cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of cyclophosphamide on the murine hematopoietic stem cell compartment as measured by different assay techniques.

Three different methods have been used to measure the survival of the hematopoietic stem cell pool following treatment with cyclophosphamide. Two of these systems measure the stem cell pool by its ability to proliferate and differentiate into mature progeny. In both these methods irradiated recipient mice receive syngeneic bone marrow from either normal or cyclophosphamide-treated animals. A period of time is allowed for the transplanted progenitor cells to divide and differentiate, and then the progeny produced are assayed. Ability to form red blood cells is assessed by the amount of radioactive iron incorporated into newly formed erythrocytes. Capacity for granulocyte formation is measured by peripheral white blood cell counts following endotoxin stimulation. The pool as measured by its ability to produce erythrocytic progeny appears to be more sensitive than as measured by its ability to produce granulocytic progeny. The spleen colony assay gives results similar to the assay of granulocytic progeny. These results, taken with previous data indicating decrease in erythroid precursors in spleen colonies derived from cells surviving cyclophosphamide, are interpreted as indicating a decrease in ability for erythroid differentiation in cells surviving cyclophosphamide.
Dependence and Autonomy in Old Age: An Ethical Framework for Long-term Care

1. Introduction Long-term care images Autonomy Autonomy and long-term care: the problem 2. The liberal theory of autonomy Pluralism, toleration, and neutrality The State and positive autonomy Some problems of positive autonomy Liberal principles in long-term care Nursing home admission practices The use of restraints The perils of liberal theory Communitarianism and the contextualist alternative Practical implications of the debate over the foundation of ethics Conflict and conversation The function of rights Limitation of rights Paternalism and the development of persons From paternalism to parentalism Summary 3. Long-term care: myth and reality Myths of old age Nursing homes Therapeutic relationships Concepts of illness and disease Models of care The concept of a practice Home care Summary 4. Actual autonomy Result-oriented theories Action-oriented theories The concrete view of persons Autonomy: a developmental perspective Narrative approaches Dependence in human development Sickness as dependence Autonomy and identification The paradox of development and problems of identification Implications for long-term care Summary 5. A phenomenological view of social action Sociality and the everyday world General Features of the social nature of persons Space Time Communication Affectivity Summary 6. Autonomy and long-term care: another look Social reality of Eastside Appeal to autonomy as independence A phenomenologically informed analysis Lessons from Eastside Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Chapter 25 The effects of economic regulation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses alternative approaches to measure the effects of economic regulation and reviews the empirical literature employing these approaches. Economic regulation refers to both the direct legislation and administrative regulation of prices and entry into specific industries or markets. It follows conventional treatment in distinguishing economic regulation from a host of other forms of government intervention in markets, including the social regulation of environmental, health and safety practices, antitrust policy, and tax and tariff policies. The measurement issues that discusses arise in the empirical analysis of all types of government regulation; therefore, it have structured the methodological discussion so that it has broad applicability. While the present study is by no means an exhaustive survey of the literature, it includes numerous examples of the use of different types of data and measurement techniques. These are selected to cover a range of industries and time periods sufficient to give the reader a good feeling for what is known, not known, or in dispute. The chapter examines the way alternative theoretical frameworks and empirical methodologies have been applied to study the effects of price and entry regulation on each of: prices, costs, technological change, product quality, and the distribution of income and rents.
Giant Resonance in Deformed Nuclei: Photoneutron Cross Sections for Eu 153 , Gd 160 , Ho 165 , and W 186

Photoneutron cross sections, including $\ensuremath{\sigma}[(\ensuremath{\gamma}, n)+(\ensuremath{\gamma}, pn)]$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}[(\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n)+(\ensuremath{\gamma}, p2n)]$, and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n)$, were measured for ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{153}$, ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{160}$, ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{165}$, and ${\mathrm{W}}^{186}$ as a function of photon energy from 8 to 29 MeV. The photon energy resolution varied from less than 300 keV at the lowest to 400 keV at the highest energies, and the data were taken at intervals of 300 keV or less. The source of radiation was the monoenergetic photon beam obtained from the annihilation in flight of fast positrons. The partial cross sections were determined by neutron multiplicity counting, and the average neutron energies for both single- and double-photoneutron events were determined simultaneously with the cross-section data by the ring-ratio technique. Nuclear information extracted from the data includes giant-resonance parameters, integrated cross sections and their moments, nuclear symmetry energies, intrinsic quadrupole moments, and nuclear level density parameters. The data were analyzed to obtain a mean radius parameter ${R}_{0}=1.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ F for these nuclei.
Minimal indices and minimal bases via filtrations

In this note we develop a new way of formulating the notions of minimal basis and minimal indices, based on the concept of a filtration of a vector space. The goal is to provide useful new tools for working with these important concepts, as well as to gain deeper insight into their fundamental nature. This approach also readily reveals a strong minimality property of minimal indices, from which follows a characterization of the vector polynomial bases in rational vector spaces. The effectiveness of this new formulation is further illustrated by proving two fundamental properties: the invariance of the minimal indices of a matrix polynomial under field extension, and the direct sum property of minimal indices.
Adapting, Learning, Economizing and Economic Evolution

This paper outlines the basic concepts of adaptation, learning, and evolution and their relationship to equilibrium and disequilibrium in economic processes. Work using these concepts in the behavioral tradition of Cyert, March and Simon is summarized. A more detailed description of economic experimentation or trial and error search is presented. This is followed by brief comments on recent developments and reflections on the implications of learning for micro and macroeconomic theory. The paper concludes with a personal tribute to Richard Cyert.
Lectures on the Theory of High Energy A+A at RHIC

In these lectures aspects of current theory used to interpret the preliminary data on ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions at RHIC energies in terms of the physical properties of QCD matter at extreme densities are introduced. Topics include: What are the physics questions at SPS and RHIC?, Geometrical vs Dynamical features of A+A, The interplay of computable Hard pQCD vs phenomenological Soft dynamics, Baryon number transport and Junctions, How can we compute and get experimental control over the initial conditions?, How to reconcile apparent hydrodynamic behavior with partonic/hadronic transport theory. I use the Preliminary RHIC data available up to June 1,2001 to illustrate these topics. Since the main new observable at RHIC relative to SPS is jet quenching, I elaborate on this ``tomographic'' probe of ultra-dense matter. The possible discovery of jet quenching at RHIC by STAR and PHENIX is highlighted.
The Hidden Fermions in Z(2) Theories

In 1964, Schultz, Mattis, and Lieb (SML) [1] showed that the two dimensional Ising model is equivalent to a system of locally coupled fermions. After a canonical transformation, these fermions become noninteracting, and so SML were able to construct a simple, elegant, and exact solution. Recently, Fradkin, Susskind, and I (FSS) [2] showed that the three dimensional Z(2) gauge theory [3] could also be rewritten in terms of locally coupled fermionic degrees of freedom. Unfortunately, the coupling turned out to be quartic, and so we were unable to solve the theory.
Fetal Surveillance in Late Pregnancy and During Labor

During early gestation, drugs have teratogenic effects and can be associated with structural anomalies in the fetus. Substance abuse can have physiologic effects on the mother and fetus, including decreased uterine blood flow, increased vascular resistance, and an increase in fetal blood pressure. Women with increased risk for stillbirth should undergo antepartum fetal surveillance using a nonstress test (NST), contraction stress test, biophysical profile (BPP), or modified BPP. Initiating antepartum fetal testing at 32 weeks of gestation is appropriate for most pregnancies at an increased risk of stillbirth. Because of the high incidence of low birth weight, fetal anomalies, preterm delivery, and growth restriction, obtaining an ultrasonogram for appropriate pregnancy dating, a detailed anatomic survey, and cervical length at 20 weeks of gestation is recommended. In patients who are abusing stimulants such as methamphetamines and cocaine, fetal growth should be closely followed every 3 to 4 weeks and, owing to the generalized vasoconstriction that these patients develop, antenatal testing should be started routinely at 32 weeks with twice-weekly NSTs and a once-weekly modified BPP.
A climatological analysis of yield difference between the first and second rice crop in Taiwan

Abstract Temperature, solar radiation and daylength exert different effects on the growth of rice during successive stages of development and consequently the four yield components which add up to the final yield. In this study stepwise correlation between these climatic parameters during the three phases of rice development and the first and second rice crop yields in four regions in Taiwan has been analyzed. The result indicates that solar radiation during the reproductive and ripening phases is the major factor determining rice yield. The much lower yield of the second rice crop than the first one is primarily caused by the extremely low solar radiation during the second season, particularly in northern and eastern Taiwan.
Hitting the mark: blood pressure targets and agents in those with prevalent cardiovascular disease and heart failure.

Blood pressure (BP) is one of the key modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) both in primary and secondary prevention of disease. In this review, we discuss BP treatment in prevalent CVD and heart failure. Evidence for specific agents based on their neurohormonal effects and evidence for target values for systolic or diastolic BP are covered. The potential adverse effects of overtreatment of BP are also discussed. BP targets for those with CVD should generally be less than 140/90 mm Hg but require individualization of therapy for any further reduction based on the clinical setting.
Do we know the cause of reflux disease

Numerous factors are important in the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The anti-reflux barrier consists of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and crural portion of the diaphragm. Absolute LES pressure less than 6 mmHg is required for gastroesophageal reflux (GER), but this is more frequently associated with increased episodes of transient relaxation than persistently low LES pressure. The vast majority of patients with complicated GERD have a hiatal hernia, because the gastric excursion into the chest displaces the LES segment of the distal esophagus above the crural diaphragm, promoting a pinch-cock effect that impairs acid clearance. Clearance of refluxed acid from the esophagus is dependent on gravity, peristalsis and saliva (pH > 6) to neutralize residual acid. Ineffective peristalsis, characterized by low amplitude contractions and dysmotility, represents the major impairment to normal acid clearance. Despite our great attention to these areas, gastric factors may be the most amenable abnormalities to treatment in GERD. Delayed gastric emptying is present in 10-15% of GERD patients, but more subtle postprandial abnormalities may contribute to gastric distension and transient LES relaxation. Although reflux patients are infrequently hypersecretors of acid, studies find acid combined with pepsin to be the most injurious agents to the esophageal mucosa. Recent studies also show increased amounts of bile acids in the refluxate of GERD patients, especially those with Barrett's esophagus. The influence of gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori is just now being understood. Exciting studies suggest that H. pylori colonization, especially with the more virulent cagA-positive strains, may be protective against severe esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Increased intragastric ammonia production and pangastritis with gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, both promoting hypoacidity, are the most likely mechanisms. Conversely, eradication of H. pylori may aggravate GER in some susceptible subjects.
Pharmacogenetics in the rheumatic diseases, from prêt-à-porter to haute couture.

Pharmacogenetics is the study of the genetic characteristics that dictate drug response and toxicity. This Viewpoint discusses this rapidly advancing field that might improve the clinician's ability to match a patient with the right drug or drugs for their disease.
The effect of fast-tracking on neurological complications post-cardiopulmonary bypass

With the push to get patients through the system in five days, most patients undergoing nonemergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are being "fast-tracked'. Using this anaesthetic regimen appears to keep patients less anaesthetized (light) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) than when using our previous regimen. This is manifested by higher mean arterial pressures (maintained above 65 mmHg) during CPB. If patients are receiving less anaesthesia during CPB, they may have an increased cerebral metabolism. This could lead to decreased cerebral oxygenation with a resultant neurological deficit postoperatively. A retrospective analysis of 200 patients who underwent nonemergency CABG was conducted to evaluate postoperative neurological complications. The patients were matched by surgeon, procedure and CPB time. They were separated into two groups: group 1 had maintained mean arterial pressures greater than 65 mmHg on CPB (n = 100) and group 2 had pressures less than 65 mmHg (n = 100). Group 1 had two patients (2%) who exhibited neurological complications after CPB (delirium, continuous coma for at least 24 h) with both of these patients previously having noted cerebrovascular disease. Group 2 also had two patients (2%) with postoperative neurological complications (delirium, transient stroke) with one patient having cerebrovascular disease. From our study, we cannot say that fast-tracking increases the risk for postoperative neurological complications. This could be due to the fact that we maintained the mean venous oxygen saturation during CPB above 70%. More specific testing needs to be done to truly rule out any negative postoperative effect.
Desmoid tumor mimicking GIST recurrence.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and desmoid tumors are rare mesenchymal tumors; therefore, their presentation in the same individual is even more unusual. A recent retrospective analysis of patients with GIST and desmoid tumors at ten institutions in the United States, Australia and Europe identified 28 patients diagnosed with both tumors and sought to establish a potential relationship between the two [1]. They suggested that patients with GIST may be predisposed to developing desmoid tumors or vice versa, although there are currently no data to support a distinct genetic syndrome. However, a germline mutation may underlie predisposition towards these tumors. The possibility that the activated KIT pathway is involved in the desmoid tumor development has been an important consideration; however, gain-of-function mutations of KIT were not found in the desmoid tumor samples in this series. Furthermore, treatment with imatinib did not appear to predispose towards development of desmoid tumors as 11 patients in the series were not treated with imatinib. Of these, the majority of patients underwent surgical resection of their GIST, and then developed a desmoid tumor. We report herein an unusual case of a mesenteric desmoid tumor developing at the site of a resected GIST that mimicked a GIST recurrence.
Fumed silica-based composite polymer electrolytes: synthesis, rheology, and electrochemistry

An overview of our research is presented on developing composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) based on low-molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) (namely, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether), lithium salts (e.g. lithium triflate, lithium imide, etc.), and fumed silica. These CPEs demonstrate high room-temperature conductivites (>10−3 S/cm), mechanical strength, and form stable interfaces with lithium metal as a result of the fumed silica. The surface groups on the fumed silica determine the mechanical properties of the CPE while the low-molecular weight PEO and lithium salt determine the ionic transport properties. These CPEs show promise as electrolytes for the next generation of rechargeable lithium batteries.
Examining an Evolution: A Case Study of Organizational Change Accompanying the Community College Baccalaureate

This study examined the nature and degree of organizational change that occurs when community colleges offer their own baccalaureate degree programs. Utilizing qualitative research methodology, we investigated how executive administrators at two Florida colleges managed this momentous change process and how this transformation has affected their colleges’ day-to-day operations. Our findings shed light on several important themes that emerged in interviews with the administrators: justifying the need for the degree, acquiring state approval and regional accreditation, modifying existing college policies and services, meeting challenges that are inherent in this transition, and developing strategies for leading this institutional transformation. Our goal was to provide a better understanding of this multifaceted organizational change process to help community college stakeholders make educated decisions regarding the introduction of 4-year degree programs at their institutions.
Serum androgens and psychopathology in hirsute women

Twenty consecutive women referred for evaluation and treatment of idiopathic hirsutism were evaluated with regard to levels of serum androgens, degree of hirsutism, nature and prevalence of psychological symptoms, and mood and affects. Androgens measured were total testosterone, free testosterone, biologically active testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and androstenedione. Psychological symptoms were quantified via the Derogatis Symptom Inventory, and mood and affects were measured by the Affects Balance Scale. Results revealed very significant correlations between unbound fractions of testosterone (i.e. free and biologically active testosterone) and both symptom and mood measures of depression (r = 0.60; p < 0.01). Significant inverse correlations were also observed between unbound fractions of testosterone and positive affects measures (e.g. 'contentment' r = -0.51; p < 0.05). Correlations between total testosterone and psychological variables were non-significant in all instances. Measures of degree of hirsutism correlated approximately zero (o) with psychological symptom and mood measures in this sample. When psychiatric 'caseness' criteria were applied to the cohort, seven of the 20 women (35%) were found to be positive. Results are interpreted to suggest that depression among hirsute women appears more likely to have its basis in a deranged neuroendocrine mechanism than in psychosocial causes.
Community detection for directional neural networks inferred from EEG data

One major challenge in neuroscience is to identify the functional modules from multichannel, multiple subjects recordings. Most research on community detection has focused on finding the association matrix based on functional connectivity, instead of effective connectivity, thus not capturing the causality in the network. In this paper, we propose a community detection algorithm suitable for weighted and asymmetric (directed) networks representing effective connectivity, and apply the algorithm to multichannel electroencephalogram (EEG) data. In addition, we extend the algorithm to find one common community structure from multiple subjects.
Improvement in the slotted wall boundary condition by numerical methods

Abstract The constant coefficient in the classical slotted wall boundary condition is expressed as a line integral of the slot-induced, rapidly varying velocity. Aerodynamic panel methods which employ a vector continuous loading concept in order to minimize panel leakage are used to compute the inviscid flow through periodic slots, from which the slotted wall coefficient is evaluated by means of numerical integration. This approach is expected to yield improved results, inasmuch as no idealizations in slat geometry are required. For the first time, the method affords the capability to obtain insight into the effects upon the slotted wall coefficient of minor alterations in slat shape, such as geometry changes which leave invariant the openness and thickness ratios. The coefficient is numerically evaluated for slat shapes typical of test section design.
Exchange interactions in strained quantum dot arrays and possibility of engineering their magnetic properties

Abstract Exchange interactions between the holes confined in arrays of strained quantum dots subject to compressive and tensile strain are shown to lead to a ferrimagnetic arrangement of magnetic moments. Using the example of strained In x Ga 1 − x As quantum dots on InP substrate it is shown how the magnetic properties of semiconductor material can be engineered without resorting to doping with magnetic ions. The transition temperature is estimated to be of the order of 25 K. Potential applications in information storage and processing are considered.
On Improving Efficiency of Differential Evolution for Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Applications

Differential Evolution (DE) is a simple and robust evolutionary strategy that has been provEn effective in determining the global optimum for several difficult optimization problems. Although DE offers several advantages over traditional optimization approaches, its use in applications such as aerodynamic shape optimization where the objective function evaluations are computationally expensive is limited by the large number of function evaluations often required. In this paper various approaches for improving the efficiency of DE are reviewed and discussed. Several approaches that have proven effective for other evolutionary algorithms are modified and implemented in a DE-based aerodynamic shape optimization method that uses a Navier-Stokes solver for the objective function evaluations. Parallelization techniques on distributed computers are used to reduce turnaround times. Results are presented for standard test optimization problems and for the inverse design of a turbine airfoil. The efficiency improvements achieved by the different approaches are evaluated and compared.
Dyspareunia associated with paraurethral banding in the transobturator sling

Objective We sought to compare the development of paraurethral banding and subsequent dyspareunia in women undergoing either a transobturator (TO) or retropubic (RP) sling. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing women treated with either a TO or RP sling during a 10-month period. Results A total of 25 TO sling patients and 28 RP sling patients were compared in the study. Paraurethral banding was observed in 13/25 (52%) of the TO group compared with none in the RP group ( P P = .04). Paraurethral banding was observed in all patients reporting dyspareunia. Conclusion We have identified paraurethral banding as a previously unreported complication of the TO sling. Surgeons should be aware of paraurethral banding and subsequent internal dyspareunia as a potential complication.
Upwelled spectral radiance distribution in relation to particulate matter in sea water

Spectral analysis of water color and concurrent measurements of the relative concentration of various particulate and dissolved constituents within a broad range of water types are necessary to quantify ocean color observations and successfully relate them to various biological and physical processes that can be monitored by remote sensing. Some of the results of a Nimbus-G prelaunch cruise in connection with the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) experiment, which was carried out in the Gulf of Mexico in October 1977, are presented and discussed. Based upon a small but diverse sample of near-surface measurements, it appears possible to estimate total suspended particulate matter (SPM) to useful accuracies by forming ratios of the spectral radiances measured at wavelengths falling near the centers of certain CZCS bands, viz., 440 nm: 550 nm and 440 nm : 520 nm. Furthermore, the analysis suggests a very high degree of covariation between SPM and phytoplankton pigments except for certain well-defined special cases.
Strong association of bovine IgM with microvilli and their microfilament core from 13762 ascites tumor cells.

Abstract Microfilament cores, obtained by extracting 13762 mammary ascites tumor cell microvilli with Triton X-100, contain a major glycoprotein migrating at an apparent molecular weight of 80 kDa by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 80-kDa component is a disulfide-linked multimer, as demonstrated by velocity sedimentation and agarose-acrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses under nonreducing conditions. This 80-kDa species is not metabolically labeled, as is a minor 80-kDa glycoprotein found in the cores, membranes, and an isolated transmembrane complex with actin. Antibodies prepared against the 80-kDa glycoprotein react strongly with bovine IgM and more weakly with rat IgM. These antibodies were used to demonstrate that the 80-kDa component is present in microvilli, microvillar microfilament cores, and microvillar membranes only if the microvilli are prepared in the presence of calf serum. The 80-kDa component, purified by velocity sedimentation in dodecyl sulfate, reacts with anti-rat IgM by immunoblot analyses. Moreover, immunoprecipitation of detergent extracts of microvilli with anti-rat IgM specifically sediments the 80-kDa component. The 80-kDa glycoprotein fractionates with the actin-containing transmembrane complex prepared by gel filtration of Triton-solubilized microvillar membranes. These results indicate that the disulfide-linked, multimeric 80-kDa component is bovine IgM, which binds strongly to a cell-surface component of the microvilli, and is indirectly associated with the microfilament cores. Thus, the IgM provides a marker by which the transmembrane complexes to the microfilaments can be identified.
Single high affinity binding of interferon α2 to receptors on human lymphoblastoid cells: Internalization and inactivation of receptors

The interaction of human recombinant interferon (rIFN) alpha 2 with its receptor on lymphoblastoid cells was studied using competitive displacement binding. The data were analysed with the LIGAND program, which tests their fit to one-site or multiple binding site models. The binding at 4 degrees and 37 degrees C fits a one-site model, with a similar KD for both IFN-sensitive and resistant cells. Binding at 37 degrees C to Daudi cells at high density fits artifactually a two-site model only when the receptor concentration is close to that of the KD. The binding of IFN to its receptor, therefore, follows a simple bimolecular interaction. Furthermore, IFN-sensitive and resistant cells internalize IFN at similar rates. We have examined whether IFN receptors are also internalized and whether they subsequently recycle to the cell surface. By measuring cell surface and total receptors, we have observed that after 2 h treatment with IFN total receptors remain constant whereas cell surface receptors decrease. After prolonged treatment with IFN, however, there is a loss of total receptors. By inactivating cell surface receptors with proteinase K, we have shown that a fraction of cell surface receptors becomes resistant to inactivation and is apparently internalized. Moreover, experiments which measure IFN receptors either during incubation in the presence of IFN or after IFN has been removed from the medium, show that receptors do not recycle to the cell surface after internalization. The addition of monensin, a drug which has been shown to inhibit receptor recycling, has no effect on the loss of IFN receptors.
A direct demand model for downtown work trips

This article documents the development of a direct travel demand model for bus and rail modes. In the model, the number of interzonal work trips is dependent on travel times and travel costs on each available mode, size and socioeconomic characteristics of the labor force, and the number of jobs. In estimating the models’ coefficients constraints are imposed to insure that the travel demand elasticities behave according to the economic theory of consumer behavior. The direct access time elasticities for both transit modes are estimated to be approximately minus two, and the direct linehaul time elasticities approximately minus one. The cross-elasticities with respect to the travel time components are estimated to be less than the corresponding direct elasticities. In general, the time cross-elasticities are such that rail trip characteristics but not car trip characteristics affect bus travel, and car trip characteristics but not bus trip characteristics affect rail travel. The cost elasticities lie between zero and one-half. Thus, the success of mass transit serving a strong downtown appears to depend on good access arrangements. This success can be confirmed with competitive linehaul speeds. The cost of travel appears to assume a minor role in choice of mode and tripmaking decisions. In the paper, a comparison is also made between the predictive performance of the models developed and that of a traditional transit model. The results indicate that the econometric models developed attain both lower percent error and lower variation of the error than the traditional model.
The effect of chromosomal position on the expression of the drosophila xanthine dehydrogenase gene

Thirty-six isogenic D. melanogaster strains that differed only in the chromosomal location of a 7.2 or an 8.1 kb DNA segment containing the (autosomal) rosy gene were constructed by P-element-mediated gene transfer. Since the flies were homozygous for a rosy- allele, rosy gene function in these indicated the influence of flanking sequences on gene expression. The tissue distribution of XDH activity in all the strains was normal. Each line exhibited a characteristic level of adult XDH-specific activity. The majority of these values were close to wild-type levels; however, the total variation in specific activity among the lines was nearly fivefold. Thus position effects influence expression of the rosy gene quantitatively but do not detectably alter tissue specificity. X-linked rosy insertions were expressed on average 1.6 times more activity in males than in females. Hence the gene acquires at least partial dosage compensation upon insertion into the X chromosome.
Highly ordered transition metal ferrite nanotube arrays synthesized by template-assisted liquid phase deposition

Highly ordered spinel ferrite MxFe3−xO4 (M = Ni, Co, Zn) nanotube arrays were synthesized in anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) templates with a pore size of 200 nm by combining a liquid phase deposition (LPD) method with a template-assisted route. The morphology of the transition metal ferrite nanotubes was characterized by electron microscopy (FE-SEM; TEM, SAED and HRTEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), whereas their chemical composition was determined by inductive coupling plasma (ICP). The phase purity was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the magnetic properties of the nanotubes were measured by SQUID measurements. Unlike the deposition of thin film structures, nanotube arrays form within the pores of the AAO templates in a much shorter time due to the attractive interactions between the positively charged AAO and the negatively charged metal complex species formed in the treatment solution. The as-deposited nanotubes are amorphous in nature and can be converted into polycrystalline metal ferrites via a post-synthesis heat treatment which induce the dehydroxylation, crystallization and formation of the spinel structure. The resulting nanotubes are uniform with smooth surfaces and open ends and their wall thickness can be varied from 4 to 26 nm by increasing the deposition time from 1 to 4 h. Significant differences in the magnetic properties of the ferrite nanotubes have been observed and these differences seem to result from the chemical composition, the wall thickness and the annealing temperature of the spinel ferrite nanotubes.
The origin of the scalp recorded P14 following electrical stimulation of the median nerve: intraoperative observations.

Direct and far-field recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) obtained from 2 patients during neurosurgical procedures are presented. A previous report (Moller et al. 1986) has suggested that the P14 component of the SEP following median nerve stimulation is generated at the cuneate nucleus. The present data suggest that the scalp recorded P14 component (scalp-noncephalic electrode derivation) is generated rostral to the junction of the cervical cord and the medulla.
Critical Polymer Concentrations of Polyethylene Solutions in Pentane

Critical polymer concentrations of polyethylene solutions in pentane were measured using a variable-volume view cell apparatus. The molecular weights of the polyethylene samples were 27 700 and 41 700 with polydispersity indexes Mw/Mn = 2.00 and 3.70, respectively. The phase separation pressures (cloud point) of the polymer solutions were repeatedly measured in the polymer concentration range 0.3−11.0 mass %. Two types of phase separation patterns (dew-point and bubble-point types) were observed, depending on the polymer concentration. The critical polymer concentration was determined by locating a merging point of the two types of phase separation branches. The critical polymer concentrations for the two polyethylene solutions were 6.90 ± 0.1 (Mw = 27 700) and 3.95 ± 0.05 (Mw = 41 700) mass %, respectively.
Depth Perception Loss with Local Monocular Suppression: A Problem in the Explanation of Stereopsis

Contours added to only one eye's view cause both suppression of the other view and loss of perceived depth. Since piecemeal contralateral suppression may be the general rule of binocular combination, the finding that suppressed views do not contribute to stereopsis raises basic questions about the nature of stereoscopic depth perception.
Cross-Cultural Blunders in Professional Communication from a Semantic Perspective:

Cross-cultural blunders caused by inappropriate use of language are a common problem in international professional communication. They cause misunderstanding, lead to business failures, and tend to be offensive at times. Such blunders may occur in business ads, slogans, products names, and instructions. Understanding their causes and finding solutions to them are of importance in international professional communication. By examining specific cases, the article analyzes the causes that lead to such blunders from a semantic perspective and concludes that indiscriminate use of the semantic meaning of a word, a lexical form, lexical sound, numbers, color words, and animal names of the target language is the major cause of causing cultural blunders in international professional communication. Along the way, the article also offers solutions to the problems identified.
Financial performance of Baldrige Award winners: a review and synthesis

Purpose – The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform recently released a preliminary report with recommendations on cutting costs in the federal government, and one of its recommendations included the elimination of the Baldrige Performance Excellence Program, formerly known as the Malcolm Baldrige Nationality Quality Award Program. Established by an act of Congress in 1987, during the Reagan Administration, the goal of the Malcolm Baldrige Nationality Quality Award Program was to stimulate and reward product quality excellence. Since the inception of the award, however, there has been a long‐standing controversy among industry leaders and academics on whether winning this award does enhance future financial performance and ultimately shareholders' wealth. This debate has again been recently fueled by the possible elimination of the program by the US government. This study, aims to shed further light on this subject by examining the academic research on the financial performance of the Ba...
WHO OUGHT TO BE BLAMED? THE EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL ROLES ON BLAME AND CREDIT ATTRIBUTIONS

Attributing blame for performance failure and credit for success is ubiquitous in organizations. These responsibility attributions can play an important role in aligning individual and organizational performance expectations, but may also exacerbate conflict in groups and organizations. Theory suggests that an actor's organizational role will affect blame and credit attributions, yet empirical work on this prediction is lacking. This article tests an organizational role approach by assessing the effect of the responsible actor's hierarchical position and whether he or she acted as an individual or as part of a group on blame and credit attributions. The study finds that in response to organizational failures and successes leadership roles attract more blame than other positions, but in contrast to previous predictions, these roles do not attract more credit than lower level roles. In addition, upper level positions tend to be assigned greater blame than credit, while lower level positions show a reversed pattern: they attract more credit than blame. Groups are less likely to be assigned blame and more likely to be credited than are individuals, and occupants in flat organizational structures are assigned higher levels of blame and credit than are occupants in taller organizational structures.
Water vapor transport in the NCAR CCM2

The NCAR Community Climate Model, Version 2, uses the spectral transform method for the underlying dry dynamical fluid flow component, and a monotonic, semi-Lagrangian transport algorithm for water vapor specific humidity. The reasons for this choice of 2 different approaches for these different components are reviewed, and the details of the implementation of the transport algorithm are presented. The properties of the transport scheme are described in the context of a 20-year control simulation. This simulation is also compared to one using the spectral transform method for water vapor transport. Neither numerical approach is perfect. The semi-Lagrangian method requires arbitrary corrections to conserve mass, and the spectral method requires the filling of nonphysical negative values of specific humidity. The analysis shows that the balance of processes that produces the climate of CCM2 is very sensitive to the discrete water vapor transport algorithm. The spectral transport method clearly has shortcomings. The negative filler is a dominant process in significant regions and leads to an incorrect balance of the moisture budget. The mass conservation adjustment of the semi-Lagrangian method seems to be cosmetic and has no identified adverse effect on the simulation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994.00004.x
A short proof of Klee’s theorem

Abstract In 1959, Klee proved that a convex body K is a polyhedron if and only if all of its projections are polygons. In this paper, a new proof of this theorem is given for convex bodies in R 3 .
Preferred recall order and recall accuracy for two messages presented simultaneously over a single auditory channel

Ss in the dichotic listening task prefer, and are more accurate with, the channel-by-channel order of recall-recalling all information presented to one ear followed by the information presented to the other ear. Current explanations for these effects rely upon the fact that the two messages are presented over separate input channels. The present study tested this hypothesis directly by presenting two messages simultaneously to a single auditory channel. Groups of Ss were instructed to recall two pairs of digits presented simultaneously over a single channel (1) in any order (free recall), (2) in the order received (simultaneous order), or (3) in sequential groups (successive order). Ss in the free recall task preferred recalling items in successive order. However, Ss instructed to recall in simultaneous order were as accurate as those instructed to recall in successive order. These data imply that accuracy with, but not preference for, the successive order of recall depends upon whether input is to one or two channels.
Follow-up analysis of adolescents partially vaccinated against human papillomavirus.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccination among a cohort of female adolescents previously identified as receiving only one or two doses of vaccine. Methods This was a 15-month follow-up analysis of a previously identified cohort of 9–18-year-old female adolescents seen in primary clinics within a university-based health system. Vaccine receipt and associated factors were identified by review of administrative records. Results Among the 1,714 partially vaccinated female adolescents, 53% eventually completed the vaccination series. There was a wide range of dosing intervals ranging from 31 to 840 days between first and second doses and from 85 to 666 days between second and third doses. Race and insurance type were associated with lower rates of series completion, but not with receiving second doses. Conclusions Approximately half of the partially vaccinated girls in our cohort eventually completed the series, albeit often over a longer than recommended interval. There were important disparities in human papillomavirus vaccination.
Measurement of the Thickness of the Liquid Microlayer Between a Sliding Bubble and a Heated Wall

A laser-based method has been developed to measure the thickness of the liquid microlayer between a cap-shaped sliding bubble and an inclined heated wall. Sliding vapor bubbles are known to create high heat transfer coefficients along the surfaces against which they slide. The details of this process remain unclear and depend on the evolution of the microlayer that forms between the bubble and the surface. Past experiments have used heat transfer measurements on uniform-heat-generation surfaces to infer the microlayer thickness through an energy balance. These studies have produced measurements of 20 to 100 μm for refrigerants and for water, but they have yet to be confirmed by a direct measurement that does not depend on a first-law closure. The results presented here are direct measurements of the microlayer thickness made from a reflectance-based fiber-optic laser probe. Details of the construction and calibration of the probe are presented. Data for saturated FC-87 and a uniform-temperature surface inclined at 2° to 15° from the horizontal are reported. Millimeter-sized spherical bubbles of FC-87 vapor are injected near the lower end of a uniformly heated aluminum plate. The bubbles grow rapidly and change from a spherical to an elliptical shape and finally to a cap-shape with a large section of the bubble surface sliding along the microlayer adjacent to the wall. This evolution is captured by high-speed (1000 frames/sec) images in plan and side views. These image sequences allow measurements of bubble speed, acceleration, and size, but they do not attempt to resolve the microlayer itself. The laser probe yielded microlayer thicknesses of 22 to 55 microns for the cap-shaped bubbles. Bubble Reynolds numbers range from 600 to 4800, Froude numbers are from 0.9 to 1.7, and Weber numbers are from 2.6 to 47.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Coherent parallel C

Coherent Parallel C (CPC) is an extension of C for parallelism. The extensions are not simply parallel for loops; instead, a data parallel programming model is adopted. This means that one has an entire process for each data object. An example of an “object” is one mesh point in a finite element solver. How the processes are actually distributed on a parallel machine is transparent—the user is to imagine that an entire processor in a distributed-memory environment is dedicated to each process. This simplifies programming tremendously: complex if statements associated with domain boundaries disappear; problems which do not exactly match the machine size and irregular boundaries are all handled transparently.The usual communication calls are not seen at all at the user level. Variables of other processes (which may or may not be on another processor) are merely accessed (global memory). The first pass of the CPC compiler schedules the necessary communications in an efficient, coherent manner. Processes in CPC are insulated from one another and interact in a deterministic manner. This allows tractable debugging. Standard C I/O is provided, with simple extensions for parallelism.We currently have a CPC runtime system implemented on an NCUBE and have started implementing a true compiler for the language.CPC is not specific to distributed memory machines. Implementation of this language on other architectures is natural—for example, there seems to be no fundamental problem with CPC on shared-memory parallel computers.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity is essential for inhibition of prostatic tumor growth by interferon- β gene therapy

We have previously reported that adenoviral vector-mediated interferon (IFN)-beta gene therapy inhibits orthotopic growth of human prostate cancer cells in nude mice. The purpose of this study was to determine efficacy and mechanisms of this therapy in immune-competent mice. TRAMP-C2Re3 mouse prostate cancer cells infected with 100 multiplicity of infection (MOI) of adenoviral vector encoding for mouse IFN-beta (AdmIFN-beta), but not AdE/1 (a control adenoviral vector), produced approximately 60 ng/10(5) cells/24 h of IFN-beta. The tumorigenicity of AdmIFN-beta-transduced cells was dramatically reduced in the prostates of C57BL/6 mice. A single intratumoral injection of 2 x 10(9) PFU (plaque-forming unit) of AdmIFN-beta inhibited tumor growth by 70% and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. Intriguingly, this AdmIFN-beta therapy did not alter the growth of tumors in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-null C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that treatment of tumors with AdmIFN-beta in wild-type C57BL/6 mice led to increased iNOS expression, decreased microvessel density, decreased cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, quantitative reverse-transcriptional PCR analysis showed that AdmIFN-beta therapy, in C57BL/6 but not the iNOS-null counterparts, reduced levels of the mRNAs for angiopoietin, basic fibroblast growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, transforming growth factor-beta1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and VEGF-B, as well as the antiapoptotic molecule endothelin-1. These data indicated that IFN-beta gene therapy could be effective alternative for the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer and suggest an obligatory role of NO in IFN-beta antitumoral effects in vivo.