cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Letting Go of ‘The Normal’ in Pursuit of an Ever-Elusive Real: A Proposal for Innovation in International Law and Economics Theory and Scholarship

This essay surveys and critically assesses international law and economics scholarship as it has evolved since the 1990s as a distinct strand of international legal theory. In this work, international law and economics scholars have sought to demonstrate the virtues of certain forms of economic modelling techniques for answering questions of institutional arrangement and jurisdictional authority that have posed challenges central to the discipline of international law such as which institutions should make which rules in the global order and whose rules ought to apply in what circumstances. Without denying the importance of these issues, many significant global issues that are central to the work of economists and international legal scholars working in other theoretical traditions are not addressed by international law and economics -- issues such as poverty, income inequality, economic growth, the role of law in distribution, the impact of culture, institutional divergence or power asymmetries on economic behavior, to name a few. In the remainder of the essay, the author suggests that the limited range of research questions engaged, methods used and policy reforms prescribed in international law and economics work may be a function of a shared but largely unexamined set of background principles, assumptions, presuppositions and teleological expectations about the “normal” unfolding of economic behaviors and processes. If this intuition is correct, then engaging issues and questions previously left out of international law and economics scholarship will not be simply a matter of applying existing theory to new areas of study. Rather, innovation in international law and economics both at the level of theory and of substantive research will require better methods for identifying and foregrounding the assumptions and normative values that animate the research choices and policy conclusions in both existing and future scholarship on the one hand, and for tracing and comparing the analytic and normative implications of different research choices and values by reference to their usefulness in reflecting or predicting the observable behavior of actors in the world around us. In short, a new critical practice of self-conscious analytic introspection and normative transparency would be necessary to move international law and economic theory beyond its prior limits.
The role of depression in couples involved in murder-suicide and homicide.

Twelve couples in cases of murder-suicide were compared to 24 couples in cases of homicide during the period 1978 to 1987 in Albuquerque, N.M. Data were obtained from police, the courts, hospital records, and interviews with friends and family of the deceased. The most striking findings were that perpetrators of murder-suicide were depressed (75%) and men (95%), while perpetrators of homicide were not depressed and one-half were women. The data indicate that the murder-suicide and homicide groups are two different populations.
Rapid, Quantitative Determination of Tetrahydrocannabinol in Marihuana by Gas Chromatography

Using a simple injection adapter of our own design, the tetrahydrocannabinol content of marlhuana was determined by gas chromatography. The injection method obviates the need for preliminary extractions and allows analyses to be conducted on milligram quantities in less than thirty minutes.
Symbol Timing Research of Uplink Burst Transmission of Inmarsat

The burst structures of uplink transmission of International Maritime Satellite Communication System(Inmarsat) are analyzed.The reverse channel bursts are classified as two types: short burst type and long burst type.The symbol timing algorithms for these two burst structures are proposed.Aiming at the short burst,a non-data-aided(NDA) Gardner algorithm is proposed.Aiming at the long burst,a timing tracking algorithm based on digital phase-locked loop(PLL) and numeric controlled oscillator(NCO) is proposed.The simulation results prove the feasibility of the proposed algorithms.
Pathogenicity of a currently circulating Chinese variant pseudorabies virus in pigs.

AIM: To test the pathogenicity of pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant HN1201 and compare its pathogenicity with a classical PRV Fa strain. METHODS: The pathogenicity of the newly-emerging PRV variant HN1201 was evaluated by different inoculating routes, virus loads, and ages of pigs. The classical PRV Fa strain was then used to compare with HN1201 to determine pathogenicity. Clinical symptoms after virus infection were recorded daily and average daily body weight was used to measure the growth performance of pigs. At necropsy, gross pathology and histopathology were used to evaluate the severity of tissue damage caused by virus infection. RESULTS: The results showed that the efficient infection method of RPV HN1201 was via intranasal inoculation at 107 TCID50, and that the virus has high pathogenicity to 35- to 127-d old pigs. Compared with Fa strain, pigs infected with HN1201 showed more severe clinical symptoms and pathological lesions. Immunochemistry results revealed HN1201 had more abundant antigen distribution in extensive organs. CONCLUSION: All of the above results suggest that PRV variant HN1201 was more pathogenic to pigs than the classical Fa strain.
Emergency Department Patients' Perceptions of Radiation From Medical Imaging.

Objective To evaluate emergency department patients' knowledge of radiation exposure and subsequent risks from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Methods This is a cross-sectional survey study of adult, English-speaking patients from June to August 2011 at 2 emergency departments--1 academic and 1 community-based--in the upper Midwest. The survey consisted of 2 sets of 3 questions evaluating patients' knowledge of radiation exposure from medical imaging and subsequent radiation-induced malignancies and was based on a previously published survey. The question sets paralleled each other, but one pertained to CT and the other to MRI. Questions in the survey ascertained patients' understanding of (1) the relative amount of radiation exposed from CT/MRI compared with a single chest x-ray; (2) the relative amount of radiation exposed from CT/MRI compared with a nuclear power plant accident; and (3) the possibility of radiation-induced malignancies from CT/MRl. Sociodemographic data also were gathered. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of correct answers to each survey question. Multiple logistic regression then was used to examine the relationship between the percentage correct for each question and sociodemographic variables, using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results There were 500 participants in this study, 315 from the academic center and 185 from the community hospital. Overall, 14.1% (95% CI, 11.0%-17.2%) of participants understood the relative radiation exposure of a CT scan compared with a chest x-ray, while 22.8% (95% CI, 18.9%-26.7%) of respondents understood the lack of ionizing radiation use with MRI. At the same time, 25.6% (95% CI, 21.8%- 29.4%) believed that there was an increased risk of developing cancer from repeated abdominal CTs, while 55.6% (95% CI, 51.1%-60.1%) believed this to be true of abdominal MRI. Higher educational level and identification as a health care professional were associated with correct responses. However, even within these groups, a significant majority gave incorrect responses to all questions. Conclusion Patients did not demonstrate understanding of the degree of radiation exposure from CT scans and the subsequent risks associated with this exposure, namely radiation-induced malignancies. Moreover, they did not understand that MRI scans do not expose them to ionizing radiation and therefore lack this downstream effect. While patient preference is integral to patient-centered care, physicians should be aware of the significant lack of knowledge as it pertains to the selection of medical imaging tests.
3 Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein Kinases

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the characteristics and functions of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases and methods for purifying the enzyme. The characteristics of the enzymes are described as they relate to functional aspects of the isozymes, to evolutionary relationships and homologies among protein kinases and other cyclic nucleotide binding proteins, and to the mechanisms of catalytic and regulatory subunit action. The regulation of enzyme activity by cyclic nucleotides and other effectors is reviewed and the role the enzymes play in cellular function is assessed in the chapter. The role of these kinases in the short-term control of cellular function through the regulation of enzyme activities and the long-term control of processes—such as transcription, protein induction and cell growth, and differentiation—is highlighted. In addition, several methods used for deducing the biological role of the kinases are compared and critiqued. It remains to be clearly demonstrated whether the regulatory subunit plays a role in the regulation of gene transcription.
B-Cells in Stroke and Preconditioning-Induced Protection Against Stroke

It is well-understood that inflammation following stroke onset contributes to neuronal injury, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and functional deficits during recovery. But which leukocyte subsets critically contribute to injury, and more importantly which may be necessary for neurorepair, remains to be fully elucidated. One emerging concept is that B-cells, and specifically regulatory B-cells, exhibit the potential to contribute to anti-inflammatory, protective mechanisms during acute recovery. Unfortunately, few studies have investigated the role of B-cells during ischemic brain injury. This chapter reviews B-cell development and function, as well as the contribution of B-cells to pathology during other autoimmune diseases. This is followed by an overview of inflammatory mechanisms after stroke, with emphasis on a potential role for B-cells in post-stroke autoimmunity. Research will be summarized that highlights the role for B-cells in acute CNS neuroprotection after stroke, as well as new data suggesting that B-cells may be detrimental to long-term cognitive function in experimental stroke. Finally, this chapter will focus on preconditioning, a method by which non-injurious, noxious stimuli create an ischemia-tolerant phenotype to protect from stroke. Several preconditioning paradigms that affect B-cell function, including hypoxia, exercise, and exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), will be reviewed, with an emphasis on the clinical relevance to populations at-risk for stroke. While more research is needed to clearly define the role of B-cells in post-stroke recovery, this chapter will highlight several mechanisms by which B-cells can directly influence recovery in the injured CNS.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Modulates the Affinity of Talin-1 for Phospholipid Bilayers and Activates Its Autoinhibited Form.

Integrins are vital transmembrane receptors that mediate cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions and signaling. Talin is a 270 kDa protein and is considered a key regulator of integrin activity. The interaction between talin and integrin is commonly regarded as the final step of inside-out activation. In the cytosol, talin adopts an autoinhibited conformation, in which the C-terminal rod domain binds the N-terminal head domain, preventing the interactions of the head domain with the membrane surface and the integrin cytoplasmic domain. It has long been suggested that the presence of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) at focal adhesions plays a role in activating talin. However, a detailed picture and mechanism of PIP2 activation of autoinhibited talin remains elusive. Here, we use a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based binding assay to measure the affinity of talin and lipid bilayers harboring anionic lipids. Results show that the R9 and R12R13 segments of the talin rod doma...
Getting Down To Business

I concluded the last chapter with the claim that the culture of reform advances the “corporatization” of education, reduces education to being either a business or a product. As the invitation to an all-day conference quoted below announces, education is transformed specifically into a financial product of and from the market, something that savvy investors can profit from, all in the name of reform. The announcement reads as follows:
A Dyadic Growth Approach to Partner Regulation Attempts on Changes in Drinking and Negative Alcohol-Related Consequences.

ABSTRACTBackground: Many individuals engage in regulation attempts to manage or reduce their partner's alcohol use. Research on partner social control behaviors has shown that regulation attempts generally factor into negative (i.e., punishing) and positive (i.e., rewarding) dimensions. In the alcohol domain, partner drinking has been associated with poorer relationship functioning through punishment. Objectives: This research applied a dyadic growth model approach to investigate changes in alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences over 6 months, and evaluated whether partner regulation attempts (punishment and reward) were influential (i.e., successful) in these changes. Methods: Married couples (N = 123 dyads) completed web-based measures of partner regulation attempts, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related consequences three times over a 6-month period. Results: Results from dyadic growth curve analyses showed that partner punishment was significantly associated with increases in...
Pragmatics information in selected Business Chinese (BC) textbooks in the U.S.

Pragmatic competence, the ability to conduct socially appropriate communication, plays an important role in influencing the success of business communication. This study examined the availability of explicit pragmatics information and related exercises in eight Business Chinese (BC) textbooks used in the U.S. institutions of higher education. The quantitative and qualitative findings showed that only a few textbooks explicitly listed pragmatics as a learning objective. Meanwhile, while explicit pragmatics information was provided in the BC textbooks, substantial variations were found across different subcategories of pragmatic features as well as across textbooks; moreover, the quantity of explicit pragmatics information and the ways of presenting and practicing various pragmatic features, as afforded by these textbooks, may not allow full-fledged development of pragmatic competence among learners.
Functional evaluation of varnishes used in spray coating of electronic equipment

During the war the Armed Services experienced a high rate of failure of electronic equipment in tropical service. Upon examination, much of this equipment was found to be covered with fungus growth. It was recognized that this fungus growth occurred at high humidity. The direct contribution of moisture itself to the failure of electronic equipment was often overlooked and fungus growth alone was blamed for the field failures. In consequence, methods of combating fungus growth in electronic equipment were sought.
That robot is not for me: Addressing stereotypes of aging in assistive robot design

Assistive robots designed to support independently living older adults are expected to solve diverse physical, social and mental challenges related to aging. This paper presents how older adults—the potential users of assistive robots—interpret robotic technologies in terms of their usefulness and fit in their everyday lives. We interviewed 7 older adults aged 57–72, showing them photos and videos of assistive robots designed with their age group in mind. Most participants saw the robots as potentially useful in general terms, yet also commented that “those robots are not for me.” An analysis of their discussion about the robots identified several aspects of robot design that participants found problematic, particularly negative representations of aging depicted in robot use scenarios. Participants saw issues related to aging as important daily problems, but did not appreciate the manner in which robotics was expected to address those issues. They were particularly sensitive to the dominance of stereotypes defining aging primarily in terms of disability in robotics discourse and design. Based on participant feedback, we suggest a broader understanding of the experience of aging as the basis for future assistive robot design for this population, and conclude by discussing related robot design possibilities.
Pennsylvania v. Nelson: A Case Study in Federal Pre-Emption

JN THE CELEBRATED CASE of Pennsylvania v. Nelson1 the Supreme Court, drawing on the metaphorical tests for "occupation of the field" developed in commerce clause cases, held that federal legislation regulating communist activity had superseded the Pennsylvania Sedition Act.2 The continuing agitation regarding the decision has been largely provoked by its considerable impact on the power of the states to legislate with respect to issues of subversion and loyalty. The Court's decision invalidated the sedition statutes of forty-two states3 and, in addition, raised serious doubt as to the validity of other state measures in this field.4 It is not surprising that such a striking displacement of state authority has generated much critical comment and has given rise to rash proposals for congressional reversal.5 At the same time, however, the con-
Case 6: Fever, Myalgia, Weakness, and Dark Urine in a 15-year-old Boy

1. Joy Miller, MD* 2. Caitlin Nichols, MD* 3. Sarah Varghese, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA A 15-year-old previously healthy African-American boy presents with 6 days of fever, generalized myalgia, dysuria, dark-colored urine, loose nonbloody stools, and nonbloody, nonbilious emesis. At the onset of illness, a urinalysis at an outside facility revealed hematuria. Given the presentation of fever, vomiting, dysuria, and hematuria, he was prescribed trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for a presumed diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Despite antibiotic and antipyretic drug treatment, his symptoms persisted, leading him to seek additional care. He presents to the emergency department in shock, with initial vital signs revealing a temperature of 103.6°F (39.8°C), blood pressure of 70/30 mm Hg, and a pulse of 130 beats/min. He is stabilized with fluid resuscitation. On hospital admission, his temperature is 100.9°F (38.3°C), blood pressure normalizes to 129/80 mm Hg, pulse is 82 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 18 breaths/min on 100% room air. On physical examination, he is ill appearing but interactive and at baseline mental status. He has palatal petechiae with an erythematous oropharynx without exudate, dry mucous membranes, and left anterior cervical lymphadenopathy. The lungs are clear to auscultation, and the cardiac examination results are normal, with a regular rate and rhythm and no murmur. His abdomen is diffusely tender, without rebound or mass. There is …
Growth Score: a single metric to define growth in 96-well phenotype assays

High-throughput phenotype assays are a cornerstone of systems biology as they allow direct measurements of mutations, genes, strains, or even different genera. High-throughput methods also require data analytic methods that reduce complex time-series data to a single numeric evaluation. Here, we present the Growth Score, an improvement on the previous Growth Level formula. There is strong correlation between Growth Score and Growth Level, but the new Growth Score contains only essential growth curve properties while the formula of the previous Growth Level was convoluted and not easily interpretable. Several programs can be used to estimate the parameters required to calculate the Growth Score metric, including our PMAnalyzer pipeline.
Heating rate dependent ignition of Al/Pt nanolaminates through pulsed laser irradiation

Direct laser irradiation of sputter deposited Al/Pt nanolaminate multilayers results in rapid local heating and exothermic mixing of reactant layers. Milli- and microsecond pulsed laser irradiation under certain test conditions leads to single-point ignition of rapid, self-propagating, formation reactions. Multilayers having bilayer thicknesses of 328 nm, 164 nm, and 65 nm are characterized by their ignition onset times and temperatures. Smaller bilayer thickness multilayers require less laser intensity for ignition compared with larger bilayer designs (when utilizing a particular pulse duration). The relationship between laser intensity and ignition onset time is used to calibrate an activation energy for ignition within a finite element reactive heat transport model. The local heating rate is varied from 104 K/s to 106 K/s by selecting a laser intensity. Kissinger analysis was performed on the heating rate-dependent ignition temperatures measured with high speed pyrometry to experimentally determine an activation energy in the foils of (6.2 ± 1.6 × 104 J/mole atoms). This value is then compared to an activation energy produced from model fits to an ignition onset time of 7.2 × 104 J/mole atoms.
Regional Anesthesia in Women with Chorioamnionitis

Background and Objectives. Controversy regarding the use of regional anesthesia in parturients with chorioamnionitis stems from concern that, in bacteremic patients, anesthetic technique may result in infectious complications because of “seeding” of the epidural or subarachnoid space. This study attempts to evaluate the outcome of the parturient with chorioamnionitis based on anesthetic technique. Methods. Data on chorioamnionitis was collected by review of all obstetric deliveries over a 1-year period with respect to type of anesthetic administered, blood culture results, antibiotic administration, and outcome. Results. Three hundred nineteen women with chorioamnionitis were identified from a total of 10,047 deliveries over a 1-year period. Bacteremia was found in eight of these patients, three of whom received epidural anesthesia. None had received antibiotics before induction of anesthesia. No infectious complications related to anesthetic technique were found. Mean temperature and leukocyte counts were not significantly different between bacteremic and nonbacteremic groups. Conclusions. Although the total number of patients in this study is small, there is no evidence that regional anesthesia was detrimental to patients with chorioamnionitis. Factors such as leukocyte count and temperature elevation may not be predictive in identifying the bacteremic subgroup of patients.
Interannual Variability in Estimated Primary Productivity of the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone

The significance of marginal ice zones as loci for primary productivity has been firmly established in recent years, yet little data exist on the variations within these areas over long time periods. Interannual variations in primary productivity of the marginal ice zone were calculated by combining actual field data on primary productivity, remote sensing data on ice position and concentrations, and a conceptual model of the dynamics of ice-edge phytoplankton blooms. The Ross Sea, the Weddell Sea, and the entire Southern Ocean were analyzed for the years from 1973–1986. Interannual variations in primary productivity within the marginal ice zone are shown to be substantial, with the maximum productivity being 50% greater than the minimum. In view of the importance of the marginal ice zone as a site of biological production and its temporal variations, an understanding of the causes of interannual variability of the ice-edge location and of biological processes within marginal ice zones is needed to assess the impact of these time/space variations on the food webs of the Southern Ocean.
Getting to Know the Basketmakers

By 1992, I had become invested in conducting research on sweetgrass. I was totally enthralled with the crop and had made a commitment to try my best to learn how to cultivate this crop and, in the future, reduce the supply issue. After 3 years of working with Keith Salvo and Mary Jackson, I learned enough about sweetgrass culture to share what I knew with the basketmakers. In conversations with Mary Jackson, I was invited to come to a Mt. Pleasant Basketmakers’ Association meeting to talk with the basketmakers and introduce myself. It was also my goal to organize a Sweetgrass Culture Workshop to spend a day in lectures, greenhouse, and the field conducting some “hands-on” exercises to pass on what I knew about sweetgrass. On the evening of August 25, 1992, I attended the association’s meeting and met the following basketmakers: Jeannette Lee, Joseph Mazyck, Annie Scott, Marguerite Middleton, Marie Rouse, Henry Wigfall, Harriett Brown, Florence Mazyck, Sue Middleton, Adeline Mazyck, Elizabeth Mazyck, Elizabeth Kinlaw, Linda Blake, Mary Choice, Leola Wright, Marilyn Dingle, and Albertha Robinson. I explained who I was, where I was raised, and my work experiences in horticulture and vegetable production. I mentioned that I felt I was an artist too, enjoy creating many handicrafts, and how I related to the art and craft of basketmaking. I also mentioned that my skills with plants could help unlock the mysteries of growing sweetgrass as a domesticated crop, but it will take more time to understand the best production system for the crop. This situation with sweetgrass is a common situation with new vegetable crops being introduced into any region. I stressed that there were great challenges with sweetgrass that needed to be solved starting from the simple act of finding enough plants in the wild to plant in inland locations.
Depths and Betti Numbers of Homology Manifolds

In this paper, we characterize the set of all Betti sequences of compact triangulable homology manifolds. In addition, we characterize the Betti sequences of all Buchsbaum-Eulerian, Eulerian, and semi-Eulerian complexes, and the depths of their Stanley-Reisner rings.
Citizenship, claim-making, and the right to work: Britain, 1884–1911

All systems of social welfare depend on classification, and John W. Mohr is right to say concerning welfare states that: "What is interesting is how alternative principles of classification are created, how they operate, and how they are transformed." 1 Precisely such a change occurred between 1908 and 1911 in Britain, as Liberal social reformers, academics, government officials, and Labour Party officials came together to create a new classificatory language and a new legal regime for a large section of the unemployed in the United Kingdom. Crucial to this change was the emergence of a demand for a "right to work." This article explores how the demand for a "right to work" emerged, and the manner in which it played a key role in reshaping British welfare classification. The appearance of new claims for rights is seen as a major indicator of changing political relationships.2 The willingness of governments and powerholders to negotiate over rights indicates a degree of acceptance for a claim-making group. But concessions always have a two-fold character. Recognition increases a group's institutional character and thus its resources, but it also forces a group to define its priorities more clearly and to clarify its identity. Any evaluation of the outcome of social conflict must take into account both aspects of successful claim making.
Racial Disparities in Student Debt and the Reproduction of the Fragile Black Middle Class

A nascent literature recognizes that student loan debt is racialized and disproportionately affects youth of color, especially black youth. In this study, the authors expand on this research and as...
When Did Wendell Berry Start Talking Like a Christian

Around 1979, Wendell Berry began using more explicitly Christian language to articulate his view of creation. This essay traces Berry’s youthful rebellion from and eventual return to Christian lang...
Biomarkers of immunotherapy response in rectal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

593Background: Immunotherapy (IO) in combination with chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in the neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma (RAC) is an area of active clinical research. T...
Timing and Intensity of Early Intervention Service Use and Outcomes Among a Safety-Net Population of Children

Importance Federal per-child early intervention (EI) appropriations have declined, while accountability for improving children’s development and function has increased. It is critical to understand high-value EI services and systems. Objective To examine EI service timeliness and intensity, and the association between service intensity and outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants This secondary data analysis cohort study linked pediatric primary care electronic health records and EI program records from October 1, 2014, to September 30, 2016. Sample children from a large, urban safety-net health system and EI program who were younger than 35 months with a developmental disability or delay were examined. Data analysis was conducted from December 15, 2017, to May 15, 2018. Exposures The study included measures of condition type and severity, race and ethnicity, family income, insurance type, sex, birth weight, and language. Main Outcomes and Measures The timeliness of EI (days from referral to EI care plan), service intensity (hours per month) overall and for core EI services (physical, occupational, speech therapy, and developmental intervention), and change in function (measured on a 13-point scale). Adjusted quantile median regression estimated timeliness and intensity. Adjusted linear regression estimated change in function. Results Of the 722 children who received an EI care plan (median [interquartile range] time to receive EI care plan, 56.0 [1.0-111.0] days) 457 (63.3%) were male, 447 (62.0%) were younger than 12 months, 207 (28.7%) were 12 to 24 months, and 68 (9.3%) were 25 to 35 months. A total of 663 children (91.8%) had a household income of less than $20 000 annually; 305 (43%) of the sample children received an EI care plan within the 45-day deadline. Median (interquartile range) for EI intensity was 2.7 (2.3-3.6) hours per month. Children living above the federal poverty threshold received greater occupational therapy intensity (b, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.9-3.0). Greater clinical severity was associated with more timely receipt of an EI care plan. Compared with infants, 2-year-old children received a care plan almost 2 months sooner (b, −52.0; 95% CI, −79.7 to −24.3). An additional hour per month of EI service was associated with a 3-point functional gain (b, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.5-5.9) among children with complete outcomes information (n = 448). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, greater EI service intensity was associated with better functional gains, yet most children in the study received delayed care and/or low service intensity. Clinical and EI record linkages could serve as a framework for improving EI processes.
Highly efficient site-directed gene insertion in primary human natural killer cells using homologous recombination and CRISPaint delivered by AAV

Abstract Human peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells have strong antitumor activity and have been used successfully in several clinical trials. Modifying NK cells with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) can improve their targeting and increase specificity. However, genetic modification of NK cells has been challenging due to the high expression of innate sensing mechanisms for viral nucleic acids. Recently, we described an efficient vector-free method using Cas9/ribonucleoprotein complexes for gene deletion in NK cells. Here, we combined this approach with single-stranded (ss) or self-complementary (sc) Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery for gene insertion into a user-defined locus using homology repair (HR) and non-homologous directed CRISPR-assisted insertion tagging (CRISPaint) approaches. Using these approaches, we identified scAAV6 as the superior serotype for successful generation of stable mCherry-expressing primary NK cells (up to 89%). To maximize transgene packaging in HR-directed gene insertion, we identified minimum optimal homology arm lengths of 300bp for the flanking region of the Cas9-targeting site. Lastly, we demonstrate that mCherry positive NK cells can be expanded to large numbers using feeder cells expressing membrane-bound IL-21. This efficient method for site-directed insertion of genetic material into NK cells has broad potential for basic discovery and therapeutic applications for primary NK cells.
Tolerance Levels of Seedborne XanthomonasCampestris Pv. Translucens, the Causal Agent of Black Chaff of Wheat

Black chaff, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens(hereafter referred to as X. translucens), has caused large yield reductions in irrigated wheat in southern Idaho recently. A seed assay using a semiselective agar medium (XTS agar) for detection of the pathogen was recently described (Phytopathology 75:260–263). Field studies were conducted in 1983 and 1984 to quantify the relationship between the level of X. translucens contamination (naturally infected and/or infested) in the seed with black chaff development in the field. In both years, different levels of contamination in wheat seed lots were achieved by mixing contaminated seed with 0, 90, and 99% foundation seed. The foundation seed had a trace level of X. translucens.
Improvement in LDL is associated with decrease in non-calcified plaque volume on coronary CTA as measured by automated quantitative software.

Abstract Background Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTA) can be used for assessment of plaque characteristics; however, quantitative assessment of changes in plaque composition in response to LDL lowering has not been performed with CTA. We sought to assess the association between LDL reduction and changes in plaque composition with quantitative CTA. Methods Quantification of total, calcified, non-calcified and low-density non-calcified plaque volumes (TPV, CPV, NCPV and LD-NCPV) was performed using semi-automated software in 234 vessels from 116 consecutive patients (89 men, 60 ± 10 years) with baseline LDL>70 mg/dl. Significant reduction in LDL was defined as a decrease by >10% of baseline LDL. Changes (Δ) in plaque volumes between the second and baseline study were compared between patients with LDL reduction (n = 63) and those with no decrease in LDL (n = 53). Results Median LDL at baseline was 98 mg/dl [interquartile range (IQR) 83–119 mg/dl] and median ΔLDL was −14 mg/dl (IQR -38 to 3 mg/dl). Mean interval between sequential CTA was 3.5 ± 1.6 years. TPV, NCPV, and LD-NCPV decreased in patients with a reduction in LDL compared to baseline; whereas, patients without reduction in LDL experienced an increase in TPV, NCPV and LD-NCPV. After adjusting for age, statin use, diabetes, baseline LDL and baseline TPV, reduction in LDL was associated with a decrease in TPV (P = 0.005), NCPV (P = 0.002) and LD-NCPV (P = 0.011) compared to patients without a reduction in LDL. Conclusion Reduction in LDL was associated with beneficial changes in the amount and composition of noncalcified plaque as measured using semi-automated quantitative software by CTA.
Reflex High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Testing for Women With Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance in Cytologic Smears

Reflex high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing often is used in the management of women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance identified in cervicovaginal screening. Following implementation of reflex testing, our laboratory processed 8,022 specimens during a 20-month period; sufficient material was available for testing in 7,334 specimens. High-risk HPV was detected in 34.10% of these specimens. Detection rates varied with age, with positive rates as high as 58.46% in women 20 years old or younger, decreasing to 14.58% in women older than 35 years. The detection rate, categorized in 5-year age increments, showed a significant decrease until after 35 years, when the rate remained fairly constant ( P < .0001). The detection rate decreased over the time of the study. These results demonstrate that high-risk HPV detection might vary according to the age mix of the population tested and the interval after implementation of testing.
Computational Assessment of Counterion Effect of Borate Anions on Ethylene Polymerization by Zirconocene and Hafnocene Catalysts

The olefin polymerization performance of metallocene catalysts strongly depends on the nature of the counteranion provided by the activator system. The relative effect of two borate anions [B(C6F5)...
Visual Impairment and Mental Health: Unmet Needs and Treatment Options

Purpose An estimated 2.2 billion people are visually impaired worldwide. Given that age-related vision loss is a primary cause of vision impairment, this number is projected to rise with increases in average lifespan. Vision loss often results in significant disability and is associated with a substantial economic burden, reduced quality-of-life, concurrent medical issues, and mental health problems. In this review, the mental health needs of people with vision impairment are examined. Patients and methods A review of recent literature on mental health outcomes and current treatments in people with visual impairment was conducted. Results Considerable data indicate that rates of depression and anxiety are elevated among people with visual impairments. Moreover, individuals of lower socioeconomic status may be at increased risk for vision impairment and subsequent mental health problems. Existing psychosocial interventions for improving mental health in people with visual impairment show some promise, but are limited by low adherence and lack generalizability. Conclusion In order to improve outcomes, a better understanding of the mechanisms linking visual impairment and poor mental health is needed. It will also be essential to develop more effective interventions and expand access to services to improve the detection and treatment of mental health problems in this population.
Neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-oxon to Daphnia magna.

Abstract Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide. CPF elicits neurotoxic effects in exposed organisms by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzymes (AChE), which prolongs nerve transmission and results in neurotoxic symptoms and death at high doses. While CPF is capable of eliciting neurotoxic effects, chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPFO) is the primary neurotoxicant agent. Aquatic organisms bioactivate CPF to CPFO through the Cytochrome P450 phase I metabolic pathway following exposure to CPF. Additionally, in the environment, CPF transforms to CPFO, primarily through photo-oxidation. As both compounds can be transported in air and water to aquatic ecosystems, there is the potential for exposure to non-target organisms. The potential for adverse impacts on aquatic receptors depends on patterns of exposure and toxicity of individual compounds and the mixture. To study the neurotoxicity of these compounds, a 48 h acute and 21 d chronic Daphnia magna bioassay was conducted independently with CPF and CPFO. Acute bioassay results show a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.76 μg L-1 for CPF and 0.32 μg L-1 for CPFO, suggesting that CPFO is 2.4 times more acutely toxic to D. magna. Acute assay results were also used to derive Benchmark Dose Levels of 0.58 μg L-1 for CPF and 0.25 μg L-1 for CPFO. However, neither compound elicited an effect on reproduction or growth at relevant chronic exposures. As D. magna are a small and relatively sensitive species, and the AChE inhibition adverse outcome pathway is highly conserved, these results may be cautiously extrapolated in assessing adverse impacts on aquatic receptors.1
SARA's State Procedural Reform: Reading CTS v. Waldburger through Canons of Statutory Interpretation

This Article takes Justice Antonin Scalia and Professor Bryan A. Garner’s 2012 treatise Reading Law seriously by showing how the Supreme Court applied (or failed to apply) its canons of statutory interpretation in a recent decision evaluating a preemptive provision of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA" or "Superfund") – CTS v. Waldburger. Justice Kennedy applied several semantic and contextual canons: the Ordinary-Meaning Canon, the Fixed-Meaning Canon, the Whole-Text Canon, and the Harmonious Reading Canon. As important, the Court plainly rejected a principle which Reading Law calls a "falsity": the false notion that remedial statutes should be liberally construed. The Court then divided over the potential applicability of a government-structuring canon: the Presumption Against Federal Preemption. Four members of the Court refused to apply the canon, instead following its narrower definition found in Reading Law. The Court concluded that CERCLA’s preemptive provision did not repeal state law statutes of repose.The Article then further examines the same statute using two canons not relied on by the Supreme Court in Waldburger: (1) The Presumption Against Retroactivity and (2) The Constitutional-Doubt Canon. These canons also point toward a narrow – but distinct – construction – that the CERCLA statute only preempts statutes of limitation that affect only a remedy, not a right. Even this alternative narrower construction, however, fails to eliminate constitutional questions regarding Section 9658 under principles of federalism.
Bidenism as Trumpism 2.0: America’s Bipartisan Embrace of Neo-Mercantilist Policies and What this Entails

A hefty dose of nationalism infuses Build Back Better, U.S. President Joe Biden’s economic policy priorities. Echoing Trump’s Make America Great Again promises, it embraces a zero-sum logic regarding economic relations with China, and is centered on trade protectionism, restrictions on capital and technological flows, and an industrial strategy that subsidizes American suppliers. Why? Many American politicians, if not average citizens, claim that China benefits much more than the U.S. from their economic interdependence. We debunk this idea, rejecting the logic of the arguments that policymakers deploy to justify their economic nationalism. American businesses, consumers, and workers benefit from Sino-U.S. interdependence. Plus, many of Trump’s supporters backed him not because of his protectionism, but despite it. We also discuss concerns over relative versus absolute gains in Sino-U.S. economic relations. China’s increased economic convergence with the U.S. may help explain America’s neo-mercantilism, especially in light of stagnating median wages.
Less is more: Postoperative pain management using restrictive opioid protocols in all surgical services in a comprehensive cancer center.

103Background: Opioids are routinely given for postoperative pain management with limited evidence on the amount needed to be dispensed. Prescribed opioids increase the risk of chronic use, abuse, ...
Lisocabtagene maraleucel in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma: What is the evidence?

Abstract Lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel) is an autologous CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell product, with a CD3ζ activatory domain connected to 4-1BB costimulatory domain. Liso-cel, unlike the other two approved products—axicabtagene ciloleucel and tisagenlecleucel—is manufactured separately from CD4 and CD8 T cells and then administered as a sequential infusion of the two components at equal target doses. The approval of liso-cel was based on the results of Transcend NHL 001, a single-arm, open-label, multicenter, seamless design trial that enrolled 344 patients, of whom 269 received conforming liso-cel. The most common histology was diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL NOS; n = 137, 51%) followed by DLBCL transformed from indolent lymphomas (n = 78, 29%). Encouraging results were reported, yielding an objective response rate across all dose levels of 73% [complete remission (CR) = 53%], with an estimated duration of response at 1 year of 55% for all patients and 65% for those achieving a CR. The estimated 12-month overall survival was 58% for all patients and 86% for those achieving a CR. Cytokine release syndrome and neurological adverse events were reported in 42% and 30%, respectively. This review summarizes the evidence on the safety and effectiveness of liso-cel, resulting in its addition to the current treatment armamentarium of relapsed or refractory large B cell lymphoma.
The structure of malaria pigment β-haematin

Despite the worldwide public health impact of malaria, neither the mechanism by which the Plasmodium parasite detoxifies and sequesters haem, nor the action of current antimalarial drugs is well understood. The haem groups released from the digestion of the haemoglobin of infected red blood cells are aggregated into an insoluble material called haemozoin or malaria pigment. Synthetic beta-haematin (FeIII-protoporphyrin-IX)2 is chemically, spectroscopically and crystallographically identical to haemozoin and is believed to consist of strands of FeIII-porphyrin units, linked into a polymer by propionate oxygen-iron bonds. Here we report the crystal structure of beta-haematin determined using simulated annealing techniques to analyse powder diffraction data obtained with synchrotron radiation. The molecules are linked into dimers through reciprocal iron-carboxylate bonds to one of the propionic side chains of each porphyrin, and the dimers form chains linked by hydrogen bonds in the crystal. This result has implications for understanding the action of current antimalarial drugs and possibly for the design of new therapeutic agents.
Parametric frequency conversion in silicon carbide waveguides

We show the first demonstration of frequency conversion via four wave mixing in a silicon carbide channel waveguide with a conversion efficiency as high as −19.5 dB over a 180 nm wavelength range.
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Hodgkin’s lymphoma includes two B-cell neoplasms, classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (CHL) and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NLPHL) that are unique in their clinical presentation, therapy, pathogenesis, and morphologic appearance when compared with the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Patients typically present in early adulthood with enlarged neck or axillary lymph nodes or a mediastinal mass. These patients are clinically staged to determine the extent of disease via clinical history, physical examination, radiographic imaging, and bone marrow biopsy. Definitive diagnosis requires microscopic examination of tissue biopsies, showing neoplastic cells embedded in a reactive, non-neoplastic cell infiltrate; the identity of the neoplastic cells is confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These lymphomas are treated with specific chemotherapy regimens that typically result in better remission rates than the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. This review describes the pathology and treatment of these lymphomas.
Identifying logical clinical context clusters in nursing orders for the purpose of information retrieval.

Nurses’ information needs relate to nursing orders and nursing orders have many contexts including body systems, safety practices and other clinical categories. When searching for information related to orders one search term might retrieve documents related to multiple orders. We clustered nursing orders into sets that are related by the same ‘logical clinical context.’ We then generated clusters and their search terms from a data set of 636 orders obtained from a CIS/CPOE system at an academic medical center. We refined those cluster search terms by searching an electronic nursing procedure manual to retrieve resources that could answer one of six generic nursing questions. Sixty -three cluster search terms were identified. The search terms for 100 (16%) of the orders were validated in a second hospital’s electronic nursing p rocedure manual; precision was 32.5%.. Our process of identifying cluster search terms may be a useful method to obtain clinically relevant information resources.