cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Swimming in Deep Waters: 20 Years of Research About Early University Entrance at the University of Washington

Radical acceleration from secondary school to university is an unusual educational option in the United States of America, yet it is one that more than 500 gifted young scholars have chosen at the University of Washington in Seattle since the inception of the Early Entrance Program in 1977 and the UW Academy for Young Scholars in 2001. From the beginning, research, using multiple methodologies, has carefully guided the evolution of these programs. The findings from these studies and recommendations for viable and successful early entrance programs are discussed in the context of early entrants’ intellectual, emotional, and social needs.
Random Search Trees

In this lecture we will describe a very simple probabilistic data structure that allows inserts, deletes, and membership tests (among other operations) in expected logarithmic time.
The occurrence of Frankia in tropical forest soils of Costa Rica

Infective and effective Frankia were shown to occur in five diverse tropical forest soils of Costa Rica. Results of a plant infection assay indicated that Frankia is a common component of the soil biota in low and high elevation, primary and secondary forest soils. This is the first report of Frankia in lowland tropical rainforests of the Americas. These results suggest either a nonsymbiotic population of soil Frankia, the presence of unknown actinorhizal host species, or an ability of Frankia to be dispersed over long distances.
Macrophages rescue injured engineered muscle.

Engineered skeletal muscle self-repairs when incorporating bone-marrow-derived macrophages, which prevent the apoptosis of resident muscle stem cells.
CodeDeviant: Helping Programmers Detect Edits That Accidentally Alter Program Behavior

In this paper, we present CodeDeviant, a novel tool for visual dataflow programming environments that assists programmers by helping them ensure that their code-restructuring changes did not accidentally alter the behavior of the application. CodeDeviant aims to integrate seamlessly into a programmer's workflow, requiring little or no additional effort or planning. Key features of CodeDeviant include transparently recording program execution data, enabling programmers to efficiently compare program outputs, and allowing only apt comparisons between executions. We report a formative qualitative-shadowing study of LabViewprogrammers, which motivated CodeDeviant's design, revealing that the programmers had considerable difficulty determining whether code changes they made resulted in unintended program behavior. To evaluate Code-Deviant, we implemented a prototype CodeDeviant extension for LabViewand used it to conduct a laboratory user study. Key results included that programmers using CodeDeviant discovered behavior-altering changes more accurately and in less time than programmers using standard LabView.
Optimal Sample Allocation in Group-Randomized Mediation Studies with a Group-Level Mediator

AbstractWe derive sample-allocation formulas that maximize the power of several mediation tests in two-level–group-randomized studies under a linear cost structure and fixed budget. The results sug...
Impact of feeding method on overall activity of indoor, client-owned dogs.

Objective To compare the total daily activity time, walking time and running time using food-dispensing toys versus bowls in a group of client-owned, primarily indoor dogs. Materials and methods A two-way, two period, randomised repeated measures mixed-effects crossover study performed on 26 client-owned, primarily indoor dogs. Results Toy feeding increased average daily total activity time by 12% and walking time by 26%. Average daily total activity time and walking time were reduced by 8 and 7% respectively with each increase in year of age. Gender, body condition and muscle condition had no significant effect on average daily total activity or walking time. Toy feeding, time, their interaction, age, gender, body condition and muscle condition had no significant effect on average daily running time. Clinical significance Feeding toys may be helpful during weight loss programs to achieve the goal of increasing daily exercise duration in dogs that need to lose weight.
Examination of the Expendable Digital Dropsonde–Derived Vertical Velocities from the Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) Experiment

AbstractThe newly developed expendable digital dropsonde (XDD) allows for high spatial and temporal resolution data collection in tropical cyclones (TCs). In 2015, a total of 725 XDDs were launched...
Destabilization of Zirconia Thermal Barriers in the Presence of V2O5.

Thin films of yttria-stabilized zirconia are exposed to V2O5 vapor and examined by conventional TEM, selected area diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
Applying a User-Centered Approach to Building a Mobile Personal Health Record App: Development and Usability Study.

Background: A personal health record (PHR) system encourages patients to engage with their own health care by giving them the ability to manage and keep track of their own health data. Of the numerous PHR systems available in the market, many are Web-based patient portals and a few are mobile apps. They have mainly been created by hospitals and electronic health record (EHR) vendors. One major limitation of these hospital-created PHR systems is that patients can only view specific health data extracted from their EHR. Patients do not have the freedom to add important personal health data they collect in their daily lives into their PHR. Therefore, there is an information gap between clinical visits. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a new mobile PHR app that can be easily used to manage various types of personal health data to fill the information gap. Methods: A user-centered approach was used to guide the development and evaluation of the new mobile PHR app. There were three steps in this study: needs assessment, app design and development, and conducting a usability study. First, a large-scale questionnaire study was conducted with the general population to gain an understanding of their needs and expectations with regard to a mobile PHR app. A mobile PHR app for personal medical data tracking and management was then created based on the results of the questionnaire study. End users were actively involved in all stages of the app development. Finally, a usability study was performed with participants to evaluate the usability of the mobile PHR app, which involved asking participants to finish a set of tasks and to respond to a usability questionnaire. Results: In the questionnaire study for needs assessment, there were 609 participants in total. The answers from these participants revealed that they wanted to manage various types of personal health data in a mobile PHR app. Participants also reported some features they desired to have in the app. On the basis of the needs assessment findings, a new mobile PHR app (PittPHR) was created with 6 major modules: health records, history, trackers, contacts, appointments, and resources. This app allows users to customize the trackers according to their needs. In the usability study, there were 15 participants. The usability study participants expressed satisfaction with the app and provided comments and suggestions for further development. Conclusions: This new mobile PHR app provides options for users to manage a wide range of personal health data conveniently in one place. The app fills the information gap between clinical visits. The study results indicated that this new mobile PHR app meets the need of users and that users welcome this app.
Basics of Traffic Safety

This chapter deals with the various aspects of traffic safety. Different approaches will be shown how the field of traffic safety can be classified. In addition, the historical development of passive vehicle safety in the areas of restraint systems, vehicle structure and electronics will be presented.
Assessing functions of movement in a Great Plains endemic fish

Pelagic broadcast spawning cyprinids are a mobile group of fishes commonly found within semi-arid areas of the Great Plains of North America. In several species, upstream movements of 50 to 200 km have been reported and associated with reproductive migration. Long distance migrations also are associated with finding food and refuge. Goals of this study were to detect synchronous movement of Prairie Chub at specific life stages and relate movement to functions associated with migration (i.e., reproduction, feeding, and refuge). Movement was inferred by quantifying monthly occurrences of age groups using length frequency distributions among five sites in two rivers and supported with range-wide assessment of genetic structuring. Monthly occurrences of age groups among sites were related to reproductive season (i.e., gonadosomatic indices, ovarian condition) for assessing reproductive migration, to food consumption (i.e., gut content assessments) for assessing feeding migration, and to habitat associations (e.g., specific conductance) for assessing refuge migration. Spatial and temporal patterns in age-0, age-1 and age-2 fish occurrences and abundances suggested movement within only one river. Non-synchronized movements were more consistently associated with specific conductance following a high flow event, which was more consistent with a refuge function than reproductive season or food consumption. Our findings suggest that Prairie Chubs are capable of moving long distances, but movement was inconsistently associated with reproductive efforts as previously described. Without synchronized movements, we question whether movement is migration or dispersal and provide a contrasting narrative to the drift compensation theory used to describe broadcast spawning cyprinid migrations.
“Walkabouts” Integrated Physical Activities from Preschool to Second Grade: Feasibility and Effect on Classroom Engagement

An evolving literature demonstrates that physical activity in the classroom represents a promising avenue not only for increasing the physical activity of youth but also for facilitating academic achievement and classroom engagement. However, structured physical activity programs that make clear connections with the academic standards across different grades are limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of the “Walkabouts”, a web-based physically active learning program, on attention and behavioral control of children. Twelve preK to 2nd grade classes (N = 245 students) were assigned to the intervention (integrating “Walkabouts” with academics) or control (no added movement) group. Teacher ratings of students’ attention and behavioral control in the classroom were collected before and after the 7-week intervention in both groups. Treatment fidelity was monitored through observations and daily teacher logs. Teachers perceived the Walkabouts to be feasible, physically active, of appropriate difficulty, and enjoyable for the students. MANOVAs showed a significant time by group interaction, meaning that the intervention group improved significantly more, compared to the control group, in both attention and behavioral control whereas the control group declined over time. A significant time by group by grade interaction showed that the benefit of Walkabouts was larger for the Kindergarten students. Integrating movement with academic subjects with programs such as the Walkabouts, may facilitate learning and academic achievement by increasing cognitive and behavioral control in the classroom. Schools can focus on academic achievement goals without sacrificing physical activity throughout the school day.
Where to buy a house in the United States amid COVID-19?

Home prices and rent prices in the USA have been growing steadily over the past decade. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has decimated entire sectors of the American economy, which makes the homebuyi...
Hot Corrosion of Shipboard Gas Turbine Blades

Turbine blades removed from the first stage of a shipboard gas turbine engine for excessive degradation were characterized. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled optical emission spectroscopy was used to characterize corrosion deposits and features of field hardware that are not typically obtained in controlled laboratory settings. Corrosion was associated with deposits of varying compositions on the airfoil, beneath the platform, and within cooling passages. Deposits on the airfoil were primarily sodium sulfate presumably derived from seawater. Deposits below the platform and within cooling channels were crystalline aggregates of Ca, Mg, Al, and Si compounds presumably derived from dust and sand. FactSage thermochemical calculations were performed for gas turbine environments, and results are used to explain variations in deposit chemistry. The results show that solid sodium sulfate may not be retained in some gas turbine conditions, leaving the deposits rich in Ca and Mg compounds.
[Rapid identification of 15 common S. enterica Salmonella serovars by multiplex real-time PCR].

OBJECTIVE Multiplex real-time PCR for the identification of 15 Salmonella serovars was developed. METHODS Through the Salmonella genome comparison, 12 membrane proteins STM4497 gene can be used to identify 15 Salmonella serovars, and these 12 genes were respectively listed as A-L genes. Then primers were designed according to A-L gene conserved sequences, and then multiplex real-time PCR was established assessed with the evaluation of the limit detection, sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability. The 206 Salmonella strains were identified using multiplex real-time PCR with the comparison of the serum slide agglutination assay. RESULTS The limit detection of multiplex PCR ranged from 1. 1×10~(-3)-1. 2×10~(-3) ng/μL. The target genes were 100% specificity, and the relative standard deviation was lower than 2. 97%. Compared with the serum slide agglutination assay, Kappa ranged 0. 92-1. 00. CONCLUSION The multiplex real-time PCR can be used to identify 15 Salmonella serovars, which is rapid, accurate and specific.
Acute mediastinitis, mediastinal granuloma, and chronic fibrosing mediastinitis: A review

Acute mediastinitis is a rare infection that carries high morbidity and mortality. They are complications seen most often with deep sternal wound infections from surgeries with median sternotomies, oropharyngeal and odontogenic infections and esophageal perforations. These conditions should be promptly recognized and treated. Mediastinal granulomas are focal, mass-like lesions commonly resulting from prior granulomatous infections. They are regarded as benign, self-resolving lesions however can cause complications by compression of adjacent mediastinal structures. Chronic fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare, diffuse fibroinflammatory process most often seen with granulomatous infections and carries a worse prognosis than mediastinal granulomas especially when adjacent mediastinal structures are compromised. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, treatment and prognosis of acute mediastinitis, mediastinal granulomas, and chronic fibrosing mediastinitis.
Quality Value Function and Consumer Quality Loss

This paper presents a study of consumer evaluation and assessment of product quality. Consumers experience a loss due to quality discrimination because they pay same price for a product but get different quality. Quality value function is determined by consumer preference for product quality in a deterministic manner. This paper derives expected quality value and consumer-based quality loss which depend on the form of the quality value function employed.
Dynamic function and imaging in the analysis of osteoarthritis at the knee

Degenerative changes to the articular cartilage at the knee are caused by the complex interactions between the biology, structural properties and the mechanical environment of the articular cartilage. Understanding the causes of degenerative changes to the articular cartilage is confounded by the capacity of biological systems to adapt to early pathological changes. These adaptive changes occur over a broad range of scales from micro levels (e.g. alterations in cell metabolism) to macro levels (e.g changes in the pattern of locomotion). The nature of these adaptive changes provides a potential explanation for the large differences in the rate of progression of osteoarthritis (OA) at the knee joint.
A Note on Unique Decipherability

We consider the following problem: Given a set Γ = {c1,...,cn} of nonempty strings over a fixed, finite alphabet Σ, is every string in Γ+ uniquely decipherable, or does the equation cx = dy, where c, d ∈ Γ, c ≠ d, and x,y ∈ Γ*, have a solution? We give an O(n L) algorithm for this problem, where L = |c1| + ... + |cn|, and use this algorithm to investigate the impact of structural properties of Γ on the complexity of testing unique decipherability. We then give an O(L log(n)) unique decipherability test for sets Γ which may be linearly ordered by the prefix relation.
Application of atomic force microscopy to study initial events of bacterial adhesion.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the AFM (atomic force microscopy)-based methodology, proved to be a highly sensitive, reproducible, and quantitative means of investigating bacterial adhesion. Results from AFM-based bacterial adhesion studies are quantitative, sensitive, and reproducible. The AFM provides an excellent dynamic representation of how bacteria interact with planar substrates as a function of distance of separation. Moreover, the AFM technique allows for the dissection of specific physicochemical forces and biological factors involved in the initial events of bacterial adhesion. The down side is that the AFM-based methodology is more labor intensive than traditional bacterial adhesion techniques. Bacteria-coated cantilevers and bacteria-coated planar glass can only be used once, necessitating the preparation of numerous samples. Once samples are prepared, the actual AFM measurements take 0.5–1.0 hr. After every force measurement, bacteria-coated tips must be imaged under SEM to verify the presence of bacterial cells. Traditional bacterial adhesion assays are appropriate when the goal is to simply determine if a bacterial strain “sticks” to a surface.
Extraction geometry ion diode physics: Theoretical modeling and experimental results

The LION accelerator has been used to perform a series of experiments to investigate the operation of magnetically insulated extraction diodes. These diodes produce annular beam with an outer radius of 11.3 cm and an inner radius of 8.6 cm. The beam voltages were typically 1–1.25 MV with a 40 nsec ion beam current of approximately 250 KA 8. The diodes were normally operated at B/B∗ ≈ 1.5 and typical enhancements over Child-Langmuir of 15 to 25. Both active and passive anode plasma sources have been investigated. The effects of modifying the magnetic field gradient in the diode will be discussed and a theoretical model presented. Techniques for cleaning the anode surface for the production of Li beams will be described.
The Prevalence and Predictive Nature of Victimization, Substance Abuse & Mental Health on Recidivism: A Comparative Longitudinal Examination of Male and Female Oregon Department of Corrections Inmates

i Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Review of Literature 4 Pathways Perspective 4 Principles of Effective Intervention 9 Victimization 11 Substance Abuse 13 Mental Health Diagnosis 15 Current Study 17 Chapter Three: Methods 18 Sample 18 Procedure 19 Independent Variables 21 Victimization 21 Substance Abuse 22 Mental Health Diagnosis 23 Dependent Measure 23 Recidivism 23
Reconfiguration of traffic grooming optical networks

Advances in optical data transmission and optical signal routing have caused wide expectation for optical networks to form tomorrow's backbone transport. One attractive feature of these networks is the ability to reconfigure the logical topology of the network seen by higher layers with comparative ease and speed by reconfiguring optical switches, without the need to modify the physical topology of the network. On the other hand, with the current mismatch of bandwidth available from individual wavelength channels and typical bandwidth demands, it is also widely recognized that grooming of subwavelength traffic into the full-wavelength channels is an indispensable component of optical network design. The topic of reconfiguration in optical networks that carry subwavelength traffic has received comparatively little attention. In this paper, we consider this problem. Our main contributions are as follows. We discuss the common basis on which grooming effectiveness and reconfiguration efficiency can be considered, and develop a reconfiguration cost function in keeping with this consideration. We formulate the joint problem of reconfiguration and grooming precisely, and offer a heuristic as well as an exact solution method to solve this problem. In offering numerical simulation results for our algorithms, we make the important observation that a disjoint sequential consideration of the two problems leads to solutions that are very inefficient in the joint sense.
War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences

Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1: What Time is It? Chapter 2: When Was World War II? Chapter 3: What Kind of War Was the Cold War? Chapter 4: What is a War on Terror? Conclusion
Binary Logistic Regression

Binary responses are commonly studied in many fields. Examples include 1 the presence or absence of a particular disease, death during surgery, or a consumer purchasing a product. Often one wishes to study how a set of predictor variables X is related to a dichotomous response variable Y. The predictors may describe such quantities as treatment assignment, dosage, risk factors, and calendar time. For convenience we define the response to be Y = 0 or 1, with Y = 1 denoting the occurrence of the event of interest. Often a dichotomous outcome can be studied by calculating certain proportions, for example, the proportion of deaths among females and the proportion among males. However, in many situations, there are multiple descriptors, or one or more of the descriptors are continuous. Without a statistical model, studying patterns such as the relationship between age and occurrence of a disease, for example, would require the creation of arbitrary age groups to allow estimation of disease prevalence as a function of age.
Demonstrating highly symmetric single-mode, single-photon heralding efficiency in spontaneous parametric downconversion

We demonstrate a symmetric, single-spatial-mode, single-photon heralding efficiency of 84% for a type-II spontaneous parametric downconversion process. High-efficiency, single-spatial mode collection is key to enabling many quantum information processing and quantum metrology applications.
Note: a portable, light-emitting diode-based ruby fluorescence spectrometer for high-pressure calibration.

Ruby (Al2O3, with ∼0.5 wt. % Cr doping) is one of the most widely used manometers at the giga-Pascal scale. Traditionally, its fluorescence is excited with intense laser sources. Here, I present a simple, robust, and portable design that employs light-emitting diodes (LEDs) instead. This LED-based system is safer in comparison with laser-based ones.
The Deployment of Carbon Monoxide Wireless Sensor Network (CO-WSN) for Ambient Air Monitoring

Wireless sensor networks are becoming increasingly important as an alternative solution for environment monitoring because they can reduce cost and complexity. Also, they can improve reliability and data availability in places where traditional monitoring methods are difficult to site. In this study, a carbon monoxide wireless sensor network (CO-WSN) was developed to measure carbon monoxide concentrations at a major traffic intersection near the University of Cincinnati main campus. The system has been deployed over two weeks during Fall 2010, and Summer 2011–2012, traffic data was also recorded by using a manual traffic counter and a video camcorder to characterize vehicles at the intersection 24 h, particularly, during the morning and evening peak hour periods. According to the field test results, the 1 hr-average CO concentrations were found to range from 0.1–1.0 ppm which is lower than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 35 ppm on a one-hour averaging period. During rush hour periods, the traffic volume at the intersection varied from 2,067 to 3,076 vehicles per hour with 97% being passenger vehicles. Furthermore, the traffic volume based on a 1-h average showed good correlation (R2 = 0.87) with the 1-h average CO-WSN concentrations for morning and evening peak time periods whereas CO-WSN results provided a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.42) with 24 hours traffic volume due to fluctuated changes of meteorological conditions. It is concluded that the performance and the reliability of wireless ambient air monitoring networks can be used as an alternative method for real time air monitoring.
What is a Computer in the Classroom? A Deweyan Philosophy for Technology in Education

The increasing availability of computers and other “high-technology” tools as possible vehicles of educational material has brought with it the question of precisely what benefits these new tools have to offer the educator. Many schools have computers, but are they being used in a fitting manner, or only serving as toys, expensive flash-cards or simply going to waste? This article presents arguments based upon the writings of John Dewey (1859–1952) which offer support for the continued use of high technology in classrooms and offer a philosophy for choosing applications which take advantage of the new tools' special capabilities in ways that will genuinely educate.
Electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of CdTe nanoparticles

Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of TOPO-capped CdTe nanoparticles (NPs) in dichloromethane and a mixture of benzene and acetonitrile showed two anodic and one cathodic peaks of the NPs themselves and an additional anodic peak resulting from the oxidation of reduced NPs. The electrochemical band gap (∼2.1 eV) between the first anodic and cathodic DPV peaks was close to the value (2 eV) obtained from the absorption spectrum. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of CdTe NPs was highly intense for scans into the negative potential region in dichloromethane. The fact that the ECL peak occurs at about the same wavelength as the band-edge photoluminescence (PL) peak indicates that, in contrast to CdSe NPs, the CdTe NPs as synthesized had no deep surface traps that can cause a substantially red shifted ECL.
Synthesis and characterization of the free ligand 5,6:13,14‐dibenzo‐9,10‐benzo(15‐crown‐5)‐2,3‐bis(hydroxyimino)‐7,12‐dioxo‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane and its mono and tri nuclear complexes

The novel (E,E)-dioxime 5,6:13,14-dibenzo-9,10-benzo(15-crown-5)-2,3-bis(hydroxyimino)-7,12-dioxo-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (H2L) has been synthesized by the reaction of 4′,5′-diaminobenzo(15-crown-5) with N,N′-bis(2-carbomethoxyphenyl)diaminoglyoxime (1). Only mononuclear CoIII and RuII complexes with a metal/ligand ratio of 1:2 have been isolated. The cobalt(III) complex bridged with BF2+ is achieved with H-bonded cobalt(III) complex and borontrifluoride ethyl ether complex. The reaction of BF2 bridged cobalt(III) complex with bis(benzonitril)palladium(II) chloride gives a trinuclear complex. The structures of dioxime and its complexes are proposed according to elemental analyses, 1H and 13C-NMR, IR and mass spectral data. Synthese und Charakterisierung des freien Liganden 5,6:13,14-Dibenzo-9,10-benzo(15-crown-5)-2,3-bis(hydroxyimino)-7,12-dioxo-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecan und seines Mono- und Dreikernkomplexes Das neue (E,E)-Dioxim 5,6:13,14-Dibenzo-9,10-benzo(15-Krone-5)-2,3-bis(hydroxyimino)-7,12-dioxo-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecan (H2L) wurde durch Reaktion von 4′,5′-Diaminobenzo(15-Krone-5) mit N,N′-Bis(2-carbomethoxyphenyl)diaminoglyoxim (1) dargestellt. Bei einem Metall/Ligand-Verhaltnis von 1:2 wurden nur einkernige CoIII-bzw. RuII-Komplexe isoliert. Ein uber BF2+ verbruckter CoIII-Komplex wird mit einem HCoIII-Komplex und BF3 · (C2H5)2O erhalten. Die Reaktion des BF2-verbruckten Cobalt(III)-Komplexes mit Bis(benzonitril)palladium(II)-chlorid ergibt einen Dreikernkomplex. Die Strukturen des Dioxims und seiner Komplexe werden aufgrund von elementaranalytischen, 1H-, 13C-NMR, IR und massenspektrometrischer Daten gefolgert.
What can managers do about unethical management

What can and should we do as managers and administrators when our sense of personal morality is at odds with our organization's behavior? Among the many alternatives are: (1) not think about it; (2) go along and get along; (3) protest; (4) conscientiously object; (5) leave; (6) secretly blow the whistle; (7) publicly blow the whistle; (8) secretly threaten to blow the whistle; (9) sabotage; and, (10) negotiate and build consensus for a change in the unethical behavior. This article considers the advantages and disadvantages of these ten types of strategies based on some philosophy, game theory and everyday pragmatics.
PARP around the Clock

Cells possess internal ∼24 hr or circadian clocks that synchronize physiological processes with daily cycles of light and nutrient availability. In this issue, Asher et al. (2010) find that PARP-1 (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1) modifies components of the clock machinery in response to feeding, providing a mechanism for how metabolic rhythms coordinate with circadian rhythms.
Palmitate Incorporation in the Lungs of Dogs with Granulomatous Disease

SummaryModerate hypoxia did not influence the pulmonary incorporation of an intravenous dose of [1-14C]palmitate either in dogs with experimentally produced granulomatous disease or in normal controls. The lung weight in the diseased animals, was, on the average, double that of the controls. There was a proportionate increase in uptake of the radioactive label at 1 hr after infusion in the diseased lungs, hence the specific activity of labeled palmitate (counts per minute per gram of phospholipid) was no different in the two groups. Moreover, half the radioactivity of the phospholipids was recovered in palmitate separated from the phosphatidyl choline fraction in both diseased and normal lungs. Anatomic studies demonstrated increased numbers of Type II pneumocytes lining all alveolar air spaces in the diseased lung. Autoradiographic studies indicated the presence of labeled palmitate in the Type II cells, but not in the inflammatory cells of the granulomata. We conclude that the increased palmitate uptake...
Assessing the Importance of Oligopsony Power in Agricultural Markets

Oligopoly, competition among few sellers, is the cornerstone of industrial organization (IO). Conversely, its sister concept, oligopsony, competition among few buyers, is scarcely mentioned. For example, oligopsony is not discussed in the entire two volume Handbook of Industrial Organization, and monopsony is mentioned only in the context of incentives to integrate vertically. Two reasons apparently account for IO economists' lack of interest in buyer market power: (i) they don't think it's very important, and (ii) they don't believe it presents any unique modeling issues relative to seller market power. Scherer and Ross illustrate this first viewpoint, arguing that "average concentration on the buyers' side in manufacturing is undoubtedly lower than seller concentration" (p. 519). Tirole, in his masterful treatise on IO theory, illustrates the second, dispatching monopsony power in one sentence: "Naturally the conclusions [regarding monopoly power] would also hold as well for monopsony power..." (p. 65). We argue that this dismissive treatment of buyer market power is not reasonable for economists interested in agriculture and agricultural markets. The Scherer and Ross viewpoint may apply when considering generic inputs such as labor, capital, and energy. Competition for these inputs is apt to exceed competition for the outputs they produce because firms cross product market boundaries to compete for these inputs, and there is essentially no "branding" among input buyers to diminish price competition among them. Moreover, these inputs are typically mobile, hence, in elastic supply to individual buyers, limiting the exercise of oligopsony power even in geographic settings where relatively few buyers prevail. This view of input markets does not apply, however, to first-handler markets for the raw agricultural commodities that are inputs into the processed or fresh-packed food products.' We identify the following distinctive structural characteristics of these markets:
Manipulation of Norepinephrine Metabolism with Yohimbine in the Treatment of Autonomic Failure

It has been postulated that alpha 2-adrenergic receptors play a modulatory role in the regulation of blood pressure. Activation of alpha 2-receptors located in the central nervous system results in inhibition of sympathetic tone and decrease of blood pressure. This indeed may be the mechanism of action of central sympatholytic antihypertensives such as alpha-methyldopa. Presynaptic alpha 2-receptors also are found in adrenergic nerve terminals. These receptors act as a negative feedback mechanism by inhibiting the release of norepinephrine. The relevance of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors for blood pressure regulation can be explored with yohimbine, a selective antagonist of these receptors. Yohimbine increases blood pressure in resting normal volunteers. This effect is associated with an increase in both sympathetic nerve activity, reflecting an increase in central sympathetic outflow, and in norepinephrine spillover, reflecting potentiation of the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminals. These actions, therefore, underscore the importance of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors for blood pressure regulation even under resting conditions. Patients with autonomic failure, even those with severe sympathetic deprivation, are hypersensitive to the pressor effects of yohimbine. This increased responsiveness can be explained by sensitization of adrenergic receptors, analogous to denervation supersensitivity, and by the lack of autonomic reflexes that would normally buffer any increase in blood pressure. Preliminary studies suggest that the effectiveness of yohimbine in autonomic failure can be enhanced with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Used in combination, yohimbine increases norepinephrine release, whereas monoamine oxidase inhibitors inhibit its degradation. Therefore, yohimbine is not only a useful tool in the study of blood pressure regulation, but may offer a therapeutic option in autonomic dysfunction.
A Study of Curved Boundary Representations for 2D High Order Euler Solvers

The present study discusses several approaches of representing curve boundaries with high-order Euler solvers. The aim is to minimize the solution entropy error. The traditional boundary representation based on interpolation polynomials is presented first. A new boundary representation based on the Bezier curve is then developed and analyzed. Several numerical tests are conducted to compare both representations. The new approach is shown to have several advantages for complicated geometries.
Strong edge-colorings for $$k$$k-degenerate graphs

We prove that the strong chromatic index for each $$k$$k-degenerate graph with maximum degree $$\Delta $$Δ is at most $$(4k-2)\Delta -k(2k-1)+1$$(4k-2)Δ-k(2k-1)+1. This confirms a conjecture of Chang and Narayanan.
How might the diversity of potassium channels be generated

Abstract Potassium channels are a diverse group of ion channels present in most eukaryotic cells that have been examined 1–3 . Over 30 different potassium channels have been characterized biophysically. They show different sensitivities to voltage and/or intracellular messengers, and have different kinetic or pharmacological properties. The wide range of potassium channel properties reflects the broad spectrum of cellular functions that they serve, including control of synaptic efficacy, of heart beat, and of endocrine and exocrine secretion. How might this tremendous diversity of potassium channels be generated? Partial answers have begun to emerge as molecular studies of potassium channel genes have become possible over the past few years.
Diffraction of Phase Conjugate Material in a New HMD Architecture

Conventional head-mounted displays (HMDs) consisting of a pair of miniature projection lenses, beam splitters, and miniature displays mounted on the helmet, as well as phase conjugate material placed strategically in the environment have been redesigned to integrate the phase-conjugate material into a complete see-through embodiment. Some initial efforts of demonstrating the concept was followed by an investigation of the diffraction effects versus image degradation caused by integrating the phase-conjugate material internally in the HMD. The key contribution of this paper lies in the conception, and assessment of a novel see-through HMD. Finally, the diffraction efficiency of the phase-conjugate material is evaluated, and the overall performance of the optics is assessed in both object space for the optical designer and visual space for possible users for this technology.
Volume regulation by Flounder red blood cells: The role of the membrane potential

The nucleated red blood cells of the Winter Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus demonstrate a volume regulatory response subsequent to osmotic perturbation. The net water movements associated with the response are secondary to net inorganic cation flux. The increased net cation fluxes occur in response to increased cation permeability (Pcation). While ionic strength and cell volume do not appear to be the stimulus for the volume regulatory response i.e. increased Pcation, changes in the cell membrane potential (Vm), as calculated from the chloride distribution ratio, do appear to result in increased Pcation. These studies demonstrate that manipulations leading to membrane hyperpolarization result in net loss of cellular K and water. In contrast treatments which depolarize Vm lead to cellular uptake of Na, K, Cl and water.
Visualization for information exploration and analysis: keynote presentation

Making sense of data becomes more challenging as the data grows larger and becomes more complex. If a picture truly can be worth a thousand words, then clever visualizations of data should hold promise in helping people with sense-making tasks. I firmly believe that visual representations of data can help people to better explore, analyze, and understand it, thus transforming the data into information. In this talk, I will explain how visualization and visual analytics help people make sense of data and I will provide many such examples. I also will describe my present research into visualization for investigative analysis. This project explores how visual analytics can help investigators examine a large document collection in order to discover embedded stories and narratives scattered across the documents in the collection.
Aluminum hydroxide as an adsorbing agent for urinary gonadotropins.

THE concentration of urinary gonadotropins in normal individuals is so low that concentrated extracts must be prepared as free from toxic material as possible with a minimum loss of hormone activity. This laboratory has used the alcohol-precipitation method of Zondek (1) as later modified by Klinefelter et al. (2) for determining the urinary gonadotropic substances in male patients with spinal cord injuries. Because of the low gonadotropin levels encountered, the dialysis method was used and it was possible to test for an excretion of less than 6.6 mouse uterine units (m.u.u.) in twenty-four hours with a minimum of toxic reactions in the test animals. Patients on this service were maintained on a well hydrated regimen; consequently, daily urine volumes would be as much as 8 liters. Because of the large urine volumes obtained, adsorption concentration techniques were examined. Katzman et al. (3) demonstrated that chorionic gonadotropins could be adsorbed on a permutit column and later both Dekanski (4) and...
Ion cyclotron wave effects on the ion velocity distribution in a tandem mirror

Experiments have been conducted in the end cells of a tandem mirror to determine the effect of ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) on the ion pitch angle and velocity distribution. An ICRH power of 2-4 W·cm−3 was measured to have both a directed and a diffusive velocity space effect on the mirror trapped plasma ions, which have densities of (4-6) × 1012 cm3 and average perpendicular energies of 600-1000 eV. On low energy streaming ions (10-50 eV, v∥ > v⊥), the ICRH has a directed pitch angle effect which causes a dominant number of the eventually trapped ions to reflect or to mirror near the resonant magnetic field and to generate a sloshing ion like velocity distribution. However, a sloshing ion like axial density profile was not measured. On hotter thermal ions (600-1000 eV) the ICRH has a measurable diffusive effect, which increases with RF electric field and spreads the distribution function 15-25° around the pitch angle of the RF resonance. On hot test particles generated by 6.9 keV neutral beams injected nearly perpendicularly to the axis, Coulomb and charge exchange collisions were found to dominate over RF diffusion. These observations are discussed in the context of RF kick-per-pass and quasi-linear theory.
Online optimization for the smart (micro) grid

Growing environmental awareness and new government directives have set the stage for an increase in the fraction of energy supplied using renewable resources. The fast variation in renewable power, coupled with uncertainty in availability, emphasizes the need for algorithms for intelligent online generation scheduling. These algorithms should allow us to compensate for the renewable resource when it is not available and should also account for physical generator constraints. We apply and extend recent work in the field of online optimization to the scheduling of generators in smart (micro) grids and derive bounds on the performance of asymptotically good algorithms in terms of the generator parameters. We also design online algorithms that intelligently leverage available information about the future, such as predictions of wind intensity, and show that they can be used to guarantee near optimal performance under mild assumptions. This allows us to quantify the benefits of resources spent on prediction technologies and different generation sources in the smart grid. Finally, we empirically show how both classes of online algorithms, (with or without the predictions of future availability) significantly outperform certain ‘natural’ algorithms.
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia of the gingiva

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical-pathologic features of what appears to be a gingival form of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Study Design: Ten adult patients with recurrent and histologically progressive gingival leukoplakias who were diagnosed and treated at the University of California, San Francisco between 1994 and 1999, comprised the subject group for this investigation. Clinical and microscopic features were reviewed. Proliferation indices and p53 expression were evaluated immunohistochemically, and the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA was determined by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Results: Lesions presented as solitary or regional flat/papillary/verrucal leukoplakias of the free and attached gingiva (tooth-bearing areas only). With time, flat lesions developed a papillary or verruciform profile. Although lesions were recurrent, they were confined to the gingiva, and multiple lesions did not develop. Half the patients used tobacco, and HPV could not be detected by using PCR. Microscopically, 6 cases began as hyperkeratotic lesions, and 4 initially exhibited a psoriasiform pattern with a marked inflammatory component. With recurrences, the lesions became progressively atypical histologically. The proliferation indices for these lesions showed modest increases over normal epithelium, and positive p53 staining was evident in 4 of 10 cases, indicating a disruption of the keratinocyte cell cycle in these lesions. The mechanism associated with the positive p53 staining (protein binding to wild type p53 versus mutation of the p53 gene) was not determined. Lesions recurred after conservative scalpel or laser excision, and many developed into verrucous or squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions: Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia of the gingiva (PVLG) appears to be a subset of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. It can be characterized as a solitary, recurring, progressive white patch that develops a verruciform architecture and may not be associated with HPV. PVLG has an unpredictable course and is at risk for development into verrucous or squamous cell carcinoma. Currently, there is no way to determine or predict which gingival white lesions will follow the clinical course described for this group of patients with PVLG. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90:723-30)
First-principles based kinetic simulations of acetic acid temperature programmed reaction on Pd(111)

A first-principles based stochastic kinetic algorithm is developed and used to monitor the molecular transformations associated with the decomposition acetic acid on Pd(111). Ab initio quantum chemical studies were used to calculate the adsorption energies and key activation barriers. These results are used to modify a bond order conservation approach that subsequently provides the activation barriers for additional steps and for coverage effects internal to the simulation. The simulation of acetic acid temperature-programmed desorption appears to represent experiments satisfactorily, especially considering the first-principles foundation of the approach. With initial adsorption at 100 K, acetic acid desorption occurs at 190 and 260 K in the absence of oxygen, without acetic acid decomposition. In the presence of 0.05 ML of preadsorbed oxygen, acetic acid desorbs in three peaks at 190, 260, and 350 K, with decomposition to form CO2 at 350 K. The peak positions and the peak widths compare well with those f...
Evidence‐based teaching: Now and in the future

This chapter briefly summarizes what has been learned about evidence-based teaching in the preceding chapters and calls for renewed emphasis on preparing teachers to teach well and conduct empirical pedagogical research.