cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solvent extraction of pentachlorophenol from contaminated soils using water-ethanol mixtures

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a wood preserving agent that is commonly found in contaminated soils at wood treatment sites. The extraction of PCP from contaminated soils was evaluated using water-ethanol mixtures as solvents. A mixed solvent containing equal proportions of water and ethanol, a water-miscible mixture, proved effective in extracting PCP from both spiked and field contaminated soils. Maximum PCP recovery from soil occurred within the first hour of contact between soil and the mixed solvent. PCP extraction with the 50% water-ethanol mixture was comparable to extraction using Soxhlet and sonication procedures. In batch extraction experiments, 50% ethanol was effective in recovering PCP from soils spiked with up to 99 mg/kg PCP. This water-ethanol mixture was as effective as richer ethanol solutions in removing PCP from field soils found at a wood preserving site, extracting approximately 720 mg/kg PCP from one soil along with hydrocarbons (alkanes and PAHs) present in the field soil.
Reduction of normal lung irradiation in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients, using ventilation images for functional avoidance.

Purpose: To investigate the ability of four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT)–derived ventilation images to identify regions of highly functional lung for avoidance in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) planning in locally advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials: The treatment-planning records from 21 patients with Stage III NSCLC were selected. Ventilation images were generated from the 4D-CT sets, and each was imported into the treatment-planning system. Ninetieth percentile functional volumes (PFV90), constituting the 10% of the lung volume where the highest ventilation occurs, were generated. Baseline IMRT plans were generated using the lung volume constraint on V20 ( Results: The mean dose to the PFV90 was reduced by 2.9 Gy, and the DFH at 5 Gy (F5) was reduced by 9.6% (SE = 2.03%). The F5, F10, V5, and V10 were all significantly reduced from the baseline values. We identified a favorable subset of patients for whom there was a further significant improvement in the mean lung dose. Conclusions: Four-dimensional computed tomography–derived ventilation regions were successfully used as avoidance structures to reduce the DVH and DFH at 5 Gy in all cases. In a subset, there was also a reduction in the F10 and V10 without a change in the V20, suggesting that this technique could be safely used.
A computerized test system for thermal-mechanical fatigue crack growth

A computerized testing system to measure fatigue crack growth under thermal-mechanical fatigue conditions is described. Built around a servohydraulic machine, the system is capable of a push-pull test under stress-controlled or strain-controlled conditions in the temperature range of 25 to 1050 C. Temperature and mechanical strain are independently controlled by the closed-loop system to simulate the complex inservice strain-temperature relationship. A d-c electrical potential method is used to measure crack growth rates. The correction procedure of the potential signal to take into account powerline and RF-induced noises and thermal changes is described. It is shown that the potential drop technique can be used for physical mechanism studies and for modelling crack tip processes.
The Use of Systemic Insecticides for Control of the Cabbage Aphid on Cabbage and Cauliflower

The systemic insecticides Thimet®, ( O,O -diethyl S -(ethylthio) methyl phosphorodithioate), Bayer 19639 (Di-Syston® = O,O -diethyl S -2-(ethylthio)ethyl phosphorodithioate), demeton thiol-isomer, ( O,O -diethyl S -2-(ethylthio)ethyl phosphorothioatc) and demeton were evaluated in a series of field experiments for control of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), on cabbage in southern California. Seed-coat applications of both Bayer 19639 and Thimet on activated charcoal at the rate of 4 pounds of toxicant per 100 pounds of seed caused a reduction in plant stand. Moderate control of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), was obtained for as long as one month by this method. Granulated Bayer 19639 and Thimet applied to the seed furrow at the rate of about 1 pound of toxicant per acre gave control of the cabbage aphid for 2 months with no apparent reduction in the number of plants. Bayer 19639 applied at about the same rate as a spray to the seed furrow also gave aphid control for 2 months. Thimet and Bayer 19639 were applied as granules at the rate of ½, 1, and 2 pounds per acre to the transplant furrow. Bayer 19639 at the 1- and 2-pound dosages gave good control for at least 2 months under moderate population pressure. Thimet at similar dosages gave good initial kill but was not effective over as long a period. Both materials at one-half pound per acre gave early control but lost their effectiveness after about 1 month. Bayer 19639 applied as granules directly to aphidinfested foliage at dosages as low as one-fourth pound per acre gave good control in 5 days and was still effective 17 days after treatment. Thimet at similar concentrations was also effective. Bayer 19639 generally gave longer aphid control than Thimet. Residue studies indicate that Thimet and Bayer 19639 applied to the plants at time of transplanting, or soon thereafter, had dissipated almost entirely from the cabbage heads at harvest time. Samples also indicate that Thimet breaks down somewhat faster than Bayer 19639.
Eigenvalue Sensitivity Theory for Resonance-Shielded Cross Sections

A method is presented to compute sensitivity coefficients for the eigenvalue of a critical assembly, including implicit effects associated with changes in resonance-shielded multigroup cross sectio...
Contextualizing Marriage as a Means and a Goal

“‘I am not romantic, you know. I never was. I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr. Collins's character, connection, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness wit...
The mediating role of organizational job embeddedness in the LMX-outcomes relationships

This study furthers the research on leader–member exchange (LMX) and organizational job embeddedness by examining the relationships between these variables and three workplace outcomes. In particular, we employ the Conservation of Resources theory to hypothesize LMX as a predictor of organizational job embeddedness, and organizational job embeddedness to be a predictor of the outcomes of job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and actual turnover. Further, we suggest organizational job embeddedness is an intermediary mechanism that mediates the LMX–outcome relationships. We examine these proposed relationships in a sample of 205 automobile employees. In general, our results provide strong support for the proposed associations. Contributions, limitations, practical implications, and directions for future research are offered.
Capillary-tissue exchange kinetics: an analysis of the Krogh cylinder model.

Abstract The kinetics of capillary-tissue exchange are analyzed for a cylindrical tissue region which has impermeable ends and walls (Krogh cylinder). An approximate simple analytical solution for the venous outflow curve of the general model is presented. The validity and limitations of this solution are determined by comparing it with an exact numerical solution for certain cases. The approximate solution can be used only for solutes with high capillary permeability such as D20, gasses, and small lipid soluble molecules (antipyrine). The approximate solution provides simple criteria for the validity of various simplifications of the general Krogh model and two simplified models are discussed. It is shown that the general Krogh model can be approximated by a simple one dimensional model for solutes which have a high capillary permeability. Using this approximation, it is shown that the theoretical predictions of the Krogh model do not agree with the experimental observation that the exchange of D 2 0 in rat liver is blood flow limited.
Use of the radial forearm free tissue flap to treat persistent stricture after esophagogastrectomy.

Abstract Background: Persistent stricturing or anastomotic leakage at the cervical esophagogastric anastomosis can be a troublesome complication of gastric pull-up procedures. When the stricture is the result of ischemia of the stomach, the strictures are long and often not responsive to dilatation and require large operations such as jejunal interposition or replacement with colonic pull-up. In this report we describe the use of a radial forearm flap to patch strictures. Methods: The radial forearm flap is a fascia cutaneous flap taken from the forearm and based on the radial artery and its venae comitantes. The advantages of this flap are that it is thin and pliable, conforms easily, has excellent reliability due to the size of the feeding vessels, and has a relatively long pedicle. The vascular anastomosis can be made to several arteries and veins within the neck. The epithelial component can be made in sizes up to 10 by 20 cm. Results: We have used the radial forearm flap to patch strictures in 6 patients with persistent complex strictures in the cervical region after esophagectomy. Results were excellent in 4 patients (able to eat liquids and solids without problems) and good in 1 patient (liquids okay, some problem with solids), and 1 patient died postoperatively. Follow-up is 4 months to 7 years. Conclusions: The radial forearm flap is an excellent option for handling persistent stricture after esophagogastrectomy. In many instances, this flap can be used in lieu of a jejunal interposition flap and obviates a laparotomy to harvest jejunum. The flap fits easily into the neck and conforms to the space.
Osteoprotegerin expression and secretion are regulated by calcium influx through the L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel.

Our previous studies showed that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] modulates the activity of the CaV1.2 α-subunit of the L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel (VSCC) by two temporally distinct mechanisms. First, 1,25(OH)2D3 rapidly modulates local Ca2+ permeability in the plasma membrane of the proliferating osteoblast. Second, treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 reduces biosynthesis of CaV1.2 such that transcript levels are half of original levels after 24 h. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) provide important regulatory mechanisms for controlling osteoclastogenesis and Ca2+ homeostasis. Because they often control Ca2+-activated secretion, we investigated the possibility that L-type VSCCs might regulate basal OPG and RANKL secretion in osteoblasts. We also studied 1,25(OH)2D3 effects on OPG and RANKL expression. To address this, we measured changes in expression and secretion of OPG and RANKL in MC3T3-E1 cells and calvarial organ cultures after treatment...
Plastic stresses at the interface crack tip between two different elastic-plastic bonded solids

The stresses in the plastic region near the crack tip in a composite material of two different bonded materials, with an interface debonding zone being free of tractions, have been studied. The constituent materials were assumed to be elastic-perfectly plastic materials in this study. It was shown that, generally, this problem had a unique solution; however, for a particular homogeneous case, when there is one material only instead of two different materials, this problem was found to have two solutions. The first (continuous) solution coincides with that found earlier by Prandtl and later modified by Hill and Sokolovsky. Additionally, a second (discontinuous) solution, unnoticed by Prandtl, Hill, and Sokolovsky, was unveiled. Some reasons are suggested for prefering the second solution, since evidently both solutions cannot be valid simultaneously.
Determination of Key Structural Requirements of a K+ Channel Pore

Among the highly conserved sites in K+ channel pores, the tyrosine-glycine sequence is believed to play an important role in selectivity. Here we describe a novel approach in which comprehensive mutagenesis of the YG sites of the voltage-gated K+ channel, Kat1, is combined with phenotypic screening in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and electrophysiological analysis in Xenopus oocytes to determine the roles of these sites in K+ selectivity. We show that structural constraints necessitate a tyrosine or phenylalanine at the first position to confer full K+ selectivity. Substitution to arginine creates a channel titratable by external pH, suggesting that the side group at this position may line the channel pore. Permeation is abolished by any increase in bulk at the adjacent glycine position unless accompanied by a compensatory mutation at the tyrosine site. These results suggest a model in which the selectivity filter of the K+ channel requires an aromatic residue paired with glycine within the pore loop in order to maintain maximal K+ selectivity.
Electric curvature and the time component of the adiabatic connection

Generalizing the concept of the Berry phase, I show that an additional gauge structure associated with a time-component vector potential ${A}_{0}$ is present in the adiabatic evolution of a quantum system. The gauge structure, which generates the usual dynamical phase, is revealed by a formalism in which the time variable is treated on an equal footing with other parameters on which the Hamiltonian depends. The invariant curvature associated with ${A}_{0}$, an electriclike field, determines the phase difference between low- and high-energy paths in a generalized phase-space and time picture. The covariance of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation illustrates the results.
Chenopod and Amaranth Pollen: Electron-Microscopic Identification

Electron-microscopic criteria for distinguishing chenopod and amaranth pollen have been found in the number of minute holes and spinules, and especially in the ratio between them, which is 〈 1.5 in amaranths and 〉 1.6 in chenopods. Sixty-eight percent of total fossil pollen from a Classic Maya level (carbon-14 age 1380 ± 120 B.P.) in a lake-sediment core from El Salvador belongs to wild amaranths, which presumably invaded corn fields. Fossil chenopodiaceous pollen from a depth of 3.85 meters (about 4000 years old) at Tinte, the Netherlands, is mostly Atriplex littoralis, which was evidently very common on coastal marshes in the middle sub-Boreal period.
Fall-out radionuclides in Colorado deer liver.

BECAUSE of the numerous and complex functions of the liver, one would expect a wide variety of elements to become concentrated in that organ. According to data compiled by ICRP1, at least forty-two stable elements may occur in liver tissues, including caesium, manganese and ruthenium. Radioisotopes of these elements from a variety of sources have been found to accumulate in livers of several species2–4. Ingested cerium may also accumulate in the liver5 even though absorption from the digestive tract is normally less than 0.1 per cent6.
NLO analysis of SLAC E154 data

The next-to-leading order pQCD analysis of the world data on the polarized structure functions g1 of the neutron (including the new E154 results) proton and deuteron is presented. The E154 results are interpreted in that context. Special attention is paid to the experimental and theoretical uncertainties. The data well constrain the valence helicity distributions and only qualitatively those of the gluon and sea quarks. The NLO fit is used to evolve the experimental results to a constant Q2=5 GeV2, and to determine the integrals of g1 of the neutron and proton to find agreement with the Bjorken sum rule.
Differential PCM Systems

Matched differential PCM systems are analyzed for stationary first order Gauss Markov process inputs. The computational procedure yields convergent solutions for the variance and the probability density function of the point-wise error for all sampling intervals. Time average error between the input signal X(t) and a time continuous estimate X\hat{\approx}(t) is computed and it is used as the basis for finding the optimum number of quantizer levels and hence, the optimum sampling interval for a given bit rate. For time average error values of practical interest, 4 level DPCM is superior; the time average error exceeds the appropriate rate-distortion bound by only 2.5 dB. A comparison with a good PCM system shows that 4 level DPCM is superior for large bit rates and the difference increases with bit rate. The same DPCM systems are analyzed under the assumption that the prediction error is Gaussian and the results are within 10% of the exactly computed results for the region of optimum performance.
Mixed-criticality scheduling upon non-monitored varying-speed processors

A varying-speed processor is characterized by two execution speeds: a normal speed and a degraded speed. Under normal circumstances it will execute at its normal speed; unexpected conditions may occur during run-time that cause it to execute slowly (but no slower than at its degraded speed). A processor that is self-monitoring immediately knows if its speed falls below its normal speed during run-time; by contrast, a non-monitored processor cannot detect such degradation in performance during run-time. The problem of executing an integrated workload, consisting of some more important components and some less important ones, upon a non-monitored varying-speed processor is considered. It is desired that all components execute correctly under normal circumstances, whereas the more important components should execute correctly (although the less important components need not) if the processor runs at any speed no slower than its specified degraded speed.
Stimulation of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity by cAMP and hCG in MA-10 Leydig tumor cells.

Abstract Using a cloned Leydig tumor cell line (designated MA-10), we have studied the activity of cholesterol side-chain (CSCC) enzyme, the rate-determining step in steroidogenesis, in mitochondria isolated from cells pretreated either with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP). Results showed a slight but significant increase in CSCC activity with treatment by cAMP (25% increase) and hCG (60% increase), as compared to mitochondria isolated from nontreated control cells. However, this stimulation of CSCC activity appears to be of limited significance when compared to the approximately 1000-fold or greater increase observed in progesterone production in the presence of hCG or dbcAMP. On the other hand, unstimulated MA-10 cells or isolated mitochondria efficiently converted 25-hydroxycholesterol and 22R-hydroxycholesterol into progesterone, and this conversion was not affected by cycloheximide. The addition of cholesterol to intact cells or to isolated mitochondria did not affect progesterone production. Our observations clearly indicate that given the proper hydroxy substrates (22R-hydroxycholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol), MA-10 Leydig cells are able to convert them into progesterone without any stimulation by steroidogenic stimuli, i.e. cAMP or hCG. Since MA-10 Leydig cells can efficiently convert 22R-hydroxycholesterol—an intermediate in CSCC reaction—into progesterone, these results suggest that the key regulatory step in the mechanism of trophic hormone-stimulated steroid production is the first hydroxylation step of the 3 sequential monooxygenation reactions involved in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone.
Profit sharing (with workers) facilitates collusion (among firms)

We show how profit sharing by firms with workers facilitates collusion among firms in a dynamic oligopoly environment with uncertain demand. We first show that firm profits can always be increased by tying wages to market conditions. The optimal agreement takes the form of an option and features partial sharing because increased sharing raises the expected price-wage differential, but reduces price-wage variability. We then show that given any cartel, there exist market conditions such that simply giving some expected profit to workers raises expected firm profits via the transfer's impact on the incentive to cheat on the cartel.
Factorial structure and MMPI correlates of a fear survey schedule in a clinical population.

Abstract The Wolpe-Lazarus Fear Survey Schedule was administered in a neurotic population and factor analyzed. The largest factor (Tissue Damage/Medical) was uncorrelated with either the MAS or MMPI scales. However, total Fear Survey scores and Factor II (Interpersonal) showed a similar pattern of significant positive associations with both measures. The clinical relevance of global vs. part fear survey scores is discussed.
A novel cohabitation between two diazotrophic cyanobacteria in the oligotrophic ocean.

The cyanobacterial genus Trichodesmium is biogeochemically significant because of its dual role in nitrogen and carbon fixation in the oligotrophic ocean. Trichodesmium species form colonies that can be easily enriched from the water column and used for shipboard rate measurements to estimate their contribution to oceanic carbon and nitrogen budgets. During a July 2010 cruise near the Hawaiian Islands in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, a specific morphology of Trichodesmium puff-form colonies were examined under epifluorescent microscopy and found to harbor a colonial endobiont, morphologically identified as the heterocystous diazotrophic cyanobacterium Calothrix. Using unialgal enrichments obtained from this cruise, we show that these Calothrix-like heterocystous cyanobionts (hetDA for ‘Trichodesmium-associated heterocystous diazotroph’) fix nitrogen on a diurnal cycle (maximally in the middle of the light cycle with a detectable minimum in the dark). Gene sequencing of nifH from the enrichments revealed that this genus was likely not quantified using currently described quantitative PCR (qPCR) primers. Guided by the sequence from the isolate, new hetDA-specific primers were designed and subsequent qPCR of environmental samples detected this diazotroph from surface water to a depth of 150 m, reaching densities up to ∼9 × 103 l−1. Based on phylogenetic relatedness of nifH and 16S rRNA gene sequences, it is predicted that the distribution of this cyanobiont is not limited to subtropical North Pacific but likely reaches to the South Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Therefore, this previously unrecognized cohabitation, if it reaches beyond the oligotrophic North Pacific, could potentially influence Trichodesmium-derived nitrogen fixation budgets in the world ocean.
Automated aberration extraction using phase wheel targets

An approach to in-situ wavefront aberration measurement is explored. The test is applicable to sensing aberrations from the image plane of a microlithography projection system or a mask inspection tool. A set of example results is presented which indicate that the method performs well on lenses with a Strehl ration above 0.97. The method uses patterns produced by an open phase figure1 to determine the deviation of the target image from its ideal shape due to aberrations. A numerical solution in the form of Zernike polynomial coefficients is reached by modeling the object interaction with aberrated pupil function using the nonlinear optimization routine over the possible deformations to give an accurate account of the image detail in 2-D. The numerical accuracy for the example below indicated superb performance of the chosen target shapes with only a single illumination setup.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Training agrammatic subjects on passive sentences: implications for syntactic deficit theories.

We trained two subjects with chronic agrammatic aphasia on production of passive sentences using a computerized, iconic-based communication system. After training, one of the subjects demonstrated significant improvements in his abilities to comprehend and verbally produce English passive voiced sentences, including sentences with conjoined subjects and objects. These results suggest that agrammatism does not represent a fixed syntactic deficit.
Chimpanzees spontaneously alter the location of their gestures to match the attentional orientation of others

Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, interacted with a familiar human partner across a table that contained a piece of highly desirable food and an undesirable distracter object. We explored how the chimpanzees' deployed their gestures on trials in which the food and object were out of their reach, thus creating a context in which they needed to recruit their partner's assistance in order to obtain the food. The attentional focus of their partner was directed either at the food, at the distracter object, or at a neutral location on the ceiling. Although the location of the food exerted primary control over the location of the chimpanzees' gestures, the results also clearly show that when their partner's focus was on the distracter object, the subjects modified their pattern of gesturing to accommodate the discrepancy between the object they wanted and the object on which their partner was focused. We discuss the results in the context of the evolution of joint and shared attention in humans, chimpanzees and other primates. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
A MULTIVARIABLE ASSESSMENT OF RENAL SIZE AND GROWTH OF SCARRED KIDNEYS IN CHILDREN

ABSTRACTPurpose: We applied a recently developed multivariable renal size nomogram to sonographic measurements of kidneys with known scarring to assess systematically their sizes and growth patterns compared to normal kidneys.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed renal sonograms of 138 kidneys (55 right and 83 left) with known scarring. The sizes of these scarred kidneys were compared to the 95% prediction limits calculated according to the multivariable renal size nomogram, adjusting for patient age, gender, race, weight and height. The growth of scarred kidneys was evaluated by fitting individual linear regression lines using serial sonographic measurements and comparing the results with normal predicted values.Results: The sizes of 89.1% of the right and 81.9% of the left scarred kidneys were within the 95% normal prediction limits. Only 17 of 138 of the scarred renal units showed smaller kidney sizes compared to the normal prediction limits. Serial sonographic measurements revealed that c...
Thermal phase transitions in deuterated lecithin bilayers.

Abstract Differential Thermal Analyses and Optical Density measurements show that perdeuteration of the fatty acid residues in phosphatidylcholines causes a 4–5°C decrease in the phase transition temperatures of bilayer dispersions prepared from these deuterated phospholipids. The implications of these findings on the use of deuterated phospholipids in membrane research will be briefly discussed.
Hypertension and diabetes prevalence among U.S. Hispanics by country of origin: the National Health Interview Survey 2000-2005.

Background Despite their diverse cultural origins, Hispanics in the US are generally studied as a single ethnic group.
The perceived landfall location of evacuees from Hurricane Gustav

Hurricane evacuations in the United States are costly, chaotic, and sometimes unnecessary. Many coastal residents consider evacuation after viewing a forecasted graphic of where the storm is anticipated to make landfall. During the evacuation process, hurricane tracks commonly deviate from the forecasted landfall track and many evacuees may not pay attention to these track deviations after evacuating. Frequently, a disconnect may occur between the actual landfall track, the official forecasted track, and the perceived track of each individual as they made their evacuation decision. Specifically for evacuees, a shift in track may decrease the hazards associated with a landfalling hurricane since evacuees perceive their threat level to be high at the time of evacuation. Using survey data gathered during the evacuation from Hurricane Gustav (2008) in coastal Louisiana (USA), we calculated a type of Z-score to measure the distance error between each evacuee’s perceived landfall location and the actual landfall location from each evacuee’s home zip code. Results indicate a personal landfall bias in the direction of home zip code for evacuees of three metropolitan regions. Evacuees from the greater New Orleans area displayed the highest error, followed by evacuees from greater Lafayette. Furthermore, we validate the authenticity of the previous results by employing two additional methods of error assessment. A large regional error score might possibly be a predictor of evacuation complacency for a future hurricane of similar magnitude, although there are many other variables that must be considered.
Surface reconstruction from noisy point clouds

We show that a simple modification of the power crust algorithm for surface reconstruction produces correct outputs in presence of noise. This is proved using a fairly realistic noise model. Our theoretical results are related to the problem of computing a stable subset of the medial axis. We demostrate the effectiveness of our algorithm with a number of experimental results.
Localization of ecdysteroids in the eyestalk ganglia of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, during anecdysis and proecdysis

Ecdysteroids have been found in eyestalk tissues of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Throughout the molt cycle, ecdysteroids are present in much higher concentrations in the eyestalk tissues than can be accounted for by equilibrium diffusion from the hemolymph. The greatest eyestalk-to-hemolymph ratio is found during anecdysis, the nonmolting period when the highest levels of the molt-inhibiting hormone are being produced and released from the eyestalks. RIA-active ecdysteroids are localized primarily (but not exclusively) in the medulla terminalis (MT) and medulla interna (MI) portions of the eyestalk ganglia. Relative levels of ecdysteroids extracted from the MT and MI fluctuate during the molt cycle. Ecdysone was the predominant ecdysteroid present in the eyestalks. Histological examination of eyestalks revealed two areas of cell bodies in the MT and medulla externa (ME) that release colloidlike substances into the intraganglionic cortical glial spaces. The location of the MT cell bodies corresponds to the pars distalis-X-organ of other crustaceans, but no organ of Bellonci (which has been proposed as a source of ecdysteroidlike compounds in shrimp) was found.
Effective therapy of human immunodeficiency virus‐associated anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin despite high endogenous erythropoietin

A 32-year-old woman with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and progressive anemia presented to University Hospital with a hemoglobin of 3.4 g/dl. Because of her religious beliefs, she refused transfusion, and no iron or vitamin deficiency was found. She responded to recombinant human erythropoietin 150 U/kg intramuscularly thrice weekly with a rise in hemoglobin to 9.3 g/dl by 3 months of treatment. The serum erythropoietin level before treatment was markedly elevated at 1,340 mU/ml.
Substituting an Inexpensive Function Generator for the Pulsed Laser in the Experiment “Laser Measurement of the Speed of Sound in Gases”

We present an adaptation to an experiment previously published in this Journal. The experiment was designed to determine the heat capacity ratios of gases by measuring the speed of sound using a mo...
Nurse-administered propofol sedation compared with midazolam and meperidine for EUS: a prospective, randomized trial.

Background The utility of nurse-administered propofol sedation (NAPS) compared with midazolam and meperidine (M/M) for EUS is not known. Objective To compare recovery times, costs, safety, health personnel, and patient satisfaction of NAPS and M/M for EUS. Design Prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial. Setting Tertiary-referral hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana. Patients Outpatients referred for EUS. Interventions Sedation with M/M or NAPS. The patient and recovery nurse were blinded; however, the sedating nurse, endoscopist, and recording research nurse were unblinded to the sedatives used. A capnography, in addition to standard monitoring, was used. A questionnaire and visual analog scale assessed patient, endoscopist, and sedating nurse satisfaction. Main Outcome Measurements Recovery times, costs, safety, health personnel, and patient satisfaction in both groups. Results Eighty consecutive patients were randomized to NAPS (n = 40) or M/M (n = 40). More patients in the propofol group were current tobacco users; patient demographics, procedures performed, mean procedure length, and the overall frequency of adverse events were otherwise similar. Compared with M/M, NAPS was associated with a faster induction of sedation (2.3 vs 5.7 minutes, respectively; P = .001) and full recovery time (29 vs 49 minutes, respectively; P = .001), higher postprocedure patient satisfaction, and quicker anticipated return to baseline function. At discharge, total costs (recovery plus medications) were similar between the propofol ($406) and M/M groups ($399; P = .79). Limitation Low-risk patient population. Conclusions Compared with M/M, NAPS for an EUS offered a faster sedation induction and full recovery time, higher postprocedure patient satisfaction, and a quicker anticipated return to baseline function. Total costs were similar between the groups.
Capacitated network design considering survivability: an evolutionary approach

This paper presents an evolutionary approach to design of capacitated networks considering cost, performance, and survivability. Traditionally, network performance and survivability have been considered independently. The approach presented in this paper is comprehensive where selecting network topology, assigning capacities for each link, and determining a route for each communicating node pair are simultaneously performed during optimization. Dual objectives of minimizing cost and minimizing delay are used, and the network design is subject to a survivability constraint. The proposed approach is tested on problems from the literature, and it is shown that it improves significantly upon previous single objective approaches and provides the user with a Pareto optimal set of designs to examine further. *E-mail: konak@psu.edu
LOGICAL VERSUS EMPIRICAL READABILITY AND HUMAN INTEREST SCORES: REFINEMENT AND UPDATE

Two studies, one using 27 and the other 25 general psychology textbooks published between 1982 and 1989, compared several readability and human interest scores for topics presented in the appropriate context. In both cases, Flesch's (logical) scores were significantly correlated (median Pearson r of .49) with students' (empirical) ratings but insufficiently for justifying interchanging them. Another finding was that neither the students' ratings nor Flesch's scores based on the selections yielded significant correlations (median Pearson r of .21) with the corresponding Flesch scores for the books as a whole. An adequate profile of a book may require a number of readability and/or interest scores instead of single global measures.
Spindle assembly checkpoint and p53 deficiencies cooperate for tumorigenesis in mice

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) guards against chromosomal missegregation during mitosis. To investigate the role of SAC in tumor development, mice heterozygously knocked out for the mitotic arrest deficient (Mad) genes Mad1 and/or Mad2 were mated with p53+/− mice. Increased tumor frequencies were reproducibly observed in Mad2+/−p53+/− (88.2%) and Mad1+/−Mad2+/−p53+/− (95.0%) mice compared with p53+/− (66.7%) mice. Moreover, 53% of Mad2+/−p53+/− mice developed lymphomas compared with 11% of p53+/− mice. By examining chromosome content, increased loss in diploidy was seen in cells from Mad2+/−p53+/−versusp53+/− mice, correlating loss of SAC function, in a p53+/− context, with increased aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. The findings here provide evidence for a cooperative role of Mad1/Mad2 and p53 genes in preventing tumor development. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Glenoid Exposure During Shoulder Replacement

Glenoid exposure for total shoulder replacement can be challenging and represents the most difficult part of the procedure. Exposure requires both humeral and glenoid-based releases. We prefer a lesser tuberosity osteotomy instead of a subscapularis takedown. The osteotomy offers significant advantages for glenoid visualization by decreasing the encroachment of anterior humeral bone. Specific glenoid-based releases are then performed in this sequential fashion: 1) the rotator interval including the coracohumeral and superior glenohumeral ligament is released, 2) the middle glenohumeral ligament is divided in an inferior direction, 3) the inferior glenohumeral ligament is then divided as the inferior extension of the above dissection, and 4) posterior glenoid retractors are placed and the axillary nerve is directly visualized. An inferior capsular release then is performed dependent on the necessity of further exposure.
Aircraft Design: Trading Cost and Climate Impact

Commercial aircraft operations impact the atmosphere through emissions of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas precursors and through the formation of contrails and cirrus clouds. Aircraft are attributed with emitting approximately 2% of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), and the total radiative forcing caused by aircraft emissions is a factor of two to four times greater than radiative forcing due to aircraft CO2 emissions alone [IPCC 1999]. Non-CO2 radiative forcing results primarily from emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and the formation of contrails and cirrus clouds. The magnitudes of climate impacts due to both of these phenomena depend strongly on cruise altitude. Additionally, aircraft fuel burn and NOx emissions rate depend on ight altitude. This study combines altitude variation of fuel consumption, emissions rate, and emissions eects to examine the relative climate impacts of dierent aircraft designs, as measured by the global mean temperature change resulting from 100 years of sustained aircraft operation. A simple time- and altitudevarying climate model is presented and integrated with an aircraft conceptual design code. Optimization studies are performed to compare economic and environmental performance of aircraft congurations. First, we optimize for a minimum-cost conguration, which is used as a reference for comparing performance of a variety of green designs. By optimizing an aircraft for minimum fuel burn or minimum NOx emissions, savings of up to 16% in fuel burn and 50% in NOx emissions are possible compared with a minimum-cost design. However, these aircraft achieve small reductions in global warming impacts of at most 7%. More signicant reductions in global warming impacts can be attained by designing aircraft to y at lower altitudes. A 30% reduction in global warming impacts can be reached by designing aircraft to cruise at about 28,000 ft and Mach 0.75, which increases operating costs by 1 to 2% relative to a minimum cost aircraft. A 50% reduction in global warming impacts can be achieved by aircraft designed to cruise at 25,000 ft and Mach 0.72, with a 1.5 to 3% increase in total operating costs. Up to a 75% reduction in global warming impacts can be attained by designing aircraft to cruise as low as 18,000 ft. Unfortunately, there is considerable uncertainty in estimating the global warming eects of NO x emissions and cloud formation. To address this, studies are performed to examine the sensitivity of results to variation in the magnitude of radiative forcing due to NOx emissions and cloud formation. Regardless of whether these forcings are much greater or less than current best estimates, there is still a potential net global warming impact savings of 20 to 55% possible by designing aircraft to cruise 10,000 ft lower and at a 12% lower Mach number than the minimum-cost conguration.
Sympathetic nervous system and behavioral responses to stress following exercise training.

Abstract This study tests the hypothesis that a short-term (16 weeks) exercise program modifies sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and selected behavioral responses to acute psychological stress. Twenty-four previously sedentary middle-aged men with maximal aerobic capacity ( V max O 2 ) values −1 ·min −1 were assigned to experimental ( n = 12) and control ( n = 12) groups. All subjects performed a modified Stroop test (18 min) at pre- and postexercise training during which intravenous blood samples were drawn at three time intervals for plasma catecholamine (CA) determination. Motor performance was continuously recorded for assessment of premotor (PMT) and motor (MOT) components of reaction time. A set of anagrams were administered immediately following the modified Stroop to determine the level of cognitive fatigue induced. At both pre- and postexercise intervention, the total group ( n = 24) manifested significant ( p ≤ 0.05) elevations in state anxiety, heart rate, and plasma norepinephrine. No significant changes occurred over time on PMT or MOT. There were significantly ( p ≤ 0.01) lengthened anagram performance scores poststress compared to nonstress values. The experimental group exercise trained 3 days/week for 16 weeks, resulting in a 20% increase in VO 2 max. However, there were no group differences on the CA or behavioral responses to the modified Stroop at pre- or postintervention. These findings do not support the hypothesis that short-term aerobic training significantly alters SNS activity or behavioral measures of central processing in middle-aged men exposed to an acute psychological challenge.
The Calculation And Measurement Of The Optical Transfer Function (OTF).

We are undertaking a study for the Air Force to determine the state of the art in the measurement of the OTF of lenses. Measurement of OTF has received a great deal of attention, but has it become a practical tool for industry? If the measurement of OTF is a well established procedure for evaluating lenses then perhaps the Air Force should include this measurement in its military standard procedures.© (1968) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DGCAS as a microprogram development tool

User microprogramming has entered a new phase nowadays. This is due first to the availability of "microcircuits" with the help of which one can build, easily, microprogrammable digital systems and secondly to the availability of "microprogram software support systems" with the help of which one can develop the microprograms he needs. A home made Generalized Cross Assembly System, named "DGCAS", which can be used as a component in a microprogram software support system, is described in this paper.
New mid-IR gain media based on transition metal doped II-VI ternary — Quaternary compounds and glassy composites

We report on crystal-field engineering of solid-state laser gain materials based on new transition metals (Iron and Chromium) doped II-VI Ternary (Quaternary) and Cr2+ glassy composite materials for mid-IR tunable laser applications
Worming into the cell: viral reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Viruses, which infect a myriad of cell types from bacteria to mammalian cells, are the ultimate parasites. Upon infection of a host cell, these entities replicate their genetic material, express the proteins required to form mature viral particles, and exit the cell to initiate a subsequent round of infection. At all of these stages, viruses rely heavily on host resources and factors. It is, therefore, not surprising that the study of viral life cycles has contributed enormously to our understanding of basic cellular physiology. Furthermore, virus-induced diseases are perhaps the most prevalent pathological states in human beings; thus, understanding virus interactions with the human host has had an important medical impact. Much of our understanding of viral reproduction comes from genetic studies of virus–host interactions. For example, genetic analysis has proven to be a powerful tool for studying virus (phage)–host interactions in bacteria. Mutants of both phage and their host bacteria have allowed detailed understanding of the functions of phage genes, the functions of host factors hijacked by the phage, and the host defenses that inhibit phage reproduction (1). Genetic analysis has been similarly informative in analyzing the interactions between viruses and their plant hosts (2). The story is significantly different in animals, however, where genetic studies of virus–host interactions have generally been one-sided, focusing principally on the viral genome. Although human and murine mutations affecting various aspects of virus–host interactions have been described (3), a systematic, unbiased genetic approach to studying such interactions in these systems has not been possible. Natural viruses that attack the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster exist, and a systematic genetic dissection of Drosophila C virus replication in cultured cells has been published recently (4); however, although some of the requirements for C virus to infect WT flies have been characterized (5), replication of these viruses in living animals has not been extensively studied. A natural virus for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has not been described; thus, until recently, this organism was not considered an appropriate model organism for studying virus–host interactions. However, the situation may be about to change. A series of articles published over the past few months, including an article by Liu et al. (6) in this issue of PNAS, now demonstrates that viruses that infect mammalian cells can infect, replicate, and assemble within C. elegans cells (7–9). These advances suggest that C. elegans could become an important system for understanding basic aspects of virus–host interplay.
Contemporary Native Artists and International Biennial Culture

Ensconced throughout much of the 1980s and 1990s in institutions dedicated to Native art, in recent years Native artists and curators have turned their attention to the opportunities for global visibility afforded by international exhibitions and art fairs, with particular focus on the Venice Biennale. Formerly focused on issues specific to the history of settler colonialism in the United States and Canada—land, treaty rights, and sovereignty; citizenship and the legal fictions of identity and blood quantum—the work of Native artists in the 21st century has come to share much with the work of a current generation of “itinerant artists” active in the international art world. Taking recent Native participation in the Venice Biennale as a case study, this article considers the new global visibility of Native artists and the problematics of “going global” for Native artists, whose aesthetic authority has been figured as literally “grounded” specific local landscapes.
Testing and defect tolerance: a Rent's rule based analysis and implications on nanoelectronics

Defect tolerant architectures will be essential for building economical gigascale nanoelectronic computing systems to permit functionality in the presence of a significant number of defects. The central idea underlying a defect tolerant configurable system is to build the system out of partially perfect components, detect the defects and configure the available good resources using software. In this paper we discuss implications of defect tolerance on power area, delay and other relevant parameters for computing architectures. We present a Rent's rule based abstraction of testing for VLSI systems and evaluate the redundancy requirements for observability. It is shown that for a very high interconnect defect density, a prohibitively large number of redundant components are necessary for observability and this has adverse affect on the system performance. Through a unified framework based on a priori wire length estimation and Rent's rule we illustrate the hidden cost of supporting such an architecture.