cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State enterprise and the decline of the Zambian copper industry

Abstract Using the Zambian copper industry as a case study, this article develops a simple econometric model to assess the relative importance of two groups of factors contributing to the generally poor performance of state mining enterprises since the mid-1970s. It finds that factors inhibiting investment and capacity, such as the confiscation of copper revenues by the government for other social needs, play an important role in explaining the decline of the Zambian copper industry. In contrast, factors contributing to inefficiency and poorer profit margins, including the pursuit of goals other than cost minimization and profit maximization, are not significant.
Considering fees in psychodynamic psychotherapy: opportunities for residents.

Objective: The topic of money is ubiquitous to psychodynamic therapy work, yet often neglected in residency training programs. Residency allows a unique opportunity to address issues pertaining to money and their impact on therapy. Method: Through the experience of the author, the need for a more explicit and systematic consideration within residency training of financial issues is explored. Perspectives from the relevant literature, therapeutic principles, and their impact on resident training are discussed for several topics. These topics include the difficulties encountered in discussing fees, the negotiation of fees, impact on the stability of the frame, expectations of patients and residents, payment of fees, and handling missed appointments. The applicability of these skills to other venues of practice is highlighted. Conclusions: By addressing the topic of money and fees in residency training, a richer educational experience can be realized.
Loans to LDCs and massive defaults

The quadrupling of oil prices since the end of 1973 was accompanied by a rapid increase in the borrowings of developing countries. A global view of their external debt situation reveals some alarming realities.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lacrimal gland

The authors describe two patients with squamous cell carcinoma arising in benign mixed tumor of the lacrimal gland. One tumor arose in a 77-year-old woman with an incompletely excised benign mixed tumor 25 years previously. the other squamous cell carcinoma was present in a 57-year-old man with a subtotally removed benign mixed tumor 20 years prior to discovery of malignant transformation. the fact that squamous cell carcinoma may arise in benign mixed tumors of the lacrimal gland is illustrated and the use of combined surgery and radiation therapy for palliation or cure of these tumors is discussed.
The probability of detecting a subaortic ridge in children with ventricular septal defect or coarctation of the aorta.

Abstract Membranous subaortic stenosis can be found as an isolated congenital defect or in association with other congenital heart lesions such as ventricular septal defect (VSD) 1–7 or coarctation of the aorta (C of A). 8 Recent reports have suggested an increased incidence of membranous subaortic stenosis in patients with VSD and right ventricular muscle bundles, 9 malalignment VSD 10 and ventricular septal aneurysm. 11–14 Membranous subaortic stenosis develops and progresses over time 15–17 and usually requires surgery. Subaortic stenosis is often associated with damage and thickening of the aortic valve, leading to aortic valve regurgitation. 18–20 In patients with VSD, ventricular septal aneurysm or C of A, we have observed an echogenic ridge of tissue in the left ventricular outflow tract that may be a precursor to membranous subaortic stenosis. To determine the probability of detecting a subaortic ridge in patients with VSD in different locations and in patients with C of A, and to determine if ventricular septal aneurysm increases the probability of detecting a subaortic ridge in patients with perimembranous VSD, we reviewed the echocardiographic records of our patients with VSD, subaortic ridge or C of A.
Towards a Strategic Model of Global Franchise Expansion

Abstract This paper develops the first global index of international franchise expansion that ranks countries according to their attractiveness to US-based franchise firms. A quantitative model combining insights from academic research and business practice generates a ranking of 143 potential expansion target countries according to their risk/opportunity profiles. The rankings suggest that countries with large markets and strong political and legal systems (large European countries, and Canada, Japan, and Australia) are the most attractive for US-based franchisors, while the small, unstable African countries are the least attractive. China (and the other BRIC countries—Brazil, Russia, India) though attractive from a market opportunity perspective, is nevertheless not highly ranked due to their significant risks and large cultural and geographic distances. This study reaffirms the importance of a strategic approach to international franchising decisions, underscores the importance of properly assessing the relative importance of key determinants in internationalization decisions, highlights the importance of a comprehensive and systematic assessment of the various risks in international franchising decisions, shows the usefulness of quantitative modeling in international franchising, and advocates the development of effective risk management methods in order to cope with rapid changes in the global marketplace.
INTERACTION OF SO2 WITH O2 OVER MIXED PT, PD, PT-PD AND PT-RU OXIDATION CATALYSTS AND COMBINED TREATMENT OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES

TPD, XPS IR methods were used to study how the composition of mixed Pt and Pd contacts over Al2O3 affects the nature of SO2 complexes formed in the presence of O2. Two types of sulfates of different structure and binding strength are formed in SO2 oxidation by oxygen over Pt and Pd contacts. Introducing elements such as Co and Cr into the composition, one can significantly reduce the formation of weakly binding sulfate-1 as well as sulfate-2 too.
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in elderly patients. Lower endoscopic evaluation is established as the diagnostic procedure of choice in the setting of acute lower GI hemorrhage.
Flow Dynamic Effect in Cake Shape and Resistance in Membrane Filtration

Membrane filtration is one of the methods for separating targeted material from a fluid stream. Membrane based filtration is applied in many areas of processing to separate and concentrate fluids. However, fouling and film growth at the filter surface is a major problem that causes loss in efficiency. The cake buildup during the filtration process is investigated experimentally to understand the affect of flow dynamics on the cake characteristics, shape and associated resistance. The experiments were conducted without and with shear generated using an impeller operated at various rotational speeds. The results illustrate that indeed the cake shape and character are affected by the flow dynamics that eventually influence filtration resistance. Likewise the filtrate rate and the cake shape significantly affect the flow dynamics. Furthermore, the filtration resistance is not only affected by the thickness of the cake, but also by how the cake is formed. After similar volumes of filtrate, the flux rate of 120 Lm−2 hr−1 for 4.4 mm thick and 1.8 g cake is observed for dead-end filtration, while the flux rate of 600 Lm−2 hr−1 for 1.1 mm thick and 0.35 g cake where observed with a shearing rate of 630 s−1 . Understanding the size and characters of cake buildup is very important to designing a system to overcome the drawbacks associated with membrane fouling. Moreover, developing a technology with the cleaning process that removes or eliminates cake and maintains a reasonable flux for an extended period requires a thorough understanding of the filtration system geometry and flow dynamics.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Volume of detected disease and ability to effect cure by radical prostatectomy

Morphometric reconstruction of 100 consecutive radical prostatectomy specimens were analyzed for tumor volume, complete capsular penetration (CP), seminal vesicle (SV) invasion, and lymph node (LN) metastasis. Tumors with a volume of 10 cc showed a 93% incidence of CP, 64% SV invasion, and 50% LN metastasis. When methods for accurate assessment of tumor volume become available, volume measurements should become an integral part of clinical staging in prostatic carcinoma.
Malicious use of technology: what schools, parents, and teachers can do to prevent cyberbullying

In today's hyper-connected world, children's exposure to technology as a tool to communicate, learn, and socialize has increased exponentially. As teachers and parents recognize the demands for increased use of technology among young children, they should be able to identify and address the challenges associated with such exposure. Cyberbullying, or harassment using electronic technology, is a growing problem among schoolgoing children across the world who have access to the Internet and electronic communications. Here, Hani Morgan provides a discussion on the nature and forms of cyberbullying, the major causes behind it, and measures that can be adopted by teachers and parents to help children and young adults identify and respond to cyberbullying. Resource: www.stopbullying.gov/blog/2012/09/20/protect-kids-online-onguardonline-gov
Situational Crime Prevention

Situational crime prevention is an approach that seeks to target specific problems with individualized interventions. The situational approach assumes that a greater degree of problem identification and planning will take place prior to program implementation and its impact will be focused. The identification of places and individuals at the risk of victimization are central to situational prevention. The chapter also outlines the growth of situational crime prevention, discusses the various traditional rationales upon which it is based, and provides examples of situational techniques in action. Situational prevention involves four steps, which are: studying the problem, identifying possible responses, implementing the intervention, and evaluating and adjusting the intervention. This chapter discusses the theoretical basis for situational prevention, the issues and concerns with situational prevention, and also explains situational prevention studies such as the studies of crimes against transit systems, motor vehicle theft, theft offenses, revictimization, and child sexual assault. The seven misconceptions of situational prevention are also tabulated in the chapter.
Effect of adsorbents on degradation of toxic organic compounds by coimmobilized systems.

The use of coimmobilized systems for treatment of toxic organic compounds has been proposed. The proposed approach combines the use of adsorbents and laboratory identified microorganisms immobilized in a protective permeable barrier to achieve a greater degree of control over the remediation process. This study was launched to understand the effect of adsorbents and changes in adsorption on the degradation of toxic compounds by coimmobilized systems. The specific case studied involved the degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by Arthrobacter (ATCC 33790) coimmobilized with powdered activated carbon within calcium alginate capsules.The design parameters studied included adsorbent content and type as well as the effect of solution pH and surfactant concentration on adsorption and biodegradation. It was found that the equilibrium adsorption behavior of PCP was strongly influenced by solution pH and surfactant concentration. A mathematical model was developed that combined the physical processes of mass transfer and adsorption with biological degradation of PCP. The model was used to predict the effect of various parameters on the degradation of PCP. Based on model predictions, the degradation of PCP. Based on model predictions, the degradation of PCP was strongly dependent on variations in adsorbent capacity and affinity for this contaminant.
The norm of restaurant tipping

Abstract Using survey data, we identify a variety of factors that influence tipping behavior and in the process lay out a simple theoretical framework to help to interpret our empirical observations. We first investigate the efficiency of observed tipping behavior. While there are elements of efficiency—notably, percent tip depends on service quality—it does not appear fully efficient. We then posit a model in which customers trade off material well-being against disutility from not adhering to the norm, and we use this model to reinterpret initial empirical findings and make additional empirical predictions.
Dimensional calibration of the NBS 0.3-μm-diameter particle-sizing standard

Abstract This article summarizes the procedures used at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in the certification of SRM 1691, a new submicrometer particle-sizing Standard Reference Material. The mean diameter of the SRM 1691 polystyrene microspheres was accurately measured using two independent micrometrology techniques. One technique, transmission electron microscopy, measured the particles dried and in a vacuum and gave a result of 0.269 ± 0.007 μm for the certified mean diameter. The supporting method, quasi-elastic light scattering, yielded a value of 0.276 ± 0.007 μm for the diameter of the microspheres in liquid suspension. Descriptions of the experimental techniques, data analyses, and sources of error are discussed in the paper. The calibrated microspheres are now available from NBS for use as a primary length standard in the submicrometer size range. Applications include microcontamination measurement in semiconductor processing, atmospheric sampling, and electron-microscope calibration.
Tissue‐specific regulation by ecdysone: Distinct patterns of Eip28/29 expression are controlled by different ecdysone response elements

The Eip28/29 gene of Drosophila is an example of a tissue- and stage-specific ecdysone-responsive gene. Its diverse patterns of expression during the third larval instar and a synopsis of those patterns in terms of expression groups have been reported previously. Here we have studied the expression (in transgenic flies) of reporter genes controlled by Eip28/29-derived flanking DNA. During the middle and late third instar, most tissues exhibit normal expression patterns when controlled by one of two classes of regulatory sequences. Class A sequences include only 657 Np of 5′ flanking DNA from Eip28/29. Class B sequences include an extended 3′ flanking region and a minimal (≤93 Np) 5′ flanking region. The class B sequences include all those elements known to be important for ecdvsone induction in cultured cells. They are sufficient to direct the normal premetamorphic induction of Eip28/29 in the lymph glands, hemocytes, proventriculus, and Malpighian tubules. This is consistent with our suggestion that Kc cells are derived from embryonic hematopoietic cells. It is remarkable that the epidermis requires only class A sequences. These are sufficient to up-regulate expression at medinstar and to down-regulate expression at metamorphosis. It follows that the epidermis uses EcREs distinct from those that function in Kc cells. It is possible that the Upstream EcRE, which is nearly silent in Kc cells, is active in the epidermis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Islanding Detection for Inverter-Based Distributed Generation Using Support Vector Machine Method

In this paper, a new islanding detection method for single phase inverter-based distributed generation is presented. In the first stage of the proposed method, a parametric technique called autoregressive signal modeling is utilized to extract signal features from voltage and current signals at the point of common coupling with the grid. In the second stage, advanced machine learning technique based on support vector machine, which takes calculated features as inputs is utilized to predict islanding state. The extensive study is performed on the IEEE 13 bus system and feature vectors corresponding to various islanding and nonislanding conditions are used for support vector machine classifier training and testing. Simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately detect system islanding operation mode 50 ms after the event starts. Further, the robustness of the proposed method is analyzed by examining its performances in the systems with multiple distributed generations, and when system loading condition, grid disturbance types, and characteristics are altered.
Spontaneous Mutations in Diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae: More Beneficial Than Expected

We performed a 1012-generation mutation-accumulation (MA) experiment in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The MA lines exhibited a significant reduction in mean fitness and a significant increase in variance in fitness. We found that 5.75% of the fitness-altering mutations accumulated were beneficial. This finding contradicts the widely held belief that nearly all fitness-altering mutations are deleterious. The mutation rate was estimated as 6.3 × 10−5 mutations per haploid genome per generation and the average heterozygous fitness effect of a mutation as 0.061. These estimates are compatible with previous estimates in yeast.
Visible Light Communication, Networking, and Sensing: A Survey, Potential and Challenges

The solid-state lighting is revolutionizing the indoor illumination. Current incandescent and fluorescent lamps are being replaced by the LEDs at a rapid pace. Apart from extremely high energy efficiency, the LEDs have other advantages such as longer lifespan, lower heat generation, and improved color rendering without using harmful chemicals. One additional benefit of LEDs is that they are capable of switching to different light intensity at a very fast rate. This functionality has given rise to a novel communication technology (known as visible light communication—VLC) where LED luminaires can be used for high speed data transfer. This survey provides a technology overview and review of existing literature of visible light communication and sensing. This paper provides a detailed survey of 1) visible light communication system and characteristics of its various components such as transmitter and receiver; 2) physical layer properties of visible light communication channel, modulation methods, and MIMO techniques; 3) medium access techniques; 4) system design and programmable platforms; and 5) visible light sensing and application such as indoor localization, gesture recognition, screen-camera communication, and vehicular networking. We also outline important challenges that need to be addressed in order to design high-speed mobile networks using visible light communication.
Imaging Radiation Pneumonitis in a Rat Model of a Radiological Terrorism Incident

ABSTRACT We have developed a rat model of single, sub-lethal thoracic irradiation. Our irradiation protocol is considered representative of exposures near the detonation site of a dirt y bomb or small nuclear device. The model is being used to investigate techniques for identifying, triaging and treating possible victims. In addition to physiological ma rkers of right ventricu lar hypertrophy, pulmonary vascular resistance, and arterial distensibility, we present two me thods for quantifying microvascular density. We used methods including microfocal X-ray imaging to investigate changes in lung structure/function resulting from radiation expo sure. Radiation pneumonitis is a complication in subjects receiving thoracic irradiation. A radiogra phic hallmark of acute radiation pneumonitis is a diffuse infiltrate corresponding to the radiation treatment fiel d. We describe two methods for quantifying small artery dropout that occurs in the model at the same time-period. Rats were examined 3-days, 2-weeks, 1-month (m), 2-m, 5- m, and 12-m post-irradiation and compared with aged-matched controls . Right ventricular hypertrophy and in creases in pulmonary vascular resistance were present during the pneumonitis phase. Vascular injury was dependent on dose and post-irradiation duration. Rats ir radiated with 5 Gy had few detectable changes, whereas 10 Gy resulted in a significant decrease in both microvascular density a nd arterial distensibility around 2-m, the decrease in each lessening, but extending th rough 12-m. In conclusion, ra ts irradiated with a 10 Gy dose had changes in vascular structure concurre nt with the onset of radiation pneumonitis that were detectable with our imaging techniques and these structural ch anges persist afte r resolution of the pneumonitis.
Phonetic bases of similarities in cross-language production: Evidence from English and Catalan

Abstract Previous research has shown that speakers do not produce all non-native phonotactic sequences with equal accuracy. Several reasons for these accuracy differences have been proposed, including markedness, analogical extension from permitted sequences, and language-independent phonetic factors. In this study, evidence from the production of unattested obstruent-initial onset clusters by English and Catalan speakers tests the viability of these explanations. Variables manipulated in this study include the manner, place, and voicing of the consonant clusters, and the input modality of the stimuli—whether speakers were presented the stimuli in an audio+text condition, or in an audio-only condition. Results demonstrate none of the linguistic factors interacted with language background; all speakers were less accurate on stop-initial sequences than fricative-initial ones, and on voiced sequences than voiceless sequences. It is argued that the fact that the particular accuracy patterns are independent of language background is incompatible with an analogy-based explanation, and is better accounted for by language-independent phonetic factors. However, the role of the native language phonology is reflected in the preferred repair types, which vary by native language. Finally, while the presence of text improves performance, the patterns of accuracy are still largely the same for both audio+text and audio-only input, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms responsible for speech production are independent of input modality.
Noise trading and autocorrelation interactions in the foreign exchange market: Evidence from developed and emerging economies

This paper seeks to empirically determine whether feedback trading strategies result in stabilization or destabilization in the foreign exchange market and if such strategies are a distinctive characteristic of an emerging economy or they are a common element to both developed and emerging economies. These hypotheses are tested via the use of a feedback model augmented with a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) process for modeling the errors. The results suggest presence of both positive and negative feedback trading and asymmetric behavior in both types of economies. Irrespective of the nature of feedback trading, presence of asymmetric behavior implies that market traders rely on central banks to intervene so they can realize short-term profits. Finally, in cases of a positive first-order autoregressive parameter presence of the bandwagon effect is implied, whereby past currency movements are followed by expectations of currency movements in the same direction.
CASE PROPERTIES OF CLAUSES AND THE GREED PRINCIPLE

. In this paper I give an account of the descriptive generalization that although clauses can appear in Caseless positions, they need Case when they move to subject position or undergo Topicalization. The analysis presented in the paper is shown to have broad theoretical consequences. Among other things, it provides support for the Greed Principle. It also provides evidence that clauses can bear Case features and that direct object nominal elements undergoing syntactic movement from within VP must pass through Spec., AgroP in the overt syntax. I also argue that the facts considered in the paper provide evidence for the morphological and against the theta-theoretic account of the Case Filter.
Optical frequency standard development in support of NASA's gravity-mapping missions

We. have begun constructing all-solid-state laser systems at 778 nm and at 532 nm in support of a satellite-based gravity-mapping mission tentatively planned to fly in 2007. In each case the lasers will be stabilized at short times to high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavities. At longer times the 778 nm laser will be stabilized to the 2-photon transition in rubidium.. In the 532 nm system, a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser with a non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO) design will be frequency-locked to a molecular iodine line. We intend to combine the exquisite performance over short time scales coming from a cavity reference with the long-term stability of an atomic frequency standard with an eye towards reliability in a spaceflight. application. By developing. two separate candidate systems with proven performance we intend to maximize the probability of success for this mission-critical system development.
Energy Conservation for the Simulation of Deformable Bodies

We propose a novel technique that allows one to conserve energy using the time integration scheme of one's choice. Traditionally, the time integration methods that deal with energy conservation, such as symplectic, geometric, and variational integrators, have aimed to include damping in a manner independent of the size of the time step, stating that this gives more control over the look and feel of the simulation. Generally speaking, damping adds to the overall aesthetics and appeal of a numerical simulation, especially since it damps out the high frequency oscillations that occur on the level of the discretization mesh. We propose an alternative technique that allows one to use damping as a material parameter to obtain the desired look and feel of a numerical simulation, while still exactly conserving the total energy-in stark contrast to previous methods in which adding damping effects necessarily removes energy from the mesh. This allows, for example, a deformable bouncing ball with aesthetically pleasing damping (and even undergoing collision) to collide with the ground and return to its original height exactly conserving energy, as shown in Fig. 2. Furthermore, since our method works with any time integration scheme, the user can choose their favorite time integration method with regards to aesthetics and simply apply our method as a postprocess to conserve all or as much of the energy as desired.
Role of Public Transportation as Job Access Mode: Lessons from Survey of People with Disabilities in New Jersey

Transportation barriers are often the reason for the discrepancy in the employment rate between people with disabilities and others, yet little information about the transportation barriers and the needs of people with disabilities who are searching for employment is available. The primary objective of this paper is to share valuable information from a unique survey of people with disabilities who were actively searching for employment in New Jersey. The paper examines the role of public transportation in providing job access to people with disabilities and provides information and insights on the availability, use, needs, barriers, and perceptions of the survey respondents about different public transit modes. The paper also discusses the implications for agencies that provide transportation for people with human services needs. Research shows that despite the frequent use of public transportation by job-seeking people with disabilities, many of them are dissatisfied with public transportation. Although ...
Inhibition of Estrogen-Induced Activity by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer and Other Cell Lines Transfected with Vitellogenin A2 Gene Promoter Constructs1

Abstract The antiestrogenic activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) was investigated in several cell lines using transient transfection assays and constructs containing 5′-regulatory sequences from the estrogen (E2)-responsive vitellogenin (Vit) A2 gene linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. TCDD significantly inhibited CAT activity induced by E2 in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells transiently transfected with 5′-deletion plasmids containing the homologous promoter [(−821/+14)- and (−482/+14)-CAT] or the heterologous thymidine kinase (tk) promoter [(−821/−87)tk-, (−482/−87)tk-, (−397/−87)tk-, and (−331/−87)tk-CAT]. In parallel experiments using wild-type mouse Hepa 1c1c7 and human HeLa cells cotransfected with a human estrogen receptor expression plasmid, TCDD also inhibited E2-induced CAT activity. The role of the nuclear Ah receptor complex was confirmed by results of the following studies using MCF-7 or mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells transiently transfected with E2-responsive Vit A2 gene 5′-promoter constructs: (i) for a series of Ah receptor ligands, there was a correlation between their antiestrogenic activity in MCF-7 cells and their rank order binding affinity for the Ah receptor; (ii) α-naphthoflavone, an Ah receptor antagonist, inhibited the antiestrogenic activity of TCDD in MCF-7 cells; and (iii) TCDD inhibited E2-induced CAT activity in Ah-responsive wild-type but not in Ah-nonresponsive class 2 mutant Hepa 1c1c7 cells. The antiestrogenic activity of TCDD was also observed in cells which transiently overexpressed the human estrogen receptor (ER), suggesting that the mechanism does not involve downregulation of the ER by TCDD.
An interdisciplinary approach to teaching and learning

An interdisciplinary course in semiconductor processing has been developed successfully introduced into the chemical, materials and electrical engineering curricula. Teams of students drawn from a range of engineering and scientific disciplines build microelectronic devices using a 5 mask PMOS metal gate process and perform open-ended experiments to improve this process. The team approach is set in the context of a start-up company culture and professional work environment to give students the opportunity to be actively engaged constructing their own knowledge. The wide spectrum of fields and experiences that students bring to the course mirror the highly interdisciplinary nature of microelectronics device processing which requires knowledge of physics, chemistry and chemical, materials and electrical engineering. The results of surveys given to the students taking the course over the past three years (1995-97) were used to assess the success of this approach and to deduce the most important features for effective teamwork in this context.
Frequency limitations in circuits composed of linear devices

The author investigates limitations on the frequency response of networks constructed out of components specified by their small signal models. Tellegen's theorem is used to find tight bounds on the maximum frequency of oscillation. The problem is reduced to deciding whether zero is in the numerical range of a complex non-Hermitian matrix. A decision method is presented, and transistor and negative resistance amplifier examples are developed. >
Circular and zero-inclination solutions for optical observations of Earth-orbiting objects

Situational awareness of Earth-orbiting particles is important for human extraterrestrial activities. Given an optical observation, an admissible region can be defined over the topocentric range/range-rate space, with each point representing a possible orbit for the object. However, based on our understanding of Earth orbiting objects, we expect that certain orbits in that distribution, such as circular or zero-inclination orbits, would be more likely than others. In this research, we present an analytical approach for describing the existence of such special orbits for a given observation pass, and investigate topological features of the range/range-rate space by means of singularities in orbital elements.
Development and therapeutic applications of nitric oxide-releasing materials

Prior to the truly seismic revelation that nitric oxide (NO) was the elusive endothelium-derived relaxing factor, NO was considered simply a reactive pollutant for the vast majority of the biology and biomedical research community – there was essentially no linkage to actual in vivo functional processes, let alone therapeutic applications. Even the relationship between NO and the therapeutic efficacy of nitroglycerin was at this point still unknown. The abrupt change in the research status of NO, initiated by the monumental discovery of the NO-elusive endothelium-derived relaxing factor connection, heralded a new era of investigation that continues to dramatically expand every year. Research on NO has now expanded to include: mechanisms of physiological and biochemical action; the importance of temporal and site-specific NO generation under both normal and pathological conditions; the nature, properties and synthesis of longer lived NO-related molecules that preserve and extend NO bioactivity; the role of nitrite as a stable source of physiological levels of NO; potential therapeutic targets for NO and other NO-related molecules; food and supplements to enhance levels of NO in the circulation; and development of topical and systemic delivery vehicles for therapeutic levels of NO and NO-releasing molecules. In fact, it is becoming ever more apparent that many of the current drugs being developed to address numerous disease conditions are in effect elegant methods of stimulating NO in the appropriate locations and amount. What is also clear is with every new discovery and shift of the research landscape, new NO-related questions emerge at an equally steady pace. Issues seemingly as fundamental as to whether NO promotes or inhibits cancer growth remain controversial. Limitations in addressing not only basic questions relating to how NO participates in both physiological and pathophysiological processes but also how to utilize NO therapeutically arise from an inability to appropriately and effectively deliver and monitor NO in vivo. This issue is an attempt to update overviews of where we are with respect to several of these rapidly evolving NO associated foci of research with an emphasis on delivery and detection strategies. We are fully cognizant that with the level of activity and the rate at which new insights are emerging, we can at best provide but a transient depiction that represents at least a breath catching pause for researchers to take stock of what has been accomplished and where we might be headed. The contributors to this effort are all at the cutting edge of NO research and represent a cohesive effort to encompass many of the important issues that pertain to the ultimate biomedical objective of harnessing the extraordinary therapeutic potential of this seemingly simple molecule.
Trastuzumab-Associated Flagellate Erythema: Report in a Woman with Metastatic Breast Cancer and Review of Antineoplastic Therapy-Induced Flagellate Dermatoses

Introduction Flagellate erythema presents as erythematous, individual and intermingled, linear streaks in a whiplash-like pattern. Several conditions, including antineoplastic agents, have been associated with flagellate erythema. A woman with metastatic breast cancer who developed flagellate erythema after receiving trastuzumab is described and the features of flagellate erythema associated with other antineoplastic agents are reviewed.
Preserving Liberty While Increasing Safety: Why Indiana Should Outlaw Sobriety Checkpoints

INTRODUCTION In 2011, thirty percent of fatal automobile crashes in the United States involved alcohol-impaired driving.1 During that same year in Indiana, 195 out of 675 fatal vehicular crashes involved a drunk driver with a blood-alcohol content of 0.08 or higher.2 Based on this data, no one can reasonably argue that drunk driving is not a serious public policy issue nationwide and in the State of Indiana.3 Many people across the United States have been personally affected by drunk driving. Mothers Against Drunk Driving describes the impact of drunk driving accurately, stating, “[e]ach crash, each death, each injury impacts not only the person in the crash, but family, friends, classmates, coworkers and more.”4 Lawmaking bodies and law enforcement agencies largely ignored the drunk driving epidemic until the 1980s.5 In the early 1980s, with insistence and support from the federal government, state task forces across the country examined drunk driving in order to formulate new laws to fight the problem.6 Furthermore, in 1983, the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving made a series of recommendations to combat drunk driving.7 The subsequent changes in law included, among others, blood-alcohol limits, open container prohibitions, and mandatory sentences.8 Laws combatting drunk driving are only as effective as their means of enforcement. For years, state and local law enforcement agencies have deployed
Superconductive devices

Over the past 2 years there have been several suggestions advanced for computer devices which utilize the unique properties of superconductors. Some of these take advantage of the strong nonlinear dependence of resistance on magnetic field which makes possible the construction of high-speed switches. Other proposed devices utilize the ability of a superconductor to carry a so-called persistent current which offers the possibility of constructing memory elements.
Introduction to the Special Issue: ADA at 25 and People With Cognitive Disabilities: From Action to Inclusion

Abstract The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 has helped to define in the United States and globally the modern view of disability as a central element of the human experience. This second issue, of a two-part Special Issue of the journal Inclusion, examines the ADA at its 25th anniversary. From an array of disciplinary perspectives and lived experiences, the articles reflect on the past 25 years, examine present opportunities and challenges, and consider the future to ensure continued action toward the civil and human rights of individuals with cognitive and other disabilities for inclusion and active citizenship.
Robust power spectral estimation for EEG data.

Abstract Background Typical electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings often contain substantial artifact. These artifacts, often large and intermittent, can interfere with quantification of the EEG via its power spectrum. To reduce the impact of artifact, EEG records are typically cleaned by a preprocessing stage that removes individual segments or components of the recording. However, such preprocessing can introduce bias, discard available signal, and be labor-intensive. With this motivation, we present a method that uses robust statistics to reduce dependence on preprocessing by minimizing the effect of large intermittent outliers on the spectral estimates. New method Using the multitaper method (Thomson, 1982) as a starting point, we replaced the final step of the standard power spectrum calculation with a quantile-based estimator, and the Jackknife approach to confidence intervals with a Bayesian approach. The method is implemented in provided MATLAB modules, which extend the widely used Chronux toolbox. Results Using both simulated and human data, we show that in the presence of large intermittent outliers, the robust method produces improved estimates of the power spectrum, and that the Bayesian confidence intervals yield close-to-veridical coverage factors. Comparison to existing method The robust method, as compared to the standard method, is less affected by artifact: inclusion of outliers produces fewer changes in the shape of the power spectrum as well as in the coverage factor. Conclusion In the presence of large intermittent outliers, the robust method can reduce dependence on data preprocessing as compared to standard methods of spectral estimation.
Causes of Academic Misconducts at Universities and Countermeasures

With the development of higher education in China,universities have made considerable achievements in academic research.However,the problem of academic misconducts is becoming increasingly serious.By clarifying the borderline between the norms and misconducts in academics and analyzing the causes of academic misconducts,we put forward suggestions and countermeasures,which will be enlightenment for setting up a set of academic standards.
Salivary Levels of Secretory Immunoglobulin A in Children with Bronchitic Asthma

Objective To explore the salivary levels of secretory immunoglobulin A(SIgA) in children with bronchitic asthma.Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was developed to detect salivary SIgA content in 23 children with asthma attacks,22 children with asthma remission and 20 healthy children.Results Patients with asthma attacks [(118.30±43.60)g·L-1] had significantly lower levels of salivary SIgA than all other subjects(P0.01).However,the salivary content of secretory SIgA in asthma remission patients [(298.62±42.80)g·L-1] was not markedly different from that in healthy subjects [(361.78±45.60)g·L-1](P0.05).Conclusion Children with bronchitic asthma had impaired mucosal immune function.
Three layers of the opossum stomach: responses to nerve stimulation.

The three muscle layers of the opossum stomach were compared in their responses to electrical field stimulation. Strips were cut from the muscular wall of the stomach with their longer axes in the direction of the longitudinal, circular, and oblique muscle layers and stimulated at 1-min intervals with 20-sec trains of 1-msec pulses at 10 Hz and supramaximal strength at 500 ma. Strips either contracted, relaxed, or did not respond during the stimulus trains. Responses were abolished by tetrodotoxin, 10-6 m . Contractions, but not relaxations, were abolished by atropine, 10-6 m . Relaxations were not antagonized by propranolol, tolazoline, or phenoxybenzamine. Thus, the responses represent excitation of both cholinergic excitatory and nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves. In strips cut longitudinally, cholinergic contractions occurred more frequently than in the other two kinds of strips. After atropine treatment, the incidence of relaxation was greater in strips cut in the direction of the oblique layer than in the other two groups. The results suggest that, of the two kinds of nerves, the cholinergic excitatory innervation is usually dominant in the longitudinal muscle layer, and that the nonadrenergic inhibitory innervation is more complete in the oblique muscle layer.
Removal of tropomyosin overlap modifies cooperative binding of myosin S-1 to reconstituted thin filaments of rabbit striated muscle.

Cooperative binding of myosin S-1.ADP to regulated F-actin was previously reported and has been interpreted by a two-state model in which an important source of cooperativity is nearest neighbor interactions between the 7-actin.tropomyosin (TM).troponin units (functional units) (Hill, T.L., Eisenberg, E., and Greene, L. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 3186-3190). It has been postulated that the head-to-tail overlap between adjacent TM molecules is the structural basis of the nearest neighbor interactions. We tested the hypothesis by examining S-1.ADP binding to reconstituted regulated F-actin containing either intact TM or nonpolymerizable TM from which the COOH-terminal 11 residues were removed. In the absence of Ca2+, substitution of nonpolymerizable TM for TM reduced significantly the slope of the steeply rising phase of the sigmoidal S-1.ADP binding curve. Nevertheless, considerable residual cooperativity remained. Analysis of the data using the two-state model of Hill et al. suggests that removal of TM overlap abolishes nearest neighbor interactions, while the concerted change of the state of 7 actins in a functional unit can account for the residual cooperativity.
Correlates of Dominicans’ Identification of Cancer as a Worrisome Health Problem

There is a paucity of studies centering on the correlates of cancer worry among Hispanics from the Dominican Republic and the potential informatics strategies to address such worries. Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational statistics, and logistic regression with the dependent variable of cancer worry. Independent variables for the regression were: age, gender, marital status, education, socioeconomic status, previous diagnosis of cancer, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and chronic burden. Four variables significantly increased cancer worry: married marital status (OR = 1.19 [95% CI 1.01, 1.41]), younger age (OR = .992 [95% CI 0.987, 0.997]), less depression (OR = .96 [95% CI 0.94, 0.98]), and cancer diagnosis (OR = 2.12 [95% CI 1.24, 3.65]). New knowledge was generated on the contextual factors that influence these health concerns in a major Hispanic sub-group. Implications for practice, research and education are discussed.
Risk‐adjusted Monitoring of Healthcare Quality: Model Selection and Change‐point Estimation

Risk adjustment, which is used when healthcare outcomes are monitored, involves taking into account measures of the patient condition and how these measures are related to the outcomes. When the outcome is dichotomous, such as survival/death, the modeling involves logistic regression to assess the relationship between the predictor(s) and the outcome. Most risk-adjusted control charts are designed to detect a change in the log-odds of the adverse outcome, but there are a number of possible changes that could occur. For example, there could be an increase in the probability of adverse outcomes for low-risk patients with no change for high-risk patients. We address the problem of risk-adjusted monitoring as a change-point problem with several possible change-point models. For p risk variables, there are 2p + 1 possible change-point models, because each of the slope parameters or the intercept in the logistic regression model can change. Our approach generalizes previous risk-adjusted charts in that we look for changes in any of the parameters. We take a Bayesian approach and find the posterior distribution for the model (i.e., which coefficients changed), the time of the change, and the values of the parameters for those that changed. All three tasks are accomplished in the context of a single model. We apply reversible jump MCMC to account for the variable size of the parameter space. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Word representations of m×n×p proper arrays

Let m n. An mxnxpproper array is a three-dimensional array composed of directed cubes that obeys certain constraints. Due to these constraints, the mxnxp proper arrays may be classified via a schema in which each mxnxp proper array is associated with a particular mxn planar face. By representing each connected component present in the mxn planar face with a distinct letter, and the position of each outward pointing connector by a circle, an mxn array of circled letters is formed. This mxn array of circled letters is the word representation associated with the mxnxp proper array. The main result of this paper provides an upper bound for the number of all mxn word representations modulo symmetry, where the symmetry is derived from the group D"2=C"2xC"2 acting on the set of word representations. This upper bound is achieved by forming a linear combination of four exponential generating functions, each of which is derived from a particular symmetry operation. This linear combination counts the number of partitions of the set of mxn circled letter arrays that are inequivalent under D"2.