cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using customer-side resources for market-based transmission and distribution level grid services – A review

Abstract With the increase in the penetration of renewable energy resources and advances in metering, communication and edge computing infrastructure, the importance and value of customer-side resources for the provision of transmission-level and distribution-level grid services has increased significantly. As such, this article provides a thorough review on different proposed modeling and control methodologies for selected customer-side resources and examines how each methodology meets the requirement for certain grid services both at the transmission and distribution levels. The services are considered from a competitive markets perspective. Specifically, commercial and residential heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems (HVACs), water heating units, refrigeration units, batteries and electric vehicles (EVs) are the resources considered. Services considered include frequency regulation, spinning reserves provision, voltage management, deferral of transmission and distribution grid capacity upgrades, reliability and resiliency improvement. Finally, discussions on research needs regarding the usage of groups of heterogeneous resources for cascaded services are presented.
Explaining the rate of opportunity compared to necessity entrepreneurship in a cross-cultural context: Analysis and policy implications

Improving the quality of entrepreneurial activities has become a priority in policy debates globally. However, despite significant investment in resources, the outcome is disappointing, as the relative rate of opportunity compared to necessity entrepreneurship has not improved significantly across nations. Grounded in an institutional theory approach, we examine whether culture is the missing link in our understanding of the conditions that explain cross-national variance in this rate. Our analyses, based on a 10-year panel dataset comprising 58 nations, support our arguments, in that we find that the cultural dimensions of autonomy–embeddedness, egalitarianism–hierarchy, and mastery–harmony moderate the extent to which regulatory burden and cognitive infrastructure influence the relative rate of opportunity compared to necessity entrepreneurship across nations. Our findings advance the contextualized approach in entrepreneurship and illustrate that understanding the integrative effects of formal institutional environment and informal cultural framework is critical for improving the quality of entrepreneurial activities. We offer implications that will be useful for policymakers to consider as they advance programs to improve the economic growth of nations.
Complete Genome Sequence of Campylobacter hepaticus USA52, Associated with Chicken Spotty Liver Disease.

ABSTRACT Campylobacter hepaticus was recently identified as the etiological agent of chicken spotty liver disease. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of C. hepaticus strain USA52 from the United States. The genome comprises a chromosome of 1,509,100 bp with an average GC content of 28.02%.
On the origin of the genetic code.

It is argued that three chemical criteria determined the evolution of the genetic code: codon-anticodon pairing; codon-amino acid pairing; amino acid pairing. The first criterium determined the set of interactive nucleotides; the second, the set of nucleotides interactive with amino acids; the third, the set of mutually interactive amino acids. The code resulted from the intersection of these sets. This hypothesis explains the specificity and universality of the code as well as the “choice” of the standard amino acids and nucleotides from among those available in nature. The specific mechanism for codon-amino acid pairing assumed here is the “backwards” (Crick, 1967) Pelc-Welton (1966) models. Three types of evidence support “backwards” pairing: parallel genetic coding of amino acid pairs (Root-Bernstein, 1982); results of binding experiments by Saxinger and Ponnamperuma (1974); reinterpretation of Jungck's (1978) correlations between the properties of amino acids and their respective anticodon nucleotides. The inversion of the code to its present state occurred as a result of the evolution of tRNA molecules which supplanted parallel codon-amino acid interactions with antiparallel codon-anticodon ones. The paper concludes with suggestions for testing the hypothesis.
Optimal local truncation error method for solution of wave and heat equations for heterogeneous materials with irregular interfaces and unfitted Cartesian meshes

Abstract Recently we have developed the optimal local truncation error method (OLTEM) for PDEs with constant coefficients on irregular domains and unfitted Cartesian meshes. However, many important engineering applications include domains with different material properties (e.g., different inclusions, multi-material structural components, etc.) for which this technique cannot be directly applied. In the paper OLTEM is extended to a much more general case of PDEs with discontinuous coefficients and can treat the above-mentioned applications. We show the development of OLTEM for the 1-D and 2-D scalar wave equation as well as the heat equation using compact 3-point (in the 1-D case) and 9-point (in the 2-D case) stencils that are similar to those for linear quadrilateral finite elements. Trivial unfitted Cartesian meshes are used for OLTEM with complex interfaces between different materials. The interface conditions on the interfaces where the jumps in material properties occur are added to the expression for the local truncation error and do not change the width of the stencils. The calculation of the unknown stencil coefficients is based on the minimization of the local truncation error of the stencil equations and yields the optimal order of accuracy of the new technique at a given width of stencil equations. In contrast to the second order of accuracy for linear finite elements , OLTEM provides the fourth order of accuracy in the 1-D case and in the 2-D case for horizontal interfaces as well as the third order of accuracy for the general geometry of smooth interfaces. The numerical results for the domains with complex smooth interfaces show that at the same number of degrees of freedom, OLTEM is even much more accurate than quadratic finite elements and yields the results close to those for cubic finite elements with much wider stencils. The wave and heat equations are uniformly treated with OLTEM. OLTEM can be directly applied to other partial differential equations.
Factors influencing job and career satisfaction in veterinarians 10 years or fewer from graduation

Retention of veterinarians in practice is critical to longterm practice success. Understanding factors influencing satisfaction can provide information for practice managers to positively influence the work environment. The study objective is to identify potential factors influencing job and career satisfaction in veterinarians less than 10 years from graduation. Secondary outcomes include factors influencing current financial, physical, and emotional health. A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey with 82 complete responses was used for analysis. Respondents were representative of recent graduates and most respondents were satisfied with their job (83.0%) and career (84.1%). Both job and career satisfaction were higher when respondents believed they received adequate recognition. Financial health was associated with technician-to-veterinarian ratio, adequate recognition, current debt, and raise frequency. Physical health was associated with length at the current job and current debt. Emotional health was significantly associated with years at the current job, having held an internship, and technician-to-veterinarian ratio. In general, most veterinarians within 10 years of graduation were satisfied with their job and career choice. Several factors influenced job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and financial, physical, and emotional health. Understanding these factors can help employers and employees maintain a healthy working environment.
Risks of Multiple Skin Cancers in Organ Transplant Recipients: A Cohort Study in 2 Administrative Data Sets.

Importance There are limited reports on the risks of multiple primary skin cancers in organ transplant recipients (OTRs). Objective To determine the risks over time and risk factors for OTRs developing (1) any skin cancer posttransplant, (2) a subsequent skin cancer after the first posttransplant skin cancer in the data sets used in the study, and (3) 10 or more skin cancers. Design, setting, and participants This retrospective cohort study used data from Optum deidentified electronic health record data set (7.7 million patients) and Truven Health MarketScan insurance claims data set (161 million patients) from 2007 to 2017. Skin cancers were identified using diagnosis plus treatment codes for basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma; OTRs were identified using 4 or more diagnosis codes for organ transplant. Data analysis took place from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2017. Main outcomes and measures Cumulative risks of (1) any skin cancer treatment posttransplant, (2) a subsequent skin cancer treatment after the first posttransplant skin cancer treatment in our data, and (3) 10 or more skin cancer treatments in OTRs. A Wei-Lin-Weissfeld marginal model was used to evaluate risk factors for any skin cancer. Results A total of 7390 OTRs in Optum and 133 651 in MarketScan were identified, 4.5% and 13.3% of which had had at least 1 skin cancer treatment, respectively. At 2 years after the initial posttransplant skin cancer in the data sets, OTRs had a 44.0% to 57.0% risk of a subsequent skin cancer treatment and a 3.7% to 6.6% risk of having 10 or more skin cancer treatments. Statistically significant risk factors for any skin cancer included age, history of skin cancer, and history of actinic keratosis in both data sets, and male sex and thoracic transplant in MarketScan. Conclusions and relevance In this retrospective cohort study, approximately half of the OTRs who developed at least 1 posttransplant skin cancer developed a subsequent skin cancer within 2 years, and approximately 1 in 20 developed 10 or more skin cancers. Identifying OTRs at highest risk for multiple primary skin cancers may help target strategies for prevention and early detection.
Integration of TLP analysis for ESD troubleshooting

In the present work, we have integrated TLP analysis into our troubleshooting efforts for product-level ESD protection designs. We have demonstrated the application of the TLP analysis to understand a unique HBM ESD failure and to arrive at the necessary corrective actions to optimize the product ESD design.
Evaluation of human cell mediated immune responses to VZV antigens (VAC7P.993)

Zostavax© is a safe and effective vaccine against Herpes Zoster. The precise immune correlate of protection and the corresponding VZV antigens responsible for protective immunity are not currently defined. A few key pieces of data suggest that cell mediated immune responses are more important than humoral responses in the immune control over viral re-activation from latent infection. Primarily, the majority of Herpes Zoster outbreaks occur in the aging population in which antibody titers against VZV are maintained but cell mediated immune responses wane. Additionally, individuals who are immunocompromised as a result of disease or drug treatment have difficulty controlling the virus. A group of ten viral proteins of Varicella were chosen for evaluating human cell mediated immune responses. Donor samples were recruited in the following cohorts: i; Herpes Zoster outbreak within the last 5 years, ii; Subjects age 35+ with no history of Shingles or Zostavax© vaccination, and iii subjects pre and post Zostavax© vaccination. Blood samples from these donors were stimulated with the set of VZV antigens and a panel of cytokine responses from the plasma was measured. Here we show a ranking of VZV viral protein immunogenicity from these cohorts, as well as the cytokine profiles for each. These studies will help to define the viral proteins involved in generating protective cell mediated immunity correlated with protection.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A simple system using gel columns

Abstract A polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic system based on the use of 2 1 2 - in . gel columns with a tris-glycine buffer system is described. It features relatively low voltage and amperage conditions with high migration rates, and operates at room temperature. Equipment of electrophoresis for destaining and for scanning the developed patterns is described. This system is adapted for easy, simultaneous handling of large numbers of gel columns.
Intra-abdominal Abscesses

The contents of this chapter could have been summarized in a sentence: an abscess is a pus-containing, confined structure; which requires to be drained by whichever means available at your disposition. We believe, however, that you want us to elaborate further.
Overexpression of GRK5 prevents angiotensin II blockade of peak potassium currents and normalizes Kv4.3 expression in neurons (874.12)

The Angiotensin II (Ang II)- Ang II type 1 Receptor (AT1R) signaling axis has been shown to decrease peak potassium (K+) currents (Ito) and Kv4.3 (a voltage gated K+ channel subunit) expression. G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) phosphorylates AT1R and desensitizes it. We hypothesized that GRK5 overexpression can blunt the Ang II-mediated decrease in Ito and normalize Kv4.3 expression in CATH.a neurons. Neurons were transfected with either mock or pcDNA3-GRK5 plasmid and stimulated with either vehicle or 100 nM Ang II for 4 hours. Neurons treated with Ang II exhibited decreased Ito relative to control (95.8 ± 16.6 vs 149.4 ± 18.9 pA/pF; p<0.05). This effect was attenuated by GRK5 overexpression (179.0 ± 34.5 pA/pF). Time to peak current was significantly increased in AngII neurons relative to control (45.5 ± 14.5 vs 21.3 ± 5.1 ms; p<0.05). GRK5 overexpression normalized this response (21.4 ± 5.6 ms). Western blot analyses indicated that GRK5 overexpression significantly increased basal Kv4.3 leve...
Transformation of the health care industry by eMedicine: from low-tech low-touch to high-tech high-touch

The Physician Office Visit (POV) forms the core of health care in the USA. We consider how eMedicine can transform this foundation of health care. Can eMedicine technologies improve the efficiency of the POV, its effectiveness, or both? In the short run, we believe that there is a greater opportunity to improve effectiveness than to improve efficiency. In the long run, however, eMedicine technologies can transform POV in fundamental ways so as to make the traditional POV virtually unrecognizable. We explain how these transformations can take place, by examining how the physician, the office, and the visit, can each be transformed by these technologies. We also consider the limitations to such transformations.
Infection after Total Elbow Arthroplasty

Deep sepsis occurred after fourteen (9 per cent) of 156 elbow-replacement procedures in 140 patients. This high frequency of infection was attributed to several factors. First, the patients were drawn from a population that was at high risk of infection, because rheumatoid arthritis and post-traumatic arthritis were the indications for arthroplasty. Second, many of the patients had had prior surgery, which significantly (p less than 0.02) increased the risk of sepsis in those with rheumatoid arthritis. Third, some patients had surgery after the arthroplasty, which also seemed to predispose to deep infection (p less than 0.05). In one patient the elbow was salvaged by early debridement, and in two others reimplantation of a total joint replacement was successful after removal of the first prosthesis and control of the infection. Resection arthroplasty was required to arrest the infection in ten patients, eight of whom had a satisfactory result. The high incidence of this significant complication attests to the hazardous nature of the elbow-replacement procedure and should warn orthopaedic surgeons to be cautious when recommending this form of treatment.
Chemical inactivation of Escherichia coli 30 S ribosomes with maleic anhydride: identification of the proteins involved in polyuridylic acid binding.

Abstract Modification of 30 S ribosomal subunits by the protein-modifying reagent maleic anhydride was found to inactivate the particles for polyuridylic acid binding. Reconstitution of 30 S ribosomes using 16 S RNA, maleylated total 30 S protein, and purified, unmodified proteins demonstrated that S4, S11, S12, S13 and S18 are involved in poly(U) binding. Modified 30 S subunits contain all the ribosomal proteins and show normal sedimentation characteristics, indicating that the inactivation is not simply due to the gross alteration of the particles. Correlation of these results with those of other workers is discussed.
Behavioral Treatment of Bedwetting in an Adolescent with Autism

Bedwetting (also referred to as nocturnal enuresis) is a common and distressing problem in the pediatric population. It is particularly prevalent in children who have autism spectrum disorders and other developmental disabilities. Despite the fact that bedwetting occurs at high rates and has a negative impact on quality of life, there have been relatively little research on behaviorally-based interventions for nighttime incontinence in children diagnosed with autism and related disorders. This case study involved an evaluation of the effects of a behavioral intervention for bedwetting in a 12-year-old girl with autism and fetal alcohol syndrome. The treatment protocol involved having her wear a urine alarm at night and rewarding morning dryness with praise and preferred tangibles. The intervention produced noticeable reductions in bedwetting within 2 weeks and within 3 weeks of treatment bedwetting was no longer occurring. Effects of the treatment generalized to another setting and were maintained 9 months post-treatment.
Maximizing target detection under sunlight reflection on water surfaces with an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle

Reflected sunlight can significantly impact vision-based object detection and tracking algorithms, especially ones based on an aerial platform operating over a marine environment. Unmanned aerial systems above a water surface may be unable to detect objects on the water surface due to sunlight glitter. Although the area affected by sunlight reflection may be limited, rapid course corrections of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-especially fixed-wing UAVs-is also limited by aerodynamics, making it challenging to determine a reasonable path that avoids sunlight reflection while maximizing chances to capture a target. In this paper, we propose an approach for autonomous UAV path planning that maximizes the accuracy of the estimated target location by minimizing the sunlight reflection influences.
The dynamics of dilute colloidal suspensions subject to time-dependent flow fields by conservative dichroism

Abstract An apparatus is described which permits simultaneous determination of the conservative linear dichroism and the average orientation angle of a dilute suspension of optically anisotropic, nonabsorbing spheroids subjected to a transient shear field. The magnitude of the dichroism reflects the degree of alignment of the particles along their average orientation angle and measurement of this property in time directly obtains the rotational motion of the particles. This experiment makes use of a photoelastic modulator in a novel optical train; the first and second harmonics of the detector signal, which are independent functions of the dichroism and orientation angle, are measured simultaneously as functions of time. Preliminary data on a dilute suspension of bentonite in 90% glycerine and 10% water subjected to an instantaneous simple shear are presented to illustrate the technique. The qualitative features of these data are adequately described by the Rayleigh scattering theory coupled with Jeffery's solution for the dynamics of a rigid spheroid in a creeping simple shear.
Cultural competence and evidence-based practice in mental health services: A complementary perspective.

The need for cultural competence and the need for evidence-based practice in mental health services are major issues in contemporary discourse, especially in the psychological treatment of people of color. Although these 2 paradigms are complementary in nature, there is little cross-fertilization in the psychological literature. The present article illustrates the complementary nature of these 2 paradigms. A main point of convergence is related to the development of culturally adapted interventions in the move from efficacy research to effectiveness studies. The implications of cultural adaptations of empirically supported treatments for mental health services in terms of research and practice with ethnic/racial minority populations are discussed.
Gender Symmetry or Asymmetry in Intimate Partner Victimization? Not an Either/Or Answer

Gender differences in physical victimization, sexual victimization, injury, fear, and depressive symptoms were assessed in a representative community sample of 453 young couples. The prevalence of any physical victimization experienced by women and men did not differ (29% vs. 30%), but men reported more severe physical victimization than women. No difference in prevalence of overall injury was observed, but more women reported severe injury than men. Almost twice as many women as men reported being sexually victimized (28% vs. 15%). Physically victimized females reported more fear of their partners than physically victimized men and than nonvictimized women. Physically victimized men and women, sexually victimized men and women, and physically injured men and women all had more depressive symptoms than those men and women who were not victimized or injured. Severely victimized women were 3 times more likely than severely victimized men to have depression scores in the clinical range (27% vs. 9%). In sum, whether one finds gender symmetry regarding aggression and its correlates depends on more than simple prevalence of aggression by men and women.
HISTORIES OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND COMPLEX POST-TRAUMATIC SEQUELAE IN WOMEN WITH EATING DISORDERS

The profound self-destructiveness and tenacity of eating disorders found among women abused and neglected in childhood become comprehensible when understood within a complex posttraumatic conceptualization as desperate attempts to regulate overwhelming affective states and construct a coherent sense of self and system of meaning. Trauma leads to the predictable consequences of dysregulation of the arousal system, avoidance, and constriction of affect; coherence of self and world are shattered. Abused patients' childhood experiences teach them that to need is to expose oneself to the pain of abandonment and betrayal at the hands of individuals responsible for their care. Consequently, needs-psychological, physical, and spiritual-come to be perceived as dangerous, and human relationships are simultaneously yearned for and feared. Robbed of the opportunity to develop a cohesive self and a coherent system of meaning and faith to sustain from within, the traumatized eating-disorder patient turns to the culture to tell her who to be and how to live; she learns that to conquer rather than satisfy needs and to be "in control" (an internal state of equanimity manifested externally in a thin body) will bring meaning and purpose. Binge eating, purging, and starving become apt metaphors for the boundless hunger, the wish to fulfill needs together with the wish to rid oneself forever of need, the desire to "purify" the damaged psychic and physical self, and the hope of restoring meaning. The treatment of the traumatized eating disorder patient is complex. Individual therapy provides the opportunity for intensive relational work that begins to restore faith in human connection and that provides a "safe base" from which to examine the trauma and separate past from present. Therapy groups for eating-disordered women and trauma survivors provide relief from isolation, valuable perspectives from others who have "been there," and the opportunity to contribute to others' healing as one heals. Ultimately, these patients must be willing to leave the world of obsession with food and weight, which guarantees safety from interpersonal hurt while it simultaneously guarantees that hope will not be restored. Though reconnecting with humanity carries the risk of further pain, it opens up the opportunity for connection, healing, and growth.
A Fluorometric Assay for the Measurement of Nitrite in Biological Samples

The increasing importance of nitric oxide synthase has been underscored by the elucidation of its role in a growing number of normal and pathophysiological processes. Therefore, techniques for detection of nitrite/nitrate, oxidation products of the enzymatic conversion of arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide, should serve as useful tools in defining the contribution of NO synthase to these processes. We have developed a rapid and sensitive fluorometric assay for quantification of nitrite/nitrate based upon the reaction of nitrite with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene to form the fluorescent product, 1-(H)-naphthotriazole. The assay can be used to detect 10 nM nitrite, making it 50-100 times more sensitive than the well-known Griess assay. Moreover, the assay is adaptable to a 96-well plate format, facilitating the handling of a large number of samples including conditioned media from cell culture or the nitrite generated by the purified enzyme. Nitrite/nitrate levels in blood can also be monitored using this assay when it is combined with a filtration step (to remove hemoglobin) followed by conversion of the nitrate to nitrite by nitrate reductase. Thus, this fluorometric method combines speed and sensitivity with the handling of a large number of samples for the quantification of nitrite generated from in vivo and in vitro sources.
Design of diffusion barriers

An exact analytical solution to metal diffusion in a triplet stack consisting of a barrier material layer, an interlayer dielectric, and a semiconductor substrate has been developed. The solution shows how the diffusive behavior of the metal depends on the material properties of the entire system. The resistance of the interconnect system to contamination is not linearly dependent on the material and geometrical properties and some properties, such as the barrier diffusivity and solubility, are significantly more important than others. The model was able to match the copper diffusion data of Shacham-Diamand [J. Electrochem. Soc., 140(8), 2427 (1993)] very well using material properties consistent with the available experimental data.
Cranial computed tomography utilization for suspected ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction in a pediatric emergency department

Abstract Background Computed tomography (CT) scan, the largest medical source of ionizing radiation in the United States, is used to test for failure of ventricular peritoneal shunts. Study Objectives To quantify the exposure to cranial CT scans in pediatric patients presenting with symptoms of shunt malfunction, and to measure the association of signs and symptoms with clinical shunt malfunction and the need for neurosurgical intervention within 30 days of presentation. Method This was a quality improvement study evaluating a pathway used by providers in a tertiary care pediatric emergency department with 85,000 patient visits per year, by retrospective chart review of 223 patient visits for suspected shunt malfunction. We determined the median CT scan per patient per year and the association of signs and symptoms on the pathway with radiological signs of shunt failure and neurosurgical intervention within 30 days of scan. Results The median exposure was 2.6 (interquartile range 1.44–4.63) scans per patient per year. Among 11 signs and symptoms, none was associated with radiologic shunt failure. Neurosurgical intervention within 30 days was positively associated with bulging fontanelle (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 11.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.67–83.0) and behavioral change (AOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.14–7.93), and negatively associated with seizure (AOR 0.13; 95% CI 0.02–0.79) and fever (AOR 0.15; 95% CI 0.04–0.55). Conclusions Patients with ventricular peritoneal shunts underwent many cranial CT scans each year. None of the signs or symptoms included on the clinical pathway was predictive of changes on CT scan.
Determinants of initial entry onto welfare by young women

Using data from the youngest cohorts of women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study constructs Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) histories starting at age 15. Most young women go on AFDC for the first time between ages 18 and 25 and do so in the first few years after the birth of their first baby. These histories are used to estimate models of the determinants of initial use of AFDC. The models provide mixed evidence that the financial or other incentives of welfare policy affect the likelihood and timing of AFDC use. Benefit levels do not seem to affect participation, but the presence of a program for medically needy families who are not on welfare appears to decrease entrance to welfare for some groups. Parental poverty, family structure, academic achievement, attitudes toward school, and race are significantly related to the likelihood of participating in AFDC, and the rate of entry. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Tense and aspect in word problems about motion: diagram, gesture, and the felt experience of time

Word problems about motion contain various conjugated verb forms. As students and teachers grapple with such word problems, they jointly operationalize diagrams, gestures, and language. Drawing on findings from a 3-year research project examining the social semiotics of classroom interaction, we show how teachers and students use gesture and diagram to make sense of complex verb forms in such word problems. We focus on the grammatical category of “aspect” for how it broadens the concept of verb tense. Aspect conveys duration and completion or frequency of an event. The aspect of a verb defines its temporal flow (or lack thereof) and the location of a vantage point for making sense of this durational process.
Luxury perceptions: luxury brand vs counterfeit for young US female consumers

Purpose – The purpose of this study is twofold: expand the body of empirical knowledge of consumer luxury brand perceptions by using the Brand Luxury Index (BLI) scale to compare and contrast young female consumers’ luxury perceptions for a luxury brand and counterfeits of that brand, and use the data from the research to investigate the psychometric properties of the BLI scale.Design/methodology/approach – A convenience sample of 215 female students across multiple programmes of study completed separate, modified BLI scales for the luxury brand and the counterfeits of that brand. The BLI scale taps five dimensions or factors of brand luxury using non‐personal‐oriented perceptions and personal‐oriented perceptions.Findings – This study used a modified version of the original BLI scale. Results show that all rated perceptions of the luxury brand were significantly higher than those for the counterfeits of that brand. Between‐subjects effects revealed that luxury perceptions of those whose last handbag acqu...
Exsolved magnetite inclusions in silicates: Features determining their remanence behavior

Submicroscopic, needle-shaped titanomagnetite inclusions exsolved in silicate minerals commonly occur in mafic intrusive rocks and are protected from alteration by their silicate hosts, making them excellent candidates for paleomagnetic studies. A suite of samples containing clinopyroxene- and plagioclase-hosted magnetite inclusions from five geologically diverse sites was examined using magnetic force microscopy to image the inclusions' magnetic domain state. Alternating field demagnetization experiments indicate that some inclusions are more stable recorders than others. The two factors controlling the remanence behavior of the inclusions are internal microstructures and inclusion dimensions. Magnetite-ulvospinel unmixing within an inclusion subdivides the original titanomagnetite solid solution into a boxwork structure composed of 103–105 magnetite prisms separated by thin ulvospinel lamellae. The conversion of multidomain-sized needles into assemblages of interacting single domains increases the coercivity (and hence relaxation time) of the inclusions, and results in a thermochemical magnetic remanence. In samples without this exsolution microstructure, the inclusions' diameters determine coercivity and their magnetization is thermoremanent. Both styles of high-coercivity inclusions successfully record paleomagnetic directions in Mesozoic rocks, and their ubiquity within silicate minerals (clinopyroxene and plagioclase) of mafic intrusive rocks indicates their value as chemically and magnetically stable tools for elucidating the ancient magnetic field, marine magnetic anomalies, and crustal kinematics.
Vibration of a clamped plate with concentrated mass and spring attachments

Abstract Vibrations of clamped plates with concentrated mass and spring attachments are investigated experimentally by using a modal analysis technique and numerically by using a mixed boundary-finite element method. Attachments are modeled with lumped parameters, and the effects of the mass and stiffness of the attachments on the plate vibration are studied. Two dimensionless parameters are identified as having major influence on the free modes, the so-called mass parameter which relates the point mass to the mass of the plate, and the so-called stiffness parameter which relates the spring stiffness to the stiffness of the plate. The effects of the mass and spring attachments as well as the effect of the position of the point of attachment on the free modes of vibration are studied over a wide range of the parameters. The results demonstrate the usefulness of experimental modal analysis in validating theoretical models. A number of limitations caused by the non-linear behavior of the system and by the modeling of the attachments as single-degree-of-freedom systems are discussed.
Intergranular giant magnetoresistance in a spontaneously phase separated perovskite oxide.

We present small-angle neutron scattering data proving that, on the insulating side of the metal-insulator transition, the doped perovskite cobaltite ${\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{r}}_{x}{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ phase separates into ferromagnetic metallic clusters embedded in a nonferromagnetic matrix. This induces a hysteretic magnetoresistance, with temperature and field dependence characteristic of intergranular giant magnetoresistance (GMR). We argue that this system is a natural analog to the artificial structures fabricated by depositing nanoscale ferromagnetic particles in a metallic or insulating matrix; i.e., this material displays a GMR effect without the deliberate introduction of chemical interfaces.
Preliminary Fertility Results with Frozen Bovine Spermatozoa

Summary The fertility of bovine spermatozoa frozen in a concentrated form (200 × 10 6 motile spermatozoa per milliliter of extender), thawed at 5° C. at the bull stud, further extended to approximately 10 × 10 6 motile spermatozoa per milliliter and used for breeding 24 to 60 hours later, was compared with that of semen frozen in single-breeding vials. The latter were thawed at the farm just prior to insemination. The split sample technique was used with two ejaculates from three different bulls. Prefreezing processing and freezing procedures were slightly modified from those reported by Polge et al. and Dunn et al. Unfrozen semen processed in the conventional manner was used for the control breedings. All semen was extended to provide 8 to 10million motile spermatozoa per insemination, though estimates made later indicated that actual numbers varied between 4 and 14million. The 60- to 90-day nonreturns to first services were as follows: unfrozen control, 459 services, 74.5%; frozen "concentrated," 449 services, 51.7%; frozen as single breeding samples and stored one day at −79° C., 55 services, 72.7%; frozen as single breeding samples and stored 103 days at −79° C., 92 services, 77.0%.
Preserving data integrity for smart grid data aggregation

In smart grid systems, secure in-network data aggregation approaches have been introduced to efficiently collect aggregation data, while preserving data privacy of individual meters. Nevertheless, it is also important to maintain the integrity of aggregate data in the presence of accidental errors and internal/external attacks. To ensure the correctness of the aggregation against unintentional errors, we introduce an end-to-end signature scheme, which generates a homomorphic signature for the aggregation result. The homomorphic signature scheme is compatible with the in-network aggregation schemes that are also based on homomorphic encryption, and supports efficient batch verifications of the aggregation results. Next, to defend against suspicious/compromised meters and external attacks, we present a hop-by-hop signature scheme and an incremental verification protocol. In this approach, signatures are managed distributedly and verification is only triggered in an ex post facto basis - when anomalies in the aggregation results are detected at the collector. The incremental verification process starts from the collector, and traces the anomaly in a breath-first manner. The abnormal node is identified within O(logN) iterations. Therefore, the verification process is computationally inexpensive, while ensuring faithfulness and undeniability properties.
The Locus of Message Meaning: Differences between Trained Coders and Untrained Message Recipients in the Analysis of Alcoholic Beverage Advertising

Media scholars often warn against inferring effects when examining media content because message meaning depends on the interpretations of message receivers. Unfortunately, typical message receivers and trained coders conducting content analyses are likely to perceive messages differently because of varying perspectives and processing strategies. Accordingly, this study examined the extent to which trained coders and untrained message receivers converged in their coding of print-based alcohol advertisements. Results from a traditional content analysis of 40 randomly selected print alcohol ads using two sets of trained coders were compared with results from a receiver-oriented message analysis, which used typical message-receivers (n = 520) as coders. Significance tests indicated that message receivers and trained coders disagreed frequently-often dramatically-on virtually all types of content. Of particular interest, message receivers tended to perceive more frequent portrayals of underage individuals, mo...
Socially immature organizations: a typology of social networking systems [SNS] with organizations as users [OAU]

This research conducts a survey of Social Networking Systems (SNS) literature and develops a Typology that challenges and identifies gaps in the basic questions thus far explored in SNS literature. The gap analysis exposes the previously unexplored opportunity for SNS with Organizations as Users (OAU) and deduces a framework for anticipating the emergence of full blown SNS with OAU that will rival the "Facebooks" of the world that thus far focus only on Individuals as Users.
Inherited F/sub 1/ sterility in the pink bollworm: effects on embryonic development and sperm transfer

Adult male pink bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) 2 to 3 days old, were irradiated with 13 or 6.5 krads of gamma rays and outcrossed to untreated females. The F/sub 1/ progeny were reared and paired with untreated moths. The effects on mating and sperm transfer by F/sub 1/ males were similar to those obtained in previous studies: F/sub 1/ males mated normally but often failed to inseminate females with eupyrene (nucleate) sperm. Also, 35 percent of the F/sub 1/ females (13 krad) mated with normal males failed to receive (or store) eupyrene sperm in their spermathecae. Histological studies of 8, 24, 48, or 96-h-old eggs deposited by inseminated F/sub 1/ females mated with untreated males or by untreated females mated with F/sub 1/ males showed that most eggs were fertilized and that embryonic development proceeded until a definitive postblastokinesis embryo was formed. For example, untreated females mated with F/sub 1/ males from the 13 krad test had an egg hatch of 15.4 percent, but 86 percent of the eggs had formed a segmented embryo at 48 h and 72 percent had formed a definitive embryo after 96 h of development. Similar trends were found in the eggs produced by F/submore » 1/ females mated with untreated males. This suggests that most embryonic development can be completed without some of the genetic information contributed by the male or female gamete.« less
The frequency of calcium oscillations in mouse eggs at fertilization is modulated by the number of fused sperm

Abstract In a variety of calcium signaling systems, the frequency of intracellular calcium oscillations is physiologically important. Probably multiple factors control the frequency of calcium oscillations in the egg after fertilization and many of these remain to be identified. In this study, we present the first rigorous set of data showing that monospermic fertilization is important for setting the physiological calcium oscillation frequency. Recordings in 152 zona-free eggs show that the general pattern of the calcium oscillations is identical in monospermic and polyspermic eggs; however, the oscillation frequency is higher in polyspermic eggs ( P −6 ). The frequency of the late oscillations increases with the number of sperm heads incorporated: 5.2 ± 0.3 spikes per hour (mean ± SEM; n = 55) in monospermic eggs, 6.6 ± 0.3 ( n = 62) in dispermic eggs, 8.7 ± 0.7 ( n = 23) in trispermic eggs, and 8.9 ± 0.9 ( n = 12) in eggs with four or more sperm heads. The frequency of the early oscillations is also increased in polyspermic eggs. Seventy-eight additional eggs were divided into two groups and inseminated with two different sperm concentrations (“low” and “high”) to obtain one group mainly monospermic and the other mainly polyspermic. The two groups of eggs oscillated at different frequencies ( P −5 ). These data rule out the possibility of an egg effect in which some eggs would have the dual properties of oscillating faster and of being able to fuse with several sperm cells. These data instead suggest that the sperm modulates the frequency of the oscillations in a dose-dependent manner.
Reflections on Chemical Dependency in a College Setting and Its Intersection with Secondary School Programs

ABSTRACT For more than 25 years, I served Brown University as Associate Dean with Special Responsibilities in the Area of Chemical Dependency, a long title, but one in which, in those early days, each word had its own political value: the idea of this deanship was without precedent, and questions of turf were a big concern. The status of “associate,” for example, made clear that others of higher rank exercised some authority. (Happily, over the years, my supervision was always supportive, trusting and even distant.) “Special” suggested that my responsibilities did not include medical matters addressed in the Brown Medical School and that still other departments had responsibilities in the alcohol and drug area. “In the area” made clear that my own purview had considerable range—academic affairs, athletics, faculty matters, personnel, student life—and was not merely clinical. At the outset, few—locally or nationally—were paying attention to alcohol and other drug issues on campus. I was a full professor in...
Importance of SoxE in neural crest development and the evolution of the pharynx

The neural crest, a defining character of vertebrates, is of prime importance to their evolutionary origin. To understand neural crest evolution, we explored molecular mechanisms underlying craniofacial development in the basal jawless vertebrate, sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), focusing on the SoxE (Sox8, Sox9 and Sox10) gene family. In jawed vertebrates, these are important transcriptional regulators of the neural crest, and the loss of Sox9 causes abnormal craniofacial development. Here we report that two lamprey SoxE genes are expressed in migrating neural crest and crest-derived prechondrocytes in posterior branchial arches, whereas a third paralogue is expressed later in the perichondrium and mandibular arch. Morpholino knock-down of SoxE1 reveals that it is essential for posterior branchial arch development, although the mandibular arch is unaffected. The results show that chondrogenic function of SoxE regulators can be traced to the lamprey–gnathostome common ancestor and indicate that lamprey SoxE genes might have undergone independent duplication to have distinct functions in mandibular versus caudal branchial arches. This work sheds light on the homology of vertebrate branchial arches and supports their common origin at the base of vertebrates.
Introduction: Workshop on obesity and blood pressure

The relationship between blood pressure and body size, including weight and obesity, is well established. Many would suggest that mass obesity contributes substantially to the increased prevalence of hypertension found in the United States. While these relationships have been evident for many years, recent research has enhanced our knowledge of the associations. For this reason, the Council on Epidemiology and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association held the Workshop on Obesity and Blood Pressure in San Diego, California, during 1990. Experts were invited to present recent investigations of areas relevant to this topic. The underlying mechanisms that might relate body size to blood pressure were considered. The relationship of blood pressure to hemodynamic changes associated with obesity, including increased cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral vascular resistance, were reviewed. The relationship of the sympathetic system in obesity and blood pressure and their associations with insulin and carbohydrate metabolism were also considered. Both physiologic and metabolic mechanisms appear to play a role in the association. The issues of measurement of blood pressure and body size were presented. Measures of body size have improved, and new measures are evolving, including the determination of fat pattern distributions. The issue of blood pressure measurement in obese individuals is critical. Arm size, measurement technique, and cuff size are strongly related to blood pressure. These measurement issues are reviewed and the current thinking is described. Epidemiologic data for both children and adults were reviewed. While obesity is related to blood pressure in numerous adult populations, the relationship is less clear in childhood. Finally, clinical trials to control blood pressure through weight loss were presented. Weight loss was associated with lower blood pressure in nonhypertensive individuals, independent of sodium and physical activity. This relationship provides insight into therapeutic strategies for the primary prevention of hypertension and control of blood pressure in diagnosed hypertensives. The following papers presented at the conference provide an up-to-date summary of current scientific thinking in the important area of blood pressure and its association with obesity.
Assembly of membrane-bound polyribosomes.

The 60S large ribosomal subunit binds directly to membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Experiments with myeloma cells in tissue culture suggest that membrane-bound polyribosomes are assembled by attachment of small ribosomal subunits and mRNA to membrane-bound 60S subunits.