cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brownian Motion of a Rayleigh Particle Confined in a Channel: A Generalized Langevin Equation Approach

We study confined Brownian motion by investigating the memory function of a $$d$$ -dimensional hypercube ( $$d\ge 2$$ ), which is subject to a harmonic potential and suspended in an ideal gas confined by two parallel walls. For elastic walls and under the infinite-mass limit, we obtain analytic expressions for the force autocorrelation function and the memory function. The transverse-direction memory function possesses a nonnegative tail decaying like $$t^{-(d-1)}$$ , from which anomalous diffusion is expected for $$d=2$$ . For $$d=3$$ , the position-dependent friction coefficient becomes larger than the unconfined case and the increment is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the wall. We also perform molecular dynamics simulations with thermal walls and/or a finite-mass hypercube. We observe faster decay due to the thermal wall ( $$t^{-3}$$ for $$d=2$$ and $$t^{-5}$$ for $$d=3$$ under the fully thermalizing wall) and convergence behaviors of the finite-mass memory function, which are different from the unconfined case.
Transcriptome Changes Associated with Anaerobic Growth in Yersinia intermedia (ATCC29909)

Background The yersiniae (Enterobacteriaceae) occupy a variety of niches, including some in human and flea hosts. Metabolic adaptations of the yersiniae, which contribute to their success in these specialized environments, remain largely unknown. We report results of an investigation of the transcriptome under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for Y. intermedia, a non-pathogenic member of the genus that has been used as a research surrogate for Y. pestis. Y. intermedia shares characteristics of pathogenic yersiniae, but is not known to cause disease in humans. Oxygen restriction is an important environmental stimulus experienced by many bacteria during their life-cycles and greatly influences their survival in specific environments. How oxygen availability affects physiology in the yersiniae is of importance in their life cycles but has not been extensively characterized. Methodology/Principal Findings Tiled oligonucleotide arrays based on a draft genome sequence of Y. intermedia were used in transcript profiling experiments to identify genes that change expression in response to oxygen availability during growth in minimal media with glucose. The expression of more than 400 genes, constituting about 10% of the genome, was significantly altered due to oxygen-limitation in early log phase under these conditions. Broad functional categorization indicated that, in addition to genes involved in central metabolism, genes involved in adaptation to stress and genes likely involved with host interactions were affected by oxygen-availability. Notable among these, were genes encoding functions for motility, chemotaxis and biosynthesis of cobalamin, which were up-regulated and those for iron/heme utilization, methionine metabolism and urease, which were down-regulated. Conclusions/Significance This is the first transcriptome analysis of a non-pathogenic Yersinia spp. and one of few elucidating the global response to oxygen limitation for any of the yersiniae. Thus this study lays the foundation for further experimental characterization of oxygen-responsive genes and pathways in this ecologically diverse genus.
Risk factors for mental health diagnoses among children adopted from the public child welfare system

Abstract Children awaiting adoption through the child welfare system often have “special needs,” or characteristics that make securing an adoptive home for them challenging. A subset of these youth experiences significant psychiatric symptomatology, which may pose a problem for the stability of the adoptive placement. Clinicians and policymakers require information about precursors to mental health difficulties in order to plan effectively for the placement of these children. This study examines potential child and biological family risk factors for the presence of a DSM-IV mental health diagnosis among 368 children placed for adoption by a special needs adoption program between February 1997 and April 2005 using logistic regression within the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) framework. A significant proportion of the children and biological parents in our study experienced serious adversity prior to adoptive placement. Older age at adoptive placement, white race, male gender, having more than one placement, and a history of sexual abuse are significant predictors of the presence of a mental health diagnosis in the logistic regression model. Biological parent incarceration is significantly associated with the absence of a mental health diagnosis. Adoptive placement is a key transition for youth who have often experienced significant loss and trauma prior to placement. Support of the adoptive family and youth can be critical to ensuring placement stability and may be especially salient for youth with documented mental health diagnoses and corresponding behavioral problems, which put children at increased risk for placement disruption. More work is needed to understand the interplay of risk and protective factors for mental health difficulties among youth adopted from the child welfare system, including how these are affected by child welfare policies, informal procedures, and resources to produce varying outcomes for children in peril.
Effects of Δ9-THC and castration on behavior and plasma hormone levels in male mice

Gonadectomy resulted in a rapid increase in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, but had no consistent effects on plasma prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) levels. In castrated males, oral administration of THC (50 mg/kg) significantly increased plasma LH levels within hours following surgery and again from 3 to several weeks post-castration, while THC treatment decreased LH levels between 1 day and 2 weeks postcastration. Administration of THC to 12-hour sham castrates significantly increased plasma LH levels. Plasma FSH, PRL and GH levels were either reduced or unchanged by THC. Administration of THC significantly reduced levels of gonadotropins, PRL and GH in intact males. In additional studies, we examined the influence of THC on the negative feedback response of the anterior pituitary to gonadal steroids. In testosterone propionate (TP)-treated castrated males, concomitant administration of THC increased plasma testosterone (T) and LH at 20 min, while plasma FSH levels were elevated after 60 min. In contrast, in intact TP-treated mice, concomitant THC exposure reduced plasma T levels except at 60 min, when plasma LH levels were significantly increased. Testosterone replacement failed to restore copulatory behavior in castrated mice given a single dose (50 mg/kg) of THC. In fact, acute THC administration to these TP-treated castrates resulted in marked sedation, which was not observed in intact mice given the same dose of THC in an earlier study. The present findings indicate that the effects of acute THC treatment on pituitary gonadotropin release is dependent upon the time after castration. Furthermore, THC administration can suppress copulatory behavior even in animals whose peripheral T levels have been maintained. Effects of THC on plasma androgen levels in animals injected with TP suggest that THC can alter the metabolism or target tissue response to gonadal steroids.
The Meinzer era of U.S. hydrogeology, 1910–1940

Abstract Acceleration of agricultural, industrial, and municipal development following the American Civil War resulted in unprecedented demands for knowledge of movement, occurrence, quality and availability of groundwater. By 1910, response to this demand resulted, in government, in establishment of specialized agencies. The agency most affecting development of hydrogeology was the Ground Water Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, especially after appointment of O.E. Meinzer as Chief in 1912. The Division established a system utilizing geologists and engineers (later other scientists) working as teams to assess groundwater resources. The U.S. Geological Survey developed cooperative programs allowing State Engineers and geologists to participate in resource studies, an effective way of encouraging interest in hydrogeological problems as well as establishing a strong funding base. By 1940, resource evaluation studies numbered into the hundreds and, more important, a sound scientific and engineering basis for hydrogeology was established. Contributions were made by scientists in the petroleum industry chiefly in movement of fluids through porous media (works of M. Muskat and M.K. Hubbert and associates). Also C.F. Tolman and associates made contributions in special areas (water supply, saltwater intrusion, land subsidence). By 1940, qualitative hydrology was well developed and documented and a firm base for quantitative work was eestablished. Contributions were made to specialized studies including budget methods, subsidence, saltwater intrusion, pumping effects, model development, and water quality. Printed summations of the “state of the art” in 1940 include O.E. Meinzer in Physics of the Earth (1942) and Tolman's Groundwater of 1937.
The bauer fields of values of a matrix

Abstract : Let A be a linear transformation on a finite dimensional Euclidean space. The classical field of values of A consists of all complex numbers of form (x, Ax) where (x, x) = 1. F. L. Bauer has defined the field of values with respect to an arbitrary homogeneous norm. This report covers Bauer fields of values, the Givens field of values as a special case of the Bauer field of values, absolute norms and B-norms, the extension of Givens results to Bauer fields of values, and the Gerschgorin circles.
A quadrature charge-domain filter with an extra in-band filtering for RF receivers

A quadrature charge-domain filter (QCDF) is proposed. This QCDF, based on the input phases, could provide a stop-band filtering and support an in-band filtering of noise. Through the use of FIR coefficient, the alias-band rejection (ABR) and in-band suppression (IBS) could be well controlled. Measurement shows the 27.1dB ABR and 31.3dB IBS from out-of-phase signals and in-phase signals, respectively. This QCDF with 36MHz bandwidth and 7.5dBm IIP 3 is fabricated on the 90nm CMOS process.
Legislating Community Care: The British Experience, With U.S. Comparisons

In 1990, Great Britain enacted the National Health Service and Community Care Act to reduce unnecessary institutionalization, improve coordination of community-based long-term care, and stimulate private service provision. An overview of four major principles of the legislation is provided: the elevation of the assessor/care manager role, the emphasis on inter-agency collaboration across the health and social care divide, privatization of service, and support of carers (caregivers). Preliminary findings related to their implementation indicate incremental rather than sweeping change. The elements of the new policy that borrow from American models of community care — and may be difficult to transplant — are highlighted.
Firmness evaluation of sweet cherries by a trained and consumer sensory panel.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine cherry firmness and the ability of a trained and consumer panel to differentiate between cherries of different firmness values. For the trained panel (n = 12) and consumer panel (n = 100) evaluations, two late-maturing, commercially important cherry cultivars were evaluated, “Selah” and “Skeena.” For trained panel evaluations, the analytical firmness value of each cherry was determined, although for the consumer panel, cherries were characterized into different firmness categories (low, intermediate and high), after which, a series of paired comparisons were made. “Selah” was the less-firm cultivar by approximately 20 g/mm and consumers could distinguish the more-firm cherry in all comparisons (P < 0.05). For “Skeena,” consumers could only distinguish soft versus firm. Trained panelists were able to distinguish between cherries of a minimum analytical firmness value of ∼40 g/mm. A model was developed to predict sensory firmness from analytical determinations of firmness (r = 0.63). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Developing prediction models to estimate sensory response from analytical data will benefit the fruit industry by potentially allowing the use of analytical measurements as a proxy for sensory evaluation. In addition, understanding the importance of firmness on cherry acceptance and knowing the specific firmness values at which individuals can perceive a difference in sensory firmness is useful for cherry growers to produce a cherry with acceptable texture.
Managing Pro Forma Stock Option Expense under SFAS No. 123

We investigate whether footnote disclosures under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 123 are managed in 1996, the first year that the disclosure was required. The 1996 phase‐in of SFAS No. 123 provided firms with a unique opportunity to manipulate the pro forma disclosure in the initial years. SFAS No. 123 allows firms discretion in estimating the value of their stock option grants and in allocating that value across accounting periods. Although we find little evidence that firms manage the estimated value of their option grants, we find that firm‐specific incentives affect how that value is allocated. Specifically, firms that provide high levels of either CEO compensation or stock option compensation relative to performance allocate a smaller proportion of the options' value to the 1996 pro forma expense, apparently to reduce criticism of that compensation. Small firms and firms that recently went public also allocate a smaller proportion of option value to the 1996 pro forma expense,...
Magnesium pemoline: Effects on the learning and retention of a conditioned avoidance response by rats

Thirty-two albino male rat Ss were randomly assigned to four groups which were trained to perform a conditioned avoidance response to a criterion of acquisition. They were tested for retention at 24 h and 72 h. In acquisition, three of the four groups were given MgPe while a control group was given a placebo. After 24 h, two groups were drug-treated and two were placebo-treated. After 72 h, one group was drug-treated and three were placebo-treated. It was found that MgPe did facilitate learning, but not retention. It was concluded that differences in retention were probably related to the acquisition process and not to MgPe.
From the Ground Up: Agency, Practice, and Community in the Southwestern British Bronze Age

Embodied, sensual, engagements between people, earthly elements, and celestial bodies during focused, periodic acts of ritual construction and artifact deposition in the southwestern British Bronze Age resulted in the remaking of identities, local communities, symbolic/mythical knowledge, and the landscape itself. To appreciate how material culture, time, and space were employed to define the criteria by which people understood themselves and their world necessitates an archaeological focus upon shared practices in particular settings that served to define rules of engagement with the environment based upon shared human perceptions. Agency appears in this encounter as central in the construction and perpetuation of symbolic perception, shared social memory, and community identity.
Potassium-Argon Dating of the Idaho Batholith

Twelve potassium-argon isotopic ages have been determined on a representative suite of petrographic types over the areal extent of the Idaho batholith. It appears that the primary igneous activity was Early Cretaceous (125m.y.) or earlier and that the most recent thermal event occurred in the upper Eocene. The extent to which new batholithic material was added in the Eocene is not evident.
Street-lighting projects selection: A rational decision making approach

Abstract The study presented in this paper represents a new and fresh approach to the problem of efficiently and optimally allocating scarce resources in the provision of public services—namely, street-lighting. The methodology developed is aimed at introducing more systematic and rational thinking in a way which is both technically and politically feasible. To the best of the author's knowledge, the study presents, for the first time, a procedure for the comprehensive quantitative estimate of the utility accruing from street-lighting. The utility value derived from each street-lighting project depends upon several factors, some of which can be technically assessed and others estimated only by subjective values. In order to deduce the subjective values, the Delphi method was employed. This method permits derivation of subjective values for groups of interviewees whose assessments may reasonably be assumed to be crucial in determining the relative values of the objectives of the utility function. Those components of the utility function representing subjective values were identified and estimated. The conventional practice, whereby residents have no explicit say in the planning of the lighting system in their city, was abandoned. Residents' value judgements concerning the relative importance of the objectives to be gained by the lighting system were incorporated into the planning process. An optimization model based on an integer programming algorithm was employed because it permits periodic (e.g. annual) selection of a set of indivisible projects to be realized during a given period. This enables maximum economic and social utility to be derived, subject to budgetary and technological constraints. The selection process was extended and deepened so as to render it sensitive to benefit from economies of scale and external economies. The optimization process was carried out with the use of an IBM-MPS X (an integer programming algorithm). The methodology was applied to a large and diverse quarter in the city of Jerusalem that is divided into seven semi-homogeneous neighborhoods—in terms of their physical as well as their socio-economic and demographic characteristics. This represents a very different approach when compared to the conventional way in which the planning design and installation of street-lighting projects are currently carried out.
Courtship and mating behaviours of two syntopic species of skink (Plestiodon anthracinus and Plestiodon fasciatus)

Courtship and mating behaviours are widely conserved throughout the scincid lizard genus Plestiodon , and ethological isolation between closely related species depends heavily on differentiating chemical cues. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not subtle, as yet undetected differences are present in the mating behaviours of two syntopic, distantly related skinks, P. anthracinus and P. fasciatus . Observed courtship and mating behaviours were similar between the two species and to those reported for other species within this genus. However, survival analysis determined significant interspecific differences in the duration of pre-coital behaviours. Investigation of such subtle differences between species more closely related than these two may generate further insights into the evolution of ethological isolating mechanisms in lizards.
Coverage dependence and band structure for carbon monoxide chemisorbed on Ir(111)

Abstract We have used angle-resolved photoemission with synchrotron radiation to study effects of coverage on CO chemisorption on Ir(111). Polarization dependence of the CO peaks at normal emission has been measured for the ( 3 × 3 ) R30° LEED structure (θ = 1 3 ) and for the (2 3 × 2 3 ) R30° LEED structure (θ = 7 12 ) . The 4σ-polarization dependence is identical for the two coverages, but the combined 5σ, 1π peak shows predominantly π-symmetry at θ = 1 3 and roughly equal π- and σ-character at θ = 7 12 . We observe significant dispersion in the UPS peaks which increases with coverage. For θ = 7 12 we have used variable polarization to effectively separate the components of the 5θ, 1π peak. It is composed of a highly dispersive 0.7 eV wide band derived from the 5θ at Г and a relatively flat pair of bands derived from the 1πx and 1πy at Г.
Social learning is central to innovation, in primates and beyond

Much of the importance of innovation stems from its capacity to spread via social learning, affecting multiple individuals, thus generating evolutionary and ecological consequences. We advocate a broader taxonomic focus in the field of behavioral innovation, as well as the use of comparative field research, and discuss the unique conservation implications of animal innovations and traditions.
Self-Published Web Résumés Their Purposes and Their Genre Systems

A genre's continuing success after migrating to a new medium may be due in part to whether the genre secures a place within a viable genre system. To explore the role of genre systems, this study e...
Transformation from geocentric to geodetic coordinates using Newton's iteration

A new procedure for the transformation from geocentric to geodetic coordinates is introduced and analyzed. This new procedure which contains only one trigonometric function uses the Newton's iteration to solve the root of a non-linear equation. Compared with the well-known Bowring's iterative algorithm which uses a number of trigonometric functions, the new procedure is more efficient in computation. Numeric examples are used to test the two algorithms and the results show that the new procedure converges just as well as Bowring's algorithm but requires less time for completion.
The CUSUM and the EWMA Head-to-Head

The cumulative sum (CUSUM) and the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts are alternatives to the Xbar chart. The CUSUM's theoretical optimality suggests that it should outperform the EWMA for detecting persistent shifts, but practitioners have long thought that the two perform about equally. Each also involves design decisions on the likely shift in the process. This article quantifies the effect of these choices and concludes that, though the CUSUM outperforms the EWMA at the shift for which each was designed, if the actual shift is smaller than that used in the design, the EWMA may respond faster.
Normothermia does not improve postoperative hemostasis nor does it reduce inflammatory activation in patients undergoing primary isolated coronary artery bypass

Abstract Background: Despite its common acceptance in clinical practice, the effective benefits of normothermic systemic perfusion during coronary artery bypass operations are far from established. Methods: A total of 113 patients undergoing primary isolated coronary artery bypass were randomly assigned to normothermic (37°C) or hypothermic (26°C) systemic perfusion. The clinical course of the patients was prospectively recorded, and several inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin 6, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, platelets, and white blood cell counts) were determined before surgical intervention; 24, 48, and 72 hours thereafter; and at hospital discharge. Results: Postoperatively, 2 in-hospital deaths occurred in the normothermic series and none in the hypothermic series. Four patients had a myocardial infarction, 1 had respiratory insufficiency, 1 had to be reoperated on for graft malfunction, and none had renal insufficiency in the hypothermic group versus 1 patient with each of these complications in the normothermic series. Mean blood loss in the first 24 hours was 766 ± 223 mL in the normothermic group and 740 ± 220 mL in the hypothermic group. None of these differences was statistically significant. Similarly, no significant difference in the postoperative level of any of the measured variables at any time point was evident between the patients in the normothermic and hypothermic groups. Conclusion: Normothermic systemic perfusion does not influence the clinical course or the extent of inflammatory and hemostatic activation in patients undergoing primary isolated coronary artery bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:1092-100
Multi-jump: jump roping over distances

Jump roping, a game in which one or more people twirl a rope while others jump over the rope, promotes social interaction among children while developing their coordination skills and physical fitness. However, the traditional game requires that players be in the same physical location. Our 'Multi-Jump' jump-roping game platform builds on the traditional game by allowing players to participate remotely by employing an augmented rope system. The game involves full-body motion in a shared game space and is enhanced with live video feeds, player rewards and music. Our work aims to expand exertion interface gaming, or games that deliberately require intense physical effort, with genuine tangible interfaces connected to real-time shared social gaming environments.
Projected U.S. water use likely to increase as climate warms

Despite increases in efficiency, water demand in the United States is likely to increase substantially in the future if climate continues to warm, new projections indicate. Brown et al. project future water use to 2090 based on past trends from U.S. Geological Survey water use data from 1960 to 2005 and trends in efficiency. They projected U.S. water demand under climate change scenarios using three different global circulation models, and they ran each model for three different global socioeconomic scenarios adapted from the scenarios used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Impulsiveness in professional fighters

Sports involving repeated head trauma are associated with risk of neurodegenerative disorders such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Among the behavioral manifestations of CTE is increased impulsiveness.
Nonlocal conductance of small superconducting loops in the paraconductive regime

Abstract Both quasiparticles and superconducting fluctuations contribute to the conductance of superconductors in the paraconductive regime slightly above the transition temperature. The fluctuation contribution consists of the Maki-Thompson correction, which results from the scattering of electrons by a superconducting fluctuation, and the Aslamazov-Larkin contribution which describes the conductivity of a fluctuating electron pair. The latter is nonlocal over a length scale set by the fluctuation correlation length, ξ( T ). The observation of this nonlocality involves a multi-terminal measurement of voltages in the paraconductive regime of a square superconducting loop of characteristic size, L ∼ ξ( T ). The ratio of the voltages measured by two different sets of probes attached to the loop at different positions is found to oscillate as a function of the flux threading the loop. This effect is distinct from phenomena associated with the coherent transport of electrons in mesoscopic structures of a size smaller than the dephasing length, L φ .
2-Hydroxy derivatives of some biologically active 6-(substituted)purines

Abstract Nine new 2-hydroxy-6-(substituted)aminopurines were synthesized through a thermal condensation of 2-hydroxy-6-methylthiopurine with the appropriate amine. These derivatives did not possess the kinetin-like activities previously associated with 6-(substituted) aminopurines; however, all of these compounds inhibited the oxidase activity as well as the dehydrogenase activity of milk xanthine oxidase. In the latter system, it was also demonstrated that analogous 2-hydroxy-6-(substituted)purines may act as either competitive or noncompetitive antagonists in the presence of xanthine as the substrate.
A Comparative Analysis of the Validity of US State- and County-Level Social Capital Measures and Their Associations with Population Health.

The goals of this study were to validate a number of available collective social capital measures at the US state and county levels, and to examine the relative extent to which these social capital measures are associated with population health outcomes. Measures of social capital at the US state level included aggregate indices based on the Annenberg National Health Communication Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Petris Social Capital Index (PSCI), Putnam’s index, and Kim et al.’s scales. County-level measures consisted of PSCI, Rupasingha et al.’s social capital index, and a BRFSS-derived measure. These measures, except for the PSCI, showed evidence of acceptable validity. Moreover, we observed differences across the social capital measures in their associations with population health outcomes. The implications of the findings for future research in this area were discussed.
Vaccination with Mage-b DNA induces CD8 T-cell responses at young but not old age in mice with metastatic breast cancer

Elderly individuals react less efficiently to vaccines than do adults, mainly because of T-cell unresponsiveness. In this study, we analysed whether tumour-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CD8 T-cell responses could be induced by vaccination in old mice with metastatic breast cancer. The effect of pcDNA-3.1- and Listeria-based vaccines, expressing TAA Mage-b, on Mage-b-specific immune responses was tested in spleens and draining lymph nodes (LNs) of mild (4TO7cg) and aggressive (4T1) syngeneic metastatic mouse breast tumour models at young (3 months) and old (20 months) age. Interferon γ and interleukin-2 levels increased significantly in draining LNs and spleens of Mage-b-vaccinated mice compared with those in control groups at young but not old age in both mouse tumour models. A significant increase was observed in the number of IFNγ-producing Mage-b-specific CD8 T cells after Mage-b vaccination in the 4T1 model at young but not old age. This correlated with a reduced protective effect of Mage-b vaccination against metastatic breast cancer at old compared with young age. The absence of CD8 T-cell responses after Mage-b vaccination and the accompanying reduced protection against metastatic breast cancer in old compared with young mice point towards the need for tailoring cancer vaccination to older age.
Correlations between Orientation and Some Properties of Polymer Films and Sheets

The orientation effects of biaxially stretched polystyrene (PS) sheets and polyethylene (PE) blown films were investigated. The study mainly focused on the relationships between orientation of amorphous PS and semicrystalline PE and their shrinkage, tensile properties and tear resistance. For low orientations, it was found that the stress and strain (shrinkage in films) can be simply related to birefringence for both PS and PE. For tear properties of PE films, better correlations were observed with crystalline orientation factors.
American Contributions to the Geological Mapping of Hokkaido, Late Nineteenth Century

During 1861-1862 Raphael Pumpelly (1838-1923) was engaged by the Japanese Government (the Tokugawa Shogunate) to review mineral resources and advise on mining operations. Political pressures against the Government's employ of foreigners resulted in his investigation being confined to southern Hokkaido and, at the end of 1862, led to the termination of his contract. Pumpelly completed a geological sketch map with structural cross-sections, provided formation descriptions, interpretations of landforms, suggestions for mine development, and interpretations of the tectonic history of the island. Remarking on the general parallelism of Asian mountain ranges, major valleys, coastlines and the Japanese islands, Pumpelly envisioned a NE-SW-trending system of tectonic elevation and depression that governed the geomorphic configuration of the Northern Hemisphere worldwide. In 1878, under the new leadership of the Emperor following the Meiji Restoration, foreign specialists were welcomed to Japan in order to moderni...
Fluid Transport by Human Nonpigmented Ciliary Epithelial Monolayer

Ciliary epithelium is responsible for the secretion of aqueous humor into posterior chamber of the eye. Most of aqueous humor secretion is driven by the active transport of ions from plasma into the posterior chamber followed by rapid movement of water and water soluble substances (Jacob and Civan, 1996). Both the outer nonpigmented (NPE) and inner pigmented (PE) epithelial layers exhibit properties of transporting epithelia (Helbig et al., 1988; Wolosin et al., 1993). The NPE is thought to provide the direct driving force for aqueous humor formation. Na+/K+-ATPase which is located on the basolateral membranes of NPE drives sodium secretion and provides the main ion motive force for sodium dependent cotransporters (Coca-Prados and Lopez-Briones, 1987; Flugel and Lutjen-Drecoll, 1988; Okami et al., 1989; Ghosh et al., 1990). Recently, it has been proposed that the rate limiting step in active secretion of aqueous humor is a CI- transport via a DIDS sensitive, cAMP dependent chloride channel (Chen et al., 1994; Jacob and Civan, 1996). Although the Na+/K+-ATPase active transport system is a primary transducer of cellular metabolic energy into fluid transport, it does not completely account for a variety of observations and functions that are prerequisites for the effective transport of fluid and electrolytes by the duallayered ciliary epithelium. For example, cell volume regulation which is coupled to ion transport through parallel K+ and, more importantly, Cl- channel activity appear to be an intrinsically important aspects of normal aqueous secretion (Civan et al., 1992; Yantorno el al., 1992; Fischbarg, 1997).
Process and Content in Behavioral and Cultural Phenomena

The phenomena to be explained in terms of scientific principles may be termed the “content” of a science. Behavioral content is organized at the level of individual organisms. Human behavioral repertoires are unique and complex organizations of activity/environment relations. The content of human behavior is accounted for in terms of evolutionary processes occurring at the behavioral level of analysis, during the lifetime of individual organisms. Cultural content originates when behavioral repertoires of two or more individuals form an enduring unit that has the possibility of lasting beyond the lifetime of those individuals. Evolutionary processes occurring at the cultural level of analysis account for cultural practices that extend across generations. The units that come into existence as a result of behavioral and cultural evolutionary processes are the content of behavioral and cultural sciences. Science-based solutions to human problems involve making use of knowledge of behavioral and cultural processes to bring about change in behavioral and cultural content.
Diffusion of Innovations Under Supply Constraints

In this paper we present a canonical setting that illustrates the need for explicitly modeling interactions between manufacturing and marketing/sales decisions in a firm. We consider a firm that sells an innovative product with a given market potential. The firm may not be able to meet demand due to capacity constraints. For such firms, we present a new model of demand, modified from the original model of Bass, to capture the effect of unmet past demand on future demand. We use this model to find production and sales plans that maximize profit during the lifetime of the product in a firm with a fixed production capacity. We conduct an extensive numerical study to establish that the trivial, myopic sales plan that sells the maximal amount possible at each time instant is not necessarily optimal. We show that a heuristic "build-up" policy, in which the firm does not sell at all for a period of time and builds up enough inventory to never lose sales once it begins selling, is a robust approximation to the optimal policy. Specializing to a lost-sales setting, we prove that the optimal sales plan is indeed of the "build-up" type. We explicitly characterize the optimal build-up period and analytically derive the optimal initial inventory and roll-out delay. Finally, we show that the insights obtained in the fixed capacity case continue to hold when the firm is able to dynamically change capacity.
Assessing Measures Designed to Protect the Homeland

Some general parameters are proposed for evaluating homeland security measures that seek to make potential targets notably less vulnerable to terrorist attack, and these are then applied to specific policy considerations. Since the number of targets is essentially unlimited, since the probability that any given target will be attacked is near zero, since the number and competence of terrorists is limited, since target-selection is effectively a near-random process, and since a terrorist is free to redirect attention from a protected target to an unprotected one of more or less equal consequence, protection seems to be sensible only in a limited number of instances.
How Will Sunsat Power Be Captured on Earth

This chapter addresses both potential opportunities and expressed concerns relating to wireless transmission of space solar energy to Earth in baseload and related electrical power applications. Safety protections associated with the design, location and redistribution of energy on the ground are also discussed.
Educational Necessities to Compensate for Faculty Shortage

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate whether senior dental students (4DS) could serve as effective instructors in a two-semester preclinical laboratory course and whether such teaching experience could enhance their interest in academics as a future career. Based on academic performance, five senior students were recruited to serve as instructors in a two-semester morphology/occlusion laboratory course in which ninety-five first-year dental students were enrolled. The first-year students were randomly assigned so that each student was instructed by a faculty member in one semester and a 4DS in the other semester. Outcomes included course evaluation forms completed by the first-year dental students at the end of each semester; a comparison of students’ performances in each course determined by faculty instructors and 4DSs; and the 4DSs’ self-report of their teaching experiences. Results showed no significant difference between the performance of 4DS and faculty instructors in all criteria evaluated (p>.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the performance of students instructed by faculty members and those instructed by 4DS in either semester (p>.05). Despite the fact that such experience seemed to have minimal influence on students’ decision to consider academics as a future career, 4DSs do seem to provide effective instruction and thereby can serve to compensate for faculty shortages.
Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Surgical Outcomes in Sports Medicine

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects a significant proportion of the patients evaluated and treated by orthopedic surgeons who specialize in sports medicine. Sports-medicine-related conditions associated with DM include tendinopathy, adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, and articular cartilage disease. This article reviews the current literature adressing the effect of DM on surgical outcomes in sports medicine. In general, patients with DM undergo operations more frequently and experience inferior surgical outcomes compared with patients without DM. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased rates of complications from sports medicine procedures, such as infection, delayed healing, and failure of the operation. However, additional research is needed to determine the full impact of DM on patient outcomes in sports medicine. Surgeons should be cognizant of special considerations in the population of patients with DM and aim to tailor the surgical management of this growing patient population.
Dr. multicast: Rx for data center communication scalability

IP Multicast (IPMC) in data centers becomes disruptive when the technology is used by a large number of groups, a capability desired by event notification systems. We trace the problem to root causes, and introduce Dr. Multicast (MCMD), a system that eliminates the issue by mapping IPMC operations to a combination of point-to-point unicast and traditional IPMC transmissions guaranteed to be safe. MCMD optimizes the use of IPMC addresses within a data center by merging similar multicast groups in a principled fashion, while simultaneously respecting hardware limits expressed through administrator-controlled policies. The system is fully transparent, making it backward-compatible with commodity hardware and software found in modern data centers. Experimental evaluation shows that MCMD allows a large number of IPMC groups to be used without disruption, restoring a powerful group communication primitive to its traditional role.
Adolescent pregnancy: a study of aborters and non-aborters.

PIP: In a June 1970 through January 1971 study of 99 single girls seeking abortion and 33 single girls choosing to complete the pregnancy, knowledge of and/or access to contraceptives were not the problem. Emotional factors such as guilt over sexual activity, acting-out disorders (rebellious attitude, hippie lifestyle, indifference toward others), or severe reactions to loss of a love relationship contributed to pregnancy in both groups. The girls who became pregnant, especially the ones who chose to complete the pregnancy, viewed pregnancy and motherhood as a source of gratification and self-esteem. Research on motivational factors in adolescent pregnancy is needed to prevent high recidivism. The majority of state abortion laws requiring phychiatric deficiencies for abortions are misguided, since the girls who chose not to abort were more psychiatrically disturbed than the ones who had abortions.
Design of multifunctional honeycomb materials

Extruded metal honeycombs [linear cellular alloys (LCAs)] are designed for a multifunctional application that demands not only structural performance but also heat transfer capabilities. The manufacturing process for LCAs enables complex in-plane cell topologies that may be tailored to achieve desired functionality. As a result, certain mechanical and heat transfer properties of LCAs are superior to those of hexagonal honeycombs or stochastic metal foams. Both periodic and functionally graded LCAs are designed for a structural heat transfer device for an electronic cooling application. The design problem is formulated as a multiobjective decision. Approximate models of structural and heat transfer performance, such as finite difference heat transfer simulations, are employed to analyze designs efficiently. A portfolio of heat exchanger designs is generated with both periodic and functionally graded cell topologies. Tradeoffs are assessed between thermal and structural performance. Previous authors have focused primarily on analysis of the structural and thermal properties of cellular materials; here, a design perspective is adopted. Given a set of rigorous analytical models, the emphasis is on synthesis of cellular designs and identification of superior design regions.
Improving personal information management by integrating activities in the physical world with the semantic desktop

Semantic desktops are a novel approach to improve user interfaces by recording, semantically annotating, and learning from the user's activities to create a personalized user experience and improve search. Such activities, however, are restricted to the information universe, i.e., they only cover events on the local desktop. A next step towards smart mobile devices is the integration of those desktop events with the user's activities in the physical world. Establishing such mappings enables the device to draw conclusions from the recorded desktop events to those that the user is likely performing in the physical world. A Personal Information Management (PIM) system can then better assist the user in task planning and routing. In this work, we propose activity ontologies as blueprints to model the user's activities in the physical world, and use these ontologies to link the Semantic Desktop and the information available on the Web of Linked Data. We discuss the principles of designing the activity ontologies and how to employ them to associate local files and applications with complementary information from the Web. We design a specific activity ontology for a conference use case and present a user interface that extends the Zeitgeist Semantic Desktop to evaluate our approach.
On Calculating Thermally Induced Stress Singularities

A problem of increasing interest and importance is the numerical calculation of stress intensity factors for cracked or otherwise imperfect structures due to thermal as well as mechanical loading. The finite element method has become one of the most popular and effective computational approaches to stress analysis, and a large number of fairly successful schemes have been introduced to treat the stress singularities of interest in fracture mechanics as outlined in [1]. One of the simplest yet most effective methods for treating such problems is the introduction of special “singular elements” to model the fields in the immediate neighborhood of the exceptional point without requiring an overly refined (and expensive) mesh.
journal of visual culture Technicolor Confections

In the early years of Three-Color Technicolor production, several films foregrounded color's sensuous experience by focusing on food. These shorts turn the long-held bias against color as superficial and empty into a point of celebration by associating the visual with the culinary pleasures of ice-cream, cookies, cakes, and chocolate bunnies. This short essay offers formal analysis with reference to classical film and color theories to speculate on the synesthetic potentials of color and its relationship to taste.
Region-Based Hierarchical Image Matching

This paper presents an approach to region-based hierarchical image matching, where, given two images, the goal is to identify the largest part in image 1 and its match in image 2 having the maximum similarity measure defined in terms of geometric and photometric properties of regions (e.g., area, boundary shape, and color), as well as region topology (e.g., recursive embedding of regions). To this end, each image is represented by a tree of recursively embedded regions, obtained by a multiscale segmentation algorithm. This allows us to pose image matching as the tree matching problem. To overcome imaging noise, one-to-one, many-to-one, and many-to-many node correspondences are allowed. The trees are first augmented with new nodes generated by merging adjacent sibling nodes, which produces directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). Then, transitive closures of the DAGs are constructed, and the tree matching problem reformulated as finding a bijection between the two transitive closures on DAGs, while preserving the connectivity and ancestor-descendant relationships of the original trees. The proposed approach is validated on real images showing similar objects, captured under different types of noise, including differences in lighting conditions, scales, or viewpoints, amidst limited occlusion and clutter.