cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbital tissue differentiation with standardized echography.

Abstract The standardized A-scan (Kretztechnik 7200 MA) supplemented by contact B-scan and Doppler ultrasound is a time-tested, highly reliable, and noninvasive tool for the evaluation of patients presenting with signs or symptoms suggesting an orbital lesion. Diseases of the orbital adipose tissue, extraocular muscles, optic nerves and periorbital sinuses are detectable within minutes by the experienced examiner. More than 60 types of orbital lesions can then be differentiated, localized, measured, and schematized. 1 While the value of orbital CT scanning has been widely accepted, standardized echography is now also being recognized as an important modality in the diagnosis and management of orbital and periorbital disease. The use of standardized echography results in more frequent and more accurate tissue differentiation, specifically: (1) standardized tumor patterns closely correlate with histologic diagnoses, (2) vascular flow detection and compression testing (hard or soft), (3) detection and diagnosis of optic nerve sheath distention due to increased subarachnoid fluid (eg, benign intracranial hypertension), and (4) greater sensitivity in detecting mild extraocular muscle thickening (eg, Graves' disease). Additional advantages are the noninvasive nature of the procedure (no radiation) and portability of the equipment.
Reformulation of Weeks−Chandler−Andersen Perturbation Theory Directly in Terms of a Hard-Sphere Reference System†

A new variant of fluid thermodynamic perturbation theory is constructed by building on approximations developed by Andersen, Chandler, and Weeks (WCA), directly using a hard-sphere (HS) reference system rather than indirectly via a soft-repulsive reference system. The resulting HS-WCA theory is more forgiving with respect to the choice of a reference HS diameter than the original WCA theory. For example, a simple analytical Boltzmann factor criteria, which relates the reference HS diameter to the distance at which the repulsive pair-potential is equal to kT, is shown to produce global Lennard-Jones fluid thermodynamic predictions that are essentially identical to those of the original WCA theory (or its self-consistent refinement by Lado).
Langevin equation in momentum space

The generalized Langevin equation encapsulates in the friction kernel the influence of the environment on the reaction coordinate. We have decomposed the Langevin equation in a Fourier transform representation and analyzed how different Fourier components contribute to the friction kernel. We identified that a long-wavelength contribution to the friction kernel originates from collective solvent motions, and we compared it with contributions coming from short-range scattering of the complex with the surrounding solvent atoms.
Air supported membrane Structure Applications for Large-Scale Disaster Response Shelters

Air-supported membrane structures can potentially offer important and unique advantages as emergency shelters and community service facility applications. Key among these benefit features are that they can be transported to remote locations in small, lightweight packages; they can be rapidly deployed at the site without large construction equipment, special tools or skills; and they can provide spacious, environmentally-protected interior volumes that are versatile and can be adapted for a variety of needs. This paper will present a variety of systems concepts, including an example of a large-scale air-supported membrane structure that is applicable for providing emergency shelter for community groups and support accommodations exceeding capacities of conventional module approaches. This work is part of an ongoing design exploration study that is being undertaken at the University of Houston's Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture (SICSA).
Identification of a Conserved Protein That Interacts with Specific LIM Homeodomain Transcription Factors

Lhx3, a member of the LIM homeodomain family of transcription factors, is required for development of the pituitary and is implicated in the transcription of pituitary-specific hormone genes. In this report we describe a novel gene product, SLB, that selectively interacts with Lhx3 and the closely related LIM factor, Lhx4. The SLB cDNA encodes a 1749-residue protein that contains seven WD40 repeats near the amino terminus and a putative nuclear localization signal and does not contain other recognizable motifs. SLB is expressed in a tissue-specific manner with the highest concentrations of SLB mRNA in the testis and pituitary cells. We demonstrate that SLB specifically binds to Lhx3 and Lhx4 with high affinity both in vitro and in vivo. SLB has much lower affinity or no detectable affinity for other LIM domains. An expression vector for a fragment of SLB containing the LIM-interaction domain was shown to reduce expression of Lhx3-responsive reporter genes. The ability of the LIM-interacting domain of SLB to alter reporter gene activity as well as the tissue-specific expression and the specificity of SLB binding to LIM factors suggest a possible role in modulating the transcriptional activity of specific LIM factors.
Railway Project Integration Engineering: New Methodology

In November, 2005 before an assembly of rail transit managers and engineers, keynote speaker Tom Prendergast — then Vice President, Parsons Brinckerhoff T&RS — declared that the next frontier of railway engineering would be not in the “Big Four” engineering disciplines of Civil, Mechanical, Electrical or even Computer Engineering, but in “Integration Engineering.” Years have passed and while Tom’s words have not yet been fully realized by the transit industry, change is happening.Today, railway construction projects that have had major construction issues include the now beleaguered Edinburgh, Scotland “Edinburgh Tram” and the recently opened Hampton Roads Transit “Tide” Light Rail. Both projects have suffered from major cost overruns, work stoppages and legal entanglements, much of which can be attributed to a lack of scope clarity, especially utility identification & interfaces, and utility relocations. The lack of coordination for both projects can be traced back to the preliminary engineering level and continued, unchecked through final design and into construction where the lack of coordination and planning was realized too late. [1,2]Given the complexities of modern railway systems and the well-developed urban and suburban infrastructure where they are typically built, proper integration engineering is essential from the earliest phases of a project and should be carried through to the start of revenue operations and maintenance. There are however, examples of recently completed railway projects that have addressed project integration engineering successfully, finishing ahead of schedule, ahead of budget, or both.This paper is a continuation in a short series of presentations and papers that will address Railway Project Integration Engineering as a topic and recommend the integration tasks deemed critical to a successful project. The primary subject matter will be the Denver Eagle P3 — the first rail transit Public Private Partnership (P3) in the United States that has recently completed final design and is currently under construction. The materials and techniques to be presented are relatively new, and have already been used successfully in Europe. Should they prove successful with the Eagle P3, this could lower both cost and risk for future North American rail projects.This first paper will discuss the topic, review modeling techniques that were used to define the project integration process, and will capture the results of final design integration with both successes and difficulties. This paper will also cover the early stages of the Eagle P3 project construction, tie into the model, and attempt to project likely results when construction concludes and testing begins with the ultimate goal of meeting an ambitious schedule and budget when operations commence in January, 2016.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
On Race, Sports, and Identity: Picking Up the Ball in Middle East Studies

In their love for sports, Egyptians are no different from people in other parts of the world. They follow closely their favorite local teams in national-cup competitions, the careers of those stars who have taken their games to professional clubs in Europe, and, of course, the fortunes of their national teams in international competition. Success, such as Egypt's victory in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations can draw millions into the streets of Cairo and Alexandria in celebration. Losses can result in full-scale political investigations launched by President Hosni Mubarak.
Variability of renal stone fragility in shock wave lithotripsy.

Abstract Objectives To measure, in an in vitro study, the number of shock waves to complete comminution for 195 human stones, representing six major stone types. Not all renal calculi are easily broken with shock wave lithotripsy. Different types of stones are thought to have characteristic fragilities, and suggestions have been made in published reports of variation in the fragility within some types of stones, but few quantitative data are available. Methods Kidney stones classified by their dominant mineral content were broken in an unmodified Dornier HM3 lithotripter or in a research lithotripter modeled after the HM3, and the number of shock waves was counted for each stone until all fragments passed through a sieve (3-mm-round or 2-mm-square holes). Results The mean ± SD number of shock waves to complete comminution was 400 ± 333 per gram (n = 39) for uric acid; 965 ± 900 per gram (n = 75) for calcium oxalate monohydrate; 1134 ± 770 per gram (n = 21) for hydroxyapatite; 1138 ± 746 per gram (n = 13) for struvite; 1681 ± 1363 per gram (n = 23) for brushite; and 5937 ± 6190 per gram (n = 24) for cystine. The variation for these natural stones (83% ± 15% coefficient of variation) was greater than that for artificial (eg, gypsum-based) stones (17% ± 8%). Conclusions The variability in stone fragility to shock waves is large, even within groups defined by mineral composition. Thus, knowing the major composition of a stone may not allow adequate prediction of its fragility in lithotripsy treatment. The variation in stone structure could underlie the variation in stone fragility within type, but testing of this hypothesis remains to be done.
General solution of the coulomb–dirac problem: calculation of a divergence‐free lamb shift

Paul Dirac's time-dependent equation is inferred from the scalar product of an electron's four-momentum and an electromagnetic four-potential on identifying an electromagnetic carrier-wave energy with the electron's rest-mass energy (Maxwell–Dirac equivalency). Dirac's Schroedinger-like temporally harmonic solution is not the general solution to his time-dependent equation, because it constrains all four components of his vector wave function to oscillate in time at a single frequency. In fact, it is equivalent to an approximation method known as adiabatic elimination, which is widely used in the optical-physics literature to solve temporally coupled equations. The general time-dependent solution for the Coulomb problem includes coupled positive- and negative-energy states whose wave function is a mixture of bound and unbound components. The Maxwell–Dirac equivalency permits the unbound component, which is known as Zitterbewegung in the free-elecron problem, to be interpreted as a photonic component, which conserves energy for a ground state in which the electron simultaneously occupies two states whose separation is of order 2mc2. Equations of motion for a photon, which are formed from the scalar product of a photon's four-momentum and an electromagnetic four-potential, are also presented and used to calculate a divergence-free Lamb shift. Finally, Dirac's general time-dependent solution is shown to contain subatomic bound states for the Coulomb problem, even though such states are forbidden in Dirac's standard solution. These states exist for an electron, whose positive- (negative-) energy motion is attractive (repulsive), or for a positron, whose positive- (negative-) energy motion is repulsive (attractive), respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Note on the silylation of inorganic oxide supports

Le but de cette etude est de presenter trois techniques differentes de silylation de la silice poreuse ou non par de la vinyltriethoxysilane. Le mecanisme de reaction est discute ainsi que la stabilite en vue d'une utilisation comme phase stationnaire greffee en chromatographie.
Improvement of Peroxygenase Activity by Relocation of a Catalytic Histidine within the Active Site of Horseradish Peroxidase

To examine the role of Arg38 in the peroxidative and peroxygenative activity of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we have expressed the R38A, R38H, and R38H/H42V mutants. The R38A HRP mutant gives a normal compound I species with H2O2 that is reduced by ferrocyanide to the ferric state without the detectable formation of a compound II species. In the case of the R38H and R38H/H42V mutants, compound I itself is only detected by stopped flow methods. The rates of compound I formation at 4 degrees C are 8.0 x 10(4), 1.3 x 10(6), and 1.6 x 10(3) M-1 s-1 for the R38A, R38H, and R38H/H42V mutants, respectively. The R38A, R38H, and R38H/H42V mutants oxidize guaiacol 10-, 2-, and 55-fold, respectively, more slowly than the wild-type enzyme and oxidize ABTS 6-, 3-, and 32-fold more slowly than the wild-type enzyme. The apparent kcat/K(m) values for thioanisole sulfoxidation and styrene epoxidation indicate that the reaction efficiencies of the R38H and wild-type enzymes are comparable. However, the R38A and R38H/H42V mutants are 190- and 1400-fold more efficient as sulfoxidation catalysts, and 25- and 26-fold more efficient as styrene epoxidation catalysts, respectively, than the wild-type enzyme. Thus, even though Arg38 plays a role in the formation and stabilization of compounds I and II, its replacement by other residues can be used to improve peroxygenative catalysis.
Dendritic cells with TGF-β1 differentiate naïve CD4 + CD25 - T cells into islet-protective Foxp3 + regulatory T cells

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (T regs) are important for preventing autoimmune diabetes and are either thymic-derived (natural) or differentiated in the periphery outside the thymus (induced). Here we show that β-cell peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice can effectively induce CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells from naive islet-specific CD4+CD25− T cells in the presence of TGF-β1. These induced, antigen-specific T regs maintain high levels of clonotype-specific T cell receptor expression and exert islet-specific suppression in vitro. When cotransferred with diabetogenic cells into NOD scid recipients, T regs induced with DCs and TGF-β1 prevent the development of diabetes. Furthermore, in overtly NOD mice, these cells are able to significantly protect syngeneic islet grafts from established destructive autoimmunity. These results indicate a role for DCs in the induction of antigen-specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells that can inhibit fully developed autoimmunity in a nonlymphopoenic host, providing an important potential strategy for immunotherapy in patients with autoimmune diabetes.
Heterotrophic mineralization of amino acid nitrogen in subalpine Castle Lake, California

Abstract Heterotrophic mineralization of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) can be a major source of N for primary producers. During the summer growing season in mesooligotrophic Castle Lake, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) is often below detection ( −1 ) whereas DON can vary between 7 and 17 μg-atom N. The heterotrophic metabolism of glutamate resulted in the recycling of both carbon and nitrogen, but not at the same rate. The uptake of 15 N- and 14 C-labeled glutamate showed that C was preferentially assimilated relative to N resulting in an N-mineralization rate of 2.5–3.0 ng-atom N l −1 h −1 . This suggests that heterotrophs in Castle Lake are not N-deficient, and metabolism of organic compounds results in the release of DIN which is available for primary production.
CONSTRAINED FORMULATIONS AND ALGORITHMS FOR PREDICTING STOCK PRICES BY RECURRENT FIR NEURAL NETWORKS

In this paper, we develop a new constrained artificial-neural-network (ANN) formulation and the associated learning algorithm for predicting stock prices, a difficult time-series prediction problem. We characterize daily stock prices as a noisy non-stationary time series and identify its predictable low-frequency components. Using a recurrent finite-impulse-response ANN, we formulate the learning problem as a constrained optimization problem, develop constraints for incorporating cross validations, and solve the learning problem using algorithms based on the theory of extended saddle points for nonlinear constrained optimization. Finally, we illustrate our prediction results on ten stock-price time series. Our main contributions in this paper are the channel-specific low-pass filtering of noisy time series obtained by wavelet decomposition, the transformation of the low-pass signals to improve their stationarity, and the incorporation of constraints on cross validation that can improve the accuracy of predictions. Our experimental results demonstrate good prediction accuracy and annual returns.
A Factor Analytic Study of Motivation and Potential for Adoptive Parenthood

Summary.-The purpose of the present study was to factor a scale to measure niotivation and potential for adoptive parenthood using data from 530 families. The two parts of the scale were analyzed separately. On the motivation subscale, two factors were found. On the potential subscale, nine factors were obtained for the adoptive mothers, and eight for the adoptive fathers. The factors were described, and the implications for practice were discussed. The Child Welfare League of America's (1968) Standards for Adoption Service state that applicants seeking to adopt children should be evaluated on a number of characteristics: (1) motivation, (2) readiness and feeling about childlessness, (3) marital relationship, (4) feeling about children, (5) personality, and (6) emotional maturity. The purpose of the present study was to factor a scale to measure motivation and potential for adoptive parenthood in order to determine whether or not the scale could be organized into these six categories. The content of the scale was based on expert opinion and was considered valid for the field. METHOD The sample of 530 adoptive families and the procedure that was used to construct the motivation and potential for adoptive parenthood scale have been described elsewhere (Lindholm & Touliatos, 1976). The items from the scale were intercorrelated and factored. The "motivation" subscale and the "potential" subscale for the mothers and fathers of the adopted children were analyzed separately. The computer was an IBM 370/155, and the program was from the Usds Guide to the Statistical Analysis System (Service, 1972). The method of principal components was employed for the analyses using the varimax criteria for rotation. As many orthogonal factors were rotated as there were eigenvalues greater than 1.00.
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF FUZZY SYSTEMS

Abstract An important issue in control theory is stability. Even though fuzzy control has been successfully applied to many control problems, the issue of system stability has not been resolved. We show that stability criteria developed so far for fuzzy systems described by fuzzy relational equations have no practical application. To achieve a practical stability criterion we introduce the concept of a bounded linguistic variable. We augment the universe of discourse of a linguistic variable by defining stable and unstable regions. Then, after giving a few basic definitions, we give a new stability theorem and apply it to assess stability of a non-linear fuel engine. The same concept of a bounded linguistic variable is also used to enhance the energetic stability criterion and the equilibrium point stability criterion and make them suitable for practical applications.
TreeParser-Aided Klee Diagrams Display Taxonomic Clusters in DNA Barcode and Nuclear Gene Datasets

TreeParser-Aided Klee Diagrams Display Taxonomic Clusters in DNA Barcode and Nuclear Gene Datasets
Collagen I Self-Assembly: Revealing the Developing Structures that Generate Turbidity

Type I collagen gels are routinely used in biophysical studies and bioengineering applications. The structural and mechanical properties of these fibrillar matrices depend on the conditions under which collagen fibrillogenesis proceeds, and developing a fuller understanding of this process will enhance control over gel properties. Turbidity measurements have long been the method of choice for monitoring developing gels, whereas imaging methods are regularly used to visualize fully developed gels. In this study, turbidity and confocal reflectance microscopy (CRM) were simultaneously employed to track collagen fibrillogenesis and reconcile the information reported by the two techniques, with confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) used to supplement information about early events in fibrillogenesis. Time-lapse images of 0.5 mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml, and 2.0 mg/ml acid-solubilized collagen I gels forming at 27°C, 32°C, and 37°C were collected. It was found that in situ turbidity measured in a scanning transmittance configuration was interchangeable with traditional turbidity measurements using a spectrophotometer. CRM and CFM were employed to reveal the structures responsible for the turbidity that develops during collagen self-assembly. Information from CRM and transmittance images was collapsed into straightforward single variables; total intensity in CRM images tracked turbidity development closely for all collagen gels investigated, and the two techniques were similarly sensitive to fibril number and dimension. Complementary CRM, CFM, and in situ turbidity measurements revealed that fibril and network formation occurred before substantial turbidity was present, and the majority of increasing turbidity during collagen self-assembly was due to increasing fibril thickness.
Rigorous treatment of multispecies multimode ligand-receptor interactions in 3D-QSAR: CoMFA analysis of thyroxine analogs binding to transthyretin.

For a rigorous analysis of the receptor−ligand binding, speciation of the ligands caused by ionization, tautomerism, covalent hydration, and dynamic stereoisomerism needs to be considered. Each species may bind in several orientations or conformations (modes), especially for flexible ligands and receptors. A thermodynamic description of the multispecies (MS), multimode (MM) binding events shows that the overall association constant is equal to the weighted sum of the sums of microscopic association constants of individual modes for each species, with the weights given by the unbound fractions of individual species. This expression is a prerequisite for a precise quantitative characterization of the ligand−receptor interactions in both structure-based and ligand-based structure−activity analyses. We have implemented the MS-MM correlation expression into the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), which deduces a map of the binding site from structures and binding affinities of a ligand set, in the ab...
Crustal structure of the northeastern United States: contrasts between grenville and appalachian provinces.

Average crustal models for the northeastern United States are computed on the basis of the travel times of P and S waves from regional earthquakes. The Precambrian Grenville Province in New York State has a relatively homogeneous crust. The Paleozoic New England Appalachians have a well-defined, two-layer crust that is slightly thicker and shows a high-velocity lower layer relative to the Grenville. A time-term analysis based on Pn data (waves refracted from the Moho) shows that a relatively thick or low-velocity crust parallels northeast-trending geologic structures in central New England. The observed differences between the two orogenic belts may reflect contrasts in their tectonic evolution.
Metabolic Rate of Barley Root as a Continuous Function of Temperature

Summary As part of an effort to define the nature of the physical changes in plant cells that trigger temperature stress responses, metabolic rates of root tissues of three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were determined by differential temperature scanning calorimetry. Metabolic rate data were determined as a continuous function of temperature from near freezing to high temperatures that thermally inactivated metabolism. Two abrupt changes in metabolism were found, a largely reversible change resulting in a greatly increased temperature dependence at about 30 °C and an irreversible high temperature inactivation about four degrees higher. The temperatures at which these abrupt deviations from linear Arrhenius kinetics occurred were affected by degree of saturation of the lipids in root tissues, salt concentration in the medium, and the time-temperature program used in raising the samples to elevated temperatures. No physicochemical events were observed calorimetrically in temperature ranges where abrupt changes in metabolic rate were noted. Thus, if such a physicochemical change is the triggering event in high temperature stress responses in this species, it must involve less than about 5% of the total lipids or proteins in a first order event or be a thermodynamically higher order event.
CarNet: a scalable ad hoc wireless network system

CarNet is an application for a large ad hoc mobile network system that scales well without requiring a fixed network infrastructure to route messages. CarNet places radio nodes in cars, which communicate using Grid, a novel scalable routing system. Grid uses geographic forwarding and a scalable distributed location service to route packets from car to car without flooding the network. CarNet will support IP connectivity as well as applications such as cooperative highway congestion monitoring, fleet tracking, and discovery of nearby points of interest.
An analysis of low-cost simulated flight management systems for aviation research

High fidelity Flight Management System (FMS) simulators are available as add-ons for Microsoft Flight Simulator. These FMS add-ons cost no more than $100 and are used by virtual pilots on personal computers to enhance the realism of their aviation experience. Are these low-cost simulators sufficiently capable to support NextGen aviation research? This paper assesses the fidelity of these low-cost desktop simulators by comparing simulated flight tracks, from several varieties of simulated FMS, to operational flight tracks from commercial airlines using real FMSs, and flight tracks produced by a GE Aviation FMS test bench. Some uncertainty exists in the results of ground speed analysis; however the lateral and vertical flight profiles produced by the FMS simulators correlate well with the test bench output and operational data.
A Satellite-Derived Classification Scheme for Rapid Maritime Cyclogenesis

Abstract Guided by the conjecture that there exist characteristic synoptic-scale flow patterns conducive to extratropical cyclogenesis, a satellite-based classification scheme is proposed to differentiate between various types of rapid maritime cyclogenesis in the western North Atlantic region. The scheme is derived from signatures in visible and infrared satellite imagery observed prior to and during rapid deepening. Consideration of the western North Atlantic region is motivated by the presence of a relatively dense upstream observational network and by the absence of the direct influence of orography in a maritime environment; the focus on rapid development is predicated upon the assumption that the cloud signatures will be more clearly defined than in cases of slower, “ordinary” development. Examination of satellite imagery for an ensemble of 50 cyclogenesis events that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s, 46 of which satisfied the Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic criterio...
“A Strike of Girls”: Gender and Class in the British Metal Trades, 1913

Our intent is to investigate the nature of capitalist patriarchy by writing women workers back into the story of the Black Country Strike. Conventional accounts of this important conflict in the British midlands have depicted the outcome as a “victory for the workpeople,” but such claims have failed to capture how gender hierarchies and cross-class allegiances produced this “victory.” Specifically, we argue that unquestioned assumptions about the subordinate status of women provided the point of agreement around which working-class men, their union, and their employers worked out their (class) differences, resulting in both the preservation of capitalism and the reassertion of male superiority and authority.
Heat transfer from a high temperature condensable mixture

Abstract Bulk condensation and heat transfer in a very hot gaseous mixture that contains a vapor component condensable at high temperature are investigated. A general formulation of the problem is presented in various forms. Analytical solutions for three specific cases involving both one- and two-component two-phase mixtures are obtained. It is shown that a detached fog formation is induced by rapid radiative cooling from the mixture. The formation of radiatively induced fog is found to be an interesting and important phenomenon as it not only exhibits unique features different from the conventional diffusion induced fog, but also greatly enhances heat transfer from the mixture to the boundary.
Sistemi di coefficienti sezionali II

The notion of section coefficients is a generalization of the notion of multinomial coefficients. Our definition is motivated both by combinatorial examples and by the analogy with the theory of coalgebras. We develop an analysis of fundamental properties of systems of section coefficients and prove finiteness theorems related to the classical finiteness theorem of coalgebras.
Salt, Or, the Education of Griffith Adams

A finely significant novel written with deep understanding of the facts and with a spiritual insight that does not flag even for a moment as it throws light into the dark corners of human nature "Boston" "Evening Transcript "(1918). A naturalist novel written in the tradition of Theodore Dreiser and Upton Sinclair, "Salt "has interesting and provocative things to say about the education of American upper-middle-class males and about the power of sex to overcome a man s deep distaste for a woman s personality.As a criticism of life the novel today seems simply the herald of a day when loud voices are less noted because all voices are loud. Today its vivid characterizations are its primary interest. Lester Adams, Griffith s alcoholic half-brother, whose days and nights are mired in an unchanging routine of newspapers and whiskey, manages to preserve a semblance of heart and an odd little spark of integrity. F. Scott Fitzgerald considered Lester, along with George Hurstwood and Tom Buchanan, the three best characters in contemporary American fiction.Griffith s paramour, Clarisse Rumsey, is cheap, lazy, and pretentious; she is dull and almost illiterate; she is absurdly affected, but she has two qualities that enchain her reluctant lover: her obvious passion for him and her skill at dancing. As Auchincloss points out in the Afterword, Today, her dancing would be lovemaking, but before 1914 a girl who tried to be respectable would endeavor to put the latter off at least until she had hooked her man. Griffith and Clarisse are married and Clarisse bears him a son then dies of a pulmonary embolism as Norris manipulates the plot to redeem Griffith and to denounce the American boarding school and university."
Extending the radiocarbon calibration beyond 26,000 years before present using fossil corals

Fossil coral is an excellent archive to extend the radiocarbon (14C) calibration beyond tree-ring records; however, published coral data older than 26,000 years before present are too disparate for practical calibration. We propose an explanation for these discrepancies: trace amounts of secondary calcite and organic matter in fossil corals shift the 14C ages toward younger ages. In a series of acid-leaching experiments to simulate the standard cleaning procedure prior to 14C analysis, we measure up to a 300% enrichment of diagenetic calcite in corals due to the solubility differences between calcite and aragonite. In model calculations, we show the 14C age offsets produced by acid leaching could be hundreds to thousands of years when typical amounts of calcite are present in samples. We demonstrate the necessity and our ability to detect <0.2% calcite in aragonite by X-ray diffraction and apply “<0.2% calcite” as our a priori criterion for our coral samples. The estimated age offsets of samples with <0.2% calcite fall within the reported analytical uncertainty of 14C dating. In addition, we present 14C results from an extended hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) pretreatment for coral samples to remove organic matter. Our data show that treated samples yield consistent or older 14C dates compared to non-treated samples. These rigorous but necessary screening and cleaning techniques provide precise, reproducible and accurate radiocarbon calibration data.
Calculated product-state distributions for the reaction H + D2 → HD + D at relative translational energies 0.55 and 1.30 eV

Abstract We have used the quasiclassical trajectory method and the most accurate ab initio potential energy surface to calculate product vibrational-rotational distributions for H + D2 → HD + D at two energies for comparison with two new experiments.
Perinatal sidestream cigarette smoke exposure and the developing pulmonary surfactant system in rats.

1 Epidemiological studies have strongly implicated passive smoking with increased incidence of various respiratory diseases in children. Our earlier studies have shown that chronic exposure to tobacco smoke significantly changes the composition and the surface activity of the pulmonary surfactant in adult rats. The aim of the present study was to determine if perinatal exposure to sidestream cigarette smoke influences the composition and function of pulmonary surfactant system in developing rat pups. 2 Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to sidestream cigarette smoke in a whole body exposure chamber for a total of 6 h each day and the pups born to these dams were further exposed to sidestream smoke for 2 h/day during postnatal period. Exposure of animals to smoke was ascertained by measuring their plasma cotinine. Surfactant analysis was performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) collected from pups on postnatal day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 35. The phospholipid (PL) content, percentage disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and surfactant proteins (SP-A and SP-B) in BALF surfactant preparations from sham and smoke-exposed pups were compared. 3 Significant differences between the two groups were observed at two exposure points: a reduced level of SP-A on day 1, and, a higher level of SP-A and PLs on day 21, in smoke-exposed pups. Surface activity analysis of the surfactant films by pulsating bubble surfactometer did not show any significant differences between the sham and smoke-exposed groups at any exposure point. 4 The results indicate that perinatal exposure to sidestream smoke is capable of producing biochemical changes in the composition ofpulmonary surfactant at different stages of development but these changes do not influence surface tension reducing properties of the surfactant.
EFFECTS OF METAL IONS ON RADICAL FORMATION IN ? -IRRADIATED DNA IN THE SOLID STATE

The effects of metal ions on the formation of radicals produced by $gamma$ radiolysis of DNA in vacuo were studied by esr and hydrogen-transfer measurements. At metal to nucleotide ratios of 1 : 10, a three- to tenfold decrease of the esr signal due to carbon was observed for transition metals such as Cr$sup 3+$, Fe$sup 3+$, Fe$sup 2+$, Ni$sup 2+$, and Co$sup 2+$, and smaller decreases (by 25 to 40 percent) were seen for paramagnetic rare earths (Eu$sup 3+$, Yb$sup 3+$, and Sm$sup 3+$). These effects were independent of dose and temperature (77 to 298$sup 0$K). The diamagnetic ions Mg$sup 2+$, Zn$sup 2+$, Cd$sup 2+$, Ag$sup +$, La$sup 3+$, and Lu$sup 3+$ had no effect; however, Ce$sup 4+$, Pb$sup 2+$, Sn$sup 4+$, and Hg$sup 2+$ decreased the radical yield by 10 to 60 percent. At metal to nucleotide ratios of 1:100, the radical yield was decreased twofold for Cr$sup 3-$, Cu$sup 2+$, and Fe$sup 2+$, about 30 percent for Mn$sup 2+$, Ni$sup 2+$, and Fe$sup 3+$ and less than 10 percent for Co$sup 2+$. From measurements of the power-saturation of the carbon signal for the 1:100 metal-DNA complexes, it can be inferred that the decrease of the esr signalsmore » is not due to spin-spin interactions between carbon radicals and paramagnetic ions. For the 1:10 metal-DNA complexes, spin-spin interactions may contribute to signal reduction. However, these results correlate with measurements of the radiation-induced hydrogen transfer, which can be explained by assuming a decreased radical yield; 1:10 complexes of Ni$sup 2+$ with adenine, polyadenylic acid, dextran, poly-DL-alanine, and poly-L-glutamic acid decreased the radical yield by 60 to 70 percent, but no effect was observed for thymine and thymidine. It appears that the metal ions act by quenching excited states and/or by charge scavenging. (auth)« less
Strategic paths for biomarker qualification

Biomarkers may be qualified using different qualification processes. A passive approach for qualification has been to accept the end of discussions in the scientific literature as an indication that a biomarker has been accepted. An active approach to qualification requires development of a comprehensive process by which a consensus may be reached about the qualification of a biomarker. Active strategies for qualification include those associated with context-independent as well as context-dependent qualifications.
Solution of Bivariate Population Balance Equations Using the Finite Size Domain Complete Set of Trial Functions Method of Moments (FCMOM)

The FCMOM (Finite size domain Complete set of trial functions Method Of Moments) is an efficient and accurate numerical technique to solve PBE (population balance equations) and was validated for monovariate PBE [Strumendo, M.; Arastoopour, H. Solution of PBE by MOM in Finite Size Domains. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2008, 63 (10), 2624]. In the present paper, the FCMOM is extended and used to solve bivariate PBE. In the FCMOM, the method of moments is formulated in a finite domain of the internal coordinates and the particle distribution function is represented as a truncated series expansion by a complete system of orthonormal functions. In the extension to bivariate PBE, the capabilities of the FCMOM are maintained, particularly as far as the algorithm efficiency and the accuracy in the bivariate particle distribution function reconstruction. The FCMOM was validated with the following bivariate applications: particle growth, particle dissolution, particle aggregation, and simultaneous aggregation and growth.
Self-Alignment Techniques for Inertial Measurement Units

This paper presents the result of a study on self-alignment algorithms for inertial measurement units (IMU). The primary concern is the fine alignment of an inertial platform whose base is subject to vibration and whose sensors are subject to noise. The main contribution of the paper is a new self-alignment algorithm. The algorithm incorporates together the special property of platform kinematics and the concept of least square regression. Compared to the usual self-alignment algorithm, this algorithm gives a self-alignment which can be ten times more accurate and requires less computer time and memory. In addition, the new algorithm is less sensitive to erratic measurements and computational errors.
Improved detection performance of an FM signal by autoregressive spectral analysis

Conventional narrowband detectors suffer large losses in detection performance when the assumed sinusoidal receive signal is actually frequency modulated. Such would be the case for the detection of a maneuvering target by a passive sonar system. Based upon autoregressive spectral analysis a detector is presented which is nearly invariant to frequency modulation. In fact, for a large enough frequency modulation the autoregressive detector yields about a 4 dB improvement in detection performance over the conventional narrow-band detector. Furthermore, the autoregressive detector is a CFAR receiver and requires less computation and storage than a conventional narrow-band detector. Thus, the autoregressive detector should be an attractive complement to a conventional narrowband detector.
The Creation of an Ethnic Economy: Indochinese Business Expansion in Saint Paul

AbstractResearch on ethnic diversity in U.S. cities has focused on how the growth of a particular population within a defined, and often segregated, geographic area fosters the emergence of an ethnically oriented business and labor market. While several studies have looked at ethnic economies in U.S. cities, comparatively little attention has been paid to how well these examples meet the definition of ethnic enclave economies, a special type of ethnic economy that may afford opportunities equal to that of the mainstream economy. In Saint Paul, Minnesota, refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos have established a set of businesses within a geographically specific section of the city. Data from the 1990 U.S. census and a special data set that records businesses by location, type, and size for 1981 and 1991 are used to assess how well this emerging economy satisfies certain criteria for an ethnic enclave economy and to gauge the level of resources enjoyed by the Indochinese community. In this paper I concl...
Gall insects can avoid and alter indirect plant defenses

Parasitic species can dramatically alter host traits. Some of these parasite-induced changes can be considered adaptive manipulations that benefit the parasites. Gall-inducing insects are parasites well known for their ability to alter host-plant morphology and physiology, including the distribution of plant defensive compounds. Here it was investigated whether gall-inducing species alter indirect plant defenses, involving the release of volatile compounds that are attractive to foraging natural enemies. Using field and factorial laboratory experiments, volatile production by goldenrod (Solidago altissima) plants was examined in response to attack by two gall-inducing species, the tephritid fly Eurosta solidaginis and the gelechiid moth Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis, as well as the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius, and the generalist caterpillar Heliothis virescens. Heliothis virescens elicited strong indirect defensive responses from S. altissima, but the gall-inducing species and spittlebugs did not. More significantly, infestation by E. solidaginis appeared to suppress volatile responses to subsequent attack by the generalist caterpillar. The extensive control that E. solidaginis apparently exerts over host-plant defense responses may reduce the predation risk for the gall inducer and the subsequent herbivore, and could influence community-level dynamics, including the distribution of herbivorous insect species associated with S. altissima parasitized by E. solidaginis.
What Ever Happened to FDAMA Section 114? A Look back after 10 Years

ARTICLE TEXT The United States Food and Drug Modernization Act (FDAMA) took effect in 1998 with high expectations from the pharmacoeconomics community. Section 114 of the Act stipulated the conditions under which drug companies could promote health economic information to their managed care customers, and seemingly would make it easier for pharmacoeconomic modelers and outcomes researchers to communicate their work. A small survey (n = 36) of pharmaceutical and managed care representatives, conducted in the months after Section 114's enactment, found that most respondents believed the Act would encourage companies to present more health economic data to managed care plans [1].
Inguinal lipoblastomatosis in a male infant.

Lipoblastomatosis is a rare benign neoplasm characterized by embryonic adipose tissue differentiation.' Patients with inguinal lipoblastomatosis frequently have symptoms consistent with an inguinal hernia. Urological consultation may be requested intraoperatively after the discovery of an inguinal mass extending into the scrotum. Frozen section diagnosis is necessary to differentiate this tumor from rhabdomyosarcoma or liposarcoma, avoiding radical orchiectomy.
Connecting local entrepreneurial ecosystems to global innovation networks: open innovation, double networks and knowledge integration

Corporate research and development (R&D) and knowledge networks of large and small firms are responding to widespread availability of talent and diverse knowledge. Much of this dispersed knowledge arises from entrepreneurial activity, originating in universities, research institutes and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Three important approaches have been introduced recently to understand R&D strategy in the context of global or metanational networks: open innovation, knowledge integration and a double network structure. The contribution of this paper is to analyse these approaches as affecting and affected by the presence of regional innovative ecosystems and their attraction as locations of R&D. This suggests a simultaneous need for local and global, as well as internal and external, knowledge integration.
Philippe de Girard and the Introduction of Mechanical Flax Spinning in Austria

The Industrial Revolution had begun to affect the Austrian textile industry by the beginning of the nineteenth century. First to feel the effects were the woolen industry and the new cotton industry, which soon had copies of the new English spinning machines in operation. In England adaptation of these machines to flax had been made by John Marshall at Leeds as early as 1793, so that flax was spun dry in successful competition with hand-spun yarn, but only in the coarser yarns up to No. 16. However, similar attempts were not successful in Austria. The machines and processes were not so efficient as the English and could not compete with the cheap domestic hand-spun yarn. Because flax fibers are held together by a gum, they cannot be spun like cotton without excessive waste. Special treatment and machines had to be devised in order that flax might be spun in the range of numbers demanded by the market, and profitably. In the second decade of the new century efforts were being made in Austria, as elsewhere, to solve these special problems. Production of linen goods led all other industries in the monarchy. It provided a livelihood, wholly or in part, for thousands of families in town and country and constituted an important export. But the severe blows dealt by the Napoleonic Wars were followed by growing competition from more progressive linen industries in western Europe and especially from the rapidly growing and more easily mechanized cotton industry. The importance of the introduction of machinery in the Austrian linen industry as a means of meeting these threats to its very existence thus becomes apparent.
A characterisation of factors determining postoperative ileus after laparoscopic colectomy enables the generation of a novel predictive score

Commentary on: U Kronberg, RP Kiran, MS Soliman, et al.. A characterization of factors determining postoperative ileus after laparoscopic colectomy enables the generation of a novel predictive score.Ann Surg2011;253:78–81.