cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binomial Test Method for Determining Probability of Detection Capability for Fracture Critical Applications

The capability of an inspection system is established by applications of various methodologies to determine the probability of detection (POD). One accepted metric of an adequate inspection system is that for a minimum flaw size and all greater flaw sizes, there is 0.90 probability of detection with 95% confidence (90/95 POD). Directed design of experiments for probability of detection (DOEPOD) has been developed to provide an efficient and accurate methodology that yields estimates of POD and confidence bounds for both Hit-Miss or signal amplitude testing, where signal amplitudes are reduced to Hit-Miss by using a signal threshold Directed DOEPOD uses a nonparametric approach for the analysis or inspection data that does require any assumptions about the particular functional form of a POD function. The DOEPOD procedure identifies, for a given sample set whether or not the minimum requirement of 0.90 probability of detection with 95% confidence is demonstrated for a minimum flaw size and for all greater flaw sizes (90/95 POD). The DOEPOD procedures are sequentially executed in order to minimize the number of samples needed to demonstrate that there is a 90/95 POD lower confidence bound at a given flaw size and that the POD is monotonic for flaw sizes exceeding that 90/95 POD flaw size. The conservativeness of the DOEPOD methodology results is discussed. Validated guidelines for binomial estimation of POD for fracture critical inspection are established.
GRP78 is a novel receptor initiating endothelial barrier protective response to oxidized phospholipids

Vascular integrity or the maintenance of blood vessel continuity is a fundamental process maintained through endothelial cell-cell junctions. Defects in endothelial barrier function are an initiating factor in several disease processes including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion, tumor angiogenesis, cancer metastasis, diabetes, sepsis and acute lung injury. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of endothelial barrier enhancement can provide novel therapeutic strategies. We have previously reported that oxidized phospholipids promote endothelial cell (EC) barrier enhancement both in vitro and in vivo . In this study, we examined the initiating mechanistic events triggered by oxidized phospholipids (OxPAPC) to increase vascular integrity. Our novel data indicate that OxPAPC directly binds to the cell membrane localized chaperone protein, GRP78, associated with its cofactor, HTJ1. We found that plasma membrane localization of GRP78 is essential for trafficking of the barrier protective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P-R1) to caveolin-enriched microdomains (CEM) and consequent activation of S1P-R1, Src and Fyn tyrosine kinases and recruitment of Rac1 to CEM, processes essential for actin cytoskeletal reorganization and EC barrier enhancement. Using an animal model of acute lung injury with vascular hyper-permeability, we observed that vascular silencing of HTJ blocked OxPAPC protection from ventilator-induced lung injury and vascular leak. Our data demonstrate an essential role of GRP78 and HTJ as a bona fide receptor complex triggering the OxPAPC-mediated CEM dynamics and enhancement of vascular integrity. Sources of funding: HL076259, HL087823.
Phase transitions in spatiotemporal patterns of brain activity and behavior

Spatial patterns of brain electrical activity from 61 electrodes were recorded during a sensorimotor coordination task. Subjects were required to syncopate finger movement with a series of auditory stimuli whose rate of presentation was systematically increased as a control parameter. Spontaneous transitions from syncopated to synchronized behavior were accompanied by transitions in electroencephalographic (EEG) signals as calculated from relative phase measures. The transition was most prominent at left central and antero-central scalp sites. Fluctuations in relative phase in both the behavior and brain activity increased systematically before the transition, indicating the presence of dynamic pattern forming instabilities on both levels of observation.
The impact of a rural emergency department rotation on applicant ranking of a US emergency medicine residency program.

Introduction Few US emergency medicine (EM) residency programs have been located in rural states due to program requirements for emergency department (ED) patient volume. Recent revision to the program requirements now permits 'educationally justifiable exceptions' to the patient population requirement, 'such as clinical sites in a rural setting', and some EM residency programs now plan to offer rural ED clinical experiences as a required curricular component. The impact of a required rural EM rotation on the ranking decisions of applicants is important to residency programs seeking to attract the most desirable applicants. Objective To assess the impact of a required rural ED rotation on applicant ranking of an EM residency program in the US National Resident Matching Program (NMRP). Methods All applicants to the study's EM residency program completing the interview portion of the application process received a mailed and emailed survey following the release of the 2004 NMRP results. The survey included questions addressing the rural/non-rural classification of the location of the applicants' childhood home, medical school, and anticipated future practice. Results Of 46 eligible subjects, 32 (69.6%) completed the survey. Of subjects with a rural childhood, 73.3% reported a positive impact on rank order (95% CI 50.9-95.7%) and 26.7% reported no impact (CI 4.3-49.1%); 81.3% of subjects with non-rural backgrounds reported no impact (CI 62.2-100%), 12.5% higher rank (CI 0-28.7%), and 6.3% lower (CI 0-18.2%). If planning a future practice in a rural community, 83.3% reported positive impact (CI 62.2-100%) and 16.7% no impact (CI 0-37.8%); 78.9% of subjects anticipating future practice in non-rural communities reported no impact (CI 60.6-97.3%), 15.8% higher rank (CI 0-32.2%), and 5.3% lower (CI 0-15.4). Of the subjects attending medical school in rural states, 52.2% reported a positive impact (CI 31.8-72.6%) and 47.8% no impact (CI 27.4-68.2%), while 75% of graduates of medical schools in non-rural states reported no impact (CI 32.6-100%) and 25% (CI 0-67.4%) a negative impact. Conclusion The presence of a rural ED rotation did not adversely impact EM residency applicants' ranking of the program.
Entropy-based particle correspondence for shape populations

Statistical shape analysis of anatomical structures plays an important role in many medical image analysis applications such as understanding the structural changes in anatomy in various stages of growth or disease. Establishing accurate correspondence across object populations is essential for such statistical shape analysis studies. In this paper, we present an entropy-based correspondence framework for computing point-based correspondence among populations of surfaces in a groupwise manner. This robust framework is parameterization-free and computationally efficient. We review the core principles of this method as well as various extensions to deal effectively with surfaces of complex geometry and application-driven correspondence metrics. We apply our method to synthetic and biological datasets to illustrate the concepts proposed and compare the performance of our framework to existing techniques. Through the numerous extensions and variations presented here, we create a very flexible framework that can effectively handle objects of various topologies, multi-object complexes, open surfaces, and objects of complex geometry such as high-curvature regions or extremely thin features.
Assessment of laboratory test utilization for HIV/AIDS care in urban ART clinics of Lilongwe, Malawi

Background The 2011 Malawi HIV guidelines promote CD4 monitoring for pre-ART assessment and considering HIVRNA monitoring for ART response assessment, while some clinics used CD4 for both. We assessed clinical ordering practices as compared to guidelines, and determined whether the samples were successfully and promptly processed. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients seen in from August 2010 through July 2011,, in two urban HIV-care clinics that utilized 6-monthly CD4 monitoring regardless of ART status. We calculated the percentage of patients on whom clinicians ordered CD4 or HIVRNA analysis. For all samples sent, we determined rates of successful labprocessing, and mean time to returned results. Results Of 20581 patients seen, 8029 (39%) had at least one blood draw for CD4 count. Among pre-ART patients, 2668/2844 (93.8%) had CD4 counts performed for eligibility. Of all CD4 samples sent, 8082/9207 (89%) samples were successfully processed. Of those, mean time to processing was 1.6 days (s.d 1.5) but mean time to results being available to clinician was 9.3 days (s.d. 3.7). Regarding HIVRNA, 172 patients of 17737 on ART had a blood draw and only 118/213 (55%) samples were successfully processed. Mean processing time was 39.5 days (s.d. 21.7); mean time to results being available to clinician was 43.1 days (s.d. 25.1). During the one-year evaluated, there were multiple lapses in processing HIVRNA samples for up to 2 months. Conclusions Clinicians underutilize CD4 and HIVRNA as monitoring tools in HIV care. Laboratory processing failures and turnaround times are unacceptably high for viral load analysis. Alternative strategies need to be considered in order to meet laboratory monitoring needs.
ISOLATION OF AN ANTHRAQUINONE-ACCUMULATING MUTANT OF ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION BY DRY COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

In an attempt to find new mutations in the aflatoxin pathway, mutant strains that accumulate known aflatoxin precursors (norsolorinic acid, averufin, and versicolorin A) were subjected to a second mutagenic treatment. Eighty presumptive mutants were isolated based on mycelial color differences. The presumptive mutants were grown in two liquid defined media and the chromatographic profiles of mycelial extracts were compared after thin layer chromatography (tlc) in two solvent systems. Six presumptive mutants produced spots not observed in controls on tlc plates viewed under long-wave ultraviolet light. One of these newly isolated mutants produced at least six compounds not identified in the parental strain. Mycelial extracts of this new mutant, four previously characterized anthraquinone-accumulating mutants, and wild type Aspergillus parasiticus were compared by dry column chromatography. Each of these strains gave a unique dry column chromatographic pattern. Aflatoxins are biologically active, polyketide-derived secondary metabolites produced by two species, Aspergillus flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare. Between 1972 and 1976, five compounds were identified as biosynthetic precursors based on 14C radiotracer studies (see TABLE I). Averufin, norsolorinic acid, and versicolorin A were all anthraquinones accumulated in blocked mutants which were independently isolated from aflatoxigenic wild type strains of A. parasiticus. Versiconal hemiacetal acetate, another anthraquinone, was accumulated in wild type strains of A. parasiticus treated with the insecticide dichlorvos. Sterigmatocystin, a xanthone, was a natural metabolite of A. versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi. There are several recent reviews of aflatoxin biosynthesis (Applebaum and Marth, 1981; Bennett and Lee, 1979; Heathcote and Hibbert, 1978, and Steyn et al., 1980). The most recently described anthraquinone precursor, averantin, was obtained from a double mutant of A. parasiticus. The versicolorin A-accumulating mutant was treated with a mutagen, and the averantin-accumulating mutant was identified based on differential mycelial pigmentation (Bennett et al., 1980). This indicated that anthraquinone-accumulating mutants of A. parasiticus might be a useful starting point for the isolation of new mutants that accumulate novel metabolites. In an attempt to find such mutants we have exposed the norsolorinic acid-, averufin- and versicolorin A-accumulating mutants of A. parasiticus to a second mutagenic treatment.
Fowler, Linda L. Watchdogs on the Hill: The Decline of Congressional Oversight of U.S. Foreign Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015. 280 pages. $95.00 (hardcover); $29.95 (softcover).

Few questions in American political history have been as vexing as those concerning the proper balance of powers between the president and Congress in the initiation and implementation of foreign a...
WIND CORRECTED FLIGHT PATH PLANNING FOR AUTONOMOUS MICRO AIR VEHICLES UTILIZING OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

This research effort focuses on determining the optimal flight path required to put a micro air vehicle’s (MAV’s) fixed sensor on a target in the presence of a constant wind. Autonomous flight is quickly becoming the future of air power and over the past several years, the size and weight of autonomous vehicles has decreased dramatically. As MAVs were implemented into the field, it was quickly discovered that their flight paths are severely altered by wind. However, since the size of the vehicle does not allow for a gimbaled camera, only a slight perturbation to the attitude of the vehicle will cause the sensor footprint to be displaced dramatically. Therefore, the goal of this research was to use dynamic optimization techniques to determine the optimal flight path to place a MAV’s sensor footprint on a target when operating in wind for two different scenarios. The first scenario considered the minimum time path given an initial position and heading and a final position and heading. The second scenario considered flight through an urban canyon and minimized the error between the MAV’s ground track and a straight line to the target in order to force a desired path on the vehicle. Each of these scenarios has been captured in simulated plots that depict varying wind angles, wind speeds, and initial and final heading angles. These optimal flight paths provide a benchmark that will validate the quality of future closed-loop wind compensated control systems.
Low-Cost Inter-Linked Subarrays (LISA): Enabling fast inter-subarray data movement in DRAM

This paper introduces a new DRAM design that enables fast and energy-efficient bulk data movement across subarrays in a DRAM chip. While bulk data movement is a key operation in many applications and operating systems, contemporary systems perform this movement inefficiently, by transferring data from DRAM to the processor, and then back to DRAM, across a narrow off-chip channel. The use of this narrow channel for bulk data movement results in high latency and energy consumption. Prior work proposed to avoid these high costs by exploiting the existing wide internal DRAM bandwidth for bulk data movement, but the limited connectivity of wires within DRAM allows fast data movement within only a single DRAM subarray. Each subarray is only a few megabytes in size, greatly restricting the range over which fast bulk data movement can happen within DRAM. We propose a new DRAM substrate, Low-Cost Inter-Linked Subarrays (LISA), whose goal is to enable fast and efficient data movement across a large range of memory at low cost. LISA adds low-cost connections between adjacent subarrays. By using these connections to interconnect the existing internal wires (bitlines) of adjacent subarrays, LISA enables wide-bandwidth data transfer across multiple subarrays with little (only 0.8%) DRAM area overhead. As a DRAM substrate, LISA is versatile, enabling an array of new applications. We describe and evaluate three such applications in detail: (1) fast inter-subarray bulk data copy, (2) in-DRAM caching using a DRAM architecture whose rows have heterogeneous access latencies, and (3) accelerated bitline precharging by linking multiple precharge units together. Our extensive evaluations show that each of LISA's three applications significantly improves performance and memory energy efficiency, and their combined benefit is higher than the benefit of each alone, on a variety of workloads and system configurations.
A New and Rapid Method for Making Permanent Aceto-Carmin Smears

Smear the pollen mother cells of a single anther from each flower bud on a clean dry slide, using a small scalpel. Flood the slide with Belling's acetocarmin and heat for a second over an alcohol flame. Examine under the microscope to determine the stage of microsporogenesis. If the stage is satisfactory, smear the remaining anthers in the same manner, but fix and stain them by immediate immersion, face downward, in a petri dish full of hot (steaming) acetocarmin for from 1 to 10 minutes. Then rapidly transfer thru the following mixtures: two parts 99% (glacial) acetic acid plus one part absolute ethyl alcohol; one part acetic acid plus two parts absolute alcohol; and finally one part acetic acid plus nine parts absolute alcohol. The slides are then to be dehydrated completely by 1 to 2 minutes immersion in pure absolute alcohol, and cleared 2 to 3 minutes in a mixture of xylene and absolute alcohol in equal parts. The preparations are then made permanent by mounting each with balsam and a cover glass. Th...
Triple-Pulsed Two-Micron Integrated Path Differential Absorption Lidar: A New Active Remote Sensing Capability with Path to Space

The two-micron wavelength is suitable for monitoring atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide, the two most dominant greenhouse gases. Recent advances in 2-micron laser technology paved the way for constructing state-of-the-art lidar transmitters for active remote sensing applications. In this paper, a new triple-pulsed 2-micron integrated path differential absorption lidar is presented. This lidar is capable of measuring either two species or single specie with two different weighting functions, simultaneously and independently. Development of this instrument is conducted at NASA Langley Research Center. Instrument scaling for projected future space missions will be discussed.
Diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma.

Specific and sensitive biochemical techniques can usually establish the diagnosis, and new radiologic techniques aid in tumor localization. These catecholamine-producing tumors must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypertension, adrenal masses, or episodic sweating, pallor, anxiety, headaches, and palpitations. Surgical resection is curative in most cases.
A study of warning letters issued to institutional review boards by the United States Food and Drug Administration.

Objectif : Cette etude porte sur les questions d'ethique contenues dans les lettres d'avertissement (LA) envoyees aux conseils d'examen d'etablissement (CEE) par la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) des Etats-Unis. Methodes : On a etudie l'index en ligne des lettres d'avertissement de la FDA pour y trouver des lettres envoyees aux CEE aux Etats-Unis dans les categories d'infraction «Conseil d'examen d'etablissement» et «CEE» pour la periode de janvier 1997 jusqu'a juillet 2004. On a evalue les lettres ainsi reperees pour determiner les infractions dans quatre themes de reglementation: existence et application de procedures ecrites d'examen de la recherche; documentation de l'examen de la recherche; composition des CEE et conflits d'interets; consentement eclaire. Resultats: La FDA a envoye 52 LA a des CEE au cours de la periode en cause. Ce sont les CEE d'hopitaux et de centres medicaux qui ont recu le plus de lettres (n = 34), suivis de ceux d'universites (n = 9) et de CEE prives (n = 9). Les violations les plus courantes de la reglementation etaient l'absence de procedures ecrites adequates sur la facon de proceder a l'examen de la recherche, ou le non-respect de ces procedures (50 LA), l'absence de documentation adequate sur les activites de CEE (47 LA) et l'absence de suivi continu adequat des etudes approuvees (36 LA). Dix-neuf LA portaient sur des questions reliees au formulaire de consentement. Conclusions: Les lettres d'avertissement sont une source d'information sur la reglementation de la recherche clinique et la protection des sujets de recherche. Le contenu de ces lettres revele de facon uniforme des faiblesses des activites d'examen et de documentation des CEE verifies, ce qui pourrait signaler des problemes semblables dans les CEE partout aux Etats-Unis. Nos constatations, dans un contexte de CEE surcharges qui, en general, surveillent passivement les etudes, soulevent des preoccupations au sujet de la surveillance des etudes et de la protection optimale des sujets de recherche.
Communicating Oncofertility to Children: A Developmental Perspective for Teaching Health Messages

Communicating basic health information to children is often a difficult task. It can be particularly challenging with young children, as they know very little about their bodies and struggle to comprehend abstract or hypothetical reasoning. As children get older, they know more about their bodies and health, but talking about complex medical issues and health remains difficult. As oncofertility is a new field that lies at the intersection of oncology and fertility, communicating oncofertility information to children requires not only clear, developmentally appropriate explanations of both health- and medicine-related to cancer but also the discussion of sexuality, fertility, and reproduction. In this chapter, we provide a developmental perspective about what children already know about their bodies and reproductive systems, background on how media is used to communicate health messages to children, and recommendations for how oncofertility experts can use media to educate young audiences.
Potential clinical applications of placental stem cells for use in fetal therapy of birth defects

Placental stem cells are of growing interest for a variety of clinical applications due to their multipotency and ready availability from otherwise frequently discarded biomaterial. Stem cells derived from the placenta have been investigated in a number of disease processes, including wound healing, ischemic heart disease, autoimmune disorders, and chronic lung or liver injury. Fetal intervention for structural congenital defects, such as spina bifida, has rapidly progressed as a field due to advances in maternal-fetal medicine and improving surgical techniques. In utero treatment of structural, as well as non-structural, congenital disorders with cell-based therapies is of particular interest given the immunologic immaturity and immunotolerant environment of the developing fetus. A comprehensive literature review was performed to assess the potential utilization of placenta-derived stem cells for in utero treatment of congenital disorders. Most studies are still in the preclinical phase, utilizing animal models of common congenital disorders. Future research endeavors may include autologous transplantation, gene transfers, induced pluripotent stem cells, or cell-free therapies derived from the stem cell secretome. Though much work still needs to be done, placental stem cells are a promising therapeutic agent for fetal intervention for congenital disease.
Analytic solutions of a microstructure PDE and the KdV and Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equations by invariant Painlevé analysis and generalized Hirota techniques

Abstract Truncated Painleve expansions, invariant Painleve analysis, and generalized Hirota expansions are employed in combination to solve (‘partially reduce to quadrature’) the integrable KdV and KP equations, and a nonintegrable generalized microstructure (GMS) equation. Although the multisolitons of the KdV and KP equations are very well-known, the solutions obtained here for all the three NLPDEs are novel and non-trivial. The solutions obtained via invariant Painleve analysis are all complicated rational functions, with arguments which themselves are confluent hypergeometric (KdV) or trigonometric (GMS) functions of various distinct non-traveling (KdV) and traveling wave variables. In some cases, this is slightly reminiscent of doubly-periodic elliptic function solutions when nonlinear ODE systems are reduced to quadratures. The solutions obtained by the use of recently-generalized Hirota-type expansions in the truncated Painleve expansions are closer in functional form to conventional hyperbolic secant solutions, although with non-trivial traveling-wave arguments which are distinct for the three NLPDEs considered here.
Holy Smokes-An Interaction!

Article, see p 2336 Combining genomewide association studies in large meta-analyses has been a valuable tool for identifying genetic susceptibility loci over the past 10 years. In this issue of Circulation , Saleheen and colleagues1 use these large data sources for a deeper level analysis to identify gene by environment (G × E) interactions. The focus of their investigation is to determine whether the effects of any known coronary heart disease (CHD)-associated loci are modified by smoking behavior. At least 46 loci robustly associated with CHD have been identified to date.2 Identifying G × E interactions for CHD has been challenging given that the main effects of the known CHD-associated loci tend to be small and in aggregate account for <10% of CHD heritability.2 The remaining heritability is assumed to come from a variety of sources, including rare variants, G × G and G × E interactions, epigenetic effects, and nonadditive effects. Imprecision of environmental exposure measurements further erodes the ability to detect G × E interactions so that large sample sizes are required. In this study, the authors utilized the large CARDIoGRAMplusC4C Consortium (Coronary …
Role of Marital Adjustment in Associations Between Romantic Attachment and Coparenting

Objective A family systems framework was used to examine the reciprocal influences of parents' romantic attachment security, marital adjustment, and the coparenting alliance. Background Research indicates that adult attachment strategies are predictive of adult romantic relationships, but there is less evidence linking adult romantic attachment to the ability to effectively coparent. Furthermore, much of the prior coparenting literature has focused on direct paths and has not accounted for mutual influence within parental dyads, despite an increased awareness of the interdependence among familial roles and a push to understand familywide dynamics. Method A community sample of 86 heterosexual couples with a residential child between 8 and 11 years of age completed the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and the Coparenting Scale as part of a larger study on family processes in middle childhood. Multilevel models were conducted utilizing the actor-partner interdependence model. Results Compared to their low attachment anxiety counterparts, spouses with higher attachment anxiety and avoidance reported lower levels of marital adjustment, less coparenting cooperation, and more coparenting conflict. Findings indicated that marital adjustment mediates the relationship between romantic attachment style and perceptions of coparenting. Conclusion Results highlight the benefit of conceptualizing parental attachment, marital, and coparental subsystems within a systemic framework and suggest that a healthy marital relationship is an important intervening factor that helps explain links between attachment security and the coparenting alliance. Implications Findings underscore the importance of evaluating and treating multiple levels of the family system and suggest that therapeutic treatment of the marital relationship may be associated with a healthier coparenting dynamic.
The Fight-or-Flight Response: A Cornerstone of Stress Research

The fight-or-flight response was a concept developed by Walter B. Cannon in the course of his studies on the secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla of laboratory animals. This concept was an outgrowth of his studies of homeostatic mechanisms, particularly as they related to the sympathetic-adrenal medulla system. Cannon’s research on homeostasis and the fight-or-flight response led him to delve into mechanisms of “voodoo death” and to propose a new theory of emotions, known as the Cannon-Bard theory. Cannon thought that the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla operated as a functional unit, with epinephrine as the chemical messenger. He did not understand that the postganglionic sympathetic nerves utilized norepinephrine as a chemical transmitter. Cannon’s research legacy is a rich one and his work is still cited frequently by contemporary researchers in the field of stress.
Growth, physiology and yield responses of cabbage to deficit irrigation.

Xu C., Leskovar D.I., 2014. Growth, physiology and yield responses of cabbage to deficit irrigation . Hort. Sci. (Prague), 41: 138–146. Field experiments were conducted in two seasons to investigate growth, physiology and yield responses of cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. cvs Pennant and Rio Grande) to deficit irrigation. In 2012 season, 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) irrigation temporarily decreased plant size, reduced leaf area, fresh weight, relative water content, specific leaf area and gas exchange during late development, and decreased head fresh weight, size, marketable and total yield. Deficit irrigation at 75% ETc had little influence on plant growth and physiology, but it still reduced both marketable and total yield. In 2013 season, 75% ETc irrigation had little influence on plant growth, leaf characteristics, photosynthetic rate, head fresh weight and size, but it temporarily increased chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and decreased stomata conductance, transpiration, and marketable yield. Pennant, the green-head cultivar, had higher photosynthetic rate, head fresh weight, marketable and total yield than the red-head cultivar Rio Grande. In both seasons, deficit irrigations did not influence cabbage head dry weight, indicating that most yield reduction under deficit irrigations is related to water content.
Surviving Slavery in the British Caribbean

In 1822, 15 enslaved Africans in the British colony of Berbice left their plantation and marched into New Amsterdam to seek redress from the abuses of their master John Quarles (173). They went to ...
Reduced Effectiveness of Interruptive Drug-Drug Interaction Alerts after Conversion to a Commercial Electronic Health Record

Drug-drug interaction (DDI) alerts in electronic health records (EHRs) can help prevent adverse drug events, but such alerts are frequently overridden, raising concerns about their clinical usefulness and contribution to alert fatigue. To study the effect of conversion to a commercial EHR on DDI alert and acceptance rates. Two before-and-after studies. 3277 clinicians who received a DDI alert in the outpatient setting. Introduction of a new, commercial EHR and subsequent adjustment of DDI alerting criteria. Alert burden and proportion of alerts accepted. Overall interruptive DDI alert burden increased by a factor of 6 from the legacy EHR to the commercial EHR. The acceptance rate for the most severe alerts fell from 100 to 8.4%, and from 29.3 to 7.5% for medium severity alerts (P < 0.001). After disabling the least severe alerts, total DDI alert burden fell by 50.5%, and acceptance of Tier 1 alerts rose from 9.1 to 12.7% (P < 0.01). Changing from a highly tailored DDI alerting system to a more general one as part of an EHR conversion decreased acceptance of DDI alerts and increased alert burden on users. The decrease in acceptance rates cannot be fully explained by differences in the clinical knowledge base, nor can it be fully explained by alert fatigue associated with increased alert burden. Instead, workflow factors probably predominate, including timing of alerts in the prescribing process, lack of differentiation of more and less severe alerts, and features of how users interact with alerts.
Radiation Damage Induced by GeV Electrons in W-Re Targets for Next Generation Linear Colliders(LCC-0093)

We have studied the structural damage of W-Re targets produced by electrons with energies of several GeV and under different conditions of total number of electrons, beam shape and target depth. We report the differences in damage levels for different designs considered in the construction of the next generation of linear accelerators, and discuss the possible effects in the lifetime of these targets. Due to the complexity of the problem, which requires following the trajectory of GeV electrons down to eV energies, this work utilized different simulation tools, from Monte Carlo codes of hadronic and electromagnetic interactions such as FLUKA, to molecular dynamics simulations of defect production. Our work shows that the final defect production depends not only on the total number of electrons and energy, but also on the geometry of the target. Combining different values of energies and target geometry could be a way of reducing the maximum damage in these systems.
Review and Introductory Remarks: Multifactorial Respiratory Carcinogenesis

The title of this session suggests that the interaction of the etiological agent — the carcinogen — with the target, leading to the development of neoplasia, is not a simple one and furthermore, that the modalities involved are crucial in determining the outcome of this interaction. What evidence do we really have that one individual is more prone than another to develop lung cancer, either because of some genetic predisposition, because of his age, dietary habits, or because of some injury to his respiratory tract. I think we must admit that the “multifactorial” pathogenesis of cancer is still largely hypothetical, and that we have mostly circumstantial evidence for its existence and role in the induction of bronchogenic carcinoma (or almost any other neoplasia) In man. However, I think that whatever direct or indirect evidence there is, is suggestive enough to justify a systematic search for the role of predisposing, conditioning, or enhancing factors or synergisms in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. We need to ask ourselves by which mechanism(s) we can reasonably suspect the carcinogenesis process to be decisively influenced, and what experimental tools and approaches we have available to investigate and test the various hypotheses. Some possible interactions of host and environmental factors with tumor induction and progression are summarized in Fig. 1. The underlying premise is that the carcinogen is an “external” physical, chemical, or viral agent. We are asking: With carcinogen-exposure taking place, what, if anything, will increase or decrease the chance that the process of carcinogenesis is effectively triggered and allowed to run its fatal course? Obviously, carcinogen-dose is one important factor and a rather complicated one, since the relationship between exposure and dose at the level of the macro-molecular target is likely to be subject to many modifying factors: factors influencing distribution, penetration, and clearance; metabolic activation, detoxification, and the final interaction of the ultimate carcinogen with the molecular target site or sites. However, it is generally agreed that, with initiation having been allowed to occur, the final course is not yet set. Repair mechanisms, growth regulators, and cellular or humoral defenses (against emerging neoplastic cells) during the post-initiation phase of tumor-induction constitute another series of intervening factors that have the potential to disrupt the chain of events. And whether these mechanisms are functioning at optimum efficiency or not may indeed influence the outcome decisively.
Assessing Juveniles for Risk of Violence

Recent years have brought increasing national concern regarding violent behavior in the juvenile population (Borum 2000). Actual statistics in this regard have varied markedly depending upon definitions, specific time periods, and measures used. For example, in 1996, Snyder et al. reported that the rate of serious juvenile crime—particularly homicides—increased a startling 150% between 1985 and 1994. On the other hand, Snyder and Sickmund (1999) later reported rates for the same population were declining between 1993 and 1999. When looking specifically at male offenders, rates have significantly declined since the peak in 1994 (Viljoen et al. 2008). Nonetheless, high profile media attention, often given to serious incidents of juvenile violence, can direct national attention on the issue regardless of frequency.
Aspects of the Molecular Biology of Poliovirus Replication

The Picornaviridae are divided into five genera: Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus, Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The first three of these genera are important in causing human disease; the remainder are of significance in causing animal disease. The virulent Enterovirus members include three poliovirus serotypes which cause paralytic poliomyelitis and meningitis; the Coxsackie A viruses (types A1-22, 24), whose symptoms upon infection include herpangina and hand-foot-mouth disease; the coxackievirus B viruses types 1–6, which are responsible for meningitis, pleurodynia, myocarditis, pancreatitis, and hepatitis; and the echoviruses types 1–9, 11–27 and 29–34, which cause meningitis and rash. Rhinoviruses, which are divided into the major and minor groups depending on the receptor they use, are the cause of rhinitis or the common cold (Melnick, 1990). The genus Hepatovirus includes the human pathogen hepatitis A virus (HAV). Representative Cardioviruses include mengovirus, which has been implicated in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in mice, and the Theilers murine encephalomyelitis viruses (Yoon et al., 1987). The members of the Aphthovirus genus are foot and mouth disease viruses (FMDV), which are highly infectious in cloven-hoofed animals (Wittman, 1990). This brief summary of the disease potential of the Picornaviridae underscores the importance of the research summarized in this book. While we recognize the fact that there are important differences among the various Picornaviridae, for the purposes of this chapter poliovirus will serve as an archetype to demonstrate recent advances in the following topic areas: virion structure and antigenicity; receptor mediated uptake of the virus by the cell; translation of viral RNA; dicistronic analysis of the polyprotein; and de novo synthesis of poliovirus via in vitro translation. The knowledge gained from this research refines the understanding of the viral life cycle and provides insights into the mechanisms by which the Picornaviridae cause highly specialized diseases.
Engaging in Research Practices as Critical Scholars/Activists: A Metalogue

In this chapter, we use a metalogue format to discuss the possibilities of engaging in activist oriented scholarship as critically engaged scholar/activists. We draw upon our experiences to think about what this type of engagement means both on personal and individualized levels as well as in the broader context of being/becoming activists and critical scholars within a field – science education – that has little history of supporting this type of work. Each of us has chosen to engage with activism as a methodological and theoretical approach to working within and for schools as science educators. We will narrow our focus in this chapter to consider and creatively re/imagine the following research practices: (1) Positionality: What are our own social, political, and gendered/classed/racialized roles as we conduct research within economically oppressed communities?; (2) Public: What are our responsibilities to the communities in which we work and to the broader public?; and (3) Rigor: How do we (re)define rigor as a measure of transformative impact with the communities with whom we research? This metalogue will contribute to critical perspectives on research and research relationships in science education.
The Selection of Directors to Corporate Boards

Corporate spinoffs present a unique opportunity to analyze the choice of directors from a pool of potential candidates. We find that post-spinoff unit and remaining parent firms are more likely to select pre-spinoff parent directors who have: i) relevant industry expertise; and ii) pre-spinoff parent board ties to the post-spinoff CEO. Using pre-spinoff firm performance as a proxy for director quality, the evidence also suggests that firms are more likely to retain high-quality directors. We conclude that firms select individual directors based on both their expertise relevant to firm assets and their ties to CEOs who possess specific information about their ability.
Experimental and theoretical correlations for energy harvesting from a large flapping flag response

Abstract Two experimental models are constructed, i.e. partially covered and fully covered, cantilevered plates with piezoelectric piezo patches and film sensors. Two different experimental methods are used to obtain large flapping vibrations, a mechanically forced vibration and a limit cycle oscillation from an aeroelastic responses. AC voltage outputs from the piezo patch or film sensors and a DC power extraction through a AC/DC converter circuit are obtained. These experiments are used to evaluate a new computational model and code for a piezoelectric-aeroelastic system.
The Effects of Jogging on the Rates of Selected Target Behaviors of Behaviorally Disordered Students.

The use of jogging programs to improve the classroom behaviors of behaviorally disordered students has received some attention in the literature. The present study investigated the effects of a jogging program on target behaviors exhibited by six elementary-aged behaviorally disordered students in a resource room setting. The dependent measure was direct observation of two target behaviors — talking-out and out-of-seat behaviors. The data indicate a decrease in the occurrence of both behaviors following jogging for five of the six students. The results of this investigation suggest that a jogging program can be a positive addition to an educational program for behaviorally disordered students.
Dynamic changes in circulating tumor cell levels as a prognostic marker in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer.

8109 Background: We have previously reported the performance of our immuno-enrichment free HighEDefinition CTC (HDECTC) assay in the enumeration and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTC...
Two-Sided Matching with Indifferences: Using Heuristics to Improve Properties of Stable Matchings

Two-Sided Matching is a widely used approach to allocate resources based on preferences. In Two-Sided Matching problems where indifferences are allowed in the preference lists, finding stable matchings with certain properties is known to be NP-hard and, in some instances, even NP-hard to approximate. This article, therefore, considers the use of heuristics in Two-Sided Matching scenarios with indifferences to find and explore potential solutions and their properties. Two heuristics, a Genetic Algorithm and Threshold Accepting, are compared to existing approaches with respect to their ability to generate alternative stable solutions based on initially stable matchings for scenarios with either complete or incomplete preferences. The evaluation shows that using these types of heuristics is a valid approach to obtain matchings with improved properties such as fairness or average matched rank, compared to existing algorithms. Overall, this approach allows for the exploration of alternative stable matchings and subsequent selection of a best solution given selected evaluation criteria.
Simple model for mean stress in turbulent boundary layers

The governing equations for mean flow and available turbulent databases are used to derive a model for the mean shear stress in turbulent boundary layers. The model requires mean wall-normal velocity, for which a simple and compact fit is derived using existing data and scaling arguments. The model shows good agreement with available data over a range of Reynolds number.
Sum rules for nucleon generalized parton distributions and border function formulation

The newly developed approach to model nucleon generalized parton distributions (GPDs) $H$ and $E$ is based on two types of their representation in terms of double distributions. Within this approach, we reconsider the derivation of GPD sum rules that allow one to use border functions $H(x,x)$ and $E(x,x)$ instead of full GPDs $H(x,\ensuremath{\xi})$ and $E(x,\ensuremath{\xi})$ in the integrals producing Compton form factors of deeply virtual Compton scattering. Using factorized double distribution Ansatz to model GPDs, we discuss the relation between the border functions and underlying parton densities. We find that a substantial contribution to the $H(x,x)$ border function comes from the extra term required by new double distribution representations and related to $E(x,\ensuremath{\xi})$ GPD.
Retrospective Case Series Comparing the Efficacy of Thoracic Epidural With Continuous Paravertebral and Erector Spinae Plane Blocks for Postoperative Analgesia After Thoracic Surgery.

Perioperative pain management for thoracic surgery plays a vital role in recovery and improved outcomes. In this retrospective study we compare three different regional anesthesia techniques utilized at one institute to provide postoperative analgesia for thoracic surgery. Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA), thoracic paravertebral block (PVB) and erector spinae plane (ESP) block are compared for postoperative pain management, opioid requirements, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), respiratory events and length of stay. In this study, pairwise comparisons were also performed among the regional techniques with respect to mentioned outcomes.