cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High intake of cholesterol results in less atherogenic low-density lipoprotein particles in men and women independent of response classification

The influence of a high-cholesterol diet on the atherogenicity of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle was examined by measuring LDL peak diameter and composition, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and the distribution of cholesterol between LDL subclasses. The crossover intervention randomly assigned 27 premenopausal women and 25 men (18 to 50 years) to an egg (640 mg/d additional dietary cholesterol) or placebo (0 mg/d additional dietary cholesterol) diet for 30 days, followed by a 3-week washout period. Subjects were classified as either hyperresponders (>2.5 mg/dL increase in plasma cholesterol for each 100 mg additional dietary cholesterol consumed) or hyporesponders to dietary cholesterol. Sex was found to have a significant effect on 3 of the parameters examined. LDL peak diameter was significantly larger (P 0.5). Because LDL peak diameter was not decreased and the larger LDL-1 subclass was greater in hyperresponders following egg intake, these data indicate that the consumption of a high-cholesterol diet does not negatively influence the atherogenicity of the LDL particle.
Evidence for Zanamivir Resistance in an Immunocompromised Child Infected with Influenza B Virus

Zanamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor, has shown promise as a drug to control influenza. During prolonged treatment with zanamivir, a mutant virus was isolated from an immunocompromised child infected with influenza B virus. A hemagglutinin mutation (198 Thr-->Ile) reduced the virus affinity for receptors found on susceptible human cells. A mutation in the neuraminidase active site (152 Arg-->Lys) led to a 1000-fold reduction in the enzyme sensitivity to zanamivir. When tested in ferrets, the mutant virus had less virulence than the parent; however, it had a growth preference over the parent in zanamivir-treated animals. Despite these changes, the sensitivity of the mutant virus to zanamivir assessed by a standard test in MDCK cells was unaffected. These data indicate that the current methods for monitoring resistant mutants are potentially flawed because no tissue culture system adequately reflects the receptor specificity of human respiratory tract epithelium.
Methylene Blue is Associated With Poor Outcomes in Vasoplegic Shock

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate whether patients who received methylene blue as treatment for vasoplegia during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass had decreased morbidity and mortality. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Single tertiary care university hospital. Participants Adult patients who suffered from vasoplegia and underwent all types of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass at this institution between 2007 and 2008. Interventions With IRB approval, the authors reviewed the charts of the identified patients and divided them into 2 groups based on whether they had received methylene blue. Two hundred twenty-six patients were identified who met the inclusion criteria for the study. Fifty-seven of these patients had received methylene blue for vasoplegia. The authors collected data on preoperative and intraoperative variables as well as outcomes. Measurements and Main Results The patients who received methylene blue had higher rates of in-hospital mortality, a compilation of morbidities, as well as renal failure and hyperbilirubinemia. A multiple logistic regression model demonstrated that receiving methylene blue was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (p value: 0.007, OR 4.26, 95% CI: 1.49-12.12), compilation of morbidities (p value: 0.001, OR 4.80, 95% CI: 1.85-12.43), and hyperbilirubinemia (p value: Conclusions The current study identified the use of methylene blue as treatment for vasoplegia to be independently associated with poor outcomes. While further studies are required, a thorough risk-benefit analysis should be applied before using methylene blue and, perhaps, it should be relegated to rescue use and not as first-line therapy.
An analytic method for designing simple cellular neural networks

A method is proposed for synthesizing cellular neural networks (CNNs) designed for simple applications. Based on the comparison principle for ordinary differential equations, this method leads to a set of inequalities that must be satisfied by the parameters of the cloning template defining the cellular neural network in order to guarantee correct operation for the network. The authors review the architecture of CNNs, compute the bounds of the state and output of a cell, and illustrate how to use this technique to design CNNs for shadowing, motion detection, and hole filling. >
The evolutionary-developmental origins of multicellularity.

Multicellularity has evolved at least once in every major eukaryotic clade (in all ploidy levels) and numerous times among the prokaryotes. According to a standard multilevel selection (MLS) model, in each case, the evolution of multicellularity required the acquisition of cell–cell adhesion, communication, cooperation, and specialization attended by a compulsory alignment-of-fi tness phase and an export-of-fi tness phase to eliminate cell–cell confl ict and to establish a reproductively integrated phenotype. These achievements are reviewed in terms of generalized evolutionary developmental motifs (or “modules”) whose overall logic constructs were mobilized and executed differently in bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals. When mapped onto a matrix of theoretically possible body plan morphologies (i.e., a morphospace), these motifs and the MLS model identify a “unicellular ￻ colonial ￻ multicellular” transformation series of body plans that mirrors trends observed in the majority of algae (i.e., a polyphyletic collection of photoautotrophic eukaryotes) and in the land plants, fungi, and animals. However, an alternative, more direct route to multicellularity theoretically exists, which may account for some aspects of fungal and algal evolution, i.e., a “siphonous ￻ multicellular” transformation series. This review of multicellularity attempts to show that natural selection typically acts on functional traits rather than on the mechanisms that generate them (“Many roads lead to Rome.”) and that genome sequence homologies do not invariably translate into morphological homologies (“Rome isn’t what it used to be.”).
Establishing academic programs in integrated media systems

For four years, we have been developing a wide range of graduate and undergraduate degree programs related to integrated media systems on behalf of the Integrated Media Systems Center (IMSC), for the School of Engineering at the University of Southern California (USC). The IMSC is a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center (ERC) that became operational in 1996. It is not an academic department; however, one of its important missions is education. Most of the developed degree programs have been for engineering students, but one is available to all students. These degree programs are administered either by an academic department (e.g., computer science) or by an assistant dean of the School of Engineering. The purpose of this article is to not only describe these degree programs, but to also provide some lessons that have been learned along the way, lessons that may help expedite the development of similar programs at other universities.
Analyzing the Effect of Communicative Evidence in a Bayesian System for Grouped Bar Chart Message Recognition.

Information graphics, such as bar charts and line graphs, generally have a communicative message that they are intended to convey when they appear in popular media. The communicative signals present or absent in the graphic help convey these underlying intended messages. We have designed a Bayesian system that automatically extracts communicative signals from a grouped bar chart information graphic to hypothesize its intended messages. This paper presents experiments that analyze the effect that each type of communicative evidence has on our system.
Genetic Engineering with Nitrogen Fixation

The supply of available nitrogen is a limiting factor in world food production. Green plants do not possess sufficient hereditary traits of their own to be self-sufficient for N-fertilizer. Certain bacteria and blue-green algae are the only organisms known to convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form suitable for plant growth, a process called biological nitrogen fixation. In order to manufacture their own supply of N-fertilizer, plants must first attract and somehow domesticate symbiotic soil microbes which have the nitrogen fixation genes which code for the crucial enzyme nitrogenase that catalyzes the synthesis of ammonium ion from the vast reservoir of atmospheric nitrogen gas. Man has learned to harness N2-fixing microorganisms through the domestication and culture of soybeans and other leguminous crops which produce root nodules filled with symbiotic, N2-fixing bacteria. In order to increase world food production, it may be necessary to further exploit these highly beneficial microorganisms. If we are to genetically engineer new hybrid plants which are self-sufficient for N-fertilizer, we must learn to manipulate the hereditary traits responsible for this process. Recent studies on the nature and manipulation of nitrogen fixation genes (Nif) are described in this paper.
Prevalence and Societal Burden of Hip Osteoarthritis

The average percentage of the United States population with a musculoskeletal disease needing medical care has increased over the last decade and now consists of more than 30 % of the population. The increasing prevalence of musculoskeletal disease in a growing and aging population has resulted in more than a 47 % growth in the total aggregate direct cost to treat persons with a musculoskeletal disease during this same period. The most frequently replaced joints are the knee and hip, followed by the shoulder. In 2007, approximately 252,000 hip replacements were performed in the United States at an estimated total cost of $4 billion. Eighty-six percent of total hip replacements are due to an underlying diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA). Three percent of patients having primary total hip replacement are due to fractures. Partial hip replacement, or hemiarthroplasty, is performed principally for hip fracture (76 % of cases).
Care-Delivery Interventions to Manage Agitation and Aggression in Dementia Nursing Home and Assisted Living Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of nonpharmacological care-delivery interventions (staff training, care-delivery models, changes to the environment) to reduce and manage agitation and aggression in nursing home and assisted living residents. DESIGN: Three bibliographic databases, references of systematic reviews, ClincalTrials.gov, and the International Controlled Trials Registry Platform were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials reporting behavioral outcomes for nonpharmacological care-delivery interventions in nursing homes and assisted living facilities. Five investigators independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data, rated risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence. Inclusion was limited to studies with low to moderate risk of bias. SETTING: Nursing homes and assisted living facilities. PARTICIPANTS: Facility caregiving staff. MEASUREMENTS: Agitation, aggression, antipsychotic and other psychotropic use, general behavior. RESULTS: Nineteen unique studies met entry criteria, addressing several categories of facility caregiver training interventions: dementia care mapping (DCM; n = 3), person-centered care (PCC; n = 3), clinical protocols to reduce the use of antipsychotic and other psychotropic drugs (n = 3), and emotion-oriented care (n = 2). Eleven additional studies evaluated other unique interventions. RESULTS were pooled for the effect of each type of intervention on agitation and aggression: DCM (standardized mean difference -0.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.66 to 0.42), PCC (standardized mean difference -0.15, 95% CI = -0.67 to 0.38), and protocols to reduce antipsychotic and other psychotropic use (Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory mean difference -4.5, 95% C = -38.84 to 29.93). Strength of evidence was generally insufficient to draw conclusions regarding efficacy or comparative effectiveness. CONCLUSION: Evidence was insufficient regarding the efficacy of nonpharmacological care-delivery interventions to reduce agitation or aggression in nursing home and assisted living facility residents with dementia.© 2016, Copyright the Authors Journal compilation © 2016, The American Geriatrics Society. Language: en
The Interconversion of Foodstuffs in the Blowfly (Phormia Regina) during Metamorphosis III. Chemical Composition of Larvae, Pupae and Adults

The chemical composition of pupating insects has been frequently studied ever since the time of Claude Bernard. The earlier work has been adequately reviewed by Needham (1931). Among the more recent investigations may be mentioned those of Ludwig (1932) and Crescitelli and Taylor (1935). Since the blowfly laboratory here at the Ohio State University is able to furnish almost unlimited amounts of material, the investigations of the changes in the chemical composition of Phormia regina which are reported in this paper have been carried out more completely and on a much larger scale than any previously reported. We have determined total water, ash, nitrogen, fats and carbohydrate (reducing substance) and non-protein nitrogen in the larvae, at 24 hour intervals during the four days of pupation, in the adults, and in the pupal cases, and have measured the rate of weight loss during pupation.
Sensitivity Based Optimum Design Process for MEMS devices

This paper presents an optimum design process of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) by stochastic optimization to obtain a reliable and optimal design under the structural and fabrication uncertainty. This optimized design process shows the application of probabilistic analysis and optimization methodologies for MEMS design and fabrication. The optimal design of MEMS devices, with a MEMS microswitch as our device example, has been carried out to find the optimum load required for successful operation of the device. The objective of the optimization problem is to minimize adhesion satisfying a set of probabilistic constraints. The optimization problem, which considers both performance and structural reliability, improves yield rate greatly and is essential for successful mass production. This approach, although shown for MEMS structures, can be easily applied to conventional mechanical structures where the reliable optimized performance of the structure is important.
Efficacy of autotransfusion in spine surgery: comparison of autotransfusion alone and with hemodilution and apheresis.

Study design Two prospective groups of patients received intraoperative autologous transfusion during reconstructive spine surgery. Before intraoperative autologous transfusion, one group underwent normovolemic hemodilution and apheresis of blood components in the operating room while being prepared for surgery. The allogeneic blood products needed for transfusion by each group were studied and compared with those of a retrospective group of patients receiving conventional transfusion therapy. Objectives To determine if a combination of intraoperative autologous transfusion and hemodilution and apheresis decreases reliance on allogeneic blood products and increases autologous transfusions. Summary of background data Transfusion rates of allogeneic red blood cells, which were unchanged by intraoperative autologous transfusion alone, were lowered when treatment included transfusion of these cells and preoperative autologous deposit. However, donor exposures from transfusions of allogeneic platelets and fresh frozen plasma have not been addressed. Method Preoperative hemodilution and apheresis of autologous red blood cells, fresh plasma, and platelets, performed during induction of anesthesia for spine surgery was followed by intraoperative autologous transfusion using the same supplies. Intra- and postoperative transfusion of blood products to each group were evaluated and compared; allogeneic transfusions were given to a retrospective cohort of patients who received conventional transfusion therapy. Results Hemodilution and apheresis followed by intraoperative autologous transfusion reduced exposures to individual blood donor products resulting in fewer transfusions and in transfusion of significantly fewer blood products. Intraoperative autologous transfusion alone decreased the number of red blood cells transfused, but required the same donor exposures for fresh frozen plasma and platelet support as the cohort of patients who received conventional transfusion therapy. Conclusions A combination of hemodilution and apheresis and intraoperative autologous transfusion significantly decreased transfusion of allogeneic blood products and reliance on preoperative autologous deposit. Autologous transfusion of all blood products was significantly increased.
Failure strengths of denture teeth fabricated on injection molded or compression molded denture base resins

Abstract Statement of problem Denture tooth fracture or debonding remains a common problem in removable prosthodontics. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to explore factors determining failure strengths for combinations of different denture tooth designs (shape, materials) and injection or compression molded denture base resins. Material and methods Three central incisor denture tooth designs were tested: nanohybrid composite (NHC; Ivoclar Phonares II), interpenetrating network (IPN; Dentsply Portrait), and microfiller reinforced polyacrylic (MRP; VITA Physiodens). Denture teeth of each type were processed on an injection molded resin (IvoBase HI; Ivoclar Vivadent AG) or a compression molded resin (Lucitone 199; Dentsply Intl) (n=11 or 12). The denture teeth were loaded at 45 degrees on the incisal edge. The failure load was recorded and analyzed with 2-way ANOVA (α=.05), and the fracture mode was categorized from observed fracture surfaces as cohesive, adhesive, or mixed failure. Results The following failure loads (mean ±SD) were recorded: NHC/injection molded 280 ±52 N; IPN/injection molded 331 ±41 N; MRP/injection molded 247 ±23 N; NHC/compression molded 204 ±31 N; IPN/compression molded 184 ±17 N; MRP/compression molded 201 ±16 N. Injection molded resin yielded significantly higher failure strength for all denture teeth (P Conclusions When good bonding was achieved, the strength of the structure (denture tooth/base resin combination) was determined by the strength of the denture teeth, which may be affected by the processing technique.
Strain Effects in Narrow-Bandwidth Manganites: The Case of Epitaxial Eu 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 Thin Films

Manganite-based perovskite oxides have long been known to exhibit technologically important interactions between magnetic and electrical properties, and these properties become even more remarkable when the materials are prepared as epitaxial thin films. This study reveals that the magnetism in thin films of Eu${}_{0.7}$Sr${}_{0.3}$MnO${}_{3}$ depend strongly on epitaxial strain, varying from para- to ferromagnetic, while electrically the films remain insulating. This unusual combination of tunable magnetism and robust insulating behavior could facilitate novel applications such as piezoelectrically controlled spin injection.
What's in a Name? The Limits of “Social Feminism”; or, Expanding the Vocabulary of Women's History

Since the meaning of feminism has been contested for a generation, it is perhaps not surprising that historians have failed to agree on its past definition. The one word -feminism is bound to be inadequate to capture the multifarious ways that women through the ages have protested male domination or attempted to redefine gender hierarchy. Rhetorical overuse of the term to signify all the notable things that women have ever done exacerbates the problem. The single word's insufficiency can be read in the many prefixes it has acquired, in historians' investigations as well as in current political practice. The historical literature now contains not only predictable composites such as socialist and liberalfeminism but also more inventive ones: domestic feminism, protofeminism, material feminism, relational feminism. In part such composites have been necessary to correct the ahistoricism of designating anything "feminist" or "feminism" before the last hundred years, since neither word was in use earlier. But perhaps more emphatically, historians have invented the composite terms to distinguish how varied and competing have been the voices of women's protests in the past. If feminism, to use the term retrospectively and inclusively, can be called an integral tradition of protest against arbitrary male dominion, it has been nonetheless internally variegated, proposed by more than one kind of person, displaying more than one rationale and approach.
Silver(I)-Catalyzed Insertion of Carbene into Alkane C–H Bonds and the Origin of the Special Challenge of Methane Activation Using DFT as a Mechanistic Probe

The argentate trinuclear cluster Ag3(μ2-3,5-(CF3)2PyrPy)3 (3,5-(CF3)2PyrPy = 2,2′-pyridylpyrrolide– ligand) catalytically promotes the insertion of the carbene of ethyl diazoacetate at room temperature into the C–H bond of a series of alkanes ranging from ethane to hexane, as well as branched and cyclic hydrocarbons. In addition to experimental studies, we also present theoretical studies elucidating the mechanism to C–H activation and functionalization by the transient silver carbene monomer (3,5-(CF3)2PyrPy)Ag(CHCO2Et). On the basis of DFT studies, formation of the silver carbene complex was found to be rate-determining for alkane substrates such as ethane and propane. On the other hand, DFT studies on methane, a substrate that we failed to activate, revealed that carbene insertion into the C–H bond was overall rate-determining. Theoretical analysis of charge flow also shows that the change from separated reagents to the TS involves charge flow from alkane to the silver carbene carbon with the bridging ...
Interpreting OPUS-Static Results Accurately

AbstractThe Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) operated by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has consolidated into a very attractive tool for surveyors, engineers, and the academic community to procure precise/accurate positions from global positioning system (GPS) observations. The OPUS utility continues to be improved since it was successfully launched in 2000. In general, each update results in better reliability of the precision and accuracy of OPUS solutions. However, necessary software modifications could also introduce certain biases, some significant, complicating the interpretation of OPUS results, particularly for applications that rely on high-accuracy absolute positions. This article concentrates on the interpretation of OPUS-Static solution reports primarily in relation to the transformation of reference frames and geoid models, which are two basic scientific ingredients in practical geodetic-surveying enterprises. One-year continuous GPS observations collected at a landslide site in Pue...
Images in clinical medicine. Symmetric peripheral gangrene.

Figure 1. Fevers, chills, hypotension, and a generalized seizure occurred in a 57-year-old man who had undergone splenectomy for stage IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma three years earlier. He was treated initially with ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and rifampin. A Gram's stain of the cerebrospinal fluid showed gram-positive organisms in pairs and short chains, but cultures of cerebrospinal fluid were negative. A latex-agglutination test was positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae. During the next several days, disseminated intravascular coagulation and symmetric areas of pallor developed on the back of both hands and the soles of the feet, with overlying bullae. Cultures of the bullous fluid . . .
Measurements of the Fe Impurity Site in Si3N4 Using EXAFS

Silicon nitride is a ceramic that is promising as a structural material which retains its strength at high temperatures. Possible applications include high-efficiency turbines and other heat engines [1]. The routine use of this material is inhibited due to remaining uncertainty about the variables that control the consistent production of defect-free, fully nitrided products. Of particular concern is the presence of ~0.5 wt% metallic impurities in the Si powder used to produce Si3N4. The most important of these is Fe, since the powder is typically worked with iron milling tools during the processing [2]. Small quantities of Si3N4 have been produced from “semiconductor grade” Si, but this is expensive. In a practical sense, a small Fe impurity is always present, so that it is important to understand the effect of this impurity on the Si3N4.
Etiology and clinical features of 1 329 mentally retarded/developmentally delayed children

group ( P = 0.049) . The depression score in leukemia children was higher than that of control group, but have no significant difference (P = 0.054). There are significant difference in subscale of behavior, anxiety and the total scale among the three groups ( P valve was 0.002, 0.010, 0.006 and 0.011, respectively) . Leukemia children scored significantly higher on subscale of behavior, anxiety and the total scale than control group (P valve was 0.026 and 0.039, respectively) . Among which, newly diagnosed group scored significantly higher on subscale of behavior, intellegence, anxiety and the total scale than control group (P valve was 0.000, 0.007, 0.010 and 0.009, respectively) . The self- concept scores between long survival group and control group have no significant difference (P 0.05). The extraversion score of EPQ in long survival group was lower than that in both newly diagnosed group and control group (the extraversion score ≤ 38.5 was 30%, 23.33% and 12%, respectively, P 0.05), whereas the other three dimensions (P, N, L) of EPQ test showed no difference between three groups. Conclusions Our studies have indicated that leukemia children are at risk for psychological difficulties. Implementation and evaluation of psychological supportive interventions should be considered. Abstract: Objective To explore the etiological spectrum of mental retardation (MR)/development delay (DD) and standardize the examination method for identification. Methods The clinical data of 1 329 children with clinical diagnosis of MR/DD from January 2003 to December 2006 was retrospectively analyzed, including signs, concomitant symptoms, classification, and etiology. Results Significant difference of MR/DD classification was found between patients younger and older than 6 years old. There was a significant difference of MR/DD classification between patients with causes known and unknown. Main etiology spectrum of MR/DD children were as follows: 186 cases with perinatal causes ( 13.99% ) , 150 cases with chromosome disorders ( 11.29% ) , 111 cases with inborn errors of metabolism (8.35%), and 59 cases with recognizable syndromes (4.44%) and the causes of 658 cases (53.42%) were unknown (53.42%). Patients with inborn errors of metabolism had the similar symptoms and dysmorphism was a main symptom of chromosome disorders. Conclusions Moderate or severe MR/DD children were more frequently found among patients younger than 6-year-old with known causes. The main causes of MR/DD children were chromosome disorders, inborn errors of metabolic diseases and recognizable syndromes. Cytogenetic test should be performed in those MR/DD children with two of more dysmorphic features. Screening for metabolic disease should be carried out in those MR/DD children with dysmorphism except for face, together with convulsion, abnormality in muscular tone or special urine odor, recurrent coma, abnormal behavior, and hepatomegaly.
TOX expression and role in CTCL.

Background Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are skin malignancies including mycosis fungoides (MF) and CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD). In early disease, CTCL can be difficult to diagnose, especially in MF for which there is no reliable diagnostic marker. MF/CTCL have increased expression of thymocyte selection-associated HMG box protein (TOX). Although TOX has been proposed to be a diagnostic marker for MF, further validation studies are needed. Moreover, it is unclear what drives TOX expression or its role in MF/CTCL. Objective We hypothesize evaluation of TOX levels across a spectrum of CTCL, including MF precursor (large plaque parapsoriasis, LPP), will help elucidate the implications of altered TOX expression. Materials and Methods TOX staining was performed in MF, CD30+ LPD, LPP as well as benign inflammatory dermatoses (BID) and normal skin (NS). CTCL cell lines were utilized to evaluate the regulation of TOX. Results Positive TOX expression was identified in 73.6% of MF cases and in 31.6% of BID/NS. TOX had a positive predictive value (PPV) for MF of 86.7% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 48.1%. TOX expression in MF was detected more commonly in Black patients (P = 0.015) and less commonly in transformed MF (P = 0.045). LPP had positive TOX staining in 70.0%. In CTCL cells, GATA3 knockdown decreased TOX mRNA and protein expression. TOX expression also decreased in the presence of CTCL therapeutics. Conclusion Our data indicate that TOX is useful as a diagnostic marker in MF. Moreover, TOX expression was evident in LPP, indicating it may have a previously unappreciated role in the development of MF. Finally, our data suggest that GATA3 regulates TOX, revealing insight into TOX regulation.
Sex on the Internet: College Students' Emotional Arousal When Viewing Sexually Explicit Materials On-Line

Little is known concerning the behaviors, attitudes, and emotions of Internet users who go on-line to search for sexually explicit materials. This study examines a range of emotions elicited by vie...
Evidence-Based Scar Management: How to Improve Results with Technique and Technology.

Background:Scars represent the visible sequelae of trauma, injury, burn, or surgery. They may induce distress in the patient because of their aesthetically unpleasant appearance, especially if they are excessively raised, depressed, wide, or erythematous. They may also cause the patient symptoms of
The isomotive cell, a new particle separator using dielectric polarization

The behavior of particles in a combined gravitational and nonuniform electric field is used to produce separations of materials having different dielectric constants. This paper describes recent improvements to the apparatus previously used for the continuous separations of physical mixtures. The separatory operation consists of passing the finely divided material through a pair of diverging electrodes while the particles fall down a tilted tray. The apparatus is in effect an electrical siphon, and requires extremely little electrical energy other than that to produce mechanical vibratory motion and falling of the particles through the cell.
The ontology of social groups

Two major questions have dominated work on the metaphysics of social groups: first, Are there any? And second, What are they? I will begin by arguing that the answer to the ontological question is an easy and obvious ‘yes’. We do better to turn our efforts elsewhere, addressing the question: “What are social groups?” One might worry, however, about this question on grounds that the general term ‘social group’ seems like a term of art—not a well-used concept we can analyze, or can presuppose corresponds to a real kind we can investigate. But while the general notion of ‘social group’ may be a term of art, our terms for clubs and courts, races and genders, are not. It is worth stepping back to ask what function these social group concepts serve. I will argue that individual social group concepts function to give normative structure to our lives together. Paying attention to the role of norms in social groups, I will argue, can enable us to provide a unified understanding of the importance of core social groups, while still respecting the great differences among social groups of different kinds.
Tudor Domains as Methyl-Lysine and Methyl-Arginine Readers

Abstract The Tudor domain is a methyl-lysine and methyl-arginine binding domain present in proteins involved in cellular functions as diverse as DNA transcription, RNA metabolism, gene silencing, the transmission of epigenetic posttranslational modifications, and the maintenance of genomic stability. In this chapter, we review the different forms—single Tudor, tandem Tudor, hybrid Tudor, extended Tudor—and substrate binding modes, including methylation-state specificity, of the Tudor domain. Our focus is on proteins for which three-dimensional structures of Tudor domains in complex with lysine- or arginine-methylated substrates are available. The functional significance of Tudor proteins in chromatin signaling and possible involvement in diseases are highlighted.
Primary Tumor Sidedness as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Further Validation of a Potentially Practice-Changing Variable.

Primary Tumor Sidedness as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Further Validation of a Potentially Practice-Changing Variable Kristen Ciombor;Richard Goldberg; JAMA Oncology
A Hydrodynamic Theory for Solutions of Nonhomogeneous Nematic Liquid Crystalline Polymers With Density Variations

The hydrodynamic theory developed in [31] for solutions of nonhomogeneous nematic liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) of spheroidal molecular configurations is extended to account for translational diffusion and the related spatial density variation. The new theory augments the added effect of the density variation to the Smoluchowski equation and the elastic stress. It accounts for the molecular aspect ratio as well as the finite range molecular interaction so that it is applicable to liquid crystals ranging from the rodlike liquid crystal at large aspect ratios to the discotic one at small aspect ratios. It also exhibits enhanced shape effects in the viscous stress and warrants a positive entropy production, thereby, the second law of thermodynamics. Moment averaged, approximate, mesoscopic theories for complex flow simulations are obtained via closure approximations.© 2002 ASME
Fast and accurate evaluation of delay in CNFET circuits

The carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET) is a potential candidate to replace MOSFET due to advantages offered by CNFET such as its superior electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. When designing circuits made of CNFETs, additional features such as the CNT number, positions and pitch in the array of tubes creating a transistor channel must be considered for performance evaluation. These features create additional challenges during simulation. In this paper, we analyze the effectiveness of CNFET Logical Effort (LE) model, to be used in place of simulation, for circuits with different topologies and CNFET technology (pitch) ranging from 2nm–30nm. We show that our delay evaluation tool using expanded LE model predicts delay for analyzed circuits with a very small average error of 2.15% as compared to SPICE simulations, and runs about 30 times faster. We have also evaluated our model in the presence of tube variations created by removal of unwanted metallic tubes. Our model closely correlated with Stanford SPICE model, developed for CNFET circuits, within 3%.
Dual-mode immunoassay using photonic crystal biosilica

We demonstrate an ultra-sensitive immunoassay biosensor through photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) using diatom biosilica. We experimentally achieved enhanced detection limit down to 10−16M and 10−13M respectively.
Chronic Corticosterone Treatment During Adolescence Has Significant Effects on Metabolism and Skeletal Development in Male C57BL6/N Mice

Glucocorticoids are potent modulators of metabolic and behavioral function. Their role as mediators in the "stress response" is well known, but arguably their primary physiological function is in the regulation of cellular and organismal metabolism. Disruption of normal glucocorticoid function is linked to metabolic disease, such as Cushing syndrome. Glucocorticoids are also elevated in many forms of obesity, suggesting that there are bidirectional effects of these potent hormones on metabolism and metabolic function. Adolescence is a time of rapid physical growth, and disruptions during this critical time likely have important implications for adult function. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis continues to mature during this period, as do tissues that respond to glucocorticoids. In this work, we investigate how chronic noninvasive exposure to corticosterone affects metabolic outcomes (body weight, body composition, insulin, and glucose homeostasis), as well as changes in bone density in both adult and adolescent male mice. Specifically, we report a different pattern of metabolic effects in adolescent mice compared with adults, as well as an altered trajectory of recovery in adolescents and adults. Together, these data indicate the profound influence that adolescent development has on the metabolic outcomes of chronic corticosterone exposure, and describe a tractable model for understanding the short- and long-term impacts of hypercortisolemic states on physiological and neurobehavioral functions.
Social Vision: Applying a Social-Functional Approach to Face and Expression Perception.

A social-functional approach to face processing comes with a number of assumptions. First, given that humans possess limited cognitive resources, it assumes that we naturally allocate attention to ...
The Philosophy of Reuben Hersh: A Nontechnical Assessment

Reuben Hersh and I attended Harvard College in the 1940s. It was during the Second World War, when, as it was said, “they let anyone in.” The only training I had in mathematics was a first year Calculus course, and I have been trying to catch up ever since. Connections between philosophy and science may not have been as strong then as they are now. But I remember the reaction of my freshman advisor John Wild, a Thomist philosopher, when he spotted a Chemistry B course on my program. “Where,” he asked, “did you get that idolatry of science?” I was stunned. “This man is really intelligent,” I thought. “How could he tell from that one course that I have an idolatry of science? Because I do.”
Common variables found among students who were unsuccessful on the NCLEX-RN® in a baccalaureate nursing program

Schools of nursing (SON) must meet the challenges of producing safe, competent practitioners. Educators are constantly trying to identify predictors of program completion and National Council Licensure Examination–Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN®) success, as well as variables that put students at risk for failure. The purpose of this study was to determine common variables among students from a baccalaureate-nursing program who were unsuccessful in the nursing program or on the NCLEX-RN®. This cross sectional research study utilized a retrospective correlational design to discover the relationships between independent variables of degree and cumulative GPAs, specific courses repeated, number of repeated courses and whether the student had full-time or part-time clinical faculty members and the independent variables program non-completion and NCLEX-RN® failure. The theoretical underpinning that guided this study was Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory of Self-Efficacy. Data analyses were conducted using a series of crosstabulations with chi-square analysis and t -tests. The research questions were investigated using binary logistic regressions. The relationship between repeated chemistry courses and NCLEX-RN® examination success was significant. Relationships between repeated English, math, chemistry and other science courses and nursing program failure were significant. Cumulative GPAs were significantly lower for all groups analyzed. Two binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine variables that would predict students who failed to complete the program or failed the NCLEX-RN®. Overall both models were significant. Results may be utilized to modify admission requirements and admit students that have a higher probability of being successful in the nursing program and on the NCLEX-RN®.
Multidimensional Bullying Victimization Scale: Development and validation

The prevalence of bullying has increased over the past decade and is a public health concern. Existing measures of bullying lack breadth and/or psychometric support, which may inaccurately represen...
Berry electrodynamics: Anomalous drift and pumping from a time-dependent Berry connection

The Berry curvature of a Bloch band can be interpreted as a local magnetic field in reciprocal space. This analogy can be extended by defining an electric field analog in reciprocal space which arises from the time-dependent Berry connection. We explore the term in the semiclassical equation of motion that gives rise to this phenomenon, and show that it can lead to anomalous drift in wave-packet motion. A similar effect arises from changes in the band population due to periodic driving, where the resulting drift depends on the nature of the drive and can be expressed in terms of a shift vector. Finally, these effects can be combined to build a pump with a net anomalous drift during a cyclic evolution in momentum space.
The effect of slurry type on drilled shaft cover quality

Until recently, concrete flow in tremie-placed drilled shafts has been mischaracterised as rising uniformly with laitance formation occurring at the top of the shaft. In actuality, concrete first f...
Apical and basolateral ATP stimulates tracheal epithelial chloride secretion via multiple purinergic receptors

Stimulation of Cl- secretion across the airway epithelium by ATP or UTP as agonists has therapeutic implications for cystic fibrosis. Our results demonstrate that ATP stimulates Cl- secretion in ra...
The Hematopoietic System

Anemia is probably the commonest effect of nutritional deficiency in human beings and has certainly been the most extensively studied. Iron deficiency is widely recognized as the most important cause of anemia in the world (Finch, 1969; Beaton, 1974).
Dipodomys Merriami (Merriam’s kangaroo rat)

Since many chromosomes of this species are similar in morphology, pairing is very equivocal. However, identification of the Y chromosome is not difficult.
Blunt traumatic vascular injuries of the head and neck in the ED

Cerebrovascular injury is increasingly identified in patients presenting after blunt trauma due to the implementation of screening criteria and advances in noninvasive angiographic imaging by CT. The variable latent time before onset of secondary stroke presents a window of opportunity for prevention, reinforcing the importance of detection of asymptomatic patients via screening. Furthermore, the high morbidity and mortality associated with secondary stroke makes it imperative that radiologists recognize these challenging injuries. This article reviews the epidemiology of and the various proposed screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury. The imaging findings of extra- and intracranial vascular injuries, including arterial and venous trauma, are reviewed along with the grading system. Conservative management with anticoagulation has gained favor over the years with intervention restricted to high-grade injuries such as transection and hemodynamically significant arteriovenous fistula. Many of these injuries also evolve over time, with or without anticoagulation, necessitating imaging follow-up.
Cumulative incidence of neck recurrence with increasing depth of invasion.

Abstract Objective To determine if there is a critical depth of invasion that predicts micrometastasis in early oral tongue cancer. Methods Retrospective series identifying patients undergoing primary surgical resection of T1 or T2 oral tongue cancer who elected against neck treatment between 2000 and 2015. Cox proportional-hazard model compared the relative hazard and cumulative incidence of recurrence to depth of invasion. The model used a 2 parameter quadratic effect for depth that was chosen based on Akaike's information criterion. Results Ninety-three patients were identified with T1 or T2 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma and clinically N0 neck undergoing glossectomy without elective neck treatment. 61% were male and median age was 60 years. Median follow up was 45 months, and 76 patients had at least two years of follow up. Thirty-six of 76 patients recurred (47.4%), with 15 recurring in the oral cavity (19.7%) and 21 developing nodal metastasis (27.6%). Cox proportional-hazards quadratic polynomial showed increasing hazard of recurrence with depth of invasion and the cumulative incidence increased sharply within the range of data from 2 to 6 mm depth of invasion. Conclusions Depth of invasion is significantly associated with nodal metastasis and has been added to the 8th AJCC staging guidelines. Variable depths of invasion have been associated with regional metastasis; however, there is likely not a critical depth that predicts neck recurrence due to progressive hazards and cumulative risk of occult metastasis. The risk of regional metastasis is likely much greater than previously believed and increases progressively with increasing depth.
Degree of Frontal Bone Exposure via Upper Blepharoplasty Incision: Considerations for Frontal Sinus Fracture.

Objective The upper eyelid blepharoplasty incision affords direct access to the frontal bone for skull base surgery and trauma reconstruction with a well-hidden scar. The goal of this study is to quantify frontal bone exposure that can be achieved with an upper eyelid blepharoplasty incision. Design Anatomic study with human cadaver heads. Setting UC Davis Medical Center. Subjects/methods Fourteen human cadaver heads were used to perform 26 upper blepharoplasty approaches. Exposure was measured with virtual planning software to create virtual reference points at the midline of the superior orbital rim. Surgical navigation was used with a 3-dimensionally printed drill model to measure the maximum exposure achievable relative to the virtual reference point at 5 standardized angles. Results Mean ± SD exposures at medial 60°, medial 30°, 0°, lateral 30°, and lateral 60° were 16.1 ± 1.3 mm, 17.8 ± 1.3, 18.3 ± 1.4, 19.3 ± 1.9, and 20.9 ± 1.9, respectively. Significant differences were detected between exposures at 60° laterally and 60° medially and between exposures 60° laterally and 30° medially ( P Conclusions The upper eyelid blepharoplasty incision provides direct surgical access to the inferior frontal bone. Access was greatest with far lateral extension (mean, 20.9 mm) and most limited with far medial extension (mean, 16.1 mm). Treatment of injuries above this level could be achieved with additional percutaneous incisions for screw placement.