cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transurethral Needle Ablation

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant growth of the prostate gland that can lead to a constellation of symptoms in the aging male known as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Over the last decade, several minimally invasive therapies have been developed for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men who are unwilling to remain on medication, in whom medical therapy has failed, who are unsuitable candidates for surgery, and in men who are concerned about the side effects of TURP. One minimally invasive therapy, TUNA, uses low-level radiofrequency energy to heat prostatic tissue and create a controlled localized necrotic lesion. The tissue is then selectively ablated with temperatures exceeding 60 °C while preserving the prostatic urothelium. One of the major advantages to transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA) is it can be performed in the office under topical anesthesia. With recent advances in technology, TUNA can now be used to create extremely precise microscopic and macroscopic lesions within the prostate. In the short term, the majority of patients have subjective (symptomatic) and objective (Qmax) improvements, even when presenting symptoms are severe.
Heidegger, The Law of Being, and Animal Protection Laws

For decades, Martin Heidegger’s thinking has been appropriated as providing an ethical foundation either in support of positions of environmentalism or advocacy on behalf of animals. Yet, as is the case in many of these debates, the focus has been slanted toward the ethical or moral dimension, to the exclusion of considering whether the Heideggerian approach could also be transposed into the complementary arena of the law in order to open up a new avenue for discussing these topics. Precisely due to its non-anthropocentric focus on the one hand, and its divergence from the legalistic tradition of “rights-theory,” on the other, Heidegger’s thinking might very well provide an entry point for addressing concerns raised by enacting “laws” to protect animals, albeit on an alternative footing, which circumvents the “legalistic” premise that animals are precluded rights (due to their lacking as a precondition the moral agency proper to human beings). In the following, I will argue that Heidegger’s account of our capacity to dwell on the earth, to cultivate the diverse manifestations of Nature, and recover the deeper meaning of our embodiment , suggests an alternative grounding of law, the attuned response to which can suggest new “directives” to protect the livelihood of animals in the habitats they occupy in common with our own. As we will discover, to understand the law in this primordial sense requires disclosing its origin in the Greek notion of justice, and thereby resetting the “bounds” of jurisdiction within which such lawfulness can be extended to protect animals and provide a “ measure ” to counter balance the self-interested motives of human beings in our technological age.
Taxing Outsiders in Mississippi

Mississippi began levying sales taxes and other taxes that discriminated fiercely against political outsiders in 1822. Designed to protect local businesses, the higher taxes targeted peddlers, auctioneers, and other traveling vendors in the early 19th century. After the Civil War, the targets changed as retailing changed, to include itinerant vendors of all types, including gypsy bands, fortune tellers, patent medicine salesmen, out-of-state trappers, and employment agents offering out-of-state jobs. In the 20th century, transient vendors bearing higher taxes did NOT include vendors needed by Mississippi businesses (such as business-to-business salesmen) but did include double taxes on chain stores until the courts stopped it. In the 21st century, Mississippi has helped lead the fight against the Internet Tax Freedom Act, so that it could tax sales by internet vendors from other states as heavily as it taxes vendors who have a physical presence in Mississippi. The state’s nearly 2'02year tradition of protecting local businesses by heavy taxation of political outsiders is costly to Mississippi consumers but protects the politicians from voter retaliation.
Hard and Soft Selection Revisited: How Evolution by Natural Selection Works in the Real World

The modern synthesis of evolutionary biology unified Darwin's natural selection with Mendelian genetics, but at the same time it created the dilemma of genetic load. Lewontin and Hubby's (1966) and Harris's (1966) characterization of genetic variation in natural populations increased the apparent burden of this load. Neutrality or near neutrality of genetic variation was one mechanism proposed for the revealed excessive genetic variation. Bruce Wallace coined the term "soft selection" to describe an alternative way for natural selection to operate that was consistent with observed variation. He envisioned nature as presenting ecological vacancies that could be filled by diverse genotypes. Survival and successful reproduction was a combined function of population density, genotype, and genotype frequencies, rather than a fixed value of the relative fitness of each genotype. My goal in this review is to explore the importance of soft selection in the real world. My motive and that of my colleagues as described here is not to explain what maintains genetic variation in natural populations, but rather to understand the factors that shape how organisms adapt to natural environments. We characterize how feedbacks between ecology and evolution shape both evolution and ecology. These feedbacks are mediated by density- and frequency-dependent selection, the mechanisms that underlie soft selection. Here, I report on our progress in characterizing these types of selection with a combination of a consideration of the published literature and the results from my collaborators' and my research on natural populations of guppies.
Manipulating System 2 and the Illusion of Caveat Emptor

In response to Sunsteinâs âFifty Shades of Manipulation (2015), I reinforce and expand on two of Sunsteinâs points. First, I argue that almost any action by a marketeer, such as the order or context in which information is given, affects the salience of choice options or consumption benefits. These effects on salience in turn impact choice in subtle and often subconscious ways. Thus, if manipulation is defined in terms of lack of reflection and deliberation (Sunstein 2015), one might argue that âyou canât not manipulate.â Second, I argue that some non-deliberative manipulative processes may increase consumer welfare by increasing the pleasure of consuming the product. Thus, I agree with Sunstein that some effects of manipulation that rely on more automatic, lessdeliberative processes are not all that harmful. In addition to these two points, my main argument is that defining manipulation mostly in terms of less-deliberative processes misses out on several ways to influence consumers that are particularly harmful and that most consumers would consider manipulative. I argue that, for example in financial decision making, consumers often try to think hard and carefully, but are overwhelmed by the amount and complexity of information. This leads, for example, to confusopolies, and should undermine our confidence in the principle of caveat emptor. Consumers try to perform due diligence but still cannot avoid making suboptimal decisions.
The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966: Past and Future

On November 2, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law what is usually called the Cuban Adjustment Act (CAA). The chief legislative sponsor of the Cuban Adjustment Act had been Senator Edward Kennedy, but the bill enjoyed wide bipartisan support, sailing through a liberal and Democratic Congress by a 300-25 margin in the House and an unchallenged voice vote in the Senate.
Reaching new heights: comparing interpretation bias modification to exposure therapy for extreme height fear.

Exposure therapy, in which people confront their feared stimuli and try to remain in the situation until their fear declines, is currently the gold standard for phobia treatment. Meta-analyses and literature reviews have shown that the beneficial effects of exposure are robust and gains are maintained or improved over time (e.g., Choy, Fyer, & Lipsitz, 2007; Wolitzky-Taylor, Horowitz, Powers, & Telch, 2008). Despite the well-documented success of exposure therapy, many phobic individuals do not improve, or find confronting their feared stimuli aversive, and consequently drop out of or avoid treatment (e.g., Choy et al.). In fact, data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study showed that approximately 70% of people with diagnosable phobias had not sought treatment, and of those who had, less than 50% sought services specific to psychological health (see Wolitzky-Taylor et al. for review). Given these limitations, there is a clear need to explore alternate approaches to phobia treatment. The current study evaluates a new approach to the treatment of phobias: cognitive bias modification for interpretations (CBM-I) for individuals with extreme height fear. To examine the utility of modifying interpretation biases, height fear and related symptoms were measured before and after two sessions of CBM-I, and compared to an Exposure Only condition, a combination of CBM-I and exposure therapy (labeled CBM-I+Exposure), and a Control condition.
Crafts and Creative Media in Therapy

Within this book, the authors give examples of the benefits of crafts, describe how to document their use, and give suggestions for effective implementation. Given this is the 4th edition of the bo...
Enhancing Fundamental Mode Interpretation in Heterogeneous Media: An Example From Canoga Park, California

Surface wave data were collected at a site in southern California to detect near-surface discontinuities. However, due to the abundance of faulted and fractured media throughout the site, clear fundamental mode Rayleigh wave dispersion patterns were difficult to obtain. To account for the apparent heterogeneity, three different processing techniques were applied to enhance the fundamental mode dispersion image and reduce higher mode interference: muting, high-resolution lateral radon transform, and dispersion-curve based FK filter. Although one method alone does not sufficently improve the fundamental mode disperion pattern in the presence of geologic heterogeneity, interpreting the enhanced dispersion images together guided picking for the fundamental mode.
Two ear problems you may not need to refer. Otitis externa and bullous myringitis

Primary care physicians are being forced to broaden the scope of their practice because of the financial restraints placed on them by managed care. Common otologic conditions such as otitis externa and bullous myringitis, which are often referred to otolaryngologists, can be promptly diagnosed and treated by primary care physicians. Referral to a subspecialist is indicated when symptoms persist despite treatment and when the cause of ear pain remains unexplained after thorough evaluation.
Association of Fast Visual Field Loss With Risk of Falling in Patients With Glaucoma

Importance Patients with glaucoma and a history of fast visual field loss might be at an increased risk for falls compared with those with a history of slow visual field loss, but, to date, this association has not been previously investigated in the literature. Objective To evaluate the association between self-reported falls and past rate of visual field loss in a cohort of patients with glaucoma followed up over time. Design, Setting, and Participants This observational cohort study included patients diagnosed as having glaucoma who had been followed up at the Visual Performance Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, at 6-month intervals for a mean (SD) of 7.5 (2.6) years from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2015. Self-reported number of falls during the past year was obtained at the last follow-up visit. Integrated binocular fields were estimated from the monocular fields. Linear mixed models were used to calculate rates of change in binocular mean sensitivity over time. Poisson models were used to evaluate the association between the self-reported number of falls and rates of visual field loss. The models adjusted for the current level of visual field damage and other confounding variables. Main Outcomes and Measures Association between rates of binocular visual field loss and self-reported number of falls. Results The study included 116 patients with glaucoma with a mean (SD) age of 73.1 (10.7) years (55 women [47.4%], 84 white individuals [72.4%], and 32 black individuals [27.6%]). Of the 116 patients, 29 (25.0%) reported at least 1 fall in the previous year. The mean rate of change in binocular mean sensitivity was faster for patients who reported a history of falls vs those who did not (−0.36 vs −0.17 dB/y; mean difference, 0.20 dB/y; 95% CI, 0.09-0.31 dB/y; P P = .02), even after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusions and Relevance The rate of visual field loss was associated with a self-reported history of falls in the past year even after taking into account the magnitude of visual field defect. However, although a positive association was found, further studies are necessary to establish whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between rate of visual field loss and self-reported history of falls.
Implementation and Transition to Operations

Implementation of an electronic health record (EHR) with computerized physician order entry (CPOE) can provide an important foundation for preventing harm and improving outcomes. Incentivized by the recent economic stimulus initiative, healthcare systems are implementing vendor-based EHR systems at an unprecedented rate. Strong evidence suggests that local implementation decisions, rather than the specific EHR product selected, are the primary drivers of the value realized from these systems. However, relatively little attention has been paid to effective approaches to EHR implementation. In this chapter, we outline a systematic approach to implementation of a clinical system and subsequent transition to operations.
On-Road Effectiveness of a Tablet-Based Teen Driver Training Intervention

The largest cause of novice driver crashes is their inexperience, causing both failures to anticipate hazards and to maintain attention to the forward roadway. A number of computer-based training p...
A mixture model framework for class discovery and outlier detection in mixed labeled/unlabeled data sets

Several authors have addressed learning as a classifier given by a mixed labeled/unlabeled training set. These works assumes the unlabeled sample originates from one of the (known) classes. This work considers the scenario in which unlabeled points may belong either to known/predefined or to here-to-fore undiscovered classes. There are several practical situations where such data may arise. We earlier proposed a novel statistical mixture model to fit in this mixed data. In this paper we review the method and introduce an alternative model. Our fundamental strategy is to view as observed the data not only the feature vector and the class label, but also the fact of label presence/absence for each point. Two types of mixture components are used to explain label presence/absence. "Predefined" components generate both labeled and unlabeled points and assume the labels that are missing at random. These components represent the known classes. "Non-predefined" components only generate unlabeled points. In localized regions, the data subsets are captured exclusively unlabeled. Such subsets may represent an outlier distribution, or new classes. The components' predefined/non-predefined natures are data-driven, learned with the other parameters via an algorithm based on expectation-maximization (EM). There are three natural applications presented: 1) robust classifier design, given by a mixed training set with outliers; 2) classification with rejections; and 3) identification of the unlabeled points (and their representative components) originated from unknown classes, i.e. new class discovery. The effectiveness of our models in discovering purely unlabeled data components (potential new classes) is evaluated both by synthetic and real data sets. Although each of our models has its own advantages, the original model is found is achieved by the best class discovery results.
Lebanon’s waste crisis: An exercise of participation rights:

A growing body of research reveals the emergence of forms of youth public participation, intensified by digital technologies, practices and cultures. This is a multilevel study of the reconstruction of Lebanese youth and children’s rights in the digital age through discourses and practices of participation in the #YouStink protest movement against a waste collection crisis. The article explores these rights by focusing on children and young people’s engagement with the movement, their ability to express their views freely and to influence decisions. It analyses how such participation through communicative, cultural and political practices becomes a contested resource for various actors, institutions and networks.
Regional Collaboration for Strengthening Medical Toxicology in the Asia Pacific Region

Medical toxicology is somehow a neglected field of medicine. Support for this discipline is necessary as there are many competing interests within a nation's public health priorities (1). In the previous issue of the Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology, the essentials of the empowerment of medical toxicology in the Asia Pacific region have been discussed (2). Perhaps, there is now an urgent need for some leverage and synergy through more regional collaboration. This means having a strong leadership to communicate and connect with the health sectors (3). I have often adhered to a health system approach when strengthening a discipline was needed. In 2007, World Health Organization described six building blocks for strengthening the health system (4). These pillars include health governance, financing, human resources for health, access to products, service delivery and lastly, application of information and communication technologies. These principals can also be applied to empower medical toxicology. Governance is the strategic management, while we ask where medical toxicology should be positioned. Because toxicology covers many other fields, it is often subsumed under another discipline. Moreover, the leaders of toxicology work in cross disciplines. Hence, it dilutes us and diffuses our goals. So, we need a senior health leader that understands the critical role of toxicology to invest in the regional integration processes. This means strategic health financing. However, financing must be accompanied by good performance indicators (4). Here, lies the challenge; how can performance indicators be developed if the toxicology cases are not always consistently occurring and how can success of preventive toxicology be accurately measured? Similar to other professions, the treasure is in the human resource, and this means quality training and a common acceptable accreditation process. Mutual recognition agreement of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for recognizing and employing health workers is now in discussion. Perhaps, it is time for ASEAN to look into joint needs of the 10 member countries and share the small number of medical toxicologists for more efficiency. With the modern tools of the 21st century, training, consultations and treatment advice can be made cost-efficiently (3). Many antidotes considered as orphan drugs are poorly accessed by patients in need. This problem can be solved by shared regional stockpiling and rapid logistics. This also means strategic governance. For improvement of the clinical services delivery, it is a necessity to engage more training at the junior physician level (the next generation) and more research and development, both of which requires recruiting human resource and sourcing of funds. There is; therefore, a unique role for the Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology to play in regional toxicology strengthening.
ESD Robustness Enhancement Study of Ultra-High-Voltage JFET With Ballast Structure

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness improvement of ultra-high-voltage devices is a challenging task. This paper presents an ESD robustness enhancement study of an 800 V junction field-effect transistor (JFET) including a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) structure. During a human body model (HBM) event, the fabricated SCR-JFET showed a deep voltage snapback and an unexpectedly high current peak, resulting in an ESD failure due to current filamentation. 3-D TCAD analysis is effectively utilized for ESD enhancement study. First, 3-D HBM simulation reproduces the current filamentation phenomenon and the observed ESD failure. Then, a drain modified SCR-JFET, which includes a p+ ballast region, is studied. TCAD simulations demonstrate ESD robustness improvement with the ballast device and make clear its performance enhancement mechanism. Based on the TCAD study results, the ballast device is fabricated. Photo-emission microscope measurement results clearly show an alleviation of the current filamentation. As a result of HBM tests, we successfully improve HBM robustness from 1.93 kV to 2.63 kV with the ballast structure.
Epigenetic regulation of motivated behaviors by histone deacetylase inhibitors

Growing evidence has begun to elucidate the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms in the modulation and maintenance of gene expression and behavior. Histone acetylation is one such epigenetic mechanism, which has been shown to profoundly alter gene expression and behaviors. In this review, we begin with an overview of the major epigenetic mechanisms including histones acetylation. We next focus on recent evidence about the influence of environmental stimuli on various motivated behaviors through histone acetylation and highlight how histone deacetylase inhibitors can correct some of the pathologies linked to motivated behaviors including substance abuse, feeding and social attachments. Particularly, we emphasize that the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on motivated behaviors are time and context-dependent.
Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Bi- and Tricyclic N-Heterocycle-Fused β-Lactones

The utility of the nucleophile-catalyzed (Lewis base) aldol lactonization (NCAL) process for the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of N-heterocycle-fused-β-lactones from N-linked ketoacids is described. A series of bi- and tricyclic, N-heterocycle-fused, β-lactones were first synthesized in racemic fashion via the NCAL process with excellent diastereoselectivity (>19:1) utilizing 4-pyrrolidinopyridine as an effective achiral Lewis base. A catalytic, enantioselective version of this NCAL process using isothiourea catalysts provided access to bicyclic β-lactone-fused, N-heterocycles in moderate to good yields (up to 80%) with high enantiocontrol (up to >99:1 er). An unusual diastereodivergent NCAL process was discovered that leads to two different products; a tricyclic N-heterocycle-fused β-lactone and a bicyclic enamine derived from in situ decarboxylation of the diastereomeric tricyclic β-lactone. The reactivity of these adducts was briefly explored.
Identifying Opportunities for Improvement in Safety and Efficacy of Community Pharmacy Immunization Programs

Objective:To identify opportunities to improve safe and effective immunization delivery in community pharmacies.Methods:Pharmacy managers from chains in Michigan were interviewed about their compan...
Dicing wheel wear monitoring technique utilizing edge diffraction effect

Abstract This paper presents a non-contact, convenient, efficient cutting tool wear monitoring technique of dicing wheel based on an edge diffraction effect. Dicing is a standard technology for fabricating components of micro-electromechanical systems, and the wear of dicing wheels may influence the components’ quality with respect to cutting-surface quality and subsurface damage. Based on the edge diffraction principle that utilizes interference of transmitted wave and a diffracted wave at the wheel end, the diffraction patterns according to dicing wheel conditions were scanned, and cross-correlation was used to extract attrition and abrasive wear from the measured diffraction patterns. Attrition and abrasive wear were related with lag and similarity coefficients of cross-correlation, respectively. This measurement technique can be used for on-machine or in-process monitoring of wheel conditions or wheel radius compensation and can be included in dicing parameter optimization process.
Virtual Sensors to Support the Monitoring of Cultural Heritage Damage

The present work is part of a wider research activity carried on within the Italian National Project named SIINDA. It shows how physical atmosphere parameters like temperature, humidity, wind direction, can be indirectly estimated in specific points of the monument, if one, or more than one, ambient air monitoring station is present in the neighborhood of the monument itself. We use a connectionist system trained to map the parameters measured by such stations with the parameters measured by the set of installed sensors. The obtained results look like very good and we received the approving by cultural heritage experts who evaluated such a methodology to effective by support monitoring in the field of the conservation state of monuments.
Proximal-Field Radiation Sensors for Millimeter-Wave Integrated Radiators

Integration of Proximal-Field Radiation Sensors (PFRS) with mm-wave integrated radiators enables extraction of valuable information about their far-field radiation properties from the surface waves inside the substrate and the electromagnetic fields in close proximity of the radiating antennas. In this paper, we present a 72 GHz 2×1 integrated radiator array with four on-chip PFRS units to show proximal-field sensing capability in calculation of far-field radiation properties solely through on-chip measurement of proximal fields.
Context-Aware Attention for Understanding Twitter Abuse.

The original goal of any social media platform is to facilitate users to indulge in healthy and meaningful conversations. But more often than not, it has been found that it becomes an avenue for wanton attacks. We want to alleviate this issue and hence we try to provide a detailed analysis of how abusive behavior can be monitored in Twitter. The complexity of the natural language constructs makes this task challenging. We show how applying contextual attention to Long Short Term Memory networks help us give near state of art results on multiple benchmarks abuse detection data sets from Twitter.
Employment Strategies for Older Adults

People are choosing to delay retirement and continue working into their later years. Continued earnings are one incentive, but nonfinancial rewards also play an important part in the decision to remain in the workforce. Older people feel that employment allows them continued personal growth, as well as the opportunity to pass on knowledge and values in the workforce. Employers benefit from retaining older employees who know their work and workplace well, have evolved with the organization, and can be available to mentor younger employees. Yet the aging process can include attendant health and disability issues that few workers or employers are prepared to handle proactively. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the importance of retaining aging workers, describe challenges identified in doing so, and discuss workplace policies and practices that organizations can preemptively put in place to keep these workers productive and active longer into their working years. We begin with statistics that document the demographics of the aging workforce, and why workers are motivated to stay in the workforce longer, then explore employer readiness for an aging workforce, and document charges of workplace discrimination on the basis of age. The remainder of the chapter focuses on strategies to increase older worker retention identified in the literature and our own research. While older worker discrimination in the application and hiring processes is worthy of further examination, this chapter keeps its focus on the employer’s role in the retention and inclusion of older workers and ways to support continued productivity and job satisfaction.
SLIME: robust, high-speed 3D microvascular mapping

Three dimensional (3D) microvascular imaging of cubic millimeter to centimeter size volumes often requires much time and expensive instruments. By combining optical clearing with a novel scatter-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) contrast agent, we have greatly extended OCT imaging depth in excised tissues while maintaining a simple and low cost approach that does not require in-depth OCT knowledge. The new method enables fast 3D microvascular mapping in large tissue volumes, providing a promising tool for investigating organ level microvascular abnormalities in large cohorts.
Technological Innovations in Disease Management: Text Mining US Patent Data From 1995 to 2017

Background: Patents are important intellectual property protecting technological innovations that inspire efficient research and development in biomedicine. The number of awarded patents serves as an important indicator of economic growth and technological innovation. Researchers have mined patents to characterize the focuses and trends of technological innovations in many fields. Objective: To expand patent mining to biomedicine and facilitate future resource allocation in biomedical research for the United States, we analyzed US patent documents to determine the focuses and trends of protected technological innovations across the entire disease landscape. Methods: We analyzed more than 5 million US patent documents between 1995 and 2017, using summary statistics and dynamic topic modeling. More specifically, we investigated the disease coverage and latent topics in patent documents over time. We also incorporated the patent data into the calculation of our recently developed Research Opportunity Index (ROI) and Public Health Index (PHI), to recalibrate the resource allocation in biomedical research. Results: Our analysis showed that protected technological innovations have been primarily focused on socioeconomically critical diseases such as “other cancers” (malignant neoplasm of head, face, neck, abdomen, pelvis, or limb; disseminated malignant neoplasm; Merkel cell carcinoma; and malignant neoplasm, malignant carcinoid tumors, neuroendocrine tumor, and carcinoma in situ of an unspecified site), diabetes mellitus, and obesity. The United States has significantly improved resource allocation to biomedical research and development over the past 17 years, as illustrated by the decreasing PHI. Diseases with positive ROI, such as ankle and foot fracture, indicate potential research opportunities for the future. Development of novel chemical or biological drugs and electrical devices for diagnosis and disease management is the dominating topic in patented inventions. Conclusions: This multifaceted analysis of patent documents provides a deep understanding of the focuses and trends of technological innovations in disease management in patents. Our findings offer insights into future research and innovation opportunities and provide actionable information to facilitate policy makers, payers, and investors to make better evidence-based decisions regarding resource allocation in biomedicine.
Ancient Legal Thought: Equity, Justice, and Humaneness From Hammurabi and the Pharaohs to Justinian and the Talmud

This is a study of what constituted legality and the role of law in ancient societies. Investigating and comparing legal codes and legal thinking of the ancient societies of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, India, the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and of the ancient Rabbis, this volume examines how people used law to create stable societies. Starting with Hammurabi's Code, this volume also analyzes the law of the pharaohs and the codes of the ancient rabbis and of the Roman Emperor Justinian. Focusing on the key concepts of justice equity and humaneness, the status of women and slaves, and the idea of criminality and of war and peace; no other book attempts to examine such diverse legal systems and legal thinking from the ancient world.
Emotion Suppression Decreases Delay Discounting for Monetary Outcomes

Emotion and emotion regulation figure prominently in self-control, which is a fundamental process that underlies a range of health problem behaviors. However, most research to date on these phenomena are based on correlational studies using self-report measures prone to retrospective bias or experimental studies using idiosyncratic self-control outcomes that may lack theoretical specificity. This study sought to expand the previous literature by prompting emotion and emotion suppression and measuring their impact on delay discounting, a theoretically derived measure of self-control. Adult undergraduates (n = 179) were exposed to one of three manipulations of affect (i.e., positive, neutral, and negative) using previously validated film clips. Half of these participants were instructed to suppress their emotional responses to the film clips. Following the film clips, all participants completed the delay discounting task. There were no main effects of specific emotions on delay discounting. There was a significant main effect for suppression group on delay discounting such that the suppression of emotion was accompanied by higher rates of self-control using the delay discounting task. The findings suggest, contrary to our expectation, that the suppression of emotion leads to short-term increases in self-control measured using the delay discounting task. Continued research on these complex relationships is warranted.
Test and Improvement of 1D Routing Algorithms for Dam-Break Floods

AbstractClassical models for one-dimensional (1D) flood routing calculations were tested in a synthetic benchmark and in a real dam break case, the observed flashy hydrographs on the Doce River aft...
Exposure of an early to middle Noachian valley network in three dimensions on Mars

Abstract We document a set of channels in a section of the Martian cratered highlands located between crustal massifs northeast of Hellas Planitia that are visible in cross section and planview >200 m below the surface. The morphometry and spatial distribution of the outcrops provide concrete geological evidence of a dynamic aqueous system in a structural sub-basin during the Early to Middle Noachian, bolstering evidence of conditions compatible with sustained liquid water on the surface very early in Mars' history.
Ignition mechanisms of pulse detonator initiated scramjet cavity

Abstract A fueled cavity in a supersonic crossflow was ignited via a pulse detonator (PD) producing detonation waves that were then decoupled to produce varying degrees of shock-flame separation at the exit of the PD tube. This decoupling allowed for observation of the cavity ignition mechanism, and the key parameters required for successful cavity ignition were identified. Measurements were made using high-frame-rate OH Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and schlieren and chemiluminescence imaging. It was shown that the entrainment of high-temperature intermediate species into the forward region of the cavity, immediately behind the step, is the principal criterion for cavity ignition. Both coupled and slightly decoupled detonation cases induced significant OH shedding into the step region, leading to ignition and flame stabilization within the cavity. At conditions where OH shedding into the step region did not occur, cavity ignition was not observed. In coupled and slightly decoupled cases, there is more shedding of OH behind the step due to the greater disturbances created in the flowfield. As the degree of detonation decoupling increases, there is less shedding of OH and therefore a lower likelihood of ignition. Additionally, the time required for cavity combustion to reach its steady-state condition varied with the degree of decoupling of the detonation. Coupled detonation cases were shown to be more disruptive to the cavity and thus required more time to reach steady state than the decoupled cases.
EMT, One of Many Morphological Transitions in Cellular Phase Space

The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an enticingly simple mechanism that converts stationary epithelial cells into migratory mesenchymal cells. EMT is meant to provide a unified explanation for phenomena as complex as gastrulation and metastasis. However, cell movements turn out to be diverse, and many are collective. Cells commonly migrate in clusters, strands, sheets, elongating tubes, or in fluid-like masses. Moreover, plenty of cells move without activating the EMT program. Here I propose that EMT can be understood as one of many types of transitions in a broader landscape-or phase space-of cell morphologies and behaviors. Throughout biology, and at multiple scales, complexity arises from the combinatorial deployment of simple, modular components. I propose that diversity of cell shapes and behaviors similarly arises from combinatorial use of modular biomechanical properties.
Financial Toxicity and Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Plasma Cell Disorders

BACKGROUND Advances in novel therapies and supportive care have contributed to improved outcomes for patients with Multiple myeloma (MM) and Light Chain Amyloidosis (AL). This progress comes at a high price; with high financial costs to patients increasing distress, decreasing compliance, and even decreasing survival. Our aim was to screen patients for financial distress and understand its impact on various domains of health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS We conducted a prospective study of adult patients with MM or AL that received follow-up care at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Financial distress was measured using the validated COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) questionnaire; high financial distress was defined as a score of 23 or less. HRQOL was measured using the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-29 questionnaire. Baseline demographic information and clinical characteristics were abstracted from the medical record. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Spearman correlations, and comparison of COST scores between groups by Jonckheere-Terpstra, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for ordered, unordered, and binary categorical variables, respectively. RESULTS Patients: To date 77 patients (MM 64 [83%], AL 13 [17%]) have been enrolled, 55% male, 53% age 65 or older (18% Financial Distress The mean COST score was 26.5 (SD 10.0) with 42% reporting high financial distress. PROMIS-29 domain descriptive statistics appear in Table 1. Higher financial distress was significantly associated with higher anxiety, depression, and pain (all p Group Differences Financial distress significantly differed by gender, education, marital status, employment status, income, insurance type, and distance traveled reported in Table 2. Financial distress was higher: in women than men (p=0.003); in high school graduates vs those who attended some college or more (p=0.03); in divorced versus married individuals (p=0.02); among unemployed or disabled versus employed versus retired people (p=0.04); in those with income CONCLUSION Financial distress was prevalent in this well-educated and high earning MM and AL cohort that is able to receive tertiary care at Mayo Clinic. This financial distress was moderate to strongly associated with anxiety and pain intensity, and mild to moderately associated with depression and pain interference. Longitudinal assessment is ongoing. Download : Download high-res image (416KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Dispenzieri: Takeda: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Alnylam: Research Funding; Intellia: Research Funding.
Sanitation ladder and undernutrition among under-five children in Pakistan

While the state of sanitation in Pakistan has improved in the last decade, a significant proportion of its population is still using inadequate sanitation or no toilet facility at all. Open defecation has decreased over the years; however, it has been replaced by poor quality sanitation in rural areas that might still cause diarrhoea and undernutrition. The research regarding inadequate sanitation in Pakistan, especially in terms of the sanitation ladder, remains limited. The present research thus fills this research gap by assessing the impact of different types of sanitation on the prevalence of stunting and underweight (moderate as well as severe) among under-five children in Pakistan using the nationally representative micro survey, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18). The sanitation ladder comprises of piped to sewer (highest level, base) followed by flush to septic tank, flush to pit latrine, other improved, unimproved sanitation, and open defecation. In order to estimate the adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios of the determinants, this research uses logistic regressions are used to estimate adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios of the determinants. We show that toilets connected to piped sewerage network are rare in the rural areas of Pakistan and a large segment of the rural population is still practicing open defecation. The logistic regressions show that piped sewerage network and flush to septic tanks are associated with lowest odds (both adjusted and unadjusted) of stunting and underweight among under-five children. In multivariate regressions, pit latrines are associated with even higher adjusted odds of severe and moderate and severe stunting as well as underweight among under-five children, showing that poor quality pit latrines may bring the source of faecal contamination to the doorstep of the households. Therefore, interventions targeting reduction in open defecation should promote good quality toilets for sustainable long-term improvements in child health.
Rotator Cuff Repair and Reconstruction

Rotator cuff pathology is the most common shoulder condition for which patients seek treatment. Schmidt et al covered the relevant anatomy, natural history, nonsurgical and surgical treatment, biological augmentation, and postoperative rehabilitation in their comprehensive review published in 2015. This current review builds upon the last update, discussing the most recent evidence-based medicine regarding rotator cuff repair: primary repair, revision repair, and reconstructive techniques for superior capsular reconstruction, subacromial balloon spacers, tendon transfer options (pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and lower trapezius), and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.
Specification development for autonomous system behavior

Before we can verify a system, we need a specification to verify it against. But defining a specification for an autonomous behavior is a challenging problem. In addition to simply describing what the system needs to do, we need to ensure that when non-experts specify desired behavior, they provide enough information to the designer without imposing a significant unnecessary cost or complexity burden on the developer. Combining a capability representation with a capability analysis table enables the definition of a boundary between the specification and the design.
The Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre and Lingering Issues

Greenwood is but one example of the decimation of black urban districts that has claimed countless lives over the course of the nation’s history. These incidents, now commonly referred to as “massacres,” have also served as grave impediments to wealth accumulation and its transference to future generations. In the dozens of black communities that experienced similar fates during the early part of the twentieth century, rebuilding homes and businesses was left entirely to the victims, forcing them into debt, or deepening their existing arrears. In this respect, the scope of damage is impossible to ascertain fully. Regardless, the massacre financially harmed future generations, in large part due to insurance company and governmental decisions. Almost any source of wealth that was passed down to descendants (homes, cars, family valuables, and other assets) would have had to occur through post-massacre accumulation, or, in other words, after black families had been essentially wiped out. Survivors were left starting over from scratch; there was little or nothing left to pass on to future generations.
Chapter 1: “I piss a lot of people off when I play dwarves like dwarves”: Race, Gender, and Critical Systems in Tabletop Role-Playing Games

BackgroundThis chapter explores player interactions and engagement in tabletop role-playing game settings.ObjectiveParticularly focusing on the intersection of gaming systems, virtual settings, and...
Benefit of Deep Inspiratory Breath Hold for Right Breast Cancer When Regional Lymph Nodes Are Irradiated.

BACKGROUND Although deep inspiratory breath-hold (DIBH) is routinely used for left-sided breast cancers, its benefits for right-sided breast cancer (rBC) have yet to be established. We compared free-breathing (FB) and DIBH treatment plans for a cohort of rBC undergoing regional nodal irradiation (RNI) to determine its potential benefits. METHODS AND MATERIALS rBC patients considered for RNI (internal mammary nodal chains, supraclavicular field, with or without axilla) from October 2017 to May 2020 were included in this analysis. For each patient, FB versus DIBH plans were generated and dose volume histograms evaluated the following parameters: mean lung dose, ipsilateral lung V20/V5 (volumes of lung receiving 20 Gy and 5 Gy, respectively); mean heart dose and heart V5 (volumes of heart receiving 5 Gy); liver V20 absolute /V30 absolute (absolute volume of liver receiving 20 Gy and 30 Gy, respectively), liver Dmax, and total liver volume irradiated (TVIliver). The dosimetric parameters were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank testing. RESULTS Fifty-four patients were eligible for analysis, comparing 108 FB and DIBH plans. DIBH significantly decreased all lung and liver parameters: mean lung dose (19.7 Gy-16.2 Gy, P < .001), lung V20 (40.7%-31.7%, P < .001), lung V5 (61.2%-54.5%, P < .001), TVIliver (1446 cc vs 1264 cc; P = .006) liver Dmax (50.2 Gy vs 48.9 Gy; P = .023), liver V20 (78.8-23.9 cc, P < .001), and liver V30 (58.1-14.6 cc, P < .001) compared with FB. DIBH use did not significantly improve heart parameters, although the V5Heart trended on significance (1.25-0.6, P = .067). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest cohort to date analyzing DIBH for RNI-rBC. Our findings demonstrate significant improvement in all lung and liver parameters with DIBH, supporting its routine consideration for rBC patients undergoing comprehensive RNI.
Plant-Based Dietary Practices and Socioeconomic Factors That Influence Anemia in India

While rates of malnutrition have declined over the last decade in India due to successful government interventions, the prevalence of anemia remains high. Staple foods provide almost 70% of the daily iron intake. As staple foods are a rich source of phytate, this ingested iron is poorly absorbed. Currently, 59% of children below 3 years of age, 50% of expectant mothers and 53% of women aged 15–19 years are anemic. The most common intervention strategy has been through the use of iron supplements. While the compliance has been low and supplies irregular, such high rates of anemia cannot be explained by iron deficiency alone. This review attempts to fit dietary and cooking practices, field-level diagnostics, cultural beliefs and constraints in implementation of management strategies into a larger picture scenario to offer insights as to why anemia continues to plague India. Since the rural Indian diet is predominantly vegetarian, we also review dietary factors that influence non-heme iron absorption. As a reference point, we also contrast anemia-related trends in India to the U.S.A. Thus, this review is an effort to convey a holistic evaluation while providing approaches to address this public health crisis.