cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed multiple antenna carrier- and sampling-frequency synchronization for OFDM

Multiple antenna systems have been shown to provide significant performance improvements for network nodes; however, the vast majority of nodes in military networks will be limited to single channel devices due to mobility (size and power) and ease of use considerations. In this paper we apply a new joint synchronization-pilot sequence (JSPS) optimization design technique to multiple transmitter OFDM systems. We consider the cases where the transmitters could be co-located or distributed (i.e. multiple single-channel transmitters) in space. Independent JSPSs are designed for each transmitter in a multiple antenna system and can be utilized to estimate the carrier frequency offset (CFO) and sampling frequency offset (SFO) of each antenna independently. We study the mean square error (MSE) for the estimation of CFO and SFO and compare the performance of our estimators to a closed form solution for AWGN channels. We show that the performance of our proposed iterative estimators for distributed CFO and SFO estimation is approximately equivalent to the estimation performance in the co-located CFO and SFO estimation case. The iterative estimator for the distributed case is also found to be of low complexity, with only a linear complexity increase over the co-located estimator. We have also measured, via simulation, the performance of the CFO estimator for distributed Rayleigh fading multipath channels.
A chronic method for the continuous collection of urine in the rat

Abstract A method for the continuous collection of urine in the rat uncontaminated and free from evaporative losses in volume is described. The method involves the cannulation of the bladder with small diameter polyethylene tubing.
The influence of water stress preconditioning on dark respiration

The respiration rate of individual leaves of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Stoneville 213), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Bush Blue Lake), and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) which had been fully expanded prior to a series of severe water stresses was compared with those of unstressed leaves of similar age. Measurements were made over a range of leaf temperatures. The respiration rate per unit area of the leaves of all rewatered plants were significantly lower than those of the plants which had not undergone water stress. During the stress periods, the leaves of all species suffered dry matter loss. The respiration rates per unit dry matter for cotton and beans were the same for the plants which had undergone stress as they were for the plants which had not undergone stress, thus for these two C3 plants the decrease in dark respiration due to water stress may be explained entirely by the loss of dry matter. Respiration rates of the water stressed sorghum leaves expressed on a per unit weight basis were significantly lower than those which had not undergone water stress preconditioning. The lower respiration rates of the stressed leaves when expressed on both a per unit area basis and a per unit weight basis for the C4 species indicate that water stress adaptation of C4 plants may include alterations in the respiratory mechanism or on the amount of residual respirable substrate. The light compensation points of all the species were not altered by the water stress preconditioning. This indicates that the mechanisms controlling the net photosynthetic exchange per unit leaf area underwent adaptations as a result of repeated water stress which decreased its efficiency.
Structural Insight into Exosite Binding and Discovery of Novel Exosite Inhibitors of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A Through in silico Screening

Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is the most lethal toxin among the Tier 1 Select Agents. Development of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors against BoNT/A zinc metalloprotease remains a challenging problem due to its exceptionally large substrate binding surface and conformational plasticity. The exosites of the catalytic domain of BoNT/A are intriguing alternative sites for small molecule intervention, but their suitability for inhibitor design remains largely unexplored. In this study, we employed two recently identified exosite inhibitors, D-chicoric acid and lomofungin, to probe the structural features of the exosites and molecular mechanisms of synergistic inhibition. The results showed that D-chicoric acid favors binding at the α-exosite, whereas lomofungin preferentially binds at the β-exosite by mimicking the substrate β-sheet binding interaction. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding interaction analysis of the exosite inhibitors with BoNT/A revealed key elements and hotspots that likely contribute to the inhibitor binding and synergistic inhibition. Finally, we performed database virtual screening for novel inhibitors of BoNT/A targeting the exosites. Hits C1 and C2 showed non-competitive inhibition and likely target the α- and β-exosites, respectively. The identified exosite inhibitors may provide novel candidates for structure-based development of therapeutics against BoNT/A intoxication.
The Ran GTPase Mediates Chromatin Signaling to Control Cortical Polarity during Polar Body Extrusion in Mouse Oocytes

Summary The molecular basis for asymmetric meiotic divisions in mammalian oocytes that give rise to mature eggs and polar bodies remains poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrated that the asymmetrically positioned meiotic chromosomes provide the cue for cortical polarity in mouse oocytes. Here we show that the chromatin-induced cortical response can be fully reconstituted by injecting DNA-coated beads into metaphase II-arrested eggs. The injected DNA beads induce a cortical actin cap, surrounded by a myosin II ring, in a manner that depends on the number of beads and their distance from the cortex. The Ran GTPase plays a critical role in this process, because dominant-negative and constitutively active Ran mutants disrupt DNA-induced cortical polarization. The Ran-mediated signaling to the cortex is independent of the spindle but requires cortical myosin II assembly. We hypothesize that a Ran GTP gradient serves as a molecular ruler to interpret the asymmetric position of the meiotic chromatin.
Respiratory symptoms of flight attendants during high-altitude flight: possible relation to cabin ozone exposure.

The smaller size and lighter weight of the Boeing 747SP aircraft, introduced into passenger service in 1976, permitted higher-altitude flight than older commercial aircraft and thus potentially greater ozone exposure, for those on board. Concerned flight attendants distributed questionnaires relating to symptoms experienced on the Boeing 747SP and/or conventional 747 aircraft to Los Angeles- and New York-based flight attendants. Respondents reported symptoms by frequency and severity and by in-flight and after-flight occurrence. Based on the assessment of three health scientists as to ozone-relatedness, the frequency of “definite” and “probable” ozone-related symptoms of any severity reported by both groups of attendants was significantly associated with 747SP flights (chi-squares: P<0.05). After-flight symptoms significantly associated with 747SP experience, although fewer in number than in-flight symptoms, were all in the scientists' “definite” category. In 21 flight attendants who complained of moderate to severe symptoms during 747SP flights, a battery of pulmonary function tests performed approximately two weeks after their last 747SP flight failed to reveal abnormalities. The symptom questionnaire results are consistent with possible exposure of cabin attendants to toxic levels of ozone during the higher-altitude flights of the Boeing 747SP compared to conventional 747 aircraft.
Impact of ractopamine hydrochloride on growth, efficiency, and carcass traits of finishing pigs in a three-phase marketing strategy.

The objectives were to determine the effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) in a 3-phase marketing strategy. One thousand seven hun- dred forty pigs were used in 80 single-sex pens in 2 blocks. Each pen housed approximately 22 pigs. Sixteen percent of the total population of pigs was sold during the first marketing period, 18% was sold during the sec- ond marketing period, and the remaining 66% was sold during the third marketing period. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design of 2 treatments. Pigs in the second marketing group had greater growth performance indicators than pigs in the first marketing group. Over the entire feeding period, pigs fed RAC were 2.73 kg heavier (P < 0.0001), had 0.11 kg/d great- er (P < 0.0001) ADG, and had 0.04 greater (P < 0.0001) G:F than pigs not fed RAC. Hot carcass weights were 3.3% greater (P < 0.0001), carcass yields were 0.68 (% units) greater (P < 0.0001), fat depth was 7.2% less (P < 0.0001), loin depth was 5.6% greater (P < 0.0001), and estimated carcass lean was 0.97% units greater (P < 0.0001) in RAC-fed pigs when compared with pigs not fed RAC. By the end of the first marketing period carcasses from pigs fed RAC (89.73 kg) were 2.1% heavier (P = 0.04) and gained 0.19 kg/d more (P = 0.03) carcass weight than carcasses from pigs not fed RAC (87.89 kg). By the end of the second marketing period carcasses from pigs fed RAC (99.00 kg) were 3.1% heavier (P < 0.001) and gained 0.14 kg/d more (P < 0.001) carcass weight than carcasses from pigs not fed RAC (96.02 kg). By the end of the third marketing period carcasses from pigs fed RAC (102.75 kg) were 3.7% heavier (P < 0.0001) and gained 0.10 kg/d more (P < 0.0001) carcass weight than carcasses from pigs not fed RAC (99.06 kg). Although carcass gain per day decreased with extended RAC feeding duration, HCW advantages continued to increase as feeding duration was increased from 7 d to 35 d. Growth benefits were evident during the initial marketing period, but as dura- tion increased differences diminished. Therefore, RAC can provide the expected growth performance benefits when included in the diet for up to 21 d, but HCW advantages continue to increase throughout the entire 35 d feeding period. Even though carcass benefits were not as evident in pigs sold during the first marketing period, advantages (particularly HCW) continued to increase with each marketing period.
User-centric incentive design for participatory mobile phone sensing

Mobile phone sensing is a critical underpinning of pervasive mobile computing, and is one of the key factors for improving people’s quality of life in modern society via collective utilization of the on-board sensing capabilities of people’s smartphones. The increasing demands for sensing services and ambient awareness in mobile environments highlight the necessity of active participation of individual mobile users in sensing tasks. User incentives for such participation have been continuously offered from an application-centric perspective, i.e., as payments from the sensing server, to compensate users’ sensing costs. These payments, however, are manipulated to maximize the benefits of the sensing server, ignoring the runtime flexibility and benefits of participating users. This paper presents a novel framework of user-centric incentive design, and develops a universal sensing platform which translates heterogenous sensing tasks to a generic sensing plan specifying the task-independent requirements of sensing performance. We use this sensing plan as input to reduce three categories of sensing costs, which together cover the possible sources hindering users’ participation in sensing.
Elliptic Partial Differential Equations With Almost-real Coefficients

Table of Contents* Introduction * Definitions and the main theorem * Useful theorems * The Fundamental solution * Properties of layer potentials * Boundedness of layer potentials * Invertibility of layer potentials and other properties * Uniqueness of solutions * Boundary data in $H^1(\partial V)$ * Concluding remarks * Bibliography
Proximity between Periplasmic Loops in the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli As Determined by Site-Directed Spin Labeling†

Site-directed thiol cross-linking indicates that the first periplasmic loop (loop I/II) in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli is in close proximity to loops VII/VIII and XI/XII [Sun, J., and Kaback, H. R. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 11959−11965]. To determine whether thiol cross-linking reflects proximity as opposed to differences in the reactivity and/or dynamics of the Cys residues that undergo cross-linking, single-Cys mutants in loops I/II, VII/VIII, and XI/XII and double-Cys mutants in loop I/II and VII/VIII or XI/XII were purified and labeled with a sulfhydryl-specific nitroxide spin label. The labeled mutants were then analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and interspin distance was estimated from the extent of line shape broadening in the double-labeled proteins. Out of six paired double-Cys mutants that exhibit thiol cross-linking, five display significant spin−spin interaction. Furthermore, there is a qualitative correlation between distances estimated by site-directe...
Shifting identification: A theory of apologies and pseudo-apologies

This paper combines the concept of identification with balance theory and co-orientation theory to show how public apologies and pseudo-apologies can be used to shift identification among offenders, victims, third parties, and offensive acts. A new theory of apologizing is offered to explain why pseudo-apologies are more effective that genuine apologies at repairing one's public image in some situations. Three case studies from the existing literature on public apologies are used to illustrate the theory.
Molecular determinants of PDLIM2 in suppressing HTLV-I Tax-mediated tumorigenesis.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) encodes a Tax oncoprotein that has crucial roles in both virus replication and cell transformation. Our recent studies suggest that the counterbalance between HTLV-I/Tax and PDZ-LIM domain-containing protein PDLIM2 may determine the outcome of HTLV-I infection. Although HTLV-I represses PDLIM2 epigenetically and specifically in transformed cells, PDLIM2 shuttles Tax into the nuclear matrix for ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation, thereby suppressing the transforming ability of HTLV-I. Here, we have further shown that PDLIM2 binds to Tax directly, which was mediated by a putative α-helix motif of PDLIM2 at amino acids 236–254. Consistently, selective disruption of this short-helix crippled PDLIM2 in shutting Tax to the nuclear matrix for ubiquitination-mediated degradation, therefore, PDLIM2 lost the ability in tumor suppression. Although the C-terminal LIM domain of PDLIM2 was not required for Tax binding, it was important for PDLIM2 to interact with the nuclear matrix. Accordingly, the LIM domain was essential for PDLIM2-mediated Tax repression. On the contrary, the N-terminal PDZ domain of PDLIM2 was dispensable for all these events, although the PDZ domain was involved in PDLIM2 binding to cytoskeleton. These studies dissect functional sequences within PDLIM2 and their distinct roles in Tax regulation.
Short-term Movements of Juvenile and Neonate Sandbar Sharks, Carcharhinus plumbeus, on their Nursery Grounds in Delaware Bay

We investigated short-term movements of neonate and juvenile sandbar sharks, Carcharhinus plumbeus, on their nursery grounds in Delaware Bay. The majority of sharks tracked limited their movements to water less than 5 m deep, remained within 5 km of the coastline, and occupied oblong activity spaces along the coast. In addition to site-attached coastal movements observed, several sharks moved entirely across Delaware Bay or spent considerable time in deeper portions of the central bay. Sharks tracked on the New Jersey side of the bay tended to spend more time in deeper water, farther from shore than sharks tracked on the Delaware side. Observation-area curves estimated that optimal tracking time for sandbar sharks in Delaware Bay was 41 h. Indices of site attachment showed that movement patterns of tracked sandbar sharks varied from nomadic to home ranging. There was no significant difference in rate of movement for day/night, crepuscular periods, or between juveniles and neonates. In general, young sandbar sharks patrolled the coast and appeared to be site attached to some extent, but were capable of making longer excursions, including movement entirely across Delaware Bay.
Weather and death in Birmingham, Alabama.

Abstract The relationship between weather and daily mortality was examined for 21,000 deaths occurring over a 4 year period in the subtropical climate of Birmingham, Alabama. Eight weather parameters were correlated with daily mortality using multiple, simple, and partial correlation techniques. The relationship between weather and daily total mortality was found to be quite significant. The effect of weather was found to increase with age and to be much more intense among the white than the nonwhite population. The weather-mortality relationship was also examined separately for each sex, but no difference was apparent. When the effect of weather was examined for various causes of death, it was found that weather exerts a strong influence on mortality from circulatory and especially respiratory causes, but a relatively minor influence on cancer mortality and deaths due to accidents and violence. The relationship between weather and mortality was shown to involve not only weather conditions existing on the day of death, but also weather prevailing during the several days prior to death. In addition, the weather-mortality association was found to be particularly significant during the autumn.
Lost: McCall's T Scores: Why?

A description of a FORTRAN program for linear and area transformations of test scores with optional generation of symmetric tables of areas under the standard normal curve is presented. Also included is a historic note on the origin of the T scale along with a discussion of the relative merits of area versus linear scale transformations.
Asymptotic test of mixture model and its applications to QTL interval mapping

Abstract Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping has been a standard means in identifying genetic regions harboring potential genes underlying complex traits. Likelihood ratio test (LRT) has been commonly applied to assess the significance of a genetic locus in a mixture model content. Given the time constraint in commonly used permutation tests to assess the significance of LRT in QTL mapping, we study the behavior of the LRT statistic in mixture model when the proportions of the distributions are unknown. We found that the asymptotic null distribution is stationary Gaussian process after suitable transformation. The result can be applied to one-parameter exponential family mixture model. Under certain condition, such as in a backcross mapping model, the tail probability of the supremum of the process is calculated and the threshold values can be determined by solving the distribution function. Simulation studies were performed to evaluate the asymptotic results.
Nonparametric tests for interval-censored failure time data

This paper discusses two sample nonparametric comparison of survival functions when only interval-censored failure time data are available. The problem considered often occurs in, for example, biological and medical studies such as medical follow-up studies and clinical trials. For the problem, we present and study several nonparametric test procedures that include methods based on both absolute and squared survival differences as well as simple survival differences. The presented tests provide alternatives to existing methods, most of which are rank-based tests and not sensitive to nonproportional or nonmonotone alternatives. Simulation studies are performed to evaluate and compare the proposed methods with existing methods and suggest that the proposed tests work well for nonmonotone alternatives as well as monotone alternatives. An illustrative example is presented.
Crystal defects and interdiffusion behavior of Hg 1−x Cd x Te/(100)CdTe epitaxial layers grown by chemical vapor transport

Crystal defects of chemical vapor transport grown Hg1−xCdxTe on (100) CdTe structures have been investigated using chemical etching, wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray rocking curve, and scanning electron microscopy methods The results indicate that the origin and spatial distribution of the misfit dislocations can be attributed to both the lattice parameter misfit and the inevitable interdiffusion occurring between the substrate and the epitaxial layer. It is proposed that the interdiffusion of Hg along the [100] direction is enhanced by dislocation channels and other defect cores along or near this direction owing to defects on the initial surface of the CdTe substrate. The results indicate that the subgrain boundaries in Hg1−xCdxTe are caused by slight misorientation of the lattices and polygonization of the defects during epitaxial layer growth, and by the propagation of the subgrain boundaries existing in the CdTe substrate.
Graphical Diagnostics for Modeling Unstructured Covariance Matrices

Summary Prudent statistical analysis of correlated data requires accounting for the correlation among the measurements. Specifying a form for the covariance matrix of the data could reduce the high number of parameters of the covariance and increase efficiency of the inferences about the regression parameters. Motivated by the success of ordinary, partial and inverse correlograms in identifying parsimonious models for stationary time series, we introduce generalizations of these plots for nonstationary data. Their roles in detecting heterogeneity and correlation of the data and identifying parsimonious models for the covariance matrix are illuminated using a longitudinal dataset. Decomposition of a covariance matrix into “variance” and “dependence” components provides the necessary ingredients for the proposed graphs. This amounts to replacing a 3-D correlation plot by a pair of 2-D plots, providing complementary information about dependence and heterogeneity. Models identified and fitted using the variance-correlation decomposition of a covariance matrix are not guaranteed to be positive definite, but those using the modified Cholesky decomposition are. Limitations of our graphical diagnostics for general multivariate data where the measurements are not (time-) ordered are discussed. Resume Une analyse statistique prudente de variables corelees impose de tenir compte de la correlation entre les mesures de ces variables. Specifier une forme pour la matrice de covariance des donnees pourrait permettre de reduire le nombre eleve de parametres de la covariance, et d'accroitre l'efficacite des inferences concernant les parametres de la regression. En partant du succes des correlogrammes ordinaires, partiels et inverses pour identifier des moeles pour des series temporelles stationnaires, nous proposons des generalisations de ces diagrammes pour des donnees non stationnaires. Leurs roles pour detecter les phenomenes d'heterogeneite et de correlation des donnees et pour identifier des modeles pour la matrice de covariance sont illustres par l'utilisation d'un fichier de donnees longitudinales. La decomposition d'une matrice de covariance entre structures de “variance” et de “dependance” fournit les elements necessaires pour realiser les diagrammes proposes. Ceci revient remplacer un diagramme trois dimensions par deux diagrammes deux dimensions, en fournissant de l'information complementaire sur la dependance et l'heterogeneite. Il n'est pas garanti que les modeles identifies et ajustes en utilisant la decomposition entre variance et correlation d'une matrice de covariance soient definis positifs, mais ils le sont si on utilise la decomposition modifiee de Cholesky. Les limitations des diagnostics graphiques propoes, dans le cas general de donnees multivariees pour lesquelles les mesures ne sont pas ordonnees (temporellement), sont discutees.
Experiments in page activity determination

In a memory hierarchy various storage devices are structured into various levels. By convention, information at storage level i may be accessed and stored in less time than information at storage level i+1. Since a smaller access time generally implies a greater cost per bit of storage, storage level i will generally be smaller than storage level i+1. An example of such an arrangement with four levels is a system with core, drum, disc and tape memory devices.
Spatio-spectral heterogeneity analysis using EO-1 Hyperion imagery

How does observed spatial structure change as a function of spectral wavelength and resolution? The fine spectral resolution data of a Hyperion image acquired over agricultural research fields in eastern Nebraska, USA, were analyzed using variography to characterize spatial patterns within each wavelength-specific image. The geospatial analysis was repeated simulating Landsat TM/ETM+ bands from the Hyperion data. Significant changes in spatio-spectral heterogeneity were observed across the red edge. The total amount of spatial variability is closely correlated to the contrast in brightness of objects within the scene. The spatial dependence in an image is also influenced by differential brightness, but to a lesser extent. Increasing bandwidth may blur spatial structure that occurs at finer spectral resolution, resulting in the loss of spatial structure that may relate to significant features within the scene.
Meiotic cell cycle requirement for a fly homologue of human deleted in Azoospermia

INFERTILITY resulting from a severe defect in sperm production affects 2% of men worldwide1,2. Of these men with azoospermia, the absence of sperm in semen, one in eight carry de novo deletions for a specific region of the Y chromosome3–5. A candidate gene for the Y-chromosome azoospermia factor (AZF) has been identified and named Deleted in Azoospermia (DAZ)5. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of the Drosophila gene boule, which is a homologue of DAZ. The two genes encode closely related proteins that contain a predicted RNA-binding motif, and both loci are expressed exclusively in the testis. Loss of boule function results in azoospermia; meiotic divisions are blocked, although limited spermatid differentiation occurs. Histological examination of boule testes with cell-cycle markers indicates that the primary defect is at the meiotic G2/M transition. These results support the hypothesis that DAZ is the human AZF, and indicate that Boule and DAZ have an essential meiotic function in fly and human spermatogenesis.
Sensitivity differences displayed by drosophila melanogaster larvae of different ages to the toxic effects of growth on media containing aflatoxin B1

Using Drosophila melanogaster, the relative sensitivities of various larval stages to the toxic effects of growth on media supplemented with either 0.44 or 0.88 ppm aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were determined. Two strains of fruit flies were tested: strain A-11 which is relatively resistant to AFB1 induced toxicity, and strain A-9 which is quite sensitive. Eggs, mid-first, mid-second and early-, mid- and late-third instar larvae were transferred onto AFB1 media and allowed to complete larval and pupal development and eclose as adults. At the 0.44 ppm concentration, strain A-11 showed no effect, while only first instar larvae of strain A-9 showed significant mortality rates for first instar larvae, but the A-9 larvae die at higher rates than the A-11 larvae. In addition, second and third instar larvae of strain A-9 show significant mortality rates when grown at 0.88 ppm AFB1, while these stages are not affected in strain A-11.
Low-frequency modulation-assisted drilling using linear drives

AbstractA new machine tool based on linear drive technology has been developed for low-frequency modulation-assisted drilling. The linear drive utilizes a novel design for generating continuous drill feed motion with a superimposed low-frequency modulation of up to 400 Hz without the use of secondary actuators. The frequency characteristics of the drive are such that a wide variety of drilling conditions can be systematically explored. Results pertaining to torque, thrust and controlled chip breakage when drilling ductile aluminium alloys are presented to demonstrate the attractive features of modulation-assisted drilling using linear drives. It has been shown that the application of a superimposed modulation of the appropriate frequency and amplitude produces consistent chip breakage, thereby facilitating the drilling process. Furthermore, under these conditions, the mean torque and mean thrust are decreased in comparison with conventional drilling. The frequency and amplitude conditions for which such b...
Radii of Classification Preservation in Data Envelopment Analysis: a Case Study of 'Program Follow-Through'

Sensitivity and robustness of efficiency classifications for the additive model and its geometric equivalents in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) are addressed. The minimum distance (measured by a Tchebycheff norm) separating an organization from reclassification is computed via linear programming formulations and shown to constitute a generalized ‘residual’ for each organization. Without this sensitivity information, findings can be distorted when marginally efficient or inefficient units are distinguished solely on the basis of their classification. Analysis of these residuals from an earlier (inconclusive) DEA study further reveals how substantive differences in a sample's underlying groups can be detected. Properties of group efficiency and group proximity to the efficient frontier are investigated using these new indicators.
The Classic : Total Condylar Knee Replacement in Patients Who Have Rheumatoid Arthritis. A Ten-Year Follow-Up Study

Eighty knee replacements with a total condylar prosthesis in patients who had rheumatoid arthritis were followed for ten years. At ten years, nineteen knees needed revision and sixty-one prostheses were still functioning. The major reasons for revision were loosening of the tibial component or late bacteremic seeding from another site. Radiolucency at the bone-cement interface adjacent to the tibial component was statistically related to malposition of the tibial component. According to the system of The Hospital for Special Surgery, the mean scores were 64 points preoperatively and 85 points postoperatively. Synovitis recurred in only 3 per cent of the knees. When revision, pain, or radiographic evidence of loosening were considered an indication of failure, the ten-year cumulative survival was 75 per cent.
Symmetry of the charge density wave in cuprates

We derive and analyze an effective Ginzburg-Landau (GL) functional for a charge density wave for a model of electrons on a tight-binding square lattice with density-density interactions. We show, using realistic electronic dispersions for the cuprates, that for the simplest GL theory, the preferred symmetry is typically unidirectional (stripe) type, but inclusion of third-order terms tends to destabilize this in favor of a checkerboard pattern depending on the strength and range of the interaction. This is of interest given the recent observation of such charge order in underdoped YBa${}_{2}$Cu${}_{3}$O${}_{6+x}$.
Using contextual analysis to investigate the nature of spatial memory

The present study investigated the properties of episodic spatial memory by conducting contextual analysis on spatial memory tasks in a large sample of individuals (N = 778) between the ages of 18 and 92. The results suggest that episodic spatial memory as measured by a dot location task is not uniquely influenced by memory but is strongly influenced by fluid ability (Gf). The spatial memory–Gf relationship is evident and robust even when spatial memory is operationalized with a very simple single-dot location task, suggesting that allocation of attention across space may play a role in the relationship. Results also indicate that the spatial memory–Gf relations are not dependent on complexity of processing, because Gf has a similar magnitude of relations with a more complex version of the dot location task. Collectively, the results suggest that spatial memory likely represents some aspect of fluid intelligence and is not uniquely related to measures of verbal memory.
Perinatal viral infections

A significant number of viral agents can infect the human fetus during pregnancy-fetal and neonatal infection is found in up to 10% of all live births (1). The clinical manifestations of these infections can range from asymptomatic or nonspecific findings to congenital malformations to a severe and sometimes fatal illness in the neonate. This wide range in severity is in large part a function of the unique, dynamic, and complex relationship between the mother and developing fetus. The significant changes in metabolic, hematologic, and immunologic parameters associated with pregnancy play a role in determining the outcome of viral infections during pregnancy. For example, the virulence of the infecting agent, the susceptibility of the infant, the time of the maternal infection, and the immune status of the mother can influence the outcome of the viral infection during pregnancy. The primary purpose of this article is to review those viruses that are of major importance in causing perinatal infections. In the literature, the viruses identified as causing perinatal infections differ as a result of varying delineation of the perinatal period. For purposes of this review, perinatal infections will refer to those viral infections acquired by neonates at the time just prior to delivery or within the immediate neonatal period. An in-depth review of each viral agent responsible for perinatal infections is beyond the scope of this article. Therefore, general aspects of these infections will first be considered. Some of the key viral agents will then be reviewed with an emphasis on their mode of acquisition and clinical manifestations to underscore the impact these viruses have on the human fetus by infecting it during the perinatal period. Diagnosis of infection will also be discussed.
Investigation of the overall friction coefficient in single-pass scratch test

Abstract Single-pass scratch test on bilinear elastic–plastic materials with a conical indenter was simulated using a three-dimensional finite element model. The influence of the interfacial friction coefficient μs and the apical angle α of the indenter on the induced maximum tangential force FT, normal force FN, and the overall friction coefficient μ=FT/FN, were systematically studied. It was found that the induced tangential force is greater than the normal force when the apex is small and vice versa when the apex is large. The tangential force increases with μs, but the normal force decreases with μs. The overall friction coefficient μ was found to increase linearly with μs and tangent of the attack angle of the indenter. The relationship between the adhesion frictional component (μa), the plowing frictional component (μp), and the interfacial friction coefficient μs was analyzed. An analytical model for the overall friction coefficient μ was also developed based on the interaction between the indenter and the specimen and compared to the numerical results. The model was found to yield a good agreement with the finite element simulation results.
Degree-one components of the Earth's interior

Abstract The Earth's geoid is a constraint for models of the composition of the Earth's interior. The long-wavelength non-hydrostatic portion of the geoid is assumed to be due to density contrasts associated with the convective forces which drive plate tectonics. The longest-wavelength component, degree one, can be set to an arbitrary value by appropriate choice of coordinate systems, with negligible effect on other components. The degree-one component is usually set to zero. Internal models are unconstrained at degree one and results at degree one are not often analyzed. Theoretical considerations predict an internal degree-one component with an effect at the surface even greater than those of the other nonhydrostatic components of the Earth's geoid. Mantle convection theories, relative sea-level curves, mantle viscosity measurements, and geodynamo models may be affected.
Metabolism of thiodiglycol (2,2′-thiobis-ethanol): isolation and identification of urinary metabolites following intraperitoneal administration to rat

1. The metabolism of thiodiglycol, 2,2'-thiobis-ethanol, was investigated following i.p. administration to rat. 2. Approximately 90% of the administered dose was excreted in the 0-24-h urine. Four metabolites were isolated by h.p.l.c. and identified by mass spectrometry. Structural assignments were confirmed by comparison with authentic synthetic standards. 3. Thiodiglycol sulphoxide was the major metabolite accounting for approximately > or = 90% of the excreted radioactivity following i.p. injection of 13C4, 35S-thiodiglycol. Thiodiglycol sulphone, S-(2-hydroxyethylthio)acetic acid and S-(2-hydroxy-ethylsulphinyl)acetic acid were identified as minor metabolites. 4. Analysis for thiodiglycol by GC-MS indicated approximately 0.5-1% of the applied dose was excreted unmetabolized.
Increased NIH Funding No Longer Sacrosanct

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has always enjoyed a sacrosanct status on Capitol Hill. Commonly referred to as the “crown jewel” by the members of the powerful House and Senate Appropriations Committees, the NIH has always benefited from increased funding—albeit short of resources needed to take full advantage of all research opportunities—while some other valuable federal programs were cut or level-funded. Even President Clinton quickly learned the preferred status of the NIH on Capitol Hill. Both the House and the Senate soundly defeated Clinton’s attempts in his first budget to slash funds for several NIH institutes, including budgets for the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Congress not only rejected the President’s proposed cuts but also provided each institute with an appropriation above that of the biomedical research inflation index. The President’s subsequent budgets have called for NIH funding increases—albeit again insufficient to take full advantage of all research opportunities. With the advent of the “Contract …
Targeting the minor groove of DNA

Small molecules that specifically bind with high affinity to any predetermined DNA sequence in the human genome will be useful tools in molecular biology and, potentially, in human medicine. Pairing rules have been developed to control rationally the sequence specificity of minor groove binding polyamides containing N-methylimidazole and N-methylpyrrole amino acids. Using simple molecular shapes and a two-letter aromatic amino acid code, pyrrole-imidazole polyamides achieve affinities and specificities comparable to DNA-binding proteins.
Separation of central effects of CO2 and nicotine on ventilation and blood pressure.

Abstract A comparison was made of the respiratory and cardiovascular effects of inhaled CO 2 and of nicotine given by ventriculo-cisternal perfusion in 16 cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Whole body cooling to 24–26°C eliminated CO 2 responsiveness, but nicotine was still effective. Nicotine tests repeated at short intervals resulted in complete drug tachyphylaxis without affecting CO 2 responsiveness both in intact and arterial chemoreceptor-denervated cats. Pretreatment with hexamethonium injected into the cerebrospinal fluid also blocked all the effects of nicotine without altering CO 2 sensitivity. Thus, differential physiological and pharmacological stimulus selectivity is demonstrated in respiratory and cardiovascular receptors located within the central nervous system, such as has already been shown for the peripheral chemoreceptors.
Experimental Investigation of Nanofluid Flow Boiling in a Single Microchannel

The trends of decrease in size and increase in power dissipation for micro-electronic systems present a significant challenge for thermal management of modern electronics. The preferable cooling solution could be micro heat exchangers based on forced flow boiling. Nanoparticle deposition can affect nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient via alteration of surface thermal conductivity, roughness, capillary wicking, wettability, and nucleation site density. It can also affect heat transfer by changing bubble departure diameter, bubble departure frequency, and the evaporation of the micro and macrolayer beneath the growing bubbles. In this study, flow boiling was investigated for 0.001 vol% aluminum oxide nanofluids in a brass microchannel and compared to results for regular water. For the case of nanofluid flow boiling, high speed images were taken after boiling durations of 25, 75, 125, and 150 min. Bubble growth rates were measured and compared for each case. Flow regime oscillation was observed and regime duration was split into two periods: single-phase liquid and two-phase. The change in regime timing revealed the effect of nanoparticle suspension and deposition on the Onset of Nucelate Boiling (ONB) and the Onset of Bubble Elongation (OBE). The addition of nanoparticles was shown to stabilize bubble growth as well as the transition of flow regimes between liquid, two-phase, and vapor.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Facile synthesis of cids: biotinylated estrone oximes efficiently heterodimerize estrogen receptor and streptavidin proteins in yeast three hybrid systems.

We synthesized estrone oximes as chemical inducers of protein heterodimerization (CIDs). Estrone-17-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime coupled to biotinamidocaproic acid via N,N‘-dimethylhexane-1,6-diamine efficiently heterodimerizes estrogen receptors (ERs) and streptavidin Y43A in yeast three hybrid systems, activating gene expression over 100-fold at 10 μM. Related hexane-1,6-diamine and estradiol-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime derivatives were ineffective CIDs due to low affinity for ERs when bound to streptavidin. Estrone oximes bind ERs with submicromolar affinity and effectively display small molecules to target proteins expressed in yeast.
Multiple lineages and absence of panmixia in the “circumpolar” crinoid Promachocrinus kerguelensis from the Atlantic sector of Antarctica

Despite considerable interest in physiology, evolution and life history of Antarctic marine inverte- brates, only a limited number of studies have examined the genetic variability and diversity patterns of these organisms. Moreover, understanding and characterizing patterns of Antarctic biodiversity has taken on a degree of urgency because of potential impacts of global warming. To expand an understanding of the evolutionary history of Antarctic marine invertebrates, the genetic diversity of the crinoid Promachocrinus kerguelensis Carpenter, 1888 was investigated, which is documented to have a circum- polar distribution extending to subantarctic islands. Spec- imens of P. kerguelensis were collected from the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula, and the subantarctic islands South Georgia, South Sandwich and Bouvetoya Island from 2001 to 2004. P. kerguelensis was previously subject to morphological review that conWrmed the taxo- nomic recognition of only one species. The wide distri- bution and reported high dispersal capability for P. kerguelensis predicts one large panmictic population. In contrast, nucleotide sequence data from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b genes, collected herein, reveal distinct genetic structure and cryptic speciation within P. kerguelensis. In the Antarctic Atlantic sector alone, there were at least Wve "species- level" clades. Some of these clades are geographically limited, and most exist in sympatry. The largest and most widespread of these clades was examined to help eluci- date connectivity along the subantarctic islands of the Scotia Arc and the Antarctic Peninsula. Within this clade, most genetic diversity was contained within populations, but signiWcant diVerences were present between regions (Antarctic Peninsula, South Sandwich Is., South Georgia, Bouvetoya Is.), suggesting a corresponding lack of gene Xow. Given that P. "kerguelensis" is a well-studied taxon, the Wnding of considerable genetic diversity within the Atlantic sector alone suggests that the recognized diver- sity of Antarctica's benthic marine life may be underesti- mated, and will rise dramatically with phylogeographic analyses of putative widespread species.
Fungal community composition and function after long‐term exposure of northern forests to elevated atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3

The long-term effects of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric O3 concentrations on fungal communities in soil are not well understood. Here, we examine fungal community composition and the activities of cellobiohydrolase and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) after 10 years of exposure to 1.5 times ambient levels of CO2 and O3 in aspen and aspen-birch forest ecosystems, and compare these results to earlier studies in the same long-term experiment.
Using complete machine simulation for software power estimation: the SoftWatt approach

Power dissipation has become one of the most critical factors for the continued development of both high-end and low-end computer systems. We present a complete system power simulator, called SoftWatt, that models the CPU, memory hierarchy, and a low-power disk subsystem and quantifies the power behavior of both the application and operating system. This tool, built on top of the SimOS infrastructure, uses validated analytical energy models to identify the power hotspots in the system components, capture relative contributions of the user and kernel code to the system power profile, identify the power-hungry operating system services and characterize the variance in kernel power profile with respect to workload. Our results using Spec JVM98 benchmark suite emphasize the importance of complete system simulation to understand the power impact of architecture and operating system on application execution.
Coulomb enhancement in InGaAs-GaAs quantum-well lasers

It is shown that Coulomb enhancement (CE) has a significant influence on the spectral characteristics of optical gain and spontaneous emission in strained InGaAs quantum wells. CE-modified gain spectra are utilized to make an accurate prediction of the dependence of lasing wavelength on cavity length, Threshold-current predictions using the CE-modified gain-current relation show improved agreement with experiment.
Sleep Disruptions in Parents of Children and Adolescents with Chronic Illnesses: Prevalence, Causes, and Consequences

Objective Provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the prevalence, causes, and consequences of sleep disruptions in parents of youth with chronic illnesses. Methods A comprehensive literature search of PsychInfo, MEDLINE, and CINAHL for articles related to sleep in parents of youth with chronic illnesses yielded 59 potential articles, with 19 meeting inclusion criteria. Results Parents of children with eczema were the most commonly studied group. The prevalence of sleep disruptions was 15–86%. Potential causes of parent sleep disruptions included nighttime caregiving, monitoring of the child’s illness, and stress related to the child’s illness. Consequences included poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety. Conclusions Parents of youth with chronic illnesses experience sleep disruptions, providing a potential mechanism to explain elevated rates of negative daytime functioning found in previous studies. To provide interventions and support for these parents, additional research is needed to address the limitations of the existing literature.