cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated Testing and Management in Fetal Growth Restriction

Growth-restricted fetuses are at higher risk for poor perinatal and long-term outcome than those who are appropriately grown. Multiple antenatal testing modalities can help document the sequence of fetal deterioration. The full extent of this compromise is best identified by a combination of fetal biometry, biophysical profile scoring, and arterial and venous Doppler. In the preterm growth-restricted fetus, timing of delivery is critically determined by the balance of fetal versus neonatal risks. In the near-term fetus, accurate diagnosis continues to be a challenge as unrecognized growth restriction contributes to a significant proportion of unexplained stillbirths. In this review, we present an integrated diagnostic and surveillance approach that accounts for these factors.
Crystalline electric fields in mixed valent systems (invited)

The inelastic neutron studies of rare‐earth‐based mixed valent systems have all shown remarkably similar results: a broad quasielastic line with half width on the order of 10 meV. This width exhibits a strong temperature dependence in those systems which undergo a valence transition and is only weakly temperature dependent in those systems which show no transition. A surprising result was the absence of crystalline electric field (CEF) excitations. Recent measurements on the alloy Ce.9−xLaxTh.1 have revealed the existence of CEF excitations. For x = 0, the valence transition is strongly first order and occurs near To?150 K. The inelastic spectra exhibit the typical broad quasielastic scattering. As x increases, To decreases, due to internal pressure effects, and a well‐defined, but broad, excitation appears near E = 15 meV. This is interpreted as a CEF excitation between the Γ7 and Γ8 levels of the Ce3+ ion. For x = 0.40, the valence transition is almost completely suppressed and the excitation becomes ev...
Cosmological Simulations with Self-Interacting Dark Matter I: Constant Density Cores and Substructure

We use cosmological simulations to study the effects of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) on the density profiles and substructure counts of dark matte r halos from the scales of spiral galaxies to galaxy clusters, focusing explicitly on mod els with cross sections over dark matter particle mass σ/m = 1 and 0.1 cm 2 /g. Our simulations rely on a new SIDM N-body algorithm that is derived self-consistently from the Boltz mann equation and that reproduces analytic expectations in controlled numerical experiments. We find that well-resolved SIDM halos have constant-density cores, with significantly lowe r central densities than their CDM counterparts. In contrast, the subhalo content of SIDM halos is only modestly reduced compared to CDM, with the suppression greatest for large hosts and small halo-centric distances. Moreover, the large-scale clustering and halo circular vel ocity functions in SIDM are effectively identical to CDM, meaning that all of the large-scale successes of CDM are equally well matched by SIDM. From our largest cross section runs we are able to extract scaling relations for core sizes and central densities over a range o f halo sizes and find a strong correlation between the core radius of an SIDM halo and the NFW scale radius of its CDM counterpart. We construct a simple analytic model, based on CDM scaling relations, that captures all aspects of the scaling relations for SIDM halos. Our results show that halo core densities in σ/m = 1 cm 2 /g models are too low to match observations of galaxy clusters, low surface brightness spirals (LSBs), and dwarf spheroidal galaxies. However, SIDM with σ/m ≃ 0.1 cm 2 /g appears capable of reproducing reported core sizes and central densities of dwarfs, LSBs, and galaxy clusters without the need for velocity dependence. Higher resolution simulations over a wider range of masses will be required to confirm this expectation. We discuss constraints arising from the Bullet cluster observ ations, measurements of dark matter density on small-scales and subhalo survival requirements, and show that SIDM models with σ/m ≃ 0.1 cm 2 /g ≃ 0.2 barn/GeV are consistent with all observational constraints.
Magnetic Data Storage: Tilting for the top

The performance of conventional longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic recording media will soon reach their limits. The use of tilted media should allow unprecedented storage densities, thermal stability and fast switching speeds.
THE DISCREPANT, NON-PERVASIVE PEDIATRIC NEURODEVELOPMENTAL PROFILE OF CHILDREN WITH PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER. † 833

The objective of this study was to document the neurodevelopmental profile of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) using a pediatric neurodevelopmental assessment. One hundred fifty-two patients (139 male, 13 female; age 18 months to 13 years) were diagnosed with autism or PDD at our center between 3/1/93 and 12/20/95. All children underwent a pediatric neurodevelopmental assessment, and developmental quotients (DQs) were obtained in language and visual problem solving.
Modeling pesticide fate in a small tidal estuary

Abstract The exposure analysis modeling system (EXAMS), a pesticide fate model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was modified to model the fate of the herbicides atrazine and metolachlor in a small tidally dominated estuary (Bath Creek) in North Carolina, USA where freshwater inflow accounts for only 3% of the total flow. The modifications simulated the changes that occur during the tidal cycle in the estuary, scenarios that are not possible with the original EXAMS model. Two models were created within EXAMS, a steady-state model and a time-variant tidally driven model. The steady-state model accounted for tidal flushing by simply altering freshwater input to yield an estuary residence time equal to that measured in Bath Creek. The tidal EXAMS model explicitly incorporated tidal flushing by modifying the EXAMS code to allow for temporal changes in estuary physical attributes (e.g., volume). The models were validated with empirical measurements of atrazine and metolachlor concentrations in the estuary shortly after herbicide application in nearby fields and immediately following a rain event. Both models provided excellent agreement with measured concentrations. The steady-state EXAMS model accurately predicted atrazine concentrations in the middle of the estuary over the first 3 days and under-predicted metolachlor by a factor of 2–3. The time-variant, tidally driven EXAMS model accurately predicted the rise and plateau of both herbicides over the 6-day measurement period. We have demonstrated the ability of these modified EXAMS models to be useful in predicting pesticide fate and exposure in small tidal estuaries. This is a significant improvement and expansion of the application of EXAMS, and given the wide use of EXAMS for surface water quality modeling by both researchers and regulators and the ability of EXAMS to interface with terrestrial models (e.g., pesticide root zone model) and bioaccumulation models, we now have an easily-accessible and widely accepted means of modeling chemical fate in estuaries.
The effect of mood and incentives on helping: Are there some things money can't buy?

Happy, guilty, and neutral mood states were induced in participants who were then provided with an opportunity to donate blood for free, to donate in exchange for $5, or to choose between donating for free or for $5. As expected, there was a significantly higher incidence of helping when subjects felt happy and guilty as opposed to emotively neutral. Contrary to predictions, helping was unaffected by the type of incentive (donate for $5, donate for free, choose $5/free) subjects were offered in interaction with their mood state. However, the type of incentive did seem to influence the postdonation emotions of subjects: Guilty subjects who donated for money felt significantly less guilty following donation than prior to it and happy subjects felt more self-altruistic (kind and generous) following donation when they helped for free. The results are discussed in terms of Cialdini's negative state relief model (for negative moods) and the intrinsic qualities of helping (for positive moods).
The Mimas 2:1 Eccentric Corotational Resonance in Saturn's Outer B Ring

Abstract We present evidence of an unusual and previously unidentified feature in Saturn's outer B ring at a radius of 117,130 km. The Voyager 2 optical occultation experiment shows a step in opacity, dropping from 1.4 to 0.5 across several kilometers and generally remaining low out to the edge of the ring. By contrast, the Voyager 1 radio occultation showed no distinct change at this location, a rare lack of correlation to a major optical feature. The ratio of opacities outside 117,130 km implies a nearly complete depletion of subcentimeter-sized ring particles unique in Saturn's main rings. We suggest this feature is the Mimas 2:1 eccentric corotational resonance (ECR). Unlike inner Lindblad resonances and inner vertical resonances, which produce waves on dynamic time scales (and which affect all sizes of particle equally), an ECR produces no observable effects on a dynamic time scale. However, we show that the torque exerted by the ECR can influence ring structure on the diffusion time scale. Moreover, a simple computation assuming two particle sizes and diffusion rates qualitatively reproduces the differences between the data sets for simulated times of a few million years. The ECR provides a new observational probe of some poorly known parameters of the rings: the physical mechanisms that determine the ring particle velocity dispersion and size distribution. Specifically, the difference between the optical and the radio opacities is the first observational evidence for the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on particle size, which is expected to arise from the size dependence of the velocity dispersion. Implicitly, it also places a lower limit of a few million years on the time scale for particle size redistribution processes. Hence, this is the first observational test of the suggestion of S. J. Weidenschilling et al. (1984, Planetary Rings , pp. 367-415, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson) that Saturn's ring particles are dynamical ephemeral bodies (DEBs) in a statistical equilibrium, accreting and fragmenting on a time scale of weeks. Detection of the ECR implies integrity of individual particles over much greater time scales, arguing against the DEBs model. The ECR time scale is consistent with ring formation due to breakup of a massive object with subsequent erosion of the remnant material. An interesting limit can be placed on the parameters of erosion by micrometeoroid bombardment.
Effect of shell-side flows on the performance of hollow-fiber gas separation modules

Abstract A theoretical analysis of shell-side flow effects on the performance of hollow-fiber gas separation modules is presented. The theory uses Darcy’s law to relate fiber packing, pressure fields, and velocity fields within the shell. The resulting shell conservation equations are coupled to the lumen conservation equations through the permeation relationship. This two-dimensional (2-D) analysis quantifies the performance penalty associated with gas distribution across the fiber bundle at the shell inlet and outlet. Theoretical predictions for the production of nitrogen from air in a commercial shell-fed module are closer to experimental data than predictions obtained assuming one-dimensional (1-D) plug flow. Fluid flows primarily across fibers near the inlet and outlet ports, and along fibers between ports. Nitrogen composition increases along fluid streamlines, which leads to axial and radial concentration variations within the fiber bundle. Diffusional contributions to shell mass transfer are small for the modules considered here.
Multi-input observer for estimation of compressor flow

This paper presents a formulation and an application of a high-gain multi-input observer to estimate the compressor flow in turbocharged gasoline engines. Such an observer is desired in vehicles lacking a mass air flow sensor yet in which compressor flow needs to be known; for instance, it is desired in order to apply a reference governor for surge constraint avoidance. In this application, a fast estimate of the compressor flow is required so that the reference governor can take action before the compressor goes into surge. The multi-input observer uses pressure measurements and cylinder flow to estimate the compressor flow. This paper presents the derivation of the observer and both simulation and experimental results showing its feasibility in estimating the compressor flow.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
An Analysis of the Demand for Reporting on Internal Control

The purpose of this study is to analyze the demand for reporting on internal control. Nine financial statement user groups were identified and surveyed to determine whether they agree that: (1) management reports on internal control (MRIC) are useful, (2) MRICs influence decisions, and (3) financial reporting is improved by adding MRICs. In addition, the paper examined whether responses varied based on: (1) the definition of internal control used (manipulated as broad, operational definition vs. narrow, financial‐reporting definition) and (2) user group. The results indicate that financial statement users agree that internal controls are important. Respondents agreed that voluntary MRICs improved controls and provided additional information for decision making. Respondents also agreed that mandatory MRICs improved controls, but did not agree about their value for decision making. Using a broad definition of controls, respondents strongly agreed that MRICs improved controls and provided a better indicator ...
When Idle Is Not Quiet: Energy-Efficient Platform Design in Presence of Network Background and Management Traffic

Today's platforms offer ubiquitous network connectivity through one or more communication interfaces and while the communication devices consume a small portion of the overall platform power the impact of network connectivity and individual packet processing on the overall platform energy consumption is significant, due to the non-deterministic characteristics of network traffic. In this paper we show that significant energy is unnecessarily wasted at the platform level while it is idle and connected to one or more networks, especially unlicensed networks like WiFi or Ethernet, because the system is constantly processing what we term "background/noise" traffic. We quantify the negative impact of network connectivity on platform energy-efficiency and provide novel techniques to mitigate this impact. We implemented these mitigation techniques in our wireless network interface cards and our results indicate that when our scheme is used the total platform sleep time increases by up to 40% with no performance degradation and no user experience impact.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Prevention of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Patients Without Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Objective:To review relevant studies for both primary and secondary antibiotic prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in patients with cirrhosis without gastrointestinal bleeding.Data Sources:A search of PubMed (1980-July 2010) was conducted using the terms prophylaxis, SBP, and antibiotics. A manual review of bibliographies was conducted for inclusion of relevant articles.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Prospective studies and meta-analyses published in English were included.Data Synthesis:Ten trials and 3 meta-analyses were included. Of the 10 trials, 2 examined the use of secondary prophylaxis for prevention of subsequent episodes of SBP, 4 examined the use of primary prophylaxis to prevent an initial SBP episode, and 4 examined the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in a mixed population. Seven trials evaluated the use of an antibiotic compared to placebo or no treatment. Only 1 trial evaluated norfloxacin versus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Trial duration varied from 24 days to 12 mo...
The role of expectations in stabilization policy

Abstract This paper develops and tests a theory of the process by which private agents in an economy form expectations about government policy. Agents form and update their beliefs about the true state of government policy in a Bayesian fashion. The ‘credibility’ of a policy is defined to be the subjective probability that the government is pursuing a 'reform' policy rule. The ‘credibility’ of a reform of monetary or exchange rate policies is a function of the parameters of both monetary and fiscal policies. The theory is applied to the Chilean and Argentine exchange reforms of the late 1970's.
Sufficient conditions for strong local minima: the case of C 1 extremals

In this paper we settle a conjecture of Ball that uniform quasiconvexity and uniform positivity of the second variation are sufficient for a C 1 extremal to be a strong local minimizer. Our result holds for a class of variational functionals with a power law behavior at infinity. The proof is based on the decomposition of an arbitrary variation of the dependent variable into its purely strong and weak parts. We show that these two parts act independently on the functional. The action of the weak part can be described in terms of the second variation, whose uniform positivity prevents the weak part from decreasing the functional. The strong part "localizes", i.e. its action can be represented as a superposition of "Weierstrass needles", which cannot decrease the functional either, due to the uniform quasiconvexity conditions.
Precise and Low-Cost Monitoring of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Pest Activity in Pyramid Traps with Cameras

Incorporating camera systems into insect traps potentially benefits insect phenology modeling, nonlethal insect monitoring, and research into the automated identification of traps counts. Cameras originally for monitoring mammals were instead adapted to monitor the entrance to pyramid traps designed to capture the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Using released curculios, two new trap designs (v.I and v.II) were field-tested alongside conventional pyramid traps at one site in autumn 2010 and at four sites in autumn 2012. The traps were evaluated on the basis of battery power, ease-of-maintenance, adaptability, required-user-skills, cost (including labor), and accuracy-of-results. The v.II design fully surpassed expectations, except that some trapped curculios were not photographed. In 2012, 13 of the 24 traps recorded every curculio entering the traps during the 18-d study period, and in traps where some curculios were not photographed, over 90% of the omissions could be explained by component failure or external interference with the motion sensor. Significantly more curculios entered the camera traps between 1800 and 0000 hours. When compared with conventional pyramid traps, the v.I traps collected a similar number of curculios. Two observed but not significant trends were that the v.I traps collected twice as many plum curculios as the v.II traps, while at the same time the v.II traps collected more than twice as many photos per plum curculio as the v.I traps. The research demonstrates that low-cost, precise monitoring of field insect populations is feasible without requiring extensive technical expertise.
Improving the cycling stability of silicon nanowire anodes with conducting polymer coatings

For silicon nanowires (Si NWs) to be used as a successful high capacity lithium-ion battery anode material, improvements in cycling stability are required. Here we show that a conductive polymer surface coating on the Si NWs improves cycling stability; coating with PEDOT causes the capacity retention after 100 charge–discharge cycles to increase from 30% to 80% over bare NWs. The improvement in cycling stability is attributed to the conductive coating maintaining the mechanical integrity of the cycled Si material, along with preserving electrical connections between NWs that would otherwise have become electrically isolated during volume changes.
The Program Assessment and Improvement Cycle Today: A New and Simple Taxonomy of General Types and Levels of Program Evaluation

th , 2012; revised September 22 nd , 2012; accepted October 5 th , 2012 There has been strong pressure from just about every quarter in the last twenty years for higher education institutions to evaluate and improve their programs. This pressure is being exerted by several different stake holder groups simultaneously, and also represents the growing cumulative impact of four somewhat contradictory but powerful evaluation and improvement movements, models and advocacy groups. Consequently, the program assessment, evaluation and improvement cycle today is much different and far more complex than it was fifty years ago, or even two decades ago, and it is actually a highly diversified and confusing landscape from both the practitioner’s and consumer’s view of such evaluative and improvement information relative to seemingly different and competing advocacies, standards, foci, findings and asserted claims. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present and begin to elucidate a relatively simple general taxonomy that helps practitioners, consumers, and professionals to make better sense of competing evaluation and improvement models, methodologies and results today, which should help to improve communication and understanding and to have a broad, simple and useful framework or schema to help guide their more detailed learning.
Interspecies pair housing of macaques in a research facility.

The eighth edition of The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals establishes social housing as the ‘default’ for social species including non-human primates. The advantages of social housing for primates have been well established, but small research facilities housing few primates in indoor cages have struggled with social housing as a result of limitations on appropriate housing and availability of compatible monkeys. Here, we report a novel approach to pair housing macaques – crossing species. We have successfully pair housed an intact male rhesus macaque with an intact male cynomolgus macaque, and an adult female rhesus macaque with numerous subadult female cynomolgus macaques. Monkeys in these pairs established dominant–subordinate relationships similar to same-species pairs. Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques can be successfully paired for the purpose of social housing in facilities with limited numbers of monkeys.
Precision and functional specificity in mRNA decay

Posttranscriptional processing of mRNA is an integral component of the gene expression program. By using DNA microarrays, we precisely measured the decay of each yeast mRNA, after thermal inactivation of a temperature-sensitive RNA polymerase II. The half-lives varied widely, ranging from ∼3 min to more than 90 min. We found no simple correlation between mRNA half-lives and ORF size, codon bias, ribosome density, or abundance. However, the decay rates of mRNAs encoding groups of proteins that act together in stoichiometric complexes were generally closely matched, and other evidence pointed to a more general relationship between physiological function and mRNA turnover rates. The results provide strong evidence that precise control of the decay of each mRNA is a fundamental feature of the gene expression program in yeast.
Incidence of low vitamin A levels and ocular symptoms after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Background Previous reports have demonstrated a significant incidence of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency after bariatric surgery. The purpose of the present study was to determine the incidence of vitamin A deficiency after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and to correlate the laboratory findings with ocular symptoms potentially related to vitamin A deficiency. Methods All patients who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were invited to participate in a nutritional screening. The patients completed a detailed survey concerning ocular symptoms and had their vitamin A level evaluated. Results A low vitamin A level was identified in 7 (11%) of 64 RYBG patients. Ocular xerosis was present in 18 patients (27%), with night vision changes reported in 45 (68%). Visual disturbances were present in 7 patients (11%) found to have low vitamin A levels, with hypovitaminosis A present in 22% of patients with xerosis ( P Conclusion Low vitamin A levels and frequent ocular complaints that might be associated with decreased vitamin A are common findings in the post-RYBG patient population. Additional study is needed to assess the role of routine vitamin A screening and replacement in the postbariatric surgery patient.
Pyruvate kinase M2-specific siRNA induces apoptosis and tumor regression

The development of cancer-specific therapeutics has been limited because most healthy cells and cancer cells depend on common pathways. Pyruvate kinase (PK) exists in M1 (PKM1) and M2 (PKM2) isoforms. PKM2, whose expression in cancer cells results in aerobic glycolysis and is suggested to bestow a selective growth advantage, is a promising target. Because many oncogenes impart a common alteration in cell metabolism, inhibition of the M2 isoform might be of broad applicability. We show that several small interfering (si) RNAs designed to target mismatches between the M2 and M1 isoforms confer specific knockdown of the former, resulting in decreased viability and increased apoptosis in multiple cancer cell lines but less so in normal fibroblasts or endothelial cells. In vivo delivery of siPKM2 additionally causes substantial tumor regression of established xenografts. Our results suggest that the inherent nucleotide-level specificity of siRNA can be harnessed to develop therapeutics that target isoform-specific exons in genes exhibiting differential splicing patterns in various cell types.
Nursing Research and Societal Needs: Political, Corporate, and International Perspectives

Tension exists between political and public pressure for fiscal constraint in health care expenditures and the scientific community urging greater allocation of research funds. Some contend that scientists are out of touch with the rest of society. This issue is discussed from the political, corporate, and international perspectives. Nurse researchers need to examine their priorities and determine whether they are congruent with societal need. In addition, increased interaction with the public, increased involvement with the federal decision making process, and the building of research consortia and collaborative endeavors are recommended.
Polarization properties of coherent anti-stokes Raman spectra (CARS) in isotropic liquids

Linearly polarized excitation has been used to obtain CARS and CSRS spectra of some simple liquids and of cytochrome C in dilute solution. The data are described in terms of the depolarization ratio of conventional Raman spectroscopy. The symmetry properties of the third-order susceptibility are shown to be maintained under conditions of electronic resonance.
Challenges in determining causation in structure–function studies using molecular biological techniques

The use of molecular biological techniques for determining the levels and types of different microbial populations in bioreactors has led to the emergence of the microbial community 'structure-function' paradigm that is often used in research. Typically, lab- or full-scale systems are monitored for the relevant parameters, and these parameters are related to the changes in microbial populations. Research in activated sludge phenomena, such as filamentous bulking, filamentous foaming, nitrogen removal, and phosphorus removal, are replete with many examples of this 'structure-function' paradigm, most commonly those that involve 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of the microbial populations. In many cases, such studies assume a causal microbial population (e.g., a species that causes bulking or foaming), or conclude in identifying a causal population. However, assigning cause to specific organisms and populations is problematic in a complex environment such as wastewater bioreactors. The Koch-Henle postulates, the gold standard in evaluating causation of disease, have limitations when applied to systems with mixed microbial communities with complex interactions, particularly if pure cultures are not available. Molecular techniques that allow specific identification and quantification of organisms have been used by researchers to overcome the limitations of culture-based techniques, and at the same time, raised new questions on the applicability of causation postulates in environmental systems. In this paper, various causation criteria improving on the Koch-Henle postulates are presented. Complicating issues in assigning cause in wastewater bioreactors are identified. Approaches for determining cause-effect relationships are illustrated using 16S rDNA-based investigations of filaments that cause bulking and foaming in activated sludge. The hope is that a causation framework that accounts for the assumptions in molecular studies, as applied to wastewater treatment research, will lead to improved experimental design and analysis of data.
Effects of octenidine mouthrinse on plaque formation and gingivitis in humans.

Octenidine, a new bispyridine mouthrinse, has been shown to prevent plaque formation in humans over a seven-day period. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of octenidine on plaque and gingivitis development in humans using a 21-day experimental gingivitis model. Eighty-eight subjects with a Plaque Index (PII) and Gingival Index (GI) ≤ 0.4 were randomly assigned to 4 coded formulations: 1) 0.1% octenidine in mouthwash vehicle used 3 times a day (TID), 2) 0.1% octenidine in mouthwash vehicle used twice a day (BID), placebo rinse once a day, 3) 0.1% octenidine in water used 3 times a day, and 4) mouthwash vehicle alone used 3 times a day (VEH). Each subject refrained from all mechanical plaque control and rinsed morning, noon, and evening under supervision with 15 ml of assigned formulation for 60 s. At 0, 7, 14, and 21 days, Pit, GI, and mucosal tolerance were assessed. Tooth stain was measured at day 0 and twice at day 21 (prior to and immediately following a single toothbrushing). By day seven of the rinse phase, significant mucosal irritation had occurred in several subjects in the octenidine in water group. Therefore, that group was discontinued from the study and the remaining 66 subjects continued. The mean PII increased in the VEH group from a mean of 0.13 at day 0 to 1.08, 1.39, and 1.69 at days 7, 14, and 21, respectively. In contrast, the mean PII of the TID and BID groups did not increase over the 21 day period (0.14 and 0.10, 0.18 and 0.22, 0.15 and 0.16, 0.12 and 0.16 at day 0, 7, 14, and 21 for TID and BID, respectively). Although the TID and BID groups did not statistically differ at any point, both groups demonstrated significantly less plaque accumulation than the VEH group at days 7, 14, and 21 (p < 0.000001). Gingivitis, as measured by GI, increased significantly in the VEH group from a mean of 0.14 at day 0, to 0.58, 0.84 and 0.98 at day 7, 14, and 21. Both the TID and BID groups demonstrated a small increase in mean GI, rising from 0.12 and 0.16 at day 0 to 0.21 and 0.24, 0.29 and 0.27, and 0.32 and 0.31 at days 7, 14, and 21 for TID and BID, respectively. Again, the TID and BID groups were not different while both had significantly less gingivitis than the VEH group at days 7, 14, and 21 (p 0.000002). Stain, observed in 26 subjects in the TID and BID groups at day 21, was removed by a single toothbrushing in all but 5 subjects. No significant adverse reactions were observed in the remaining subjects. These results demonstrate that octenidine, when used as the only means of oral hygiene for 21 days, will significantly inhibit the development of plaque and gingivitis.
LIVING ALONE IN OLD AGE

We examine the social organization of “living alone” using both the narratives of elderly women and the academic, professional, and popular cultural textual discourses in which ideological practices are organized about this manner of living and housing. Using institutional ethnography, we examine the organizing practices of living alone through an analysis of the gender and class relations in the institution of housing. We argue that housing regimes are the work of those involved: ordinary people, builders, developers, bankers, psychologists, gerontologists, social workers, foundations, federal employees, demographers, and magazine publishers. The work activities are ordered, successfully or not, by culturally standard idealizations of old age relevant to the ideologies of the various participants in the housing regime. Such practices make women's own knowledge invisible and authorize the housing regime to define and ameliorate the situation of living alone, especially with respect to the maintenance of “independence” under contemporary capitalism.
Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the cyclic AMP-dependent signaling pathway during morphogenic transitions of Candida albicans.

Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes systemic candidiasis as well as superficial mucosal candidiasis. In response to the host environment, C. albicans transitions between yeast and hyphal forms. In particular, hyphal growth is important in facilitating adhesion and invasion of host tissues, concomitant with the expression of various hypha-specific virulence factors. In previous work, we showed that the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in morphogenic transitions and virulence of C. albicans by studying genes encoding adenylate cyclase-associated protein (CAP1) and high-affinity phosphodiesterase (PDE2) (Y. S. Bahn, J. Staab, and P. Sundstrom, Mol. Microbiol. 50:391‐ 409, 2003; and Y. S. Bahn and P. Sundstrom, J. Bacteriol. 183:3211‐3223, 2001). However, little is known about the downstream targets of the cAMP signaling pathway that are responsible for morphological transitions and the expression of virulence factors. Here, microarrays were probed with RNA from strains with hypoactive (cap1/cap1 null mutant), hyperactive (pde2/pde2 null mutant), and wild-type cAMP signaling pathways to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of virulence that are regulated by cAMP and that are related to the morphogenesis of C. albicans. Genes controlling metabolic specialization, cell wall structure, ergosterol/lipid biosynthesis, and stress responses were modulated by cAMP during hypha formation. Phenotypic traits predicted to be regulated by cAMP from the profiling results correlated with the relative strengths of the mutants when tested for resistance to azoles and subjected to heat shock stress and oxidative/nitrosative stress. The results from this study provide important insights into the role of the cAMP signaling pathway not only in morphogenic transitions of C. albicans but also for adaptation to stress and for survival during host infections. In most kingdoms of life, cyclic AMP (cAMP) functions as a second messenger that plays a pivotal role in controlling a variety of cellular responses, depending on the organism. cAMP is universally produced through cyclization of ATP catalyzed by adenylyl cyclases (ACs) with the release of inorganic
Amazon Mechanical Turk for Subjectivity Word Sense Disambiguation

Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a marketplace for so-called "human intelligence tasks" (HITs), or tasks that are easy for humans but currently difficult for automated processes. Providers upload tasks to MTurk which workers then complete. Natural language annotation is one such human intelligence task. In this paper, we investigate using MTurk to collect annotations for Subjectivity Word Sense Disambiguation (SWSD), a coarse-grained word sense disambiguation task. We investigate whether we can use MTurk to acquire good annotations with respect to gold-standard data, whether we can filter out low-quality workers (spammers), and whether there is a learning effect associated with repeatedly completing the same kind of task. While our results with respect to spammers are inconclusive, we are able to obtain high-quality annotations for the SWSD task. These results suggest a greater role for MTurk with respect to constructing a large scale SWSD system in the future, promising substantial improvement in subjectivity and sentiment analysis.
Strain Effects and Spalling in Alpha-Bombarded ThO2

Samples of bulk polycrystalline ThO2 were bombarded with 5-MeV α-particles to doses between 9.4×1016 and 6.0×1017 ions/cm2. The sample which received the highest dose spalled during bombardment; those receiving lower doses either did not spall or did so only after postirradiation annealing. The spalling was investigated by X-ray analysis and replica and transmission electron microscopy. It is concluded that spalling resulted from severe lattice strains at the interface between damaged and undamaged material and that sintering pores played a part in the fracture process. The role of lattice defects in initiating fracture is discussed.
The world of I/O: a rich application area for formal methods

Proponents of formal methods are making a great effort to demonstrate the impact that formal methods can have on the hardware design process. To this purpose, they are concentrating on a few hot areas where the need for formal techniques seems more obvoius, and the potential impact seems greater. Such areas include, for example, arithmetic circuits, pipelined and superscalar processor architectures, cache coherence, formal memory models, and ATM switches. There is one area, however, that has been somewhat neglected, even though it is perhaps the area where formal methods could have the greatest impact. This is the area of I/O, including the specification and verification of I/O architectures, I/O bus protocols, I/O bus adaptors, I/O processors and I/O devices.
Role of Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis in Central Node Metastasis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Objective(1) To investigate the role of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) in central node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and (2) to evaluate the presence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis according to PTC-specific molecular markers.Study Design. Historical cohort study.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsAll patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection for PTC at Oregon Health & Science University between 2005 and 2010 were screened for the presence of CLT and reviewed for clinical prognostic factors. Patients with inadequate central neck dissections were excluded. Molecular markers for PTC were analyzed on archived tumor samples.ResultsA total of 139 patients met selection criteria. The rate of CLT was 43.8%. The rate of central node positivity was 63%. Presence of CLT was associated with a significantly lower proportion of central node metastases (49% vs 74%, P = .003) and angiolymphatic invasion (31% vs 15%, P = .03). There was no signific...
The Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Fauna of Black Belt Prairie Remnants in Alabama and Mississippi

Abstract Extensive areas of prairie were once found in the southeastern United States; however, in the last 200 years much of this habitat type has been destroyed. The largest of these prairie regions, the Black Belt Prairie, extends through portions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. The ant fauna of these endangered grasslands has not been well documented; therefore, a survey was initiated, with collections made at 23 Black Belt Prairie remnants in Alabama and Mississippi during a four-year period. A total of 53 ant species, in six subfamilies and 25 genera were collected. Six exotic species were collected, and 11 species were found to be restricted to trees within the prairie, resulting in 36 species that likely represent the true prairie fauna.
The depiction of guns on prime time television.

Two weeks of regular prime-time programming on four major networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC) was monitored for scenes in which guns were either used or displayed. Guns were seen most often on CBS, Saturdays and Sundays, and later in the evenings. Middle-aged, white males were depicted as gun users in better than 75% of the scenes. Most scenes involved pistols. Most often the person who used the gun suffered no repercussions. When a victim was depicted as being shot, seldom was the pain of the victim, the victim's family, or friends demonstrated. VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study by Price et al. was to monitor four major television networks to find how guns were depicted to determine their role in television programs. METHODOLOGY: The researchers randomly selected by coin toss from two weeks of prime-time programming on four major networks, ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC for analysis during the summer of 1990. The authors constructed a rating sheet with 16 items after reviewing relevant literature. The instrument was pre-tested and then the questions were re-organized. Two research assistants coded the programs. The intercoder reliability was better than 90% The study did not analyze commercials and television and movie previews. The research assistant identified the type of gun used, demographics of the person who used the gun, location of the gun when first seen, how the gun was used, outcome of the use of the gun, demographics of the person whom the gun was used against, what happened to the person who used the gun, whether the pain of loss was displayed by family or friends was shown. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: The study found that the individual most likely to be displaying a hand gun on television was a male, legal authority. In 25% of the scenes involving guns, a citizen or criminal was equally likely to be displaying guns. The most common guns displayed were pistols and automatic weapons. The guns were most likely to be used to attack someone. The authors felt that frequent displays of gun aggression, especially by criminals, may cause viewers to view the world as a "mean" environment and the best way to survive this environment was to own a gun for protection. Defensive use of guns was also commonly portrayed on television shows while accidental injuries from having guns in the house were rarely shown. The authors pointed out that this portrayal of gun use was inaccurate and may send viewers the wrong message. The study showed that in most cases when an individual uses a gun against another person there were no consequences for the perpetrator. AUTHORS' RECOMMENDATIONS: The authors cited the lack of research in reference to violence as a subject in educators preparation curriculum and recommended work be done in this area. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) KW - Program-Film Content KW - Media Violence Effects KW - Television Violence KW - Firearms Violence KW - 1990s
Gastric Digestion of Foods: Mathematical Modeling of Flow Field in a Human Stomach

Targeted delivery of drugs in different parts of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is well studied and applied in the pharmaceutical industry. This chapter includes results from research undertaken to bring the technique of targeted delivery into the food area. In order to predict the fate of a food particle in the GI tract, some important factors must be considered. A good estimate of the transient flow field under the deforming walls of the stomach becomes critical. The mechanical forces generated by peristaltic flow, combined with biochemical reactions, facilitate size reduction of large food particles. Mixing and churning continues until the particles achieve a size less than 2 mm. Then the thick liquid (chyme) is slowly transferred into the duodenum through the pyloric valve. Physical and structural properties and caloric load of career food material become important parameters while predicting its disintegration.
Motion planning for physical simulation

Motion planning research has been successful in developing planning algorithms which are effective for solving problems with complicated geometric and kinematic constraints. Various applications in robotics and in other fields demand additional physical realism. Some progress has been made for non-holonomic systems. However systems with complex dynamics, significant drift, underactuation and discrete system changes remain challenging for existing planning techniques particularly as the dimensionality of the state space increases. This thesis develops a novel motion planning technique for the solution of problems with these challenging characteristics. The novel approach is called Path Directed Subdivision Tree Exploration algorithm (PDST-EXPLORE) and is based on sampling-based motion planning and subdivision methods. PDST-EXPLORE demonstrates how to link a planner with a physical simulator using the latter as a black box, to generate realistic solution paths for complex systems. The thesis contains experimental results with examples with simplified physics including a second order differential drive robot and a game which exemplifies characteristics of dynamical systems which are difficult for planning. The thesis also contains experimental results for systems with simulated physics, namely a weight lifting robot and a car. Both systems have a degree of physical realism which could not be incorporated into planning before. The new planner is finally shown to be probabilistically complete.
Sleep and behavior of preschool children under typical and nap-promoted conditions

Abstract Background Children transition out of naps in early childhood. However, there is disagreement about when this transition should occur. Aims We compared measures of sleep and behavior in children divided into Frequent, Sometimes, and Rarely nappers to determine what factors predict when napping should cease. We then examined the effect of an experimenter-promoted nap on measures of sleep and behavior. Methods We studied 133 children (50.4% female; mean = 52.77 months) over 16 days. Parents completed questionnaires, whereas children wore actigraphs. On 1 study day, children were nap-promoted. Results Overnight sleep duration was significantly less for children who napped frequently than those who rarely napped, yet total 24-hour sleep and other sleep parameters did not differ across napping groups. Effortful control was marginally greater in those who rarely napped. Nap promotion was 91% successful across nap groups. When typical sleep was compared with sleep following a promoted nap, frequent nappers slept more on the nap-promoted night. Total 24-hour sleep increased in all children following the promoted nap, and other sleep parameters did not differ between groups. Conclusions The emergence of self-regulatory behaviors may predict when children should cease napping, consistent with the hypothesis that transitioning out of naps may be related to brain maturation. Given previously reported benefits of sleep on cognition and the observed increase in 24-hour sleep following nap promotion, nap promotion may benefit early education. Further research should explore maturational cues that illuminate when children are ready to transition out of napping.
Absolute Configuration Determination Using Enantiomeric Pairs of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

A new method for determination of absolute configuration (AC) is demonstrated using an enantiomeric pair of molecularly imprinted polymers, referred to as “DuoMIPs”. The ratio of HPLC capacity factors (k′) for the analyte on each of the DuoMIPs is defined as the γ factor and can be used to determine AC when above 1.2. A mnemonic based on the complementary binding geometry of the DuoMIPs was used to aid in understanding and prediction of AC.