cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed Appearance of a Traumatic Fetal Intracranial Hemorrhage.

Background. Fetal intracranial injury is a potentially devastating sequelae of maternal trauma, but there is little guidance regarding fetal evaluation in this setting. Case. A 23-year-old woman at 27-week gestation was admitted after a high-speed motor vehicle accident. The initial obstetrical ultrasound was unremarkable, but persistently minimal fetal heart rate variability was observed. Ultrasound on day 3 after the accident showed an intracranial hyperechogenic lesion and subdural fluid collection. The neonate, following an uneventful birth at 39 weeks, had seizures and abnormal muscle tone. MRI was consistent with in utero intracranial hemorrhage. Conclusion. Serial fetal imaging following maternal trauma, particularly when accompanied by abnormal fetal heart rate tracings, should be considered when fetal injury is a concern, even in the setting of a normal initial ultrasound.
Some (Non-)universal features of Web robot traffic

Understanding the qualities of Web robot traffic is essential to build mechanisms for mitigating the impact of their traffic on Web systems. This paper presents an updated characterization of the navigational and session patterns of Web robot traffic across three Web servers in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East under 30 different features. The results indicate that some features may be fitted to the same heavy-tailed model across the Web servers, but the best fitting models for other features depend on the Web server. Due to some different tasks of Web robots and security policies set by website administrators, there are thus some features of Web robot traffic that cannot be universally modeled.
Declining Plate Discipline during the Major League Baseball Season May Be the Result of Fatigue (P01.260)

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that Major League Baseball players will experience increasing lapses in vigilance as the season progresses, resulting in worsening plate discipline. BACKGROUND: Frequent long-distance travel and few off days over several months predispose to fatigue in Major League Baseball. To test our hypothesis, we examined the number of times a batter chose to swing at a pitch outside of the strike zone (a ball), captured by the O-swing% statistic. This statistic, analogous to plate discipline, was chosen because it represents a negative outcome (i.e. swinging at a ball is always a mistake). DESIGN/METHODS: Using a searchable database (Fangraphs Inc; fangraphs.com), we tracked the frequency of Major League Baseball batters swinging at pitches outside of the strike zone. Records from 2006 to 2011 were compared to those from 2002 to 2005, as stimulant drugs were officially banned and formal testing enacted after 2005. Data were expressed in team-months as the percentage of pitches swung at outside of the strike zone to total number of pitches seen outside the strike zone (O-Swing%). RESULTS: A total of 30 teams were analyzed. There was a linear increase of O-Swing% over time (p CONCLUSIONS: Performance in strike-zone judgment consistently worsened through the season, and the effect increased following a ban on stimulants in 2005. This trend occurred despite potential gains from practice and repetition through the season. The increase in O-Swing% through the year suggests worsening vigilance and judgement, and may represent fatigue effect. Future research related to performance and fatigue appears warranted in Major League Baseball players and those engaged in other professional sports. Disclosure: Dr. Kutscher has nothing to disclose. Dr. Song has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Upender has nothing to disclose. Dr. Malow has nothing to disclose.
The Cultural Factor in Prejudice and Discrimination

The previous two chapters have shown how discrimination reflects, in part, economic and political conflict and competition as well as the psychic economy of individuals—their efforts to deal with a baffling world, hostility, and anxiety. Prejudice represents these forces in symbolic form; it is a readiness to act—whether or not set in motion — in service of those individual and group needs.
Surveying the Solitudes: An Investigation into the Relationships between Human Computer Interaction and Software Engineering in Practice

In this chapter, we analyze the state of software engineering and Human-Computer Interaction research and practice. In particular we are interested in the overlaps and interfaces between these two influential fields. We begin with an analysis of the state of the research that lies at the conjunction of these two areas, and then present the results of a survey that examines how HCI practitioners and software engineers interact in industry. The main findings of the survey are disturbing: there is a substantial lack of mutual understanding among software engineers and HCI specialists, and the results from research do not appear to be strongly influencing this interaction. Furthermore, there appear to be important differences in how software engineers and HCI practitioners view their interaction in the software engineering life cycle. The final, and perhaps most serious, finding of this chapter is that software engineers and HCI practitioners tend to interact and communicate with each other late in the software life cycle; too late to fix the most fundamental usability problems.
Ontogenesis, Use, and Representation of Cultural Categories: A Psychological Perspective

In 1966, I was asked to write a review of the volume emanating from the 1963 Merida Conference on transcultural studies in cognition (Greenfield, 1967). The report of that conference (Romney & D’Andrade, 1964) identified an important gap between the fields of anthropology and psychology in their approach to the transcultural study of cognition: anthropological study focuses on relatively static cognitive products while psychological research concentrates more on dynamic cognitive processes. Romney and D’Andrade, in their “Summary of Participants’ Discussion,” pointed out diverging assumptions on the part of the two fields: on the one hand the “assumption by anthropologists that ‘cognition’ is equivalent to the code held by a group of individuals” and on the other hand “the psychologists’ assumption… that ‘cognition’ is equivalent to mental capacities or intellective processes” (p. 239). Indeed, after reviewing the conference as a whole, Romney and D’Andrade said that “it began to appear as though many of the issues could be reduced to one: whether the transcultural study of cognition is primarily a study of codes or of intellective processes” (p. 234).
Regional Variation in Utilization and Outcomes of Liver Allografts From Donors With High Body Mass Index and Graft Macrosteatosis: A Role for Liver Biopsy.

BACKGROUND Obesity, defined as a high body mass index (hBMI) of 30 kg/m or greater, is a growing epidemic worldwide and is associated with multiple comorbidities. High BMI individuals account for an increasing portion of potential liver donors. Here we evaluate trends in the utilization and outcomes of hBMI donors on a national and regional level and the potential role of liver biopsy in donor evaluation. METHODS United Network for Organ Sharing Standard Transplant Analysis and Research database was evaluated for deceased donor liver transplants between 2006 and 2016 across 11 Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network regions. High BMI donors were compared with lower BMI counterparts and evaluated for biopsy rates, utilization rates and allograft outcomes. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS Seventy-seven thousand fifty potential donors were identified and 60 200 transplants were evaluated. Utilization rates for hBMI donors were 66.1% versus 78.1% for lower BMI donors (P < 0.001). Pretransplant biopsy was performed more frequently in hBMI donors (52.1% vs 33.1%, P < 0.001) and macrosteatosis of 30% or greater was identified more often (21.1% vs 12.2%, P < 0.001). Biopsy performance increased utilization rate of hBMI donors in 7 of 11 Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network regions. region 6 showed the highest rate of biopsy performance, high rate of hBMI donor utilization, and highest 5-year estimated graft survival rates of all regions. CONCLUSIONS High BMI donors have not previously been associated with worse graft survival in multivariable analyses; however, they are used much less frequently. Liver biopsy may increase the utilization rate of hBMI donors and improve donor selection. Further evaluation of regions with high rates of utilization and good outcomes is warranted.
Potentially inappropriate medication use among hypertensive older African-American adults.

Inappropriate use of medications, particularly among minority older adults with co-morbidity, remains a major public health concern. The American Geriatrics Society (AGS) reports that Potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) continues to be prescribed for older adults, despite evidence of poor outcomes. The main objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of PIM use among underserved non-institutionalized hypertensive older African-American adults. Furthermore, this study examines potential correlations between PIM use and the number and type of chronic conditions. This cross-sectional study is comprised of a convenience sample of 193 hypertensive non-institutionalized African-American adults, aged 65 years and older recruited from several senior housing units located in underserved areas of South Los Angeles. The updated 2015 AGS Beers Criteria was used to identify participants using PIMs. Almost one out of two participants had inappropriate medication use. While the average number of PIMs taken was 0.87 drugs, the range was from one to seven medications. Almost 23% of PIMs were due to drugs with potential drug-drug interactions. The most common PIM was the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and Central Nervous System (CNS) active agents. Nearly 56% of PIMs potentially increased the risk of falls and fall-associated bone fractures. The use of PIMs was significantly higher among participants who reported a higher number of chronic conditions. Nearly 70% of participants with PIM use reported suffering from chronic pain. The major reason for high levels of polypharmacy, PIMs, and drug interactions is that patients suffer from multiple chronic conditions. But it may not be possible or necessary to treat all chronic conditions. Therefore, the goals of care should be explicitly reviewed with the patient in order to determine which of the many chronic conditions has the greatest impact on the life goals and/or functional priorities of the patient. Those drugs that have a limited impact on the patient’s functional priorities and that may cause harmful drug-drug interactions can be reduced or eliminated, while the remaining medications can focus on the most important functional priorities of the patient.
Retrospective evaluation of 4 methods for outcome prediction in overt disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs (2009-2014): 804 cases.

Objective The clinical diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in dogs is challenging. It was hypothesized that dogs with laboratory abnormalities consistent with overt DIC have increased mortality and hence survival could be used to evaluate the performance of DIC scoring systems. Four DIC scoring systems were compared in clinically ill dogs: The International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) score; a previously published veterinary DIC score; a system using in-house reference intervals (RIs) for coagulation assays; and the published veterinary DIC score modified by use of in-house RI values. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Eight hundred four client-owned dogs with underlying disorders associated with DIC. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs for which a coagulation panel consisting of coagulation times, D-dimer concentration, antithrombin activity, fibrinogen concentration, and platelet count had been analyzed. Four methods for overt DIC scoring were then applied, and the ability of these scores to predict mortality was evaluated. Use of institution RIs for diagnosis of overt DIC provided the most accurate prognostic assessment. A score based on abnormalities in 3 of 6 parameters to identify overt DIC was 72.7% sensitive and 80.9% specific for mortality and was accurate in 78.4% of cases. The mortality rate of dogs diagnosed with overt DIC via this method was 62.5%, compared to 12.9% in the dogs not in overt DIC, a relative risk of nonsurvival of 4.84 (95% confidence interval 3.80-6.16). Conclusions In dogs at-risk for DIC, an in-house RI scoring system accurately predicted mortality. With further prospective validation, this system holds promise as a diagnostic tool for consistent characterization of overt DIC in clinical studies and clinical practice.
Attributable risk of Alzheimer's dementia attributed to age-related neuropathologies.

Objective The degree to which Alzheimer's versus other neuropathologies contribute to the risk of Alzheimer's dementia is unknown. We examined the risk of Alzheimer's dementia attributable to pathologic AD and 8 other neuropathologies. Methods Participants (n = 1,161) came from 2 clinical-pathological studies of aging. Multivariable logistic regression models examined associations of 8 neuropathological indices with Alzheimer's dementia and quantified the percentage of cases attributable to each. Furthermore, because some dementia cases are not driven by common neuropathologies, we re-estimated the attributable risks after empirically adjusting for such cases. Results Of 1,161 persons, 512 (44.1%) had Alzheimer's dementia at time of death. With the exception of microinfarcts, all neuropathological indices were independently associated with greater odds of Alzheimer's dementia. Two hundred ten (41.0%) Alzheimer's dementia cases were attributable to pathological AD. Separately, 8.9% were attributable to macroscopic infarcts, 10.8% to Lewy bodies, 5.2% to hippocampal sclerosis, 11.7% to transactive response DNA-binding protein 43, 8.1% to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, 6.0% to atherosclerosis, and 5.2% to arteriolosclerosis. A total of 83.3% of cases were attributable to all 8 indices combined. However, after further adjustment for cases driven by other factors, a total of 67.5% of cases were attributable to all 8 neuropathologic indices combined. Interpretation Pathological AD accounts for a considerable percentage of Alzheimer's dementia cases, but multiple other neuropathologies also contribute. In total, just over two-thirds of Alzheimer's dementia cases are attributable to common age-related neuropathologies, suggesting that other disease and resilience factors are important. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:114-124.
A systematic scoping review of hygiene behaviors and environmental health conditions in institutional care settings for orphaned and abandoned children.

Abstract Background Adequate hygiene behaviors and environmental health conditions are fundamental to children's health, development, and well-being. They are especially important in institutional care settings for orphaned and abandoned children, a particularly vulnerable population whose basic needs are often not met. Objectives We systematically reviewed the evidence about hygiene behaviors and environmental health conditions in institutional care settings for children and associated health outcomes; interventions to improve these behaviors, conditions, and outcomes; and obstacles to improvement. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCOhost were searched for studies in the peer-reviewed and grey literature. Studies were included if they reported primary data on one or more environmental health condition or hygiene behavior in an institutional care setting for orphaned and abandoned children. Results Forty-five publications reporting on over 500 institutions in 29 countries were included. The most documented concern was poor personal hygiene behaviors followed by inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure and overcrowding. Protozoan, helminthic, viral infections, and diarrheal illness among institutionalized children were the most commonly documented associated health outcomes. Discussion More studies documented the status of hygiene and environmental health in children's institutions than interventions to improve behaviors and conditions. Insufficient finances and expertise or involvement of caregivers are reported barriers to implementing improvements in children's institutions. The development of guidelines for essential environmental health standards in orphanages, monitoring of facility conditions, accountability for facility deficiencies, and implementation research to identify improvement opportunities would contribute to and promote the health and development of orphaned and abandoned children worldwide.
The Role of Acculturation and Alcohol Problems on Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Latinas at Risk of an Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancy

Background: Along with alcohol, cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances among women of childbearing age. Recent studies indicate detrimental effects of prenatal cannabis use. Because many women use these substances before realizing they are pregnant, these serious health consequences for women and their offspring are of great concern. Despite the recent upsurge in cannabis use, little is known about individual and sociocultural factors that may contribute to risk of a cannabis-exposed pregnancy, particularly among Latinas of child-bearing age also at risk of an alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP). Objectives: Examine the relationships of acculturation, alcohol use, alcohol problems, and psychological distress with frequency of cannabis use among adult Latinas at risk of an AEP. Methods: The hypothesized model included 76 Latinas and was analyzed using path analysis. The study used baseline data from a randomized controlled trial of an intervention targeting risky drinking and tobacco use among women at risk of an AEP in primary care clinics. Results: Greater acculturation was associated with more frequent cannabis use and greater psychological distress. There was a positive indirect relationship between acculturation and alcohol use and alcohol problems through psychological distress. Greater alcohol problems were associated with more frequent cannabis use. Greater psychological distress and alcohol use were indirectly related to more frequent cannabis use through alcohol problems. Conclusions: Findings underscore the critical role of acculturation and alcohol-related problems in cannabis use frequency and have relevant implications for preventive efforts addressing cannabis use among Latinas at risk of an AEP.
A Bayesian Data Analytics Approach to Buildings' Thermal Parameter Estimation

Modeling buildings' heat dynamics is a complex process which depends on various factors including weather, building thermal capacity, insulation preservation, and residents' behavior. Gray-box models offer an explanation of those dynamics, as expressed in a few parameters specific to built environments that can provide compelling insights into the characteristics of building artifacts. In this paper, we present a systematic study of Bayesian approaches to modeling buildings' parameters, and hence their thermal characteristics. We build a Bayesian state-space model that can adapt and incorporate buildings' thermal equations and postulate a generalized solution that can easily adapt prior knowledge regarding the parameters. We then show that a faster approximate approach using Variational Inference for parameter estimation can posit similar parameters' quantification as that of a more time-consuming Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. We perform extensive evaluations on two datasets to understand the generative process and attest that the Bayesian approach is more interpretable. We further study the effects of prior selection on the model parameters and transfer learning, where we learn parameters from one season and reuse them to fit the model in other seasons. We perform extensive evaluations on controlled and real data traces to enumerate buildings' parameters within a 95% credible interval.
Impact of deep oropharyngeal suctioning on microaspiration, ventilator events, and clinical outcomes: A randomized clinical trial.

Aims To evaluate a deep oropharyngeal suction intervention (NO-ASPIRATE) in intubated patients on microaspiration, ventilator-associated events and clinical outcomes. Design Prospective, two-group, single-blind, randomized clinical trial. Methods The study was conducted between 2014 - 2017 in 513 participants enroled within 24 hr of intubation and randomized into NO-ASPIRATE or usual care groups. Standard oral care was provided to all participants every 4 hr and deep oropharyngeal suctioning was added to the NO-ASPIRATE group. Oral and tracheal specimens were obtained to quantify α-amylase as an aspiration biomarker. Results Data were analysed for 410 study completers enrolled at least 36 hr: NO-ASPIRATE (N = 206) and usual care (N = 204). Percent of tracheal specimens positive for α-amylase, mean tracheal α-amylase levels over time and ventilator-associated events were not different between groups. The NO-ASPIRATE group had a shorter hospital length of stay and a subgroup with moderate aspiration at baseline had significantly lower α-amylase levels across time. Conclusion Hospital length of stay was shorter in the NO-ASPIRATE group and a subgroup of intervention participants had lower α-amylase across time. Delivery of standardized oral care to all participants may have been an intervention itself and possibly associated with the lack of significant findings for most outcomes. Impact This trial compared usual care to oral care with a deep suctioning intervention on microaspiration and ventilator-associated events, as this has not been systematically studied. Further research on the usefulness of α-amylase as an aspiration biomarker and the role of oral suctioning, especially for certain populations, is indicated. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02284178.
Marriage and Citizenship Among U.S. Immigrants: Who Marries Whom and Who Becomes a Citizen?

The existing assimilation literature shows that having a U.S.-born spouse, relative to a foreign-born spouse, is associated with a higher probability of becoming a U.S. citizen (naturalization). However, the foreign-born spouses are a heterogeneous group. I disaggregate them by identifying their citizenship status in the U.S. and document that it plays a larger role than simply their place of birth. The relative hazard of naturalization among immigrants with a citizen spouse, U.S.-born or foreign-born, is more than double the hazard of immigrants married to a noncitizen spouse. In fact, the largest increase in the naturalization hazard among immigrants in the U.S. is associated with foreign-born citizen spouses.
Topical ketoconazole for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: A systematic review

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is common and associated with significant psychosocial distress. Treatment options are needed for patients that do not adequately respond to first line treatments of finasteride or minoxidil. Topical ketoconazole has been proposed as a promising treatment. The goal of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of topical ketoconazole in the treatment of AGA. A systematic literature search was conducted within the MEDLINE database using the key terms "ketoconazole" and "alopecia." Forty-seven papers were screened for inclusion, of which nine were assessed for eligibility. Seven articles were included in the qualitative synthesis, including two animal studies (total of 40 participants) and five human studies (total of 318 participants). Murine studies demonstrated a significant increase in mean ratio of hair regrowth to denuded area in the ketoconazole treatment groups compared to controls. Human studies reported increased hair shaft diameter following ketoconazole use. One study reported a significant increase in pilary index (percent anagen phase × diameter) following treatment. Studies also demonstrated clinical improvement of AGA based on photographic assessment and subjective evaluation. Topical ketoconazole is a promising adjunctive or alternative therapy in the treatment of AGA. Randomized controlled trials are needed.
What Do Animal Models Teach Us About Congenital Craniofacial Defects

The formation of the head and face is a complex process which involves many different signaling cues regulating the migration, differentiation, and proliferation of the neural crest. This highly complex process is very error-prone, resulting in craniofacial defects in nearly 10,000 births in the United States annually. Due to the highly conserved mechanisms of craniofacial development, animal models are widely used to understand the pathogenesis of various human diseases and assist in the diagnosis and generation of preventative therapies and treatments. Here, we provide a brief background of craniofacial development and discuss several rare diseases affecting craniofacial bone development. We focus on rare congenital diseases of the cranial bone, facial jaw bones, and two classes of diseases, ciliopathies and RASopathies. Studying the animal models of these rare diseases sheds light not only on the etiology and pathology of each disease, but also provides meaningful insights towards the mechanisms which regulate normal development of the head and face.
Exploring stress, cognitive, and affective mechanisms of the relationship between interpersonal trauma and opioid misuse.

Background People with a history of interpersonal trauma, including intimate partner violence, sexual assault, and adverse childhood experiences, are disproportionately affected by the current opioid epidemic. Interpersonal trauma has been shown to increase risk for chronic pain conditions, prescription opioid use, and opioid misuse. Stress, cognition, and affective function have been examined as potential mechanisms that may influence opioid misuse among individuals with a history of interpersonal trauma. However, no studies have examined these factors simultaneously, despite their interrelatedness. Objective The purpose of this study was to 1) examine perceived stress, perceived cognitive function, depressive symptoms, and PTSD symptoms as potential mechanisms of opioid misuse among individuals with a history of interpersonal trauma, 2) examine the types of interpersonal trauma that are associated with opioid misuse, and 3) assess the mediating role of pain and opioid prescription. Methods A cross-sectional, observational study design was conducted. Data were collected through a confidential self-report online survey using validated instruments (n = 230). A series of regression analyses were conducted to identify mechanistic factors and interpersonal trauma types associated with opioid misuse, opioid prescription, and pain intensity. Structural equation modeling was used to examine mediating effects of pain intensity and opioid prescription. Results Opioid prescription, depressive symptoms, and intimate partner violence increased the odds of reporting opioid misuse. Pain intensity and adverse childhood experiences increased the odds of opioid prescription. Higher levels of perceived stress and depressive symptoms were associated with increased pain intensity. Pain intensity emerged as a mediator of the relationship between depressive symptoms and opioid misuse. Conclusions Our work shows that there are likely several pathways through which interpersonal trauma can lead to opioid misuse. Interventions aimed at improving depressive symptoms and coping with traumatizing events should be included as part of comprehensive trauma-informed pain management practices.
Test-Retest Reliability of Remote ImPACT Administration.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance and test-retest reliability obtained when administering a computerized baseline neurocognitive exam to NCAA Division I student-athletes in a controlled laboratory setting versus an uncontrolled remote location. METHOD A sample of 129 (female = 100) Division I student-athletes completed Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) pre-season assessments for two distinct and respective sports seasons in a controlled laboratory environment and an uncontrolled remote environment. Depending on the environment, participants were given verbal (controlled) or written (uncontrolled) guidelines for taking the test. RESULTS Multivariate repeated-measures ANOVA's determined that there were no within-subject differences between testing environments on ImPACT composite scores and cognitive efficiency index (CEI). The Chi-square test did not find any significant differences in impulse control or the number of invalid test scores, as determined by ImPACT, between environments. Intraclass correlations found the ImPACT subtest scores to range in test-retest reliability across testing environments, demonstrating moderate (verbal memory composite, r = 0.46; visual memory composite, r = 0.64; reaction time, r = 0.61; impulse control, r = 0.52; and CEI, r = 0.61) and good (visual motor composite, r = 0.77) test-retest reliability. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that ImPACT is reliable between controlled and uncontrolled testing environments. This further suggests that ImPACT can be administered in a remote environment, pending specific adherence to testing instructions, or in the event of social distancing or isolation policies.
Organized Physical Activity Program Participation, Physical Activity, and Related Psychosocial Factors Among Urban Adolescents:

The study purpose was to examine whether adolescents who participated in organized physical activity (PA) programs differed from nonparticipants in motivation, social support, and self-efficacy rel...
Unmasking the Mask Debate on Social Media

Masks are believed to slow the spread of Covid-19, and can prevent many deaths, yet this inexpensive, common sense public health measure has ignited a fierce debate in the U.S.. Opponents of masks or anti-maskers have resorted to measures such as organizing protests and marches to make their views public. They have also taken to social media platforms to vigorously argue against the use of masks, and spread misinformation, lies, and myths regarding their use. Even with the advent of vaccines, masks are still likely to be recommended for a long time. It is therefore necessary to identify those tweets that spread falsehoods regarding the use and effectiveness of masks in order to limit their appeal and damage. This paper proposes a classification framework to detect anti-mask tweets from social media dialogue shared on Twitter during the months of July and August 2020. The framework relies on popular machine learning models trained using a combination of linguistic, auxiliary, psycho-linguistic and sentiment features for detection. The proposed classification framework can detect anti-mask tweets with excellent accuracy of over 90%, and hence, it can be used to tag tweets that sow misinformation about masks before they spread through the ether and influence people.
The Paleomagnetism and Magnetic Stratigraphy of the Late Cenozoic Sediments of the Yushe Basin, Shanxi Province, China

Twenty-four sections in the Yuncu subbasin of the Yushe Basin complex were sampled for magnetostratigraphy. A clear pattern of resolved magnetozones indicates the distinctive pattern of Late Miocene Chron C3An for the oldest part of the sequence, the Mahui Formation. The Gaozhuang Formation is dominantly reversely magnetized and correlated with the Gilbert Chron. The superposed Mazegou Formation represents Gauss Chron, but truncated magnetozones indicate a basal hiatus of about half a million years. These two formations are therefore Pliocene in age. The overlying reversely magnetized Haiyan Formation is correlated with Chron C2r, the early reversed subchron of the Matuyama, Early Pleistocene in age. Four sections in the Tancun subbasin record late Chron C3An and C3r (the latter being early Gilbert Chron). Deposition in both subbasins, near the trunk of the Zhuozhang River, began in the Late Miocene, antedating the commencement of sedimentation in the Zhangcun subbasin. Age control, initially provided by vertebrate fossils, is refined by the magnetostratigraphy, which provides precision for dating the Yushe succession of fossiliferous localities.
Maximally concentrated signals in the special affine fourier transformation domain

The problem of maximizing the energy of a signal bandlimited to E 1 = [−σ, σ] on an interval T 1 = [−τ, τ] in the time domain, which is called the energy concentration problem, was solved by a group of mathematicians, D. Slepian, H. Landau, and H. Pollak, at Bell Labs in the 1960s. The goal of this article is to solve the energy concentration problem for the n-dimensional special affine Fourier transformation which includes the Fourier transform, the fractional Fourier transform, the Lorentz transform, the Fresnel transform, and the linear canonical transform (LCT) as special cases. The solution in dimensions higher than one is more challenging because the solution depends on the geometry of the two sets E 1 and T 1 . We outline the solution in the cases where E 1 and T 1 are n dimensional hyper-rectangles and discs.
Anisotropy beneath a highly extended continental rift

We have employed shear wave splitting techniques to image anisotropy beneath the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, in southeastern Papua New Guinea. Our results provide a detailed picture of the extending continent that lies immediately ahead of a propagating mid-ocean ridge tip; we image the transition from continental to oceanic extension. A dense shear wave splitting data set from a 2010 to 2011 passive-source seismic deployment is analyzed using single and multichannel methods. Splitting delay times of 1–1.5 s are observed and fast axes of anisotropy trending N-S, parallel to rifting direction, predominate the results. This trend is linked to lattice-preferred orientation of olivine, primarily in the shallow convecting mantle, driven by up to 200 km of N-S continental extension ahead of the westward-propagating Woodlark Rift. This pattern differs from several other continental rifts that evince rift-strike-parallel fast axes and is evident despite the complex recent tectonic history. We contend that across most of this rift, the unusually high rate and magnitude of extension has been sufficient to produce a regime change to a mid-ocean-ridge-like mantle fabric. Stations in the south of our array show more complex splitting that might be related to melt or to complex inherited structure at the edge of the extended region.
Non-LTE Analysis of Hot Stars Including Line Blanketing

A method is presented that permits the calculation of intensity-weighted effective opacity means which account for the blanketing effect of tens of thousands of spectral lines in expanding atmospheres. The coefficients are evaluated as a function of frequency and location in the atmosphere. By combining these effective opacities with an atmosphere code that solves the statistical equilibrium equations for non-LTE populations and the radiation transfer equations in the comoving frame, we obtain a model atmosphere that accounts simultaneously and consistently for non-LTE, spherical extension, expansion, and line blanketing.
Abstract P050: Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Incident Hypertension: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background: Elevated serum fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), an endogenous hormone, is associated with endothelial dysfunction, chronic kidney disease, arterial wall stiffness, and inflammation. These factors may contribute to an increased risk of hypertension. To date, the association of FGF23 with incident hypertension has not been examined. Hypothesis: Elevated serum FGF23 will be positively associated with risk of incident hypertension. Methods: The ARIC study measured intact FGF23 in stored serum from 7,948 middle-aged men and women without hypertension at baseline (1990-92). Participants were examined during two follow-up visits, in 1993-95 and 1996-98. Incident hypertension was determined by measured blood pressure (DBP 90 mm Hg, or SBP140 mm Hg) and/or hypertension medication use during the follow-up exams. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models and complementary log-log models were used to adjust for potential confounding variables. Results: During a median follow-up of 5.9 years, 27% (2,152/7,948) participants developed hypertension. A nonlinear association between serum FGF23 and incident hypertension was observed; only the highest decile of serum FGF23 was positively associated with incident hypertension (Table). After adjustment for demographics, the hazard ratio for incident hypertension was 1.37 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.60) for the highest decile of FGF23 compared to the lowest quintile. After adjustment for behaviors and adiposity the HR was 1.25 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.46). The association was further attenuated in the final model after adjusting for renal function (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.41). Complementary log-log models that accounted for interval censoring did not alter results. Conclusions: High levels ( 60.6 pg/mL) of FGF23 are associated with a modestly increased risk of incident hypertension in the general population. Next steps include replication of these findings in other cohorts, and examining the association with a longer follow-up period.
Stability and Quasi Normal Modes of Charged Born Infeld Black Holes

The static charged Born–Infeld black hole is stable. We compare its stability to the linear counterpart Reissner–Nordstrom black hole stability. We use the WKB method to compute how its quasi-normal modes vary with the non-linear parameter, temperature, mass of the scalar field and the spherical index.
Cloning of the human keratin 18 gene and its expression in nonepithelial mouse cells.

Abstract Human keratin 18 (K18) and the homologous mouse protein, Endo B, are intermediate filament subunits of the type I keratin class. Both are expressed in many simple epithelial cell types including trophoblasts, the first differentiated cell type to appear during mouse embryogenesis. The K18 gene was identified and cloned from among the 15 to 20 similar sequences identified within the human genome. The identity of the cloned gene was confirmed by comparing the sequence of the first two exons to the K18 cDNA sequence and transfecting the gene into various murine cell lines and verifying the encoded protein as K18 by immunoprecipitation and partial peptide mapping. The transfected K18 gene was expressed in mouse HR9 parietal endodermal cells and mouse fibroblasts even though the fibroblasts fail to express endogenous Endo B. S1 nuclease protection analysis indicated that mRNA synthesized from the transfected K18 gene is initiated at the same position as authentic K18 mRNA found in both BeWo trophoblastoma cells and HeLa cells. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the human K18 protein is stable in murine parietal endodermal cells (HR9) which express EndoA, a complementary mouse type II keratin. Surprisingly, however, K18 was degraded when synthesized in cells which lack a type II keratin. This turnover of K18 may be an important mechanism by which epithelial cells maintain equal molar amounts of both type I and II keratins. In addition, the levels of the endogenous type I Endo B in parietal endodermal cells were compensatingly down regulated in the presence of the K18 protein, while the levels of the endogenous type II Endo A were not affected in any of the transfected cell lines.
Finger intubation of the trachea in newborns.

An alternative to laryngoscopic endotracheal intubation of infants is direct "finger" intubation using no laryngoscope or visualization. In 1543, Vesalius1 described the placement of a tube into the trachea to control ventilation in what may be the first description of intubation without a laryngoscope. Over the centuries the technique has been described a number of times in the adult literature.2-4 In 1941, Russ and Strong5 described a method of digital intubation for neonatal resuscitation. Twenty-seven years later, Woody and Woody (6) again described and illustrated that technique. Now, however, 487 years after Vesalius9 description, the method does not appear to have gained common acceptance in pediatrics.
Information development: a new marketplace for CASE

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools are useful in developing end-user documentation. Technical writers use the diagrams created by the software engineers to understand the product under development. Technical writers can also use some CASE tools to design product libraries and screen layouts. It is proposed that CASE tool developers consider technical writers, in addition to software engineers, as customers. It is suggested that if the tools were developed with that audience in mind, higher quality software and higher quality product documentation would result. The importance of product documentation is discussed, and information engineering requirements and sample decomposition diagrams are provided. >
In vitro activity of doxycycline against bacteria from clinical material.

Doxycycline (α-6-deoxy-oxytetracycline) was tested against various bacteria of recent clinical origin with 30-μg discs. The antibiotic susceptibility of these bacteria to commonly used antimicrobial agents was also established. Those bacteria which responded with equivocal zones of inhibition about the tetracycline compounds were tested by the tube dilution technique. Staphylococci and enterococci consistently displayed greater in vitro susceptibility to doxycycline than to tetracycline or demethylchlortetracycline.
Jet impingement cooling of a convex semi-cylindrical surface

Liquid crystals are used to investigate the effect of high relative curvature on surface heat transfer for a round air jet impinging perpendicularly on a semicylindrical convex surface.The relative curvature, ( d/D), is varied by changing the jet tube diameter for the same surface diameter. Relative curvature varies from 0.18-0.38. The effects of relative curvature, Reynolds number and jet exit-to-surface spacing are described.  2001 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS jets / jet impingement / curved surfaces / impingement heat transfer / liquid crystals
Processes determining the marine alkalinity and calcium carbonate saturation state distributions

Abstract. We introduce a composite tracer for the marine system, Alk*, that has a global distribution primarily determined by CaCO3 precipitation and dissolution. Alk* is also affected by riverine alkalinity from dissolved terrestrial carbonate minerals. We estimate that the Arctic receives approximately twice the riverine alkalinity per unit area as the Atlantic, and 8 times that of the other oceans. Riverine inputs broadly elevate Alk* in the Arctic surface and particularly near river mouths. Strong net carbonate precipitation results in low Alk* in subtropical gyres, especially in the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Upwelling of dissolved CaCO3-rich deep water elevates North Pacific and Southern Ocean Alk*. We use the Alk* distribution to estimate the variability of the calcite saturation state resulting from CaCO3 cycling and other processes. We show that regional differences in surface calcite saturation state are due primarily to the effect of temperature differences on CO2 solubility and, to a lesser extent, differences in freshwater content and air–sea disequilibria. The variations in net calcium carbonate cycling revealed by Alk* play a comparatively minor role in determining the calcium carbonate saturation state.
FACTORS RELATED TO THE GROWTH OF PSITTACOSIS VIRUS (STRAIN 6BC) II. PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, AND OTHER COMPONENTS RELATED TO NUCLEIC ACID

In various amounts and mixtures, adenine, guanine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, thymine, thymidine, cytidylic acid, and an enzymatic digest of desoxyribonucleic acid all failed to influence the inhibition by sulfadiazine of the growth of psittacosis virus (6BC) in embryonated eggs. A number of purine analogues, including benzimidazole, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 8-azaguanine, inhibited the growth of psittacosis virus (6BC) in tissue cultures at concentrations which had no obvious toxic effects on the host tissues. The virus inhibitory action of 2,6-diaminopurine was reversed by addition of adenine and that of 8-azaguanine by guanine. The growth of psittacosis virus (6BC) was inhibited by the pteridine compounds 2-ammo-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine and xanthopterin, while other related substances had little or no inhibitory activity. Xanthine reversed the inhibitory effects of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine. There was no correlation between the inhibitory activity of the pteridines on xanthine oxidase and multiplication of the virus.
The rebuilt marketing machine

Abstract Since its conception, the marketing mix has been the marketer's tool kit for success. A firm's marketing plan is basically comprised of the 4 Ps of the marketing mix tool kit, with practitioners and academicians segregating a marketer's tasks into product, place, price, and promotion. A decade of company-based research suggests, however, that it is time to rebuild the marketing machine by focusing upon the key strategic issues that companies, and marketers, face in today's rapidly evolving, digitized marketplace. If marketing is to become a way of doing business rather than merely one of several organizational functions, marketers must recognize that the marketing mix tool kit is truly an implement for success, just as an engine and wheels are necessary for successful navigation of an automobile. Only after we, as marketers, recognize and conceptualize marketing as a bigger machine than just the 4 Ps will we be able to bring a market orientation to the forefront of strategic thought.
Effect of prenatal maternal administration of d-amphetamine on rat offspring activity and passive avoidance learning

Gravid albino rats were injected subcutaneously with 0, 5, or 10 mg/kg body weight of d-amphetamine during Days 5-9 or Days 12-16 of gestation. Offspring were assessed for activity level and passive avoidance learning. Almost all of the drug groups, especially those whose mothers received 5 mg of d-amphetamine early in pregnancy, displayed significantly higher activity than did the controls. Administration of 5 mg of d-amphetamine to mothers early in pregnancy was also detrimental to the learning of a passive avoidance response in their offspring, but large doses, whether given early or late in pregnancy, did not affect this behavior.