cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avenue T: using film as entrée in teaching about transgender

Educators from a variety of disciplines include the concept of transgender and multiple gender identities in course curricula. The ‘T’ (denoting the specific inclusion of transgender) in the popular acronym LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) often is given less pedagogical attention than is sexual orientation, and the transgender concept often is taught in the context of sexual orientation. An experimental study was conducted to determine if a brief film intervention would yield differences in knowledge of the transgender concept. Individuals were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Conditions varied to include no exposure to the concept of being transgender, a 14-minute news documentary about the transgender concept, or a 28-minute news documentary about the transgender concept. Results supported hypotheses that a brief film intervention would produce higher accuracy of transgender knowledge. In addition, and supporting the contact hypothesis, participants with a transgender friend repo...
An ESR Investigation of the Reactions of Glutathione, Cysteine and Penicillamine Thiyl Radicals: Competitive Formation of RSO·, R·, RSSR, and RSS·

The reactions of the cysteine, glutathione and penicillamine thiyl radicals with oxygen and their parent thiols in frozen aqueous solutions have been elucidated through electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The major sulfur radicals observed are: (1) thiyl radicals, RS.; (2) disulfide radical anions. RSSR-.; (3) perthiyl radicals, RSS. and upon introduction of oxygen; (4) sulfinyl radicals, RSO., where R represents the remainder of the cysteine, glutathione or penicillamine moiety. The radical product observed depends on the pH, concentration of thiol, and presence or absence of molecular oxygen. We find that the sulfinyl radical is a ubiquitous intermediate in the free radical chemistry of these important biological compounds, and also show that peroxyl radical attack on thiols may lead to sulfinyl radicals. We elaborate the observed reaction sequences that lead to sulfinyl radicals, and, using 17O isotopic substitution studies, demonstrate that the oxygen atom in sulfinyl radicals originates from dissolved molecular oxygen. In addition, the glutathione thiyl radical is found to abstract hydrogen from the alpha-carbon position on the cysteine residue of glutathione to form a carbon-centered radical.
Cholesterol surrogates incorporating a benzophenone as part of the sterol tetracycle.

Photoactivatable analogues 4−6 of cholesterol (1), having their cross-linking site in the ring D sterol region, have been synthesized starting from bromotetralone 14 via enantioselective Robinson annulation to enone 13 and Suzuki carbonylative coupling to the appropriate phenylboronic acid. Each of 4−6 was shown to substitute successfully for 1 in an assay of apo A−I-induced cellular cholesterol efflux, indicating that these analogues equilibrated with 1 in all major cellular pools.
A unique envelope protein in azotobacter vinelandii.

Summary An unusual protein has been observed in Azotobacter vinelandii cysts and vegetative cell envelopes. It has a molecular weight of 60,000, constitutes almost 20% of the envelope protein, and is readily dissociated from both isolated membrane fractions and intact cells by washing with distilled water. A 60% reduction in viable cell numbers is found after removal of this protein.
Corrigendum to “Quantification of Electronic Band Gap and Surface States on FeS2(100)” [Surf. Sci. 618 (December 2013) 53–61]

Corrigendum for Acknowledgment This article included motivation and implications for accurately analyzing the bandgap at the FeS2 or pyrite surface [1]. One of the several motivations we provided was the potential of pyrite to be used in photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. We acknowledge that our awareness of the implications of our results for PV solar cell open circuit voltage originated from discussions with P. Lazic, R. Armiento, and G. Ceder (MIT), who were independently and concurrently analyzing pyrite electronic structure from a PV application perspective by computational theory. A recent article by Lazic et al. [2], which includes two of us
Mild nitrosation and hydrolysis of polyfunctional amides

Abstract Secondary amides may be hydrolyzed via a mild, high-yielding sequence consisting of N-nitrosation, treatment with lithium hydroperoxide, and reduction with sodium sulfite. These operations may be executed in the presence of an array of functional groups, including other amide functionality.
Fact and fantasy: The effects of internally generated events on the apparent frequency of externally generated events

As John Locke pointed out, there are at least two sources of the contents of the mind: events that occur in the world and events that originate in the mind. Memory, as a record of experience, should contain information from both sources. The present studies investigated memory for the frequency of externally and internally generated events. Individual items were presented to subjects varying numbers of times and tested varying numbers of times. Later, subjects were asked to estimate the frequency of both types of events. Experiment 1 showed that internally generated events influenced the judged frequency of externally generated events and vice versa. The first of these was called the IFE effect and the second the IFI effect. Experiment 2 indicated that the IFE effect was greater when tests consisted of overt, as compared to covert, recall trials. The results were discussed in terms of a model for storing and using occurrence information which would account for both our ability to discriminate between and our tendency to confuse internally and externally generated memory representations.
Experimental determination of anorthite solubility and calcium speciation in supercritical chloride solutions at 2 kb from 400 to 600°C

Abstract The solubility of the assemblage anorthite + andalusite + quartz and Ca speciation were investigated in supercritical chloride solutions between 400 and 600°C at 2 kb over a total chloride range of 0.005–5.6 m. Species interpretation is based on systematic regression of multiple speciation schemes by a nonlinear, weighted least squares procedure. Best fits to the data were obtained by including the Ca species CaCl 3 − and Ca(OH) + , in addition to the species Ca 2+ , CaCl + , CaCl 2 0 , H + , OH − , Cl − , H 2 O, Al(OH) 3 0 , H 4 SiO 4 0 , and HCl 0 . The logarithm of the equilibrium constant for the reaction CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 + 2HCl = CaCl 2 0 + Al 2 SiO 5 + SiO 2 + H 2 O is given by: log K 3 = −17.13 (±0.41) + 16483 (±301)/ T (K). For the reaction, Ca (OH) + = Ca 2+ + OH − : log K 18 = −35.39 (±0.41) + 22558 (±283)/ T (K) was obtained. The logarithm of the dissociation constant for the reaction CaCl 3 − = CaCl 2 + Cl − was determined at 600°C to be -1.317 (±0.15). The formation constants for Ca-chloride species determined in the present study are in close agreement with those retrieved by Baumgartner (1991) from the wollastonite + quartz solubility data of Popp and Frantz (1979), which were obtained over a smaller range of total chloride concentration. Prediction of the dissociation constant for the portlandite hydrolysis reaction was made based on the present anorthite solubility data and is in excellent agreement with the portlandite solubility data of Walther (1986). Results of calculations on the solubility of the assemblage plagioclase + muscovite + andalusite + quartz indicate that the dominant Ca species are either Ca(OH) + or CaCl 3 − depending on total chloride concentration. With the formation of CaCl 3 − , increased solubility of calcium in saline fluids is predicted, relative to Na and K.
The modulator of the local time

Let x(t), 0 ≦ t ≦ 1, be a real measurable function having a local time α(x, t) which is a continuous function of t for almost all x. It is also assumed that, for some m ≧ 2 and some real interval B, αm(x, 1) is integrable over B. The modulator is a function Mm(t, B), t > 0, denned in terms of α. It is shown that the modulator serves as a measure of the smoothness of the Lm(B)-valued function α(., t) with respect to t. Then it is shown that the modulator plays a central role in precisely describing certain irregularity properties of x(t). The results are applied to the case where x(t) is the sample function of a real stochastic process. In this way new results are obtained for large classes of Gaussian and Markov processes.
Effect of salt and chymosin on the physico-chemical properties of feta cheese during ripening

The physico-chemical properties during ripening of Feta cheese made from bovine milk were monitored at 7-d intervals for 63 d. Samples were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein and ash contents, salt uptake, pH, and hardness. Three percentages of salt in brine (8, 15, and 18%) and three concentrations of double-strength chymosin (0.5, 1, and 2.5 ml/10 L of milk) were investigated. Salt had a significant effect on moisture, uptake of salt, pH, and hardness. Results indicated that higher percentages of salt in brine developed a harder cheese with higher salt content and higher pH values but lower moisture content. High rennet concentration had a significant effect on the uptake of salt. Increasing the concentration of rennet gave a softer cheese with higher salt content. Rennet level had no significant effect on the moisture or protein contents or pH of the cheese.
ADHD AND EMERGENT LITERACY: INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE FACTORS

Language‐based learning disability and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co‐occur. Theoretical frameworks for understanding the relationship between ADHD and learning disab...
Climatic controls of Western U.S. Glaciers at the last glacial maximum

Abstract We use a nested atmospheric modeling strategy to simulate precipitation and temperature of the western United States 18,000 years ago (18 ka). The high resolution of the nested model allows us to isolate the regional structure of summer temperature and winter precipitation that is crucial to determination of the net mass balance of late-Pleistocene mountain glaciers in this region of diverse topography and climate. Modeling results suggest that climatic controls of these glaciers varied significantly over the western U.S. Glaciers in the northern Rocky Mountains existed under relatively cold July temperatures and low winter accumulation, reflecting anticyclonic, easterly wind flow off the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In contrast, glaciers that existed under relatively warmer and wetter conditions are located along the Pacific coast south of Oregon, where enhanced westerlies delivered higher precipitation than at present. Between these two groupings lie glaciers that were controlled by a mix of cold and wet conditions attributed to the convergence of cold air from the ice sheet and moisture derived from the westerlies. Sensitivity tests suggest that, for our simulated 18 ka climate, many of the glaciers exhibit a variable response to climate but were generally more sensitive to changes in temperature than to changes in precipitation, particularly those glaciers in central Idaho and the Yellowstone Plateau. Our results support arguments that temperature depression generally played a larger role in lowering equilibrium line altitudes in the western U.S. during the last glacial maximum than did increased precipitation, although the magnitude of temperature depression required for steady-state mass balance varied from 8–18°C. Only the Sierra Nevada glaciers required a substantial increase in precipitation to achieve steady-state mass balance, while glaciers in the Cascade Range existed with decreased precipitation.
Nasal Vestibule Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A 40-Year Experience

Purpose/Objective(s): The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of radiation therapy (RT) alone (brachytherapy, external-beam, or a combination) or combined with surgery for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule treated at our institution. Materials/Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 100 patients treated with radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule at our institution between 1970 and 2013; 92 patients were treated with definitive RT and 8 patients with advanced T4 cancers were treated with combined surgery and RT. Patients were followed from 4 months to 35.9 years (mean, 9.7 years; median, 8.3 years). Follow-up on living patients ranged from 6 months to 30.4 years (mean, 9.8 years; median, 8.2 years). Four patients treated with brachytherapy were excluded because they received external-beam radiation at an outside institution. Results: The 5and 10-year outcomes respectively were as follows: local control, 88% and 82%; local-regional control, 78% and 71%; freedom from distant metastases, 95% and 95%; cause-specific survival, 91% and 86%; and overall survival, 75% and 51%. The 5and 10-year local control rates for patients treated with definitive RT were as follows: T1T2, 94% and 87%; T3-T4, 77% and 72%; and overall, 87% and 81% (p Z 0.0356). Local control was achieved in 8 of 8 patients treated with surgery and RT. A multivariate analysis was performed using overall treatment time (< vs median 46 days), dose (< vs 7000 cGy), tumor size (< vs 4 cm), T stage (T1-2 vs T4 or overall stage I-II vs III-IV), and bone invasion (yes vs no). Of these, stage III-IV predicted increased local-regional recurrences (p Z 0.0164) and bone invasion predicted increased local recurrences (p Z 0.0271) and decreased cause-specific survival (p Z 0.0005). We also compared brachytherapy alone (n Z 15), external-beam RT (n Z 40), and a combination (n Z 45). We found no statistically significant differences in local control, local-regional control, neck control, freedom from distant metastasis, cause-specific survival, or overall survival. Conclusions: RT results in a high cure rate for T1-T2 and favorable T4 tumors with acceptable toxicity. Surgery and RT result in an improved likelihood of cure for patients with extensive T4 tumors, and there is no significant difference in treatment efficacy between brachytherapy alone, external-beam RT, or a combination of the two. Author Disclosure: J.W. Wray: None. C.G. Morris: None. R.J. Amdur: None. J.W. Werning: None. W.M. Mendenhall: None.
The industrial purchase decision for professional services

Abstract Industrial buyers are involved in the acquisition of services. The purchase of services by a firm can involve significant investments of time, money, and personnel. Results from a study of key informants in industry concerning the acquisition of a professional service (logistics consulting services) are presented. The decision-making unit (DMU) and the components of the acquisition process are examined. Research findings were both revealing and confirmatory relative to the hypotheses tested.
Magnetic resonance imaging of focal and diffuse hepatic disease

Abstract MRI is a powerful tool in the detection and characterization of both focal and diffuse liver pathology. Because of superior soft tissue characterization, direct multi-planar capabilities and lack of ionizing radiation, current state of the art MRI is useful when contrast CT is relatively contraindicated or not definitive. This article reviews the MRI findings of the most common focal and diffuse liver diseases encountered in clinical practice. Reviews of current MR techniques 1–3 and MR contrast agents 4–6 used in liver imaging have been recently published. For this article, discussion of specific techniques and use of contrast is addressed for each pathological entity discussed.
APPROXIMATING VARIANCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS USING THE DELTA METHOD: A REFERENCE FOR AVIAN BIOLOGISTS

Abstract Avian biologists routinely estimate sampling variance for parameter estimates such as daily nest survival, fecundity, annual survival, and density. However, many biologists are not certain of methods to derive sampling variance for parameters when survival rates change temporal scales. Similar methods are needed to obtain sampling variance when biologists combine parameter estimates to calculate an indirect demographic parameter, such as population growth rate. The delta method is a useful technique for approximating sampling variance when the desired demographic parameter is a function of at least one other demographic parameter. However, the delta method is rarely taught in most graduate-level biology or ecology courses, and application of this method may be discouraged by seemingly daunting formulas in reference books. Here, I provide five examples of sampling variance approximations for common situations encountered by avian ecologists, with step-by-step explanations of the equations involved.
Institutional Policy-Making in (In) Action: The Case of Pharmacy Ownership in North Dakota

In 1963, the North Dakota Legislature amended the North Dakota Century Code to ensure that all licensed community pharmacies in the State are majority owned by pharmacists registered in the State. During the 2008-2009 legislative session, a debate arose about whether this law should be repealed. Those in favor of repeal attacked the law using the neoclassical arguments of efficiency, competition and lower prices. Those opposed to the law's repeal argued that pharmacists must own pharmacies in order to protect the public's welfare. This paper explores the arguments made for and against this law and draws two major conclusions. First, the arguments made by both sides are flawed because neither side fully incorporates the historical, physical and cultural characteristics of North Dakota communities into their analyses. Second, North Dakota legislators voted overwhelmingly to retain the law. Moreover, prima fascia evidence indicates that the legislators based their decisions on Institutional considerations.
Enhanced stimulation of follicle maturation and ovulatory potential by long acting follicle-stimulating hormone agonists with extended carboxyl-terminal peptides

The induction of granulosa cell differentiation and follicle maturation is dependent upon the stimulatory actions of FSH. Our recent studies used recombinant DNA technology to fuse the carboxyl-terminal peptide (CTP) of hCG beta-subunit to the carboxyl-terminus of the FSH beta-subunit. The resulting FSH analog has identical in vitro receptor-binding and biological activities as wild-type FSH (WT-FSH), but an increased circulating half-life. The present studies examined further the ability of FSH with one (FSH-CTP1) or two (FSH-CTP2) appended CTPs to promote granulosa cell differentiation and follicle ovulatory potential. WT-FSH, FSH-CTP1, and FSH-CTP2 were produced from Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the common alpha-subunit and respective beta-subunit. Hormone concentrations were quantitated by RIA, and relative levels confirmed by radioligand receptor assay. Both FSH-CTP1 and FSH-CTP2 retained full FSH receptor-binding activity, but did not bind LH receptors. To compare in vivo bioactivity, immature estrogen-primed female rats received ip injections of FSH or the agonists at 0 and 24 h. At 48 h, substantial stimulation (up to 2.5-fold) of ovarian weight was induced by 1.0 and 3.0 IU/day FSH-CTP1 or FSH-CTP2, whereas a higher dose (10 IU/day) of WT-FSH was required for an 1.8-fold stimulation. Although the in vivo potencies of FSH-CTP1 and FSH-CTP2 were similar, FSH-CTPs were about 10-fold more potent than WT-FSH in inducing granulosa cell aromatase activity and LH receptors. We further reduced the frequency of hormone administration. Increasing doses (1-10 IU) of a single ip injection of FSH-CTP1 resulted in dose-dependent increases in granulosa cell aromatase activity and LH receptor content 48 h later. Although a single injection (10 IU) of WT-FSH had no effect, the same total dose of WT-FSH administered as four 2.5-IU injections 12 h apart was effective. To test the ovulatory potential of ovarian follicles, rats received a single injection of FSH-CTP1, followed 52 h later by 5 IU hCG to induce ovulation. Although hCG did not induce ovulation in females receiving a single dose (10 IU) of WT-FSH, 20 +/- 2 and 43 +/- 5 ovulated ova/rat were found in animals primed with 3 and 10 IU FSH-CTP1, respectively. Because twice daily injections of WT-FSH (2.5 IU/injection) also increased the ovulatory potential of the ovary, the enhanced effectiveness of FSH-CTP1 appears to be related to its increased circulating half-life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Inhibition of CCK or carbachol-stimulated amylase release by nicotine

This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms of action of nicotine on receptor mediated enzyme secretion in isolated rat pancreatic acini. Acinar cells were isolated from untreated and nicotine treated rats by collagenase digestion and differential centrifugation. Cells from the untreated animals were incubated with either varying concentrations of nicotine (range 10 microM to 30 mM) or with a fixed dose of 10 mM nicotine with varying concentrations of carbachol(10nM to 100 microM). Cells from the nicotine treated animals(16 weeks in drinking water) were incubated with either a fixed dose of CCK-8(10(-10) M) or carbachol(10(-5) M). All incubations were conducted at 37 C for 30 min. Amylase released in the media was measured by spectrophotometry. In pancreatic acinar cells isolated from control rats, amylase release stimulated by carbachol was inhibited by nicotine. Acinar cells isolated from rats treated with nicotine at nicotine concentrations of 1.23 mM also showed significant inhibition of amylase release in response to CCK-8 and carbachol compared to their identical controls. Nicotine induced inhibition curves of amylase release stimulated by carbachol were non-parallel suggesting that the effect of nicotine on acinar cells is regulated by mechanisms other than carbachol receptors. Nicotine may have a direct inhibitory effect on the intracellular mechanisms of pancreatic enzyme secretion. We conclude that the mechanism by which nicotine inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion is complex.
QF BV model checking with property directed reachability

In 2011, property directed reachability (PDR) was proposed as an efficient algorithm to solve hardware model checking problems. Recent experimentation suggests that it outperforms interpolation-based verification, which had been considered the best known algorithm for this purpose for almost a decade. In this work, we present a generalization of PDR to the theory of quantifier free formulae over bitvectors (QF BV), illustrate the new algorithm with representative examples and provide experimental results obtained from experimentation with a prototype implementation.
Timing analysis of MRL: a real-time rule-based system

This paper examines issues on how to predict timing behavior of rule-based decision systems for real-time applications. In particular, we focus on the analysis of response time of rule-based programs written in the production system language MRL. The design goal of MRL is to allow programmers to write OPS5-like rule-based programs in a language that is more amenable to formal analysis based on the semantic foundation underlying the language Unity. The language MRL, its analysis algorithms, and its execution system form a package of design tools for programming real-time rule-based decision systems.
Developmental significance of epigenetic impositions on the plant genome: A paragenetic function for chromosomes

Developmental and physiological factors can impose heritable metastable changes on the plant genome, a fact that was established by maize geneticists during the 1950s and 1960s, largely through the efforts of R. Alexander Brink and Barbara McClintock. This paper describes a transgenic reporter system that monitors genomic impositions as changes in morphogenetically-determined flower color patterns. The observations reported here on the metastable properties of plant transgenes illustrate the proposals of Brink and McClintock that chromosomal impositions occur during normal development as ordered sequences of events which contribute to the elaboration of complex developmental patterns. The relationship between this process and some recent findings about the control of gene expression in transgenic plants is also discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The thermodynamics of the ErFe2H system using differential heat conduction calorimetry

Abstract A differential twin-cell heat flow calorimeter has been constructed for the measurement of the enthalpy changes of the reaction of hydrogen gas with intermetallic compounds as a function of their hydrogen contents. It was designed especially for use with those intermetallic compounds which form very stable hydride phases; therefore prior to the calorimetric studies it must be possible to evacuate the sample in situ at elevated temperatures to remove all of the hydrogen resulting from the activation procedure. The calorimeter was employed in this research for the determination of the thermodynamics of the reaction of H 2 with ErFe 2 H x over the range of hydrogen contents x = 0.4. ErFe 2 H is a multiplateau system; the enthalpy change for hydride formation corresponding to the plateau near x = 3 is more exothermic than that corresponding to the preceding plateau near x = 2. In addition to the calorimetric determination of the enthalpies of reaction, the free energies were determined simultaneously from the equilibrium hydrogen pressures. Using these free energy and enthalpy data the entropies were also obtained over a range of hydrogen contents.
Specific Suppression of Lupus-Like Graft-Versus-Host Disease Using Extracorporeal Photochemical Attenuation of Effector Lymphocytes

(CS7BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 (B6D2F1) mice inoculated with parental DBA/2 (D2) splenocytes develop chronic stimulatory graft-versus-host reaction with many of the clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. This Investigation tested the ability of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light-treated D2 cells, primed to contain an expanded population of T cells specific for B6D2F1 major histocompatability complex antigens, to treat and/or prevent such systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease. 8-MOP/UVA-treated cells from B6D2F1-primed D2 donors were inoculated into B6D2F1 recipients weekly six to ten times, either before or after initiating graft-versus-host disease with normal D2 cells. A third group of B6D2F1 recipients were vaccinated weekly six times before disease initiation using 8-MOP/UVA-attenuated, B6D2F1-primed D2 cells that had been secondarily stimulated and expanded in vitro in the presence of irradiated B6D2F1 targets and interleukin-2. Control B6D2F1 mice were vaccinated with 8-MOP/UVA-treated D2 cells stimulated in vitro and/or in vivo with (C3H/HeJ × DBA/2)F1 cells. Only mice vaccinated with 8-MOP/UVA-attenuated D2-anti-B6D2F1 cells that were secondarily stimulated and expanded in vitro exhibited differences from controls when measured by the clinical parameters of ascites formation, and mean survival (p
Hail and farewell

I've long noted that there is a hierarchy of organization in the earth sciences. By far the best organized are the marine seismologists and marine scientists in general. No doubt the regimentation attendant on finances, deadlines, and scheduling needed for ship's cruises has much to do with this. Perhaps it should come as no surprise, then, that The Oceanography Report appears monthly in Eos. I had the privilege of starting the quarterly VGP News. The first VGP News appeared in Volume 64, number 28 of Eos, dated July 12, 1983, so this VGP News marks the second anniversary of its appearance. As one looks over The VGP News and the other materials I have handled for Eos over the last three years, the most active group in the VGP Section is the V or the volcanologists. More participation by the less organized parts of the VGP Section—the G (geochemists) and the P (petrologists)—is highly desired. These people are urged to bombard my successor— John Eichelberger—with articles, news, and comments so that The VGP News is more representative of the entire section. VGP News forms a unique opportunity in that it appears four times a year. The Geochemical News, for example, of the Geochemical Society, appears only twice a year and with much less content per issue. There are about 11 double-spaced typed pages to the printed page of Eos, which provides for much dissemination of information.
Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors: Prospects and Challenges

The tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) is considered a future transistor option due to its steep-slope prospects and the resulting advantages in operating at low supply voltage ( $\mathrm{V}_{\rm DD}$ ). In this paper, using atomistic quantum models that are in agreement with experimental TFET devices, we are reviewing TFETs prospects at $\mathrm{L}_{\rm G}= 13$ nm node together with the main challenges and benefits of its implementation. Significant power savings at iso-performance to CMOS are shown for GaSb/InAs TFET, but only for performance targets which use lower than conventional $\mathrm{V}_{\rm DD}$ . Also, P-TFET current-drive is between $1\times $ to $0.5\times $ of N-TFET, depending on choice of $\mathrm{I}_{\rm OFF}$ and $\mathrm{V}_{\rm DD}$ . There are many challenges to realizing TFETs in products, such as the requirement of high quality III–V materials and oxides with very thin body dimensions, and the TFET’s layout density and reliability issues due to its source/drain asymmetry. Yet, extremely parallelizable products, such as graphics cores, show the prospect of longer battery life at a cost of some chip area.
Anomalous temperature dependence of elastic constants in NbMo alloys

Abstract An unusual positive temperature coefficient of c 44 was observed in the Nb-rich Mo alloys, which appears to be connected with previously reported anomalies in neutron-diffraction and specific-heat data.
Using Evolutionary Algorithms for Signal Integrity Assessment of High-Speed Data Buses

Today's high performance computer systems must have fast, reliable access to memory and I/O devices. Unfortunately, inter-symbol interference, transmission line effects and other noise sources can distort data transfers. Engineers must therefore determine if bus designs have signal integrity--i.e., can transfer data with minimal amplitude or timing distortion. One method of determining signal integrity on buses is to conduct a set of data transfers and measure various signal parameters at the receiver end. But the tests must be conducted with stressful test patterns that maximize noise to help identify any potential problems. In this paper we describe how an evolutionary algorithm was used to evolve test patterns for use in intrinsic testing.
Facile preparation of Ag-Au bimetallic nanonetworks

Abstract One-pot synthesis of Ag–Au bimetallic nanonetworks has been accomplished in formamide at ∼ 100 °C by the addition of Ag + or AuCl 4 − into pre-prepared Au or Ag (respectively) nanoparticle dispersions. Amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers serve as the reducing, stabilizing and morphogenic agents, and no further ingredients or energy input are required.
Electronic, Structural, and Hyperfine Interaction Investigations on Rydberg Molecules: NH4, OH3, and FH2

The geometrical structures of NH4 and OH3 were optimized at the MP2 level with the aug-cc-pvdz, aug-cc-pvtz, and aug-cc-pvqz basis set plus s-type diffuse functions. The adiabatic ionization potential, barrier height, and dissociation energy of NH4 and OH3 were calculated with the above basis set series and were extrapolated to the infinite basis set limit. The theoretical ionization potential of NH4 was in very good agreement with the experimental value. The N−H bond lengths of NH4 and NH4+ at the infinite basis set limit were obtained by parabolic interpolation around the equilibrium point. FH2 was optimized at the UHF, B3LYP, and MP2 levels. However, only a dissociated ground state was found. The potential energy curves for dissociation of the above molecules were calculated with MP2. The relative stabilities of these molecules and their isotopic counterparts are discussed. Theoretical hyperfine calculations were performed in the gas phase as well as in a neon matrix for NH4 and OH3 with a single-refer...
Why Some Imperfectives Are Interpreted Imperfectly: A Study of Chinese Learners of Japanese

The study investigates whether advanced second language (L2) learners can extend beyond the grammatical properties of the first language (L1) to successfully acquire tense and aspect. We examine the acquisition of the semantics of the imperfective marker te-iru in Japanese by native speakers of Mandarin Chinese, a language that grammatically encodes aspect but not tense. The results of an interpretation task suggest that Chinese learners cannot extend beyond the properties of the L1. However, these results are interpreted in light of a series of related studies that show that Chinese learners can acquire tense and aspect in L2 English and that English native speakers also have difficulty with the imperfective in L2 Japanese. We argue that difficulty with the interpretation of imperfectives in L2 acquisition is not related solely to the properties of the L1, but rather to two properties of the target language: the specific morphological encoding of tense and aspect and the complexity of the semantic comput...
Evaluation of tissue adhesives in closure of scleral tunnel incisions.

Using a biomechanical wound strength model, we compared the efficacy of cyanoacrylate and fibrin glues used to close scleral tunnel incisions. Scleral tunnel incisions were made in four groups of rabbits: (1) traditional selfsealing incision, (2) modified non-self-sealing incision, (3) method 2, closed with cyanoacrylate glue, or (4) method 2, closed with fibrin glue. Overall, Groups 1 and 4 showed the least clinical reaction, the slightest decrease in intraocular pressure (which recovered to baseline by day 7), and the most significant recovery of postoperative astigmatism. Initially, the bursting pressure in Groups 1 and 3 was statistically the highest (P < .005). By day 3, wound strengths in Groups 1 and 4 were comparable. Bursting pressure decreased in Groups 2 and 3 by day 7. Our results indicate that clinical responses, intraocular pressure, induced astigmatism, and ultimately wound strength were comparable in fibrin-glue-closed scleral pocket and sutureless self-sealing cataract incisions. Although cyanoacrylate glue cures immediately and initially demonstrates a strong adhesive quality, it causes a severe inflammatory response that inhibits subsequent collagen remodeling. Fibrin tissue adhesives may have an application as adjunctive means of closing scleral tunnel incisions.
Wavelengths and energy levels for the Cu I isoelectronic sequence Ru15+ through U63+

The observed wavelengths for the 18 strongest transitions of types {ital n}=4--4 and {ital n}=4--5 in the Cu I isoelectronic sequence were compared to the wavelengths calculated using the optimal-level option of the multiconfiguration Dirac--Fock program of Grant {ital et} {ital al}. On the basis of this comparison semiempirical corrections to the wavelengths were made, and corrected wavelengths for the ions Ru{sup 15+} through U{sup 63+} were determined. The semiempirically corrected excitation energies for all of the {ital n}=4 and {ital n}=5 levels were also derived. {copyright} 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
Diasporic Displacement and the Search for Black Female Identity in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby and Nadine Gordimer's None to Accompany Me

Both Toni Morrison's Tar Baby and Nadine Gordimer's None to Accompany Me feature young, modern, black women who are removed from their homelands by virtue of their childhoods spent in literal and f...
Corrigendum to “Phase equilibrium modeling of mixtures of long-chain and short-chain alkanes using Peng–Robinson and SAFT” [Fluid Phase Equilibria 206 (2003) 267–286]

Corrigendum to “Phase equilibrium modeling of mixtures of long-chain and short-chain alkanes using Peng–Robinson and SAFT” [Fluid Phase Equilibria 206 (2003) 267–286] P. David Ting a, Patrick C. Joyce b, Prasanna K. Jog a, Walter G. Chapman a, Mark C. Thies b a Department of Chemical Engineering, MS#362, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892 Houston, TX 77251, USA b Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0909, USA
The cyberknights vs trade unions: determining workplace futures

Organised labour, in the form of trade unions, has been an ever‐present part of the industrialised world. Organised labour has faced a number of structural threats but recent changes in company formation and operation pose perhaps the ultimate threat. The new breed of entrepreneur – the “cyberknight” – adopts new forms of employment and labour practice which change the need for, and the role of, unions to the point where they may be unable to adapt. Describes the history of trade unions and highlights the changes that may break the continuum of this history. Suggests that the cyberknights – often unwittingly – may bring about the end of organised labour.
The encoding of rate and talker information during phonetic perception.

The acoustic structure of the speech signal is extremely variable due to a variety of contextual factors, including talker characteristics and speaking rate. To account for the listener’s ability to adjust to this variability, speech researchers have posited the existence of talker and rate normalization processes. The current study examined how the perceptual system encoded information about talker and speaking rate during phonetic perception. Experiments 1–3 examined this question, using a speeded classification paradigm developed by Garner (1974). The results of these experiments indicated that decisions about phonemic identity were affected by both talker and rate information: irrelevant variation in either dimension interfered with phonemic classification. While rate classification was also affected by phoneme variation, talker classification was not. Experiment 4 examined the impact of talker and rate variation on the voicing boundary under different blocking conditions. The results indicated that talker characteristics influenced the voicing boundary when talker variation occurred within a block of trials only under certain conditions. Rate variation, however, influenced the voicing boundary regardless of whether or not there was rate variation within a block of trials. The findings from these experiments indicate that phoneme and rate information are encoded in an integral manner during speech perception, while talker characteristics are encoded separately.
Surface structure analysis of Sn on Ni(111) by low energy alkali ion scattering

Abstract Low-energy Li+ ion scattering, LEED and AES were applied to analyze the surface structure of Sn on Ni(111). It was found that annealing Sn-covered surfaces with initial coverages from 5 to larger than 1 ML gave rise to a stable p( 3 × 3 )R30° LEED pattern with a coverage of 1 3 ML. Polar and azimuthal incidence angle dependences of Li+ ion scattering were measured for the clean and Sn-covered surfaces and were used to determine the surface geometry by analysis of shadowing and blocking features. The ion scattering data suggest that Sn incorporates into the first Ni layer but protruding 0.046 ± 0.004 nm above the Ni plane for the p( 3 × 3 )R30° structure. The conclusion that Sn is incorporated was further confirmed by comparison with corresponding data obtained for p(2 × 2)-sulfur/Ni(111) known to form an overlayer structure and previous results for isostructural Sn/Pt(111).
Mobile Imaging: the big challenge of the small pixel

As the number of image sensor pixels in camera phones increases, users expect camera phone image quality to be comparable to digital still cameras. The mobile imaging industry is aware, however, that simply packing more pixels into the very limited camera module size need not improve image quality. When the size of a pixel array is fixed, increasing the number of image sensor pixels decreases pixel size and thus photon count. Attempts to compensate for the reduction in light sensitivity by increasing exposure durations increase the amount of handheld camera motion blur which effectively reduces spatial resolution. Perversely, what started as an attempt to increase spatial resolution by increasing the number of pixels, may result in a reduction of effective spatial resolution. In this paper, we evaluate how the performance of mobile imaging systems changes with shrinking pixel size, and we propose to replace the widely misused “physical pixel count” with a new metric that we refer to as the “effective pixel count” (EPC). We use this new metric to analyze design tradeoffs for four different pixel sizes (2.8µm, 2.2µm, 1.75µm and 1.4µm) and two different imaging arrays (1/3.2 and 1/8 inch). We show that optical diffraction and camera motion make 1.4 µm pixels perceptually less effective than larger pixels and that this problem is exacerbated by the introduction of zoom optics. Image stabilization optics can increase the effective pixel count and is, therefore, an important feature to include in a mobile imaging system.
A histological and histochemical study of the male reproductive system of artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda)

The male reproductive system of Artemia was studied by routine histological and histochemical techniques to demonstrate the general histology and distribution of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and alkaline and acid phosphatases. The System Consists Of Paired Testes, Vasa Deferentia, Accessory Glands, And Penes. The Testes Contain Germ Cells And Supporting Cells Throughout Their Entire Length. The Former Cells Are Located In Clusters And Undergo A Spermatogenic Maturation Which Is Similar To That Described For OtherAnimals. The Supporting Cells Seem Implicated In The Nourishment Of The Germ Cells. The Vas Deferens, Which Consists Of Secretory Epithelium Surrounded By Circular And Longitudinal Muscles, Secretes The Seminal Fluid, Containing A Neutral Mucopolysaccharide Or Mucoprotein, And Stores The Mature Sperm. The Accessory Gland Consists Of Approximately 20 Pairs Of Gland Cells, Each Pair Drained By A Neck Cell And Duct Cell Into The Collecting Duct. The Glandular Secretion, Mainly A Neutral Mucopolysaccharide Or Mucoprotein, Might Function As A Lubricant, A Copulatory Plug, Or An "Activator Substance" For The Sperm Or For Fertilization. Each Penis Consists Of A Non-Eversible Part And An Eversible Part Which Is A Tortuous Muscular Tube That Connects The Vas Deferens To The Outside.
Planar vibration of an elastica arch : theory and experiment

The model utilizes a geometrically nonlinear rod theory to describe the planar bending and extension of the rod centerline. The equations of motion are linearized about an elastica equilibrium and numerical solutions for free vibration are determined using a variational formulation of the associated eigenvalue problem. Results from an experimental modal test provide support for the model
Biomimetic Delivery of Keratinocyte Growth Factor upon Cellular Demand for Accelerated Wound Healing in Vitro and in Vivo

Exogenous keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) significantly enhances wound healing, but its use is hampered by a short biological half-life and lack of tissue selectivity. We used a biomimetic approach to achieve cell-controlled delivery of KGF by covalently attaching a fluorescent matrix-binding peptide that contained two domains: one recognized by factor XIII and the other by plasmin. Modified KGF was incorporated into the fibrin matrix at high concentration in a factor XIII-dependent manner. Cell-mediated activation of plasminogen to plasmin degraded the fibrin matrix and cleaved the peptides, releasing active KGF to the local microenvironment and enhancing epithelial cell proliferation and migration. To demonstrate in vivo effectiveness, we used a hybrid model of wound healing that involved transplanting human bioengineered skin onto athymic mice. At 6 weeks after grafting, the transplanted tissues underwent full thickness wounding and treatment with fibrin gels containing bound KGF. In contrast to topical KGF, fibrin-bound KGF persisted in the wounds for several days and was released gradually, resulting in significantly enhanced wound closure. A fibrinolytic inhibitor prevented this healing, indicating the requirement for cell-mediated fibrin degradation to release KGF. In conclusion, this biomimetic approach of localized, cell-controlled delivery of growth factors may accelerate healing of large full-thickness wounds and chronic wounds that are notoriously difficult to heal.
Solar EUV irradiance derived from a sounding rocket experiment on November 10, 1988

Results are presented on the solar EUV irradiance measurements in the range 30-100 nm obtained in a sounding rocket experiment launched from the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, on November 10, 1988. The observed solar EUV irradiance was found to be about 20 percent less than the solar EUV flux from a proxy model based on the daily 10.7-cm solar flux and its 81-day mean and the AE-E solar EUV data taken in the 1970s. The November 10 measurement of the solar EUV flux provides a good calibration reference spectrum for the solar EUV instruments on the San Marco satellite.
Risk-taking in children: Age and sex differences.

success stories throughout our history [place] a high premium on "taking a chance." The pioneers took a chance; they were courageous "killers of bears." These themes are instilled into the growing child without regard to sex. This is what Davy Crockett did, this is what the space cadet does. . . . Girls emerging from common patterns of babyhood suddenly learn, however, that their adult role is to be a different one [Alpenfels & Hayes, 1961, p. 107].
Requirements and options for a stable inertial reference frame for a 100-micro-arcsecond imaging telescope

The MAXIM Pathfinder (MP) and Stellar Imager (SI) missions are under study to do 100 microarcsecond resolution imaging for a number of different targets using interferometers divided over formation flying spacecrafts. One of the most challenging technical hurdles for these missions is to have an independent directional reference in the sky to use for target acquisition and tracking. This directional reference will guide the placement of separate free flying elements of the interferometers to have ~<30 microarcseconds of alignment with the target. This paper will discuss some of the specific challenges as well as some possible options to explore for achieving this alignment.
Wall thickness referenced to myocardial volume: a new noninvasive framework for cardiac mechanics.

Dimensional variables measured for study of left ventricular mechanics are subject to errors arising from difficulty in determining zero-stress dimensions for use as a reference. Based on a method ...
Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis.

Treatment of Clostridium difficile diarrhea is well established and has not changed markedly over the past two decades (Peterson and Gerding 1990). The major shift in therapeutic choice has been toward greater use of metronidazolc rather than vancomycin because of increasing concern about vancomycin resistance in organisms such as the enterococcus (HICPAC 1995). However, this should not be interpreted to mean that improvements in therapy are not needed. There continue to be major deficiencies related to high recurrence rates following treatment, and there are no clearly effective treatments for patients with complications such as ileus, toxic megacolon, and perforation. There is increasing interest in biotherapeutic or probiotic approaches to the management of C. difficile disease, both for prevention and treatment (Elmer et al. 1996). Currently, evidence of efficacy for biologic agents is available only for the yeast Saccharonivccs houlardii as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of recurrent C. difficile diarrhea (McFarland et al. 1994).