cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The subnuclear organization of the rat interpeduncular nucleus: a light and electron microscopic study

The subnuclear organization of rat interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) has been examined by light microscopy following staining with Nissl and Holmes methods, 3H-leucine autoradiography, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry on plastic sections stained with toluidine blue, and by electron microscopy. Three unpaired and four paired subnuclei are recognized. The rostral subnucleus is heavily stained for AChE, which clearly delineates its borders. It is distinguished ultrastructurally by two types of synapses on dendrites, and two on perikarya. Of the former, one type is formed by presynaptic processes which contain spherical and dense-cored vesicles and make asymmetrical contacts. Dense-cored vesicles are observed in many of the postsynaptic dendrites. A second type has presynaptic processes containing small, pleomorphic vesicles which make symmetrical contacts. Synapses on perikarya are found in the rostral, central, intermediate, lateral, and interstitial subnuclei. The dorsal subnucleus is continuous with the serotonin-containing B8 cells. The central subnucleus is distinguished by longitudinally oriented medial habenular axons separating palisades of cell bodies. These axons, which also traverse the intermediate subnuclei, form en passant S synapses with small dendrites of the central subnucleus. The intermediate subnuclei react faintly for AChE and intensely for cytochrome oxidase. They contain crest synapses formed by two habenular afferents, one from each medial habenula, which contact a narrow dendritic process en passant. The lateral subnuclei react intensely for AChE and have ultrastructural features similar to the rostral subnuclei. The interstitial subnuclei lie within each fasciculus retroflexus as it enters IPN. The small dorsal lateral subnuclei are evident by light microscopy.
Response of men with advanced prostatic carcinoma to exogenous administration of testosterone

Twenty-six men in whom the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma had been established recently and ten men with prostatic carcinoma in relapse after orchiectomy were administered testosterone propionate. Of the measures of tumor activity that were made the only objective alteration was in the serum acid phosphatase; however, in both groups of patients the response to testosterone was extremely variable. None of the ten men in relapse experienced complete objective remission although one man, who was preterminal, developed a remarkable subjective and partial objective remission that lasted nearly a year. Another patient received testosterone for 128 days and experienced only enlargement of the primary tumor. The authors conclude that the response to exogenous testosterone is variable and unpredictable and in certain patients in relapse may be of appreciable palliative value.
Speaker identification based on adaptive discriminative vector quantisation

A novel adaptive discriminative vector quantisation technique for speaker identification (ADVQSI) is introduced. In the training mode of ADVQSI, for each speaker, the speech feature vector space is divided into a number of subspaces. The feature space segmentation is based on the difference between the probability distribution of the speech feature vectors from each speaker and that from all speakers in the speaker identification (SI) group. Then, an optimal discriminative weight, which represents the subspace's role in SI, is calculated for each subspace of each speaker by employing adaptive techniques. The largest template differences between speakers in the SI group are achieved by using optimal discriminative weights. In the testing mode of ADVQSI, discriminative weighted average vector quantisation (VQ) distortions are used for SI decisions. The performance of ADVQSI is analysed and tested experimentally. The experimental results confirm the performance improvement employing the proposed technique in comparison with existing VQ techniques for SI and recently reported discriminative VQ techniques for SI (DVQSI).
Thermocline ventilation and oxygen utilization rates in the subtropical North Pacific based on CFC distributions during WOCE

Abstract Thermocline ventilation rates for the subtropical North Pacific are determined using a 1-dimensional (meridional) along-isopycnal advective–diffusive model tuned to chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentrations measured along 152°W in 1991 during WOCE P16. Mean southward advection rates in the subtropics range from 1.03 to 0.56 cm s-1 between σθ=25.5 and 26.6. Model-derived ventilation times for the subtropical gyre increase from about 10 to 27 years for that isopycnal range. Oxygen utilization rates (OURs) determined using the advective-diffusive model decrease with depth from 6.6 to 3.2 μmol kg-1 yr-1 between σθ=25.5 and 26.6. Extrapolation of the OUR versus depth trend to the base of the euphotic zone with the 1/Z power function of Martin et al. (1987) and integration from 500 to 100 m depth implies a carbon export rate from the overlying euphotic zone of 2.2±0.5 moles C m-2 yr-1 at 30°N, 152°W. Analysis of the WOCE radiocarbon and salinity distributions indicates that zonal and cross-isopycnal transport terms would have to be considered in modeling these tracers in the subtropical North Pacific.
Desialylation of metastatic human colorectal carcinoma cells facilitates binding to Kupffer cells

Cell surface hypersialylation of human colorectal carcinoma (HCRC) cells correlates with increased metastatic potential after intrasplenic injection, while desialylation with various agents has been shown to inhibit hepatic metastases. In this study we examined the effects of desialylation of HCRC cell lines with a novel intracellular inhibitor of the CMP-sialic acid transport protein (KI-8110). HCRC cells, which are poorly differentiated and poorly metastatic in nude mice (Clone A and MIP-101) were compared to well-differentiated, highly metastatic cells (CX-1 and CCL-235). KI-8110 treatment has previously been shown to reduce sialic acid levels in each of these cell lines and to reduce hepatic metastases in CX-1 and CCL-235 cell lines. This study attempts to identify a mechanism by which desialylation inhibits hepatic metastases. After KI-8110 treatment,in vitro adhesion assays were performed with each cell line to examine binding to Kupffer cells and the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. Binding of Clone A, CX-1, and CCL-235 to Kupffer cells was significantly increased after KI-8110 treatment. Desialylation had no significant effect on binding of HCRC cell lines to fibronectin. While the metastatic cascade involves many complex interactions, the cytotoxic effects of Kupffer cells in the hepatic sinusoid are known to be an important mechanism of host defense against tumor cells. Cell surface sialic acids may well mask Kupffer cell binding to HCRC cells, preventing their cytotoxic effects and enhancing the metastatic potential of circulating tumor cells.
Order-Disorder of Nonstoichiometric Binary Alloys and Ising Antiferromagnets in Magnetic Fields

High-temperature expansions of the free energy of Ising ferro- and antiferromagnets on the square, simple cubic, and body-centered cubic lattices have been derived directly from the corresponding lowtemperature expansions using a generalization of the technique proposed by Domb. These lattices, being loose-packed, can be divided into two identical sublattices, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$, such that every $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ site has only $\ensuremath{\beta}$ sites as nearest neighbors. The high-temperature expansions treat the finite magnetic fields and magnetic moments on the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ sites as independent quantities. With these series, which extend to eleventh order in the appropriate energies divided by $\mathrm{kT}$, the high-temperature expansions of the magnetization and the logarithmic derivative of the staggered susceptibility have been developed. Pad\'e approximants to these series are used to obtain the critical temperature and the magnetization at the critical temperature as a function of applied magnetic field. These are used to determine the order-disorder critical temperature of nearest-neighbor interaction binary alloys as a function of composition. The results are in good agreement with the observed values for $\ensuremath{\beta}$-brass at constant pressure. When the experimental values are corrected for the variation of lattice parameter with composition, the agreement is quite poor. It is concluded that a single volume-dependent order-disorder interaction energy is insufficient to describe the transition over the range of compositions in which it is observed.
Dynamic models of geomorphological patterns

A deformation mechanism is described and analyzed. It is intended for height patterns exposed to erosion and tectonic activity. A simulation experiment is carried out for this model. Closedform expressions are derived for the covariance field, the properties of spectral estimates, and for the optimal retrospective reconstruction of earlier, unknown height patterns. For obvious reasons the author is in no position to make claims about the verisimilitude of the model. It is offered as an example of a potential application to geology of the theory of patterns developed by the author and his coworkers in recent years. It is hoped that those more qualified than the author in the subject matter area can extend and modify the analysis to make it closer to geological reality.
Racial differences in survival after diagnosis with primary malignant brain tumor.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the overall incidence of primary malignant brain tumor is greatest in Caucasians, although survival is better in African Americans. The objective of this study was to examine racial differences in survival after diagnosis with primary malignant brain tumor in a population-based sample of patients while adjusting for prognostic variables that differ by race. METHODS The authors analyzed 21,493 patients (20,493 Caucasians and 1000 African Americans) who were diagnosed with primary malignant brain tumors from 1973 to 1997 (with follow-up through 1999) from the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Chi-square tests were used to determine statistical significance of prognostic variables and race (using two-sided P values). Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess survival differences by race. RESULTS The univariable model for race showed no survival difference by race. The multivariable model demonstrated that African American patients were at a 13% increased risk of death from any cause compared with Caucasian patients. The racial difference was explained further by an interaction between race and surgery type in which there was an increased risk of death for African American patients who underwent subtotal resections or surgery not otherwise specified compared with Caucasian patients who underwent the same procedures. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant difference in the risk of death due to any cause for Caucasian patients and African American patients who were diagnosed with first primary brain tumors. Cancer 2003;98:603–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11534
Neutrophil priming in host defense: role of oxidants as priming agents

Neutrophils play an essential role in the body's innate immune response to infection. To protect the host, these phagocytic cells possess an impressive array of microbicidal weapons that can be brought to bear on an invading pathogen, including a variety of toxic oxygen radical species and proteolytic enzymes. Although the neutrophil response is designed to restrict the damage to the smallest possible region where the pathogen is located, some of the damaging agents inevitably leak into the surrounding areas where they have the capacity to inflict tissue damage at sites of inflammation. Thus, it is essential that the host defense response of these cells is finely tuned to result in the appropriate level of response to any given situation. One of the regulatory mechanisms implicated in controlling neutrophil responses is priming. Through the action of priming agents, the level of activation and subsequent responses of the cell can be regulated so that a continuum of activation states is achieved. In this review, we describe key features of the priming response in host defense and disease pathogenesis and focus on the unique role of reactive oxygen species as priming agents.
Mechanical design of proteins studied by single-molecule force spectroscopy and protein engineering.

Mechanical unfolding and refolding may regulate the molecular elasticity of modular proteins with mechanical functions. The development of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) has recently enabled the dynamic measurement of these processes at the single-molecule level. Protein engineering techniques allow the construction of homomeric polyproteins for the precise analysis of the mechanical unfolding of single domains. alpha-Helical domains are mechanically compliant, whereas beta-sandwich domains, particularly those that resist unfolding with backbone hydrogen bonds between strands perpendicular to the applied force, are more stable and appear frequently in proteins subject to mechanical forces. The mechanical stability of a domain seems to be determined by its hydrogen bonding pattern and is correlated with its kinetic stability rather than its thermodynamic stability. Force spectroscopy using AFM promises to elucidate the dynamic mechanical properties of a wide variety of proteins at the single molecule level and provide an important complement to other structural and dynamic techniques (e.g., X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, patch-clamp).
STING Recognition of Cytoplasmic DNA Instigates Cellular Defense

How the cell recognizes cytosolic DNA including DNA-based microbes to trigger host-defense-related gene activation remains to be fully resolved. Here, we demonstrate that STING (stimulator of interferon genes), an endoplasmic reticulum translocon-associated transmembrane protein, acts to detect cytoplasmic DNA species. STING homodimers were able to complex with self- (apoptotic, necrotic) or pathogen-related ssDNA and dsDNA and were indispensible for HSV-1-mediated transcriptional activation of a wide array of innate immune and proinflammatory genes in addition to type I IFN. Our data indicate that STING instigates cytoplasmic DNA-mediated cellular defense gene transcription and facilitates adoptive responses that are required for protection of the host. In contrast, chronic STING activation may manifest inflammatory responses and possibly autoimmune disease triggered by self-DNA.
Radioimmunoassay Technique for Detecting Urinary Excretion Products after Administration of Synthetic Anabolic Steroids to the Horse

1. Cross-bred and thoroughbred geldings were injected with veterinary doses of various synthetic anabolic steroids. Urines collected sequentially from treated animals were analysed, following solvent extraction, by radioimmunoassay using 19-[3H]nortestosterone and an antibody raised against a 19-nortesto-sterone immunogen.2. Urinary excretion of 19-nortestosterone and/or its cross-reacting metabolites was detectable for various times after administration of different nortestosterone esters, as follows: phenylpropionate (400 mg), > 14 days; cyclohexylpropionate (100 mg), > 10 days; laurate (200 mg) > 50 days. After administration of the parent steroid (150 mg) cross-reacting compounds were detectable in urine for ca. 3 days.3. Urinary excretion of esters of other anabolic steroids cross-reacting with the 19-nortestosterone antibody (e.g. 1-dehydrotestosterone and trienbolone) could also be followed by analysing solvent extracts of urines by the radioimmunoassay. Cross-reacting compounds in urine after admi...
Severe retrograde amnesia

Abstract A case of severe retrograde and less severe anterograde amnesia with initial multimodal agnosia is described as an outcome of traumatic brain damage. Anatomical and metabolic studies document right frontal and left occipital lesions with sparing of medial temporal cortex. The case demonstrates the common basis of memory and perception, and is interpreted as a result of disruption to a semantic phase in the process of object formation.
Peanut Cultivar Response to Damage from Tobacco Thrips and Paraquat

Virginia market-type peanut cultivars in North Carolina vary in the number of days following emergence required to reach optimum maturity, and concern over cultivar response to interactions of tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds) damage in absence of in-furrow insecticide and injury from paraquat exist with respect to cultivar selection. Experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 to determine ifcultivars vary in response to interactions of the insecticide aldicarb (no aldicarb or aldicarb applied in the seed furrow at planting) and the herbicide paraquat (no paraquat or paraquat applied 24 to 28 d after peanut emergence, DAE). The cultivar VA 98R expressed more damage from tobacco thrips than the cultivars Gregory, Perry, or Phillips. Although vegetative growth parameters varied among cultivar, aldicarb, and paraquat treatments, pod yield and market grade characteristics were not affected by the interaction of experiment, cultivar, aldicarb, and paraquat or the interaction of cultivar, aldicarb, and paraquat. Damage from tobacco thrips in absence of aldicarb affected pod yield more than injury from paraquat. The combination of tobacco thrips damage in absence of aldicarb and injury from paraquat lowered pod yield compared with aldicarb-treated peanut either with or without paraquat regardless of cultivar. These data suggest that recommendations on use of aldicarb for tobacco thrips control or paraquat for early season weed control should not vary based on cultivar selection when considering pod yield and market grade characteristics.
The Auditory Comprehension of Wh-Questions in Aphasia: Support for the Intervener Hypothesis

Purpose This study examines 3 hypotheses about the processing of wh-questions in both neurologically healthy adults and adults with Broca's aphasia. Method We used an eye tracking while listening method with 32 unimpaired participants (Experiment 1) and 8 participants with Broca's aphasia (Experiment 2). Accuracy, response time, and online gaze data were collected. Results In Experiment 1, we established a baseline for how unimpaired processing and comprehension of 4 types of wh-question (subject- and object-extracted who- and which-questions) manifest. There was no unambiguous support found for any of the 3 hypotheses in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2 with the Broca's participants, however, we found significantly lower accuracy, slower response times, and increased interference in our gaze data in the object-extracted which-questions relative to the other conditions. Conclusions Our results provide support for the intervener hypothesis, which states that sentence constructions that contain an intervener (...
Orientation effects on polarization and pyroelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films on Si

Abstract Oriented ferroelectric thin films (⩽ 1 μm) of PZT (90/10), Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 , and La-modified Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 , on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO 2 /Si(100) substrates were fabricated using (MOD) technique. Film orientation was controlled through heat treatment, composition and layer structure, and correlated to structural changes using XRD, SEM and RAMAN techniques. Measured properties included P – E hysteresis loop, static pyroelectric and fatigue behavior. Temperature stable (25–90°C) polarization with 2P r values of 6–24 μC/cm 2 and low switching fields E c =10–40 kV/cm were determined. For L-BIT films, low E c values are attributed to easier domain wall mobility with La ions on the different Bi sites, resulting in improved fatigue behavior, comparable to SBT films, at much lower switching fields (Scott, J. F., High-dielectric constant thin films for dynamic random access memories (DRAM). Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci ., 1998, 28 , 79–100; Joshi, P. C. and Krupanidhi, S. B., Switching, fatigue, and retention in ferroelectric Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 thin films. Appl. Phys. Lett. , 1993, 62 , 1928–1930; Dimos, D., Al-Schareef, N. H., Warren, W. L. and Tuttle, B. A., Photoinduced changes in the fatigue behavior of SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 thin films. J. Appl. Phys. , 1996, 80 , 1682–1687). High pyroelectric coefficients ∼10–60 nC/cm 2 K were also determined for the different films, up to ∼100°C.
Photocatalytic Disinfection of Indoor Air

The present study demonstrated the antibacterial effect of photocatalytic oxidation in indoor air using titanium dioxide as the catalyst. Through a series of experiments, it was determined that titanium dioxide did enhance the inactivation rate of the microorganisms under certain conditions. In these experiments the air velocity, relative humidity, UV intensity were varied. It was found that higher velocities retarded destruction rate, due to the low retention time in the reactor. It was also determined that TiO{sub 2} did not accelerate the reaction at low humidities (30%). At a relative humidity of 50%, there was complete inactivation of the organisms, but at higher humidities (85%), 10% of the organisms were still viable. The experiments showed that at higher UV intensities, most of the inactivation was being done by the UV photons. However, the photons were not able to completely inactivate the microorganisms. In the photocatalysis experiments, there was complete inactivation of the bacteria.
Multiple pure tone generation in aeroengine fans at subsonic and supersonic relative tip speeds

It has been generally assumed that the multiple pure tones (MPT's) exist only at supersonic relative tip speeds. However, recent narrowband analysis of fan noise at subsonic relative rotor tip speeds has shown that what was previously assumed to be a purely broadband noise, is, in fact, a broadband noise mixed with MPT's. Previous theories, based on shock wave propagation, need to be extended to explain this and other related phenomena. In this paper, the limitations of the linear acoustic equations are reviewed. These limitations make it essential to use a nonlinear model for the MPT generation problem. It is shown that there are three different MPT generation mechanisms. It is shown further that the characteristics given under the first kind of MPT are the ones which are often quoted as the characteristics of the buzzsaw noise. The second kind involves radial modes and would be manifest at higher supersonic relative tip speeds. The third kind is dependent upon the rotor-stator or rotorinflow interactions. It can and does exist at subsonic relative tip speeds. An example of an application of the theory to the analysis of narrowband data is provided.
Effects of participation in a longitudinal study of dating

Participation in interviews has the potential to change beliefs about dating relationships. Changes in beliefs should vary as a function of how much participants think and talk about their relationships. Participants (N ¼ 464) were randomly selected for an interview study from households in a large Southwestern U.S. city. Participation should have positive effects on beliefs when thinking or talking is high and negative effects when thinking or talking is low. As predicted, talking moderates the association between participation and conflict, and thinking moderates the effects of participation on satisfaction and friendship-based love. Results differed for men and women. Under conditions of low talk and high thinking, participation has negative effects. Implications of the effects of participation are discussed. Researchers who investigate close relationships recognize that they must consider the protection of and benefits to human participants when designing their studies. Decisions about how to protect human participants can be difficult, however, because of the relative absence of information about how methods affect participants. The purposes of this study are to provide a theory for why participation in interviews about relationships might affect respondents, to examine the effects of participation, and to test the hypothesis that the effects of participation differ, depending on characteristics of respondents’ relationships. Theoretical background: Why participation in interviews may influence relationships A theoretical analysis of the interactive qualities of interviews helps explain why participation in them might affect individuals in relationships. The interview is a voluntary conversation between the interviewee and the respondent (Sudman, Bradburn, & Schwarz, 1996). In research on close relationships, the interview most often is a conversation between a relationship partner and a third party to that relationship, the interviewer. As such, many of the same cognitive processes that apply to other social encounters between partners and third parties are likely to govern the research conversation between interviewer and respondent.
The Supreme Court and the Deconstitutionalization of the Freedom of Speech Rights of Public Employees

In Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006), the United States Supreme Court held that the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution does not prohibit a public employer from disciplining a public employee for th...
Catalytic effect of under-potential deposited layers on the ferrous/ferric outer-sphere electrode reaction☆

The influence of the electrode metal on the kinetics of outer-sphere redox reactions is still an unsettled question with contradictory results being re indicate the complete absence of an effect, while there is also experimental evidence that underpotential deposited (UPD) metal layers can influence th suggested that some of the reported catalytic effect may be experimental artifacts caused by anion adsorption on the electrodes. We have carried out a UPD-metal layers on the rate of the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox reaction on polycrystalline gold and platinum electrodes in perchloric acid solutions rigor with copper, silver, and bismuth UPD layers. Our experimental results indicate clearly that the catalytic effect of UPD-metal layers on outer-sphere re since the phenomenon persisted in rigorously purified solutions. We also suggest a possible theoretical explanation of this phenomenon. In a recent stu at a gold surface to be non-adiabatic, i.e. electronic coupling contributed significantly to the rate. In the work reported here we have investigated, effect observed for this reaction at a gold electrode with a UPD-copper monolayer may be due to changes in electronic coupling. We have found that, whi UPD-copper layer, the observed catalytic effect may still be due to a larger electronic coupling because the hydrated ion approaches closer to the UPD- electronic coupling and the rate of the reaction.
The integrated system's view.

Truly integrated systems in public sector settings have been few, and most of us are operating in uncharted waters. Howevel, we can embark on this new effort with some eagerness and confidence that collaboration will contribute significantly to the care of our mutual patients.
Effect of Aggregate Structure on Rutting Potential of Dense-Graded Asphalt Mixtures:

Superpave® mix design, as the name suggests, was developed to provide superior-performing pavements for the transportation industry. However, researchers and designers in their quest to provide such mixtures have encountered problems with some design specifications, such as the restricted zone. Superpave recommends that designers avoid grading through the restricted zone to eliminate tender mixes and gradations that may be too close to the maximum density line. But studies of the performance of the restricted zone have indicated that dense-graded mixtures that violate this requirement have provided good performance. It has also been reported that mixtures that are graded below the restricted zone (BRZ) have poorer rutting performance than those that are graded above the restricted zone (ARZ) or through the restricted zone. It is also known that the minimum voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) requirement, which was established to ensure durability, is very difficult to achieve. It also leads to overasphaltin...
ISIS 4: Clinical Controversy Regarding Magnesium Infusion, Thrombolytic Therapy, and Acute Myocardial Infarction

Magnesium (Mg) infusions over 24 hours were given to patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at least 2 hours after thrombolysis. Patients showed no benefit and even some increased risk in contrast to reduction in mortality obtained by Mg therapy in smaller trials. Results of all of the studies were pooled and statistically analyzed, according to a fixed-effects model that is inappropriate for studies of different protocols. The panel concluded that further study of Mg in AMI is not needed. This conclusion has been questioned.
Comparison of precipitation isotope variability across the tropical Pacific in observations and SWING2 model simulations

[1] Probing the dynamics of the Earth's hydrologic cycle benefits from the use of isotope-equipped global climate models. However, isotope model simulations are not often compared together, along with existing observations, to assess the distribution of simulated stable isotope variability. Here we evaluate the spatial and temporal patterns of tropical Pacific precipitation isotope variability in global climate models from the second Stable Water Isotope Intercomparison Group experiment and in observations. The tropical Pacific is home to many isotope-based proxies of paleoclimatic change, and as such is an important target for such model-data comparisons. We find spatial and temporal examples of precipitation-isotope mismatches, highlighting that factors beyond the amount effect influence precipitation isotope variability across the tropical Pacific. The models that best capture mean annual precipitation in the tropical Pacific are not necessarily the models that best simulate the mean annual stable isotopic composition of precipitation. Nudging with reanalysis winds has a small effect on precipitation δ18O values. Model performance and the strength of the relationship between precipitation and precipitation δ18O values varies between the western, central, and eastern equatorial Pacific. In the majority of the simulations, western equatorial Pacific δ18O values are correlated with large-scale, but not local precipitation, whereas in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, δ18O values are correlated most strongly with regional precipitation. This comparison provides a cautionary note on using results from a single model to assist in interpretation of paleoclimate proxy records.
MOTIVES AND COGNITIONS IN NEGOTIATION: A THEORETICAL INTEGRATION AND AN EMPIRICAL TEST

Negotiators gain valuable insight into the other party's true interests and reach mutually beneficial agreements by discussing their priorities and preferences among issues. This study investigated how motives are related to information exchange, and how this, in turn, affects perceptual accuracy and outcomes. The analyses revealed that cooperatively‐motivated dyads followed an information exchange route to settlement, whereas individualistic dyads shared little information. Moreover, while information exchange was related to perceptual accuracy for cooperative dyads, this was not the case for individualistic negotiators. The effectiveness of this settlement route varied when different kinds of issues—integrative and common‐value (compatible) issues—were considered While integrative issues were likely to be settled through information exchange, common‐value issue outcomes were determined in large part by negotiators' first offers. These findings suggest that the scope of the information‐accuracy hypothesis should be modified to account for differences among motives and issues.
Raman and ion microscopic imagery of graphitic inclusions in apatite from older than 3830 Ma Akilia supracrustal rocks, west Greenland: COMMENT and REPLY REPLY

We thank [Nutman and Friend (2008)][1] for their interest in our work on the enigmatic Akilia rocks (McKeegan et al., 2007) and for affording us an opportunity to further discuss our results. Contrary to the impression given by Nutman and Friend, the purpose of our study was neither to explicitly
A Freeze-Fracture Transmission Electron Microscopy and Small Angle X-Ray Diffraction Study of the Effects of Albumin, Serum, and Polymers on Clinical Lung Surfactant Microstructure

Freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy shows significant differences in the bilayer organization and fraction of water within the bilayer aggregates of clinical lung surfactants, which increases from Survanta to Curosurf to Infasurf. Albumin and serum inactivate all three clinical surfactants in vitro; addition of the nonionic polymers polyethylene glycol, dextran, or hyaluronic acid also reduces inactivation in all three. Freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy shows that polyethylene glycol, hyaluronic acid, and albumin do not adsorb to the surfactant aggregates, nor do these macromolecules penetrate the interior water compartments of the surfactant aggregates. This results in an osmotic pressure difference that dehydrates the bilayer aggregates, causing a decrease in the bilayer spacing as shown by small angle x-ray scattering and an increase in the ordering of the bilayers as shown by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Small angle x-ray diffraction shows that the relationship between the bilayer spacing and the imposed osmotic pressure for Curosurf is a screened electrostatic interaction with a Debye length consistent with the ionic strength of the solution. The variation in surface tension due to surfactant adsorption measured by the pulsating bubble method shows that the extent of surfactant aggregate reorganization does not correlate with the maximum or minimum surface tension achieved with or without serum in the subphase. Albumin, polymers, and their mixtures alter the surfactant aggregate microstructure in the same manner; hence, neither inhibition reversal due to added polymer nor inactivation due to albumin is caused by alterations in surfactant microstructure.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Making Sense of the Alphabet

PCOS is the commonest endocrinopathy of reproductive yearswith a quoted prevalence of 5-11%, depending uponpopulations studied.1 Despite being a liberally diagnosed, thedisorder remains relatively poorly understood. The syndromewas first described in 1935 as a conglomeration of symptomsof menstrual irregularity and signs of hyperandrogenism(hirsutism) and of enlarged cystic ovaries. Currently, at leastthree nomenclatures are widely recognized for diagnosingPCOS, with a considerable overlap in the diagnostic criteria(Table 1).2 It is imperative to appreciate the heterogeneitywithin the population diagnosed with PCOS and to recognizethat PCOS remains a diagnosis of exclusion. The commonsystemic disorders that may mimic PCOS includehypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, late onset congenitaladrenal hyperplasia, androgen secreting tumors, Cushing’ssyndrome and exogenous androgen exposure; these must beexcluded prior to arriving at a diagnosis ofPCOS. -
Osteoblasts can stimulate prostate cancer growth and transcriptionally down-regulate PSA expression in cell line models

Abstract Introduction To investigate the effect of bone environment on cellular proliferation, mature prostate-specific antigen (PSA) production and secretion, and PSA transcriptional regulation of prostate cancer cells. Materials and methods Androgen-independent C4-2 prostate cancer cells were co-cultured with various osteoblastic cells in a transwell system. Proliferation was measured via cell counting and MTT assay. Lactate and PSA were determined in the conditioned media (CM). Transcriptional activity of the full-length PSA promoter (6.1 kilobases) and of 3 deletion constructs was determined via luciferase reporter assay upon exposure to CM from various osteoblastic cell lines. Results Osteoblastic bone cells and CM, but not control cells (fibroblast) or CM, reproducibly stimulated the proliferation of C4-2 cells. The co-culture system, PSA production by C4-2 cells transiently decreased when in co-culture with osteoblastic, but not with control cells. After abundant prostate cell proliferation, the secreted PSA levels rose exponentially. Addition of CM from osteoblastic cells, but not control cells, consistently decreased (about 3-fold) the transcriptional activity of the PSA promoter in C4-2 cells. Deletion construct analysis of the PSA promoter revealed that the transcriptional down-regulation is dually controlled by elements close to the TATA and upstream androgen responsive (AREIII) components. Conclusions The osteoblastic environment stimulates prostate cancer cell proliferation but reduces PSA production initially. The mechanism of PSA down-regulation is transcriptional, most likely in response to soluble factors present in the osteoblastic bone stromal cell CM. Transcriptional down-regulation appears to be mediated by elements near both the TATA box and the AREIII component.
Comparison of posterior fossa decompression with and without duraplasty for the surgical treatment of Chiari malformation Type I in pediatric patients: a meta-analysis

Object Surgery for Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) is one of the most common neurosurgical procedures performed in children, although there is clearly no consensus among practitioners about which surgical method is preferred. The objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the outcome of posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty (PFDD) and posterior fossa decompression without duraplasty (PFD) for the treatment of CM-I in children. Methods The authors searched Medline–Ovid, The Cochrane Library, and the conference proceedings of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (2000–2007) for studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: 1) surgical treatment of CM-I; 2) surgical techniques of PFD and PFDD being reported in a single cohort; and 3) patient age < 18 years. Results Five retrospective and 2 prospective cohort studies involving a total of 582 patients met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Of the 582 patients, 316 were treat...
Complex instruction and software library mapping for embedded software using symbolic algebra

With growing demand for embedded multimedia applications, time to market of embedded software has become a crucial issue. As a result, embedded software designers often use libraries that have been preoptimized for a given processor to achieve higher code quality. Unfortunately, current software design methodology often leaves high-level arithmetic optimizations and the use of complex library elements up to the designer's ingenuity. In this paper, we present a tool flow and a methodology, SymSoft, that automates the use of complex processor instructions and preoptimized software library routines using symbolic algebraic techniques. We use SymSoft to optimize a set of examples for the SmartBadgeIV (Maguire et al., 1998) portable embedded system running the Linux embedded operating system. The results of these optimizations show that by using SymSoft we can map the critical basic blocks of the benchmark examples to the StrongARM SA-1110 instruction set much more efficiently than the commercial StrongARM compiler. SymSoft is also used to map critical code sections to commercially available software libraries with complex mathematical elements such as exp or the inverse discrete cosine transform routine. Our measurements on SmartBadgeIV show that even higher performance improvements and energy savings are achieved by using these library elements. For example, the final optimized MP3 audio decoder runs four times faster than real-time playback while consuming four times less energy. Since the decoder executes faster than real-time playback, additional energy savings are now possible by using processor frequency and voltage scaling.
Singer polymals. II. Tempering methods

Tempering of Singer polymal basis sets is introduced to reduce the number of variational parameters to be optimized. Two types of tempering are studied and compared: generalized “even tempering” and generalized “Monte Carlo tempering.” Comparisons of total energy are made for various temperings of Singer geminals using the ground state of the helium atom for a model system. Generalized Monte Carlo tempering is found to be superior. The benefit-to-cost ratio is measured for extending the basis size versus extending the number of tempering parameters; for small basis and small numbers of parameters it is more beneficial to add more parameters, but for sufficiently large basis it is more beneficial to extend the basis than to add more parameters. Monte Carlo tempering exploits the benefits of extending the basis without increasing the number of variational parameters.
Electron Cloud Generation and Trapping in a Quadrupole Magnet at the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring

Recent beam physics studies on the two-stream e-p instability at the LANL proton storage ring (PSR) have focused on the role of the electron cloud generated in quadrupole magnets where primary electrons, which seed beam-induced multipacting, are expected to be largest due to grazing angle losses from the beam halo. A new diagnostic to measure electron cloud formation and trapping in a quadrupole magnet has been developed, installed, and successfully tested at PSR. Beam studies using this diagnostic show that the ``prompt'' electron flux striking the wall in a quadrupole is comparable to the prompt signal in the adjacent drift space. In addition, the ``swept'' electron signal, obtained using the sweeping feature of the diagnostic after the beam was extracted from the ring, was larger than expected and decayed slowly with an exponential time constant of 50 to $100\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$. Other measurements include the cumulative energy spectra of prompt electrons and the variation of both prompt and swept electron signals with beam intensity. Experimental results were also obtained which suggest that a good fraction of the electrons observed in the adjacent drift space for the typical beam conditions in the 2006 run cycle were seeded by electrons ejected from the quadrupole.
Parkinson’s disease may be due to failure of melanin in the Substantia Nigra to produce molecular hydrogen from dissociation of water, to protect the brain from oxidative stress

Melanin, a hybrid electronic/ionic conductor may have the potential to split the water molecule into molecular hydrogen and molecular oxygen. Molecular hydrogen is an antioxidant and may be instrumental in preventing the excessive oxidation leading to Parkinson's disease. Melanin, located in the Substantia Nigra, deteriorates in Parkinson's disease so may be related to the development and progression of the disease, since molecular hydrogen would no longer be generated as it deteriorates. Environmental toxins, thought to be related to development of Parkinson's disease, may cause deterioration of intrinsic melanin, since it is a chelator which would collect such environmental contaminants, but its function of splitting the water molecule into molecular hydrogen and oxygen could be effected as a consequence. Restoring melanin function or providing supplemental molecular hydrogen might be potential treatments for Parkinson's disease.
Herpes simplex virus: receptors and ligands for cell entry

Entry of herpes simplex virus (HSV) into cells depends upon multiple cell surface receptors and multiple proteins on the surface of the virion. The cell surface receptors include heparan sulphate chains on cell surface proteoglycans, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family and two members of the immunoglobulin superfamily related to the poliovirus receptor. The HSV ligands for these receptors are the envelope glycoproteins gB and gC for heparan sulphate and gD for the protein receptors and specific sites in heparan sulphate generated by certain 3-O-sulfotransferases. HSV gC also binds to the C3b component of complement and can block complement-mediated neutralization of virus. The purposes of this review are to summarize available information about these cell surface receptors and the viral ligands, gC and gD, and to discuss roles of these viral glycoproteins in immune evasion and cellular responses as well as in viral entry.
A cavity QED-ion trap system for a scalable quantum network

We observe an enhancement of the spontaneous emission from a single trapped ytterbium ion into a cavity QED system. This technique helps to scale up an ion-photon quantum network.
Education and Communication for the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission

The Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) proposed a balanced portfolio of education and communication activities and products, including broadly distributed materials for the general public, special programs and materials for teachers, targeted activities and materials for underserved groups, and intensive experiences for future scientists and engineers. Our plan includes creation and dissemination of educational software, podcasts and vodcasts, planetarium shows, teacher and student activities, 3D models, social media and smartphone apps. We have surveyed users of NASA data to determine which modes of learning were effective in their youth and which are the most effective now, and use those results to inform our education and communication plans. All materials will be reviewed and placed in NASA online educational archives for broad dissemination.
Two Theories of Natural Law/Two Theories of Covenant/Two Theories of Consent

In his seminal body of scholarship, Frank Oakley argues that there emerges from the middle ages and into the modern period two distinct theories of natural law. The reason these theories are distinct is because of their fundamentally different ontological grounds. For one theory is premised on a realist ontology in general and on a realist account of the good in particular. The other theory of natural law is premised on a nominalist ontology and so is voluntaristic in character. These distinct views of natural law give rise to two different theologies of covenant and two different ways of understanding the potentia dei absoluta et ordinata distinction, a distinction employed by realists and voluntarists. The fact that there are two fundamentally different theories of covenant from the beginning of the early modern period is something that has been overlooked by most scholars. And these two different theories of covenant - one in which the good has logical priority to covenant and one in which the covenant determines the good or the just - give rise to two distinct theories of the role of consent and hence to two different theories of social contract and sovereignty. However, because modern theories of covenant and consent are essentially connected to one of the two moral ontologies, only one of which is philosophically viable, I maintain that only one way of viewing the connection of consent to political authority is viable.
Rat model of intracerebellar hemorrhage.

Approximately 15% of all strokes are due to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and of these, 5-10% occur in the cerebellum. The resultant mortality is around 20-30%. However, there is no well-established animal model to address this important clinical problem.