cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
You Are What You Wear: How Plus-Size Fashion Figures in Fat Identity Formation

AbstractThis article examines the overlooked market of plus-size fashion and explores the ways in which the fashion industry neglects and marginalizes fat consumers. Faced with limited options in garments colloquially known as “plus-size” or “outsize” that are typically relegated to dark corners of clothing stores and are excluded from the pages of high fashion periodicals, the plus-size consumer lacks options in fashioning her self-identity. Under these circumstances, the role the fashion industry has played in further entrenching fat stigma in the collective consciousness and in abetting the processes of fat identity formation amongst plus-size consumers merits closer examination. Drawing upon the collected sartorial biographies of three self-identifying plus-size women, this article considers the ways in which fat identities are formed through the intimate practices of self-fashioning and via social channels such as shopping and fashion blogging, thereby bridging the fields of fat studies and fashion s...
DELIVERY OF CONFIDENTIALITY ASSURANCES TO ADOLESCENTS BY PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS. † 8

Objective: Professional guidelines recommend that physicians discuss confidentiality with adolescents. This study investigates physicians' practices regarding assurances of confidentiality to adolescent patients.Methods: A mail survey was completed by 786 board-certified physicians practicing Family Practice, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics/Gynecology, or Pediatrics in California. Outcome Measures: Physicians were asked the (1) percentage of adolescents with whom they discuss confidentiality and (2) content of their assurances of confidentiality. A clinical vignette assessed (3) physicians' knowledge of legal guidelines regarding confidential treatment of adolescents.Results: Physicians reported discussing confidentiality with, on average, 53% of their adolescent patients. While 21% of physicians directly discussed confidentiality with all adolescents, 11% did not discuss confidentiality with any adolescent patients. Using hierarchical linear regression to control for other physician demographic and practice factors, female physicians were more likely to discuss confidentiality than male physicians (p<.001), and Gynecologists were more likely to discuss confidentiality than other primary care physicians(p<.001). Among physicians who discussed confidentiality, 64% assured unconditional confidentiality and 36% assured conditional confidentiality. When asked about legal guidelines regarding the management of a 15 year old patient with a sexually transmitted disease, 63% of physicians responded correctly, 5% responded incorrectly, and 31% were unsure of management guidelines. Physicians who were knowledgeable about legal guidelines were more likely to discuss confidentiality with adolescent patients (p<.001). Conclusions: Physicians do not consistently discuss confidentiality with their adolescent patients. The majority of physicians who discuss confidentiality with adolescents assure unconditional confidentiality, which is not consistent with professional guidelines or the legal limitations of confidentiality.
Evaluation of the Sub-Channel Code COBRA-TF for Prediction of BWR Fuel Assembly Void Fraction Distribution

Good quality experimental data is needed to refine the thermal hydraulic models for the prediction of rod bundle void distribution and critical heat flux (CHF) or dry-out. The Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (NUPEC) has provided a valuable database to evaluate the thermal hydraulic codes [1]. Part of this database was selected for the NUPEC BWR Full-size Fine-Mesh Bundle Tests (BFBT) benchmark sponsored by US NRC, METI-Japan, NEA/OECD and Nuclear Engineering Program of the Pennsylvania State University (PSU). Twenty-five organizations from ten countries have confirmed their intention to participate and will provide code predictions to be compared to the measured data for a series of defined exercises within the framework of the BFBT benchmark. This benchmark data includes both the fine-mesh high quality sub-channel void fraction and critical power data. Using a full BWR rod bundle test facility, the void distribution was measured at mesh sizes smaller than the sub-channel by using a state-of-the-art computer tomography (CT) technology [1]. Experiments were performed for different pressures, flow rates, exit qualities, inlet sub-cooling, power distributions, spacer types and assembly designs. There are microscopic and sub-channel averaged void fraction data from the CT scanner at the bundle exit as well as X-ray densitometer voidmore » distribution data at different elevation levels in the rod bundle. Each sub-channel's loss coefficient was calculated with using the Rehme method [2,3], and a COBRA-TF sub-channel model was developed for the NUPEC facility. The BWR assembly that was modeled with COBRA-TF includes two water rods at the center. The predicted sub-channel void fraction values from COBRA-TF are compared with the bundle exit void fraction values measured using the CT-scanner void fraction from the BFBT benchmark data. Different plots are used to examine the code prediction of the void distribution at a sub-channel level for the different sub-channels within the bundle. (authors)« less
Dynamics-Based Discovery of Allosteric Inhibitors: Selection of New Ligands for the C-terminal Domain of Hsp90

The study of allosteric functional modulation in dynamic proteins is attracting increasing attention. In particular, the discovery of new allosteric sites may generate novel opportunities and strategies for drug development, overcoming the limits of classical active-site oriented drug design. In this paper, we report on the results of a novel, ab initio, fully computational approach for the discovery of allosteric inhibitors based on the physical characterization of signal propagation mechanisms in proteins and apply it to the important molecular chaperone Hsp90. We first characterize the allosteric "hot spots" involved in interdomain communication pathways from the nucleotide-binding site in the N-domain to the distal C-domain. On this basis, we develop dynamic pharmacophore models to screen drug libraries in the search for small molecules with the functional and conformational properties necessary to bind these "hot spot" allosteric sites. Experimental tests show that the selected moelcules bind the Hsp90 C-domain, exhibit antiproliferative activity in different tumor cell lines, while not affecting proliferation of normal human cells, destabilize Hsp90 client proteins, and disrupt association with several cochaperones known to bind the N- and M-domains of Hsp90. These results prove that the hits alter Hsp90 function by affecting its conformational dynamics and recognition properties through an allosteric mechanism. These findings provide us with new insights on the discovery and development of new allosteric inhibitors that are active on important cellular pathways through computational biology. Though based on the specific case of Hsp90, our approach is general and can readily be extended to other target proteins and pathways.
Electron spin resonance studies of membrane proteins in erythrocytes in myotonic muscular dystrophy.

Abstract A sulfhydryl group specific spin label has been used to study membrane proteins in erythrocyte ghosts from patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy (MyD). The resulting electron spin resonance spectra of labeled permeable MyD and control ghosts demonstrate two chief populations of sulfhydryl groups, one weakly immobilized, the other strongly immobilized. Approximately one-third of the labeled sulfhydryl groups are in weakly immobilized sites which, based on their nitrogen hyperfine splitting value and their accessibility to both spin label and ascorbate, appear to be located near the membrane surface in a highly polar environment. Strongly immobilized sulfhydryl groups appear to be located both at the membrane surface and deep within the lipid bilayer. While the linewidths of each class of sites are equal in control and MyD membranes, the ratio of the spectral amplitude of the spin label attached to weakly immobilized sites to that of strongly immobilized sites is significantly greater in MyD membranes (P ≅ 0.001). This effect is due to a decreased incorporation of the spin label into the strongly immobilized sulfhydryl group sites and suggests that membrane organizational or protein conformational differences exist between MyD and control erythrocyte membranes.
A comparison study of demand response using optimal and heuristic algorithms

The development of the smart grid is driving an explosion of interest in demand response programs in the power and energy industry. The term “demand response” is usually used to describe programs that result in changes in electricity usage by end-use customers from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity over time. To do so, smart usage of major home appliances is necessary. This paper compares optimal and heuristic demand response (DR) algorithms through a computational experiment strategy. The optimal DR algorithm is obtained based on the objective of minimizing the cost for household electricity consumption. The heuristic DR algorithm is based on the dynamic price information during a day. The computational experiment approach combines building energy consumption simulation and dynamic electricity price together for different DR algorithm evaluation. The paper examines the characteristics of the two different DR strategies and how they are affected by dynamic price tariffs, seasons, and weathers.
Factor Analysis of the Attention Deficit Scales for Adults (ADSA) with a Clinical Sample of Outpatient Substance Abusers

Individuals with adult symptoms of ADHD who are in treatment for substance abuse have been identified as being at greater risk of failure to complete treatment and relapse. The identification of such clients must thus become an important part of assessment and treatment planning. The Attention Deficit Scale for Adults (ADSA) is one device designed to assess ADHD symptomology in adults. This study investigated the application of the ADSA in a substance-abusing population by assessing its psychometric properties with a clinical sample of 268 adult patients (170 males, 92 females, gender missing for 6) in an outpatient substance abuse treatment program. The findings indicate that the ADSA is unidimensional with this population yet possess high reliability (alpha=.93 for entire sample:. 89 for males,. 94 for females) and correlate consistently with DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. The data tentatively support the use of the ADSA with substance-abusing populations as a reliable and valid assessment tool for clinica...
Latitudinal and Radial Variation of Shock Associated ≥30 KeV Ion Spectra and Anisotropies at Voyagers 1 and 2

The spectra and anisotropies of ions ≥30 keV have been measured by the Low Energy Charged Particle experiment on Voyagers 1 and 2 in the vicinity of interplanetary shocks between radial distances of 1-55 AU and heliographic latitudes 11° S-32° N. The spectra and anisotropies associated with a recent corotating (CIR) event at low latitude observed at Voyager 2 (36.6 AU, -9°) are similar to those of another event at high latitude observed at Voyager 1 (49.8 AU, 33.5°). An earlier CIR event observed at Voyager 2 (14 AU) associated with the previous solar cycle produced spectra and anisotropies remarkably similar to the more recent events. The anisotropies are used to calculate the solar wind velocity downstream of shocks where possible using the Compton-Getting effect, allowing the determination of previously unknown velocities at the locations of Voyager 1. For the large shock event observed at Voyagers 1 (38 AU, 30°) and 2 (29 AU, 3°) in mid-1989, the postshock spectra and anisotropies are ∼4days after the shock passage are nearly identical. The preshock anisotropics at low energyl described by convected power law distributions. The Voyager 1 and 2 postshock spectra ∼4 are similar, despite differences in the magnetic field orientation and the low energy spectrum. We find that the ≥30 keV ion anisotropies are generally well described by convective distributions downstream but not in the upstream region for this shock and many other shock events at Voyagers 1 and 2.
Candida Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: Prospective Study of Six Cases and Review of the Literature

Candida prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is a rare entity; however, its incidence is expected to increase given the recent increase in incidence of nosocomial bloodstream candida infection. This report reviews six cases of candida PVE studied prospectively plus 12 cases previously reported in the literature. Transesophageal echocardiography was more sensitive than transthoracic echocardiography in detecting vegetations. Valvular replacement combined with antifungal therapy has been the standard treatment. However, successful therapy with long-term administration of oral fluconazole has been reported for five patients. The mortality due to candida PVE was high, especially when PVE was complicated by congestive heart failure and persistent fungemia. For uncomplicated PVE, the mortality rate for patients receiving antifungal therapy alone (40%) was no worse than for those receiving combined medical and surgical therapy (33%).
Age and Growth of Atlantic Croakers in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, Based on Otolith Sections

Abstract Otoliths from 1,291 Atlantic croakers Micropogonias undulatus, with total lengths from 113 mm to 417 mm, from the northern Gulf of Mexico were examined to determine age and growth. Marginal increment analysis was used to determine that otolith marks formed annually. Ages ranged from 0 to 8 years. No significant difference was found for length at age between males and females. The von Bertalanffy equation was Lt = 419.2[1 - e−0.273(t+1.405)], where Lt = total length (mm) and t = age (years). The length-weight relationship (r = 0.99) was W = 5.302 × 10−6TL3.134 where W = weight (g) and TL = total length (mm).
Effects of paraquat administration on longevity, oxygen consumption, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, inorganic peroxides and glutathione in the adult housefly.

Abstract 1. The effects of oxidative stress in the adult male housefly were examined by the administration of 1 mM paraquat. 2. Houseflies exhibit NADH and NADPH-diaphorase activity. 3. Paraquat caused a significant decrease in life span, metabolic rate and the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactants. 4. Concentrations of reduced glutathione and inorganic peroxides were increased by paraquat. 5. Paraquat stimulated the activity of catalase but did not affect activities of Superoxide disrautase and glutathione reductase. 6. The levels of oxidized glutathione and the rate of fluorescent age pigment accumulation were unaffected by paraquat. 7. Results indicate that paraquat toxicity does not result from lipid peroxidation.
Synthesis of Monocarbollide Complexes of Rhodium

The compounds [RhX(PPh3)3] react with nido-7-NH2But-7-CB10H12 in toluene to give the 16-electron complexes [RhX(PPh3)(η5-7-NH2But-7-CB10H10)] (1a, X = Br; 1b, X = Cl). The structure of the zwitteri...
Momentum and energy deposition in late-type stellar atmospheres and winds

The present study calculates the response of the outer atmospheres of cool low-gravity stars to the passage of the mechanical energy fluxes of solar magnitude in the form of acoustic waves and Alfven waves. It is shown that Alfven waves are efficient in generating outflow, and can account for the order of magnitude of observed mass loss in late-type luminous stars. However, unless these magnetic waves undergo some dissipation within several stellar radii of the surface, the predicted terminal velocities of the resulting stellar winds are far too high. Alfven wave dissipation should give rise to extended warm chromospheres in low-gravity late-type stars, a prediction which can be observationally tested.
234 EFFECT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS AND OF SERUM ULTRAFILTRATES ON BILIRUBIN DISPLACEMENT IN NEONATAL SERUM

Free fatty acids (FFA) are strong bilirubin displacers from Albumin (A) at FFA:A ratio >3:1. A model of bilirubin displacement using FFA:A ratio to predict free bilirubin was tested in 21 sera from 14 newborns (8 sick, 6 well). Concentration of FFA was 0.64 ± 0.40 mEq/1, A 0.41 ± 0.09 mEq/1, and FFA:A was 1.6 ± 1.0 (Mean ± S.D.); FFA:A was <3:1 in 20 of 21 sera, regardless of clinical condition. Free bilirubin (peroxidase assay, pH 7.4, serum dilution 1:40, 25°C) correlated with bilirubin: albumin molar ratio (r = 0.845, p <0.01), but was higher than predicted from the FFA:A ratios, even without a history of displacing drugs, suggesting the presence of other displacers. To reduce the effect of dilution in the peroxidase assay and restore the free serum concentrations of weak displacers, protein-free ultrafiltrates of 10 sera were made by centrifugation. Incubation of the 10 sera with their ultrafiltrates gave a 1.5 to 4 fold further displacement of bilirubin, proportional to the amount of ultrafiltrate added in the test. The data suggest that neonatal sera contain bilirubin displacers other than FFA or drugs whose effect on free bilirubin is reduced by dilution during the assay. Use of ultrafiltrates allows re-equilibration of serum albumin with weak displacers and a more accurate assessment of their potential clinical significance.
Lateralizing seizure focus in presurgical patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: utility of the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test.

Abstract From a neuropsychological perspective, left or right temporal lobe abnormalities underlying seizures in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are thought to contribute to selective deficits in verbal or nonverbal memory abilities, respectively. The Ruff–Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) is specifically designed to detect right hemisphere dysfunction. The purpose of our study was to examine the utility of the RULIT in distinguishing between patients with right ( n = 20) and patients with left ( n = 32) TLE in presurgical evaluations. We identified a significant between-group difference in RULIT scores, but not in the expected direction; that is, patients with right TLE had significantly better scores than patients with left TLE. These findings indicate that the RULIT may not be an appropriate test for presurgical epilepsy evaluations. Findings are discussed within the context of results from other lateralizing neuropsychological tests.
A Qualitative Analysis of Policymaking on the Food Price Crisis in the Andean Region: Preparing for the Next Crisis

The article argues that the question of what are the most effective policies to address the food price crisis remains largely unanswered, despite the huge analytical effort to understand its causes and consequences. Partly, this is because instruments of policy analysis are based either on a description of interventions, lacking any assessment of the merits of the policy, or on sophisticated, country-specific quantitative analyses sensitive to assumptions and data limitations. The article uses an intermediate analytical tool that is flexible yet relevant to investigate potential impacts of interventions across key policy dimensions: coverage, fiscal impact, efficiency and sustainability. The exercise is applied to interventions adopted by the Andean countries to address the food price crisis. It concludes that they are far from adopting a ‘desirable’ set of interventions. Le present article soutient que la question de la politique la plus efficace pour faire face a la crise des prix alimentaires reste en grande partie sans reponse, malgre les nombreux efforts analytiques deployes pour comprendre ses causes et consequences. Ceci s’explique, en partie, par le fait que les outils d’analyse des politiques reposent soit sur une description des interventions, omettant d’evaluer les merites de ces politiques, soit sur des analyses quantitatives sophistiquees et specifiques a chaque pays et donc sensibles aux hypotheses et aux insuffisances concernant les donnees. Cet article mobilise un outil analytique intermediaire flexible mais pertinent pour examiner les impacts potentiels des interventions, au travers de dimensions de politiques cles: couverture, impact fiscal, efficience et durabilite. Nous appliquons cette demarche aux interventions mises en œuvre par les pays andins pour repondre a la crise des prix alimentaires, et concluons que ces pays n’ont pas selectionne l’ensemble le plus ‘souhaitable’ d’interventions, loin s’en faut.
Contextual issues for education in library and information studies in England for the year 2000

Considers the forces that are likely to influence higher education in the UK in the late 1990s. The context is the HEFCE document, Review of Higher Education: Submission by the Higher Education Funding Council for England,published in February 1995. Outlines the current and future developments in higher education and their implications. Considers the likely impact on education in library and information studies.
Optical Interconnects and Interfaces for Electronic Subsystems

The potential, feasibility, and time scale of optical interconnect and interfaces are examined for electronic computer applications. Link, bus and random interconnect topologies are included. Recent developments in optical source and detector devices, optical waveguides and optical fiber characteristics are reviewed. Then optical coupling, alignment, interfacing and overall compatibility issues are explored. From this understanding the requirements for the packaging of optical interconnect are derived. Finally key research and development needs are defined.
Mapping multi-scale impacts of deforestation in the Amazonian rainforest from 1986 to 2010

In the Amazonian rainforest, a new and pervasive spatial pattern has been created by road paving and the impacts of road paving usually extend from a small-scale region to an entire social–ecological system, making a multi-scale analysis imperative for thinking through structure, function, and dynamics of deforested landscapes. We propose a moving window approach to describe the deforestation impacts across multiple spatial scales and then illustrate this method with a deforestation example in an Amazon tri-national frontier, which provides an excellent tri-national deforestation and land change comparision for this work. The results indicate that the intensive fragmentation occurs locally, while a large part of the study area is still covered by forest. In addition, a smaller study was undertaken to further assess deforestation impacts, and we found that the cleared areas exhibit strong influences beyond the boundaries of itself. In this research, the landscape-based representation of deforestation dynam...
Improved processor bounds for parallel algorithms for weighted directed graphs

Abstract We present a parallel algorithm that solves the single-source shortest path problem (SSSP) for a weighted digraph G =( V , E ) in time O(log 2 n ) using M ( n ) processors on an exclusive-read exclusive-write parallel random access machine (EREW PRAM), where n =\t| V \t|, edge weights are drawn from the set \s{0, 1,…, k \s} for some constant k , and M ( n ) is the number of processors necessary to multiply two n × n integer matrices over a ring in O(log n ) time (currently, M ( n )= n 2.376 ). This algorithm is a generalization of the O(log 2 n ) time, M ( n ) processor EREW PRAM algorithm due to Gazit and Miller for the SSSP problem in an unweighted digraph. We also briefly explain how our solution of the SSSP problem for a weighted digraph can be used to reduce the previous known processor bounds for a number of digraph problems to M ( n ) from Θ( n 3 ) (within a polylog factor) without increasing the running time.
Kelly's conjecture

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to prove Kelly's conjecture in the preceding article (Kelly, 1989). This conjecture states that there exists no Pareto, strategyproof, singlevalued social social choice function on a domain D with 7 alternatives.
A machine learning approach to create blocking criteria for record linkage

Record linkage, a part of data cleaning, is recognized as one of most expensive steps in data warehousing. Most record linkage (RL) systems employ a strategy of using blocking filters to reduce the number of pairs to be matched. A blocking filter consists of a number of blocking criteria. Until recently, blocking criteria are selected manually by domain experts. This paper proposes a new method to automatically learn efficient blocking criteria for record linkage. Our method addresses the lack of sufficient labeled data for training. Unlike previous works, we do not consider a blocking filter in isolation but in the context of an accompanying matcher which is employed after the blocking filter. We show that given such a matcher, the labels (assigned to record pairs) that are relevant for learning are the labels assigned by the matcher (link/nonlink), not the labels assigned objectively (match/unmatch). This conclusion allows us to generate an unlimited amount of labeled data for training. We formulate the problem of learning a blocking filter as a Disjunctive Normal Form (DNF) learning problem and use the Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) learning theory to guide the development of algorithm to search for blocking filters. We test the algorithm on a real patient master file of 2.18 million records. The experimental results show that compared with filters obtained by educated guess, the optimal learned filters have comparable recall but reduce throughput (runtime) by an order-of-magnitude factor.
Hydrolysis of N-sulfinylamines and isocyanates: a computational comparison.

A comparative study of the concerted hydrolysis of H-, CF3-, CH3-, and Ph-substituted N-sulfinylamines (R−NSO) and isocyanates (R−NCO) was performed using B3LYP/6-31+G(2d,2p). The “two-water-molecu...
Calculation of gestational age in late second and third trimesters by ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of amniotic fluid

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable model for the calculation of gestational age (GA) in second and third trimesters with the use of amniotic fluid (AF) metabolite profiles that were determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Study Design High-resolution (11.7 T) ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on 95 AF samples (mean, 31.7 weeks; range, 15.6–39.9 weeks). GA was determined by last menstrual period or first-trimester ultrasound scanning. Concentrations of 21 AF metabolites were measured with automated techniques. Metabolite concentrations, inverses, natural logs, and squares were entered as predictive variables in a stepwise linear regression model. Results The following formula was derived: GA=64.922 – (14.456 × alanine) + (4.965 × natural log [creatinine]) – (0.931 × glucose) – (5.202 × valine). This model fit the data with an R 2 value of 0.926. Average error among all samples was ±1.75 weeks (SD, ±1.43 weeks), for the second trimester was ±2.21 weeks (SD, ±1.78 weeks), and for the third trimester was ±1.59 weeks (SD, ±1.26 weeks). Conclusion Statistical modeling accurately predicted GA with amniotic fluid metabolite profiles that were obtained by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which may represent a significant improvement over conventional ultrasound dating in the third trimester. Future studies should compare these techniques directly.
Signal transduction pathways involved in the mitogenic activity of pleiotrophin. Implication of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways.

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a developmentally regulated protein which exhibits neurite-outgrowth, mitogenic, and angiogenic properties. It has also been shown to be involved in tumor growth and metastasis. Here we used primary BEL (bovine epithelial lens) cells to investigate the signal transduction pathways involved in the mitogenic activity of recombinant PTN. PTN was purified from conditioned media of SW-13 cells transfected with the human PTN cDNA. We show that inhibitors of tyrosine kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, or phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase inhibit DNA synthesis stimulated by PTN. Analysis of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins following PTN stimulation showed phosphorylation of two novel 190- and 215-kDa proteins in addition to SHC, ERK1, and ERK2. A mobility shift of phosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2 was detected with a panERK antibody confirming the phosphorylation of the two ERKs. Furthermore, in vitroimmunocomplex kinase assay with Akt1, a natural substrate of PI 3-kinase, showed an activation of the kinase following PTN stimulation and a reversal by the PI 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin. We conclude that the mitogenic activity of PTN is dependent on tyrosine kinase activation and utilizes the mitogen-activated protein kinase and the PI 3-kinase pathways to transduce a mitogenic signal.
Ni(II)/Cr(II)-Mediated Coupling Reaction: Beneficial Effects of 4-tert-Butylpyridine as an Additive and Development of New and Improved Workup Procedures

Abstract 4-tert-Butylpyridine has been shown to be a beneficial additive in the Ni(II)/Cr(II)-mediated coupling reaction. This additive allows for homogeneous reactions, improves reproducibility, and inhibits homo-coupling of vinyl iodides or triflates. Improved workup procedures using chromium ion chelators (ethylenediamine or sodium or potassium serinate) allow for a better mass recovery . © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Turbomachinery Teaching and Research as a Supplement to Mechanical Engineering Education

Present and future technological trends are clearly compelling engineers to review efficiencies of energy systems. This is more so currently than ever before with an additional constraint due to stricter emission regulations. For overcoming future energy shortage and tackling any energy concerns, the solution will entirely depend on the engineer’s ability to develop and design high-efficiency turbomachinery, which are by far the largest component of energy producing and conversion systems. The quality of turbomachinery research and teaching is therefore expected to play an important role in developing efficient, reliable, cost worthy, and environment-friendly energy systems for the future.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Electronic and lattice dynamical properties of II-IV-N2 semiconductors

The II-IV-N2 semiconductors constitute a family of heterovalent ternary semiconductors with properties closely related to those of the III-Nitrides. We here focus on Zn-IV-N2 semiconductors with the group IV-element Si, Ge and Sn. We present results on their electronic band structures obtained with the quasiparticle self-consistent GW method and the full-potential linearized muffin-tin orbital method. The latter is also used to calculate the energies of formation of these compounds from the constituent elements. The lattice dynamical properties were presented earlier in a series of papers and the main properties are briefly reviewed here. We emphasize the trends in the family of materials compared to those of the III-N and discuss the experimental data for the phonons. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Prostate Cancer Risk Alleles and Their Associations With Other Malignancies

Objective To determine whether certain risk alleles are responsible for the relationship between prostate cancer (CaP) and other malignancies. CaP has been associated with other common malignancies. Recently, numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with CaP susceptibility. Methods We genotyped 1121 patients with CaP for 36 risk alleles known to be significantly associated with CaP susceptibility and determined their relationships to other malignancies in CaP probands and their first-degree relatives. Results The most common other malignancies in the CaP probands were nonmelanoma skin cancer (13.6%), leukemia (7.3%), melanoma (3.9%), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (0.7%), colorectal cancer (0.6%), and multiple myeloma (0.3%). Among the probands, a significantly increased frequency of leukemia was found in the carriers of SNP rs2736098 (5p15, P = .03) and melanoma in the carriers of either SNP rs1512268 (8p21, P = .006) or SNP rs5759167 (22q13, P = .02). Multiple myeloma was more common in carriers of SNP rs9364554 (6q25, P = .02). The probands who were carriers of SNP rs16901979 (8q24) were significantly more likely to report a family history of melanoma (P = .03), and the probands with a family history of multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's disease were significantly more likely to be carriers of SNP rs12621278 (2q31, P = .04) and rs6465657 (7q21, P = .02), respectively. Conclusion Certain alleles associated with CaP susceptibility might be associated with an increased or a decreased risk of other malignancies in CaP probands and their first-degree relatives. Additional studies are warranted to examine the underlying mechanisms of these SNPs in CaP and other malignancies.
THE SMOOTHNESS OF RIEMANNIAN SUBMERSIONS WITH NON-NEGATIVE SECTIONAL CURVATURE

Let Mn be a complete, non-compact and C∞-smooth Riemannian manifold with non-negative sectional curvature. Suppose that is a soul of Mn given by the fundamental theory of Cheeger and Gromoll, and suppose that is a distance non-increasing retraction from the whole manifold to the soul (e.g. the retraction given by Sharafutdinov). Then we show that the retraction Ψ above must give rise to a C∞-smooth Riemannian submersion from Mn to the soul . Moreover, we derive a new flat strip theorem associated with the Cheeger–Gromoll convex exhaustion for the manifold above.
Subthreshold psychotic symptom distress, self-stigma, and peer social support among college students with mental health concerns.

Objective The primary aim of this study was to explore the potential moderating effect of social support on the relation between distress caused by psychosis risk symptoms and self-stigma among college students with mental health diagnoses. Methods Participants were young adult college students who endorsed having a past or present mental health diagnosis (n = 63). Self-report data were examined from the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief, a measure of subthreshold psychosis risk symptoms; the Self-Concurrence/Application subscale of the Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale, a measure of self-stigma; and the Friendships subscale of the Lubben Social Network Scale-Revised, a measure of social support from peers. Results There was a modest direct relation between distress associated with psychosis risk symptoms and self-stigma. There was a larger relation between distress from risk symptoms and self-stigma for those with low social support compared to those with mean and high social support. Conclusions and implications for practice Although causality cannot be determined based on this study, a strong relation between symptom distress and stigma was found among those reporting low peer social support. Interventions that target both self-stigma and social support might be relevant for young adults with a history of mental health concerns who currently endorse subthreshold psychotic symptoms.
Group Summary: Experiments

The experimental portion of the workshop consisted of two experiments on laminar flow instability and transition. Although they were conducted in widely differing flow regimes, they shared the common feature of utilizing facilities with very low background disturbances levels. The first experiment presented deals with laminar flow over a rotating disk in a quiescent ambient, i.e. a flow with an essentially non-existent “free-stream” disturbance input. Of particular interest is the generation, growth and interactions of primary and secondary cross-flow disturbance modes. An array of piezoelectric actuators was utilized to generate axially symmetric and azimuthally progressive waves which were tracked using smoke-wire and hot-wire diagnostic techniques. It was found that the installation roughness due to the actuators was excessive rendering the low amplitude input of the actuators ineffective against the stronger roughness-triggered stationary disturbance modes. Significantly, however, the existence of stationary modes with growth at Reynolds numbers below that predicted by linear-parallel theory was observed and documented with the implication that non-parallel effects may be important.
Long-term persistence of transmitted HIV drug resistance in male genital tract secretions: implications for secondary transmission.

Background Transmitted drug-resistant HIV slowly reverts in the blood to drug-sensitive virus. The environment of the male genital tract (MGT) may result in even slower rates of reversion to drug susceptibility. Methods We measured the decay of resistance in longitudinally collected blood and semen samples from 5 individuals newly infected with HIV containing resistance mutations to nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). We also investigated the sexual transmission of HIV to and from these participants. Results In 3 of the 5 individuals, NNRTI resistance persisted in blood and semen throughout follow-up (mean, 296 days after the estimated day of infection [EDI]). In the other 2 individuals, NNRTI resistance persisted in blood and semen for 871 and 1179 days after the EDI; however, even after NNRTI resistance had fully reverted in blood, it remained readily detectable in semen. Two transmission groups were identified among these participants--one as the recipient partner and the other as the source partner. Conclusions Transmitted drug-resistant HIV, which persists in blood for years, may revert to wild type even more slowly in the MGT. This prolonged persistence in the MGT may contribute to the high prevalence rates of transmitted drug resistance.
Role of Iron in the Cellular Effects of Asbestos

AbstractResearch to understand how the physical characteristics of asbestos fibers impact the pathological effects has intensified in the past 10 years. The role that iron, intrinsic or acquired, may play has been the subject of many of these investigations. Asbestos catalyzes many of the same reactions that iron does, including lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. At physiological pH, mobilization of iron from the fibers by a low-molecular-weight chelator greatly enhances these reactions. Iron is also mobilized from asbestos fibers in human lung epithelial (A549) cells after the fibers are endocytized. The iron appears to move from a low-molecular-weight pool to nonferritin proteins and ferritin. The amount of iron in the low-molecular-weight pool was directly correlated with the toxicity of the asbestos. Glutathione (CSH) levels in these cells were dramatically reduced after asbestos treatment as a result of CSH efflux. This was not related to the iron associated with the fibers, but appeared to be due in...
Molecular basis of Toxoplasma gondii atovaquone resistance modeled in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

0 d ondii is a widespread disease affecting primarily immunocomromised and pregnant individuals [1]. Atovaquone is a recently ntroduced anti-malarial compound with broad spectrum activty against various apicomplexan parasites [2–5] including T. ondii [6]. Approved by the FDA in 1995, this drug is a potent nd specific inhibitor of the cytochrome bc1 complex [7], an ssential respiratory enzyme present in the inner mitochondrial embrane. Two recent studies on treatment of malaria during regnancy show that atovaquone is a remarkably well tolerated olecule, safe for both the mother and the fetus [8,9]. Unforunately, there is strong evidence that the targeted parasites are ble to spontaneously develop drug resistance by mutation of mino acid residues located in or near the atovaquone-binding ite on cytochrome b. Because the yeast bc1 complex is also trongly inhibited by atovaquone, we have previously develped Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model to study cytochrome mutations conferring atovaquone resistance in Pneumocystis 10,11] and Plasmodium species [12]. In the present study, we ave successfully transferred two mutations associated with atoaquone resistance in T. gondii [13] into the yeast cytochrome to the one recently found in the crystal structure of the yeast bc1 complex with a hydroxy-benzoxythiazol bound at center P [14]. The hydroxyl group of the hydroxy-naphthoquinone binds via a hydrogen bond to the nitrogen of His-181 of the Rieske iron–sulfur protein. On the opposite side of the ring system the carbonyl group at position 4 of the quinone ring of atovaquone forms a water-mediated hydrogen bond with Glu-272 of cytochrome b. The bulk of the molecular interactions between atovaquone and cytochrome b are essentially hydrophobic with a network of aromatic and aliphatic side chains surrounding the inhibitor. There is a high score of cytochrome b sequence identity (about 70%) within the atovaquone binding pocket between S. cerevisiae and T. gondii (Fig. 1A). We have thus chosen the yeast to study how mutations can affect the drug efficacy. Both atovaquone-resistant mutations in the cytochrome b sequence previously identified in T. gondii were localized within this binding site [13]. These two mutations (M129L and I254L in T. gondii numbering, equivalent to M139L and I269L in the yeast numbering system) associated with resistance in T. gondii gene. This has allowed us to biochemically confirm the linkge of atovaquone resistance to the cytochrome b mutations and o predict at the molecular level the mechanism by which T. ondiimay counter the efficacy of this potential anti-toxoplasma rug. were transferred into the S. cerevisiae cytochrome b gene by the biolistic method [11]. Growth of the two mutated strains was monitored in a nonfermentable medium in order to study the impact of the mutations on the yeast cells’ respiration. The growth curves revealed t s n o v m The molecular target of atovaquone is now known to be he ubiquinol oxidation pocket at center P of the cytochrome
A fractal analysis of analyte-estrogen receptor binding and dissociation kinetics using biosensors: environmental effects.

Abstract A fractal analysis is used to model the binding and dissociation kinetics between analytes in solution and estrogen receptors (ER) immobilized on a sensor chip of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. Both cases are analyzed: unliganded as well as liganded. The influence of different ligands is also analyzed. A better understanding of the kinetics provides physical insights into the interactions and suggests means by which appropriate interactions (to promote correct signaling) and inappropriate interactions such as with xenoestrogens (to minimize inappropriate signaling and signaling deleterious to health) may be better controlled. The fractal approach is applied to analyte–ER interaction data available in the literature. Numerical values obtained for the binding and the dissociation rate coefficients are linked to the degree of roughness or heterogeneity (fractal dimension, Df) present on the biosensor chip surface. In general, the binding and the dissociation rate coefficients are very sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity on the surface. For example, the binding rate coefficient, k, exhibits a 4.60 order of dependence on the fractal dimension, Df, for the binding of unliganded and liganded VDR mixed with GST–RXR in solution to Spp-1 VDRE (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor element) DNA immobilized on a sensor chip surface (Cheskis and Freedman, Biochemistry 35 (1996) 3300–3318). A single-fractal analysis is adequate in some cases. In others (that exhibit complexities in the binding or the dissociation curves) a dual-fractal analysis is required to obtain a better fit. A predictive relationship is also presented for the ratio K A (=k/k d ) as a function of the ratio of the fractal dimensions (Df/Dfd). This has biomedical and environmental implications in that the dissociation and binding rate coefficients may be used to alleviate deleterious effects or enhance beneficial effects by selective modulation of the surface. The KA exhibits a 1 1 2 -order dependence on the ratio of the fractal dimensions for the ligand effects on VDR–RXR interaction with specific DNA.
What the Eyes Can't See: Diagnosis and Treatment of Somatic Obsessions and Delusions

CASE REPORT Mr. B., a 39-year-old, recently separated, white man, arrived at a psychiatric crisis service in an anxious state, seeking assistance in obtaining medical care for what he described as persistent blepharitis. He complained that his eyeballs felt “too tight in the sockets” and described a 4-month history of progressive eyelid “thickening,” eyelash loss, and conjunctivitis, for which he had been unable to obtain satisfactory treatment despite visits to five different ophthalmologists and numerous emergency rooms and urgent care centers. He reported that he had been unable to follow treatment recommendations for fear that he would make matters worse. His pockets were packed with unfilled prescriptions for antibiotics and antiinflammatory eyedrops, and he claimed to have had immediate allergic reactions or side effects that exacerbated his problems on the rare occasions when he did use the medications. He vividly described standing in front of mirrors for hours, examining his eyes, pondering whether or not to administer an eyedrop, finally doing so, and then spending hours washing it out. Mr. B. would not shower so that things would not wash into his eyes. He was unable to sleep, fearing that if he
Analysis of an edge router for span-constrained optical burst switched (OBS) networks

Edge routers are one of the key elements in an optical burst switched (OBS) network. Packets are assembled into bursts and then disassembled after being switched through the network. In a span-constrained OBS network, the edge router latency dominates propagation delay through the network. Consequently, the analysis of the edge router latency under different input traffic conditions and for different edge router parameters is essential for achieving an optimized network performance. In this paper, we present a framework to model and analyze in detail the performance of an edge router for span constrained networks under varying traffic utilizations, traffic statistics and burst assembly parameters. Two burst assembly algorithms are presented, and their impact on burst size and assembly time is studied for fixed and variable-size packets. We identify three distinct regions of edge router operation as a function of the input traffic statistics and burst assembly parameters. This enabled us to better understand the behavior of edge router latency under different input traffic conditions. The results of the analysis are then used to formulate design principles for the edge router. The impact of traffic self-similarity in each of these regions of operation was also analyzed. It is shown that self-similar traffic affects the variance of the burst size and assembly time, but does not impact overall edge router latency.