cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the carbon dioxide laser on vital human primary pulp tissue.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of the human primary pulp to the carbon dioxide laser and formocresol for vital pulp therapy. Methods: Fifteen healthy children with intact, caries-and restoration-free, contralateral primary cuspids with at least two-thirds of the roots remaining who were scheduled for orthodontic extraction were randomly assigned to pulpotomy treatment with a carbon dioxide laser or formocresol. The treated teeth were clinically and radiographically evaluated at 28 and 90 days post-treatment prior to extraction. The extracted teeth were evaluated histologically for pulpal response. Results: All teeth were asymptomatic and clinically normal at both observation periods. Internal root resorption was observed in one formocresol and two laser treated teeth. There was a significant inverse correlation between the laser energy applied to the pulp and the degree of inflammation at 28 days (P=.01) but not at 90 days (P=.27). Conclusion: Carbon dioxide laser treatment compared favorably to formocresol for pulpotomy in primary teeth.(Pediatr Dent 21:327-331, 1999)
Evaluation of a Water Jet Cutting System for Slicing Potatoes

A water jet cutting machine was used to slice potato tubers, and characteristics of the cut surfaces were studied. Irregularities on the cut face were visualized by staining with a nonspecific protein stain. The amount of protein extractable from the cut face was measured and used to quantitate the cellular damage resulting from different water jet operational conditions. Observations were confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. A wide range of water jet settings could be used to cut potato slices. French fries cut with the water jet set to cause intermediate subsurface damage had increased color irregularities but no extreme taste or textural differences compared to conventionally cut controls.
A bidirectional magnetic microactuator using electroplated permanent magnet arrays

A novel bidirectional magnetic microactuator using electroplated permanent magnet arrays has been designed, fabricated and characterized. To realize a bidirectional microactuator, CoNiMnP-based permanent magnet arrays have been fabricated first on a silicon cantilever beam using a new electroplating technique. In the fabricated permanent magnets, the vertical coercivity and retentivity have been achieved up to 87.6 kA/m (1100 Oe) and 190 mT (1900 G), respectively by applying magnetic field during electroplating. A prototype bidirectional magnetic microactuator has been realized by integrating an electromagnet with a silicon cantilever beam, which has permanent magnet arrays on its tip. By applying a do current of 100 mA and altering its polarity, bidirectional motion on the tip of the cantilever beam has been successfully achieved in the deflection range of /spl plusmn/80 /spl mu/m.
Historical Perspective on the Pathology of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

A selective history of the pathophysiological, structural, and metabolic changes found during an episode of severe myocardial ischemia in the canine heart is presented. The changes that cause ischemic injury to become irreversible are discussed in detail because these changes are the target of any successful therapy designed to prevent ischemic cell death. Of these, the disruption of the sarcolemma, an injury the development of which is accelerated in vivo by the contraction of viable tissue elsewhere in the heart traumatizing the ischemic area, plus the changes in high-energy phosphate and the total adenine nucleotide pool are considered to be the critical events leading to the development of irreversibility. The discovery of preconditioning with ischemia is discussed, together with a brief description of postconditioning. Finally, reperfusion injury is discussed in a summary fashion. The evidence for the fact that myocytes are salvaged by reperfusion is presented, as is the evidence that myocytes become unsalvageable by reperfusion as the duration of ischemia increases. The concept that some of the myocytes that die after successful reperfusion with arterial blood actually are killed by changes initiated by reperfusion, so-called lethal reperfusion injury, is attractive in that prevention of this change would lead to greater salvage; however, the prevalence of this phenomenon in clinical practice remains to be determined.
Low prevalence of human papillomavirus infection of the cervix in renal transplant recipients

Background. An increased risk of anogenital tract malignancies has been noted among renal transplant recipients. A high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the cervix in the female renaltransplant population has been assumed based on increasing evidence suggesting that HPV infection is the major risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. It has been assumed that immunosuppression leads to either a reactivation of latent HPV or a reduction in the host's ability to contain a primary HPV infection, thereby increasing the risk of CIN and cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in a population of iatrogenically immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients. Methods. Twenty-one women were recruited from the renal transplant clinic at Presbyterian Hospital and underwent a gynaecological examination which included colposcopy, a Papanicolaou smear, and a cervicovaginal lavage. Lavage samples were analysed for HPV DNA using LI consensus primers and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. No cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were detected in this cohort of 21 immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients. HPV DNA was detected in only a single patient. Conclusions. Our data suggests that HPV infection is not highly prevalent among older, cytologically normal renal transplant recipients, particularly those who are currently monogamous or not presently sexually active. This study suggests that recent sexual behaviours are more important than past behaviours as a determinant of HPV status in transplant recipients, and also suggests that education concerning the avoidance of highrisk sexual behaviour is an important part of the care of the female renal transplant recipient. Our data is consistent with previous work suggesting that the incidence of CIN is declining in transplant recipients,
Anti-Atherogenic Mechanisms of High Density Lipoprotein: Effects on Myeloid Cells

In some settings increasing high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels has been associated with a reduction in experimental atherosclerosis. This has been most clearly seen in apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) transgenic mice or in animals infused with HDL or its apolipoproteins. A major mechanism by which these treatments are thought to delay progression or cause regression of atherosclerosis is by promoting efflux of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. In addition, HDL has been described as having anti-inflammatory and other beneficial effects. Some recent research has linked anti-inflammatory effects to cholesterol efflux pathways but likely multiple mechanisms are involved. Macrophage cholesterol efflux may have a role in facilitating emigration of macrophages from lesions during regression. While macrophages can mediate cholesterol efflux by several pathways, studies in knockout mice or cells point to the importance of active efflux mediated by ATP binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 and G1. In addition to traditional roles in macrophages, these transporters have been implicated in the control of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, monocytosis and neutrophilia, as well as activation of monocytes and neutrophils. Thus, HDL and cholesterol efflux pathways may have important anti-atherogenic effects at all stages of the myeloid cell/monocyte/dendritic cell/macrophage lifecycle. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
Scaling effect on electromigration in on-chip Cu wiring

Electromigration in on-chip plated Cu damascene interconnections has been investigated for metal line widths from 0.24 /spl mu/m to 1.3 /spl mu/m. Void growth at the cathode end and protrusions at the anode end of the lines have been found to be the main causes of failure. The failure lifetime was found to decrease linearly with decrease in the cross-sectional area of the line. This behavior can be explained by interface diffusion as the dominant path for transport and by the bamboo-like nature of the microstructure. The factor of n for the lifetime dependence on current density for 0.28 /spl mu/m wide lines, /spl tau/=/spl tau//sub 0/j/sup -n/, was found to increase from 1 to 2 as j increased beyond 25 mA//spl mu/m/sup 2/.
Management of onychomycosis with topicals

Of all superficial fungal infections, onychomycosis is the most difficult to manage. Practitioners of all disciplines realize its chronic nature, difficulty in eradication, and propensity to recur. Topical treatment of onychomycosis, as opposed to oral therapies, offers a distinct advantage by allowing the patient to apply medication directly to the affected area, thus decreasing the potential for serious adverse events, such as drug toxicity and drug interactions. In the past, a multitude of topical antifungal agents were used in the treatment of onychomycosis; however, an acceptable level of scientific evidence regarding their effectiveness was lacking and this was evident by poor success rates. The development of a comparatively effective topical agent, the only one so far to gain FDA approval, has renewed interest in this form of therapy. Improved versions are being developed that may overcome the shortcomings of the first approved topical agent.
CAPITALISM AND INTELLECTUAL HISTORY

Jeffrey Sklansky, The Soul's Economy: Market Society and Selfhood in American Thought, 1820–1920 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2002)Jackson Lears, Something for Nothing: Luck in America (New York: Viking, 2003)Jerry Z. Muller, The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Modern European Thought (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002)Allan Megill, Karl Marx: The Burden of Reason (Why Marx Rejected Politics and the Market) (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002)
Spatially controlled microfluidics using low-voltage electrokinetics

Most electrokinetic microfluidic devices currently require high voltages (>50 V) to generate sustained electric fields. However, two long-standing limitations remain, namely: (i) the resulting electrolysis of water produces bubbles, forcing electrodes to be placed in reservoirs outside the channels, and (ii) direct integration with low-voltage microelectronics cannot be achieved. A further limitation is the lack of spatial control within the microchannel. This work presents a method to achieve low-voltage (/spl les/1 V) electrokinetic transport using micropatterned Ag-AgCl electrode arrays, which allows spatial flow control within microchannels. We demonstrate bidirectional electrophoretic control of microparticles within microfluidic channels using /spl plusmn/1 V.
MASSLESS FERMIONIC FREE FIELDS

The covariant description of massless fermionic free particles in any dimension which carry arbitrary representations of the Lorentz group is presented.
Early environment affects neuroendocrine regulation in adulthood

Animal and human research indicates that the early environment can exert effects on hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning across the lifespan. Using data from the National Study of Midlife Development in the United States and the National Study of Daily Experience substudy, we identified curvilinear relations between adult reports of parental affection in childhood and adult diurnal cortisol rhythms. Reports of both very affectionate and very unaffectionate parental relations in childhood were associated with flatter diurnal rhythms, suggesting potential dysregulation of the HPA axis at both extremes of family environment. Participants in the bottom tertile showed more signs of HPA axis dysregulation than those in the top tertile. We discuss processes that may underlie these effects, with reference to the theory of allostatic load.
Longitudinal association of vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 with depressive symptoms among older adults over time

Background: B-vitamin deficiencies have been associated with depression; however, there is very little prospective evidence from population-based studies of older adults. Objective: We examined whether dietary intakes of vitamins B-6, folate, or vitamin B-12 were predictive of depressive symptoms over an average of 7.2 y in a community-based population of older adults. Design: The study sample consisted of 3503 adults from the Chicago Health and Aging project, an ongoing, population-based, biracial (59% African American) study in adults aged 65 y. Dietary assessment was made by food-frequency questionnaire. Incident depression was measured by the presence of 4 depressive symptoms from the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Results: The logistic regression models, which used generalized estimating equations, showed that higher total intakes, which included supplementation, of vitamins B-6 and B-12 were associated with a decreased likelihood of incident depression for up to 12 y of follow-up, after adjustment for age, sex, race, education, income, and antidepressant medication use. For example, each 10 additional milligrams of vitamin B-6 and 10 additional micrograms of vitamin B-12 were associated with 2% lower odds of depressive symptoms per year. There was no association between depressive symptoms and food intakes of these vitamins or folate. These associations remained after adjustment for smoking, alcohol use, widowhood, caregiving status, cognitive function, physical disability, and medical conditions. Conclusion: Our results support the hypotheses that high total intakes of vitamins B-6 and B-12 are protective of depressive symptoms over time in community-residing older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:330‐5.
THE PERIODIC, ELECTROCHEMICAL CODEPOSITION OF CADMIUM AND TELLURIUM

A mathematical model is presented for the codeposition of cadmium and tellurium onto a rotating-disk electrode. The treatment incorporates the equation of convective diffusion for liquid phase mass transport, Butler-Volmer expressions for charge-transfer reactions, and a thermodynamic model for individual component activities in the solid state. Because of the formation of CdTe, a compound that has a large negative free energy of formation, the cadmium deposition reaction occurs at potentials substantially positive to its standard electrode potential (U/sup THETA/ = -0.40V). This reaction, along with the deposition of tellurium (U/sup THETA/ = +0.55V), produces an electrodeposit that contains cadmium, tellurium, and cadmium telluride. The model can be used to calculate transient current-potential relationships, ionic concentration profiles, and deposit compositions. Transport and kinetic parameters for cadmium and tellurium deposition are reported; a multidimensional optimization routine is used to evaluate physiochemical parameters from experimental data for the codeposition process.
Evaluation of a hospice volunteer training program

Hospice patient/family volunteers responded to personality questionnaires–Trait Anxiety Scale, Internal-External Control Scale, Mehrabian and Epstein Empathy Scale–prior to a training program and to the Winget Questionnaire for Understanding the Dying Patient and His Family and the Bugen Coping with Death Scale before and after the training program. Results showed that the volunteers were relatively low in anxiety, internally controlled, and empathic before training. Highly statistically significant differences between the pre- and post training questionnaire scores showed that, following training, the volunteers reported better understanding of patients and their families and felt much more able to cope with death. Subscale scores derived from the Mehrabian and Epstein Empathy Scale were the best predictors of the after training questionnaire responses.
Thermo-Electricity at Low Temperatures. VIII. Thermo-Electricity of the Alkali Metals Below 2$^\circ$K

In the previous part (VII) the absolute thermo-electric power (S) of all the alkali metals was measured directly between 2 and 20$^\circ$K. Measurements have now been made of the absolute thermo-electric force, E, of all the alkali metals below 2$^\circ$K and down to about 0.1 $^\circ$K by means of adiabatic demagnetization techniques. The absolute thermo-electric power, S, is derived with fair accuracy from these results (S = dE/dT). The results are compared with theoretical developments, particularly those of Bailyn and Ziman.
HPRT mutants induced in bystander cells by very low fluences of alpha particles result primarily from point mutations.

Abstract Huo, L., Nagasawa, H. and Little, J. B. HPRT Mutants Induced in Bystander Cells by Very Low Fluences of Alpha Particles Result Primarily from Point Mutations. Radiat. Res. 156, 521–525 (2001). We have shown previously that damage signals may be transmitted from irradiated cells to nonirradiated cells in monolayer cultures, leading to changes in gene expression and an enhanced frequency of mutations in these “bystander” cells. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that mutations occurring in bystander cells result from a different mechanism than those occurring in irradiated cells, and thus show differences in molecular structure. Structural changes in the HPRT gene of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were determined by multiplex PCR analysis. A total of 790 mutant clones derived from monolayer cultures exposed to mean doses of 0, 0.5 or 10 cGy of α-particle radiation (0, 3% or 44%, respectively, of nuclei traversed by one or more α particles) were examined. Whereas mutations indu...
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus megaterium Siphophage Stills.

ABSTRACT Silence is a newly isolated siphophage that infects Bacillus megaterium, a soil bacterium that is used readily in research and commercial applications. A study of B. megaterium phage Silence will enhance our knowledge of the diversity of Bacillus phages. Here, we describe the complete genome sequence and annotated features of Silence.
The Development of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is a modification of laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) that allows for the analysis and detection of intact high-molecular weight molecules. Developed in the mid 1980s, its use has grown significantly and along with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has greatly enhanced the field of biological mass spectrometry. This review will provide a brief summary of MALDI focusing on its development, instrumentation, types of matrix, and sample preparation.
Legal Borrowing and the Origins of Slave Law in the British Colonies

Many scholars of early American slavery have assumed that the harsh police law measures inflicted on slaves were solely a colonial product. They generally characterize the tough, publicly-oriented slave laws as the original ideas of colonial legislators. "Without legal precedents to draw upon, the [English] colonists worked up a law code and a set of customs that divided [Barbados] society starkly into two classes: black servants and white slaves."I "New law, such as that governing labor...which arose from the peculiarities of the American situation, needed to be written."2 "Through punishments and other legal innovations, Virginia moved to a system of chattel slavery."3 Some historians, while treating other issues in great detail, spend little if any time on the question of the sources of slave law.4 These commentators stress the immediacy of the colonial legislators' problem. The conclusion that colonial legislators passed laws responding rather precisely to their immediate environment and perceived needs is intertwined with the assumption that all slave law was improvised in the colonies. One commentator, for example, suggests that laws were created based on an economic calculus balancing the lives of slaves
Prevalence and Level of Campylobacter in Commercial Broiler Breeders (Parents) and Broilers

SUMMARY Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacteria-induced diarrheal disease, and the major vehicle for transmitting this microorganism to humans is poultry. Recent research has shown that Campylobacter can pass from the breeder hen to her progeny through the fertile egg, which is now considered to be a significant source of entry into the broiler flocks. Because of the importance of the organism in parent flocks, this work was carried out to determine the prevalence and level of Campylobacter in the parents (breeders) and offspring (broilers) of commercially reared birds.
A New Species of Neurospora from Soil

A new eight-spored species of Neurospora, N. dodgei Nelson & Novak, is described. Isolates of the new taxon were obtained from soil collected in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. N. dodgei clo...
Improved Weighted Compact Nonlinear Scheme for Flows with Shocks and Material Interfaces: Algorithm and Assessment

Simulations of singleand multi-species compressible flows with shock waves and discontinuities are conducted using a weighted compact nonlinear scheme (WCNS) with a newly developed sixth order localized dissipative hybrid weighted interpolation method (HW6-LD). In smooth regions, the scheme applies the central nonlinear interpolation with minimum dissipation to capture highly turbulent features while in regions around shock waves and discontinuities, the scheme stabilizes the solutions by hybridizing the central interpolation with the more dissipative upwind-biased nonlinear interpolation. In capturing material interfaces between different species, a quasi-conservative five equation model that can conserve mass of each species is used to prevent pressure oscillations across the interfaces. Compared to the classical upwind-biased interpolation and the adaptive central-upwind interpolation with improved scale-separation capability, it is shown that the proposed localized dissipative hybrid weighted interpolation method has better performance to simultaneously capture discontinuities and preserve highly fluctuating flow features in a series of oneand multi-dimensional test problems.
Hot Electrons from Consecutive Exciton–Mn Energy Transfer in Mn-Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals

We investigated the generation of hot electrons occurring via two consecutive exciton–Mn energy transfer processes in Mn-doped semiconductor nanocrystals. Due to the fast exciton–Mn energy transfer rate combined with the long lifetime of the intermediate state of Mn2+ ions, consecutive energy transfer from two excitons to one Mn2+ ion can efficiently generate hot electrons even under weak cw excitation. The evidence for the occurrence of two consecutive energy transfers was obtained from the measurement of the intensity of luminescence from the excited state of Mn2+ ions serving as the intermediate acceptor state. Under the excitation condition, hot electrons can be generated via consecutive energy transfer, and Mn-doped nanocrystals also exhibit the stronger photoreducing capability of methylene blue than undoped nanocrystals, demonstrating a potential benefit in photocatalysis.
Structure oftrans-difluorobis(1,3-propanediamine)chromium(III) perchlorate, trans-[Cr(N2C3H10)2F2](C104)

The title compound is monoclinic,Mr=337.8,P21/c-C2h5 (No. 14),a=5.508(2),b=13.944(6),c=18.238(5) A,β=95.99(3)°,V=1393.1(9) A3,Z=4,Dx=1.61 g cm−3, λ(MoKα)=0.71073 A,F(000)=660.0,μ=10.3 cm−1, finalR=0.051 for 2122 observed [I>3σ(I)] reflections. The two six-membered rings resulting from the coordination of the 1,3-propanediamine ligands to the chromium atom are in the chair conformation. The Cr-N and Cr-F distances average 2.085(4) and 1.876(3) A, respectively.
BALANCING POWERS Balance of The Authority

The article discusses the word chen-vassal from a linguistic and a historical point of view.Linguistically,chen is a primary graph that has proliferated into a wide array of other compound graphs.The main meaning of the graph has to do with vision,observation,but chen also has secondary meanings like solid,and sideways.For example,it is probably the phonetic element in zhen-true and shen-kidney,and the graphic element in wo-resting sideways.The second half of the article discusses the career of the chen-minister in Warring States texts,from the dutiful junzi of the Analects,to near equality with the jun-ruler in Mencius,to modified loyalty in Xunzi,to strict subordination to the jun-ruler in Han Feizi.
Biochemistry of Selected Amino Acids

In the highly informative and thorough Biochemistry of the Amino Acids by Meister, a steeply rising curve is presented, plotting the total number of new amino acids reported from about 1810 to the 1960’s.(1) The accretion of knowledge of amino acid metabolism probably follows a similar curve and has made it necessary for most writers on the subject, even in the relatively limited area of application to the nervous system, to confine their description and discussion to convenient fragments. For this reason this section will deal only with selected aliphatic amino acids confining attention to alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, serine, threonine, leucine, iso-leucine, valine, proline, hydroxyproline, arginine, and some related derivatives. The other amino acids are dealt with in appropriate sections of this handbook. For guidance and instruction the writer has leaned heavily on certain reviews. Foremost among these is the aforementioned authoritative text by Meister.(1) Other important sources include The Enzymes, edited by Boyer, Lardy, and Myrback, Amino Acid Pools, edited by Holden; Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition, edited by A. A. Albanese; New Methods of Nutritional Biochemistry, edited by A. A. Albanese; and Mammalian Protein Metabolism, edited by H. N. Munro and J. B. Allison.
Endoscopic evaluation for colon cancer and dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract Certain patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer, and surveillance is recommended to detect dysplasia and early neoplasia. Endoscopic techniques that screen large mucosal surface areas for potential areas of interest that have been studied in IBD surveillance include dye-based surface chromoendoscopy with methylene blue or indigo carmine, dye-less chromoendoscopy including narrow-band imaging, i-scan, Fujinon intelligent chromoendoscopy, and autofluorescence imaging. Literature to date supports the use of surface chromoendoscopy with either methylene blue or indigo carmine to maximize dysplasia detection. Characterization of detected lesions may be further enhanced with optical biopsy technology, including confocal laser endomicroscopy and endocystoscopy, that allows in vivo histologic diagnosis that may guide both diagnosis and therapy of detected dysplastic lesions. Current and future endoscopic approaches for optimizing screening and surveillance of colon cancer and dysplasia in patients with IBD are reviewed.
Abstract 430: PCPE2 a Novel Determinant in HDL Biogenesis and Metabolism

Recent attempts to reduce cardiovascular events by pharmacologically raising plasma HDL concentration have not proven efficacious. This has lead to investigations on how to increase functional versus dysfunctional plasma HDL. Our work shows that a functional subfraction from ABCA1 mediated biogenesis of nascent HDL (nHDL) consists of 3 apoA-I, 105 phosphotidylcholine, 27 sphingomyelin and 108 free cholesterol molecules, compositionally reminiscent of lipid rafts. Our studies are now focused on procollagen C-proteinase enhancer 2 (PCPE2), first described by Francone, OL, et al. (2011), to play a significant role in the ABCA1 mediated efflux of cholesterol to apoA-I. Based on previous studies, we hypothesize that PCPE2 binds lipid-free apoA-I thereby aligning specific helices among 3 molecules of apoA-I for lipidation. To test this, we created loss-of-function apoA-I mutant proteins to identify specific helical repeats that participated in nHDL formation. The various mutations span the central helices as well as the N- and C- termini of apoA-I. Opposing cysteines were placed within 3-5 a using a composite 3-D model of lipid-free apoA-I conformation. The mutant apoA-I disulfide “locked” (oxidized) and “unlocked” (reduced) status was monitored using mass spectrometric sequencing. Using both locked and unlocked versions of each of the mutant proteins, secondary structure as well as the extent of lipidation was investigated. In addition, studies, utilizing LDL receptor, PCPE2 double knockout mice (LDLr -/- , PCPE2 -/- ) fed an atherogenic diet have been carried out. Despite having a higher HDL concentration LDLr -/- , PCPE2 -/- mice had significantly more aortic lipid deposition compared to LDLr -/- mice. The absence of PCPE2 substantially reduced the ability to efflux cholesterol suggesting that the HDL was dysfunctional. These data strongly suggest that PCPE2 participates in lipidation by helping apoA-I to either open or target a site on ABCA1 that promotes apoA-I opening.
Parsimonious Models of Diffusion of Innovation: Part A: Derivations and Comparisons

The pioneering application by Bass of an epidemiological model to the diffusion of a new consumer durable has stimulated considerable interest in the marketing profession. Many subsequent applications of the model have dealt with new product sales forecasting and optimal marketing mix strategies during introduction of a new product. This paper investigates in detail the structure of the model and how it has been used in practice. The concept of the nature of innovativeness is also brought to bear in this analysis. A new generalized model is derived that corrects for systematic biases that have been reported in the applications. The model is analyzed through simulations and is also used on real data.
CD8α+ Dendritic Cells Induce Leukemia-Specific T cell Tolerance

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) are critical for the acquisition of tumor-derived antigens and the orchestration of anti-tumor T cell responses. Batf3-dependent CD8α + and CD103 + dendritic cells (DCs) have been implicated as the critical APCs that initiate and maintain spontaneous CD8 + T cell priming against solid tumors. In contrast, little is known about the APCs that regulate immunity against malignancies of hematopoietic origin. Using a murine model of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that induces T cell tolerance, we demonstrate that leukemia-derived antigens are exclusively acquired and cross-presented by CD8α + DCs. In the steady state, CD8α + DCs rapidly induce leukemia-specific T cell tolerance, which can be prevented upon the activation of these DCs. Together, our data reveal that the same DC lineage can imprint disparate T cell fates in mice with solid verses hematopoietic malignancies. In the context of solid tumors, Batf3-dependent DCs stimulate productive effector responses; however, in AML-bearing mice, CD8α + DCs actively promote T cell tolerance.
Cigarette Smoking by Patients With Serious Mental Illness, 1999–2016: An Increasing Disparity

Objective:This study examined the prevalence of cigarette smoking and the quantity of cigarettes consumed by individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and those without a psychiatric disorder in the period 1999–2016.Method:A total of 1,938 individuals provided information about their cigarette smoking at enrollment into a research study for which they were selected without regard to their smoking status. Differences among groups and trends over time in smoking and cigarette consumption were examined by using multivariate models.Results:Marked differences between groups were noted in the prevalence of smoking and in the quantity of cigarettes consumed. Overall, 62% of individuals with schizophrenia, 37% with bipolar disorder, and 17% of participants without a psychiatric disorder (control group) reported that they were current smokers. Smoking prevalence decreased over time in the sample primarily because of the decrease in smoking in the control group. Smokers with schizophrenia and with bipolar...
Ecological Interrelations at High Altitudes and High Altitude Insect Communities

While it is not possible here to deal with all the complex ecological interrelations and the communities of high altitude insects, we may, however, draw particular attention to the more important interrelations and the major types of communities and emphasize the fundamental differences between the high altitude and lowland biota.
Abstract P126: Physical Activity, Family History of Premature Coronary Heart Disease, and Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Background: Family history (FHx) of coronary heart disease (CHD) is a well-established risk factor for incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Certain interventions (e.g. smoking cessation) may be more effective in those with a FH of CHD. Physical activity (PA) is associated with reduced risk of ASCVD. Whether this association varies by FHx of premature CHD is not well established. Methods: We evaluated 9,996 ARIC participants free of ASCVD, and with data on FHx of CHD or PA at Visit 1 (1987-1989). FHx of premature CHD was defined as CHD occurring in a father before the age 55 or in a mother before age 60, as reported by each participant. PA was assessed using a modified Baecke questionnaire, subsequently converted into min/wk of moderate or vigorous exercise. PA was categorized as per AHA guidelines as recommended, intermediate, or poor (see footnote to Table ). Incident ASCVD was defined as incident myocardial infarction, fatal CHD, or stroke. Multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used. Results: The mean age was 54±6 years, 56% were women and 21% of black race. Participants with FHx of premature CHD had more adverse lipid profiles but otherwise similar ASCVD risk factors. Participants with and without a FHx of premature CHD reported similar levels of PA at baseline (409 vs 423 MET/min/week, respectively, p=0.85), and approximately 40% of both groups met AHA recommended PA levels. Over a mean follow-up of 20.9 years, there were 1,723 incident ASCVD events. Compared with poor, recommended levels of PA were associated with a significantly lower risk of incident ASCVD ( Table ) without a significant interaction by FHx status (p-interaction=0.68). Conclusion: Despite their FHx and their more adverse lipid profiles, individuals with a FHx of premature CHD had similar PA patterns as compared to those without a FHx, with less than half meeting AHA recommended levels. PA was similarly beneficial against incident ASCVD for both groups. Promotion of PA should be encouraged for all regardless of FHx status.
Improving Defect‐Based Quantum Emitters in Silicon Carbide via Inorganic Passivation

Defect-based color centers in wide-bandgap crystalline solids are actively being explored for quantum information science, sensing, and imaging. Unfortunately, the luminescent properties of these emitters are frequently degraded by blinking and photobleaching that arise from poorly passivated host crystal surfaces. Here, a new method for stabilizing the photoluminescence and charge state of color centers based on epitaxial growth of an inorganic passivation layer is presented. Specifically, carbon antisite-vacancy pairs (CAV centers) in 4H-SiC, which serve as single-photon emitters at visible wavelengths, are used as a model system to demonstrate the power of this inorganic passivation scheme. Analysis of CAV centers with scanning confocal microscopy indicates a dramatic improvement in photostability and an enhancement in emission after growth of an epitaxial AlN passivation layer. Permanent, spatially selective control of the defect charge state can also be achieved by exploiting the mismatch in spontaneous polarization at the AlN/SiC interface. These results demonstrate that epitaxial inorganic passivation of defect-based quantum emitters provides a new method for enhancing photostability, emission, and charge state stability of these color centers.
In Memoriam: Ben Barres

Ben Barres, professor of neurobiology at Stanford University and member of the JCB editorial board for over 15 years, passed away on December 27, 2017, after a lengthy battle with pancreatic cancer. Ben left an indelible mark on the scientific community as a scientist, an advocate for equality, and an unbelievably supportive mentor. As a scientist his creative approaches led him to remarkable discoveries about the importance of glial cells in the brain, and his passion elevated these cells from the “other cells in the brain” to a significant place in the consciousness of neurobiology. As an advocate, he fought for equal treatment irrespective of gender identity, sexual orientation, race, or ethnicity, and was an inspiring supporter of junior scientists. As a mentor, he provided a creative and vibrant atmosphere for his trainees to pursue research and the never-ending support for them to flourish as independent scientists. As his former trainees, we would like to give our thoughts on Ben, and the deep impressions that he left on everyone he interacted with.
Influence of crystal structure on the ultrafast ionization of cubic wide-band-gap crystals by ultrashort laser pulses

The Keldysh photoionization-rate formula is used for arbitrary solids by neglecting their specific structure. By deriving analogs of the Keldysh formula for cubic crystals, we show that the ultrafast ionization and absorption are crystal-specific effects.
Tribological behavior of the boron succinimide on cylinder liner and piston ring surfaces

In this study, tribological performances of two types of anti-wear additive, boron succinimide anti-wear package and ZnDTPs, were investigated in the cylinder liner and piston ring tribological system with a reciprocating tribotest machine. The tribological performances of oils were evaluated in three main contexts including wear rates, surface tribofilm formation and friction. Results showed that NP-3 (boron succinimide containing) lubrication oil which was environment and catalyst friendly, can be an alternative lubrication oil with its tribological performance due to its friction and wear reduction capacity.
Modelling attrition and nonparticipation in a longitudinal study of prostate cancer

Attrition occurs when a participant fails to respond to one or more study waves. The accumulation of attrition over several waves can lower the sample size and power and create a final sample that could differ in characteristics than those who drop out. The main reason to conduct a longitudinal study is to analyze repeated measures; research subjects who drop out cannot be replaced easily. Our group recently investigated factors affecting nonparticipation (refusal) in the first wave of a population-based study of prostate cancer. In this study we assess factors affecting attrition in the second wave of the same study. We compare factors affecting nonparticipation in the second wave to the ones affecting nonparticipation in the first wave. Information available on participants in the first wave was used to model attrition. Different sources of attrition were investigated separately. The overall and race-stratified factors affecting attrition were assessed. Kaplan-Meier survival curve estimates were calculated to assess the impact of follow-up time on participation. High cancer aggressiveness was the main predictor of attrition due to death or frailty. Higher Charlson Comorbidity Index increased the odds of attrition due to death or frailty only in African Americans (AAs). Young age at diagnosis for AAs and low income for European Americans (EAs) were predictors for attrition due to lost to follow-up. High cancer aggressiveness for AAs, low income for EAs, and lower patient provider communication scores for EAs were predictors for attrition due to refusal. These predictors of nonparticipation were not the same as those in wave 1. For short follow-up time, the participation probability of EAs was higher than that of AAs. Predictors of attrition can vary depending on the attrition source. Examining overall attrition (combining all sources of attrition under one category) instead of distinguishing among its different sources should be avoided. The factors affecting attrition in one wave can be different in a later wave and should be studied separately.
Why Learners Choose Plagiarism: A Review of Literature

Through a review of literature, this paper presents a theoretical foundation for understanding why learners may choose to plagiarize both online and on ground. Ethical theories, social desirability, perceptions of plagiarism, and demographics and academic dishonesty in relation to the reasons learners choose to plagiarize are presented. Web sites that encourage plagiarism and online tools that are available to detect plagiarism are discussed.
Ultrafast Processes in Highly Excited Wide-Gap Dielectric Thin Films

The response of wide-gap dielectric oxide materials to high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses is studied. The scaling of the threshold for dielectric breakdown with pulse duration and bandgap in the sub-picosecond regime was investigated using thin oxide films. A phenomenological model can explain the observations as the interplay of multiphoton ionization, impact ionization, and carrier relaxation. Transient reflection and transmission measurements were performed to monitor the temporal evolution of the dielectric constant that reflect processes in the excited electron gas and the lattice dynamics at excitation densities close to breakdown. The time-dependent dielectric constant is retrieved from the reflection and transmission data using an algorithm that takes into account standing waves formed by pump and probe in the film. A theoretical description based on the solution of the Boltzmann equation for the electron and phonon system after excitation including the formation of self-trapped excitons is presented. The contribution of individual scattering processes to the material response is studied and compared to the experimental data.
Serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism in African Americans : allele frequencies and implications for treatment.

Background: Americans of African ancestry are less likely to receive a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for treatment of major depressive disorder than Americans of European ancestry. A functional insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene SLC6A4 has been shown to modulate SLC6A4 transcription, affecting response to SSRIs. Several studies in populations of predominantly European ancestry have consistently found that the SLC6A4 promoter polymorphism (referred to as the 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region; 5-HTTLPR) long (L) allele is associated with better response to SSRI treatment than the short (S) allele.
Inhibition of aspartokinase and N-acetylglutamokinase of Escherichia coli by hexosemonophosphates and AMP.

Abstract Fructose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and AMP have been found to inhibit the lysine-sensitive aspartokinase and N-acetylglutamokinase in extracts of Escherichia coli W. Neither fructose 1,6-diphosphate nor ribose-5-phosphate was effective in these system. Aspartokinase shows competitive inhibition by the hexosemonophosphates and AMP with aspartic acid, and apparent competition of AMP with ATP as well. N-Acetylglutamokinase shows competitive inhibition of the hexosemonophosphates and AMP with both the amino acid substrate, N-acetylglutamic acid and with ATP. Control of amino acid biosynthesis by carbohydrates may be a fairly general phenomenon.
PFOA and PFOS levels in microwave paper packaging between 2005 and 2018

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances are synthetic environmental pollutants previously used for packaging applications as a grease, oil, and water-resistant coating. Exposure reported in previous st...
Novel ultra-long (48 mm) everolimus-eluting stent for diffusely coronary vessels disease.

Background Long drug-eluting stents may limit the need of stent overlaps in patients with diffusely diseased coronary arteries. We evaluated the clinical results of percutaneous-coronary-intervention (PCI) using a novel ultra-long (48 mm) everolimus-eluting stent (EES) in a real-word population. Methods Patients who underwent PCI with 48 mm EES between June 2015 and April 2017 in our Center were enrolled. The only exclusion criteria was cardiogenic shock established before PCI. Target vessels were divided in "very long lesion" (>38 mm) and "multiple focal disease" (multiple stenoses separated by healthy coronary segments >10 mm). Clinical follow-up was obtained to evaluate the occurrence of device-oriented composite endpoint (DOCE) (primary end-point). Results A total of 216 patients were identified (70.6±11 years, 48.1% acute coronary syndrome) who were treated on 230 vessels. The target vessel appearance was "very long lesion" in 44.8% of cases and "multiple focal disease" in 55.2%. A single 48-mm EES was implanted in 129 (56.1%), while additional overlapping stents were needed in 101 cases (43.9%). Total stent length was 64.9±24.0 mm. The median follow-up time was of 474 (411-614) days, DOCE occurred in 7% of patients. No stent thrombosis was noticed. At multivariate analysis, diabetes was associated with DOCE increase (P=0.02), while "multiple focal disease" predicted lower DOCE (P=0.02). Conclusions The present real-world experience shows promising clinical results with the use of ultra-long stents in order to limit the need of stents overlaps in patients with diffuse coronary disease undergoing PCI.
Confronting the opioid epidemic: public opinion toward the expansion of treatment services in Virginia.

Public opinion polls have consistently shown Americans prefer treatment over arrest policies for opioid users. As the opioid epidemic remains a major health problem in the United States, it is important to determine the type of treatment policies the public would support. Theoretically, government should take into consideration the opinion of its constituents when deciding how to act. As such, the 2018 Virginia Commonwealth Public Policy Poll determined levels of support for the expansion of community-based treatment in one’s community. Overall, the results showed 80% of Virginians (n = 788) supported the expansion of community-based treatment centers in their neighborhood, 69% supported the use of housing in their community, while less than half supported the provision of clean needles to IV drug users so they do not use dirty needles that could spread infection. Multivariate analyses revealed education, sex, and political party affiliation are significant factors in predicting support for the expansion of services. Given the lack of progress made by the government in reducing the supply and demand of drugs over the course of the war on drugs, it is time to move away from punitive policies to responsible and pragmatic approaches that include the expansion of community-based treatment.