cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A combined comorbidity score predicted mortality in elderly patients better than existing scores

Abstract Objective To develop and validate a single numerical comorbidity score for predicting short- and long-term mortality, by combining conditions in the Charlson and Elixhauser measures. Study Design and Setting In a cohort of 120,679 Pennsylvania Medicare enrollees with drug coverage through a pharmacy assistance program, we developed a single numerical comorbidity score for predicting 1-year mortality, by combining the conditions in the Charlson and Elixhauser measures. We externally validated the combined score in a cohort of New Jersey Medicare enrollees, by comparing its performance to that of both component scores in predicting 1-year mortality, as well as 180-, 90-, and 30-day mortality. Results C-statistics from logistic regression models including the combined score were higher than corresponding c-statistics from models including either the Romano implementation of the Charlson Index or the single numerical version of the Elixhauser system; c-statistics were 0.860 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.854, 0.866), 0.839 (95% CI: 0.836, 0.849), and 0.836 (95% CI: 0.834, 0.847), respectively, for the 30-day mortality outcome. The combined comorbidity score also yielded positive values for two recently proposed measures of reclassification. Conclusion In similar populations and data settings, the combined score may offer improvements in comorbidity summarization over existing scores.
Effect of Pretreatment with Nitric Oxide and N-Ethylmaleimide on the Level of Sulphydryl Compounds in Bacteria and on their Sensitivity to X-Irradiation under Anoxia

Shigella sonnei cells were exposed to nitric oxide of Nethylmaleimide, the sulphydryl content of the treated bacteria was determined, and the bacteria were irradiated with x rays. The nitric oxide or N-ethylmaleimide treatment was found to decrease the sulphydryl content and the protective effect of anoxia against radiation in the bacteria cells. Cysteine was found to increase the protective effect of anoxia slightly for untreated cells. Reasons are given for believing the decrease in axonic protection to be due to the reduction of the intracellular sulphydryl compounds. (D.L.C.)
Free vibration of thick laminated cylindrical shells with different boundary conditions using general differential quadrature

Equations of motion with required boundary conditions for deep and thick cylindrical composite shells are shown using two First-order Shear Deformation Theories. The difference between them is the inclusion of the effects of curvature in the evaluation of stiffness parameters. Equations of motion with stress resultants lead to a system of fifteen first-order differential equations for dynamics of cylindrical shells. These equations are solved numerically using the General Differential Quadrature method for free vibration of isotropic, cross-ply, angle-ply and general lay-up cylindrical shells with six types of different boundary conditions using the aforementioned theories. The first five frequency parameters and mode shapes which are obtained from both theories are compared with the available results in the literature and those obtained using a three-dimensional finite element analysis to test the accuracy of the shell theories presented here.
Education, economics, and excellence.

Iwould like to thank all of the members of the Western Surgical Association for the special privilege and honor of being your president. Members of this organization have been my teachers in medical school, mentors in residency, role models in my early academic career, and now valued colleagues and warm friends. I attended my first meeting of the Western Surgical Association 26 years ago in Las Vegas and had the opportunity to present one of my first papers to a major surgical organization. I became a member in 1987 at the meeting in Dallas. Like all initiates, I was told that new members were the lifeblood of the association and that good things would happen to those who took part in its activities. I certainly can vouch for the veracity of these words, since I have gotten back much more than I have given to this, the oldest of the regional surgical organizations.
Potential Flow Theory and Numerical Analysis of Forces on Cylinders Induced by Oscillating Disturbances

The complete solution of several two-dimensional potential flow problems are reported that deal with the unsteady flow around circular cylinders. Three of the flows considered are induced by an oscillating disturbance near the cylinder. The three elemental disturbances examined are (1) a pulsating source, (2) a pulsating doublet, and (3) a pulsating vortex. The formulas for the force acting on the cylinder due to each of the elemental disturbances were derived by applying the method of images. These results were checked by deriving the equivalent surface distribution of sources to model the cylinder by applying Green’s second identity. The theory helped direct the development of a boundary-integral numerical model described and applied in this paper to solve the unsteady flow around a circular cylinder due to an arbitrarily specified oscillatory disturbance near the cylinder. The numerical method is validated by comparing predictions of the force with the exact solutions. We applied the theory to examine a model problem related to the vortex-shedding force that causes vortex-induced vibration.
Representations of questioning and answering in children's first school books

Children's first school books contain a considerable amount of reported talk among characters in the stories. This is a central aspect of the characterization of these books as transitional from the conventions of oral language to the conventions of written prose, that is, as introductions to literacy. The nature of the written representation of conversation in such books has not previously been examined. This paper presents a partial analysis of this feature of beginning school readers, focussing on "question-answer sequences." We show how these representations of talk compare with naturalistic research on child-adult interaction at home and in classrooms, and we propose that the model of child-adult talk portrayed in "home" and "school" scenes in the books appears to endorse some of the conventions for participation in instructional talk, and in this respect is implicitly a source of socialization into classroom culture. At the same time, we find that the texts give child speakers far more initiative in conversation than typically obtains in classroom talk, and this is seen also to be a feature of the social constitution of the child in these texts. Thus an image of childhood which combines conversational initiative and conversational competence as a member of the classroom community is conveyed. The paper also points out possible difficulties for child readers in interpreting the talk-on-paper, arising both from textual formats and from the particular version of the child as conversationalist which the books describe (Child-adult conversation, question-answer sequences, first school books, literacy acquisition).
SOP3: a web-based tool for selection of oligonucleotide primers for single nucleotide polymorphism analysis by Pyrosequencing®

SOP 3 is a web-based software tool for designing oligonucleotide primers for use in the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Accessible via the Internet, the application is optimized for developing the PCR and sequencing primers that are necessary for Pyrosequencing ® . The application accepts as input gene name, SNP reference sequence number, or chromosomal nucleotide location. Output can be parsed by gene name, SNP reference number, heterozygosity value, location, chromosome, or function. The location of an individual polymorphism, such as an intron, exon, or 5′ or 3′ untranslated region is indicated, as are whether nucleotide changes in an exon are associated with a change in an amino acid sequence. SOP 3 presents for each entry a set of forward and biotinylated reverse PCR primers as well as a sequencing primer for use during the analysis of SNPs by Pyrosequencing. Theoretical pyrograms for each allele are calculated and presented graphically. The method has been tested in the development of Pyrosequencing assays for determining SNPs and for deletion/insertion polymorphisms in the human genome. Of the SOP 3 -designed primer sets that were tested, a large majority of the primer sets have successfully produced PCR products and Pyrosequencing data.
Looking back, moving forward [integrated engineering]

The authors look at the past and future of integrated engineering. They believe that a synergistic approach to developing complex computer-based systems will continue to play an important role in a broad range of future military and commercial systems.
Successful Embolization of Multiple AV Foot Lesions—A Case History

A 39-year-old white female with multiple arteriovenous malformations of the left foot had had surgical ligation on her left dorsalis pedis artery at age 12 with no clinical improvement. She was placed into a leotard at age 16 and was able to function but would tire very easily and her left foot was twice the size of her right one. In May 1988, she had four large feeder vessels off the posterior tibial artery and two off the anterior tibial artery embolized by use of 1,000 microns PVA particles, occlusive spring coils, and detachable balloons. Her foot shrunk and is now smaller than her normal right foot; she does not tire, and she now wears a knee length stocking to help prevent other channels from opening.
Coronary calcium quantification using contrast-enhanced dual-energy computed tomography scans

The purpose of this study is to evaluate a direct measure of calcium burden by using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) during contrast-enhanced coronary imaging, potentially eliminating the need for an extra noncontrast X-ray acquisition. The ambiguity of separation of calcium from contrast material on contrast-enhanced images was solved by using virtual noncontrast images obtained by DECT. A new threshold CT number was required to detect the calcium carrying potential risk for adverse coronary events on virtual noncontrast images. Two methods were investigated to determine the 130 HU threshold for DECT scoring. An in vitro anthropomorphic phantom with 29 excised patient calcium plaques inserted was used for both a linear and a logistic regression analysis. An IRB approved in vivo prospective study of six patients was also performed to be used for logistic regression analysis. The threshold found by logistic regression model to define the calcium burden on virtual noncontrast images detects the calcium carrying potential risk for adverse coronary events correctly (2.45% error rate). DECT calcium mass and volume scores obtained by using the threshold correlates with both conventional Agatston and volume scores (r = 0.98, p < 0.001). A conventional CT cardiac exam requires two scans, including a noncontrast scan for calcium quantification and a contrast-enhanced scan for coronary angiography. With the ability to quantify calcium on DECT contrast-enhanced images, a DECT cardiac exam could be accomplished with one contrast-enhanced scan for both calcium quantification and coronary angiography.
A Review of “Global Urbanization”

This book grew out of a conference of the Global Urban Summit entitled, “Toward a Twenty-First Century Urban Agenda.” The book brings together different disciplinary approaches and perspectives on ...
Association of body fat percentage with lipid concentrations in children and adolescents: United States, 1999–2004

Background: BMI is one factor that is used to determine a child’s eligibility for lipid screening and treatment. BMI, which is an indirect measure of body fat, may inadequately represent the biological effect of body fat percentage on lipid concentrations. Objective: We examined the relation between directly measured body fat percentage and lipid concentrations in a representative sample of US youths. Design: Data from 7821 participants aged 8–19 y from the 1999– 2004 NHANES were analyzed. Body fat percentage was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Total and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were measured in serum. Serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were measured in a subsample of 2661 fasting NHANES participants aged 12–19 y. Prevalences of adverse total cholesterol (.200 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (.130 mg/dL), triglycerides (.150 mg/dL), and HDL cholesterol (,35 mg/dL) were measured. Results: Approximately 10.0% [60.7% (SE)] of participants had high total cholesterol, 7.0 6 0.4% of participants had low HDL cholesterol, 9.7 6 1.0% of participants had high triglycerides, and 7.6 6 0.7% of participants had high LDL cholesterol. Prevalence of adverse total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol in US youths with high adiposity (greater than or equal to the age- and sex-specific 75th percentile of body fat percentage) was significantly greater (P , 0.01) than for participants without high adiposity. In multiple linear regressions adjusted for age, survey period, and race-ethnicity, the variance in lipid concentrations explained by body fat percentage was 2–20% (P , 0.001). Conclusion: Adverse lipid concentrations and high adiposity are significantly associated in youths. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:877–83.
Contingent Valuation and Cultural Resources: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Literature

Contingent valuation methodology (CVM) has been increasingly applied to cultural re- sources. CVM employs survey methods to gather stated preference information, which can be used to estimate economic values of various cultural resources and projects. Although popular in other fields, the application of CVM in the cultural arena is relatively recent. This article summarizes this growing body of empirical literature and its range of findings. A meta-analysis gives a statistical view of the "state of the art" of the literature. This preliminary analysis sheds light on the consistency and validity of the use of this method in cultural applications.
Thick-Skinned, Thin-Skinned, and Balanced Sections of Southern Appalachians: ABSTRACT

The conflict between thick-skinned and thin-skinned thrust belt hypotheses in the southern Appalachians has been conclusively decided in favor of the thin-skinned interpretation by seismic surveys and drilling results. Balanced cross sections are a logical development stemming from the thin-skinned thrusting hypothesis. Three detailed balanced sections across the region (northern Alabama, Knoxville area, and Blacksburg area) are compared with the early thin-skinned and thick-skinned models of Rodgers, Cooper, and Chamberlin. In Virginia, Cooper's hypothesis about the order of thrusting and synchronous evolution of structures associated with basement fault motion have been disproved by modern mapping, fabric, and paleontologic work. In northeast Tennessee, the no-basement ypothesis has been relatively well established since the work of Rich. In the Alabama-Georgia segment, discussion continues about the origin of some major structures. Balanced section concepts require that the sections be restored to their pre-deformational configurations. In retrospect, the geologic reasoning based on surface stratigraphic thicknesses and structural styles should have convinced us of the thin-skinned nature of thrusts without the seismic data that seemed essential at the time. The COCORP seismic results should have been no surprise had the geologic reasoning of balanced sections been believed. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1452------------
TWO DIFFERENT h- MATING TYPES IN SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE

In the strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe introduced by Leupold (1950, 1958) into genetic research, heterothallic and homothallic mating types are known. The mating types are determined by two closely linked genes. We show that two distinct heterothallic - mating types exist: a stable one (h(-S)) and an unstable one (h(-U)), which can mutate to heterothallism + and homothallism. A proposal for incorporation of the new mating type h(-U) into Leupold's two-gene scheme is discussed.
Resolution of Holliday Junction Recombination Intermediates by Wild-Type and Mutant IntDOT Proteins

CTnDOT encodes an integrase that is a member of the tyrosine recombinase family. The recombination reaction proceeds by sequential sets of genetic exchanges between the attDOT site in CTnDOT and an attB site in the chromosome. The exchanges are separated by 7 base pairs in each site. Unlike most tyrosine recombinases, IntDOT exchanges sites that contain different DNA sequences between the exchange sites to generate Holliday junctions (HJs) that contain mismatched bases. We demonstrate that IntDOT resolves synthetic HJs in vitro. Holliday junctions that contain identical sequences between the exchange sites are resolved into both substrates and products, while HJs that contain mismatches are resolved only to substrates. This result implies that resolution of HJs to products requires the formation of a higher-order nucleoprotein complex with natural sites containing IntDOT. We also found that proteins with substitutions of residues (V95, K94, and K96) in a putative alpha helix at the junction of the N and CB domains (coupler region) were defective in resolving HJs. Mutational analysis of charged residues in the coupler and the N terminus of the protein did not provide evidence for a charge interaction between the regions of the protein. V95 may participate in a hydrophobic interaction with another region of IntDOT.
Combining Shostak Theories

Ground decision procedures for combinations of theories are used in many systems for automated deduction. There are two basic paradigms for combining decision procedures. The Nelson-Oppen method combines decision procedures for disjoint theories by exchanging equality information on the shared variables. In Shostak's method, the combination of the theory of pure equality with canonizable and solvable theories is decided through an extension of congruence closure that yields a canonizer for the combined theory. Shostak's original presentation, and others that followed it, contained serious errors which were corrected for the basic procedure by the present authors. Shostak also claimed that it was possible to combine canonizers and solvers for disjoint theories. This claim is easily verifiable for canonizers, but is unsubstantiated for the case of solvers. We show how our earlier procedure can be extended to combine multiple disjoint canonizable, solvable theories within the Shostak framework.
Psychological risk factors for cardiac events: could there be just one?

There is abundant evidence that depression, anxiety, and anger increase the risk for cardiac events in patients with coronary heart disease. Denollet and Brutsaert1 are to be commended for contributing a generally well-conducted study of psychological predictors of cardiac end points to this rapidly growing literature. They have found that the combination of “negative affectivity” and social inhibition predicts cardiac events independently of established medical risk factors. Prospective studies such as theirs, in which potential confounders are adequately measured and cardiac end points carefully documented, are needed to substantiate the effects of psychological factors on medical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Unfortunately, the authors may have gone beyond their data in asserting that they have identified a personality trait that both predicts cardiac events and explains why such disparate mood states as depression, anxiety, and anger predict cardiac events as well. It is not at all clear that they have substantiated this claim or that it is time to abandon research on depression, anxiety, and anger in favor of this personality trait. Absent from the authors’ discussion is any reference to an established theory of personality. It is by no means universally accepted among personality theorists that a single trait accounts for every negative mood state (cf Cloninger et al2 ) or that the combination of negative affectivity and social inhibition defines a persistent “distressed personality type.” In this light, it makes more sense to conclude simply that patients with coronary heart disease who are both emotionally distressed and socially inhibited …
Broadband, continuous, and fine-tune properties of external-cavity thermoelectric-stabilized mid-infrared quantum-cascade lasers

Continuous, broad, and single-mode wavelength tuning of thermoelectrically cooled short-pulse quantum-cascade lasers is demonstrated with a combination of coarse grating tuning and fine phase tuning of the gain element. This approach overcomes the problem of a poor facet antireflection coating of the gain chip by shifting a Fabry-Perot longitudinal mode to coincide with the desired grating-selected wavelength. The 9-µm laser was tested with NH3 gas absorption and showed fine frequency tuning at a rate of 31 MHz/step and a time-averaged linewidth of 500–750 MHz. The total tuning range was 9.08–9.36 µm and was limited only by the intrinsic gain of the device.
Early understanding of the division of cognitive labor.

Two studies with 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds (N = 104) examined whether young children can differentiate expertise in the minds of others. Study 1 revealed that all children in the sample could correctly attribute observable knowledge to familiar experts (i.e., a doctor and a car mechanic). Further, 4- and 5-year-olds could correctly attribute knowledge of underlying scientific principles to the appropriate experts. In contrast, Study 2 demonstrated that 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds have difficulty making attributions of knowledge of scientific principles to unfamiliar experts. A computational analysis in Study 3 indicated that 4- and 5-year-olds' successes on the first two studies could not be attributed to the way in which words co-occur in discourse. Overall, these studies showed that young children have a sense of the division of cognitive labor, albeit fragile.
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION TO TEMPERATURE. VIII. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH RATE IN NATURAL ISOLATES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SALMONELLA ENTERICA FROM DIFFERENT THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS

Are enteric bacteria specifically adapted to the thermal environment of their hosts? In particular, do the optimal temperatures and thermal niches of the bacterial flora reflect seasonal, geographic, or phylogenetic differences in their hosts' temperatures? We examined these questions by measuring the relationship between the temperature- dependent growth rates of enteric bacteria in a free-living ectothermic host. We sampled two species of enteric bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica) from three natural populations of slider turtles ( Trachemys scripta elegans) seasonally over two years. Despite pronounced differences in turtle body temperatures at different seasons and in different locations, we found no evidence that the thermal growth profiles of these bacteria mirrored this variation. Optimal temperatures and maximal growth rates in rich medium were nearly the same for both bacterial species (35- 368C, 2.5 doublings per hour). The thermal niche (defined as the range of temperatures over which 75% of maximal growth rate occurred) was slightly higher for E. coli (28.5-41.08C) than for S. enterica (27.7-39.88C), but the niche breadth was about the same for both. We also measured the thermal dependence of growth rate in these same bacterial species isolated from mammalian hosts. Both bacterial species had temperatures of maximal growth and thermal niches that were about 28C higher than those of their respective conspecifics sampled from turtles; niche breadths were not different. These data suggest that these bacterial species are thermal generalists that do not track fine-scale changes in their thermal environments. Even major differences in body temperatures, as great as those between ectothermic and endothermic hosts, may result in the evolution of rather modest changes in thermal properties.
Interactive virtual endoscopy in coronary arteries based on multimodality fusion

A novel approach for platform-independent virtual endoscopy in human coronary arteries is presented in this paper. It incorporates previously developed and validated methodology for multimodality fusion of two X-ray angiographic images with pullback data from intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). These modalities pose inherently different challenges than those present in many tomographic modalities that provide parallel slices. The fusion process results in a three- or four-dimensional (3-D/4-D) model of a coronary artery, specifically of its lumen/plaque and media/adventitia surfaces. The model is used for comprehensive quantitative hemodynamic, morphologic, and functional analyses. The resulting quantitative indexes are then used to supplement the model. Platform-independent visualization is achieved through the use of the ISO/IEC-standardized Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML). The visualization includes an endoscopic fly-through animation that enables the user to interactively select vessel location and fly-through speed, as well as to display image pixel data or quantification results in 3-D. The presented VRML virtual-endoscopy system is used in research studies of coronary atherosclerosis development, quantitative assessment of coronary morphology and function, and vascular interventions.
Robomote: a tiny mobile robot platform for large-scale ad-hoc sensor networks

This paper introduces Robomote, a robotic solution developed to explore problems in large-scale distributed robotics and sensor networks. The design explicitly aims at enabling research in sensor networking, adhoc networking, massively distributed robotics, and extended longevity. The platform must meet many demanding criteria not limited to but including: miniature size, low power, low cost, simple fabrication, and a sensor/actuator suite that facilitates navigation and localization. We argue that a robot test bed such as Robomote is necessary for practical research with large networks of mobile robots. Further, we present a preliminary analysis of Robomotes' success to this end.
Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Testing Database Systems

This year's workshop has received 15 high-quality submissions from a wide variety of contributors. Together with the program committee, we have selected a strong program of 9 papers that we believe will be of great interest to both researchers and practitioners. The accepted papers span a range of topics related to database testing, from new methods for synthetic data generation, to tools for system testing, to methodologies for measuring and improving the robustness of database engines and their test suites. We see the quality and variety of the submitted papers as continuing evidence that testing remains a crucial component in the development of modern data management systems.
Gompertz pharmacokinetic model for drug disposition.

Purpose. Disposition of drugs among compartments of the body usually occurs at changing rates that are commonly modeled as sums of exponential terms with different rate constants. This paper describes an alternative, Gompertz kinetics, in which the rates can change systematically.
Structure of the myotonic dystrophy type 2 RNA and designed small molecules that reduce toxicity.

Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is an incurable neuromuscular disorder caused by a r(CCUG) expansion (r(CCUG)exp) that folds into an extended hairpin with periodically repeating 2×2 nucleotide internal loops (5′CCUG/3′GUCC). We designed multivalent compounds that improve DM2-associated defects using information about RNA–small molecule interactions. We also report the first crystal structure of r(CCUG) repeats refined to 2.35 A. Structural analysis of the three 5′CCUG/3′GUCC repeat internal loops (L) reveals that the CU pairs in L1 are each stabilized by one hydrogen bond and a water-mediated hydrogen bond, while CU pairs in L2 and L3 are stabilized by two hydrogen bonds. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal that the CU pairs are dynamic and stabilized by Na+ and water molecules. MD simulations of the binding of the small molecule to r(CCUG) repeats reveal that the lowest free energy binding mode occurs via the major groove, in which one C residue is unstacked and the cross-strand nucleotides are di...
The 1909 Plan of Chicago as Representative Anecdote: Constituting New Citizens for the Commercial American City

Although rhetoric and city life have been closely aligned since ancient times, urban planning documents have received little attention as rhetorical texts shaping discourse about citizenship. The Plan of Chicago, a key document in the history of US urban planning, not only proposed improvements, but, more importantly, its visual and verbal language constructed an idealized and ideologically infused conception of the city and its citizens. By enacting what Burke called a representative anecdote, the Plan constitutes a specifically commercially oriented city and citizen, foregoing other possible identifications.
SINGLE POINT DIAMOND TURNING EFFECTS ON SURFACE QUALITY AND SUBSURFACE DAMAGE IN CERAMICS

Advanced ceramics, such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Quartz, are increasingly being used for industrial applications. These ceramics are hard, strong, inert, and light weight. This combination of properties makes them ideal candidates for tribological, semiconductor, MEMS and optoelectronic applications respectively. Manufacturing these materials without causing surface and subsurface damage is extremely challenging due to their high hardness, brittle characteristics and poor machinability. Often times, severe fracture can result when trying to achieve high material removal rates during machining of SiC or quartz due to their low fracture toughness. This research demonstrates that ductile regime Single Point Diamond Turning (SPDT) is possible on these materials to improve its surface quality without imparting subsurface damage. Machining parameters, such as depth of cut and feed, used to carry out ductile regime machining will be discussed. Subsurface damage analysis was carried out on the machined samples using non-destructive methods such as Optical Microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Acoustic Microscopy to show evidence that the chosen material removal method leaves a damage-free surface and subsurface. Optical microscopy was used to image the improvements in surface finish whereas Raman spectroscopy and scanning acoustic microscopy was used to observe the formation of amorphous layer and subsurface imaging in the machined regions. All three techniques complement the initial hypothesis of being able to remove a nominally brittle material in the ductile regime.
Evaluation of emotion-based messages designed to motivate Hispanic and Asian parents of early adolescents to engage in calcium-rich food and beverage parenting practices

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Setting healthful beverage expectations, making calcium-rich foods and beverages (CRF/B) available, and role modeling are parenting practices promoting calcium intake among early adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate emotion-based messages designed to motivate parents of early adolescents to perform these practices. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Emotion-based messages were developed for each parenting practice and tested in 35 parents from 5 states. Findings were used to modify messages and develop a survey administered via Amazon MechanicalTurk to a convenience sample of Asian (n = 166) and Hispanic (n = 184) parents of children 10-13 years. Main outcome measures were message comprehension, motivation, relevance, acceptability, and novelty. Engagement in the parenting practices was also assessed. RESULTS: Message comprehension was acceptable for the majority of parents. Most also agreed that messages were motivational (setting healthful beverage expectations (69.0%), making CRF/B available (67.4%), and role modeling (80.0%)), relevant and acceptable. About 30-50% indicated they had not seen the information before. Many parents indicated they were already engaging in the practices (> 70%). No racial/ethnic differences were observed for responses to messages or engaging in parenting practices. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that emotion-based messages designed to motivate parents to engage in parenting practices that promote calcium intake among early adolescents were motivating, relevant, and acceptable.
Origin of the Capacity of Spinel LiMn2 − y Li y O 4 ± δ ( 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 0.15 ) in the 5 V Region

Unlike the LiMn 2 O 4 spinel, the lithium-substituted LiMn 2 - y Li y - δ (0.05 ≤ y ≤ 0.15) sinel oxides exhibit capacity in the 5 V region. The 5 V capacity increases with increasing amount of excess lithium y. In contrastto a recent literature report, the data demonstrate that excess oxygen is not needed to impart the 5 V capacity. With the samples having a significant amount of excess lithium y > 0.1, the 4 V capacity increases with cycling while the 5 V capacity decreases. The 5 V capacities of the LiMn 2 - y Li y O 4 ′ δ spinels are explained on the basis of an electrochemical oxidation of Mn 4 + or O 2 - , which subsequently results in a self-discharge reaction involving the evolution of oxygen from the lattice and a reduction of Mn 4 + to Mn 4 - .
Distance Learning Modules for Water

Distance learning modules (DLMs) are a means of transmitting information electronically to people able to assimilate the new knowledge. More than 21 DLMs have been constructed about the transboundary water resources of Afghanistan, with attention to the hydrologic cycle of the world, and its activity in Southwest Asia, especially in rivers and lakes. Measuring and managing the various elements of water figure prominently, whereas the implications of its diminishment or hazardous interactions with humanity through its catastrophic effects or through climate change offer the most serious impetus for seeking solutions to the most serious problems. Management of the vital resource is imperative, whereas adoption of market mechanisms to effect its distribution downstream seems a fair possibility, which new laws and treaties could help to make happen. Dams and irrigation works on all the major and minor tributaries will continue to provide solutions, even while adding to the complexity, along with the possibly rather severe hydropolitics that can happen within country and across borders. Underground water tends to be a great unknown in need of much further investigation and elucidation in terms of quantity and quality. Hydropolitics in Afghanistan are complex enough to demand close attention to major issues at hand. One of the essential issues is hydro-hegemony, or the manners in which nation-states manifest power and control over water resources and upstream-downstream distributions, is a newly recognized situation of potential great value to Afghanistan, but which is highly controversial. This book seeks to shed greater light on the topic of transboundary water resources from Afghanistan, with the hope of the authors that this will offer greater prospects for peacemaking in a contentious region long known for volatility and violence.
Clinical Research in Neurology

Abstract Neurologic diseases provide special challenges in clinical research given the primary function of the nervous system both in cognitive and motor function. Important considerations in performing clinical and translational research in diseases of the nervous system include separating cognitive dysfunction related to disease processes versus that which occurs with aging, validation of biomarkers in the periphery that can be shown to link to the central nervous system, the need for drugs to cross the blood–brain barrier, and the lack of treatments that rebuild or repair the nervous system. Thus effective treatments given early in the disease processes may be ineffective once the disease is clinically recognized.
PET Imaging and Quantitation of Cardiac Innervation

Disorders in cardiac autonomic function have been implicated in several cardiac diseases. Use of positron emission tomography (PET)-based radiotracers to quantify changes in cardiac autonomic innervation has provided insights into the effect and impact of these alterations on disease pathophysiology and long-term implications. Understanding the use of different radiotracers to evaluate autonomic innervation requires an understanding of the biochemical components of the cardiac autonomic system (Fig. 5.1).
Multiphase phase field theory for temperature- and stress-induced phase transformations

Thermodynamic Ginzburg-Landau potential for temperature- and stress-induced phase transformations (PTs) between $n$ phases is developed. It describes each of the PTs with a single order parameter without an explicit constraint equation, which allows one to use an analytical solution to calibrate each interface energy, width, and mobility; reproduces the desired PT criteria via instability conditions; introduces interface stresses; and allows for a controlling presence of the third phase at the interface between the two other phases. A finite-element approach is developed and utilized to solve the problem of nanostructure formation for multivariant martensitic PTs. Results are in a quantitative agreement with the experiment. The developed approach is applicable to various PTs between multiple solid and liquid phases and grain evolution and can be extended for diffusive, electric, and magnetic PTs.
Feelings Matter: Depression Severity and Emotion Regulation in HIV/STI Risk-Related Sexual Behaviors

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention models may not address psychological complexities among adolescents with mental illnesses. This study examined contextual factors related to HIV/STI risk among heterosexually active Black adolescents with mental illnesses to inform the development of targeted HIV/STI prevention strategies. Black adolescent males and females (aged 14–17) were recruited from outpatient mental health programs in Philadelphia, PA to complete a computer-assisted personalized interview on sociodemographics, sexual behaviors, and emotion regulation (N = 53). Two sample t-tests, Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests and regression modeling were used to examine differences in the study measures by gender and relationship status. Reports of sexual partner concurrency were high—both while already in a sexual relationship (67.3%) and multiple sexual partners in the same day (42.3%). Boys reported significantly more risk behaviors than girls. Sadness dysregulation predicted currently being in a relationship, older age at first oral sex, fewer vaginal sexual partners and fewer unprotected oral sexual encounters. Coping difficulties predicted a greater number of vaginal and oral sexual partners, and a lower age at first vaginal sex. Increasing depression severity was related to older age at first vaginal sex, fewer vaginal sexual partners and fewer unprotected oral sexual encounters in the past 3 months. This formative work suggests that coping mechanisms should be addressed in HIV/STI prevention research through the inclusion of activities targeted toward emotion regulation and decreasing sexual risk behaviors. Psycho-education and skills building may mitigate the psychopathology that contributes to HIV/STI risk in the target demographic.
Poetry and the Land

Last January I received a request from Karen Launchbaugh to write a verse to be used as an invocation at the banquet of the Society for Range Management. Poetry is a very special and powerful form of communication. Some people are inspired by it, others are put off by it, and some just plain don’t get it. It comes in many styles. Because my poetry is different from some poetry written and enjoyed by many SRM members, I hesitated. My poems are mostly talking to myself. But I find it hard to reject a request from Karen. I decided, with some trepidation, to write something Octavio Paz might call “a ramble through the night.” DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i2_box
Ablative Laser Resurfacing (CO2)

Ablative carbon dioxide laser targets water in the epidermis and dermis as a chromophore causing their destruction. Thermal injury to the dermis promotes collagen remodeling and theoretically skin “tightening.” New epidermal cells are regenerated from the pluripotent epithelial cells of the hair follicles. Unlike fractionated CO2 laser therapy, the patient requires only a single treatment; however, postoperative management is more involved and extended.
A case report of methadone-associated hypoglycemia in an 11-month-old male.

Background: Methadone is a synthetic μ-opioid receptor agonist that is used in the management of pain, neonatal abstinence withdrawal syndrome, and opioid dependence. Overdose can cause miosis, res...
Stage Two: Community and Group Commitment

This chapter provides the reader with a description of the steps in stage two of the prosocial leadership development process. Specifically, this chapter reviews the components of stage two then discusses the development process and the nature of the relationship between steps in stage two. The chapter then defines each of the four steps in this stage: group/community commitment, diversity/challenge, interpersonal goals and altruistic awareness (empathy). A discussion also describes the function of the two foundational elements that remain consistent throughout the process: the projected representative and integration. The chapter resolves with a short discussion of and reflection on the critical components of stage two.
Scalar conservation and boundedness in simulations of compressible flow

Abstract With the proper combination of high-order, low-dissipation numerical methods, physics-based subgrid-scale models, and boundary conditions it is becoming possible to simulate many combustion flows at relevant conditions. However, non-premixed flows are a particular challenge because the thickness of the fuel/oxidizer interface scales inversely with Reynolds number. Sharp interfaces can also be present in the initial or boundary conditions. When higher-order numerical methods are used, there are often aphysical undershoots and overshoots in the scalar variables (e.g. passive scalars, species mass fractions or progress variable). These numerical issues are especially prominent when low-dissipation methods are used, since sharp jumps in flow variables are not always coincident with regions of strong variation in the scalar fields: consequently, special detection mechanisms and dissipative fluxes are needed. Most numerical methods diffuse the interface, resulting in artificial mixing and spurious reactions. In this paper, we propose a numerical method that mitigates this issue. We present methods for passive and active scalars, and demonstrate their effectiveness with several examples.
Demarcating the Realm of Cognition

The Extended Mind Hypothesis has given rise to stimulating philosophical debates about the boundaries of the realm of the cognitive. This paper first investigates the usefulness of a “mark of the cognitive,” and then focuses on two accounts that aim to provide such a mark, put forward by Fred Adams and Rebecca Garrison on one side and Mark Rowlands on the other. The paper provides a critical assessment of these accounts and uses empirical work on emotion regulation in infants to unearth some crucial challenges that any attempt at offering a mark of the cognitive should address.
Development of noviomimetics that modulate molecular chaperones and manifest neuroprotective effects.

Abstract Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a chaperone under investigation for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroprotective Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors derived from novobiocin (novologues) include KU-32 and KU-596. These novologues modulate molecular chaperones and result in an induction of Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70). “Noviomimetics” replace the synthetically complex noviose sugar with a simple cyclohexyl moiety to maintain biological efficacy as compared to novologues KU-596 and KU-32. In this study, we further explore the development of noviomimetics and evaluate their efficacy using a luciferase refolding assay, immunoblot analysis, a c-jun assay, and an assay measuring mitochondrial bioenergetics. These new noviomimetics were designed and synthesized and found to induce Hsp70 and improve biological activity. Noviomimetics 39e and 40a were found to induce Hsp70 and exhibit promising effects in cellular assays.
Isoprene-Derived Organosulfates: Vibrational Mode Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy, Acidity-Dependent Spectral Modes, and Observation in Individual Atmospheric Particles

Isoprene, the most abundant biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) in the atmosphere, and its low-volatility oxidation products lead to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Isoprene-derived organosulfates formed from reactions of isoprene oxidation products with sulfate in the particle phase are a significant component of SOA and can hydrolyze forming polyols. Despite characterization by mass spectrometry, their basic structural and spectroscopic properties remain poorly understood. Herein, Raman microspectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations (CAM-B3LYP level of theory) were combined to analyze the vibrational modes of key organosulfates, 3-methyltetrol sulfate esters (racemic mixture of two isomers), and racemic 2-methylglyceric acid sulfate ester, and hydrolysis products, 2-methyltetrols, and 2-methylglyceric acid. Two intense vibrational modes were identified, ν(RO–SO3) (846 ± 4 cm–1) and νs(SO3) (1065 ± 2 cm–1), along with a lower intensity δ(SO3) mode (586 ± 2 cm–1). For ...
Crew Resource Management for Automated Teammates (CRM-A)

Crew Resource Management (CRM) is the application of human factors knowledge and skills to ensure that teams make effective use of all resources. This includes ensuring that pilots bring in opinions of other teammates and utilize their unique capabilities. CRM was originally developed 40 years ago in response to a number of airline accidents in which the crew was found to be at fault. The goal was to improve teamwork among airline cockpit crews. The notion of “team” was later expanded to include cabin crew and ground resources. CRM has also been adopted by other industries, most notably medicine. Automation research now finds itself faced with similar issues to those faced by aviation 40 years ago: how to create a more robust system by making full use of both the automation and its human operators. With advances in machine intelligence, processing speed and cheap and plentiful memory, automation has advanced to the point that it can and should be treated as a teammate to fully take advantage of its capabilities and contributions to the system. This area of research is known as Human-Autonomy Teaming (HAT). Research on HAT has identified reusable patterns that can be applied in a wide range of applications. These patterns include features such as bi-directional communication and working agreements. This paper will explore the synergies between CRM and HAT. We believe that HAT research has much to learn from CRM and that there are benefits to expanding CRM to cover automation.
Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans endocarditis in a child with a prosthetic heart valve

The first case ofActinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans endocarditis in a child with a prosthetic cardiac valve is reported. Endocarditis was possibly caused by dental work done without antibiotic prophylaxis four weeks prior to admission.
How Can a Phenomenologist Have a Philosophy of Mathematics

Husserl’s philosophy of mathematics is interpreted as dealing with forms not unlike Aristotle’s forms. They can be somehow immediately present in one’s consciousness. Husserl’s ideas are compared for similarities and dissimilarities with those of Aristotle, Mach, Russell and Wittgenstein. Husserl’s main development is seen as making these forms more and more robust conceptually. It parallels the overall development of mathematics in the last 200 years from a study of numbers and space into a study of different structures. This development culminates in Husserl’s unfinished project of a theory of all theories. This project has closer connections with Hilbert’s axiomatic theorizing than with the ideas of the intuitionists.