cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double and multiple "crush" syndromes. Double and multiple entrapment neuropathies.

SUMMARY The double crush hypothesis suggests that serial constraints to axoplasmic flow, each of which is insufficient to cause changes in function by itself, can be additive in causing ultimate dysfunction of the nerve. Careful clinical examination will be required to localize the significant levels of nerve compression. Frequently, patients will be asymptomatic in the nonprovoked position. A comparison of neurological testing “at rest” and then subsequent to provocation of the patient’s symptoms may be the only mechanism by which the surgeon will be able to quantify an abnormality that corresponds to the patient’s symptoms. Surgical intervention, especially when the etiologic factor is work-related, is always postponed until maximum job modification has been carried out. Surgical management of these patients without a significant change in the patient’s work habits that provoked the compression neuropathies in the first instance will frequently be associated with a recurrence of symptoms when the work is resumed.
Posttraumatic cranial neuropathies.

The diagnosis of cranial nerve injuries is often difficult in the presence of severe head trauma because coma may obscure all but III, VI, and VII nerve damage. The most commonly involved cranial nerves are the olfactory, facial, and audio vestibular. Of these, recovery of function is most common with the facial nerve and least likely with the audiovestibular nerve.
The Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of Deamino-4-decarboxamido-oxytocin (1-β-Mercaptopropionic Acid-4-α-Aminobutyric Acid-Oxytocin)

Abstract Deamino-4-decarboxamido-oxytocin, an analogue of oxytocin in which the free amino group of the half-cystine residue at position 1 and the carboxamide group of the glutamine residue at position 4 have been replaced by hydrogen, has been synthesized. The protected polypeptide intermediate for this compound, prepared by the stepwise p-nitrophenyl ester method, was converted by the action of sodium in liquid ammonia into the disulfhydryl intermediate from which the analogue was obtained by oxidation with potassium ferricyanide. It was subsequently isolated either by countercurrent distribution or by partition chromatography on Sephadex, and was obtained in crystalline form from an aqueous solution. Deamino-4-decarboxamido-oxytocin possesses approximately ⅖ of the avian vasodepressor activity, ⅙ of the oxytocic activity, and ⅗ of the milk-ejecting activity of oxytocin. These potencies are considerably higher than the corresponding potencies of 4-decarboxamido-oxytocin. The deamino analogue has extremely low antidiuretic activity and no detectable pressor activity.
Exploring Interaction Design for the Social Internet of Things

The Social Internet of Things (SIoT) builds social capital by incorporating principles of Social Networks (SNs) into the design of the Internet of Things (IoT). With the ambition of improving network navigability and service availability, research targets granting smart objects the ability to autonomously socialize with each other. The resulting independently defined social network for things will allow devices to communicate with both human beings as well as other devices. Autonomous decisions made by social things require them to understand the context in which they operate. However, the perception and interpretation of context remains fallible. As social things act without explicitly making this visible to the user, there is an increasing inability to grasp, let alone control, what is happening behind the screens. By providing intelligibility or defining personalities, the user gains a better awareness of the system’s functionality. In this chapter, we start by providing a short history of things that socialize and review related research. By gaining insights into the nature of interaction with both the world and autonomous systems, we frame interaction challenges with social things. We look towards literature in both the SIoT and context-aware computing to outline possible design techniques for addressing these challenges. Lastly, we discuss how future work can build upon our considerations to ensure natural and intuitive interaction with the SIoT.
Abstract 1535: T Cells engineered to express the IL-13Rα2 specific CAR and a PD-L1 specific switch receptor show increased anti-tumor activity in the Glioblastoma tumor microenvironment

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer with poor prognosis with traditional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which often leave lasting and pervasive damage to the individual. GBM cells upregulate the surface protein interleukin 13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL13Rα2), which can be targeted as a novel immunotherapeutic marker for the immune response to be initiated. In this study, IL13Rα2 is targeted using a first generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that contains an intracellular zeta chain domain. However, a limitation to this approach is that the tumor microenvironment exhausts the T cells that interact with the tumor through a receptor-mediated response. Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a molecule that is expressed on cancerous cells that binds to Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) on T cells. When the ligand binds to PD-1 on T cells, there is decreased T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and anti-tumor activity. This problem can be avoided via creation of a switch receptor with a PD-1 extracellular domain fused to transmembrane and intracellular costimulatory CD28, which converts tumor mediated inhibition into stimulation upon ligation of PD-L1. It is hypothesized that the incorporation of additional costimulatory domains will enhance the stimulatory effects of the switch receptor. Engineered T cells expressing varied switch receptors in conjunction with the IL13Rα2-specific CAR have been created and have been assessed in vitro as a basis for glioblastoma treatment. Tests performed include cytokine secretion and T-cell proliferation assays. Results of these preliminary studies suggest that the the inclusion of additional costimulatory domains in the switch receptor design may be advantageous in enhancing anti-tumor responses in the GBM microenvironment. Citation Format: Abel De Castro, Megan E. Keys, Jonathan Arroyo, Megan E. Prosser. T Cells engineered to express the IL-13Rα2 specific CAR and a PD-L1 specific switch receptor show increased anti-tumor activity in the Glioblastoma tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1535.
Accommodation as a Sword

Thus far the discussion assumes that employees would utilize WRFA-like frameworks as a shield against government intrusion upon their religious beliefs and practices. This chapter, however, explores the potential for policy entrepreneurs or disaffected employees to use a more protective religious accommodation framework as a sword to thwart government action and policy implementation.
Timeliness of treatment initiation in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.

e18637Background: Delays in breast cancer treatment lead to poor clinical outcomes. Evidence-based timeliness benchmarks have been established to assess quality of care. However, few studies have e...
FDA Approval Summary: Pertuzumab for Adjuvant Treatment of HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer

On December 20, 2017, the FDA granted regular approval to pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer (EBC) at high risk of recurrence. Approval was based on data from the APHINITY trial, which randomized patients to receive pertuzumab or placebo in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy. After 45.4-month median follow-up, the proportion of invasive disease-free survival (IDFS) events in the intent-to-treat population was 7.1% (n = 171) in the pertuzumab arm and 8.7% (n = 210) for placebo [hazard ratio (HR), 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.67-1.00; P = 0.047]. The proportion of IDFS events in patients with hormone receptor-negative disease was 8.2% (n = 71) and 10.6% (n = 91) in the pertuzumab and placebo arms, respectively (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.56-1.04). The proportion of IDFS events for patients with node-positive disease was 9.2% (n = 139) and 12.1% (n = 181) in the pertuzumab and placebo arms, respectively (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62-0.96). Adverse reactions in ≥30% of patients receiving pertuzumab were diarrhea, nausea, alopecia, fatigue, peripheral neuropathy, and vomiting. From a regulatory standpoint, the benefits of the addition of pertuzumab to adjuvant treatment outweighed the risks for patients with EBC at high risk of recurrence.
DaTQUANT: The Future of Diagnosing Parkinson Disease

Idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurologic condition that affects the dopamine transporters in the substantia nigra of the brain. Currently, more than 10 million people are living with this disease worldwide, with thousands of newly diagnosed and undiagnosed cases added every year. The disease is difficult to differentiate from other similar disorders, as symptoms widely vary and can mimic other conditions. Classic PD symptoms may look similar to essential tremor and other parkinsonian syndromes. The 123I-ioflupane dopamine transporter (DaT) protocol differentiates PD from essential tremor through in vivo testing with SPECT imaging. The DaT protocol commonly relies on a semiquantitative analysis and visual interpretations of the images, which may produce inaccurate results due to human error. DaTQUANT software (GE Healthcare) was created in 2013 as an adjunct processing tool with advanced quantitative uptake methods and a designated normals database for a more accurate assessment of a patient's case. DaTQUANT has proven to be a vital protocol component for an accurate differentiation of PD from essential tremor. Current use of the software has been rather limited, so a greater push for education and implementation will be key for its success.
A 1-V 560-nW SAR ADC With 90-dB SNDR for IoT Sensing Applications

This brief presents a sub-microwatt oversampling successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) dedicated to Internet of Things sensing applications. Several techniques are adopted in this design to enable ultra-low power consumption while achieving 15-bit accuracy. The ground sampling technique minimizes DAC switching energy without requiring a common mode voltage while a comparator with dynamic bit trial settings achieves low noise in a power efficient manner using a two-stage dynamic preamplifier. Two redundant bits perform error correction, and dynamic element matching techniques are employed to enhance linearity. Implemented in a 180-nm CMOS technology, the proposed SAR ADC occupies an area of 0.22 mm2. In the oversampling mode with 6.4-kHz sampling rate, it achieves a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 90 dB and a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 96 dB from dc to 200 Hz thanks to high-pass shaping of mismatch errors, and draws only 560 nA from a 1-V supply according to post-layout transient noise simulations, which is the first reported sub-microwatt ADC to exceed 90 dB of SNDR in the open literature. This translates to a Schreier figure-of-merit of 175.5 dB. In the low power Nyquist mode, it only consumes 41 nW at 400-Hz sampling rate and achieves an SNDR of 72 dB and an SFDR of 92 dB.
The MAP1B Binding Domain of Nav1.6 Is Required for Stable Expression at the Axon Initial Segment

Nav1.6 (SCN8A) is a major voltage-gated sodium channel in the mammalian CNS, and is highly concentrated at the axon initial segment (AIS). As previously demonstrated, the microtubule associated protein MAP1B binds the cytoplasmic N terminus of Nav1.6, and this interaction is disrupted by the mutation p.VAVP(77–80)AAAA. We now demonstrate that this mutation results in WT expression levels on the somatic surface but reduced surface expression at the AIS of cultured rat embryonic hippocampal neurons from both sexes. The mutation of the MAP1B binding domain did not impair vesicular trafficking and preferential delivery of Nav1.6 to the AIS; nor was the diffusion of AIS inserted channels altered relative to WT. However, the reduced AIS surface expression of the MAP1B mutant was restored to WT levels by inhibiting endocytosis with Dynasore, indicating that compartment-specific endocytosis was responsible for the lack of AIS accumulation. Interestingly, the lack of AIS targeting resulted in an elevated percentage of persistent current, suggesting that this late current originates predominantly in the soma. No differences in the voltage dependence of activation or inactivation were detected in the MAP1B binding mutant relative to WT channel. We hypothesize that MAP1B binding to the WT Nav1.6 masks an endocytic motif, thus allowing long-term stability on the AIS surface. This work identifies a critical and important new role for MAP1B in the regulation of neuronal excitability and adds to our understanding of AIS maintenance and plasticity, in addition to identifying new target residues for pathogenic mutations of SCN8A. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nav1.6 is a major voltage-gated sodium channel in human brain, where it regulates neuronal activity due to its localization at the axon initial segment (AIS). Nav1.6 mutations cause epilepsy, intellectual disability, and movement disorders. In the present work, we show that loss of interaction with MAP1B within the Nav1.6 N terminus reduces the steady-state abundance of Nav1.6 at the AIS. The effect is due to increased Nav1.6 endocytosis at this neuronal compartment rather than a failure of forward trafficking to the AIS. This work confirms a new biological role of MAP1B in the regulation of sodium channel localization and will contribute to future analysis of patient mutations in the cytoplasmic N terminus of Nav1.6.
Perceived injustice after spinal cord injury: evidence for a distinct psychological construct.

STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE To identify unique predictors of perceived injustice compared with depression symptoms within the first year after SCI. SETTING Inpatient rehabilitation program in a large urban region in the Southwestern United States. METHODS A sample of 74 participants with median time since injury of 52 days completed measures of perceived injustice, depression symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, expected disability, pain intensity, and anger. RESULTS Three unique predictors of perceived injustice as compared with depression symptoms were found-time since injury, state anger, and sex. These predictors had significantly different relationships with perceived injustice than with depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results replicate previous findings that perceived injustice is moderately correlated with depression symptoms. However, findings also reveal factors uniquely associated with perceived injustice than with depression symptoms, providing support that these are two separate constructs. Thus, these findings support development of novel interventions targeting perceptions of injustice.
The l-Thr Kinase/l-Thr-Phosphate Decarboxylase (CobD) Enzyme from Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 Contains Metallocenters Needed for Optimal Activity.

The MM2060 (cobD) gene from Methanosarcina mazei strain Go1 encodes a protein (MmCobD) with l-threonine kinase (PduX) and l-threonine-O-3-phosphate decarboxylase (CobD) activities. In addition to the unexpected l-Thr kinase activity, MmCobD has an extended carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) region annotated as a putative metal-binding zinc finger-like domain. Here, we demonstrate that the C-terminus of MmCobD is a ferroprotein containing ∼25 non-heme iron atoms per monomer of protein. The absence of the C-terminus substantially reduces, but does not abolish, enzymatic activities in vitro and in vivo. Single-residue substitutions of C-terminal putative Fe-binding cysteinyl and histidinyl residues resulted in the loss of Fe and changes in enzyme activity levels. Salmonella enterica ΔpduX and ΔcobD strains were used as heterologous hosts to assess coenzyme B12 biosynthesis as a function of 17 MmCobD variants tested. Some of the latter displayed 5-fold higher enzymatic activity in vitro and enhanced the growth rate of the S. enterica strains that synthesized them. Most of the MmCobD variants tested were up to 6-fold less active in vitro and supported slow growth rates of the S. enterica strains that synthesized them; some substitutions abolished enzyme activity. MmCobD exhibited an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum consistent with [4Fe-4S] clusters that appeared to be susceptible to oxidation by H2O2 and reduction by sodium dithionite. The presence of FeS clusters in MmCobD was corroborated by electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic circular dichroism studies. Collectively, our results suggest that MmCobD contains one or more diamagnetic [4Fe-4S]2+ center(s) that may play a structural or regulatory role.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of the Skull

This is a case of a pediatric male who presented with a postauricular mass and pain. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging suggested a diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Characteristic imaging findings and initial workup for Langerhans cell histiocytosis are described.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion by HOXB4 Is Greatly Enhanced in p21 Deficient Stem Cells.

Hox transcription factors have emerged as important regulators of hematopoiesis. In particular, enforced expression of HOXB4 is a potent stimulus for murine hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal. Murine HSCs engineered to overexpress HoxB4 expand significantly more than control cells in vivo and ex vivo while maintaining a normal differentiation program. HSCs are regulated by the cell proliferation machinery that is intrinsically controlled by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as p21 Cip1/Waf1 (p21) and p27 Kip1 (p27). The p21 protein restricts cell cycling of the hematopoietic stem cell pool and maintains hematopoietic stem cell quiescence. In order to ask whether enhanced proliferation due to HOXB4 overexpression is mediated through suppression of p21 we overexpressed HOXB4 in hematopoietic cells from p21 −/− mice. First, we investigated whether human HOXB4 enhances in vitro expansion of BM cells from p21 −/− mice compared to p21 +/+ mice. 5FU treated BM cells from p21 −/− or p21 +/+ mice were pre-stimulated with SCF, IL-6, IL-3 for 2 days followed by transduction using retroviral vector expressing HOXB4 together with GFP (MIGB4) or the control GFP vector (MIG). The cells were maintained in suspension cultures for 13 days and analyzed for GFP positive cells by flow-cytometry. Compared to MIG transduced BM cells from p21 +/+ mice (MIG/p21 + ), the numbers of GFP positive cells were increased 1.1-fold in MIG/p21 − , 3.2-fold in MIGB4/p21 + and 10.0-fold in MIGB4/p21 − respectively (n=5). CFU assays were performed after 13 days of culture. The numbers of CFU were increased 4.8-fold in MIG/p21 − , 19.5-fold in MIG/p21 + and 33.9 -fold in MIGB4/p21 − respectively. Next, we evaluated level of HSCs expansion by bone marrow repopulation assays. After 12-days of culture, 1.5 x 10 5 MIGB4 or MIG-transduced cells (Ly5.2) were transplanted into lethally irradiated mice in combination with 8 x 10 5 fresh Ly5.1 bone marrow cells. Sixteen weeks after transplantation, no Ly5.2 cells could be detected in MIG/p21 + or MIG/p21 − transplanted mice (n=6). In contrast, Ly5.2 positive cells were detected in both MIGB4/p21 +/+ and MIGB4/p21 −/− cells. The % of Ly5.2 positive cells in MIGB4/p21 − transplanted mice was 9.9-fold higher than MIGB4/p21 + transplanted mice. (38.4 % vs 3.9 %, P
A Lipidomic Analysis of Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6, ω3) Mediated Attenuation of Western Diet Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Male Ldlr -/- Mice.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health problem worldwide. NAFLD ranges in severity from benign steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are strongly associated with NAFLD, and the western diet (WD) is a major contributor to the onset and progression of these chronic diseases. Our aim was to use a lipidomic approach to identify potential lipid mediators of diet-induced NASH. We previously used a preclinical mouse (low density lipoprotein receptor null mouse, Ldlr -/-) model to assess transcriptomic mechanisms linked to WD-induced NASH and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, ω3)-mediated remission of NASH. This report used livers from the previous study to carry out ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with dynamic multi-reaction monitoring (HPLC-dMRM) to assess the impact of the WD and DHA on hepatic membrane lipid and oxylipin composition, respectively. Feeding mice the WD increased hepatic saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4, ω6) in membrane lipids and suppressed ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in membrane lipids and ω3 PUFA-derived anti-inflammatory oxylipins. Supplementing the WD with DHA lowered hepatic ARA in membrane lipids and ARA-derived oxylipins and significantly increased hepatic DHA and its metabolites in membrane lipids, as well as C20–22 ω3 PUFA-derived oxylipins. NASH markers of inflammation and fibrosis were inversely associated with hepatic C20–22 ω3 PUFA-derived Cyp2C- and Cyp2J-generated anti-inflammatory oxylipins (false discovery rate adjusted p-value; q ≤ 0.026). Our findings suggest that dietary DHA promoted partial remission of WD-induced NASH, at least in part, by lowering hepatic pro-inflammatory oxylipins derived from ARA and increasing hepatic anti-inflammatory oxylipins derived from C20–22 ω3 PUFA.
micro Omega -resistance tunnel junctions investigated by weak localization.

We have established a method for measuring the tunneling rates between two-electron systems. This is achieved in a sandwich of two thin Mg films separated by an insulating Sb layer. The tunneling through the Sb junction couples the dephasing rates of the electrons in the Mg layers. This rate is determined by means of weak localization. One observes a splitting of the dephasing rates in analogy to the energy splitting of coupled quantum systems. Tunnel junctions with a resistance of less than 1 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}/${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}$ can be investigated by this method.
Penal controls and social controls: Toward a theory of American penal exceptionalism

This article argues that to explain American penal exceptionalism, we have to consider America’s exceptional levels of punishment together with America’s exceptional levels of violence and disorder...
Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition 2

This chapter reviews the heteroepitaxial growth of \(\upalpha \)- , \(\upbeta \)- , and \(\upvarepsilon \)-gallium oxide (Ga\(_2\)O\(_3\)) films, with a focus on those grown using the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique. Variations in growth conditions and substrates result in the growth of different polymorphs of Ga\(_2\)O\(_3\) or combinations of them. \(\upbeta \)-Ga\(_2\)O\(_3\) is consistently reported as the dominant phase to grow at high substrate temperatures >700 \(^{\circ }\)C. At lower substrate temperatures, \(\upalpha \)- and \(\upvarepsilon \)- metastable phases have been observed. Other growth conditions and substrates that have yielded \(\upalpha \)- and \(\upvarepsilon \)-Ga\(_2\)O\(_3\) epitaxial films are also discussed. Doping of MOCVD-grown \(\upbeta \)-Ga\(_2\)O\(_3\) is also briefly reviewed, where Si and Sn are the most commonly used dopants. Doping concentrations between \(1\times 10^{17}\) and \(8\times 10^{19}\) cm\(^{-3}\) have been achieved, with corresponding electron mobility values between \(\sim \)130 and 50 cm\(^2\)/Vs.
Design and implementation of an acute Trauma and Orthopaedic ePlatform (TOP) referral system utilising existing secure technology during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction Virtual fracture clinics (VFCs) are being increasingly used to offer safe and efficient orthopaedic review without the requirement for face-to-face contact. With the onset of the COVID...
COVID-19 and quantitative literacy: Focusing on probability

The COVID-19 pandemic is arguably the worst crisis the world has faced, so far, in this new century We haven’t seen a pandemic like this since the 1918 Flu at the beginning of the last century, and, as of this writing, there appears to be no end in sight What those of us who’re focused on quantitative methods have noticed, in addition to the many people dying, becoming ill, and losing their livelihoods, is the importance of quantitative literacy to an understanding of what’s going on That’s what this article is about Specifically, it’s about how the COVID-19 pandemic is illustrating the importance of understanding different aspects of probability theory, particularly conditional probability © 2021, National Numeracy Network All rights reserved
An isotopic study of abiotic nitrite oxidation by ligand-bound manganese (III)

Abstract Redox transformations of nitrogen (N) play a critical role in determining its speciation and biological availability, thus defining the magnitude and extent of productivity in many ecosystems. A range of important nitrogen transformations often co-occur in regions hosting other redox-active elements, including sulfur, iron, and manganese (Mn), especially along sharp redox gradients within aquatic sediments. This proximity in “redox real estate” produces conditions under which multi-element interactions and coupled cycling are thermodynamically favored. While previous work has reported anoxic nitrification linked to the presence of manganese (Mn) oxides in sediments, a clear connection between the cycling of Mn and N has remained elusive. Soluble Mn(III), which is stabilized via ligand-complexation, has recently been shown to represent the dominant dissolved Mn species in many environments. Here, we examined the reactivity of ligand-stabilized Mn(III) with nitrite, using natural abundance stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopes to explore reaction dynamics under a range of conditions. Oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by Mn(III)-pyrophosphate proceeded abiotically under both oxygen replete and nitrogen-purged conditions. Kinetics and isotope systematics of this reaction were measured over a range of pH (5–8), with reaction rates decreasing with increasing pH. Under all treatments, an inverse kinetic isotope effect of −19.9 ± 0.7‰ was observed for N, remarkably similar to previously documented fractionation by nitrite-oxidizing organisms. Experiments using 18O-labeled water confirmed that the source of the additional oxygen atom was from water. These findings suggest that nitrite oxidation in environments hosting abundant ligand-bound Mn(III), including porewaters, estuaries, and coastal waters, may be facilitated in part by abiotic reactions with Mn, even under functionally anoxic conditions.
Impact of 2008 Global Economic Crisis on Youth Unemployment: An Application to Turkey

In recent years, youth unemployment in Turkey is the effect of economic growth on employment and unemployment. When we search studies for employment and unemployment in the literature, we can’t find many empirical studies for the Turkish economy. In order to contribute about this subject, we try to search the effect of economic growth on youth unemployment for the Turkish economy for the period of 1998-2016 employing Dummy variables. Especially, we found that, increasing effect of economic growth on youth unemployment.
The fair trade food labeling health halo: Effects of fair trade labeling on consumption and perceived healthfulness

Abstract The purpose of fair trade certification is to assure consumers that products support responsible companies, empower farmers, workers, and fisherman, and protect the environment. Yet, could it be possible that consumers infer greater healthfulness of foods containing such labels, and subsequently increase their consumption of fair trade certified foods? Across three studies, we demonstrate that fair trade labels can increase consumption by 26% to 31%. In study 1, we demonstrate that individuals consume more if the food product contains a fair trade label. In the subsequent studies we home in on the underlying process, demonstrating that the effect is mediated by the product’s perceived healthfulness (study 2 and 3) To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that (1) tests the effects of fair trade labels from third-party certifiers in package-based experiments, (2) examines the effects of fair trade labels on consumption, and (3) directly tests an overall health halo—perceived healthfulness—as the underlying process. In doing so, this research contributes to the values-based labeling and health halo literatures, while offering implications for public policy makers, consumers, and food marketers.
David Oliver: When organisations' behaviours betray their value statements.

Value statements are intended to list the core principles guiding an organisation and its culture, creating a moral compass for it and its employees.1 Health and social care organisations in the UK all have such statements. The NHS constitution sets out values for the entire NHS workforce and range of services.2 I’m not sure, however, that we always live up to those values or even try to. Too often they’re reduced to lip service and generic platitudes that no one could disagree with as principles.3 If researchers reported a thematic analysis or word cloud they’d identify some recurrent themes in the stated values: “person centred,” “patient centred,” “based on individual needs,” “supporting patients and their families,” “respecting choice, dignity, and priorities,” “inclusive,” “coordinated,” …
LuxT is a Global Regulator of Low-Cell Density Behaviors Including Type III Secretion, Siderophore Production, and Aerolysin Secretion in Vibrio harveyi

Quorum sensing (QS) is a chemical communication process in which bacteria produce, release, and detect extracellular signaling molecules called autoinducers. Via combined transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, QS allows bacteria to collectively alter gene expression on a population-wide scale. Recently, the LuxT transcription factor was shown to control V. harveyiqrr1, encoding the Qrr1 small RNA that functions at the core of the QS regulatory cascade. Here, we use RNA-Sequencing to reveal that, beyond control of qrr1, LuxT is a global regulator of 414 V. harveyi genes including those involved in type III secretion, siderophore production, and aerolysin toxin biosynthesis. Importantly, LuxT directly represses swrZ, encoding a transcription factor, and LuxT control of type III secretion, siderophore, and aerolysin genes occurs by two mechanisms, one that is SwrZ-dependent and one that is SwrZ-independent. All of these target genes specify QS-controlled behaviors that are enacted when V. harveyi is at low cell density. Thus, LuxT and SwrZ function in parallel with QS to drive particular low cell density behaviors. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that luxT is highly conserved among Vibrionaceae, but swrZ is less well conserved. In a test case to examine the relationship between LuxT and SwrZ, we find that in Aliivibrio fischeri, LuxT also functions as a swrZ repressor, and LuxT activates A. fischeri siderophore production via swrZ repression. Our results indicate that LuxT is a major regulator among Vibrionaceae, and, in the species that also possess swrZ, LuxT functions with SwrZ to control gene expression.
Shakespeare's Late Style: The idioms of the late tragedies

Women are wordes, Men deedes. Thomas Howell, 1581 A point of origin for the late Shakespearean style does not immediately present itself. Analysis might reach as far back as 2 Henry VI or Love's Labour's Lost , since even these very early texts contain the roots and forecast the development of the main stylistic features in the late plays. In other words, since Shakespeare's treatment of dramatic poetry developed over the course of his career, and since the late verse represents a metamorphosis or revision of earlier poetic practices, any decision about where to begin is to some degree arbitrary. Practically speaking, however, a later starting point is necessary. One of the ambitions of this book is to show that the distinctive properties discernible in the late verse are intimately related to the shift from tragedy to romance, that the altered style and the new mode express Shakespeare's renewed sense of values and refreshed artistic purpose. A concomitant goal is to demonstrate that this exchange of modes may be ascribed, at least in part, to Shakespeare's evolving and contradictory opinions about language itself, so that his rejection of tragedy derives also from conflicted and developing opinions about the stage and about his own professional status. Therefore I begin with the distinctive idioms of three tragedies written just before, or perhaps just as, Shakespeare took up the form of dramatic romance: Macbeth , Coriolanus , and Antony and Cleopatra . Collectively, these tragedies constitute a kind of pivot for the shift from one mode to the other.
Chapter 1: Vortices in Rotating Superfluid3He

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the static properties of vortices in rotating superfluid helium (He), emphasizing the similarities and differences between A and B phases, as well as the more familiar superfluid He. The chapter summarizes the properties of vortices in helium (He) to provide a basis for comparison with the more complicated situation in He. It also discusses the properties of superfluid, including the order parameter, and provides the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) description. There is clear evidence for some sort of transition in the vortex cores of He–B, but a theoretical description has proved elusive. Experiments indicate the presence of doubly quantized nonsingular vortices, independent of the order of cooling and rotating, yet theoretical calculations imply that singular singly quantized vortices have lower free energy per quantum of circulation for angular velocities. The experimental detection of the low-field structure of rotating He–A is predicted to contain a square array of singly quantized nonsingular vortices.
Age Differences in Treatment and Control of Hypertension in US Physician Offices, 2003-2010: A Serial Cross-sectional Study.

Abstract Background Evidence-based and age-appropriate antihypertensive pharmacotherapy in outpatient settings is essential for optimal treatment outcomes. Recent guidelines, although controversial, recommended different blood pressure goals using age cutoff of 60 years. We describe recent age-specific national trends in antihypertensive prescribing patterns and blood pressure control in US office-based practices. Methods We analyzed all hypertension-related visits to physician offices from the latest available National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2003-2010). We identified trends of antihypertensive prescribing overall and by class, trends of hypertension control, age differences in antihypertensive prescribing patterns and hypertension control, predicted probabilities of hypertension control in subgroups, and correlates of hypertension control. Results There were 16,729 physician office visits included in the analysis. Overall, the prescription of antihypertensive medication increased from 69.2% in 2003-2004 to 78.8% in 2009-2010 ( P trend = .001), and the increased trend was consistent in both age groups ( P trend P trend P trend = .042) increased for older patients. The increased trend of β-blocker use persisted after excluding patients with compelling indications. Among treated patients, lower odds of blood pressure control were associated with African American race, presence of comorbidities, younger age, and insufficient insurance coverage. Conclusions In office-based practices, antihypertensive medication prescribing among US adults with hypertension increased significantly in recent years, which was accompanied by improvement in hypertension control. The prescribing patterns differed among younger and older patients, but continuous use of β-blockers without other compelling indications raises concerns.
The Interaction between Credit Risk, Equity Returns and Fundamental Macro Valuations: An Attempt at Alignment in a Systemic Relationship?

The USA credit default concerns kept investors worldwide trying to interpret the implications for the American economy and its financial markets and institutions, in the mid and late 1970's, late 1980's and early 1990's, 2000s-2002 and most recently through 2007 and entering 2008. This raises an important question: Does the default premium in average rated corporate bonds, such as those rated BAA for example, provide useful signaling information about the concurrent and future state of the economy and of the stock market?. Moreover, since both the stock market and the bond market reflect concurrent investors sentiments and expectations about the future, what does this simultaneous pricing tell us about credit and equity markets interactive ability to discount the future aggregate national product into the present? These are the questions which are motivating this paper. The paper goes further than previous studies which investigated those relationships and adds some significant insights in its approach.
Readmission within 1 month of discharge among patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of the University HealthSystem Consortium Stroke Benchmarking study.

Background: The University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) recently conducted a benchmarking project to identify variations in processes of care and clinical resource management, identify new patterns in practice, and distinguish opportunities for improvement among UHC hospitals. Methods: We performed this analysis to determine the rate of and factors associated with readmission within 1 month of discharge among patients with acute ischemic stroke. A retrospective review of 40 consecutive ischemic stroke cases meeting inclusion criteria and discharge between January 1st and June 30th, 2004 was conducted in 32 hospitals. We performed a multivariate analysis to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with readmission among patients with ischemic stroke. Results: A total of 1018 patients (mean age 66 years, range 18–98 years), who were discharged from the hospital and had follow-up available, were analyzed. A total of 90 (9%) of these patients were readmitted within 1 month of discharge. Common reasons for readmission were recurrent stroke (24%), infection (12%), chest pain or myocardial infarction (10%), worsening of stroke symptoms (7%), arrhythmias (7%), and congestive heart failure (3%). In univariate analysis, older patients ( P = 0.03) and those discharged home without health care were more likely to be readmitted ( P = 0.04). In the multivariate analysis, age was the only predictor for readmission. For each decade older age, there was a 19% increase in odds of readmission. Patient’s race/ethnicity, presence of cardiovascular risk factors, and severity of stroke, insurance status, neurology consultation, discharge destination were not associated with readmission. Conclusions: In the present multicenter study, 9% of the discharged patients with ischemic stroke were readmitted within a 1 month. Several etiologies for readmission were identified to assist in implementing quality improvement strategies.
Speaker identification employing waveform based speech CODEC

A novel approach for Automatic Speaker Identification (ASI) employing Waveform based signal representation in multiple domains is presented. The proposed approach involves two stages, namely, the encoding stage, and the decoding stage. During the encoding stage (training mode), mixed transform coding, in conjunction with split vector Quantization (MTSVQ) is employed to form representative codebooks for each speaker. During the decoding stage (running mode), the vectors that best represent the unknown input vector are selected to represent the speech vectors. A normalised matching accuracy measure is developed to evaluate the proposed algorithm's performance. The resulting technique is consistently found to obtain enhanced ASI accuracy in comparison with the earlier approaches as vector quantization employing single transform domains.
Free in-plane vibration of circular arches.

Numerical data are presented for the natural frequencies and modes of vibration of hinged and fixed, uniform, circular arches vibrating in their own plane, and the effects of the various parameters affecting the response are analyzed. It is shown that the vibrational modes may be almost purely flexural, or almost purely extensional, or the extensional and flexural actions may be strongly coupled. The conditions of occurrence of each type of behavior are defined, and simple approximate formulas are derived; using these formulas, the free vibrational characteristics of arches may be estimated to a satisfactory degree of accuracy for most practical applications. The approach used to derive the approximate formulas may also be applied to arches having other boundary conditions, shapes, or distributions of stiffness and mass.
The US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System: A Descriptive Assessment of the Completeness and Consistency of Data Reported from 2008 to 2012

Background: In 2009, the Tuberculosis (TB) Information Management System transitioned into the National TB Surveillance System to allow use of 4 different types of electronic reporting schemes: state-built, commercial, and 2 schemes developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Simultaneously, the reporting form was revised to include additional data fields. Objective: Describe data completeness for the years 2008-2012 and determine the impact of surveillance changes. Methods: Data were categorized into subgroups and assessed for completeness (eg, the percentage of patients dead at diagnosis who had a date of death reported) and consistency (eg, the percentage of patients alive at diagnosis who erroneously had a date of death reported). Reporting jurisdictions were grouped to examine differences by reporting scheme. Results: Each year less than 1% of reported cases had missing information for country of origin, race, or ethnicity. Patients reported as dead at diagnosis had death date (a new data field) missing for 3.6% in 2009 and 4.4% in 2012. From 2010 to 2012, 313 cases (1%) reported as alive at diagnosis had a death date and all of these were reported through state-built or commercial systems. The completeness of reporting for guardian country of birth for pediatric patients (a new data field) ranged from 84% in 2009 to 88.2% in 2011. Conclusions: Despite major changes, completeness has remained high for most data elements in TB surveillance. However, some data fields introduced in 2009 remain incomplete; continued training is needed to improve national TB surveillance data. [JMIR Public Health Surveill 2015;1(2):e15]
Apparent Resurgence of Tuberculosis in Urban Children

An apparent increase in incidence of pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis was observed in children in an inner-city community in New York City. This occurred during years in which the case rates of tuberculosis declined in the city and the nation. Two unusual presentations of childhood tuberculosis are described. This experience suggests that physicians should be more aware of the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children and that routine tuberculin skin testing with 5 TU of purified protein derivative (PPD) should be continued, with emphasis on testing in high-risk areas. Adequate funding of detection and treatment programs may prevent reemergence of this disease.
The Tender Years Doctrine in Kansas Child Custody Cases

Kansas lawyers practicing in the domestic relations area have long recognized the "tender years" doctrine. Depending upon which side of the case the lawyer has had at a given time, he or she has probably either praised it or damned it to the client. The doctrine has undergone some scrutiny and change in the last several years by both the legislature and the supreme court. And, the recent popular film "Kramer v. Kramer" publicized the issue to the general public. This article assesses the current status of the tender years doctrine in Kansas in light of these changes.
Reciprocal myocardial-endocardial interactions pattern the delay in atrioventricular junction conduction

Efficient blood flow depends on two developmental processes that occur within the atrioventricular junction (AVJ) of the heart: conduction delay, which entrains sequential chamber contraction; and valve formation, which prevents retrograde fluid movement. Defects in either result in severe congenital heart disease; however, little is known about the interplay between these two crucial developmental processes. Here, we show that AVJ conduction delay is locally assigned by the morphogenetic events that initiate valve formation. Our data demonstrate that physical separation from endocardial-derived factors prevents AVJ myocardium from becoming fast conducting. Mechanistically, this physical separation is induced by myocardial-derived factors that support cardiac jelly deposition at the onset of valve formation. These data offer a novel paradigm for conduction patterning, whereby reciprocal myocardial-endocardial interactions coordinate the processes of valve formation with establishment of conduction delay. This, in turn, synchronizes the electrophysiological and structural events necessary for the optimization of blood flow through the developing heart.
Synthesis of well‐defined azido and amino end‐functionalized polystyrene by atom transfer radical polymerization

Mono and difunctional polystyrenes containing active halogenated end groups were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Substitution reactions were explored to convert the halogen termini to azido groups, followed by readuction to form the amino functional polymer. Quantitative conversion of the end groups was observed in each transformation reaction. 1H NMR demonstrated the formation of the azide from the bromide functionality without elimination. The difunctional α,ω-diaminopolystyrene was reacted with terephthaloyl chloride in a condensation process to produce chain-extended polystyrene containing amide bonds along the polymer backbone.
Environmental sensing, informatics, and decision making

Globally, large-scale environmental sensing and sensor network applications play a critical role in environmental resource management. Measuring and forecasting the effect of environmental resource...
Reoxygenation and rehypoxiation in the SCCVII mouse tumor

Abstract Purpose : To test the hypothesis that, following preferential killing of tumor hypoxic cells, the fraction of hypoxic cells in the tumor will reestablish itself to pretreatment levels (rehypoxiation) with the same kinetics as for reoxygenation. Methods and Materials : Mouse squamous cell carcinoma VII (SCCVII) tumors were treated with a single dose of 10 Gy or a single dose of the bioreductive hypoxic cell cytotoxin, tirapazamine (SR 4233, 0.2 mmol/kg), which preferentially kills hypoxic cells within the tumor. Hypoxic fractions were determined by the paired survival curve technique using the in vivo-in vitro clonogenic assay 0–24 h after treatment. Results : Immediately after irradiation with 10 Gy, the hypoxic fraction of the tumors increased to 80% and rapidly returned to pretreatment levels 3–6 h later. Within 1 h of injecting tirapazamine, the hypoxic fraction fell to 0.57% (about 7% of pretreatment levels) and returned to pretreatment levels 3–5 h later. Conclusion : The return to pretreatment levels of hypoxia among tumor cells surviving a single dose of radiation (reoxygenation) and of the hypoxic cell toxin tirapazamine (rehypoxiation) was rapid and occurred with similar kinetics for the two processes. These data support the hypothesis that reoxygenation and rehypoxiation are different manifestations of the same phenomenon and result from fluctuating tumor blood flow which creates acute hypoxia.