cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated Stroke Risk Associated With Femoral Artery Cannulation During Mitral Valve Surgery

Minimally invasive mitral valve (MV) surgery, often requiring femoral artery (FA) cannulation, is increasingly being adopted. There is concern about increased stroke rates associated with minimally invasive MV surgery. This study aims to examine whether FA cannulation is independently associated with increased stroke rates in minimally invasive MV procedures. MV procedures from January 2004 to June 2012 were reviewed using our institutional Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. We included 384 patients after the exclusion of patients with emergency procedures, with infective endocarditis, who underwent other concomitant procedures, who were older than 60 years, and with nonstandard aortic clamping (endoballoon or no clamp). Patients were divided into 2 groups: those who underwent aortic cannulation (n = 327) and those who underwent femoral cannulation (n = 57). Risk adjustments through multivariable regression were used to identify independent predictors for various outcomes. Adjustments were made for cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamp times. Preoperatively, the femoral cannulation group had less baseline cerebrovascular disease (P = 0.032), heart failure (P = 0.028), and atrial fibrillation (P = 0.012). Other baseline characteristics were similar. The aortic cannulation group had shorter cardiopulmonary bypass (P < 0.001) and clamp times (P < 0.001). There were more repairs done in the FA cannulation group as opposed to replacements. Risk-adjusted outcomes showed a higher incidence of permanent stroke in the femoral cannulation group (P = 0.032). Other outcomes were not significantly different. In conclusion, FA cannulation may be associated with increased stroke rates in isolated MV surgery. Antegrade arterial cannulation (direct aortic or axillary cannulation) may be preferable in minimally invasive MV procedures. Randomized trial data are needed.
Dorsolateral striatum implicated in the acquisition, but not expression, of immediate response learning in rodent submerged T-maze

Animals can use multiple strategies when learning about, and navigating within, their environment. Typically, in the frequently-studied food-rewarded T-maze, rats initially adopt a flexible, hippocampal-dependent place strategy. However, as learning progresses, rats switch to an automatic, striatal-dependent response strategy (Packard & McGaugh, 1996). Interestingly, in a similar but aversively motivating water-submerged T-maze, rats exhibit the opposite behavioral pattern, initially adopting a response strategy but switching to a place strategy with extended training (Asem & Holland, 2013). Here, we examined the effects of transient lidocaine inactivation of the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) on rats' acquisition and expression of place and response strategies in the submerged T-maze. DLS inactivation prior to probe tests had no effect on rats' initial expression of a response strategy nor on their transition to the use of a place strategy with further training. Nevertheless, in a second experiment using the same rats, identical inactivation parameters significantly affected performance in an appetitively motivating positive control task, which required a response strategy. Furthermore, in a third experiment, DLS inactivation prior to early learning trials interfered with the acquisition of the response strategy in the submerged T-maze. These differences in DLS inactivation effects across appetitive and aversive tasks support the view that task motivation plays crucial roles in guiding learning, memory, and behavior. Additionally, differences in DLS inactivation effects between tests of acquisition and expression suggest that the DLS is required during early acquisition but not expression of the response learning strategy.
Physicochemical properties of fowlpox virus deoxyribonucleic acid and its anomalous infectious behavior.

Abstract Randall, Charles C. (University of Mississippi, Jackson), Lanelle G. Gafford, Richard L. Soehner, and James M. Hyde. Physicochemical properties of fowlpox virus deoxyribonucleic acid and its anomalous infectious behavior. J. Bacteriol. 91:95–100. 1966.—Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from fowlpox virus-infected tissue, purified inclusions, and purified virus by five variations of detergent and phenol methods. Phenol methods gave a poor yield, whereas detergent techniques extracted up to 78% of the DNA. The buoyant density was 1.695 g/ml, and the melting temperature in 7.2 m NaClO4 was 39 C, both approximately equivalent to a guanine plus cytosine content of 35 moles per cent. Further proof of the double-stranded nature of the DNA was shown by the characteristic behavior toward deoxyribonuclease, formaldehyde, and heat. Infectious DNA was obtained by the various methods described, but this manifestation of biological activity was capricious and for unknown reasons was often not evident. The infectivity could not be related quantitatively to the amount of DNA employed. Furthermore, the infectious nature of fowlpox virus DNA was demonstrable only when the route of infection was the chorioallantoic membrane. In contrast, whole virus infected both membrane and chick skin with equal efficiency.
Computations with Rational Subsets of Confluent Groups

Various problems involving rational subsets of finitely generated free groups can be solved efficiently using a technique related to coset enumeration. We investigate the extension of this method to other finitely generated groups.
Simulation-based Testing of Communication Protocols for Dependable Embedded Systems

We present a novel approach to testing fault-tolerant and real-time protocol implementations. Cesium, our testing environment, executes the protocols in a centralized simulator of the distributed system. It simulates the occurrence of inputs and the failure scenarios the protocols are designed to tolerate, while automatically verifying that the required safety and timeliness properties hold at all times during test experiments. Within this framework, the human tester can define failure operations that simulate every failure class studied in the literature. We apply our approach to two fault-tolerant protocols typical in embedded systems. The results show that Cesium can pinpoint implementation errors that would be very difficult to identify in a real system, and can also compute accurate performance predictions that would be problematic to measure in the real embedded platform without ad hoc hardware instrumentation.
Dynamic modeling of GMAW process

A model has been developed correlating the anode temperature profile with the dynamic melting rate in gas metal arc welding. Components of this model are identified as the electrode melting rate, temperature-dependent resistivity of electrode and arc voltage. The differential equations describing the dynamic behavior of the electrode extension were derived from mass continuity and energy relations. The temperature of the electrode extension was determined by convective heat transfer and joule heating. One-dimensional solutions of temperature and heat content were used to obtain the dynamic melting rate equation. The purpose of the present paper is to provide quantitative analyses, concentrating on the thermal behavior and the electrical characteristics of the arc welding system, to aid in a fundamental understanding of the process, and to develop a dynamic model that may be used in adaptive control. The model is tested by comparing simulations to experimental results.
Measurement of the polarization coupling length in telecom fibers using nonlinear polarization rotation

The polarization coupling length, an important parameter of the PMD probability distribution, is obtained from measurements and modeling of the nonlinear polarization rotation in optical fibers. Results for different types of fibers are presented.
Behaviour and nesting ecology of Appalachian Ruffed Grouse ( Bonasa umbellus )

The substantial decline of Ruffed Grouse ( Bonasa umbellus ) in the southern Appalachian Mountains has been attributed in part to poor recruitment with possible links to nesting ecology. However, despite extensive research, the incubation ecology of Ruffed Grouse remains poorly understood. During 1999–2001 in West Virginia, we used videography of nesting female Ruffed Grouse to (1) quantify incubation constancy (minutes on the nest/minutes recorded) and nest survival during incubation, (2) determine whether incubation constancy predicts hatch success (proportion of eggs hatched per clutch), (3) determine the effect of the onset of laying on incubation constancy and hatch success, and (4) quantify nest visitors and depredation. Females spent about 96% of the recorded time incubating their clutches. Average incubation time per day increased by 1 h between day 1 and day 24 of incubation. Females generally left their nests twice daily, once in the morning between 0700 and 1000 for 31.7 ± 2.4 minutes (standard error) and again in the evening between 1600 and 1800 for 33.6 ± 1.5 minutes. Daily survival of nests (99.3 ± 0.4%) and nest survival for the incubation period (84.9 ± 9.3%) were high. Hatch success (the proportion of eggs that hatched among nests where at least one hatched) was high: 94.9 ± 0.02%. We found no relation between incubation constancy and hatch success. We recorded American Black Bear ( Ursus americanus ), Raccoon ( Procyon lotor ), and Long-tailed Weasel ( Mustela frenata ) as nest predators.
Epigenetic Effects of Cannabis Exposure.

The past decade has witnessed a number of societal and political changes that have raised critical questions about the long-term impact of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) that are especially important given the prevalence of its abuse and that potential long-term effects still largely lack scientific data. Disturbances of the epigenome have generally been hypothesized as the molecular machinery underlying the persistent, often tissue-specific transcriptional and behavioral effects of cannabinoids that have been observed within one’s lifetime and even into the subsequent generation. Here, we provide an overview of the current published scientific literature that has examined epigenetic effects of cannabinoids. Though mechanistic insights about the epigenome remain sparse, accumulating data in humans and animal models have begun to reveal aberrant epigenetic modifications in brain and the periphery linked to cannabis exposure. Expansion of such knowledge and causal molecular relationships could help provide novel targets for future therapeutic interventions.
The Influence of Dual Enrollment on Academic Performance and College Readiness: Differences by Socioeconomic Status.

I examine the influence of dual enrollment, a program that allows students to take college courses and earn college credits while in high school, on academic performance and college readiness. Advocates consider dual enrollment as a way to transition high school students into college, and they further claim that these programs benefit students from low socioeconomic status (SES). However, few researchers examine the impact of dual enrollment on academic performance and college readiness, in particular, whether SES differences exist in the impact of dual enrollment. Even fewer researchers consider the extent to which improved access to dual enrollment reduces SES gaps in academic performance and college readiness. I find that participation in dual enrollment increases first-year GPA and decreases the likelihood for remediation. I conduct sensitivity analysis and find that results are resilient to large unobserved confounders that could affect both selection to dual enrollment and the outcome. Moreover, I find that low-SES students benefit from dual enrollment as much as high-SES students. Finally, I find that differences in program participation account for little of the SES gap in GPA and remediation.
Influence of acrt on interface stability and particle trapping behavior in directional solidification of silicon

Abstract The accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT) was used in the directional solidification of metallurgical grade silicon. With ACRT a significantly larger fraction of the ingot could be solidified before interface breakdown occurred. After breakdown, the grain structure was dendritic and impurity segregation greatly reduced. Silicon carbide particle incorporation was extremely erratic and was unaffected by ACRT, presumably because the bouyancy-driven natural convection is sufficient to suspend the particles. Particle trapping increased enormously when morphological breakdown occured. The critical freezing rate of pushing of SiC platelets is below 6 mm/h.
Mass and Orbit Determination from Transit Timing Variations of Exoplanets

The timing variations of transits of an exoplanet provide means of detecting additional planets in the system. The short-period and resonant variations of the transit signal are probably the most diagnostic of the perturbing planet's mass and orbit. The method can be sensitive to small perturbing masses near the transiting planet and for orbits at mean motion resonances. It is not evident, however, how the mass and orbit of the perturbing planet can be determined from the observed variations of transit times. This is a difficult inverse problem. Direct N-body integrations are computationally too expensive to provide an adequate sampling of parameter space. Here we develop an alternative method based on analytic perturbation theory. We find that this new method is typically ~104 times faster than direct N-body integrations. The perturbation theory that we use here has an adequate precision to predict timing variations for most planetary orbits except those with very large eccentricities where the expansion of the disturbing function is divergent. By applying the perturbation method to the inverse problem we determine the number and precision of the measured transit times that are required for the unique and correct characterization of the perturbing planet. We find that the required precision is typically a small fraction (~15%-30%) of the full transit timing variation amplitude. Very high precision observations of transits will therefore be needed. We discuss the optimal observation strategy to characterize a planetary system from the transit timing variations. We find that the timing of secondary transits, if measured with adequate precision, can help to alleviate the problem with the degeneracy of solutions of the inverse problem.
Catharsis and Media Violence: A Conceptual Analysis

The concept that doing something to “vent” aggression as a method of reducing aggressive feelings and behaviors, such as watching media violence or playing violent video games, continues to enjoy widespread public support despite a lack of empirical support. This article describes the historical origins of the concept and examines how well these conceptions fit with the modern usage of the aggression catharsis hypothesis. It is argued that there are four primary flaws with the catharsis hypothesis. First, the metaphor underlying Freud, Breuer, and Lorenz’s conception of aggression is flawed. Aggression is not a drive. Second, although Aristotle did use the term catharsis with relation to violent media (plays and poetry), he did not mean that viewing media violence can purge the viewer of aggressive feelings or behaviors. Furthermore, he describes several detailed requirements of plot and character that must be followed if his type of catharsis is to be achieved, and modern media violence does not meet these requirements. Third, the empirical support is not only lacking, a large empirical base contradicts the catharsis hypothesis. This is seen both in studies attempting to demonstrate catharsis directly and in the broader media violence literature. Fourth, human neuroscience contradicts the catharsis hypothesis. Learning is not hindered by viewing something one more time—it is improved. Taken together, it appears that there is no possible way that the aggression catharsis hypothesis can be accurate. It nevertheless continues to “feel” correct at a phenomenological level, and the reasons for this are discussed.
Assessing and Managing Depression in the Terminally Ill Patient

Psychological distress often causes suffering in terminally ill patients and their families and poses challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Increased attention to diagnosis and treatment of depression can improve the coping mechanisms of patients and families. This paper reviews the clinical characteristics of normal grief and clinical depression and explains strategies for differential diagnosis. Although some literature discusses the psychological issues facing elderly patients and terminally ill patients with cancer, less is known about patients with end-stage pulmonary, cardiac, renal, and neurologic disease. Data on the effectiveness of interventions in terminally ill patients are lacking. Treatment recommendations in this paper represent extrapolations from existing literature and expert opinion. Diagnosing and treating depression in terminally ill patients involve unique challenges. Evidence of hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness, guilt, and suicidal ideation are better indicators of depression in this context than neurovegetative symptoms. Although terminally ill patients often have suicidal thoughts, they are usually fleeting. Sustained suicidal ideation should prompt a comprehensive evaluation. Clinicians should have a low threshold for treating depression in terminally ill patients. Psychostimulants, because of their rapid onset of action, are useful agents and are generally well tolerated. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants may also be used. Psychological interventions-including eliciting concerns and conveying the potential for connection, meaning, reconciliation, and closure in the dying process-can also facilitate coping.
Intensity correlations in resonance fluorescence excited by intense incoherent fields

Abstract A general rigorous theory of the intensity correlations in resonance fluorescence excited by markovian incoherent fields of arbitrary bandwidth and average intensity is presented. Both single and many independent two-level atom fluorescence are considered.
Wavelength selection in directional solidification

Cell-spacing selection in directional solidification is investigated. An integral equation describing steady-state cells in the limit where the solute diffusion length is much larger than the cell spacing is derived and solved numerically by Newton's method. With surface tension and no crystalline anisotropy present the spatial periodicity of a one-dimensional array of cells with cusp singularities is found to be determined uniquely by a solvability condition. The inclusion of crystalline anisotropy has no other effect to shift the value of the selected spacing.
Fast fault-tolerant parallel communication for de Bruijn and digit-exchange networks using information dispersal

In this paper, the space-efficient Information Dispersal Algorithm (IDA) is applied to fault-tolerant parallel communication in the de Bruijn and d-way digit-exchange networks, which is a generalized butterfly (Omega) network. Let N = dn denote the size of the de Bruijn network. Our routing scheme runs in 2n + 1 time using constant size buffers (if the routing information is not counted). For d = [n In n], it probability of successful routing is at least 1 − N−In N/2. The scheme also tolerates O(N) random link failures with probability at least 1 − N(7−InInn)/6. We also propose a routing scheme for the d-way digit-exchange network such that similar bounds hold. Both schemes run within the said time bounds without queuing delay. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
La double vie de la sérotonine ou quand la génétique découvre la physiologie

During the last 20 years, the emergence of sophisticated genetic tools has extraordinarily improved our understanding of a large number of physiological functions, among which the physiology of the skeleton. Bone, recently described as an endocrine organ, has the ability to constantly renew itself through bone remodeling, which requires a constant supply of energy. Hence, we hypothesized that there must be a coregulation of bone mass and energy metabolism, and focused on leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, which regulates both energy metabolism and bone remodeling through a central relay. Through a careful analysis of leptin neuronal targets, we unraveled that leptin regulation of bone mass occurs indirectly by inhibiting serotonin release and synthesis in neurons of the brainstem. Surprisingly, we observed that the other pool of serotonin, produced in enterochromaffin cells of the duodenum, negatively regulates bone mass accrual. Thus, serotonin is a molecule with two distinct functional identities depending on its site of synthesis. Finally, a recent study provides a proof of principle that inhibiting gut-derived serotonin (GDS) biosynthesis could become a new anabolic treatment for osteoporosis. double dagger.
Diagnostic performance of primary 3-dimensional computed tomography colonography in the setting of colonic diverticular disease.

Background & Aims: Colonic diverticular disease (CDD) is a leading cause of nondiagnostic segmental evaluation at computed tomography colonography (CTC). The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of CDD on polyp detection at primary 3-dimensional (3D) CTC. Methods: The study group consisted of 280 asymptomatic average-risk adults (mean age, 58.1 y; 167 men, 113 women). All patients underwent CTC followed by same-day optical colonoscopy with segmental unblinding (reference standard). Primary 3D endoluminal evaluation with 2-dimensional correlation was used for initial polyp detection at CTC. Without knowledge of polyp findings, all colonic segments were reviewed for the presence of CDD and graded as absent, minimal, moderate, or extensive disease. Results: Moderate or extensive CDD was present in 271 (12.1%) of 2240 colonic segments and 142 (50.7%) of 280 patients. CTC performance for polyps 6 mm or larger in the presence and absence of moderate-extensive CDD was as follows: by-segment sensitivity of 90.3% (28/31) and 79.4% (123/155); by-patient sensitivity of 86.5% (64/74) and 83.1% (54/65); by-segment specificity of 97.1% (233/240) and 97.7% (1772/1814); by-patient specificity of 83.8% (57/68) and 83.6% (61/73); by-segment positive predictive value of 80.0% (28/35) and 74.5% (123/165); by-patient positive predictive value of 85.3% (64/75) and 81.8% (64/66); by-segment negative predictive value of 98.7% (233/236) and 98.2% (1172/1804); and by-patient negative predictive value of 85.1% (57/67) and 84.7% (61/72), respectively (not significant, P ≥ .15). Conclusions: CDD was common in this asymptomatic screening population, but its presence did not degrade the diagnostic performance of primary 3D CTC for polyp detection.
Assessing the influence of different atmospheric and soil mercury concentrations on foliar mercury concentrations in a controlled environment

This study investigated the influence of soil and air mercury (Hg) concentrations on Hg accumula- tion in plant components for three plant species, Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust), Juniperous scopulorum (Juniper), and Artemisia tridentata (Sage- brush), grown in environmentally controlled growth chambers. Exposures included ambient and elevated air (3.1±0.4 and 30.1±3.5 ng m −3 ) and soil (0.06±0.02 and 27.7±6.3 μ gg −1 ) Hg concentrations. In addition, foliar Hg fluxes were measured, as was Hg accumu- lated directly on the leaf surface. Air Hg concentrations were found to be the dominant factor associated with foliar Hg concentrations. Foliar MeHg concentrations of deciduous plant species were greater than evergreen species. Trunk Hg concentrations were influenced by air and soil Hg concentrations. Root Hg concentrations were directly correlated with soil Hg concentrations. Foliar Hg fluxes for R. pseudoacacia were predomi- nantly deposition. For A. tridentata foliar Hg fluxes were bi-directional, and foliar fluxes measured for J. scopulorum were not statistically different from the blank chamber fluxes. Measured fluxes did not correspond well with predicted uptake based on foliar Hg concentrations.
Competitive indicator methods for the analysis of citrate using colorimetric assays

Abstract A competitive indicator method for studying host–guest complexes is extended to systems forming I:H, I:H2, and A:H complexes of indicator (I), host (H) and competing analyte (A). Methods are applied to complexes of a synthetic organic host ( 1 ) with commercially available indicators xylenol orange ( 4 ) and methylthymol blue ( 5 ). Utilizing complexometric indicators results in an observable shift in λmax upon binding of the analyte and, subsequently may enhance the sensitivity of these competition assays due to a larger dynamic range in the change of absorption. The binding constants for the association between 4 and 1 are K1=7.05×103 M−1 and K2=2.08×103 M−1 and between 5 and 1 the binding constants are K1=3.95×103 M−1 and K2=1.10×102 M−1. Competition assays using UV–Vis spectroscopy and each host–indicator ensemble allowed for the determination of citrate concentration in various beverages.
Impact of improved local control on survival.

Estimates of the gain in survival, if all local failures were eliminated, indicate that many more patients could be cured provided the efficacy of treatment of the primary and regional disease were substantially improved. The expected gain in survival is assumed to be the gain in local control, less the loss due to distant metastases and intercurrent disease among the new local control subjects. The observed incidence of DM among local failure patients may be higher than among local control patients; this excess in incidence of DM is assumed to result from metastases established secondary to the persistent or recurring tumor. A powerful argument that higher local control rates would result in more cured patients is the high incidence of long-term survivors after salvage surgery for local failures. Examples of higher survival associated with more effective local therapy are presented from the literature for medulloblastoma, ependymoma, carcinoma of the oral cavity-oropharynx, carcinoma of the urinary bladder, carcinoma of the prostate and carcinoma of the rectum. For Stage I-II cancer of the breast, the reduction of an already low local failure rate by combining surgery and radiation has a very small impact. For tumors, such as, early stage breast cancer, where the possible decrease in local failure is small and the loss due to DM is high, a demonstrable gain in survival is not likely. The potential increase in number of survivors among the U.S. cancer population, if the primary-regional disease were regularly treated successfully, indicates large gains for patients with cancer of the uterine cervix, oral cavity-oropharynx, ovary, colo-rectum, non-oat cell cancer of lung, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer. These provide powerful bases for aggressive investigation of new approaches to improvement of local-regional therapies.
Prostate cancer in the post-transplant population

Abstract Objectives. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study to determine the results of treatment for prostate cancer in solid organ transplant recipients. Methods. A retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with prostate cancer after organ transplantation at five centers was conducted. Data were obtained by chart review and a multipoint data sheet was used to abstract the data from the patient charts. Results. Eighteen cases of prostate cancer were identified from six institutions. Most (84%) of the cancers were clinically localized at the time of diagnosis. Nine (50%) of 18 patients underwent radical prostatectomy, which was the predominant mode of treatment. Overall survival at a mean follow-up of 32 months was 66%, with a cancer specific mortality of 16%. Mortality was 13% for the 15 patients with localized disease and 33% for the 3 patients with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Conclusions. Most of the patients with prostate cancer being detected after solid organ transplantation were diagnosed with localized disease. Aggressive therapeutic intervention as in the general (nontransplant) population yields good results and should be pursued. Diligent surveillance for prostate cancer in this population using periodic digital rectal examination, serum prostate-specific antigen, and prostate needle biopsy as needed will ensure earlier cancer detection and allow for definitive therapeutic intervention.
You Got to Know When to Hold (or Unfold) ‘Em…

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Hoffmann et al. (2012) demonstrate that the ribosome-associated bacterial chaperone Trigger Factor assists in the maturation of ribosome-attached nascent chains by acting as both a holdase and an unfoldase.
Working on the factory floor.

Excerpt My God, they want to make us employees! When every doctor, or most, wants to care for patients and so hopes to do good in society, what is the matter with being an employee? Some view the s...
Least-squares analysis of phosphorus soil sorption data with weighting from variance function estimation: a statistical case for the Freundlich isotherm.

Phosphorus soil sorption data are typically fitted to simple isotherms for the purpose of compactly summarizing experimental results and extrapolating beyond the range of measurements. Here, the question of which of the commonly preferred models—Langmuir and Freundlich—is better, is addressed using weighted least-squares, with weights obtained by variance function analysis of replicate data. Proper weighting in this case requires attention to a special problem—that the dependent variable S is not measured, rather is calculated from the measured equilibrium concentration C. The latter is commonly taken as the independent variable but is subject to experimental error, violating a fundamental least-squares assumption. This problem is handled through an effective variance treatment. When the data are fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms, only the Freundlich model yields a statistically adequate χ2 value, and then only when S is taken to include labile residual P (S0) estimated from isotope...
Flexible Lie-admissible algebras

Abstract This paper investigates finite-dimensional flexible Lie-admissible algebras A over fields of characteristic 0. Under these hypotheses the vector space A with the Lie product[ x , y ] = xy − yx is a Lie algebra, denoted by A − . The main result of this work gives a characterization of those flexible Lie-admissible algebras for which the solvable radical of A − is a direct summand of A − . Included in this class of algebras are all flexible Lie-admissible A for which A − is a reductive Lie algebra. Our technique is to view A as a module for a certain semisimple Lie algebra of derivations of A and to see what restrictions the module structure imposes on the multiplication of A . A subsequent investigation will show that this module approach can also be used to determine the flexible Lie-admissible algebras A for which the radical of A − is abelian.
A new self-assembled μ6-sulfato hexanuclear cobalt(II) complex of a symmetric dinucleating ligand: Synthesis and X-ray structural analysis

A novel μ 6 -sulfato hexanuclear cobalt(II) complex, Na 2 [Co 6 (Hccdp) 3 ( μ 6 -SO 4 )] · 30H 2 O ( 1 ) was isolated from the reaction of CoSO 4 · 7H 2 O with ligand H 5 ccdp (where H 5 ccdp = N,N ′ -Bis[2-carboxybenzomethyl]- N,N ′ -Bis[carboxymethyl]-1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol) in the presence of NaOH in aqueous-acetonitrile solution and its X-ray crystal structure has been determined. The structure of 1 contains a [ Co 6 II ( μ 6 - SO 4 ) ] core unit which is held together by three heptadentate bridging ligands, Hccdp 4− .
Competitive binding of two drugs for a single binding site on albumin: a circular dichroic study.

Sulphaethidole has been previously shown to have two classes of binding site on bovine serum albumin (BSA). Only the primary binding site is capable of inducing optical activity in the drug. Drugs that bind to the same primary binding site as sulphaethidole, but do not become optically active themselves on binding, reduce the size of the circular dichroism signal in competitive binding studies with sulphaethidole. The binding constant for such antagonists can be calculated. It appears that a range of acidic drugs share the same primary binding site on bovine serum albumin; basic drugs do not compete for this site.
Ecological design for urban waterfronts

Urban waterfronts are rarely designed to support biodiversity and other ecosystem services, yet have the potential to provide these services. New approaches that integrate ecological research into the design of docks and seawalls provide opportunities to mitigate the environmental impacts of urbanization and recover ecosystem function in urban waterfronts. A review of current examples of ecological design in temperate cities informs suggestions for future action. Conventional infrastructures have significant and diverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The impacts of conventional infrastructure are reduced where ecological designs have been implemented, particularly by projects adding microhabitat, creating more shallow water habitat, and reconstructing missing or altered rocky benthic habitats. Opportunities for future research include expanding current research into additional ecosystems, examining ecological processes and emergent properties to better address ecosystem function in ecological design, and addressing the impact of and best practices for continuing maintenance. Planned ecological infrastructure to replace aging and obsolete structures will benefit from design feedback derived from carefully executed in situ pilot studies.
Severe visual loss caused by ocular perforation during chalazion removal.

Abstract Purpose To report two cases of ocular perforation during chalazion removal procedures leading to severe vision loss. Design Observational case series. Methods Two patients presented with unilateral decreased vision after chalazion removal procedures. Complete ophthalmologic examinations were performed. Results Examination revealed a cherry red spot and perforation site in the first patient. In the second patient, there was an intraocular gas bubble and ischemic retina. Conclusions Local anesthetic injections for procedures such as chalazia removal can result in ocular perforation. We postulate that the intraocular injections led to extremely high pressures, compromising the blood supply to the retina and optic nerve. Anesthetic injections for all procedures, even chalazia removal, should be done with great caution. It is imperative to avoid injection if ocular perforation is suspected, as the high pressure may cause the majority of the visual morbidity.
Control of beam patterns in a helium-neon laser using a spatially filtered feedback

Abstract We apply a phase-sensitive, spatially filtered optical feedback to a helium–neon (He–Ne) laser operating with several transverse modes at 633 nm. The operating mode can be selected using a positive feedback signal, resulting in a single mode operation and a significant increase in output intensity.
Phonomicrosurgical resection of glottal papillomatosis

Summary Controlled debulking has been the surgical approach to treat laryngeal papillomatosis for over a century despite dramatic improvements in surgical technology. It is commonplace to leave disease in the glottis at the end of the procedure (eg, in the anterior commissure) because of complications associated with attempted complete removal. This study examined the recurrence patterns of adult glottal papillomatosis after phonomicrosurgical microflap resection . Between 1990 and 1995, 22 patients underwent phonomicrosurgical resection of glottal papillomatosis. Six patients had not undergone previous microlaryngeal surgery and 16 patients had had prior procedures. All patients underwent resection of all visible papillomatosis, and this frequently required staged resections. The subepithelial infusion technique was used to facilitate the resection in most cases. No patient who underwent resection for primary disease had a recurrence. Ten of 16 (62%) patients who presented with recurrent disease did not have a recurrence after microflap resection. Follow up on all patients was at least 2 years. This preliminary report suggests that recently developed phonomicrosurgical microflap resection techniques can eradicate adult glottal papillomatosis in some cases, and that resection of papillomatosis appears to be preferable to conventional debulking and/or ablation techniques.
The electron microscopy of the developing human renal glomerulus.

Abstract 1. 1. Electron microscopic observations of developing human renal glomeruli are presented. 2. 2. The Malpighian corpuscle develops as a mass of epithelial cells in continuity with the convoluted tubule. It is surrounded by a sparse, incomplete layer of basement membrane material. 3. 3. Capsular space develops by cleft formation when the primitive glomerular tuft appears, leaving a single layer of Bowman's capsule on one side. 4. 4. The cells that develop into visceral epithelial cells rapidly differentiate in appearance from the parietal cells by developing a more dense protoplasm and cytoplasmic foot processes. Foot processes are present only where the cells are apposed to the developing glomerular tuft. 5. 5. The developing capillary tuft originates as broad sheets and cords of endothelial-like cells, and appears to be shaped by penetration of the visceral epithelial cells. There is no sign of invagination of a hollow vesicle in any preparation. 6. 6. The glomerular basement membrane is a product of endothelial and visceral epithelial cells, and appears to receive a contribution in the form of double membranes from each. 7. 7. Fully matured red blood cells are observed frequently, before capillary lumens are present. This is taken to indicate in situ development of red blood cells in the glomerulus. It is suggested that the capillary lumen develops about these red cells by retraction and shrinking back of endothelial cytoplasm.
Setup variations in radiotherapy of esophageal cancer: evaluation by daily megavoltage computed tomographic localization.

Purpose: To use pretreatment megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) scans to evaluate setup variations in anterior–posterior (AP), lateral, and superior–inferior (SI) directions and rotational variations, including pitch, roll, and yaw, for esophageal cancer patients treated with helical tomotherapy. Methods and Materials: Ten patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer treated by combined chemoradiation using helical tomotherapy were selected. After patients were positioned using their skin tattoos/marks, MVCT scans were performed before every treatment and automatically registered to planning kilovoltage CT scans according to bony landmarks. Image registration data were used to adjust patient setups before treatment. A total of 250 MVCT scans were analyzed. Correlations between setup variations and body habitus, including height, weight, relative weight change, body surface area, and patient age, were evaluated. Results: The standard deviations for systematic setup corrections in AP, lateral, and SI directions and pitch, roll, and yaw rotations were 1.5, 3.7, and 4.8 mm and 0.5°, 1.2°, and 0.8°, respectively. The appropriate averages of random setup variations in AP, lateral, and SI directions and pitch, roll, and yaw rotations were 2.9, 5.2, and 4.4 mm, and 1.0°, 1.2°, and 1.1°, respectively. Setup variations were stable throughout the entire course of radiotherapy in all three translational and three rotational displacements, with little change in magnitude. No significant correlations were found between setup variations and body habitus variables. Conclusions: Daily MVCT scans before each treatment can effectively detect setup errors and thereby reduce planning target volume (PTV) margins. This will reduce radiation dose to critical organs and may translate into lower treatment-related toxicities.
Movement and Fate of p-Nitrophenyl-α,α,α-Trifluoro-2-Nitro-p Tolyl Ether-1′-14C in Peanut Seedlings

Autoradiographs and liquid scintillation counts of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L., var. Starr) seedlings indicate that p-nitrophenyl-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ether-1'-(14)C (C-6989) is rapidly absorbed from nutrient solution but only 6.5% of the radioactivity absorbed is translocated to the shoot after 144 hr, with the acropetal movement being confined to the stem and petiole.Metabolism of C-6989 by peanut seedlings proceeds rapidly, the major pathway being hydrolysis of the ether linkage and reduction of the 4-nitrophenol formed to 4-aminophenol. After 48 hr 4-aminophenol, C-6989 and 4-nitrophenol comprised 67.8, 17.4, and 13.5% of the total radioactivity recovered, respectively. After 144 hr these compounds comprised 94.3, 4.0, and 0.9% of the radioactivity, respectively.Reduction of one of the nitro groups of C-6989 followed by hydrolysis of the ether linkage is a minor pathway of metabolism in peanut seedlings. Small amounts (less than 1.0% of the total radioactivity) of both p-mitrophenyl-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2-amino-p-tolyl ether and p-amino-phenyl-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ether were present but no p-aminophenyl-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2-amino-p-tolyl ether was detected. Two very minor metabolites (less than 0.1% of the radioactivity) were detected which were not identified. These metabolites were possibly conjugates of the phenol derivatives with natural plant constituents, or products of substitution on, or ring cleavage of, the phenols.
Elk decision-making rules are simplified in the presence of wolves

The risk of predation drives many behavioral responses in prey. However, few studies have directly tested whether predation risk alters the way other variables influence prey behavior. Here we use information theory (Akaike’s Information Criterion, AICc) in a novel way to test the hypothesis that the decision-making rules governing elk behavior are simplified by the presence of wolves. With elk habitat use as the dependent variable, we test whether the number of independent variables (i.e., the size of the models) that best predict this behavior differ when wolves are present vs absent. Thus, we use AICc scores simply to determine the number of variables to which elk respond when making decisions. We measured habitat use using 2,288 locations from GPS collars on 14 elk, over two winters (14 elk winters), in the Gallatin Canyon portion of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. We found that the use of three major habitat components (grass, conifer, sage) was sensitive to many variables on days that wolves were locally absent, with the best models (ΔAICc≤2) averaging 7.4 parameters. In contrast, habitat use was sensitive to few variables on days when wolves were present: the best models averaged only 2.5 parameters. Because fewer variables affect elk behavior in the presence of wolves, we conclude that elk use simpler decision-making rules in the presence of wolves. This simplification of decision-making rules implies that predation risk imposes selection pressures that do not allow prey to respond to other pressures in ways that they otherwise would. If the affected processes are important, then this indirect effect of predation is likely to be important.
Treating Infidelity: Considering Narratives of Attachment:

This article presents a counseling model for treating infidelity based on the integration of key aspects of attachment theory into a narrative therapy approach. The authors describe specific guidelines for their model after first reviewing personal attachment styles with a proclivity toward infidelity and providing a brief review of initial treatment considerations. Finally, they present a case example illustrating the use of narrative therapy and attachment theory as a model for treating infidelity.
Network-based real option models

Building on earlier work to incorporate real option methodologies into network modeling, two models are proposed. The first is the network option design problem, which maximizes the expanded net present value of a network investment as a function of network design variables with the option to defer the committed design investment. The problem is shown to be a generalized version of the network design problem and the multi-period network design problem. A heuristic based on radial basis functions is used to solve the problem for continuous link expansion with congestion effects. The second model is a link investment deferral option set, which decomposes the network investment deferral option into individual, interacting link or project investments. This model is a project selection problem under uncertainty, where each link or project can be deferred such that the expanded net present value is maximized. The option is defined in such a way that a lower bound can be solved using an exact method based on multi-option least squares Monte Carlo simulation. Numerical tests are conducted with the classical Sioux Falls network and compared to earlier published results.
Intracellular distribution of phosphorus during synchronous growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Abstract During the synchronous growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa , strain 7-11-05, shifts in the levels of several cellular phosphate components were observed. Inorganic acid-insoluble polyphosphate reached its peak concentration early in cellular development, then decreased reaching a minimum value at the end of nuclear division. The phospholipids and the pool of acid-soluble phosphates exhibited an inverse trend by increasing dramatically during nuclear division. The pool of acid-soluble phosphate was fractionated into orthophosphate, Norit-A adsorbable phosphate, organic phosphates non-adsorbable on Norit-A and acid-soluble polyphosphates. All acid-soluble phosphate components, except the polyphosphates, increased during nuclear division. The acid-soluble polyphosphate level remained essentially constant throughout cellular development.
Investigation of image lag in a high-speed flat panel detector-based cone beam CT imaging system

A cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging system has been developed based on a high-speed flat panel detector specially designed for cone beam CT. This system has shown great potential for early breast cancer detection with high contrast and spatial resolution, and the potential for high-speed dynamic studies. Image lag always plays an important role in cone beam CT imaging by affecting the image quality. This paper investigated the relationship of the image lag with various parameters of this new system, which include frame number, detector mode, frame rate, detector signal strength and kVp value. A simulated breast phantom was designed to demonstrate how image lag causes artifacts in the image and affects the reconstructed linear attenuation coefficient of tumor in different tissues. Experimental results illustrate that lag on this system is less than 3%, and is independent of kVp value and detector mode. When the detector signal strength increases from 10% to 80% saturation, lag decreases by 10%. Lag is also a function of the frame rate increasing by 20% when the frame rate changed from 3.75 fps to 30 fps. Computer simulations reveal that lag on this new system caused less than 6 HU reduction in the CT# for simulated tumors and soft tissue and 20 HU reduction for high contrast objects. This work tells us that lag on this new CBCT system for breast imaging can be ignored. However, when this system is used for dynamic study, which requires a high readout speed from the detector, image lag correction will need to be considered to achieve good image quality.
Experiments with a very fast substring search algorithm

Sunday devised string matching methods that are generally faster than the Boyer-Moore algorithm. His fastest method used statistics of the language being scanned to determine the order in which character pairs are to be compared. In this paper the performances of similar, but language-independent, algorithms are examined. Results comparable with language-based algorithms can be achieved with an adaptive technique. In terms of character comparisons, a faster algorithm than Sunday's is constructed by using the larger of two pattern shifts.