cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The discourse of design-based science classroom activities

This paper is an initial contribution to a general theory in which science classroom activity types and epistemological discourse practices are systematically linked. The idea is that activities and discourse are reflexively related, so that different types of science classroom activities (e.g., scientific argumentation, modeling, and design) recruit characteristically distinct forms of participants’ (students and teacher) discourse. Such a general theory would eventually map out the full spectrum of discourse practices (and their patterns of manifestation) across various kinds of science classroom activities, and reveal new relationships between forms of both discourse and activities. Because this defines a complex and long-term project, here our aim is simply to delineate this larger theoretical program and to illustrate it with a detailed case study—namely, that of mapping out and characterizing the discourse practices of design-based science classroom activities. To do so, we draw on data from an activity that is prototypically design-based—i.e., one in which students iteratively design and refine an artifact (in this case, pictorial representations of moving objects)—and examine the structure and dynamics of the whole-class discourse practices that emerge around these representational forms. We then compare and contrast these discourse practices to those of an activity that is prototypical of scientific argumentation (taken from the literature)—i.e., one in which students argue between competing theories and explanations of a phenomenon—and begin to illustrate the kinds of insights our theoretical program might afford.
3D-SIM Super-resolution of FtsZ and Its Membrane Tethers in Escherichia coli Cells

FtsZ, a bacterial homolog of eukaryotic tubulin, assembles into the Z ring required for cytokinesis. In Escherichia coli, FtsZ interacts directly with FtsA and ZipA, which tether the Z ring to the membrane. We used three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy to compare the localization patterns of FtsZ, FtsA, and ZipA at high resolution in Escherichia coli cells. We found that FtsZ localizes in patches within a ring structure, similar to the pattern observed in other species, and discovered that FtsA and ZipA mostly colocalize in similar patches. Finally, we observed similar punctate and short polymeric structures of FtsZ distributed throughout the cell after Z rings were disassembled, either as a consequence of normal cytokinesis or upon induction of an endogenous cell division inhibitor.
Childhood habit cough treated with self-hypnosis

Abstract Objectives To better understand factors associated with the development and persistence of habit cough and to report use of self-hypnosis for this condition. Study design A retrospective chart review was performed for 56 children and adolescents with habit cough. Interested patients were instructed in self-hypnosis for relaxation and to help ignore the cough-triggering sensation. Results The patients' mean age was 10.7 years. The cough was triggered by upper respiratory infections in 59%, asthma in 13%, exercise in 5%, and eating in 4%. Onset of the cough occurred as early as 2 years, and its average duration was 13 months (range, 2 weeks to 7 years). There was a high incidence of abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in the 50% of the patients who missed more than 1 week of school because of their cough. Among the 51 patients who used hypnosis, the cough resolved during or immediately after the initial hypnosis instruction session in 78% and within 1 month in an additional 12%. Conclusions Habit cough is triggered by various physiologic conditions, related frequently to other diagnoses, and it is associated with significant school absence. Self-hypnosis offers a safe efficient treatment.
Economic Theory and Primitive Society1

Economics is the study of that broad aspect of human activity which is concerned with resources, their limitations and uses, and the organization whereby they are brought into relation with human wants. In modern industrial societies economists have worked out an elaborate technique for the study of this organization, and have produced a body of generalizations upon it. It is still a matter of argument as to how far this technique and these generalizations can be applied in the study of primitive communities (Firth 1958:63).
Computer Assisted Training of Complex Managerial Performance.

Abstract The degree of training effectiveness in most prior management training technologies is considered. It is suggested that training should not only focus on the specific content of managerial tasks (e.g., what managers should think or do in response to certain task or situational demands) but should also focus on structural components of managerial effectiveness (e.g., “how” managers think and function, including the utilization of adaptive differentiation and flexible integration, especially in complex, fluid and uncertain settings). A training experiment employing two scenarios of a computer assisted quasi-experimental simulation is reported. Computer-based training was interspersed between exposure to the two simulations. Data indicate that training in both specific content and in structural components of management generated considerable improvement in performance. The degree of improvement after exposure to only specific training was diminished and restricted to simpler aspects of performance. No improvement was evident for those managers who were not exposed to training. Suggestions for future managerial training technologies are advanced.
Load balancing in distributed workflow management system

Management Systems (WFMS) play a very important role in constructing today's e-commerce environment through automating intra-enterprise business processes and inter-enterprise services. To handle the rapidly changing business environment and global competition, WFMSs should have flexibility and scalability to meet the business requirement and to quickly introduce new and efficient business services. Achieving load balancing is essential to ensure scalability in a distributed WFMS. In this paper we discuss load-balancing technology for distributed WFMSs. First, we introduce a workflow load index to measure load level of workflow engines. Then we present a WFMS cluster architecture with a load balancing subsystem. We compare the performance of round robin versus load- aware scheduling under the same load pattern. The experimental results show that the load index that we define in this paper is a good indicator of the load level in a distributed WMFS. The results also suggest that the load- aware scheduling algorithm can distribute workload fairly on heterogeneous WFMSs; instead, the round robin scheduling can only guarantee load balance in uniform WFMS with uniform workload and resource capabilities.
Environmental planning for wastewater land application: Lessons from Penn State's “living filter”

Abstract Land application is becoming an increasingly accepted method of wastewater disposition. In contrast to conventional stream discharges of treated effluent, land application is a form of recycling which offers crop irrigation, replenishment of groundwater supplies and pollution control. The “Living Filter” at Pennsylvania State University was one of the first such systems in the United States, and is probably the best documented system in the world. The system was first conceived as a cost-effective way to restore ground-water levels and meet pollution-control requirements. Two decades of research have substantiated the favorable effects of the system on water supplies, water quality and crop production. Its successs has been due partly to its physical relationships to the community it serves, the region where it is located, and the natural environment in which it operates. Such relationships are critical for planners attempting to conceive optimum wastewater systems in their own communities. The well-documented example of the Living Filter can be useful to planners seeking wastewater alternatives that will fill the needs of their local environments. This article surveys how the Living Filter fits into the geography and resources of its community and region. The effects of land-cover types, application rates, climate, soils, topography, nutrients, heavy metals, effluent composition, application rates, mechanical hardware, costs, land availability, sludge disposal, and monitoring programs are all discussed.
On the complexities of de Bruijn sequences

Abstract The shortest linear recursion which generates a de Bruijn sequence is defined to be the complexity of the sequence. It is shown that the complexity of a binary de Bruijn sequence of span n is bounded by 2 n − 1 from above and 2 n − 1 + n from below. Results on the distribution of the complexities are also presented.
Sexual policies for the mentally retarded

The Regional Evaluation and Adjustment Program (REAP) has provided to facilities for the mentally retarded in the Southeastern states nine workshops to meet an expressed need for the development of sexual behavior guidelines. These sexual policies were developed and are to be implemented by the institutional staffs who educate and train the retarded. The workshop format, designed to sensitize staff personnel to basic rights and responsibilities of the mentally retarded, is described. Assessment of the workshop and some resulting sexual policies are summarized.
Coherent QCD multiple scattering in proton–nucleus collisions

Abstract We argue that high energy proton–nucleus (p + A) collisions provide an excellent laboratory for studying nuclear size enhanced parton multiple scattering where power corrections to the leading twist perturbative QCD factorization approach can be systematically computed. We identify and resum these corrections and calculate the centrality- and rapidity-dependent nuclear suppression of single and double inclusive hadron production at moderate transverse momenta. We demonstrate that both spectra and dihadron correlations in p + A reactions are sensitive measures of such dynamical nuclear attenuation effects.
Dynamic Dissolution: A Step Closer to Predictive Dissolution Testing?

The use of compendial dissolution techniques to characterize the performance of oral drug delivery systems is an established area of pharmaceutical science. However, compendial equipment is recognized as being limited in its ability to replicate the dynamic aspects of in vivo dissolution that are associated with dosage form transit through a rapidly changing and complex gastrointestinal lumenal environment. This review provides an overview of noncompendial dissolution models which have been developed to address the deficiencies of the traditional dissolution bath and provide scientists with a way of assessing product performance under physiologically relevant conditions.
The use of lacosamide in refractory status epilepticus

Background Case reports suggest lacosamide may have a role in status epilepticus (SE). The purpose of this case series is to describe the use of lacosamide in refractory SE (RSE) at our institution.
Using concept maps in teaching microbiology.

This article is intended for faculty teaching microbiology and other biological science courses, and is applicable to both the classroom and the laboratory. Concept maps are graphical tools for presenting knowledge concepts and the relationship between these concepts in a graphical, hierarchical fashion. Cross-links are further used to illustrate the relationships between the various segments of the concept map.
Minimum ignition energies

In this, the final part of a two-part report, the authors take a look at the electrical energy required to ignite certain solids in air and in oxygen both at 1 atmosphere and at hyperbaric pressures.
The Solar Surface Toroidal Magnetic Field

The solar cycle of magnetic activity is thought to be a consequence of a dynamo process in which a dipole field produces a toroidal field from differential rotation (called the Ω-effect) and a twisting process produces a dipole field from the toroidal field (called the α-mechanism). These two magnetic field components are alternately destroyed and recreated in a cycle that lasts in total 22 years. Although the dipole field of the Sun has long been observed and studied, the toroidal field has never before been detected or measured. Our analysis uses solar rotation to yield meridional and east-west components of velocity and magnetic field vectors from the observed line-of-sight projection of the field. Our analysis of 18.5 yr of data from the 150 foot solar tower telescope on Mount Wilson using this method reveals for the first time a clear signal of a reversing toroidal magnetic field on the solar surface with strength comparable to that of the well-observed dipole component of the global magnetic field. The meridional velocities show a zone of convergence near latitudes of 60° during much of the observed period. Such flow convergence implies the subsidence of the toroidally magnetized fluid in this zone. If the toroidal field occupies the bulk of the polar regions of the Sun's convective envelope, then there is enough magnetic flux to reverse and rebuild the toroidal field at the convective-radiative interface known as the tachocline that is at the inner boundary of the Sun's convective envelope. These two steps—the creation of a toroidal field at high latitudes and a mechanism to reverse the tachocline toroidal field—are parts of the dynamo process that are prominent in models but have not previously had direct observational support.
A perspective on the gap between curriculum theory and practice

(1992). A perspective on the gap between curriculum theory and practice. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 31, Grounding Contemporary Curriculum Thought, pp. 191-197.
Sympathetic Nervous System Depression by Halothane During Prolonged Exposure

An effect of “duration of exposure” on the depression caused by halothane in cervical preganglionic sympathetic activity (SA), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) of cats was sought for. Cats were maintained at the same alveolar concentration of halothane for 120 min. The depression in measured variables achieved during the first 30 min was unchanged during the next 90 min, indicating that an effect of “time of exposure” on the depression of measured variables caused by halothane could not be demonstrated. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ein Effekt der «Einwirkungsdauer» auf die halothanbedingte Depression der praganglionaren Halssympathikusaktivitat, des mittleren arteriellen Blutdrucks und der Herzfrequenz wurde an Katzen nachzuweisen versucht. Die Katzen wurden wahrend 120 Minuten unter der gleichen Alveolarkonzentration von Halothan gehalten. Die Dampfung der gemessenen Parameter, die sich wahrend der ersten 30 Minuten einstellte, blieb unverandert auch wahrend der folgenden 90 Minuten erhalten. Ein Effekt der «Einwirkungszeit» auf die durch Halothanen bedingte Depression der gemessenen Variablen konnte also nicht nachgewiesen werden.
Theoretical study of three predominant tautomers of 2-oxo-6-methylpurine and their two transition state structures

Abstract The three predominantly stable tautomers of 2-oxo-6-methylpurine were studied in gas phase and aqueous solution by means of quantum mechanical calculations. Two transition state structures connecting these three tautomeric forms on the free energy surface were determined. The activation free energy for the intramolecular proton transfer in gas phase was calculated to be considerably smaller than the bond energy of either N–H or O–H: 59.01 and 30.37 kcal/mol for N9→N3 and N1→O2, respectively, obtained at the QCISD(T)/6-31G+(d)//MP2(full)/6-31G(d) level of theory.
Intermetallic and void formation in gold wirebonds to aluminum films

Abstract Gold ball bonds attached to either pure Al films or Al films with Cu and Si additions were annealed at temperatures in the range 77–277°C for periods of up to 3,000 h and then shear tested. The resulting fracture surfaces were observed to change progressively with time and temperature of annealing. The intermetallic phases and voids present after each annealing treatment were characterized by microscopic examination of the bond cross sections. Shear test results are discussed in terms of the observed microstructures.
The regulation of nuclear migration and division during synchronous bud formation in released stationary phase cultures of the yeast Candida albicans.

Abstract The relationships between growth, DNA replication, nuclear migration, and nuclear division have been examined during synchronous bud formation in stationary phase cultures of Candida albicans released into fresh medium. Evidence is presented which indicates that a threshold bud volume must be attained for nuclear migration and division to occur during the first round of bud formation. This threshold is achieved in only 40% of a released stationary phase cell population. Nuclei which do not divide during the first round of bud formation do so during the second round, when the necessary threshold is achieved. The replication inhibitor hydroxyurea has no effect on either the first round of bud formation or on the migration of nuclei to the neck separating mother cell from bud. It does, however, inhibit nuclear division and the second round of bud formation. In the presence of hydroxyurea, both the mother cell and initial bud increase in volume abnormally at the prescribed time of the second round of bud formation even though new buds are not formed, indicating that a general growth signal may have been uncoupled from organized bud formation. The similarities and differences of growth and nuclear division for bud formation and mycelium formation are discussed in the light of previously proposed models.
THE ELIMINATION OF DNA FROM SOMA CELLS.

lneed carcinogenesis than the adult thyroid. 7 Campbell. J. E., G. K. Murphy, A. S. Goldin, H. B. Robinson, C. P. Straub, F. J. Weber and H. Lewis, Am. J. Public Health, 49, 225 (1959). 8 "Strontium Program-Quarterly Summary Report,'' Health and Safety Laboratory Document [SL-55, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, New York Operations Office (1959). 9 The evaluation of the constant in this equation is based on physical and biological data for ine-131, which have been summarized, for example, in "Recommendations of the International mmission on Radiological Protection," Brit. J. Radiol., Supplement No. 6 (1952). It is assumed It the effective half-life of iodine-131 is 7.7 days and that the effective beta energy is 0.19 Mev. 0 A recent survey of 312 children under the age of six in suburban Long Island by H. H. Neumann, -h. Pediat., 74, 456( 1957), gave a mean value of 840 ml of fluid cow's milk consumed per day h the lower third of the group averaging 647 cc per day and the upper third averaging 1,005 cc day. 1 Since evaporated milk will tend to be several months old before it is consumed, its iodine-131 ivity should be virtually nil. 2 Boyd, E., in Handbook of Biological Data, ed. by W. S. Specter (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders ., 1956). a Dunning, G. M., Nucleonics, 14, No. 2, 38 (1956). 4 See, for example, R. L. Gunther and H. B. Jones, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Document 'RL-2689 and addendum (1954). 5 Oddie, T. H., Brit. J. Radiol., 24, 333 (1951). 6 Middlesworth, L. Van, Nucleonics, 12, No. 9, 56 (1954) and Science, 123, 982 (1956); Comar, L., B. F. Trum, U. S. G. Kuhn III, R. H. Wasserman, M. M. Nold, and J. C. Schooley, Science, , 16 (1957). 7 Spiers, F. W., Brit. J. Radiol., 29, 409 (1956). s It should be noted that with the cessation of nuclear weapons testing in November, 1958, nan thyroid levels of radioiodine should decline exponentially and by January, 1959, there ,uld no longer have been any appreciable contamination of milk with radioiodine from past ipons tests. The level of radioiodine in cow's milk may well be the most important index of rt-term environmental contamination with fission products whether from weapons tests or er sources [see discussion in Safety Aspects of Nuclear Reactors, ed. C. R. McCullough (New rk: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1957), 28].
Tumor cell stimulation of collagenase production by fibroblasts.

Abstract Cocultures of rabbit fibroblasts with mouse tumor cells of epithelial origin showed increased collagenase production when compared to cultures of the individual cells. The stimulatory effect was observed when B-16 melanoma and A-10 adenocarcinoma cells, but not fibroblastic tumor cells or normal epithelial cells, were added to the fibroblasts. The effect was dependent on the cellular ratio between the normal fibroblasts and tumor cells and was mediated by a soluble factor produced by the tumor cells.
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-oxygenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens--oxidation of a substrate analog.

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate is oxidized by extracts of Pseudomonas fluorescens to α-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and CO2. A noninducing substrate analog, 2,3-dihydroxy-p-toluate, has now been used to determine the site of ring cleavage. 2,3-Dihydroxy-p-toluate is oxidized quantitatively with the consumption of 1 mole of O2, evolution of 1 mole of CO2, and the accumulation of 2,6-diketoheptenoate. The product was characterized by (1) spectral analysis of the isolated acid, (2) ring closure in the presence of NH4+ to form 6-methylpicolinate, and (3) its ready conversion to acetate in 76% yield, by extracts of Ps. aeruginosa T1. It is concluded that enzymic cleavage of the benzenoid nucleus by this oxygenase is between carbon atoms 3 and 4, and the enzyme has been named 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 3,4-oxygenase.
Studies of imipramine binding to human serum albumin by high-performance affinity chromatography

Abstract Binding by the drug imipramine to the protein human serum albumin (HSA) was studied by using high-performance affinity chromatography. The association equilibrium constants and number of binding sites for imipramine with HSA were first estimated by utilizing frontal analysis. Imipramine was found to have one major binding site on HSA with an association equilibrium constant of 1.6 × 105 M−1 at pH 7.4 and 37 °C, as well as a second group of weaker and non-specific binding regions (8–9 mol/mol HSA) with an average association equilibrium constant of 1.5 × 103 M−1. Competition studies based on zonal elution were performed to identify the location of the major binding site for imipramine on HSA. Imipramine was found to have direct competition with L-tryptophan, which indicated that imipramine was interacting with Sudlow site II, or the indole-benzodiazepine site of HSA. No competition or allosteric effects were noted between imipramine and warfarin, a probe for Sudlow site I or the warfarin-azapropazone site of HSA. The association equilibrium constant found for imipramine at its site of competition with L-tryptophan also agreed with the value that was obtained for the major binding site of imipramine in the frontal analysis studies. These results confirmed that Sudlow site II was the location of the major binding site for imipramine on HSA. These results gave good agreement with previous observations made in the literature and should provide a more detailed description of how imipramine is transported in blood and of how it may interact with other drugs in the body.
Case based education in the age of Internet

Case-based learning is once again popular in engineering education. A case can be used to present open-ended engineering problems (design, analysis, selection, planning) and business decision situations. Teams of students must analyze the problem presented by the case and develop a solution. They present their results to the class, and must be prepared to defend their analysis. With interactive computer graphics, communications networks and hypermedia databases, case material can be provided to students in novel and engaging ways. We describe our initial experiences using the World Wide Web (WWW) as a distribution medium for a third-year course on invention and design, and our students' experiences using Netscape and Mosaic for access to our case materials (and all the resources of the Internet relevant to their projects). We also review the types and sources of cases available electronically, and suggest how we might make better use of this medium in the future.
Application of optical scattering in multichip module processing

The impact of surface characterization on various aspects of microelectronic device performance and manufacture is briefly reviewed. Optical scattering measurements have been carried out for the surface characterization of AlN, MgO, Al2O3 substrates, single crystal silicon wafers and physcial vapor deposited films. Scattering light was recorded up to 80 degree from the specular direction. The angle-resolved scattered light sensitively reveals the characteristics of surface in the spatial frequency domain. Quantitative parameters of surface roughness have been derived from power spectral density distributions and diffraction theory for highly polished smooth surfaces. Instrumentation for full surface characterization has been coupled with computer operation. It has the features of high-speed and noncontact and is inherently area averaging. It lends itself particularly well to online product of high- speed and inprocess monitoring of a manufacturing process. Delicate surfaces can be rapidly 'finger printed'.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fracture of Random Short-Fiber SMC Composite:

The fracture behavior of random chopped-strand, glass-fiber reinforced SMC composites was studied. Experiments were conducted on notched SMC-R50 composite plates subjected to in- plane loading. Fracture mechanics analyses based on recently developed conservation laws of solid mechanics were performed to evaluate notch-tip stress intensities in the specimens. Fracture toughnesses, KIQ and KIIQ, of this material under individual mode-I and mode-II loading were determined. Fracture tests and subsequent analyses were also conducted on the notched SMC- R50 subjected to combined-mode loading. Mixed-mode fracture criteria were investigated for the random short-fiber composite. The suitability of the Whitney-Nuismer two-parameter model was also examined for determination of notched SMC composite strength.
Fetal Rat Amniotic Fluid: Transforming Growth Factor β and Fibroblast Collagen Lattice Contraction

Abstract Background. In several mammalian animal models, early-gestational-age fetal wounds heal without scar, but wounds of late gestational age heal with scar. This change in wound healing phenotype can be a result of both intrinsic (i.e., cellular characteristics) and extrinsic (i.e., environmental) factors. Our question was: Does amniotic fluid (AF) influence the change from scarless to scar-forming repair in the rat? Methods. Rat AF was investigated for its modulation of fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) contraction and morphological changes of adult fibroblasts. AF was also assayed for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) levels. Adult rat dermal fibroblasts in monolayer and incorporated into FPCLs were incubated with AF additions from gestational age 14, 16, 18, and 21 days at 10% (v/v). Results. Day 14 AF significantly stimulated FPCL contraction, but AF of 16, 18, and 21 days inhibited FPCL contraction. Fluorescence histology identified microtubules and microfilaments in AF treated adult rat dermal fibroblasts. The staining pattern of microtubules in Day 14 AF-treated fibroblasts showed denser structures at the cell center. Cells incubated with Day 16 or 18 AF showed fine peripheral microtubules. A mink lung epithelial cell bioassay was used to analyze concentrations of TGF-β in AF. TGF-β levels were greatly elevated in Day 14 AF, but were relatively low in Day 16, 18 and 21 AF. The inhibitor of FPCL contraction from AF of Days 16, 18, and 21 was not identified. Conclusion. It is proposed that the robust expression of TGF-β or cytoskeletal changes induced by Day 14 AF contributes to enhanced FPCL contraction.
A strawman targeting technique for spinner spacecraft in the presence of pointing uncertainty

A graphical method that allows the selection of the attitude orientation of a spinner spacecraft prior to the application of a single fixed magnitude velocity change to effect a desired orbit transfer is presented. The selection of the final pointing vector along or opposite to which the desired Delta-V is applied, takes into account pointing errors due to initial attitude determination uncertainty and execution errors introduced during the rhumb line precession of the spin axis. The characterization of the target space in terms of any achieved orbit parameters of interest as well as the final pointing uncertainty is sufficient to determine the right final attitude that insures satisfaction of mission requirements.
Fitting the strategic planning process to organization: A clinical study of Burroughs Wellcome Co.

Abstract Strategic planning is art as well as science. Clinical analysis of Burroughs Wellcome Co. provides us with insight and understanding of the process. A number of themes are developed in this paper, with implementation as the first order of concern, since it is the driving mechanism for success. To begin at the end is mandatory if strategic planning is to be real for the organization ; questions are more important than answers. Rhetorically, good answers require good questions. This paper demonstrates that appropriate questions are necessary to keep the planning process on track. Initially, queries on strengths and weaknesses generated little response. However, questions such as “What do we do well?” and “What can we do better?” led to substantive issues. Later, the questions were refined to make stakeholders of the major organizational players. Some suggestions for strategic planning: the questions and the procedures must fit the organizational style; balance and cohesion must be considered and maintained at each step; and finally, strategic planning must be serious business, and the chief executive officer's leadership is mandatory.
Developed speculation and underdeveloped markets—the role of futures trading on export prices in less developed countries

This paper examines the relationship between New York coffee futures and cash export prices in Guatemala and Honduras . Cointegration tests suggest that the futures market is serving its price discovery function, and provides a vehicle by which to manage the domestic price risk in export countries. However, further analysis finds that as the percent of speculative open interest increases in the coffee futures market, price volatility increases. This suggests that cash market price risk in exporting countries may actually increase as a result of futures trading activity in developed country futures exchanges.
Inorganic binder-containing composite cathode contact materials for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract The feasibility of adding inorganic binder to conventional SOFC cathode contact materials in order to improve bonding to adjacent materials in the cell stack is assessed. A variety of candidate binder compositions are added to LSM. The important properties of the resulting composites, including ASR, reactivity, and adhesion to LSCF and MCO-coated 441 stainless steel are used as screening parameters. The most promising CCM/binder composites are coated onto MCO-coated 441 coupons and anode-supported button cells with LSCF cathode, and tested at 800 °C. It is found that a LSM-644A composite displayed excellent initial performance and promising stability. Indeed, addition of binder is found to improve bonding of the CCM layer without sacrificing CCM conductivity.
‘Seeing’ is ‘trying’: The relation of visual perception to attemptive modality in the world's languages

This paper examines the relationship between the concepts of ‘seeing’ and ‘attempting/trying’ in various languages. These concepts have so far been found to be co-lexified in languages spoken in Eurasia, Papua New Guinea, India and West Africa, with an added implicature of politeness present in some languages when this lexical item is used in directives. After establishing a cross-linguistic sample, the paper proposes a specific grammaticalization mechanism as responsible for producing this semantic relationship. The explanation centers on a process involving metaphorical transfer, the loss of semantic features, generalization, and a specific syntactic context conducive to this meaning shift. First, the Mind-as-Body metaphor is applied to the mind-related notion of ‘seeing an object’ to derive the body-related notion of ‘controlling an object’, as has previously been demonstrated to be the case in the history of certain Indo-European languages. Second, semantic bleaching causes the meaning component of physical sight to be lost from the overall meaning of the morpheme, and semantic generalization allows attempted actions to be mentally treated the same as physical objects that are manipulated. Finally, the context in which this meaning shift occurs is posited as constructions involving multiverbs, such as serial verbs or converbs.
Role of BH3-only molecules Bim and Puma in β-cell death in Pdx1 deficiency.

Mutations in pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX1) are associated with diabetes in humans. Pdx1-haploinsufficient mice develop diabetes due to an increase in β-cell death leading to reduced β-cell mass. For definition of the molecular link between Pdx1 deficiency and β-cell death, Pdx1-haploinsufficient mice in which the genes for the BH3-only molecules Bim and Puma had been ablated were studied on a high-fat diet. Compared with Pdx1+/− mice, animals haploinsufficient for both Pdx1 and Bim or Puma genes showed improved glucose tolerance, enhanced β-cell mass, and reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive cells in islets. These results suggest that Bim and Puma ablation improves β-cell survival in Pdx1+/− mice. For exploration of the mechanisms responsible for these findings, Pdx1 gene expression was knocked down in mouse MIN6 insulinoma cells resulting in apoptotic cell death that was found to be associated with increased expression of BH3-only molecules Bim and Puma. If the upregulation of Bim and Puma that occurs during Pdx1 suppression was prevented, apoptotic β-cell death was reduced in vitro. These results suggest that Bim and Puma play an important role in β-cell apoptosis in Pdx1-deficient diabetes.
LiteWS: A Web Service Enhancing Multi-User Queries in Data Intensive Sensor Networks

Internet-based data intensive sensor networks (DISNs) are sensor networks wherein large volume of different types of sensory data are sensed and generated from the physical world, and queried by multiple users simultaneously. One critical issue in Internet-based DISNs is how to support multiple user queries simultaneously in an efficient manner, in terms of query response time, query loss ratio and sensor node energy consumption. In this paper, we formulate and study {\em multi-user data query problem in DISNs} and present our solution. Specifically, we present our design, implementation, and evaluation of LiteWS, a web service system aiming to enhance multi-user queries in Internet-based DISNs. We propose a simple caching technique and give an analytical model of how to reduce query loss ratio in our system. Through extensive experiments based on Crossbow IRIS motes, we evaluate the system performance of LiteWS under both correlated and uncorrelated query traffic. We show the performance with data caching is much better than the one without; particularly, the average query response time of LiteWS is improved 5 to 10 times and the query loss rate is improved 2 times.
Intelligent social network modeling and analysis

The recent development of Web 2.0 has provided for an enormous increase in human interactions across all corners of the earth. One manifestation of this is the growth of computer mediated social networks. Many notable Web 2.0 applications such as Facebook, Myspace and LinkedIn are social networks. Social relational networks are becoming an important technology in human behavioral modeling. Our goal here is to enrich the domain of social network modeling by introducing ideas from fuzzy sets and related granular computing technologies. We approach this extension in a number of ways. One is with the introduction of fuzzy graphs representing the networks. This allows a generalization of the types of connection between nodes in a network from simply connected or not to weighted or fuzzy connections. Here the idea of strength of connection becomes important. A second and perhaps more interesting extension is the use of Zadeh?s fuzzy set based paradigm of computing with words to provide a bridge between a human network analyst?s linguistic description of social network concepts and the formal model of the network. Fundamental to this capability is the realization that both formal network models and the paradigm of computing with words are built upon set based technologies. More specifically, the formal representation of a social network is in terms a mathematical set object called a relationship and computing with words uses a set object, fuzzy subsets, to formally represent the semantics of linguistic terms. This common underlying set based technology allows us to take human concepts and formally represent them in terms of network properties. This in term allows an analyst to determine the truth or falsity of observations about a network as well helps in the mining of social relation networks.
Wages and the Movement of Factory Labor

Method of investigation, 242. — Movement between factories, 245. — Effect of inter-factory movement on wages, 248. — Persistence of wage differentials: factors affecting wage practices, 254; non-competitive hiring practices, 257. — Lack of competition among workers, 259; influence of family and friends, 260; absence of effective vocational guidance, 261; weakness of financial incentives, 261. — Summary, 262.
SENORA: A P2P Service-Oriented Framework for Collaborative Multirobot Sensor Networks

SENORA is an open hardware and software architecture for the cooperative coordination of multiple heterogeneous mobile robots operating in a common environment. It is designed to meet the stringent requirements of modern loosely coupled multirobot architectures, such as flexibility, reliability, and fault tolerance. As such, the proposed architecture enables the robots to cope with the ubiquitous presence of various types of uncertainties in their operating environments. SENORA is a fully autonomous and scalable sensory-based peer-to-peer (P2P) framework. It also offers a real-time inter-robot communication protocol and it is based on the state-of-the-art P2P technology, which is specifically designed to satisfy the requirements of physical sensory data publishing and fusion. This architecture is implemented and evaluated on a team of indoor mobile robots. The test results manifest the architecture's distinguished features and capabilities
Habitat Distribution, Dietary Composition and Life History Characteristics of Odonate Nymphs in a Blackwater Coastal Plain Stream

Abstract The ecology and life histories of odonates were studied in a headwater, sand-bottomed coastal plain stream in Virginia. Quantitative sampling of odonates in sand and silt sediments, on submerged snags and in debris dams was conducted monthly for 13 mo. Six species of odonates were common in the stream. Calopteryx maculata (Calopterygidae) had a univoltine life history, whereas Boyeria vinosa (Aeshnidae) Cordulegaster maculata (Cordulegastridae), Gomphus cavillaris, Hagenius brevistylus and Progomphus obscurus (Gomphidae) were semivoltine. The odonates were most abundant in debris dams, less abundant in silt and sand sediments and least abundant on snags. Habitat-specific production of odonates was 1.3 g m−2 y−1 in debris dams and 0.1 − 0.3 g m−2 y−1 in the sand, silt and snag habitats. The production to biomass ratio (P/B) for Calopteryx was 5.9, whereas ratios for semivoltine species ranged from 2.0 − 4.0. Analysis of overlap in the use of habitat, food and time showed that greatest ecological s...
Specific mode of interaction between components of model pulmonary surfactants using computer simulations.

Abstract Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and structural bioinformatics tools enable the identification of the exact mode of interaction between model pulmonary surfactant components. Two nanosecondlong simulations of the N-terminal region of human surfactant protein-B (SP-B 1–25 ) in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) monolayers of different lipid surface densities reveal the preferential affinity of SP-B 1–25 for anionic phospholipids. In particular, arginine 12 and lysine 24 interact strongly and with high specificity with the phosphate group of the DPPG lipids, stabilizing the position, the orientation, and the secondary structure of the peptide in the monolayer. The peptide lies at an oblique angle to the interfacial plane, ranging between 47° and 62°, increasing with decreasing lipid surface density. In DPPC monolayers the interaction is largely determined by hydrophobic interactions. The non-specific nature of DPPC–SP-B 1–25 interactions allows for significant flexibility in the topology of the peptide in the lipid matrix. Bioinformatics tools are employed to generalize the simulation results to the sequences of SP-B 1–25 in other organisms. The importance of specific residues, and the role of the largely helical and amphiphilic nature of the peptide in the functionality of SP-B 1–25 are established. The synergy of classical mechanics tools with bioinformatics methods greatly enhances the molecular-level interpretation of pulmonary surfactant action and facilitates the development of design rules for synthetic surfactant analogues.
Features of dominant mesoscale variability, circulation patterns and dynamics in the Strait of Sicily

Combining an intensive hydrographic data survey with a numerical primitive equation model by data assimilation, the main features of dominant mesoscale to subbasin-scale variability in the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea) during the summer of 1996 are estimated, revealed and described, and several hydro- graphic and dynamical properties of the #ow and variabilities discussed. The feature identi"cation is based on two independent real-time analyses of the variability. One analysissubjectivelya evaluates and studies physical "eld forecasts and their variations. The other moreobjectivelya estimates and forecasts the principal components of the variability. The two independent analyses are found to be in agreement and complementary. The dominant dynamical variations are revealed to be associated with "ve features: the Adventure Bank Vortex, Maltese Channel Crest, Ionian Shelfbreak Vortex, Messina Rise Vortex, and temperature and salinity fronts of the Ionian slope. These features and their variations are found to have links with the meanders of the Atlantic Ionian Stream. For each feature, the characteristic physical scales, and their deviations, are quanti"ed. The predominant circulation patterns, pathways and transformations of the modi"ed Atlantic water, Ionian water and modi"ed Levantine intermediate water, are then identi"ed and discussed. For each of these water masses, the ranges of temperature, salinity, depth, velocity and residence times, and the regional variations of these ranges, are computed. Based on the estimated "elds and variability principal components, several properties of the dynamics in the Strait are discussed. These include: general characteristics of the mesoscale anomalies; bifurcations of the Atlantic Ionian Stream; respective roles of topography, atmospheric forcings and internal dynamics; factors controlling (strengthen- ing or weakening) the vortices identi"ed; interactions of the Messina Rise and Ionian Shelfbreak vortices; and, mesoscale dynamics and relatively complex features along the Ionian slope. For evaluation and validation of the results obtained, in situ data, satellite sea surface temperature images and trajectories of
Simulations of the Unsteady Flow through the Fastrac Supersonic Turbine

Analysis of the unsteady aerodynamic environment in the Fastrac supersonic turbine is presented. Modal analysis of the turbine blades indicated possible resonance in crucial operating ranges of the turbopump. Unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted to support the aerodynamic and structural dynamic assessments of the turbine. Before beginning the analysis, two major problems with current unsteady analytical capabilities had to be addressed: modeling a straight centerline nozzle with the turbine blades and exit guide vanes (EGVs), and reducing run times significantly while maintaining physical accuracy. Modifications were made to the CFD code used in this study to allow the coupled nozzle/blade/EGV analysis and to incorporate Message Passing Interface (MPI) software. Because unsteadiness is a key issue for the Fastrac turbine [and future rocket engine turbines such as for the Reusable Launch Vehicle (RI.V)], calculations were performed for two nozzle-to-blade axial gaps. Calculations were also performed for the nozzle alone, and the results were imposed as an inlet boundary condition for a blade/EGV calculation for the large gap case. These results are compared to the nozzle/blade/EGV results.
A comparison of reproductive patterns and adult dispersal in sympatric introduced and native marine crabs: implications for species characteristics of invaders

The introduction and translocation of nonindigenous marine species is widespread and can pose severe threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Predicting which species are potential invaders is of particular interest to ecologists. One approach is to identify characteristics that predispose a species to becoming a successful invader. Since its introduction in the 1980’s, the invasive Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, has shown a remarkable ability to colonize rocky intertidal habitats along the east coast of the United States. In Long Island Sound H. sanguineus occurs sympatrically with the functionally equivalent, but non-invasive, native Atlantic mud crab, Panopeus herbstii. The presence of both species at the same site allowed us to make a detailed, simultaneous assessment of life history traits and adult dispersibility of co-occurring invading and native crab species. We investigated fecundity and maturation rates, length of breeding season and brood production for both species, and conducted field experiments using mark–recapture techniques to determine mobility patterns. Our results show that the nonindigenous Asian crab has a greater reproductive potential than the native mud crab as evidenced by a longer breeding season, multiple brood production and higher fecundity rates. Field experiments confirmed previous studies indicating H. sanguineus is a highly mobile crab, and further demonstrated that adult Asian crabs are more likely than mud crabs to disperse from their shelter/refuge sites. Recovery rates for native mud crabs were significantly higher than those for Asian crabs in three experimental trials, across sites and years. This work provides new information about life history characteristics of both species and supports the hypothesis that high reproductive potential combined with high adult dispersal ability may be important factors associated with the invasion/establishment success of the Asian shore crab. More study is needed, however, to determine the applicability of these findings to other highly successful marine invaders.
Long-range molecular resonances in a cold Rydberg gas.

We present evidence for molecular resonances in a cold dense gas of rubidium Rydberg atoms. Single UV photon excitation from the $5s$ ground state to $np$ Rydberg states ($n=50\char21{}90$) reveals resonances at energies corresponding to excited atom pairs $(n\ensuremath{-}1)d+ns$. We attribute these normally forbidden transitions to avoided crossings between the long-range molecular potentials of two Rydberg atoms. These strong van der Waals interactions result in avoided crossings at extremely long range, e.g., $\ensuremath{\sim}58\text{ }000$ times the Bohr radius (${a}_{0})$ for $n=70$.