cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UNBLOCK: Low Complexity Transient Blockage Recovery for Mobile mm-Wave Devices

Directional radio beams are used in the mm-Wave band to combat the high path loss. The mm-Wave band also suffers from high penetration losses from drywall, wood, glass, concrete, etc., and also the human body. Hence, as a mobile user moves, the Line of Sight (LoS) path between the mobile and the Base Station (BS) can be blocked by objects interposed in the path, causing loss of the link. A mobile with a lost link will need to be re-acquired as a new user by initial access, a process that can take up to a second, causing disruptions to applications. UNBLOCK is a protocol that allows a mobile to recover from transient blockages, such as those caused by a human hand or another human walking into the line of path or other temporary occlusions by objects, which typically disappear within the order of 100 ms, without having to go through reacquisition. UNBLOCK is based on extensive experimentation in office type environments which has shown that while a LoS path is blocked, there typically exists a Non-LoS path, i.e., a reflected path through scatterers, with a loss within about 10 dB of the LoS path. UNBLOCK proactively keeps such a NLoS path in reserve, to be used when blockage happens, typically without any warning. UNBLOCK uses this NLoS path to maintain time-synchronization with the BS until the blockage disappears, as well as to search for a better NLoS path if available. When the transient blockage disappears, it reestablishes LoS communication at the epochs that have been scheduled by the BS for communication with the mobile. UNBLOCK is a low complexity, power-efficient, dynamic blockage recovery protocol. The design is based on extensive measurements and mobility experiments. Experimental evaluation in the variety of office environments available to us shows that UNBLOCK is able to avoid outage and maintain time synchronization in 96% of the transient blockages.
Heads Above the Rest: The Cognitive Demands of Leading the Modern Organization

This chapter explores today’s demands of leaders and why the majority of leaders are developmentally incapable of meeting those demands. Arguing that the “modern,” pre–World War II environment and organizations were a good fit for most leaders’ capabilities, the chapter describes postmodern challenges as different not in scope but in kind from those of modernity. Drawing upon an adult constructive-developmental theory, the capabilities of the “typical” leader and the demands of the environment are compared, demonstrating that most leaders are simply outmatched—we have modern leaders facing postmodern demands. The chapter closes with specific client examples that exemplify the system at play, why traditional leadership development solutions do not resolve the problem, and suggestions to support meaningful leadership development.
Blocked Entry and Demand Shocks in Age-Group and Collegiate Swimming

A labor-leisure model helps explain why entry into competitive swim is blocked. Swim has been, historically, a racially uniform sport. Demand shocks during Olympic years may portend that a different era is coming. Blocked entry is related to competitive balance in the sport. A Hirschman-Hirfindahl index of competitive balance in collegiate swim is used to compare swim to other sports.
Potential diagnosis of COVID-19 from chest X-ray and CT findings using semi-supervised learning.

COVID-19 is an infectious disease, which has adversely affected public health and the economy across the world. On account of the highly infectious nature of the disease, rapid automated diagnosis of COVID-19 is urgently needed. A few recent findings suggest that chest X-rays and CT scans can be used by machine learning for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Herein, we employed semi-supervised learning (SSL) approaches to detect COVID-19 cases accurately by analyzing digital chest X-rays and CT scans. On a relatively small COVID-19 radiography dataset, which contains only 219 COVID-19 positive images, 1341 normal and 1345 viral pneumonia images, our algorithm, COVIDCon, which takes advantage of data augmentation, consistency regularization, and multicontrastive learning, attains 97.07% average class prediction accuracy, with 1000 labeled images, which is 7.65% better than the next best SSL method, virtual adversarial training. COVIDCon performs even better on a larger COVID-19 CT Scan dataset that contains 82,767 images. It achieved an excellent accuracy of 99.13%, at 20,000 labels, which is 6.45% better than the next best pseudo-labeling approach. COVIDCon outperforms other state-of-the-art algorithms at every label that we have investigated. These results demonstrate COVIDCon as the benchmark SSL algorithm for potential diagnosis of COVID-19 from chest X-rays and CT-Scans. Furthermore, COVIDCon performs exceptionally well in identifying COVID-19 positive cases from a completely unseen repository with a confirmed COVID-19 case history. COVIDCon, may provide a fast, accurate, and reliable method for screening COVID-19 patients.
A Scoping Review of Health Information Technology in Clinician Burnout.

Background Clinician burnout is a prevalent issue in healthcare, with detrimental implications in healthcare quality and medical costs due to errors. The inefficient use of health information technologies (HIT) is attributed to having a role in burnout. Objective This paper seeks to review the literature with the following two goals: (1) characterize and extract HIT trends in burnout studies over time, and (2) examine the evidence and synthesize themes of HIT's roles in burnout studies. Methods A scoping literature review was performed by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines with two rounds of searches in PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ACM, and Google Scholar. The retrieved papers and their references were screened for eligibility by using developed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted from included papers and summarized either statistically or qualitatively to demonstrate patterns. Results After narrowing down the initial 945 papers, 36 papers were included. All papers were published between 2013 and 2020; nearly half of them focused on primary care (n = 16; 44.4%). The most commonly studied variable was electronic health record (EHR) practices (e.g., number of clicks). The most common study population was physicians. HIT played multiple roles in burnout studies: it can contribute to burnout; it can be used to measure burnout; or it can intervene and mitigate burnout levels. Conclusion This scoping review presents trends in HIT-centered burnout studies and synthesizes three roles for HIT in contributing to, measuring, and mitigating burnout. Four recommendations were generated accordingly for future burnout studies: (1) validate and standardize HIT burnout measures; (2) focus on EHR-based solutions to mitigate clinician burnout; (3) expand burnout studies to other specialties and types of healthcare providers, and (4) utilize mobile and tracking technology to study time efficiency.
Seizures in Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) is a common cause of stroke in the young. Risk factors for CVT are inherited or acquired pro-thrombotic states. Pregnancy and puerperium are among the most important acquired transient pro-thrombotic conditions that predispose to CVT. Seizures occur in about 35–40 % of patients with CVT and can be classified as focal or generalized, and early (< 2 weeks) or late. Pooled analyses of existing literature demonstrate that focal motor deficits, cortical venous thrombosis, and supratentorial parenchymal lesions are associated with an increased risk of early seizures. The occurrence of early seizures after CVT is a risk factor for the later development of epilepsy. Seizures in CVT are a cause of significant morbidity and may require long-term treatment.
Dexamethasone therapy for children with bacterial meningitis

Objective. To determine whether treatment with dexamethasone and ceftriaxone for children with bacterial meningitis reduces the frequency of either sensorineural hearing loss or other neurologic sequelae. Design. This was a prospective, multicentered, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Subjects were followed for 1 year. Setting. The study was conducted in six children9s hospitals located in Pittsburgh, Houston, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Columbus, Ohio. Patients. Enrolled were 173 children, 8 weeks to 12 years of age, with suspected bacterial meningitis; 143 children were evaluable. Eighty-seven percent of patients were followed for at least 6 weeks to 3 months, and 67% were followed for 1 year. Interventions. Subjects were randomized to receive ceftriaxone with or without dexamethasone (0.15 mg/kg every 6 hours for 4 days). Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were measured within 24 hours of admission. Main outcome measures. Hearing, development, and neurologic sequelae were assessed at the time of discharge and 6 weeks and 1 year later. Main results. One hundred forty-three patients (69 received dexamethasone and 74 received placebo) with bacterial meningitis were evaluable: Haemophilus influenzae type b (83), Streptococcus pneumoniae (33), Neisseria meningitidis (24), and three others. Overall, there was no significant difference in auditory outcome between dexamethasone and placebo recipients. Twenty-two children had bilateral moderate or more severe hearing loss at the time of the first ABR. At follow-up, the resolution of hearing impairment was nearly identical for each group. Nine of ten children who remained persistently deaf were deaf at the time of the first ABR. There were no differences in neurologic or developmental outcome between groups. Conclusion. All but one child with persistent bilateral moderate or more severe hearing loss had demonstrable deafness at the time of the first ABR. Dexamethasone did not significantly improve audiologic, neurologic, or developmental outcome in children with bacterial meningitis.
Cooperative Mult-thread Parallel Tabu Search with an Application to Circuit Partitioning

In this work, we propose a cooperative multi-thread parallel tabu search heuristic for the circuit partitioning problem. This procedure is based on the cooperation of multiple search threads. Each thread implements a different variant of a sequential tabu search algorithm, using a different combination of initial solution algorithm and move attribute definition. These threads communicate by exchanging elite solutions. PVM and Linda are used in the implementation of the parallel tabu search procedure. Numerical results reported for a set of ISCAS benchmark circuits illustrate the effectiveness of the parallel tabu search procedure. Comparative results illustrating the efficiency of the implementations in PVM and Linda are also assessed.
Social Work and Mathematics: Strange Bedfellows or Productive Partners?

(1996). Social Work and Mathematics: Strange Bedfellows or Productive Partners? The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 327-329.
Monism: A Tale of the Undead

Exploring the relationship between domestic law and international law had been a hobbyhorse of German and French public law scholarship well into the early twentieth century. The relevant debates revolved around two major positions: “dualism”, on the one hand, and “monism”, on the other.With international co-operation becoming at least moderately successful in the wake of the Second World War, these debates were no longer continued. They came to be regarded as intellectual relics stemming from a different age. Often with little accuracy, they were presented in the introductory chapters of textbooks, based on an understanding that they concern mere constructive matters. They were taken to be irrelevant to the progress of humanity that was to be advanced by international law. Quite remarkably, the themes relevant to the old debate have been resuscitated in discourses dealing with final authority in the European Union. The themes have become mingled with discussions of federalism and are now presented, without further ado, as issues possessing a constitutional significance. Hence, traditional disputes are recast in a manner that appears to affect, in one way or another, the “constitutionalisation” of the Union. As is well known, the European constitutionalisation farrago has in the meanwhile spilled over into general international law. Remarkably, the constructive questions revert to their original intellectual habitat, even if in the new cloth of ideas concerning the purported constitution of international law.As is often the case in intellectual history, when prior debates are almost forgotten the reformulation of older ideas comes dressed up in new vocabulary. What has emerged from the constitutional context of Union Law and begun to reach out into general international law are (relatively) new kids on the block, namely, “pluralism” and “cosmopolitanism”. Adorned with constitutional pathos they are advanced as alternatives to the trite dualist and the long abandoned monist paradigm. The article argues, first, that pluralism and cosmopolitanism do not really offer any alternatives. Making sense of the relevant positions requires translating them into the conceptual world of the received debate. If defensible, pluralism, either in simple or cosmopolitan form, formulates a new version of monism; if not, it amounts to a travesty of constitutional ideas, which assimilates legality to the mindset of administrative action. Moreover, it is argued below – in a spirit somewhat reminiscent of Kelsen – that choosing one construction over the other is a question of political philosophy. Monism commends itself not least owing to its superb constitutionalist sensibilities.
Glucose concentration gradients across the uterus and placenta of the pregnant primate.

Abstract Glucose concentrations were measured in the femoral artery and vein of control animals, both pregnant and nonpregnant, to establish normal values in the Macaca speciosa. Uterine arteriovenous differences of total blood glucose concentrations were then determined throughout gestation in anesthetized animals at laparotomy. The changing pattern of glucose gradients across the placenta is described by simultaneous measurements of the glucose levels in the maternal uterine artery, the uterine vein, and the amniotic fluid. The glucose concentrations were also measured in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery by cesarean section. Maternal arterial glucose levels are similar to those of the unstressed nonpregnant adults. Generally, the arteriovenous blood glucose difference across the uterus tends to widen as gestation proceeds, showing increasing extraction of glucose from the blood perfusing the uterus. The glucose concentration in the amniotic fluid decreases steadily as pregnancy proceeds. The glucose gradients between the maternal and fetal vascular pools and the amniotic fluid reach a maximum in the last trimester of gestation.
Algorithms for 2D and 3D image description based on the IAS

The algorithms used in computing the intensity axis of symmetry (IAS) for 2D and 3D medical images are described. The basic 2D algorithms, along with the algorithms needed to incorporate scale space, are described. A brief discussion of the extensions needed to work with 3D images is given. The basic approach is to treat the image as a deformable intensity surface which is contracted onto the IAS. The primitive regions of the segmentation are identified by the branches in the resulting tree-like structure. A hierarchy is produced by following the simplification of the branching through scale space. For comparison papers see ibid., p.94-101 and ibid., p.108-14. >
The distribution of cholinergic components in a marine arthropod

Abstract 1. The distribution of several cholinergic components generally accepted as being associated with cholinergic transmission was studied in Limulus nerve and muscle tissue. 2. Acetylcholine (ACh) and choline were distributed among all the tissues assayed, with abdominal ganglia showing the highest concentration of both. 3. Corpora pedunculata showed the greatest enrichment of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the brain nerve roots had the highest levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. No direct correlation was found between levels of ChAT and the amount of measurable ACh in a tissue. 4. Tissue/medium (T/M) ratios indicative of high affinity [ 3 H]choline uptake were selectively distributed, ranging from 13.22 to 4.62 in corpora pedunculata, circumoesophageal ring, abdominal ganglia and cardiac ganglion. All these tissues, with the exception of cardiac ganglion, released [ 3 H]ACh in a Ca 2+ dependent fashion in response to treatment with elevated potassium (90 mM). 5. Cardiac ganglion was found not to synthesize [ 3 H]ACh and had no detectable levels of ChAT activity. 6. These results suggest that high affinity [ 3 H]choline uptake is not exclusively associated with the synthesis of [ 3 H]ACh and hence is not a unique property of cholinergic neurons and/or terminals.
Silver nitrate therapy in epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria of the newborn.

1. Cahill, J. L., Talbert, J. L., Ottesen, O. E., Rowe, R. D. and Haller, J. A.: Arterial complications following cardiac catheterization in infants and children, J. Pediat. Surg. 2: 134, 1967. 2. Vlad, P, Hohn, A., and Lambert, E. C.: Retrograde arterial catheterization of left heart: experience with 500 infants and children, Circulation 29: 787, 1964. 3. Mortensen, J. D.: Clinical sequelae from arterial needle puncture, cannulation and incision, Circulation 35: 1118, 1967. 4. Vengsarker, A. S., and Swan, H. J. C.: Arteriotomy for cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography in infants and children, Mayo CIin. Proc. 37: 619, 1962. 5. Voci, G., and Hamer, N. A. J.: Retrograde arterial catheterization of the left ventricle, Am. J. Cardiol. 5: 493, 1960. 6. Aguilar, S., Kaulback, M. G., and Hugenholtz, P. G.: Retrograde arterial catheterization of the left ventricle in 388 patients with special reference to aortic valve disease and coarctation of the aorta, New England J. Med. 274: 312, 1966. 7. Kinmonth, J. B.: The physiology and relief of traumatic arterial spasm, Brit. M. J. 1: 59, 1952. 8. Husson, G. S., and Blackman, M. S.: Arteriotomy for catheterization of the left side o1 the heart in children. New England J. Med. 268: 545, 1963. 9. Schobinger, R. A., and Ruzicka, F, F.: Venipuncture and vascular cutdown, in vascular roentgenology, arteriography, phlebography, lymphography. New York, 1964, the Macmillan Company, p. 27.
Experimental search for nonfusion yield in the heavy residues emitted in the 11B+12C reaction.

The mechanism responsible for fusion cross section limitations in light heavy-ion systems has been the focus of numerous experimental and theoretical studies. Many of the experimental investigations have involved a study of the heavy residues emitted following the interaction of light heavy ions. One difficulty encountered in such studies is separating events from competing reaction mechanisms, such as direct transfer and incomplete fusion, from fusion-evaporation events. In the present work, direct and reverse reaction kinematics are exploited in an effort to determine the magnitude of the nonfusion strength in the heavy residue spectra for the interaction of /sup 11/B and /sup 12/C. It is particularly important that the /sup 11/B+ /sup 12/C fusion strength be properly identified, as it is the measured fusion strength in this entrance channel which in earlier studies clearly ruled out a fusion cross section limitation based upon having reached a critical density of compound nuclear states. In agreement with the earlier investigations, the present study reveals no significant nonfusion component in the heavy residue spectra for the /sup 11/B+ /sup 12/C reaction.
Plasma sex steroids and tissue aromatization in hatchling zebra finches: implications for the sexual differentiation of singing behavior.

One of the best examples for sex hormone regulation of brain development is found in songbirds. In zebra finches, only males sing because of striking sex differences in the neural circuitry that controls songs. Because developing females treated with estradiol (E2) develop a masculine song system, E2 is considered the normal masculinizing hormone. However, questions about the role of E2 in male development persist, because E2 treatments that masculinize song can demasculinize other sexual behaviors, and there exists contradictory evidence for high levels of circulating E2 in developing males. We remeasured plasma steriods in zebra finches during the first 13 days after hatching. E2 circulated at low levels, and there were no sex differences in circulating E2, estrone, testosterone, androstenedione, or dihydrotestosterone. We also measured aromatase activity [( 3H]androstenedione conversion to [3H]estrone and [3H]E2) in gonad, adrenal, brain, and other tissues of hatchlings. Aromatase was abundant in ovary...
A comprehensive dynamic cutting force model for chatter prediction in turning

Abstract This paper presents a model of the dynamic cutting force process for the three-dimensional or oblique turning operation. To obtain dynamic force predictions, the mechanistic force model is linked to a tool–workpiece vibration model. Particular attention was paid to the inclusion of the cross-coupling between radial and axial vibrations in the force model. The inclusion of this cross-coupling facilitates prediction of the unstable–stable chatter phenomenon which usually occurs in certain cases of finish turning due to process non-linearity. The dynamic force model developed was incorporated into a computer program to obtain time-saving chatter predictions. Experimental tests were performed on AISI 4140 steel workpieces to justify the chatter predictions of the dynamic cutting process model in both the finishing and roughing regimes. Experimental results corroborate the unstable–stable chatter predictions of the model for different cases of finish machining. In addition, experimental results also confirmed the accuracy of chatter predictions for various cases of rough turning.
Magneto-thermo-mechanical characterization of 1–3 type polymer-bonded Terfenol-D composites

Abstract This paper describes magneto-thermo-mechanical test results for 1–3 type magnetostrictive composites incorporating Terfenol-D (Tb 0.3 Dy 0.7 Fe 2 ) particulate in an epoxy binder. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the behavior of magnetostrictive composites under combined magnetic, thermal, and mechanical loading, and to determine fundamental properties used for design of sonar transducers that incorporate these materials. Two different tests were performed both at room temperature and under thermal loading: (1) constant magnetic field with cyclically varying mechanical load around a bias load, and (2) constant mechanical pre-load with cyclically varying magnetic field. Testing was performed on five different volume fraction ( V p ) composites, namely, 13%, 23%, 31%, 37%, and 50%. Parameters that were evaluated include strain output ( e 3 ) and elastic modulus ( E 3 H ). Detailed analysis, including relative permeability ( μ 33 σ / μ 0 ) and the piezo-magnetic coefficient ( d 33 ), is only presented for the composite with 50% V p . Results indicate that composite properties, as pertaining to sonar transducers, are comparable to monolithic Terfenol-D while reducing brittleness, providing higher operational frequencies and easier manufacturability. Moreover, results for composite Terfenol-D can be explained well using theory developed for monolithic Terfenol-D.
Constructing isosurfaces with sharp edges and corners using cube merging

A number of papers present algorithms to construct isosurfaces with sharp edges and corners from hermite data, i.e. the exact surface normals at the exact intersection of the surface and grid edges. We discuss some fundamental problems with the previous algorithms and describe a new approach, based on merging grid cubes near sharp edges, that produces significantly better results. Our algorithm requires only gradients at the grid vertices, not at each surface-edge intersection point. We also give a method for measuring the correctness of the resulting sharp edges and corners in the isosurface.
The social-emotional orientation of mother-child communication in African American families

The language abilities of African American children have been linked to their poor school performance for several decades. With limited descriptive evidence about their learning language as an integrated system, African American children are still viewed as somehow acquiring an inadequate language. Moreover, the recent work in language socialisation has not been able to alter the tendency to approach the language skills of minority children from a restricted use or production deficiency perspective. The present study addressed these issues through a longitudinal/observational examination of the form, content, and use in the language development of three African American children within a low-structured communicative setting with their mothers. Descriptive findings indicated that, similar to Euro-American children, these African American children's language developed in length and semantic-syntactic relations. However, differences in the group patterns of semantic-syntactic relations did occur and reflecte...
Parental Autonomy and the Obligation Not to Harm One's Child Genetically

Examines the potential use of genetic information by parents in ways that offer no preventive or curative effects and that may in fact inflict harm on children.
Measurement of instantaneous Eulerian acceleration fields by particle image accelerometry: method and accuracy

Acceleration is a fundamental quantity in fluid mechanics because it reflects the sum of all forces (pressure and viscous) present within the flow. However, measurements of acceleration have been difficult to achieve relative to the ease with which fluid velocity can be measured. A particle image accelerometer (PIA) has been developed to measure Eulerian acceleration fields by time-differencing successive measurements of the Eulerian velocity field as measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV). The measurements can also be made in uniformly translating frames. With current video camera technology, it is often not possible to measure the two velocity fields with a time separation sufficiently small enough to permit accurate finite difference approximation of the time derivative. A two-CCD-camera system has been developed to alleviate this limitation. Polarization filtering is utilized to separate the particle images viewed by each camera. The polarization filtering is achieved using cross-polarized light-sheets and a polarization filter just upstream of the imaging optics of the cameras. In this manner, PIV measurements can be achieved easily at time delays several orders of magnitude smaller than the shutter-time of the CCD cameras. The accuracy of the acceleration measurements is determined by numerical finite differencing errors and random noise and bias errors associated with the measurement of velocity. These errors, and methods of compensating for them, are studied.
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis caused by drug additives

Chronic cutaneous small vessel (leukocytoclastic) vasculitis (LCV) is a process believed to be related to the presence of circulating immune complexes. The most frequent causes and associated disorders are medications, infections, collagen vascular disorders, paraproteinemias, and, rarely, neoplasia. Reports of food or food additives as a causative factor for LCV have appeared but are rare. We report a patient with chronic cutaneous LCV in whom the presumed cause was an excipient (a dye) used in the capsule form of lithium carbonate. Furthermore, ingestion of foods containing dyes results in a disease flare in our patient.
U.S. Beryllium Case Registry through 1977

A synopsis of the cases reported to the Beryllium Case Registry between 1973 and 1977 is presented. As of 1973, there were 832 cases of beryllium disease entered into the Registry. In the five years since that report, 55 additional cases have been added, 40 men and 15 women. Exposures occured in the electronics and nuclear industries in the production and use of beryllium containing alloys and beryllium oxide ceramis. Pathological changes in the lung tissue are described. Cases continue to be reported in which the diagnosis was sarcoidosis until the history of beryllium exposure led to the finding of beryllium in the lung tissue or mediastinal lymph node biopsy. Data from the Registry support the fact that chronic beryllium disease is a continued occupational hazard.
Direct method for determining constant corrections to geophysical survey lines for reducing mis-ties

A least‐squares method of minimizing mis‐ties in geophysical surveys yields a simple, direct method for determining constant corrections along each crossing survey line. This “direct method” is a special case of the more general, orthogonal polynomial method of Foster et al. (1970). The constant corrections are determined directly from the observed data, eliminating the need to iterate or invert a matrix to determine the corrections as in previously published, constant‐correction algorithms. The magnitude of the constant correction to the field values along a particular line equals the difference between the mean mis‐tie value for that line and one‐half the mean mis‐tie for the entire survey. The method minimizes both the mis‐ties and the distortion of the original survey; namely, the mean squared mis‐tie for the entire survey and the mean squared corrections are both minimized. Application of the direct method to test cases in which known errors are added to known “true” field values along survey lines i...
Synthesis and optical band gaps of alloyed Si–Ge type II clathrates

Inorganic type II clathrates are low density, semiconducting allotropes of group IV elements with the potential for optoelectronic applications. This class of materials is predicted to have direct or nearly-direct band gaps, and, when Si and Ge are alloyed in the clathrate structure, the band gap is tunable in the range of 0.8–1.8 eV. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the synthesis of alloyed Si–Ge type II clathrates. Within this alloy system, we find an amorphous region which is likely due to a miscibility gap. The optical absorptance spectra of the crystalline clathrate samples show the predicted band gap tuning with Ge content, and calculations find that the Si type II clathrate has a strong absorption coefficient for the direct interband transition. The findings in this work lay the foundation for the future use of type II clathrates in optoelectronic applications.
A selective and convenient synthesis of β, β-dialkyl-substituted alkenylbroanes and alkenylzirconiums via carboalumination of alkynes1

Treatment of (E)-2-methyl-1=-alkenylalanes (1), readily obtainable via Zr-cata-lyzed reaction of Me3Al with 1=alkynes, with β-methoxydialkylboranes producers the corresponding alkenylboranes, while sequential treatment of 1 with n-Buli and X2ZrCp2 (X = Cl or I) provides the desired monoalkenylzirconium derivatives, the product yields for both reactions beig 85-100%.
How Pervasive is the Negativity Bias in Judgments Based on Character Appraisal

Two experiments examined the generality of the negativity bias, the tendency of perceivers to regard immoral behaviors as more informative or diagnostic about an individual’s personal traits than moral behaviors. Both experiments yielded results indicating that perceivers are prone to the bias when information about others is inconsistent in its moral implications but not when information is consistent. Two category-based explanations for the results were considered, one postulating a two-stage process and the other proposing a simpler process that emphasizes the activation of perceivers’ character schemas. The results of both experiments suggest that the negativity bias, although prevalent, is not as pervasive as sometimes thought to be and that character appraisals, once made, are not immutable.
Revenue Alternatives for State and Local Governments: Crisis‐ridden Areas and Those Seeking Fiscal Equity and Stability Offered New Options

. State and local governments—those ridden by revenue crises and those committed to an effort to achieve fiscal equity and stability—have a variety of revenue alternatives open to them from recent research and accumulated knowledge in the discipline of public finance. These options are defined and explained in Financing and Managing State and Local Governments by two fiscal specialists, Richard W. Lindholm and Hartojo Wignjowijoto. Federal aid to the 47 largest cities has risen to a third of their total revenues without solving their fiscal problems. The authors show how tax reform emphasizing substitution of a land value tax for the taxes on improvements and personalty, and reform of public planning and management policies could orient government activity to maximizing society's goals instead of society's problems. The role of local government fiscal policy in the national economy is explained through a clear and concise description of macroeconomic model-building.
Prolonged antidopaminergic actions of single doses of butyrophenones in the rat.

Rats were treated once with doses of haloperidol or of droperidol below and above the acute ID50 vs the dopamine agonist apomorphine; they were later challenged with an acute dose of apomorphine (0.3mg/kg, SC) and rated for stereotyped behavioral responses. The two neuroleptics were similar in acute anti-apomorphine potency (ID50=0.12 and 0.18mg/kg for haloperidol and droperidol, respectively). The antidopaminergic effects of droperidol persisted for nearly 1 week and those of haloperidol lasted for 20–40 days, depending on the dose given. The computed half-time of disappearance of their antidopaminergic effects was 7.6±1.0 days and 0.59±0.17 days for haloperidol and droperidol, respectively, following a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, and these indices of duration of action did not vary significantly at doses between 0.1 and 1.0mg/kg. Haloperidol reduced the acute entry of 3H-apomorphine into brain by 21.5% 1 week later. Treatment with apomorphine alone just prior to haloperidol (both at 0.3 mg/kg) prevented the prolonged antidopaminergic effects of the neuroleptic evaluated 1 week later. These results indicate that some neuroleptics may have very prolonged activity or retention in tissue at sites of action, even after moderate, single doses. Caution is recommended in the interpretation of studies which assume “neuroleptic-free” conditions of subjects previously exposed to a neuroleptic agent.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHORUS IN LINSLEY POND MUD

Acid extraction, digestion, and water dilution experiments disclose the presence of large quantities of phosphorus in the basal third of the sedimentary section from Linsley Pond, Connecticut. The results suggest, but do not prove, that sedimentary phosphorus is bound largely by sorption reactions with mineral material. If this is so, then changes in productivity of the developing lake, and differences in lake productivity generally, may be determined by sorption reactions in the surface mud. For any kind of sorption reaction the productivity would be inversely proportional to the sorptive capacity of the mud, and for ion exchange it would also be directly proportional to the total ionic activity of the water.
Flow-Induced Deformation and Desorption of Adsorbed Polymers

The influence of shear flow of solvent past poly(methyl methacrylate) chains adsorbed onto germanium oxide from dilute carbon tetrachloride solution (a near-θ solvent) was studied at shear rates from 0 to 4 × 10 4 s -1 with the new apparatus described in this paper. Both the adsorbed amount and the flow-induced surface orientation (surface dichroism) were measured. The method involved measurements of infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) using a hemispherical ATR crystal whose position with respect to the incident infrared source was rotated by 90° during the experiment in order to measure infrared absorbance in orthogonal directions. shear flow appeared to flatten the adsorbed PMMA layer relative to the surface. However, alignment of the polymer orientation in the direction of flow was found to be small. This suggests that shear-induced desorption (controlled by stress) and relaxation in response to deformation within the adsorbed layer (controlled by time) may be largely independent.
The rise and decline of the Scottish National Party: Ethnic politics in a post‐industrial environment

Abstract The Scottish National Party [SNP] was one of several ethnoregional political parties that experienced a rapid electoral rise and decline between the late 1960s and late 1980s. The rise of the SNP was dependent on a combination of economic, political, and organizational factors. Prior to the rise of the SNP the Scottish electorate experienced a dealignment as a result of improved communications and education as well as extensive social mobility. Dealigned voters turned to the SNP because an increase in emphasis among the major parties on Scottish regional concerns highlighted the independence plank of the SNP. These factors resulted in nearly uniform support for the SNP across classes. The decline of the SNP was the result of three factors. First, the defeat of the devolution referendum removed the issue of independence from the arena of political debate. Second, the increasing disunity within the SNP after 1974 led to splits over social and economic issues. Third, the party moved to the left, ali...
Thermal Conductivity of Potassium Chloride Crystals Containing Calcium

The details of the phonon scattering produced by point imperfections in insulating crystals has been determined from measurements of the thermal conductivity of six single crystals of KCl from 3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K as a function of the concentration of point imperfections. These imperfections were produced by the addition of Ca${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$, which was incorporated into the KCl crystals as a substitutional impurity during growth from the melt. At temperatures above 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the mean free path of the phonons decreases inversely with increasing calcium concentration. The average scattering cross section of a calcium ion---potassium ion vacancy complex increases as the fourth power of the temperature for low temperatures, and becomes equal to the geometrical cross section of the vacancy at a temperature of about $\frac{{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{D}}{6}$. Below 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the phonon scattering by colloids of precipitated calcium chloride produces a large thermal resistivity in the impure crystals. The thermal conductivity of "pure" KCl at low temperatures is limited mainly by isotope and boundary scattering. The theoretical expressions as given by Klemens for combining thermal resistivities which possess different temperature dependences have been calculated, and have been applied to the present results. The agreement between Klemens' theory and the present experiment as to both the magnitude and the temperature dependence of the thermal resistivity is considered to be satisfactory.
Trade off between polysilicon film quality and thin film transistor operational amplifier DC gain

Abstract We have fabricated thin film transistor operational amplifiers on a variety of polycrystalline silicon films. We have examined the open loop DC gain of these modules, and have observed that higher quality polycrystalline silicon films usually cause a negative impact on the DC gain of the amplifier. In this paper we have attempted to quantify this relationship, presenting the gain as a function of the transistor mobility, threshold voltage and channel length modulation parameter, which collectively can describe the quality of the active film. We have found that primarily the saturation characteristics of the transistor, as represented by the channel length modulation parameter, and the device threshold voltage have the biggest impact on amplifier gain.
Single Substitutions of Phosphorothioates in the HDV Ribozyme G73 Define Regions Necessary for Optimal Self-Cleaving Activity

Phosphorothioate (NTPalphaS) analogues were incorporated into the HDV genomic ribozyme by transcription with T7 polymerase. The introduction of a sulfur in place of the pro-Rp oxygen at the phosphate 5'to positions A64, A63, A43, U27, G62, C61, C44, C41, C22and C21appeared to inhibit self-cleavage activity of the G73 genomic ribozyme. Except for position C22, elevated levels of Mg2+rescued the reaction to various extents. When the sites were identified in the RNA sequence, they were clustered in three distinct regions that, in the secondary structure models, are predicted to be primarily single-stranded. Two of these regions have been proposed to form extensive interactions that are thought to involve a homopurine base pair. The third region is thought to be directly associated with assembly of the cleavage site.
Hemodynamic impairment, venous segmental disease, and clinical severity scoring in limbs with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.

Background Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a complex congenital anomaly featuring two or more of the following: (1) capillary malformations (port-wine stains), (2) soft tissue or bony hypertrophy (or both), and (3) varicose veins or venous malformations. With the purpose of determining the actual significance of venous impairment in patients with KTS, we quantified the venous valvular competency and calf muscle pump function and examined their effect on clinical severity. Methods Included were patients with near-normal function of affected limb(s) and minimal/small foot hypertrophy. Excluded were those with deep venous hypoplasia, aplasia or thrombosis, lymphedema, limb length discrepancy (>2.5 cm), peripheral arterial (ankle-brachial index 1 and OF 4 , respectively), reflux (venous filling index), calf muscle pump function (ejection fraction), and hypertension (residual volume fraction) were determined in both limbs with strain gauge plethysmography. Data, reported as median and interquartile range, were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test. Results Varicose veins or venous malformations occurred in the medial, posterior, or anterolateral limb segments of the ankle (7/17, 7/17, and 9/17), calf (10/17, 8/17, and 12/17), knee (9/17, 8/17, and 8/17), and thigh (10/17, 6/17, and 8/17, respectively). Venous malformations occupied the subcutaneous space (17/17) and extended into the subfascial space in 6 (35.3%) of 17 limbs. Abnormal reflux (>0.5 seconds) was distributed in the great (64.7%; 11/17) and small (5.9%; 1/17) saphenous veins and the common femoral (23.5%; 4/17), femoral (41.1%; 7/17), popliteal (29.4%; 5/17), perforator (70.6%; 12/17), and axial calf (35.3%; 6/17) veins. There was no difference in the OF 1 and OF 4 between the affected limbs and the controls. Limbs with KTS had a fivefold greater venous filling index (0.133-0.46 mL · 100 mL −1 · s −1 ; 0.258 mL · 100 mL −1 · s −1 ) than the controls (0.034-0.055 mL · 100 mL −1 · s −1 ; 0.046 mL · 100 mL −1 · s −1 ; P P P P Conclusions Venous disease in limbs with KTS is a major source of morbidity in affected patients. Limbs with KTS are characterized by complex reflux patterns, severe valvular incompetence, calf muscle pump impairment, and venous hypertension, thus explaining the advanced clinical severity (VCSS) and CEAP grade.
Synthesis and properties of some N-pyridoxyl-l-amino acids and N-(5-phosphopyridoxyl)-l-amino acids☆

Abstract Pyridoxal and pyridoxal-5-phosphate have been condensed with l -alanine, l -serine, l -aspartic acid, l -glutamic acid, l -tyrosine, l -tryptophan and l -arginine and the resulting N-pyridoxylidene-amino acids reduced catalytically to the corresponding N-pyridoxyl- and N-(5-phosphopyridoxyl)- l -amino acids. Glutamic acid appears to undergo cyclization to give the pyridoxyl derivative of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid. Reduction of the condensation product between pyridoxal and pyridoxamine results in the formation of pyridoxyl-pyridoxamine (dipyridoxylamine). The paper-chromatographic properties of these substances in two different solvent systems are described.
A Use for Principal Components in Price Analysis

T IHE technique of principal components has often been suggested as a practical method of separating the total variation in several series of data into orthogonal subsets, but suggested applications have been directed towards the independent (exogenous) variables in single or simultaneous equation models [2, 3, 5]. Principal components can also be extracted from series of random variables and the technique is therefore equally applicable to dependent (endogenous) variables included in economic models. When the original series of data are random variables, the extracted components will also be random variables [1, 4] and as such may meet the assumptious necessary for use as dependent variables in regression analyses. The purpose of this note is to show how principal components can be used as an aid to understanding the nature of the fluctuations present in several series of prices.' The principal components provide measures of the amount of common variation as well as the magnitude and nature of the divergencies in the series. Regression analyses on the components can be used to determine causes of the fluctuations and, because the successive components are orthogonal, a given causal variable may be shown to have differing (and independent) effects upon the price series. This type of information may be useful for specifying the more traditional types of economic models; for example, a knowledge of the interdependencies among the prices could aid in the specification of individual structural relations in a simultaneous equation system. Figure 1 depicts three series of annual shrimp prices from 1950 to 1968.2 Retail and wholesale price have the usual interpretation; exvessel price is the price received by fishermen and is analogous to the raw material or farm price.
Semiempirical band structure and partial density of states of CuCl.

A mixed-basis band-structure interpolation scheme has been used to generate a semiempirical band structure of CuCl (zinc-blende structure). The pseudopotential parameters in the interpolation scheme were determined by fitting eigenvalues obtained from angle-resolved photoelectron spectro- scopy data. Partial densities of states for CuCl were obtained by projecting s-, p-, and d-like components out of the mixed basis and compared with uv photoemission and x-ray emission data taken from the literature.
Use of serum markers to measure acute myocardial infarct size: lessons of a nonlinear dynamical model.

Abstract During acute myocardial infarction, dying cells in the myocardium release a number of chemicals that appear in the blood stream. By sampling the blood and assaying for these markers at intervals after infarction, we obtain a measure of the amount of myocardium lost, and the area under the marker concentration curve with time has been used to estimate the size of infarct. Because many of the important variables in this system are impossible to measure in patients and difficult to measure or control in experimental animals, simulations using a mathematical model provide an important way to learn about the infarct–marker relationship. This paper described a nonlinear dynamical model that allows for continuous changes in coronary flow as well as five key parameters during acute infarction. These five include amount of marker available for release from the myocardium, relative rate of release of marker from the myocardium, rate of degradation of marker in the myocardium, plasma volume, and relative rate of loss of marker from the plasma. By varying these five together with infract size, simulations using the model demonstrate a noisy relationship between infarct size and area under the plasma marker curve. Mathematically, this noise implies that there is not a one-to-one mapping from marker curve to infarct size, and we should expect no more than a statistical mapping that fails to resolve all the uncertainty. The results do suggest that early reperfusion should reduce, rather than increase the noise in this relationship.