cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diving physiology of birds: a history of studies on polar species.

Abstract Our knowledge of avian diving physiology has been based primarily on research with polar species. Since Scholander’s 1940 monograph, research has expanded from examination of the ‘diving reflex’ to studies of free-diving birds, and has included laboratory investigations of oxygen stores, muscle adaptations, pressure effects, and cardiovascular/metabolic responses to swimming exercise. Behavioral and energetic studies at sea have shown that common diving durations of many avian species exceed the calculated aerobic diving limits (ADL). Current physiological research is focused on factors, such as heart rate and temperature, which potentially affect the diving metabolic rate and duration of aerobic diving.
Interhospital transport of the patient on extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support.

Abstract Portable extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support systems have enhanced the resuscitation and support of moribund patients outside of the operating room environment. The literature documents the successful application of emergency cardiopulmonary support within the hospital setting. Clinicians have reported the use of helicopter and ground ambulance to transport patients requiring intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and fixedwing transport of neonates requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. As medical transport capabilities extend the sphere of tertiary care to outlying medical facilities, there is a role for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support in the initial stabilization and safe transport of critically ill patients, via air or ground ambulance. Potentially, the early application of life-sustaining technology can lower mortality and morbidity in patients with a survivable pathology. This is a report on the experience with the resuscitation and interhospital transport of patients on extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support.
Instrumentation For Optical Characterization Of Laser Optics

Instrumentation for optical characterization of laser opticsRichard A. House II, Roger D. Petty, and David J. GallantRockwell Power SystemsP.O. Box 5670 KAFB, NM 87185ABSTRACTFor several years, the Optical Component Evaluation Laboratory (OCEL)and three sister laboratories have been building and operating opticalmeasurement equipment. This contractual work is being done at KirtlandAir Force Base, New Mexico. Optical measurement capabilities include
Müller glia: a promising target for therapeutic regeneration.

In the past 10 years, there has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of brain development and approaches to treat degenerative diseases, including those that affect the retina. The latest knowledge includes (1) the discovery that the adult brain harbors proliferating progenitors and that neurons are born throughout life, particularly in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular layer (SGL) of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus 1 and (2) the observation that glia perform dual functions, providing homeostatic support and serving as the source of stem cells in the embryonic brain and the adult SVZ and SGL. 2 In contrast to the SVZ and SGL, active neurogenesis has not been detected in adult mammalian retina. However, neurogenic changes have been observed in injured retina, and the source of injury-induced neu
Another Early Review of Democratic Vistas

Adds to the "small tally" of contemporaneous reviews of Democratic Vistas by presenting an anonymous favorable review from the Sunderland Times of May 21, 1872."
Safety and utility of scheduled nonnarcotic analgesic medications in children undergoing craniotomy for brain tumor.

BACKGROUND: We have reported that a scheduled nonnarcotic analgesic regimen after dorsal lumbar rhizotomy and Chiari I malformation decompression is efficacious in managing postoperative pain in children. To date, this regimen has not been analyzed in children after brain tumor biopsy or resection. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the safety and utility of such an analgesic protocol in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A database review was conducted to identify children who received a scheduled dose of alternating acetaminophen and ibuprofen after craniotomy for tumor biopsy or resection, and postoperative imaging was evaluated. RESULTS: Fifty-one children who met the inclusion criteria were identified. On postoperative imaging, 17.67% had routine, postoperative blood in the resection cavity according to both radiology and neurosurgical review. One patient had moderate postoperative bleeding in the tumor cavity. Overall, 44 of the 51 patients (86.3%) required no or minimal narcotic medication for pain. CONCLUSION: A scheduled regimen of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs given in alternating doses immediately after craniotomy for tumor biopsy or resection and throughout hospitalization did not result in any significant postoperative hemorrhage in our patient series.
Insuring individual's privacy from statistical data base users

"Privacy is the claim of individuals, groups or institutions to determine for themselves when, how and to what extent information about them can be communicated to others." The problem of privacy arises when people are asked to provide personal information either on a mandatory or voluntary basis. The persons about whom the data are collected may be apprehensive that unscrupulous individuals could gain both economic and political advantage over them through access to their personal information. Data collecting agencies often conduct surveys to collect data to use for statistical purposes. In a mandatory survey, the respondent cannot refuse to submit the data. Still, collecting agencies realize that the real foundation of reliable statistics is public cooperation and not the threat of prosecution. In a voluntary survey, the collecting agency has no power and nothing to offer but the general benefits that can accrue to the public from the information. It promises respondents that data will only be disclosed for statistical purposes. In both cases, the collecting agencies can better accomplish their aim if they can assure the respondent that their privacy will be respected. Many agencies use computers to store collected data. The computer provides a central source of information available to many different users. In addition, the information can be retrieved very quickly. However, there are many problems which are associated with the security of computerized information such as: validity of the user, clearance of system personnel and safety for masquerading, electromagnetic pick up, wiretapping, browsing, piggy back entry, etc. Even if these problems did not exist, and assuming that the collecting agencies have good intentions and intend to allow their users to ask only statistical queries about the stored data, their promises are not sufficient to guarantee that there will be no disclosure of any individual's personal information. Hoffman and Miller have shown that a user can combine the answers to some specific statistical queries and his previous knowledge about an individual's personal information to find out more about that individual. Therefore the problem considered is to determine the conditions which guarantee that a user who is allowed to ask only statistical queries cannot be successful in obtaining any more information about any individual than he already has. Before suggesting a solution to this problem, some illustrations to show how disclosure may occur and some definitions are reproduced from an earlier paper by the author.
FoxOs in neural stem cell fate decision

Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist over the lifespan of mammals to give rise to committed progenitors and their differentiated cells in order to maintain the brain homeostasis. To this end, NSCs must be able to self-renew and otherwise maintain their quiescence. Suppression of aberrant proliferation or undesired differentiation is crucial to preclude either malignant growth or precocious depletion of NSCs. The PI3K-Akt-FoxO signaling pathway plays a central role in the regulation of multiple stem cells including one in the mammalian brain. In particular, members of FoxO family transcription factors are highly expressed in these stem cells. As an important downstream effector of growth, differentiation, and stress stimuli, mammalian FoxO transcription factor family controls cellular proliferation, oxidative stress response, homeostasis, and eventual maintenance of long-term repopulating potential. The review will focus on the current understanding of FoxO function in NSCs as well as discuss their biological activities that contribute to determining neural stem cell fate.
A column evaluation of Appalachian coal mine spoils' temporal leaching behavior

Appalachian surface coal mine overburden affects water quality as drainage percolates through spoil disposal fills. This study evaluated leaching potentials of 15 spoils from south-central Appalachia. Most bulk samples were non acid-forming, all were low in total-S, (≤0.34%), and initial saturated paste specific conductance (SC) ranged from 264 to 3560 μS cm(-1). Samples were leached unsaturated (40 cycles) and leachates analyzed for pH, SC, and ion composition. Overall, leachates from unweathered spoils were higher in pH and SC than leachates from weathered spoils. Fine-textured spoils generally produced higher SCs than more coarsely textured spoils. Mean SC for all spoils decreased rapidly from an initial peak of 1468 μS cm(-1) (±150) to 247 μS cm(-1) (±23). Release patterns for most major ions reflected declining SC. Bicarbonate typically increased with successive leaches, replacing sulfate as the dominant anion. Column SC values were comparable to relevant published field data.
On non-violence: An Arendtian perspective on recent political movements

This paper borrows from Arendt's analysis in her 1969 essay ‘On violence’ to make an intervention in the debates about violence that have arisen in relation to new political movements such as Occupy Wall Street. While Arendt was writing against a tendency to overestimate the political value of violence, this paper argues against a current tendency to overvalue non-violence in the same manner. In both cases the point turns on Arendt's argument that the true source of political power is not to be found in one strategy or another, but rather in collective action as such. The ultimate value of Arendt's account of politics as collective action is that it shows how freedom can be operative in conditions of constraint, which is particularly relevant for contemporary movements facing state repression.
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia of the conjunctiva masquerading as scleritis and uveitis

This report describes a unique case of coexisting necrobiotic xanthogranuloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a patient presenting with scleritis and uveitis. A 53-year-old Caucasian man diagnosed with anterior uveitis and scleritis for the prior year was referred to our uveitis clinic for further evaluation. Prior uveitis/scleritis workup performed by the referring ophthalmologist was negative. Examination demonstrated unilateral uveitis and posterior scleritis along with bilateral conjunctival lesions. Incisional biopsy of the conjunctiva was carried out. The excised tissue was sent fresh for histopathologic studies. Slit-lamp examination revealed bilateral yellow-white bulbar conjunctival lesions, 1+ conjunctival injection OU, stellate keratic precipitates OS with 25 cells per high-powered field. Funduscopic examination was significant for subretinal fluid OS. Conjunctival biopsy revealed necrobiotic xanthogranuloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Systemic workup demonstrated paraproteinemia consistent with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma and a complete blood count consistent with leukemia. This case demonstrates an atypical presentation of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma and concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting in the form of uveitis, scleritis, and conjunctival infiltration. Masquerade syndromes, such as necrobiotic xanthogranuloma and leukemia, must be kept in mind when treating patients with uveitis or scleritis with negative workups.
AOTF polarimetric hyperspectral imaging for mine detection

This paper reports an analysis of polarimetric hyperspectral images of an outdoor scene containing a number of inactive mines. The images were taken with a visible/near-IR acousto- optic tunable filter polarimetric hyperspectral imaging system. The result has illustrated that the characteristics of mine smooth surfaces can create high signals in polarization difference images and consequently provide a quick and reliable approach for detection.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A simple and rapid assay for measuring radiolabeled ligand binding to purified plasma membranes

A simple, rapid assay for measuring radiolabeled ligand binding to purified plasma membranes was developed. In this assay, membrane proteins and ligand are mixed atop a nonmiscible silicone oil (density = 1.029 g/cm3) and incubated to establish equilibrium. The membrane proteins and bound ligand are then rapidly separated (30-60 s) from unbound ligand by centrifugation at 100,000g in a Beckman airfuge. A small amount of unbound ligand is contained in the pellet as extramembranous fluid so that the bound and free ligand remain essentially in equilibrium. Thus, this binding assay is suitable for the characterization of low-affinity (Kd greater than 10(-8) M) binding sites with rapid dissociation rate constants. In addition, measurements and comparisons of the binding of the synthetic chemotactic peptide formylnorleucyl-leucyl-[3H]phenylanine to purified rabbit neutrophil membranes have been made using the silicone oil centrifugation assay and a filtration binding assay. The results of these experiments illustrate the problems and potential errors associated with nonequilibrium binding assays and emphasize the advantage of using the silicone oil centrifugation binding assay.
Consistency of p-Values Obtained by Averaging Over Nuisance Parameters

Conditions are given and studied for a p-value obtained by averaging over a distribution on nuisance parameters, denoted , to be a consistent estimator of the true p-value expressed as a function of those unknown parameters. Consistency is shown to hold for the K-sample Behrens-Fisher problem. Although highly desirable, consistency is a special property which needs to be verified on a case by case basis. In some cases, may not be consistent but still lead to a test with good frequentist properties.
Salinity and Shade Preferences Result in Ovipositional Differences between Sympatric Tiger Beetle Species

Summary 1. Adult tiger beetles of the genus Cicindela often co-occur within a habitat but larvae do not. Larvae are sedentary and form usually permanent burrows at the site of oviposition where they require 1–3 years for development. 2. To test niche partitioning based on ovipositional preference, the behaviour of two sympatric salt marsh tiger beetles, Cicindela circumpicta and C. togata (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), were examined. 3. In laboratory studies, female C. circumpicta and C. togata distinguished between experimental salinities, with the former preferring 4 parts per thousand (ppt) and the latter preferring 12 ppt. In the field, C. circumpicta larvae were associated with lower salinities (1–3 ppt) and vegetation along the edges of salt flats while C. togata larvae were found on open salt flats often near halophytes (average salinity = 7.8 ppt). 4. In the field, females chose sites for oviposition in response to shade but not vertical landmarks. In a direct test, 53 of 56 new larval burrows occurred in shaded treatments, three in nonshaded controls. 5. Compared with nonshaded controls, shade increased survival of eggs that were collected in the laboratory and placed in the field. For C. circumpicta eggs, 78% placed in shaded treatments hatched, while significantly fewer (22%) hatched in exposed treatments. For C. togata, 43% of eggs placed in the shade hatched, while no eggs placed in exposed treatments hatched. 6. These results support the hypothesis of niche partitioning between C. circumpicta and C. togata based on ovipositional choice and resulting larval habitat.
Piezoelectric potential gated field-effect transistor based on a free-standing ZnO wire.

We report an external force triggered field-effect transistor based on a free-standing piezoelectric fine wire (PFW). The device consists of an Ag source electrode and an Au drain electrode at two ends of a ZnO PFW, which were separated by an insulating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin layer. The working principle of the sensor is proposed based on the piezoelectric potential gating effect. Once subjected to a mechanical impact, the bent ZnO PFW cantilever creates a piezoelectric potential distribution across it width at its root and simultaneously produces a local reverse depletion layer with much higher donor concentration than normal, which can dramatically change the current flowing from the source electrode to drain electrode when the device is under a fixed voltage bias. Due to the free-standing structure of the sensor device, it has a prompt response time less than 20 ms and quite high and stable sensitivity of 2%/μN. The effect from contact resistance has been ruled out.
Mouse pointing endpoint prediction using kinematic template matching

We present a new method of predicting the endpoints of mouse movements. While prior approaches to endpoint prediction have relied upon normative kinematic laws, regression, or control theory, our approach is straightforward but kinematically rich. Our key insight is to regard the unfolding velocity profile of a pointing movement as a 2-D stroke gesture and to use template matching to predict the endpoint based on prior observed movements. We call our technique kinematic template matching (KTM), which is simple to implement, user-adaptable, and kinematically expressive. In a study of 17 able-bodied participants evaluated over movement amplitudes ranging from 100-800 pixels, we found KTM to predict endpoints that were within 83 pixels of the true endpoint at 50% of the way through the movement, within 48 pixels at 75%, and within 39 pixels at 90%, using 1000 templates per participant. These accuracies make KTM as successful an approach to endpoint prediction as any prior technique, while being easier to implement and understand than most.
A study of the data management construct: design, construction, and utilization

Data management problems in organizations are investigated. Past research indicates that data management practices are not part of the mainstream of corporate information management. Using the literature in database and information management, the authors have defined the data management construct as consisting of three theoretical entities: database design, database construction, and data utilization. A survey was administered to 49 high-level managers in large Fortune 500 firms. Each theoretical entity was tested for threats against internal validity, external validity, and scale reliability. The data were analyzed using correlation matrices. The authors found polarized, bimodal tendencies when examining data distributions. They conclude that the data management construct is robust and recommend future research directions. >
Facial Structure Is Indicative of Explicit Support for Prejudicial Beliefs

We present three studies examining whether male facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is correlated with racial prejudice and whether observers are sensitive to fWHR when assessing prejudice in other people. Our results indicate that males with a greater fWHR are more likely to explicitly endorse racially prejudicial beliefs, though fWHR was unrelated to implicit bias. Participants evaluated targets with a greater fWHR as more likely to be prejudiced and accurately evaluated the degree to which targets reported prejudicial attitudes. Finally, compared with majority-group members, racial-minority participants reported greater motivation to accurately evaluate prejudice. This motivation mediated the relationship between minority- or majority-group membership and the accuracy of evaluations of prejudice, which indicates that motivation augments sensitivity to fWHR. Together, the results of these three studies demonstrate that fWHR is a reliable indicator of explicitly endorsed racial prejudice and that observe...
Cerebral vasoreactivity: impact of heat stress and lower body negative pressure.

Objective Cerebrovascular reactivity represents the capacity of the cerebral circulation to raise blood flow in the face of increased demand, and may be reduced in some clinical and physiological conditions. We tested the hypothesis that the hypercapnia-induced increase in cerebral perfusion is attenuated during heat stress (HS) compared to normothermia (NT), and this response is further reduced during the combined challenges of HS and lower body negative pressure (LBNP).
Node hibernation protocols for conservation of energy in wireless sensor networks

One of the main goals of communication protocols for sensor networks is the maximization of the network lifetime. Because the energy a radio expends during periods of inactive communication can be a substantial percentage of the total energy consumption, the network lifetime can be significantly penalized if all radios stay powered on at all times. By employing a technique that identifies and allows "unneeded" nodes to periodically power down their radios, the lifetime of a sensor network can be extended significantly. In this paper, we propose a distributed energy-conserving node hibernation protocol for sensor networks that power down radios without interrupting the data flow. A novel, distributed routing technique is also presented in which suboptimal routes are purposely selected so as to increase the number of nodes that can power down their radios. We examine the performance of these techniques when used in conjunction with energy-efficient routing metrics and a variety of practical MAC layer protocols. Simulation results show that the proposed approaches significantly increase the usable network lifetime in a wide variety of system scenarios.
Navigated Total Knee Arthroplasty as an Option in Cases of Extra-Articular Deformity

The use of corrective osteotomy of angular deformity and total knee arthroplasty has traditionally been considered the treatment of choice for patients with arthritis and ipsilateral extra-articular deformity. We believe there is sufficient evidence that computer-assisted navigation can be used in lieu of this approach to recreate an acceptable mechanical axis in patients with distorted anatomical landmarks for total knee arthroplasty. The use of this technology in extra-articular deformity provides an option that decreases the need for multiple operations and gives better guidance in restoring the normal lower limb mechanical axis. This article describes the use of this technique and other potential applications.
Determination of the complete amino acid sequence of bovine neurophysin II.

Bovine neurophysin II (BNP-II), a major neurohypophyseal hormone-binding protein in the cow, was isolated from acetone-dried posterior pituitary powder by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and preparative disc electrophoresis. The single-chain protein is composed of 97 amino acids, possesses a molecular weight of 10,029, and contains seven disulfide bonds. The fully S-alkylated protein, S-carboxamido-[C]- methylcysteine BNP-II ([C]BNP-II), was subjected to 80 automated cycles of the Edman degradation with positive identification of every amino acid residue through 65 cycles and many identifications through 80 residues. [C]BNP-II was digested with chymotrypsin and the peptides were isolated by gel filtration and purified by ion exchange chromatography. A 55-amino acid C-terminal chymotryptic peptide was sequenced through 46 residues by automated Edman degradations producing a 38-amino acid overlap with the sequence of [C]BNP-II. This established the sequences of the first 88 residues of the protein. A chymotryptic nonapeptide was sequenced from NH2- to COOH-terminus by manual Edman degradations which established the sequence through residue 94. COOH-terminal analysis of aminoethylated BNP-II elucidated the tetrapeptide sequence and produced an overlap with the sequenced chymotryptic nonapeptide, completing the proposed amino acid sequence, which is supported by amino acid compositions of three other chymotryptic and two tryptic peptides.
Fluid Transients in a Pipeline With One Open End

Water hammer during multi-phase flow is rather complex, but in some cases an upper limit to the pressure surge magnitude during water hammer can be estimated. In the case considered here, a two mile long pipeline with a single high point was permitted to partially drain. Due to gravitational effects, air bubbles up through the pipe line to its highest point, but the time required for air to reach the top of the pipe is rather long. Consequently, some transients caused by valve operations are affected by air entrapment and some are not. The intent of this research was to investigate the complex interactions between air, water vapor, and liquid during water hammer in a long pipe with one end of the pipe open to atmospheric conditions. To understand the system dynamics, experimental data was obtained from a long pipeline with an open end and also from a short, transparent tube. Transient calculations were performed for valve closures and pump operations as applicable. The limitations of available calculation techniques were considered in detail.Copyright © 2008 by Washington Savannah River Company LLC
Renal Transplantation in the Setting of Prior Urinary Diversion: A Case of Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma in an Ileal Conduit

Though rare, renal transplantation into a bowel containing urinary diversion is necessary in select clinical situations. Compared to renal transplant patients with functional native bladders, patients with urinary diversion have comparable long-term graft and patient survival rates. However, compounding the increased risk of malignancy in those on chronic immunosuppression are the inherent risks of urinary diversion. We present a case report of a high grade adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation arising in an ileal conduit and discussion on the pathophysiology, management, and screening of this highly select population.
Molecular Characterization of a Novel Short-chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase That Reduces All-trans-retinal *

The reduction of all-trans-retinal in photoreceptor outer segments is the first step in the regeneration of bleached visual pigments. We report here the cloning of a dehydrogenase, retSDR1, that belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily and localizes predominantly in cone photoreceptors. retSDR1 expressed in insect cells displayed substrate specificities of the photoreceptor all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase. Homology modeling of retSDR1 using the carbonyl reductase structure as a scaffold predicted a classical Rossmann fold for the nucleotide binding, and an N-terminal extension that could facilitate binding of the enzyme to the cell membranes. The presence of retSDR1 in a subset of inner retinal neurons and in other tissues suggests that the enzyme may also be involved in retinol metabolism outside of photoreceptors.
A Perspective on the Patient's Role in Treatment Decisions

There is considerable evidence, across different clinical contexts, that treatment decisions are characterized by poor communication, significant knowledge gaps, and a lack of attention to patients' preferences for different health states. Over the past two decades, patient decision aids have been shown to be an effective means to improve the quality of decisions. More recently, the Internet has increased expectations about the impact of information and decision aids on the involvement of patients in decisions. However, there are several challenges to effective dissemination and implementation of decision support interventions, through the Internet or other media. The authors recommend specific policy and research initiatives to facilitate the local and system-level changes necessary to support patients more effectively in making treatment choices. More attention to measurement and policy-level interventions will be required to increase the use of proven tools and to achieve significant improvements in the quality of treatment decisions.
Self-healing asynchronous arrays

This paper presents a systematic method for designing of a self-healing asynchronous array in the presence of errors. By adding spare resources in one of three different ways and forcing the asynchronous circuit to stall in case of failure, the specific self-reconfiguration logic is activated by a deadlock detector and the array circuit can be reconfigured around the faulty components and recover from errors automatically. Experimental evaluations show that this method requires less hardware cost, smaller critical circuit size, lower performance overhead and is more scalable than traditional NMR-based techniques.
Two Decades of The Oncologist

The Editor-in-Chief reflects on the advances in oncology witnessed by the journal in its first two decades.
Development of Early Melanocytic Lesions in Transgenic Mice Predisposed to Melanoma

We have previously described a line of transgenic mice (TG3) that spontaneously develops heritable malignant melanoma. Histological analysis of these animals during the first postnatal month is described here. In the TG3 line, the number of melanocytes is increased at all anatomical sites to which neural-crest-derived melanocytes normally migrate. Clonal expansion and morphological changes of these melanocytes can be detected as early as postnatal day (PND) 15. By PND 30, cells morphologically indistinguishable from the tumor cells of adult transgenic mice were detected in the ear, eye lid and perianal region. These cells are believed to be the precursors of the primary tumors in adult mice. The stepwise development of melanoma in the TG3 line is similar to the stepwise development of melanoma in humans.
A study of three methods for assessment of hospital environmental cleaning

Abstract Background The environment is increasingly appreciated as a factor in healthcare associated infections. Several methods for measuring environmental contamination are available. Our goal was to compare quantitative microbiology to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) detection on a sample of hospital surfaces both pre- and post-cleaning, and to assess fluorescent marker results in the same rooms. Methods In a sample of 10 rooms, ATP readings by relative light units (RLU) and quantitative determination of colony forming units (CFU) were measured pre- and post-cleaning on 10 high-touch hospital environmental surfaces. Removal of fluorescent markers (FM) was evaluated post-cleaning in the same rooms. Methods were compared using correlational analyses. Results The ATP readings were usually higher than CFU readings compared with their respective norms for cleanliness. The direction of change in cleanliness assessment (usually down after cleaning) was consistent between the RLU and CFU methods. In addition, CFU and RLU values correlated pre-cleaning, but not postcleaning. Areceiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve suggested a ‘clean' cutoff of 8 RLU/cm 2 for the ATP assay, higher than 2.5 RLU/cm 2 cutoff most often used. Neither method correlated well with FM results. Conclusions The methods for measuring environmental cleanliness have shown inconsistent correlation, but measure different parameters. Additional studies are needed to assess the correlation and predictive value of the three methods for room cleanliness assessment.
Effects of Auxiliary Lift and Propulsion on Helicopter Vibration Reduction and Trim

This paper examines the vibration reductions caused by the introduction of auxiliary lift and propulsion, individually, as well as in combination, on a light [5800-lb (2640 kg)] helicopter with a four-bladed hingeless rotor, at flight speeds close to the maximum cruise velocity of the baseline helicopter. The changes in trim (vehicle orientations and control settings) because of auxiliary lift and propulsion are also examined in detail, and the fundamental mechanisms that produce the changes in trim and associated vibration reductions are identified. Based on results using a comprehensive aeroelastic analysis, it was concluded that auxiliary lift, alone, produces relatively small reductions in vibration. On the other hand, significant vibration reductions were obtained through auxiliary propulsion alone. A combination of lift and propulsion was most effective and reduced the vibration index by over 90%. It was also observed that auxiliary lift significantly reduces the main rotor thrust but increases the nose-down pitch attitude and tip-path-plane forward tilt to provide the required propulsive force. This increases the downwash through the rotor disk and requires a larger rotor longitudinal cyclic pitch input. In contrast, auxiliary propulsion that minimizes vibration produces little reduction in main rotor thrust, but results in a slightly nose-up pitch attitude (the auxiliary propulsion exceeds vehicle drag) along with a backward tilt of the tip-path plane. This decreases the downwash through the rotor disk and requires a smaller rotor longitudinal cyclic pitch input. A combination of auxiliary lift and propulsion minimizes vibration results in an even larger backward tilt of the tip-path plane and a net upwash through the rotor disk. The rotor collective pitch undergoes little change as a result of auxiliary lift, even though the main rotor thrust is decreased. In contrast, for auxiliary propulsion it decreases significantly even though the rotor thrust undergoes only small reductions. This counterintuitive observation is explained. The reduced downwash with auxiliary propulsion, or upwash with combined lift and propulsion, puts the rotor in a partial autorotation state, drastically reducing the induced drag, main rotor torque, and power. Auxiliary lift produces modest reductions in main rotor power, primarily because of a reduced profile drag associated with lower rotor loading. Because the rotor loading is lower with auxiliary lift than with auxiliary propulsion, but larger vibration reductions are produced with the latter, it can be deduced that vibration reductions are less a result of “unloading” of the rotor per se and more because of overall changes in trim, especially the reduction in longitudinal cyclic pitch (seen with auxiliary propulsion).
Real Time Extraction and Analysis of Key Morphological Features in the Electrocardiogram, for Data Compression and Clinical Decision Support

Massive amounts of clinical data can now be collected by stand-alone or wearable monitors over extended periods of time. One key challenge is to convert the volumes of raw data into clinically relevant and actionable information, ideally in real-time. This becomes imperative especially in the domain of wearable monitors, where power and memory constraints prevent continuous communication of raw, uncompressed data to a base station for a health care provider. We focus here on algorithmic approaches to extract clinically meaningful information from the electrocardiogram (ECG) in realtime. We use a curve-length transform to identify, and aggregate from beat to beat, physiologically relevant timing information, such as the onsets and offsets of P-waves, QRS complexes, and T-waves, along with their respective magnitudes. Each heartbeat is thus parametrized in terms of 12 variables. Assuming a nominal heart-rate of 70 beats per minute, and a sampling frequency of 250 Hz, each beat has approximately 215 samples. Reducing each beat to 12 samples thus gives an 18-fold compression. An exponentially-weighted sliding average of the identified morphological features over the preceding twenty beats is also stored. Whenever any feature deviates significantly from its stored weighted average, the algorithm registers an alarm and also retains the raw ECG data of the 5 beats immediately preceding and following the anomalous occurrence, for a later review by a clinician.
The two Bohr effects: physiological consequences of ligand interaction with hemoglobin.

Factors affecting oxygen transport to tissue are cardiac output and its distribution, blood oxygen content, and affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, in turn, depends upon pH, CO2, and DPG. The physiologic significance of such alterations in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin has been a matter of some interest. In the course of studying the in vivo consequences of increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, we recently noted that rats with a 15 mm Hg decrease in PO2 due to DPG depletion were able to perform in a maximal exercise test as well or very nearly as well as rats with normal hemoglobin-oxygen affinity. By contrast, rats with normovolemic anemia showed a marked reduction in work capacity.
Dependence of the Developing Nervous System on Nutrition and Hormones

A large percentage of children in the “Third World,” and a significant number in the rich industrial countries, are unable to obtain food necessary for normal development, and many pregnant women suffer from malnutrition. It is therefore a question of the highest importance whether fetal or childhood malnutrition retards or otherwise alters neurological development. If so, the types of changes , their causal mechanisms , and the permanence or degrees of reversibility of the lesions are of very great moral and social concern. Ethical values are an important component of this research program. It should have attracted great scientific interest and generous public support, yet relatively little money and effort have been expended to answer important questions about causes, prevention, and treatment of physical and functional neurological damage resulting from fetal and neonatal malnutrition. This is evident from the small number of publications in this field in the past decade compared with the effiorescence of publications from other research programs of no greater scientific importance and of lesser human significance. The pregnant phrase of Brillat-Savarin at the beginning of this section should be written on the door posts of every national legislative assembly.
Reflections on paranoia.

Paranoia is about alienation of the Other and from the Other. It is about the creation of enemies, a process where inner tension, fear of humiliation, shame about weakness, and repressed self-doubt crystallize into the figure of a threatening Other. This Other, the persecutor, the enemy, provides a sense, however truncated, of connection, a feeling of clarity and the relief that comes with certitude. The “paranoid streak”, as Arthur Koestler (1967) called it, is an indelible part of human nature. Stanley Cath (1982), who studied cult followers, postulates “a universal social paranoid core with its roots extending into the matrix of individual infantile and childish helplessness, fear, and hate.” Variations in this reservoir or core probably determine the degree of projection of paranoid constructs each society will tolerate. Many of us have had moments of vague suspicion that something is out there just waiting to get us. Some say that these feelings are produced by the lower, “visceral” brain, the limbic system, which generates raw feelings from deep inside the body, which we feel we cannot shake. It is only moments later that the “thinking” areas take over and the intellectual fixation on this quirk of fear (in the underlying system) is born. The fear creates a premonition, a warning of impending danger. Beset by such deep-seated fear, the brain searches for explanations. It decides that something is persecuting you. The brain is in the grips of paranoia. One of the strengths of psychoanalysis is its awareness of mental continuities. There is a spectrum whose range stretches from the “everyday” paranoia just described, or what we might call, paralleling Bion’s (1957) “psychotic part of the personality”
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Basic Paediatric Life Support. A statement from the Paediatric Life Support Working Group and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council.

The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) last issued guidelines for Paediatric Life Support (PLS) in 1998 [1]. These were based on the "Advisory Statements" of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) published in 1997 [2]. Following this, the American Heart Association, together with representatives from ILCOR, undertook a series of evidence-based evaluations of the science of resuscitation which culminated in the publication of "Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" in August 2000 [3,4]. The Paediatric Life Support Working Party of the European Resuscitation Council has considered this document and the supporting scientific literature and has recommended changes to the ERC Advanced PLS guidelines. These are presented in this paper. There have been few major changes to the ERC recommended guidelines as some of the changes agreed in "Guidelines 2000" had already been introduced into Europe subsequent to the 1998 ILCOR "Advisory Statements" (Fig. 1).
Judging sound rotation when listeners and sounds rotate: Sound source localization is a multisystem process

In four experiments listeners were rotated or were stationary. Sounds came from a stationary loudspeaker or rotated from loudspeaker to loudspeaker around an azimuth array. When either sounds or listeners rotate the auditory cues used for sound source localization change, but in the everyday world listeners perceive sound rotation only when sounds rotate not when listeners rotate. In the everyday world sound source locations are referenced to positions in the environment (a world-centric reference system). The auditory cues for sound source location indicate locations relative to the head (a head-centric reference system), not locations relative to the world. This paper deals with a general hypothesis that the world-centric location of sound sources requires the auditory system to have information about auditory cues used for sound source location and cues about head position. The use of visual and vestibular information in determining rotating head position in sound rotation perception was investigated. The experiments show that sound rotation perception when sources and listeners rotate was based on acoustic, visual, and, perhaps, vestibular information. The findings are consistent with the general hypotheses and suggest that sound source localization is not based just on acoustics. It is a multisystem process.
Niacin Therapy Increases High-Density Lipoprotein Particles and Total Cholesterol Efflux Capacity But Not ABCA1-Specific Cholesterol Efflux in Statin-Treated Subjects.

Objective—We investigated relationships between statin and niacin/statin combination therapy and the concentration of high-density lipoprotein particles (HDL-P) and cholesterol efflux capacity, 2 H...
Processing of Hybrid Nanocomposite High Performance Fibers (UHMWPE+Nylon 6+CNT+MAH) Using Solution Spinning Technique

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber blends with Nylon-6 and reinforced with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were produced using a solution spinning process. Polyethylene-graft-Maleic Anhydride (PE-g-MAH) was used as a compatibilizer to enhance the interfacial bonding between the polymer phases. The loading of Nylon-6, MAH, and SWCNTs with respect to UHMWPE was 20 wt.%, 10 wt.% and 2 wt.% respectively. The development of morphological characteristics due to the inclusion of a compatibilizer in an immiscible hybrid polymer nanocomposite fiber is hereby discussed. Characterization studies of the hybrid fibers were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Gilbert Harman and Judith Jarvis Thomson's Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity

This review-discussion critically assesses a debate between Judith Thomson and Gilbert Harman on two approaches to the nature of morality. Thomson argues for the objectivity of morals and Harman argues for a relativistic approach.
The use of digital peripheral artery tonometry to detect endothelial dysfunction in pregnant women who smoke.

Objective We hypothesized that, as has been shown outside of pregnancy, endothelial dysfunction would be seen in a dose-dependent fashion among women who smoke in the midtrimester of pregnancy. Study Design Endothelial function in women with singleton pregnancies between 16 and 23 weeks was analyzed utilizing the Endo-PAT2000 device (Itamar Medical Ltd., Caesarea, Israel) and expressed as a reactive hyperemia ratio (RHI). Serum was drawn to check cotinine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used to perform statistical tests including Student t test, analysis of variance, Fisher exact test, and Pearson coefficient. Results Endothelial function was noninvasively examined in 29 smokers and 31 nonsmokers. Demographics including age, race, and parity were similar between groups. Mean RHI was not significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers (1.43 ± 0.32 versus 1.53 ± 0.39, p = 0.27). No correlation was noted when cotinine values were plotted against RHI or CRP values in smokers (rho = 0.24, p = 0.21 and rho = 0.26, p = 0.18, respectively). RHI did correlate with diastolic blood pressure (rho = −0.40, p = 0.002), systolic blood pressure (rho = −0.35, p = 0.006), and heart rate (rho = −0.37, p = 0.004). Conclusion We did not find an association between smoking status and endothelial dysfunction in the midtrimester utilizing a noninvasive methodology.
Wood-inhabiting fungi of a freshwater stream in Rhode Island

A survey of the wood-inhabiting fungi occurring at three stations in the Saugatucket River in Rhode Island revealed a total of 59 species: 15 Ascomycetes, 36 Hyphomycetes, four Zygomycetes, and fou...
Report from the National Institute on Aging: the Research Grant Support Mechanism

Most NIH support of research on aging has been in the area of the biomedical sciences, followed by behavioral and social sciences. Research project and program project grants are the primary mechanisms available to the NIA for support of research on aging. The grant process for aging research begins with preparation and review at the applicant institution. The process of review at NIH proceeds from referral to an intitial review group for peer review and NIA for possible funding, NIA staff review, the National Adivisory Council on Aging review, and concludes with NIA funding action. The primary mode of applicant appeal of a negative decision by NIA on an application is reapplication.
Are We There Yet? Compliance with Physical Activity Standards in YMCA Afterschool Programs.

Abstract Background: In 2011, the YMCA of the United States adopted physical activity standards for all their afterschool programs (ASPs), which call for children to accumulate 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) while attending YMCA ASPs. The extent to which youth attending YMCA ASPs achieve this standard is unknown. Methods: Using a cluster-stratified design, 20 ASPs were sampled from all YMCA-operated ASPs across South Carolina (N = 102). ASPs were visited on four unannounced, nonconsecutive weekdays. Accelerometer-derived minutes spent in MVPA were dichotomized to ≥30 min/d of MVPA and <30 min/d of MVPA. Program characteristics were measured through document review and direct observation and compared to MVPA levels using random-effects quantile regression. Results: Boys (n = 607) and girls (n = 475) accumulated a median of 25.3 and 17.1 min/d of MVPA, respectively, which translated into 33% (range 6.2%–67.3%) and 17% (0%–42.6%) achieving the 30 min/d of MVPA standard, respectiv...