cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-Cost System Architecture Solutions for Small Unmanned Aircraft Traffic Management

As commercial and hobbyist interest in small, unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) grows, traffic density in our low-altitude airspace is rapidly increasing. With many of these vehicles providing the human operator knowledge of their location through line-of-sight observation, often without integrated collision avoidance technology, sUAS are presenting an increasing concern for the safety and security of individuals on the ground below, as well as all air vehicles in low altitude airspace. Government, industry partners, and academia have collaborated for the past decade to develop an understanding and potential solutions to the communication deficiencies between sUAS operators, air traffic controllers, and air vehicles. These activities have paved the way for dramatic innovation to overcome the deficiencies in situation awareness of sUAS operators and air traffic controllers with regard to proximity operations of sUAS with each other, ground-based obstacles and potentially manned aircraft. This research has proposed system architectures based upon the needs of government and commercial entities. Simultaneously, the hobbyist community has also recognized this problem and began developing competitive technologies consistent with their perceived needs. These solutions vary along multiple dimensions, including safety, security, and cost. This paper will employ Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to perform an architectural analysis of technologies related to the emerging solution set with the goal of uncovering a promising architecture solution for the future of UAS traffic management (UTM) which provides the potential for an integrated solution between these communities.
“White, Tall, Top, Masculine, Muscular”: Narratives of Intracommunity Stigma in Young Sexual Minority Men’s Experience on Mobile Apps

What forms of intracommunity stigma do young sexual minority men narrate as they participate in communities through mobile apps? In a content analysis of 32 interviews with a racially diverse sample of young sexual minority men (ages 19-25; 84.4% non-White) from four regions of the USA, a majority of men (62.5%) spontaneously discussed mobile apps (e.g., Grindr, Scruff) when asked about their experience of community more broadly. Men's narratives revealed engagement with intracommunity stigma related to body size, race/ethnicity, gender expression, and sexual position (e.g., bottom). Stigma related to HIV status, substance use, and social class were not spontaneously narrated in response to questions about men's experience in communities. Expressions of stigma were frequently experienced intersectionally, particularly regarding racialized stereotype expectations (e.g., "Asian men are twinks, effeminate"). We discuss the ways in which sexual minority men reproduce dominant ideologies related to racism, misogyny, and masculine body ideals as they engage with one another on mobile apps. To the extent that many young men rely on mobile apps for community connection, their experiences of community might serve to exacerbate, rather than ameliorate, the deleterious impact of stigma.
Optimal Monetary Policy with the Cost Channel and Monopolistically-Competitive Bank

This paper studies the optimal nominal policy interest rate in a model with the cost channel and imperfect competition in the banking sector. Due to this market power, the interest rate on deposits is relatively low; in particular it is lower than the policy interest rate. This, in turn, leads to a suboptimal level of deposits and, as a result, to a low level of intermediation. Deviations from the Friedman Rule are optimal in this setup regardless of the assumption about price rigidity; since households can hold their assets in the form of cash or deposits, taxing money, which is an imperfect substitute for deposits, is optimal in order to increase the level of deposits and encourage intermediation. They main results of the paper are robust to the introduction of market power in the loan market as well as stickiness in both the deposit and the loan markets.
Chapter 23 – Integrated Optics

This chapter discusses the use of devices based on semiconductor materials. It reviews some of the materials and techniques that are involved in integrated optics. “Integrated optics” refers to a variety of techniques that have been employed to produce compact optical circuitry. It employs the waveguide transmission of light. Light can propagate in a medium that has higher index of refraction than the surrounding material. The propagation can have low loss. The ability of light to propagate as a trapped wave in a waveguide is one of the central foundations of the integrated optics. Other circuit devices, such as lasers, modulators, and detectors, can be fabricated in the same material as the waveguide, and can couple directly into the waveguide. The dimensions of the waveguide and the associated devices can be very small, so that many devices can be packed closely. The integrated optics offer advantages of freedom from variations and losses in the atmosphere. It also offers savings in the size and cost.
Effect of MPTP on dopamine metabolism in ames dwarf mice

Hypopituitary dwarf mice exhibit a heightened antioxidative capacity and live extensively longer than age-matched controls. Importantly, dwarf mice resist peripheral oxidative stress induced by paraquat, and behaviorally, they maintain cognitive function and locomotor activity at levels above those observed in old wild-type animals. We assessed monoaminergic neurotransmitters in nigrostriatal tract and cerebellum after the administration of the dopaminergic neurotoxin, MPTP. There was no significant change in mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B and total MAO activity in the substantia nigra and nucleus caudatus putamen of wild-type and dwarf mice. Coenzymes Q-9 and Q-10 were present in similar quantities, as were dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin levels in the cerebellum and nigrostriatal tract. MPTP set off tremor, hind limb abduction, and straub tail behavior and induced significant dopamine depletion in the striatum of both dwarf and normal mice. This study shows that the MAO activity and the coenzyme content of dwarf mice are similar to those of their wild-type controls and hence susceptible to MPTP-induced toxicity.
Gender Attitudes: Infertility

Because parenthood is typically more central to women's identity than to men's, the effects of infertility on identity are more severe for women. Nonetheless, men suffer from infertility also. It is important to move beyond the question of whose infertility is “worse” and begin to discuss how women's and men's experiences differ. Women experience infertility as a direct blow to self-identity, whereas men experience infertility indirectly through the effect it has on their partners. Because fertility is so central to women's identities in developing countries, the gendered nature of the experience of infertility may be more striking in such societies. Keywords: gender; illness behavior; medicalization; stigma
Respect And Care: Toward Moral Integration

In her provocative discussion of the challenge posed to the traditional impartialist, justice-focused conception of morality by the new-wave care perspective in ethics, Annette Baier calls for 'a "marriage" of the old male and newly articulated female ... moral wisdom/ to produce a new 'cooperative' moral theory that 'harmonize[s] justice and care.'2 1 want in this paper to play matchmaker, proposing one possible conjugal bonding: a union of two apparently dissimilar modes of what Nel
Electromagnetic methods for measuring materials properties of cylindrical rods and array probes for rapid flaw inspection

The case-hardening process modifies the near-surface permeability and conductivity of steel, as can be observed through changes in alternating current potential drop (ACPD) along a rod. In order to evaluate case depth of case hardened steel rods, analytical expressions are derived for the alternating current potential drop on the surface of a homogeneous rod, a two-layered and a three-layered rod. The case-hardened rod is first modeled by a two-layer rod that has a homogeneous substrate with a single, uniformly thick, homogeneous surface layer, in which the conductivity and permeability values differ from those in the substrate. By fitting model results to multi-frequency ACPD experimental data, estimates of conductivity, permeability and case depth are found. Although the estimated case depth by the two-layer model is in reasonable agreement with the effective case depth from the hardness profile, it is consistently higher than the effective case depth. This led to the development of the three-layer model. It is anticipated that the new three-layered model will improve the results and thus makes the ACPD method a novel technique in nondestructive measurement of case depth. Another way to evaluate case depth of a case hardened steel rod is to use induction coils. Integral formmore » solutions for an infinite rod encircled by a coaxial coil are well known, but for a finite length conductor, additional boundary conditions must be satisfied at the ends. In this work, calculations of eddy currents are performed for a two-layer conducting rod of finite length excited by a coaxial circular coil carrying an alternating current. The solution is found using the truncated region eigenfunction expansion (TREE) method. By truncating the solution region to a finite length in the axial direction, the magnetic vector potential can be expressed as a series expansion of orthogonal eigenfunctions instead of as a Fourier integral. Closed-form expressions are derived for the electromagnetic field in the presence of a finite a two-layer rod and a conductive tube. The results are in very good agreement with those obtained by using a 2D finite element code. In the third part, a new probe technology with enhanced flaw detection capability is described. The new probe can reduce inspection time through the use of multiple Hall sensors. A prototype Hall array probe has been built and tested with eight individual Hall sensor ICs and a racetrack coil. Electronic hardware was developed to interface the probes to an oscilloscope or an eddy current instrument. To achieve high spatial resolution and to limit the overall probe size, high-sensitivity Hall sensor arrays were fabricated directly on a wafer using photolithographic techniques and then mounted in their unencapsulated form. The electronic hardware was then updated to interface the new probes to a laptop computer.« less
Falling Sphere Measurements, 30 to 120 Km

Various versions of the falling sphere experiment have been used since 1952. Spheres equipped with sensitive accelerometers and passive, radar-tracked, inflated spheres are discussed. Soundings with the latter system are more prevalent and are discussed in some detail. With the best radars, density is measured to 120 km and winds to 70 km. Problems have to do with the effects of vertical wind, anomalous aerodynamic flow and loss of inflation gas. Flight comparisons with grenades, bead thermistors and mass spectrometers are discussed. Results from falling sphere soundings have been used for constructing profiles of model atmospheres, for a tropical survey in all seasons, and for studies of an explosive stratospheric warming, Southern Hemisphere circulation, the fine thermal structure of the mesopause, and the vertical scale of stratospheric and mesospheric winds.
Apparent molar volumes of aqueous calcium chloride to 250°C, 400 bars, and from molalities of 0.242 to 6.150

Relative densities of CaCl2(aq) with 0.22≤ml(mol-kg−1)≤6.150 were measured with vibrating- tube densimeters between 25 and 250°C and near 70 and 400 bars. Apparent molar volumes VΦ calculated from the measured density differences were represented with the Pitzer ioninteraction treatment, with appropriate expressions chosen for the temperature and pressure dependence of the virial coefficients of the model. It was found that the partial molar volume at infinite dilution VΦo, and the second and third virial coefficients BV and CV, were necessary to represent VΦ near the estimated experimental uncertainty. The ionic-strength dependent β(1)v term in the BV coefficient was included in the fit. The representation for VΦ has been integrated with respect to pressure to establish the pressure dependence of excess free energies over the temperature range studied. The volumetric data indicate that the logarithm of the mean ionic activity coefficient, ln γ±(CaCl2), increases by a maximum of 0.3 at 400 bars, 250°C, and 6 mol-kg−1 as compared with its value at saturation pressure.
SOME RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF A CEMETERY STUDY

(1966). SOME RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF A CEMETERY STUDY. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 201-207.
Sorption and Intraparticle Diffusion of Fluorescent Dyes with Consolidated Aquifer Media

Sorption of two fluorescent dyes (fluorescein and sulforhodamine B) was evaluated with two oppositely charged, consolidated aquifer materials (sandstone and limestone). Fluorescein, which has an anionic carboxylic group, experienced negligible sorption onto negatively charged sandstone and sorbed much less than sulforhodamine B, with its two sulfonic groups, onto positively charged limestone. The cationic charge on sulforhodamine B caused it to adsorb onto negatively charged sandstone. These results validate and extend previous research with pure mineral surfaces (alumina and silica). Sorption kinetic rates decreased with increasing particle size, which is consistent with diffusion-limited intraparticle sorption. Tortuosity factors were determined by fitting a diffusion -limited intraparticle sorption model to kinetic data for one particle size (all other parameters being determined independently). This tortuosity factor, which was consistent with Archie's law-based estimates and other independently determined parameters, was subsequently used to predict kinetic adsorption results for a second particle size. Close agreement between experimental data and model predictions corroborated intraparticle diffusion-limited sorption as an important process. Diffusion-limited sorption can impact dye transport in unconsolidated grains having internal porosity or consolidated or fractured media having dual porosity. These results thus demonstrate the importance of understanding both the equilibrium and kinetics of dye sorption when designing and interpreting tracer studies.
Development and validation of the Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT)

Background Low literacy and numeracy skills are common. Adequate numeracy skills are crucial in the management of diabetes. Diabetes patients use numeracy skills to interpret glucose meters, administer medications, follow dietary guidelines and other tasks. Existing literacy scales may not be adequate to assess numeracy skills. This paper describes the development and psychometric properties of the Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT), the first scale to specifically measure numeracy skills used in diabetes.
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Selected Biological Materials

Mineralized biological tissues offer insight into how nature has evolved these components to optimize multifunctional purposes. These mineral constituents are weak by themselves, but interact with the organic matrix to produce materials with unexpected mechanical properties. The hierarchical structure of these materials is at the crux of this enhancement. Microstructural features such as organized, layered organic/inorganic structures and the presence of porous and fibrous elements are common in many biological components. The organic and inorganic portions interact at the molecular and micro-levels synergistically to enhance the mechanical function. In this paper, we report on recent progress on studies of the abalone and Araguaia river clam shells, arthropod exoskeletons, antlers, tusks, teeth and bird beaks.
Solving the Problem of Easy Knowledge

Stewart Cohen argues that several epistemological theories fall victim to the problem of easy knowledge: they allow us to know far too easily that certain sceptical hypotheses are false and that how things seem is a reliable indicator of how they are. This problem is a result of the theories' interaction with an epistemic closure principle. Cohen suggests that the theories should be modified. I argue that attempts to solve the problem should focus on closure instead; a new and plausible epistemic closure principle can solve the problem of easy knowledge. My solution offers a uniform and more successful response to different versions of the problem of easy knowledge.
Blood Omega-3 and Trans Fatty Acids in Middle-Aged Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients

We tested the hypothesis that lower blood omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) and/or higher trans FAs are associated with the risk of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Higher levels of ω-3 FA have been associated with decreased risk of sudden cardiac death. However, their association with ACS risk is unclear. Although higher self-reported intakes of trans FAs have been linked to increased coronary risk, the association between blood levels of trans FA and ACS risk is also unknown. We analyzed the FA composition of whole blood from 94 subjects with ACS and 94 age-, gender-, and race-matched controls. Omega-3 and trans FA associations with ACS were assessed using multivariable models after adjusting for smoking status, alcohol use, diabetes, body mass index, serum lipids, and history of myocardial infarction or revascularization. Subjects’ mean age was 47 years, 54% were men, and 80% were Caucasian. Whole blood long-chain ω-3 FA (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] plus docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) content was 29% lower in patients than in controls (1.7 ± 0.9% vs 2.4 ± 1.4%, p
2-Carbomethoxycyclopentenone as a synthon. synthesis of sarkomycin☆

Abstract The first regiospecific synthesis of sarkomycin (II), a compound active against ascites-type tumors, is reported. Treatment of 2-carbomythoxycyclopentenone (I) with Et 2 AlCN generated the carbon skeleton; aelective functional group manipulations then gave the keto lactone X and the protected hydroxy acid XI; and mild acid treatment of these led to sarkomycin.
Removal of trichloroethylene from soil using the hydration of calcium oxide.

Abstract Quicklime addition to soil at a remediation site was observed to sufficiently reduce TCE levels, but the cause of the removal could not be confirmed with the field data collected. Potential mechanisms for CaO treatment of trichloroethylene (TCE) in soil include degradation and volatilization. Since earlier studies found TCE degradation to occur during the hydration of CaO under conditions where volatilization was limited, research was conducted on mechanisms of TCE removal from soil by CaO application under conditions where volatilization was allowed to occur. TCE volatilization in soil treated with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% CaO doses was measured in experiments where the degree of volatilization could be tracked. The total TCE removal from soil spiked with TCE at CaO doses from 5% to 20% ranged from 97% to 99% of the initial TCE mass. Volatilization accounted for 64.4–92.5% of the TCE removal, with unrecovered TCE and TCE degradation accounting for the remaining fraction. The greater heat encountered with higher CaO doses helped minimize obstacles to TCE volatilization, such as high soil organic and clay content. Treatment with a 20% CaO dose, however, led to the formation of byproducts such as dichloroacetylene. TCE degradation to dichloroacetylene at the 20% CaO dose ranged from 2.7% to 6.4% of the initial TCE. Volatilization was concluded to be the dominant process for TCE removal from soil during CaO treatment.
Intermediate-mass Higgs boson at hadron supercolliders.

We study the inclusive production at future hadron supercolliders of the standard-model Higgs boson in the intermediate-mass region ({ital M}{sub {ital W}}{approx lt}{ital M}{sub {ital H}}{approx lt}2{ital M}{sub {ital Z}}) and its subsequent decay into two virtual {ital W} bosons that decay leptonically. Backgrounds from continuum {ital W} pair production and from top-quark pair production with semileptonic decays are investigated. We conclude that the Higgs-boson signal may be observed via the decay {ital H}{r arrow}{ital W}{sup *}{ital W*}{r arrow}({ital l}{bar {nu}}{sub {ital l}})({ital {bar l}}{prime}{nu}{sub {ital l}{prime}}) at the Superconducting Super Collider for 145 GeV{lt}{ital M}{sub {ital H}}{approx lt}2{ital M}{sub {ital Z}} if {ital m}{sub {ital t}}{gt}150 GeV. Here {ital W}{sup *} denotes an on- or off-shell {ital W} boson.
An Investigation of Symptoms Predating CFS Onset

The Fukuda et al. (1994) criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) specifies that a symptom can only be included within a diagnosis if it is experienced concurrently or following the onset of fatigue. In order to investigate this issue, participants provided information on persisting symptoms (lasting greater than six months) and whether those symptoms occurred prior to, concurrently, or following the onset of their fatigue. More symptoms were experienced after the fatigue onset than prior to the fatigue onset; however, a considerable number of participants reported experiencing persisting symptoms prior to the onset of CFS. Particularly, rates of hay fever and asthma were higher prior to the illness. Investigating symptoms prior to the onset of the illness might provide investigators with ways to better understand the etiology of this illness.
Flow visualization via laser-induced reflection from bubble sheets

THE structure of steady and unsteady aerodynamic flows can be characterized by generating fluid markers at desired locations in the flow and tracking them in threedimensional space. The hydrogen bubble technique allows localized injection of both continuous and interrupted fluid markers. Its advantages and limitations are described in the works of Schraub et al. 1 and Lusseyran and Rockwell.2 The technique described herein employs multiple sheets of hydrogen bubbles in conjunction with laser sheet illumination. Arbitrary cross sections of the unsteady flow past an oscillating delta wing can be characterized. By using a phase-referencing technique, it is possible to relate the visualization at various cross sections along the wing at a given value of instantaneous angle of attack. Contents Experiments were performed in a transparent (Plexiglas) water channel having a cross section of 914 mm (wide) by 604 mm (deep). The sweep angle of the delta wing was X = 75 deg; its chord was C= 143 mm, and the corresponding Reynolds number was (700C/y = 3.8 x 10 4. The flow structure of the upper, flat surface of the wing was visualized; the lower surface of the wing was machined at a bevel angle of 15 deg. In order to minimize spurious reflections of the laser sheet, the surface of the wing was machined to a finish of one micron. The wing system was forced in the pitching mode about its trailing edge using an integrated active control system, which allows simultaneous control of the wing position, generation of marker bubbles, and movement of the laser sheet, as described by Magness3 and Utsch.4 Also described therein are the laser system, related optics, and the scanning mirror used to generate the laser sheet. In essence, a 2-W argon-ion laser beam was swept at a frequency of 500 cycles/s across the flow in order to generate the laser sheet. Figure 1 shows the conceptual diagram of the experimental system. A grid of intersecting hydrogen bubble sheets, or in this case an array of horizontal bubble sheets, is generated upstream of the delta wing in the undisturbed freestream. As the bubble sheets pass the wing, they are distorted in accord with the three-dimensional flow structure. The distorted cross section of the flow is visualized by the scanning lasersheet, which is transmitted through the optically transparent wing. An end view of the visualized cross section of the flow is obtained by reflecting the image from a mirror; it is located sufficiently far downstream such that there is no interference with the upstream flow structure. Flow visualization images are recorded on a high-speed (120 frames/s) Instar video system by Videologic Corporation.
A Problem in Geometrical Probability

(1970). A Problem in Geometrical Probability. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 237-244.
Faculty to faculty incivility: Experiences of novice nurse faculty in academia

Academic incivility creates a challenging work environment for nursing faculty. Understanding the concept of faculty-to-faculty incivility may enlighten faculty regarding appropriate interpersonal relationships, assist in alleviating uncivil behavior, and improve the likelihood that faculty will remain in nursing education, potentially easing the current nursing faculty shortage. The primary purpose of this study was to describe novice nurse faculty members' lived experiences of faculty-to-faculty incivility. A second purpose was to describe and understand how incivility influences faculty decision to remain in nursing academia. A hermeneutical phenomenological approach was selected to uncover the lived experience. A purposive sample of eight novice nursing faculty, those with less than 5 years of experience, was obtained via e-mail recruitment from mid-Atlantic college Web sites. Five themes and 7 subthemes emerged. Among the findings were sensing rejection, employing behaviors to cope with uncivil colleagues, sensing others wanted novice faculty to fail, sensing a possessiveness of territory from senior faculty, and struggling with the decision to remain in the faculty position. This study is significant in that understanding of faculty-to-faculty incivility adds insight and an increased sensitivity related to uncivil interactions and may contribute to the design of evidence-based interventions supporting increased collegiality that fosters an environment conducive for the recruitment and retention of faculty.
The Theology of the Body and Modern Medicine: Informing the Practice of Healing

Abstract We will draw upon John Paul II's view of the human person as developed in his Theology of the Body , to introduce a perspective on medicine viewed in its essence as a healing of the body-person, with a special emphasis on the human person's dignity. At the center of this healing activity is the relationship between the healer and patient. The specific question we attempt to answer is "How does the Theology of the Body inform the physician, or more broadly, one who within the health-care world cares for the sick and suffering?"
Potent immunosuppressive effects of heterologous antiimmunoglobulin serum

AIS has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of B-cell function, suppressing E. Coli plaque formation when given up to 3 days before or 3 days after antigen administration, and inhibiting hemolysin-coated SRBC rosette formation. Further, AIS inhibits T-lymphocyte function in vitro as demonstrated by suppression of both SRBC plaque and rosette formation. A single dose of AIS increases the survival of first set skin allografts from 12.4 to 18.4 days, and second set skin allografts from 7.2 to 12.4 days. It is likely, but by no means certain, that the effectiveness of AIS involves interference with those surface immunoglobulins which act as antigen receptors. Since there is increasing evidence that humoral immunity has a role in transplant rejection, and that even cellular immunity might depend on activation of immunoglobulin-like surface receptors, AIS may be of value as a clinical immunosuppressant.
Effects of ethidium bromide and acriflavine on streptomycin production by Streptomyces bikiniensis.

The treatment of Streptomyces bikiniensis with ethidium bromide or acriflavine resulted in the loss of the ability to produce streptomycin in 2-16% of the colonies isolated from the treated spores. These isolates had also lost their resistance to streptomycin. Treatment with the dyes caused partial to total loss of the ability to produce aerial mycelium by S. biki-niensis, but the isolates regained this ability upon repeated transfer to fresh medium. The dyes did not appear to effect pigment production by S. bikiniensis.
Anisotropic anharmonicity of lattice and molecular vibrations of 1,2,4,5‐tetrabromobenzene determined by piezomodulated Raman spectroscopy

Strain‐induced coupling constants for the anharmonicity of Raman‐active lattice and certain molecular modes of vibration in 1,2,4,5‐tetrabromobenzene (TBB) crystals have been determined using piezomodulated Raman spectroscopy. These constants, which are directly related to the first anharmonic term in the potential energy expansion for lattice dynamical calculations, are a quantitative measurement of the modal anharmonicities in the TBB molecular crystal. Application of uniaxial stress in the experiments permits the anisotropy of the anharmonicity to be determined as well as its magnitude. The TBB lattice modes are significantly coupled by the induced strains and the effects of coupling were observed to be dependent on the direction and symmetry of the strains. The molecular modes investigated were, by comparison, less coupled by the acoustic phonons and generally exhibited less anharmonic response with increasing frequency.
Coupled lasers asymptotics

Models of coupled lasers are investigated by exploring new asymptotic limits. The class B limit is based on the fact that the decay rate of the cavity is much larger than that of the inversion. By reformulating the laser equations as a weakly perturbed conservative system of equations, we may apply perturbation techniques appropriate for nonlinear oscillators. We illustrate the method by studying the bifurcation diagram of two coupled solid state lasers and determine conditions for a period doubling bifurcation. Semiconductor lasers are also class B lasers but, in addition, the normalized excess pump current is a small parameter. By taking this feature into account, we propose a new asymptotic analysis of the equations for an arbitrary number of coupled lasers. The leading order solution is then a linear combination of supermodes solutions.
Effects of gamma radiation on the OM431 human ocular melanoma cell line

In order to determine the dose responsiveness to radiation of ocular melanoma, we conducted an in vitro dose-response study on a monolayer cell culture using a clonogenic assay. The effects on cell survival were determined relative to unirradiated controls. A human epithelioid ocular melanoma cell line, OM431, was maintained in tissue culture and serial dilutions of viable cells were plated in flasks, allowed to settle and attach for 48 h, and subsequently irradiated with 1-10 Gy in single fractions. After 2 weeks, the number of reproducing clones (forming colonies with greater than 32 cells or five generations) were counted. The surviving fractions of cells were plotted on a cell survival curve using the linear quadratic model. The survival curve showed a large initial shoulder followed by an exponential decline in growth. Our data suggest that the OM431 ocular melanoma cell line responds to irradiation in a manner similar to other melanoma cell lines and is relatively radioresistant especially at lower doses.
Educating Citizens in a Post 9/11 Era: Rebuilding Community in Civil Society

In attempting to develop approaches to fostering in young people greater participation in civic society, both nationally and internationally, educators and those with an interest and commitment to citizenship education face enormous challenges. Educators are working within contexts where the politicization of the curriculum and the promotion of simple solutions to complex global problems have the potential not to promote democratic participation but to undermine it. This paper explores the development of a multidimensional approach to citizenship education as a way of reclaiming a sense of community, nationally and internationally. Against the background of the terrorist attack on the USA in September 2001, the paper presents findings from three international studies on citizenship education which lead to the presentation of a model for multidimensional citizenship which challenges narrow, nationalistic approaches to dealing with global issues and suggests that what is necessary is an approach to citizens...
Ethylene signaling is required for the acceleration of cell death induced by the activation of AtMEK5 in Arabidopsis.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in the regulation of plant growth, development and responses to a wide variety of stimuli. In a conditional gain-of-function transgenic system, the activation of AtMEK5, a MAPK kinase, can in turn activate endogenous AtMAPK3 and AtMAPK6, and can lead to a striking increase in ethylene production and induce hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death in Arabidopsis. However, the role of the increased ethylene production in regulating this HR-like cell death remains unknown. Using Arabidopsis transgenic plants that express AtMEK5DD, an active mutant of AtMEK5 that is under the control of a steroid-inducible promoter, we tested the contribution of ethylene to cell death. We found that ethylene biosynthesis occurs before cell death. Cell death was delayed by inhibiting AtMEK5-induced ethylene production using inhibitors of ACC-synthases, ACC-oxidases or ethylene receptors. In the mutants AtMEK5DD/etr1-1 and AtMEK5DD/ein2-1, both of which showed insensitivity to ethylene, the expression of AtMEK5DD protein, activity of AtMAPK3 and AtMAPK6, and ethylene production were the same as those seen in AtMEK5DD transgenic plants, but cell death was also delayed. These data suggest that ethylene signaling perception is required to accelerate cell death that is induced by AtMEK5 activation.
COMMENTARY: A Conservation Health Program in Indonesian Borneo: Lessons Learned

This commentary provides a synopsis and evaluation of the Kelay Conservation Health Program (KCHP) and “lessons learned” through the program that may be applicable to other conservation projects. The KCHP is an example of a collaboration of multiple stakeholders (university, non-governmental organization, and local government) that uses medicine in the service of conservation. The program site in Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan) is noted for its exceptionally high biodiversity value, with a human population whose health and well-being are deeply linked to the rainforest ecosystem. The KCHP has a dual agenda: (1) to improve health for local people, and (2) to allow more effective conservation of critical rainforest habitat. As such, it is a unique example of a conservation agency collaborating with a government health department to improve health and healthcare for people living in a conservation target area. A comprehensive evaluation indicated that the program has had significant positive impacts on both health and conservation in the area it serves, at a total cost of about $62,500 (USD). The KCHP has allowed an international conservation organization to further its orangutan conservation goals while addressing human needs in the conservation area. Environmental Practice 10:20–28 (2008)
Perceived contrastive stress production in hearing-impaired and normal-hearing children.

Contrastive stress production patterns of 20 moderate-to-severely hearing-impaired children, aged 4:5–18:2 (years:months), were compared with those of 20 normal-hearing children, aged 3:7–6:7. The ...
Impact of the Developmental Appropriateness of Teacher Guidance Strategies on Kindergarten Children's Interpersonal Relations.

Abstract This initial study explored the social behaviors of kindergarten children in two classrooms (one developmentally appropriate, one developmentally inappropriate) where the teacher used either positive or negative guidance strategies. Six pairs of kindergartners–three dyads (boy-boy, girl-girl, boy-girl) from a classroom in which the teacher used positive guidance strategies and three from a classroom where the teacher used negative guidance strategies–were observed while playing in a researcher-designed play center. Observations over a three-month period revealed an increase in positive social behaviors among children from the positive guidance classroom and a decrease in positive social behaviors among children from the negative guidance classroom. Implications are discussed.
Rare earth element geochemistry of groundwater in the Palouse Basin, northern Idaho–eastern Washington

Concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) were determined in groundwaters from the Palouse Basin, located in northern Idaho and eastern Washington. Samples were taken from wells and springs tapping waters in four different rock units: loess, Wanapum Basalt, Grande Ronde Basalt, and Moscow Mountain Granite. In general, unfiltered aliquots of the waters had higher concentrations of REE than those filtered through a 0.45 μm filter, sometimes by several orders of magnitude, indicating the presence of REE as suspended particles or large colloids. Overall REE concentrations in the waters decrease, and the unfiltered and filtered aliquots become more similar in concentration, with increasing depth within the stratigraphic section (i.e. loess → Wanapum → Grande Ronde). There are some distinctions in NASC (North American Shale Composite)-normalized REE patterns among the four groups of waters, but there is considerable variation among the waters within each group. When normalized to their host rocks, most filtered and many unfiltered aliquots of groundwaters from all four units show depletion of the LREE relative to the HREE. The results are consistent with a model in which meteoric water enters the basalt aquifers via the loess, picking up a heavy particulate and some dissolved REE load, followed by infiltration downward through the units. While moving downwards, the waters are subjected to natural filtration processes in which the particulate REE are largely removed.
Where did all the arguments go?: argument-changing properties of classifiers in asl

This paper presents an analysis of American Sign Language (ASL) classifiers from a syntactic and morphophonological point of view, and addresses issues related to (1) the ways that classifiers can participate in expressing argument structure alternations – in particular, the transitive–intransitive and the unergative-unaccusative alternations in a morpho-syntactic way; and (2) the ways that 'productivity' within classifier systems can be formalized morpho-phonemically. For ASL classifiers, we claim that there are two basic syntactic types those that are associated with the internal argument and those that are associated with an external agentive argument. We claim that classifiers project syntactically as (functional) heads and that they determine the status (as external or internal) of the argument that lands in their Spec. We identify a discrete agentive morpheme in ASL classifier constructions, on phonological and syntactic grounds, a morpheme which is responsible for the agentive readings in two types of classifiers. The phonological representation needed to express this morpheme expands the range of possibilities of templates used in prosodic morphology. This paper contributes to general linguistic theory in providing support for a (morpho-)syntactic analysis of argument structure alternations and in demonstrating how morphological templates can be used to account for the relation between morphological and phonological form in ASL classifiers.
Recurrent myocardial infarctions in a young football player secondary to thrombophilia, associated with elevated factor VIII activity

Myocardial infarction (MI) due to coronary atherosclerosis in young adults is uncommon; rare causes such as cocaine abuse, arterial dissection, and thromboembolism should be considered. A 21-year-old football player, and otherwise healthy African American man, developed chest pain during exercise while bench-pressing 400 lbs. Acute MI was diagnosed based on physical examination, electrocardiography findings, and elevated cardiac enzymes. Coronary arteriography showed a thrombus occluding the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD). Aggressive antiplatelet therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel, and eptifibatide was pursued, in addition to standard post-MI care. This led to the successful resolution of symptoms and dissolution of the thrombus, demonstrated by repeat coronary arteriography. Five months later, he presented with similar symptoms during exercise after lifting heavy weights, and was found to have another acute MI. Coronary arteriography again showed a thrombus occluding the LAD. No evidence of coronary artery dissection or vasospasm was found. Only mild atherosclerotic plaque burden was observed on both occasions by intravascular ultrasound. A bare metal stent was placed at the site as it was thought this site had acted as a nidus for small plaque rupture and thrombus formation. Elevated serum factor VIII activity at 205% (reference range 60%-140%) was found, a rare cause of hypercoagulability. Further workup revealed a patent foramen ovale during a Valsalva maneuver by transesophageal echocardiography. Both events occurred during weight lifting, which can transiently increase right heart pressure in a similar way to the Valsalva maneuver. In light of all the findings, we concluded that an exercise-related increase in factor VIII activity led to coronary arterial thrombosis in the presence of a small ruptured plaque. Alternatively, venous clots may have traversed the patent foramen ovale and occluded the LAD. In addition to continuing aggressive risk factor modification, anticoagulation therapy with warfarin was initiated with close follow-up.
Polarization Scrambling by Optical Windows Used for Light Scattering Experiments at High Pressures

Polarization scrambling by high pressure cell windows as a function of pressure up to 2 kbar has been measured for two window materials and two sizes of plug apertures. Measured scrambling was about 1% for quartz, 0.5% for float glass, and decreased with decreasing aperture size. The amount of scrambling decreased significantly with time when the cell was left pressurized. A qualitative explanation of the results, based on changes in the P44 Pockels coefficient with pressure is given.
Invertible liftings of measurable transformations

A relatively simple construction is given to show that, under mild hypotheses, a given measurable nonsingular surjection of a measure spaceS onto a measure spaceS′ can be lifted to an invertible (injective) one,θ, between larger measure spaces; and in the endomorphic case (in whichS=S′) the transformationθ can also be made an endomorphism.
Green Tea Protects Against Psoralen Plus Ultraviolet A-Induced Photochemical Damage to Skin1

The use of psoralens combined with exposure to ultraviolet A radiation is a major form of treatment for psoriasis and a number of other common skin diseases. Although psoralen plus ultraviolet A treatment is highly effective, careful follow-up cohort studies have shown that it greatly increases risk for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Strategies to reduce the risk of cancer development in psoralen plus ultraviolet A-treated populations are highly desirable. In prior studies, we demonstrated that green tea and constituent polyphenols protect against ultraviolet B-induced carcinogenesis and reduce the growth rate of established tumors in skin. In this study, we show that pre- and post-treatment with standardized green tea extract in psoralen plus ultraviolet A treatment populations abrogates the psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced photochemical damage to skin. Intact mouse and human skin and reconstituted human skin were employed to assess the effect of both topical and oral administration of standardized green tea extract against psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced photodamage. Oral administration of standardized green tea extract prior to and during multiple psoralen plus ultraviolet A treatments reduced hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis in murine skin. Standardized green tea extract treatment also inhibited accumulation of c- fos and p53 protein induction following a single exposure to psoralen plus ultraviolet A. c- fos and p53 positive cells in psoralen plus ultraviolet A-treated skin were found to be increased by 55.4 ± 13.6% and 62.3 ± 10.5%, respectively, compared with saline-treated unexposed control skin. Oral administration of 0.4 or 0.8% standardized green tea extract inhibited c- fos protein accumulation by 18.5% and 46.2% (p 2 followed by exposure to ultraviolet A (2.5 J per cm 2 ) resulted in delayed erythema formation in human subjects. Pretreatment of human skin with topical application of 0.2 mg standardized green tea extract per cm 2 30 min prior to psoralen plus ultraviolet A treatment resulted in an almost complete abrogation of psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced erythema. In summary, these data demonstrate that standardized green tea extract protects against psoralen plus ultraviolet A-induced phototoxicity by inhibiting DNA damage and diminishing the inflammatory effects of this modality.
Online Multiclass Learning with k-Way Limited Feedback and an Application to Utterance Classification

This paper introduces a setting for multiclass online learning with limited feedback and its application to utterance classification. In this learning setting, a parameter k limits the number of choices presented for selection by the environment (e.g. by the user in the case of an interactive spoken system) during each trial of the online learning sequence. New versions of standard additive and multiplicative weight update algorithms for online learning are presented that are more suited to the limited feedback setting, while sharing the efficiency advantages of the standard ones. The algorithms are evaluated on an utterance classification task in two domains. In this utterance classification task, no training material for the domain is provided (for training the speech recognizer or classifier) prior to the start of online learning. We present experiments on the effect of varying k and the weight update algorithms on the learning curve for online utterance classification. In these experiments, the new online learning algorithms improve classification accuracy compared with the standard ones. The methods presented are directly relevant to applications such as building call routing systems that adapt from feedback rather than being trained in batch mode.
The Randomized Clinical Trial

(2000). The Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 95, No. 449, pp. 312-315.