cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Warts and molluscum contagiosum.

Abstract Skin involvement in the autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) encompasses a myriad of neoplastic, infectious, and inflammatory disorders. As the body's natural immune mechanism deteriorates, susceptibility to bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic agents increases along with noninfecrious inflammatory diseases. This has led to a dramatic increase in reports throughout the medical community of unusual and atypical pathology associated with this syndrome. In this article, the basic histopathologic changes accompanying AIDS disorders will be examined. Cutaneous disorders can be categorized according to cause or the effect of a causative agent. This article organizes and discusses AIDS-related disorders based on the effect of the infectious, neoplastic or inflammatory condition on epithelia and/or mesenchyme. Broad categories will include neoplastic disorders, inflammatory disorders, or proliferative states induced by infectious agents (Table 1). By organizing our discussion in this manner, an orderly progression from scanning power microscopic impression to high power diagnosis can be delineated. A brief discussion of clinical presentation shall be included to aid in clinicopathologic correlation.
Brain energy metabolism, cognitive function and down-regulated oxidative phosphorylation in Alzheimer disease

Reduced brain glucose utilization in early stages of Alzheimer disease, as measured with in vivo positron emission tomography, reflects potentially reversible down-regulation of gene expression for oxidative phosphorylation within neuronal mitochondria. Such down-regulation may occur when neuronal energy demand is first reduced by synaptic dysfunction or loss.
Cause-specific mortality among Rhode Island jewelry workers.

Cause-specific mortality patterns among Rhode Island jewelry manufacturing workers, as identified on death certificates from 1968 to 1978, were examined using the proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) method. Among males, elevated PMRs were observed for nonmalignant kidney disease (PMR = 163; Observed deaths [Obs] = 19; p less than or equal to .05), liver cancer (PMR = 297; Obs = 6; p less than or equal to .05), drug dependence (PMR = 379; Obs = 5; p less than or equal to .05), and accidental poisonings (PMR = 274; Obs = 8; p less than or equal to .05). All but one of the deaths from accidental poisonings involved drugs or drugs and alcohol. Among females, elevated PMRs were observed for stomach cancer (PMR = 174; Obs = 20; p less than or equal to .01), peptic ulcer (PMR = 235; Obs = 8; p less than or equal to .05), diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (PMR = 383; Obs = 5; p less than or equal to .05), and drug dependence (PMR = 674; Obs = 3; p less than or equal to .05). Exposure to known renal toxins (heavy metals and solvents) used in the jewelry industry may account for the excess deaths from kidney disease. The elevated PMR for liver cancer may be due to exposure to solvents (trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride) that cause liver cancer in animals. The elevated PMRs for drug dependence and accidental poisonings may be due to the socioeconomic status of jewelry workers, or to the interaction between solvents used in jewelry manufacturing and drugs, or drugs and alcohol. Because of the lack of information about the specific occupational exposures of the decedents, this should be viewed as an exploratory investigation requiring further follow-up.
Complex developmental patterns of histone modifications associated with the human β-globin switch in primary cells

Objective The regulation of the β-globin switch remains undetermined, and understanding this mechanism has important benefits for clinical and basic science. Histone modifications regulate gene expression and this study determines the presence of three important histone modifications across the β-globin locus in erythroblasts with different β-like globin-expression profiles. Understanding the chromatin associated with weak γ gene expression in bone marrow cells is an important objective, with the goal of ultimately inducing postnatal expression of weak γ-globin to cure β-hemoglobinopathies. Materials and Methods These studies use uncultured primary fetal and bone marrow erythroblasts and human embryonic stem cell−derived primitive-like erythroblasts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with antibodies against modified histones reveals DNA associated with such histones. Precipitated DNA is quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction for 40 sites across the locus. Results Distribution of histone modifications differs at each developmental stage. The most highly expressed genes at each stage are embedded within large domains of modifications associated with expression (acetylated histone H3 [H3ac] and dimethyl lysine 4 of histone H3 [H3K4me2]). Moderately expressed genes have H3ac and H3K4me2 in the immediate area around the gene. Dimethyl lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me2), a mark associated with gene suppression, is present at the e and γ genes in bone marrow cells, suggesting active suppression of these genes. Conclusion This study reveals complex patterns of histone modifications associated with highly expressed, moderately expressed, and unexpressed genes. Activation of γ postnatally will likely require extensive modification of the histones in a large domain around the γ genes.
Persistence of mobile species in marine protected areas

A central goal of many marine protected areas is ensuring the persistence of fish populations, which depends on the life history characteristics and movement patterns of individual species. While previous studies have focused on species where adults are sedentary, the current study examines an age-structured diffusion model for a one-species system in a single spatial dimension. We define persistence as a positive growth rate for small populations and determine conditions that will yield a positive growth rate. We find that the minimum fraction of habitat needed to be off-limits to fishing depends on two dimensionless parameters representing the net birth rate in the reserve, measured in the time it takes to move the length of the habitat, and the net death rate in the fished area, in that same time. Of the two parameters, natural population growth rate has a larger impact on reserve size than the net death rate due to fishing, although their ratio is useful for determining reserve size. These results suggest that reserves are appropriate for mobile species having at least one of several qualities: (1) small movement rates, (2) high birth rates relative to fishing rates or (3) large habitat sizes.
Highway work zone safety audits for safety improvements

Purpose – The paper aims to review current practices of road safety audits worldwide, investigate the perceptions of experts on highway work zone safety in the USA and issues of adopting work zone safety audits in the country, and propose a framework for developing guidelines for implementing work zone safety audits for safety improvements.Design/methodology/approach – The paper was conducted by reviewing the existing literature of road safety audits and administering four‐week questionnaire surveys of experts on highway work zone safety in the USA.Findings – Road safety audits have been successfully adopted worldwide to maximize safety of the roadway environment for highway users. The questionnaire surveys have clarified leading causes of work zone safety problems and effective countermeasures, types of projects suitable for auditing and audit frequencies, audit team composition and funding sources, audit tasks and tools, and project staff safety training audits. A similar procedure for road safety audit...
Telescopic measurements of backscattered radiation from secondary collimator jaws to a beam monitor chamber using a pair of slits.

A contribution to field‐size dependent output by backscatteredradiation (BSR) from secondary collimator jaws to a beam monitor chamber of a linear accelerator was measured with a Farmer ionization chamber, positioned 200 cm from the source behind a low‐melting‐point alloy slab with a 10‐cm wide slit. Another slit was positioned against the collimator jaws. Both slits were in the form of a 6.3‐mm‐diam hole in the middle and were aligned to the source. The use of a pair of slits was intended to eliminate any influence on the ion chamber readings due to field‐size dependent charge contribution from the flattening filter and collimator jaw forward scattering. In addition, the setup permits to observe the degree of field‐size dependence on BSR. Charge measurements from the Therac‐20 18‐MV x rays showed a 7.5% field‐size dependence on BSR whereas 6‐ and 18‐MV x rays from Varian Clinac‐1800 showed <2% dependence on BSR. The telescopic method was found to be easy to use and permitted direct determination of BSR contributions.
Alkylidene and metalacyclic complexes of tungsten that contain a chiral biphenoxide ligand. synthesis, asymmetric ring-closing metathesis, and mechanistic investigations.

Two complexes that contain the racemic or enantiomerically pure (S) form of the 3,3‘-di-tert-butyl-5,5‘,6,6‘-tetramethyl-1,1‘-biphenyl-2,2‘-diolate (Biphen2-) ligand, W(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(Biphen) (2a) and W(NAr‘)(CHCMe2Ph)(Biphen) (2b) (Ar = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3; Ar‘ = 2,6-Me2C6H3), were prepared and shown to be viable catalysts for several representative ring-closing reactions to give products in good yields in most cases and high % ee in asymmetric reactions. Exploration of the reaction between 2a and a stoichiometric amount of one desymmetrization substrate allowed two intermediate tungstacyclobutane complexes to be observed, in addition to the final and quite stable tungstacyclobutane complex formed in a reaction between the ring-closed product and a tungsten methylene complex. Reactions involving 13C labeled ethylene allowed for the observation of an unsubstituted tungstacyclobutane complex, an ethylene complex, an unsubstituted tungstacyclopentane complex, and a heterochiral dimeric form of a methylene complex...
Characterization of the peach homologue of the ethylene receptor, PpETR1, reveals some unusual features regarding transcript processing.

To identify which processes in peach, Prunus persica [L.] Batsch., are associated with changes in ethylene perception, we cloned and characterized a peach homologue of the gene encoding the ethylene receptor, ETR1. A fragment of the peach gene, PpETR1, obtained via PCR using degenerate primers against peach genomic DNA was used to screen a cDNA library made from ripening fruit. The resulting cDNA and subsequent 3′ RACE clones indicate that the PpETR1 coding region is highly similar to other ETR1 homologues. However, the mRNA undergoes unusual alternative splicing that potentially results in three different mature transcripts. Use of an alternative 3′ splice site to remove the last intron in PpETR1a results in a polypeptide that is missing three amino acids within the receiver-like domain. Retention of the terminal intron occurs in PpETR1b, which, if translated, would result in a truncated protein lacking a receiver-like domain. Fruit from three cultivars with substantially different ripening times were examined from 7 to 130 days after bloom using RT-PCR to characterize expression of the intron-retaining and fully spliced mRNAs. There were only slight differences in the abundance of these mRNAs among cultivars during fruit development; however, one of the slow-ripening cultivars showed a substantial increase in expression of the unspliced mRNA in pre-climacteric fruit. Variations in PpETR1 transcript abundance in wounding experiments indicate that the properly spliced and unspliced versions have different accumulation patterns in fruit, whereas both are essentially constitutive in leaves. These observations indicate that changes in ethylene sensitivity may occur during wounding in fruit.
Why run and hide when you can divide? Evidence for larval cloning and reduced larval size as an adaptive inducible defense

Predator-induced cloning (asexual reproduction), with reduced size as consequence of cloning, suggests a novel adaptation to the threat of predation. Although cloning is a common reproductive strategy of many plants and animals, cloning in response to stimuli from predators has, at present, been documented only in the larvae (plutei) of the sand dollar, Dendraster excentricus. Other studies report larval cloning in echinoderms under optimal conditions of food and temperature. A burst of asexuality should be favored when environmental conditions are conducive to growth, but it is less clear that cloning is advantageous when conditions indicate risk from predators. This study tested the hypothesis that the small size of predator-induced clones reduces vulnerability during encounters with planktivorous fish. Successful cloning was inferred from an increase in larval density, a reduction in larval size and stage, and some direct observations of budding. All clones were smaller than uncloned sibling larvae, suggesting an advantage against visual predators. Pair-wise predation trials demonstrated that planktivorous fish ate more uncloned sibling plutei than small clones. These results offer a new ecological context for asexual reproduction: rapid size reduction as a defense. If the identifiable cues for cloning in echinoderm larvae (food and predators) are linked in nature, then larval cloning may be a response to a single ecological scenario rather than two separate and unrelated conditions.
A Search for Globular Clusters in More Remote Areas around M31 and M33 II

Using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), ~900 deg2 of the sky surrounding M31 and M33 have been searched for globular clusters (GCs) that through galaxy interaction have become unbound from their parent systems and M31 (hence, intergalactic globular clusters, IGCs). This search reached a maximum of ~500 kpc in projected galactocentric distance (R gc) from M31. Visual examination of 283,871 SDSS cutout images and of 1143 fits images yielded 320 candidates. This sample was reduced to six GCs and one likely candidate by excluding galaxies on the basis of combinations of their optical, ultraviolet, and infrared colors from the SDSS, the Galaxy Evolution Explorer satellite, and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer satellite, as well as their photometric redshifts from the SDSS. Since these seven objects have 14 kpc ≤ R gc ≤ 137 kpc, they are more likely to be GCs in the halo of M31 than IGCs. They are all classical as opposed to extended GCs, and they provide further evidence that the remote halo of M31 (R gc ≥ 50 kpc) contains more GCs of all types and, in particular, far more classical ones than the remote halo of the Milky Way.
The evaluation of experimental potato varieties for use in canning

Three new experimental Wisconsin, high-set varieties of potatoes, (WHS-15, WHS-16, and WHS-17), which in previous studies had yielded a large proportion of small tubers (B-size), were produced in sand and sandy loam locations during three seasons and processed to determine canning quality. Norland, a standard commercial canning variety, was used as control. The experimental varieties were superior or equal to Norland in field performance, producing a high total yield and a large proportion (27–43 percent) of small B size tubers suitable for canning. Product acceptability of the new varieties as estimated by a sensory panel was slightly less than Norland in 1976, but about equal in 1977. Mean specific gravity and total solids of each of the new varieties were somewhat higher than Norland. This was especially evident in the relatively dry 1976 season in which considerable sloughing of processed product was evident. The WHS-17 variety consistently produced the highest yields and tubers of lowest specific gravity.
Realizing the Promise of Competency-Based Medical Education

Competency-based medical education (CBME) places a premium on both educational and clinical outcomes. The Milestones component of the Next Accreditation System represents a fundamental change in medical education in the United States and is part of the drive to realize the full promise of CBME. The Milestones framework provides a descriptive blueprint in each specialty to guide curriculum development and assessment practices. From the beginning of the Outcomes project in 1999, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the larger medical education community recognized the importance of improving their approach to assessment. Work-based assessments, which rely heavily on the observations and judgments of clinical faculty, are central to a competency-based approach. The direct observation of learners and the provision of robust feedback have always been recognized as critical components of medical education, but CBME systems further elevate their importance. Without effective and frequent direct observation, coaching, and feedback, the full potential of CBME and the Milestones cannot be achieved. Furthermore, simply using the Milestones as end-of-rotation evaluations to "check the box" to meet requirements undermines the intent of an outcomes-based accreditation system. In this Commentary, the author explores these challenges, addressing the concerns raised by Williams and colleagues in their Commentary. Meeting the assessment challenges of the Milestones will require a renewed commitment from institutions to meet the profession's "special obligations" to patients and learners. All stakeholders in graduate medical education must commit to a professional system of self-regulation to prepare highly competent physicians to fulfill this social contract.
Comparison of automated and manual F-wave latency measurements

Objective: F-waves are well-established clinical neurophysiological studies. F-wave analysis is now cumbersome limiting the usefulness of F-waves. This study evaluates the accuracy and reliability of an automated analysis method for F-wave latencies. Methods: F-waves following 20 supramaximal stimuli recorded from the extensor digitorum brevis muscle of 80 limbs (55 subjects) were analyzed. F-wave latencies were determined using a computer program developed by NEUROMetrix (Waltham, MA). These results were compared in a blinded fashion with manual measurements of the same datasets by a clinical neurophysiologist with established expertise in F-waves. The manual measurements were repeated once. Results: The yield rate of automated median F-wave latencies was 100% with a correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.996 when compared with manual assignment results. For individual F-wave latency measurements, comparable values were 90% and 0.977, respectively. The repeated manual measurements revealed a yield rate and CC for median latencies of 100% and 0.998, respectively, with comparable values for individual latency measurements of 95% and 0.992. Conclusions: These results indicate the feasibility of a reliable computerized automated analysis of F-wave latencies. Significance: A reliable automated analysis of F-waves should add meaningfully to the value of these responses in clinical neurophysiology.
Thermodynamics of Curved Boundary Layers

A general thermodynamic theory of curved boundary layers in one‐component, one‐phase fluids is presented; final results are displayed as the boundary analogs of the Gibbs adsorption equation and the Gibbs‐Tolman‐Koenig‐Buff equation. The derivation does not rely on the conventional cone or wedge shaped container of interfacial thermodynamics and therefore avoids the difficulty associated with these containers when dealing with a microscopic boundary surface as in scaled particle theory. The method of derivation and results, although of particular importance to scaled particle theory, are of general interest because of the fundamental distinction between boundary and interfacial effects.
Family Ties in the Making of Modern Intelligence

In today's intelligence community, elaborate background checks yield mounds of details about a prospect's life and history, but in the formative years of British intelligence between 1909-1919, these procedures were only just emerging. As with diplomatic personnel, intelligence workers needed to be "known" entities, whose discretion and background could be assured. This process of subjecting prospects to an examination in order to separate likely candidates from unsuitable ones is known today as "vetting." This paper explores the cultural practice of vetting and the ways in which twentieth-century British intelligence not only depended upon and exploited familial connections in order to gain recommendations for personnel, but more importantly, used the notion of family loyalty to shape the assumptions and realities of such intelligence work. Certainly intelligence workers were not without considerable skills, often in languages, yet other considerations such as class background, family connections, gender, and nationality were the real filters used to vet personnel.
Histologic evaluation of thermal capsulorrhaphy of human shoulder joint capsule with monopolar radiofrequency energy during short- to long-term follow-up.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histologic morphology of human shoulder joint capsule after thermal capsulorrhaphy with monopolar radiofrequency energy (mRFE) during short- to long-term follow-up. Methods: This study comprised 27 patients who received an arthroscopic mRFE thermal capsulorrhaphy and 10 patients without mRFE treatment serving as the control group. Biopsy samples from 3 locations (anterior-superior, anterior-inferior, and posterior-medial) of the shoulder joint capsule were harvested from both the mRFE-treated patients and the control patients. The follow-up time for the mRFE treatment ranged from 3.5 to 62 months, which was divided into 3 groups: short, 3.5 to 12 months; medium, 14 to 25 months; and long, 31 to 62 months. The biopsy samples were analyzed via a histologic scoring system, evaluating an intact synovial layer, subsynovial edema, collagen morphology, cellularity, vascularity, and inflammatory cells. Histologic scores among each follow-up group were compared with each other and with those in the control group. Results: There were no significant differences in the histologic categories of intact synovial layer, subsynovial edema, collagen morphology, and inflammatory cells among the control and mid- and long-term mRFE groups. The short-term mRFE group had greater increased cellularity and vascularity compared with the mid- and long-term groups, which progressively improved toward the appearance in the normal control group with time. Conclusions: After mRFE capsulorrhaphy, histologic analysis revealed that the mRFE-treated shoulder joint capsule had almost returned to normal, except for persistent cellularity and increased vascularity, which were present at up to 5 years after this procedure. Level of Evidence: Level III, therapeutic case-control study.
Oil spill detection in SAR images using minimum cross-entropy thresholding

Oil spill detection becomes very important nowadays, due to the importance of oil and to prevent pollution caused by oil leakage. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images show oil spill boundaries clearly. An oil spill appears as an obscure spot in SAR images. Therefore, thresholding is considered the best method to extract this patch and define its boundaries clearly. This paper proposes a novel thresholding method for detecting oil spill in SAR images that minimizes cross-entropy between images and their segmented versions using gamma Distribution. Moreover, this paper demonstrates applying the new proposed method results on artificial images as well as various SAR images. Gamma Distribution was chosen over other distributions because it has a general shape, and it showed excellent results in modeling images' data.
Experimental respiratory carcinogenesis in small laboratory animals.

One of the major efforts in toxicological research has been an assessment of the importance of various environmental factors in the induction of cancer. Much of the present interest in this topic has been due to the rapidly increasing numbers of chemicals being synthesized and produced in manufacturing processes, as well as increasing pollution from combustion sources. Since many of the pollutants are airborne, studies assessing their effects via the inhalation route have assumed a major importance. Respiratory carcinogenesis was the primary topic at an International Conference on Lung Tumors in Animals, held at Perugia, Italy, in 1965, and at the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Conference on Inhalation Carcinogenesis, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in 1969. Sunderman (1971, 1977, 1978) included inhalation studies in his reviews of metal carcinogenesis. Homburger (1979) reviewed chemical carcinogenesis, including respiratory carcinogenesis in the Syrian hamster. No recent conferences or reviews, however, specifically concerning cancer induction via the inhalation route have been conducted. This review addresses, primarily, the effects of inhaled chemicals, with the exception of radioactive compounds, upon induction of respiratory tract cancer in small laboratory animals. With certain chemicals such as vinyl chloride, where lung tumors are not always the major endpoint, a discussion of tumors at other locations is also included. Studies not included are those in which respiratory tract tumors have been induced by means other than inhalation, inhalation toxicology studies designed to address nononcogenic endpoints, or studies of such short duration that the development of lung tumors would be considered very unlikely. The decision to include a study based upon duration was, of necessity, somewhat arbitrary. Strain A mice, for example, are seldom exposed for more than 6 months because of rapidly increasing tumor rates among control animals. The highly lung tumor-resistant C57BL strain, on the other hand, often requires a
The effects of exercise intensity on body composition, weight loss, and dietary composition in women.

There is controversy over whether exercise and/or exercise intensity has an effect on total caloric intake or diet composition. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of exercise intensity without dietary manipulation on body composition and/or weight loss and to determine whether exercise intensity affected total caloric intake or diet composition in normal weight young women.Fifteen women aged 18 to 34 years with a maximal oxygen consumption average or below on the Palo Alto norms served as subjects. Subjects were randomly assigned to: 1) low heart rate intensity exercise group (LI, N = 7) which exercised 40 to 45 minutes approximately four times weekly at a mean heart rate of 132 beats per minute (bpm); 2) high heart rate intensity group (HI, N = 8) which exercised 40 to 45 minutes approximately four times weekly at a mean HR of 163 bpm. All subjects were given a maximal exercise test prior to and during weeks eight, 12 and 16. The first 4 weeks served as a control period, followed by approxi...
Mechanism of particle deposition on silicon surface during dilute HF cleans

The mechanism of particle deposition onto silicon wafer surfaces during dilute HF cleans is discussed. Direct surface force measurement using an atomic force microscope showed that particle redeposition on a silicon surface is due to the dominant van der Waals interaction between the particle and the wafer surface. The addition of surfactants can affect the clean effectiveness of a dilute HF solution by changing the surface interaction forces between a particle and a wafer. We show that there is a simple correlation between particle deposition and the product of the zeta-potentials of the wafer and particle. This correlation can be explained by introducing the linear superposition approximation to the derivation of electrical double-layer interactions. The addition of surfactant will also decrease dispersion attraction, introduce steric repulsion, and eliminate adhesion force, as indicated by the results of surface force measurements. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Bronchial hyperreactivity in children with Marfan syndrome.

Marfan syndrome is known to have pulmonary manifestations such as pneumothorax. There have been few previous studies of pulmonary function tests and none of bronchial hyperreactivity. Therefore, pulmonary function tests were performed in 11 children with Marfan syndrome and 11 normal children. Bronchial responsiveness was tested in ten of the Marfan patients by methacholine challenge test and response to bronchodilator. Because of disproportionate length of legs in Marfan patients, an “ideal” standing height was calculated from sitting height. Pulmonary function tests, as absolute values or as percent predicted based on “ideal” height, were not different in Marfan patients and normals, although a few individual patients had abnormal function (mostly airway obstruction and hyperinflation). Response to methacholine challenge was positive on forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% VC (FEF25–75%), and FEF50%, in 37.5%, 60%, and 70% of tests respectively. A significant response to bronchodilators was obtained in 40% of patients as measured by FEV1, in 90% by FEF25–75% and in 100% by FEF50%. Pulmonary function tests after bronchodilator were significantly higher when compared with values before the bronchodilator as well as with the baseline before methacholine. Therefore, most if not all patients with Marfan syndrome had hyperreactive airways in this relatively small group of patients. Even though only one patient had a diagnosis of asthma, six more had subtle symptoms. It is concluded that tests for bronchial hyperreactivity could be part of the routine investigation in Marfan syndrome. Further studies on larger numbers of patients are still needed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1991;11 :29-36
Effects of estradiol and progesterone on accumulation of relaxin‐ and carbohydrate‐containing granules in endometrial gland cells of the guinea pig

Guinea pigs were spayed and given various regimens of injections of estradiol and progesterone. The following were monitored in each animal: pubic separation (relaxin stimulation), resorption of the vaginal membrane (estrogen priming), and the presence of PAS-positive granules and/or relaxin in endometrial gland cells (EGC). Injections of estradiol alone resulted in resorption of the vaginal membrane, accumulation of PAS-positive granules in EGC of all animals, and accumulation of relaxin in EGC of two of four animals; but they did not cause pubic separation. Progesterone injections did not result in resorption of the vaginal membrane, separation of pubes, or accumulation of PAS-positive granules; however, one of three animals demonstrated a few EGC that contained relaxin. Animals that received both estradiol and progesterone exhibited PAS-positive granules and relaxin in EGC as well as separated pubes, but did not have resorbed vaginal membranes. Upon examination with the electron microscope, EGC from animals that received estradiol alone exhibited remarkable numbers of secretory granules that contained a carbohydrate-rich material. Secretory granules were not prominent in EGC from animals that received progesterone alone. Estradiol and progesterone injections resulted in accumulation of secretory granules in EGC that contained relaxin and a carbohydrate-rich material. The observations that estradiol and progesterone induce relaxin production in EGC support the hypothesis that uterine relaxin plays an important role in pregnancy and/or parturition in the guinea pig.
Validity of the spin-susceptibility “glue” approximation for pairing in the two-dimensional Hubbard model

We examine the validity of the weak-coupling spin-susceptibility ``glue'' approximation (SSGA) in a two-dimensional Hubbard model for cuprates. For comparison, we employ the well-established dynamical cluster approximation (DCA) with a quantum Monte Carlo algorithm as a cluster solver. We compare the leading eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions of the DCA and SSGA pairing matrices. For realistic model parameters, we find that the SSGA fails to capture the leading pairing symmetries seen in the DCA. Furthermore, when the SSGA is improved through the addition of a term with $d$-wave symmetry, the strength of this additional term is found to be larger than that of the glue approximation.
Drug preference and mood in humans: d-amphetamine.

A total of 31 normal human volunteers participated in a nine-session experiment. During the first four sessions, they received alternately 5 mg d-amphetamine or placebo. During the next five sessions, they were given a choice between amphetamine and placebo. Subjective effects were assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before the drug was taken and 1, 3, and 6 h later. Subjects chose amphetamine a mean of 4.03 times. Compared with placebo, amphetamine produced changes in mood on the POMS including increased Vigor, Elation, Friendliness, Arousal and Positive Mood and decreased Confusion. These differences were greatest 3 h after ingestion. Mood changes produced by d-amphetamine were comparable in all subjects regardless of the actual number of times each chose the drug. These data suggest that that subjective effects do not predict drug choice. The results are discussed in terms of developing methods for predicting the abuse potential of psychotropic drugs.
Ethnic and state sports in the context of the 2014 Sochi Olympics

Sports have long been an important point of expression in communal identity in the North Caucasus and recently came to serve as a forum for political dissent. This article examines the emergence and transformation of ethnic sport projects in the North Caucasus in connection with the 2014 Sochi Olympics. It charts the history and progress of two projects known as the Circassiada and the Caucasus Games and evaluates the debate of the sport-nation nexus in the North Caucasus. While the Circassiada and the Caucasus Games reflect the typical elite-driven narratives of border security and terrorism, they also highlight discussions over historical and cultural practices of nationhood and the boundaries of national identity.
Altered Amphibian Cell Morphology Following Treatment with Polyene Antibiotic and a Mammalian RNA Virus

SummaryPolyene antibiotics are agents known to damage cell membranes. The hexaene antibiotic, mediocidin, was used in an attempt to introduce a mammalian virus (Mengo) into normally nonpermissive ICR 2A haploid frog cells. Although no infectious virus could be recovered from mediocidin treated cells exposed to Mengo virus, a change in VSV susceptibility, temperature sensitivity and an apparently permanent change in morphology took place—from fibroblastic to epithelial—in the cells cultured at 23°. Neither the polyene antibiotic nor the virus used alone was capable of inducing these alterations in ICR 2A cells.
Influence of MHC on thymus repopulation following intrathymic transfer of mouse T-cell precursors

T-cell precursors (pre-T cells) traditionally have been detected by their ability to repopulate the thymus of heavily irradiated mice following intravenous injection. Recently, an assay system involving the direct injection of pre-T cells into the thymus of sublethally irradiated animals has been described. Here we report the results of experiments designed to evaluate the ability of bone marrow cells to produce thymic repopulation following intrathymic injection in a wide range of donor-host strain combinations. Irradiated (600 R) mice were injected intrathymically with 2 X 10(6) bone marrow cells which differed from the recipient with respect to their Thy-1 allotype and the percentage of thymus cells expressing either donor- or recipient-type Thy-1 was determined 9 to 23 days after injection. The results of these experiments showed that thymocytes expressing the Thy-1 allotype derived from the donor marrow were only detected when the donor and host were matched at MHC. By contrast, thymic repopulation by MHC-mismatched donor marrow cells could readily be observed when these cells were given intravenously.
In vitro Hybridization of Normal and Variant Human Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase

NORMAL human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose 6-phosphate: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) (G-6-PD) can be dissociated into smaller sub-units under certain conditions1–4, which suggests that normal and variant human G-6-PD may be hybridized in vitro. Studies of such hybridization may provide information on the polypeptide chains in which mutation occurred. Hybridization between human and rat G-6-PD has been observed5, but despite the attempts made6, no successful hybridization has so far been reported between the normal and variant human G-6-PD. We report here in vitro hybridization of the normal (B +), the common Negro variant with normal red cell enzyme activity (A +) and the Seattle variant7.
Prostate Cancer in Patients with the Bladder Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex : Insights and Outcomes

OBJECTIVES With modern reconstructive surgical techniques and better neonatal intensive care unit care, patients with the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex are now living much longer than they did previously. As these patients age, the men will begin to seek out adult urologists for common conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer screening. We present the first known man with the exstrophy-epispadias complex to be diagnosed with prostate cancer. METHODS After obtaining institutional review board approval, the computerized charting system at our institution was used to review this patient's medical record. A computerized literature search was then conducted using PubMed to confirm that no other cases of prostate cancer had been reported in the exstrophy-epispadias population. RESULTS The patient underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy by an adult urologic oncologist assisted by a pediatric urologist with expertise in bladder exstrophy. The patient later required cystectomy and ileal conduit for disease at the bladder neck, as well as external beam radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy. During 1 year of follow-up, his prostate-specific antigen level was undetectable. CONCLUSIONS We have described the first case of prostate cancer in the exstrophy-epispadias population, proving that these patients are at risk and that radical retropubic prostatectomy is a viable treatment option. Practicing adult urologists will need to be aware of this patient population, because they will be seeking out care for common urologic issues as they age. Special considerations of the diagnosis, management, and treatment of prostate cancer in this patient population are discussed.
Extracorporeal magnet perivascular electromagnetic flow meters.

The “interrupted resonance” circuit proved effective in combination with an extracorporeal magnet in permitting electromagnetic blood flow measurements to be made in branch arteries of dogs by application of perivascular cuffs equipped with pick-up electrodes contacting the vessel wall. A four-turn coil, acting as a transformer secondary measures the amplitude of the magnetic field component which is effective in inducing the flow signal and thus permits calibrations for arbitrary orientations of the perivascular cuff relative to the magnetic field of the extracorporeal magnet. Recordings of mean and phasic blood flow in dogs' arteries provide illustrations of effectiveness in pharmacological studies and exhibit the reliability of the non-occlusive zero-flow base line obtained by de-energizing the magnet.
Accurate finite difference schemes for solving a 3D micro heat transfer model in an N-carrier system with the Neumann boundary condition in spherical coordinates

In this study, we propose a 3D generalized micro heat transfer model in an N-carrier system with the Neumann boundary condition in spherical coordinates, which can be applied to describe the non-equilibrium heating in biological cells. Two improved unconditionally stable Crank-Nicholson schemes are then presented for solving the generalized model. In particular, we delicately adjust the location of the interior grid point that is next to the boundary so that the Neumann boundary condition can be applied directly without discretization. As such, a second-order accurate finite difference scheme without using any fictitious grid points is obtained. The convergence rates of the numerical solution are tested by an example. Results show that the convergence rates of the present schemes are about 2.0 with respect to the spatial variable r, which improves the accuracy of the Crank-Nicholson scheme coupled with the conventional first-order approximation for the Neumann boundary condition.
Functional Literacy Assessment: Issues of Interpretation

Adult educators typically have no difficulty recognizing theoretical distinctions between the concept of functional literacy and constructs that refer to internal traits such as cognitive aptitude or intelligence. In practice, however, interpretations of a person's performance on functional literacy tasks are confounded frequently by implicitly held notions that a cognitive trait closely aligned with intelligence is being measured. This essay discusses problems and issues inherent in measuring and interpreting functional literacy performance. First, a brief overview of the definitional dilemma and a synopsis of some of the widely known functional literacy assessments will be presented to provide a necessary context. Specific issues related to validity will then be examined. Finally, the impact of various conceptualizations of validity upon our interpretation of functional literacy test performance will be explored.
Corporate Moral Culpability in Health Care: When the Implications Don't Fit the Crime

Kipnis (2011) poses an interesting and timely question: When the relationships between physicians and for-profit health-care-related companies result in unethical (and possibly illegal) actions tow...
Cryopreservation-thawing of fractionated human spermatozoa and plasma membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine

Abstract Objective: [1] To evaluate sperm membrane damage during cryopreservation-thawing by the assessment of phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation and [2] to examine the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cryopreservation-related alterations. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: University-based center. Patient(s): Men consulting for infertility and fertile donors (controls). Intervention(s): Semen processing was performed by density gradient separation followed by cryopreservation and thawing. Main Outcome Measure(s): Membrane PS translocation was evaluated with annexin V binding, generation of ROS was detected by chemiluminescence, and motion parameters were assessed by computer analysis. Result(s): Annexin V binding was detected in the prefreeze fractions with high and low sperm motility. In the patient group, there were significantly higher postthaw levels of annexin V binding in both fractions when compared with prefreezing values. However, such induction of PS translocation was significantly higher in the fractions with high sperm motility. Significantly higher ROS levels were detected in prefreeze samples of the fractions with low sperm motility. Conclusion(s): In the population of men studied, [1] cryopreservation-thawing was associated with induction of membrane PS translocation; [2] postthaw ROS levels were lower than before freezing; and [3] neither annexin V binding results nor the generation of ROS were able to accurately predict sperm cryosurvival rates.
The large scale development of the aerated retting process in great britain

Aerated retting tanks erected by the Ministry of Supply1 at H.M. Norfolk Flax Establishment and at other flax mills and their method of operation arc described. Practical difficulties of aeration and temperature control are discussed.
Synthesis of Rotational and Dilatational Seismograms

A new type of filter which separates areal dilatation and rotation from horizontal seismograms was designed. Using long-period seismograms recorded by LASA as input, its effectiveness was demonstrated.
PADE: a high-performance placer with automatic datapath extraction and evaluation through high dimensional data learning

This work presents PADE, a new placement flow with automatic datapath extraction and evaluation. PADE applies novel data learning techniques to train, predict, and evaluate potential datapaths using high-dimensional data such as netlist symmetrical structures, initial placement hints and relative area. Extracted datapaths are mapped to bit-stack structures that are aligned and simultaneously placed with the random logic using SAPT [1], the SAPT, a placer built on top of SimPL [2]. Results show at least 7% average total Half-Perimeter Wire Length (HPWL) and 12% Steiner Wire Length (StWL) improvements on industrial hybrid benchmarks and at least 2% average total HPWL and 3% StWL improvements on ISPD 2005 contest benchmarks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to link data learning, datapath extraction with evaluation, and placement and has the tremendous potential for pushing placement state-of-the-art for modern circuits which have datapath and random logics.
Severe undernutrition in early infancy and behavior in rehabilitated albino rats

Abstract To determine the effect of undernutrition in early life on behavior in mature rats, albino pups were nursed in litters of 16 by an undernourished dam and weaned to a diet of 3% casein for a total of 3, 5, 7 or 9 weeks of severe undernutrition before being rehabilitated on a diet of 18% casein. From 16–18 weeks male animals were subjected to behavioral tests. Undernourished rats were more active ( p p p
Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women is associated with increased risk of severe malaria in their offspring.

Background: In areas of widespread sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance intermittent treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) fails to prevent placental malaria (PM) and may exacerbate drug resistant infections. Because PM predicts increased susceptibility to parasitemia during infancy we hypothesized that IPTp would also increase susceptibility to malaria infection and disease in the offspring. Methods: In a birth cohort from NE Tanzania we evaluated the association between maternal IPTp use and risk of parasitemia and severe malaria in the offspring. Using Cox Proportional Hazards Models as well as Generalized Estimating Equations we evaluated the effects of IPTp on the entire cohort and on subgroups stratified by PM status at delivery. Results and Conclusions: Offspring of PM+ women who received IPTp had a dose-dependent decrease in time to first parasitemia (AHR = 2.13 p = 0.04 [95%CI: 1.04 4.38]). Among all offspring IPTp was associated with earlier first severe malaria episode (AHR = 2.32 p = 0.02 [95%CI: 1.12 4.78]) as well as increased overall odds of severe malaria (AOR = 2.31 p = 0.03 [95%CI: 1.09 4.88]). Cost-benefit analyses of IPTp regimens should consider the long term effects on offspring in addition to pregnancy outcomes.