cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Handling Risk and Innovation: On Different Forms and Contingencies of Voice

In recent years, voice has received increasing attention as positive organizational behavior. However, many open questions remain regarding contingencies related the occurrence and effects of voice. The symposium addresses contingencies related to characteristics of sender and recipient (status difference, competence and warmth), task characteristics (innovation and learning versus process safety), team characteristics (team boundaries, multi-team systems) and structural characteristics (formalization, specialization, hierarchy). Several points for discussion arise from comparing findings of the four presentations: Small status differences appear to facilitate speaking up but the effect of voice may be less positive when people of similar status are addressed; hierarchy might in fact be beneficial for voice by reducing structural ambiguity; processes involved in promoting voice seem to differ for speaking up within and across teams; what makes effective voice happen may be different for learning- versus s...
Debiasing-Based Noise Suppression for Ultrafast Ultrasound Microvessel Imaging

Ultrasound microvessel imaging (UMI) based on the combination of singular value decomposition (SVD) clutter filtering and ultrafast plane wave imaging has recently demonstrated significantly improved Doppler sensitivity, especially to small vessels that are invisible to conventional Doppler imaging. Practical implementation of UMI is hindered by the high computational cost associated with SVD and low blood signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in deep regions of the tissue due to the lack of transmit focusing of plane waves. Concerning the high computational cost, an accelerated SVD clutter filtering method based on randomized SVD (rSVD) and randomized spatial downsampling (rSD) was recently proposed by our group, which showed the feasibility of real-time implementation of UMI. Concerning the low blood flow SNR in deep imaging regions, here we propose a noise suppression method based on noise debiasing that can be easily applied to the accelerated SVD method to bridge the gap between real-time implementation and high imaging quality. The proposed method experimentally measures the noise-induced bias by collecting the noise signal using the identical imaging sequence as regular UMI, but with the ultrasound transmission turned off. The estimated bias can then be subtracted from the original power Doppler (PD) image to obtain effective noise suppression. The feasibility of the proposed method was validated under different ultrasound imaging parameters [including transmitting voltages and time-gain compensation (TGC) settings] with a phantom experiment. The noise-debiased images showed an increase of up to 15.3 and 13.4 dB in SNR as compared to original PD images on the blood flow phantom and an in vivo human kidney data set, respectively. The proposed noise suppression method has negligible computational cost and can be conveniently combined with the previously proposed accelerated SVD clutter filtering technique to achieve high quality, real-time UMI imaging.
A quality improvement education initiative to increase adolescent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine completion rates.

HPV vaccine uptake is low, nationwide. Quality improvement (QI) principles have the potential to change practice; however, not all providers are confident with QI skills. We developed an educationa...
Individual and Marital Development

The purpose of this chapter is twofold; first, to explore aspects of adult development in relationship to marriage and individual growth and, second, to attempt to integrate the conceptual perspectives of psychoanalytic object relations theory and a systems approach to family and marital therapy. In exploring aspects of adult development, it is important to emphasize the evolving life stages as a critical dimension in adult personality development, psychopathology, and family functioning. It is this new awareness of a developmental continuum (Carter & McGoldrick, 1980) extending from birth to death that has helped us to conceptualize family pathology, as well as individual disorders of the self, in which problems of intimacy and self-esteem regulation are the central dimensions. In looking at both professional and popular literature, it would seem that we are living in a time in which marriage and marital dissolution and failure have become a central concern of both professionals and lay people alike. On the professional level, one aspect of this crisis in family relations is our lack of models that can both describe and explain successful marital and family relations and the causes of failure in these relationships.
The link between job satisfaction and the intent to leave among casino employees

Due to the nature of the interaction between gamblers and gaming company employees, casino operations are particularly vulnerable to excessive staff turnover. This study investigated the intrinsic,...
Engineering Antibodies on the Surface of CHO Cells.

While antibody libraries are traditionally screened in phage, bacterial, or yeast display formats, they are produced in large scale for pharmaceutical and commercial use in mammalian cell lines. The simpler organisms used for screening have significantly different folding and glycosylation machinery than mammalian cells; consequently, clones resulting from these libraries may require further optimization for mammalian cell expression. To streamline the antibody discovery process, we developed a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-based selection system that allows for long-term display of antibody Fab fragments. This system is facilitated by a semi-stable Epi-CHO episomal platform to maintain antibody expression for up to 2 months and is compatible with standard PCR-based mutagenesis strategies. This protocol describes the simple and accessible use of CHO display coupled with flow cytometry to enrich for antibody variants with increased ligand-binding affinity from large libraries of ~106 variants, using HER2-binding antibodies as an example.
'Complicating My Place:' Multiracial Women Faculty Navigating Monocentricity in Higher Education--A Polyethnography.

This polyethnography is an interdisciplinary collaboration between four multiracial women faculty employed at different universities across the US to examine their experiences navigating monocentri...
View from the witness stand: licensed counselors’ experiences providing court testimony

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how licensed professional counselors (LPCs) experienced court testimony. Data was collected through interviews with 11 LPCs, all graduates from ...
Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Database: Audio of Presentation

The Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Database includes data on U.S. Chapter 11 cases, including filed motions, objections and judicial rulings.
Trial Courts as Constitutional First Responders: A Historical Case Study of the Role of the Franklin County Circuit Court in Kentucky’s Biggest Legal-Political Controversies

Although courts of general jurisdiction like Kentucky’s Franklin Circuit Court are discussed by political scientists and legal commentators as purely trial courts, they are by necessity the court of first resort for issues with political import. When branches of government clash, courts of general jurisdiction must decide whether the judiciary has the right to intervene and if so how. This makes these courts crucial actors in the first scene in the drama of legal-political conflicts between branches of government or over the legality of statutes, at least until the appellate courts arrive in the last act. Their rulings are “table-setters” of debate over the issue litigated. These dramas typically play out, in Kentucky and other states, in the court of general jurisdiction that sits in the seat of the state government. This paper will explore these conflicts against the backdrop of the landscape of similar capitol-city courts. While this is not just a Kentucky issue, it is impossible to study it properly outside of the concrete details of an individual state. The paper frames the role of general-jurisdiction leading trial courts in state jurisprudence with a case-study of the modern history of the Franklin Circuit Court and then test the themes raised with an analysis of the interplay between that court and the Kentucky Supreme Court in four major cases in Kentucky’s recent history.
Geiger-Mode Operation of AlGaN Avalanche Photodiodes at 255 nm

We report the Geiger mode operation of back-illuminated AlGaN avalanche photodiodes. The devices were fabricated on transparent AlN templates specifically for back-illumination to leverage hole-initiated multiplication. The spectral response was analyzed with a peak detection wavelength of 255 nm with an external quantum efficiency of ~14% at zero bias. Low-photon detection capabilities were demonstrated in devices with areas $25~\mu \text{m} \times 25~\mu \text{m}$ . Single photon detection efficiencies of ~5% were achieved.
The art of being governed: apocalypse, aspirational statecraft, and the health of the Hmong body (politic).

Hmong ritual practice revolves around managing proper relations between one’s ancestors and living kin, as this relationship is a key factor in both the physical health and more general welfare of ...
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Blood Pressure in Women in the United States: A Systematic Review.

Introduction Elevated blood pressure is a leading contributor to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Some studies suggest there is an association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and subsequent elevated blood pressure in adulthood. The literature specific to ACEs and blood pressure in women has not been synthesized; thus the purpose of this systematic review was to examine what is known about the association between ACEs and blood pressure in women living in the United States. Methods In collaboration with a medical librarian, a systematic search of the literature published between January 1998 and December 2019 was conducted. Original, peer-reviewed publications were identified from PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases. Studies were excluded if they (1) were conducted outside the United States, (2) measured acute stress or adult stressors, or (3) measured childhood- or pregnancy-related outcomes. Results Of 1740 articles, 12 publications met criteria for inclusion in this study, 8 of which were from cohort studies. Racial and ethnic diversity was limited, with half of the articles in this review consisting of samples that were majority white. Of the studies that used a self-reported history of hypertension, 60% obtained significant associations with ACEs, compared with only 30% of the studies that had objective blood pressure data. ACEs were associated with lower blood pressure in 3 studies. Discussion More research is needed to elucidate the relationship between ACEs and elevated blood pressure. Inconsistencies in the findings may be related to the measurement of blood pressure, assessment of ACEs, and population characteristics. Future studies should incorporate diverse population-representative samples with consideration for sex- or race-specific stressors such as pregnancy or racism and their potential influence on blood pressure. Health care providers may consider the history of ACEs as part of screening for cardiovascular risk factors among female patients, especially younger women presenting with elevated blood pressure.
Effect of early life social adversity on drug abuse vulnerability: Focus on corticotropin-releasing factor and oxytocin.

Abstract Early life adversity can set the trajectory for later psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders. There are a host of neurobiological factors that may play a role in the negative trajectory. The current review examines preclinical evidence suggesting that early life adversity specifically involving social factors (maternal separation, adolescent social isolation and adolescent social defeat) may influence drug abuse vulnerability by strengthening corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems and weakening oxytocin (OT) systems. In adulthood, pharmacological and genetic evidence indicates that both CRF and OT systems are directly involved in drug reward processes. With early life adversity, numerous studies show an increase in drug abuse vulnerability measured in adulthood, along a concomitant strengthening of CRF systems and a weakening of OT systems. Mechanistic studies, while relatively few in number, are generally consistent with the theme that strengthened CRF systems and weakened OT systems mediate, at least in part, the link between early life adversity and drug abuse vulnerability. Establishing a direct role of CRF and OT in mediating the relation between early life social stressors and drug abuse vulnerability will inform clinical researchers and practitioners toward the development of intervention strategies to reduce risk among those suffering from early life adversities. This article is part of the special issue on ‘Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse’.
The gut microbiome of COVID-19 recovered patients returns to uninfected status in a minority-dominated United States cohort.

To investigate the relationship between intestinal microbiota and SARS-CoV-2-mediated pathogenicity in a United States, majority African American cohort. We prospectively collected fecal samples from 50 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, 9 SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients, and 34 uninfected subjects seen by the hospital with unrelated respiratory medical conditions (controls). 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR analysis was performed on fecal DNA/RNA. The fecal microbial composition was found to be significantly different between SARS-CoV-2 patients and controls (PERMANOVA FDR-P = .004), independent of antibiotic exposure. Peptoniphilus, Corynebacterium and Campylobacter were identified as the three most significantly enriched genera in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Actively infected patients were also found to have a different gut microbiota than recovered patients (PERMANOVA FDR-P = .003), and the most enriched genus in infected patients was Campylobacter, with Agathobacter and Faecalibacterium being enriched in the recovered patients. No difference in microbial community structure between recovered patients and uninfected controls was observed, nor a difference in alpha diversity between the three groups. 24 of the 50 COVID-19 patients (48%) tested positive via RT-qPCR for fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA. A significant difference in gut microbial composition between SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative samples was observed, with Klebsiella and Agathobacter being enriched in the positive cohort. No significant associations between microbiome composition and disease severity was found. The intestinal microbiota is sensitive to the presence of SARS-CoV-2, with increased relative abundance of genera (Campylobacter, Klebsiella) associated with gastrointestinal (GI) disease. Further studies are needed to investigate the functional impact of SARS-CoV-2 on GI health.
Single-ion anisotropy is necessary and appropriate to study the magnetic behavior of Tb 3 + moments with J eff = 1 2 on the honeycomb lattice in Tb 2 Ir 3 Ga 9

By developing models of increasing complexity, we show that a model without single-ion anisotropy (SIA) cannot explain the magnetic properties of ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=1/2 {\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ moments in the orthorhombically distorted, honeycomb material ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{9}$. In four different models for the magnetization of a single honeycomb layer, the only sources of anisotropy are symmetric exchange interactions ${J}_{n\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}={J}_{n\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ along three different bonds $n$, an anisotropic $\underline{g}$ tensor, and a Dzyalloshinskii-Moriya interaction (asymmetric exchange) that produces the observed canted moment along $\mathbf{b}$. With 21 parameters, the best such model yields ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}=0.065$, which is substantially smaller than ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}=0.112$ obtained using a Heisenberg model containing six parameters including easy-axis anisotropy. However, models without SIA fail to reproduce the linear dependence of the magnetization with a field perpendicular to the Ising axis while predicting a saturation magnetization that is far too low. Due to the complex crystal-field environments, we argue that SIA is necessary to study low-symmetry, three-dimensional ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=1/2$ materials containing ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ ions.
Idealism as Modernism: Hegelian Variations

1. Introduction: Hegelianism? Part 1. The Original Options: Kant Versus Hegel: 2. Kant on the spontaneity of mind 3. On the moral foundations of Kant's Rechtslehre 4. Hegel, ethical reasons, Kantian rejoinders 5. Avoiding German idealism: Kant, Hegel, and the reflective judgment problem Part II. Critical Modernism: 6. Hegel, modernity, and Habermas 7. Technology as ideology: prospects Part III. Greeks, Germans and Moderns: 8. The modern world of Leo Strauss 9. Being, time, and politics: the Strauss-Kojeve debate Part IV. Narrating Modernity: 10. Blumenberg and the modernity problem 11. Modern mythic meaning: Blumenberg contra Nietzsche Part V. Modernism and Nihilism: 12. Truth and lies in early Nietzsche 13. Nietzsche's alleged farewell: the Premodern, Modern, and Postmodern Nietzsche 14. Morality as psychology psychology as morality: Nietzsche, Eros, and clumsy lovers Part VI. Heidegger's 'Culmination': 15. On being anti-Cartesian: Hegel, Heidegger, subjectivity and sociality 16. Heideggerian postmodernism and political metaphysics Part VII. Hegelianism: 17. Hegel's ethical rationalism.
Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: what has 20 years of research shown?

Animal model histologic and epidemiologic studies over a 20 year period do not support an increased risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptive (OC) use. Even though the US Food and Drug Administration required using the dog the monkey and the rodent as animal models for OC testing at the end of the 1970s research showed that theses models do not adequately match humans. For example primates rarely get breast cancer yet the incidence for humans ranges from 7%-10%. The beagle experiences 1-2 estrus cycles/year while humans have 12 menstrual cycles/year. Although rodents have a breast cancer incidence similar to humans study results varied widely depending on strains doses and/or administration routes. As of 1988 no case control or cohort studies had demonstrated a statistically significant overall increase in breast cancer incidence in OC users vs. never users. Yet at least 18 studies in which the investigator corrected for major confounding variables showed an insignificant increased risk of breast cancer among certain subsets of women associated with OC use. Various studies supported the theory that OCs may augment multiplication of already altered cells. For example OCs induced an increased incidence of mammary cancer only in animal models and strains which had an incidence of mammary cancer at least as high as humans. Further mammographic studies of breast dysplasia revealed that OC users have >18 times the risk of developing breast cancer than do nonusers. Additionally in breast tissue culture studies combination OCs containing norethynodrel-mestranol and norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol triggered cancerous cells to multiply faster than normal cells. Research must continue so as to know how to alter OCs to reduce any tumor promotion capabilities without foregoing contraceptive efficiency.
Introduction to the internet security minitrack

Trust, on the Internet, is headed for an all time low. Recent events throughout the world have caused people to become very circumspect when it comes to transacting business over electronic media. Without the ability to trust in the scrupulous behavior on both ends of a transaction, most prudent e-commerce operators and clients may decide to forgo the use of the Internet and revert back to old methods of doing business. To counter this trend, the issues of network security on the Internet must be constantly reviewed and appropriate countermeasures devised. At the same time, security measures must be appropriately devised so that they do not inhibit or in any way dissuade the intended ecommerce operation. As the use of wireless technology grows, the number of events and the far reaching effects of network security problems are likely to have an even larger impact on e-commerce.
Characterisation of the Sand, Silt, and Clay Fractions of some Mollisols

The interaction between clay-sized inorganic and organic soil constituents to form clay-organic matter complexes has a profound effect on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils and has been described as a process ‘as vital to the continuance of life as is photosynthesis’ (Jacks, 1963). The importance of research to characterise the clay-organic matter complexes in soils has long been apparent, but such research has been restricted by the lack of methods of isolating these complexes without serious modifications of their properties. This problem has been greatly reduced by the introduction of sonic and ultrasonic methods of dispersing soils (Edwards and Bremner, 1964, 1967a, 1967b; Genrich, 1972; Genrich and Bremner, 1972a) bacause these methods permit separation of soil particles without the use of oxidants, acids, or dispersing agents.
Identification and characterization of a cyanate permease in Escherichia coli K-12.

Escherichia coli contains an inducible enzyme, cyanase, that catalyzes the decomposition of cyanate into ammonia and bicarbonate. The gene encoding cyanase, cynS, was cloned and found to be on a DNA fragment that contained the lac operon. Characterization of a plasmid encoding cyanase indicated that a 26-kilodalton (kDa) protein of unknown function was also induced by cyanate (Y-C. Sung, D. Parsell, P.M. Anderson, and J.A. Fuchs, J. Bacteriol. 169:2639-2642, 1987). The gene encoding the 26-kDa protein was located between cynS and its promoter, indicating the existence of a cyn operon. The 26-kDa protein was identified as a cyanate permease that transports exogenous cyanate by active transport. E. coli was shown to contain a cyanate transport system that is energy dependent and saturable by cyanate.
Tensile Creep of High Purity Aluminum

As part of a program to determine the deformation characteristics of pure metals, the tensile creep properties of high purity aluminum (99.994 pet Al) have been determined using a constant stress loading. The effects of prior annealing temperature, stress, and temperature were studied. These data have been examined on the basis of present-day theories. None of the methods was found to give an accurate representation of the data over all conditions studied. The structures of several specimens after creep were examined by optical and X-ray metallography. Marked changes in the grain size were found and it was substantiated that the magnitude of these changes was greatly influenced by the applied stress (or creep strain). The changes in fiber texture which occur on creep deformation are shown to be consistent with those observed on deformation at lower temperatures.
Effect of fiber-matrix debonding on notched strength of titanium metal matrix composites

Two specimen configuration of a (0/90)2s SCS-6/Ti-15-3 laminate were tested and analyzed: a center hole (CH) specimen and a double edge notch (DEN) specimen. The two specimen configurations failed at similar stress levels. Two analytical techniques, a 3-D finite-element analysis and a macro-micromechanical analysis were used to predict the overall stress-deformation behavior and the notch-tip fiber-matrix interface stresses in both configurations.
Interviews with employed people with mobility impairments and limitations: environmental supports impacting work acquisition and satisfaction.

Background Less than 40% of people with disabilities work. Many studies have detailed the barriers to employment but few have examined the work experiences of those who are employed. Objective A description of work conditions valued by a specific segment of employed people with disabilities is provided. Methods Videotaped interviews of 33 successfully employed people with mobility impairments and limitations (PWMIL) were transcribed and analyzed to gather their perspectives on their work social and physical environments. Results Finding work was facilitated by family, friends and other social networks, vocational services, and prior education. Doing volunteer work, spending time at a paid and unpaid internship, and part-time work experiences were important aspects of job acquisition. Exterior and interior physical features were or had been made accessible. Expensive assistive technologies were paid for by the employee and their health insurance. Almost all personal assistance was provided by family, friends and co-workers. Work satisfaction included having a supportive employer, supportive co-workers, and flexible worksite policies. Conclusion The interviews of employed PWMIL provide prospective employers and employees information on important social and physical work features that are needed to improve the possibilities for hiring people with disabilities and facilitating their successful careers.
Group II intron splicing in vivo by first-step hydrolysis

Group I, group II and spliceosomal introns splice by two sequential transesterification reactions1. For both spliceosomal and group II introns, the first-step reaction occurs by nucleophilic attack on the 5′ splice junction by the 2′ hydroxyl of an internal adenosine, forming a 2′–5′ phosphodiester branch in the intron. The second reaction joins the two exons with a 3′–5′ phosphodiester bond and releases intron lariat. In vitro, group II introns can self-splice by an efficient alternative pathway in which the first-step reaction occurs by hydrolysis. The resulting linear splicing intermediate participates in normal second-step reactions, forming spliced exon and linear intron RNAs2,3. Here we show that the group II intron first-step hydrolysis reaction occurs in vivo in place of transesterification in the mitochondria of yeast strains containing branch-site mutations. As expected, the mutations block branching, but surprisingly still allow accurate splicing. This hydrolysis pathway may have been a step in the evolution of splicing mechanisms.
Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: A Quarter Century's Perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the study of human lupus erythematosus (LE). In earlier times, the study of human LE underwent a revolution resulting from the description and characterization of various autoantibody–autoantigen systems as disease markers. That such autoantibody systems are found to be associated with specific clinical features of LE and associated rheumatic diseases led to the idea of subsetting LE patients on the basis of shared clinical, pathological, laboratory, and immunogenetic findings. Like discoid LE (DLE), the term “subacute cutaneous LE (SCLE)” can be used in two different ways: to describe a specific type of photosensitive, nonscarring LE-specific skin lesion and to refer to a subset or subphenotype of LE patients having SCLE skin lesions as a major component of their disease presentation who also share other clinical and laboratory features. This context is referred to as the ‘‘SCLE subset or sub-phenotype’’.
Dispersion engineered right/left-handed transmission lines enabling near-octave bandwidths for wideband CP patch arrays

Composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission lines have recently attracted a significant interest due to their abilities to generate phase characteristics which go beyond the typical right-handed lines. In this work, we demonstrate their use in generating a wideband quadrature phase excitation for creating circular polarization (CP) with antenna systems capable of generating two orthogonal polarizations. In particular, we investigate their application towards a patch antenna array of sequentially rotated elements. By engineering the dispersion of the CRLH lines, we have been able to measure roughly 60% AR-S 11 bandwidth with a prototyped 2 × 2 array of sequentially rotated wideband, single layer patch antennas.
M(atrix) Theory: Matrix Quantum Mechanics as a Fundamental Theory

This article reviews the matrix model of M theory. M theory is an 11-dimensional quantum theory of gravity that is believed to underlie all superstring theories. M theory is currently the most plausible candidate for a theory of fundamental physics which reconciles gravity and quantum field theory in a realistic fashion. Evidence for M theory is still only circumstantial -- no complete background-independent formulation of the theory exists as yet. Matrix theory was first developed as a regularized theory of a supersymmetric quantum membrane. More recently, it has appeared in a different guise as the discrete light-cone quantization of M theory in flat space. These two approaches to matrix theory are described in detail and compared. It is shown that matrix theory is a well-defined quantum theory that reduces to a supersymmetric theory of gravity at low energies. Although its fundamental degrees of freedom are essentially pointlike, higher-dimensional fluctuating objects (branes) arise through the non-Abelian structure of the matrix degrees of freedom. The problem of formulating matrix theory in a general space-time background is discussed, and the connections between matrix theory and other related models are reviewed.
Choosing Justice: Socrates' Model City and the Practice of Dialectic.

Glaucon's demand to be shown the inherent choiceworthiness of justice exposes the limits of dialectical argument. Acknowledging these limits, Socrates proposes that his interlocutors join him in an alternative activity, making a city in speech. This model city proves to be “entirely opposite” to existing cities, above all (as Socrates observes) because it restricts the practice of dialectical argument to those who first demonstrate a capacity for synopsis, that is, for seeing things as a whole. Socrates holds that one must be able to see things as a whole in order to benefit from the use of dialectic. I interpret the political institutions of Socrates' model city accordingly, as being instrumental to the practice of dialectic. Hence, I reject the prevalent readings of the Republic, which present these institutions either as a blueprint for public policy or as a parody of political idealism. Instead, I suggest that the interlocutors' discussion of censorship, the noble lie, and communism is propaedeutic, fostering the synoptic capacity necessary to benefit from the practice of dialectic, including dialectic aimed at revealing the choiceworthiness of justice.
Rocking Motion of a Protein-Folding Nano-Machine Revealed By Single-Particle Cryo-Em

The protein folding machine Methanococcus maripaludis chaperonin (Mm-cpn) is a type II archael chaperonin that has a built-in lid. It is a 16-subunit homo-oligomer of ∼1 MDa arranged in a two back-to-back rings that is structurally very similar to the mammalian chaperonin such as TRiC. The substrate folding is accompanied by a conformational change triggered by nucleotide binding and hydrolysis.Using single particle cryo-EM and image reconstruction, we solve both the wild type and lidless mutant Mm-cpn in open and closed states respectively at resolutions between 10 and 4.3 A. The open state is a nucleotide-free state while the closed state corresponds to the transition state of ATP hydrolysis. Cα backbone models of these four 3-D reconstructions have been hand traced or flexibly fitted depending on their resolutions. The models show clearly the subunits' equatorial domain rotation between the open and closed states, which is unique and different from the well-studied type I chaperonin (GroE) found in E.Coli.
Techniques for Constructing Fractional Replicate Plans

Abstract This paper is a review of techniques for obtaining the treatment combinations that comprise a fraction of a factorial arrangement. Several procedures for constructing fractional replicate plans, which in their original form appear to be different, are presented in a manner which illustrates their similarities. The techniques discussed include orthogonal and non-orthogonal plans for both symmetrical and asymmetrical factorial experiments. The plans developed range from those that permit estimation of main effects only, to those that permit estimation of main effects and all two-factor interaction effects.
Topology of Complex Polynomials and Jacobian Conjecture

The purpose of this paper is to report on some new results on the Topology of Complex Polynomials f:C2→C. These results lead to an open problem closely related to the Jacobian Conjecture. Works by S.A. Broughton [Invent. Math. 92 (1988) 217], A. Dimca [Singularities and Topology of Hypersurfaces, Springer, 1992] and LeDung Trang, C. Weber [C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 320 (1995) 581] can provide more insight into the problem and J. Milnor [Singular Points of Complex Hypersurfaces, Princeton Univ. Press, 1988] is a good reference for general information on the subject. The main result proved here is similar to one proved by R. Ephraim [Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Vol. 40, 1983, p. 353, Corollary 3.14], but our proof is short and clearer due to the use of Ha–Le Theorem. Also, we bring new light to the points at infinity.
The Problem of the Domitianic Date of Revelation

In the latter half of the nineteenth century no New Testament scholar in the English speaking world was more respected than J. B. Lightfoot. His New Testament commentaries and his magisterial five volume work on the Apostolic Fathers were models of the scholarly thoroughness of British erudition coupled with the humility of Anglican piety. Their influence would reach well into the twentieth century.
The ‘Mainstream Muslim’ Opposing Islamophobia: Self-Representations of American Muslims

This paper explores the public self-representations of Muslim American leaders from major Muslim organizations in the United States as articulated in a local community engagement. I argue that the prevalent self-representations of the ‘mainstream Muslim’ and ‘American Islam’ have become politicized terms in an effort to construct a political and religious constituency in resistance to rampant Islamophobic expressions. By stressing compatibility and reconciliation with American political and social life, a counternarrative of citizenship and belonging emerges. Hence, the self-representations also shed important light on how Muslims as a minority group negotiate and perform politics of belonging and inclusion in the United States through the appropriation of powerful notions of what represents ‘the mainstream’. As any religious definition, ‘American Islam’ has to be understood as a particular discursive product specific to time and place. While highlighting hybridity and fluidity, as well as the flexibility...
Modelling China's Economy in Transition

The rapid decentralization in China in the last decade has dramatically reduced the role of central planning. However, the lack of a capital market has promoted rent seeking and resulted in an investment system trapped by the existing structure. The lack of a labor market has led to wage drift. The lack of reform in the social welfare system has caused distorted consumption demands. Moreover, the enterprise-by-enterprise negotiation under the Two-tier Pricing System and the Contract Management Responsibility System makes it dificult to use indirect policy instruments effectively. This paper presents a model incorporating these specific features in order to mimic the actual operation of the economy. Forecasts and policy simulations are made for the period from 1987 to 1995. The results have produced, for the first time, some empirical evidence for a number of hypotheses put forward by Chinese economists in the last five years.
Ocular Ferning Test: A Qualitative Test for Mucus Deficiency

A new qualitative test for the study of conjunctival mucus has been developed. Conjunctival scrapings were obtained from 196 patients. Microscopic mucus ferning (arborization) was observed in 148 (91%) patients with various forms of acute conjunctivitis. Six patients (18%) with cicatrizing conjunctivitis (diffuse conjunctival cicatrization, ocular pemphigoid, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) had mucus ferning in their conjunctival scrapings specimens. Mucus ferning was significantly absent (P less than 0.005) in patients with diffuse conjunctival cicatrization when compared to mucus ferning in other forms of conjunctivitis. Ocular mucus ferning test is a simple inexpensive office test for the evaluation of patients with mucus deficiency.
Acrylonitrile induces autolysis Bacillus subtilis

Acrylonitrile (AN) is an industrial chemical used in the manufacture of plastics and other polymers. AN has been reported to be an acute toxin and is a known carcinogen in rodents. When AN was mixed with suspensions of Bacillus subtilis, the bacteria began autolysis. It was determined that AN is partially converted to cyanide, a strong protonophore in B. subtilis. Autolytic enzymes in B. subtilis become active when the protonmotive force is dissipated. The amount of cyanide produced from AN, however, was not enough to promote autolysis in exponential B. subtilis. This is the first report showing that AN may induce autolytic reactions in bacteria. It is suggested the autolysis of B. subtilis may be useful in the environmental monitoring of AN. In addition, the metabolism of AN by bacilli may be useful in bioremediation.
Monitoring Photothermally Excited Nanoparticles via Multimodal Microscopy

Generation of heat using optically excited nanoparticles can be beneficial or detrimental depending on the application. Therefore, clinically applicable studies are being pursued in an effort to identify safe practices of nanoparticle-induced hyperthermia for the treatment of cancerous tissues using optical radiation. The imaging and characterization of localized heat production resulting from optically excited nanoparticles on both cellular and tissue levels is important for determination of nanoparticle dosage and optimal conditions for the radiation. In this report, we present a multimodal imaging method to monitor the local temperature change induced by photothermally excited, biologically relevant gold nanoshell clusters on the micrometer scale using two types of temperature-sensitive fluorescent reporters: Indo-1 or semiconductor quantum dots. The photoinduced heat flux from gold nanoshells is observed to be dependent on the dynamic motion of nanoparticles in the induced thermal gradient, with pheno...
Current and future directions in ethnicity and methodology.

Abstract This essay explores current and future trends in scholarship at the intersection of ethnicity and methodology, from a paradigmatic perspective. It first identifies traditional social science notions regarding the conceptualization of ethnicity (as well as race) and describes several typical approaches to the study of ethnicity in intercultural relations. Then, three challenges to traditional epistemology and methodology in ethnicity studies are discussed: fallacy of objectivity, fallacy of homogeneity and monolithic identity, and the question of methodological ethics. Finally, potential contributions from interpretive and critical paradigms are outlined; these include the need to incorporate lived experiences and historical contexts in future investigations of ethnicity.
The Problem of Class Viewpoint versus Historicism in Chinese Historiography

But the proponents of class viewpoint used "class nature" as an abstraction that paralleled the use of human nature in the idealist thinkers Marx and Engels criticized. 7. In their historical works, in contrast to the theoretical ones, Marx and Engels revealed the complexity of their ideas of class. In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Marx divided French society into a number of categories depending on nature and size of economic wealth. Engels did the same with the German peasantry in The Peasant War in Germany. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:35:24 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms [486] MODERN CHINA / OCTOBER 1977
Development of gridded surface meteorological data for ecological applications and modelling

Landscape-scale ecological modelling has been hindered by suitable high-resolution surface meteorological datasets. To overcome these limitations, desirable spatial attributes of gridded climate data are combined with desirable temporal attributes of regional-scale reanalysis and daily gauge-based precipitation to derive a spatially and temporally complete, high-resolution (4-km) gridded dataset of surface meteorological variables required in ecological modelling for the contiguous United States from 1979 to 2010. Validation of the resulting gridded surface meteorological data, using an extensive network of automated weather stations across the western United States, showed skill comparable to that derived from interpolation using station observations, suggesting it can serve as suitable surrogate for landscape-scale ecological modelling across vast unmonitored areas of the United States. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Modulation of Thin Filament Activation by Breakdown or Isoform Switching of Thin Filament Proteins: Physiological and Pathological Implications

In the heart, the contractile apparatus is adapted to the specific demands of the organ for continuous rhythmic contraction. The specialized contractile properties of heart muscle are attributable to the expression of cardiac-specific isoforms of contractile proteins. This review describes the isoforms of the thin filament proteins actin and tropomyosin and the three troponin subunits found in human heart muscle, how the isoform profiles of these proteins change during development and disease, and the possible functional consequences of these changes. During development of the heart, there is a distinctive switch of isoform expression at or shortly after birth; however, during adult life, thin filament protein isoform composition seems to be stable despite protein turnover rates of 3 to 10 days. The pattern of isoforms of actin, tropomyosin, troponin I, troponin C, and troponin T is not affected by aging or heart disease (ischemia and dilated cardiomyopathy). The evidence for proteolysis of thin filament proteins in situ during ischemia and stunning is evaluated, and it is concluded that C-terminal cleavage of troponin I is a feature of irreversibly injured myocardium but may not play a role in reversible stunning.
Wage and employment effects of Malawi's fertilizer subsidy program

This article uses three waves of nationally representative household-level panel data from Malawi to estimate how a large-scale fertilizer subsidy program impacts the agricultural labor market, known as ganyu in that country. I find that when looking across the entire population of smallholders, receiving an additional 100 kg of subsidized fertilizer causes the average household to supply about three fewer days of ganyu. The fertilizer subsidy program also has a small positive effect on the probability that a household demands agricultural labor, with the results approaching statistical significance. In addition, a 10 kg increase in the average amount of subsidized fertilizer acquired per household in a community boosts the median agricultural wage rate by 1.4% in that community. The increase in wage rates translates to a US $1.40 per year increase in average household income in the years after Malawi's subsidy program was scaled up, and a US $1.86 per year increase in average household income for those who sold their labor before the subsidy program was scaled up. This finding suggests that households who sell their labor off farm may experience some small spillover benefit from the program in the form of higher agricultural wage rates.
Acidity of twelve northern New England (U.S.A.) lakes in recent centuries

Studies of sediment cores from 12 acidic lakes in granitic, forested and uninhabited catchments in northern New England, U.S.A. produced diatom-inferred pH (IpH) 5.2 to 5.8 and alkalinity (Ialk) −12 to 31 µeq l−1, with slowly declining values at some lakes, for one to four centuries prior to logging. Increases of IpH (Δ0.05 to 0.60) and Ialk (Δ5 to 40 µeq l−1) correlate with logging in the catchments in the early-1800s to early-1900s. Recovery to pre-logging IpH and Ialk correlates with forest succession toward conifers, and is completed in the late-1800s to mid-1900s. Beginning at 1915–1920 (4 lakes), 1930–1950 (4 lakes) and 1965–1970 (4 lakes), IpH and Ialk start decreasing below pre-logging values due to atmospheric acidic deposition, leading to respective total decreases of 0.10 to 0.45 (X=0.25) and 5 to 25 µeq l−1 (X=15). Inputs of anthropogenic Pb, Zn, V, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and soot from the atmosphere are first detectable in early- to late-1800s sediment, and Cu in late-1800s sediment, increase rapidly in the late-1800s to mid-1900s, and level off or decrease since the 1960s — partly due to emission controls. Decreasing Ca, Mn, and possibly Zn relative to other metals and normalized to organic content, and increasing flux of Fe to the lakes, indicate soil and water acidification after 1900.
Chemical phenotypes of muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion

Retrograde labeling was combined with cytochemistry to investigate phenotypic differences in primary afferent neurons relaying sensory information from deep and superficial craniofacial tissues. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM) immunoreactivity and isolectin IB4, and cholera toxin B (ChTB) binding were examined for trigeminal masticatory muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons. Somata labeled from muscle were larger than cutaneous afferent neurons. Muscle afferent neurons exhibited positive staining as follows: 22% CGRP, 5% SP, 0% SOM; 18% ChTB, 5% IB4. The somata of CGRP- and SP-positive muscle afferent neurons were smaller than that of the overall muscle afferent population. Size differences were not detected between IB4- or ChTB-binding muscle afferent neurons and the total muscle afferent population. The following distribution was found for cutaneous afferent neurons: 26% CGRP, 7% SP, 1% SOM, 26% ChTB, 44% IB4. Cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SP were smaller, while ChTB-binding cutaneous afferents were larger than the overall cutaneous afferent population. No size differences were found between cutaneous CGRP-, SOM-, or IB4-positive neurons and the total cutaneous afferent population. Target-specific differences exist for SOM and IB4. The percentage of cutaneous afferent neurons positive for SOM and IB4 exceeds that for SOM- or IB4-positive muscle afferents. The number of retrogradely labeled neurons never differed between sexes. The percentage of retrogradely labeled muscle afferent neurons that were CGRP-positive was greater in males than females. These data indicate the presence of phenotypic, target, and sex differences in trigeminal ganglion primary afferent neurons.
Phagocytosis of neutrophils by marrow macrophages in childhood chronic benign neutropenia

Chronic benign neutropenia of childhood is a heterogenenous disorder. This study describes two severely neutropenic children with a benign clinical course and the unique bone marrow finding of macrophage engulfment of band and segmented neutrophils. Phagocytic vacuoles in the majority of macrophages contained neutrophils in various stages of digestion at both the light and electron microscope level (with as many as four neutrophils observed in single macrophages). Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that the neutrophils were morphologically normal, and apparently viable at the time of phagocytosis. This type of neutrophil phagocytosis was not observed in five other consecutively studied children with CBN. All of these children with CBN had ultrastructurally normal neutrophils, lacked demonstrable antineutrophil antibodies or serum inhibitors to in vitro myelopoiesis, and had normal colony-forming cells and colony-stimulating activity in vitro. Thus despite many similar clinical and laboratory features in children with CBN, only a unique subgroup of these patients demonstrates abnormal neutrophilmacrophage interaction.