cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-based calculations of the probability of a country’s nuclear proliferation decisions

Abstract This paper presents an attempt to project a country’s nuclear proliferation-related behaviors by using quantitative models with the use of open source information. The approach is based on the combined use of data on a country’s economic status, security environment, political development, nuclear technological capability, and commitment to nuclear nonproliferation. Projections of country’s proliferation-related behaviors were made by using the multinomial logit regression and the Weibull and Cox event history modeling for 189 countries. Results from the developed models were compared with the historical records from 1945 through 2000 with respect to “explore”, “pursue”, and “acquire” decisions. Overall, this study indicated that quantitative models could be useful in providing warnings against potential nuclear proliferation attempts. Key variables of importance in quantitative modeling of proliferation-related behaviors were identified and discussed.
Naturally conveyed explanations of device behavior

Designers routinely explain their designs to one another using sketches and verbal descriptions of behavior, both of which can be understood long before the device has been fully specified. But current design tools fail almost completely to support this sort of interaction, instead not only forcing designers to specify details of the design, but typically requiring that they do so by navigating a forest of menus and dialog boxes, rather than directly describing the behaviors with sketches and verbal explanations. We have created a prototype system, called assistance, capable of interpreting multimodal explanations for simple 2-D kinematic devices. The program generates a model of the events and the causal relationships between events that have been described via hand drawn sketches, sketched annotations, and verbal descriptions. Our goal is to make the designer's interaction with the computer more like interacting with another designer. This requires the ability not only to understand physical devices but also to understand the means by which the explanations of these devices are conveyed.
Structure, and magnetic and transport behavior of twinned Ce2Rh3(Pb,Bi)5

Abstract Single crystals of a new compound, Ce2Rh3(Pb,Bi)5, have been grown via a flux-growth technique using molten Pb as a solvent. The compound has been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and found to be of the orthorhombic Y2Rh3Sn5 structure type [Cmc21 (No. 36), Z=4] with lattice parameters a=4.5980(2), b=27.1000(17) and c=7.4310(4) A, with V=925.95(9) A3. Ce2Rh3(Pb,Bi)5 has a complex crystal structure containing Ce atoms encased in Rh–X (X=Pb/Bi) pentagonal and octagonal channels in [100], with polyanions similar to those found in Ce2Au3In5 and Yb2Pt3Sn5. Magnetization measurements find that Ce2Rh3(Pb,Bi)5 is a quasi-two-dimensional system, where the Ce moments are spatially well-localized. Heat capacity measurements show a transition at the Neel temperature of 1.5 K. Evidence for Fermi surface nesting is found in electrical resistivity measurements, and we argue that Ce2Rh3(Pb,Bi)5 is very near a metal–insulator transition in zero field.
Nuclear Reactions: A Challenge for Few- and Many-Body Theory

A current interest in nuclear reactions, specifically with rare isotopes concentrates on their reaction with neutrons, in particular neutron capture. In order to facilitate reactions with neutrons one must use indirect methods using deuterons as beam or target of choice. For adding neutrons, the most common reaction is the (d,p) reaction, in which the deuteron breaks up and the neutron is captured by the nucleus. Those (d,p) reactions may be viewed as a three-body problem in a many-body context. This contribution reports on a feasibility study for describing phenomenological nucleon-nucleus optical potentials in momentum space in a separable form, so that they may be used for Faddeev calculations of (d,p) reactions.
The Knowledge Management Frontier in the Global Food System: Discussion

The three papers in this session share the perspective that food supply chains are under increasing competitive and/or regulatory pressure to develop and maintain knowledge management systems that facilitate assurance of quality standards in food products. While each of the papers also makes reference to the possible value of knowledge systems in reducing costs and facilitating product innovation, this discussion paper focuses on the dominant theme emerging from the session: Knowledge management systems must enhance accountability and traceability with respect to food ingredients and handling processes. These articles demonstrate that a rich
Enantioselective and diastereoselective Mukaiyama-Michael reactions catalyzed by bis(oxazoline) copper(II) complexes.

The scope of highly enantioselective and diastereoselective Michael additions of enolsilanes to unsaturated imide derivatives has been developed with use of [Cu((S,S)-t-Bu-box)](SbF6)2 (1a) as a Lewis acid catalyst. The products of these additions are useful synthons that contain termini capable of differentiation under mild conditions. Michael acceptor π-facial selectivity is consistent with two-point binding of the imide substrate and can be viewed as an extension of substrate enantioselection in the corresponding Diels−Alder reactions. A model analogous to the one employed to describe the hetero Diels−Alder reaction is proposed to account for the observed relation between enolsilane geometry and product absolute diastereocontrol. Insights into modes of catalyst inactivation are given, including spectroscopic evidence for inhibition of the catalyst by a dihydropyran intermediate that evolves during the course of the reaction. A procedure is disclosed in which an alcohol additive is used to hydrolyze the...
Generic Case Complexity and One-Way Functions

The goal of this paper is to introduce ideas and methodology of the generic case complexity to cryptography community. This relatively new approach allows one to analyze the behavior of an algorithm on “most” inputs in a simple and intuitive fashion which has some practical advantages over classical methods based on averaging. We present an alternative definition of one-way function using the concepts of generic case complexity and show its equivalence to the standard definition. In addition we demonstrate the convenience of the new approach by giving a short proof that extending adversaries to a larger class of partial algorithms with errors does not change the strength of the security assumption.
Prognostic role of cyclin D1 in retroperitoneal sarcomas

PURPOSE Cyclin D1 regulates the G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle and is overexpressed in a number of cancers. This study was designed to determine if cyclin D1 overexpression had prognostic value in patients undergoing surgery with curative intent for primary retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcoma. METHODS Tissue was available for analysis on 79 patients who underwent resection between September 1983 and May 1997. Clinicopathologic data and follow-up was obtained from a prospective sarcoma database and a patient and family interview. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to determine overexpression (≥ 5% of nuclei labeled). Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and statistical analysis was performed by using log rank testing and the Cox regression model. RESULTS Median follow-up was 3.5 years. On univariate analysis of disease-specific mortality, significant prognostic factors were high grade (n = 42, 53%), positive microscopic margins (n = 36, 46%) or macroscopic margins (n = 15, 19%), and cyclin D1 overexpression (n = 37, 47%). On multivariate analysis, macroscopically positive margins (P = 0.02) and the combination of high grade and cyclin D1 overexpression (P = 0.04) both were associated independently with poor survival. CONCLUSION High grade retroperitoneal sarcomas demonstrating cyclin D1 overexpression have had an extremely poor prognosis. Continued study of multiple biological markers, exemplified by cyclin D1, may aid characterization of tumor behavior and response to treatment in this diverse group of tumors. Cancer 2001;91:428–34. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Identification and synthesis of the sex pheromone of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus

Abstract Sexually mature females of an important agricultural pest, the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus, produce the monoterpene (S)-lavandulol and the corresponding ester, (S)-(+)-lavandulyl senecioate. The racemic ester was highly attractive to mature male mealybugs, whereas lavandulol was not. The naturally produced 2:5 blend of lavandulol and the ester also was no more attractive than the ester alone.
The Generalized Segal-Bargmann Transform and Special Functions

Analysis of function spaces and special functions are closely related to the representation theory of Lie groups. We explain here the connection between the Laguerre functions, the Laguerre polynomials, and the Meixner–Pollacyck polynomials on the one side, and highest weight representations of Hermitian Lie groups on the other side. The representation theory is used to derive differential equations and recursion relations satisfied by those special functions.
Recent Progress on GRBs with Swift

We are in an exciting period of discovery for gamma-ray bursts. The Swift observatory is detecting 100 bursts per year, providing arcsecond localizations and sensitive observations of the prompt and afterglow emission. In addition, rapid-response telescopes on the ground have new capabilities to study optical emission during the prompt phase and spectral signatures of the host galaxies. The combined data set is enabling great advances in our understanding of GRBs including afterglow physics, short burst origin, and supernova physics.
Real-time 3D video compression for tele-immersive environments

Tele-immersive systems can improve productivity and aid communication by allowing distributed parties to exchange information via a shared immersive experience. The TEEVE research project at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of California at Berkeley seeks to foster the development and use of tele-immersive environments by a holistic integration of existing components that capture, transmit, and render three-dimensional (3D) scenes in real time to convey a sense of immersive space. However, the transmission of 3D video poses significant challenges. First, it is bandwidth-intensive, as it requires the transmission of multiple large-volume 3D video streams. Second, existing schemes for 2D color video compression such as MPEG, JPEG, and H.263 cannot be applied directly because the 3D video data contains depth as well as color information. Our goal is to explore from a different angle of the 3D compression space with factors including complexity, compression ratio, quality, and real-time performance. To investigate these trade-offs, we present and evaluate two simple 3D compression schemes. For the first scheme, we use color reduction to compress the color information, which we then compress along with the depth information using zlib. For the second scheme, we use motion JPEG to compress the color information and run-length encoding followed by Huffman coding to compress the depth information. We apply both schemes to 3D videos captured from a real tele-immersive environment. Our experimental results show that: (1) the compressed data preserves enough information to communicate the 3D images effectively (min. PSNR > 40) and (2) even without inter-frame motion estimation, very high compression ratios (avg. > 15) are achievable at speeds sufficient to allow real-time communication (avg. ≈ 13 ms per 3D video frame).
Time reversal for classical waves in random media

Abstract We propose a mathematical theory for the refocusing properties observed in time-reversal experiments, where classical waves propagate through a medium, are recorded in time, then time-reversed and sent back into the medium. The salient feature of such experiments is that the refocusing quality of the time-reversed reemitted signals is greatly enhanced when the underlying medium is heterogeneous. Based on the Wigner transform formalism, we show that random media indeed greatly improve refocusing. We analyze two different types of random media, where in the limit of high frequencies, the Wigner transform satisfies a random Liouville equation or a linear transport equation.
An Optimized Synthesis of 2-Methoxyestradiol, A Naturally Occurring Human Metabolite with Anticancer Activity

Abstract 2-Methoxyestradiol, a naturally occurring human metabolite with demonstrated anticancer activity, has been synthesized in three steps and 76% yield from the bis(MOM) ether of 2-formylestradiol.
Turbulent image reconstruction using object power spectrum information

Abstract Consider a scenario of imaging through atmospheric turbulence. A digital approach for processing out the turbulence from degraded images is under development. In contrast to past approaches only two short-exposure images are needed as inputs. The benefits to be gained by inserting object power spectrum information into the algorithm are tested.
Kuroshio pathways in a climatologically forced model

A high-resolution ocean model forced with an annually repeating atmosphere is used to examine variability of the Kuroshio, the western boundary current in the North Pacific Ocean. A large meander (LM) in the path of the Kuroshio south of Japan develops and disappears in a highly bimodal fashion on decadal timescales. The modeled meander is comparable in timing and spatial extent to an observed feature in the region. Various characteristics of the LM are examined, including relative vorticity, transport, and velocity shear. The many similarities between the model and observations indicate that the meander results from intrinsic oceanic variability, which is represented in this climatologically forced model. Each LM is preceded by a smaller “trigger” meander that originates at the south end of Kyushu, moves up the coast, and develops into the LM. However, there are also many meanders very similar in character to the trigger meander that do not develop into LMs. Formation of an LM only occurs when a deep anticyclone associated with the trigger meander forms near Koshu Seamount. Furthermore, the major axis of that deep anticyclone must be oriented away from the coast, rather than alongshore. In the specific case of interaction of a trigger meander with a deep anticyclone with major axis oriented away from the coastline, LM formation occurs.
Molecular Realism in Default Models for Information Theories of Hydrophobic Effects

This letter considers several physical arguments about contributions to hydrophobic hydration of inert gases, constructs default models to test them within information theories, and gives information theory predictions using those default models with moment information drawn from simulation of liquid water. Tested physical features include packing or steric effects, the role of attractive forces that lower the solvent pressure, and the roughly tetrahedral coordination of water molecules in liquid water. Packing effects (hard-sphere default model) and packing effects plus attractive forces (Lennard-Jones default model) are ineffective in improving the prediction of hydrophobic hydration free energies of inert gases over the previously used flat default model. However, a conceptually simple cluster Poisson model that incorporates tetrahedral coordination structure in the default model is effective for these predictions. These results provide a partial rationalization of the remarkable performance of the fla...
Calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and zinc utilization of humans as affected by consumption of black, decaffeinated black and green teas☆

Abstract The objective of the study was to compare effects of black, decaffeinated black and green teas on the utilization of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and zinc in young adults. Minerals were quantitated using atomic absorption techniques. A 56-d metabolic balance study was divided into four experimental treatments arranged in a randomized crossover design during which no black, decaffeinated black or green tea was consumed. Subjects (five females and four males) consumed a laboratory controlled diet low in the above minerals. The subjects received the same diet, except for the teas, during all treatments. Initial hematologic measurements indicated that subjects had normal iron status. For calcium, copper, magnesium and zinc, no significant differences were found in intake, fecal, urinary and balance values by gender, treatment or gender-by-treatment. Some small, but significant differences were observed by gender for urinary iron values. Iron balance values of both genders were significantly more negative (P
Photorefractive coupling in ring resonators.

The photorefractive coupling of the oppositely directed traveling waves in ring resonators is analyzed. The nonlocal response of the crystal gives rise to an asymmetrical coupling of the waves which results in unequal transmissivities and unequal phase shifts when the two waves traverse through the photorefractive material. The inequality in transmissivities and phase shifts removes the degeneracy and leads to a splitting in both oscillation frequency and intensity.
The marginal income tax rate schedule from 1930 to 1990

Abstract Although it is well known that marginal income tax rates vary with income, few economists have studied the effect on real GDP of the distribution of marginal income tax rates. This omission is probably because data on the distribution do not exist. We remedy this shortcoming by providing a computer program that calculates marginal income tax rates for all income levels for the years 1930 to 1990. We conduct a preliminary empirical investigation into the effect of taxes on economic growth. We find that lowering taxes significantly raises economic growth and that changing the tax rate schedule also has significant effects on economic growth.
A one-step synthesis of pseudoephedrine glycinamide, a versatile precursor for the synthesis of α-amino acids

Abstract Both enantiomers of pseudoephedrine glycinamide [(+)- or (−)- 1 ] were synthesized by either of two procedures: (1) a standard two-step coupling of N -Boc-Gly with pseudoephedrine followed by deprotection, or (2) a more economical one-step coupling reaction of Gly-OMe with pseudoephedrine mediated by LiCl and base.
Raman spectroscopic study of NaNO3 solution system - solute clustering in supersaturated solutions

Abstract Raman spectroscopic studies of NaNO 3 solutions were performed to examine solute clustering in supersaturated solutions. The results suggest that solute clustering occurs in undersaturated, saturated, as well as supersaturated solutions. The solute clusters do not have crystalline structure, rather they are solvated clusters consisting of solute and solvent molecules. There are some indications that, as the solution becomes supersaturated, some of the solute clusters coalesce into larger clusters with consequent dilution of other clusters and lower-ordered species. Current results suggest that the mechanisms governing crystallization from solution are associated with the coalescence of solvated solute clusters and/or changes in their properties and structures.
Inverse Heat Conduction in a Composite Slab With Pyrolysis Effect and Temperature-Dependent Thermophysical Properties

The inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) in a one-dimensional composite slab with rate-dependent pyrolysis chemical reaction and outgassing fiow effects is investigated using the iterative regularization approach. The thermal properties of the composites are cousidered to be temperature-dependent. A nonlinear conjugate gradient method formulation is developed and applied to solve the IHCP in an organic composite slab whose front-surface is subjected to high intensity periodic laser heating.
Nickel-Base Alloy GTD-222, a New Gas Turbine Nozzle Alloy

This paper summarizes the key properties of GTD-222 (Wood and Haydon, 1989), a new cast nickel-base nozzle alloy developed by GE for use in land-based gas turbines. GTD-222 is being introduced as a replacement for FSX-414 in second and third-stage nozzles of certain machines. Presented in this paper are comparisons of the tensile, creep-rupture, and fatigue properties of GTD-222 versus FSX-414. In addition, the results of a long-term thermal stability study, high-temperature oxidation, and hot corrosion evaluation as well as weldability results will be discussed.
An investigation of the accuracy of pre-implementation estimates required by SAB 74

Abstract Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 74 (SAB 74) of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires registrants to describe the impact of newly issued financial accounting standards not yet implemented by the company. In the case of accounting for postretirement benefits under Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 106 ( FASB, 1990 ), many corporations complied with the provisions of SAB 74 by disclosing an estimate of the obligation anticipated from implementing the accrual method. The purpose of our study is to determine the format of pre-implementation estimates, the accuracy of these estimates, and the factors related to estimate inaccuracy. In addition, our study compares management forecasts with an estimation model based on cash payments and employee turnover. We found that management estimates took the form of either specific amounts or ranges. Much of the sample (71.4%) provided estimates that were in error by 10% or more. In addition, 70.5% of the companies underestimated the obligation for postretirement benefits. The variation between estimated and actual benefit obligations was related primarily to two factors: the size of the corporate benefit plan and the volatility of benefit costs. However, management estimates were, on average, more accurate than estimates generated by an external estimation model developed by Warshawsky et al. (1993, pp. 193–195).
Design of dual-output alternators with switched-mode rectification

The push to introduce dual-voltage (42 V/14 V) automotive electrical systems necessitates power generation solutions capable of supplying power to multiple outputs. A number of approaches for implementing dual-voltage electrical systems have been proposed, but most suffer from severe cost or performance limitations. This paper explores the design of alternators incorporating dual-output switched-mode rectifiers (SMRs). The proposed approach enables the full load-matched power capability of the alternator machine to be achieved, with power delivered to the two outputs in any desired combination. SMR topologies for this application are introduced. Alternator/SMR design guidelines are established, and appropriate control laws are derived. Simulation and experimental results are presented that demonstrate the feasibility and high performance of the approach.
Synthesis of 2-methoxy and 4-methoxy equine estrogens☆

Abstract 4-Methoxyequilin and 2-methoxyequilin were synthesized from the corresponding 4-bromoequilin and 2-iodoequilin derivatives, respectively, by nucleophilic displacement of halogen with methoxide ion in the presence of copper (II) chloride and 15-crown-5-ether. 4-Bromoequilin was prepared by reacting equilin with one equivalent of N-bromoacetamide. 2-lodoequilin was prepared by reductive dehalogenation of 2,4-diiodoequilin, which in turn was obtained by treatment of equilin with two equivalents of iodine in methanolic ammonium hydroxide solution. 4-Methoxy-equilenin and 2-methoxyequilenin were prepared from the corresponding 4-iodo-and 2-iodo-7ξ,8ξ-epoxyestrone derivatives, respectively. Nucleophilic displacement of iodine with methoxide ion was carried out as described earlier with simultaneous aromatization of the B ring leading to 4- and 2-methoxyequilenin derivatives. Alternatively,4-methoxyequilenin was obtained from 4-methoxyequilin by selenium dioxide oxidation.
3-V Full Cell Performance of Anode Framework TiNb2O7/Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4

The anode TiNb2O7, which has a framework structure for reversible Li insertion, was combined with the spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as cathode to give a voltage V ≈ 3.0 V. The anode-limited cell was shown to give a better performance than the cathode-limited cell.
Liquidating illiquid collateral

Defaults of financial institutions can cause large, disorderly liquidations of repo collateral. This paper analyzes the dynamics of such liquidations. The model shows that (i) the equilibrium price of the collateral asset can overshoot; (ii) the creditor structure in repo lending involves a fundamental trade-off between risk sharing and inefficient “rushing for the exits” by competing sellers of collateral; (iii) repo lenders should take into account creditor structure, strategic interaction, and their own balance sheet constraints when setting margins; and (iv) the model provides a framework to analyze transfers of repo collateral to “deep-pocket” buyers or a repo resolution authority.
The Baryon Content of Extremely Low Mass Dwarf Galaxies

We investigate the gas content and baryonic Tully-Fisher relationship for extremely low luminosity dwarf galaxies in the absolute magnitude range -13.5 > Mr - 5 log h70 > -16. The sample is selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and consists of 101 galaxies for which we have obtained follow-up H I observations using the Arecibo Observatory and Green Bank Telescope. This represents the largest homogeneous sample of dwarf galaxies at low luminosities with well-measured H I and optical properties. The sample spans a range of environments, from dense groups to truly isolated galaxies. The average neutral gas fraction is fgas = 0.6, significantly exceeding that of typical gas-rich galaxies at higher luminosities. Dwarf galaxies are therefore less efficient at turning gas into stars over their lifetimes. The strong environmental dependence of the gas fraction distribution demonstrates that while internal processes can reduce the gas fractions to roughly fgas = 0.4, external processes are required to fully remove gas from a dwarf galaxy. The average rotational velocity of our sample is vrot = W20i,t/2 = 50 km s-1, based on H I line widths. In this luminosity range, the optical Tully-Fisher relationship has significantly more scatter compared to the baryonic relationship. By including more massive galaxies from the literature, we fit a baryonic Tully-Fisher slope of Mbary v. This slope compares well with CDM models that assume an equal baryon-to-dark matter ratio at all masses. While gas stripping or other processes may modify the baryon-to-dark matter ratio for dwarfs in the densest environments, the majority of dwarf galaxies in our sample have not preferentially lost significant baryonic mass relative to more massive galaxies.
Approximating the inverse frame operator from localized frames

Abstract This investigation seeks to establish the practicality of numerical frame approximations. Specifically, it develops a new method to approximate the inverse frame operator and analyzes its convergence properties. It is established that sampling with well-localized frames improves both the accuracy of the numerical frame approximation as well as the robustness and efficiency of the (finite) frame operator inversion. Moreover, in applications such as magnetic resonance imaging, where the given data often may not constitute a well-localized frame, a technique is devised to project the corresponding frame data onto a more suitable frame. As a result, the target function may be approximated as a finite expansion with its asymptotic convergence solely dependent on its smoothness. Numerical examples are provided.
An efficient reservation connection control protocol for gigabit networks

Abstract The Efficient Reservation Virtual Circuit protocol (or ERVC) is a novel connection control protocol designed for constant-rate, delay-insensitive traffic in gigabit networks. We explain the operation of the protocol, discuss its features and advantages, and present its performance characteristics. The ERVC protocol is appropriate for sessions that require an explicit reservation of capacity and can tolerate the round-trip delay associated with the reservations. In the ERVC protocol, the durations of the sessions are recorded, and every node keeps track of the utilization profile of each outgoing link, which describes the amount of residual capacity available on the link as a function of time. This feature allows capacity to be reserved only for the duration of the session, starting at the time it is actually needed. Therefore, the protocol utilizes capacity considerably more efficiently than regular reservation schemes do and results in markedly lower blocking probability for new sessions. The ERVC protocol also has the “reservation ahead” feature, which allows a node to calculate the time at which the requested capacity will be available and reserve it in advance, avoiding in this way the wasteful repetition of the call setup phase.
Hypervalent Iodine Catalyzed Hofmann Rearrangement of Carboxamides Using Oxone as Terminal Oxidant

Hofmann rearrangement of carboxamides to carbamates using Oxone as an oxidant can be efficiently catalyzed by iodobenzene. This reaction involves hypervalent iodine species generated in situ from catalytic amount of PhI and Oxone in the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) in aqueous methanol solutions. Under these conditions, Hofmann rearrangement of various carboxamides affords corresponding carbamates in high yields.
Slice knots with distinct Ozsváth-Szabó and Rasmussen invariants

As proved by Hedden and Ording, there exist knots for which the Ozsvath-Szabo and Rasmussen smooth concordance invariants, τ and s, differ. The Hedden-Ording examples have nontrivial Alexander polynomials and are not topologically slice. It is shown in this note that a simple manipulation of the Hedden-Ording examples yields a topologically slice Alexander polynomial one knot for which τ and s differ. Manolescu and Owens have previously found a concordance invariant that is independent of both τ and s on knots of polynomial one, and as a consequence have shown that the smooth concordance group of topologically slice knots contains a summand isomorphic to Z ⊕ Z. It thus follows quickly from the observation in this note that this concordance group contains a summand isomorphic to Z ⊕ Z ⊕ Z.
Optimization of relative arbitrage

In stochastic portfolio theory, a relative arbitrage is an equity portfolio which is guaranteed to outperform a benchmark portfolio over a finite horizon. When the market is diverse and sufficiently volatile, and the benchmark is the market or a buy-and-hold portfolio, functionally generated portfolios introduced by Fernholz provide a systematic way of constructing relative arbitrages. In this paper we show that if the market portfolio is replaced by the equal or entropy weighted portfolio among many others, no relative arbitrages can be constructed under the same conditions using functionally generated portfolios. We also introduce and study a shaped-constrained optimization problem for functionally generated portfolios in the spirit of maximum likelihood estimation of a log-concave density.
Diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Cholangiocarcinoma remains difficult to diagnose and is a major cause of death in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Recently serum carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) levels have been reported to improve diagnostic accuracy in patients with cholangiocarcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis. We reviewed our experience with cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis to identify clinical factors associated with cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and to determine the appropriate management of patients with confirmed or suspected cholangiocarcinoma. Between 1984 and 1997, 25 patients (18%) were diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma among 139 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. The diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis was made coincident with the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in 12 patients and preceded it by a mean of 62 months in the remaining 13 patients. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease was higher (P <0.05) in patients with cholangiocarcinoma (80% vs. 61%). Nine patients (36%) with cholangiocarcinoma were managed with either extrahepatic bile duct resection and/or partial hepatic resection (n = 5) or liver transplantation (n = 4), and the remaining 16 patients were unresectable at presentation. Serum CA 19-9 was elevated in all six patients with cholangiocarcinoma who were analyzed and in none of the eight patients without cholangiocarcinoma who were tested (P <0.01). Actuarial 1- and 3-year survival rates in the resected patients (56% and 28%, respectively) were significantly longer (P <0.02) than in the unresected patients (13% and 0%, respectively). The 10-year actuarial mortality rates for cholangiocarcinoma among all 139 patients was 25%. In summary, cholangiocarcinoma was the leading cause of death in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and was often diagnosed concurrently with or within months of its diagnosis. Early liver transplantation for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis will not reduce the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma-related mortality in these patients.
“Less Filling, Tastes Great”: The Realist-Neoliberal Debate

This essay examines and reformulates the realist-neoliberal debate. It focuses initially on the issue of the attribution of instrumental goals to states—the goals they pursue as a function of the environment they confront—and argues not only that such goals are epiphenomena of other things but also that their specification constitutes a mere redescription of the alternative equilibria that states can achieve in anarchic systems. The world orders that realists and neoliberals envision are but alternative equilibria to a more general game. In that game cooperation, regardless of its form, must be endogenously enforced, and a debate over instrumental goals (whether it is best to model states as relative or absolute resource maximizers) is not central to the development of a theory that explains and predicts world orders.Instead, the realist-neoliberal debate should be recast. The central research agenda should be to develop models that illuminate the following: how the equilibrium to a game in which states structure international affairs influences the types of issue-specific subgames states play, how countries coordinate to equilibria of different types; how the coordination problems associated with different equilibria can be characterized; how institutions emerge endogenously to sustain different equilibria; how states can enhance the attractiveness of an equilibrium; and how states can signal commitments to the strategies that are part of that equilibrium.
Impairments of search behaviour in rats after haloperidol treatment, hippocampal or neocortical damage suggest a mesocorticolimbic role in cognition

In a radial maze rats with fimbria-fornix or hippocampal damage are reported to show a lasting impairment of working but not reference memory (Olton, Becker and Handelman, 1979). On a 16-hole board, search task, rats with hippocampal damage showed deficits persisting over 100 trials on both measures: (4/16 holes contained food; working memory error—vist to a just-visted, baited hole; reference memory error — visit to a hole that had never been baited). Haloperidol treatment had no effect on the poor performance following hippocampal damage, but it impaired that of sham-controls on both measures. Animals with neocortical damage were impaired on the measure of reference memory alone, after haloperidol treatment. These measures may reflect two different information processing mechanisms. The hippocampus, the overlying neocortex and the dopaminergic, mesocorticolimbic system seem to be differentially involved. The possibility that these mechanisms could relate to attention or memory and their importance for the study of the associative impairment of psychotic human subjects is briefly discussed.
On monoids, 2-firs, and semifirs

Several authors have studied the question of when the monoid ring $$DM$$ of a monoid $$M$$ over a ring $$D$$ is a right and/or left fir (free ideal ring), a semifir, or a $$2$$ -fir (definitions recalled in §1). It is known that for $$M$$ nontrivial, a necessary condition for any of these properties to hold is that $$D$$ be a division ring. Under that assumption, necessary and sufficient conditions on $$M$$ are known for $$DM$$ to be a right or left fir, and various conditions on $$M$$ have been proved necessary or sufficient for $$DM$$ to be a $$2$$ -fir or semifir. A sufficient condition for $$DM$$ to be a semifir is that $$M$$ be a direct limit of monoids which are free products of free monoids and free groups. Warren Dicks has conjectured that this is also necessary. However F. Cedo has given an example of a monoid $$M$$ which is not such a direct limit, but satisfies all the known necessary conditions for $$DM$$ to be a semifir. It is an open question whether for this $$M,$$ the rings $$DM$$ are semifirs. We note here some reformulations of the known necessary conditions for a monoid ring $$DM$$ to be a $$2$$ -fir or a semifir, motivate Cedo’s construction and a variant thereof, and recover Cedo’s results for both constructions. Any homomorphism from a monoid $$M$$ into $$\mathbb {Z}$$ induces a $$\mathbb {Z}$$ -grading on $$DM,$$ and we show that for the two monoids just mentioned, the rings $$DM$$ are “homogeneous semifirs” with respect to all such nontrivial $$\mathbb {Z}$$ -gradings; i.e., have (roughly) the property that every finitely generated homogeneous one-sided ideal is free of unique rank. If $$M$$ is a monoid such that $$DM$$ is an $$n$$ -fir, and $$N$$ a “well-behaved” submonoid of $$M,$$ we prove some properties of the ring $$DN.$$ Using these, we show that for $$M$$ a monoid such that $$DM$$ is a $$2$$ -fir, mutual commutativity is an equivalence relation on nonidentity elements of $$M,$$ and each equivalence class, together with the identity element, is a directed union of infinite cyclic groups or of infinite cyclic monoids. Several open questions are noted.
Sonochemical Synthesis of Nanostructured Molybdenum Sulfide

There is growing interest in nanostructured inorganic materials, in large part because they often exhibit properties distinct from those of the bulk that can prove useful in various applications, including heterogeneous catalysis.1-4 The established methods for the preparation of nanostructured inorganic materials include metal evaporation,5 reduction of metal salts,6,7 and thermal decomposition and laser pyrolysis of organometallic compounds.8,9 In addition, the sonochemical reaction of volatile organometallics is a recent and general synthetic approach to nanophase transition metal powders, alloys, carbides, and colloids.10-13 We report here a simple sonochemical synthesis of nanophase, high-surface-area molybdenum sulfide and the examination of its catalytic activity for thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS). MoS2 was prepared by irradiating a slurry of molybdenum hexacarbonyl and sulfur in 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene (isodurene) with high-intensity ultrasound (20 kHz) under Ar.14a Elemental analysis of the purified powder indicates a stoichiometric molybdenum sulfide (S/Mo atomic ratio of 2.0) with a trace amount (<2 wt %) of carbon contamination. For comparison, a conventional molybdenum sulfide sample was also prepared by
Implications of a heavy top quark for the two Higgs doublet model.

Constraints on the two Higgs doublet model are presented, assuming a top quark mass of 174\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}17 GeV. We concentrate primarily on the ``type II'' model, where up-type quarks receive their mass from one Higgs doublet, and down-type quarks receive their mass from the second doublet. High energy constraints derived from the W mass, the full width of the Z, and the bb\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} partial width of the Z are combined with low energy constraints from \ensuremath{\Gamma}(b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s\ensuremath{\gamma}), \ensuremath{\Gamma}(b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\nu}${\mathrm{\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$) and ${\mathit{B}}^{0\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$B${\mathrm{\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}}^{0}$ mixing to determine the experimentally favored configurations of the model. This combination of observables rules out small charged Higgs boson masses and small values of tan\ensuremath{\beta}, and provides some information about the neutral Higgs boson masses and the mixing angle \ensuremath{\alpha}. In particular, constraints derived from the \ensuremath{\rho} parameter rule out configurations where the charged Higgs boson is much heavier or much lighter than the neutral Higgs bosons. The agreement of the model with experiment is roughly as good as that found for the minimal standard model. We discuss a scenario where \ensuremath{\Gamma}(Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}bb\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}) is enhanced relative to the standard model result, which unfortunately is on the verge of being ruled out by the combination of \ensuremath{\Gamma}(b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s\ensuremath{\gamma}) and \ensuremath{\rho} parameter constraints. Implications for various extensions of the standard model are briefly discussed.
Laboratory rearing of Loligo opalescens, the market squid of California

Abstract The squid Loligo opalescens (Cephalopoda, Mollusca) was reared in artificial sea water in a closed system consisting of two 1300-l circular tanks. When the squids reached mantle lengths of 20 to 30 mm, they were transferred to a 10 000-l closed system raceway. From hatching, mantle length increased exponentially at a mean rate of 1.69% per day throughout the experiment. The largest and longest-lived squid attained a maximal size of 77 mm mantle length in 8 months. Only live food organisms, which consisted of copepods, other crustaceans and fishes, were accepted by the squids. Mortality, attributed to starvation and fin damage, was greatest during the first 20 days and again between days 45 and 70.
β-Amino esters via the Reformatsky reaction: Restraining effects of the ortho-methoxyphenyl substituent

Abstract β-Amino esters are, in most cases, the only products of the Reformatsky reaction in CH 2 Cl 2 between (methoxycarbonyl)methyl zinc bromide (prepared in-situ ) and imines prepared from either an aryl or alkyl aldehyde and o -anisdine (Scheme 2). Restraining properties of the ortho -methoxyphenyl group, which lead to sole formation of the β-amino ester, are ascribed to the inductive effect of the ortho -methoxy substituent.
X-ray fiducial foils

Abstract The transmission of X-rays through a thin foil containing aluminum, silicon and yttrium produce an in situ calibration of their photon energies. The position of the absorption edges of the aluminum, silicon and yttrium was used to calibrate the X-ray energy spectrum recorded on photographic film. The foil consisted of 4000 A of silicon and 4000 A of yttrium sputter deposited on a 1.5 μm thick Mylar ® film. It was necessary to layer the structure in order to achieve the required mechanical strength and dimensional stability. Our results include analysis of the X-ray energy spectrum and microstructural characterization of the foil using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy.
Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders

Many neurological and most psychiatric disorders are not due to mutations in a single gene; rather, they involve molecular disturbances entailing multiple genes and signals that control their expression. Recent research has demonstrated that complex 'epigenetic' mechanisms, which regulate gene activity without altering the DNA code, have long-lasting effects within mature neurons. This review summarizes recent evidence for the existence of sustained epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation in neurons that have been implicated in the regulation of complex behaviour, including abnormalities in several psychiatric disorders such as depression, drug addiction and schizophrenia.
LOFAR: The potential for solar and space weather studies

Abstract The Low Frequency array (LOFAR) will be a next generation digital aperture synthesis radio telescope covering the frequency range from 10 to 240 MHz. The instrument will feature full polarisation and multi-beaming capability, and is currently in its design phase. This work highlights the solar, heliospheric and space weather applications where LOFAR, with its unique and unprecedented capabilities, can provide useful information inaccessible by any other means. The relevant aspects of the LOFAR baseline design are described, and the most promising techniques of interest are enumerated. These include tracking coronal mass ejections (CMEs) out to large distances using interplanetary scintillation (IPS) methods, tomographic reconstruction of the solar wind in the inner heliosphere using IPS, direct imaging of the radio emission from CMEs and finally possible Faraday rotation studies of the magnetic field structure of the heliosphere and the CMEs. This work is a part of an effort directed towards ensuring the compatibility of LOFAR design with solar and space weather applications, in collaboration with the wider community.
Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods.

Engagement personnel dans l'entreprise et turnover. Quatre modeles de causalite sont examines. A travers deux echantillons on a etudie: 1) les relations entre les caracteristiques personnel/entreprise et la satisfaction professionnelle; 2) les relations entre la satisfaction professionnelle et l'engagement personnel
Analysis of Acoustic Emission During the Melting of Embedded Indium Particles in an Aluminum Matrix: A Study of Plastic Strain Accommodation During Phase Transformation

Acoustic emission (AE) is used in this article to study melting and solidification of embedded indium particles in the size ranging from 0.2 to 3 μm in diameter and to show that dislocation generation occurs in the aluminum matrix to accommodate a 2.5 pct volume change. The volume-averaged acoustic energy produced by indium particle melting is similar to that reported for bainite formation upon continuous cooling. A mechanism of prismatic loop generation is proposed to accommodate the volume change, and an upper limit to the geometrically necessary increase in dislocation density is calculated as 4.1 × 109 cm−2 for the Al-17In alloy. Thermomechanical processing is also used to change the size and distribution of the indium particles within the aluminum matrix. Dislocation generation with accompanied AE occurs when the melting indium particles are associated with grain boundaries or upon solidification where the solid-liquid interfaces act as free surfaces to facilitate dislocation generation. AE is not observed for indium particles that require super heating and exhibit elevated melting temperatures. The AE work corroborates previously proposed relaxation mechanisms from prior internal friction studies and that the superheat observed for melting of these micron-sized particles is a result of matrix constraint.
The Risk and Rewards of Minimizing Shortfall Probability

Dynamic investment strategies that minimize the probability of a shortfall relative to a given target return or other investment goal are useful in a variety of economic and risk management settings, but the author argues that some properties of these strategies are misunderstood. For example, some advocate minimizing shortfall probability as a risk management tool by claiming that it reduces investment risk. This is not always the case, and, indeed, the author shows that dynamic strategies, and for those who do wish to take the associated risks, the author argues that there is a very simple way to implement that dynamic strategy, namely, by purchasing a digit option with a specific set of parameters. This result allows a decision-maker to make some definitive quantitative comparisons that are in the understanding of risk.