cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of radial glia and astrocytes in the spinal cord of the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana): an immunohistochemical study using anti-vimentin and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein.

We have shown previously that rubrospinal axons grow around a lesion of their pathway in developing opossums and that a critical period exists for that plasticity. As a first step toward addressing the possibility that glial maturation and/or the development of an astrocytic response to lesioning contribute to loss of rubrospinal plasticity, we have studied the normal development of radial glia and astrocytes in the spinal cord of the opossum by immunostaining for vimentin (Vim) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Vim-like immunoreactivity (Vim-LI) was present in radial glia throughout the spinal cord at birth (12 days after conception), whereas GFAP-like immunoreactivity (GFAP-LI) was limited to cells of comparable morphology in the ventral part of the cervical cord. The subsequent appearance of GFAP-LI followed ventral to dorsal and rostral to caudal gradients and by postnatal day (PD) 15, it was found in radial glia throughout the cord. At the same age, processes immunostained by either antibody had lost their radial orientation in the ventral horn of the cervical cord. The subsequent transformation from radial glia to astrocytes also followed ventral to dorsal and rostral to caudal gradients. By PD30, mature appearing astrocytes were immunostained by both antibodies at thoracic levels of the spinal cord, the levels lesioned in the plasticity experiments referred to above, and by PD41, they were found at all levels of the cord. Since rubral axons are able to grow around a lesion of the thoracic cord until PD26–30, there is a rough temporal correlation between the transition from radial glia to mature appearing astrocytes and the end of the critical period for plasticity. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mapping the social service pathways of youth to and through the juvenile justice system: A comprehensive review

Abstract The purpose of this review was to detail the human or social service needs and service use patterns (i.e., healthcare, education, social services, child welfare, mental health, and substance abuse) that influence youth's entry and prolonged involvement with the juvenile justice system. What emerged from the literature was a pattern of service needs and prior service usage that placed youth at risk of juvenile justice involvement. Extralegal factors, such as individual characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, and mental health and trauma histories) and social/environmental characteristics (e.g., family conflict, unmet service needs, and prior social service use) influenced how youth traveled across the sectors of care. The authors present a social justice systems model that depicts the varied service pathways that youth may concurrently or sequentially travel across the social and justice systems of care. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for practice, policy, and research.
PROTONATED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS REVISITED

We reconsider the contribution that singly protonated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; HPAH + s) might make to the Class A component of the 6.2 μm interstellar emission feature in light of the recent experimental measurements of protonated naphthalene and coronene. Our calculations on the small HPAH + s have a band near 6.2 μm, as found in experiment. While the larger HPAH + s still have emission near 6.2 μm, the much larger intensity of the band near 6.3 μm overwhelms the weaker band at 6.2 μm, so that the 6.2 μm band is barely visible. Since the large PAHs are more representative of those in the interstellar medium, our work suggests that large HPAH + s cannot be major contributors to the observed emission at 6.2 μm (i.e., Class A species). Saturating large PAH cations with hydrogen atoms retains the 6.2 μm Class A band position, but the rest of the spectrum is inconsistent with observed spectra.
Surgical treatment of a large fusiform distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm with In Situ end-to-side A3-A3 bypass graft and aneurysm trapping: case report and review of the literature.

Background and importance Large fusiform aneurysms of the distal anterior cerebral territory are extremely rare and can be particularly challenging to treat. The circumferential pathology of fusiform lesions renders stand-alone clip or coil ablation unsatisfactory, and the deep, narrow corridor augments the difficulty of surgical approaches. In this setting, bypass procedures may be used to both treat the aneurysm definitively and preserve distal parent artery flow. We report a rare case of a large fusiform A3 aneurysm treated with trapping and concomitant end-to-side A3:A3 bypass. Clinical presentation A 52-year-old man was evaluated after losing consciousness and experiencing a fall. A noncontrast computed tomography scan revealed a focal area of hemorrhage above the body of the corpus callosum, and computed tomography angiography showed a fusiform aneurysm of the right A3 artery. To treat the aneurysm definitively and preserve distal vessel flow, the patient was taken to surgery in anticipation of aneurysm ablation and cerebrovascular bypass. A large, fusiform right A3 aneurysm was identified. Intraoperative flow measurement demonstrated poor collateral circulation. The aneurysm was trapped with clips, and a right-to-left A3:A3 end-to-side in situ bypass was performed. Aneurysm occlusion and preserved distal vessel flow were confirmed with intraoperative angiography. Conclusion Large fusiform aneurysms in the distal anterior cerebral artery region are rare, and the anatomy of these lesions and their vascular location render stand-alone surgical management technically challenging. End-to-side A3:A3 bypass combined with aneurysm trapping represents a feasible treatment strategy for lesions in this location.
Whole-mount, paraffin imbedding as a method for preservation of congenitally malformed hearts

Abstract A method has been described for fixation and preservation of congenitally malformed hearts to retain the basic anatomic configuration. The advantages include retention of normal relationships for study and demonstration. Also, a major advantage is that the specimen may be stored dry. Major disadvantages include shrinkage of the specimen in paraffin and an occasionally unsatisfactory evaluation of the left ventricular aspect of the aortic valve.
Branch-and-bound and parallel computation: A historical note

This historical note summarizes what we believe to have been the first use of parallel processing to solve a combinatorial optimization problem by a branch-and-bound algorithm. In 1975, a branch-and-bound algorithm for the traveling salesman problem that used p parallel processors with shared memory was simulated on a single processor. The results show that the simultaneous exploration of several nodes of the search tree yields better feasible solutions earlier. This allows earlier pruning of branches and significantly reduces the number of nodes searched.
Sulpiride blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens.

Intra-accumbens injection of sulpiride, tiapride, and metoclopramide antagonized locomotor hyperactivity induced by intraperitoneal administration of apomorphine in rats and measured over the first five minutes after introducing the animal to an open-field cage. Sulpiride was slightly more potent than tiapride which was more than 10 times more potent than metoclopramide and haloperidol. The threshold dose of sulpiride was as low as 0.001μg, bilaterally. Intra-accumbens injection of sulpiride also blocked exploratory hypermotility induced by bilateral intra-accumbens injections of apomorphine and picrotoxin. The threshold dose of sulpiride for blocking these two effects was about 0.01μg, bilaterally. Sulpiride was more than 10 times more potent than haloperidol in blocking this apomorphine-induced hypermotility. Haloperidol did not influence the picrotoxin hypermotility.
Does retention matter? Treatment duration and improvement in drug use.

Aim This study examines whether there is a minimum threshold, continuous or non-linear relationship between the duration of addiction treatment and improvements in drug use. Design Longitudinal cohort study of 62 drug treatment units and 4005 clients in the US National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study, fielded from 1993 to 1995. Subjects Baseline and 1-year follow-up interviews with clients in methadone maintenance, out-patient non-methadone, short-term residential and long-term residential treatment programs. Measures Improvement in drug use is the difference between the client-reported peak frequency of drug use (in days per month) in the year prior to the baseline interview minus the peak frequency in the year after discharge. Primary drug, and overall use of the major illicit drugs (heroin, cocaine powder, crack cocaine, and marijuana) are considered separately. Results Controlling for multiple factors, treatment duration had a positive linear relationship with primary drug use improvement among methadone clients and an inverted-U-shaped relationship with overall and primary drug use improvements among out-patient and long-term residential clients. Improvement with longer duration is greatest for long-term residential clients. Conclusions Contrary to previous arguments for a sharp retention threshold for onset of treatment effects, we find smooth curves relating treatment duration to drug use improvements in methadone maintenance, out-patient non-methadone and long-term residential modalities. These relationships are effectively linear for durations typically observed in single treatment episodes, but unusually long retention in out-patient non-methadone and long-term residential units appear steadily less predictive of improvement.
The Development of a Culturally Sensitive Pediatric Pain Management Intervention for African American Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease

This article describes a cognitive-behavioral pain management intervention for adolescents with sickle cell disease with particular emphasis on description of components that enhance its cultural sensitivity. To date, 25 participants have been randomized to the pain management intervention. Treatment expectation ratings at baseline and midpoint (after Session 2) and participant feedback regarding interest in, enjoyment of, and helpfulness of the intervention are presented. Preliminary data indicate that most of the participants have been engaged in and have responded well to the intervention. Challenges of the intervention are discussed.
Mechanism underlying inhibition of intestinal apical Cl–/OH– exchange following infection with enteropathogenic E. coli

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) is a major cause of infantile diarrhea, but the pathophysiology underlying associated diarrhea is poorly understood. We examined the role of the luminal membrane Cl–/OH– exchange process in EPEC pathogenesis using in vitro and in vivo models. Cl–/OH– exchange activity was measured as OH– gradient–driven 36Cl– uptake. EPEC infection (60 minutes–3 hours) inhibited apical Cl–/OH– exchange activity in human intestinal Caco-2 and T84 cells. This effect was dependent upon the bacterial type III secretory system (TTSS) and involved secreted effector molecules EspG and EspG2, known to disrupt the host microtubular network. The microtubule-disrupting agent colchicine (100 μM, 3 hours) also inhibited 36Cl– uptake. The plasma membrane expression of major apical anion exchanger DRA (SLC26A3) was considerably reduced in EPEC-infected cells, corresponding with decreased Cl–/OH– exchange activity. Confocal microscopic studies showed that EPEC infection caused a marked redistribution of DRA from the apical membrane to intracellular compartments. Interestingly, infection of cells with an EPEC mutant deficient in espG significantly attenuated the decrease in surface expression of DRA protein as compared with treatment with wild-type EPEC. EPEC infection in vivo (1 day) also caused marked redistribution of surface DRA protein in the mouse colon. Our data demonstrate that EspG and EspG2 play an important role in contributing to EPEC infection–associated inhibition of luminal membrane chloride transport via modulation of surface DRA expression.
Teaching Materials that Matter: An Interactive, Multi-media Module on Zeolites in General Chemistry

This paper describes a two-week teaching module, based on the structure, properties, and applications of zeolites, that was taught in a general chemistry course. We chose to focus this module on zeolite science because of the beauty and versatility of zeolites as well as their many existing and potential uses in the chemical industry. The curriculum was centered around an interactive educational computer program about zeolites that we developed specifically for the module, entitled “Zeolite Explorer.” The module also involved class lectures by faculty, a guest lecture from an industry leader, homework problems, handouts, overheads, and demonstrations. The class outline, lecture notes, handouts, overheads, homework, and “Zeolite Explorer” software are included with this article. We believe that this interactive, multimedia approach to teaching zeolite science generated more student interest in chemistry and learning an extremely important subject.
Organometallic chemical vapor deposition: The roles of precursor design and growth ambient in film properties

Examples of chemical control in CVD of metallic and ceramic films are highlighted. Specific attention is paid to the complexity of precursor design. The effect of reactor environment on growth chemistry is investigated. Examples where reducing or oxidizing atmospheres provide a high level of control over deposit composition are outlined. The system examined centers on yttrium and yttria. These materials are, in general, desired less for their optical or electronic properties and more for their structural properties. Thus, the rigid purity demands of the microelectronics industry are somewhat relaxed. Nevertheless, critical attention must be paid to the issues of vapor pressure and decomposition profile. Where sufficient dala is available to justify it, some explaination of the issues relevent to vapor pressure is presented.
Management of unusual genital lymphedema complication after Fournier's gangrene: a case report.

Background Fournier’s gangrene is a bacterial infection characterized by necrotizing fasciitis, skin and soft tissue involvement, and eventually myositis of the perineal region. Aggressive debridement of devitalized tissue and overlying skin is of paramount importance, but often leaves large defects to be reconstructed. The present case reports successful extensive perineal defects coverage following Fournier’s gangrene and management of subsequent penile lymphoedema impairing sexual function in a young patient.
Severe hypertension associated with pancuronium in a patient with a phaeochromocytoma

There are a number of factors to consider in choosing a muscle relaxant for patients with a phaeochromocytoma. It has been suggested that pancuronium is the muscle relaxant of choice.1-3 This report describes a severe hypertensive response associated with pancuronium in a patient undergoing surgery for the removal of a phaeochromocytoma.
Pulmonary microembolization in severe thermal injury.

SummaryIntravenous injection of colloidal carbon particles within one to four hours after thermal injury is followed by the precipitous clearance of carbon from the blood of the recipients and respiratory death, secondary to massive embolization of the injected carbon to the pulmonary vascular bed. The results suggest that thermal injury may be associated with the early release of showers of microaggregates into the circulation, with subsequent embolization to the lungs.
CFD simulations of enhanced condensational growth (ECG) applied to respiratory drug delivery with comparisons to in vitro data

Enhanced condensational growth (ECG) is a newly proposed concept for respiratory drug delivery in which a submicrometer aerosol is inhaled in combination with saturated or supersaturated water vapor. The initially small aerosol size provides for very low extrathoracic deposition, whereas condensation onto droplets in vivo results in size increase and improved lung retention. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a CFD model of ECG in a simple tubular geometry with direct comparisons to in vitro results. The length (29 cm) and diameter (2 cm) of the tubular geometry were representative of respiratory airways of an adult from the mouth to the first tracheobronchial bifurcation. At the model inlet, separate streams of humidified air (25, 30, and 39 °C) and submicrometer aerosol droplets with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) of 150, 560, and 900 nm were combined. The effects of condensation and droplet growth on water vapor concentrations and temperatures in the continuous phase (i.e., two-way coupling) were also considered. For an inlet saturated air temperature of 39 °C, the two-way coupled numerical (and in vitro) final aerosol MMADs for initial sizes of 150, 560, and 900 nm were 1.75 μm (vs. 1.23 μm), 2.58 μm (vs. 2.66 μm), and 2.65 μm (vs. 2.63 μm), respectively. By including the effects of two-way coupling in the model, agreements with the in vitro results were significantly improved compared with a one-way coupled assumption. Results indicated that both mass and thermal two-way coupling effects were important in the ECG process. Considering the initial aerosol sizes of 560 and 900 nm, the final sizes were most influenced by inlet saturated air temperature and aerosol number concentration and were not largely influenced by initial size. Considering the growth of submicrometer aerosols to above 2 μm at realistic number concentrations, ECG may be an effective respiratory drug delivery approach for minimizing mouth-throat deposition and maximizing aerosol retention in a safe and simple manner. However, future studies are needed to explore effects of in vivo boundary conditions, more realistic respiratory geometries, and transient breathing.
The Large-Scale rms Bulk Velocity Estimated from Quasar Lyα Forests

We propose a method for estimating the large-scale rms bulk velocity of the cosmic mass field from the transmitted fluxes of Lyα forests. It is based on two linear relationships on large scales: (1) the relation between the fluctuations of the transmission and the underlying density field, and (2) the relation between the density fluctuations and the peculiar velocity field. We show that with a multiscale decomposition, the two relations can be effectively employed for predicting the rms bulk velocity. Since quasar (QSO) Lyα forests are due to the absorptions of diffusely distributed and photoionized intergalactic medium (IGM), this method provides an independent estimate of the rms bulk velocity at high redshifts, on large scales, and free from the bias of galaxies. Using the transmitted flux of 60 moderate-resolution QSO spectra, the rms bulk velocity is found to be 230 ± 50 km s-1 around redshift z = 2.25 on a scale of 23 h-1 Mpc, and down to 110 ± 45 km s-1 around z = 3.25 on a scale of 92 h-1 Mpc for a low-density cold dark matter universe (Ω = 0.3 and Λ = 0.7). The results are basically consistent with linear evolution theory.
Determination of the thermodynamics of He II from sound-velocity data

Recently measured sound-velocity data were used to completely determine the thermodynamics of superfluid helium at all temperatures above 1.2 K and at all pressures in the He II phase. The sound-velocity data consisted of first-, second-, and fourth-sound velocities measured simultaneously at more than 400 points in the $P$-$T$ plane. Equations of two-fluid hydrodynamics and a small amount of published data were used to convert the sound velocities to thermodynamic quantities. Because of the high precision of the data (0.2%) and the fine mesh of data points, it was possible to obtain continuous functions (of the variables $P$ and $T$) for the density, thermal-expansion coefficient, normal-fluid fraction, entropy, specific heats, and compressibility of He II. As an additional feature the correct asymptotic behavior near the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ line was incorporated into the thermodynamic functions. These functions were used to generate tables of the thermodynamic quantities and smoothed values of the sound velocities. The precision of the results, typically 0.3%, represents an order-of-magnitude improvement over a significant portion of the existing data and has eliminated some discrepancies as large as (10-15)%.
Hypervelocity target dynamics as seen by three-dimensional markers

In order to observe the interior deformation and the strain field of a target under hypervelocity impact, cube-shaped copper targets 3 in. and 4 in. on an edge were made with imbedded nickel wires, arranged orthogonally, to serve as three-dimensional markers. One target was indented statically with a J-in. ball bearing for reference. Measurements of the terminal wire positions, as well as Vickers hardness, on sections of all targets indicated that the flowfields were essentially cylindrically symmetric. Calculations of the finite Lagrangian strain were thus made by using cylindrical coordinates. Comparisons of flowfields, strain invariants, and hardness profiles in the targets and the mass' velocities, and energies of the projectiles show definite qualitative correlations. The flow patterns showed that 1) only a small portion (10% to 30%) of the material that initially occupied the crater site was ejected, i.e., the evacuated volume is much smaller than the crater size, and 2) the outside surface of the lips around the crater was originally the top surface of the target. Thus, instead of being formed like the splashes of a liquid, the lips were formed by the progressive folding over of the surface material by shearing forces and pressure from a subsurface, maximum energy center during the crater expansion.
Léïomyome de la grande veine saphène: Cas clinique et revue de la littérature

Les tumeurs de la grande veine saphene, benignes ou malignes, sont extremement rares. Le leiomyome est une tumeur benigne vasculaire qui peut se presenter sous la forme d'une masse localisee ; cependant, le diagnostic ne peut en etre clinique. Le diagnostic definitif repose sur la realisation de multiples examens d'imagerie radiologique et sur le resultat de l'examen histologique. Une fois traitee par une excision large, passant en zone saine sur le vaisseau, la tumeur a un faible taux de recidive. Nous decrivons un cas de patiente ayant un leiomyome de la grande veine saphene.
Extinction persistence in the rat following brief training with constant or partial delay of reward

Forty-eight rats were trained in a runway under three acquisition schedules: constant immediate reward, partial delay of reward, and constantly delayed reward. Delay occurred in the goalbox for a duration of 20 sec. Acquisition trials were given at one trial a day for 10 days. The constant delay group ran somewhat slower in acquisition than the other two groups. During extinction there were two treatment levels; constant confinement and no confinement. Confinement occurred in the goalbox for 20 sec, and one extinction trial was given each day for 24 days. The animals which were confined during extinction ran significantly slower than the nonconfined animals. The extinction effects of the acquisition schedules included a modest partial delay extinction effect but no evidence that constant delay caused an increase in persistence.
Measuring adverse events in helicopter emergency medical services: establishing content validity.

AbstractIntroduction. We sought to create a valid framework for detecting adverse events (AEs) in the high-risk setting of helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS). Methods. We assembled a panel of 10 expert clinicians (n = 6 emergency medicine physicians and n = 4 prehospital nurses and flight paramedics) affiliated with a large multistate HEMS organization in the Northeast US. We used a modified Delphi technique to develop a framework for detecting AEs associated with the treatment of critically ill or injured patients. We used a widely applied measure, the content validity index (CVI), to quantify the validity of the framework's content. Results. The expert panel of 10 clinicians reached consensus on a common AE definition and four-step protocol/process for AE detection in HEMS. The consensus-based framework is composed of three main components: (1) a trigger tool, (2) a method for rating proximal cause, and (3) a method for rating AE severity. The CVI findings isolate components of the framework c...
The Role of Risk in Aviation Decision Making: How Pilots Perceive and Manage Flight Risks

The current direction in CRM training is threat and error management. In order to manage threats and to prevent them from leading to unsafe situations, pilots must first assess the risks associated...
Cervical spine trauma radiography: Sources of false-negative diagnoses

We undertook this study to identify causes of false-negative cervical spine plain radiographic interpretations in a series of experimental readings. One hundred eighty-nine examinations (three views), including 97 patients with acute injuries and 92 normal controls from the same emergency room population, were presented to 14 radiologists. The false-negative rate was 17% (2646 readings). The most frequently missed injuries were laminar fractures, atlantoaxial subluxations, pillar fractures, and fractures of C1 and C2. Analysis of 38 cases with 47 fractures missed by two or more readers showed that 20 *43%) involved the C1–C2 area, and 14 (30%) involved the laminae, and articular pillars. Analysis revealed one or more possible contributing causes for the diagnostic error in 21 injuries: marked osteopenia (2), overlying structures (4), a combination of overexposure and overlying structures (2), and satisfaction of search (13). For 26 injuries (55%), no extrinsic cause was evident, and 23 of these (88%) involved the C1–C2 region or the laminar/articular pillar region.
Classification of pediatric headache

The high incidence and prevalence of headaches in the pediatric population has a significant impact on patients and their families. Migraine, the most common headache disorder for which pediatric patients see a physician, remains underdiagnosed. Recent studies have revealed the increasing incidence of migraine and chronic migraine in the pediatric population. This article presents limitations of the present diagnostic criteria for migraine, and the proposed modifications to these criteria may assist the clinician with early recognition. Further research in pediatric headaches is needed to help reveal additional pathophysiologic mechanisms and improve diagnostic criteria.
A UNIFICATION ALGORITHM FOR SECOND-ORDER MONADIC TERMS

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm that, given a finite set E of pairs of second-order monadic terms, returns a finite set U ( E ) of ‘substitution schemata’ such that a substitution unifies E iff it is an instance of some member of U ( E ). Moreover, E is unifiable precisely if U ( E ) is not empty. The algorithm terminates on all inputs, unlike the unification algorithms for second-order monadic terms developed by G. Huet and G. Winterstein. The substitution schemata in U ( E ) use expressions (called ‘parametric terms’) which represent sets of terms that differ only in how many times designated strings of (monadic) function constants follow themselves. The substitution schemata may contain unresolved ‘identity restrictions’; consequently, the members of U ( E ) generally do not characterize all the unifiers of E in a completely explicit way. The algorithm is particularly useful for investigating the complexity of formal proofs.
The enigma of high-latitude paleoclimate

Abstract The geological record of paleontology, paleobotany and oxygen-isotope determinations show conclusively that the Mesozoic and early Tertiary paleoclimates of arctic and antarctic latitudes were far warmer than that of the present. Observations indicate that temperate to subtropical conditions existed in these regions in the past. The problem is just as cogent for the paleogeaphic reconstructions of North America and Antarctica that are based on studies of rock magnetism. Temperatures computed by the application of a thermodynamic climate model to paleogeography, which verify well for the present and most of the past, are very discrepant for high-latitude observations. Tentative explanations of the climate problem that involve changes in solar luminosity, earth's axial tilt and ocean currents appear to be untenable. Another tentative and somewhat heretical proposal is offered here that paleogeography as related to former pole positions determined from rock magnetism may have gross errors due to a long-term bias between the rotational and dipole pole locations. As a consequences erroneous high paleolatitude locations would be assigned to regions whose fauna, flora and paleolatitudes all suggest lower-latitude locations.
Deinstitutionalization and social policy: historical perspectives and present dilemmas.

The influence of social and economic forces on the placement and treatment of the chronically mentally ill is traced historically. This review suggests that minorities and the poor, who have in the past suffered the worst institutional care, will be most at risk in the community during the present era of cutbacks in social services. Deinstitutionalization, in making claims on resources that the larger community is reluctant to grant, is seen as jeopardizing needed incremental reforms.
Pre-purchase and post-purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement of female tennis wear consumers

This study examined the relationship among pre-purchase and post-purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement of women who participated in tennis. As women's activities in sports, including tennis, are growing, it is necessary to investigate their clothing needs in order to meet consumers’ needs. A final sample consisted of 124 women who attended a Cortec United States Tennis Association Women's Pro Tournament. The questionnaires were personally distributed and collected during the tournament. The theoretical base for this study was the Engel, Blackwell, and Miniard model on consumer decision making. There was a positive significant relationship between pre-purchase satisfaction and post-purchase satisfaction (P < 0.01). There was a positive significant relationship between pre-purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement (P < 0.001). Also, there was a positive significant relationship between post-purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement (P < 0.001). Comfort was identified as the most important clothing attribute and fit the second most important for women to achieve satisfaction before and after purchasing tennis apparel. Seventy-two percent of the women indicated the need for improved fit of tennis wear. Women of all ages reported garment length as a problem for each garment type. Two major reasons for not purchasing tennis clothing were high prices and inappropriate sizes.
Chiral multisubstrate inhibitors of dopamine beta-monooxygenase: evidence for dual modes of interaction

The electronic and steric constraints of the dopamine beta-monooxygenase (DbetaM; E.C. 1.14.17.1) active site were studied using a series of chiral bisubstrate inhibitors. The (R) and (S) enantiomers of 5-phenyl-2-thiooxazolidone were apparent bisubstrate inhibitors for DbetaM with respect to tyramine and dioxygen, but with small enantiomeric selectivity. In contrast to the substrate specificity of the enzyme, N-methylation of both inhibitors increased the potency without altering the enantiomeric selectivity. The (S) C-4-methyl substitution was more detrimental toward the inhibition potency compared to (R) C-4-methyl substitution for both the (R) and (S) series, which was also opposite of the substrate specificity of the enzyme. The high inhibition potency and apparent bisubstrate behavior of 3-phenyl-1,5-bisthioglutarimide (XVI), a probe designed to mimic two distinct binding modes for the (R) and (S) inhibitors, suggested that they may interact with the enzyme by two different modes involving both coppers in the active site. Direct support for the interaction of the thione group(s) of XVI with the reduced DbetaM copper(s) is provided by the UV-vis spectroscopic studies. The complete disappearance of the characteristic UV absorption of XVI at 336 nm in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of reduced DbetaM demonstrate that it could be an active site titrant for reduced DbetaM. The ability of the enzyme to interact with these inhibitors by more than one mode suggests that the DbetaM active site possesses high steric and electronic tolerance.
Nanofluidic Channel Engineering Using Laminar Flow Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Polyelectrolytes

Layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolytes form multiple layers in the nanometer scale. Charged magnetic [1] and biomolecular [2] nano-colloids can be incorporated in to the layers. These multilayer assemblies are formed on the inner walls of a microchannel using laminar flow; alternatively polyanions and polycations are pumped through the channel. Water is also pumped through, between the deposition of each layer, in order to wash away the un-absorbed polyelectrolytes. The first charged layer is formed by silanation. The microfluidic device consists of a ‘T’ junction as shown in Fig. 1. Switching flow between polyelectrolytes and water is controlled by three syringe pumps, automated through a Labview virtual instrument.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effects of electrical stimulation of the brain on the formation of acute gastric lesions.

Abstract The presentation of a variable, unpredictable number of electric shocks to rats working on a schedule of food-reinforced bar pressing induces the formation of gastric ulcers. Electrical stimulation of the brain (the medial forebrain bundle) was administered to rats working under the above conditions, on one of two schedules: immediately following each footshock (1–5 per hr) or randomly (100 per hr). High, but not low, frequency ESB significantly attenuated the incidence of gastric pathology induced by unpredictable footshock.
Andrée Tabouret-Keller, Robert B. Le Page, Penelope Gardner-Chloros, & Gabrielle Varro (eds.), Vernacular literacy: A re-evaluation. By members of the International Group for the Study of Language Standardization and the Vernacularization of Literacy (IGLSVL). (Oxford studies in anthropological linguistics, 13). Oxford: Clarendon; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 367.

The group known as the IGLSVL, which has produced this book, grew out of a link between the Department of Language and Linguistic Science of the University of York, England, and the Institut de Psychologie of the Universite Louis Pasteur of Strasbourg, France. The group has been meeting every other year since 1986 and disseminating workshop discussions in mimeographed form. It is our good fortune that they decided, at their 1992 meeting, to publish the results of their work for wider distribution. The resulting volume, here under review, does an outstanding job of presenting an international survey, particularly rich in insider's views, of the advantages of vernacular literacy, as well as the difficulties of achieving it.
Immobilization and its effect on bone repletion in calcium-deficient rats fed a high calcium diet

Abstract In past work we demonstrated that, in growing rats, endosteal bone loss during a low calcium diet (depletion) was replaced when the animals were fed a normal calcium diet (repletion). Because past work showed that bone mechanical stress associated with weight bearing was increased les a result of bone depletion, the present study was undertaken to determine if immobilization during the repletion period would prevent bone repletion. In rats fed a 0% calcium diet (containing normal dietary phosphorus) for 12 days, there was a 460% increase in endosteal resorbing surface and a 38% increase in medullary area. When such animals were then fed a 1.2% calcium diet (normal phosphorus) for 15 days, the amount of endosteal resorbing surface decreased below the basal level to 0. Much of the endosteal resorbing surface was actually converted to forming surface, and les a result there was a 75% increase in the rate of endosteal bone formation compared with control (bone replete) animals. Bone replete animals subjected to immobilization of the left hind limb for 15 days by nerve transection had decreases of 31% and 33% in periosteal and endosteal bone formation rates, respectively, in the immobilized tibia. However, immobilization instituted at the start of the bone repletion period did not prevent or diminish the increment in the endosteal bone formation response during bone repletion over the intervening 15 days. Thus, the immobilized tibia from bone repleting rats exhibited an endosteal bone formation rate 128% greater than that in the immobilized limb of control (bone replete) rats. This increase was not less than that seen in bone repleting rats not subjected to immobilization. Thus, calcium repletion, even without mechanical stress, was sufficient to cause a marked increase in endosteal bone formation.
The Current Status of the Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases of Man

(1975). The Current Status of the Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases of Man. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 331-363.
Reliable control and sensor fusion in intelligent machines

Given an explicit task to be executed, an intelligent machine must be able to select a plan containing control and sensing strategies such that a desired set of specifications are reliably satisfied. This issue is addressed through a technique termed reliable control and sensor fusion. An approach to reliability analysis is proposed based on the use of entropy which is invariant with respect to homogeneous coordinate frame transformations. This yields an easily calculated set of entropy constraints that must be met to ensure reliable operation. An example problem illustrates the technique and presents general results for visual positioning. >
Experimental validation of generalized equations for FET cold noise source design

This work advances the capabilities of accurately quantifying the microwave noise temperature that exits port one of a two-port active device when port two is terminated with a complex load of known temperature. This noise temperature is of interest when characterizing and designing field-effect transistor (FET)-based cold noise sources or active cold loads that can be used as radiometer calibration reference standards. Unlike prior efforts, noise wave theory is used herein to derive an equation that embodies the complete effects of load mismatch, thus providing a new expression that correctly predicts the available noise temperature exiting port one of the two-port device. An electronic tuner is used to vary the impedance presented to port two of an on-wafer device while the port-one noise temperature is measured. The measured forward noise parameters of the device, the tuner impedance, and the tuner temperature (usually ambient) are used to compute the predicted output noise temperature values. Good agreement was observed between the noise wave-based predicted noise temperature and the measured noise temperature. Equations are developed for achieving minimum noise temperature, and a procedure including simulations and a flowchart are also presented for the design of FET-based synthetic cold loads.
Discrete wavelet analysis of acoustic emissions during fatigue loading of carbon fiber reinforced composites

Wavelet transform decomposition was used to gather time-frequency-based information from acoustic emission signals generated during fatigue loading of unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC). The acoustic emissions were detected using a resonant sensor and were digitized for analysis. The sensor response was de-convolved from the acquired signal using a point-by-point divisional spectral method. The analysis of the collected signals revealed that friction-related emissions due to the fretting of fractured surfaces are of very high frequency and can mask emissions due to actual damage. Through utilization of wavelet transforms, it became possible to present the spectral composition of a transient signal (AK signal) in a time-frequency map which is not easily achieved through conventional spectral analysis techniques. It was determined that most of the acoustic energy (95%) was localized in levels corresponding to central frequencies of 120, 250, and 310 kHz. Results indicate friction-related emissions are associated with levels 8 and 9 and have a frequency range of 250-300 kHz. There are indications that matrix related emissions are of high frequency and high acoustic energy. The results indicate that wavelet analysis would be an effective tool in the analysis of AE by providing information relative to the frequency of the emissions.
Remote charge scattering in MOSFETs with ultra-thin gate dielectrics

In this work, we have studied the mobility degradation of inversion charge due to remote charge scattering (RCS), referring to scattering of mobile charges in the inversion layer by charged impurities present in the gate material of a MOSFET. The results indicate a 20-30% reduction in the electron mobility because of RCS, for gate oxide thicknesses lower than 15 /spl Aring/.
Tyrosine kinase Pyk2 mediates G-protein-coupled receptor regulation of the Ewing sarcoma RNA-binding protein EWS

Abstract Ewing family tumors result from the effects of chromosomal translocations that fuse the Ewing sarcoma ( EWS ) gene to various genes encoding transcription factors [1]. The resulting chimeric EWS fusion proteins are transcriptional activators with transforming potential that have received much study [2]. By contrast, the cellular function of somatic EWS remains obscure. EWS belongs to a family of RNA-binding proteins thought to play role in RNA synthesis or processing [3,4]. Here, we show that EWS interacts with Pyk2, a protein tyrosine kinase implicated in a variety of signal transduction processes [5–7][8]. G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and other stimuli of Pyk2 kinase activity significantly block the interaction between EWS and Pyk2. Furthermore, as assessed by sucrose gradient centrifugation, EWS partitions with dense ribosome-containing fractions in a manner that is enhanced by signaling from the G-protein-coupled m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). We conclude that extranuclear EWS is a previously unrecognized target of G-protein-coupled receptor regulation.
Settling and bioflocculation of two species of algae used in wastewater treatment and algae biomass production

The settling and bioflocculation of two strains of algae were investigated in the laboratory to provide insights to help improve algae settling in large-scale, algae-based wastewater treatment systems with simultaneous algae biofuel production. Energy-efficient algae harvesting methods are needed for cost-competitive production of biofuels from algae. The use of bacterially derived exudates (bioflocculation) is promising, but its use in high-rate algae pond (HRAP) wastewater systems has not yielded consistently reliable settling. The settling of the algae species Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella vulgaris was investigated in the laboratory with and without cultures of the bacterium Burkholderia cepacia to investigate environmental effects on the settling of pure algal cultures and to examine possible bioflocculation by bacteria and bacterial exudates. Scenedesmus sp. and C. vulgaris responded in opposite ways to changes in operating conditions such as culture age and bioflocculation. Scenedesmus sp. settled better in later stationary growth stages, while C. vulgaris settled better in its early exponential growth phase. Scenedesmus sp. settling was improved by bioflocculation during early exponential and late stationary growth stages, but not during early stationary growth. Scenedesmus sp. responded better to B. cepacia cells plus filtrate (filtered bacterial broth) than to filtrate addition alone. In contrast, C. vulgaris settling was not improved via bioflocculation with neither the addition of B. cepacia cells nor filtrate at any growth stage. Longer contact time between the algae cells and bioflocculants improved the settling of Scenedesmus sp., but not the settling of C. vulgaris. Observed differences in settling and bioflocculation of the two algae species were attributed to differences in algal cell size and shape, culture density, and exudate type (i.e., capsular versus dissolved EPS). The widely different settling behavior of the two species of algae used in this research may explain the often varied results observed with mixed cultures in algae wastewater ponds. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 946–954, 2013
General synthesis procedures for FIR lossless transfer matrices, for perfect-reconstruction multirate filter bank applications

A recently reported procedure (see ibid., vol.ASSP-35, p.476-492, Apr. 1987 and Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Sig Processing, Apr. 1987, p.2169-2172) for the design of M-channel perfect-reconstruction quadrature mirror filter (QMF) bands uses the concept of lossless alias-component matrices. The synthesis of such QMF banks centers around the generation of a lossless M*M finite-impulse response (FIR) transfer matrix E(z). Recent results for such generation have been somewhat ad hoc, i.e. not sufficiently general. A general procedure is outlined for the generation of such transfer matrices. The procedure is based on a cascaded-lattice structure, derived from a state-space viewpoint. The structure is such that it generates only M*M lossless FIR transfer matrices (regardless of parameter values), and conversely, any M*M lossless FIR transfer matrix can be obtained by a suitable choice of parameters. These parameters turn out to be angles theta /sub k/, and the structure is such that the number of angles is minimal. A design example is presented to demonstrate the main results. >
DNA breaks in hypermutating immunoglobulin genes: evidence for a break-and-repair pathway of somatic hypermutation.

To test the hypothesis that immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in vivo employs a pathway in which DNA breaks are introduced and subsequently repaired to produce mutations, we have used a PCR-based assay to detect and identify single-strand DNA breaks in λ1 genes of actively hypermutating primary murine germinal center B cells. We find that there is a two- to threefold excess of breaks in λ1 genes of hypermutating B cells, relative to nonhypermutating B cells, and that 1.3% of germinal center B cells contain breaks in the λ1 gene that are associated with hypermutation. Breaks were found in both top and bottom DNA strands and were localized to the region of λ1 that actively hypermutates, but duplex breaks accounted for only a subset of breaks identified. Almost half of the breaks in hypermutating B cells occurred at hotspots, sites at which two or more independent breaks were identified. Breaksite hotspots were associated with characteristic sequence motifs: a pyrimidine-rich motif, either R CT Y T or CC Y C; and R G YW , a sequence motif associated with hypermutation hotspots. The sequence motifs identified at breaksite hotspots should inform the design of substrates for characterization of activities that participate in the hypermutation pathway.