cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eclipse of viral DNA infectivity in SPO1-infected Bacillus subtilis☆

Abstract The DNA of bacteriophage SPO1, which is normally infective for competent Bacillus subtilis , is modified after phage infection so as to render it noninfective. Infective DNA reappears in phage-infected cells shortly after the onset of viral DNA replication. This eclipse of infectivity is correlated with the appearance of single-strand breaks in the infecting viral DNA, which are repaired to some extent by by the time of reappearance of infectivity.
Concentration-wave analysis of atomic pair correlations disordered ternary alloys: Application to Cu2NiZn

Abstract We outline the use of the method of concentration waves to analyze the atomic pair correlations in disordered ternary alloys. We present an analysis of the correlations in the disordered state of Cu2NiZn calculated by first principles. The correlations in the disordered state are found to be a precursor to the partially-ordered state observed experimentally.
USRP-based indoor channel sounding for D2D and multi-hop communications

In wireless networks, mobile nodes with limited power budget must rely on multi-hop transmissions so as to achieve reliable communication with a distant peer device. Hence, it is of paramount importance to study the characteristics of wireless transmission over multihop links and its benefits over single-hop communication. In this work, a simulator is developed to assess the bit error rate (BER) performance of multi-hop, multi-carrier communication systems. The channel model used in the simulator is developed based on the channel statistics obtained through indoor channel measurements performed using the universal software radio peripherals (USRPs). As the bandwidth supported by a USRP device is much smaller than the channel bandwidth of interest, we use a frequency domain approach to measure the impulse response of wide band channel. By using the channel measurements, we show the impact of communication distance on the delay spread and coherence bandwidth of the channel. Our simulation results with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems show that the BER performance of multi-hop communication is better than the single-hop communication. The BER performance difference between the two cases becomes more significant for wider subcarrier frequency spacing.
Comparisons of angiographic core laboratory analyses of phantom and clinical images: Interlaboratory variability

Centralized, quantitative coronary analysis (QCA) has become the standard for determining change in coronary anatomy in clinical investigations. QCA systems and laboratory methods, however, vary among core facilities, and analysis variability among angiographic core laboratories (ACL) has not be studied. We evaluated QCA accuracy and variability among active ACL, using differing QCA systems by comparing analyses of phantom and clinical cinefilm images. Automated, unedited analyses were performed on images of 11 plexiglass phantom lumens (0.67-5.05 mm) acquired under varying radiographic conditions. Analysis differences from actual luminal diameters ranged widely (+0.42 - (-)0.45 mm) among ACL. Measurement of diameters 3.0 mm were underestimated. Measurements of midrange diameters (> 1.0 mm and < 3.0 mm) were most comparable among ACL (93% within +/- 0.2 mm). Clinical image analysis was performed using differing QCA systems and laboratory methodology on 11 randomly selected study films. Comparative analyses revealed significant variability between laboratories in the assessment of minimal lumen diameter (0.22 +/- 0.38 mm P < 0.05). These data describe analysis variability among ACL and demonstrate a need for establishing ACL performance standards.
Spatial Arbitrage to Reduce Seams across Electricity System Control Areas: An Experimental Analysis

Most markets are restricted in their spatial size by transportation costs, physical barriers, institutional impediments and differing exchange conventions. Yet, if price differences across those boundaries substantially exceed the cost of surmounting the barriers, tremendous pressure arises to facilitate exchange. So too where electricity markets are defined by operating control areas for reliability purposes, substantial price differences across tie-lines offer incentives for trade and profit. An arbitrage process is developed and tested experimentally that permits buyers and sellers to exchange power across the border of two separately optimized control areas, and the impact on price differences and the ability to exercise market power are explored. While economic efficiency is enhanced and the combined areas are shown to be more competitive than without exchange; nevertheless, the experimental results fall short of the theoretical economic ideal, participant learning is slow, and perverse price patterns (flow from high to low cost control areas) remain in many periods.
Identification of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in mononuclear cells from the cerebrospinal fluid of a dog with canine distemper.

cells; morbillivirus. Ante mortem diagnosis of canine distemper, a morbilli­ virus infection, is aided by demonstration of intracellular inclusion bodies in conjunctival epithelial cells and blood cells, particularly when these bodies are observed in con­ j unction with typical clinical symptoms."> Postmortem, characteristic histopathologic lesions may include the pres­ ence of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusions in epithelial cells of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, lung, renal pelvis, urinary bladder, central nervous system (CNS), and eye, depending on the stage and severity of infection." The present case describes intracytoplasmic inclusions within large mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a dog with clinical signs and histopathologic lesions consistent with those ofcanine distemper. The inclusions were detected using routine cytologic techniques and may be significant in de­ termining the prognosis of the disease.
Deposition of μc-Si and μc-SiC thin films by remote plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition

Abstract This paper describes properties of microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si), and microcrystalline silicon-carbon (μc-SiC) thin films formed by the process of remote plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (PECVD). We discuss: (i) the way that the remote PECVD deposition process is applied to the deposition of μc-Si and μc-SiC thin films; (ii) the characterization and properties of the intrinsic and doped μc-Si thin film materials; (iii) the characterization and properties of the intrinsic and doped μc-SiC thin film materials; and (iv) the application of remote PECVD μc-Si and μc-SiC thin films in device structures.
THE MADISONIAN PARADOX OF FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION

Freedom of association holds an uneasy place in the pantheon of liberal freedoms. Whereas freedom of association and the abundant plurality of groups that accompany it have been embraced by modern and contemporary liberals, this was not always the case. Unlike more canonical freedoms of speech, press, property, petition, assembly, and religious conscience, the freedom of association was rarely extolled by classical liberal thinkers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Indeed Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, Adam Smith, and others seem to have regarded freedom of association with some trepidation because of the violent, irrational, and factional behavior of groups. This chapter illuminates these anti-associational assumptions in the writings of James Madison. Although Madison famously deplored political associations as sources of faction and civil dissension, he differed from other members of the Founding generation in his willingness to defend associational freedom. Madison's writings also shed light on the unenumerated status of the freedom of association in American constitutional law.
Drama as a Vehicle of Protest in Nā ir's Egypt

The aim of this essay is to explore the possibility, remote as it is or might be, of dramatists employing their trade and using their skill to transmit political messages. In Arabic culture, there is enough ground to suspect that such an endeavor is possible, forthe culture is known to have used the medium of drama to support religiopolitical ideas. I am referring to the well-known fact that the Shī'a sect of Islam, perhaps as early as the time of Yazīd (late A.D. seventh century) has been mourning the martyrdom of Husayn at Karbalā in dramalike fashion. We may well pause to contemplate the ultimate sociopolitical reason for the performance of this ancient Arabo-Islamic passion play.
Stress testing of CdTe solar cells

CdTe/CdS solar cells have been known to exhibit various combinations of reversible and irreversible degradation of conversion efficiency after being subjected to temperature, voltage and illumination at levels which equal or surpass those expected in field conditions. This paper describes a series of measurements designed to quantify these phenomena. The QE and light and dark J-V characteristics of a set of CdTe devices were measured, then devices were subjected to various combinations of stresses within the parameter space of 0-70 mW/cm/sup 2/ illumination, -0.5 V to +5 mA/cm/sup 2/ electrical bias, and temperatures from 72/spl deg/ to 112/spl deg/C. The device characteristics were measured and changes are interpreted in the context of an equivalent circuit which includes the effects of both the main junction diode, series resistor and a rectifying back contact.
Research on Numerical Method for Fluid-Structure Interaction in Engine Blades

A numerical analysis method for fluid-structure interaction (FSI) to analyze engine blades dynamic response was presented. Fluid-structure interaction is an important research field. It is mostly studies the interaction between the influence upon the fluid by the deformation of the solids, the important characteristic of fluid-solid interaction mechanics is the fluid-solid interaction between the both phase mediums. The solutions of strongly coupling and weakly coupling were discussed firstly in this paper. We compared the advantages and disadvantages of the strongly coupling and weakly coupling. And using numerical analysis method based on weakly coupling, we established a fluid-solid interaction control equation taking solid and fluid as a unified mathematical model. And we study about blades deformation and displacement under the action of air loading in engine. Using computational structural dynamics (CSD) calculate the displacements of blades, and using computational fluidic dynamics (CFD) calculate the pressures of blades, completing the fluid-structure interaction analysis in engine blades by iterating this two values(the displacements and the pressures) until the computational convergence solution is obtained. At the end of this paper, the model of fluid-structure interaction and the simulate procession of the numerical analysis method were presented. Based on the analysis, the simulation result is qualitatively discussed referring to the factual conditions of the engine for validating the feasibility of analysis method.
Toward a New Scientific Visualization for the Language Sciences

All scientists use data visualizations to discover patterns in their phenomena that may have otherwise gone unnoticed. Likewise, we also use scientific visualizations to help us describe our verbal theories and predict those data patterns. But scientific visualization may also constitute a hindrance to theory development when new data cannot be accommodated by the current dominant framework. Here we argue that the sciences of language are currently in an interim stage using an increasingly outdated scientific visualization borrowed from the box-and-arrow flow charts of the early days of engineering and computer science. The original (and not yet fully discarded) version of this obsolete model assumes that the language faculty is composed of autonomously organized levels of linguistic representation, which in turn are assumed to be modular, organized in rank order of dominance, and feed unidirectionally into one another in stage-like algorithmic procedures. We review relevant literature in psycholinguistics and language acquisition that cannot be accommodated by the received model. Both learning and processing of language in children and adults, at various putative ‘levels’ of representation, appear to be highly integrated and interdependent, and function simultaneously rather than sequentially. The fact that half of the field sees these findings as trivially true and the other half argues fiercely against them suggests to us that the sciences of language are on the brink of a paradigm shift. We submit a new scientific visualization for language, in which stacked levels of linguistic representation are replaced by trajectories in a multidimensional space. This is not a mere redescription. Processing language in the brain equates to traversing such a space in regions afforded by multiple probabilistic cues that simultaneously activate different linguistic representations. Much still needs to be done to convert this scientific visualization into actual implemented models, but at present it allows language scientists to envision new concepts and venues for research that may assist the field in transitioning to a new conceptualization, and provide a clear direction for the next decade.
Calibration and Use of Goodrich Model 0871FA Ice Detectors in Icing Wind Tunnels

A simple, new, triple-calibration scheme is developed for Goodrich (formerly Rosemount) model 0871FA ice detectors. The analog output voltage is equated not only to the usual liquid water concentration, but to accurately computed ice mass-and-depth accretion rates on the sensitive element of the detector. The three different calibration constants vary from detector to detector, but are related through invariant equations that are probe-independent. Thus, the relations can serve as universal calibration equations for any 0871FA detector. The method is demonstrated for three detectors in the steady-state conditions of an icing wind tunnel. Other observed characteristics of 0871FAs are described to help users understand the behavior of these detectors during operation
Loss and Re-acquisition of Lytic Function by Cloned Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: Role of Specific Antigen and Interleukin 2

We have previously reported the isolation of 2 human allospecific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones that can undergo a reversible functional change from a highly lytic phase to a nonlytic quiescent phase and again to a lytic phase. The entire process was found to be regulated by recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2). We have now extended these studies in 3 ways. First, we show that specific alloantigens can also function as a signal to reactivate lytic function in the reverted CTL. However, in contrast to CTL reactivated with rIL-2, the antigen-reactivated CTL apparently fail to undergo subsequent cell division. Second, we have also found that this reversion phenomenon is not the same for all CTL tested, as 2 other CTL clones were found that did not revert to the non-lytic phase when cultured for up to 60 h in rIL-2-free medium. Third, the expression of Tac (IL-2 receptor) was also studied throughout the process of reversion and reactivation. rIL-2 added to the cell that had reverted to a non-lytic phase induced, an increase in the expression of Tac receptors during the reactivation phase, to levels greater than those expressed on cells continuously cultured in rIL-2-supplemented medium.
Motor Patterns Dedicated to Sensory Functions

This paper started out to be a review of our recent work on snake chemoreception (Chiszar et al., 1983a, b, 1984, 1985; O’Connell et al., 1985, Radcliffe et al., 1983, 1984, 1985), but it has metamorphosed into a theoretical presentation which I hope will be of general interest to chemical ecologists and sensory physiologists. The main idea will be brought into focus by describing a survey of experiments reported in Muller-Schwarze and Silverstein (1980).
The Factor Dimensions of a Revised Scale for Student Client Evaluation of Counselors in a University Counseling and Testing Center

For a sample of 241 student clients who evaluated their counsel ors in a university counseling and testing center on a revised form of the Evaluation of Counselors Scale (EOC-R), a factor analysis of the intercorrelations of student responses to 20 items yielded 5 or thogonal dimensions reflecting their perceptions of satisfaction (dis satisfaction) with the counseling experience: (a) Personal Growth and Improved Self-Understanding, (b) Experience with Counseling and Testing Center (Primarily with Support Staff Members and with Atmosphere), (c) Counselor Effectiveness, (d) Distrust in and Lack of Understanding by Counselor, and (e) Career and Academic Plan ning. The factors identified were essentially the same as those found with an initial form administered to a different sample of student clients two and one-half years previously at the same institution. It was concluded that the factorial validity of the new form was basi cally not different from that of the earlier form.
fuzzy: A program for performing qualitative comparative analyses (QCA) in Stata

Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is an increasingly popular analytic strategy, with applications to numerous empirical fields. This article briefly discusses the substantive motivation and te...
Distinct Microbial Communities within the Endosphere and Rhizosphere of Populus deltoides Roots across Contrasting Soil Types

ABSTRACT The root-rhizosphere interface of Populus is the nexus of a variety of associations between bacteria, fungi, and the host plant and an ideal model for studying interactions between plants and microorganisms. However, such studies have generally been confined to greenhouse and plantation systems. Here we analyze microbial communities from the root endophytic and rhizospheric habitats of Populus deltoides in mature natural trees from both upland and bottomland sites in central Tennessee. Community profiling utilized 454 pyrosequencing with separate primers targeting the V4 region for bacterial 16S rRNA and the D1/D2 region for fungal 28S rRNA genes. Rhizosphere bacteria were dominated by Acidobacteria (31%) and Alphaproteobacteria (30%), whereas most endophytes were from the Gammaproteobacteria (54%) as well as Alphaproteobacteria (23%). A single Pseudomonas-like operational taxonomic unit (OTU) accounted for 34% of endophytic bacterial sequences. Endophytic bacterial richness was also highly variable and 10-fold lower than in rhizosphere samples originating from the same roots. Fungal rhizosphere and endophyte samples had approximately equal amounts of the Pezizomycotina (40%), while the Agaricomycotina were more abundant in the rhizosphere (34%) than endosphere (17%). Both fungal and bacterial rhizosphere samples were highly clustered compared to the more variable endophyte samples in a UniFrac principal coordinates analysis, regardless of upland or bottomland site origin. Hierarchical clustering of OTU relative abundance patterns also showed that the most abundant bacterial and fungal OTUs tended to be dominant in either the endophyte or rhizosphere samples but not both. Together, these findings demonstrate that root endophytic communities are distinct assemblages rather than opportunistic subsets of the rhizosphere.
Caring for patients with kidney disease: shifting the paradigm from evidence-based medicine to patient-centered care

The last several decades have witnessed the emergence of evidence-based medicine as the dominant paradigm for medical teaching, research and practice. Under an evidence-based approach, populations rather than individuals become the primary focus of investigation. Treatment priorities are largely shaped by the availability, relevance and quality of evidence and study outcomes and results are assumed to have more or less universal significance based on their implications at the population level. However, population-level treatment goals do not always align with what matters the most to individual patients-who may weigh the risks, benefits and harms of recommended treatments quite differently. In this article we describe the rise of evidence-based medicine in historical context. We discuss limitations of this approach for supporting real-world treatment decisions-especially in older adults with confluent comorbidity, functional impairment and/or limited life expectancy-and we describe the emergence of more patient-centered paradigms to address these limitations. We explain how the principles of evidence-based medicine have helped to shape contemporary approaches to defining, classifying and managing patients with chronic kidney disease. We discuss the limitations of this approach and the potential value of a more patient-centered paradigm, with a particular focus on the care of older adults with this condition. We conclude by outlining ways in which the evidence-base might be reconfigured to better support real-world treatment decisions in individual patients and summarize relevant ongoing initiatives.
The Role of Glutamate Transporters in Synaptic Transmission

Exocytotic release of glutamate from preformed synaptic vesicles confers great speed on synaptic signaling, but also requires mechanisms to maintain the pool of available synaptic vesicles and remove glutamate from the extracellular space. Since the axon terminal is in general located at a great distance from the cell body, synapses rely on the local recycling of both synaptic vesicle membrane and their neurotransmitter contents. In this review, we address recycling of the excitatory transmitter glutamate, focusing on transport activities that operate at the plasma membrane and the synaptic vesicle, and the role that these transporters play in determining the amplitude and time course of synaptic responses.
Vicariance or dispersal: the use of natural historical data to test competing hypotheses of disjunction on the Tyrrhenian coast

Aim To illustrate the use of natural historical data to evaluate vicariance and dispersal as hypotheses competing to explain disjunct populations. Location Nine disjunct areas on the margin of the Tyrrhenian basin of the Mediterranean Sea. Methods First describe how each hypothesized mechanism might explain the observed morphological variation in the model species complex, Genista ephedroides (Fabaceae); then confront the hypotheses with natural historical data including geology, oxygen isotopes, palynology, macro-, micro- and nano-fossils, and sea level changes, and with the ecological tolerances of the model species complex. Results Dispersal seems the more credible explanation.
Conceptions of Democracy Among Mass and Elite in Post-Soviet Societies

What do citizens and political leaders have in mind when they think about democracy? This article deals with the relationship between different conceptions of democracy and the level of support for democracy among both ordinary citizens and political elites in two post-Soviet countries, Russia and Ukraine.Data collected through personal interviews in 1992 and 1995 reveal that the mass and elite in these post-socialist countries hold different conceptions of democracy. The elite tend to emphasize law and order and the rule of law, whereas the citizens stress freedoms in their understanding of democracy. Involvement in politics, especially in a political party, has a significant influence on the meaning of democracy as well as on the consistency among attitudes reflecting support for democratic principles. Different conceptions of democracy are also found to affect the perceived extent to which the current regime fits with the individual's idea of what a democracy should be like.
Elastic wave modeling with free surfaces: Stability of long simulations

Three‐dimensional (3D) elastic wave propagation modeling in the velocity‐stress formulation using finite differences (FDs) have been investigated for a homogeneous medium covered by a representative, relatively steep surface topography consisting of a 1D square root function. This scenario using various numerical implementations is explored. The behavior with regard to stability of long simulations is expected to be indicative of each numerical implementation's robustness for other types of topographies/media. Employing various combinations of the FD order was found only to change the time of the first incidence of instability. On the other hand, nonequidistant grids in the horizontal and vertical directions are found to be extremely useful for long‐term stability of 3D wave propagation modeling with our free‐surface boundary condition for single‐valued topographies. In particular dz ≥ (3/2) dx is found completely stable for all tested vP/vS ratios. Such relationships of using dz > dx are also favorable f...
Primate pelvic anatomy and implications for birth.

The pelvis performs two major functions for terrestrial mammals. It provides somewhat rigid support for muscles engaged in locomotion and, for females, it serves as the birth canal. The result for many species, and especially for encephalized primates, is an ‘obstetric dilemma’ whereby the neonate often has to negotiate a tight squeeze in order to be born. On top of what was probably a baseline of challenging birth, locomotor changes in the evolution of bipedalism in the human lineage resulted in an even more complex birth process. Negotiation of the bipedal pelvis requires a series of rotations, the end of which has the infant emerging from the birth canal facing the opposite direction from the mother. This pattern, strikingly different from what is typically seen in monkeys and apes, places a premium on having assistance at delivery. Recently reported observations of births in monkeys and apes are used to compare the process in human and non-human primates, highlighting similarities and differences. These include presentation (face, occiput anterior or posterior), internal and external rotation, use of the hands by mothers and infants, reliance on assistance, and the developmental state of the neonate.
Individual and environmental effects on egg allocations of female Greater Sage-Grouse

ABSTRACT The average number of eggs in a clutch and the size of those eggs play a role in individual fitness. We explored sources of variation in egg allocations of female Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the American Great Basin over a 10-yr period, as well as range-wide variation in clutch size, using our data and other published values. We tested for environmental and individual effects on clutch size (n = 390) and egg volume (n = 2,486) in a mixed-modeling framework, with random-effect terms that described variation among individual females (i.e. heterogeneity) and allowed us to calculate repeatability for clutch and egg size. The strongest influence on clutch size was the timing of nest initiation, which varied by as much as 67 days within years and showed a negative linear relationship with clutch size. Once this pervasive effect was accounted for, we also found positive effects of annual precipitation and nest-site elevation. In wetter years and at more productive high-elevation s...
Choline and acetylcholine in rats: effect of dietary choline.

– The concentration of free choline in peripheral tissues (duodenum, heart, kidney, liver, stomach and plasma) of rats was found to be related to the amount of free choline in the diet. Under steady-state conditions, the concentration of free choline in plasma varied from a minimum of approx 6 nmol/ml (in rats fed a choline-deficient diet) to a maximum value not exceeding 21 nmol/ml. The concentration of plasma choline was elevated above 21 nmol/ml for a short time after parenteral administration of choline chloride or one of its precursors (CDP choline or phosphorylcholine), but was not affected by stress, endocrine manipulations, drug treatments or the time of day when rats were killed. The metabolism of intravenously administered [methyl-3H] choline was accelerated in peripheral tissues (except plasma) of choline-deficient rats, indicating that free choline is not preserved during choline deficiency by a reduction in its rate of turnover. Furthermore, the decrease in concentration of plasma choline that occurred in rats fed a choline-deficient diet was prevented by addition of deanol (dimethylaminoethanol) to the diet. These results indicate that free choline in peripheral tissues of rats is derived from both free choline in the diet, and from precursors of choline present within the diet. In contrast to the effects in peripheral tissues, the concentration of free choline in brain was not reduced by dietary deprivation of free choline; however, the increase in free choline that occurred when rats were decapitated was reduced in brains by deficiency of choline, suggesting a decrease in the concentration of esterified forms of cerebral choline. The concentration of acetylcholine was not reduced in the brain, duodenum, heart, kidney or stomach of 21-week old rats raised from birth on a choline-deficient diet, in the duodenum of rats given a choline-deficient diet for 1, 5 or 11 days, or in brains of rats deprived of free choline for 1 or 11 days. However, the rate of in vivo synthesis of ACh from [methyl-3H]choline was accelerated in cholinergic tissues that were depleted of free choline (i.e. duodenum, heart and stomach).
Computer generation of geometrical error equations applicable for improvement of robots' positioning accuracy

Abstract A symbolic manipulation software package has been developed to automatically generate geometrical error model equations applicable for robot's error compensation and calibration. The software package named AREEM (Automatic Robot Error Equation Modeler) utilizes MACSYMA, a LISP-based artificial intelligence language, to output scalar algebraic equations representing the positioning error correction in world coordinates for N degree-of-freedom robots. The motivation of this work is trifold: (1) to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing a well-established algebraic manipulation code for robot error compensation, simulation and modeling purposes; (2) to provide a base for investigating the performance and accuracy of numerous robot geometrical error compensation models; (3) to represent output results in a concise form eliminating completely the manual derivation process. When such computer generated outputs are fed to a simulation program, saving in computational time for error estimation is realized. At present, AREEM incorporates three kinematic error models based on the Denavit-Hartenberg representation (DH) and a non-DH representation. The AREEM program is user-friendly, interactively menu-driven, and has been tested on numerous robots. The worst case takes 174.80 seconds to generate error model equations in world coordinates for the PUMA 600 robot, which is insignificant compared to the time required for accurate manual derivation.
Melancholic Madness and the Puritans

Since the resurgence of interest in the Augustan period, the myriad of sixteenth- seventeenth- and eighteenth-century literary attacks on the Puritans have been enumerated, catalogued, analyzed, and elucidated. Although the Puritans were accused of a seemingly endless series of malefactions, most of the anti-sectarian assaults, we have been told, charged them with ignorance — the inability to see the value of the established church — or hypocrisy — the desire to use religion to advance political ambitions, secure riches, or satisfy libidinous interests. By mid-seventeenth century, however, a change occurred in the nature of the attacks which has not been adequately discussed. Instead of questioning the sincerity of the Puritans' religious countenance or ascribing the usual peccadillos to them, Puritan traducers charged the sectaries with insanity. Although societies in all ages have protected themselves from unpopular and dissenting opinions by declaring them products of a deranged mind, anti-sectarians in the Restoration and eighteenth century established a rationale for their charges of madness by employing contemporary medical theory to demonstrate that the Puritans suffered from mental and emotional disorders as a result of natural physical causes. Enthusiasts were seen as splenetic sufferers, and their erratic behavior and religious delusions were explained as the inevitable consequence of melancholic vapors.
The central role of muscle stem cells in regenerative failure with aging

Skeletal muscle mass, function, and repair capacity all progressively decline with aging, restricting mobility, voluntary function, and quality of life. Skeletal muscle repair is facilitated by a population of dedicated muscle stem cells (MuSCs), also known as satellite cells, that reside in anatomically defined niches within muscle tissues. In adult tissues, MuSCs are retained in a quiescent state until they are primed to regenerate damaged muscle through cycles of self-renewal divisions. With aging, muscle tissue homeostasis is progressively disrupted and the ability of MuSCs to repair injured muscle markedly declines. Until recently, this decline has been largely attributed to extrinsic age-related alterations in the microenvironment to which MuSCs are exposed. However, as highlighted in this Perspective, recent reports show that MuSCs also progressively undergo cell-intrinsic alterations that profoundly affect stem cell regenerative function with aging. A more comprehensive understanding of the interplay of stem cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors will set the stage for improving cell therapies capable of restoring tissue homeostasis and enhancing muscle repair in the aged.
Mid-Air Collision Risk And Areas Of High Benefit For Traffic Alerting

Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) will be the basis of the future surveillance system in the US as well as many other countries. One way to create incentives for users to equip with the required ADS-B avionics is to create and implement ADS-B applications that are of high value to the operators. One such application is the airborne traffic alerting application named Traffic Situation Awareness with Alerting (TSAA). As a first step in the development of this application, an analysis of ten years of NTSB mid-air collision reports was conducted to identify areas of high mid-air collision risk. Similarly, ten years worth of ASRS and NMACS near mid-air collision reports were also analyzed. The airport environment is where most mid-air collisions occurred (59% of NTSB reports) and most near mid-air collisions were reported (64% of ASRS reports and 47% of NMACS reports). As such, most benefit from traffic alerting can be gained from alerts in the airport environment. Encounters between Part 121 aircraft and General Aviation were most often reported between a cruising General Aviation aircraft and a Part 121 aircraft transitioning through that same altitude. GA/Part 121 encounters make up 14% NMACS as well as ASRS reports.
Comparison of dc and superconducting rf photoemission guns for high brightness high average current beam production

A comparison of the two most prominent electron sources of high average current high brightness electron beams, dc and superconducting rf photoemission guns, is carried out using a large-scale multivariate genetic optimizer interfaced with space charge simulation codes. The gun geometry for each case is varied concurrently with laser pulse shape and parameters of the downstream beam line elements of the photoinjector to obtain minimum emittance as a function of bunch charge. Realistic constraints are imposed on maximum field values for the two gun types. The superconducting rf and dc gun emittances and beam envelopes are compared for various values of photocathode thermal emittance. The performance of the two systems is found to be largely comparable for up to 154 pC per bunch at 1.3 GHz or 200 mA provided low intrinsic emittance photocathodes can be employed.
Differential CTLA-4 expression in human CD4 + versus CD8 + T cells is associated with increased NFAT1 and inhibition of CD4 + proliferation

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a costimulatory molecule that negatively regulates T-cell activation. Originally identified in murine CD8(+) T cells, it has been found to be rapidly induced on human T cells. Furthermore, CTLA-4 is expressed on regulatory T cells. Clinically, targeting CTLA-4 has clinical utility in the treatment of melanoma. Whether the expression of CTLA-4 is differentially regulated in CD8(+) vs CD4(+) human T cells is unclear. Here, we analyzed CTLA-4 in normal human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets and show for the first time that CTLA-4 is expressed significantly higher in the CD4(+) T cells than in CD8(+) T cells. CTLA-4 is higher at the protein and the transcriptional levels in CD4(+) T cells. This increase is due to the activation of the CTLA-4 promoter, which undergoes acetylation at the proximal promoter. Furthermore, we show that blocking CTLA-4 on CD4(+) T cells permits greater proliferation in CD4(+) vs CD8(+) cells. These findings demonstrate a differential regulation of CTLA-4 on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets, which is likely important to the clinical efficacy for anti-CTLA-4 therapies. The findings hint to strategies to modulate CTLA-4 expression by targeting epigenetic transcription to alter the immune response.
New modeling and control design techniques for smart deformable aircraft structures with acceleration feedback

In this research, a new modeling and control design specifically tailored to smart aeroelastic systems is presented. The control problem is to achieve a roll maneuver with a desired roll rate using a piezolaminated flexible wing subject to aerodynamic field. This truly multi-disciplinary system of an elastic structure with piezoelectric actuating and sensing under external aerodynamic load is modeled with an integrated finite eIement method. A new control design algorithm based on ‘Reciprocal State Space’ framework is developed to achieve the desired roll rate and to dissipate vibrations by applying acceleration feedback. The deformed structure for obtaining the specific roll i-ate is made up of new mass and stiffness matrices which are functions of the steady-state input voltage of the roll maneuver. The resulting model in the generalized coordinates which has a mass matrix, a nonsymmetric aerodynamic damping matrix and a nonsymmetric stiffness matrix (due to aerodynamic stiffness) is then transformed to real but nonorthogonal modal coordinates and a reduced order model is developed. * Graduate Student, Member ’ Professor, Associate Fellow Copyright
Rem Koolhaas's Writing on Cities: Poetic Perception and Gnomic Fantasy

Rem Koolhaas's writing about cities attempts to communicate poetic perceptions of underlying fundamental realities. When the “poetry” is cut loose from the “perception,” the writing degenerates into melodramatic, romantic fantasy. When the emphasis is on perception, as it is particularly in the later essays on Atlanta, Singapore, and Generic Cities, the poetry—the depth and feeling—reinforces the astuteness of perceptive grasp. The weakness of Koolhaas's writing on cities can be understood as resulting from his unfortunate conviction that creative freedom, which he values above all, does not need to be engaged with otherness—that it needs, in fact, to be capricious, private fantasy ex nihilo, inscribed on a tabula rasa.
Association of Korscheltellus gracilis Larvae (Lepidoptera:Hepialidae) with Canopy Species and Forest Structure on Camels Hump Mountain in Vermont

The spatial relationships between density of Korscheltellus gracilis (Grote) larvae, canopy species, and forest structure (gaps; gap edges; dense, young tree stands; and older tree stands) were investigated. Larvae at 1,000-m elevation on Camels Hump Mountain, Huntington, VT, were associated with dense, young stands of regenerating balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.]) and fir defining the edges of wood fern( Dryopterus campyloptera Clarkson) gaps. The consequences of these associations on life-table sampling methods and gap dynamics are discussed.
Treatment of Cystinuria with α-Mercaptopropionylglycine A Preliminary Report with Some Notes on Column Chromatography of Mercaptans

SummaryIn acute trials α-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG) appears to be approximately as effective as D-penicillamine in lowering to safe levels the urinary cystine excretion by cystinurics. Analytical results show the mechanism of action to be the same. No side effects were seen here. Some new analytical information on other mercaptans is reported, for comparison.
The Application of Strategic Planning about Tourism Development in Local Tourism Development

Aiming at the problems in tourism planning currently,the theoretical value and practical significance in strategic planning about tourism development were expounded.Moreover,combining with the empirical study of strategic planning about tourism development in holiday resort of East Huangshan,the effect of strategic planning about tourism development in local tourism development was summarized,in other words,searching the "pathogeny",and then clearing the mind of tourism development;localizing the theme and determining core attraction of local tourism;integrating resources and market to promote the upgrade of tourism development ideas;finally,guiding strategies and setting up the platform of tourism development strategies.
Confirmatory experiment results and banding pattern analysis of HIV screening positive samples in Enshi Autonomous Prefecture from 2009-2011

[Objective] To perform WB banding pattern analysis on HIV 186 confirmatory positive samples in Enshi Autonomous Prefecture from 2009-2011,and enhance the ability of analyzing and judging the WB experimental results.[Methods]The method of enzyme-linked immune response(ELISA) was used to review and test the HIV screening antibody positive samples from medical units,and then immunoblotting test(WB) was adopted to perform confirmatory test on positive ones in Enshi from 2009-2011.[Results] There were 210 ELISA reviewed positive cases of 269 screening positive cases,the positive rate was 78.07% and 59 cases were negative with negative rate of 21.93%.And from the results of WB test,there were 186 WB confirmed positive cases of 210 reviewed positive cases,accounting for 88.57%,and 15 cases were uncertain,accounting for 7.14%,9 cases were negative,accounting for 4.29%.From the distribution of WB banding pattern,there were 181 cases with 7 strips and above,accounting for 97.31%,and 3 cases with 6 strips,accounting for 1.61%,1 case with 5 strips,accounting for 0.54%.There was no statistical difference of the WB type distribution between genders and different age groups.[Conclusion]In the HIV antibody screening and confirmatory experiment,the selection of the type of recheck reagent has great Influence on confirmed positive ratio.Positive judgment of WB banding pattern should be strictly in accordance with the" National HIV Testing Technical Specifications" and judgment should be made carefully by binding the reagent specification and referencing the actual situation.
Detecting a single defect in a scenery by observing the scenery along a random walk path

A scenery on ℤ is a map ξ: ℤ → {0,..., k − 1}; we think of ξ as a coloring of ℤ, which assigns to each point of ℤ one of k colors. For a given scenery ξ, denote by \(\hat{\xi }\) a scenery obtained from ξ by changing ξ(0) only. Let {S n}n≥0 be a simple symmetric random walk on ℤ, starting at the origin. Assume that we observe one of the two sequences {ξ(S n)}n≥0 or \(\hat{\xi }\)(S n)}n≥0, without being told which of the two sequences is observed. If ξ is known, can we decide (with zero probability of error) on the basis of these observations which of the two sequences was observed ? We prove that this can be done for ‘almost all’ ξ, when k≥5.
Hospitalization Rate and Regional Differences in Comprehensive Care in Transfused Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Compared to Thalassemia: A Report from the Multi-Center Study of Iron Overload.

Abstract Red blood cell transfusions are often used to prevent the complications of thalassaemia (Thal) and sickle cell disease (SCD), though chronic therapy frequently results in iron overload-related organ injury. The Multi-Center Study of Iron Overload is a prospective, natural history study conducted to compare the comorbidities of iron overload in Thal with SCD. This report examines differences in morbidity and comprehensive care by disease and geographic region. 584 subjects aged 12 years and over, were screened for inclusion from 30 clinical hematological centers in the US, Canada and the UK. Socioeconomic and clinical data from subjects with iron overload (LIC of ≥ 10 mg/g dry wt by biopsy) and either Thal (N=142, 54% Male) or Tx-SCD (N=199, 43% Male) were collected. A group of non-iron overloaded SCD (NonTx-SCD N=64; 50% Male) were also enrolled. Tx-SCD were hospitalized more frequently (4.1± 3.8 times/year) compared to Thal (1.8± 1.7) or NonTx-SCD (2.1± 1.7; p
Epidemiology of infections caused by polymyxin-resistant pathogens

Confronting the storm of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative pathogens and thus facing the threat of untreatable infections, the medical community revived colistin. Not long since its re-introduction and despite the fact that resistance to colistin at least in Escherichia coli is rare, chromosomally-mediated colistin resistance in metallo-β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains was reported in 2004 from Greece. Subsequent studies revealed the highest predominance in Italy (38%) and Greece (26%), with colistin-resistant (Col-R) strains frequently carrying a carbapenemase. On the other hand, the international prevalence of Col-R Acinetobacter baumannii varied, predominantly in Southern Europe and Southeast Asia, with rates exceeding 80% in Italy and Greece. Risk factors have mainly incriminated the selective pressure of excess consumption of colistin both in animals and humans. In November 2015, emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance due to the mcr-1 gene was reported from China, mostly in community-derived E. coli strains. As of 1 September 2016, the mcr-1 gene was detected in 35 countries worldwide in livestock/retail meat and in human sources from 29 and 22 countries, respectively. Heavy usage of polymyxins in animals has been incriminated as the reservoir of the mcr-1 gene. Therefore, it is imperative that: (i) polymyxins are banned as growth promoters and for prophylaxis in animals; (ii) targeted surveillance plus molecular epidemiology is performed in hospitals; (iii) carriers or patients infected with isolates harbouring both mcr-1 and carbapenemase genes are strictly isolated; (iv) susceptibilities are based on exact colistin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination; and (v) rational use of colistin is audited in hospitals.
Charcot shoulder and elbow: a review of the literature and update on treatment

Charcot arthropathy of the shoulder and elbow is a rare disease process initially described in the 1700s; however, it was not until the 19th century that physicians understood its association with other disease processes such as cervical spine pathology and diabetes. A primary complaint is painful or painless joint dysfunction, meaning the orthopedic surgeon is regularly the first physician to evaluate the patient. Frequently, the condition of these patients is misdiagnosed. Although the pathogenesis of the disease is controversial, the etiology is commonly due to syringomyelia. The key to successful management is a thorough history and examination along with a workup including specific laboratory testing and imaging to rule out other disease processes. Most neuropathic shoulders and elbows have historically been managed conservatively because of poor outcomes with operative interventions. Newer data have emerged hinting that early neurosurgical intervention can stabilize this degenerative process. If clinical and radiographic stabilization occurs, recent studies have outlined surgical indications that can provide surgeons with a guide as to patients in whom successful operative outcomes can be achieved in the face of failed conservative management.