cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Clothing Size on Self-Esteem and Body Image

This study examined the effect of clothing size on women’s self-esteem and body image and whether those findings were related to age or body size. Data were obtained in a two-phase experimental study in which subjects were asked to achieve fit in pants that either “ran small” or “ran large.” Smaller sizes were found to have a positive effect on body image, particularly for younger women. Larger subjects felt more positive about their bodies when they achieved fit in a smaller size. However, the need for a larger size did not have a significant effect on either self-esteem or body image.
Multiscale Experiments: State of the Art and Remaining Challenges

In this article we review recent advances in experimental techniques for the mechanical characterization of materials and structures at various length scales with an emphasis in the submicron- and nanoregime. Advantages and disadvantages of various approaches are discussed to highlight the need for carefully designed experiments and rigorous analysis of experimentally obtained data to yield unambiguous findings. By examining in depth a few case studies we demonstrate that the development of robust and innovative experimentation is crucial for the advancement of theoretical frameworks, assessment of model predictive capabilities, and discovery of new physical phenomena.
Storage stability of biocrude oils from fast pyrolysis of poultry litter

The unstable nature of biocrude oils produced from conventional pyrolysis of biomass is one of the properties that limits its application. In the disposal of poultry litter via pyrolysis technology, the biocrude oil produced as a value-added product can be used for on farm applications. In this study, we investigated the influence of bedding material (wood shavings) on the storage stability of biocrude oils produced from the fast pyrolysis of poultry litter. The biocrude oils produced from manure, wood (pine and oak), and mixtures of manure and wood in proportions (75:25 50:50, and 25:75w/w%) were stored under ambient conditions in sealed glass vials for a period of 6 months and their stability were monitored by measuring the changes in viscosity over time. The manure oil had the lowest rate of viscosity change and thus was relatively the most stable and the oils from the 50:50w/w% litter mixtures were the least stable. The rate of viscosity change of the manure biocrude oil was 1.33cP/day and that of the 50/50 litter mixture was 7.6cP/day for pine and 4.17cP/day for oak. The spectrometric analyses of the biocrude oils showed that the presence of highly reactive oxygenated functionalities in the oil were responsible for the instability characteristic of the litter biocrude oils. The poor stability of the biocrude oil from the 50:50w/w% litter mixtures was attributed to reactions between nitrogenous compounds (amides) from protein degradation and oxygenated compounds from the decomposition of polysaccharides and lignin. The addition of 10% methanol and 10% ethanol to the oil from 50% manure and 50% pine reduced the initial viscosity of the oil and was also beneficial in slowing down the rate of viscosity change during storage.
EET agonist prevents adiposity and vascular dysfunction in rats fed a high fat diet via a decrease in Bach 1 and an increase in HO-1 levels.

Recent reports have shown interplay between EETs (epoxides) and the heme oxygenase (HO) system in attenuating adipogenesis in cell culture models; prompting an examination of the effectiveness of EET agonist on obesity and associated cardio-metabolic dysfunction. Patho-physiological effects of an EET agonist (NUDSA) were contrasted in the absence and in the presence of stannous mesoporphyrin (an HO inhibitor) in SD rats fed a high fat (58%, HF) for 16 weeks. Animals on HF diet exhibited enhanced oxidative stress, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and decreased levels of adiponectin along with reduced vascular and adipose tissue levels of EETs, HO-1; as compared to control rats (11% dietary fat). Treatment with NUDSA not only reversed serum adiponectin and vascular and adipose tissue levels of EETs and HO-1, but also, decreased blood pressure, subcutaneous and visceral fat content and serum TNFα and IL-6 levels in rats on HF diet. Aortic endothelial function, peNOS expression and adipose tissue markers of energy homeostasis i.e. pAMPK, Sirt1 and FAS, impaired in rats fed a HF diet, were restored in animals treated with this EET agonist. That NUDSA enhanced HO-1 expression, was accompanied by increase in p-GSK-3β and pAKT levels along with attenuation of adipose tissue levels of Bach 1 – the transcriptional suppresser of HO-1 expression. Prevention of these beneficial effects of NUDSA, in animals on HF diet and concurrently exposed to NUDSA and SnMP, supports the role of EET-HO interaction in mediating such effects. Taken together, our findings suggest that the EETs stimulate HO-1 expression via suppression of Bach 1 and interplay of these two systems affords vascular and metabolic protection in diet induced obesity.
The G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Is a Microtubule-associated Protein Kinase That Phosphorylates Tubulin

The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates and desensitizes agonist-occupied G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we demonstrate that GRK2 is a microtubule-associated protein and identify tubulin as a novel GRK2 substrate. GRK2 is associated with microtubules purified from bovine brain, forms a complex with tubulin in cell extracts, and colocalizes with tubulin in living cells. Furthermore, an endogenous tubulin kinase activity that copurifies with microtubules has properties similar to GRK2 and is inhibited by anti-GRK2 monoclonal antibodies. Indeed, GRK2 phosphorylates tubulin in vitro with kinetic parameters very similar to those for phosphorylation of the agonist-occupied beta2-adrenergic receptor, suggesting a functionally relevant role for this phosphorylation event. In a cellular environment, agonist occupancy of GPCRs, which leads to recruitment of GRK2 to the plasma membrane and its subsequent activation, promotes GRK2-tubulin complex formation and tubulin phosphorylation. These findings suggest a novel role for GRK2 as a GPCR signal transducer mediating the effects of GPCR activation on the cytoskeleton.
Therapeutic effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a mouse model of colitis

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea catechin, has been shown to inhibit signaling pathways involved in inflammation, including nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), which are important inducers of pro-inflammatory mediators. Aim of our study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of EGCG in experimental colitis, which was induced by rectal administration of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in C57/BL6 mice. Mice were treated twice daily with vehicle or with EGCG (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, and sacrificed on days 1, 3, and 7 after TNBS administration. After induction of colitis, vehicle-treated mice experienced bloody diarrhea and loss of body weight. A remarkable colonic damage with hemorrhage, ulcers, and edema was observed and was associated with neutrophil infiltration as evaluated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Elevated plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine were also found. These events were paralleled by increased DNA binding of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in the colon of the vehicle-treated group. In contrast, the EGCG-treated mice experienced a very mild diarrhea and no weight loss. Damage of the colon was characterized by edema and hyperemia only. Tissue levels of MPO were also significantly reduced when compared to vehicle-treated mice. These beneficial effects of EGCG were associated with a significant reduction of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation. However, treatment with EGCG did not reduce plasma cytokine levels. Our data demonstrate that EGCG may be beneficial in colitis through selective immunomodulatory effects, which may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of NF-kappaB and AP-1.
A NEW INHERITED ABNORMALITY OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES: ELEVATED ERYTHROCYTIC ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE.

Abstract During a comparative study of the content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the erythrocytes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficient and normal subjects, a G-6-PD deficient Negro man who exhibited twice the normal level of ATP in his erythrocytes was observed (Brewer, June, 1964) . His level of ATP was 6–7 standard deviations above the normal mean. The family of this individual has been studied and the results indicate that this abnormality of ATP metabolism is inherited. The study of the family, in addition to the results of a survey of the Negro population carried out while looking for other examples of the abnormality, form the basis of this report.
Transition rates for some forbidden lines in Fe IV

Results from multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) and multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) with Breit and Breit-Pauli configuration interaction corrections, respectively, are presented for E2 and M1 forbidden transitions between levels of the three lowest quartet terms of Fe IV and the ground state . The former treats the relativistic effects more accurately whereas for the latter, more correlation can be included. The transition rates in both approximations are compared with values predicted by Garstang in 1958 and more recent semi-empirical values.
Physical basis for finite correlation length without three-body collisions

Abstract We show that there is a spatial decay of the nonequilibrium two-body correlation function which is of statistical origin and which arises even without three-body collisions.
Efficacy of the Ketogenic Diet for Infantile Spasms

Objective. The objective of this study was to determine whether the ketogenic diet is safe, well-tolerated, and efficacious in the treatment of infantile spasms. Methods. During a 4-year period, 23 children with infantile spasms, aged 5 months to 2 years, were started on the ketogenic diet; 9 (39%) had symptomatic infantile spasms, and 16 (70%) had hypsarrhythmia. Children had an average prediet exposure to 3.3 anticonvulsants. Two children were enrolled before any medication had been tried. Seizure reduction was analyzed retrospectively, using parent reports and electroencephalograms (EEGs) when available. Results. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, 38%, 39%, 53%, and 46%, respectively, of all patients currently on the diet were >90% improved (3 were seizure-free at 12 months); 67%, 72%, 93%, and 100% were >50% improved. Fifty-six percent remained on the diet at 12 months, 46% of whom were >90% improved and 100% were >50%. Fifty percent of those with hypsarrhythmia and follow-up EEGs had EEG improvement. Fifty-seven percent had their medications reduced or discontinued by 12 months. Fifty-seven percent had improvement in development, which was correlated with seizure control. Independent factors that predicted improvement included age younger than 1 year and previous exposure to 3 or fewer anticonvulsants. No child has died, and 7 children had diet-related adverse reactions (nephrolithiasis, gastroesophageal reflux). Discussion. The ketogenic diet is a safe, well-tolerated, and possibly effective potential alternative to other therapies for infantile spasms.
The buckling of composite stiffened box sections subjected to compression and bending

Abstract In this paper a study is made of the buckling characteristics of some carbon fibre composite stiffened box sections when subjected to compressive and bending loading actions. The results presented have been determined through the use of the finite strip method of analysis. This method of approach has become popular in its application to thin-walled prismatic plate type structures. Such structures are easily modelled using thin flat strips and considerable flexibility can be readily built into the model with the most appropriate choice of strip formulation. The structural box sections considered are manufactured from high strength carbon-epoxy long fibre composite material and are stiffened longitudinally by plain flat outstands attached to the inner surfaces of the walls of the sections. The skin and stiffeners of the box sections are manufactured from pre-impregnated ply sheets and have a symmetric cross-ply lay-up configuration. The effect of variation in stiffener depth on buckling response is examined in some detail. It is shown that very moderate stiffener dimensions can substantially improve the buckling capability of the box sections. The buckling mode shape is shown to depend significantly on the stiffener depth. For the smaller stiffener depths the mode of buckling is general in nature, involving considerable in-plane bending and twisting of the stiffener. Local buckling is enforced for the larger stiffener depths and this may be skin or stiffener initiated depending on stiffener size. The flexibility and versatility of the finite strip method in being able to pick up the different buckling modes associated with geometry changes is clearly demonstrated in the paper. In particular, the relative ease with which the finite strip method can accommodate changes in material properties and structural geometry permits the close examination of a wide range of the design variables and thus more efficient structural components can be realised. Optimised stiffener depths with regard to buckling of the composite box sections are indicated in the paper for the individual loading cases of compression and bending.
Risk-Sensitive Dynamic Asset Management

This paper develops a continuous time portfolio optimization model where the mean returns of individual securities or asset categories are explicitly affected by underlying economic factors such as dividend yields, a firm's return on equity, interest rates, and unemployment rates. In particular, the factors are Gaussian processes, and the drift coefficients for the securities are affine functions of these factors. We employ methods of risk-sensitive control theory, thereby using an infinite horizon objective that is natural and features the long run expected growth rate, the asymptotic variance, and a single risk-aversion parameter. Even with constraints on the admissible trading strategies, it is shown that the optimal trading strategy has a simple characterization in terms of the factor levels. For particular factor levels, the optimal trading positions can be obtained as the solution of a quadratic program. The optimal objective value, as a function of the risk-aversion parameter, is shown to be the solution of a partial differential equation. A simple asset allocation example, featuring a Vasicek-type interest rate which affects a stock index and also serves as a second investment opportunity, provides some additional insight about the risk-sensitive criterion in the context of dynamic asset management.
Coal solvolysis with a series of coal-derived liquids

Abstract A systematic study of the effectiveness in coal conversion of two coal-derived solvent series, hydrogenated creosote oils and SRC recycle solvents, is characterized by spectroscopic measurement of their hydrogen distribution. Optimum ranges are found for the type and amount of hydrogen contained in the solvents. The results indicate that there are solvent properties, other than those studied in this paper, which may have an important effect on the effectiveness of a particular solvent for coal dissolution.
Experience as site of contested meaning and value: The attributional dog and its special tail

Religious Experience Reconsidered was premised on the idea that experience is a site of contested meaning and value for subjects (and scholars). Although the concept of specialness has drawn considerable attention, my goal in writing the book was to update efforts to use attribution theory to bridge between religious studies and the psychology of religion. I intended the focus on micro-social processes to complement analysis at the macro-social level. The need for a broader, more generic second order term, such as specialness, emerged in the context of working out an attributional approach and can and should be extended more broadly. While anything can be set apart as special and an analysis of the politics of deeming is essential, we can still ask if there is empirical evidence to suggest that humans are more likely to set some things apart than others within or across cultures. When we take experience as a site for study, we do not have to limit ourselves to describing the range of views held by our subjects, but can also legitimately seek to explain experience in terms that make sense to us as researchers. The breaking of taboos against explaining experience in naturalistic terms will only have apocalyptic consequences if we assume a special/ordinary binary; viewed on a continuum, we can still find special meaning and value in experiences that are not protected by taboos.
Mineralization rate of 14C-labelled dissolved organic matter from leaf litter in soils of a weathering chronosequence.

Abstract During the processes of primary succession and soil development, large stocks of organic C with very long residence times accumulate in many soils. Soluble organic C adsorbed by soils may contribute to the stock of organic C accumulating during soil development. We determined whether the mineralization rate of water-soluble organic C and the insoluble residue from 14 C-labelled leaf litter added to soils from a weathering chronosequence decrease as soil age and adsorption capacity increase. The soils were formed on mudflows of andesitic material deposited about 75, 255, 616 y ago, and another older but undetermined time before this study. The percentage of the DOC adsorbed by the soils increased with age. After 1 year of incubation there were no significant differences in the mineralization rates of DOC added to soils of different ages. The DOC appeared to be comprised of two fractions, one that comprises about 32% of the total that mineralized with a half decay time of 0.02 y (7 d) and a second fraction comprising 68% with a half decay time of about 1.6 y. Consequently, the slowly mineralized fraction of the soluble C contributed to the accumulation of slowly mineralized C in the soil. Both the slowly and rapidly mineralized fractions of the insoluble residue decomposed more slowly than the corresponding fractions in DOC. We found no support for the idea that increased adsorption capacity due to weathering resulted in protection of soluble organic C from microbial mineralization.
Management and methods of mobile IP security

This paper will introduce and explain the concept of Mobile IP, as well as security issues affecting Mobile IP, and address the methods with which these issues may be dealt with. The major problem related to security is the nearly constant need for authentication. The physical movement of a device, which is inherent with the Mobile IP infrastructure and interface, from network to network clearly illuminates this constant need for a fluid authentication method in order to provide a seamless transition from network to network, while at the same time maintaining adept security measurements for the protection of the devices and the networks in general. In this paper, some of the possible attacks, as well as the methods to secure the Mobile IP system against those attacks, and how those methods can be managed will be addressed.
Electron detachment of H - in collisions with argon at 0.5 and 1.0 MeV

${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions with energies of 0.5 and 1.0 MeV were passed through a crossed beam of Ar atoms. Secondary electron energy spectra in the energy region of ${v}_{e}\ensuremath{\approx}{v}_{i}$ were measured in the forward direction. These spectra seemed to manifest characteristics of two types of ionization processes. The results are discussed within the framework of theories of electron loss. A group of electrons was tentatively identified as being produced by the single-electron-loss process. Another group of electrons was interpreted as respresenting only a small portion of the electrons from double-electron-loss collisions.
Foliar Blight of Annual Vinca (Catharanthus roseus) Caused by Phytophthora tropicalis in Virginia.

Annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus), also known as Madagascar periwinkle, has been cultivated as a major color crop for landscape and as an herbal medicine. This plant performs well in dry, warm locations with full sun or partial shade. Two-month-old diseased plants (cv. First Kiss Blueberry) with blighted leaves and stems were received from a local nursery in Suffolk, VA in May 2009. The disease began with dark, greenish black lesions on young leaves. Lesions gradually became tan or brown and leaves wilted and curled and finally turned necrotic. Brown, sunken lesions beginning at the branching points were typical symptoms on blighted stems and shoots. Blighted areas and spots were approximately 30 to 90 mm long and 20 to 40 mm wide on leaves and 40 mm long on stems. A Phytophthora species previously unknown to attack this plant was consistently isolated from diseased leaves and stems, and resultant isolates were grown on PARP-V8 agar. These isolates produced papillate sporangia on umbellate sympodium. Spo...
Albuminuria in Congestive Heart Failure

Albuminuria may be an integral part of the picture of congestive heart failure. Of 161 patients in whom the histologic renal findings were considered to be either normal or to be of such a nature as not to be responsible in themselves for albuminuria, and in whom clinically obvious causes for albuminuria had been eliminated, 141, or 88 per cent, had albuminuria. The incidence of albuminuria was about equal among the various types of heart disease when heart failure existed. A trend existed for the grade of albuminuria to parallel the grade of heart failure. Based on a study of 21 patients, there seemed to be a correlation between the grade of albuminuria and the group of hypertension, according to funduscopic examination. No correlation was found between the grade of albuminuria on one hand and the systolic or diastolic values for blood pressure, the known duration of elevated blood pressure, the grades of hematuria or the values for blood urea on the other hand. Among the 161 patients with heart failure ...
MODIFIED PHASE SHIFT ANALYSIS OF PION-NUCLEON SCATTERING DATA

A method is presented for analyzing pi -N scattering data using phase shifts for the low partial waves and a closed term to represent the effect of all higher partial waves. The closed term is calculated on the basis of the analytic properties of the scattering amplitude in the complex cos B plane. The method is applied to pi /sup +/-p angular distribution and polarization data at 310 Mev and removes ambiguous results obtained in a conventional phase shift analysis when f-wave phase shifts were included. Values for the T = 3/2 pi -N phase shifts at 310 Mev are obtained. (auth)
Dipole-field sums and Lorentz factors for orthorhombic lattices, and implications for polarizable molecules

A method for computing the Lorentz tensor components in single crystals via rapidly convergent sums of Bessels functions is developed using the relationship between dipole-field sums and the tensor components. The Lorentz factors for simple, body-centered, and base-centered orthorhombic lattices are computed using this method, and the derivative Lorentz factors for simple orthorhombic lattices are also determined. Both the Lorentz factors and their derivatives are shown to be very sensitive to a lattice structure. The equivalent of the Clausius-Mossotti relation for general orthorhombic lattices is derived using the Lorentz-factor formalism, and the permanent molecular dipole moment is related to crystal polarization for the case of a ferroelectric of polarizable point dipoles. It is concluded that the polarization enhancement due to self-polarization familiar from classical theory may actually be a reduction in consequences of negative Lorentz factors in one or two lattice directions for noncubic crystals.
Effects of Six-Membered-Ring Conformation on the Rotamer Distribution and Rate of Atropisomerization in Platinum(II)-Guanine Compounds: 2,4-Bis(methylamino)pentane Complexes

NMR and CD spectroscopy and molecular mechanics and dynamics (MMD) calculations were used to characterize (Me2DAP)Pt(G)2 complexes (G = N9-substituted guanine derivative; Me2DAP = 2,4-bis(methylamino)pentane with N, C, C, and N stereochemistries of S,R,S,R, S,R,R,R, and R,R,R,R). NMR and MMD results indicated that the favored Me2DAP chelate ring conformations were chair. There are two possible head-to-tail rotamers (ΔHT and ΛHT) and, depending on the Me2DAP stereochemistry, one or two head-to-head (HH) rotamers. Rotation of the G bases around the Pt−N7 bond was found to be rapid on the NMR time scale for all compounds in D2O at room temperature; in contrast, slow rotation was reported for (Me2DAB)Pt(G)2 (Me2DAB = 2,3-bis(methylamino)butane by Xu et al.) Because of the additional flexibility of the six-membered chelate ring in the Me2DAP systems versus the five-membered ring in Me2DAB, the N-methyl groups of Me2DAP can occupy more pronounced axial positions, allowing a low-energy path to rotation as sugges...
East Model: Basis Set Expansion, Mode Coupling, and Irreducible Memory Kernels†

A matrix formalism defined in the complete dynamic phase space is developed to analyze spin relaxation in the East model and the dynamic slow-down of dissipative systems in general. The truncated basis set expansion provides a direct route to calculate spin correlation functions systematically and to evaluate the mean relaxation time. Examining the relaxation time scales of linear and nonlinear modes leads to the observation that the full correlation and irreducible correlation functions defined in the complete space describe the slow dynamics of a dissipative system and can be related to their equivalent physical quantities in nondissipative systems, whereas the reduced correlation functions and associated memory kernels defined in the projected space involve faster time scales and cannot be directly reduced through mode coupling approximations. Matrix relations allow us to recover the simple mode coupling and extended mode coupling equations first obtained through an elegant diagrammatic expansion by Pi...
Biodegradable polyphosphoester micelles for gene delivery

Abstract A new biodegradable polyphosphoester, poly{[(cholesteryl oxocarbonylamido ethyl) methyl bis(ethylene) ammonium iodide] ethyl phosphate} (PCEP) was synthesized and investigated for gene delivery. Carrying a positive charge in its backbone and a lipophilic cholesterol structure in the side chain, PCEP self-assembled into micelles in aqueous buffer at room temperature with an average size of 60−100 nm. It could bind and protect plasmid DNA from nuclease digestion. Cell proliferation assay indicated a lower cytotoxicity for PCEP than for poly-L-lysine and Lipofectamine. The IC50 determined by the WST-1 assay was 69.8, 51.6, and 12.1 μg/mL for PCEP, Lipofectamine, and poly-L-lysine, respectively. PCEP efficiently delivered DNA to several cell lines such as HEK293, Caco-2, and HeLa. The highest efficiency was achieved when PCEP/DNA complex was prepared in Opti-MEM with a +/− charge ratio of 1.5−2. The transfection efficiency did not change significantly when the complex was used 3 days after preparation. The addition of chloroquine to the formulation increased transfection efficiency 10- to 50-fold compared to the complex alone. In vivo studies showed a luciferase expression by PCEP/DNA complexes in muscle increasing with time during 3 months, although the expression level was lower than that by direct injection of naked DNA. In addition to biodegradability and lower toxicity, the PCEP micelle carrier offers structural versatility. The backbone charge density and the side chain lipophilicity are two parameters that can be varied through copolymerization and monomer variation to optimize the transfection efficiency.
Density dependence and risk of extinction in a small population of sea otters

Sea otters (Enhydra lutris (L.)) were hunted to extinction off the coast of Washington State early in the 20th century. A new population was established by translocations from Alaska in 1969 and 1970. The population, currently numbering at least 550 animals, A major threat to the population is the ongoing risk of majour oil spills in sea otter habitat. We apply population models to census and demographic data in order to evaluate the status of the population. We fit several density dependent models to test for density dependence and determine plausible values for the carrying capacity (K) by comparing model goodness of fit to an exponential model. Model fits were compared using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). A significant negative relationship was found between the population growth rate and population size (r 2 = 0.27, F = 5.57, df = 16, p < 0.05), suggesting density dependence in Washington state sea otters. Information criterion statistics suggest that the model is the most parsimonious, followed closely by the logistic Beverton–Holt model. Values of K ranged from 612 to 759 with best-fit parameter estimates for the Beverton–Holt model including 0.26 for r and 612 for K. The latest (2001) population index count (555) puts the population at 87–92% of the estimated carrying capacity, above the suggested range for optimum sustainable population (OSP). Elasticity analysis was conducted to examine the effects of proportional changes in vital rates on the population growth rate (λ). The elasticity values indicate the population is most sensitive to changes in survival rates (particularly adult survival).
Attitudes About Advances in Sweat Patch Testing in Drug Courts: Insights from a Case Study in Southern California

Drug courts are reinventing the drug testing framework by experimenting with new methods, including use of the sweat patch. The sweat patch is a band-aid like strip used to monitor drug court participants. The validity and reliability of the sweat patch as an effective testing method was examined, as well as the effectiveness, meaning how likely the sweat patch would deter drug use. Surveys were administered to drug court staff members following an experimental period during which the use of the sweat patch was varied in five drug court sites. The results show that the attitudes of staff toward the sweat patch are generally favorable. Although this case study presents the sweat patch in a favorable manner, there are still many changes to further enhance the effectiveness of this drug testing method.
Finocchiaro on rational explanation

I propose to show that Finocchiaro's critique misunderstands Laudan and depends on implausible assumptions about rational explanation. Th? thrust of his critique is two-fold: first, he challenges Laudan's claim that the rational explanation of scientific beliefs or choices essentially involves normative evaluation; secondly, that it involves the general principles of rationality Laudan proposes. Finocchiaro gives three arguments to show that rational explanation of scientific choices does not essentially involve normative evaluation. He focuses on one of Laudan's examples of rational explanation: Newton's rejection of Descartes' vortex theory of planetary motion is explained by Newton's judgement that this theory was grossly in compatible with available data concerning the velocities and positions of the planets.
Stress Rate and Proof‐Testing of Silicon Wafers

Fracture mechanics test methods were applied to evaluate the proof-test characteristics of single-crystal silicon wafers. The results indicate that the strength distribution of silicon wafers is truncated by proof-testing. No subcritical crack growth occurred during proof-loading, as inferred from the lack of a stress-rate effect on strength. Mechanical proof-testing appears to be an effective method for eliminating weak samples before cell processing.
RNA Pol II Accumulates at Promoters of Growth Genes During Developmental Arrest

When Caenorhabditis elegans larvae hatch from the egg case in the absence of food, their development is arrested (L1 arrest), and they show increased stress resistance until food becomes available. To study nutritional control of larval development, we analyzed growth and gene expression profiles during L1 arrest and recovery. Larvae that were fed responded relatively slowly to starvation compared with the rapid response of arrested larvae to feeding. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) followed by deep sequencing showed that during L1 arrest, Pol II continued transcribing starvation-response genes, but the enzyme accumulated on the promoters of growth and development genes. In response to feeding, promoter accumulation decreased, and elongation and messenger RNA levels increased. Therefore, accumulation of Pol II at promoters anticipates nutritionally controlled gene expression during C. elegans development.
Polarized and unpolarized proton capture on deuterium

Angular distributions of cross section were measured for the $^{2}\mathrm{H}(\mathrm{p}, \ensuremath{\gamma})^{3}\mathrm{He}$ reaction at ${E}_{x}=9.83, 10.83, 12.78, 15.47, \mathrm{and} 16.12$ MeV and of analyzing power at ${E}_{x}=10.83 \mathrm{and} 16.12$ MeV. The data were fitted by expansions of Legendre and, where appropriate, associated Legendre polynomials. The coefficients of those fits are reported. The data at ${E}_{x}=10.83 \mathrm{and} 16.12$ MeV were also analyzed under simplifying assumptions to extract the $s=\frac{1}{2}(E1)$, $s=\frac{1}{2}(E2)$, and $s=\frac{3}{2}(E1)$ transition matrix elements, where $s$ represents the incident channel spin. The results indicate that the data are consistent with a 2(3)% $E2$ and a 3(5)% $s=\frac{3}{2}(E1)$ admixture at ${E}_{x}=10.83(16.12)$ MeV. These results are discussed in light of other recent experiments and calculations.
Petri nets for modeling automated target recognition systems

The application of Petri nets for modeling automated target recognition is proposed. This theory will permit the reformulation of automatic target recognition algorithms and paradigms into a modern scientific model that incorporates all the details of a realistic, complex scene. Petri nets have recently been studied and applied to a variety of applications. Their use permits the modeling of both information flow and physical material flow in an overall system model which clearly shows constraints, influences of variables on system performance, and results in a system which can be realized in hardware under software control. This proposed theory promises to revolutionize the model of command, communication and control currently used by integrating the three functions into one overall control system model. The theory has been demonstrated on two systems and the automatic target recognition problem is an ideal test bed for further study.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Serial left ventricular performance evaluated by cardiac catheterization before, immediately after and at 6 months after balloon aortic valvuloplasty☆

Abstract Although impaired ventricular function has been shown to improve after aortic valve replacement, there are few data on hemodynamic changes after balloon aortic valvuloplasty based on follow-up catheterization. Of 71 patients surviving 6 months after balloon aortic valvuloplasty, 41 agreed to late recatheterization. All patients had pre- and postvalvuloplasty and 6 month catheterization data measured with high fidelity micromanometer pressure recordings and simultaneous digital subtraction left ventriculography. The hemodynamic result immediately after valvuloplasty included a reduction in the aortic valve gradient and a moderate increase in aortic valve area (0.51 ± 0.14 to 0.81 ± 0.19 cm2, p At 6 month recatheterization, the mean aortic valve gradient and area were similar to baseline values, with 31 (76%) of 41 patients demonstrating valvular restenosis. At 6 months many left ventricular hemodynamic variables, including peak positive dP/dt and stroke work, also resembled prevalvuloplasty values. However, left ventricular end-diastolic volume was reduced (111 ± 40 ml at 6 months versus 136 ± 52 ml before valvuloplasty, p Thus, recatheterization at 6 months demonstrates left ventricular remodeling and a modest improvement in ventricular performance, with the left ventricle being less dilated while maintaining stroke work and cardiac output. These changes occur despite a high incidence of valve restenosis, indicating that balloon aortic valvuloplasty should be reserved for patients unable to tolerate surgical valve replacement.
Selective angiocardiography in congenital heart disease

Summary Selective angiocardiography combines the essential features of heart catheterization with an improved technic for contrast visualization of the heart and the great vessels and gives, by far, more precise data than those obtained with venous angiocardiography. This is explained by the high concentration of contrast medium in the region of the lesions and by the absence of superposition. A complete anatomic diagnosis, which has become much more important since the advent of open heart surgery, can often be obtained only by this technic. Before selective angiocardiography is undertaken, it is necessary to perform as thorough a clinical examination as possible, and heart catheterization should involve the most complete exploration of the heart and the great vessels possible. When the number of diagnostic possibilities is thus reduced, the choice of the position of the catheter for the injection is easy and the aim of the examination is a thorough radiologic analysis of the anatomy of the lesion.
Activation of dopamine D2-like receptors attenuates pulmonary C-fiber hypersensitivity in rats.

This study was performed to determine whether activation of dopamine D2-like receptors inhibits the hyperresponsiveness of pulmonary C fibers induced by inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In anesthetized, open-chest rats, constant infusion of PGE2 (1.5–4.5 μg/kg per minute, 2 minutes) significantly enhanced the C-fiber response to capsaicin injection. At 20 minutes after pretreatment with quinpirole (3 mg/kg, intravenous), a D2-like receptor agonist, the hyperresponsiveness to capsaicin of the same C fibers induced by PGE2 infusion was markedly attenuated, and this inhibitory effect lasted for more than 90 minutes. The effect of quinpirole was dose dependent and was antagonized by pretreatment with domperidone (5 mg/kg, intravenous), a D2-like receptor antagonist, administrated 10 minutes before the quinpirole injection. In a separate series of experiments, C-fiber responses to injections of phenyl biguanide and lactic acid and to constant-pressure lung inflation were augmented by PGE...
Compounds selective for dopamine receptor subtypes

Novel dopamine (DA) receptor proteins of relatively low natural abundance and uncertain physiology can be expressed selectively in genetically transfected cultured cells to facilitate screening of novel DA receptor ligands. Selective agonists or antagonists for most of the five major DA receptor types are emerging, but better D 4 and D 5 agonists, D 3 and D 5 antagonists, and more selective D 2 antagonists are needed. Clinical development of such compounds as diagnostic neuroradiopharmaceuticals or neuropsychiatric drugs remains empirical and somewhat unpredictable. The search for novel receptor-selective agents can be enhanced by better understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of DA neuroreceptors.
An analysis of corporate environmental responsibility on the global corporate Web sites and their dialogic principles

This study investigated how corporations use their Web sites as a way of helping to build corporate environmental responsibility. A content analysis of 2008 Fortune Global corporate Web sites compared environmental concerns and the use of dialogic principles across three regions (i.e., Asia, Europe, and North America). Results show that about 71% of Web sites have a stand-alone environmental menu as a central location for environmental information, and that Europe is the highest, followed by North America and Asia. The environmental concerns of ‘resources/waste management’ and ‘climate changes’ are more commonly highlighted than are ‘ecosystem’ and ‘environmental governance.’ Furthermore, most Web sites do not fully employ dialogic features, regardless of region.
Study of fluctuations in an arc plasmajet using electromagnetic induction

determine the value of cr from a determination of aU it is necessary to know U. The velocity can be estimated, or it can be measured separately. One motivation for the experiments described herein was to measure, with one transducer, both the product aU and U. If a fluid has a characteristic feature that is convected, then a measurement of the time for transit over a known distance gives an average velocity. Blackman5 observed that the intensity of visible radiation fluctuates and that these changes in intensity are convected. The average velocity was measured using two photomultiplier tubes. Variation in light intensity is a characteristic quantity that is convected; another convected quantity is variations in aU. These changes in aU can be detected by means of the currents driven by the motion of a conductor in an applied magnetic field. Turbulence in fluids has been studied by Kolin, 6 Grossman and Charwat,7 and Grossman, Li, and Einstein8 using electromagnetic induction. These investigators used electrodes and measured the potential difference due to the interaction of a moving fluid with an applied magnetic field. The electrical conductivity a of the fluids (e.g., water) was small so that currents were correspondingly small. The potential difference under these conditions is a direct measure of the local velocity. For the case of an arc plasmajet, a is sufficiently large so
RECENT PROGRESS IN THE THEORY OF THE ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER

Recent progress in the theory of the electric double layer is surveyed briefly. It is concluded that the Gouy-Chapman-Stern treatment of the diffuse double layer, although fairly good, differs significantly from recent computer simulation studies. However, some recent theories, such as the hypernetted chain, the modified Poisson-Boltzmann, and the Born-Green-Yvon approximations, are in satisfactory agreement with the simulations. This survey concludes with a microscopic treatment of the solvent contributions to the double layer.
Improved estimators for fractional Brownian motion via the expectation–maximization algorithm

Fractional Brownian motion (FBM) provides a useful model for many physical and biological phenomena demonstrating long-term dependencies and 1/f-type spectral behavior. In this model, only one parameter is necessary to describe the complexity of the data, the Hurst exponent (H). The development of accurate estimators for H is a topic of interest in areas such as radiographic image processing and heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. The development of a 1D estimator utilizing the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is explained; the estimator is designed for a signal model consisting of FBM and additive white noise. The performance of this estimator is tested on simulated noisy FBM data sets, and found to provide more accurate estimates of H than a maximum likelihood estimator for FBM and the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) method.
DNase protection analysis of the stable synaptic complexes involved in Mu transposition.

Abstract Several critical steps in phage Mu transposition involve specialized protein-DNA complexes. Cleavage of Mu donor DNA by MuA protein leads to the formation of the stable cleaved donor complex (CDC), in which the two Mu DNA ends are held together by MuA. In the subsequent strand-transfer reaction the CDC attacks a target DNA to generate the strand-transfer complex, in which the donor and the target DNAs are covalently joined. We have carried out DNase I protection experiments on these protein-DNA complexes and found that only three MuA binding sites (L1, R1, and R2 of the six total) at the two Mu ends are stably bound by MuA to maintain the paired Mu end structure. The protection extends beyond the ends of the Mu sequence for different lengths (7-20 nucleotides) depending on the strand and the type of complex. After formation of the CDC, the other MuA binding sites (L2, L3, and R3) and internal activation sequence become dispensable for the subsequent strand-transfer reaction.
Outcomes following temporal bone resection.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate survival outcomes in patients undergoing temporal bone resection. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: From 2002 to 2009 a total of 65 patients underwent temporal bone resection for epithelial (n = 47) and salivary (n = 18) skull base malignancies. Tumor characteristics, defect reconstruction, and postoperative course were assessed. Outcomes measured included disease-free survival and cancer recurrence. Results: The majority of patients presented with recurrent (65%), advanced stage (94%), cutaneous (72%), and squamous cell carcinoma (57%). Thirty-nine patients had perineural invasion (60%) and required facial nerve resection; 16 (25%) had intracranial extension. Local (n = 6), regional (n = 2), or free flap (n = 46) reconstruction was required in 80% of patients. Free flap donor sites included the anterolateral thigh (31%), radial forearm free flap (19%), rectus (35%), and latissimus (4%). The average hospital stay was 4.9 days (range, 1–28 days). The overall complication rate was 15% and included stroke (n = 4), cerebrospinal fluid leak (n = 2), hematoma formation (n = 1), infection (n = 1), flap loss (n = 1), and postoperative myocardial infarction (n = 1). A total of 22 patients (34%) developed cancer recurrence during the follow-up period (median, 10 months), 17 (77%) of whom presented with recurrent disease at the time of temporal bone resection. Two-year disease-free survival was 68%, and 5-year disease-free survival was 50%. Conclusions: Aggressive surgical resection and reconstruction is recommended for primary and recurrent skull base malignancies with acceptable morbidity and improved disease-free survival. Laryngoscope, 2010
THE EFFECTS OF LOSS AVERSION ON TRADE POLICY: THEORY AND EVIDENCE

Abstract We study the implications of loss aversion for trade policy determination and show how it allows us to explain a number of important and puzzling features of trade policy. Some important questions concerning trade policy are why a disproportionate share of protection goes to declining industries and why trade policy has an anti-trade bias. We show that if individual preferences exhibit sufficient loss aversion, higher protection will be given to sectors in which profitability is declining. We also show that if the coefficient of loss aversion is large enough, there will be an anti-trade bias in trade policy. Using a nonlinear regression procedure, we find support for the model and the estimates of the loss aversion parameters are very close to those obtained by Kahneman and Tversky (Kahneman, D., Tversky, A., 1992. Advances in Prospect Theory: Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5, 297–323.) with experimental data. Protection is found to be more responsive to losses than to gains, and the estimates of the coefficient of loss aversion are about 2. We also find evidence of loss aversion in lobby formation.