cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solubility and lattice location of Au in CdTe by backscattering techniques

Abstract The solubility of Au in CdTe, at 800°C and 900°C, has been determined as a function of P cd (stoichiometry), and the lattice location of the Au has been investigated by ion channeling (2 MeV, 4 He + ) techniques. The measured Au solubilities varied from ∼10 18 cm −3 to ∼10 20 cm −3 and were found to increase with increasing temperature and with decreasing cadmium partial pressure roughly as P − 1 3 cd . Lattice location studies showed that from ∼50% to ∼80% of the Au remained in a substitutional, dissolved state after quenching to room temperature. In addition, angular yield scans indicate that the substitutional fraction of the incorporated Au is displaced off lattice sites by ∼0·2 A. No flux peaking was seen in the angular yield scans and the non-substitutiolial fraction of the incorporated Au, manifested at room temperature, may consist either of precipitated or (displaced) interstitial Au. Diffusion coefficients of Au in CdTe have been estimated at 900°C, at the extreme boundaries of the phase field, using the ion channeling technique. The results indicate that the Au diffusivity decreases markedly with increasing P cd . These observations are found to be consistent with a dissociative model for Au in CdTe in which the major native defects are doubly ionized cadmium Frenkel defects and approximately singly ionized substitutional Au.
Persistence of Circulating Memory B Cell Clones with Potential for Dengue Virus Disease Enhancement for Decades following Infection

Symptomatic dengue virus infection ranges in disease severity from an influenza-like illness to life-threatening shock. One model of the mechanism underlying severe disease proposes that weakly neutralizing, dengue serotype cross-reactive antibodies induced during a primary infection facilitate virus entry into Fc receptor-bearing cells during a subsequent secondary infection, increasing viral replication and the release of cytokines and vasoactive mediators, culminating in shock. This process has been termed antibody-dependent enhancement of infection and has significantly hindered vaccine development. Much of our understanding of this process has come from studies using mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs); however, antibody responses in mice typically exhibit less complexity than those in humans. A better understanding of the humoral immune response to natural dengue virus infection in humans is sorely needed. Using a high-efficiency human hybridoma technology, we isolated 37 hybridomas secreting human MAbs to dengue viruses from 12 subjects years or even decades following primary or secondary infection. The majority of the human antibodies recovered were broadly cross-reactive, directed against either envelope or premembrane proteins, and capable of enhancement of infection in vitro; few exhibited serotype-specific binding or potent neutralizing activity. Memory B cells encoding enhancing antibodies predominated in the circulation, even two or more decades following infection. Mapping the epitopes and activity of naturally occurring dengue antibodies should prove valuable in determining whether the enhancing and neutralizing activity of antibodies can be separated. Such principles could be used in the rational design of vaccines that enhance the induction of neutralizing antibodies, while lowering the risk of dengue shock syndrome.
A closed-form analysis of infinitely parallel coplanar waveguides

This paper presents an analytical formula for quasi-static evaluation of even- and odd-mode characteristics of infinitely parallel coplanar waveguides. The analysis yields closed-form expressions based on the conformal mapping method and partial capacitance technique with quasi-TEM assumption. Calculated results show that both the even- and odd-mode characteristic impedances are in good agreements with the results generated by numerical solvers and available experimental data. The results are important especially for integrated circuit designs where unnecessary crosstalk between signal conductors could be a severe problem.
Treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with chemotherapy in combination with filgrastim.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is one of the ten most common cancers in the developed world. The incidence has increased significantly over the past two decades and it is a particular burden in patients over the age of 60 years. The gold standard for primary treatment of aggressive NHL is combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). Haematological growth factors, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), can be used to ameliorate chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, thus facilitating delivery of chemotherapy at the planned dose intensity. The International Prognostic Index is able to identify high-risk patients who are unlikely to be cured with standard primary chemotherapy. In these patients, the use of dose-intensive therapy, including high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell support, is being evaluated as potential primary therapy. Stem cell transplantation is currently the treatment of choice for patients with relapsed NHL or those with chemosensitive refractory disease. Autologous peripheral blood stem cells mobilised into the circulation by G-CSF help achieve rapid haematological reconstitution and are now the preferred source of stem cells over bone marrow for this form of therapy. G-CSF is also used to support allogeneic transplantation, which exerts a therapeutic graft-versus-lymphoma effect. Administration of G-CSF following autologous or allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation accelerates neutrophil recovery.
Estimation of trip O-D matrix when input and output are fuzzy

An origin-destination (O-D) table represents the travel pattern of a region in a matrix form. A method is presented to estimate the trip O-D matrix when trip generation and trip attraction counts are approximate. This is a two step process. In the first step the existence of a consistent travel pattern is examined. If a pattern is found to exist then, in the second step, a backpropagation neural network is used to identify the O-D matrix. This method can be used to estimate the input-output relationship for any general system problem. >
Phylogeny, evolution, and systematics of the Galea musteloides complex (Rodentia: Caviidae)

As presently recognized, the genus Galea is composed of 3 species, G. musteloides, G. flavidens, and G. spixii. The most widely distributed species is G. musteloides (the common yellow-toothed cavy), ranging from southern Peru to southern Argentina and from sea level to over 4,000 m elevation. Our current taxonomic and systematic understanding of Galea is based primarily on morphological studies that have been limited in both taxonomic and geographic sampling. In this study phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the cytochrome-b gene were used to test hypotheses related to the content, limits, and systematic relationships within G. musteloides. Our data support restricting G. musteloides to the highlands of northwestern Bolivia, southeastern Peru, and extreme northeastern Chile. We elevate G. leucoblephara Burmeister, 1861, for populations occupying the lowlands of Bolivia and Paraguay to central Argentina, and we elevate G. comes Thomas, 1919, for populations from the Andes of southern Bolivia and northern Argentina. Our results also suggest the presence of a previously unrecognized form at midelevations in the southern Bolivian Andes. We find support for treating G. spixii campicola as a junior synonym of G. l. demissa and G. monasteriensis as a junior synonym of G. musteloides boliviensis. Most of the evolution of the taxa within the G. musteloides complex appears to have occurred in the Prepuna biogeographic province, with 2 independent vicariant events culminating in the separation of the G. musteloides, G. comes, and G. leucoblephara clades. Dating estimates suggest a late Miocene divergence between G. spixii and the G. musteloides group, followed by species-level divergence within the G. musteloides group during the Pliocene. DOI: 10.1644/08-MAMM-A-214R1.1.
Factors Affecting the Level of Trust and Commitment in Supply Chain Relationships

SUMMARY Trust is a critical factor fostering commitment among supply chain partners. The presence of trust improves measurably the chance of successful supply chain performance. A lack of trust among supply chain partners often results in inefficient and ineffective performance as the transaction costs (verification, inspections and certifications of their trading partners) mount. Although the literature often mentions a relationship between trust and commitment, there is a lack of empirical testing of such relationship in the supply context. This study attempts to fill the gap between the theoretical argument and empirical testing. Results using a comprehensive survey of supply chain practitioners indicate that a firm's trust in its supply chain partner is highly associated with both sides' specific asset investments (positively) and behavioral uncertainty (negatively). It is also found that information sharing reduces the level of behavioral uncertainty, which, in turn, improves the level of trust. A partner's reputation in the market has a strong positive impact on the trust-building process, whereas a partner's perceived conflict creates a strong negative impact on trust. Finally, the level of commitment is strongly related to the level of trust. Policy implications are discussed.
Deep level characteristics in n-GaN with inductively coupled plasma damage

The effects of energetic ion-induced damage on deep traps in n-GaN have been investigated using deep level transient spectroscopy. The energetic ions were produced in an inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) system. The electrons captured at the trap levels E1 (0.25 eV) and E2 (0.62 eV), in a control sample, were found to depend logarithmically on the duration of the filling pulse, indicating a relationship to dislocations. The dramatic increase in the concentration of deep level E1 traps, as a function of etching-bias voltage, is thought to indicate the introduction of a VN-related complex. On the other hand, the concentration of deep level E2 traps shows an initial increase at an etching-bias of −50 V, followed by a decrease at higher etching-bias voltages. This trend was also observed in the room-temperature yellow luminescence spectra and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which suggests that the deep level E2 is associated with point defects in the form of VGa-impurity complexes.
Temperature-Dependent Survival of Adult Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae)

The western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae), is a key pest of many horticultural and agronomic crops in the western United States. Despite its well documented pest status, many aspects of the basic biology, including overwintering ecology, of L. hesperus are poorly understood. We examined the influence of eight constant temperatures from 10 to 35°C on survival of nondiapausing adult L. hesperus held with or without food, and the consequences of exposure to an extended period at 10°C on subsequent reproduction. Survival analyses indicated that, on average, fed insects tended to live longer than unfed insects, females lived longer than males, and the survival time decreased with increasing temperature. Nonlinear regressions indicated that median survival for insects grouped by gender and feeding status declined exponentially with increasing temperature. Survival functions for combinations of insect class (gender and feeding status) and temperature were adequately described by the respective two-parameter logistic functions. When adults were held for 9 d at 27°C with food after a 33-d period at 10°C either with or without food, no deleterious effects of prior starvation on propensity to mate or fecundity were demonstrated. These findings indicate that when temperatures are low, nondiapausing L. hesperus adults are capable of extended host-free survival with little or no impact on subsequent reproduction. Our findings suggest the current understanding of L. hesperus overwintering dynamics is incomplete. In addition, our results provide quantitative baseline information to facilitate more comprehensive investigation of the ecology of L. hesperus overwintering.
Effect of exogenous epidermal-like growth factors on mammary gland development and differentiation in the estrogen receptor-alpha knockout (ERKO) mouse.

The development of the mouse mammary gland requires the interaction between several different ovarian and pituitary hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and prolactin as well as several locally-derived growth factors in the mammary gland such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor α (TGFα), amphiregulin (AR) and heregulin (HRG). The focus of this study was to investigate the degree of mammary growth and differentiation in the adult, virgin mammary gland of wild type (wt) and estrogen receptor knockout (ERKO) females that lack estrogen receptor α (ERα) after reciprocal transplantation into the cleared mammary fat pad of virgin wt or ERKO mice. In addition, we assessed the local response of ERKO mammary tissue to TGFα or HRGβ1 delivered from slow release-Elvax pellets. Our initial results indicated that when we transplanted virgin wt mammary tissue into ERKO mammary fat pads, mammary morphogenesis failed to occur. However, when transplanted virgin ERKO mammary tissue was transplanted into fat pads of virgin or pregnant wt mice, the development and differentiation of lobuloalveoli was readily observed. In addition, treatment of the virgin ERKO mammary gland with TGFα or HRGβ1 stimulated ducts to undergo localized branching and growth and both growth factors induced secretory differentiation as evidenced by the production of milk proteins, caseins and/or whey acidic protein (WAP). The results from this study imply that in ERKO mammary tissue, ERKO ductal epithelium has the capacity to proliferate and differentiate in response to non-estrogenic, morphogenic stimuli.
Chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CX3CR1 differentially regulate functional responses of bone-marrow endothelial progenitors during atherosclerotic plaque regression

Aims Atherosclerosis manifests itself as arterial plaques, which lead to heart attacks or stroke. Treatments supporting plaque regression are therefore aggressively pursued. Studies conducted in models in which hypercholesterolaemia is reversible, such as the Reversa mouse model we have employed in the current studies, will be instrumental for the development of such interventions. Using this model, we have shown that advanced atherosclerosis regression occurs when lipid lowering is used in combination with bone-marrow endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) treatment. However, it remains unclear how EPCs home to regressing plaques and how they augment atherosclerosis reversal. Here we identify molecules that support functional responses of EPCs during plaque resolution. Methods and results Chemokines CXCL1 and CX3CL1 were detected in the vascular wall of atheroregressing Reversa mice, and their cognate receptors CXCR2 and CX3CR1 were observed on adoptively transferred EPCs in circulation. We tested whether CXCL1–CXCR2 and CX3CL1–CX3CR1 axes regulate functional responses of EPCs during plaque reversal. We show that pharmacological inhibition of CXCR2 or CX3CR1, or genetic inactivation of these two chemokine receptors interfered with EPC-mediated advanced atherosclerosis regression. We also demonstrate that CXCR2 directs EPCs to regressing plaques while CX3CR1 controls a paracrine function(s) of these cells. Conclusion CXCR2 and CX3CR1 differentially regulate EPC functional responses during atheroregression. Our study improves understanding of how chemokines and chemokine receptors regulate plaque resolution, which could determine the effectiveness of interventions reducing complications of atherosclerosis.
Inferring the strength of selection in Drosophila under complex demographic models

Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a substantial fraction of the genomes of many species, and it is thus important to understand their population dynamics. The strength of natural selection against TEs is a key parameter in understanding these dynamics. In principle, the strength of selection can be inferred from the frequencies of a sample of TEs. However, complicated demographic histories, such as found in Drosophila melanogaster, could lead to a substantial distortion of the TE frequency distribution compared with that expected for a panmictic, constant-sized population. The current methodology for the estimation of selection intensity acting against TEs does not take into account demographic history and might generate erroneous estimates especially for TE families under weak selection. Here, we develop a flexible maximum likelihood methodology that explicitly accounts both for demographic history and for the ascertainment biases of identifying TEs. We apply this method to the newly generated frequency data of the BS family of non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons in D. melanogaster in concert with two recent models of the demographic history of the species to infer the intensity of selection against this family. We find the estimate to differ substantially compared with a prior estimate that was made assuming a model of constant population size. Further, we find there to be relatively little information about selection intensity present in the derived non-African frequency data and that the ancestral African subpopulation is much more informative in this respect. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for demographic history and bear on study design for the inference of selection coefficients generally.
Maternal mortality or prolonged growth: Age at death and pelvic size in three prehistoric Amerindian populations

This study evaluates the relationship between age at death and pelvic size among adults in three prehistoric Amerindian populations. The issue is to identify if the pelvis continues to grow and remodel in adulthood, or if there is differential survivorship among adults, particularly among females, based on pelvic size. The samples used in this study are Indian Knoll, Pecos Pueblo, and Libben. Twenty-one measures of the pelvis are analyzed. A correlational analysis among individuals 18 years of age and older shows that the subpubic angle narrows with advancing age in both sexes. The suggested etiology is osteophytic growth on the ischiopubic ramus among older adults. A two-sample test comparing younger (ages 18–24) and older (25 years of age and older) adults shows that the linea terminalis (which represents the pubic and iliac components of the pelvic inlet) is significantly shorter in the younger age group, but this pattern is seen only in females. Two interpretations are consistent with this result. First, a female with a short linea terminalis (i. e., small pelvic inlet) may have died at a young age due to childbirth-related complications. In prehistory, maternal mortality may have been a leading cause of death, with pelvic inlet capacity being a determinant of survivorship among parturients. Second, the linea terminalis may be unique by continuing to grow in early adulthood in females but not in males; the growth occurs at the medial border of the pubis. Longitudinal growth studies of modern humans provide support for the second interpretation. The selective advantage of a later age at maturation of the pubis in females than males is that the period of growth is prolonged, thereby contributing to sexual dimorphism in pubic length and, correspondingly, linea terminalis length and pelvic inlet circumference. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the Productive Efficiency of Dynamical Systems

Engineering managers are typically concerned with the assessment and improvement of system performance. In the literature, analytical approaches have been proposed not only for the purpose of computing and estimating performance measures, but also for linking these performance measures to performance improvement strategies. In reality, organizational and/or system efficiency performance is dynamic, nonlinear in its relationship to key production drivers, and a function of multiple/complex interactions and feedback mechanisms. This paper introduces a methodological approach that combines the system dynamics (SDs) modeling paradigm with the concepts taken from the measurement of productive efficiency so as to evaluate dynamical systems. In this research, the SD paradigm is coupled with the fundamental assumptions of production theory in order to evaluate productive efficiency performance. As a result, a structure within the SD model is introduced that computes efficiency performance scores based on a hill-climbing optimization procedure. The structure is illustrated using an electric utility example described by Kopp, 1981, where constrained optimization results are not only replicated but also the path to achieve optimal dynamic system performance is found. An example is provided as to how this structure can be used to facilitate policy decisions within a technology management environment where investments are made in new technologies.
Promoting sustainable financial behaviour: implications for education and research

The current financial crisis has clearly shown that national financial health is strongly tied to the household financial well-being, and that most consumers were not well equipped with knowledge they needed to cope with this crisis. The failure of markets, institutions, businesses and households during the current financial crisis also revealed the serious economic risks posed by widespread unethical and irresponsible behaviour. The focus of this paper is to explore how, through financial education, we can improve the economic performance of individuals in the economy, both for their own well-being and for the well-being of society at large. However, for that to happen, the current approach to financial education will have to include the discussion of attitudes, values and beliefs that enable us to make financial decision that promote long-term security for families and communities. After establishing the importance of financial education, the challenges and opportunities of the current status of financial education, with emphasis on the complexity of human and financial behaviour, are discussed. It, then, argues for the promotion of responsible behaviour by integrating fundamental values in financial education. Discussion of how selected learning theories can be used to develop effective teaching approaches and the implications for future research conclude the paper.
Pharmacokinetics of salsalate and salicylic acid in normal and diabetic rats

The pharmacokinetics (PK) of salsalate (SS) and salicylic acid (SA) was assessed in normal Wistar and diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Three PK studies were conducted: (1) PK of SA in normal rats after intravenous dosing of SA at 20, 40, 80 mg/kg. (2) PK of SS and SA in normal rats after oral dosing of SS at 28, 56, 112 mg/kg. (3) PK during 4 months feeding of SS-containing diet in both normal and diabetic rats. The disposition of SS and SA were evaluated simultaneously using a pharmacokinetic model comprising several transit absorption steps and linear and nonlinear dual elimination pathways for SA. The results indicated that the nonlinear elimination pathway of SA only accounted for a small fraction of the total clearance (< 12%) at therapeutic concentrations. A flat profile of SA was observed after oral dosing of SS, particularly at a high dose. The possible reasons for this flat profile were posed. During the SS-diet feeding, the diabetic rats achieved lower blood concentrations of SA than normal rats with a higher apparent clearance (CL/F), possibly due to incomplete (47%) bioavailability. Such CL/F decreased with age in both diabetic and normal rats. The effect of diabetes on SA pharmacokinetics may necessitate increased dosing in the future usage of SS in diabetes.
Development and Application of Materials Properties for Flaw Stability Analysis in Extreme Environment Service

Discovery of aging phenomena in the materials of a structure may arise after its design and construction that impact its structural integrity. This condition can be addressed through a demonstration of integrity with the material-specific degraded conditions. Two case studies of development of fracture and crack growth property data, and their application in development of in-service inspection programs for nuclear structures in the defense complex are presented. The first case study covers the development of fracture toughness properties in the form of J-R curves for rolled plate Type 304 stainless steel with Type 308 stainless steel filler in the application to demonstrate the integrity of the reactor tanks of the heavy water production reactors at the Savannah River Site. The fracture properties for the base, weld, and heat-affected zone of the weldments irradiated at low temperatures (110°-150°C) up to 6.4 dpaNRT and 275 appm helium were developed. An expert group provided consensus for application of the irradiated properties for material input to acceptance criteria for ultrasonic examination of the reactor tanks. Dr. Spencer H. Bush played a lead advisory role in this work. The second case study covers the development of fracture toughness for A285 carbon steel in high level radioactive waste tanks. The approach in this case study incorporated a statistical experimental design for material testing to address metallurgical factors important to fracture toughness. Tolerance intervals were constructed to identify the lower bound fracture toughness for material input to flaw disposition through acceptance by analysis.
A nonuniform cylindrical FDTD algorithm with improved PML and quasi-PML absorbing boundary conditions

Many applications require time-domain solutions of Maxwell's equations in inhomogeneous, conductive media involving cylindrical geometries with both electrically small and large structures. The conventional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method with a uniform Cartesian grid will result in a staircasing error, and wastes many unnecessary cells in regions with large structures in order to accommodate the accurate geometrical representation in regions with small structures. In this work, an explicit FDTD method with a nonuniform cylindrical grid is developed for time-domain Maxwell's equations. A refined lattice is used near sharp edges and within fine geometrical details, while a larger lattice is used outside these regions. This provides an efficient use of limited computer memory and computation time. The authors use two absorbing boundary conditions to a nonuniform cylindrical grid: (1) the straightforward extension of Berenger's perfectly matched layer (PML) which is no longer perfectly matched for cylindrical interfaces, thus the name quasi-PML, (QPML); (2) the improved true PML based on complex coordinates. In practice, both PML schemes can provide a satisfactory absorbing boundary condition. Numerical results are shown to compare the two absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the nonuniform grid and the absorbing boundary conditions.
Combined Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Upregulation and Caveolin-1 Downregulation Decrease Leukocyte Adhesion in Pial Venules of Ovariectomized Female Rats

Background and Purpose — We recently found that chronic estrogen depletion enhances leukocyte adhesion in pial venules in the female rat, while estrogen repletion decreases it. Estrogen-associated repression of inflammation may be due to upregulation of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and concomitant downregulation of the endogenous inhibitor of eNOS, caveolin-1 (CAV-1). In this study we examined the effects of estrogen-independent eNOS upregulation (via simvastatin) and/or CAV-1 downregulation (antisense) on pial venular leukocyte adhesion in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods — Intact and OVX rats were prepared with closed cranial windows. Adherent rhodamine 6G–labeled leukocytes were viewed by intravital microscopy. To demonstrate the importance of pial venular eNOS in the resistance to leukocyte adhesion, intact female rats were treated with a nonselective ( N G-nitro-l-arginine) or a neuronal NOS–selective (7-nitroindazole) inhibitor. In OVX females, leukocyte adhesion was compared in the following groups: (1) untreated; (2) treated with simvastatin; (3) treated with simvastatin plus CAV-1 antisense; (4) treated with simvastatin plus CAV-1 missense; (5) treated with CAV-1 antisense; and (6) treated with CAV-1 missense. Results — In intact females, pial venular leukocyte adhesion was increased when total NOS activity, but not neuronal NOS activity alone, was blocked. In OVX rats, basal leukocyte adhesion, measured as the percentage of venular area occupied by adherent leukocytes, was attenuated (by ≈60%) only in the presence of combined simvastatin plus CAV-1 antisense treatment. Conclusions — Present findings demonstrate that eNOS-derived NO plays an important role in limiting cerebral venular leukocyte adhesion in female rats. These data also suggest that simvastatin-induced upregulation of eNOS expression in OVX rats will not restore eNOS function, as measured by decreased leukocyte adhesion, unless CAV-1 levels are reduced as well.
Allogeneic marrow transplantation following cyclophosphamide and escalating doses of hyperfractionated total body irradiation in patients with advanced lymphoid malignancies: A Phase I/II trial

The purpose of this investigation was to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of unshielded total body irradiation (TBI) delivered from dual {sup 60}C sources at an exposure rate of 0.08 Gy/min and given in thrice daily fractions of 1.2 Gy in patients with advanced lymphoid malignancies. Forty-four patients with a median age of 28 (range 6-48) years were entered into a Phase I/II study. All patients received cyclophosphamide (Cy), 120 mg/kg administered over 2 days before TBI. Marrow from human leukocyte antigen (HLA) identical siblings was infused following the last dose of TBI. An escalation-deescalation schema designed to not exceed an incidence of 25% of Grade 3-4 regimen-related toxicities (RRTs) was used. The first dose level tested was 13.2 Gy followed by 14.4 Gy. None of the four patients at the dose level of 13.2 Gy developed Grade 3-4 RRT. Two of the first eight patients receiving 14.4 Gy developed Grade 3-4 RRT, establishing this as the MTD. An additional 32 patients were evaluated at the 14.4 Gy level to confirm these initial observations. Of 40 patients receiving 14.4 Gy, 13 (32.5%) developed Grade 3-4 RRTs; 46% in adults and 12% in children. The primary dose limiting toxicity wasmore » Grade 3-4 hepatic toxicity, which occurred in 12.5% of patients. Noninfectious Grade 3-4 interstitial pneumonia syndrome occurred in 5% of patients. The actuarial probabilities of event-free survival, relapse, and nonrelapse mortality at 2 years were 0.10, 0.81, and 0.47, respectively, for patients who received 14.4 Gy of TBI. The outcome for patients receiving 14.4 Gy of TBI was not different from previous studies of other CY and TBI regimens in patients with advanced lymphoid malignancies. These data showed that the incidence of Grade 3-4 RRTs in adults was greater than the 25% maximum set as the goal of this study, suggesting that 13.2 Gy is a more appropriate dose of TBI for adults, while 14.4 Gy is an appropriate dose for children. 36 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.« less
M-FISH image registration and classification

Multiplex or multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) imaging is a recently developed cytogenetic technique for cancer diagnosis and research on genetic disorders. By simultaneously viewing the multiple-labeled specimens in different color channels, M-FISH facilitates the detection of subtle chromosomal aberrations. This technique largely depends on the accurate pixel classification (color karyotyping). We propose a Bayesian classifier for multispectral pixel classification. Due to color aberration and other source of errors, the misalignment among the different fluor images becomes inevitable, resulting in misclassified pixels. A multiresolution registration algorithm is introduced for this purpose, which is based on wavelets and spline approximations. The effect of the registration on subsequent classification was evaluated on the ADIR M-FISH database. It indicates that the proposed registration technique leads to increased pixel classification rate, translating into improved accuracy in identifying subtle DNA rearrangements.
Absolute calibration of the NSTX neutron monitor system

NSTX has a complement of six neutron detectors consisting of two fission chambers, one NE-451 ZnS scintillator and 3 plastic BC-400 scintillators. The primary purpose of the fission chambers is to provide an absolute calibration of the neutron rate, while the scintillator detectors monitor fast excursion in the neutron yield due for instance, to fast MHD events. Within the last 10 years NSTX has performed 4 separate calibrations of the neutron monitoring system. Initially, a californium neutron source on a long tether was introduced into the vessel through 10 different top ports on NSTX corresponding to 10 of the 12 bays of the vessel. Each of the ports was at the same major radius just slightly larger than the nominal plasma major radius and a point-wise ring source was simulated to perform the calibration. Recently, the fission chambers were relocated to accommodate new equipment and the detector system required recalibration. This most recent calibration employed a commercial G-gauge model train and three different diameter circular tracks to transport the 252CF neutron source around the midplane of the NSTX vessel. In each of the calibrations, the fission chambers were operated in the pulse counting mode. During plasma operations one of the detectors transitions to the pulse saturated or current mode of operation. To complete the calibration, a series of low performance He discharges heated with one deuterium neutral beam were performed. Neutrons in this case come predominantly from beam-beam reactions. These low-yield discharges produced neutron levels that allowed the FC2 to remain in pulse counting mode while FC1 transitioned into the current mode. This allows a cross calibration to be performed between FC2 in pulse counting mode and FC1 in the current mode. The current mode value is then transferred to each of the four scintillating detectors. The results of the four insitu calibrations are presented.
Diffraction of surface waves by a semi-infinite dielectric slab

The discontinuity at the end of the slab is regarded as the junction of an open dielectric-filled waveguide and a free-space waveguide. A variational expression is set up for the terminal impedance representing the effect of the discontinuity on the surface wave. Close upper and lower bounds for the impedance are obtained. A variational expression is also set up for the transfer impedance between the surface wave and one of the modes of the continuous mode spectrum associated with the free-space waveguide. The transfer impedances yield the modal amplitudes of the fields. The synthesis of all the modal components gives the electromagnetic field scattered by the end of the slab. The synthesis is carried out for the far field by the method of steepest descents. Terminal impedances and forward radiation patterns are plotted as functions of the thickness for several permittivities \epsilon_{r}=2.49; 10; 100 . The approximation obtained by the variational expression is excellent for small values of \epsilon_{r} and begins to be bad for \epsilon_{r} > 10 . For very large values of \epsilon_{r} it is possible to obtain a rough estimate of the impedance, immediately, from the values for \epsilon_{r} = 10 .
PY Motifs of Epstein-Barr Virus LMP2A Regulate Protein Stability and Phosphorylation of LMP2A-Associated Proteins

Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is expressed in latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. We have demonstrated that Nedd4 family ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s), AIP4, WWP2/AIP2, and Nedd4, bind specifically to two PY motifs present within the LMP2A amino-terminal domain. In this study, LMP2A PY motif mutant viruses were constructed to investigate the role of the LMP2A PY motifs. AIP4 was found to specifically associate with the LMP2A PY motifs in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), extending our original observation to EBV-infected cells. Mutation of both of the LMP2A PY motifs resulted in an absence of binding of AIP4 to LMP2A, which resulted in an increase in the expression of Lyn and the constitutive hyperphosphorylation of LMP2A and an unknown 120-kDa protein. In addition, there was a modest increase in the constitutive phosphorylation of Syk and an unidentified 60-kDa protein. These results indicate that the PY motifs contained within LMP2A are important in regulating phosphorylation in EBV-infected LCLs, likely through the regulation of Lyn activity by specifically targeting the degradation of Lyn by ubiquination by Nedd4 family E3s. Despite differences between PY motif mutant LCLs and wild-type LCLs, the PY motif mutants still exhibited a block in B-cell receptor (BCR) signal transduction as measured by the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and BZLF1 expression following BCR activation. EBV-transformed LCLs with mutations in the PY motifs were not different from wild-type LCLs in serum-dependent cell growth. Protein stability of LMP1, which colocalizes with LMP2A, was not affected by the LMP2A-associated E3s.
Prediction of percent body fat measurements in Americans 8 years and older.

Although numerous equations to predict percent body fat have been published, few have broad generalizability. The objective of this study was to develop sets of equations that are generalizable to the American population 8 years of age and older. Dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessed percent body fat from the 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used as the response variable for development of 14 equations for each gender that included between 2 and 10 anthropometrics. Other candidate variables included demographics and menses. Models were developed using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LAASO) and validated in a ¼ withheld sample randomly selected from 11 884 males or 9215 females. In the final models, R2 ranged from 0.664 to 0.845 in males and from 0.748 to 0.809 in females. R2 was not notably improved by development of equations within, rather than across, age and ethnic groups. Systematic over or under estimation of percent body fat by age and ethnic groups was within 1 percentage point. Seven of the fourteen gender-specific models had R2 values above 0.80 in males and 0.795 in females and exhibited low bias by age, race/ethnicity and body mass index (BMI). To our knowledge, these are the first equations that have been shown to be valid and unbiased in both youth and adults in estimating DXA assessed body fat. The equations developed here are appropriate for use in multiple ethnic groups, are generalizable to the US population and provide a useful method for assessment of percent body fat in settings where methods such as DXA are not feasible.
Metaphors and Cohabitation Within and Beyond the Walls of Life Sciences

This contribution will first describe some of the contexts for cross-field collaborations within the life sciences, and then will highlight relevant theoretical reflections, including the concept of “insertion,” “modulation,” and “trading zones.” Based on what can be learned from trading zones, we will use synthetic biology as a case-study to explore one of the inherent difficulties in evaluating the promises of our biotechnological futures: the role and faith of engineering concepts and metaphors within and beyond the walls of life sciences. We will then reflect on the importance of mutual learning between the two cultures of natural sciences and humanities to unpack what might be lost in translation through the use of engineering concepts and metaphors. We conclude with a range of institutional challenges to be tackled when it comes to promoting cohabitations within and beyond the walls of life sciences.
An Experimental Comparison of CMG Steering Control Laws

Control moment gyros (CMGs) are spacecraft attitude control actuators which act as torque amplifiers. They are thus suitable for attitude hold and reorientation of large spacecraft or for slew maneuvering. They provide the necessary torques via gimballing a spinning flywheel. A major problem encountered with the use of CMGs in practice is the possibility of singularities for certain combinations of gimbal angles. In such singular gimbal angle configurations the CMG cluster cannot generate torques along a certain direction. Several singularity avoidance and escape steering logics have been reported in the literature to solve the CMG singularity problem. In this paper, we experimentally compare three of the most common CMG steering logics using a realistic spacecraft simulator. We compare the relative merits of these steering laws with respect to their singularity avoidance capabilities and their efficiency in generating the commanded control torques. An adaptive feedback stabilizing control law is also used in conjunction with each CMG steering law to account for the gravity disturbance torque.
PERFORMANCE OF EVOLVED ACCELERATION GUIDANCE LOGIC FOR ENTRY (EAGLE)

This paper presents the design and performance of Evolved Acceleration Guidance Logic for Entry (EAGLE), an algorithm intended for future space transportation vehicles. The most distinguishing feature of EAGLE is its ability to plan a three-dimensional trajectory and thereby handle large crossrange entries. EAGLE consists of two integrated components: a trajectory planner and a tracking law. The planner generates reference drag acceleration and lateral acceleration profiles, along with the reference state and bank angle profiles. The tracking law, based on feedback linearization, commands the angles of bank and attack required to follow the reference drag and heading profiles. In this paper we discuss the planner and tracking law and present simulation results indicating the performance of EAGLE. Extensive simulations of a broad range of return-from-orbit entries show that EAGLE achieves the desired target with final position and heading errors within allowable tolerances.
Criminal Justice in the United States, 1789–1939: states and nation, 1860–1900

The changes in criminal law in the first half of the nineteenth century at best were gradual and incomplete; those that followed the end of the Civil War often were quicker, but still were limited. Shifts in the country’s social dynamics drove state governments to try to expand their powers, while pressure from reformers and the desire to circumvent the powers of popular justice prompted other efforts to strengthen state-level institutions of criminal justice. At the same time, the national government, which had expanded its power during the war and Reconstruction, tried to assume a greater role in criminal law. All those efforts to bring crime and criminal justice finally under government rule were countered once again by popular forces, from the rough justice of the lynch mob to the more subdued, but not less significant activities of law-and-order leagues. And those familiar attempts to maintain the sovereignty of the people were both complemented and thwarted by renewed attempts to appeal to rights. All this meant that the last decades of the nineteenth century were a period of great flux in criminal justice; yet when that century came to a close, the fundamental tension between formal law and popular justice remained.
Probabilistic collapse resistance and residual drift assessment of buildings with fluidic self-centering systems

Summary The seismic performance of three- and six-story buildings with fluidic self-centering system is probabilistically assessed. The fluidic self-centering systems consist of devices that are based on the technology of fluid viscous dampers but built in a way that pressurization of the devices results in preload that is explored to reduce or eliminate residual drift. The design of these buildings followed a procedure that parallels the design for structures with damping systems in ASCE 7 but modified to include the preload effect. Reference conventional buildings were also designed per ASCE 7 for comparison. These buildings were then analyzed to examine and compare their seismic collapse resistance and residual drift, where the residual drift limits of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of story height were selected as important thresholds. The study further calculated the mean annual frequency of collapse and corresponding exceedance probability over 50 years, and the mean annual frequency of exceeding the threshold residual story drift limits and the corresponding exceedance probability over 50 years. Variations in the design procedures by considering increased displacement capacity or damping or preload of the devices, different types of damping, increased ultimate strength of the self-centering device–brace systems and increased frame strength were considered. It was found that increasing either the ultimate force capacity of the self-centering device–brace system or the frame strength results in important improvements in the collapse resistance and in minimizing residual drift, whereas the variation of other design parameters has minor effects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.