cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representable Preradicals with Enough Projectives

An exact sequence of abelian groups \( 0 \to Z\xrightarrow{\phi }T \to H \to 0 \) said to represent the preradical S if for each abelian group G, SG is the image of Hom(T, G → Hom (Z, G) ≅ G. The preradical S is said to be p-coprimary if H can be chosen to be a p-group. An exposition of some of the main features of representable preradicals is given. An S-pure sequence is an element of SExt(A, B), and this notion allows us to define S-projectivity and S-injectivity. For each ordinal α, p α is a representable p-coprimary preradical with enough projectives. A solution is given to a classical problem of Nunke which asks if all such preradicals are of this form. The height of S is defined to be the height of φ (1) ∈ T, so that the height of p α is α. It is shown that if S is a representable p-coprimary preradical of height α ≤ ω with enough projectives, then S = p α , but examples are constructed of such preradicals of height ω + 1 which do not equal p ω+1.
Architextual Authenticity : Constructing Literature and Literary Identity in the French Caribbean

Construction of identity has constituted a vigorous source of debate in the Caribbean from the early days of colonization to the present, and under the varying guises of independence, departmentalization, dictatorship, overseas collectivity and occupation. Given the strictures and structures of colonialism long imposed upon the colonized subject, the (re)makings of identity have proven anything but evident when it comes to determining authentic expressions and perceptions of the postcolonial self. By way of close readings of both constructions in literature and the construction of literature, Architextual Authenticity: Constructing Literature and Literary Identity in the French Caribbean proposes an original, informative frame of reference for understanding the long and ever-evolving struggle for social, cultural, historical and political autonomy in the region. Taking as its point of focus diverse canonical and lesser-known texts from Guadeloupe, Martinique and Haiti published between 1958 and 2013, this book examines the trope of the house (architecture) and the meta-textual construction of texts (architexture) as a means of conceptualizing and articulating how authentic means of expression are and have been created in French-Caribbean literature over the greater part of the past half-century—whether it be in the context of the years leading up to or following the departmentalization of France’s overseas colonies in the 1940’s, the wrath of Hurricane Hugo in 1989, or the devastating Haiti earthquake of 2010.
Another Short Proof of the Hairy Ball Theorem

We show how the assumption of the existence of a continuous unit tangent vector field on the sphere leads to an explicit formula for a homotopy between curves of winding number 1 and − 1 about the ...
Liquid-metal bond for LWR fuel rods

A liquid metal (LM) consisting of one-third weight fraction each of Pb, Sn, and Bi has been investigated as the bonding substance in place of He in the pellet-cladding gap of light water reactor fuel elements. The LM bond eliminates the large AT over the preclosure gap that is characteristic of helium-bonded fuel elements. Because the LM does not wet either UO 2 or Zircaloy, simply loading fuel pellets into a cladding tube containing LM at atmospheric pressure leaves unfilled regions (voids) in the bond, which lead to local fuel hot spots. Voids were eliminated during fabrication by first evacuating the rod loaded with solid alloy and a fuel stack, melting the alloy, pushing down the fuel stack to drive the LM into the gap, and finally applying at least 5 atm He overpressure. Fabrication of a 4-m-long full-scale fuel rod using this technique was successfully demonstrated. A destructive examination revealed numerous breaks in the frozen alloy bond, but all of these appeared to result from handling the fuel rod. Application to commercial fuel manufacturing should require only minor modifications to existing fabrication lines. The most suitable nondestructive examination technique utilizes a collimated X-ray beam to probe edge-on the region between the pellet surface and the cladding inside diameter.
Spatial Operator Sensitivities for Rigid-Body Systems

In this chapter, we derive analytical operator expressions for the time derivatives and sensitivities of several spatial operator expressions with respect to generalized coordinates for tree-topology rigid-link multibody systems. Such sensitivities have applications such as for diagonalization [84], numerical integration, optimization, Christoffel symbol computations, control [62] and model linearization [81, 85, 116,117].
Thrombosis in Unusual Sites

This chapter discusses thrombosis in sites other than the deep veins of the extremity—the upper extremity, cerebra veins, abdomen veins, retina, and priapism. Although the venous system is present throughout the body, the vast majority of thrombosis occurs in the deep veins of the legs. Thrombosis can occur in other locations and when it does is often a marker of underlying pathology.
NURSING AND MIDWIFERY PRACTICE IN NIGERIA: THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

Nursing and Midwifery Practice should portray a professional image in a positive sense in moral, ethical and legal impact in their nursing practice and profession. The workplace is the hospital and/or hospital related base. The hospital is an organization that mobilizes and uses experts of a number of widely varied groups of professionals, semi - professionals and non - professional to provide highly personalized care to patients. Therefore, hospital requires effective performance by many professionals and semi – professional personnel with highly specialized knowledge and skills that should ultimately serve to promote patients care and satisfaction of family members and health care providers. The functions and duties of health care workers within hospital health care sector, however, are not performed in isolation; it is understandable that they are potential source of conflict between the various professionals in the hospital. To achieve a reasonable set goal in the health care sector, there must be an effective and efficient management of all resources, including the maintenance of an enabling environment for constructive interaction among the workforce of the organization. It is obvious that there are occurrence and effects of conflicts in the workplace. The conflict over decision making and the lack of role definition for nurses and midwives contribute significantly to stress and subsequent burnout (suffering) amongst health care professionals in the hospital. The nurses and medical doctors conflict is associated with the combination of socio – economic, inter- personal and inter- group factors. The hospital management should understand the interplay of these factors and recognize its role in the handling of such conflicts. Medical Doctors and Nurses must also acquire the understanding of team work – building and group dynamics through training to achieve good nursing and midwifery practice in Nigeria. This is achievable in Nigeria if the necessary interplay is placed and mounted by the health care providers and the stake holders.
The surface and catalytic chemistry of the first row transition metal phosphides in deoxygenation

The proven utility of transition metal (TM) carbides, sulfides, and phosphides in catalytic deoxygenation reactions and their ability to preserve unsaturation or aromaticity in products has suggested the materials exhibit unique surface chemistry towards C, O, and H that is inaccessible when using reduced metal or TM + TM alloy catalysts. Herein, we present a computational surface chemistry study of the deoxygenation of phenol over most 1st row TM phosphides. Reaction mechanism analysis showed that dramatically enhanced surface reactivity towards oxygen was responsible for driving C–O cleavage. Reduced surface chemical reactivity towards carbon and limited hydrogenation activity were both beneficial in limiting CC activation in the aromatic ring and unselective overhydrogenation. The more covalent bonding within the phosphides inhibited a correlation between kinetics and thermodynamics of the C–O cleavage step due to the energetics associated with electron density transfer to or from the catalyst surface. Hydrogenation, a mostly covalent reaction step, tracked well with surface reactivity markers and d-band center of the phosphides. The less metallic electronic structure also contributed to electronically different hydrogen bonding to the surface and limited kinetics for hydrogenation that may favorably reduce unselective CC hydrogenation. Surface reaction site nature also tracked with bonding within the phosphides and their metal-to-nonmetal ratio suggesting strong electronic effects in the manipulation of the metal reaction sites and the role of nonmetal sites in the reaction mechanism.
Bearing and range tracking with a two-hydrophone ocean glider

A Slocum glider fitted with two hydrophones separated by a distance of approximately 3 feet recorded sperm whale sounds during an experiment off the west coast of the island of Sardinia, Italy, in the summer of 2014. Time difference of arrival analysis of their echolocation clicks provided bearing tracks. It was also found that the left-right ambiguity inherent of the bearing estimation process could be broken by the natural oscillation in glider heading. More recently, a controlled experiment on a quiet lake with a known fixed acoustic source was devised to investigate unambiguous bearing estimation and possible ranging. Simple target motion analysis (TMA) using the glider’s position data resulted in range estimates of only a few hundred meters short of the true source location. Analysis of the acoustic data on the other hand, presented challenges to satisfactory TMA performance. Overall, it was found that simple bearing-only TMA analysis is possible with two-hydrophone acoustic data and small angular change of a few degrees in the heading of the observing platform. Results will be discussed with implications to marine mammal population density estimation studies, since the ability to estimate direction and range of sound-producing animals could improve estimation of detection probabilities.
Hollow Core Waveguide Sensor Array Based on a Macroporous Silicon Membrane Structure

In this paper, we introduce a liquid core microsensor array based on a macroporous silicon membrane structure. Simple oxidation on a macroporous silicon structure forms reflecting mirrors on the pore sidewalls and creates optical resonances in each pore that acts as a hollow core. When light propagates through a pore filled with a liquid, the optical resonance characteristics formed by the reflecting mirrors can be utilized to examine the interaction of light and a target fluid within the pore. Theoretical design and experimental demonstrations are performed. A fabricated refractive index sensor based on the proposed structure shows a sensitivity of around 3116 nm/RIU with more than 10 dB extinction ratio. Considering that a macroporous silicon structure consists of thousands of arrayed pores in a small dimension and each pore can be treated as a single optofluidic sensor, this approach promises new arrayed sensing capabilities that are well beyond the merits offered by the current hollow core waveguide sensors.
The Mosaic of Autoimmunity in History

Abstract In this chapter, we examine the impact that the publication of The Mosaic of Autoimmunity has had on research and its clinical application in the time before publication of the first edition of the Mosaic book in 1989, its effect on the field around the time of publication, and its continued influence in the future. We consider the effects on immunology generally and in the study of autoimmune disease in particular. Finally, we venture some predictions of the course of research on autoimmune-related diseases that may follow the publication of the new second edition of the Mosaics.
Symbiotic Macrophage-Glioma Cell Interactions Reveal Synthetic Lethality in PTEN-Null Glioma

Heterotypic interactions across diverse cell types can enable tumor progression and hold the potential to expand therapeutic interventions. Here, combined profiling and functional studies of glioma cells in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) models establish that PTEN deficiency activates YAP1, which directly upregulates lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression. Mechanistically, secreted LOX functions as a potent macrophage chemoattractant via activation of the β1 integrin-PYK2 pathway in macrophages. These infiltrating macrophages secrete SPP1, which sustains glioma cell survival and stimulates angiogenesis. In PTEN-null GBM models, LOX inhibition markedly suppresses macrophage infiltration and tumor progression. Correspondingly, YAP1-LOX and β1 integrin-SPP1 signaling correlates positively with higher macrophage density and lower overall survival in GBM patients. This symbiotic glioma-macrophage interplay provides therapeutic targets specifically for PTEN-deficient GBM.
The role of energy storage in deep decarbonization of electricity production

Deep decarbonization of electricity production is a societal challenge that can be achieved with high penetrations of variable renewable energy. We investigate the potential of energy storage technologies to reduce renewable curtailment and CO2 emissions in California and Texas under varying emissions taxes. We show that without energy storage, adding 60 GW of renewables to California achieves 72% CO2 reductions (relative to a zero-renewables case) with close to one third of renewables being curtailed. Some energy storage technologies, on the other hand, allow 90% CO2 reductions from the same renewable penetrations with as little as 9% renewable curtailment. In Texas, the same renewable-deployment level leads to 54% emissions reductions with close to 3% renewable curtailment. Energy storage can allow 57% emissions reductions with as little as 0.3% renewable curtailment. We also find that generator flexibility can reduce curtailment and the amount of energy storage that is needed for renewable integration. Existing studies on the economic feasibility of energy storage are system-specific without considering the decarbonisation of electricity production or impacts of GHG taxes. Here the authors applied an optimization model to investigate the economic viability of nice selected energy storage technologies in California and found that renewable curtailment and GHG reductions highly depend on capital costs of energy storage.
Noninvasive PET Imaging of CDK4/6 Activation in Breast Cancer

The cell cycle is a progression of four distinct phases (G1, S, G2, M), with various cycle proteins being essential in regulating this process. In breast cancer, alterations in the cell cycle and uncontrolled proliferation led to several studies interrogating the relationship between cyclins and their counterpart cyclin-dependent-kinases (CDKs). We aimed to develop a radiolabeled CDK4/6 inhibitor for breast cancer imaging. Our transfluorinated analog ([18F]-CDKi) was evaluated and validated as a novel PET imaging agent to quantify CDK4/6 expression in ER-positive HER2-negative breast cancer. Methods: [18F]-CDKi was synthesized and assayed for its inhibitory activities against CDK4/6 kinases. [18F]-CDKi was prepared with a 2-step automated synthetic strategy that yielded the final product with remarkable purity and molar activity. In vitro and in vivo biologic activity and specificity was assessed in a MCF-7 cell line and in mice bearing MCF-7 breast tumors. Non radioactive Palbociclib (Inbrance, Pfizer®) was used as blocking agent to investigate the binding specificity and selectivity of [18F]-CDKi. Results: To generate [18F]-CDKi, we introduced an F-18 prosthetic group (18F-fluorobenzoic acid, [18F-FBA]), and transformed palbociclib into a different, PET active functional molecule. [18F]-CDKi was obtained with an overall radiochemical uncorrected yield of 15% and radiochemical purity > 98 %. The total synthesis time from the start of synthesis to final injectable formulated tracer is 70 minutes. The retention time reported for [18F]-CDKi and [19F]-CDKi is 27.4 min as demonstrated by co-injection with [19F]-CDKi in a HPLC. The first experiments aimed to analyze pharmacokinetics (PK) and in vitro activity of [18F]-CDKi (figure 5, Blood HL). In vivo blood half-life [t1/2(weighted) = 7.03 minutes], and octanol/water phase partition coefficient (logDO/W = 1.91 ± 0.24) showed a mainly lipophilic behavior. [18F]-CDKi is stable in vitro and in vivo (>98% at 4h post injection) and maintained its potent targeting affinity to CDK4/6 (~13NM for CDK4 and ~15nM for CDK6). Cellular uptake experiments performed in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (ER-positive/HER2-negative) demonstrated specific uptake with a maximum intracellular concentration of ~65% as early as 10 minutes post incubation. The tracer uptake was reduced to <5% when cells were co-incubated with a molar excess of Palbociclib. In vivo imaging and ex-vivo biodistribution of ER-positive/HER-2 negative MCF-7 breast cancer models showed a ~4%ID/g tumor specific uptake (reduced to ~0.3%ID/g with a 50-fold excess of cold palbociclib). A comprehensive biodistribution analysis revealed also a significantly lower activation of CDK4/6 in non-targeting organs. Conclusion: [18F]-CDKi represents the first 18F positron emission tomography (PET) CDK4/6 imaging agent and a promising imaging agent for ER-positive HER2-negative breast cancer.
VOZES PÓSTUMAS ESQUECIDAS DO OUTRO LADO DA HISTÓRIA: A VARANDA DE FRANGIPANI, DE MIA COUTO

Em literatura, a morte e uma construcao, a representacao de um conceito abstrato. Num cenario mimetico, os mortos sao incapazes de falar e, certamente, incapazes de escrever livros. No entanto, vozes defuntas tem sido usadas durante seculos para contar historias, desde a heranca grega dos Dialogos dos Mortos , de Luciano de Samosata (seculo II d.C.), passando pelas Memorias Postumas de Bras Cubas , do brasileiro Machado de Assis (1881), ate aos nossos dias. Atraves da lente do fantastico, este artigo analisa o uso da narracao postuma ficcional no romance A Varanda do Frangipani , do autor mocambicano Mia Couto, que desafia as convencoes narrativas de verisimilitude, ao apresentar uma figura impossivel de qualificar de acordo com as leis naturais. Questiono o motivo pelo qual uma voz defunta e mais apropriada para contar uma determinada historia, e contesto as limitacoes da definicao de fantastico de Tzvetan Todorov, contrapondo-as com a abordagem mais abrangente de Rosemary Jackson ao fantastico enquanto um tipo de literatura capaz de transmitir mais precisamente o estranho sentimento de deslocalizacao em relacao a certos sistemas politicos e sociais. Sublinho o potencial da narracao postuma enquanto meio de por a descoberto e debater temas contemporâneos relevantes de identidade pessoal, politica e social, pois, enquanto figura transcendente, este defunto tem a autoridade de revelar a verdade e confessar segredos sobre a sua vida e a dos que o rodeiam. A morte proporciona uma plataforma segura para contar um lado da historia das guerras vividas em Mocambique que tinha mantido em silencio enquanto estava vivo, ao mesmo tempo que lhe permite adquirir postumamente conhecimentos sobre a realidade do seu pais e da sociedade em que se insere.
Design guidelines and parametric study of nonlinear magnetic springs for vibration systems

A theoretical platform is developed to study design guidelines and strategies for implementation of nonlinear magnetic springs that are traditionally encountered in variety of vibration systems. The adopted magnetic spring consists of two fixed top and bottom ring magnets and a third solid magnet that is levitated between the two fixed magnets. Approximate analytical forms for the equivalent linear and nonlinear stiffness coefficients of the magnetic spring are derived and used to investigate the effect of different design parameters on behavior of the magnetic spring. Magnetic damping force model is presented. Experimental work is also carried out to validate model simulations. Results show excellent agreement between model and measured data. Findings from this work suggest that linear and nonlinear stiffness coefficients are often coupled. Outer diameter of the fixed ring magnets can be used to control the nonlinearity of a given magnetic springbased vibration system in order to achieve hardening nonlinear, softening nonlinear, or linear dynamic behavior. The work presented here serves as a roadmap for design and analysis of variety of magnetic spring-based vibration systems including vibration energy harvesting systems and vibration attenuation systems.
Suicide ideation, plan, and attempt among youth in Bangladesh: Incidence and risk factors

Abstract We utilized data from the 2014 Global School-based Student Health Survey to identify the incidence of suicidality and suicide attempt(s) as well as model related risk and protective factors for (n = 2883) youth in Bangladesh. We calculated population incidence rate estimates of suicidality and suicide attempt based on sample weighting. Then logistic and negative binomial regressions were used to identify and model associated risk and protective factors. Incidence rates were higher than some neighboring countries and consistent with the elevated rates observed in the United States. Any subjection to bullying and experiencing anxiety most or all of the time were each associated with 2–5 times greater odds of past-year suicidality and suicide attempt, as well as incidence rate ratio of suicide attempt count. Having at least one friend was a substantial protective factor across all outcomes. Policy and intervention programming targeting bullying, friendship development, and anxiety as well as improving broader social conditions may be critical to fostering mental health and preventing death among youth in Bangladesh.
Perspectives and practices regarding colorectal cancer survivorship care: Online survey results from oncology nurses in Thailand.

PURPOSE Limited research has highlighted disparities in survivorship care in low- and middle-income countries. However, such care for colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors remains unexplored, especially in Thailand. This study examined Thai oncology nurses' perceptions of responsibility, confidence levels, and frequency of survivorship care practice for CRC survivors and identified factors impeding such care. METHODS A cross-sectional study utilizing an online survey approach was conducted between October and November 2020. Thai oncology nurses (N = 155) completed the survey's demographic questionnaire, 29-item survivorship care scale, and 16-item impeding factor scale. RESULTS Oncology nurses had high levels of perceived responsibility (mean = 73.37, SD = 12.12) and confidence (mean = 65.09, SD = 14.89) for providing CRC survivorship care. However, they reported less frequency of practice (mean = 47.60, SD = 21.03), especially concerning sexual, fertility, employment, and financial issues. Nurses with higher education had significantly higher responsibility perceptions, confidence levels, and frequency of practice (all p < .05). Also, nurses with specialty training in cancer care reported higher frequency of practice (p = .013). Common factors impeding survivorship care were lack of physical facilities (60.4%), knowledge/skills (57.4%), and educational resources for family members (52.3%) and survivors (51.6%). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed inconsistencies between oncology nurses' responsibility perceptions, confidence levels, and frequency of survivorship care practice. The results can guide nurse researchers, educators, leaders, and policymakers in enhancing the quality of CRC survivorship care in low- and middle-income countries such as Thailand. Future efforts should focus on developing educational resources and training programs for survivorship care for oncology nurses and addressing factors impeding such care during healthcare service planning.
Muscles Made from Metal

The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical work plays an important role in robotics. In his Perspective, Baughman discusses new materials that may be used as actuators. He highlights the report of Weissmueller et al., who show how nanostructured platinum might eventually be used as electrochemical actuators that deliver similar actuator strokes as commercial materials, but at much lower voltages. These and other new actuator materials, based for example on carbon nanotubes, may find applications under conditions where traditional materials cannot operate, such as high temperatures or low voltages.
Ovalbumin-Derived Precursor Peptides Are Transferred Sequentially from gp96 and Calreticulin to MHC Class I in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cellular peptides generated by proteasomal degradation of proteins in the cytosol and destined for presentation by MHC class I (MHC-I) are associated with several chaperones. Heat shock proteins 70, 90, and the TCP-1 ring complex have been implicated as important cytosolic players for chaperoning these peptides. In this study, we report that gp96 and calreticulin are essential for chaperoning peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, we demonstrate that cellular peptides are transferred sequentially from gp96 to calreticulin and then to MHC-I forming a relay line. Disruption of this relay line by removal of gp96 or calreticulin prevents the binding of peptides by MHC-I and hence presentation of the MHC-I–peptide complex on the cell surface. Our results are important for understanding how peptides are processed and trafficked within the endoplasmic reticulum before exiting in association with MHC-I H chains and β2-microglobulin as a trimolecular complex.
Revised Pacific???Antarctic plate motions and geophysics of the Menard Fracture Zone

A reconnaissance survey of multibeam bathymetry and magnetic anomaly data of the Menard Fracture Zone allows for significant refinement of plate motion history of the South Pacific over the last 44 million years. The right-stepping Menard Fracture Zone developed at the northern end of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge within a propagating rift system that generated the Hudson microplate and formed the conjugate Henry and Hudson Troughs as a response to a major plate reorganization ∼45 million years ago. Two splays, originally about 30 to 35 km apart, narrowed gradually to a corridor of 5 to 10 km width, while lineation azimuths experienced an 8° counterclockwise reorientation owing to changes in spreading direction between chrons C13o and C6C (33 to 24 million years ago). We use the improved Pacific-Antarctic plate motions to analyze the development of the southwest end of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge. Owing to a 45° counterclockwise reorientation between chrons C27 and C20 (61 to 44 million years ago) this section of the ridge became a long transform fault connected to the Macquarie Triple Junction. Following a clockwise change starting around chron C13o (33 million years ago), the transform fault opened. A counterclockwise change starting around chron C10y (28 millions years ago) again led to a long transform fault between chrons C6C and C5y (24 to 10 million years ago). A second period of clockwise reorientation starting around chron C5y (10 million years ago) put the transform fault into extension, forming an array of 15 en echelon transform faults and short linking spreading centers.
On Nondemolition Measurements of Photon Number: A Comment on quant-ph/0612031

Experimental results stated in quant-ph/0612031 are seminal: The authors have realized nondemolition measurements of the photon number. As to the interpretation of the results, it seems to be less than convincing: The treatment of the system state and of the role of measurement is not compatible with the conventional point of view. We propose an adequate treatment, in which the experimental results are a manifestation of a partial Zeno effect (a slowdown of relaxation).
Investigation of Unsteady Tip Clearance Flow in a Low-Speed One and Half Stage Axial Compressor With LES and PIV

The primary focus of this paper is to investigate how a rotor's unsteady tip clearance flow structure changes in a low speed one and half stage axial compressor when the rotor tip gap size is increased from 0.5 mm (0.49% of rotor tip blade chord, 2% of blade span) to 2.4 mm (2.34% chord, 4% span) at the design condition are investigated. The changes in unsteady tip clearance flow with the 0.62 % tip gap as the flow rate is reduced to near stall condition are also investigated. A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is applied to calculate the unsteady flow field at these three flow conditions. Detailed Stereoscopic PIV (SPIV) measurements of the current flow fields were also performed at the Johns Hopkins University in a refractive index-matched test facility which renders the compressor blades and casing optically transparent. With this setup, the unsteady velocity field in the entire flow domain, including the flow inside the tip gap, can be measured. Unsteady tip clearance flow fields from LES are compared with the PIV measurements and both LES and PIV results are used to study changes in tip clearance flow structures. The current study shows that the tip clearance vortex is not a single structure as traditionally perceived. The tip clearance vortex is formed by multiple interlaced vorticities. Therefore, the tip clearance vortex is inherently unsteady. The multiple interlaced vortices never roll up to form a single structure. When phased-averaged, the tip clearance vortex appears as a single structure. When flow rate is reduced with the same tip gap, the tip clearance vortex rolls further upstream and the tip clearance vortex moves further radially inward and away from the suction side of the blade. When the tip gap size is increased at the design flow condition, the overall tip clearance vortex becomes stronger and it stays closer to the blade suction side and the vortex core extends all the way to the exit of the blade passage. Measured and calculated unsteady flow fields inside the tip gap agree fairly well. Instantaneous velocity vectors inside the tip gap from both the PIV and LES do show flow separation and reattachment at the entrance of tip gap as some earlier studies suggested. This area at the entrance of tip gap flow (the pressure side of the blade) is confined very close to the rotor tip section. With a small tip gap (0.5mm), the gap flow looks like a simple two-dimensional channel flow with larger velocity near the casing for both flow rates. A small area with a sharp velocity gradient is observed just above the rotor tip. This strong shear layer is turned radially inward when it collides with the incoming flow and forms the core structure of the tip clearance vortex. When tip gap size is increased to 2.4 mm at the design operation, the radial profile of the tip gap flow changes drastically. With the large tip gap, the gap flow looks like a two-dimensional channel flow only near the casing. Near the rotor top section, a bigger region with very large shear and reversed flow is observed.
Automatic Statistical Identification of Neuroanatomical Abnormalities between Different Populations

We present a completely automatic method to identify abnormal anatomical configurations of the brain resulting from various pathologies. The statistical framework developed here is applied to identify regions that significant differ from normal anatomy in two groups of patients, namely subjects who subsequently converted to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and subjects with mild AD. The regions identified are consistent with post-mortem pathological findings in AD.
Chapter 24. Neurotransmitters Revisited

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on specific central neurotransmitters for particular neuronal junctions. ACh has been a commonly accepted neurotransmitter substances. This view is most fully established for the peripheral parasympathetic nervous system, for autonomic ganglionic transmission, and for the neuramscular junction. When microelectrodes are used to record from the ventro-lateral portions of the spinal cord, cells are encountered that have rapid frequencies of discharge during the interval after antidromic stimulation of the ventral toot. This high frequency rapid discharge is known as the Renshaw discharge and the cell from which the discharge arises are termed the Renshaw cell. There are at least four other areas within the central nervous system (CNS) at which the electrophysiologic and pharmacologic analysis of responses to ACh have been characterized, although not as fully as the Renshaw cell circuit of the spinal cord. ACh-sensitive cells for the cerebral cortex are also described, particularly the visual and samato-sensory areas, and for cerebellar and limbic cortex.
The combination of green tea, caffeine, conjugated linoleic acid and branched chain amino acids have no effect on body composition and abdominal fat changes in overweight and obese men and women

Background Caffeine, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), green tea and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) have shown to individually improve body composition in overweight and obese men and women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a multi-ingredient dietary supplement containing caffeine, CLA, green tea, and BCAA on body composition and abdominal fat mass in overweight and obese men and women. Methods
Troglitazone suppresses the secretion of type I collagen by mesangial cells in vitro.

Troglitazone suppresses the secretion of type I collagen by mesangial cells in vitro. Background Our laboratory has shown that troglitazone, a thiazolidinedione and peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, prevents mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis in diabetic rats. We investigated and compared the action of two PPAR agonists at the level of the mesangial cell. Methods Rat mesangial cells were grown in medium containing 5 mmol/L glucose, 30 mmol/L glucose, or 5 mmol/L glucose plus 25 mmol/L mannitol. The cultures were either left untreated, treated with 10 μmol/L troglitazone (PPAR-γ), or 100 μmol/L clofibrate (PPAR-α). The following parameters were used to assess mesangial cell responses: detection of PPAR-γ and -α mRNA, the degree of PPAR-γ and -α activation, spread cell area, total protein production, and laminin and type I collagen production. Results Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed the presence of PPAR-γ and -α mRNA in rat mesangial cells. PPAR-γ and -α proteins are active in mesangial cells and the extent of activation is affected by different glycemic conditions. Troglitazone and clofibrate treatment corrected in part the increase in spread cell area seen in mesangial cells in hyperglycemic conditions. However, neither agonist corrected the increase in total protein production induced by hyperglycemia. Treatment with troglitazone resulted in a significant, specific decrease in type I collagen along with a slight decrease in laminin production in both medium conditions. Clofibrate had no effect on laminin synthesis in either medium condition but did decrease type I collagen synthesis in cells grown in hyperglycemic conditions. Conclusion PPAR-α and -γ mRNA signaling pathways are in place and active in mesangial cells. Both agonists affect the phenotypic behavior of mesangial cells and ameliorate changes resulting from hyperglycemia. The data indicate that the correction of mesangial cell phenotype by troglitazone may influence production/deposition of a pathological fibrotic connective tissue matrix (that is, type I collagen) by these cells.
Existence and uniqueness theorems for some fourth order fully quasilinear boundary value problems

Let be a function satisfying Caratheodary's conditions and . This paper is concerned with the problem of existence and uniqueness of solutions for the fully quasilinear boundary value problems ,with either . The conditions on the nonlinearity are related to the linear eigenvalue problems , with either .
Gender differences in pathological gamblers seeking medication treatment.

Gender differences in pathological gambling disorder (PGD) have received little investigation. This study was constructed to detail the demographic and phenomenological differences in men and women with PGD. We assessed gender differences in 131 subjects with PGD who were evaluated in terms of demographic characteristics, clinical features of PGD, and treatment history. Seventy-eight (60%) subjects were women, and 53 (40%) were men. Men had an earlier age of onset of gambling behavior, while women progressed to pathological gambling sooner after beginning to gamble. In terms of gambling behavior, men were more likely to engage in blackjack, cards, sporting events, and the track, whereas women played slot machines and bingo. Women reported that loneliness was the major trigger to gambling, while men were more likely to gamble secondary to sensory stimuli. Although men were as likely as women to have filed bankruptcy because of gambling, women were more likely to have written bad checks and men were more likely to have lost significant savings. Both groups were equally likely to seek treatment, but Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and outpatient therapy were reported equally ineffective in reducing gambling symptoms. There appear to be some gender differences in the clinical features of PGD, and these differences may have treatment implications.
Effects of added dibutyl phosphate on the luminescent properties of europium tetrakis dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium

Abstract Since 2003, the authors have been pushing the boundaries on a special type of functional material, i.e., a material that gives off light when it is stressed, strained, and/or fractured. This unique class of materials has been proposed for the active element of impact sensors, earthquake detectors, and stress sensors. However, in order for this concept to go from the lab to real world applications, the light emission from these functional materials must be bright such that inexpensive light detectors can be used. One of the brightest materials found thus far is europium tetrakis dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA). This material has an emission so bright that it can be observed in daylight. In 2013, the authors discovered that the addition of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) increased the light emission two fold. As a result, a search for similar compounds was conducted to determine if the emission can be increased further. This paper explores the effects of dibutyl phosphate (DBP) on EuD4TEA. The effects of DBP on the triboluminescence, photoluminescence, and crystal structure of EuD4TEA will be determined. This paper will show that DBP has an even greater effect on the properties of EuD4TEA than DMMP.
Shifts in the Conversation: Teacher‐led, Peer‐led, and Computer‐mediated Discussions

Rsearch and classroom implementation of computer-mediated discussion of text are providing new insights about discussion and learning and are raising issues of great importance about how discussion can lead students toward a better understanding of text.
A comparative study of two stochastic mode reduction methods

Abstract We present a comparative study of two methods for the reduction of the dimensionality of a system of ordinary differential equations that exhibits time-scale separation. Both methods lead to a reduced system of stochastic differential equations. The novel feature of these methods is that they allow the use, in the reduced system, of higher-order terms in the resolved variables. The first method, proposed by Majda, Timofeyev and Vanden-Eijnden, is based on an asymptotic strategy developed by Kurtz. The second method is a short-memory approximation of the Mori–Zwanzig projection formalism of irreversible statistical mechanics, as proposed by Chorin, Hald and Kupferman. We present conditions under which the reduced models arising from the two methods should have similar predictive ability. We apply the two methods to test cases that satisfy these conditions. The form of the reduced models and the numerical simulations show that the two methods have similar predictive ability as expected.
1086 LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT OF ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF CHILDREN WITH RENAL DISEASE TO PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE

56 children, including nephrotic syndrome (NS) patients, renal transplant (TX) recipients and normals, aged 2 to 15 years; were given a pneumococcal vaccine containing 14 polysaccharide (PS) types. Vaccine A with 50ug of each PS type was compared to Vaccine B with 25ug of each type. Study divisions were: Group 1)16 NS patients, Vaccine A; Group 2)10NS patients, Vaccine B; Group 3)3 TX patients, A; Group 4)10 TX patients, B; Group 5)10 normals A; Group 6)7 normals, B. Antibodies were determined for each PS type before, and 1, 3, 12 and 24 months after vaccination. At 1 month: a)the two vaccines produced comparable geometric mean titers (GMT) for 7/12 PS types in normals, 2/14 in NS patients, and 2/14 in TX patients. b)Vaccine B produced higher GMT's for 4/12 PS types in normals and for 11/14 in NS patients. c)Vaccine A produced a greater GMT for 12/14: types in TX patients. The sero-conversion rates were similar within paired groups. By 24 months the GMT was ≤ the pre-vaccine level for 9/12 types in Group 1, 7/12 Group 2, 11/12 Group 3, 6/12 Group 4, 6/12 Group 5, and 3/12 Group 6. The GMT was greater than the assumed protective level of 300 ng antibody N/ml for 4/12 types in Group 1, 5/12 Group 2, 4/12 Group 3, 4/12 Group 4, 5/12 Group 5, and 10/12 Group 6 at 24 months. 25ug of PS provided a similar immune response to that induced by the currently employed 50ug dose. Waning antibody titers suggest that longitudinal assessment of protection is essential and the possible need for booster doses remains to be determined.
Constituents of Cneoridium dumosum (Nutt.) Hook. F.

Abstract Osthol, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, bergapten, isopimpinellin, xanthotoxin, justicidin A and marmesin have been isolated from Cneoridium dumosum (Nutt.) Hook. f. (Rutaceae).
Reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior by drug-associated stimuli after extinction in rats

Rationale Smoking-related environmental stimuli have been implicated as an important factor in triggering relapse in abstinent tobacco smokers, and recent evidence indicates that drug-associated stimuli can reinstate nicotine-seeking in rats. However, there is little investigation on the factors that contribute to the latter effect.
From Feudalism to Capitalism: Transition or Transitions?

Discussion of the so-called transition from feudalism to capitalism is confused because three separate phenomena are compounded together: the initial and unique transformation of the feudal variant of a redistributive world-empire into a capitalist world-economy, subsequent incorporations of outside arenas into this latter system, and the extension of the proletarianization of labor and the commercialization of land within the ongoing capitalist world-economy. Clarification of the nature of these three separate processes will aid us in comprehending the nature of the contemporary transition from a capitalist world-economy to a socialist world-economy.
Search for the "Abnormal Nuclear State" Heavy, A > 200, Ion Acceleration in the AGS

Recent theoretical work speculates on the existence of abnormal states of matter which could possibly be created as a result of collisions of superenergetic heavy nuclei. For this reason the possibility of acceleration of heavy ions with mass number A > 200 to kinetic energies of 1 < Tn < 10 GeV/nucleon has been studied and found to be feasible without modification of the AGS vacuum and rf systems by using a fast cycling synchrotron as a booster ring. This booster is required in order to obtain the fully stripped ion state, since partially stripped heavy ion acceleration in a slow rise time accelerator is impractical because of extreme vacuum requirements. The fast cycling feature of the booster is essential in reducing transmission losses associated with electron capture or loss during acceleration and beneficial in increasing the final beam intensity.
Formal and Informal Social Participation of Public, Non-Profit, and Private Employees

Although existing research has focused on the link between employee sector and formal volunteering, no differentiation is made between formal and informal social participation. This study compares the formal and informal social participation of public-, non-profit-, and private-sector employees using recent data from two sources. The results indicate that both government and non-profit employees report higher levels of formal and informal social participation, as measured in several ways. Findings provide a more complete understanding of the multifaceted ways in which citizens can get involved, and emphasize the importance of motivational differences.
Role of Teacher-Initiated Discourses in Students’ Development of Representational Fluency in Chemistry: A Case Study

Cooperative learning and inquiry-based pedagogies often present a new paradigm for science teachers in which their traditional role as expert content givers shifts to one of facilitation and coaching. Previous research on these pedagogies in chemistry mainly focused on the structure of the curriculum materials used with these pedagogies and their impact on student achievement. What remains largely unexplored is the nature of teacher’s moves when dialoging with student groups or leading whole class discussions. This study examined the role of teacher-initiated discourses in developing students’ representational fluency with respect to the topic of dissolved ionic compounds in water. Two kinds of teacher-initiated discourse were observed: monologic and dialogic discourse. We describe the nature of these discourses and their impact on student understanding of dissolution processes. We particularly describe certain teacher moves that were found to be more helpful than others when facilitating students’ repres...
Quantifying fluid distribution and phase connectivity with a simple 3D cubic pore network model constrained by NMR and MICP data

A computer algorithm is implemented to construct 3D cubic pore networks that simultaneously honor nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) measurements on core samples. The algorithm uses discretized pore-body size distributions from NMR and pore-throat size versus incremental pore-volume fraction information from MICP as initial inputs. Both pore-throat radius distribution and body-throat correlation are iteratively refined to match percolation-simulated primary drainage capillary pressure with MICP data. It outputs a pore-throat radius distribution which is not directly measurable with either NMR or MICP. In addition, quasi-static fluid distribution and single-phase connectivity are quantified at each capillary pressure stage. NMR measurements on desaturating core samples are simulated from the quantitative fluid distribution in a gas-displacing-water drainage process and are verified with laboratory measurements. We invoke effective medium theory to quantify the single-phase connectivity in two-phase flow by simulating percolation in equivalent sub-pore-networks that consider the remaining fluid phase as solid cementation. Primary drainage relative permeability curves quantified from fluid distribution and phase connectivity show petrophysical consistency after applying a hydrated-water saturation correction. Core measurements of tight-gas sandstone samples from the Cotton Valley formation, East Texas, are used to verify the new algorithm. Inverse estimation of pore-network attributes from NMR and MICP data.Quantification of fluid distribution and phase connectivity in a cubic pore-network.Relative permeability modeling for tight-gas sandstone samples.