cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impulsive Reconnection in the Sun's Atmosphere

Recent high-resolution observations from the Hinode mission show dramatically that the Sun's atmosphere is filled with explosive activity ranging from chromospheric explosions that reach heights of Mm, to coronal jets that can extend to solar radii, to giant coronal mass ejections (CME) that reach the edge of the heliosphere. The driver for all this activity is believed to be 3D magnetic reconnection. From the large variation observed in the temporal behavior of solar activity, it is clear that reconnection in the corona must take on a variety of distinct forms. The explosive nature of jets and CMEs requires that the reconnection be impulsive in that it stays off until a substantial store of free energy has been accumulated, but then turns on abruptly and stays on until much of this free energy is released. The key question, therefore, is what determines whether the reconnection is impulsive or not. We present some of the latest observations and numerical models of explosive and non-explosive solar activity. We argue that, in order for the reconnection to be impulsive, it must be driven by a quasi-ideal instability. We discuss the generality of our results for understanding 31) reconnection in other contexts.
YBa2Cu307 superconducting microbolometer linear arrays

ABSTRACT Single pixels and linear arrays of microbolometers employing the high-Ta superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 have been fabricated by silicon micromachining techniques. The substrates are 3-in. diameter silicon wafers upon which buffer layers ofSi3N4 and yttria-stablized zirconia (YSZ) have been deposited. The YBa2Cu3O was deposited by ion beam sputtering uponthe yttria-stablized zirconia (YSZ), then photolithographically patterned into serpentines 4 jim wide. Anisotropic etching inKOH removed the silicon underlying each pixel, thereby providing the necessary thermal isolation. When operated at 70'K with 1 jiA dc bias, the D* 7.5x10 cm Hzla/Watt with a thermal response time of 24 msec. 1. INTRODUCTIONFollowing the discovery of high-Ta superconductors, investigations began into their use in transition edge bolometers(18) One of the most promising applications of such bolometers is in arrays for thermal imaging systems.(941) Such systems today employ linear arrays of cryogenic photon detectors such as HgOCdj.Te. Known as FLIR's (Forward
Purification and Properties of a Glycerol Ester Hydrolase (Lipase) from Propionibacterium shermanii

An intracellular glycerol ester hydrolase (lipase) from Propionibacterium shermanii was recovered from cell-free extracts and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose. Maximum enzyme activity was observed at pH 7.2 and 47 C when an emulsion of tributyrin was used as substrate. The enzyme was stable between pH 5.5 and 8. Heating the enzyme solution at 45 C for 10 min resulted in a 75% decrease in activity. Maximum rate of hydrolysis of triglycerides was observed on tripropionin, followed in order by tributyrin, tricaproin, and tricaprylin. The lipase was strongly inhibited by mercury and arsenicals, but specific sulfhydryl reagents had little or no inhibiting effect on the enzyme activity. The enzyme also showed some esterase activity, but the hydrolysis of substrates in solution was small as compared to the hydrolysis of substrates in emulsion.
Regulation of tropomyosin gene expression during myogenesis.

In skeletal muscle, tropomyosin has a critical role in transduction of calcium-induced contraction. Presently, little is known about the regulation of tropomyosin gene expression during myogenesis. In the present study, qualitative and quantitative changes in the nucleic acid populations of differentiating chicken embryo muscle cells in culture have been examined. Total nucleic acid content per nucleus increased about fivefold in fully developed myotubes as compared to mononucleated myoblasts. The contribution of deoxyribonucleic acid to the total nucleic acid population decreased from 24% in myoblasts to 5% of total nucleic acid in myotubes. Concomitant with the decrement in deoxyribonucleic acid contribution to total nucleic acid was an increase in polyadenylated ribonucleic acid (RNA) content per cell which reached levels in myotubes that were 17-fold higher than those of myoblasts. Specific changes in the RNA population during myogenesis were further investigated by quantitation of the synthetic capacity (messenger RNA levels) per cell for ..cap alpha..- and ..beta..-tropomyosin. Cell-free translation and immunoprecipitation demonstrated an approximately 40-fold increase in messenger RNA levels per nucleus for ..cap alpha..- and ..beta..-tropomyosin after fusion in the terminally differentiated myotubes. Indirect immunofluorescence with affinity-purified tropomyosin antibodies demonstrated the presence of tropomyosin-containing filaments in cells throughout myogenesis. Thus, themore » tropomyosin genes are constitutively expressed during muscle differentiation through the production of tropomyosin messenger RNA and translation into tropomyosin protein.« less
Prospective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women

Background The role of dietary protein intake in osteoporosis remains controversial. Protein is an important structural component of bone and protein supplementation improves the medical outcome of hip fracture patients, but it is unknown whether protein intake can reduce the incidence risk of hip fracture. Objective The relation between intake of protein and other nutrients and subsequent incidence of hip fracture was evaluated. Design Nutrient intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire in a cohort of Iowa women aged 55-69 y at baseline in 1986. Incident hip fractures were ascertained through follow-up questionnaires mailed to participants in 1987 and 1989 and verified by physician reports. Results Forty-four cases of incident hip fractures were included in the analyses of 104338 person-years (the number of subjects studied times the number of years of follow-up) of follow-up data. The risk of hip fracture was not related to intake of calcium or vitamin D, but was negatively associated with total protein intake. Animal rather than vegetable sources of protein appeared to account for this association. In a multivariate model with inclusion of age, body size, parity, smoking, alcohol intake, estrogen use, and physical activity, the relative risks of hip fracture decreased across increasing quartiles of intake of animal protein as follows: 1.00 (reference), 0.59 (95% CI: 0.26, 1.34), 0.63 (0.28, 1.42), and 0.31 (0.10, 0.93); P for trend = 0.037. Conclusion Intake of dietary protein, especially from animal sources, may be associated with a reduced incidence of hip fractures in postmenopausal women.
The effect of a cryotherapy gel wrap on the microcirculation of skin affected by Chronic Venous Disorders

Aim This randomized clinical trial was conducted 2008 – 2009 to investigate a cryotherapy (cooling) gel wrap applied to lower leg skin affected by chronic venous disorders to determine whether therapeutic cooling improves skin microcirculation. Impaired skin microcirculation contributes to venous leg ulcer development, thus new prevention therapies should address the microcirculation to prevent venous leg ulcers.
Low-Input Power-Level CMOS RF Energy-Harvesting Front End

RF energy-harvesting front ends consist of $LC$ matching networks and RF rectifiers. The minimum detectable power (sensitivity) is dependent on the losses of both parts. In this paper, RF energy-harvesting sensitivity limits at steady state and design tradeoffs for matching networks and rectifiers are introduced. These limits and tradeoffs are examined for standard CMOS 0.18- $\mu$ m technology. Two designs, one with off-chip matching network and the other with on-chip matching network, are presented, compared, and measured for an output voltage of 1 V. The sensitivity of the off-chip design is ${-}{\hbox{27.3}}$ dBm while taking 180 $\,\times\,$ 90 $\mu$ m $^{2}$ die area and off-chip high quality inductor and capacitor, which takes an extra 7.28 mm $^{2}$ printed circuit board area. The fully integrated on-chip design has a sensitivity of ${-}{\hbox{21.7}}$ dBm while taking 820 $\,\times\,$ 450 $\mu$ m $^{2}$ die area. The sensitivity of the former proved superior while the latter is more attractive in terms of compactness, low cost, and easier tunability.
Policy recommendations for reducing reactive nitrogen from wastewater treatment in the Great Bay Estuary, NH

Abstract The majority of nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems stems from non-point sources, which are often difficult to regulate. For point sources, such as sewage treatment plants, total reactive nitrogen released into the environment is an easier setting to regulate. This report compares different policy solutions to reduce nitrogen discharge from wastewater treatment facilities in the Great Bay Estuary of New Hampshire and Maine. The current plan to reduce nitrogen loads is to impose a strict limit on nitrogen, which forces the sewage plants to upgrade their facilities’ technology. Upgrading every sewage plant in the Great Bay Estuary is effective in curbing nitrogen loads, but it may not be the most cost-efficient method. There are two potential alternatives to the current command & control solution to nitrogen pollution. The proposed policy solutions would include a cap & trade permitting system or a tax on discharged nitrogen. While an alternative policy cost-effectively reduces the desired amount of nitrogen in aggregate, due to the watershed's geography certain regions would remain impaired. Thus, demonstrating how policy alternatives are not suitable solutions for every environmental externality. As the population grows over time and effluent for treatment increases, an 8 mg N/L standard will not be sufficient. The maximum recommended would be a concentration limit of 5 mg N/L for the foreseeable future.
A cDNA encoding a putative 37 kDa leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein, p37NB, isolated from S-type neuroblastoma cell has a differential tissue distribution

Abstract In human neuroblastoma cells in culture, three morphologically distinct types of cells are observed: neuroblastic N-type cells, Schwannian S-type cells, and intermediate I-type cells. To investigate the differences in gene expression between N-type LA1-55N and S-type LA1-5S cells of the human neuroblastoma cell line LA-N-1, we constructed a subtractive cDNA library from LA1-5S cells. One of the genes that are expressed more in S-type cells than in N-type cells was identified as previously undescribed and is the ocus of this report. We cloned a full-length cDNA of this gene, p37NB , and determined its sequence. A homology search against the GenBank database showed that this was from a novel gene encoding a putative 37 kDa leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein. Northern blot hybridization and RT-PCR showed that the p37NB gene was differentially expressed in S-type compared to N-type cells of a few neuroblastoma cell lines.
Stac3 Is a Novel Regulator of Skeletal Muscle Development in Mice

The goal of this study was to identify novel factors that mediate skeletal muscle development or function. We began the study by searching the gene expression databases for genes that have no known functions but are preferentially expressed in skeletal muscle. This search led to the identification of the Src homology three (SH3) domain and cysteine rich (C1) domain 3 (Stac3) gene. We experimentally confirmed that Stac3 mRNA was predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle. We determined if Stac3 plays a role in skeletal muscle development or function by generating Stac3 knockout mice. All Stac3 homozygous mutant mice were found dead at birth, were never seen move, and had a curved body and dropping forelimbs. These mice had marked abnormalities in skeletal muscles throughout the body, including central location of myonuclei, decreased number but increased cross-sectional area of myofibers, decreased number and size of myofibrils, disarrayed myofibrils, and streaming Z-lines. These phenotypes demonstrate that the Stac3 gene plays a critical role in skeletal muscle development and function in mice.
Hypersensitivity to rat saliva

A patient who rapidly developed impressive local edema around a rat bite site is described. An interesting differential diagnosis was presented since the offending rat was experiencing an opiate withdrawal syndrome. A discussion of the possibilities of animal product allergy, local infection, and edema produced by opiate histamine releasers was considered.
Characterization of disjunct populations of Zostera marina (eelgrass) from California: genetic differences resolved by restriction-fragment length polymorphisms

Comparative restriction-fragment analysis was used to analyze the nuclear ribosomal DNA, and alcohol dehydrogenase-1 loci of Zostera marina L., for variation within and among populations. Eelgrass is a perennial marine flowering plant that is widespread and ecologically significant throughout the temperate northern hemisphere. A chemical method was developed to obtain restriction-quality DNA without CsCl fractionation from experimentally relevant quantities of seagrass tissues (0.5 to 1.0 g). The yield was 25 μg g-1 fresh weight. The three morphologically distinct forms of Z. marina from disjunct populations examined in this study were found to be genetically distinct; morphologically similar populations were indistinguishable genetically. Genetic distinction also correlated with habitat depth, as subtidal and intertidal populations were clearly divergent. Homologous probes for the 17S and 28S ribosomal DNA genes were used to map 24 restriction sites on the rDNA repeat of Z. marina, which was determined to be about 14 kb in length. At least 1 length mutation and 5 restriction-site changes were identified that distinguished Z. marina populations from San Diego and Monterey Bay (Del Monte Beach) from Z. marina populations from Elkhorn Slough and Tomales Bay. Estimated sequence variation (100×p) between eelgrass populations ranged from 0.00 to 0.69. Individual plants were observed to contain as many as four different rDNA-repeat length variants. The mean number of rDNA-repeat length variants per individual in Z. marina was about two. Intrapopulation variation in rDNA-repeat type was observed in only one individual from the Tomales Bay population.
Assessing Brazil's Cerrado agricultural miracle

Abstract Brazil’s emergence as a primary global agricultural producer is often credited to production expansion into soils of the Brazilian savannah or Cerrado. These soils are, however, deficient in important nutrients and prone to degradation, requiring input-intensive processes that suggest a low level of productive efficiency. Employing a sequence of agricultural censuses and a biome approach for characterizing agricultural zones, the present study evaluates the Cerrado’s total factor productivity growth and productive potential. The analysis highlights the resource cost of Brazil’s “Cerrado Miracle,” the role of paved road infrastructure in expanding production opportunities, and the significant production gains that the Cerrado may yet achieve. Results suggest a substantial productivity gap between the Cerrado’s most efficient and average producers, implying that Cerrado production might well be further boosted if average producers succeed in adopting the technologies and management practices of the more efficient operators. More generally, and to the extent the Cerrado model is generalizable elsewhere, agricultural development of the world’s savannahs, such as Sub-Saharan Africa’s Guinea regions, into breadbaskets will be expensive in terms of material inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, depending for their success therefore on the real prices of these inputs.
Genetics of cold-adapted B/Ann Arbor/1/66 influenza virus reassortants: the acidic polymerase (PA) protein gene confers temperature sensitivity and attenuated virulence.

Abstract The cold-adapted B/Ann Arbor/1/66 influenza virus (ca B/AA/1/66) expresses temperature-sensitive (ts), cold-adapted (ca) and attenuation phenotypes. Reassortants which inherit one or more genes from ca B/AA/1/66 and all other genes from a virulent, wild-type influenza virus, B/Houston/1732/76, were produced and evaluated in order to identify the gene(s) responsible for the ts, ca and attenuation phenotypes. Only reassortants which inherited the PA gene from ca B/AA/1/66 expressed the ts phenotype in MDCK cells at 39 °C. None of the reassortants tested expressed the ca phenotype in embryonated eggs at 25 °C. The virulence of several reassortants was evaluated in ferrets. Inheritance of the PA gene from ca B/AA/1/66 was correlated with significant febrile attentuation and the apparent restriction of viral replication in the lower respiratory tract. Isolation of a virulent, non-ts revertant virus inheriting only the PA gene from ca B/AA/1/66 established a direct relationship between expression of the ts phenotype and attenuated virulence. Evidence for the contribution of at least one other gene from ca B/AA/1/66 to attenuation was observed. Thus, based on the methods used to determine reassortant gene compositions, these results indicate that the PA gene is primarily responsible for attenuation of ca B/AA/1/66 and its reassortants.
Consultation-Liaison in Child Psychiatry: A Review of the Past 10 Years. Part II

Abstract Objective To critically review the research and reports on consultation-liaison psychiatry in the past 10 years. Method Articles contributing to the conceptualization of child psychiatric consultation in medical, epidemiological, and nonmedical domains were reviewed. Results Information was organized into methodology and treatment outcome categories. Nonmedical consultation articles were briefly reviewed. Articles reporting therapeutic techniques in consultation-liaison work and outcome studies are described. Conclusions In spite of constraints imposed by managed care upon referral to specialists, the current epoch finds child psychiatrists both better equipped and more compelled to use their skills in innovative ways to help children in different domains.
Dis-Assembly Lines: gestures, situations, and surveillances

In “Americanism and Fordism,” Antonio Gramsci offers a brief meditation on the gestural performances of assembly-line workers who, rather than become subordinate to the disciplinary flow of the machine, cultivate perfectly timed gestures that allow workers to hide in plain sight: or, in other words, to inhabit the scene of management otherwise. Rather than extend Gramsci's investment in virtuosic, masterful performances of gesture, this article considers the potentiality of gesture through Lucille Ball's and Tehching Hsieh's performances of bad timing. As different as these performances are in terms of genre and historical situation, each uses gesture as a technique to performatively divide the labor process, producing fleeting temporalities of waste within rhythms marshaled toward production and accumulation. While it tracks the effects of these itinerant gestures, this article reconsiders the oppositions between productive and reproductive work, rationality and emotionality, and work and home that susta...
Inhibition of G-protein-mediated MAP kinase activation by a new mammalian gene family

A GENERAL property of signal transduction pathways is that prolonged stimulation decreases responsiveness, a phenomenon termed desensitization. Yeast cells stimulated with mating phero-mone activate a heterotrimeric G-protein-linked, MAP-kinase-dependent signalling pathway that induces Gl-phase cell-cycle arrest and morphological differentiation (reviewed in refs 1, 2). Eventually the cells desensitize to pheromone and resume growth3. Genetic studies have demonstrated the relative importance of a desensitization mechanism that uses the SST2 gene product, Sst2p4–7. Here we identify a mammalian gene family termed RGS (for regulator of G-protein signalling) that encodes structural and functional homologues of Sst2p. Introduction of RGS family members into yeast blunts signal transduction through the pheromone-response pathway. Like SST2 (refs 8–10), they negatively regulate this pathway at a point upstream or at the level of the G protein. The RGS family members also markedly impair MAP kinase activation by mammalian G-protein-linked receptors, indicating the existence and importance of an SST2-like desensitization mechanism in mammalian cells.
Relationship of the optical absorption and scattering properties with mechanical and structural properties of apple tissue

Abstract Optical absorption and scattering properties of fruit change with the physiological and biochemical activities in the tissue during ripening and postharvest storage. But it has not been well understood on how these changes are related to the structural and mechanical properties of fruit. This research was therefore aimed at quantifying the relationship between the optical and mechanical properties of apple tissue and gaining a preliminary understanding of how the optical properties are related to the microstructural characteristics of apple tissue. Optical properties measurement and acoustic/impact firmness and compression tests were carried out for ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) and ‘Granny Smith’ (GS) apples over a 30-day period of storage at ∼22 °C and ∼95% relative humidity (RH), followed with confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis of tissue specimens. Linear regression analysis was then used to correlate acoustic/impact firmness, Young's modulus and the cell's area and equivalent diameter with the absorption and scattering properties of apple fruit. Consistent decreases in the absorption coefficient at the chlorophyll absorption waveband of 675 nm with storage time were observed for both cultivars, while an increase in the absorption coefficient at the anthocyanin absorption waveband of 525 nm was observed. Values of the reduced scattering coefficient generally decreased with storage time. The changes or decreases in the optical absorption and scattering parameters were accompanied with decreases in the acoustic/impact firmness and Young's modulus. Using the mean values of each test date, the optical parameters were correlated with acoustic/impact firmness ( r = 0.870–0.948 for GD and r = 0.334–0.993 for GS) and Young's modulus ( r = 0.585–0.947 for GD and r = 0.292–0.694 for GS). The preliminary confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis showed that the optical absorption and scattering parameters were also positively correlated with the cell's area and equivalent diameter. These findings suggest that optical properties could be used to study the mechanical properties of apples and possibly their microstructural changes during ripening and postharvest storage.
Effects of Difficulty Level, Temporal Position of Feedback and Content of Verbal Material on Retention

The effects of difficulty level, type of content, and temporal position of knowledge of results were considered relative to the retention of empirically-derived verbal materials by 160 college Ss. Difficulty level appeared to be the only variable which was operative to a significant extent for the specified learning task.
Conceptual Designs of Strong Hybrid Vehicle Powertrains

This paper describes four conceptual designs of strong hybrid vehicle powertrains. These concepts enable conversion of conventional powertrains into strong hybrid powertrains with minimal tear-up to the existing architecture. These concepts are configured as follows: (1) incorporates an electric machine attached to the front axle of a conventional rear-wheel-drive vehicle; (2) a Flywheel-Alternator-Starter (FAS) system with a motor placed between the torque converter and the transmission; (3) same as previous one but where the torque converter is replaced by a starting clutch; and (4) a dual mode Electric Variable Transmission (EVT). These concepts provide extensive hybrid functionality such as, electric motor-only drive; launch assist, braking energy recovery and regeneration. Simulation results indicate that the proposed strong hybrid concepts have the potential to provide fuel economy gains of 19% to 26% over conventional powertrains.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Spectrophotometric determination of gallium(III) with phenylfluorone in the presence of hexadecylpyridinium bromide and pyridine

Abstract Phenylfluorone reacts with gallium in the presence of hexadecylpyridinium bromide and pyridine to form a water-soluble chelate with an absorption maximum at 570 nm and constant absorbance in the pH range 4.0–5.5. At this wavelength, Beer's law is obeyed up to 4.3 × 10−6M gallium. The sensitivity is very high and the molar absorptivity is 1.48 × 105 1.mole−1.cm−1. The chelate has been utilized in the determination of gallium at the μg level. The ratio of gallium to phenylfluorone in the complex is 1:2.
Influence of Commercially Available Wildflower Mixes on Beneficial Arthropod Abundance and Predation in Turfgrass

Abstract Conservation and augmentation of indigenous natural enemies are promising strategies for biologically based pest management in outdoor urban environments. This research sought to determine whether the addition of wildflower plantings would enhance the occurrence, abundance and impact of beneficial arthropods in the landscape, and to determine the potential compatibility of pest-resistant turfgrass and natural control of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). A bermudagrass cultivar (susceptible to fall armyworm), a zoysiagrass cultivar (resistant to fall armyworm), and two different commercially available wildflower mixes all harbored a diverse array of beneficial arthropods in both large and small plot evaluations. A wildflower mix containing 15 species of flowers provided significant, season-long increases in foliar-dwelling spiders and bigeyed bugs during 1-yr of a 2-yr study in large (1,512 m2) plots. Ground-dwelling spiders were more...
Animal spirits, investment and international capital movements

Abstract In the aftermath of the debt crisis, developing countries are endeavoring to repatriate flight capital and to resume domestic private investment. Yet investment and the associated capital inflows continue to be disappointing and highly uneven over time in many cases. This paper provides a model of investment and capital movements in and out of such countries. Central to the paper is the introduction of fiscal increasing returns to domestic capital into a standard dynamic optimizing model. The resulting system may display multiple steady states and surprising dynamic behavior. Initial conditions and expectations both matter in selecting the equilibrium on which the economy converges. For some initial conditions, ‘animal spirits’ can determine the course of investment and capital flows. A limit cycle may occur around one of the welfare-inferior equilibria. Along that cycle, capital stocks and relative prices display endogenous fluctuations.
SU‐GG‐I‐63: Calculations of Organ Doses From Cone‐Beam CT IGRT Procedures Using a Suite of Patient Phantoms

Purpose: Widespread uses of Computed Tomography(CT) and image‐guidedradiation treatment(IGRT) can significantly increase the cumulative exposure to health tissues. AAPM TG‐75 was formed to compile data on imaging exposures and to identify ways to optimize the imaging procedure. To address the lack of organdoses and effective doses assessment in the IGRTimaging procedure, this paper describes a study to use a Monte Carlo based method to simulate kV and MV cone beam CT(CBCT) scanners and then calculate organdoses and effective doses.Method and Materials: This paper utilizes a whole‐body adult male phantom called the VIP‐Man, and Adult Male and Female that are adjusted to match with 50th percentile ICRP average population. The MCNPX code is used to simulate CT scanners and finally calculate doses. Several IGRT procedures are considered to demonstrate how this method can assess and compare various protocols. Results: For the VIP‐Man phantom, the effective dose for kV CBCT (assuming total exposure of 1350 mAs) is about 9.5 mSv for the two anatomical sites while the effective dose for MV CBCT (assuming a total of 6 MU) ranges from 5.10 mSv for the H&N case to 8.39 mSv for the prostate case. For different procedures, the effective dose data can be adjusted accordingly. Conclusion: With realistic patient phantoms and imaging scenario, organdosees can be obtained by Monte Carlo simulation, and consequently effective doses have been calculated. The results show that showed that the effective dose is a useful quantity for the comparison of the performance and patient safety between kV CBCT and MV CBCT. These information can aid the assessment of radiation risk to the patient from imaging procedure. This study demonstrates the feasibility of determining detailed organdoses for various IGRT related cone‐beam CT procedures.
Experimental measurements and Monte-Carlo simulation of water diffusion into epoxy matrices

Sorption and desorption data are reported for water in epoxy at 25°C and 70°C. A Monte Carlo model based on the dual-sorption theory is formulated to explain observed diffusion behavior. Random walk of particles is followed through a regular lattice with randomly distributed adsorption sites. Comparison of predicted results with experiment shows that the model predicts sorption data well. A modification to the model is proposed to improve prediction of desorption data.
Adolescents at Risk for Violence

Interpersonal violence among youth is a growing problem in many communities and schools across the nation. The causes of violence are multiple and complex. This paper examines the extent and nature of interpersonal violence among youth as well as the individual and societal factors which contribute to youth violence. Adolescents are disproportionately represented as both victims and perpetrators of fatal and nonfatal assaultive violence. Homicide rates among young men in the United States are vastly greater than those of other Western industrialized nations. Persons age 12–24 years face the highest risk of nonfatal violent victimization of any segment of our society. Arrest rates for homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault peak among adolescents and young adults. Further, arrest rates for murder and other violent crimes have increased substantially among this age group since the mid-1980s. Effective prevention programs will require combinations of interventions aimed at multiple factors and delivered through many channels.
Cross-Functional Structures: A Review and Integration of Matrix Organization and Project Management

In this article, we review and summarize the literature on crossfunctional organization forms that has been published since 1976. We focus on the commonalities of the literatures that deal with matrix organization and project management. With a definition of cross-functional organization in hand, we review the literature for advantages and disadvantages of these organization forms, ending the section with a discussion of the great needfor empirical research to resolve numerous questions and paradoxes. Finally, we review a model for effective cross-functional organizations, comprising environmental influences, organizational characteristics, project characteristics, project team characteristics, project leader characteristics, and project effectiveness. Each section ends with a discussion of needed research, and the article ends with a call for research and theory building regarding cross-functional organizations, which continue to grow in application importance.
Mass balance modelling of priority toxic chemicals within the great lakes toxic chemical decision support system: RateCon model results for Lake Ontario and Lake Erie

Abstract The great lakes toxic chemical decision support system (GLTCDSS) has been developed in order to integrate all of the available information on Tier I and II chemicals in support of designing, implementing and post-auditing the zero discharge and virtual elimination strategies. A modified version of the rate constant model (RateCon) (J. Great Lakes Res. 20 (1994) 625), which is one of three mass balance models incorporated into the system, has been run for anthracene, benzo(a) pyrene (B(a)P), dieldrin, fluoranthene, lead, DDE, DDT, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), mercury, mirex, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins (TCDDs), pentachlorophenol, and furans (TCDFs) for Lake Ontario. A subset of these has been run for Lake Erie, due to more limited loadings data being available. The steady-state model results indicate that both lakes are still net sinks for metals such as mercury and lead, and that for concentrations in the water column, the model predicted values fall within the observed ranges plus or minus the confidence intervals for PCBs, HCB, B(a)P, mirex, DDE, lead, and anthracene. Currently there is still insufficient data to allow a simple screening level model such as RateCon to be applied for octachlorostyrene, chlordane, toxaphene, heptachlor, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine, hexachlorocyclohexane, 1,6-dinitropyrene, 1,8-dinitropyrene, and tributyl tin, and many of the PAH's. Concentrations to loadings calculations for Lake Erie indicate that either the lake is very far from steady-state and is responding to historically higher loadings or the estimated loadings are extremely underestimated for PCBs, lead, and fluoranthene, assuming that the measured concentrations at the outlet (Fort Erie) are representative of whole lake values.
Are There Shared Environmental Influences on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Reply to Wood, Buitelaar, Rijsdijk, Asherson, and Kunsti (2010).

A recent large-scale meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies indicated that shared environmental influences make important contributions to most forms of child and adolescent psychopathology (Burt, 2009b). The sole exception to this robust pattern of results was observed for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which appeared to be largely genetic (and particularly nonadditive genetic) in origin, with no observable influence of the shared environment. The central thesis of Wood, Buitelaar, Rijsdijk, Asherson, and Kunsti (2010) is that, contrary to these findings, shared environmental influences are important for ADHD. As evidence for this thesis, Wood et al. presented a summary of prior twin studies, followed by a discussion of 4 methodological issues that may account for my findings in Burt (2009b). I argue that, although the methodological concerns raised by Wood et al. are very important, they do not undermine my earlier results (Burt, 2009b). I close with a discussion of 2 issues that may allow for some shared environmental influences on ADHD.
Detection of physical activities using a physical activity monitor system for wheelchair users

Abstract Availability of physical activity monitors for wheelchair users can potentially assist these individuals to track regular physical activity (PA), which in turn could lead to a healthier and more active lifestyle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate algorithms for a physical activity monitoring system (PAMS) to detect wheelchair based activities. The PAMS consists of a gyroscope based wheel rotation monitor (G-WRM) and an accelerometer device (wocket) worn on the upper arm or on the wrist. A total of 45 persons with spinal cord injury took part in the study, which was performed in a structured university-based laboratory environment, a semi-structured environment at the National Veterans Wheelchair Games, and in the participants’ home environments. Participants performed at least ten PAs, other than resting, taken from a list of PAs. The classification performance for the best classifiers on the testing dataset for PAMS-Arm (G-WRM and wocket on upper arm) and PAMS-Wrist (G-WRM and wocket on wrist) was 89.26% and 88.47%, respectively. The outcomes of this study indicate that multi-modal information from the PAMS can help detect various types of wheelchair-based activities in structured laboratory, semi-structured organizational, and unstructured home environments.
SURFACE ANALYSIS BY CHARGED PARTICLE SPECTROSCOPY

The analysis of the momentum distribution of protons scattered from a solid surface can be used to determine the composition of the surface as a function of depth. Examples of such analyses obtained with a 2-Mev Van de Graaff accelerator and a high resolution magnetic spectrometer are given. The technique is applicable to the detection of all elements to a depth of several microns, with sensitivities in the range of 10/sup -8/ to 10/sup -6/ gram per square centimeter. (auth)
Probability of pharmacodynamic target attainment with standard and prolonged-infusion antibiotic regimens for empiric therapy in adults with hospital-acquired pneumonia

Abstract Background : The pharmacodynamic characteristics of antibiotics should be considered when choosing empiric dosage regimens for the treatment of pneumonia. Objective : This study compared the probabilities of achieving requisite pharmacodynamic exposure (ie, f T > MIC, AUC/MIC) for antibiotics given for the empiric treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) as recommended by the 2005 guidelines of the American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Methods : In a 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation, pharmacodynamic analyses were performed for standard doses of cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, ertapenem, imipenem, levofloxacin, meropenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam. Prolonged 3-hour infusion regimens were also evaluated for anti-pseudomonal β-lactams. MIC data were incorporated from the 2007 Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection, a national surveillance study. The weighted cumulative fraction of response (wCFR) against common pneumonia pathogens was determined for each regimen. A second scenario was conducted by altering the pathogen prevalence to assess wCFR for late-onset pneumonia (ie, HAP in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation). Optimal wCFR was defined a priori as ≥90%. Results : Among the 0.5-hour infusions, cefepime, ceftazidime, and meropenem had the highest wCFRs (≥90%) against pathogens that cause HAP (cefepime, 1 g q8h, 92.8%; 2 g q8h, 97.2%; 2 g q12h, 94.3%; ceftazidime, 2 g q8h, 93.2%; meropenem, 1 g q8h, 90.9%; 2 g q8h, 93.9%). Imipenem (500 mg q6h, 85.5%; 1 g q8h, 88.1%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (4.5 g q6h, 80.5%) as 0.5-hour infusions were nearly optimal, whereas ceftriaxone, ertapenem, and the fluoroquinolones had the lowest wCFR values. All regimens showed lower wCFRs for late-onset pneumonia than for HAP. Optimal wCFRs were found only with prolonged (3-hour) infusions of 2 g q8h for ceftazidime (94.5%) and meropenem (90.1%), whereas cefepime 2 g q8h achieved optimal wCFR with both a 0.5-hour infusion (93.1%) and a 3-hour infusion (95.3%). Conclusions : Results of this model suggest that standard doses of most antipseudomonal β-lactams (cefepime, ceftazidime, and meropenem) had high probabilities of achieving optimal pharmacodynamic exposure as empiric therapy for HAP, whereas the low probabilities predicted from ceftriaxone, ertapenem, and the fluoroquinolones suggest that these agents would be inappropriate as monotherapy. For late-onset HAP, prolonged infusions of cefepime, ceftazidime, and meropenem offered the highest probabilities of achieving bactericidal exposure.
Mental health effects of hurricane Sandy: characteristics, potential aftermath, and response

On October 22, 2012, a late-season tropical system was named Sandy by the US National Hurricane Center. The system meandered for several days in warm Caribbean waters, intensifying slowly, gaining forward momentum, and passing directly over Jamaica, eastern Cuba, and the Bahamas. Sandy’s outer rain bands deluged Haiti’s deforested terrain, triggering severe floods and mudslides. Although Sandy was a minimal hurricane, millions were affected across 5 Caribbean nations and Puerto Rico, 100 persons were killed or reported missing, and thousands of homes were damaged. Estimated economic losses ranged from $5 million in Jamaica to $2 billion in Cuba.1 What catapulted this system into a “superstorm” was a rare climate event. At mid-latitudes, Sandy interacted with a polar jet stream that steered the system toward the mid-Atlantic coastline, transforming the system into a hybrid blend of posttropical cyclone and winter storm. The system’s cloud canopy expanded to 1000 miles in diameter as circulating winds funneled ocean waves into the New Jersey shoreline, Long Island Sound, and New York Harbor, inundating portions of Staten Island and southern Manhattan. In the United States, an estimated 60 million people across 24 states experienced a range of storm effects at varying intensities, including wind, rain, flood, coastal surge, and blizzard. The effects of the storm on vulnerable and fragile infrastructure produced power outages for more than 8 million residents; flooded New York City’s subway system and East River tunnels; set off a major fire that destroyed 111 housing units in the Breezy Point section of Queens; disrupted communications; and created acute shortages of gasoline, food, and commodities. Sandy was blamed for 113 US deaths and damaged 200 000 homes. Costs have been estimated at $50 billion, second only to Hurricane Katrina as the nation’s costliest natural disaster.2,3 Over the past 2 decades, considerable research efforts have been focused on populations affected by natural disasters. A rapidly growing body of knowledge is now available to assist in estimating the potential mental health effects of Superstorm Sandy and the differential risks for specific populations and communities. The availability of data from randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of interventions for trauma-exposed populations may enable better planning and implementation of prevention strategies to mitigate the adverse mental health effects of the disaster.
Global/local head models to analyse cerebral blood vessel rupture leading to ASDH and SAH

Blunt and rotational head impacts due to vehicular collisions, falls and contact sports cause relative motion between the brain and skull. This increases the normal and shear stresses in the (skull/brain) interface region consisting of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and subarachnoid space (SAS) trabeculae. The relative motion between the brain and skull can explain many types of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) including acute subdural hematomas (ASDH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) which is caused by the rupture of bridging veins that transverse from the deep brain tissue to the superficial meningeal coverings. The complicated geometry of the SAS trabeculae makes it impossible to model all the details of the region. Investigators have compromised this layer with solid elements, which may lead to inaccurate results. In this paper, the failure of the cerebral blood vessels due to the head impacts have been investigated. This is accomplished through a global/local modelling approach. Two global models, namely a...
Growth limitations of strained multiple quantum wells

Abstract The growth limitations of strained multiple quantum wells are studied theoretically. A dynamic strain relaxation model is developed to estimate both the critical layer thickness for barrier and well of multiple quantum well In x Ga 1- x As / GaAs device structures. According to the calculations, if the well and barrier growth temperatures are 480 and 550°C for a 30% indium 50 A for-quantum-well structure, the minimum barrier thickness is around 150 A, and for a 20% indium 40 A thirty-quantum-well structure, the barrier layer thickness could be as thin as 200 A. This model should prove useful in optimizing practical strained-layer device structures.
Biliary obstruction from hepatic regeneration following extended right hepatectomy for tumor

Two patients, aged 2 and 6 months, underwent extended right hepatectomy for hepatoblastoma. Tumor resection was complete in both and postoperative chemotherapy was begun. One patient became markedly jaundiced 4 months postoperatively. Imaging evaluation showed marked nodular liver enlargement and intrahepatic ductal dilatation. At laparotomy an obstructed distal common duct was draped over a huge regenerating liver nodule. A high Roux-En-Y choledochojejunostomy was followed by a decrease in bilirubin to normal within 4 days. Chemotherapy was restarted and the patient remains anicteric and healthy. No evidence of tumor recurrence was found. A second patient became jaundiced 2 weeks after resection. Imaging evaluation suggested tumor recurrence. At laparotomy biopsy failed to confirm recurrent tumor but the area of the porta was not explored. Jaundice persisted and the patient died of liver failure thought secondary to tumor recurrence 4 months postoperation. Postmortem examination showed a completely obstructed common duct draped over a liver nodule and no evidence of tumor. These two patients illustrate the heretofore unrecorded entity of biliary obstruction from regenerating liver following resection for tumor. The sudden appearance of jaundice following a successful liver resection for tumor should raise the suspicion of benign repairable biliary obstruction rather than unresectable tumor recurrence. The definitive evaluation is reexploration rather than various imaging modalities, which may not only be misleading, but may delay life-saving intervention.
The structure of dichlorobis(phenylamine)(bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene)ruthenium: A π-bonded norbornadiene complex of ruthenium(II)

Abstract The structure of dichlorobis(aniline)(norbornadiene)ruthenium (aniline = phenylamine, norbornadiene = bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene), RuCl 2 (C 7 H 8 )(C 6 H 5 NH 2 ) 2 , has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray data collected by counter techniques and refined by a least-squares procedure to a conventional agreement index of 0.025. The complex crystallizes in space group C 12 2 v  Cmc2 1 of the orthorhombic system in a cell of dimensions a 17.162(4), b 12.589(3), c 8.522(2) A, V 1841.3 A 3 with Z 4. Observed and calculated densities are 1.61(1) and 1.62 g/cm 3 . The coordination geometry about the ruthenium atom is distorted octahedral with the norbornadiene moiety bound through the two double bonds. The complex possesses crystallographically imposed C 3 (m) symmetry with the trans -chloro ligands, the ruthenium atom, and the three sp 3 carbon atoms of the diolefin constrained to the mirror plane. The coordination sphere is completed by cis -aniline groups. Bond distances of interest are: RuCt (where Ct is the center of the olefinic bond), 2.066(4); RuN, 2.213(3); RuCl, 2.415(2) and 2.407(1) A. The CC distance of the olefinic bond is 1.386(6) A, compared with 1.35 A in the free ligand. The remaining distances in the bicyclic ligand are very close to the expected value for CC single bonds, 1.54 A. The CtRuCt angle is 70.0° and the ClRuCl angle is 156.5(5)°.
The ophiophage defensive response in crotaline snakes: Extension to new taxa

A total of 21 new taxa of New World pit vipers (Serpentes: Crotalinae) responded by elevating the middle portion of the body in a defensive posture (body bridge) when exposed to the skin substances of certain colubrid snakes (Colubridae). Newborn snakes from two of the three species tested gave the response. Several new species of colubrid snakes also are documented as capable of eliciting a response, and it is suggested that the termophiophage defensive response be used to denote body bridging and associated defensive behaviors instead of the restrictive “kingsnake defense posture.” Most of the snakes which elicit the response in crotaline snakes are known to feed on lizards and/or snakes. There is no apparent correlation between the stimulus snakes' ability to elicit a response in the crotaline snakes and sympatry with the crotaline snakes.