cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hapten-protein conjugates as antigens for evaluation of immune competence in man: I. Reactive haptens versus conjugate

Abstract Picryl chloride, injected into guinea pigs, produced delayed contact hypersensitivity, hemagglutinating, and anaphylactic antibodies. Repeated skin application of 0.5 per cent picryl chloride failed to produce or maintain hemagglutinating antibody in guinea pigs or in man. Picryl human serum albumin (PicHSA) injected in aqueous solution in man uniformly produced conjugate-specific delayed reactions, frequently produced (24 of 26) hemagglutinating, mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibodies, occasionally produced (4 of 26) hapten-specific reaginic antibodies, and infrequently produced (2 of 26) mercaptoethanol-resistant hemagglutinating antibodies. These antigenic properties make PicHSA a suitable antigen to study immune competence in man.
Models of Multilevel Computer Security

Publisher Summary Some multilevel access-control models are surveyed in the chapter. This survey includes more recent models and also presents a few models in greater depth. The first access-control models were for operating systems, and modeled the policy by which an operating system grants requests by processes for access to controllable segments of main memory. This chapter focuses on the design decisions behind these models, and their intended application to secure computer system development. Some new ideas arise in database system models, which impose additional structure on data objects, raising questions about how to assign labels. There is a brief discussion of network model. Mandatory access-control (MAC) system models are used with some success to help design secure computer systems. There are two levels at which the MAC approach can be used. One level is at an external interface, where objects are complex abstractions such as relations, views, virtual connections, or datagrams. The other level is at the interface to the underlying secure operating system kernel, if there is one, where objects are segments of memory. This is the level at which access control is enforced, and where one has the most assurance that a simple information-flow policy is implemented.
Evaluating performance and change in mental health systems serving children and youth: an interorganizational network approach.

Planning for the delivery of community mental health services has evolved from models of services within individual agencies to community-wide systems of care, but development of methodologies for assessing system performance has lagged behind. This article presents one approach to systemlevel assessment by viewing children’s mental health systems as an interorganizational network. Data are presented on two county-based child mental health systems in North Carolina that participated in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Mental Health Services Program for Youth. Site-specific data on client referrals, fund exchanges, and information flows were collected at two time points (1991 and 1993) to measure the cohesiveness and concentration of the service system using network k-core analyses. In addition, stakeholder ratings of service adequacy, quality, availability, coordination, and overall demonstration project goal attainment were obtained at both time periods. Findings indicate that the rural system was outperforming the urban system at the time of the first survey, but the urban system caught up over the study interval. There was high agreement between the network and stakeholder ratings of system performance at both time periods. The method of data collection and analysis used in this study provides tools that can be used in a variety of settings to assess service system growth and development.
Universal Broadband: Opportunities and Challenges in Western Massachusetts

There has been much attention recently on the need to make broadband Internet available to every household in America. Broadband is now seen as critical for economic growth, job creation, global competitiveness, and enhanced quality of life. Broadband technology is changing how we educate our youth, deliver health care services, manage our energy needs, ensure public safety, engage government, and how we access, organize and disseminate knowledge. Yet the United States is behind many advanced countries in the adoption and quality of broadband. Today, only about two-thirds of Americans have broadband service in their homes. Even fewer Americans living in rural areas have adopted broadband simply because it is unavailable where they live. This problem is particularly severe in western Massachusetts. Currently there are 32 towns in the Commonwealth that are completely unserved and another 91 towns where broadband is available to less than 10% of the households. To facilitate deployment of new broadband infrastructure and expansion of existing services in unserved and underserved communities, Governor Deval Patrick signed legislation creating the Massachusetts Broadband Institute (MBI) and providing funding for the construction of fiber, wireless towers and other critical and durable broadband infrastructure. In 2010, the MBI began building a $71 million, 1,100 mile open-access fiber-optic network - the middle mile - to begin bridging the digital divide in western Massachusetts communities. What is still needed, however, is the development of a sustainable business model for a telecommunications carrier to build the “last mile” and also provide affordable service to its customers. To help further bridge the digital divide in Massachusetts, a team of researchers from Bentley University’s Service-Learning Center and University Honors Program offered to assist MBI in learning more about cost effective ways to deploy broadband in unserved and underserved areas and increase adoption rates in areas of low population density to make such areas more attractive to service providers. Although our report covers broadband policy and practices at a broad level, we focus on increasing access to broadband and adoption rates in rural areas and how it might apply to western Massachusetts. Research Questions:1. What are advantages and disadvantages of alternative broadband technologies in overcoming the technological challenges for encouraging broadband deployment to unserved and underserved areas of western Massachusetts? 2. What are some the most effective programs and practices to increase broadband adoption in western Massachusetts?3. What policy changes and initiatives at the state and federal level would be most helpful in supporting broadband access and broadband adoption goals?
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF BERYLLIUM ON ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE

In the past 5 years a number of papers have dealt with the clinical aspects of exposure to various beryllium compounds (l-4). Because of these reports several laboratories (5) have attempted to reproduce in animals the lesions seen in the human cases but with only partial success. In 1946, Dr. Leroy Gardner (6) noted that the intravenous injection of zinc-beryllium silicate or beryllium oxide into rabbits resulted in the development of osteogenic sarcomas after a latent period as short as 5$ months or as long as 1 year. This observation has been confirmed in this laboratory and will be described in a later paper. Several authors (7-10) have reported that the addition of beryllium carbonate to the diet of young rats led to the development of rachitic changes which have been termed “beryllium rickets.” Extremely low levels of serum phosphate and a marked lowering of the alkaline phosphatase content of the kidney accompanied the development of this lesion. Furthermore, this lesion could not be prevented by cod liver oil or irradiated ergosterol, though Kay and Skill (10) were able to prevent it by the daily parenteral administration of glycerophosphate. These authors think that the lesion, at least in part, is due to the precipitation of beryllium phosphate in the intestine, making the phosphate unavailable for absorption. However, Sobel, Goldfarb, and Kramer (11) in studying in vitro the calcifying power of ordinary rachitic bone and beryllium rachitic bone in normal serum noted a markedly diminished calcifying power in the latter compared to the former. They also noted that, although the addition of viosterol to the beryllium rachitogenic diet produced a rise in the calcium and phosphorus product in the serum, the rickets was not prevented and the defect in the calcifying power in vitro was still present. This work suggested that in addition to the factor of poor absorption of phosphate from the intestine there was also a local factor which interfered with calcification. In 1943, Hyslop et al. (12) presented evidence that beryllium tends to be stored in bone.
Interference-aware routing in multihop wireless networks using directional antennas

Recent research has shown that interference can make a significant impact on the performance of multihop wireless networks. Researchers have studied interference-aware topology control recently [M. Burkhart et al., 2004]. In this paper, we study routing problems in a multihop wireless network using directional antennas with dynamic traffic. We present new definitions of link and path interference that are suitable for designing better routing algorithms. We then formulate and optimally solve two power constrained minimum interference single path routing problems. Routing along paths found by our interference-aware algorithms tends to have less channel collisions and higher network throughput. Our simulation results show that, compared with the minimum power path routing algorithm, our algorithms can reduce average path interference by 40% or more at the cost of a minor power increase. We also extend our work towards survivable routing by formulating and solving the power constrained minimum interference node-disjoint path routing problem.
Type curve analyses of pneumatic single-hole tests in unsaturated fractured tuff : Direct evidence for a porosity scale effect

[1] A large number of single- and cross-hole pneumatic injection tests have been conducted in shallow vertical and inclined boreholes in unsaturated fractured tuff at the Apache Leap Research Site (ALRS) near Superior, Arizona. Previously, direct and indirect evidence for a permeability scale effect was provided through the analysis of these tests. Direct evidence was based on the comparison of small-scale single-hole and larger-scale cross-hole test results obtained through the type curve and steady state analysis of these data separately. Indirect evidence was provided by comparing cross-hole test analyses conducted at fine and coarse scales of resolution by means of a three-dimensional numerical inverse model. The latter study also provided indirect evidence for a porosity scale effect. However, there were no small-scale porosity data from single-hole tests to directly verify this indirect evidence. This paper presents such data generated through the type curve interpretation of the recovery phase of the single-hole tests conducted at a nominal 1-m scale providing direct evidence for a porosity scale effect at the site. Statistical analysis of results revealed a strong porosity scale effect confirming an earlier finding obtained indirectly. These results also showed that (1) the injection phase of the pneumatic single-hole tests do not yield reliable estimates of porosity but the recovery phase are amenable to type curve interpretation, (2) flow dimensionality of single-hole tests at 1-m scale are three-dimensional across the site except for a few tests which exhibited two-dimensional and fracture flow behavior, (3) there is a very weak correlation between permeability and porosity, and (4) there is a lack of correlation between fracture density and both permeability and porosity.
The Waxy Locus in Maize III. Effect of Structural Heterozygosity on Intragenic Recombination and Flanking Marker Assortment.

The effect of heterozygosity for structural rearrangements on recombination between two wx heteroalleles (C and 90) and the pattern of flanking markers in the resultant Wx gametes has been examined. The rearrangements are Tp9, an insertional translocation in which a segment of chromosome 3 has been inserted into the short arm of chromosome 9 close to the wx locus; In9a, a long pericentric inversion with wx in the inverted segment; and Rearr 9, a complex rearrangement of chromosome 9. Heterozygosity for rearrangements decreases the frequency of Wx gametes to varying degrees.—Heterozygosity for Tp9 enhances the proportion of Wx gametes that are apparent convertants and allows the conclusion that such gametes do not normally arise from an exchange in the wx locus plus a second exchange distal to wx. Heterozygosity for In9a markedly decreases the frequency of Wx gametes that are recombinant for outside markers but does not decrease the frequency of convertants.—Heterozygosity for Rearr 9 permits a low frequency of Wx gametes, all of which are apparent convertants.—A high proportion of the convertants have the flanking markers that entered the cross with C so recombination is polarized in normal homologs and in heterozygotes for all rearrangements.
Effects of the Addition of Antimony, Tin, and Lead to Palladium Catalyst Formulations for the Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell

In an operating direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC), the palladium catalyst surface poisons and must be periodically regenerated by oxidative stripping. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of antimony, tin, and lead additions to the palladium black catalyst that is used in the DFAFC. We discovered that each adatom strongly promotes formic acid oxidation in an electrochemical cell and reduces the amount of CO poison that develops on the catalyst surface after one hour of oxidation, which suggests a steric effect due to the presence of the adatoms. However, after three hours of oxidation, the poisoning is nearly the same with each of the adatoms, which shows the limitations of the steric effect. We also used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to demonstrate a shift in the palladium binding energy due to the presence of the adatoms, which suggests an electronic effect is also present. We conclude that the steric and electronic effects cause a significant enhancement to oxidation in an electr...
Integration of proximate and evolutionary explanation of reproductive strategy: the case of callitrichid primates and implications for human biology.

We offer examples of how proximate and evolutionary forms of argument may inform each other in better understanding reproductive strategy in callitrichid primates, the smallest of the anthropoid primates. In addition, we illustrate how comparative approaches, when applied judiciously, can aid in the formulation of hypotheses regarding even seemingly unique traits within a taxonomic group. In the first example, examination of the nature of genetics in cytokine systems that leads to altered ovulation number in sheep suggests some relatively simple changes could explain both the adaptation of increased ovulation number in marmosets and the subsequent decrease in ovulation number in the closely related species, callimico. In the second example, the role of body size and phylogeny in explaining the role of maternal energy constraints upon gestation and lactation is explored, leading to additional hypotheses regarding these relations in a species that is both small but also in a phylogenetic line selected for slow reproduction. Finally, the role of comparative data in the study of proximate and evolutionary explanations of “unique” human reproductive strategies is discussed. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bioavailability of lysine in selected foods by rat growth assay.

Lysine bioavailabilities in reference protein and 16 test protein diets were estimated using 10 day rat growth assays. A standard growth curve was obtained by feeding 5 diets containing casein, zein and synthetic amino acids ranging in total lysine concentration from 0.3 to 0.7%. Experimental foods were added to the basal diet at the expense of zein and/or synthetic amino acids to provide 2 specific lysine concentrations, i.e., 0.4 and 0.6%. Availabilities were established by comparing growth responses from the test food diets to the regression line of the standard growth data. Availabilities were over 88% for 13 of 16 products. Utilization was poor in pinto beans (73%), rice-wheat gluten cereal (70%), and skim milk powder heated to 100°C for 12 h (66%). Addition of excess lysine (700 mg/100 g diet) to the pinto bean diet did not improve growth response; thus poor digestibility or some unidentified growth inhibitor is indicated.
Studies on the interaction of several boron hydrides with liver microsomal enzymes

Abstract The effects of several boron hydrides on hepatic microsomal enzymes isolated from adult male rats are described. Decaborane (B10H14) and the carboranes inhibited ethylmorphine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities in vitro. A decomposition product of decaborane also inhibited these microsomal enzyme systems. Pyridoxal phosphate, a coenzyme that alters the inhibitory actions of decaborane on certain enzyme systems, had no effect on the interaction of decaborane with these microsomal systems. Both decaborane and the carboranes are bound to cytochrome P-450; decaborane exhibited a modified type II spectral change, whereas o- and m-carborane exhibited type I spectral changes. Although a slight increase in aniline hydroxylase activity occurred, ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were not significantly changed when decaborane was administered daily for 3 days at doses of 5 mg/kg or 12 mg/kg. Similarly, the activity of these microsomal systems was unaltered after a single dose (12 mg/kg) of decaborane. During these studies morphologic changes of liver tissue occurred, confirming previous studies by other investigators that the liver is a site of pathology caused by decaborane. The potential utility of decaborane and other boron hydrides as pharmacologic tools in investigating hepatic microsomal drug metabolism is discussed.
ALTERATIONS IN VENTRICULAR FILLING ARE EARLY FINDINGS IN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE (SGA) FETUSES. † 182

ALTERATIONS IN VENTRICULAR FILLING ARE EARLY FINDINGS IN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE (SGA) FETUSES. † 182
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis in a 67-Year-Old Woman with Wegener’s Granulomatosis

Mycophenolate mofetil (MM) is commonly used in patients with autoimmune diseases or who have undergone transplantation. Common side effects of MM include anemia, leukopenia, mucositis and opportunistic infections. We report an unusual case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in a 67-year-old woman on MM for Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG). PAP is a disease characterized by defects in macrophage-mediated processing of surfactants, leading to accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive lipoproteinaceous material within the alveolar spaces.
Adaptation methods for a new Navier-Stokes algorithm

On presente differentes techniques d'adaptation pour le calcul des ecoulements visqueux laminaires bidimensionnels. Application a des ecoulements subsoniques et supersoniques
A new muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab: why, when and how

In 1956 Lee and Yang suggested that parity might be violated and, if nature were so, they further described a recipe on how to exploit that broken symmetry to measure the muon’s magnetic moment. Of course parity violation was very soon confirmed in the weak interactions and many generations of experiments since then have led to a determination of μμ to better than part-per-billion precision. A new experiment proposed for Fermilab is planned to push this precision further still, being motivated by the sensitive comparison of measurement to exquisite theory. We report on the current comparison, which exceeds three standard deviations, and the plans and promise for the future experimental effort.
A coding theorem for secret sharing communication systems with two Gaussian wiretap channels

A coding theorem is proved for the secret sharing communication system (SSCS) with two Gaussian wiretap channels. This communication system is an extension of both the SSCS with two noiseless channels and the Gaussian wiretap channel (GWC). The admissible region of rates and security levels for the SSCS with two GWCs is described by the capacities and secrecy capacities of two GWCs. The following three cases are considered: two wiretappers cannot cooperate with each other: they can cooperate to decipher the transmitted information; and it is not known whether they can cooperate or not. >
Exploring collagen self-assembly by NMR

The time-dependence of the NMR signal intensity of collagen type I is representative of protein aggregation. It is pH sensitive and can be related to aggregation mechanism.
Magnetic Domain Imaging of Nd2Fe14B Single Crystals With Unmodified Scanning Electron Microscopy

Abstract The stray flux manifestations of surface magnetic domains found in as-grown Nd2Fe14B single crystals were observed by conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) without instrumental modifications. Kerr optical microscopy was employed to confirm the results obtained by SEM. Spike domains were observed on the (001) plane, while a lozenge-type domain pattern was observed on (223) plane of Nd2Fe14B. A modified image-distortion mode was applied to image the three-dimensional stray flux emanating from the sample. The optimum scanning electron microscope imaging conditions are attained with an incident-electron energy set at 5 to 6kV, which produced images with resolution on the order of 1μm. The simplicity of the technique and the ready adaptability of the SEM to such modifications as in situ current and magnetic field application suggest the extension of these to investigations of other materials of technological interest, such as perpendicular media disks.
A viscous model for plug formation in plates

Abstract This paper presents the analysis of a viscous model for the study of the impact of plates by projectiles under conditions which would lead to failure of the plate by the formation of a plug. The impact is represented by a velocity uniformly distributed over a circular area on the plate surface. Only the vertical shearing stress is considered and it is assumed to depend only on the radial coordinate. The stress, velocity and displacement profiles are calculated for the viscous model. The calculated displacement profiles are compared with experimental profiles determined from photographs of an actual plugging experiment.
Stability of Advanced Gate Stack Devices

The stability of poly-Si gated HfO 2 (∼1.2 nm equivalent oxide thickness, EOT) and Y 2 O 3 (∼3.1 nm EOT) n-channel metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor devices were assessed after constant current stressing of the gate. The changes in threshold voltage and transconductance were measured as a function of stress time and stress current over the range of 10 -3 to 10 5 C of injected charge per square centimeter. With forming gas annealed HfO 2 , positive shifts in the threshold voltage exhibited a power-law dependence. Under high stressing conditions, a power-law dependence of degradation of threshold voltage on the injected charge (∼Q 0.1 ) was observed. Stressing at high current was seen to generate traps. Stressing at low current revealed a saturation of the threshold voltage after modest stressing times. Stressing on deuterium annealed sample showed less V t and g m shift (under high injection conditions), which is attributed to the effectiveness of heavier D 2 in preventing trap generation under high stressing conditions. With Y 2 O 3 , stressed at similar electric fields, the threshold voltage shifted negatively and the transconductance increased.
Effects of Female Size, Mate Size, and Number of Copulations on Fecundity, Fertility, and Longevity of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

For once-mated female Nezara viridula L., size (width across the pronotum at the humeral angles) was positively correlated with fecundity (total lifetime egg production), size of the largest egg mass (number of eggs), and longevity (days as adult). Mate size was positively correlated with fecundity since females mating larger males lived longer and laid egg masses at a higher rate. Females mating larger males were less likely to lay infertile egg masses (all eggs unfertilized). Mate effects suggest size-dependent sperm and nutrient transfer to the female during copulation or reduced risk of contagion for females mating larger males. For multiply mated females, fecundity was positively correlated with both longevity and the number of matings. Thus, in the wild, females may be selected to mate with larger males and to mate repeatedly, patterns observed in previous field studies.
A young man with a new diagnosis of achalasia.

d Clinical Scenario A 32-year-old man began to experience food sticking ntermittently in the midchest about 2 years ago. By the time he resents to the gastroenterology clinic, he is complaining of ysphagia at every meal for most hard, solid foods (ie, bread, eats, uncooked vegetables), and for the past 4 months he has oted dysphagia for liquids, especially cold beverages. Once or wice a week, after his large evening meal, he experiences reguritation of recently eaten food with a nonacidic taste. His wife omplains he “gurgles” at night and sometimes awakes her with oughing. He denies chest pain, but does complain of “hearturn,” improving with over-the-counter Prilosec (Proctor & amble, Cincinnati, OH). His weight is down 10 lb. The complaints of dysphagia for both solids and liquids aise the suspicion of achalasia. A barium esophagram shows a ildly dilated esophagus with a column of barium maintained ust below the clavicles with no emptying in the upright posiion over a 5-minute period. The distal esophagus has narowed, with a small amount of barium intermittently streaming nto the stomach. No orderly peristalsis is seen on fluoroscopy. sophageal manometry confirms the diagnosis, finding a high ower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure (56 mm Hg) with ncomplete relaxation and low-amplitude, simultaneous mirror mage waves after all swallows of water. The patient and his wife return to your office after completng his tests. They have read extensively about achalasia on the nternet. They have many questions: Will I ever be able to eat ormally? Can you cure this disease? What is the best treatent—pneumatic dilation, surgical myotomy, or botulinum oxin injections? What are the side effects and which one will ive me the most relief for a long time?
Calculation of compound-nucleus cross sections for symmetric very-heavy-ion reactions

Cross sections for forming compound nuclei in symmetric very-heavy-ion reactions are calculated by use of the criterion that the dynamical trajectory for the fusing system must pass inside the fission saddle point in a multidimensional space in order to form a compound nucleus. The dynamical trajectory is obtained by solving numerically the modified classical Lagrange equations of motion for a system whose shape is specified in terms of smoothly joined portions of three quadratic surfaces of revolution. This restriction to nuclear shapes that are axially symmetric (about an axis that is in general rotating in space) is a good approximation for systems with small angular momentum, but it may be seriously deficient for systems with large angular momentum. The nuclear potential energy of deformation is determined by means of a macroscopic model that includes the Coulomb energy and the nuclear macroscopic energy. This latter quantity is calculated in terms of a double volume integral of a Yukawa two-body interaction potential, which includes the surface energy of the liquid-drop model but also takes into account the lowering in energy due to the finite range of the nuclear force. For systems with angular momentum, we include a centrifugal pseudopotential calculated for rigid-body rotation. The kinetic energy of collective motion is calculated for nuclear flow that is a superposition of incompressible, nearly irrotational collective-shape motion and rigid-body rotation. Nuclear dissipation (the transfer of energy of collective motion into internal single-particle excitation energy) is included in the formulation by means of Rayleigh's dissipation function. However, to emphasize that compound-nucleus cross sections become small for very heavy systems even in the absence of dissipation, our current results are presented for the case of zero dissipation. For nuclear systems lighter than about $^{110}\mathrm{Pd}$ + $^{110}\mathrm{Pd}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $^{220}\mathrm{U}$ and for relatively low angular momentum, the fission saddle point lies outside the point of hard contact in heavy-ion reactions, which permits the compound-nucleus cross section at relatively low bombarding energy to be calculated in terms of a one-dimensional interaction barrier, as is customarily done. For heavier nuclear systems and/or for high angular momentum, the fission saddle point lies inside the contact point, which reduces the compound-nucleus cross section compared with that calculated for a one-dimensional interaction barrier.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}$ + $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $^{200}\mathrm{Po}$, $^{110}\mathrm{Pd}$ + $^{110}\mathrm{Pd}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $^{220}\mathrm{U}$, $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ + $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $^{248}\mathrm{Fm}$. Calculated compound-nucleus cross sections. Liquid-drop model, hydrodynamical model, nuclear potential energy of deformation, nuclear inertia, dynamical trajectory, compound-nucleus formation, heavy-ion fusion, quasifission, highly inelastic heavy-ion collisions.
Composite materials with embedded metal organic framework catalysts for nitric oxide release from bioavailable S-nitrosothiols

Polyurethane/metal organic framework composite materials were prepared for the generation of the bioregulatory agent, nitric oxide (NO). Extruded tubing was fabricated though a 2-step compounding and extrusion method that yielded a uniform composition of the MOF catalyst in the tubing, where the MOF remained structurally robust during the extrusion process. The resulting MOF embedded polymeric tubing facilitated the generation of NO from bioavailable S-nitrosothiols. The function of the catalyst in the composite material was compared to neat catalysts. The substrate structure was found to have significant influence on the reactivity of the MOF catalyst with NO release times ranging from 1 to 16 h. The dosage of NO could be tuned based on the S-nitrosothiol employed. The ability for sustained NO release from a composite material is a promising approach for long-term biocompatibility.
Female criminality: is "women's lib" to blame?

This study examined the idea that the rise in female criminality in America may be a function of recent changes in women's roles and attitudes, as influenced by the Women's Liberation Movement. 25 ...
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-9 An RNAPII Kinase at the Nexus of Cardiac Growth and Death Cascades

Over the past decade and a half, the paradigm has emerged of cardiac hypertrophy and ensuing heart failure as fundamentally a problem in signal transduction, impinging on the altered expression or function of gene-specific transcription factors and their partners, which then execute the hypertrophic phenotype. Strikingly, RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is itself a substrate for two protein kinases-the cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk7 and Cdk9--that are activated by hypertrophic cues. Phosphorylation of RNAPII in the carboxyl terminal domain (CTD) of its largest subunit controls a number of critical steps subsequent to transcription initiation, among them enabling RNAPII to overcome its stalling in the promoter-proximal region and to engage in efficient transcription elongation. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the RNAPII-directed protein kinases in cardiac hypertrophy. Cdk9 activation is essential in tissue culture for myocyte enlargement and sufficient in transgenic mice for hypertrophy to occur and yet is unrelated to the "fetal" gene program that is typical of pathophysiological heart growth. Although this trophic effect of Cdk9 appears benign superficially, pathophysiological levels of Cdk9 activity render myocardium remarkably susceptible to apoptotic stress. Cdk9 interacts adversely with Gq-dependent pathways for hypertrophy, impairing the expression of numerous genes for mitochondrial proteins, and, in particular, suppressing master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and function, perioxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1), and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1). Given the dual transcriptional roles of Cdk9 in hypertrophic growth and mitochondrial dysfunction, we suggest the potential usefulness of Cdk9 as a target in heart failure drug discovery.
A study by X-ray diffraction of the deformation of AGSI alloys

Abstract : The deformation of two-phase Ag-Si alloys has been studied by X-ray line broadening. Equiaxed and needle Si morphologies were examined. The Si particles do not deform. The dislocation densities in the Ag matrix are higher with the needle morphology, in agreement with Ashby's predictions. (Author)
Chelate-Enforced Phosphine Coordination Enables α-Abstraction to Give Zirconium Alkylidenes

The rigid PNP pincer ligand (PNP = deprotonated anion of bis(ortho-diisopropylphoshinoaryl)amine) is shown to stabilize the (ZrCHR)2+ fragment. (PNP)Li(THF) (2-THF) contains P−Li bonds, as evinced by the observation of the Li−P coupling in the solution 31P NMR spectrum and by the X-ray structural determination in the solid state. 2-THF reacts with ZrCl4(Et2O)2 to give (PNP)ZrCl3 (3). (PNP)ZrCl3 (3) can be alkylated with RCH2MgCl to give (PNP)Zr(CH2R)3 (4a−c). (PNP)ZrMe3 (4a) is thermally stable, and its solid-state structure is characterized by severe distortions from the octahedral geometry. The (PNP)Zr(CH2R)3 (R = phenyl (4b) or p-tolyl (4c)) compounds undergo α-abstraction at ambient temperature to give isolable Zr alkyl/alkylidenes (PNP)Zr(CHR)(CH2R) (5b,c). The reaction follows a first-order rate law (t1/2 at 298 K ≈ 2.3 h). The activation parameters were determined from the VT NMR studies (4b → 5b): ΔH⧧ = 19(1) kcal/mol; ΔS⧧ = −14(3) cal/(mol K); ΔG⧧298 = 23(2) kcal/mol. The importance of the enfor...
Characterization of binding sites for [3H]spiroperidol

Abstract Experiments were designed to investigate the biochemical properties of binding sites for [ 3 H]spiroperidol ([ 3 H]SPD) solubilized from canine caudate and to define the effect of detergent on the binding of the radioligand. Extraction of canine caudate with 0.75–1.0% digitonin was found to generate the maximum yield of binding sites for [ 3 H]SPD while minimizing extraction of membrane proteins. Although binding sites were solubilized with 1.0% digitonin, a 10-fold reduction in detergent concentration was necessary to achieve maximal binding of [ 3 H]SPD. The rank order of affinity for agonists and antagonists was consistent with the pharmacologie properties of the D 2 subtype of the dopamine receptor. However, the binding of antagonists was found to be complex. Studies with some preparations of pooled canine caudate resulted in competition curves for the D 2 -selective antagonists domperidone and sulpiride that best fit a single-site model. Other preparations exhibited biphasic inhibition curves with these antagonists. The class of binding sites for [ 3 H]SPD with low affinity for D 2 -selective antagonists constituted as much as 30–40% of the binding sites. Enrichment of solubilized binding sites for [ 3 H]SPD was achieved by size exclusion HPLC followed by adsorption to DEAE-Sephadex and elution with buffer of increasing ionic strength. Enrichment of binding sites was accompanied by a decrease in the affinity of solubilized sites for [ 3 H]SPD.
The selectivity of porous catalysts: parallel reactions

Abstract The influence of intraparticle mass diffusion on the overall and relative rates of the parallel reactions A → B and A → C is examined for the case of an isothermal catalyst particle with no external concentration or temperature gradients. Calculations for three pairs of reaction orders: (0,1), (0,2) and (1,2), show that internal concentration gradients can cause the yield of the product formed in the higher-order reaction to decrease by as much as 80 percent. Extension of the analysis to other reaction orders is discussed. Criteria for close approach to various asymptotic limits are presented, together with an asymptotic expression which allows the maximum effect of pore diffusion on selectivity to be estimated for any pair of reaction orders.
NATURE AND CONTENT OF L2 SOCIALIZATION PATTERNS AND ATTAINMENT OF A TURKISH ACCENT BY KURDS

Studies have shown that learners with high degrees of socialization with the target language community acquire the target language better (Lybeck, 2002; Schumann, 1978). Milroy's (1987) use of social network theory in sociolinguistics indicates that socialization patterns are constituted by structural relationships of different types and strengths. Using a cross-sectional design, this study addresses young Kurds' socialization patterns and their acquisition of a Turkish accent. It explores density and multiplexity of nonfamily exchange, interactive and passive Kurdish, Turkish, and both Kurdish/Turkish-speaking networks of Kurdish learners across five native-like accent groups. Data from 121 middle/high school students include speech samples from a read-aloud accent test, questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Results suggest significant variation in participants' accents and reveal that participants with more multiplex Turkish-speaking networks received higher accent ratings. Qualitative results a...
Mathematical description of microbiological reactions involving intermediates.

Stoichiometric relationships for biological reactions involving intermediate formation are developed from microbial reaction fundamentals and thermodynamic principles. Biological reactions proceed through intermediates, which sequester carbon and electrons whenever their degradation is relatively slow. Modeling intermediate formation and subsequent utilization requires evaluation of the distribution of electrons, energy, and macronutrients (C and N) between energy-generating pathways and cell-synthesis pathways for each step in the mineralization of the primary electron-donor substrate. We describe how energy and electron balances are utilized to predict the stoichiometry for each step of a multi-step degradation process. Each stoichiometric relationship developed predicts substrate utilization, cell growth, and the formation of other products (e.g., H(2)CO(3) or H(+)) for one step in the pathway to full mineralization. A modeling example demonstrates how different kinetics for each step in the degradation of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) leads to observed patterns in experimental results, such as a delay in the release of H(2)CO(3) after NTA is removed from solution.
Tenure Status and Grading Practices

This study examines the relationship between tenure sta- tus of college instructors and grading practices. Using an exchange per- spective, we test the hypothesis that lower status instructors with...
Applications of symmetric derivatives in mathematical programming

In recent times the Kuhn—Tucker optimality conditions and the duality theorems for convex programming have been extended by generalizations of the convexity concept. In this paper the notion of a symmetric derivative for a function of several variables is introduced and used to provide extensions of some fundamental optimality and duality theorems of convex programming. Symmetric derivatives are also used to extend some optimality and duality theorems involving pseudoconvexity and differentiable quasiconvexity.
Exfoliation of layered rutile and perovskite tungstates

The layered trirutile phases HMWO6 (M = Nb, Ta) and the layered perovskite H2W2O7 (synthesized by acid leaching of Bi2W2O9) were exfoliated into nanoscale colloids by reaction with quaternary ammonium hydroxides.
Enabling Participatory Planning After Disasters: A Case Study of the World Bank's Housing Reconstruction in Turkey

Problem: Literature emphasizes that the public should participate in the planning of postdisaster recovery, but several challenges impede such participation. Purpose: This article examines what hindered public participation in a particular housing reconstruction project and suggests how planners can better enable public participation in planning after disasters. Methods: The article is based on a case study of a housing reconstruction project sponsored by the World Bank in the Sirinkoy neighborhood of the city of Golcuk in northwestern Turkey after the August 17, 1999, earthquake. In addition to reviewing secondary sources, our primary data collection methods for the case study included onsite participant observation and conducting in-depth semistructured interviews and a focus group. Results and conclusions: The case demonstrates that the World Bank defined the public in public participation narrowly, only seeking participation from project beneficiaries and excluding such relevant local stakeholders as ...
Terminal Functionalization of Polymers via Single Electron Oxidation of N-Alkoxyamines

Polymers prepared by nitroxide-mediated polymerization undergo single electron oxidation of the N-alkoxyamine end group upon treatment with ceric ammonium nitrate. This facile reaction proceeds efficiently under mild conditions to produce monotelechelic polymers. A mechanism for cleavage of the N-alkoxyamine is proposed, and the utility of this process is explored through derivatization with various end groups.
Testing Diamond Turned Aspheric Optics Using Computer-Generated Holographic (CGH) Interferometry

The use of a CNC 2-axis diamond turning machine has enabled a variety of aspheric optics to be fabricated. These optics, which are both reflective and refractive elements, require a testing method equally versatile. Computer-generated holographic (CGH) interferometry is a method ideally suited to this unique, emerging optical fabrication technique. The same mathematical formula used to fabricate the part is used to also design the hologram. The hologram serves as a reference master and is designed for each individual asphere. This method permits even generalized aspheres to be tested with relative ease. Many aspheres designed for use in infrared systems may be too extreme to be adequately represented by a hologram. This limitation is economically overcome through the use of simple null lenses. These lenses are used to null the lower order aberrations, thus allowing the hologram to cancel the higher order departures. The limitations of the hologram, the use and design of null lenses, and examples of testing aspheres are given.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
CONTINUOUS INFUSION OF THERAPEUTIC DOSAGES OF MORPHINE SULPHATE (MS) CAUSES UPREGULATION OF ENDOTHELIN-1 MESSENGER RNA (mRNA) EXPRESION IN THE BRAIN STEM OF NEWBORN PIGLETS † 1708

MS infusion has a direct effect on brain stem function leading to increased respiratory and cardiac rates in some experimental animals. In addition to altered brain stem function, we found that therapeutic doses of MS infusion caused a significant increase in systemic and cerebrovascular ET-1 levels. In order to examine whether MS infusion also causes increased expression of the ET-1 gene, we examined the levels of mRNA encoding for ET-1 in the brain stem of 6 newborn piglets (1-3 days old) given a bolus of 100 μg/kg over 5 minutes, followed by a continuous i.v. infusion of 100 μg/kg/hr for 4 hours, to that of control animals (n=6) which received an equivalent volume bolus and infusion of 5% dextrose. The animals were allowed to recover for 2 hours post infusion, after which they were sacrificed for removal of the brain stem. Approximately 100 mg of brain stem from each animal was homogenized in 1 ml of TriZol reagent for isolation of total RNA. Total RNA samples were checked by gel electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. Total RNA was then reversely transcribed to cDNA. Specific sense and antisense primers for ET-1 were added to the reverse transcription mixture for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the cDNA. Detection of the PCR amplification products were carried out by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR assay showed that ET-1 mRNA was extensively expressed(58%, p<0.01) in the brain stem of the morphine-infused animals, compared to that of the control animals. These findings suggest that enhanced brain stem ET-1 mRNA expression may be related to the brain stem responses to continuous MS infusion in concious newborn piglets.
Treatment of homonymous visual field defects.

A clinical presentation of a retrochiasmal or homonymous visual field defect (HVFD) usually represents a permanent visual impairment. The visual and functional ramifications of HVFD will vary by patient. Comprehensive care—the clinical evaluation and consideration for treatment of HVFD—includes vision rehabilitation provided by optometrists, occupational therapists, or ophthalmologists. On the basis of individual patient needs, the eye care practitioner typically uses one or both of the following approaches to treat the HVFD: (1) field enhancement (also referred to in the literature as “field expansion”), in which optical systems incorporating prism are prescribed to optimize the use of the remaining vision, and (2) rehabilitative techniques including saccadic training (“compensation training”) or vision restorative therapy (“restitution training”). Although lacking in strength, the evidence does support benefits from field enhancement and saccadic training for patients with HVFD, but vision restorative therapy has not been shown to be an effective option.
Incorporation of D-xylose-C14 into glycoprotein by particles from hen oviduct.

Abstract D-Xylose, once thought to be restricted to polysaccharides of plants and microorganisms, has recently been found in a number of macromolecules of animal origin. This pentose occupies a unique position in chondroitin through a xylosyl-serine linkage ( Gregory et al ., 1964 ; Lindahl and Roden, 1965 ; Roden and Lindahl, 1965 ). Free xylosyl-serine has been isolated from human urine ( Tominaga et al ., 1965 ). Xylose ∗ has been reported to be a constituent of mucopolysaccharides of mammalian brain ( Wardi et al ., 1965 ), and of glycoproteins from human lung ( Masamune et al ., 1957 ), cancerous ascitic fluid ( Sugimoto, 1956 ), placenta ( Tomoda and Murayama, 1965 ) and aorta ( Klemer and Burbaum, 1965 ), and from cockroach plasma (Lipke et al ., 1965). UDP-Xylose, the probable precursor of such glycosidically-bound xylose, has been isolated from the milk of sows and goats, and from cow colostrum ( Kobata and Ziro, 1965 ), while its biosynthesis by decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid has been demonstrated in preparations from hen oviduct ( Bdolah and Feingold, 1965 ). The present communication describes a particulate system from the oviduct of laying hens, which catalyzes the transfer of xylose from UDP-xylose into glycoprotein.