cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE PERSONAL ORIENTATION INVENTORY: INTERNAL CONSISTENCY, STABILITY, AND SEX DIFFERENCES

Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory was assessed using test-retest, internal consistency (K-R 20), split-half reliability coefficients, and Sex × Trials analyses of variance. 172 university students were administered the inventory twice with 2 weeks inbetween. For the scales, Time Competence and Inner Direction, test-retest coefficients were .75 and .88, respectively. K-R 20 coefficients were .52 and .83, for first administration and .66 and .86 for second administration; and split-half coefficients were .50 and .84, and .73 and .87 for the two administrations, respectively. Ss' second scores tended to be higher than their first ones, and on some scales women scored higher than men and showed a greater increase than men. ω2 estimates showed that all significant effects accounted for only small proportions of over-all sample variances. Hence, it is suggested that mean scores and changes in scores be interpreted with caution; that along with the probability of occurrence, the magnitude of the change s...
Soft x-ray measurements of resistive wall mode behavior in NSTX*

A multi-energy soft x-ray (ME-SXR) array is used for the characterization of resistive wall modes (RWMs) in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). Modulations in the time history of the ME-SXR emissivity profiles indicate the existence of edge density and core temperature fluctuations in good agreement with the slow evolution of the n = 1 magnetic perturbation measured by the poloidal and radial RWM coils. The characteristic 20–25 Hz frequency in the SXR diagnostics is approximately that of the n = 1 stable RWM, which is also near the measured peak of the resonant field amplification (RFA) and inversely proportional to the wall time. Together with the magnetics, the ME-SXR measurements suggest that in NSTX the RWM is not restricted exclusively to the reactor wall and edge, and that acting with the stabilizing coils on its global structure may result in density and temperature fluctuations that can be taken into account when designing the feedback process.
Fundamental Research and Education

stereotypic view of the connection between research and education generally assumes that the knowledge of greatest value to educators specifies, at least ideally, a set of pedagogical "dos" and "don'ts," and that the prime consumer of that knowledge is the classroom teacher. These assumptions have been widely held since the development of psychology as a science; they were a force in the creation of many schools of education and guided early educational research. Their popularity is understandable, for given the subject matter of psychology, it seems reasonable to expect it to be of direct benefit to persons whose occupational concerns are interpersonal. And yet, they are unwise assumptions, for they tend to act as a set of blinders, closing off a fuller view of what educationa can gain from research.
Levinas and Kierkegaard on Divine Transcendence and Ethical Life: Response to Donald L. Turner and Ford Turrell’s “The Non-Existent God”

This article is a brief commentary on Donald Turner and Ford Turrell’s “The Non-Existent God: Transcendence, Humanity, and Ethics in Emmanuel Levinas.” While I agree with Turner and Turrell’s general presentation of Levinas’s existential conception of God and ethics, I reflect primarily on the reference the authors make to Kierkegaard as an existentialist forefather of Levinas. I show certain basic similarities between Levinas and Kierkegaard as existentialist thinkers, but also note their differences, also taking into consideration the influence of Hegel. This paper was delivered in the APA Pacific 2007 Mini-Conference on Models of God.
Syk Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Prevents HtrA2-dependent Loss of X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP) to Promote Survival of Epstein-Barr Virus+ (EBV+) B Cell Lymphomas

B cell lymphoma survival requires tonic or ligand-independent signals through activation of Syk by the B cell receptor. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) protein latent membrane 2a (LMP2a), a mimic of the B cell receptor, provides constitutive survival signals for latently infected cells through Syk activation; however, the precise downstream mechanisms coordinating this survival response in EBV+ B cell lymphomas remain to be elucidated. Herein, we assess the mechanism of Syk survival signaling in EBV+ B cell lymphomas from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) to discover virally controlled therapeutic targets involved in lymphomagenesis and tumor progression. Using small molecule inhibition and siRNA strategies, we show that Syk inhibition reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis of PTLD-derived EBV+ B cell lines. Syk inhibition also reduces autocrine IL-10 production. Although Syk inhibition attenuates signaling through both the PI3K/Akt and Erk pathways, only PI3K/Akt inhibition causes apoptosis of PTLD-derived cell lines. Loss of the endogenous caspase inhibitor XIAP is observed after Syk or PI3K/Akt inhibition. The loss of XIAP and apoptosis that results from Syk or PI3K/Akt inhibition is reversed by inhibition of the mitochondrial protease HtrA2. Thus, Syk drives EBV+ B cell lymphoma survival through PI3K/Akt activation, which prevents the HtrA2-dependent loss of XIAP. Syk, Akt, and XIAP antagonists may present potential new therapeutic strategies for PTLD through targeting of EBV-driven survival signals.
Carcinogen-DNA adducts in cultures of rat and human hepatocytes.

Abstract Exposure to chemical carcinogens can often be identified by detection of DNA adduct lesions. Primary cultures of isolated rat and human hepatocytes were exposed to 2-acetyl-aminofluorene (AAF), 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), or benzo[ a ]pyrene (BP). The isolated DNA from the exposed cells was analyzed using the 32 P-post-labeling assay. A greater total of carcinogen-DNA adducts, 2–12-fold, were observed in human hepatocytes than rat hepatocytes at the same concentrations. The predominant DNA adducts for each carcinogen were the same between rat and human cells. The N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene (dG-C8-AF) was the major AAF-DNA adduct. The N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl (dG-C8-ABP) was the major ABP-DNA adduct. In the rat N 2 -{10β-(7β,8α,9α-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene)yl} deoxyguanosine (dG-N 2 -BP) and two unidentified adducts were nearly equivalent in amount, while the major BP-DNA adducts in the humans was the dG-N 2 -BP. The rat hepatocyte in vitro results are comparable to the predominant adducts found with rats exposed in vivo. The two different cultures of human hepatocytes demonstrated qualitative and quantitative differences in specific DNA adducts from rat hepatocytes. This study and others using human hepatocyte cultures demonstrate that this in vitro system can provide useful information for assessing human carcinogenic hazards.
Effects of ATP-MgCl2 and adenosine-MgCl2 administration on intracellular ATP levels in the kidney.

Abstract The effects of exogenous administration of 1 mM [8-14C]ATP-MgCl2 and adenosine-MgCl2 on intracellular accumulation of adenine nucleotides were examined in isolated, perfused rat kidneys. The kidneys were made filtering or non-filtering by increasing the colloid oncotic pressure of the perfusate solution in order to assess the relative contributions of the glomerular and peritubular routes in the uptake of the nucleotides. The results indicate that: (1) although labeled ATP is undetectable in the perfusate after 20 min, there is a significant accumulation of labeled ATP in the tissue and (2) although labeled adenosine-MgCl2 administration also leads to labeled intracellular ATP, the total intracellular ATP is much less than with ATP-MgCl2 administration.
Flaxseed increased α-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid and decreased arachidonic acid in serum and tissues of rat dams and offspring☆

Abstract The effects of dietary flaxseed (FS), and defatted flaxseed meal (FLM) on serum and tissue fatty acid profiles were investigated. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were fed AIN-93 based diets balanced in calories, fat, nitrogen, and fiber. Diets contained 0, 20%, 40% FS or 13% or 26% FLM by weight. The control, FS and FLM diets differed in linoleic acid to α-linolenic acid (ALA) fatty acid ratio. These diets were fed continuously during gestation, suckling period and 8 weeks post-weaning (F 1 ). FS fatty acids were bioavailable and metabolized by pregnant and F 1 rats. ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid increased; linoleic and arachidonic acid decreased; and docosahexaeonic acid was unchanged in serum, ‘gastric milk’ and liver of FS and FLM-fed pregnant and F 1 rats. FS more than FLM, changed fatty acids profiles, but FLM and 40% FS significantly reduced serum cholesterol. Dietary 40% FS may have increased oxidative stress as evidenced by a reduction in liver vitamin E.
Remodeling of the myoblast membrane accompanies development

We have prepared a library of cloned hybridomas that produce monoclonal antibodies reactive with the surface of E63 rat myoblasts. Using immunofluorescence analysis of antigens on single cells we have studied the expression of determinants at distinct stages of development. Conditions were established for quantitative photometry and were used to confirm the diversity in stage-specific expression that accompanies development. The remodeling of the myoblast membrane also involves stage-specific and transient changes in topography and aggregation of many antigens, and the period surrounding fusion is one of particular activity. The localization of antigens on the upper and attached surfaces of myogenic cells was often distinct, and quantitative and spatial stage-specific reorganizations of antigens differed with respect to these two surfaces. This polarity represents an additional level of complexity in the continuous remodeling of the muscle cell membrane. Comparisons of quantitative and topographic analyses of antigens on E63 cells with Rat-1 fibroblasts and developmentally defective (fu-) myoblasts indicate that the outer membranes of these nonmyogenic cells are distinct from differentiating myoblasts. One determinant, H36, is absent on Rat-1 cells and on all fu- lines tested, and undergoes interesting stage-specific changes in expression and topography.
1,1′-Spirobiindane-7,7′-diol: a novel, C2-symmetric chiral ligand

Abstract A novel, C2-symmetric chiral diol (16) was prepared in six steps from m-anisaldehyde and resolved via its bis- l -menthoxycarboxylate.
GaAs FET Failure Mechanisms Due to High Humidity and Ionic Contamination

Failure mechanisms resulting from the concurrent exposure to high relative humidity, ion contamination, and temperature cycling were studied in commercially available, low noise GaAs fieldeffect transistors (FETs). This type of device will be applied in such adverse environmental conditions. Devices with Al and Au/refractory gates from four different suppliers were studied. Au/refractory gate devices were less susceptible to degradation as a result of the hostile environment. Failure mechanisms were determined and correlated with the electrical degradation of the devices.
A NOVEL STRONTIUM-SELECTIVE EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHIC RESIN*

ABSTRACT The effect of nitric acid concentration on the selectivity of a novel extraction chromatographic resin consisting of an octanol solution of 4,4′(5′)-bis(t-butyl-cyclohexano)-18-crown-6 sorbed on an inert polymeric support for strontium over a number of alkali, alkaline earth, and other metal cations was evaluated. The effect of macro quantities of selected elements on strontium retention by the resin was also examined. The resin is shown to exhibit excellent selectivity for strontium over nearly all of the test elements; only lead and tetravalent neptunium, polonium, and plutonium show significant affinity for the material. In addition, concentrations of calcium or sodium ion up to ∼ 0.1 M. are shown not to diminish the sorption of strontium appreciably. Several useful radiochemical separation schemes devised on the basis of the results obtained are described.
Onset of Puberty: Mother Knows Best.

Abstract Study Objective Several strategies have been proposed to determine onset of puberty without examination by a trained professional. This study sought to evaluate a novel approach to determine onset of puberty in girls. Design, Setting, and Participants This study used the Cincinnati cohort of the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program. Girls were recruited at 6-7 years of age and followed every 6 months in the initial 6 years, and annually thereafter. Breast maturation and foot length were performed at each visit by health professionals certified in those methods. Mothers were asked to provide the age at which they believed that their daughter's shoe size had increased more rapidly. Results These analyses include 252 participants. Age at increase in shoe size was correlated to age at onset of puberty (r = 0.21) and increase in foot length (r = 0.24). The difference of reported age of increased shoe size was 0.46 years before breast development. Conclusion Reported increase in shoe size occurred somewhat earlier and was significantly correlated to age of breast development. These preliminary results suggest that mother's report of increase in shoe size appear to be as accurate as reports of other indirect methods of determining onset of puberty, such as self- or maternal estimates of breast development.
Questioning Theory: Is There a Gender of Theory in Archaeology?

This paper raises questions about the practice of theory in anthropological archaeology. Particular attention is given to questions surrounding the gender of theory: what genders are more heralded in the theoretical spotlights and how the subject position of doing theory is gendered. An analysis of the contents of four Readers of Archaeological Theory shows the problematic selection and thus representation of women’s theoretical contributions, including their effective ghettoization in gender and feminist archaeology. Insights from how feminists have been grappling with theory are considered, and archaeologists are urged to confront the ways in which “doing theory” is/is not valued and how it is differentially valued, and to discuss the place and uses of theory more explicitly and critically.
Development of Early Vocalizations and the Chick-a-dee Call in the Black-capped Chickadee, Parus atricapillus

The chick-a-dee call of the black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus) is composed of discrete elements, or notes, that are combined to form hundreds of different calls. To investigate the development of this complex call, 12 families of color-marked chickadees were observed and recorded in the wild. Vocalizations were monitored for 18 d in the nest and 14–18 d postfledging. Most vocalizations of nestlings and fledglings were associated with feeding. At hatching, vocalizations consisted of a structurally simple note type that became more complex and variable with age. Around 9–12 d, the development of the call occurred, when single notes became organized into a multiple-note unit. Notes within the call differentiated into higher frequency, rapidly modulated initial note types and a lower frequency, moderately modulated terminal note type, features also present in adult chick-a-dee calls. Several adult-like calls including chick-a-dee calls, fee-bee songs, and a subsong-like vocalization developed prior to fledgling dispersal. Based on resemblances of note structure and general call structure, the chick-a-dee call appeared to develop from calls of nestlings and fledglings, although not necessarily in a chronologically linear progression. Some features of the chick-a-dee call closely resembled features of older nestling and fledgling calls, while other features more closely resembled the sounds of very young nestlings. Vocal development in the chickadee is compared with song and call development in other species, and the possible significance of acoustic resemblances between chick-a-dee calls and the food-associated calls of nestlings and fledglings is discussed.
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of Retinal Endothelium by Cyclooxygenase- and Xanthine Oxidase-Derived Superoxide

The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be important in the pathogenesis of microvascular dysfunction and injury in ischemic retinopathies. The authors hypothesized that retinal endothelial cells can generate injurious levels of superoxide radical in response to ischemia/reperfusion, that endothelial xanthine oxidase and cyclooxygenase are important enzymatic sources of superoxide radical under these conditions, and that superoxide scavengers and inhibitors of these enzymes can protect endothelium from ischemic injury. The authors used confluent cultures of mouse retinal endothelial cells (MREC) subjected to exogenously generated superoxide or simulated ischemia-reperfusion to test these hypotheses. Cell injury was assessed biochemically by lactate dehydrogenase release into the culture medium. MREC were injured in a duration-dependent fashion by exposure to the superoxide-generating mix of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase. Increasing periods of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 5-9 hr followed by replenishment of substrates for 2 hr led to progressive increases in endothelial cell injury; a significant proportion of the injury occurred during the period of substrate replenishment. Significant MREC protection was achieved by the superoxide scavengers SOD (1000 U ml(-1)) and a carboxylic acid derivative of carboxyfullerene (10 microM), the xanthine oxidase inhibitors oxypurinol (100 microM) and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) (100 n M), and the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin (300 microM) and ibuprofen (300 microM). It is concluded that MREC are vulnerable to auto-oxidative injury by superoxide radical generated following a period of OGD. Both xanthine oxidase- and cyclooxygenase-dependent pathways are important enzymatic sources of superoxide formation in this setting. These enzymes and the ROS produced from their activity may be viable therapeutic targets to reduce microvascular dysfunction and injury in ischemic retinopathies.
Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: Localities from Australia, Spain, and the Western United States

Initial Sr87/Sr86 ratios and rubidium and strontium contents have been measured in 83 specimens from 8 suites of alkalic and ultrabasic rocks. The range of initial Sr87/Sr86 ratio observed and the number of specimens (in parentheses) analysed for each suite are: West Kimberley, Australia (8), 0.7125–0.7215; Jumilla, Spain (6), 0.7136–0.7158; Bearpaw Mountains, Montana (9), 0.7062–0.7086; Highwood Mountains, Montana (10), 0.7072–0.7087; Hopi Buttes, Arizona (8), 0.7038–0.7094; Leucite Hills, Wyoming (17), 0.7055–0.7070; Montana diatremes (13), 0.7034–0.7073; Navajo Province, Arizona and New Mexico (12), 0.7052–0.7099. The initial Sr87/Sr86 ratios of the West Kimberley and Jumilla rocks are the highest yet found in strontium-rich basic rocks. Some of the individual specimens from West Kimberley have initial ratios as high as some estimates of the present Sr87/Sr86 ratio of average crustal material. This is interpreted to mean that the West Kimberley and Jumilla rocks contain substantial amounts of radiogenic strontium, and possibly other elements, from a crustal source.
Gel electrolytes based on crosslinked tetraethylene glycol diacrylate/poly(ethylenimine) systems

Abstract Gel electrolytes were prepared by crosslinking low molecular weight poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) with tetraethylene glycol diacrylate (TEG) in the presence of 2-methoxyethyl ether (diglyme) and lithium triflate (LiTf). Impedance and infrared (IR) spectroscopies were used as complimentary tools for studying the mode of ion conduction in these gel electrolytes. Ionic conductivity measurements for all samples tested exhibited significant LiTf and diglyme composition dependency. The maximum ionic conductivity at 20 °C was 2×10−4 S/cm with moderate LiTf and high diglyme compositions. The calculated molal concentration of non-ionically bound ‘free’ triflate ion was found to vary directly with ionic conductivity with the highest molality ‘free’ triflate samples yielding the highest ionic conductivity. Lithium ion interactions with the triflate ion, diglyme and the crosslinked polymer matrix were observed with IR spectroscopy. A lower frequency shoulder on the vs(CO) vibrational mode increases in intensity as LiTf composition is increased. Curve fitting and molar calculations suggest that over 85% of the total lithium ions available are coordinated to the TEG carbonyl at dilute LiTf compositions.
Magnetism in Ni-Cu alloys

Very low field (<1 Oe) magnetization measurements on Ni-Cu alloys are reported. The magnetic properties depend sensitively on the metallurgical state. For concentrations less than 45 at.% Ni, a spin glass-like or micto- magnetic freezing is observed, signaled by a cusp in the a.c. susceptibility. Above 45 at.% Ni the alloys are ferromagnetic.
Chromatin remodeling through directional DNA translocation from an internal nucleosomal site

The RSC chromatin remodeler contains Sth1, an ATP-dependent DNA translocase. On DNA substrates, RSC/Sth1 tracks along one strand of the duplex with a 3' --> 5' polarity and a tracking requirement of one base, properties that may enable directional DNA translocation on nucleosomes. The binding of RSC or Sth1 elicits a DNase I-hypersensitive site approximately two DNA turns from the nucleosomal dyad, and the binding of Sth1 requires intact DNA at this location. Results with various nucleosome substrates suggest that RSC/Sth1 remains at a fixed position on the histone octamer and that Sth1 conducts directional DNA translocation from a location about two turns from the nucleosomal dyad, drawing in DNA from one side of the nucleosome and pumping it toward the other. These studies suggest that nucleosome mobilization involves directional DNA translocation initiating from a fixed internal site on the nucleosome.
Managing disturbance regimes to maintain biological diversity in forested ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Managing for biodiversity in Pacific Northwest forest ecosystems requires a means to predict the interactive effects of natural, introduced, and altered disturbance regimes. Although disturbances are known to be a determinant of patterns of biological diversity, disturbance and diversity principles have not been consistently applied in management of forest ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. Here we review disturbance and diversity theory and develop a synthetic conceptual model for use in predicting the effects of disturbances of any origin on biodiversity, focusing on the Pacific Northwest. Disturbance principles have traditionally been applied to understanding patterns of species diversity, but they can also be applied to understanding the broader concept of biodiversity. Our conceptual model integrates these principles, illustrating relationships among mechanisms that limit species diversity and those that enhance it. Diversity-limiting factors are: environmental stress due to high levels of disturbance relative to productivity, and competitive exclusion that can arise where disturbance has been suppressed or managed to favor a particular species’ dominance. Conversely, biological diversity will be enhanced by disturbances that are not too frequent to be stressful, and that create functional heterogeneity (spatial and temporal variation in habitat structure and biological legacies that are vital for post-disturbance reproduction and growth). The three disturbance-related mechanisms that determine diversity operate over local to landscape spatial scales and ecological time scales and thus can be readily influenced by management. By comprehensively evaluating existing disturbance regimes and how they are influencing these factors, managers can help maintain or restore the ecological foundation for biodiversity. We describe management approaches to improve this foundation focusing on forests managed for multiple goals in the Pacific Northwest, where there is considerable potential for and interest in maintaining and enhancing biodiversity.
484. Murine Liver as a Model for AAV Replication, Recombination and Evolution

Recent isolation and characterization of a family of novel adeno- associated viruses (AAVs) by our laboratory suggested that AAVs are highly prevalent in primate populations and undergo evolution through mechanisms such as intra-genome recombination. In an attempt to further understand the process of AAV evolution, we evaluated experimental models for AAV recombination. Murine liver is a good target for transduction by AAV and adenovirus vectors and, therefore, could be a potential model for our study. We proposed that the recombination could occur during and after replication of incoming single stranded AAV genomes. The ability of murine liver to support AAV replication becomes a critical qualification for its use as a model to study AAV recombination. Preliminary data generated from immune competent mice indeed suggested that wild type AAV genomes could be sufficiently replicated and possibly packaged in mouse liver (as measured by virus genome and infectivity titration, and DNA hybridization analysis) when co-injected with human adenovirus serotype 5. Experiments to characterize kinetics of AAV replication and dose response to helper adenovirus are under way. Co-administration of either AAV 1 and 8 or AAV1 and AAV2 together with adenovirus helper to the liver of C57BL/6 mice and passage of the resulted liver homogenate onto 293 cells led to recovery of AAV sequences that with either of the two input AAVs (90% of all genomes characterized) indicating that both viruses replicated and were packaged. Importantly, about 10% of the genomes were hybrids between the two AAV serotypes indicating in vivo intertypic recombination. The AAV clones were primarily screened by restriction mapping and representative clones were characterized by sequencing. Our preliminary data suggested that variant clones contained AAV genomic sequences derived from either point mutations or recombination/domain swapping of input parental viral genomes. Our study suggested that murine liver could be a potential model to study AAV biology and evolution.
Numerical simulations of pulsatile non-Newtonian flow in an end-to-side anastomosis model

Abstract A potential interaction between the local hemodynamics and the artery wall response has been suggested for vascular graft failure by intimal hyperplasia (IH). Among the various hemodynamic factors, wall shear has been implicated as the primary factor responsible for the development of IH. In order to explore the role of hemodynamics in the formation of IH in end-to-side anastomosis, computational fluid dynamics is employed. To validate the numerical simulations, comparisons with existing experimental data are performed for both steady and pulsatile flows. Generally, good agreement is observed with the velocity profiles whereas some discrepancies are found in wall shear stress (WSS) distributions. Using the same end-to-side anastomosis geometry, numerical simulations are extended using a femoral artery waveform to identify the possible role of unsteady hemodynamics. In the current simulations, Carreau–Yasuda model is used to account for the non-Newtonian nature of the blood. Computations indicated a disturbed flow field at the artery-graft junction leading to locally elevated shear stresses on the vascular wall. Furthermore, the shear stress distribution followed the same behavior with oscillating magnitude over the entire flow cycle. Thus, distal IH observed in end-to-side artery-graft models may be caused by the fluctuations in WSS’s along the wall.
Evidence for Quadratic Spin-Orbit Interaction

Static potential shapes were investigated. Results account for p-p singlet even-parity data and support the hypothesis of a proposed quadratic spin- orbit term (T. Hamada, Progr. Theoret. Phys. 24: 1033(l960)).
Low-Effort Regression Estimation of Average Daily Food Weight in Fishes: Application to Larval Gizzard Shad

Abstract We present a regression approach for estimating average 24-h food weight (F) in fish stomachs (or guts) from relatively few samples, all collected within substantially less than 24 h. Low-effort estimates of F can be converted into estimates of daily ration when multiplied by gastric evacuation rate in Bajkov-type models. We tested this approach on a reservoir population oflarval gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum. Regression models constructed from diel feeding data from this population produced accurate and precise estimates of F from only three or four fish collections made over 3–9 h during daylight. When applicable, this approach can be carried out in conjunction with standard in situ daily ration estimation procedures to increase the spatiotemporal resolution of food consumption studies. Findings from this and a related study involving juvenile and adult yellow perch Perca flavescens indicate that regression models constructed from diel feeding data in 1 year can produce accurate estimates of...
BDNF is necessary and sufficient for spinal respiratory plasticity following intermittent hypoxia

Intermittent hypoxia causes a form of serotonin-dependent synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord known as phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF). Here we show that increased synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the spinal cord is necessary and sufficient for pLTF in adult rats. We found that intermittent hypoxia elicited serotonin-dependent increases in BDNF synthesis in ventral spinal segments containing the phrenic nucleus, and the magnitude of these BDNF increases correlated with pLTF magnitude. We used RNA interference (RNAi) to interfere with BDNF expression, and tyrosine kinase receptor inhibition to block BDNF signaling. These disruptions blocked pLTF, whereas intrathecal injection of BDNF elicited an effect similar to pLTF. Our findings demonstrate new roles and regulatory mechanisms for BDNF in the spinal cord and suggest new therapeutic strategies for treating breathing disorders such as respiratory insufficiency after spinal injury. These experiments also illustrate the potential use of RNAi to investigate functional consequences of gene expression in the mammalian nervous system in vivo.
Psychological Correlates of Help Seeking for Eating‐Disorder Symptoms in Female College Students

This study investigated the psychological correlates of treatment seeking for eating disorders in female college students. Results indicated that 56% of the 106 participants with eating-disorder symptomatology did not believe their behaviors warranted therapy. Women with eating-disorder symptoms who did not believe their behaviors warranted therapy exhibited higher levels of immature defenses and lower endorsement of sociocultural norms concerning attractiveness than did women who believed treatment was needed. These findings hold implications for the prevention and treatment of college women's disordered eating.
Airborne Volcanic Ash Forecast Area Reliability

Abstract In support of aircraft flight safety operations, daily comparisons between modeled, hypothetical, volcanic ash plumes calculated with meteorological forecasts and analyses were made over a 1.5-yr period. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model simulated the ash transport and dispersion. Ash forecasts and analyses from seven volcanoes were studied. The volcanoes were chosen because of recent eruptions or because their airborne ash could impinge on well-traveled commercial aircraft flight paths. For each forecast–analysis pair, a statistic representing the degree of overlap, the threat score (TS), was calculated. A forecast was classified as acceptable if the TS was greater than 0.25. Each forecast was also categorized by two parameters: the forecast area quadrant with respect to the volcano and a factor related to the complexity of the meteorology. The forecast complexity factor was based on the degree of spread using NCEP ensemble output or using a HYSPLIT offs...
Outcomes of outpatient management of pediatric burns

The literature surrounding pediatric burns has focused on inpatient management. The goal of this study is to characterize the population of burned children treated as outpatients and assess outcomes validating this method of burn care. A retrospective review of 953 patients treated the burn clinic and burn unit of a tertiary care center. Patient age, burn etiology, burn characteristics, burn mechanism, and referral pattern were recorded. The type of wound care and incidence of outcomes including subsequent hospital admission, infection, scarring, and surgery served as the primary outcome data. Eight hundred and thirty children were treated as outpatients with a mean time of 1.8 days for the evaluation of burn injury in our clinic. Scalds accounted for 53% of the burn mechanism, with burns to the hand/wrist being the most frequent area involved. The mean percentage of TBSA was 1.4% for the outpatient cohort and 8% for the inpatient cohort. Burns in the outpatient cohort healed with a mean time of 13.4 days. In the outpatient cohort, nine (1%) patients had subsequent admissions and three (0.4%) patients had concern for infection. Eight patients from the outpatient cohort were treated with excision and grafting. The vast majority of pediatric burns are small, although they may often involve more critical areas such as the face and hand. Outpatient wound care is an effective treatment strategy which results in low rates of complications and should become the standard of care for children with appropriate burn size and home support.
Identification of damage using natural frequencies and Markov parameters

Abstract An optimization algorithm is formulated for the identification of damage in structures, when such damage is manifested by localized reductions in the stiffness of structural elements. The relationship between the stiffness of the structure and its natural frequencies has been presented as a set of underdetermined equations to be solved for the stiffness changes due to damage. The objective function that is introduced to solve these equations depends on the measured impulse-response of the damaged system in the form of the Markov parameters of the system. The derived algorithm was used to find the magnitude and the location of damage when this occurs in any number of locations in a computer simulated frame.
THEORY OF THE HIGH-ENERGY PEAKS IN PION-NUCLEON CROSS SECTIONS

An investigation is reported on whether the spectrum of high-energy peaks observed at 650, 950, and 1300 Mev in pi -p scattering can be explained in terms of the conventional low-energy pseudoscalar pi -N interaction. A Chew-Low formalism is outlined which predicts two isobars, or metastable states, of the nucleon that may be asseciated with the 950 and 1300 Mev peaks. (W.D.M.)
Radiative Transfer In 1D, And the Connection to the O'Doherty-Anstey Formula

There is a growing interest in incorporating multiply scattered waves into modeling the Earth’s interior using radiative transfer theory. For thin beds, we derive the equivalence of the exponential decay of the transmitted wave predicted by the O’Doherty-Anstey formula with the coherent wave obtained from radiative transfer. This shows an underlying relationship between mean field theory and radiative transfer. Finally, we show how the incoherent field in radiative transfer opens the door to separate scatttering from intrinsic Q.
Multiobjective optimization for performance‐based seismic design of steel moment frame structures

The performance-based seismic design of steel special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) structures is formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem, in which conflicting design criteria that respectively reflect the present capital investment and the future seismic risk are treated simultaneously as separate objectives other than stringent constraints. Specifically, the initial construction expenses are accounted for by the steel material weight as well as by the number of different standard steel section types, the latter roughly quantifying the degree of design complexity related additional construction cost; the seismic risk is considered in terms of maximum interstory drift demands at two hazard levels with exceedance probabilities being 50% and 2% in 50 years, respectively. The present formulation allows structural engineers to find an optimized design solution by explicitly striving for a desirable compromise between the initial investment and seismic performance. Member sizing for code-compliant design of a planar five-story four-bay SMRF is presented as an application example using the proposed procedure that is automated by a multiobjective genetic algorithm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New insights into diastolic heart failure: role of diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Heart failure affects nearly 5 million people in the United States and is a major contributor to mortality, hospitalization, and medical costs. Approximately 40% of patients with heart failure have preserved left ventricular systolic function, thus exhibiting diastolic heart failure. More common in women and the elderly, this condition is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, and/or atrial fibrillation. With the exception of the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) and the Candesartin in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM)-Preserved trials, no completed large randomized clinical trial has addressed the management of such patients. Symptomatic treatment involves administration of diuretics and nitrates, but long-term management with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, aldosterone antagonists, β-blockers, and calcium channel blockers targets the underlying disorders. Recent studies found that diabetes mellitus produces functional, biochemical, and morphologic myocardial abnormalities independent of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension. These abnormalities may result in impaired left ventricular diastolic function, contributing importantly to heart failure with normal systolic function. Although tight glycemic control decreases the risk of heart failure in patients with diabetes, the effects of different diabetic treatment regimens on heart failure with normal systolic function are unknown and remain subject to future investigation.
Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) in Mexico and Guatemala: Additions and range extensions

Three new dwarf mistletoes are described:Arceuthobium globosum subsp.grandicaule (Mexico and Guatemala),A. aureum subsp.aureum (Guatemala) andA. aureum subsp.petersonii (Chiapas, Mexico).Arceuthobium guatemalense is recorded for the first time in Mexico. Significant range extensions are recorded forA. abietisreligiosae, A. divaricatum,A. gillii subsp.nigrum, andA. rubrum. New hosts are reported for several taxa. Nineteen members of the genus are presently known from Mexico, and three (possibly four) from Guatemala. Chromosome counts are reported for the first time for 3 taxa.
A simplified dosing apparatus for fish toxicology studies

Abstract A simplified diluter for maintaining a series of constant concentrations of a material in flowing water is described. It depends on water flows, metering cells, and venturi tubes to proportion volumes of water and toxicant to give desired concentrations. Construction requires less than 2 days, and only readily available materials are needed. An injector for mixing pesticides in water is also described.
Regulating unlawful behavior in the global business environment: The functional integration of sovereignty and multilateralism

Abstract This article uses the Convention on Cybercrime as a case study to illustrate the functional integration of international law into diverse national legal systems through the paradigm of treaty harmonization. Nations control the impact of international regulation on domestic business interests by implementing legislation to preserve fundamental rights. Thus, the sovereignty-based legal harmonization model better explains the baseline characteristics of national sovereignty while recognizing that global cooperation in business is a necessary and positive feature of multilateralism. Critics dismiss sovereignty as irrelevant, claiming instead that a “new world order” has emerged in its place. That kind of deconstructionist talk typically injects fear of multilateralism into the global business community. However, the premise is flawed because it ignores the actual mechanics of treaty accession and the synergy between international law and commerce in the global legal environment.
Topology and resonances in a quasiperiodically forced oscillator

In this paper we analyze resonance behavior in a quasiperiodically forced, nonlinear Mathieu equation. We develop a perturbation technique based on the method of multiple scales to find both a criterion for resonance and approximations to solutions in the neighborhood of a resonance. We compare the perturbation results to numerical solutions to validate both the resonance criterion and the approximate solutions. We also investigate the implications of resonance for the topology of attractors in the four-dimensional phase space. We show that a resonance occurs due to topological torus bifurcations (TTBs) and that resonant trajectories lie on topologically interesting knotted tori we have recently described elsewhere (Topological bifurcations of attracting 2-tori of quasiperiodically driven nonlinear oscillators, in review). The perturbation approximations capture both TTBs and the topology of invariant manifolds near resonance.
Bacterial and fungal abundance and biomass in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems along two climatic gradients

Microbial community composition may be an important determinant of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition rates and nutrient turnover and availability in agricultural soils. Soil samples were collected from six long-term tillage comparison experiments located along two climatic gradients to examine the effects of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) management on bacterial and fungal abundance and biomass and to examine potential controls on the relative abundances of bacteria and fungi in these two systems. Samples were divided into 0–5 and 5–20 cm depth increments and analyzed for bacterial and fungal abundance and biomass, total C and N, particulate organic matter C and N (POM-C and N), soil water content, texture, pH, and water-stable aggregate distributions. Soil moisture, which varied by tillage treatment and geographically with climate, ranged from 0.05 to 0.35 g g−1 dry soil in the surface 0–5 cm and 0.15 to 0.28 g g−1 dry soil at 5–20 cm. Measured organic matter C and N fractions and mean weight diameter (MWD) of water-stable aggregates were significantly higher in NT relative to CT at three of the six sites. Fungal hyphal length ranged from 19 to 292 m g−1 soil and was 1.9 to 2.5 times higher in NT compared to CT surface soil across all sites. Few significant tillage treatment differences in soil physical and chemical properties or in fungal abundance and biomass were observed at 5–20 cm. Bacterial abundance and biomass were not consistently influenced by tillage treatment or site location at either depth. The proportion of the total biomass composed of fungi ranged from 10 to 60% and was significantly higher in NT compared to CT surface soil at five of six sites. Proportional fungal biomass was not strongly related to soil texture, pH, aggregation, or organic C and N fractions, but was positively related to soil moisture (r=0.67; P<0.001). The relationship between soil moisture and the degree of fungal dominance was due to the positive response of fungal biomass and the lack of response of bacterial biomass to increasing soil moisture across the range of measured soil water contents. Tillage treatment effects on fungal biomass and proportional fungal abundance were not significant when the data were analyzed by analysis of covariance with soil moisture as the covariate. These results suggest that observed tillage treatment and climate gradient effects on fungi are related to differences in soil moisture. Further research is needed, however, to determine how tillage-induced changes in the soil environment shape microbial community composition in agroecosystems.
Confidence of primary care physicians in assessing the suicidality of geriatric patients.

This study examined the confidence levels of physicians in assessing the risk of suicide among older adults in clinical settings. Of the 300 physicians who were selected from a population of 4980 family practice, internal medicine, and geriatric physicians in Illinois, 63% responded to the mail survey. Several categorical items inquired about specific assessment and treatment approaches, referral resources used, barriers to meeting the mental health needs of older patients, and sources of training in suicide risk assessment. All the training items (suicide assessment in medical school, residency, and CME courses; rating of medical school training; and insufficient training in geriatric mental health) were significantly (p < 0.01) associated with confidence in assessing suicidality. The overall model consisting of six variables explained 57% of the variation in confidence scores [F (6, 130) = 28.48, p < 0.001]. Three variables accounted for 50% of the explained variance: confidence in diagnosing depression, residency training in the assessment of suicide risk, and assessment of the intentional misuse of medication. Confidence in diagnosing depression (β = 0.38, p < 0.001) was the strongest predictor. More effective mental health care will require specific preparation in treating geriatric patients through the full spectrum of medical training, including medical school, residency, and CME courses. Improved prevention of elderly suicide hinges on the enhancement of clinical skills in diagnosing and treating geriatric depression. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarization of visible light by desert pavements

Desert pavements can be detected through multi-spectral polarization measurements of reflected sunlight both in and out of the solar principle plane. The combination of polarization and color distinguishes desert pavements from other desert landforms and vegetation. Desert pavements linearly polarize and impart a blueness to sunlight reflected at visible wavelengths. The polarization and color of skylight reflected at high emission angles is also preserved. The polarization properties of desert pavements are dominated by Fresnel reflection at large phase angles and by multiple scattering at low phase angles, causing significant positive and small negative polarization, respectively.
Ingroup Experts and Peers as Social Vaccines Who Inoculate the Self-Concept: The Stereotype Inoculation Model

Individuals’ choice to pursue one academic or professional path over another may feel like a free choice but is often constrained by subtle cues in achievement environments that signal who naturally belongs there and who does not. People gravitate toward achievement domains that feel like a comfortable fit because they are in sync with ingroup stereotypes and away from other domains that feel like an uncomfortable fit because they deviate too far from ingroup stereotypes. Even individuals who are high performers may lack confidence in their ability and withdraw from certain achievement domains—performance and self-efficacy do not always go hand in hand. What factors might release these constraints and enhance individuals’ freedom to pursue academic and professional paths despite stereotypes to the contrary? The present article addresses this question using a new theoretical lens—the stereotype inoculation model—that reveals how ingroup members (experts and peers in high-achievement settings) function as “...
Beryllium-induced misincorporation by a DNA polymerase: a possible factor in beryllium toxicity.

Summary Divalent beryllium increases misincorporation during polymerization of poly-d(A-T) by Micrococcus luteus DNA polymerase. The effect is associated with a strong inhibition of the 3′–5′ exonuclease (editing) activity of the enzyme by beryllium relative to the polymerase activity. Possible connections between these results and the toxicity of beryllium are discussed.