cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenomenology of first-episode psychosis in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression: a comparative analysis.

Objective: This study sought to identify similarities and differences in symptom characteristics at initial presenta tion of first psychotic episodes in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Methods: The Structured Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were administered to consecutive admission study-eligible patients (n=101) presenting for treatment during their first acute phase of psychotic illness. Forty-nine percent of patients met diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, 29% for psychotic bipolar disorder and 22% for unipolar depression with psychosis. The PANSS was analyzed using five-factor scoring that included Positive, Negative, Cognitive, Excitement, and Depression factors, and composite cluster scores that assessed Anergia, Thought Disturbance, and Paranoia. Results: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients demonstrated significantly more Positive symptoms, Thought Disturbance and Paranoia than unipolar depressed patients. Schizophrenia and unipolar depressed patients demonstrated significantly more Negative symptoms and Anergia than bipolar patients. Patients with schizophrenia reported more severe Cognitive Disorganization than patients with either bipolar disorder or unipolar depression (p<.05). Conclusions: Findings from this study demonstrate an informative pattern of similarities and differences in the phenomenology of psychotic disorders at first illness presentation. Commonalities in symptom profiles reflect considerable symptom overlap among psychotic disorders and, thus, the importance of multidimen sional differential diagnosis for these conditions. The differences across disorders in Positive and Negative symptom severity, Thought Disorder, Paranoia, and Anergia, and especially the higher level of Cognitive Disorganization seen in schizophrenia patients, point to clinically informative differences across these disorders that are relevant to clinical diagnostic practice and models of psychopathology.
Abstract: Applying Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Multiple Imputation to Moderated Regression Models With Incomplete Predictor Variables.

Although maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and multiple imputation (MI) suit many common statistical analyses, their applications to moderated regression models with incomplete predictors are not ...
A tale of 2 hospitals: a staggered cohort study of targeted interventions to improve compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines.

Background The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the effectiveness of targeted interventions to improve compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines (timing, spectrum, and discontinuation) at 2 university-affiliated hospitals. Methods Based on barriers identified previously, hospital-specific interventions were developed such as educational conferences, standardized forms, an extended time-out, and feedback. Guideline compliance and surgical site infection (SSI) data were recorded on all patients who underwent elective laparotomies for colorectal procedures, vascular operations, and hysterectomies during four 6-month study periods. Prestudy data from July to December 2006 served as a baseline. One year later, a prospective cohort study was performed. The interventions were introduced to the 2 hospitals in a staggered fashion with 2-month implementation periods before reassessing compliance during the 6-month study periods. General linear modeling was performed (P Results Compliance with all 3 guidelines combined improved during the year preceding the study, after attention only, at both hospitals. Hospital-specific differences were found in the effectiveness of the intervention package on individual guidelines. Hospital 2 but not 1 improved in timing after the interventions; both hospitals improved in spectrum, and neither hospital improved in discontinuation. Overall compliance with all 3 antibiotic prophylactic measures was greater at hospital 1, but hospital 2 had lower SSI rates. Conclusion Simply increasing attention to a quality problem can result in a significant and sustained improvement. Quality improvement interventions should be evaluated rigorously for effectiveness given hospital-specific differences in effectiveness and for correlation of guideline compliance with outcome.
Parasitic microorganisms of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and associated scarab larvae in Connecticut soils.

The parasites of second- and third-instar Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, and associated scarab larvae were identified in turf samples from 49 locations in Connecticut during the fall of 1986. Four of the seven species of scarab larvae encountered were introduced and accounted for 91% of the sample population. Recovered parasites included three species of protozoa, two bacteria, a rickettsia, and a fungus. The most common protozoa, cephaline eugregarines, were found in the gut of Japanese beetles from 42 locations, and in four other host species. A microsporidium, Ovavesicula popilliae Andreadis and Hanula, was found in Japanese beetles from 34 sites. Overall, 25% of the larvae were infected, but prevalence was 80–90% in some locations. An Adelina sp. infecting 19% of the Asiatic garden beetles, Maladera castanea (Arrow), was found at six locations and in two other scarab species. This is the first record of Adelina sp. in these hosts. The bacteria Bacillus popilliae Dutky and B. lentimorbus Dutky and a rickettsia, Rickettsiella popilliae (Dutky and Gooden) Philip, were also recovered from grubs. R. popilliae was recovered from five species. Two of the infected species, the Asiatic garden beetle and the European chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky), are new records as natural hosts for this pathogen. The incidence of B. popilliae (3.5%) was comparable with previous reports from Connecticut. The fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.), infected 1.2% of the Japanese beetles.
THE METABOLISM OF DOGS WITH PERMANENT DIABETES PRODUCED BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACT

IN A RECENT PUBLICATION (1) we recorded our observations upon the induction,course and pathology of the permanent diabetes that may follow a series of injections of anterior pituitary extract in dogs. In this paper we present the results of studies upon: (a) the relationship of the concentration of the blood sugar and serum fatty acids to the severity of the diabetes, insulin administration and variations in diet, (b) the urinary excretion of glucose, nitrogen and ketone bodies under thesame circumstances and (c) the respiratory metabolism. An effort has been made to present data which supplement thosealready published. Marks and Young (2) have recently summarized their observations upon various aspects of this type of experimental diabetes to which they have given the name pituitary-diabetes.
Design of Experiments: An Integral Part of a Thermal/Fluids Laboratory Course

Laboratory courses can be, and are often used to provide practical demonstrations of physical phenomena studied in various lecture courses. At Manhattan College, a senior-level Thermal-Fluids Laboratory incorporates a Design of Experiments (DoE) component into the syllabus, in which students learn about development of a text matrix, construction of an experiment to fulfill that matrix, and statistical analyses to confirm hypotheses. This paper describes the entire course syllabus, the portions of the course relevant to DoE, and some of the experiments conducted in recent years.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Permethrin-Impregnated Yarn: Longevity of Efficacy and Potential Use on Cylindrical Fiberglass Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Traps

Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated orlon yam against stable flies, Stomoxys Calcitrans (L.), was 6-8 wk under simulated field conditions. Numbers of stable flies captured on corrugated cylindrical fiberglass traps painted with an adhesive indicated that these traps are attractive enough to be used in the field with treated yam applied. Reasons for variability of yam impregnation and the use of yam on cylinder traps are discussed.
The Hydrated Electron -- Jekyll And Hyde In A Test Tube

Experimental evidence pertaining to the structure of the hydrated electron is reviewed. In agreement with recent picosecond optoelectronic data, it is concluded that at low or moderate temperatures the hydrated electron is not an electron at all! Rather, it is very likely a hydrated semi-ionic pair (OH...H30)(aq), having the chemical properties of either OH-(aq) or H(aq). However, under certain conditions, where the hydrogen-bond structure of the solvent is weak, the hydrated electron may delocalize somewhat into the surrounding water medium.to become "its old self", behaving more like an electron in a cavity. This fragmented personality of one of chemistry's most celebrated fundamental particles is further substantiated by ab initio quantum mechanical calculations.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A novel Y/13 familial translocation

A novel Y/13 translocation was discovered in a female fetus during amniocentesis. The familial translocation is present in a phenotypically normal female sibling and in the father who also possesses a pericentric inversion. Karyotype of the father is 46,XY, -13, +der(13)t(Y;13)(Y:13)(q12;p12),inv(22)(p13q12.1).
Social Identity Correlates of Minority Workers' Health

A study of how minority workers' social relationships at work and social-behavioral tendencies influence their health is reported. We observed significant correlates for both blood pressure and sel...
Magnetocapacitance oscillations in a periodically modulated two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of a smooth random potential

We study the density of states (DOS) for a periodically modulated two-dimensional (2D) electronic system in a perpendicular magnetic field in the presence of a smooth random potential. We find an exact analytical solution for the DOS which is valid under the conditions that both the period of modulation and the correlation length of random potential are larger than the magnetic length. The magnetocapacitance, calculated with the use of this DOS, fits nicely the experimental data by Weiss et al. for the case of one-dimensional periodic potential. The fit of experimental data by Ismail et al. for magnetocapacitance of the samples with two-dimensional periodic modulation is also presented.
The Male Hormone Its Standardization.

ConclusionThis is a preliminary report, and although the ob- servations are rather conclusive it is felt that more work needs to be done before it is decided that the method outlined above is the best procedure for the extraction of the male hormone, although it is felt that the clasping reflex is a valuable index for standardization of the potency of the extract.
Large clinical trials in the management of ventricular arrhythmias. Applying group results to individual cases.

The evolution of management of ventricular arrhythmia has occurred largely as a result of randomized, controlled clinical trials. 14,17 The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial was pivotal in changing the approach to arrhythmia investigation. First, the study of treatments for ventricular arrhythmias should include a placebo arm whenever feasible and ethical. In comparing two therapies, one of which is subsequently proven to be superior to the other, it is incorrect to assume that the inferior therapy provides outcomes similar to no therapy. The superior therapy may be similar to no therapy, whereas the inferior therapy may be detrimental. Similarly, the superior therapy may provide outcomes only slightly better than no therapy, whereas the inferior therapy may provide slightly worse outcomes (Fig. 1). 39 Second, total mortality rate is the most important endpoint, because many patients at risk of developing ventricular arrhythmias have competing risks for death, and the classification of death in clinical trials is fraught with inaccuracies. 33 Applying the results of clinical trials to everyday practice in an appropriate manner can be as difficult as conducting clinical trials themselves. One must remember that a certain treatment that has proven benefit in a specific patient population may not necessarily be beneficial if applied to a more general population. The applicability of many otherwise well-conducted studies has been diminished by the narrowly focused populations of patients studied. This is particularly relevant in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Studying patients at high risk of recurrent ventricular arrhythmias is important, but the overall impact on arrhythmia prevention is low (Fig. 2). 38 Arrhythmia trials have studied progressively broader patient populations. This article summarizes the results of large clinical trials in the management of ventricular arrhythmias and attempts to provide guidelines for applying their results to everyday clinical practice.
A MODEL OF RETAIL OUTLET SELECTION FOR BEEF

Abstract Multinomial logit models were used to explain consumer outlet selection when buying beef, specifically roasts, steaks, ground beef, and other types of beef. Outlets were grouped into supermarkets, butchers, warehouses, supercenters, and others, and the probability of selecting each outlet type over a range of demographic and other variables was tested. The models were estimated from household data, with 198,682 observations used in the estimation. Empirical results showed that the type of beef purchased and the size of the purchase played an important role in the choice of outlet. Furthermore, the increase in mobility seen when consumers buy larger unit cuts could not be fully explained by price discounting. Implications for the potential growth of each outlet type are discussed.
On Creusa, Dido, and the quality of victory in Virgil's Aeneid

(1981). On Creusa, Dido, and the quality of victory in Virgil's Aeneid. Women's Studies: Vol. 8, No. 1-2, pp. 201-223.
Glutamate Excitotoxicity Mediates Neuronal Apoptosis After Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest

Background Prolonged hypothermic circulatory arrest results in neuronal cell death and neurologic injury. We have previously shown that hypothermic circulatory arrest causes both neuronal apoptosis and necrosis in a canine model. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase reduced neuronal apoptosis, while glutamate receptor antagonism reduced necrosis in our model. This study was undertaken to determine whether glutamate receptor antagonism reduces nitric oxide formation and neuronal apoptosis after hypothermic circulatory arrest. Methods Sixteen hound dogs underwent 2 hours of circulatory arrest at 18°C and were sacrificed after 8 hours. Group 1 (n = 8) was treated with MK-801, 0.75 mg/kg intravenously prior to arrest followed by 75 μg/kg/hour infusion. Group 2 dogs (n = 8) received vehicle only. Intracerebral levels of excitatory amino acids and citrulline, an equal coproduct of nitric oxide, were measured. Apoptosis, identified by hematoxylin and eosin staining and confirmed by electron microscopy, was blindly scored from 0 (normal) to 100 (severe injury), while nick-end labeling demonstrated DNA fragmentation. Results Dogs in groups 1 and 2 had similar intracerebral levels of glutamate. However, MK-801 significantly reduced intracerebral glycine and citrulline levels compared with hypothermic circulatory arrest controls. The MK-801 significantly inhibited apoptosis (7.92 ± 7.85 vs 62.08 ± 6.28, group 1 vs group 2, p Conclusions Our results showed that glutamate receptor antagonism significantly reduced nitric oxide formation and neuronal apoptosis. We provide evidence that glutamate excitotoxicity mediates neuronal apoptosis in addition to necrosis after hypothermic circulatory arrest. Clinical glutamate receptor antagonists may have therapeutic benefits in ameliorating both types of neurologic injury after hypothermic circulatory arrest.
Triplet state geometries of methyl-substituted biphenyls

Abstract The triplet EPR spectra of 2-, 3-, and 4-methylbiphenyl and 2,2′-, 3,3′-, and 4,4′-dimethylbiphenyl have been compared to that of biphenyl itself. The 2,2′- and 3,3′-dimethyl compounds each yield two spectra corresponding to the Z and E conformations of these molecules. Only Z-2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl possesses a nonplanar triplet, as indicated by a D value much higher than those of the other compounds.
Overbounding Revisited: Discrete Error-Distribution Modeling for Safety-Critical GPS Navigation

For a growing number of aviation applications of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and of other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), it is essential to establish a rigorous bound on measurement error. Most existing bounding methods rely on representing the actual measurement error distribution with a conservative, continuous model (e.g., a Gaussian "overbound"). We propose a conservative, discrete model as a practical alternative. A key limitation of continuous error models is validation, particularly in the distribution tails where comparatively little statistical data is available. With a discrete model, it is easy (1) to define a minimally conservative core region, where data are plentiful, and (2) to introduce a highly conservative tail region, where data are sparse. The trade-off is increased computational complexity, as no closed-form expression exists for convolution of non-Gaussian error distributions. We propose a particular form of a discrete error distribution, which we call the NavDEN model. Through application to a heavy-tail GPS data set, we demonstrate that the NavDEN model compares favorably to Gaussian models, both in providing more margin for tail uncertainty and, at the same time, in providing generally tighter protection levels (PLs) when multiple distributions are convolved.
Time course study of substrate utilization by Aspergillus flavus in medium simulating corn (Zea mays) kernels.

Utilization of the three major corn reserve materials, starch, triglycerides (refined corn oil), and zein (storage protein), by Aspergillus flavus was monitored in vitro over a 7-day fermentation. Medium composition in which proportions of reserve materials initially approximated proportions in mature corn kernels changed little over the first 18 h. Subsequently, hydrolysis of both starch and triglycerides occurred simultaneously, with peak concentrations of glucose and free fatty acids on day 2 of the fermentation period. Fatty acid concentrations dropped relatively rapidly after day 2 but increased again after day 6. Aflatoxin B1 production increased after 36 h, with a peak at day 4. Aflatoxin B1 production paralleled fungal biomass production during the exponential growth phase. A. flavus did not appear to preferentially utilize any of the released fatty acids. A number of fungus-specific metabolites were detected, including arabitol, erythritol, mannitol, trehalose, and kojic acid. Mannitol exceeded the other metabolites in concentration, and the timing of mannitol production closely paralleled that of aflatoxin B1. Kojic acid concentrations peaked at day 6. In contrast to previously described selective use of simple carbohydrates by A. flavus, less discrimination was displayed when faced with utilization of complex substrates such as starch or triglycerides.
High-Energy Collision Processes in Quantum Electrodynamics. I

We have made a systematic study of all two-body elastic scattering amplitudes in quantum electro-dynamics at high energies. In particular, we have calculated the high-energy behavior of the following processes: (1) Delbr\"uck scattering, (2) electron Compton scattering, (3) photon-photon scattering, (4) electron-electron scattering, (5) electron-positron scattering, and (6) electron-proton scattering. The processes (1) and (2) are calculated up to the sixth order in the coupling constant $e$, the process (3) up to the eighth order, and the processes (4), (5), and (6) up to the fourth order. Our calculations show that all of these amplitudes are proportional to $s$, the square of the center-of-mass energy, as $s$ becomes large. In other words, we have found that, to these orders, ${\mathrm{lim}}_{s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}}\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}}$ exists and is nonzero for all $t\ensuremath{\ne}0$, where $\ensuremath{-}t$ is the square of the momentum transfer. Furthermore, we found it meaningful to assign a factor (we call it the impact factor) to each particle. More precisely, for the high-energy scattering of $a+b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}a+b$, the imaginary coefficient of $s$ for the scattering amplitude is proportional to $\ensuremath{\int}d{\mathbf{q}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}{[{({\mathbf{q}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}+{\mathbf{r}}_{1})}^{2}]}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{[{({\mathbf{q}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{-}{\mathbf{r}}_{1})}^{2}]}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\mathcal{I}}^{a}({\mathbf{r}}_{1},{\mathbf{q}}_{1}){\mathcal{I}}^{b}({\mathbf{r}}_{1},{\mathbf{q}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}})$, where 2r1 is the momentum transfer, and ${\mathcal{I}}^{a}({\mathbf{r}}_{1},{\mathbf{q}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}})$ and ${\mathcal{I}}^{b}({\mathbf{r}}_{1},{\mathbf{q}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}})$ are the impact factors of particles $a$ and $b$, respectively. The integration is over the two-dimensional transverse momentum of the virtual photons. The important point is that ${\mathcal{I}}^{a} ({\mathcal{I}}^{b})$ does not depend on what particle $b (a)$ is. We have explicitly found the impact factors for the photon (up to ${e}^{4}$) and for the electron, the positron, and the proton (up to ${e}^{2}$). In the case of Delbr\"uck scattering, we have also taken care of all higher-order diagrams with an arbitrary number of photons exchanged between the virtual pair and the proton or nucleus. The coefficient of $s$ in this case can be expressed as the integral of the above-mentioned product ${\mathcal{I}}^{a} {\mathcal{I}}^{b}$ times modified photon propagators. The impact factor therefore appears to express an intrinsic property of a particle. Our result is consistent with neither the most straightforward interpretation of the Regge-pole model nor that of the droplet model. These inconsistencies are closely related to the nonplanar nature of the diagrams under consideration. Our results on Delbr\"uck scattering are also qualitatively different from those of Bethe and Rohrlich based on the impact-parameter approximation.
Recall of paired-associate items as a function of interpolated pairs of different types

A continuous presentation task was used to study interference effects of well-known and unknown items. It was found that insertion of well-known items between study and test had little effect on recall, while insertion of unknown items considerably reduced recall. The results were interpreted in terms of a mathematical model of memory.
Design-with-Nature for Multifunctional Landscapes: Environmental Benefits and Social Barriers in Community Development

Since the early 1970s, Ian McHarg's design-with-nature concept has been inspiring landscape architects, community and regional planners, and liked-minded professionals to create designs that take advantage of ecosystem services and promote environmental and public health. This study bridges the gap in the literature that has resulted from a lack of empirical examinations on the multiple performance benefits derived through design-with-nature and the under-investigated social aspect emanated from McHarg's Ecological Determinism design approach. The Woodlands, TX, USA, an ecologically designed community development under McHarg's approach, is compared with two adjacent communities that follow the conventional design approach. Using national environmental databases and multiple-year residents' survey information, this study assesses three landscape performance metrics of McHarg's approach: stormwater runoff, urban heat island effect, and social acceptance. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used to assess the development extent and land surface temperature distribution. Results show that McHarg's approach demonstrates benefits in reducing runoff and urban heat island effect, whereas it confronts challenges with the general acceptance of manicured landscapes and thus results in a low safety perception level when residents interact with naturally designed landscapes. The authors argue that design-with-nature warrants multifunctionality because of its intrinsic interdisciplinary approach. Moreover, education and dissemination of successful examples can achieve a greater level of awareness among the public and further promote multifunctional design for landscape sustainability.
Head cocking in galagos

Abstract Abstract. Contrary to an earlier report that galagos do not perform head cocking, which is a rotating movement of the head around its rostrocaudal axis while orienting in a fixed direction, this study documents frequent head cocking in galagos when viewing novel stimuli. Adult and infant lesser bushbabies, Galago moholi , were presented with a variety of stimuli. Frequencies and angles of head cocking were scored. The head-cock was characterized by a fast saccadic rotation of the head, usually to an angle of approximately 45° or 90° to the vertical, a brief period of fixation in the cocked position followed by a saccadic return. Head cocking to a 180° angle (inversion of the head) occurred occasionally. Adult females head-cocked more frequently than males, and infants more frequently than adults. The adults head-cocked most frequently to a live prey stimulus. A novelty effect of stimuli was suggested in that head cocking decreased in frequency from the first to the second presentation. The perceptual mechanisms served by head cocking are discussed. As galagos have ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex, the hypothesis that head cocking somehow compensates for their absence is clearly disproves. Alternative hypotheses relating head cocking to the presence of a cruciform-shaped area centralis in the retina or the shape of the pupil are outlined. The possible contribution of auditory perception is also discussed, and ear movements during head cocking are characterized.
Closed Medical Negligence Claims Can Drive Patient Safety and Reduce Litigation

Background Medical liability reform is viewed by many physician groups as a means of reducing medical malpractice litigation and lowering healthcare costs. However, alternative approaches such as closed medical negligence claims data may also achieve these goals.
Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 4′-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)thymidines

Non-obligate chain terminating nucleosides with a linear substituent (azido or ethynyl group) at the 4′ position represent an important class of compounds in antiviral discovery, particularly against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We have previously shown that 3′-azidothymidine (AZT)-derived 1,2,3-triazoles can be potent inhibitors of HIV-1. To gauge the medicinal chemistry impact of functionalizing the 4′-linear substituent and possibly generate novel antiviral nucleoside scaffolds, we have explored azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions with 4′-azidothymidine (ADRT). The Ru-mediated reaction failed and the Cu-catalyzed variant generated 1,2,3-triazoles (9a–y) with only modest yields and efficiencies, indicating a substantial steric barrier around the 4′-azido group. Antiviral screening identified a few triazole analogues moderately active against HIV-1 (18–62% inhibition at 10 μM) and/or influenza A virus (15–50% inhibition at 10 μM), and none active against West Nile virus (WNV) or HCV. These results suggest that the linear 4′ azido group of ADRT may be essential for target binding and that its chemical manipulation could largely compromise antiviral potency.
AVE: automated home video editing

In this paper, we present a system that automates home video editing. This system automatically extracts a set of highlight segments from a set of raw home videos and aligns them with user supplied incidental music based on the content of the video and incidental music. We developed an approach for extracting temporal structure and determining the importance of a video segment in order to facilitate the selection of highlight segments. Additionally we extract temporal structure, beats and tempos from the incidental music. In order to create more professional-looking results, the selected highlight segments satisfy a set of editing rules and are matched to the content of the incidental music. This task is formulated as a non-linear 0-1 programming problem and the rules are embedded as constraints. The output video is rendered by connecting the selected highlight video segments with transition effects and the incidental music.
Highlights of Programmatic, Interdisciplinary Research on Writing

An overview of research topics and findings from an interdisciplinary, programmatic line of research on writing over the past 25 years is presented. The cross-sectional assessment studies (grades 1 to 9) showed which measures uniquely explained variance in handwriting, spelling, and composing and thus validated their use in assessment. These and the longitudinal studies (grades 1 to 5 and 3 to 7) contributed to knowledge of the cognitive processes of writing, within a working memory architecture that orchestrates multiple component processes in time to achieve specific writing goals, especially the translation of ideas into words, syntax, and text, and transcription (handwriting and spelling) by pen and by keyboard. Combined brain imaging and behavioral studies of writing have provided converging evidence for brain–behavior relationships for handwriting, spelling, and composing and for the role of temporally coordinated working memory, including an orthographic loop with a graphic-motor envelope for word production. A series of instructional studies for at-risk writers, which was taught to all levels of language to overcome working memory inefficiencies, were organized according to the developmental steppingstones in writing acquisition and show that writing problems can be prevented. Other studies with older, struggling writers validated effective instructional approaches for helping struggling writers become reading-writers who integrate both written language skills in literacy learning.
Validation of the Thermal Oxidation Model for Al/CuO Nanocomposite Powder

Several thermite powders with nominal composition 2Al · 3CuO were prepared by arrested reactive milling using different milling times. Their structure, morphology, and compositions were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The powder particles comprise a fully dense Al matrix with CuO inclusions. The dimensions of the CuO inclusions are around 100 nm and are effectively the same for all prepared powders. The number of inclusions per unit of mass of the composite particles increases with increased milling times, while unattached CuO particles are present in the samples prepared with shorter milling times. The difference in the sample compositions results in different heat flow rates measured in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and constant temperature micro-calorimetry experiments. The DSC data collected at varied heating rates and isothermal calorimetry measurements at different temperatures are interpreted using a multistep reaction model propo...
Moral Dimensions of Moral Hazards

‘Moral hazard’ is an economic term which commonly refers to situations in which people have a tendency to increase their exposure to risk when the costs of their actions, should they get unlucky, befall someone else. Once insured, for example, a person might have little reason, financially speaking, to be careful if he will get fully reimbursed for his losses should things go wrong, especially if he does not risk an increase in his insurance premium fees. In this article, I argue that moral hazards are not morally neutral. To this end, I distinguish between concepts that (a) call for a moral value judgement but do not have a fixed moral value and (b) those that call for a moral value judgement and also have a fixed moral value. In short, this article examines questions that lie at the intersection of ethics and economics.
THE ALLOGENEIC EFFECT IN INBRED MICE I. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF HAPTEN-SPECIFIC SECONDARY ANTIBODY RESPONSES BY THE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST REACTION

The administration of allogeneic lymphoid cells to 2,4-dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH)-primed mice prepares such recipients for markedly enhanced secondary anti-DNP antibody responses to a DNP conjugate of a heterologous carrier. This allogeneic effect phenomenon, reflecting the development of a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, was first described in guinea pigs and has been extended in the present studies to inbred mice. The expression of the allogeneic effect in mice is dependent upon critical factors such as the number and route of administration of allogeneic cells, the time interval between cell transfer and secondary challenge, and the strength of histocompatibility differences between the donor and the host. The transient GVH reaction established by the transfer of allogeneic cells obviates the requirement for carrier-specific helper T cells in secondary anti-DNP responses, as evidenced by the ability to elicit such responses with DNP-D-GL, a substance which presumably does not stimulate effective T cell helper function. These studies also demonstrate that primed B cells which are not an integral part of the active GVH reaction fail to produce enhanced levels of antibody.
Hemoglobin polymorphism in the encinal mouse, Peromyscus pectoralis

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis revealed five hemoglobin phenotypes in natural populations of the encinal mouse, Peromyscus pectoralis, from northeastern Mexico. Populations of the encinal mouse from Texas, Oklahoma, and northwestern and north central Mexico were monomorphic for multiple-band phenotypes. Analysis of the hemoglobin polymorphism indicates that two loci control this variation.
Low power design of off-chip drivers and transmission lines : A branch and bound approach

As electronic systems grow in functional complexity, hence size, the design is often forced into a multi-chip solution. For such systems, the power dissipation due to the off-chip drivers (OCDs) and the off-chip interconnect capacitance can contribute to a significant portion of the overall system power. Often, however, this excessive power dissipation is unwarranted, since a smaller OCD can be used to drive the transmission line load, hence reducing the net capacitance being switched. The objective of this paper is to enable power dissipation trade-off decisions during the high-level phases of design and to minimize the power dissipation of OCDs and their associated interconnect. First, a termination metric is described that uses width optimization of RLC interconnects. Then, in terms of a proposed linear driver model, the low power design objective is posed as an integer programming problem and a branch and bound enumeration algorithm is presented. The driver and interconnect sizes are determined which will preserve signal quality, dispense with additional termination components, meet delay requirements, and minimize the overall power dissipation.
Going Global: Providing Library Resources and Services to International Sites

ABSTRACT The Brooklyn campus library of Long Island University (LIU) seized the opportunity to take a proactive approach to providing library resources and services to the university's Global College community. An active link connecting the library, Global College headquarters, and international sites has been created. After carefully evaluating the needs of faculty and students across the globe, the authors recount how the library supports the teaching and learning activities of this unique user group. This article describes the LIU Brooklyn campus library's efforts to promote and implement customized resources and services to users on different continents.
Factors Affecting the Formation of Food Preferences in Preschool Children.

It has been found that a complex and varied diet increases the probability that foods containing essential nutrients will be consumed by the pre‐school child. Because variety in the diet is beneficial identification of factors that affect the development of food preferences in young children is important. Such factors include familiarity, age, parents, peers, teachers and programs designed to influence food habits. Each of these are discussed and recommendations are given to pre‐school programs for creating an atmosphere conducive to trying new foods.
Estramustine phosphate as primary therapy for metastatic prostate cancer

[onsson and Hogberg were the first to use estramustine phosphate as primary therapy for patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma;' Their early Iavorable experience prompted them subsequently to initiate a larger phase II trial of 63 patients with resultant objective remissions occurring in 46 (73.0 %) patients. " Such encouraging response rates naturally resulted in the establishment of phase III trials comparing estramustine phosphate (Emcyt) to standard estrogen therapy. In one such study, patients with well or moderately well differentiated carcinoma Stages B, C, and D were randomized to receive estramustine phosphate 420 mg p.o. b.i .d, or polyestradiol phosphate one 80-mg IM injection a month plus oral 17-a-ethinylestradiol 2 mg/day for two weeks and thereafter 150 rug/day," There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups except for a somewhat lower frequency of cardiovascular side effects in those patients given estramustine phosphate." In a separate European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) trial patients with previously untreated prostatic carcinoma Stages C and D were randomized to diethylstilbestrol 3 mg q. day or estramustine phosphate 560 mg q. day for eight weeks and 280 mg daily thereafter. Although several progress reports of this study have been published which indicate that there is as yet no demonstrable difference between estramustine phosphate and standard estrogen therapy, an indepth analysis of the 278. entered patients is not yet available.P" Our experience at the University of \Visconsin with estramustine phosphate for patients with hormone refractory Stage D carcinoma of the prostate prompted us to begin a phase III trial in 1977 comparing estramustine phosphate to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in previously untreated patients with Stage D
Chromium in drinking water: sources, metabolism, and cancer risks.

Drinking water supplies in many geographic areas contain chromium in the +3 and +6 oxidation states. Public health concerns are centered on the presence of hexavalent Cr that is classified as a known human carcinogen via inhalation. Cr(VI) has high environmental mobility and can originate from anthropogenic and natural sources. Acidic environments with high organic content promote the reduction of Cr(VI) to nontoxic Cr(III). The opposite process of Cr(VI) formation from Cr(III) also occurs, particularly in the presence of common minerals containing Mn(IV) oxides. Limited epidemiological evidence for Cr(VI) ingestion is suggestive of elevated risks for stomach cancers. Exposure of animals to Cr(VI) in drinking water induced tumors in the alimentary tract, with linear and supralinear responses in the mouse small intestine. Chromate, the predominant form of Cr(VI) at neutral pH, is taken up by all cells through sulfate channels and is activated nonenzymatically by ubiquitously present ascorbate and small thi...
Heart-type Fatty Acid-binding Protein Is Essential for Efficient Brown Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Oxidation and Cold Tolerance

Brown adipose tissue has a central role in thermogenesis to maintain body temperature through energy dissipation in small mammals and has recently been verified to function in adult humans as well. Here, we demonstrate that the heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, FABP3, is essential for cold tolerance and efficient fatty acid oxidation in mouse brown adipose tissue, despite the abundant expression of adipose-type fatty acid-binding protein, FABP4 (also known as aP2). Fabp3−/− mice exhibit extreme cold sensitivity despite induction of uncoupling and oxidative genes and hydrolysis of brown adipose tissue lipid stores. However, using FABP3 gain- and loss-of-function approaches in brown adipocytes, we detected a correlation between FABP3 levels and the utilization of exogenous fatty acids. Thus, Fabp3−/− brown adipocytes fail to oxidize exogenously supplied fatty acids, whereas enhanced Fabp3 expression promotes more efficient oxidation. These results suggest that FABP3 levels are a determinant of fatty acid oxidation efficiency by brown adipose tissue and that FABP3 represents a potential target for modulation of energy dissipation.
Low wavenumber wall pressure measurements using a rectangular membrane as a spatial filter

Abstract The response of a rectangular membrane to a convecting random pressure field is interpreted to reveal the inherent wavenumber filtering characteristics of the device. After experimental determination of its resonant response characteristics, one such membrane is used to measure the low wavenumber components of the wall pressure fluctuations beneath a plane turbulent boundary layer. The measurements were made at wavenumbers far below the convective region (k1 = ω/Uc) but above the acoustic region (k1 ⩽ ω/co). Possible contamination by acoustic and convective ridge effects is considered. The low wavenumber measurements are also compared with values of the wavenumber-frequency pressure spectral density Φ p ( k ,ω) obtained by Fourier transforming cross-spectral density data obtained by Blake in the same wind tunnel. From this comparison it is seen that this transformation of Blake's data (based on a Corcos model) grossly overestimates the magnitude of Φ p ( k ,ω) in the low-wavenumber region. The measured values of Φ p ( k , c o ) are about 36 dB down from convective ridge levels at the same frequency. The data are also compared with earlier results obtained by Jameson. In a similar frequency range the current data levels are approximately 10 dB higher than those of Jameson.
Cataclysms: A History of the Twentieth Century from Europe's Edge – By Dan Diner

The author of this study offers another in a growing list of postmortem analyses of the late, little lamented, twentieth century. The book is an extended reflection on the course and nature of twen...
Annealing and the Rate Distortion Problem

In this paper we introduce methodology to determine the bifurcation structure of optima for a class of similar cost functions from Rate Distortion Theory, Deterministic Annealing, Information Distortion and the Information Bottleneck Method. We also introduce a numerical algorithm which uses the explicit form of the bifurcating branches to find optima at a bifurcation point.
Blinded, Randomized, Multicenter Study to Evaluate Single Administration Pegfilgrastim Once per Cycle Versus Daily Filgrastim as an Adjunct to Chemotherapy in Patients With High-Risk Stage II or Stage III/IV Breast Cancer

PURPOSE: This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-control study was designed to determine whether a single subcutaneous injection of pegfilgrastim (SD/01, sustained-duration filgrastim; 1...
Exercise and the Elderly: Guidelines and Practical Prescription Applications for the Clinician

•� Objective: T o review the components of exercise prescription and approaches to developing an exer­ cise prescription for older persons. •� Methods: Case studies and qualitative review of the literature. •� Results: Ef fective exercise programs specify the appropriate mode, intensity, duration, frequency, and progression of training. According to the American College of Sports Medicine, patients should partici­ pate in aerobic exercise 3 to 5 days per week, main­ taining target heart rate for 20 to 60 minutes. Resis­ tance training should be performed at least twice per week and should target the 7 major muscle groups. Proper technique is necessary and speed and breathing should be controlled. Incorporation of warm-up and cool-down sessions is recommended for exercisers of all ages and physical conditions. Increased lifestyle activity also should be encour­ aged. In prescribing exercise for older patients, nutrition must be closely monitored. The prescrip­ tion needs to be individualized, taking into consider­ ation the patient’s health status, nutritional intake, abilities, preferences, and resources. •� Conclusion: Physical activity should be encouraged in healthy seniors and should be considered a pri­ mary or adjunctive therapy in the treatment of chronic diseases associated with aging. Physician support of behavior changes is a major predictor of patient compliance.
Distributed detection with a minimalistic signal model: A framework for exploiting correlated sensing

We propose and investigate a minimalistic model for distributed detection using a sensor network. The signal of interest is a priori unknown. When a signal is present, sensors receive scaled, delayed and noisy versions of it, and signal presence is decided solely based on the correlation between sensor observations. We obtain encouraging performance results for both centralized and distributed detection, and subsequent centralized signal estimation. We observe that temporal alignment of sensor observations prior to combining is the bottleneck that determines the SNR threshold after which these methods work well. For ideal temporal alignment, detection performance improves exponentially with the number of sensors.
An Efficient Software Driver Processor Implementation

This driver enables easy implementation of the Am9511 as a coprocessor in Intel 8085-based systems.
Space Interferometry Mission System testbed-3: external metrology inversion

The Space Interferometry Mission's System testbed-3 has recently integrated its precision support structure and spacecraft bus, or "backpack", on a pseudo free-free 0.5 Hz passive isolation system. The precision support structure holds a 3-baseline stellar interferometer instrument. The architecture of the instrument is based on the current SIM flight system design, and its main purpose is to demonstrate nanometer class fringe stabilization using the path length feed forward technique. This paper briefly describes the nanometer-class metrology system used in this testbed to estimate the length and orientation of the science baseline vector, which cannot be measured directly. The focus is on the mathematical inversion problem that results and its solution.
Changing Perspectives on Retirement

I the past several years, retirement research has given increasing attention to the complexity of the work-toretirement transition. The article by Mutchler et al. (1997) elsewhere in this issue illustrates the trend with its analytic focus on differentiating between "crisp" one-step movements from work to retirement and "blurred" transitions involving complex patterns such as returns to employment and second retirements. This literature's general argument is that a substantial minority of workers experience an indistinct boundary between work and retirement. There are few standard definitions here, including the definition of retirement itself. It is not surprising, therefore, that the precise meaning of "clearly defined" and "indistinct" boundaries varies as do estimates of the two pathways' relative prevalence. A sampling of research relevant to this topic indicates researchers have variously examined retirement from a "post-career" job, exit and return to the labor force, exit from a long-term job and return to work, a substantial decline in earnings, or partial retirement (Elder and Pavalko, 1993; Gustman and Steinmeier, 1984; Hayward, Crimmins, and Wray, 1994; Hong, 1985; Quinn, Burkhauser, and Myers, 1990; Ruhm, 1990).