cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Almost-linear-time algorithms for Markov chains and new spectral primitives for directed graphs

In this paper, we begin to address the longstanding algorithmic gap between general and reversible Markov chains. We develop directed analogues of several spectral graph-theoretic tools that had previously been available only in the undirected setting, and for which it was not clear that directed versions even existed. In particular, we provide a notion of approximation for directed graphs, prove sparsifiers under this notion always exist, and show how to construct them in almost linear time. Using this notion of approximation, we design the first almost-linear-time directed Laplacian system solver, and, by leveraging the recent framework of [Cohen-Kelner-Peebles-Peng-Sidford-Vladu, FOCS '16], we also obtain almost-linear-time algorithms for computing the stationary distribution of a Markov chain, computing expected commute times in a directed graph, and more. For each problem, our algorithms improve the previous best running times of O((nm3/4 + n2/3 m) logO(1) (n κ e-1)) to O((m + n2O(√lognloglogn)) logO(1) (n κe-1)) where n is the number of vertices in the graph, m is the number of edges, κ is a natural condition number associated with the problem, and e is the desired accuracy. We hope these results open the door for further studies into directed spectral graph theory, and that they will serve as a stepping stone for designing a new generation of fast algorithms for directed graphs.
Robust optimization for bidirectional dispatch coordination of large-scale V2G

This paper proposes a robust optimization (RO) model for bidirectional dispatch coordination of large-scale plugin electric vehicles (PEVs) in a power grid in which the PEVs are aggregated to manage. The PEV aggregators are considered as a type of dispatchable demand response and energy storage resource with stochastic behaviors, and can supply load or provide ancillary services such as regulation reserve to the grid. The proposed RO model is then reformulated as a mixed-integer quadratic programming model, which can be solved efficiently. Computer simulations are performed for a power grid with ten generators and three PEV aggregators to validate the economic benefit of the RO model for bidirectional dispatch coordination of the PEVs and the robustness of the RO model to the uncertainty of the PEVs' stochastic mobility behaviors.
Temporal indistinguishability and quantum interference

Summary from only given. Feynman, in discussing the quantum mechanical superposition, noted that interference occurs when the relevant amplitudes become indistinguishable. We demonstrate, in this paper, quantum interference resulting from indistinguishability of two amplitudes which are originally distinguishable in time.
Forward backward similarity search in knowledge networks

Similarity search is a fundamental problem in social and knowledge networks like GitHub, DBLP, Wikipedia, etc. Existing network similarity measures are limited because they only consider similarity from the perspective of the query node. However, due to the complicated topology of real-world networks, ignoring the preferences of target nodes often results in odd or unintuitive performance. In this work, we propose a dual perspective similarity metric called Forward Backward Similarity (FBS) that efficiently computes topological similarity from the perspective of both the query node and the perspective of candidate nodes. The effectiveness of our method is evaluated by traditional quantitative ranking metrics and large-scale human judgement on four large real world networks. The proposed method matches human preference and outperforms other similarity search algorithms on community overlap and link prediction. Finally, we demonstrate top-5 rankings for five famous researchers on an academic collaboration network to illustrate how our approach captures semantics more intuitively than other approaches.
Massively-parallel similarity join, edge-isoperimetry, and distance correlations on the hypercube

We study distributed protocols for finding all pairs of similar vectors in a large dataset. Our results pertain to a variety of discrete metrics, and we give concrete instantiations for Hamming distance. In particular, we give improved upper bounds on the overhead required for similarity defined by Hamming distance r > 1 and prove a lower bound showing qualitative optimality of the overhead required for similarity over any Hamming distance r. Our main conceptual contribution is a connection between similarity search algorithms and certain graph-theoretic quantities. For our upper bounds, we exhibit a general method for designing one-round protocols using edge-isoperimetric shapes in similarity graphs. For our lower bounds, we define a new combinatorial optimization problem, which can be stated in purely graph-theoretic terms yet also captures the core of the analysis in previous theoretical work on distributed similarity joins. As one of our main technical results, we prove new bounds on distance correlations in subsets of the Hamming cube.
Application of Two-Phase Spray Cooling for Thermal Management of Electronic Devices

Recent studies provide ample evidence of the effectiveness of two-phase spray cooling at dissipating large heat fluxes from electronic devices. However, those same studies point to the difficulty predicting spray performance, given the large number of parameters that influence spray behavior. This paper provides a complete set of models/correlations that are required for designing an optimum spray cooling system. Several coolants (water, FC-72, FC-77, FC-87 and PF-5052) are used to generate a comprehensive spray-cooling database for different nozzles, flow rates, subcoolings, and orientations. High-speed video motion analysis is used to enhance the understanding of droplet formation and impact on the device's surface, especially near the critical heat flux (CHF) point. A previous CHF correlation for normal sprays is modified for both inclination and subcooling effects. A new user-friendly CHF correlation is recommended which shows excellent predictive capability for the entire database. Also discussed in this paper is a new theoretical scheme for assessing the influence of spray overlap on cooling performance.
A Neural Basis of Facial Action Recognition in Humans

By combining different facial muscle actions, called action units, humans can produce an extraordinarily large number of facial expressions. Computational models and studies in cognitive science and social psychology have long hypothesized that the brain needs to visually interpret these action units to understand other people9s actions and intentions. Surprisingly, no studies have identified the neural basis of the visual recognition of these action units. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging and an innovative machine learning analysis approach, we identify a consistent and differential coding of action units in the brain. Crucially, in a brain region thought to be responsible for the processing of changeable aspects of the face, multivoxel pattern analysis could decode the presence of specific action units in an image. This coding was found to be consistent across people, facilitating the estimation of the perceived action units on participants not used to train the multivoxel decoder. Furthermore, this coding of action units was identified when participants attended to the emotion category of the facial expression, suggesting an interaction between the visual analysis of action units and emotion categorization as predicted by the computational models mentioned above. These results provide the first evidence for a representation of action units in the brain and suggest a mechanism for the analysis of large numbers of facial actions and a loss of this capacity in psychopathologies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Computational models and studies in cognitive and social psychology propound that visual recognition of facial expressions requires an intermediate step to identify visible facial changes caused by the movement of specific facial muscles. Because facial expressions are indeed created by moving one9s facial muscles, it is logical to assume that our visual system solves this inverse problem. Here, using an innovative machine learning method and neuroimaging data, we identify for the first time a brain region responsible for the recognition of actions associated with specific facial muscles. Furthermore, this representation is preserved across subjects. Our machine learning analysis does not require mapping the data to a standard brain and may serve as an alternative to hyperalignment.
Chemical response of methane/air diffusion flames to unsteady strain rate

Abstract Effects of unsteady strain rate on the response of methane/air diffusion flames are studied numerically. The numerical simulations are carried out for the finite-domain opposed flow configuration in which the nozzle exit velocities are prescribed as a function of time. The chemical kinetics is computed with the GRI mechanism v2.11 including NOx in methane/air combustion. The response of individual species to monochromatic oscillation in strain rate with various frequencies reveals that the fluctuation of slow species, such as CO and NOx, is quickly suppressed as the flow time scale decreases. Furthermore, it is observed that the maximum CO concentration is very insensitive to the variation in the scalar dissipation rate. It is also demonstrated that, for high-frequency oscillations, the scalar dissipation rate is a more appropriate parameter than strain rate to characterize the unsteady flame behavior. An extinction event due to an abrupt imposition of high strain rates is simulated by an impulsive velocity with various frequencies. For a fast impulse, a substantial overshoot in NO2 concentration is observed immediately after extinction. The overall fuel burning rate shows a weak response to the variation in characteristic unsteady time scale, while the emission indices for NOx show a monotonic decay in response as the impulse frequency increases.
Reactivity of heat-treated coals in steam

Abstract Reactivities of seventeen 40 × 100 mesh (U.S.) coals charred to 1000 °C have been measured at 910 °C in 0.1 MPa of a N2H2O mixture containing water vapour at a partial pressure of 2.27 kPa. Char reactivity decreases, in general, with increasing rank of the parent coal. The chars show a 250-fold difference in their reactivities. Results suggest that gasification of chars in air, CO2 and steam involves essentially the same mechanism and that relative gasification rates are controlled by the same intermediate oxygen-transfer step. Removal of inorganic matter from raw coals prior to their charring or from chars produced from raw coals decreases the reactivities of lower-rank chars, whereas reactivities of higher-rank chars increase. Addition of H2 to steam has a marked retarding effect on char reactivity in most cases. However, in a few cases H2 acts as an accelerator for gasification. The effect of particle size, reaction temperature and water-vapour pressure on char reactivity is considered.
Lower Bounds on the Dilation of Plane Spanners

(I) We exhibit a set of 23 points in the plane that has dilation at least 1.4308, improving the previous best lower bound of 1.4161 for the worst-case dilation of plane spanners. (II) For every n ≥ 13, there exists an n-element point set S such that the degree 3 dilation of S equals 1 + 3 = 2.7321… in the domain of plane geometric spanners. In the same domain, we show that for every n ≥ 6, there exists a an n-element point set S such that the degree 4 dilation of S equals 1 + (5 − 5 )/2 = 2.1755… The previous best lower bound of 1.4161 holds for any degree. (III) For every n ≥ 6, there exists an n-element point set S such that the stretch factor of the greedy triangulation of S is at least 2.0268.
An intrinsic parallel transport in Wasserstein space

If M is a smooth compact connected Riemannian manifold, let P(M) denote the Wasserstein space of probability measures on M. We describe a geometric construction of parallel transport of some tangent cones along geodesics in P(M). We show that when everything is smooth, the geometric parallel transport agrees with earlier formal calculations.
The Impact of Regime Type on Food Consumption in Low Income Countries

Competing studies use food consumption to measure the impact of political regime on the welfare of the poor. Democracies may outperform autocracies by using growth to hide redistribution, improving caloric consumption and currying favor. Alternatively, autocracies may have greater incentives to lower food prices to quell urban unrest. We test these competing theories using a more detailed, continuous, nuanced measure of food consumption quality – cereal equivalent values. We find evidence to support the second hypothesis, that autocracies outperform democracies at low incomes. For higher incomes, democracies perform significantly better. Segregated by growth, autocracies again outperform democracies at low incomes.
The rise of Jihadist propaganda on social networks

Using a dataset of over 1.9 million messages posted on Twitter by about 25,000 ISIS sympathizers, we explore how ISIS makes use of social media to spread its propaganda and recruit militants from the Arab world and across the globe. By distinguishing between violence-driven, theological, and sectarian content, we trace the connection between online rhetoric and key events on the ground. To the best of our knowledge, ours is one of the first studies to focus on Arabic content, while most literature focuses on English content. Our findings yield new important insights about how social media is used by radical militant groups to target the Arab-speaking world, and reveal important patterns in their propaganda efforts.
Energy storage opportunities and capabilities of a type 3 wind turbine generator

Wind power plants and other renewable power plants with power electronic interfaces are capable of delivering frequency response (both governor and/or inertial response) to the grid by a control action; thus, the reduction of available online inertia as conventional power plants are retired can be compensated by designing renewable power plant controls to include frequency response. The source of energy to be delivered as inertial response is determined by the type of generation and control strategy chosen. The cost of energy storage drops over time, and global research activities on energy storage are very active, funded both by the private industry and governments. Different industry sectors (e.g., transportation, energy) are the major drivers of the recent storage research and development. This work investigates the opportunities and capabilities of deploying energy storage in renewable power plants. In particular, we focus on wind power plants with doubly-fed induction generators, or Type 3 wind turbine generator (WTGs). We find that the total output power of a system with Type 3 WTGs with energy storage can deliver a power boost during inertial response that is up to 45% higher than one without energy storage without affecting the torque limit, thus enabling an effective delivery of ancillary services to the grid.
To draw or not to draw? Examining the necessity of problem diagrams using massive open online course experiments

Instructors are generally wasting their time when they create diagrams to illustrate homework and exam problems.
A Relation for Domino Robinson-Schensted Algorithms

We describe a map relating hyperoctahedral Robinson-Schensted algorithms on standard domino tableaux of unequal rank. Iteration of this map relates the algorithms defined by Garfinkle and Stanton-White and when restricted to involutions, this construction answers a question posed by van Leeuwen. The principal technique is derived from operations defined on standard domino tableaux by Garfinkle which must be extended to this more general setting.
Synchronization in networks of general, weakly nonlinear oscillators

We present a general approach to the study of synchrony in networks of weakly nonlinear systems described by singularly perturbed equations of the type x + x + ef(x, x') = 0. By performing a perturbative calculation based on normal-form theory we analytically obtain an O(∈) approximation to the Floquet multipliers that determine the stability of the synchronous solution. The technique allows us to prove and generalize recent results obtained using heuristic approaches, as well as reveal the structure of the approximating equations. We illustrate the results in several examples and discuss extensions to the analysis of stability of multisynchronous states in networks with complex architectures.
Synthesizing the optimal luenberger-type observer for nonlinear systems

Observer design typically requires the observability of the underlying system to guarantee asymptotic convergence of errors. Unfortunately verifying the observability of an underlying nonlinear system may be challenging. Moreover, ensuring asymptotic convergence may be insufficient to certify satisfaction of performance constraints in finite time. This paper develops a method to design Luenberger-type observers for nonlinear systems that guarantee the largest possible domain of attraction for the state estimation error regardless of the initialization of the system without requiring a priori certification of observability. The observer design procedure is posed as a two-step problem. In the the first step, the error dynamics are abstractly represented as a linear equation on the space of Radon measures. Thereafter, the problem of identifying the largest set of initial errors that can be driven to within the user-specified error target set in finite-time for all possible initial states, and the corresponding observer gains, is formulated as an infinite-dimensional linear program on measures. This optimization problem is solved, using Lasserre's relaxations via a sequence of semidefinite programs with vanishing conservatism. By post-processing the solution of step one, the set of gains that maximize the size of tolerable initial errors is identified in step two. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the presented approach.
Symmetry broken and rebroken during the ATP hydrolysis cycle of the mitochondrial Hsp90 TRAP1.

Hsp90 is a homodimeric ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that remodels its substrate ‘client’ proteins, facilitating their folding and activating them for biological function. Despite decades of research, the mechanism connecting ATP hydrolysis and chaperone function remains elusive. Particularly puzzling has been the apparent lack of cooperativity in hydrolysis of the ATP in each protomer. A crystal structure of the mitochondrial Hsp90, TRAP1, revealed that the catalytically active state is closed in a highly strained asymmetric conformation. This asymmetry, unobserved in other Hsp90 homologs, is due to buckling of one of the protomers and is most pronounced at the broadly conserved client-binding region. Here, we show that rather than being cooperative or independent, ATP hydrolysis on the two protomers is sequential and deterministic. Moreover, dimer asymmetry sets up differential hydrolysis rates for each protomer, such that the buckled conformation favors ATP hydrolysis. Remarkably, after the first hydrolysis, the dimer undergoes a flip in the asymmetry while remaining in a closed state for the second hydrolysis. From these results, we propose a model where direct coupling of ATP hydrolysis and conformational flipping rearranges client-binding sites, providing a paradigm of how energy from ATP hydrolysis can be used for client remodeling. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25235.001
CERAMIC-ON-CERAMIC THA IN PATIENTS UNDER THE AGE OF 60

INTRODUCTION Patients less than 60 years old have been reported to have a higher risk of revision following total hip arthroplasty (THA) than older patient cohorts, possibly to due higher activity, a higher incidence of deformity and greater probability of prior surgery. Ceramic-on-ceramic bearing surfaces have been proposed for use in young and active individuals due to their low wear, low risk of adverse biologic reaction, and long-term survivorship. We assessed the clinical results and long-term survivorship of uncemented ceramic-on-ceramic THA in a young patient population. METHODS For the six year period from May 1999 to March 2005, 278 hip replacements in 244 patients less than 60 yeas of age at the time of surgery were performed using alumina ceramic-ceramic bearings. All hips had uncemented titanium femoral and acetabular components. The ceramic liner was fixed to the shell with an 18-degree flush-mounted taper design. Patients were followed clinically and radiographically. Attempts were made to contact all patients who had not been seen in the prior 3 years. Of the 278 hips, 17 hips (16 patients) remain lost to follow-up, leaving 261 hips (228 patients; 155 hips in men, 106 hips in women) for assessment. Mean age of the patients was 46.2 years at the time of surgery (range 17.8 to 59.9 years). 17% of hips had at least one previous hip surgery. Mean time following surgery was 9.75 years (range 2 to 16.8 years). RESULTS At mean 9.75 year follow-up, none of these 261 hips experienced early or late deep infection or dislocation. Four patients died of causes unrelated to their arthroplasty at a mean of 6.1 years, all with well functioning constructs. Nine hips (3%) were revised: 2 stems and 2 cups failed to osseointegrate; 1 modular neck component sustained a modular neck fracture; and ceramic fracture occurred in 1 femoral head and 3 liners. Three of the 4 patients with fracture sustained severe trauma from life-threatening injuries. CONCLUSION Total hip arthroplasty in young patients demonstrates excellent survivorship when uncemented titanium implants are coupled with ceramic-ceramic bearings.
Echoes of the Glass Transition in Athermal Soft Spheres

Recent theoretical advances have led to the creation of a unified phase diagram for the thermal glass and athermal jamming transitions. This diagram makes clear that, while related, the mode-coupling-or dynamic-glass transition is distinct from the jamming transition, occurring at a finite temperature and significantly lower density than the jamming transition. Nonetheless, we demonstrate a prejamming transition in athermal frictionless spheres which occurs at the same density as the mode-coupling transition and is marked by percolating clusters of locally rigid particles. At this density in both the thermal and athermal systems, individual motions of an extensive number of particles become constrained, such that only collective motion is possible. This transition, which is well below jamming, exactly matches the definition of collective behavior at the dynamical transition of glasses. Thus, we reveal that the genesis of rigidity in both thermal and athermal systems is governed by the same underlying topological transition in their shared configuration space.
Testing light dark matter coannihilation with fixed-target experiments

In this paper, we introduce a novel program of fixed-target searches for thermal-origin Dark Matter (DM), which couples inelastically to the Standard Model. Since the DM only interacts by transitioning to a heavier state, freeze-out proceeds via coannihilation and the unstable heavier state is depleted at later times. For sufficiently large mass splittings, direct detection is kinematically forbidden and indirect detection is impossible, so this scenario can only be tested with accelerators. Here we propose new searches at proton and electron beam fixed-target experiments to probe sub-GeV coannihilation, exploiting the distinctive signals of up- and down-scattering as well as decay of the excited state inside the detector volume. We focus on a representative model in which DM is a pseudo-Dirac fermion coupled to a hidden gauge field (dark photon), which kinetically mixes with the visible photon. We define theoretical targets in this framework and determine the existing bounds by reanalyzing results from previous experiments. We find that LSND, E137, and BaBar data already place strong constraints on the parameter space consistent with a thermal freeze-out origin, and that future searches at Belle II and MiniBooNE, as well as recently-proposed fixed-target experiments such as LDMX and BDX, can cover nearly all remaining gaps. We also briefly comment on the discovery potential for proposed beam dump and neutrino experiments which operate at much higher beam energies.
Formal methods for adaptive control of dynamical systems

We develop a method to control discrete-time systems with constant but initially unknown parameters from linear temporal logic (LTL) specifications. We introduce the notions of (non-deterministic) parametric and adaptive transition systems and show how to use tools from formal methods to compute adaptive control strategies for finite systems. For infinite systems, we first compute abstractions in the form of parametric finite quotient transition systems and then apply the techniques for finite systems. Unlike traditional adaptive control techniques, our method is correct-by-design, does not require a reference model, and can handle a much wider range of systems and specifications. Illustrative examples are included.
On the Observational Implications of Knightian Uncertainty

We develop a model of a prediction market with ambiguity and derive testable implications of the presence of Knightian uncertainty. Our model can explain two commonly observed empirical regularities in betting markets: the tendency for longshots to win less often than odds would indicate and the tendency for favorites to win more often. Using historical data from Intrade, we further present empirical evidence that is consistent with the predicted presence of Knightian uncertainty. Our evidence also suggests that, even with information acquisition, the Knightian uncertainty of the world may be not "learnable" to the traders in prediction markets.
Thermoacoustic tomography for an integro-differential wave equation modeling attenuation

Abstract In this article we study the inverse problem of thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) on a medium with attenuation represented by a time-convolution (or memory) term, and whose consideration is motivated by the modeling of ultrasound waves in heterogeneous tissue via fractional derivatives with spatially dependent parameters. Under the assumption of being able to measure data on the whole boundary, we prove uniqueness and stability, and propose a convergent reconstruction method for a class of smooth variable sound speeds. By a suitable modification of the time reversal technique, we obtain a Neumann series reconstruction formula.
Patient Perceptions Regarding Outpatient Hip and Knee Arthroplasties.

Abstract Background There has been increasing interest in outpatient total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in the orthopedic community, but how patients feel about outpatient TJA is unknown. The purpose of this study was to understand patient perspectives on hip and knee replacements performed in an outpatient setting. Methods We surveyed 110 consecutive patients scheduled for primary TJA in an academic suburban arthroplasty practice regarding their knowledge and perceptions of outpatient TJA. Questionnaires were administered during preoperative clinic visits before discussion of surgery location, length of stay, and before preoperative joint replacement education. Results Fifty-seven percent of respondents were female, and 42.7% were aged 65 years or older. Very few patients expected same-day discharge (n = 3) or a one night stay in the hospital (n = 17). Fifty-four percent of patients were expected to stay in the hospital two or more nights. Only 54.5% of patients were aware that outpatient TJA is an option, with 55.3% of men and 31.7% of women reporting that they were comfortable with outpatient TJA (P = .030). In contrast, 61% and 72.8% believed that faster recovery and decreased likelihood of infection are likely advantages of outpatient TJA. Interestingly, 51.9% felt ambulatory surgery centers are as safe as hospitals, and 62.6% believed that home is the best place to recovery from TJA. Conclusion These observations suggest that there is need for patient education regarding outpatient TJA. As outpatient procedures become more common, it is essential that patients understand the ambulatory surgery process, the benefits and risks of same day discharge, and their role in a successful outpatient experience.
The Effect of Public Insurance Expansions on Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act

We examine the early effects of U.S. state Medicaid expansions under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on substance use disorder (SUD) treatment utilization. We couple administrative data on admissions to specialty SUD treatment and prescriptions for medications used to treat SUDs in outpatient settings with a differences-in-differences design. We find no evidence that admissions to specialty treatment changed in expanding states relative to non-expending states. However, post expansion, Medicaid-reimbursed prescriptions for medications used to treat SUDs in outpatient settings increased by 33% in expanding states relative to non-expanding states. Among patients admitted to specialty SUD treatment, we find that in expanding states Medicaid insurance and use of Medicaid to pay for treatment increased by 58% and 57% following the expansion. In an extension to the main analyses we find no evidence that the expansions affected fatal alcohol poisonings or drug-related overdoses. Overall, our findings provide evidence on the early effects of the ACA on SUD treatment utilization with the newly-eligible Medicaid population.
Keynote lecture III: algorithms for rendering depth of field effects for synthetic image generation and computational photography

Depth of field refers to the swath through a 3D scene that is imaged in acceptable focus through an optics system, such as a camera lens. It is a vitally important component of real photographs, and is useful as a tool for drawing the viewer's eye to the important part of the image. Depth of field is equally important for computer-generated images. This talk will provide an explanation of the phenomenon of depth of field and a survey of a variety of techniques to render depth of field effects in computer graphics, with particular attention devoted to the trade-offs between image quality and algorithm efficiency. Algorithms to render highly accurate depth of field effects, such as distributed ray tracing or the accumulation buffer, are sampling methods that use large numbers of samples, with high computational cost. Sampling is inherently slow because it effectively requires rendering the scene many times, which multiplies the render time by a potentially large factor. Faster algorithms are based on a post processing approach, which operates in image space. Post process methods operate on 2D images along with depth information, rather than working with a full 3D object representation as the sampling methods do. Consequently, post process methods struggle to accurately simulate the underlying optical process, and tend to suffer from artifacts or avoid those artifacts at a large cost. The talk will include an analysis of the nature of these artifacts.
ScentTrails: integrating browsing and searching on the Web

The two predominant paradigms for finding information on the Web are browsing and keyword searching. While they exhibit complementary advantages, neither paradigm alone is adequate for complex information goals that lend themselves partially to browsing and partially to searching. To integrate browsing and searching smoothly into a single interface, we introduce a novel approach called ScentTrails. Based on the concept of information scent developed in the context of information foraging theory, ScentTrails highlights hyperlinks to indicate paths to search results. This interface enables users to interpolate smoothly between searching and browsing to locate content matching complex information goals effectively. In a preliminary user study, ScentTrails enabled subjects to find information more quickly than by either searching or browsing alone.
Transition metals at the host–pathogen interface: how Neisseria exploit human metalloproteins for acquiring iron and zinc

Transition metals are essential nutrients for all organisms and important players in the host-microbe interaction. During bacterial infection, a tug-of-war between the host and microbe for nutrient metals occurs: the host innate immune system responds to the pathogen by reducing metal availability and the pathogen tries to outmaneuver this response. The outcome of this competition, which involves metal-sequestering host-defense proteins and microbial metal acquisition machinery, is an important determinant for whether infection occurs. One strategy bacterial pathogens employ to overcome metal restriction involves hijacking abundant host metalloproteins. The obligate human pathogens Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae express TonB-dependent transport systems that capture human metalloproteins, extract the bound metal ions, and deliver these nutrients into the bacterial cell. This review highlights structural and mechanistic investigations that provide insights into how Neisseria acquire iron from the Fe(III)-transport protein transferrin (TF), the Fe(III)-chelating host-defense protein lactoferrin (LF), and the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin (Hb), and obtain zinc from the metal-sequestering antimicrobial protein calprotectin (CP).
Nuclear Axial Currents in Chiral Effective Field Theory

Two-nucleon axial charge and current operators are derived in chiral eective field theory up to one loop. The derivation is based on time-ordered perturbation theory, and accounts for cancellations between the contributions of irreducible diagrams and the contributions due to non-static corrections from energy denominators of reducible diagrams. Ultraviolet divergencies associated with the loop corrections are isolated in dimensional regularization. The resulting axial current is finite and conserved in the chiral limit, while the axial charge requires renormalization. A complete set of contact terms for the axial charge up to the relevant order in the power counting is constructed.
The MINERVA Software Development Process

This paper presents a software development process for safety-critical software components of cyber-physical systems. The process is called MINERVA, which stands for Mirrored Implementation Numerically Evaluated against Rigorously Verified Algorithms. The process relies on formal methods for rigorously validating code against its requirements. The software development process uses: (1) a formal specification language for describing the algorithms and their functional requirements, (2) an interactive theorem prover for formally verifying the correctness of the algorithms, (3) test cases that stress the code, and (4) numerical evaluation on these test cases of both the algorithm specifications and their implementations in code. The MINERVA process is illustrated in this paper with an application to geo-containment algorithms for unmanned aircraft systems. These algorithms ensure that the position of an aircraft never leaves a predetermined polygon region and provide recovery maneuvers when the region is inadvertently exited.
Estrogen Exposure During Gestation and Risk of Testicular Cancer

In this case--control study of 108 cases of testicular cancer in men under 30 years of age, cryptorchidism was a major risk factor [relative risk (RR) = 9.0]. Low birth weight was also associated with increased risk (RR = 3.2). Having severe acne at puberty was protective (RR = 0.37). Interviews with mothers of cases revealed that exposure of the mother to exogenous estrogen during pregnancy created a significant risk in the son (RR = 8.0). In first pregnancies, excessive nausea indicated an increased risk of testicular cancer (RR = 4.2). Increased body weight in the mother also increased the risk. The relation between these factors and testicular hypoplasia is discussed. Severe perimenopausal menorrhagia was a factor in the mother associated with reduced risk of testicular cancer in the son (RR = 0.10). A modified hormonal milieu in the mother appears to be important in the later development of testicular cancer in her sons.
Seeding and Perineal Implantation of Prostatic Cancer in the Track of the Biopsy Needle: Three Case Reports and a Review of the Literature

Several months (an average of 12.86 months) after perineal needling of the cancerous prostate for the purpose of obtaining tissue for biopsy, a tumor nodule becomes clinically evident in the subcutaneous tissue of the perineum, at the site of the needling in 0.34% of the cases. This nodule presents the same histological picture as the biopsy of the prostatic tumor. This is a review of 15 such cases (12 collected from the literature and an additional three unpublished cases, two of which are personal observations). At the time of needling, no metastases could be clinically detected in any of the patients; the serum acid phosphatase was normal in 73% of them. The average age of the patients was 65.66 years. The perineal nodule was tender in 40% of the cases; its average size was 2.5 cm. Excision of the nodule was the most frequently employed form of management. At the time of reporting, 60% of the patients were living and well, for an average of 18.56 months after excision. In order to prevent perineal implantation, especially in patients who are at risk, it is suggested that a fine needle be employed to obtain prostatic tissue for biopsy, and that every possible therapeutic effort be made.
Recurrent Thrombotic Microangiopathy in a Renal Allograft. Case Report and Review of the Literature

Thrombotic microangiopathy in a renal allograft may either reflect a recurrence of the patient's original disease, i.e., thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, or more commonly may be a manifestation of allograft rejection. This report describes a patient in whom irreversible renal failure developed during thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Two years later while her condition was in clinical remission, she received a 2 DR-matched cadaveric allograft. Nineteen days following transplantation, thrombotic microangiopathy developed in the graft with eventual loss of allograft function despite vigorous plasmapheresis therapy. Multiple factors in addition to possible recurrent disease that may have contributed to this event were identified. The literature on thrombotic microangiopathy and renal transplantation is reviewed.
Power Electronic Circuit Analysis Techniques

Abstract A number of methods of analyzing power electronic circuits are discussed and illustrated. Each of these methods has unique advantages and disadvantages. No one method appears to have all of the features necessary for it to become the preferable analysis approach. Thus, the search must continue for the ultimate power electronic circuit analysis technique.
Bacterial Adherence to Bladder Tumors in the Mouse

Mice with intravesical urothelial tumors (MBT-2) were challenged with E coli inoculated intravesically. Adherence of bacteria measured at 15 min or persistent infection at 24 h was significantly greater in the tumor-bearing bladders than in normal non-tumor-bearing mice. The tumor-bearing portion of the bladder contained significantly more bacteria than the non-tumor-bearing portion.
Mechanics automatically recognized via interactive observation: jumping

Jumping has been an important mechanic since its introduction in Donkey Kong. It has taken a variety of forms and shown up in numerous games, with each jump having a different feel. In this paper, we use a modified Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) emulator to semi-automatically run experiments on a large subset (~30%) of NES platform games. We use these experiments to build models of jumps from different developers, series, and games across the history of the console. We then examine these models to gain insights into different forms of jumping and their associated feel.
Partial uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 16 unmasks a deleterious biallelic mutation in IFT140 that causes Mainzer-Saldino syndrome

The ciliopathies represent an umbrella group of >50 clinical entities that share both clinical features and molecular etiology underscored by structural and functional defects of the primary cilium. Despite the advances in gene discovery, this group of entities continues to pose a diagnostic challenge, in part due to significant genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity and variability. We consulted a pediatric case from asymptomatic, non-consanguineous parents who presented as a suspected ciliopathy due to a constellation of retinal, renal, and skeletal findings. Although clinical panel sequencing of genes implicated in nephrotic syndromes yielded no likely causal mutation, an oligo-SNP microarray identified a ~20-Mb region of homozygosity, with no altered gene dosage, on chromosome 16p13. Intersection of the proband’s phenotypes with known disease genes within the homozygous region yielded a single candidate, IFT140, encoding a retrograde intraflagellar transport protein implicated previously in several ciliopathies, including the phenotypically overlapping Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (MZSDS). Sanger sequencing yielded a maternally inherited homozygous c.634G>A; p.Gly212Arg mutation altering the exon 6 splice donor site. Functional studies in cells from the proband showed that the locus produced two transcripts: a majority message containing a mis-splicing event that caused a premature termination codon and a minority message homozygous for the p.Gly212Arg allele. Zebrafish in vivo complementation studies of the latter transcript demonstrated a loss of function effect. Finally, we conducted post-hoc trio-based whole exome sequencing studies to (a) test the possibility of other causal loci in the proband and (b) explain the Mendelian error of segregation for the IFT140 mutation. We show that the proband harbors a chromosome 16 maternal heterodisomy, with segmental isodisomy at 16p13, likely due to a meiosis I error in the maternal gamete. Using clinical phenotyping combined with research-based genetic and functional studies, we have characterized a recurrent IFT140 mutation in the proband; together, these data are consistent with MZSDS. Additionally, we report a rare instance of a uniparental isodisomy unmasking a deleterious mutation to cause a ciliary disorder.
Rise of the HaCRS: Augmenting Autonomous Cyber Reasoning Systems with Human Assistance

Software permeates every aspect of our world, from our homes to the infrastructure that provides mission-critical services. As the size and complexity of software systems increase, the number and sophistication of software security flaws increase as well. The analysis of these flaws began as a manual approach, but it soon became apparent that a manual approach alone cannot scale, and that tools were necessary to assist human experts in this task, resulting in a number of techniques and approaches that automated certain aspects of the vulnerability analysis process. Recently, DARPA carried out the Cyber Grand Challenge, a competition among autonomous vulnerability analysis systems designed to push the tool-assisted human-centered paradigm into the territory of complete automation, with the hope that, by removing the human factor, the analysis would be able to scale to new heights. However, when the autonomous systems were pitted against human experts it became clear that certain tasks, albeit simple, could not be carried out by an autonomous system, as they require an understanding of the logic of the application under analysis. Based on this observation, we propose a shift in the vulnerability analysis paradigm, from tool-assisted human-centered to human-assisted tool-centered. In this paradigm, the automated system orchestrates the vulnerability analysis process, and leverages humans (with different levels of expertise) to perform well-defined sub-tasks, whose results are integrated in the analysis. As a result, it is possible to scale the analysis to a larger number of programs, and, at the same time, optimize the use of expensive human resources. In this paper, we detail our design for a human-assisted automated vulnerability analysis system, describe its implementation atop an open-sourced autonomous vulnerability analysis system that participated in the Cyber Grand Challenge, and evaluate and discuss the significant improvements that non-expert human assistance can offer to automated analysis approaches.
A digitally controlled fully integrated voltage regulator with 3D-TSV based on-die solenoid inductor with backside planar magnetic core in 14nm tri-gate CMOS

A fully integrated digitally controlled buck VR, featuring hysteretic and PFM control for maximum light load efficiency, with 3D-TSV based on-die solenoid inductor with backside planar magnetic core in 14nm tri-gate CMOS demonstrates 111 nH/mm2 inductance density & 80% conversion efficiency.
Explaining opposition to refugee resettlement: The role of NIMBYism and perceived threats.

One week after President Donald Trump signed a controversial executive order to reduce the influx of refugees to the United States, we conducted a survey experiment to understand American citizens’ attitudes toward refugee resettlement. Specifically, we evaluated whether citizens consider the geographic context of the resettlement program (that is, local versus national) and the degree to which they are swayed by media frames that increasingly associate refugees with terrorist threats. Our findings highlight a collective action problem: Participants are consistently less supportive of resettlement within their own communities than resettlement elsewhere in the country. This pattern holds across all measured demographic, political, and geographic subsamples within our data. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that threatening media frames significantly reduce support for both national and local resettlement. Conversely, media frames rebutting the threat posed by refugees have no significant effect. Finally, the results indicate that participants in refugee-dense counties are less responsive to threatening frames, suggesting that proximity to previously settled refugees may reduce the impact of perceived security threats.
Mahalo: Sustaining JMI’s Positive Spirit:

Mahalo is a Hawaiian word connoting gratitude, admiration, praise, esteem, and respect. Management scholars should be full of mahalo for each other, because we share exceptional educations and opportunities to think, write, and teach about organizations and management. Mahalo was the theme of the 2015 Western Academy of Management conference held in Kauai, Hawaii. The conference’s closing session was an interactive workshop that critically examined the submission, review, and publication of management research. Panelists and participants grappled with two issues: “How could the Journal of Management Inquiry infuse more mahalo into the publishing process? What behavioral, structural, and technological changes on the part of authors, reviewers, and editors could enact more positive and developmental practices? This essay discusses some of the ideas offered by the workshop’s facilitators, panelists, and participants.
Red Hen Lab: Dataset and Tools for Multimodal Human Communication Research

Researchers in the fields of AI and Communication both study human communication, but despite the opportunities for collaboration, they rarely interact. Red Hen Lab is dedicated to bringing them together for research on multimodal communication, using multidisciplinary teams working on vast ecologically-valid datasets. This article introduces Red Hen Lab with some possibilities for collaboration, demonstrating the utility of a variety of machine learning and AI-based tools and methods to fundamental research questions in multimodal human communication. Supplemental materials are at http://babylon.library.ucla.edu/redhen/KI .