cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limiting disruption in multiagent replanning

Multiagent systems sometimes undergo changes that cause coordination commitments to become insufficient or out of date, such that the coordinated agent plans need to be repaired or replaced. When recoordination becomes necessary, disruption to the commitments made by the agents in their original plans should be minimized. We approach the problem of minimizing disruption by augmenting pre-existing coordination technology by developing metrics and automated processes for it to rank and potentially recommend new coordination commitments more rapidly. In this paper, we explain, examine, and evaluate our new metrics and processes, demonstrating empirically that flexible measures of disruption can streamline the coordination process.
Modulation of rhythmic melatonin synthesis in Xenopus retinal photoreceptors by cyclic AMP

Cyclic AMP regulates melatonin synthesis in vertebrate photoreceptor cells. In the present study, we investigated whether the circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis in Xenopus retinal photoreceptor layers is driven by rhythmic changes in cyclic AMP. When the photoreceptor layers were continuously treated with 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cyclic AMP (8-CPT-cAMP) at a saturating concentration (1 mM), melatonin release was increased at all times of the day, but robust melatonin rhythms were maintained for 2 days in constant darkness (DD). We also measured cyclic AMP efflux and melatonin release simultaneously from photoreceptor layers that were continuously treated with forskolin and/or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) in light-dark (LD) and DD. Circadian rhythmicity was observed in melatonin release, but not in cyclic AMP efflux, suggesting that changes of melatonin levels are not always caused by the changes of the cyclic AMP levels. In addition, the simultaneous treatment of forskolin and IBMX appeared to saturate sensitivity of melatonin synthesis to cyclic AMP, but this treatment did not abolish melatonin rhythms. These results suggest that circadian rhythms of melatonin can be driven without rhythmic changes of cyclic AMP, and that cyclic AMP regulates melatonin in parallel with the output pathways from the circadian oscillator.
Bulk and Thin Film Morphological Behavior of Broad Dispersity Poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) Diblock Copolymers

We describe the morphological implications of broad molecular weight dispersity on the bulk and thin film self-assembly behavior of seven model poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) (SM) diblock copolymers. Derived from sequential nitroxide-mediated polymerizations, these unimodal diblock copolymers are comprised of narrow dispersity S blocks (Đ ≤ 1.14) and broad dispersity M blocks (Đ ∼ 1.7) with total molecular weights Mn,total = 29.2–42.9 kg/mol and M volume fractions fM = 0.35–0.63. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses demonstrate that these diblock copolymers microphase separate into lamellar and cylindrical morphologies with substantially larger microdomain spacings at lower overall molecular weights as compared to their narrow dispersity analogues. The observed microphase-separated melt stabilization is also accompanied by a substantial shift in the lamellar phase composition window to higher values of fM. In thin films, these polydisperse copoly...
Patients' Decisions About Continuing with Therapy in Chronic Illness: A Study of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis

The criteria which may be employed by chronically ill people in their decision about whether to continue with therapy were investigated in the context of a clinical trial of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for multiple sclerosis. An open-ended question about reasons for continuing or discontinuing treatment obtained data from 48 trial participants on completion of the trial and six months later. Physical factors were the most commonly cited reasons for continuing treatment; stabilization of the condition was mentioned as well as improvement. Lack of effectiveness was more commonly given as a reason to stop therapy six months after the trial. Social and practical reasons were also cited as reasons for discontinuing therapy and there was implicit evidence of a high level of social support enabling patients to continue therapy. Most problems appeared to have surfaced by the end of the trial. Epistemological reasons provided rationales for the decisions taken and referred particularly to the time required to make an informed judgement about the effectiveness of treatment. Personal experience and knowledge of the effects of hyperbaric oxygen on others were more significant to the decision than anticipation of the trial's formal results. The participants in the trial were sophisticated and responsible decision-makers even though their judgements would not always have coincided with medical opinion.
Review of Analyses of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill by the Policy Committee of the OCS Advisory Board1

ABSTRACT On May 23, 1990, the Policy Committee of the Outer Continental Shelf Advisory Board approved a report containing 24 recommendations. These recommendations are intended to help develop a credible national oil spill prevention and response program for both OCS and non-OCS spills in the marine environment. The committee concluded that such a program is needed to improve public confidence and foster the public support necessary for a viable OCS oil and gas program in the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Eight essential elements of such a program were identified, and recommendations addressing these elements were presented in the report. This paper focuses on recommendations dealing with command of oil spill response and public involvement and education in oversight of oil spill prevention efforts, contingency planning, and spill response. A subcommittee of the Policy Committee is pursuing the implementation of the recommendations in the report, focusing on Minerals Management Service actions and t...
Spontaneous Ca 2+ oscillations in subcellular compartments of vascular smooth muscle cells rely on different Ca 2+ pools

Spontaneous Ca 2+ oscillations in subcellular compartments of vascular smooth muscle cells rely on different Ca 2+ pools
Hydrodynamic permeability of hydrogels stabilized within porous membranes

The purpose of this work was to demonstrate that cross-linked polymer gels can be stabilized against mechanical and osmotic forces by confining them in a microporous support. The hydrodynamic (Darcy) permeability was measured for neutral and charged polyacrylamide (PA) gels synthesized in semirigid membranes having a hydraulic mean pore diameter of 0.5 μm and a porosity of 67%. The permeability was determined by measuring the flow rate of aqueous solutions as a function of pressure drop across the membranes. The membrane-supported gels were stable and yielded a constant permeability when the pressure drop was increased to 300 bar/cm. No swelling/deswelling was observed with the charged gels (0.3−0.4 equiv/L) when the ionic strength was varied between 0.01 and 1.0 M, and the permeability was essentially independent of ionic strength. The permeability of the neutral gel varied as φ-3.3 where φ is the polymer volume fraction, whereas literature data for bulk PA gels shows the dependence to be φ-1.4. The perm...
Fabrication of anti‐reflection coatings on plastics using the spraying layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly technique

— Anti-reflection (AR) coatings on plastic substrates have been extensively investigated with the development of large-area LCD and LED displays. A robust AR coating on plastics requires strong adhesion to the substrate, precise thickness and refractive index, and abrasion resistance. In this paper, abrasion-resistant AR coatings were fabricated on polycarbonate substrates using the layer-by-layer spraying deposition of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and silica nanoparticles. The adhesion between the substrates and coatings was enhanced by treating the polycarbonate surfaces with aminopropyltrimethoxylsilane (APTS). The porous low-refractive-index PAH/silica-nanoparticles multilayers were constructed by the layer-by-layer spraying of PAH and silica-nanoparticles aqueous solutions onto the functionalized substrates. The subsequent treatment of the porous coatings with tetrahydroxylsilane leads to stable abrasion-resistant AR coatings. The resultant AR coatings can reduce the reflection from 5 to 0.3%. The reported technique provides a cost-effective method for large-scale production of AR coatings on plastic substrates.
Improved vertical-scanning interferometry

We describe a method that combines phase-shifting and coherence-peak-sensing techniques to permit measurements with the height resolution of phase-shifting interferometry without the interval-slope limitation of lambda/4 per data sample of phase-shifting interferometry. A five-frame algorithm is used to determine both the best-focus frame position and the fractional phase from the best-focus frame of the correlogram acquired through vertical scanning. The two surface profiles retrieved from the phase and the modulation contrast of the correlograms are compared in the phase-unwrapping process to remove fringe-order ambiguity.
Effects of changing power plant NOx emissions on ozone in the eastern United States: Proof of concept

[1] Recent decreases in nitrogen oxide (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions from eastern U.S. power plants and their effects on regional ozone are studied. Using the EPA 1999 National Emission Inventory as a reference emission data set, NOx and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates at selected power plants are updated to their summer 2003 levels using Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) measurements. The validity of the CEMS data is established by comparison to observations made on the NOAA WP-3 aircraft as part of the 2004 New England Air Quality Study. The impacts of power plant NOx emission decreases on O3 are investigated using the WRF-Chem regional chemical forecast model. Summertime NOx emission rates decreased by approximately 50% between 1999 and 2003 at the subset of power plants studied. The impact of NOx emission reductions on ozone was moderate during summer 2004 because of relatively cool temperatures and frequent synoptic disturbances. Effects in individual plant plumes vary depending on the plant's NOx emission strength, the proximity of other NOx sources, and the availability of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sunlight. This study provides insight into the ozone changes that can be anticipated as power plant NOx emission reductions continue to be implemented throughout the United States.
In vivo expression of a conditional TGF-β1 transgene: No evidence for TGF-β1 transgene expression in SM22α-tTA transgenic mice

Transforming growth beta-1 (TGF-β1) appears to play a critical role in the regulation of arterial intimal growth and the development of atherosclerosis. TGF-β1 is expressed at increased levels in diseased arteries; however, its role in disease development remains controversial. Experiments in which TGF-β1 is overexpressed in the artery wall of transgenic mice could clarify the role of TGF-β1 in the development or prevention of vascular disease. However, constitutive overexpression of a TGF-β1 transgene in the mouse artery wall is embryonically lethal. Therefore, to overexpress TGF-β1 in the artery wall of adult mice, we generated mice that were transgenic for a conditional, tetracycline operator (tetO)-driven TGF-β1 allele. These mice were viable, and when crossed with mice expressing a tetracycline-regulated transactivator (tTA) in the heart, expressed the TGF-β1 transgene in a cardiac-restricted and doxycycline-dependent manner. Nevertheless, breeding of the tetO-TGF-β1 transgene into three lines of mice transgenic for a smooth muscle-targeted tTA (SM22α-tTA mice; reported elsewhere to transactivate tetO-driven alleles in smooth muscle cells of large arteries) did not yield expression of the TGF-β1 transgene. Moreover, tTA expression was not detected in aortae of the SM22α-tTA mice. Transgenic mice that express tTA at high levels in vascular smooth muscle and reliably transactivate tetO-driven transgenes would be useful for deciphering the role of TGF-β1 (or other proteins) in normal arterial physiology and in the development of arterial disease. Currently available SM22α-tTA mice were not useful for this purpose. Generation of higher-expressing lines of SM22α-tTA mice appears warranted.
Phase-Conjugate Optics,

A new research area in coherent optics has emerged and has been receiving increasing attention from many scientists as its important applications are recognized. Phase conjugate optics is the name which seems to have attached itself to this new field. The main feature of phase conjugate optics is the generation of an electromagnetic wave with a phase distribution which is, at each point in space, the reversal of that of an arbitrary incoming monochromatic wave. The wavefront, after being generated, proceeds to propagate in the opposite direction, retracing in reverse the path of the incoming wave. Thus, the phase reversal or conjugation process results in what is frequently called a time-reversed replica of the incident wave. If we consider, as an example, an incoming spherical wavefront which, diverging from a point, has a radius of curvature R, its conjugate-replica will be an outgoing spherical wavefront converging toward the same point and with a radius of curvature -R. Phase conjugation techniques have been used in the past for imaging through phase distorting media; well known examples can be found in holography [1] and adaptive optical systems [2]. The new and attractive feature, which differentiates phase conjugate optics from the previous techniques, is the use of nonlinear optical mixing to generate in real time without the need for intermediate electronics, and with amplification if desired, a time-reversed replica of an incident wave.
Some remarks on consumer behavior, destinations and development of places

Changing of destination is primarily changing 1 country or region. Changing of places can also be within a destination.
Validation of the five-drug "Pittsburgh cocktail" approach for assessment of selective regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes.

Objectives To determine whether the probe drugs caffeine, chlorzoxazone, dapsone, debrisoquin (INN, debrisoquine), and mephenytoin can be simultaneously administered as a metabolic cocktail to estimate in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP) and N-acetyltransferase enzyme activities. Methods Fourteen healthy nonsmoking male volunteers (mean age ± SD, 21.6 ± 2.2 years) received 100 mg caffeine, 250 mg chlorzoxazone, 100 mg dapsone, 10 mg debrisoquin, and 100 mg mephenytoin individually and in four- and five-drug combinations in a randomized manner using a 7 × 7 Latin square. Each drug or drug combination was given orally after an overnight fast, with a minimum 1-week washout between administrations. In each session, urine was collected from 0 to 8 hours and plasma was obtained at 4 and 8 hours after drug administration. Plasma and metabolite concentrations were used to estimate phenotypic trait measures for the efficiency of each drug's metabolism. Results The phenotypic indexes determined for caffeine, chlorzoxazone, dapsone, debrisoquin, and mephenytoin were not significantly different when given alone than when given in combination. The median percentage change of the trait measures observed during administration of all five compounds compared with individual administration ranged from −10.7% for the 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone to chlorzoxazone plasma ratio to +2.2% for the debrisoquin recovery ratio. Conclusions The results of this study show that caffeine, chlorzoxazone, dapsone, debrisoquin, and mephenytoin in low doses can be simultaneously administered without metabolic interaction. This cocktail approach can thus simultaneously provide independent in vivo phenotypic measures for multiple CYP enzymes and N-acetyltransferase. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 62, 365–376; doi:
Microscopic Imaging of Glass Surfaces under the Effects of Desorption Electrospray Ionization

Microscopic imaging techniques were used to study sample removal from a glass surface by desorption electrospray ionization (DESI). Changes in fluorescence or absorption images of organic dyes were used to track the impact of the DESI spray on a smooth surface. Time-resolved images revealed rapid removal of the dye from an elliptical region impacted directly by the spray, followed by slower redistribution of the sample across the surface by flowing solvent and/or spray gases. The persistence of a mass spectrometric signal long after the dye was removed from the central impact region indicated that ions were being produced using processes other than impact of the spray on the surface. Placement of a barrier between the DESI spray tip and the mass spectrometer inlet provided additional evidence that ions were being produced at the ends of rivulets streaming away from the central impact region.
Adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells in serum-free hormone-supplemented media: effects of insulin and dihydroteleocidin B.

We previously established a serum-free hormone-supplemented medium for the induction of adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells (Gamou, S. and N. Shimizu. in "Growth and Differentiation of Cells in Defined Environment", H. Murakami et al., ed., Kodansha/Springer-Verlag, pp. 173-178, 1985). Under those conditions the stage of the cell's commitment to adipocyte differentiation was separated from the stage of expression of the adipocyte phenotype. In the current study, the relationship between cell division of the growth-arrested 3T3-L1 cells and their entry into the differen-tiation program was examined by autoradiography at the individual cell level. It was found that cells treated with the inducers dexamethasone and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine went through DNA synthesis (S phase) prior to lipid accumulation and that insulin enhanced this differentiation process. Under these serum-free hormone-supplemented conditions, the tumor promoter dihydroteleocidin B was found to be a strong inhibitor of adipocyte differ-entiation.
Qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry imaging of drugs and metabolites

Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) has rapidly increased its presence in the pharmaceutical sciences. While quantitative whole-body autoradiography and microautoradiography are the traditional techniques for molecular imaging of drug delivery and metabolism, MSI provides advantageous specificity that can distinguish the parent drug from metabolites and modified endogenous molecules. This review begins with the fundamentals of MSI sample preparation/ionization, and then moves on to both qualitative and quantitative applications with special emphasis on drug discovery and delivery. Cutting-edge investigations on sub-cellular imaging and endogenous signaling peptides are also highlighted, followed by perspectives on emerging technology and the path for MSI to become a routine analysis technique.
A Neuroendocrine-Based Regulatory Fatigue Model:

Purpose. To provide an overview of select existing fatigue models and propose a neuroendocrine-based regulatory fatigue model that can serve as a foundation for interventions to manage fatigue.Conc...
Narrow coherence-induced peaks in Doppler-free spectra of thorium

We report the observation of narrow peaks in Doppler-free spectra of thorium. The peaks are superimposed upon saturation-broadened line profiles in thorium atomic spectra by use of counterpropagating cw laser beams with resonance ionization mass spectrometry detection. At low laser powers the spectra show a conventional Lamb dip. As the laser power is increased, a narrow peak obscures the dip (for two of four transitions studied). The narrow peak is attributed to coherence effects at high laser powers. To confirm this assignment, we calculated the saturated absorption line shapes by using the theory of Haroche and Hartmann [ Phys. Rev. A6, 1280 ( 1972)]. The spectral simulations reproduce the narrow peaks and show the same dependence with laser power and transition strength as do the data. There are some quantitative discrepancies, particularly in the overall saturation broadening, but given that there were no adjustable parameters in the calculations, the agreement between theory and experiment is considered quite good. The Einstein A coefficients used in the calculations were determined from an analysis of the laser-power dependence of the saturation broadening for each transition.
Endoscopic management of diverticular bleeding.

Diverticular hemorrhage is the most common reason for lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) with substantial cost of hospitalization and a median length of hospital stay of 3 days. Bleeding usually is self-limited in 70–80% of cases but early rebleeding is not an uncommon problem that can be reduced with proper endoscopic therapies. Colonoscopy is recommended as first-line diagnostic and therapeutic approach. In the vast majority of patients diverticular hemorrhage can be readily managed by interventional endotherapy including injection, heat cautery, clip placement, and ligation to achieve endoscopic hemostasis. This review will serve to highlight the various interventions available to endoscopists with specific emphasis on superior modalities in the endoscopic management of diverticular bleeding.
A longitudinal study of student-teacher relationship quality, difficult temperament, and risky behavior from childhood to early adolescence

This study examines the mediating role of student-teacher relationship quality (conflict and closeness) in grades 4, 5, and 6 on the relation between background characteristics, difficult temperament at age 4 1/2 and risky behavior in 6th grade. The longitudinal sample of participants (N=1156) was from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate paths from (a) background characteristics to student-teacher relationship quality and risky behavior, (b) temperament to student-teacher relationship quality and risky behavior, and (c) student-teacher relationship quality to risky behavior. Findings indicate that students' family income, gender, receipt of special services, and more difficult temperament were associated with risky behavior. In addition, student-teacher conflict was a mediator. Students with more difficult temperaments were more likely to report risky behavior and to have conflict in their relationships with teachers. More conflict predicted more risky behavior. Closer student-teacher relationships were associated with less risky behavior. Results suggest negative relationships, specifically student-teacher relationships, may increase the risk that certain adolescents will engage in risky behavior.
Identification, cloning and expression of a Cry1Ab cadherin receptor from European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Abstract Transgenic corn expressing the Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is highly toxic to European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis , larvae. A putative Cry1Ab receptor (OnBt-R 1 ) molecule was cloned and sequenced from a cDNA library prepared from midgut tissue of O. nubilalis larvae. The 5.6 Kb gene is homologous with a number of cadherin genes identified as Cry1 binding proteins in other lepidopterans. Brush border membrane vesicles were prepared using dissected midguts from late instars. A 220-kDa protein was identified as a cadherin-like molecule, which bound to Cry1Ab toxin and cross-reacted with an anti-cadherin serum developed from recombinant expression of a partial O. nubilalis cadherin peptide. Two additional proteins of smaller size cross-reacted with the anti-cadherin serum indicating that Cry1Ab binds to multiple receptors or to different forms of the same protein. Spodoptera frugiperda (SF9) cells transfected with the OnBt-R 1 gene were shown to express the receptor molecule which caused functional susceptibility to Cry1Ab at concentrations as low as 0.1 μg/ml. These results in combination suggest strongly that a cadherin-like protein acts as receptor and is involved with Cry1Ab toxicity in O. nubilalis .
Introduction to the Theory of VLF Propagation

This paper is a self-contained exposition of the conventional theory of propagation of VLF radio waves. The model is a spherical earth surrounded by a concentric ionosphere. Although the model is highly idealized, the theory is still quite involved. The complexities arise from the long wavelengths inherent in such problems. In Section I the elementary geometrical or hop theory for VLF is considered. This includes a discussion of ionospheric reflection coefficients and the influence of multiple reflections. The validity of the model is established by a comparison with experimental data. In Section II, the diffractive corrections near the caustics of the ray systems are obtained. These provide a means to extend the theory to points near and beyond the horizon point for the individual hops or rays. In Section III, the waveguide mode theory is expounded. A number of approximations and simplifications are introduced in order to illustrate principles. References to more detailed analyses which use higher order approximations are given. Finally, in Section IV, the influence of a stratified ionosphere is treated by using a two-layer model. The material in this paper was included in the Summer (1961) Lecture Course on Radio Propagation given at the Boulder Laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards, and in earlier graduate courses, at the University of Colorado.
Inverse Regression Estimation for Censored Data

An inverse regression methodology for assessing predictor performance in the censored data setup is developed along with inference procedures and a computational algorithm. The technique developed here allows for conditioning on the unobserved failure time along with a weighting mechanism that accounts for the censoring. The implementation is nonparametric and computationally fast. This provides an efficient methodological tool that can be used especially in cases where the usual modeling assumptions are not applicable to the data under consideration. It can also be a good diagnostic tool that can be used in the model selection process. We have provided theoretical justification of consistency and asymptotic normality of the methodology. Simulation studies and two data analyses are provided to illustrate the practical utility of the procedure.
Ionic Resistance in Strains of the Tetrahymena pyriformis Complex1

. Strains of Tetrahymena thermophila were examined in an attempt to establish what role certain ions (Na+, K+, Li+, Ba++, Ca++, Mg++, Mn++, Al+++, Fe+++) play in influencing cell survival time in a culture medium. In short-term experiments (20–30 min), cell survival time in a 1% peptone medium is directly related to the valence of the ion employed. Long-term observations (lasting up to five days) in a 1% peptone medium containing lower ion concentrations revealed that the effects on cell-cycle time are not correlated with the valence state of the ion. Comparisons were made among the ionic resistances of strains of T. thermophila, of T. pyriformis sensu stricto, and of two subspecies of T. pigmentosa. Strains within a species are highly correlated in their patterns of ionic response, while marked differences between species occur. The most distinctive group of strains examined came from one of the subspecies (syngen 6) of T. pigmentosa.
Chesapeake Bay nutrient and plankton dynamics. 1. Bacterial biomass and production during spring tidal destratification in the York River, Virginia, estuary1,2

Bacterial abundance, biomass, and I”H]thymidine incorporation rates were studied during spring tidal destratification of the York River, Virginia, estuary. Monthly high spring tides cause salinity destratification in the modcratcly stratified estuary, which oscillates between stratified (top-to-bottom salinity difference >1%0) and vertically homogeneous (salinity difference <1%0) conditions on a time scale of l-10 days. Bacterial abundance and carbon biomass ranged from 1 to 8 x 10R cells * liter-’ and 20 to 100 pg C * liter-‘. Thymidine incorporation into cold TCA-insoluble fractions ranged from 1 to 10 x lop9 mol.litcr ‘*de’; bacterial carbon production rates and specific growth rates were estimated at 7-75 pg C*liter-‘*d-l and 0.21.1. d-l. Biomass increased steadily during the destratification process while production remained constant. Production then increased twofold to threefold in 12 h during the period of maximum water-column homogeneity. Increased vertical mixing and possibly stimulation of phytoplankton production are suggested as the major causes of this bacterial response to destratification.
Quality Control Studies of Wavelength Shifting Fibers for a Scintillator-Based Tail Catcher Muon Tracker for Linear Collider Prototype Detector

Detailed measurements of the wavelength shifting fiber response to a stable and reliable light source are presented. Particulars about materials, a double reference method, and measurement technique are included. The fibers studied were several hundred Kuraray, Y-11, multiclad, 1.2-mm outer diameter wavelength shifting fibers, each cut from a reel to about one meter length. The fibers were polished, mirrored, and the mirrors were UV epoxy protected. Each fiber passed quality control requirements before installation. About 94% of the fibers tested have a response within 1% of the overall mean
Chris Searle: Funk Brother number one:

The working-class pedagogy, or ‘resistance education’ of Chris Searle; his identification of linguistic colonialism; his practice of critical literacy as embracing the lives, experiences and imaginations of his students; and the massive body of work, from Stepney Words onwards, in which he has set this down, comprise an unparalleled resource for radical educationalists seeking to develop the practice — and theory — of critical literacy and working-class pedagogy. Yet, while concepts such as linguistic colonialism have been elaborated to furnish the careers of more high-profile intellectuals and academics on the cultural Left, that same cultural Left, in its concern with a self-limiting identity politics, has sidelined the challenging, revolutionary implications of Searle’s approach and methods. In the process, Searle has been left ‘standing in the shadows’, much like the musicians who originally crafted the Motown sound — the Funk Brothers — and made that phenomenon possible.
Measures of heart and ventilatory rates in freely moving crayfish.

The fear, flight or fight response serves as the fundamental physiological basis for examining an organism's awareness of its environment under an impending predator attack. Although it is not known whether invertebrates posses an autonomic nervous system identical to that of vertebrates, evidence shows invertebrates have a sympathetic-like response to regulate the internal environment and ready the organism to act behaviorally to a given stimuli. Furthermore, this physiological response can be feasibly measured and it acts as a biological index for the animal's internal state. Measurements of the physiological response can be directly related to internal and external stressors through changes in the central nervous system controlled coordination of the cardio-vascular and respiratory systems. More specifically, monitoring heart and ventilation rates provide quantifiable measures of the stress response not always behaviorally observed. Crayfish are good model organisms for heart and ventilatory rate measurements due to the feasibility of recording, as well as the rich history known of the morphology of the crayfish, dating back to Huxley in 1888, and the well-studied typical behaviors.
Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate favor weight regain in weight-reduced individuals? An examination of the set-point theory.

Background: Obese persons generally regain lost weight, suggesting that adaptive metabolic changes favor return to a preset weight. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether adaptive changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thyroid hormones occur in weight-reduced persons, predisposing them to longterm weight gain. Design: Twenty-four overweight, postmenopausal women were studied at a clinical research center in four 10-d study phases: the overweight state (phase 1, energy balance; phase 2, 3350 kJ/d) and after reduction to a normal-weight state (phase 3, 3350 kJ/d; phase 4, energy balance). Weight-reduced women were matched with 24 never-overweight control subjects. After each study phase, assessments included RMR (by indirect calorimetry), body composition (by hydrostatic weighing), serum triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse T3 (rT3). Body weight was measured 4 y later, without intervention. Results: Body composition‐adjusted RMR and T3:rT3 fell during acute (phase 2) and chronic (phase 3) energy restriction (P < 0.01), but returned to baseline in the normal-weight, energybalanced state (phase 4; mean weight loss: 12.9 ± 2.0 kg). RMR among weight-reduced women (4771 ± 414 kJ/d) was not significantly different from that in control subjects (4955 ± 414 kJ/d; P = 0.14), and lower RMR did not predict greater 4-y weight regain (r = 0.27, NS). Conclusions: Energy restriction produces a transient hypothyroid-hypometabolic state that normalizes on return to energybalanced conditions. Failure to establish energy balance after weight loss gives the misleading impression that weight-reduced persons are energy conservative and predisposed to weight regain. Our findings do not provide evidence in support of adaptive metabolic changes as an explanation for the tendency of weight-reduced persons to regain weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1088‐94.
Role of Transmembrane Segment S5 on Gating of Voltage-dependent K+ Channels

The cytoplasmic half of S5 (5′S5) has been identified as part of the inner mouth of the pore based on evidence that mutations in this region greatly alter single channel conductance, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) block and the rate of channel closing upon repolarization (deactivation). The latter effect, suggestive of a role for 5′S5 in channel gating was investigated in the present study. The biophysical properties of chimeric channels, in which the 5′S5 regions were exchanged between two host channels (Kv2.1 and Kv3.1) that differ in 4-AP sensitivity and deactivation rate, were examined in a Xenopus oocyte expression system. Exchange of 5′S5 between Kv2.1 and Kv3.1 confers steady-state voltage dependence of activation and rates of channel deactivation similar to those of the donor channel. The involvement of voltage-dependent gating was confirmed by the observation that exchanging the 5′S5 segment of Kv2.1 with that of Kv3.1 confers a change from slow to fast deactivation kinetics by accelerating the decay of off-gating charge movement. We suggest that a conformational change that extends from the voltage-sensor in S4 to the region of the pore lined by S5 regulates the stability of the open state. Therefore, the cytoplasmic end of S5, in addition to forming part of the conduction pathway near the inner mouth of the pore, also participates in the conformational rearrangements associated with late steps in channel activation and early steps in deactivation.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN GroEL-MEDIATED PROTEIN FOLDING

Recent structural and biochemical investigations have come together to allow a better understanding of the mechanism of chaperonin (GroEL, Hsp60)-mediated protein folding, the final step in the accurate expression of genetic information. Major, asymmetric conformational changes in the GroEL double toroid accompany binding of ATP and the cochaperonin GroES. When a nonnative polypeptide, bound to one of the GroEL rings, is encapsulated by GroES to form a cis ternary complex, these changes drive the polypeptide into the sequestered cavity and initiate its folding. ATP hydrolysis in the cis ring primes release of the products, and ATP binding in the trans ring then disrupts the cis complex. This process allows the polypeptide to achieve its final native state, if folding was completed, or to recycle to another chaperonin molecule, if the folding process did not result in a form committed to the native state.
Mushwad: Ductile duplex in the Appalachian thrust belt in Alabama

Structural style in thin-skinned thrust belts is controlled substan tially by the stratigraphic succession and relative thicknesses of lith otectonic units (stiff layers and weak layers). In contrast to the rela tively predictable geometry of fault-related folds (fault-bend folds, fault-propagation folds, and detachment folds), ductile deformation of a stratigraphically thick weak layer generates a ductile duplex that elevates and distorts the overlying stiff layer. A ductile duplex is herein termed a "mushwad" (Malleable, Unctuous SHale, Weak-layer Accretion in a Ductile duplex). In the Appalachian thrust belt in Alabama, mushwads nucleated in a thick, shale-dominated suc cession of weak rocks in association with basement faults beneath the regional decollement. The stiff-layer roof is deformed by folds and faults and is elevated by tectonic accretion of weak rocks in a mushwad. Shortening within the mushwad may drive translation of the stiff layer from the roof over the foreland. Lateral termina tions range from plunge of the stiff-layer roof over a laterally thin ning mushwad to a transverse fault. The examples in the Appala chian thrust belt suggest a style of structure that may be more common than presently recognized. The structural geometry of a mushwad, as well as the potential for concentration of fractures in the distorted stiff layer, suggests important applications in petro leum exploration and reservoir development.
8. LASER COOLING AND TRAPPING OF NEUTRAL ATOMS

This chapter focuses on the laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. This chapter is written for those wishing to exploit the properties of laser-cooled atomic gases, but who are not yet expert in the field. This chapter describes the two-level Doppler cooling and sub-Doppler cooling. Techniques for both longitudinal slowing and transverse cooling of atomic beams are presented next. Three types of atom traps are discussed, including pure magnetic, magneto-optical, and dipole traps. The chapter discusses the treatment of evaporative cooling, which has recently been used to attain nano-Kelvin temperatures. This chapter also focuses on a few techniques that are very useful. By necessity, large areas of the field are neglected or only briefly mentioned.
Nanometer to Millimeter Scale Peptide-Porphyrin Materials

AQ-Pal14 is a 30-residue polypeptide that was designed to form an α-helical coiled coil that contains a metal-binding 4-pyridylalanine residue on its solvent-exposed surface. However, characterization of this peptide shows that it exists as a three-stranded coiled coil, not a two-stranded one as predicted from its design. Reaction with cobalt(III) protoporphyrin IX (Co-PPIX) produces a six-coordinate Co-PPIX(AQ-Pal14)2 species that creates two coiled-coil oligomerization domains coordinated to opposite faces of the porphyrin ring. It is found that this species undergoes a buffer-dependent self-assembly process: nanometer-scale globular materials were formed when these components were reacted in unbuffered H2O, while millimeter-scale, rod-like materials were prepared when the reaction was performed in phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 7). It is suggested that assembly of the globular material is dictated by the conformational properties of the coiled-coil forming AQ-Pal14 peptide, whereas that of the rod-like ma...
Poincare's hydrodynamic analogy in celestial mechanics

The analogy between the differential equations describing dynamical systems of two degrees of freedom on one hand and two and three dimensional flow on the other hand is investigated in some detail.
Assignment Models for Local Truckload Trucking Problems with Stochastic Service Times and Time Window Constraints

Local truckload trucking plays a major role in the freight transportation industry. In operations in which travel times, loading and unloading times, and waiting times at intermodal and customer facilities are stochastic, deterministic assignment methods can perform poorly. Efficient stochastic assignment models could provide significant benefits. Techniques for developing assignments that explicitly incorporate stochastic elements of the problem have been explored. Several alternative assignment models to take into account both time windows and stochastic service times have been proposed.
Update of genetic evaluation for male infertility

Men with azoospermia or severe oligospermia (< 5 x 10(6)/ml) should have genetic testing to identify the reason for male infertility before treatment. Identification of obstructive azoospermia (OA) or non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is essential because genetic testing differs for OA (which has normal testicular function, testicular volume, and FSH) versus NOA (which has small, soft testes and increased FSH). Among patients with NOA, history and physical examination along with laboratory testing is required to choose genetic testing specifically for primary testicular failure or congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Genetic testing options include cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) testing for men with OA due to congenital absence of the vas, while karyotype, Y chromosome microdeletions (YCMD), and other specific genetic tests may be indicated if patient has severe oligospermia or NOA. These genetic tests help to identify which patients may benefit from medical and/or surgical intervention. The most recent techniques for genetic analysis will improve diagnosis and management of male infertility.
A clinician’s approach to chorea

Chorea is a distinctive movement disorder with a long history of recognition by physicians but little understanding as to its causes. It has a variety of etiologies, including acquired and genetic causes. The workup of a patient with chorea often depends on the “company” that this movement disorder keeps. Various forms of laboratory testing can enhance a clinical diagnosis.
Civil Liberties and Civil War: The Great Emancipator as Civil Libertarian

This essay is a review of Mark E. Neely's The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (1991), and argues that Lincoln's abuse of civil liberties during the Civil War has been generally misunderstood and exaggerated. The article also shows that Lincoln was essentially a fried of civil liberties, just as he was an enemy of slavery. But, just as he had to tolerate some cooperation with slavery in the border slave states to win the Civil War, so too did he have to implement and support some deprivation of civil liberties. The article explains how the friction and abrasion (as Lincoln called it) that helped destroy slavery also threatened personal and civil liberties. The lesson of the Lincoln years, set out in Neely's book, is that war threatens individual liberties, even when the chief executive is sensitive to democracy and disinclined to be oppressive. When the chief executive cares less for freedom, or worse yet, is openly hostile to individuals and organizations dedicated to its preservation, the climate during wartime can become truly oppressive.
Correlation between abdominal perforator vessels identified with preoperative CT angiography and intraoperative fluorescent angiography in the microsurgical breast reconstruction patient.

Background CT angiography (CTA) has become a reliable method of perforator vessel identification. Indocyanine green fluorescent angiography (ICGLA) produces a real-time image of large- and small-caliber blood vessels. The aim of this prospective study was to compare ICGLA with CTA to evaluate its reliability of vessel identification and correlation to perforator vessel size and number determined preoperatively by CTA. The effect of both imaging techniques on flap design or intraoperative plan was also evaluated. Methods Over a 1-year period, patients presenting for free-tissue transfer breast reconstruction underwent preoperative CTA mapping of abdominal perforators followed by intraoperative ICGLA. Using visualization software, scaling factors were calculated so CTA and ICGLA data could be compared. Results Eighteen patients (24 breast reconstructions) were included. Larger CTA perforator size was associated with larger actual size (P = 0.04). The largest CTA perforator or largest actual perforator was used 78% of the time. Increasing body mass index was not associated with larger CTA perforator size (P = 0.67) or more intense ICGLA blushes (P = 0.13). No significant correlation was found between CTA perforator location and ICGLA skin blush location, size, or intensity. CTA or SPY guided intraoperative procedure adjustments in 72% of patients. ICGLA identified poor soft-tissue perfusion and guided flap resection in 46% of patients. Conclusions ICGLA skin blush location, size, and intensity do not correlate with CTA-identified perforating vessel location or actual perforating vessel size. Despite this, the ICGLA information was useful for evaluation of soft-tissue perfusion and flap design.
Use of Variable Time-Delay Sum-Frequency Generation for Improved Spectroscopic Analysis

The interpretation of vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (VR-SFG) spectra is often complicated by two factors: spectral congestion and the presence of a nonresonant signal. With broadb...
New Results From Previously Reported NBS Fundamental Constant Determinations.

A new treatment of previously reported results of three electric-unit-dependent fundamental constant experiments carried out at NBS over the last decade or so yields accurate, indirect values in SI units for a number of important quantities. These include the fine-structure constant α, the Avogadro constant NA, the Josephson frequency-voltage ratio 2e/h, and the quantized Hall resistance RH≡h/e2.
Pediatric Sonography Curriculum A Matter of Patient Safety

Diagnostic medical sonography is a leading and favored imaging technique in pediatrics. However, diagnostic medical sonography education does not include a standardized specific curriculum in general pediatric sonography. This mixed-methods study aims to (1) measure pediatric sonographers’ self-assessed knowledge, skill, and competence immediately after graduation or cross-training from radiologic technology as compared with their current levels; (2) gain insights from these sonographers of potential topics/techniques necessary to improve students’ general pediatric sonography preparation; and (3) determine their opinions about a specialized registry examination for pediatric sonography. Twenty-two sonographers completed the self-assessment survey, and 11 sonographers participated in focus groups. Experienced general pediatric sonographers reported a significant increase in self-assessed knowledge and skill. The focus groups showed five consistent themes. Sonographers agreed that development of a general ...
Evaluation on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiographic Strain Rate in Patients With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Objective: To explore the relationship between strain rate parameter and left ventricular diastolic function(LVDF) in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT) by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography(2D-STE).Methods: A total of 70 heart failure(HF) patients with CRT were studied. The early left ventricular diastolic strain rate was obtained by 2D-STE technology, the differences of left ventricular diastolic functional parameters to various CRT echocardiographic responses were observed. The area of relevant parameters under ROC curve was calculated by early left ventricular diastolic strain rate for predicting CRT echocardiographic response.Results: There were 41 patients presented as CRT echocardiographic responders at 12 months of follow-up period, 29 patients were non-responders. The most parameters of LVDF were significantly improved than the base line in 41 responders. The maximum area of 2D-STE derived parameters under ROC curve was obtained by LSRE predicted CRT echocardiographic response Conclusion: LSRE had greater value for predicting CRT echocardiographic response, it might be used as a sensitive index for evaluating LVDF in HF patients.