cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lateral transport in a fluidized-packed bed: Part II. Heat transfer

Effective thermal conductivities for lateral heat transfer were measured in a fluidized-packed bed. An analysis of the mechanism of heat transfer was made by comparison with previously determined rates of solids mixing. A general correlation was made of the fluidized-packed bed thermal diffusivities with the size of the fixed packing and the minimum fluidization velocity in a manner similar to the correlation for lateral solids mixing diffusivities in a fludizied-packed bed.
Inquiry process in program development

This article describes a model for research and development (RD (b) for which the solution is unknown; the development or invention of a solution which requires (c) some time; in which (d) some errors and corrections are anticipated; and in which (e) the process and epistemology of science governs the outcome. We propose a model of R&D drawn by analogy from ecology, and illustrated with the experiences and results of a ten-year project. The model orders and clarifies the complex R&D enterprise, and identifies some conditions which are necessary if psychologists and social scientists are to responsibly advise public agencies.
Physiologically significant effects of pH and oxygen tension on granulopoiesis.

Abstract Objective Granulocyte differentiation in the bone marrow (BM) takes place in regions with lower pH and O 2 tension (pO 2 ) than those in the BM sinuses. This suggests that granulopoiesis will be enhanced at subvascular pH and pO 2 . Materials and Methods The effects of pH and pO 2 on granulocyte proliferation, differentiation, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) expression were evaluated using mobilized peripheral blood CD34 + cells directed down the granulocytic pathway with stem cell factor, interleukin 3, interleukin 6, and G-CSF. Results Cell expansion was enhanced at subvascular pH, with twice as many total cells and CD15 bright /CD11b + late neutrophil precursors (myelocytes, metamyelocytes, bands) produced at pH 7.07 to 7.21 as was produced at pH 7.38. Low pH accelerated the rate of differentiation concomitant with this increase in proliferation. Also, total, CD15 bright /CD11b − (promyelocytes, early myelocytes), and CD15 bright /CD11b + cell expansion was enhanced at lower pO 2 , with twice as many of each cell type produced at 5% O 2 as at 20% O 2 . The effects of low pH and low pO 2 were additive, such that generation of total, CD15 bright /CD11b − , and CD15 bright /CD11b + cells was 3.5-, 2.4-, and 4.0-fold greater at pH 7.21 and 5% O 2 than at the standard hematopoietic culture conditions of pH 7.38 and 20% O 2 . Low pH resulted in faster upregulation of G-CSFR surface expression, whereas pO 2 had no effect on G-CSFR expression. Conclusion These data provide compelling evidence that pH and pO 2 gradients within the BM play significant roles in regulating hematopoiesis. More rapid granulocytic cell proliferation and differentiation at low pH may be explained in part by more rapid G-CSFR expression. The ability to alter cell development by manipulating pH and pO 2 has important implications for optimizing ex vivo production of neutrophil precursors.
Immunofluorescent evaluation of DNA repair synthesis using interactive laser cytometry

An improved differential fluorescence analysis technique which employs scanning laser cytometry for the detection of two DNA binding fluorochromes was used to quantitate both total DNA and cellular incorporation of the base analogue, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), into UV- or methyl methane sulphonate (MMS)-treated DNA. In this procedure DNA containing BrdUrd was partially denatured and immunolabeled by binding anti-BrdUrd monoclonal IgG to incorporated BrdUrd. Anti-BrdUrd was detected with a secondary fluorochrome-labeled polyclonal anti-IgG. Cells were counterstained with propidium iodide to allow the determination of total DNA. Fluorescence was determined using the Meridian ACAS 570 Scanning Laser Cytometer. The computer-analyzed images were generated from monodisperse populations of UV- or MMS-treated cells, allowing the evaluation of DNA synthesis associated with excision repair and of total DNA content in single cells. These data were compared with 3H-thymidine incorporation occurring as a function of excision repair. The analysis of DNA synthesis with this technique is consistent, relatively simple, and rapid with excellent sensitivity and provides a viable method for determining cycling vs. non-cycling cells, total cellular DNA, and excision repair-associated DNA synthesis of individual cells within heterogeneous cell populations.
Analyzing metabolite measurements for automated prediction of underlying biological mechanisms

The emerging field of metabolomics enables researchers to measure concentrations of large numbers of metabolites in biofluids, and to interpret them in connection with the underlying metabolic network, which poses a significant challenge for manual analysis. Given a set of observations on metabolite concentration changes, our goal in this study is to employ automated reasoning, and provide researchers with possible metabolic action scenarios that may have occurred in the body to produce the observed metabolite changes. Our proposed methodology, called the Observed Metabolite Analysis, is to (1) computationally chase the implications of a given a set of metabolite concentration change observations in body fluids, relative to a control subject, (2) eliminate metabolic action scenarios, called hypothesis, that are invalid (i.e., those scenarios that could not have happened) (e.g., increased protein turnover), and (3) rank possibly valid metabolic action scenarios on the basis of pre-defined flux ratio information. We computationally evaluate the proposed methodology with typical metabolomics data, and demonstrate that (a) through consistency analysis against a small number of measured metabolite concentration changes, over 90% of the automatically generated hypotheses are invalidated with no manual analysis, (b) using summarization techniques, the entire hypothesis set is represented by a much smaller (2% of the original) hypothesis set, and (c) performing hypothesis generation and consistency checking in an interleaved manner leads to over 95% improvement in running time.
INTRA‐INDUSTRY EFFECTS OF BOND RATING ADJUSTMENTS

Several studies find that bond rating downgrades cause negative valuation effects. Other studies find that signals conveyed by earnings releases, earnings forecasts, bankruptcies, and stock offerings of individual firms can be transmitted to their corresponding industries. By combining the two sets of studies, we hypothesize that bond rating changes may contain relevant information not only about the firm, but also about the corresponding industry. We find significantly negative valuation effects for rating downgrades, which are transmitted throughout the industry. Furthermore, we find that intra-industry effects depend on particular characteristics of the bond downgrade, the downgraded firm, and industry rivals. Specifically, the negative intra-industry effects are more pronounced when (1) the downgraded firm experiences a more severe share price response to the bond rating downgrade, (2) the downgraded firm is dominant in the industry, (3) the downgraded firm is more closely related to its rivals in the industry, and (4) the downgrade is due to a deterioration in the firm's financial prospects.
Rorschach Inkblot Invasion of Pop Culture.

Whether depicting mundane home goods or preeminent celebrities, Andy Warhol’s paintings capture with eerie precision the essence of American culture. This singular talent was fully evident when Warhol took aim at a burgeoning psychological phenomenon with his Rorschach series. By the 1980s, theRorschach test hadbecomean iconic symbol of psychological testing—a well-known metric of madness. This pop status was evident in the 1986Watchmen graphic novel, with its psychopathic, ink-blot-masked protagonist named Rorschach. With this notorious mystique, the Rorschach test was a fitting subject for Warhol to canonize on canvas. However, the precise form these paintingswouldassume isnot self-evident.On thebasisofWarhol’s prior pop art, one may have expected to see galleries lined with inkblots like so many soup cans or Brillo boxes. Had Warhol been aware that the Rorschach test was a standardized set of 10 blots, we would likely have been treated to iridescent “4 panels” featuring precise replications of the blots. Instead, Warhol believed that during psychological testing, subjects were tasked with creating their own blots (1). Consequently, he and his crew crafted original blots, inviting us all to analyze their, and perhaps our own, psyches. Warhol’s Rorschach painting on display in the Baltimore Museumof Art is a towering piece that dominates the gallery, the black inkblot contrasting sharply against a golden canvas. Warhol utilized the perfect symmetry that Rorschach found to be critical in having subjects consistently find objects and meaning in his blots. Rorschach made scrupulous adjustments to the actual contours of his blots, making them especially adept at inducing pareidolias (the perception of objects in amorphous shapes) (2). Objects seem to leap out of the Rorschach blots in the blink of an eye. In contrast, Warhol’s painting is so intricate that trying to find objects within it is almostmaddening.Asonebegins to see theheadof a bug, its pincers become the eyes of a troll. This process repeats itself over and again across the ornate tendrils, thick trunks, and jagged islands that make up the piece. And because of its massive proportions, taking the object in as a whole is nearly impossible. As with so much of his pop art, Warhol managed to transform the familiar into something entirely new. His spin on the inkblot continues to invite the viewer to imagine and create. But with its unruly size and unforgiving contours, Warhol’s painting has robbed the blot of the clinical utility that Hermann Rorschach so meticulously endeavored to create. AUTHOR AND ARTICLE INFORMATION
Categorical and Dimensional Models of Personality Disorder

We review major categorical and dimensional models of personality pathology, highlighting advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. Several analytic and methodological approaches to the question of the categorical versus dimensional status of constructs are discussed, including taxometric analyses, latent class analyses, and multivariate genetic analyses. Based on our review, we advocate a dimensional approach to classifying personality pathology. There is converging evidence that four major domains of personality are relevant to personality pathology: neuroticism/negative affectivity/emotional dysregulation; extraversion/positive emotionality; dissocial/antagonistic behavior; and constraint/compulsivity/conscientiousness. Finally, we discuss how dimensional approaches might be integrated into the diagnostic system, as well as some of the major issues that must be addressed in order for dimensional approaches to gain wide acceptance.
Characterization of the Jumping Behavior of Archer Fish, Toxotes Microlepis

Jumping behavior of Archer fish, Toxotes microlepis, was analyzed using high speed video in order to better understand the propulsive mechanisms used during prey capture. Archer fish align below the bait hovering in place before leaping up to 2.5 body lengths into the air. Velocity increases during thrust production before reaching a plateau, and maximum kinetic energy, which persists through the beginning of the glide portion of the jump. Acceleration peaks during thrust production when the undulating caudal fin is still submerged under water. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to investigate the hydrodynamics of propulsion during thrust production at the onset of the jumping maneuver. These results lay the groundwork for an in depth analysis of the impulsive jumping behavior of Archer fish.
Cutaneous vasodilation during dorsal column stimulation is mediated by dorsal roots and CGRP

Dorsal column stimulation (DCS) is used clinically to provide pain relief from peripheral vascular disease and has the benefit of increasing cutaneous blood flow to the affected lower extremities. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of dorsal roots, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P in the cutaneous vasodilation induced by DCS. Male rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (60 mg/kg ip). A unipolar ball electrode was placed unilaterally on the spinal cord at the L1-L2 spinal segment. Blood flow was recorded in each hindpaw foot pad with laser Doppler flowmeters. Blood flow responses were assessed during 1 min of DCS (either 0.2 mA subdural or 0.6 mA epidural at 50 Hz, 0.2-ms pulse duration). Dorsal rhizotomy of L3-L5 (n = 5) abolished the cutaneous vasodilation to subdural DCS, whereas removal of T10-T12 (n = 5) and T13-L2 dorsal roots (n = 5) did not attenuate the DCS-induced vasodilation. The CGRP antagonist, CGRP-(8-37) (2.6 mg/kg iv, n = 7), eliminated the epidural DCS-induced vasodilation, whereas the substance P receptor antagonist, CP-96345 (1 mg/kg iv, n = 6), had no effect. In summary, L3-L5 dorsal roots and CGRP are essential for the DCS-induced vasodilation. We propose that DCS antidromically activates afferent fibers in the dorsal roots, thus causing peripheral release of CGRP, which produces cutaneous vasodilation.
Effect of addition of rituximab to CHOP on survival of patients in both the GCB and non-GCB subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

8040 Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) includes at least two prognostically important subgroups, i.e. germinal center B-cell (GCB) and activated B-cell (ABC) DLBCL, which were initi...
Streptomycin-induced chlorophyll-less races of Euglena.

SummaryWhen acted upon by streptomycin, certain strains of Euglena gracilis undergo a permanent loss of chlorophyll, without being inhibited in growth if good energy and carbon sources are supplied to make up for the loss of photosynthesis. The degree of exposure to streptomycin. Proliferating and non-proliferating cells, and cells exposd in the light and in the dark, appear equally susceptible to bleaching.
Transferrins of cattle twins.

SummaryBlood and transferrin types of 96 pairs of cattle twins were investigated. For diagnosing zygosity, both transferrin and blood types were more efficient than either alone. In intrapair comparisons of 44 twin pairs with erythrocyte mosaicism, 18 pairs had different transferrin types and 22 pairs had identical types. Four pairs had similar but not identical types; they exhibited definite intensity differences in one or more iron-binding bands suggesting the possibility of transferrin chimerism.
MIXED AORTIC valve DISEASE IN THE YOUNG: INITIAL OBSERVATIONS

The natural history and results of surgical intervention in mixed aortic valve disease (MAVD) in children are unknown. We hypothesized that surgery for MAVD would improve valve function, decrease left ventricular end diastolic volume (LV EDV), decrease LV mass, and preserve systolic function.
Possible Mechanisms for Photoluminescence in Spark-Processed Si

Possible mechanisms which may explain the strong blue/violet (410 nm) photoluminescence (PL) in spark-processed Si (sp-Si) are critically reviewed and discussed. They include involvement of silicon-oxides, silicon-hydrides, silanol groups, siloxene, and silicon carbide. It is concluded from the experimental evidence that none of the above mechanisms can satisfactorily explain the major contribution(s) to PL in sp-Si.
Application and Investigation of Automatic Identification Systems Based on SAW Technology

Wireless identification(ID) and sensor systems based on surface acoustic wave(SAW)technology permit reliable and accurate data acquisition,where wired solutions cannot be applied.An overview of modern concepts for wireless SAW readout units is presented.Additionally,SAW sensor principles,ID-tag signal processing are discussed.
Relationship total phenolics contents and polyphenol oxidase activities in explant of preliminary culture in Vitro of Parashorea chinensis

Using shoots from Parashorea chinensi s explants, the regulation of total phenolics contents and polyphenol oxidase activities were studied in the processes of the disinfection and primary culture, which would provide the new references for the browning mechanism and establishment of germplasm conservation. The results were as follows:(1) T here was a positive correlation between the total phenolics content and the browning, the brownin g levels were weaker with both treatments of adding PVP 2.0 g/L into medium and by dark treatment, the total phenolics were lower in the tested explants; while the total phenolics content went up to the top if without any anti-browning agents.(2) The polyphenol oxidase activities were low between 0.15~0.3U and the treatments with different dose of ppo and dark and non-dark, the browning levels had insignifi cant changest.(3) The total phenolics contents showed a fi rst decreased and then increased trend in 2 days, the changing trends of polyphenol oxidase activities tended to converge with the cultural time after induction. The relation between the total phenolics content and the polyphenol oxidase was not obvious.
Distribution of injury deaths of urban residents in Shiyan City during 2007-2010

[Objective]To understand the distributed characteristic of injury death crowd in Shiyan City,and provide the scientific basis for the development of injury prevention and intervention. [Methods]The mortality surveillance data collected from monitoring points in urban Shiyan and the population data from public security and civil affairs departments from 2007-2010 were used for death classification according to ICD-10 coding manual.The distributed characteristic of injury deaths of urban residents was analyzed. [Results]A total of 905 residents died from 2007-2010 due to injury,among which 619 were male and 286 were female,the ratio was 2.16∶1,and the difference was significant(P0.01).The occupational composition analysis showed 281 operators of production and transportation equipment died from injury,occupying 31.05%.The educational backgrounds of dead people were generally lower,741 cases(81.88%)did not complete secondary school. [Conclusion]The production and transportation equipment operators are the key groups for injure prevention.It is necessary to strengthen the professional training,safety education and protection among key groups,to carry out road safety propaganda widely,to enhance the residents' awareness of safety,and to strengthen traffic law enforcement.Meanwhile,the elderly care and home environment should be improved to prevent and control the injury and death.
Effects of a TAKE 10! Classroom-Based Physical Activity Intervention on Third- to Fifth-Grade Children's On-task Behavior.

Background: Prolonged sitting at desks during the school day without a break may result in off-task behavior in students. This study was designed to examine the effects of a classroom physical activity intervention, using TAKE 10!, on elementary school students’ on-task behavior. Nine classes (3rd to 5th grades) from 1 elementary school participated in the program (4-week baseline and 8-week intervention). Methods: The students’ on-task behavior was measured using systematic direct observation. Observations occurred once a week during weeks 1 to 4 (baseline) and weeks 8 to 12 (intervention). A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare on-task behavior between observation periods. Results: There was a significant decrease (P = .001) in mean percentage on-task behavior from preno TAKE 10! (91.2 ± 3.4) to postno TAKE 10! (83.5 ± 4.0) during the baseline period, whereas there was a significant increase (P = .001) in mean percentage on-task behavior from pre-TAKE 10! (82.3 ± 4.5) to po...
Gender stereotypes and intellectual performance: Stigma consciousness as a buffer against stereotype validation

Abstract Previous research has found that activating self-relevant, negative stereotypes after a task may increase people's certainty about their own poor performance (i.e., stereotype validation). The current research examined how individual differences in stigma consciousness may moderate these effects. Building from past findings, we hypothesized that high stigma consciousness in women would be associated with lower susceptibility to gender stereotype validation—due to heightened motivation to avoid, reject, and/or react against perceived bias. In two studies, participants completed a difficult test on the subject of business economics. When the gender stereotype about business ability was made salient afterward, no evidence of stereotype validation emerged among women high in stigma consciousness. However, for women with lower stigma consciousness, the data suggest that stereotype activation validated negative views of their own performance and, in turn, had an adverse effect on related attitudes and beliefs about their abilities.
Exploring the Perceptions of Newly Credentialed Athletic Trainers as They Transition to Practice.

Context: Research is limited on the transition to practice of newly credentialed athletic trainers (ATs). Understanding this transition could provide insight to assist employers and professional pr...
Translated fronts: songs of socialist cosmopolitanism in Cold War India

ABSTRACTThroughout the Cold War, India maintained a policy of non-alignment, first in relation to China and later in relation to the US and USSR. This policy allowed India to receive support from both superpowers during the Cold War, and bolstered Jawaharlal Nehru’s efforts to craft a secular nation that would modernize rapidly along socialist lines. As is inevitably the case, reality proved more complicated than policy. The political context became messy, and myriad translations of socialism in regional contexts pulled at the seams of Nehru’s dream, particularly in the rural areas he sought to modernize through dams, irrigation projects, and infrastructural development. In this paper, I interrogate Cold War socialism at its highly translated margins through the work of Sant Tukdoji Maharaj, a singer-saint from rural Eastern Maharashtra whose influence was local, national, and international. Tukdoji was many things to many people: a devotional singer, a Gandhian, a champion of progressive land reform, an ...
Examining the Role of School Resource Officers on School Safety and Crisis Response Teams.

School resource officers (SROs) are being increasingly employed in schools to respond to incidents of school violence and to help address safety concerns among students and staff. While previous re...
Phase II study of caphosol oral rinse for prevention of oral mucositis (OM) in sarcoma patients (pts) receiving multicycle doxorubicin-based chemotherapy (CT): Randomized study with cross-over to palifermin for severe OM.

e19520 Background: Mucositis is a common complication in cancer pts receiving CT. We have shown that palifermin (recombinant Keratinocyte Growth Factor), administered as single dose prior to CT, al...
Disaster Risk Reduction in Post-Decentralisation Indonesia: Institutional Arrangements and Changes

Decentralisation has fundamentally changed governance in Indonesia by transferring authority and responsibility from the national to local levels. More recently, disaster management (DM) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) responsibilities have also increasingly moved down to local and provincial levels. Decentralisation seeks more efficient, accountable, and equitable planning and development through democratization and greater participation of communities and non-state actors. This chapter investigates complementarity and incongruence between Indonesia’s institutional structures and arrangements for decentralisation and DM; and how that likely impacts the practice of DRR on the ground. After almost 20 years, decentralisation continues to face predicted and unforeseen challenges. Pertinent lessons from its implementation are potentially instructive for improving the country’s new DM framework. Therefore, this chapter: (1) clarifies and summarizes how decentralisation has impacted local governance in Indonesia; (2) explores and describes how the new DM framework is expected to alter local government roles, responsibilities, and capacities; and (3) discusses how well the extant decentralised governance structure and the DM framework facilitate local DRR and resilience. Mainly by reviewing the literature and analyzing documents, it infers that although decentralisation and DM frameworks are structurally quite similar, the former’s shortcomings in building local institutional capacity and attaining regional coordination constrain the latter. Also, local DM efforts seem less transparent and accountable than decentralised local governance today. With its larger focus on building resilience, materializing DRR’s objectives on the ground remains less resolved. Decentralisation has increased the participation of non-state actors in local governance and planning, but their contribution to DRR is limited, sporadic, and/or uncoordinated. The concluding emphasis of this chapter is on increasing clarity, capacity, and civil society collaboration for strengthening local DRR capacity.
Who has more? The influence of linguistic form on quantity judgments

Quantity judgment tasks have been increasingly used within and across languages as a diagnostic for noun semantics. Overwhelmingly, results show that notionally atomic nouns ( Who has more cats ? ) are counted, while notionally non-atomic nouns ( Who has more milk ? ) are measured by volume. There are two primary outliers to the strict atomicity-tracking pattern. First, some nouns, like furniture , show primarily cardinality-based results in some studies, indicating atomicity, but nevertheless show systematic non-cardinality judgments in other studies, with comparison based instead on value/utility. Second, it has been reported that speakers of the Amazonian language Yudja favor cardinality-based quantity comparison for all nouns regardless of notional atomicity. In the current study, we show that both of these patterns arise in naive English speakers in the absence of clear linguistic cues to atomicity, and suggest that the absence or mis-diagnosis of linguistic cues may be behind the reported outliers to atomicity-tracking.
Ergot alkaloids contribute to virulence in an insect model of invasive aspergillosis

Neosartorya fumigata (Aspergillus fumigatus) is the most common cause of invasive aspergillosis, a frequently fatal lung disease primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals. This opportunistic fungal pathogen produces several classes of specialised metabolites including products of a branch of the ergot alkaloid pathway called fumigaclavines. The biosynthesis of the N. fumigata ergot alkaloids and their relation to those produced by alternate pathway branches in fungi from the plant-inhabiting Clavicipitaceae have been well-characterised, but the potential role of these alkaloids in animal pathogenesis has not been studied extensively. We investigated the contribution of ergot alkaloids to virulence of N. fumigata by measuring mortality in the model insect Galleria mellonella. Larvae were injected with conidia (asexual spores) of two different wild-type strains of N. fumigata and three different ergot alkaloid mutants derived by previous gene knockouts and differing in ergot alkaloid profiles. Elimination of all ergot alkaloids significantly reduced virulence of N. fumigata in G. mellonella (P < 0.0001). Mutants accumulating intermediates but not the pathway end product fumigaclavine C also were less virulent than the wild type (P < 0.0003). The data indicate that ergot alkaloids contribute to virulence of N. fumigata in this insect model and that fumigaclavine C is important for full virulence.
Blurry Lines: The African Union's Imbalanced Regime of Constitutionalism and Its Consequences

Since its founding in 2002, the African Union has invested in building a regime of constitutionalism that outlaws politics by force and strengthens democracy. The regime, however, has been selectively enforced. The AU regularly invokes it to police military coups, but has never sanctioned incumbents for carrying out constitutional coups — despite rules prohibiting such transgressions. We account for this imbalance and its consequences for democracy and accountability in Africa. Incumbent instrumentalization of the regime is a key cause of lax enforcement but we argue it is compounded by the absence of bright-line rules against constitutional coups.
Evaluation of two health education interventions to improve the varicella vaccination: a randomized controlled trial from a province in the east China.

We evaluated the effect of two Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)-based health educational interventions on varicella vaccine (VarV) vaccination among pregnant women in a province in the east China. A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted among 200 pregnant women with ≥12 gestation weeks to test two interventions, including a messaging video and a messaging booklet. The participants were randomly assigned into the control group, the video group or the booklet group. The VarV coverage at 12 and 24 months old was compared among the children of the three groups and relative risks (RRs) were calculated, by using the coverage of the control group as reference. The timeliness of VarV was also assessed. Furthermore, differences in the effects on the knowledge and attitude of VarV vaccination between the two interventions was evaluated. The VarV coverage of their children by 24 months of age was 86.4%, 76.1% and 56.7% for the video group, the booklet group and the control group, respectively. The relative risks (RRs) for the coverage of VarV at 24 months of age were 4.8 (95% CI: 2.06–11.3) for the video group and 2.4 (95% CI: 1.2–5.1) for the booklet group. The means of delays were 57.3 days in the video group, 76.9 days in the booklet group, and 100.6 days in the control group. The proportion of women who intended to vaccinate their children with VarV was higher in the video group than the booklet group (93.9% vs. 82.1%, p < 0.05). Our findings indicated that perinatal health education through booklet or video could improve the coverage and schedule adherence for children’s VarV vaccination.
Superstition and real estate prices: transaction-level evidence from the US housing market

We investigate the impact of superstition on prices paid by Chinese-American home buyers. Chinese consider 8 lucky and 4 unlucky. Lacking explicit buyer ethnicity identifiers, we develop a binomial...
Occurrence of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether and Other Fuel Oxygenates in Source Water and Drinking Water of the United States

The National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the United States (US) Geological Survey conducted surveys of the occurrence of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other fuel oxygenates in ground water used as a source of drinking water and in drinking water in the United States (USA) from 1993 to 2001. MTBE was detected in about 4% of samples of source water collected from private and public supply wells located throughout the USA and in about 9% of samples of drinking water from 12 Northeastern states. Other fuel oxygenates were detected very infrequently. Few samples of source water or drinking water had concentrations of MTBE greater than the US Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water advisory or state-level benchmarks.
ALL Therapy: Review of the MD Anderson Program

Prognosis of adult ALL has improved over the last few decades. Following the lead from the pediatric experience, dose-intense multiagent regimens now achieve remission rates exceeding 80% with 5-year survival probabilities of around 40%. In addition, ALL is more and more recognized as a heterogeneous group of diseases. Definition of subgroups based on cytogenetic-molecular markers has important practical implications including better delineation of prognostic groups, design of risk-adapted therapies, and eventually integration of novel agents into existing therapies that target pathways relevant for ALL pathophysiology. The hyper-CVAD program is one example of a regimen that has been successfully patterned after a previous pediatric regimen and that has developed along advances based on better understanding of ALL biology and availability of new drugs with activity in ALL. This article summarizes the rationale for the development of hyper-CVAD, experience with this regimen in adult ALL, and recent modifications and subtype-specific approaches.
Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale

The Schwab and England (S & E) Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale is a commonly used measure of daily function for Parkinson's disease (PD). The S & E Scale rates a PD patient's function on a scale from 0 indicating worst possible function to 100 indicating no impairment. Each 10-point increment is accompanied by a description of function (see Figure 1).
Carbohydrate binding activity of a lectin-like glycoprotein from stems and leaves of Dolichosbiflorus

Abstract A glycoprotein from the stems and leaves of the Dolichos biflorus plant that cross reacts with antibodies to the seed lectin has been found to bind to affinity columns of blood group A + H substance covalently linked to Sepharose. This binding of the cross reactive material to the affinity resin differs from that of the seed lectin in that it is easily dissociated with 0.15 M NaCl. Affinity electrophoresis using entrapped blood group A + H substance shows that the carbohydrate binding activity of the cross reactive material is weakly inhibited with N-acetyl-D -galactosamine and N-acetyl-D -glucosamine. Glucose, mannose and galactose gave no inhibition when tested at concentrations of 50 mM. These data indicate that the specificity of the cross reactive material is somewhat different from the N-acetyl-D -galactosamine specificity of the seed lectin. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the structural similarities of the cross reactive material and the seed lectin.
Transformation of NMEA ship network from sensor-based to information-based model

The considered approach puts users at the center and subordinates the construction of the system to their needs and it will greatly increase the ability to provide information to users in the desired kind and place, together with a full report of their actions, which can help in future analysis and improving their performance. A major advantage of the transition to the specified architecture is the capabilities to integrate architecture into existing systems without compromising their entirety and the ability to fully integrating into the expected new NMEA OneNet standard
Self-Assembly Lab: Experiments in Programming Matter

What if structures could build themselves or adapt to fluctuating environments? Skylar Tibbits, Director of the Self-Assembly Lab in the Department of Architecture at MIT, Cambridge, MA, crosses the boundaries between architecture, biology, materials science and the arts, to envision a world where material components can self-assemble to provide adapting structures and optimized fabrication solutions. The book examines the three main ingredients for self-assembly, includes interviews with practitioners involved in the work and presents research projects related to these topics to provide a complete first look at exciting future technologies in construction and self-transforming material products.
The Role of Lactate Metabolism in Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastases Revealed by Dual-Agent Hyperpolarized 13C MRSI

This study applied a dual-agent, 13C-pyruvate and 13C-urea, hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and multi-parametric (mp) ¹H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model to investigate changes in tumor perfusion and lactate metabolism during prostate cancer development, progression and metastases, and after lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA) knock-out. An increased Warburg effect, as measured by an elevated hyperpolarized (HP) Lactate/Pyruvate (Lac/Pyr) ratio, and associated Ldha expression and LDH activity were significantly higher in high- versus low-grade TRAMP tumors and normal prostates. The hypoxic tumor microenvironment in high-grade tumors, as measured by significantly decreased HP 13C-urea perfusion and increased PIM staining, played a key role in increasing lactate production through increased Hif1α and then Ldha expression. Increased lactate induced Mct4 expression and an acidic tumor microenvironment that provided a potential mechanism for the observed high rate of lymph node (86%) and liver (33%) metastases. The Ldha knockdown in the triple-transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer resulted in a significant reduction in HP Lac/Pyr, which preceded a reduction in tumor volume or apparent water diffusion coefficient (ADC). The Ldha gene knockdown significantly reduced primary tumor growth and reduced lymph node and visceral metastases. These data suggested a metabolic transformation from low- to high-grade prostate cancer including an increased Warburg effect, decreased perfusion, and increased metastatic potential. Moreover, these data suggested that LDH activity and lactate are required for tumor progression. The lactate metabolism changes during prostate cancer provided the motivation for applying hyperpolarized 13C MRSI to detect aggressive disease at diagnosis and predict early therapeutic response.
Biocompatible Cantilevers for Mechanical Characterization of Zebrafish Embryos using Image Analysis

We have developed a force sensing system to continuously evaluate the mechanical elasticity of micrometer-scale (a few hundred micrometers to a millimeter) live tissues. The sensing is achieved by measuring the deflection of force sensitive cantilevers through microscopic image analysis, which does not require electrical strain gauges. Cantilevers made of biocompatible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were actuated by a piezoelectric actuator and functioned as a pair of chopsticks to measure the stiffness of the specimen. The dimensions of the cantilevers were easily adjusted to match the size, range, and stiffness of the zebrafish samples. In this paper, we demonstrated the versatility of this technique by measuring the mechanical elasticity of zebrafish embryos at different stages of development. The stiffness of zebrafish embryos was measured once per hour for 9 h. From the experimental results, we successfully quantified the stiffness change of zebrafish embryos during embryonic development.
Food Security and Livelihood Vulnerability to Climate Change in Trinidad and Tobago

Household-level food security in coastal wetland communities in Trinidad and Tobago experience increasing challenges in the face of climatic change. These communities rely heavily on natural resources and agriculture for their livelihoods. Household data were collected from 138 households in the Nariva and Caroni communities focusing on gender and socio-demographic structure, livelihood strategies and social networks; exposure to climate change and climate-induced extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts; and access to services and infrastructure. Using regression analyses, the influences of adaptive capacity to climate change on food security were analysed by gender, household and communities. Household socio-demographic structure and livelihood strategies were strongly related to food security and food security was reduced in the face of climate variability and disaster. Household social networks households had no significant influence. These conclusions offer directions for community and national planners and policy makers in Trinidad and in other similar country circumstances where climate change is significant.
Effectiveness of Foreign Aid in Facilitating Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Four South Asian Countries

This empirical study investigates whether foreign aid is effective in facilitating foreign direct investment inflows into the selected South Asian countries during the period of 1995-2012. Using panel data, the fixed-effects estimator is employed. The results derived from this study suggest that infrastructure aid is effective in facilitating FDI into the South Asian countries of which aid for social infrastructure is relatively more effective than that of other types of aid. In the donor side, aid from UK has significant effect on FDI whereas aid from USA, Germany and Netherlands has marginal effect. The aid from Japan does not facilitate FDI flow into these recipient countries.
Failing and feeling bad: how we think about experiencing negative emotions during setbacks

The current research explored appraisals of the negative emotions that arise in the context of setbacks. We proposed that experiencing negative emotions could be appraised as either enhancing or debilitating. Across two studies, we investigated the hypotheses that individuals who perceive experiencing negative emotion to be enhancing, relative to debilitating, would report experiencing less severe negative emotions and engage in more mastery-oriented behavioral strategies after encountering setbacks. In Study 1 (N = 283), we examined initial associations among negative emotion appraisals, severity of emotions experienced, and behavioral strategies. In Study 2 (N = 141), in a preregistered report, we experimentally manipulated negative emotion appraisals to test causal relationships among these constructs. Results supported hypotheses in Study 1. In Study 2, we manipulated negative emotion appraisals but failed to shift self-regulatory processes.
Learning task-state representations

Arguably, the most difficult part of learning is deciding what to learn about. Should I associate the positive outcome of safely completing a street-crossing with the situation 'the car approaching the crosswalk was red' or with 'the approaching car was slowing down'? In this Perspective, we summarize our recent research into the computational and neural underpinnings of 'representation learning'-how humans (and other animals) construct task representations that allow efficient learning and decision-making. We first discuss the problem of learning what to ignore when confronted with too much information, so that experience can properly generalize across situations. We then turn to the problem of augmenting perceptual information with inferred latent causes that embody unobservable task-relevant information, such as contextual knowledge. Finally, we discuss recent findings regarding the neural substrates of task representations that suggest the orbitofrontal cortex represents 'task states', deploying them for decision-making and learning elsewhere in the brain.
ESSENTIAL TRIGONOMETRY WITHOUT GEOMETRY

Abstract The development of the trigonometric functions in introductory texts usually follows geometric constructions using right triangles or the unit circle. While these methods are satisfactory ...
Making Smart Parking Decisions: A Driver's Perspective

The difficulty of finding parking spots in urban areas has severely aggravated traffic congestion, increased CO2 emission, and caused waste of fuel and drivers' time. Therefore, the ability to accommodate "smart parking" is a crucial component in "smart cities". With many papers in the literature focusing on parking spot detection and optimization for centralized parking reservation systems, we study how to make smart parking decisions from the perspective of a driver. Our research is motivated by the fact that centralized parking assignment may be either unavailable or suboptimal to the driver. In this paper, we let the driver come up with the best parking strategies using real-time parking and traffic information, and machine learning algorithms trained by historical data. Specifically, we propose a Q-learning based approach and also an artificial neural network based greedy algorithm. We run simulation to verify the performance of the proposed mechanisms.
Practices and perceptions of cognitive assessment for adults with age‐related hearing loss

Objectives To investigate the landscape of cognitive impairment (CI) screening for adults with age-related hearing loss (ARHL) among otolaryngologists and audiologists. To identify provider factors and patient characteristics that impact rates of CI screening and referral. Methods A 15 question online survey was sent to members of the Georgia Society of Otolaryngology (GSO), Georgia Academy of Audiology (GAA), American Otological Society and American Neurotology Society (AOS/ANS), and posted on the web forum for two hearing disorders special interest groups within the American-Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Responses were collected anonymously. Chi-square tests were used to compare responses. Results Of the 66 included respondents, 61% (n = 40) were otolaryngologists and 35% (n = 23) were audiologists. Respondents were significantly more likely to refer patients for CI assessment than to screen (64% vs 21%, respectively, P < .001). The complaint of a neurological symptom, such as memory loss, would prompt screening or referral for only 27.3% (n = 18) and 51.52% (n = 34) of respondents, respectively. Forty-two percent (n = 28) of respondents suggested CI screening with the MMSE vs 20% (n = 13) with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Conclusions Despite recommendations for cognitive assessment in high-risk populations, such as older adults with ARHL, the practice of CI screening and referral is not yet commonplace among otolaryngologists and audiologists. These providers have a unique opportunity to assess adults with ARHL for CI and ensure appropriate referral. Level of Evidence 5.
Chronic corticosterone shifts effort-related choice behavior in male mice.

Effort-related choice tasks are used to study aspects of motivation in both rodents and humans (Der-Avakian and Pizzagalli Biol Psychiatry 83(11):932–939, 2018). Various dopaminergic manipulations and antidepressant treatments can shift responding to these tasks (Randall et al. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 18(2), 2014; Yohn et al. Psychopharmacology 232(7):1313–1323, 2015). However, while chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders in humans, there is relatively little known about whether chronic stress elicits maladaptive behaviors in rodent effort-related choice tasks. Chronic corticosterone (CORT) elicits an increase in negative maladaptive behaviors in male mice (David et al. Neuron 62(4):479–493, 2009; Gourley et al. Biol Psychiatry 64(10):884–890, 2008; Olausson et al. Psychopharmacology 225(3):569–577, 2013). We hypothesized that chronic CORT administration to male mice would reduce motivation for a higher effort, higher reward option, and shift responding to a less effortful, but a lesser reward. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were administered either vehicle (n = 10) or CORT (n = 10) (~ 9.5 mg/kg/day) in their drinking water for 4 weeks, and then throughout all behavioral experiments (15 weeks total), and were tested in a Y-Maze barrier task and a fixed ratio concurrent (FR/chow) choice task. Chronic CORT reduced Y-maze HR arm choice when more effort was required to obtain the 4 food pellets (15-cm barrier in the high-reward (HR) arm, p < 0.001; 20-cm barrier in HR arm, p < 0.001) and shifted choice to the low reward (LR) arm where only 2 pellets were available. Chronic CORT also reduced lever pressing for food pellets in FR30/chow sessions of the concurrent choice task (p = 0.009), without impacting lab chow consumed. Chronic stress induces maladaptive shifts in effort-related choice behavior in the Y-maze barrier task in male mice. Furthermore, males subjected to chronic CORT administration show reduced lever pressing in FR30/chow sessions where lab chow is concurrently available. These data demonstrate that chronic corticosterone reduces motivation to work for and obtain a highly rewarding reinforcer when a lesser reinforcer is concurrently available.
Backward-wave oscillators for frequencies above 600 GHz

New concepts are being investigated for making BWO's for frequencies above 600 GHz and up to at least 2,000 GHz. Ion beam assisted etching is being used to make small slow-wave circuits on diamond. An experiment with an 18 μm pitch inter-digital line etched on diamond, designed to oscillate at 600 GHz with a 4 kV beam and 3 kG magnetic field, is being constructed.