cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influenza Circulation and the Burden of Invasive Pneumococcal Pneumonia during a Non-pandemic Period in the United States

BACKGROUND Animal models and data from influenza pandemics suggest that influenza infection predisposes individuals to pneumococcal pneumonia. Influenza may contribute to high winter rates of pneumococcal pneumonia during non-pandemic periods, but the magnitude of this effect is unknown. With use of United States surveillance data during 1995-2006, we estimated the association between influenza circulation and invasive pneumococcal pneumonia rates. METHODS Weekly invasive pneumococcal pneumonia incidence, defined by isolation of pneumococci from normally sterile sites in persons with clinical or radiographic pneumonia, was estimated from active population-based surveillance in 3 regions of the United States. We used influenza virus data collected by World Health Organization collaborating laboratories in the same 3 regions in seasonally adjusted negative binomial regression models to estimate the influenza-associated fraction of pneumococcal pneumonia. RESULTS During approximately 185 million person-years of surveillance, we observed 21,239 episodes of invasive pneumococcal pneumonia; 485,691 specimens were tested for influenza. Influenza circulation was associated with 11%-14% of pneumococcal pneumonia during periods of influenza circulation and 5%-6% overall. In 2 of 3 regions, the association was strongest when influenza circulation data were lagged by 1 week. CONCLUSIONS During recent seasonal influenza epidemics in the United States, a modest but potentially preventable fraction of invasive pneumococcal pneumonia was associated with influenza circulation.
Fukushima Two Year Processing Update

On March 11, 2011, now two years ago, the magnitude 9.0 Great East Japan earth quake, Tohoku, hit off the Fukushima coast of Japan. This was one of the most powerful earthquakes in recorded history and the most powerful one known to have hit Japan. The ensuing tsunami devastated a huge area resulting in some 25,000 persons confirmed dead or missing. The perfect storm was complete when the tsunami then found the four-reactor, Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Station directly in its destructive path.Some 2 million people were evacuated from a fifty mile radius of the area and evaluation and cleanup began. A tremendous effort has been made, by many nationalities, since this time to restore this damaged plant and surrounding area and to return a great deal of the residents to their homes and farm lands.While most of the outcome of this unprecedented natural and manmade disaster was negative, both in Japan and worldwide, there have been some extremely valuable lessons learned and new emergency recovery technologies and systems developed to cope with the aftermath of this disaster.This paper describes new technology developed to selectively remove radioactive materials dangerous to workers, local citizens, and the natural environment from seawater used to cool the damaged reactors at Fukushima.As always, the mother of invention is necessity.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Chemosynthetic bacterial mats at cold hydrocarbon seeps, Gulf of Mexico continental slope

Abstract White and pigmented filamentous bacterial mats dominated by several undescribed species of Beggiatoa were sampled during research submersible dives to cold hydrocarbon seep sites on the upper continental slope off Louisiana (130–550 m). Mats occur at the interface between reducing sediments and the oxygenated water column. They are localized at sea floor features related to seepage of biogenic methane and crude oil, but there is little evidence that the organisms utilize the hydrocarbons directly. Granules of elemental sulfur (S0) are visible within cells of Beggiatoa, and mat material is characterized by high contents of S0 (up to 193,940 ppm). The Beggiatoa biomass is isotopically light ( δ 13 C = −27.9‰ PDB ). Our geochemical data suggest that the Beggiatoa species are part of a complex bacterial assemblage in cold seep sediments. They oxidize H2S derived from the bacterial sulfate reduction that accompanies bacterial hydrocarbon oxidation when O2 is depleted in sediments, and fix isotopically light carbon from CO2 that is the result of bacterial hydrocarbon oxidation. Beggiatoa mats appear to retard loss of hydrocarbons to the water column by physically retaining fluids in sediments, a function that could enhance production by other bacteria of the H2S and CO2 needed by Beggiatoa.
Overview of numerical codes developed for predicted electrothermal deicing of aircraft blades

An overview of the deicing computer codes that have been developed at the University of Toledo under sponsorship of the NASA-Lewis Research Center is presented. These codes simulate the transient heat conduction and phase change occurring in an electrothermal deicier pad that has an arbitrary accreted ice shape on its surface. The codes are one-dimensional rectangular, two-dimensional rectangular, and two-dimensional with a coordinate transformation to model the true blade geometry. All modifications relating to the thermal physics of the deicing problem that have been incorporated into the codes will be discussed. Recent results of reformulating the codes using different numerical methods to increase program efficiency are described. In particular, this reformulation has enabled a more comprehensive two-dimensional code to run in much less CPU time than the original version. The code predictions are compared with experimental data obtained in the NASA-Lewis Icing Research Tunnel with a UH1H blade fitted with a B. F. Goodrich electrothermal deicer pad. Both continuous and cyclic heater firing cases are considered. The major objective in this comparison is to illustrate which codes give acceptable results in different regions of the airfoil for different heater firing sequences.
You can lead students to sources, but can you make them think?

ABSTRACT In developing and teaching a new first-year psychology course that integrates information literacy skills, a librarian and a psychologist learned the importance of teaching critical thinking skills explicitly, rather than implicitly. Students learned how to use the library resources and learned concepts in psychology, but until critical thinking was taught explicitly, students did not understand the value of what they were learning. In this article, implicit versus explicit learning is defined, and psychological principles are applied to demonstrate how critical thinking can be used to teach library and information skills.
One world of veterinary medicine

Summary The veterinary profession finds itself in the midst of a new world order. Today veterinarians are part of a world that is exquisitely interconnected culturally, economically, socially, and professionally. As a consequence, societal needs and expectations of the profession are more demanding, critical and far-reaching. Veterinarians must play important roles in five intersecting domains of work: public health, bio-medical research, global food safety and security, ecosystem health and the more traditional role of caring for animals. To be successful in this broad and complex range of services and activities, veterinarians must possess an expanded knowledge base, acquire new skills, and develop a new mindset that will ensure their success and excellence in all these domains. The veterinary profession is becoming more fragmented and specialised, and it needs to be brought back together by a single sphere of knowledge or discipline that can serve as an intellectual foundation. The concept of One World of Veterinary Medicine can do just that. With this mindset veterinarians will become better connected to the world around and gain new public recognition and esteem. To achieve this, a special commitment by academic veterinary medicine is, of course, essential. Veterinary schools must lead an educational transformation that reaffirms the social contract of veterinarians and works to align diverse sectors, build a global community, find a common purpose and expand the 21st Century veterinary portfolio of services, activities, and new possibilities.
High-temperature performance and broad continuous tunability of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers

We demonstrate a terahertz quantum-cascade laser (QCL) operating significantly above the temperature of hv/kB, which had so-far been been an empirical limitation for the maximum operating temperature of these devices. With a design that employs a new scattering-assisted injection scheme, a 1.8 THz QCL operating up to a temperature of 1.9hv/kB (163 K) is realized with more than 3 mW of peak optical power output at 150 K. We also demonstrate continuous tunability over a frequency range of 137 GHz of a single-mode QCL operating at 3.8 THz in metal-metal waveguides. A unique concept of altering the lateral mode profile of the "wire laser" waveguide geometry was implemented to achieve tuning despite the strong mode confinement of metal-metal waveguides at terahertz frequencies.
Utilization of the O-arm after Ommaya reservoir placement

The authors demonstrate the utility of portable intraoperative CT scans for the rapid identification of ventricular catheter tip location after Ommaya reservoir placement. The O-arm (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN, USA) was utilized to confirm ventricular catheter placement intraoperatively. Conventionally, a postoperative CT scan is obtained prior to Ommaya reservoir use to ensure proper catheter placement. By obtaining these images intraoperatively, revisions may be performed without the need for an additional surgical procedure, and the reservoir may be utilized immediately postoperatively.
Clonazepam: A Novel Therapeutic Adjunct:

Clonazepam, a unique benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant and serotonin enhancing capacity, can be used in conjunction with conventional psychopharmacologic agents to treat a variety of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, and psychotic mania. Three representative case studies are presented and specific guidelines for the use of clonazepam are discussed.
Management of the neck in parotid carcinoma

Background Management of the clinically negative neck remains a controversial issue in patients with carcinoma of the parotid gland. Our treatment policy has always been conservative, reserving lymphadenectomy for selected patients. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 121 patients with malignant tumors of the parotid gland who received their definitive treatment at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1966 and 1988. Results A total of 35 neck dissections (ND) were performed, 14 of which involved removal of clinically positive nodes (radical in 10, modified in 2, and limited in 3). Twenty-one patients had an elective lymphadenectomy (radical in 14, modified in 2, and limited in 4), usually because of ominous histology or high T stage. In addition to histologically positive regional lymph nodes, facial nerve paralysis, gender, and advanced stage, the decision to perform a ND, whether elective or therapeutic, was significantly predictive of decreased survival (P Conclusions These data support our policy of reserving elective ND only for those histologic diagnoses that carry the highest risk of nodal metastases, as well as for selected patients whose primary tumor resection might be facilitated by lymphadenectomy.
Baseline findings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study.

RESULTS. The CLEK Study patients had a mean age of 39-29 — 10.90 years with moderate to severe disease, assessed by a keratometric-based criterion (95.4% of patients had steep keratometric readings of at least 45 D) and relatively good visual acuity (77.9% had best corrected visual acuity of at least 20/40 in both eyes). Sixty-five percent of the patients wore rigid gas-permeable contact lens, and most of those (73%) reported that their lenses were comfortable. Only 13.5% of patients reported a family history of keratoconus. None reported serious systemic diseases that had been previously reported to be associated with keratoconvis. Many (53%) reported a history of atopy. Fifty-three percent had corneal scarring in one or both eyes. CONCLUSIONS. Baseline findings suggest that keratoconus is not associated with increased risk of connective tissue disease and that most patients in the CLEK Study sample represent mild to moderate keratoconus. Additional follow-up of at least 3 years will provide new information about the progression of keratoconus, identify factors associated with progression, and assess its impact on quality of life. {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:2537-2546)
Fire and the Miocene expansion of C4 grasslands

C4 photosynthesis had a mid-Tertiary origin that was tied to declining atmospheric CO2, but C4-dominated grasslands did not appear until late Tertiary. According to the ‘CO2-threshold’ model, these C4 grasslands owe their origin to a further late Miocene decline in CO2 that gave C4 grasses a photosynthetic advantage. This model is most appropriate for explaining replacement of C3 grasslands by C4 grasslands, however, fossil evidence shows C4 grasslands replaced woodlands. An additional weakness in the threshold model is that recent estimates do not support a late Miocene drop in pCO2. We hypothesize that late Miocene climate changes created a fire climate capable of replacing woodlands with C4 grasslands. Critical elements were seasonality that sustained high biomass production part of year, followed by a dry season that greatly reduced fuel moisture, coupled with a monsoon climate that generated abundant lightning-igniting fires. As woodlands became more open from burning, the high light conditions favoured C4 grasses over C3 grasses, and in a feedback process, the elevated productivity of C4 grasses increased highly combustible fuel loads that further increased fire activity. This hypothesis is supported by paleosol data that indicate the late Miocene expansion of C4 grasslands was the result of grassland expansion into more mesic environments and by charcoal sediment profiles that parallel the late Miocene expansion of C4 grasslands. Many contemporary C4 grasslands are fire dependent and are invaded by woodlands upon cessation of burning. Thus, we maintain that the factors driving the late Miocene expansion of C4 were the same as those responsible for maintenance of C4 grasslands today.
Analysis of the summer distribution of fish schools in the Pacific Eastern Boundary Current

The patterns of fish schools, mainly of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), were studied in the Pacific Eastern Boundary Current during summer 1992. DiVerences between schooling patterns and depth preferenda offish schools in the north and south were elucidated through regression analysis of depth, size, and biomass information aboutfish schools, extracted from acoustic backscatter data. Hake schools appeared to be clustered, based on both visual and statistical evidence. School clusters were larger (more schools) and had more biomass in the north than in the south, but inter-cluster spacing was also larger in the north. Temperature, bottom depth and school depth all significantly aVect the biomass and number of schools in these clusters as the product of their eVect on individual schools and on school density. The eVect of these environmental factors on school cluster biomass and numbers diVers from their eVect on both individual schools and numbers of schools per arbitrary transect length (e.g. 5 nmi segments). School clusters may be a widespread phenomenon for schooling fish. ? 1997 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions

An extensive literature addresses citizen ignorance, but very little research focuses on misperceptions. Can these false or unsubstantiated beliefs about politics be corrected? Previous studies have not tested the efficacy of corrections in a realistic format. We conducted four experiments in which subjects read mock news articles that included either a misleading claim from a politician, or a misleading claim and a correction. Results indicate that corrections frequently fail to reduce misperceptions among the targeted ideological group. We also document several instances of a “backfire effect” in which corrections actually increase misperceptions among the group in question.
Planning mobile manipulator motions considering vehicle dynamic stability constraints

The high-speed motions of mobile manipulators can dynamically disturb their vehicles, even to the point where they can cause a vehicle to tip over. A planning method is presented which insures that such dynamic disturbances do not exceed the capabilities of a vehicle, and compromise its stability, while permitting a mobile manipulator to perform its tasks quickly. The method is an extension of an algorithm for fixed-base manipulators and has been implemented in a CAD system with extensive computer graphics. The technique can also determine if any proposed manipulator motion plan, optimal or conventional, results in dynamic forces which exceed the capabilities of a vehicle and result in either a statistically or dynamically unstable system. The technique is applied to a representative system in which there is significant friction between the vehicle and ground. The results suggest that the algorithm may be an effective planning tool for such mobile manipulators. The technique has also been found to be effective for planning the motions of spacecraft-mounted manipulators. >
Thermocapillary Migration of a Drop: An Exact Solution with Newtonian Interfacial Rheology and Stretching/Shrinkage of Interfacial Area Elements for Small Marangoni Numbers

In this paper we analyze the effects of the following phenomena associated with the thermocapillary migration of a drop. The first is the influence of Newtonian surface rheology of the interface and the second is that of the energy changes associated with stretching and shrinkage of the interfacial area elements, when the drop is in motion. The former occurs because of dissipative processes in the interfacial region, such as when surfactant molecules are adsorbed at the interface in sufficient concentration. The interface is typically modeled in this instance by ascribing to it a surface viscosity. This is a different effect from that of interfacial tension gradients arising from surfactant concentration gradients. The stretching and shrinkage of interfacial area elements leads to changes in the internal energy of these elements that affects the transport of energy in the fluids adjoining the interface. When an element on the interface is stretched, its internal energy increases because of the increase in its area. This energy is supplied by the neighboring fluids that are cooled as a consequence. Conversely, when an element on the interface shrinks, the adjoining fluids are warmed. In the case of a moving drop, elements of interfacial area are stretched in the forward half of the drop, and are shrunk in the rear half. Consequently, the temperature variation on the surface of the drop and its migration speed are modified. The analysis of the motion of a drop including these effects was first performed by LeVan in 1981, in the limit when convective transport of momentum and energy are negligible. We extend the analysis of LeVan to include the convective transport of momentum by demonstrating that an exact solution of the momentum equation is obtained for an arbitrary value of the Reynolds number. This solution is then used to calculate the slightly deformed shape of the drop from a sphere.
Introducing discrete-event control concepts and state-transition methodology into control system curricula

A significant academic concern is discussed in terms of introducing the study of methods of discrete-event control in hierarchical systems. This is an area with a blend of computer and control system concepts that is often avoided (or perhaps lost between areas) in undergraduate engineering programs. Applications to factory automation may involve very extensive and critical design considerations, and this area is often an important concern to practicing engineers. The techniques are applicable to a broad range of system design, including systems that provide both discrete and continuous actions such as robots and machine tools. Discrete-action concepts using state-transition techniques are readily assimilated into an undergraduate control systems program, and basic concepts are discussed in terms of introducing this type of program into both the classroom and laboratory. Several variations of state-transition techniques are described, and the various techniques are compared with examples utilizing state-transition diagrams, Petri nets, and state program tables. With the application of digital techniques expanding control concepts in various directions, this is an interdisciplinary area that should be considered to be a fundamentally important part of control system studies. >
E-Quality and E-Service Equality

Research is divided about the potential of e-service to bridge communication gaps, particularly to diverse user groups. According to the existing body of literature, e-service may increase or decrease the quality of service received. This study analyzes the level of service received by different genders and ethnic groups when public librarians answer online reference queries. Quality of e-service was evaluated along three dimensions: responsiveness, reliability, and courtesy. This study found no significant differences among different user groups along any of these dimensions, supporting the argument that the virtual environment facilitates equitable service and may overcome some challenges of diverse user groups
Adaptive Length IIR Filters Implemented with Imprecise Computing

This paper explores the use of imprecise computing to implement adaptive length IIR filters in order to meet realtime constraints. An adaptive-length filter can provide a resource manager with alternatives that can be used if resources become scarce. This paper discusses the use of standard IIR filters used in controls applications, such as a Butterworth filter, and how this filter can be implemented in prioritized stages that can be skipped if necessary. The paper also examines the use of filter banks with different size filters. In both cases, transition management methods such as bumpless transfer are investigated to mitigate the transients induced when switching between filters.
Two components in major solar particle events

A study has been made of 29 intense, solar particle events observed in the energy range 25-100 MeV/nuc near Earth in the years 1997 through 2001. It is found that the majority of the events (19/29) had Fe to O ratios which were reasonably constant with time and energy, and with values above coronal. These all originated on the Sun s western hemisphere and most had intensities that rose rapidly at the time of an associated flare, and coronal mass ejection (CME), and then decayed more gradually. Few interplanetary shocks were observed during these increases. The spectra were mainly power laws. The remaining 10 events had different intensity-time profiles and Fe to O ratios that varied with time and energy with values at or below coronal. Most of these originated near central meridian and 6 had strong interplanetary shocks that were observed near Earth. In general the spectra were not power laws but steepened at high energies, particularly for Fe. There were four events with two peaks in the intensity-time profiles, the first near the time of the associated flare and the other at shock passage. The results, considered in the light of other recent work, suggest that the high energy particles that occur shortly after flares are indeed flare particles. At the highest rigidities considered here shock-accelerated particles are uncommon and are observed only in association with unusually fast shocks.
Effect of historical changes in land use and climate on the water budget of an urbanizing watershed

[1] We assessed the effects of historical (1931–1998) changes in both land use and climate on the water budget of a rapidly urbanizing watershed, Ipswich River basin (IRB), in northeastern Massachusetts. Water diversions and extremely low flow during summer are major issues in the IRB. Our study centers on a detailed analysis of diversions and a combined empirical/modeling treatment of evapotranspiration (ET) response to changes in climate and land use. A detailed accounting of diversions showed that net diversions increased due to increases in water withdrawals (primarily groundwater pumping) and export of sewage. Net diversions constitute a major component of runoff (20% of streamflow). Using a combination of empirical analysis and physically based modeling, we related an increase in precipitation (2.7 mm/yr) and changes in other climate variables to an increase in ET (1.7 mm/yr). Simulations with a physically based water-balance model showed that the increase in ET could be attributed entirely to a change in climate, while the effect of land use change was negligible. The land use change effect was different from ET and runoff trends commonly associated with urbanization. We generalized these and other findings to predict future streamflow using climate change scenarios. Our study could serve as a framework for studying suburban watersheds, being the first study of a suburban watershed that addresses long-term effects of changes in both land use and climate, and accounts for diversions and other unique aspects of suburban hydrology.
Functional hierarchical approach to fault diagnosis

A functional hierarchical model for fault diagnosis is presented. In this approach, the fundamental analysis of the focal point of action of an entire system serves as the root of a functional structure. The functional interrelationships between the root component and the rest of the components in the device are used as a knowledge source for the functional model. A measure based on the complexity of the change or repair procedure and the accessibility of a component is introduced as a facility index. The opinion of an expert and the facility index are combined and used to form a functional hierarchical model. A welding system with numerous functional parameters is shown as an example to illustrate the model. >
CUTICULAR COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS BY ASCARIS SUUM DURING DEVELOPMENT FROM THE THIRD TO FOURTH LARVAL STAGE: IDENTIFICATION OF A POTENTIAL CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT WITH A NOVEL MECHANISM OF ACTION

The dominant proteins released by Ascaris suum during development in vitro from the L3 to L4 stage were identified as collagenous cuticular proteins by sequence analysis and susceptibility to digestion by collagenase. Under reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the collagen proteins separated into 3 groups with molecular weights estimated at 32 kDa, 54-60 kDa, and 71-91 kDa. The 32-kDa protein represents monomeric collagen; the 54-60- and 71-91-kDa components represent dimeric and trimeric forms, respectively, polymerized by nonreducible cross-links. Furthermore, the release of these forms of collagen was developmentally regulated, as exemplified by a sequential temporal progression from monomeric to dimeric to trimeric forms in association with the in vitro transition from L3 to L4. The data suggest that collagen released in vitro during development of A. suum L3 to L4 reflects the increased translation of collagen gene products and their initial assembly into higher molecular weight molecules associated with the synthesis of the L4 cuticle. A biotinylated dipeptidyl fluoromethylketone cysteine protease inhibitor (Bio-phe-ala-FMK) bound specifically to the 32-kDa collagen and, to a lesser extent, to a 30-kDa protein; binding was dependent on the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) and was prevented by iodoacetamide. Because cysteine residues play an essential role in the initial assembly of the collagen monomers into the higher molecular weight oligomers present in the mature nematode cuticle, inhibition of molting of A. suum L3 to L4 by the cysteine protease inhibitor Z-phe-ala-FMK might be due to its binding to thiol groups of collagen monomers during a critical phase of collagen assembly. Prevention of cystine cross-links during this critical period of cuticle assembly by peptide-FMK inhibitors may represent a potential control mechanism having a novel mechanism of action.
Effect of lactate concentration and metabolic rate on net lactate uptake by canine skeletal muscle.

This study addressed two questions: 1) Does net lactate uptake (L) by muscle approach a saturation limit with increasing blood lactate concentration ([La])? 2) Is the muscle net L response to increasing blood [La] affected by metabolic rate (VO2)? The gastrocnemius plantaris muscle group (GP) was isolated in situ in 20 anesthetized dogs. In three series of experiments, a lactate-lactic acid solution was infused into the arterial inflow of the GP to produce five different plasma [La] values: approximately 3, 9, 16, 22, and 30 mM, each of them maintained for 30 min. In one series, the GP remained at rest, whereas in the second series it contracted at 1 Hz and in the third series at 4 Hz. VO2 averaged approximately 3, 43, and 100 ml.kg-1.min-1 at rest and at 1 and 4 Hz, respectively. Within each of the three metabolic rates, increasing plasma [La] resulted in an increase in net L, which was well described (R > 0.98) by exponential equations. These equations predicted net L asymptotic values of 0.80, 0.72, and 1.09 mmol.kg-1.min-1 for rest and for 1 and 4 Hz, respectively. The corresponding plasma [La]s for half-maximal net L from the exponential equations were 16, 10, and 12 mM. Glucose uptake, pyruvate uptake/output, and alanine output by the muscles were not affected by the increasing [La] (and concomitant increases in net L) at any of the metabolic rates. Neither net glycogen synthesis nor depletion was changed by increasing [La].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Genetics of Coronary Disease

Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the different biological processes which underlie clinical coronary artery disease (CAD), including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and death. Family history and twin concordance studies consistently demonstrate that CAD is heritable with a significant polygenic component. Elevated cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose only explain a modest portion of CAD risk and are heritable traits themselves. As a common disease, genetic variants that are highly prevalent in human populations would be expected to contribute to CAD. Since 2007, genome-wide association studies have helped map more than 50 common genetic susceptibility variants for CAD phenotypes. Although some are in genes contributing to the presence of traditional risk factors, most of these variants are in or near novel genes previously not known to be associated with CAD. The challenge remains to determine exactly how genetic variants contribute to CAD so we can better understand the biological mechanisms involved and devise better and more targeted therapeutic and preventive approaches.
Gluon correlations from a glasma flux-tube model compared to measured hadron correlations on transverse momentum (pt,pt) and angular differences (ηΔ,φΔ)

A glasma flux-tube model has been proposed to explain strong elongation on pseudorapidity $\ensuremath{\eta}$ of the same-side two-dimensional (2D) peak in minimum-bias angular correlations from $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=200$ GeV Au-Au collisions. The same-side peak or ``soft ridge'' is said to arise from coupling of flux tubes to radial flow whereby gluons radiated transversely from flux tubes are boosted by radial flow to form a narrow structure or ridge on azimuth. In this study we test the theory conjecture by comparing measurements to predictions for particle production, spectra, and correlations from the glasma model and from conventional fragmentation processes. We conclude that the glasma model is contradicted by measured hadron yields, spectra, and correlations, whereas a two-component model of hadron production, including minimum-bias parton fragmentation, provides a quantitative description of most features of the data, although $\ensuremath{\eta}$ elongation of the same-side 2D peak remains undescribed.
Morphology and Cytology of Diplocarpon Maculatum on Crataegus. II. Initiation and Development of the Apothecium

In a previous communication (23), we reported on the development of the parasitic imperfect stage of the fungus inciting Entomosporium Leaf Spot of Hawthorn. The initiation, growth, and maturation of the ascocarps of this fungus will now be considered. Despite the widespread occurrence of Entomosporium infections on pomaceous hosts, the perfect stage of the causal organism appears to have been infrequently encountered, and no critical study of the origin and development of the apothecia has ever been published. Atkinson (2) in 1897 recorded having found, on overwintered quince leaves in New York, a discomycetous fungus which he believed to be the ascigerous stage of Entomosporium maculatum Lev. In 1909 (3) he was able to report the formation of Entomosporium conidia in pure cultures grown from ascospores of this discomycete, thus establishing the suspected relationship. He named the new cup fungus Fabraea maculata. In Germany, in 1906, Klebahn (16) found similar apothecia on overwintered pear leaves which had shown Entomosporium blighting the previous summer. In 1914 (16), apparently unaware of Atkinson's publications, he recorded this discomycete as the presumptive ascocarpic stage of E. maculatum and named it Entomopeziza soraueri, erecting a new genus for it because of its peculiar conidial phase. Later (17) Klebahn provided descriptions of apothecia from overwintered foliage of pear and quince, and stated that he had observed deep-seated fruiting bodies which resembled apothecia but which contained Entomosporiumtype spores instead of asci. He succeeded in obtaining pure cultures from these conidia and from ascospores, and found that cultures from both sources produced the typical cruciate conidia of Entomosporium. In New Zealand, Cunningham (6) was unable to find the perfect stage of Entomosporium. However, he studied Atkinson's type mate-
Blood flow and mass transfer regulation of coagulation

Blood flow regulates coagulation and fibrin formation by controlling the transport, or mass transfer, of zymogens, co-factors, enzymes, and inhibitors to, from, and within a growing thrombus. The rate of mass transfer of these solutes relative to their consumption or production by coagulation reactions determines, in part, the rate of thrombin generation, fibrin deposition, and thrombi growth. Experimental studies on the influence of blood flow on specific coagulation reactions are reviewed here, along with a theoretical framework that predicts how flow influences surface-bound coagulation binding and enzymatic reactions. These flow-mediated transport mechanisms are also used to interpret the role of binding site densities and injury size on initiating coagulation and fibrin deposition. The importance of transport of coagulation proteins within the interstitial spaces of thrombi is shown to influence thrombi architecture, growth, and arrest.
A Review of Bank Funding Cost Differentials

The debate over the existence and extent of funding cost differentials between large and small banks is central to regulatory reforms related to perceptions of “too big to fail” government support. After providing a simple taxonomy of five basic approaches into which the wide-ranging empirical literature on this topic can be categorized, I analyze key challenges that all of the approaches face, namely, the interpretation of funding costs differences between large and small banks, the choice of the relevant time period, the choice of the sample, and the significant differences in the funding structures of large and small banks. After analyzing further more specific challenges for three of the approaches, I describe the most promising methods for measuring funding cost differentials and present a “natural experiment” concerning the elimination of complete FDIC coverage of transactions deposits at the end of 2012, which suggests that depositors did not perceived a significant difference in risk between large and small banks during this period.
Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: Does sex matter?

AIM: To review the literature on sex differences in facial emotion perception (FEP) across the schizophrenia spectrum. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of empirical articles that were included in five separate meta-analyses of FEP across the schizophrenia spectrum, including meta-analyses that predominantly examined adults with chronic schizophrenia, people with early (onset prior to age 18) or recent-onset (experiencing their first or second psychotic episode or illness duration less than 2 years) schizophrenia, and unaffected first-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia. We also examined articles written in English (from November 2011 through June 2015) that were not included in the aforementioned meta-analyses through a literature search in the PubMed database. All relevant articles were accessed in full text. We examined all studies to determine the sample sizes, diagnostic characteristics, demographic information, methodologies, results, and whether each individual study reported on sex differences. The results from the meta-analyses themselves as well as the individual studies are reported in tables and text. RESULTS: We retrieved 134 articles included in five separate meta-analyses and the PubMed database that examined FEP across the schizophrenia spectrum. Of these articles, 38 examined sex differences in FEP. Thirty of these studies did not find sex differences in FEP in either chronically ill adults with schizophrenia, early-onset or recently diagnosed people with schizophrenia, or first-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia. Of the eight studies that found sex differences in FEP, three found that chronically ill women outperformed men, one study found that girls with early-onset schizophrenia outperformed boys, and two studies found that women (including first-degree relatives, adults with schizophrenia, and the healthy control group) outperformed men on FEP tasks. In total, six of the eight studies that examined sex differences in FEP found that women outperformed men across the schizophrenia spectrum. CONCLUSION: Evidence to date suggests few sex differences in FEP in schizophrenia; both men and women across the schizophrenia spectrum have deficits in FEP.
New Models of the Division of Labor—II

This chapter focuses on four new models of the division of labor that developed after Taylorism and Fordism: post-Fordism and flexible accumulation, McDonaldization and co-production, Siliconism and socio-technical Theory, and shareholder value by blackboxing production.
Nonconventional Biocatalysis for Production of Chemicals and Polymers from Biomass

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role and potential of biocatalysis in chemical production from biorenewable resources. Particular focus is on new developments in enzyme technology, i.e., nonconventional biocatalysis. Enzymatic technologies for chemical production from biomass can be classified into two categories according to the substrates of the enzymes. The first includes enzymatic treatments of biomass components: cellulose, starch, proteins, oils, and fats that come directly from biological sources with or without simple pretreatments. The second category refers to biotransformation that further processes simple molecules derived from biomass components, such as free sugars, organic acids, and alcohols. Expanding from traditional applications such as food processing, biocatalysis has left a large footprint in modern drug synthesis and discovery, and is now making initial steps toward the production of commodity chemicals. Several examples have shown the promising potential of biocatalysis in the chemical industry. In addition to its environmental compatibility and chemical and structural selectivity, biocatalysis can also enable reactions that are difficult to realize with chemical catalysts. One of the best examples is the production of acrylamide using a nitrilase enzyme. The nitrilase-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitrile in the presence of an ester or an amide is almost impossible to carry out using traditional chemical means.
THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY IN VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM: Clinical Trials and Current Indications

Thrombolytic therapy for venous thromboembolism is returning, especially for the management of acute pulmonary embolism patients who present with either hypotension or with right ventricular dysfunction despite an initially normal blood pressure and heart rate. Clinicians have learned to use thrombolysis to improve efficacy, minimize bleeding complications, and achieve savings in cost. The objective of therapy is rapid reversal of right ventricular dysfunction, which might otherwise lead to intractable right ventricular failure and death.
Model-Based Evaluation of Energy Saving Systems

Nowadays, there is a great attention towards cautious usage of energy sources to be employed in disparate application domains, including critical infrastructures, to save both in financial terms and in environmental impact. This chapter focuses on stochastic model-based as a support to the analysis of energy saving systems, in combination with other non functional properties, such as reliability, safety and availability. We discuss general guidelines to build a model-based framework to analyse critical cyber-physical systems, where effective energy consumption is required, while assuring imposed levels of resilience. Also, an overview of the most commonly employed methodologies and tools for model-based analysis is provided, and extensive literature is indicated as pointers to relevant research activities performed on this attractive topic over the last decades. Finally, in order to corroborate the proposed framework, a case study in the railway domain is proposed. By adopting the Stochastic Activity Networks formalism, the framework is instantiated to analyse effective trade-offs between energy consumption and satisfaction of other dependability related requirements.
In Situ Sensing and Manipulation in Nano Bio Systems

The goal of this article is to review the state-of-art techniques for characterizing specific single receptor using the functionalized AFM (atomic force microscopy) tip and introduce the recent progress of in situ probing biomolecules as well as the possibility of single cell surgery by AFM. An example of studying the angiotensin II type 1 (ATI) receptors expressed in sensory neuronal cells by AFM with a functionalized tip is given. Perspectives for identifying and characterizing specific individual membrane proteins using AFM in living cells are provided.
The Platelet Specific Chemokine Platelet Factor 4 Induces Expression of E-Selectin in an NF-κ B Dependent Manner.

The involvement of platelets in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has recently gained much attention. Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a platelet specific chemokine released upon platelet activation. PF4 has been localized to atherosclerotic lesions, including macrophages and endothelium. In this report, we demonstrate that E-selectin, an adhesion molecule involved in atherogenesis, is up-regulated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to PF4. Induction of E-selectin mRNA is time and dose dependent, and requires the presence of cell surface glycosaminoglycans. Surface expression of E-selectin, as measured by flow cytometry, is also increased by PF4. Activation of NF-κB is critical for PF4 induced E-selectin expression, as demonstrated by promoter activation studies and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In summary, our data demonstrate that PF4 can increase expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells by activation of NF-κB. PF4 induction of endothelial E-selectin expression represents another mechanism by which platelets may participate in atherosclerotic lesion progression. These data also suggest that PF4 may participate in the proinflammatory functions of activated platelets.
Abstract 4646: Cumin extract prevents estrogen-associated breast cancer in ACI rats

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Spices are highly chemoprotective because of their antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. We have previously demonstrated significant chemoprotective effects of cumin seed powder (7.5%, w/w) against estrogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in ACI rats by inhibiting cell proliferation as well as cellular and molecular markers. Here we report the inhibition of E2-mediated mammary tumorigenesis by cumin extract (1%, w/w) that is equivalent to the dietary dose in our previous study. Three extractions of cumin seeds with 80% aqueous ethanol followed by evaporation provided 13% of total dried extract (w/w). Groups of female ACI rats were given either AIN-93M diet or diet supplemented with cumin extract and then treated with subcutaneous 17s-estradiol silastic implants (1.2 cm; 9 mg). Two additional groups were maintained on control or experimental diet. Rats received diet and water ad libitum. Five-six animals from each group were euthanized three weeks after the E2 treatment to determine the effect of interventions on early biomarkers. The remaining animals (n = 20-22) were euthanized when estrogen-treated group on control diet reached over 90% tumor incidence. Diet consumption and body weight gain was found to be largely unaffected by the cumin extract, suggesting that it was well tolerated. The first tumor incidence in control group was after 92 days, this was significantly delayed by 35 days in cumin extract treated group. Experimental diet significantly offset estrogen-related growth of pituitary prolactinomas as early as after three weeks (p = 0.019), the effect was more pronounced at tumor time point (p < 0.0001). At the end of the study (25 wks), the tumor incidence was found to be 96% in control group whereas only 45% animals had tumors in the intervention group. Significant reduction in average tumor volume (474 vs. 75 mm3) and tumor multiplicity (4.1 vs. 0.8 tumors/animal) was also observed by cumin extract compared to control. The mechanistic studies including effect on the plasma prolactin levels, and the cell proliferation marker, PCNA, estrogen-associated expression of the ERα and cyclin D1 in the mammary tissues are being evaluated. Together, our data show that cumin extract can significantly delay and prevent estrogen-mediated mammary tumorigenesis. This data further support our ultimate goal to develop these spice bioactives as clinically translatable chemopreventives and therapeutics against breast cancer. (Supported by CA-125152, Helmsley Fund, and Agnes Brown Duggan Endowment). Citation Format: Farrukh Aqil, Jeyaprakash Jeyabalan, Radha Munagala, Ramesh C. Gupta. Cumin extract prevents estrogen-associated breast cancer in ACI rats. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4646. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4646