cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in caregiver-reported health problems and health care use in maltreated adolescents and a comparison group from the same urban environment

Maltreated youth have a high prevalence of acute and chronic mental and physical health problems, but it is not clear whether these problems are related to maltreatment or to a disadvantaged environment. To compare health status and health care use of maltreated youth who had an open case with child protective services to comparison youth living in the same community, we conducted a secondary analysis of caregiver reports for 207 maltreated adolescents (mean age 11.9 years) and 142 comparison adolescents (mean age 12.3 years) living in urban Los Angeles, using questionnaire data from a larger longitudinal study framed in a socio-ecological model. Caregivers included biological parents, relatives, and unrelated caregivers. Analyses included t-test, MANOVA, chi-square, and multivariable logistic regression. Caregivers reported similar rates of physical health problems but more mental health problems and psychotropic medicine use in maltreated youth than in the comparison youth, suggesting that maltreated youths' higher rates of mental health problems could not be attributed to the disadvantaged environment. Although there were no differences in health insurance coverage, maltreated youth received preventive medical care more often than comparison youth. For all youth, having Medicaid improved their odds of receiving preventive health and dental care. Attention to mental health issues in maltreated adolescents remains important. Acceptance of Medicaid by neighborhood-based and/or school-based services in low-income communities may reduce barriers to preventive care.
On the probability of droughts: The compound renewal model

[1] Droughts influence the planning and design of water supply infrastructure. Hydrologists ascertain drought duration, severity, and pattern of recurrence from instrumental and reconstructed records (e.g., using tree rings) of streamflow and precipitation. This work introduces a compound renewal model for the probabilistic analysis of multiyear drought recurrence. The compound renewal process generalizes the Poisson process. In the former the interarrival time between two consecutive events is the duration of nondrought conditions, and the events (i.e., droughts) have a probabilistic duration of at least θ years. The sum of the interarrival time and its subsequent drought duration is called the renewal time, which regenerates over time according to probabilistic laws derived in this work. Drought severity is incorporated in the analysis by means of a threshold quantile (e.g., the median or the average), so that low-streamflow conditions become a drought whenever they last over θ years. A case study dealing with a river basin that has multiyear storage capacity, and in which droughts recurred frequently in the twentieth century, demonstrates the analytical power of the compound renewal model.
Processing Technologies for High Permittivity Thin Films in Capacitor Applications.

Capacitor technologies are as varied as the applications that they enable, but one of the common themes in advanced capacitors for consumer electronics is a desire for increased capacitance in smaller areas/volumes. The heroic advances of discrete capacitor manufacturers have kept pace with the increasing demands of miniaturization, but a time is quickly approaching when it appears that powder-based fabrication techniques simply will not be able to achieve desired layer thicknesses and capacitance densities. Here, we review the current state of the art and recent advances in the processing science and technology of high-permittivity thin films with a focus on industrially scalable solution-based fabrication processes of perovskite ferroelectric systems that appear to offer the greatest promise for the fabrication of future nanoscale capacitors.
5-Hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptor desensitization can occur without down-regulation.

The connection between agonist-induced desensitization and down-regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptors was examined in a clonal cell line that stably expresses the 5-HT2A receptor. Brief (2-hr) and prolonged (24-hr) exposure to the agonist quipazine or the agonist 4-iodo-(2,5-dimethoxy)- phenylisopropylamine (DOI) diminished 5-HT2A receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis; no change in 5-HT2A receptor number or affinity was measured after 24 hr of exposure to DOI or quipazine. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that a 24-hr exposure to DOI did not alter surface 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivity. Western blot analysis with G alpha q- and G alpha 11-selective antibodies indicate that a 24-hr agonist exposure did not alter the levels of phospholipase C-dependent G proteins. These results suggest that desensitization after prolonged DOI exposure can occur via a process independent of the levels of phospholipase C-coupled G proteins. Studies with a mutant 5-HT2A receptor (F340L) indicated that binding per se is not sufficient for desensitization. Down-regulation of the protein kinase C isozymes alpha and epsilon by overnight exposure to phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate attenuated the intermediate phase (i.e., after 2-6 hr of agonist exposure) of DOI- and quipazine-induced desensitization. These results indicate that the intermediate phase of DOI-induced desensitization is mediated by the alpha- and/or epsilon-protein kinase C isozymes but that neither is involved in the later phase (i.e., after 24 hr of agonist exposure) of desensitization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hierarchic Control Architecture for Intelligent Structures

A new hierarchic control architecture is presented for flexible structures with widely distributed actuators and sensors. The control arrangement is a two-level combination of a centralized global controller and a set of distributed residual controllers. The global controller governs the overall motion of the structure using a reduced-order model of the finite element system. The residual controllers aggregate and pass information up to the global controller. The residual controllers also regulate the local deviations between the system and estimates obtained from the global model. A method for calculating the global and residual models and their associated controllers is developed. The coupling between these two structural models is also discussed, and some techniques for minimizing its effects are given. Finally, a simple example demonstrating the advantages of this design approach is presented. AgAr C e Fr) K M mi n
Catalase in salivary gland striated and excretory duct cells. I. The distribution of cytoplasmic and particulate catalase and the presence of catalase-positive rods

Catalase-positive rods of different dimensions, which frequently appeared crystalline by light microscopy, were found to be concentrated along with microbodies and cytoplasmic enzyme in the cells of the striated and extralobular excretory ducts of mouse salivary glands. When an entire mouse submandibular gland and its ducts were excised, fixed, sectioned and incubated for catalase demonstration, the excretory ducts were intensely stained relative to the remainder of the gland. Light microscopic examination of the stained ductal cells revealed particulate catalase in the form of rods and microbodies as well as reactivity due to non-particulate cytoplasmic enzyme. The cytoplasmic enzyme activity was less intense in some ductal epithelial cells (light cells) which were interspersed in mosaic arrangement among those more intensely stained (dark cells). The rods were somewhat more common in the light cells. Although the rods lack a symmetrical definitive crystal habit, their gross conformation and periodic substructure are reminiscent of crystalline catalase. No rods and relatively few peroxisomes were observed in excretory duct cells of germ-free mice although cytoplasmic catalase was abundant. These observations suggest that the catalase in salivary gland duct cells could be related in some way to the protection of the gland or the oral cavity or both against micro-organisms. Alternatively, the enzyme could be involved in the non-thyroidal biosynthesis of iodinated tyrosine derivatives.
Fundamental considerations for wavefront sensing with extended random beacons

Extending adaptive optics to laser beam control over long turbulent paths where there is no cooperative beacon present requires examination of wave front sensor performance in new regimes. In some scenarios of interest it is necessary to create beacon by sending an illuminator laser through the atmosphere to scatter from the target, which, in general, must be considered to be optically rough. Scattered light returned to the laser transmitter aperture is referred to as the beacon field, and this light may be used for wave front sensing. Physical effects on the beacon field which reduce wave front sensing accuracy include turbulence induced beam broadening and speckle on the outgoing beam, and coherent laser speckle effects in the scattered field. In this paper we analyze the impact of these phenomena on some of the measurements available for tracking and wave front sensing.
Comparison of fuzzy numbers based on the probability measure of fuzzy events

Abstract Most approaches for ranking fuzzy numbers proposed in the literature are based on fuzzy sets theory only, and suffer from lack of discrimination and occasionally conflict with intuition. It is true that fuzzy numbers are frequently partial order and cannot be compared. However,this does not alleviate the need for comparison in practical applications. In this paper the order of fuzzy numbers are determined based on the concept of probability measure of fuzzy events due to Zadeh. It considers both the mean and dispersion of alternatives and gives two groups of indices based on the uniform and the proportional probability distributions. The approach is also extended to the comparison of random fuzzy numbers by means of a mean fuzzy number. It is shown that several comparison indices in the literature can be obtained based on the probability present measure approach. Finally some typical examples are used to compare the various different approaches. The different interpretations of the dispersion index under different physical situations are emphasized.
DISTURBANCE MODELING FOR PROCESS CONTROL VIA HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS

Abstract This work proposes a framework for modeling disturbances that exhibit time-varying characteristics typically witnessed in process industries. These include intermittent drifts and abrupt jumps. Through examples, it is shown that the use of existing linear, stationary models is limiting. It is also demonstrated how the proposed switching model may be identified in a computationally tractable way.
A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of cognitive and physical symptoms during long-term antidepressant treatment

BACKGROUND Antidepressant therapies have been associated with a variety of side effects of both physical and psychological nature. Until recently, however, the majority of the studies focusing on side effects of antidepressants have not routinely included assessment of cognitive side effects. The purpose of the present work is to examine cross-sectionally the prevalence of cognitive and physical side effects of antidepressants during long-term treatment of depression. METHOD Patients at least 18 years of age who were deemed responders to antidepressant therapy following at least 3 months of treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) (diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria) and whose MDD was considered to be in partial or full remission were eligible for inclusion in this study. Eligible patients were enrolled between January 2003 and December 2004. Study participants were administered the Harvard Department of Psychiatry/National Depression Screening Day (HANDS) scale, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Brief Fatigue Inventory, the Massachusetts General Hospital Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ), and a study-specific questionnaire inquiring about the emergence of specific side effects such as apathy, fatigue, and inattentiveness. RESULTS 117 MDD patients (mean +/- SD age: 43.4 +/- 12.6 years; women: N = 78 [66.7%]) met criteria for response according to the HANDS (score < 9). Cognitive symptoms (apathy, inattentiveness, forgetfulness, word-finding difficulty, and mental slowing) were each reported on both the CPFQ and the study-specific questionnaire by more than 30% of the responders on antidepressants. The physical symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness/sedation were reported by over 40% of the responders on both the CPFQ and the study-specific questionnaire. A significant, positive relationship was found between the CPFQ and the severity of residual depressive symptoms as measured by the HANDS total score (F = 15.3, p = .0002). CONCLUSION Physical and cognitive symptoms are frequently reported by MDD patients who have responded to antidepressants and are treated in the long term with these agents. It is likely that these symptoms are both side effects of the antidepressants as well as residual symptoms of MDD.
THE TYRANNY OF THE CONCEPT OF ART IN THE MARXIST UNDERSTANDING OF AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE

The Philosophy of the Novel: Lukacs, Marxism and the Dialectics of Form by J. M. Bernstein, Harvester Press, 1984, 286 pp., £22.50 Marxist Aesthetics by Pauline Johnson, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984, 168 pp., £11.95 Marxism and Modernism by Eugene Limn, Verso Publications, 1985, 330 pp., £7.95 Marx'S Lost Aesthetics: Karl Marx and the Visual Arts by Margaret Rose, Cambridge University Press, 1984, 216 pp., 71 ills, £22.50
Resonance raman characterization of a novel, oxygen-binding heme protein from Chromatum vinosum

Resonance Raman spectroscopy was employed to characterize the local heme environment of a high-spin, ligand-binding heme protein from Chromatium vinosum (Chromatium high-spin hemoprotein). High-frequency spectra obtained with both B- and Q-band excitation were found to resemble qualitatively those of deoxyhemoglobin (HbA). Differences between HbA and Chromatium high-spin hemoprotein spectra can be assigned to either the effects of a covalent linkage of the heme vinyls to the protein matrix or alterations in the heme-proximal ligand bonding interaction. Both kinematic and electronic effects were evident. The behavior of heme core-size sensitive modes and low-frequency modes in Chromatium high-spin hemoprotein may be an indication of distortions in the heme geometry of Chromatium high-spin hemoprotein relative to HbA. The effects of covalent bonding of the heme peripheral vinyls upon the vibrational, electronic, and geometric characteristics of the heme active site in Chromatium high-spin hemoprotein are discussed.
RENAL FUNCTION IN FALLOT'S TETRALOGY

Abstract. Aperia, A., Bjarke, B., Broberger, O. and Thoren, C. (Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, S:t Goran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Renal Function in Fallot's Tetralogy. Acta Paediatr Scand, 63: 398, 1974.–Renal function was examined in 11 adults with Fallot's tetralogy. The following aspects of renal function were studied: GFR, PAH clearance, filtration fractions, the natriuretic response to an oral salt load and renal regulation of acid base balance. The GFR was found to be only moderately reduced while PAH clearance showed an almost 50% reduction in most cases studied. Consequently the filtration fraction was abnormally high. The natriuretic response to an oral salt load was generally low. The urinary sodium elimination rate was found to he independent of deviations in GFR and correlated inversely with the filtration fraction. The renal response to ammonium chloride induced acidosis WBS studied in 7 patients and was delayed in at least 3 of those. The pathological response was thought to he due to hypocapnic depression of renal HCO3 reabsorption. It is suggested that this could contribute to the mild nonlactic acidosis onen present in congenital cyanotic heart disease.
Adolescent salvia substance abuse

Background Salvia divinorum is a non-water-soluble hallucinogen that is becoming increasingly popular among adolescents. Salvia is a highly selective full agonist of primate and cloned human cerebral kappa-opioid receptors, although its psychotomimetic effects are similar to serotonergic agonists and NMDA glutamate antagonists. Salvia has been associated with depersonalization, laughter, feelings of levitation and self-consciousness. These effects resolve within 30 minutes following use. Salvia has been banned in many countries, although it remains legal and easily assessable over the internet in the United States. Case description A 15-year-old man with a history of salvia and marijuana use presented to psychiatric emergency services with acute onset of mental status changes characterized by paranoia, deja vu, blunted affect, thought blocking and slow speech of 3 days’ duration. Conclusion There is limited literature discussing the clinical effects of salvia use. Based on this case presentation, salvia use may be associated with many undocumented long-term effects such as deja vu. The ease of use and increasing popularity of salvia requires further investigation into the clinical effects of salvia use.
A note on millers's empirical weights for heteroscedastic linear regression

For heteroscedastic simple linear regression when the variances are proportional to a power of the mean of the response variable, Miller (1986) recommends the following procedure: do a weighted least squares regression with the weights (empirical weights) estimated by the inverse of the appropriate power of the response variable. The practical appeal of this approach is its simplicity. In this article some of the consequences of this simple procedure are considered. Specifically, the effect of this procedure on the bias of the point estimators of the regression coefficients and on the coverage probabilities of their corresponding confidence intervals is examined. It is found that the performance of the process of employing empirical weights in a weighted least squares regression depends on : (1) the particular regression parameter (slope or intercept) of interest, (2) the appropriate power of the mean of the response variable involved, and (3) the amount of variation in the data about the true regression ...
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine-induced DNA adducts and genotoxicity in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing human CYP1A2 and rapid or slow acetylator N-acetyltransferase 2.

Heterocyclic amine carcinogens such as 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) are present in diet and cigarette smoke. Bioactivation in humans includes N-hydroxylation catalyzed by cytochrome P4501A2 possibly followed by O-acetylation catalyzed by N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). Nucleotide excision repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were stably transfected with human CYP1A2 and either NAT2*4 (rapid acetylator) or NAT2*5B (slow acetylator) alleles. CYP1A2 and NAT2 catalytic activities were undetectable in untransfected CHO cell lines. CYP1A2 catalytic activity levels did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among the CYP1A2-transfected cell lines. Cells transfected with NAT2*4 had significantly higher levels of N-acetyltransferase (P = 0.0001) and N-hydroxy-PhIP O-acetyltransferase (P = 0.0170) catalytic activity than cells transfected with NAT2*5B. PhIP caused dose-dependent decreases in cell survival and significant (P < 0.001) increases in mutagenesis measured at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus in all the CYP1A2-transfected cell lines. Transfection with NAT2*4 or NAT2*5B did not further increase hprt mutagenesis. PhIP-induced hprt mutant cDNAs were sequenced, and 80% of the mutations were single base substitutions at G:C base pairs. dG-C8-PhIP DNA adduct levels were dose-dependent in the order: untransfected < transfected with CYP1A2 < transfected with CYP1A2 and NAT2*5B < transfected with CYP1A2 and NAT2*4. Following incubation with 1.2 µM PhIP, DNA adduct levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in CHO cells transfected with CYP1A2/NAT2*4 versus CYP1A2/NAT2*5B. These results strongly support an activation role for CYP1A2 in PhIP-induced mutagenesis and DNA damage and suggest a modest effect of human NAT2 and its genetic polymorphism on PhIP DNA adduct levels. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The hut and the hospital: information, power, and symbolism in the artifacts of birth.

: As the tools of birth change from familiar household objects, such as hammocks and beds, to high-technology objects, such as delivery tables and fetal monitors, significant changes occur in the ability to give physical support to women during labor and in who owns the tools and the information they provide. Data derived from the laboring woman herself are less sought after and less valued. Ironically, high-technology procedures and artifacts are more easily transported than are the household artifacts of birth, which are embedded in the matrix of daily life. When different levels of technology are available, the solution to a problem during childbirth is usually sought on the next higher level of technology–i.e., medication or surgery, even when a simpler approach, such as human comforting or ambulation, might work more quickly and effectively.
Reliability generalization of self-report of emotions when using the differential emotions scale

Because self-report is a valuable and often irreplaceable source of information about emotions, it is important to learn how measurement properties change across different demographic samples. Previous findings of mean differences in the level or variability of trait emotions for men versus women or across ethnic groups suggest that there may be differences in the internal consistency of the same measure when applied to different groups. Research groups using the Differential Emotions Scale (DES) have also begun to use the DES or derivative measures in children as young as 5 years old, raising questions about the psychometric performance of the measure across the life span. The present study uses reliability generalization to synthesize findings from 30 samples of raw data involving a total of 2,407 participants. Results indicate that higher socioeconomic status is associated with increased internal consistency in emotion scales. Age and majority ethnic status also were positively associated with internal...
Solution structure of an oligodeoxynucleotide duplex containing the exocyclic lesion 3,N4-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine opposite 2'-deoxyadenosine, determined by NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics.

The d(C-G-T-A-C-epsilon C-C-A-T-G-C).d(G-C-A-T-G-A-G-T-A-C-G) oligodeoxynucleotide duplex containing the 3, N4-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine adduct positioned opposite 2'-deoxyadenosine in the center of the helix has been analyzed by proton NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics. The spectroscopic data establish a right-handed duplex, with sugar puckers in the C2'-endo/C3'-exo range, residues adopting an anti conformation around the glycosidic torsion angle and, with the exception of epsilon C.dA, Watson-Crick hydrogen bond alignment for all base pairs. Molecular dynamics simulations, restrained by the full relaxation matrix approach, produced a three-dimensional model with an NMR R-factor of 7%. The duplex structure shows no significant perturbation of the sugar-phosphate backbone, which remains in B-form. The exocyclic adduct and its partner dA are incorporated into the helix without producing a noticeable kink. The epsilon C.dA alignment adopts a staggered conformation with each residue displaced toward the 5'-terminus and intercalated between bases on the opposite strand, without increase of inter-phosphate distances. The partial intercalation of the epsilon C (anti).dA(anti) alignment allows stacking between the aromatic rings of epsilon C and dA and with base pairs adjacent to the lesion, suggesting an important role played by hydrophobic forces in the stabilization of the solution structure.
Using Traditional Narratives and Other Narrative Devices to Enact Humanizing Business Practices

This study examines how organizations may embed humanizing narrative devices and related activities in their management control systems to enact humanizing business practices. As defined here, narrative devices include complete stories as well as story fragments that may under certain circumstances invoke a shared narrative context. Humanizing narrative devices respect a person’s dignity and capacity for personal growth, respect human rights, promote care and service for others, and improve an organization’s ability to serve the common good rather than only narrow special interests. The first section discusses the sense-making and action-guiding properties of narrative devices, and then discusses principles for applying them in a manner that respects others in a diverse workplace. The second section adapts Simons’ (Levers of control 1995) management accounting and control framework to trace interdependencies among an organization’s narrative devices and related activities. The third section applies the combined narrative devices and systems framework to illustrate how an actual company has articulated, debated, revised, and enacted its core values over time. The concluding section discusses the analysis, its contributions to the literature, and implications for future research.
Improving Extraction of Lutein from Egg Yolk Using an Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Method

Extraction yields of lutein from egg yolk using both hexane solvent (SOL) and ultrasound-assisted solvent (UA-SOL) extraction methods at different levels of saponification were compared. The yields obtained with SOL and UA-SOL were significantly different. The broad range of extraction yield in the SOL method at different levels of saponification was from 6.3 to 63.8 μg/g. Compared to the SOL method, the extraction yield using UA-SOL was significantly higher at each corresponding saponification level. The yield of the UA-SOL method without alkaline solution was the highest (89.9 μg/g) of all. The yield of the UA-SOL decreased as the level of saponification increased. The results indicated that alkaline significantly affected stability of lutein in egg yolk and resulted in underestimation of its concentration. Compared with the traditional saponification solvent extraction method, the UA-SOL extraction method was more effective in extracting lutein from the sample matrix, and presumably by avoiding degradation reactions.
Modeling parietal-premotor interactions in primate control of grasping

Visual information is processed in the posterior parietal cortex for the hypothesized purpose of extracting a variety of affordances for the generation of motor behavior. The term affordance is used to mean that visual cues are mapped directly to parameters that are relevant for motor interaction. In this paper, we present the FARS model of the cortical involvement in grasping, a model which focuses on the interaction between anterior intra-parietal area (AIP) and premotor area F5. The model represents the role of other intra-parietal areas, working in concert with inferotemporal cortex and F5, to provide AIP with a full range of information from which affordances may be derived. The model also suggests how task information and other constraints may resolve the action opportunities provided by multiple affordances. Our model demonstrates not only that posterior parietal cortex is a network of interacting subsystems, but also that it functions through a pattern of "cooperative computation" with a multiplicity of other brain regions. Finally, through the use of several novel tasks, the model allows us to make specific predictions regarding neural firing patterns at both the single unit and population levels, which aids in our further understanding of information encoding in these brain regions.
Carcinoma of the Lung: A Clinical Review

Records of 702 patients with carcinoma of the lung seen from 1960 through 1970 were reviewed. The efficacy of various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures was assessed. Salient findings were as follows: Biopsy of nonpalpable ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph nodes was positive for carcinoma in 63 of 286 patients (22%). Even more surprising, biopsy of nonpalpable contralateral supraclavicular lymph nodes was positive for carcinoma in 9 of 38 patients (24%). Accordingly, the importance of biopsy of nonpalpable supraclavicular nodes is to be stressed. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type, but adenocarcinoma was more common in women and nonsmokers. Among the 702 patients, 48 (6.8%) were nonsmokers. The 5-year survival for 92 patients treated by lobectomy was 21%; the 5-year survival for 77 patients treated by pneumonectomy was 19%; the 5-year survival among 18 patients have resection of the chest wall in addition to resection of the primary lesion was 22%. Of 12 patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung treated by resection, there was 1 5-year survivor. The overall 5-year survival in the 702 patients was 6.6%.
Roughened, Graded-Index, Cermet Photothermal Absorbers With Very High Absorptivities

Mo/A1203, composite coatings are shown to be useful in the fabrication of stable, effi-cient, selective solar absorbers. One such absorber deposited at 400°C showed no decrease in its solar absorptivity after 33 days in 500°C air. It was found that a higher substrate temperature during deposition can induce a surprisingly large surface roughness in these co-evaporated Mo/Al203 composites. This effect, when combined with grading the cermet composition, was used to produce solar absorptivities greater than 0.99 with a calculated thermal emissivity of 0.20 at 500°C, but it also resulted in a decrease in thermal stability in air. Regardless of the degree of surface roughness, all absorbers were stable in vacuum, to 750°C.
A note on the economic impact of the prerevolutionary nonimportation movements on urban artisans

Since Carl Bridenbaugh published The Colonial Craftsman in 1950, historians have asserted that artisans supported the pre-Revolutionary nonimportation movements largely because these trade stoppages benefited artisans economically. This article summarizes the historiography of this argument, highlights weaknesses in it, and offers evidence which demonstrates that most artisans were negatively impacted by the boycotts. Finally, it highlights the need for further research into the transition that urban artisans faced as they moved from their early dual roles as husbandmen and artisans to a near-exclusive reliance on their trades for sustenance.
Fluoxetine, a selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake

In summary, fluoxetine is a highly selective serotonin uptake inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. The conformation of fluoxetine, which resembles that of sertraline and other serotonin uptake inhibitors, appears to be a key feature that enables its high affinity and selective interaction with the serotonin transporter. The para-trifluoromethyl substituent, however, is also a pivotal structural element. The molecular pharmacology of fluoxetine has been well-defined, and its in vivo pharmacological effects appear to be mediated almost exclusively by serotonin uptake inhibition. Its selectivity for the serotonin transporter, lack of affinity for neurotransmitter receptors, and retention of selectivity following metabolism to norfluoxetine make fluoxetine a useful tool to explore pharmacologically induced increases in serotonin neurotransmission. Fluoxetine has found a variety of therapeutic application. Its use in treating depression has been most extensively studied, but controlled clinical studies also suggest the drug may have a role in treating obesity and bulimia. Moreover, a variety of other psychiatric disorders may be treatable with this drug. Regardless of the outcome of these clinical trials, it is apparent that fluoxetine has found a useful niche in therapy, and can be used as a probe to determine the role of serotonin in modulating human pathophysiologies.
Effect of backscatter on cell survival for a clinical electron beam

Abstract Relative to homogeneous scattering conditions in tissue-like materials, a large increase in dose for clinical electron beams can occur upstream from high atomic number heterogeneities due to backscattered electrons. The degree of this dose increase is uncertain due to the unknown energy distribution of the backscattered electron fluence. Cell survival after irradiation was studied for Chinese hamster cells at the depth of maximum dose in a clinical 6 MeV electron beam under normal scattering conditions and with the addition of a lead backscatterer. No significant difference in cell survival was found between the two geometries when the dose increase due to the backscattered electron fluence was approximated by the product of the measured ionization and the normal scattering stopping power ratio.
The Five-Day Wave on a Sphere with Realistic Zonal Winds.

Abstract A 5-day zonal wavenumber 1 oscillation has been well-documented from analysis of surface pressure data, and it has been suggested that it corresponds to the gravest symmetric low-frequency external normal mode of the atmosphere. Previous discussions of such global normal modes have assumed a basic state atmosphere at rest. In this investigation we solve linearized equations governing this mode in an atmosphere with a realistic distribution of zonal winds and including the surface temperature gradient in the lower boundary condition. Time-dependent solutions are obtained for zonal wavenumber 1 on a sphere using finite differences in the latitude-altitude plane. The frequency of symmetric forcing at the lower boundary is varied to find the resonant frequency of the gravest mode. In the presence of solstice zonal winds there is a large latitudinal asymmetry in the response in the upper stratosphere and in the mesosphere. An important feature of this asymmetry is relatively large amplitudes in the su...
True Malignant Histiocytosis

Objective To attempt to distinguish cases of true malignant histiocytosis from the clinical syndromes of so called malignant histiocytosis with use of recent methods. Design We retrospectively studied the laboratory data and clinical course of Mayo patients who had clinical syndromes of so-called malignant histiocytosis and reviewed available paraffin-embedded tissue specimens to identify the nature of the malignant cells. Material and Methods After elimination of cases of infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, we reviewed and studied seven cases of so-called malignant histiocytosis in patients who had undergone assessment at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1973 and 1993 We identified histiocytes by using current morphologic, cytochemical, and immunohistochemical methods. The clonal nature of the malignant cells was identified with morphologic, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic studies. Results Only one of the seven cases had a true histiocytic origin. The malignant cells were T cells in three other cases (the cells were also CD30 + in two cases), CD30 + cells only in one case, epithelial cells in one case, and an undetermined cell type (stained positively only with antitrypsin) in one case. Conclusion True malignant histiocytosis is an exceedingly rare disease, and only a few reports have clearly identified the histiocytic origin of the malignant cells. Previously, the lack of monoclonal antibodies specific to histiocytes and the absence of techniques for performing molecular genetic studies on paraffin-embedded tissue prevented the study of such cases. With newer techniques, cases of true malignant histiocytosis can now be identified.
Wideband radar for ice sheet sounding and imaging

We developed a wideband radar that operates over the frequency range of 190–450 MHz for sounding ice, mapping internal layers and imaging the ice bed with fine resolution. The radar transmits chirped pulses of and duration with peak power about 1 kW at a pulse repetition frequency of 10 kHz. The short pulse is used for sounding shallow ice and mapping layers near the surface and the long pulse is used for sounding thick ice, mapping deep internal layers and imaging the ice bed. The radar is operated with a cross-track array of eight elements. Data from each element are digitized for processing with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) algorithms to synthesize a narrow beam in the along-track direction as well as cross-track adaptive beamformation using data-dependent array processing algorithms. Array processing is employed for reducing cross-track surface clutter and to generate 3-D images of the ice bed. The radar consists of a digital subsystem, a radio frequency (RF) subsystem and a fuselage- mounted antenna array. The antenna array is shared by the transmitter and receiver through a high-power T/R switch. Real-time transmit beamforming can be performed by setting the amplitude, phase and time delay of the transmitted signals from the waveform generator; and receive beamfoming can be done in the post-processing stage after the received signals are digitized at RF with an effect sampling frequency of 1 GHz. The digitized signals are further pre-processed by field programmable gate array (FPGA) based digital receiver in real time and the data are recorded in a Linux file storage server with the solid-state drive (SSD) array. The developed radar system was installed on a BT-67 (BASLER) aircraft, and deployed in Antarctica from December 2013 to January 2014 to collect measurements over ice streams in the Western region. Figure 2 shows the BASLER aircraft outfitted with the antenna array and the flight trajectories surveyed with the radar. The total science survey covered about 18000 km. Over 60 terabytes (TB) of science data were collected during the campaign. The echogram in Figure 3 features representative data product derived from data after post processing. It illustrates the capabilities of the CReSIS radar in remote sensing thick ice and mapping internal layers with fine resolution. Most of the data we collect are freely distributed to the science community through our CReSIS website and through the National Snow and Ice Data Center. This paper gives an overview of instrumentation and signal processing aspects of the new system. Sample data products collected from the field deployment campaign in the vicinity of Subglacial Lake Whillans, West Antarctica will be presented.
Development and evaluation of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of a new SFTS bunyavirus

The etiological agent of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a bunyavirus that was first identified in China in 2009. We have developed and validated a one-step, single-tube, reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for detection of SFTS bunyavirus (SFTSV). This assay demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity, with a detection limit of 101 TCID50 ml−1. When combined with the fluorescent detection reagent (FDR) method, results could be determined by observing a color change within 30 min. As an accurate, rapid, simple and low-cost diagnostic method, this RT-LAMP assay will be helpful for detecting and preventing further SFTSV infection in China.
Designing for performance, part 2: Selecting your performance technologies

Strategic plans and performance objectives define the results to be accomplished, but selecting a suitable set of performance technologies for your organizations requires more than just knowing the intended benefits. The systematic procedures described in the article will guide you through practical processes and valuable tools for identifying potential performance technologies, evaluating alternatives, and developing a system of performance-focused activities that accomplish desired results.
Finding effective strategies for teaching ethics: a comparison trial of two interventions.

AbstractPurposeTo compare the effects of two teaching methods (written case analyses and written case analyses with group discussion) on students’ recognition and assessment of common ethical dilemmas.MethodIn 1999–2000, all third-year students at the University of Washington School of Medicine on a
A rapid method for the radioimmunoassay of urinary aldosterone.

1. The availability of an antiserum to aldosterone γ-lactone allows the rapid assay of aldosterone in urine (1). 2. Following acid hydrolysis of the 18 oxo-conjugate, aldosterone is oxidized to its γ-lactone. 3. The extremely low cross reactivity of the antiserum with structurally related steroids obviates the need for chromatographic purification before radio-immunoassay. 4. This procedure is sensitive enough to allow the assay of aldosterone in the equivalent of 25 UL of hydrolyzed urine.
Carbohydrate metabolism in the combination of diabetes mellitus and Addison's disease, as illustrated by a case.

SIMULTANEOUS occurrence of Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus is rarely observed. It is surprising that this is only the nineteenth report of a proven occurrence of these two diseases in the same patient, when 28.4 per cent of patients with diabetes mellitus also have active tuberculosis (1). We have combined those cases summarized by Thorn and Clinton in 1943 (2) with the subsequent case reports in Tables 1, 2, and 3. In both Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus there are marked aberrations in carbohydrate metabolism. A better understanding of these diversions in the individual disease and realization of the characteristic pattern of their summation should lead to premortem diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency in a greater number of diabetic patients. To clarify this pattern, a synthesis is presented to illustrate the various abnormalities in carbohydrate and related metabolism. Special emphasis is placed on the biochemical and clinical modifications appearing in each disease.
Exact Electric Analogy to the Vernotte Hypothesis

The Fourier equation of heat conduction predicts the paradoxical result that the effect of a thermal impulse in an infinite medium will be felt instantaneously in all parts of the medium. In other words, a thermal impulse is propagated at infinite velocity. The result is paradoxical because it is incompatible with a dynamic interpretation of the mechanism of heat transfer in solids. In order to avoid this apparent paradox, Vernotte has proposed a modification of the Fourier hypothesis. This modification results in the transformation of the equation of heat conduction from a parabolic to a hyperbolic differential equation predicting finite velocity of propagation of thermal impulses. Vernotte's proposal is shown here to have an exact electric analogy. The proposal is equivalent to postulating the existence of a heat transfer quantity which is analogous to the electric quantity inductance. The transformed equation of heat transfer is therefore analogous to the differential equation of telegraphy.
The future of graduate education in nursing: Scholarship, the health of communities, and health care reform*

The authors critically examine the urgent needs posed by national health care reform and the forces impinging on the nursing profession to prepare nurse practitioners to meet these needs. With references to other struggles in nursing's professional history, the authors caution against exclusive investment in the nurse practitioner role as the discipline's hope for long overdue recognition of nursing's value to society. They argue that with health care reform, nurses have the chance to make graduate nursing education more responsive to the actual health needs of the populace and more relevant for practice in communities. The actions advocated include reflecting carefully on the articulation of nurse practitioner roles with others in the discipline, taking a partisan stand with vulnerable groups, developing substantive expertise in community-based practice and research, applying an understanding of the broader environmental context of health, and committing as a discipline to practice and scholarship that really makes a difference in the health of the public.
Antibiotic Treatment of Anaerobic Infections

The discovery of effective antimicrobial drugs has substantially improved the therapeutic outlook for patients with anaerobic infections. In addition, the pathophysiology of anaerobic infections has been elucidated by comparative antibiotic trials and the use of antibiotic probes in experimental animal models. Facultative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are responsible for acute peritonitis and sepsis associated with bowel perforation. Anaerobes, particularly Bacteroides fragilis, play the seminal role in subsequent abscess formation. Treatment of only the facultative bacteria, without adequate antibiotic coverage for anaerobic bacteria, leads to clinical failures with complications of abscess formation. Such therapeutic misadventures have been witnessed in the treatment of mixed infections with cephalosporins and penicillins that lack significant activity against anaerobes. Similarly, use of metronidazole or clindamycin as a single agent is associated with failures caused by infection with facultative bacteria. Mixed infections involve complex interactions between facultative bacteria and strict anaerobes, many of which possess intrinsic pathogenicity. The best therapeutic results are realized with antimicrobial drugs that are active against both types of microorganisms.
Evidence of a quartz-induced chemotactic factor for guinea pig alveolar macrophages

Abstract Bronchopulmonary cell populations enriched in alveolar macrophages were obtained by pulmonary lavage from guinea pigs exposed by inhalation to quartz dust. Extracts derived from disrupted bronchopulmonary cell populations in these animals were chemotactic for normal resident guinea pig alveolar macrophages. Similar chemoattractant activity was not, however, demonstrated in extracts of bronchopulmonary cell populations harvested from control (nondusted) guinea pigs. These quartz-induced, cell-associated chemotactic stimuli may account for the recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes into the lung during the evolution of silicotic lesions.
The effects of social support on nuclear worker responses to the Three Mile Island accident

SUMMARY This study examines the effects of social support on the reactions of nuclear workers at the Three Mile Island plant and a comparison site to stress during the 1979 crisis. Results show broad main effects of social support on stress, strain, and health outcome variables. Moderating effects of support are highly selective and become less extensive as the hypothesized stress process moves from stress to strain to health outcomes. Findings are compared between the two nuclear plants and with other studies conducted under non-crisis conditions.
Stress Rupture of Unidirectional High Performance Thermoplastic Composites in End-Loaded Bending at Elevated Temperatures. Part II: Analytical Modeling

The equations of shape for a specimen under end-loaded bending are derived for a different coordinate axis using the theory of large displacements of buckled bars (The Elastica). The strain and stress distributions along the length of a unidirectional fiber reinforced composite undergoing stress rupture in end-loaded bending are established. Two life prediction models are constructed and compared to experimental results for an AS4/PPS composite. The models are respectively based on the nucleation and propagation of the microbuckles. The latter model compares well with the experimental stress rupture data for AS4/PPS composites in end-loaded bending at 120°C.
Digital approximation of continuous-data control systems by point-by-point state comparison

This paper presents a point-by-point state comparison method of approximating a continuous-data system by a sampled-data system. The problem is to attempt the matching of the states of the two systems at the sampling instants. A partial matching has to be conducted if the systems have more states than controls. A weighting matrix is used to regulate the partial matching and weights placed on each state. The digital approximation is affected by use of forward gain E(T) and feedback gain G(T) in the sampled-data system. It is shown that, in general, these gains can be approximated by truncated Taylor series expansions. An illustrative example is given using the one-axis dynamics of the Skylab satellite.