cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization and dynamic mitigation of intra-application cache interference

Given the emerging dominance of CMPs, an important research problem concerns application memory performance in the face of deep memory hierarchies, where one or more caches are shared by several cores. In current systems, many factors can cause interference in the shared last-level cache (LLC). While predicting an application's memory performance is difficult enough in an idealized setup, it becomes even more complicated in real-machine environments in which interference can stem from operating system memory accesses, and even from an application's own prefetch requests and page table walks caused by TLB misses. This paper characterizes the degree by which intra-application interference factors such as page table walks and hardware prefetching influence performance. Using hardware performance counters on an Intel platform, we first characterize real-system LLC interference and show that application data memory references represent much less than half of the LLC misses, with hardware prefetching and page table walks causing considerable LLC interference. Based on these characterizations, we propose dynamic management methods to reduce intra-application interference. First, we evaluate a dynamic OS-reference-aware cache insertion policy that reduces interference and improves user IPCs by as much as 19% (5% on average). Second, to mitigate prefetch-induced LLC interference, we propose, implement, and evaluate an automatic prefetch manager that uses Intel PEBS capabilities to dynamically estimate prefetch-induced interference and accordingly adjust the aggressiveness of hardware prefetchers as programs run. Overall, our characterizations are important in highlighting the challenges of intra-application interference, and our hardware and software proposals offer significant solutions for addressing them.
Epicutaneous Immunization with Autoantigenic Peptides Induces T Suppressor Cells that Prevent Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

Information on how suppressor/regulatory T cells can be generated directly in vivo and prevent autoimmunity remains fragmentary. We show here that epicutaneous immunization (ECi) with the immunodominant peptide of myelin basic protein (MBP), Ac1-11, protects mice that are transgenic for an Ac1-11-specific T cell receptor against both the induced and spontaneous forms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). This protection was antigen specific and antigen dose dependent, and was mediated by CD4(+)/CD25(-) T cells whose suppressive activity required cell-cell contact and could transfer protection to naive recipients. These ECi-induced suppressor T cells controlled naive MBP-specific CD4 T cells by inhibiting both their activation and their capacity to secrete IFN-gamma. There was no CD4 T cell infiltration in the brain of protected mice. Finally, ECi with autoantigenic peptides protected two nontransgenic models from relapsing-remitting EAE in an antigen-specific and antigen dose-dependent manner.
Comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond LIBS

We report a comprehensive study of the differences in the emission and hydrodynamics expansion features of ns and fs LIBS plumes under both vacuum and atmosphere environments under similar laser fluence conditions.
Similarities and differences in the communicator styles of superiors and subordinates: Relations to subordinate satisfaction

This study investigated the relationship between superior and subordinate self‐perceptions of communicator styles, and subordinate satisfaction with superiors, system involvement, and career advancement. The communicator styles of 55 superiors from 35 varied organizations were measured. The communicator style, satisfaction with superior, system involvement, and career advancement of 164 of the superiors' subordinates were also assessed. Subordinates' satisfaction was related to being similar to superiors on dramatic and animated communication, and being dissimilar on relaxed, open, and attentive variables. Five communicator style variables significantly discriminated between superiors and subordinates; dominant, impression‐leaving, relaxed, contentious, and dramatic.
The Effect of Frequency of Presentation on the Choice of Nonsense Syllables

(1963). The Effect of Frequency of Presentation on the Choice of Nonsense Syllables. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 165-170.
Voices from the Bridge: Worldview Conflicts of Kickapoo Students of Science.

The purpose of this study was to compare the worldview of Native American students of the Traditional Kickapoo Band with the worldview encountered in the science classroom. The qualitative study investigated the worldview expressed in science instruction by conducting periodic observations in two classrooms over an 18-month period, teacher interviews, and text evaluations. StudentsO worldviews were investigated during individual and group interviews, classroom observations, science activities, and social interaction. Twenty-eight Kickapoo students, two teachers, and eight nonteaching members of the community participated in the study. Adult members of the Kickapoo Band were interviewed and asked to reflect on the educational and cultural norms of the students. A variable-oriented analysis revealed differences in epistemology, preferred methods of teaching/learning, values, spatial/temporal orientation, cultural rules for behavior, and perspective of the place of humans in the natural world. The study revealed significant worldview differences, none of which would prevent Kickapoo students from being full participants in the scientific community, but many of which may be preventing them from being successful in the science classroom. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 111–132, 1998.
Why `global public good' is a treacherous term, especially for geoengineering

Recently, I argued against framing geoengineering—understood here in terms of the paradigm example of stratospheric sulfate injection (‘SSI’)—as a global public good. Mymain claim was that this framing is seriously misleading because of its neglect of central ethical concerns. I also suggested that ‘global public good’ is best understood as an umbrella term covering a cluster of distinct, but interrelated ideas. In an effort to be charitable, I adopted an inclusive approach, considering two general attitudes to the technical definition, six interpretations of the universal benefit claim, three of nonrivalness, and two of nonexcludability. I then argued that SSI as such does not fit the canonical definition, and that the more relaxed versions are unhelpful. Noticing that I agree that SSI is a global public good in one relaxed sense, David Morrow insists that this is the only acceptable interpretation, that describing SSI in this way is useful, that it becomes misleading only when the concept is misunderstood by “non-economists”, and that it is uncharitable to attribute such confusion to those presenting SSI as a global public good. Though constraints of space rule out a full response, I will suggest that Morrow’s markedly exclusive approach is uncharitable, that his relaxed interpretation remains unhelpful, that there are good reasons to respect other uses, and most importantly that the definitional dispute is an unfortunate distraction that leaves my central point about the framing of SSI largely untouched. This discussion reinforces my suggestion that it is time to excise the term ‘global public good’ from the framing of SSI, and perhaps more generally.
Stability boundaries for aircraft with unstable lateral-directional dynamics and control saturation

Aircraft that do not possess inherent (aerodynamic) stability must rely on closed-loop control systems for stable operation. Because there are limits on the deflections of an aircraft's control surfaces, the region of stable operation also is bounded. These boundaries are investigated for a lateral-directional example in which vertical fin size is inadequate to provide directional stability and where aileron and rudder deflections are subject to saturation. Fourth-order models are used in this study, with flight control logic based on minimum-control-energy linear-quadratic-regulatory theory. It is found that the stability boundaries can be described by unstable limit cycles surrounding stable equilibrium points. Variations in regions of stability with gain levels and command inputs are illustrated. Current results suggest guidelines for permissible limits on the open-loop instability of an aircraft's lateral-directional modes.
Monte Carlo simulations with time-dependent geometries to investigate effects of organ motion with high temporal resolution.

Purpose To calculate the dose in time-dependent geometry, the results of three-dimensional calculations are usually performed separately and combined. This approach becomes cumbersome when high temporal resolution is required, if the geometry is complex, or if interplay effects between different, independently moving systems are to be studied. The purpose of this project was the implementation of continuous (four-dimensional [4D]) Monte Carlo simulation to study the irradiation of tumors under respiratory motion. Methods and materials In taking advantage of object-oriented programming, we implemented 4D Monte Carlo dose calculation. Local dose depositions in the patient are calculated while beam configuration and organ positions are changed continuously. Deformable image registration is used to describe the CT voxel displacement over time. Results The 4D Monte Carlo technique is applied to a lung cancer case planned for proton therapy. We show that the effect of motion on the dose distribution can be simulated effectively based on statistical motion parameterizations acting on the geometry or based on patient-specific 4D CT information. Conclusion We present a novel method able to calculate dose with underlying time-dependent geometry. The technique allows 4D dose calculation in arbitrary time scales in a single simulation even for double-dynamic systems (e.g., time-dependent beam delivery under organ motion).
Hawaiian drought and the Southern Oscillation

Long-term rainfall records at key locations on the Hawaiian Islands and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) are examined to reveal the impact of large-scale atmospheric circulation on Hawaiian rainfall. By compositing six major drought winters, it is found that they were preceded by a persistently low phase of the Southern Oscillation starting from March of the preceding year. Correlation analysis indicates that the spring SOI is not significantly correlated to rainfall in the subsequent seasons. In contrast, changes of the SOI in summer lead corresponding changes of rainfall by two to three seasons. Similarly, changes of the SOI in autumn lead changes of rainfall by one to two seasons. These results are also confirmed by scatter diagrams. Although a large negative SOI anomaly in summer or autumn can be regarded as a precursor to a drought for the following winter or spring, the inverse relation, namely, a positive SOI anomaly leading abundant rainfall does not necessarily follow. As an empirical rule, a value for the summer SOI of −2 or below, or a value for the autumn SOI of −1 or below, or both, indicate the occurrence of a dry winter. During drought episodes, Hawaii was located under an area of strong subsidence, and synoptic systems that normally produce winter and spring rainfall in the Hawaiian Islands were retarded. An anomalously cold sea-surface temperature in the north-central Pacific may also further enhance and prolong the dryness by reducing the rate of evaporation from the sea surface and by stabilizing the overlying air. Individual forecasts carried out for recent years reveal that severe drought during an El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) winter could be predicted two seasons in advance using simple regression models. For the non-ENSO drought winter, forecasting ability degrades somewhat. Overall, by means of a cross-validation technique, antecedent conditions of the large-scale pressure see-saw are useful predictors for Hawaiian winter rainfall anomalies, particularly when an ENSO-like phenomenon has started to develop.
Hybrid code simulations of the solar wind interaction with Comet 19P/Borrelly

[1] Detailed observations of the plasma environment of Comet 19P/Borrelly were made by the Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration (PEPE) during the Deep Space 1 (DS1) flyby on 22 September 2001. DS1 flew from north to south relative to the plane of the ecliptic on the sunward side of the comet and all plasma boundaries (i.e., first and last pickup ions, bow shock, decelerated solar wind) were observed to be shifted northward. This surprising result was initially attributed to large well-collimated dayside jets directed ∼10° northward from the nucleus as observed by the DS1 MICAS camera. However, ground-based observations of Schleicher et al. (2003) indicate a symmetric gas cloud with respect to the comet-Sun line. In an attempt to resolve this conundrum, we have conducted a series of hybrid plasma simulations to investigate the effects of the large pickup ion gyroradius (i.e., comparable to the length scale of the cometary obstacle) at 1.36 AU. We find that that a maximum asymmetry, consistent with the observations, is generated when the pickup ion gyroradius is comparable to or less than the standoff distance of the bow shock (BIMF ∼ 4 nT). The degree of asymmetry is reduced for larger and smaller magnetic field strengths.
System Reliabilities When Using Triple Modular Redundancy in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

Nanoelectronic systems are extremely likely to demonstrate high defect and fault rates. As a result, defect and/or fault tolerance may be necessary at several levels throughout the system. Methods for improving defect tolerance, in order to prevent faults, at the component level for QCA have been studied. However, methods and results considering fault tolerance in QCA have received less attention. In this paper, we present an analysis of how QCA system reliability may be impacted by using various triple modular redundancy schemes.
A Comparison of the Entropy Model and the Hendry Model

EDITOR'S NOTE: The following article represents the opinion of the author on how the Entropy model and the Hendry model compare. His comments on the Hendry model are not based on complete informati...
Avoiding overconfidence in the high‐stakes game of M&A integration

Purpose – The field of M&A management remains a work in progress. The principles and practices for effective integration are only partly codified and imperfectly understood. Even with respect to the techniques that are known, it's possible to lose something in the translation and jeopardize a deal through misapplication.Design/methodology/approach – Eight examples illustrate how certain formulas for success can be true as far as they go, yet be potentially misleading or even counterproductive.Findings – Companies integrating organizations after an acquisition should avoid overpromising, define in advance how the NewCo is to look and function once integration is complete, resolve political issues early, adjust the integration master plan as the process goes forward, ensure that every segment of the organization is appropriately engaged in the integration effort throughout, focus on revenue preservation rather than revenue enhancement during the early stages, document the baseline against which synergy achi...
On the feasibility of voice input to an on-line computer processing system

An on-line digital computer processing system is considered in which an ordinary telephone is the complete terminal device, input to the computer being provided as a sequence of spoken words, and output to the user being audio responses from the machine. The feasibility of implementing such a system with a FORTRAN-like algebraic compiler as the object processor is considered. Details of a specific word recognition program are given. This technique depends on three simplifying restrictions, namely, a “small” vocabulary set, “known” speakers, and a “moment of silence” between each input word. Experimental results are presented giving error rates for different experimental conditions as well as the machine resources required to accommodate several users at a time. The results show that at this time it is both economically and logically feasible to handle at least 40 users at a time with an IBM 360/65 computer.
Circularly polarized Raman spectroscopy: Direct determination of antisymmetric scattering in the resonance Raman spectrum of ferrocytochrome c

An apparatus is described for measuring Raman backscattering with both linearly and circularly polarized light. All four polarization components, parallel, perpendicular, corotating and contrarotating, can be directly compared and used to determine the relative magnitudes of the three invariants of the non-symmetric Raman tensor for randomly oriented molecules. The method has been applied to the resonance Raman spectrum of ferrocytochrome c. Antisymmetric scattering, previously detected through anomalous depolarization ratios, has been confirmed by direct measurement of the antisymmetric tensor invariant. In addition to the four anomalously polarized bands, two bands with normal polarizations have been shown to exhibit significant antisymmetric scattering. This result implies a reduction from four-hold symmetry for the heme chromosphere.
The Virgin Islands robotic telescope

The Etelman Observatory of the University of the Virgin Islands is the southernmost and easternmost optical observatory in the United States. The observatory is located at an elevation of 420 meters on the island of St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands. The site has exceptionally good seeing (frequently better than 1 arc-second), dark skies, and the ability to reach deep into the southern hemisphere and to plug the northern-hemisphere longitude gap between the US and Europe. Astronomers at the College of Charleston, South Carolina State University, and the University of the Virgin Islands have formed a consortium to refurbish the facility, conduct detailed site surveys, purchase a 0.5-meter telescope and instrumentation, and operate the facility robotically. The telescope, instrumentation, and dome have all been installed, and we are remotely obtaining commissioning observations. Our operations mode (manual, remote-controlled, or fully robotic) will simultaneously support our research, participation in multi-site campaigns, and the educational and outreach missions of our institutions. Further details are available at http://astro.uvi.edu/. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluating the potential role of denitrifying bioreactors in reducing watershed-scale nitrate loads: A case study comparing three Midwestern (USA) watersheds

The transport of nitrate (NO3-N) from agricultural lands to surface waters is a complex and recalcitrant problem. Subsurface drainage systems that are especially prevalent in the corn-growing regions of the Midwestern USA facilitate NO3-N transport. Several conservation practices, including fertilizer and manure management, cover crops, natural and installed wetlands, and wood-chip denitrification bioreactors are options that can mitigate NO3-N losses from agricultural lands. Using simple methods of estimation we examine the cumulative volume of denitrification bioreactors required to treat various amounts of NO3-N in base flow, a proxy for tile drainage, at the watershed scale. The use of load duration curves from three different watersheds shows that NO3-N transport is disproportionately skewed toward larger daily base flows. Approximately 50% of the annual NO3-N is transported in largest 30% of daily base flows. Using previous estimates of NO3-N removal by wood-chip bioreactors, we calculated cumulative bioreactor volumes needed to achieve a range of hydraulic residence times (HRT) given rates of base flow observed in three agricultural watersheds. These analyses suggest that cumulative watershed bioreactor volumes sufficient to achieve an HRT of 0.5 days will reduce at least 20% of the total annual NO3-N loss in one watershed and 30% in the other two watersheds. The area required for wood-chip bioreactors would be at most 0.27% of the watershed area.
Visual Representations of DNA Replication: Middle Grades Students' Perceptions and Interpretations

Visual representations play a critical role in the communication of science concepts for scientists and students alike. However, recent research suggests that novice students experience difficulty extracting relevant information from representations. This study examined students’ interpretations of visual representations of DNA replication. Each of the four steps of DNA replication included in the instructional presentation was represented as a text slide, a simple 2D graphic, and a rich 3D graphic. Participants were middle grade girls (n = 21) attending a summer math and science program. Students’ eye movements were measured as they viewed the representations. Participants were interviewed following instruction to assess their perceived salient features. Eye tracking fixation counts indicated that the same features (look zones) in the corresponding 2D and 3D graphics had different salience. The interviews revealed that students used different characteristics such as color, shape, and complexity to make sense of the graphics. The results of this study have implications for the design of instructional representations. Since many students have difficulty distinguishing between relevant and irrelevant information, cueing and directing student attention through the instructional representation could allow cognitive resources to be directed to the most relevant material.
The approval matrix for academia

University life brings many delights and frustrations. Rating them turns out to be a better use of time than administrative tasks!
Vela Uniform--Nation's Quest for Better Detection of Underground Nuclear Explosions: ABSTRACT

Negotiations between the USSR, United Kingdom, and the United States have been in progress since 1958 in an effort to achieve a treaty for cessation of nuclear weapons testing under an effective control system. To support these negotiations, the President announced in May, 1960, a major expansion of the present research and development program, VELA UNIFORM, directed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The program's goal is to provide a markedly improved capability in detecting and identifying underground nuclear explosions during the coming two years. Starting as a $10,000,000 effort in the fiscal year just past, spending during the present year is at the rate of about $66,000,000, making the project the largest terrestrial science effort underway within the U. S. t the present time. The Advanced Research Projects Agency, with the technical assistance of the Air Force's Technical Applications Center, is employing several approaches for rapidly improving the state of the art in subsurface nuclear test detection. These include a several-fold expansion of the effort going into basic seismological research; procurement of instruments for a world-wide seismic research program; development of improved seismic instruments; construction and operation of prototype seismic detection stations; and an experimental program of underground explosions encompassing both high explosive and, where necessary, nuclear explosions. Already in the program are such government agencies as the Department of Defense, Atomic Energy Commission, Department of Commerce, and Department of Interio , as well as universities and private organizations, both profit and non-profit. Provision has been made for investigation of all aspects of improvement considered feasible. To this end, unsolicited proposals bearing on such improvement from both profit and non-profit organizations, domestic and foreign, are invited. Outstanding unsolved problems include development of a better global knowledge of the layering of the earth's crust, a need for improved instrumentation and data analysis capable of markedly improving signal-to-noise relationships, improvement of techniques for distinguishing at great distances the differences between earthquake and explosion-induced seismic signals, and the providing of on-site inspection techniques that are much more rapid and economical than those existin today. End_of_Article - Last_Page 131------------
Stabilized estimates of Hotelling-observer detection performance in patient-structured noise

This paper addresses the question of how to determine the performance of the optimum linear or Hotelling observer when only sample images are available. This observer is specified by a template from which a scalar test statistic is computed for each image. It is argued that estimation of the Hotelling template is analogous to problems in image reconstruction , where many difficulties can be avoided through judicious use of prior information. In the present problem, prior information is enforced by choice of the representation used for the template. We consider specifically a representation based on Laguerre-Gauss functions, and we discuss ways of estimating the coefficients in this expansion from sample images for the problem of detection of a known signal. The method is illustrated by two experiments, one based on simulated nonuniform fields called lumpy backgrounds, the other on real coronary angiograms.
Organization of retinopetal axons in the optic nerve of the cichlid fish, Herotilapia multispinosa

We have studied the position and numbers of retinopetal axons in the rainbow cichlid fish, Herotilapia multispinosa, to determine the response of related parts of the brain of fish to the continual addition of new neurons in the retina. The retinopetal axons were traced by using the retrograde tracers HRP and cobaltous lysine and an immunocytochemical probe, antibodies to FMRF amide, the molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide. One population of cells with retinopetal axons was found in the telencephalon (in the nucleus olfactoretinalis) and the other was scattered in the diencephalon. Some of the cells in the nucleus olfactoetinalis with retinopetal axons were FMRF amide positive; antibodies were used to trace the axons of these cells into the retina. All the retinopetal axons, from the nucleus olfactoretinalis and the diencephalon, were confined to the portion of the optic nerve that contains axons from the central retinal ganglion cells, that is, the oldest ganglion cells. This result suggests that the retinopetal axons grow into the optic nerve and retina early in the life of the fish, and no new ones are added later in life despite the extensive addition of cells in the retina. Counts of the cells in the nucleus olfactoretinalis that project to the retina in 3-month-old and adult fish support this interpretation. We conclude that retinopetal axons grow into the retina early in the life of the fish and respond to the formation of new retina by extending their arbors toward the new retina.
Aortic Stenosis: Assessment of the Patient at Risk

The true incidence of aortic stenosis among the general population is unknown but aortic sclerosis, its precursor, has been estimated to affect about 25% of people over age 65, while an estimated 3% of the population over age 75 have severe aortic stenosis. Severe aortic stenosis, when accompanied by symptoms of angina, syncope, or heart failure, is associated with high mortality rates. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography are cornerstone tools for the evaluation and monitoring of aortic stenosis. Echocardiography helps identify the patient at risk of death and guide timing of aortic valve replacement. Other important diagnostic tools include cardiac catheterization, treadmill stress testing, and dobutamine stress echocardiography, although their use is limited to specific patient populations. Aortic valve replacement carries a significant operative risk of approximately 4.0%. However, risk of operative mortality varies according to comorbidities and disease presentation. There are many risk models that guide estimation of the risk of operative mortality. Understanding operative risk is important in patient care and the selection of patients for aortic valve replacement.
Health behaviors and risk factors in those who use complementary and alternative medicine

Surveys have generally found that individuals more likely to use complementary and alternative medicine are female, live in the western United States, are likely to have a health complaint, and have a higher socioeconomic status than do nonusers. What is not known is the extent to which those who use complementary and alternative medicine also engage in positive health behaviors, such as smoking cessation or increased physical activity and/or exhibit fewer health risk factors such as obesity. This has been identified as a key research question in a recent Institute of Medicine report. In the present study we sought to determine whether the use of complementary and alternative medicine is associated with health behaviors or risk factors known to impact on health status. The current study is a cross-sectional regression analysis using data from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey. Data were collected in-person from 31,044 adults throughout the 50 states and the District of Columbia. After controlling for a range of other factors, we found that engaging in leisure-time physical activity, having consumed alcohol in one's life but not being a current heavy drinker, and being a former smoker are independently associated with the use of CAM. Obese individuals are slightly less likely to use CAM than individuals with a healthy body-mass index. No significant associations were observed between receipt of an influenza vaccine and CAM use. Those engaging in positive health behaviors and exhibiting fewer health risk factors are more likely to use CAM than those who forgo positive health behaviors or exhibit more health risk factors. The fact that users of CAM tend to pursue generally healthy lifestyles suggests that they may be open to additional recommendations toward optimizing their health.
Spatial arrangements of microfibrils in myocardial scars : application of antibody to fibrillin

Acute myocardial infarction kills myocytes; viable and necrotic myocytes disconnect and the ends of the viable cells become anchored to collagen fibers during reparative scar tissue formation. These anchorages have not been examined in detail, although previous studies have shown that microfibrils (MFs) concentrate at the edges of scars and at the tips of normal papillary muscles. We examined the spatial arrangements of MFs at these two sites in human hearts. Light and electron microscopic observations were made on tissue samples oriented in the long axis of myocytes and stained with monoclonal antibodies to fibrillin, a glycoprotein component of human microfibrils. MFs had identical arrangements at both sites, where they formed fibrous connections between myofibers and collagen fibers. These connections were oriented in the long axis of the muscle cells. At the myocyte ends, MFs appeared to intertwine with MFs in the normal endomysium; in the main body of the connections, MFs formed compact, 200 to 500 nm thick, fibrillin-positive fibers; and at the collagen ends, MFs splayed out among collagen fibrils. These observations indicate that MFs form myofiber-collagen fiber linkages at sites where the power of myocardial contraction is being transmitted to the extracellular connective tissue framework. Formation of such linkages seems to be an important step in the successful repair of necrotic myocardial lesions.
Cerebrovasodilatory contribution of endogenous carbon monoxide during seizures in newborn pigs.

Cerebrovasodilatory Contribution of Endogenous Carbon Monoxide During Seizures in Newborn Pigs
Small-diameter, Round, Eccentric Penetrating Keratoplasties and Corneal Topographic Correlation

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to report the outcome and postoperative topographic analysis of seven patients who underwent small-diameter, round, eccentric penetrating keratoplasty. Methods: Seven patients underwent small-diameter, round, eccentric penetrating keratoplasty for a variety of corneal disorders (cataract wound necrosis and dehiscence or fistula, three patients; penetrating keratoplasty wound infection, two patients; corneal rheumatoid melt and perforation, one patient; localized fungal keratitis, one patient). Fullthickness corneal transplants ranged in size from 3.0 to 5.5 mm. The graft wound and sutures spared the visual axis in all cases. Patients were observed for 7 to 42 months (mean, 21 months). All patients had postoperative topographic analysis. One of these also had preoperative analysis. Results: All grafts tectonically were effective in treating the intended condition. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/30 or better in the four patients without pre-existing corneal transplants or dry eyes; 20/60 and 5/200 in the patients with previous central penetrating keratoplasties; and 20/40 in the patient with rheumatoid melt. There was no clinically significant regular or irregular astigmatism induced centrally by the eccentric graft in the four patients where visual acuity was 20/30 or better. Irregular astigmatism was noted in the other three patients. Conclusion: Small-diameter, eccentric penetrating keratoplasties may be used successfully to treat various peripheral corneal disorders. In some cases, this can be performed without inducing high or irregular astigmatism or both centrally.
Settled polynomials over finite fields

We study the factorization into irreducibles of iterates of a qua- dratic polynomial f over a nite eld. We call f settled when the factorization of its nth iterate for large n is dominated by \stable" polynomials, namely those that are irreducible under post-composition by any iterate of f. We prove that stable polynomials may be detected by their action on the critical orbit of f, and that the the critical orbit also gives information about the split- ting of non-stable polynomials under post-composition by iterates of f. We then dene a Markov process based on the critical orbit of f and conjecture that its limiting distribution describes the full factorization of large iterates of f. This conjecture implies that almost all quadratic f dened over a nite eld are settled. We give several types of evidence for our conjecture.
EFFECTS OF MANIPULATING AN ANTECEDENT EVENT ON MATHEMATICS RESPONSE RATE1

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects on performance rate of simply writing the answers to mathematics problems versus verbalizing the problems before making a written response. The subject was an 11-yr-old boy whose response accuracy on mathematics problems was very erratic. Three experiments were conducted, each consisting of three phases. In each first phase, the subject was requested to write the answers to sets of mathematics problems. In the second, he was required to verbalize the problem before writing the answer. In the third phase, the subject was told to write the answer again without prior verbalization. The results indicated that the subject's correct answer rate increased and his error rate decreased as a result of his verbalizing the problems before making a written response. Results further revealed that in the final phase of each experiment, the return to the original conditions, his correct answer rate continued to increase.
Novel object recognition in Apoe(-/-) mice improved by neonatal implantation of wild-type multipotential stromal cells.

Abstract Multipotential bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) from wild-type (Wt) or apolipoprotein E deficient ( Apoe − / − ) mice were implanted into the cerebral ventricles of Apoe − / − mice. MSCs from Wt mice continued expressing apoE up to 6 months after implantation and were associated with enhanced novel object recognition and increased microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus. These data show that MSCs can be used to distinguish developmental from post-developmental effects of a gene knockout and support their therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases.
Thermohydrodynamic conditions at the peak flux of horizontal heaters in superfluid liquid helium II at zero net mass flow

Measurements of the peak flux (at the onset of film boiling) in He II are used as a diagnostic tool to investigate the non-classical thermohydrodynamics of superfluid liquid helium for horizontal heaters at zero net mass flow. Data for the single horizontal cylinder in a large pool of He II are approximately accounted for by a power law describing the dimensionless nonclassical superfluid transport number as a function of the fourth root of the dimensionless thermo-mechanical driving potential. Results for transport in narrow vertical cylinders (with insulated walls and lower end closed) are approximately described on the basis of the Gorter-Mellink transport equations. The saturation hypothesis is used which postulates local onset of boiling when vapor-liquid equilibrium is reached at the heater.
Immunoglobulin V gene expression in CD5 B-cell malignancies.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphomas (SLL) generally are malignancies of CD5 B cells. Immunophenotypic and clinicopathologic data, however, are required to distinguish subtypes that apparently have a different cytogenesis than that of conventional CLL or SLL. In addition to expressing CD5, neoplastic cells of the latter are also distinctive in that they frequently coexpress surface immunoglobulin (Ig), bearing one or more cross-reactive idiotypes (CRIs) (e.g. 17.109, G6,) that commonly are found on monoclonal IgM autoantibodies. The frequent occurrence of such CRIs reflects both the biased rearrangement and subsequent selected expression of Ig V genes with little or no somatic mutation. IgM/L CLL, for example, frequently (8/33) harbor abortive Ig rearrangements involving Humkv325, the VK gene encoding the 17.109-CRI. Also, the VH1 gene(s) encoding the G6 CRI accounts for over 10% of all VH genes and over 60% of all the VH1 genes used in randomly selected common CLL/SLL. Furthermore, comparison with the Ig expressed by nonmalignant G6 CRI+ B cells reveals an apparent restriction in the CDR3 of IgH expressed by G6 CRI+ CLL. Coupled with the observed potential bias in antibody light chain and heavy chain pairing in B-CLL, these data suggest that the autoantibodies expressed in this disease are selected based on antigen-binding activity. Collectively, our studies indicate that nonstochastic Ig V gene rearrangement and subsequent selection may influence the Ig repertoire expressed in this common B-cell malignancy.
Prenatal malnutrition effect on pyramidal and granule cell generation in the hippocampal formation

The effects of prenatal malnutrition produced by protein deprivation on the neurogenesis of granule and pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampal formation was investigated by injecting pregnant rats with tritiated thymidine on E12, E16, or E20 and sacrificing the pups on P30. Granule cell neurogenesis was significantly decreased in the pups injected on E20, but not in E12 or E16 groups. There was no effect on the generation of pyramidal cells at the times noted, indicating a differential effect of prenatal malnutrition on the generation of these two different neuronal types in the hippocampal formation.
Fabrication of oxide superconductors from multilayered metallic thin films

Thin-film GdBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ superconductors with an onset T/sub c/ >90 K have been produced. The films were fabricated by thermal reaction in an oxidizing atmosphere of electron-beam deposited Ba/Gd/Cu multilayers. Attempts to produce the superconducting phase YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ by multilayer reaction were unsuccessful due to a positive heat of mixing between Y and Ba. The appearance of a wide superconducting transition in GdBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ films may be the result of tunneling through a nonsuperconducting second phase.
Inheritance of Olfactory Preferences I. Pheromone-Mediated Behavioral Responses of Heliothis subflexa × Heliothis virescens Hybrid Male Moths

Shifts in male preference for qualitatively different pheromone blends appear to have played a fundamental role in the divergence of olfactory communication and evolution of moth species. As an initia
Profit incentive in trading nonexclusive access on a secondary spectrum market through contract design

In this paper, we formulate a contract design problem where a primary license holder wishes to profit from its excess spectrum capacity by selling it to potential secondary users/buyers. It needs to determine how to optimally price the excess spectrum so as to maximize its profit, knowing that this excess capacity is stochastic in nature, does not come with exclusive access, and cannot provide deterministic service guarantees to a buyer. At the same time, buyers are of different types, characterized by different communication needs, tolerance for the channel uncertainty, and so on, all of which are a buyer's private information. The license holder must then try to design different contracts catered to different types of buyers in order to maximize its profit. We address this problem by adopting as a reference a traditional spectrum market where the buyer can purchase exclusive access with fixed/deterministic guarantees. We fully characterize the optimal solution in the cases where there is a single buyer type, and when multiple types of buyers share the same known channel condition as a result of the primary user activity. In the most general case, we construct an algorithm that generates a set of contracts in a computationally efficient manner and show that this set is optimal when the buyer types satisfy a monotonicity condition.
The Effects of Part-Time Employees in Supermarkets on Human Resource Practices

How might the human resource policies and practices offered to full-time employees be determined by organizational choices to hire part-time workers as part of their staffing strategies? What do or...
Ladies of Legend: The First Generation of American Women Attorneys1

In 1893, Chicago attorney Ellen Martin sent an invitation to her sisters in law to attend a first ever Congress of Women Lawyers, a convention to be held in conjunction with the Chicago World's Fair. Her announcement went out to “All women in the United States and elsewhere who have been admitted to the bar of a court of record or graduated from a law school.” Martin and Fredrika Perry, her law partner, had chronicled the rise of the woman lawyer in an 1887 article titled “Admission of Women to the Bar.”2 Thanks to their survey and the 1890 national census, Martin knew there were more than 200 female attorneys in the United States—what we may think of as the first generation of U.S. women lawyers.3 Speculating that many of them would come to a meeting that coincided with the World's Fair, Martin made the argument that her sisters needed to form a professional association for the purpose of learning from each other and binding themselves more closely together.
Still Back of the Big House: Slave Cabins and Slavery in Southern Heritage Tourism

Abstract A massive tourist infrastructure on southern heritage extends across the US South and a significant component of it focuses on nineteenth-century slavery. Southern heritage tourism reveals irrepressible dimensions of racialization, inextricably mediated by gender and class, and highlights the primary influence of the state. Many tourist sites are housed in former slave plantations and some contain the remains, restorations, reconstructions or replicas of antebellum slave cabins and slave quarters. This article describes and evaluates evidence collected from site observations carried out between 1995 and 2011, on the nature, role and functioning of slave cabins incorporated into these sites. It identifies three strategies for presenting slave cabins as part of heritage tourism—relative incorporation, marginalization and symbolic annihilation—each of which relegates slave cabins to the shadows of the big house. These representations reflect divergent heritage goals and continuing unequal access to ...
Health insurance coverage and medical expenditures of immigrants and native-born citizens in the United States.

Objectives. I examined insurance coverage and medical expenditures of both immigrant and US-born adults to determine the extent to which immigrants contribute to US medical expenditures.Methods. I used data from the 2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to perform 2-part multivariate analyses of medical expenditures, controlling for health status, insurance coverage, race/ethnicity, and other sociodemographic factors.Results. Approximately 44% of recent immigrants and 63% of established immigrants were fully insured over the 12-month period analyzed. Immigrants' per-person unadjusted medical expenditures were approximately one half to two thirds as high as expenditures for the US born, even when immigrants were fully insured. Recent immigrants were responsible for only about 1% of public medical expenditures even though they constituted 5% of the population. After controlling for other factors, I found that immigrants' medical costs averaged about 14% to 20% less than those who were US born.Conclusions. I...
NOTE ON FAMILYWISE ERROR RATES

Summary.-An alternative procedure to the use of farnilywise error rates is described that rerains an experimentwise error rate for the entire experiment. The procedure uses Dunm's (1961) test, considering each source of variation as a planned contrast and testing for significance with Dunn's cables. Most of the literature regarding error rates in experimental design has been directed to the one-way analysis of variance situation. Three different kinds of error rates have been faisly widely discussed: per comparison, experimentwise, and per experiment error rates. Ryan (1962 ) has argued effectively for the two latter error rates when interpreting an experiment. A fourth kind of error rate which has received somewhat less attention is the familyzuise error rate. Because the farnilywise error rate has rarely been discussed in textbooks (one notable exception is Miller, 1966), despite the fact that the concept was described much earlier by Tukeyl it would be worthwhile to describe the concept briefly. In the two-way (or higher) analysis of variance, an investigaror might formulate a prio~i hypotheses separately for each source of variacion (rows, columns and interaction), and each source of variacion is viewed as being a separate experiment. In a two-way analysis, when comparisons are made within levels of the A factor at the a level and then comparisons are made separately within the B factor at the a level, the error rate is being controlled at the a level familywise, but at the 2a level experimentwise. It then becomes impocanc for an experimenter to understand the differences between a farnilywise error rate and an experimentwise error rate for the entire experiment. The difference is in one sense mainly conceptual; if the experimenter is willing to interpret each source of variacion as being a separate experiment, chen the farnilywise error rate would be appropriate. While the term farnilywise has usually been given to the multiple comparisons following the main effecc tests, it is useful to extend the term to the main effects and interaction tests rhemselves. When analyzing data in a two-way layout, typically the F test for each main effect and for the interaction are tested independently, using the tabled F values to determine the significance of each separate source of variation in the experiment. The effecc of this practice is to consider each F test as a separate experiment. If each test is performed at the a level, the experimentwise error rate is not held at the u level, but rather at the 1 - ( 1 - a) level. The a level can, 'J. W. Tukey, The problem of multiple comparisons. (Unpublished Notes, Princeton Univer., 1953)