cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to this special issue on context-aware computing

Pervasive Computing is a term for the strongly emerging trend toward: --Numerous, casually accessible, often invisible computing devices. --Frequently mobile or embedded in the environment. --Connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network infrastructure composed of a wired core and wireless edges.
Permanent pacing of the heart: 1952 to 1976

The theory and science of electrical pacing of the heart is scarcely 2 decades old, but developments in these areas have in a way revolutionized modern cardiology. This report, basically a review of the major developments during that time, describes the present state of the art, and calls attention to the many people who have brought us to this point. Results of a recent national survey reveal that about 156,000 patients in the United States are living with implanted pacemakers or about 1 in every 1,300 persons. The rate of new implants is 270/million each year, the highest in the world. The impact of such a volume is considerable, affecting industrial growth, federal legislation and control, insurance plans and a multitude of medical programs. New power sources, some touted to last a lifetime, will have a great impact but will not change the current state of the art materially because 30 percent or more of pacemaker operations are for problems other than routine battery exhaustion. The need for improvements in other pacemaker components is emphasized.
The Minor Salivary Gland Biopsy as a Diagnostic Tool for Sjogren Syndrome

Objectives/Hypothesis: In suspected cases of Sjogren syndome (SS), patients are often referred for a labial minor salivary gland biopsy. However, studies have shown this test to be unreliable. Pathologic misinterpretation and immunosuppressive medications may affect the results of the biopsy. As a result, it is best to perform this procedure only when necessary. The purpose of the current study was to review clinical signs and symptoms of patients who underwent a lip biopsy to determine which patients benefited most from this procedure. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients referred to otolaryngology for a lip biopsy for the diagnosis of SS. Results: Joint pain, salivary gland swelling, and abnormal serology (anti-Sjogren syndrome A/anti-Sjogren syndrome B) were more prevalent in the positive lip biopsy group (grade = 3 or 4). Out of the 12 patients who had both sicca symptoms and positive serology, nine (75%) had a grade = 4. Presence of sicca symptoms and positive serology were predictive of a positive biopsy (P = .017). Excluding those patients who were on immunosuppression for more than 6 weeks prior to the biopsy, the correlation became stronger (P = .011). Conclusions: In this study, clinical presentation of sicca symptoms and positive serology reliably predicted the results of a lip biopsy. The results of this study suggest that patients with clear criterion for SS may not require a lip biopsy, especially those patients on immunosuppression. When physicians suspect SS, a thorough clinical and laboratory examination is necessary to determine if a patient will benefit from a minor salivary gland biopsy.
Spacecraft Actuator Alignment Estimation

Spacecraft attitude control has been well studied for several decades. Dozens of algorithms using a variety of techniques have been developed. One of the factors that these algorithms have in common is that they assume accurate knowledge of the actuator alignments. As with other spacecraft parameters, this knowledge will never be perfect. Whether due to finite manufacturing tolerances or warping of the spacecraft structure during launch, some alignment error will exist. Additionally, there is a possibility of launching a satellite with a sign error in at least one actuator. Whether due to a software or hardware error, this problem in and of itself can cause the spacecraft to fail. This paper develops methods for on-orbit estimation of actuator alignments. Sub-degree accuracy is demonstrated for several different scenarios. Simulation results show that alignment errors using filtered data primarily come from the finite difference approximations used to estimate the angular acceleration. Inertia knowledge errors yield alignment errors between seven and twelve degrees. While this error is significant, the rough alignment estimates provide an option for fault checking of ground-determined alignment calibrations. Overall, these approaches provide an effective means for on-orbit estimation of spacecraft actuator alignments.
A Computing Procedure for a Line Balancing Problem

In a recent article Salveson, M. E. 1955. The assembly line balancing problem. J. Indust. Engrg.VI 18--25., M. E. Salveson discussed various problems concerned with setting up production lines. The purpose of the present paper is to set forth an enumeration procedure for solving one of these problems. The reader is referred to Salveson's article for a detailed discussion of the circumstances in which this problem arises and for remarks concerning the assumptions in its statement.
Depressive Symptoms and Health-Related Risk-Taking in Adolescence

This study investigated the relation between symptoms and a variety of health-related risk-taking behaviors during adolescence. A survey of 20,745 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health provided data for analysis. Adolescents who reported more depressive symptoms were found to wear seatbelts less often, wear bike-helmets less often, and drive while drunk more frequently. Depressive symptoms did not correlate with reported condom use. The found relations were all mediated by reported levels of hopelessness. Reported levels of anhedonia and suicidality also mediated some of the found relations. Therefore, adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms, especially those reporting hopelessness, should be considered at jeopardy for a variety of health-related risk-taking behaviors.
The Process Through Which an Advocacy Intervention Resulted in Positive Change for Battered Women Over Time

A prior experimental evaluation of a community-based advocacy program for women with abusive partners demonstrated positive change in the lives of women even 2 years postintervention (C. M. Sullivan & D. I. Bybee, 1999). The current study explored the complex mediational process through which this change occurred, using longitudinal structural equation modeling and formal tests of mediation. As hypothesized, the advocacy intervention first resulted in women successfully obtaining desired community resources and increasing their social support, which enhanced their overall quality of life. This improvement in well-being appeared to serve as a protective factor from subsequent abuse, as women who received the intervention were significantly less likely to be abused at 2-year follow-up compared with women in the control condition. Increased quality of life completely mediated the impact of the advocacy intervention on later reabuse. Discussion places advocacy for women in the context of other efforts that are needed to build an effective community response to preventing intimate violence against women.
Repetitive switching using thyristors for high energy and high di/dt applications

Repetitive switching characteristics of an involute structure SCR and an anchor structure GTO without an amplifying gate are discussed. A brief summary of the results from single-shot experimental studies comparing the devices with and without the amplifying gate is presented. Results from the transient thermal modeling of these two devices are summarized briefly. The experimental arrangement for repetitive tests, device details, and the characterization procedures are discussed in detail. The devices were tested at an anode-cathode voltage of 1.5 kV. They successfully switched 8 kA, 10 mu s-wide current pulses having a di/dt of about 10000 A/ mu s, at frequencies up to 400 Hz. >
Selective detection of chemical species in liquids and gases using radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors

We demonstrate selective and sensitive chemical sensing based on battery-free passive radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors. Developed sensors are illustrated in sensing of ions and organic solvents in water and toxic vapors in air. These sensors are immune to variable ambient conditions, including air bubbles (in water sensing) and uncontrolled levels of relative humidity (in gas sensing).
Object Recognition in 3D Point Clouds Using Web Data and Domain Adaptation

In recent years, object detection has become an increasingly active field of research in robotics. An important problem in object detection is the availability of a sufficient amount of labeled training data to learn good classifiers. In this paper we show how to significantly reduce the need for manually labeled training data by leveraging data sets available on the World Wide Web. Specifically, we show how to use objects from Googleâs 3D Warehouse to train an object detection system for 3D point clouds collected by robots navigating through both urban and indoor environments. In order to deal with the different characteristics of the web data and the real robot data, we additionally use a small set of labeled point clouds and perform domain adaptation. Our experiments demonstrate that additional data taken from the 3D Warehouse along with our domain adaptation greatly improves the classification accuracy on real-world environments.
The Soft Classroom

Most college students and faculty regard their classrooms as drab, sterile, and institutional. A traditional classroom was converted into a softer more aesthetically pleasing room. Student attitude...
A high-voltage electrooptic drive amplifier using a power MOSFET pair

A transformless high-voltage low-current push-pull amplifier using a DMOS (TMOS) power FET pair and capable of driving usual electrooptic (EO) loads with good linearity and sufficient bandwidth is presented. The implemented system provides a low-offset floating output up to 780 V point-to-point (p-p) maximum amplitude (1% distortion limit) for a differential input up to 7.0 V p-p. The maximum, open-circuit gain-bandwidth product for the stage exceeds 1.5 GHz, and its bandwidth decreases from 3.2 MHz to 200 KHz when the load capacitance C/sub L/ increases throughput the range of usual EO loads (4-100 pF). The noise contamination is sufficiently low, the maximum output SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) exceeding 70 dB. >
A Urine Preservative System to Maintain Bacterial Counts A Laboratory and Clinical Evaluation

The urinary tract is a common site of infection in the hospitalized, institutionalized, or ambulatory patient population. Ideally, urine should be cultured immediately or refrigerated up to 24 hours for quantitative examination for microorganisms. In the evaluation of patients at their homes or in long-term care facilities, rapid plating or refrigeration may not be practical. This is also true when evaluating small children in whom external collection devices are required to obtain a specimen. Because of these limitations, we evaluated a urine preservative and transport system, the Sage Products Urine Culture Tube, in a study of 1469 clinical specimens. This tube utilizes boric acid (1.1% final concentration) as a preservative. The Urine Culture Tube was easy to use and was as effective as refrigeration in maintaining bacterial counts. This system may be particularly useful where rapid transport or refrigeration is limited.
Mixed-initiative security agents

Security decision-making is hard for both humans and machines. This is because security decisions are context-dependent, require highly dynamic, specialized knowledge,and require complex risk analysis. Multiple user studies show that humans have difficulty making these decisions, due to insufficient information and bounded rationality. However, current automated solutions are often too rigid to adequately address the problem and leave their users more confused and inept when they fail. A mixed-initiative approach, in which users and machines collaborate to make security decisions and make use of complementary strengths rather than weaknesses, is needed.
Dialectic as a General Method of Social Science: Varieties of Social Science Experience

There can be little doubt that what we have come to call scientific method has undergone significant transformation and development in this century and the last. Nowhere has this been more apparent than in the social sciences. If the essence of method be identified with control, quantification, and measurement, then the ability of the social sciences to achieve these aims and thereby presumably to obtain method has increased considerably and continues to grow significantly. One of the basic theses of this chapter is that the social sciences are on the verge of a new and different type of revolution and development in method.
Respiratory Complications and Management of Mechanical Ventilation in Cervical Spine Injury

It is estimated that the annual incidence of spinal cord injury in the United States is 12 000 new cases per year. Victims of spinal cord injury are prone to developing respiratory complications such as atelectasis, pneumonia, and ventilatory failure secondary to physiologic derangements resulting from spinal shock and paralysis. Respiratory complications are the leading cause of death in those who survive the initial injury. The goal in ventilator management of spinal cord injury patients in the intensive care unit setting is to prevent these complications and optimize patients for early transfer to a spinal cord rehabilitation facility. To minimize atelectasis, current guidelines recommend the use of very high tidal volumes (15 mL/kg) or setting high tidal volumes (10 mL/kg) in addition to using positive end-expiratory pressure. In this article, the authors discuss the pulmonary complications that affect the mortality of these patients and review the evidence behind the current high tidal volume ventila...
Photonic and thermofluidic analysis of colloidal plasmonic nanorings and nanotori for pulsed-laser photothermal applications

We propose the use of plasmonic nanorings and nanotori for enhanced colloidal photothermal energy conversion in the visible (vis) to near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. We use full-wave field analysis to demonstrate for the first time that the plasmon resonant absorption of these structures remains high over a broad range of orientations relative to the polarization of the incident field. The finding of strong orientation-independent plasmon absorption is a key result as it indicates that the structures can provide enhanced photothermal heating for colloidal applications. We use computational fluid dynamic analysis to investigate pulsed-laser plasmon-enhanced heating of the nanostructures in a fluid. We quantify the laser intensity and pulse duration needed to superheat the nanostructures to initiate bubble nucleation, and we simulate the dynamics of generated nanobubbles. The modeling provides insight into the plasmonic and thermofluidic behavior of colloidal nanostructures, thereby enabling rational design of...
Damage tolerance design of composite structures

A damage tolerance design requirement for composite fuselage structures is investigated. The d i s placement compatibility model, a method used extensively in the design of metallic fuselage structures, is extended for application to a laminated composite structure. Generalized anisotropic elasticity solutions are required, as well as a suitable composite fracture criterion. Two types of damaged structures are investigated, one in which a crack is centered between intact stringers and a second in which a crack is centered over a broken center stringer.
Incentives for Information Sharing in Collaborative Supply Chains

As collaborations in supply chains increase, governance of relationships and profit sharing between supply-chain members emerges as a critical issue. Different supply-chain members have different incentives: a retailer who incurs inventory costs would focus on order quantity, while a supplier who incurs production and scheduling costs would focus more on shipment schedules. Without proper incentives, members may be willing to withhold critical information. Information-sharing systems that reduce either lead-time uncertainty or variability in shipment quantity benefit downstream members, but may not necessarily benefit the supplier, and thus create uneven incentives to adopt such systems. In this work, we discuss two-tier supply chains and determine channel profit and members’ profit under different information sharing and inventory locations. We further discuss the case when the supplier tends to be more informed than the downstream members. In this case, the supplier may purposely choose to only partially resolve demand uncertainty or to share information only with select downstream members.
Hypoxia inhibits L-arginine uptake by pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Under physiological conditions, L-arginine transport by porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) is mediated by system y+, a sodium-independent transport system that accounts for 60 +/- 5%...
Relationships among pain intensity, pain-related distress, and psychological distress in pre-surgical total knee arthroplasty patients: a secondary analysis.

The current study aimed to examine the relationships between movement and resting pain intensity, pain-related distress, and psychological distress in participants scheduled for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study examined the impact of anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing on the relationship between pain intensity and pain-related distress. Data analyzed for the current study (N = 346) were collected at baseline as part of a larger Randomized Controlled Trial investigating the efficacy of TENS for TKA (TANK Study). Participants provided demographic information, pain intensity and pain-related distress, and completed validated measures of depression, anxiety, and pain catastrophizing. Only 58% of the sample reported resting pain >0 while 92% of the sample reported movement pain >0. Both movement and resting pain intensity correlated significantly with distress (rs = .86, p < .01 and .79, p < .01, respectively). About three quarters to two thirds of the sample (78% for resting pain and 65% for movement pain) reported different pain intensity and pain-related distress. Both pain intensity and pain-related distress demonstrated significant relationships with anxiety, depression, and catastrophizing. Of participants reporting pain, those reporting higher anxiety reported higher levels of distress compared to pain intensity. These findings suggest that anxious patients may be particularly distressed by movement pain preceding TKA. Future research is needed to investigate the utility of brief psychological interventions for pre-surgical TKA patients.
Do Bacteria in the Gut Set the Stage for Who Gets Viral Bronchiolitis and Its Severity

Until recently, much of the respiratory tract was assumed to be sterile in the absence of an overt infection such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis. However, contemporary molecular genetic tools have revealed rich communities of microbes, the microbiota, throughout the respiratory tract, even during states of health.1,2 This paradigm shift has led to new ideas about how endogenous lung microbes may prime the local lung immune system and subsequently alter the responses to infectious and noninfectious respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and asthma.3 However, the story about microbes and lung physiology is even more complex and interesting. Emerging data have also demonstrated potent physiologic and immune crosstalk between distant organs in contact with the microbiota. One new area of interest is the gut–lung axis, in which the microbiota of the enteric tract conditions immunologic responses in the lungs to environmental challenges such as allergens and infectious agents or even endogenous exposures such as cancer and … Address correspondence to Patrick C. Seed, MD, PhD, Duke University, Pediatrics, Box 3499, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail: patrick.seed{at}duke.edu
Impact of a Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Curriculum on an Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency.

Abstract Study Objective To determine the effectiveness of a new pediatric and adolescent gynecology (PAG) curriculum for improving obstetrics/gynecology resident physician knowledge and comfort level in patient management and to describe the current deficiencies in resident physician knowledge and comfort level in PAG. Design A PAG curriculum was implemented for the obstetrics/gynecology resident physicians (n = 20) at the University of South Florida in July 2013. Before and after the curriculum was introduced, resident physicians and recent graduates of the residency program completed a survey to assess their comfort level and a knowledge assessment consisting of 20 case-based questions. Setting University-based residency program. Participants Resident physicians and recent resident physician graduates in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Interventions Introduction of a PAG curriculum during the 2013-2014 academic year. Main Outcome Measures Improvement in resident physicians' comfort level and knowledge in PAG. Results After the curriculum was introduced, comfort increased in examining the genitals of a pediatric gynecology patient (median difference = 1.5; P = .003) and history-taking, physical examination skills, and management (median difference = 1; P = .002) compared with before the curriculum. There was no significant difference in overall quiz score (15.5 ± 1.87 vs 15.8 ± 1.3; P = .78). Conclusion A curriculum in PAG did improve resident comfort level in managing PAG patients, but did not significantly improve knowledge of this topic.
N-glycosylation critically regulates function of oxalate transporter SLC26A6.

The brush border Cl−-oxalate exchanger SLC26A6 plays an essential role in mediating intestinal secretion of oxalate and is crucial for the maintenance of oxalate homeostasis and the prevention of h...
Development of CSMM-based shell element for reinforced concrete structures

Abstract Reinforced concrete shell structures have been widely used in a variety of modern engineering applications. It is found from earthquake reconnaissance that reinforced concrete (RC) shell structures, such as nuclear containments, cooling towers, roof domes, shear walls, etc., are the key elements in resisting earthquake disturbances. This paper presents the development of a finite element analysis (FEA) program, SCS-3D, to predict the inelastic behavior of RC shell structures. In the program, a Cyclic Softened Membrane Model (CSMM)-based shell element is developed based on the degenerated shell theory with a layered approach and taking into account the CSMM developed at the University of Houston. To form the FEA program, the constitutive relation modules and the analysis procedure were implemented into a finite element program development framework, OpenSees developed at UC Berkeley. Several large-scale structural tests were employed to validate the developed FEA program, including RC panels subjected to a combination of shear and bending, three-dimensional RC shear wall and cylindrical RC tanks subjected to reversed cyclic loading.
Regression Analysis Resource-Based and Diversification

In this paper I review the use of regression models that have been used to study the diversification phenomenon. I suggest that simultaneous equation models may be used to develop better insight in future research.
Definitive radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to review the results of radiation therapy (RT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal venous tumor thrombus (PVTT) in a Western patient population. Methods Thirty-four patients with HCC PVTT treated from 2007 to 2014 with RT were identified. Biologically effective dose (BED) was calculated for each patient, and greater than the median dose delivered (75 Gray (Gy)) was evaluated as a potential prognostic factor. Survival was compared and independent prognostic variables were evaluated by a Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results Twenty-six patients (76.5%) exhibited a radiographic response to RT, and 10 patients (29.4%) ultimately developed local failure. Local control, liver control, distant control and OS at one year were 57.1%, 36.4%, 55.2% and 57.4%, respectively. Patients who received a BED >75Gy had a significantly better local control at 1year (93.3% vs 45.6%; Log Rank p=0.0184). Patients who received a BED >75Gy also had significantly better median survival (24.7mo vs 6.1mo) and 1-year overall survival (76.5% vs 30.0%) when compared with BED ≤75Gy (Log-Rank p=0.002). Conclusion Our data suggest that RT should be considered for well-selected patients with HCC and PVTT for the purpose of improving local control and potentially prolonging the time to worsening venous obstruction and liver failure. When feasible, dose-escalation should be considered with a target BED of >75Gy if normal organ dose constraints can be safely met.
Making Real-World Interfaces Accessible Through Crowdsourcing, Computer Vision, and Fabrication

The world is full of physical interfaces that are inaccessible to blind people, from microwaves and information kiosks to thermostats and checkout terminals. Blind people cannot independently use such devices without at least first learning their layout, and usually only after labeling them with sighted assistance. To address this problem, we introduce VizLens---a robust and interactive screen reader for interfaces in the real world. VizLens users take a picture of an interface they would like to use, it is interpreted quickly and robustly by multiple crowd workers in parallel, and then computer vision is able to give interactive feedback and guidance to users to help them use the interface in real time. Built on top of VizLens, we developed automatically generating tactile overlays to physical interfaces to provide blind people with a permanent static solution. We introduce Facade---a crowdsourced fabrication pipeline to help blind people independently make physical interfaces accessible by adding a 3D printed augmentation of tactile buttons overlaying the original panel.
Social Sustainability in Apparel Supply Chains: Organizational Practices for Managing Sub-Contracted Homework

As the lowest level in the subcontracted supply chain, homeworkers are invisible and subject to exploitation. Existing codes of conduct and monitoring schemes favor the rights of the visible workforce employed in industrial settings in tier 1 factories. We conducted qualitative field research with the Self Employed Women’s Association’s (SEWA) embroidery center in New Delhi, India. Findings provide understanding of the sustainable management policies and practices that have been put in place to assure global buyers that homework can be carried out in ways consistent with standards for human rights, making it a protected component of sustainable supply chains.
Effect of Hamstring Harvest in the Setting of ACL and MCL Concurrent Injury

Objectives:Hamstrings autograft is commonly used to reconstruct an isolated ACL tear, however, there is evidence to suggest that the tendons harvested may contribute to medial knee stability. We te...
Bibliography of James Bond (1900–1989) - American ornithologist - with new taxa described

James Bond (1900–1989), an ornithologist at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), authored 150 publications dealing with the ornithology of the West Indies and the Americas. His “Field Guide to the Birds of the West Indies” was published beginning in 1947, with many subsequent editions. Between 1927 and 1977 he scientifically described 63 bird taxa, the types of which are located at ANSP and United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM). All his publications and type specimens are listed in this first James Bond bibliography.
"One that was no Furtherer of this Devise": (Manufactured?) Opposition to the "Monarchical Republic of Elizabeth I"

How might attention to the materiality of political communication alter our accounts of political history? Through a major archival discovery, this article upsets a central tenet of Elizabethan historiography: the claim that the political elite was united against the queen in embracing parliamentary and conciliar governance as a solution to the succession crisis that dominated her reign. Instead, by reconstructing the production and circulation of a previously-unexamined set of manuscripts, this article reveals that the Elizabethan establishment was divided over both the advisability of adopting such measures in the event of the queen's untimely death, and the question of whether experimental parliaments and councils constituted a recurring motif in English and European history (or a radical departure from normative, legitimate modes of governance). Opponents of these schemes argued that they both expanded the political nation in dangerous ways (reducing the possibility for unanimity and cohesion) and arbitrarily limited the number of stakeholders and participants (leading to a potentially volatile accumulation of grievances). Even as the uncertainty of the Elizabethan succession question incentivised a vision of the English polity as quasi-republican in nature, and thus able to withstand the vicissitudes of hereditary monarchy, the commentators featured in this article resisted the imputation that parliament and council were flexible templates rather than fixed institutions; and that political ideology should be shaped to fit historical contingency, instead of acting to limit the range of acceptable responses to dynastic and religious crisis.
Addressing global environmental impacts including land use change in life cycle optimization: Studies on biofuels

Abstract Life cycle environmental impacts of a product or process may be global and/or spatially-explicit, such as land use change (LUC) and LUC greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Life cycle optimization (LCO) usually does not account for these impacts. However, for a product or process to be truly sustainable, they must be considered. We integrate computable general equilibrium (CGE)-based LUC modeling and LCO to create a novel multiobjective CGE-LUC-LCO framework to account for global environmental impacts and production costs. The framework is then applied to case studies on life cycle GHG emissions throughout the bioethanol life cycle, considering regional and global agricultural practices, land use, technological impacts, and global economic forces. The framework considers emissions from feedstock production, transportation, direct/indirect processing emissions, end use, and LUC. The model allows for selection of 16 bioethanol production pathways from 5 feedstocks, and 3 case studies with US and EU bioethanol demands are examined. The methodology identifies cleaner production strategies by considering global, spatially-explicit life cycle environmental impacts like LUC and LUC GHG emissions for the first time in LCO.
Changing Archaeology's 'Brand' Would Be Helpful

Gonzalez-Ruibal et al. raise challenging issues that seem frightening in their implications. In both their specificity and their wider theoretical contexts, I had previously given these issues little thought, and some I had not even recognised. I share fully the authors� concern that archaeologists must seek ways to engage people influenced by �reactionary populism�, people who �are diverse, fragmented and complex�, and who may be �greedy, patriarchal, xenophobic or uninterested in the past� (Gonzalez-Ruibal et al. above). The authors find fault with the multi-vocal, multi-cultural approaches of epistemic populist archaeologies that tend to exclude most of those who fit this description. I could object to some of the details of the authors� critiques of epistemic populism and heritage studies, but their core arguments are mostly correct and powerful. At the same time, at least within a North American context, I think that archaeologists have generally reacted to the various populist pressures of the past century and that we have already started to do what the authors suggest.
Evaluation of the equine mental foramen block: cadaveric and in vivo injectate diffusion.

Abstract Objective To describe injectate diffusion for two equine mental foramen block techniques. Study design Descriptive anatomic study. Animals A total of 12 equine heads and three live horses. Methods Equine heads were longitudinally sectioned to create 24 hemi-heads for testing two mental foramen block techniques (T1 and T2) and two injectate volumes (3 and 5 mL) of mixed dye and contrast medium. T1 needles were directed rostrocaudally into the mental foramen for 3 cm, and T2 needles were directed dorsolaterally to ventromedially into the foramen for 1 cm. Hemi-heads were randomly assigned one injection technique and volume. Radiographs evaluated needle tip positioning, distance traveled by injectate and injectate diffusion pattern. Specimens were dissected to measure the length of circumferential nerve staining. The more effective technique was tested in three live horses and evaluated via computed tomography. Summary statistics described results. Results Neither injection technique nor injectate volume had a significant impact on circumferential nerve staining. Circumferential nerve staining, median (range), was 15 (0–33) mm for T1 and 10 (0–42) mm for T2. Injectate diffusion patterns revealed that injectate was more likely to thread alongside the inferior alveolar nerve for T1 (9/12) and bolus around the rostral inferior alveolar nerve for T2 (9/12). Bolus diffusion patterns were associated with increased circumferential nerve staining ≥1 cm (9/24) when compared with thread patterns (6/24). Diffusion of injectate within the mandibular canal was greater with 5 than 3 mL. In vivo testing of T2 with 5 mL injectate resulted in decreased incidence of circumferential nerve staining ≥1 cm [median (range) 5 (0–14) mm]. Conclusion and clinical relevance T2 created an injection diffusion pattern more likely to result in circumferential nerve staining ≥1 cm, but the low incidence of in vivo circumferential nerve staining ≥1 cm suggests that block efficacy may vary.
Apolipoprotein B and Low-Density Lipoprotein Structure: Implications for Biosynthesis of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins

ApoB100 is a very large glycoprotein essential for triglyceride transport in vertebrates. It plays functional roles in lipoprotein biosynthesis in liver and intestine, and is the ligand recognized by the LDL receptor during receptor-mediated endocytosis. ApoB100 is encoded by a single gene on chromosome 2, and the message undergoes a unique processing event to form apoB48 message in the human intestine, and, in some species, in liver as well. The primary sequence is relatively unique and appears unrelated to the sequences of other serum apolipoproteins, except for some possible homology with the receptor recognition sequence of apolipoprotein E. From its sequence, structure prediction shows the presence of both sheet and helix scattered along its length, but no transmembrane domains apart from the signal sequence. The multiple carbohydrate attachment sites have been identified, as well as the locations of most of its disulfides. ApoB is the single protein found on LDL. These lipoproteins are emulsion particles, containing a core of nonpolar cholesteryl ester and triglyceride oil, surrounded by an emulsifying agent, a monolayer of phospholipid, cholesterol, and a single molecule of apoB100. An emulsion particle model is developed to predict accurately the physical and compositional properties of an LDL of any given size. A variety of techniques have been employed to map apoB100 on the surface of the LDL, and all yield a model in which apoB surrounds the LDL like a belt. Moreover, it is concluded that apoB100 folds into a long, flexible structure with a cross-section of about 20 x 54 A2 and a length of about 585 A. This structure is embedded in the surface coat of the LDL and makes contact with the core. During lipoprotein biosynthesis in tissue culture, truncated fragments of apoB100 are secreted on lipoproteins. Here, it was found that the lipoprotein core circumference was directly proportional to the apoB fragment size. A cotranslational model has been porposed for the lipoprotein assembly, which includes these structural features, and it is concluded that in permanent hepatocyte cell lines, apoB size determines lipoprotein core circumference.
Flavor and oxidative stability of walnuts partially defatted using supercritical carbon dioxide

During the past several years, walnuts have gained popularity because of their good taste, high n-3 fatty acid content, and reported hypocholesterolemic effects. Two negative components of walnut consumption are the relatively high fat content of this commodity (~ 70%), and the lack of oxidative stability caused by the high level of fat and its polyunsaturated nature. The objectives of this study were to I) use supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-COi) extraction to decrease the total lipid content of walnuts, thus improving dietary fat content, and 2) determine the effects of SC-CO2 lipid extraction on the oxidative stability, flavor and textural characteristics of the partially defatted walnuts initially after extraction and during storage. The relative lipid content of English walnut pieces was reduced by 25 and 40% using a pilot-scale SC-CO2 extraction system. Fullfat, 25 and 40% partially defatted walnuts were stored at 25 °C and 40 °C for 8 weeks. Oxidative stabilities of walnut oils, a by-product walnut defatting, were also determined under accelerated conditions, and compared with a commercially prepared pressed walnut oil. Fatty acid profiles were not different for partially defatted and full-fat walnuts or SC-CO2 and pressed walnut oils. Peroxide values and volatile compounds were significantly greater in full-fat walnuts than in partially defatted walnuts at both storage temperatures. Partially defatted walnuts were less astringent, and had less painty and rancid flavors, as judged by a trained sensory panel. Full-fat walnuts were determined by both sensory and instrumental texture profile analysis to have greater hardness than partially defatted walnuts. Consumer acceptance hedonic scores of 25%
Extramural Grant I: Research

This chapter highlights a successful grant proposal submitted in 2002 to the Division of Environmental Biology (DEB) located within the Directorate for Biological Sciences of the National Science Foundation (NSF) (Award NSF DEB-0217463). This NSF-funded grant proposal is an example of the use of spatial science outside of geography—in this case biology. Collectively, the research described below is known as spatial ecology.
Creatine Supplementation in Strength-Power Sports

The exogenous ingestion of creatine (Cr) is typically used as a performance enhancing (ergogenic) supplement because it is known to improve performance in muscular strength and power activities, enhance short bursts of muscular endurance, and allow for greater muscular overload in order to improve training effectiveness. Creatine has become one of the most popular ingested nutritional supplements due to its potential enhancement of athletic performance. Creatine is primarily located in skeletal muscle and plays a pivotal role in cellular bioenergetics, specifically towards the reformation of a molecule essential for muscular contraction, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The vast majority of research indicates that high-intensity, short duration, and repeated exercise bouts are the most effective modes of exercise that can be enhanced by creatine supplementation. Oral creatine supplementation has been shown to provide numerous benefits, including increases in lean muscle mass, muscular strength, and enhanced performance in various athletic capacities. The creatine transporter is a protein that mediates the entry of creatine from the circulation into the muscle cell.
Systems Thinking Education in RN-BSN Programs: A Regional Study.

Background Nurses need to take a lead in reducing medical errors. Formal education of systems thinking (ST) can be a catalyst for error prevention. Problem Integration of ST in RN-BSN education has not been studied. Approach A descriptive, cross-sectional design using survey methods was used. Outcomes Deans of accredited RN-BSN programs across the Midwest reported on ST integration across their RN-BSN programs. Gaps in ST integration were identified as (1) a lack of evaluation tools to determine mastery of systems theory, thinking and awareness, and the application of quality and safety competencies for systems-level synthesis and (2) program outcomes emphasizing autonomy of systems-level decisions. Conclusions Systems thinking was integrated across curricula among most accredited RN-BSN programs in the Midwest. Recommendations are to integrate systems theory into program outcomes and to develop evaluation tools that validate ST mastery.
Abstract B11: HDAC6 as a therapeutic target in human breast cancer

Stat5 is a transcription factor utilized by several cytokine/hormone receptor signaling pathways that promotes transcription of genes associated with proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cancer cells. However, there are currently no clinically approved therapies that target Stat5, despite ample evidence that it contributes to breast cancer pathogenesis. Previous research in our lab has shown that the high mobility group nucleosome binding domain 2 (HGMN2) protein serves as a Stat5 co-activator. The activity of HMGN2 has been previously shown to be regulated by acetylation. Here, we show that deacetylation of HMGN2 on lysine residue K2 by histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) promotes Stat5-mediated transcription and breast cancer growth. Conversely, in vitro HDAC6 inhibition by pharmacologic and knockdown approaches enhanced HMGN2 acetylation with a concomitant reduction of in vitro Stat5-mediated signaling and global gene expression, and breast cancer growth. These data, combined with global in silico ChIP-Seq analysis, indicate that HDAC6 serves as a regulator of the pioneer function of HMGN2 for Stat5 transcriptional function. In vitro and in vivo treatment of traditional and patient-derived xenograft models with HDAC6 inhibitors resulted in a highly significant reduction of tumor growth. Translationally, it was also found that high levels of acetylated K2 were present in normal human breast tissue, which was lost in primary breast cancers and lymph node metastases. This suggests that blockade of HMGN2 deacetylation as described above is a novel treatment for breast cancer, given that existing HDAC6 inhibitors have a favorable toxicity profile in phase I trials of other tumor types. Altogether, these results reveal a novel mechanism through which HDAC6 regulates the transcription of Stat5 target genes and demonstrates the utility of HDAC6 inhibition as a potential breast cancer therapeutic. Citation Format: Justin M. Craig, Suzanne M. Schauwecker, Charles V. Clevenger. HDAC6 as a therapeutic target in human breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B11.
Violence-Related Disparities Experienced by Black Youth and Young Adults: Opportunities for Prevention.

Introduction The purpose of this study is to characterize violence-related disparities experienced by young blacks in the U.S. Reducing violence experienced by blacks, particularly youth, who are at substantially higher risk, is essential to improving the health of blacks in the U.S. Methods Data from four independent data sets for youth and adults were analyzed to examine rates of homicide, assault, injury from a physical fight, bullying victimization, and missing school because of safety concerns for non-Hispanic blacks and whites aged 10–34 years between 2010 and 2015. Disparities in adverse childhood experiences (e.g., exposure to violence and household challenges) and physical/mental health outcomes in adulthood were examined. Data were analyzed in 2017. Results Black adolescents and young adults are at higher risk for the most physically harmful forms of violence (e.g., homicides, fights with injuries, aggravated assaults) compared with whites. In addition, black adults reported exposure to a higher number of adverse childhood experiences than whites. These adverse childhood experiences were positively associated with increased odds of self-reported coronary heart disease, fair or poor physical health, experiencing frequent mental distress, heavy drinking, and current smoking. Conclusions Disproportionate exposure to violence for blacks may contribute to disparities in physical injury and long-term mental and physical health. Understanding the violence experiences of this age group and the social contexts surrounding these experiences can help improve health for blacks in the U.S. Communities can benefit from the existing evidence about policies and programs that effectively reduce violence and its health and social consequences.
195. Phenotype restoration of trophoblasts in preeclampsia by Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT)

Introduction In our previous work we demonstrated the importance of altered extracellular matrix (ECM) in disease processes and how treatment with 670 nm LLLT can restore cell behavior. Objective Of this study focuses on the signaling properties of altered ECM in preeclampsia, its contribution to preeclampsia, and the possibility of a novel therapeutic modality restoring the trophoblast phenotype with LLLT. Methods To study signaling pathways we decellularized placentas from healthy and preeclampsic subjects with 1%SDS followed by triton X and thorough wash steps. First trimester human trophoblasts (HTG8) were cultured on these two different matrices. This allows us to study trophoblast behavior in their proper microenvironment and follow the trophoblast phenotype changes. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were performed with a focus on PLGF, ERRg, FoxP3, and HLA-G expression comparing the different matrices. Readouts are fluorescence intensity and western blot density in arbitrary units (AU). Furthermore, 670 nm light treatment was applied to HTG8s at an energy level of 4 J/ cm[b] once and cellular changes were studied 24hours later. Results Our results show that the expression of PLGF in HTG8s was decreased from 102AU to 68 AU comparing culture on control matrix to preeclampsic matrix. ERRg expression was significantly reduced in HTG8s from 80.33AU to 18.6AU. FoxP3 expression was decreased from109.38AU to 82.1AU. HLA-G expression was significantly decreased from 105.94 to 49.48AU. LLLT restored the phenotype of HTG8s cultured on preeclampsic matrix to the phenotype of HTG8s cultured on control placenta. Statistics were performed using the Student’s t-test. Discussion Our data demonstrate for the first time that the ECM of the placenta and therefore the microenvironment has great impact on trophoblast signaling. Preeclampsic ECM alters the trophoblast phenotype and LLLT restored the phenotype to the phenotype found in trophoblasts cultured on control ECM.
Abstract TP142: Post-Ischemic Cortical Excitability and Gene Expression are Modulated by Transplanted Human Neural Stem Cells

Human neural stem cell (hNSC) transplantation improves recovery in preclinical stroke models. However their effects on surviving sensorimotor circuits are not well understood. Here we performed a c...