cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ph.D. and the institutionalization of american sociology

The organizing of disciplines in American higher education, which occurred as the twentieth century began, involved gaining recognition for distinctive areas of research, organizing disciplinary associations, creating journals dedicated to fields, creating pro fessorships devoted to fields, granting doctorates in fields, and organizing administra tive units (i.e., departments) providing some level of autonomy to fields in colleges and universities. Such classic works as Emile Durkheim's Les R?gles de la m?thode sociologique (1895) and Georg Simmel's Soziologie. Untersuchungen ?ber die Formen der Vergesellschaftung (1908) were aimed at gaining recognition for sociology as a field; English translations of an earlier version of the first chapter of Simmel's volume, "The Problem of Sociology," were particularly important. The foundings of the short-lived National Sociological Association in 1903 (a largely African American undertaking cen tered at Howard University) and of the American Sociological Society in 1905 marked the development of disciplinary associations for sociology. Dedicated professorships began in the United States, evidently, with the appointment of William Graham Sumner at Yale in 1875, and doctorates in sociology were first awarded at Chicago in 1895 to Jerome Hall Raymond (American Municipal Government) and Frederic William Sand ers (An Exposition in Outline of the Relation of Certain Economic Principles to Social Adjustment) (see Faris, 1970: 135). The organizing of sociology departments appears to have begun at the University of Kansas and the Chicago Theological Seminary, both in 1890. The primary datum reported here is the presence of professors with doctorates, teach ing sociology in American institutions of higher education. Doctorates, of course, are granted by institutions either in the subject of instruction or in some other subject, or even in no subject at all. As sociology departments came to be organized, the connection between doctorates and institutions came into view; the degrees came to be brand names, as it were. Thus this paper also focuses on the establishment and consolidation of depart ments of sociology. It is not a mere matter of administrative units being organized offi cially; noting that would be an exercise in mere chronology. Departments needed to impress administrators and board members with the academic credentials of their fac Anthony J. Blasi is a professor of sociology at Tennessee State University. The author may be reached at
Tune-out wavelengths and landscape-modulated polarizabilities of alkali-metal Rydberg atoms in infrared optical lattices

Intensity-modulated optical lattice potentials can change sign for an alkali-metal Rydberg atom, and the atoms are not always attracted to intensity minima in optical lattices with wavelengths near the CO${}_{2}$ laser band. Here we demonstrate that such IR lattices can be tuned so that the trapping potential experienced by the Rydberg atom can be made to vanish for atoms in ``targeted'' Rydberg states. Such state-selective trapping of Rydberg atoms can be useful in controlled cold Rydberg collisions, cooling Rydberg states, and species-selective trapping and transport of Rydberg atoms in optical lattices. We tabulate wavelengths at which the trapping potential vanishes for the $ns$, $np$, and $nd$ Rydberg states of Na and Rb atoms and discuss advantages of using such optical lattices for state-selective trapping of Rydberg atoms. We also develop exact analytical expressions for the lattice-induced polarizability for the ${m}_{z}=0$ Rydberg states and derive an accurate formula predicting tune-out wavelengths at which the optical trapping potential becomes invisible to Rydberg atoms in targeted $l=0$ states.
Naming practices and the power of words in China

This article examines use of kinship terms, pronouns, and proper names in China, in an overall framework termed “naming” that demonstrates the performative power of uttering relational terms, especially by the junior in the relationship. It also describes the prototypical routine of introductions, which consist of three participants, in contrast to the more typical conversation in Western analysis which posits two participants. In this three-party exchange, the animator is not the author of the words, but rather the willing and necessary namer of the relationship. Finally, it situates this performative function of naming within a general discussion of language ideology in Chinese society, in which signifiers and their homophones are seen as somehow inseparable from the signifieds. (Naming, speech act theory, ideology, kinship, China)
Surgical Management of End-Stage Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic and progressive motility disorder that leads to massive esophageal dilation when left untreated. Treatment for achalasia is palliative and aimed to relieve the outflow obstruction at the level of the lower esophageal sphincter, yet protecting the esophageal mucosa from refluxing gastric acids. The best way to accomplish this goal is through an esophageal myotomy and partial fundoplication, with a success rate >90%. Progression of disease, treatment failure, and complications from gastroesophageal reflux disease cause progressive deterioration of the esophageal function to an end stage in about 5% of patients. The only chance to improve symptoms in this small group of patients is through an esophageal resection. This article will review the indications for esophagectomy in end-stage achalasia, present the different types of surgical approach and possibilities for reconstruction of the alimentary tract, and summarize the short-term and long-term postoperative results.
Recent progress and future outlook of the SPHINX speech recognition system

Abstract This paper describes recent and future work on the sphinx speech recognition system at Carnegie Mellon. Sphinx is a large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous speech recognizer based on discrete hidden Markov models. Sphinx uses multiple codebooks of LPC-derived features, and phonetic units that model function words and phrases, as well as within and between word generalized triphones. Sphinx is first trained with the Forward-Backward algorithm, and then with the corrective training algorithm. On a 997-word task, sphinx attained accuracies of 96% with a grammar (perplexity 60), and 82% without grammar (perplexity 997). This paper describes the sphinx System and its performance in detail, as well as outlines our future work.
Identification of Time-Varying Structural Dynamic Systems: An Artificial Intelligence Approach

An application of the artificial intelligence-derived methodologies of heuristic search and object-oriented programming to the problem of identifying the form of the model and the associated parameters of a time-varying structural dynamic system is presented in this paper. Possible model variations due to changes in boundary conditions or configurations of a structure are organized into a taxonomy of models, and a variant of best-first search is used to identify the model whose simulated response best matches that of the current physical structure. Simulated model responses are verified experimentally. An output-error approach is used in a discontinuous model space, and an equation-error approach is used in the parameter space. The advantages of the AI methods used, compared with conventional programming techniques for implementing knowledge structuring and inheritance, are discussed. Convergence conditions and example problems have been discussed. In the example problem, both the time-varying model and its new parameters have been identified when changes occur.
Surface diffusion of hydrogen on a stepped Ru(001) surface

Abstract The surface diffusion of hydrogen on Ru(S)-[15(001) × 2(100)] was studied using laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) techniques. Hydrogen diffusion on this stepped Ru(001) surface displayed a dramatic anisotropy. At 230 K, the diffusion coefficient parallel to the steps edges ( D ∥ ) was approximately 50 times greater than the diffusion coefficient perpendicular to the step edges ( D ⊥ ). Hydrogen surface diffusion coefficients across a terrace ( D t ) and over a step ( D s ) were obtained from the measured values of D ∥ and D ⊥ at θ H = 0.60 ML. The activation energy for diffusion along a terrace was E t = 3.2 ± 0.3 kcal/mol and the corresponding diffusion preexponential was D o,t = 3.9 × 10 −4 ± 0.1 cm 2 /s. For diffusion over a step, the kinetic parameters were E s = 5.9 ± 0.6 kcal/mol and D o,s = 3.8 × 10 −3 ± 0.2 cm 2 /s. Although the hydrogen surface mobility was highly anisotropic, the surface diffusion coefficient was observed to be coverage independent. The coverage independent diffusion suggests that hydrogen adatoms are not trapped by the step edges. The dramatic anisotropy of the diffusion coefficient and the coverage independent diffusion indicate that the step edges on Ru(S)-[15(001) × 2(100)] act as a repulsive barrier to hydrogen diffusion. The good agreement between the surface diffusion kinetic parameters for hydrogen diffusion on Ru(001) and hydrogen diffusion on the terraces of Ru(S)-[15(001) × 2(100)] demonstrates that surface steps did not dominate the earlier LITD measurements on Ru(001).
Pharmacologic therapy for asthma

Pharmacologic therapy is used to prevent and control asthma symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations, and reverse airflow obstruction. Recommendations in this chapter, based on the 1997 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report II: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma, reflect the scientific concept that asthma is a chronic disorder with recurrent episodes of airflow limitation, mucus production, and cough. Asthma medications are categorized into two general classes: long-term-control medications taken daily on a long-term basis to achieve and maintain control of persistent asthma (these medications are also known as long-term preventive, controller, or maintenance medications), and quick-relief medications taken to provide prompt reversal of acute airflow obstruction and relief of accompanying bronchoconstriction (these drugs are also known as reliever or acute rescue medications). Patients with persistent asthma require both classes of medication. Selecting the appropriate pharmacologic therapy to achieve and maintain control of asthma involves several considerations: the medications and their routes of administration, a stepwise approach to managing asthma long-term as a chronic disorder, and the development of an effective clinician-patient partnership strategy where patient education is continuously provided.
Paecilomyces lilacinus infection in a child with chronic granulomatous disease.

Summary Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder in which neutrophils do not appropriately generate cytotoxic superoxide anion, the respiratory burst, in response to invading bacteria or fungi as a part of normal host defence. We report the case of a child with CGD who had two abdominal wall abscesses caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus , an organism not previously known to cause infections in patients with CGD. The abdominal wall is a location that is rarely associated with Paecilomyces infections. Parenteral amphotericin B eradicated the infection in an immunocompromised child whereas this regimen has heretofore largely been unsuccessful in the treatment of this infection. Paecilomyces species and other fungi from immunocompromised hosts and thought to be laboratory contaminants, need to be carefully investigated for they may become pathogens in this clinical setting.
Public library websites for teenagers: How are they addressing the consumer health information needs of today's teens?

Young adult use of the Web both for creating and reviewing content continues to grow and the Internet has become an important tool for teenagers seeking health information (Borzekowski & Rickert 2001, Gray et al 2005; Rideout 2001; Richardson 2002; Vargas 2005). More than 70 percent of 15 to 17 year olds say they have used the Internet to look up health information (Rideout 2001, Richardson et al 2002). In fact, the Kaiser Family Foundation study reported in “Generation Rx.com” found that more youth had looked for health information than had engaged in various Web 2.0 behaviors as purchasing something online or using a chat room (Rideout 2001). Researchers cite availability, anonymity, and affordability as the key reasons teenagers turn to the web for answers to their health-related questions (Barak & Fisher 2001; Gray et al 2005). While the Internet provides teenagers with access to a wealth of health-related resources, it also presents challenges that can negatively impact the ability of adolescents to access quality information online. Difficulty conducting searches, judging the credibility of the information retrieved, and accessing sites due to filtering software are just a few of the barriers teenagers face (Gray et al 2002; Gray et al 2005; Richardson et al 2002). Like many Web users, teenagers also express concerns about privacy and confidentiality, especially in chat rooms or email correspondences (Vargas 2005). Given the issues teens face when searching for health information online, it seems natural that public libraries take the lead in providing assistance to teenagers who need help finding health information. Libraries, particularly public libraries, have a long history of providing consumer heath information to adults in their communities, and this service has transitioned online as libraries provide Internet access to electronic consumer health information (Smith 2006). In addition, many public libraries have developed websites specifically for teenagers. As more teens look for personalized information or the ability to ‘create’ their own content, these library web pages often serve as centers for reference, educational support, popular materials, community information, and library programming (Hughes-Hassell & Miller 2003; Jones 1997). Including links to useful websites would alleviate some of the frustration teenagers face when searching for quality health information on the Internet and allow them to make their own informed decisions (Vargas 2005). But how common is it for these web pages to provide consumer health information for teenagers?
Influencing weight bias: The impact of biased questionnaire anchors on stereotype beliefs and judgments.

Summary Objectives In this investigation, biased questionnaire response anchors were designed to indirectly manipulate respondents’ estimates of their peers’ stereotypic beliefs or the estimates of scientific research findings about individuals with obesity. The current study tested the hypothesis that biased response anchors could influence personal beliefs about obesity. Methods Two-hundred adults participated in the study. A simple manipulation of questionnaire items (i.e., asking respondents to estimate peers’ beliefs or scientific research findings) using biased response scale anchors was designed to subtly relay information about certain personality traits of individuals with obesity. Results The anchor manipulation significantly influenced participants’ immediate and follow-up weight biased beliefs as well as participants’ evaluation of an obese job applicant's potential for employment. Conclusion Social judgments about obese individuals may be susceptible to subtle manipulation of response anchors and may be impacted by the source of comparison information (e.g., peers; scientific research).
A GIS-based planning approach to locating urban rail terminals

This paper develops a flexible GIS-based methodology for evaluating the potential locations of terminal park-and-ride facilities along urban rail lines. The methodology differs from political-based approaches and traditional travel demand modeling in its use of an objective measure of accessibility to gage the suitability of a site. The methodology begins by constructing an index of derived demand for rail usage based on the local demographics. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used as a means of constructing an index of derived demand consistent with other passenger surveys. Next, trade areas or commutersheds are calculated for each candidate park-and-ride location based on realistic measures of accessibility and network based drive times, taking into account competition among candidates for riders. Following the analysis, the candidate locations and their commutersheds are delineated and visualized in the GIS environment. In summary, application of this method produces a site-specific suitability index that may be used to rank and compare potential park-and-ride locations. We illustrate how our approach fits within the context of the larger-scale corridor study as a complimentary means of refining the location of urban rail stations. The analysis uses the proposed rail system for Columbus Ohio as a case study.
Unionism in State and Local Governments: Ohio and Illinois, 1982‐87

Census of Governments (COG) data for 1982 and 1987 were analyzed to assess growth in state and local government unionism in Ohio and Illinois, two states that enacted comprehensive public employee bargaining legislation in 1983. Against a backdrop of stable state and local government unionism across the United States, Ohio and Illinois recorded substantial gains in certain sectors. The greatest gains were observed in sectors that had been only lightly unionized prior to enactment of law. Laws had much less impact on more heavily unionized sectors. In spite of the gains, Ohio and Illinois remain substantially less unionized, on average, than do states that enacted comprehensive bargaining legislation earlier.
Real estate investing

Purpose – Aims to explain the rationale for producing an issue on the topic of real estate investing and how these articles fit together.Design/methodology/approach – Essay format.Findings – Real estate is probably the largest category of assets for investors and the works in this issue will assist in the decision making processes of real estate investors.Research limitations/implications – Each of these papers covers only a limited topic and more research in the area is needed.Practical implications – These papers could change how asset allocation studies are conducted; allow investors to make superior returns around the turn of the month on real estate investment trusts (REITs); alter the capital structure of REITs; seek out real estate mutual funds with higher management fees (because they were associated with higher returns); invest directly in real estate properties.Originality/value – All five of these papers either examine areas that have not been reviewed by researchers previously, or find results...
Hot carrier transport effect in Schottky-barrier diode grown by MBE

Hot-electron transport effects in Schottky-barrier diodes grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) were investigated. Comparisons with experimental results for an Al-n/sup +/ GaAs diode shows that terminal currents obtained using the Monte Carlo (MC) method agree well with experiment and are higher than those of conventional analysis for the forward-bias condition. A much higher thermionic-emission velocity at the Schottky was obtained using the MC analysis compared to previously published results. It is argued that these hot-electron transport effects should be included when analyzing device physics and current-voltage characteristics of Schottky-barrier diodes grown by MBE. >
A Multi-Tier Provenance Model for Global Climate Research

Global climate researchers rely upon many forms of sensor data and analytical methods to help profile subtle changes in climate conditions. The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program provides researchers with curated Value Added Products (VAPs) resulting from continuous instrumentation streams, data fusion, and analytical profiling. The ARM operational staff and software development teams (data producers) rely upon a number of techniques to ensure strict quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) standards are maintained. Climate researchers (data consumers) are highly interested in obtaining as much provenance evidence as possible to establish data trustworthiness. Currently all the evidence is not easily attainable or identifiable without significant efforts to extract and piece together information from configuration files, log files, codes, or status information on the ARM website. Our objective is to identify a provenance model that serves the needs of both the VAP producers and consumers. This paper shares our initial results – a comprehensive multi-tier provenance model. We describe how both ARM operations staff and the climate research community can greatly benefit from this approach to more effectively assess and quantify the data historical record.
An Examination of the Relationship Between Chemiluminescent Light Emissions and Heat Release Rate Under Non-Adiabatic Conditions

Abstract : Combustion instability research has matured over the last decade and with it the need for more detailed diagnostics has increased. One main gap in the diagnostics is the ability to obtain a reliable quantitative measure of unsteady heat-release rate. In an effort to move in this direction using chemiluminescence as the measured quantity, this paper examines the formation of chemiluminescence light in premixed flames under non-adiabatic conditions. The main chemiluminescence emitters considered in the study are OH and CH. Experimental results for two types of burners are reported, a laminar Bunsen burner with co-flow and a ceramic honeycomb flat flame burner. The study shows that although the chemiluminescence observed in the two burners behaves very differently with respect to changes in experimental variables, the variation can be fully understood. OH chemiluminescence is found to be a good indicator of heat-release in both burners, whereas CH chemiluminescence is shown to be insensitive to some changes in heat- release rate. Based on the experimental results, the notion that chemiluminescence yield behaves linearly with flow rate cannot be universally supported. The non-linear variation observed is shown to correspond to an equally non- linear variation of heat-release with flow-rate. The results of the study thus have important ramifications for the interpretation of chemiluminescence measurements in dynamic combustion environments.
Quantizing for minimum distortion

This paper discusses the problem of the minimization of the distortion of a signal by a quantizer when the number of output levels of the quantizer is fixed. The distortion is defined as the expected value of some function of the error between the input and the output of the quantizer. Equations are derived for the parameters of a quantizer with minimum distortion. The equations are not soluble without recourse to numerical methods, so an algorithm is developed to simplify their numerical solution. The case of an input signal with normally distributed amplitude and an expected squared error distortion measure is explicitly computed and values of the optimum quantizer parameters are tabulated. The optimization of a quantizer subject to the restriction that both input and output levels be equally spaced is also treated, and appropriate parameters are tabulated for the same case as above.
Genopolitics and the Science of Genetics

In an earlier article we challenged the findings of Fowler and Dawes (FD) that two genes predict voter turnout as part of a more general critique of “genopolitics.” FD now acknowledge that their finding of a “significant” direct association between MAOA and voting was incorrect, but claim to have replicated their finding of an “indirect” association between 5HTT, self-reported church attendance, and self-reported voting. We show that this finding is likely driven by population stratification and omitted variable bias. We then explain why, from the standpoints of genetics, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology, genopolitics is a fundamentally misguided undertaking; we also respond to FD's charge that some of our previous statements concerning genetics are “highly misleading,” “extremely disingenuous,” and “even incorrect.” We show that their criticisms demonstrate a lack of awareness of some basic principles in genetics and of discoveries in molecular genetics over the past 50 years.
Signals and Systems II Part V: Frequency conversion

This six-part series is a mini-course, focused on system concepts, that is aimed at the gap between Signals and Systems and the usual first DSP course. Part IV discussed analog and DSPbased IQ demodulation. This fifth article in the series is about frequency conversion and its use in larger systems. Figures are numbered in one sequence across the entire series, and gaps appear in their numbering in some individual articles.
SHOULD THE PLACEMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) DETECTORS BE INFLUENCED BY CO'S WEIGHT RELATIVE TO AIR?

Abstract Background Numerous states and localities have recently passed legislation mandating the installation and use of residential carbon monoxide (CO) detectors/alarms. Interestingly, there seems to be confusion about the optimal placement, if any, of CO alarms inside the home. Objectives It was the goal of this study to demonstrate the behavior of CO in air and to help provide a data-based recommendation for CO alarm placement. Methods CO was calculated to be slightly lighter than air. An 8-foot-tall airtight Plexiglas chamber was constructed and CO monitors placed within at the top, middle, and bottom. CO test gas (15 L, 3000 parts per million) was infused at each of the three heights in different trials and CO levels measured over time. Results Contrary to a significant amount of public opinion, CO did not layer on the floor, float at the middle of the chamber, or rise to the top. In each case, the levels of CO equalized throughout the test chamber. It took longer to equalize when CO was infused at the top of the chamber than the bottom, but levels always became identical with time. Conclusions As would have been predicted by the Second Law of Thermodynamics, CO infused anywhere within the chamber diffused until it was of equal concentration throughout. Mixing would be even faster in the home environment, with drafts due to motion or temperature. It would be reasonable to place a residential CO alarm at any height within the room.
Concept analysis: malpractice and modern-day nursing practice

TOPIC. The concept of malpractice can mean different things depending upon the context in which the term is used. This can lead to confusion about the standard of care required for nurses engaged in modern-day nursing practice. PURPOSE. This paper examines the attributes and characteristics of the concept of malpractice using Walker and Avant's (2005) eight-step methodology. SOURCES OF INFORMATION. CINAHL, PubMed, and PsychINFO. CONCLUSIONS. Exposure to malpractice liability is an unfortunate consequence of modern-day nursing practice. An understanding of malpractice will assist nurses in identifying situations that may expose them to legal liability and hopefully lead to improved patient care.
The Context of Minority Group Threat: Race, Institutions, and Complying with Hate Crime Law

A wealth of research suggests a direct association between minority group size and government social control, such as arrest or imprisonment rates. Prior work in this vein, however, gives scant attention to (1) types of law that explicitly address intergroup conflict and (2) regional variation in the salience of minority group threat. At the same time, research on organizational responses to law indicates that institutional linkages to legal environments dictate policy innovation and compliance, yet the relevance of such linkages for law enforcement agencies is less clear. The present research investigates these themes by focusing on law enforcement responses to hate crime in the United States. Data from a sample of large municipal and county policing agencies and their degree of compliance with the federal Hate Crimes Statistics Act are analyzed. Main effects models show that compliance with federal hate crime law is less likely in places with larger black populations, an intriguing finding in light of extant work suggesting that both formal social control and race-based hate crime offending are typically more prevalent where more blacks reside. This effect of black population size on compliance with hate crime law, however, is contingent on region. A positive correlation in the Northeast contrasts with an inverse association in the South. The findings also suggest that organizational facets of law enforcement agencies, notably their engagement in community policing, are associated with compliance. The results elaborate and qualify group threat explanations of government social control and contribute to a burgeoning literature on the utility of organizational theory in the realm of law enforcement.
Frequency of Pore Location in Sintered Al2O3

The relative frequencies of pore location on grain corners, edges, and surfaces in final stage sintering have been measured in both pure and MgO-doped Al2O3. Both materials showed identical location frequencies, with an average of 58% of the pores on grain corners, 29% on grain edges, and 13% on grain surfaces, over a density range from 92% to > 99% of full density.
RADARSAT ScanSAR Wind Retrieval and Rain Effects on ScanSAR Measurements Under Hurricane Conditions

RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR SWA images of Hurricane Katrina are used to retrieve surface wind vectors over the ocean. Collocated H*wind wind directions are used as the wind direction while the wind speed is derived from SAR sigmadeg by inversion of a C-band HH-polarization Geophysical Model Function (GMF) that is derived from the VV-polarization GMF, CMOD5, using a polarization ratio model. Because existing polarization models do not fit the ScanSAR SWA data well, a recalibration model is proposed to "recalibrate" the ScanSAR SWA images. Validated with collocated H*wind wind speed estimates, the mean difference between SAR-retrieved and H*wind speed is small and the root mean square (RMS) error is below 4 m/s. Rain effects on the ScanSAR measurements are analyzed for an incidence angle range of 22deg to 23.6deg using collocated ground-based Doppler weather radar (NEXRAD) rain measurements.
Essential Role of Smad3 in Infarct Healing and in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Remodeling

Background— Postinfarction cardiac repair is regulated through timely activation and repression of inflammatory pathways, followed by transition to fibrous tissue deposition and formation of a scar...
American Caesar, Douglas MacArthur, 1880-1964

Inspiring, outrageous...A thundering paradox of a man. Douglas MacArthur, one of only five men in history to have achieved the rank of General of the United States Army. He served in World Wars I, II, and the Korean War, and is famous for stating that "in war, there is no substitute for victory." AMERICAN CAESAR exaines the exemplary army career, the stunning successes (and lapses) on the battlefield, and the turbulent private life of the soldier-hero whose mystery and appeal created a uniquely American legend.
Real-time conversion from a single 2D face image to a 3D text-driven emotive audio-visual avatar

In this paper, we propose a complete pipeline of efficient and low-cost techniques to construct a realistic 3D text-driven emotive audio-visual avatar from a single 2D frontal-view face image of any person on the fly. This real-time conversion is achieved through three steps. First, a personalized 3D face model is built based on the 2D face image using a fully automatic 3D face shape and texture reconstruction framework. Second, using standard MPEG-4 FAPs (Facial Animation Parameters), the face model is animated by the Viseme and expression channels and is complemented by the visual prosody channel that controls head, eye and eyelid movements. Finally, the facial animation is combined and synchronized with the emotive synthetic speech generated by incorporating an emotion transformer into a Festival-MBROLA text to neutral speech synthesizer.
Available Fuel Dynamics in Nine Contrasting Forest Ecosystems in North America

Available fuel and its dynamics, both of which affect fire behavior in forest ecosystems, are direct products of ecosystem production, decomposition, and disturbances. Using published ecosystem models and equations, we developed a simulation model to evaluate the effects of dynamics of aboveground net primary production (ANPP), carbon allocation, residual slash, decomposition, and disturbances (harvesting, tree mortality, and fire frequency) on available fuel (AF; megagrams per hectare). Both the magnitude and the time of maximum ANPP as well as the duration of high productivity condition had a large influence on AF. Productivity and decomposition were two dominant driving factors determining AF. The amount of AF in arid or cold regions would be affected more by climate change than that in other ecosystems. Frequent fire was an effective tool to control the AF, and medium frequency fire produced the most AF. Disturbances increased AF very rapidly in a short period. The results can be used as a basic knowledge to develop a fire management plan under various climate conditions.
Digital reconstruction of calcified early metazoans, terminal Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia

Abstract A method is presented for the digital reconstruction of weakly calcified fossils within the Nama Group, Namibia. These recently described fossils (Grotzinger et al. 2000) are preserved as calcitic void-fill in a calcite matrix, and individual specimens cannot be freed by conventional techniques. The technique presented here has several integrated steps: (1) the analysis of cross-sections of fossil specimens, (2) the construction of a three-dimensional “tomographic” model that is assembled from the cross-sections, (3) the development of an idealized mathematical model based upon geometric parameters measured from the tomographic model, and (4) the visualization of randomly oriented cross-sections through the mathematical model, which can be compared with fossil cross-sections in outcrop. In this procedure, rocks containing the fossils are ground and digitally photographed at thickness intervals of 25 μm. A battery of image-processing techniques is used to obtain the contour outlines of the fossils...
Global Distribution and Morphology of Deltaic Barrier Island Systems

ABSTRACT There are approximately 400 barrier islands on the world's deltaic plains, with a combined length of 4,100 kilometers. They make up 30% of the world's estimated barrier islands (by length). Deltaic barrier islands make up more than half of barrier islands in South America, Asia, and Africa, but only 5% in North America and Europe due to differing sea level rise history. Barrier islands are present on all types of deltas, including wave, tide, and river dominated deltas. The transgressive model of barrier island formation on the Mississippi Delta is well understood, but applies to relatively few deltaic barrier island chains. Spit formation, and to a lesser extent beach ridge accretion, on active lobes appear to be the most dominant processes of barrier island formation. A simple morphologic classification based on island length and inlet width is presented. Five island types (Nile, Mangoky, Niger, Gurupi, Mekong, and Mississippi) are described, relating island, inlet, and shoreface morphology to ...
The Tokyo International Capital Market for Foreign Issuers and Required Disclosure

This article evaluates whether the Tokyo international capital market can play a major role in the realm of international finance and what it must do to get there. The historical development and relevant laws and regulations governing the operation of this market are discussed. In addition, this article summarizes various arguments existing in Japan on the current issue of accounting standardization as well as the official position of the Japanese government expressed in the Ministry of Finance Memorandum.
Deciding Whether to Offer “Early-Bird” or “Night-Owl” Specials in Restaurants A Cross-Functional View

In a long history of capacity and demand management research in services, it has often been suggested that pricing discounts and specials can increase demand in off-peak periods. We examine this issue in the contexts of restaurants, where the practices of offering discounts to restaurant patrons for dining early or dining late—commonly known as “early-bird” and “night-owl” specials, respectively—exist throughout the world. These specials bridge marketing and operations—marketing from the goal of increasing customer demand in the off-peak periods and operations from the perspective of having to serve those customers. The effectiveness of these specials has yet to be examined. While simulation would be an ideal tool for predicting the specials’ net revenue benefits, it might be impractical for many restaurateurs, so we develop three simple “back-of-the-envelope” type calculations. Restaurateurs could use these calculations when deciding whether to offer a special. In the eight large simulation-based experim...
Anaerobes from a Surgical Perspective

Before the early 1970s, a large proportion of samples collected from sites of postoperative wound infections yielded no pathogens upon routine culture yet did contain pleomorphic forms visible upon gram staining. The inability to recover pathogens often led to incorrect choices of antibiotics for empirical therapy and thus to clinical failures of therapy. It is now known that many of these infections were due to the various endogenous anaerobic constituents of the normal human microflora. Because of advances in the techniques used for anaerobic specimen collection and culture, anaerobic bacteria are now routinely recovered from a variety of intraabdominal and postoperative soft-tissue infections. In all but clean operative procedures, the causative organisms often reflect the normal aerobic and anaerobic flora of the resected organ. Before colonic surgery, counts of both aerobes and anaerobes must be reduced by appropriate mechanical cleansing and antibiotic administration. Successful treatment of surgical infections includes both the implementation of careful operative technique and the choice of appropriate antibiotics.
Identification of rice genes interacting with BWMK1

The rice MAPK gene BWMK1 is transcriptionally activated by fungal pathogen infection and wounding and acts as a positive regulator in plant disease resistance signaling.To further understand the BWMK1-mediated molecular signaling regulating pathways,a yeast two-hybrid system using BWMK1 as a bait was used to screen BWMK1 interacting proteins,and 7 BWMK1 interacting protein encoding genes BWIP1-BWIP7 were isolated,BWIP1-BWIP7 were located on 12,2,3,10,6,4,5 chromosomes,respectively.Homologous coding proteins were found for each isolated gene except BWIP2 and BWIP7,which indicated that BWIP1,3,4,5 and 6 respectively coded for 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase,myo-inositol phosphate synthease,putative phosphate transporter,WD-40 repeat containing protein and N-acetyl glutamate kinase 2.
Determination of mancozed in apples by gas chromatography

Objective:To establish the method of gas chromatography for the determination of mancozed in the apples.Methods:The heated mancozed could form carbon disulfide which can be analyzed by gas chromatography.Results:The calibration curve was linear in the rage of 0.00~5.00 μg,and the extraction recovery was 93.8%~104.7%,the RSD was 3.9%.Conclusion:The method is rapid,simple,and sensitive.It is suitable for determination of mancozed in apple.
Creating Awareness of Science Teacher Identity

Understanding the induction experiences of newly hired science teachers is crucial for their retention and professional development. Yet, the learning and development of newly hired science teachers during this crucial time of their careers is underexplored (Luft, 2003, 2007). This chapter considers the induction of newly hired science teachers from a situated perspective, enabling discussions of induction beyond mere retention statistics to focus on teacher identity and meaning making.
Therapeutic Strategy for Large Hepatic Hemangioma

Hepatic hemangioma is the most common type of benign liver tumor, and the majority of patients with small hepatic hemangioma have an uncomplicated course, although large hepatic hemangioma occasionally shows complications depending on size and location. Active surgical intervention might be considered in some situations. We successfully performed surgical intervention for a 59-year-old man with giant hepatic hemangioma in his left lobe, which was considered to be at the risk of rupture, and the favorable long-term prognosis was achieved. Although the clinical management of large hepatic hemangioma still may remain controversial, we should review individual patient conditions precisely to make an appropriate therapeutic decision.
Antecedent Oxygen Growth Conditions and Recovery of Heat-Stressed Escherichia coli1

Four strains of Escherichia coli were examined for response to heat stress (60°C) as a function of physiological age and antecedent oxygen growth conditions. Exponential phase cells were more susceptible to heat than cells grown to the stationary phase. Anaerobically grown, exponential phase cells were more susceptible to thermal stress than were cells grown to a similar physiological state but under aerobic conditions. In the case of stationary phase cells, differences in response to heat stress as related to prior oxygen growth conditions were equivocal. Repair characteristics of thermally injured cells were also examined. Cells grown anaerobically prior to heat stress required 1.5 h longer than their aerobically grown counterparts to complete repair. These findings suggest that antecedent oxygen growth conditions influence the response of E. coli to thermal stress and perhaps, more generally, that persistence of environmentally stressed enteric microorganisms must be considered in relation to prior oxygen growth conditions in vivo.
Understanding undergraduate engineering researchers and how they learn

As the need for qualified science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduates increases, there is an accompanying need for improved undergraduate STEM education. Undergraduate Research Experiences (UREs) have been shown to enhance an undergraduate student's academic experience; however, not all students can participate in or have access to UREs due to schedule constraints during the school year or other commitments in the summer. Our current research project seeks to determine how students develop a researcher identity and transform their epistemic beliefs through UREs. Elements identified to contribute to students' researcher identities and epistemic beliefs will then be translated into strategies that can be incorporated into traditional learning environments. This paper will overview the progress made in the first part of this multi-phase, multi-institution project and preliminary results from the initial surveys.
Exploration of scaling effects on coarse resolution land surface phenology

Abstract Numerous land surface phenology (LSP) datasets have been produced from various coarse resolution satellite data and different detection algorithms from regional to global scales. In contrast to field-observed phenological events that are defined by clearly evident organismal changes with biophysical meaning, current approaches to detecting transitions in LSP only determine the timing of variations in remotely sensed observations of surface greenness. Since activities to bridge LSP and field observations are challenging and limited, our understanding of the biophysical characteristics of LSP transitions is poor. Therefore, we set out to explore the scaling effects on LSP transitions at the nominal start of growing season (SOS) by comparing detections from coarse resolution data with those from finer resolution imagery. Specifically, using a hybrid piecewise-logistic-model-based LSP detection algorithm, we detected SOS in the agricultural core of the United States—central Iowa—at two scales: first, at a finer scale (30 m) using reflectance generated by fusing MODIS data with Landsat 8 OLI data (OLI SOS) and, second, at a coarser resolution of 500 m using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) observations. The VIIRS SOS data were compared with OLI SOS that had been aggregated using a percentile approach at various degrees of heterogeneity. The results revealed the complexities of SOS detections and the scaling effects that are latent at the coarser resolution. Specifically, OLI SOS variation defined using standard deviation (SD) was as large as 40 days within a highly spatially heterogeneous VIIRS pixel; whereas, SD could be 60% of OLI pixels within a homogeneous VIIRS pixel, but in
Asian Americans and disproportionate exposure to carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants: A national study.

Studies have demonstrated disparate exposures to carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in neighborhoods with high densities of Black and Hispanic residents in the US. Asians are the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in the US, yet they have been underemphasized in previous studies of environmental health and injustice. This cross-sectional study investigated possible disparities in residential exposure to carcinogenic HAPs among Asian Americans, including Asian American subgroups in the US (including all 50 states and the District of Columbia, n = 71,208 US census tracts) using National Air Toxics Assessment and US Census data. In an unadjusted analysis, Chinese and Korean Americans experience the highest mean cancer risks from HAPs, followed by Blacks. The aggregated Asian category ranks just below Blacks and above Hispanics, in terms of carcinogenic HAP risk. Multivariate models adjusting for socioeconomic status, population density, urban location, and geographic clustering show that an increase in proportion of Asian residents in census tracts is associated with significantly greater cancer risk from HAPs. Neighborhoods with higher proportions (as opposed to lower proportions) of Chinese, Korean, and South Asian residents have significantly greater cancer risk burdens relative to Whites. Tracts with higher concentrations of Asians speaking a non-English language and Asians that are US-born have significantly greater cancer risk burdens. Asian Americans experience substantial residential exposure to carcinogenic HAPs in US census tracts and in the US more generally.
The Search for Truth in the Task of Integration

The task of integrating psychology and Christian theology can be spoken of as the search for truth concerning the nature of mankind and our existence. God is the source of all truth, and truth is r...
Brain Edema in Experimental Fulminant Hepatic Failure

Brain edema and intracranial hypertension are fatal complications of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) (1). Demonstration of temporal lobe or uncal herniation at autopsy indicate that they represent a leading cause of death in this disease (2). Catalogued as “complications” of acute liver failure (3), few studies have addressed their pathogenesis. Studies of the mechanisms that bring about both edema and intracranial hypertension are difficult to carry out in these critically ill patients. In this regard, hepatologists tend to equate brain edema with intracranial hypertension; while edema relates to an increase in brain water, intracranial hypertension to a rise in pressure within the skull. In this presentation, we will review our work in the experimental animal, an approach that allowed us to separately explore each aspect of this disturbance.