cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apoplastic Sugars, Fructans, Fructan Exohydrolase, and Invertase in Winter Oat: Responses to Second-Phase Cold Hardening

Changes in apoplastic carbohydrate concentrations and activities of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes were determined in crown tissues of oat (Avena sativa L., cv Wintok) during cold hardening. During second-phase hardening (−3°C for 3 d) levels of fructan, sucrose, glucose, and fructose in the apoplast increased significantly above that in nonhardened and first-phase-hardened plants. The extent of the increase in apoplastic fructan during second-phase hardening varied with the degree of fructan polymerization (DP) (e.g. DP3 and DP4 increased to a greater extent than DP7 and DP > 7). Activities of invertase and fructan exohydrolase in the crown apoplast increased approximately 4-fold over nonhardened and first-phase-hardened plants. Apoplastic fluid extracted from nonhardened, first-phase-hardened, and second-phase-hardened crown tissues had low levels, of symplastic contamination, as determined by malate dehydrogenase activity. The significance of these results in relation to increases in freezing tolerance from second-phase hardening is discussed.
Inequality constrained Kalman filtering for the localization and registration of a surgical robot

We present a novel method for enforcing nonlinear inequality constraints in the estimation of a high degree of freedom robotic system within a Kalman filter. Our constrained Kalman filtering technique is based on a new concept, which we call uncertainty projection, that projects the portion of the uncertainty ellipsoid that does not satisfy the constraint onto the constraint surface. A new PDF is then generated with an efficient update procedure that is guaranteed to reduce the uncertainty of the system. The application we have targeted for this work is the localization and automatic registration of a robotic surgical probe relative to preoperative images during image-guided surgery. We demonstrate the feasibility of our constrained filtering approach with data collected from an experiment involving a surgical robot navigating on the epicardial surface of a porcine heart.
The program of assertive community treatment (PACT): The model and its replication

The Program of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) has been investigated in Madison and at other replication sites, and the positive results for clients have led to more widespread dissemination of the PACT model. This chapter presents a basic introduction to the model of care, research findings, and views on PACT model replication.
Polypropylene crystallization as a physical gelation process

Early stages of crystallization of polymers may be viewed as physical gelation. This is shown with four commercial isotactic polypropylenes, which have been studied by dynamic mechanical experiments at low degrees of undercooling, ¢T ) 10-26 K, below their nominal melting temperature. The physical gel point is manifested by slow power law dynamics, which expresses itself in a shear relaxation modulus G(t) ) St -n at long times, I0 < t < Ipg, where S is the gel stiffness, n is the relaxation exponent, I0 is the crossover to short time dynamics (entanglements, glass modes), and Ipg is the longest relaxation time, which can be considered to be infinite for our experiments due to the long lifetime of the physical bonds. The time to reach the gel point (gel time tc) decreases exponentially with ¢T, and the critical gel becomes stiffer (smaller n, larger S) with increasing ¢T. The absolute critical crystallinity at the gel point, Xc, was found to be only about 2% or less. This value was determined from published DSC data which, however, needed to be extrapolated to tc, as measured by mechanical spectroscopy. This very low crystallinity suggests that only a few junctions are necessary to form a sample spanning network. The network in this case is "loosely" connected, and the critical gel is soft.
The comparability of WAIS and WAIS-R IQs and subtest scores.

Examined the comparability of the WAIS and WAIS-R by administering the two scales to a sample of 88 adults in a counterbalanced order. The obtained data were analyzed by correlational and repeated measure three-way analysis of variance procedure. The indices of obtained correlation coefficients suggested a high degree of similarity between the two scales. The findings from ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences in the subtest performance (except in the performance of the Picture Arrangement), and three IQs on the WAIS and WAIS-R, performance of Ss was found to be higher on the WAIS as compared to their performance on corresponding subtests and IQs on the WAIS-R. These results were found to be consistent with the data reported by earlier studies that compared revisions of the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet scales with older tests.
Multimodal chemical imaging of molecular messengers in emerging Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial communities

Two label-free molecular imaging techniques, confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), are combined for in situ characterization of the spatiotemporal distributions of quinolone metabolites and signaling molecules in communities of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dramatic molecular differences are observed between planktonic and biofilm modes of growth for these bacteria. We observe patterned aggregation and a high abundance of N-oxide quinolines in early biofilms and swarm zones of P. aeruginosa, while the concentrations of these secreted components in planktonic cells and agar plate colonies are below CRM and SIMS detection limits. CRM, in conjunction with principal component analysis (PCA) is used to distinguish between the two co-localized isomeric analyte pairs 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO)/2-heptyl-3-hydroxyquinolone (PQS) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonylquinoline-N-oxide (NQNO)/2-nonyl-hydroxyquinolone (C9-PQS) based on differences in their vibrational fingerprints, illustrating how the technique can be used to guide tandem-MS and tandem-MS imaging analysis. Because N-oxide quinolines are ubiquitous and expressed early in biofilms, these analytes may be fundamentally important for early biofilm formation and the growth and organization of P. aeruginosa microbial communities. This study underscores the advantages of using multimodal molecular imaging to study complex biological systems.
ESR of Carbon Radicals in Isolated Coal Macerals

ESR g-values, linewidths, and radical densities are compared with elemental analyses and other properties of a series of coal macerals isolated by the gravity centrifugation technique. Increases in g-values are attributed to the presence of phenolic oxygen pendant to the condensed ring structures of the coal. For vitrinites, all three ESR parameters vary with increasing coal rank: g-values fall, while linewidths and radical densities increase. Linewidths decrease and radical densities increase for more condensed inertinite forms having lower H/C values. Exchange between radicals is suggested to explain the observed narrowing phenomenon.
Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of carbohydrate utilization by Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2: systems for bioprocessing plant polysaccharides

Polysaccharides comprising plant biomass are potential resources for conversion to fuels and chemicals. These polysaccharides include xylans derived from the hemicellulose of hardwoods and grasses, soluble β-glucans from cereals and starch as the primary form of energy storage in plants. Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 (Pjdr2) has evolved a system for bioprocessing xylans. The central component of this xylan utilization system is a multimodular glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH10) endoxylanase with carbohydrate binding modules (CBM) for binding xylans and surface layer homology (SLH) domains for cell surface anchoring. These attributes allow efficient utilization of xylans by generating oligosaccharides proximal to the cell surface for rapid assimilation. Coordinate expression of genes in response to growth on xylans has identified regulons contributing to depolymerization, importation of oligosaccharides and intracellular processing to generate xylose as well as arabinose and methylglucuronate. The genome of Pjdr2 encodes several other putative surface anchored multimodular enzymes including those for utilization of β-1,3/1,4 mixed linkage soluble glucan and starch. To further define polysaccharide utilization systems in Pjdr2, its transcriptome has been determined by RNA sequencing following growth on barley-derived soluble β-glucan, starch, cellobiose, maltose, glucose, xylose and arabinose. The putative function of genes encoding transcriptional regulators, ABC transporters, and glycoside hydrolases belonging to the corresponding substrate responsive regulon were deduced by their coordinate expression and locations in the genome. These results are compared to observations from the previously defined xylan utilization systems in Pjdr2. The findings from this study show that Pjdr2 efficiently utilizes these glucans in a manner similar to xylans. From transcriptomic and genomic analyses we infer a common strategy evolved by Pjdr2 for efficient bioprocessing of polysaccharides. The barley β-glucan and starch utilization systems in Pjdr2 include extracellular glycoside hydrolases bearing CBM and SLH domains for depolymerization of these polysaccharides. Overlapping regulation observed during growth on these polysaccharides suggests they are preferentially utilized in the order of starch before xylan before barley β-glucan. These systems defined in Pjdr2 may serve as a paradigm for developing biocatalysts for efficient bioprocessing of plant biomass to targeted biofuels and chemicals.
En torno a una revisión del logicismo

In Mathematical Knowledge, Mark Steiner discusses several schools in the philosophy of mathematics; in the first two chapters he attempts to criticize what he believes is a correct reconstruction of several epistemic aspects of logicism and what he assumes are serious difficulties of Quine’s philosophy of mathematics. Our main claim is that his critical revision of logicism in incorrect On the one hand, he gave an equivocal characterization of its central problems and theses; as a result, he actuality has criticized claims which were never supported by the logicist philosophers. On the other hand, he wrongly evaluated Quine’s reduction of Arithmetic into Theory of Sets. In fact, his criticism is based in an inadequate conception of some features of Quine’s philosophy of mathematics. Thus, Steiner wrongly understood Quine’s view about the reduction of theories by assuming that such a reduction should satisfy such requirements as clarity, certainty and an improvement in operativity. Finally, he blamed Quine’s reduction for raising problems that, truly, do not emerge. As a consequence, logicism seems to stay beyond Steiner’s criticism.[R.J.G.]
Zebrafish as a model for understanding enteric nervous system interactions in the developing intestinal tract.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) forms intimate connections with many other intestinal cell types, including immune cells and bacterial consortia resident in the intestinal lumen. In this review, we highlight contributions of the zebrafish model to understanding interactions among these cells. Zebrafish is a powerful model for forward genetic screens, several of which have uncovered genes previously unknown to be important for ENS development. More recently, zebrafish has emerged as a model for testing functions of genes identified in human patients or large-scale human susceptibility screens. In several cases, zebrafish studies have revealed mechanisms connecting intestinal symptoms with other, seemingly unrelated disease phenotypes. Importantly, chemical library screens in zebrafish have provided startling new insights into potential effects of common drugs on ENS development. A key feature of the zebrafish model is the ability to rear large numbers of animals germ free or in association with only specific bacterial species. Studies utilizing these approaches have demonstrated the importance of bacterial signals for normal intestinal development. These types of studies also show how luminal bacteria and the immune system can contribute to inflammatory processes that can feedback to influence ENS development. The excellent optical properties of zebrafish embryos and larvae, coupled with the ease of generating genetically marked cells of both the host and its resident bacteria, allow visualization of multiple intestinal cell types in living larvae and should promote a more in-depth understanding of intestinal cell interactions, especially interactions between other intestinal cell types and the ENS.
Abstract 3515: Combined effects of leptomycin B and doxorubicin on lung cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL To develop novel molecularly targeted therapy has become an important focus of research efforts in lung cancer treatment. Our previous study has shown leptomycin B (LMB), by blocking chromosome maintenance region 1 (CRM1), significantly inhibits cell proliferation in lung cancer cells in a p53-dependent manner. These results suggest the potential use of LMB as a new therapeutic regimen for lung cancer treatment. On the other hand, doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most effective anticancer agents, which induces p53 activation and nuclear accumulation. The objective of this study is to determine the combinative cytotoxic and molecular effects of LMB and DOX on lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549. Cells were treated with DOX alone, pre-treatment of DOX/LMB and subsequent treatment of LMB/DOX, or DOX and LMB simultaneously. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. The inhibitory effects of DOX on A549 were dose and time-dependent (P<0.001). The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of DOX at 24, 48, and 72 h were 60.0, 2.2, and 1.7 µM, respectively. The pre-treatment of 0.5 µM DOX for 24 h significantly improved the cytotoxic effects of LMB on A549 cells at 48 h (P<0.05). The resulting IC50 of LMB was decreased more than 2 fold after pre-treatment of DOX (4.4 nM) as compared to that of LMB alone (10.6 nM). However, the pre-treatment of LMB and the simultaneous treatment of DOX and LMB did not change the cytotoxic effects of either treatment of LMB or DOX. p21 and survivin are well-known p53 downstream genes that play important roles in cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. The protein expression levels of these two genes were further analyzed by western blots. Our results showed that the protein expression level of p21 was significantly increased while the protein expression level of survivin was significantly decreased in A549 cells treated with either pre-treatment of DOX and LMB or LMB alone in comparison with those of controls. Furthermore, these changes were more pronounced in pre-treatment of DOX and LMB group as compared to those of LMB alone group. Taken together, our data suggest that the combined therapy using an initial DOX treatment (through activating p53) and subsequent LMB treatment (through blocking the CRM1 function to accumulate activated p53 in the cellular nucleus), that lead to the activation of p53 downstream transcripted genes for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, might be more effective as a new therapeutic strategy for lung cancer treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3515. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3515
Abstract CN15-02: Gut microbiota and colorectal adenoma

CN15-02 The human body is home to about 10 -100 trillion commensal bacterial organisms, of which about 70% reside in the gut. Growing evidence from animal and human studies suggest that these bacteria may contribute to the etiology of diseases such as colorectal cancer, a leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Although epidemiologic studies have implicated genetic factors and diet in the etiology of colorectal cancer, the findings from dietary studies have been inconsistent. It is reasonable that the inconsistencies in these dietary studies are related to the influence of the gut microbiota, a mostly understudied component. We hypothesize that the gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer through interactions with diet, changes in community composition, production of toxic substances that lead to DNA damage and inflammation. Recent advances in molecular techniques make it possible to describe the gut bacterial communities and evaluate associations with diseases such as colorectal cancer. The presentation will review evidence for the role of gut bacteria in colorectal cancer, discuss potential mechanisms for the link between the gut bacteria and colorectal cancer and identify areas for future investigations. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):CN15-02.
INTERPOPULATION DIFFERENCES IN HOST PREFERENCE AND THE EVOLUTION OF LEARNING IN THE BUTTERFLY, BATTUS PHILENOR

The host-discrimination behavior of the adult female pipevine swallowtail butterfly (Battus philenor) was investigated for two populations, an east Texas population that uses two host species with different leaf shapes and a Virginia montane population that uses one host species with a single leaf shape. While Texas and Virginia females exhibited similar chemotactile responses after landing on various host species, butterflies from each population landed more frequently on certain host species used by that particular population. Despite this difference in searching behavior, Texas and Virginia populations were equally capable of learning to search for the leaf shape of a particular host species in artificial enclosure arrays. In addition, learning of leaf-shape preference was confounded equally when each population was introduced into arrays containing all the host species found in both populations. The lack of differentiation in learning of leaf-shape preference between populations that differ in host breadth and host preference argues against the specific hypothesis that learning of leaf-shape preference represents a local adaptation that permits foraging butterflies in the east Texas population to respond to seasonal changes in the relative quality or abundance of host species that differ in leaf shape. Three hypotheses are proposed to explain the apparent absence of interpopulation genetic variation in learning traits. One hypothesis supposes that learning of leaf-shape discrimination is mediated by the same physiological mechanisms that permit females to learn to discriminate among suitable and unsuitable conspecific plants. Selection for restriction of learning of leaf-shape preference in the Virginia montane population may therefore be constrained by selection for learning of other types of discrimination behavior.
On-the-Job Training in Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Evidence

There is a general consensus about the need to increase the productivity of the workforce in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). In this effort, on-the-job training (OJT) can play a key role, through the provision of updated, relevant skills. However, little is known about employer-provided training in the region. In this study, we exploit novel datasets from firm level surveys to document the intensity, contents, and beneficiaries of OJT in LAC. We also analyze the determinants and estimate the productivity effects of these investments. results suggest that training low skilled workers in general skills has low private returns for the firms, highlighting the need for other skill development policies. Our findings also support interventions in which instruments to promote OJT are part of more comprehensive policies that foster technological innovation. Finally, the coverage and design of OJT subsidies should be revised in terms of the existing market failures.
Strategic Oblivion: 1970s Feminist Art in 1980s Art History

Addressing the question of how “in-groups” are constituted within art history and how particular art practices are assigned value, this paper studies the devaluation of 1970s feminist art practice by 1980s anti-essentialist feminist criticism. The early work of Judy Chicago, who attempted to represent “female experience” through “central core” or vulvar imagery, highlights this issue, since it was rejected as “essentialist” by 1980s feminist critics who privileged a Brechtian approach to visual practice. Paradoxically, this rejection took its force from an essentializing fixing of the meanings of such imagery. Re-reading Chicago’s work through poststructuralism (rather than in opposition to it), this paper proposes a 1990s version of feminist visual theory that might accomodate issues of female pleasure and desire rather than foreclosing them, and that would open up the investedness of all criticism (feminist, modernist, and otherwise).
Low Heart Rate Variability in a 2-Minute Electrocardiogram Recording Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in the General Population: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

Low heart rate variability (HRV) has been linked to increased total mortality in the general population; however, the relationship between low HRV and sudden cardiac death (SCD) is less well-characterized. The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between low HRV and SCD in a community-based cohort. Our cohort consisted of 12,543 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. HRV measures were derived from 2-minute electrocardiogram recordings obtained during the baseline exam (1987–89). Time domain measurements included the standard deviation of all normal RR intervals (SDNN) and the root mean squared successive difference (r-MSSD). Frequency domain measurements included low frequency power (LF) and high frequency (HF) power. During a median follow-up of 13 years, 215 SCDs were identified from physician adjudication of all coronary heart disease deaths through 2001. In multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, each standard deviation decrement in SDNN, LF, and HF were associated with 24%, 27% and 16% increase in SCD risk, respectively. Low HRV is independently associated with increased risk of SCD in the general population.
Using scenario planning to predict/prevent future terror attacks

After 9/11, the US government encouraged civilian and military planners to think “out of the box” to prevent future large scale terror attacks. Now, civilian and military planners must continue to think “out of the box” to prevent smaller terror attacks like the recent ones in Paris and San Bernardino. These smaller terror attacks are of great concern to everyone in the US and around the world because they can happen with minimal planning by terrorist groups. Are there tools to predict these smaller attacks or at least minimize their occurrence? Attack and Disaster Preparation is one of the hottest current topics in Washington and capitals all over the world. This paper will discuss several forecasting tools that are available to help understand the interaction of the various variables and what our proper response should be.
Restoring tropical forests from the bottom up

Recent initiatives at regional, national, and global scales have called for unprecedented levels of forest restoration to counteract decades of rapid deforestation ( 1 , 2 ). Thus far, 30 countries have committed to restore 91 million hectares (ha) of deforested landscapes, an area the size of Venezuela, by 2020; at the 2014 United Nations Climate Summit, a global target of 350 million ha was set for 2030 ( 1 ). These bold targets are motivated by diverse goals, including conserving biodiversity, sequestering carbon, improving the water supply, and sustaining human livelihoods ( 2 , 3 ). How can these challenging targets be met, given competing land uses and limited funds for restoration?
The Association Between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Purpose of Review Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is known to be a significant risk factor in the development of certain gastric conditions, such as ulcers, gastritis, and malignancy. Recently, however, the systemic effect of HP infection on other organ systems has come to be appreciated. In this review, we will explore the association between HP infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome.
Minimum life-cycle cost-based optimal design of yielding metallic devices for seismic loads

Abstract The yielding metallic devices have been used to improve the performance of building structures at design level intensities. They dissipate large levels of vibration energy through yielding of disposable steel plate elements but they may also enhance acceleration response related damage of mechanical and electrical components. This paper addresses the optimal design of these devices that minimizes the expected life-cycle object cost considering the story drift and acceleration related damages over the entire spectrum of seismic intensities that can occur on a building site. Genetic algorithm is used to calculate the optimal design parameters of the devices. The uncertainties associated with the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes of different intensities and random characteristics of the structural response are included in the life-cycle failure cost and the object cost calculations. It shown that these devices can be used effectively to reduce the overall life-cycle object cost and can be considered as good protective investment for structural designs in seismic regions.
Acoustical determinants of the “neurotic pattern” in rats

The experiments reported in the present paper show that the peculiar behavior called the “neurotic pattern” by Maier is dependent upon the intensity and the frequency of auditory stimulation. The frequencies most effective in producing the seizures (when intensity is controlled) are unquestionably supersonic. Experiments with a Galton whistle and a pure-tone oscillator indicate that they are higher than 21,000 cycles per second. This fact requires that the findings of other workers with respect to the importance of “conflict” must either be reinterpreted or repeated with better control of acoustic conditions than has heretofore been exercised.
Preparation of the clinical teacher for special education: 1866-1966.

Although the concept of clinical teaching is a persistently recurring educational theme today, reflecting the heritage of special education, it is hidden in the pattern of teacher education program...
Developing a standardized method for measuring and quantifying dynamic on-state resistance via a survey of low voltage GaN HEMTs

Designing and optimizing high frequency, ultra-efficient converters requires detailed knowledge of the behavior and parasitic parameters for both active and passive components. Recently, wide bandgap transistors have enabled simultaneous increases in both switching frequency and efficiency due to higher maximum operating junction temperature limits, lower dc on-state resistance, and reduced parasitic inductances and capacitances. Yet, the early acceptance of gallium-nitride (GaN) transistors was plagued by detrimental dynamic on-state resistance effects. This non-linear, second-order phenomenon for GaN devices is characterized by an increase in on-state resistance with increasing voltage and temperature stress. While device manufacturers have made significant improvements compared to early generation devices, experimental evidence for a survey of commercial GaN transistors highlights that significant increase in on-state resistance with voltage and temperature stress still exists. This new method for measuring dynamic on-state resistance has the promise to shed new light on the dynamic on-state resistance limitations of GaN devices due to the independent control of drain current, voltage stress, pulse-width for device conduction time, and package temperature. Based on a survey of low voltage GaN transistors, two metrics are proposed not only to quantify the dynamic on-state resistance performance of a specific device, but also to facilitate a fair comparison between different GaN device technologies.
Purification of Total RNA from DSS-treated Murine Tissue via Lithium Chloride Precipitation

We have developed a protocol to purify RNA from DSS (Dextran Sulfate Sodium)-treated mouse tissues. This method, which prevents downstream inhibition of q-RT-PCR observed in DSS-treated tissues, relies on successive precipitations with lithium chloride.
Gas Transport in the Blood

The transport of respiratory gases to and from gas exchange sites is clearly the central function of the blood in squid. In view of the squid’s inability to live without oxygen for even a brief period (Dykens and Mangum, 1978), one would expect the squid gas transport system to be highly adapted to maintain an adequate supply. The cephalopod oxygen transport system has been characterized as a rather poor one, primarily on the grounds that the blood oxygen carrying capacity, in this case a simple function of concentration of the carrier molecule hemocyanin (Hc), is lower than in most fishes (e.g., O’Dor and Webber, 1986). This view (often overtly tongue-in-cheek) is a welcome departure from the attitude that a physiological system, regardless of its properties, must be the best of all possible ones under the particular set of circumstances. But it also ignores the considerable genetic constraints placed upon the evolution of one taxon from another. The Order Teuthoidea evolved from more primitive cephalopods that almost certainly already transported oxygen bound to a molecule that resembles present day teuthoid Hc. Moreover, the Class Cephalopoda did not evolve from the same kinds of animals that gave rise to the fishes, which may well have transmitted the genetic information for only hemoglobins. It is likely that cephalopods evolved from animals that relied on a distinctive molluscan type of Hc for their metabolic oxygen supply (Mangum et al.,1987). He is not carried inside a blood cell but is dissolved in the blood. Hc is a copper containing respiratory pigment and the copper gives the oxygenated form (oxyHc)(HcO2) a blue color. The deoxygenated form (deoxyHc) is colorless.
The Cut-Open Axon Technique

The giant axon of the squid has been the preparation of choice for the recording of electrical events associated with the opening and closing of the ionic conductances. Its large size allows the introduction of electrodes and the exchange of solutions giving almost complete control of the chemical environment and voltage across the axolemma (Adelman and Gilbert, 1990; Mullins and Brinley, 1990).
The St. Thomas Effect

Can a law school substantially affect the ethical, moral and professional identity of the lawyers that it graduates? How can the effect of law school training and experience on graduates be defined and measured? Should this kind of professional and moral shaping be the responsibility of law schools generally? How can law schools determine what kind of lawyers they want to produce? This article uses the recent creation of the University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) School of Law as a case study of the "mission-driven" law school. When the University of St. Thomas considered opening a new law school, it answered the many critics who saw no need for another school turning out more lawyers by declaring its intent to create a different kind of lawyer. This article attempts to define what kind of lawyer the University of St. Thomas intends to create, to identify means of detecting and measuring the characteristics that would distinguish such a lawyer, and to lay out a research process for determining if the "St. Thomas effect" indeed exists. The article argues that law schools can have a tremendous effect on the moral and professional identity of their graduates, and that it is essential for law schools to become more thoughtful and intentional about the kind of lawyers that they graduate.
Sustainable economic development: A criminal justice challenge for the 21st century

The environmental challenges of the 21st century require co-operation between criminal justice experts and economists. Three different economics perspectives are relevant for the discipline of criminal justice in general and for adressing environmental problems in particular: neo-classical econoics, political economics and the economics of sustainable development. Criminal justice pays a role in the effort to attain sustainable development because the limitations of market based decision making necessitate a role for law and regulation in addressing environmental degradation. Sustainable development itself is relevant to the general discussion of crime. Issues of sustainable development are already discussed in criminal justice literature. While criminal law has limitations as a tool against environmental crime, it will necessarily suplement the tools of the market and civil regulation in coping with environmental problems. The inherently multidisciplinary undertaking of sustainable development will be most effectively met if experts in both economics and criminal justice understand more of one another's fields. Suggestions for including the three perspectives of economics in the criminal justice curriculum are provided.
Vision for the Future: Conclusions and Solutions

The focus of this book has been the position that schizophrenia is not a valid disorder different from psychotic mood disorders. This chapter assesses responsibility for the perpetuation of the concept of the validity and separateness of schizophrenia and addresses critical negative spin-off phenomena that detrimentally impact graduating MDs not entering psychiatry and their mentally ill patients.
Representations of Rigid Motion

A rigid body is a theoretical model where any two distinct points on the body (or object) have a fixed time-invariant distance. Otherwise, the object is called a deformable body. In the areas of robotics and digital human modeling research, we often assume that each link of a robotic manipulator or a human body segment (link) is a rigid body, unless it indicates otherwise. A rigid body is relatively easy to be studied in both kinematics and dynamics.
CLINICAL AND METALLURICAL EXAMINATION OF INTERNAL FIXATION DEVICES

Publisher Summary Clinical histories indicate that many surgeons consider bone plates as permanent implant devices. This chapter presents results that demonstrate that a high percentage of the devices are performing unsatisfactorily at all time periods. This was, in some part, because of the significant corrosion exhibited by the stainless steel material used to fabricate the devices. The need for corrosion reduction is apparent. It is possible to reduce the degree of corrosion by the use of a smaller grained and microscopically cleaner 316L stainless steel in the manufacture of these devices. Therefore, higher standards for the stainless steel used for implant devices and higher quality control by the manufacturer seem appropriate. Data suggests a standard of 7.5 or finer for the grain size and no more than 1.0 for the thin inclusion content as an improvement over the current ASTM standard.
The role of quaking in mammalian embryonic development

Functional studies of the mouse quaking gene (Qk) have focused on its role in the postnatal central nervous system during myelination. However, the death of the majority of homozygous mouse quaking alleles revealed that quaking has a critical role in embryonic development prior to the start of myelination. Surprisingly, the lethal alleles revealed that quaking has a function in embryonic blood vessel formation and remodeling. Further studies of the extraembryonic yolk sac showed that Qk regulates visceral endoderm differentiated function at the cellular level, including the local synthesis of retinoic acid (RA), which then exerts paracrine control of endothelial cells within adjacent mesoderm. Endoderm-derived RA regulates proliferation of endothelial cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) production, which in a reciprocal manner, modulates visceral endoderm survival and function. Although exogenous RA can rescue endothelial cell growth control and ECM production in mutants carrying a lethal mutation, which lack functional Qk, neither visceral endoderm function nor vascular remodeling is restored. Thus, Qk also regulates cell autonomous functions of visceral endoderm that are critical for vascular remodeling. Interestingly, quaking is highly expressed during normal cardiac development, particularly in the outflow tract, suggesting potentially unique functions in the developing heart. Together, the work on Qk in mammalian embryos reveals an essential, yet under appreciated, role in cardiovascular development. This suggests that certain functions may remain conserved in the early embryo throughout the evolution of nonvertebrate and vertebrate organisms and that additional roles for quaking remain to be discovered.
Temperature Dependence of Flow Strength of Selected Austenitic Stainless Steels

Austenitic stainless steels are used extensively as the structural material in cryogenic systems, and knowledge of the dependence of their strength on temperature is sometimes essential for proper design. This study addresses the temperature (T) dependence of the tensile flow strength in the range 4 K to room temperature.
Heritability and genetic integration of anterior tooth crown variants in the South Carolina Gullah

Objectives This article presents estimates of narrow-sense heritability and bivariate genetic correlation for a series of morphological crown variants of the anterior dentition. These results provide insight into the value of dental phenotypes as evolutionary proxies, as well as the development of tooth crowns as integrated or modular structures. Materials and methods African American dental casts from the Menegaz-Bock collection were scored for a standard set of dental morphological variables using the Arizona State Dental Anthropology System. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability and genetic correlations were generated using SOLAR v. 8.1.1, controlling for the covariates of age, sex, and birth year. Analyses were run using ordinal/continuous scale variables that were then dichotomized at various breakpoints, consistent with standard practices in dental anthropology. Results Heritability estimates were low to moderate for most traits, and lower in magnitude than those reported for odontometric data from the same study sample. Only winging, canine shoveling, and canine double shoveling returned narrow-sense heritabilities that did not differ significantly from zero. Genetic correlations were high among antimeres and metameres and low for different traits scored on the same tooth crown. These results affirm standard data cleaning practices in dental biodistance. Double shoveling was atypical in returning strong negative correlations with other traits, shoveling in particular. Conclusions Additive genetic variation contributes to dental morphological variation, although the estimates are uniformly lower than those observed for odontometrics. Patterns of genetic correlation affirm most standard practices in dental biodistance. Patterns of negative pleiotropy involving lingual and labial crown features suggest a genetic architecture and developmental complex that differentially constrain morphological variation of distinct surfaces of the same tooth crown. These patterns warrant greater consideration and cross-population validation.
How landscape heterogeneity governs stream water concentration-discharge behavior in carbonate terrains (Konza Prairie, USA)

Abstract Mounting evidence suggests ecosystem changes that alter subsurface water fluxes and carbon dioxide concentrations in carbonate terrains may drive measurable changes in chemical weathering rates, stream water chemistry, and flow path evolution on human timescales. We test this idea by exploring if the encroachment of woody vegetation into grasslands in a carbonate terrain landscape at the Konza Prairie (KS, USA) has resulted in differences in landscape-stream connectivity and, thus, the behavior of stream water solutes. Woody encroachment (up to 60% cover) at Konza has been observed on watersheds, particularly those that experience a fire return interval of four years or greater. We focus on three headwater catchments (two grassland and one woody-encroached) and a downstream confluence, and analyze stream water discharge and chemistry (major anions, cations, and dissolved nutrients) measured from 2015 to 2016. We observe that the woody-encroached watershed exhibits a greater area-normalized solute flux and greater degree of chemodynamic behavior for most geogenic species compared to the less encroached grassland watersheds. The downstream confluence exhibits the most chemostatic behavior for these same solutes compared to the low order watersheds. We interpret the chemodynamic behavior of the woody-encroached watersheds to arise from a greater diversity of flow paths and solute sources that contribute to this stream. End member mixing analysis (EMMA) supports this hypothesis but also indicates a possible “missing” end member which we interpret to be solutes likely derived from clay weathering along limestone-mudstone boundaries. We invoke differences in rooting systems between grass and woody species to explain the differences in flow paths and solute generation between these headwater sites given that they sit adjacent to each other, dissect the same nearly horizontal (dip 0.1–0.21°NW) lithologic units, and experience the same climate. If these processes hold true at other sites, then the globally observed encroachment of woody vegetation into grasslands may deepen flow paths and enhance chemical weathering fluxes from ecosystems, and over long-time periods alter the trajectory of soil development and landscape evolution.
Rigor and Reproducibility: A Systematic Review of Salivary Cortisol Sampling and Reporting Parameters Used in Cancer Survivorship Research

Salivary cortisol is a commonly used biomarker in cancer survivorship research; however, variations in sampling protocols and parameter reporting limit comparisons across studies. Standardized practices to provide rigor and reproducibility of diurnal salivary cortisol sampling and reporting are not well established. Previous systematic reviews examining relationships between diurnal salivary cortisol and clinical outcomes have resulted in mixed findings. It remains unclear which sampling protocols and reporting parameters offer the greatest utility for clinical research. This review examines diurnal salivary cortisol sampling protocols and reporting parameters to evaluate whether a standardized approach is recommended. A comprehensive search of intervention studies among adult cancer survivors including diurnal salivary cortisol resulted in 30 articles for review. Sampling protocols ranged from 1 to 4 days with the majority of studies sampling cortisol for 2 days. Sampling instances ranged from 2 to 7 times per day, with the majority collecting at 4 time points per day. Diurnal cortisol slope and cortisol awakening response (CAR) were the most commonly reported parameters associated with clinical outcomes. Flattened cortisol slopes, blunted CARs, and elevated evening cortisol concentrations were associated with poorer psychosocial and physiological outcomes. Based on our review, we propose that a rigorous, standardized diurnal salivary cortisol sampling protocol should include sampling at key diurnal times across ≥3 consecutive days to report diurnal cortisol parameters (i.e., CAR and slope) and objective measures of participant protocol adherence. Diminishing budgetary resources and efforts to minimize participant burden dictate the importance of standardized cortisol sampling protocols and reporting parameters.
Biogenic and Synthetic MnO2 Nanoparticles: Size and Growth Probed with Absorption and Raman Spectroscopies and Dynamic Light Scattering

MnO2 nanoparticles, similar to those found in soils and sediments, have been characterized via their UV-visible and Raman spectra, combined with dynamic light scattering and reactivity measurements. Synthetic colloids were prepared by thiosulfate reduction of permanganate, their sizes controlled with adsorbates acting as capping agents: bicarbonate, phosphate, and pyrophosphate. Biogenic colloids, products of the manganese oxidase, Mnx, were similarly characterized. The band-gap energies of the colloids were found to increase with decreasing hydrodynamic diameter, Dh, and were proportional to 1/ Dh2, as predicted from quantum confinement theory. The intensity ratio of the two prominent Mn-O stretching Raman bands also varied with particle size, consistent with the ratio of edge to bulk Mn atoms. Reactivity of the synthetic colloids toward reduction by Mn2+, in the presence of pyrophosphate to trap the Mn3+ product, was proportional to the surface to volume ratio, but showed surprising complexity. There was also a remnant unreactive fraction, likely attributable to Mn(III)-induced surface passivation. The band gap was similar for biogenic and synthetic colloids of similar size, but decreased when the enzyme solution contained pyrophosphate, which traps the intermediate Mn(III) and slows MnO2 growth. The band gap/size correlation was used to analyze the growth of the enzymatically produced MnO2 oxides.
PHILOSOPHICAL INTUITIONS ARE SURPRISINGLY ROBUST ACROSS DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES

Within the existing metaphilosophical literature on experimental philosophy, a great deal of attention has been devoted to the claim that there are large differences in philosophical intuitions between people of different demographic groups. Some philosophers argue that this claim has important metaphilosophical implications; others argue that it does not. However, the actual empirical work within experimental philosophy seems to point to a very different sort of metaphilosophical question. Specifically, what the actual empirical work suggests is that intuitions are surprisingly robust across demographic groups. Prior to empirical study, it seemed plausible that unexpected patterns of intuition found in one demographic group would not emerge in other demographic groups. Yet, again and again, empirical work obtains the opposite result: that unexpected patterns found in one demographic group actually emerge also in other demographic groups. I cite 30 studies that find this sort of robustness. I then argue that to the extent that metaphilosophical work is to engage with the actual findings from experimental philosophy, it needs to explore the implications of the surprising robustness of philosophical intuitions across demographic differences.
Diagnostic sequence of cocaine use disorder in relation to other mental health conditions among college students

Objective: Cocaine use is increasing. Comorbidities and diagnostic sequencing are needed among college students to inform treatment of cocaine use disorder (CUD). Method: Using electronic medical records from the psychiatric clinic at the student health care center of a large, public university from 2005 to 2015, patients diagnosed with CUD were identified. Their top mental health conditions were identified and assessed to see whether the first diagnosis of these conditions was made (1) before, (2) at the same time as, or (3) after the first diagnosis of CUD. Results: Among the 50 CUD patients, their most common mental health comorbidities were alcohol use disorder, anxiety, depression, and cannabis use disorder. Anxiety and depression were likely to be diagnosed before CUD; alcohol and cannabis use disorders were likely to be diagnosed concurrently with CUD. Conclusion: Diagnostic sequencing can be used to inform screening, workup, and treatment for patients with CUD.