cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conserved Active Site Aspartates and Domain–Domain Interactions in Regulatory Properties of the Sugar Kinase Superfamily

The structures of the sugar kinase/heat shock 70/actin superfamily of enzymes show that the active site is located in a deep cleft between two domains whose relative movement defines a domain closure conformational change thought to be involved in the catalytic and regulatory properties of members of the superfamily. To investigate the role of the domain closure in the regulatory behavior, site-directed mutagenesis is used to alter specific domain-domain interactions in Escherichia coli glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30; ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase), a member of this superfamily. Two active site aspartate residues are conserved throughout the superfamily, one (Asp245 in glycerol kinase) which is proposed to act as a general base during catalysis and one (Asp10 in glycerol kinase) which interacts with the Mg(II) ion of the bound Mg(II)-nucleotide complex. Each of these residues participates in domain-domain interactions that are mediated by the bound substrates. The enzymes containing the substitutions Asp245 to Asn (D245N) or Asp10 to Asn (D10N) were purified by affinity chromatography, and the effects of the substitutions on the catalytic properties and regulation by the allosteric effectors, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), and the glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein, IIIGlc (also known as IIAGlc), were determined. Each of the residues participates in catalysis; kcat/Katp is decreased 300-fold by the D245N substitution and 100-fold by the D10N substitution. Affinity labeling with the glycerol analog 1,3-dichloroacetone shows that the level of activity seen for the D245N mutant enzyme is not due to deamidation of the substituted asparagine. Each of the substitutions has little effect on regulation by FBP and the apparent affinity for IIIGlc, and the D245N substitution does not affect the extent of inhibition by IIIGlc. However, the D10N substitution decreases the maximum extent of inhibition by IIIGlc from 100 to 60%, thus changing the action of IIIGlc to that of a partial inhibitor. The different sensitivities of the extents of FBP and IIIGlc inhibition to perturbation of a domain-domain interaction mediated by Asp10 suggest that the relations of the actions of these allosteric effectors to the domain closure conformational change are different.
Projecting virtual hologram images onto a screen

Many elementary discussions of real and virtual images assert that virtual images cannot be projected directly onto a screen; using a special classroom transmission hologram, we demonstrate the contrary. Virtual and real images can be defined as images located respectively on the opposite side and the same side of the viewing system from the observer. These definitions appear to preclude the possibility of any virtual image appearing on a screen, assuming that the screen must be at the location of the image. This dilemma is resolved, however, by recognizing the similarity between projected virtual hologram images and pinhole images. Pinhole images are formed by a diverging ray bundle from an object point spreading by an amount controlled by the pinhole diameter. In the case of projected virtual hologram, a diverging ray bundle spreads from a virtual image point; the spread in the ray bundle is limited by the hologram aperture stop diameter. Thus projected virtual images model pinhole images in three ways: First, in both cases diverging ray bundles form the image; for the pinhole the diverging ray bundle originates from a real object point whereas for the hologram the diverging ray bundle appears to originate from the location of a virtual image point. Second, the virtual hologram image acts in a manner directly analogous to the real pinhole object. The third similarity is that, in both cases, successful projection of the image is possible only if the the ray bundle angular size is sufficiently limited. The ray bundle angular size is controlled by an aperture stop; for the pinhole image the pinhole edge is the aperture stop while for the projected virtual images the boundary of the illuminated portion of the hologram is the aperture stop. Reducing the size of the illuminated portion of the hologram is analogous to reducing the diameter of the pinhole. We show photos of projected virtual images for several aperture stop diameters; as the hologram aperture is reduced in successive steps the images becomes increasingly well-resolved. This process leads to the well known example of a hologram illuminated by an undiverged laser beam; a screen placed nearly anywhere beyond the hologram will display all hologram images. Although this procedure is familiar to many persons the associated images appear not to have been carefully analyzed. Because of the widespread assertion that virtual images cannot appear on a screen, it is likely that many persons viewing these projected images incorrectly interpret them as exclusively "real." Recognizing that they are projected virtual images permits a useful analysis to be developed.
Temperature-sensitive avian sarcoma viruses: A physiological comparison of twenty mutants

Abstract The behavior of 20 temperature-sensitive mutants of avian sarcoma virus has been examined. Three general parameters of infection were studied: virus replication, ability of the virus to induce cell focus formation on a monolayer and ability of the virus to induce cell colony formation in agar suspension. In addition, virion heat stability, morphology of infected cells at the nonpermissive temperature, and the ability of infected cells to promote plaque formation by avian leukosis virus were investigated. On the basis of these viral characteristics the mutants have been classified into 6 well-defined categories. Some differences between mutants within categories were also detected.
Down-regulation of type II L-thyroxine, 5'-monodeiodinase in cultured GC cells: different pathways of regulation by L-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.

The current consensus is that iodothyronines down-regulate type II T4 monodeiodinase (5'-DII) by an extranuclear acceleration of enzyme inactivation. We have investigated 5'-DII regulation in cultured GC cells, in which thyroid hormone responses are mediated by nuclear thyroid receptor (TR). GC cells actively converted T4 to T3, independent of propylthiouracil and with a Km of 1.4 nM, which are characteristics of 5'-DII. When GC cells were incubated with 10 nM T3, the Km was not affected. However, the maximum velocity was significantly down-regulated by 10 nM T3, from 0.15 to 0.018 pmol/mg protein.min. Dose-response studies showed that a 50% reduction in enzyme activity was achieved with either 0.25 nM T3 or 12 nM rT3. Time-course studies showed that a 50% reduction in enzyme activity occurred after 40 min of incubation with 100 nM rT3 and after 160 min of incubation with 10 nM T3. The down-regulation of 5'-DII by physiological concentrations of T3 has the characteristics of an effect that is mediated by ...
A Mentoring Program for New Teachers: Ensuring Success.

Principals can play a pivotal role in ensuing the survival and success of first-year teachers by providing a mentor program.
Pregnancy outcomes in unicornuate uteri: a review

Objective To elucidate the impact of unicornuate uteri on pregnancy outcomes as evidenced by historical and contemporary studies. Design Publications related to unicornuate uterus were identified through MEDLINE and other bibliographic databases. Setting Literature review in an academic research environment. Patient(s) Premenopausal women with confirmed unicornuate uterus based on surgical or radiological evidence who were undergoing gynecologic and obstetrical care. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Rates of ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, preterm delivery, intrauterine fetal demise, and live birth. Result(s) Our review revealed 20 studies of varying size and design that had commented on pregnancy outcomes in unicornuate uteri. These studies ranged in date from 1953 to 2006 and from a sample size of one to 55 patients. In total, we examined 290 women with unicornuate uterus reported in the literature. Of those patients, 175 conceived, to carry a total of 468 pregnancies. Incidence data in the literature reveal that unicornuate uterus occurs in 1:4020 women in the general population; the anomaly, however, is significantly more common in infertile women, as in women with repeated poor outcomes. Our review revealed rates of 2.7% ectopic pregnancy, 24.3% first trimester abortion, 9.7% second trimester abortion, 20.1% preterm delivery, 10.5% intrauterine fetal demise, and 49.9% live birth. Conclusion(s) Unicornuate uterus is a Műllerian anomaly with prognostic implications for poorer outcomes during pregnancy. The rates of adverse outcomes have likely been historically overestimated. Although it is unclear whether interventions before conception or early in pregnancy such as resection of the rudimentary horn and prophylactic cervical cerclage decidedly improve obstetrical outcomes, current practice suggests that such interventions may be helpful. Women presenting with a history of this anomaly should be considered high-risk obstetrical patients.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Ablative Thermal Response and Design of Thermal Protection Systems

A finite element ablation and thermal response program for the simulation of three-dimensional transient thermostructural analysis has been developed. The three-dimensional governing differential equations and finite element formulation are summarized. A novel probabilistic design methodology for thermal protection systems has been developed. The design methodology is an eight step process beginning with a parameter sensitivity study and is followed by a deterministic analysis whereby an optimum design can determined. The design process concludes with a Monte Carlo simulation where the probabilities of exceeding design specifications are estimated. The design methodology is demonstrated by applying the methodology to the carbon phenolic compression pads of the Crew Exploration Vehicle. The maximum allowed values of bondline temperature and tensile stress are used as the design specifications in this study. Using the design methodology, the probability of exceeding these design specifications was shown to ...
POSTPONED HOMOTRANSPLANTS OF THE HYPOPHYSIS INTO THE REGION OF THE MEDIAN EMINENCE IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED MALE RATS1

In 2 series of Long-Evans male rats pituitary homotransplants were made by the parapharyngeal approach after pituitaryless periods of 60 and 150 days. During these periods no gain, usually a loss, in body weights and testicular atrophy occurred. Autopsies were done 2½ months after the transplantations. In all rats the transplants became functional. In Series I, hypophyscctomized when 38–42 days old, donors were males and females 14–21 days old; in Series II recipients were 47 days old at hypophysectomy and donors were males 21–23 days old. In all animals except 2 of Series I there were pronounced gains in body weights, activation of the thyroids, structural repair of the adrenals and the reproductive organs, and fertility. The weights of the reproductive organs transcended those of normal controls. In 2 rats of Series I there were slower gains in body weights, and activation of the thyroids but no structural repair of the adrenals and reproductive organs. There were no “takes” when Spraguc-Dawley instead ...
WE-G-217A-02: RF Heating of DBS Lead with T/R Head Coil versus T/R Body Coil

Purpose: To evaluate the difference in RF heating of deep brain stimulator (DBS) leads during MRI procedures using head‐only transmitting coil versus whole‐body transmitting coil. Methods: A DBS lead was inserted into the center of a 3‐liter head phantom constructed and filled with gel prepared according the specifications in ATSM standard 2182. The portion of the lead outside of the head phantom was either coiled and fixed to phantom exterior (lead only), similar to that in DBS implanting surgery, or connected through an extension cable to an IPG, which is set to zero mA output and turned off (lead+Ext.+IPG). Imaging was performed on a 1.5T MRI scanner using either a T/R head coil or the built‐in T/R body coil. Two different scans: 3D MPRAGE (low SAR) and 3D TSE (high SAR) were performed. The temperature at the tip of the DBS lead was recorded every 10s using a fiber optical probe. Results: For lead only, the maximum temperature change (peak‐to‐peak) was less than 0.1 C with all scans or coils. For lead+Ext.+IPG, 0.4 C change was observed with T/R head coil and 0.95 C with T/R body coil for 3D MPRAGE (low SAR). However, 18.0 C and 35.3 C changes were observed, respectively, for 3D TSE (high SAR). Conclusions: If the DBS lead is NOT connected to the IPG, no substantial difference in RF heating between the use of a T/R head coil and body coil transmit was observed. The temperature changes were minimal even under high SAR. Such results suggests that DBS MRI may be performed safely with transmitting through body coil and receiving through phased array surface coils provided ONLY the lead is present which is often the case during intra‐operative procedures. Since further study is needed, extreme caution is advised before extrapolating these results to patient exams.
Multiplicative Factors for Estimation of Daily Milk and Component Yields from Single Morning or Afternoon Tests

Prediction of daily yield from single a.m. or p.m. milkings requires factors that are the reciprocal of the proportion of total yield expected from single milkings given the milking interval. Further adjustments to estimated milk yield account for DIM. Factors used by the Cornell Dairy Records Processing Lab were estimated from data collected from August 1983 to November 1984. These factors appear to be biased. Inconsistent estimates of daily yield were observed monthly. New factors were developed using recent data. Factors from a.m. milkings for milk and protein yield were smaller than those currently in use. The reverse was true for fat yield. Covariants for DIM were larger than those currently used. Differences were observed when factors using data with known and assumed milking intervals were compared. Factors for a.m. milkings with known intervals were smaller than those from p.m. milkings with the same known intervals. Use of covariants for DIM were compared with covariants for single milk yield. The latter explained more variation in yield. Factors were tested on independent data. New factors with covariants for single milk yield performed best for estimation of total daily yield.
Human vision and image rendering: is the story over, or is it just beginning?

Human vision plays an essential role, either implicity or explicitly in image rendering, especially digital halftoning. In this paper, we review the progress that has been made in the past 16 years in understanding the visual characteristics of halftone texture and in the use of human visual system models as an intrinsic part of the halftoning algorithm. We examine the development of the direct binary search halftoning algorithm as a case study in the challenges of achieving satisfactory computational performance with a model-based halftoning algorithm.
Pb mobility and extractant optimization for contaminated soils

Alternative technologies for the remediation for inorganic lead contaminated soils must be evaluated in addition to conventional standard technologies, such as stabilization, to help ensure the best technology was selected for implementation of the remediation solution. Innovative technologies such as extractive soil washing may provide an economical alternative to reaching remediation cleanup goals while, at the same time, protecting human health and the environment. Extraction of inorganic Pb from contaminated soils has been previously demonstrated using strong acids or chelating reagents. For example, aqueous solutions of chelating agents such as citric acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DPTA), sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), sodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) have been used to desorb metals from soils. Also investigated were strong acids, having concentrations up to 2 N, for extraction of metals from sandy soils. Commercial pilot scale systems have been reported to utilize HCl at an extraction pH range of 1.8-2.2 to recover lead from contaminated soils. Chloride complexation of lead can greatly enhance the solubility of lead in solution. Lead also will complex in solution with acetic or citric acid. Incorporating acids or chelating agents with soil washing technologies may extract inorganic Pb species from contaminated soils. However, the feasibility of aqueous based extraction of organicmore » lead species such as tetraethyl lead, and its related byproducts produced by weathering, was unknown. 12 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Glucose Redistribution in Lactating Cows Given Dexamethasone

Abstract Tracer doses of glucose uniformly labeled carbon 14 were given to three lactating cows before and after dexamethasone administration. A series of blood samples was collected for 6h for radiochemical assay of glucose. Plasma glucose concentration rose from a mean of 61 mg/l00ml to 107 mg/l00ml. The tracer data were analyzed in terms of a three-compartment model. Compartments 1 and 2 represent the glucose pool while compartment 3 acts to partition the total glucose transport through the pool into net glucose transport (irreversible disposal) and recycling. Mean total glucose transport rates were .90 and .91 g/min before and after dexamethasone. Corresponding recycling flows were .13 and .21 g/min. There were significant changes in rate constants representing flows between compartments 1 and 2; rate from 2 to 1 was decreased, while rate from 1 to 2 was increased. These were associated with an increase in the mean mass of compartment 1 from 31 to 61g. The plasma equivalent space of compartment 1 averaged 13 and 14% before and after dexamethasone; this suggests that compartment 1 represents plasma glucose together with approximately the same amount of extravascular glucose. Thus, changes in rates between 1 and 2 suggest that dexamethasone influences glucose transport across some cell membranes and, perhaps, capillary walls. These kinetic studies indicate that the hyperglycemic effect of dexamethasone in lactating cows is attributable to redistribution of glucose rather than an altered overall production or utilization.
An In Vivo Study of the Effect of Distal Femoral Resection on Passive Knee Extension

A previous study showed that 1 mm of distal femoral resection restored knee extension 4.5°. We determined the relationship with a more accurate measurement technique. Twenty-six subjects treated with total knee arthroplasty were studied. Digital photographs of the extended knee with and without 1.5 and 3.0 mm thick augments placed between the femoral component and distal femur were analyzed, and knee extension was measured. One millimeter of distal femoral resection restored 1.8° of extension that is less correction than the previous study reported. Because an attempt to correct a 10° extension deficit by resecting the distal femur could require 5 mm or more of bone removal that moves the joint line too proximal, we recommend exploring other techniques before resecting the femur.
Power-line harmonic radiation - Can it significantly affect the earth's radiation belts

It has been suggested that harmonic radiation from the earth's 50- and 60-hertz power transmission lines might significantly influence the distribution of electrons in the radiation belts. On the basis of observations presented here, it seems advisable to accept such a hypothesis with caution. New evidence suggests that power-line radiation does not play any major role in the nonadiabatic dynamics of radiation belt electrons.
Ship Motions From Unsteady Maneuvering in Two-Dimensional Waves: Part I—Numerical Simulations

Numerically simulating the six-degrees-of-freedom response motions of a ship executing an unsteady maneuver in a two-dimensional wave environment is one of the most challenging tasks in seakeeping. Mathematical difficulties may occur for several reasons. For example, the rapid change in encounter frequencies may cause a numerical dynamics imbalance. Furthermore, in order to predict the ship’s track (ship heading) accurately, the rudder forces and two-dimensional drift forces must be predicted accurately; otherwise, erroneously predicted headings can ultimately lead to obtaining entirely different ship motions. To overcome these problems, we added a well-behaved, pre-conditional iterative method into the hybrid flow-based, fully-nonlinear ship motion model, DiSSEL (Digital, Self-consistent Ship Experimental Laboratory), in a two-dimensional wave environment. DiSSEL includes two components: a ship-wave interactions model (Lin et al., 2005[1], Lin and Kuang, 2006[2]), and a solid body motions interactions model (Lin and Kuang 2010[3]). The rudder and appendage forces (Lin et al, 2010[4]) are included in the solid body motions component. This refined model is able to overcome the mathematical dynamics imbalance when the encounter frequency rapidly changes as well as accurately calculate the forces on the hull and rudders. Finally the simulations of ship response motions at various relative headings and at various forward speeds in a two-dimensional seaway will be benchmarked against experimental model data for the test cases.
Temporary bond—debond technology for high-performance transistors on flexible substrates

Abstract— A processing technology based upon a temporary bond—debond approach has been developed that enables direct fabrication of high-performance electronic devices on flexible substrates. This technique facilitates processing of flexible plastic and metal-foil substrates through automated standard semiconductor and flat-panel tool sets without tool modification. The key to processing with these tool sets is rigidifying the flexible substrates through temporary bonding to carriers that can be handled in a similar manner as silicon wafers or glass substrates in conventional electronics manufacturing. To demonstrate the power of this processing technology, amorphous-silicon thin-film-transistor (a-Si:H TFT) backplanes designed for electrophoretic displays (EPDs) were fabricated using a low-temperature process (180°C) on bonded-plastic and metal-foil substrates. The electrical characteristics of the TFTs fabricated on flexible substrates are found to be consistent with those processed with identical conditions on rigid silicon wafers. These TFTs on plastic exhibit a field-effect mobility of 0.77 cm2/V-sec, on/off current ratio >109 at Vds = 10 V, sub-threshold swing of 365 mV/dec, threshold voltage of 0.49 V, and leakage current lower than 2 pA/μm gate width. After full TFT-array fabrication on the bonded substrate and subsequent debonding, the flexible substrate retains its original flexibility; this enables bending of the EPD display without loss in performance.
Reversal of the inhibitory effect of lipid peroxides on the hepatic cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system by a soluble factor from liver and a commercial isocitric dehydrogenase preparation from hog heart.

Summary A factor (SF) contained in the 105,000 × g supernatant fraction of rat liver homogenate, previously described as a requirement for the maximal activity of the cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase system of hepatic microsomes, was found to function by reversing the inhibitory effect of TPNH-supported microsomal lipid peroxidation. Commercial hog heart isocitric dehydrogenase preparations contain a large amount of SF or a substance like SF.
Phylogeny and classification of Hypherpes auctorum (Coleoptera: Carabidae:Pterostichini: Pterostichus)

ABSTRACT Based on an exemplar sample of pterostichine species (Carabidae: Pterostichini), 28S rDNA and COI and COII mtDNA sequence data are used to reconstruct a phylogenetic hypothesis for generic and subgeneric taxa putatively in or related to the subgenus Hypherpes Chaudoir (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichus Bonelli). The monophyly of Pterostichus is equivocal as the position of the subgenus Bothriopterus Chaudoir varies depending on methods of sequence alignment and gap region treatment. Pterostichus is found to be monophyletic in the combined data analysis if Cyclotrachelus Chaudoir and Tapinopterus Schaum are included in a larger concept of the genus. It is recommended that these be treated as subgenera of Pterostichus. Taxa currently included in Hypherpes are found to form a monophyletic group. No taxon previously suggested as a close relative of Hypherpes was found to be in, or closely related to Hypherpes. The sister-group of Hypherpes remains unclear, but there is some support for a clade of P...
The physiology of hyper-salinity tolerance in teleost fish: a review

Hyper-saline habitats (waters with salinity >35 ppt) are among the harshest aquatic environments. Relatively few species of teleost fish can tolerate salinities much above 50 ppt, because of the challenges to osmoregulation, but those that do, usually estuarine, euryhaline species, show a strong ability to osmoregulate in salinities well over 100 ppt. Typically, plasma Na+ and Cl− concentrations rise slowly or not at all up to about 65 ppt. At higher salinities ion levels do rise, but the increase is small relative to the magnitude of increase in concentrations of the surrounding water. A number of adjustments are responsible for such strong osmoregulation. Reduced branchial water permeability is indicated by the observation that with the exposure to hyper-salinities drinking rates rise more slowly than the branchial osmotic gradient. Lower water permeability limits osmotic water loss and greatly reduces the salt load incurred in replacing it. Still, increased gut Na+/K+-ATPase (NAK) activity is necessary to absorb the larger gut salt load and increased HCO3− secretion is required to precipitate Ca2+ and some Mg2+ in the imbibed water to facilitate water absorption. All Na+ and Cl− taken up must be excreted and increased branchial salt excreting capacity is indicated by elevated mitochondrion-rich cell density and size, gill NAK activity and expression of chloride channels. Excretion of Na+ and Cl− occurs against a larger gradient than in seawater and calculation of the equilibrium potential for Na+ across the gill epithelium indicates that the trans-epithelial potential required for excretion of Na+ climbs with salinity up to about 65 ppt before leveling off due to the increasing plasma Na+ levels. During acute transition to SW or mildly hyper-saline waters, some species have shown the ability to upregulate branchial NAK activity rapidly and this may play an important role in limiting disturbances at higher salinities. It does not appear that the opercular epithelium, which in SW acts in a way that is functionally similar to the gills, continues to do so in hyper-saline waters. Little is know about the hormones involved in acclimation to hyper-salinity, but the few studies available suggest a role for cortisol, but not growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor. Despite the increased transport capacity evident in both the gill and gut in hyper-saline waters there is no clear trend toward increased metabolic rate. These studies provide a general outline of the mechanisms of osmoregulation in these species, but significant questions still remain.
Cardiac glycosides stimulate phospholipase C activity in rat pinealocytes

Abstract Ouabain and related cardiac glycosides stimulate phospholipase C activity 5-fold in rat pinealocytes. The combined treatment of ouabain and norepinephrine, which also stimulates phospholipase C, produces an additive effect. The effects of either ouabain or norepinephrine are blocked by EGTA. However, there are notable differences. The stimulatory effect of ouabain is lost when extracellular Na+ is reduced to 20 mM and is not blocked by prazosin. In contrast, the stimulatory effect of norepinephrine is not blocked when extracellular Na+ is reduced to 20 mM but is blocked by prazosin. Ouabain appears to increase phospholipase C activity through a mechanism involving inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase, and an accumulation of intracellular Na+ and Ca2+, not involving α1-adrenoceptors. These findings raise the possibility that activation of phospholipase C might be a more general effect of cardiac glycosides.
Volatile fatty acid fermentation of AFEX-treated bagasse and newspaper by rumen microorganisms

Abstract The anaerobic digestion of bagasse and newspaper by rumen microorganisms was studied. A one-half replicate of a 25 factorial design was used to evaluate the effect of type of substrate (bagasse and newspaper), AFEX (Ammonia Fiber Explosion) pretreatment, liquid residence time (LRT), solid/liquid residence time ratio (SRT/LRT), and loading rate (LR) on volatile fatty acid (VFA) yield, productivity, and acid composition. A fermentor for the continuous culture of rumen microorganisms, which allows solids to be retained longer than liquid (SRT/LRT> 1), was used. Yields averaged 8.8 mmoles and 5.8 mmoles VFA per g volatile solids (VS) in bagasse and newspaper fermentations, respectively. The propionic acid molar percent was 52% higher in bagasse fermentation (19%) than in newspaper fermentation (12.5%). AFEX pretreatment increased VFA yield by 21% and decreased propionic acid molar percent by 9.1 %. The best reactor performance (i.e., high VFA yield and high VFA productivity) was achieved with AFEX-treated material at a LR of 14.1 g substrate per 1 day, LRT of 11 h, and SRT of 44 h. At these experimental conditions, productivity and yield were 163 mmoles VFA per 1 per day and 0.64 g VFA/g VS in bagasse fermentation, and 81 mmoles per 1 per day and 0.31 g VFA/g VS in newspaper fermentation. The rumen fermentation product yields are significantly higher than the sugar yields from extracellular cellulase/hemicellulase. A promising application of the rumen fermentation is to produce mixed VFA calcium salts which may be used to remove sulfur from coal-fired boilers. It is estimated that these salts may be produced from municipal solid waste for $119–137/tonne.
Enhancing Motivation in Physical Education

(2006). Enhancing Motivation in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 41-51.
The fronto-nasal glioma

Summary Two cases of fronto-nasal glioma are described, the literature is reviewed, and the diagnosis, pathology, and treatment are discussed.
Dynamic Nucleosome Organization at hox Promoters during Zebrafish Embryogenesis

Nucleosome organization at promoter regions plays an important role in regulating gene activity. Genome-wide studies in yeast, flies, worms, mammalian embryonic stem cells and transformed cell lines have found well-positioned nucleosomes flanking a nucleosome depleted region (NDR) at transcription start sites. This nucleosome arrangement depends on DNA sequence (cis-elements) as well as DNA binding factors and ATP-dependent chromatin modifiers (trans-factors). However, little is understood about how the nascent embryonic genome positions nucleosomes during development. This is particularly intriguing since the embryonic genome must undergo a broad reprogramming event upon fusion of sperm and oocyte. Using four stages of early embryonic zebrafish development, we map nucleosome positions at the promoter region of 37 zebrafish hox genes. We find that nucleosome arrangement at the hox promoters is a progressive process that takes place over several stages. At stages immediately after fertilization, nucleosomes appear to be largely disordered at hox promoter regions. At stages after activation of the embryonic genome, nucleosomes are detectable at hox promoters, with positions becoming more uniform and more highly occupied. Since the genomic sequence is invariant during embryogenesis, this progressive change in nucleosome arrangement suggests that trans-factors play an important role in organizing nucleosomes during embryogenesis. Separating hox genes into expressed and non-expressed groups shows that expressed promoters have better positioned and occupied nucleosomes, as well as distinct NDRs, than non-expressed promoters. Finally, by blocking the retinoic acid-signaling pathway, we disrupt early hox gene transcription, but observe no effect on nucleosome positions, suggesting that active hox transcription is not a driving force behind the arrangement of nucleosomes at the promoters of hox genes during early development.
Photopolymerizable liquid encapsulants for microelectronic devices

Abstract Photopolymerizable liquid encapsulants (PLEs) for microelectronic devices may offer important advantages over traditional transfer molding compounds, including reduced in-mold cure times, lower thermal stresses, and reduced wire sweep. In this contribution, we discuss an encapsulation process based upon a low-viscosity resin that cures rapidly upon exposure to UV light. These highly filled PLEs are comprised of an epoxy novolac-based vinyl ester resin (∼25 wt.%), fused silica filler (70–74 wt.%), photoinitiator, silane coupling agent, and, in some cases, a thermal initiator. We have characterized the degree of cure, flexural strength, flexural modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion, glass transition temperature, and thermal stress parameter of these novel PLEs. In addition, we investigated the effect of the fused silica loading, UV illumination time, and postcure time on these properties. The results indicate that a photocurable encapsulant containing 74.0 wt.% fused silica is very promising for microelectronic encapsulation. These liquid encapsulants cure (to an ejectable hardness) in less than 2 min for an initiating light intensity of 200 mW/cm 2 and exhibit appropriate values for the thermal and mechanical properties listed above.
Gender-Based Differences in the Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals—The Food and Drug Administration's Perspective:

Women experience more adverse reactions to treatment with therapeutic drugs than men. Theories proposed to explain this include overdosing, different pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, women are more likely to report adverse events than men, or women take more medications than men. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Women's Health (OWH) funds research to promote including women in clinical trials and understanding the biology of sex-related differences in the safety of FDA-regulated products. Including women in clinical trials advances the understanding of drug efficacy and safety in women by providing information on drug dosing, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. A Baysian statistical analysis of sex differences in adverse events showed that although about the same number of adverse events were reported for men and women, those reported for women were more serious. One example of a sex difference in the toxicity of pharmaceuticals is the drug-induced cardiac arrhythmia, torsades de point. OWH funded studies in animals and humans to investigate the mechanism behind this sex difference. These studies demonstrated that shortening the QT interval increases the risk of developing torsades and that androgens protect against torsades by slowing cardiac repolarization and prolonging the QT interval. Understanding the mechanisms behind other reported sex-related differences in adverse drug effects requires additional research. The preliminary studies conducted to date suggest that this sex-related difference is likely to be a multifactorial problem requiring information from several fields of study. Ideally, individuals at risk for developing an adverse event should be identified prior to therapeutic intervention. The OWH plans to fund more studies to investigate the role of hormonal variations on drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions. Animal and in vitro model systems are needed to fully understand the mechanism of how gender influences drug toxicity.
Ab initio calculations for dissociative hydrogen adsorption on lithium oxide surfaces

Abstract Dissociative hydrogen chemisorption on the Li 2 O surfaces of the (100), (110) and (111) planes has been investigated with ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations. Calculations for unrelaxed crystal Li 2 O structures indicated that except for the (100) surface, the (110) and (111) surfaces are stable. Results on the heterolytic sites of n -layer (110) (where n ⩾2) slabs and three-layer (111) slabs suggest that dissociative hydrogen chemisorption is endothermic. For a one-layer (110) slab at 100% surface coverage, the dissociative hydrogen chemisorption is exothermic, forming OH − and Li + H − Li + . This results also indicate that the low coordination environment in surface step structure, such as kinks and ledges, may play an important role in the hydrogen chemisorption process. On the homolytic sites of the (110) and (111) surfaces, there is no hydrogen chemisorption.
Price Asymmetry in the International Wheat Market

Most wheat exports are accounted for by a limited number of countries with different policy regimes and specializing, for the most part, in particular classes of wheat. Under these circumstances, there is likely to be considerable interaction among the major exporting countries in the determination of wheat prices. In this paper, price linkages between the U.S. and other exporting countries (Canada, the European Union, Argentina and Australia) in the world wheat market are investigated. After determining that the direction of causality is from U. S. prices to the prices of other exporting countries, the nature of the price linkages is studied. The results suggest that the major exporting countries respond asymmetrically to U.S. price changes. The degree of asymmetry differs from one exporting country to another, Argentina and the European Union show greater response to falling prices than to rising prices, while the opposite is true for Canada and Australia.
The equiangular spiral antenna

A circularly polarized antenna is described which makes possible bandwidths that a few years ago were considered to be impossible. The design of the antenna is based upon the simple fundamental principle that if the shape of the antenna were such that it could be specified entirely by angles, its performance would be independent of wavelength. Since all such shapes extend to infinity it is necessary to specify at least one length for an antenna of finite size. The one length in this antenna, the arm length, need only be of the order of one wavelength at the lowest frequency of operation to obtain operation essentially independent of frequency, and the geometry of the antenna allows this arm length to be spiraled into a maximum diameter of one half wavelength or less. Antennas have been constructed that have an essentially constant radiation pattern and input impedance over bandwidths greater than 20 to 1.
Endpoint naming for space delay / Disruption Tolerant Networking

Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) provides solutions to space communication challenges such as disconnections when orbiters lose line-of-sight with landers, long propagation delays over interplanetary links, and other operational constraints.12 DTN is critical to enabling the future space internetworking envisioned by NASA. Interoperability with international partners is essential and standardization is progressing through both the CCSDS and the IETF.
Exchange of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Between a Shallow Lagoon and Coastal Waters

West Falmouth Harbor, a shallow lagoon on Cape Cod, has experienced a threefold increase in nitrogen load since the mid- to late 1990s due to input from a groundwater plume contaminated by a municipal wastewater treatment plant. We measured the exchange of nitrogen and phosphorus between the harbor and the coastal waters of Buzzards Bay over several years when the harbor was experiencing this elevated nitrogen load. During summer months, the harbor not only retained the entire watershed nitrogen load but also had a net import of nitrogen from Buzzards Bay. During the spring and fall, the harbor had a net export of nitrogen to Buzzards Bay. We did not measure the export in winter, but assuming the winter net export was less than 112 % of the load, the harbor exported less than half of the watershed nitrogen load on an annual basis. For phosphorus, the harbor had a net import from coastal waters in the spring and summer months and a net export in the fall. Despite the large increase in nitrogen load to the harbor, the summertime import of phosphorus from Buzzards Bay was sufficient to maintain nitrogen limitation of primary productivity during the sum- mer.Ourfindingsillustratethatshallowsystemsdominatedby benthic producers have the potential to retain large terrestrial nitrogen loads when there is sufficient supply of phosphorus from exchange with coastal waters.
Workshop: teaching interaction design

A full day workshop focused on the practice and philoso-phies involved with teaching interaction design to students and professionals. The format involved teachers expressing their approaches to the challenges of design education, and group discussion and sharing of ideas and stories from their experiences.
Micro-swimmers with hydrodynamic interactions

The low-Reynolds-number motions of Purcell's three-link swimmer, and of a closely related two-paddle swimmer, are investigated and compared using slender-body theory and resistive-force theory. The results are compared (in the case of the three-link swimmer) with the resistive-force calculations of Becker, Koehler and Stone (BKS). In particular, we examine the effect of hydrodynamic interaction and slenderness on the displacement and efficiency of the swimmers. The BKS analysis is, for the most part, confirmed and extended. However, deviations of up to 43% are found in cases where the swimmer propels itself with large stroke angles. Finally, we discuss recent experimental data in light of our numerical results.
Can the lexicalization/grammaticalization distinction be reconciled?

Recent work on the relationship between lexicalization and grammaticalization appears to yield a consensus compatible with traditional notions of gestalt linguistics. A survey of the literature indicates the complexity of this supposed dichotomy, and provides a starting point from which we may evaluate a diagrammatic approach to the problem. Examples focus on the German derivational suffix -heit, cognate with English -hood. Such suffixation has traditionally been difficult for scholars to assess in terms of lexicality and grammaticality. Taking the gestalt concepts of parts and wholes into account, the inherent flexibility and fluidity between lexicalization and grammaticalization becomes apparent.
Postnatal change on the location of Ostmann's fatty tissue in the region lateral to Eustachian tube.

Abstract Objective: To delineate a possible role of protective function by Ostmann's fatty tissue (OF) in the lateral region to Eustachian tube (ET). Study design: Morphometric and histopathological examination on human temporal bones. Methods: OF in the region lateral to the cartilaginous portion of the ET between the ET lumen and the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVP) was studied histopathologically and morphometrically by analyzing a series of vertically cut histologic sections for the ET structures. Sections were obtained from 25 individuals with age ranging from 33 gestational weeks to 38 years at the time of their death. Results: In fetus and neonates, the region lateral to ET was filled with mesenchyme. OF appeared first in this region at 2–3 weeks postnatally, and increased in volume with development of the ET. In the cases of older children and adults (Group-B), the ratio of the volume of OF in the region to that of ET lumen (OF/L) was significantly higher in the posterior half than in the anterior half of the cartilaginous portion of ET. However, in the cases of infants and younger children (Group-A), there was no significant difference in the ratio between the two regions. In the posterior half of the cartilaginous portion of ET, OF/L was significantly higher in Group-B than in Group-A, while in the anterior half, there was no significant difference in the ratio between two age groups (Group-A and B). Conclusions: In Group-B, the dominant OF in the area of the posterior half of the cartilaginous region, which includes the narrowest portion of ET, may be responsible for restorating the ET lumen back to its closed static condition after active tubal opening by contraction of TVP. This is thought to be important for protection of the middle ear. On the other hand, in Group-A, poor OF near the narrowest portion of ET may cause insufficient restoration of the ET lumen and increased risk of developing otitis media (OM).
Optimality of balanced proper orthogonal decomposition for data reconstruction II: Further approximation results

Abstract In our earlier paper Singler (2010) [7] , we showed two separate data sets can be optimally approximated using balanced proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes derived from the data. In this work, we prove new results concerning the approximation capability of the balanced POD modes. We give exact computable expressions for the errors between the individual data sets and the low order balanced POD data reconstructions. We also consider approximating elements of the Hilbert space using various projections onto the balanced POD modes. We discuss the relevance of these results to balanced POD model reduction of nonlinear partial differential equations.
The Urbanization of the Eastern Gray Squirrel in the United States

If they had tuned in to radio station  on July 12, 1934, residents of Washington, D.C., could have heard a talk by Vernon Bailey, the recently retired chief field naturalist of the U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey. Bailey was best known for his involvement in controversies over wolf eradication in the West, but his radio talk that day was on a subject closer to home and less politically charged, at least on the surface: “Animals Worth Knowing around the Capitol.” While he touched on a number of Washington-area animals that were “worth knowing,” he singled out one type for special attention: gray squirrels, which he described as “probably our best-known and most loved native wild animals, as they are not very wild and, being very intelligent, accept and appreciate our hospitality and friendship.” Compared to most of his listeners, Bailey was unusually well informed about the biology and ecology of urban squirrels, which he had been feeding in the backyard of his townhouse in theKaloramaTriangle neighborhood for decades. Even so, his interest in the species and his belief in its virtues would probably not have surprised many of his fellow Washingtonians. By the early twentieth century, eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), once limited to rural areas, had become the most visible nondomesticated mammals in American cities. Like Bailey, numerous naturalists, zoo directors, educators, park designers, and poets had attempted to convince the public of gray squirrels’ contribution to the urban landscape and their value as members of the urban community. The arboreal rodents were protected, sheltered, and fed by the humans who treated them as public pets, even as they aroused the resentment and distaste of those who viewed them as pests.
Knowledge management for computational intelligence systems

Computer systems do not learn from previous experiences unless they are designed for this purpose. Computational intelligence systems (CIS) are inherently capable of dealing with imprecise contexts, creating a new solution in each new execution. Therefore, every execution of a CIS is valuable to be learned. We describe an architecture for designing CIS that includes a knowledge management (KM) framework, allowing the system to learn from its own experiences, and those learned in external contexts. This framework makes the system flexible and adaptable so it evolves, guaranteeing high levels of reliability when performing in a dynamic world. This KM framework is being incorporated into the computational intelligence tool for software testing at National Institute for Systems Test and Productivity. This paper introduces the framework describing the two underlying methodologies it uses, i.e. case-based reasoning and monitored distribution; it also details the motivation and requirements for incorporating the framework into CIS.