cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced Material Model of Composite Laminates for 3D Finite Element Analysis

Laminate composites are widely used in automotive, aerospace, medical, and increasingly in consumer industries, due to their reduced weight, superior structural properties and cost-effectiveness. However, structural analysis of complex laminate structures remains challenging. 2D finite element methods based on plate and shell theories may be accurate and efficient, but they generally do not apply to the whole structure, and require identification and preprocessing (dimensional reduction) of the regions where the underlying assumptions hold. Differences in and limitations of theories for thin/thick plates and shells further complicate modeling and simulation of composites. Fully automated structural analysis using 3D elements with sufficiently high order basis functions is possible in principle, but is rarely practiced due to the significant increase in computational integration cost in the presence of a large number of laminate plies.We propose to replace the actual layup of the laminate structure by a simplified material model, allowing for a substantial reduction of the computational cost of 3D FEA. The reduced model, under the usual assumptions made in lamination theory, has the same constitutive relationship as the corresponding 2D plate model of the original laminate, but requires only a small fraction of computational integration costs in 3D FEA. We describe implementation of 3D FEA using the reduced material model in a meshfree system using second order B-spline basis functions. Finally, we demonstrate its validity by showing agreement between computed and known results for standard problems.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Advanced continuous-contact heat pulse design for efficient temporal summation of second pain (windup).

Abstract Temporal summation of second pain or windup (WU SP ) can be reliably evoked in normal human subjects by repetitive heat pulses to the skin at frequencies of 0.33 Hz or more. This phenomenon is dependent on activation of peripheral C-nociceptors and central N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, resulting in windup of C-fiber–evoked discharges of dorsal horn neurons. Several investigations of heat pain summation have used Peltier devices for intermittent-contact heat pulses to the skin. This method returns the skin to an adapting temperature between each stimulus and can result in distinct first and second pain sensations. An alternative method of temporal summation consists of continuous-contact heat stimuli by computerized Peltier thermodes that can provide rapid heat pulses. Previously used continuous-contact heat pulse trains, however, seemed to lack characteristics that result in efficient WU SP . The present study sought to obtain psychophysical evidence that reliable WU SP can be elicited with an advanced pulse design by using a computerized heat-foil/Peltier thermode. WU SP was elicited by repetitive thermal stimulation of the hands at frequencies of 0.33 Hz but not 0.25 and 0.17 Hz. WU SP stimuli were either adjusted to resemble the heat transfer characteristics of intermittent-contact stimulus trains, or they remained unadjusted. The estimated transmission velocity of impulses giving rise to second pain and WU SP was characteristic of C fibers. More pronounced second pain and efficient WU SP could be elicited with adjusted than with unadjusted heat pulse trains. Thus, specifically designed continuous-contact heat pulses can be used to elicit distinct second pain and robust WU SP , thereby providing an efficient psychophysical test of this phenomenon. Perspective Temporal summation testing is rapidly becoming a relevant psychophysical tool for the study of chronic pain disorders. The results of this study will allow more efficient use of currently available constant-contact thermodes for clinical and research applications.
Elucidation of the Biosynthetic Pathway for Okenone in Thiodictyon sp. CAD16 Leads to the Discovery of Two Novel Carotene Ketolases

Okenone is a unique ketocarotenoid found in many purple sulfur bacteria; it is important because of its unique light absorption and photoprotection properties. Okenane, a compound formed by diagenetic reduction of okenone, is an important biomarker in geochemical analyses of sedimentary rocks. Despite its ecological and biogeochemical importance, the biochemical pathway for okenone synthesis has not yet been fully described. The genome sequence of an okenone-producing organism, Thiodictyon sp. strain CAD16, revealed four genes whose predicted proteins had strong sequence similarity to enzymes known to produce ψ-end group modifications of carotenoids in proteobacteria. These four genes encoded homologs of a 1,2-carotenoid hydratase (CrtC), an O-methyltransferase (CrtF), and two paralogs of carotenoid 3,4-desaturases (CrtD). Expression studies in lycopene- or neurosporene-producing strains of Escherichia coli confirmed the functions of crtC and crtF, but the crtD paralogs encoded enzymes with previously undescribed functions. One enzyme, CruS, was only distantly related to CrtD desaturases, was bifunctional, and performed a 3,4-desaturation and introduced a C-2 keto group into neurosporene derivatives in the presence of dioxygen. The enzyme encoded by the other crtD paralog also represents a new enzyme in carotenogenesis and was named cruO. CruO encodes the C-4/4′ ketolase uniquely required for okenone biosynthesis. The identification of CruO and the demonstration of its biochemical activity complete the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway for okenone and other related ketocarotenoids.
Cognitive, behavioral and psychological issues in the rheumatological care of the elderly.

The ageing process is accompanied by changes in biological functions and the context of behavior. Biological changes are often thought to be the source of poor adaptation to the demands of ageing and disease; however, the data indicate environmental, psychological and social factors must be considered. Problems related to sensory-cognitive ageing, dependency, adherence, sleep disturbance, sexual functioning, psychological distress, family issues and ethics are discussed in terms of their impact on rheumatic disease management. Diagnostic measures developed for the elderly are reviewed and interventions from a behavioral approach are outlined. The chronic nature of rheumatic disease interacts with the changes ascociated with ageing leading to a complex situation requiring attention to biological, behavioral, environmental and psychosocial factors.
Neonatal intensive care in the home

As the trend toward early discharge and home care of medically fragile neonates continues, parents find themselves thrust into a lifestyle for which they are unprepared. They must quickly adjust to a new daily routine and new home environment. They watch as part of their home is transformed into a mini intensive care unit with the kind of high-tech equipment and supplies once exclusively reserved for hospital settings. Parents also must learn to live with limited privacy because home care nurses and other providers become a visible presence and a daily reminder that their lives have been forever altered.
Decoding endocannabinoid signaling

Development of an inhibitor of an endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme provides insights into the role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the nervous system.
Recurrent renal vein thrombosis and renal failure associated with antithrombin-III deficiency

This paper describes a healthy 13-year-old girl presenting with acute flank pain and anuria due to renal vein thrombosis. A similar spontaneous and unexplained thrombosis resulted in the loss of the contralateral kidney 1 year earlier. Urgent surgical thrombectomy and anticoagulation resulted in moderate recovery of renal function. Predisposition to venous thrombosis in this child was secondary to a marked familial deficiency of circulating antithrombin-III. An early diagnosis of this condition is essential for the formulation of preventive measures and may lead to specific therapeutic intervention at the onset of acute thrombotic complications.
Promoting Ego Development and Multicultural Competence During Internship

This research involved an exploratory intervention to determine the effectiveness of using a deliberate psychological education (DPE) approach that incorporated issues of ethics, multicultural competence, oppression and diversity. The study attempted to discern if the DPE model used could make a difference in the promotion of ego development (which subsumes moral development) and multicultural knowledge and awareness of counselor interns. The intervention group showed significant gains compared to comparison groups in ego development as measured by the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WSCT) (Loevinger 1985) as well as significant gains on the Knowledge subscale of the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS, Ponterotto et al. 2002).
“You Can’t Tell Just by Looking!” Beliefs in the Diagnosticity of Visual Cues Explain Response Biases in Social Categorization

Perceivers use visual information to categorize others into social groups. That said, anecdotal reports suggest that perceivers are more comfortable making some categorizations (race, sex) than others (sexual orientation) on the basis of such limited information, perhaps because they hold differing beliefs about the diagnosticity of visual cues to those categories. The current studies tested this hypothesis empirically. We first developed a new measure—the Diagnosticity Scale—to assess beliefs about the diagnosticity of visual cues to diverse social categories. Next, we demonstrated that diagnosticity beliefs explain response tendencies in social perception, such that weak beliefs in the diagnosticity of visual cues to a given category predict biases toward the non-stigmatized, default response option. Collectively, these studies introduce the Diagnosticity Scale as a valid measure of perceivers’ beliefs in visual cues to social categories, which help to explain some noteworthy biases in social perception.
Manipulation of diapause in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., by application of KK-42 and precocious chilling of eggs

Abstract The gypsy moth enters diapause in late embryonic development as a fully differentiated pharate larva surrounded by an abundant supply of yolk. Although diapause is known to be regulated by the endocrine system in other insect species that have been intensively studied, the mechanism involved in regulation of diapause in the gypsy moth is unknown. The present study is part of a series designed to develop a fundamental understanding of the physiology of diapause in this species and to develop methods to manipulate it in the laboratory. In nature and in the laboratory, diapause is gradually terminated by prolonged chilling of the eggs for several months. Recently it was discovered that KK-42, a novel insect growth regulator with anti-hormonal properties, was effective in averting diapause in the gypsy moth. Results of the present study show that 14 day old eggs are highly sensitive to KK-42 and treatment at this stage prevents diapause in 85% of the test populations. Studies in which successive age groups, incubated at 25 °C then transferred to 5 °C, showed that eggs must be at least 12–13 days old to survive prolonged chilling and to hatch successfully after re-incubation at higher temperature. Eggs chilled at 14–15 days post-oviposition retained complete sensitivity to KK-42, whereas, 21–22 and 29–30 day old eggs were not responsive unless they were chilled for 4–6 weeks. These findings are important in developing methods for manipulating diapause in stockpiled eggs of the gypsy moth for use in biocontrol programs and also provides knowledge useful for further inquiry into the mechanism of diapause regulation in this species.
Research on Damping Properties of TiN Coating Prepared with Arc Ion Plating

In this paper TiN coating was prepared on stainless steel substrate using arc ion plating technique. The coating samples’ phases, surface morphology, micro-determination chemical composition, loss factor and damping ratio were tested. The phases of TiN coating were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the TiN coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), respectively. The damping performance of the samples was measured by hammering activation according half power bandwidth method. The loss factor or damping ratio of samples were obtained according frequency response curve. The results showed that damping performance of samples was considerably improved by TiN coatings.
The evolution of oxide cathodes for cathode ray tube applications

The oxide cathode is probably the most widely used electron emitter in vacuum electronic devices and is still in use today. This paper reviews the evolution of the theories and technology of the oxide cathode from its origins in 1904 up to the present day. The paper illustrates how the theories have changed with advances in analytical techniques and how the performance of oxide cathodes has developed in response to the demands of the cathode ray tube (CRT) industry. By manipulation of the interface between the oxide coating and the cathode cap and by varying the composition of the coating itself, the oxide cathode has continued to evolve for over 100 years and remains the predominant technology in the cathode ray tube industry.
Quantification of Subcellular Molecules in Tissue Microarray

Quantifying expression levels of proteins with sub cellular resolution is critical to many applications ranging from biomarker discovery to treatment planning. In this paper, we present a fully automated method and a new metric that quantifies the expression of target proteins in immunohisto-chemically stained tissue microarray (TMA) samples. The proposed metric is superior to existing intensity or ratio-based methods. We compared performance with the majority decision of a group of 19 observers scoring estrogen receptor (ER) status, achieving a detection rate of 96% with 90% specificity. The presented methods will accelerate the processes of biomarker discovery and transitioning of biomarkers from research bench to clinical utility.
Waist circumference values are increasing beyond those expected from BMI increases.

Objective: The objective of this investigation was to examine the relationship between BMI and waist circumference (WC) by gender and race subgroups from U.S. population-based data from 1959 to 2004 and to investigate the trend in WC over calendar time. Research Methods and Procedures: Demographic and anthropometric cross-sectional data on 30,730 participants 18 to 79 years old across five national surveys were included. We regressed WC on BMI while controlling for age in each time period for blacks and whites by gender. Results: The relationship between BMI and WC as characterized by the slope of the linear regression of WC on BMI does not seem to be changing significantly over time. A small (range, 0.08 to 0.27 cm/yr) increase in WC over time was observed. Discussion: The implications of these findings for public health and for understanding any extant changes in the BMI-mortality rate relationship remain to be elucidated.
Modelling of The Intramolecular Structure Of Monolayer C60 Molecules Observed with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Images of monolayer coverages of C60 on gold substrates, using scanning tunneling microscopy, reveal intermolecular arrangement and intramolecular features. In this paper we concentrate on the interpretation of these internal features, present a model showing that they arise from local charge density variations of high-lying π orbitals on approximately every other carbon atom, and discuss also other possible mechanisms for this effect.
Innate lymphoid cells: critical regulators of allergic inflammation and tissue repair in the lung

Maintenance of epithelial barrier function in the skin, respiratory tract and intestine is critical to limit exposure to commensal and pathogenic microbes and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently recognized innate immune cell population that plays critical roles in host defense, regulation of inflammation and promotion of wound healing and tissue repair at barrier surfaces. In this review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of how ILC populations in the respiratory tract impact allergic airway inflammation and lung epithelial repair.
Rap1-b is phosphorylated by protein kinase a in intact human platelets

Agonists that increase cAMP levels in platelets promote the phosphorylation of a 24 kDa GTP-binding protein that is immunoreactive with a monoclonal antibody (M90) to the H-ras p21 protein. Evidence is presented which indicates that this protein is rap-1b, not rap1-a as previously suggested (Ohmori, T., Kikuchi, A., Yamamoto, K., Kawata, M., Kondo, J. and Takai, Y. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157, 670-676). The amino acid sequence of labeled peptides obtained by proteolytic cleavage of the purified phosphorylated protein was identical with that of rap-1b. Furthermore, a comparison of the kinetics of phosphorylation of synthetic peptides corresponding to the C-terminal region of rap-1a and rap-1b proteins indicated that rap-1b is the preferred substrate for phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
While an undergraduate waits.

Abstract The search for the intracranial sources of components of the ERP using non-human species can benefit from an analysis of the functional significance of these components. Such analysis provides criteria, based on the response of the components to experimental manipulations, for identifying those aspects of the ERP recorded in other species that are analogous to specific ERP components recorded from human subjects. This thesis is illustrated by examining the problems presented by the data recorded in monkeys by D onchin et al. (Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol.31, 115–127, 1971). The different ERP components they observed in the monkeys could not be fully interpreted because a detailed analysis of the ERPs recorded during similar paradigms in humans was lacking. We review studies of the Lateralized Readiness Potential using human subjects which indicate how the activity recorded during such waiting intervals which specifically relates to motor preparation can be identified.
Human peritoneal macrophages synthesize leukotrienes B4 and C4.

Abstract Macrophages were isolated from the dialysis fluid of patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and separated by gradient centrifugation and purification on 50% Percoll. The cells were prelabeled with [ 14 C]arachidonic acid for 1.5 h. The labeled cells were then incubated with calcium ionophore A23187 (1 μM), serum-treated zymosan (200 μg/ml), and a lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguairetic acid (1 · 10 −5 M). The arachidonate metabolites in the medium were separated on Sep-Pak columns, and finally purified by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The labeled products co-chromatographed with authentic leukotriene B 4 and leukotriene C 4 standards. Serum-treated zymosan and A23187 significantly stimulated and nordihydroguairetic acid significantly inhibited leukotriene synthesis. Leukotriene D 4 was not detected, which suggests that these cells contain low γ-glutamyltranspeptidase or high dipeptidase activity. These results establish, for the first time, that human peritoneal macrophages synthesize the lipoxygenase products, leukotriene B 4 and leukotriene C 4 .
Murine Oviduct Epithelial Cell Cytokine Responses to Chlamydia muridarum Infection Include Interleukin-12-p70 Secretion

Epithelial cells play an important role in host defense as sentinels for invading microbial pathogens. Chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates in reproductive tract epithelium. Epithelial cells lining the reproductive tract likely play a key role in triggering inflammation and adaptive immunity during Chlamydia infections. For this report a murine oviduct epithelial cell line was derived in order to determine how epithelial cells influence innate and adaptive immune responses during Chlamydia infections. As expected, oviduct epithelial cells infected by Chlamydia muridarum produced a broad spectrum of chemokines, including CXCL16, and regulators of the acute-phase response, including interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In addition, infected epithelial cells expressed cytokines that augment gamma interferon (IFN) production, including IFN-alpha/beta and IL-12-p70. To my knowledge this is the first report of a non-myeloid/lymphoid cell type making IL-12-p70 in response to an infection. Equally interesting, infected epithelial cells significantly upregulated transforming growth factor alpha precursor expression, suggesting a mechanism by which they might play a direct role in the pathological scarring seen as a consequence of Chlamydia infections. Data from these in vitro studies predict that infected oviduct epithelium contributes significantly to host innate and adaptive defenses but may also participate in the immunopathology seen with Chlamydia infections.
Women of Color Faculty and the “Burden” of Diversity

Disch and O'Brien's (2007) essay, “Innovation is Overtime,” carefully lays out the paradox of being women in academia: situated both indispensably and contradictorily in relation to the corporate u...
Venona and Alger Hiss

Alger Hiss, the American diplomat tried in a US federal district court in New York and convicted in 1950 of perjury, remains a disputed icon of the Cold War, representing either infiltration of the Roosevelt and Truman administrations by Communist spies or an historic miscarriage of justice. This article shows that a ‘Venona’ document released by the US and the UK in 1996 tentatively identifying Hiss as an espionage agent is erroneous and irreconcilable with the evidence presented by the US at Hiss's trials; that KGB documents have been misconstrued as supporting the identification; and that another Venona document tends to exonerate rather than to implicate Hiss. Venona errors regarding Hiss raise questions about the accuracy and reliability of the entire Venona process and its products.
Characterization of a vector‐non‐transmissible isolate of Tomato spotted wilt virus

The characteristics of a thrips-non-transmissible isolate of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), designated TSWV-M, were compared with those of a thrips-transmissible isolate, designated TSWV-T. TSWV-M showed a narrower host range than TSWV-T. Adult thrips failed to transmit TSWV-M, although the vector acquired the virus during the larval stages. TSWV-M was detected by RT-PCR in adult thrips bodies, but not in thrips heads, suggesting that loss of thrips transmissibility was the result of the absence of virus in adult thrips salivary glands. Whereas N (nucleoprotein), NSs (non-structural protein) and GC (the C-terminal portion of the glycoprotein precursor protein) were present in similar amounts in leaf tissue from TSWV-M- or TSWV-T-infected plants, GN (the N-terminal portion of the glycoprotein precursor protein) was present at much lower amounts in TSWV-M- than in TSWV-T-infected plants. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting analysis of TSWV-M and TSWV-T virion preparations with GN- and GC-specific antibodies revealed similar amounts of the GN and GC glycoproteins in TSWV-T virions, but lower amounts of GN than GC in TSWV-M virions. This resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the GN/GC ratio in TSWV-M virions. In affinoblots, the GC and GN glycoproteins of TSWV-M exhibited weak binding with lectins showing affinity for N-linked oligosaccharide structures. Sequence analysis of M RNA (medium segment of the TSMV genome) revealed no deletions or frameshift mutations in the GN/GC precursor of TSWV-M. However, five amino acid changes were detected in the GN/GC precursor. A single, relatively conservative amino acid substitution (VI) was observed in the NSm protein. Sequence analysis of S RNA (small portion of the TSMV genome) revealed a large intergenic region with no changes in the N protein and with three amino acid changes in the NSs protein.
Exploring the tradeoffs of daily commute choice

A first order assessment was performed to evaluate the tradeoffs involved in transportation mode choice. A total of six potential modes of transportation were evaluated, including a midsize car, hybrid car, motor scooter, city bus, bicycle, and foot. Each mode of transportation was evaluated for energy use, cost, convenience, and health and safety implications. It was concluded that there is no single mode of transportation that is superior in every way. Nonetheless, a few general conclusions were reached. Biking was found to be competitive with motorized transport for total commutes of six miles or less round trip in good weather. After comparing the modes of transportation across all categories and multiple commute distances, it is not surprising that the personal automobile has become the dominant mode of transportation in the US. Its major negative, energy efficiency per passenger mile traveled, can be increased through carpooling and the switch to hybrid technology. The best option for addressing all four issues however seems to be to encourage individuals to live much closer to where they work.
Analysis of organic carbon in marine sediments1

A method is presented for measuring organic carbon in both carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor marine sediments. Samples are sonicated with phosphoric acid to remove carbonates. The spent acid supernatant is analyzed for dissolved organic carbon, the solid residue for total carbon; their sum yields the organic carbon content of the sample. The technique is free from carbonate interferences, involves no losses due to acid solubilization, and has excellent precision (better than ±0.02% Corg) and accuracy (better than ±2%).
Execution and Cache Performance of the Scheduled Dataflow Architecture

This paper presents an evaluation of our Scheduled Dataflow (SDF) Processor. Recent focus in the field of new processor architectures is mainly on VLIW (e.g. IA-64), superscalar and superspeculative architectures. This trend allows for better performance at the expense of an increased hardware complexity and a brute-force solution to the memory-wall problem. Our research substantially deviates from this trend by exploring a simpler, yet powerful execution paradigm that is based on dataflow concepts. A program is partitioned into functional execution threads, which are perfectly suited for our non-blocking multithreaded architecture. In addition, all memory accesses are decoupled from the thread's execution. Data is pre-loaded into the thread's context (registers), and all results are post-stored after the completion of the thread's execution. The decoupling of memory accesses from thread execution requires a separate unit to perform the necessary pre-loads and post-stores, and to control the allocation of hardware thread contexts to enabled threads. The analytical analysis of our architecture showed that we could achieve a better performance than other classical dataflow architectures (i.e., ETS), hybrid models (e.g., EARTH) and decoupled multithreaded architectures (e.g., Rhamma processor). This paper analyzes the architecture using an instruction set level simulator for a variety of benchmark programs. We compared the execution cycles required for programs on SDF with the execution cycles required by the programs on DLX (or MIPS). Then we investigated the expected cache-memory performance by collecting address traces from programs and using a trace-driven cache simulator (Dinero-IV). We present these results in this paper.
EVOLUTION OF INTRINSIC GROWTH AND ENERGY ACQUISITION RATES. II. TRADE-OFFS WITH VULNERABILITY TO PREDATION IN MENIDIA MENIDIA

Abstract The Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) exhibits countergradient latitudinal variation in somatic growth rate along the East Coast of North America. Larvae and juveniles from high-latitude populations display higher intrinsic rates of energy consumption and growth than genotypes from low-latitude populations. The existence of submaximal growth in some environments suggests that trade-offs must counter the oft-cited theoretical benefits of energy and growth maximization (e.g., “bigger is better,” “faster is better”) in the immature life stages. We hypothesized that energy and growth maximization trades off against investment in defense from predators. We conducted laboratory selection experiments to compare vulnerability to predation of silversides from: (1) fast-growing northern (Nova Scotia, NS) versus slow-growing southern (South Carolina, SC) source populations; (2) phenotypically manipulated fast-growing versus moderately-growing NS fish; and (3) recently fed versus unfed NS and SC fish. Te...
Maternal verbal responses to communication of infants at low and heightened risk of autism

This study investigates mothers’ responses to infant communication among infants at heightened genetic risk (high risk) of autism spectrum disorder compared to infants with no such risk (low risk). A total of 26 infants, 12 of whom had an older sibling with autism spectrum disorder, were observed during naturalistic in-home interaction and semistructured play with their mothers at 13 and 18 months of age. Results indicate that overall, mothers of low-risk and high-risk infants were highly and similarly responsive to their infants’ communicative behaviors. However, examination of infant vocal and gestural communication development together with maternal verbal responses and translations (i.e. verbally labeling a gesture referent) suggests that delays in early communication development observed among high-risk infants may alter the input that these infants receive; this in turn may have cascading effects on the subsequent development of communication and language.
Cafeteria Diet Increases Fat Mass and Chronically Elevates Lumbar Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Rats

Obesity causes sympathetic activation that promotes atherosclerosis, end-organ damage, and hypertension. Because high-fat induced weight gain in rats elevates plasma leptin at 1 to 3 days after the onset of calorie-dense diets, we hypothesized that diet-induced overfeeding will increase sympathetic activity within 1 week after the onset of the regimen. To test this, we continuously measured sympathetic activity and blood pressure before and during the onset of diet-induced obesity using a high-calorie, cafeteria-style diet. Female Wistar rats, in which radiotelemeters had been implanted for continuous monitoring of lumbar sympathetic activity, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate, were randomly assigned to groups that received regular chow (control) or a cafeteria diet for a period of 15 days. This short-term, cafeteria-feeding regimen caused modest but nonsignificant increases in body weight (P=0.07) and a doubling of brown and white adipose tissue (P<0.01). The increases in fat mass were accompanied by elevations in plasma leptin (P<0.001) but no change in glucose. Overall heart rates and blood pressure were higher in cafeteria rats compared with controls (P<0.05). Cafeteria diet-induced weight gain caused increases in lumbar sympathetic nerve activity that became significant by the 12th day of the diet (P<0.001). These data show, for the first time, that the high-fat, cafeteria-style diet stimulates sustained increases in lumbar sympathetic neural drive in rats.
A new deep submicron compact physical model for analog circuits

This paper presents a new deep submicron compact physical model for analog circuit simulation. The proposed model, iSIM, shows not only excellent moderate inversion characteristics for both DC and AC models but also the continuity of currents, conductances, and transcapacitances in all regions of operation. The model evaluation time of iSIM is only half of the SPICE level 2 model. >
Isotherms of the rare gas solids

Abstract The experimental data of Anderson, Fugate and Swenson for the rare gas solids are recast in a dimensionless form which exhibits the close approach to the Lennard-Jones form except at the highest temperatures, and also in a form derived from the theory of finite elasticity. The latter is particularly useful when ultrasonic data furnish initial values of the modulus of compression. It also has the merit that no a priori assumptions concerning interatomic potentials are implicit, except that the strain-energy may be expanded in powers of the strain.
Pathomechanisms in the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome

In 1996, the large outbreak of Escherichia coli ~157 in Japan involving over 9000 people dramatIc.ally underlined the public health importance of a bactenum which had been previously recognized as the major cause of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) [1] and the classical (enteropathic) haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) [2]. Meanwhile HUS has been shown to account for roughly 50% of cases of acute renal failu~e (ARF) in childhood. It is rarer in adults. The HUS IS characterized by a prodrome of gastroenteritis, frequently including bloody diarrhoea, followed by acute haemolytic anaemia, fragmentation of erythrocytes, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Other organs such as brain, liver, pancreas, heart and lung can be affected as well [1-3]. Sporadic cases and outbreaks of E. coli 0157 infection with and without extraintestinal complications have been reported from ~lmost .all continents [4-6]. The clinical spectrum of ShIg.a toxmproducing E. coli with the prototype 0157 mclu.des milder forms of diarrhoeal illness, HC and classical HUS [1,6,7]. Cattle appear to be the major natur~l reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli 0157 aSSOCIated with human disease [4,8]. Transmission of E. coli 0157 can occur by contaminated food, especially ground beef [9]. Many outbreaks coul? be ~raced to contaminated cattle products [10]. The infectious dose is low, i.e. less than 100 colony forming units. This may explain why E. coli 0157 organisms can ~e transmitted efficiently from person-to-person and this includes health care personnel [11]. Direct transmission has been reported in institutional settings such as hospitals, nursing homes and day care centres [6 12 13]. A recent case-control study from Canada demonstrated that close contact with an individual with diarrhoea is a much higher risk factor for the development of childhood HUS than direct. expo~ure to undercooked meat [14]. E. coli 0157 IS rapidly cleared from the stools in most instances [15], but long-term shedding has been o~served in 13% ?f the patients [16]. However, we previously reported in one sibling of a HUS patient shedding E. coli 0~57 for.18 weeks after having formed stools [17]. Shiga toxinproducing E. coli 0157 exhibit novel pathogenic mech-
The Decline in the Ratio of Banking Capital to Liabilities

I. The decline has taken place, for the national banks, by abrupt drops in periods of business revival, with steadiness in intervening periods, 697.—Has extended to all classes of banks, 698.—Due proximately to rapid increase of deposits, with stationary capital, 699.—II. The main cause has been an increase of lawful money supplied to the banks by the general public, 703.—III. The same tendency appears in the English banks, the Canadian banks, the State banks, 708.—IV. The decline not necessarily an indication of weakness, 712.
Performance modeling and QoS evaluation of MAC/RLC layer in GSM/GPRS networks

In this paper we present an analytical model to study the performance of channel sharing schemes to support both circuit switched voice and packet data services in a GSM/GPRS network. We study three channel sharing schemes: 1) fixed sharing in which cell channels are statically partitioned into two sets one for voice calls and the other for data traffic; 2) partial sharing in which n/sub data/ channels are reserved for data while the remaining N $n/sub data/ channels are shared by voice and data with preemptive priority for voice calls; and 3) complete sharing in which all the channels shared by voice and data with preemptive priority to voice calls. We investigate several key issues such as call blocking rate and mean packet delay for different cell loads with the data source modeled by Markov modulated Poisson process (MMPP). We validate the mathematical model through simulations and quantify the impact of the data source model and the call load on the mean packet delay for different channel sharing schemes.
Time-marching on the slow manifold: The relationship between the nonlinear Galerkin method and implicit timestepping algorithms

Implicit timestepping schemes and the Nonlinear Galerkin (NG) algorithms are com- petitors for integrating on the slow manifold, that is, for computing solutions when the timestep- limiting high frequencies are physically unimportant and most of the energy is in low frequency flow. We show that implicit schemes are always at least as accurate as the lowest nontrivial NG method, and can be made superior to even high order NG schemes by shortening the time step. where ak(t) is the k th Fourier or normal mode coefficient, Wk(t) is the frequency of the kth mode, and d(t) is the lath component of the sum of the nonlinear terms and the external forcing (I), and subscript t denotes time differentiation. Examples, with the spectral basis {exp(ilcz)}, include the Korteweg-deVries (KdV) equation, for which w = -k3, and Burgers' equation, for which
“Any Possible Restoration of Function Could Not Occur”: Harvey Cushing and the Early Description of Brain Death

Objectives To describe a case from 1908 of apparent brain death after operative intervention by Harvey Cushing at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Methods After institutional review board approval, which waived the requirement of informed consent from patients, and through the courtesy of the Alan Mason Chesney Archives, we reviewed the Johns Hopkins Hospital surgical files from 1896 to 1912. Results We selected a single adult patient operated upon by Cushing, whose respirations ceased in the operating room and who was maintained by the use of artificial respiration via a tracheostomy during a 36-hour period, whereas further surgical interventions were performed in an attempt to improve his condition. The patient's condition remained unimproved; artificial respirations were discontinued and the "cessation of all cardiac activity" was observed. Conclusions Brain death is a concept that presents unique challenges to the practicing physician. Although recent advances have allowed for better diagnosis of brain death, the topic remains fraught with controversy. The case described here documents Harvey Cushing's struggles with the ethics of maintaining vital organ function with artificial respiration, despite clear evidence of irreversible ischemic brain damage. This case predates the earliest descriptions of brain death by more than 50 years and illustrates the dilemmas facing clinicians at the turn of the twentieth century.
Evaluation of active hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources

Hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources have potentially widespread uses in applications wherein the power demand is impulsive rather than constant. Interposing a dc/dc converter between a fuel cell and a battery can create two configurations of actively controlled hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources. Those two configurations are compared using both theory and experiment with special attention to the peak power enhancement, and power losses in the converter. Both of the defined configurations were built, using a 35 W polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, an 8-cell lithium-ion battery pack, and a high-efficiency power converter. Both two configurations yielded a peak power output of 135 W, about 4 times as high as the fuel cell alone could supply, with only a slight (13%) increase of weight. The converter losses were quantitatively analyzed. Which of the two configurations yields a smaller loss depends on the load power demand characteristics including peak power and load duty ratio. The study results provide guidance for the design of hybrid sources according to the particular load power requirements.
Heroic DVD portrayals: What US and Taiwanese adolescents admire and understand

Viewing media aggression can be a risk factor for the long-term well being of viewers, and heroes have been targeted as a major risk factor in this relationship because they commit justified acts of aggression. However, little is known about the specific aspects of heroic conduct that viewers find worthy of emulation. We examined US and Taiwanese adolescents’ and college students’ identification with, and perceptions of, heroic characters portrayed in a DVD narrative as well as their comprehension of the narrative. Those who thought that certain characters were heroes were more likely to identify with them. However, the qualities that viewers found attractive in heroes were compassion and thinking before using force, not aggression or vengeance. Those who did not understand the program well were more likely to identify with the villain, and they were also more likely to misattribute prosocial qualities to the villain. The results suggest that at least for older viewers, heroic behavior is admired and emulated for prosocial rather than antisocial conduct, and that poor plot-comprehension is one factor that contributes to younger viewers’ identification with, and imitation of, antisocial role models.
SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN SCOLYTIDÆ.: (A Preliminary Contribution.)

It appears that comparatively little is knorvn regarding the external sexual characters of species in the family Scolytidae. Indeed, the species of this family are among the most difficult of Coleoptera to study, or to properly identify, unless one has access to a large series of correctly named and classified examples.
A functional model based on single unit recordings from Parkinsonian brain

Artificial neuronal clusters are arranged and linearly filtered to generate signals similar to those recorded from the mid-brain regions of patients with Parkinson's disease. The goal of the research is to construct a model containing information about several aspects of recording from a neuronal cluster in-vivo. In particular, these include: number (or size) of significant neurons in the cluster, effective filtering characteristics of brain tissue between the recording electrode and each neuron, and spiking frequency of each neuron. Furthermore, models of varying size are generated based on single-unit recordings from the human brain. Results of simulations are presented and compared.
Self-disclosures, Impression Formation, and Biases in Web 2.0

The first decade of the 21st century has witnessed the rise of Web 2.0 technologies that allow users to create and share content online with friends – and strangers alike. These technologies have generated an ‘enthusiasm for sharing’ as well as privacy concerns that researchers, organizations and policy makers often measure and debate. After introducing the trade-offs of information sharing (Chapter 1), I investigate one of the antecedents of willingness to share personal information – namely, perceived control – as a possible explanation for the success of online social media, notwithstanding people’s diffuse concern for privacy protection. The results challenge the consensus view of control as a sufficient means of privacy protection, since increased perceived control may lead to higher self-disclosure, even in situations of higher objective risks (Chapter 2). I then examine some of the consequences that public disclosures entail in terms of impression formation and reputation building for the person who discloses information. It could be argued that online disclosures, even if embarrassing or incriminating, will soon stop representing diagnostic information about people – either because we will forget about them as time passes (Chapter 3), or because, as social norms about disclosure change, the majority of people will soon be tainted by embarrassing online records, which may contribute to render them more lenient towards others’ disclosures (Chapter 4). The results of studies in Chapters 3 and 4 challenge this view, and suggest that online disclosures may have a long lasting effect on impression formation.
Vibronic structure of VO2 probed by slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy

We report high-resolution anion photoelectron spectra of vanadium dioxide (VO2 (-)) obtained by slow electron velocity-map imaging of trapped and cryogenically cooled anions. Vibrationally resolved spectra are obtained for photodetachment to the first three neutral electronic states, giving an electron affinity of 1.8357(5) eV for the XA12 ground state and term energies of 0.1845(8) eV and 0.8130(5) eV for the AB12 and BA12 excited states, respectively. The vibrational fundamentals ν1 and ν2 are obtained for all three states. Experimental assignments are confirmed by energies from electronic structure calculations and Franck-Condon spectral simulations. These simulations support assigning the anion ground state as the XB13 state. With this assignment, photodetachment to the BA12 state involves a nominally forbidden two-electron transition, suggesting extensive configuration interaction in neutral VO2.
Preparation and Characterization of Antibodies Against a Sulfated Glucuronic Acid‐Containing Glycosphingolipid

In some patients with demyelinating neuropathy there are immunoglobulin M paraproteins that react with carbohydrate determinants shared by myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and two peripheral nerve acidic glycolipids, termed sulfoglucuronosylglycosphingolipids (SGGLs). To study the antigenicity of these glycolipids, we immunized three New Zealand white rabbits with sulfoglucuronosylparagloboside (SGPG), a major SGGL in peripheral nerve, emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. All three rabbits inoculated with SGPG showed weight loss and mild weakness, predominantly in their hind feet, 2-5 weeks postinoculation (PI). Two of the three rabbits again showed moderate weakness 3 and 8 months PI, respectively. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated a slowed nerve conduction velocity in the sciatic nerve. Anti-SGPG antibody titers in sera were detected at dilutions of 1:1,000 to 1:2,500 by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although all three rabbit sera reacted with SGGLs, two reacted with a desulfated form of SGPG and the other did not, suggesting a fine heterogeneity in antigenic specificity. As with sera from patients with demyelinative paraproteinemia, all rabbit sera reacted with MAG in human CNS and PNS myelin. They also reacted with MAG from bovine CNS myelin as well as several low-molecular-weight glycoproteins in bovine peripheral nerve myelin. Thus, we demonstrated that the rabbit antisera generated against SGPG have the same or similar antigenic specificity as those of the anti-MAG M-proteins from patients with neuropathy. The results suggest that an autoimmune response against the sulfoglucuronosyl residue may participate in the immunopathogenesis of this type of neuropathy.
Structure-Specific Statistical Mapping of White Matter Tracts using the Continuous Medial Representation

This paper describes a new statistical analysis framework for diffusion-based white matter studies. The framework is based on a recent unbiased normalization algorithm for diffusion tensor images. Taking advantage of the fact that most human white matter tracts are thin sheet-like structures, this framework uses deformable medial models to represent six of the major tracts in a white matter atlas derived for a given set of images. The medial representation allows one to average tensor-based features along directions perpendicular to the tracts, thus reducing data dimensionality and accounting for errors in normalization. Unlike earlier work in the area of tract-based spatial statistics (Smith et al, 2006), this framework enables the analysis of individual white matter structures, and provides a range of possibilities for computing statistics and visualizing differences between cohorts. The framework is demonstrated in a study of white matter differences in pediatric chromosome 22q deletion syndrome.