cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between entrepreneurship and marketing in established firms

Abstract This article examines the relationship between entrepreneurial and marketing orientations of a firm. It is hypothesized that more entrepreneurial firms will also be more marketing oriented. Both orientations represent strategic responses to the turbulent environments faced by firms today. Further, marketing provides an effective vehicle for achieving entrepreneurship within the corporation. As some have argued, marketing is the home for the entrepreneurial process. As a process, a firm's entrepreneurial orientation has three key dimensions: innovativeness, risk taking, and proactiveness. As such, it does not just apply to start-up ventures, but is an orientation that is applicable to organizations of any size. A firm's marketing orientation, on the other hand, refers to the size and consistency of its investment in marketing activities and people, and includes the firm's adoption of the marketing concept (i.e., a customer orientation). An exploratory survey was developed in order to test the research hypothesis. A mail questionnaire was used to elicit responses from the chief operating officers in a random sample of 116 companies in Central Florida. The questionnaire consisted primarily of a 13-item summated scale to measure a firm's entrepreneurial orientation, and 22 separate items concerned with the firm's structure and policies in the marketing area, the sources of customer feedback it relies upon, and attitudes/perceptions regarding the impact of the marketing department. The results provide support for the research hypothesis. Entrepreneurial scores for firms, determined by summing the 13-item scale, were higher for firms in which there was a formal marketing department, in which marketing professionals were in senior executive positions, in which marketing research is a regular activity, and where marketing is felt to play a major role in innovation and the strategic direction of the firm. Based on these results, managers concerned about rekindling or maintaining the entrepreneurial spirit within the corporation may find it appropriate to begin by examining the firm's marketing orientation and operations. To what extent is the company structure, its reward systems, and the way in which its resources are allocated, reflective of an emphasis on marketing activities and customer satisfaction? Is the marketing function held accountable for the creation and management of innovative product/market opportunities? Suggestions are also made for further research, and the study's limitations are denoted. Researchers are encouraged to devote efforts towards identifying whether the relationship between marketing and entrepreneurial orientations is causal, and in which direction. What variables may modify the nature of this relationship? Also, it is important to determine how a company's marketing and entrepreneurial orientations jointly and separately impact on bottom-line performance.
Functional Mapping of the Neuronal Substrates for Drug Tolerance in Drosophila

Physical dependence on alcohol and anesthetics stems from neuroadaptive changes that act to counter the effects of sedation in the brain. In Drosophila, exposure to either alcohol or solvent anesthetics have been shown to induce changes in expression of the BK-type Ca2+-activated K+ channel gene slo. An increase in slo expression produces an adaptive modulation of neural activity that generates resistance to sedation and promotes drug tolerance and dependence. Increased BK channel activity counteracts the sedative effects of these drugs by reducing the neuronal refractory period and enhancing the capacity of neurons for repetitive firing. However, the brain regions or neuronal populations capable of producing inducible resistance or tolerance remain unknown. Here we map the neuronal substrates relevant for the slo-dependent modulation of drug sensitivity. Using spatially-controlled induction of slo expression we identify the mushroom bodies, the ellipsoid body and a subset of the circadian clock neurons as pivotal regions for the control of recovery from sedation.
Theoretical range over which bacteria and nematodes locate plant roots using carbon dioxide.

A theory used to estimate the smallest relative chemical gradient that is potentially detectable is given approximately byG>(DCRν2t3)−1/2 whereD is the diffusion constant andC the concentration of the stimulus chemical,R is the effective radius of the receptor,ν the velocity of the organism, andt the time period within which the organism measures the concentration. Of these factors, time has the strongest influence. Combining this result with available information on gradients of carbon dioxide around roots and behavior of bacteria and nematodes leads to several conclusions. Bacteria can potentially detect carbon dioxide gradients in the layer of water in contact with the root but not further away. In contrast, plant-parasitic nematodes can potentially detect gradients one meter from a single long root fiber and over 2 m from a plant root mass using klinokinesis. A direct approach using klinotaxis can start a few centimeters from a single root fiber and half a meter from a root mass. These differences are due to differences in the time available to measure the concentrations. Increasing the length of a bacterium could increase its ability to detect gradients by reducing its rotational diffusion. Collimating stimuli that serve to maintain a straight path may provide a means of improving chemotaxis by permitting concentration to be measured for longer times during klinokinesis. More accurate predictions can be made when more precise data are available. The analysis is applicable to a wide variety of other organisms and stimuli.
Selection on life-history traits across a wave exposure gradient in the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus (Baker)

Abstract Marine intertidal organisms inhabiting different wave exposure regimes can face different abiotic conditions and selection regimes. In this paper, salinity and temperature conditions for the tidepool habitat of the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus (Baker) are described across a wave exposure gradient, and the selective impact of salinity on life-history traits is inferred from laboratory and field studies. I found that desiccation and osmotic stress in the tidepool habitat of T. californicus were higher at an outer coast compared to a protected site in California. In the outer coast area with high wave action, tidepool salinity varied spatially, fluctuated temporally, and was at least two times greater than seawater salinity on average; tidepools frequently dried completely. Conversely, tidepool salinity in the protected area with low wave action was moderate and did not vary spatially or temporally. Culturing females at different salinities and temperatures suggested that there is a trade-off between osmoregulatory maintenance and growth or reproduction. At high salinity age of first reproduction and interclutch interval increased, and reproductive rate decreased. Extreme salinity produced age-specific mortality in the laboratory, where juveniles suffered significantly greater mortality than adults in salinity stress experiments. Hypersaline conditions in seven natural tidepool populations were associated with a decrease in the proportion of the population composed of juveniles, and an increase in the proportion of adult females, suggesting that juveniles experienced higher mortality. Unlike previous studies of benthic organisms outside tidepools, I found that higher osmotic and desiccation stress occurred in T. californicus tidepool habitats in areas exposed to high wave energy, not in protected areas. The effects of abiotic conditions on life history traits and age-specific mortality suggest the selection exists for local adaptation to different wave exposure regimes.
A New Stigmatized Identity? Comparisons of a “Food Addict” Label With Other Stigmatized Health Conditions

This research assessed public perceptions of a “food addict” label in comparison to stigmatized conditions including obesity, addiction, and disability. Study 1 found this label was perceived similarly to obesity, but more favorably than other addictions, and had an exacerbating effect on weight stigma. Study 2 experimentally replicated the latter effect but demonstrated no weight-related effects for the food addict label. This evidence suggests that food addiction may be less vulnerable to public stigma than other addictions but may increase the stigma associated with obesity. Food addiction as a stigmatized identity is discussed.
Normal Coordinate Analysis of 3-Bromo-1,3-Dinitroazetidine

Abstract The infrared spectrum of 3-bromo-1,3-dinitroazetidine was interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate calculations. A seventy-two parameter modified valence field was used in those calculations, and the observed wave numbers were fit with an average error of 2.5 cm−1. An assignment of the bands in terms of symmetry coordinates is given. Many of the force constants were transferred to 1-acetyl-3,3-dinitroazetidine to aid in normal coordinate calculations for that compound.
PCR‐BASED FLUORESCENT METHOD FOR RAPID DETECTION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN POULTRY SAMPLES

A DNA binding fluorescence method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products was evaluated for rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in poultry products. Wash water samples of chicken carcasses and ground turkey were inoculated with S. Typhimurium to obtain final concentrations of 10° - 105 CFU/mL. One mL of each sample was used to get the DNA template and 5 μL of the sample template was added into 25 μL of SYBR Green PCR Master Mix and two specific Salmonella ompC gene primers. The negative control was the same except 5 μL of each wash solution was added instead of 5 μL sample template. The reaction was carried out in a thermocycler. Finally, the fluorescence signal of each PCR product was measured using a fluorometer. The PCR products were also confirmed by ethidium bromide agarose gel, and the DNA concentrations of the PCR products were measured by a filter fluorescence photometer. The results showed that when bacterial cells increased from 0 to 2 CFU/mL, the fluorescence signal increased significantly. The PCR-based fluorescence method could detect the target bacteria in minutes after PCR amplification compared to hours by gel electrophoresis and also could be done at an earlier time during PCR amplification. The detection limit of this method for S. Typhimurium in the poultry samples was 2 CFU/mL without any enrichment.
Applying the limiting resource model to plant tolerance of apical meristem damage.

Abstract: Apical meristem damage (AMD) is a common result of herbivory. AMD can have dramatically variable effects on plant architecture and fitness, ranging from a total loss of reproductive capacity to overcompensation. We explored the influence of environmental stresses and meristem limitation on tolerance of AMD by applying the limiting resource model (LRM) of plant tolerance to 17 previously published studies and a new empirical study on Solidago altissima. In the S. altissima experiment, AMD released axillary meristems from apical dominance, and fertilizer addition enabled plants to take full advantage of the lateral branches. AMD caused a 58% reduction in seed production in nutrient‐stressed plants but only a 6% reduction in seed production in fertilized plants. In 12 of the 18 studies reviewed, tolerance was greater in the high‐resource (or low‐competition) treatment; in two, tolerance was greater in the low‐resource treatment; and in four, resource level did not affect tolerance of AMD. The resul...
Economic benefits and costs of alternative arrangements for tuna fisheries development in the exclusive economic zone: The case of Indonesia

Abstract The current Law of the Sea Convention assigns exclusive jurisdiction over the living and non-living resources within the 200-mile exclusive economic zone to coastal states. In the case of fisheries exclusive jurisdiction also means development planning and management by the coastal nation for optimum utilization of the pelagic and demersal resources. This paper attempts to quantify the economic benefits and costs to the government of Indonesia, as steward over the resources within the E.E.Z., of choosing between alternative institutional arrangements for tuna fisheries development. In evaluating the alternative institutional arrangements for tuna fisheries development within the E.E.Z., we distinguish between indigenous enterprises and foreign enterprises who might lease rights to fish for tuna for payment of an access fee. Prior to the E.E.Z. declaration in 1980 (and currently), all relatively large-scale tuna fishing in Indonesian waters was pioneered by state enterprises, for both skipjack and large tuna, a joint venture for skipjack and a licensing (fee-fishing) arrangement with Japanese longline tuna fishermen. These are considered to be the options facing the government for pioneering the development of the potential tuna resources in the E.E.Z. The objective function of the government is to maximize the potential value of the net benefits derived from utilization of the tuna resources under its jurisdiction. In this paper, because we have no means of estimating or weighting socio-political objectives, we consider only economic objectives which are translated to economic benefits. Since we want to compare benefits as a function only of the particular arrangement, we correct for scale of operations by measuring foreign exchange earnings per 1,000 metric tons of tuna caught, employment generation per million dollars of gross income, and net income in terms of net present value of 1,000 metric tons of tuna production.
Failure of timed inseminations and associated luteal function in dairy cattle after two injections of prostaglandin F2-alpha

Abstract Lactating Holstein cows (n = 235) were used to study changes in luteal function after two injections of prostaglandin F 2 -alpha (PGF 2 -alpha) were administered to induce estrus for timing the first postpartum inseminations. Cows were assigned randomly at parturition to two experimental groups and one control group. Control cows (n = 59) were inseminated at a spontaneous estrus beginning 40 d postpartum. The remaining cows were given two injections of PGF 2 -alpha 11 d apart, beginning 40 to 46 d postpartum. After the second injection (0 h), cows were 1) inseminated once at 80 h (n = 119) or 2) inseminated twice at 72 and 96 h (n = 57). Progesterone was measured in blood serum collected from all cows at 0 and 48 h after each injection of PGF 2 -alpha and from 48 cows throughout the anticipated luteal phase following the second injection. Conception rates of cows inseminated at 80 h (23%) and at 72 and 96 h (30%) after PGF 2 -alpha were lower (P 2 -alpha cows were detected in estrus, conception rate of twice-inseminated cows (55%) was similar to that of controls, whereas the rate of once-inseminated cows (38%) tended to be lower (P = 0.09). Lower conception rates after timed inseminations resulted from failure of PGF 2 -alpha to induce luteolysis (13% of cows) and the presence of low ( 2 -alpha. These results suggest that timed inseminations lowered conception rates after PGF 2 -alpha because of poor timing of insemination relative to estrual events, less than expected induced luteolysis, and to lack of anticipated luteal function at the time of the second injection of PGF 2 -alpha. The latter appeared to be the result of both prolonged postpartum anestrus and ovulatory failure following a previous injection of PGF 2 -alpha.
Remarks on the existence of value in differential games

Abstract We give a new criterion for the existence of value in differential games. The method of proof involves Lipschitz differential games and hence extends to games with more general dynamics. The connection between using measurable control functions or simply constants is clarified.
Impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA and neurocognitive performance

Objective To determine whether antiretroviral regimens with good central nervous system (CNS) penetration control HIV in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and improve cognition. Design Multisite longitudinal observational study. Setting Research clinics. Study participants One hundred and one individuals with advanced HIV beginning or changing a new potent antiretroviral regimen were enrolled in the study. Data for 79 participants were analyzed. Participants underwent structured history and neurological examination, venipuncture, lumbar puncture, and neuropsychological tests at entry, 24, and 52 weeks. Intervention Antiretroviral regimens were categorized as CNS penetration effectiveness (CPE) rank of at least 2 or less than 2. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine associations over the course of the study. Main outcome measures Concentration of HIV RNA in CSF and blood and neuropsychological test scores (NPZ4 and NPZ8). Results Odds of suppression of CSF HIV RNA were higher when CPE rank was at least 2 than when it was less than 2. Odds of suppression of plasma HIV RNA were not associated with CPE rank. Among participants with impaired neuropsychological performance at entry, those prescribed regimens with a CPE rank of at least 2 or more antiretrovirals had lower composite NPZ4 scores over the course of the study. Conclusion Antiretroviral regimens with good CNS penetration, as assessed by CPE rank, are more effective in controlling CSF (and presumably CNS) viral replication than regimens with poorer penetration. In this study, antiretrovirals with good CNS penetration were associated with poorer neurocognitive performance. A larger controlled trial is required before any conclusions regarding the influence of specific antiretrovirals on neurocognitive performance should be made.
Abstract 2440: CD47 is a prognostic factor and an antibody target that synergizes with rituximab to eradicate non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Monoclonal antibodies are standard therapeutics for several cancers including the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab for B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Rituximab and other antibodies are not curative, and must be combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy for clinical benefit. Here we identify CD47 as an attractive monoclonal antibody target in NHL. A major function of CD47 is to inhibit phagocytosis, through binding its receptor, SIRP-alpha, on phagocytes. We hypothesize that NHL cells over-express CD47 to evade immune phagocytosis and that blockade of CD47 signaling by a monoclonal antibody can eliminate NHL cells by enabling phagocytic engulfment. Here we investigate the therapeutic potential of an anti-CD47 antibody alone and in combination with rituximab for the treatment of NHL. We predict that the combination of anti-CD47 antibody and rituximab through utilization of two independent antibody mechanisms will result in synergistic phagocytosis and elimination of NHL cells. We found that CD47 protein is highly expressed on primary human NHL cells compared to normal B cell counterparts. Higher CD47 gene expression predicted an inferior outcome in several cohorts of NHL patients, providing independent prognostic value. Blocking anti-CD47 antibodies preferentially enabled phagocytosis of NHL cells but not normal cell counterparts in vitro while the combination of anti-CD47 antibody and rituximab resulted in synergistic phagocytosis of NHL cells. In vivo, anti-CD47 antibody treatment of human NHL-engrafted mice reduced lymphoma burden and prolonged survival compared to IgG control treatment. Furthermore, anti-CD47 antibody treatment in combination with rituximab led to elimination of lymphoma and cure of NHL-engrafted mice compared to either antibody treatment as a single agent. The above in vivo results were observed in both a disseminated and localized human NHL cell line mouse model as well as in primary human lymphoma xenotransplants. These antibodies synergized through a novel mechanism combining Fc receptor (FcR)-dependent and FcR-independent stimulation of phagocytosis that might be applicable to many other cancers. Together, these data provide the rationale for utilizing an anti-CD47 antibody either alone or in combination with rituximab in treating human NHL. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2440.
Lymphoid cell regulation of hematopoiesis

It is clear from extensive in vitro data that different subsets of lymphocytes stimulate and inhibit the growth of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In order to clarify the complexity of the network between regulatory lymphocytes and hematopoietic target cells, we have examined the stimulatory and inhibitory effects derived from different lymphoid subsets. The regulatory influence of lymphocytes is transmitted mainly through the release of cytokines including the interleukins, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-beta and the interferons, all of which have non-specific effects on a variety of hematopoietic cells. Since these cytokines amplify the effects of other, more lineage-specific cytokines (e.g., erythropoietin, thrombopoietin and granulocyte or macrophage colony-stimulating factor) on the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells, the present review supports the conclusion that lymphoid subsets play a critical role in ensuring an optimal hematopoietic response to specific demands.
Designing dependable agent systems for mobile wireless networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a wireless network of mobile devices-such as PDAs, laptops, cell phones, and other lightweight, easily transportable computing devices-in which each node can act as a router for network traffic rather than relying on fixed networking infrastructure. As mobile computing becomes ubiquitous, MANETS becomes increasingly important. As a design paradigm, multiagent systems (MASs) can help facilitate and coordinate ad hoc-scenarios that might include security personnel, rescue workers, police officers, firefighters, and paramedics. On this network, mobile agents perform critical functions that include delivering messages, monitoring resource usage on constrained mobile devices, assessing network traffic patterns, analyzing host behaviors, and revoking access rights for suspicious hosts and agents. Agents can effectively operate in such environments if they are environment aware - if they can sense and reason about their complex and dynamic environments. Altogether, agents living on a MANET must be network, information, and performance aware. This article fleshes out how we apply this approach to populations of mobile agents on a live MANET.
Political Appointees in the United States: Does Gender Make a Difference?

Information about women who hold appointive office is a neglected area.–Eileen Shanahan, former Assistant Secretary, HEWEileen Shanahan, former Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs at HEW, quoted in Carroll and Geiger-Parker, 1983.With every new presidential administration in the United States, the incoming president is in charge of appointing thousands of individuals to work throughout the executive branch of government and assist him in fulfilling his constitutional responsibility to “faithfully execute the laws of the Nation” (Pfiffner 1996). When the Center of American Women and Politics (CAWP) first began studying female political appointees in the early 1980s, very few women had ever served in Cabinet positions or other high-ranking executive positions within the federal government. In fact, in 1977, almost two hundred years after the founding of the United States, President Carter appointed only the fourth and fifth women ever to serve as Cabinet Secretaries (CAWP 1998). As Carroll and Geiger-Parker note in the introduction to the very first study of female political appointees, “for the first time in history, women had been appointed in large enough numbers to survey and to compare with other appointees” (1983a, ix).
Predicting response to hormonal therapy and survival in men with hormone sensitive metastatic prostate cancer

Androgen deprivation is the cornerstone of the management of metastatic prostate cancer. Despite several decades of clinical experience with this therapy there are no standard predictive biomarkers for response. Although several candidate genetic, hormonal, inflammatory, biochemical, metabolic biomarkers have been suggested as potential predictors of response and outcome, none has been prospectively validated nor has proven clinical utility to date. There is significant heterogeneity in the depth and duration of hormonal response and in the natural history of advanced disease; therefore to better optimize/individualize therapy and for future development, identification of biomarkers is critical. This review summarizes the current data on the role of several candidate biomarkers that have been evaluated in the advanced/metastatic disease setting.
Compassion and perplexity.

“Perplexity: inability to determine what to think, or how to act, owing to the involved, intricate, or complicated condition of circumstances, or of the matters to be dealt with, generally also involving mental perturbation and anxiety.”1 Dr Silverman2 has called for a “formal national inquiry” to address whether opportunism has overwhelmed compassion in the American neonatal intensive care “industry”; ie, to investigate the possibility that the relatively aggressive care provided to extremely premature infants in the United States is driven by the lucrative reimbursement on which academic pediatric departments depend for fiscal solvency. After a few weeks, I was able to put the defensiveness and righteous indignation that this commentary evoked … Address correspondence to John M. Lorenz, MD, Children’s Hospital of New York, Division of Neonatology, CHS 115, 3959 Broadway, New York, NY 10032. E-mail: jl1084{at}columbia.edu
NIR Light Penetration Depth in the Rat Peripheral Nerve and Brain Cortex

Near infrared (NIR) light energy has been used in medical applications both for diagnostic and treatment purposes. A priory knowledge of optical tissue properties is necessary in these applications; not only of human but also in animals for testing of devices. However, published data on the optical properties of neural tissue in rodents are rare. The aim of this study was to measure the penetration depth of light into the rat peripheral nerve and brain cortex at NIR wavelengths. Penetration depth was calculated from measurements of transmitted light for various thicknesses of the neural tissue. We found the penetration depth in the rat sciatic nerve to be 0.35plusmn0.023 mm and in the white matter 0.35plusmn0.026 mm. The penetration depth of the gray matter was 0.41plusmn0.029 mm. Compared to the data reported in literature for the human brain, the rat peripheral and the brain cortex attenuate the NIR light much more strongly.
Prevotella and Porphyromonas infections in children

From 1974 to 1994, 504 isolates of Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. were obtained from 435 (21%) of 2033 specimens from 418 children. They included 160 (32%) Pr. melaninogenica, 105 (21%) Pr. intermedia, 84 (17%) P. asaccharolytica, 58 (12%) Pr. orisbuccae, and 58 (12%) Pr. oralis. Most Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. were isolated from abscesses (176), pulmonary infections (85), ear infections (82), wound infections (44), peritonitis (38), paronychia (15) and chronic sinusitis (14). Predisposing conditions were noted in 111 (27%) of the cases; these included previous surgery in 41 (10%), foreign body in 36 (9%), neurological deficiencies in 29 (7%), immunodeficiency in 21 (5%), steroid therapy in 12 (4%), diabetes in 8 (2%) and malignancy in 7 (2%). Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. were the only isolates in 14 (3%) patients, and mixed infection was encountered in 404 (97%). The micro-organisms most commonly isolated with Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. were anaerobic cocci (393 isolates), Fusobacterium spp. (108), Bacteroides spp. (B. fragilis group) (95), Escherichia coli (56) and other gram-negative anaerobic bacilli (52). Most Bacteroides spp. and E. coli were isolated from intra-abdominal infections and skin and soft tissue infections around the rectal area, whereas most Fusobacterium spp. were isolated from oropharyngeal, pulmonary and head and neck sites. beta-Lactamase production was detected in 191 (38%) Prevotella and Porphyromonas isolates from all body sites. All patients received antimicrobial therapy, and surgical drainage was performed in 173 (41%) cases. Four patients died from their infection. These data illustrate the spectrum and importance of Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. in infections in children.
Cardiac activation mapping in a transgenic mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy

Genetically altered mice have been developed to study many aspects of cardiac membrane electrophysiology. Observations made at the cellular level in these transgenic mice are often not correlated with the ECG from the intact animal. Transgenic (N=4) and control (N=4) mice were studied with hardware and software tools developed to observe epicardial activation. A custom probe mapped the anterior right ventricle using 16 unipolar electrodes arranged in a 4/spl times/4 matrix (1.0 mm/sup 2/). Labview software controlled the digitization, storage and real time display of the signals. With Matlab programs, local activation times were identified and isochronous maps and spatial velocity vectors were constructed. The direction of the activation wavefront shifted 90/spl deg/ in the transgenic mice when compared to the control group. Such changes in the conduction patterns may help demonstrate macroscopic conduction abnormalities resulting from cellular communication differences in the genetically altered mice as compared to control mice.
Nature and farming: sustaining native biodiversity in agricultural landscapes

Nature and farming: sustaining native biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, by David Norton and Nick Reid. Melbourne, Australia, CSIRO Publishing, 2013. 304 pp, AU$69.95 (paperback). ISBN 978064...
Simultaneous use of two defibrillators for the conversion of refractory ventricular fibrillation.

From the *Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and †Utah Emergency Physicians, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah. Address reprint requests to Neal Stuart Gerstein, MD, University of New Mexico Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, MSC 10 60001, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87120. E-mail: ngerstein@gmail.com © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1053-0770/2602-0033$36.00/0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2013.10.016
Evidence for Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in the olfactory bulb

α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs), a subtype of glutamate receptor, contribute to olfactory processing in the olfactory bulb (OB). These ion channels co...
Data and metadata requirements for composable mission space environments

Composability is the capability to select and assemble reusable simulation components in various combinations into simulation systems to meet user requirements. The Defense Modeling and Simulation Office's Composable Mission Space Environments program, seeks to develop concepts, technologies, and processes to enable the rapid, efficient, and flexible assembly of simulation systems from components. A workshop was held to examine the current state of composability, refine its definitions and intentions, identify capabilities and technologies needed to support practical composability, and propose research objectives and programmatic initiatives to move towards the goals of the Composable Mission Space Environments (CMSE) program. Approximately 35 experts from government, industry, and academia participated in four working groups (WGs). This paper reports the findings and recommendations of the data and metadata WG. The WG identified the crucial functions served by metadata descriptions of components in composable development, specified attributes of the components to be represented in the metadata, and sketched a high level concept of operations describing the roles and relationships of metadata stakeholders. This paper also reports the recommendations of all of the WGs for future actions in support of composability.
What's Local? Localism as a Discursive Boundary Object in Low-Power Radio Policymaking

This article addresses the discourse of “localism” used in the formulation of low-power FM radio service in the United States. It builds on S. L. Star and J. Griesemer's (1989) concept of “boundary object” to theorize localism as a “discursive boundary object.” Drawing on interviews with advocates and regulators, participant observation with low-power radio activists, and documentary research in relevant policy discussions, the article argues that “localism” moved across discourse communities and effaced differences for groups who otherwise might not have agreed. “Localism” was also polemically deployed at the level of national policy. Its unique potency may be seen in the seeming inability of even actors who opposed the introduction of low-power FM radio service to oppose localism outright.
Methyl and t-butyl group rotation in a molecular solid: 1H NMR spin-lattice relaxation and X-ray diffraction

We report solid state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spin-lattice relaxation experiments and X-ray diffractometry in 2-t-butyldimethylsilyloxy-6-bromonaphthalene. This compound offers an opportunity to simultaneously investigate, and differentiate between, the rotations of a t-butyl group [C(CH3)3] and its three constituent methyl groups (CH3) and, simultaneously, a pair of ‘lone’ methyl groups (attached to the Si atom). The solid state 1H relaxation experiments determine activation energies for these rotations. We review the models for the dynamics of both ‘lone’ methyl groups (ones whose rotation axes do not move on the NMR time scale) and models for the dynamics of the t-butyl group and its constituent methyl groups (whose rotation axes reorient on the NMR time scale as the t-butyl group rotates).
Is There a Need for Early Seizure Prophylaxis After Traumatic Brain Injury

You are the consulting physiatrist of a busy surgical intensive care unit (ICU) at a large, urban academic medical center. You are part of a Pharmacy and Therapeutics Ad Hoc Subcommittee charged with exploring all “routineeper protocol” use of medications in the ICU. Your charge is to critically assess these types of medications from the perspective of both safety and expense. One of the categories the Subcommittee is charged with reviewing is the routine use of seizure prophylaxis in the first week after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data provided by the finance department have indicated that there has been a steady trend during the past 3 years to use levetiracetam rather than phenytoin as the prophylactic agent of choice in the first days to weeks after TBI. The financial ramification of this trend has been significant, to the magnitude of $100,000 annually. The chief of trauma surgery and chair of neurosurgery are completely comfortable in designating the less expensive phenytoin as the prophylactic drug of choice in the ICU, citing little evidence base for the use of levetiracetam as a prophylactic agent in persons with TBI. You voice your opposition to the return to phenytoin based on reasonable animal and clinical evidence of a detrimental impact on neurologic recovery. The pharmacist-in-chief for the hospital reminds you that this year’s budget is extremely tight and the potential cost saving of designating phenytoin as the drug of choice is quite significant. Consequently, it will take a great deal of convincing for the chief medical officer to support anything other than a whole-scale return to the use of phenytoin. Much to the surprise of the entire group, the chief of the epilepsy service suggests that the hospital use neither agent and abandon entirely the policy of routine early seizure prophylaxis after TBI. Although the group is surprised by this suggestion, they agree to consider it and table a vote until the next meeting in a week. You spend some time exploring your position on this suggestion. After your research, what position do you take regarding a new hospital policy stating that seizure prophylaxis is not required in the first week after a TBI? Dr Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez will argue that early seizure prophylaxis should be administered after a TBI. Dr Cara Camiolo Reddy will take the position that the use of antiepileptic agents for prevention of early seizures after TBI is not warranted.
C-H bond strengths and acidities in aromatic systems: effects of nitrogen incorporation in mono-, di-, and triazines.

The negative ion chemistry of five azine molecules has been investigated using the combined experimental techniques of negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy to obtain electron affinities (EA) and...
Treatment for T1a Renal Cancer Substratified by Size: “Less is More”

Purpose: Due to the widespread use of computerized tomography, the diagnosis of small renal cancers (3 cm or less) within the T1a classification continues to increase. Current treatment of these tumors includes radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy and thermal ablation. We used the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) Program to compare treatment modalities for these cancers based on 1 cm increments in tumor size. We examined overall survival, cancer specific survival, survival from cardiovascular disease and race based treatment disparities.Materials and Methods: In the SEER database we identified 17,716 renal cancers 3 cm or less diagnosed from 2005 to 2010 treated with radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy or thermal ablation. Overall survival, cancer specific survival and cardiovascular survival were determined for each treatment group, and then substratified by size in centimeters, tumor grade, age, geographical location and ethnicity. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier meth...
The Fontan operation. Ventricular hypertrophy, age, and date of operation as risk factors.

One hundred two patients, aged 0.7 to 38 years, with a wide variety of cardiac malformations underwent the Fontan operation (1975 to April, 1985). Several different techniques were used. All but 17 had previously undergone one or more palliative operations. Follow-up information was obtained in all patients. Overall actuarial survival rate, with time zero being the time of the operation, was 63% at 6 years with no deaths after that in patients followed as long as out to 9.4 years; that for patients with tricuspid atresia was 81 %. The hazard function (instantaneous risk) for death was highest immediately after operation and merged after about 6 months with a constant hazard extending as long as the patients were followed. Elevated post-repair right atrial pressure was correlated (p = 0.002) with the probability of death in the early phase, with the risk rising rapidly with pressures above 14 mm Hg. Hypertrophy of the ventricular main chamber was a risk factor for death in both the early (p = 0.007) and late (p = 0.008) phases of hazard, which explained in part the lesser risk of the Fontan operation in patients with tricuspid atresia. Younger age, but not older age, was a risk factor for early postoperative death, but this risk was neutralized by recent date of operation. Thus currently there is not a predicted increased risk associated with younger age at operation. In general, the Fontan operation should be done at a young age (2 to 4 years) to avoid increasing ventricular hypertrophy, but older age per se is not a contraindication to the operation.
TOWARD REPLACEMENT OF PETROLEUM OILS BY MODIFIED SOYBEAN OILS IN ELASTOMERS

ABSTRACT Precipitated silica- and carbon black (CB)-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds and vulcanizates containing naphthenic oil (NO), soybean oil (SO), and modified soybean oil (MSO) were studied. Gel fraction; crosslink density; bound rubber fraction; curing behavior; and thermal, mechanical, and dynamic properties were compared. Interaction between SO, MSO, and silane coupling agent was also studied. It was shown that the incorporation of SO and MSO had similar effects in both silica- and CB-filled SBR compounds and vulcanizates. SO and MSO were found to consume curatives leading to a lower crosslink density and improved thermal stability of compounds and vulcanizates. In comparison with NO, MSO was found to increase the elongation at break and tensile strength, and the values of tan δ at 10 °C and 60 °C predict an increase of the wet traction performance and the rolling resistance to decrease the modulus and abrasion resistance. After adjusting the recipe, the modulus and abrasion resist...
Abstract 270: Successful Development and Implementation of an Algorithm to Identify Resistant Hypertension in the Electronic Medical Record

Resistant hypertension (RH) affects 8.4 to 17.4% of the hypertensive population, and is associated with an elevated risk of end-organ damage. To identify genetic or environmental factors associated with RH, we developed an algorithm to phenotype patients using electronic medical records (EMRs). We modified a previously validated algorithm for detecting patients with RH from 158,128 adults in BioVU, a DNA databank incorporating clinical data from EMRs. We defined patients as having RH if they had a SBP>140 mmHg or a DBP>90 mmHg for at least one month while receiving at least three anti-hypertensive agents including 25 mg HCTZ or equivalent doses of another thiazide diuretic or amlodipine 5 or 10 mg, or equivalent doses of a similar calcium channel blocker. Patients could be controlled after addition of a fourth drug. Patients were defined as having controlled hypertension if they carried a diagnosis of hypertension, were taking at least one and no more than two anti-hypertensive medications, and had a SBP To validate the algorithm, we conducted an independent review of 150 EMRs from patients classified as having resistant or controlled hypertension. The accuracy of the algorithm was 94.7%. Among 55,477 patients with hypertension in BioVU, 14.2% met the criteria for RH. The table shows the characteristics of patients with resistant and controlled hypertension. This study demonstrates the successful use of a phenotyping algorithm to identify subjects with RH from EMR data and provides important characteristics of patients with RH in a real-world clinical setting.
Bench and pilot-scale characterization of low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NOx

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by ammonia is particularly well suited for controllin emissions from chemical plants and stationary power sources.
Constrained divergence-conforming bases

In this paper, a technique for automatically generating basis functions suitable for integral equation discretizations is presented. The technique seeks to obtain an optimal basis function from a linear combination of more general functions by enforcing an appropriate set of constraints on the linear combination and then solving for the optimal coefficients. Numerical properties of divergence-conforming constrained bases on quadrilateral meshes are characterized in terms of scattering from perfectly electric conducting structures. Computed data show that the condition numbers of system matrices resulting from the use of the constrained bases are equal to or better than those resulting from the use of other basis sets reported in the literature.
James M. Buchanan and Liberal Political Economy: A Rational Reconstruction

This paper presents the preface and first chapter of my book on James M. Buchanan,which should be out in late 2017, published by Lexington. This chapter introducesBuchanan to those who don’t know him, or who know him only in terms of individualpieces of work they have encountered. I portray Buchanan as a hedgehog of a thinker,to recur to Isiah Berlin’s well-known essay on Tolstoy. Looking backward from the endof his life, Buchanan appears as a massive oak tree casting shade over numerousareas of inquiry, and with all that shade flowing from a single sapling planted 64 yearsbefore his death when he published his first paper. Chapters 2-7 unfold as a book withinthe book, where I pursue the logic of my rational reconstruction. References to citationsdo not appear because all references for the book are collected as a single file andplaced at the end of the book.
Development and utilization of resistant starch in cooked rice grains and breads

This thesis consists of two separate studies. The first is titled “Effects of Cooking Methods and Starch Structure on Starch Hydrolysis Rates of Rice”, and the second one is “Application of a Novel Resistant Starch in Bread: Composition, Structure and Sensory Analysis”. With concerns over diabetes, there is a need to find methods of cooking rice to reduce the rate of glucose release after ingesting. Comparing between steamed, stir-fried and pilaf rice, stir-fried rice displayed the slowest starch-hydrolysis rate and the largest resistant starch (RS) content followed by pilaf rice and steamed rice. RS in food is not readily hydrolyzed and is a healthy alternative for use in breads. Breads were made with 20% 50% type 5 resistant starch (RS5). Sensory results showed no significant differences between bread with 20% RS5 and the control bread for overall opinion, likeliness of purchase, uncharacteristic flavor, and ranking.
Recurrent Kidney Stone Episodes Leading to a Diagnosis of Occult Acromegaly

The association between nephrolithiasis and acromegaly has been previously described. Although the mechanism has been established, the urological literature sparsely discusses clinically suspecting that patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis could have acromegaly and subsequently referring them for accurate diagnosis and treatment. We present a case of occult acromegaly secondary to a pituitary tumor discovered 20 years after the patient's first stone episode.
Sex as a biological variable: Drug use and abuse.

Abstract The study of sex as a biological variable is a necessary emphasis across a wide array of endpoints, including basic neuroscience, medicine, mental health, physiology and behavior. The present review summarizes work from clinical and preclinical populations on sex differences in drug use and abuse, ranging from initiation to escalation/dysregulation and from drug cessation/abstinence to relapse. These differences are analyzed in the context of the addiction cycle conceptualization of Koob and his colleagues and address patterns of drug use (binge/intoxication), motivation underlying its use (withdrawal/negative affect) and likelihood and causes of craving and relapse of drug taking (preoccupation/anticipation). Following this overview, an assessment of the basis for the reported sex differences is discussed in the context of the affective (rewarding and aversive) properties of drugs of abuse and how such properties and their balance vary with sex and contribute to drug intake. Finally, the interaction of sex with several experiential (drug history) and subject (age) factors and how these interactions affect reward and aversion are discussed to highlight the importance of understanding such interactions in predicting drug use and abuse. We note that sex as a biological variable remains one of critical evaluation and that such investigations of sex differences in drug use and abuse continue and be expanded to assess all facets of their mediation, including these affective properties, how their balance may be impacted by the multiple conditions under which drugs are taken and how this overall balance affects drug use and addiction vulnerability.
Social capital and music teacher professional development: Principle, policy, and practice

Teacher professional development (PD) is often extended as a driver of good teaching and effective schools. In recent years, teacher PD has increasingly focused on developing teacher social capital...