cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1990 Magnetic models for the United States

New mathematical models of the magnetic field in the United States have been developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The models describe the direction and intensity of the field at the beginning of 1990, and the rate of change expected during the next few years. They were derived by updating similar models for 1985, which have been described by Peddie [1987], and whose development has been described by Peddie and Zunde [1990]. The update was accomplished with newly derived models of secular variation for 1980–1990, which are based mainly on data from magnetic observatories and repeat stations. Simplified charts of declination, based on the new models, are shown in Figure 1.
Being There: The Importance of the Present Father in the Design of Child Support Obligations

The article examines the extent to which child support payments should be adjusted (either upward or downward) to reflect the frequency of visitation by noncustodial parents. The article argues in favor of California's rule, which automatically adjusts support obligations to reflect the amount of time spent with both parents. The California approach gives noncustodial parents (usually fathers) an incentive to remain involved in the lives of their children, and penalizes parents for opting out. The California rule thus works to deter paternal absence and the associated bad effects on children: depression, insecurity, substance abuse, impoverishment, crime, delinquency, premature sexuality, teen pregnancy, unemployment, underemployment, and poor educational performance. California's approach is also more equitable and better grounded in moral principles. It is likely to benefit custodial parents by providing them with economic help when the noncustodial parent opts out, and relieving them of financial and physical burdens of caretaking when the noncustodial parent remains involved. It may benefit women by enhancing their financial situation and by contributing to a cultural climate that is respectful of women's roles. It is likely to enhance satisfaction with the law and to increase compliance with child support orders.
Refusal Assertion Versus Conversational Skill Role-Play Competence: Relevance to Prevention of Tobacco Use

Conversational and refusal assertion skills of 768 seventh grade youth were assessed through ratings of global (for example, effectiveness) and non-verbal (for example, eye contact) behaviour performed in two role-play scenarios. The ratings were completed after each scenario by the subjects themselves, as well as by classmate and trained adult observers. Use of the Hays and Hayashi multitrait scaling method to interpret these data revealed two results. First, the items used to measure role-play behaviour did not achieve sufficient internal consistency to create global and non-verbal composites. Second, inter-rater agreement and discriminant validity were obtained only for ratings of the global effectiveness of each of the two social skills. Next, a series of multiple regression analyses indicated that an index of the global effectiveness of refusal assertion skill, but not of conversational skill, was predictive of intention to use tobacco. Those who were relatively unskillful at refusing offers were more likely to intend to use tobacco. Analyses exploring relations of trained observer ratings of the effectiveness of both role-play types, trained observer ratings of the other global and non-verbal items, and subjects' intention to use tobacco indicated that only a hesitant voice pattern was both negatively predictive of effective refusal assertion and positively predictive of intention to use tobacco in the future. In other words, those who are hesitant when they refuse a tobacco offer are the ones most likely to report an intention to use tobacco in the future. The consistency of this last finding in the tobacco use prevention literature is discussed.
Postburn Contractures of the Hand

Several functionally limiting sequelae can follow deep thermal injury to the hand. Despite appropriate initial management, contractures are common. Whereas acute burn care is often managed by multidisciplinary, specialized burn units, postburn contractures may be referred to hand surgeons, who should be familiar with the patterns of burn contracture and nonsurgical and operative options to improve function and expected outcomes. The most common and functionally limiting sequelae are contractures of the webspace, hand, and digits. Webspace contractures and postburn syndactyly are managed with scar excision and local soft tissue rearrangement or skin grafting. The burn claw hand presents as extension contracture of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion contractures of the proximal interphalangeal joints. The mainstays of management of these contractures include complete surgical excision of scar tissue and resurfacing of the resultant soft tissue defect, most commonly with full-thickness skin grafts. If scar contracture release results in major exposure of the tendons or joints, distant tissue transfer may be required. Early motion and rehabilitative modalities are essential to prevent initial contracture formation and recontracture after surgical release.
Product-representative At speed test structures for CMOS characterization

The design of product-representative test structures for measuring and characterizing CMOS circuit performance, power, and variability at speeds characteristic of present-day microprocessors is described. The current use of this set of test structures in the IBM partially depleted silicon-on-insulator CMOS technologies covers diagnostics in early process development, monitoring mature processes in manufacturing, enabling model-to-hardware correlation, and tracking product performance. The designs focus on measuring high-frequency performance early in the product fabrication cycle while minimizing test and data analysis time. The physical layouts are compact, facilitating placement in the chip. A subset of these test structures can be measured at the first metal level, while more complex designs use three or more metal layers. Most designs are compatible with standard in-line parametric test equipment, although a limited number of bench tests continue to play an important role. Differential measurement techniques are key to many of the test structure designs. Hardware data analysis also relies heavily on differencing schemes for relating MOSFET parameters and associated parasitic components to circuit delays in a self-consistent manner.
Stochastic Gust Analysis Techniques for Aircraft Conceptual Design

Dynamic loading constraints due to maneuver and gust loads are an important design consideration for novel aircraft configurations. Incorporating these constraints in the early design process with an appropriate level of fidelity presents a significant challenge, due both to the need for more detailed aerodynamics and control modeling, and to the stochastic nature of the gust encounter problem. This paper presents a stochastic gust analysis approach that is suitable for a multidisciplinary design optimization setting that incorporates dynamic loading constraints. The analysis approach employs Lyapunov and matched filter theory methods to address the stochastic nature of the gust response. A set of gust simulation studies are carried out to assess the relative importance of the various physics involved in aircraft gust encounters and the effects of different modeling assumptions. The study demonstrates the importance of modeling rigid body motion, pitch dynamics, and aircraft flexibility, but shows that for gust encounters at typical flight conditions, a quasisteady aerodynamics assumption is reasonable for load predictions over the majority of the wing acerage, meaning that full unsteady aerodynamic simulations are likely not required for typical gust lengths.
IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATIONS, AND ABSOLUTE PROPERTIES OF 773 ECLIPSING BINARIES FOUND IN THE TRANS-ATLANTIC EXOPLANET SURVEY

In recent years, we have witnessed an explosion of photometric time-series data, collected for the purpose of finding a small number of rare sources, such as transiting extrasolar planets and gravitational microlenses. Once combed, these data are often set aside, and are not further searched for the many other variable sources that they undoubtedly contain. To this end, we describe a pipeline that is designed to systematically analyze such data, while requiring minimal user interaction. We ran our pipeline on a subset of the Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey dataset, and used it to identify and model 773 eclipsing binary systems. For each system we conducted a joint analysis of its light curve, colors, and theoretical isochrones. This analysis provided us with estimates of the binary's absolute physical properties, including the masses and ages of their stellar components, as well as their physical separations and distances. We identified three types of eclipsing binaries that are of particular interest and merit further observations. The first category includes 11 low-mass candidates, which may assist current efforts to explain the discrepancies between the observation and the models of stars at the bottom of the main sequence. The other two categories include 34 binaries with eccentric orbits, and 20 binaries with abnormal light curves. Finally, this uniform catalog enabled us to identify a number of relations that provide further constraints on binary population models and tidal circularization theory.
Class 1 neural excitability, conventional synapses, weakly connected networks, and mathematical foundations of pulse-coupled models

Many scientists believe that all pulse-coupled neural networks are toy models that are far away from the biological reality. We show, however, that a huge class of biophysically detailed and biologically plausible neural-network models can be transformed into a canonical pulse-coupled form by a piece-wise continuous, possibly noninvertible, change of variables. Such transformations exist when a network satisfies a number of conditions; e,g., it is weakly connected; the neurons are Class 1 excitable (i.e., they can generate action potentials with an arbitrary small frequency); and the synapses between neurons are conventional (i.e., axo-dendritic and axe-somatic). Thus, the difference between studying the pulse-coupled model and Hodgkin-Huxley-type neural networks is just a matter of a coordinate change. Therefore, any piece of information about the pulse-coupled model is valuable since it tells something about all weakly connected networks of Class 1 neurons. For example, we show that the pulse-coupled network of identical neurons does not synchronize in-phase. This confirms Ermentrout's (1996) result that weakly connected Class 1 neurons are difficult to synchronize, regardless of the equations that describe dynamics of each cell.
PREDICTING OUTCOME FOLLOWING INFANT CARDIAC SURGERY

Many patient and procedural characteristics have been investigated for their impact on outcomes after infant heart surgery, but risk-stratification models incorporating early post-operative biophysical markers are lacking. This study aimed to identify independent risk factors for poor outcome and to
The Role of Mitochondria in the Pathophysiology of Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance

Multiple organs contribute to the development of peripheral insulin resistance, with the major contributors being skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Because insulin resistance usually precedes the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by many years, understanding the pathophysiology of insulin resistance should enable development of therapeutic strategies to prevent disease progression. Some subjects with mitochondrial genomic variants/defects and a subset of lean individuals with hereditary predisposition to T2DM exhibit skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction early in the course of insulin resistance. In contrast, in the majority of subjects with T2DM the plurality of evidence implicates skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction as a consequence of perturbations associated with T2DM, and these mitochondrial deficits then contribute to subsequent disease progression. We review the affirmative and contrarian data regarding skeletal muscle mitochondrial biology in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and explore potential therapeutic options to intrinsically modulate mitochondria as a strategy to combat insulin resistance. Furthermore, an overview of restricted molecular manipulations of skeletal muscle metabolic and mitochondrial biology offers insight into the mitochondrial role in metabolic substrate partitioning and in promoting innate adaptive and maladaptive responses that collectively regulate peripheral insulin sensitivity. We conclude that skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction is not generally a major initiator of the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, although its dysfunction is integral to this pathophysiology and it remains an intriguing target to reverse/delay the progressive perturbations synonymous with T2DM.
A compact current controlled CMOS waveform generator

A versatile and simple CMOS waveform generator Is presented. Its frequency can be voltage/current controlled from 0.01 Hz to 100 MHz. It generates square, triangle, and ramp waveforms and can be extended easily to produce variable-duty cycle pulse waveforms. It is based on a CMOS current comparator with programmable saturation levels. Besides frequency control terminals it includes oscillation and ramp enable control terminals. Experimental results verifying the operation of the circuit are presented. >
An Arizona Story: Controlling Clip Joints

This article considers the effect of excessive governmental regulation by looking at Arizona’s regulatory scheme for entry into, preparation for, and the practice of barbering, as a case in point. While the licensing of barbers to ensure sanitary conditions in barber shops is well-intentioned, the article suggests Arizona’s scheme has crossed the line from reasonable oversight to regulatory overkill, resulting in restricted entry and creating anticompetitive problems. The article suggests that in a free market, the unscrupulous and inept tend to get shaken out, without governmental paternalism and with minimal distortion in resource allocation.
Neuropsychological Status and Structural Brain Imaging in Adolescents With Single Ventricle Who Underwent the Fontan Procedure.

Background Few studies have described the neuropsychological outcomes and frequency of structural brain or genetic abnormalities in adolescents with single ventricle who underwent the Fontan procedure. Methods and Results In a cross‐sectional, single‐center study, we enrolled 156 subjects with single ventricle, mean age 14.5±2.9 years, who had undergone the Fontan procedure. Scores in the entire cohort on a standard battery of neuropsychological tests were compared with those of normative populations or to those of a group of 111 locally recruited healthy adolescents. They also underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and were evaluated by a clinical geneticist. Genetic abnormalities were definite in 16 subjects (10%) and possible in 49 subjects (31%). Mean Full‐Scale IQ was 91.6±16.8, mean Reading Composite score was 91.9±17.2, and mean Mathematics Composite score was 92.0±22.9, each significantly lower than the population means of 100±15. Mean scores on other neuropsychological tests were similarly lower than population norms. In multivariable models, risk factors for worse neuropsychological outcomes were longer total support and circulatory arrest duration at first operation, presence of a genetic abnormality, more operations and operative complications, more catheterization complications, and seizure history. The frequency of any abnormality on magnetic resonance imaging was 11 times higher among Fontan adolescents than referents (66% versus 6%); 19 (13%) patients had evidence of a stroke, previously undiagnosed in 7 patients (40%). Conclusions The neuropsychological deficits and high frequencies of structural brain abnormalities in adolescents who underwent the Fontan procedure highlight the need for research on interventions to improve the long‐term outcomes in this high‐risk group.
Unsteady Rans Simulation of an Enclosed, Turbulent Reacting Methane Jet With the Premixed Cmc Method

The premixed conditional moment closure (CMC) method has been shown to provide the capability to model turbulent, premixed methane flames with detailed chemistry and reasonable runtimes in a RANS environment [1]. Here the premixed CMC method is extended to Unsteady RANS. The new model is validated with the PIV and Raman turbulent, enclosed reacting methane jet data from DLR [2]. The experimental data has a rectangular test section at atmospheric pressure and 573 K with a single inlet jet. A jet velocity of 90 m/s is used with an adiabatic flame temperature of 2,064 K. Contours of major species, temperature and equivalence ratio along with their rms values are provided. The CMC model falls into the class of table lookup turbulent combustion models where the combustion model is solved offline over a range of conditions and stored in a table that is accessed by the CFD code. The scalar dissipation is used to account for the effects of the small scale mixing on the reaction rates. A presumed shape beta function PDF is used to account for the effects of large scale turbulence on the reactions. The unsteady RANS version of the open source CFD code OpenFOAM is used with the PISO algorithm solved with the finite volume method. Velocity, temperature and major species are compared to the experimental data. Once validated, this tool will be useful for designing lean premixed combustors for gas turbines. The results match the experimental data better than the steady RANS of [1] and are able to pick up the unsteadiness of the flame.
LPCVD Tungsten Deposition on Porous Silicon for Formation of Buried Conductors

We report results on the feasibility of forming buried conductors under single crystal silicon using low pressure chemical vapor deposition of tungsten on the internal surfaces of porous silicon. The infiltration of tungsten into the pores depends on the porous silicon porosity, and on tungsten deposition process parameters such as deposition duration, total deposition pressure, and carrier gas species. The resulting tungsten-porous silicon layers were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, by Rutherford backscattering and x-ray spectroscopy and by four-point probe resistivity measurements.
Molecular heterogeneity in acute leukemia lineage switch

Six cases of acute leukemia that underwent lineage switch from acute lymphocytic leukemia to acute myelogenous leukemia are reported. The mean age of the patients was 24 years, time to conversion was 36 months, and survival after conversion was only 3 months. Of the three cases which showed abnormal metaphases at both diagnosis and conversion, two (cases 2, 5) showed related cytogenetic abnormalities, and the third showed (case 3) independent chromosomal changes. Molecular analysis for immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor beta chain genes showed that five of the six cases had rearrangement of at least one of these lymphoid associated genes at conversion to acute myelogenous leukemia. The single case (case 3) in which there were no lymphoid gene rearrangements at conversion was also the only case in which independent karyotypic abnormalities at diagnosis and conversion were demonstrated. Our findings suggest that lineage switch can represent either relapse of the original clone with heterogeneity at the molecular level or the emergence of a second new leukemic clone without molecular heterogeneity.
Prevention of relapse in chronic schizophrenic patients.

New treatments offer hope for a reduction in the rate of relapse among chronic schizophrenic patients. The control of factors such as drug noncompliance, the dose of neuroleptic drug, the level of stimulation in the patient's therapeutic and home environments, extrapyramidal side effects, attention and arousal deficits, and the stresses of everyday life events can reduce the rate of relapse in most patients. A relapse rate of 65% to 70% in the first year following hospital discharge can be reduced to 40% with the use of antipsychotic medication and can be further reduced to less than 20% with the addition of psychosocial therapy
A pull-push method for fast non-local means filtering

Non-local means filtering (NLM), has garnered a large amount of interest in the image processing community due to its capability to exploit image patch self-similarity in order to effectively filter noisy images. However, the computational complexity of non-local means filtering is the product of three different factors; namely, O(NDK), where K is the number of filter kernel taps (e.g. search window size), D is the number of patch taps, and N is number of pixels. We propose a fast approximation of non-local means filtering using the multiscale methodology of the pull-push scattered data interpolation method. By using NLM with a small filter kernel to selectively propagate filtering results and noise variance estimates from fine to coarse scales and back, the process can be used to provide comparable filtering capability to brute force NLM but with algorithmic complexity that is linear in the number of image pixels and the patch comparison taps, O(ND). In practical application, we demonstrate its denoising capability is comparable to NLM with much larger filter kernels, but at a fraction of the computational cost.
Application of the Advanced Distillation Curve Method to Characterize Two Alternative Transportation Fuels Prepared from the Pyrolysis of Waste Plastic

The properties of alternative fuels must be evaluated to determine their suitability for use in existing engines, either as blends with conventional petroleum products or as stand-alone substitutes (drop-in replacements). Alternative fuels made from waste feedstocks are especially attractive since they serve the dual purposes of fuel production and environmental pollution mitigation. In this study, two alternative liquid fuels generated by the pyrolysis of waste polypropylene corrugated advertisement plastics were assessed using a composition-explicit distillation approach, which provides a rich data matrix including fuel volatility, composition, hydrocarbon classification, and energy content in each distillate volume fraction. The data collected using this approach provide valuable information for the development of equations of state to describe the thermodynamic behavior of these complex fluids. The analysis showed that, despite significant differences in composition, the distillation curves and associ...
Creating the Online Body: Educating Dance/Movement Therapists Using a Hybrid Low-Residency Model

This article describes the inception and implementation at Lesley University of a dance/movement therapy (DMT) hybrid low-residency program, which is defined as a combination of face-to-face and distance learning. Dance/movement therapy faculty members share their experiences designing the new hybrid low-residency model, and characterize the process of learning how to optimize course design and curriculum. Examples are provided through description of several core DMT classes: (a) DMT Theories and Practice; (b) Clinical Skills and Applications; (c) Supervision (d) Body/Movement Observation and Assessment. The authors detail their experiences, discoveries, and strategic responses to challenges that were faced through course examples, best practices, and comments provided directly from student and faculty reflections. The description of this unique program has implications in relation to 21st century hybrid DMT graduate training and suggests areas for future research directions in this approach to DMT education.
How Is the Linking Process Prompted

In this chapter the students in Mrs. Chambers ’ sixth-grade class and their study of the biomes are introduced to illustrate the links that students make with sensory cues. These sensory cues were those aural , visual , function , and tactile “things” in the environment that may be part of the object -sign relationship. After an introduction to the students in Mrs. Schneider ’s classroom, who studied the Middle Ages in a 7-week unit, conceptual links are described. Conceptual links in the data set included concrete and abstract concepts, structure, and processes. A structure cue is illustrated through an extended role play example in Mrs. Schneider ’s classroom as she and her students compare the hierarchies that existed in the Middle Ages and the game of chess that many of the students were playing.
Indications for Surgical Resection in Low-Grade Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

The role of surgical resection in low-grade pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (P-NET) is unclear. The patients diagnosed with low-grade P-NET from 1988 to 2012 were identified in SEER. Five hundred and sixty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. A majority were white (82.9%), and node negative (69.9%). Univariate analysis revealed that tumor size ( 4 cm 40.3%; P 4 cm 74.5%; P = 0.0089), LNM (72.4% vs 82.9%; P = 0.0025), and surgery (84.3% vs 47.5%; P 2 cm (2-4 cm, 84.4% vs 26.0% at five years; P = 0.0003, and >4 cm, 80.5% vs 49.5% at five years; P 2 cm showed an increased risk of LNM and improved survival with resection.
A 3D Virtual Environment for Storm Surge Flooding Animation

In this paper, we present a storm surge flooding animation system using Three-Dimensional (3D) visualization of real life Geographic Information System (GIS) data. Putting together ground elevation with building information provided by Open Street Maps (OSM), we can recreate real life cities (e.g., South Miami Beach in this paper) in a 3D environment. The 3D terrain development and visualization are done with the aid of the game engine Unity. With this tool, learning about storm surge and hurricanes can be an interactive experience. Moreover, since the system more closely portrays a real life environment, visualizing the effects of storm surge can help users study past hurricane disasters as well as possible forecasted hurricane events. For an immersive experience, we connect the system with an Integrated Computer Augmented Virtual Environment (I-CAVE) to give users the capability of navigation through the terrain in a human-scale view.
The starving brain: Overfed meets undernourished in the pathology of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Abstract Type II Diabetes affects 400 million people worldwide (IDF, 2013). The pathology is paradoxical: internal starvation activated by overfeeding. Hyperinsulinemic impairments of glucose homeostasis are treated with anti-hyperglycemics exacerbating cell starvation, inducing hypoglycemia and raising respiratory quotient. Reductions in hyperglycemia are achieved at the expense of glucose dependency and metabolic inflexibility (Gibas & Gibas, 2017). The brain is not immune from these cycles of starvation. The bioenergetic model characterizes propagation of late-onset, sporadic Alzheimer's disease as loss of molecular fidelity and compromised energy originating in brain networks with highest metabolic demand. Impaired networks function as hubs of connectivity with other “at risk” regions causing propagation of disease to neighboring cells and compensatory up-regulation in protein synthesis, including amyloid precursor protein ( Demetrius et al., 2014 ). Impaired brain circuits are hypo-metabolic. Cerebral energy declines after stages of quasi-stable, hyper-metabolism. Elevated insulin with low bioavailable glucose cross the BBB hyper-activating neurons to preserve brain function, thereby overloading the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle. Sustained deficits reprogram the neural phenotype toward lactate driven, OXPHOS. Increased OXPHOS fosters competition between normal and “metabolically charged” neurons for limited fuel. Cerebral starvation causes apoptosis of healthy neurons due to selective disadvantage. The neuroenergetic model defines late-onset neural decline as symptomatic of “brain starvation” resulting from a physiological paradox, concurrent hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia, without an evolved cellular response. Catabolic degeneration occurs on a spectrum linear to energy deficit ranging from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD); this pathology of cerebral starvation is known as Type III diabetes.
Genetic Control of Lyme Arthritis by Borrelia burgdorferi Arthritis–Associated Locus 1 Is Dependent on Localized Differential Production of IFN-β and Requires Upregulation of Myostatin

Previously, using a forward genetic approach, we identified differential expression of type I IFN as a positional candidate for an expression quantitative trait locus underlying Borrelia burgdorferi arthritis-associated locus 1 (Bbaa1). In this study, we show that mAb blockade revealed a unique role for IFN-β in Lyme arthritis development in B6.C3-Bbaa1 mice. Genetic control of IFN-β expression was also identified in bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with B. burgdorferi, and it was responsible for feed-forward amplification of IFN-stimulated genes. Reciprocal radiation chimeras between B6.C3-Bbaa1 and C57BL/6 mice revealed that arthritis is initiated by radiation-sensitive cells, but orchestrated by radiation-resistant components of joint tissue. Advanced congenic lines were developed to reduce the physical size of the Bbaa1 interval, and confirmed the contribution of type I IFN genes to Lyme arthritis. RNA sequencing of resident CD45- joint cells from advanced interval-specific recombinant congenic lines identified myostatin as uniquely upregulated in association with Bbaa1 arthritis development, and myostatin expression was linked to IFN-β production. Inhibition of myostatin in vivo suppressed Lyme arthritis in the reduced interval Bbaa1 congenic mice, formally implicating myostatin as a novel downstream mediator of the joint-specific inflammatory response to B. burgdorferi.
The context-aware learning model: Reward-based and experience-based logistic regression backpropagation

To deal with uncertain environments, autonomous agents need to be able to learn without supervision. However, reward-based interactive learning often exhibits limitations handling both generalizations and exceptions. For these reasons, this research introduces the Context-Aware Learning Model (CALM) and two different learning algorithms. CALM-rLRB combines logistic regression backpropagation in artificial neural networks with hyperbolic reward-based learning. CALM-eLRB adds an empirical knowledge base that enables experience-based learning. CALM is evaluated using four metrics on six synthetic data sets and shows promising performance.
Intramuscular Lipoma within a Free Myocutaneous Flap: Systematic Review and Management

Lipomas are a common finding often of little clinical significance, but they can pose a challenge to the microsurgeon if discovered during flap harvesting, especially if found within the muscle along the pedicle or perforators. Here the authors report a case in which a well-circumscribed intramuscular lipoma was discovered within the muscle of a free myocutaneous right anterolateral thigh (ALT) vastus lateralis free flap. To the authors' knowledge, the management of lipoma during flap harvesting has not been previously discussed in the literature. A systematic review was performed, and an approach for the management of myocutaneous flaps containing a lipoma was described. Underappreciated considerations including lipoma location, growth pattern, and proximity to pedicle and perforators must be taken into account when evaluating a lipoma during flap harvest.
Experiments with CO 2 -in-air reference gases in high-pressure aluminum cylinders

Abstract. Long-term monitoring of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) in the atmosphere is key for a better understanding of the processes involved in the carbon cycle that have a major impact on further climate change. Keeping track of large-scale emissions and removals (sources and sinks) of CO2 requires very accurate measurements. They all have to be calibrated very carefully and have to be traceable to a common scale, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) CO2 X2007 scale, which is maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) in Boulder, CO, USA. The international WMO GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) program sets as compatibility goals for the required agreement between different methods and laboratories ±0.1 µ mol mol −1 for the Northern Hemisphere and ±0.05 µ mol mol −1 for the Southern Hemisphere. The reference gas mixtures used to pass down and distribute the scale are stored in high-pressure aluminum cylinders. It is crucial that the standards remain stable during their entire time of use. In this study the tested vertically positioned aluminum cylinders showed similar CO2 enrichment during low-flow conditions (0.3 L min −1) , which are similar to flows often used for calibration gases in practical applications. The average CO2 enrichment was 0.090±0.009 µ mol mol −1 as the cylinder was emptied from about 150 to 1 bar above atmosphere. However, it is important to note that the enrichment is not linear but follows Langmuir's adsorption–desorption model, where the CO2 enrichment is almost negligible at high pressures but much more pronounced at low pressures. When decanted at a higher rate of 5.0 L min −1 the enrichment becomes 0.22±0.05 µ mol mol −1 for the same pressure drop. The higher enrichment is related to thermal diffusion and fractionation effects in the cylinder, which were also dependent on the cylinder's orientation and could even turn negative. However, the low amount of CO2 adsorbed on the cylinder wall and the fact that the main increase happens at low pressure lead to the conclusion that aluminum cylinders are suitable to store ambient CO2 -in-dry-air mixtures provided they are not used below 20 bar. In cases where they are used in high-flow experiments that involve significant cylinder temperature changes, special attention has to be paid to possible fractionation effects.
Efficient searching in meshfree methods

Meshfree methods such as the Reproducing Kernel Particle Method and the Element Free Galerkin method have proven to be excellent choices for problems involving complex geometry, evolving topology, and large deformation, owing to their ability to model the problem domain without the constraints imposed on the Finite Element Method (FEM) meshes. However, meshfree methods have an added computational cost over FEM that come from at least two sources: increased cost of shape function evaluation and the determination of adjacency or connectivity. The focus of this paper is to formally address the types of adjacency information that arises in various uses of meshfree methods; a discussion of available techniques for computing the various adjacency graphs; propose a new search algorithm and data structure; and finally compare the memory and run time performance of the methods.
A Layered Abduction Model of Building Recognition

This paper addresses the problem of recognizing buildings from large-scale aerial images on a rather conceptual level. After defining the problem and describing the assumptions and constraints, the object recognition problem is decomposed into different layers, beginning with the preprocessed images and progressing through intermediate levels of raw and segmented surfaces towards a geometric and semantic description of buildings. The interaction of the tasks on every layer is cast as a layered abduction model based on the hypothesis that visual perception is layered abduction. A brief motivation of this hypothesis is provided in the third section, together with a basic background of abduction. The remaining part of the paper is concerned with applying the general abduction model to the problem of building recognition.
Functional abnormalities in transgenic mice expressing a mutant rhodopsin gene.

Purpose. To evaluate the consequences of the expression of a mutant mouse opsin gene on rod- and cone-mediated function. Experimental conditions were chosen to provide a basis of comparison to the results reported for patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) in whom the proline at position 23 has been replaced by a histidine (P23H). Methods. The mutated gene product resulted in three substitutions in the rhodopsin molecule: P23H, glycine for valine at position 20 (V20G), and leucine for proline at position 27 (P27L). Mice positive for the transgene were differentiated from normal littermates by the polymerase chain reaction. Electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained from anesthetized mice between 1 and 9 months of age. After photically bleaching approximately 18% of the available rhodopsin, the time course of rod dark adaptation was examined by monitoring rod ERG amplitude recovery. Rhodopsin densitometry was used to determine the relative amounts of rhodopsin in the retinae of normal and transgenic mice. Results. ERGs obtained from transgenic mice showed a significant reduction in rod-mediated response amplitude at 1 month of age and a relatively slow progressive decrease thereafter. Cone-mediated ERGs, on the other hand, were nearly normal in amplitude for approximately the first 5 months after birth, but at later ages response amplitudes also underwent a progressive decline. In the normal retina, rod ERG amplitudes returned to prebleach levels within 30 minutes, whereas in transgenic mice response amplitudes did not recover within a 2hour test period. The age-related decline in rod-mediated electroretinal potentials seen in transgenic mice was paralleled by a concomitant fall in rhodopsin density, and the sensitivity losses obtained electroretinographically could be accounted for solely on the basis of reduced quantal absorption. Conclusions. The pattern of functional changes seen in the transgenic mice are in good agreement with those reported in patients with ADRP with the P23H mutation in the rhodopsin gene. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that the changes in rhodopsin density and visual sensitivity are associated with a progressive shortening of the rod outer segments; the histologic changes induced by the disease process in patients with ADRP have yet to be determined. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:62-71. Crenomic analysis of patients with autosomal domi- pigment, rhodopsin. 1 8 The genetic defect results in nant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) has provided con- point mutations in one or another of the amino acids vincing evidence that various subtypes of ADRP can that constitute the polypeptide chain in the disk memresult from mutations in the gene encoding rod opsin, branes of the rod outer segments and leads ultimately a protein that binds 11-d.s-retinal to form the visual to the loss of visual cells and blindness. Transgenic mice with rhodopsin mutations at
An Anthropologist’s View of American Marriage: Limitations of the Tool Kit Theory of Culture

In spite of our temporally concurrent research, striking similarities between what this chapter author’s interviewees said on the subject, and our approaches to interviewing them, Ann Swidler and the author, Quinn, reached opposing explanations for the relation between love and marriage. For Swidler, the institutional structure of our system of marriage explains how Americans think about love; while for Quinn, understandings about love explain the way they think about marriage. Quinn reconstructs a cultural model of marriage from her interviews, arguing that this model derives from a set of shared understandings of love that owe themselves, in turn, to infantile attachment concerns. Swidler overlooks the evidence for this shared model of marriage in her own interviews. Instead, she argues that there are no such internalized complexes of cultural meaning, but, that interviewees’ statements about marriage draw on a cultural “tool kit” of public codes. Quinn points to two reasons for Swidler’s failure to recognize this shared American model of marriage: her method, which is unsystematic and ignores the covert assumptions that pattern her interviewees’ discourse; and her neglect of the motivational force these assumptions have for interviewees—powerful motivation traceable, in Quinn’s account, to earliest experience.
Positron emission tomography in the management of documented or suspected recurrent ovarian cancer

1534 Objectives To prospectively evaluate the value of positron emission tomography (PET) or integrated computed tomography (CT) and PET (PET/CT) in the management of documented or suspected recurrent ovarian cancer Methods Patients with ovarian cancer who had completed primary cytoreductive surgery and standard adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled to evaluate the following indications: (1) CA-125 elevation after complete remission with negative CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (CT/MRI); (2) post-therapy surveillance CT/MRI-detected suspicious lesions that guided biopsy was not feasible; (3) documented relapse for restaging before or after curative salvage therapy. The clinical impact of PET, as compared with those of CT/MRI, was determined on a per scan basis. The gold standard was based on the pathology, serum CA-125 level and/or follow-up imaging. Results From January 2002 to Oct 2009, 73 patients were recruited, and 92 PET scans were performed. Up to June 2015, 53 patients had died of disease, 4 were alive with disease, and the remaining 16 were alive without disease (4 were disease-free throughout, 12 were successfully salvaged). Among the 92 scans, PET had positive impacts in 72.8%, no clinical impacts in 21.7% and negative impacts in 5.4%. For unexplained CA-125 elevation after complete remission, the sensitivity and positive predictive value of PET in detecting recurrence were 80.0% and 92.3%. For post-therapy surveillance CT or MRI-detected suspicious lesions that guided biopsy was not feasible, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of PET were 91.2%, 62.5%, 91.2%, and 62.5%, respectively. Conclusions PET has value in the management of suspected or documented recurrent ovarian cancer, with positive impacts on confirming recurrent status and offering a better treatment plan.
Medium-Range Convection-Allowing Ensemble Forecasts with a Variable-Resolution Global Model

AbstractTwo sets of global, 132-h (5.5-day), 10-member ensemble forecasts were produced with the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) for 35 cases in April and May 2017. One MPAS ensemble had ...
Topology of voids and channels in selected porphyrinic compounds

Porphyrinic compounds are of increasing interest to the materials science community, yet little attention has been paid to crystallographically controlled voids and channels in these materials. We have conducted an initial survey of the voids and channels in a random subset of 1000 porphyrinic compounds with known crystal structures. From calculations using a rolling-probe subroutine, we have found that about 5% of these compounds have line-of-sight channels, which differ in their topology depending on the crystallography. A small but significant number of porphyrinic compounds have calculated void contents of >25 volume %. We discuss in detail the void and channel characteristics, including pore-size distribution, of four representative compounds, with technological implications.
Analysis of Reluctance Torque in Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines With Fractional Slot Concentrated Windings

This paper presents analysis of saliency and reluctance torque in fractional slot concentrated winding interior permanent magnet synchronous machines. First, the background of torque production in IPM machines is illustrated. The inductance characteristics of fractional slot concentrated winding IPM machines are analyzed by winding function theory. The influence of rotor topology, key parameter and rotor flux barrier on reluctance torque are investigates by finite element analysis. Finally, a design example is provided to analyze the reluctance torque contribution in fractional slot concentrated winding IPM machines.
Morphological ciliary muscle changes associated with form deprivation-induced myopia

Abstract Myopic children have larger ciliary muscles than non-myopic children, suggesting that the ciliary muscle may have an impact on or be affected by refractive error development. The guinea pig represents an attractive model organism for myopia development research. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether form deprivation-induced myopia in one or more strains of guinea pig causes thickening of the ciliary muscle as seen in human myopia. Thirty-nine guinea pigs were bred from in-house progenitors obtained from Cincinnati Children's Hospital (Cincinnati) and the United States Army (Strain 13). At 2–4 days of age the right eyes of animals were exposed to form deprivation for 7 days while the fellow eyes served as controls. Refractive error was determined with retinoscopy while vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and axial length (AL) were determined with A-scan ultrasound. Ciliary muscle characteristics (ciliary muscle length, cross-sectional area, volume, cell number, cell size, and smooth muscle actin concentration) were determined histologically with antibody labeling and analyzed according to whether the animal developed axial myopia (anisometropia > −2.00 D with VCD and/or AL differences > 0.1 mm) or was unresponsive. This analysis method yielded four groups with Group 1 having no induced myopia but with axial elongation (n = 11), Group 2 having myopia without vitreous or axial elongation (n = 8), Group 3 having myopia with either vitreous or axial elongation (n = 11), and Group 4 having myopia with both vitreous and axial elongation (n = 8). There were no post-treatment inter-ocular differences between strains or for the overall group of animals for any ciliary muscle variable; however, a higher response group number in multivariate ordinal regression was related to having a treated compared to fellow eye that had a lower smooth muscle actin concentration (p = 0.006), with a shorter ciliary muscle length (p = 0.042), and a less oblate eye shape (p = 0.010). Guinea pig ciliary muscle length and smooth muscle actin concentration were significantly less in the treated eyes of axially myopic animals suggesting that 7 days of form deprivation induced ciliary muscle cellular atrophy or inhibited ciliary muscle growth. Form deprivation myopia in the guinea pig does not result in the increase in ciliary muscle thickness associated with human juvenile and adult myopia.
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic impact on rhinology research: A survey of the American Rhinologic Society.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has radically shifted healthcare operations within hospitals and universities across the globe. However, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on research endeavors and clinical trials is unclear. Objective This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basic science and clinical research within the rhinology community. Methods A cross-sectional study was designed utilizing an 8-question survey to identify changes to rhinology research. Questions evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on administrative research support and staffing, basic science research, clinical trials and resident research involvement. Results Seventy-one participants responded to the survey (8.5% response rate). Most respondents noted changes in IACUC/IRB approval (faster, 33%; slower, 31%). Of those who employed laboratory personnel, 64% were able to continue staff employment with full salary. The majority of animal research and in vitro studies were halted (64% and 56%, respectively), but animal care and cell line maintenance were allowed to continue. Clinical trial enrollment was most commonly limited to COVID derived studies (51%). Forty-seven percent of respondents noted increased resident research participation. Conclusion The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has markedly impacted rhinology-related research. Maintaining safe workplace practices as restrictions are lifted will hopefully mitigate the spread of the virus and allow research productivity to resume.