cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Long-Term Impact of CDC's on Neighborhoods: Case Studies of Cleveland's Broadway-Slavic Village and Tremont Neighborhoods

This article analyzes the impact of two long-term community development corporations (CDCs) in Cleveland, Ohio, both of which influenced their communities and the greater Cleveland metropolitan area for over two decades. These two community development corporations were considered the most successful in the city. As a case study, the research team of investigative scholars at Cleveland State University used a variety of neighborhood indicators, as well as a set of measures derived through indepth interviews with focus groups and key stakeholders. Although it is not possible to establish direct causal connections, the evidence presented points to clear improvements in both neighborhoods that are attributable in part to the efforts of these two community development corporations. But for their efforts, conditions in both neighborhoods would have been much worse.
Characterization of glass surfaces

Abstract Significant advances have been made during the last 15 years in our understanding of glass surfaces and their environmental reactivity. The major reason for this advancement is the large array of surface analytical techniques that has been developed and applied to many industrial problems. One specific area of research where surface analysis has been proven valuable is glass corrosion. Until recently, the principal methods for studying degradation of glasses were weight loss measurements and solution analytical techniques. Neither of these provide information on surface alterations resulting from corrosion. Consequently, very little was known about the variety of mechanisms by which glass corrosion occurs. Currently, a multi-technique approach is being used in many laboratories around the world in order to achieve a better understanding of corrosion on glasses designed for immobilizing nuclear wastes. Similar approaches are being taken to solve problems related to conventional glass fabrication, glass preservation, and to new glass manufacturing processes based on sol-gel technology. In the present paper several techniques which are being routinely used to characterize glass surfaces are discussed. These include Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy (FT-IRRS), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), Auger electron spectroscopy coupled with ion milling (AES-IM) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Each of these techniques provide unique information about glass surfaces, and when used in combination can yield solutions to complex industrial and scientific problems.
Determination of etidronate disodium tablets by ion chromatography with indirect UV detection.

Etidronate disodium belongs to the bisphosphonate class of drugs which have important therapeutic indications in the treatment of a variety of bone diseases such as hypercalcemia of malignancy, Paget’s disease and osteoporosis [l, 21. The molecular structure of etidronate disodium is illustrated in Fig. 1. Development of a chromatographic assay for this compound is challenging due to the lack of a detectable chromophore for conventional UV or fluorescence detection. The current assay method specified in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is based on titration with thorium-cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid complex [3]. A very limited number of chromatographic methods for the direct quantitative analysis of etidronate disodium have been reported in the literature. A gas chromatographic method with flame ionization detection has been applied to the assay of etidronate disodium [4]. A method using high-performance ion chromatography in
Identification of a new site of conformational heterogeneity in unfolded ribonuclease A.

The results presented here indicate that there are two slowly exchanging conformational isomers in unfolded bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) in the vicinity of Lys-41. The conformational heterogeneity is not observed in the fully folded protein. Therefore, one of the isomers may correspond to one of the slow-folding forms of the protein observed when refolding is initiated. These results were obtained from a chemically modified form of the protein, CL(7–41) RNase A, that has a dinitrophenyl cross-link between the ɛ-amino groups of Lys-7 and Lys-41. Extensive physical studies have shown that the cross-link does not significantly perturb the structure or the folding pathways of the protein. Therefore, the results obtained from this modified form of the protein are relevant to intact RNase A. The one-dimensional (1D) NMR spectrum of heat-unfolded CL(7–41) RNase A reveals that the singlet resonance for the C3H ring proton of the dinitrophenyl cross-link has been split into two unequal peaks in a 3:1 ratio, indicating that there are two distinct environments for the dinitrophenyl group. Variations in temperature, and the addition of urea, do not affect the relative peak intensities. The two peaks collapse into one after the protein is refolded. The observed splitting must originate from a slow reversible isomerization (>100 msec) in a neighboring bond. The two most likely candidates are either thecis/trans isomerization of the Lys-41-Pro-42 peptide bond or hindered rotation about the disulfide bond between Cys-40 and Cys-95.
The radiative transfer solution of a rectangular enclosure using angular domain discrete wavelets

Abstract The wavelet expansion is used in order to evaluate the angular dependence of the radiative intensity in the solution of the radiative transfer equation. The radiative intensity is expanded in terms of orthogonal Daubechies’ wavelet basis in the angular domain. The method is applied to a two-dimensional rectangular enclosure with an absorbing, emitting and nonscattering medium in radiative equilibrium. One of the boundary surfaces is maintained at constant temperature T 1 , while others are kept cold. This boundary conditions are chosen to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in dealing with the geometries which are sensitive to ray effects. Centerline emissive power and surface heat flux distributions are compared well with the results given by the standard discrete ordinates method, the modified discrete ordinates method and also with the available exact solutions.
Golden Age of RyR and GABA-R Diamide and Isoxazoline Insecticides: Common Genesis, Serendipity, Surprises, Selectivity, and Safety

The serendipitous observation of the insecticidal activity of a candidate herbicide was the first in a series of surprises that changed the course of insecticide research and opened the “Golden Age of Diamide and Isoxazoline Insecticides” which have a common genesis. Two novel modes of action were discovered, one involving the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor of the chloride channel and the other the ryanodine receptor (RyR) of the calcium-activated calcium channel. These are old insecticide targets, but physiological assays and radioligand binding studies reveal that the new diamides and isoxazolines act at previously unrecognized sites without cross-resistance to other chemotypes and more important differing between insects and mammals resulting in selective toxicity and mechanistically based safety. The phthalic diamide flubendiamide and anthranilic diamides chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole act at an allosteric site of the RyR to activate calcium release in insects but not mammals. They are ...
Hydrogen exchange demonstrates three domains in aldolase unfold sequentially.

Abstract Rabbit muscle aldolase is a homotetramer in which the subunits have a classical α/β-barrel structure and Mr 39,212 Da. We have previously reported that aldolase incubated in 3 M urea has three unfolding domains distinguished by their different unfolding rates. The unfolding rates of these domains were determined from isotope patterns in the mass spectra of peptic fragments derived from aldolase incubated in 3 M urea and pulse labeled in 2H2O. The present study extends this investigation to more thoroughly characterize the structures of these unfolding intermediates. Mass spectra of intact monomers had four envelopes of isotope peaks corresponding to four structural forms of aldolase. Analysis of the present results suggests that these structural forms consist of native aldolase and three forms that have one to three domains unfolded. The molecular masses of these four structural forms indicate that there are 107 residues in each of the three unfolding domains of aldolase. Present results also show that aldolase remains a tetramer in 4 M urea, even though hydrogen exchange and circular dichroism indicate that it has lost most of its secondary and tertiary structure. The abundances of unfolded domains, which were determined from mass spectra of either intact aldolase or its peptic fragments, were used to determine the abundances of specific, partially unfolded forms of aldolase. Kinetic modeling of the abundances of these structures suggests that these structures are formed sequentially as aldolase unfolds in urea.
Algorithms for seismic analysis of MDOF systems with fractional derivatives

Abstract Viscoelastic dampers are often considered for use in structural systems to reduce their dynamic response. The frequency dependent storage and loss moduli of the viscoelastic material are sometimes modeled using the fractional derivatives. This introduces fractional derivatives in the equations of motion. Herein, several schemes, specialized for arbitrary inputs such as earthquake induced ground motions, are presented for direct numerical integration of such equations to obtain the dynamic response of multi-degrees-of-freedom damper–structure systems. Relative numerical accuracies of the proposed schemes are examined. The numerical analyses with fractional derivatives require that all previous time response values be used, but this is invariably time consuming. The possibility of discarding some early time response values without compromising the accuracy of the calculations is, thus, of natural interest. It is shown that such truncations are, indeed, possible but a straightforward omission of preceding time values can introduce unacceptable errors in the calculated responses. To reduce such errors a new algorithm is proposed.
Incorporation of Strain Hardening Effect Into Simplified Limit Analysis

In this paper, a method for determining limit loads in the components or structures by incorporating strain hardening effects is presented. This has been done by including a certain amount of the strain hardening into limit load analysis, which normally idealizes the material to be elastic perfectly plastic. Typical strain hardening curves such as bilinear hardening and Ramberg-Osgood material models are investigated. This paper also focuses on the plastic reference volume correction concept to determine the active volume participating in plastic collapse. The reference volume concept in combination with m α -tangent method is used to estimate lower-bound limit loads of different components. Lower-bound limit loads obtained compare well with the nonlinear finite element analysis results for several typical configurations with/without crack.
Improving Learners' Ability to Recognize Emergence with Embedded Assessment in a Virtual Watershed.

Measures of participants’ water cycle knowledge and ability to recognize emergence were taken at various points throughout a 2-h experience with the Cloverdale virtual watershed socioecological simulation. Multilevel growth models were estimated for analysis of hypothesized predictive relationships between measured variables. Significant growth was found for ability to recognize emergence in participants that completed the Cloverdale virtual scenario. Preliminary water cycle knowledge was found to predict initial ability to recognize emergence. Application of results to unobtrusive assessment of learning in virtual worlds is discussed.
Market diseases of fresh fruits and vegetables

Bruising, crushing, and other mechanical injuries cause very serious losses during the handling, transportation, storage, and marketing of fresh fruits and vegetables. Spoilage caused by molds and bacteria exacts a heavy toll. Freezing, chilling injury, and various physiological disorders add to the consumer cost of living. Careful handling, proper refrigeration, good marketing practices, and the use of safe, approved chemical treatments can reduce marketing losses.
Integrated Computing Environments for Watershed Management

This paper describes a new computing paradigm known as a problem solving environment (PSE), explores the role this new paradigm might play in watershed management and land use change analysis, and compares PSEs to similar technologies such as decision support systems and geographic information systems. A prototypical watershed management PSE organizes and unifies the diverse collection of software typically associated with ecosystem models (hydrological, economic, and biological). A PSE provides a Web-based interface for potential watershed managers and other users to explore meaningful alternative land development and management scenarios and view their hydrological, ecological, and economic impacts. A brief description of a land use change analysis PSE being developed (called L2W, landscapes to waterscapes) is presented.
The Law of Implicit Bias

Considerable attention has been given to the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which finds that most people have an implicit and unconscious bias against members of traditionally disadvantaged groups. Implicit bias poses a special challenge for antidiscrimination law because it suggests the possibility that people are treating others differently even when they are unaware that they are doing so. Some aspects of current law operate, whether intentionally or not, as controls on implicit bias; it is possible to imagine other efforts in that vein. An underlying suggestion is that implicit bias might be controlled through a general strategy of debiasing through law.
Using Estimates of the Value of a Statistical Life in Evaluating Consumer Policy Regulations

This paper is a critical review of current practice for the economic evaluation of the life-saving benefits of U.S. consumer policy regulations. Selected evaluations conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are briefly reviewed. The standard approach to placing a dollar value on the life-saving benefits of regulations is based on societal willingness to pay for mortality risk reductions, conveniently summarized as the value of a statistical life (VSL). The paper proposes a common-sense rule for improving current practice: Different agencies reducing similar health risks for similar populations should use consistent estimates of the VSL, but each agency should use VSL estimates that are specific to the health risk and population affected by its regulations. Developing VSL estimates that vary by cause of death and that reflect differences in willingness to pay due to age, income, and risk preferences poses a challenge for both the research community that generates VSL estimates and policymakers.
Weighted selection on coarse-grain hypercubes

Given n weighted records distributed evenly among a p-processor hypercube, p/spl les/n, we present efficient parallel algorithms for solving the weighted selection and related problems in the coarse-grain weak-hypercube model. A special case of the weighted selection problem, in which all the weights are equal, is known as the (unweighted) selection or order statistics problem. Our algorithms seek to minimize separately the time complexity for local computation and that for global communication on coarse-grain hypercubes. Depending on different ratios of n/p, we present techniques that lead to efficient hypercube algorithms for separate relative ranges of n and p. Our weighted selection algorithms match the local computation time lower bound of the selection problems on hypercubes for almost all the ratios of n/p. More importantly, the communication time bounds of our algorithm are better even than those of the previously best known hypercube solutions for the unweighted case in the corresponding relative ranges of n and p. Our algorithms are based on practical hypercube subroutines and make use of a variety of new schemes.
Anemia in Elderly Patients: An Emerging Problem for the 21st Century

Anemia is a significant problem in elderly patients. Although many anemic elderly patients can be diagnosed with nutritional deficiency, anemia of chronic inflammation or comorbid diseases that explain their decreased hematocrit, the etiology of anemia in a significant fraction remains obscure. There is evidence to suggest that the hematopoietic stem cell displays increasing erythropoietin (EPO) resistance with age. EPO levels rise in elderly, nonanemic patients, and it is hypothesized that there is an interplay between this rising demand for EPO and the decreasing ability of the aging kidney to produce adequate hormone to meet that need. There is further considerable evidence that aging is associated with increased proinflammatory cytokine expression and that many of these cytokines can contribute to EPO insensitivity. Consequently, genetic variation in the expression of these proinflammatory cytokines may influence the development of anemia in elderly patients, both through induction of hepcidin expression (anemia of inflammation) and through cytokine suppression of erythroid colony formation. The impact of inflammatory mediators, EPO insensitivity, and other factors that may act on the hematopoietic stem cell to decrease erythropoiesis are under active study and should serve to elucidate the pathophysiology of this important cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly individuals. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of anemia in elderly patients should provide critical entry points for interventions that will improve survival and quality of life in the aging population.
Applications of a low contact force polyimide shank bolometer probe for chemical and biological diagnostics

Abstract This paper reports on the detection of nano-scale chemical variations in photosensitive polymers and biological variations in cancerous tumor cells that have been accomplished for the first time using scanning thermal probes that we have developed. It also reports on changes that have been made over older versions of this probe to help achieve these capabilities. The probe is fabricated by a 6-mask surface micromachining process using polyimide as the structural material. A unique assembly sequence that involves flipping over the probe accommodates the future integration of circuitry on the same substrate. The probe has measured spring constant 0.082 N/m for a 250 μm ×50 μm ×3 μm probe. It offers a tip diameter of 50 nm. Probes are used to study exposed but undeveloped photoresist latent images in features of 70 nm, the acid diffusion in chemically amplified photoresist during post exposure bake, and HeLa cells. Lateral spatial resolution of
Risky sex in rural America: longitudinal changes in a community-based cohort of methamphetamine and cocaine users.

Background and Objectives This study examined the longitudinal associations between stimulant use and sexual behaviors. Methods Data are from a 3-year community-based study of 710 rural stimulant users. Past 30-day crack cocaine, powder cocaine, and methamphetamine use and sexual behaviors (any sex, inconsistent condom use, and multiple sexual partners) were assessed through in-person interviews every 6 months. Results GEE analyses revealed that the odds of having sex remained steady over time, with crack cocaine and methamphetamine use positively associated with having sex. The odds of multiple sexual partners declined, but the odds of inconsistent condom use remained steady over time. Crack cocaine use was positively associated with multiple sexual partners, whereas powder cocaine use was negatively associated with inconsistent condom use. Conclusions and Scientific Significance Many rural stimulant users could potentially benefit from safe sex educational programs. Such efforts could reduce the incidence of HIV and other STIs in rural America. (Am J Addict 2013;22:535–542)
Bacteriophage Tail Components V. Complementation of T4D Gene 28−-Infected Bacterial Extracts with Pteroyl Hexaglutamate

Abstract Synthetic pteroyl hexaglutamate (9 × 10−6 M) stimulated the formation of new T4D particles in vitro in extracts of Escherichia coli B infected with T4D gene 28−. The stimulation was specific for this form of folic acid since neither pteroyl pentaglutamate nor pteroyl heptaglutamate stimulated phage formation. T4D formation in vitro in E. coli B extracts prepared after infection with 11 other phage mutants known to be involved in phage tail plate formation (5−, 6−, 7−, 8−, 10−, 25−, 26−, 27−, 29−, 51−, 53−) was not stimulated by the addition of pteroyl hexaglutamate. It can be concluded that the T4D gene 28 product is involved in the formation of the phage tail plate pteroyl hexaglutamate.
Some properties of the lethal agent found in cell-free fluids obtained from cultures of lambda-bearing Paramecium aurelia, Syngen 8. stock 299.

SYNOPSIS. Cell-free fluids prepared by various methods from killers of stock 299, syngen 8, of Paramecium aurelia contain particles with which lethal activity is associated. These particles are from 5–10 μ in size and are sedimented at 31,000 g. The lethal agent contained in cell-free fluids is rapidly inactivated; all activity being lost after 30 min at 24°. Homogenates of killer cells show no increase in toxic activity over cell-free fluids. Purified preparations of the cytoplasmic particles found in this stock show weak killing activity.
OP-cluster: clustering by tendency in high dimensional space

Clustering is the process of grouping a set of objects into classes of similar objects. Because of unknownness of the hidden patterns in the data sets, the definition of similarity is very subtle. Until recently, similarity measures are typically based on distances, e.g Euclidean distance and cosine distance. We propose a flexible yet powerful clustering model, namely OP-cluster (Order Preserving Cluster). Under this new model, two objects are similar on a subset of dimensions if the values of these two objects induce the same relative order of those dimensions. Such a cluster might arise when the expression levels of (coregulated) genes can rise or fall synchronously in response to a sequence of environment stimuli. Hence, discovery of OP-Cluster is essential in revealing significant gene regulatory networks. A deterministic algorithm is designed and implemented to discover all the significant OP-Clusters. A set of extensive experiments has been done on several real biological data sets to demonstrate its effectiveness and efficiency in detecting coregulated patterns.
Randomized clinical trials and the treatment of pediatric cardiomyopathy

Abstract Randomized clinical trials are essential for the development of an evidence base for treating virtually all medical conditions. Opportunities for randomized clinical trials in pediatric cardiomyopathy exist in many areas, including determination of the utility of biomarkers in diagnosis and management, preventative strategies for children at risk for cardiomyopathies, pharmacogenomic studies, and drug or device treatment studies. Because of the rare nature of pediatric cardiomyopathies, many obstacles exist to the implementation of clinical trials in this entity. Obstacles include realistic enrollment targets, endpoint determinations, and funding of these very expensive kinds of trials. This review discusses each of these topics and provides some examples and some options for performing randomized clinical trials in children with cardiomyopathy.
Dual antennular chemosensory pathways mediate odor-associative learning and odor discrimination in the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus

Chemosensory neurons in the antennular flagella of lobsters mediate long-range responses to chemicals. These neurons are part of two parallel chemosensory pathways with different peripheral and central components. Aesthetasc sensilla on the lateral flagella are innervated by chemosensory neurons that project to the olfactory lobes. A diversity of other 'non-aesthetasc' sensilla on both lateral and medial flagella are innervated by mechano- and chemosensory neurons, and most of these non-aesthetasc neurons project to the lateral antennular neuropils. We investigated the roles of these two pathways in odor-associative learning and odor discrimination by selectively removing either aesthetasc or non-aesthetasc sensilla from the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Lobsters lacking both aesthetasc and non-aesthetasc antennular sensilla show very reduced or no odor-mediated searching behavior. We associatively conditioned lobsters using two paradigms: aversive conditioning with generalization testing (which reveals the similarity in the lobsters' perception of odorants) and discrimination conditioning (which reveals the lobsters' ability to discriminate odorants). Sham-control intact lobsters performed these tasks well, as did lobsters lacking either aesthetascs or non-aesthetasc setae. There was a strong but statistically non-significant trend that lobsters lacking either aesthetascs or non-aesthetasc setae generalized more between complex odor mixtures than did intact lobsters. After aversive conditioning with generalization testing, aesthetasc-ablated lobsters had more difficulty discriminating among the most closely related complex mixtures than did intact or non-aesthetasc-ablated lobsters. However, after discrimination conditioning, aesthetasc-ablated lobsters were as proficient as intact animals in discriminating highly similar mixtures. These results indicate overlap and redundancy in the function of these two chemosensory pathways in odor-associative learning and odor discrimination, but these pathways also complement each other to enable better discrimination. This study presents the first evidence for a role of non-aesthetasc chemosensory neurons in complex odor-mediated behaviors such as learning and discrimination.
Heparanase expression and activity influences chondrogenic and osteogenic processes during endochondral bone formation

Endochondral bone formation is a highly orchestrated process involving coordination among cell-cell, cell-matrix and growth factor signaling that eventually results in the production of mineralized bone from a cartilage template. Chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation occur in sequence during this process, and the temporospatial patterning clearly requires the activities of heparin binding growth factors and their receptors. Heparanase (HPSE) plays a role in osteogenesis, but the mechanism by which it does so is incompletely understood. We used a combination of ex vivo and in vitro approaches and a well described HPSE inhibitor, PI-88 to study HPSE in endochondral bone formation. In situ hybridization and immunolocalization with HPSE antibodies revealed that HPSE is expressed in the peri-chondrium, peri-osteum, and at the chondro-osseous junction, all sites of key signaling events and tissue morphogenesis. Transcripts encoding Hpse also were observed in the pre-hypertrophic zone. Addition of PI-88 to metatarsals in organ culture reduced growth and suggested that HPSE activity aids the transition from chondrogenic to osteogenic processes in growth of long bones. To study this, we used high density cultures of ATDC5 pre-chondrogenic cells grown under conditions favoring chondrogenesis or osteogenesis. Under chondrogenic conditions, HPSE/Hpse was expressed at high levels during the mid-culture period, at the onset of terminal chondrogenesis. PI-88 addition reduced chondrogenesis and accelerated osteogenesis, including a dramatic up-regulation of osteocalcin levels. In normal growth medium, addition of PI-88 reduced migration of ATDC-5 cells, suggesting that HPSE facilitates cartilage replacement by bone at the chondro-osseous junction by removing the HS component of proteoglycans, such as perlecan/HSPG2, that otherwise prevent osteogenic cells from remodeling hypertrophic cartilage.
Transverse Strength of Aluminous and Feldspathic Porcelain

The transverse strength of aluminous porcelain was compared with that of feldspathic porcelain and the effect of surface roughness and environmental moisture on these strengths was determined. Aluminous porcelain was superior to feldspathic porcelain in transverse strength and the transverse strength of both types of porcelain was affected adversely by environmental moisture.
Optimizing speech/non-speech classifier design using AdaBoost

We propose a new method to design speech/non-speech classifiers for voice activity detection and robust endpoint detection using the adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm. The method uses a combination of simple base classifiers through the AdaBoost algorithm and a set of optimized speech features combined with spectral subtraction. The key benefits of this method are the simple implementation and low computational complexity. The AdaBoost classifier combined with spectral subtraction significantly improved the receiver operating characteristic curves of the G.729 voice activity detector. For speech recognition purpose, the method reduced 20-50% of miss errors for the same false alarm rate by using additional band pass energy and spectral distortion based on mel frequency cepstral coefficients.
A Quantitative Comparison of Reputation Systems in the Grid

Reputation systems have been a hot topic in the peer-to-peer community for several years. In a services-oriented distributed computing environment like the grid, reputation systems can be utilized by clients to select between competing service providers. In this paper, we selected several existing reputation algorithms and adapted them to the problem of service selection in a grid-like environment. We performed a quantitative comparison of both the accuracy and overhead associated with these techniques under common scenarios. The results indicate that using a reputation system to guide service selection can significantly improve client satisfaction with minimal overhead. In addition, we show that the most appropriate algorithm depends on the kinds of anticipated attacks. A new algorithm we've proposed appears to be the approach of choice if clients can misreport service ratings.
Elevated CO2 increases soil moisture and enhances plant water relations in a long-term field study in semi-arid shortgrass steppe of Colorado

Increasing atmospheric CO2 has potentially significant impacts on the dynamics of water use and conservation in semi-arid rangelands. In this study we used large (15.5 m2) open top chambers to investigate effects of twice ambient CO2 concentration (720 μL L−1) on plant and soil water relations of semi-arid shortgrass steppe (SGS) of northeastern Colorado from 1997 to 2001. Seasonal average soil moisture throughout the soil profile (0–15, 15–45, 45–75, 75–105 cm) was increased under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 for much of the study period. When averaged across years, the greatest relative increase (elevated vs. ambient) in soil moisture occurred in the 75–105 cm depth increment (16.4%). Averaged over the study period, leaf water potential (Ψleaf) was enhanced 24–30% under elevated CO2 in the major warm- and cool-season grass species of the SGS (Bouteloua gracilis, C4, 28.5%; Pascopyrum smithii, C3, 24.7%; Stipa comata, C3, 30.4%), and the degree of responsiveness in Ψleaf to elevated CO2 did not differ between C3 and C4 plant functional types, but did differ between C3 species. Water-use efficiency (WUE; g aboveground biomass harvested/ kg water consumed) was 43% higher in elevated (6.10) than ambient (4.27) CO2 plots over the study period. Results suggest that a future, elevated CO2 environment may result not only in increased plant productivity due to improved WUE, but also lead to increased water drainage and deep soil moisture storage in this semi-arid grassland ecosystem. This, along with the ability of the major grass species to maintain a favorable water status under elevated CO2, should result in the SGS being less susceptible to prolonged periods of drought. However, increases in deep soil water may eventually favor deeper-rooted over shallow-rooted species.
Fallstudie in der Computerindustrie

Die in Kapitel 4 entwickelten Konzepte fur das Demand Fulfillment wurden anhand von realen Daten des in Kapitel 2.7 vorgestellten Unternehmens erprobt. In diesem Kapitel werden zunachst die Datenbasis, die implementierte Testumgebung sowie die Datenaufbereitung dargestellt. Anschliesend werden notwendige Schritte zur Parametrisierung der Modellparameter durchgefuhrt. Danach werden die durchgefuhrten Tests ausfuhrlich beschrieben und analysiert. Die Tests untersuchen Aspekte der einfachen Planungslaufe sowie der rollierenden Planung.
COMPARISON OF TYPE I ERROR RATES FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF RESOURCE SELECTION

During the past decade, compositional analysis (CA) has been used widely in wildlife habitat and resource selection studies. However, critical aspects of CA have not been tested for potential systematic biases such as an inflated Type I error rate. We used computer-simulated data based on known habitat use and availability parameters and found that compositional analysis could result in large Type I error rates. These inflated Type I errors occurred when available habitat types that were not used by animals were included in the resource selection analysis. These error rates arise because of the recommended substitution of an arbitrarily small value, such as 0.01, for each 0% utilization value for any animal. We observed, based on a series of computer-simulation analyses, that progressively larger Type I error rates in CA resulted from substituting progressively smaller positive values for each 0% utilization of a habitat category. The Type I error rate in CA also increased when the number of experimental animals was increased for a fixed number of observations per animal. Two other resource selection analysis methods (Neu et al. [1974] and the Euclidean distance-based analysis [DA] method of Conner and Plowman [2001]) did not exhibit inflated Type I error rates for the same simulated data. Our computer simulations cause us to question the veracity of CA habitat selection analyses that include habitat patches or categories with relatively small areas of availabilities and 0% use.
The Effect of Environment and Temperature on the Fatigue Behavior of Titanium Alloys

The high strength to weight ratio of titanium alloys has made them particularly attractive for a variety of structural applications at moderately elevated temperatures. In recent years there has been an attempt to raise the service temperature of these alloys through the development of near-α alloys which are more creep resistant. For these newer alloys as for titanium alloys in general the microstructure can be significantly varied as a function of thermo-mechanical processing history and it is of interest to determine the fatigue properties in terms of microstructure. In addition, the oxidation characteristics of titanium can be expected to influence the fatigue process particularly since titanium has a high solubility for oxygen, the basis for its excellent diffusion bonding characteristics. Further, as the service temperature is increased the potential for creep-fatigue interaction is also increased. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge concerning the potential environmental-creep-fatigue interactions in titanium alloys.
Asymptomatic Interhypothalamic Adhesions in Children

With the use of high-resolution MR imaging techniques, we have increasingly observed anomalies of the hypothalamus characterized by a band of tissue spanning the third ventricle between the hypothalami, often without associated clinical sequelae. Historically, hypothalamic anomalies are highly associated with symptoms referable to a hypothalamic hamartoma, midline congenital disorder, hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, or seizures, with very few asymptomatic patients reported. The interhypothalamic tissue described in our cohort was observed incidentally through the routine acquisition of high-resolution T1WI. No referable symptoms were identified in most of the study group. In the appropriate patient population in which associated symptoms are absent, the described hypothalamic anomalies may be incidental and should not be misdiagnosed as hypothalamic hamartomas.
Knowledge Representation in Mechanical Design Systems: Issues and Examples

Representation des connaissances pour la conception des systemes mecaniques. Problemes et exemples
The Status of the Theory of the Replacement of the Multituberculata by the Rodentia

The theory that the order Rodentia ecologically replaced the order Multituberculata is not well founded, because it assumes that all Paleocene–Eocene multituberculates had gliriform incisors, while this was true principally of the rather uncommon subfamily Eucosmodontinae. The theory as usually stated has been disproved by Robinson, Black and Dawson's finding of a late Eocene multi-tuberculate. The theory that rodents displaced the gliriform multituberculate sub-family Eucosmodontinae is still tenable, but the evidence for it is weaker than formerly supposed.
Mitochondrial Gene Expression Profiles Are Associated with Maternal Psychosocial Stress in Pregnancy and Infant Temperament

Background Gene-environment interactions mediate through the placenta and shape the fetal brain development. Between the environmental determinants of the fetal brain, maternal psychosocial stress in pregnancy has been shown to negatively influence the infant temperament development. This in turn may have adverse consequences on the infant neurodevelopment extending throughout the entire life-span. However little is known about the underlying biological mechanisms of the effects of maternal psychosocial stress in pregnancy on infant temperament. Environmental stressors such as maternal psychosocial stress in pregnancy activate the stress response cascade that in turn drives the increase in the cellular energy demand of vital organs with high metabolic rates such as, in pregnancy, the placenta. Key players of the stress response cascade are the mitochondria. Results Here, we tested the expression of all 13 protein-coding genes encoded by the mitochondria in 108 placenta samples from the Stress in Pregnancy birth cohort, a study that aims at determining the influence of in utero exposure to maternal psychosocial stress in pregnancy on infant temperament. We showed that the expression of the protein-coding mitochondrial-encoded gene MT-ND2 was positively associated with indices of maternal psychosocial stress in pregnancy including Prenatal Perceived Stress (β = 0.259; p-regression = 0.004; r2-regression = 0.120), State Anxiety (β = 0.218; p-regression = 0.003; r2-regression = 0.153), Trait Anxiety (β = 0.262; p-regression = 0.003; r2-regression = 0.129) and Pregnancy Anxiety Total (β = 0.208; p-regression = 0.010; r2-regression = 0.103). In the meantime MT-ND2 was negatively associated with the infant temperament indices of Activity Level (β = -0.257; p-regression = 0.008; r2-regression = 0.165) and Smile and Laughter (β = -0.286; p-regression = 0.036; r2-regression = 0.082). Additionally, MT-ND6 was associated with the maternal psychosocial stress in pregnancy index of Prenatal Perceived Stress (β = -0.231; p-regression = 0.004; r2-regression = 0.120), while MT-CO2 was associated with the maternal psychosocial stress in pregnancy indices of State Anxiety (β = 0.206; p-regression = 0.003; r2-regression = 0.153) and Trait Anxiety (β = 0.205; p-regression = 0.003; r2-regression = 0.129). Conclusions Our data support the role of mitochondria in responding to maternal psychosocial stress in pregnancy, as assessed in placenta, while also suggesting an important role for the mitochondria in the infant temperament development.
A phase I trial of the Hedgehog inhibitor, sonidegib (LDE225), in combination with etoposide and cisplatin for the initial treatment of extensive stage small cell lung cancer

Abstract Objectives The Hedgehog pathway has been implicated in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumor initiation and progression. Pharmacologic blockade of the key Hedgehog regulator, Smoothened, may inhibit these processes. We performed a phase I study to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of sonidegib (LDE225), a selective, oral Smoothened antagonist, in combination with etoposide/cisplatin in newly diagnosed patients with extensive stage SCLC. Materials and methods Patients received 4–6 21-day cycles of etoposide/cisplatin with daily sonidegib. Patients with response or stable disease were continued on sonidegib until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Two dose levels of sonidegib were planned: 400mg and 800mg daily, with 200mg daily de-escalation if necessary. Next generation sequencing was performed on available specimens. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were quantified at baseline and with disease evaluation. Results Fifteen patients were enrolled. 800mg was established as the recommended phase II dose of sonidegib in combination with etoposide/cisplatin. Grade 3 or greater toxicities included: anemia (n=5), neutropenia (n=8), CPK elevation (n=2), fatigue (n=2), and nausea (n=2). Toxicity led to removal of one patient from study. Partial responses were confirmed in 79% (11/14; 95% CI: 49–95%). One patient with SOX2 amplification remains progression-free on maintenance sonidegib after 27 months. CTC count, at baseline, was associated with the presence of liver metastases and after 1 cycle of therapy, with overall survival. Conclusions Sonidegib 800mg daily was the MTD when administered with EP. Further genomic characterization of exceptional responders may reveal clinically relevant predictive biomarkers that could tailor use in patients most likely to benefit.
Control of Dimorphism in the Female Honeybee. 3. The Balance of Nutrients

SummaryPure nutrients or fractions of royal jelly were added to whole royal jelly, which was then used to rear larvae to the adult stage in the laboratory. Larvae grew and differentiated almost (if not quite) normally when large quantities of glucose, fructose, sucrose, several water-soluble organic acids, a mixture of essential amino acids, or a vitamin mixture, were added to the diet. Larvae were tolerant of fairly high concentrations of royal jelly protein and smaller concentrations of royal jelly lipids. They grew and differentiated when most constituents of royal jelly were diluted to 66% of their normal concentration. Some of the non-essential amino acids, some organic acids, and com oil were deleterious at low concentrations. Larvae were fairly sensitive to some inorganic salts, and care must be exercised to ensure that excess salt is not introduced into laboratory diets.
Photoelectrochemical liftoff of LEDs grown on freestanding c-plane GaN substrates

We demonstrate a thin-film flip-chip (TFFC) process for LEDs grown on freestanding c-plane GaN substrates. LEDs are transferred from a bulk GaN substrate to a sapphire submount via a photoelectrochemical (PEC) undercut etch. This PEC liftoff method allows for substrate reuse and exposes the N-face of the LEDs for additional roughening. The LEDs emitted at a wavelength of 432 nm with a turn on voltage of ~3 V. Etching the LEDs in heated KOH after transferring them to a sapphire submount increased the peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) by 42.5% from 9.9% (unintentionally roughened) to 14.1% (intentionally roughened).
Arthroscopic Treatment: Surgical Anatomy

An understanding of the arthroscopic anatomy of the hip is essential to a successful outcome for the patient. In this chapter we describe the operating room setup and portal placement relative to arthroscopic anatomy. We provide detailed descriptions along with arthroscopic pictures of the three compartments of the hip—the central, peripheral, and peritrochanteric/lateral compartments. We also discuss the associated vascular and ligamentous anatomy from an arthroscopic perspective.
Diaries in Ambulatory Monitoring

Ambulatory monitoring equipment frees the clinician and research scientist from the confines of the clinic and laboratory settings and permits the assessment of physiological parameters in the natural environment. There is increasing evidence that ambulatory monitoring provides a more representative assessment of an individual’s functioning than that afforded by standard clinic and laboratory measurements. Moreover, ambulatory monitoring is an opportunity to study interactions between physiological functioning and characteristics of the individual’s environment or behavior. These interactions are of interest because they may shed light on the marked variability in physiological measurements that is often observed. To examine these interactions, it is necessary to record information about the subject’s behavior and environment at the time ambulatory physiological measurements are made. Typically, the subject records this information in a diary throughout the monitoring period.
Osteoporosis screening among prostate cancer survivors treated with androgen deprivation therapy.

6045 Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), the standard systemic treatment for prostate cancer, has adverse effects including bone loss and fractures. Current national guidelines suggest ...
Conducting appreciative inquiry in the virtual world

Technology today allows individuals and organisations to bypass physical boundary limitations to expand access to information in fields such as education and medicine and leverage the work of teams across the world through the use of technologies such as web-based teleconferencing and voice over internet protocol (VoIP). This paper looks at how virtual technology was applied in the conduct of two case studies that applied Thatchenkery's (2005) appreciative sharing of knowledge (ASK) model and provides lessons learned. This paper includes best practices for researchers and process consulting practitioners in order to effectively utilise technology and identifies some additional factors for future consideration and research.
FDG PET and FES PET Predict PFS on Endocrine Therapy—Response

We thank Drs. Mammatas, van Helden, Verheul, and Menke-van der Houven van Oordt for their interest in our work, and for their comments on our article. Specifically, the authors of the letter expressed concern that the analysis contradicted prior work by our group and others ([1, 2][1]) predicting
Identification of endocrine active disinfection by-products (DBPs) that bind to the androgen receptor.

Abstract The formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water occurs when chemical disinfectants such as chlorine and chloramine react with natural organic matter and anthropogenic pollutants. Some DBPs have been linked to bladder cancer and infertility; however, the underlying mechanism of action is unknown. One possibility is disruption of the endocrine system, with DBPs binding to the androgen receptor and subsequently altering gene expression. Using the androgen receptor-binding assay and in silico molecular docking, the binding affinity of 21 suspected and known DBPs were tested individually at concentrations over the range 0.1 nM–2 mM. 14 DBPs were found to bind at IC 50 values ranging from 1.86 mM for 2,3-dichloropropionamide to 13.5 μM for 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-benzoquinone as compared to the positive control, 4- n -nonylphenol which bound at 31.6 μM. Since DBPs are present in drinking waters as mixtures, the question of how IC 50 values for individual DBPs might be affected by the presence of other chemicals is addressed. Seven of the chemicals with the strongest binding affinities and one chemical with no binding affinity were tested in binary mixtures with 4- n -nonylphenol, a known androgenic chemical found in some surface waters. In these binary mixtures, concentration additive binding was observed. While typical levels of individual androgenic DBPs in drinking water are below their measured IC 50 values, their combined binding abilities in mixtures could be a source of androgen disruption.