cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ivacaftor restores CFTR-dependent sweat gland fluid secretion in cystic fibrosis subjects with S945L alleles

Abstract Background To determine in vivo effects of CFTR modulators on mutation S945L. Methods We measured effects of CFTR modulators on CFTR-dependent sweating (‘C-sweat') in two pancreatic sufficient cystic fibrosis (CF) subjects. S1 (S945L/G542X) took ivacaftor and S2 (S945L/F508del) took ivacaftor+tezacaftor. Sweating was stimulated pharmacologically to produce sequentially both CFTR-independent (methacholine stimulated) M-sweat and C-sweat; and the ratio of these was compared. Sweat secretion was measured with two methods: real time secretory rate quantitative recording and by optically measuring the growth of sweat bubbles under oil from multiple identified glands. Results Using the quantitative recorder, we saw zero C-sweat secretion off-drug, but when on-drug the C-sweat responses for both subjects were comparable to those seen in carriers. The on-drug response was further quantified using the sweat bubble method. Each subject again showed robust C-sweat responses, with C-sweat/M-sweat ratios~half of the ratio determined for a cohort of 40 controls tested under identical conditions. Conclusion These in vivo results, consistent with prior in vitro findings, indicate that the drug treatments restore near-normal function to S945L-CFTR, and support the use of ivacaftor as a treatment for CF patients who carry this allele.
Whither the 100th Meridian? The Once and Future Physical and Human Geography of America’s Arid–Humid Divide. Part I: The Story So Far

AbstractJohn Wesley Powell, in the nineteenth century, introduced the notion that the 100th meridian divides the North American continent into arid western regions and humid eastern regions. This concept remains firmly fixed in the national imagination. It is reexamined in terms of climate, hydrology, vegetation, land use, settlement, and the agricultural economy. It is shown there is a stark east–west gradient in aridity roughly at the 100th meridian that is well expressed in hydroclimate, soil moisture, and “potential vegetation.” The gradient arises from atmospheric circulations and moisture transports. In winter, the arid regions west of the 100th meridian are shielded from Pacific storm-related precipitation and are too far west to benefit from Atlantic storms. In summer, the southerly flow on the western flank of the North Atlantic subtropical high has a westerly component over the western plains, bringing air from the interior southwest, but it also brings air from the Gulf of Mexico over the easte...
Soviet psychiatry and the origins of the sluggish schizophrenia concept, 1912–1936:

This article seeks to understand the origins of the Soviet concept of ‘sluggish schizophrenia’, a diagnostic category that was used to imprison political dissidents in the post-WWII era. It focuses...
New limit on the electric dipole moment of the. lambda. hyperon

The electric dipole moment of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ hyperon has been measured to be ${d}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}=(\ensuremath{-}3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}e$ cm.
Abstract 5714: SPADE identification of novel MDSC subsets

Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC9s) are a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells at varying stages of differentiation that occur in increased numbers in the blood of cancer patients. The phenotypes of MDSC9s, are controversial but are generally subdivided into three phenotypes: macrophage (M-), granulocytic (G-) and immature (i-) MDSC9s. Our studies used a single staining tube with antibodies to linage markers (CD3, CD19 and CD56), HLA-DR, CD11b, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD33, CD34, CD45, PD-L1 and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1). Mobilized apharesis products from lymphoma patients provided a product with a high frequency of MDSCs compared to normal donor blood samples. A total MDSC population (Lin-HLA-DR-CD11b+CD14+ and Lin-HLA-DR-CD11b+CD14-CD33+) was exported from FlowJo to Spanning tree progression analysis of density normalized events (Spade) in Matlab. This analysis identified nine MDSC sub-populations as nodes. Impressively, cells from the non-MDSC populations, including monocytes and granulocytes did not occur within these nodes. The SPADE analysis identified four M-MDSC nodes, four G-MDSC nodes and one iMDSC node. LOX-1 expression was limited to two G-MDSC and one M-MDSC subset. The nodes were differentiated based on CD14, CD15, CD33, CD16, LOX-1, and CD34 expression. The total populations were SPADE analyzed by overlaying non-MDSCs populations onto MDSCs and monocytes and granulocytes subset to nodes independent of MDSC nodes. The assessment of MDSC function used intracellular arginase-1 and nitric oxide synthetase-2 expression with the expected differential expression consistent with the M and G-MDSC subsets. The proportions of the different MDSC nodes varied between cancer patients and were generally at least a log higher than in the blood of normal donors. In summary, a SPADE analysis can cleanly identify MDSCs from monocytes and granulocytes and provide insight into novel MDSC subsets. Citation Format: Kathryn Cole, Holly Britton, Phyllis Warkentin, James E. Talmadge. SPADE identification of novel MDSC subsets [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5714.
Viewing Sustainable Strategy of Fast and Slow Fashion Businesses Model through the Lens of Triple Bottom Line Theory

This study was designed to gain better understanding how both slow and fast fashion businesses are addressing sustainability related issues. Secondary data was collected through comprehensive literature search. Data include, corporate sustainability report from USA and Europe based fast fashion companies, slow fashion business website information and journal articles. We examined sustainable strategies and implementation scheme of both business models along the design, production, distribution, and consumption value chain using the lens of Triple Bottom Line theory that address economic, social and environmental dimension of sustainability. Results show that social and environmental sustainability strategy is mostly identical across both slow fashion and fast fashion business models. However, to be economically sustainable, they follow different strategies.
Hu Mingyuan, Fou Lei: An Insistence on Truth. Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2017. x, 251 pp. Illustrations, Bibliography, Index. US$ 165 (HB). ISBN 978-90-04-34391-7

Fou Lei 傅雷 (or Fu Lei in pinyin, 1908–1966) was an extraordinary cultural interlocutor: primarily known as a translator of French literature into Chinese, he was also an art and music critic, and a...
Chapter 8 – Neurobiological views of memory

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the understanding of the structural and process components of memory systems at the psychological and neurobiological levels. Memory is a complex phenomenon, due to a large number of potential interactions that are associated with the organization of memory at the psychological and neural system levels. Most of the neurobiological models of memory postulate an organizational schema involving two or three systems, each supported by different neurobiological substrates and each mediated by different operating characteristics. These systems are labeled event-based, knowledge-based, and rule-based memory, locale versus taxon, working versus reference memory, declarative versus nondeclarative, and declarative versus procedural. However, memory is more complex and involves many neural systems in addition to the hippocampus. Hence, this chapter also discusses Kesner tripartite attribute-based theoretical model of memory to solve this issue. The model is organized into event-based, knowledge-based, and rule-based memory systems; and each system is composed of the same set of multiple attributes or forms of memory characterized by a set of process-oriented operating characteristics; and mapped onto multiple neural regions and interconnected neural circuits. .
FGF signaling regulates development through combinatorial transduction pathways and by modulating cellular adhesion

FGFs are key developmental regulators which typically direct cell proliferation, survival, and migration following the engagement of tyrosine kinase receptors. We find that coordinate loss of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in cranial neural crest cells results in facial clefting and mandibular defects with high levels of apoptosis, and that suppressing cell death alleviates the mutant phenotype. To identify critical downstream signaling pathways that regulate these processes, we generated allelic series of knock-in point mutations in each gene that disrupt binding of signaling effectors to the receptors, alone or in combination, as well as a kinase dead allele of Fgfr2 which broadly phenocopies the null mutant. While signaling mutations in either receptor, even when combined, failed to recapitulate the null mutant phenotypes, they revealed discrete roles for various pathways in regulating specific aspects of craniofacial development. We furthermore found that these signaling mutations together abrogate multiple established FGF-induced signal transduction pathways, while other FGF functions such as cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion remain unaffected. Our studies establish combinatorial roles of both Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in development and identify novel kinase-dependent cell adhesion properties for FGF receptors, beyond their well-established roles in intracellular signaling.
Evidence-based labor management: induction of labor (part 2)

Induction of labor is indicated for many obstetrical, maternal, and fetal indications. Induction can be offered for pregnancy at 39 weeks' gestation. No prediction method is considered sensitive or specific enough to determine the incidence of cesarean delivery after induction. A combination of 60- to 80-mL single-balloon Foley catheter for 12 hours and either 25-μg oral misoprostol initially, followed by 25 μg every 2-4 hours, or 50 μg every 4-6 hours (if no more than 3 contractions per 10 minutes or previous uterine surgery), or oxytocin infusion should be recommended for induction of labor. Adding membrane stripping at the beginning of induction should be considered. Once 5-6 cm of cervical dilation is achieved during the induction of labor, consideration can be given to discontinue oxytocin infusion if in use at that time and adequate contractions are present. Induction with oxytocin immediately (as soon as feasible) or up to 12 hours of term prelabor rupture of membranes if labor is not evident is recommended. Outpatient Foley ripening can be considered for low-risk women. Cesarean delivery should not be performed before 15 hours of oxytocin infusion and amniotomy if feasible and ideally after 18-24 hours of oxytocin infusion.
Integrating Financial Literacy Into Introductory Programming

Contribution: An approach of integrating financial literacy into an introductory programming course is introduced. New learning materials are developed and the impact of the approach on motivating students and improving learning outcomes are evaluated using mixed methods. Background: More than two-thirds of college students in the U.S. graduate with a student loan, but they are not necessarily equipped with essential financial knowledge to manage their debts and make intelligent financial decisions. This issue must be addressed to alleviate any potential negative impact on college education. Since personal finance requires data processing and quantitative analyses, it is a great application context for computing education. The integration of the two can potentially improve students’ learning experience and outcome. Research Questions: What learning materials are needed to integrate financial literacy into introductory programming? Does the integration help students improve learning outcomes? Methodology: Learning materials are developed following a set of guiding principles. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to evaluate the impact of the approach. Findings: Evaluation indicated that the learning materials and the overall approach are effective in helping students learn programming. Students are also more aware of personal finance.
Systematizing Social Legal Theory

Social Legal Theory (SLT) has been heralded as the “third pillar” of jurisprudence, offering a social scientific alternative to the rational relativity of legal positivism and the moral determinism of natural law. Yet recently SLT’s most ardent champion, Professor Brian Tamanaha, appears to have broken ranks. Assuming a “holistic” perspective, Tamanaha now contends that law “emerges” from both social and naturalistic influences. This move not only undermines SLT, it seemingly transforms that view into the existing theory of jurisilience, which uses the holistic epistemology of consilience to provide a bio-socio-cultural account of law’s essence. Despite outward appearances, however, these approaches are far from identical. Unlike the revamped version of SLT, which is ontologically constrained and conflicted, jurisilience explains law’s emergence through systems science and cutting-edge sociology. It shows that law is not a simple assemblage of social and/or natural forces. Instead, it is a complex information network of interdependent “jurisystems.” Grounded in our natural need for homeostasis, human legality originates in our genetic and neurobiological systems, scales up to our normative social systems, and becomes externalized as a supreme system of formal law. Once entrenched, law does not remain stagnant, but continuously coordinates human conflicts, relieves social stress, and reinforces social bonds. Over time, law’s dynamism changes social behavior and cultural memory, initiating a cycle of epigenetics and gene-culture coevolution that renews our biological disposition for legality. Given law’s systemic nature, any socio-centric jurisprudence now seems obsolete. The fact is, jurisilience and jurisystems do not just systematize SLT; they systematize SLT right out of existence.
Universal manufacturing: enablers, properties, and models

Globalisation of the manufacturing and service industry has increased complexity of the flow of materials and goods, magnified dependency on the underlying network, and made the industry more vulne...
FELINE CORONAVIRUS AND FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS IN NONDOMESTIC FELID SPECIES.

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is reported worldwide and known to cause disease in domestic and nondomestic felid species. Although FCoV often results in mild to inapparent disease, a small subset of cats succumb to the fatal, systemic disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). An outbreak of FIP in Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in a zoological collection demonstrated the devastating effect of FCoV introduction into a naive group of animals. In addition to cheetahs, FIP has been described in European wildcats (Felis silvestris), a tiger (Panthera tigris), a mountain lion (Puma concolor), and lion (Panthera leo). This paper reviews the reported cases of FIP in nondomestic felid species and highlights the surveys of FCoV in populations of nondomestic felids.
The Need for Teaching Place-Based Contextualization for Sustainable Power System Infrastructure Design

In this paper, we make the case for an increased focus on teaching an understanding of societal context and the integral role it plays in energy infrastructure design. Power system design education is inadequate in terms of holistic understanding of the non-technical aspects of a client-society in the development of energy infrastructure solutions. These are reflected in many failed designs, primarily designed by student engineers as part of capstone projects, senior design projects, or extra-curricular work through humanitarian-oriented programs administered by NGOs. We are developing coursework that introduces students to the complexities involved in the practice of engineering in rural communities at the international level.
Validation of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) in a spinal cord injury population.

Retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data. To verify the factor structure of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) using a sample of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to assess IEQ scale reliability and construct validity using the same population. Two SCI rehabilitation sites in the United States. Three datasets were combined to conduct this validation study. The sample consisted of 341 adults with SCI who completed the IEQ, measures of psychological distress and pain, and provided sociodemographic and injury-related information. A series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted to verify the two-factor structure of the IEQ, Cronbach’s alpha was used to demonstrate scale reliability, and correlations between the IEQ and measures of pain and psychological distress were examined to assess construct validity. Poor model fit was observed for the two-factor structure of the IEQ as well as for the subsequent factor-structures that were explored. The IEQ demonstrated strong scale reliability (α = 0.89) and correlations between the IEQ and measures of pain and psychological distress were in the expected direction, indicating good construct validity. In this preliminary validation study, we failed to confirm the two-factor structure of the IEQ in a population of individuals with SCI. Though good scale reliability and construct validity were observed, further study is needed to refine the IEQ for use in this population.
Transfer Oscillator Technique for 10 GHz Generation with Ultra-Low Phase Noise < -100 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz offset

We generate 10 GHz microwave signals from an optical reference cavity using the transfer oscillator scheme with a free-running optical frequency comb. We demonstrate phase noise < -100 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz frequency offset from the carrier.
Automorphism-primal algebras generate verbose varieties

A finite algebra is called automorphism-primal if its clone of term operations coincides with all operations that preserve its automorphisms. We prove that the variety generated by an automorphism-primal algebra is verbose, that is, on every member algebra, every fully invariant congruence is verbal. The proof is a nice application of the theory of natural dualities as developed by Davey et al.
Detentions, Military Commissions, Terrorism and Domestic Case Precedent

Laura Dickinson’s recent article in this journal substantially improves appreciation of how the United States has detained suspects and instituted military commissions as well as of the roles played by the controversial procedure and tribunals when fighting terrorism.1 She meticulously traces how detentions and the commissions evolved, trenchantly criticizes them, and persuasively shows international tribunals’ comparative advantage. Dickinson accords relevant domestic case precedent a somewhat laconic analysis, however. For example, she briefly mentions separation-of-powers concerns and Supreme Court opinions that detentions and military commissions implicate while rather tersely assessing Ex parte Quirin, the Second World War decision on which President George W. Bush’s Administration has heavily relied to detain suspects, to create the tribunals, and to support numerous antiterrorism initiatives, especially lit igation. 2 Dickinson suggests that closer evaluation of these critical rulings is unwarranted because they lack application for her work and others have
Verification of Sequential Circuits

The problem of verifying the equivalence of two implementations of a sequential circuit and the problem of test generation for such circuits axe intimately related. The verification problem can be formulated as a decision problem where given two descriptions of a circuit, the question asked is whether the two descriptions have the same functionality. With the increasing use of sophisticated, automatic optimization tools in the synthesis of combinational and sequential logic circuits, it has become essential to be able to efficiently verify that the optimized and original descriptions represent the same machine, i.e., the synthesis process has not introduced any errors in the circuit. As observed in Chapter 1, verification is required at all stages of the design process and different verification techniques are used at different stages for verification. One of the most important phases of the design process is sequential logic optimization. At this level, various techniques like retiming [79, 86], decomposition [7], optimization under don’t-cares [38, 80], and re-encoding [38] are used to transform the logic-level description of the circuit to a more optimal description. The focus of this chapter is the verification of circuits described at the logic level. The main application of the techniques described in this chapter is in verifying the correctness of the optimization and synthesis tools.
What Do Freehand and Computer-Facilitated Drawings Tell Teachers About the Children Who Drew Them?

AbstractA qualitative analysis of data was used to determine the scope and inter judge agreement of personality information communicated to computer-using classroom teachers through three types of children’s drawings (freehand, graphics tablet, and Logo). Each of 10 Logo-literate 9- or 10-year-old students was asked to draw pictures in the three different media. Each student, a parent, and the student’s current classroom teacher were interviewed to develop 10 vignette-style personality profiles. The information contained therein was then compared to what 13 Logo-using classroom teachers intuited about the children’s genders, ages, learning styles, and behavior patterns by looking at the drawings with no prior knowledge of the artists. Viewing teachers were not able to consistently detect artist gender or age by looking at pictures drawn with any of the three media, but 69% of the other statements made by the teachers agreed with information contained in the personality profiles.
α -Particle Trajectories in Ternary Fission

The trajectories of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particle and the two main fragments produced in ternary fission are calculated by computer on the basis of initial conditions determined by the statistical theory of fission. The angular and energy distributions of the three particles as functions of the mass ratio of the main fragments are deduced; they compare well with the experimental results of Fraenkel on spontaneous fission of ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{252}$. Calculations are repeated with varied initial conditions; the final results are insensitive to the initial velocities of the fragments and the initial position of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particle, but are very sensitive to the initial velocity of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particle. Based on this sensitivity, the experimental angular distribution strongly supports the view of the statistical theory that the fission process is a slow process. The initial positions of the fragments are related to the prompt-neutron distribution; the present results on angular and energy distributions are consistent with experimental results of prompt-neutron distribution.
A Real-Time Database Server in an Agile Manufacturing System

In this chapter, we describe the case study of a real-time database system for a specific kind of operational data generated by an agile manufacturing system. The term agile manufacturing refers to a manufacturing system that can fabricate various products simultaneously without long downtimes for retooling. The agile manufacturing increases competitiveness of companies in the market by decreasing the downtime and reconfiguration overhead incurred due to product changes. The agile manufacturing concept is already in a stage of practical use in some companies, for example, pager manufacturing at Motorola [19], or customized bicycles from Panasonic [5].
Enzymic Introduction of the Methyl Ester Groups of Pectin

Abstract A particulate preparation obtained from Phaseolus aureus shoots contains an enzyme capable of transferring the 14C-labeled methyl groups from S-adenosyl-l-methionine to the carboxyl groups of polygalacturonic acid, which seems to be present in the same particulate material. The introduction of the methyl ester groups is optimal at pH 6.8 and does not require divalent ions. 5-N-Methyltetrahydrofolate does not act as a donor of methyl groups. The apparent Michaelis constant of the enzyme for S-adenosyl-l-methionine is about 6 x 10-5 m.
A comprehensive contribution factor method for congestion management

This paper introduces a comprehensive method for congestion management by using network, generator and load contribution information. When congestion occurs, the priority is given first to the network contribution factor, then to the generator contribution factor and last to the load contribution factor. If the congestion can be relieved by the network adjustment, only the network control is used. Otherwise, generator redispatching is initialized. The method may also be combined with demand side (load) management to solve the congestion. The congestion management scheme is presented in this paper.
Single- versus double-layer hysterotomy closure at primary caesarean delivery and bladder adhesions

Please cite this paper as: Blumenfeld Y, Caughey A, El-Sayed Y, Daniels K, Lyell D. Single- versus double-layer hysterotomy closure at primary caesarean delivery and bladder adhesions. BJOG 2010; DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02529.x. Objective To determine the association between single-layer (one running suture) and double-layer (second layer or imbricating suture) hysterotomy closure at primary caesarean delivery and subsequent adhesion formation. Design A secondary analysis from a prospective cohort study of women undergoing first repeat caesarean section. Setting Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Population One hundred and twenty-seven pregnant women undergoing first repeat caesarean section. Methods Patient records were reviewed to identify whether primary caesarean hysterotomies were closed with a single or double layer. Data were analysed by Fisher’s exact tests and multivariable logistic regression. Main outcome measure Prevalence rate of pelvic and abdominal adhesions. Results Of the 127 women, primary hysterotomy closure was single layer in 56 and double layer in 71. Single-layer hysterotomy closure was associated with bladder adhesions at the time of repeat caesarean (24% versus 7%, P = 0.01). Single-layer closure was associated in this study with a seven-fold increase in the odds of developing bladder adhesions (odds ratio, 6.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.72–28.1), regardless of other surgical techniques, previous labour, infection and age over 35 years. There was no association between single-layer closure and other pelvic or abdominal adhesions. Conclusions Primary single-layer hysterotomy closure may be associated with more frequent bladder adhesions during repeat caesarean deliveries. The severity and clinical implications of these adhesions should be assessed in large prospective trials.
CRRA and CARA Utility Functions

This chapter presents a short review of the theory of risk aversion and describes how the key results associated with log-utility generalize. It focuses on the Arrow–Pratt measure of risk aversion and families of utility functions that display some form of constant risk aversion. A key portion of the discussion involves the nature of the representative investor in these more general cases. When all investors have log-utility, then the equilibrium prices are set by a representative investor. Notably, the discount function and probability density functions are respectively obtained as weighted averages of the discount functions and probability density functions of the individual investors. It discusses how the result for log-utility generalizes to the case when all investors have CRRA utility functions with the same coefficient of relative risk aversion γ. In terms of risk premium, investors with CARA utility functions are willing to forgo the same premium to avoid a fixed risk z , regardless of the initial payoff x . Investors with CRRA utility functions are willing to forgo the constant fraction p of their current payoff in order to avoid taking on an incremental proportional risk, regardless of the initial payoff x . If all investors have CRRA utility functions featuring the same coefficient of risk aversion γ, then equilibrium prices are established as if set by a representative investor. The representative investor aggregates the probability density functions of the individual investors using a moment-based function parameterized by γ. CARA utility functions give rise to similar aggregation properties as CRRA functions but with some differences. CARA utility has some very unattractive properties as well.
Scientific explanation in US newspaper science stories

Mass media are important sources of science information for many adults. However, this study, which reports a content analysis of science stories in 100 US newspapers, found that while 70 newspapers carried science stories, the majority of these stories contained little scientific explanation. Ten percent or less of content was comprised of elucidating (definitions of terms) and/or quasi-scientific explanations (explications of relationships among scientific concepts). The study also investigated the effect of production-based variables on scientific explanation. Stories in feature and science sections contained more explanation than did stories in news sections, perhaps indicating that science stories in feature and science sections have more of an explanatory mission. Additionally, the more time a writer had to compose a story, the more explanation in the story. This result suggests that writing explanations is cognitively demanding. Interestingly, longer stories did not contain significantly more scien...
Advanced reticle inspection challenges and solutions for 65nm node

Silicon Technology Development for the ITRS 65nm-node is in the final stage of an intense 2-year cycle with the full-entitlement technology qualification by the end of 2005. Accordingly, reticle technology development in support of the 65nm-node has advanced a great deal since the initial efforts began several years ago. One of the most challenging aspects of 65nm-node mask technology development is the mask inspection, which is also the main cost-driver for the 65nm-node reticle technology. As a result, controlling 65nm-node reticle cost via leveraging advanced mask inspection technologies has become a leading factor in enabling prolonged success of the 65-nm node technology for years to come. With this paper, we report our closing work on reticle inspection capability development for the 65nm-node process technology development cycle for a full-volume production ramp.
The potential of broadband ISDN

Abstract The telecommunications scenario as it can be found at present in the office, in business and at home is presented. It is argued that technical and organisational barriers prevent users wishing to communicate from doing so. The strategic high-speed interconnection network of the PTTs (Broadband-ISDN) is presented and it is shown how, with judicious use of the new network, the required connectivity can be achieved. Then it is shown how the new network allows previously unrealisable applications to be made available to the users and numerous examples thereof are given.
Health, population and development

Abstract Health status and trends in LDC's are reviewed using life expectancy as the principal measure. There are substantial regional differences in health status. East Asia and the Americas have about 20 more years of life expectancy than Tropical Africa and 10 years more than Northern Africa and Southern Asia. Improvements in life expectancy in the last 20 years have averaged over 10 years in less developed countries. The absolute gains, however, have diminished during this period. Changes in mortality show substantial declines in all age classes. In developing countries the bulk of deaths are among children under five years. Reductions in mortality in this age group have been relatively slow, though the causes seem largely preventable at low cost. Diarrheas, malnutrition, measles, lower respiratory infections, tetanus and malaria dominate as causes. Tetanus and malaria significance varies with location. Deaths in children less than one month old account for 35–60 percent of infant mortality and are largely associated with low birth weight and tetanus. The sequalae of poverty lie at the base of much of child mortality, but the consequences of poverty for those who survive malnutrition, diarrheas and infection are probably more important. Analysis of correlates of life expectancy in LDCs indicates that life expectancy is most strongly associated with literacy. Water and sanitation play a significant but much smaller role as explanatory variables, with GNP per capita adding little more. Finally, an approach to health sector resource allocation is presented based on projecting mortality, disability, and costs of alternative policies and levels of expenditure.
Fiber type and temperature dependence of inorganic phosphate: implications for fatigue.

Elevated levels of Pi are thought to cause a substantial proportion of the loss in muscular force and power output during fatigue from intense contractile activity. However, support for this hypoth...
Network effects, standardisation and competitive strategy: how companies influence the emergence of dominant designs

Network effects and standardisation are central to business success for many of today's high-technology companies. The ability of a firm to establish its technology as a dominant design or so-called de-facto standard is a critical determinant of its long-term competitive position. Which strategy a company should choose in a de-facto standardisation process, e.g. introducing a new technology as a proprietary standard or as a more or less open standard, depends on a variety of situative factors. This paper seeks to analyse the effectiveness of different strategic actions in standardisation processes. Utilising economic theories on network effects, the paper develops a framework for analysing strategic behaviours of companies in de-facto standardisation processes with a special focus on openness strategies. Several case studies illustrate different aspects of the framework.
Efros-Shklovskii variable-range hopping in reduced graphene oxide sheets of varying carbonsp2fraction

We investigate the low-temperature electron transport properties of chemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets with different carbon $s{p}^{2}$ fractions of 55$%$ to 80$%$. We show that in the low-bias (Ohmic) regime, the temperature ($T$) dependent resistance ($R$) of all the devices follow Efros-Shklovskii variable range hopping (ES-VRH) $R\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{exp}[{({T}_{\mathrm{ES}}/T)}^{1/2}]$ with ${T}_{\mathrm{ES}}$ decreasing from 3.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10${}^{4}$ to 0.42\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10${}^{4}$ K and electron localization length increasing from 0.46 to 3.21 nm with increasing $s{p}^{2}$ fraction. From our data, we predict that for the temperature range used in our study, Mott-VRH may not be observed even at 100$%$ $s{p}^{2}$ fraction samples due to residual topological defects and structural disorders. From the localization length, we calculate a band-gap variation of our RGO from 1.43 to 0.21 eV with increasing $s{p}^{2}$ fraction from 55 to 80$%$, which agrees remarkably well with theoretical predictions. We also show that, in the high bias non-Ohmic regime at low temperature, the hopping is field driven and the data follow $R\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{exp}[{({E}_{0}/E)}^{1/2}]$ providing further evidence of ES-VRH.
A new, horizontal MR head structure

A novel type of magnetoresistive (MR) head is described. It is based on the horizontal, inductive head and therefore offers a set of process options during fabrication not available with conventionally processed film heads. The authors describe the theory of operation of the head, give an estimate of the signal amplitude, and discuss the dependence of the performance on key parameters. >
Effects of ingestion of some non-host plant secondary compounds on larvae of Manauca sexta

Seven non-host plant secondary compounds were tested for their post-ingestional effects on larvae of Manduca sexta Johan. The compounds were selected for their range of effects on feeding behavior in short-term tests: four showed different levels of deterrence while three were not deterrent. Insects were dosed by coating fresh leaves of their food plant (tobacco) with particular compounds at concentrations of 1% dry weight. Only one compound had detrimental effects on larval performance. The results are discussed in the context of the lack of correlation between deterrence and toxicity and the evolution of plant defenses. Resume Effets de l'ingestion de quelques substances secondaires de plantes non-hotes sur les chenilles de Manduca sexta Les effets qui suivent l'ingestion de 7 produits secondaires de plantes non-hotes ont ete examines sur des chenilles de M. sexta. Ces substances avaient ete choisies pour la diversite de leurs effets sur le comportement alimentaire lors d'experiences de courte duree: 4 avaient montre des effets dissuasifs varies, 3 n'en avaient pas presente. On a enduit des feuilles fraiches de leur plante-hote (Nicotania tabacum) des differentes substances a raison d'a peu pres 1% du poids sec. Seule une substance a reduit les performances des chenilles. Ces resultats ont ete discutes en fonction de l'absence de relation entre dissuasion et toxicite dans l'evolution des defenses chez les plantes.
Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid

Abstract Objective: We examined the antimicrobial activity and composition of vaginal fluid. Study Design: Vaginal fluid from preweighed tampons was assayed for pH, lactic acid, and antimicrobial polypeptides. The fluid was also fractionated by molecular filtration. Antimicrobial activity of whole fluid was determined against representative resident and exogenous microbes, and its fractions were tested against Escherichia coli. Results: Vaginal fluids (5/5 donors) were permissive for Lactobacillus crispatus and vaginalis and Candida albicans , but not for Escherichia coli, Streptococcus group B, and Lactobacillus jensenii in three of five donors. The antimicrobial activity against E coli was predominantly in a E coli. Concentrated 2- or 5-fold, the protein-rich fraction was active against E coli. Conclusion: Vaginal fluid exerts selective antimicrobial activity against nonresident bacterial species. The activity is mediated by lactic acid, low pH, and antimicrobial polypeptides. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:561-8.)
Contestability and two-part pricing

This paper contributes to the debate over the relevance of contestability by demonstrating that the welfare properties claimed by proponents depend on the inability of incumbent firms to divide the market. Given the ability to divide the market using two-part prices, the incumbent can protect profitability. This possibility further illustrates the extremity of the assumptions upon which contestability rests as two-part pricing is commonly observed in some of the very markets that might be suggested to be more nearly contestable.
SU-GG-J-14: A Novel Integrated Approach for Individualizing Beam Directions and Motion Management

Purpose: To develop an integrated technique to individualize treatment planning (TP) and management of inter‐ and intra‐fraction motion for NSCLC patients treated with 3DCRT or SBRT.Method and Materials: The technique involves first using MV‐CBCT in a cine mode prior to planning for optimal beam angle selection and verification of ITV and PTV 4DCT planning‐based margins. The angles are selected based on optimal geometrical tumor mass separation with respect to the surrounding OARs and optimal viewing of tumor motion in longitudinal (superior‐inferior/SI), vertical (anterior‐posterior/AP), and lateral (left‐right/LR) directions. Secondly, MV‐CBCT is used for daily tumor volume localization just prior to treatment. Thirdly, the EPID is deployed during treatment delivery to verify tumor motion and margins by capturing 7 frames per sec over 30 sec. Since the beam angles were selected to optimally view the target motion, the clinical benefits of using MV‐fluoroscopy (MV‐fluoro) to monitor tumor motion are maximized. To improve the contrast‐to‐noise ratio on the CB projection data and MV‐fluoro image frames, post‐processing with filtering techniques was used. Volumes of interest from the planning 4DCT were projected onto the MV‐cine and MV‐fluoro. Results: Data show optimal planning beam angles that ensured highly conformal dose distributions and viewing tumor motion in SI, AP, and LR directions derived from the cine data were feasible. The patient tumor volume was localized with MV‐CBCT, which represents an average static volumetric image of the patient over 60 sec. The MV‐fluoro data confirmed the tumor mass was located within the PTV during treatment despite respiratory motion. Conclusion: Individualizing margins using 4DCT, deriving optimal beam angles based on quasi 3D motion data from MV‐cine, localizing with CB, and verifying tumor motion and margins with MV‐fluoro is a clinically viable integrated technique, allowing for inter‐ and intra‐fraction motion management.
Analysis of light extraction efficiency enhancement for InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with microspheres

The enhancement of light extraction efficiency for thin-film flip-chip (TFFC) InGaN quantum wells (QWs) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with self-assembled microspheres on top of the n-GaN layer was studied. The light extraction efficiency of InGaN QWs LEDs for the three structures with 1) close-packed SiO 2 microlens; 2) close-packed SiO 2 /polystyrene microlens; and 3) GaN micro-hemispheres were calculated and compared to that of the conventional InGaN QWs LEDs with flat surface. Three dimensional finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method was used to calculate the light extraction efficiency for TFFC InGaN/GaN QWs LEDs emitting at 460nm. The effects of the microsphere/micro-hemisphere diameter and the p-GaN layer thickness on the light extraction efficiency were studied. Studies show that the p-GaN layer thickness is critical for optimizing the TFFC LED light extraction efficiency. Light extraction efficiency enhancement of 1.7 times and 1.85 times were obtained in the TFFC LEDs with SiO 2 microlens and SiO 2 /polystyrene microlens, respectively. More significant enhancement of the light extraction efficiency (>2.6 times) was achieved from LEDs with GaN micro-hemispheres with optimized micro-hemisphere diameter of D=1µm and p-GaN thickness of 195nm.
Where’s Professor Watt’s Request? Streamlining to a Paperless Acquisitions Workflow

Having trouble finding an inquiring faculty’s request because it is not in your ILS? This is no longer an issue at Florida International University (FIU) Libraries since we created OLAS (Online Library Acquisitions System), an electronic sys‐ tem to gather, organize, and store incoming new material requests. The implementation of OLAS was a big step to‐ wards paperless acquisitions. This session will show the previous paper intensive acquisitions workflow, and the new streamlined electronic workflow. It will demonstrate the advantages of having acquisitions processes trackable at all times online, instead of buried in a paper file. In creating OLAS, my goal was to streamline acquisitions procedures by creating a central database for incoming new material requests. This database could be searched and organized to simplify ordering and to find the status of any request at any time in the acquisitions process. Our ILS tracks our or‐ ders once they are placed, but it was important for us to be able to track the pre‐order steps, as not every request is automatically purchased. It was also very important for us to keep a record of the requests that were not ordered due to duplication or other reasons. This new system has greatly improved efficiency and accountability. I’m very pleased to be a participant in Charleston’s first year of Pecha Kucha‐like Shot Gun Sessions. This practical, concise presenta‐ tion format is a great way to present this acquisitions management system we created at FIU.
The estimation of the abundance of ultraplankton

Methods of assessing the amount of ultraplankton in the surface waters of the sea are discussed with particular reference to their use on board ship. A fluorometric technique for the determination of the amount of chlorophyll a produced by the ultraplankton is described, together with a method for estimating the relative amounts of net-plankton and ultraplankton. It is shown that in the Barents Sea, and some other northern waters, the ultraplankton may at times contribute over 90% of the total chlorophyll a in the water.
Western Corn Rootworm Damage: Effect of Tillage on Plant Response and Grain Yield

Corn rootworms (spp.) are the most economically destructive insect pests of corn (L.) in the U.S. Midwest. The objective of this 2-yr field study was to measure plant response and yield under ridge tillage or spring disk tillage in fields artificially infested with western corn rootworm (LeConte). Corn rootworm infestations were applied at 0, 1650, 3300, or 6600 viable eggs m. We measured insect survival to adult, root damage ratings, nodal root volume (Nodes 4 and above) at maximum insect damage, and grain yield. In 1988, which was characterized by above-normal temperature and below-normal precipitation, root damage increased (6.7 rating at 1650 eggs m to 7.9 at 6600 eggs m) and insect survival to adult decreased (4.9% at 1650 eggs m to 1.2% at 6600 eggs m) with increasing infestation level under both tillage systems. During the 1988 season, plants grown under ridge tillage had larger nodal root systems (17.9 mL) than under spring disk tillage (9.9 mL). Ridge-tilled plants also had greater yield (5.5 vs. 4.1 Mg ha with no rootworm eggs; 4.3 vs. 3.1 with 1650 eggs m; and 4.1 vs. 2.2 Mg ha with 3300 eggs m). In 1989, which had near normal temperature but below-normal precipitation during the growing season, root damage increased (from a 1.1 to 5.9 rating as the infestation level increased from 0 to 6600 eggs m) and insect survival to adult decreased (from 1.3 to 0.7% as the infestation level increased from 1650 to 6600 eggs m) under both tillage systems. Tillage practice had no effect on plant response to rootworm feeding or yield. However, the number of nodal root axes per plant (22.4) and grain yield (8.8 Mg ha) were increased significantly under both tillage systems infested with 6600 eggs m of row (29.0 axes per plant and 10.2 Mg ha). These results suggest that during a hot, dry growing season, ridge tillage increased yield for uninfested and rootworm-infested plants when compared with yields produced using spring disk tillage.
MDC1 Regulates DNA-PK Autophosphorylation in Response to DNA Damage

DNA damage initiates signaling events through kinase cascades that result in cell cycle checkpoint control and DNA repair. However, it is not yet clear how the signaling pathways relay to DNA damage repair. Using the repeat region of checkpoint protein MDC1 (mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1), we identified DNA-PKcs/Ku as MDC1-associated proteins. Here, we show that MDC1 directly interacts with the Ku/DNA-PKcs complex. Down-regulation of MDC1 resulted in defective phospho-DNA-PKcs foci formation and DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation, suggesting that MDC1 regulates autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs following DNA damage. Furthermore, DNA-PK-dependent DNA damage repair is defective in cells depleted of MDC1. Taken together, these results suggest that the MDC1 repeat region is involved in protein-protein interaction with DNA-PKcs/Ku, and MDC1 regulates DNA damage repair by influencing DNA-PK autophosphorylation. Therefore, MDC1 acts not only as a mediator of DNA damage checkpoint but also as a mediator of DNA damage repair.