cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Theory of the Kirkendall Effect

The problem of determining the nature of the lattice defects which are responsible for transport of atoms in metals is discussed. The value of the Kirkendall effect in deciding that most of the transport is associated with migrating vacancies or interstitial atoms is restated. It is emphasized that we do not yet possess a satisfactory experimental method for deciding which of the two types of imperfection most important in typical metals.
Early experience shapes the development of behavioral repertoires of hatchling snakes

Snakes are obligate predatory organisms that consume prey whole, and despite their precocious nature, snakes must develop effective feeding skills, especially when encountering large prey. I conducted two experiments that document the development of behavioral repertoires for naive hatchling trinket snakes, Coleognathus helena. In the first experiment, I examined how experience with prey of different relative prey mass encountered at regular feeding intervals affects hatchling feeding response. I also examined whether hatchling feeding performance improved over time. Improvement was evaluated on the frequency of the most effective behavioral states such as complex prey restraint behaviors and anterior-first ingestion. In the second experiment I tested whether feeding experience with prey of a particular size influences the way hatchlings respond to a novel prey size. All hatchlings improved their predatory behavior when prey size and number of trials were controlled. Hatchlings feeding on larger prey, however, showed greater overall improvement in their feeding behavior and were quick to integrate complex prey restraint behaviors such as constriction into their feeding repertoire. Despite the fact that early experience with one prey size seemed to shape their restraint repertoire during their first four feeding events, hatchlings remained flexible and responded to prey of a novel size with size-specific prey restraint behaviors.
A rhetoric of encounter following the May 4th, 1970, disturbances at Kent state university

A content analysis was made of three rhetorical sources at Kent State University during the Fall Quarter immediately following the May, 1970, disturbances there. A Chi‐square analysis showed significant differences in the frequencies of the nine themes of encounter by the three sources, although analysis by Pearson's correlation showed sources generally agreed on the relative rhetorical importance of each theme. Implications include the use of the themes of a “rhetoric of encounter” as a system of topoi for rhetorical invention in future similar rhetorical situations.
Chemical Engineering of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Induce a Cell Rolling Response

Covalently conjugated sialyl Lewis X (SLeX) on the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) surface through a biotin-streptavidin bridge imparts leukocyte-like rolling characteristics without altering the cell phenotype and the multilineage differentiation potential. We demonstrate that the conjugation of SLeX on the MSC surface is stable, versatile, and induces a robust rolling response on P-selectin coated substrates. These results indicate the potential to increase the targeting efficiency of any cell type to specific tissue.
Dynamics of serum binding of intravenously administered 57Co vitamin B12.

SummaryFollowing intravenous injection of 57Co vitamin B12, clearance rates of en-dogenously labeled TCII and TCI were delayed in patients with C.M.L., compared to normal subjects and cases of P.A. If 57Co B12 from TCII reappeared bound to TCI, it occurred at a rate slower than that of plasma disappearance of 57Co B12 bound to TCI.
Occupational and Environmental Causes of Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Occupational and environmental carcinogens account for an important minority of cases of bronchogenic carcinoma. From a public health perspective, it is important to characterize occupational and environmental carcinogens and to define disease risk to reduce preventable lung cancer. From a clinician's perspective, it is important to distinguish individual cases of occupational lung cancer from nonoccupational cases, because cancer acquired from work may be compensable through worker's compensation claims and litigation. Important carcinogens include asbestos, radon daughters, diesel exhaust, and metals. Epidemiologic investigations identify excess cases of lung cancer in populations exposed to carcinogens. Experimental animal and ex vivo human research provide complementary information supporting causal relationships between exposure and carcinogenesis. Clinical challenges include proving that a given case of lung cancer is due to an occupational exposure. Research challenges include determining safe exposure thresholds. Only a small percentage of all chemicals used in industry have been extensively analyzed for their carcinogenic potential. Scientific and regulatory information about pulmonary occupational and environmental health and safety is available from several important agencies and organizations, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the American Lung Association, and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Interactive manipulation of three dimensional binary scenes

A general framework for the interactive display and manipulation of the three-dimensional binary scenes is discussed. The procedures for obtaining the shaded graphics display, specification of a secondary object to be used in the manipulative operations of union, subtraction and intersection are described. The methods are illustrated using real medical data as well as regular geometric objects.
Quevedo's notes on Herrera: the involvement of Francisco de La Torre in the controversy over Góngora

Quevedo's antagonism for Gongora and the cultistas knew no bounds, and it was expressed in a variety of ways during Gongora's lifetime. These range from the scabrous exchange of poetry between the two men to Quevedo's eviction of Gongora from a house he had purchased in Madrid specifically for that purpose. After Gongora's death, Quevedo had to contend with the legacy the older poet had left behind in Spanish letters. Gongora's works were first published shortly after his death in 1627, and already in 1629 the first printed edition with commentary (Salcedo Coronel's edition of the Polifemo) was on the market. Gongora, in short, was being given the status of a classic, since the commentaries are in the tradition of the learned exegeses of Graeco-Roman texts that abounded in the Renaissance. The most visible antecedent of the commentaries on Gongora was the similar treatment accorded to Garcilaso by Francisco Sanchez de las Brozas and Fernando de Herrera, whose Anotaciones constitute the major work of poeti...
Estimation of parameters for the cotton simulation model GOSSYM: Cultivar differences

Abstract The cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) simulation model GOSSYM was used to simulate two cotton cultivars, Stoneville 213 and CAMD-E, grown in Leeper clay loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, non-acid, thermic Vertic Haplaquept) at Mississippi State University. The two cultivars have very different growth characteristics. Stoneville 213 is a tall and late-maturing cultivar, and CAMD-E is an early-maturing cultivar with a compact canopy. In testing of the GOSSYM model against field data from these two cultivars, the model accurately simulated the growth and development of Stoneville 213, and changes in parameters were thus not necessary for simulating this cultivar in the present study. However, the model was found to need alterations in certain parameters in order to simulate adequately the growth and development of CAMD-E. For simulating CAMD-E, changes were made in the calculation of plant height and the time intervals for main stem node initiation. Changes were also made in the calculation of fruit loss and growth of squares (flower buds) into developing bolls (fruits). As a result of these changes, improved simulations were obtained for CAMD-E.
Adolescents and music lyrics: Implications of a cognitive perspective

This essay addresses the relevance of cognitive research in memory processes and auditory information processing for the resolution of policy issues concerning the regulation of popular music. Several assumptions are offered regarding music listening, and conclusions are presented which center on appropriate research methods for resolution of questions surrounding music listening and regulation.
The 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the duration of resurgence at the Valles caldera, New Mexico

[1] The 40Ar/39Ar ages for rocks from the Valles caldera, New Mexico, imply that resurgent uplift of the caldera floor occurred within 27 ± 27 ka of caldera collapse. The structural resurgent dome of the Valles caldera was uplifted approximately 1000 m above the surrounding caldera floor during resurgence. The upper Bandelier Tuff, which yields an age of 1.256 ± 0.010 Ma (2σ; ages relative to Fish Canyon tuff sanidine at 28.02 Ma), is the lower constraint on the timing of resurgence. The oldest postcollapse ring fracture dome, Cerro del Medio, is the upper time constraint and yields an age of 1.229 ± 0.017 Ma for one of its oldest flow lobes. Therefore resurgent uplift probably occurred within 54 ka, at a minimum rate of 1.9 cm/yr. Sanidine phenocrysts from rhyolites of the postcollapse intracaldera Deer Canyon and Redondo Creek members yield 40Ar/39Ar single-crystal laser fusion ages ranging from 1.229 ± 0.013 Ma to 1.283 ± 0.017 Ma (Deer Canyon Member; n = 8) and 1.208 ± 0.017 Ma to 1.239 ± 0.017 Ma (Redondo Creek Member; n = 4). With one exception from each unit, these ages are statistically indistinguishable from the upper Bandelier Tuff, indicating that eruption of these postcollapse rhyolites probably commenced shortly after caldera formation. Melt inclusion hosted excess argon was not found to have a measurable effect on the age of sanidine from the upper Bandelier Tuff or the Deer Canyon Member.
Telling More Than We Can Know About Intentional Action

Recently, a number of philosophers have advanced a surprising conclusion: people's judgments about whether an agent brought about an outcome intentionally are pervasively influenced by normative considerations. In this paper, we investigate the 'Chairman case', an influential case from this literature and disagree with this conclusion. Using a statistical method called structural path modeling, we show that people's attributions of intentional action to an agent are driven not by normative assessments, but rather by attributions of underlying values and characterological dispositions to the agent. In a second study, we examined people's judgments about what they think drives asymmetric intuitions in the Chairman case and found that people are highly inaccurate in identifying which features of the case their intuitions track. In the final part of the paper, we discuss how the statistical methods used in this study can help philosophers with the critical features problem, the problem of figuring out which among the myriad features present in hypothetical cases are the critical ones that our intuitions are responsive to. We show how the methods used in this study have some advantages over both armchair methods used by traditional philosophers and survey methods used by experimental philosophers.
Recovery of vision after ischemic lesions: Positron emission tomography

We used [18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) to study serial changes in the local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in 5 patients with ischemic lesions of the posterior afferent visual system causing homonymous visual field defects. All 5 patients had striking impairment of glucose metabolism in the striate cortex shortly after ictus. In 2 patients, visual field defects abated, and repeat PET scans showed reduced size of the metabolic lesion and improvement of striate metabolism. Three patients did not recover vision, and repeat PET scans did not show improvement. Patients who recovered vision had ischemic lesions outside the occipital lobe, while those who did not experience improvement had primary damage to the occipital lobe itself.
College Quality Programmes: implementation and effects

Abstract The problems and challenges new students face when they attend university for the first time are explored in relation to how one Norwegian university dealt with the problem of introducing beginner students to their new learning environment. A group of 144 students from three departments participated in a quality programme of two semesters duration. The focus during this period was on learning techniques, study habits and integration between student and institution. The main aim of the intervention programme being to improve the academic achievement, increase the work‐load, counteract drop‐out, and stimulate the students’ general well‐being. The results suggest that the interventions had a strong positive counter‐effect on attrition, a small, but positive effect on academic achievement, and a marked effect on student satisfaction with their learning environment. While the three departments concerned, when presented with the challenge to provide quality programmes for new students, produced differe...
Coordinated Data Acquisition on Sensor Webs

This paper focuses on the application of automated planning, scheduling, and plan execution to Earth science campaigns, an organized sequence of observations and data analysis activities associated with an Earth science objective. We propose a layered architecture for coordinating sensing assets, and describe a process for automatically transforming science goals (such as monitoring a volcano or other Earth process) into sequences of data acquisitions.
Sequence of Events Terminating in Death of Leucocytes

SUMMARY Cellular damage in human granulocytes was evident by light microscopy after 24 hours of 30° C. incubation in unfortified whole blood. Injury was indicated by the cell's inability to accommodate neutral red and the simultaneous loss of motility. Cellular death was delimited to this loss of physiological integrity. Biochemical changes which occurred intracellularly during incubation were correlated with changes in the surrounding milieu: plasma glucose diminished first, and after this was depleted there was histochemical evidence of decreased cytoplasmic glycogen. It appears by analogy, therefore, that after the glucose was utilized, intracellular glycogen may have been used for energy metabolism enabling the cell to function an additional 10–15 hours. When nutrient deficiency produced structural disintegration, the cell was unable to maintain itself and death followed.
Using the international directory network and connected information systems for research in the earth and space sciences

Abstract Many researchers are becoming aware of the International Directory Network (IDN), an interconnected federation of international directories to Earth and space science data. Are you aware, however, of the many Earth-sciece-relevant information systems which can be accessed automatically from the directories? After determining potentially useful data sets in various disciplines through directories such as the Global Change Master Directory, it is becoming increasingly possible to get detailed information about the correlative possibilities of these data sets through the connected guide/catalog and inventory systems. Such capabilities as data set browse, subsetting, analysis, etc. are available now and will be improving in the future.
Flirting with republicanism: Mme de Staël's writings from the 1790s

Madame de Stael, Œuvres Completes, Serie III: Œuvres historiques, Tome I, Des circonstances actuelles et autres essays politiques sous la Revolution, Lucia Omacini (Ed.), Honore Champion, Paris (20...
Domain portability in speech-to-speech translation

Speech-to-speech translation has made significant advances over the past decade, with several high-visibility projects (C-STAR, Verb-mobil, the Spoken Language Translator, and others) significantly advancing the state-of-the-art. While speech recognition can currently effectively deal with very large vocabularies and is fairly speaker independent, speech translation is currently still effective only in limited, albeit large, domains. The issue of domain portability is thus of significant importance, with several current research efforts designed to develop speech-translation systems that can be ported to new domains with significantly less time and effort than is currently possible.
Lead extraction from contaminated soil using water-soluble polymers

The applicability of water-soluble polymers as extractants for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils has been explored using a lead-contaminated Superfund soil as a sample system. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was functionalized with bromo- or chloroacetic acid to give an aminocarboxylate chelating group, which effectively binds lead. The resulting polymer, PEIC, has extraction properties similar to the molecular chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. A series of studies was done to probe optimum conditions for lead extraction from soils obtained from the Cal-West Superfund site in New Mexico that contained approximately 10,000 ppm of Pb. In batch extraction experiments using polymer functionalized at two different levels, the polymers removed greater than 97% of the lead from the soils. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the selective extraction of lead could be controlled by varying polymer functionalization levels. Concentration and regeneration of the polymers using ultrafiltration was also demonstrated. Release of lead from the polymer was accomplished by acidification to pH 1 with HCl. Subsequent ultrafiltration allowed recovery of the extractant polymer for reuse.
Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities at the magnetic cavity boundary of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Received 25 October 2011; revised 30 April 2012; accepted 1 May 2012; published 27 June 2012. [1] We investigate the plasma environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target of the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission. Rosetta will rendezvous with the comet in 2014 at almost 3.5 AU and follow it all the way to and past perihelion at 1.3 AU. During its journey towards the inner solar system the comet’s environment will significantly change. The interaction of the solar wind with a well developed neutral coma leads to the formation of an upstream bow shock and, closer to the comet, the inner shock separating the solar wind, with cometary pick-up ions mass-loaded, from the inner cometary ions which are dragged outward through abundant collisions and charge exchange with the expanding neutral gas. As a consequence the interplanetary magnetic field is prevented from penetrating the innermost region of the comet, the so-called magnetic cavity. We use our magnetohydrodynamics model BATSRUS (Block-Adaptive-Tree-Solarwind-Roe-Upwind-Scheme) to simulate the solar wind – comet interaction. The model includes photoionization, ion-electron recombination, and charge exchange. Under certain conditions our model predicts an unstable plasma flow at the inner shock. We show that the plasma shear flow around the magnetic cavity can lead to Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. We investigate the onset of this phenomenon with change of heliocentric distance and furthermore show that a previously stable magnetic cavity boundary can become unstable when the neutral gas is predominately released from the dayside of the comet.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents. Common pediatric concerns

Primary care pediatricians are faced with an increasing number of adolescents who present in their practices for diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The problems experienced by children with ADHD increase exponentially as these children move into adolescence. The purpose of this article is to address common concerns about ADHD in adolescence expressed by practicing pediatricians. Four issues are addressed: (1) What is the natural prognostic course of ADHD as children move into adolescence? (2) Are there individuals who present with ADHD for the first time in adolescence, and what do they look like? (3) What should the pediatrician do differently to manage children with ADHD as they move into the teenage years? (4) What additional problems may develop in the adolescent with ADHD, and how should the pediatrician address these problems?
The California forest germplasm conservation project: a case for genetic conservation of temperate tree species

Tremendous species diversity, together with accelerating deforestation and land development, has been a formula for rampant extinction and community collapse in tropical forests. Conservationists have brought the crisis of tropical forests to the attention of the international community, showing that continued efforts are needed to conserve the biotic riches of these regions. The forests of temperate latitudes, although less in worldwide focus, also have urgent conservation needs, but of a somewhat different nature. As in tropical forests, biodiversity in temperate forests is high, and the threats faced are many. This great diversity resides not so much in high species numbers, but in the genetic variation that exists within species.
Structural and photostructural properties of chalcogenide glasses

Tight binding calculations of the electric field gradients at As sites in crystalline arsenic and arsenic chalcogenides are in reasonable agreement with experimental values obtained from nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. This agreement suggests that one may use this tight binding approach to obtain useful structural information for amorphous As and the arsenic chalcogenide glasses.
The yeast 14-3-3 proteins BMH1 and BMH2 differentially regulate rapamycin-mediated transcription

14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and have been found in all eukaryotic organisms investigated. They are involved in many varied cellular processes, and interact with hundreds of other proteins. Among many other roles in cells, yeast 14-3-3 proteins have been implicated in rapamycin-mediated cell signalling. We determined the transcription profiles of bmh1 and bmh2 yeast after treatment with rapamycin. We found that, under these conditions, BMH1 and BMH2 are required for rapamycin-induced regulation of distinct, but overlapping sets of genes. Both Bmh1 and Bmh2 associate with the promoters of at least some of these genes. BMH2, but not BMH1, attenuates the repression of genes involved in some functions required for ribosome biogenesis. BMH2 also attenuates the activation of genes sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression.
E rosette formation at 37°:A property of mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes

Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy humans formed stable E rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) at 37°C after culture with phytohemagglutinin or the divalent cation ionophore A23187. Cells manifesting this phenomenon exhibited “blast” morphology, appeared by 16 hr of culture, increased dramatically in percentage and absolute number by 62 hr, and persisted in large numbers for the duration of culture (182 hr). Unstimulated lymphocytes formed rosettes at 4°C but not at 37°C. Increased “stickiness” due to surface-bound lectin mitogen was not the cause of rosette formation at 37°C. Formation of E rosettes at 37°C has previously been considered a property of lymphocytes less differentiated than the circulating T cell (e.g., thymocytes, leukemic lymphoblasts). The present findings indicate that this property can be “reexpressed” during blastogenesis in culture. This observation also demonstrates technical problems associated with the use of SRBC to quantitate lymphocytes with complement receptors (B cells) by the EAC rosette assay in culture. False positives resulted from 37°C E rosette formation, but this was overcome by replacing the SRBC with guinea pig erythrocytes in the EAC assay.
Immune System Regulation in the Induction of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies

In this brief review, we discuss immune tolerance as a factor that determines the magnitude and quality of serum antibody responses to HIV-1 infection and vaccination in the context of recent work. We propose that many conserved, neutralizing epitopes of HIV-1 are weakly immunogenic because they mimic host antigens. In consequence, B cells that strongly bind these determinants are removed by the physiological process of immune tolerance. This structural mimicry may represent a significant impediment to designing protective HIV-1 vaccines, but we note that several vaccine strategies may be able to mitigate this evolutionary adaptation of HIV and other microbial pathogens.
Dependence of creep in olivine on homologous temperature and its implications for flow in the mantle

Creep data for olivine, when normalized by the melting temperature, can be extrapolated directly to the pressure, temperature and chemical environment of the upper mantle by using the appropriate solidus and geotherms. The data presented here, collected over a broad pressure range, predict effective viscosities that are consistent with geophysical and tectonic constraints for a dry upper mantle. These systematics suggest that the effective viscosity of the mantle has risen over the age of the Earth as outgassing has progressively raised the solidus.
The Construction of Sexual Identities in an Online Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Bulletin Board System

An online bulletin board system was used to focus on how sexual minority gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) individuals perceive and display their individual and collective sexual identities through textual and visual communication processes. While exploring sexual identity construction, four major themes emerged: “coming out,” separation, equality and civil rights, and misconceptions. Concepts of identity negotiation theory help to conceptualize the observed sexual identity construction processes. This work provides insight into how GLB individuals around the world perceive, construct, and perform their sexuality as well as how they perceive the majority culture as viewing them.
Discovering the representative of a search engine

Given a large number of search engines on the Internet, it is difficult for a person to determine which search engines could serve his/her information needs. A common solution is to construct a metasearch engine on top of the search engines. Upon receiving a user query, the metasearch engine sends it to those underlying search engines which are likely to return the desired documents for the query. The selection algorithm used by a metasearch engine to determine whether a search engine should be sent the query typically makes the decision based on the search-engine representative, which contains characteristic information about the database of a search engine. However, an underlying search engine may not be willing to provide the needed information to the metasearch engine. This paper shows that the needed information can be estimated from an uncooperative search engine with good accuracy. Two pieces of information which permit accurate search engine selection are the number of documents indexed by the search engine and the maximum weight of each term. In this paper, we present techniques for the estimation of these two pieces of information.
Computed tomography findings in patients with pediatric blunt renal trauma in whom expectant (nonoperative) management failed.

Objective To determine whether the features on a computed tomography (CT) scan can predict the need for urologic intervention in a pediatric blunt renal trauma population initially treated with expectant management. Materials and Methods A review of a prospective database of pediatric patients sustaining renal trauma from 1991 to 2003 was performed. The data reviewed included the mechanism of injury, injury grade, CT findings, operative intervention, and complications. Parametric statistical analysis was used to compare the CT findings and outcomes. Results A total of 72 children presented with blunt renal injury, of whom 61 met the study criteria. Of the 61 patients, 50 had grade I-III, 10 had grade IV, and 1 had grade V injuries. No children with grade I-III injuries required operative intervention. Of the 10 patients with grade IV injuries, 4 had medial contrast extravasation from the collecting system on their original CT scan, 3 of whom required intervention. Intervention initially consisted of delayed endoscopic procedures at 3, 9, and 33 days after injury. All 3 patients (100%) developed complications in their management, and 2 (66%) required open surgical intervention. The 1 patient with grade V injury underwent nephrectomy because of hemodynamic instability. Conclusion Grade IV renal injuries with medial contrast extravasation are associated with urologic intervention at greater rates than those without extravasation. Delayed treatment of this finding could be associated with greater than expected complication rates and renal loss, and early/aggressive treatment should be considered. This knowledge could improve the specificity of “expectant” nonoperative management of pediatric renal injury.
Surface Energy Reduction In Fibrous Monotectic Structures

A study has been made of the morphology of directionally solidified CuAl-Pb monotectic alloys. The structure consisted of a hexagonal array of Pb rods in a Cu-based matrix. In addition, highly curved grain boundaries in the Cu-based matrix with lens-shaped Pb fibers on the boundary and a “denuded zone” depleted of Pb rods were observed. Existence of these boundaries is shown to reduce the overall surface energy of the system leading to the formation of the highly curved grain boundaries.
Modification of polymer surfaces by far-ultraviolet radiation of low and high (laser) intensities

Abstract Far-ultraviolet radiation (e.g. 185 nm from a mercury resonance lamp or 193 nm from a pulsed excimer laser) is highly effective in modifying the surfaces of a variety of polymers because of its short penetration depth ( A ) and its high (>0.1) quantum yield for bond breaking. With continuous low-level irradiation at 185 nm in the presence of specific gases functional groups can be introduced on the surface while etching is kept at a low rate. In contrast, the pulsed laser radiation at 193 nm causes ablative photodecomposition leading to a surface showing negligible reaction with the surrounding atmosphere. This process can be conveniently used in controlled etching of polymers.
Motivation and Junior College Achievement

AbstractThe academic achievement of junior college students was felt to be strongly influenced by their motivation. A Motivation Check-Sheet was designed and administered to entering freshman at a junior college. The check- sheet scores doubled the amount of variance accounted for in the students’ academic achievement. The procedure lends itself to wide application.
Familial immunodeficiency with cutaneous vasculitis, myoclonus, and cognitive impairment†‡

We report a family with five of six siblings (including identical male twins) with a novel constellation of immunologic and neurologic impairments. Affected subjects experienced severe dermatitis starting around 9 months of age, Stevens-Johnson syndrome in early childhood, and extreme elevations of IgE (9,400-43,000 IU/ml). The oldest sibling died at age 27 of respiratory failure following recurrent, severe pneumonias. All four surviving affected siblings have had chronic sinusitis or otitis, cutaneous vasculitis, and recurrent bacterial pneumonias leading to bronchiectasis. Neurologic features in all five siblings included oral motor deficits, dysarthria, low average IQ (70-80), and essential myoclonus. Four had documented ataxia and/or mild sensory loss with increased patellar but diminished ankle reflexes. The nonconsanguineous parents and one sibling had none of the above findings, consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. This primary immunodeficiency with distinctive neurological impairments represents a new syndrome. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transport Phenomena and Their Effect on Weld Quality in GMA Welding of Aluminum Alloys

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of aluminum alloys has recently become popular in the auto industry to increase fuel efficiency of a vehicle. In many situations, the weld is short (say, less than two inches) and the “end effects” become very critical in determining the strength of the weld. At the beginning stage of the welding, when the metal is still “cold”, which is frequently called cold weld, limited weld penetration occurs. On the other hand, at the ending stage of the welding, a “crater” is formed involving micro-cracks and micro-pores. Both the cold weld and the crater can significantly decrease the strength of the weld and are more severe for aluminum alloys as compared to steels. Hence, there are strong needs to improve the GMAW process in order to reduce or eliminate the aforementioned end effects. In this paper, both mathematical modeling and experiments have been conducted to study the beginning stage, ending stage, as well as the quasi-steady-state stage of GMA welding of aluminum alloys. In the modeling, a three-dimensional model using the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method is employed to handle the free surfaces associated with the impingement of droplets into the weld pool and the weld pool dynamics. Transient weld pool shapes and the distributions of temperature and velocity in the weld pool are calculated. The predicted solidified weld bead shapes, including weld penetration and/or reinforcement, are in agreement with experimental results for welds in the aforementioned three stages. It was found that the thickness of the molten weld pool is smaller and there is no vortex developed, as compared to steel welding. The lack of penetration in cold weld is due to the lack of pre-heating by the welding arc. Three techniques are proposed and validated numerically to improve weld penetration by increasing the energy input at the beginning stage of the welding. The crater formation is caused by rapid solidification of the weld pool when the welding arc is terminated. By reducing welding current and reversing the welding direction before terminating the arc, the weld pool is maintained “hot” for a longer time allowing melt flow to fill-up the crater. This method is validated experimentally and numerically to be able to eliminate the formation of the crater and the associated micro-cracks.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
NEREUS/Kemonaut, a mobile autonomous underwater mass spectrometer

NEREUS is a self-contained underwater membrane-inlet mass spectrometer (MS) based on a cycloidal mass analyzer. Designed for autonomous operation, with a mass of 22 kg and a power consumption of less than 20 W, a NEREUS prototype was demonstrated in freshwater and marine environments to a depth of 25 m. The instrument was operated in both tethered and towed operation, as well as aboard Kemonaut, an Odyssey-class autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) modified to accommodate the NEREUS instrument. The Kemonaut AUV greatly expands the range of environments that can practicably be investigated. NEREUS was demonstrated to measure many important metabolic gases, such as oxygen, methane, and carbon dioxide, at levels encountered in natural waters; it also responds to light hydrocarbon pollutants. Important goals for future instruments are increased capability to self-calibrate in situ and lowered detection limits that enable measurement of trace metabolic gases, such as hydrogen and nitrous oxide.
Cosmological models in general relativity and Brans−Dicke theories : a comparison

We review general relativistic and Brans-Dicke cosmological models of the early universe and for the present phase. Both theories render similar results, in general, as far as Mach's principle is concerned. There is some difference in the stability problem for the inflationary phase, and we point out how to test one theory against the other experimentally.
Pulsed laser deposition of electronic ceramics

Abstract High quality thin films of electronic ceramics are currently being deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for a variety of applications. Examples of these applications include ferroelectric thin films for active microwave electronics and rare-earth doped manganite thin films for uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs). Single phase and oriented SrxBa(1−xTiO3 films have been deposited by PLD onto (100) substrates of LaAlO3 for active microwave devices. The dielectric properties of these films has been measured using gold interdigital capacitors deposited on top of the film. A 2 : 1 change in the capacitance can be achieved using a 40 V bias across a 5–10 μm capacitor gap. The dissipation factor (measured at 1 MHz) depends on film composition and temperature. Rare-earth manganite (RExM1−xMnOδ) thin films have also been deposited by PLD for use in uncooled IRFPAs. The temperature dependence of the resistivity has been measured for La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 and La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 thin films deposited onto LaAlO3 substrates. Film properties depend strongly on composition and post-deposition processing conditions to vary the oxygen stoichiometry. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) has been measured to be between 2 and 15%. Based on preliminary measurements, these films will increase the sensitivity of the uncooled IR detector to be comparable or greater than a cooled detector based on HgCdTe.
Atmospheric lifetimes of dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

The experimental and theoretical data available concerning the gas- and particle-phase reactions of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) are discussed. These data lead to the expectation that the dominant tropospheric loss processes of gas-phase PCDDs and PCDFs will be photolysis and reaction with the OH radical, with the OH radical reaction being the most important for the less chlorinated species. The estimated tropospheric lifetimes of gas-phase PCDFs increase significantly more rapidly with the degree of chlorination than is the case for PCDDs. For particle-associated PCDDs and PCDFs, the dominant tropospheric removal processes are expected to be photolysis and wet and dry deposition, with wet and dry deposition of the host particles being the most important. The estimated lifetimes in the lower troposphere range from < 1 day for dibenzo-p-dioxin, the mono-, di- and trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofuran and the monochlorodibenzofurans present in the gas phase, to ⩾ 10 days for particle-associated PCDDs and PCDFs, with a general increase in the tropospheric lifetime with the degree of chlorination. While long-range transport of PCDDs is expected to occur for those PCDDs which are totally or mainly particle associated, gas- and particle-phase PCDFs containing four or more chlorine atoms are also expected to have sufficiently long tropospheric lifetimes to undergo long-range transport.
OPTIMIZATION OF PROTEIN ISOLATE PRODUCTION FROM SOY FLOUR USING INDUSTRIAL MEMBRANE SYSTEMS

A new approach to the production of protein isolates from oilseed flours with industrial ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes previously demonstrated has been further optimized for use with soy flour. The effects on membrane performance of prefiltering the flour extract feed to different degrees and processing the feed at different pH levels were examined. A wide range of industrial membrane systems embodying several configurations was tested. Prefiltration of feed to less than 100μ proved to be unnecessary for most systems. Feed at pH 7.0 processed at high permeation rates and yielded products with NSI values in excess of 90.
Ethnic, Women's, and African American Studies Majors in U.S. Institutions of Higher Education

African American Studies, Ethnic Studies, and Women's Studies programs in higher education have received wide support from faculty members and students, yet few programs offer a major or have tenure-line faculty positions. Our analysis used sociological theories to generate testable implications about the chances that an institution will offer these majors. We found that the relevant size of students' and faculty's demographic profiles reflect the chances that these majors will be offered. Moreover, institutions that offer Women's Studies programs are significantly more likely also to offer majors in Ethnic Studies and African American Studies, but this effect is asymmetric.
Resolving the Puzzling Intertemporal Relation between the Market Risk Premium and Conditional Market Variance: A Two-Factor Approach

The existing empirical literature fails to agree on the nature of the intertemporal relation between risk and return. This paper attempts to resolve the issue by estimating a conditional two-factor model motivated by Merton's intertemporal capital asset pricing model. When long-term government bond returns are included as a second factor, the partial relation between the market risk premium and conditional market variance is found to be positive and significant. The paper also helps explain the convoluted empirical relation between the market risk premium, conditional market variance, and the nominal risk-free rate previously reported in the literature.
Mesoscale Gravity Waves and Their Environment in the Central United States during STORM-FEST

Abstract In an effort to better understand mesoscale gravity waves in winter storms in the central United States—their frequency of occurrence, wave characteristics, the general conditions under which they occur, and their effects upon the weather—mesoscale surface and rawinsonde data as well as radar and satellite imagery collected during the Storm-scale Operational and Research Meteorology–Fronts and Experimental System Test are analyzed. In addition, factors affecting the ability of objective surface map analysis to properly represent the waves are investigated. Thirteen coherent pressure pulse events with amplitudes of 0.2–4.0 mb and periods of 1–6 h were identified in the surface pressure data during the 6 weeks of the project, involving 34% of the total hours investigated. A variety of wave types occurred, including wavelets, wave trains, and singular waves. The three largest amplitude events were analyzed in detail using autospectral analysis and a Barnes time-to-space conversion objective analysis...
Toward a conceptual model linking community violence exposure to HIV-related risk behaviors among adolescents: directions for research

Abstract Purpose To present a conceptual framework which accounts for the relationship between community violence exposures (CVEs) and youth HIV risk behaviors. Methods This article provides an overview of existing research on the links between CVE and HIV risk for youth and offers a conceptual framework for clarifying how CVE might contribute to HIV sexual risk behaviors. Results Increasing empirical findings substantiate that the links between CVE and HIV risk behaviors among youth are mediated by psychological problem behaviors, low school success rates, and negative peer influences. Conclusions Researchers have identified the behaviors that place teens at risk for becoming infected with HIV. However, most scholars have overlooked the potential importance of CVE in influencing such behaviors. This article presents new directions for adolescent research and HIV interventions on the basis of an integrated conceptual framework.
A photodevelopment silver stain for the rapid visualization of proteins separated on polyacrylamide gels

By using light (“photodevelopment”) to develop a metallic silver image of proteins separated on polyacrylamide gels, it is possible to visualize protein and nucleic acid patterns within 10 min after electrophoretic separation. This light catalyzed silver stain is based on establishing gel conditions in which ionic silver is reduced to silver metal in the presence of light energy at a different rate in gel regions containing biopolymers (such as proteins or nucleic acids) than the rate of reduction in regions which are devoid of such biopolymers. This photodevelopment method requires only two solutions: a solution to “fix” the proteins and a solution containing silver ions, which produces an image when exposed to light. This type of protein stain has achieved a sensitivity of 0.5 ng of protein. DNA separated on polyacrylamide may also be visualized with this stain. However, DNA generally produces a negative image. Studies of photodevelopment silver stains allow further insight into the processes which are involved in the ability of silver to form images of biopolymers separated by electrophoresis.
Effects of spaceflight and thyroid deficiency on hindlimb development. I. Muscle mass and IGF-I expression

Thyroid deficiency (TD) in neonatal rats causes reduced growth of skeletal muscle that is disproportionately greater than that for other tissues (G. R. Adams, S. A. McCue, M. Zeng, and K. M. Baldwi...
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation impairs the priming but not the recall of influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the lung.

The response of CD8+ T cells to influenza virus is very sensitive to modulation by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists; however, the mechanism underlying AhR-mediated alterations in CD8+ T cell function remains unclear. Moreover, very little is known regarding how AhR activation affects anamnestic CD8+ T cell responses. In this study, we analyzed how AhR activation by the pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) alters the in vivo distribution and frequency of CD8+ T cells specific for three different influenza A virus epitopes during and after the resolution of a primary infection. We then determined the effects of TCDD on the expansion of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells during recall challenge. Adoptive transfer of AhR-null CD8+ T cells into congenic AhR+/+ recipients, and the generation of CD45.2AhR−/−→CD45.1AhR+/+ chimeric mice demonstrate that AhR-regulated events within hemopoietic cells, but not directly within CD8+ T cells, underlie suppressed expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells during primary infection. Using a dual-adoptive transfer approach, we directly compared the responsiveness of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells created in the presence or absence of TCDD, which revealed that despite profound suppression of the primary response to influenza virus, the recall response of virus-specific CD8+ T cells that form in the presence of TCDD is only mildly impaired. Thus, the delayed kinetics of the recall response in TCDD-treated mice reflects the fact that there are fewer memory cells at the time of reinfection rather than an inherent defect in the responsive capacity of virus-specific memory CD8+ cells.
Verification of emergent behaviors in swarm-based systems

The emergent properties of swarms make swarm-based missions powerful, but at the same time more difficult to design and to assure that the proper behaviors emerge. We are currently investigating formal methods and techniques for verification and validation of swarm-based missions. The Autonomous Nano-Technology Swarm (ANTS) mission is being used as an example and case study for swarm-based missions to experiment and test current formal methods with intelligent swarms. Using the ANTS mission, we have evaluated multiple formal methods to determine their effectiveness in modeling and assuring swarm behavior. This paper introduces how intelligent swarm technology is being proposed for NASA missions, and gives the results of a comparison of several formal methods and approaches for specifying intelligent swarm-based systems and their effectiveness for predicting emergent behavior.