cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine as modified by an iodine-restricted diet.

ALOW thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine (I131), in the absence of clinical hypothyroidism is not uncommonly noted. Low uptakes can frequently be related to exogenous thyroid medication, to recently administered antithyroid drugs, or to recently administered I127 in the form of medication or in contrast x-ray media. Patients with thyroid disorders often receive one of the foregoing substances, and the inquiring physician will look for a history of such medication when confronted with an unexpectedly low thyroidal uptake of I131. A high uptake of I131, on the other hand, is much less frequently encountered in the absence of hyperthyroidism, but the reasons for a high uptake may be much more obscure. Thus, without critical clinical and laboratory evaluation, a high uptake of I131 may lead to an erroneous diagnosis. High uptakes in the absence of hyperthyroidism have been noted by various investigators. Stanbury et al. (1) found abnormally high uptakes of I131 in goitrous individuals in the endemic goiter...
Studies of the neutron spin structure at Jefferson Lab

The polarized 3He program of Hall A at Jefferson Lab will be described. Results on the generalized Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral for the neutron in a Q2 range between 0.02 GeV2/c2 < Q2 < 0.9 GeV2/c2 will be presented. Preliminary results of the virtual photon asymmetry A1n(x, Q2) and the spin structure function g2n(x, Q2) at large values of Bjorken x and low Q2, respectively, will be discussed.
An alternative method of salvaging occluded suprainguinal bypass grafts with operative angioscopy and endovascular intervention

Abstract Purpose: A study of technical feasibility was undertaken to determine whether angioscopy and parallel endovascular instrumentation could effectively evaluate and restore inflow into occluded suprainguinal grafts. Methods: Several endobronchial instruments were selected for adaptation for use in clearing occluded grafts under angioscopic guidance. These instruments were used in the treatment of 12 thrombosed graft limbs in 10 patients who were admitted 1 to 40 days after occlusion. The occluded suprainguinal graft limbs were exposed just proximal to the femoral anastomosis. Blind retrograde balloon thrombectomy and clot extraction were performed. Graft limbs underwent angioscopy, and the presence of luminal defects were recorded. Endoluminal instruments were then inserted parallel to the angioscope, and luminal defects were corrected. After inflow was reestablished, the distal portion of the graft was thrombectomized, and any necessary distal revisions were performed. Results: Blind retrograde thrombectomy was successful in restoring inflow deemed normal in (67%) eight of 12 graft limbs and present but diminished in two (17%) graft limbs. Balloon thrombectomy was ineffective in restoring graft flow in two (17%) graft limbs. Angioscopy revealed luminal defects in 10 (83%) graft limbs after blind retrograde thrombectomy. Only 2 (17%) graft limbs had no luminal defects after thrombectomy. Findings included pseudointimal flap in eight of 12 (67%), adherent residual thrombus in 4 (33%), and kinked graft limbs in 2 (17%) graft limbs. Endovascular in instrumentation was successful in resecting all luminal disease under angioscopic guidance. There were no deaths, no episodes of graft injury or distal embolization, and only one groin hematoma. During a mean follow-up period of 6 months (2 to 13 months), there was one late reocclusion at 7 months. Conclusion: We conclude that angioscopically guided thrombectomy and endovascular graft revision is a useful approach to the treatment of the occluded suprainguinal graft. Enhanced luminal visualization permits refined diagnostic assessment and definitive therapy. This may prolong the benefit of suprainguinal reconstructions. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:922-31.)
A 228µW injection locked ring oscillator based BPSK demodulator in 65nm CMOS

This paper presents an ultra-low power BPSK demodulator based on injection locked oscillators (ILOs). Two second harmonic ILOs are employed to convert BPSK signals to ASK signals which are demodulated by an envelope detector to baseband signals. For sub-GHz applications, the ILOs are implemented using ring oscillators to allow compact chip area and ultra-low power dissipation. The prototype demodulator is fabricated in a 65nm CMOS technology that consumes 228µW of power and occupies 0.014mm2 of die area. Measurement results reveal the demodulation of BPSK signal at 750–900MHz carrier with the minimum sensitivity of −33dBm.
Quasiatomic orbitals for ab initio tight-binding analysis

gular momentum quantum numbers. We demonstrate that these minimal-basis orbitals can exactly reproduce all the electronic structure information below an energy threshold represented in the form of environmentdependent tight-binding Hamiltonian and overlap matrices. Band structure, density of states, and the Fermi surface are calculated from this real-space tight-binding representation for various extended systems Si, SiC, Fe, and Mo and compared with plane-wave DFT results. The Mulliken charge and bond order analyses are performed under QO basis set, which satisfy sum rules. The present work validates the general applicability of Slater and Koster’s scheme of linear combinations of atomic orbitals and points to future ab initio tight-binding parametrizations and linear-scaling DFT development.
Risk Assessment for the Housing Market in Mexico

The lingering experience of the U.S. housing market crisis has underlined importance in seeking new markets for the companies involved in housing construction. However, expansion to new markets requires a deliberate strategic plan to efficiently adjust to a new business environment. Identifying potential opportunities and threats may help to devise plans and spot areas in which knowledge transfer of the foreign market is essential. Mexico enjoys a growing economy and an accelerated growth of its population, which increases the need in the housing market. It is therefore an attractive market for the U.S. housing industry considering the existing channels of trade between the two countries. Therefore, a study was conducted with the focus on U.S. construction firms and their challenges upon entering the Mexican housing market. The study was defined based on the International Construction Risk Assessment Model-1 (ICRAM-1) that was developed for assessment of potential risks involved in expansion into new construction markets at the international arena. To facilitate decision making, the study identifies high-risk indicators for the U.S. firms and mitigation strategies that may assist those firms to minimize risks involved in the Mexican housing market. Finally, high-risk indicators suggested by the model such as land planning, societal conflicts, or laws versus practices have been discussed under their related topic to illustrate knowledge areas critical for this specific market expansion. DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000128. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Instant of chair-rise lift-off can be predicted by foot-floor reaction forces.

Abstract Objective: To develop a predictive model of the lift-off event during chair rise in healthy subjects, using foot–floor reaction forces. Background: An important event during chair rise is lift-off from the seat: the transition from the inherently stable three-point contact to the unstable two-point contact. There is no consistent or generally agreed upon method for estimating the time of lift-off when an instrumented seat is unavailable. Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers were divided into a testing set and training set. Each subject performed repeated chair rise trials at different speeds. Seat–floor and foot–floor forces, recorded with two force platforms, were used to develop a model of the lift-off event. Results: The magnitude of the vertical foot–floor reaction at lift-off (F0VF) was linearly related ( R 2 =0.71, P F0VF =28.14+ FMVF ∗ (0.6434) . Conclusions: The lift-off event for healthy subjects performing chair rise can be accurately predicted from foot–floor reaction forces, without requiring an instrumented seat.
Surface reconstructions of oxygen deficient SnO2(110)

Abstract The reconstruction of an ion-bombarded SnO 2 (110) surface has been studied with LEED, AES, XPS and UPS. In general, reconstructions of the ion-bombarded surface are associated with an extreme surface oxygen deficiency. Emission is observed throughout the band gap up to the Fermi level with UPS, and is associated with the presence of three-fold and four-fold coordinated Sn cations. Structural models have been proposed for the c(2 × 2) and (4 × 1) reconstructions based on disorder due to oxygen vacancies with a tendency toward alternation, and the formation of a SnO(101) overlayer, respectively.
Obesity and hypertension: It's about more than the numbers.

Objective: This editorial comments on the recent Obesity Society and American Society of Hypertension joint position paper, justified by the substantial link between obesity and hypertension (HTN). Design and Methods: The editorial reviews the expert opinions. Other relevant clinical research is highlighted, such as an obesity paradox. Evidence-based lifestyle changes, drugs, and behavorial modification and newer agents are highlighted. Results: Areas of controversy are noted. Despite the importance of renin angiotensin system blockage, future federal guidelines may maintain thiazides as first choice, even with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes (DM). Chlorthalidone, 12.5-25 mg, has shown cardiovascular benefit, including with MetS and DM. Conclusion: The conclusion calls for more research. However, the identification and elimination of racial/ethnic disparities should be addressed more explicitly. To better understand the obesity–hypertension linkage, curtail costs, and decrease premature disease and death, this excellent position paper is essential.
Developing a Culture of Resilience for Low-Income Immigrant Youth

This study explores a story of success at a school where low-income, English language learners (ELLs) comprise a majority of its students. In this paper, we examine Bay Academy’s teaching and organizational practices that make it a place where youth feel they belong and can succeed. Central to this description is its culture of college, community- and family-involvement, and structural components including the leadership team and innovative programming. We approach this research from an ecological perspective of learning, and focus our analysis on the Academy’s success in creating opportunities for students to develop academic resilience. We present our findings in an attempt to share the successes of this school as a model for educating students from similar backgrounds in similar contexts.
Baryon-pion scattering in the 1/N c expansion: Tree diagram cancellations

Tree amplitudes for baryon-pion scattering are studied in the 1/N{sub c} expansion. Generalized large-N{sub c} consistency conditions are obtained to all orders in baryon mass splittings. For baryons with spin J{approx}O(1), the leading order in N{sub c} tree amplitudes can be evaluated keeping only terms up to a given finite order in baryon mass splittings. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Design and Fabrication of Integrated Coupled-Cavity Lasers for Stability, Tunability and Single-Frequency

The important characteristics of three-terminal coupled-cavity lasers are reviewed. Tradeoffs in the design and fabrication of both monolithic and recleaved devices are discussed. New results for the continuous tuning of several coupled-cavity structures are presented. More than 8 A of tuning in a single longitudinal mode is reported for a monolithically integrated two-section GaInAsP laser.
Factors Influencing the Health Behaviors of Divorced Women with Children

The purposes of this study were to assess the health behaviors of women who are divorced single parents and to identify facilitators and deterrents to healthy behaviors. Nurses are constantly challenged to help women develop healthier lifestyles. The stressors of divorce complicate that challenge. Data were collected from 148 women with children by questionnaire and telephone interview one year after divorce. The results indicated that the women practiced healthy lifestyles with almost half of the women reportmg their health behaviors had increased since their divorce. Education was associated significantly and positively with the total health behavior score. Categories of prceived health behavior facilitators and deterrents were the amount of stress, control over time, feelings of physical and mental well-being, personal appearance, material resources, and social support.
Service life prediction of structural systems using lifetime functions with emphasis on bridges

Abstract In order to adequately handle the huge increase in traffic over the past three decades, most North American and European countries invested enormous funds in building highway networks. Nowadays, most of these networks are complete or close to completion. The biggest challenge highway agencies and departments of transportation face is the maintenance of these networks, keeping them safe and serviceable, with limited funds. The use of consistent measures of safety is fundamental for the development of optimum strategies for bridge maintenance. The analysis of safety on a component basis is a gross approximation of the real system performance of a bridge. In this paper, a model using lifetime functions to evaluate the overall system probability of survival of existing bridges, under maintenance or no maintenance, is proposed. In this model, bridges are modeled as systems of independent and/or correlated components. The proposed model is applied to an existing bridge located in Denver, Colorado, and the optimal maintenance strategy of this bridge is obtained in terms of service life extension and cumulative maintenance cost.
PET–CT vs. CT alone in ovarian cancer recurrence

To compare fusion, positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET–CT) with CT alone in detecting ovarian carcinoma recurrence. Fifty-one consecutive patients underwent 53 restaging PET–CT scans with a concurrent diagnostic quality CT scan. Two body imaging radiologists independently assessed the CT’s; each then teamed with a nuclear medicine specialist to review the PET–CT’s. Two teams conferred for consensus on the presence of disease in the chest, abdomen, and body overall with CT alone and with PET–CT, using a six-point reader confidence metric to determine accuracy and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Reader agreement was compared using kappa. Recurrence was determined by two gynecologic oncologists reviewing clinical records from time of presentation to at least 13 months (mean 22.7) after imaging. Recurrence was based on histopathology in 17% (9/53). Seventy-two percent (38/53) cases had recurrence, with two cases showing isolated chest recurrence. PET–CT accuracy exceeded CT for body 92% (49/53) vs. 83% (44/53), chest 96% (51/53) vs. 89% (47/53), and abdomen 91% (48/53) vs. 79% (42/53). ROC curves for PET–CT dominated that for CT alone; this difference was statistically significant for abdomen and for body overall (P < 0.01). Interobserver agreement was better for PET–CT than for CT alone. PET–CT demonstrates greater accuracy and less interobserver variability than CT alone.
Identification of Water-Masses by their Suspended Matter

IN the often very difficult task of following the movements of coastal and oceanic water masses, much use has been made of the temperature, the salinity and the amount of oxygen in solution. In special cases the concentrations of silica or of hydrogen ions may give useful information.
Carapace color change in Uca pugilator as a response to temperature

Brachyurid species have various coloration patterns that fluctuate among individuals due to behavioral interactions or a changing environment. In the fiddler crab Uca pugilator, the historical notion is that color change is regulated by circadian rhythms. In this study, color patterns of U. pugilator were affected by changes in temperature; crab carapaces become light in warm temperatures and dark in colder temperatures. The response to temperature occurred within 15 min (often within 5 min of exposure to the treatment), suggesting that temperature may play a key role in color change, and it is activated not through a hormonal pathway, but rather a direct response of the chromatophores. Color change occurred differently between day and night for each sex, which implies that endogenous rhythms are not the sole mechanism for color change in U. pugilator. Both sexes became darker in the cold treatment, however there were differences between the sexes with high temperatures. Females did not show significant coloration changes, while males became significantly lighter and more speckled. Results from this study suggest sex-specific constraints in response to temperature that could be associated to morphological body mass to surface area ratios, as males have large cheliped, which may be involved in thermoregulation. Constraints could also be associated to different diel activities that each sex performs or visual cues associated with mating behaviors.
System Size and Administrative Component in the American States: A Longitudinal Analysis of Economies of Scale Hypothesis

This study challenges economies of scale hypothesis as a useful way of explaining the effects of increasing system size on the administrative component of systems at the societal level (e.g., states). The proposition to be tested is the inverse relationship between state population and the relative size of government. More importantly, this study examines whether the relationship observed in cross-sectional studies can also be obtained from a longitudinal design. I collected data about the population and government employees of the American states from 1952 to 1990 and analyzed them by trend and time-series analyses. Findings show that the size of government grows at a faster rate than the increasing population of the states. These findings indicate that the different result is not simply a matter of how to define concepts (e.g., the administrative component in the states), but of how to model the basic process underlying the relationship between population and government structure. They also suggest that...
Effects of tibial slope changes in the stability of fixed bearing medial unicompartmental arthroplasty in anterior cruciate ligament deficient knees

Abstract Patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency may have increased failure rates with UKA as a result of abnormal contact stresses and altered knee kinematics. Variations in the slope of the tibial component in UKA may alter tibiofemoral translation, and affect outcomes. This cadaveric study evaluated tibiofemoral translation during the Lachman and pivot shift tests after changing the slope of a fixed bearing unicondylar tibial component. Sectioning the ACL increased tibiofemoral translation in both the Lachman and pivot shift tests (P
In vitro effects of the nerve growth factor on the fine structure of the sensory nerve cells.

Summary Dorsal root ganglia from 8-day chick embryos were explanted in semisolid media with or without a specific nerve growth factor (NGF). The ganglia were incubated for a period of 4 and 12 h and examined with the electron microscope. The presence of the NGF in the culture medium calls forth striking and rapid changes in the fine structure of the neurons. The nuclei develop an irregular contour and denser clumped chromatin in comparison with the controls. In the cytoplasm the Golgi apparatus is dilated; in some cells there is a massive increase in ribosomes associated with increased number of membranous elements of endoplasmic reticulum. Neurofilaments and neurotubules, sparse in control cultures, are already prominent after 4 h of incubation in the presence of the NGF. After 12 h, the cytoplasm of most ganglionic cells is packed with large masses of neurofilaments.
Glucocorticoids enhance the expression of the basolateral Na+:HCO3- cotransporter in renal proximal tubules

Glucocorticoids enhance the expression of the basolateral Na + :HCO 3 - cotransporter in renal proximal tubules. Background Studies have shown that glucocorticoids enhance HCO 3 - reabsorption in proximal tubules. Functional and molecular studies indicate that HCO 3 - reabsorption in proximal tubules is mediated via luminal H + -ATPase and Na + /H + exchanger (NHE-3), and basolateral Na + :HCO 3 - cotransporter (NBC) acting in series. The purpose of these experiments was to examine the effect of adrenal steroids on NBC-1 and NHE-3 expression and activity in rat renal proximal tubules. Methods Rats were injected subcutaneously with dexamethasone (100 μ/day) or deoxycorticosterone acetate (30 mg/kg), potent glucocorticoid, or mineralocorticoid analogues, respectively. Animals were sacrificed after two or four days, and NBC-1 and NHE-3 mRNA expression and activities were measured in cortex and proximal tubules. Results Northern hybridizations indicated that cortical NBC-1 mRNA expression increased by approximately 92% in rats treated with dexamethasone for four days ( N = 6, P i recovery from an acid load in the presence or absence of HCO 3 - , respectively, and appropriate inhibitors in proximal tubule suspensions loaded with BCECF. NBC activity increased by approximately 80% in rats treated with dexamethasone for four days ( P N = 5) but not two days. NHE-3 activity increased by 34 and 42% in rats treated with dexamethasone for two and four days, respectively ( P P Conclusion Glucocorticoids at pharmacologic concentrations enhance the mRNA expression and functional activity of renal proximal tubule NBC-1. Enhanced NBC and NHE-3 activities could result in increased HCO 3 - reabsorption in proximal tubule and could contribute to the maintenance of metabolic alkalosis in pathophysiologic states associated with increased glucocorticoid production.
Water Use and Transfer Scenarios in El Paso County, Texas, USA

Abstract In this multidisciplinary study, mathematical and economic tools are used to assess the potential benefits of water transfers between the agricultural and municipal sectors in El Paso County, Texas. The scenarios are based on water consumption and revenue data over the last 20 years. The study demonstrates that pima cotton has historically consumed the greatest quantities of water while generating the least revenue to farmers (average gross revenues over 20 years equals US$300/acre-foot of water); peppers and onions have gross revenues of US$980/acre-foot and US$1,260/acre-foot, respectively. The study also indicates that equal amounts of water generate higher revenues in the municipal sector versus the agricultural sector. In 1999, 90,000 million gallons of water would have generated US$175,000,000 in the municipal sector in comparison to US$90,000,000 in the agricultural sector. Finally, an “El Paso Water Transfer Center” is proposed to create a water market in El Paso County and dictate water ...
Gaussian profile estimation in one dimension

We extend recent results for estimating the parameters of a one-dimensional Gaussian profile to two-dimensional profiles, deriving the exact covariance matrix of the estimated parameters. While the exact form is easy to compute, we provide a set of close approximations that allow the covariance to take on a simple analytic form. This not only provides new insight into the behavior of the estimation parameters, but also lays a foundation for clarifying previously published work. We also show how to calculate the parameter variances for the case of truncated sampling, where the profile lies near the edge of the array detector. Finally, we calculate expressions for the bias in the classical formulation of the problem and provide an approach for its removal. This allows us to show how the bias affects the problem of choosing an optimal pixel size for minimizing parameter variances.
Determination of the transport mean free path in a solid-state random laser

Using the coherent backscattering technique, we have measured the transport mean-free-path lengths lt for photons in NdAl3(BO3)4 powder, a promising solid-state random laser material. The developed model allows one to calculate lt as a function of the mean particle size s in tightly packed powder or sintered ceramic. The experimentally determined value of lt is in good agreement with the model prediction.
Optimal foraging in hummingbirds: Rule of movement between inflorescences

Abstract The movements of hummingbirds between inflorescences of scarlet gilia ( Ipomopsis aggregata ) were studied. These movements exhibited the following patterns: (1) Although the hummingbirds appeared to avoid moving to the previous inflorescence, no significant correlation was found between the directions of successive inter-inflorescence movements. (2) The frequency distribution of inter-inflorescence flight distances was found to be leptokurtic. (3) The hummingbirds were more likely to move to an inflorescence the larger and/or closer it was. (4) The hummingbirds moved to inflorescences of greatest apparent size (i.e. ratio of number of flowers available to distance from present inflorescence) more often than they moved to the largest inflorescence, the closest infloresence, or the inflorescence estimated to yield the greatest rate of energy gain. (5) The frequency distribution of moves to the inflorescence having the i th greatest apparent size is well fitted by a geometric distribution. This is consistent with the hummingbrids choosing the inflorescence of greatest apparent size (excluding the previous inflorescence) from within some scanning sector. These movement patterns are consistent with the expectations of optimal foraging theory only if the hummingbirds cannot or do not determine the directions of possible inflorescences relative to the direction of arrival at the present inflorescence and if they cannot assess independently the sizes and distances of possible inflorescences.
DNMT3A Mutational Status Affects the Results of Dose-Escalated Induction Therapy in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Purpose: DNA methyltransferase 3A ( DNMT3A ) is one of the commonly mutated genes in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Reports on the prognostic significance of DNMT3A mutations have been inconsistent, and most of the data are available only for patients 60 years of age or younger. We hypothesized that this inconsistency is due to an interaction between the dose of anthracycline used in induction therapy and DNMT3A status. We studied whether patients with DNMT3A -mutated AML treated with standard dose anthracyclines had an inferior survival compared with patients with other mutation profiles or those who received high-dose therapy. Experimental Design: A total of 152 patients in this retrospective cohort study (median age, 54 years) with de novo AML underwent induction therapy and next-generation sequencing of 33 commonly mutated genes in hematologic malignancies, including DNMT3A , FLT3-ITD , NPM1 , and IDH1 / 2 . Cox regression was used to know whether those with DNMT3A mutations who were treated with standard dose anthracycline had inferior survival. Results: DNMT3A mutations, found in 32% of patients, were not associated with an inferior survival. Dose escalation of anthracycline in the induction regimen was associated with improved survival in those with DNMT3A mutations but not those with wild-type DNMT3A . Patients with DNMT3A mutations who received standard dose induction had shorter survival time than other patient groups (10.1 months vs. 19.8 months, P = 0.0129). This relationship remained significant (HR, 1.90; P = 0.006) controlling for multiple variables. Conclusions: Patients with DNMT3A -mutated AML have an inferior survival when treated with standard-dose anthracycline induction therapy. This group should be considered for high-dose induction therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 21(7); 1614–20. ©2015 AACR .
Applications of Time Transfer Using NAVSTAR GPS

The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) allows extremely accurate and global determination of time, as well as position and velocity, and it does it economically. Without even using the precise GPS codes and dual frequency measurements, the transfer of time with GPS can be accomplished to better than 100 nanoseconds. In fact, with a simultaneous common view approach, relative timing can be accomplished to better than 10 nanoseconds. Although a widespread need for this type of accuracy may not be apparent, one would be surprised at the number of applications for that accuracy surface once that its availability has been established. Probably more important than the accuracy capability is the ease by which time transfer can be accomplished with GPS, both technically and logistically. GPS time transfer systems are more portable than precise clocks primarily because batteries are not required to keep the clock running. Time with GPS can be reinitialized at any time. Economically, because of the technology involved, the current cost of precise clocks (Cesium) is on a steady rise, while GPS time transfer systems will become less expensive as time passes, enhancing the advantage over the use of precise clocks. Currently, GPS is not an operational system. For time transfer it is, but not continuously, available (only available on the order of 16 to 20 hours a day). However, as the number of satellites increases, the time transfer will become continuous long before GPS is declared fully operational. It is that time that GPS time transfer systems could replace many of the precise clocks in existence. This paper will discuss how GPS time transfer satisfies the time keeping requirements of various timing applications, enhances the time keeping capabilities of those applications and reduces the expense of time keeping in those applications. The performance of GPS time transfer in its different modes of usage will also be discussed.
Uranium-nitrogen multiple bonding: isostructural anionic, neutral, and cationic uranium nitride complexes featuring a linear U=N=U core.

Reaction of the uranium(III) tris(anilide) complex (THF)U(N[t-Bu]Ar)3 (1, THF = tetrahydrofuran; Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3) with MN3 (M = Na, [N(n-Bu)4]) results in the formation of the bimetallic diuranium(IV/IV) complexes M[(μ-N)(U(N[t-Bu]Ar)3)2] (M[3]), which feature a single nitride ligand engaged as a linear, symmetric bridge between two uranium centers. The stability of the U═N═U core across multiple charge states is illustrated by stepwise chemical oxidation of Na[3] to the diuranium(IV/V) complex (μ-N)(U(N[t-Bu]Ar)3)2 (3) and the diuranium(V/V) complex [(μ-N)(U(N[t-Bu]Ar)3)2][B(ArF)4] {[3][B(ArF)4]; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3}. M[3], 3, and [3][B(ArF)4] were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. The cyclic voltammogram of 3 reveals two clean, reversible one-electron electrochemical events at E1/2 = −1.69 and −0.67 V, assigned to the [3]−/3 and 3/[3]+ redox couples, respectively. The X-ray crystal structures of [N(n-Bu)4][3], 3, and [3][B(ArF)4] reveal a line...
Neighborhood size in the Simulated Annealing Algorithm

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTSimulated annealing is a probabilistic algorithm that has shown some promise when applied to combinatorially NP-hard problems. One advantage of the simulated annealing algorithm is that it is based on an analogy with statistical mechanics which is not problem-specific. However, any implementation of the algorithm for a given problem requires that several specific choices be made. The success or failure of the procedure may depend on these choices. In this study we explore the effect of choice of neighborhood size on the algorithm's performance when applied to the travelling salesman problem.
STUDIES ON PULMONARY EDEMA : I. THE CONSEQUENCES OF BILATERAL CERVICAL VAGOTOMY IN THE RABBIT.

1. Bilateral cervical vagotomy in rabbits soon leads to death, usually within 8 to 24 hours. 2. Gradually increasing dyspnea, crises with expulsion of frothy, serous or sanguineous fluid from the mouth and nose, and terminal asphyxia are the important clinical features. 3. Postmortem examination reveals severe acute pulmonary edema and congestion, variable amounts of bronchopneumonia, and evidences of aspiration of food and secretions. This picture is similar to that found in the lungs in the bulbar form of poliomyelitis. 4. These changes are brought about by a combination of factors secondary to bilateral vagotomy: laryngeal paralysis (aspiration of food, slow asphyxia); loss of the vagal innervation of the lungs. 5. Laryngeal paralysis is not an essential factor in the production of severe pulmonary edema and death following bilateral cervical vagotomy. 6. To denote the pathogenesis of this type of edema, the term neuropathic pulmonary edema is employed.
Absorption and Oxidation of Glucose Polymers of Different Lengths in Young Infants

Because mucosal glucoamylase is most active against glucose polymers less than 10 glucose units in length, longer chain polymers may not be completely absorbed by young infants. In order to investigate this possibility, the absorption and oxidation of 13C-rich glucose, short-chain (3 to 8 glucose units in length) and long-chain (average length 43 units) glucose polymers (GP) were compared in 12 healthy, 1-month-old infants. Recovery of the GP and glucose in stool was measured by determining the 13C enrichment of stool. The oxidation of the GP was measured by tracing the increase in breath 13CO2 after GP were fed. Carbohydrate malabsorbed in the small bowel was assessed by measurement of breath H2, a gas formed from the fermentation of carbohydrate in the colon. Analysis of the infants' stools revealed that one infant excreted 9.7% of the dose of glucose, another 6.7% of the dose of short-chain GP, and five infants excreted 2.6 to 18.5% (mean 8.4%) of the dose of long-chain GP. The percent of the administered dose recovered in breath was similar among substrates (mean = 28.7% of the dose fed). A rise in breath H2 greater than 20 ppm was found in four of the 12 infants after the feeding of glucose, in five of 12 after the short-chain GP, and in six of 12 after the long-chain GP. None of the infants developed diarrhea. The results suggest that healthy young infants do not absorb long-chain GP as completely as they absorb short-chain GP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
REVERSE OSMOSIS OF COTTAGE CHEESE WHEY. 1. Influence of Composition of the Feed

SUMMARY– Permeation rate, retention, and solute flux during reverse osmosis of whey and whey fractions were compared using two types of cellulose acetate membranes. When the feed solutions contained no molecules larger than lactose, concentration polarization had little influence on performance except at the highest available driving force (applied pressure minus difference between osmotic pressures of the feed and permeate = 37.8 atm). With the more complex feeds (whey and deproteinized whey), both concentration polarization and fouling of the membrane occurred. Concentration polarization decreased both permeation rate and retention. Fouling decreased permeation rate, but its influence on retention was variable and depended principally on the feed, the solute, and the available driving force. Proteins and other macromolecules in whey had a greater influence on performance during reverse osmosis than smaller solute molecules. With whey as feed, maximum permeation rates were achieved at low available driving forces (10-12 atm), and were similar for the two types of membranes (about 1 ml/cm2*sec). Increasing the available driving force increased retention and therefore reduced solute flux. Choice between the two membranes requires a compromise between extent of desalting and loss of lactose in the permeate.
Ocular Dominance Plasticity in Mature Mice

Ocular dominance plasticity, classically thought to be restricted to an early critical period, is now described by Sawtell et al. in fully adult mice. Adult plasticity, like critical period plasticity, requires cortical NMDA receptors but involves different functional changes in cortical circuits.
A Better Way to Evaluate Undergraduate Teaching

Amajor problem in higher education is the lack of a good way to measure the quality of teaching. This makes it very difficult for faculty to objectively determine the quality of their teaching, wor...
Beyond victory: Offensive realism and the expansion of war aims

(1997). Beyond victory: Offensive realism and the expansion of war aims. Security Studies: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 1-49.
Human milk galectin-3 binding protein and breast-feeding-associated HIV transmission.

Analysis of milk from 247 HIV-infected Zambian mothers showed that galectin-3 binding protein concentrations were significantly higher among HIV-infected mothers who transmitted HIV through breast-feeding (6.51 +/- 2.12 mug/mL) than among nontransmitters but were also correlated with higher milk and plasma HIV RNA copies/mL and lower CD4+ cell counts. The association between galectin-3 binding protein and postnatal transmission was attenuated after adjustment for milk and plasma HIV load and CD4+ cell counts. This suggests that although milk galectin-3 binding protein is a marker of advanced maternal disease it does not independently modify transmission risk.
The impact of life stressors on childhood adjustment: Multiple perspectives

This investigation studied relationships between life stress and adjustment in a sample of fifty-six 6th grade urban children. Stress was assessed using a 28-item event/circumstance (SLE-Cs) checklist, completed by parents. Adjustment, from the perspectives of classroom teachers, parents, and children, was separately assessed. Children also completed measures of social sup- port, empathy, locus of control, and perceived competence. Significant but moderate correlations were found between total number of SLE-Cs experienced and adjustment ratings across all three perspectives. Additionally, 18 of the 28 SLE-C items correlated significantly with adjustment measured from one or more perspectives, with some patterning of relationships between type of item and adjustment rating perspective.
Absolute rate constants for the reaction of the hydrated electron, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen atom with chloroacetones in water

Abstract Bimolecular rate constants for chloroacetone (CAce), 1,1-dichloroacetone (1,1-DCAce) and 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (1,1,1-TCAce) reaction with the aqueous electron (e−aq), the hydroxyl radical ( OH), and the hydrogen atom ( H) have been measured using electron pulse radiolysis in combination with transient absorption spectroscopy (e−aq, OH), and electron paramagnetic resonance detection ( H). The measured rate constants with each substrate, in M−1 s−1 for e−aq, OH and H reaction, are: CAce: (1.34±0.15) ×1010, (1.69±0.05) ×108, (2.63±0.07) ×107; 1,1-DCAce: (1.22±0.12) ×1010, (8.8±0.4) ×107, (2.9±0.3) ×107; and 1,1,1-TCAce: (1.56±0.17) ×1010, (3.3±0.1) ×107, (2.8±0.2) ×107, respectively. The trends observed in these rate constants are discussed in terms of the initial reaction mechanisms of the three reactive species with these chloroacetones.
Cell entry and the pathogenesis of Bartonella infections

Erythrocyte parasitism, or hemotrophy, is not a common strategy for bacteria. However, Bartonella species are elegantly adapted to parasitize a variety of cell types including red blood cells. Bartonella bacilliformis, a useful model organism for the genus, has been used to study virulence determinants involved in colonization, attachment and invasion of host cells.
Flaw evaluation of theramally aged cast stainless steel in light-water reactor applications

Cast stainless steel may be used in the fabrication of the primary loop piping, fittings, valve bodies, and pump casings in light-water reactors. However, this material is subject to embrittlement due to thermal aging at the reactor temperature, that is, 290°C (550°F). The Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) recently completed a research program and the results indicate that the lower-bound fracture toughness of thermally aged cast stainless steel is similar to that of submerged arc welds (SAWs). Thus, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff has accepted the use of SAW flaw evaluation procedures in IWB-3640 of Section XI of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code to evaluate flaws in thermally aged cast stainless steel for a license renewal evaluation. Alternatively, utilities may estimate component-specific fracture toughness of thermally aged cast stainless steel using procedures developed at ANL for a case-by-case flaw evaluation.
Platelet-activating factor: a previously unrecognized mediator of fever.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation is accompanied by either hypothermia (prevails when the ambient temperature (Ta) is subneutral) or fever (prevails when Ta is neutral or higher). Because platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a proximal mediator of LPS inflammation, it should mediate both thermoregulatory responses to LPS. That PAF possesses hypothermic activity and mediates LPS-induced hypothermia is known. We asked whether PAF possesses pyrogenic activity (Expt 1) and mediates LPS fever (Expt 2). The study was conducted in Long-Evans rats implanted with jugular catheters. A complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was infused as a physiologically relevant form of PAF; free (aggregated) PAF was used as a control. In Expt 1, either form of PAF caused hypothermia when infused (83 pmol kg _1 min _1 , 60 min, I.V.) at a subneutral Ta of 20 °C, but the response to the PAF–BSA complex (_4.5 ± 0.5 °C, nadir) was ~4 times larger than that to free PAF. At a neutral Ta of 30 °C, both forms caused fever preceded by tail skin vasoconstriction, but the febrile response to PAF–BSA (1.0 ± 0.1 °C, peak) was > 2 times higher than that to free PAF. Both the hypothermic (at 20 °C) and febrile (at 30 °C) responses to PAF–BSA started when the total amount of PAF infused was extremely small, < 830 pmol kg _1 . In Expt 2 (conducted at 30 °C), the PAF receptor antagonist BN 52021 (29 mmol kg _1 , I.V.) had no thermal effect of itself. However, it strongly (~2 times) attenuated the febrile response to PAF (5 nmol kg _1 , I.V.), implying that this response involves the PAF receptor and is not due to a detergent-like effect of PAF on cell membranes. BN 52021 (but not its vehicle) was similarly effective in attenuating LPS (10 mg kg _1 , I.V.) fever. It is concluded that PAF is a highly potent endogenous pyrogenic substance and a mediator of LPS fever.
Structure of the shell and tertiary membranes of eggs of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus).

Eggs of the turtle Trionyx spiniferus are rigid, calcareous spheres averaging 2.5 cm in diameter. The eggshell is morphologically very similar to avian eggshells. The outer crystalline layer is composed of roughly columnar aggregates, or shell units, of calcium carbonate in the aragonite form. Each shell unit tapers to a somewhat conical tip at its base. Interior to the crystalline layer are two tertiary egg membranes: the outer shell membrane and the inner shell membrane. The outer shell membrane is firmly attached to the inner surface of the shell, and the two membranes are in contact except at the air cell, where the inner shell membrane separates from the outer shell membrane. Both membranes are multi-layered, with the inner shell membrane exhibiting a more fibrous structure than the outer shell membrane. Numerous pores are found in the eggshell, and these generally occur at the intersection of four or more shell units.
Nation-state Crises in the Absence and Presence of Segment States: The Case of Nicaragua

Abstract This study provides a critical examination of the relationship between segment states and nationalist crises through a consideration of Nicaragua's recent history. Nicaragua experienced a nationalist crisis from 1981 to the mid-1980s. That crisis ended with the creation of two autonomous regions on the Atlantic Coast. Although relations between the common state and the new segment state proved difficult over the next few years, the new arrangement held for two decades. Roughly around 2007, however, a new nation-state crisis emerged in Nicaragua. Taking advantage of the fact that Nicaragua provides an opportunity to compare two nation-state crises across time, this study asks whether the country's pattern of nation-state crisis, creation of a segment state, and emergence of a second nationalist crisis may mean that segment states are endogenous to nation-state crises. In addition, it raises the question of whether, if fully followed through, autonomy arrangements may prove stabilizing under certai...
Negative and positive luminescence in midwavelength infrared InAs-GaSb superlattice photodiodes

The quantum efficiency of negative and positive luminescence in binary type-II InAs-GaSb superlattice photodiodes has been investigated in the midinfrared spectral range around the 5-/spl mu/m wavelength. The negative luminescence efficiency is nearly independent on temperature in the entire range from 220 to 325 K. For infrared diodes with a 2-/spl mu/m absorbing layer, processed without anti-reflection coating, a negative luminescence efficiency of 45% is found, indicating very efficient minority carrier extraction. The temperature dependent measurements of the quantum efficiency of the positive luminescence enables for the determination of the capture cross section of the Shockley-Read-Hall centers involved in the competing nonradiative recombination.
A novel method for the measurement of dissolved deoxyribonucleic acid in seawater

A novel method was developed for the quantification of dissolved deoxyribonucleic acid (D-DNA) in seawater. This method includes addition of tetrasodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (tetrasodium EDTA) to 0.22 ∝mfiltered seawater, concentration of > 10 kDa material in the filtrate with a Centricon centrifugal concentration unit, and quantification of the concentrated D-DNA with the fluorescent double-stranded DNA stain SYBR Green I. This method requires less than 15 mL of seawater per sample even in oligotrophic environments, and samples can be analyzed in approximately 3 h. The recovery of D-DNA with this method is 75% to 85% and can be determined for each sample by measuring recovery of 35 S-labeled DNA added at trace amounts. This method can be used to quantify D-DNA concentrations as low as 0.01 ng mL ‐1 with high precision (standard deviation < 5% of the mean). Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) treatment of samples and virus enumeration can be used in conjunction with this method to determine the three major components of D-DNA: free or enzymatically hydrolyzable DNA (ehD-DNA), DNA within viruses, and uncharacterized bound DNA.
The RAFFT as a Screening Tool for Adolescent Substance Use Disorders

The objective of this study was to measure the sensitivity and specificity of the RAFFT, a screening instrument for problematic adolescent substance use. Two hundred and twenty-six adolescent patients, aged 13 to 18, who were referred to an emergency room or an ambulatory evaluation clinic were included. Patients answered the five questions of the RAFFT before a comprehensive psychiatric assessment was completed. Diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV. The best results were obtained with two positive answers on the RAFFT: a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 69% in the screening for substance abuse or dependence. The RAFFT performed well in this highly selected patient population.
High-resolution predictive Wyner-Ziv coding of Gaussian sources

A predictive scheme for zero-delay Wyner-Ziv coding of sources with memory is proposed and analyzed in the high-resolution regime for Gaussian source-side information pairs. Incorporating the propagation of distortion due to occasional decoding errors into the analysis, the quantizers and first-order filter parameters are simultaneously optimized. The rate-distortion performance of the scheme is compared with those of non-distributed coding and Wyner-Ziv coding with a naive choice of prediction filters (minimizing temporal correlation), as well as the asymptotic Wyner-Ziv rate-distortion function.