cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industrial Emigration in Early Victorian Britain

Since the days of Queen Elizabeth, emigration has been a habit with the British people. But it was the nineteenth century, when almost seventeen million persons emigrated, that witnessed the United Kingdom's most extensive exodus: approximately eighty per cent of the emigrants went to North America. A broad, historical explanation of the forces that motivated British subjects to abandon their homeland can be found in numerous works. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to view in greater detail one small facet of a not uncommon, yet entangling, subject. A series of specialized studies producing greater exactness of information would perhaps lead to a fuller and more complete understanding of a topic that has been open to much conjecture.
The nature and measurement of freedom

This article develops an ergodic theory of freedom and its measurement. The key idea is that freedom and uncertainty are inextricably entwined. Measuretheoretic isomorphism of stationary processes is a natural way of identifying at an abstract level identity of the structure of uncertainty, which can be measured by the entropy rate of a stationary process. Various empirical examples of markets and elections are considered, as well as the Kantian, as opposed to utilitarian, philosophical framework of the general ideas.
A Meta-Analysis Of Empirical Materiality Studies

This paper builds on the work of Messier, Martinov-Bennie and Eilifsen (2005) A Review and Integration of Empirical Research on Materiality: Two Decades Later. That paper is an excellent qualitative summary of empirical materiality studies. However, it makes no attempt at quantitative integration. This paper uses meta-analysis to quantitatively integrate the findings of 42 studies reporting 14,033 materiality decisions by 6,762 individuals. Materiality is broadly defined as an amount that would make a user change his or her mind about a company. Since this definition is subjective, it is no surprise that individual materiality decisions are widely dispersed. What might be surprising is that the mean threshold of materiality over 14,033 decisions was 8.52% percent of net income. The factors which contribute to variability include the interest group making the materiality decision, the accounting issue in play, study method, and the amount of detail provided to the decider. The contributions of this study are to synthesize prior research quantitatively, to describe the application of meta-analytical techniques to accounting research, and raise questions for further research which might reduce the uncertainty in applying the concept of materiality in the future.
Polyamine Pools and Cancer Prevention

Polyamine contents increase during epithelial carcinogenesis in both rodents and humans. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first enzyme in polyamine synthesis in mammals, is increased in epithelial cancers, and ODC has become a target for cancer chemoprevention. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is a specific inhibitor of ODC and is under evaluation in clinical trials for prevention of epithelial cancers, including those of the colon, prostate, and skin. Tissue, serum, and other bodily fluid endpoints have been used to monitor effects of DFMO in human clinical chemoprevention trials. Cell and tissue polyamine contents are regulated by mechanisms influencing synthesis, catabolism, uptake, and efflux. These regulatory mechanisms include both transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. Tissue measurements of ODC enzyme activity have often failed to be reliable measures of either carcinogenesis or response to DFMO. Levels of target tissue polyamines are less subject to measurement variability than are measures of ODC enzyme activity, and are closely associated with administered DFMO dose in randomized clinical chemoprevention trials in humans. Target tissue polyamine contents are validated biomarkers for the biochemical efficacy of DFMO in clinical cancer chemoprevention trials. There is a need for new predictive biomarkers of agents that affect polyamine metabolism that could be measured in sources other than target tissues.
Chloride is an Agonist of Group II and III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors.

The elemental anion chloride is generally considered a passive participant in neuronal excitability, and has never been shown to function as an agonist in its own right. We show that the antagonist-mediated, glutamate-independent inverse agonism of group II and III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors results from inhibition of chloride-mediated activation. In silico molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and functional assays demonstrate (1) that chloride is an agonist of mGlu3, mGlu4, mGlu6, and mGlu8 receptors with its own orthosteric site, and (2) that chloride is not an agonist of mGlu2 receptors. Molecular modeling–predicted and site-directed mutagenesis supported that this unique property of mGlu2 receptors results from a single divergent amino acid, highlighting a molecular switch for chloride insensitivity that is transduced through an arginine flip. Ultimately, these results suggest that activation of group II and III mGlu receptors is mediated not only by glutamate, but also by physiologically relevant concentrations of chloride.
Psychosocial Services for Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a vast, rapidly evolving phenomenon. An inherent difficulty in a book chapter on AIDS, no matter what its focus, is maintaining the timeliness and relevance of its content. Our understanding of the basic and clinical science components of AIDS is ever-expanding. Similarly, the complexities involved in developing vaccines and cures and, indeed, in providing health care for patients are sobering.
Abstract PR-02: Breast Cancer Risk Assessment: Genetic and Non-Genetic Risk Factors contributing to Differential Model Performance

Introduction: Clinicians use different breast cancer risk models for patients considered at average and above-average risk, based largely on their family histories and genetic factors. To explore the feasibility of a single model appropriate for all women, we used longitudinal cohort data from women whose breast cancer risks span the full spectrum to determine the covariates that differentiate the performance of two commonly used models, BCRAT, or also called GAIL model, (used for patients with average risk) and IBIS, or also called Tyrer Cuzick model, (for patients with above-average risk). Methods: We evaluated the performance of BCRAT and IBIS for ten-year absolute risk of breast cancer, using prospective data from 1,857 women over a mean follow-up length of 8.1 years, of whom 83 developed cancer. This cohort spans the continuum of breast cancer risk, with some subjects at lower than average population risk. Therefore, the wide-variation in individual risk makes it an interesting population to examine model performance across subgroups of women. For model calibration, we divided the cohort into quartiles of model-assigned risk and comparing differences between assigned and observed risks using the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) chi-squared statistic. For model discrimination, we computed the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) and the case risk percentiles (CRPs). Results: The ten-year risks assigned by BCRAT and IBIS differed (range of difference 0.001 to 79.5). The mean BCRAT- and IBIS-assigned risks of 3.18% and 5.59%, respectively, were lower than the cohort9s 10-year cumulative probability of developing breast cancer (6.25%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.0-7.8%). Agreement between assigned and observed risks was better for IBIS (HL X42 =7.2, P-value 0.13) than BCRAT (HL X42 = 22.0, P-value This abstract is also presented as Poster A109. Citation Format: Anne S. Quante, Alice S. Whittemore, Mary Beth Terry. Breast cancer risk assessment: Genetic and nongenetic risk factors contributing to differential model performance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PR-02.
THE IMPACT OF PRE-PROCEDURAL SERUM ALBUMIN LEVELS ON OUTCOME OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Risk assessment for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) patients usually includes surgical scores, which do not accurately predict mortality risk. Our goal was to assess the impact of serum albumin levels on outcome of severe aortic stenosis (AS) patients undergoing TAVR. Patients
Spread Factor Variation for Oil-Base, Aerial Sprays

Aerial spray deposits are commonly assessed by collecting samples of either undyed spray on oil-sensitive dyed paper cards or dyed spray on undyed cards. Since the spread of oil-base spray drops changes disproportionately with drop size, the spots on the cards must be converted back to the original (spherical) drop sizes. This is accomplished by dividing the spot diameter as measured on the card by a suitable spread factor. A procedure is presented for determining this spread factor. Variation of the spread factor with drop size, sampling surface. and different sprays is discussed. The spread factor increases with increasing drop sizes regardless of the kind of assessment paper and spray. The rate of this increase depends primarily on the kind and source of spray materials used in the formulation. Therefore, for an accurate spray deposit assessment, the spread factor should be determined for a range of drop sizes for each different spray formulation.
The Epidemiology of DSM-5 Nicotine Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.

To present nationally representative information on the prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, and treatment of DSM-5 nicotine use disorder (NUD) and the public health burden of US cigarette consumption among adults with NUD and other psychiatric disorders.Using data from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (N = 36,309), we conducted weighted cross-tabulations and multivariate logistic regression analyses to estimate prevalences and examine comorbidity of NUD.Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime DSM-5 NUD were 20.0% and 27.9%, respectively. Nicotine use disorder was more frequent among men, non-Hispanic whites, younger individuals, the previously married, those with less education and lower incomes, and those residing in rural areas. Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and additional psychiatric comorbidity, 12-month NUD and lifetime NUD were significantly associated with other substance use and antisocial personality disorders (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.5-5.1, 12-month; 1.5-5.6, lifetime). Twelve-month severe NUD was generally associated with major depressive, bipolar I, bipolar II, panic, generalized anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and schizotypal, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders (ORs = 1.3-2.5). Individuals with current NUD and at least 1 psychiatric disorder comprised 11.1% of US adults but smoked 53.6% of total cigarettes consumed. Treatment was utilized by 20.3% of respondents with 12-month and 18.8% with lifetime NUD.Findings underscore the need to address nicotine use in clinical settings. Recognition of psychiatrically vulnerable subpopulations may inform etiologic research, prevention, and treatment of NUD.
SPOUSE CONCORDANCE FOR SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

Eighty-two per cent of all adult residents of Rancho Bernardo, California, participated in a study of the prevalence of heart disease risk factors in 1972-1974. Spouse correlations for systolic and diastolic blood pressure were examined in 1702 spouse pairs including 403 spouse pairs married 40 or more years. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed significant spouse correlation after adjustment for spouse similarities in age and relative weight (r = 0.102 for systolic, r = 0.114 for diastolic, p less than or equal to 0.05). An examination of blood pressure correlations by duration of marriage and age of wife showed correlations to be influenced by age of wife rather than duration of marriage. Spouse correlations were lowest when the wife was aged 40-49 years and highest when the wife was 50-59 years of age. The differential concordance by wife's age is compatible with different degrees of shared behaviors for couples at different ages.
Multiple Organ Failure: Clinical Characteristics of Gut-Origin Septic States

Multiple organ failure is a stereotyped cumulative sequence of organ failures. These septic organ failures may be grouped. The first group is a failure of pulmonary oxygen transport in association with a failure of peripheral oxygen extraction, high cardiac output, and low total peripheral resistance. The second group is muscle atrophy in association with gut hepatic failure. This is commonly associated with high-output renal failure. Finally, we have disorders of blood coagulation followed by terminal biventricular myocardial failure, pulmonary edema, and death.
Multi-agent optimization in the presence of Byzantine adversaries: Fundamental limits

We study multi-agent optimization problem in the presence of Byzantine adversaries, where each agent i has a local cost function hi(x), and some unknown subset of agents suffer Byzantine faults. The goal is to optimize a global objective that properly aggregates the local cost functions. Ideally, we would like to optimize 1 over |N| Σi∊N hi(x), where N is the set of non-faulty agents. However, we show that this ideal goal is unachievable. Therefore, we define a relaxed version of the problem, named Byzantine multi-agent optimization, for which the goal is to generate an output that is an optimum of a global cost function formed as a convex combination of local cost functions kept by the non-faulty agents. More precisely, there must exist nonnegative weights αi for i ∊ N such that Σi∊N αi = 1, and the output is an optimum of Σi∊N αihi(x). In this paper, we focus on the impact of Byzantine attacks on the maximal achievable number of nonzero weights. To characterize the fundamental limits, we assume that the argument of each local cost function is a (real-valued) scalar, the network is fully-connected, and there is no restriction on the information exchange among agents. We show that the number of nonzero weights (αi's) that can be guaranteed is at most |N| − f, where f is the maximum number of Byzantine faulty agents. Additionally, we present algorithms that achieve this upper bound. By exploiting Byzantine broadcast for information exchange between agents, our proposed algorithms essentially solve a centralized problem where there are n functions among which up to f functions are injected by the system adversary.
Conserving the self-taught artists collection at the Smithsonian American Art Museum

Evolving curatorial frameworks for art beyond the mainstream have influenced how conservators approach preservation and degrees of intervention. Unconventional materials and techniques, along with inconsistent or compromised care during the artist's lifetime necessitate artist-specific materials knowledge and a curatorial perspective that considers the artist's historical lack of agency as a factor in preservation strategies.
When Misinformation Improves Memory: The Effects of Recollecting Change

In two experiments, we explored the effects of noticing and remembering change in the misinformation paradigm. People watched slide shows, read narratives containing misinformation about the events depicted in the slide shows, and took a recognition test on which they reported whether any details had changed between the slides and the narratives. As expected, we found a strong misinformation effect overall. In some cases, however, misinformation led to improved recognition, which is opposite the usual finding. Critically, misinformation led to improved recognition of the original event when subjects detected and remembered a change between the original event and the postevent information. Our research agrees with other findings from retroactive-interference paradigms and can be interpreted within the recursive-remindings framework, according to which detecting and remembering change can enhance retention. We conclude that the misinformation effect occurs mostly for witnessed details that are not particularly memorable. In the case of more memorable details, providing misinformation can actually facilitate later recollection of the original events.
Relationships and Predictive Capabilities of Jump Assessments to Soccer-Specific Field Test Performance in Division I Collegiate Players.

Leg power is an important characteristic for soccer, and jump tests can measure this capacity. Limited research has analyzed relationships between jumping and soccer-specific field test performance in collegiate male players. Nineteen Division I players completed tests of: leg power (vertical jump (VJ), standing broad jump (SBJ), left- and right-leg triple hop (TH)); linear (30 m sprint; 0–5 m, 5–10 m, 0–10, 0–30 m intervals) and change-of-direction (505) speed; soccer-specific fitness (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2); and 7 × 30-m sprints to measure repeated-sprint ability (RSA; total time (TT), performance decrement (PD)). Pearson’s correlations (r) determined jump and field test relationships; stepwise regression ascertained jump predictors of the tests (p < 0.05). All jumps correlated with the 0–5, 0–10, and 0–30 m sprint intervals (r = −0.65–−0.90). VJ, SBJ, and left- and right-leg TH correlated with RSA TT (r = −0.51–−0.59). Right-leg TH predicted the 0–5 and 0–10 m intervals (R2 = 0.55–0.81); the VJ predicted the 0–30 m interval and RSA TT (R2 = 0.41–0.84). Between-leg TH asymmetry correlated with and predicted left-leg 505 and RSA PD (r = −0.68–0.62; R2 = 0.39–0.46). Improvements in jumping ability could contribute to faster speed and RSA performance in collegiate soccer players.
Planning Statistical Quality Control to Minimize Patient Risk: It's About Time

The purpose of statistical quality control (SQC)2 in the clinical laboratory is to assure that reported patient results are fit for their intended use, not only when a measurement procedure is operating in its stable incontrol state, but also when out-of-control conditions occur. The value of quality-control principles and practices in the laboratory has been well recognized and appreciated for many decades. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI; then known as the NCCLS) published its first approved guideline on statistical quality-control principles and definitions for quantitative measurement procedures in 1991 (1). The fourth edition of the guideline appeared last year (2). For many years SQC design primarily involved choosing how many quality control (QC) samples to measure and what QC rules to apply to the QC results. This approach originated in an era when batch testing was common. QC samples were placed in the batch along with patient specimens. The QC sample results were used to decide if the patient results in the batch were acceptable. The goal was for the QC rule to have a low probability of rejection when the batch was in control (probability of false rejection, Pfr) and a high probability of rejection when the batch was out-of-control (probability of error detection, Ped) (3). When continuous-production analyzers became prevalent in the laboratory, a new QC planning question arose: When should QC samples be measured? In batch testing, the answer was to measure QC samples with each batch. However, with continuous-production analyzers a link between QC results and patient results within a batch no longer exists. Instead, QC results simply reflect the current state of the measurement procedure at the time they are measured. Unfortunately, the traditional QC performance measures, …
Nationwide Healthcare utilization among children with epilepsy in the United States: 2003–2014

Abstract Background Epilepsy is particularly frequent among children, yet updated and nationwide healthcare utilization estimates are scanty in the United States. Objective To analyze healthcare utilization among children with epilepsy. Methods Data on children (≤17-year-old) were extracted from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) 2003–2014. Epilepsy was identified using the clinical classification code 83. Healthcare utilization (Inpatient admission, outpatient visits, prescription medication including refill, emergency room visits, and home health provider visits) was compared between children with epilepsy and those without epilepsy. A negative binomial model was used to assess the relationship between epilepsy and healthcare utilizations accounting for the influence of extraneous factors. Results In all, a weighted 457,873 children (0.84%) had epilepsy in United States. The unadjusted proportion and the mean annual number of health care service utilization were higher in children with epilepsy compared to those without epilepsy. Children with epilepsy had almost 3.3 more outpatient visits (95% CI: 2.281–4.274), 7.9 more medication prescriptions including refills (95% CI: 6.058–9.662), nearly 0.4 more emergency department visits (95% CI: 0.278–0.438) and nearly 12 more home health provider visits (95% CI: 1.988–21.756) than those without epilepsy. The adjusted marginal effect of epilepsy on inpatient admission was not statistically significant. Conclusion unadjusted and adjusted healthcare utilization is considerably higher in children with epilepsy compared to those without epilepsy in the United States with heterogeneity across individual services.
Gratitude and Spirituality: A Review of Theory and Research

Gratitude has emerged as a topic of renewed interest among psychological scientists. In theoretical terms, gratitude can be understood from both interpersonal and intrapersonal perspectives, which we apply to understanding the positive association between gratitude and spirituality. This association could indicate that spirituality enhances gratitude (or that gratitude enhances spirituality); these possibilities and alternative explanations are evaluated using the existing research literature. The gratitude-spirituality link may extend across cultures and religions, although further research is needed to address the moderators and mediators of this relation, and to explore the ways in which this link can promote positive outcomes for individuals and communities.
Fibrosing mediastinitis-related pulmonary artery and vein stenosis-limiting chemotherapy.

A 74-year-old woman presented for second opinion of dyspnoea management. Her medical history included breast cancer treated with mastectomy, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and tamoxifen. She developed recurrent metastatic disease in the mediastinum, managed with 89 six-week cycles of paclitaxel over 10 years that was well tolerated and effective in stabilising the disease initially but eventually discontinued due to new sternal metastasis diagnosed on imaging and increasing dyspnoea. Examination revealed diminished left-sided breath sounds. Routine labs were normal. Echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular function and dilated right chambers. Repeat chest CT demonstrated: (1) extensive calcification …
Writing the Nation: Re-thinking the Masculinist Project in Eça de Queirós’s Ilustre casa de Ramires

This article examines Jose Maria de Eca de Queiros’s novel A ilustre casa de Ramires (1900) through a focus on the writing process of the main protagonist, Goncalo Mendes Ramires, who attempts to produce a historical novella of his ancestry. Drawing on Helene Cixous’s concept of ecriture feminine and the visceral experience of writing through the body, I analyze the protagonist’s quest for political advancement and social acceptance. If Ramires yearns for enhanced virility in male-dominated political and literary circles, Eca’s ironic textual subtleties, humor, and multifaceted narrative all serve to question established norms of gender, power, and sexuality. In the end, both historiography and political glory emerge as ambivalent phenomena.
Laparoscopic total abdominal hysterectomy in morbidly obese women. A pilot-phase report.

Objective To establish the consecutive steps in and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic total abdominal hysterectomy (L-TAH) (hysterectomy completed via laparoscopy, with no transvaginal approach by the suturing technique) in a group of morbidly obese women and to compare the results to a group of nonobese women with clinically similar characteristics and indications for hysterectomy. Study design Eleven morbidly obese women were subjected to a L-TAH with no vaginal approach. The operation was executed by suturing and tying an extracorporeal sliding knot and by using intracorporeal two-turn flat square knot methods. The consecutive steps of the operation were changed from the original to facilitate this procedure. The group of morbidly obese women was compared to a group of nonobese women. Results All the subjects exceeded their ideal body weight by 100%. Their actual weight ranged from 118.9 to 139.8 kg, and their height ranged from 58 to 69 in. All the planned surgery was completed, and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. There was no conversion from the laparoscopic approach to a laparotomy or transvaginal path. When compared to that in the control group, the mean operating time was significantly longer in morbidly obese subjects. Conclusion L-TAH is safe and effective for morbidly obese women.
A Group Whose Elements Are Functions.

Hence, f2 ? fs = fi provided that the do main of /2 o /5 is the same as that of /3. (Two functions are not considered equal unless they have the same domain.) Note that if we placed only the usual restriction on each domain (that is, excluded only the numbers for which the equation is mean ingless), the domain of /2 ? /5 would not be the same as that of /3, because the domain of f2 ? fs would not include 1 and the do main of /3 would. With 0 and 1 excluded from all the do mains, it can be verified that the composite of any two of the functions above (includ ing the composite of any one with itself) is always one of the six functions. Hence, composition can be considered a binary op eration defined on this set of six elements. It is easy to derive table 1.
Quantifying Real-World Upper-Limb Activity Via Patient-Initiated Movement After Nerve Reconstruction for Upper Brachial Plexus Injury.

Background A critical concept in brachial plexus reconstruction is the accurate assessment of functional outcomes. The current standard for motor outcome assessment is clinician-elicited, outpatient clinic-based, serial evaluation of range of motion and muscle power. However, discrepancies exist between such clinical measurements and actual patient-initiated use. We employed emerging technology in the form of accelerometry-based motion detectors to quantify real-world arm use after brachial plexus surgery. Objective To evaluate (1) the ability of accelerometry-based motion detectors to assess functional outcome and (2) the real-world arm use of patients after nerve transfer for brachial plexus injury, through a pilot study. Methods Five male patients who underwent nerve transfer after brachial plexus injury wore bilateral motion detectors for 7 d. The patients also underwent range-of-motion evaluation and completed multiple patient-reported outcome surveys. Results The average age of the recruits was 41 yr (±17 yr), and the average time from operation was 2 yr (±1 yr). The VT (time of use ratio) for the affected side compared to the unaffected side was 0.73 (±0.27), and the VM (magnitude ratio) was 0.63 (±0.59). VT strongly and positively correlated with shoulder flexion and shoulder abduction: 0.97 (P = .008) and 0.99 (P = .002), respectively. Conclusion Accelerometry-based activity monitors can successfully assess real-world functional outcomes after brachial plexus reconstruction. This pilot study demonstrates that patients after nerve transfer are utilizing their affected limbs significantly in daily activities and that recovery of shoulder function is critical.
Negative viscosity and eddy flow of the imbalanced electron-hole liquid in graphene

We present a hydrodynamic theory for electron-hole magnetotransport in graphene incorporating carrier-population imbalance, energy, and momentum relaxation processes. We focus on the electric response and find that the carrier and energy imbalance relaxation processes strongly modify the shear viscosity, so that an effective viscosity can be negative in the vicinity of charge neutrality. We predict an emergent eddy flow pattern of swirling currents and explore its manifestation in nonlocal resistivity oscillations in a strip of graphene driven by a source current.
Off-target effects of carfilzomib that cause cardiotoxicity.

In this issue of Blood, Efentakis et al report using an animal model to study carfilzomib (Cfz)–induced cardiotoxicity and to demonstrate that the molecular mechanism is not related to the inhibition of the proteasome function but instead has an influence on modulation of the autophagy pathway, inactivation of AMPKα, and upregulation of PP2A phosphatase activity.1
Value Expressive Advertising and Innovation Acceptance in Healthcare: An Abstract

Innovation is important to the improvement of healthcare delivery (Carter and Grover 2015; Keown et al. 2014). This paper addresses how healthcare innovation acceptance may benefit from value-expressive advertising that positions the innovation in the context of a self-image of the targeted user (Carter and Grover 2015; Johar and Sirgy 1991; Keown et al. 2014). Value-expressive advertising represents a type of advertising that aims to create an image of the user of a product or brand that is congruent with their self-image. Instead of emphasizing the functionality of a product or brand, value-expressive advertising seeks to highlight images that relate to the intended user. Value-expressive advertising creates an image of a product or brand which can be extended to a user’s self-perception. This can occur based on the product image or when an image of a typical user is included. Based on one’s self-concept, when a person finds a product or brand that has a congruent user image, the need for self-congruity is met. Self-congruity corresponds to various self-images (Aguirre-Rodriguez et al. 2012; Johar and Sirgy 1991; Malar et al. 2011). These represent an actual self-image, an ideal self-image, an actual social self-image, and an ideal social self-image. Positive attitudes precede individual or organizational actions in relation to innovations, thus affecting a decision to adhere or adopt innovations (Cabana et al. 1999; Wisdom et al. 2014). The model that is developed in this paper is based on two major relationships seen in the literature. First, value-expressive advertising that successfully reflects a person’s self-concept is positively associated with self-congruity (Aguirre-Rodriguez et al. 2012; Johar and Sirgy 1991; Gonzalez-Jimenez 2017; Sirgy 1985). Second, when the need for self-congruity is met, it is positively related to individual’s attitudes towards the tangible as well as intangible properties of the product or brand (Kressmann et al. 2006; Quester et al. 2000). Adopting the conceptualization of Johar and Sirgy (1991), the proposed model addresses how four self-image dimensions are associated with four self-congruity dimensions leading to a positive attitude towards an innovation in healthcare. Future research is needed to examine the relationship between the value-expressive appeal of healthcare innovation, related clinician self-congruity, and attitudes towards the innovation.
Approaches to modulating stochastic effects in EUV lithography (Conference Presentation)

Stochastic effects are a major concern for yield enablement as we look towards extending the use of single-expose EUV lithography in both trench and via levels. For example, in trench levels stochastic effects lead to two competing defect modes: line breaks and microbridges, both of which are highly CD-dependent and lead to patterning cliffs that narrow the process window as the pitch decreases. In order to push the limits of effective pitch resolution, a fundamental understanding of the patterning process space is required, including imaging and mask contributions, material contributions, as well as develop, and etch contributions. In this paper we will discuss several strategies to modulate and gain fundamental understanding of stochastic effects. In term of the illumination contribution, recently Burkhardt et al. investigated phase effect in EUV through simulation, demonstrating that the images shift caused by a focus shift in monopole illumination can be used to make split images overlap, thus enhancing the contrast in a dipole. We will show that this approach can be used to modulate stochastic effects, specifically defectivity and line edge roughness, and directly correlate these modulations to electrical yield detractors. We will also discuss alternate approaches to understand interfacial effects between the resist and underlying substrate that can impact stochastic defectivity.
Effects of implementing an integrative drama-inquiry learning model in a science classroom

This paper introduces ‘Integrative Drama-Inquiry Learning’ (IDI), merging drama-based learning with inquiry-based learning in order to exemplify teaching science through drama. The study also repor...
A Local ψ -Epistemic Retrocausal Hidden-Variable Model of Bell Correlations with Wavefunctions in Physical Space

We construct a local $$\psi $$ -epistemic hidden-variable model of Bell correlations by a retrocausal adaptation of the originally superdeterministic model given by Brans. In our model, for a pair of particles the joint quantum state $$|\psi _e(t)\rangle $$ as determined by preparation is epistemic. The model also assigns to the pair of particles a factorisable joint quantum state $$|\psi _o(t)\rangle $$ which is different from the prepared quantum state $$|\psi _e(t)\rangle $$ and has an ontic status. The ontic state of a single particle consists of two parts. First, a single particle ontic quantum state $$\chi (\vec {x},t)|i\rangle $$ , where $$\chi (\vec {x},t)$$ is a 3-space wavepacket and $$|i\rangle $$ is a spin eigenstate of the future measurement setting. Second, a particle position in 3-space $$\vec {x}(t)$$ , which evolves via a de Broglie–Bohm type guidance equation with the 3-space wavepacket $$\chi (\vec {x},t)$$ acting as a local pilot wave. The joint ontic quantum state $$|\psi _o(t)\rangle $$ fixes the measurement outcomes deterministically whereas the prepared quantum state $$|\psi _e(t)\rangle $$ determines the distribution of the $$|\psi _o(t)\rangle $$ ’s over an ensemble. Both $$|\psi _o(t)\rangle $$ and $$|\psi _e(t)\rangle $$ evolve via the Schrodinger equation. Our model exactly reproduces the Bell correlations for any pair of measurement settings. We also consider ‘non-equilibrium’ extensions of the model with an arbitrary distribution of hidden variables. We show that, in non-equilibrium, the model generally violates no-signalling constraints while remaining local with respect to both ontology and interaction between particles. We argue that our model shares some structural similarities with the modal class of interpretations of quantum mechanics.
EpiPen, Patents, and Life and Death

Drug pricing disputes, while significant public health concerns, are not typically immediate life or death matters. But they may be for certain emergency medicines, medicines used for potentially lethal and rapidly onset illnesses or injuries. This is especially true for emergency combination drug-device products, like Mylan’s EpiPen, for which patients bear a significant brunt of the products’ cost. Scholarly commentary on the controversy surrounding the pricing of Mylan’s EpiPen, however, has largely elided over this relationship among combination products, emergency medicine, and patient payment, focusing principally instead on classic issues of antitrust and competition. This brief Essay explores how EpiPen’s pricing capacity is a function of a peculiar intersection of emergency medicine, FDA law and policy, and patents, and suggests areas of further analysis for other drug-device emergency products.
Performance of commercial PCR assays to detect toxigenic Clostridioides difficile in the feces of puppies

Clostridioides difficile is an important enteric pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans. With community-acquired infections on the rise, it is important to identify reservoirs of the pathogen. Companion animals can be asymptomatic carriers of C. difficile and may therefore represent a reservoir, but epidemiological studies of C. difficile within the pet-owner unit are needed, along with validated methods to detect C. difficile in both people and animals. The goal of this study was to assess the performance of commercial qPCR assays and a multiplex PCR for C. difficile compared to toxigenic culture. These assays were tested on up to 103 fecal samples from puppies, a population in which the prevalence of C. difficile is the highest. The sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values and negative predictive values were respectively 84.2%, 87.7%, 61.5%, and 95.9% for the Cepheid GeneXpert; 66.7%, 66.7%, 29.6%, and 90.9% for the DiaSorin Simplexa; and 94.4%, 85.0%, 65.4%, and 98.1%, for the multiplex qPCR. The agreement was highest between the GeneXpert and the multiplex PCR (90.1% agreement, with a kappa statistic of 0.77). For diagnostic purposes, the positive predictive values of the assays were low. However, the high sensitivities of the assays could render them useful for epidemiologic purposes.
The Mysterious Origins of Solar Flares: New observations are beginning to reveal what triggers these hughes explosions of the sun's atmosphere

Solar flares can release the energy equivalent of billions of atomic bombs in the span of just a few minutes. These explosions give off a burst of x-rays and charged particles, some of which may later hit Earth, endangering satellites and causing power outages. The sun's tumultuous magnetic fields provide the fuel of flares. The sudden release of energy in a flare results from a process called reconnection, whereby oppositely directed magnetic field lines come together and partially annihilate each other. Although theoretical studies of magnetic reconnection on the sun have been carried out for decades, only recently have space probes uncovered observational evidence for this phenomenon. The telltale signs include pointed magnetic loops located below the spot where magnetic reconnection is taking place.
Antiforce Current Bearing Waves

In the case of breakdown waves in a long discharge tube, near the electrode where the potential gradient in the gas is greatest, small quantity of gas is ionized. Analysis of the spectrum of radiation emitted from electric breakdown of a gas reveals no Doppler shift, indicating that the ions have negligible motion. The large difference in mobilities of positive ions and electrons causes establishment of a space charge and consequently a space charge field. The electric field accelerates the free electrons until they aquire enough of energy for collisional ionization of the gas. Since the ionized gas is a conductor and it can not hold internal electric filed, the electric field which has its maximum value at the interface between the ionized gas and the neutral gas has to reduce to a negligible value at the trailing edge of the wave.
A-Raf: A-Raf protein kinase (vertebrates)

A B-Raf oncogene was originally identified in an NIH3T3 cell transformant that was transfected with Ewing sarcoma DNA and a full-length B-Raf cDNA, and protein has since been characterized. It follows the same general functional rules and biochemical properties established for Raf1. NGF, EGF, or TPA stimulation of PC12 cells results in B-Raf becoming hyperphosphorylated, an increase of B-Raf kinase activity, and activation of the MAP kinase cascade. B-Raf is structurally similar to Raf1 and A-Raf but has a larger N-terminus. The CR2 region of B-Raf diverges slightly from this region in Raf1 and A-Raf. B-Raf has residues corresponding to all the major phosphorylation sites identified in Raf1. The enzyme, from PC12 cells, has been assayed in immune complexes as mitogen-dependent transfer of radioactivity from [γ32P]ATP to either B-Raf (autophosphorylation), casein, phosvitin, or a peptide substrate (B-Raf 359–386) as an immune complex. In contrast to Raf1, little or no mitogen-dependent stimulation of B-Raf kinase activity was observed with histone H1, histone H5, or syntide.
Roles of the Actin Cytoskeleton and Myosins in the Endomembrane System

The positioning of the endomembrane system (biosynthetic/secretory and endocytic pathways) and the constant movement of constituents between these compartments requires the involvement of the cytoskeleton and cytoskeletal‐based motors. Whereas much is known about the roles of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton in these events, considerably less is known about the roles of the actin cytoskeleton. Recent work has shown that the Golgi complex is linked to an actin‐based network that is important for Golgi morphology and the trafficking of Golgi‐derived membranes. Moreover, many of the cellular players used to transport cargo near the actin‐rich network subjacent to the plasma membrane (PM) may function near the Golgi.
T cell costimulation blockade and organ transplantation: a change of philosophy for transplant immunologists?

One of the most remarkable achievements of medicine during the 20th century has been the development of solid organ transplantation as a therapy for a variety of end-stage diseases. The pioneering efforts of many investigators now allow surgeons to routinely harvest and implant organs into
Set Constraints in Logic Programming

We investigate a generalization of weight-constraint programs with stable semantics, as implemented in the ASP solver smodels. Our programs admit atoms of the form \(\langle X,\mathcal{F} \rangle\) where X is a finite set of propositional atoms and \(\mathcal{F}\) is an arbitrary family of subsets of X. We call such atoms set constaints and show that the concept of stable model can be generalized to programs admitting set constraints both in the bodies and the heads of clauses. Natural tools to investigate the fixpoint semantics for such programs are nondeterministic operators in complete lattices. We prove two fixpoint theorems for such operators.
A role for lipopolysaccharide in turkey tracheal colonization by Bordetella avium as demonstrated in vivo and in vitro.

We isolated two insertion mutants of Bordetella avium that exhibited a peculiar clumped-growth phenotype and found them to be attenuated in turkey tracheal colonization. The mutants contained transposon insertions in homologues of the wlbA and wlbL genes of Bordetella pertussis. The wlb genetic locus of B. pertussis has been previously described as containing 12 genes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. Polyacrylamide gel analysis of LPS from B. avium wlbA and wlbL insertion mutants confirmed an alteration in the LPS profile. Subsequent cloning and complementation of the wlbA and wlbL mutants in trans with a recombinant plasmid containing the homologous wlb locus from B. avium eliminated the clumped-growth phenotype and restored the LPS profile to that of wild-type B. avium. Also, a parental level of tracheal colonization was restored to both mutants by the recombinant plasmid. Interestingly, complementation of the wlbA and wlbL mutants with a recombinant plasmid containing the heterologous wlb locus from B. pertussis, B. bronchiseptica, or Bordetella parapertussis eliminated the clumped-growth phenotype and resulted in a change in the LPS profile, although not to that of wild-type B. avium. The mutants also acquired resistance to a newly identified B. avium-specific bacteriophage, Ba1. Complementation of both wlbA and wlbL mutants with the homologous wlb locus of B. avium, but not the heterologous B. pertussis locus, restored sensitivity to Ba1. Complementation of the wlbL mutant, but not the wlbA mutant, with the heterologous wlb locus of Bordetella bronchiseptica or B. parapertussis restored partial sensitivity to Ba1. Comparisons of the LPS profile and phage sensitivity of the mutants upon complementation by wlb loci from the heterologous species and by B. avium suggested that phage sensitivity required the presence of O-antigen. At the mechanistic level, both mutants showed a dramatic decrease in serum resistance and a decrease in binding to turkey tracheal rings in vitro. In the case of serum resistance, complementation of both mutants with the homologous wlb locus of B. avium restored serum resistance to wild-type levels. However, in the case of epithelial cell binding, only complementation of the wlbA mutant completely restored binding to wild-type levels (binding was only partially restored in the wlbL mutant). This is the first characterization of LPS mutants of B. avium at the genetic level and the first report of virulence changes by both in vivo and in vitro measurements
Drug Prescribing in Pediatrics: Challenges for Quality Improvement

Pharmacoepidemiology and quality of care have become highly visible topics in geriatric medicine circles of late—due in part to research suggesting that there are important adverse effects of commonly used medications in elderly patients (eg, falls and fractures of the hip).1 Relatively less attention has been focused on patients at the other end of the age spectrum—children and adolescents. Although their exposure to medications is less than in older patients, pediatric drug prescribing is not an insignificant concern. In one longitudinal study of 222 children,2 the average number of medication courses received was 8.5 during the first 5 years of life.
Trends in surface air temperature and temperature extremes in the Great Basin during the 20th century from ground‐based observations

[1] We analyzed trends in surface air temperature and temperature extremes in the Great Basin during 1901–2010. We found that annual average daily minimum temperature increased significantly (0.9 ± 0.2°C) during the study period, with daily maximum temperature increasing only slightly. The asymmetric increase in daily minimum and maximum temperature resulted in daily diurnal temperature range (DTR) decreasing significantly from 1901 to 2010. Seasonally, increases in daily minimum temperature and decreases in DTR occurred in winter, summer, and autumn, but the rate of increase was faster in winter. In contrast, daily maximum temperature showed no significant trend in any season. These trends in temperature measures, however, were not monotonic with decadal periods that included either reversal or acceleration of century-scale trends. The trend magnitudes in temperatures were not significantly associated with elevations. Increases in daily minimum temperature resulted in a decrease in the number of frost days (−0.14 ± 0.04 day yr−1) and cool nights (−0.09 ± 0.04 night yr−1) from 1901 to 2010, while the number of warm days (0.11 ± 0.04 day yr−1) and warm nights (0.19 ± 0.03 night yr−1) increased significantly. Surprisingly, the number of cool days and the length of the growing season showed no significant trend during the study period. Thus, the results of this study suggest that continuation of the overall warming trend would lead to markedly warmer conditions in upcoming decades.
Synthetic Aperture Radar Digital Image Formation Processing

A comparison of two complementary approaches to real-time digital image formation processing of multiple-look, strip-map synthetic aperture radar data is presented. Emphasis is placed on tradeoffs regarding memory and throughput requirements, as well as the complexity in the control and timing for each processor. It is shown that the well-known range dependence of the synthetic aperture length results in a special set of design considerations which are important if uniform azimuth resolution and ideal look registration are the primary design goals.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.