cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual dimorphism of head morphology in three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus

This study examined sexual dimorphism of head morphology in the ecologically diverse three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus. Male G. aculeatus had longer heads than female G. aculeatus in all 10 anadromous, stream and lake populations examined, and head length growth rates were significantly higher in males in half of the populations sampled, indicating that differences in head size increased with body size in many populations. Despite consistently larger heads in males, there was significant variation in size-adjusted head length among populations, suggesting that the relationship between head length and body length was flexible. Inter-population differences in head length were correlated between sexes, thus population-level factors influenced head length in both sexes despite the sexual dimorphism present. Head shape variation between lake and anadromous populations was greater than that between sexes. The common divergence in head shape between sexes across populations was about twice as important as the sexual dimorphism unique to each population. Finally, much of the sexual dimorphism in head length was due to divergence in the anterior region of the head, where the primary trophic structures were found. It is unclear whether the sexual dimorphism was due to natural selection for niche divergence between sexes or sexual selection. This study improves knowledge of the magnitude, growth rate divergence, inter-population variation and location of sexual dimorphism in G. aculeatus head morphology.
Normal incidence detector using Ge quantum well structures grown on Si [100]

Summary form only given. The normal incidence detection of light by Sb delta -doped Ge/Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ multiple quantum well (MQW) structures grown on Si
Stoichiometric interpretation of Escherichia coli glucose catabolism under various oxygenation rates.

Metabolic by-product secretion is commonly observed in oxygen-limited cultures. Oxygen limitations occur because of limits in the capacity of the respiratory system or because of the oxygenation limits of the cultivation method used. The latter restriction is of considerable practical importance since it results in a critical cell concentration above which oxygenation is insufficient, leading to by-product secretion. In this study we used a flux balance approach to determine optimal metabolic performance of Escherichia coli under variable oxygen limitations. This method uses linear optimization to find optimal metabolic flux patterns with respect to cell growth. Cell growth was defined as precursor requirements on the basis of a composition analysis. A growth-associated maintenance requirement of 23 mmol of ATP per g of biomass and a non-growth-associated maintenance value of 5.87 mmol at ATP per g (dry weight)-h were incorporated on the basis of a comparison with experimental data. From computations of optimal growth increased oxygen limitations were found to result in the secretion of acetate, formate, and ethanol in that order. Consistent with the experimental data in the literature, by-product secretion rates increased linearly with the growth rate. The computed optimal growth under increasing oxygen limitation revealed four critical growth rates at which changes in the by-product secretion pattern were observed. Concomitant with by-product secretion under oxygen limitations were changes in metabolic pathway utilization. The shifts in metabolism were characterized by changes in the metabolic values (computed as shadow prices) of the various redox carriers. The redox potential was thus identified as a likely trigger that leads to metabolic shifts.2+ a
Profiles of language and communication skills in autism

Language in autism appears to be best characterized by a selective deficit in applying language forms for purposes of functional communication. This pattern of selective deficit has been called the ‘‘form/function dissociation.’’ This article outlines the language characteristics most often associated with autism and considers whether the observed patterns are specific to autism as a syndrome. Those characteristics that appear to be syndrome-specific are analyzed from the perspective of the form/function dissociation. Intervention considerations are briefly reviewed.
Residential Substance User Treatment Programs as Venues for HCV Pharmacological Treatment: Client and Staff Perspectives

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent among drug users. While there are antiviral medications available to combat the virus, the medication regimen is quite arduous, presenting special issues for drug users. We examined the challenges and benefits of using residential substance user treatment programs as venues for clients to undergo HCV medication regimens. Analyses of qualitative data collected from clients and staff in 2003 at four residential substance user treatment programs in the U.S. indicate that challenges primarily include issues involving the medications' side effects, and both financial and communication concerns. Benefits especially involve clients' feelings that they are being proactive in addressing health issues in an environment that provides much-needed support. Findings illuminate the complex issues involved for both clients and the programs, and some steps that programs can take to better support HCV-infected clients regarding HCV medication concerns.
Implementing a program to motivate math and science grade school classrooms

Mechanical engineering students from Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology have been visiting elementary school classes, grades 4-6, to expose the children to engineering as a career option, to motivate the use of math and science, and to emphasize the importance of a good education. The 1993-94 school year will be the third year for this program. In the program's first two years, mechanical engineering students made presentations to approximately 80 elementary school classes each year, reaching several thousand students. The presentations consist of demonstrations and hands-on activities. The first two years of the program were administered by the faculty advisor to the Rose-Hulman student section of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, but the administration of the program is to be turned over to the students for the 1993-94 school year. >
Enzymatic analyses in organic solvents

Horseradish peroxidase has been found to vigorously act as a catalyst in a number of water-immiscible organic solvents. The rates of peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of p-anisidine with H(2)O(2) in toluene, benzene, ethyl and butyl acetates, and ether are in the range of 10-25% of that in water (pH 7.0) at the same reactant concentrations. Per oxidase was coupled with cholesterol oxidase (which was also found to be catalytically active in organic media), and the bienzymic system was successfully used for accurate, reliable, and reproducible determination of cholesterol in toluene.
Black box methods for least squares problems

We present algorithms to construct an efficient black box for the pseudoinverse, At, of a black box matrix A. This in also known as the Moore-Penrose inverse of A. For the system Ax = b over a subfield of the complex numbers: the vector x = Atb is the least squares solution having the least norm. When we say that A is a black box matrix we mean simply that methods are given to compute the matrix-vector products Au and uTA, for vectors u and vectors v of compatible length. No other assumptions are made about the structure or representation of the matrix.The entries may be integers or rational numbers or elements of a finite field. For the integer or rational case the method uses homomorphic images, and is based on an algorithm capable of computing the black box for the pseudoinverse, when it exists, over an arbitrary field. We discuss the asymptotic costs and some variants that are likely to be useful in practice.Over a finite field the solution, x = Atb, is uniquely defined when it exists. The ability to produce this particular solution is a useful addition to the range of ways solution to singular linear systems may be offered in the black box model.
Estimation of Postmortem Interval Using Arthropod Development and Successional Patterns.

Insects are frequently the first organisms to arrive at a dead body. By their activities they begin a biological clock that will allow for an estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI). In this publication, the two general approaches to estimation of the PMI using entomological data are reviewed: (a) use of individual species developmental patterns; and (b) use of arthropod succession data. Recent advances in studies of the biologies of various Diptera (flies) have allowed for more accurate estimates, as have recent detailed studies of the roles of various arthropods in the decomposition process. Five stages of decomposition (fresh, bloated, decay, post-decay, and skeletal) are suggested as reference points in the decomposition process. These stages are largely artificial, but serve as convenient references in court situations. Factors that may delay invasion of the remains by arthropods or alter developmental patterns, such as wrapping of the body, climate, or presence of drugs and toxins in the remains, are discussed. A general plan of approach to the estimation of PMI using entomological data is presented.
Kinetics and population dynamics during biodegradation of phenol by a binary mixed culture

Although most studies on pollutant biodegradation (especially those of a quantitative nature) have focused on pure cultures, biodegradation in natural environments is carried out by microbial consortia (mixed microbial populations that interact). Furthermore, it has been argued that consortia can have a wider substrate range and higher activity levels than pure cultures [1]; thus, consortia are of interest where bioremediation is concerned.
Distribution of pathogens of nosocomial infection in neonate ward and analysis of their drug resistance.

OBJECTIVE To understand the distribution of respiratory tract pathogens in neonatal ward and drug resistance analysis.METHODS The clinical isolates were identified by VITEK-60 of Bio-Merieux of France.Using K-B agar diffusion method and confirmed test to detect the drug resistance of ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli.RESULTS K.pneumoniae was a major pathogen of neonatal respiratory tract,accounted for 59.7%,followed by E.coli,accounted for 15.1%,and then were Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii,both for 5.3% separately.The incidence of ESBLs was 67.7% in E.coli and 66.7% in K.pneumoniae.CONCLUSION Newborns should not use aminoglycosides,quinolones and sulfa drugs.Therefore,theirresistance rate is significantly lower than the β-lactam drugs.As a result of third-generation cephalosporin widely used in clinical practice,the ESBLS bacteria are common.We should strengthened the isolation,preventing and control of their propagation in hospitals.
Chloride and cation currents activated by bradykinin in coronary venular endothelial cells

Bradykinin (BK) is known to activate several types of ion channels in endothelial cells, including a K+ channel and a nonselective cation channel. The predominant BK-activated current in most endothelial cells appears to be an outward, Ca(2+)-activated K+ current. We consistently recorded a rapidly activated, spontaneously inactivated inward current stimulated by BK in bovine coronary venular endothelial cells (CVECs). With the use of a whole cell, perforated patch recording mode, the average magnitude of the current was -293 +/- 38 pA. Simultaneous measurements of current and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) showed that the inward current correlated closely with transient increases in [Ca2+]i due to Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. The current could be blocked by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) but not by La3+, and it persisted in Ca(2+)-free/Na(+)-free solution. When intra- and/or extracellular Cl- concentrations were altered, the reversal potential of the current shifted according to the calculated Cl- -equilibrium potential, indicating that the current was carried primarily by Cl-. Another inward current was also activated by BK. This current was slower to activate, could be blocked by La3+, but was not blocked by DIDS. The time course of the slowly activated current correlated with the plateau phase of the BK-stimulated [Ca2+]i increase, which was similar to the behavior of a nonselective cation current reported previously. We propose that these two currents may contribute to the depolarizations and net inward currents induced by BK in this cell line.
Information Theory Based Opportunistic Sensing in Radar Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose to use information theory to automatically select the best sensors in a Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Radar Sensor Networks (RSN) to detect target in foliage environment. Information theoretic algorithms such as entropy and mutual information are proven methods that can be applied to data collected by various sensors for target detection. However, the complexity of the environment brings uncertainty in fusion center and the big data collected by sensors can have huge processing load. In this paper, we propose to use another information theoretical criterion known as Chernoff information that can provide the best error exponent of detection in Bayesian approach. We also used Chernoff Stein Lemma for fusing the data to optimize the performance. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated, based on real world data. Results show that our opportunistic sensing (OS) algorithm does efficient utilization of sensing assets and provide same performance while it is compared with the existing method without OS.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a review of the literature.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura is the most common vasculitis in children and young adults. It is generally benign, self-limiting, and characterized by purpuric rash, arthralgias, and abdominal pain. It may be complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding, nephritis, lung hemorrhage, or rarely, death. This article reviews the history, etiology, clinical manifestations, complications, and treatment of the disease.
Oxidative Reactivities of 2-Furylquinolines: Ubiquitous Scaffolds in Common High-Throughput Screening Libraries

High-throughput screening (HTS) was employed to discover APOBEC3G inhibitors, and multiple 2-furylquinolines (e.g., 1) were found. Dose–response assays with 1 from the HTS sample, as well as commercial material, yielded similar confirmatory results. Interestingly, freshly synthesized and DMSO-solubilized 1 was inactive. Repeated screening of the DMSO aliquot of synthesized 1 revealed increasing APOBEC3G inhibitory activity with age, suggesting that 1 decomposes into an active inhibitor. Laboratory aging of 1 followed by analysis revealed that 1 undergoes oxidative decomposition in air, resulting from a [4 + 2] cycloaddition between the furan of 1 and 1O2. The resulting endoperoxide then undergoes additional transformations, highlighted by Baeyer-Villager rearrangements, to deliver lactam, carboxylic acid, and aldehyde products. The endoperoxide also undergoes hydrolytic opening followed by further transformations to a bis-enone. Eight structurally related analogues from HTS libraries were similarly reacti...
Anthodiplosis eutrochii, n. sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), the Flower-Bud Gallmaker of Joe Pye Weed in North America

Abstract. Anthodiplosis eutrochii Gagne, new species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Clinodiplosini), is described. It is responsible for the flower bud gall and only known gall on Eutrochium spp. in eastern North America. Dasineura purpurea Felt is no longer considered the gall maker. Galls are first noticeable at early anthesis in July. Full-grown larvae drop to the soil in August and September. Some adults may emerge in September, but most appear the following year. Anthodiplosis Kieffer, previously known from a single species from Europe, is a genus new to North America.
Criteria for Determining Optimal Pediatric Dosage for a Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Procedure

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to provide information on the technical issues that must be addressed when adapting radiopharmaceuticals for use in children and to review the criteria and formulas currently used to calculate pediatric radiopharmaceutical dosages. Methods: We conducted a phone survey of the nation’s top medical facilities for pediatric care to find the criteria employed to establish radiopharmaceutical dosing guidelines for children. Technical pediatric dosing considerations were also obtained from the medical literature. Results: The majority of institutions surveyed use body weight as the sole criteria in the determination of pediatric dose and empirically derive their minimum allowable activity limits. Adult dosages, established at 70 kg, are used as the maximum allowable activity limits. Conclusions: Although the medical literature supports the use of body surface area as one of the most reliable methods of calculating pediatric radiopharmaceutical dose, the majority of top pediatric health care facilities prefer to use body weight as the only variable in the calculation of optimal pediatric dosage. Given the importance of issues that must be considered to ensure the radiation safety and the physical and mental comfort of the child, we believe that all pediatric radiopharmaceutical dosing guidelines and considerations warrant further attention.
RE-CONCEPTUALIZING EFL PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: ENHANCING COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY FOR THAI TEACHERS

The spread of globalization means an accompanying growth in the importance of English as a lingua franca. Efforts to increase English proficiency are especially pronounced in Southeast Asia with the opening of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015. A common strategy to enhance English learning in Asian countries is to begin instruction at the primary level, but policymakers face the challenge of preparing teachers of young learners with the necessary content and pedagogical knowledge to provide high quality English education. This article reports on a professional development effort aimed to help Thai primary teachers of English integrate communicative language teaching approaches. After describing the Thai English education context and key project components, the author uses participant and trainer response data to identify factors that contribute to perceived quality of the project. From these findings, the author makes recommendations to re-conceptualize best practices in teacher professional development for Thai English teachers. Findings and recommendations are applicable both to Thailand and to other nations with EFL contexts.
Evaluation of Presulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 for Hydrodeoxygenation of Microalgae Oil To Produce Green Diesel

In the present work, reduced presulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3, the conventional hydrotreating catalyst, was evaluated for green diesel production via hydrodeoxygenation of unrefined microalgae oil in a microreactor, mimicking the single channel of a monolithic reactor. The effect of reactor inner diameter on space-time yield of hydrocarbon and microalgae oil conversion was studied first to confirm the superiority of the microreactor for three-phase reactions. Based on the external and internal mass transfer limitation analyses, a range of process conditions without mass transfer limitation was determined for catalyst evaluation. The results showed that NiMo/γ-Al2O3 is deactivated due to the accumulation of produced oxygenated intermediates in hydrodeoxygenation reaction, and its selectivity to even-numbered carbon hydrocarbon produced from hydrodehydration correlates with the catalyst activity. The catalyst activity and life can be preserved by increasing hydrogen to oil ratio, residence time, reaction temperatur...
INT-004 GSASA codification tool of clinical pharmacists’ interventions: inter-user agreement

Background The Swiss Society of Public Health Administration and Hospital Pharmacists (GSASA) published in 2011 a codification tool to standardise the documentation of clinical pharmacists’ interventions during clinical rounds (www.gsasa.ch/pages/activites/activites-cliniques). It includes the five following items: problem, type of problem (potential or actual), reason for intervention, intervention, and outcome. The clinical pharmacists at the ICHV document their interventions by a short description which is stored in a locally developed database. A random sample of those described interventions (DI) is codified with the GSASA tool once a year. Purpose The aim of the work was to compare the retrospective codification of the same DI by two pharmacists in order to evaluate the inter-user agreement and to estimate the time needed for the codification. Material and method One hundred DI performed in 2012 in an internal medicine unit were randomly chosen. Two pharmacists codified those DI separately and the time used to codify was measured. Global agreement was defined as five concordant items (problem, type of problem, reason for intervention, intervention, and outcome) and the disagreement, by a discrepancy of at least one item. Results Twenty of the 100 interventions could not be codified because of an incomplete or vague description by the clinical pharmacist or because the DI was not covered by the items of the tool. The global agreement for the 80 codified DI was only 15%. Among the causes of disagreement, the category with the highest inter-user variability was the “type of problem” (64% of disagreement), where the codifying pharmacist needed to choose between “actual” or “potential”. The disagreement rate was 21% for the “reason for intervention”, 19% for the “problem”, 15% for the “intervention” and 4% for the “outcome”. Discussion and conclusion We welcome the GSASA codification tool which can be used to codify the DI retrospectively; however a high inter-user variability was identified. The item “type of problem” was the major cause of disagreement (64%). The choice between “actual” or “potential” is unclear. Does this item refer to a drug related problem or to its effect on the patient? The “reason for intervention” showed 21% of disagreement because of one major reason: if two medications have an additive side effect (e.g additive effect of QT prolonging drugs), should it be classified as “interaction” (pharmacodynamic interaction) or as “adverse reaction”? GSASA is planning to develop a user’s manual which should help clarifying each category and improve inter-user agreement. This hypothesis should be further tested. No conflict of interest.
Triple arthrodesis for diabetic peritalar neuroarthropathy

From 1963 to 1990, the senior authors (R.E.M. and K.G.H.) performed eight triple arthrodeses in seven patients with diabetes mellitus with sensory loss in the lower extremities. By clinical and roentgenographic examination, all patients were diagnosed with peritalar neuroarthropathy before surgery. All patients underwent a two-incision triple arthrodesis with internal fixation. Patient follow-up averaged 44 months and included repeat physical examinations and radiographs. All patients went on to clinical union and were satisfied with the procedure. One patient had prolonged wound drainage that resolved with antibiotic therapy; another had a residual rocker-bottom deformity and plantar ulceration that resolved after modification of custom shoe wear. We believe comprehensive management of diabetic peritalar neuroarthropathy can include surgical arthrodesis of the involved joints. The disease process and surgical indications are discussed.
The Influence of Managerial Disagreement on Industry Characteristics and Strategy on Small Firm Performance

Because of the potential importance of matching the finn’s strategy with the industry competitive environment, the performance of small finns, noted for the lack of formal information gathering and lack of formal planning, may suffer if there are serious differences in perceptions between presidents and sales managers. The impact of these differences may be more pronounced in volatile industries and more pronounced as the small finn grows. This study sought to empirically examine the impact on performance from differences between small finn presidents and sales managers in perceptions of the competitive environment and strategy emphasis under conditions of high and low industry volatility. The impact of these differences were also examined for finns of differing sales levels. The average level of absolute difference between presidents and sales managers in environmental perceptions has a significant negative influence on finn profitability. Industry variability and finn size does not appear to moderate this influence. The level of absolute difference between presidents and sales managers as to emphasis on growth/differentiation strategy or low cost strategy has a significant negative impact on new product success, customer retention, and relative product quality. This difference seems to be especially pronounced in situations of high variation in capital spending variability, where emphasis on growth/differentiation strategy is a significant influence on performance.
Analysis and Optimization of Cache Accessing in Molecular Dynamics Simulation

By analysis and optimizing the accessing features of the Cache in molecular dynamics algorithm to improve the computational performance of molecular dynamics simulations on multi-level Cache structure.An Atom-reorder algorithm was proposed by analyzing the factors which influence Cache hit rate and simulation efficiency.By sorting the order of atoms and making the distance of the atoms in the same cell or neighboring cells shortened in the memory position,it can the enhance program locality and reduce the loss of the Cache.The performance tests indicate that the Cache misses can be made great improvement in the large system of MD and the computational performance have some improved.
Robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy: who is benefiting?

How should oncologists advise patients about the best surgical approach to use to treat their prostate cancer? Quite simply, it is the surgeon, not the approach. The self-fulfilling prophecy about surgery is that the best surgeons tend to do the most surgeries, so an easy metric is volume.
Severe Aggression Among Female Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii at Gombe National Park, Tanzania

Aggression is generally more severe between males than between females because males gain greater payoffs from escalated aggression. Males that successfully defeat rivals may greatly increase their access to fertile females. Because female reproductive success depends on long-term access to resources, competition between females is often sustained but low key because no single interaction leads to a high payoff. Nonetheless, escalated aggression can sometimes immediately improve a female’s reproductive success. Resisting new immigrants can reduce feeding competition, and infanticide of other females’ young can increase a female’s access to resources. East African chimpanzees live in fission-fusion communities in which females occupy overlapping core areas. Growing evidence indicates that reproductive success correlates with core area quality, and that females compete for long-term access to core areas. Here we document 5 new cases of severe female aggression in the context of such competition: 2 attacks by resident females on an immigrant female, a probable intracommunity infanticide, and 2 attacks on a female and her successive newborn infants by females whose core areas overlapped hers. The cases provide further evidence that females are occasionally as aggressive as males. Factors influencing the likelihood and severity of such attacks include rank and size differences and the presence of dependable allies. Counterstrategies to the threat of female aggression include withdrawing from others around the time of parturition and seeking male protection. We also discuss an unusual case of a female taking the newborn infant of another, possibly to protect it from a potentially infanticidal female.
SU-G-TeP2-14: Universal Function Form for Photon Open Field In-Water Output Ratio

Purpose: In-Water-Output-Ratio (IWOR) plays a significant role in linac-based radiotherapy treatment planning, linking MUs to delivered radiation dose. For an open rectangular field, IWOR depends on both its width and length, and changes rapidly when one of them becomes small. In this study, a universal functional form is proposed to fit the open field IWOR tables in Varian TrueBeam representative datasets for all photon energies. Methods: A novel Generalized Mean formula is first used to estimate the Equivalent Square (ES) for a rectangular field. The formula's weighting factor and power index are determined by collapsing all data points as much as possible onto a single curve in IWOR vs. ES plot. The result is then fitted with a novel universal function IWOR=1+b*Log(ES/10cm)/(ES/10cm)^c via a least-square procedure to determine the optimal values for parameters b and c. The maximum relative residual error in IWOR over the entire two-dimensional measurement table with field sizes between 3cm and 40cm is used to evaluate the quality of fit for the function. Results: The two-step fitting strategy works very well in determining the optimal parameter values for open field IWOR of each photon energies in the Varian data-set. Relative residual error ≤0.71% is achieved for all photon energies (including Flattening-Filter-Free modes) with field sizes between 3cm and 40cm. The optimal parameter values change smoothly with regular photon beam quality. Conclusion: The universal functional form fits the Varian TrueBeam open field IWOR measurement tables accurately with small relative residual errors for all photon energies. Therefore, it can be an excellent choice to represent IWOR in absolute dose and MU calculations. The functional form can also be used as a QA/commissioning tool to verify the measured data quality and consistency by checking the IWOR data behavior against the function for new photon energies with arbitrary beam quality.
Teachers as Air Traffic Controllers: Helping Adolescents Navigate the Unfriendly Skies of Executive Functioning.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to familiarize teachers with the concept of executive functioning and to provide them with a collection of strategies that they can use to help support middle and high school students with planning, organization, task-initiation, and impulse control.
Mild Cognitive Impairments Moderate the Effect of Time on Verbal Fluency Performance.

Objectives: Mild cognitive impairments (MCI) is a transitional state in aging associated with increased risk of incident dementia. The current study investigated whether MCI status moderated the effect of time on word generation during verbal fluency tasks. Specifically, the objective was to determine whether MCI status had differential effects on initial automatic or latter more effortful retrieval processes of fluency tasks. Methods: Participants were community residing older adults enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study. Of the 408 participants, 353 were normal (age=76.06±6.61; %female=57.8) and 55 were diagnosed with MCI (age=78.62±7.00; %female=52.7). Phonemic and category fluency were each administered for 60 s, but performance was recorded at three consecutive 20-s intervals (0–20 s [T1], 21–40 s [T2], 41–60 s [T3]. Separate linear mixed effects models for each fluency task were used to determine the effects of group, time, and their interaction on word generation. Results: In both fluency tasks, word generation declined as a function of time. Individuals with MCI generated fewer words compared to controls during the first 20 s of phonemic (beta=−1.56; p<.001; d=0.28) and category fluency (beta=−1.85; p<.001; d=0.37). Group by time interactions revealed that individuals with MCI demonstrated attenuated declines in word generation from the first to the second and third time intervals of both phonemic ([T1 vs. T2] beta=2.17, p=.001; d=0.41; [T1 vs. T3]beta=2.28, p=.001; d=0.45) and category ([T1 vs. T2] beta= 2.22, p=.002; d=0.50; [T1 vs. T3]beta=3.16, p<.001; d=0.71) fluency. Conclusions: Early automatic retrieval processes in verbal fluency tasks are compromised in MCI. (JINS, 2017, 23, 44–55)
The Effect of Overweight and Obesity on Joint Damage in Patients with Moderate or Severe Hemophilia.

Abstract Hemophilia is due to a lack of a clotting factor, usually factor 8 or 9, and confers an increased tendency to bleed. Repeated joint bleeds lead to bone and joint damage, and ultimately to joint deformity and significant morbidity. Overweight and obesity have been found to have major impact on the health of children and adolescents. Concern about weight gain among children has been high due to negative health outcomes in addition to the increasing prevalence of the problem. To evaluate the impact of overweight and obesity on joint damage in patients with hemophilia, we conducted a retrospective evaluation of males aged 6 to 25 years with moderate or severe hemophilia who presented to our treatment center from 1/1998 to 12/2005. Of 197 patients initially identified from our hemophilia population as eligible for the study, 56 met the inclusion criteria of having a diagnosis of moderate or severe hemophilia, and available measurements for height, weight and joint range of motion (ROM). Patients were scored based upon ROM for weight bearing joints (ankle, knee, and hip). We assigned a score of 1 for each ROM measured outside of the range of normal. Each joint possessed the possibility of two scores, one each for flexion and extension, resulting in joint scores ranging from 0–6. Patients were divided into two categories: those with a score of Patient Demographics BMI ≥ 85%ile BMI Gender (%) male 100 100 Ethnicity (%) Black 4 0 White 16 40 Hispanic 80 60 Hemophilia A 24 15 Hemophilia B 1 5 Mean Age 15 15 Median Age 15 19 Age Range 5–24 5–23 Joint Scores and BMI Joint Score ≥ 1 plus target Joint Score BMI ≥ 85%ile 25 8 BMI 11 12
Regulation of mitochondrial structure and function by protein import: A current review

By generating the majority of a cell's ATP, mitochondria permit a vast range of reactions necessary for life. Mitochondria also perform other vital functions including biogenesis and assembly of iron-sulfur proteins, maintenance of calcium homeostasis, and activation of apoptosis. Accordingly, mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked with the pathology of many clinical conditions including cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis. The ongoing maintenance of mitochondrial structure and function requires the import of nuclear-encoded proteins and for this reason, mitochondrial protein import is indispensible for cell viability. As mitochondria play central roles in determining if cells live or die, a comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial structure, protein import, and function is necessary for identifying novel drugs that may destroy harmful cells while rescuing or protecting normal ones to preserve tissue integrity. This review summarizes our current knowledge on mitochondrial architecture, mitochondrial protein import, and mitochondrial function. Our current comprehension of how mitochondrial functions maintain cell homeostasis and how cell death occurs as a result of mitochondrial stress are also discussed.
Phospholipid fatty acid composition of modified soybeans and the effect of saturated fatty acid content on seed performance

Phospholipid (PL) fatty acid composition and stereospecific distribution of 25 genetically modified soybean lines having a wide range of compositions were determined by gas chromatography and phospholipase Aj hydrolysis. PL contained an average of 55.3% phosphatidylcholine, 26.3% phosphatidylethanolamine and 18.4% phosphatidylinositol, PL class proportions were affected by changes in overall fatty acid composition. PL fatty acid composition changed with oil fatty acid modification, especially for palmitate, stearate and linolenate. Stereospecific analysis showed that saturated fatty acids were primarily located at the sn-1 position of all PLs, and changes of the saturates in PLs were largely reflected on this position. Oleate was distributed relatively equally between the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Linoleate was much more concentrated on sn-2 than on sn-1 position for all PLs. Linolenate was distributed relatively equally at low concentration but preferred the sn-2 position at high concentration. ' Reprinted with permission from J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 74(12);1587-1594 (1997), copyright© 1997. ^ Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and the Center for Crops Utilization Research. ^ Author for correspondence. ^ Department of Agronomy.
Thermodynamic and Structural Adaptation Differences between the Mesophilic and Psychrophilic Lactate Dehydrogenases

The thermodynamics of substrate binding and enzymatic activity of a glycolytic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), from both porcine heart, phLDH (Sus scrofa; a mesophile), and mackerel icefish, cgLDH (Chamapsocephalus gunnari; a psychrophile), were investigated. Using a novel and quite sensitive fluorescence assay that can distinguish protein conformational changes close to and distal from the substrate binding pocket, a reversible global protein structural transition preceding the high-temperature transition (denaturation) was surprisingly found to coincide with a marked change in enzymatic activity for both LDHs. A similar reversible structural transition of the active site structure was observed for phLDH but not for cgLDH. An observed lower substrate binding affinity for cgLDH compared to that for phLDH was accompanied by a larger contribution of entropy to ΔG, which reflects a higher functional plasticity of the psychrophilic cgLDH compared to that of the mesophilic phLDH. The natural osmolyte, tri...
Women and the Urban Economy in India: Insights from the Data on Migration

This chapter uses the National Sample Survey (NSS) data from 1983 to 2008 to investigate the socio-economic correlates of economic, follower, and marriage migration by women to urban India. The results indicate that low urban female economic migration rates are not a statistical aberration due to incorrectly designed survey methodology and that a lack of supply of decent jobs may be reinforcing male breadwinner norms. Instead the analysis shows that both falling economic and rising marriage migration rates for urban Indian women are correlated with increasing urban economic inequality and insecurity.
Drafting a Texas Oil and Gas Lease to Ensure Enforceability of a Consent-to-Assign Clause: How to Make an Oil and Gas ‘Lease’ a Lease

The traditional Texas oil and gas lease expressly allowed the operator to freely transfer the working interest in the lease. These transfers, however, have occasionally been made to sketchy operators who are not attentive to the rights of the surface estate owner. Consequently, more and more landowners are now seeking to protect themselves by negotiating for a clause in the lease that requires the landowner’s consent before a transfer occurs. This paper advises Texas attorneys as to how to draft the duration clause of the oil and gas lease so as facilitate judicial acceptance of the consent-to-transfer clause.
The Practical Consequences of the CJEU Judgment of 18 July 2013 Changing Its Doctrine on the Respective Competences of the EU and its Member States to Apply the TRIPS Agreement: Have We Seen the Tip of the Daiichi Iceberg Yet?

In its judgment of 18 July 2013, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) came to the conclusion that after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009, all the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement fall within the field of the common commercial policy and that, therefore, national courts of Member States are no longer competent to apply and/or interpret them on their own. This was a radical change from the doctrine laid down in its judgments of 14 December 2000 and 11 September 2007, where the CJEU had concluded that in the fields (such as patents) where the EU has not yet legislated, the Member States remained principally competent. This article, by analyzing the practical consequences that such judgment has had on the case law of national courts during the past three years, demonstrates that this bold change of doctrine in fields such as patent law has placed the EU and its Member States in an impossible situation: the institution (EU) that, according to the CJEU, would now be competent is incapable of complying with the obligations of protection introduced by the TRIPS Agreement. This is because the EU does not have a patent office and it has recently decided that it does not want to have one. Furthermore, the institutions (administrative and judicial authorities of Member States) that would be capable of complying with such patent protection obligations would no longer be competent. As a result, this change of doctrine has paradoxically left the EU and its Member States exposed to the risk of being called before the WTO Dispute Settlement Body for failing to comply with such protection obligations (in particular, Art. 70.7 of the TRIPS Agreement).
Math Bite: Recitation of Large Primes

(1996). Math Bite: Recitation of Large Primes. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 260-260.
Scattering Theory and the Group Representation Matrix

Group theory and symmetries have played an important role in Physics in determining allowed quantum numbers of quantum states, transition selection rules and rates between states, and energy levels for the states. Generally these properties require a knowledge of the matrix elements of the generators of the groups, but not the matrix elements of the group representation matrix. In this paper I shall discuss the application of group theory to the scattering of particles from composite systems in which the scattering function at a fixed impact parameter between different states of the system is the group representation matrix. This application is appropriate for 1) small angle scattering when the eikonal (or Glauber approximation1) is valid and 2) composite systems which has a dynamical symmetry. Such applications have been made for medium energy proton scattering from nuclei2–5 and for electron scattering from molecules.6
Training digital divide seniors to use a telehealth system: a remote training approach.

As the use of health information technologies continues to proliferate amongst seniors, many of whom lack computer experience, there is a need to develop effective training approaches to foster basic competencies. This paper describes the REmote Patient Education in a Telemedicine Environment (REPETE) system, a component of the IDEATel telemedicine architecture. The REPETE architecture supports simultaneous visual and audio teaching modes over low bandwidth connections. This paper presents an in-depth qualitative analysis of two patients being trained to use the IDEATel patient web portal. The results indicate that this method of instruction was useful in facilitating patients’ use of the web application. However, the observations suggest that there is learning curve for the trainer to use the resources effectively to establish common ground and foster competencies in the patient.
Ecological Differentiation Among Clones: The Frozen Niche Variation Model

Sex and its evolutionary significance have received considerable attention from theoretical biologists in recent years (see Ghiselin 1974, Williams 1975, Maynard Smith 1978, Stanley 1979, Bell 1982, Shields 1982). Sexual reproduction is a highly coordinated and potentially costly process that results in the production of genetic diversity among the progeny of an individual. Since the rate of adaptive evolution is believed to be a function of this diversity, the recombination of genes in sexual lineages provides an obvious long-term benefit in a changing environment (Fisher 1930, Muller 1932). However, asexuality provides an immediate “twofold” numerical advantage due to all-female reproduction (Williams 1975, Maynard Smith 1978). Despite this apparent short-term benefit of asexual reproduction, sexuality clearly predominates in all groups of plants and animals. How is the “monopoly of sex” maintained in the presence of this cost? Perhaps an answer to this question requires studies of the rare exceptions, the asexual populations, and the peculiar genetic and ecological conditions under which they sometimes prosper. A surprising result of such studies recently has challenged a common assumption of most theoretical considerations of sex — that asexual populations lack genetic diversity. Natural populations of asexual organisms are often composed of several genetically (and sometimes ecologically) distinct clones (Solbrig 1971, Vrijenhoek 1978, 1979a, Mitter et al.
Social Capital and Aging-Related Outcomes*

Like other demographic characteristics, age introduces complexity into theoretical and empirical investigations of the relationship between social capital and health. Unlike its demographic counterparts, however, age is not fixed. Age and cohort differences in the reliance on social capital and perceptions of it indicate that models of the social capital-health relationship must be attentive to age. Arguably, no age group relies as much as older people do on the capacity of social connections or community resources to maintain health and community residence (Cannuscio, Block, & Kawachi, 2003). The social capital aspects of the lives of older adults, however, have not enjoyed the same attention as earlier stages of the life course (Sampson, Morenoff, & Earls, 1999; Settersten, 2005).
Interval-based uncertainty models for micromechanical properties of composite materials:

Extensive work has been done in the past few decades to quantify the uncertainties associated with the micromechanics of composite materials in the presence of uncertainties in constituent material...
Abstract B53: Psychosocial stress exposure results in inhibition of mammary gland development and increased mammary stem cells in a rat model of breast cancer

Exposure to unremitting psychosocial stressors common to underserved populations (i.e., social marginalization and isolation, economic uncertainty, and racism) manifest in physiologic changes that are associated with highly aggressive mammary cancer. Many environmental exposures that influence breast cancer risk in adulthood occur earlier in life during the time of mammary gland development. However, the effect of stress physiology on mammary gland development and its link to breast cancer remains unknown. In a model of psychosocial stress (social isolation), we studied whether a social isolation-induced stress response would affect mammary gland development. To this end, we used the Sprague Dawley rat, where there is an established effect of psychosocial stress on increasing later-life mammary cancer risk. Here, we found that post-weaning social isolation was associated with decreased ductal differentiation and increased mammary stem cells (MaSC). Using an in vitro model, we next determined if glucocorticoid receptor activation increased MaSC survival through direct and paracrine mechanisms. Our findings provide evidence that social stressors induce glucocorticoid exposure and decrease mammary gland differentiation leading to an increased MaSC population, potentially contributing to a greater mammary cancer risk. Citation Format: Marianna B. Johnson, Joscelyn N. Hoffmann, Hannah M. You, Ahmad B. Allaw, Jordan W. Strober, Matthew J. Brady, Martha K. McClintock, Suzanne D. Conzen. Psychosocial stress exposure results in inhibition of mammary gland development and increased mammary stem cells in a rat model of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr B53.