cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL BONDING IN THE HYDROGEN MOLECULE

The chemical bond in the hydrogen molecule is examined using the electron density and the generalized overlap amplitudes. Logarithmic derivatives of the electron density provide clear picture of its behavior in the bonding region as well as in the outer region. The GOA expansion of the density is used to examine the dependence of the rate of decay of the density on the GOA ionization potentials. The increase in the electron density at the nuclei and in the bonding region coincides with the higher ionization potential of H{sub 2} over the H atom. The density in the bonding region along the internuclear axis does not decay exponentially, but its shape is very nearly an inverted Gaussian. 31 refs., 11 figs., 1 tab.
Congenital immunodeficiencies associated with absence of HLA class II antigens on lymphocytes result from distinct mutations in trans-acting factors.

Abstract Coordinati regulation of HLA class II gene expression during development and coinduction of class II genes by soluble factors suggests that common trans-acting factor(s) control expression of these genes. In B-lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from two independent class II-deficient bare lymphocyte syndrome patients, we observed a drastic decrease in transcription rates of the class II genes. When these cell lines are fused, class II genes are reexpressed, indicating that immunodeficiencies in bare lymphocyte syndrome patients are the result of two distinct mutations. Further studies show that genes governing the expression of class II antigens fall into at least three complementation groups; two of these were previously unidentified in mutant cell lines generated in vitro. In addition, we report the identification of two discrete complexes, NFX1.1 and NFX1.2, that bind to the DRA X consensus element. Though the mytation in at least one mutant line generated in vitro (RJ2.2.5) affects products functioning via interaction with the X box, clear alterations in either NFX1.1 or NFX1.2 are not found in any of the mutant cell lines.
Efficient sampling of climatic and related environmental factors

In the measurement of precipitation, interception, evaporation, and similar environmental factors it is frequently desired to obtain a reliable average figure for a land-area of substantial size, such as a cropped field, a forested plot, or a watershed. Often the observed factor is characterized by considerable variation; each day and location sampled provides a different value far the factor. Observations made under such conditions at a single location, even over a period of time, are not likely to give a good average figure for the entire area; they supply information only on the immediate vicinity of the sampling point. The soundest procedure is to take a number of observations by some scheme of randomization. By this process unbiased estimates can be obtained of the true mean value for the factor on the whole area, and of the error of the sample means in approximating the true value.
Finite aperture optical scintillometer for profiling wind and C(2)(n).

A new optical technique is described for measuring the path profiles of crosswind and of a refractive-index structure parameter Cn2 along a line-of-sight path. Different sizes of transmitters and receivers are used to control the path-weighting function so that it will peak at different path locations. Various linear combinations of these measurements yield the path profile of crosswind and Cn2. A prototype instrument has been built and tested. Experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Power-law creep of powder bonded by isolated contacts

Abstract The deformation of powder due to power-law creep near the interparticle contacts is modeled. It is assumed that the plastic dissipation is dominated by the rate of approach of neighboring particles and that the effect of tangential motion can be neglected. To characterize the creep law, the macroscopic strain rate in the powder aggregate is specified and the energy dissipated in power-law creep is computed. This work rate is used in a potential to determine the macroscopic creep parameters. The effective macroscopic shear and dilatational creep properties resulting from this model depend on the relative density of the powder. The creep rates are infinite at random close-packed density. A feature of the creep law is a high sensitivity to changes in deviatoric stress when the stress state is nearly hydrostatic and the creep exponent is high.
Multifunctional Electrospun Fabrics via Layer-by-Layer Electrostatic Assembly for Chemical and Biological Protection

Breathable chemical and biological detoxifying protective fabrics are obtained via functionalization of electrospun fiber mats using a layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly technique. The chemically reactive polyanion, poly(N-hydroxyacrylamide) or poly(hydroxamic acid) (PHA), and bactericidal polycation, poly(N-vinylguanidine) (PVG), were synthesized and assembled electrostatically to generate multifunctional coatings on prefabricated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber mats. Reactivity of PHA in the hydrolysis of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), a close analog of the chemical warfare agent sarin, was demonstrated. The DFP degradation rate with PHA is comparable to that with compounds such as isonicotinhydroxamic acid methiodide, an efficient catalyst of organophosphate ester hydrolysis. Protective fabrics functionalized with PVG/PHA layers are able to degrade DFP mists, with DFP hydrolysis rates 60-fold higher than those with unmodified fabrics under identical conditions. Fabrics modified with PVG/PHA layers...
Improved interlaboratory comparisons of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment

Abstract Interlaboratory precision in the analyses for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in samples from the marine environment has improved substantially over the past decade. Early interlaboratory comparisons of analyses for PAHs in reference sediment showed variations in the data by as much as a factor of 10 among established laboratories. During our 6-year study, such disparities have progressively decreased, through better and more uniform analytical procedures. In the latest intercomparison, the range of interlaboratory relative standard deviations (RSDs) improved better than twofold to 15–36% for 18 PAHs in a natural sediment prepared as a reference material. The improvement is attributed to (a) use of a specific, improved extraction and cleanup procedure, (b) use of calibration and internal standards from common preanalyzed supplies, and (c) preparation and use of a detailed standard methods manual. The results open the way to the establishment of statistically sound quality control programs among the participating laboratories and more rigorous monitoring of the marine environment.
On the buckling/kinking compressive failure of fibrous composites☆

Abstract In this paper, it is demonstrated that the compressive response of unidirectionally reinforced composites may initiate in a micro-buckling mode and subsequently switch to a micro-kinked configuration. The foregoing possibility derives from a mechanics model that considers initial fiber misalignments, a non-linear shear response of the matrix, shear deformable fibers, and stochastic fiber spacings. The last-mentioned non-uniformity in fiber spacings plays a major role in the generation of fiber kinks. Various features of the compressive deformation and failure process are exhibited by computational examples.
Calibration of multi-beam laser tracking systems

Abstract Laser tracking systems (LTSs) employ tracking laser interferometers for coordinate measuring of precision machine tools and robots. Such coordinate measuring machines, if properly calibrated, are potentially fast, very accurate and can cover a large workspace. LTS devices must be self-calibrated, using redundancy or constraint surfaces. A methodology for self-calibration of a multi-beam LTS utilizing planar constraints is formulated and demonstrated. A kinematic model of a multi-beam LTS is derived. Model error analysis demonstrates that the use of angular measurement of the gimbal joint positions, relatively inaccurate as these are, does improve the overall system calibration accuracy. Self-calibration model parameters observability of the multi-beam LTS is studied. The results reveal the applicability of planar constraints to system self-calibration. Simulation and experimentation results obtained on a prototype system are reported demonstrating the applicability of the calibration strategies.
Monolayer tissue cultures. I. Preparation and standardization of suspensions of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cells.

SummaryAn adaptation of the method of Dulbecco for preparation of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cell suspensions has been described. Procedures employed yield quantitatively standardized cell suspensions which can be used in the preparation of large numbers of replicate cultures.
Application of a polyamine-coated capillary to the separation of metallothionein isoforms by capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract In this study a fused-silica capillary treated internally with a polyamine coating which reverses electroosmotic flow in the direction of the anode was evaluated for its ability to resolve metallothionein (MT) isoforms. Analysis of different MTs purified from liver and kidney tissue revealed the following numbers of putative isoform peaks resolved: rabbit (3–6); horse (3–5); rat (2–3), chicken (1); human MT-1 (5–6); sheep (4–5) and pig (4–5). The greater degree of MT isoform heterogeneity detected in this study using the polyamine-coated capillary suggested a higher resolving capacity for capillary zone electrophoresis conducted with this capillary compared to an uncoated one. Using the single isoform of chicken MT (cMT) as a reference standard, relative standard deviations of 2.53, 1.85 and 2.21% for peak migration time, area and height, respectively, were observed for eight consecutive runs. A standard curve for cMT established linearity (r2 = 0.99) for integrated peak area over three log units of cMT concentration with a lower limit of detection estimated to be ⩽ 5 μg/ml. Acetonitrile extracts of chick liver tissue homogenates were successfully analyzed for the presence of MT isoforms from both control and zinc-injected animals. Based on our initial evaluation, capillary zone electrophoresis using the polyamine-coated capillary appears to be a very useful analytical method for the separation and quantification of individual MT isoforms.
Insurers’ Strategies For Managing The Use And Cost Of Biopharmaceuticals

This paper examines strategies under development by health insurers to manage biopharmaceuticals, as their use spreads beyond rare diseases and academic sub-specialists to common conditions and community-based practices. Emphasis is placed on medical management (formulary placement and prior authorization), network design (physician contracting and drug distribution), and benefit design (coinsurance and annual payment limits). Contemporary initiatives are modest in ambition but potentially lay the foundation for a framework that balances access to innovation with affordability in this dynamic industry.
Microstructure-based crystal plasticity modeling of cyclic deformation of Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract Ti–6Al–4V is a dual phase material with range of possible complex microstructures. It is well known that mechanical behavior of Ti–6Al–4V is significantly affected by its texture and microstructure morphology. A three-dimensional microstructure-based constitutive model for monotonic and cyclic deformation of duplex Ti–6Al–4V is developed and implemented. The model includes length scale effects associated with dislocation interactions with different microstructure features, and is calibrated using polycrystalline finite element simulations to fit the measured macroscopic responses (overall stress–strain behavior) of a duplex heat treated Ti–6Al–4V alloy subjected to a complex cyclic loading history. Representative microstructures are simulated using a three-dimensional finite element mesh with periodic boundary conditions imposed in all directions. The measured orientation and misorientation distributions of grains of this duplex Ti–6Al–4V are considered, and similar probability density distributions of the crystallographic orientations are assigned to the finite element mesh. The misorientation distributions are then fit using the simulated annealing method. Effects of microstructural features are examined and compared with the experimental data in terms of their influence on the material yield strength. The results are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental observations.
Preparing New Science Teachers for Urban Classrooms : Consensus Within an Expert Community

Preparing future science teachers for U.S. city classrooms is an important yet poorly understood process. The purpose of this study was to determine the philosophies and practices of university -based science educators associated with programs supplying teachers for metropolitan school systems. Through an iterative process of mailed questionnaires, 20 participants rated their views on issues pertinent to science teacher education. The responses to questionnaires were used in the creation of items for each subsequent round. The three rounds of questionnaires contained Likert -scale and open-ended questions. For many issues, there was consistently high consensus among the expert panelists, including the presence of students for whom English is a second or new language, the importance of science education professors remaining connected to urban school issues, and practices often affiliated with reform (e.g., alternative assessment, nature of science). Several issues emerged as having low regard by the participants, including the role of student ethnicity on teaching strategies, providing instruction about reading strategies within science teacher preparation, and the value of professors having themselves taught science in urban settings.
Effect of indomethacin on the adrenal renin response to nephrectomy in the rat.

The role of prostaglandins in the control of adrenal renin in vivo was evaluated in nephrectomized rats. Nephrectomy increased adrenal renin from 13.2 ± 1.37 ng angiotensin I/mg protein/hr to 166.5 ± 17.3 ng angiotensin I/mg protein/hr. Indomethacin treatment significantly suppressed the adrenal renin response to nephrectomy. (47.8 ± 5.22 ng angiotensin I/mg protein/hr). Adrenal aldosterone was also suppressed by indomethacin. Adrenal prostaglandin E2 increased after nephrectomy and decreased after indomethacin. Plasma corticosterone and serum potassium did not change after indomethacin. These data indicate that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin partially blocks the adrenal renin response to nephrectomy, suggesting that prostaglandins may play a role in the adrenal response to nephrectomy.
Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide on larval growth

LYSERGIC acid diethylamide is known to be hallucinogenic in man1 and to produce behavioural aberrations in experimental animals. When administered to spiders2, lysergic acid diethylamide improved the regularity and angles in the pattern of the web. In the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) lysergic acid diethylamide intensified the motility3. However, in most cases the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide decrease shortly after withdrawal of the drug. In humans the effects may persist as long as 24 hr. in many cases4. Increased resistance to lysergic acid diethylamide on repeated administration has been reported5. Our present investigation shows that incorporation of lysergic acid diethylamide with the food caused marked reduction in growth of larvae of Tenebrio molitar, which was not reversed by returning the larvae to normal diet.
Mechanical properties and electronic structure of anti-ReO3 structured cubic nitrides, M3N, of d block transition metals M: An ab initio study

We report a systematic study of the anti-ReO3 structured transition metal nitrides, M3N, using ab initio density functional theory computations in the local density approximation. Here M denotes all the 3d, 4d and 5d transition metals. Our calculations indicate that all M3N compounds except V3N of group 5 and Zn3N and Hg3N of group 12 are mechanically stable. For the stable M3N compounds, we report a database of predictions for their lattice constants, electronic properties and mechanical properties including bulk modulus, Young’s modulus, shear modulus, ductility, hardness and Debye temperature. It is found that most M3N compounds exhibit ductility with Vickers hardness between 0.4 GPa and 11.2 GPa. Our computed lattice constant for Cu3N, the only M3N compound where experiments exist, agrees well with the experimentally reported values. We report ratios of the melting points of all M3N compounds to that of Cu3N. The local density of states for all M3N compounds are obtained, and electronic band gaps are observed only for M of group 11 (Cu, Ag and Au) while the remaining M3N compounds are metallic without band gaps. Valence electron density along with the hybridization of the metal d and nitrogen 2p orbitals play an important role in determining the stability and hardness of different compounds. Our high-throughput databases for the cubic anti-ReO3 structured transition metal nitrides should motivate future experimental work and shorten the time to their discovery.
A colorimetric procedure for the determination of triose phosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate in presence of other sugars.

Abstract 1. 1. A colorimetric method is described which permits to determine 0.1 μmole/ml of fructose-1-6-diphosphate and triose phosphate. 2. 2. The method is based on the ability of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to condense in the presence of muscle aldolase with formaldehyde to form erythrulose-1-phosphate. 3. 3. In the presence of a large excess of formaldehyde and of hexose-6-phosphate isomerase, the conversion of fructose diphosphate and triose phosphate to erythrulose-1-phosphate is practically complete. 4. 4. The erythrulose-1-phosphate is determined by the cysteine-H 2 SO 4 reaction of tetroses using an incubation mixture of fructose diphosphate with formaldehyde and muscle aldolase as standard.
Prader-Willi syndrome

The authors' experience with 32 cases of the Prader-Willi syndrome demonstrated theconsistent occurrence of neonatal and early infancy hypotonia, early childhood onset of obesity, and hypogenitalism in the male. Both the degree of mental deficiency and the time of onset and extent of growth deficiency were variable. Serious personality problems occurred in most of the patients by adolescence and adulthood. A significant number of patients had a narrow anterior bifrontal diameter, a previously unreported finding. Two of the patients were maternal first cousins, one of whom was of normal stature and intelligence.
Assessment of radiation-induced DNA damage in human blood lymphocytes using the single-cell gel electrophoresis technique.

Abstract The ability of the alkaline single-cell gel (SCG) electrophoresis technique to detect single-strand breaks and alkali-labile DNA damage in human cells induced by low doses of radiation was evaluated. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were irradiated with γ-rays from a 137 Cs source at doses from 0.01 to 1 Gy and exposed to alkali (pH > 13) for 20, 40 or 60 min and then electrophoresed at 25 V and 300 mA for either 20 or 40 min. The extent of DNA damage that was expressed and detected as DNA migration depended directly on the dose of radiation, the duration of exposure to alkali and the length of electrophoresis. At all experimental conditions tested, it was possible to detect a significant increase in DNA damage induced by a radiation dose as low as 0.05 Gy. Based on an analysis of the ratio of the range to the standard deviation for each radiation dose and experimental condition, the distribution of damage among cells for all doses was neither excessively homogeneous nor heterogeneous. Furthermore, the distribution was independent of radiation treatment. The SCG technique is rapid and sensitive, and useful for investigations concerned with effects of low doses of radiation.
A class of generalized filled functions with improved computability

The filled function method (FFM) is an approach to find the global minimum of multimodal functions. The computability of conventional filled functions is limited as they are defined on either exponential or logarithmic terms. This paper proposes a new filled function that does not have such disadvantages. Numerical experiments on typical testing functions showed that the new function is superior to the conventional one.
A prototype rehabilitation device with variable resistance and joint motion control.

Resistance exercise has been widely reported to have positive rehabilitation effects for patients with neuromuscular and orthopaedic conditions. This paper presents the design of a versatile rehabilitation device in the form of a rotating joint arm mounted on the adjustable seat that provides passive resistance during strength training for muscles. The resistance is supplied by a magnetorheological damper. Intelligent controls are developed to produce resistance force based on the prescription of the therapist. The device provides both isometric and isokinetic strength training and is reconfigurable for several human joints. Special consideration has been given to the human–machine interaction in the adaptive control algorithms that can modify the behavior of the device to account for strength gains or muscle fatigue.
Compliance assessments of hypothetical geological nuclear waste isolation systems with the draft EPA standard

Preliminary calculations of potential radionuclide discharges from hypothetical repositories in tuff and bedded salt have been completed. The theoretical approach and computational methods are illustrated in this paper with examples for a repository in volcanic tuff. Calculations suggest the following conclusions for the hypothetical tuff repository: 1) sorption of radionuclides by several thousand feet of zeolitized tuff is an effective barrier to migration of actinides even in the absence of solubility constraints. 2) All violations of the EPA Draft Standard in the base case are due to discharges of /sup 99/Tc and /sup 14/C. Retardation due to matrix diffusion, however, may eliminate discharge of these nuclides for realistic groundwater flow rates. 3) If the radionuclides do not flow through several thousand feet of zeolitized tuff, discharges of U and Np under oxidizing conditions may be much larger than the EPA limits. Under reducing conditions, however, the low solubilities of these elements may provide an effective barrier to radionuclide release. For both the tuff and bedded salt sites the investigators have found that calculated radionuclide discharge is very sensitive to the source model chosen. Radionuclide solubility limits, waste form leach rate and mixing processes within the engineered facility must all bemore » considered in modeling the compliance of hypothetical repositories with the EPA Draft Standard.« less
Response to open peer commentaries on "Community members as recruiters of human subjects: ethical considerations".

Both Constantine (2010) and Fry (2010) emphasize key discussion and debate in the public health literature that we missed. We are also gratified to learn that Molyneux, Kamuya, and Marsh (2010) have identified in their impressive work in Kenya similar issues with respect to employing research staff who are embedded in the community. We concur in principle with their recommendation that community-based research staff should be “professionalized,” perhaps much in the same way as staff in practice-based research networks (PBRNs) and in other entities in the US increasingly are. Of course, any move to professionalize research staff will need to address issues such as associated legal obligations, finite funding, and the temporality of research and researcher presence. There is also the question of whether the process of transforming community fieldworkers into professional researchers may diminish the authenticity of the insights and lessons that community members have to offer as a result of their nonprofessional “insider” status relative to the research. These and other possibilities need to be explored before efforts are undertaken to permanently professionalize the role of community-based researchers.
Learning Gender from Peers: The Role of Peer Groups in the Cultural Transmission of Gender

Finding that previous research has led to conflicting conclusions about the significance of peer groups in cultural transmission, we investigated the presentation of gender-related information in the fifth and sixth grades of one elementary school. The findings suggest that in some respects student peer groups complement the efforts of adults to socialize children to a set of gender-related norms and values. In other respects the peer groups oppose adult efforts. When viewed from inside the school, the peer groups inculcated students to values and norms contrary to those promoted by school adults; when viewed from outside the school, the peer group's elaborations of gender were compatible with positions and roles assigned to males versus females in the larger society. Thus it appears that peer groups play a distinct and major role in reproducing certain features of the structure of society in successive generations.
905 FAT-CARBOHYDRATE INTERRELATIONSHIPS: THE ROLE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

A lack of glucocorticoids causes fasting hypoglycemia. This is usually ascribed to impaired gluconeogenesis from protein. We examined the metabolic response of adrenalectomized (adrenx)rats to fasting. Adrenx rats (n=32; confirmed by corticosterone assay), after restabilization, were fasted for 48 hours. They exhibited lower levels of glucose (55.2± 3.3 vs. 66.5± 3.5 mg/dl, mean ± SEM; p < 0.025), free fatty acids (FFA) (781± 38 vs. 1010± 44μEq/l; p <0.001) and ketones (2.4± 0.24 vs. 5.56± 0.33 mM; p<0.001)than sham-operated controls (n=27). Intramuscular cortisone acetate (0.5 mg/day) raised the fasting levels of FFA (830± 85), ketones (3.46± 0.65) and glucose (69.7± 4.0).The urinary excretion of urea nitrogen in the adrenx rats exceeded that of controls (263.2± 14.3 vs. 166.7± 14.0 mg/48 hours; p< 0.001), and was not increased by the glucocorticoid therapy (253.3± 14.7). Clearly, glucocorticoids did not raise the glucose in the adrenx rats by enhancing gluconeogenesis from protein. FFA and ketones are major fuels of fasting. A lack would increase glucose oxidation and predispose to hypoglycemia. We conclude that glucocorticoids do not sustain fasting levels of glucose by enhancing gluconeogenesis from protein but by reducing the consumption of glucose through greater availability and utilization of fuels derived from fat.
Intracisternal antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor blocked vagal-dependent stimulation of gastric emptying induced by acute cold in rats.

Cold exposure increases TRH gene expression in hypothalamic and raphe nuclei and results in a vagal activation of gastric function. We investigated the role of medullary TRH receptors in cold (4-6 C, 90 min)-induced stimulation of gastric motor function in fasted conscious rats using intracisternal injections of TRH receptor (TRHr) antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (100 microg twice, -48 and -24 h). The gastric emptying of a methyl-cellulose solution was assessed by the phenol red method. TRH (0.1 microg) or the somatostatin subtype 5-preferring analog, BIM-23052 (1 microg), injected intracisternally increased basal gastric emptying by 34% and 47%, respectively. TRHr antisense, which had no effect on basal emptying, blocked TRH action but did not influence that of BIM-23052. Cold exposure increased gastric emptying by 64%, and the response was inhibited by vagotomy, atropine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), and TRHr antisense (intracisternally). Saline or mismatched oligodeoxynucleotides, injected intracisternally under similar conditions, did not alter the enhanced gastric emptying induced by cold or intracisternal injection of TRH or BIM-23052. These results indicate that TRH receptor activation in the brain stem mediates acute cold-induced vagal cholinergic stimulation of gastric transit, and that medullary TRH may play a role in the autonomic visceral responses to acute cold.
AGU governance's decision‐making process advances strategic plan

A lot has happened in a little more than 2 years, and we want give AGU members an update on how things are working under AGU's strategic plan and governance model. AGU is an organization committed to its strategic plan (http://www.agu.org/about/strategic_plan.shtml), and if you have not read the plan lately, we encourage you to do so. AGU's vision is to be an organization that “galvanizes a community of Earth and space scientists that collaboratively advances and communicates science and its power to ensure a sustainable future.” We are excited about the progress we have made under this plan and the future course we have set for the Union. Everything the Board of Directors, Council, and committees put on their agendas is intended to advance AGU's strategic goals and objectives. Together with headquarters staff, these bodies are working in an integrated, effective manner to carry out this plan. The best way to demonstrate the progress made and each group's role is to walk through a recent example: the creation of a new Union-level award (see Figure 1).
SSSR Presidential Address, 2004: Putting an End to Ancestor Worship

Now, suppose that this young scholar had been a neophyte astronomer. Is it conceivable that he would have been asked whether he was a disciple of Ptolemy or of Copernicus? Surely not, if for no other reason than virtually everything these famous historical figures had to say about the universe is known to have been absolutely wrong! Ptolemy believed that the heavenly bodies circled the earth, having elaborate loops in their orbits. Copernicus put the sun in the center, but kept the loops in the orbits of the planets. Only the scientifically illiterate editors of the Great Books series think anyone ought to be reading Copernicus today. In similar fashion, you can look in every university catalogue and fail to find even one physics course devoted to the thought of Isaac Newton, or even to that of Albert Einstein. Sciences honor their great figures, but they do not study them, knowing that their work is very out of date. In what follows I will demonstrate that the "big three" in the sociology of religion are as out of date as Ptolemy and Copernicus and that their work is filled with social scientific equivalents of loops in their orbits. Thirty years ago I would have needed to address the "big four," but fortunately since then Freud has been recognized for the charlatan that he was. I am mindful of the fact that many of you have been so well socialized into ancestor worship that you will not grasp my message and will leave this session confiding in one another that Stark is a philistine, sadly unable to appreciate the classics. But I do appreciate Weber, Durkheim, and Marx. I have even read them. What I don't do is believe in them, and I will attempt to convince you not to
The effects of particles on the stability of a two-phase wake flow

Abstract Analytical and numerical investigations of the effects of particles on the stability of two-phase wake flows are presented. The major simplifying assumptions are that the mean velocity profile of the two-phase flow is identical to that of the single-phase flow and that the fluctuations of the flow field have no effect on the particle initial velocity. The continuous-phase flow is assumed incompressible and inviscid. The resulting modified Rayleigh equation was solved numerically. The results presented are applicable to dilute two-phase flows consisting of solid particles or liquid drops in a gaseous environment. For the two-phase wake flow, it is found that the presence of the particles enhances the stability of the flow. For the absolutely unstable single-phase flow, the particles lower the imaginary part of the branch point and can transfer the flow to the convectively unstable region. For the convectively unstable flow, the particles can lower the most amplified rates in spatial instability.
Mapping high-dimensional data onto a relative distance plane: an exact method for visualizing and characterizing high-dimensional patterns

We introduce a distance (similarity)--based mapping for the visualization of high-dimensional patterns and their relative relationships. The mapping preserves exactly the original distances between points with respect to any two reference patterns in a special two-dimensional coordinate system, the relative distance plane (RDP). As only a single calculation of a distance matrix is required, this method is computationally efficient, an essential requirement for any exploratory data analysis. The data visualization afforded by this representation permits a rapid assessment of class pattern distributions. In particular, we can determine with a simple statistical test whether both training and validation sets of a 2-class, high-dimensional dataset derive from the same class distributions. We can explore any dataset in detail by identifying the subset of reference pairs whose members belong to different classes, cycling through this subset, and for each pair, mapping the remaining patterns. These multiple viewpoints facilitate the identification and confirmation of outliers. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method on several complex biomedical datasets. Because of its efficiency, effectiveness, and versatility, one may use the RDP representation as an initial, data mining exploration that precedes classification by some classifier. Once final enhancements to the RDP mapping software are completed, we plan to make it freely available to researchers.
Developmental regulation of Fos and Fos‐related antigens in cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the rat

Previous work has associated the proto-oncogene c-fos with such events as neuronal excitation and cell growth and differentiation. This study specifically examined the expression of the Fos protein as well as other Fos-related antigens (Fras) during postnatal development of rat brain. Ages P1 through P15 as well as adult animals (P60) were examined. Particular focus was placed on developing cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. We used both the Alu antiserum, which recognizes the Fos protein specifically, and the M5 antiserum, which recognizes both Fos and a family of Fos-related antigens. Fos and Fras were developmentally regulated in a region- and cell-specific manner. Differential nuclear and cytoplasmic labeling appeared age dependent. Transient Fos expression was generally followed by a more protracted time course of Fra expression. Fos and a delayed or an extended expression of Fras were observed in subplate neurons between P1 and P15, in striatal striosome and matrix neurons between P1 and P9, and in hippocampal pyramidal neurons between P1 and P9. Fras alone were expressed in cerebral cortex pyramidal neurons and other cortical neurons between ages P1 and P15. Fos and Fras were concomitantly expressed in piriform and entorhinal cortical neurons between P1 and P9 and in cerebellar Purkinje cells between ages P5 and P10. Constitutive levels of Fos and Fras remained detectable in adult animals in a subset of cerebral cortical neurons and cerebellar Purkinje neurons. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Nicotine on Hypercholesterolized Cockerels

Cockerels were hypercholesterolized with a 1 per cent cholesterol diet and administered nicotine (2.28 milligrams per kilogram per day) in the drinking water. After sixteen weeks of treatment, the plasma cholesterol and lipid phosphorus levels and the cardiovascular pathology were not significantly different from those of the cholesterol controls.
Generalized Diagonal Band Copulas with Two-Sided Generating Densities

Copulas are joint continuous distributions with uniform marginals and have been proposed to capture probabilistic dependence between random variables. Maximum-entropy copulas introduced by Bedford and Meeuwissen (Bedford, T., A. M. H. Meeuwissen. 1997. Minimally informative distributions with given rank correlations for use in uncertainty analysis. J. Statist. Comput. Simulation57(1--4) 143--175) provide the option of making minimally informative assumptions given a degree-of-dependence constraint between two random variables. Unfortunately, their distribution functions are not available in a closed form, and their application requires the use of numerical methods. In this paper, we study a subfamily of generalized diagonal band (GDB) copulas, separately introduced by Ferguson (Ferguson, T. F. 1995. A class of symmetric bivariate uniform distributions. Statist. Papers36(1) 31--40) and Bojarski (Bojarski, J. 2001. A new class of band copulas---Distributions with uniform marginals. Technical report, Institute of Mathematics, Technical University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland). Similar to Archimedean copulas, GDB copula construction requires a generator function. Bojarski's GDB copula generator functions are symmetric probability density functions. In this paper, symmetric members of a two-sided framework of distributions introduced by van Dorp and Kotz (van Dorp, J. R., S. Kotz. 2003. Generalizations of two-sided power distributions and their convolution. Comm. Statist.: Theory and Methods32(9) 1703--1723) shall be considered. This flexible setup allows for derivations of GDB copula properties resulting in novel convenient expressions. A straightforward elicitation procedure for the GDB copula dependence parameter is proposed. Closed-form expressions for specific examples in the subfamily of GDB copulas are presented, which enhance their transparency and facilitate their application. These examples closely approximate the entropy of maximum-entropy copulas. Application of GDB copulas is illustrated via a value-of-information decision analysis example.
Body Weight of Different Inbred Lines of Chickens

Abstract THIS study concerns the body weight, at ten months of age, of six different inbred lines of Single Comb White Leghorn chickens for the years 1942 to 1949, inclusive. An attempt has been made to determine what effect continuous inbreeding had on the definitive body weight of these different lines of chickens. It is probable that body weight is not the best criterion (Dunn, 1928; Lerner, 1944) for estimating the definitive size of a chicken. However, all the chickens in this study, within a given year or period, were provided with a similar environment and, for comparison of the different inbred lines, body weights therefore should prove to be useful. Waters and Bywaters (1943) reported on the body weight, at ten months of age, of the different strains of White Leghorns from which the present six in-inbred lines originated. A dissimilarity was indicated in the body weight of certain of . . .
Complement factor H (Y402H) polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women

Aims Complement factor H (CFH) Y402H polymorphism is located in a region that binds C-reactive protein and may affect inflammatory processes and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We assessed the association between Y402H and risk of CHD in nested case–control studies among two large prospective cohorts of US male health professionals and female nurses. Methods and results Among participants who were disease-free at baseline, we confirmed 266 (men) and 249 (women) incident CHD deaths and non-fatal myocardial infarctions (MIs) over 6 and 8 years of follow-up, respectively. Using risk-set sampling, controls were matched 2:1 on the basis of age, smoking, and date of blood draw. Comparing homozygous HH with YY, the relative risk (RR) of CHD was 0.94 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59–1.49] among men and 0.51 (95% CI 0.29–0.89) among women (pooled RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.51–1.04). The HH genotype was inversely associated with CHD among those <65 years at onset (men: RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16–0.95; women: 0.21, 95% CI 0.07–0.65; pooled: 0.30, 95% CI 0.15–0.61), but not among those ≥65 years (pooled RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.71–1.68). Conclusion CFH Y402H was inversely associated with CHD among women, but not men. This inverse association was observed in both populations with earlier age of CHD.
Low-passband-sensitivity switched capacitor filters using a parallel connection of two structurally lossless networks

The low-sensitivity property of IIR digital filters designed using a parallel connection of two allpass sections has already been demonstrated in the past few years. This property is closely related to the use of a particular type of allpass structures, called structurally lossless networks, which remain allpass regardless of the coefficient quantization. In this paper we provide a general theory for the synthesis of low-passband-sensitivity switched capacitor (SC) filters using a similar technique. the design of stray-insensitive structurally allpass SC sections is emphasized, ensuring the passivity property for the overall filter. Design examples are presented with computer simulations and experimental results to compare the performance of the different proposed structures. Analytical sensitivity calculations are also derived yielding useful formulae for the prediction of the filter sensitivities with respect to capacitor ratios, particularly in the stopband.
Learning to Teach a Blended Course in a Teacher Preparation Program

Teacher preparation programs have provided blended courses (a combination of online and face-to-face learning) for their students because of their availability and their convenience. Researchers need to understand how teacher educators perceive blended courses when they teach teacher candidates, because teacher preparation programs have different features than other higher education programs have. This qualitative study examined one instructor’s activities and her perceptions of a blended course in a teacher preparation program for one semester. Data included classroom and online observations, weekly interviews after face-to-face classes, and a final interview at the end of the semester. The results indicated that the instructor saw her roles primarily as pedagogical, managerial, social, and technical. The instructor also saw herself taking on additional roles in the blended environment. This study suggests that ongoing support from cohorts and institutions is necessary for instructors who implement new blended approaches.
The H3-H4 N-terminal tail domains are the primary mediators of transcription factor IIIA access to 5S DNA within a nucleosome

Reconstitution of a DNA fragment containing a Xenopus borealis somatic type 5S rRNA gene into a nucleosome greatly restricts the binding of transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) to its cognate DNA sequence within the internal promoter of the gene. Removal of all core histone tail domains by limited trypsin proteolysis or acetylation of the core histone tails significantly relieves this inhibition and allows TFIIIA to exhibit high-affinity binding to nucleosomal DNA. Since only a single tail or a subset of tails may be primarily responsible for this effect, we determined whether removal of the individual tail domains of the H2A-H2B dimer or the H3-H4 tetramer affects TFIIIA binding to its cognate DNA site within the 5S nucleosome in vitro. The results show that the tail domains of H3 and H4, but not those of H2A and/or H2B, directly modulate the ability of TFIIIA to bind nucleosomal DNA. In vitro transcription assays carried out with nucleosomal templates lacking individual tail domains show that transcription efficiency parallels the binding of TFIIIA. In addition, we show that the stoichiometry of core histones within the 5S DNA-core histone-TFIIIA triple complex is not changed upon TFIIIA association. Thus, TFIIIA binding occurs by displacement of H2A-H2B-DNA contacts but without complete loss of the dimer from the nucleoprotein complex. These data, coupled with previous reports (M. Vettese-Dadey, P. A. Grant, T. R. Hebbes, C. Crane-Robinson, C. D. Allis, and J. L. Workman, EMBO J. 15:2508-2518, 1996; L. Howe, T. A. Ranalli, C. D. Allis, and J. Ausio, J. Biol. Chem. 273:20693-20696, 1998), suggest that the H3/H4 tails are the primary arbiters of transcription factor access to intranucleosomal DNA.
Contraception for patients with psychiatric or medical disorders

The increased risk that pregnancy carries for women with medical disorders must be weighed against the risks of reversible contraception. In the absence of prospective randomized trials of various contraceptive methods and their effect on a given disease process, the clinician must use information regarding the risk of pregnancy in a woman with medical problems, the well-documented failure rates of various methods, and the probability that the patient will use the method (or any other method) effectively. The possible effects of contraceptive methods on cardiovascular, endocrinologic, neurologic, and other medical disorders are discussed as are appropriate contraceptive options and considerations for these women.
The importance of bidirectional block during pulmonary vein isolation

The definition of a successful ablation of atrial fibrillation can vary among electrophysiologists. A commonly described endpoint is bidirectional block of the four pulmonary veins. A case is described in which entrance block into a pulmonary vein was achieved early during pulmonary vein isolation. However, triggers from the pulmonary vein continued to conduct into the atrium, revealing the block was only unidirectional. Further ablation resulted in true electrical isolation and highlights the importance of achieving bidirectional block.
Map-Enhanced UAV Image Sequence Registration

Registering consecutive images from an airborne sensor into a mosaic is an essential tool for image analysts. Strictly local methods tend to accumulate errors, resulting in distortion. We propose here to use a reference image (such as a high resolution map image) to overcome this limitation. In our approach, we register a frame in an image sequence to the map using both frame-to-frame registration and frame-to-map registration iteratively. In frame-to-frame registration, a frame is registered to its previous frame. With its previous frame been registered to the map in the previous iteration, we can derive an estimated transformation from the frame to the map. In frame-to-map registration, we warp the frame to the map by this transformation to compensate for scale and rotation difference and then perform an area based matching using mutual information to find correspondences between this warped frame and the map. From these correspondences, we derive a transformation that further registers the warped frame to the map. With this two-step registration, the errors between each consecutive frames are not accumulated. We present results on real image sequences from a hot air balloon
Top-squark-mediated annihilation scenario and direct detection of dark matter in compressed supersymmetry

Top-squark-mediated annihilation of b-ino-like neutralinos to top-antitop pairs can play the dominant role in obtaining a thermal relic dark matter abundance in agreement with observations. In a previous paper, it was argued that this can occur naturally in models of compressed supersymmetry, which feature a running gluino mass parameter that is substantially smaller than the W-ino mass parameter at the scale of apparent gauge coupling unification. Here I study in some more detail the parameter space in which this is viable, and compare to other scenarios for obtaining the observed dark matter density. I then study the possibility of detecting the dark matter directly in future experiments. The prospects are consistently very promising for a wide variety of model parameters within this scenario.