cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age, Growth, and Mortality of Atlantic Croaker in North Carolina, with Comments on Population Dynamics

Abstract Atlantic croakers Micropogonias undulatus collected during 1979–1981 in North Carolina were aged (N = 2,369) with scales and length frequencies. Eight age-classes were observed, but fish more than 3–4 years old were uncommon. Mean observed total lengths (TL) for ages 1–7 were 192, 271, 320, 371, 430, 473, and 514 mm, respectively. The largest Atlantic croaker aged was 521 mm TL (age 7). Sizes-at-age from scale data agreed well with length frequencies. Scales may be used to age Atlantic croaker up to age 5, but beyond this, annual marks are difficult to validate, Growth was rapid until age 1. The von Bertalanffy growth coefficient (K = 0.20) indicated that maximum size was attained slowly. The total annual mortality rate calculated from a catch curve of age-1–5 fish in a long-haul seine fishery was 73%. The relationship between weight (W, g) and total length (mm) was W = 3.21 × 10–9(TL)3.23; N = 1,947. Two groups of Atlantic croaker may overlap in North Carolina; the group that occurs mainly offsh...
Innovations in Population Health Surveillance Using Electronic Health Record Data

Electronic health records (EHRs) are increasingly being adopted to improve quality of care in health care systems, but they also have potential to monitor health at the population level. Enhancing existing surveillance methods with innovative EHR use allows for strategic targeting of health resources, and data to guide and evaluate public health initiatives and policies. New York City is currently developing the NYC Macroscope, aggregating EHR data into a surveillance tool to inform public health decisions. We have outlined key issues in developing an EHR-based surveillance system, and proposed indicators for the NYC Macroscope.
Chain mechanisms in the overall reaction orders in laminar flame propagation

Abstract The laminar flame speeds of methane-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures as functions of the flame temperature Tad and system pressure p have been experimentally determined by using the counterflow, twin-flame technique. These data are then compared with numerically-calculated values obtained by using an independently validated kinetic scheme. Results show that the overall reaction order n and activation energy Ea are far from being constants, that n decreases with increasing p and decreasing Tad whereas Ea increases with increasing p, and that n can actually assume negative values; the last result implies that the mass burning rate of some weakly burning flames may decrease with increasing pressure. By further identifying the crucial reaction steps through sensitivity analysis, the present results are interpreted on the basis of the influence of chain branching-termination mechanisms on the overall reaction rate.
Perverse outcomes of intense competition in the popular arts and its implications for product quality

A theoretical model is presented demonstrating how the quality of art output can fall when competition intensifies. When search costs are high, additional entries beyond a certain threshold are not reviewed, leading to no quality improvement from increasing the number of products in the pool of potential entries beyond this point. Furthermore, adding marginal quality products into the pool can dilute the quality of the pool. When firms have perfect judgment, the product selected is the best in the pool making dilution of the pool unimportant. However, when firms make large errors in judging the quality of entries, the quality of the selected product will fall when the average quality in the pool falls. A simulation model is utilized in addition to an analytical model to show likely outcomes with reasonable model parameters.
RAFT-based tri-component fluorescent glycopolymers: synthesis, characterization and application in lectin-mediated bacterial binding study.

A group of fluorescent statistical glycopolymers, prepared via reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-based polymerizations, were successfully employed in lectin-mediated bacterial binding studies. The resultant glycopolymers contained three different monomers: N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide (HEAA), N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide (AEMA) and N-(2-glyconamidoethyl)-methacrylamides possessing different pendant sugars. Low dispersities (≤1.32) and predictable degrees of polymerization were observed among the products. After the polymerization, the glycopolymers were further modified by different succinimidyl ester fluorophores targeting the primary amine groups on AEMA. With their binding specificities being confirmed by testing with lectin coated agarose beads, the glycopolymers were employed in bacterial binding studies, where polymers containing α-galactose or β-galactose as the pendant sugar were specifically bound by two clinically important pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. This is the first report of using RAFT-based glycopolymers in bacterial binding studies, and the ready access to tri-component statistical glycopolymers also warrants further exploration of their utility in other glycobiological applications.
Latin cubes of order ≤5

If c"n represents the number of reduced Latin cubes of order n then c"1 = c"2 = c"3 = 1, c"4 = 64 and c"5 = 40246. Moreover if@l"n and @l'"n denote the number of disjoint isomorphism and isotopy classes of reduced Latin cubes of order n respectively, then @l"n = @l'"n = 1 for n =< 3 while @l"4 = 19, @l'"4 = 12, and @l"5 = 1860.
A new sigma factor, SigD, essential for stationary phase is also required for multicellular differentiation in Myxococcus xanthus.

Background: Myxococcus xanthus is a gram-negative bacterium that undergoes spectacular development to form multicellular fruiting bodies under nutrient deprivation. Inside a fruiting body, vegetative cells differentiate into spores. A number of sigma factors have been shown to play roles in the regulation of gene expression in the M. xanthus life cycle. Additional sigma factors were searched to further explore the M. xanthus life cycle. Results: A new sigma factor was identified, SigD, which consists of 297 amino acid residues. Two transcription initiation sites for the sigD gene were detected by primer extension analysis using total RNA from the vegetative and developmental cells, one of which was specific for development. The characterization of sigD-lacZ fusion strains demonstrated that sigD expression increased during entry into stationary phase of vegetative growth and during early development. A deletion mutant of sigD exhibited growth defects during the late-log phase and stationary phase, with dramatically reduced cell viability. The patterns of protein synthesis at late log phase of vegetative growth and at early development on CF agar plates were significantly different between the deletion mutant and the wild-type strain. The deletion mutant was more sensitive to various stresses when compared with the wild-type strain and did not accumulate trehalose in response to osmotic stress. The deletion mutant also showed a significant delay in fruiting body formation and sporulation and yielded fewer spores than the wild-type strain. Conclusions: SigD shows characteristic features of the stationary phase sigma factors and also plays important roles in multicellular differentiation of M. xanthus.
Proactive inhibition as a function of orienting task characteristics

Two release from proactive inhibition experiments were conducted, in which orienting tasks were employed to direct subjects' attention to particular features of words. Experiment 1 employed two such tasks which emphasized either semantic or nonsemantic features, while both orienting tasks in Experiment 2 directed attention to semantic features of words. Although significant release was obtained with a change in task in these experiments, the level was considerably lower in Experiment 2 than in Experiment 1. The data were interpreted in terms of a theoretical orientation that emphasizes item differentiation as a major determinant of retrieval probability. It was argued that the degree of differentiation depends to some extent on the specific tasks employed and the extent to which they direct attention to different word features.
Wilkes transform system and nannoplate

A recent Hydrosweep survey of the Wilkes transform system, the second-fastest-slipping transform on the mid-ocean ridge system, shows it to be a highly complex and continually evolving plate boundary. An area ∼50 km 2 north of the eastern part of the Wilkes transform appears to be rotating counterclockwise in accordance with the theory of edge-driven microplate kinematics. We have called this region a "nannoplate" to distinguish it both as a separate small area of lithosphere between the Pacific and Nazca plates and as a smaller and less stable phenomenon than a microplate.
Analytical formula for direction cosines of the Eckart frame of a planar molecule

Abstract An analytical formula is suggested for calculating direction cosines of the Eckart frame of a planar molecule. As one application of the formula, we give a simple way to find the matrix switching of the geometrical body-fixed axes of the formaldehyde molecule to axes of its Eckart frame.
Denim Clothing Reduces Venom Expenditure by Rattlesnakes Striking Defensively at Model Human Limbs

Study objective: Venomous snakebites can be painful, costly, and potentially life threatening. We seek to learn whether ordinary clothing (denim material from blue jeans) interferes with the kinematics of venom delivery, thereby reducing the amount of venom injected by a representative viper into a human limb. Methods: In a laboratory study, we used model human limbs (warm, saline solution–filled gloves) to elicit defensive strikes from small and large southern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus helleri). Each snake was videotaped biting a bare glove and a denim-covered glove. Results: The snakes injected significantly less venom into denim-covered gloves than bare gloves during defensive strikes, with a 60% reduction for small snakes and 66% for large snakes. Latency to bite, number of bites, and duration of fang contact during the bite were similar for the 2 glove types, suggesting that the 2 targets elicited similar defensive behaviors and strikes. Several findings suggested that denim interfered with venom delivery, including the high proportion of dry bites for denim-covered gloves and the large quantity of venom spilled harmlessly on the denim cover. Large rattlesnakes struck more readily, maintained longer fang contact during the bite, and delivered 26 to 41 times more venom into gloves than small snakes. Conclusion: In our model, denim clothing proved effective at reducing venom injection by both small and large rattlesnakes. Wearing long denim pants as an alternative to shorts may provide a simple, low-cost means of reducing the severity of snakebites. [Ann Emerg Med. 2009;54:830-836.]
Language, Literacy, Politics, and Access

Language, Literacy, Politics, and Access: Literacy, Access, and Libraries Among the Language Minority Population.: Rebecca Constantino (Ed). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1998. Pp. viii + 252. Language, Literacy, Politics, and Access: Language and Politics in the United States and Canada: Myths and Realities.: Thomas Ricento and Barbara Burnaby (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xv + 357. Language, Literacy, Politics, and Access: Dialects in Schools and Communities.: Walt Wolfram, Carolyn Temple Adger, and Donna Christian. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1999. Pp. xi + 239.
Factors that prevent roughstock rodeo athletes from wearing protective equipment

Using a cross-sectional survey design, this study sought to determine usage rates and barriers to the use of protective equipment in roughstock athletes. Between 2004 and 2006, amateur, collegiate, and professional roughstock athletes were surveyed using national organizational mailing lists. Findings revealed that during competition, 69% never wore a helmet. Barriers were a negative effect on performance and sport persona. Conversely, 88% always wore a vest. The perception that vest usage was required encouraged roughstock athletes to wear them. Mouthpiece use results were mixed; 58% always used and 21% never used a mouthpiece. Barriers were discomfort and frequent forgetfulness. Reported injury rate was high, with users noting fewer injuries to head and ribs than nonusers, and riders agreed that protective equipment prevented injury to the head, ribs, and mouth. However, equipment usage rates varied widely by type and seemed to be underutilized because the equipment affected performance, was uncomfortable, and "not cowboy."
Sepphoris and the Jesus Movement

New information coming from the excavations at Sepphoris has redefined the understanding of life in central Galilee during the first century. Beginning in 3 BC, Herod Antipas built Sepphoris into a beautiful and fortified capital city, called by Josephus ‘the ornament of all Galilee’. Jesus grew up in Nazareth which was less than 4 miles south of Sepphoris, an hour's walk away. This paper focuses on the challenges to NT scholarship that arise from this new and exciting evidence.
Three Dimensional Fourier Shape Analysis In Magnetic Resonance Imaging

In this paper we present the development of a threedimensional (3D) means of quantitative Fourier shape analysis. This method of 3D shape analysis involves representation of the anatomic surface presented by magnetic resonance imaging in spherical coordinates and solution for the Fourier coefficients obtained by decomposition of the structure into spherical harmonics. The resulting coefficients provide a measure of the spatial frequency constituents that comprise the structure. A number of initial methodological issues must be addressed in order to insure the applicability of this technique to neuroanatomic data as presented in 3D MRI. These issues include selection of appropriate maximum degree for the spherical harmonics and number of angular sampling points while considering the resulting effect on computational time and error.
Who are the alternative wires in your neighborhood? (alternative wires identification without search)

RAMBO [9] is a redundancy-addition-and-removal technique which for a given target wire wt finds a redundant alternative wire wr whose addition makes wt redundant and hence removable without changing the overall circuit functionality. In RAMBO, the search for valid alternative wires requires redundancy testing of a potentially large set of candidate wires. In this paper we study the structural/logical relationship between target and alternative wires. We propose a new reasoning scheme which directly identifies alternative wires without performing any trial-and-error tests. Furthermore, we study the neighborhood of the target wire using the recently developed Generalized Implication Supergate (GISG)[2] technique. Experimental results show that, on average, more than 50% of the non-trivial alternative wires found by RAMBO are detected by the GISG.
Thermal infrared absorption cross-sections of CCl4 needed for atmospheric remote sensing

Abstract Highly accurate spectral absorption cross-sections k ν ( cm 2 molecule −1 ) were measured in the 12.7 μm band of CCl4 at temperatures between 208 and 296 K and pressures between 10 and 1013 mb with a high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer. Our data were obtained at pressures p and temperatures T that characterize the atmospheric layers in the commonly adapted models of the atmosphere. The selected (p,T) combinations also represent tangent heights in solar-occultation-type remote sensing observations and actual conditions recorded by balloon-borne instruments in the Arctic. The combined absolute intensity (or integrated cross-section) of the bands contributing to the absorption around 12.7 μm is 6.295±0.102×10 −17 cm molecule −1 .
Adenolymphoma with massive necrosis and squamous metaplasia.

A 61-year-old female presented with a longstanding parotid mass with recent change in size. Histologically, the mass was composed of extensively necrotic tissue with a peripheral rim of ribbons of epithelium. In one focus, a double layer of oxyphilic epithelium overlying a lymphoid stroma in a papillary configuration was present, establishing the diagnosis of adenolymphoma (AL). The possibility of infarction and/or infection complicating AL is discussed. In any parotid gland lesion clinically presenting as a longstanding tumor with recent change clinically suggestive of infarction and/or infection, the diagnosis of AL should be considered. In the pathologic specimen with extensive necrosis, areas of preserved epithelium and stroma should be searched for carefully to confirm the diagnosis. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34 : 1469–1474, 1984.
Permanent magnet linear motors for short strokes

It is noted that the use of new powerful permanent magnet materials such as neodymium-iron-boron alloys can greatly improve the performance of electric machines. The authors analyze the impact of their use on linear motors with particular emphasis on fast action over strokes on the order of 5 to 20 mm. Closed-form formulae which link the travel time to the stroke and heat dissipation limit of the device are established. These formulae are used to compare various machine configurations, some of which were devised specifically for this application. It is shown that permanent magnet linear motors feature very fast travel times, but can do so only at low duty cycles. For that reason, two-spring actuators, though not as fast for single motion, are superior when higher frequencies of operation are required. >
Submillimeter-Wave 90 $^{\circ}$ Polarization Twists for Integrated Waveguide Circuits

We present a novel full-waveguide-band 90° polarization twist implemented in full-height rectangular waveguide suitable for use in submillimeter-wave and terahertz-integrated waveguide circuits. Combined benefits of simplified fabrication, suitability for silicon micromachining, suitability for integration with other components into integrated waveguide circuits without interconnecting flanges, and alleviation of waveguide associated losses and mismatches, make this component well-suited for submillimeter-wave applications. A polarization twist fabricated for WR-3 waveguide with UG-387/UM flanges was tested to confirm insertion loss better than 0.5 dB and return loss better than 20 dB from 220 to 320 GHz. We also fabricated and tested a polarization twist scaled to the 500-700 GHz band. By using only a single constant-depth channel in addition to the E-plane and H-plane split waveguide channels, this component is well optimized for fabrication with silicon micromachining, making it scalable to at least 5 THz.
HUMAN ADENOVIRUS TYPE 37 AND THE BALB/C MOUSE: PROGRESS TOWARD A RESTRICTED ADENOVIRUS KERATITIS MODEL (AN AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY THESIS)

Purpose To establish a mouse model of adenovirus keratitis in order to study innate immune mechanisms in the adenovirus-infected cornea.
Water Supply, Demand, and Quality Indicators for Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Water Resource Vulnerability in the Columbia River Basin

We investigated water resource vulnerability in the US portion of the Columbia River basin (CRB) using multiple indicators representing water supply, water demand, and water quality. Based on the US county scale, spatial analysis was conducted using various biophysical and socio-economic indicators that control water vulnerability. Water supply vulnerability and water demand vulnerability exhibited a similar spatial clustering of hotspots in areas where agricultural lands and variability of precipitation were high but dam storage capacity was low. The hotspots of water quality vulnerability were clustered around the main stem of the Columbia River where major population and agricultural centres are located. This multiple equal weight indicator approach confirmed that different drivers were associated with different vulnerability maps in the sub-basins of the CRB. Water quality variables are more important than water supply and water demand variables in the Willamette River basin, whereas water supply and ...
Photophysics of (CdSe)ZnS colloidal quantum dots in an aqueous environment stabilized with amino acids and genetically-modified proteins.

Using a combination of two amino acids, histidine and N-acetyl-cysteine, to replace the original organic capping groups of (CdSe)ZnS quantum dots, water-soluble and highly luminescent (CdSe)ZnS quantum dots have been successfully prepared at pH 8. Characterization by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, and transient absorption spectroscopy, demonstrate that the electronic properties of these quantum dots exceed those of the original as-synthesized samples dissolved in a more-conventional organic solvent. Furthermore, these amino acid-stabilized quantum dots have been assembled onto a cellulose substrate viacellulose bindingproteins that specifically bind to cellulose and was genetically engineered to harbor dual hexahistidine tags at the N- and C-termini to confer binding with the zinc(II) on the quantum dot surface. The spectroscopic measurements show that the protein-bound quantum dots continue to retain their desirable electronic properties when bound on the substrate. Meanwhile, the specific and very selective binding properties of the proteins have remained effective.
Full-Dose 90Y Ibritumomab Tiuxetan Therapy Is Safe in Patients with Prior Myeloablative Chemotherapy

Purpose : Targeted radioimmunotherapy with yttrium-90 ( 90 Y)–labeled ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin, IDEC-Biogen, San Diego, CA) has shown significant activity in the treatment of relapsed or refractory CD20+ non–Hodgkin9s lymphoma. Eligibility criteria used in phase I trials, and adopted in phase II and III trials, excluded patients with prior myeloablative therapy. We treated eight patients with 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan who had prior autologous stem cell transplant, but met all other treatment criteria. Experimental Design: Eight patients with CD20+ non–Hodgkin9s lymphoma had extensive prior therapy including myeloablative chemotherapy but did not receive total body irradiation. Each had bone marrow cellularity of >15%, platelet count of >100,000/mm 3 , and one had documented lymphomatous bone marrow involvement of 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan was administered to patients at full dose. 18-Flouro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans were done at pretreatment and ∼12 weeks after treatment to assess patient response. Maximum toxicities were monitored and classified according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (ver. 3.0). Results: Toxicities observed included grade 4 thrombocytopenia in three of eight evaluable patients and grade 4 neutropenia in one of eight evaluable patients. One patient had a neutropenic fever; all patients were off blood product support 12 weeks post-zevalin. Complete response by 18-flouro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging occurred in one of seven evaluable patients and one patient treated as consolidation had no evidence of disease. Conclusion: Our experience suggests that 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan treatment is safe for use in patients with prior myeloablative therapy when the general inclusion criteria are fulfilled. In this small series, the response rates, however, are limited. Nevertheless, 90 Y ibritumomab tiuxetan treatment may provide clinical benefit in carefully selected extensively pretreated patients.
Analysing risks in supply networks to facilitate outsourcing decisions

In an effort to achieve a competitive advantage via cost reductions and improved market responsiveness, organisations are increasingly employing outsourcing as a major component of their supply chain strategies. However, as organisations increase their dependence on the suppliers of outsourced raw materials and components, they become more susceptible to their risk profiles. Supplier risk profiles are comprised of risk events which are associated with the supply network, internal operations, or external factors. Suppliers with a high probability of risk event occurrences can have a substantial impact on an organisation's revenue stream. Thus, it is essential that organisations have the means to analyse the risks associated with a supplier of outsourced materials. This article presents a methodology for analysing risks in supply networks to facilitate outsourcing decisions. The methodology includes the development of a risk profile for a given supplier through the creation of Bayesian networks. The network...
Strangers on a Theoretical Train

Agenda setting and community structure theories are conceptual inverses of one another that are rarely considered in tandem. This study employs DICTION 6.0 and McCombs and Funk's research design to compare news coverage of immigration and abortion over a 10-year period in national, high-demographic interest, and low-demographic interest newspapers. Although only modest support is found for inter-media, second-level agenda setting, considerable support is found for community structure effects.
Flat Feet and the U.S. Army Through 1918

This presentation is a historical review of foot deformity in the U.S. Army and the struggle to objectively determine when a specific foot type would be unable to meet the physical requirements of soldiering. This presentation begins with the Civil War, where attempts were made to adequately describe a pathologic foot structure, to the end of World War I, where orthopedic surgeons made significant headway in the assessment and treatment of foot deformities of the soldier. The influence of society and technology at the beginning of the 20th century led the hierarchy of the American Orthopaedic Association to persuade the U.S. Army to seriously consider foot deformities, from assessment to treatment, not only for the benefit of soldiers, but also for the new industrialized workers. This injury prevention approach focused not only on the examination of the “deformity,” but also on treatment algorithms that were established at development battalions. In the 100 years since World War I, the lack of research using objective measures in both foot form and function to determine the existence of pathologic foot types has been significant.
dally, a Drosophila member of the glypican family of integral membrane proteoglycans, affects cell cycle progression and morphogenesis via a Cyclin A-mediated process.

division abnormally delayed ( dally ) encodes an integral membrane proteoglycan of the glypican family that affects a number of patterning events during both embryonic and larval development. Earlier studies demonstrated that Dally regulates cellular responses to Wingless (Wg) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp) in a tissue-specific manner, consistent with its proposed role as a growth factor co-receptor. dally mutants also display cell cycle progression defects in specific sets of dividing cells in the developing optic lobe and retina. The affected cells in the retina and lamina show delays in completion of the G2-M segment of the cell cycle. We have investigated the molecular basis of dally- mediated cell division defects by examining the genetic interactions between dally and known cell cycle regulators. Reductions in cyclin A but not cyclin B or string expression, suppress dally cell division defects in the optic lobe. cycA mutations also dominantly rescue many dally adult morphological defects including lethality, phenotypes that are unaffected by reducing cycB function. dally mutants show abnormal Cyclin A expression in the dividing cells affected, with appreciable levels of Cyclin A remaining in late prophase and metaphase, stages where Cyclin A is normally absent. Given that Dally is known to regulate the activity of secreted growth factors our findings suggest that extracellular cues influence the degradation of Cyclin A in a manner that controls cell cycle progression and ultimately, cell division patterning.
Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging of Gray Matter in Different Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypes

In this issue of the AJNR , Bozzali et al describe an application of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the evaluation of gray matter abnormality in different clinical phenotypes of multiple sclerosis (MS). The authors describe an automated technique, based on fractional anisotropy thresholding ([1][
Elemental mapping of interfacial layers at the cathode of organic solar cells.

One of the limitations in understanding the performance of organic solar cells has been the unclear picture of morphology and interfacial layers developed at the active layer/cathode interface. Here, by utilizing the shadow-Focused Ion Beam technique to enable energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy imaging in conjunction with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments, we examine the cross-section of polythiophene/fullerene solar cells to characterize interfacial layers near the semiconductor-cathode interface. Elemental mapping reveals that localization of fullerene to the anode interface leads to low fill factors and S-shaped current–voltage characteristics. Furthermore, the combination of elemental mapping and XPS depth profiles of devices demonstrate oxidation of the aluminum cathode at the active layer interface for devices without S-shaped characteristics and fill factors of 0.6. The presence of a thin dielectric at the semiconductor-cathode interface could minimize electronic barr...
Lipids in Insect Eggs: a Review with New Evidence from the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae)

The purposes of this study were to determine the accordance or disagreement of the milkweed bug egg ( Oncopeltus fasciatus ) with generalizations set forth for eggs of terrestrial oviparous animals, i.e., that a high degree of lipid catabolism is characteristic, that lipids constitute the major source of energy for development, and that the greatest use of lipids occurs in the later stages of development. Eggs were found to contain an average of 32.2 μg. of lipid, or 11.6% of the wet weight. Shortly before hatching, the content was 28.5 μg., or 10.7% of the wet weight. The over-all decrease represented utilization of 11.5% of the initial lipid store, with the decrease occurring mostly in the latter half of development. Lipids therefore do not seem to play as dominant a role in development as expressed by other insect eggs. The apparent increase in pterine pigments suggests that protein catabolism may be more important than lipids in supplying metabolic energy.
Verifying bit-manipulations of floating-point

Reasoning about floating-point is difficult and becomes only more so if there is an interplay between floating-point and bit-level operations. Even though real-world floating-point libraries use implementations that have such mixed computations, no systematic technique to verify the correctness of the implementations of such computations is known. In this paper, we present the first general technique for verifying the correctness of mixed binaries, which combines abstraction, analytical optimization, and testing. The technique provides a method to compute an error bound of a given implementation with respect to its mathematical specification. We apply our technique to Intel's implementations of transcendental functions and prove formal error bounds for these widely used routines.
Intravenous acid infusion stimulates ACTH secretion in sheep

Both respiratory and metabolic acidemia stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), vasopressin, and renin. The present study was designed to test the blood pressure, heart rate,...
Marriage and relationship issues.

Publisher Summary Global evaluations of one's relationship and several key components of relationship functioning demonstrate significant cross-sectional associations with depressive symptoms and major depression and predict change in depressive symptoms and the onset, course, and relapse of episodes of major depression. Furthermore, marital functioning is associated with short- and long-term treatment outcome for depressed individuals, and couples therapy is effective in treating depression and improving marital discord. This chapter reviews the literature on relationship functioning and depression, including research on global relationship discord as well as specific aspects of relationship functioning. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression is predicated on the model that interpersonal conflict, including marital conflict, can act as a precipitating factor in the onset of depression. Treatment implications of this research are discussed, including a review of the efficacy of couples' therapy for depression. The weight of clinical and research evidence clearly indicates that marriage and relationship issues are important factors to consider in a comprehensive understanding of depression and its treatment.
Incorporating modern neuroscience findings to improve brain-computer interfaces: tracking auditory attention.

OBJECTIVE Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology allows users to generate actions based solely on their brain signals. However, current non-invasive BCIs generally classify brain activity recorded from surface electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes, which can hinder the application of findings from modern neuroscience research. APPROACH In this study, we use source imaging-a neuroimaging technique that projects EEG signals onto the surface of the brain-in a BCI classification framework. This allowed us to incorporate prior research from functional neuroimaging to target activity from a cortical region involved in auditory attention. MAIN RESULTS Classifiers trained to detect attention switches performed better with source imaging projections than with EEG sensor signals. Within source imaging, including subject-specific anatomical MRI information (instead of using a generic head model) further improved classification performance. This source-based strategy also reduced accuracy variability across three dimensionality reduction techniques-a major design choice in most BCIs. SIGNIFICANCE Our work shows that source imaging provides clear quantitative and qualitative advantages to BCIs and highlights the value of incorporating modern neuroscience knowledge and methods into BCI systems.
Poisoning of Ru/C by homogeneous Brønsted acids in hydrodeoxygenation of 2,5-dimethylfuran via catalytic transfer hydrogenation

Abstract It has been proposed that the combination of metal and acid sites is critical for effective ring opening of biomass-derived furans to linear molecules, a reaction that holds promise for the production of renewable polymer precursors and alkanes. In this work, we use 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) as a model compound to investigate hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation pathways using a combination of H 2 SO 4 and Ru-mediated catalytic transfer hydrogenation in 2-propanol. Acid-catalyzed hydrolytic ring opening of DMF to 2,5-hexanedione (HDN) occurs readily at 80 °C with a selectivity of 89% in 2-propanol. Over Ru/C, HDN is fully converted after only 2 h at 80 °C, forming a mixture of both ring-closed products (∼68% total yield), i.e., 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran (DMTHF) and 2,5-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrofuran (DMDHF), as well as ring opened products (∼28% total yield), i.e., 2,5-hexanediol (2,5-HDL) and 2-hexanol (HOL). Rather than observing sequential hydrolysis/hydrogenation reactions, we observe severe suppression of metal chemistry when having both Ru/C and H 2 SO 4 in the reaction system. While minor leaching of Ru occurs in the presence of mineral acids, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy coupled with CO chemisorption studies suggest that the primary cause of the lack of Ru-mediated chemistry is poisoning by strongly adsorbed sulfate species. This hypothesis is supported by the observation of Ru-catalyzed chemistry when replacing H 2 SO 4 with Nafion, a solid Bronsted acid, as sulfonic acid groups tethered to the polymer backbone cannot adsorb on the metal sites.
Economics as a Multi-Paradigmatic Science: the ‘Best Kept Secret’ of Irrational Choice

The article reexamines the prevailing perception of traditional economics as the science of rational choice among contemporary economists and sociologists, especially rational choice theorists. It proposes that conventional economics is not exclusively the theory of rational choice but also one of irrational choices in the economy. The article aims to contribute toward a fuller understanding and appreciation of classical and neoclassical economics, especially among sociologists, as composite rational choice-irrational choice theory and in that sense a multi- rather than single-paradigm science, thus no different from sociology and other social (and physical) sciences. This may be relevant or interesting to sociologists given that their rational choice colleagues, like economists, extol the “virtues" of conventional and modern economics as a single-paradigm, theoretically unified science around “rational choice” and criticize the “vices” of sociology as plagued by competing paradigms and theoretical disunity. The article supports many economic sociologists’ view or intuition of conventional economics as complex rational-irrational choice theory and multi-paradigm science, and disconfirms rational choice theorists’ interpretation and generalization of it as “rational choice theory” only and single-paradigm unified science.
Business Models and Strategic Responses to The Threat of Entry

This paper studies strategic responses to potential entry from firms with different business models. We use the entry of Southwest Airlines into two endpoints of a route without actually flying the...
Resistance training does not alter same-day sleep architecture in institutionalized older adults.

Summary Sleep disturbance is a common symptom in institutionalized older adults that reduces their quality of life and may contribute to progression of cognitive impairment. While we found that a 7-week combination of resistance training, walking and social activity significantly improved sleep in institutionalized older adults compared with a usual care control group, no one to our knowledge has determined the acute effects of resistance training on same-day sleep in this population. Given the effort required to promote exercise adherence in institutionalized older adults and to obtain a positive training effect, understanding of the acute effects of resistance training on same-day sleep architecture should be elucidated, especially with respect to unintended consequences. This secondary data analysis assessed if resistance training altered the same-day sleep architecture in institutionalized older adults. Forty-three participants (age 81.5 ± 8.1 years, male = 17, female = 26) had two attended overnight polysomnography tests in their rooms for sleep architecture analysis; one polysomnography with same-day resistance training, one without any resistance training. Resistance training consisted of chest and leg press exercises (three sets, eight repetitions, 80% predicted one-repetition maximum). There were no significant changes in sleep architecture between either polysomnography nights; sleep efficiency (P = 0.71), time in non-rapid eye movement stages (P = 0.50), time in rapid eye movement stages (P = 0.14), time awake (P = 0.56), time until sleep onset (P = 0.47), total sleep stage shifts (P = 0.65) or rapid eye movement sleep stage latency (P = 0.57). Our results show no acute same-day effects of resistance training on sleep architecture in institutionalized older adults. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00888706.
Disciples of all Nations: The Challenge of Nurturing Faith in Multi-Ethnic Congregations:

Today's evangelical local church landscape has begun to experience a shift in its ethnic expressions. Multiethnic churches are a more common reality, and given current demographic trends they will ...
Human-Robot Trust: Understanding User Perceptions

Human-robot trust is key for effective human-robot interactions. Prior research has explored human-automation and human-robot trust, but further research is still needed. Previously, I investigated human-robot trust between older adults and a care-provider both human and robot which showed that three main factors that influenced trust in the home care provider context were professional skills, personal traits, and communication. One question this study lead to was how do people group and categorize technologies, such as a robot care provider. Current research seeks to explore the dimensions on which people group technologies on by using multidimensional scaling.
Native Advertising: Is Deception an Asset or a Liability?

Native advertising is among the most ethically charged strategies of digital communications. The ethical controversies are inherent in native advertising’s definition—paid advertising that is disgu...
International Focus Group Research: Introduction to focus group research

Introduction Focus group discussions have been in the toolkit of social scientists for some time now. In more recent decades the use of focus group discussions has increased amongst the health and social sciences as a tool to inform policy and practice. For example, focus group discussions have been used in health and behavioural research, strategic planning, health promotion, policy development and programme evaluation. The increased use of focus group discussions is partly due to a broader acceptability of qualitative methods in these disciplines, but also due to a greater emphasis on the inclusion of qualitative methods in mixed-method research designs, to respond to research issues not accessible by quantitative approaches. This more recent emphasis on integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches has been encouraged by research funding bodies and has led to a renewed focus on training in mixed-method research design for post-graduates in academic institutions. The increased use of focus group discussions has led to a greater number and variety of researchers using the method. Focus group discussions are also being applied in a greater variety of settings than in the past. In particular, focus group discussions are often used in international research, particularly in developing country contexts. For example, health research on issues such as family planning, HIV/AIDS and the development of social and community initiatives now often include focus group discussions in the research methodology.
Crystallization and Properties of Rabbit Skeletal Muscle Phosphofructokinase

Abstract Rabbit skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase was isolated and crystallized in the presence of adenosine triphosphate. The enzyme was homogeneous on electrophoresis. In the ultracentrifuge its behavior depended upon the conditions employed. For example, in glycerophosphate buffer at concentrations of enzyme above 0.1% a single asymmetric peak, s20,w = 37 S, with a trailing edge was present. With decreasing protein concentrations the sedimentation coefficient dropped to an s20,w of 13.8 S determined by density gradient centrifugation. In the presence of ATP lower sedimentation coefficients were observed, i.e. s20,w = 29 and 8.4 S, respectively, under the above conditions. In p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, phosphofructokinase sedimented as a single component with an s20,w = 13.1 S. The enzyme was stable when stored in the presence of ATP but aggregated in the absence of this nucleotide. It was determined that phosphofructokinase binds 1 mole of ATP, ADP, AMP, or cyclic 3',5'-AMP per 75,000 g of protein. The amino acid composition and the absorption spectrum of crystalline phosphofructokinase were determined. The crystalline enzyme showed the typical kinetic behavior previously reported for less pure preparations of enzyme in that it was inhibited by ATP and the inhibition was prevented by AMP or cyclic 3',5'-AMP. Phosphofructokinase examined in the electron microscope by negative staining revealed the presence of double or paired particles having dimensions of 130 x 100 x 25 A for the pair.
Power behind diversity's throne

How do biodiversity and ecosystem properties, such as nutrient cycling and response to disturbance, interact? New work shows that in some ecosystems, rather than being a function of the number of species present, this relationship might be dominated by the extrinsic environmental factors that determine biodiversity.
Clostridium botulinum Genomes and Genetic Diversity

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by multiple members of the clostridial genus. Seven neurotoxin serotypes and 35 distinct toxin subtypes/genetic variants have been identified based on immunological characteristics and sequence diversity. Analysis of neurotoxin and genome sequences provides evidence that horizontal gene transfer may be a primary mechanism for the movement of neurotoxin genes within these bacteria and that genetic mobility among different bacterial species is facilitated by their phage or plasmid locations. Bacterial and neurotoxin relationships are described based on historic parameters and recent genomic sequencing efforts. Examination of the factors that provide genetic mobility for neurotoxin genes contributes to understanding the diversity resident in the neurotoxins, the toxin complexes and the bacteria that produce them.
Chemotherapy of Prostate Cancer: The National Prostatic Cancer Project Experience

Since 1972 the Treatment Subgroup of the National Prostatic Cancer Project has accessioned 1748 patients with various stages of prostatic cancer to 13 different treatment protocols. Seven of these protocols have been closed and the results in the initial studies have been published. Six protocols are active and continue to accrue patients. Principal investigators have a prominent role in protocol design as well as in the evaluation and publication of data emanating from these protocols. Active agents identified to date include cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, methyl-CCNU, imidazole-carboxamide, estramustine phosphate and streptozotocin. Agents chosen for their presumed activity, but currently under investigation, include methotrexate and cis-platinum.
Explanatory Dialogs: Towards Actionable, Interactive Explanations

Adoption of AI systems in high-stakes domains (e.g., transportation, law, and healthcare) demands that human users trust these systems. A desiderata for establishing trust is that the users understand the system's decision process. However, a high-performing system may use a complex decision process, which may not be interpretable by itself. We argue that existing solutions for generating interpretable explanations have limitations and as a solution, propose developing new explanation systems that enable interactive and actionable dialogs between the user and the system.
Limiting Retributivism and Individual Prevention

Limiting retributivism, also known as modified desert theory, is a “mixed theory” of punishment that posits that retributive principles should set the outer bounds of a sentence, while the precise nature and duration of disposition should be designed to implement one or more independent criminal justice system goals. This chapter focuses on a particular version of limiting retributivism, which it calls “preventive justice.” Similar in concept to traditional indeterminate sentencing, a preventive justice regime adopts sentence ranges consistent with the offender’s desert and then relies on expert parole boards to determine the nature and duration of sentence within this range based on consideration of individual prevention goals (i.e., incapacitation, specific deterrence and rehabilitation). The analysis of this chapter suggests that a system of relatively wide sentence ranges derived from retributive principles, in combination with short minimum sentences that are enhanced under limited circumstances by statistically-driven risk assessment and management, can alleviate many of the inherent tensions between desert and prevention, between deontology and political reality, and between the desire for community input and the allure of expertise. If done properly, it should also significantly reduce prison populations.