benefits in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods. Ten female patients with mild to moderate SLE and various disease manifestations were given DHEA (200 mg/day orally) for 3—6 months. The patients were given other medications as clinically indicated, and followed with respect to overall disease activity and specific outcome parameters. Results. After 3—6 months of DHEA treatment, indices for overall SLE activity including the SLEDAI (SLE Disease Activity Index) score and physician's overall assessment were improved, and corticosteroid requirements were decreased. Of 3 patients with significant proteinuria, 2 showed marked and 1 modest reductions in protein excretion. DHEA was well tolerated, the only frequently noted side effect being mild acneiform dermatitis. Conclusion. DHEA shows promise as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of mild to moderate SLE. Further studies of DHEA in the treatment of SLE are warranted.
A Quantitative, Non-Invasive Method for the Characterization of Flushing Reactions

A new method for the characterization of flushing reactions is established based on the curvilinear relationship between malar skin temperature and an index of cutaneous blood flow in the face. Previous studies relied on the absolute change in malar temperature which overlooks the curvilinear aspect of this relationship. The change in malar thermal circulation index (ΔMTCI) is derived from the mathematical model of this curvilinear relationship. There were 71 positive flushing reactions in 162 challenges to a variety of agents. The peak malar temperature, change in malar temperature, and ΔMTCI significantly correlated with flushing ( p
A Portable Observatory for Persistent Monitoring of the Night Sky

We describe the design and operation of a small, transportable, robotic observatory that has been developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This small observatory, called RQD2 (Raptor-Q Design 2), is the prototype for nodes in a global network capable of continuous persistent monitoring of the night sky. The observatory employs five wide-field imagers that altogether view about 90% of the sky above 12 degrees elevation with a sensitivity of R=10 magnitude in 10 seconds. Operating robotically, the RQD2 system acquires a nearly full-sky image every 20 seconds, taking more than 10,000 individual images per night. It also runs real-time astrometric and photometric pipelines that provide both a capability to autonomously search for bright astronomical transients and monitor the variability of optical extinction across the full sky. The first RQD2 observatory began operation in March 2009 and is currently operating at the Fenton Hill site located near Los Alamos, NM.We present a detailed description of the RQD2 system and the data taken during the first several months of operation.
A New Cotton Lustermeter for Yarns and Fibers

A single-answer, direct-reading instrument especially adapted for measuring luster of raw cotton and grey and mercerized yarns has been developed. It includes a special sample clamp, and a turret-top holder for the instrument. The sample is illuminated at 45° and measured at 0° and 45°. By means of a special circuit, the ratio of these two measurements may be read directly from an automatically indicating scale in terms of "per cent luster. Samples are easily and quickly prepared from .yarn skeins on special holders, and a similar but narrower holder is used for measuring combed fibers from pinches of blended raw stock samples. Results are related to goniophotometric measurements made for several conditions of illumination. Luster, sample preparation and holder, the instrument, calibration, and luster results for the USDA's Standardized Variety Series of cottons are discussed and summarized. The instrument is an adapta tion of a simplified all-purpose glossmeter under development by R. S. Hunter.
Cationic–anionic vesicle templating from fluorocarbon/fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon surfactants

Abstract Spontaneous catanionic vesicle formation is studied in systems comprising fluorinated surfactants, the cationic/anionic fluorinated surfactant system of 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorododecylpyridinium chloride (HFDPC)/sodium perfluorooctanoate (SPFO) and the analogous mixed hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon surfactant system of cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB)/SPFO. Aggregate formation is explored in the anionic-rich surfactant system (weight fraction of anionic surfactant, γ = 0.66–0.85) and a total surfactant concentration range of 0.1–2% wt/wt for the fluorinated system and 0.4–2.2% wt/wt for the mixed hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon system. Vesicle sizes range from approximately 40 to 200 nm for CPB/SPFO, as determined by negative staining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confirmed by dynamic light scattering. The primary vesicle diameter observed by TEM in the catanionic fluorinated/fluorinated surfactant system is smaller (20–50 nm). However, the relatively few larger vesicles (⩾100 nm) in the HFDPC/SPFO system dominate the dynamic light scattering measurements. Successful templating of silica hollow spheres is demonstrated in both HFDPC/SPFO and CPB/SPFO vesicle systems, using tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) as the silica precursor for the acid-catalyzed synthesis. The size of the resulting hollow silica particles is consistent with the templating of vesicles of the size range observed by TEM. Changes in zeta potential are used to monitor colloidal stability. At the conditions investigated (TMOS/surfactant weight ratios of 0.25–1.0, pH 3), the colloidal silica particles templated from fluorinated HFDPC/SPFO vesicles are more stable than the particles templated from the corresponding mixed fluorinated CPB/SPFO system. Further improvement of the stability of the colloidal particles is achieved in the CPB/SPFO systems by titrating the acid synthesis solution with base over the course of the particle synthesis.
Do present deep inelastic scattering data demonstrate R=RQCD?

Abstract Using recent measurements at SLAC and a simple model for higher twist effects, we argue that the present cumulative deep inelastic scattering data are consistent with but do not demonstrate R = R QCD .
The Role of Ethical Judgments Related to Wildlife Fertility Control

Certain species of wildlife cause considerable damage and therefore receive management attention. Traditional management methods rely on lethal control, but fertility control is increasingly being advocated as a more humane alternative. Because wildlife management decisions are influenced by citizen input, it is important to understand what makes people support or oppose lethal control and fertility control. We studied six U.S. communities trying to manage large populations of white-tailed deer or feral cats and categorized the ethical arguments citizens used to support their positions on lethal and fertility control methods. We identified two broad categories of ethical arguments. Arguments in the “obligations to people” category focused on (1) decision-making procedures, (2) public policy decisions, and (3) management outcomes. Arguments in the “obligations to animals and the environment” category focused on (1) life, suffering, and death, (2) altered characteristics of animals, (3) individuals and comm...
Dopaminergic Supersensitivity Follows Ferric Chloride-Induced Limbic Seizures

Abstract Injection of ferric chloride (FC) into the left amygdala of rats produced limbic seizures that lasted at least 3 weeks. In addition, FC-injected animals demonstrated motor impairment, decreased protesting vocalizations, and spontaneous stereotypies during a behavioral examination. An increase in apomorphine-induced stereotypies was also noted, and weekly administration of apomorphine for 3 weeks potentiated the increase in stereotypes produced by FC injection. These behavioral changes were associated with changes in postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors. In animals injected only with FC, an increase in the [ 3 H]-spiperone B max in the left nucleus accumbens and an increase in K d in the right nucleus accumbens were noted. In FC-injected animals challenged weekly with apomorphine for 3 weeks, increases in the [ 3 H]-spiperone B max in both amygdalae, the left nucleus accumbens, and the right nucleus caudatus and increases in K d in the left amygdala and right nucleus accumbens were noted. Severance of the anterior commissure at the time of FC injection reversed most of these changes in behavior and dopamine receptor binding. Possible mechanisms for these changes are discussed, as well as the implications of these results for research on limbic dysfunction and psychopathology.
Frequency-resolved interferometer measurements of polarized wave propagation in scattering media

An interferometric technique is utilized to measure both the time- and frequency-domain optical fields scattered by a random medium. The method uses a tunable continuous-wave laser source to make frequency-resolved measurements within a fixed-path-length interferometer. Measured frequency-domain field statistics, with a linearly polarized input, are shown to be zero-mean, circular complex Gaussian for both co- and cross-polarization states. With decreasing scatter, the extracted average impulse responses for co- and cross-polarized states show distinct differences, thereby providing insight into the scattering domain.
Phosphorylation of MP26, a lens junction protein, is enhanced by activators of protein kinase C.

MP26, a protein thought to form gap junctional channels in the lens, and other lens proteins were phosphorylated under conditions that activate protein kinase C. Phosphorylation was detected both in lens fiber cell fragments in an “in vivo” labeling procedure with32P-phosphate and in cell homogenates with32P-ATP. In these experiments, both calcium and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) were necessary for maximal phosphorylation of MP26. Calcium stimulated the phosphorylation of MP26 approximately fourfold and TPA with calcium led to a sevenfold increase. If TPA was present, 1 μm calcium was sufficient for maximal labeling. Phosphoamino acid analysis demonstrated approximately 85% phosphoserine, 15% phosphothreonine, and no phosphotyrosine when MP26 was phosphorylated in lens homogenates in the presence of TPA and calcium and then electrophoretically purified. Phosphorylation occurred near the cytoplasmic, C-terminal of MP26. The possible involvement of other kinases was also examined. The Walsh inhibitor, which affects cAMP-dependent protein kinases, had no influence on the TPA-mediated increase in phosphorylation. In studies with isolated membranes and added kinases, MP26 was also found to not be a substrate for calcium/calmodulindependent protein kinase II. Thus, protein kinase C may have phosphorylated MP26 in a direct manner.
Spontaneous and suggested posthypnotic amnesia.

Abstract This investigation was carried out to obtain comparable figures on the prevalence of spontaneous and suggested posthypnotic amnesia. 91 introductory psychology students were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups, and were required to serve as Ss for two consecutive days. The standard induction of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form A was used on the first day, and that of Form B on the second. Suggestibility items were then presented and served to appraise susceptibility and to test for amnesia. For 1 group, spontaneous amnesia was tested on the first day, and suggested amnesia on the second day. This order was reversed for the second group. Using as evidence of amnesia that 4 or fewer of the 10 possible items were recalled, 6 (7%) showed spontaneous amnesia on one of the two days, while a significantly larger number, 32 (35%), showed suggested amnesia. When the groups were subdivided on the basis of susceptibility scores, it was found that there is a marked advantage for suggested amne...
Helical Tomotherapy: An Innovative Technology and Approach to Radiation Therapy

Helical tomotherapy represents both a novel radiation treatment device and an innovative means of delivering radiotherapy. The helical tomotherapy unit itself is essentially a hybrid between a linear accelerator and a helical CT scanner for the purpose of delivering intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The imaging capacity conferred by the CT component allows targeted regions to be visualized prior to, during, and immediately after each treatment. The megavoltage CT (MVCT) images supplant the port-films used in conventional radiotherapy, providing unprecedented anatomical detail. Image-guidance through MVCT will allow the development and refinement of the concept of "adaptive radiotherapy", the reconstruction of the actual daily delivered dose (as opposed to planned dose) accompanied by prescription and delivery adjustments when appropriate. In addition to this unique feature, helical tomotherapy appears capable of further improvements over 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy and non-helical IMRT in the specific avoidance of critical normal structures, i.e "conformal avoidance", the counterpart of conformal radiation therapy. Based on radiobiological principles that exploit the physical advantages of helical tomotherapy, several dosimetric and clinical investigations are underway.
Sister chromatid exchange frequency in mouse embryo chromosomes after in utero ethanol exposure

The frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) increased in mouse embryo chromosomes following a single maternal i.p. injection of ethanol on the tenth day of gestation, indicating a possible morphogenetic action of ethanol in the developing mouse embryo.
Aggregation of spectral density estimators

Abstract Given stationary time series data, we study the problem of finding the best linear combination of a set of lag window spectral density estimators with respect to the mean squared risk. We present an aggregation procedure and prove a sharp oracle inequality for its risk. We also provide simulations demonstrating the performance of our aggregation procedure, given Bartlett and other estimators of varying bandwidths as input. This extends work by P. Rigollet and A. Tsybakov on aggregation of density estimators.
Classification of octahedral tilting phases in the perovskitelike A2BX4 structure.

The possible lower symmetries (subgroups) of the ${A}_{2}$${\mathrm{BX}}_{4}$ structure (space-group symmetry ${D}_{4h}^{17}$) due to rigid octahedral tiltings at phase transitions are investigated. The method for obtaining subgroups determined by reducible representations (i.e., coupled order parameters) is described. This method depends upon subgroup information for irreducible representations (i.e., single uncoupled order parameters). All subgroup symmetries which are allowed by the coupling of two simple octahedral tiltings are listed for this structure.
Crohn's Disease in Children

Once considered rare in children, Crohn9s disease (CD) is being recognized with increasing frequency.1-3 This is due not only to physical awareness but to an alarming increase in the incidence of the disease in young people. Although early descriptions of CD localized the site of involvement to the terminal ileum, it is now recognized that all organs of the alimentary tract may be affected, and in some unfortunate patients involvement extends proximally as far as the stomach, esophagus, or oropharynx and distally, to involve even perianal tissue. Unlike ulcerative colitis which is rather clear-cut in its presentation, CD is often insidious with solitary symptoms of anorexia, weight loss, short stature, or fever of unknown origin being its only manifestation. The presenting symptoms and longterm course vary with the site of disease, and although each patient must be evaluated and treated individually, some overall predictions may be offered as to the victim9s future quality of life.4-6 Significant advances have been made during the last decade in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and in methods of its treatment, although as yet the etiology remains to be defined. Although CD has many features in common with ulcerative colitis and the two are often combined in the terminology, "inflammatory bowel disease," the pathologic findings, course, and complications are distinctive enough that they should be considered as two distinct diseases.
Variant forms of immunoreactive thyrotropin in aged rats

Abstract Immunoreactive thyrotropin, extracted by affinity chromatography from the serum of Fischer 344 male rats and fractionated by gel filtration, is more polymorphic (in terms of molecular weight) in 22- and 30-month-old rats than in younger animals (3- and 12-month-old). Changes in hormonal levels with age involve thyrotropin and thyroxine but not triiodothyronine, serum thyrotropin being significantly decreased at 30 months and thyroxine at 22 and 30 months. Low serum thyroxine levels and increased thyrotropin polymorphism may suggest an impaired pituitary-thyroid axis in aged rats.
Methane flux from coastal salt marshes

It is thought that biological methanogenesis in natural and agricultural wetlands and enteric fermentation in animals are the dominant sources of global tropospheric methane. It is pointed out that the anaerobic soils and sediments, where methanogenesis occurs, predominate in coastal marine wetlands. Coastal marine wetlands are generally believed to be approximately equal in area to freshwater wetlands. For this reason, coastal marine wetlands may be a globally significant source of atmospheric methane. The present investigation is concerned with the results of a study of direct measurements of methane fluxes to the atmosphere from salt marsh soils and of indirect determinations of fluxes from tidal creek waters. In addition, measurements of methane distributions in coastal marine wetland sediments and water are presented. The results of the investigation suggest that marine wetlands provide only a minor contribution to atmospheric methane on a global scale.
Research of Ethernet Ring Protection Technology

Ethernet ring networks are used widely recently, and the research on the ring protection switching is carried out. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) was the first technology to control ring networks to avoid the storm. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) is an upgraded version of STP[1]. RSTP can provide shorter convergence time than STP. Ethernet Automatic Protection switching (EAPS) is designed for a single ring topology [2]. The convergence time of EAPS is below 50ms and EAPS can meet the real-time requirements and high-reliability requirements of network services.G.8032 is a standardized scheme for achieving sub-50ms service protection in ring topologies which is recommended by ITU-T[3]. This paper intelligent Ethernet ring protection technologes about Spanning Tree Protocol, RFC3619 and G.8032 .These technologies appear in different times, and have their advantages and disadvantages. This article outlines these Ethernet ring protection switching technology and explains their basal principles.
A proof of the simple connectivity at infinity of Out F4

Abstract A finitely presented group G is said to be simply connected at infinity if, for any compact set C in the universal cover X for the standard 2-complex for G, there exists a compact set D such that any loop in X ⧹D is homotopically trivial in X ⧹C . Suppose that F 4 is a free group on four generators, Aut F 4 its automorphism group, and Inn F 4 the subgroup of inner automorphisms. We use direct, elementary means to show that the outer automorphism group of rank 4, Aut F 4 /Inn F 4 is simply connected at infinity.
The pathogenetic aspects of spondyloarthropathies from the point of view of HLA-B27

The association of HLA-B27 and seronegative spondyloarthropathies, especially ankylosing spondylitis has been known for almost two decades. The spontaneous development of spondyloarthropathy like joint disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rats verifies the suspicion that the HLA-B27 antigens are directly responsible for disease development. With the recently revealed crystal structure of HLA-B27 and understanding of the class I molecule in general, a new hypothesis can be formulated based on the assumption that the pathogenesis of these diseases is a subversion of the physiological function.
The periparturient rise in fecal egg counts in three strains of Florida Native ewes and its value in predicting resistance of lambs to Haemonchus contortus.

The periparturient rise in fecal egg counts in three strains of Florida Native ewes and its value in predicting resistance of lambs to Haemonchus contortus. International Journal for Parasitology16: 185–189. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in the magnitude of the periparturient rise in fecal egg counts (PPR) occurred in ewes of three strains of Florida Native sheep. Non-lambing ewes (n = 12) and lactating University strain ewes (n = 31), a strain selected over a 26-year period for parasite resistance by survival at pasture without anthelmintic treatment, had lower fecal egg counts than ewes of either Maxcy strain (n= 17), a commercial strain treated regularly with anthelmintics, or Backlinie strain (n = 16), a strain of Florida Native sheep that had some crossbreeding to Hampshire and Suffolk in their genotype and were regularly treated with anthelmintics. Whereas both Maxcy and Backlinie ewes showed a pronounced PPR, none occurred in non-lambing ewes (n=12) and the slight rise in fecal egg counts observed in University ewes was not significantly different from that of the non-lambing ewes. Backlinie ewes having twin lambs (n = 5) had a higher PPR than Backlinie ewes with single lambs (n = 11) or Maxcy ewes with single lambs (n = 15), but all three groups had higher PPRs than University ewes with single lambs (n = 27). No differences occurred in fecal egg counts of non-lambing ewes regardless of strain. Six weeks after weaning fecal egg counts of all ewes were uniformly low regardless of strain or prior lactation status. Ram lambs born to these ewes showed no significant strain differences in Haemonchus contortus burdens after experimental infection, deworming with levamisole and reinfection, although University lambs (n= 13) had lowest mean worm burdens at necropsy (2437) followed by Maxcy lambs (n= 12, mean =3106) and Backlinie lambs (n= 13, mean =3670). There was no significant correlation between worm burdens in these lambs and the magnitude of the PPR in their dams. Eight to 16 weeks after turn out to a common parasite-infested pasture ewe lambs (n = 13) born to University ewes had lower fecal egg counts than similar ewe lambs (n=8) born to Backlinie ewes. Prior to this time differences were not significant and egg counts were generally low. The magnitude of the PPR in their dams was not significantly correlated with fecal egg counts or PCVs of individual ewe lambs.
Simultaneous backscatter and attenuation estimation using a least squares method with constraints.

Backscatter and attenuation variations are essential contrast mechanisms in ultrasound B-mode imaging. Emerging quantitative ultrasound methods extract and display absolute values of these tissue properties. However, in clinical applications, backscatter and attenuation parameters sometimes are not easily measured because of tissues inhomogeneities above the region-of-interest (ROI). We describe a least squares method (LSM) that fits the echo signal power spectra from a ROI to a three-parameter tissue model that simultaneously yields estimates of attenuation losses and backscatter coefficients. To test the method, tissue-mimicking phantoms with backscatter and attenuation contrast as well as uniform phantoms were scanned with linear array trans- ducers on a Siemens S2000. Attenuation and backscatter coefficients estimated by the LSM were compared with those derived using a reference phantom method (Yao et al. 1990). Results show that the LSM yields effective attenuation coefficients for uniform phantoms comparable to values derived using the reference phantom method. For layered phantoms exhibiting nonuniform backscatter, the LSM resulted in smaller attenuation estimation errorsthanthereferencephantommethod.BackscattercoefficientsderivedusingtheLSMwereinexcellentagree- ment with values obtained from laboratory measurements on test samples and with theory. The LSM is more immune to depth-dependent backscatter changes than commonly used reference phantom methods. (E-mail: kibonam@wisc.edu) 2011 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.
Near-IR spectrum of polybutadiene

Abstract : The vibrational overtone spectrum of polybutadiene was recorded up to 14,000/cm and interpreted in the local mode model. The methylenic and olefinic CH stretch progressions, with anharmonicities of 66 and 59/cm, respectively, were identified for delta v = 2, 3,4 and 5. The vinyl stretch progression, being much weaker, was identified through the delta v = 3 transition. Several bending progressions appeared belonging to the cis, trans and vinyl isomers, two of which belong specifically to the vinyl bending motion. The anharmonicites for these bends vary from 11 to 15 /cm. The relative intensity of stretching features decreased on average by a factor of 8 with each higher quantum transition while the comparable decrease for the bending absorptions was a factor of 4. jkg p.1
Large voltage from spin pumping in magnetic tunnel junctions

We studied the response of a ferromagnet-insulator-normal metal tunnel structure under an external oscillating radio frequency (R.F.) magnetic field. The D. C. voltage across the junction is calculated and is found not to decrease despite the high resistance of the junction; instead, it is of the order of $\mu V$ to $100\mu V$, much larger than the experimentally observed value (100 nano-V) in the "strong coupled" ohmic ferromagnet-normal metal bilayers. This is consistent with recent experimental results in tunnel structures, where the voltage is larger than $\mu V$s. The damping and loss of an external RF field in this structure is calculated.
Appraisal of cerebrospinal fluid alterations during aortic surgery with intrathecal papaverine administration and cerebrospinal fluid drainage

Abstract We have previously described a technique for intrathecal administration of papaverine and cerebrospinal fluid drainage to prevent paraplegia after aortic surgery. Herein we report the cerebrospinal fluid and hemodynamic alterations that occurred in 11 patients who had 30 mg of a specially prepared papaverine hydrochloride 10% dextrose solution injected before aortic cross-clamping and also had cerebrospinal fluid drainage. A mean of 26.6 ml (SD ± 7.1 ml) was drained before and 34.6 ml (SD ± 24.1 ml) was drained during aortic cross-clamping. The cerebrospinal fluid pressure increased significantly with anesthetic induction ( p p p r 2 = 0.81, p r 2 = 0.94, p r 2 = 0.74, p p
Myopathy-inducing drugs and fast axoplasmic transport.

Abstract The possibility of increasing fast axoplasmic transport rates (two- to threefold) by drugs capable of producing muscle necrosis was examined in rat sciatic nerve. Paraoxon, a cholinesterase inhibitor, pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and serotonin, a neurotransmitter, in doses which produce muscle damage, were administered to animals and fast transport of precursor labeled proteins was examined. None of the drug treatments studied altered the normal rate of approximately 400 mm/day.
Boundary terms in the action for the Regge calculus

The boundary terms in the action for Regge's formulation of general relativity on a simplicial net are derived and compared with the boundary terms in continuum general relativity.
Development of a quantitative PCR assay for residual mouse DNA and comparison of four sample purification methods for DNA isolation

Reliable and sensitive assays are required to determine whether a pharmaceutical product meets current regulatory guidelines for residual host cell DNA. In this study, the sensitivity of the qPCR assay was significantly improved by targeting the repetitive elements of mouse genome. This improved method allowed for sensitive and accurate quantitation of mouse genomic DNA in the range of 1 to 10(6)pg/mL. In addition, four sample purification methods for DNA isolation (Wako DNA extractor kit, MasterPure™ DNA purification kit, PrepSEQ™ residual DNA sample preparation kit, and phenol-chloroform extraction method with addition of glycogen), each representing a different strategy for DNA isolation from proteinaceous solutions, were evaluated by isolating DNA from a mouse monoclonal IgG antibody. Among these methods, Wako DNA extractor kit and MasterPure™ DNA purification kit demonstrated superior DNA recovery, repeatability, and sensitivity, with quantitation limits of 1pg/mL. To further evaluate these two DNA isolation methods, six replicates of an unspiked mouse polyclonal IgG antibody sample were tested by both methods, and both methods demonstrated a good degree of precision. Therefore, the residual mouse DNA quantitation methods described here represented rapid, accurate, precise, and sensitive procedures that can be used in quality control testing for regulatory compliance in the pharmaceutical industry.
Software parts in Fortran 8x

This paper briefly describes the data abstraction mechanisms that have been proposed by the Fortran Standards Subcommittee X3J3 for Fortran 8x. With the proposed mechanisms, the building of software parts, that is, components of subroutine libraries, data bases, and program packages, is greatly facilitated.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Cross Talk of Combined Gene and Cell Therapy in Ischemic Heart Disease: Role of Exosomal MicroRNA Transfer”

We are thankful for the interest and comments of Li and Hong concerning our recent findings demonstrating that exogenous administration of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) could modulate the ischemic microenvironment, rendering it more favorable for the survival of transplanted stem cells, effects that are partially mediated by exosomal transfer of miR-126 and miR-210.! Indeed, the role of exosomes in cardiovascular diseases and cardiac regeneration is being explored actively, and exosomes have been demonstrated to possess both physiological and pathophysiological effects in this context.2 …
Effects of global climate change on the patterns of terrestrial biological communities.

Abstract Recent paleobiological research has shown that late-Quaternary global warming caused individual species distributions to change along environmental gradients in different directions, at different rates, and over different periods. The individualistic responses of the biota created new community patterns. Individualistic changes can be anticipated in the future and if, as predicted, the rate of warming caused by the ‘greenhouse effect’ is greater than in past events, then the individualistic responses may be even more profound.
Transfer of aspirin across the perfused human placental cotyledon

Pregnancy-induced hypertension is associated with a reduction in prostacyclin synthesis that is relative to normotensive pregnancy, whereas thromboxane A2 synthesis is unchanged or increased. The net effect is a decreased prostacyclin/thromboxane ratio that may result in the reduced fetal-placental blood flow seen in pregnancy-induced hypertension because thromboxane is known to constrict this circulation. Low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), which is used to treat pregnancy-induced hypertension, selectively inhibits thromboxane synthesis and therefore may alter fetal-placental blood flow. We have investigated the transfer of acetylsalicylic acid in the perfused human placental cotyledon and its effects on fetal-placental perfusion pressure. Human placental cotyledons were perfused with tissue culture medium 199 plus 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone that was gassed with 95% oxygen/5% carbon dioxide at flow rates of 10 ml/min (maternal) and 4 ml/min (fetal). Acetylsalicylic acid (10(-5) mol/L) was added to the maternal circuit, and cotyledons were perfused for 1 hour with aliquots taken from a closed fetal circuit every 5 minutes. Acetylsalicylic acid was assayed by spectrofluorometry at 306/412 nm. Our data indicate an initial rapid transfer of acetylsalicylic acid during the first 5 minutes into the fetal-placental circulation, the concentration then decreased to a steady state at 0.4 x 10(-5) mol/L. Resting perfusion pressure of both maternal and fetal circulation did not change after the addition of acetylsalicylic acid to maternal perfusate and transfer to the fetal circulation.
Residential property values in a multinodal urban area: New evidence on the implicit price of location

The monocentric model predicts a housing price gradient from the central business district, and it follows that the extension of this model to account for modern multinodal metropolitan areas would predict housing price gradients from multiple employment centers. Empirical analysis using hedonic regression techniques for the estimation of price gradients in a multinodal context is limited. This study extends prior work by exploring nonlinear housing price gradients in a multinodal urban area with an unusually robust database of housing sales transactions, and using a geographic information system for spatial analysis. The results confirm the importance of non-CBD employment centers, a strong if asymmetric CBD price gradient, and significant nonlinear gradients from such other urban amenities as major retail sites and highways.
The recessive phenotype of forked can be uncovered by heat shock in Drosophila

Heat shock uncovers the recessive forked phenotype when heterozygotes between f36a and wild-type are heated during sensitive periods in pupal development. We call the phenocopy of a mutant in such a heterozygote a heterocopy. The heterocopy in f36a/+ is virtually identical to the mutant phenotype; however, bristles on different parts of the body are affected during different sensitive periods. We discuss the hypothesis that the heat shock acts by affecting expression of the wild-type gene product corresponding to the mutant gene. The sensitive period for heterocopy induction in a specific tissue is proposed to correspond to the normal time of gene expression for the forked gene product in a particular tissue.
Evidentiality: Authority, Responsibility, and Entitlement in English Conversation

The present study explores the use of evidential markers in English conversation. It seeks to provide evidence that evidential marking in English conversation indexes social meanings and, hence, is sensitive to the relationship between speaker and recipients) and/in a particular context of utterance; and it seeks to demonstrate that it is the social meanings of authority, responsibility, and entitlement that are indexed by evidential marking in English conversation.