cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exogenous Arachidonic Acid Promotes Insulin Release From Intact or Permeabilized Rat Islets by Dual Mechanisms: Putative Activation of Ca2+ Mobilization and Protein Kinase C

A number of indirect studies suggest a role for endogenous arachidonic acid (AA) in pancreatic islet function. To probe the effects of this fatty acid, AA and other polyunsaturated fatty acids were exogenously provided in Ca2+-free medium to avoid the formation of insoluble or impermeant Ca2+-arachidonate complexes. Concentrations of AA of greater than or equal to 3 microM induced potent and sustained but reversible 45Ca efflux from prelabeled intact (or digitonin-permeabilized) islets; AA also induced insulin release at somewhat higher concentrations. Other unsaturated fatty acids (erucic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, dihomo-gamma-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic acids) were generally less active than AA itself, indicating a structure-function relationship. The effects of AA were saturable, were inhibitable by cooling, and were not accompanied in parallel by 51Cr release or trypan blue retention, suggesting a nontoxic mechanism. At low concentrations (3.3-16 microM), at which AA does not stimulate insulin release, AA-induced 45Ca efflux was not reduced by pretreatment with ionomycin (to deplete membrane-bound Ca2+ stores), suggesting stimulation of Ca2+ extrusion through the plasma membrane. At higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 25 microM), at which AA promotes insulin release, further Ca2+ efflux was stimulated, which was blunted by pretreatment with ionomycin (as well as by trifluoperazine). Conversely, pretreatment with AA obliterated the effects of ionomycin (3 microM) on cellular Ca2+ mobilization. Thus, AA also mobilizes Ca2+ from intracellular organelles, leading to a rise in free cytosolic Ca2+ (as previously reported). AA-induced 45Ca efflux and insulin release were independent of the presence of extracellular Na+ and did not require the oxygenation of AA. Dose-response curves comparing 45Ca efflux and insulin secretion suggested that AA also stimulates hormone release by at least one other mechanism in addition to Ca2+ mobilization. This second stimulatory effect of AA could be seen in digitonin-permeabilized islets, where changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration were vitiated by EGTA-containing buffers. Such secretion was also saturable and was inhibited by cooling or by spermine (which inhibits protein kinase C in the islet). Furthermore, AA-induced secretion from either intact or permeabilized islets was blunted by prolonged pretreatment of islets with a phorbol ester to deplete them of protein kinase C. Thus, exogenous arachidonic acid seems to be a complete secretagogue, having stimulatory effects both on Ca2+ mobilization and Ca2+-related secretory processes, putatively the activation of protein kinase C.
Use of Replication Restricted Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors for Detection of Antigen-Specific T Cells

Detection of antigen-specific T cells at the single-cell level by ELISpot or flow cytometry techniques employing intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) is now an indispensable tool in many areas of immunology. When precisely mapped, optimal MHC-binding peptide epitopes are unknown, these assays use antigen in a variety of forms, including recombinant proteins, overlapping peptide sets representing one or more target protein sequences, microbial lysates, lysates of microbially-infected cells, or gene delivery vectors such as DNA expression plasmids or recombinant vaccinia or adenoviruses expressing a target protein of interest. Here we introduce replication-restricted, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors as a safe, easy to produce, simple to use, and highly effective vector for genetic antigen delivery for the detection of human antigen-specific helper and cytotoxic T cells. To demonstrate the broad applicability of this approach, we have used these vectors to detect human T cell responses to the immunodominant pp65 antigen of human cytomegalovirus, individual segments of the yellow fever virus polyprotein, and to various influenza proteins.
Development of copper deficiency in neonatal mice.

Abstract Dietary copper (Cu) deficiency was produced in Swiss albino mice to determine the temporal relationship between depletion of Cu and changes in the cardiovascular and nervous system. Dams were placed on a Cu-deficient diet 4 days after parturition. Half the dams were provided with deionized water and their offspring are referred to as Cu-deficient (−Cu). Half the dams were given cupric sulfate in their drinking water (20 μg Cu/mL) and their offspring are referred to as Cu-adequate (+Cu). At 6 weeks of age a sample of the −Cu mice were repleted with CuSO4. Mice were sampled 1 day after birth and at weekly intervals for 7 weeks. Both +Cu and −Cu mice grew at the same rate: birth weight increased 16-fold at 6 weeks of age. Liver Cu more than doubled between 1 and 7 days of age. At 2 weeks of age −Cu mice were anemic (lower hematocrit and hemoglobin) and had lower liver Cu and plasma ceruloplasmin activity compared to +Cu mice. Liver Fe was not elevated in −Cu mice until 2 weeks after anemia developed. At weaning first signs of altered catecholamine metabolism included elevation of dopamine in both heart and spleen. Norepinephrine concentrations and content, in contrast, were not both lowered in −Cu mice until 5 weeks of age. Heart weight was first elevated in −Cu mice at 6 weeks of age and relative weight (mg/g body wt) at 4 weeks of age. Liver Cu concentration was lower in 1-week repleted mice than in +Cu mice. Anemia preceded the development of cardiac hypertrophy and altered catecholamine levels in −Cu mice.
Optical interconnects for computer-com

Computing Systems are exponentially increasing their dependence on optical interconnects to meet their scaling bandwidth needs. Steady increases in computation density have put pressure on the interconnect infrastructure to keep up. The requirements for these interconnects include a critical set of metrics, that historically have focused on cost, but increasingly consider power and density. Furthermore, reliability (component and data) and latency must be considered as well. Thus the path forward to increasing bandwidth in these systems is becoming an increasingly complex set of trade-offs. This abstract describes the major applications for optical interconnects in computer systems, the relative metrics for these applications and considers new technologies in this context.
Scaling Relationships of Source Parameters for Slow Slip Events

To better understand the physical mechanisms of slow slip events (SSEs) detected worldwide, we explore the scaling relationships of various source parameters and compare them with similar scaling laws for earthquakes. These scaling relationships highlight differences and similarities between slow slip events and earthquakes and hold implications for the degree of heterogeneity and fault‐healing characteristics. The static stress drop remains constant for different‐sized events as is observed for earthquakes. However, the static stress drop of slow slip events is within a range of 0.01–1.0 MPa, 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than that found for earthquakes, which could be related to the low stress state on the fault. The average rupture velocity, ranging from kilometers per second to kilometers per day, decreases linearly with increasing seismic moment in log–log space, unlike earthquakes that are nearly constant. This inverse relationship of rupture velocity with seismic moment could be related to the heterogeneity of fault properties. Slow slip events typically have ratios of event duration over dislocation rise time less than 3, while earthquakes have ratios greater than 3. This indicates that slow slip events are less pulselike than earthquakes in their mode of propagation and suggests that the healing behind the rupture front is delayed. The recurrence statistics of slow slip events on the northern Cascadia subduction zone are weakly time predictable and moderately antislip predictable (that is, the event size and preevent recurrence interval are anticorrelated), which may indicate that healing between events strengthens the fault with time. Online Material: Table of source parameters and data sources.
Kinetic equations for smooth granular systems II. The non-homogeneous gas

Abstract In the present work we derive hydrodynamic equations for the infinite, rarified, smooth, non-homogeneous spherical granular gas. The long-time behavior of these equations is analyzed and we show that the diffusive modes become negligible compared to the propagating modes of the system. This suggests that a mechanism of clustering is responsible for the relative freezing of the diffusive modes.
Affiliation, Pride, Exchange, and Distance in Grandparents' Accounts of Relationships with Their College-Aged Grandchildren.

This paper examines grandparents' written accounts of conversations with their college-aged grandchildren. Using a thematic analysis, we describe 4 themes that indicate the place of the relationship in the grandparents' lives and their general orientation to their grandchildren. It is argued that expressions of affiliation, pride, exchange (primarily of advice and information), and feeling distance from their grandchildren are fundamental elements of the relationship from the grandparents' perspectives. These are discussed in terms of the grandchild's place in the grandparent's life and the complexities of negotiating this relationship during a period of grandchild transition away from the parental home.
The child as anthropologist

Accounts of cognitive development have often portrayed children as independent scientists who gather first-hand data and form theories about the natural world. I argue that this metaphor is inappropriate for children's cultural learning. In that domain, children are better seen as anthropologists who attend to, engage with, and learn from members of their culture. I describe several strategies that children use for such cultural learning. They trust in other people's testimony concerning invisible phenomena; they repeatedly question their caregivers; they defer to others people's demonstrations and claims; and they select informants who are likely to be reliable representatives of their culture.
KKR structure constants for complex crystals

Abstract It is shown how all of the structure constants for complex crystals can be expressed as linear combinations of quantities which can be calculated as for crystals with one atom per unit cell.
WorkQ: A many-core producer/consumer execution model applied to PGAS computations

Partitioned global address space (PGAS) applications, such as the Tensor Contraction Engine (TCE) in NWChem, often apply a one-process-per-core mapping in which each process iterates through the following work-processing cycle: (1) determine a work-item dynamically, (2) get data via one-sided operations on remote blocks, (3) perform computation on the data locally, (4) put (or accumulate) resultant data into an appropriate remote location, and (5) repeat the cycle. However, this simple flow of execution does not effectively hide communication latency costs despite the opportunities for making asynchronous progress. Utilizing nonblocking communication calls is not sufficient unless care is taken to efficiently manage a responsive queue of outstanding communication requests. This paper presents a new runtime model and its library implementation for managing tunable “work queues” in PGAS applications. Our runtime execution model, called WorkQ, assigns some number of on-node “producer” processes to primarily do communication (steps 1, 2, 4, and 5) and the other “consumer” processes to do computation (step 3); but processes can switch roles dynamically for the sake of performance. Load balance, synchronization, and overlap of communication and computation are facilitated by a tunable nodewise FIFO message queue protocol. Our WorkQ library implementation enables an MPI+X hybrid programming model where the X comprises SysV message queues and the user's choice of SysV, POSIX, and MPI shared memory. We develop a simplified software mini-application that mimics the performance behavior of the TCE at arbitrary scale, and we show that the WorkQ engine outperforms the original model by about a factor of 2. We also show performance improvement in the TCE coupled cluster module of NWChem.
Qualitative depth form stereo, with applications

Abstract Obtaining exact depth from binocular disparities is hard if camera calibration is needed. We will show that qualitative information can be obtained from stereo disparities with little computation and without prior knowledge (or computation) of camera parameters. First, we derive two expressions that order all matched points in the images by depth in two distinct ways from image coordinates only. Using one for tilt estimation and point separation (in depth) demonstrates some anomalies observed in psychophysical experiments, most notably the “induced size effect.” We apply the same approach to detect qualitative changes in the curvature of a contour on the surface of an object, with eitherx- ory-coordinate fixed. Second, we develop an algorithm to compute axes of zero-curvature from disparities alone. The algorithm is shown to be quite robust against violations of its basic assumptions for synthetic data with relatively large controlled deviations. It performs almost as well on real images, as demonstrated on an image of four cans at different orientations.
Origins of Planetary Systems: Constraints and Challenges

The study of planet formation is a field that uniquely benefits from both astronomical observations and laboratory studies of primitive meteoritic material left over from the forming Solar System. We concisely review the key constraints from these studies and place them in the frame of the theoretical models. Four major open problems are identified that can be addressed with next-generation ground-based telescopes: (1) The injection of radionucleids to protoplanetary disks; (2) Protostellar collapse and the formation of the first solids; (3) Thermal processing of protoplanetary materials; (4) Disk–planet interactions and disk dispersal.
Teachers as Role Models: Are There Gender Differences in Microcomputer-Based Mathematics and Science Instruction?.

This study examines whether male and female teachers differ in (a) their background or training for instructional uses of microcomputers and (b) their uses of microcomputers to teach mathematics and science. Research carried out in 60 classrooms, 49 schools, and 25 districts in California provided data on district and school microcomputer policies; classroom contexts; and teachers' characteristics, instructional decisions, and practices. A secondary analysis of these data indicated that district and school characteristics and classroom organization and composition did not differ, by and large, among male and female teachers. Furthermore, gender was unrelated to teachers' subject matter and computer knowledge, patterns of microcomputer-based instruction, and instructional decisions and practices. Both female and male teachers provide leadership in the microcomputer movement, have the relevant training and experience which contributes to microcomputer use, use microcomputers for instruction in a variety of ways, and present equally viable role models.
Optimization of EUV laser and discharge devices for high-volume manufacturing

Both Laser and Discharge produced plasma (LPP and DPP) are being used as a light source for EUV lithography. A key challenge for the EUV radiation plasma devices is achieving sufficient brightness to support the throughput requirements of High-Volume Manufacturing lithography exposure tools. One method for improving source brightness is to simulate the source environment in order to optimize the EUV output. An integrated model for the description of hydrodynamics and optical processes in DPP and LPP devices has been developed and integrated into the HEIGHTS-EUV computer simulation package. Model development consisted of several main tasks: plasma evolution and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes; detailed photon radiation transport, and physics of plasma/electrode interactions in DPP devices, scattering processes of the neutral and charged particles of plasma. Advanced numerical methods for the description of magnetic compression and diffusion in 2D and 3D geometries are used in the HEIGHTS package. Radiation transport of both continuum and lines is taken into account with detailed spectral profiles in the EUV region. Monte Carlo methods are used for the modeling of the radiation transport processes, laser radiation absorption, and the debris particles behavior in magnetic field.
doublesex functions early and late in gustatory sense organ development

Somatic sexual dimorphisms outside of the nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster are largely controlled by the male- and female-specific Doublesex transcription factors (DSXM and DSXF, respectively). The DSX proteins must act at the right times and places in development to regulate the diverse array of genes that sculpt male and female characteristics across a variety of tissues. To explore how cellular and developmental contexts integrate with doublesex (dsx) gene function, we focused on the sexually dimorphic number of gustatory sense organs (GSOs) in the foreleg. We show that DSXM and DSXF promote and repress GSO formation, respectively, and that their relative contribution to this dimorphism varies along the proximodistal axis of the foreleg. Our results suggest that the DSX proteins impact specification of the gustatory sensory organ precursors (SOPs). DSXF then acts later in the foreleg to regulate gustatory receptor neuron axon guidance. These results suggest that the foreleg provides a unique opportunity for examining the context-dependent functions of DSX.
Trivalent uranium chemistry: molecular structure of [(Me3Si)2N]3U

Abstract The X-ray crystal structure (−110°C); space group P 3 1 c , a = b = 16.370(2) A , c = 8.302(1) A , α = β = 90°, γ = 120°, V = 1926.7(1) A 3 , Z = 2 ; shows that the geometry of U[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 · 1 3 cyclohexane is pyramidal, consistent with deductions made on the basis of infrared spectroscopy. The UN distance is 2.320(4) A and the NUN angle is 116.24(7)°. The solid state magnetic susceptibility from 35–280 K gives μeff of 3.354(4) withe θ = −13 K and 3.385(4) B.M. with θ = −11 K at 5 and 40 kGauss, respectively. The effective magnetic moments are similar to that found for UF3 and other trivalent uranium metallocenes, consistent with a 5f3 electron configuration.
Research Commentary: Association of Zoonotic Pathogens with Fresh, Estuarine, and Marine Macroaggregates

Aquatic macroaggregates (flocs ≥ 0.5 mm) provide an important mechanism for vertical flux of nutrients and organic matter in aquatic ecosystems, yet their role in the transport and fate of zoonotic pathogens is largely unknown. Terrestrial pathogens that enter coastal waters through contaminated freshwater runoff may be especially prone to flocculation due to fluid dynamics and electrochemical changes that occur where fresh and marine waters mix. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate whether zoonotic pathogens (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Salmonella) and a virus surrogate (PP7) are associated with aquatic macroaggregates and whether pathogen aggregation is enhanced in saline waters. Targeted microorganisms showed increased association with macroaggregates in estuarine and marine waters, as compared with an ultrapure water control and natural freshwater. Enrichment factor estimations demonstrated that pathogens are 2-4 orders of magnitude more concentrated in aggregates than in the estuarine and marine water surrounding the aggregates. Pathogen incorporation into aquatic macroaggregates may influence their transmission to susceptible hosts through settling and subsequent accumulation in zones where aggregation is greatest, as well as via enhanced uptake by invertebrates that serve as prey for marine animals or as seafood for humans.
Anopheles gambiae heat shock protein cognate 70B impedes o'nyong-nyong virus replication

Phylogenetic and functional analysis was conducted on an Anopheles gambiae gene, ENSANGG00000017398. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this gene belongs to the same lineage as Heat shock protein cognate 70-4 (Hsc70-4) in Drosophila. Accordingly, we propose to name this gene Heat shock protein cognate 70B (HSC70B). We previously reported that expression of HSC70B and other genes including elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) and the agglutinin attachment subunit (agglutinin) were up-regulated in o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV)-infected female An. gambiae. Double-stranded RNA interferences have been applied to further investigate HSC70B, EF-1α and the agglutinin functions in ONNV replication in An. gambiae. Among these three RNAi silenced genes, only dsRNAs of HSC70B (dsHSC70B) promoted ONNV replication in adult An. gambiae compared to the control mosquitoes that were co-injected with ONNV and dsRNA of β-galactosidase (dsβ-gal). ONNV titers from mosquitoes co-injected with dsHSC70B were about 9-fold higher at 6 days post-injection (d.p.i.) as compared to the control mosquitoes. By using ONNV tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (ONNV-eGFP), co-injection of ONNV-eGFP with dsHSC70B also showed approximately 2 ~ 3-fold higher GFP expression rates than the controls in the head, thorax, and abdomen of the mosquito. Furthermore, co-injection of ONNV with dsHSC70B significantly reduced the lifespan of adult mosquitoes as compared with the control, co-injection of ONNV with dsβ-gal treated mosquitoes. These results indicate that HSC70B plays important roles in homeostasis and suppression of ONNV replication in the vector, An. gambiae. Biological implications of these findings are that while mosquitoes allow ONNV to replicate in them, they also check viral titers so that ONNV infection will result in no harmful effect on mosquitoes. Therefore, mosquitoes can function as vectors of ONNV transmission to humans while ONNV infection in An. gambiae remains asymptomatic.
Sticky Cultures: Memory Publics and Communal Pasts in Competitive Chess:

Although examinations of social memory have largely focused on societies and large populations, much remembrance occurs within bounded publics. This memory, especially when it is held in common, ties individuals to their chosen groups, establishing an ongoing reality of affiliation. I term this form of memory work as sticky culture, recognizing the centrality of the linkage of selves and groups. To examine how sticky culture operates, I examine the social world of competitive chess with its deep history and rich literature. More specifically, I examine forms through which chess publics are cemented through remembrances of the past, focusing on the hero, the critical moment, and validated styles. Champions, memorable games, and recognized strategies establish a lasting public.
What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean? — a comment

It is a pleasure to see the high-quality Moss Landing iron data set put together into one place by Johnson et al., with new data included along with the compiled published data. This paper will be an invaluable resource for those concerned with iron in the ocean and its consequences. The Moss Landing data compares well with less extensive data from at least four other labs; it appears that the community begins to agree on the distribution of iron in the ocean. The paper is a fitting memorial to John Martin who assembled this fine team and inspired their efforts. The authors of the paper deserve credit for their substantial work at sea and in the laboratory and for taking on the labor of assembling and interpreting the data set. Many of the particulars of the paper can be similarly lauded, but the purpose of marine chemistry discussions is not to praise Caesar, but rather to illuminate through critical commentary and reply. So this discussion will focus upon the following three points:
Anaerobic Cell Culture

Although the ability of some microorganisms to grow without O(2) has long been recognized, the application of new methodologies has greatly expanded the known diversity and potential of anaerobic microorganisms and processes. In particular, anaerobic techniques that permit the successful cultivation of microorganisms on solid media have opened new avenues for the study of the physiology and metabolic potential of many new microorganisms using molecular, genomic, and proteomic tools. One technique above all has proven instrumental for anaerobic studies over the years: the use of the anaerobic chamber. This unit gives a brief description of the methods used for the cultivation of anaerobic microorganisms, and describes in detail the principles and applications of anaerobic chambers, with special emphasis on vinyl glove boxes. The methodologies described in this unit should provide the interested but inexperienced investigator with the basic tools to successfully cultivate anaerobic microorganisms and study anaerobic processes.
Extracting Dynamics from Static Cancer Expression Data

Static expression experiments analyze samples from many individuals. These samples are often snapshots of the progression of a certain disease such as cancer. This raises an intriguing question: Can we determine a temporal order for these samples? Such an ordering can lead to better understanding of the dynamics of the disease and to the identification of genes associated with its progression. In this paper, we formally prove, for the first time, that under a model for the dynamics of the expression levels of a single gene, it is indeed possible to recover the correct ordering of the static expression data sets by solving an instance of the traveling salesman problem (TSP). In addition, we devise an algorithm that combines a TSP heuristic and probabilistic modeling for inferring the underlying temporal order of the microarray experiments. This algorithm constructs probabilistic continuous curves to represent expression profiles and can thus account for noise and for individual background expression differences leading to accurate temporal reconstruction for human data. Applying our method to cancer expression data, we show that the ordering derived agrees well with survival duration. A classifier that utilizes this ordering improves upon other classifiers suggested for this task. The set of genes displaying consistent behavior for the determined ordering is enriched for genes associated with cancer progression.
Minimax State/Residual-Energy Constrained Shapers for Flexible Structures: Linear Programming Approach

The focus of this paper is on the design of shaped profiles subject to transient state constraints and terminal energy limits. The issue of robustness to modeling errors is addressed by formulating a minimax optimization problem in a linear programming framework, permitting the generation of near-globally optimal shaped profiles. To illustrate the proposed technique, a deflection-limited/residual energy constrained, controller design for flexible structures undergoing rest-to-rest maneuvers will be presented. Techniques for improving robustness by the addition of state sensitivity equations, which increases the robustness in the vicinity of the nominal model, are explored. Results for the benchmark oscillator illustrate the benefit of the proposed approach over traditional designs.
Progress in nanoparticles characterization: Sizing and zeta potential measurement

Abstract Characterization of various nanoparticles is on the center stage in nanotechnology development. The subjects for nanoparticles characterization are focused on particle size and particle surface charge determinations. This article summarizes the latest development in particle size analysis using dynamic light scattering and surface charge determination using electrophoretic light scattering for nano- or even sub-nanoparticles in concentrated suspensions.
Implementation Integrity of Practice-Based Coaching: Preliminary Results from the BEST in CLASS Efficacy Trial.

The purpose of this article is to describe the practice-based coaching model used in BEST in CLASS, a Tier-2 classroom-based intervention comprised of evidence-based instructional practices designed to prevent and ameliorate the chronic problem behaviors of young children at risk for the development of emotional/behavioral disorders. Following a description of the model, data from year two of an ongoing 4-year randomized control trial are presented that describe (a) the amount (i.e., dosage) of coaching teachers received during BEST in CLASS implementation, (b) the integrity with which coaches implemented the BEST in CLASS coaching model, and (c) subsequent teacher implementation of the BEST in CLASS strategies. Forty-eight (23 BEST in CLASS; 25 comparison) teachers and ten coaches participated in this descriptive study. Data indicate that following coaches’ observations, teachers received approximately 30 min of practice-based coaching during coaching meetings each week of implementation, and integrity data indicate that coaches implemented the critical coaching skills during the coaching meetings with integrity. Adherence data indicate that teachers in the treatment group increased their extensiveness of the use of BEST in CLASS practices at both post-treatment and 1-month follow-up compared to comparison teachers; competence data indicated that teachers in the treatment group increased the quality of delivery of practices at post-treatment compared to comparison teachers. Implications of these findings for both future research and practice-based coaching implementation are discussed.
The structure and distribution of external sense organs in newly hatched and mature earthworms

Fully mature adult Eisenia foetida sensory buds are abundant on the prostomium and the first segment. In subsequent segments they are restricted to the anterior half where they form a single row aligned with the setae and encircling the worm. In the more posterior regions of the worm the buds are widely separated and fewer. The surface of each bud is a raised circular or oval area from which 15 to 100 so-called sensory hairs arise, being cylindrical and apparently flexible. The number of these projections decreases toward the posterior end of the worm. In worms newly emerged from egg cocoons, the general pattern of distribution and external form of sensory buds resembles that of adults, but the buds are much fewer and smaller than in adults. Although these worms emerge with their definitive adult number of segments, new buds and additional sensory projections are formed during post hatching development.
Finite element thermal model for high power transients in microelectronics with CVD diamond heat spreaders

A finite element model is developed for predicting the time-dependent temperature response in high power microelectronics which employ periodic transients. A comparison of a package containing a beryllium oxide (BeO) heat spreader to a package containing a CVD diamond heat spreader is completed. The transport method, for this model, is limited to conduction; contact with a cold plate boundary and a constant initial operating temperature are modeled. The anisotropic nature of CVD diamond's thermal conductivity is considered. The rapid thermal shock associated initially is a significant factor in the life of the device and its associated package. The small time steps required to model a transient package of even moderate frequency creates computational problems. Given the limitations in software and hardware, a method for predicting the transient response of a microelectronics package is developed.
Reduced Rearing Temperature Augments Responses in Sympathetic Outflow to Brown Adipose Tissue

Sympathetic outflow to brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to both thermoregulation and energy expenditure in rats through regulation of BAT thermogenesis. Acute cold exposure in mature animals augments BAT thermogenesis; however, the enhanced BAT thermogenic response returns to normal shortly after cessation of the cold exposure. In this study, we sought to determine whether cold exposure in early neonatal life could induce enhanced responses in the sympathetic outflow to BAT and whether this altered sympathetic regulation would be sustained after the cold stimulus was removed. BAT sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) was recorded in urethane-chloralose-anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats that were raised from birth in either 18 or 30 degrees C environments and then, at 8 weeks of age, were maintained in 23 degrees C for at least 4 weeks. An acute hypothermic stimulus, disinhibition of a brainstem thermogenic network in the raphe pallidus, or electrical stimulation in this raphe site produced increases in BAT SNA that were twice as great in rats reared at 18 degrees C as in those reared at 30 degrees C. The norepinephrine content of the interscapular BAT (IBAT) and the number of sympathetic ganglion cells projecting to interscapular BAT were 70% greater in the 18 degrees C-reared rats. We conclude that neonatal exposure to a cold environment induces a permanent developmental alteration in the capacity for sympathetic stimulation of BAT thermogenesis that may be mediated, in part, by a greater number of sympathetic ganglion cells innervating BAT in cold-reared animals.
Understanding and visualizing full systems with data flow tomography

It is not uncommon for modern systems to be composed of a variety of interacting services, running across multiple machines in such a way that most developers do not really understand the whole system. As abstraction is layered atop abstraction, developers gain the ability to compose systems of extraordinary complexity with relative ease. However, many software properties, especially those that cut across abstraction layers, become very difficult to understand in such compositions. The communication patterns involved, the privacy of critical data, and the provenance of information, can be difficult to find and understand, even with access to all of the source code. The goal of Data Flow Tomography is to use the inherent information flow of such systems to help visualize the interactions between complex and interwoven components across multiple layers of abstraction. In the same way that the injection of short-lived radioactive isotopes help doctors trace problems in the cardiovascular system, the use of "data tagging" can help developers slice through the extraneous layers of software and pin-point those portions of the system interacting with the data of interest. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach we have developed a prototype system in which tags are tracked both through the machine and in between machines over the network, and from which novel visualizations of the whole system can be derived. We describe the system-level challenges in creating a working system tomography tool and we qualitatively evaluate our system by examining several example real world scenarios.
Acoustic Power Maps of Solar Active Regions

Using observations made by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), we find that within solar active regions the spatial distributions of Doppler velocity power and continuum intensity power differ. The oscillation power within any pixel is a strong function of the magnetic field strength within that pixel. The amplitudes of oscillations with frequencies less than 5.2 mHz decrease with field strength for both velocity and continuum intensity measurements. However, within active regions oscillations with frequencies between 5.2 and 7.0 mHz have suppressed continuum intensity amplitudes but enhanced velocity amplitudes. The enhancement of the high-frequency velocity signal is largest in pixels with intermediate field strength (50-250 G) and is a manifestation of the high-frequency acoustic halos. We find that the high-frequency halos are absent in MDI observations of the continuum intensity.
Determinants of consumption and savings behavior in developing countries

The determinants of savings generally and the specific effects of government policies on savings and consumption are pivotal forces in investment and economic growth. The Hall hypothesis states that consumption is a function of lifetime ("permanent") income, rather than income in each period independently. Changes in interest and tax rates, money supply, or government expenditure will affect permanent income and hence consumption and savings only if they are unexpected and thus not already incorporated in the estimation of permanent income. We are unable to reject the Hall hypothesis in tests for developing countries when we allow for varying interest rates. We do find evidence of a negative effect of inflation on consumption, and a positive relationship between the real interest rate and consumption. The evidence for the Hall hypothesis also suggests that Ricardian equivalence may be valid-this is Barro's hypothesis that the effect on savings is the same whether government deficits are financed through taxation or debt. Our preliminary testing, however, does not support Ricardian equivalence. Savings is the part of one's current income that is not spent on current consumption, and it constitutes a large part of a nation's aggregate savings and investment and thus is a major determinant of the growth of future income and consumption. Households balance the tradeoffs between current and future consumption possibilities when making their individual consumption decisions. Understanding the determinants of households' consumption behavior has been central to macroeconomics. The three main theoretical approaches to this issue are Keynesian consumption theory, the life-cycle-permanent-income hypothesis under rational expectations, and the theory of the infinitely lived agent or altruistically linked consumers. The theories differ in the extent to which they explain the observed consumer behavior, and in their predictions regarding the effects of government policies on individual savings behavior. For instance, increased taxes, higher nominal interest rates, or an increase in the money
Hierarchical vector finite elements for analyzing waveguiding structures

In this paper, we extend the finite-element method into hierarchical higher order bases and the inexact Helmholtz decomposition. With the help of hierarchical basis functions, the approach can adopt well into the p version adaptive process. On the other hand, the inexact Helmholtz decomposition enhances the stability of the finite-element procedure when the operating frequency is low or the element size is very small compared to the wavelength. This approach can also enhance the h version adaptive mesh refinement process since the process may cause very small elements near a singular region. To accomplish the inexact Helmholtz decomposition for the edge elements, the lowest order curl conforming basis functions, the tree-cotree splitting, is utilized, and the general procedure is presented. As a result, a combination of hierarchical higher order basis functions with the inexact Helmholtz decomposition can improve the efficiency and the stability of the hp adaptive mesh refinement process. The accuracy and stability of the proposed approach are also discussed through numerical examples.
African-American Mothers' Community Social Capital and Parenting Quality: Does Personal Outlook Make a Difference?

This study examined community characteristics as predictors of parenting quality among African-American mothers. Residential stability and social capital are defined as positive features of community social organization, especially in areas with high concentrations of poor, single, African-American mothers with children. In residentially stable communities, members are able to form social ties to community, and this helps community members build social resources in the form of social capital. Among the 759 African-American mothers who participated in the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS), there was a positive and direct relationship from perceptions of community social capital and organizational group participation to parenting quality. Personal outlook did not mediate the relationship between any of the social capital study variables (residential stability, perceptions of social capital, and organizational group participation) and parenting quality. To the contrary, personal outlook was significa...
Efficient and exact quantum compression

We present a divide and conquer based algorithm for optimal quantum compression/decompression, using O(n(log^4n)loglogn) elementary quantum operations. Our result provides the first quasi-linear time algorithm for asymptotically optimal (in size and fidelity) quantum compression and decompression. We also outline the quantum gate array model to bring about this compression in a quantum computer. Our method uses various classical algorithmic tools to significantly improve the bound from the previous best known bound of O(n^3) for this operation.
Family Care Providers Sources of Role Strain and Its Management

Family care providers for the developmentally disabled, like all role incumbents, must function with some degree of role performance ambiguity, and reconcile different expectations from role partners. Interviews were conducted with 20 caretakers and involved 51 open-ended questions. The discussion of the day-to-day management of this role focused on three inherent difficulties and mechanisms used by incumbents to cope with them: (1) a need to negotiate the altered relationship with the community at large that results from the voluntary assumption of the care of a stigmatized person; (2) the role strains resulting from the adoption of a natural parent analogy, the selection of which is almost inevitable, given the situation of foster care applicants; and (3) the necessity to manage the incompatibility of subordinating parent discretion to agency supervision, by means of redefining relations with the agency in the person of the case manager. The directions in which this conceptualization of the role of the ...
Surveying the Effect of Media Effects A Meta‐Analytic Summary of the Media Effects Research in Human Communication Research

This is a unique investigation that is particular to the needs of this special issue of Human Communication Research (HCR). Specifically, this study analyzes the media effects research that has been published in HCR during the past 25 years via meta-analysis. Numerous significant findings point to various themes and trends regarding media research in HCR. First, age is related to processing ability, understanding, and attending to media such that as children age, they better understand media messages. Second, the mass media are a significant source of learning. Third, the media can influence attitudes, which in turn, may influence or shape behaviors. Political, social, and educational implications of the findings are discussed. In addition, directions for future research, including the use of meta-analysis as a methodological tool, are discussed, as is the social responsibility of scholars in exploring the positive effects of media as opposed to ones with potentially antisocial outcomes.
Aggregation of the High Affinity IgE Receptor Results in the Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Surface Adhesion Protein PECAM-1 (CD31)

One of the earliest events after aggregation of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) on mast cells is the activation of protein tyrosine kinases resulting in tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous proteins. Using a monoclonal antibody raised against the rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells, we identified that platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1 or CD31) was tyrosine phosphorylated in these cells. Aggregation of PECAM-1 did not induce a detectable increase in its tyrosine phosphorylation, nor did it result in degranulation. However, the minimal tyrosine phosphorylation of PECAM-1 in nonstimulated cells was dramatically increased after FcepsilonRI aggregation. This receptor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PECAM-1 was an early event, independent of Ca2+ influx or of the activation of protein kinase C and of cell adhesion. PECAM-1 is an adhesion molecule that is required for the transmigration of leukocytes across the endothelium into sites of inflammation. Therefore tyrosine phosphorylation of PECAM-1 may modulate its interaction with other molecules, thereby regulating the migration of basophils into inflammatory sites.
Unbalanced Frontogenesis. Part I: Zero Potential Vorticity

Abstract Unbalanced frontogenesis is studied in a two-dimensional, Boussinesq, rotating fluid that is constrained between two rigid, level surfaces. The potential vorticity is zero. The initial state is unbalanced because there is no motion and the potential temperature is given by the error function of x. An analytic solution is derived based on the neglect of the barotropic pressure gradient. The solution procedure uses momentum coordinates to obtain nonlinear solutions. When the initial Rossby number (Ro) is less than 1.435 the horizontal wind components display an inertial oscillation. During the first part of the inertial period (0 < ft < π) the isentropes develop a tilt and frontogenesis occurs, while in the second part (π < ft < 2π) the isentropes return to a vertical orientation and frontolysis brings the temperature gradient back to its original value at ft = 2π. For larger values of Ro a frontal discontinuity forms before ft = π. The importance of the barotropic pressure gradient is determined i...
Innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the anti-tumor mechanisms of action of OncoVEXmGM-CSF

Meeting abstracts Talimogene laherparepvec, an investigational oncolytic immunotherapy, is a modified herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) designed to selectively replicate in tumors and to initiate a systemic immune response to target cancer cells. Intralesional administration of talimogene
Chest Lymph Node Anatomy

In 2009, a new lung cancer lymph node map was proposed by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) to reconcile the difference between the Naruke [1] and the Mountain–Dresler–American Thoracic Society (ATS) [2] maps and redefine the definitions of the anatomical boundaries of each lymph node station [3].
Applications of Frozen Section to Intraoperative Evaluations of Extranodal Tissues for Hematolymphoid Disorders and Diagnostic Pitfalls of Frozen Section to Intraoperative Evaluations of Lymph Nodes for Hematolymphoid Disorders

Frozen sections of extranodal tissues that are highly suspected of a hematolymphoid disorder or malignancy are primarily limited to situations in which there is a markedly paucicellular specimen upon review of the touch preparation. Even in those situations, nodular sclerosing classical Hodgkin lymphoma and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma may result in paucicellular touch preparations and should be considered in mediastinal tissue biopsies.
Broadband CARS - Instrumentation, Quantitation, and Application

I will discuss capabilities and applications of broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (BCARS) microscopy, focusing on optimized excitation paradigms, quantitative signal extraction, and applications in investigations of tissues and small organisms.