cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new approach to relaxed quadratic stabilization for stochastic T-S fuzzy systems

In this paper, the problems of quadratic stabilization conditions for stochastic Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems have been studied. A new quadratic stability condition, which takes into account the knowledge of the membership function's shape by considering bounds on their cross products, has been proposed. And then a new sufficient condition in terms of linear matrix inequalities is developed to synthesize the state feedback controller that stabilizes the stochastic fuzzy systems. An numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.
//ELLPACK: a numerical simulation programming environment for parallel MIMD machines

is a supersetof the well known ELLPACK system [Rice 85]. The design of / jELLPACKis based on a scenario for future numericalsimulation systems whlch are ca­pable of accommodating users with different computational objectives andimplemented on a distributed hardware facility involving high power par­allel machines. Its design objective is to provide a uniform programmingenvironment for implementing parallel 1IH..ID PDE solvers, automatic par­titioning and allocation of the PDE computation. a very high level problemspecification language, an interactive high level environment for grid selec·tion. a domain partitioning and mapping facility, a uniform environment forobtainingsoftware engineering measurements, and a graphical display of thesolution output. The / /ELLPACK system is implemented on a hardwarefa­cility consistingofgraphics workstations supporting the Xll window systemand connected to NCUBE, ALLIANT and SEQUENT machines through awide bandwidth local network. Thesoftware infrastructure of/ /ELLPACKincludes i) a man machine interface consisting of a PDE problem orientedlanguage and Xll facilities for composing, editing and executing a / /ELL­PACK program, and geometry tools for specifying the PDE domain andits boundary conditions, .i.i) a PDE solution preprocessing subsystem capa­ble of automatically generating orthogonal meshes, a domain decomposi­tion tool for partitioning and allocation of the specified computations anda. PDE solution specification/selection too1. iii) the / /ELLPACK librariesfor each target parallel machine built assuming a hierarchical structure ofPDE solvers with fixed interfaces and iv) a PDE postprocessing subsystemconsisting offacilities to collect, analyze and visualize performance dataandtools for visualizing the computed solution.This paper is organized as follows: Sections 2 and 3 describe our see·nario for future numerical simulation systems and hardware facilities. Thesoftware infrastructure of / /ELLPACK is presented in Section 4. The de­scription of the various software components is described in Sections 5 to 8.Thefinal version ofthis paper will include performance datafor the NCUBEhardware.1
Passive sampling effects and landscape location alter associations between species traits and response to fragmentation

As tropical reserves become smaller and more isolated, the ability of species to utilize fragmented landscapes will be a key determinant of species survival. Although several ecological and life history traits commonly are associated with vulnerability to fragmentation, the combination of traits that are most highly influential and the effectiveness of those traits in predicting vulnerability across distinct landscapes, remains poorly understood. We studied use of forest fragments by 25 mid- and large-sized neotropical mammals in Guatemala to determine how seven species traits influence vulnerability to fragmentation. We measured vulnerability in two ways: one measure that did not remove passive sampling effects (proportion of fragments occupied), and one that did (difference in occupancy rates within continuous and fragmented sites). We also examined the influence of species traits on patch occupancy rates of the same set of mammals on two landscapes in Mexico. When not accounting for passive sampling effects, body size, home range size, and vulnerability to hunting influenced how species responded to fragmentation. However, after controlling for passive sampling effects, only vulnerability to hunting strongly influenced sensitivity to fragmentation. Species that were heavily hunted were much less common in forest patches than in continuous forest sites of the same sampling size. The cross-landscape comparison revealed both similarities and differences in the species traits that influenced patch occupancy patterns on each landscape. Given the ubiquity of hunting in tropical environments, our findings indicate that management efforts in fragmented landscapes that do not account for hunting pressure may be ineffective in conserving heavily hunted tropical species. Our study also indicates that species traits may be useful in predicting relative patch occupancy rates and/or vulnerability to fragmentation across distinct landscapes, but that caution must be used as certain traits can become more or less influential on different landscapes, even when considering the same set of species.
The Impact of Fathers’ Clubs on Child Health in Rural Haiti

In recognition of the important role that fathers play in the lives of young children in Haiti, a public health organization instituted fathers’ clubs in 1994 as a strategy to improve the health outcomes of children. Fathers’ clubs focus on child and family health education. To evaluate the effectiveness of fathers’ clubs, we examined the health of children born in Haitian villages with and without active fathers’ clubs and compared results for the two groups. The presence of a fathers’ club in a child's birth village had a positive effect on vaccination status, growth monitoring, and vitamin A supplementation after we controlled for socioeconomic status, time, and the quality of the village health agent. Child weights and mortality were not affected by the fathers’ clubs.
The kernel of DWBA transition amplitude in atom–diatom reactive scattering

The kernel of the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) transition amplitude will be explored with attention to the atom–diatomic molecule reactive scattering process of A + BC → AB + C. Our study of the kernel reveals valuable intrinsic properties regarding the state-to-state reactive scattering process. In particular, such a study will help us to better understand (i) the favored geometric configuration during collision, (ii) the spatial domain of contribution to the differential and total cross sections, and (iii) the structural dependence of the kernel distribution on the mass ratio of the reactant molecule BC and the departing atom C, particularly in the case of colinear rearrangement collisions. In this study we choose the FH2 system as an illustration.
Large scale antenna pattern measurements

Redstone Technical Test Center (RTTC) is a Department of Defense (DoD) Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) test facility. RTTC facilities include a suite of amplifiers, antennas, and instrumentation that are used to perform E3 tests on military as well as commercial platforms. As more and more wireless communication and control systems are added to military platforms, system interoperability in a joint tactical environment has become an increasing concern. Among the more critical issues of interoperability is antenna placement. This is especially true on rotorcraft platforms where aerodynamics and RF propagation are both issues. Antennas must be mounted in a manner in which they do not interfere with nor do they cause interference to other systems on the platform, and they must also be mounted such that they are able to effectively transmit and receive signals. In order to quickly and quantitatively evaluate multiple antenna mounting positions on a single platform, the development of a low-cost ground based antenna pattern measurement system is presented.
Immunologic Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis

Three interferon β preparations (Betaseron®, Avonex®, and Rebif®) have shown efficacy in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Attack frequency is reduced by 30% and major attacks to an even greater extent. Accumulating disease burden as measured by annual T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is markedly lessened, and disease activity as measured by serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI scanning is reduced by over 80%. A fourth preparation, Copaxone®, a basic copolymer of four amino acids, lessens MS attack frequency by 30% and also lessens disease activity as measured by gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Betaseron® lessens accumulation of disability in MS patients with secondary progressive disease regardless of the severity of disability at the time treatment is commenced. MS is now a treatable disease.
Structures and mechanisms of DNA restriction and modification enzymes

DNA restriction and modification enzymes are responsible for the hostspecific barriers to interstrain and interspecies transfer of genetic information that have been observed in a variety of bacterial cell types. Although the phenomenon of host specificity was initially observed in the early 1950s (Luria & Human, 1952; Bertani & Weigle, 1953), it was nearly a decade later that Arber and his colleagues accurately predicted the molecular basis of the phenomenon. Their experiments with bacteriophage λ demonstrated that a given host-specificity system imparts a specific modification to the viral DNA, and further, that restriction of DNA lacking the appropriate modification is s consquence of nucleolytic hydrolysis upon entry into the host cell (Arber & Dussoix, 1962; Dussoix & Arber, 1962; Arber, Hattman & Dussoix, 1963).
Optical and Physical Properties of Laser Glasses

In Chap.1 we considered the basic properties of laser glass and introduced many of the fundamental parameters used in specifying such glasses. Many other optical properties are, of course, important in the design of components for laser systems and we treat those in this chapter. To understand completely the operation of laser amplifiers in a real system and to employ a glass composition that is optimal for a given application, however, requires that consideration be given to thermal, elasto-optic, and mechanical constants of laser glasses. Here we first define all of the fundamental parameters of interest (Sects.2.1,2) and then introduce figures of merit for the evaluation of laser glasses (Sect.2.3). In Sect.2.4, we show correlations between the optical and physical properties of laser glasses. Finally, Sect.2.5 will investigate a number of effects which have been found to be important in the consideration of laser glasses for practical applications. We refer particularly to impurity problems, thermal-shock resistance, durability, and intrinsic stress, all of which have been found to be important for consideration, in addition to the more fundamental properties previously discussed.
A Self Psychologist Approaches Retirement: “Forced” Termination with Highly Vulnerable Clients

Since its inception in 1973, Clinical Social Work Journal has consistently emphasized the intersubjective nature of the treatment process and the significance of the therapist’s conscious and unconscious contributions to it. In keeping with this fundamental tenet of clinical social work, which is now endorsed by virtually all psychotherapy disciplines, it is important that we acknowledge our own feelings when preparing for eventual retirement if we are to respond optimally to our clients’ feelings. In this paper, I review both the literature on “forced” terminations and the self psychology literature on termination. Three clinical vignettes are then presented to illustrate the application of these ideas to my work with vulnerable clients in long-term psychotherapy. The clinical material highlights how early introduction of the eventual termination, combined with consistent use of the empathic mode of understanding, can promote structure building and thereby enhance the therapeutic potential of the termination phase, even with clients most vulnerable to pathological regression and fragmentation following loss of the therapist.
Nitric oxide inhibits sodium/hydrogen exchange activity in the thick ascending limb

Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits transport in various nephron segments, and the thick ascending limb (TAL) expresses nitric oxide synthase (NOS). However, the effects of NO on TAL transport have not been extensively studied. We tested the hypothesis that NO inhibits apical and basolateral Na+/H+exchange by the TAL by measuring intracellular pH (pHi) of isolated, perfused rat TALs using the fluorescent dye 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). The NO donor spermine NONOate (SPM, 10 μM) decreased steady-state pHi in medullary TALs from 7.18 ± 0.13 to 7.13 ± 0.14 (P < 0.02), whereas controls did not decrease significantly. We next measured the buffering capacity of medullary TALs and the rate at which they recovered from acid loads to investigate the mechanism whereby NO reduces steady-state pHi. SPM decreased H+ flux (J H) from 2.41 ± 0.66 to 0.97 ± 0.19 pmol ⋅ min−1 ⋅ mm−1, 55%. To assure that the decrease inJ H was due to NO, another donor, nitroglycerin (NTG; 10 μM), was used. NTG de...
GaTAC: a scalable and realistic testbed for multiagent decision making (demonstration)

In an attempt to bridge the gap between the theoretical advances in multiagent decision making algorithms and their application in real world scenario, we present the Georgia testbed for autonomous control of vehicles (GaTAC). GaTAC provides a low-cost, open-source and flexible environment for realistically simulating and evaluating policies generated by multi-agent decision making algorithms in real world problem domains pertaining to control of autonomous uninhabbited aerial vehicles (AUAVs). We describe GaTAC in detail and shall demonstrate how GaTAC could be used to simulate an example AUAV problem. We expect GaTAC to facilitate the development and evaluation of scalable decision making algorithms with results that have immediate practical implications.
Generalized Bernoulli Polynomials and the Casimir Effect in the Einstein Universe

We consider various regularization schemes for calculating the renormalized vacuum energy of a massless scalar field in the n-dimensional Einstein universe. We also study a related problem, namely, the Casimir energy for a massless scalar field in the n-dimensional Einstein universe subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions on a sphere of maximal radius. In a recent work the author used the representation theory of SO(2, n) to obtain exact results but not in closed form for the second problem with n arbitrary. Here we make use of generating functions for generalized Bernoulli polynomials and an extension of a result of Srivastava and Todorov about generalized Bernoulli numbers (Srivastava, Todorov, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 130:509–513, 1988) to obtain new results involving exact expressions in closed form for both problems. We also consider expansions of the generalized Bernoulli polynomials into Hurwitz zeta functions which enables us to explicitly demonstrate the equivalence of the cutoff function technique with the zeta regularization technique. Our method of approach confirms the results of Herdeiro et al. (Class. Quant. Gravit. 25:165010, 2008) and Ozcan (Class. Quant. Gravit. 23:5531–5546, 2006). We conclude the paper by showing that useful information about the analogous problem in n-dimensional Minkowski space can also be obtained out of our analysis.
Don’t stop believing

It’s been argued that there are no diachronic norms of epistemic rationality. These arguments come partly in response to certain kinds of counterexamples to Conditionalization, but are mainly motivated by a form of internalism that appears to be in tension with any sort of diachronic coherence requirements. I argue that there are, in fact, fundamentally diachronic norms of rationality. And this is to reject at least a strong version of internalism. But I suggest a replacement for Conditionalization that salvages internalist intuitions, and carves a middle ground between (probabilist versions of) conservatism and evidentialism.
Fire and Smoke: Government Lawsuits and the Rule of Law

This is an exhaustive review of the firearm and tobacco tort recoupment suits (i.e., suits by governmental entities for sums allegedly paid due to firearms and tobacco products). The perspective is one of tort law, not of constitutional law. The argument of the paper is that, as concerns each and every one of the criteria for tort liability accepted for over 200 years, the recoupment suits must fail. Their success would signify a qualitative shift of Tort law, away from private ordering and toward public, collective ordering.
A Conceptual Model of the Effects of Taxation, Exchange Rate, and Regulations on the Transfer Pricing Behavior of Multinational Firm Managers

We review a sample of transfer pricing literature and conceptualize a moderated mediation model of the transfer pricing behavior of managers of multinational firms (MNFs). Our conceptual model suggests that transfer pricing decisions present complex problems to MNF managers that involve interactions between many factors, which could have many consequences, some of which may be at odds with each other. We provide relevant information to managers of MNFs and the regulatory agencies that will assist them in continuing the search for a regulatory and compliance frame work that works in the mutual interest of all relevant stakeholders.
Design of a Swept-Wing Laminar Flow Control Flight Experiment for Transonic Aircraft

This paper addresses the conceptual design of a flight-test experiment incorporating a laminar flow control (LFC) wing glove on a business-jet-type aircraft. These experiments are designed to extend the spanwise periodic discrete roughness element (DRE) technology to chord Reynolds numbers between 15-20 million at a unit Reynolds number of 1.6 million per foot. A number of key questions were addressed and it is shown that: (1) it is possible to find an aircraft that can be used as a platform for this experiment and the selection converged on the Gulfstream II (G-II) based on suitability and expected availability; (2) a CFD of the aircraft flowfield showed that there is no interference from engines that would compromise the experiment. A computational grid for the G-II was created, and engine nacelle effects are “accountable” in the outboard section and the flowfield is spanwise-uniform where the glove would be located. Also, streamline deflections are accountable including AoA and inplane deflection effects on the glove; and (3) it is possible to design an airfoil with a representative C l and C p distribution making DREs feasible. An airfoil section was designed that suggests NLF (natural laminar flow) is possible at AoA = 0°, with potential for DRE control between AoA = -0.5 and -1°.
Gallbladder disease in children

Biliary disease in children has changed over the past few decades, with a marked rise in incidence-perhaps most related to the parallel rise in pediatric obesity-as well as a rise in cholecystectomy rates. In addition to stone disease (cholelithiasis), acalculous causes of gallbladder pain such as biliary dyskinesia, also appear to be on the rise and present diagnostic and treatment conundrums to surgeons.
Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow Field Using Coupled Pressure and Temperature Correction Algorithms

The paper deeply investigates the numerical simulation problem of fluid flow field,because there may be huge variety in the same flow filed,and the usual methods can't achieve accurate result,so it is very important to find out an algorithm for calculating fluid flow at any Mach number.This paper solves Navier-Stokes equations by using coupled pressure and temperature correction algorithms.The algorithm are acquired through deducing pressure correction and temperature correction based on continuity equation and energy equation,the pressure correction and temperature correction are solved simultaneously and other variables are solved separately.The AUSM+ scheme is chosen for convection terms and it is improved at lower Mach number.Through the numerical simulation of nozzle and circular arc convex closure,the shock is captured precisely.The computed results show that the algorithm can calculate fluid flow at all Mach numbers,and maintain the uniform resolution and efficiency.
Effect of Thyroxine Replacement Therapy on Serum Thyrotropin

Several studies have shown that the replacement doses of oral thyroxine are associated with supranormal concentrations of serum T4, although normal concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) (1–4) and the underlying mechanisms remain debatable. The present study confirms the high serum T4 and normal T3 with the conventional doses of oral T4, but also identifies a greater prevalence of unmeasurable TSH concentration in these patients.
Reproductive success of nesting terns on the central Texas coast

Abstract Terns are relatively long-lived seabirds that possess significant potential as bioindicators due to their sensitivity to changes in the marine and coastal environment. Nest site selection is important because the demands of reproduction can be substantial and the reproducing pair is often confined to the area selected for the duration of the breeding season. This study defines temporal effects and correlations between hatching success of nesting Forster’s Tern Sterna forsteri, Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica, and Least Tern Sternula antillarum and environmental characteristics of a complex of newly constructed dredge material islands in Nueces Bay. Colonies were monitored during the 2012 and 2013 breeding seasons. Correlations of hatching success varied with species but most were strongly influenced by Spartina spp. coverage and elevation implying a previously understated importance of storm events on the hatching success of these species on the central Texas coast. Establishing these correlations in environmental nest site characteristics and hatching success between years of succession provides a baseline understanding of tern breeding biology on dredge material islands in the central Coastal Bend region of Texas, which may assist future management decisions and restoration efforts.
Direct measurement of an one-million-dimensional photonic state

The state vector of a pure quantum system is a set of complex probability amplitudes used for describing the system in each state of a given Hilbert space. Characterizing the state of a quantum system is crucial for fundamental studies in quantum mechanics as well as for manipulating and utilizing quantum systems for practical applications.
Vascular Flora of the Sandy Bottom Wetland Preserve, Buncombe County, North Carolina

ABSTRACT Southern Appalachian mountain wetlands, especially mountain bogs and swamp forest-bog complexes, are among the most imperiled ecosystems in the southern USA. The Sandy Bottom Wetland Preserve encompasses approximately 10 ha of wetlands along the floodplain of the French Broad River, including swamp forest-bog complex habitat, and is home to several threatened animal species. A total of 366 specimens of vascular plants were collected during 2013–2015 to develop a vouchered flora of the preserve. These specimens documented 221 species in 166 genera and 81 families, 11% of which are not native to the Appalachian Mountain region. We found no plant species that are tracked by the North Carolina State Plant Conservation Program. Plant community types are described and listed for each associated species.
How do financial cycles affect public debt cycles

We employ the duration framework to study determinants of public debt cycles in 57 advanced and emerging economies over the 1960–2014 period, with a particular focus on the impact of financial cycles. The results suggest that the association between financial and debt cycles is asymmetric. Debt expansions preceded by overheating in credit and financial markets tend to last longer than other expansions, but there is no significant association between financial cycles and debt contractions. There is strong evidence of duration dependence in both phases of the cycle, with the likelihood of expansions and contractions to end increasing with the length of their respective spells. Higher initial level of debt increases the spell of contractions (persistence of adjustment effort hypothesis) and reduces the spell of expansions (debt sustainability hypothesis). The results are robust to the inclusion of global factors, openness, political stability, and debt crisis indicators as additional controls.
Effects of Timeout from One Reinforcer on Human Behavior Maintained by Another Reinforcer

5 adults were trained on a free-operant schedule in which key pressing maintained illumination of the experimental room and permitted reading. Superimposed on this baseline were concurrent schedules of timeout from monetary payment. Under the avoidance condition, each key-press response postponed timeout for a specified period of time. Under the punishment condition, a response produced timeout if separated from the preceding response by less than a specified period of time. Response rates increased with the avoidance schedule and decreased with the punishment schedule, thus indicating that timeout from one re-inforcer (monetary payment) can control behavior maintained by another reinforcer (room illumination).
Controls of Visual Imagery and Therapist Intervention

Visual imagery has been a part of therapeutic intervention throughout recorded medical history. Dreams, for example, were prominent moments in the treatment afforded supplicants at the Aesculapian temples of ancient Greece. Recently, there has been a surge of widely varied imagery techniques in many brands of psychotherapy (Singer, 1974). The use of any of these imagery techniques usually means a shift in how patients control their visual mode of representation. Their regulatory processes are altered because of interventions by the therapist. Such interventions may be interpretive as in classical psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Interpretations tell the person what they are doing. The focus of attention on the specified process or content leads to altered controls, especially if volitional effort is added. Interventions may also be directive. The person is told how to alter his volitional control over the stream of thought. This chapter offers a theoretical model for understanding the visual mode of representation, the controls that influence depiction of ideas in this form, and the way that interpretations or directions alter visual thinking and subjective experience.
Combat Exposure Severity is Associated with Reduced Cortical Thickness in Combat Veterans: A Preliminary Report.

BackgroundChronic stress and related physiological responses are known to have deleterious effects on neural integrity. Combat exposure is a notoriously pathogenic stressor, and with over 2 million...
Third Site of Large-Scale Sweetgrass Plantings: Dill Sanctuary, James Island

In conversations with Mary Jackson in the early 1990s, we attempted to calculate the total acreage that would be needed to sustain the sweetgrass needs of all basketmakers in the Low Country. After some deliberations, we estimated that upward of 40 acres would be necessary. So our small acreage at McLeod Plantation in the early 1990s would hardly make a dent into the grand needs of the entire community. So our quest was to find more land, preferably owned by a public agency or a humanitarian organization, that would allow use to grow sweetgrass for free and let the community organize itself to manage the distribution and harvesting of the crop. The McLeod planting was publicized in popular media such as CNN, SC ETV, NY Times, Philadelphia Inquirer, The State, Post and Courier, National Geographic Magazine, Island Magazine, and Carolina Camera television show. As a result, a variety of people approached me to offer land for sweetgrass planting, but their desire was to sell it to the basketmakers.
Advances in understanding hilar mossy cells of the dentate gyrus

Hilar mossy cells (MCs) of the dentate gyrus (DG) distinguish the DG from other hippocampal subfields (CA1-3) because there are two glutamatergic cell types in the DG rather than one. Thus, in the DG, the main cell types include glutamatergic granule cells (GCs) and MCs, whereas in CA1-3, the only glutamatergic cell type is the pyramidal cell. In contrast to GCs, MCs are different in morphology, intrinsic electrophysiological properties, afferent input and axonal projections, so their function is likely to be very different from GCs. Why are MCs necessary to the DG? In past studies, the answer has been unclear because MCs not only excite GCs directly but also inhibit them disynaptically, by exciting GABAergic neurons that project to GCs. Results of new studies are discussed that shed light on this issue. These studies take advantage of recently available transgenic mice with Cre recombinase expression mostly in MCs and techniques such as optogenetics and DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs). The recent studies also address in vivo behavioral functions of MCs. Some of the results support past hypotheses whereas others suggest new conceptualizations of how the MCs contribute to DG circuitry and function. While substantial progess has been made, additional research is still needed to clarify the characteristics and functions of these unique cells.
Supramolecular Peptide Nanofibers Engage Mechanisms of Autophagy in Antigen-Presenting Cells

Supramolecular peptide nanofibers are attractive for applications in vaccine development due to their ability to induce strong immune responses without added adjuvants or associated inflammation. Here, we report that self-assembling peptide nanofibers bearing CD4+ or CD8+ T cell epitopes are processed through mechanisms of autophagy in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Using standard in vitro antigen presentation assays, we confirmed loss and gain of the adjuvant function using pharmacological modulators of autophagy and APCs deficient in multiple autophagy proteins. The incorporation of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain-3 (LC3-II) into the autophagosomal membrane, a key biological marker for autophagy, was confirmed using microscopy. Our findings indicate that autophagy in APCs plays an essential role in the mechanism of adjuvant action of supramolecular peptide nanofibers.
Medical Virology of Small Round Gastroenteritis Viruses

Despite the medical importance of viral diarrheas, the responsible etiologic agents were totally unknown until the discovery of Norwalk virus in 1972 (Kapikian et al. 1972). The main reason for this delay in their recognition was the inability to cultivate in cell culture etiologic agents from stool specimens. This was in marked contrast to the success in cultivating the many viruses causing respiratory tract disease, measles, mumps and other common viral syndromes. It was only when electron microscopic (EM) and antigen detection techniques were applied to the study of stool specimens that viral gastroenteritis agents were discovered and their medical importance subsequently ascertained.
Regression based causal induction with latent variable models

Scientists largely explain observations by inferring causal relationships among measured variables. Many algorithms with various theoretical foundations have been developed for causal induction e.g., (Spirtes, Glymour, & Scheines 1993; Pearl & Verma 1991), but it is widely believed that regression is ill-suited to the task of causal induction. Multiple regression techniques attempt to estimate the influence that regressors have on a dependent variable using the standardized regression coefficient, p. Assuming the relationship among variables is linear, pyx measures the expected change in Y produced by a unit change in X with all other predictor variables held constant. Arguments against using regression methods for causal induction rest on the fact that the error in estimating pyx can be large, particularly when unmeasured or latent variables account for the relationship between X and Y, or when X is a common cause of Y and another predictor (Mosteller & Tukey 1977; Spirtes, Glymour, & Scheines 1993). In fact, p may suggest X has a strong influence on Y when it has little or none. We have developed a regressionbased causal induction algorithm called FBD (Cohen et ol. 1994) which performs well in these situations. The heuristic that is primarily responsible for making FBD less sensitive to the above problems is the w score. Let rx y be the correlation between X and Y, and w = (ryx @yx)/ryx. w measures the proportion of ryx not due to the direct effect of X on Y. If wyx exceeds a threshold, X is pruned from the set of candidate predictors. This threshold is set arbitrarily by the user, but we are exploring the use of clustering algorithms to set it by partitioning the w values of the predictor variables. Spirtes et al. describe four causal models (1993, p. 240) for which their studies showed regression methods performed poorly by always choosing predictors whose relationship to the dependent variable is mediated by latent variables or common causes. One model is reproduced in Figure 1. The difficulty with this model is that the error in the estimate for px, y may be large due to X2’s relationship to X3 via the latent variable 2’1. To determine the susceptibility of FBD to latent variable effects, we tested the performance of FBD’ on latent variable models, and ran stepwise regressions as a control. Twelve sets of coefficients for the structural equations for
Amor ‘regalado’/amor ‘ofendido’: las ficciones del yo lírico en las Rimas (1609) de Lope de Vega

(1992). Amor ‘regalado’/amor ‘ofendido’: las ficciones del yo lirico en las Rimas (1609) de Lope de Vega. Bulletin of Hispanic Studies: Vol. 69, Hispanic Studies in Honour of Geoffrey Ribbans, pp. 73-82.
Generalized monotonicity — a survey

Recently, several kinds of generalized monotone maps were introduced by Karamardian and the author. They play a role in complementarity problems and variational inequality problems and are related to generalized convex functions. Following a presentation of seven kinds of (generalized) monotone maps, various characterizations of differentiable and affine generalized monotone maps are reported which can simplify the identification of such properties. Finally, pseudomonotone maps are related to sufficient matrices studied in complementarity theory.
Relation of bacterial settlement patterns to anodic activity on stainless steel weldments

Bacterial settlement on welded stainless steel samples exposed to seawater occurred more rapidly in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the root of the weld as compared to the parent metal. Preferential attachment of bacteria to a network of surface cracks was an occasional feature, which became more conspicuous during mild anodic polarization of the samples. In a less corrosive fresh water system, bacterial settlement was more random, until application of anodic polarization which triggered bacterial settlement patterns analogous to the sea water system. Supplementary experiments on bacterial response to pre-initiated corrosion sites in the form of pits and scratches reinforced the idea that bacteria preferentially colonize areas of anodic electrochemical activity and/or metal ion release.
Consensus-Based Intrusion Detection for the Electric Power Grid Control System

We study false data injection attacks that affect state estimation in the power grid. We consider a class of false data injection attacks that cannot be detected by conventional bad data detection schemes employed in the power grid and propose a distributed agent-based system for detecting and mitigating these attacks. In the agent-based framework, software-based agents are deployed at substations within the power grid to carry out (1) distributed state estimation (2)Ensure secure state estimation by detecting maliciously injected data and (3) Communicate with adjacent agents to coordinate detection efforts. To coordinate results among agents in a time bound fashion, we propose a consensus-based information exchange strategy in which agents share data with neighboring agents and arrive at a consensus value. To detect attacks, the consensus value is evaluated against a threshold. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the agent-based detection strategy, we simulate 1000 attack scenarios against the IEEE 9-bus, 14-bus, and 30-bus test power networks using MATPOWER and show that agents successfully detect at least 98% of the attacks.
History, Technique, and Safety

The scope of dental imaging has been greatly expanded with the invention of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The everyday functionality of dental practice, especially for dental specialties like orthodontics and oral surgery, has certainly changed with this radiographic technology for treatment planning and evaluation. The discovery of X-rays was made by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen in 1895, who was a known physicist for his work. He won a Nobel Prize in 1901 for this discovery. Ever since this revolution, constant technologic advancements have been made in the field of dental radiology that had resulted in improving the diagnostic accuracy and reducing the radiation exposure in every day dental practice. In dentistry, conventional two-dimensional (2-D) radiographic imaging has been widely used. However, the conventional radiographic images have limitations like inherent magnification, distortion, superimposition of structures, and lack of depth for three-dimensional anatomical objects. Over the years, the technology has improved tremendously in terms of image quality and radiation dose. With CBCT, the visualization of structures is possible with much clarity and without superimposition. The technology has shown a profound impact on the dental practice with its widespread applications.
ISOLATED BICUSPID PULMONIC VALVE: “FORGOTTEN VALVE” AND A RARE ANOMALY

Pulmonary valve is called “the forgotten valve” due to very uncommon clinical involvement. Bicuspid pulmonic valve is usually associated with other congenital heart defects. Isolated finding of bicuspid pulmonic valve is extremely rare. 46 year old healthy female was found to have systolic
Best Multipoint Local Approximation

The problem of best multipoint local approximation is posed and discussed. In special cases, these approximants are solutions of certain minimax problems.
Blowtorch Airway Fire

Airway fires are one of the most feared complications of any anesthesiologist. Their management requires rapid action that must be reflexive in order to prevent catastrophic damage to airway structures and lifelong ventilator dependence. The case described in this chapter is that of a 64-year-old male undergoing a left vocal cord ablation with a CO2 laser who is left unable to breathe, eat, or speak on his own after an airway fire ensues. This chapter outlines risk factors for the development of an airway fire as well as ways to prevent it including a summary of two of the most widely used laser-resistant endotracheal tubes available. Finally, this chapter aims to educate the anesthesiologist on the corrective steps to take if in the unfortunate event of an airway fire.
Establishing the Conservative Phenomenon

ABSTRACTPolitical events since 2016 have prompted rapidly growing sociological interest in varieties of conservative, populist, and nationalist politics. This article lays out an initial challenge ...
Lake Michigan trophic structure as revealed by stable C and N isotopes

Abstract The objectives of this study were to describe the current trophic structure of Lake Michigan's upper food web using stable C and N isotopes. We describe ontogenetic diet patterns for common Lake Michigan species as revealed by stable isotope analysis and compare these patterns during a major transitional period (2002–2003 to 2010–2012) for most trophic levels. Proportional prey assimilation for various fishes was described using a Bayesian mixing model approach, and ontogenetic patterns were described using an analysis of covariance. δ 13 C results reveal distinct separation between the offshore and nearshore food webs. Within the offshore food web, invertebrates and prey fishes exhibited a large range in mean δ 15 N values which resulted in an apparent overlap between these trophic levels. This overlap may be due to spatiotemporal variability in δ 15 N at the base of the food web. Within the nearshore food web, more distinct delineation of trophic levels was apparent in δ 15 N values. Non-dreissenid nearshore benthic invertebrates were very isotopically similar and were the primary prey for non-piscivorous nearshore fishes. Ontogenetic shifts in diet were observed for alewife, bloater, deepwater sculpin, lake trout, round goby and yellow perch. Furthermore ontogenetic diet patterns changed significantly during the study period for alewife and bloater. Our findings provide a trophic structure baseline that can inform management action and be used to evaluate further ecological change as community structure continues to evolve.
Fis protein forms DNA topological barriers to confine transcription-coupled DNA supercoiling in Escherichia coli.

Previously, we demonstrated that transcription-coupled DNA supercoiling (TCDS) potently activated or inhibited nearby promoters in Escherichia coli even in the presence of all four DNA topoisomerases, suggesting that DNA topoisomerases are not the only factors regulating TCDS. A different mechanism exists to confine this localized DNA supercoiling. Using an in vivo system containing the TCDS-activated leu-500 promoter (Pleu-500 ), we find that the nucleoid-associated Fis protein potently inhibits the TCDS-mediated activation of Pleu-500 . We also find that deletion of the fis gene significantly enhances TCDS-mediated inhibition of transcription of three genes purH, yieP, and yrdA divergently coupled to different rrn operons in the early log phase. These results suggest that Fis protein forms DNA topological barriers upon binding to its recognition sites, blocks TCDS diffusion, and potently inhibits the TCDS-activated Pleu-500 .
Conflicts of interest in dialysis: A barrier to policy reforms

Conflicts of interest involving physicians are commonplace in the US, occurring across many different specialties and subspecialties in a variety of clinical settings. In nephrology, two important scenarios in which conflicts of interest arise are dialysis facility joint venture (JV) arrangements and financial participation in End-stage Kidney Disease Seamless Care Organizations (ESCOs). Whether conflicts of interest occurring in either of these settings influence decision-making or patient care outcomes is not known due to a lack of transparent, publicly available information, and opportunities to conduct independent study. We discuss possible benefits and risks of nephrologist's financial participation in JVs and ESCOs and possible mechanisms for disclosure and reporting of such arrangements as well as risk mitigation.
Exploring Faculty and Student Frameworks for Engineering Knowledge Using an Online Card Sorting Platform

In this study we investigate how faculty and students think about engineering us-ing a technique new to engineering education: card sorting. In card sorting partic-ipants sort stimuli (cards) into groups, in the process revealing how they catego-rize information. Here we examine how both engineering faculty (n=23) and first-year undergraduate students (n=62) categorize engineering scenarios. We found engineering faculty sort based on cross-disciplinary engineering activities rather than engineering disciplines. This is a surprising result as our educational frameworks are based around disciplines, and yet they are not the primary way in which faculty think. First-year students, on the other hand, showed little consen-sus on how to sort the scenarios. As a part of this paper we unveil an online card sorting platform Collection and Analysis of Research Data for Sorting (CARDS). CARDS allows researchers to create card sorting tasks, distribute them to participants for remote data collection, and analyze quantitative results.
THE RESPONSE OF THE HUMAN BODY TO IMPACT

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the response of the human body to impact. The subject is divided into two major categories, namely, the response of the body to impacts that do not produce injuries and the response when the level of impact is such that injury results. Injury occurs when the ultimate strength of any body tissue is exceeded. In the category where injuries will not occur, tests can be performed on living human volunteers. Mathematical models representing the behavior of the body and its parts may also be devised as the response to impact will probably be fairly linear if the ultimate strength of the tissues is not approached. In the second category, the production of injury will rule out the use of human volunteers as test subjects. It will also eliminate the possibility of producing a simple mathematical model describing the behavior of the body as the tissue response becomes very nonlinear as injury is produced. Test subjects for use in this category have been dummies, human cadavers, and animals. Other significant parameters with regard to the nature of the injury produced are the mass, shape, form, and hardness of the striker. These factors will affect the acceleration and jerk produced and also the time duration of the impact, which is important in the production of injury. In head impact tests of dogs, the duration of the impact was found to be a primary factor in the degree of concussion produced. It must always be kept in mind that impact may produce damage to internal organs, the vascular system, muscles, fascia and tendons, and the body structure of the body, and this damage may occur separately or in combinations.
Intermediate Goods and Exchange Rate Disconnect

This paper introduces intermediate goods trade into a two-country real business cycle model and examines its implications for real exchange rate behavior. Intermediate goods trade is shown to reduce “exchange rate disconnect” by increasing the volatility of the real exchange rate relative to output and weakening the link between the real exchange rate and output. Intermediate goods trade also reduces the volatility of the terms of trade relative to the real exchange rate while increasing international output correlations and reducing the correlation between the trade balance and output.
Verification of an Optimized NTT Algorithm.

The Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) is an efficient algorithm for computing products of polynomials with coefficients in finite fields. It is a common procedure in lattice-based key-exchange and signature schemes. These new cryptographic algorithms are becoming increasingly important because they are quantum resistant. No quantum algorithm is known to break these lattice-based algorithms, unlike older schemes such as RSA or elliptic curve cryptosystems.
Cell-Laden Nanocellulose/Chitosan-Based Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting and Enhanced Osteogenic Cell Differentiation

3D bioprinting has recently emerged as a very useful tool in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, developing suitable bioinks to fabricate specific tissue constructs remains a cha...