cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation and accuracy of mixed-time implicit-explicit methods for structural dynamics

Abstract This paper deals with some practical computational aspects and numerical evaluation of the previously developed mixed-time implicit-explicit methods for structural dynamics. Three different topics: computer implementation of the mixed-time procedures; hourglass control for bilinear quadrilaterals using one-point quadrature and its effect on numerical stability in the explicit partition; and spurious oscillations in solutions are discussed. Two numerical examples are presented to examine the accuracy and effectiveness of mixed-time formulations.
Ambiguous stimuli and delayed matching to sample.

Four pigeons learned a delayed matching task in which the sample and choice stimuli were line orientations. After performance had reached a high level of accuracy the procedure was altered so that only one of the line choice stimuli was presented on each trial and a uniform white field was presented on the other key. In the first experiment the position of the white key alternated between left and right in successive sessions. Three of the four subjects suffered no loss in accuracy when the white key was on one side but responded only slightly better than chance when it was on the other. A second experiment showed that this position effect was not eliminated by keeping the white key in the same position for a number of sessions and, for three of the four subjects, was not affected by changing the color from white to red.
The Influence of Media Role Models on Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity

The current investigation examined the influence of the media on gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) identity using both survey and in-depth interview approaches. In Study 1, 126 GLB survey respondents (11 unreported) in Texas indicated that the media influenced their self-realization, coming out, and current identities by providing role models and inspiration. In Study 2, 15 interviewees (6 women and 9 men) revealed that media role models serve as sources of pride, inspiration, and comfort. Our findings suggest that increasing the availability of GLB role models in the media may positively influence GLB identity.
The "occasional open heart surgeon" revisited.

Objectives Case volume in cardiac surgery has been a concern since the term "the occasional open heart surgeon" was used more than 40 years ago, indicating one who performs cardiac surgery infrequently. Methods Risk-adjusted operative mortality (in-hospital or 30-day mortality) for isolated coronary artery bypass grafting procedures reported to the California CABG Outcomes Reporting Program for 2003–2004 was determined by surgeon and by hospital. Standard Society of Thoracic Surgeons item definitions were used. A total of 49,421 coronary artery bypass grafting (40,377 isolated) procedures were performed by 302 surgeons at 121 hospitals. Low-volume surgeons (n = 117) were defined as performing a total of less than 1 coronary artery bypass grafting (isolated or nonisolated) procedure per week at all hospitals (mean ± standard deviation, 22 ± 15/y). High-volume surgeons (n = 185) performed a total of 1 or more cases per week (mean ± standard deviation, 120 ± 62/y). Logistic regression and hierarchic analysis were used to compare volume cohorts. Results The overall risk-adjusted mortality rate was 3.62% for low-volume and 3.02% for high-volume surgeons. Analysis by surgeon per hospital produced 610 surgeon–hospital pairs. The lowest risk-adjusted mortality rates were found among surgeons performing more than 1 procedure per week at a single hospital (2.70%). When high-volume surgeons performed less than 1 procedure per week at a hospital, their mortality rates were similar to those of low-volume surgeons (3.39%–4.11%). High-volume surgeons performing procedures at multiple sites had higher mortality than high-volume surgeons working at a single institution. Conclusion A high-volume surgeon becomes an "occasional open heart surgeon" when working at multiple hospitals and performing a small volume of procedures at some of them. This study suggests that volume is not as important as processes of care in determining outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting procedures and that system factors might be more important to outcomes than surgeon experience.
O(1D2-3P2,1,0) 630.0, 636.4, and 639.2 nm forbidden emission line intensity ratios measured in the terrestrial nightglow

The intensity ratio of the neutral oxygen "red" emission lines O( 1 D 2 - 3 P 2,1 ) 630.0 nm to 636.4 nm has been measured in terrestrial nightglow spectra obtained from astronomical instrumentation. The observed intensity ratio, I(630.0 nm)/I(636.4 nm) = 2.997 ± 0.016, is consistent with the value of 2.997 determined from the recent spontaneous emission coefficient calculations of Storey and Zeippen (2000), distinctly lower than the value of 3.10 calculated from those coefficients recommended by the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST), and lower than the value of 3.1 measured by laboratory experiment (Kemahan and Pang, 1975). A weak emission line measured at 639.174 ± 0.003 nm has also been observed in these spectra and identified as the highly optically forbidden transition O( 1 D 2 - 3 P 0 ) 639.1773 nm of the same multiplet as the red lines. The observed intensity ratio, I(636.4 nm)/I(639.2 nm) = 1700 ± 700, is a factor of 2 lower than that predicted by most recent theoretical calculations.
Re-imagining Interstitial Cystitis

Since the postulation of an "antiproliferative factor" in 1998 and a description, six years later, of this putative central protein in the etiologic pathway of the painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis, there have been no dramatic breakthroughs in the field. Although much potentially exciting work is in progress with regard to epidemiology, etiology, and clinical treatment, many clinicians and researchers have used this hiatus to take another look at what exactly is being studied and how the syndrome should be approached. This article explores some of the current "hot-button" issues of definition and nomenclature that have formed the basis of many international meetings in the last 5 years.
Toward a unified theory of ethnic antagonism: A preliminary synthesis of three macro models

This study analyzes and compares the Marxist-class, prejudice-discrimination, and middleman minority theories of ethnic antagonism by extracting the key endogenous variables in each and presenting them in abstract models. Then, a composite model is developed in a preliminary effort to combine the essential elements of the theories. In turn, this composite model is used to develop five abstract propositions on the underlying dynamics of all ethnic antagonism. These propositions argue that competition, perceptions of threat, discrimination, identifiability, and stigmatization are the basic dynamics in all ethnic antagonism. The composite model and abstract propositions are viewed as a starting point for the analysis of the common processes inhering in diverse historical/empirical cases.
The Knowing Mathematician

Mathematics is at the beginning of a new foundational crisis. Twenty years ago there was a firm consensus that mathematics is set theory and that set theory is Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF). That consensus is breaking down. It is breaking down for two quite different reasons. One of these is a turning away from the excesses of the tendency toward abstraction in post-war mathematics. Many mathematicians feel that the power of the method of abstraction and generalization has, for the time being, exhausted itself. We have done about as much as can be done now by these means, and it is time to return once more to hard work on particular examples. (For this point of view see Mac Lane [16, pp. 37–38].) Another reason for this turning back from abstraction is the economic fact that society is less prepared now than it was twenty years ago to support abstract intellectual activity pursued for its own sake. Those who support research are asking more searching questions than formerly about the utility of the results that can reasonably be expected from projects proposed. Mathematicians, moreover, are increasingly obliged to seek employment not in departments emphasizing pure mathematics, but in departments of computer science or statistics, or even in industry. Thus there is a heightened interest in applied and applicable mathematics and an increased tendency to reject as abstract nonsense what our teachers considered an intellectually satisfying level of generality. The set-theoretic account of the foundations of mathematics, however, is inextricably linked with just this tendency to abstraction for its own sake. Mathematics, on that account, is about abstract structures which, at best, may happen to be isomorphic to structures found in the physical world, but which are themselves most definitely not in the physical world. Thus as mathematicians turn away from pure abstraction, they also become increasingly dissatisfied with the doctrine that mathematics is set theory and nothing else.
A general class of self‐similar power‐driven expansions

Self‐similar solutions for the nonadiabatic expansion of a gas in planar, cylindrical, and spherical geometry due to heating of a fairly general form are presented. The solution for an isothermal expansion which has previously been studied in the literature is recovered as a special case. Some additional examples of physical interest which reveal the variety of possible gas profiles resulting from the general solution are discussed.
Using super resolution pitch in waveform speech coders

The author presents an efficient exploitation of a super resolution pitch estimate in waveform speech coders such as LPC (linear predictive coding), CELP (code-excited linear prediction), and TDHS. Despite the compression/quality gain afforded with using super resolution pitch, the computational resources required to interpolate the speech signal to a much finer resolution are significant and therefore practical use is limited to a rather moderate resolution increase (factor of *2 is typical). One of the main contributions of this work is the ability to conserve computational resources by using a hybrid signal interpolation scheme composed of a second-order digital IIR (infinite impulse response) filter in tandem with a continuous linear interpolator which can be discretized to any desirable time resolution and thus take advantage of a super resolution pitch estimate. >
Fungal fermentation of peanut press cake

The overall nutritive value of protein and lipid appear to be changed only slightly during the fermentation of peanut press cake. Increases in riboflavin, niacin, and possibly thiamin in the finished product have been noted. Enzymatic hydrolysis of peanut constituents greatly enhances the edibility and, presumably, the digestibility of peanut press cake. Desirable flavors are developed during the fermentation process, providing variety to otherwise bland and monotonous diets. It has been noted that with progressive industrialization in developing countries, some food fermentation processes will unquestionably be used less and less (15). Whether ontjom will continue to be as popular in Indonesia in the future as it has for centuries in the past, remains to be demonstrated. In the meantime, much research is required in order to fully understand the chemistry of fermented peanut press cake.
Modeling assessment of point source NOx emission reductions on ozone air quality in the eastern United States

Abstract This study investigates the effects of reductions in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from major point sources on daily maximum 8-h ozone concentrations in the eastern United States. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was utilized in photochemical simulations on a matrix of modeling scenarios permitting an examination of the separate effects of emission changes and meteorological influences on maximum ozone levels over a 3-month period during the summers of 2002 and 2004. Two modeling scenarios involved base case 2002 emissions and post-control emissions, reflecting the point source NOx emission reductions implemented before the ozone season of 2004, using summer 2002 meteorological conditions. Results revealed that point source NOx emission reductions caused decreases in daily maximum 8-h ozone concentrations over the eastern United States. At the 50th and 95th percentiles of the cumulative frequency distribution, daily maximum 8-h ozone values in the emission reduction scenario were lower than corresponding base case values over 70% and 90% of the modeling domain, respectively. During southwesterly wind flows across the Ohio River Valley, morning ozone concentrations aloft were lower over northeastern states downwind of the emissions-rich region in the NOx reduction scenario results. Another notable feature of the NOx emission reduction scenario results is that greater decreases in daily maximum 8-h ozone occurred at higher concentrations. Results from other modeling scenarios revealed strong differences in meteorological conditions between these two summer periods greatly impacted the daily 8-h maximum ozone concentrations with the meteorological effects on ozone being greater than those from emission changes over the northern part of the modeling domain. Using backtrajectory analysis, greater percentage decreases in daily maximum 8-h ozone occurred at monitoring sites when they were downwind of the Ohio River Valley, which is a notable emission source region, as compared to cases when the sites were not downwind of it.
Unusual Fibrillation in the Emergency Department After Fall

47-year-old man with dilated cardiomyopathy, ambulatory left ventricular assist device (Heartmate II, Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA), and biventricular pacemaker/implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) (St. Jude Medical, St Paul, MN) presented with syncope to a local hospital. He was hemodynamically stable and otherwise asymptomatic. His electrolyte panel was unremarkable. Initial ECG diagnosis (Figure 1) was unusual atrial fibrillation. On transfer to our hospital, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was suspected (asterisk in Figure 1), with likely undersensing by a defective ICD resulting in lack of defibrillation and lack of inhibition of atrial-biventricular pacing (arrows). There was pacing noncapture due to VF. Figure 1. Twelve-lead ECG. The ICD interrogation (left half of Figure 2) revealed persistent VF (asterisk in Figure 2) for …
Structural and optical properties of plasma-deposited boron nitride films

The plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of boron nitride films in a low pressure, parallel plate reactor incorporating an electromagnet was investigated. Films were deposited from gas mixtures of diborane, hydrogen and ammonia. The ratio of boron to nitrogen was approximately 1.7 when an ammonia-to-diborane ratio of 4 was used. The films had the following optical properties: a band gap in the range 5.6–5.8 eV, an absorption coefficient (at 6.0 eV) of about 1×105 cm−1 and an index of refraction of 1.7. In general the optical properties were identical, with or without the application of a low intensity magnetic field.
Excess Enthalpies, Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices of Binary Mixtures Involving Some Poly(glycols) + Diethyl Carbonate at 308.15 K

Densities, viscosities, refractive indices, and excess enthalpies have been measured at 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure for poly(ethylene glycols) 200, 400, and 600 and poly(propylene glycols) 400, 725, and 2000 + diethyl carbonate over the whole composition range. Enthalpy values are all positive, while volumetric values are negative with the exception of the mixture containing poly(propylene glycol) 400, where an inversion of sign is observed. Viscosity deviations are negative for all mixtures. Viscosities and viscosity deviations display complex dependencies on the type of polymer and on its molecular mass. The experimental results were fitted to the Redlich−Kister polynomial. The results are qualitatively discussed in terms of molecular interactions.
Justifying morality: The right and the wrong ways

Contemporary philosophers offer three kinds of justification for morality. Some, following Plato, claim that morality is justified by self-interest.1 Others, following Hume as he is frequently interpreted, claim that morality is justified in terms of other-regarding interests, wants or intentions that people happen to have.2 And still others, following Kant, claim that morality is justified in terfns of the requirements of practical reason.3 In The Moral Point of View pub lished in 1958 and in a series of articles continuing to the present, Kurt Baier has defended this third sort of justification for morality.4 In this paper, after years of respectful opposition, I join forces with Baier and argue that only a justification of this third sort can be fully adequate and then only when it is developed in a certain way.5 I begin by showing what is wrong or defective in the other justifications. Then I consider attempts by Baier and others to elaborate the third sort of justification. Drawing upon their work, I present a justification based on the requirements of practical reason that succeeds in demonstrating that the rational egoist acts contrary to reason.
New Trends in Gold Catalysts

Gold is an element that has fascinated mankind for millennia. The catalytic properties of gold have been a source of debate, due to its complete chemical inertness when in a bulk form, while it can oxidize CO at temperatures as low as ~200 K when in a nanocrystalline state, as discovered by Haruta in the late 1980s [1]. Since then, extensive activity in both applied and fundamental research on gold has been initiated. The importance of the catalysis by gold represents one of the fasted growing fields in science and is proven by the promising applications in several fields, such as green chemistry and environmental catalysis, in the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, as modifiers of Ni catalysts for methane steam and dry reforming reactions and in biological and electrochemistry applications. The range of reactions catalyzed by gold, as well as the suitability of different supports and the influence of the preparation conditions have been widely explored and optimized in applied research [2]. Gold catalysts appeared to be very different from the other noble metal-based catalysts, due to their marked dependence on the preparation method, which is crucial for the genesis of the catalytic activity. Several methods, including deposition-precipitation, chemical vapor deposition and cation adsorption, have been applied for the preparation of gold catalysts over reducible oxides, like TiO2. Among these methods, deposition-precipitation has been the most frequently employed method for Au loading, and it involves the use of tetrachloroauric (III) acid as a precursor. On the other hand, the number of articles dealing with Au-loaded acidic supports is smaller than that on basic supports, possibly because the deposition of [AuCl4]− or [AuOHxCl4−x]− species on acidic supports is difficult, due to their very low point of zero charge. Despite this challenge, several groups have reported the use of acidic zeolites as supports for gold. Zeolites are promising supports for Au stabilization, because of the presence of ion-exchange sites, such as NH4+, that can be substituted by Au+ ions through the elimination of NH4Cl [3]. Moreover, zeolites, due to their high thermal stability, the presence of a large surface area and micropores, may hinder Au sintering. [...]
Friedel–Crafts alkylation reactions in pyridinium-based ionic liquids

Abstract The Friedel–Crafts alkylations of benzene in pyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated. The effects of catalyst–IL composition, reactant composition, quantity of catalyst and reaction temperature on this reaction were studied. The reactions were found to proceed under mild conditions with conversion; a simple product isolation procedure was achieved. The ILs rendered this reaction green characteristics. The ILs could also be recycled and reused as opposed to traditional solvent–catalyst systems.
Medically unexplained symptoms: a treacherous foundation for somatoform disorders?

1. The quality of the evaluation. On the face of it, MUS sounds affectively neutral but the term sidesteps the quality of the medical evaluation itself. A number of factors influence the accuracy of diagnoses. Most prominently, one must consider how thorough was the physician’s evaluation of the patient. How adequate was the physician’s knowledge base in synthesizing the information obtained from the history and physical examination? The time pressures in primary care make it difficult to comprehensively evaluate patients and thus contribute to delays and slips in diagnosis. Similarly, physicians can wear blinders or have tunnel vision in evaluating patients. Just because a patient has previously had MUS is no guarantee that the patient has yet another MUS. As a result of these factors, the reliability of the diagnosis of MUS is notoriously low. 2. The state of medical knowledge. The considerations just posed pertain to how a diagnosis of MUS is reached. However, diagnoses are shaped by the state of medical knowledge at the time when the patient is evaluated. One “sees” what one is prepared to see or understand. If one has no tools for recognizing hepatitis C, for instance, one will not make that diagnosis until very late in the progression of the infection. New diseases are constantly arising, either totally new diseases or, more commonly, diseases that have previously not been well understood.
Divergent outcomes of reinforcement speciation: the relative importance of assortative mating and migration modification.

Abstract: Most studies of reinforcement speciation focus on the evolution of assortative mating, but R. A. Fisher argued that migration modification is likely to be a common alternative mechanism. Despite previous models showing that assortative mating and migration modification may both be involved in reinforcement, no one has determined their relative evolutionary importance. This is surprising because understanding the biological conditions favoring these mechanisms may explain why certain pairs of species exhibit abutting, nonoverlapping geographical ranges with habitat fidelity while other pairs coexist in sympatry with sexual isolation. In this article, we explicitly model the evolution of both mechanisms simultaneously. First, we explore how these mechanisms differ in their evolutionary dynamics. Second, we ask how they affect each other’s evolution and whether the interaction alters their relative importance in reinforcement. Our results reveal that assortative mating may evolve faster and under a...
Inherited LU-factorizations of matrices

Various types of LU-factorizations for nonsingular matrices, where L is a lower triangular matrix and U is an upper triangular matrix, are defined and characterized. These types of LU-factorizations are extended to the general m × n case. The more general conditions are considered in the light of the structures of [C.R. Johnson, D.D. Olesky, P. Van den Driessche, Inherited matrix entries: LU factorizations, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 10 (1989) 99–104]. Applications to graphs and adjacency matrices are investigated. Conditions for the product of a lower and an upper triangular matrix to be the zero matrix are also obtained.
The reaction of singlet oxygen with proteins, with special reference to crystallins.

Photosensitized oxidation of the eye lens proteins, the crystallins, is thought to lead to protein crosslinks and high molecular weight aggregates. Such protein modifications may be important factors in the formation of lens opacities or cataracts. We focus attention here on type 2 photo-oxidation involving the reaction of singlet oxygen (1O2) with crystallins and some "control" proteins. We find that: (1) trp residues are oxidized to N-formyl kynurenine and related products, but this in itself does not lead to the production of high molecular weight protein aggregates of the protein; (2) tyr residues react with 1O2 but we do not detect dihydroxyphenylalanine or bityrosine nor are protein crosslinks formed as a result; (3) oxidation of his residues appears necessary for high molecular weight protein covalent aggregates to form. Proteins devoid of his, e.g. melittin or bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, do not form high molecular weight products upon reaction with 1O2. Prior reaction and blocking of his inhibits the crosslinking reactions. (4) The oxidized protein is seen to be more acidic than the parent and has an altered tertiary structure. (5) Among the crystallins, reactivity towards 1O2 varies in the order gamma greater than beta greater than alpha and also gamma A/E greater than gamma D greater than gamma B crystallin.
Natural Convection in a Cubic Cavity: Implicit Numerical Solution of Two Benchmark Problems

Natural convection of air within a cubic cavity, two opposite walls of which are differentially heated, is simulated numerically for Rayleigh numbers of 103, 104, 105, and 106. For each Rayleigh number, two benchmark problems are examined: all four remaining walls are either adiabatic or perfectly conducting. The conservation equations, written using a vorticity–velocity formulation, are discretized with second-order finite differences on uniform grids containing up to 813 points. The equations are solved at all points simultaneously using Newton's method. Solutions on an 813 nonuniform grid are also presented. Excellent agreement with published computational and experimental data is observed, and new benchmark data are reported for the second problem.
XAS study of CdS nanocrystals formed in glass

Abstract We have measured and analyzed optical absorption and X-ray absorption spectra of CdS nanocrystals grown by solid-state reaction in a borosilicate glass. We observe and quantify the progressive replacement of O nearest neighbors of Cd by S with heat treatment and the appearance and growth of a well-defined second-nearest-neighbor peak, and correlate these changes with the evolving optical properties.
Liquid-Solid Mass Transfer Coefficient in High Pressure Trickle Bed Reactors

The effect of high pressure on the liquid-solid mass transfer coefficient ( k ls ) in a trickle bed reactor was investigated for the first time using the electrochemical method. It was found that k ls increases noticeably at high pressure and high gas flow rate. As superficial liquid mass velocity increases, k ls increases for all pressures and superficial gas velocities studied. The effects of reactor pressure and gas flow rate on k ls follow the trend proposed by Al-Dahhan and Dudukovic 1,2 based on five limited cases. The current correlations, which were developed based on atmospheric data, failed to predict the k ls values measured in this work as well as the trend of the reactor pressure effects.
Democracy and war: Reflections on the literature

This article reviews the research addressing the question of whether democracies are less war‐prone than are other types of nation‐states. I argue that we have witnessed a great deal of cumulation ...
Low-frequency stimulated emission and induced absorption in a three-level atom

We consider the excitation spectra of a bichromatically driven three-level atom in the lambda configuration and in the low-frequency domain. These dynamically induced spectra occur when the excitation fields operate at low intensities and are neither one- nor two-photon resonant with the various transitions of the system.
Prospective assessment of late-luteal phase dysphoric disorder

This investigation evaluated a method for the prospective assessment of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The American Psychiatric Association has proposed a diagnostic category for PMS in the DSM-III-R entitled late-luteal phase dysphoric disorder (LLDD). The criteria for this disorder include prospective documentation of at least two “symptomatic cycles.” Two groups of women were studied, one group that met the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for LLDD and a comparison group that did not. Subjects recorded symptoms related to PMS for two menstrual cycles. A clinically significant worsening of symptoms was defined as a symptom increase during the premenstruum of greater than one standard deviation above normal. These effect sizes were then used to determine if the subject met the DSM-III-R criteria for prospective confirmation. Data analysis showed that although the LLDD group showed evidence for PMS in several symptom groups, only a minority (31%) met the requirement of prospective confirmation of significant PMS symptoms for the two cycles recorded. These results were discussed in terms of the need for prospective behavioral assessment of LLDD and the implications of these findings for past and future research.
The physics of the logistic map in the continuous-time limit

We propose an equation of Brownian motion with intrinsic fluctuations that manifests both a 1/ƒ power spectrum and white- noise stochasticity. The solution x(t) of this equation, when evaluated at multiples of the time interval Δt=τ, where 1/τ is the diffusion constant, generates the random sequences xn of the logistic map xn+1=λxn(1−xn) for λ=4. The corresponding power spectrum is consistent with a white-noise power spectrum. When time is treated as continuous, the power spectrum of x(t) is asymptotically 1/ƒ. This equation correctly represents frequency-dependent ionic conductivities without requiring a random forcing function.
Editorial---Acknowledging 2013 Marketing Science Contributions

This editorial acknowledges notable contributions of many individuals to Marketing Science during 2013.
Rearing Broiler Sexes Separate Versus Combined

Abstract In an attempt to determine if bird performance was affected by rearing broiler sexes separate versus combined, a total of 3,348 commercial broilers was used in 3 trials. Body weight was equated per unit of floor area rather than using the common criterion of number of birds per unit of floor area. Results obtained showed that rearing broiler sexes separate versus combined on a common diet had no significant effect on body weight, feed utilization or mortality. The two stocking rates used were .073 and .051 square meters per bird. Data were obtained that indicated the behavioral response of broilers may differ significantly for broilers reared sexes separate versus combined. This was based on an 8-week body weight response.
The INIA19 Template and NeuroMaps Atlas for Primate Brain Image Parcellation and Spatial Normalization.

The INIA19 is a new, high-quality template for imaging-based studies of non-human primate brains created from high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of 19 rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) animals. Combined with the comprehensive cortical and subcortical label map of the NeuroMaps atlas, the INIA19 is equally suitable for studies requiring both spatial normalization and atlas label propagation. Population-averaged template images are provided for both the brain and the whole head, to allow alignment of the atlas with both skull-stripped and unstripped data, and thus to facilitate its use for skull stripping of new images. This article describes the construction of the template using freely-available software tools, as well as the template itself, which is being made available to the scientific community (http://nitrc.org/projects/inia19/).
The dorsoventral signal transduction pathway and the Rel-like transcription factors in Drosophila.

Abstract Embryonic dorsoventral polarity in Drosophila melanogaster is determined by a maternally-encoded signal transduction pathway whose effector molecule is the Rel transcription factor, Dorsal. The activity of this signal transduction pathway gives rise to a ventral-to-dorsal nuclear gradient of Dorsal, which then activates and represses several zygotic target genes in distinct domains. The dorsoventral system represents the best characterized of the Rel pathways. Its components have now been ordered and their biochemical roles are becoming clearer. Key components of the dorsoventral pathway show striking similarity to those involved with the regulation of vertebrate Rel family members. Additional Drosophila Rel family members have been identified and implicated in the innate immune response. The dorsoventral pathway is also remarkably conserved in this response. This conservation underscores the relevance of the dorsoventral system for our understanding of the entire Rel family.
Photodecomposition of gossypol by ultraviolet irradiation

Decomposition of gossypol as a thin film or as a solution by ultraviolet irradiation was studied. The decomposition of gossypol followed monophasic exponential kinetics in which the rate of decomposition varied and depended upon the irradiation condition. The lowest rate of gossypol decomposition was observed as a thin film which showed a half-life of 97 min, while the highest rate was attained as a solution in acetone as indicated by a half-life of 4.5 min. Solutions in methanol and ethanol showed relatively lower rates of decomposition with similar half-lives of approximately 50 min. Acetonitrile and chloroform solutions showed intermediate rates of decomposition for gossypol with half-lives of 15 and 19 min, respectively. Although the degradation products of gossypol were not identified, their HPLC profiles were characteristic of the solvent used. HPLC profiles of gossypol degradation products in methanol, ethanol, acetone and acetonitrile were similar, each exhibiting two peaks with variable ratios depending on the solvent and the time of exposure. The degradation products of gossypol when irradiated as a thin film and as a solution in chloroform were different from those in other solvents. In all cases, when gossypol and/or its degradation products were continuously exposed to ultraviolet radiation, they decomposed to products no longer having an aromatic structure.
Buckling of Randomly Imperfect Beams

The qualitative behavior of buckled states of two different models of elastic beams is studied. It is assumed that random imperfections affect the governing nonlinear equations. It is shown that near the first critical value of the buckling load the stochastic bifurcation is described asymptotically by an algebraic equation whose coeffficients are Gaussian random variables. The corresponding asymptotic expansion for the displacement is to lowest order a Gaussian stochastic process.
Preliminary Results from Skylab Experiment T002, Manual Navigation

The Skylab Experiment T002 Manual Space Navigation Sightings was successfully completed on Skylab missions II and III. Performing the experiment inflight were Major Jack R. Lousma, pilot SL-II, and Lt Colonel William Poage, pilot SL-III. The purpose of T002 was to investigate the feasibility of a manual navigation system for use in back-up navigation applications and to investigate the capability of man to make the necessary celestial observations in terms of accuracy and precision under the conditions of long term space flight. The experiment, co-sponsored by NASA Ames Research Center and the United States Air Force, involves the use of a handheld space stadimeter for measuring altitude as a function of earth horizon curvature and a handheld space sextant for measuring space observable angles such as star to earth horizon and star to moon. This study provides an analysis of the Air Force functional objectives—the sextant starhorizon measurements and stadimeter altitude measurements. Included are the preliminary accuracy and precision data, horizon characteristics, and instrument performance. During Skylab II, 378 sextant sightings and 88 stadimeter sightings were made. These data resulted in definitive horizon altitude determinations as well as an evaluation of the ranging performance of the space stadimeter. Star to earth horizon sextant sightings yielded mean observable horizons heights at 9.63 km for the apparent earth 33.34 km for the dark to light transition layer at the base of the airglow horizon, and 95.13 km for the top of the air-glow horizon. Standard deviation for these horizons ranged from approximately 8.5 to 2.2 km during the sighting periods. The mean spacecraft height error for stadimeter sightings was 6.77 nm with standard deviations in the range of 2.28 to 6.45 nm.
Scale-invariance in singularly perturbed systems

The property termed scale-invariance, or fold-change detection, represents a phenomenon that is observed in a variety of biological systems, ranging from bacterial to eukaryotic signaling pathways. Mathematically, it represents invariance of the complete output trajectory with respect to a rescaling of input magnitudes. In the systems biology literature, an often-discussed motif for approximate fold-change detection is based on a time-scale separation in which output variables respond faster than internal components do. This paper shows that there is a lower bound on the scaling error for systems based on this property, independently of the magnitude of the time-scale separation. Furthermore, the paper discusses how adaptation and scale invariance properties often fail to hold when the effect of molecular noise is taken into account.
Symbols of harm, literacies of hope

The author argues that our best hope for addressing world problems (from climate change to violence, to poverty) is to teach critical thinking through the study of language and all symbol systems. This means removing disciplinary boundaries so that we can focus more effectively on solving common problems. Human survival also depends upon our critical analysis of electronic media and our wise uses of technology. Critical thinking via all symbol systems is more likely to generate humane actions. Therefore, education—not governments or armies or institutions or private corporations—is our best hope.
On the Evolutionary Condition for Stationary Plane Waves in Inert and Reactive Substances

Shock and detonation waves in phase-transforming substances often exhibit splitting instability. Application of the criterion of evolutionarity shows the conditions under which such instabilities can occur.
Personal Pump Reliability Tester

Abstract A test instrument has been built that measures, displays, and records the flow rate of up to 15 personal sampling pumps. The “Pump Tester” is typically run for eight hours with five or six pumps of one type and displays a graph of flow rate over time for each pump. The flow record for each pump contains up to 240 data points and, although not continuous, provides a useful record of pump performance over long test periods. The numerical flow data can be printed and saved to disk. At the end of the test, the flow-rate graph for each pump is printed. The flow-rate graph can be added to the maintenance and calibration record for the pump to document its performance. Occasionally, erratic pump performance is documented that would not have been detected by flow-rate checks at the beginning and end of an eight-hour period. The Pump Tester can also be used for more formal studies to demonstrate the relative performance of different kinds of pumps under different conditions.
The Use of Safety Plans With Children and Adolescents Living in Violent Families

Counselors are regularly confronted with children and adolescents who reside in violent or potentially violent living environments. In this article, safety plans are presented as a tool that counselors can use to promote the safety of children living in unsafe family situations. Ethics-related counseling issues that should be considered when counseling children living in violent living homes are also discussed. A case example is provided to illuminate the presented concepts. Language: en
Measurement of fine particles and smoking activity in a statewide survey of 36 California Indian casinos

Despite California’s 1994 statewide smoking ban, exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) continues in California’s Indian casinos. Few data are available on exposure to airborne fine particles (PM2.5) in casinos, especially on a statewide basis. We sought to measure PM2.5 concentrations in Indian casinos widely distributed across California, exploring differences due to casino size, separation of smoking and non-smoking areas, and area smoker density. A selection of 36 out of the 58 Indian casinos throughout California were each visited for 1–3 h on weekend or holiday evenings, using two or more concealed monitors to measure PM2.5 concentrations every 10 s. For each casino, the physical dimensions and the number of patrons and smokers were estimated. As a preliminary assessment of representativeness, we also measured eight casinos in Reno, NV. The average PM2.5 concentration for the smoking slot machine areas (63mg/m 3 ) was nine times as high as outdoors (7mg/m 3 ), whereas casino non-smoking restaurants (29mg/m 3 )w ere four times as high. Levels in non-smoking slot machine areas varied: complete physical separation reduced concentrations almost to outdoor levels, but two other separation types had mean levels that were 13 and 29mg/m 3 , respectively, higher than outdoors. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations in casinos can be attributed primarily to SHS. Average PM2.5 concentrations during 0.5–1 h visits to smoking areas exceeded 35mg/m 3 for 90% of the casino visits.
Person-Centered Dementia Care and the Cultural Matrix of Othering

Purpose: The dominant clinical view of dementia and its treatment are through the biomedical lens—an approach to understanding the dementias that focuses on bodily and mental pathology and symptomology. Person-centered care (PCC) represents a shift in focus away from biomedical approach in elder care. The primary objective of this research was to examine how PCC was defined, shaped, and practiced by staff members within a dementia care setting. Design and Methods: Ethnographic data were collected over an 8-month period using participant observation (400 hr) and ethnographic interviews with 20 people with dementia and 25 staff members of Cedar Winds, a dementia-specific long-term care setting that had a strong organizational support for using a person-centered approach to dementia care. Results: The observed cultural matrix of othering is the focus of this article and represents the cultural processes that prevented PCC from being enacted within Cedar Winds. The three main characteristics through which the residents were othered and PCC was obstructed were (a) dementia as a master status, (b) functional dependence, and (c) aggressiveness. Implications: This article concludes by examining the efforts that could reduce the extent of othering and improve the person centeredness of elder care settings.
A Measurement of the Transverse Particle Distribution in the Presence of the Beam-Beam Interaction

The beam beam interaction in e+ e- storage rings causes significant beam size enhancement limiting the attainable luminosity. It is important to understand this effect, in particular the resulting particle distribution shape. Measurements at CESR have been made using an 'active' probe to obtain horizontal beam profiles and detailed information regarding the vertical distribution tail shape. An estimate of the effect of the probe on the beam is given and results are presented.
Answer-Set Programming in Requirements Engineering

[Context and motivation] Requirements form the foundation of software systems. The quality of the requirements influences the quality of the developed software. [Question/problem] One of the main requirement issues is inconsistency, particularly onerous when the requirements concern temporal constraints. Manual checking whether temporal requirements are consistent is tedious and error prone and may be prohibitively expensive when the number of requirements is large. [Principal ideas/results] We show that answer-set programming tools ASP can be successfully applied to detect inconsistencies in software and system requirements. Our assumption is that these requirements are given in a formal requirement specification language called Temporal Action Language TeAL. [Contribution] We present a translation from TeAL to the ASP language format accepted by clingcon. We show that clingcon can analyze requirements for several real software systems, verifying their consistency or identifying inconsistencies. We also examine the performance of the clingcon translation.
Factors Influencing the Effect of Segregation Distortion in Natural Populations of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.

The major components of the SD system have been examined in two natural populations of D. melanogaster to investigate how SD behaves and is maintained in nature and to estimate its impact and efficiency. A twofold approach was used: (1) direct measurements of segregation distortion in wild males and (2) measurement of sensitivity of wild SD + chromosomes to SD action. Characterization of newly isolated SD chromosomes and of a large number of SD + chromosomes from nature demonstrated that (1) SD can operate efficiently in the wild genome: 45% of SD/SD+ males collected from nature had k values larger than 0.70. (2) Forty-three of 44 newly recovered SD chromosomes are of the SD-72 type, having a small pericentric inversion that maintains tight linkage among the Sd, E(SD) and Rsp loci in the SD complex. In 1956, most SD chromosomes in Madison lacked this inversion. (3) Only 12 of the 44 SD chromosomes carried a recessive lethal (compared with five of six in 1956), and many of the viable SD chromosomes were fertile as homozygotes, indicating that SD homozygotes need not have obvious reductions in fitness. (4) Among more than 500 wild chromosomes assayed for response to distortion by a strong SD, at least 40-50% were sensitive, about 33% were partially sensitive and 17% were insensitive. This frequency of sensitives is higher than in reports from some other populations. An estimated 12% of the wild chromosomes were classified as true Rspi by their constellation of effects, including a special test of ability to cause self-distortion of a "suicide" chromosome, R(cn)-10. In a direct assay with R(cn)-10, an independent sample of 99 chromosomes from nature gave 30% putative Rspi. Thus, these populations contain in the range of 12-30% Rspi. (5) Chromosomes supersensitive to SD, previously described for certain laboratory stocks, were also found to coexist in nature with SD. (6) Profiles of wild chromosomes with a panel of three or four different SD testers suggest a series of allelic alternatives at the Rsp locus including supersensitive, sensitive, semisensitive and insensitive, and that loci other than Rsp may also be important in determining the effect of SD in nature.
An optimization framework for unsupervised identification of rare copy number variation from SNP array data

Copy number variants (CNVs) have roles in human disease, and DNA microarrays are important tools for identifying them. In this paper, we frame CNV identification as an objective function optimization problem. We apply our method to data from hundreds of samples, and demonstrate its ability to detect CNVs at a high level of sensitivity without sacrificing specificity. Its performance compares favorably with currently available methods and it reveals previously unreported gains and losses.