cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis of Soft Tissue and Osseous Injuries in the Horse

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming readily available to equine veterinarians. As with any new imaging modality it is necessary to understand the uses, limitations, and diagnostic capabilities. One of the most valuable uses of MRI in adult horses is the ability to image the soft tissues of the extremities, providing diagnostic information not possible with any other currently available imaging modality. MRI provides both anatomic and physiologic tissue characteristics allowing diagnosis of soft tissue and osseous injuries. This chapter provides an introduction to basic MRI principles: safety and technical considerations, physics, sequences, tissue appearance on images, and image interpretation. Specific examples of normal anatomic structures and structures with pathologic change are provided. Determining the normal appearance of structures with age and exercise is necessary for image interpretation and identification of pathologic change. Collaboration will expedite this process and benefit clinicians and patients. Soft tissue and osseous injuries characterized by using MRI will allow specific diagnosis, appropriate and targeted treatment, rehabilitation, and monitoring.
Past-year recreational gambling in a nationally representative sample: Correlates of casino, non-casino, and both casino/non-casino gambling

Data from the Gambling Impact and Behavior Study (GIBS), a national survey of 2417 U.S. adults, were examined by multivariate analysis to investigate characteristics of past-year recreational gamblers who participated in casino-only, non-casino-only, and both casino and non-casino gambling. Compared to non-casino-only gamblers, individuals who gambled in both locations had higher rates of alcohol use and abuse/dependence, lower rates of drug use, more frequent gambling, and larger wins and losses. Compared to casino-only gamblers, individuals who gambled in both locations reported less drug use, poorer subjective health, earlier age of gambling onset, greater frequency of gambling, and larger wins and losses. Compared to casino-only or non-casino-only gambling, gambling in both locations was associated with more frequent and heavier gambling. Findings suggest aspects of recreational gambling, such as gambling venue, may have important public health implications and should be considered in guidelines for responsible gambling.
Excitation of the heart of Venus mercenaria.

1. The isolated heart of the mollusc, Venus mercenaria, is excited by compounds known to be acetylcholine antagonists. This excitation is probably due to the blocking of endogenous acetylcholine.
Mechanism of ozone attack on α-methyl glucoside and cellulosic materials

Ozone attack on cellulose and related substances was investigated and appears to involve a twofold mechanism. One is a free-radical chain mechanism involving oxygen in the propagating step. This slow reaction is highly indiscriminate, showing very little, if any, specificity as to the site of attack and resulting in the formation of peroxide, carbonyl, carboxyl, and presumably lactone groups. In the presence of oxygen, kinetic chain lengths of over 100 were measured, but in nitrogen atmosphere the total oxidation of substrate was equivalent to the amount of ozone consumed. The second process appears to be an electrophilic attack which liberates the anomeric carbon of glycosides via an ozone-catalyzed hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages. This reaction, analogous to a nitronium or chloronium ion- or proton-catalyzed hydrolysis, is postulated since chain degradation of polysaccharides is equally severe in the presence or absence of oxygen, and occurs in buffered solutions or suspensions even in the neutral pH range, and because the main product of ozone attack on α-methyl glucoside is glucose. Brightness improvement in cellulose involves an electrophilic attack on double bonds and therefore is a direct function of the quantity of ozone used, like chain degradation. It is therefore not surprising that we have found no method of enhancing the specificity of ozone attack on the colored material relative to chain degradation. Because of the topochemical and diffusion-controlled character of the reaction on cellulose, the use of a different temperature range will cause only a trivial difference in the relative rates of attack.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Teacher- vs. Student-Management Classroom Interventions.

The review contains a comprehensive evaluation of studies that have directly compared school-based, teacher- vs. student-management interventions. A search of the PSYCHINFO and ERIC databases produced 26 comparison studies out of a pool of 961 references. The review was limited to studies with nonretarded students in elementary school settings. This review assessed the number of self-management components in each self-management intervention, evaluated the relative effectiveness and generalization of these procedures, and assessed the relationship between the degree of self-management and the resulting treatment and generalization effects. It was found that student-management interventions resulted in greater treatment effect sizes than those of the teacher-management interventions. There also appeared to be a significant positive relationship between the number of intervention components that were student-managed and the treatment effect size.
Hydrolyzed wheat gluten suppresses transglutaminase-mediated gelation but improves emulsification of pork myofibrillar protein

The influence of 15-h chymotrypsin-hydrolyzed wheat gluten (GH) on microbial transglutaminase (MTGase)-mediated interaction, gelation and emulsification of pork myofibrillar protein isolate (MPI) was investigated at two ionic strengths (0M and 0.6M NaCl) and pH 6.5. MTGase treatments in 0M NaCl solution decreased the size of myosin heavy chain through deamidation, but this was inhibited by GH or in 0.6M NaCl where myosin polymerization dominated. Stabilization of MPI (thermal transitions) by the MTGase treatment was also diminished (P<0.05) by the presence of GH at both ionic strengths. These GH-induced MPI physicochemical changes greatly weakened the ability of MTGase to promote MPI thermal gelation (gel storage modulus, P<0.05), especially at 0.6M NaCl, which was shown to result from reduced protein aggregation. However, GH improved (P<0.05) emulsifying properties of MPI, regardless of MTGase treatment.
Dirhodium(II) tetrakis[N,N-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone-5(S)-carboxamide]. Structural effects on enantioselection in metal carbene transformations

Abstract The preparation and structural characterization of dirhodium(II) tetrakis[ N,N -dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone-5( S )-carb- oxamide], Rh 2 (5 S -DMAP) 4 , a new sterically-demanding catalyst for enantioselective metal carbene transformations, is described. The pyrrolidone ligands are arrayed around the dirhodium(II) core with two oxygen and two nitrogen donor atoms, each oriented cis , bound to each octahedral rhodium. The crystal structure of this compound has been determined to be that of Rh 2 (5 S -DMAP) 4 (CH 3 CN) 2 ·CH 3 CN·6H 2 O: space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 with cell constants a = 12.685(4), b =15.050(3), c =24.035(4) A; V =4588.5(1.9) A 3 , Z =4, R =0.0316, RhRh distance =2 4538(5) A. Decreased activity for diazodecomposition catalyzed by Rh 2 (5 S -DMAP) 4 is observed, and enantiocontrol for cyclopropanation and carbon-hydrogen insertion is lower than expected by analogy to the corresponding di- rhodium(II) tetrakis[methyl 2-pyrrolidone-5( S )-carboxylate], Rh 2 (5 S -MEPY) 4 Electronic stabilization of the in- termediate metal carbene is absent in reactions catalyzed by Rh 2 (5 S -DMAP) 4 .
Isotopic studies of NOX storage and reduction on Pt/BaO/Al2O3 catalyst using temporal analysis of products

A systematic isotopic study over Pt/BaO/Al2O3 powder catalyst was carried out using temporal analysis of products (TAP) to elucidate the role of the Pt/BaO interface and spillover processes during NOX storage and reduction. The sequential pre-nitration of Pt/BaO/Al2O3 using NO and 15NO followed by reduction with H2 results in the preferential evolution of 15N-containing species during initial H2 pulses. The evolution shifts toward unlabeled N-containing species in later H2 pulses. The data suggest that NOX storage proceeds radially outward from the Pt crystallites and that some mobility of the stored NOX species exists. The evolution of N2 and 15NN during 15NO–H2 pump–probe on a pre-nitrated (using unlabeled NO) catalyst confirms the involvement of spillover processes at the Pt/BaO interface. The evolution of nitrogen takes place by NO decomposition as well as by the reaction of stored NOX with H2 to form adsorbed N and eventually N2. A significant fraction of N2 is also produced via NH3 serving as an intermediate. The results suggest that the local gradients at the Pt/BaO interface in the stored NOX are important and that these should be taken into account in NSR catalyst design and modeling.
Retinoid receptors in transcriptional regulation

Abstract Our understanding of the mechanism of action of retinoids has been greatly expanded by a series of recent findings. First, the three-dimensional structure of the ligand-binding domain of two retinoid receptors has been solved and suggests that ligand binding induces marked allosteric changes. Second, several co-factors interacting with the receptors have been cloned, some of which are capable of regulating the function of receptors. Third, the advent of synthetic retinoids helped define the activities of the receptors. Fourth, the study of the in vivo receptor—DNA interactions has revealed a previously unrecognized role of the ligand in regulating the stability of receptor—DNA complexes. These advances have revealed complex molecular interactions operating at multiple levels, opening new avenues of research for addressing their mechanisms.
The Economic Lot-Scheduling Problem: Achieving Feasibility Using Time-Varying Lot Sizes

This paper considers the Economic Lot Scheduling Problem: that is, the problem of scheduling several products on a single facility so as to minimize holding and setup costs. We develop a formulation that provides feasible schedules by allowing the lot sizes and thus the cycle times for each product to vary over time and by explicitly taking into account setup times. Our main results characterize when feasible schedules exist, quantify the insensitivity of the schedules' costs to minor adjustments, and thus show how close the schedules will be to ones with optimal equal cycle times. We also present a heuristic for finding good feasible schedules.
Differential effects of arsenic trioxide on chemosensitization in human hepatic tumor and stellate cell lines

Crosstalk between malignant hepatocytes and the surrounding peritumoral stroma is a key modulator of hepatocarcinogenesis and therapeutic resistance. To examine the chemotherapy resistance of these two cellular compartments in vitro, we evaluated a well-established hepatic tumor cell line, HepG2, and an adult hepatic stellate cell line, LX2. The aim was to compare the chemosensitization potential of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in combination with sorafenib or fluorouracil (5-FU), in both hepatic tumor cells and stromal cells. Cytotoxicity of ATO, 5-FU, and sorafenib, alone and in combination against HepG2 cells and LX2 cells was measured by an automated high throughput cell-based proliferation assay. Changes in survival and apoptotic signaling pathways were analyzed by flow cytometry and western blot. Gene expression of the 5-FU metabolic enzyme, thymidylate synthase, was analyzed by real time PCR. Both HepG2 and LX2 cell lines were susceptible to single agent sorafenib and ATO at 24 hr (ATO IC50: 5.3 μM in LX2; 32.7 μM in HepG2; Sorafenib IC50: 11.8 μM in LX2; 9.9 μM in HepG2). In contrast, 5-FU cytotoxicity required higher concentrations and prolonged (48–72 hr) drug exposure. Concurrent ATO and 5-FU treatment of HepG2 cells was synergistic, leading to increased cytotoxicity due in part to modulation of thymidylate synthase levels by ATO. Concurrent ATO and sorafenib treatment showed a trend towards increased HepG2 cytotoxicity, possibly due to a significant decrease in MAPK activation in comparison to treatment with ATO alone. ATO differentially sensitizes hepatic tumor cells and adult hepatic stellate cells to 5-FU and sorafenib. Given the importance of both of these cell types in hepatocarcinogenesis, these data have implications for the rational development of anti-cancer therapy combinations for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Vibration of a Functionally Graded Timoshenko Beam on an Elastic Foundation due to a Moving Mass

In the past decade, beams that are made of functionally graded materials (FGM) have been employed in many engineering and biomedical application fields. In this paper, dynamic response of a FGM Timoshenko beam that is supported by an elastic foundation and is subjected to a moving mass, i.e., the effects of boundary flexibility, has been investigated. It is assumed that the material properties of the beam will change only in the thickness direction. The governing equations of motion are derived using Hamilton’s principles. The partial governing differential equations of motion are reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations by using Petrov-Galerkin method. Runge-Kutta numerical scheme is employed to solve the obtained set of ordinary differential equations. After verification of the results for some special cases with known sloutions the effect of various parameters such as the velocity of moving loads, the boundary flexibility, the power-law index on the vibration of the beam have been investigated. The special case of the solution of the problem was compared with the study of Mesut Simsek [2010] and H. P. Lee [1998] which showed excellent agreement. The results have also been compared to the similar beam without FGM and the advantages of FGM have been discussed.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Flutter of Orthotropic Panels in Supersonic Flow Using Affine Transformations

Affine transformations are used in analyzing the flutter problem of rectangular simply supported orthotropic panels subjected to supersonic flow over one surface. With the help of certain defined characteristic and bounded quantities a comprehensive solution, which has the isotropic panels solution as a subset, is found to this problem. The physics of this very important aeroelastic problem which has been so obscure for a long time because of the presence of so many parameters is thus clearly exposed by showing how the aerodynamic and the elastic forces interact to produce the panel flutter phenomenon. Both the aerodynamic strip (Ackeret) theory and lifting surface theory are compared and found to agree very well in the analysis. Hence, complete stability boundaries are determined for both flat and buckled panels using the aerodynamic strip theory, the simpler of the two theories.
THE ORGANIZATION OF SEISMICITY ON FAULT NETWORKS

Abstract Although models of homogeneous faults develop seismicity that has a Gutenberg-Richter distribution, this is only a transient state that is followed by events that are strongly influenced by the nature of the boundaries. Models with geometrical inhomogeneities of fracture thresholds can limit the sizes of earthquakes but now favor the characteristic earthquake model for large earthquakes. The character of the seismicity is extremely sensitive to distributions of inhomogeneities, suggesting that statistical rules for large earthquakes in one region may not be applicable to large earthquakes in another region. Model simulations on simple networks of faults with inhomogeneities of threshold develop episodes of lacunarity on all members of the network. There is no validity to the popular assumption that the average rate of slip on individual faults is a constant. Intermediate term precursory activity such as local quiescence and increases in intermediate-magnitude activity at long range are simulated well by the assumption that strong weakening of faults by injection of fluids and weakening of asperities on inhomogeneous models of fault networks is the dominant process; the heat flow paradox, the orientation of the stress field, and the low average stress drop in some earthquakes are understood in terms of the asperity model of inhomogeneous faulting.
Three-chamber priapism in a patient with primary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of penis

A 58-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of painful progressive penile firmness, initially diagnosed as Peyronie's disease. Penile fibrosis involved the entire corpora cavernosa and spongiosum, making it consistent with three-chamber priapism. Cavernosal biopsies revealed epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and the metastatic workup found hepatic and pulmonary lesions. The patient was treated with paclitaxel, but eventually died of cancer progression. Early infiltrative vascular malignancies of the penis may be indistinguishable from Peyronie's disease. A review of published reports revealed that penile masses associated with progressive growth, obstructive urinary symptoms, dysuria, or painful erections might warrant further evaluation with biopsies.
Comparison of optimization methods for electronic-structure calculations

The performance of several local-optimization methods for calculating electronic structure is compared. The fictitious first-order equation of motion proposed by Williams and Soler is integrated numerically by three procedures: simple finite-difference integration, approximate analytical integration (the Williams-Soler algorithm), and the Born perturbation series. These techniques are applied to a model problem for which exact solutions are known, the Mathieu equation. The Williams-Soler algorithm and the second Born approximation converge equally rapidly, but the former involves considerably less computational effort and gives a more accurate converged solution. Application of the method of conjugate gradients to the Mathieu equation is discussed.
Availability of peripheral input to the midbrain reticular formation

Abstract The tonic excitatory influence of the subthalamus may play a part in determining the responsiveness of midbrain tegmental neurons to peripheral stimuli. To test this hypothesis electrodes were located serially along the length of the reticular formation in the subthalamus, midbrain reticular formation, and pontine reticular formation. In most cases comparison of the latencies of the reticular responses evoked by sciatic stimulation showed the shortest latencies in the subthalamus, with an equal or longer latency in the pontine tegmentum, but an appreciably longer latency in the midbrain. Using paired sciatic shocks, the pontine level showed less blocking interaction and was less susceptible to ether and Nembutal than the subthalamus and the midbrain. Experimental manipulations showed that the reticular responses were conducted along spinothalamic or spinoreticular paths, but not along medial lemniscal pathways. A preparation was devised using chronic reticular electrodes and a chronic sciatic electrode. The parameters of the sciatic stimulus were the same as, or exceeded, those used in typical neurophysiological experiments, i.e., 5 to 10 volts, 1-msec duration, but the stimulus did not produced a response suggesting pain. The shape and the latency distribution of the reticular responses were the same as in acute experiments with the subthalamus showing the shortest latency followed by the midbrain with an equal or longer latency in the pontine tegmentum. The data support the view that peripheral influxes, such as those from the sciatic nerve, have only an indirect influence on the midbrain reticular formation. It appears that the excitability of the midbrain tegmentum and its activation are dependent upon a barrage of tonic influences from the pons, as Moruzzi has shown, and additionally, tonic influences from above either originating in or passing through the subthalamus.
Molecular Signatures in Urologic Tumors

Urologic tumors continue to represent a huge fraction of cancer cases in the United States, with over 376,310 estimated new diagnoses in 2013. As with many types of tumors, urologic tumors vary greatly in their phenotype, ranging from minimally invasive to malignancies possessing great metastatic potential. The increasing need for more efficient and less invasive methods of cancer detection, as well as the ability to predict severity of the disease phenotype is readily evident—yet reliable methods remain elusive in a clinical setting today. Comprehensive panels of gene clusters are being developed toward the generation of molecular signatures in order to better diagnose urologic malignancies, and identify effective treatment strategies in the emerging era of personalized medicine. In this review, we discuss the current literature on the credibility and biomarker value of such molecular signatures in the context of clinical significance relating to the pathological aggressiveness of urologic tumors (prostate, bladder and renal cancer)—also exploiting their predictive potential in the response to treatment.
Cation affinity series for comparable carboxylic, phosphinic and sulfonic ion-exchange resins

Abstract Cation affinity series were determined by the batch method for similar carboxylic, phosphinic and sulfonic resins, all resins being in the gel form and having the functional group attached to a polystyrene-10% divinylbenzene matrix. The eighteen cations studied include ones with oxidation states of +1, +2 and +3. The affinities of the cations for the resins are expressed in quantitative terms based on the successful applicability of descriptions of the exchange behaviour by means of simple displacement equations.
Vowel harmony in Khalkha Mongolian, Yaka, Finnish and Hungarian*

The discussion of vowel harmony in this paper continues the theoretical discussion that was sparked by Clements' first proposals concerning an autosegmental treatment of vowel harmony in general (1980 [1976]). I will attempt to show that problems that arose in early autosegmental treatments of certain types of vowel harmony can be elegantly overcome and that autosegmental theory more generally provides an attractive framework for the treatment of vowel systems and vowel harmony. I will discuss three distinct types of systems here: the slightly asymmetrical system of Khalkha Mongolian, the canonical five-vowel system as it can be seen in Bantu (Yaka, in this case), and the well-known Finnish/Hungarian type of system. The kinds of advances made here answer, I believe, the critical comments made in Anderson (1980), in which significant sceptical questions are raised concerning whether the successes of autosegmental accounts of West African systems can be extended to other types of vowel harmony systems.
Metastatic periungual squamous cell carcinoma: Detection of human papillomavirus type 35 RNA in the digital tumor and axillary lymph node metastases

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with benign and malignant cutaneous and mucosal neoplasms including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anogenital, oral, and periungual regions. 1-6 HPV has been identified in recalcitrant verrucae-like SCCs of the fingernail bed or periungual region. 1,7-9 Although HPV type 16 was the predominant type, in one patient HPV 35 was found. 9 The majority of the SCCs of the nail unit associated with HPV were in situ tumors. Although dermal invasion was occasionally noted, there have been no reports of bone involvement or metastatic disease. 1,7-12 We describe a man with a wartlike SCC of the fingernail bed that metastasized regionally. Prior reports of the association of oncogenic HPV with cutaneous periungual SCC prompted us to search for the virus.
Why Is Black–White Residential Segregation So Persistent?: Evidence on Three Theories from Migration Data

Abstract This article examines the patterns of residential mobility by Whites and African Americans that contribute to continued high levels of Black–White residential segregation in American cities. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics matched with data from the decennial censuses, patterns of migration are described, modeled as a function of individual characteristics, and then used to project changes in spatial segregation that would result from hypothetical alterations in the individual characteristics of the Black and White populations. The results suggest that White avoidance of predominately Black and racially mixed neighborhoods is a very important process upholding segregation. White probabilities of moving among neighborhood types are only weakly influenced by individual characteristics, including income; Black probabilities are more strongly influenced by individual characteristics. Black moves into White neighborhoods are less frequent than White moves, but are not extremely infrequent. The article concludes that efforts to curtail segregation must consider White avoidance in addition to discrimination in housing markets.
Comparison of mouse strains using the local lymph node assay

The local lymph node assay (LLNA), as recommended by the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM), only allows for the use of CBA mice. The objective of these studies was to begin to assess the response of chemical sensitizers in the LLNA across six strains of female mice (C57BL/6, SJL/J, BALB/c, B6C3F1, DBA/2 and CBA). The moderate sensitizer alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde (HCA) was chosen as the test chemical, while toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) were evaluated at single concentrations as positive controls. Draining lymph node cell proliferation following acetone exposure varied across strains. SJL mice had a significantly higher degree of proliferation with 2111 d.p.m./2 nodes. The remaining five strains demonstrated responses which ranged from 345 to 887 dpm/2 nodes. DBA/2, B6C3F1, BALB/c and CBA mice had essentially equal levels of lymph node proliferation following exposure to the three chemicals. While C57BL/6 mice gave similar results as CBA mice following DNFB and HCA administration, the LLNA response to TDI was considerably lower. SJL mice provided low stimulation indexes (SI) values for all three chemicals evaluated. Regardless of the level of LLNA response, all six mouse strains identified the sensitization potential of HCA, TDI or DNFB. Based on these studies, DBA/2, B6C3F1 and BALB/c mice are good choices for continued evaluation as additional mouse strains for use in the LLNA.
Traveling to Rome: a retrospective on the journey

Starting in 1994/5, the Storage Systems Program at HP Labs embarked on a decade-long journey to automate the management of enterprise storage systems by means of a technique we initially called attribute-managed storage. The key idea was to provide declarative specifications of workloads and their needs, and of storage devices and their capabilities, and to automate the mapping of one to the other. One of many outcomes of the project was a specification language we called Rome 1 -- hence the title of this paper, which offers a short retrospective on the approach and some of the lessons we learned along the way.
How much parallelism is there in irregular applications

Irregular programs are programs organized around pointer-based data structures such as trees and graphs. Recent investigations by the Galois project have shown that many irregular programs have a generalized form of data-parallelism called amorphous data-parallelism. However, in many programs, amorphous data-parallelism cannot be uncovered using static techniques, and its exploitation requires runtime strategies such as optimistic parallel execution. This raises a natural question: how much amorphous data-parallelism actually exists in irregular programs?In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a tool called ParaMeter that produces parallelism profiles for irregular programs. Parallelism profiles are an abstract measure of the amount of amorphous data-parallelism at different points in the execution of an algorithm, independent of implementation-dependent details such as the number of cores, cache sizes, load-balancing, etc. ParaMeter can also generate constrained parallelism profiles for a fixed number of cores. We show parallelism profiles for seven irregular applications, and explain how these profiles provide insight into the behavior of these applications.
Psychosocial and Biological Markers of Daily Lives of Midlife Parents of Children with Disabilities

Using daily telephone interviews, 82 midlife parents (mean age = 57.4) of children with disabilities (mean age = 29.9) were compared with a closely matched sample of unaffected parents (N = 82) to elucidate the daily experience of non-normative parenting. In addition, salivary cortisol samples were obtained to examine whether parents of children with disabilities had dysregulated diurnal rhythms and the extent to which the amount of time spent with children was associated with divergent patterns of cortisol expression. We found that parents of children with disabilities had similar patterns of daily time use and similar likelihood of positive daily events as the comparison group, but they had elevated levels of stress, negative affect, and physical symptoms, all reported on a daily basis. In addition, their diurnal rhythm of cortisol expression differed significantly from the comparison group, a pattern that was strongest for parents of children with disabilities on days when they spent more time with their children.
Hydrodynamics of suction feeding of fish in motion

Forward motion was shown to increase the efficiency of suction feeding by causing the ingested volume to be predominantly in front of the fish, instead of being a sphere centred on the fish mouth. This increases the distance from which a prey, located in front of the predator, can be ingested by suction. A general hydrodynamic model of the external effects of the suction process is presented, showing that this is dependent upon a single non-dimensional parameter, the ratio of a characteristic mouth dimension, divided by the forward swimming speed and the suction time. Data for large-mouth bass, Micropterus salmoides show that the observed average forward velocity while feeding, of 3.1 body length/s, serves to increase the ingestion range by more than 60% over suction while not moving.
Virally Activated CD8 T Cells Home to Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Induced Granulomas but Enhance Antimycobacterial Protection Only in Immunodeficient Mice

Immune responses to chronic infections by intracellular pathogens include delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions such as granulomatous inflammation. Granuloma formation around infected macrophage prevents dissemination of the pathogen and protects surrounding healthy tissue from inflammatory infiltrates. Immunopathologies can arise from long-term deposition of extracellular matrix around the granuloma, leading to fibrosis and organ damage. CD4 T cells are essential for regulating the formation and ongoing function of granulomas induced in response to many infectious agents and, in the absence of these T cells, chronic infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and histoplasmosis, become widely disseminated (6, 29, 36). Very little research has been directed at understanding what effect, if any, secondary viral infections may have upon granuloma function. Specifically, we questioned what the role of virally activated CD8 T cells might be in augmenting or disrupting granuloma function in the presence or absence of immune deficiency. Over the course of a lifetime, the opportunities for coinfection with Mycobacterium and an unrelated viral infection are quite widespread (14). We used a mycobacterial model of Mycobacterium bovis strain bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection of C57BL/6 mice to model chronic granuloma formation in the liver. At a stage when the infection is chronic, the mice were coinfected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strain Armstrong to induce a dramatic virus-specific immune response. Our studies were designed to answer three questions. Do CD8 T cells induced by viral infection or systemic immunization gain access to BCG-induced granulomas? Does viral infection interfere with granulomatous protection against chronic BCG infection and lead to reactivation of disease? If activated CD8 T cells have access to BCG-induced granulomas, do they provide better protection against BCG or interfere with anti-BCG protective responses? Our data describe a significant accumulation of LCMV-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8 T cells in coinfected liver granulomas, but without accompanying augmentation or diminution of protective function in immunocompetent hosts, and with limited protection in immunodeficient ones. These results are discussed in relation to both antigen-specific and non-antigen-specific requirements for T-cell function in granuloma formation.
An in vitro study of LH release, synthesis and heterogeneity in pituitaries from proestrous and short-term ovariectomized rats.

It is known that acute ovariectomy (OVX) greatly attenuates the pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in vitro. The present study evaluated possible quantitative and/or qualitative differences in the biosynthesis and secretion of LH in pituitaries from proestrous and acutely (72 h) OVX rats. Paired anterior pituitary glands were incubated for 4 h in a medium containing ± 10 nM GnRH. Pituitary and secreted LH were measured by radioimmunoassay with differences in total LH (tissue plus medium) ± GnRH being indicative of GnRH-stimulated LH synthesis. Qualitative changes in LH were evaluated by isoelectrofocusing (JEF). The results show that the major form of LH stored in and released from the pituitaries consisted of LH molecules with an iso electric point (p1) in the alkaline pH range (alkaline LH), and a lesser amount (�3O%) of LH molecules in the acidic pH range (acidic LH). The ratio of alkaline/acidic LH observed in the pituitary and medium was similar in the proestrous and OVX groups, although the amount of alkaline and acidic LH release in response to GnRH was 2-3 times greater in the proestrous group. In both groups, the alkaline/acidic LH ratio of secreted LH was higher in the presence of GnRH than in its absence. Alkaline LH synthesis was increased by GnRH in both groups, with the response being greater in the proestrous than in the OVX group; GnRH-stimulated acidic LH synthesis was observed only in the proestrous group. In both groups, the amount of LH synthesized was about 60% of the amount released, which suggests that LH synthesis does not fully account for differences in GnRH-stimulated LH release. Treatment of pituitary extracts with neuraminidase decreased acidic LH, and proportionately increased alkaline LH. These results suggest that the quality of LH stored in and secreted from pituitaries of proestrous and OVX rats is similar, and that there is a preferential release of the major alkaline LH isoform in response to GnRH. The ovarian steroid environment, presumably estradiol, proportionately increases the amount of alkaline and acidic LH released, and differentially affects the amounts of the various isoforms synthesized in response to GnRH. The charge heterogeneity of alkaline and acidic LH may be related to the sialic acid content of the LH molecule.
Effect of Long Intervals Between Collection on Semen Production of Turkey Males

Abstract AVERAGE semen samples from turkey males, obtained after regular intervals of 2, 3 or 7 days are similar in volume, but volume decreases gradually when semen is collected daily (Lorenz et al., 1955). In our work on the semen production of turkey males, semen has been collected weekly (Carson et al., 1955). To explore methods of simplifying the sampling, data were obtained on the effect of long intervals between sampling, and of mating, on volume and concentration of semen produced. MATERIALS AND METHODS The methods and Bronze stock used were those previously described (Carson et al., 1955). To test the effect of interval between samples, three sampling intervals were established—1, 2, and 4 weeks—each involving a separate group of 13 turkey males. Three full brothers were taken from each of 13 families, one brother from each family being assigned at random to each group. Two males failed to …
Multimodal oriented discriminant analysis

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) has been an active topic of research during the last century. However, the existing algorithms have several limitations when applied to visual data. LDA is only optimal for Gaussian distributed classes with equal covariance matrices, and only classes-1 features can be extracted. On the other hand, LDA does not scale well to high dimensional data (overfitting), and it cannot handle optimally multimodal distributions. In this paper, we introduce Multimodal Oriented Discriminant Analysis (MODA), a LDA extension which can overcome these drawbacks. A new formulation and several novelties are proposed:• An optimal dimensionality reduction for multimodal Gaussian classes with different covariances is derived. The new criteria allows for extracting more than classes-1 features.• A covariance approximation is introduced to improve generalization and avoid over-fitting when dealing with high dimensional data.• A linear time iterative majorization method is suggested in order to find a local optimum.Several synthetic and real experiments on face recognition show that MODA outperform existing linear techniques.
Assessing the Potential Effects of Citizens United: Evidence from the States

The U.S. Supreme Court’s 2010 decision in Citizens United v. FEC was one of its most controversial in decades. Critics of the decision argued it would lead to a flood of corporate and union cash that would warp electoral and policy outcomes. We test for this possibility by exploiting the variation in campaign finance laws at the state level from 1977 through 2006. Through an analysis of three policy outcomes of interest to businesses and unions over three decades — the degree of liberalism among state elected officials; the relative state minimum wage compared to the federal minimum wage; and the degree of pre-transfer income inequality in a state — we find minimal effects for the overall campaign finance regulatory regimes in general and corporate and union independent expenditures specifically on public policy outcomes. These findings suggest that critics’ fears about the possible effects of Citizens United at the national level may be overstated.
Neuraminidase activity provides a practical read-out for a high throughput influenza antiviral screening assay

The emergence of influenza strains that are resistant to commonly used antivirals has highlighted the need to develop new compounds that target viral gene products or host mechanisms that are essential for effective virus replication. Existing assays to identify potential antiviral compounds often use high throughput screening assays that target specific viral replication steps. To broaden the search for antivirals, cell-based replication assays can be performed, but these are often labor intensive and have limited throughput. We have adapted a traditional virus neutralization assay to develop a practical, cell-based, high throughput screening assay. This assay uses viral neuraminidase (NA) as a read-out to quantify influenza replication, thereby offering an assay that is both rapid and sensitive. In addition to identification of inhibitors that target either viral or host factors, the assay allows simultaneous evaluation of drug toxicity. Antiviral activity was demonstrated for a number of known influenza inhibitors including amantadine that targets the M2 ion channel, zanamivir that targets NA, ribavirin that targets IMP dehydrogenase, and bis-indolyl maleimide that targets protein kinase A/C. Amantadine-resistant strains were identified by comparing IC50 with that of the wild-type virus. Antivirals with specificity for a broad range of targets are easily identified in an accelerated viral inhibition assay that uses NA as a read-out of replication. This assay is suitable for high throughput screening to identify potential antivirals or can be used to identify drug-resistant influenza strains.
Formalizing probabilistic safety claims

A safety claim for a system is a statement that the system, which is subject to hazardous conditions, satisfies a given set of properties. Following work by John Rushby and Bev Littlewood, this paper presents a mathematical framework that can be used to state and formally prove probabilistic safety claims. It also enables hazardous conditions, their uncertainties, and their interactions to be integrated into the safety claim. This framework provides a formal description of the probabilistic composition of an arbitrary number of hazardous conditions and their effects on system behavior. An example is given of a probabilistic safety claim for a conflict detection algorithm for aircraft in a 2D airspace. The motivation for developing this mathematical framework is that it can be used in an automated theorem prover to formally verify safety claims.
Assessing Halon Alternatives for Aircraft Engine Nacelle Fire Suppression.

A coaxial turbulent spray burner was built to evaluate the relative effectiveness of different chemicals for suppressing fires in a jet engine nacelle. The fire suppressant of current choice, halon 1301 (CF 3 Br), must be replaced because of its detrimental effect on the ozone layer. The alternatives being considered lack the chemical activity of CF 3 Br, so that the ability of the agents to mix into the flame convectively and to absorb heat is critical to their success. An agent delivery system was designed to inject the desired amount of material into the air upstream of fuel nozzle and to control the agent injection rate through variation of the storage pressure and the duration of time that a solenoid valve remains open. The influence of air velocity, fuel flow, and injection period on the amount of nitrogen required to extinguish a jet fuel spray flame is discussed. The effectiveness of eleven different fluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons is compared to that of halon 1301. The alternatives required 1.7 to 2.3 times the amount (on a mass basis) of CF 3 Br to extinguish the spray flame, with HCFC-22 being the most efficient and FC-31-10 the least.
Habitat Overlap and Facilitation in Tamarisk and Box Elder Stands: Implications for Tamarisk Control Using Native Plants

Invasive plants are typically managed using top-down control techniques that focus on the removal of the target organism. Bottom-up control limits the resources available to the undesired species by manipulating disturbance, competition, and successional processes, and thus may prevent reinvasion. Tamarisk species (Tamarix sp.) have invaded riparian areas throughout western North America, resulting in expansive control efforts. A companion study has shown that a native competitor, Box elder (Acer negundo), is capable of outcompeting and killing established Tamarisk through light interception in canyons of Dinosaur National Monument (DNM), Colorado. The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of using Box elder as a bottom-up control agent by (1) determining the distributional overlap of the two species in DNM; (2) determining if Tamarisk facilitates Box elder establishment; and (3) analyzing Box elder seedling survival across a range of physical gradients. The distribution of Tamarisk and Box elder overlapped considerably throughout the study area. Box elder seedlings were planted under Tamarisk canopies or areas with the canopy removed. Survival was significantly higher under Tamarisk canopies, indicating that Tamarisk facilitates Box elder seedling survival. Box elder seedling survival was tested across soil texture, litter depth, groundwater depth, and shade intensities indicative of conditions found in the canyons of DNM, and survival was high for all treatments. The manipulation of competitive and successional processes through the promotion of Box elder and other native tree establishment is suggested as a means of bottom-up Tamarisk control to complement traditional control techniques.
Structure and function of denitrifying bacterial assemblages in low-order Indiana streams

Anthropogenic activities increase rates of N input to the environment, and loss of this N is controlled by several factors, including denitrification. Streams are the initial receptors of terrestrial N, but the extent to which variability in stream denitrification rates are related to differences in microbial community structure are largely unexplored. In our study, the rate of denitrification and taxonomic and functional gene diversity and abundance were examined in 3 Indiana (USA) streams with differing amounts of watershed agriculture. Taxonomic and functional gene diversity were measured using terminal restriction length polymorphisms of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) genes, and abundance was examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q- PCR) and total direct cell counts. As expected, streams with highest amounts of watershed agriculture had highest NO3 2 concentrations and highest sediment organic matter (OM) content leading to higher denitrification rates. Overall, denitrification rates were controlled primarily by sediment OM content and secondarily by nosZ abundance and nosZ terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) number. However, total bacterial numbers were not related to peaks in denitrification rate. The 2 sites with the most substantial differences in watershed agriculture, NO3 2 concentrations, and sediment OM content also had the largest differences in both nosZ abundance and nosZ gene profiles. Overall, our results suggest that denitrification rates in agricultural streams are influenced by a combination of environmental variables (primarily benthic OM and NO3 2 concentrations) and microbial community composition.
Temperature Dependence of the Qy Resonance Raman Spectra of Bacteriochlorophylls, the Primary Electron Donor, and Bacteriopheophytins in the Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Center †

Qy-excited resonance Raman spectra of the accessory bacteriochlorophylls (B), the bacteriopheophytins (H), and the primary electron donor (P) in the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (RC) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides have been obtained at 95 and 278 K. Frequency and intensity differences are observed in the low-frequency region of the P vibrational spectrum when the sample is cooled from 278 to 95 K. The B and H spectra exhibit minimal changes of frequencies and relative intensities as a function of temperature. The mode patterns in the Raman spectra of B and H differ very little from Raman spectra of the chromophores in vitro. The Raman scattering cross sections of B and H are 6−7 times larger than those for analogous modes of P at 278 K. The cross sections of B and of H are 3−4 times larger at 95 K than at 278 K, while the cross sections of P are approximately constant with temperature. The temperature dependence of the Raman cross sections for B and H suggests that pure dephasing arising from coup...
Molecular and cellular effects of Auger emitters: 2008–2011

AbstractPurpose: To review recent Auger emitter research with an emphasis on a review of findings on targeting and accumulation of Auger emitters in tumor cells.Conclusion: Significant progress can be reported for targeting methods and improvements in methods to accumulate Auger emitters in the target cells, as well as advances in dose calculations. These studies further our understanding of how Auger emitters induce cell death at a cellular and molecular level, supporting the targeted radiomedical applications of Auger emitters.