cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Predictive Equations for Dynamic Modulus and Phase Angle Using a Nonlinear Least-Squares Regression Model

AbstractThe sigmoidal equation is usually used to make predictions for dynamic modulus (|E*|), but equations to predict phase angle are still unavailable. In this study, equations to predict both the |E*| and phase angle for asphalt mixtures were proposed. The expression for the |E*| prediction in the proposed model is the same as the sigmoidal equation, while the predictive equation for the phase angle was derived based on the Kramers-Kronig equation, which reveals the relation between the |E*| and phase angle. The new predictive equation set is called the initial proposed (IP) model, as differentiated from the modified proposed (MP) model, in which an additional coefficient was given to the equation. To validate the IP and MP models, the equations were used to fit the |E*| and phase angle data at a wide range of temperatures and frequencies from 14 different asphalt mixtures. The coefficients and shift factors in the equations were obtained from a nonlinear least-squares optimization using optimization ...
Changes in the Work Environment for Creativity During Downsizing

This study examined the work environment for creativity at a large high-technology firm before, during, and after a major downsizing. Creativity and most creativity-supporting aspects of the perceived work environment declined significantly during the downsizing hut increased modestly later; the opposite pattern was observed for creativity-undermining aspects. Stimulants and obstacles to creativity in the work environment mediated the effects of downsizing. These results suggest ways in which theories of organizational creativity can be expanded and ways in which the negative effects of downsizing might be avoided or alleviated.
The influence of boundary layers on supersonic inlet flow unstart induced by mass injection

A transverse jet is injected into a supersonic model inlet flow to induce unstart. Planar laser Rayleigh scattering from condensed CO2 particles is used to visualize flow dynamics during the unstart process, while in some cases, wall pressure traces are simultaneously recorded. Studies conducted over a range of inlet configurations reveal that the presence of turbulent wall boundary layers strongly affect the unstart dynamics. It is found that relatively thick turbulent boundary layers in asymmetric wall boundary layer conditions prompt the formation of unstart shocks; in symmetric boundary conditions lead to the propagation of pseudo-shocks; and in both cases facilitate fast inlet unstart, when compared with thin, laminar boundary layers. Incident shockwaves and associated reflections are found to affect the speed of pressure disturbances. These disturbances, which induce boundary layer separation, are found to precede the formation of unstart shocks. The results confirm the importance of and need to better understand shock-boundary layer interactions in inlet unstart dynamics.
Binomial Switching Networks for Concentration and Distribution

In this paper a new class of switching networks is presented for concentration and distribution interconnection assignments between disjoint sets of input and output terminals. These networks are called binomial switching networks because of their structural association with the binomial distribution. Binomial networks are uniform in that all connecting paths are of equal length and are such that cycles or iterations through stages of the network are not permitted, and binomial networks are rearrangeable in that implementing an additional path through the network for a new connection can require the rearranging of existing paths. It is shown that an upper bound on the number of such rearrangements is closely related to the number of stages in the network. A sparse crossbar switch construction of the binomial switching network is presented which contains crossbar switches in which it is not possible to connect each switch input to each switch output. Finally, the number of crosspoints needed for such networks for sufficiently large numbers of input and output terminals is seen to be less than the classical, benchmark alternatives for both concentration and distribution assignments.
Experiments in automatic learning for a multipurpose hueristic program

An automatic learning capability has been developed and implemented for use with the MULTIPLE (MULTIpurpose Program that LEarns) heuristic tree-searching program, which is presently being applied to resolution theorem-proving in predicate calculus. MULTIPLE's proving program (PP) uses two evaluation functions to guide its search for a proof of whether or not a particular goal is achievable. Thirteen general features of predicate calculus clauses were created for use in the automatic learning of better evaluation functions for PP. A multiple regression program was used to produce optimal coefficients for linear polynomial functions in terms of the features. Also, automatic data-handling routines were written for passing data between the learning program and the proving program, and for analyzing and summarizing results. Data was generally collected for learning (regression analysis) from the experience of PP.A number of experiments were performed to test the effectiveness and generality of the learning program. Results showed that the learning produced dramatic improvements in the solutions to problems which were in the same domain as those used for collecting learning data. Learning was also shown to generalize successfully to domains other than those used for data collection. Another experiment demonstrated that the learning program could simultaneously improve performance on problems in a specific domain and on problems in a variety of domains. Some variations of the learning program were also tested.
Trichotillomania—A review

Abstract Trichotillomania is an overlooked symptom, which is probably not as rare as was once thought. It is seen in a variety of psychiatric disorders and is particularly common in children. Often the symptom in children represents an attempt to work through an object loss by using hair as a transitional object. The treatment of trichotillomania depends upon the associated clinical features. When it occurs in isolation, behavioral therapy or hypnosis may be useful. When it occurs in association with other diagnoses, it may respond to treatment that is directed at the principal diagnosis. Trichotillomania is generally a difficult condition to treat and has a poor prognosis when the onset of symptoms occurs after early childhood.
Nudging Students' Creative Problem-Solving Skills.

People often make choices that go against their own best interests. In the controversial bestseller Nudge , Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein argue that people can benefit from simple “nudges” to improve their decision-making. In an upper-level undergraduate course on political decision-making, I created a series of assignments around Nudge . In the project, students designed their own “nudges” to solve a variety of political and social problems. Students gave this assignment rave reviews, not only for the course content they learned, but also for what they discovered about their connections to society and its problems. In this article, I describe the assignment and report students' evaluations of it. This assignment could be tailored to any course on political behavior, public policy, or public administration.
Evidence suggesting dual A-V nodal pathways in patients without supraventricular tachycardias.

Electrophysiologic evidence for dual pathways of conduction through the A-V node is presented in three patients without history of supraventricular tachycardia. In case 1, abrupt spontaneous changes in the PR interval from 0.17 to 0.42 second were seen. His bundle electrographic studies showed two sets of A-H intervals during sinus rhythm and at several atrial pacing rates, although at rates over 100 per minute only the slow pathway conducted. Using the extrastimulus method, different refractory periods for the fast and slow pathways were documented. Cases 2 and 3 underwent His bundle electrography studies to evaluate intraventricular conduction defects. During atrial pacing studies abrupt changes in the A-H interval, from 220 to 470 msec and from 220 to 370 msec, were observed on increasing the pacing rate from 90 to 95 per minute in case 2 and from 120 to 130 per minute in case 3. In these two patients, dual A-V nodal pathways were suggested by the sudden changes in the A-H interval at critical pacing rates. These findings indicate that evidence suggesting dual pathways of conduction through the A-V node may not be an uncommon finding and may be present without the manifestation of recurrent supraventricular tachycardias.
The effect of external electric fields on the nature and properties of materials synthesized by self-propagating combustion

Abstract Experimental and modeling studies were carried out to investigate the effect of electric fields on self-sustaining combustion synthesis reactions. It was shown that the field plays a major role in these reactions. By overcoming thermodynamic and kinetic limitations, the imposition of a field makes such reactions possible in systems which cannot otherwise sustain them. This makes possible the synthesis of a large number of ceramic, metallic, and composite materials. Modeling studies, based on the Fourier heat balance equation, showed that the effect of the field is primarily thermal, with Joule heating imparted to the system in a distribution which is dependent on the electrical conductivities of the participating phases. For systems with low conductivity products, the current is localized in the narrow (≈1 mm thick) reaction front. The effect of electrical and thermal conductivities, as well as porosity was investigated. A major finding with practical implications is the effect of the field on the mechanism of the synthesis reactions. It was demonstrated that the field influences the nature of the product phases, their composition, and uniformity. The field, in this regard, can be considered as a processing parameter in the synthesis of materials.
Enthalpies of dilution of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate solutions, and the standard enthalpies of ionization of aqueous carbonic acid, at 298.15 K

Abstract Enthalpies of dilution of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 solutions, together with enthalpies of protonation of CO32− and HCO3− ions, were measured at 298.15 K by solution calorimetry. Compositions of the solutions were calculated from equilibrium constants and related activity-coefficient functions, and through detailed consideration of correction terms, the relative apparent molar enthalpies Lφ for the ion combinations (Na+ +HCO3−) and (2Na+ +CO32−) were evaluated relative to the conventional reference states, and values of Lφe, the equilibrium relative apparent molar enthalpies of the actual solutions, were referred to the same reference state. By similar strategies, the standard enthalpies of ionization for carbonic acid were evaluated: ΔH1.1o = (2188 ± 15) calth mol−1, and ΔH2.1o = (3513 ± 25) calth mol−1. Values of both Lφ and Lφe are needed for obtaining the standard enthalpies for the sodium salts of carbonic acid, as are the enthalpies of ionization. Strategies for making the corrections to standard states are illustrated in detail.
Windows into clients' perspectives on psychotherapy.

In this brief discussion I highlight some dimensions of Angus and Kagan’s (2013); Olivera, Braun, Gomez Penedo, and Roussos (2013); and Jock, Bolger, Olivera, and Roussos (2013) articles that are of particular interest to me. Reading their articles has served as a catalyst for me to reflect at a more general level on the state of the art of qualitative methods in psychotherapy research, and to articulate some informal reflections about qualitative research.
Linear near-neighbor classifiers for correlated categories

We consider a classification problem in which theta; = θ 1, θ2, . . . is a sequence of unknown categories, with each θ1=0 or 1, and X = X1:, X2:,......is a sequence of observed random variables. The conditional distribution of 1 given θ 1 is assumed normal with variance 1 and mean 29i - 1. We assume that the θ sequence is a realitation of a two-state stationary Markov chain. Thus there is information about θ 1contained not only in X 1 but in all other Xi's. Here we study various proporties of classification rules for θ 1, based on linear functions of the X 1's |j−i| small. When the values of the Markovian parameters are unspecified, it is natural to consider using a plyg-in rule based on substitution of parameter estimates. The large sample behavior of parameter estimates and plug-in rules is iinvestigated, with particular attention to the probability that the plug-in rule yields a smaller risk than the usual minimax procedure appropriate for uncorrelated categories.
Two-dimensional fermionic superfluids, pairing instability, and vortex liquids in the absence of time reversal symmetry

We consider a generic two-dimensional system of fermionic particles with attractive interactions and no disorder. If time reversal symmetry is absent, it is possible to obtain incompressible insulating states in addition to the superfluid at zero temperature. The superfluid-insulator phase transition is found to be second order in type-II systems using a perturbative analysis of Cooper pairing instability in quantum Hall states of unpaired fermions. We obtain the pairing phase diagram as a function of chemical potential (density) and temperature. However, a more careful analysis presented here reveals that the pairing quantum phase transition is always preempted by another transition into a strongly correlated normal state which retains Cooper pairing and cannot be smoothly connected to the quantum Hall state of unpaired fermions. Such a normal phase can be qualitatively viewed as a liquid of vortices, although it may acquire conventional broken symmetries. Even if it did not survive at finite temperatures its influence would be felt through strong quantum fluctuations below a crossover temperature scale. These conclusions directly apply to fermionic ultracold-atom systems near unitarity, but are likely relevant for the properties of other strongly correlated superfluids as well, including high-temperature superconductors.
Cutin acids: Synthesis and mass spectrometry of methyl 16-hydroxy-7-oxo-, 16-hydroxy-8-oxo-, 16-hydroxy-9-oxo-, 16-hydroxy-10-oxo- and 7,16-, 8,16-, 9,16- and 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoates

Methyl esters of 8 16-carbon acids which occur in cutin of plants have been synthesized from methyl 16,17-dihydroxy-7-oxo- and 16,17-dihydroxy-9-oxoheptadecanoates. 16-Hydroxy-7-oxo- and 16-hydroxy-9-oxohexadecanoates were prepared by lead tetraacetate cleavage followed by sodium triacetoxyborohydride reduction; 16-hydroxy-8-oxo- and 16-hydroxy-10-oxohexadecanoates were prepared by successive ketalization, ester reduction, diol cleavage, acylation, oxidation and methanolysis. Dihydroxy esters were prepared by reduction of oxo esters with sodium borohydride. Mass spectra of TMS ethers of the esters, of pyrrolides and of TMS esters of pyrrolidides have been compared. Mass spectra of mixtures of hydroxyoxo derivatives and of dihydroxy derivatives show that correction factors are required for quantitative analysis, particularly when 7-substituted isomers are present.
Evaluation of different data-processing options for a flow system with a well-stirred mixing chamber

Abstract This paper describes the evaluation of several data-processing options for a flow-based sample processor with a well-stirred mixing chamber. Data-processing options evaluated include peak-height, peak-area and time-interval methods with different choices of reference points. Results are compared with theoretical expectations and effects of experimenal parameters on the different methods are compared by using relative error coefficients. It is found that theoretical equations based on a kinetic model for the system describe shapes of calibration equations very well and predict slopes of calibration plots to within a few percent of experimental values. These results show that other less rigorous treatments can lead to conclusions that are valid only for selected sets of circumstances.
Cytokine effect on fibronectin release by retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Because fibronectin (FN) is known to be present in membranes in proliferative vitreoretinopathy, we sought to identify cytokines that regulate the release of FN by retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). Levels of FN in the supernatant of cultured human RPE cells were quantified with an ELISA, after which the cells were stimulated with human recombinant cytokines, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (INF-γ), transforming growth factor beta 1 and 2 (TGF-β), and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Protein kinase C (PKC) was blocked by 2 nM calphostin C or 1 mM staurosporine. RPE cells released FN into the supernatant constitutively. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 upregulated the FN release in a dose-and time-dependent manner. The other cytokines tested were without effect. In combination, INF-γ and IL-β reduced the effect of TGF-β. PMA, which is a PKC activator, also increased the release of FN in a dose-dependent manner. Blocking of PKC with specific inhib...
Plasmodesmata Formation: Poking Holes in Walls with ise

Secondary plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic channels connecting adjacent plant cells that arise after cell division. How membrane-delimited channels penetrate cell walls is unknown, but now two genes, ISE1 and ISE2, are shown to be required for pathways that limit their formation.
Self-expanding silicone stent for treatment of postoperative colorectal stricture in an infant with Hirschsprung's disease: a case report

Benign colorectal strictures can be a complication of intestinal surgery, with limited options for endosopic intervention. In this report, we describe a case where a removable silicone stent was temporarily placed to successfully treat a benign post operative stricture in an infant with Hirschprung's disease.
Communication structure planning for multisensor detection systems

The authors address the problem of communication structure planning in multisensor detection systems under communication constraints and also under a generalised cost formulation. The communication constraint is specified in terms of the amount of communication allowed in the system, while the generalised cost functions measure the efficiency of communication used. System optimisation algorithms are developed for both criteria. Examples for both Bayesian and Neyman-Pearson formulations are presented for illustration. A variety of scenarios are considered to study their effect on system performance.
Vision for Civil and Environmental Engineering Departments in the 21st Century

Six years ago, the writer wrote a viewpoint on “Sustainable Infrastructure Systems and Environmentally Conscious Design—A View for the Next Decade” Adeli 2002 . In this forum, the writer presents a vision for a modern civil and environmental engineering CEE program in the twenty-first century. Civil engineers build civilizations! But CEE programs have lost momentum in attracting both students and resources in many U.S. universities in recent years. Some universities and colleges have even shut down their civil engineering program entirely, for example, Tulane University and Union College. How do we turn this around?
EFFECT OF ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE AND TESTOSTERONE ON THE INCORPORATION OF L-VALINE-1-C14 INTO PROTEIN OF THE RAT LIVER AND UTERUS.

The influence of progesterone on the uptake of L-valine-1-C14 into the trichloroacetic acid precipitated protein of rat liver and rat uterus has been studied in normal and pregnant rats. Rats were treated 6 hr before experiments with combinations of estradiol, progesterone and in some instances testosterone. L-Valine-1-C14 was then injected into the tail vein, or liver and uterine slices were incubated with L-valine-1-C14. After trichloroacetic acid extraction and drying, aliquots were dissolved in hyamine hydroxide and counted in a scintillation counter. Hormonal administration was shown to affect the uterus uptake but not that of the liver. Theincreased uptake in the uterus after estrogen administration was depressed after the addition of progesterone. Testosterone had no effect. Liver and uterine slices from pregnant rats at 6 and 16 days of gestation were incubated with L-valine-1-C14. A significant increase (P < 0.01) was shown in the liver uptake of Lvaline-1-C14 between rats at 6 days and 16 days o...
Hydrodynamics of larval settlement: The influence of turbulent stress events at potential recruitment sites

We describe a laboratory investigation into the effect of turbulent hydrodynamic stresses on clam larvae in the settlement phase of the recruitment process. A two-component laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA) was used to measure time histories of the instantaneous turbulence structure at potential recruitment sites within reconstructed beds of the adult Asian clam, Potamocorbula amurensis.Measurements were made for two flow speeds over beds with three different clam densities and two different clam heights. We analyze the statistical effect of the turbulence on the larval flux to the bed and on the probability of successful anchoring to the substrate. It is shown that the anchoring probability depends on the nature of the instantaneous stress events rather than on mean stresses. The instantaneous turbulence structure near the bed is altered by the flow rate and the spacing and height of adult clams living in the substrate. The ability to anchor quickly is therefore extremely important, since the time sequence of episodic turbulent stress events influences larval settlement success. The probability of successful larval settlement is predicted to decrease as the spacing between adults decreases, implying that the hydrodynamics impose negative feedback on clam bed aggregation dynamics. Species success, population density, and community structure are all dependent on larval recruitment. Therefore, the processes of settlement and recruitment of benthic and epibenthic communities have been the subject of substantial research (see Olafsson et al. 1994; Wildish and Kristmanson 1997 for recent reviews). A major portion of the work has involved the transport of larvae to the bed and settling of the larvae by passive or active selection processes ( see reviews by Butman 1987; Abelson and Denny 1997). Several researchers have found that it is the combination of larval behavior (e.g., swimming, crawling, burrowing) and physical processes that deliver the larvae to the bed that is responsible for the recruitment success (Mullineaux and Butman 1990; Butman and Grassle 1992; Grassle et al. 1992; Snelgrove et al. 1993). As summarized by Underwood and Keough (2001), it is no longer a question of whether hydrodynamics or behavior are important in recruitment, rather it is a question of ‘‘under which conditions is larval behavior important?’’ We will expand this question and say that it is also important to determine the periods, during the relevant physical processes, when larval behavior is important. Related to the interest in larval recruitment is an ecological interest in what regulates temporal, spatial, and agesegregated distributions of species. Thus, the processes important in determining how aggregations of benthic 1
Kinetic Roughening of Fe/Fe(100) Epitaxial Thin Films

We model kinetic roughening during Fe(100) homoepitaxy, where the formation of mounds with selected slope has been observed. Our model incorporates irreversible nucleation and growth of two-dimensional square islands in each layer, and a step-edge barrier to diffusive downward transport (which exceeds the barrier, E d , to terrace diffusion by E Sch ). We estimate that E Sch ≈45meV compared with E d ≈450meV. To reproduce observed behavior, it is also essential for the model to incorporate "downward funneling" of depositing atoms to four-fold hollow adsorption sites, as this controls slope selection. Finally, we discuss model predictions for the non-monotonic temperature dependence of kinetic roughening.
Pairwise-definable subdirect decompositions of general database schemata

One of the most important results in the theory of decomposition of universal relational schemata is the equivalence of acyclicity of the hypergraph of the schema to numerous desirable properties regarding simplicity of constraints, correctness of query evaluation algorithms, and complexity of integrity maintenance. In this paper, we show that the thrust of these results is not specific to the relational model, but rather applies in a much more general context in which schemata are just sets and views are defined by surjective functions. This is accomplished by replacing the notion of hypergraph of a schema (which is specific to the relational model) with the much more general notion of pairwise definability, which is meaningful in the context of any decomposition into a set of views.
The Role of Mg2+ Cofactor in the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange and GTP Hydrolysis Reactions of Rho Family GTP-binding Proteins

The biological activities of Rho family GTPases are controlled by their guanine nucleotide binding states in cells. Here we have investigated the role of Mg(2+) cofactor in the guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis processes of the Rho family members, Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA. Differing from Ras and Rab proteins, which require Mg(2+) for GDP and GTP binding, the Rho GTPases bind the nucleotides in the presence or absence of Mg(2+) similarly, with dissociation constants in the submicromolar concentration. The presence of Mg(2+), however, resulted in a marked decrease in the intrinsic dissociation rates of the nucleotides. The catalytic activity of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) appeared to be negatively regulated by free Mg(2+), and GEF binding to Rho GTPase resulted in a 10-fold decrease in affinity for Mg(2+), suggesting that one role of GEF is to displace bound Mg(2+) from the Rho proteins. The GDP dissociation rates of the GTPases could be further stimulated by GEF upon removal of bound Mg(2+), indicating that the GEF-catalyzed nucleotide exchange involves a Mg(2+)-independent as well as a Mg(2+)-dependent mechanism. Although Mg(2+) is not absolutely required for GTP hydrolysis by the Rho GTPases, the divalent ion apparently participates in the GTPase reaction, since the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rates were enhanced 4-10-fold upon binding to Mg(2+), and k(cat) values of the Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP)-catalyzed reactions were significantly increased when Mg(2+) was present. Furthermore, the p50RhoGAP specificity for Cdc42 was lost in the absence of Mg(2+) cofactor. These studies directly demonstrate a role of Mg(2+) in regulating the kinetics of nucleotide binding and hydrolysis and in the GEF- and GAP-catalyzed reactions of Rho family GTPases. The results suggest that GEF facilitates nucleotide exchange by destabilizing both bound nucleotide and Mg(2+), whereas RhoGAP utilizes the Mg(2+) cofactor to achieve high catalytic efficiency and specificity.
On learning from exercises

This paper explores a new direction in the formal theory of learning - learning in the sense of improving computational efficiency as opposed to concept learning in the sense of Valiant. Specifically, the paper concerns algorithms that learn to solve problems from sample instances of the problems. We develop a general framework for such learning and study the framework over two distinct random sources of sample instances. The first source provides sample instances together with their solutions, while the second source provides unsolved instances or “exercises”. We prove two theorems identifying conditions sufficient for learning over the two sources, our proofs being constructive in that they exhibit learning algorithms. To illustrate the scope of our results, we discuss their application to a program that learns to solve restricted classes of symbolic integrals.
Notes on the Nests, Eggs, Incubation Period, and Nestling Development of Thripadectes holostictus moderatus

Abstract Thripadectes, a little studied genus in Funariidae has thorough nest descriptions for five of its seven species, most consisting of one or two nests. Although the nest of Thripadectes holostictus has been described, it is based only on two nests, and there is no nest description for the subspecies, T. h. moderatus, which we report in this study. Between October and December 2011, we monitored four nests of T. h. moderatus in Manu National Park, Peru. In addition to reporting the first nest for the subspecies T. h. moderatus, we provide new information for T. holostictus, including incubation period (between 13–17 days), fledgling period (20–23 days), fresh egg weights (x ¯ ± SE = 5.8 ± 0.1 g), nestling growth patterns, further evidence for biparental care, and new observations on nest materials.
Bad Weather: On Planetary Crisis

How, and when, does it become possible to conceptualize a truly planetary crisis? The Cold War nuclear arms race installed one powerful concept of planetary crisis in American culture. The science enabling the US nuclear arsenal, however, also produced unintended byproducts: notably, a radical new investment in the earth sciences. Cold War nuclear science ultimately produced not only bombs, but also a new understanding of the earth as biosphere. Thus, the image of planetary crisis in the US was increasingly doubled during the Cold War — the immediacy of nuclear threat matched by concerns about rapid environmental change and the cumulative effects of industrial civilization on a fragile biosphere. This paper examines the evolution of (and competition between) two ideas of planetary crisis since 1945: nuclear war and climate change. In doing so, the paper offers an alternative history of the nuclear age and considers the US national security implications of a shift in the definition of planetary crisis from...
Automation of human decision processes for route completion for airspace design analysis

This paper describes an algorithm for approximating missing data in air traffic routes thereby allowing the lengths of different routes to be compared for our simulation analyses. We were given air traffic routes that had origin, destination, and complete route information inside of the problem design area. Analyst judgment was necessary for completing the routes outside of the design area. We automated the analyst decision processes so that comparisons could be made across scenarios. This process was required for thousands of routes. We analyze design performance measures and show that the resulting distances among the redesigned routes differ from baseline route lengths.
Effects of mineral deficiencies upon fungus infected plants: Energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis of antimony precipitation products in Cucurbita pepo infected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Abstract A pyroantimonate precipitation reaction was utilized for localization of calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, and zinc ions in Cucurbita pepo L. infected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Precipitation sites were easily observed in the cytoplasm adjacent to the cell walls, in the vacuoles, and to a lesser extent, in chloroplasts. The precipitate was analyzed for antimony content using energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis. Counts of 5 channels of the La antimony peaks were analyzed. Electron dense precipitation sites in vacuoles had counts which averaged an order of magnitude greater than counts of cell walls and chloroplasts. Calcium deficient plants had the least amount of precipitation in cell walls and chloroplasts. Observed electron density in sections was not necessarily correlated with counts.
An in-process evaluation technique for detection of buried oxide leakage on SOI materials

The authors present a method for investigating buried oxide defects after the initial patterning and etching of the superficial silicon layer on a SOI (silicon-on-insulator) wafer. This method is based on the principle of charged-induced scanning electron microscope evaluation and testing (CISMET). In this method, an imaging electron microscope is used to charge the silicon structures isolated on the buried oxide. Silicon structures which are connected to the substrate remain unchanged. The resulting image identifies the shorted structures as highly visible elements within a field composed of the isolated structures whose brightness in the electron microscope image is greatly reduced by the charging. The authors present examples of the use of the CISMET process on test structures and on SRAM circuit components, and discuss the possible applications of this technique to in-process determination of buried oxide defects on SOI circuit structures. >
A computational model for the peripheral auditory system: Application of speech recognition research

A computer system for speech analysis based on human auditory processing is described. The system consists of a bank of 40 independent channels, spanning the frequency range from 130 to 6400 Hz. Each channel includes a linear critical band filter followed by a model for the transformation from basilar membrane motion to nerve fiber response, incorporating such nonlinear effects as half-wave rectification, adaptation, spontaneous response, and saturation. The output of this stage includes the detailed waveshape of each cycle of the probabilistic response, but the data are never reduced to a spike sequence. Finally, each channel is subjected independently to both envelope detection and synchrony detection, where the latter is tuned to the characteristic frequency [CF] of the associated filter. It is likely that the envelope response will be useful for marking acoustic boundaries and for making broad category decisions, whereas the synchronous response is more appropriate for making fine distinctions.
Mapping genes for grain protein concentration and grain yield on chromosome 5B of Triticum turgidum (L.) var. dicoccoides

Grain protein concentration (GPC) is an important quality factor in durum wheat [Triticum turgidum (L.) var. durum]. Due to the strong environmental influence on GPC, molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting GPC have the potential to be valuable in wheat breeding programs. Various quantitative traits in a population of 133 recombinant inbred chromosome lines were studied in replicated trials at three locations in North Dakota. Segregation for GPC, 1000-kernel weight, gluten strength, heading date, and plant height was observed. By relating phenotypic data to a linkage map obtained from the same population, three QTL affecting GPC, and one affecting yield were identified. The genotypic coefficients of determination for both traits were high.
A lateral-BJT-biased CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator

A fully integrated 5 GHz differential LC-VCO using a lateral pnp current source in 250nm CMOS is presented. The lateral PNP device structure and its characteristics reviewed. The use of lateral BJT current sources in VCOs reduces flicker noise up-conversion, which is a critical need for systems with stringent close-in phase noise specifications. The VCO achieves a simulated phase noise of -93dBC/Hz at 100kHz offset and draws 4mA from a single 2.5V power supply; the VCO tuning range is 18%.
Depressive symptoms and the implicit evaluation of alcohol: The moderating role of coping motives

Abstract Background Depressive symptoms in college students have been associated with a number of indices of hazardous drinking. Investigators have utilized a variety of experimental paradigms to better understand the cognitive-motivational mechanisms that may underlie this association. Implicit cognition studies have provided increasing support for the view that coping motives may moderate the association between negative affect and the incentive value of alcohol. However, less is known about how symptoms of depression may be linked with implicit evaluative responses to alcohol. The current research sought to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and implicit evaluations of alcohol stimuli as measured by an evaluative priming task. Methods Eighty-two current drinkers completed assessments of depressive symptoms, alcohol use, and drinking motives before engaging in a computerized alcohol evaluative priming task. Results Analyses showed that the association between depressive symptoms and the positive implicit evaluation of alcohol was moderated by drinking motives, such that the positive association between depression and alcohol evaluation was stronger for students who had higher coping motives. Conclusions These findings add to our understanding of how depressive symptoms may influence responses to alcohol and provide further support for the view that individual differences in coping motives may be a critical moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol-related cognitive motivational processes.
A new class of microwave active filters

The new active filter concept being presented employs band-limited directional signal channels that are connected in parallel to produce filtering action through controlled interference among respective signal components. Attributes of the technique include a convenient 50-ohm-based building-block-type design procedure, unconditional circuit stability, tolerance for passive circuit element losses, graceful performance degradation in the face of active element parameter changes, and an ability to realize both wideband and extremely narrowband high-Q filter circuits in planar, compact form. The concept is illustrated with an experimental 10-GHz bandpass filter of two percent bandwidth and an experimental 9.75-GHz notch filter of one quarter percent bandwidth. >
Comparison of ANOVA and Latin square measurement system analysis techniques

Measurement system analysis is essential for determining the quality of data used for process control. Analysis of variation, or ANOVA, is a commonly used technique for measurement system analysis. Recently, the Advanced Metrology Advisory Group at SEMATECH has proposed using the Latin Square technique for determining the reproducibility and repeatability of a CD SEM. Advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques will be discussed.
Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension: The Sodium Pump Inhibitor (Natriuretic Hormone) — Sodium/Calcium Exchange — Hypertension Hypothesis

The importance of sodium and the key role of the kidneys in the pathogenesis of hypertension is widely recognized. Excessive dietary salt may not play an etiologic role in all individuals with essential hypertension, but the majority of patients with this disease, especially those with low-renin essential hypertension, respond to reduced dietary sodium and/or natriuretic drugs. Despite these well-established observations, the relationship between sodium and hypertension is still vigorously debated because the precise pathogenic mechanisms are not known.
VPriv: protecting privacy in location-based vehicular services

A variety of location-based vehicular services are currently being woven into the national transportation infrastructure in many countries. These include usage- or congestion-based road pricing, traffic law enforcement, traffic monitoring, "pay-as-you-go" insurance, and vehicle safety systems. Although such applications promise clear benefits, there are significant potential violations of the location privacy of drivers under standard implementations (i.e., GPS monitoring of cars as they drive, surveillance cameras, and toll transponders). In this paper, we develop and evaluate VPriv, a system that can be used by several such applications without violating the location privacy of drivers. The starting point is the observation that in many applications, some centralized server needs to compute a function of a user's path--a list of time-position tuples. VPriv provides two components: 1) the first practical protocol to compute path functions for various kinds of tolling, speed and delay estimation, and insurance calculations in a way that does not reveal anything more than the result of the function to the server, and 2) an out-of-band enforcement mechanism using random spot checks that allows the server and application to handle misbehaving users. Our implementation and experimental evaluation of VPriv shows that a modest infrastructure of a few multi-core PCs can easily serve 1 million cars. Using analysis and simulation based on real vehicular data collected over one year from the CarTel project's testbed of 27 taxis running in the Boston area, we demonstrate that VPriv is resistant to a range of possible attacks.
Flow Structure in Controlled and Baseline Subsonic Cavity Flows

This work presents preliminary results of an experimental investigation of the flow structure and acoustic signature in controlled and baseline subsonic cavity flows. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented and analyzed in an effort to better understand and predict the behavior of the shear layer over the cavity in response to various open-loop actuation cases. Experiments confirm that self-sustained flow-acoustic coupling occurs only at frequencies supporting an integer phase relationship around the flow-acoustic loop. Based on the results, we also speculate that only when the flow-acoustic components at frequencies supporting resonance are time-invariant can the corresponding coupling produces strong acoustic tones. Otherwise the corresponding flow-acoustic couplings produce multi-mode like resonance with tonal switching. This behavior is irrespective of the coherent structures passage frequency in the shear layer. This work is part of a larger multidisciplinary effort in the development and understanding of active feedback flow control techniques (Samimy et al. 2004).
Production of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in chemically defined medium.

Aflatoxins B1 and G1 were produced in a chemically defined liquid medium in stationary culture. Glucose, sucrose, and fructose were satisfactory carbon sources. Organic nitrogen compounds were essential for production of high levels of aflatoxins. Complex nitrogen sources, such as yeast extract and peptone, gave higher yields than single amino acids. Aspartate, glycine, glutamine, and glutamate were good sources of nitrogen for toxin production. Little or no aflatoxin was produced when zinc, iron, or magnesium were omitted from the medium. Manganese appeared to reduce yields of aflatoxin.
Reactivity of serologic tests for the detection of antibody specific to cytomegalovirus. II. Latex agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Two hundred seven sera were assayed for antibody-specific for cytomegalovirus (CMV) by two enzyme immunoassays (EIAs; Bioenzabody®, Litton Bionetics, and Abbott CMV Total Antibody EIA®, Abbott Laboratories) and latex agglutination (LA; CMVScan®, Hynson, Westcott and Dunning). The overall accuracy of the LA, Litton EIA, and Abbott EIA was 95.8%, 86.2%, and 88.6%, respectively. Although the Abbott EIA had a sensitivity of 98.8%, the specificity was only 35.5%. The positive predictive values of the LA, Litton EIA, and Abbott EIA were 99.4%, 95.9%, and 88.9%, respectively, while the negative predictive values of each of these tests were 81.1%, 56.2%, and 84.6%, respectively.
In Search of Cultural Diversity, Revisited: Recent Publication Trends in Cross-Cultural and Ethnic Minority Psychology

Given the increasing proportion of ethnic minority individuals in the United States and psychology's historical reliance on theories derived from Euro American populations, it is important to monit...
Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques — Implications for the Clinical Community

An Institute of Medicine committee concluded that it's ethical to pursue clinical studies of mitochondrial replacement techniques, under certain conditions, but that critical safety and efficacy questions remain before regulatory approval or clinical use can occur.
A 67-year old man with an abdominal aortic aneurysm

Who should be screened, what is the benefit, and how should patients found to have an aneurysm be treated?
Efficient Processing of Network Proximity Queries via Chebyshev Acceleration

Network proximity is at the heart of a large class of network analytics and information retrieval techniques, including node/ edge rankings, network alignment, and randomwalk based proximity queries, among many others. Owing to its importance, significant effort has been devoted to accelerating iterative processes underlying network proximity computations. These techniques rely on numerical properties of power iterations, as well as structural properties of the networks to reduce the run time of iterative algorithms. In this paper, we present an alternate approach to acceleration of network proximity queries using Chebyshev polynomials. We show that our approach, called CHOPPER, yields asymptotically faster convergence in theory, and significantly reduced convergence times in practice. We also show that other existing acceleration techniques can be used in conjunction with Chopper to further reduce runtime. Using a number of large real-world networks, and top-k proximity queries as the benchmark problem, we show that CHOPPER outperforms existing methods for wide ranges of parameter values. CHOPPER is implemented in Matlab and is freely available at http://compbio.case.edu/chopper/.
"Existential" therapists and their group therapy practices.

Existential philosophical thought insists that human behavior is indeterminate and subject only to the individual's will. It is, therefore, skeptical of all dynamic psychologies based as they are on Freudian determinism. Group therapists imbued with this philosophy stop short of its extreme. Their existential position, however, does greatly modify treatment, and yet they preserve both the form and goals of therapy. They place properly selected and prepared patients in a group where their individuality and authenticity are highly valued. Finding most technical procedures irrelevant, the therapists themselves, that is, their evolving personalities are central. The key to patient change is the spontaneous meeting of members and the therapist which the therapist orchestrates. Instead of the usual interpretation, members are encouraged to confront the paradoxes in their lives, their humanness, and especially their finitude. Patients are to be brought up to the threshold of their self-knowledge so they can choose. Choice, therefore, along with action coupled with responsibility are frequent themes. Unless the individual is incompetent, decisions made for him or her by the therapist or by group consensus are thought to be nontherapeutic.
Lassen sich kieferorthopädische Drähte unter Praxisbedingungen mit dem gepulsten Nd:YAG-Laser schweißen?

Fur die Herstellung und auch die Reparatur herausnehmbarer und auch festsitzender kieferorthopadischer Apparaturen werden suffiziente Fugemethoden benotigt, die fur eine hinreichende mechanische Festigkeit der Apparatur sorgen. Andererseits darf die Biokompatibilitat eines kieferorthopadischen Drahtes durch dieses Fugeverfahren nicht verandert werden. Insbesondere unter dem Aspekt der Biokompatibilitat sind nickelfreie Drahte als Alternative zu den NiCr-Drahten in den Markt gebracht wor- den [BORCHMANN 1993]. Nachdem die Korrosionsbestandigkeit dieser neuen Drahte in Vergleichsversuchen zu bisher verwendeteten nickelhaltigen Drahten nachgewiesen wurde [NEUHOFER 1993], ist es Ziel dieser Untersuchungen, das Schweiβverhalten dieser nickelfreien Drahte im Vergleich zu den bisher ublichen Drahten zu untersuchen.
m-and p-Halobenzoyl Derivatives of p-Halo-DL-Phenylalanine as Inhibitors in a Microbial Antitumor Prescreen

Meta- and p-halobenzoyl-p-halo-phenylalanine compounds were prepared and tested for growth-inhibitory activity in a Lactobacillus casei system. The activity of 13 of the most active of these compounds, reported here, was greater than that of any other acyl derivatives of amino acid analogs previously studied in this system and was from 2 to 8 times greater than that of 6-mercaptopurine, a known antitumor agent.