cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Buccal Mucosal Graft Urethroplasty for the Treatment of Urethral Stricture in the Neophallus

Objective To present our operative approach and outcomes with buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty for anastomic stricture in the neophallus. Methods All patients who underwent buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty by a single surgeon for urethral stricture in a neophallus between March 1998 and June 2013 were identified. Urethroplasties were performed using 1-stage ventral onlay buccal mucosal graft after incision of the stricture. Results Ten patients were included in analysis. One patient underwent creation of neophallus after trauma, whereas all others were performed as gender reassignment. In all patients, strictures were located at the anastomosis between the native and the neourethra. Mean age was 39 years (range, 26-56 years). Mean stricture length was 3.6 cm (range, 2-6 cm). Median follow-up was 9.5 months (range, 2.7-84 months). At last follow-up, all the first 3 patients had stricture recurrence, whereas 5 of the next 7 patients remained free of stricture (overall success rate, 50%). A total of 11 follow-up procedures were performed for recurrent strictures in these patients, including 8 internal urethrotomies, 1 suprapubic tube placement, and 2 repeat urethroplasties. The only perioperative complication was a patient who experienced mild rhabdomyolysis, which resolved with supportive measures. Conclusion Experience with urethral strictures in the neophallus is limited, and management is complex. Buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty may be more effective than endoscopic management, but failure remains common. Modifications in surgical approach and experience may improve outcomes.
Fournier’s gangrene with an unusual urologic etiology

Fournier's gangrene is a necrotizing infection affecting the male genitalia and perineum, caused by synergistic aerobic and anaerobic organisms. We report on a previously undescribed upper urinary tract etiology for this life-threatening infection.
Metastatic adenocarcinoma to a pituitary adenoma.

Metastatic tumor to a pituitary adenoma has rarely been documented in the literature. We report a case of a 60-year-old man who presented with a history of progressive blurred vision and an incomplete homonymous hemianopsia. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 5 cm heterogeneous mass which focally was contrast enhancing, involving the sella turcica and extending into the right cavernous sinus region. After worsening symptoms, repeat magnetic resonance imaging showed an increase in size of the lesion. Histologically, the mass consisted of a metastatic adenocarcinoma to a nonsecreting pituitary adenoma. The carcinoma stained focally positive with antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin 20, and p53 (60% of tumor cells), and did not stain with antibody to cytokeratin 7. The histologic appearance and immunohistochemical profile of the metastasis suggests a colorectal primary.
Using technology to help preservice teachers construct knowledge about young children's classroom environments

Abstract In an effort to help teacher candidates understand early childhood classroom environments, a website was constructed for use in a foundation in early childhood education course. This website, based on constructivist teaching practices uses technology in a unique way to assist students as they come to know, understand, and use the principles associated with room arrangement and management of early childhood classrooms.
How to vote, whether to vote: Strategies for voting and abstaining on congressional roll calls

This paper develops and tests a theory of voting and abstaining on Congressional roll calls. The theoretical model assumes that the voting behavior of legislators is oriented toward reelection, and that constituents vote retrospectively. Among the predictions of the theory are that supporters of a program are more likely to abstain than opponents, that conflicted legislators are more likely to vote on the losing side (but will abstain when the vote is very close), and that indifferent legislators will abstain when votes are not close but trade their votes when the outcome is uncertain. The empirical test is based on a series of votes on appropriations for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor from 1975 to 1982. We estimate a nested logit model of, first, the probability of voting for Clinch River, and second, the probability of abstaining from the vote, conditional on preferences regarding the program. All of the empirical results are consistent with the theoretical predictions, and most are statistically significant by conventional standards. The implication is that the abstention decision, as well as yes or no votes, can be purposive, and that the pattern of abstentions is not random among supporters and opponents.
Cultural diversity: A wake-up call for parent training

The United States is becoming increasingly culturally diverse. As a consequence, behavior therapists who utilize parent training as a therapeutic intervention for child behavior problems will likely encounter clients from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Unfortunately, the influence of cultural values on parenting behavior has been ignored in behavior therapy research. We examine the cultural context of parenting for four ethnic groups, consider the influence of cultural factors on parent training, and propose new research questions to be addressed by behavior therapists in the near future.
Application of fast Fourier transforms to the direct solution of a class of two-dimensional separable elliptic equations on the sphere

An efficient, direct, second-order solver for the discrete solution of a class of two-dimensional separable elliptic equations on the sphere (which generally arise in implicit and semi-implicit atmospheric models) is presented. The method involves a Fourier transformation in longitude and a direct solution of the resulting coupled second-order finite-difference equations in latitude. The solver is made efficient by vectorizing over longitudinal wave-number and by using a vectorized fast Fourier transform routine. It is evaluated using a prescribed solution method and compared with a multigrid solver and the standard direct solver from FISHPAK.
Beyond existentialist caricatures: New views of Kierkegaard

In the past decade or so a series of excellent Kierkegaard studies has appeared in America. Notable among these are Bradley Dewey's (1968) and Paul Sponheim's (1968) theological studies, Stephen Crites" (1971) HegelKierkegaard work, Louis Mackey's (1971) essays on Kierkegaard's literary craft, Adi Shmu~li's (1971) phenomenological investigation, Josiah Thompson's (1967, 1973) bold interpretations of Kierkegaard's sickness and the authorship as therapy, and John Elrod's (1975) and Mark Taylor's (1975) examinations of being, existence, time and the self in the pseudonymous works. In addition to these studies, the recently deceased Gregor Malantschuk's (1974) major work has been translated, with translations of other of his perceptive studies in progress. (1976, 1978) It would not be an exaggeration to suggest that the enthusiam for existentialism has long since waned and with its departure, interest in Kierkegaard has slackened, receding into the confines of philosophy and religious studies. Even within those enclaves, Kierkegaard scholarship has become something of an obscure, minority specialization, certainly not a mainstream interest, even though Kierkegaard has become established as a seminal figure in the history of modern theology and philosophy. Similarly, with the exception of a few humanistic pyschologists, Kierkegaard remains largely unknown and unstudied in the social sciences. In part, the existentialist caricature of Kierkegaard, which emerged with the popularity of his writing in the late 1940s and 1950s, has dispelled further interest, although this philosophical and theological stereotyping endures. Robert Coles's recent profile of the influence of Kierkegaard on Walker Percy is an example (1978). Yet I think another factor is perhaps more important with regard to the position of Kierkegaard in modern thought--namely, the enormous gap between our American knowledge of his life and writing and
Institutional origins of health care–associated infection knowledge: Lessons from an analysis of articles about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus published in leading biomedical journals from 1960-2009

Background Biomedical research journals are important because peer reviewed research is viewed as more legitimate and trustworthy than non-peer reviewed work. Therefore, it is important to know how knowledge transmitted through academic biomedical journals is produced. This article asks if some organizations are more likely to produce research than others and if organizational setting is linked with an article's impact, as measured by citation counts. Methods Using research on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a case study, we examined the role that hospitals, universities, public health agencies, and other organizations have in shaping an emerging research area. We collected public data on the organizational affiliations of researchers who authored 1,721 articles in general interest and selected specialty journals. Results MRSA research appears to have evolved in stages that require the participation of different types of organizations. Additionally, our analyses indicate that an author's organizational affiliation predicts citation counts, even when controlling for other factors. Conclusion Organizations vary greatly in their ability to produce research, and this should be taken into account by those who manage or award funds to research organizations.
Recreating the state

Abstract If analysts want to understand the forces that give rise to the sovereign units that make up the ‘us’ and ‘them’ comprising the affinities and enmities of enduring inter-state inequality and systemically violent conflict, then we must move beyond the Weberian understanding of the state as an institution that has a monopoly of the legitimate use of violence and towards a deeper understanding of the rules that hold together the state as a membership organisation. This means several things but, for the purposes of this article, imagining the cessation of war and a truly global politics (committed to enabling conditions for the creative recreation of the planet and its inhabitants, regardless of where or to whom they were born) means understanding how all states create the form of the ‘other’ liable to yield death as an active or passive consequence of their kinship rules.
Water flowing underground: The films of Oguri Kōhei

(1992). Water flowing underground: The films of Oguri Kōhei. Japan Forum: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 145-162.
Blocked signal transduction to the ERK and JNK protein kinases in anergic CD4+ T cells

T cells activated by antigen receptor stimulation in the absence of accessory cell-derived costimulatory signals lose the capacity to synthesize the growth factor interleukin-2 (IL-2), a state called clonal anergy. An analysis of CD3- and CD28-induced signal transduction revealed reduced ERK and JNK enzyme activities in murine anergic T cells. The amounts of ERK and JNK proteins were unchanged, and the kinases could be fully activated in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Dephosphorylation of the calcineurin substrate NFATp (preexisting nuclear factor of activated T cells) also remained inducible. These results suggest that a specific block in the activation of ERK and JNK contributes to defective IL-2 production in clonal anergy.
Risk factors for depressive symptoms in adolescent pregnancy in a late-teen subsample

Depression in adolescent pregnancy is common but underrecognized and can be associated with negative medical outcomes. This brief report examines the relationship between depressive symptoms and various demographic and obstetrical risk factors, as well as the use of antidepressants in pregnant adolescents of late teenage years. Data were derived from a relatively large sample (506 women) recruited from university-based and community mental health centers in Iowa. A cross-sectional analysis did not reveal significant statistical associations between the risk factors and depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory). Antidepressant use was very low (3.7 %), and adolescents with higher depression scores were more likely to take medications. In conclusion, screening for depression in pregnant adolescents should be universal, regardless of demographic and obstetrical risk factors, and promptly addressed.
A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Injection of Dexamethasone Versus Triamcinolone for Idiopathic Trigger Finger

Purpose This study was designed to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in resolution of triggering 3 months after injection with either a soluble (dexamethasone) or insoluble (triamcinolone) corticosteroid for idiopathic trigger finger. Methods Eighty-four patients were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing dexamethasone and triamcinolone injection for idiopathic trigger finger. Sixty-seven patients completed the 6-week follow-up (35 triamcinolone arm, 32 dexamethasone arm), and 72 patients completed the 3-month follow-up (41 triamcinolone arm, 31 dexamethasone arm). Outcome measures included the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, trigger finger grading according to Quinnell, and satisfaction on a visual analog scale. To preserve autonomy, patients were permitted additional injections and operative treatment at any time. Twenty-five patients requested a second injection (10 triamcinolone arm, 15 dexamethasone arm), and 21 elected operative treatment (10 triamcinolone arm, 11 dexamethasone arm) during the study period. The analysis was according to intention to treat principles. Results Six weeks after injection, absence of triggering was documented in 22 of 35 patients in the triamcinolone cohort and in 12 of 32 patients in the dexamethasone cohort. The rates 3 months after injection were 27 of 41 in the triamcinolone cohort and 22 of 31 in the dexamethasone cohort. The triamcinolone cohort had significantly better satisfaction and Quinnell grades than did the dexamethasone cohort at the 6-week follow-up but not at the 3-month follow-up. There were no significant differences between Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores at the 6-week follow-up and the 3-month follow-up. After the close of the study, there were 8 recurrences among patients with documented absence of triggering in the triamcinolone cohort and 1 in the dexamethasone cohort. Conclusions Although there were no differences 3 months after injection, our data suggest that triamcinolone may have a more rapid but ultimately less durable effect on idiopathic trigger finger than does dexamethasone. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic I.
THE PRIMARY VASCULATURE OF CORDAIANTHUS CONCINNUS

A B S T R A C T The pollen strobilus Cordaianthus concinnus is examined as a possible indicator of the basic pattern of vascular architecture in stems of the Cordaitales. Bract traces arise from two points in the stele of the bilateral primary axis and diverge to the regularly arranged, four-ranked bracts. Tracheids to the axillary secondary shoots arise as two traces that flank the position of bract trace emission. Distally, the secondary shoot traces unite to form a stele that becomes increasingly dissected at successively higher levels. Although radially aligned, these tracheids show thickening patterns on all walls and are not separated by vascular rays; they are therefore interpreted as primary xylem. The traces form sympodia that are similar to those of typical eustelic gymnosperms. Scale traces from the secondary shoots arise by the tangential division of an individual axial bundle and occur in arrangements that range from a 1/2 to a 3/8 spiral. The vascular architecture of these secondary axes is interpreted as the equivalent of that in the stems of extant conifers with spiral phyllotaxis.
Steady Herschel–Bulkley fluid flow in three-dimensional expansions

Abstract In this paper we study steady flow of Herschel–Bulkley fluids in a canonical three-dimensional expansion. The fluid behavior was modeled using a regularized continuous constitutive relation, and the flow was obtained numerically using a mixed-Galerkin finite element formulation with a Newton–Raphson iteration procedure coupled to an iterative solver. Results for the topology of the yielded and unyielded regions, and recirculation zones as a function of the Reynolds and Bingham numbers and the power-law exponent, are presented and discussed for a 2:1 and a 4:1 expansion ratio. The results reveal the strong interplay between the Bingham and Reynolds numbers and their influence on the formation and break up of stagnant zones in the corner of the expansion and on the size and location of core regions.
Thermodynamics of point defects with explicit concentration dependent interactions

Abstract Thermodynamic quantities related to point defects in thermal equilibrium are discussed under the assumption that these quantities are explicit functions of the defect concentration, n , as well as pressure P , and temperature, T . It is shown that if the partial Gibbs free energy per defect resulting from the interaction among defects becomes comparable with kT , there will be a large enhancement of the temperature coefficient of defect concentration, δn δT , as well as the thermal expansion coefficient, the specific heat and the isothermal compressibility. Some experimental results on the silver and alkali halides are discussed as examples. We suggest that the volume increment per defect in ionic crystals may be strongly temperature dependent.
Capillary sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of proteins II. On the Ferguson method in polyethylene oxide gels

Abstract Capillary sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis is demonstrated to be a powerful new analytical method for the separation of protein molecules based on their molecular mass. Standard curves of logarithm molecular mass versus reciprocal relative migration time give the estimated molecular mass of sample proteins within the acceptable 10% error for most proteins. Larger errors are possible, however, when special groups such as carbohydrates (glycoproteins) or lipids (lipoproteins) are present due to a different ratio of binding SDS molecules. An automated Ferguson method is shown that corrects for this non-ideal behavior in capillary SDS-polyethylene oxide gel electrophoresis.
High-resolution spectra of AsF3 and PF3

Abstract Infrared spectra of the v 1 band of AsF 3 and the v 1 and v 2 bands of PF 3 have been measured with a resolution of 0.03–0.07 cm −1 . From the analysis of the AsF 3 spectra we obtain v 1 = 740.546, B 0 = 0.19645, α 1 B = 1.57 × 10 −4 cm −1 and from the analysis of the PF 3 spectra we obtain v 1 = 891.919, v 2 = 487.718, B 0 = 0.2610, α 1 B = −1.072 × 10 −2 and α 2 B = 2.61 × 10 −4 cm. −1
Analyticity of the free energy of the two-dimensional random Ising model

Abstract It is shown that the systematic-expansion method of the free energy of the two-dimensional random Ising model, by Hoever and Zittartz, does not lead to evidence for the absence of a spin glass transition as they claimed.
A plug-type image orthicon target

The conventional image-orthicon glass target, because of the ionic nature of its conduction, has a limited useful life and very restricted range of operating temperature. In addition, its resolution at low light levels suffers due to its insufficient lateral resistance. A new structure-type target has been developed which is essentially free of these limitations. It consists of an array of metal plugs embedded in an insulating film of aluminum oxide. Several image-orthicons containing such targets, in a 750- or 1000-mesh pattern, have been made. These tubes show very little or no image retention ("sticking"), initially or after extended operation, and operate in a wide range of target temperatures so that no warm-up period is required. Due to the high resistance between elements, the plug-type target can store a high-resolution picture for a longer time than is the case with-glass targets. Camera tubes containing plug-type targets are expected to have greatly extended life, operate ina wide temperature range and are particularly useful for viewing low-light level scenes, possibly at reduced scanning rates.
Numerical exploration of commensurable periodic solutions of the restricted problem of three bodies and their stability

The long period problem provides the initial conditions for numerical computation of close periodic solutions separated in three categories. For each type of commensurability a number of periodic solutions are computed and their stability is studied by computing the characteristic exponents of the matrizant. The Runge-Kutta method for the solution of differential equations of motion was used in all cases. The results obtained are presented for a four cases of commensurability.
Properties of salivary basic proteins showing polymorphism.

Additional family data support the hypothesis of autosomal codominant inheritance of alleles Pb 1and Pb 2that determine the parotid basic protein (Pb) polymorphism in Blacks. These highly basic, low molecular weight proteins have thus far been found only in the saliva. The multibanded patterns as well as variations in band intensity and mobility in the phenotypes may be determined in large part by proteolytic degradation occurring in the parotid gland. A set of four Pb proteins similar in appearance but with somewhat slower mobility compared to that in man is present in three Old World monkey species of the genus Macaca, M. mulatta, M. speciosa, and M. nemestrina, but not in the New World monkey Saimiri sciurea, the dog, or the rat. There are slight differences in the mobilities of the bands among the macaque species, but genetic polymorphism was not found in a limited sample. It is postulated that these basic salivary proteins may have been close to their present form for over 50 million years.
Vertically integrated As2S3 waveguides on lithium niobate waveguides

A planar waveguide design is presented that integrates As 2 S 3 chalcogenide glass with Ti-diffused lithium-niobate (LN) waveguides to increase functionality. As 2 S 3 is a higher index material that is introduced to create small bend radii structures that are crucial for making high density optical circuits. As 2 S 3 waveguide patterns are aligned on top of the straight LN waveguide. Power launched into LN is coupled to the higher index As 2 S 3 cladding structure and propagates through a tight bend before coupling back to the LN waveguide. Experimental results are given for s-bends of 2.48cm minimum radius of curvature.
Nanolubrication of sliding components in adaptive optics used in microprojectors

Integrated microprojectors are being developed to project a large image on any surface chosen by the users. For a laser-based microprojector, a piezo-electric based adaptive optics unit is adopted in the green laser architecture. The operation of this unit depends on stick-slip motion between the sliding components. Nanolubrication of adaptive optics sliding components is needed to reduce wear and for smooth operation. In this study, a methodology to measure lubricant thickness distribution with a nanoscale resolution is developed. Friction, adhesion, and wear mechanisms of lubricant on the sliding components are studied. Effect of actual composite components, scan direction, scale effect, temperature, and humidity to correlate AFM data with the microscale device performance is studied.
Bilateral skin temperature, handedness, and the biofeedback control of skin temperature

There are differences in physiological variables when they are recorded from the left and right side of the body simultaneously. In some cases, handedness has been found to have a significant relationship to bilateral differences. The present study examined the relationship between handedness and baseline heart rate and skin temperature, as well as bilateral differences in skin temperature during visual and auditory biofeedback. Subjects were 32 college females, 24 right-handed and 8 left-handed. Recordings of heart rate and skin temperature from both the dominant and the nondominant hand were made during baseline and during the 10-min experimental session while subjects attempted to warm their dominant hand. Both groups showed significantly increased skin temperature during the experimental session. No prominent bilateral differences in skin temperature were found. These results do not support bilateral differences as a generalizable construct.
Feedback control of vibrations in an extendible cantilever wing

The vibrations of a cantilever wing which may extend or contract during flight are studied. A mathematical model for the coupled bending and torsional vibrations of an extendible wing is developed. It is found that the extending or contracting motion of the wing has a stabilizing or destabilizing effect on the wing vibrations respectively. A Galerkin-type approximation based on an appropriate time-dependent basis for the solution space is used to obtain an approximate finite-dimensional model for simulation studies. A simple implementable nonlinear feedback control for damping the motion-induced vibrations is derived by considering the time rate-of-change of the total vibrational energy of the wing. Simulation studies show that the proposed control law is effective in reducing the peak amplitude of the motion-induced vibrations.
Selective hydrogenation of acetylene in excess ethylene using Ag- and Au–Pd/SiO2 bimetallic catalysts prepared by electroless deposition

Abstract Selective hydrogenation of acetylene in excess ethylene has been investigated for a series of Ag- and Au–Pd/SiO2 bimetallic catalysts having incremental surface coverages of Ag and Au on the Pd surface. The catalysts were prepared by electroless deposition and characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy and selective chemisorption. Both Ag- and Au–Pd/SiO2 catalysts showed increased selectivity of acetylene conversion to form ethylene, rather than ethane, at high coverages. The catalyst performance results suggest that at high coverages of Ag or Au on Pd, that result in small ensembles of Pd sites, acetylene is adsorbed as a π-bonded species that favors hydrogenation to ethylene. At low coverages, where ensemble sizes of contiguous Pd surface sites are much larger, acetylene is strongly adsorbed as a multi-σ-bonded species which preferentially forms ethane, lowering the selectivity to ethylene. Both kinetic analyses and the calculated turnover frequencies of acetylene conversion and ethane formation were consistent with the above explanation. The similar performance trends for Ag- and Au–Pd/SiO2 suggest that the bimetallic effect for these catalysts is geometric and not electronic in nature.
All-Optical Bose-Einstein-Condensation of Sodium in a Crossed Dipole Trap

We report all-optical Bose-Einstein-Condensation of sodium in a far-detuned crossed-dipole-trap. Sub-doppler-cooled sodium atoms are loaded into a crossed-dipole-trap and subsequently condensed by optical evaporation which yields condensates of 150000 atoms distributed over several spin-states.
Adsorption of maltenes on sodium montmorillonite

Abstract The adsorption of maltenes (hexane solubles) from shale oil onto sodium montmorillonite was investigated with a view to determining its effect on clay wettability and charge. The results were compared with those reported earlier [1,2] for the adsorption of shale asphaltenes (hexane insolubles) onto the same clay. The maltenes were found to be less surface active than asphaltenes. The presence of adsorbed maltene was found to make the clay hydrophobic and decrease its zeta potential in water.
Somatomedin and growth after renal transplantation.

Extract: Hormonal and metabolic factors which influence growth were studied in nine growth-retarded uremic children who received renal homografts. Post-transplant growth velocity based on bone age (GVBA) became normal in four (88–103%), accelerated in two (127–139%), and remained subnormal in three (18–50%). Serum somatomedin (SM), was very low in all children before transplant (0.39 ± 0.10 U/ml), but rose in each child after transplantation. Post-transplant somatomedin (0.84 ± 0.14 U/ml) was not significantly different from the somatomedin of eight healthy male control subjects matched for bone age (1.03 ± 0.16). Post-transplant GVBA was directly correlated (P 9.1 mg/m2/24 hr). Speculation: If low serum somatomedin activity develops in the course of end stage renal disease in children, growth retardation may be the consequence. After renal transplantation normalization of serum somatomedin activity may be a necessary although not sufficient condition for the resumption of growth.
Comparison of band model calculations of upper atmospheric cooling rates for the 15-micrometer carbon dioxide band

Within the atmosphere of the earth, absorption and emission of thermal radiation by the 15-micron CO2 bands are the largest contributors to infrared cooling rates in the stratosphere. Various techniques for calculating cooling rates due to these bands have been described. These techniques can be classified into one of two categories, including 'exact' or line-by-line calculations and other methods. The latter methods are based on broad band emissivity and band absorptance formulations. The present paper has the objective to present comparisons of the considered computational approaches. It was found that the best agreement with the exact line-by-line calculations of Fels and Schwarzkopf (1981) could be obtained by making use of a new Doppler band model which is described in the appendix of the paper.
Effects of environmental hypoxia on population characteristics of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in Atchafalaya River Basin (ARB) physical and chemical characteristics are associated with floodplain inundation and rising water temperatures, resulting in extensive areas of the ARB that experience hypoxia (dissolved oxygen [DO] ≤2.0 mg/L) for several weeks to months throughout the annual flood pulse. Although red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii can tolerate relatively low DO concentrations, effects of chronic hypoxic exposure on wild populations have not been extensively studied. Here we compare population characteristics of P. clarkii from normoxic and chronically hypoxic locations in the southeastern ARB that were sampled semi-monthly during the 2008 and 2009 crayfish harvest periods. Carapace length and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of P. clarkii from normoxic and hypoxic locations were similar prior to hypoxia development during both sample years. Hypoxia developed when mean water temperature reached 20°C, and diurnal DO concentrations at hypoxic locations remained below 2.0 mg/L on every sample date during the period of environmental hypoxia. During this period in both sample years, P. clarkii at hypoxic locations had a significantly smaller mean carapace length and mean CPUE was lower on every sample date.
Instrumenting a nurse tank for monitoring anhydrous ammonia application

A data acquisition system composed of a data logging system and five sensors was developed to measure the accuracy of anhydrous ammonia application. An anhydrous ammonia nurse tank was instrumented to record weight of nitrogen fertilizer applied, travel speed, distance traveled, fluid pressure and temperature. This system will aid researchers in determining the major factors and concerns that cause misapplication of anhydrous ammonia.
Latinos in the Garage: A Genealogical Examination of the Latino/a Presence and Influence in Garage Rock (and Rock and Pop Music)1

In this article the author explores some of the Latino/a cultural dimensions related to the emergence of garage rock in the mid‐1960s. Using a genealogical method, this research illuminates the significant Latino/a presence and influence in early rock and roll music and disrupts common dichotomous black/white constructions of rock music and popular music in general. By further articulating garage rock to Latino/a identity issues, the author makes a case for recognizing Latino/as as part of mainstream US culture and also applies these insights in an analysis of recent issues related to the place of Latino/as in contemporary US society.
Race, racial attitudes and adolescent perceptions of black television characters

(1980). Race, racial attitudes and adolescent perceptions of black television characters. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 549-560.
A Deservingness Approach to Respect as a Relationally Based Fairness Judgment

Value judgments, attributional judgments, and self-esteem are predicted to moderate the relationship between respectful treatment and procedural justice. In three studies, the moderation hypothesis is supported. In Studies 1 and 2, attributional and value judgments are shown to moderate the effect of respect so that respect is most important for those individuals who perform positively valued behaviors, particularly those who are responsible for those behaviors. Path analyses in Study 2 reveal that the respect-justice relationship is mediated by perceptions of deservingness. Study 3, a field survey, shows that respect is more important for the procedural fairness judgments of high self-esteem individuals. Several theoretical perspectives support the argument that these variables moderate the relation between respectful treatment and procedural fairness because of their impact on deservingness judgments. This deservingness effect is proposed to have implications for understanding the moderating effects of ...
On the applicability of the principle of the quantity-to-quality transition to chemical evolution that led to life

We review and re-examine the arguments for the proposal that life emerged by a quantity-to-quality transition of abiotic matter. This idea was originally proposed by the dialectical materialists, who are the proponents of the materialistic approach to Hegel's laws of dialectics. We find that one of the universal features of the quantity-to-quality transitions is the change in the organization of the system, which brings about novelty. We suggest that the principle of the quantity-to-quality transition may be a part of the algorithm of life, which is not Earth-centric.
Development of a novel high-throughput screen and identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the Gα-RGS17 protein-protein interaction using AlphaScreen.

In this study, the authors used AlphaScreen technology to develop a high-throughput screening method for interrogating small-molecule libraries for inhibitors of the Gα(o)-RGS17 interaction. RGS17 is implicated in the growth, proliferation, metastasis, and the migration of prostate and lung cancers. RGS17 is upregulated in lung and prostate tumors up to a 13-fold increase over patient-matched normal tissues. Studies show RGS17 knockdown inhibits colony formation and decreases tumorigenesis in nude mice. The screen in this study uses a measurement of the Gα(o)-RGS17 protein-protein interaction, with an excellent Z score exceeding 0.73, a signal-to-noise ratio >70, and a screening time of 1100 compounds per hour. The authors screened the NCI Diversity Set II and determined 35 initial hits, of which 16 were confirmed after screening against controls. The 16 compounds exhibited IC(50) 50% when compared to a biotinylated glutathione-S-transferase control. This report describes the first high-throughput screen for RGS17 inhibitors, as well as a novel paradigm adaptable to many other RGS proteins, which are emerging as attractive drug targets for modulating G-protein-coupled receptor signaling.
Multimodal behavior in a four neuron ring circuit: mode switching

We study a four-neuron ring circuit comprised of oscillating burst-type neurons unidirectionally coupled via inhibitory synapses. Simple circuits of this type have been used previously to study gait patterns. The ring circuit itself is a variant of the basic reciprocal inhibition network, and it exhibits the property of multistability (multiple stable modes of behavior). That is, different gait modes can be achieved via appropriate initialization of and parameterization of this self-excited oscillatory network. We demonstrate three common gait modes with this circuit: the walk, the bound, and a slightly rotated trot mode. Attention is focused mainly on the mechanisms of rapidly and effectively switching between these modes. Our simulations suggest that neuron membrane dynamics, as well as synaptic junctional properties, strongly influence phase sensitivity in the network; each synapse is a combination of both and can be characterized by a transient phase response curve (PRC). We use the same bursting neuron model to characterize all network neurons, and shape different transient PRCs by using different synaptic properties. The characteristics of these PRCs determine the gait modes sustained in any network configuration, as well as, the ability to switch between modes. The mechanisms explored in this simple circuit, may find application in the switching of more complicated gait pattern networks, as well as, in the design of neuromorphic gait pattern circuits.
High code rate low-density parity-check codes for optical communication systems

A novel family of low-density parity-check codes based on symmetrically repeated difference systems is proposed. Codes from this family have very high code rate, girth at least six, large minimum distance, and significantly outperform conventional Reed-Solomon codes.
Targeted infection of HIV-1 Env expressing cells by HIV(CD4/CXCR4) vectors reveals a potential new rationale for HIV-1 mediated down-modulation of CD4

Efficient targeted gene transfer and cell type specific transgene expression are important for the safe and effective expression of transgenes in vivo. Enveloped viral vectors allow insertion of exogenous membrane proteins into their envelopes, which could potentially aid in the targeted transduction of specific cell types. Our goal was to specifically target cells that express the T cell tropic HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) using the highly specific interaction of Env with its cellular receptor (CD4) inserted into the envelope of an HIV-1-based viral vector. To generate HIV-1-based vectors carrying the CD4 molecule in their envelope, the CD4 ectodomain was fused to diverse membrane anchors and inserted together with the HIV-1 coreceptor CXCR4 into the envelopes of HIV-1 vector particles. Independent of the type of CD4 anchor, all chimeric CD4 proteins inserted into HIV-1 vector envelopes and the resultant HIV(CD4/CXCR4) particles were able to selectively confer neomycin resistance to cells expressing the fusogenic T cell tropic HIV-1 Env protein. Unexpectedly, in the absence of Env on the target cells, all vector particles carrying the CD4 ectodomain anchored in their envelope adhered to various cell types without infecting these cells. This cell adhesion was very avid. It was independent of the presence of Env on the target cell, the type of CD4 anchor or the presence of CXCR4 on the particle. In mixed cell populations with defined ratios of Env+/Env- cells, the targeted transduction of Env+ cells by HIV(CD4/CXCR4) particles was diminished in proportion to the number of Env- cells. Vector diversion caused by a strong, non-selective cell binding of CD4+-vector particles effectively prevents the targeted transduction of HIV-1 Env expressing cells in mixed cell populations. This Env-independent cell adhesion severely limits the effective use of targeted HIV(CD4/CXCR4) vectors designed to interfere with HIV-1 replication in vivo. Importantly, the existence of this newly described and remarkably strong CD4-dependent cell adhesion suggests that the multiple viral efforts to reduce CD4 cell surface expression may, in part, be to prevent cell adhesion to non-target cells and thereby to increase the infectivity of viral progeny. Preventing CD4 down-modulation by HIV-1 might be an effective component of a multi-faceted antiviral strategy.
EGFR mutations are detected comparably in cytologic and surgical pathology specimens of nonsmall cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are present in ∼10% of nonsmall cell lung cancers, and higher in never-smokers, women, and Asians. Small in-frame deletions in exon 19 (∼45%) and L858R mutation in exon 21 (∼40%) predict response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, whereas some others herald resistance. Direct sequencing of tumor DNA detects all EGFR mutations, but is limited by interference from nonmalignant cells within the samples. Concern over such interference has discouraged testing cytologic samples, but the adequacy of cytologic specimens for EGFR sequencing has not been studied. METHODS: EGFR sequencing of surgical and cytologic specimens at Brigham and Women's Hospital over the past 2 years was reviewed. Of 239 specimens, 227 (95%) were surgical, and 12 (5%) were cytologic (fine needle aspirations, pleural fluids, bronchial washings, and bronchoalveolar lavages). RESULTS: Sixty-three (28%) surgical specimens showed EGFR mutations, whereas 143 (63%) were negative, 8 (3.5%) failed, and 14 (6.2%) were inconclusive (negative result in a heterogeneous sample). Seven (58%) cytologic specimens showed EGFR mutations, whereas 4 (33%) were negative, and 1 (8.3%) was inconclusive. Cytologic specimens were more likely to have a mutation than surgical specimens (P = .02). There was no significant difference in the frequency of inconclusive results. CONCLUSIONS: Cytologic specimens are suitable for EGFR sequencing and show comparable sensitivity for mutation detection as compared with surgical specimens. The suitability of a sample should be determined on a case-by-case basis, and cytologic samples should not be dismissed as inadequate without a thorough review. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
IGBT gate driver upgrades to the HVCM at the SNS

The SNS at ORNL has been fully operational since 2006 and in September 2009, the design goal of 1 MW of sustained beam power on target was achieved. Historically, the high voltage converter modulators (HVCM) have been a known problem area and, in order to reach another SNS milestone of ≥90% availability, a new gate driver was one of several areas targeted to improve the overall reliability of the HVCM systems. The drive capability and fault protection of the large IGBT modules in the HVCM were specifically addressed to improve IGBT switching characteristics and provide enhanced troubleshooting and monitoring capabilities for the critical IGBT/driver pair. This paper outlines the work involved; the result obtained and documents the driver's long-term performance. Enhanced features, designed to be used in conjunction with a new controller presently under development, will also be discussed.
Full length article: LTE-Advanced and the evolution to Beyond 4G (B4G) systems

Cellular networks have been undergoing an extraordinarily fast evolution in the past years. With commercial deployments of Release 8 (Rel-8) Long Term Evolution (LTE) already being carried out worldwide, a significant effort is being put forth by the research and standardization communities on the development and specification of LTE-Advanced. The work started in Rel-10 by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) had the initial objective of meeting the International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced) requirements set by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) which defined fourth generation (4G) systems. However, predictions based on the wireless traffic explosion in recent years indicate a need for more advanced technologies and higher performance. Hence, 3GPP's efforts have continued through Rel-11 and now Rel-12. This paper provides a state-of-the-art comprehensive view on the key enabling technologies for LTE-Advanced systems. Already consolidated technologies developed for Rel-10 and Rel-11 are reviewed while novel approaches and enhancements currently under consideration for Rel-12 are also discussed. Technical challenges for each of the main areas of study are pointed out as an encouragement for the research community to participate in this collective effort.
A new class of optical fiber to support large capacity transmission

Linearity-enhanced pure-silica-core fiber with low attenuation (0.16dB/km) and large effective area (130µm2) improving OSNR is presented as new class of fiber to support large capacity transmission. Evolutional fibers are also anticipated over the next decade.
Field Optimization of High-Voltage Insulators

A method is described for optimizing the field stress on HV insulators by modifying their profile, seeking a uniform distribution of the tangential field along the insulator surface. This results in an increase of the onset voltage for surface flashover and in a significant saving of the space of the HV installation. The optimization process was achieved by an algorithm developed for calculating the tangential field component and mathematical expressions of the profile to be corrected through an iterative procedure. The algorithm was based on a modified charge simulation technique to satisfy a better matching of the boundary conditions to the electrode and insulator surfaces involved in the HV installation. The algorithm is expanded to study the effect of contamination on the tangential field distribution. It is found that the higher the conductivity of the contamination layer, the higher is the field uniformity along the insulator surface.
Two-terminal metal-inter-connected multijunction III-V solar cells

A novel bonding approach with an interface consisting of a metal and dielectric is developed, and a “pillar-array” metal topology is proposed for minimal optical and electrical loss at the interface. This enables a fully lattice-matched twoterminal, four-junction device that consists of an inverted top two-junction (2J) cell with 1.85eV GaInP/1.42eV GaAs, and an upright lower 2J cell with ~1eV GaInAsP/0.74eV GaInAs aimed for concentrator applications. The fabrication process and simulation of the metal topology are discussed along with the results of GaAs/GaInAs 2J and (GaInP+GaAs)/ GaInAs three-junction bonded cells. Bonding-related issues are also addressed along with optical coupling across the bonding interface. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular electrostatic potentials of DNA base–base pairing and mispairing

An understanding of why adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G) in DNA is very useful in the design of sensors and other related devices. We report the use of dissociation energies, geometries and molecular electrostatic potentials (MEPs) to justify the canonical (AT and CG) Watson-Crick pairs. We also analyze all mismatches in both configurations—cis and trans—with respect to their glycoside bonds. As expected, we found that the most stable pair configuration corresponds to CG, providing an energy criterion for that preferred configuration. The reason why A gets together with T is much more difficult to explain as the energy of this pair is smaller than the energy of some other mismatched pairs. We tested MEPs to see if they could shed light on this problem. Interestingly, MEPs yield a unique pattern (shape) for the two canonical cases but different shapes for the mismatches. A tunnel of positive potential surrounded by a negative one is found interconnecting the three H-bonds of CG and the two of AT. This MEP tunnel, assisted partially by energetics and geometrical criteria, unambiguously determine a distinctive feature of the affinity between A and T as well as that between G and C.