cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 531: Role of Rna Splicing In Mediating Lineage-specific Expression of the Von Willebrand Factor Gene in the Endothelium

We previously demonstrated that the first intron of the human von Willebrand factor (vWF) is required for gene expression in the endothelium of transgenic mice. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that RNA splicing plays a role in mediating vWF expression in the vasculature. To address this question, we employed transient transfection assays in human endothelial cells and megakaryocytes with intron-containing and intronless human vWF promoter-luciferase constructs. Next, we generated knockin mice in which LacZ was targeted to the endogenous mouse vWF locus in the absence or presence of the native first intron or heterologous introns from the human beta-globin, mouse DSCR-1 or hagfish coagulation factor X genes. In both the in vitro assays and the knockin mice, the loss of the first intron of vWF resulted in a significant reduction of reporter gene expression in endothelial cells, but not megakaryocytes. This effect was rescued to varying degrees by the introduction of a heterologous intron. Intron-mediated enhancement of expression was mediated at a post-transcriptional level. Together, these findings implicate a role for intronic splicing in mediating lineage-specific expression of vWF in the endothelium.
A Cell-Based Distributed-Coordinated Approach for Network-Level Signal Timing Optimization

This article develops an efficient methodology to optimize the timing of signalized intersections in urban street networks. Our approach distributes a network-level mixed-integer linear program (MILP) to intersection level. This distribution significantly reduces the complexity of the MILP and makes it real-time and scalable. We create coordination between MILPs to reduce the probability of finding locally optimal solutions. The formulation accounts for oversaturated conditions by using an appropriate objective function and explicit constraints on queue length. We develop a rolling-horizon solution algorithm and apply it to several case-study networks under various demand patterns. The objective function of the optimization program is to maximize intersection throughput. The comparison of the obtained solutions to an optimal solution found by a central optimization approach (whenever possible) shows a maximum of 1% gap on a number of performance measures over different conditions.
Community-Acquired Pneumonia Visualized on CT Scans but Not Chest Radiographs: Pathogens, Severity, and Clinical Outcomes

Background The clinical significance of pneumonia visualized on CT scan in the setting of a normal chest radiograph is uncertain. Methods In a multicenter prospective surveillance study of adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), we compared the presenting clinical features, pathogens present, and outcomes of patients with pneumonia visualized on a CT scan but not on a concurrent chest radiograph (CT-only pneumonia) and those with pneumonia visualized on a chest radiograph. All patients underwent chest radiography; the decision to obtain CT imaging was determined by the treating clinicians. Chest radiographs and CT images were interpreted by study-dedicated thoracic radiologists blinded to the clinical data. Results The study population included 2,251 adults with CAP; 2,185 patients (97%) had pneumonia visualized on chest radiography, whereas 66 patients (3%) had pneumonia visualized on CT scan but not on concurrent chest radiography. Overall, these patients with CT-only pneumonia had a clinical profile similar to those with pneumonia visualized on chest radiography, including comorbidities, vital signs, hospital length of stay, prevalence of viral (30% vs 26%) and bacterial (12% vs 14%) pathogens, ICU admission (23% vs 21%), use of mechanical ventilation (6% vs 5%), septic shock (5% vs 4%), and inhospital mortality (0 vs 2%). Conclusions Adults hospitalized with CAP who had radiological evidence of pneumonia on CT scan but not on concurrent chest radiograph had pathogens, disease severity, and outcomes similar to patients who had signs of pneumonia on chest radiography. These findings support using the same management principles for patients with CT-only pneumonia and those with pneumonia seen on chest radiography.
Supranuclear gaze palsy and horizontal ocular oscillations in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A 59-year-old patient presented with marked cognitive impairment. Examination revealed supranuclear gaze palsy and ocular oscillations (video at [Neurology.org][1]). Extremity and axial muscle tone was increased, accompanied by full body tremulousness suggestive of polymyoclonus. Motor abnormalities had progressed over 3 months but cognitive problems developed in 1–2 weeks. MRI (figure) and CSF (positive real-time quaking-induced conversion) were diagnostic of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD). [1]: http://neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004242
3D Printing of BaTiO3/PVDF Composites with Electric In Situ Poling for Pressure Sensor Applications

This paper presents 3D printing of piezoelectric sensors using BaTiO3 (BTO) filler in a poly(vinylidene) fluoride (PVDF) matrix through electric in situ poling during the 3D printing process. Several conventional methods require complicated and time-consuming procedures. Recently developed electric poling-assisted additive manufacturing (EPAM) process paves the way for printing of piezoelectric filaments by incorporating polarizing processes that include mechanical stretching, heat press, and electric field poling simultaneously. However, this process is limited to fabrication of a single PVDF layer and quantitative material characterizations such as piezoelectric coefficient and β-phase percentage are not investigated. In this paper, an enhanced EPAM process is proposed that applies a higher electric field during 3D printing. To further increase piezoelectric response, BTO ceramic filler is used in the PVDF matrix. It is found that a 55.91% PVDF β-phase content is nucleated at 15 wt% of BTO. The output current and β-phase content gradually increase as the BTO weight percentage increases. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrates that larger agglomerates are formulated as the increase of BTO filler contents and results in increase of toughness and decrease of tensile strength. The highest fatigue strength is observed at 3 wt% BTO and the fatigue strength gradually decreases as the BTO filler contents increases.
High performance and reliable strained SiGe PMOS FinFETs enabled by advanced gate stack engineering

Strained-SiGe, with high-Ge-content, has recently drawn significant attention as an alternate p-channel option for advance FinFETs. Among various technological challenges, gate stack is so critical to enable high-performance FETs. In this paper, key process details of the optimized gate stacks in high-Ge SiGe, such as IL formation and passivation, are disclosed and feasibility of Vth tuning by an ultra-thin replacement metal-gate scheme down to 15nm LG is demonstrated, for the first time. Moreover, near ideal SS, excellent reliability and mobility at scaled EOTs are achieved, which has led to high transconductance devices with proper junction engineering. In addition, we demonstrate the most aggressively-scaled SiGe fins reported to date formed by 3D-Ge-condensation, exhibiting excellent short-channel characteristics.
Does Low-Level Laser Therapy Affect Recovery of Lingual and Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injuries?

Purpose Iatrogenic damage to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and lingual nerve (LN) may occur during routine oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures. The primary aim of this study was to determine, using a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial, whether the proportion of nerve-injured patients with postoperative neurosensory improvement over a 3-month period differed significantly between a control group and a low-level laser therapy (LLLT) group. Patients and Methods The study sample consisted of 35 patients with iatrogenic nerve injury due to third molar odontectomy, dental implant placement, or local anesthetic injection. The investigators used a randomized, double-blind laser delivery system to administer either placebo or LLLT to patients who met the inclusion criteria. The outcome variable of neurosensory improvement was defined as a minimum 1-unit increase from baseline in visual analog scale rating and was based on standard objective clinical neurosensory testing. Study variables included the affected nerve (IAN or LN) and time from injury to treatment (3 to 12 months or >12 months). Univariate statistical analysis (χ2 test) was performed to determine significance between the groups. Results Neurosensory improvement was observed in 46.7% of the LLLT patients, who showed at least a 1-unit improvement at 3 months, compared with 38.5% improvement for controls (P = .66), regardless of the specific nerve involved (IAN or LN). In addition, no observed difference was noted between the study groups based on time from injury to treatment. Conclusions This study failed to provide sufficient evidence to conclude that a difference in neurosensory improvement exists between the LLLT and placebo groups with IAN or LN injuries. However, this study is unique in the prospective double-blind study design and comprehensive neurosensory testing protocols. There is a continued need for further clinical studies on LLLT in oral and maxillofacial surgery nerve injuries.
Variability of fiber friction among cotton varieties: Influence of salient fiber physical metrics

Abstract Frictional properties of fiber assemblies from different cotton varieties were investigated using a sliding friction tester. Results indicated that frictional characteristics of cotton fibers varied significantly among varieties. A significant, negative correlation between friction coefficient (μ) and fiber yellowness and a strong positive correlation between μ and short-fiber content were observed. Multilinear regression analysis showed that fiber friction is a complex phenomenon that depends on fiber dimensional, mechanical, and surface properties. In addition, a fiber simulation model was developed to explain the partial relationships between the fiber dimensional properties and its frictional characteristics. For assemblies of fibers with the same mass and equal average mean length, the true contact area increases with decreasing fiber maturity and fineness.
Legalism Versus Professionalism in Diagnosing SED in the Public Schools

(1992). Legalism Versus Professionalism in Diagnosing SED in the Public Schools. School Psychology Review: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 29-34.
Aggregate Litigation: Critical Perspectives

While aggregate litigation has become an integral part of the U.S. civil justice system, it is often the cause of intense controversy among the private bar, the bench, and the academy. In 2009, the American Law Institute completed a project on the Principles of the Law of Aggregate Litigation, whose goal was to identify good procedures for handling aggregate lawsuits. The completion of these Principles spurred a host of reactions from attorneys, judges, and scholars. At a symposium hosted by The George Washington University Law School, the questions that were posed included: What is the optimal level of aggregation? When is class action litigation appropriate? Where did the Principles get it right, and where did they go wrong? The fifteen articles that follow in this symposium reflect the wide range of scholarly views attending class actions and nonclass aggregate litigation. While the Aggregation Project represents a dramatic step forward in our effort to make coherent the procedures by which our courts manage aggregate litigation, many questions remain unsettled and hotly disputed. Much is at stake in this debate, for without effective aggregate litigation procedures, our ability to provide justice efficiently to thousands of claimants with similar claims will remain in doubt.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CULTURE OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

SHARON GERECHT1, JASON A. BURDICK2, CHRISTOPHER CANNIZZARO1, AND GORDANA VUNJAK-NOVAKOVIC3 1 Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 8904, New York, NY 10027
The utility of patient reported data in a gynecologic oncology clinic.

Measuring QoL is essential to the field of gynecologic oncology but there seems to be limited standardized data regarding collecting QoL assessments throughout a patient’s cancer treatment especially in non-clinical trial patients. The aim of this study is to explore patient characteristics that may be associated with poor quality of life (QoL) in women with gynecologic cancers at two University of Arizona Cancer Center (UACC) sites. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among English speaking women with gynecologic malignancies at the University of Arizona Cancer Centers in Phoenix and Tucson from April 2012 to July 2015. The survey was a paper packet of questions that was distributed to cancer patients at the time of their clinic visit. The packet contained questions on demographic information, treatment, lifestyle characteristics, pelvic pain and Health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Measures included the generic and cancer-specific scores on the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (FACT-G) and the Female Genitourinary Pain Index (GUPI). The total scores and subdomains were compared with descriptive variables (age, body mass index (BMI), diet, exercise, disease status, treatment and support group attendance) using Cronbach alpha (α), Spearman rank correlations (ρ), and Holm’s Bonferroni method. One–hundred and forty-nine women completed the survey; 55% (N = 81) were older than 60 years, 38% (N = 45) were obese (BMI > 30), 46% (N = 66) exercised daily, and 84% (N = 111) ate one or more daily serving of fruit and vegetables. Women in remission, those who exercised daily and ate fruits/vegetables were less likely to have their symptoms impact their QoL. Younger women were more likely to report genitourinary issues (p = − 0.22) and overall problems with QoL (p = − 0.29) than older women. Among FACT-G support group responses, we found those that did not attend support groups had a significantly higher emotional wellbeing (p = 0.05). This study identified potential areas of clinical focus, which aid in understanding our approach to caring for gynecologic cancer patients and improvement of their HRQoL. We identified that age, pelvic pain, and lifestyle characteristics have indicators to poor QoL in women with gynecologic cancers. In this population, younger women and those with pelvic pain complaints, poor diet and exercise habits should be targeted early for supportive care interventions to improve QoL throughout both treatment and survivorship.
Hyperdynamics accelerated concurrent atomistic-continuum model for developing crack propagation models in elastic crystalline materials

Abstract Concurrent multiscale models that couple atomistic and continuum calculations are useful for extending the spatial limitations of atomistic models, as well as for deriving effective continuum models. This paper develops a concurrent atomistic-continuum computational model with an embedded crack in the atomistic domain. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are conducted in the atomistic domain, while the continuum domain is modeled using the finite element (FE) method. A major limitation of concurrent models is the time-scale mismatch between the continuum and atomistic domains that causes the two sub-domains to experience different strain-rates. To bridge the time scale difference, the MD model is augmented by a novel strain-boost hyperdynamics accelerated time marching scheme. The concurrent model is used to study strain-rate and temperature effects on crack propagation in a nickel single crystal. The continuum domain uses a nonlinear anisotropic elasticity constitutive model. Crack propagation rate is represented by a parametric continuum model, whose strain-rate and temperature dependencies are investigated. Finally, the concurrent model is used to evaluate the free energy density function for phase field modeling of crack propagation. Validation studies elucidate the potential of the concurrent model as a modeling tool for large scale continuum fracture models.
Towards the observation of exceptional points (EPs) in passive plasmonic nanostructures (Conference Presentation)

We present progress on the experimental observation of exceptional points (EPs) in passive plasmonic nanostructures. The system has EPs which are degeneracies in open wave systems where at least two energy levels and their corresponding eigenstates coalesce. They manifest themselves by the simultaneous degeneracy of both resonant frequencies and its linewidths. We consider a plasmonic system based on a multilayer plasmonic structure with structural offset [1, 2]. The realization of an EP via hybridized modes requires the control of at least two physical parameters. The two parameters used for the above system to reach an EP are the shift between bars and the periodicity.
Computed Tomography Myelosimulation Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging Registration to Delineate the Spinal Cord During Spine Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

Background Underestimation of the spinal cord's volume or position during spine stereotactic radiosurgery can lead to severe myelopathy, whereas overestimation can lead to tumor underdosage. Spinal cord delineation is commonly achieved by registering a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study with a computed tomography (CT) simulation scan or by performing myelography during CT simulation (myelosim). We compared treatment planning outcomes for these 2 techniques. Methods Twenty-three cases of spine stereotactic radiosurgery were analyzed that had both a myelosim and corresponding MRI study for registration. The spinal cord was contoured on both imaging data sets by 2 independent blinded physicians, and Dice similarity coefficients were calculated to compare their spatial overlap. Two treatment plans (16 Gy and 18 Gy) were created using the MRI and CT contours (92 plans total). Dosimetric parameters were extracted and compared by modality to assess tumor coverage and spinal cord dose. Results No differences were found in the partial spinal cord volumes contoured on MRI versus myelosim (4.71 ± 1.09 vs. 4.55 ± 1.03 cm3; P = 0.34) despite imperfect spatial agreement (mean Dice similarity coefficient, 0.68 ± 0.05). When the registered MRI contours were used for treatment planning, significantly worse tumor coverage and greater spinal cord doses were found compared with myelosim planning. For the 18-Gy plans, 10 of 23 MRI cases (43%) exceeded the spinal cord or cauda dose constraints when using myelosim as the reference standard. Conclusions Significant spatial, rather than volumetric, differences were found between the MRI- and myelosim-defined spinal cord structures. Tumor coverage was compromised with MRI-based planning, and the high spinal cord doses were a concern. Future work is necessary to compare thin-cut, volumetric MRI registration or MRI simulation with myelosim.
Current Handling Capability and Bond Degradation of Bond Wires under Pulsed Conditions

Results detailing the current handling capability of Gold bond wires (1 mil diameter), and Aluminum ribbon (1mil x 10 mil) under pulsed conditions are presented. Gold wire bonds were formed through the ball-bonding technique, and the Aluminum wire was bonded through the wedge bonding technique. Both wires were bonded to gold plated bond pads. Varying peak current densities ranging from $2 \mathrm {x}10 ^{4}\mathrm {A}$ cm $^{-2}$ to $2 \mathrm {x}10 ^{7}\mathrm {A}$ cm $^{-2}$ were applied to bond wires at pulse-widths ranging from 50 ns to $500 \mu \mathrm {s}$. In addition, the effect of surrounding medium (SF 6 , HV epoxy, transformer oil) on the current capability was investigated. Failure modes observed were investigated with SEM imaging, and the evolution of these failure modes during current pulsing was captured with high-speeding imaging. Finally, the obtained results are compared with the experimental and theoretical results obtained from previous investigations conducted on exploding wires.
The Liberation of African Music.

The nuances, sonorities, and repetition of African music render it difficult, strange, and unattractive to the uninitiated listener. In fact, some have claimed (Jones and Kombe, 1952) that the difficulties in analyzing African music are stupendous. In spite of this general concept there has been an increased interest in African music by scholars, linguists, musicologists and others. African music is part of an integrated oral tradition handed down for centuries from one generation to the next. Akin Euba (1970) has classified African music into five basic categories with traditional music as the oldest and most common form of African music. According to Gbeho (1954), traditional music is an integrated art form including drumming and dancing as part of its inseparable elements. In trying to comprehend the diverse rhythms of these musical cultures, many have sought different ways to annotate the rhythms therein. Those who have applied (Koetting, 1970: 25) the western system of notation to African rhythms have experienced its disadvantages. The western system of notation is not flexible enough to annotate the sonorities and nuances of percussion instruments. There have been several notational approaches to African music, mechanical as well as written. The works of Jones and Kombe (1952a), Philip Harland
A Review of Digital Transformation in Mining

Digital transformation (DT) is the process by which entities adapt themselves to modern technology. As digital technology becomes more prevalent (automation, cameras, sensors, touchscreens, artificial intelligence, etc.), there will be increased pressure on companies to leverage it for additional gains. For many companies in the mining industry, this will involve overcoming a steep learning curve. Furthermore, as the long-term success of the mining industry is dependent on a labor force with new skills (data management, analytics, digital literacy, etc.), new curriculum will need to be appended to the mining engineering discipline. This paper considers the mining industry’s need for DT. Then, it presents a three-part review of the foundational components of the DT process–ubiquitous data, connectivity, and decision making. Finally, it provides a discussion on the future of DT in mining as well as a research direction, which identifies the need of academia to provide support for mining companies in the form of both research and the education of digitally literate, dynamically capable mining engineers into the coming decades.
Preoperative augmentative and alternative communication enhancement in pediatric tracheostomy

Objectives/hypothesis Describe augmentative communication tools and strategies used by pediatric patients referred to inpatient speech-language pathologists prior to tracheostomy placement. Study design Retrospective review. Methods A review of patients who underwent initial tracheostomy placement from 2013-2016 was conducted at a tertiary pediatric center. Eligible patients were those who were referred to a specialized speech-language pathologist prior to the date of the tracheostomy placement to support communication abilities. Patients were identified by surgical procedural and billing codes. Data collected included patient demographics, speech and language disorders, and interventions performed. Chart review and cross analysis of billing data for types of assessment and intervention procedures were conducted by two speech-language pathologists for consensus agreement. Results Forty-six patients (aged 1 month-27 years, mean = 12.9 years) were included in the study. Average time between the bedside communication assessment and tracheostomy procedure date was 17 days. Baseline speech-language disorders were identified in 11 patients (24%). Thirty-eight (83%) patients were nonspeaking at the time of consultation. Thirty-two (70%) patients utilized an electronic communication tool, and 36 (78%) utilized low-technology communication strategies during the preoperative period. A total of 32 (70%) patients were documented as using no-technology or speech-enhancement strategies during the acute hospitalization. Conclusions Multidisciplinary tracheostomy teams should consider consultation to speech-language pathologists for patients prior to tracheostomy placement to assess for utility of high-technology, low-technology, and no-technology augmentative and alternative communication strategies. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1817-1822, 2020.
Medical Education in Need of a 2020 Revamp

NEJM Catalyst Insights Council members and experts weigh in on the effectiveness of medical education and trainings.
A Phase 2 Trial of Abiraterone Followed by Randomization to Addition of Dasatinib or Sunitinib in Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Abstract Background Resistance to novel androgen signaling inhibition and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) progression is likely dependent on tumor microenvironment interactions. The Src pathway and neoangiogenesis have been implicated in prostate cancer progression. We studied the effect of adding the targeted agents dasatinib and sunitinib to abiraterone acetate (AA) in men with mCRPC. Patients and Methods In this open-label randomized phase 2 study, mCRPC patients received AA. At resistance to AA, they were randomized 1:1 to combination with dasatinib or sunitinib. At second progression, patients crossed over. The primary end point was time to treatment failure (TTF), defined as time to progression or death. Secondary end points included overall survival and safety. Results From March 2011 to February 2015, a total of 179 patients were enrolled and 132 subsequently randomized. Median TTF was 5.7 months in the dasatinib group and 5.5 months in the sunitinib group. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of TTF (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.59-1.22). Median overall survival from study entry was 26.3 months in the dasatinib group and 27.7 months in the sunitinib group (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-1.47). Grade 3 or higher adverse events related to study medication were more frequent with sunitinib (n = 44, 46%) compared to dasatinib (n = 26, 24%). At data cutoff, 7 patients were experiencing a continuous response to AA, with a median duration of treatment of 5.7 years. Conclusion There is no difference in overall survival and TTF between dasatinib and sunitinib combined with abiraterone in the treatment of patients with bone mCRPC.
Hearing care and management priority among parents of children with Down syndrome: a grounded theory.

This study qualitatively explored the factors that influence how parents of children who are Deaf or hard-of-hearing with Down syndrome prioritise hearing care and management and developed an assoc...
Efficient bifurcation and tabulation of multi-dimensional combustion manifolds using deep mixture of experts: An a priori study

Abstract This work describes and validates an approach for autonomously bifurcating turbulent combustion manifolds to divide regression tasks amongst specialized artificial neural networks (ANNs). This approach relies on the mixture of experts (MoE) framework, where each neural network is trained to be specialized in a given portion of the input space. The assignment of different input regions to the experts is determined by a gating network, which is a neural network classifier. In some previous studies [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , it has been demonstrated that bifurcation of a complex combustion manifold and fitting different ANNs for each part leads to better fits or faster inference speeds. However, the manner of bifurcation in these studies was based on heuristic approaches or clustering techniques. In contrast, the proposed technique enables automatic bifurcation using non-linear planes in high-dimensional turbulent combustion manifolds that are often associated with complex behavior due to different dominating physics in various zones. The proposed concept is validated using 4-dimensional (4D) and 5D flamelet tables, showing that the errors obtained with a given network size, or conversely the network size required to achieve a given accuracy, is considerably reduced. The effect of the number of experts on inference speed is also investigated, showing that by increasing the number of experts from 1 to 8, the inference time can be approximately reduced by a factor of two. Moreover, it is shown that the MoE approach divides the input manifold in a physically intuitive manner, suggesting that the MoE framework can elucidate high-dimensional datasets in a physically meaningful way.
Case study of a driven pile foundation in diatomaceous soil. II: Pile installation, dynamic analysis, and pore pressure generation

Abstract This paper presents the results from a case study highlighting the difficulties of pile driving in diatomaceous soils. In the companion (first) paper to this article, results of an extensive laboratory and in situ testing program were presented while the results from pile driving and further analysis of field observations were presented herein. Unexpected high pile rebound (HPR) was observed during driving of a closed-end pipe pile, with refusal occurring at a depth of less than 5 m. Subsequent open-ended piles were thus driven. Piezometer and case pile wave analysis program (CAPWAP) data were collected during driving of both closed- and open-end piles. Piezometer data indicated that negative pore water pressures (PWPs) were generated while the closed-ended pile exhibited high rebound. Results from in situ tests indicated change in material stiffness and strong dilative tendencies near the depth of refusal. A hypothesis for observed behavior was proposed that considers the soil beneath the pile as a medium with an effectively infinite bulk modulus.
The RAG1 Ubiquitin Ligase Domain Enhances T Cell Receptor Gene Assembly and Thymic Selection

RAG1/RAG2 (RAG) endonuclease-mediated assembly of diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes by V(D)J recombination is critical for the development and immune function of T and B cells. However, this process creates highly self-reactive cells that must be negatively selected to suppress autoimmunity. The RAG1 protein contains a ubiquitin ligase domain that stabilizes RAG1 and stimulates RAG endonuclease activity. We report here that mice lacking RAG1 ubiquitin ligase activity exhibit diminished recombination of T cell receptor (TCR) {beta} and loci, and impaired thymocyte developmental transitions that require the assembly of these genes and signaling by their proteins. The mice also have reduced expression of TCR signaling proteins within thymocytes, less efficient negative selection of highly self-reactive thymocytes, and mature {beta} T cells of elevated autoimmune potential. Thus, we propose that the RAG1 ubiquitin ligase domain provides {beta} T cell developmental stage-specific means to augment TCR signaling and thereby enhance selection for beneficial TCR genes and against {beta} TCRs possessing high autoimmune potential.
Field studies of protective shelters for beef calves

For the past 8 years, research scientists at the University of Idaho have conducted a series of controlled experiments designed to determine the effects of cold exposure on young calves. This work stemmed, in part, from field observations suggesting an association between exposure of calves to cold temperatures and excessive moisture under field conditions and incidence of the ‘weak calf syndrome’. Results of the experiments indicated that young calves are highly susceptible to the effects of cold exposure and that this stressor may be a direct or indirect cause of death of these animals. Life-threatening changes observed in severely cold stressed calves include subnormal body temperature, decreased concentration of blood glucose, decreased total number of leukocytes in blood, temporary failure of calves to absorb colostral immunoglobulins, and decreased aortic blood pressure and heart rate. Respiratory failure is the usual cause of death of severely cold stressed calves. Other changes commonly observed in cold-exposed young calves include intensive shivering, physical weakness, depression, reluctance to nurse, changes in concentration of blood constituents other than glucose, and extensive hemorrhage and straw-colored edema beneath the skin of the extremities.
Pharmacists' nonprescription syringe dispensing perceptions and behaviors: A three-state descriptive analysis.

Abstract Background One approach to increasing the reach of syringe programs in rural areas could be through provision of syringes at community pharmacies. This study evaluated relationships between state-specific syringe policies, pharmacy, and pharmacist characteristics and pharmacists’ nonprescription syringe dispensing behaviors in a 3- state Appalachian region at high risk for HIV and HCV transmission. Methods We conducted a telephone census of community pharmacies in the Appalachian counties of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia from April–June 2018. Behaviors studied included having ever sold syringes without a prescription, quantity of individuals to whom nonprescription syringes were dispensed in the past 30 days, having ever denied a request for nonprescription syringes, and past 30-day denial of nonprescription syringe requests. Behavioral intention and perceptions of legality were elicited. Results A response rate of 52.3 % was achieved (N = 391). North Carolina pharmacists reported increased past 30-day dispensing, less denial of nonprescription syringe requests, and decreased justification for syringe dispensing (proof of medical need) as compared to Tennessee and Virginia pharmacists. Behavioral intention to dispense did not vary by state but did vary by political affiliation. Perceptions of syringe dispensing legality in NC were significantly different from those in TN and VA. Conclusions Significant differences in pharmacists’ perceptions and behaviors were noted across state lines with North Carolina pharmacists reporting more engagement in syringe dispensing as compared to pharmacists in Tennessee and Virginia. Policy allowing pharmacists to dispense syringes to people who inject drugs appears to foster some but not all pharmacist engagement in this harm reduction intervention.
Consultant as Ethnographer: Conceptualizing a New Approach to Nonprofit Arts Management Consulting

Hiring a consultant can be an expensive endeavor for nonprofit arts organizations and is sometimes criticized for bearing few substantive outcomes. The unique workplace culture of such organization...
Coverage of obesity and obesity disparities on American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) examinations.

Abstract Obesity is a widespread disease which adversely impacts all organ systems and disproportionately affects African Americans and other minority groups. Physicians across medical specialties must possess current knowledge of obesity as an important, distinct disease with biological and social causes. Coverage of obesity on board certification examinations, which influence standards in medical knowledge and practice in each specialty, has not previously been examined. The member boards of the American Board of Medical Specialties offer a content outline or “blueprint” detailing material tested. We parsed the 24 available general certification exam blueprints for mentions of obesity and related keywords. We categorized blueprints into three tiers: mention of obesity (Tier 1), mention of related terminology but not obesity (Tier 2), and no mention of obesity or related terminology (Tier 3). We analyzed mentions of obesity and related terms by blueprint word count and procedural versus non-procedural specialties. Six (25.0%) of 24 board exam blueprints mentioned obesity (Tier 1), fifteen (62.5%) mentioned related terminology only (Tier 2), and three (12.5%) mentioned neither obesity nor related terminology (Tier 3). There was no significant difference in obesity-related mentions between procedural and non-procedural specialties (X2, p = .50). None of the blueprints included racial/ethnic disparities related to obesity. Word count was not significantly correlated with mentions of obesity in linear regression (p = .42). The absence of any mention of obesity on most content outlines and of racial/ethnic disparities on all content outlines indicates need for increased coverage of the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of obesity across all board examinations.
Catecholamine-Copper Redox as a Basis for Site-Specific Single-Step Functionalization of Material Surfaces

Realization of robust and facile surface functionalization processes is critical to biomaterials and biotechnology yet remains a challenge. Here, we report a new chemical approach that enables operationally simple and site-specific surface functionalization. The mechanism involves a catechol-copper redox chemistry, where the oxidative polymerization of an alkynyl catecholamine reduces Cu(II) to Cu(I), which in situ catalyzes a click reaction with azide-containing molecules of interest (MOIs). This process enables drop-coating and grafting of two- and three-dimensional solid surfaces in a single operation using as small as sub-microliter volumes. Generalizability of the method is shown for immobilizing MOIs of diverse structure and chemical or biological activity. Biological applications in anti-biofouling, cellular adhesion, scaffold seeding, and tissue regeneration are demonstrated, in which the activities or fates of cells are site-specifically manipulated. This work advances surface chemistry by integrating simplicity and precision with multipurpose surface functionalization.
Domain Decomposition Based Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Modeling of Acoustic Wave Resonators and Filters

This paper investigates the effectiveness of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a surrogate modeling method based on machine learning algorithms in emulating the electroacoustic wave behavior of the high-Q piezoelectric resonators and filters. A domain decomposition approach incorporating ANN models to concurrently analyze multidomain radio frequency (RF) modules is also discussed. Different multilayer perceptron (MLP) ANN models have been developed and benchmarked against their model accuracy and model efficiency. The developed models are then utilized to construct ladder-type Band 7 and Band 41 bandpass transmit filters, as examples, to highlight the quality of the modeling method. Other possible applications pertinent to the capability of machine learning algorithms are briefly discussed.
Utility of the Sonoclot analyzer to assess hyperfibrinolysis in dogs.

Background Coagulation abnormalities, including hyperfibrinolysis, have been documented in sick veterinary patients. Viscoelastic tests, including the Sonoclot Coagulation and Platelet Function Analyzer, are useful in detecting hyperfibrinolysis. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) assays have been used to quantify fibrinolysis using thromboelastography. Objectives We aimed to document and evaluate changes in the whole blood of healthy dogs exposed to in vitro tPA at varying concentrations using the Sonoclot analyzer. Methods Ten milliliters of blood was collected from healthy adult dogs. Sonoclot tests were run in duplicate and included a control sample and five tPA concentrations: 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 IU/mL of blood. Results Eleven dogs were enrolled in the study. Based on standard Sonoclot Signature changes, a numeric value fibrinolysis time (FTi) was derived to aid in the quantification of hyperfibrinolysis. Activated clotting time and clot rate Sonoclot values were not significantly affected by any tPA concentration. There was a significant decrease in platelet function (PF) at tPA concentrations equal to and above 75 IU/mL on channel 1 and tPA concentrations of 150 IU/mL and higher on channel 2. There was a progressive decrease in FTi at increasing tPA concentrations. Conclusions The Sonoclot analyzer can be used to evaluate hyperfibrinolysis. Predictable changes were seen in the Sonoclot Signature and a decrease in PF and FTi was found with increasing tPA concentrations. The Sonoclot assay with a tPA concentration of 100 IU/mL is suggested a baseline measure of hyperfibrinolysis and has a resultant median FTi of 42 minutes, which is a practical time for clinical applications.
Compaixão e Crítica

DOI: 10.1590/2179-8966/2020/59786. Compaixao e Critica Angela P. Harris Versao original : Compassion and Critique. Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 1, Issue 3 (July 2012), pp. 326-352. Traducao Ana Luiza de Oliveira Pereira, E-mail: ana.opereira00@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-9385. Alba Fernanda Pinto de Medeiros, E-mail: albamedeiros56@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4733-8335. Mylla Cristina Henrique Bezerra Cardozo, E-mail: myllacristina.hbc@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4457-325X Lucas do Couto Gurjao Macedo Lima, E-mail: lucas_gurjao_lima@hotmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2898-0579
The Effects of Investor Confidence Shocks on Business Cycles

This paper extends a quantitative medium-scale New-Keynesian DSGE model with financial intermediaries to account for shocks to investor confidence. Shocks of this nature manifest themselves as per period changes to financial intermediaries' leverage ratios. A Bayesian MCMC approach is utilized to estimate the base and extended model, including shock process parameters, for the U.S. economy using five macroeconomic time series from 1984 through 2019. The estimation results suggest that confidence shocks have a large and sustained effect on the real economy. Overconfidence initially provides a boost to the economy but this effect subsides and then triggers a prolonged recession. In the base model, a decomposition of U.S. output growth into its constituent shocks shows that the effect of negative shocks to capital quality contributed significantly to the financial crisis of 2008. However, this effect is muted in the extended model suggesting that shocks to confidence were important contributors to the output gap during the Great Recession.
Reduction of the canonical function of a glycolytic enzyme enolase triggers immune responses that further affect metabolism and growth in Arabidopsis.

Primary metabolism provides energy for growth and development as well as secondary metabolites for diverse environmental responses. Here we describe an unexpected consequence of disruption of a glycolytic enzyme enolase named LOS2 in causing constitutive defense responses or autoimmunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. The autoimmunity in the los2 mutant is accompanied by a higher expression of about one quarter of intracellular immune receptor NLR genes in the genome and is partially dependent on one of these NLR genes. The LOS2 gene was hypothesized to produce an alternatively translated protein MBP-1 that functions as a transcriptional repressor. Complementation tests show that LOS2 executes its function in growth and immunity regulation through the canonical enolase activity but not the production of MBP-1. In addition, the autoimmunity in the los2 mutants leads to a higher accumulation of sugars and organic acids and a depletion of glycolytic metabolites. These findings indicate that LOS2 does not exert its function in immune responses through an alternatively translated protein MBP-1. Rather, they show that a perturbation of glycolysis from the reduction of the enolase activity results in activation of NLR-involved immune responses which further influences primary metabolism and plant growth, highlighting the complex interaction between primary metabolism and plant immunity.
Examining the World Health Organization’s WHOQOL-BREF: assessing the structural and convergent validity in a general U.S. sample

Psychometric exploration of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire—BREF (WHOQOL-BREF, WHOQOL Group, 1998) is warranted. The role of life satisfaction in health and social outco...
The Role of the Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors in the Cardiovascular Responses of the Cat to Acute Systemic Hypoxia

The cardiopulmonary system transports oxygen to the tissues of an organism. The fundamental questions arise, then, How does the cardiopulmonary system respond to an acute hypoxic challenge? What role do the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors play in the cardiovascular response to acute systemic hypoxia? Our hypothesis was that the general vascular responses and the response of the vascular resistances of specific organs to acute systemic hypoxaemia would be different depending upon how many and which chemoreceptors were involved.
Surgical Techniques: Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

The posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) was first described by Cloward in 1953. As the procedure has gained more popularity over the past several decades, studies reporting fusion rates have been high. The introduction of pedicle screw instrumentation and concomitant posterolateral fusion with bone grafting makes the likelihood of successful fusion of combined PLIF and posterolateral instrumentation extremely high. The PLIF is performed from a true direct posterior angle, retracting the dura and preserving part of the facet joint. There is a significant risk of complications with the PLIF procedure and careful surgical technique should be adhered to in order to minimize these risks. The transforaminal interbody fusion (TLIF) was introduced by Harms as an adaptation of the PLIF, has similar indications, and is designed primarily to decrease the amount of dural retraction necessary during the discectomy and interbody cage insertion. This chapter will discuss the indications for PLIF, including deciding between the PLIF and other interbody fusion techniques, the surgical technique, and complications of the procedure and their management.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED TECHNOLOGIES FOR NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on computer-assisted technologies for neurosurgical procedures. The high-speed, modern computer is revolutionizing almost every area of modern science and technology. Its use in the computerized tomographic scan (CT scan) produced an astonishing quantum jump in medicine, essentially ushering in a new era in radiology and surgery. Computer tomographic scans can be created today by several types of imaging modalities. These include X-ray scans, magnetic resonance image (MRI) scans, and positron emission tomographic (PET) scans. For the first time, with the use of computer technology, one has a noninvasive anatomical slice through the most exquisite portions of the body. Such pictures are both beautiful and practical. For the diagnostic neuroradiologist, this window into the brain is a powerful tool for the detection of disease as manifested by aberrant morphological status or unusual tissue properties. The visualization of brain tumors and other brain pathology became immediately evident. Qualitative radiology was, however, only the beginning of the impact of the CT scan revolution. Next came the progress in spatial quantification of the images and attachment of coordinate reference frames to the data. This led to stereotactic image-guided neurosurgery, and stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy of the brain, which have been at the forefront of the neurosurgical field for the past decade.
Crystallization, Bulk, Macromolecules

Introduction The Uniqueness of Macromolecular Crystals Methods for Growth of Protein Crystals Methods for Promoting Supersaturation The Crystallization of Proteins by Variation of pH or Temperature Bibliography Keywords: bulk purification; crystals; drug delivery; drug design; protein engineering; proteins; x-ray diffraction