cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Critical Test of the Central Plains Tradition Swidden Model Using Data from the Glenwood Locality

The data that has been presented in support of a swidden model for the Central Plains tradition (CPt) are equivocal. If the current models of CPt subsistence and settlement are to be changed, either unequivocal evidence or pressures potentially driving that change must be identified. A GIS-based catchment analysis of the Glenwood locality indicates that even the most restrictive assumptions do not produce a scenario in which arable land is limited enough to create significant agricultural pressure. A comparison of the GIS data with excavated faunal assemblages from the same locality also indicates that use of wild food resources was approximately proportional to the available resource zones. The best explanations that have been offered for CPt settlement decisions focus on non-food woodland resources, and these still seem to be the most reasonable explanations.
Levitación y armonía

Cuadernos de musica. Dario Jaramlllo Agudelo. Editonal Pre-Textos, Coleccion La cruz del sur, Madrid, Buenos Aires. Valencia, 2008, 58 pags.
Resolving confounding enrichment kinetics due to overlapping resonance signals from 13C-enriched long chain fatty acid oxidation and uptake within intact hearts.

Purpose Long chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation measurements in the intact heart from 13C-NMR rely on detection of 13C-enriched glutamate. However, progressive increases in overlapping resonance signal from LCFA can confound detection of the glutamate 4-carbon (GLU-C4) signal. We evaluated alternative 13C labeling for exogenous LCFA and developed a simple scheme to distinguish kinetics of LCFA uptake and storage from oxidation. Methods Sequential 13C-NMR spectra were acquired from isolated rat hearts perfused with 13C LCFA and glucose. Spectra were evaluated from hearts supplied: U 13C LCFA, [2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-13C8] palmitate, [2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-13C9] oleate, [4,6,8,10,12,14,16-13C7] palmitate, or [4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-13C8] oleate. Results 13C signal reflected the progressive enrichment at 34.6 ppm from GLU-C4, confounded by additional signal with distinct kinetics attributed to 13C-enriched LCFA 2-carbon (34.0 ppm). Excluding 13C at the 2-carbon of both palmitate and oleate eliminated signal overlap and enabled detection of the exponential enrichment of GLU-C4 for assessing LCFA oxidation. Conclusion Eliminating enrichment at the 2-carbon of 13C LCFA resolved confounding kinetics between GLU-C4 and LCFA 2-carbon signals. With this enrichment scheme, oxidation of LCFA, the primary fuel for cardiac ATP synthesis, can now be more consistently examined in whole organs with dynamic mode, proton-decoupled 13C-NMR. Magn Reson Med 74:330–335, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conceiving Identity: Bisexual, Lesbian and Gay Parents Consider their Children's Sexual Orientations

This study demonstrates the inadequacy of the traditional theory of childhood socialization and identity formation, which holds that children are socialized to internalize the key parameters of their parents' identities. The lesbian, gay and bisexual parents studied were willing actively to foster a sexual identity different from their own in their children. This illustrates that parents may seek to shape the process of internalization so that their children are able to develop identities fundamentally different from their own. The implication for social work is that adoptive or birth parents may successfully instill identities in their children which differ from their own
Isoproterenol-stimulated renin secretion in the rat: second messenger roles of Ca and cyclic AMP.

Abstract These experiments were designed to elucidate which of two second messengers (cyclic 3', 5' adenosine monophosphate [c-AMP]; intracellular calcium [Ca i ]) was more closely related to the renin secretory process. The rat renal cortical slice preparation was used. Agents which previously were shown to inhibit basal renin secretion by increasing Ca i (ouabain, vanadate, angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone, and 60 mM K) antagonized and/or blocked isoproterenol-stimulated secretion, which is thought to be mediated by adenylate cyclase activation and increased levels of c-AMP. The stimulatory effect of dibutyryl c-AMP was antagonized and/or blocked by the same agents which antagonized and/or blocked isoproterenol-stimulated secretion. Thus, the inhibitory effects of these agents on isoproterenol-stimulated secretion cannot be explained by a Ca-induced decrease in c-AMP production. Secretory rate was stimulated by a potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor (3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine). A combination of this and dibutyryl c-AMP produced even greater stimulation. Ouabain blocked the stimulatory effect of this combination. These results are not consistent with an invariant direct relationship between c-AMP and renin secretory rate, but are consistent with an inverse relationship between Ca i and renin secretion. Further, they are consistent with the sypothesis that in isoproterenol-stimulated renin secretion, c-AMP is the second and Ca i the third or the final messenger.
PROTECTION AFFORDED BY LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT DEXTRAN AGAINST THE POST-FREEZE GASTRIC ULCER IN THE DOG.

Summary An experience with 65 dogs subjected to gastric freezing for 30 minutes with inflow temperatures of −18.6°, −20° or −29.4° C. (Groups I, II or III) indicated a definite incidence of post-freeze gastric ulcer for each group. Superficial erosions also occurred, but most did not seem to bleed or cause serious concern. The incidence and size of post-freezing gastric ulceration in Groups I and II was influenced favorably by the prior intravenous infusion of low molecular weight dextran at doses of 2 gm./kg. body weight. Mortality from post-freeze ulcers was lowered from 7 deaths (30.4 per cent) in control Groups I and II, to 1 death (4.5 per cent) in the corresponding dextran groups. The limit of effectiveness of this agent was approached at inflows of −29° C. in Group III in which 5 of 6 dogs developed post-freeze ulcers, two of them dying from perforation. The secretory depression attending freezing of Heidenhain pouches was not abrogated by systemic use of low molecular weight dextran. The clinical use of low molecular weight dextran in man during gastric freezing may offer promise of decreasing the 2 per cent observed incidence of the post-freeze gastric ulcer.
Immunologic competence of regional lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer.

In 24 patients undergoing radical mastectomy, the degree of sensitization to breast cancer was compared between lymphocytes obtained from regional lymph nodes and circulating lymphocytes. Using the direct lymphocyte migration inhibition assay a greater immunologic response was observed in regional lymph node lymphocytes as compared to circulating lymphocytes when challenged with breast cancer antigen in vitro. In the breast cancer group, migration inhibition (M.I.) was 21% plus or minus 3% in the regional lymph node (R.L.N.) lymphocytes, as compared to 7% plus or minus 3% in the peripheral blood (P.B.) lymphocytes (p smaller than .01). In the control group M.I. was - 10% plus or minus 2% in the R.L.N. lymphocytes, as compared to - 2% plus or minus 3% in the P.B. lymphocytes (p equal to n.s.) indicating no immunologic response to the breast cancer antigen. A significant delayed hypersensitivity response (M.I.greater 20%) was found in 17/24 regional lymph nodes of the radical mastectomy graoup, as compared to 7/24 in the peripheral blood samples tested in the same group, indicating a superior immune response in the regional lymph node lymphocyte population. These data support the concept that regional lymph nodes in breast cancer patients are immunologically competent, and that the lymphocytes in these nodes are more reactive with a tumor antigen than are the circulating lymphocytes.
INTELLIGENT DETECTION OF DRILL WEAR

Abstract Backpropagation neural networks (BPNs) were used for on-line detection of drill wear. The neural network consisted of three layers: input, hidden, and output. The input vector comprised drill size, feed rate, spindle speed, and eight features obtained by processing the thrust and torque signals. The output was the drill wear state which either usable or failure. Drilling experiments with various drill sizes, feed rates and spindle speeds were carried out. The learning process was performed effectively by utilising backpropagation with smoothing and an activation function slope. The on-line detection of drill wear states using BPNs achieved 100% reliability even when the drill size, feed rate and spindle speed were changed. In other words, the developed on-line drill wear detection systems have very high robustness and hence can be used in very complex production environments, such as flexible manufacturing systems.
Fluorometric determination of hydrazine and ammonia separately or in mixtures.

Abstract Hydrazine and ammonia are often added to boiler water to inhibit corrosion. The reagents o-phthalaldehyde and mercaptoethanol have been found to form derivatives with hydrazine and ammonia which can be determined by fluorimetry. Because the optimum pH values for formation of the hydrazine and ammonia derivatives were different, analysis of mixtures of the two components without prior separation was possible. Simulated wet-lay-up boiler water samples containing 5–200-μg/ml levels of hydrazine and ammonia have been analysed with an average relative error of about 10%.
A donor's a person, no matter how small.

After 30+ years of considering BM donation from sibling children a safe and effective standard based on 2 single-center studies,[1][1],[2][2] Styczynski and colleagues in this edition of Blood provide us with a multicenter, prospective study of safety outcomes of 453 pediatric BM and PBSC donors.[3
Production of plasminogen activator from monkey kidney cell culture.

Abstract Plasminogen activator from monkey kidney cell cultures was produced in mass tissue culture propagators for the purpose of obtaining sufficient quantities for characterization and research. Two modifying factors were used in the design and production of plasminogen activator: an increase in liquid operating volume and the addition of glycine to the maintenance medium. Production levels of approximately 10 million international units (IU) were obtained over a six-month period. The methods employed gave sufficient quantities of crude enzyme for further purification, characterization, and use in experimental studies.
Reluctant to change: Self-enhancing responses to diverging performance measures ☆

Although there is extensive evidence that past performance influences the propensity to make changes, research on how decision makers respond to diverging performance measures has been sparse. This paper addresses this gap in an experimental and a field study in which we examine how decision makers respond to the ambiguity introduced by two diverging performance indicators of unequal importance. Both studies suggest that decision makers respond to diverging performance indicators in a self-enhancing manner. Decision makers gave importance to a secondary performance indicator only when it helped them maintain a sense of positive performance, that is, when a secondary performance measure was high and a primary performance measure was low. The results suggest that, in contexts in which decision makers are likely to experience diverging performance indicators, perceptions of success and the associated reluctance to make changes might be more pervasive than is often thought.
Do Attitudes Matter? The Military and Democratic Consolidation in Greece:

This article examines the role of the military in processes of democratic consolidation by focusing on the case of the Greek military's extrication from power in 1974. Based on a series of elite in-depth interviews with former and current parliamentary deputies as well as retired military officers, it argues that the initial extrication of the military from power must be viewed as distinct from the issue of permanent withdrawal. Specifically, I find that attitudinal change, not simply behavioral submission to civilian control, is a fundamental condition for long-lasting civilian supremacy. That is, while behavioral support for democracy is adequate in the short term, attitudinal support is a necessary precondition for democratic consolidation in the long run. In sum, this analysis of the Greek military's extrication from power highlights the importance of achieving both behavioral and attitudinal support from the military before a newly democratized regime can be considered consolidated.
Digital imaging sensor identification (further study)

In this paper, we revisit the problem of digital camera sensor identification using photo-response non-uniformity noise (PRNU). Considering the identification task as a joint estimation and detection problem, we use a simplified model for the sensor output and then derive a Maximum Likelihood estimator of the PRNU. The model is also used to design optimal test statistics for detection of PRNU in a specific image. To estimate unknown shaping factors and determine the distribution of the test statistics for the image-camera match, we construct a predictor of the test statistics on small image blocks. This enables us to obtain conservative estimates of false rejection rates for each image under Neyman- Pearson testing. We also point out a few pitfalls in camera identification using PRNU and ways to overcome them by preprocessing the estimated PRNU before identification.
Bayesian Graphical Lasso Models and Efficient Posterior Computation

Recently, the graphical lasso procedure has become popular in estimating Gaussian graphical models. In this paper, we introduce a fully Bayesian treatment of graphical lasso models. We first investigate the graphical lasso prior that has been relatively unexplored. Using data augmentation, we develop a simple but highly efficient block Gibbs sampler for simulating covariance matrices. We then generalize the Bayesian graphical lasso to the Bayesian adaptive graphical lasso. Finally, we illustrate and compare the results from our approach to those obtained using the standard graphical lasso procedures for real and simulated data. In terms of both covariance matrix estimation and graphical structure learning, the Bayesian adaptive graphical lasso appears to be the top overall performer among a range of frequentist and Bayesian methods.
Victim Gender in News Coverage of the Priest Sex Crisis by the Boston Globe

Despite its 2002 lawsuit to force the Catholic Church to reveal cover-ups of sexual abuse by priests, prior to 2002 the Boston Globe engaged in a consistently misogynistic and homophobic bias in its reporting on the crisis. Its journalistic choices supported the frame of the Vatican and the influential Archdiocese of Boston: that this universal crisis was a problem only of a few liberal, “gay,” American priests. International, national, and Massachusetts reporting by other newspapers included hundreds of stories of bishops’ relationships with women; of priests impregnating nuns; of priests raping female novitiates; and of priests serially raping girls as young as four years old. Yet the Boston Globe chose to cover stories almost exclusively involving boy victims. This analysis shows how differently the Globe and other newspapers covered the stories of Father Robert E. Kelley, who admitted to raping more than 100 girls while serving the diocese in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Microfluidic Magnetic Multi-Cell Sorting

We propose a cell sorting system that uses permanent magnets in a microfluidic device. Functionalized magnetic beads attached to cells and take on different trajectories based on the magnetic forces acting on them.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Picosecond optical measurements of the properties of heavily carbon-implanted silicon

Abstract We have used picosecond transient photoreflectance techniques to measure the near-surface characteristics of unimplanted silicon and of silicon heavily implanted with carbon. These laser-based diagnostic techniques are non-destructive and allow measurement of the modification of near-surface properties sensitive to both photocarrier and photothermal phenomena. Photothermal phenomena dominate these results and yield important information concerning the extent of implant-induced materials modification.
Stability conditions and Fermi surface topologies in a superconductor

Candidate homogeneous, isotropic superfluid or superconducting states of paired fermion species with different chemical potentials, can lead to quasiparticle excitation energies that vanish at either 0, 1, or 2 spheres in momentum space. With no zeros, we have a conventional BCS superconductor. The other two cases, ``gapless'' superconductors, appear in mean- field theory for sufficiently large mismatches and/or sufficiently large coupling strengths. Here we examine several stability criteria for those candidate phases. Positivity of number susceptibility appears to provide the most powerful constraint, and renders all the two-zero states that we have examined mechanically unstable. Our results should apply directly to ultracold fermionic atom systems.
Resolving single fluorophores within dense ensembles: contrast limits of tip-enhanced fluorescence microscopy.

We investigate the limits of one-photon fluorescence as a contrast mechanism in nanoscale-resolution tip-enhanced optical microscopy. Specifically, we examine the magnitude of tip-induced signal enhancement needed to resolve individual fluorophores within densely-packed ensembles. Modulation of fluorescence signals induced by an oscillating tip followed by demodulation with a lock-in amplifier increases image contrast by nearly two orders of magnitude. A theoretical model of this simple modulation/demodulation scheme predicts an optimal value for the tip-oscillation amplitude that agrees with experimental measurements. Further, as an important step toward the eventual application of tip-enhanced fluorescence microscopy to the nanoscale structural analysis of biomolecular systems, we show that requisite signal enhancement factors are within the capabilities of commercially available silicon tips.
Electrophysiological consequences of retinal hypoxia

Experiments on cats show that electrical activity of the inner (proximal) retina is unaffected during systemic hypoxia as long as arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) is above 40 mm Hg. This is due to effective regulation of inner retinal tissue PO2 by the retinal circulation. In contrast, some electrical signals generated in the outer (distal) retina begin to change when PaO2 falls below 70–80 mmHg. The outer retinal responses are generated by the retinal pigment epithelium, but their susceptibility to hypoxia results primarily from their dependence on photoreceptors. Photoreceptor metabolism is sensitive to hypoxia because of the high oxygen consumption of photoreceptors and their reliance on the choroidal circulation, which cannot regulate PO2 in the outer retina. Retinal electrophysiology and oxygen distribution are altered by acutely elevated intraocular pressure just as by hypoxia. These results raise the question as to how inner retinal function can be preserved when outer retinal function is altered. The explanations proposed relate to (1) differences in conditions of light adaptation in different studies, (2) the possible inappropriateness of the previous measurements in the inner retina for revealing photoreceptor dysfunction, and (3) a possible preservation of photoreceptor electrical responses when their metabolism is altered. Comparison of cat and human studies suggests that the human retina is affected in much the same way during hypoxia as the cat retina, but further experiments are required for an understanding of the role of hypoxia in human disease.
Kidney cancer: The prognostic value of urinary collecting system invasion.

Data from a retrospective multicenter study have revealed that the presence of urinary collecting system invasion portends a worse outcome in patients with organ-confined disease. Evidence that cancer has spread into the collecting system, in the context of other adverse prognostic factors, should prompt clinicians to instigate closer follow-up of patients after nephrectomy.
Complexity measures of the central respiratory networks during wakefulness and sleep

Since sleep is known to influence respiratory activity we studied whether the sleep state would affect the complexity value of the respiratory network output. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that the complexity values of the diaphragm EMG (EMGdia) activity would be lower during REM compared to NREM. Furthermore, since REM is primarily generated by a homogeneous population of neurons in the medulla, the possibility that REM-related respiratory output would be less complex than that of the awake state was also considered. Additionally, in order to examine the influence of neuron vulnerabilities within the rostral ventral medulla (RVM) on the complexity of the respiratory network output, we inhibited respiratory neurons in the RVM by microdialysis of GABAA receptor agonist muscimol. Diaphragm EMG, nuchal EMG, EEG, EOG as well as other physiological signals (tracheal pressure, blood pressure and respiratory volume) were recorded from five unanesthetized chronically instrumented intact piglets (3–10 days old). Complexity of the diaphragm EMG (EMGdia) signal during wakefulness, NREM and REM was evaluated using the approximate entropy method (ApEn). ApEn values of the EMGdia during NREM and REM sleep were found significantly ( p< 0.05 and p< 0.001, respectively) lower than those of awake EMGdia after muscimol inhibition. In the absence of muscimol, only the differences between REM and wakefulness ApEn values were found to be significantly different.
Summings soft gluons

Abstract In radial quantization, the longest range interaction between jets in rapidly space is the Coulomb potential on a hyperboloid, because transverse gluons are effectively massive. A multipole argument also shows that jets can be replaced by point charges. This explains many cancellations in perturbative QCD, and suggests new techniques.
Direct Numerical Simulation of the Turbulent Ekman Layer: Evaluation of Closure Models

AbstractA direct numerical simulation (DNS) at a Reynolds number of 1000 was performed for the neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) using the Ekman layer approximation. The DNS results were used to evaluate several closure approximations that model the turbulent stresses in the Reynolds averaged momentum equations. Two first-order closure equations proposed by O’Brien and by Large, McWilliams, and Doney were tested; both models approximate the eddy diffusivity as a function of height using cubic polynomials. Of these two models, the O’Brien model, which requires data both at the surface layer and at the top of the boundary layer, proved superior. The higher-order k–e model also agreed well with DNS results and more accurately represented the eddy diffusivity in this rotational flow.
Veterans' mental health in the wake of war.

Some aspects of the psychological experiences of war bind veterans together across temporal and national boundaries. Dr. Matthew Friedman states that while new treatments have changed the landscape of hope, we must prepare for some unprecedented challenges presented by our newest veterans.
A Survey of Visualization Pipelines

The most common abstraction used by visualization libraries and applications today is what is known as the visualization pipeline. The visualization pipeline provides a mechanism to encapsulate algorithms and then couple them together in a variety of ways. The visualization pipeline has been in existence for over 20 years, and over this time many variations and improvements have been proposed. This paper provides a literature review of the most prevalent features of visualization pipelines and some of the most recent research directions.
Unsolved problems in elementary number theory

Thirty-two unsolved problems in elementary number theory are listed as challenge problems for automated reasoning systems. The clausal forms of the conjectures and of their negations are given, suitable as input to resolution theorem provers versed in Peano arithmetic.
Chemical Pretreatment and Microfiltration for Making Delipidized Whey Protein Concentrate

Chemical pretreatment, microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) were applied to produce delipidized whey protein concentrates (WPC). Processes including both chemical pretreatment and MF resulted in WPC with <0.5% lipids. Low-pH UF and isoelectric point (PI) precipitation were more effective for lipid removal than chemical pretreatment by thermocalcic aggregation. Protein permeation ratios in MF processes were improved by UF preconcentration of whey. Protein permeation and flux were different between the two MF membranes used. Isoelectric point precipitation increased β-Lg contents, but not α-La, in the resulting WPC (B). Minor proteins exhibited lower concentrations in WPC B and MF WPC products.
Determining the Pose of an Object

We present an algorithm for determining the position and orientation (pose) of an unoccluded three-dimensional object given a digitized grey-scale image. A model data base of characteristic views is generated prior to run-time by merging perspective views containing the same feature points, such as points of sharp curvature in an edge map, into common characteristic views. The run-time algorithm consists of (1) extracting an edge map from the image; (2) locating feature points in the edge map; (3) using intrinsic properties of the feature points in the image, such as signs of curvature, to rank the characteristic views for the object according to their likelihood of correspondence to the image; (4) for each characteristic view in the ranking, matching properties of the image feature points and object feature points in order to generate potential correspondences; and (5) verifying the most likely correspondences by examining a least-squares fit in each correspondence. The fit yields a rotation matrix that defines the pose of the object.
Restoration of images damaged by semi-transparent water blotches using localized image enhancement

Vast libraries of historic photographs are currently degrading due to the effects of semi-transparent water blotches. Most current restoration techniques involve heavy user interaction and are therefore too expensive to use for large quantities of images. This paper introduces the Localized Logarithmic Image Restoration Algorithm, which provides an automated system to restore the water blotches found in old photographs. The Algorithm utilizes a new localized image processing framework that allows it to improve upon existing restoration methods. This framework can be used for a variety of image processing applications. In the presented application of blotch removal, new logarithmic and statistical equations are introduced and used within the localized framework to complete the restoration. As shown by intensive computer simulations, the Algorithm produces enhanced results when compared to the existing automated algorithm. Improvements include superior edge removal around the blotch, better local contrast preservation, and expanded saturation reduction capabilities. In addition to the enhanced restoration quality of the results, the simulations are also promising with respect to computational time.
Computational Study Of The Effect Of Calcium Buffers On The Calcium Current Cooperativity Of Exocytosis

Synaptic neurotransmitter release is one of the most fundamental processes in physiology, and there is considerable interest in the study of spatio-temporal dynamics of calcium (Ca2+) that triggers exocytosis at a fast chemical synapse. In particular, there his been significant progress in the understanding of the relative coupling of individual Ca2+ channels to the release of a single vesicle. Experimental protocols provide insight into this question by probing the sensitivity of exocytosis to Ca2+ influx. While varying extracellular or intracellular Ca2+ concentration assesses the intrinsic biochemical Ca2+ cooperativity of neurotransmitter release, varying the number of open Ca2+ channels using pharmacological channel block or the tail current protocol probes the cooperativity between individual Ca2+ channels in triggering exocytosis. Despite the wide use of these Ca2+ sensitivity protocols, their interpretation often relies on heuristic arguments, and ignores the potent effect of Ca2+ buffers on exocytosis. We analyze these experimental protocols, derive simple formulas for special cases, and distinguish carefully between the Ca2+ current cooperativity, defined as the exponent in the relationship between exocytosis rate and the Ca2+ current magnitude, and the underlying Ca2+ channel cooperativity, defined as the average number of channels involved in the release of a single vesicle. Further, we use 3D computational modeling of buffered Ca2+ diffusion to analyze the distinct Ca2+ cooperativity measures, and demonstrate the role of endogenous Ca2+ buffers on such measures. We show that buffers can either increase or decrease the calcium current cooperativity of exocytosis, depending on their concentration and calcium-binding properties, and the distance between channel and vesicle.Supported by the National Science Foundation grants DMS-0817703 (V.M.) and DMS-0613179 (R.B.), and the NIDDK/NIH Intramural Research Program (A.S.)
An Evaluation of E-Learning on the Basis of Bloom's Taxonomy: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACT. Universities have rushed to expand their delivery of courses through e-learning environments. But is e-learning effective? The authors conducted an explor- atory study to evaluate e-learning through WebCT on the basis of Bloom's taxonomy. The authors distributed 75 questionnaires to investigate whether individual or instruc- tional factors play an important role in learning when using WebCT. On the basis of analysis of surveys from undergraduate students at a medium-sized university in the southeastern region of the United States, the authors determined that individual and instructional factors do not play a major role in the learning process.
Relation of Coronary Calcium Score by Electron Beam Computed Tomography to Arteriographic Findings in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Adults

Abstract Coronary arteriography was performed on 18 asymptomatic, apparently healthy adults with elevated coronary calcium scores. To extend the range of observation to subjects with low calcium scores, arteriograms from 18 patients with exertional dyspnea and/or valvular heart disease and low calcium scores were also analyzed; these 18 patients were considered asymptomatic from the point of view of coronary artery disease (CAD). For the comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic persons, 3 age and sex-matched symptomatic patients were also selected for each of the original 18 asymptomatic subjects. Arteriograms were analyzed by computer-assisted quantitative coronary arteriography at a remote site without knowledge of the calcium score or any other patient characteristics. In the 18 asymptomatic subjects with elevated calcium scores, the mean calcium score was 573 ± 504 (Agatston method) and the mean worst stenosis was 45% ± 16%. For all 36 patients without symptoms of CAD, worst stenosis was closely correlated with the square root of the calcium score (r = 0.85, p
Few associations between income and fruit and vegetable consumption.

Abstract Objective To examine the association between income and the consumption of fruits and vegetables using the poverty income ratio (PIR). Design Association between PIR and intake of fruits and vegetables combined. The PIR was divided into 5 groups ranging from Participants Adults aged 18 years and older (N = 16,232) who participated in the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and fit the qualifiers. Main Outcome Measures The amount of combined fruit and vegetable intake based on income level. Analyses Using ANCOVA, a base model with increasing number of covariates was analyzed. Results Mean daily intake ranged from 253-324 g for those who consumed both fruits and vegetables (N = 16,213). In the base model, significant differences in intake occurred between those who were at ≥ 400% PT and PIR groups Conclusions and Implications Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables is directly related to income when income reaches levels of ≥ 400% PT. These differences are mediated by education. Providing nutrition education may help individuals to reach the recommended level of consumption of fruits and vegetables.
"Just" Thinking, Reflecting, and Acting in Schools: A Case of Social Justice Leadership.

This case presents contemporary issues confronting a school district where school leaders must take a role in leading staff to develop greater insight into issues of social justice. The story is set in a suburban village school district that has recently seen an influx of immigrants moving into the community. The school district needs to change but the question is “how?” The school district's personnel are challenged by the new school superintendent to take responsibility for creating a socially just educational system. Through the eyes of the superintendent and one building principal, the story unfolds. Information and activities are woven into the story to help educational leadership candidates think about, reflect on, and explore possible actions for change as future leaders in schools.
Origin of both great vessels from the right ventricle associated with severe obstruction to left ventricular outflow

Abstract A patient is described in whom both the aorta and pulmonary artery arose from the right ventricle. Obstruction to right ventricular outflow resulted from anomalous muscle bundles, and a small ventricular septal defect was the site of severe obstruction to left ventricular outflow. The preoperative clinical findings, and the results of the hemodynamic and angiographic studies by which the diagnosis was established, are presented. At operation, the ventricular septal defect was enlarged, and left ventricular outflow was directed into the aorta by a prosthesis. Normal intracardiac pressures and the absence of any intracardiac shunt were demonstrated at late postoperative study. When both great arteries originate from the right ventricle, the clinical and hemodynamic findings are determined by the position and size of the ventricular septal defect and by the presence or absence of pulmonary stenosis. The various physiologic abnormalities which result from this malformation are related to the specific anatomic defects.
Student transfer between Oregon community colleges and Oregon University system institutions

This chapter highlights findings from a recent study addressing the issues of students who transfer between community colleges and public universities in the state of Oregon. Implications for policymakers and institutional practitioners are discussed.
Analysis of Heterotropic Cooperativity in Cytochrome P450 3A4 Using α-Naphthoflavone and Testosterone

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) displays non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics for many of the substrates it metabolizes, including testosterone (TST) and α-naphthoflavone (ANF). Heterotropic effects between these two substrates can further complicate the metabolic profile of the enzyme. In this work, monomeric CYP3A4 solubilized in Nanodiscs has been studied for its ability to interact with varying molar ratios of ANF and TST. Comparison of the observed heme spin state, NADPH consumption, and product formation rates with a non-cooperative model calculated from a linear combination of the global analysis of each substrate reveals a detailed landscape of the heterotropic interactions and indicates negligible binding cooperativity between ANF and TST. The observed effect of ANF on the kinetics of TST metabolism is due to the additive action of the second substrate with no specific allosteric effects.
D1/NMDA Receptors and Concurrent Methamphetamine+HIV-1 Tat Neurotoxicity

The interactive effects of HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine (METH) abuse in producing cognitive dysfunction represent a serious medical problem; however, the neural mechanisms underlying this interactive neurotoxicity remain elusive. In this study, we report that a combination of low, sub-toxic doses of METH + HIV-1 Tat 1-86 B, but not METH + HIV-1 gp120, directly induces death of rodent midbrain neurons in vitro. The effects of D1- and NMDA-receptor specific antagonists (SCH23390 and MK-801, respectively) on the neurotoxicity of different doses of METH or HIV-1 Tat alone and on the METH + HIV-1Tat interaction in midbrain neuronal cultures suggest that the induction of the cell death cascade by METH and Tat requires both dopaminergic (D1) and N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated signaling. This interactive METH+Tat neurotoxicity does not occur in cultures of hippocampal neurons, which are predominately glutamatergic, express very low levels of dopamine receptors, and have no functional dopamine transporter (DAT). Thus, the presence of a subpopulation of neurons capable of dopamine release/uptake is essential for METH+Tat induction of the cell death cascade. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that METH and HIV-1 Tat disrupt the normal conjunction of signaling between D1 and NMDA receptors, resulting in neural dysfunction and death.
Classification of hurricanes: Lessons from Katrina, Ike, Irene, Isaac and Sandy

Abstract Lessons learned from disastrous hurricanes in recent years, especially Katrina, Ike, Irene, Isaac and Sandy are discussed, and improved ways to inform the public about the potential impact of tropical cyclones are presented. An alternative classification system is shown to be more informative than the Saffir–Simpson scale currently in use, and should prove beneficial to the general public and the coastal engineering community. The most important lesson is that the size of the hurricane matters , not just its intensity .
New Rapid Determination of Pyridoxal Phosphate Using Tyrosine Phenol-lyase

A rapid, specific, and precise spectrophotometric assay for the determination of pyridoxal phosphate is described. The assay allows for the determination of the cofactor between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/ml. Its applicability to pyridoxal phosphate in biological fluids was demonstrated by a determination of the plasma half-life in BDF1 mice. Pyridoxal phosphate is absorbed rapidly from the peritoneal cavity and cleared from the plasma with a half-life of about 15 min.
The R Aquarii System at Optical and Radio Wavelengths

New continuum observations of all radio components of the R Aquarii system at 2, 6, and 20 cm are reported which allow determination of polarization properties, integrated flux levels, spectral indices, and hence the emission mechanisms of the individual components. Complementary wide-band optical observations are also reported to help determine the nature and structure of the compact double radio source (CDRS) and the R Aquarii radio jet. The results of these observations are discussed in detail with regard to models currently or previously proposed for the R Aquarii system. It is concluded that the compact H II region spectral index is about +0.6, indicative of a thermal and optically thick expanding wind from the long-period variable. The radio jet emission is shown to be optically thin, thermal, cospatial with optical emission, and stable over the last few years. The CDRS is shown to be an extragalactic background object.
Women on Parole: Understanding the Impact of Surveillance

Research suggests that over the past several decades, the institution of parole has strayed from its original operating tenets of rehabilitation and reintegration and has increasingly become more focused on employing methods centered on surveillance and risk management. This article explores how a group of 43 women reentering their communities via parole understand the purpose of this institution. Through qualitative interviews, these women explain how they perceive parole as a tool intended to monitor their actions as opposed to assist them in getting back on their feet. The findings also demonstrate how this surveillance produces feelings of fear, anxiety, and powerlessness in individuals and how this affects women newly released from prison who are working to regain control over their own lives.
Mesozoic interaction of the Kula plate and the western margin of north america

Abstract Oceanic crust west of North America at the beginning of the Jurassic belonged to the Kula plate. The development of the western margin of North America since the Jurassic reflects interaction with the Kula plate, the Kula-Farallon spreading center and the Farallon plate. The Kula plate ceased to exist in the Paleocene and later developments were caused by interaction of the Farallon plate and, subsequently, collision with the East Pacific Rise. At the beginning of the Jurassic, when spreading between North and South America began, the Kula-Farallon-Pacific triple junction moved to the north relative to North America, and the eastern end of the Kula-Farallon spreading center swept northwards along the continental margin. During the Paleocene, Kula-Pacific spreading ceased and the Kula plate fused to the Pacific plate. Throughout the Mesozoic, subduction of the Kula plate took place along the Alaskan continental margin. When the Kula plate joined the Pacific plate a new subduction zone formed along the line of the present Aleutian chain. Wrangellia and Stikinia, anomalous terrains in Alaska and northwestern Canada respectively, were emplaced by transport on the Kula plate from lower latitudes. Hypotheses which require transport of these plates in the Mesozoic from the “far reaches of the Pacific” ignore the problem of transport across either the Kula-Pacific or Kula-Farallon spreading centers. The interaction of the Kula plate and western North America throughout the Jurassic and the Cretaceous should result in emplacement of these terrains by motion oblique to the continental margin. Tethyan faunas in Stikinia must come from the western end of Tethys between North and South America, not the Indonesian region at the eastern end of Tethys. As the northeastern end of the Kula-Farallon ridge moved northward, the sense of motion changed from right lateral shear between the Kula and North American plates to collision or left lateral shear between the Farallon and North American plates. Left lateral shear along zones analogous to the Mojave-Sonora megashear may have been the means by which anomalous terrains were transported to the southeast into the gap between North and South America forming present day Central America. Such a model overcomes the overlap difficulties suffered in previous attempts to reconstruct the Mesozoic paleogeography of Central America.
Speeding up Lisp-based symbolic mathematics

Two techniques for speeding up a traditional Lisp-based symbolic manipulation system (Macsyma) were outlined in a previous paper [2]. These were: using unique representations for equivalent "kernel" expressions (where a kernel here is basically anything but a sum), and using hash tables for an unordered representation of sums. New tests in the context of a complete version of Macsyma suggest that a speedup of --- in some cases --- orders of magnitude can be obtained. In some cases this appears to match or exceed the speed of Mathematica, a recently written system written in a lower-level language (e.g. C).
The influence of walking speed and footwear on plantar pressures in older adults.

Abstract Objective. To identify the influence of walking velocity and footwear condition on plantar pressure variables in healthy older adults. Design. Single session data collection during varying speed and footwear conditions. Background. Elevated plantar pressures are concerning due to the risk of tissue injury, ulceration, and pain. In young adults, increases in plantar pressure have been documented with faster walking speeds and when walking barefoot compared to wearing shoes. These relationships have not been systematically explored in older adults. Methods. Key plantar pressure factors were recorded as subjects walked barefoot and in comfortable walking shoes across a 10 m walkway at three predetermined velocities (57, 80, 97 m/min). Separate 3 × 2 analyses of variance with repeated measures identified significant differences in pressure, force, and contact area in eight anatomically defined foot regions across walking speeds and between footwear conditions. Results. Faster walking resulted in higher pressures under all foot regions except for the arch and lateral metatarsal (P⩽0.001), due primarily to greater forces under the heel, medial metatarsal and toes (P⩽0.001). Compared to wearing shoes, barefoot heel pressure was elevated (P⩽0.001) due to reduced heel contact area (P Conclusions. Two conditions were associated with higher plantar pressures in the older adults studied: faster speeds and barefoot walking. Relevance In the presence of plantar pain and/or pathology, wearing supportive, well-fit shoes and avoiding faster walking speeds may reduce pressures. These strategies may also be useful for decreasing the risk of tissue injury and ulceration in persons with peripheral neuropathy.
Hydroxyl Radical at the Air−Water Interface

Interaction of the hydroxyl radical with the liquid water surface was studied using classical molecular dynamics computer simulations. From a series of scattering trajectories, the thermal and mass accommodation coefficients of OH on liquid water at 300 K were determined to be 0.95 and 0.83, respectively. The calculated free energy profile for transfer of OH across the air−water interface at 300 K exhibits a minimum in the interfacial region, with the free energy of adsorbtion (ΔGa) being about 1 kcal/mol more negative than the hydration free energy (ΔGs). The propensity of the hydroxyl radical for the air−water interface manifests itself in partitioning of OH radicals between the bulk water and the surface. The enhancement of the surface concentration of OH relative to its concentration in the aqueous phase suggests that important OH chemistry may be occurring in the interfacial layer of water droplets, aqueous aerosol particles, and thin water films adsorbed on solid surfaces. This has profound conseque...