cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinicians, Practitioners, and Scribes: Drafting Client Work Product in a Small Business Clinic

The recent and rapid growth of transactional clinics, and more specifically small business clinics (SBCs), mandates that time and attention be given to pedagogical methods within this specialized clinical structure. This Article focuses on the drafting component of an SBC. It is often asserted that legal education does not effectively provide students with business-oriented, practical skills training. At the heart of an SBC is the necessity to prepare appropriate written client work product. SBCs also provide an excellent opportunity for students to acquire interviewing, researching, drafting, counseling, problem-solving, and other expertise. This Article attempts to provide a process for efficiently teaching students drafting skills appropriate for an SBC and, ultimately, for transactional practice. A clinical professor supervising an SBC must balance competing goals of delivering professional client work product, providing an appropriate educational experience for students, and, for some SBCs, fulfilling a social and economic justice role. Based on the diverse legal needs of a small business (e.g., entity formation, intellectual property, employment, tax, and finance), the significant role documentation serves in meeting these needs (e.g., client memoranda, organizational documents, contracts, and employee applications/manuals), and the reality that clinical students must acquire other professional skills during their clinical experience (e.g., problem-solving, researching, interviewing, and counseling), an efficient drafting process is required to facilitate students’ ability to produce real world, client work product in one, or at most two, semesters. The drafting process the author proposes in this Article borrows from clinical (collaborative/partnership supervision) and legal writing (new rhetoric) pedagogies, and also incorporates the value creation theory that is well-established, if not foundational, in the transactional law community.
Chapter 28 Molecular Cloning of The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: New Opportunities In Drug Design?

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relevance for medicinal chemistry of the molecular cloning of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR). The focus has been on being able to design from first principles a ligand for a receptor, given the structure of its binding site. For the nAchR, elucidation of the binding sites for a variety of ligands now seems within reach. Moreover, other functional sites are being mapped onto the primary sequence and the discovery of related coding sequences has ushered in a whole gene family that probably encodes a family of nAchR subtypes. Through recombinant DNA techniques significant progress has been made toward determining the molecular structure and structure–function relationships of the nAchR. Mapping of functional sites onto the primary sequence is still coarse and the data are at times conflicting; increased accuracy and resolution of some ambiguities can be attained with existing techniques. Molecular modeling may fill some of the gap between the primary structure and low resolution images, but the structural detail required for ligand design probably has to await X-ray crystallography of the nAchR or a functional fragment thereof that could be obtained by the expression of cloned complementary DNAs (cDNAs). Meanwhile expressed receptors may provide a useful assay system for drug testing in cases where nAchRs from natural sources are difficult to obtain (for example, human muscle, neural nAchRs). Comparison of the nAchR sequences from different subtypes or species, and construction of chimeric nAchRs or subunits may yield clues about the location of binding sites and the reason for pharmacological differences. The combination of X-ray crystallography with site-directed mutagenesis is likely to prove most powerful not only for mapping residues involved in a binding site, but also for assessing their role in binding and for elucidating the general principles of ligand-receptor interactions.
Trade policy options for Chile : a quantitative evaluation

Chile is currently evaluating a wide range of possible trade policies. Using a global computable general equilibrium model, the authors examine a range of trade policy and complementary tax policy options for Chile. They focus on Chile's principal preferential trade policy options: a free-trade area with MERCOSUR, a customs union with MERCOSUR, and a free trade area with NAFTA. They also examine such options as complementary tariff reduction with nonpartner countries in combination with implementing the free trade area options; unilateral or global trade liberalization; and the optimum unilateral tariff. Their principal policy conclusions: lowering Chile's tariffs preferentially or multilaterally leads to only small gains as Chile starts with a rather efficient external trade regime, uniform tariffs of 11 percent. Largely because of its efficient uniform tariff, preferential tariff reduction will reduce Chilean welfare through trade diversion, unless Chile can improve its access in the markets of partner countries. NAFTA offers enough access to benefit Chile; MERCOSUR does not, once the trade diversion costs of MERCOSUR are taken into account. Under their preferred-elasticity scenario, Chile can convert the MERCOSUR agreement from a loss to a gain if it lowers its external tariff to between 6 and 8 percent. Doing so will also increase the gains from a potential agreement with NAFTA. Chile's current value-added tax imposes distortionary costs because collection rates are nor uniform. Chile will gain if it can collect the VAT more uniformly. Tariff reductions from trade reform will require an increase in domestic taxes, so greater uniformity in domestic taxes (less distortion in replacement taxes) will maximize the benefits from trade reform. Welfare will be improved by moving toward unifromity in the VAT and lowering the Chilean tariff to between 6 and 8 percent. This model ignores dynamic gains from trade liberalization, the result of importing either a greater variety of products or more technologically advanced products.
Gibraltar: Application and Network Aware Adaptive Power Management for IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11 power save mode and other power management mechanisms while reducing the power consumption of a wireless subsystem may significantly degrade application performance increasing overall system power. A new power management algorithm, codenamed Gibraltar, which adapts to application level network behavior and current network conditions, has been developed to reduce 802.11 power consumption and to limit application delays. Gibraltar algorithm was implemented as an NDIS intermediate driver for the Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG miniPCI card and experiments were conducted for web browsing and email applications. Measured results demonstrated that Gibraltar is very effective in managing power of a wireless subsystem and limiting application delay. For example, for web browsing when compared to 802.11 power save mode, Gibraltar reduces power consumption by 28% and delay by 19%. Further, Gibraltar is able to consistently reduce system energy consumption across applications and device types providing a viable solution for 802.11 power management.
Discovering Structure of Web Pages for Non-visual Navigation: Binding Text to Forms

In recent years we have witnessed an increased effort towards the development of tools and methodologies based on information technology aimed at reducing the communication divide between sighted and blind individuals. In particular, considerable effort has been invested in tackling the complex issue of automatically or semi-automatically providing alternative access modalities to the Web to fit the needs of users with different backgrounds, learning styles, abilities and disabilities. In particular, our focus is on providing access modalities to the Web that are more effective for individuals with severe visual impairment. The existing literature [2,1] has identified accessibility of tables and use of on-line forms as two of the most challenging problems in this context – since the understanding of tables and forms is directly dependent on knowledge of the spatial layout of the components of the structure, which in turn is an inherently “visual” feature.
The KLHL12-Cullin-3 ubiquitin ligase negatively regulates the Wnt-β-catenin pathway by targeting Dishevelled for degradation

Dishevelled is a conserved protein that interprets signals received by Frizzled receptors. Using a tandem-affinity purification strategy and mass spectrometry we have identified proteins associated with Dishevelled, including a Cullin-3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing the Broad Complex, Tramtrack and Bric a Brac (BTB) protein Kelch-like 12 (KLHL12). This E3 ubiquitin ligase complex is recruited to Dishevelled in a Wnt-dependent manner that promotes its poly-ubiquitination and degradation. Functional analyses demonstrate that regulation of Dishevelled by this ubiquitin ligase antagonizes the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway in cultured cells, as well as in Xenopus and zebrafish embryos. Considered with evidence that the distinct Cullin-1 based SCF(beta-TrCP)complex regulates beta-catenin stability, our data on the stability of Dishevelled demonstrates that two distinct ubiquitin ligase complexes regulate the Wnt-beta-catenin pathway.
A joint system for single-person 2D-face and 3D-head tracking in CHIL seminars

We present the IBM systems submitted and evaluated within the CLEAR'06 evaluation campaign for the tasks of single person visual 3D tracking (localization) and 2D face tracking on CHIL seminar data. The two systems are significantly inter-connected to justify their presentation within a single paper as a joint vision system for single person 2D-face and 3D-head tracking, suitable for smart room environments with multiple synchronized, calibrated, stationary cameras. Indeed, in the developed system, face detection plays a pivotal role in 3D person tracking, being employed both in system initialization as well as in detecting possible tracking drift. Similarly, 3D person tracking determines the 2D frame regions where a face detector is subsequently applied. The joint system consists of a number of components that employ detection and tracking algorithms, some of which operate on input from all four corner cameras of the CHIL smart rooms, while others select and utilize two out of the four available cameras. Main system highlights constitute the use of AdaBoost-like multi-pose face detectors, a spatio-temporal dynamic programming algorithm to initialize 3D location hypotheses, and an adaptive subspace learning based tracking scheme with a forgetting mechanism as a means to reduce tracking drift. The system is benchmarked on the CLEAR'06 CHIL seminar database, consisting of 26 lecture segments recorded inside the smart rooms of the UKA and ITC CHIL partners. Its resulting 3D single-person tracking performance is 86% accuracy with a precision of 88 mm, whereas the achieved face tracking score is 54% correct with 37% wrong detections and 19% misses. In terms of speed, an inefficient system implementation runs at about 2 fps on a P4 2.8 GHz desktop.
A SHUNT REGULATOR FOR 150-kV, 20-A, 0.5-Sec NEUTRAL-BEAM-SOURCE POWER SUPPLIES*

The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) is now constructing a test facility for the development of neutral beam (NB) sources which will operate up to a level of 150 kV, 20 A, 0.5 sec with a 1% duty cycle [1]. Such sources will provide neutral deuterium beams for injection into large-scale experimental fusion devices. These sources require an accel power supply capable of wide-range variation, voltage regulation of ±1%, risetime ≤20 μsec, turnoff (crowbar) time of ≤10 μsec, repetitive crowbarring and restarting during a 0.5 sec pulse, and low rate of current increase during a short circuit. We describe a shunt regulator system which uses existing components and satisfies these requirements with simplicity and relatively low cost.
Translational frameshifting: implications for the mechanism of translational frame maintenance.

The ribosome rapidly translates the information in the nucleic sequence of mRNA into the amino acid sequence of proteins. As with any biological process, translation is not completely accurate; it must compromise the antagonistic demands of increased speed and greater accuracy. Yet, reading-frame errors are especially infrequent, occurring at least 10 times less frequently than other errors. How do ribosomes maintain the reading frame so faithfully? Geneticists have addressed this question by identifying suppressors that increase error frequency. Most familiar are the frameshift suppressor tRNAs, though other suppressors include mutant forms of rRNA, ribosomal proteins, or translation factors. Certain mRNA sequences can also program frameshifting by normal ribosomes. The models of suppression and programmed frameshifting describe apparently quite different mechanisms. Contemporary work has questioned the long-accepted model for frameshift suppression by mutant tRNAs, and a unified explanation has been proposed for both phenomena. The Quadruplet Translocation Model proposes that suppressor tRNAs cause frameshifting by recognizing an expanded mRNA codon. The new data are inconsistent with this model for some tRNAs, implying the model may be invalid for all. A new model for frameshift suppression involves slippage caused by a weak, near-cognate codon.anticodon interaction. This strongly resembles the mechanism of +1 programmed frameshifting. This may mean that infrequent frameshift errors by normal ribosomes may result from two successive errors: misreading by a near-cognate tRNA, which causes a subsequent shift in reading frame. Ribosomes may avoid phenotypically serious frame errors by restricting apparently innocuous errors of sense.
U‐Pb ages of detrital zircons in Pacheco Pass metagraywackes: Sierran‐Klamath source of mid‐Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous Franciscan deposition and underplating

[1] Using laser ablation ICP-MS techniques, U-Pb ages are reported for 338 detrital zircons separated from four Franciscan metagraywacke samples from imbricate thrust sheets cropping out in the Pacheco Pass area, east central California Coast Ranges. Structurally higher slabs are clastic quartz ± albite-bearing rocks typified by neoblastic lawsonite + jadeitic pyroxene; the lowest exposed slab lacks jadeitic pyroxene but contains traces of newly grown pumpellyite and lawsonite in addition to abundant quartz + albite. Studied specimens contain moderate amounts of phengite + titanite ± chlorite, stilpnomelane, carbonate, iron oxides, rock fragments, and carbonaceous matter. These Diablo Range clastic sediments were deposited in mid-Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous time. The highest allochthon, unit I, was deposited after ∼102 Ma, unit IV was deposited after ∼90–102 Ma, and unit V was deposited after ∼86 Ma. Metagraywacke depositional-accretionary ages within slab IV young upward, but ages of the slabs decrease progressively downward. In the four-sample aggregate, most zircons have igneous ages falling in the 135–170 Ma range, with a smaller population at 85–120 Ma. The rocks contain rare zircons of Middle Proterozoic–Late Archean ages. A minor source in northern California and NW Nevada seems likely for the Pacheco Pass metagraywackes, but the Sierran-Klamath calcalkaline arc provided most of the clastic debris. Judging by the volcanic nature of lithic clasts in these Eastern Belt metagraywackes, and because massive Sierran plutonism occurred at ∼85–120 Ma, the abundant 135–170 Ma zircons probably were derived chiefly from the eroding comagmatic volcanic arc rather than from the less voluminous Jurassic arc plutons.
Diet regulation and controlled weight in pregnancy

Abstract The relation between diet in pregnancy and maternal and fetal complications and mortality has been discussed. The data so far reported in the literature indicate the value of a proper diet. The results, if true, are of the greatest importance, but the number of cases in each series is small. Furthermore, some of the conclusions are at variance with clinical obstetrics. The cost of supervising pregnant patients as well as supplying diet deficiencies would be increased but would be justified if the reports are confirmed. Therefore, we believe that research projects in maternal nutrition should be started in various clinics throughout the country so that in a short period of time sufficient material will be available. We are limiting the total gain above the ideal weight to a maximum of 8 kilograms by restricting the caloric content of the pregnancy diet.
The Relevance of the Affordable Care Act for Improving Mental Health Care

Provisions of the Affordable Care Act provide unprecedented opportunities for expanded access to behavioral health care and for redesigning the provision of services. Key to these reforms is establishing mental and substance abuse care as essential coverage, extending Medicaid eligibility and insurance parity, and protecting insurance coverage for persons with preexisting conditions and disabilities. Many provisions, including Accountable Care Organizations, health homes, and other structures, provide incentives for integrating primary care and behavioral health services and coordinating the range of services often required by persons with severe and persistent mental health conditions. Careful research and experience are required to establish the services most appropriate for primary care and effective linkage to specialty mental health services. Research providing guidance on present evidence and uncertainties is reviewed. Success in redesign will follow progress building on collaborative care and other evidence-based practices, reshaping professional incentives and practices, and reinvigorating the behavioral health workforce.
High-throughput computational screening of thermal conductivity, Debye temperature, and Grüneisen parameter using a quasiharmonic Debye model

The quasiharmonic Debye approximation has been implemented within the aflow and Materials Project frameworks for high-throughput computational materials science (Automatic Gibbs Library, agl), in order to calculate thermal properties such as the Debye temperature and the thermal conductivity of materials. We demonstrate that the agl method, which is significantly cheaper computationally compared to the fully ab initio approach, can reliably predict the ordinal ranking of the thermal conductivity for several different classes of semiconductor materials. In particular, a high Pearson (i.e., linear) correlation is obtained between the experimental and agl computed values of the lattice thermal conductivity for a set of 75 compounds including materials with cubic, hexagonal, rhombohedral, and tetragonal symmetry.
The method of lines applied to a simple hyperbolic equation

Abstract This paper is concerned with the semidiscrete approximation of hyperbolic equations in one-space dimension. A finite-difference approximation is used for the spatial derivative, but the time derivative is retained to yield a system of ordinary-differential equations. We compare fixed time step methods such as the leapfrog and fourth-order Runge-Kutta with variable time step ODE solvers such as Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg and the Adams method of Shampine. We are especially interested in the determination of the optimal time step for the fixed time step methods. A graphical method for this determination is described. We also test two predictor-corrector schemes, one based on the Milne corrector, the other based on an implicit Runge-Kutta formula.
Community Mental Health Services for Ethnic Minority Groups: A Test of the Cultural Responsiveness Hypothesis.

This study investigated services received, length of treatment, and outcomes of thousands of Asian-American, African-American, Mexican-American, and White clients using outpatient services in the Los Angeles County mental health system. It tested the hypothesis that therapist-client matches in ethnicity and language are beneficial to clients. Results indicate that Asian Americans and Mexican Americans underutilized, whereas African Americans overutilized, services. African Americans also exhibited less positive treatment outcomes. Furthermore, ethnic match was related to length of treatment for all groups. It was associated with treatment outcomes for Mexican Americans. Among clients who did not speak English as a primary language, ethnic and language match was a predictor of length and outcome of treatment. Thus, the cultural responsiveness hypothesis was partially supported.
Generalized safety first and a new twist on portfolio performance

We propose a Generalization of Roy's (1952) Safety First (SF) principle and relate it to the IID versions of Stutzer's (Stutzer's 2000, 2003) Portfolio Performance Index and underperformance probability Decay-Rate Maximization criteria. Like the original SF, the Generalized Safety First (GSF) rule seeks to minimize an upper bound on the probability of ruin (or shortfall, more generally) in a single drawing from a return distribution. We show that this upper bound coincides with what Stutzer showed will maximize the rate at which the probability of shortfall in the long-run average return shrinks to zero in repeated drawings from the return distribution. Our setup is simple enough that we can illustrate via direct calculation a deep result from Large Deviations theory: in the IID case the GSF probability bound and the decay rate correspond to the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence between the one-shot portfolio distribution and the “closest” mean-shortfall distribution. This enables us to produce examples in...
Vitamin B-6 Model Reactions (V): Synthesis, Conformation and Differential Reactivity of the A-(S,S) and A-(S,S) Diastereoisomers of Bis(Pyridoxylidene-L-Valinato)Cobalt(III) Complexes

Abstract The A(S,S) and A(S,S) diastereoisomers of the bis(pyridoxylidene-L-valinato)cobalt(III) complex have been synthesized and separated from one another. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigations show that the Schiff base chelate ring conformations are different for the two isomers. These measurements also determine the absolute configuration. The rate of carbon-hydrogen bond breaking has been studied by monitoring the intial rate of loss of the amino acid α-proton resonance for each complex. In acidic solution, the A isomer reacts about five times more rapidly than the A isomer. Four-bond proton-proton spin coupling constants show that the most rapidly reacting complex is the one where the bond to be broken is most nearly dihedrally perpendicular to the plane of the aromatic ring. However, conductivity studies show substantial differences in solvation which could also explain differences in reactivity.
Antibodies: indispensable tools for biomedical research.

I thank Ying-Hao Chou and Anne Goldman for reading this manuscript. Research in my laboratory is supported by a MERIT Award from the NIGMS and grants from NCI and NIDR.
An action spectrum for the light-dependent inhibition of swimming behavior in newly hatched white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus

Newly hatched white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) yolk-sac larvae are negatively phototactic, photokinetic and geotactic—seeking cover in the substrate during daylight hours. If cover is unavailable and the light intensity is low, they move into the water column and alternate periods of rapid, upward swimming with periods of quiescence during which they sink. In the dark they swim almost continuously. A flash of light inhibits swimming activity totally for a period dependent on the light intensity. Using this observation, we obtained an action spectrum for swimming inhibition for 30 newly hatched larvae. This action spectrum is best fit by a single visual pigment with absorbance maximum at 537 nm. The lack of red sensitivity fits well with previous work showing that red-sensitive photoreceptor cells are absent in young sturgeon. The possible significance of red insensitivity is discussed from both ecological and practical standpoints.
Building high performing engineering project teams

This article summarizes four years of research into the drivers and barriers of effective teambuilding in engineering work environments. A simple input-output model is presented for organizing and analyzing the various factors which influence team performance. The field survey results supported by correlation analysis indicate that team performance is primarily associated with six driving forces and six barriers which are related to: leadership, job content, personal needs, and general work environment. Specific recommendations are made.
Identification and characterization of a mouse mammary tumor virus protein uniquely expressed on the surface of BALB/cV mammary tumor cells.

Abstract A unique subline of BALB/c mice, designated BALB/cV, exhibits an intermediate mammary tumor incidence (47%) and harbors a distinct milk-transmitted mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). The BALB/cV subline was used to study the molecular basis of potential virus-host interactions involving cell surface-expressed MMTV proteins. Cell surface iodination identified virus-specific proteins expressed on BALB/cv primary mammary tumor cells grown in culture. In contrast to (C3H)MMTV-producing cell lines which expressed MMTV gp52, BALB/cV tumor cells lacked gp52 and expressed instead a 68K, env -related protein. The 68K env protein was also detected on the surface of metabolically labeled BALB/cV tumor cells by an external immunoprecipitation technique. The expression of 68K env was restricted to mammary tissues of BALB/cV mice that also expressed other MMTV proteins. Biochemical analysis established that 68K env was not modified by N-linked glycosylation. 125 I-labeled 68K env was rapidly released into the media of tumor cell cultures and was recovered both in the form of a soluble protein and in a 100,000 g pellet. The biologic function of this cell surface-expressed viral protein remains unknown.
Taxation, uncertainty and the choice of a consumption tax base

Abstract Several observers have concluded that the equivalence between the cash flow and wage tax approaches to direct consumption taxation breaks down in the presence of uncertainty, as individuals with extraordinarily large gains are treated too generously under the latter approach. In particular, Ahsan (Journal of Public Economics, 1989, 40, 99–134; Canadian Journal of Economics, 1990, 23, 408–433) contends that equivalence obtains only if returns in excess of a safe rate of return are included in the wage tax base. This paper constructs an alternative and arguably more plausible model under which full equivalence between the two approaches obtains even in the presence of uncertainty. It also derives Ahsan's result in a more general context, and demonstrates that the divergence between the two analyses is attributable to different assumptions regarding the cost to the government of an uncertain revenue stream.
Is the microbial tree of life verificationist

The field of microbial phylogenetics has questioned the feasibility of using a tree-like structure to the describe microbial evolution. This debate centres on two main points. First, because microorganisms are able to transfer genes from one to another in zero generations (horizontal gene transfer, or HGT), the use of molecular characters to perform phylogenetic analyses will yield an erroneous topology and HGT clearly makes the evolution of microorganisms non tree-like. Second, the use of concatenated gene sequences in a total evidence approach to phylogenetic systematics is a verificationist endeavour, the aim of which is to bolster support. However, the goal of the total evidence approach to phylogenetic research is based in the idea of increasing explanatory power over background knowledge through test and corroboration, rather than to bolster support for nodes in a tree. In this context, the testing of phylogenetic data is a falsificationist endeavour that includes the possibility of not rejecting the null hypothesis that there is no tree-like structure in molecular phylogenetic data. We discuss several tests that aim to test rigorously the hypothesis that a tree of life exists for microorganisms. We also discuss the philosophical ramifications of background knowledge and corroboration in microbial studies that need to be considered when suggesting that HGT confounds the tree of life. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Optical orientation of 67Zn

Nuclear orientation of 67Zn produced by optically pumping with 3076A resonance radiation is reported. A comparison of the nuclear resonance frequency in free zinc atoms and of protons in the same magnetic field yields ν(67Zn)/ν(1H) = 0.062 524 1 (6).
Serotonergic drugs, benzodiazepines and baclofen block muscimol-induced myoclonic jerks in a strain of mice

Abstract In male Swiss mice, muscimol produced myoclonic jerks. A 3 mg/kg(i.p.) dose induced this response in all of the mice tested and the peak response of 73 jerks per min was observed between 27 and 45 min. Increasing the brain serotonin levels by the administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (80–160 mg/kg) in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor resulted in an inhibition of the muscimol effect. However, in a similar experiment l-dopa (80–160 mg/kg) was without effect. In doses of 3–10 mg/kg, the serotonin receptor agonist MK-212 caused a dose-dependent blockade of the response of muscimol. Of the benzodiazepines, clonazepam (0.1–0.3 mg/kg) was found to be several fold more potent than diazepam (0.3–3 mg/kg) in blocking the myoclonic jerks. While (-)-baclofen (1–3 mg/kg) proved to be an effective antagonist of muscimol, its (+)-isomer (5–20 mg/kg) lacked this property. Considering the fact that 5-HTP and the benzodiazepines have been found to be beneficial in the management of clinical myoclonus, the muscimol-induced myoclonus seems to be a satisfactory animal model that may prove useful for the development of new drug treatments for this condition. Our present study indicated the possible value of MK-212 and (-)-baclofen in the management of clinical myoclonus.
Both the structure and DNA binding function of the barrier-to-autointegration factor contribute to reconstitution of HIV type 1 integration in vitro.

Retroviral integration is mediated by viral preintegration complexes (PICs), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) PICs treated with high salt lose their in vitrointegration activity. Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) is a host protein that efficiently restores PIC activity, but the mechanism(s) by which BAF participates in HIV-1 integration remains largely unknown. Here we developed a gel shift assay to study BAF DNA binding, and analyzed 14 mutant proteins containing substitutions of conserved residues for binding and PIC reconstitution activities. Although wild-type BAF efficiently bound double-stranded DNA, binding to single-stranded DNA, RNA, or an RNA/DNA hybrid was not detected, suggesting that BAF associates with retroviral cDNA relatively late during reverse transcription. Although some of the BAF mutant proteins efficiently bound DNA, others were defective for binding. Mutants that bound DNA efficiently reconstituted HIV-1 integration, even though in one case binding was just 0.2% of wild-type BAF. Although misfolded mutants did not reconstitute integration, a structurally intact DNA binding-defective mutant displayed partial activity at high BAF concentration. We therefore conclude that both BAF protein structure and its DNA binding activity play roles in reconstituting HIV-1 integration in vitro.
on the uses of history in anthropology: the palio of Siena

To illustrate the potential of joining history and anthropology in the study of complex societies, a particular ritual complex is considered from three different theoretical viewpoints — all essentially ahistoric — and then analyzed from a historical perspective. Comparing various approaches to the Sienese palio suggests that history need not be limited to providing “background” or addressing questions of origin; it can be used by anthropologists to critically examine their theories, sharpen their methods, and develop new lines of analysis. This requires, however, that historical material be evaluated by standards applied to field data and recast in anthropological terms.
Transcription Kinetics Heterogeneity of Highly Mobile Identical Genes Revealed by Simultaneous Measurement at the Single Cell Level

2560-Plat Transcription Kinetics Heterogeneity of Highly Mobile Identical Genes Revealed by Simultaneous Measurement at the Single Cell Level Enrico Gratton, Paolo Annibale. Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. Fluorescence microscopy was used in combination with molecular constructs to measure in real time and in living cells the transcriptional activity of individ- ual genes and their displacement within the nucleus. The question whether local mobility of individual chromatin regions is correlated to their transcriptional output is still the subject of active research. There is a consensus that the local chromatin environment and physical accessibility may play a role in modu- lating transcription, possibly determining the large heterogeneity observed in RNA Polymerase II (PolII) elongation rates measured from ﬂuorescence as- says. Employing high-speed ﬂuorescence nanoimaging we measure here at ms-temporal resolution PolII elongation and we are able to resolve the minute displacements of identical active genes surrounding a labeled transgene array. We observe a correlation between the transcriptional activity and sub- micrometer movements of the active genes that is evidence of an active molec- ular mechanism determining displacements of the active genes following transcriptional bursts. Furthermore, we detect a signiﬁcant heterogeneity in the kinetics of identical genes measured simultaneously and at sub-second tem- poral resolution within the same cell. Together these observations rule out cell to cell variability as the underlying cause for the observed kinetic heterogeneity and point to the local chromatin environment and physical accessibility as the source of PolII elongation variability. Work supported in part by NIH P41- GM103540 and NIH P50-GM076516
Nonselective and Cyclooxygenase-2-Selective NSAIDs and Acute Kidney Injury

Abstract Objective The association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acute kidney injury is well established, but it is less clear whether this risk is focused with specific agents. We undertook a large pharmacoepidemiologic analysis of the risk of acute kidney injury among older adults using nonselective NSAIDs or cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors. Methods Medicare beneficiaries from 2 large states with drug benefit were eligible for study. Patients were included if they filled a prescription for a nonselective NSAID or COX-2 inhibitor after more than 6 months without any such prescriptions and without a previous diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Incident acute kidney injury was ascertained from hospitalization claims within 45 days of initiating nonselective NSAID or COX-2 inhibitor therapy. Adjusted proportional hazards models estimated the relative risk of acute kidney injury associated with each agent compared with celecoxib. Results We included 183,446 patients whose mean age was 78 years; 80% were women. Acute kidney injury was identified in 870 (0.47%) of nonselective NSAID or COX-2 inhibitor users. The agents with significantly elevated risk compared with celecoxib were indomethacin (rate ratio [RR] = 2.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70-2.93), ibuprofen (RR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.36-2.19), and rofecoxib (RR = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.26-1.83). These findings were robust in several subgroups. Conclusion Acute kidney injury requiring hospitalization is a relatively rare adverse event among older adults after initiation of nonselective NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitor treatment, observed in approximately 1 in 200 new users within 45 days. There seems to be a marked gradient of risk for acute kidney injury across agents, specifically for indomethacin, ibuprofen, and rofecoxib.
An assessment of the impacts of feminism on sexual science

This paper presents an assessment of the impacts which feminism has had on sexual science. The assessment is based on an analysis of the degree to which feminist perspectives and scholarship have been integrated into: a) human sexuality curriculum materials, and b) articles published from 1980–1986 in a leading sexual science journal. Feminist impacts on curriculum materials are evaluated by reviewing several recent analyses and critiques of them. Data from an exploratory study of feminist content, gender and disciplinary affiliation of authors, and gender of editors in a sexual science journal and of disciplinary backgrounds and gender of the membership in the professional organization which publishes the journal, is then presented. The data, which show the differential distribution of journal authors and organization members by various disciplinary affiliations and by gender within those disciplines, are discussed in the context of recent explanations of factors, especially epistemological traditions, w...
The Plastid of Dinophysis (Dinophyceae): Phylogenetic Evidence for a Permanent Replacement

In the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Dinophysis, pigment composition and ultrastructural characters place the origin of the chloroplast with the cryptophytes. Presented here is the first molecular data from the plastid of Dinophysis. We cloned and sequenced the coding regions of psbA and small subunit (SSU) rDNA from four populations of D. acuminata and from D. acuta. These data were used to test two hypotheses about Dinophysis plastid evolution: (1) The plastid is of cryptophyte origin; and (2) The plastid is a permanent replacement. The psbA-coding region was identical among the populations of D. acuminata and between this species and D. acuta. On the other hand, the SSU rDNA showed polymorphisms, both between species and among populations. Phylogenetic analysis shows that both psbA and SSU rDNA sequences firmly place the Dinophysis spp. plastid within the cryptophytes, confirming its origin through plastid replacement. The polymorphic SSU rDNA sequences group together and are sister to a cryptophyte ultraplankter (OCS20). The SSU rDNA sequence heterogeneity between species (about 1%) is comparable to the heterogeneity among different isolates of D. acuminata, suggesting these are population-level differences and not indicative of different plastid captures by Dinophysis. Interestingly, a second class of cloned coding regions was also isolated from each population. These psbA and SSU rDNA sequences were evolutionarily more divergent and specifically related to florideophyte red algae. Given the mixotrophic habit of Dinophysis, the possibility arises that this second class may have come from red algal preys in the food vacuoles of our single-cell isolates. These results highlight the importance of sampling multiple genes and populations in determining the complex evolutionary history of the Dinophysis plastid.
Relief of palmityl CoA inhibition of citrate synthase by long-chain acylcarnitine derivatives

Abstract Inhibition of citrate synthase by incubation with palmityl CoA could be in large part prevented by concomitant incubation of enzyme with (+)-palmitylcarnitine, (−)-palmitylcarnitine or DL-stearylcarnitine. DL-Octanylcarnitine was less effective while butyrylcarnitine was without any protective action. The molar ratio of palmitylcarnitine to palmityl CoA required for relief of palmityl CoA inhibition was lowered at elevated concentrations of albumin.
Characteristics of certain voltage-regulator tubes

A quantitative presentation is made of the data from a large number of tests on three types of gaseous voltage-regulator tubes, VR75, VR105, and VR150, from several manufacturers. The effect of several factors, such as time and temperature, on the voltage stability has been investigated, and an equivalent circuit of the tube was experimentally determined. These results are especially applicable where the VR tubes are used as a source of reference voltage, such as in a degenerative electronic voltage stabilizer.
Joint continuity and representations of additive functionals of d-dimensional Brownian motion

Abstract Conditions are given on a family of measures { μ a , 0⩽ a ⩽1} so that the corresponding family { A a t , 0⩽ a ⩽1} of additive functionals of d -dimensional Brownian motion will be jointly continuous in a and t , a.s. This is then used to give a d -dimensional analogue to the representation A t = ∝ L y t μ ( dy ) that is valid for one-dimensional Brownian motion, where L y t is local time at y . In place of local times at points, local times at hyperplanes are used.
Asymptotically optimal power allocation for massive MIMO uplink

This paper considers massive MIMO uplink using maximum ratio combining (MRC) and zero forcing (ZF) receivers with perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI). We develop pilot and data power allocation strategies among users under peak power constraint and prove their asymptotic optimality in maximizing the sum-rate lower bound. Then we investigate the optimal amount of pilot symbols. Analytical and simulation results illustrate the performance gain of the proposed power allocation, and the impact of pilot overhead on sum-rate.
Abel inversion using total variation regularization: applications

We apply total-variation (TV) regularization methods to Abel inversion tomography. Inversions are performed using the fixed-point iteration method and the regularization parameter is chosen such that the resulting data fidelity approximates the known or estimated statistical character of the noisy data. Five one-dimensional (1D) examples illustrate the favorable characteristics of TV-regularized solutions: noise suppression and density discontinuity preservation. Experimental and simulated examples from X-ray radiography also illustrate limitations due to a linear projection approximation. TV-regularized inversions are shown to be superior to squared gradient (Tikhonov) regularized inversions for objects with density discontinuities. We also introduce an adaptive TV method that utilizes a modified discrete gradient operator acting only apart from data-determined density discontinuities. This method provides improved density level preservation relative to the basic TV method.
Activation of the P2Y1 receptor induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells

Abstract G protein-coupled receptors, the largest cell surface receptor family, have emerged as critical players in cell death and survival. High gene expression level of the G q -coupled P2Y 1 nucleotide receptor in PC-3 prostate cancer cells was demonstrated using real-time quantitative PCR and confirmed by Western blotting and confocal laser scanning microscopy. A selective P2Y 1 receptor agonist, the ADP analogue MRS2365, concentration-dependently induced intracellular calcium mobilization (EC 50 5.28 nM), which was diminished by P2Y 1 receptor-selective antagonist MRS2500. P2Y 1 receptor activation by MRS2365 induced apoptosis in assays of Caspase-3, LDH release, and annexin-V staining. The pro-apoptotic effect of MRS2365 was blocked by MRS2500, P2Y 1 siRNA, and an inhibitor of the MAP kinase pathway PD98059. MRS2365 significantly inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 cells, examined using a MTT assay. Thus, activation of the P2Y 1 receptor induced cell death and inhibited growth of human prostatic carcinoma PC-3 cells. Activation of the P2Y 1 receptor should be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.
ATR evaluation through the synthesis of multiple performance measures

This research demonstrates the application of decision analysis (DA) techniques to decisions made within Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) technology development. This work is accomplished to improve the means by which ATR technologies are evaluated. The first step in this research was to create a flexible decision analysis framework that could be applied to several decisions across different ATR programs evaluated by the Comprehensive ATR Scientific Evaluation (COMPASE) Center of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). For the purposes of this research, a single COMPASE Center representative provided the value, utility, and preference functions for the DA framework. The DA framework employs performance measures collected during ATR classification system (CS) testing to calculate value and utility scores. The authors gathered data from the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) program to demonstrate how the decision framework could be used to evaluate three different ATR CSs. A decision-maker may use the resultant scores to gain insight into any of the decisions that occur throughout the lifecycle of ATR technologies. Additionally, a means of evaluating ATR CS self-assessment ability is presented. This represents a new criterion that emerged from this study, and no present evaluation metric is known.
Mapping of haploid expressed genes: genes for both mouse protamines are located on chromosome 16.

Mouse spermatozoa contain two protamines with different amino acid sequences. By hybridizing Southern blots of a series of mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrids containing subsets of mouse chromosomes and a complete set of hamster chromosomes with32P-labeled cDNAs for each mouse protamine, we assign the two mouse protamine genes to chromosome 16. This report presents the first evidence for chromosomal linkage of two sperm-specific, haploid regulated gene products.
Evaluation Of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry For The Analysis Of Gunshot Residue

Forensic scientists have been, for several years, seeking a rapid, sensitive and relatively inexpensive analytical method for the quantitative determination of trace elements in gunshot residues. The "Paraffin Test" was introduced in 1935 and used for many years to identify deposits of nitrate and nitrites associated with gunshot residues. However, in recent years, the reliability of this technique has been questioned. Neutron activation has been applied to the determination of barium and antimony in gunshot residues. This technique has adequate sensitivity but has not gained widespread acceptance because of the expense and time required to complete the analysis.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Osteogenic Activity of Odontoblasts in Transplanted Tooth Pulps

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUAACTIVITATE OSTEOGENIC DE ODONTOBLASTOS IN TRANSPLANTATE PULPA DENTAL.—Intacte pulpa dental ab incisores de rattos adulte esseva transplantate subcutaneemente ad in animales homologe de un a quatro dies de etate con le objectivo de studiar le formation de tissu calcificate per le odontoblastos. Post le transplantation e le restauration de odontoblastos intacte, tanto spiculas de osso compacte como etiam osso spongiose de characteristicas simile a dentina esseva formate. Post 24 dies, le odontoblastos esseva circumferentiate de stratos de iste genere de osso. Odontoblastos que habeva previemente formate dentina comenciava producer osso quando illos esseva non plus in contacto con tissu oral. Formationes cellular simile a immatur structuras dental esseva inducite per le odontoblastos in tissu fibrose de sito adjacente al transplantas.