cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association Between Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure Variability in Early Adulthood and Myocardial Structure and Function in Later Life

Importance Long-term blood pressure (BP) variability has emerged as a reproducible measure that is associated with heart failure independent of systemic BP. Visit-to-visit BP variability may be associated with the risk of heart failure early in the life course and thus may be reflected in subclinical alterations in cardiac structure and function. Objective To evaluate the association between visit-to-visit BP variability in early adulthood and myocardial structure and function in middle age. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a community-based cohort study of 5115 participants aged 18 to 30 years at baseline (year 0; March 25, 1985, to June 7, 1986) and followed up over a 30-year interval. A total of 2400 CARDIA study participants underwent evaluation at 4 field sites (Birmingham, Alabama; Oakland, California; Chicago, Illinois; and Minneapolis, Minnesota). Blood pressure was measured at 8 visits over a 25-year interval and participants received echocardiograms at year 25 (June 1, 2010, to August 31, 2011). Data analysis was conducted from June 7, 1986, to August 31, 2011. Exposures Visit-to-visit systolic and diastolic BP variability measures included SD, average real variability, and variability independent of the mean. Main Outcomes and Measures Echocardiographic indices of myocardial structure, systolic function, and diastolic function at the year 25 examination. Results Of the 2400 participants, 1024 were men (42.7%) and 976 were African American (40.7%); mean (SD) age at the year 25 examination was 50.4 (3.6) years. Per 1-SD increment, greater visit-to-visit systolic BP variability independent of the mean was associated with higher left-ventricular (LV) mass index (β [SE], 2.66 [0.4] g/m2,P Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study using data from the CARDIA study, greater visit-to-visit systolic and diastolic BP variability have been associated with adverse alterations in cardiac structure as well as systolic and diastolic function independent of mean BP levels.
Listening to Our Collections: Preserving Records of University-Based Educational Radio Stations in Campus Archives

University-based educational stations transmitted programing to local audiences throughout the U.S. Surviving records remain in the custody of university archives but remain unavailable due to the ...
ViTA: A flexible CAD-tool-independent automatic grading platform for two-dimensional CAD drawings:

Grading engineering drawings takes a significant amount of an instructor’s time, especially in large classrooms. In many cases, teaching assistants help with grading, adding levels of inconsistency...
Mimicking partial to total placental insufficiency in a rabbit model of cerebral palsy.

All placental abruptions begin as partial abruptions, which sometimes manifest as fetal bradycardia. The progression from partial to total abruption was mimicked by a new rabbit model of placental insufficiency, and we compared it, with sufficient statistical power, with the previous model mimicking total placental abruption. The previous model uses total uterine ischemia at E22 or E25 (70% or 79% term, respectively), in pregnant New Zealand white rabbits for 40 min (Full H-I). The new model, Partial+Full H-I, added a 30-min partial ischemia before the 40-min total ischemia. Fetuses were delivered either at E31.5 (full term) vaginally for neurobehavior testing, or by C-section at E25 for ex vivo brain cell viability evaluation. The onset of fetal bradycardia was within the first 2 min of either H-I protocol. There was no difference between Full H-I (n = 442 for E22, 312 for E25) and Partial+Full H-I (n = 154 and 80) groups in death or severely affected kits at E22 (76% vs. 79%) or at E25 (66% vs. 64%), or normal kits at E22 or E25, or any of the individual newborn neurobehavioral tests at any age. No sex differences were found. Partial+Full H-I (n = 6) showed less cell viability than Full H-I (n = 8) at 72-hr ex vivo in the brain regions studied. Partial+Full H-I insult produced similar cerebral palsy phenotype as our previous Full H-I model in a sufficiently powered study and may be more suitable for testing of potential neuroprotectants.
PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF BILATERAL OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS (OCD) OF THE KNEE IN PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH UNILATERAL SYMPTOMS

Background:Osteochondritis dissecans(OCD) is an idiopathic condition primarily involving the subchondral bone with secondary articular cartilage changes, commonly occurring in the knee. The true pr...
On the value(s) of time: Workers' value of their time depends on mode of valuation.

In this paper, we investigate how individuals make time–money tradeoffs in labor contexts in which they are either asked to work to earn money or to pay money to avoid work. Theory predicts that exchange rates between time and money are invariant to the elicitation method. Results from our experiments, however, show otherwise, highlighting inconsistencies in how individuals consider their time. In the first two experiments, participants work to earn money, and we compare two incentivized elicitation methods. In the first, “Fixed-Time mode,” we fix the amount of time participants need to work and elicit the minimum dollar amount they require to do the job. In the second, “Fixed-Money mode,” we fix the amount of money we pay participants and ask for the maximum amount of time they are willing to work for that pay. We similarly vary elicitation procedures in Experiment 3 for paying money to avoid work. Translating the results into pay per hour, we find that in Fixed-Time mode, valuation of time is stable across durations, based on an analytical approach. By contrast, in Fixed-Money mode, participants increase their pay-per-hour demand when the amount of money increases, indicating a less calculated and more emotional view of time. Our results demonstrate that individuals’ value of their time of labor can be fluid and dependent on the compensation structure. Our findings have implications for theories of time valuation in the labor market.
The Value of Forest Ecosystem Services to Developing Economies

This paper assesses the scale of the potential co-benefits for residents of developing countries of protecting forest ecosystems in order to mitigate climate change. The objective is to improve understanding among development practitioners of the ways in which services provided by forest ecosystems can also make important contributions to achieving development objectives such as improvements to health and safety, and maintenance of food and energy security. This is achieved by reviewing empirical studies that estimate the value of specific ecosystem services derived from forests in order to evaluate and describe the current state of knowledge on how the wellbeing of local people is likely to be affected by the introduction of global mechanisms for avoided deforestation in developing countries. There are four main ways in which wellbeing can be affected: 1) forests provide soil protection and water regulation services, which in turn reduce waterborne diseases, maintain irrigation water supply, and mitigate risks of natural disaster; 2) forests provide habitat for birds, fish, mammals and insects that affect human health and income generation opportunities; 3) clearing forest through use of fire can lead to respiratory illness and property damage, particularly if the fires spread accidentally; and 4) tropical forests are particularly high in biodiversity, making them important locally as well as globally as a potential source of genetic material for new crop varieties and pharmaceuticals. Evidence on the size of these benefits suggests that while they are highly variable, households in or near forests and poor households benefit most from forest ecosystem services.
The Use of Intermediat Graphical Constructions in Problem Solving with Dynamic, Pixel-Level Diagrams

Many diagrams can be thought of as graphical representations used to support the solution of problems. This paper discusses how computation based on pixel-level rewrites can produce a rich form of diagrammatic computation making use of intermediate graphical constructions not explicit in the input or output of the problems it is solving.
Facilitating Flow in the Internet Shopping Experience

The Internet has impacted how we shop. This dissertation focuses on opening the black box of consumer experience in online retailing environments. In order to do so, a microscopic approach is used to detail the processes and internal states of a customer when interacting with a commercial web site. Based on previous research from related fields, a new concept of Shopping Experience is proposed to study the dynamic, on-going interaction between a customer and commercial web sites. Shopping Experience is defined as an episode of interaction between a customer and web sites. Flow is an optimal and intrinsically engrossing and enjoyable experience, which is so inner rewarding that people want to repeat it. How to achieve flow in web shopping? What are the factors that facilitate or hinder flow? A series of studies are carried out to programmatically tackle these questions. First, exploratory studies are used to verify the concept of shopping experience and phenomenon of flow in the Internet shopping. Secondly, more effort is undertaken to validate measures of relevant constructs. Finally, a controlled experiment is used to gauge the effect of two factors, namely design factor and task factor. The dissertation will provide deeper understanding of facilitating factors of optimal shopping experience, which certainly will help to build better online shopping environments.
Chaotic associative memory and private v-mails

To support the 3rd generation cellular phone with broad band wireless video emails (Vmails), we develope a chaotic neural network (CNN) associative memory whose tying and initial value were sent by a private and free version of RSA security algorithm (patent expired). Receiver devices with the embedded system chip regenerate the specific CNN image series, so called the spatial-temporal keys (STK), which allow the RSA and the V-mail data to be correctly decrypted. Due to the fading and fatal noise in wireless communication channel, the STK must be robust and fault-tolerant proved by a field theory of associative memory and demonstrated by a collective fixed point of cycles of the whole bifurcated images.
The Globalization of Baseball: Reflections of a Sports Writer

Elsewhere in this volume, the reader can delve into the history and theory of the globalization of baseball. Historical and theoretical analyses of the globalization of baseball create important insights into this phenomenon, but my thoughts on this topic reflect the fact that I am a sports writer and not a historian or a theoretician. I want to focus my observations around the present reality of the globalization of baseball and the near-term future of such globalization. Certain words have double meanings. "Baseball" and "globalization" are two such words. The double meanings of "baseball" are captured in the baseball player's lament: "Every time I tell 'em it's a game, the owners tell me it's a business. Every time I tell 'em it's a business, they tell me it's a game." Baseball is, of course, both a game and a business. Baseball on the field, between the lines, is a game that remains constant, operating under the rules of the game that apply equally to all players on every baseball diamond. The business of baseball is, however, about presenting the game baseball in order to generate revenue and profit. The business of selling baseball for money has very little relationship to the game itself. The methods of generating revenue from a baseball game do not differ greatly from the methods of making money from selling books, movies, or tickets to a symphony concert. The "globalization of baseball" too has multiple meanings that we need to keep in mind. If the globalization of baseball means expanding the reach and influence of Major League Baseball (MLB) into other parts of the world to generate more revenue for MLB teams, we can see evidence of this type of globalization taking place today. The globalization of MLB follows the pattern of other profit-seeking enterprises reaching out for new customers and sources of labor and other countries. The globalization of baseball, in this respect, is not a new development in the world of business.
Bounds on the Effective Elastic Properties of Martensitic Polycrystals

We draw attention to the problem of estimation of elastic energies in martensitic polycrystals. In particular we introduce a tensorial parameter η=ηijkl which contains information about the microgeometry and disorder of the polycrystalline structure. Under the assumption of isotropic elasticity and mild hypothesis on the statistics of the polycrystal, this parameter allows for explicit calculation of rigorous and stringent upper bounds on the effective energy. For circular grains in two dimensions η gives the elastic energy resulting from transformation of a single circular inclusion in an elastic matrix and the bounds coincide with those derived recently by Bruno, Reitich and Leo. Consideration of such particular cases shows that our bounds can yield substantial improvements over those obtained under Taylor’s constant strain hypothesis. For arbitrary microgeometries the statistical parameter η can be calculated by means of two-point correlations functions.
Surface photochemistry: V. Preparation of ethyl fragments on Pt(111)

The preparation of surface-bound ethyl fragments by the photodissociation of ethyl chloride adsorbed on Pt(111) at 100 K has been explored using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Evidence is presented for photodissociation of the CCl bond to form surface bound ethyl groups coadsorbed with chlorine. The thermal decomposition of these ethyl groups, in the presence of Cl, occurs in at least three steps: (1) di-σ bonded ethylene is formed just above 230 K, (2) ethylidyne is formed near 300 K, and (3) ethylidyne decomposes near 500 K. The thermal decomposition of the surface ethyl is accompanied by desorption of small amounts of ethane and ethylene measured by TPD. There is some evidence for a fourth step: for C2D5 decomposition, annealing to 230 K produces a composite spectrum which we assign to a mixture of π-bonded and di-σ bonded ethylene.
The Crumbling Fortress: Territory, Access, and Subjectivity Production in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon

This paper explores the rise of a new era in biodiversity conservation, whereby older protected areas lose management and funding to the point that they become open access spaces. Using Waza National Park as a case study, the paper shows that while the enclosure of this protected area had serious detrimental effects for local natural resource users, it offered limited advantages to those who were able to negotiate “insider” status. I argue that the dissolution of this enclosure and the loss of the ability to exclude “outsiders” or negotiate differential use of the protected area's resources created a situation that was even more harmful to local people's physical and food security than the initial enclosure. Taking a historical view of territory, subjectivity, and access in and around Waza, this paper shows who is able to benefit from various legal and practical territorial components of landscapes, when, and how.
Predictors of Payer Mix and Financial Performance Among Safety Net Hospitals Prior to the Affordable Care Act

The objective of this study was to use audited hospital financial statements to identify predictors of payer mix and financial performance in safety net hospitals prior to the Affordable Care Act. We analyzed the 2010 financial statements of 98 large, urban safety net hospital systems in 34 states, supplemented with data on population demographics, hospital features, and state policies. We used multivariate regression to identify independent predictors of three outcomes: 1) Medicaid-reliant payer mix (hospitals for which at least 25% of hospital days are paid for by Medicaid); 2) safety net revenue-to-cost ratio (Medicaid and Medicare Disproportionate Share Hospital payments and local government transfers, divided by charity care costs and Medicaid payment shortfall); and 3) operating margin. Medicaid-reliant payer mix was positively associated with more inclusive state Medicaid eligibility criteria and more minority patients. More inclusive Medicaid eligibility and higher Medicaid reimbursement rates positively predicted safety net revenue-to-cost ratio. University governance was the strongest positive predictor of operating margin. Safety net hospital financial performance varied considerably. Academic hospitals had higher operating margins, while more generous Medicaid eligibility and reimbursement policies improved hospitals' ability to recoup costs. Institutional and state policies may outweigh patient demographics in the financial health of safety net hospitals.
LGBT Populations in Studies of Urban Neighborhoods: Making the Invisible Visible:

When I first began my training as a sociologist, I learned about urban poverty under the mentorship of William Julius Wilson at the Center for the Study of Urban Inequality in Chicago. The 1990s were an exciting time to be in dialogue with the different schools of thought among those examining life in metropolitan areas. I decided to narrow my focus to the study of U.S. family formation and sexuality in urban contexts, and more than 20 years later I have not strayed far from those interests. The great ethnographies of urban neighborhoods have taught us many things about the ways individuals and families use that space, about the constraints imposed on them by community and larger institutions, about the role of the police in these neighborhoods, and the varied modes of surveillance of daily life. However, as I began the research for my first book, Invisible Families: Gay Identities, Relationships and Motherhood among Black Women (Moore 2011), I could find very few indicators of sexual orientation in these detailed studies of life in big cities. I searched through appendices, endnotes, as well as the primary content and theoretical framing of these books, but with few exceptions, the experiences of sexual minorities living in these areas were not represented as part of the social fabric of urban neighborhoods. Most ethnographic approaches to the study of city life are biased toward the experiences of people who claim heterosexuality. We do not see sexual minorities incorporated into larger analyses of family life in urban areas, or included, in studies of how the various social groups in a community work together or against one another in the acquisition of resources, against a threat of encroachment, or in numerous other situations as they arise in day-to-day living and survival. Ethnographers who spent months or years studying the detailed and mundane aspects of life in urban areas have devoted very little space in their published work to the existence of sexual minorities who also inhabit these spaces. Yet, we know they exist in these neighborhoods. Historians of LGBT life have shown us that sexual minorities have long flocked to urban metropolises (Chauncey 1994). Demographers have found that the largest numbers of same-sex couples reside in the country’s major cities (Gates and Cooke 2011). We know that African-American, Latino/a, and Asian-American sexual minorities tend to live in cities and towns with large numbers of their racial and ethnic group members (Gates 2012), and lesbian and gay people have historically been integrated into the everyday life of these communities (Carbado et al. 2002; Han 2015; Ocampo 2012). LGBT people in these neighborhoods congregate on the same street corners and building stoops as other residents, they patronize the same
Thinning, fire, and oak regeneration across a heterogeneous landscape in the eastern U.S.: 7-year results

We document an increase in oak and hickory advance regeneration, depending on landscape position, in the sixth year following mechanical thinning and repeated prescribed fires in southern Ohio, USA. Oak-dominated communities provide a multitude of human and natural resource values throughout the eastern United States, but their long-term sustainability is threatened throughout the region by poor regeneration. This study was established to assess regeneration following midstory thinning (late 2000) and prescribed fire application (2001 and 2005) at two sites in southern Ohio. Each of the four 20+ ha treatment units (two thin and burn, two untreated controls) were modeled for long-term moisture regime using the integrated moisture index (IMI), and a 50 m grid of sampling points was established throughout the units. Vegetation and canopy openness were sampled at each gridpoint before and after treatments, in 2000, 2001, 2004, and 2006. The thin and burn treatment generally resulted in more advance regeneration (>50 cm height) of oak and hickory. The second fires in 2005 created additional landscape heterogeneity by causing variable tree mortality, and thus canopy openness, across the IMI gradient. The drier landscape positions generally had more intense fires, more canopy openness, and more oak and hickory advance regeneration; several other tree species also exhibited marked landscape variation in regeneration after treatments.
Simultaneous inferences based on empirical Bayes methods and false discovery rates ineQTL data analysis

Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of genetic variants associated with complex human diseases, clinical conditions and traits. Genetic mapping of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) is providing us with novel functional effects of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In a classical quantitative trail loci (QTL) mapping problem multiple tests are done to assess whether one trait is associated with a number of loci. In contrast to QTL studies, thousands of traits are measured alongwith thousands of gene expressions in an eQTL study. For such a study, a huge number of tests have to be performed (∼ 10 6). This extreme multiplicity gives rise to many computational and statistical problems. In this paper we have tried to address these issues using two closely related inferential approaches: an empirical Bayes method that bears the Bayesian flavor without having much a priori knowledge and the frequentist method of false discovery rates. A three-component t-mixture model has been used for the parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) method. Inferences have been obtained using Expectation/Conditional Maximization Either (ECME) algorithm. A simulation study has also been performed and has been compared with a nonparametric empirical Bayes (NPEB) alternative. Results: The results show that PEB has an edge over NPEB. The proposed methodology has been applied to human liver cohort (LHC) data. Our method enables to discover more significant SNPs with FDR<10% compared to the previous study done by Yang et al. (Genome Research, 2010). Conclusions: In contrast to previously available methods based on p-values, the empirical Bayes method uses local false discovery rate (lfdr) as the threshold. This method controls false positive rate.
An interactive model for facilitating development of literature reviews

In this paper, we present a meta-framework – comprising several frameworks, models, and theories, as well as multiple research approaches – which we call an interactive literature review process (I...
Cu titration of tilted CO on a Mo(110) surface

Abstract Upon CO exposure to a Mo(110) surface at 95 K, the initial ≈0.3 monolayer (ML) of CO does not exhibit a vibrational frequency in the 1800–2200 cm− region, implying that the CO axis is tilted with respect to the surface normal. Upon subsequent deposition of ≈0.9 ML Cu at 95 K followed by heating, infrared-reflection-adsorption-spectroscopy (IRAS) shows that a portion of the tilted CO molecules diffuses onto the Cu overlayer and assumes an upright bonding geometry, with the remainder dissociating on the Mo(110) surface into atomic C and O.
Group therapy: What specific therapeutic advantages?

Abstract We have outlined in this paper some reasons why group therapy may be more effective than individual therapy in certain instances. In groups the therapist often obtains a clearer picture of a patient's conflicts because he sees them occur in vivo, permitting direct observation, interpretation, and intervention, and because the spectrum of transference feelings elicited tends to be much wider. Multiple transferences occur, and transference feelings are often expressed in a more immediate and intense manner. The therapists in the group tend to be seen as real people, and the process of identification more naturally takes place. Patients usefully employ each other as positive and negative role models and also are highly useful to each other because of the unique force of peer interpretations. The iceberg phenomenon is an important special advantage of group therapy for certain relatively healthy patients, and the use of the group as a provider of new objects for long-term social learning is a special advantage in the treatment of some very sick patients. With certain types of patients, especially personality disorders where the environment is seen to be at fault, group therapy is virtually indispensable because it brings the problem into the therapy, by providing an environment in which the patient's social behavior must finally be recognized by him as not working. The seemingly egosyntonic aspects of many clinical problems (not only frank character disorders) make confronting the real issues extremely diffcult. Group therapy has the advantages of the in vivo expressions of conflict and peer interpretations, both powerful tools in contending with evasion. The cohesion and acceptance of a group really therapeutically engaged, induces such a feeling of belonging that many patients are enabled to with-stand a degree of anxiety in confronting particularly disturbing aspects of their difficulties that might well cause them to flee individual therapy.
Glyburide Protein Binding and the Effect of Albumin Glycation in Children, Young Adults, and Older Adults with Diabetes

Because glyburide is a weak acid that is more than 98% bound to albumin, the authors evaluated the binding in vitro and the influence of albumin glycation in children, young adults, and older adults with diabetes mellitus. Glyburide binding to non-glycated albumin was greater than 98%, and remained constant over a total concentration range of 50 to 1000 ng/mL. Increasing the albumin concentration from 0.5 to 5.0 g/dL was logarithmically related to the free fraction of glyburide. After the in vitro glycation of albumin (range, 5.7-15.6%), mean (+/- SD) glyburide binding was 99.05 +/- 0.082%, a value in agreement with that obtained from control serum. Serum samples from 57 subjects with type I and 16 patients with type II diabetes were incubated with 300 ng/mL of unlabeled glyburide and 200 ng/mL of 14C-glyburide. The extent of albumin glycation varied from 5 to 22% for the type I subjects and 5 to 14% for the type II subjects. The free fraction from these groups ranged from 1.07 to 1.75% and 0.66 to 0.88% for the type I and type II subjects, respectively. Although these values did not differ significantly from those of the control samples, the glyburide free fraction in patients with type I diabetes (1.39 +/- 0.85%) was significantly greater than that found for the 16 elderly patients with type II diabetes (0.78 +/- 0.05%). A significant linear relationship was not found between glyburide free fraction and the degree of albumin glycation for either group. Glyburide protein binding did not appear to be influenced by the extent of albumin glycation.
Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions, by Mu-chou Poo, Brill: Leiden, The Netherlands, 2009, xvi + 342 pp. ISBN 978 90 04 17152 7, US$182 (cloth)

Rethinking Ghosts in World Religions, by Mu-chou Poo, Brill: Leiden, The Netherlands, 2009, xvi + 342 pp. ISBN 978 90 04 17152 7, US$182 (cloth) In his preface, Mu-chou Poo characterizes Rethinking...
Knockout of the guard cell K+out channel and stomatal movements

The central roles of potassium channels in regulating membrane potential and controlling action potential repolarization are well documented (1). In plants an additional important function of potassium channels in mediating long-term potassium transport during cell movements, turgor changes, and tropisms has been proposed. Two guard cells surround each stomatal pore in leaves and control the opening and closing of their central pore via increases in their solute content during stomatal opening (2) and decreases in solute content during stomatal closing (3). In this issue of PNAS, Hosy et al. (4) provide direct genetic evidence that outward rectifying potassium (K+out) channels in guard cells contribute to stomatal closing in leaves. Guard cells accumulate potassium (K+), which results in stomatal opening (2) and release K+, which results in stomatal closing (3). Ion channel characterizations in guard cells, and motor cells that control turgor-driven leaf movements, led to the model that K+ channels can contribute to the underlying long-term K+ influx (5, 6) and K+ efflux (5–7). Biophysical, cell biological, and second messenger regulation analyses by several groups have supported this model. Genetic evidence shows that outward rectifying potassium channels in guard cells contribute to stomatal closing in leaves.
Generation of 1,2-diacylglycerol in plasma membranes of phorbol ester-treated myoblasts.

Abstract The potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate causes a 2-fold increase in 1,2-diacylglycerol levels within 15–30 min in cultured chick embryo differentiated myoblasts. The weak tumor promoter 12-O-decanoylphorbol 13-acetate was 250 times less effective and the non-promoter 4-α-phorbol 12,13 didecanoate was ineffective at producing this response. During subcellular fractionation, the stimulated portion of the diacylglycerol was distributed similarly to the plasma membrane fraction. Evidence is presented that this diacylglycerol originates from pre-existing lipid rather than from de novo synthesis. Possible implications of these findings with regard to the inhibition of myoblast fusion by the tumor promoter are discussed.
Photoinduced electron transfer in composites of conjugated polymers and dendrimers with branched colloidal nanoparticles

Charge generation and separation dynamics in donor:acceptor systems based on composites of branched CdSe nanoparticles with a phenyl-cored thiophene-containing dendrimer (4G1-3S), or a low-bandgap conjugated polymer (PCPDTBT) are reported upon exclusive excitation of the donor or the acceptor. Time-resolved microwave conductivity is used to study the dynamics of either transfer of holes from the nanoparticle to dendrimer, or conversely the transfer of electrons from the polymer to the nanoparticle. Higher photoconductance signals and longer decay-times are correlated with device efficiencies, where composites with higher nanoparticle concentration exhibit higher solar photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies and an increase in external quantum efficiencies. This work evaluates the contribution of both components to device performance, but specifically the role of photoexcited nanoparticles.
Preparation and Characterization of BiFeO3 Film via Sol-Gel Spin-Coating Process

BiFeO3 thin films were spin-coated on conductive indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass substrates by a simple sol-gel possess annealed at 470-590°C. The crystal structure of as-prepared BiFeO3 thin films annealed at different temperature was determined to be rhombohedral of R3m space and free of secondary phases was also confirmed. Cross section scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures revealed that the thickness of BiFeO3 thin film was about 320 nm. The double remanent polarization 2Pr of BiFeO3 thin film annealed at 500°C is 2.5 μC/cm2 without applied field at room temperature. Image of atomic force microscopy indicated that the root-mean-square surface roughness value of BiFeO3 thin film was 6.13 nm.
Theory of cyclotron resonance halfwidth for electrons scattered by impurities and phonons

Abstract A general theory of the cyclotron resonance halfwidth for electrons scattered by impurities and phonons is developed on the basis of the proper connected diagram expansion of the current-correlation-function formula for the dynamic conductivity. The theory is applied to the cases of Ge samples at extremely high magnetic fields and different temperatures. The usual form of Matthiessen's rule Γ = Γ 1 + Γ 2 + …, where Γ and Γ j are the total and component energy-dependent resonance widths, is valid only if the component widths Γ j computed separately for each cause of scattering depend linearly on the densities of scatterers. The resonance width Γ I due to the charged impurities at very low electron densities ( $ 10 12 cm −3 ) and at very low temperatures is known to vary in proportion to the square-root of the impurity density. Large deviations from the Matthiessen's rule occur in such a case. The theory is in good quantitative agreement with currently available experimental data. In order to test the generalized form of Matthiessen's rule, however, the high-field resonance experiments around 15 K is desirable where both phonon and impurity scatterings contribute in a comparable manner.
Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of endotoxemic pigs

Abstract We hypothesized that lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid might be produced during endotoxin-induced acute respiratory failure (ARF) observed in young pigs. We used radioimmunoassay (RIA) to determine the presence of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 12-HETE, and 15-HETE in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of saline (n=12)- and endotoxin (n=18)- treated pigs. Endotoxin, infused at 5 μg/kg for 1 hr followed by 2 μg/kg/hr for an average of 3 hrs, caused pulmonary hypertension, a biphasic increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, hypoxemia, bronchoconstriction, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Relative to saline controls, the levels of immunoreactive (i)-5-HETE (816 ± 209 pg/ml), i-12-HETE (1589 ± 517 pg/ml), and i-15-HETE (448 ± 78 pg/ml) were significantly P ) increased in BALF recovered from endotoxemic pigs at postmortem. Relative to control BALF i-HETE concentrations, the endotoxin values were 3.5x, 5.1x, and 2.8x higher for i-5-HETE, i-12-HETE, and i-15-HETE, respectively. We conclude that during porcine endotoxemia, the 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenase pathways are activated and that HETES might be involved in the pathophysiology of endotoxin-induced ARF.
The Global Spread of Environmental Ministries: Domestic–International Interactions

Environmental ministries have become increasingly common, but the determinants of their global spread remain only partially understood. We develop a theory of domestic–international interactions in the global adoption of environmental ministries. We argue that domestic factors can sensitize a country to different types of international influence: foreign pressure, external support for capacity building, and learning effects. Empirically, we examine the global spread of environmental ministries, 1960–2009. We find that countries have strong incentives to establish environmental ministries when they are undergoing a democratic transition and environmental problems are salient at the international level. In other words, the democratization of a country allows international factors to promote the formation of a national environmental ministry. The findings contribute to the study of domestic–international linkages and help understand global trends in environmental governance during a period of unprecedented environmental destruction.
Creating Meaning from Intersections of Career and Cultural Identity.

For Latino students, career development and planning includes the negotiation of family influences, peer expectations, and challenges as they develop career efficacy in work experiences as undergraduates. The model presented here outlines how students can benefit from a holistic perspective on the intersections of career and cultural identity.
Nature conserved in changing landscapes with and without spatial planning

Abstract We use a simple spatial model to illustrate an ecologically optimum sequence of landscape change, evaluate how much ecological difference it makes, and determine if there is a phase during which its use is most effective or important in protecting nature. Compared with a random pattern of vegetation removal, the spatial solution protects five times more area of high ecological value. Equally significant is the better spatial arrangement of vegetation. Using random change as an analogue for lack of planning, we compare different lengths of random change before spatial planning begins. The analysis suggests that spatial planning is most significant in nature conservation when 10–40% of the natural vegetation has been removed from a landscape. We conclude that the few simple patterns and principles presented, combined with a general survey of a landscape area, constitute an important solution to land planning and conservation, especially where detailed ecological data are limited or lacking.
The tilt sensitivity of a grazing incidence confocal unstable resonator with applications to free-electron lasers

The paraxial sensitivity to tilt misalignments of a four-element grazing incidence unstable resonator is calculated in terms of the beam displacement both at the center of a free-electron laser (FEL) wiggler and on the tilted component. A convenient representation of the resonator is made by splitting the diverging elements such that the resonator is modeled as three afocal telescopes. This formulation simplifies the round-trip system matrix and yields terms that are physically meaningful. The grazing incidence resonator is then compared with an equivalent nongrazing incidence two-element resonator. For a tilt misalignment of the small-angle-of-incidence components, the resulting beam displacement at the center of the FEL wiggler is calculated to be equivalent for both types of resonators and is found to be a function of the wavelength, the round-trip magnification, the fractional allowable beam displacement at the center of the FEL wigglers and the beam size On the small-angle-of-incidence components.
Observational Constraints on the Internal Velocity Field of Quasar Emission-Line Clouds

This paper addresses the question, what does the spectrum of a typical quasar reveal about the velocity structure within its broad emission line region clouds? Turbulent (i.e., nonthermal) broadening of spectral lines can be due to macroturbulence or microturbulence. Microturbulence affects line formation and the emitted spectrum and may be required to account for the observed smoothness of the line profiles. The velocity field is crucial since it addresses the fundamental nature of the individual clouds and the global structure of the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) environment. For example, stellar winds or magnetically confined blobs might be highly microturbulent, requiring only a few internally broadened clouds to account for the observed smooth line profiles in AGNs. On the other hand, clouds in pressure confinement would have only thermal line widths, requiring many clouds moving in a large-scale velocity field to achieve the same effect. There are almost no previous studies of the effects of microturbulence, even though the observation that AGN lines are very smooth seems to require additional line broadening mechanisms. We present a broad range of photoionization calculations in which the microturbulence is varied between 0 km s-1 (thermal broadening only) and 104 km s-1, an upper limit set by the observed line width. In general, the line spectrum grows stronger relative to the continuum as turbulence increases. This is because lines more easily escape due to diminished line optical depth and permitted lines are selectively strengthened by continuum pumping. Comparisons with observations reveal two cases. The predicted relative intensities of the majority of the strong lines in typical objects do not depend strongly on the microturbulent field. A turbulence of ~103 km s-1 does not violate observations, but is not required either. However, in the sharp-lined quasars, some lines require a turbulence of the same order as the observed line width to reproduce the spectrum.
Sleep in the moles, Scalopus aquaticus and Condylura cristata

Abstract Polygraphic manifestations of waking and sleep were studied in six Eastern moles ( Scalopus aquaticus ) and one star-nosed mole ( Condylura cristata ). Recordings were made, over periods of 24 or 72 hr, from electrodes chronically implanted in neocortex, hippocampus, neck muscles, and chest wall. Small thermistor beads recorded brain temperature. Five EEG states were distinguished; waking, drowsy, spindle sleep, slow wave sleep, and paradoxical sleep (PS). Sleep accounted for 35.2% of total recording time; PS occupied 25.0% of total sleep time. During sleep PS recurred at an interval of 10.4 min. With a few exceptions possibly related to the mole's underground life, the physiological characteristics of both phases of sleep are typically mammalian. The PS was characterized by neocortical desynchronization, prominent hippocampal theta activity, irregular respiration, brain temperature increase, and myoclonic jerking on a background of neck muscle atonia. The normal appearance and large amounts of PS in this blind or nearly-blind mammal suggest there is no fundamental relationship between PS and visual system functioning.
Finding Small Molecule Ligands for Protein-Protein Interactions and Other “Undruggable” Targets

The central tenant of chemical biology and small-molecule drug discovery is that biology can be manipulated using small, organic compounds. Nevertheless, the known drugs act on only ∼1% of the proteome, and the realm of undrugged targets is vast. Protein complexes occupy much of this realm, yet are widely considered “undruggable” or, at best, “challenging.” Thus, there is an opportunity to greatly expand the range of chemical tools and drugs if we can identify which protein-protein interactions are most amenable to small-molecule interference, and what small-molecule discovery approaches are most likely to yield potent and selective modulators. This presentation will describe some of the outstanding issues and promising advances in tackling protein-protein interactions. For example, we note that many protein interfaces are structurally adaptive, and therefore could have low-energy conformations that are amenable to binding small ligands. Additionally, many enzymes are allosterically regulated by protein complexation, and these protein-protein interfaces are also targets for unconventional enzyme inhibitors.
Defining mental disorder: Tautology in the service of sanity in British mental health legislation

Background: Recently the British government has issued a Draft Mental Health Bill, which offers a definition of mental disorder.Aims: This definition is analysed in logical and empirical terms. It ...
Average seismic source-parameter relations for plate-margin earthquakes☆

Abstract Empirical mb, Ms and Mo data are used to develop an average spectral scaling relation for plate-margin earthquakes. Using equations based upon a rectangular, bilateral dislocation model with uniform rupture velocity, the spectra give values of fault rupture length and width, static stress drop and average fault displacement as a function of mb, Ms and Mo. Compared to mid-plate earthquakes of the same seismic moment, the large average plate-margin earthquake has a bigger rupture length, rupture area and average fault displacement and a smaller rupture width and static stress drop.
Ephedra-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury.

In this case report we detail the difficult case of a 74-year-old male patient who was transferred to our cardiac intensive care unit in severe shock with an acute abdomen. His abdomen was emergently
Deposition and release kinetics of nano-TiO2 in saturated porous media: Effects of solution ionic strength and surfactants

The aggregation, transport and deposition kinetics (i.e. attachment and release) of TiO(2) nanoparticles (nano-TiO(2)) were investigated as a function of ionic strength and the presence of anionic (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, SDBS) and non-ionic (Triton X-100) surfactants in 100% critical micelle concentration (CMC). The electrolyte concentration of the suspensions dictated the kinetic stability of nano-TiO(2) thus influencing the transport and retention of the nanoaggregates in the saturated porous medium. With increasing ionic strength, the interaction between approaching nano-TiO(2) and nano-TiO(2) already deposited onto collectors surfaces seemed to be more favorable than the interaction between approaching nano-TiO(2) and bare collectors surfaces. The abrupt and gradual reduction in electrolyte concentration during the flushing cycles of the column experiments induced the release of previously deposited nano-TiO(2) suggesting attachment of nano-TiO(2) through secondary energy minimum.
Magma mixing in the acidic-basic complex of Ardnamurchan: Implications on the evolution of shallow magma chambers

The Ardnamurchan net-veined complex consists of three rock types: a porphyritic mafic rock, an aphyric intermediate rock and a silicic rock. Pillows of mafic and intermediate rock are included in the silicic rock and contain crenulated and some chilled margins. Liquid-liquid relationships are inferred for these three magmas. The trace element data, using ratio-ratio plots, are consistent with magma mixing being the dominant process and are inconsistent with any process that is dominated by crystal fractionation or melting. The major element data, using multiple linear regression techniques, are consistent with magma mixing of high-silica silicic magma and primitive mafic magma, along with about 35 percent crystal fractionation to form the intermediate rock type. All of the data taken together are consistent with a magma mixing model with some fractionation to produce the variation observed. The simplest model is that a fractionating basaltic magma comes into contact with a silicic magma and limited mixing produces the intermediate magma. This net-veined complex may be the only evidence available for interaction of mafic and silicic melts that occurred in the Ardnamurchan high-level magma chamber before the silicic magma was lost to eruptive and surface processes. In general the chemical and field relationships are consistent with Smith's model for the evolution of high-level, magma chambers.
Prediction of angular and mass distribution in meltblown polymer lay-down

Abstract Predictions of the properties of meltblown polymer nonwovens require knowledge of the angular fiber distribution in lay-down, as well as the deposited mass distribution. In the present work these two important characteristics are predicted using our previously developed model describing multiple three-dimensional viscoelastic polymer jets in meltblowing and their deposition onto a moving screen normal to the blowing direction. The results are important for predictions of strength of meltblown nonwovens.