cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex system governance: concept, challenges, and emerging research

The purpose of this paper is to explore an emerging paradigm and implications for complex system governance. Although ‘governance’ has been taken as a ‘good thing’, we seek more rigorous development of governance as a multidisciplinary construct. Following an introduction to the complex system problem domain three primary objectives are pursued. First, three fields, governance, management cybernetics, and systems theory are examined for contributions to the emerging complex system governance field. Second, an emerging paradigm for complex system governance is developed. This developmental paradigm establishes a preliminary basis for complex system governance. Third, a set of implications for research and development is suggested to accelerate advancement of the complex system governance field. Emphasis is placed on the potential that this field offers for practitioners who must deal with the increasingly complex systems and their constituent problems. The paper concludes with research challenges to push the emerging field forward.
Cytologic features of deep juvenile xanthogranuloma

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a rare lesion of the skin and deep tissues whose cytologic features have not previously been published. We report on 2 cases of JXG in patients aged 5 days and 5 yr who presented with an axillary mass and enlarged supraclavicular lymph node, respectively. Fine-needle aspiration and touch imprints made from the surgical biopsies yielded cellular specimens composed of histiocytes, multinucleated Touton-type giant cells, and variable admixtures of lymphocytes and eosinophils. One lesion was composed primarily of benign-appearing histiocytes with admixed multinucleated giant cells and a few lymphocytes. The second lesion consisted of a few histiocytes, occasional Touton giant cells, many lymphocytes, and scattered fibroblasts. The histiocytes were CD68-positive and S100-negative. Histologic follow-up confirmed the diagnosis of juvenile xanthogranuloma. One patient was lost to follow-up; the other is alive without evidence of recurrence 1 yr after surgery. We conclude that deep JXG has characteristic and diagnostic cytologic features.
“But Burn—No”: The Rest of the Crowd in Three Civil Disorders in 1960s Chicago

Examining the internal dynamics of three civil disturbances on the West Side of Chicago during the late 1960s, this article describes the presence of numerous people who were not participating in the upheaval. It pays particular attention to “counterrioters,” civilian residents of the neighborhoods and members of local organizations, who tried to persuade those engaging in violence to stop. Local dissent from the tactic of violence suggests that historians should describe these events using the neutral language of social science rather than the politically loaded labels of “riot” or “rebellion.” The article argues that American historians of urban disorders should use the methods of European scholars of the crowd to study the actions of participants in order to ascertain their political content, rather than relying on an examination of their motives.
SU‐FF‐T‐458: Complementing Targeted Radionuclide Therapy with External Beam Radiotherapy: Planning Study

Purpose: Combining intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) with targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) can reduce local radiation toxicity. TRT systemically distributes the toxicity but its non‐uniform tumordoses are difficult to complement with conventional IMRT, which warrants more sophisticated voxel‐based prescriptions. The purpose of this work was to investigate feasibility of combined TRT/IMRT therapy to achieve uniform tumor coverage. Methods and Materials: A NSCLC case with highly heterogeneous tumor radionuclide uptake was investigated. The voxel‐based TRT dose was estimated using STRATOS (Systemic Targeted Radiotherapy Optimization Solution), a research plug‐in within Pinnacle™. The voxel‐based IMRTdose distributions were obtained via the in‐house treatment planning software simulating helical tomotherapy delivery. The total tumordose was kept at 70 Gy in the study. A parametric experiment with varying maximum TRT doses was performed. A supplementing IMRT prescription was defined as the difference between the total tumordose and the TRT dose. The PTV uniformity of the combined therapy was measured using DVHs as well as evaluating tumordose profiles. Results: In this particular case, the TRT doses were highly non‐uniform, also requiring highly non‐uniform IMRTdose distributions. Regardless, the resulting combined TRT/IMRT plans were highly uniform. DVH analysis demonstrated that a lower TRT dose provides a more uniform tumordose which can be attributed to a higher fraction of IMRT. The volume percentage within 5% of the prescription was 67, 61, and 55% for the maximum TRT dose of 50, 60, and 70 Gy, respectively. The DVHs also show the difficulty in conforming to the prescription in low density regions which is due to lack of dose build‐up that inhibits modulation of steep dose gradients. Conclusions: Preliminary results suggest that it is feasible for helical tomotherapy to complement TRT in providing uniform tumordose coverage.
Photosolvation reactions of hexabromorhenate(IV)

Abstract In acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran solutions, irradiation of [ReBr 6 ] 2− leads to the replacement of a bromide by a solvent molecule, followed at a much slower rate by the photosolvation of a second bromide. The quantum yield for the primary photosolvation is 0.013 in CH 3 CN. As an alternative to photolysis occurring through a doublet d–d excited state, it is suggested that excitation of the charge transfer bands may cause photodissociation, followed by coordination of a solvent molecule and reoxidation to the final product.
A New Dataset of Spermatogenic vs. Oogenic Transcriptomes in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an important model for studies of germ cell biology, including the meiotic cell cycle, gamete specification as sperm or oocyte, and gamete development. Fundamental to those studies is a genome-level knowledge of the germline transcriptome. Here, we use RNA-Seq to identify genes expressed in isolated XX gonads, which are approximately 95% germline and 5% somatic gonadal tissue. We generate data from mutants making either sperm [fem-3(q96)] or oocytes [fog-2(q71)], both grown at 22°. Our dataset identifies a total of 10,754 mRNAs in the polyadenylated transcriptome of XX gonads, with 2748 enriched in spermatogenic gonads, 1732 enriched in oogenic gonads, and the remaining 6274 not enriched in either. These spermatogenic, oogenic, and gender-neutral gene datasets compare well with those of previous studies, but double the number of genes identified. A comparison of the additional genes found in our study with in situ hybridization patterns in the Kohara database suggests that most are expressed in the germline. We also query our RNA-Seq data for differential exon usage and find 351 mRNAs with sex-enriched isoforms. We suggest that this new dataset will prove useful for studies focusing on C. elegans germ cell biology.
Glutathione elevation and its protective role in acrolein-induced protein damage in synaptosomal membranes: relevance to brain lipid peroxidation in neurodegenerative disease

Oxidative stress may be a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acrolein is a highly reactive product of lipid peroxidation that is elevated in the brains of persons with AD. This alkenal potentially can react with proteins by Michael addition to alter their structure and function. In the present study, we used electron paramagnetic resonance in conjunction with a protein-specific spin label to monitor synaptosomal membrane protein conformational alterations induced by acrolein. A dose-dependent increased conformational alteration was observed. Consistent with this finding, protein carbonyl levels from protein-bound acrolein were significantly elevated. However, pretreatment of synaptosomes with glutathione ethyl ester (GEE) significantly ameliorated both the conformational alterations and protein carbonyls induced by acrolein. Based on this success, we tested the hypothesis that elevated levels of endogenous glutathione (GSH) would offer protection against acrolein-induced oxidative stress. In-vivo elevation of GSH (215% over control, P<0.04) was produced by i.p. injection of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a known precursor of GSH. Synaptosomes were treated with vehicle or 2 nM acrolein, the level of this alkenal found in AD brain. In contrast to synaptosomes from control animals, which had significantly increased protein carbonyl levels following addition of 2 nM acrolein, synaptosomes that were isolated from NAC-treated rodents and treated with 2 nM acrolein showed no increased carbonyl levels compared to untreated controls. These results demonstrate protection by increased in-vivo GSH levels against acrolein-induced oxidative stress at levels found in AD brain and are consistent with the notion that methods to increase endogenous GSH levels in neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress may be promising.
Diffuse optical tomography enhanced by clustered sparsity for functional brain imaging

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a noninvasive technique which measures hemodynamic changes in the tissue with near infrared light, which has been increasingly used to study brain functions. Due to the nature of light propagation in the tissue, the reconstruction problem is severely ill-posed. For linearized DOT problems, sparsity regularization has achieved promising results over conventional Tikhonov regularization in recent experimental research. As extensions to standard sparsity, it is widely known that structured sparsity based methods are often superior in terms of reconstruction accuracy, when the data follows some structures. In this paper, we exploit the structured sparsity of diffuse optical images. Based on the functional specialization of the brain, it is observed that the in vivo absorption changes caused by a specific brain function would be clustered in certain region(s) and not randomly distributed. Thus, a new algorithm is proposed for this clustered sparsity reconstruction (CSR). Results of numerical simulations and phantom experiments have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method over the state-of-the-art methods. An example from human in vivo measurements further confirmed the advantages of the proposed CSR method.
Issues in Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Cutter–Rock Interaction From a Metal Machining Point of View—Part II: Bit Performance and Rock Cutting Mechanics

In Part I of this paper, the issues related to temperature, stress and force were reviewed and parallels were drawn between both metal machining and rock cutting. Part II discusses the issues more directly related to polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit performance and rock mechanics. However, relevant issues in various metal cutting processes will continue to be presented to clarify the gaps and similarities between these two classes of processes. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4007623]
Characterization of two glycoproteins isolated from lung lavage fluid of normal human and from patients with two pulmonary diseases.

Two glycoproteins of M1 62,000 and 36,000 have been isolated and purified from lung lavage of normal human and patients with sarcoidosis and bibasilar fibrosis. The two glycoproteins contained hydroxyproline, high amounts of glycine, and other amino acids in amounts comparable to those present in the same two glycoproteins isolated from lung lavage of patients with alveolar proteinosis. The antibody raised against the glycoprotein of Mr 36,000 isolated from lung lavage material of patients with alveolar proteinosis reacted with both the glycoproteins isolated from normal human as well as from patients with sarcoidosis and bibasilar fibrosis, indicating that these glycoproteins isolated from different sources are structurally related to each other.
A computational technique for optimal control problems with state variable constraint

where F, f, and g are piecewise C z in the (x, u) space. Physically, such problems arise from attempting to control a dynamic system from an initial state c to some terminal state x(T) so that some performance criterion F is minimized and the motion of the dynamic system lies within some clased surface g in the state space. Such problems have received considerable attention recently. Dreyfus and Gamkrelidze studied the necessary conditions for optimality for problem (P-l) [1, 2]. Berkovitz, Desoer, and Pontriagin et al. treated similar problems under the now well known heading of the Maximum Principle [3-5]. However, effective computational techniques for solving such problems were not developed until recently. Bryson and Kelley first proposed a successive approximation procedure for solving such problems without any inequality constraint [6, 7]. Dreyfus and Bryson then extended the technique to include (P-l) [8, 9]. Ho and Neustadt also developed computational techniques for the case of linear dynamic system with inequality constraint on the decision variable u [10, 11]. The present paper demonstrates another computational technique for (P-I) which is an extension of the method presented in ref. 10.
Structural features responsible for GFPuv and S147P-GFP’s improved fluorescence

Abstract Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is used as a biological marker. It is a protein in the jellyfish, Aequorea victorea , which is found in the cold Pacific Northwest. Mature GFP, i.e. fully fluorescent GFP, is most efficiently formed at temperatures well below 37 °C. The GFPuv (F99S/M153T/V163A) and S147P-GFP mutants mature more efficiently at room temperature than wild-type GFP, and therefore result in increased fluorescence at room temperature. Computational methods have been used to examine whether the low-energy precyclized forms of these improved GFP-mutants are preorganized so that they can more efficiently form the chromophore than the wild-type and S65T-GFP. All mutations examined (S147P, F99S, M153T, V163A and F99S/M153T/V163A) more efficiently preorganize the immature precyclized forms of GFP for chromophore formation than immature wild-type GFP. It has been proposed that Arg96 is involved in chromophore formation. Our calculations suggest that the M153T and V163A mutations in GFPuv maybe partially responsible for the increased maturation efficiency observed in GFPuv because they improve the Arg96–Tyr66 interaction. The same is true for the S147P mutation in S147P-GFP.
Preoperative Optimization of Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Surgery

As the percentage of surgical procedures performed in the outpatient setting continues to increase, development of standardized guidelines, recommendations for the preoperative assessment, and optimization of ambulatory surgery patients has become an increasing area of focus. While ambulatory surgery encompasses low-risk procedures and is generally well tolerated, the patients considered for these procedures manifest increasingly complex profiles of comorbidity. Minimizing perioperative adverse events among ambulatory surgery patients while maintaining responsible stewardship of health care resources and preventing unnecessary delays demands a thoughtful and evidence-based approach to preoperative assessment and medical optimization of comorbid conditions. This review summarizes current thought with regard to preoperative testing as well as assessment and management of important comorbid conditions in the ambulatory surgical population. General goals and specific recommendations based upon available evidence and expert consensus statements are provided to guide the preoperative management of patients considered for ambulatory surgery.
Tobacco use among African-American youth receiving behavioral healthcare services.

African-American youth with behavioral health problems may be particularly vulnerable to tobacco use and dependence; however, little is known about overall prevalence and factors associated with tobacco use in this population. The present study compared rates of tobacco use for African-Americans (aged 13–17) receiving behavioral healthcare services to state and national prevalence rates. In addition, we examined whether tobacco use prevalence was related to treatment characteristics and services rendered. Retrospective chart reviews were conducted at an urban, public behavioral healthcare agency for youth admitted in 2009. Tobacco use rates among African-Americans receiving behavioral healthcare services were similar to, and in some cases, higher than statewide and national prevalence rates. While tobacco users were more likely to be enrolled in a substance abuse program than in a mental health program, only 2 of 55 youth reporting tobacco use had received documented tobacco cessation treatment. Future work should focus on implementing tobacco cessation prevention and treatment for these youth.
Testing the affluence hypothesis: A cross-cultural analysis of the determinants of environmental action

Abstract This paper tests empirically the “affluence hypothesis” that states that the level of national income per capita influences the level of environmental concern expressed by the population. The hypothesis is tested in cross-sectional analyses of five aggregate variables measuring involvement in environmental protection. These variables are derived from answers to the World Values Survey (third wave). The interdisciplinary literature on the emergence of environmental awareness suggests that, in addition to national income, levels of education, subjective well-being, population density and income inequality may positively impact national preferences regarding environmental protection. The analysis conducted in this paper shows some statistical evidence of a U-shaped relationship between GDP per capita and some measures of environmental action. Furthermore, it is found that income inequality, education, population density and subjective well-being play a role in explaining cross-cultural differences in preferences over specific environmental actions. Overall the evidence included in this paper lends qualified support to the “affluence hypothesis.” However, it also indicates that involvement in environmental protection may be stronger in poorer countries than is commonly thought.
Operational and customer relationship management considerations of electronic prescribing among pharmacists

Technology in healthcare environments has increasingly become a vital way to communicate vital information in a safe, reliable, precise and secure manner. Healthcare is an arena that is constantly changing and very fast paced, but adoption of electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) has been comparatively slow and painful in the USA. Medical professionals need a system to communicate medications and diagnosis, with patients' safety as the major consideration, especially with the many complexities associated with drug-interactions and allergies. Via multivariate analysis and linear regression analysis, it was found that degree of e-prescribing acceptance is highly predictable by constructs of Technological Sophistication, Operational Factors and Maturity Factors, which are very stable ease-of-use variables derived from the TAM Model by Davis (1989).
College students’ personal listening device usage and knowledge

Objective: To determine the usage and knowledge of safe limits on personal listening devices (PLD) among college students. Design: First, information on health history was collected. Second, microp...
The effects of castration at different intervals after birth on the copulatory behavior of male hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

Abstract The copulatory behavior of 24 male hamsters castrated either 1, 5, or 10 days postpartum was investigated. As adults, the males were given four tests for female behavior after injections of estrogen and progesterone. One month after the last test for female behavior, males were injected with 200 μg testosterone propionate per day for 28 days and tested for male behavior on Days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of treatment. The hormone dose was then increased to 400 μg testosterone propionate per day for 7 days followed by testing for male behavior. Female copulatory behavior (lordosis duration) and several components of the male copulatory pattern were significantly but differentially affected by the timing of postnatal castration. Only the frequency of intromission and ejaculation covaried with the amount of phallic development.
Cryopreservation does not alter antigenic expression of aortic allografts.

Cryopreserved aortic homografts are reportedly viable, but no cross-matching or immunosuppression is utilized. Alterations of the antigenic expression by cryopreservation must be assumed. We designed a protocol to test this premise. Fisher 344 rats served as recipients in all cases. Lewis rats, a mildly disparate strain, were utilized as donors. Four cohorts of animals were utilized. Group I (N = 11) served as a “first set” control. All animals received a syngeneic skin graft. After 28 days an allogeneic skin graft was placed; rejection was seen at 10.3 ± 0.5 days. Group II (N = 16) first received allogeneic skin grafts with a similar “first set” rejection pattern of 10.4 ± 0.47 days. A second skin graft was placed and demonstrated an accelerated rejection response of 6.06 days ± 0.25 days. Group III (N = 17) received two leaflets from a “fresh” Lewis heart valve inserted into a subcutaneous pouch. Allogeneic skin grafts in this group demonstrated a similar second set rejection at 7.05 ± 0.82 days. Group IV (N = 22) also underwent implantation of heart valve leaflets, except “cryopreserved” Lewis leaflets were implanted into the subcutaneous pouch. An allogeneic skin graft was placed and demonstrated a second set rejection at 7.18 ± 0.39 days. A one-way analysis of variance shows no significant difference in Groups III and IV, but a significant difference with respect to Group I (P < 0.00001). Cryopreservation does not alter the antigenic expression in this model, and at present we strongly recommend that at least ABO compatibility be utilized in all patients undergoing aortic homograft implantation.
Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is: A Case Study.

Outdated classrooms are common in higher education. This chapter unveils the story of what resulted when a college's new focus on teaching led to tackling its outmoded classroom inventory.
Manufacturing applications of octrees

Abstract It is well understood that effective and comprehensive CAD representation methods are necessary for modelling all the design and manufacturing functions in an automated environment. Recent research work has concentrated on using Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) methods and Boundary Representation (B-Rep) schemes for representing design and manufacturing functions. This paper presents several novel ideas on the application of octree and quadtree based representation schemes in several manufacturing areas such as robotic task planning, tolerance representation and inspection, feature-based design, and assembly modelling and verification. Suggestions on the application of extended octrees for modelling metal forming operations are also presented.
Marker-assisted versus phenotypic selection for iron-deficiency chlorosis in soybean

Iron-deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is an important agronomic trait when soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is planted on calcareous soil. Breeders need confirmation that marker-QTL (quantitative trait loci) associations developed using association mapping, will be effective in a different set of genotypes than the ones used to identify those markers. Marker-QTL associations that had previously been identified in separate mapping experiments were evaluated. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) was compared to phenotypic selection (PS) to evaluate the association mapping approach to identifying markers. The PS or MAS criteria were used to select the 20 most IDC-tolerant and IDC-susceptible lines, based on three 2009 selection sites. Three sites in 2010 were used as validation to compare the effectiveness of the different selection criteria. A random sample (RS) was generated as a control. When validation was conducted averaged across three 2010 sites, PS was the best method to select for IDC with a mean of 1.78, compared to MAS with a mean of 2.05. Since PS was so effective the process of genotyping, which is required for MAS, was unnecessary. The additive effects of QTL that had been estimated from the original mapping experiments were biased upward when compared to QTL effects estimated from the 2009 data. Also, many markers in the target population of experimental lines did not have a gene frequency of 0.5, which greatly reduced the effectiveness of MAS.
The politics of color: Preferences for Republican red versus Democratic blue

The present study reveals that Election Day differentially affects the color preferences of US Republicans and Democrats. Voters’ preferences for Republican red and Democratic blue were assessed, along with several distractor colors, on and around the 2010 interim and 2012 presidential elections. On non-Election Days, Republicans and Democrats preferred Republican red equally, and Republicans actually preferred Democratic blue more than Democrats did. On Election Day, however, Republicans’ and Democrats’ color preferences changed to become more closely aligned with their own party’s colors. Republicans liked Republican red more than Democrats did, and no longer preferred Democratic blue more than Democrats did. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that color preferences are determined by people’s preferences for correspondingly colored objects/entities (Palmer & Schloss in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:8877–8882, 2010). They further suggest that color preferences are calculated at a given moment, depending on which color–object associations are currently most activated or salient. Color preferences are thus far more dynamic and context-dependent than has previously been believed.
Architecture of tight junctions and principles of molecular composition

The tight junction creates an intercellular barrier limiting paracellular movement of solutes and material across epithelia. Currently many proteins have been identified as components of the tight junction and understanding their architectural organization and interactions is critical to understanding the biology of the barrier. In general the architecture can be conceptualized into compartments with the transmembrane barrier proteins (claudins, occludin, JAM-A, etc.), linked to peripheral scaffolding proteins (such as ZO-1, afadin, MAGI1, etc.) which are in turned linked to actin and microtubules through numerous linkers (cingulin, myosins, protein 4.1, etc.). Within this complex network are associated many signaling proteins that affect the barrier and broader cell functions. The PDZ domain is a commonly used motif to specifically link individual junction protein pairs. Here we review some of the key proteins defining the tight junction and general themes of their organization with the perspective that much will be learned about function by characterizing the detailed architecture and subcompartments within the junction.
On the Estimation of Dispersal Kernels from Individual Mark-Recapture Data

We present a new method for estimating a distribution of dispersal displacements (a dispersal kernel) from mark-recapture data. One conventional method of calculating the dispersal kernel assumes that the distribution of displacements are Gaussian (e.g. resulting from a diffusion process) and that individuals remain within sampled areas. The first assumption prohibits an analysis of dispersal data that do not exhibit the Gaussian distribution (a common situation); the second assumption leads to underestimation of dispersal distance because individuals that disperse outside of sampling areas are never recaptured. Our method eliminates these two assumptions. In addition, the method can also accommodate mortality during a sampling period. This new method uses integrodifference equations to express the probability of spatial mark-recapture data; associated dispersal, survival, and recapture parameters are then estimated using a maximum likelihood method. We examined the accuracy of the estimators by applying the method to simulated data sets. Our method suggests designs for future mark-recapture experiments.
Curriculum and the Cold War

Spurred by concerns that the American education system was failing to keep pace with the Soviets after the "Sputnik crisis" of the late 1950s, a dramatic change occurred in the mathematics that was taught in American schools in the 1960s. This "new math", as it was known, was controversial from the start and ultimately short-lived. Jeremy Kilpatrick takes a second look at this contentious era in a review of The New Math: A Political History.
Bound states in bottomless potentials

We consider classical and quantum dynamics on potentials that are asymptotically unbounded from below. By explicit construction we find that quantum bound states can exist in certain bottomless potentials. The classical dynamics in these potentials has the property that only a set of zero measure of classical trajectories can escape to infinity. All other trajectories get trapped as they get further out into the asymptotic region.
Potential of Agricultural Residues and Hay for Bioethanol Production

Production of bioethanol from agricultural residues and hays (wheat, barley, and triticale straws, and barley, triticale, pearl millet, and sweet sorghum hays) through a series of chemical pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation processes was investigated in this study. Composition analysis suggested that the agricultural straws and hays studied contained approximately 28.62-38.58% glucan, 11.19-20.78% xylan, and 22.01-27.57% lignin, making them good candidates for bioethanol production. Chemical pretreatment with sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% indicated that concentration and treatment agent play a significant role during pretreatment. After 2.0% sulfuric acid pretreatment at 121 degrees C/15 psi for 60 min, 78.10-81.27% of the xylan in untreated feedstocks was solubilized, while 75.09-84.52% of the lignin was reduced after 2.0% sodium hydroxide pretreatment under similar conditions. Enzymatic hydrolysis of chemically pretreated (2.0% NaOH or H2SO4) solids with Celluclast 1.5 L-Novozym 188 (cellobiase) enzyme combination resulted in equal or higher glucan and xylan conversion than with Spezyme(R) CP- xylanase combination. The glucan and xylan conversions during hydrolysis with Celluclast 1.5 L-cellobiase at 40 FPU/g glucan were 78.09 to 100.36% and 74.03 to 84.89%, respectively. Increasing the enzyme loading from 40 to 60 FPU/g glucan did not significantly increase sugar yield. The ethanol yield after fermentation of the hydrolyzate from different feedstocks with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ranged from 0.27 to 0.34 g/g glucose or 52.00-65.82% of the theoretical maximum ethanol yield.
"Masculine love," Renaissance writing, and the "new invention" of homosexuality.

Contrary to the dominant claim in gay studies now that homosexuality is a relatively new historical "invention," the Renaissance had a definite recognition of a distinct homosexuality, acknowledged at least by those who were willing to face and discuss the subject frankly. A key example of that awareness is the earlier term "masculine love," which seems to have been particularly prominent in the Renaissance as a language for a male homosexual orientation. Significant differences have clearly occurred in the homosexual situation over time, and homosexuality can never be discussed totally independent of historical and social conditions, but the "new-inventionism" currently prevailing in gay studies has serious problems of concept and methods and needs careful examining.
Continuous infusion of clozapine increases Mu and delta opioid receptors and proenkephalin mRNA in mouse brain

The biochemical mechanisms involved in the actions of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine are still unclear. Because elevated levels of enkephalin in certain areas of the central nervous system may be necessary for antipsychotic activity, we have examined the effect of clozapine on certain receptors and mRNA transcripts involved in the opioid peptidergic system. Clozapine was infused continuously into mice for 21 days and the density of mu and delta opioid receptors was measured in the brains by quantitative receptor autoradiography, and the level of proenkephalin mRNA and dopamine D 1 and D 2 receptor mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The results showed that continuous infusion of clozapine increased the density of D 1 but not D 2 receptors. However, it failed to alter the levels of either D 1 or D 2 dopamine receptor mRNA. By contrast, clozapine increased the density of mu and delta opioid receptors and increased the levels of proenkephalin mRNA. These results indicate that continuous treatment with clozapine increases opioid peptidergic activity in mouse brain and suggest that alteration of peptidergic activity as well as alteration of dopaminergic activity may be involved in its antipsychotic action.
Fables of death: Law, race and representations of African mine workers in Umteteli Wa Bantu in the 1920s

Abstract This article is an attempt to understand the relationship between racist regimes and the representational strategies that went into the insertion of black bodies into specified economies of labour in early twentieth century South Africa. I take as my primary focus the cartoon narratives depicting African mine workers in the newspaper Umteteli Wa Bantu in the 1920s. The pictorial narratives constructed by the cartoons are instructive for they indicate an instance in which the transformation of the black body into a moral sign was tied to the larger terrain of the political economy.
EFFECTS OF PROLINE AND PROLINE ANALOGS ON TOTAL PHENOLIC AND ROSMARINIC ACID LEVELS IN SHOOT CLONES OF THYME (Thymus vulgaris L.)

Plant phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and have potential as functional food ingredients. Our model has proposed that a cellular redox cycle linking pyroline-5-carboxylate and proline can stimulate the pentose phosphate, shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways, and ultimately lead to an increase in phenolic synthesis, including rosmarinic acid (RA). In this study, the response of thyme shoot clones to proline and/or proline analogs was investigated through measurement of total phenolics, rosmarinic acid and proline levels, as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities. A genetically uniform, high phenolic-containing thyme shoot-based clonal line T-12 was used. Results indicate that supplementation of exogenous proline did not enhance total phenolic and rosmarinic acid content. Therefore, exogenous proline may not have stimulated the proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway. However, increases in proline, total phenolics and rosmarinic acid synthesis were observed following supplementation with the proline analogs, hydroxyproline and azetidine-2-carboxylate. These analogs through proline synthesis may have activated the pentose phosphate pathway and therefore the phenylpropanoid pathway by linking steps involved in NADP/NADPH interconversions. As a result, increases in total phenolic and rosmarinic acid levels were observed. This mode of regulation via proline synthesis-linked to pentose phosphate pathway may be important for synthesis of RA and its overexpression in elite thyme clonal lines for food and medicinal applications.
Tax Policy and Entrepreneurial Entry

Many models of tax-policy evaluation abstract from decisions about entrepreneurship, such as entry, saving, and investment. Given recent emphasis on the significance of business ownership in explaining aggregate wealth accumulation and its distribution (see e.g., Gentry and Hubbard, 1999; Vincenzo Quadrini, 1999), such omissions are likely to be significant. In addition, entrepreneurs’ decisions may account for much of the responsiveness of taxable income to changes in marginal tax rates. We focus on impacts of tax rates and, in particular, tax progressivity on the decision to become an “entrepreneur.” While recent research has examined effects of marginal tax rates on investment decisions of entrepreneurial households (Robert Carroll et al., 1997), analysis of effects of taxation on entry is less often pursued. While a proportional tax with a full loss offset will not affect the entry decision for a risk-neutral individual, a progressive schedule with imperfect loss offsets can discourage entry. We find substantial evidence for this effect on entrepreneurship using variation in tax schedules faced by households in the Panel Study on Income Dynamics (PSID) over the period from 1979 to 1992. While progressive taxation could in principle encourage entry via insurance for risk-averse entrepreneurs through the tax system or through offering greater incentive to avoid taxes on self-employment income, we find no evidence to support such channels. Our empirical results imply a significant increase in entrepreneurial entry when tax rates are less progressive; whether such encouragement is efficient (that is, stimulating the most talented entrepreneurs) is a topic for future research. I. Tax Policy and Entrepreneurial Selection
Systems simulation artificial intelligence based simulations of foreign policy decision making

The purpose of this article is to illustrate how techniques from artificial intelligence can be used at the level of the society to aid in the construction of philosophically adequate theories of the foreign policy behavior of governments. A distinction between teleological and causal explanation is drawn which suggests that human intentional action cannot be adequately explained by an exclusive reliance on causal factors. Given the common characterization of foreign policy as a goal-directed activity, the challenge is to combine causal and teleological explanations of foreign policy behavior. Artificial intelligence based computer simulation techniques are examined as a potential vehicle for combining these two approaches to explanation. Two computer simulations illustrating the combination of causal and teleological approaches to explaining governmental decision making are examined and discussed.
Galen, father of systematic medicine. An essay on the evolution of modern medicine and cardiology.

article i nfo Galenic corpus Galen's concept of the motions of the blood Galen demonstrated that the arteries contain blood and the motor power of the heart Galen postulated arteriovenous communications or anastomoses (capillaries) Galen's ebb-and-flow was supplanted by Harvey's circulation of blood History of medicine Galen (129-217) was the ultimate authority on all medical subjects for 15 centuries. His anatomical/physiolog- ical concepts remained unchallenged until well into the 17th century. He wrote over 600 treatises, of which less than one-third exist today. The Galenic corpus is stupendous in magnitude; the index of word-entries in it con- tains 1300 pages. Galen's errors attracted later attention, but we should balance the merits and faults in his work becausebothexertedprofoundinfluencesontheadvancementofmedicineandcardiology.Galenadmonishedus to embrace truth as identified by experiment, warning that everyone's writings must be corroborated by directly interrogating Nature. His experimental methods' mastery isdemonstrated in his researches, spanning every spe- cialty. In his life-sustaining schema, the venous, arterial, and nervous systems, with the liver, heart, and brain as their respective centers, were separate, each distributing through the body one of three pneumata: respectively, the natural, the vital, and the animal spirits. He saw blood carried both within the venous and arterial systems, whichcommunicatedbyinvisible "anastomoses,"butcirculationeludedhim.The "divineGalen's"writings,how- ever, contributed to Harvey's singular ability to see mechanisms completely differently than other researchers, thinkers and experimentalists. Galen was the first physician to use the pulse as a sign of illness. Some represen-
Somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis: Why it should be dropped and replaced

The somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis has been the dominant force driving cancer research during the 20th century. In brief, it proposes that successive DNA mutations in a single cell cause cancer (monoclonality). This theory places carcinogenesis at the cellular and subcellular hierarchical levels of biological complexity. Its basic premises are that (1) cancer is a defect of the control of cell proliferation and (2) the default state of metazoan cells is quiescence. These two premises have recently been contradicted by evidence. Supporters of the theory have dealt with these lacks of fit by incorporating ad hoc explanations similar to the use of epicycles in pre-Copernican astronomy. We propose the adoption of an alternative theory, the tissue organization field theory of carcinogenesis and neoplasia. Its basic premises are that (1) proliferation is the default state of all cells and (2) carcinogenesis and neoplasia are defects of tissue architecture. Carcinogens would act initially by disrupting the normal interactions that take place among cells in the parenchyma and stroma of an organ (the equivalent of the "morphogenetic fields" of developing organisms). Stroma appears as the primary target of carcinogens. Carcinogenesis and neoplasia occur entirely through emergent (supracellular) phenomena. Neoplastic cells may be reprogrammed to behave like "normal" cells within normal tissues. We argue that it is necessary to abandon the somatic mutation theory. Researchers will then become free to adopt alternative reliable premises to build a theory that explains carcinogenesis as another outcome, aberrant as it may be, of biological organization.
Mechanism of Titin Unfolding by Force: Insight from Quasi-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Calculations

We have studied the unfolding by force of one of the immunoglobulin domains of the muscle protein titin using molecular dynamics simulations at 300 K. Previous studies, done at constant pulling rates, showed that under the effect of the force two strands connected to each other by six backbone H-bonds are pulled apart. No details about the mechanism of H-bond breaking were provided. Our simulation protocol “pull and wait” was designed to correspond to very slow pulling, more similar to the rates used in experiments than are the protocols used in previous computational studies. Under these conditions interstrand backbone H-bonds are not “ripped apart” by the application of the force. Instead, small elongations produced by the force weaken specific backbone H-bonds with respect to water-backbone H-bonds. These weakened bonds allow a single water molecule to make H-bonds to the CO and the NH of the same backbone H-bond while they are still bound to each other. The backbone H-bond then breaks (distance >3.6 A), but its donor and acceptor atoms remain bound to the same water molecule. Further separation of the chains takes place when a second water molecule makes an H-bond with either the protein backbone donor or acceptor atom. Thus, the force does not directly break the main chain H-bonds: it destabilizes them in such a way that they are replaced by H-bonds to water. With this mechanism, the force necessary to break all the H-bonds required to separate the two strands will be strongly dependent on the pulling speed. Further simulations carried out at low forces but long waiting times (≥ 500 ps, ≤ 10 ns) show that, given enough time, even a very small pulling force (<400 pN) is sufficient to destabilize the interstrand H-bonds and allow them to be replaced by H-bonds to two water molecules. As expected, increasing the temperature to 350 K allows the interstrand H-bonds to break at lower forces than those required at 300 K.
Independent-particle-model potentials for ions and neutral atoms with Z<=18

The atomic independent-particle model of Green, Sellin, and Zachor (GSZ) is used to obtain potentials for electrons in ions of light elements ($Z\ensuremath{\le}18$). The two parameters of such potentials are obtained by the ab initio procedure of Bass, Green, and Wood (BGW). Here the expectation of the exact Hamiltonian with respect to a Slater determined of one-electron wave functions corresponding to GSZ potentials is minimized. Total energies determined by this modified Hartree-Fock procedure are found to be in excellent agreement with Hartree-Fock values (usually within a hundred parts per million). Potential parameters obtained in this way are found to be strongly dependent on both the atomic number and the number of electrons in the ion. Several other simple analytic potentials are treated in a similar way and it is found that the two-parameter GSZ and Gaspar potentials yield energies substantially lower than one-parameter potentials of the forms used earlier by Bohr and Tietz.
Automating Reverse Engineering with Machine Learning Techniques

Malware continues to be an ongoing threat, with millions of unique variants created every year. Unlike the majority of this malware, Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) malware is created to target a specific network or set of networks and has a precise objective, e.g. exfiltrating sensitive data. While 0-day malware detectors are a good start, they do not help the reverse engineers better understand the threats attacking their networks. Understanding the behavior of malware is often a time sensitive task, and can take anywhere between several hours to several weeks. Our goal is to automate the task of identifying the general function of the subroutines in the function call graph of the program to aid the reverse engineers. Two approaches to model the subroutine labels are investigated, a multiclass Gaussian process and a multiclass support vector machine. The output of these methods is the probability that the subroutine belongs to a certain class of functionality (e.g., file I/O, exploit, etc.). Promising initial results, illustrating the efficacy of this method, are presented on a sample of 201 subroutines taken from two malicious families.
Development and evaluation of a measure of the tendency to be goal oriented

Abstract This paper describes the development and evaluation of a 15-item, self-report measure of the tendency to set goals and make plans. A series of studies provided evidence of reliability and validity. The internal consistency of the scale ranged from 0.81 to 0.83; 3-week test-retest reliability was 0.82. Evidence of scale construct validity included significant associations in the expected direction with measures of several theoretically related constructs, including the number of goals one has, impulsivity, need for achievement, instability, hopelessness, depression, and official GPA. Another validity finding indicated that college students receiving psychotherapy had significantly lower goal orientation as measured by the scale than other college students. A treatment study produced evidence that goal orientation and official Grade Point Average (GPA) increased significantly in university counseling center clients who received training in goal setting and planning. The results provide initial evidence that the goal-orientation scale has promise as a measure of a psychologically significant construct.