cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respiratory effects of trimellitic anhydride aerosols in mice.

Groups of mice were exposed to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) aerosols for 30 min at concentrations ranging from approximately 2 to 150 mg/m3. The sensory and pulmonary irritating properties of TMA were assessed during these exposures. Sensory irritation, as evidenced by a lengthening of the time of expiration (TE), was not evoked in any exposure. However, TMA aerosols evoked other rapid, reversible alterations of respiratory cycle timing, suggestive of pulmonary irritation. The time of inspiration (TI) and expiration (TE) decreased as TMA exposure concentration was increased. Also, characteristic pauses (i. e., apneic periods) occurred between breaths. The length of these pauses (TP) increased as TMA exposure concentration was raised. Respiratory frequency (f) was dependent upon the magnitude of increase in TP. At lower TMA concentrations, TP was short and f was elevated, whereas at higher concentrations, TP was long and f was reduced. Interestingly, there was no other evidence of pulmonary irritation besides the alterations in respiratory cycle timing. Histopathological evaluation of the respiratory tracts of TMA-exposed animals revealed no changes from those of controls. Finally, there was no evidence of cumulative or delayed pulmonary effects in mice repeatedly exposed to TMA aerosols. These acute changes in respiratory cycle timing may have occurred as a result of stimulation of vagal nerve endings along the conducting airways and in the deep lung, directly produced by TMA aerosols.
A Framework for Identifying Textual Redundancy

The task of identifying redundant information in documents that are generated from multiple sources provides a significant challenge for summarization and QA systems. Traditional clustering techniques detect redundancy at the sentential level and do not guarantee the preservation of all information within the document. We discuss an algorithm that generates a novel graph-based representation for a document and then utilizes a set cover approximation algorithm to remove redundant text from it. Our experiments show that this approach offers a significant performance advantage over clustering when evaluated over an annotated dataset.
Generation of Genetically Stable Recombinant Rotaviruses Containing Novel Genome Rearrangements and Heterologous Sequences by Reverse Genetics

The rotavirus (RV) genome consists of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Typically, each segment contains 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) that flank an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a single protein. RV variants with segments of atypical size owing to sequence rearrangements have been described. In many cases, the rearrangement originates from a partial head-to-tail sequence duplication that initiates after the stop codon of the ORF, leaving the protein product of the segment unaffected. To probe the limits of the RV genome to accommodate additional genetic sequence, we used reverse genetics to insert duplications (analogous to synthetic rearrangements) and heterologous sequences into the 3' UTR of the segment encoding NSP2 (gene 8). The approach allowed the recovery of recombinant RVs that contained sequence duplications (up to 200 bp) and heterologous sequences, including those for FLAG, the hepatitis C virus E2 epitope, and the internal ribosome entry site of cricket paralysis virus. The recombinant RVs grew to high titer (>10(7) PFU/ml) and remained genetically stable during serial passage. Despite their longer 3' UTRs, rearranged RNAs of recombinant RVs expressed wild-type levels of protein in vivo. Competitive growth experiments indicated that, unlike RV segments with naturally occurring sequence duplications, genetically engineered segments were less efficiently packaged into progeny viruses. Thus, features of naturally occurring rearranged segments, other than their increased length, contribute to their enhanced packaging phenotype. Our results define strategies for developing recombinant RVs as expression vectors, potentially leading to next-generation RV vaccines that induce protection against other infectious agents.
Generation Y consumers’ selection attributes and behavioral intentions concerning green restaurants

Abstract The objectives of this study are to examine the Generation Y consumer segments’ selection attributes and behavioral intentions toward green restaurants. A survey was administered to college students between the ages of 17 and 30 at a university in a Southeastern United States city. This study identified four different consumer segments of Generation Y college students according to their food-related lifestyles. Across the four segments, there were significant differences in selection attributes. In addition, significant differences were identified between the four segments regarding their behavioral intentions toward green restaurants. Finally, the marketing implications for the target groups are discussed.
A clinical trial of timolol and epinephrine in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma

Forty-seven patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma who required therapy but who had never been treated previously were enrolled in a prospective randomized, long-term clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of 0.5% timolol maleate and 1% epinephrine. Patients were followed for an average of 33 months. There were 20 failures, 18 of which were because of inadequate intraocular pressure (IOP) control (required 20% reduction in outflow pressure). Twelve failures were in the epinephrine group and eight were in the timolol group. During the first year of therapy, 35% compared with 0% of patients failed in the epinephrine and timolol groups, respectively (P less than 0.01). During the later years of the study, the failure rates in the two groups were similar. The results suggest that timolol is superior to epinephrine during the first year of therapy, and likely as effective as epinephrine in the long-term treatment of glaucoma.
Iron: Possible cause of the G1 arrest induced in NRK cells by picolinic acid

Abstract The G 1 (G 0 ) arrest induced in NRK cells by picolinic acid was preceded by marked changes in iron metabolism. In contrast, picolinic acid did not significantly prevent zinc uptake and changes in intracellular zinc were small and clearly preceded by changes in iron. A kinetic study revealed that iron uptake by NRK cells was rapidly halted by picolinic acid. Experiments with radioiron-labeled cells indicated that picolinic acid, in a dose dependent manner, effectively removed iron from the cells. The dose of picolinic acid that exactly removed iron from the cells was also the concentration that induced the G 1 (G 0 ) arrest. Picolinic acid, therefore, may induce the growth inhibition by selectively withholding iron from the cells. These data strongly suggest that iron availability may be a controlling factor in the initiation of DNA synthesis in NRK cells.
Thermodynamics of the extraction of lead, copper, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel with mono-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid

Abstract The extraction of Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ from aqueous nitric acid medium by mono‐2‐ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (H2MEHP) dissolved in o‐xylene and aggregation of the extractant was studied in the temperature range 25–60°C. The extractions were investigated as a function of aqueous nitric acid concentration and extractant organic phase concentration. The extractant aggregation and extraction stoichiometries for the metal ions did not change with temperature. The thermodynamics of the extraction process was studied by measuring extraction coefficients in this temperature range. The slopes of the extractant dependencies are unity and acid dependencies have values equal to negative values of the formal charge on the metal ions; except for Pb2+ where extraction is favored by both enthalpy and entropy, extraction of the other metal ions is strongly opposed by entropy.
Prosentences and propositional quantification: A response to Zimmerman

Defense de la theorie proposee en 1975 par l'A., conjointement avec J. L. Camp et N. D. Belnap, et postulant des "pro-sentences" qui permettaient de rendre compte de l'usage des notions de verite et de faussete d'une maniere nouvelle et en expliquant les theses qui traitent ces notions comme "redondantes". La critique de Zimmerman (1978) est traitee plus specialement en rapport avec le probleme de la quantification propositionnelle.
Surprising Effects on the Conformational Entropy due to Nonrandom Distributions of Local Conformations Along Unperturbed Chains

Nonrandomness in the distribution of rotational isomeric states along a flexible unperturbed chain reduces its conformational entropy. Pairwise interdependence of the bonds is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for a significant reduction. The reduction in conformational entropy from this source can be as severe as a factor of three. It is generally more severe for isotactic chains than for the syndiotactic chains constructed from the same monomer. Surprising effects are sometimes seen, such as the nearly identical reductions in conformational entropy for polydimethylsiloxane, a very flexible chain, and for poly(methyl methacrylate), a much stiffer chain.
Comparative metabolism of 14C-labeled Hempa by house flies susceptible or resistant to Isolan.

When 14C-labeled hempa was injected into male Muscadomestica L. that were susceptible or resistant to Isolan® (I. isopropyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolyl dimethylcarbamate), twice as much unchanged hempa was recovered from the susceptible than from the resistant flies at 4-hr posttreatment. The radioactivity in the excreta of resistant flies was higher (79% of the injected dose) than in the susceptible flies (51%), and the metabolites of hempa in resistant flies contained a larger proportion of trimethyl-phosphoric and tetramethylphosphoric triamides. Although the respiratory 14CO2 reached a maximum 1 hour after injection of hempa in the susceptible strain and 2 hours after injection in the resistant strain, the total production of 14CO2 at 8 hours posttreatment was similar: 1.2% of the injected dose in the susceptible flies and 1.4% in the resistant flies. When flies of either strain were treated topically with the synergist Tropital® (piperonal bis (2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethyl) acetal) and then injected with hempa, the metabolism of the sterilant and the excretion of radioactivity were substantially reduced, but the metabolic pattern of the hempa was different from that in untreated flies. The sterilizing activity of hempa at the ED60 level was the same in both strains, with or without Tropital, but the rate of sterilization of resistant flies was twice as high as that of susceptible flies.
Distinctive patterns of release of neuroendocrine peptides after nasal challenge of allergic subjects with ryegrass antigen.

The concentrations of the neuropeptides substance P, somatostatin, and calcitonin gene-related peptide in human nasal secretions were quantified by radioimmunoassays, concurrently with that of histamine, in the course of nasal challenge of allergic and control subjects with ryegrass antigen to examine contributions of neuromediation of the tissue response. Each of theneuropeptides and histamine were detected in nasal lavage fluid prior to challenge. In allergic patients, but not normal controls, antigen evoked significant increases of 3-fold in histamine at 15–60 min, 1.5- to 4-fold in calcitonin gene-related peptide at 15 min-24 hr, and more than 2-fold in somatostatin at 6 hr, without altering the concentration of substance P in nasal lavage fluid. The identity of the neuropeptides was confirmed chromatographically. Thus calcitonin gene-related peptide may mediate nasal congestion directly and somatostatin may be one of the factors regulating the late involvement of basophils and mast cells in allergic rhinitis.
Optimal routing algorithms for rectilinear pin clusters in high-density multichip modules

As the circuit densities and transistor counts are increasing, the package routing problem is becoming more and more challenging. In this article, we study an important routing problem encountered in typical high-end MCM designs: routing within dense pin clusters. Pin clusters are often formed by pins that belong to the same functional unit or the same data bus, and can become bottlenecks in terms of overall routability. Typically, these clusters have irregular shapes, which can be approximated with rectilinear convex boundaries. Since such boundaries have often irregular shapes, a traditional escape routing algorithm may give unroutable solutions. In this article, we study how the positions of escape terminals on a convex boundary affect the overall routability. For this purpose, we propose a set of necessary and sufficient conditions to model routability outside a rectilinear convex boundary. Given an escape routing solution, we propose an optimal algorithm to select the maximal subset of nets that are routable outside the boundary. After that, we focus on an integrated approach to consider routability constraints (outside the boundary) during the actual escape routing algorithm. Here, we propose an optimal algorithm to find the best escape routing solution that satisfies all routability constraints. Our experiments demonstrate that we can reduce the number of layers by 17p on the average, by using this integrated methodology.
Long-term observation and evaluation of femtosecond laser-assisted thin-flap laser in situ keratomileusis in eyes with thin corneas but normal topography.

Purpose To evaluate the long-term outcomes of thin-flap laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in eyes with thin corneas (central corneal thickness [CCT] Setting Private center, Tokyo, Japan. Design Retrospective randomized comparative study. Method The efficacy, safety, predictability, and topography of LASIK were evaluated in eyes with a CCT of less than 500 μm but with normal topography (thin-cornea group) to 6 years postoperatively. The LASIK outcomes in the thin-cornea group were compared with those in eyes with a CCT of 500 μm or greater (control group). Analysis was performed to determine whether there were differences between the groups at the last checkup 3 to 4 years postoperatively. Results In the thin-cornea group (291 eyes; 146 patients), no significant differences were observed in LASIK outcomes when eyes were subdivided by the time of final checkup (3, 4, and ≥5 years). There was a significant difference in visual and refractive outcomes between 3 months postoperatively and the last checkup in the thin-cornea group and the control group (371 eyes; 193 patients). No significant difference in visual, refractive, or topography outcomes was observed between the 2 groups at the last checkup. Conclusions Laser in situ keratomileusis in eyes with thin corneas was as safe and effective as and showed similar long-term stability in eyes with a CCT of 500 μm or greater. No eye in either group had a postoperative complication. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Racial segregation in the public schools and adult labor market outcomes: the case of black Americans

Residential segregation has played a central role in theories of minority entrepreneurship and in the diversification of the U.S. labor market. Racial diversity in public accommodations, including schools, has been an issue of continuous public policy debate at least since the U.S. Supreme Court’s Plessy versus Ferguson decision (1896). This study applies theory from the literature on social capital to an examination of the role of racial segregation in the public schools of blacks during childhood on their adult likelihood to become self-employed and their level of occupational status. The model results indicate that, after controlling for a number of individual, household and metropolitan-area factors, lower rates of segregation during public schooling results in higher likelihood of wage-salary employment and self-employment among a cohort of black Americans that attended public schools during the 1960s.
Innovative Approaches for Managing Public-Private Academic Partnerships in Big Science and Engineering

Analyses of public-private academic partnerships (PPAPs) in terms of management, organization, funding, and partner relationships are presented with three case studies, selected to display a range of governance models. The increasing challenges of Big Science seem to demand the merging of the public, private, and academic sectors into a single collaboration. Three conclusions are drawn: (1) complex PPAPs can be successful if partner’s roles are clearly defined; (2) Big Science needs PPAPs to achieve results; and (3) the management style for CLEANER, a Collaborative Large-Scale Engineering Analysis Network for Environmental Research, should make use of a hierarchical PPAP organizational style.
An MRI Study of the Effect of Vowel Context on English Fricatives

To gain a better understanding of the long‐observed effects of vocalic context, the articulation of fricatives was investigated using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Five speakers of American English were imaged while producing eight fricatives in the contexts [i‐a‐u‐schwa]. Sagittal, axial and oblique‐coronal volumes were acquired for each vowel‐fricative combination. Acoustic recordings were made during scans and separately in an anechoic chamber. Vocal tract models were generated by aligning and superimposing all three stack orientations. The models reveal that a variety of articulatory strategies are employed in the production of English fricatives, and that vocalic context is significant. For some subjects, tongue shape differs little with vowel context; other subjects show highly varied tongue shape differences but little difference in lip rounding. Two subjects show significant variation with vowel context for every fricative, including [θ]; two show very little difference, even for [f]. The sublingual...
Regression of tumors in mice vaccinated with professional antigen-presenting cells pulsed with tumor extracts.

Vaccination with tumor extracts circumvents the need to identify specific tumor rejection antigens and extends the use of active immunotherapy to the vast majority of cancers, in which specific tumor antigens have not yet been identified. In this study we examined the efficacy of tumor vaccines comprised of unfractionated tumor material presented by professional antigen-presenting cells (APC): dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages (Mo). To enhance the relevance of these studies for human patients we used 2 poorly immunogenic murine tumor models and evaluated and effectiveness of the vaccination protocols in tumor-bearing animals. APC (in particular DC) pulsed with unfractionated extracts from these “poorly immunogenic” tumors were highly effective in eliciting tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. A measurable CTL response could be detected after even a single immunization with tumor extract-pulsed DC. DC or Mo pulsed with tumor extract were also effective vaccines in tumor-bearing animals. In the murine bladder tumor (MBT-2) model a modest extension of survival and 45% cure rate was seen in the animal groups immunized with DC or Mo pulsed with MBT-2 tumor extract. DC or Mo pulsed with B16/F10.9 tumor extract were also remarkably effective in the B16 melanoma lung metastasis model, as shown by the observation that treatment with APC caused a significant reduction in lung metastases. Cumulatively, the CTL and immunotherapy data from the two murine tumor systems suggest that APC (in particular DC) pulsed with unfractionated cell extracts as a source of tumor antigen may be equally or more effective than genetically modified tumor vaccines. Int. J. Cancer 70:706–715, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gender Differences in Elaborative Parent–Child Emotion and Play Narratives

Reminiscing about the past is an everyday activity that has implications for children’s developing memory and socioemotional skills. However, little research has systematically examined how mothers and fathers may differentially elaborate and engage their daughters and sons in reminiscing. In this study, we asked 42 broadly middle-class, highly educated U.S., mostly Caucasian mothers and fathers from the same families, living in the southeastern U.S., to reminisce about a happy, sad, peer conflict, parental conflict, playground and special outing experience with their 4-year-old child. Narratives were coded for parental styles of cognitive elaboration and joint engagement. Results indicated that mothers are both more elaborative and engaged with children than fathers are, especially about negative emotional and positive play experiences. Thus, mothers appear to be helping children recount and understand their personal past more than fathers, and specifically, in working through difficult emotions that may facilitate emotion regulation skills.
Nickel-binding and accessory proteins facilitating Ni-enzyme maturation in Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human gastric mucosa and this can lead to chronic gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers, and even gastric cancers. The bacterium colonizes over one-half of the worlds population. Nickel plays a major role in the bacteriums colonization and persistence attributes as two nickel enzyme sinks obligately contain the metal. Urease accounts for up to 10% of the total cellular protein made and is required for initial colonization processes, and the hydrogen oxidizing hydrogenase provides the bacterium a high-energy substrate yielding low potential electrons for energy generation. A battery of accessory proteins are needed for maturation or activation of each of the apoenzymes. These include Ni-chaperones and GTPases, some of which are unique to each Ni-enzyme and others that are individually required for maturation of both the Ni-enzymes. H. pylori’s need for some conventional hydrogenase maturation proteins playing roles in urease maturation may have to do with the poor nickel-sequestering ability of the UreE urease maturation protein compared to other systems. H. pylori also possesses a NixA nickel specific permease, a nickel dependent regulator (NikR), a recently identified nickel efflux system (CznABC), and a histidine-rich heat shock protein, HspA. Based on mutant analysis approaches all these proteins have roles in nickel homeostasis, in urease expression, and in host colonization. The His-rich putative nickel storage proteins Hpn and Hpn-like play roles in nickel detoxification and may influence the levels of Ni-activated urease that can be achieved.
Feasibility of lovastatin analysis by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A reliable supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method was developed for the analysis of lovastatin, a hypocholesterolaemic drug, from MEVACOR®. Methanol-modified carbon dioxide was shown to elute the drug, and its dehydrolovastatin and hydroxy acid lovastatin degradation products from a Hypersil® silica column. However, the hydroxy acid lovastatin was found to tail in this mobile phase. The phenomena was eliminated by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid [Haouck, S. Thomas, D. K. Ellison, Talanta 40 (1993) 491] to the mobile phase which permitted the drug and its two main degradation products to all elute from the Hypersil® silica column in under 6 min with symmetrical peak shape. Chromatographic limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), linear dynamic range (LDR), and injection precision were obtained in order to assess the chromatographic performance of the SFC system for the lovastatin separation.
Scalable vectorless power grid current integrity verification

To deal with the growing phenomenon of electromigration (EM), power grid current integrity verification becomes indispensable to designing reliable power delivery networks (PDNs). Unlike previous works that focus on vectorless voltage integrity verification of power grids, in this work, for the first time we present a scalable vectorless power grid current integrity verification framework. By taking advantage of multilevel power grid verifications, large-scale power grid current integrity verification tasks can be achieved in a very efficient way. Additionally, a novel EM-aware geometric power grid reduction method is proposed to well preserve the similar geometric and electrical properties of the original grid on the coarse-level power grids, which allows to quickly identify the potential "hot wires" that may carry greater-than-desired currents in a given power grid design. The proposed multilevel power grid verification algorithm provides flexible tradeoffs between the current integrity verification cost and solution quality, while the desired upper/lower bounds for worst case currents flowing through a wire can also be computed efficiently. Extensive experimental results show that our current integrity verification approach can efficiently handle very large power grid designs with good solution quality.
The largest (70 kDa) product of the bacteriophage T4 DNA terminase gene 17 binds to single-stranded DNA segments and digests them towards junctions with double-stranded DNA.

Bacteriophage terminases are oligomeric multifunctional proteins that bind to vegetative DNA, cut it and, together with portal proteins, translocate the DNA into preformed heads. Most terminases are encoded by two partially overlapping genes. In phage T4 they are genes 16 and 17. We have shown before that the larger of these, gene 17, can yield, in addition to a full-length 70 kDa product, several shorter peptides. At least two of these, gene product (gp) 17′ and gp17″, are initiated in the same reading frame as the 70 kDa gp17 from internal ribosome binding sites. Most of the shorter gp17 s contain predicted ATPase motifs, but only the largest (70 kDa) peptide has a predicted single-stranded DNA binding domain. Here we describe the DNA binding and cutting properties of the purified 70 kDa protein, expressed from two different clones containing gene 17 but no other T4 gene. Epitope-specific antibodies, which recognize several different gene 17 products in extracts of induced clones or of T4-infected cells, precipitate the purified 70 kDa gp17. When Mg2+ is chelated by EDTA this 70 kDa protein binds to single-stranded DNA, preferentially to junctions of single-and double-stranded DNA segments. It does not bind to blunt-ended double-stranded DNA. When Mg2+ is present the purified 70 kDa gp17 digests single-stranded segments preferentially up to junctions with double-stranded DNA. A 70 kDa gp17 from a P379L temperature sensitive (ts) mutant, which has lost the nuclease and ATPase activities, retains the single-stranded DNA binding activity. Taken together with earlier findings these results support a model for packaging of T4 DNA from single-stranded regions in recombinational or replicative intermediates, which occur at nearly random positions of the genome. This mechanism may be an alternative to site-specific initiation of packaging proposed by other investigators.
Geographical feature sensitive sensor placement

With downward price trends on sensors and advances in low-power wireless communication devices, it is becoming practical to deploy large sensor networks. Where to place sensors, or groups of sensors, to achieve the desired level of coverage is one of the practical issues that must be addressed to allow effective use of large sensor networks. In this paper, we formulate a placement algorithm that takes into account geographical features as well as the desired level of sensor redundancy to produce a set of useful sensor locations. The algorithm employs both global and local optimization to find a suitable placement. We give analytical and experimental results that demonstrate the efficiency of execution and the quality of the solutions.
Husserl's hyletic data and phenomenal consciousness

In the Logical Investigations, Ideas I and many other texts, Husserl maintains that perceptual consciousness involves the intentional “animation” or interpretation of sensory data or hyle, e.g., “color-data,” “tone-data,” and algedonic data. These data are not intrinsically representational nor are they normally themselves objects of representation, though we can attend to them in reflection. These data are “immanent” in consciousness; they survive the phenomenological reduction. They partly ground the intuitive or “in-the-flesh” aspect of perception, and they have a determinacy of character that we do not create but can only discover. This determinate, non-representational stratum of perceptual consciousness also serves as a bridge between consciousness and the world beyond it. I articulate and defend this conception of perceptual consciousness. I locate the view in the space of contemporary positions on phenomenal character and argue for its superiority. I close by briefly arguing that the Husserlian account is perfectly compatible with physicalism (this involves disarming the Grain Problem).
PHOTON PBL: problem-based learning in photonics technology education

Problem-based learning (PBL) is an educational approach whereby students learn course content by actively and collaboratively solving real-world problems presented in a context similar to that in which the learning is to be applied. Research shows that PBL improves student learning and retention, critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and the ability to skillfully apply knowledge to new situations – skills deemed critical to lifelong learning. Used extensively in medical education since the 1970’s, and widely adopted in other fields including business, law, and education, PBL is emerging as an alternative to traditional lecture-based courses in engineering and technology education. In today’s ever-changing global economy where photonics technicians are required to work productively in teams to solve complex problems across disciplines as well as cultures, PBL represents an exciting alternative to traditional lecture-based photonics education. In this paper we present the PHOTON PBL project, a National Science Foundation Advanced Technology Education (NSF-ATE) project aimed at creating, in partnership with the photonics industry and university research labs from across the US, a comprehensive series of multimedia-based PBL instructional resource materials and offering faculty professional development in the use of PBL in photonics technology education. Quantitative and qualitative research will be conducted on the effectiveness of PBL in photonics technician education.
Correlation Effects in Quantum Crystals

Correlation effects in the quantum crystals ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ are studied in detail. The single-particle wave function is obtained in the harmonic effective-field approximation; the parameters of the harmonic-oscillator potential are determined self-consistently from the two-body correlation function and the bare interatomic potential. We determine the two-body correlation function by solving numerically an equation derived by decoupling the three-body correlation function into a product of two-body correlation functions. This equation is similar to one derived on the basis of the $T$-matrix approximation, but yields the correct behavior of the correlation function as the distance between the particles tends to zero. The ground-state energy, pressure, and compressibility are computed over a wide range of molar volume for ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in the bcc and hcp structures, and for hcp ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. In bcc ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ we employ two different interatomic potentials, the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential generally used in calculations of this type and also the Yntema-Schneider potential. We find a ground-state energy about 1\textonehalf{}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K too low with the former and about 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K too high with the latter, demonstrating that the choice of potential is of considerable importance for detailed comparison of theory and experiment. We also examine the effect of three-body correlations on the equation for the two-body correlation function; the result suggests that the effect is to force the two particles toward one another, which also seems physically reasonable, as the atoms surrounding a particular pair of particles should tend to push them together. We incorporate this effect into the two-particle equation by including a potential linear in the interparticle distance; for a given molar volume, its magnitude is chosen by imposing a constraint on the average interparticle distance. The calculated correlation functions for neighboring particles have peaks at about the corresponding lattice distance, and the numerical results for energy, pressure, and compressibility are in reasonable agreement with experiment. Our approach is compared with other recent theories of quantum crystals.
Fibroblast growth factor homologous factors and the islet brain-2 scaffold protein regulate activation of a stress-activated protein kinase.

Fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs) form native intracellular complexes with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) scaffold protein islet-brain 2 (IB2) in adult brain. FHF binding to IB2 facilitates recruitment of the MAPK p38δ (SAPK4), while failing to stimulate binding of JNK, the preferred kinase of the related scaffold IB1 (JIP-1). We now report further biochemical evidence supporting FHFs as regulators of IB2 scaffold activity. Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) and IB2 synergistically activate p38δ but not the MAPKs JNK-1 and p38α. Binding of p38δ to IB2 is mediated by the carboxyl-terminal half of the scaffold (IB2Δ1–436). FHF2 also binds weakly to IB2Δ1–436 and can thereby increase p38δ interaction with IB2Δ1–436. FHF-induced recruitment of p38δ to IB2 is accompanied by increased levels of activated p38δ, and synergistic activation of p38δ by MLK3 and IB2 is further enhanced by FHF2. Consistent with a role for FHFs as signaling molecules, FHF2 isolated from rat brain is serine/threonine-phosphorylated, and FHF can serve as a substrate for p38δ in vitro. These results support the existence of a signaling module in which IB2 scaffolds a MLK3/MKK/p38δ kinase cascade. FHFs aid in recruitment of p38 to IB2 and may serve as kinase substrates.
Voyager photometry of Rhea, Dione, Tethys, Enceladus and Mimas

Voyager imaging observations provide new photometric data on Saturn's satellites at large phase angles (up to 133 deg in the case of Mimas) not observable from earth. Significant new results include the determination of phase integrals ranging from 0.7 in the case of Rhea to 0.9 for Enceladus. For Enceladus an average geometric albedo 1.04 and a Bond albedo of 0.9 are found. The data indicate an orbital lightcurve with an amplitude of 0.2 mag, the trailing side being the brighter. For Mimas, the lightcurve amplitude is probably less than 0.1 mag. The value of the geometric albedo of Mimas reported here, is definitely higher than the currently accepted value of about 0.5. For Dione, the Voyager data show a well-defined orbital lightcurve of amplitude about 0.6 mag, with the leading hemisphere brighter than the trailing one.
The malleability of fertility-related attitudes and behavior in a Filipino migrant sample.

The malleability of fertility-related attitudes and behavior was studied by analyzing data collected from cross-sectional groups of Filipino migrants who had lived in the United States for varying lengths of time, in conjunction with data from a comparison group of Caucasians from the Filipinos’ neighborhoods. With increasing number of years lived in the United States, Filipino migrants’ fertility-related knowledge, attitudes, and desires became increasingly similar to those of the Caucasian group, but their contraceptive behavior did not. While approximately equal numbers of Filipinos and Caucasians were contracepting, Filipino couples regardless of duration of stay in the United States were using less effective methods with less regularity. Despite these contraceptive behavior patterns, Filipino migrants perceived that they would have 0.32 fewer children in the United States than they would have had had they remained in the Philippines. By far the most predominant reason given by Filipino respondents for changing fertility patterns in the United States was the difficulty of obtaining child care in the new environment.
Sensor Web service integration for pandemic disease spread simulation

Pandemic diseases, such as avian influenza, can be deadly and disastrous although they do not happen frequently. Simulation is called for to control the spread of such diseases in preparing for the outbreaks. The spread of pandemic diseases can be affected by many factors, including virus vectors (such as migratory birds), climatic changes, and environment en route of virus vector migration. Many datasets and observations need to be assimilated into the simulation systems. The data and observations can be grouped into three types, i.e. satellite remotely sensed observations, in-situ data, and simulated model outputs. Satellite observations provide a timely large-scale coverage of environment changes and weather conditions. In situ data gives detailed ecological observations of birds at different stations and sites for simulation model construction and validation. Global climate models provide predictions of climate/weather changes, especially useful for filling the gaps when actual observations are not available. In this study, the Self-adaptive Earth Predictive System (SEPS), a general framework of Sensor Web service coordination and integration, was used as the basic framework to develop the observation and data assimilation services for the simulation of avian influenza. With the framework, these three types of data and observations are served through three different Web services. Remotely sensed observations are served through either Sensor Observation Service or Web Coverage Service. Climate models and simulation models are wrapped as Web Processing Services. In-situ bird observations are extracted online and populated as Web Feature Services. The integration of these services is managed using the central piece of SEPS, Coordinate and Event Notification Service (CENS). Internally, a Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) engine is used to actually execute the service integration.
Heteroatom-linked indanylpyrazines are corticotropin releasing factor type-1 receptor antagonists

Low nanomolar corticotropin releasing factor type-1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonists containing unique indanylamines were identified from the heteroatom-linked pyrazine chemotype. The most potent indanylpyrazine had a K(i)=11+/-1 nM. The oxygen-linked pyrazinyl derivatives were prepared through a copper-catalyzed coupling of a pyridinone to a bromo- or iodopyrazine.
Decreasing course content improves student comprehension of science and attitudes towards science in freshman biology

This study demonstrates a small, but significant, difference in prior understanding of basic biological concepts between students enrolled in majors' versus nonmajors' introductory biology courses. By the end of their respective courses, nonmajors demonstrated greater improvement in posttest scores than did majors. Furthermore, although initially students in the major course had a significantly more positive attitude towards science, especially in terms of personal comfort with science, by the end of the course this difference disappears. Following a semester of instruction, the attitudes of nonmajors generally improved, but student attitudes in the majors' classes declined in nearly all categories. We demonstrate a significant instructor effect in these results.
Global Mobility and the Quest for an International Migration Regime

Acknowledgements: This paper builds on arguments made in “Possible Steps Towards an International Regime for Mobility and Security,” Global Migration Perspectives, No 8 (October 2004), which itself was initially prepared for a Workshop on Global Mobility Regimes at the Institute for Futures Studies in Stockholm, June 2004. Research upon which the paper is based was made possible with the support of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. I am very grateful to my research assistant, Laura Gonzalez-Murphy. Helpful comments and suggestions were provided by participants at the Conference on International Migration and Development: Continuing the Dialogue – Legal and Policy Perspectives, the Workshop on Global Mobility Regimes and a March 2005 presentation at the United Nations organized by UNITAR. I greatly appreciate all the input and I am particularly thankful to Kristof Tamas, Colleen Thouez, Michael Doyle and Joseph Chamie for their comments.
Effects of high-pressure homogenization on physicochemical properties and storage stability of switchgrass bio-oil

A high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique was used to improve the physicochemical properties and storage stability of switchgrass bio-oil. The viscosity, ethanol-insoluble fraction, and mass average molecular weight (Mw) of the bio-oil decreased significantly, and particle size became smaller after HPH processing; however, no significant changes were detected in heating value, water content, density, pH value, or ash content. The bio-oil's chemical composition changed after HPH: amounts of some compounds (furfural, levoglucosan, diethoxymethyl acetate, and lignin-derived compounds) increased, while others (acetic acid and 1,2-ethanediol) decreased. The homogenization processing remarkably improved switchgrass bio-oil stability: the viscosity of bio-oil homogenized at 100 MPa increased by only 13.9% after storage at 40 °C for 60 days, whereas that of unhomogenized oil increased 56% after the same storage period. The operating cost was very modest at only $0.0102/L for bio-oil HPH processing at 100 MPa.
Effect of the nonmonoenergetic beam on helical Cerenkov radiation

Modifications caused by the nonmonoenergetic beams to the recently described helical Cerenkov radiation (resulting from electron helical motion in a medium under the influence of magnetic field) are studied in a visible portion of the spectrum. The analysis is greatly simplified by utilizing a new analytical approximate expression for the number of emitted photons per unit path length for the usual 'monoenergetic' helical Cerenkov radiator. The effect of the nonmonoenergetic beam on the helical Cerenkov radiation is that, for the same visible frequency and the same radiation angle, the radiation may occur, in addition to through the the usual helical Cerenkov effect, also through harmonic radiation above and below the helical Cerenkov threshold. Harmonic radiators may enhance the usual helical Cerenkov radiation. For the medium of silica aerogel with the index of refraction of 1.075 and the beam energy in the 2-3 MeV range interacting with the magnetic field of about 10 tesla, one estimates that in the visible portion of the spectrum an electron from a nonmonoenergetic beam will generate between one and two photons at the end of the 10 cm interaction length.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE EFFECTS OF SEX, AGE, AND SOCIAL STATUS ON ANNUAL SURVIVAL IN THE SPLENDID FAIRY-WREN

Abstract. Survival is a critical life-history trait, and among cooperative breeders survival may be linked to the evolution of social organization. We used multi-state models in the program MARK to estimate apparent survival in the Splendid Fairy-wren (Malurus splendens), a cooperatively breeding species in which most pairs are assisted by male offspring from previous generations. We examined survival as it relates to sex, age, and social status (nestling, auxiliary, breeder), and quantified the probabilities of transition between social states. The best-supported model was one in which survival rates differed by social state, survival of auxiliaries and breeders varied annually in the same manner, and the effect of sex varied annually but influenced the survival rate of each group in the same manner. In both males and females overall survival estimates of auxiliaries were similar to those of breeders, whereas survival estimates of adult males were higher than those of females, although the effect of sex ...
Comparative studies of locomotor behavior following microinjections of muscimol into various sites in the paramedian tegmentum

Microinjections of various doses of muscimol into the median raphe nucleus, the dorsal raphe nucleus or the caudal portion of the ventral tegmental area elicited dose-dependent increases in locomotor activity. In contrast, injections into the rostral portion of the ventral tegmental area or the midline pontine tegmentum caudal to the median raphe were ineffective. Lower doses of muscimol were required to produce hyperactivity after injections into the median raphe than after injections into any of the other sites. These findings suggest that the median raphe nucleus is the most sensitive site in the paramedian tegmentum for the elicitation of hyperactivity by muscimol.
Characterizations of Sobolev spaces in Euclidean spaces and Heisenberg groups

Recently, many new features of Sobolev spaces Wk,p (ℝN) were studied in [4–6, 32]. This paper is devoted to giving a brief review of some known characterizations of Sobolev spaces in Euclidean spaces and describing our recent study of new characterizations of Sobolev spaces on both Heisenberg groups and Euclidean spaces obtained in [12] and [13] and outlining their proofs. Our results extend those characterizations of first order Sobolev spaces in [32] to the Heisenberg group setting. Moreover, our theorems also provide different characterizations for the second order Sobolev spaces in Euclidean spaces from those in [4, 5].
The effect of blanking on the identification of temporal order in three-tone sequences

Trained subjects were asked to identify the temporal order of three 20-msec tones (891, 1,000, and 1,118 Hz), which were immediately followed by a fourth tone. It was found that this added tone, irrelevant to the observer’s task, decreased the identifiability of the preceding three-tone pattern, as compared with that of the same pattern in isolation. Such a blanking of the memory of the three-tone sequence was most effective when the frequency of the fourth tone was either identical to that of the first pattern tone or when it lay 1/6-1/3 octave above the highest pattern frequency. The blanking effect was strongest when the duration of the fourth tone was equal to that of the pattern components.
Rhabdomyosarcoma and Benign Teratoma

A case of mediastinal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma occurring with a benign teratoma is reported. In all histologic sections of tumor, the two elements were distinctly separate. This is felt to represent two independently developing tumors that ultimately fused to form a "collision tumor" rather than a sarcoma arising in a benign teratoma.
Concurrent Validity For an Activity Vector Analysis Index of Anxiety.

This study determined the concurrent validity between the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) index of anxiety (AVA pattern shape PS 5519, Vector 4 divided by Vector 3) and scores on the IPAT Anxiety Scale. Utilizing 182 subjects including 59 Brown University undergraduates, 74 suicide prevention volunteers, 34 emergency medical technicians, and 15 Rhode Island College students, results suggest that strong concurrent validity exists between the AVA anxiety index and the IPAT Anxiety Scale. In the four groups tested, the correlation between the AVA measure of anxiety and the IPAT ranged from .39 to .56. The IPAT and the AVA index of anxiety seem essentially to measure the same construct of basic anxiety.
Fixed-point fast Fourier transform error analysis

A statistical model for roundoff errors is used to predict the output noise of the two common forms of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, the decimations in-time and in-frequency. This paper deals with two's complement arithmetic with either rounding or chopping. The total mean-square errors and the mean-square errors for the individual points are derived for radix-2 FFT's. Results for mixed-radix FFT are also given.