cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding small simple cycle separators for 2-connected planar graphs

Abstract We show that every 2-connected triangulated planar graph with n vertices has a simple cycle C of length at most 2√2 · n which separates the interior vertices A from the exterior vertices B such that neither A nor B contain more than 2 3n vertices. The method also gives a linear time sequential algorithm for finding this simple cycle and an NC parallel algorithm. In general, if the maximum face size is d then we exhibit a cycle C as above of size at most 2√ d · n .
A current conduction mechanism in laser recrystallized silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors

Abstract Laser recrystallization is a method used for improving the quality of deposited silicon films by enlarging the grain sizes and reducing the density of defect states in the films. N-channel MOS transistors were fabricated on silicon films that had been recrystallized by an argon ion laser at different power levels. These transistors showed electrical characteristics similar, but somewhat inferior to those devices fabricated on single crystal silicon substrates. These differences are attributed to the presence of trapping states at the grain boundaries of the crystallites in the recrystallized silicon. A coulombic scattering model is presented to explain these differences. In the case of films annealed at low laser power, an additional factor of nonuniform trap state distribution is invoked to explain device characteristics. This model provides an adequate explanation for the observed transport properties of transistors fabricated from recrystallized silicon films.
METALLOPHILIC INTERACTIONS IN DOUBLE SALTS: TOWARD 1D METAL ATOM CHAINS

A new family of double salts has been developed that can display infinite one-dimensional chains of metallophilic interactions in the solid state. These salts are composed of cationic and anionic components that are designed to participate in metallophilic interactions with one another. These building blocks incorporate Au(III), Au(I), and Pt(II) atoms in the forms [L3PtX]+, [L2AuX2]+, [AuX4]−, and [AuX2]−. Five different metallophilic structural motifs have been observed in these double salts and their monomeric precursors. The particular structure observed is affected by metal oxidation state, the electronic nature of the neutral (L) and anionic (X) substituents, the synthetic conditions employed, as well as the solvent present.
An optics first year experience course for community college students

A common complaint about entering college students is that they are not prepared for the college experience. In response to the problem, many colleges and universities offer "first year experience" (FYE) courses that provide a transition to the college experience, promote academic success and enhance learning. In this paper we describe a first semester optics course for community college students that is taught as an inquiry-based studio-type course. Introduction to Light and Lasers incorporates many ideas of a first year experience course and addresses the issue of students underprepared in mathematics, communication, critical thinking and hands-on laboratory skills.
Cooperative absorption-induced charge transfer in a solid

Abstract Cooperative electronic excitation involving electron transfer among guest molecules in a solid is considered. The mutual interaction between two guest molecules with large dipole moments in excited states can lead to cooperative processes (two-electron transfer) which are forbidden in the absence of such interaction. The cooperative transition moments are calculated for coupled pairs of XeCl molecules within an Ar matrix at sum and difference frequencies.
Informal Payments And The Financing Of Health Care In Developing And Transition Countries

Informal, under-the-table payments to public health care providers are increasingly viewed as a critically important source of health care financing in developing and transition countries. With min...
Global duality in heavy flavor decays in the 't Hooft model

We average the decay width of a heavy meson in the 't Hooft model over the heavy quark mass M with a smooth weight function. The averaging has support over a few resonance spacings. We use the previously determined heavy meson decay width which differs from the free quark width by a $1/M$ correction. In contrast, we find that the averaged meson and quark widths differ by a ${1/M}^{2}$ correction. We speculate on the relevance of our results to the phenomenologically relevant case of (3+1)-dimensional QCD.
Biomass-fired power generation

Worldwide biomass ranks fourth as an energy resource, providing approximately 14% of the world`s energy needs; biomass is the most important source of energy in developing nations, providing {approximately}35% of their energy, particularly in rural areas where it is often the only accessible and affordable source of energy. Considering the vastness of the photosynthetic productivity of biomass (conservatively an order of magnitude greater than the world`s total energy consumption), that bioenergy can be produced and used in a clean and sustainable manner, and those technologies for biomass conversion are advancing along several fronts worldwide, there is mush optimism that biomass will continue to play a significant, and probably increasing, role in the world`s future energy mix. The extent of this role, especially in industrialized countries, will depend on greater exploitation of existing biomass stocks (particularly residues) and the development of dedicated energy feedstock supply systems. 28 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.
Channel assignment schemes for cellular mobile telecommunication systems: A comprehensive survey

This article provides a detailed discussion of wireless resource and channel allocation schemes. The authors provide a survey of a large number of published papers in the area of fixed, dynamic, and hybrid allocation schemes and compare their trade-offs in terms of complexity and performance. We also investigate these channel allocation schemes based on other factors such as distributed⁄centralized control and adaptability to traffic conditions. Moreover, we provide a detailed discussion on reuse partitioning schemes, the effect of handoffs, and prioritization schemes. Finally, we discuss other important issues in resource allocation such as overlay cells, frequency planning, and power control.
Reduction of Secondary Carboxamides to Imines

This article reports in detail on the discovery that zirconium(IV) salts of secondary amides and lactams are transformed by Cp2ZrHCl to N-substituted imines in one step. The method represents the first controlled reduction of amides and lactams to the corresponding imines, a transformation that is otherwise very difficult to achieve because imines are reduced more rapidly than carboxamides by most metal hydride reagents. No products of reductive cleavage of the carboxamides are observed. Efforts to replace 2 mol equiv of Cp2ZrHCl with simpler, less costly alternatives led to the finding that a diisobutylaluminum enolate can be substituted for the initial zirconium enolate. Such aluminum amides are smoothly reduced to the corresponding imine using Cp2ZrHCl in good yield. Moreover, aluminum amides are also reduced to imines using either low-valent titanium species or triethylsilane. In these alternative procedures, use of Cp2ZrHCl is eliminated altogether in the title transformation.
Comparison of Scoring Rules in Poisson Voting Games

Abstract Scoring rules are compared by their equilibria in simple voting games with Poisson population uncertainty, using new techniques for computing pivot probabilities. Best-rewarding rules like plurality voting can generate discriminatory equilibria where the voters disregard some candidate as not a serious contender, although he may be universally liked, or may be symmetric to other candidates as in the Condorcet cycle. Such discriminatory equilibria are eliminated by worst-punishing rules like negative voting, but then even a universally disliked candidate may have to be taken seriously. In simple bipolar elections, equilibria are always majoritarian and efficient under approval voting, but not other scoring rules. Journal of Economic Literature Classification: D72.
Analysis of the Quiescent Low‐Mass X‐Ray Binary Population in Galactic Globular Clusters

Quiescent low-mass X-ray binaries (qLMXBs) containing neutron stars have been identified in several globular clusters using Chandra or XMM X-ray observations, via their distinctive soft thermal spectra. We report a complete census of the qLMXB population in these clusters, identifying three additional probable qLMXBs in NGC 6440. We conduct several analyses of the qLMXB population and compare it with the harder, primarily cataclysmic variable (CV), population of low-luminosity X-ray sources with 1031 ergs s-1 < LX < 1032.5 ergs s-1. The radial distribution of our qLMXB sample suggests an average system mass of 1.5 M☉, consistent with a neutron star and low-mass companion. Spectral analysis reveals that no globular cluster qLMXBs, other than the transient in NGC 6440, require an additional hard power-law component, as often observed in field qLMXBs. We identify an empirical lower luminosity limit of ~1032 ergs s-1 among globular cluster qLMXBs. The bolometric luminosity range of qLMXBs implies (in the deep crustal heating model of Brown and collaborators) low time-averaged mass-transfer rates, below the disk stability criterion. The X-ray luminosity functions of the CV populations alone in NGC 6397 and 47 Tuc are shown to differ. The distribution of qLMXBs among globular clusters is consistent with their dynamical formation by either tidal capture or exchange encounters, allowing us to estimate that 7 times more qLMXBs than bright LMXBs reside in globular clusters. The distribution of harder sources (primarily CVs) has a weaker dependence on density than that of the qLMXBs. Finally, we discuss possible effects of core collapse and globular cluster destruction on X-ray source populations.
Flips in Graphs

We study a problem motivated by a question related to quantum error-correcting codes. Combinatorially, it involves the graph parameter $f(G)=\min\{|A|+|\{x\in V\setminus A:d_A(x)$ is $\text{odd}\}|:A\neq\emptyset\}$, where $V$ is the vertex set of $G$ and $d_A(x)$ is the number of neighbors of $x$ in $A$. We give asymptotically tight estimates of $f$ for the random graph $G_{n,p}$ when $p$ is constant. Also, if $f(n)=\max\{f(G):\,|V(G)|=n\}$, then we show that $f(n)\leq(0.382+o(1))n$.
Atypical mycobacterial adenitis presenting as a parotid abscess

Suppurative parotid infections and atypical mycobacterial cervical adenitis are often seen in children. A six-year-old immunocompetent girl presented with a fluctuant parotid mass initially thought to be a bacterial parotid abscess. However, acid-fast organisms were identified by stain and culture of material from needle aspirates. Definitive treatment included superficial parotidectomy and limited cervical node excision. Childhood mycobacterial infections of the head and neck will be detailed, with particular attention to infections affecting the parotid region.
A method for the off-ring functionalization of carbon-substituted furans. Synthesis of kahweol from cafestol

Abstract 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone in 1 : 1 toluene-acetic acid is an excellent reagent for the acetoxylation of methylene groups attached to triisopropylsilyl-protected furan rings.
Welfare-improving financial innovation with a single good

We show that at any equilibrium of almost every single-good incomplete markets economy, it is possible to find an asset which when introduced makes every agent better-off. Diamond (1967) has shown, however, that such economies are constrained suboptimal, so it is of course impossible to find a new asset which makes all agents worse-off. This contrasts with the case of multiple consumption goods, for which Cass and Citanna (1995) and Elul (1995) demonstrate that equilibrium utilities may be arbitrarily perturbed via financial innovation. Proving our result requires us to exploit not changes in equilibrium prices, but rather the gains to trading the new asset. In particular, we find an asset which when introduced does not change the existing asset prices even though it is traded by every agent – by a revealed preference argument it must therefore make everyone better-off.
Coccidioidal Pulmonary Cavitation

1. Two hundred eleven cases of coccidioidal pulmonary cavitation have been reviewed. 2. Cavitation is found in about 2 per cent of hospitalized patients with coccidioidomycosis. 3. Fifty-four per cent of these patients were asymptomatic and cavitation was detected on routine chest roentgenograms. 4. Eighty-six per cent of the patients had a single cavity and 14 per cent had multiple cavities. Of those with unilateral disease, 54 per cent were on the right side and 46 per cent on the left side. Ten patients, or 5 per cent of the total, had bilateral involvement. 5. Fifty-four per cent of the patients had positive coccidioidin skin tests and 82 per cent had positive coccidioidal serologic studies. Sixty-four per cent had positive sputum cultures for C. immttis. 6. Non-surgical and surgical management of coccidioidal pulmonary cavities have been compared. In the former group, half of the cavities closed spontaneously although 25 per cent of the patients had occasional hemoptysis which was usually slight. 7. Of the 108 patients treated with resectional surgery, two died postoperatively, 30 per cent developed postoperative bronchopleural fistulae, and 18 per cent developed new coccidioidal cavities postoperatively. 8. On the basis of the present study, a conservative, non-surgical regimen appears to be most desirable for the treatment of coccidioidal cavitation unless (a) the cavity is peripheral and has enlarged significantly, or (b) there have been recurrent severe hemoptyses.
Mirror symmetry and the type II string

If X and Y are a mirror pair of Calabi—Yau threefolds, mirror symmetry should extend to an isomorphism between the type IIA string theory compactified on X and the type IIB string theory compactified on Y , with all nonperturbative effects included. We study the implications which this proposal has for the structure of the semiclassical moduli spaces of the compactified type II theories. For the type IIB theory, the form taken by discrete shifts in the Ramond-Ramond scalars exhibits an unexpected dependence on the B -field.
Lancifodilactone G : Insights about an Unusually Stable Enol

From quantum mechanics calculations we confirm that the naturally occurring enol lancifodilactone G is stable over the keto form (by 2.6 kcal/mol in water), the only known stable aliphatic enol (devoid of conjugated or bulky aromatics and lacking a 1,3-diketone structural motif known to stabilize enols). We determine architectural elements responsible for the enol stabilization and find a mechanism for keto-enol conversion in solution. In addition, we correct previously reported computational results that were performed on the misinterpreted structure demonstrating that the enol form of this natural product is more stable than previously thought.
Summary of environmentally induced electrical discharges on the P78-2 (SCATHA) satellite

Abstract : The mission of the P78-2 (SCATHA) satellite, launched in January 1979, is to measure parameters related to the spacecraft charging process near synchronous orbit. The Pulse Analyzer experiment onboard measures the shape of pulses on four sensors; 447 days of data have been analyzed. Thirty-four pulses on twenty different days have been related to electrical discharges with dominant frequencies between 5 and 32 MHz and peak amplitudes from 0.08 to 30.1 volts into a 50 ohm load. The amplitude of four of the pulses exceeded by a factor of five those measured during systems factory tests. This indicates that the present test specification is inadequate to simulate the EMI levels experienced by a payload from worst-case on-orbit discharges. (Author)
Photochemical Reactions in the Interior of a Zeolite. Part 5: The Origin of the Zeolite Induced Regioselectivity in the Singlet Oxygen Ene Reaction

Abstract Photooxidations of several new alkenes in the interior of methylene blue doped NaY are reported. The results suggest that the novel regiochemistry of these reactions can be rationalized by invoking both cation complexation with the alkenes and electrostatic interaction between the cation and the pendant oxygen on the developing perepoxide.
No-go for detecting CP violation via neutrinoless double beta decay

Abstract We present a necessary condition on the solar oscillation amplitude for CP violation to be detectable through neutrinoless double beta (0 νββ ) decay. It depends only on the fractional uncertainty in the ν e – ν e element of the neutrino mass matrix. We demonstrate that even under very optimistic assumptions about the sensitivity of future experiments to the absolute neutrino mass scale, and on the precision with which nuclear matrix elements that contribute to 0 νββ decay are calculable, it will be impossible to detect neutrino CP violation arising from Majorana phases.
We, Heirs of Enlightenment: Critical Theory, Democracy and Social Science

Abstract My goal here is to come to terms with the Enlightenment as the horizon of critical social science. First, I consider in more detail the understanding of the Enlightenment in Critical Theory, particularly in its conception of the sociality of reason. Second, I develop an account of freedom in terms of human powers, along the lines of recent capability conceptions that link freedom to the development of human powers, including the power to interpret and create norms. Finally, I show the ways in which the social sciences can be moral sciences in the Enlightenment sense. This account provides us with a coherent Enlightenment standard by which to judge institutions as promoting development, understood in terms of the capabilities necessary for freedom. The relevant social science in this area might include the robust generalization that there has never been a famine in a democratic society.
Earth observing SAR data processing systems at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory — SEASAT to EOS SAR

The evolution of SAR digital data processing and management ground systems developed at the JPL for earth science missions is discussed. Attention is given to the SAR ground data system requirements, the early data processing systems, the Seasat SAR system, and the SIR-B data processing system. Special consideration is given to two currently operational SAR data systems: the JPL aircraft SAR processing system that flies on the NASA DC-8 and the Alaska SAR Facility at Fairbanks.
AN ECCENTRIC CIRCUMBINARY ACCRETION DISK AND THE DETECTION OF BINARY MASSIVE BLACK HOLES

We present a two-dimensional grid-based hydrodynamic simulation of a thin, viscous, locally isothermal corotating disk orbiting an equal-mass Newtonian binary point mass on a fixed circular orbit. We study the structure of the disk after multiple viscous times. The binary maintains a central hole in the viscously relaxed disk with radius equal to about twice the binary semimajor axis. Disk surface density within the hole is reduced by orders of magnitude relative to the density in the disk bulk. The inner truncation of the disk resembles the clearing of a gap in a protoplanetary disk. An initially circular disk becomes elliptical and then eccentric. Disturbances in the disk contain a component that is stationary in the rotating frame in which the binary is at rest; this component is a two-armed spiral density wave. We measure the distribution of the binary torque in the disk and find that the strongest positive torque is exerted inside the central low-density hole. We make connection with the linear theory of disk forcing at outer Lindblad resonances (OLRs) and find that the measured torque density distribution is consistent with forcing at the 3:2 (m = 2) OLR, well within the central hole. We also measure the time dependence of the rate at which gas accretes across the hole and find quasi-periodic structure. We discuss implications for variability and detection of active galactic nuclei containing a binary massive black hole.
Velocity variations of an Equatorial plume throughout a Jovian year

Features in the equatorial zone of Jupiter show that the equatorial plume reported by Pioneer 10 has existed for an 11-year interval. During this interval the plume has shown an acceleration which can be interpreted as a constant component of 3 x 10 to minus 8th power m/sq cm and a sinusoidal component which anticorrelates with the planetocentric declination of the sun, D sub s, and has an amplitude of -0.96 meters per second per degree change of D sub s. The sinusoidal component has been interpreted in terms of solar heating. Throughout this interval of time the equatorial zone has appeared abnormally dark and has contained many dark projections along the northern edge. When the plume approaches to within 25 to 30 deg of these features they are deflected in the direction of motion of the plume and then dissipate or become obscured as the plume passes. After passage of the plume normal features are again observed.
An arbitrarily distortable Banach space

In this work we construct a “Tsirelson like Banach space” which is arbitrarily distortable.
Asymmetric Diels–Alder chemistry based on a new chiral auxiliary for 1-hydroxy substituted dienes

A rationally designed chiral auxiliary for hydroxylated dienes results in stereocontrolled Diels–Alder cycloadditions under purely thermal conditions.
A versatile approach to Ullmann C-N couplings at room temperature: new families of nucleophiles and electrophiles for photoinduced, copper-catalyzed processes.

The use of light to facilitate copper-catalyzed cross-couplings of nitrogen nucleophiles can enable C–N bond formation to occur under unusually mild conditions. In this study, we substantially expand the scope of such processes, establishing that this approach is not limited to reactions of carbazoles with iodobenzene and alkyl halides. Specifically, we demonstrate for the first time that other nitrogen nucleophiles (e.g., common pharmacophores such as indoles, benzimidazoles, and imidazoles) as well as other electrophiles (e.g., hindered/deactivated/heterocyclic aryl iodides, an aryl bromide, an activated aryl chloride, alkenyl halides, and an alkynyl bromide) serve as suitable partners. Photoinduced C–N bond formation can be achieved at room temperature using a common procedure with an inexpensive catalyst (CuI) that does not require a ligand coadditive and is tolerant of moisture and a variety of functional groups.
Will point sources spoil 21-cm tomography?

21-cm tomography is emerging as a promising probe of the cosmological dark ages and the epoch of reionization, as well as a tool for observational cosmology in general. However, serious sources of foreground contamination must be subtracted for experimental efforts to be viable. In this paper, we focus on the removal of unresolved extragalactic point sources with smooth spectra, and evaluate how the residual foreground contamination after cleaning depends on instrumental and algorithmic parameters. A crucial but often ignored complication is that the synthesized beam of an interferometer array shrinks towards higher frequency, causing complicated frequency structure in each sky pixel as ‘frizz’ far from the beam centre contracts across unresolved radio sources. We find that current-generation experiments should none the less be able to clean out this point source contamination adequately, and quantify the instrumental and algorithmic design specifications required to meet this foreground challenge.
Chandra Observations of the Pleiades Open Cluster: X-Ray Emission from Late B- to Early F-Type Binaries

We present the analysis of a 38.4 and 23.6 ks observation of the core of the Pleiades open cluster. The Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory detected 99 X-ray sources in a 17' × 17' region, including 18 of 23 Pleiades members. Five candidate Pleiades members have also been detected, confirming their cluster membership. Fifty-seven sources have no optical or near-infrared counterparts to limiting magnitudes V = 22.5 and J = 14.5. The unidentified X-ray sources are probably background active galactic nuclei and not stars. The Chandra field of view contains seven intermediate-mass cluster members. Five of these, HII 980 (B6+G), HII 956 (A7+F6), HII 1284 (A9+K), HII 1338 (F3+F6), and HII 1122 (F4+K), are detected in this study. All but HII 1284 have high X-ray luminosity and soft X-ray spectra. HII 1284 has X-ray properties comparable to nonflaring K-type stars. Since all five stars are visual or spectroscopic binaries with X-ray properties similar to F-G stars, the late-type binary companions are probably producing the observed coronal X-ray emission. Strengthening this conclusion is the nondetection by Chandra of two A stars, HII 1362 (A7, no known companion) and HII 1375 (A0+A SB) with X-ray luminosity upper limits 27-54 times smaller than HII 980 and HII 956, the B6-A7 stars with cooler companions. Despite the low number statistics, the Chandra data appear to confirm the expectation that late B and A stars are not strong intrinsic X-ray sources. The ACIS spectra and hardness ratios suggest a gradual increase in coronal temperature with decreasing mass from F4 to K. M stars appear to have somewhat cooler coronae than active K stars.
Comparison of Human Telomerase RNA and Telomerase Activity in Urine for Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer

New, noninvasive methods for the early detection of urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder are needed for the diagnosis, follow-up, and screening of patients with bladder cancer. Detection of the enzyme telomerase in urine could offer these new diagnostic possibilities. The standard technique for detecting telomerase activity is the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP assay). Because of the instability of the ribonucleoprotein telomerase in an aggressive medium, such as urine, investigations conducted to date have yielded nonuniform or even contradictory findings. This study compares the detection of human telomerase RNA (hTR) by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) with detection of telomerase activity by the TRAP assay in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Sedimented cells obtained from urine of 30 patients with urothelial carcinoma, 15 patients with benign urological disorders, 3 patients as part of follow-up for malignant disease, and 20 healthy subjects were examined for the presence of hTR and for telomerase activity (TRAP). In patients with bladder cancer, telomerase activity was detected by the TRAP assay in only 2 of 30 specimens (7%). However, increased levels of hTR were detected by RT-PCR in 25 of the same 30 cases (83%). For patients with benign urological disorders, such as urolithiasis or urinary tract infections, hTR was detected in samples obtained from 4 of 15 patients (27%). Low hTR expression levels were found in 15% of the healthy controls. The detection of hTR by RT-PCR represents a promising new method for detecting malignant cells in urine.
Bound states of black holes and other p-branes

Abstract In the process of identifying heterotic and type II BPS string states with extremal dilaton black holes, it has been suggested that solutions with scalar/Maxwell parameters a = √3, 1, 1/√3 and 0 correspond to 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-particle bound states at threshold. (For example, the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole is just a superposition of four Kaluza-Klein black holes). Here we show that not only the masses, electric charges and magnetic charges but also the spins and supermultiplet structures of the string states are consistent with this interpretation. Their superspin L corresponds to the Kerr-type angular momentum and hence only the L = 0 elementary BPS states are black holes. Moreover, these results generalize to super p -branes in D dimensions. By constructing multi-centered p -brane solitons, the new super p -branes found recently with various values of a 2 = Δ − 2( p + 1) ( D − p − 3)/( D −2) are seen tobe bound states of the fundamental ones with Δ = 4.
Neuroblastoma: Biology, Prognosis, and Treatment

Neuroblastoma, a neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system, is the second most common extracranial malignant tumor of childhood and the most common solid tumor of infancy. Neuroblastoma is a heterogeneous malignancy with prognosis ranging from near uniform survival to high risk for fatal demise. Neuroblastoma serves as a paradigm for the prognostic utility of biologic and clinical data and the potential to tailor therapy for patient cohorts at low, intermediate, and high risk for recurrence. This article summarizes our understanding of neuroblastoma biology and prognostic features and discusses their impact on current and proposed risk stratification schemas, risk-based therapeutic approaches, and the development of novel therapies for patients at high risk for failure.
The public finance of healthy behavior

Lifestyle can often affect the likelihood an individual will have a future illness. Subsidies often mitigate the consequences of poor lifestyle choices. In this paper we ex- plore tax-subsidy policies that lower the consequences of incurring ill health. We find that a funding mechanism consistent with current US policy lowers the investment in healthy lifestyles by both the wealthy, who pay taxes, and the poor, who receive subsidies. We also explore alternative policy interventions such as investing in research to lessen the impact or probability of the disease.
The Price Effects of Hospital Mergers: A Case Study of the Sutter–Summit Transaction

Abstract We conduct a retrospective study of the Sutter–Summit hospital merger to assess whether antitrust enforcement in this matter was appropriate. This consummated merger combined two hospitals located close together in the Oakland‐Berkeley region of the San Francisco Bay Area. The greater metropolitan area contained many other hospitals that offered a similar range of services, but which were located farther away. A central issue raised by the Sutter–Summit transaction was whether travel costs were low enough such that these hospitals were a sufficient constraint on the merging parties to prevent an anticompetitive price increase. We use detailed claims data from three large health insurers to compare the post‐merger price change for the merging parties to the price change for a set of control‐group hospitals. Our results show that Summit’s price increase was among the largest of any comparable hospital in California, indicating this transaction may have been anticompetitive.
Biomimetic Reactions Catalyzed by Cyclodextrins and Their Derivatives.

Cyclodextrins are extremely attractive components of artificial enzymes and other biomimetic materials. They are readily available, they bind hydrophobic substrates into their cavities in water solution, and they have two rims of hydroxyl groups (Figure 1) that can either react with substrates themselves or be used to attach other catalytic and functional groups. Of course, they have disadvantages. For one, unless they are extensively modified their complexes with substrates can be rather flexible and, perhaps, with unpredictable preferred geometry. They are also unstable to strong acid. Thus for some purposes such synthetic cavity species as calixerenes1 or synthetic macrocycles2-4 may have advantages. However, one of the chief advantages of cyclodextrins is highly attractivesthey are readily available, so it is possible to avoid the synthesis of a binding group and go directly to studies of what can be achieved with their use. Afterward, the lessons learned may be applied to other systems with advantage. This review will cover all the literature on reactions in which cyclodextrins bind substrates and then either catalyze their reactions or mimic a step in an enzymatic catalytic sequence. However, it will not describe work in which cyclodextrins simply change the course of a reaction without playing an obvious catalytic role involving substrate binding. For example, there are systems in which the main function of the cyclodextrin seems to be to complex a metal ion and keep it in solution.5-11 There are other studies in which binding into a cyclodextrin simply alters the selectivity of attack by an external reagent in some way12-24 or causes solubilization to facilitate phase transfer catalysis.12,25,26 Presumably such other areas are described elsewhere in this volume. While much work on artificial enzymes using cyclodextrins has been done in the author’s laboratory, and will be described, every effort is made to describe all the relevant work in the field. Several reviews of this subject already exist and should be consulted for further information.2,27-70 The readily Ronald Breslow, born in 1931 in Rahway, NJ, completed his B.A. in chemistry in1952, his M.A. in medical science in 1953, and his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1955 with R. B. Woodward, all at Harvard University. After a postdoctoral year with Alexander Todd in Cambridge, he came to Columbia University where he is now University Professor and Professor of Chemistry. His work on enzyme models, on novel conjugated aromatic and antiaromatic molecules, on electrochemical and hydrophobic methods in mechanistic chemistry, and on anticancer cytodifferentiating agents has been recognized by a number of awards, including the U.S. National Medal of Science. In 1996, he served as President of the American Chemical Society.
Gold Nanoparticle-Fluorophore Complexes: Sensitive and Discerning "Noses" for Biosystems Sensing

Gold nanoparticles (NPs) efficiently quench adsorbed fluorophores. Upon disruption of such complexes by an analyte, fluorescence turn-on is observed. By judicious choice of the functionalized NP and the fluorophore, these complexes display different responses to analytes, thus leading to versatile yet simple array-based sensor platforms. Using this strategy, we can identify proteins in buffer and serum, distinguish between both different species and different strains of bacteria, and differentiate between healthy, cancerous, and metastatic human and murine cells.
Identification of aerodynamic coefficients using computational neural networks

Precise, smooth aerodynamic models are required for implementing adaptive, nonlinear control strategies. Accurate representations of aerodynamic coefficients can be generated for the complete flight envelope by combining computational neural network models with an Estimation-Before-Modeling paradigm for on-line training information. A novel method of incorporating first-partial-derivative information is employed to estimate the weights in individual feedforward neural networks for each aerodynamic coefficient. The method is demonstrated by generating a model of the normal force coefficient of a twin-jet transport aircraft from simulated flight data, and promising results are obtained.
Ethics Programs, Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility and Job Satisfaction

Companies offer ethics codes and training to increase employees’ ethical conduct. These programs can also enhance individual work attitudes because ethical organizations are typically valued. Socially responsible companies are likely viewed as ethical organizations and should therefore prompt similar employee job responses. Using survey information collected from 313 business professionals, this exploratory study proposed that perceived corporate social responsibility would mediate the positive relationships between ethics codes/training and job satisfaction. Results indicated that corporate social responsibility fully or partially mediated the positive associations between four ethics program variables and individual job satisfaction, suggesting that companies might better manage employees’ ethical perceptions and work attitudes with multiple policies, an approach endorsed in the ethics literature.
Effects of Hydrogen and Temperature on the Kinetics of the Fluidized‐Bed Nitridation of Silicon

Silicon nitride was produced via direct nitridation of silicon powder, using nitrogen wit 10-40 vol% hydrogen, in a fluidized-bed reactor, 55 mm in diameter, operated at temperatures in the range of 1200-1390 C. Hydrogen enhanced the nitridation of silicon toward its completion. The overall conversion of silicon as well as the yield of {alpha}-silicon nitride increased with an increase in reaction temperature, while the yield of {beta}-silicon nitride decreased. In nitridation at 1300 C with 40 vol% hydrogen in nitrogen, 99% of silicon was nitrided in 24h with a yield of {alpha}-silicon nitride of about 90% in the product. When the reactor temperature was raised stepwise from 1300 to 1390 C along with the progress of nitridation, 99% of silicon was nitrided in 2.5h and 85% of the product was {alpha}-form.
Effects of Imperfections on the Buckling Response of Compression-Loaded Composite Shells

The results of an experimental and analytical study of the effects of initial imperfections on the buckling and postbuckling response of three unstiffened thin-walled compression-loaded graphite-epoxy cylindrical shells with different orthotropic and quasi-isotropic shell-wall laminates are presented. The results identify the effects of traditional and non-traditional initial imperfections on the non-linear response and buckling loads of the shells. The traditional imperfections include the geometric shell-wall mid-surface imperfections that are commonly discussed in the literature on thin shell buckling. The non-traditional imperfections include shell-wall thickness variations, local shell-wall ply-gaps associated with the fabrication process, shell-end geometric imperfections, non-uniform applied end loads, and variations in the boundary conditions including the effects of elastic boundary conditions. A high-fidelity non-linear shell analysis procedure that accurately accounts for the effects of these traditional and non-traditional imperfections on the non-linear responses and buckling loads of the shells is described. The analysis procedure includes a non-linear static analysis that predicts stable response characteristics of the shells and a non-linear transient analysis that predicts unstable response characteristics.
Tachyons in general relativity

We consider the motion of tachyons (faster-than-light particles) in the framework of general relativity. An important feature is the large contribution of low energy tachyons to the energy-momentum tensor. We also calculate the gravitational field produced by tachyons in particular geometric arrangements; and it appears that there could be self-cohering bundles of such matter. This leads us to suggest that such theoretical ideas might be relevant to major problems (dark matter and dark energy) in current cosmological models.
Higgs searches at future colliders: Potentials for discovery and diagnosis

Abstract The prospects for Higgs boson discovery and study at present and future colliders are reviewed, with emphasis on the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) states. The expected experimental coverages with different production and decay modes are outlined. Particular attention is given to the Higgs couplings predicted when the top quark Yukawa coupling has an infrared fixed point. Characteristic Higgs boson mass spectra from the minimal supergravity (mSUGRA) model are considered and the decoupling/non-decoupling regimes of the lightest Higgs boson are discussed. General tests are described to ascertain whether a discovered light Higgs boson is a SM or MSSM state and to diagnose its fundamental properties. The constraints on the Higgs mass spectra implied by an interesting cosmological relic density of the lightest supersymmetric particle are described.
Application of Euler Parameters to the Dynamic Analysis of Three-Dimensional Constrained Mechanical Systems

This paper presents a computer-based method for formulation and efficient solution of nonlinear, constrained differential equations of motion for spatial dynamic analysis of mechanical systems. Nonlinear holonomic constraint equations and differential equations of motion are written in terms of a maximal set of Cartesian generalized coordinates, three translational and four rotational coordinates for each rigid body in the system, where the rotational coordinates are the Euler parameters. Euler parameters, in contrast to Euler angles or any other set of three rotational generalized coordinates, have no critical singular cases. The maximal set of generalized coordinates facilitates the general formulation of constraints and forcing functions. A Gaussian elimination algorithm with full pivoting decomposes the constraint Jacobian matrix, identifies dependent variables, and constructs an influence coefficient matrix relating variations in dependent and indpendent variables. This information is employed to numerically construct a reduced system of differential equations of motion whose solution yields the total system dynamic response. A numerical integration algorithm with positive-error control, employing a predictor-corrector algorithm with variable order and step size, integrates for only the independent variables, yet effectively determines dependent variables.
Banach space projections and Petrov---Galerkin estimates

We sharpen the classic a priori error estimate of Babuska for Petrov---Galerkin methods on a Banach space. In particular, we do so by (1) introducing a new constant, called the Banach---Mazur constant, to describe the geometry of a normed vector space; (2) showing that, for a nontrivial projection $$P$$ P , it is possible to use the Banach---Mazur constant to improve upon the naive estimate $$ ||I - P ||\le 1 + ||P ||$$ | | I - P | | ≤ 1 + | | P | | ; and (3) applying that improved estimate to the Petrov---Galerkin projection operator. This generalizes and extends a 2003 result of Xu and Zikatanov for the special case of Hilbert spaces.
Confinement of cosmic rays in molecular clouds

We explore the trapping of cosmic rays produced by a supernova in a dense molecular cloud and the implications for COS B ..gamma..-ray sources. After an extensive study of the Alfven wave streaming instability of cosmic rays in such an environment, we conclude that unless the magnetic field in the cloud is as large as 10/sup -3/ gauss, the cosmic rays are unable to escape from the cloud before losing their energy through nuclear collisions. Energy losses will always occur for a sufficiently large cloud, regardless of the self-trapping effect. Buried supernovae could therefore be detectable sources of 100 MeV ..pi../sup 0/-decay ..gamma..-rays. We discuss possible escape mechanisms involving stellar wind cavities and their relationship to recent studies of apparently excessive antiproton fluxes in cosmic rays.
Infrared High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Post-AGB Circumstellar Disks. I. HR 4049: The Winnowing Flow Observed?

High-resolution infrared spectroscopy in the 2.3-4.6 μm region is reported for the peculiar A supergiant, single-lined spectroscopic binary HR 4049. Lines from the CO fundamental and first overtone, OH fundamental, and several H2O vibration-rotation transitions have been observed in the near-infrared spectrum. The spectrum of HR 4049 appears principally in emission through the 3 and 4.6 μm region and in absorption in the 2 μm region. The 4.6 μm spectrum shows a rich "forest" of emission lines. All the spectral lines observed in the 2.3-4.6 μm spectrum are shown to be circumbinary in origin. The presence of OH and H2O lines confirm the oxygen-rich nature of the circumbinary gas, which is in contrast to the previously detected carbon-rich material. The emission and absorption line profiles show that the circumbinary gas is located in a thin, rotating layer near the dust disk. The properties of the dust and gas circumbinary disk and the spectroscopic orbit yield masses for the individual stars, MA I ~ 0.58 M☉ and Msecondary ~ 0.34 M☉. Gas in the disk also has an outward flow with a velocity of 1 km s-1. The severe depletion of refractory elements but near-solar abundances of volatile elements observed in HR 4049 results from abundance winnowing. The separation of the volatiles from the grains in the disk and the subsequent accretion by the star are discussed. Contrary to prior reports, the HR 4049 carbon and oxygen isotopic abundances are typical AGB values, 12C/13C = 6 and 16O/17O > 200.
Travel-Time Models for Automated Storage/Retrieval Systems

Abstract Travel-time models are developed for automated storage/retrieval (AS/R) machines. The S/R machine travels simultaneously horizontally and vertically as it moves along a storage aisle. For randomized storage conditions expected travel times are determined for both single and dual command cycles. Alternative input/output (I/O) locations are considered. Additionally, various dwell-point strategies for the storage/retrieval machine are examined.
Asymmetric NHC-catalyzed synthesis of α-fluoroamides from readily accessible α-fluoroenals

The scope of the NHC-redox amidation has been expanded to include a variety of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, including α-fluoro α,β-unsaturated aldehydes which give rise to enantioenriched α-fluoroamides in good to excellent yield and enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee). Enantioenriched amines may be elaborated to either diastereomer of the product in high diastereoselectivity (up to 99 : 1). Functionalization of the amide products to amines and fluorohydrins is also demonstrated with retention of enantioenrichment at the fluorine stereocenter.
Platinum(II)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of o-Substituted Aryl Alkynes through sp3 C ? H Activation

Ring leader: PtCl(2) catalyzes intramolecular cyclization of o-isopropyl or o-benzyl aryl alkynes to give substituted indene derivatives with good yields and high selectivity. This reaction appears to proceed through an sp(3) C-H activation and 1,4-hydrogen migration pathway (see scheme).
The Oxidation of α-β-Unsaturated Ketones in Aqueous Sodium Perborate

Abstract A series of α-β-unsaturated ketones has been reacted with sodium perborate in water and a cosolvent to produce the corresponding epoxides in good yield. The reaction constitutes a mild and convenient method for the synthesis of α-β-epoxyketones.
The First Dime: A Decade of Convict Criminology

This article discusses the historical origins of Convict Criminology (CC); intellectual legacy of CC; organization of the CC group; allies in the CC struggle; recent activities of the CC group; impact of CC on the study of jails, prisons, and community corrections; and the authors' future plans. Thus, the focus of this article is on taking stock of the development of CC and identifying the accomplishments to date.
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE.

Theory and experimental program in support of chemical approach to life origin and evolution
Flurbiprofen in the prophylaxis of migraine.

Flurbiprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with effects on prostaglandin synthesis, platelet serotonin release, and beta-endorphin, was studied for efficacy in migraine prophylaxis. Twenty-three patients completed the 20-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. Flurbiprofen, in a dose of 100 mg twice daily, and placebo were each given for 8 weeks, with a 2-week "washout" period between the treatment periods. Flurbiprofen significantly reduced migraine intensity (P < .05), total hours with migraine (P < .015), and the dosing frequency of relief medication (P < .015). Total hours with migraine decreased by 41%, and the use of relief medication decreased by 31%. The reduction in migraine frequency did not reach statistical significance (P < .10). Adverse effects were infrequent. Based on the overall improvement in migraine parameters, flurbiprofen can be recommended for use in migraine prophylaxis.
On the Complexity of Undecidable Problems in Automata Theory

Some general results about hierarchies of undecidable problems in automata theory are given, and studies are described which show how properties of sets accepted by automata (i.e. languages) change from decidable to undecidable problems as the computational power of the automata is increased. This work also yields unified techniques which characterize for different languages large classes of undecidable problems.