cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nature scaled to body: literary adaptation, space, and genre in Terrence Malick’s The Thin Red Line (1998) and G.W. Pabst’s Westfront 1918 (1930)

ABSTRACTThe issue of filmic adaptation of literature in Terrence Malick’s The Thin Red Line (1998) has roused a wide range of responses from critics. A comparison to another important war adaptation – G.W. Pabst’s Westfront 1918, of Ernst Johannsen’s novel Four from the Infantry – reveals various issues relating to adaptation, particularly how filmmakers foreground embodied affect as a means to convey a novels’ anti-war message. Although many critics and scholars have cited F.W. Murnau’s Tabu (1931) as an influence, the comparison to Westfront yields more intriguing parallels, particularly in how the two adaptations work with, and against, the war genre. The films vary core elements of the syntax of the war genre in parallel ways, including: the diegetic distance from home; the scaling of the plot from individual to nation (and back again); and the deliberate transformation of scenic landscape into subjugated territory. These embodied and affective parallels in the adaptations complicate the visual hegemo...
Preclinical models in ovarian cancer

Abstract The overall poor clinical outcome for women with ovarian cancer necessitates accurate tumor model systems that can yield preclinical advances for translation to new patient-centered treatment strategies. Our preclinical knowledge of ovarian cancer is largely based on traditional in vitro two-dimensional cell culture studies; however, this approach fails to fully recapitulate the complexity of the tumor. Multiple newer model systems have been established, including three-dimensional cell culture models, genetically engineered mouse models, and patient-derived xenografts. These models seek to address the important concepts of the tumor microenvironment and tumor heterogeneity. Genetically engineered mouse models additionally provide the opportunity to study the genetic underpinnings of tumor development as well as carry out cancer prevention studies. In this chapter, we will discuss the application of each of these three model systems to the study of ovarian cancer and drug development, including the unique strengths and limitations of each approach.
Nicht nur Leidenspathos : Deutschlandgedichte im 17. Jahrhundert

Aus gelost wurde der Dreisigjahrige Krieg durch den Aufstand d es protestantischen bohmischen Adels gegen die katholische habsburgische Landesherrschaft (›Prager Fenstersturz‹ 1618) und der darauf folgenden Wahl des calvinistischen Kurfursten Friedrich V. von der Pfalz zum bohmischen Konig 1619. Die religiosen und machtpolitischen Konflikte eskalierten zum ›grosen teutschen Krieg‹, der sich zu einem verheerenden europaischen Krieg auf deutschem Boden entwickelte und ein verwustetes Land hinterlies. Auf europaischer Ebene gehort der Dreisigjahrige Krieg zusammen mit den weiteren kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen des 17.
Classification methods for problem size reduction in spare part provisioning

Abstract Spare part provisioning for asset-intensive companies is a complicated problem due to the large number of items, low demand rates, and multi-echelon environment. A primary strategy for reducing the size and managing a large number of spare parts is using grouping techniques and data aggregation. In this paper, we address the question of how to reduce the size and complexity of large-scale, two-echelon, service part provisioning systems to benefit both inventory service levels and managerial processes while considering performance trade-offs. This paper contributes a performance-based inventory classification approach for a two-echelon inventory model by developing a novel ranking method. First, it defines the concept of the artificial stocking policy as a new classification criterion in the literature. Then, it adopts a non-subjective weighted linear scoring method for ranking items in the entire network. Finally, it presents a heuristic partitioning method, which is evaluated and compared with complete enumeration and eight alternative clustering and classification methods. The proposed model is implemented and tested in the context of the classic repairable spare part inventory model, called the VARI-METRIC. The results indicate that the proposed method is easy to apply and significantly outperforms the alternatives.
Flood action VR: a virtual reality framework for disaster awareness and emergency response training

Natural disasters constitute unexpected and severe threats with devastating effects on communities worldwide. Recent studies emphasize the importance of public awareness and training of first responders in disaster preparedness and response activities. This paper presents a virtual reality framework that creates a realistic 3D gaming environment with real-time and historical weather and disaster conditions. Main goals of the project are to increase public awareness about disasters by using gamification techniques, and train and evaluate emergency responders by simulating real-life scenarios. The system is supported by voice recognition to interact with the virtual world, and analyze user's actions and voice to detect emotional and psychological state.
Order Flows and Financial Investor Impacts in Commodity Futures Markets

We investigate the impacts of financial investors in commodity markets using intraday trade-and- quote data for commodity futures. We find strong evidence of order flows and price impacts in agricultural futures markets associated with changes in the positions of index traders reported by the CFTC. These order flows and price impacts are consistent with the magnitudes of the index flows, and are concentrated in the minutes just prior to daily futures settlement, when the price impact of order flow is generally lowest. While we confirm the positive returns around the issuance of commodity-linked notes documented by Henderson, Pearson, and Wang (2015), we find that these notes are an order of magnitude too small for the price impacts of hedging trades to explain these returns. We provide evidence that the positive returns are more consistent with CLN issuance responding to commodity prices rather than vice-versa.
Opponent neurochemical and functional processing in NREM and REM sleep in visual learning

Abstract Sleep is beneficial for learning. However, whether NREM or REM sleep facilitates learning, whether the learning facilitation results from plasticity increases or stabilization and whether the facilitation results from learning-specific processing are all controversial. Here, after training on a visual task we measured the excitatory and inhibitory neurochemical (E/I) balance, an index of plasticity in human visual areas, for the first time, while subjects slept. Off-line performance gains of presleep learning were associated with the E/I balance increase during NREM sleep, which also occurred without presleep training. In contrast, increased stabilization was associated with decreased E/I balance during REM sleep only after presleep training. These indicate that the above-mentioned issues are not matters of controversy but reflect opposite neurochemical processing for different roles in learning during different sleep stages: NREM sleep increases plasticity leading to performance gains independently of learning, while REM sleep decreases plasticity to stabilize learning in a learning-specific manner.
Enrichment of Antigen-Specific Class-Switched B Cells from Individuals Naturally Immunized by Infection with Group A Streptococcus

ABSTRACT The low frequency of circulating antigen-specific memory B cells is a considerable obstacle in the discovery and development of human monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic application. Here, we evaluate two solid-phase isolation methods to enrich the number of antigen-specific B cells from individuals naturally immunized against streptolysin O (SLO), a key virulence factor and known immunogen of group A streptococcus (GAS). Class-switched B cells obtained from individuals with a history of GAS infection were separated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by immunomagnetic methods. SLO-specific B cells were further enriched directly by binding to SLO monomers and captured by streptavidin-coated magnetic microbeads or indirectly by binding a fluorescently labeled SLO-streptavidin tetramer and captured by anti-fluorophore immunomagnetic microbeads. SLO-bound B cells were quantitated by flow cytometry and/or expanded in batch culture to determine IgG specificity. From individuals who have suffered a GAS infection ≥2 years prior, only the direct method enriched SLO-specific B cells, as determined by flow cytometry. Likewise, in batch culture, B cells isolated by the direct method resulted in an average of 375-fold enrichment in anti-SLO IgG, while no enrichment was observed for B cells isolated by the indirect method. The direct method established here provides a simple approach to increase low-frequency antigen-specific B cell populations supporting many downstream applications, such as immortalization of B cells, cloning of immunoglobulin genes, or purification of antibodies from supernatant for future study. Overall, this process is efficient, is inexpensive, and can be applied to many naturally immunogenic antigens. IMPORTANCE Bacteria called group A streptococci can cause a variety of skin and soft tissue infections ranging from mild pharyngitis (“strep throat”) to deadly necrotizing fasciitis (sometimes called “flesh-eating” disease). In each case, the development of disease and the degree of tissue damage are mediated by toxins released from the bacteria during infection. Consequently, novel therapies aimed at clearing bacterial toxins are greatly needed. One promising new treatment is the utilization of monoclonal antibodies delivered as an immunotherapeutic for toxin neutralization. However, current methods of antibody development are laborious and costly. Here, we report a method to enrich and increase the detection of highly desirable antigen-specific memory B cells from individuals previously exposed to GAS using a cost-effective and less-time-intensive strategy. We envision that this method will be incorporated into many applications supporting the development of immunotherapeutics.
How care decisions are made among interdisciplinary providers caring for critically injured patients: A qualitative study

Abstract Background Injury is the leading cause of death in people under 45 years of age in the United States; however, how care decisions occur in critical injury is poorly understood. This exploratory study sought to generate hypotheses about how care decisions are made among interdisciplinary providers caring for patients who have been critically injured. Methods This was a qualitative study conducted at two intensive care units in a level 1 trauma center in an urban, teaching, safety-net hospital. Semistructured interviews consisted of case scenarios with competing clinical priorities presented to 25 interdisciplinary providers, elucidating how decisions are approached. Responses were recorded, transcribed, and coded. Thematic analysis was conducted to discover central themes. Category formulation and sorting was done for data reduction and thematic structuring of the data. The range and central tendency of these themes are reported. Results The central theme for how care decisions are made among interdisciplinary providers was through the distribution of shared responsibility. The distribution of shared responsibility depended on interdisciplinary communication to navigate the two subthemes of time and roles. Time had to be navigated carefully, because it was both an opportunity for data acquisition and consensus building but also a pressure to decisively progress care. Roles were distinct but interchangeable and consisted of experts, actualizers, and questioners. Conclusion Care decisions are made in the context of shared responsibility among interdisciplinary providers. Interdisciplinary communication is a means of establishing roles and navigating time to distribute shared responsibility among interdisciplinary providers.
PrivateEx: privacy preserving exchange of crypto-assets on blockchain

Bitcoin introduces a new type of cryptocurrency that does not rely on a central system to maintain transactions. Inspired by the success of Bitcoin, all types of alt cryptocurrencies were invented in recent years. Some of the new cryptocurrencies focus on privacy enhancement, where transaction information such as value and sender/receiver identity can be hidden, such as Zcash and Monero. However, there are few schemes to support multiple types of cryptocurrencies/assets and offer privacy enhancement at the same time. The major challenge for a multiple asset system is that it needs to support two-way assets exchange between participants besides one-way asset transfer. Thus, we propose a privacy-preserving exchange scheme, PrivateEx, which preserves the privacy of the exchange of different assets. PrivateEx utilizes zero-knowledge proof and a novel way to "lock" assets involved in the exchange to guarantee the correctness, fairness, and privacy of exchange of assets in the system. We also implement a prototype of PrivateEx and evaluate its performance to show that it is practical with modern computers.
The Joint Distribution of the Discrete Random Set Vector and Bivariate Coarsening at Random Models

In this paper, the characterization of the joint distribution of random set vector by the belief function is investigated. A method for constructing the joint distribution of discrete bivariate random sets through copula is given, and a routine of calculating the corresponding bivariate coarsening at random model of finite random sets is obtained. Several examples are given to illustrate our results.
Abstract P165: Improvement In Self-monitoring Frequency, Electronic Data Sharing, And Medication Changes In A Pragmatic Cluster-randomized Trial Of Home Blood Pressure Telemonitoring And Pharmacist Care (Hyperlink 3)

Introduction: Telehealth and remote monitoring have become critical to patient access to care during the COVID-19 pandemic. We measured the effect of a telehealth care intervention on frequency, sh...
Employing FREYA for fission product yield evaluations

The fast event-by-event fission code FREYA (Fission Reaction Event Yield Algorithm) generates large samples of complete fission events while employing only a few physics-based parameters. Not only is FREYA fast, it is also flexible, able to employ a variety of input formats to test the implications of various fission yield evaluations on neutron and photon observables. We describe how FREYA was applied to the neutron-rich nuclei needed for r -process nucleosynthesis calculations as an example of this flexibility. Finally, we discuss how we plan to make use of this flexibility to extend FREYA to calculations of cumulative fission product yields to aid evaluations of these yields in the future.
Product Liability's Amazon Problem

Throughout its rise from startup bookseller to the world’s most valuable company, Amazon has managed to disrupt nearly every aspect of the twentieth-century retail model. Its website now accounts for over half of all online shopping in the United States, acting as a literal “Everything Store” for the millions of customers who browse its virtual catalog each day. But Amazon is more than just a store - in addition to directly selling merchandise, its marketplace also lists the offerings of hundreds of thousands of independent merchants. By some estimates these third-party sellers now account for over 60% of Amazon’s transactions, and the fees collected from these sales now make up one of the company’s most important revenue streams. As Amazon has reinvented retail, tort law has struggled to keep up. Modern product liability doctrines were developed at a time when supply chains were linear and market participants could be neatly cabined into roles like “seller” or “manufacturer.” By design, Amazon’s business model disrupts that paradigm, removing the middlemen between manufacturers and consumers while reducing the friction that might keep foreign (or otherwise judgment-proof) manufacturers from putting dangerous products on the market. And while courts have readily held its third-party merchants strictly liable when they sell defective products through Amazon’s website, Amazon’s own role in these transactions is far less clear. This Article proceeds in three parts. Part I begins with an overview of contemporary product liability law, discussing the origins of the strict liability rule and the rise of the Second Restatement’s approach to no fault recovery. Part II focuses on the doctrine’s application to Amazon, tracking the outcome of every product liability lawsuit filed against the company between January 2015 and December 2020. Finally, Part III is prescriptive, discussing both why and how courts should respond to Amazon’s disruption of product liability law.
Convergence Properties of an Exact Band Theory

Green’s function band theory (GFBT) has advanced considerably in its attainable precision and range of applicability since its development by Korringa1 and by Kohn and Rostoker2. The Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) equations can be applied to virtually any crystalline structure and yield reasonably accurate bands. They have substantial computational advantages, including the separation of the effects of structure and potential in the secular equation and rapid convergence with a relatively small secular determinant.
(Southern) Urban, American Education: Myths and Methods

The advent of urban education, in America, brought about the recognition of the cultural and environmental ‘cognitives’ as they relate to students in industrialized states. The imperatives surrounding the education of these students require that educators factor diverse cultural identities, languages (foreign and dialects), ‘challenged’ economic situations, and limited funding for public education into their curriculum planning. The new frontier of Southern, urban education is looming before pedagogy and administrators presently. America’s Southern regions are booming with population and economic growth. Currently, the primary and secondary schools of the Southern regions rank poorly against their Northern counterparts. These (newly) recognized urban students lack fundamental proficiency in math, English, and Science. Most are IT illiterate. The deficient practices of the schools that educate or mal-educate these pupils must be acknowledged and hopefully changed. This paper seeks to explore the role historical elements of urban education and the methodologies (successful and non-successful) that are part of this discipline. Southern, urban education and the different and/or similar practices (past and present) will be explored with a focus upon the new challenges within.
A Hyperosmolar Saline Solution Fortified with Anti-Inflammatory Components Mitigates Articular Cartilage Pro-Inflammatory and Degradative Responses in an In Vitro Model of Knee Arthroscopy.

ObjectiveTo evaluate differences in pro-inflammatory and degradative mediator production from osteoarthritic knee articular cartilage explants treated with a hyperosmolar saline solution supplement...
Atypical Cellular Chorangioma A Mitotically Active Tumor of the Placenta

○ We describe an unusual, large atypical cellular chorangioma with abundant mitoses and focal necrosis. Other than premature birth, the prenatal and postpartum clinical course was unremarkable for both the mother and baby. Our case and a few similar cases reported in literature suggest that atypical cellular chorangioma is a benign tumor, despite its worrisome histopathologic features.
Intentional Overdose Prevention in the Era of the 90-Day Prescription.

The market share of 90-day prescriptions has risen dramatically in recent years, primarily because of increasing incentivization by insurers, pharmacies, and pharmacy benefit managers. Although 90-...
Computational polarized Raman microscopy on sub-surface nanostructures with sub-diffraction-limit resolution.

Raman microscopy with resolution below the diffraction limit is demonstrated on sub-surface nanostructures. Unlike most other modalities for nanoscale measurements, our approach is able to image nanostructures buried several microns below the sample surface while still extracting details about the chemistry, strain, and temperature of the nanostructures. In this work, we demonstrate that combining polarized Raman microscopy adjusted to optimize edge enhancement effects and nanostructure contrast with fast computational deconvolution methods can improve the spatial resolution while preserving the flexibility of Raman microscopy. The cosine transform method demonstrated here enables significant computational speed-up from O(N3) to O(Nlog N) - resulting in computation times that are significantly below the image acquisition time. CMOS poly-Si nanostructures buried below 0.3 − 6 µm of complex dielectrics are used to quantify the performance of the instrument and the algorithm. The relative errors of the feature sizes, the relative chemical concentrations and the fill factors of the deconvoluted images are all approximately 10% compared with the ground truth. For the smallest poly-Si feature of 230 nm, the absolute error is approximately 25 nm.
The World Ocean Circulation Experiment

Greenhouse effect. Global warming. These problems have propelled society into seeking to detect, understand, and predict climate change. Scientists know that global and regional cycling of the Earth's heat, fresh water, and carbon play important roles in climate change. Ocean reservoirs of these properties are much larger than those of the atmosphere. Key to understanding and modeling climate change, therefore, is knowing how heat, fresh water, and carbon are exchanged between ocean and atmosphere and stored and transported between the upper and deep ocean layers and between the equatorial and polar ocean regions.
Physical Map of the DNA Genome of Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

Abstract A physical map of the 88 × 106 dalton, circular DNA genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus was constructed. The complete order of BamHI and XmaI restriction enzyme sites was determined. The EcoRI and HindIII fragments were partially ordered, and their general locations, relative to the BamHI and XmaI maps, were determined. Alterations in the restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of natural genotypic variants of A. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, including Trichoplusia ni MEV nuclear polyhedrosis virus, were located on the physical map. Alterations were found throughout the A. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA genome.
Incivility at Work: A Project Management Case Involving Workplace Bullying

This situation-based exercise explores the concept of workplace bullying -- abusive verbal or nonverbal behavior or sabotaging tactics which prevent workers from performing satisfactorily (Namie & Namie, 2004). Workplace bullying is costly as it disrupts productivity and negatively impacts employee retention and recruitment (Becker, Bailey, & Catanio, 2014). Bullying often results from a power imbalance between victim and perpetrator, as such, human resource management can champion a strong organizational culture in which employees feel free to speak openly, question authority figures and report workplace incivility concerns (Crothers, Lipinski, & Minutolo, 2009). A focus on identifying and creating resources to help victims creates a workplace environment that promotes civility and does not tolerate bullying. Training employees can help increase awareness of the issues involved. A case involving supervisory favoritism that accelerated a workplace bully is presented.
Clubs and the cost of agency

The paper investigates the impact of agency costs on clubmembership. Using a simple principal-agent model, under standardassumptions, the paper demonstrates that increased agency costsassociated with hidden action can lead to an expansionary bias.
Isolation and characterization of glutamine synthetase from chicken neural retina.

Abstract A procedure is described for the isolation of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) from chicken neural retina, and the enzyme has been purified to homogeneity. Its amino acid composition is given and the results of electron microscopic examinations are described. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing either sodium dodecyl sulfate or urea showed that the enzyme consists of homogeneous subunits with a molecular weight of 42,000 ± 2,000. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was found by sedimentation equilibrium analysis to be 392,000. The sedimentation coefficient of the enzyme (15.8 S) and the Stokes radius (59 A) were determined and their combination gave a molecular weight of 386,000. Calculations from these data would indicate the presence of nine subunits in the native enzyme; however, other considerations favor an octameric structure with a molecular weight of the order of 340,000. The possible reasons for the apparent discrepancy between this value and those obtained from the sedimentation data are discussed. Electron microscopy showed the native enzyme molecules as rectangular particles with dimensions of about 90 x 90 x 125 A; occasionally the individual molecules were seen associated in chain-like aggregates.
Perspectives: Inverse photoemission

Abstract Inverse photoemission is a spectroscopy that probes unoccupied electronic states and thereby complements photoemission which probes occupied states. Key areas are identified where inverse photoemission is likely to have its greatest impact, e.g., chemisorption, semiconductor surfaces, and surface magnetism.
Management of the hematological manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS

Hematological abnormalities, characterized by cytopenias, are a problem commonly encountered by persons with HIV or AIDS. Cytopenias can be multifactorial in their causation and potentially life threatening to this population. An understanding of the various causes of these cytopenias and the appropriate nursing care are tantamount to nursing practice and to ensure quality of life. Goals of medical and nursing care are directed at assessment, interventions, and patient education to prevent or minimize the complications of hematological abnormalities. This article reviews current knowledge regarding the causes, pathophysiology, treatments, and nursing care of HIV/AIDS-related hematological abnormalities.
Determination of effective electron source size using multislit and pinhole cameras.

Two independent methods have been utilized for determination of effective source sizes for 6, 12, and 20 MeV electron beamsgenerated by a Varian 2100C linear accelerator. First, a multislit camera has been constructed using parallel aluminum plates and plastic strip spacers, similar to the beam-spot camera for the photon source imaging. Second, pinhole imaging was performed using a lead plate with a small hole on the central axis of the beam. The plate thickness and the hole diameter varied with electron energy. The cameras were positioned directly at the opening of the movable photoncollimator. The size of the source distribution from each camera was characterized by its full width at half-maximum (FWHM) value. The measured values of FWHM are different for each camera because of their different imaging principles. For the multislit camera, the measured FWHM values were (6.3±0.4) cm for the 6 MeV beam, (3.6±0.4) cm for 12 MeV, and (2.7±0.4) cm for 20 MeV. For the pinhole camera the measured values of FWHM were (7.9±0.6) cm for 6 MeV, (4.5±0.4) cm for 12 MeV, and (3.0±0.4) cm for the 20 MeV beam. Additionally, the effective source position was derived from output measurements at different values of the SSD, which were fitted to the inverse square law.
Parasitic conjoined twins with omphalocele and tetralogy of Fallot.

Human parasitic twins are very rare. Here we report a unique case of a partial twin attached to the host in the midline at the forehead, chin, chest, and epigastrium. The parasite lacked thoracic organs and major neural tube derivatives. However, it had small peripheral nerves and ganglia within perirenal and pericolonic connective tissue. Also present were a well-developed small intestine, colon, and appendix with normal submucosal and myenteric plexuses. These findings may represent either the initial presence of a neural tube that later regressed or migration of autosite neural crest cells. The parasite had a mature, functioning kidney with its ureter opening to skin and complete absence of urinary bladder or genital organs. This raises questions about the embryological development of the ureteric bud, which is an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct. The host had tetralogy of Fallot and omphalocele containing the parasitic kidney and bowel. Parasitic twinning occurs at 3 weeks of gestation, tetralogy of ...
Optimal multi-period service capacity allocation and pricing allowing for uncertain competitive entry

A nonlinear programming model is formulated in this paper to determine the optimal scheme of capacity allocation and prices over a multi-period planning horizon for a service provider in the absence and presence of uncertain competitive entry. The model is solved for constant, decreasing, and increasing price sensitivities employing a combination of analytical and numerical methods. The study highlights the importance of advance selling of service prior to its eventual consumption in the spot period and investigates the impact of uncertain competitive entry on the optimal capacity allocation policy and its related profit if the entry is more or less likely or if the rival is more or less influential. The findings of the study reveal that the conclusions drawn from a two-period model are not necessarily generalizable to a model of a multi-period planning horizon.
Survey on Faculty Use of Interactive Videodisc Technology in Teacher Education

A videodisc and related technology research project was set up at an urban university to improve the delivery of information by professors, and the understanding of important concepts by education students. An exploratory study was conducted to investigate factors that influence the use of technology by faculty who teach the core curricula in the under/postgraduate education program. Through the use of questionnaires and direct interviews, the factors that influenced the decisions to use or not to use the available videodisc technology were isolated. Principal among these were: time, student and faculty knowledge of technology, conceptions about the technology and its potential, faculty incentives to become involved, and administrative support.
Glucoprivic induction of Fos immunoreactivity in hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons

The hypothalamic neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) regulates pituitary secretion of the glucoregulatory hormones, growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). The glucose antimetabolite, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), elicits expression of the proto-oncogene product Fos, which is expressed in hypothalamic structures where DA is synthesized. These studies utilized dual-label immunocytochemistry to determine whether discrete DA neuron populations in this region of the brain exhibit Fos immunoreactivity (-ir) in response to glucopenia. Ovariectomized female rats implanted s.c. with exogenous estradiol or vehicle were injected with 2DG (400 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline, and sacrificed 2 h later. Whereas Fos-ir was negligible after saline administration, 2DG induced expression of Fos-ir by TH-ir neurons in the paraventricular (PVN), periventricular (Pe) and arcuate nuclei (ARC), and in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). TH-ir neurons in the zona incerta did not express Fos-ir following 2DG. Although mean numbers of co-labeled neurons in the Pe, PVN and AHA did not differ between estradiol- and non-steroid-treated rats, the former group exhibited significantly higher numbers of TH-positive plus Fos-positive neurons in the ARC in response to 2DG. These results reveal the functional responsiveness of discrete DA neuron populations to glucoprivation, and indicate that estradiol enhances cellular accumulation of Fos-ir by ARC DA neurons during this metabolic challenge.
Flight characteristics of a manned, low-speed, controlled deep stall vehicle

A successful manned, low speed, controlled deep stall flight research program was conducted at NASA Ames Research Center's Dryden Flight Research Facility. Piloting techniques were established that enabled the pilot to attain and stabilize on an angle of attack in the 30 deg to 72 deg range. A flight determined aerodynamic data base was established for angles of attack as high as 72 deg. Poor lateral directional flying qualities were encountered at angles of attack above 60 deg. Insight into the high angle of attack lateral directional dynamics was gained through a basic root locus analysis.
Labile soil carbon pools in subtropical forest and agricultural ecosystems as influenced by management practices and vegetation types

Abstract Carbon storage in agricultural and forest soils has attracted attention recently due to its potential as a substantial carbon sink. Labile soil C pools are especially important because they are more vulnerable to climatic change and disturbance and play vital roles in nutrient cycling. Southern Appalachian forest soils and those from conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT) and fescue sods at three sites in the Georgia piedmont were analyzed for total C, total N, carbohydrates, and microbial biomass C. The sizes of soil labile C pools (carbohydrates and microbial biomass) and their contributions to the total soil C pool differed significantly among ecosystems. The highest carbohydrate contents and microbial biomass C were found in forest soils, but agricultural soils had a significantly higher proportion of the soil organic matter present as carbohydrates and as microbial biomass. This difference probably reflects the quality of soil organic matter. Soil microbial biomass C was more sensitive to changes in management regimes than soil carbohydrates. Management practices signfiicantly affected organic C, carbohydrate contents, microbial biomass C and organic C turnover rates in agricultural soils, whereas differences in the quality of organic input due to different vegetation types substantially influenced soil labile C pools in forest soils. High mannose-to-xylose ratios in highly sandy agricultural soils indicate that plant-derived materials are rapidly metabolized by microorganisms and that organic C protection in sandy soils is largely dependent on reducing microbial access through effective residue management such as surface placement.
A backlighted imaging technique for particle size measurements in two-phase flows

An imaging technique that uses backlighting has been developed to measure drop sizes in annular two-phase flows with small concentrations of drops in the gas phase. Advantages over conventional photography are realized in that data collection and analysis times are shortened considerably, and consistent unbiased results can be expected. A magnification of 1.9 was used to measure drops above 50 μm. A drop size distribution was obtained for an air–water system as a superficial gas velocity of 30 m/s and a liquid flow of 20 g/s. The data are used to substantiate a theory for the rate of deposition.
Geophysical implications of the long-wavelength topography of Rhea

[1] We use limb profiles to investigate the long-wavelength topography and topographic variance spectrum of Rhea. One-dimensional variance spectra show a break in slope at a wavelength of ≈300 km; a similar effect is seen on the Moon and may be a signature of an elastic lithosphere having a thickness Te ≈ 10 km. The implied heat flux is ∼15 mW m−2, much higher than can be explained by radiogenic heating. We use the 1-D spectral behavior to constrain our solution for the long-wavelength global topography of Rhea. The degree 3 topography is large enough, if uncompensated, to contaminate estimates of the degree 2 gravity using existing flyby data. Current models of Rhea internal structures which rely on these degree 2 estimates may thus be inaccurate, illustrating the need to acquire further Rhea gravity data.
Frank C. Mann and Transplantation at the Mayo Clinic

Frank C. Mann, a world-renowned experimental physiologist, played a major role in the early laboratory investigation of organ transplantation procedures. During this centennial of his birth, we acknowledge the important contributions of Dr. Mann.
Preventing another ice age

Current concern is focused on the consequences of global warming as the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide (CO2) increases. But adding CO2 to the atmosphere has some potential benefits. As considered in this paper, published research supports the view that a moderate increase in the atmospheric CO2 level could prevent the initiation of another ice age. The amount of C02 resulting from the use of the world's fossil fuel reserves should be sufficient to provide this protection for thousands of years.
A Λ-type system for electron spins in a mixed-type GaAs/AlAs quantum qell

Coherent Zeeman resonance from electron spin coherence is demonstrated in a Lambda-type three-level system, coupling electron spin states via trions. The use of a mixed-type quantum well allows the optical control of electron densities.
Reference Groups as Perspectives

In spite of ambiguity, reference group has become an increasingly popular concept, utilized in hypotheses concerning a variety of social pehnomena. The restriction of this concepts to a single referent, namely, group whose perspective is used as a frame of reference by the actor, will increase its usefulness as an analytic tool. Shared perspectives arise through participation in common communication channels, and the cultural pluralism of modern mass societies arises from the easy accessibility of a multiplicity of channels. The concept of reference group, if defined with greater precision, can greatly facilitate research on the manner in which each actor's orientation toward his world is structured.
Zen awareness in the teaching of palpation: An osteopathic perspective

Summary Teaching and learning manual diagnosis and treatment create a mutual challenge to both the student and master in communicating. The perception of, and action based on, the information gained by palpation is pre-verbal. However, communication between patient and practitioner, as well as charting and billing, require the translation of this information into a recordable form by the use of cognitive constructs—ideas, words, treatment models and illustrative analogies. These intellectual tools sometime assist but sometime mislead the treating person and patient when the distinction is lost between the original experience and the interpretation. For convenience the constructs evolve into rules which then create expectations that become barriers to the appreciation of the experience of touch and the real state of tissue. In teaching and practice, with few exceptions, the conceptual models are stressed with limited recognition of variation in perception or the actualities of the perceptual process itself. Another challenge is the expression in several practice traditions, including osteopathy, of the integration within the person (patient as well as practitioner) of body, mind and spirit. However, practical application beyond a compartmentalized complementary approach remains a challenge. And although many people recognize the importance of an intention to do well, implementation strategies for working efficaciously with intentionality, or in the realm of mind, appear barely credible or even esoteric. Teaching is often cumbersome. For this author the challenges presented in the more difficult aspects of manual practice mirror the challenges in the Zen Buddhist tradition in teaching the way to enlightened living and practice. But in this centuries-old tradition there are solutions that we may borrow to meet the challenges cited above. Besides promoting serene mental focus, Zen is the foundation of many martial arts including Samurai swordsmanship. In these disciplines mind, heart and hands work together in practical and critical ways. Teaching in this context involves student meeting master and beginning a journey to overcome the barrier between conceptual and tactical analysis on the one hand and the deeper reality which can enhance effectiveness in practice. This article introduces to osteopathy, and manual practice generally, some of these terms and tactics from Zen, hoping to develop an appreciation of the common challenges of perception, action, and communication in both disciplines. In this context, the role of practitioner's awareness is discussed as a means of directing action. Illustrations of attempts to reconcile biomechanics and mental focus in past and current osteopathic literature are cited to help define the problem. It is suggested that a better recognition of the problem of joining perception, intention and action may lead to a change in teaching strategies within the western manual healing arts to better integrate the work of our hands, hearts and minds.
Transnationalizing Community Development: The Case of Migration between Boston and the Dominican Republic

This article explores the impact of transnationalism on organizational performance through a study of an organization spanning Boston and the Dominican Republic. Because growing numbers of migrants sustain strong, long-term ties to their countries of origin, these kinds of transnational migrant organizations are becoming increasingly common. Transnational activism enhanced organizational performance at the same time that it constrained it. The organization contributed significantly to sending-community development. A more diverse, highly-skilled group of residents participated. The organization functioned more efficiently and accountably, and the community enhanced its position vis-a-vis the state. The benefits of transnationality were not without cost. A sharp division of labor between donors and beneficiaries meant that nonmigrant interests sometimes received short shrift. There were significant ebbs and flows in activism. Finally, the community's heightened ability to solve its problems set a precedent...
Novel approaches of incoherent image processing with emphasis on scanning methods

The past two decades have witnessed an impressive re-emergence of incoherent optical processing techniques. Instrumental in this evolution was the inclusion of a number of techniques, such as acousto-optic frequency shifting and phase-sensitive detection, that made it possible to design practical systems. This paper gives an overview of recently developed incoherent processing techniques. Methods for performing bipolar incoherent spatial filtering using an acousto-optic approach are discussed more specifically and a number of applications are reviewed.
Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors in an urban black population: the Minnesota Heart Survey, 1985.

Abstract A cross-sectional study of a sample of Minnesota black urban residents was conducted in 1985 to develop cardiovascular risk profiles. Participants were evaluated during a home interview ( N = 1,254, 78% participation) and a survey center visit ( N = 1,052, 65% participation). Black men had significantly higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure than Black women (129.7/80.9 vs 124.8/77.3, respectively). Age-specific values for systolic and diastolic blood pressure were greater in men than women for all age categories. Men were more likely to have uncontrolled hypertension or to be unaware of their hypertension than women in all age categories. Women had significantly higher mean total and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol values than men (202.1 and 56.1 mg/dl vs 193.2 and 48.7 mg/dl, respectively). Age-specific values for total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values were greater in women than men for all age categories except the 35–44 age group. Men were significantly more likely to be current cigarette smokers (43.3% vs 33.2%) and to have higher cigarette consumption per day (17 vs 14) than women. The major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (with the exception of smoking) were lower in the Minnesota study in 1985 than in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 1976–1980. These lower levels may also be a component in the decline of cardiovascular disease mortality rates among Blacks.
What Social Workers Need to Know About Client Violence

Client violence perpetrated against social workers has increased during the past decade as violence in society and the media has increased, social service resources decreased, and clients have become increasingly powerless. A survey of 175 licensed social workers and 98 agency directors in a western state showed that 25% of social workers had been assaulted by a client, nearly 50% had witnessed violence in an agency, and more than 75% were fearful of workplace violence. The author summarizes the skills that social workers and agency directors need to prevent and cope with client violence. These skills range from self-awareness and client assessment to debriefing and support of the traumatized worker.
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Spectinomycin

Spectinomycin selectively inhibits protein synthesis in cells and in extracts of Escherichia coli. Mutations to high-level resistance to this antibiotic map close to the streptomycin locus, and the site of action of spectinomycin, like that of streptomycin, is the 30S ribosomal subunit, as shown by experiments with reconstituted 70S ribosomes containing subunits from sensitive and from resistant ribosomes. In contrast to streptomycin, however, spectinomycin is not bactericidal and causes no detectable misreading of polyribonucleotides.
Information content of the spectral transmittance of the marine atmospheric boundary layer.

We developed a procedure for using data for attenuation ς of the marine atmosphere at λ = 0.55 μm and Angstrom parameter α in the visible range for the estimation of aerosol particle size spectrum. We evaluated the aerosol microstructure in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). To eliminate the effect of the upper troposphere and stratosphere, we assumed that the optical characteristics of the microstructure are average for the typical marine atmosphere. The sought-for MABL microstructure is parameterized by the sum of two fractions, each having a log-normal distribution (the fine and large components). The problem amounts to determining six unknown parameters from two characteristics. In accordance with experimental data as well as with theoretical aerosol models, the total particle concentration n and the fraction of the large component c(2) are assumed to be constant for the central regions of the world ocean. In this way, the problem can be reduced to the determination of the acceptable value area of the remaining four parameters. For all models situated in this area, values of ς and α fall within some intervals Δς and Δα, specific for each aerosol type. Since the problem is ambiguous, the number of models comprising an acceptable ensemble is great. So this number is equal to 5972 in the example that illustrates our procedure. It is noteworthy, however, that all the models entering the ensembles have a similar microstructure within the active radius interval of 0.02-3 μm, which is the main interval that governs the transmittance in the 0.3-1 μm spectral range. The average curve that can be plotted for the entire ensemble can be used as a solution to the problem, which is the main result of this study. We are also concerned with how aerosol transmittance measurements in one of the infrared channels could be used to diminish the ambiguity of the problem. The answer depends on the specific aerosol structure. In most cases, additional IR data in one channel barely decreases the ambiguity of the problem. However, such data might be useful for some other distributions. We consider the effect of six IR channels in our example.