cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value of videostroboscopic parameters in differentiating true vocal fold cysts from polyps

Differentiating between benign true vocal fold (TVF) cysts, polyps, and nodules on the basis of their gross appearance would be advantageous in determining the need for surgical therapy. A retrospective study of 32 patients covering 31 months was done to assess the ability to differentiate these lesions on the basis of stroboscopic parameters. Stroboscopic examinations were evaluated for symmetry, amplitude, periodicity, mucosal wave, and closure. Preoperative diagnoses were validated with operative and histologic confirmation. Mucosal wave was absent or diminished in 100% of TVF cysts and present or increased in 80% of TVF polyps (P<.05). Thirty-one percent of original histopathologic diagnoses were modified after pertinent clinical information was provided to the pathologist. Therefore, stroboscopic evaluation of mucosal wave is helpful in preoperative differentiation of TVF cysts and polyps, and providing clinical information to the pathologist is critical for useful histologic information.
Correlation of salt gland function with levels of chlorpyrifos in the feed of mallard ducklings

Abstract The salt gland of the mallard duckling, Anas platyrhynchos, has been proposed as a model for testing the toxicity of organophosphorous pesticides because these compounds depress the function of the gland. Ducklings on either a fresh- or saltwater diet were fed various levels of chlorpyrifos in their feed to see if there was a correlation between level of pesticide, salt gland function, and brain and salt gland cholinesterase activity. The results showed that there was an inverse correlation between level of chlorpyrifos and (i) salt gland function, (ii0 brain cholinesterase activity, and (iii) salt gland cholinesterase activity. These results support the premise that the salt gland of the mallard duckling may be a useful model for testing exposure to organophosphorous pesticides.
Preventing the Broad Spectrum of Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality Through Group B Streptococcal Vaccination

The development of a group B streptococcal (GBS) glycoconjugate vaccine and its upcoming evaluation in a phase 3 trial in pregnant women highlight the importance of defining the anticipated impact of GBS vaccination upon the broad spectrum of GBS-related perinatal morbidity and mortality. We present the specific pregnancy-associated and neonatal conditions attributable, at least in part, to GBS in high and lower income countries. We offer a rationale to support our contention that implementation of GBS glycoconjugate immunization during pregnancy will reduce the global burden of GBS-related morbidity and mortality in pregnant women and their infants.
Paternity Testing: A Non-Linkage Based Marker-Assisted Selection Scheme for Outbred Forage Species

In many major perennial forage species, genomic tools and infrastructure development has advanced enough that their utilization in marker-assisted selection (MAS) can be cheaply explored. This paper presents a paternity testing MAS in diploid red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Utilizing individual plant phenotypes, known maternity, and molecular marker-determined paternity, paternal and maternal breeding values are calculated and selection on both parents is accomplished. Paternity testing MAS is demonstrated in three red clover breeding populations utilizing permutation-based truncation selection for a biomass-persistence index trait. Permutation-based truncation selection is accomplished by ranking parents based on 80% of total progeny per permutation. Parental rankings are then used to select among the remaining 20% of total progeny and average selection gains across all permutations are estimated. Paternity was determined from 11 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) amplified in two polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Paternity-based selection gains alone were more than double selection gains based on maternity alone. Inexplicably, the estimated paternal halfsib family additive genetic variance was four to five times greater than the maternal halfsib family additive genetic variance. Paternity testing MAS is implementable in other diploid forage species and allopolyploid forage species with one diploid genome and corresponding genome specific molecular markers.
Highly potent 3-pyrroline mechanism-based inhibitors of bovine plasma amine oxidase and mass spectrometric confirmation of cofactor derivatization.

Abstract Despite the quinone-dependent copper amine oxidases being described as having the ability to metabolize unbranched primary amines to the corresponding aldehydes, we previously showed that the secondary amines 3-pyrrolines are metabolized as mechanism-based inactivators of bovine plasma amine oxidase (BPAO), and that the 3-(3-nitro-4-methoxyphenyl)-substituted analog was a particularly potent and efficient inactivator. We now show that additional 3-aryl-3-pyrrolines containing highly electron-withdrawing aryl groups (pyridyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, and pentafluorophenyl) are some of the most potent inactivators of BPAO reported to date. We also provide mass spectroscopic confirmation of the proposed mechanism of inhibition involving pyrrolylation of the active-site cofactor, through identification by MALDI-TOF and LC–ESI-MS/MS of the (3-arylpyrrol-1-yl)resorcinol derivatives of the cofactor-containing thermolytic peptides.
Sulfate aerosols and polar stratospheric cloud formation.

Before the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, it was generally assumed that gas-phase chemical reactions controlled the abundance of stratospheric ozone. However, the massive springtime ozone losses over Antarctica first reported by Farman et al in 1985 could not be explained on the basis of gas-phase chemistry alone. In 1986, Solomon et al suggested that chemical reactions occurring on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) could be important for the observed ozone losses. Since that time, an explosion of laboratory, field, and theoretical research in heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry has occurred. Recent work has indicated that the most important heterogeneous reaction on PSCs is ClONO[sub 2] + HCl [yields] Cl[sub 2] + HNO[sub 3]. This reaction converts inert chlorine into photochemically active Cl[sub 2]. Photolysis of Cl[sub 2] then leads to chlorine radicals capable of destroying ozone through very efficient catalytic chain reactions. New observations during the second Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition found stoichiometric loss of ClONO[sub 2] and HCl in air processed by PSCs in accordance with reaction 1. Attention is turning toward understanding what kinds of aerosols form in the stratospheric, their formation mechanism, surface area, and specific chemical reactivity. Some of the latest findings, which underlinemore » the importance of aerosols, were presented at a recent National Aeronautics and Space Administration workshop in Boulder, Colorado.« less
Star Formation and the Atomic-Molecular Transition

In the last decade large surveys have allowed us to separate the atomic and molecular phases of the interstellar media in a wide variety of galaxies, and to determine how each of these phases correlates with star formation. The most striking results of these observations have been that the transition from H i to H2 occurs at a characteristic gas column density that depends on metallicity, and that star formation correlates primarily with the molecular phase. These observations have stimulated a burst of theoretical work, which I review here. The work can be broken into three primary questions: what physical mechanisms control the H i to H2 transition? Why does star formation correlate with H2 and not with some other phase of the ISM? Finally, what are the implications of the answers to the previous two questions for our understanding of star formation on the cosmological scale? I discuss our current best answers to each of these questions, and conclude with prospects for future work.
Speed influences on the scaling behavior of gait cycle fluctuations during treadmill running

Abstract The current study examined the temporal structure of gait cycle fluctuations in running. Participants ran at 80%, 90%, 100%, 110% and 120% of preferred running speed for 8 min trials. Kinematic and kinetic gait cycle variables were generated from ground reaction force data. Mean, SD and CV of the kinematic and kinetic variables changed linearly with speed, whereas U-shaped functions were found for the scaling exponent α in 5 of the 8 variables investigated. Our findings reveal that long range correlations are present in both kinetic and kinematic variables of the gait cycle. The dependent structure of the stride interval is reduced at preferred running speed and this is hypothesized to be related to the enhanced stability and flexibility of this gait speed.
Quantitative Analysis of the Effect of Cancer Invasiveness and Collagen Concentration on 3D Matrix Remodeling

Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is a key component of cell migration and tumor metastasis, and has been associated with cancer progression. Despite the importance of matrix remodeling, systematic and quantitative studies on the process have largely been lacking. Furthermore, it remains unclear if the disrupted tensional homeostasis characteristic of malignancy is due to initially altered ECM and tissue properties, or to the alteration of the tissue by tumor cells. To explore these questions, we studied matrix remodeling by two different prostate cancer cell lines in a three-dimensional collagen system. Over one week, we monitored structural changes in gels of varying collagen content using confocal reflection microscopy and quantitative image analysis, tracking metrics of fibril fraction, pore size, and fiber length and diameter. Gels that were seeded with no cells (control), LNCaP cells, and DU-145 cells were quantitatively compared. Gels with higher collagen content initially had smaller pore sizes and higher fibril fractions, as expected. However, over time, LNCaP- and DU-145-populated matrices showed different structural properties compared both to each other and to the control gels, with LNCaP cells appearing to favor microenvironments with lower collagen fiber fractions and larger pores than DU-145 cells. We posit that the DU-145 cells' preference for denser matrices is due to their higher invasiveness and proteolytic capabilities. Inhibition of matrix proteases resulted in reduced fibril fractions for high concentration gels seeded with either cell type, supporting our hypothesis. Our novel quantitative results probe the dynamics of gel remodeling in three dimensions and suggest that prostate cancer cells remodel their ECM in a synergistic manner that is dependent on both initial matrix properties as well as their invasiveness.
Intrinsic conductivity of conducting polymers

Because the charged dopant ions are spatially separated from the quasi-one-dimensional conduction path in conducting polymers, resistive back scattering is suppressed. In the case of high molecular weight and relatively few sp3 defects, even relatively weak interchain coupling is sufficient to avoid one-dimensional localization; this leads to coherent transport with a mean free path that is limited by either the mean separation between chain imperfections or by phonon scattering. Because of the large π-electron bandwidth and the relatively small number of thermally excited 2κF phonons, nph ≈ exp(−hω0/κBT) where ω0 is the 2κF phonon frequency, the intrinsic room temperature conductivity is estimated to be greater than that of copper.
“In the World, From Our World”: Shared Values and Meanings in Transnational Participatory Radio Practice

This study examines how community radio operates transnationally through a media ethnography of the Latin American Association of Radio Education (ALER) executive secretariat in Quito, Ecuador. Findings show that ALER staff members share a common vision of their work based around 4 themes: collective self-representations, unity, inclusion, and transformation. Having a shared collective conviction in the transformative function of radio shapes how ALER staff conceptualize its journalistic production. This research advances knowledge of how community radio scales-up to the transnational level and the shared values underlying this journalistic practice.
On the linear ordering of some classes of negacyclic and cyclic codes and their distance distributions

We investigate negacyclic and cyclic codes of length p^s over the finite field F"p"^"a. Negacyclic codes of length p^s are precisely the ideals of the chain ring F"p"^"a[x]. This structure is then used to obtain the Hamming distance distribution of the class of such negacyclic codes, which also provides Hamming weight distributions and enumerations of several codes. An one-to-one correspondence between negacyclic and cyclic codes is established to carry accordingly those results of negacyclic codes to cyclic codes.
Inositol synthesis and catabolism in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that synthesizes and catabolizes inositol. This study demonstrates inositol synthesis from glucose-6-phosphate via inositol-1-phosphate synthase and catabolism to glucuronic acid via inositol oxygenase in this organism. These inositol synthetic and catabolic pathways are regulated in opposition; repressing conditions for one are inducing conditions for the other. An inositol-requiring strain was generated by UV mutagenesis. Without inositol, this mutant strain undergoes ‘inositol-less’ death, during which time the phosphatidylinositol composition of the membranes decreases without alteration of the proportion of other phospholipids. The mutation on this strain results in no detectable inositol synthetic activity but normal (wild-type) inositol catabolic activity. This inositol-requiring mutant strain reverted at a high frequency. Classical genetic experiments revealed that the majority of the reverting mutations are at second sites. Interestingly, the revertants exhibited unusual morphological phenotypes when deprived of inositol, while provision of inositol restored wild-type morphology. Inositol metabolism is clearly important for growth and development of C. neoformans and may be involved in this organism's mechanism for survival as both a saprophyte in soil and a parasite in humans. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural networks in computational materials science: training algorithms

Neural networks can be used in principle in an unbiased way for a multitude of pattern recognition and interpolation problems within computational material science. Reliably finding the weights of large feed-forward neural networks with both accuracy and speed is crucial to their use. In this paper, the rate of convergence of numerous optimization techniques that can be used to determine the weights is compared for two problems related to the construction of atomistic potentials. Techniques considered were back propagation (steepest descent), conjugate gradient methods, real-string genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and a new swarm search algorithm. For small networks, where only a few optimal solutions exist, we find that conjugate-gradient methods are most successful. However, for larger networks where the parameter space to be searched is more complex, a hybrid scheme is most effective; genetic algorithm or simulated annealing to find a good initial starting set of weights, followed by a conjugate-gradient approach to home in on a final solution. These hybrid approaches are now our method of choice for training large networks.
Clinical Correlates of Hemoconcentration During Hospitalization for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Abstract Background Hemoconcentration has been proposed as a putative biomarker of effective decongestion therapy in heart failure patients. The prevalence and clinical correlates of hemoconcentration in hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) have not been previously described. Methods and Results We retrospectively reviewed paired values of hemoglobin at admission and discharge to identify evidence of hemoconcentration in 295 subjects hospitalized with ADHF and determined the association between hemoconcentration and risk of worsening renal function and survival. Subjects with hemoconcentration (n = 75) received higher diuretic doses and demonstrated greater weight loss during hospitalization when compared with subjects without hemoconcentration (median [IQR] loop diuretic dose 180 (120) versus 160 (150) mg, P = .014; mean ± SD weight loss 4.0 ± 3.1 versus 2.2 ± 3.1 kg, P P = .006), but decreased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.53, 95% CI 0.29–0.96, P = .035). In multivariate analysis, hemoconcentration remained independently associated with worsening renal function, but not mortality. Conclusions Hemoconcentration is significantly associated with increased diuretic dose, greater weight loss, and increased risk of worsening renal function during hospitalization. Hemoconcentration was significantly associated with mortality in univariate analysis, but not in multivariate analysis.
Thermodynamic properties of the exchange interaction model of ferromagnetism

Abstract Terms through T -7 are obtained for the zero field-high temperature partition function series for general spin S and arbitrary lattice. For the f.c.c. lattice the fraction of the entropy change occurring above T c is found to be ( S ∞ - S c )/ S ∞ = 0.494 - 0.353/(2 S +1).
Mechanisms of epitaxial GaAs crystal growth by sputter deposition: Role of ion/surface interactions

The basic mechanisms as well as the kinetics of epitaxial GaAs crystal growth by RF sputter deposition have been investigated. The film growth rate R was found to depend not only on the Ga flux, as in thermal evaporation, but also on the ratio of the incident arsenic to gallium fluxes and the film growth temperature. These additional dependences are related to the effect of the steady state As surface coverage ϑAs on the average Ga atom surface binding energy 〈UGa〉 and hence on the secondary sputtering yield due to induced low energy ion bombardment of the growing film. A model was developed to relate ϑAs to film growth parameters and thus to allow predictions of R which exhibited good agreement with experimental results. From this analysis, 〈UGa〉 was found to increase from 3.5 to 4.9 eV/atom as ϑAs was increased from 0.2 to 0.6, corresponding to Ga-stabilized and As-stabilized surfaces, respectively.
Tyrosinase activity in the Wolffian lens regenerating system

Abstract The first part of the paper is devoted to separation and characterization of tyrosinase of Notophthalmus viridescens . After ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, a fraction of extract was obtained which had a 1000-fold increase in enzyme activity and revealed one positive DOPA oxidase band and one negative protein band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some characterization of the enzyme was made using this sample. Specific activity of this fraction was estimated to be 39 × 10 −2 μmole of l -tyrosine/mg in 17 hr. An inhibitor of tyrosinase was demonstrated in the Notophthalmus lens. In the second part of the paper, the level of tyrosinase activity was followed in the iris tissue as it was transformed into the lens after lentectomy in adult N. viridescens . When the activity was based on micrograms of DNA, the dorsal iris increased slightly in activity during the phase of depigmentation. A significant increase in activity was recorded when the lens had been formed by completely depigmented dorsal iris cells. On the other hand, in the ventral iris, where weak depigmentation is followed by repigmentation, the activity level showed a weak increase. Implication of the data for tissue transformation was discussed.
Hypertension-related dietary patterns of rural older adults

Abstract Background. Prevalence of hypertension is greater in older adults, and increased intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy—good sources of potassium, calcium, and magnesium—can reduce blood pressure. This study examined the hypertension-related dietary patterns of older adults. Methods. A cohort of 180 Pennsylvania adults (aged ≥65), 90 with hypertension, were randomly selected from the Geisinger Rural Aging Study (GRAS). Data were collected by trained interviewers at a home visit. Dietary assessment used five 24-h recalls. We compared the characteristics and dietary intake of people with hypertension to those without hypertension and compared their intakes to current recommendations. Results. Mean intakes of all participants were less than two thirds of the DRI for calcium and magnesium and fell far short of the 3,500 mg of potassium recommended for prevention and treatment of hypertension. Participants with hypertension consumed less sodium than controls. Both groups ate fewer fruits and vegetables than recommended but reached the dairy recommendation. Calcium intake was mainly from high-fat dairy products, beans were the top source of potassium and magnesium. Conclusions. Older adults with hypertension should be guided to choose more low-fat dairy products and other low-fat calcium sources and to increase intakes of beans, dark green leafy vegetables, and other potassium and magnesium sources.
The social competence of two interaction strategies: An analog evaluation

This study provided an experimental test of two interaction strategies, positive self-presentation and other-enhancement, relevant to social competence training therapies. Subjects (27 female college students) were exposed to trained confederates performing both strategies along with an incompetent strategy. The dependent variables were measures of the subjects' evaluations of the confederates' performances. The study examined whether one or both of the ingration strategies was superior to the incompetent strategy, and whether a strategy or the person performing it was more important in determining effectiveness. Results strongly indicated that both positive strategies were superior to the incompetent strategy and that strategy was more important than actor characteristics in determining social effectiveness.
Dose-Dependency of Resveratrol in Providing Health Benefits:

This review describes the dose-dependent health benefits of resveratrol, a polyphenolic antioxidant that is found in a variety of foods, especially grape skin and red wine. Resveratrol provides diverse health benefits including cardioprotection, inhibition of low-density lipoprotein, activation of nitric oxide (NO) production, hindering of platelet aggregation [32] A.A.E. Bertelli, D.E. Giovannini, R.L. Caterina, W. Bernini, M. Migliori and M. Fregoni et al., Antiplatelet activity of cis-resveratrol, Drugs Exp Clin Res 22 (1996), pp. 61-63. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (111) and promotion of anti-inflammatory effects. Studies have shown that at a lower dose, resveratrol acts as an anti-apoptotic agent, providing cardioprotection as evidenced by increased expression in cell survival proteins, improved postischemic ventricular recovery and reduction of myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and maintains a stable redox environment compared to control. At higher dose, resveratrol acts as a pro-apoptotic compound, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells by exerting a death signal. At higher doses, resveratrol depresses cardiac function, elevates levels of apoptotic protein expressions, results in an unstable redox environment, increases myocardial infarct size and number of apoptotic cells. At high dose, resveratrol not only hinders tumor growth but also inhibits the synthesis of RNA, DNA and protein, causes structural chromosome aberrations, chromatin breaks, chromatin exchanges, weak aneuploidy, higher S-phase arrest, blocks cell proliferation, decreases wound healing, endothelial cell growth by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiogenesis in healthy tissue cells leading to cell death. Thus, at lower dose, resveratrol can be very useful in maintaining the human health whereas at higher dose, resveratrol has pro-apoptotic actions on healthy cells, but can kill tumor cells.
Low Income and Albuminuria Among REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study Participants

Background Albuminuria is an important risk factor for progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is more prevalent in black than white adults. We sought to determine the association between low income and albuminuria and whether this association differs for blacks and whites. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting & Participants 9,144 black and 13,684 white US adults 45 years and older in the population-based Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Predictors Self-reported annual household income category (≥$75,000, $35,000-$74,999, $20,000-$34,999, and Outcomes & Measurements Albuminuria defined as high (30-300 mg/g) or very high (>300 mg/g) urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). Multinomial logistic regression used to examine the race-stratified association between categories of income and albuminuria (normal, high, or very high ACR). Results Overall, geometric mean ACR was 10.2 mg/g and was higher for blacks (11.8 mg/g) than whites (9.3 mg/g), P P interaction=0.08 between race and income. Results were similar for very high ACR and subgroups of participants with diabetes or hypertension. Limitations Cross-sectional design; not all REGARDS participants provided their annual income. Conclusions Lower income may be associated more strongly with albuminuria in blacks than whites and may be a determinant of racial disparities in albuminuria.
Prediction of a strain-induced conduction-band minimum in embedded quantum dots

Free-standing InP quantum dots have previously been theoretically and experimentally shown to have a direct band gap across a large range of experimentally accessible sizes. We demonstrated that when these dots are embedded coherently within a GaP barrier material, the effects of quantum confinement in conjunction with coherent strain suggest there will be a critical diameter of dot ({approx}60 {Angstrom}), above which the dot is direct, type I, and below which it is indirect, type II. However, the strain in the system acts to produce another conduction state with an even lower energy, in which electrons are localized in small pockets at the interface between the InP dot and the GaP barrier. Since this conduction state is GaP X{sub 1c} derived and the highest occupied valence state is InP, {Gamma} derived, the fundamental transition is predicted to be indirect in both real and reciprocal space ({open_quotes}type II{close_quotes}) for all dot sizes. This effect is peculiar to the strained dot, and is absent in the freestanding dot. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Tubular sodium reabsorption and the regulation of renal hemodynamics. The effect of chlorothiazide on renal vascular resistance.

In hydropenic dogs under Nembutal anesthesia chlorotiazide, in parallell with its inhibition of distal tubular Na reabsorption, caused a marked increase in renal vascular resistance and a decrease in total renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The renal vasoconstriction appeared to be both pre- and post-glomerular, since the glomerular filtration rate was reduced in proportion to the total renal blood flow. The vasoconstriction could not be abolished by sympathetic blockade (Dibenzylene). During ureteral obstruction, when formation of glomerular filtrate could be regarded as minimal despite of unimpaired renal blood flow, the vasoconstrictive response to chlorothiazide was much reduced. This excludes a direct constrictive effect of chlorothiazide on the renal vascular bed. The constrictive response of the renal vascular bed was found to be correlated with the inhibition of Na reabsorption rather than with increase in urine flow. The data are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that Na transfer in the distal tubule is one important mechanism for controlling renal vascular tone. a control that may be mediated by the renin angiotensin system. It is further suggested that the important factor is the intracellular Na concentration in the first part of the distal tubule. lather than intratubular concentration as such at this site. Contrary to previous interpretation the present observations suggest that it is a decrease in Na transfer, rather than an increase, that is directly or indirectly involved.
Evaluation of glucose variability when converting from insulin infusion to basal-bolus regimen in a surgical-trauma intensive care unit.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to identify predictive factors resulting in glucose values greater than 200 mg/dL in patients with trauma transitioned from an insulin infusion to a basal-bolus subcutaneous insulin regimen. Materials and Methods Thirty-nine patients with trauma on goal enteral nutrition in the intensive care unit receiving an insulin infusion for at least 48 hours and transitioned to a basal-bolus regimen were retrospectively identified. Results Ten patients had hyperglycemic events after transition. Hyperglycemia was significantly associated with increased age (42 [17] years vs 56 [13] years, P = .02), admission glucose (128 [39] mg/dL vs 214 [91] mg/dL, P = .015), and insulin drip rate 48 hours before transition (87 [38] units/d vs 127 [49] units/d, P = .012). There was no difference between groups with respect to injury severity, demographics, or physiologic parameters. Multiple regression analysis revealed that increased age (odds ratio [OR], 1.215 [1.000-1.477]; P = .05), increased admission blood glucose (OR, 1.053 [1.006-1.101]; P = .025), and higher insulin infusion rates 48 hours before transition (OR, 1.061 [1.009-1.116]; P = .020) predisposed patients to severe hyperglycemic episodes. Conclusions Older patients with trauma and patients with higher blood glucose on admission are more likely to experience severe hyperglycemia when transitioned to basal-bolus glucose control. Higher insulin infusion rates at 48 hours before transition are also associated with severe hyperglycemia.
ENZOOTIC ABORTION OF EWES.

ENZOOTIC abortion of ewes (EAE) was originally described in Scotland by Stamp et al. in 19501, and since then the disease has been recognized in several other countries including the United States. The disease has recently been observed in California2. A somewhat analogous disease of cattle—epizootic bovine abortion (EBA)—has been recognized in this State for many years. Both diseases are caused by members of the psittacosis lymphogranuloma-venereum (PLGV) group of agents. The placenta is the primary site of predilection for the multiplication of the EAE agent, and the resulting placentitis is presumed to lead to abortion. In EBA, placentitis, although occasionally present, is not so obvious as the changes in the fœtus itself which include a generalized vasculitis with widely distributed petechiae and focal, generalized hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial system3. The birth of premature, weak young, many of which fail to survive, is a feature of both diseases.
Endothelial heparan sulfate is necessary but not sufficient for control of vascular smooth muscle cell growth.

The state of the endothelial cell (EC) determines the nature of its control of vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) biology. Conditioned medium from postconfluent ECs inhibits vSMC proliferation, whereas subconfluent conditioned medium from the same ECs has a stimulatory effect. We and others have identified confluent endothelial cells' production of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) as critical to vSMC growth control. The question that arises is whether the stimulation that is observed with subconfluent cells is from (1) aberrant HSPG production, (2) elaboration of noninhibitory species of HSPG, or (3) production of other factors, such as mitogens, which counteract the inhibitory HSPG to stimulate vSMCs. We studied the relative effects of conditioned medium produced by both subconfluent and postconfluent EC cultures on vSMC growth. Conditioned medium was fractionated into nonproteoglycan (non-PG) and proteoglycan (PG) components by anion-exchange chromatography. The PG fractionation profile and the antiproliferative activity of the HSPGs isolated from both subconfluent and postconfluent EC-conditioned media were similar. However, the HSPG fraction alone could not approach the inhibitory potential of unfractionated conditioned medium from postconfluent EC cultures. Non-PG proteins produced by the endothelial cultures had no effect on vSMC growth on their own. Yet, when they were mixed together with HSPG fractions, from either subconfluent or postconfluent EC cultures, the full growth effects were returned. Non-PG protein fractions from postconfluent cultures with HSPG fractions gave maximal inhibition of vSMC growth, whereas non-PG protein fractions from subconfluent EC cultures with HSPG fractions produced the maximal stimulation. Thus, whereas the net stimulatory or inhibitory effect on vSMC growth of EC-conditioned medium is density dependent, this effect does not result from a difference in the antiproliferative heparan sulfate component but rather from non-PG proteins that interact with the heparan sulfates. J. Cell. Physiol. 184:93–100, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Leading for innovation through symbiosis

Based on the experiences with various organizations, this article summarized how managers should lead their innovation employees for most effectiveness. The main thesis is that innovation employees give higher performance when their managers practice symbiotic leadership style. The article describes how managers can achieve this. Four characteristics that they can apply to guide their leadership style to create a work symbiosis are given. Another contribution of this article is a set of recommendations to mimic the aspects of symbiotic leadership applicable in any organization where the operating environment is uncertain, the task is unstructured, and the manager cannot provide a clear direction to his employees. Through the practice of these recommendations, managers of all types of organizations should get higher productivity from their employees due to the employees’ individual innovations.
Nonlinear Model-Based Adaptive Control of a Solenoid-Valve System

In this paper, a model-based control algorithm is developed for a solenoid-valve system. Solenoids and butterfly valves have uncertainties in multiple parameters in the model, which make the system difficult to adjust to the environment. These are further complicated by combining the solenoid and butterfly dynamic models. The control objective of a solenoid-valve system is to position the angle of the butterfly valve through the electric-driven actuator in spite of the complexity presented by uncertainties. The novelty of the controller design is that the current source of the solenoid valve from the model of the electromagnetic force is substituted for the control input in order to reach the set-point of the butterfly disk based on the error signals, overcoming the uncertainties represented by lumped parameters groups, and a stable controller is designed via the Lyapunov-based approach for the stability of the system and obtaining the control objective. The parameter groups are updated by adaptation laws using a projection algorithm. Numerical simulation is shown to demonstrate good performance of the proposed approach.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Focus on Molecules: RPE65, the visual cycle retinol isomerase.

The RPE65 gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: Q16518 (RPE65_Human); OMIM: 180069; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=180069) is localized to human chromosome 1p31 and to distal mouse chromosome 3 and is a single copy gene, except in zebrafish where there are 2 copies, a consequence of the genome duplication in the teleost ancestry. RPE65 protein is highly preferentially expressed in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of all vertebrates (Fig. 1A), and may be expressed at low level in cone photoreceptors of some species. All RPE65 proteins are 533 amino acid residues in length, except in zebrafish where RPE65a gene product has 531 and RPE65b gene product 532 residues, respectively. RPE65 belongs to the evolutionarily diverse carotenoid oxygenase superfamily. The basic reaction catalyzed by these enzymes is oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds in the polyene backbone of carotenoids and related molecules. One of RPE65’s 2 mammalian relatives is βcarotene monooxygenase, which cleaves β-carotene into all-trans retinal, the first step in animal vitamin A metabolism. The crystal structure of cyanobacterial Synechocystis apocarotenal oxygenase, a carotenoid oxygenase, predicts that these proteins share a common seven-bladed propeller structure containing non-heme ferrous iron coordinated by four histidines, three of which are fixed by glutamate residues. Each blade of the propeller, consisting of 4 or 5 anti-parallel beta-sheets, contributes one part of the iron coordination apparatus (Fig. 1B). The locations of these beta sheets are conserved and these contribute to a rigid structure. Inter-strand and inter-blade loops are less conserved and are predicted to contribute to specificity of substrate binding in the different family members. RPE65 is predicted to share the overall secondary structure required to support this tertiary structure and mutagenesis studies support the requirement of the coordinating histidines in RPE65 activity (Redmond et al., 2005).
Grammatical class differences in serial learning.

(1968). Grammatical Class Differences in Serial Learning. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 183-189.
Twentieth century Europe′s moral penury

Puts forward the view that the atrocities committed in the twentieth century, particularly in Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, were due to widespread acceptance of the Stoic doctrine that man was the measure of all things, a doctrine made popular by scholars of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. Discusses the move from belief in original sin, a Supreme Being and the imperfection of man to man as essentially good and self‐perfectible, directed by his own reason. Highlights the effects of Communism and National Socialism and the rejection of traditional morality in favour of secular humanism. Concludes that this move led to the worst atrocities known to man. Advocates a return to the law of nature, a code of morality and the “moral compass” of religion which has perdured the test of time.
Query smearing: Improving classification accuracy and coverage of search results using logs

High dimensional concept spaces have various applications in web search including personalized search, related page computation, diversity preservation, user interest inference, similarity computation, and advertisement targetting. Clustering and classification methods are common means to map documents and users into concept spaces. In most classification algorithms, precision (accuracy) and recall (coverage) tend to be competing aspects. In this paper, we introduce Query Smearing, an algorithm that can significantly improve both the accuracy and coverage of an existing classifier by leveraging information contained in fully anonymized search engine logs. Starting with a potentially incomplete seed classification, it expands the classification information to cover various items in search engine logs using a weighted majority voting scheme. The technique is similar to semi-supervised learning approaches and may be classified as one, but we have notable differences from most such examples. In particular, initial labels are not fully trusted for accuracy or completeness (hence, after the first stage, they can be thrown away), and additional relationships between classified items are used extensively to guide the process. Empirical evaluation shows that our algorithm performs well under the following assumptions: i) the search engine log contains a sufficiently large number of query transactions, ii) most results of most queries are relevant and on-topic, and iii) sufficient fraction of search results are classified in the seed classification, and those classifications are reasonably accurate (but not necessarily complete).
Male Migration, Women Left Behind, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Armenia:

The effect of male circular labor migration on risks of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among women left behind has not been well studied. Our study examines this effect using data from a survey of 1,240 married women in rural Armenia, where international male labor migration has traditionally been very common. A multivariate comparison of women married to migrants and women married to non-migrants finds that the former, ceteris paribus, reported more STD symptoms, on average, and were more likely to report diagnosed STDs than the latter. However, in the case of STD symptoms, this effect is moderated by household income, as the predicted number of STD symptoms reported by migrants’ wives increases as income rises. The findings illustrate the complex tradeoffs that migration entails for left-behind women and are interpreted in the context of the literature on gender, migration, and STDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Enhancement and Suppression of a Euchromatic Position Effect at NOTCH in Drosophila.

The recessive visible rough-eye mutant facet-strawberry, faswb, is caused by the deletion of 0.8 kb of base sequences from the 5' end of the Notch locus. Visible deficiencies adjacent to faswb suppress this mutant effect of the Notch locus, and in the same region (between salivary bands 3C1 and 3C7), we have demonstrated the presence of at least one partial suppressor and one enhancer of the faswb position effect at Notch.—The enhancer seems to be a small inversion approximately equal to the salivary-band doublet 3C2, 3, and the partial suppressor lies between the inversion in 3C2, 3 and the small deletion in faswb immediately distal to 3C7. Neither the enhancer, e(faswb), nor the partial suppressor, su(faswb), can be detected except when linked in cis to faswb. The e(faswb) and the su(faswb), in unison, act antagonistically on the faswb position effect.—The faswb mutant is interpreted to be a nonvariegating position effect at the Notch locus resulting from a novel euchromatic—euchromatic association of base sequences caused by the small deletion.
Molecular biology and early diagnosis in lung cancer.

1. The need for screening and early detection Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death throughout the world with more than one million annual deaths [1]. In the United States it is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women and accounts for an astonishing 28% of all cancer deaths [2]. Lung cancer deaths in women are increasing rapidly in women in developed countries around the globe. In many developing countries more than half of all males smoke. In all developed countries the 5-year survival rates for lung cancer are less than 15% and 5-year survival rates are 5% or less in many developing countries. The poor survival rates are due to the propensity for early spread, the lack of effective tools for screening and early diagnosis and the inability of systemic therapy to cure metastatic disease. Hence, the need for new strategies for screening and early detection are critical to reducing the burden of this dread disease that is self inflicted by corporate greed that pervades our societies. Fortunately, recent discoveries that underlie the biologic and molecular basis for lung cancer provide new tools that many prove useful in the design of new diagnostic strategies.
The Effect of the Texas Instrument Interactive Instructional Environment on the Mathematical Achievement of Eleventh Grade Low Achieving Students

Teaching and learning mathematics with technology poses a unique dilemma. If technology is to enhance mathematical achievement (NCTM, 2000), why do documented studies indicate that this may not be the case (Waxman, Connell, & Gray, 2002)? This study looks at the learning environment used when teaching with technology. What in the instructional environment actually maximizes technology’s ability to increase mathematical achievement? The instructional environment used with Texas Instrument InterActive software is examined to determine its affect on the mathematical achievement of eleventh grade at-risk students when studying quadratic functions. The Texas Instrument instructional environment uses technology to manipulate mathematical objects to observe patterns, make generalizations, and test conjectures. Technology is used as a tool to perform action on objects and to problem solve.
Wine consumption and suicide rates.

When state monopolies ended, changes in wine sales in six states were not associated consistently with an increase in the suicide rate. Language: en
Inbreeding depression and selfing rates in a self-compatible, hermaphroditic species, Schiedea membranacea (Caryophyllaceae)

Inbreeding depression and selfing rates were investigated in Schiedea membranacea(Caryophyllaceae), a hermaphroditic species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Most theoretical models predict high inbreeding depression in outcrossing hermaphroditic species and low inbreeding depression in inbreeding species. Although high outcrossing rates and high levels of inbreeding depression are characteristic of many species of Schiedea, self- fertilization is common among relatives of hermaphroditic S. membranacea, and high selfing rates and low levels of inbreeding depression were predicted in this species. Sixteen individuals grown in the greenhouse were used to produce selfed and outcrossed progeny. Inbreeding depression, which was evident throughout the stages measured (percentage viable seeds per capsule, mean seed mass, percentage seed germination, percentage seedling survival, and biomass after 8 mo), averaged 0.70. Inbreeding depression among maternal families varied significantly for all measured traits and ranged from 20.12 to 0.97. Using isozyme analysis, the multilocus selfing rate varied from 0.13 to 0.38 over 4 yr. Contrary to the initial prediction of high selfing and low inbreeding depression based on phylogenetic relationships within Schiedea, low selfing rates and high levels of inbreeding depression were found in S. membranacea. These results indicate that outcrossing is stable in this species and maintained by high levels of inbreeding depression.
Found in Translation; From the Laboratory to the Operating Room to the Market

Translation is a term, of late, frequently used in medical research. It means different things to different people. For some it is moving from conception to science and engineering to application; for others it means moving technological development into the treatment of patients; and for still others it means moving a research development into a commercial system. In 2004 in a pique of frustration with big medical device companies and academic administrators, I founded a spin-off company from my laboratory to take a development of ours to the market place. The company, Pathfinder Therapeutics Inc, as of this writing, is still in business so I presume it can be defined as a success. We have faced each of the above defined translation challenges and more remain. The presentation (and paper) will cover the process of achieving that success and of lessons often painfully learned.