cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Are we ready for molecular genetic studies?

Reports of possible genetic associations or linkages for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are appearing at an increasing rate. As with many other neuropsychiatric disorders, claims of positive findings are frequently followed by negative reports. In this review, the evidence underpinning genetic hypotheses for the origins of ADHD is reviewed with particular emphasis on what is the heritable phenotype. It is concluded that advances in identifying mutations or allelic variations in genes predisposing to ADHD are likely, but the general replication of such findings must await a better characterization of the heritable phenotypic elements of ADHD and a better understanding of its genetic heterogeneity.
Combining color and edge information to find door locations in an image

ABSTRACT A method for locating the doors in an image is presented. The method integrates an edge map with color information known about the doors to provide better results than methods based purely on color or edges. The Hough transformis used to find lines and then a set of heuristics is used to find possible door regions. The door regions are testedby determining whether the region is the correct color. The combination of color and edge data allowed the systemto successfully identify doors within a complex environment at different scales, orientations, lighting conditions, andusing different cameras.Keywords: Object recognition, landmark detection, color axes transformation, color edge combination 1. INTRODUCTION Many robotics applications require a mobile robot to identify its location. If the robot is operating in a knownenvironment, landmarks can be visually identified and then used to guide the robot. A common known environment for a robot is a building with doors. In this paper, a method for finding the location of doors in an image is presented.
Identifying potential engaging leaders within medical education: The role of positive influence on peers.

AbstractBackground: Previous research has paid little to no attention towards exploring methods of identifying existing medical student leaders.Aim: Focusing on the role of influence and employing the tenets of the engaging leadership model, this study examines demographic and academic performance-related differences of positive influencers and if students who have been peer-identified as positive influencers also demonstrate high levels of genuine concern for others.Methods: Three separate fourth-year classes were asked to designate classmates that had significant positive influences on their professional and personal development. The top 10% of those students receiving positive influence nominations were compared with the other students on demographics, academic performance, and genuine concern for others.Results: Besides age, no demographic differences were found between positive influencers and other students. High positive influencers were not found to have higher standardized exam scores but did rec...
Molecular Simulations On Supercomputers

Work from our laboratory using molecular dynamics applied to the study of peptide/protein folding dynam ics and thermodynamics in aqueous solution, and the exploration and development of molecular solvent in teraction models including electronic polarizability is described. The basic computational techniques we have used in developing algorithms for vector/parallel, shared memory, multiple instruction, multiple data MIMD and massively parallel single instruction, multi ple data SIMD architectures are discussed in the con text of these application areas. The technique we have used to parallelize the molecular dynamics/molecular mechanics code CHARMM is detailed, with special fo cus given to the performance issues faced in develop ing algorithms for the CRAY Y-MP. New developments of a molecular dynamics kernel for simulation of elec tronically polarizable solvent systems using a parallel- extended Fortran language Fortran-9X on the mas sively parallel Connection Machine CM-2 are out lined. We provide examples of applications using both of these platforms and discuss the development of software for such simulations in a heterogeneous com putational environment.
Symmetric versus unsymmetric ligand orientations in (pentadienyl)Cr(I or II)(L)2(L') species, and a spontaneous reduction of CrII to CrI

Abstract The reaction of CrCl 2 (PEt 3 ) x with potassium pentadienide leads to a compound with the stoichiometry of a phosphine adduct of Cr(C 5 H 7 ) 2 , “Cr(C 5 H 7 ) 2 PEt 3 ”; however, dimerization through pentadienyl—pentadienyl coupling actually leads to a Cr I species. Its structure has been determined and suggests little if any contribution from an enediyl Cr III resonance form. The structure of the known Cr(2,4-C 7 H 11 )(CH 3 )(dmpe) has also been determined to allow comparison with the former compound.
Protein production and processing in young adult and aged rat submandibular gland cells in vitro

Abstract Protein production and processing were evaluated in vitro in dispersed submandibular gland cells from young adult (4–6 month) and aged (24 month) rats. A modest decrease (approx. 25%) in protein production (incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into 10% CCl 3 COOOH-insoluble material) was found with old cells in both continuous-pulse and pulse-chase studies. Also new protein processing, followed by gel electrophoresis and autofluorography of radiolabeled samples, showed specific, marked alterations in old cells. In particular a significant difference in the processing of a 225 000 molecular weight glycoprotein (likely the major rat submandibular muciN) was detected.
Robust software via agent-based redundancy

This paper describes how multiagent systems can be used to achieve robust software. The paper develops the hypothesis that robust software can be achieved through redundancy, where agents that have different algorithms but similar responsibilities provide the redundancy. Wrapping conventional algorithms with a minimal set of agent capabilities, which we specify, produces the agents. We show that the same wrapper can be used for a variety of algorithms. We describe our initial experiments in verifying our hypothesis and present results that demonstrate an improvement in robustness due to redundancy.
School Size and the Interpersonal Side of Education: An Examination of Race/Ethnicity and Organizational Context*

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to extend research on the connection between school size and student outcomes by examining how school size was related to interpersonal processes and whether the interpersonal effects of school size varied by race/ethnicity. Methods. We applied multilevel modeling techniques to a sample of 14,966 students in 84 schools from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Results. Increasing school size was associated with decreasing student attachment to school and to teachers as well as extracurricular participation. Student attachment and teacher bonding diminished with increasing school size at a decreasing rate (reaching minimums in schools with between 1,700-2,000 students), but extracurricular participation dropped at a steady rate. These patterns did not differ substantially by race/ethnicity. Conclusions. The size of the educational institution influences interpersonal dynamics among actors in the institution and does so similarly across student groups. More generally, this research demonstrates the importance of organizational characteristics for social life.
The effect of concurrent infections of haemorrhagic enteritis virus or marble spleen disease virus and Eimeria meleagrimitis in turkeys.

Summary Turkey poults given the combination of marble spleen disease virus and Eimeria meleagrimitis (EM) exhibited a greater pathogenic effect caused by the virus and illustrated by an increased spleen weight:gain index and antigen titre. Poults inoculated with both haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) and EM exhibited an ameliorated pathogenic effect, in that the spleen weight:gain index and mean antigen titre were reduced. A reduction in the faecal score of the same birds was also noted when HEV was combined with EM. Poults receiving EM had lower numbers of circulating heterophils and a higher number of lymphocytes compared to the controls. These effects, however, were lost when either virus was simultaneously present with EM. Poults receiving both EM and HEV had the highest level of circulating monocytes.
Making Room for Migrants, Making Sense of Difference: Spatial and Ideological Expressions of Social Diversity in Urban Qatar

Much has been written describing the pervasive and rapid urbanisation of the Arabian Gulf in the late 20th century. Less attention has been paid to the accompanying growth and diversification of th...
Exercise does not increase cyclooxygenase-2 myocardial levels in young or senescent hearts

Increased myocardial cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity is essential for late phase ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Currently unknown is whether cardioprotection elicited by exercise also involves elevated myocardial COX-2 activity. This investigation tested whether aerobic exercise elevates myocardial COX-2 protein content or enzyme activity in young and senescent male Fisher 344 rats assigned to sedentary or cardioprotective endurance exercise treatments (3 consecutive days of treadmill exercise, 60 min/day @~70% VO2max). Assay of cardiac COX-2 protein content, catalytic activity, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein content reveal that exercise did not alter COX-2 activity (PGE2, p = 0.866; PGF1α, p = 0.796) or protein levels (p = 0.397) within young or senescent hearts. In contrast, myocardial iNOS, an up-stream mediator of COX-2 expression, was over-expressed by an average of 37% in aged hearts (p = 0.005), though iNOS was not influenced by exercise. Findings reveal exercise does not elevate cardiac COX-2 activity and suggests that mechanisms responsible for cardioprotection differ between IPC and aerobic exercise.
The age of glacier peak tephra in west-central Montana

At Sheep Mountain Bog, near Missoula, Montana, a late-glacial tephra, that probably fell in late summer, is preserved as an 8-mm-thick graded bed overlain by another 8 mm of redeposited ash mixed with lake deposits. Sediment surrounding the ash was 14C dated to about 11,200 yr B.P. Electron-microprobe analyses of the volcanic glass and hornblende phenocrysts from this ash layer indicate that they are similar in major-element chemistry to those of Glacier Peak layer G previously considered to be about 12,000 yr old or older.
Characterization of Rev Function Using Subgenomic and Genomic Constructs in T and COS Cells

The effect of the human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein on the splicing and cytoplasmic accumulation of HIV-1 RNAs was investigated in COS and T cells. Subgenomic and genomic constructs were used which expressed varying levels of complexity in their potential RNA constituents. Using all constructs, in both cell types, an inhibitory effect of Rev on the level of fully spliced HIV-1 RNAs could be demonstrated. An increase in the nuclear level of unspliced pre-mRNA was seen in the presence of Rev with genomic constructs. Thus, the inhibitory effect on splicing was not merely due to enhancement of nuclear export of the pre-mRNA with these constructs. In both cell types, a positive effect of Rev on the cytoplasmic accumulation of HIV-1 RNAs could also be seen. However, in T cells, the Rev-dependent RNAs were still capable of accumulating at a reduced level in the cytoplasmic fraction in the absence of Rev. The identity of the cell type, construct, and RNA species impacted on the phenotypic manifestation of Rev function.
Timing treatment to the rhythm of disease. A short course in chronotherapeutics.

PREVIEWAlthough many aspects of human biology display circadian rhythms, only recently have researchers discovered that diseases also have predictable cyclic rhythms and that the timing of medication regimens can improve outcomes in selected chronic conditions. In this article, Dr Elliott explains the theoretical basis of chronotherapeutics and reviews the supporting evidence for administering drug therapy to coincide with the occurrence of symptoms or the times when patients are at highest risk for disease or adverse events.
A simple technique for the preparation of micro slides for thin-layer chromatography

A simple, inexpensive apparatus and procedure are described for the rapid preparation of coated micro slides for thin-layer chromatography. Although micro slides of varying sizes may be coated in this apparatus, the commercially-available “Breed Brew” slide is especially advantageous since it permits more analyses to be run on each chromatoplate and offers a longer developmental pathlength. A convenient, readily-constructed marking template which can accommodate micro slides of varying sizes is also presented.
Methodological considerations in research on child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse research presents practical, methodological and statistical challenges. This paper examines some recent literature about the incidence and effects of child sexual abuse. Researchers who use epidemiological studies to attempt to ascertain the prevalence of different forms of abuse should be aware of the different populations studied, different methodologies used, diverse definitions of sexual abuse and practical limitations on participants' memories. Common problems in retrospective and prospective studies into the effects of child sexual abuse include the use of atypical populations, inappropriate statistical analyses, the use of unvalidated psychometric instruments and limited sources of information on child functioning. Attention must also be paid to potentially confounding demographic and family variables. A thorough understanding of, and attention to, these problem areas in child sexual abuse research will give a clearer picture of the prevalence and effects of abuse, thus indicating the most appropriate forms of prevention and treatment. Language: en
Early Assessment of Rest and Exercise Left Ventricular Function Following Coronary Artery Surgery

Abstract Radionuclide assessment of rest and exercise left ventricular function was performed in 14 patients before, eight days after, and three months after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Resting function was unaltered after operation, although mild increases in heart rate and end-diastolic volume were observed on the eighth postoperative day. In contrast, exercise function was significantly improved at both postoperative time periods. Exercise ejection fraction was 0.54 ± 0.10 before operation, 0.73 ± 0.12 at eight days, and 0.64 ± 0.13 at three months. Before CABG, the exercise-induced increase in stroke volume was achieved by an increase in end-diastolic volume, whereas eight days after CABG this increase was achieved by an increase in contractility (systolic blood pressure/end-systolic volume). By three months, both contractility and end-diastolic volume increased with exercise. Thus, improvement in left ventricular function during exercise can be documented as early as eight days after coronary revascularization. This change may be less pronounced after three months of convalescence, but considerable improvement in ventricular function persists compared to preoperative assessment.
Echocardiographic guidance in treatment of cardiogenic shock complicating transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome.

TRANSIENT LEFT VENTRICULAR APICAL BALLOONING (TLVAB) SYNDROME can rarely present with cardiogenic shock ([1][1]). While a cardiogenic shock like picture is likely due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction, dynamic midventricular or left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction can occur and
A platinum nanowire network as a highly efficient current collector for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

We report the fabrication and evaluation of a platinum nanowire network as a highly efficient current collector for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The ink of carbon-black supported platinum nanoparticles was sprayed onto the cathode. After firing, the carbon black was oxidized and disappeared as carbon dioxide gas while the platinum nanoparticles connect with one another, forming a tree-branch-like nanowire network. The diameters of the nanowires range from 100 nm to 400 nm. Compared to a conventional platinum paste current collector, the polarization resistance of the PrBaCo2O5+δ (PBCO) cathode with a nanowire current collector was reduced by 44% at 650 °C (from 0.18 Ω cm2 to 0.1 Ω cm2). The peak power density of the button cells was improved at different degrees of 31.8–59.6% under temperatures 650–550 °C for typical cathode materials of PBCO, La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF), and Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BSCF). The nanowire network did not show obvious changes after long term testing (400 h).
Asymptotic Single-Particle Distributions in the Multiperipheral Model

The conjectures of Feynman and of Benecke, Chou, Yang, and Yen on the high-energy limit of single-particle distributions are studied in the framework of the multiperipheral model. It is found that classes of multiperipheral diagrams add to give limiting single-particle distributions.
Opportunities for International Social Work in End-of-Life and Palliative Care: A Fulbright Experience

ABSTRACT Globalization has created singular problems that increase the need for an international response to health and social problems. While the international hospice movement is expanding, many countries still struggle to provide adequate hospice and palliative care services in the face of limited financial resources and knowledge about the usefulness of these services among the general public. This article describes the experience of one Fulbright Scholar in a country with a developing system of services and organizations for hospice and palliative care. This professional exchange primarily involved teaching about health social work and end-of-life and palliative care to students in a college in Northeastern Hungary.
"My Dear Siegfried": Gosse to Sassoon

TH E Alexander Library has recently added to its Gosse collection a number of interesting letters to Siegfried Sassoon running from the twenty years from 1908 to Gosse's death in 1928. Some have been printed in Evan Charteris's The Life and Letters of Sir Edmund Gosse (1931); others are unpublished.1 One thing they emphasize is Sassoon's assiduity in promoting his literary career, a motif he carefully omitted in The Memoirs of George Sherstony his three-volume account of his life up through The Great War. It is a work which increasingly we are agreeing to assign to the domain of fiction. One of Sassoon's lifelong problems was reconciling or at least understanding his polarities as sportsman, on the one hand, and author, on the other. As he says, "One half of me was huntingfield and the other was gentleman writer."2 Hemingway would show how these two identities could be reconciled, but Sassoon's problem was that he imagined that literature had to be delicate if not frail to be "beautiful." The hunting-field half of him he depicts as the healthy, thoroughly philistine Sherston; the gentleman writer half he presents as "Siegfried Sassoon," the actor and agent of recall in The Old Century and Seven More Years (1939), The Weald of Youth (1942), and Siegfried's Journey (1945). It is entirely as the aspirant gentleman writer aged 22 that he first presents himself to the 59-year-old Edmund Gosse in 1908. There had been a long social and familial connection between the Sassoons and the Gosses. Siegfried's mother was a close friend of Gosse's wife Nellie, and Siegfried's Uncle Hamo, the sculptor, had been best man at Edmund's wedding. To young Siegfried Gosse appeared not only eminent but, as the friend of Swinburne, Hardy, and James, advantageously situated to recognize talent and then
Leukocyte—endothelial cell interactions

The movement of leukocytes from the blood circulation into organized lymphoid tissues or sites of inflammation requires cooperative interactions between signaling and adhesion molecules. Selectins mediate the initial rolling contacts of leukocytes with the endothelium. Following leukocyte activation, integrins strengthen adhesion and then direct migration beneath the endothelium. Unique combinations of signaling and adhesion molecules may regulate the subsets of leukocytes that are recruited into specific tissues.
Acute compartment syndrome of the thigh following rupture of the quadriceps tendon. A case report.

Rupture of the quadriceps tendon is a serious injury and is most often seen in individuals older than forty years of age1,2. Most ruptures occur during an attempt to prevent falling; the quadriceps muscle contracts eccentrically against the force of body weight1,3. As knee flexion increases, the tendon's ultimate strength is exceeded, resulting in rupture. Once the tendon fails, the zone of injury may spread away from the tendon, resulting in rupture of the retinacula and possible injury to the local vascular structures. The following case report concerns an individual in whom an acute compartment syndrome developed in the thigh following rupture of the quadriceps tendon. The patient granted permission for submission of data concerning his case for publication. Amildly obese, sixty-six-year-old man presented to our hospital emergency department for the second time in four days because of severe pain in the left knee and thigh. During his initial visit, one day after falling while stepping off a curb, he was diagnosed with a quadriceps tendon rupture. Four days after the initial injury, while wearing an ill-fitting knee immobilizer, the left knee buckled, causing him to fall a second time. On the following day, he presented to the emergency department as he was unable to walk and had intractable pain and progressive thigh swelling. On examination, the patient was noted to be in moderate distress with a grossly swollen thigh. The anterior compartment was palpably tense and tender from the knee to the midpart of the thigh, while the posterior and medial compartments were less involved. An isolated knee effusion that had been seen previously was no longer palpable. Gentle attempts to passively flex the knee caused extreme pain, which was a definite change from the findings of his previous examination. Motor …
Elastic-plastic analysis of a rolling disk by finite elements

Abstract An elastic-plastic finite element method is employed to determine the stress distribution in a circular disk rolling on a rigid track and subjected to hub loads. This model can be assumed to represent a railroad wheel. Of particular interest are the stresses that exceed the initial yield limit near the point of contact. The material constitutive laws considered herein represent elastic-perfectly plastic and strain hardening materials that obey Mises' yield condition. It is shown that unloading of the previously yielded elements due to rotation can be easily handled by the direct stiffness tangent modulus approach. Total and plastic strains, and the plastic work in the disk model are given for the entire rolling history of the disk. It is also demonstrated that the disk will shake down to a purely elastic steady state for load values beyond the initial yield if the material of the disk exhibits even a small amount of strain hardening.
Colored Emission of Rare Earth Ions in a Potassium Feldspar Glass

The viability of rare earth ions as fluorescent coloring additives for dental porcelain was investigated. The data presented allow the formulation of porcelain with specific color properties under illumination by ultraviolet light. Attention is drawn to the possibility of energy transfer occurring with the result that prediction of color may not be done by application of the additive color-mixing scheme.
Logarithmic Bounds for Infinite Prandtl Number Rotating Convection

Convection refers to fluid motion that is induced by buoyancy. In thermal convection buoyancy is due to temperature differences and one of the interesting questions is how much of the total heat transfer is due to convection. The natural measure of this quantity is the Nusselt number, N , and many experiments and numerical simulations have been performed to discern the relationship between N and the various parameters which describe the system. Much of this research has focused on the forcing parameter [1] [6], although it has been observed that rotation plays a nontrivial role as well [7]. The standard mathematical description of a convective system in a rotating frame of reference is based on the rotating Boussinesq equations for Rayleigh-Benard convection (see, for example, Chandrasekhar [8]). This is a
The effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol alone and in combination with cannabidiol on fixed-interval performance in rhesus monkeys.

It has been reported that cannabidiol (CBD) antagonizes the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on operant behavior in rats and pigeons. We have replicated this finding with rhesus monkeys. Four rhesus monkeys were trained to lever press on a fixedinterval 5-min schedule of food presentation with a 1-min limited hold and 1-min time out between successive intervals. The effects of 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg THC alone were determined three times during the experiment; before the CBD-THC interaction, after the CBD-THC interaction and once with the CBD vehicle. A dose of 30 mg/kg CBD, which alone resulted in a 24% reduction in responding, completely antagonized the response rate reduction produced by 0.3 mg/kg THC. The effects of THC revealed a rate-dependent effect that did not conform to the log-linear rate-dependency plots described for most other drugs.
Sparse reconstruction methods in RF Tomography for underground imaging

Underground imaging involving RF Tomography is generally severely ill-posed posed. Tikhonov Regularization is perhaps the most common method to address this ill-posedness. The proposed methods are based upon the realistic assumptions that targets (e.g. tunnels) are sparse and clustered in the scene, and have known electrical properties. Therefore, we explore the use of alternative regularization strategies leveraging sparsity of the signal and its spatial gradient, while also imposing physically-derived amplitude constraints. By leveraging this prior knowledge, cleaner scene reconstructions are obtained.
Abstract 960: Ceramide-dependent release of nanovesicles is a class effect oflipid-based Akt inhibitors

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Akt regulates many cellular processes and Akt inhibitors are being developed as cancer therapeutics. The mechanism of action of lipid-based Akt inhibitors (LBAIs) such as perifosine and phosphatidylinositol ether lipid analogues (PIAs) is incompletely understood. Here, we show that LBAIs quickly deplete cells of proteins such as EGFR, IGFR and p-Akt that can be recovered in tetraspanin-enriched 100,000 xg pellets from conditioned media. Electron micrographs of these pellets exhibited heterogenous vesicular structures whose diameter was less than 1 µM. In vitro, LBAI treatment increased vesicle shedding as revealed by live cell microscopy. In vivo, LBAIs increased plasma levels of nanovesicles derived from tumor xenografts. Several lines of evidence show that release of nanovesicles by LBAI depends upon ceramide generation. LBAIs increased levels of cellular ceramide, and addition of exogenous ceramide stimulated nanovesicle release. GW4869, an inhibitor of sphingomyelinase, an enzyme that generates ceramide by cleavage of sphingomyelin, blocked release of nanovesicles induced by LBAI. When transferred in vitro, purified nanovesicles increased ceramide levels and inhibited proliferation of naive recipient cells, suggesting these contain residual LBAIs. Pre-treatment with GW4869 blocked ceramide induction in recipient cells and yielded greater retention of the donor nanovesicles. These studies identify ceramide-dependent release of cellular nanovesicles as a class effect of LBAI and a novel means to shed EGFR, IGF-IR and p-Akt from tumors that could perpetuate the cytotoxicity of LBAIs. We believe this is the first report of secondary pharmacologic effects via cell-mediated drug transfer in nanovesicles. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 960. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-960
By Order of the President: Administration by Executive Order and Proclamation

This article examines the use of executive orders as instruments of presidential direct administration. In order to establish groundwork for a critical analysis of the difficulties associated with the use of executive orders, the piece begins with a description of the characteristics and development of this instrument of governance. It then argues that executive orders present a variety of conflicts with existing principles of administrative law. It contends that these problems counsel restraint in the use of executive orders and improvement in the procedures by which those orders that are necessary are issued and implemented.
Precision control of mechatronic systems with electromagnetically-steered moving masses

We perform fundamental and applied research in design of electromagnetic mechatronic systems to reposition an electromagnetically-suspended moving mass in three dimensions. Analysis, dynamic optimisation, hardware designs and other tasks are accomplished. Optimal minimal-complexity performance-seeking control laws are synthesised and experimentally verified using a proof-of-concept system. Accurate, fast and frictionless electromagnetically-steered repositioning of the suspended mass is achieved. This paper further enables a concept of path control of flight and underwater vehicles by changing the centre of gravity or centre of mass by varying the position of the moving mass. The proposed minimal-complexity performance-seeking control guarantees significant advantages in the design of closed-loop multi-input/multi-output electromechanical and mechatronic systems. The concept enables engineering solutions, provides new inroads in design of practical control schemes, advances technologies, fosters modular hardware organisations, relaxes algorithmic drawbacks, and results in high technology readiness levels. Our findings are applicable in various aerospace, automotive, naval and robotic applications.
Deiodination of thyroxine by a hydrogen peroxide generating system.

The deiodination of 131I-labeled T4 in the presence of glucose oxidase, glucose and phosphate buffer, pH 7.8, was followed by measuring iodide release. Similar to the results obtained with a metal-free system to which H2O2 was added, deiodination was not effected by enzymatically generated H2O2. However, chela ted metal ions acted as a peroxidase so that, even at a level of 5 × 10–5M H2O2, deiodination could be detected. The most active complexes were EDTA plus Fe2+, Fe3+ or Co3+. In the presence of 2 × 10–1M EDTA, 4 × 10–4M Fe2+, 4 μg glucose oxidase/ml, 20 mg glucose/ml and oxygen, 54% of T4 was deiodinated within 60 min. Since it was noted that FMN did not function catalytically in this system and that the peroxidative deiodination was completely inhibited by catalase (0.1 μg/ml), the reaction mechanism for peroxide-induced deiodination is concluded to be fundamentally different from that of the FMN-light-induced deiodination. (Endocrinology 83: 1023, 1968)
Development of a pharmacodynamic model for HIV treatment with nucleoside reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors.

Abstract There is a need for models useful for predicting the efficacy of agents developed for treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) based on information obtained during the drug development process. A pharmacodynamic model that superimposes the pharmacokinetics of anti-HIV nucleoside reverse transcription (RT) and protease inhibitors over a previously published predator–prey model of HIV and CD4 dynamics was developed to address this need. This model was applied to in vitro measurements and patient-derived pharmacokinetics of the unbound antiviral drugs to simulate HIV-1 and CD4 counts versus time and dose. The primary mechanism for nucleoside RT inhibitors was assumed to be competitive inhibition of HIV-1-RT by the active nucleoside triphosphates (NTP). Cellular accumulation and breakdown rates of the NTP were estimated from previous in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Median inhibition concentrations for the HIV-1 RT enzyme were estimated from previously published cell-free binding studies. The concentration of active protease inhibitor available for binding with HIV-1 protease was assumed equal to the unbound fraction in the plasma. The resulting simulations for mono- and dual nucleoside therapy with zidovudine and lamivudine single dose regimen with the protease inhibitor indinavir, produced similar HIV and CD4 response profiles to those reported in large Phase II and III clinical trials. Based on these findings this pharmacodynamic model can be applied to predict starting doses for a new agent based on simulated biological responses as a function of time for dosage regimens comprising one or two agents. However, the model overestimated the efficacy of highly effective drug combinations where all three agents are combined as in highly active anti-retroviral therapy.
Scaphoid fractures and nonunions: diagnosis and treatment.

Background Scaphoid fractures are commonly seen in orthopedic practice. An organized and thoughtful approach to diagnosis and treatment can facilitate good outcomes. However, despite optimal treatment, complications may ensue. In the setting of nonunion or an avascular proximal pole, vascularized bone grafting may be needed.
Auger-pumped short-wavelength lasers in xenon and krypton.

We report studies of new short-wavelength lasers in xenon at 108.9 nm and krypton at 90.7 nm. The lasers are pumped by photoionization of inner-shell electrons followed by Auger decay into excited states. Experiments include measurement of gain and the lifetimes and quenching of the lasing states, the use of a mirror for multipass gain, and studies of the output pulse duration. Numerical simulations which predict gain and the time evolution of the laser output are compared with experiment.
MyoD Gene Suppression by Oct4 Is Required for Reprogramming in Myoblasts to Produce Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Expression of the four transcription factors, that is, Oct4, Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4 has been shown to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from many types of specialized differentiated somatic cells. It remains unclear, however, whether fully committed skeletal muscle progenitor cells (myoblasts) have the potency to undergo reprogramming to develop iPSCs in line with previously reported cases. To test this, we have isolated genetically marked myoblasts derived from satellite cell of adult mouse muscles using the Cre-loxP system (Pax7-CreER:R26R and Myf5-Cre:R26R). On infection with retroviral vectors expressing the four factors, these myoblasts gave rise to myogenic lineage tracer lacZ-positive embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like colonies. These cells expressed ESC-specific genes and were competent to differentiate into all three germ layers and germ cells, indicating the successful generation of myoblast-derived iPSCs. Continuous expression of the MyoD gene, a master transcription factor for skeletal muscle specification, inhibited this reprogramming process in myoblasts. In contrast, reprogramming myoblasts isolated from mice lacking the MyoD gene led to an increase in reprogramming efficiency. Our data also indicated that Oct4 acts as a transcriptional suppressor of MyoD gene expression through its interaction with the upstream enhancer region. Taken together, these results indicate that suppression of MyoD gene expression by Oct4 is required for the initial reprogramming step in the development of iPSCs from myoblasts. This data suggests that the skeletal muscle system provides a well-defined differentiation model to further elaborate on the effects of iPSC reprogramming in somatic cells.
3,3‐Dichloro‐1,2‐diphenylcyclopropene

[2570-00-5] C15H10Cl2 (MW 251.15) InChI = 1S/C15H10Cl2/c16-15(17)13(11-7-3-1-4-8-11)14(15)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H InChIKey = PQPXUCABMUOHNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for promoting dehydrative reactions, and ligand for palladium catalysis) Physical Data: mp 112–115 °C (decomposes). Solubility: sol most organic solvents. Preparative Method: prepared by reaction of diphenylcyclopropenone with a number of electrophilic chlorinating agents, including: oxalyl chloride,1 thionyl chloride2 and phosphorous (V) chloride.3 For many transformations the reagent can be prepared in situ from diphenylcyclopropenone and oxalyl chloride in dichloromethane prior to addition of the substrate.4 Purification: recrystallization from hexanes. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: must be kept in a dry inert atmosphere as it is readily hydrolyzed to diphenylcyclopropenone. Preparation in situ from oxalyl chloride is accompanied by rapid gas evolution, and slow addition of oxalyl chloride is recommended on larger scale. Incompatible with aqueous solvents.
Economic Dependence in Marriage and Husbands’ Midlife Health Testing Three Possible Mechanisms

Prior research suggests that midlife husbands have worse health when they earn less than their wives; however, the mechanism(s) for this relationship have not been evaluated. In this study, the author analyzes 1,319 heterosexual married couples from the Health and Retirement Study to explore three theoretically grounded mechanisms. The author begins by assessing two well-established family relations theories (economic resource and marital dissatisfaction) to explore the mediating effect of marital power and relationship quality. The author then draws from gender relations theory, multiple masculinities literature, and cognitive dissonance research to test the possibility of a male breadwinner mechanism. The results demonstrate that family relations theories are insufficient explanations but provide strong support for the male breadwinner mechanism. Specifically, being the secondary earner is harmful for the health of highest-income men—who historically have the strongest expectation of male breadwinning. ...
Down Syndrome Complicated by Hemoglobin S/Beta+ Thalassemia Atypical Expression of Coexistent Diseases

The chance occurrence of Down syndrome and sickle cell disease is an extremely rare event. The patient presented in this article is the only reported case, based on medical literature review, of Down syndrome coexisting with sickle cell disease due to hemoglobin S/beta+ thalassemia. He had multiple recurrent aplastic crises and severe psychomotor and growth retardation. The physiologic basis for the atypical manifestations of both of his disorders is the subject of this report.
A Comparison of Two Personnel Prediction Models

This paper describes, compares, and contrasts two mathematical models of personnel movement through a hierarchical organization. The first model is a Markov chain, which is described in detail in other literature. The emphasis in this paper is on a cohort model based on people's lifetime behavior in the system. Data from student enrollments is used in comparing the models, and predictions are made and compared with numbers from real situations.
Pulmonary artery intimal injury associated with blunt trauma

In recent years, intimal injuries to the aorta (minimal aortic injuries) have been diagnosed more frequently. We report the first case of pulmonary artery intimal injury in the setting of blunt trauma. We propose a number of theories regarding the pathogenesis, outcome, and treatment of pulmonary artery intimal injuries, drawing inferences from aortic intimal injuries. We conclude with a discussion on differentiating pulmonary artery intimal injury from the more common (but still rare) pulmonary artery dissection, using our case as an example.
G230 The Use of Composite Scores For the Assessment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) in a Routine Outpatient Clinical Setting

Several JIA composite scores have been validated for use in clinical research studies, but the practicality of their use in the routine clinical setting is unclear. Our aim was to determine the completion rate of the 6 item composite disease activity score, the American College of Rheumatology core outcome variables (ACR COV), and to calculate the 4 item composite Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS) in a tertiary rheumatology unit outpatient clinic setting. Methods In this single centre clinical service evaluation, a retrospective case note review of 105 consecutive JIA patients attending outpatient follow up clinics in 2011–12 was undertaken. The completion rate of a standardised ACR COV proforma (present in all case notes) was determined, and JADAS was calculated from additional clinical data. Pearson’s correlation and logistic regression were used to assess the impact of individual items on changes in JADAS. Results 105 children with JIA had 193 clinic visits but complete ACR COV data were found in only 68/193 records (35%). Of the 6 items comprising the ACR COV, the ESR accounted for the majority of missing data. Sufficient data was available to calculate JADAS scores in 22 children with two consecutive outpatient visits. The table indicates that changes in JADAS were most dependent on the physician’s global assessment, and least dependent on ESR (Pearson correlation). Stepwise regression showed that the physician’s global assessment alone predicted 87.5% of JADAS change and the ESR contributed an additional 3.3%. Conclusion In a routine clinical setting, frequent missing data reduced the potential clinical utility of the ACR COV and JADAS composite scores. We speculate that a composite clinical score which does not rely on recording the ESR may improve completion rates without diminishing clinical utility.
Induction of a Novel Class of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferases and Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as It Goes into a Dormancy-Like State in Culture

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium tuberculosis enters the host by inhalation of an infectious aerosol and replicates in the alveolar macrophages until the host9s immune defense causes bacteriostasis, which leads the pathogen to go into nonreplicative drug-resistant dormancy. The dormant pathogen can survive for decades till the host9s immune system is weakened and active tuberculosis develops. Even though fatty acids are thought to be the major energy source required for the persistence phase, the source of fatty acids used is not known. We postulate that the pathogen uses triacylglycerol (TG) as a storage form of fatty acids. Little is known about the biosynthesis of TG in M. tuberculosis. We show that 15 mycobacterial genes that we identified as putative triacylglycerol synthase (tgs) when expressed in Escherichia coli showed TGS activity, and we report some basic catalytic characteristics of the most active enzymes. We show that several tgs genes are induced when the pathogen goes into the nonreplicative drug-resistant state caused by slow withdrawal of O2 and also by NO treatment, which is known to induce dormancy-associated genes. The gene (Rv3130c) that shows the highest TGS activity when expressed in E. coli shows the highest induction by hypoxia and NO treatment. Biochemical evidence shows that TG synthesis and accumulation occur under both conditions. We conclude that TG may be a form of energy storage for use during long-term dormancy. Therefore, TG synthesis may be an appropriate target for novel antilatency drugs that can prevent the organism from surviving dormancy and thus assist in the control of tuberculosis.
A pruned and bootstrapped American option simulator

The pricing of American options on multiple assets or with path-dependent payoffs is an important but computationally challenging problem. In earlier work, we introduced simulation estimators for this problem which, though biased, are consistent and asymptotically unbiased. In this paper, we introduce enhancements to reduce bias. One enhancement exploits more easily computed European option prices; another uses bootstrapping for bias estimation.
Adenosine A1 and A2A receptor regulation of protein phosphatase 2A in the murine heart.

Adenosine plays a role in regulating the contractile function of the heart. This includes a positive ionotropic action via the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and an inhibition of β1-adrenergic receptor-induced ionotropy (antiadrenergic action) via the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R). Phosphatase activity has also been shown to influence contractile function by affecting the level of protein phosphorylation. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) plays a significant role in mediating the A1R antiadrenergic effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of A2AR and A1R on the activities of PP2A in hearts obtained from wild-type (WT) and A2AR knockout (A2AR-KO) mice. PP2A activities were examined in myocardial particulate and cytoplasmic extract fractions. Treatment of wild-type hearts with the A1R agonist CCPA increased the total PP2A activity and increased the particulate:cytoplasmic PP2A activity ratio. Treatment with the A2AR agonist CGS-21680 (CGS) decreased the total PP2A activity and decreased the particulate:cytoplasmic PP2A activity ratio. This indicated a movement of PP2A activity between cell fractions. The effect of CCPA was inhibited by CGS. In A2AR-KO hearts the response to A1R activation was markedly enhanced whereas the response to A2AR activation was absent. These data show that A2AR and A1R regulate PP2A activity, thus suggesting an important mechanism for modulating myocardial contractility. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 83–90, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Constructing a Bakhtinian/Freirean Dialogic Pedagogy for the College Composition Classroom

Author McAuley discusses the perception of dialog in the field of Education and argues for a more complex and comprehensive understanding of the term. The discussion identifies two camps of dialogic pedagogy based upon the theories of either Mikhail Bakhtin or Paulo Freire and teases out the differences and commonalties between the two theorists’ understanding of dialog. In particular, the author contrasts Bakhtin’s socio-psychological aspects of dialog with Freire’s socio-political ones. The discussion then moves to a review of practitioner research based in Bakhtin, Freire or a combination of the two in order to show how the theories can work in concert within a dialogic pedagogical stance. The discussion concludes with a consideration that a dialogic pedagogy based in both theorists clarifies the discussion and mutually edifies both educators and student through a more comprehensive understanding of dialogic pedagogy.
Sheared deep vortical convection in pre-depression Hagupit during TCS08

[1] Airborne Doppler radar observations from the recent Tropical Cyclone Structure 2008 field campaign in the western North Pacific reveal the presence of deep, buoyant and vortical convective features within a vertically-sheared, westward-moving pre-depression disturbance that later developed into Typhoon Hagupit. On two consecutive days, the observations document tilted, vertically coherent precipitation, vorticity, and updraft structures in response to the complex shearing flows impinging on and occurring within the disturbance near 18 north latitude. The observations and analyses herein suggest that the low-level circulation of the pre-depression disturbance was enhanced by the coupling of the low-level vorticity and convergence in these deep convective structures on the meso-gamma scale, consistent with recent idealized studies using cloud-representing numerical weather prediction models. Further examination of these new observations is needed to quantify the relative role of these vortical convection features in the tropical cyclone spin up process.