cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of ipsilateral forebrain in lateral hypothalamic stimulation reward in rats

The forebrain was ablated unilaterally to a level dorsal to the thalamus and anterior commissure. Ipsilateral lateral hypothalamic electrodes were then implanted and the animal was tested for self-stimulation behavior. Tests included an initial test for behavioral reactivity to changes in reward level and then two estimates of the quantitative relationships between stimulation parameters: the number-current and charge-duration relationships. Comparison between these findings and those known for intact rats suggest that the substrate for unilateral hypothalamic stimulation reward is not impaired by removal of the ipsilateral tissue.
Exploring sensor networks using mobile agents

Wireless sensor networks are often difficult to program and unable to adapt to a changing environment. Mobile agent middleware promises to address both concerns by providing higher-level programming abstractions and the ability to inject new agents into a preexisting network. The unique characteristics of wireless sensor networks like resource scarcity and emphasis on spatial locality require new algorithms for controlling agent behavior. This paper presents a procedure for one specific behavior: network exploration. Network exploration is needed by many tasks ranging from simple data collection to network health monitoring. Our proposed procedure uses a genetic algorithm to determine the number of agents and their itineraries, followed by techniques for in-network adaptation to unpredictable situations like node failure. This paper presents a genetic algorithm and its adaptation strategies. The procedure is evaluated using a wireless sensor network consisting of 25 Mica2 motes running Agilla, a mobile agent middleware for wireless sensor networks.
Blood platelets and blood clotting

That the formed elements of the blood play a part in normal coagulation has long been known. Both leucocytes and platelets have been said to yield substances which contribute to fibrin formation. Leucocytes alone, however, will not coagulate fibrinogen. Cramer and Pringle1 have recently shown that oxalate plasma freed from platelets by filtering through clay filters does not clot on adding an amount of CaCl2 which causes a similar centrifuged but unfiltered plasma to clot in a short time. That platelets disintegrate during coagulation, and that the addition of oxalate preserved them is well known. As early as 1881 Fano2 appreciated the fact that centrifuging was not sufficient to remove all cellular elements, and therefore resorted to filtration through a clay filter.Regarding the effect of other anticoagulants, it has been observed by Buerker3 and by Deetjen4 that the breaking down of platelets in shed blood as observed under the microscope was inhibited by all those substances which can be used in preve...
Neck crepitance: evaluation and management of suspected upper aerodigestive tract injury.

Objective: To determine safe criteria for the management of patients with crepitance of the neck. Hypothesis: Upper aerodigestive tract injury may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Historically, this kind of injury has been managed by immediate surgical exploration, repair, and drainage. More recently, a nonoperative approach has been advocated. Study Design: Retrospective chart review of patients admitted to the University of Louisville Trauma Center with suspected upper aerodigestive tract injury. Methods: We reviewed the charts of 236 patients admitted to the trauma service from 1995 to 1999 with the diagnosis of aerodigestive tract injury or subcutaneous emphysema. Results: Nineteen patients were identified with cervical emphysema or cervical crepitance, or both, thought to be caused by an upper aerodigestive tract injury. The average patient age was 38.5 years; 68% of patients were men. The mechanisms of injury were motor vehicle accident (43%), gunshot wound (37%), assault (10%), blunt neck trauma (5%), and stabbing (5%). Each patient presented with cervical emphysema shown by radiograph or crepitance, or both; 21% had dysphagia and 63% were hoarse or had stridor. Location of the injury was tracheal or laryngeal in 37%, hypopharyngeal in 27%, oral pharynx in 16%, esophageal in 5%, and unidentified in 15% of patients. Because of suspected aerodigestive tract injury, 79% of patients were taken to the operating room for direct laryngoscopy and esophagoscopy, and abnormalities were found in 80%. The diameter of the average laceration of the upper aerodigestive tract was 1.6 cm. Associated injuries included mandible fractures in 37% of patients. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were given to 95% of the patients. The initial management involved immediate surgical exploration in 55% of the total number of patients, with 83% of the surgically explored patients undergoing tracheotomy. The remaining 45% of patients were managed without surgery. Complications occurred only in operative patients, with aspiration occurring in 10%, bilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis in 5%, and vocal cord paralysis in 5%. None of the patients developed postinjury or operative abscess. Conclusion: The findings show that suspected upper aerodigestive tract injury can be managed without surgery but that a high index of suspicion for airway compromise and associated facial injuries must be considered.
Re-representation in comparison: building an empirical case

Leading accounts of analogy based on structure mapping theory (Gentner 1983, 1989) give an important explanatory role to re-representation. Structural alignment is insufficiently flexible to account for human analogical processing if semantically compatible, but non-identically coded, representational elements are not permitted to match. A process of re-representation can selectively allow non-identical representational elements to be considered matches and placed in structural correspondence during comparison. However, re-representation is only a posited theoretical construct with minimal supporting evidence. An experimental paradigm called inference probing is introduced which offers a new level of empirical support for the psychological reality of re-representation. Behavioural results are presented that bear on accounts of analogy, similarity, knowledge representation and reasoning.
Asthma education: Creating a partnership

Abstract This article advances the theory that the key to creating an effective partnership is teaching asthma patients what to self-treat, how to self-treat, and when to consult a clinician. The five comanaging rules that the health educator is encouraged to emphasize with the adult asthma patient are: know your own unique asthma symptoms and triggers; keep written records; see appropriate specialists; know your medicines and follow your action plan; and accept no treatment you do not understand. Current research shows asthma to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. In susceptible individuals, this inflammation causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly at night and in the early morning. The stepwise approach to asthma therapy divides asthma into several levels of severity. However, patients at any level of severity can have mild, moderate, or severe exacerbations. Asthma triggers; how to use a metered dose inhaler (MDI), a dry powder inhaler (DPI), and a peak flow meter; and how to follow an asthma action plan are thoroughly covered. The last section of the article deals at length with the indications for and actions of long-term-control medications, used to achieve and maintain control of persistent asthma, and quick-relief medications, used to treat symptoms and exacerbations. (Heart Lung® 2000;29:225-36.)
PROSPECTS FOR USING COHERENT ELASTIC NEUTRINO-NUCLEUS SCATTERING TO MEASURE THE NUCLEAR NEUTRON FORM FACTOR

We review the prospects of using coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CENNS) to measure the nuclear neutron form factor. The merits and limitations of several potential neutrino sources are discussed. The effects of detector shape uncertainty and detector size on a measurement of the neutron RMS radius are also considered. We find that the detector spectral shape uncertainty is the important limiting factor on a measurement of the neutron RMS radius. In order to measure the neutron RMS radius to 5%, the spectral shape uncertainty of the detector needs to be known to 1% or better.
Natural immunity to dust mites in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis is an extremely common clinical problem of which the etiology is poorly understood. To understand the role of common environmental antigens in this disease, natural immunity to antigens derived from the house dust mite was evaluated in 22 adults with chronic rhinosinusitis and compared to a carefully matched group of patients with chronic asthma or to a group of normal individuals. Allergic reactivity to dust mites was very common in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, with 68% exhibiting a positive immediate skin test reaction and 41% exhibiting elevated levels of mite-specific serum IgE; 72% of patients with rhinosinusitis also exhibited markedly elevated levels of mite-specific serum IgG, which were present in both mite-allergic and nonallergic patients. IgG titers were much higher in the group with rhinosinusitis than in patients with asthma, whereas allergic reactivity to dust mites was significantly higher in the patients with asthma. Mite-specific immunity was low or absent in the group of normal individuals. These findings demonstrate that natural immunity to dust mites is very common in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and suggest that immunity to mites may be involved in this syndrome. Furthermore, the data indicate that there may be significant differences in the ability of patients with rhinosinusitis or asthma to produce mite-specific antibodies of the IgG class.
Recovery of RNA polymerase III transcription from the glycerol-repressed state: revisiting the role of protein kinase CK2 in Maf1 phosphoregulation.

Maf1 is a conserved regulator of RNA polymerase (pol) III transcription and is required for transcriptional repression under diverse stress conditions. In yeast, Maf1 function is negatively regulated at seven phosphosites by the overlapping action of protein kinase A (PKA) and the TORC1-regulated kinase Sch9. Under stress conditions, Maf1 is dephosphorylated at these sites leading to its nuclear accumulation, increased association with pol III genes and direct physical interactions with the polymerase which ultimately inhibit transcription. These changes are reversed upon return to optimal growth conditions. Transcription in this system is also regulated by protein kinase CK2. CK2 stimulates pol III transcription in yeast and human cells via phosphorylation of the initiation factor TFIIIB. Recently it was proposed that CK2 phosphorylation of Maf1 is required for reactivation of pol III transcription following growth on glycerol. We have examined this hypothesis using two Maf1 mutants (Maf1-id S388A and Maf1-ck20) which lack all of the CK2 phosphosites implicated in the response. Both mutant proteins are phosphoregulated, function normally during repression and transcription is fully restored to the wild-type level upon transfer from glycerol to glucose. Additionally, phos-tag gel analysis of Maf1 7SA, a functional mutant that cannot be phosphorylated by PKA/Sch9, did not reveal any evidence for differential phosphorylation of Maf1 during carbon source switching. Together, these data do not support the proposed requirement for CK2 phosphorylation of Maf1 during derepression of pol III transcription.
Where to Look? Creative Self-Efficacy, Knowledge Retrieval, and Incremental and Radical Creativity

Although incremental creativity and radical creativity have been established as two distinct types of creativity, many questions remain about the antecedents and processes that result in these two types of creativity. This field study considered the impact of a motivational factor (creative self-efficacy), as well as factors that involve retrieving knowledge that may be applied toward a problem (scanning for information within the firm, scanning the environment external to the organization for new ideas, and cross-applying nonwork experiences to work) in efforts to determine whether they differentially relate to incremental and radical creativity. Results of a study conducted in eight organizations suggested support for a positive relationship between creative self-efficacy and radical creativity. Results also provided support for internal scanning (scanning within the organization for new ideas) as positively related to both incremental and radical creativity, but external scanning was only related to ra...
Comparison of oceanic and continental sources of non-sea-salt sulphate over the Pacific Ocean

THE absence of long-term systematic measurements of sulphur species over the oceans has made it difficult to estimate the relative importance of what are believed to be the two major sources of non-sea-salt (n.s.s.) sulphate: reduced sulphur gases produced by biological activity in the oceans and sulphur compounds derived from continental anthropogenic sources. Here we summarize the results of aerosol sulphate measurements made over five- to seven-year periods from 1981 to 1987 at island stations in the Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1). The mean methanesulphonate (MSA)/n.s.s. SO42− mass ratio, 0.065, at the relatively pristine sites on Fanning and American Samoa is believed to result solely from the atmospheric oxidation of reduced sulphur gases, primarily dimethylsulphide (DMS), emitted from the ocean. Estimates based on this ratio and mean MSA concentrations indicate that the biogenic source accounts for ∼80% of the annual average n.s.s. SO42− over the mid-latitude North Pacific. Thus, if n.s.s. SO42− is the primary source of cloud condensation nuclei over the ocean, then the nuclei concentrations over the Pacific appear to be largely controlled by biological sources in the ocean.
Malic enzyme is present in mouse islets and modulates insulin secretion

Aims/hypothesis The pyruvate–malate shuttle is a metabolic cycle in pancreatic beta cells and is important for beta cell function. Cytosolic malic enzyme (ME) carries out an essential step in the shuttle by converting malate to pyruvate and generating NADPH. In rat islets the pyruvate–malate shuttle may regulate insulin secretion and it has been shown to play a critical role in adaptation to obesity and insulin resistance. However, ME has not been demonstrated in mouse islets and three reports indicate that mouse islets contain no ME activity. If mouse islets lack ME, rat and mouse islets must regulate insulin secretion by different mechanisms.
An evaluation of hotspot models for vegetation canopies

Abstract Hotspot effect is a typical angular reflectance signature of vegetation canopies. In this paper, the basic principles for various physical models for the hotspot effect of vegetation canopies are reviewed. The performance of several analytical models for homogeneous canopies are evaluated by comparing with a computer‐graphics based model—Diana. Almost all of these models perform better for a canopy with smaller leaves, higher LAI or when the solar zenith angle is high. Among these models, the mixed model, which quantitatively takes into account of the leaf size, shape and orientation by adding a geometrical‐optical kernel to modeling of the hotspot for the continuous canopies, performs best in most cases. The influences of both canopy structure and sun geometry on hotspot effect, especially hotspot width, are examined and the topics for further study are suggested.
Aneuploidy and isolated mild ventriculomegaly. Attributable risk for isolated fetal marker.

Background: Does the prenatal ascertainment of isolated mild ventriculomegaly increase the a priori risk for aneuploidy when isolated or not associated with advanced maternal age? Does isolated mild ventriculomegaly increase the risk for pediatric developmental delay? Methods: The Wayne State University (WSU) Reproductive Genetics abnormal case data base and the Madigan Army Medical Center (MAMC) experience were reviewed to compare the rates of aneuploidy for cases with fetal ventriculomegaly. Cases were classified by maternal age and associated sonographic markers of aneuploidy. Aneuploidy rates were compared between the isolated ventriculomegaly, ventriculomegaly with advanced maternal age (AMA), and ventriculomegaly associated with multiple anomalies. Rates of aneuploidy were compared to identify association. Results: A total of 118 cases with ventriculomegaly were identified for comparison. Ninety-four cases were identified in the WSU cohort; 46 demonstrated isolated ventriculomegaly alone, and aneuploidy was present in 3/25 (12%) with invasive fetal testing, 0/24 (0%) cases in the MAMC cohort demonstrated aneuploidy. Isolated mild ventriculomegaly cases at MAMC were identified for further tests. Discussion: Although the two study populations vary in age and risk distributions, the attributable risk for isolated mild ventriculomegaly poses a counseling conundrum due to the neurodevelopmental implication of this minor dysmorphism more so than its association with aneuploidy.
Inhibitors of DNA Polymerases of Murine Leukemia Viruses: Activity of Ethidium Bromide

Ethidium bromide, compared on a molar basis, was a more effective inhibitor of the DNA polymerases of the Rauscher and Moloney murine leukemia viruses than either 4-N-demethylrifampicin or 4-N-benzyldemethylrifampicin. Daunomycin inhibited the polymerases weakly, and chromomycin A 3 inhibited almost not at all. 4-N-Benzyldemethylrifampicin was a more active inhibitor than the 4-N-demethyl congener.
Spontaneous epileptiform activity and alteration of GABA- and of NMDA-mediated neurotransmission in amygdala neurons kindled in vivo.

This study was designed to analyze in vitro the changes in synaptic potentials that occur in neurons of the basolateral amygdala 4–6 weeks after kindling in vivo. The following 3 phenomena were observed in basolateral neurons which werecontralateral to the kindling site: (1) spontaneous epileptiform bursting; (2) evoked epileptiform bursting or ‘extra’ evoked synaptic potentials; and (3) theabsence of GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials either spontaneous or evoked. Epileptiform bursting, spontaneous and evoked, and ‘extra’ evoked synaptic potentials were depressed by NMDA receptor antagonists and were recorded in normal physiological solution. These data suggest that the amygdala is an area of the brain particularly sensitive to epileptogenesis.
Language Norms in School-Age Children and Adolescents: An Introduction.

The four articles in this clinical forum developed out of a series of two miniseminars presented at the 1992 and 1993 Annual Conventions of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). ...
Chelation-controlled stereoselectivity in the alkyllithium cleavage of an allylic ether. The synthesis of cis, endo-2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octa-3,7-diene.

Abstract Attempted anionic bis [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of i was circumvented by an SNi' displacement producing tricyclic ether 6 . n -Butyllithium and lithium methanol dianion readily attacked 6 in an SN2' fashion to afford alcohol 7 and the title compound, respectively.
The Products of Consumption: Housework in Latin American Political Economies and Cultures

Exploring links between housework and larger political economies and cultures, this article surveys discussions of paid and unpaid domestic labor in mostly urban settings in Latin American historiography. The focus is on inter-related questions: Who does housekeeping work? What is the nature of the work? What do those who do housework produce? Age, class, ethnicity, and gender intersect in housework, as it constructs identities drawn on specific cultural landscapes in diverse colonial and postcolonial settings. Bridging literature on unpaid work done in the home by wives, other female family members, and male and female slaves and literature on the paid work of domestic male and female servants of multiple ethnicities, this article argues that housework is not ‘naturally’ women's work, but has been constructed as such unevenly over time. The simultaneous legal, economic, and cultural subordination of women and non-whites under patriarchal colonial and liberal regimes that devalued housework – despite depending on it – left arduous, labor-intensive, skilled, and creative consumption work to these subordinated groups. This article also argues that while housework is part of social reproduction, it must also be understood as a productive process in multiple ways. While who did paid housework changed over time, wives and mothers did unpaid work continuously. The nature of the work changed with different contexts. Consumption work produced tangibles such as tortillas, clean clothes, elegantly served tables, and well-turned-out individuals, as well as intangibles such as status, prejudice, gendered labor markets, and gendered politics.
Behavioural Evolution of Humanistic Psychology

The present paper describes the mutual influences of society and psychology on one another for the last 30 years and evaluates humanism and its assumptions from a biological-behavioural perspective. The first half of the paper is an impressionistic review of faddism in psychology which recounts the popularity of humanism and behaviourism in the recent past. The paper continues by comparing the assumptions of behaviourism and humanism and discussing the orderly evolution of humanism in terms of behaviourism. A basic theme throughout this paper is the biological heritage of psychology and the usefulness of adapting and applying certain biological theories to the study of behaviour. It is shown that behaviourism and humanism are functionally equivalent in technique and objective and that a ‘let it be’ philosophy is ultimately compatible to both orientations. At issue are the basic assumptions regarding free will and determinism.
Appearance of gauge potentials in atomic collision physics

The dynamical equations obtained from the method of perturbed stationary states (PSS) are shown to be formally equivalent to the dynamical equations of a particle with N internal degrees of freedom minimally coupled to U (N) static gauge potentials. Several examples are given that illustrate the appearance of non-abelian and magnetic monopole gauge potentials in simple systems. Advantages of expressing the PSS equations as a gauge theory are discussed.
An innovative approach to reducing cannabis use in a subset of methadone maintenance clients.

Abstract Cannabis use rates among methadone maintenance clients are high. We attempted to decrease cannabis use in our most stable clients by adding a requirement to the take home dose policy that clients provide cannabis free urines to achieve twice a week pick up status (2×/week). The urine records and take home status of all clients were monitored for the 6 months prior to implementation of the policy change and 1 year following. A total of four of eight clients (50%) on 2×/week status who were using cannabis discontinued their use in order to maintain 2×/week status or to return to 2×/week status if it had been lost.
Interpretation of the Quenching Experiments on Gold

The behavior of vacancies in gold during quenching is treated theoretically under the assumption that the total number is conserved, although they may aggregate into pairs and triplets. Approximate solutions of the equations governing the abundance of isolated vacancies is obtained in the case in which only a small fraction aggregate, that is, in the limit in which the quench is very rapid. This situation appears to correspond to that observed in gold when the rate of quench is near 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ degrees per sec. It is concluded that the binding energy of a pair of vacancies is between 0.1 and 0.2 ev and that the activation energy for migration of a pair is lower than that of a single vacancy by no more than 0.2 ev.
Effect of source gas chemistry on tribological performance of diamond-like carbon films.

Abstract In this study, we investigated the effects of various source gases (methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, and methane+hydrogen) on the friction and wear performance of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films produced from the source gases. Specifically, we described the anomalous nature and fundamental friction and wear mechanisms of DLC films derived from gas discharge plasmas with very low to very high hydrogen content. The films were deposited on steel substrates by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process at room temperature and the tribological tests were performed in dry nitrogen. The tribological tests revealed a close correlation between the source gas chemistry and the friction and wear coefficients of the DLC films. Specifically, films grown in source gases with higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratios had much lower friction coefficients and wear rates than did films derived from source gases with lower hydrogen-to-carbon ratios. The lowest friction coefficient (0.002) was achieved with a film derived from 25% methane+75% hydrogen, whereas a coefficient of 0.15 was seen in films derived from acetylene. Similar correlations were observed for wear rates. Films derived from hydrogen-rich plasmas had the least wear, whereas films derived from pure acetylene suffered the highest wear. We used a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy to characterize the structural chemistry of the resultant DLC films.
Changes in deoxyadenosine production during human lymphocyte mitogenesis.

Abstract Immunodeficient children who lack the purine metabolic enzyme adenosine deaminase have markedly elevated plasma concentrations of 2′-deoxyadenosine and adenosine. However, little information exists concerning the magnitude of endogenous 2′-deoxyadenosine and adenosine synthesis by normal human hematopoietic cells. In the present experiments, we have used the sensitive technique of high performance liquid chromatography to quantitate changes in 2′-deoxyadenosine and adenosine production during human lymphocyte mitogenesis. In the presence of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor deoxycoformycin, human T lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and non-T lymphocytes stimulated with formalinized Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I, excreted 2′-deoxyadenosine into the cell medium. The nucleoside was detectable as early as 20 h after addition of mitogen. The time course of 2′-deoxyadenosine excretion correlated with the uptake of [methyl- 3 H]thymidine into nucleic acid. Mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes produced only minimal amounts of adenosine. The results suggest that increased 2′-deoxyadenosine synthesis and release may normally accompany human lymphocyte mitogenesis.
The framingham offspring study: A commentary

This historic article review addressing several articles, including P. W. Wilson et al.’s seminal 1980 article on the Framingham Offspring Study, clearly demonstrates how the Framingham Heart Study was a true milestone in the history of cardiology. by P. W. Wilson, R. J. Garrison, W. P. Castelli
Levobupivacaine versus ropivacaine for sciatic nerve block in the rat.

Background and Objectives Ropivacaine and levobupivacaine, both single S(−) enantiomers, are being promoted as safer alternatives to racemic bupivacaine. To determine whether levobupivacaine produces a more potent and longer lasting peripheral nerve block than ropivacaine, we compared functional blockade of sciatic nerve in the rat at several doses with these 2 agents. Methods Percutaneous sciatic nerve blocks were performed in 6 groups of rats (n = 8) with 0.1 mL of 0.0625%, 0.125%, and 0.25% of levobupivacaine or ropivacaine, with and without 1:200,000 epinephrine. In the 2 different hindlegs of the same 8 rats, we measured the degree and duration of deficit of 3 functions of peripheral nerve (proprioception, motor function, nociception) effected by the 2 respective drugs at the same concentration, using a blinded cross-over design. Results In general, both degree and duration of functional deficits produced by levobupivacaine were slightly greater than those from ropivacaine at the same dose. At the lowest concentration (0.0625%), no functions were completely blocked and the only significant difference was a longer motor impairment by levobupivacaine. At the highest concentration (0.25%), all formulations completely blocked the 3 functions, all of which lasted longer with levobupivacaine than ropivacaine. There were no significant differences in degree and duration of deficits between the 2 drugs at midconcentration (0.125%). The actions of both drugs were generally potentiated by epinephrine, but the rank order of potency was not altered. Conclusions At the lowest concentration (0.0625%), levobupivacaine produces a greater degree of motor impairment and a longer duration of proprioceptive impairment relative to ropivacaine. At the middle concentration (0.125%), there no differences between the 2 drugs. At the higher concentration (0.25%), which is within the range used clinically for peripheral nerve block (0.25%-0.5%), levobupivacaine produces approximately a 30% longer duration of complete block in each modality compared with that by ropivacaine.
Simulations of Supernova Remnants in Diffuse Media and Their Application to the Lower Halo of the Milky Way. I. The High-Stage Ions

This paper reports on detailed, nonequilibrium hydrodynamic simulations of supernova remnants (SNRs) evolving in a warm, low-density, nonthermal pressure-dominated ambient medium (T = 104 K, n = 0.01 cm-3, Pnt = 1.8 × 103 K cm-3), with the goals of characterizing their structure and C+3, N+4, and O+5 content, emission, and line profiles and investigating the effects of supernova remnants in the lower Galactic halo. If undisturbed by external objects, these remnants have great longevity, surviving for ~1.7 × 107 yr. During the adiabatic phase, they contain large quantities of C+3, N+4, and O+5 in the hot gas behind their shock fronts. They emit brightly in the ultraviolet resonance lines and would appear edge brightened to observations of column density and emission. At the end of the adiabatic phase, each SNR develops a zone of cooling and recombining C+3, N+4, and O+5 in the transition region between the hot bubble and the cool shell. The resonance line luminosities plummet, and the edge brightening diminishes. As the remnants evolve, the interiors cool faster than the ions can recombine to their equilibrium levels. Thus, during most of the remnants' lifetimes the C+3 line widths are smaller than expected from collisional equilibrium, and after the remnants have completely cooled, some C+3 remains. The O+5, N+4, and C+3 distributions overlap incompletely. The O+5 ions are more plentiful in the warmer gas at smaller radii than are the N+4 or C+3 ions. As a result, after the shell forms the thermal pressure in the O+5-rich gas is at least twice as large as that in the C+3-rich gas. During most of its lifetime, the remnant's interior is less than 106 K. Therefore, the fraction of area covered or volume filled by very hot SNR gas is much smaller than that filled by warm SNR gas. These simulations have been combined with the statistical distribution of isolated supernova progenitors in order to derive rough estimates of the appearance of the ensemble of isolated supernova remnants in the lower halo. The agreement between the simulation results and observational results in terms of average column density and spatial patchiness shows that much, if not all, of the high-latitude O+5, N+4, and C+3 between the local bubble and roughly a kiloparsec can be attributed to isolated SNRs in the lower halo. The simulations may also be of interest to studies of the external galaxies and the hypothesis that the Local Bubble is a single supernova remnant evolving in a low-density ambient medium.
Hadamard multiplexing radiography based on carbon nanotube field emission multi-pixel x-ray technology

Currently all CT scanners collect the projection images sequentially, one at a time. The serial approach demands high x-ray power which in turn limits the scanning speed of the CT scanners. To overcome the limitations of the current CT scanners, the concept of stationary CT canners has been proposed to completely eliminate the need for gantry rotation. In such multi-pixel x-ray system, multiple x-ray sources and detectors are distributed around the scanning tunnel. Based on the multi-pixel x-ray system, we have recently demonstrated the feasibility of multiplexing radiography that enables simultaneous collection of multiple projection images through multiplexing. A drastic increase of the speed and reduction of the x-ray peak power can be potentially achieved without compromising the imaging quality. In this paper we demonstrated novel Hadamard multiplexing radiography based on Hadamard transform technique using a carbon nanotube based multi-pixel x-ray source. The combination of the multi-pixel x-ray and multiplexing technologies has the potential to lead to a new generation of stationary CT scanners that have drastically increased throughput at reduced cost.
Injuries in mountain bike racing: Frequency of injuries in endurance versus cross country mountain bike races

Objective To determine the frequency of injuries requiring medical attention among mountain bike racers at endurance races (6 hours or greater in duration) versus traditional cross country races (less than 6 hours duration) and to determine the medical support available at races. Methods A survey was developed to determine participants' experience level, previous injuries, and demographic information. An additional survey was completed by injured riders to determine injuries and treatment received. The number of medical providers, their level of training, and the supplies available was determined. Results The endurance riders had more years of mountain biking experience, averaged more hours of riding per week, and had fewer injuries requiring medical attention in the past year than the riders in the races. Of the cross-country riders, 7.2% were injured during the race, and 4.7% of endurance racers were injured. There was no increased risk of being injured in a race over an endurance race (odds ratio 1.6, 95% CI [0.50, 2.92]). Lacerations and abrasions were the most common injuries in both events. Head injuries, eye injuries, and blisters were only reported in the endurance events. Endurance events were more likely to have medical assistance available. Conclusion There was a greater percentage of riders reporting injuries in the cross-country races. It is possible that many of the endurance racers did not report injuries, continuing to ride or taking care of their own injuries quickly. Both events tended to have similar types of injuries and, therefore, both events most likely need similar medical support.
Nonlinear Response of Infinitely Long Circular Cylindrical Shells to Subharmonic Radial Loads

The nonlinear response of infinitely long circular cylindrical shells (thin circular rings) in the presence of a two-to-one internal (autoparametric) resonance to a subharmonic excitation of order one-half of the higher mode is analyzed with the multiple-scale method. Four autonomous first-order ordinary differential equations are derived for the modulation of the amplitudes and phases of the interacting models. These modulation equations are used to determine the fixed points and their stability. The fixed points correspond to periodic oscillations of the shell, whereas the limit-cycle solutions of the modulation equations correspond to amplitude and phase-modulated oscillations of the shell. The force response curves exhibit saturation, jumps, and Hopf bifurcation. As excitation frequency changes, all limit cycles deform and lose stability through either pitchfork or cyclic-fold (saddle-node) bifurcations. Some of these saddle-node bifurcations cause a transition to chaos. The pitchfork bifurcations break the symmetry of the limit cycles.
Microbial ecology of a shallow unconfined ground water aquifer polluted by municipal landfill leachate.

The microflora of a shallow anoxic aquifer underlying a municipal landfill in Oklahoma was characterized by direct light microscopy, most probable number determinations of sulfate reducers and methanogens, and measurements of methanogenesis in aquifer samples containing either endogenous or exogenous electron donors and various sulfate concentrations. Acridine orange direct counts of bacteria did not vary significantly with time or between 2 major sampling areas (1.70±0.16×107 to 11.2±2.1×107 cells/gdw). One site (B) was high in organic matter and low in sulfate, and methanogens generally outnumbered sulfate-reducers at most times of the year, whereas the opposite was true for another site (A). Greater than 75% of the theoretical amount of methane was detected within 7 weeks in both site A and B aquifer slurries amended with noncompetitive electron donors like methanol and trimethylamine. However, only site B slurries efficiently converted competitive donors like acetate, H2, and formate to the expected amount of methane. A mapping of sulfate and methane levels indicated that site A is relatively localized. These results suggest that the predominant flow of carbon and energy is through methanogenesis at aquifer site B whereas sulfate reduction predominated at site A. However, both methanogens and sulfate reducers could be isolated from either site.
"But What Can I Do?": Three Necessary Tensions in Teaching Teachers about Race

A core question of teacher education—“What can I do?”—plagues courses on race in particular ways. Teachers struggle for “concrete” applications of “theoretical” ideas about race, question the potential for “everyday” activity to dismantle inequality “structures,” and wrestle with the need for both professional and personal development on racial issues. In this article, we discuss how these three core tensions surfaced in one race-oriented teacher education course. We demonstrate that the teachers who seemed most invigorated and who expressed feelings of efficacy in serving students of color were those who pledged to continue ongoing inquiry into both sides of each tension. We propose that these three tensions require explicit attention in teacher professional development. Indeed, we suggest that to create inquisitive and efficacious teachers, teacher educators can encourage teachers to keep all three tensions in play for the duration of their careers.
"It Was an Overwhelming Thing": Parents' needs after infant diagnosis with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

This study characterizes the experiences and expressed needs of parents following diagnosis of their newborn with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Six parents (four mothers and two fathers) were interviewed about how they learned about CAH and its management, followed by qualitative data analysis. Coding of transcripts revealed several themes, including health communication problems, a lack of medical home and decision support, and a desire for parent-to-parent social support. Findings have implications for how family-centered health care is delivered following an unexpected newborn diagnosis.
Cellular adhesion molecules and atherogenesis.

Atherosclerosis as manifested by coronary, cerebral, and peripheral arterial vascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Our understanding of the process of atherogenesis has evolved from the epidemiologic identification of cardiac risk factors to an increasing understanding of the molecular basis of vascular pathobiology. Evidence for the role of chronic inflammation in atherogenesis has been accumulating over the last decade and suggests that a generalized cellular and humoral inflammatory response promotes the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque. To target potential sites of intervention by which to inhibit or arrest the progression of atherosclerosis, an understanding of the molecular determinants of inflammation in the vasculature is critical. Localization of the cellular inflammatory response and regulation of the humoral inflammatory response are both mediated through the interactions of a group of specialized molecules, collectively referred to as cellular adhesion molecules. The cell-surface expression of these molecules in response to pathophysiological stimuli mediates the interaction between the endothelium and blood cells central to the development of atherosclerosis. As initially described, adhesion molecules serve as mediators of cell– cell and cell–matrix interactions. More recently, these molecules have been shown to participate in cell emigration, signaling functions, and other vascular physiological responses. The structure, function, and regulation of these specialized molecules in atherogenesis are the focus of this review.
Gene Expression by Mouse Inner Ear Hair Cells during Development

Hair cells of the inner ear are essential for hearing and balance. As a consequence, pathogenic variants in genes specifically expressed in hair cells often cause hereditary deafness. Hair cells are few in number and not easily isolated from the adjacent supporting cells, so the biochemistry and molecular biology of hair cells can be difficult to study. To study gene expression in hair cells, we developed a protocol for hair cell isolation by FACS. With nearly pure hair cells and surrounding cells, from cochlea and utricle and from E16 to P7, we performed a comprehensive cell type-specific RNA-Seq study of gene expression during mouse inner ear development. Expression profiling revealed new hair cell genes with distinct expression patterns: some are specific for vestibular hair cells, others for cochlear hair cells, and some are expressed just before or after maturation of mechanosensitivity. We found that many of the known hereditary deafness genes are much more highly expressed in hair cells than surrounding cells, suggesting that genes preferentially expressed in hair cells are good candidates for unknown deafness genes.
Tilt recorded by a portable broadband seismograph: The 2003 eruption of Anatahan Volcano, Mariana Islands

[1] The horizontal components of broadband seismographs are highly sensitive to tilt, suggesting that commonly deployed portable broadband seismic sensors may record important tilt information associated with volcanic eruptions. We report on a tilt episode that coincides with the first historical eruption of Anatahan volcano on May 10, 2003. The tilt was recorded by a Strekheisen STS-2 seismograph deployed in an underground insulated chamber 7 km west of the active vent. An ultra-long period signal with a dominant period of several hours was recorded on the E-W component beginning at 06:20 GMT on May 10, which coincides with the onset of continuous volcano-tectonic (VT) seismicity and is one hour prior to the eruption time estimated by the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center. The signal is much smaller on the N-S component and absent on the vertical component, suggesting it results from tilt that is approximately radial with respect to the active vent. An estimate of tilt as a function of time is recovered by deconvolving the record to acceleration and dividing by the acceleration of gravity. The record indicates an initial episode of tilt downward away from the volcanic center from 06:20–09:30 GMT, which we interpret as inflation of the shallow volcanic source. The tilt reverses, recording deflation, from 09:30 until 17:50, after which the tilt signal becomes insignificant. The inflation corresponds to a period of numerous VT events, whereas fewer events were recorded during the deflation episode, and the VT events subsequently resumed after the end of the deflationary tilt. The maximum tilt of 2 microradians can be used to estimate the volume of the source inflation (∼2 million m3), assuming a simple Mogi source model. These calculations are consistent with other estimates of source volume if reasonable source depths are assumed. Examination of broadband records of other eruptions may disclose further previously unrecognized tilt signals.
Correspondence between phase diagrams of the TIP5P water model and a spherically symmetric repulsive ramp potential with two characteristic length scales.

We perform molecular dynamics simulations of the TIP5P water model and derive the physical parameters for a simple two-scale repulsive ramp potential model. We find that the regions of anomalous behavior in the phase diagrams of both systems can be mapped onto each other if i pressure P and temperature T are replaced
Existence of Doubling Measures

If μ is a doubling measure on a metric space X, then it is easy to see that X is doubling as defined in Section 10.13. On the other hand, not every doubling space carries a doubling measure.
Feminist Economics of Inequality, Development, and Growth

Abstract This study examines connections between intergroup inequality and macroeconomic outcomes, considering various channels through which gender, growth, and development interact. It upholds the salience not only of equality in opportunities but also equality in outcomes. The contribution argues that inequalities based on gender, race, ethnicity, and class undermine the ability to provision and expand capabilities, and it examines the macroeconomic policies that are likely to promote broadly shared development. It explores how the macroeconomy acts as a structure of constraint in achieving gender equality and in turn how gender relations in areas like education and wage gaps can have macro-level impacts. Further, it underscores that the interaction of the macroeconomy and gender relations depends on the structure of the economy, the nature of job segregation, the particular measure of gender inequality, and a country's international relations. Finally, it outlines policies for promoting gender equalit...
An Electric Field Mechanism for Transmission of Excitation Between Myocardial Cells

A long-standing dogma in basic electrophysiology of the heart has been that the atrial and ventricular myocardial cells are interconnected by low-resistance pathways mediated by gap-junction connexon channels.1 This dogma became established based on the publications of a number of investigators, including Weidmann,2 Woodbury and Crill,3 and DeMello.4 It was concluded that the input resistance of myocardial cells in a bundle was very low (eg, 30 KΩ), the length constant (λ) of the bundle was very long (eg, 1.5 mm), and that local-circuit action current spreads readily from cell to cell. The ultrastructure of mammalian myocardium showed presence of numerous gap junctions.5 This dogma has become ingrained in most textbooks and advanced reference books dealing with the heart. This dogma still lives on despite the facts that it is now accepted that the input resistance is high (eg, 5 to 40 MΩ) and the length constant is very short (eg, 150 to 350 μm) (see references in Sperelakis and McConnell6,7⇓). For example, an input resistance for myocardial cells, measured in isolated cell pairs, was ≈27 to 37 MΩ,8 and the λ value for myocardial bundles was reported to be 357 μm.9 Propagation in cardiac muscle is now accepted as being discontinuous (or saltatory) in nature.10 In addition, gap junctions are scarce or absent in the hearts of nonmammalian vertebrates, such as birds, lizards, frogs, and fish (for references, see Reference 6). Despite this, the hearts in those lower vertebrates function normally. The low-resistance dogma was first challenged in 1959 by Sperelakis and colleagues,11 in experiments on frog heart. Subsequently, they published a series of studies on mammalian hearts based on biophysical measurements and demonstrated that, in many cases, there were not low-resistance connections between myocardial cells. Most of this …