cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-hop lightwave WDM networks and applications to distributed computing

Motivated by a number of applications that arise in parallel and distributed computing systems, this thesis proposes an application oriented network design approach to more fully exploit the capabilities of single mode fiber, and especially its enormous information-carrying capacity. Wave division multiplexing (WDM) divides the optical spectrum into multiple concurrent channels, and may deliver an aggregate throughput in the order of Terabits per second. In single-hop networks, stations employ tunable transceivers to access the various channels. With this architecture, electro-optic conversion takes place only at the edges of the network, providing one-hop, all-optical paths between any source-destination. We first present new techniques to optimally allocate the bandwidth among the network nodes, given some information about the offered load. The techniques are applicable to networks with any number of available wavelengths, any transceiver tunability characteristics, and general (potentially non-uniform) traffic patterns. Theoretical results show that, for communication patterns common to parallel and distributed computations, our approach can exploit the non-uniformities inherent in the traffic pattern resulting in a significant improvement (up to 100% or more) in through-put compared to previously proposed schemes. The importance of computer applications and telecommunication services requiring mechanisms that deliver a message to a set of destinations is growing rapidly. We next present several alternative approaches to performing efficient broadcast/multicast over single-hop networks. We also investigate the relative merits of different transceiver tunability characteristics, and especially the case of tunable receivers vs. tunable transmitters. Adaptive multicast protocols that have very good performance, are very simple to implement, and are insensitive to propagation delays are also presented. Finally, the response collection abstraction is introduced as an abstraction for a wide range of applications for which the multicast message is actually a solicitation for responses. A response collection process is aimed at achieving one of a set of collection objectives. The performance of a number of protocols that can be used to achieve these objectives is analyzed and optimized. The cost measures reflect both the delay incurred for achieving a particular objective and the computational load placed upon the system.
Functions and Malfunctions of Mammalian DNA-Cytosine Deaminases

The AID/APOBEC family enzymes convert cytosines in single-stranded DNA to uracils, causing base substitutions and strand breaks. They are induced by cytokines produced during the body’s inflammatory response to infections, and they help combat infections through diverse mechanisms. AID is essential for the maturation of antibodies and causes mutations and deletions in antibody genes through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) processes. One member of the APOBEC family, APOBEC1, edits mRNA for a protein involved in lipid transport. Members of the APOBEC3 subfamily in humans (APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H) inhibit infections of viruses such as HIV-1, HBV, and HCV, and retrotransposition of endogenous retroelements through mutagenic and nonmutagenic mechanisms. There is emerging consensus that these enzymes can cause mutations in the cellular genome at replication forks or within transcription bubbles depending on the physiological state...
Abstract B077: Breast tumor kinase (Brk/PTK6) is a mediator of hypoxia/HIF-associated breast cancer progression

Triple negative (basal type) breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive and difficult to treat relative to luminal type breast cancers. These tumors frequently express abundant Met receptors and are enriched for transcriptional targets regulated by hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), a principal mediator of cell stress that independently predicts cancer relapse and increased risk of metastasis. We recently showed that breast tumor kinase (Brk/PTK6) is a critical downstream effector of Met signaling. Herein, we examined the regulation of Brk by HIFs in TNBC cell lines and mouse models. Brk mRNA and protein levels are strongly upregulated by hypoxia, low glucose and reactive oxygen species in vitro. HIF knockdown demonstrated that BRK expression is dependent upon both HIF-1α; and HIF-2α; and chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that Brk is a direct transcriptional target of HIF-1α/α. Notably, knockdown of HIF-1α/2α in MDA-MB-231 cells significantly diminished xenograft growth; Brk re-expression reversed this effect. Finally, we crossed WAP-Brk (FVB) transgenic mice into the METmut knock-in (FVB) model. Expression of the Brk transgene augmented METmut-induced mammary tumor formation and metastasis. Surprisingly, mouse mammary tumors that arose in either METmut or WAP-Brk X METmut mice expressed abundant Sik, the mouse homolog of Brk, which conferred markedly increased tumor formation and decreased survival. These results identify HIF-1α/2α as novel regulators of Brk expression and suggest that Brk is a key mediator of hypoxia-induced breast cancer progression. Targeting Brk expression or activity may provide an effective means to block the progression of aggressive breast cancers (supported by NIH R01 CA107547 (C.A.L.) and NIH R01 CA138488 (T.N. S.). Citation Format: Tiffany N. Seagroves, Carol A. Lange. Breast tumor kinase (Brk/PTK6) is a mediator of hypoxia/HIF-associated breast cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research: Genetics, Biology, and Clinical Applications; Oct 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2013;11(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B077.
Unique genetic responses revealed in RNA-seq of the spleen of chickens stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and short-term heat

Climate change and disease have large negative impacts on poultry production, but little is known about the interactions of responses to these stressors in chickens. Fayoumi (heat and disease resistant) and broiler (heat and disease susceptible) chicken lines were stimulated at 22 days of age, using a 2x2x2 factorial design including: breed (Fayoumi or broiler), inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline), and temperature (35°C or 25°C). Transcriptional changes in spleens were analyzed using RNA-sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2500. Thirty-two individual cDNA libraries were sequenced (four per treatment) and an average of 22 million reads were generated per library. Stimulation with LPS induced more differentially expressed genes (DEG, log2 fold change ≥ 2 and FDR ≤ 0.05) in the broiler (N = 283) than the Fayoumi (N = 85), whereas heat treatment resulted in fewer DEG in broiler (N = 22) compared to Fayoumi (N = 107). The double stimulus of LPS+heat induced the largest numbers of changes in gene expression, for which broiler had 567 DEG and Fayoumi had 1471 DEG of which 399 were shared between breeds. Further analysis of DEG revealed pathways impacted by these stressors such as Remodelling of Epithelial Adherens Junctions due to heat stress, Granulocyte Adhesion and Diapedesis due to LPS, and Hepatic Fibrosis/Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation due to LPS+heat. The genes and pathways identified provide deeper understanding of the response to the applied stressors and may serve as biomarkers for genetic selection for heat and disease tolerant chickens.
Evolutionary Trends in the Inflorescence of Angiosperms

Summary The most primitive type of inflorescence in angiosperms is believed to be a leafy cyme. Examples from Magnoliaceae, Winteraceae, Annonaceae, Dilleniaceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae and Rosaceae indicate that even in these relatively primitive families the solitary flower is a derived condition. Determinate inflorescences are regarded as more primitive than indeterminate ones, a conclusion that is supported by examples from the Ranunculaceae, Papaverales, Rosaceae, Saxifragaceae, Apocynaceae, Campanulales and Violaceae. Trends of reduction and of amplification are both illustrated by examples. In the Compositae and Gramineae, two completely different patterns of development are superimposed upon each other, resulting in complex types of compound inflorescences. The ontogenetic development of inflorescences is related to the timing of the transformation of the shoot apex from the histological and physiological properties characteristic of its vegetative condition to the very different properties characteristic of the reproductive shoot apex. If this transformation coincides with or is immediately followed by the differentiation of the primordial floral appendages, a solitary flower or a simple leafy cyme is produced. In plants having very complex inflorescences, such as the capitulum of the Compositae and the panicle of the Gramineae, the transition occurs before the differentiation of separate floral primordia. In addition, reproductive apices that form complex inflorescences, containing bracts that are strongly differentiated from foliage leaves, are more strongly differentiated from vegetative apices than are reproductive apices that produce relatively simple, less well differentiated inflorescences. The distinctness of the inflorescence relative to the vegetative shoot depends to a large extent upon the abruptness of the transition of the shoot apex from the vegetative to the reproductive condition. The shape of the inflorescence is correlated with the orientation of mitoses in the primordial reproductive apex. The origin of indeterminate from determinate inflorescences has often been a two step process: reduction followed by amplification. These steps have been guided by alternating selective pressures: first for reduction of the length of the reproductive cycle in response to a shorter growing season; and second for increase in seed production in response to the selective pressures of a more favorable environment. Elongate racemes are most adaptive when the reproductive cycle is relatively long, but conditions of growth are less than optimum, because of low light, shortage of minerals, or other restrictions. Inflorescences that have repeated sympodial branching are highly flexible in their reaction to the environment, and so are particularly well adapted to regions where the favorable growing season fluctuates greatly from one year to another. The evolution of inflorescences illustrates very well two general properties of evolutionary trends: conservation of organization and adaptive modification along the lines of least resistance.
Increased incidence of VTE in sickle cell disease patients: risk factors, recurrence and impact on mortality

Previous reports show increased incidence of venous thromboembolism [VTE, deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolus (PE)] in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients but did not account for frequency of hospitalization. We determined the incidence of VTE in a SCD cohort versus matched controls. For SCD patients, risk factors for incident VTE, recurrence and the impact on mortality were also determined. Among 6237 patients with SCD, 696 patients (11·2%) developed incident-VTE: 358 (51·6%) had PE (±DVT); 179 (25·7%) had lower-extremity DVT only and 158 (22·7%) had upper-extremity DVT. By 40 years of age, the cumulative incidence of VTE was 17·1% for severe SCD patients (hospitalized ≥3 times a year) versus 8·0% for the matched asthma controls. Amongst SCD patients, women (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1·22; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1·05-1·43) and those with severe disease (HR = 2·86; 95% CI: 2·42-3·37) had an increased risk of VTE. Five-year recurrence was 36·8% in patients with severe SCD. VTE was associated with increased risk of death (HR = 2·88, 95% CI: 2·35-3·52). In this population-based study, the incidence of VTE was higher in SCD patients than matched controls and was associated with increased mortality. The high incidence of recurrent VTE in patients with severe SCD suggests that extended anticoagulation may be indicated.
Developing a spectroradiometer data uncertainty methodology

Abstract The proper calibration and measurement uncertainty of spectral data obtained from spectroradiometers is essential in accurately quantifying the output of photovoltaic (PV) devices. PV cells and modules are initially characterized using solar simulators but field performance is evaluated using natural sunlight. Spectroradiometers are used to measure the spectrum of both these light sources in an effort to understand the spectral dependence of various PV output capabilities. These chains of characterization and measurement are traceable to National Metrology Institutes such as National Institute of Standards and Technology, and therefore there is a need for a comprehensive uncertainty methodology to determine the accuracy of spectroradiometer data. In this paper, the uncertainties associated with the responsivity of a spectroradiometer are examined using the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) protocols. This is first done for a generic spectroradiometer, and then, to illustrate the methodology, the calibration of a LI-COR 1800 spectroradiometer is performed. The reader should be aware that the implementation of this methodology will be specific to the spectroradiometer being analyzed and the experimental setup that is used. Depending of the characteristics of the spectroradiometer being evaluated additional sources of uncertainty may need to be included, but the general GUM methodology is the same. Several sources of uncertainty are associated with the spectroradiometer responsivity. Major sources of uncertainty associated with the LI-COR spectroradiometer are noise in the signal at wavelengths less than 400 nm. At wavelengths more than 400 nm, the responsivity can vary drastically, and it is dependent on the wavelength of light, the temperature dependence, the angle of incidence, and the azimuthal orientation of the sensor to the light source. The expanded uncertainties in the responsivity of the LI-COR spectroradiometer in the wavelength range of 400–1050 nm can range from 4% to 14% at the 95% confidence level.
Detection of Visual Evoked Potentials using Ramanujan Periodicity Transform for real time brain computer interfaces

Repetitive visual stimuli induce periodic Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) in the brain that can be potentially identified in an EEG trace. The ability to distinguish frequencies and patterns due to different stimuli is the basis for brain computer interfaces (BCIs) used for communication and control of neurologically disabled patients. Since such responses are recorded in presence of high levels of noise from background brain processes, the detection task is rather challenging. In this work, we propose a detection approach for VEPs based on Ramanujan Periodicity Transform matrices (RPT), which have shown promise in detecting periodicities in data. Our results show that the RPT-based approach can outperform conventional spectral techniques and the state-of-the-art correlation analysis, and is more compatible with real-time BCIs which have to work with short duration EEG epochs. The proposed approach is fairly robust to unknown natural latencies in brain response.
Progress Towards a Microgravity CFD Validation Study Using the ISS SPHERES-SLOSH Experiment

Understanding, predicting, and controlling fluid slosh dynamics is critical to safety and improving performance of space missions when a significant percentage of the spacecrafts mass is a liquid. Computational fluid dynamics simulations can be used to predict the dynamics of slosh, but these programs require extensive validation. Many CFD programs have been validated by slosh experiments using various fluids in earth gravity, but prior to the ISS SPHERES-Slosh experiment1, little experimental data for long-duration, zero-gravity slosh existed. This paper presents the current status of an ongoing CFD validation study using the ISS SPHERES-Slosh experimental data.
Immunisation trials with live attenuated cytomegalovirus TOWNE 125

Trials with live cytomegalovirus (TOWNE 125 strain), which was attenuated by 125 passages exclusively on WI-38 cells, were done in adult volunteers. No virus take occured after oral/nasal application. When 103 TCD50 was given intramuscularly an IgG antibody response was detected at four weeks in all of ten volunteers tested by immunofluorescence; an IgM response was found in seven. Only mild local side-effects and relative lymphocytosis were observed. No virus excretion was found. Many questions remain to be answered by further trials before a cytomegalovirus vaccine can be given to adolescent girls.
Resonant frequencies of perforated plates with rectangular slots

Most previous work on perforated plates employed elasticity theory to determine equivalent material properties that make the deflection of the solid plate identical to that of the perforated plate....
Challenging the Gendered Entrepreneurial Subject: Gender, Development, and the Informal Economy in India:

The World Bank’s premise that “gender equality is good business” characterizes the current gender and economic development model. Policymakers and development practitioners promote and encourage wo...
No Effect on Mortality with Oxygen Therapy in Nonhypoxemic Patients with Suspected MI.

In patients with suspected MI and normal oxygen levels, giving immediate supplemental oxygen therapy does not improve mortality at one year. Although this study was underpowered because of fewer than expected deaths in the control group, the results were consistent across all subgroups, as well as with findings from other literature.
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in children treated with rituximab: report of two cases

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy is an uncommon cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and can present treatment challenges. The current treatment options of steroids and cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, or mycophenolate require prolonged treatment durations and the associated side effects may result in nonadherence in children, especially in adolescents. We report two adolescent patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy with nephrotic range proteinuria and elevated anti-phospholipase A2 receptor levels who did not achieve remission with steroids and were later treated with rituximab. Both patients received two doses of rituximab and responded with remission. In addition, anti-PLA2R antibody levels normalized and/or significantly improved. Rituximab seems to be a safe and effective treatment option in children with idiopathic membranous nephropathy due to anti-PLA2R. Further studies are needed to evaluate this effectiveness.
Single-Cell Digital Lysates Generated by Phase-Switch Microfluidic Device Reveal Transcriptome Perturbation of Cell Cycle.

With conventional gene expression profiling, information concerning cellular heterogeneity is often lost in the physical mixing and averaging of millions of cells. Single-cell transcriptome analysis has the potential to address these issues. However, there is a need to determine how many cells are needed to draw meaningful conclusions in each single-cell study. Here, we introduce the concept of “digital lysate” for assessing cellular heterogeneity with a phase-switch microfluidic platform and apply it to construct a molecular map of transcriptome perturbation during the cell cycle. Using a phase-switch droplet microfluidic platform and next-generation sequencing, we obtained transcriptomes of single cells by random sampling. Digital lysates were generated by permutating and averaging multiple single-cell transcriptomes. In our studied cell populations, digital lysates converged to physical lysates (r = 0.93), and the sample-to-sample repeatability was comparable to that of conventional analysis of a physi...
Toward Automated Design for Manufacturing Feedback

Iterative loops and rework between design, manufacturing, and testing delay the development lead time for complex products like vehicles. This research focuses on creating an automated design for manufacturing (DFM) feedback system (ADFS) framework that reduces these iterations by providing early, fast, and informative feedback on manufacturability to designers. The proposed ADFS analyzes manufacturability in terms of part geometry with respect to a given set of process capabilities based on DFM guidelines for vehicle manufacturing. In order to increase the fidelity of the search, a heuristic approach to obtain manufacturing process fitness with respect to a part design is introduced. The proposed system framework will help to identify suitable manufacturing processes more quickly as well as provide visual feedback for geometric advice at the feature level with regard to the selected processes.
Stress Crack Resistance of Corrugated High-Density Polyethylene Pipes in Different Test Environments and Temperatures:

Corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe 36 in. (900 mm) in diameter was evaluated for its stress crack resistance with the notched constant ligament stress test (ASTM F 2136). Test specime...
The Legal Shift of the NCAA's 'Big 5' Member Conferences to Independent Athletic Associations: Combining NFL and Conference Governance Principles to Maintain the Unique Product of College Athletics

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) can no longer effectively govern big-time intercollegiate athletics. Since the 1984 Board of Regents decision, college athletics has grown exponentially, yet the NCAA still attempts to govern over 1,000 colleges and universities under a single organization. The "Big 5" college athletic conferences (ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12, and SEC) have become more autonomous in recent years, independently negotiating lucrative media rights and post-season bowl agreements. Each conference has also adopted its own constitution and bylaws to effectively manage its unique product. This Comment argues that the "Big 5" conferences should separate from the NCAA and form independent athletic associations. Each association should contract with other associations and third party entities for inter-association and post-season competitions, similar to the current FBS post-season system. Organizing as independent associations would provide each entity the ability to: (1) effectively adopt association-specific legislation and policies; (2) efficiently and consistently enforce rules; and (3) manage revenue commensurate with its market value. This Article examines the current governance structures of the NCAA, the Big 5 conferences, and the NFL, finding that the Big 5 and the NFL adopt similar structures. The Article then formulates a proposed model, combining and modifying aspects from the current Big 5 and NFL systems, which any Big 5 association could adopt after separating from the NCAA.
Smooth pursuit ocular motor dysfunction in schizophrenia: evidence for a major gene.

Objective: Evidence suggests that poor eye tracking relates to genetically transmitted vulnerability for schizophrenia. The authors tested competing models for the genetic transmission of poor eye tracking in a search for major gene effects. Method: Samples from three studies (conducted in Minneapolis, New York, and Vancouver, B.C.) were pooled. Probands (N=92) were diagnosedas schizophrenic by DSM-III criteria. Ofthe comparison subjects (N=1 71), Vancouver patients were an epidemiologic first-episode group; at other sites unselected admitted patients were studied. First-degree relatives (N=146) of6S probands were also studied. Eye tracking was measured while subjects followed a horizontally moving, sinusoidally driven (0.4 Hz) spot of light on a screen. Performance was quantified by root mean square error. Data analysis was by complex segregation analysis (Bonney’s class D regressive models). Results: A single major gene is needed to account for poor eye tracking in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. This gene alone can explain about two-thirds of the variance in eye tracking performance. A single gene alone (regardless of dominance) will, however, not account for the data; polygenic factors are also required. Conclusions: Results support postulation of a single gene for ocular motor dysf unction, which may be a risk factor for schizophrenia. Eye tracking may be useful as a gene carrier test in genetic studies of schizophrenia. (AmJ Psychiatry 1992; 149:1362-1368)
Properties of H ɪɪ Regions Along Galactic Bars

A study of general properties of H ɪɪ regions along the bars of 11 spiral galaxies is presented. From H α imaging, distributions, morphology and star formation rates are established. Physical conditions derived from spectrophotometry reveal that strong shocks are absent in H ɪɪ regions along bars and electron densities appear to be normal. Abundance distributions indicate that mixing of the ISM is taking place along bars.
Rethinking CO adsorption on transition-metal surfaces: Effect of density-driven self-interaction errors

Adsorption of the molecule CO on metallic surfaces is an important unsolved problem in Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT). We present a detailed study of carbon monoxide adsorption on fcc (111) surfaces of $3d, 4d$, and $5d$ metals using nonempirical semilocal density functionals for the exchange-correlation energy: the local-density approximation (LDA), two generalized gradient approximations or GGAs [Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) and PBE for solids (PBEsol)], and a meta-GGA [strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) functional]. The typical error pattern (as found earlier for free molecules and for free transition-metal surfaces), in which results improve from LDA to PBE or PBEsol to SCAN, due to the satisfaction of more exact constraints, is not found here. Instead, for CO adsorption on transition-metal surfaces, we find that, while SCAN overbinds much less than LDA, it overbinds slightly more than PBE. Moreover, the tested functionals often predict the wrong adsorption site, as first pointed out for LDA and GGA in the CO/Pt (111) puzzle. This abnormal pattern leads us to suspect that the errors of PBE and SCAN for this problem are density-driven self-interaction errors associated with incorrect charge transfer between molecule and metal surface. We point out that, by the variational principle, overbinding by an approximate functional would be reduced if that functional were applied not to its self-consistent density for the adsorbed system but to an exact or more correct density for that system. Finally, we show for CO on Pt(111) that the site preference is corrected and the adsorption energy is improved for the PBE functional by using not the self-consistent PBE density but a $\text{PBE}+U$ density. The resulting correction to the PBE total energy is much larger for the adsorbed system than for its desorbed components, showing that the error is in the density of the adsorbed system. This seems to solve the Feibelman 2001 CO/Pt(111) puzzle, in principle if not fully in practice.
Assessing the risk of diploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in the certified triploid supply chain in Ohio

Abstract Non-native grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) have been stocked in the United States for vegetation control since the 1970s, and recent evidence suggests some natural reproduction in the Great Lakes basin. Despite all states and provinces bordering Lake Erie either banning grass carp or requiring imports of only sterile, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)-certified triploids, the majority of grass carp captured and analyzed from Lake Erie are diploid, or reproductively viable. Potential sources of diploid grass carp include illegal importation, compromises in the USFWS-certified triploid shipments, migration from legal diploid states, or natural reproduction resulting from diploid stockings prior to the 1988 Ohio law requiring only certified triploids. The goal of this study was to explore the risk that diploid grass carp occur in the USFWS-certified triploid supply chain destined for Ohio. During 2015 and 2016, undercover Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife law enforcement purchased 1200 grass carp from 16 distributors, and overnighted 80 dissected grass carp head and eyeball sample shipments (n = 15 fish per shipment) for ploidy analysis by flow cytometry. Standardized methods for both field and laboratory processing were established. No diploid grass carp were detected in these collections, indicating fidelity of the USFWS-certified triploid grass carp supply chain in Ohio. Thus, these shipments are not a likely source of diploid grass carp in Lake Erie. This study is the first large-scale evaluation of the potential for ecological risk from diploid grass carp occurrence in USFSW-certified shipments of triploids for national distribution.
Management of Acute Changes in Condition in Skilled Nursing Facilities.

OBJECTIVES To describe the presentation and management of acute changes in condition in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) during implementation of a program designed to reduce unnecessary emergency department visits and hospitalizations. DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial involving 264 SNFs. PARTICIPANTS One hundred thirty‐three of the 264 participating SNFs that provided data on acute changes in condition: 55 in the intervention group, 78 in the control group. INTERVENTIONS During a 12‐month period, intervention SNFs received training and support for implementation of the Interventions to Reduce Acute Care Transfers program. Control SNFs were offered training and implementation support after the end of the 12‐month trial. MEASURES Project champions used a structured online tool to describe acute changes in condition that did not result in a hospital transfer within 72 hours of the change. RESULTS Most of the 7,689 episodes of acute change in condition reported involved multiple changes that were not disease specific. Ten percent resulted in hospital transfer between 72 hours and 7 days after the change. Five acute changes had odds ratios for transfer greater than 2 (mental status change, abnormal vital signs, bleeding, shortness of breath, and unresponsiveness). Most transfers were for reasons other than the initial change in condition. CONCLUSIONS A wide variety of acute changes in condition can be managed in SNFs without hospital transfer. Most of these changes are nonspecific and multiple, and when they are associated with hospital transfer, the reasons for the transfer are most often different from the initial acute change in condition. These data highlight the multifactorial nature of acute changes in condition in the SNF population and suggest that disease‐specific protocols and assessment tools may not be the most appropriate approach to managing acute changes in condition in the SNF setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2259–2266, 2018.
Parents' Perspectives on the Theoretical Domains Framework Elements Needed in a Pediatric Health Behavior App: A Crowdsourced Social Validity Study

Background: Most pediatric studies do not include parent stakeholders in the design of the intervention itself and many pediatric mobile health (mHealth) interventions are not meaningfully disseminated after the trial period ends. Consequently, the consumer desire for mobile apps targeting pediatric health behavior is likely to be met by commercial products that are not based in theory or evidence and may not take stakeholder preferences into account. Objective: The aim was to assess parent preference for mobile app features that map onto specific Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) elements. Methods: This study was a crowdsourced social validity study of 183 parents who were asked to rate their preferences for mobile app features that correspond to elements of the TDF. The TDF organizes a large number of theoretical models and constructs into three components: (1) capability, (2) motivation, and (3) opportunity. Parents of children were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Results: The majority of participants were Caucasian and mean age was 36.9 (SD 8.0) years. Results revealed broad acceptability of communication, motivation, and opportunity domains. However, the degree to which each domain was valued varied within behavioral category. Parents demonstrated a preference for increasing procedural knowledge for physical activity and diet behaviors over sleep (F2,545=5.18, P=.006). Similarly, parents valued self-monitoring as more important for physical activity than sleep (F2,546=4.04, P=.02). When asked about the value of features to help children develop skills, parents preferred those features for dietary behavior over sleep (F2,546=3.57, P=.03). Parents perceived that goal-setting features would be most useful for physical activity over sleep and diet (F2,545=5.30, P=.005). Incentive features within the app were seen as most useful for physical activity over sleep (F2,546=4.34, P=.01). Conclusions: This study presents a low-cost strategy for involving a large number of stakeholders in the discussion of how health behavior theory should be applied in a mHealth intervention. Our approach is innovative in that it took a scientific framework (ie, TDF) and made it digestible to parents so that they could then provide their opinions about features that might appear in a future app. Our survey items discriminated between various health behaviors allowing stakeholders to communicate the different health behaviors that they would like a TDF feature to change. Moreover, we were able to develop a set of consumer opinions about features that were directly linked to elements of the TDF.
Private Disclosure; Public Exposure: An Exploratory Consideration of Gender Asymmetries in Adolescent Sexting

Private Disclosure; Public Exposure: An Exploratory Consideration of Gender Asymmetries in Adolescent Sexting
LEFT INTERNAL MAMMARY ARTERY TO CORONARY SINUS FISTULA AND ANGINA FOLLOWING CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS: INNOCENT BYSTANDER OR GUILTY AS CHARGED?

Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) after coronary bypass graft surgery (CABG) occur uncommonly. Management may be surgical, percutaneous or conservative depending of the severity of shunting or myocardial ischemia. A 71 year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis and CABG [left inferior mammary
ANDROGEN SUPPORT OF LACRIMAL GLAND FUNCTION IN THE FEMALE RABBIT

Dry eye is a major reason for visits to an ophthalmologist’s office. The most probable cause for dry eye is primary lacrimal deficiency (PLD).1 PLD is usually detected in women, most frequently after menopause, during pregnancy or lactation, or when taking estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. These various endocrine states exhibit a complete range of plasma estrogen levels from very low to very high. Thus, plasma estrogen concentrations do not appear to be a common variable in PLD. However, plasma free androgen levels are potentially decreased in all of these states. We have previously demonstrated that ovariectomy of female rabbits2 and hypophysectomy of female rats3 result in a decrease in biochemical correlates of lacrimal gland function. Treatment of these endocrinectomized animals with the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) restores the decreases in the biochemical markers of secretion,2,3 specifically, lacrimal gland protein, DNA, Na,K-ATPase, and s-adrenergic receptors. Androgens have been shown to be responsible for the male-like morphological and functional characteristics of the gland, including larger acini,4 greater secretion of IgA,5 and greater production of polymeric IgA receptor, measured as secretory component (SC).6 When female rats are treated with androgens, the morphology of the lacrimal gland changes and resembles the male lacrimal gland.7 However, the major neurotransmitter receptor coupled to secretion in the lacrimal gland, the muscarinic cholinergic receptor, is regulated by circulating levels of prolactin, not androgens.3
How nanoscale surface steps promote ice growth on feldspar: microscopy observation of morphology-enhanced condensation and freezing

Ice in the atmosphere affects Earth's radiative properties and initiates most precipitation. Growing ice often requires a solid surface, either to catalyze freezing of supercooled cloud droplets or to serve as a substrate for ice deposited from water vapor. There is evidence that this surface is typically provided by airborne mineral dust; but how chemistry, structure and morphology interrelate to determine the ice-nucleating ability of mineral surfaces remains elusive. Here, we combine optical microscopy with atomic force microscopy to explore the mechanisms of initial ice growth on alkali feldspar, a mineral proposed to dominate ice nucleation in Earth's atmosphere. When cold air becomes supersaturated with respect to water, we discovered that ice rapidly spreads along steps of a feldspar surface. By measuring how ice propagation depends on surface-step height we establish a scenario where supercooled liquid water condenses at steps without having to overcome a nucleation barrier, and subsequently freezes quickly. Our results imply that steps, which are common even on macroscopically flat feldspar surfaces, can accelerate water condensation followed by freezing, thus promoting glaciation and dehydration of mixed-phase clouds.
Linguistic conventions of mathematical proof writing across pedagogical contexts

This paper presents the findings from a survey used to investigate how mathematicians perceive the genre of mathematical proof writing at the undergraduate level. Mathematicians were asked whether various proof excerpts highlighted in four partial proofs were unconventional in each one of three pedagogical contexts: undergraduate mathematics textbooks, what instructors write on the blackboard in undergraduate mathematics courses, and how students write mathematics in these courses. There are four main findings. First, there are some potential breaches of mathematical language that participants found unconventional regardless of the context in which they occur. Second, there are some differences in how mathematicians perceived the linguistic conventions in blackboard proofs and student-produced proofs. Third, textbook authors are expected to adhere to stricter writing norms than mathematics instructors and undergraduate students when writing proofs. Fourth, there were some potential breaches of mathematical language that the literature suggests were unconventional, which were not evaluated as unconventional by the mathematicians. We argue that this diversity of expectations regarding the language of mathematical proof writing in undergraduate classrooms, together with the potential disconnect between those expectations and the types of proofs that students see presented in those classrooms, could make it difficult for students to become proficient in this important mathematical discourse.
Development and validation of a deep neural network model to predict postoperative mortality, acute kidney injury, and reintubation using a single feature set

During the perioperative period patients often suffer complications, including acute kidney injury (AKI), reintubation, and mortality. In order to effectively prevent these complications, high-risk patients must be readily identified. However, most current risk scores are designed to predict a single postoperative complication and often lack specificity on the patient level. In other fields, machine learning (ML) has been shown to successfully create models to predict multiple end points using a single input feature set. We hypothesized that ML can be used to create models to predict postoperative mortality, AKI, reintubation, and a combined outcome using a single set of features available at the end of surgery. A set of 46 features available at the end of surgery, including drug dosing, blood loss, vital signs, and others were extracted. Additionally, six additional features accounting for total intraoperative hypotension were extracted and trialed for different models. A total of 59,981 surgical procedures met inclusion criteria and the deep neural networks (DNN) were trained on 80% of the data, with 20% reserved for testing. The network performances were then compared to ASA Physical Status. In addition to creating separate models for each outcome, a multitask learning model was trialed that used information on all outcomes to predict the likelihood of each outcome individually. The overall rate of the examined complications in this data set was 0.79% for mortality, 22.3% (of 21,676 patients with creatinine values) for AKI, and 1.1% for reintubation. Overall, there was significant overlap between the various model types for each outcome, with no one modeling technique consistently performing the best. However, the best DNN models did beat the ASA score for all outcomes other than mortality. The highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) models were 0.792 (0.775-0.808) for AKI, 0.879 (0.851-0.905) for reintubation, 0.907 (0.872-0.938) for mortality, and 0.874 (0.864-0.866) for any outcome. The ASA score alone achieved AUCs of 0.652 (0.636-0.669) for AKI, 0.787 (0.757-0.818) for reintubation, 0.839 (0.804-0.875) for mortality, and 0.76 (0.748-0.773) for any outcome. Overall, the DNN architecture was able to create models that outperformed the ASA physical status to predict all outcomes based on a single feature set, consisting of objective data available at the end of surgery. No one model architecture consistently performed the best.
Developments in Best Practice Regulation: Process vs. Performance

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of developments in best practice regulation. Since the Public Utility Research Center, in collaboration with the World Bank, has put on six International Training Programs on Utility Regulation and Strategy over the past three years, we have worked on this topic on an intensive and regular basis. Over 500 regulators and managers from 87 countries have come to Florida to participate in the two-week course. We have learned a great deal about the principles of regulation and about the regulatory process. I wish I could report that we have the definitive classification scheme that allows us to rank all regulatory commissions on the basis of well-defined (and quantifiable) criteria. Unfortunately, I do not have the recipe for all to follow. In fact, there is no “ideal” commission, since organizational design depends on the institutional context. Nevertheless, I will propose a criterion from an economist’s perspective.
Utility of a brief assessment of opioid demand among post-discharge trauma care patients.

Opioid misuse and opioid-related death are a growing public health concern. One population of interest is recent trauma and/or surgery patients, who are at increased risk of developing an opioid use disorder (OUD). Although a variety of assessments have been developed to screen for risk of opioid misuse, each has limitations and prediction needs improvement. One promising measure is drug demand, a behavioral economic measure assessing drug consumption at different price points. In the current proposal, we assessed the utility of a brief assessment of opioid demand. Demand and various pain-related self-report measures among trauma-surgery patients (N = 103) were assessed at 4 weeks post-discharge. Opioid demand was significantly associated with self-report measures of pain and amount of morphine milligram equivalents (MME) received during the hospital stay. The current result support the utility of the opioid demand as an adjunctive and complementary measure to assess risk of opioid misuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Structure–activity relationships of GPX4 inhibitor warheads

Direct inhibition of GPX4 requires covalent modification of the active-site selenocysteine. While phenotypic screening has revealed that activated alkyl chlorides and masked nitrile oxides can inhibit GPX4 covalently, a systematic assessment of potential electrophilic warheads with the capacity to inhibit cellular GPX4 has been lacking. Here, we survey more than 25 electrophilic warheads across several distinct GPX4-targeting scaffolds. We find that electrophiles with attenuated reactivity compared to chloroacetamides are unable to inhibit GPX4 despite the expected nucleophilicity of the selenocysteine residue. However, highly reactive propiolamides we uncover in this study can substitute for chloroacetamide and nitroisoxazole warheads in GPX4 inhibitors. Our observations suggest that electrophile masking strategies, including those we describe for propiolamide- and nitrile-oxide-based warheads, may be promising for the development of improved covalent GPX4 inhibitors.
A Novel Magnetic Coupling Structure with High Efficiency and Anti-offset Based on Solenoid

For induction power transfer (IPT) system, the ability of anti-offset is one of the important indexes of the system. In this paper, a new anti-offset magnetic coupling structure is proposed, which can significantly improve the stability of the output. At the same time, this paper presents an optimization method for the new type of magnetic coupling structure. In this paper, the magnetic coupling structure is compared with planar circular coil, planar square coil and DD coil in terms of coupling and anti-offset ability. The S / SP compensation topology is used in the simulation model to further improve the anti-offset ability of the system. When the horizontal displacement reaches 40% of the coupling coil, the maximum VFR (voltage fluctuation rate) is 7.21%, and the minimum system efficiency is 89.63%.
The Impacts of Contract Type on Broker Performance

This paper offers a theoretical and empirical analysis of the exclusive agency and exclusive-right-to-sell contracts used in real estate brokerage. The theoretical model predicts that while both contract types will yield the same price, the exclusive agency contract will result in faster sales than the exclusive-right-to-sell contract. In the empirical model, we find that houses sold faster under the exclusive agency contract than the exclusive-right-to-sell contract. However, houses sold with exclusive agency contracts also sold at a marginally lower price. We also find a slightly greater concession from the listing price at the negotiation stage of exclusive agency listings.
Repetitive Blast Exposure Produces White Matter Axon Damage without Subsequent Myelin Remodeling: In Vivo Analysis of Brain Injury Using Fluorescent Reporter Mice

The potential effects of blast exposure on the brain health of military personnel have raised concerns and led to increased surveillance of blast exposures. Neuroimaging studies have reported white matter abnormalities in brains of service members with a history of blast exposure. However, blast effects on white matter microstructure remain poorly understood. As a novel approach to screen for white matter effects, transgenic mice that express fluorescent reporters to sensitively detect axon damage and myelin remodeling were exposed to simulated repetitive blasts (once/day on 5 consecutive days). Axons were visualized using Thy1-YFP-16 reporter mice that express yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in a broad spectrum of neurons. Swelling along damaged axons forms varicosities that fill with YFP. The frequency and size of axonal varicosities were significantly increased in the corpus callosum (CC) and cingulum at 3 days after the final blast exposure, versus in sham procedures. CC immunolabeling for reactive astrocyte and microglial markers was also significantly increased. NG2CreER;mTmG mice were given tamoxifen (TMX) on days 2 and 3 after the final blast to induce fluorescent labeling of newly synthesized myelin membranes, indicating plasticity and/or repair. Myelin synthesis was not altered in the CC over the intervening 4 or 8 weeks after repetitive blast exposure. These experiments show the advantages of transgenic reporter mice for analysis of white matter injury that detects subtle, diffuse axon damage and the dynamic nature of myelin sheaths. These results show that repetitive low-level blast exposures produce infrequent but significant axon damage along with neuroinflammation in white matter.