cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Triangle model of fairness: investigating spillovers and reciprocal transfers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present and partially test the triangle model of fairness (TMF) by examining employee reactions to customer fairness.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 217 undergraduate hospitality students at a US university participated in the study. Participants seated in a classroom were asked to take part in the study. Customer interpersonal justice was manipulated (high justice versus low justice) in a completely randomized between‐subjects design. The manipulation consisted of written scenarios that depicted interactions between a customer and an employee. Participants read the scenarios. Then, they were instructed to imagine they were the employee in the scenario and were asked to answer questions that assessed their reactions to the interaction with the customer.Findings – Consistent with the predictions, the results of the study revealed that when employees experience interpersonally fair treatment from customers, they are more likely to engage in helping behavior...
Inertial sensor technology using DRIE and wafer bonding with connecting capability

A novel device structure utilizing deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) technology and aligned wafer bonding was developed. In this structure, an interconnecting scheme for electrical signal routing with signal crossovers is realized. Also, the 'footing effect' and the 'bowing effect,' which are inherent in DRIE processes, were investigated in detail. A mask layout strategy for solving the footing effect was developed. A novel two-step etching process was developed for solving the bowing effect. Lateral accelerometers (one axis and two-axis) were successfully fabricated using this technology.
Environmental medicine research to sustain health and performance during military deployment: Desert, arctic high altitude stressors

Abstract 1. 1. Rapid deployment of military forces to extreme naturally harsh environments presents combatants with physiological, biological and psychological stresses that: (1) affect mood, motivation, activation; (2) result in decreased job performance; (3) make accidents more likely; (4) lead to illnesses and non-battle injuries; and (5) jeopardize mission success 2. 2. Laboratory and field research help develop countermeasures to assist military forces in adjusting to hot dry desert, hot wet jungle, cold arctic regions, and high terrestrial altitudes 3. 3. Proven preventive medicine techniques and advanced concepts for deployment preparation include: pre-acclimatization, anti-jet lag measures, hydration, selection of rations based on nutrition requirements, pharmacological intervention, field sanitation, work-rest-sleep scheduling, and controlling operational stresses.
Fluorine in medicinal chemistry: Recent therapeutic applications of fluorinated small molecules

Advances in the development of newly developed fluorinated drugs, approved or in clinical trials, as organized by biological targets/disease states, are reviewed. In a few cases, compounds in early stages of development will be discussed, particularly where new promising targets are involved. Important topics such as anticancer and antiviral drugs were covered in the two previous reviews in this series. Included herein will be fluorinated drugs for treatment of diseases of the central nervous system, various cardiovascular diseases and obesity, antibacterial agents, and antifungal therapy.
Indian hedgehog coordinates endochondral bone growth and morphogenesis via parathyroid hormone related-protein-dependent and -independent pathways.

Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHrP) play a critical role in the morphogenesis of the vertebrate skeleton. Targeted deletion of Ihh results in short-limbed dwarfism, with decreased chondrocyte proliferation and extensive hypertrophy, features shared by mutants in PTHrP and its receptor. Activation of Ihh signaling upregulates PTHrP at the articular surface and prevents chondrocyte hypertrophy in wild-type but not PTHrP null explants, suggesting that Ihh acts through PTHrP. To investigate the relationship between these factors during development of the appendicular skeleton, mice were produced with various combinations of an Ihh null mutation (Ihh(−/−)), a PTHrP null mutation (PTHrP(−/−)), and a constitutively active PTHrP/Parathyroid hormone Receptor expressed under the control of the Collagen II promoter (PTHrPR*). PTHrPR* rescues PTHrP(−/−) embryos, demonstrating this construct can completely compensate for PTHrP signalling. At 18.5 dpc, limb skeletons of Ihh, PTHrP compound mutants were identical to Ihh single mutants suggesting Ihh is necessary for PTHrP function. Expression of PTHrPR* in chondrocytes of Ihh(−/−) mice prevented premature chondrocyte hypertrophy but did not rescue either the short-limbed dwarfism or decreased chondrocyte proliferation. These experiments demonstrate that the molecular mechanism that prevents chondrocyte hypertrophy is distinct from that which drives proliferation. Ihh positively regulates PTHrP, which is sufficient to prevent chondrocyte hypertrophy and maintain a normal domain of cells competent to undergo proliferation. In contrast, Ihh is necessary for normal chondrocyte proliferation in a pathway that can not be rescued by PTHrP signaling. This identifies Ihh as a coordinator of skeletal growth and morphogenesis, and refines the role of PTHrP in mediating a subset of Ihh9s actions.
Using Linear and Geometric Morphometrics to Detect Intraspecific Variability and Sexual Dimorphism in Femoral Shape in Alligator mississippiensis and its Implications for Sexing Fossil Archosaurs

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is prevalent among extant vertebrates and presumably was as common among fossil archosaurs. Here, we test the hypothesis that femur shape is a reliable indicator of sex among archosaurs using linear and geometric morphometric analyses on a large sample of sexed Alligator mississippiensis femora. Linear regression of femoral dimensions onto femur length in alligators shows that male femora are the largest and stoutest in midshaft and articular dimensions, whereas females show more variation in their midshaft dimensions. Using thin-plate splines analyses, regression of partial warps onto alligator femur length revealed that with increasing size the midshaft expands whereas shaft torsion diminishes, that femur shape differs according to sex, and that females show the maximum amount of shape variation at a size 72% that of the largest males. However, sexual dimorphism accounts for only 3% of the total femur shape variation in the sample. Differences in reproductive physiology (e.g, shelling eggs in females) may account for some of the fine morphological differences between males and females. However, size and individual variation appear to effect femur shape the most. These results have significant implications for inferring fossil archosaur sex from femoral dimensions and shape.
The Associations Between Body Mass Index, Smoking, and Alcohol Intake with Ovarian Volume in Midlife Women.

Abstract Background: Despite the fact that ovarian volume is a marker of reproductive aging, there is little understanding of factors related to ovarian volume among aging women. The objective of this analysis was to examine the associations between body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake with ovarian volume among midlife women. Materials and Methods: Data were analyzed from 771 women (45–54 years of age at baseline) enrolled in the Midlife Women's Health Study, a cohort study that was initiated in 2006. At annual clinic visits, height and weight were measured, a transvaginal ultrasound was performed to measure ovarian volume, blood was drawn to measure hormone concentrations, and a comprehensive questionnaire was administered. Generalized linear models and repeated measures mixed models were conducted to examine the associations between BMI, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake with ovarian volume, adjusting for age and race. Results: Age was significantly and negatively associated ...
Properties of a novel PEG derivative of calf adenosine deaminase.

Human adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency has been causally associated with severe combined immunodeficiency diseasel. Some success has been achieved in restoring immune function in these patients by administering the enzyme via red blood cell transfusions2. A derivative of ADA which retains enzymatic activity and which has a long circulation time and minimal immunogenicity when injected intravenously could be useful as an alternate means of enzyme replacement therapy.
Finding Foundings: The Case of Fabius

At least in the American case, the surest way to disenthrall ourselves of a disabling founder worship is to more fully embrace the founders. This essay uses the case of Fabius—the pen name of the under-studied American founder John Dickinson—to show how many resources there are for political reform, rebellion, and reconstitution within the American founding. It thus argues that we need not imagine revolution as the only remedy to the great ills that plague the American republic. The example of Fabius also reminds us that foundings are heterogeneous things, filled with conversation and contestation, and in that sense need not be imagined as dramatic exceptions to the dynamics of everyday life and the possibilities of democratic rule.
The Constitution in Superposition: Interpreting the Federal Constitution's Elegant Specificities Through Farsighted Originalism

Professor Semeraro's essay contends that the traditional debate between originalism and living constitutionalism is a charade because American constitutionalism commits all interpreters to both methods.Originalism comports with American society's commitment to the written rule of law, not men. Living constitutionalism resonates with the tradition of self-government embodied in the ideal of "We the People." The on-going debate over the Constitution's majestic generalities in fundamental-rights-defining cases thus amounts to the search for the proper accommodation between originalism and living constitutionalism rather than a choice between them.Professor Semeraro proposes a new method of constitutional interpretation – farsighted originalism – for cases dealing with specific constitutional clauses regulating intra-governmental conflicts. Scholars and judges have long assumed that these specific clauses would prove easier to interpret. But in the last two terms, bitterly divided Courts have struggled with them. Using an analogy to quantum mechanics, Professor Semeraro shows that the Constitution's specific clauses should be interpreted through the problem-solving rubric embodied in the clause. This rubric creates a superposition of potential original meanings, all of which the founding generation – in a meaningful sense – held, even though they may not have considered all of the circumstances to which the rubric might apply. In this way, the meaning of the Constitution remains fixed, as originalism requires, while simultaneously living to resolve new problems.
The impact of spectral filtration on image quality in micro-CT system

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of spectral filtration on image quality in a microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) system. A mouse phantom comprising 11rods for modeling lung, muscle, adipose, and bones was scanned with 17 s and 2min, respectively. The current (μA) for each scan was adjusted to achieve identical entrance exposure to the phantom, providing a baseline for image quality evaluation. For each region of interest (ROI) within specific composition, CT number variations, noise levels, and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were evaluated from the reconstructed images. CT number variations and CNRs for bone with high density, muscle, and adipose were compared with theoretical predictions. The results show that the impact of spectral filtration on image quality indicators, such as CNR in a micro-CT system, is significantly associated with tissue characteristics. The findings may provide useful references for optimizing the scanning parameters of general micro-CT systems in future imaging applications.
Reliability of Shear-Wave Elastography Estimates of the Young Modulus of Tissue in Follicular Thyroid Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to determine the reliability of shear-wave elastographic estimates of the Young modulus in thyroid follicular neoplasms. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. In this study, 35 adults with follicular nodules diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy were enrolled. A single sonographer examined all nodules in three planes (sagittal, transverse, and transverse center). Two raters independently placed ROIs in each nodule. Intra- and interrater reliability were computed as intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and were reported using the Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies. RESULTS. Thirty-five subjects with 35 follicular pattern nodules diagnosed by FNA biopsy were enrolled; 23 (65.7%) patients were female, with a mean age of 55.1 years (range, 23–85 years). For rater 1, intrarater agreement showed ICCs for single measurements of 0.87, 0.87, and 0.90 in the sagittal, transverse, and transverse center plans, respectively; ICCs for the median of multip...
The Operational and Signaling Benefits of Voluntary Labor Code Adoption: Reconceptualizing the Scope of Human Resource Management in Emerging Economies

Labor codes have been voluntarily adopted and used by manufacturers in emerging economies for the past two decades as a means of ensuring minimally acceptable or core labor standards for workers. H...
Investigation on the Interaction between Plexin Intracellular Plus Transmembrane Domains with GTPases and with the Lipid Bilayer using All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Plexins are transmembrane receptors that receive Semaphorin guidance cues by binding them at their extracellular domains and thus are activated by them. Plexins function not only in cell migration processes, in neuronal and cardiovascular development, but also in cancer metastasis. Plexins are unique, as they are the first example of a receptor that interacts directly with small GTPases, a family of proteins that are essential for cell motility and proliferation/survival. We previously determined the structure of the Rho GTPase binding domain (RBD) of several Plexins and also of the entire intracellular regions of a Plexin-B1 [1]. Connecting the transmembrane domain to the intracellular domain of plexin, we set up a plexin-B1 all atom model bound with small Rho and Ras GTPases. The C-terminal tails of the GTPases are either farnysylated or geranylated, anchoring these proteins to the lipid membrane. Specifically, we built models of the entire intracellular plus transmembrane regions, starting from several crystal structures linked to transmembrane helices whose structure was predicted using PREDDIMER followed by microsecond-long MD refinement simulations [3]. The simulations probe interactions between the GTPases and with plexin, indicating an allosteric network that changes upon plexin-B1 binding with Rho GTPase. The models and simulations at the lipid bilayer reveal the origin of Ras and Rho specificity in plexin's function, as well as the importance of the lipid membrane in stabilizing the whole structure of plexin.References:[1] Hota PK, Buck M. (2012) Cell Mol Life Sci. 69(22):3765-805.[2] Zhang L, Bouguet-Bonnet S, Buck M. (2012) Methods Mol Biol. 796:235-59.[3] Zhang L, Polyansky A, Buck M. Submitted to PLoS Computational Biology. 2014.
Drawing on traditional knowledge to identify and describe ecosystem services associated with Northern Amazon’s multiple-use plants

ABSTRACTTropical multiple-use plants provide an array of ecosystem services, including providing food for wildlife, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and commercial logs. As land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) continues in tropical forests, questions on whether the ecosystem services they provide can be sustained become more pressing. As particular species of plants are targeted for provisioning services, such as commercial logging, the implications for other ecosystem services are often unknown. In this paper we drew on the traditional knowledge of the Makushi and Wapishiana Amerindians of Southern Guyana, and multiple-use plants to gauge the ecosystem services that may be compromised as tropical forests undergo change. An inventory of tree and palm species was classified into one or more of four resource-use classes: commercial timber, wildlife food, traditional uses or no known use. Species that intersected more than one resource use were defined as multiple-use species, and occupied four primary cl...
Measuring Outcomes in Psychiatry: An Inpatient Model

Article-at-a-Glance Background This article describes a system for measuring outcomes recently implemented in the department of psychiatry of Baptist Memorial Hospital, a 78-bed inpatient and day treatment unit that represents one service line of a large, urban teaching hospital in Memphis. In June 1993 Baptist Hospital began a 15-month pilot test of PsychSentinel, a measurement tool developed by researchers in the Department of Community Medicine at the University of Connecticut. The hospital identified the following four primary goals for this pilot project: provide data for internal hospital program evaluation, provide data for external marketing in a managed care environment, satisfy requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations, and generate studies that add to the literature in psychiatry and psychology. Description of measure PsychSentinel is based on the standardized diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). The outcome measure assesses the change in the number of symptoms of psychopathology that occurs between admission and discharge from the hospital. Included in the nonproprietary system are risk adjustment factors, as well as access to a national reference database for comparative analysis purposes. Data collection can be done by trained ancillary staff members, with as much or as little direct physician involvement as desired. The system has proven to be both time effective and cost effective, and it provides important outcome information both at the program level and at the clinician level. Results After the pilot test, the staff at Baptist Memorial Hospital determined that the system met all initial objectives identified and recently adopted the system as an ongoing measure of quality patient care in the department of psychiatry.
Abstract A45: Racial differences in psychosocial barriers to initiate prostate cancer treatment information seeking

Purpose: All men diagnosed with prostate cancer must undergo the complex process of treatment decision-making. Research indicates that most men are not prepared to fully interact with the information environment when they are initially diagnosed. The reasons behind this lack of preparedness are not fully understood. More information is needed about psychosocial facilitators and barriers to information gathering before appropriate interventions can be developed. The purpose of this research was to explore the different types of psychosocial assistance that men might need to help them begin gathering treatment information. Methods: A purposive sample of 63 African-American and Caucasian men treated for or actively monitoring localized prostate cancer (Stage T1 or T2) was recruited to participate. All recruitment was completed via cancer registries, newspaper ads, and word-of-mouth. All participants completed a 30-45 minute self-administered survey on a laptop or touchscreen computer. Data collected included: (1) demographic information and (2) information about their self-reported levels of (a) confidence, (b) confusion, (c) worry, (d) comfort, (e) ease, and (f) organization during their initial searches for treatment information. All men received a $25.00 honorarium for participating. Results: The mean age of participants was 64.17 years. Participants were between six months to 10 years post prostate cancer diagnosis (mean = 5.21 years, SD= 3.23). At the initial search for treatment information, the majority of men (82.5%) were not confident they knew all of the right information to look for and were not confident they could find answers for all of their questions (79.3%). When psychosocial barriers were compared by race, one significant relationship was found. A greater proportion of African Americans (19.2%) found the initial information gathering process more difficult than their Caucasian counterparts (13.5%) (p Citation Format: Heather Guerreso, Jarrett Johnson, Levi Ross. Racial differences in psychosocial barriers to initiate prostate cancer treatment information seeking. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A45.
Verifying OWL ontology correctness using max-heaps

The long term goal of this research is to improve the quality and accuracy of ontologies that describe a domain. Once the correctness of an ontology can be verified then it can be used confidently in actual data processing problems. The objective of this research is to focus on the correctness of a given ontology by analyzing its structural integrity. The central hypothesis of this research is that given an OWL ontology describing a particular domain, it is possible to determine the correctness of its structure by treating the ontology as a max-heap.
Information-Theoretic Analysis of Neural Data

Publisher Summary Shannon's information theory is one of the greatest technical achievements of the twentieth century. Shannon's theory defines the ultimate fidelity limits that communication and information processing systems can attain under a wide variety of situations. Information theory provides few answers when it comes to analyzing a preexisting system whose components and constraints are only vaguely known. In neuroscience applications, the simple act of applying a stochastic stimulus does little to respond to the issues. More basic and interesting would be how to assess how well a stimulus or its features are represented by a neural response and how well a neural group extracts features from its input. Producing accurate estimates even for small populations could demand more data than could be reasonably measured. The reason for the “data-hungry” nature of estimating this and other information-theoretic quantities is also the same reason for employing them: their generality.
Evidence for the Transfer of Elatine rotundifolia to Linderniaceae

Abstract Elatine rotundifolia was described in 2008 from Ecuador as a new species because of its unique morphology and geographical distribution. However, an examination of type material for E. rotundifolia suggested to us initially that this taxon had been assigned incorrectly to Elatine, despite some superficial similarity to that genus. This possibility was investigated using morphological and molecular data. We found that E. rotundifolia differed from other members of Elatine by several vegetative and reproductive features, which indicated a distant alliance closer to Linderniaceae (Lamiids; Asterids) rather than Elatinaceae (Fabids; Superrosids). We then conducted a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region, which included isotype material of E. rotundifolia, as well as various representatives of Elatinaceae, Linderniaceae, and other angiosperm clades. The molecular data resolved E. rotundifolia among several accessions of Micranthemum (Linderniaceae) in a pos...
Immunopathology alters Th17 cell glucocorticoid sensitivity

Th17 cells contribute to several inflammatory conditions and increasing evidence supports that Th17 cells are glucocorticoid resistant. However, Th17 cells in psoriasis and related diseases are glucocorticoid sensitive. We compare glucocorticoid sensitive and resistant immunological diseases and suggest that several aspects in Th17-related diseases alter glucocorticoid sensitivity of Th17 cells. We identify molecular pathways that are implicated in glucocorticoid sensitivity of Th17 cells in the literature, as this information is useful for developing approaches to overcome glucocorticoid-resistant immunopathology.
Evaluation of the accuracy of 7 digital scanners: An in vitro analysis based on 3-dimensional comparisons.

Abstract Statement of problem As digital impressions become more common and more digital impression systems are released onto the market, it is essential to systematically and objectively evaluate their accuracy. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the trueness and precision of 6 intraoral scanners and 1 laboratory scanner in both sextant and complete-arch scenarios. Furthermore, time of scanning was evaluated and correlated with trueness and precision. Material and methods A custom complete-arch model was fabricated with a refractive index similar to that of tooth structure. Seven digital impression systems were used to scan the custom model for both posterior sextant and complete arch scenarios. Analysis was performed using 3-dimensional metrology software to measure discrepancies between the master model and experimental casts. Results Of the intraoral scanners, the Planscan was found to have the best trueness and precision while the 3Shape Trios was found to have the poorest for sextant scanning ( P iTero >3Shape TRIOS 3 >Carestream 3500 >Planscan >CEREC Omnicam >CEREC Bluecam. The order of precision for complete-arch scanning was as follows: CS3500 >iTero >3Shape D800 >3Shape TRIOS 3 >CEREC Omnicam >Planscan >CEREC Bluecam. For the secondary outcome evaluating the effect time has on trueness and precision, the complete- arch scan time was highly correlated with both trueness (r=0.771) and precision (r=0.771). Conclusions For sextant scanning, the Planscan was found to be the most precise and true scanner. For complete-arch scanning, the 3Shape Trios was found to have the best balance of speed and accuracy.
Evaluation of O6-Benzylguanine-Potentiated Topical Carmustine for Mycosis Fungoides: A Phase 1-2 Clinical Trial.

Importance In a phase 1 trial, single-dose O 6 -benzylguanine with topical carmustine for patients with early stage (stage IA through stage IIA) cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides (MF) type, resulted in clinical responses proportional to inhibition of O 6 -alkylguanine–DNA alkyltransferase activity, but a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached. Objective To determine whether dose escalation of carmustine in combination with dual-dose O 6 -benzylguanine to prolong alkyltransferase inhibition could reach an MTD. Design, Setting, and Participants A single-arm, phase 1-2 clinical trial conducted at a university teaching hospital enrolled 17 adults with stage IA through stage IIA cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, MF type, to evaluate treatment using topical carmustine plus 2 subsequent daily doses of intravenous O 6 -benzylguanine, administered every 2 weeks for up to 24 weeks (12 cycles). All patients who received treatment were included in an intent-to-treat analysis of the response rate. The study was conducted from February 17, 2010, to April 8, 2014. Data analysis was performed from May 1, 2014, to December 1, 2015. Interventions Topical carmustine and intravenous O 6 -benzylguanine. Main Outcomes and Measures Clinical disease response was assessed by the Severity-Weighted Assessment Tool (score range, 0-400; higher score indicates worse disease). Safety data were acquired by review of adverse events at study visits. Results Of the 17 patients enrolled, 12 (71%) were men; mean (SD) age was 45.2 (14.6) years. There were 7 complete responses and 8 partial responses to combination carmustine and O 6 -benzylguanine treatment. The overall clinical response rate was 88%, with a mean (SD) duration of complete response of 14.43 (6.6) months. The MTD was 20 mg of carmustine applied once in combination with 2 daily doses of 120 mg/m 2 of O 6 -benzylguanine. Most adverse events (112 [67%]) were grade I. Of 15 patients with dermatitis, 5 individuals (33%) demonstrated grade II dermatitis that was unresponsive to topical corticosteroid therapy. The dermatitis was characterized by high levels of macrophage activation, and clearance was associated with vitamin D 3 administration. Conclusions and Relevance Compared with single-dose O 6 -benzylguanine and carmustine, dual-dose O 6 -benzylguanine resulted in higher overall response rates and reduced total carmustine doses but was associated with more cutaneous adverse events. The MTD for dual-dose O 6 -benzylguanine plus carmustine was also ascertained. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00961220
Neurobiological correlates of impulsivity in healthy adults: Lower prefrontal gray matter volume and spontaneous eye-blink rate but greater resting-state functional connectivity in basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuitry

Abstract Studies consistently implicate aberrance of the brain's reward-processing and decision-making networks in disorders featuring high levels of impulsivity, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance use disorder, and psychopathy. However, less is known about the neurobiological determinants of individual differences in impulsivity in the general population. In this study of 105 healthy adults, we examined relationships between impulsivity and three neurobiological metrics – gray matter volume, resting-state functional connectivity, and spontaneous eye-blink rate, a physiological indicator of central dopaminergic activity. Impulsivity was measured both by performance on a task of behavioral inhibition (go/no-go task) and by self-ratings of attentional, motor, and non-planning impulsivity using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Overall, we found that less gray matter in medial orbitofrontal cortex and paracingulate gyrus, greater resting-state functional connectivity between nodes of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network, and lower spontaneous eye-blink rate were associated with greater impulsivity. Specifically, less prefrontal gray matter was associated with higher BIS-11 motor and non-planning impulsivity scores, but was not related to task performance; greater correlated resting-state functional connectivity between the basal ganglia and thalamus, motor cortices, and prefrontal cortex was associated with worse no-go trial accuracy on the task and with higher BIS-11 motor impulsivity scores; lower spontaneous eye-blink rate was associated with worse no-go trial accuracy and with higher BIS-11 motor impulsivity scores. These data provide evidence that individual differences in impulsivity in the general population are related to variability in multiple neurobiological metrics in the brain's reward-processing and decision-making networks.
Diffusiophoresis in Ionic Surfactant Gradients

Surfactants play a ubiquitous role in many areas of science and technology, and gradients often form—either spontaneously or intentionally—in a variety of nonequilibrium situations and processes. We visualize and measure the diffusiophoretic migration of latex colloids in response to gradients of cationic and anionic surfactants, both below and above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). Below the cmc, colloidal migration can be described using classic theories for diffusiophoresis under electrolyte gradients, although subtleties and distinctions do appear. Cationic surfactants adsorb onto anionic colloids, changing the surface charge and thus reversing the direction of diffusiophoretic migration. Above the cmc, diffusiophoretic mobilties decrease by orders of magnitude. We argue this to occur because charged monomers (rather than micelles) dominate colloidal diffusiophoresis. Because monomer concentrations remain essentially constant above the cmc, surfactant gradients imposed above the cmc result in...
Effect of the SiO2 interlayer properties with solid-source hydrogenation on passivated contact performance and surface passivation

Abstract We investigate how SiOx oxide interlayers prepared by different techniques (chemical, thermal) in combination with hydrogen released from an ALD Al2O3 source layer govern passivation in 1) passivated contacts based on doped poly-Si layers and tunneling SiO2, and 2) wafer surface passivation by Al2O3. Profiles of O and H in these structures with engineered, buried SiOx interlayers were measured by Time-of-Flight SIMS (TOF-SIMS) at nanometer resolution. Passivated contacts perform best with thermally oxidized SiOx, while chemical SiOx causes poly-Si film blistering and performance degradation. ALD Al2O3 acts as passivating H source, significantly improving B-doped and intrinsic poly-Si contacts for IBC cells. Fast-diffusing hydrogen from the Al2O3 source layer appears to penetrate Si wafer thickness, improving the passivation of structures at the opposite side. In contrast to the passivated contacts, chemical SiOx interlayer promotes wafer surface passivation by ALD Al2O3, while similarly thin thermal SiO2 suppresses passivation and built-in charge.
A Call to Use Cultural Competence When Teaching Evolution to Religious College Students: Introducing Religious Cultural Competence in Evolution Education (ReCCEE)

Low acceptance of evolution among undergraduate students is common and is best predicted by religious beliefs. Decreasing students' perceived conflict between religion and evolution could increase their acceptance of evolution. However, college biology instructors may struggle with trying to decrease students' perceived conflict between religion and evolution because of differences in the religious cultures and beliefs of instructors and students. Although a large percentage of undergraduate students in evolution courses are religious, most instructors teaching evolution are not. To consider differences between the secular culture of many college instructors and the religious culture of many students, we propose using a lens of cultural competence to create effective evolution education. Cultural competence is the ability of individuals from one culture (in this case, primarily secular instructors who are teaching evolution) to bridge cultural differences and effectively communicate with individuals from a different culture (in this case, primarily religious undergraduate biology students). We call this new framework Religious Cultural Competence in Evolution Education (ReCCEE). In this essay, we describe a suite of culturally competent practices that can help instructors reduce students' perceived conflict between evolution and religion, increase students' acceptance of evolution, and help create more inclusive undergraduate biology classrooms.
Embedding sensors in composite plates for characterization under impacting shock wave loading

High-frequency-response, semiconductor, strain gages used in various combinations have been embedded in S-2 glass epoxy composite test plates during in-house fabrication using vacuum-assisted resin...
"How comes it, Rocinante, you're so lean?" "I'm underfed, with overwork I'm worn"--Cervantes.

Suggested citation for this article: Potter P. “How comes it, Rocinante, you’re so lean?” “I’m underfed, with overwork I’m worn.” Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2008 Sep [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/14/9/1505.htm
Chapter 7 – Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

This chapter focuses on supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) that has been seeking a permanent home in analytical laboratories since its inception in the early 1960s. During this time, it has enjoyed peaks of passing popularity championed as an extension of gas chromatography or a replacement for high-pressure liquid chromatography. Supercritical fluid chromatography is able to extend the molecular-weight separating range of gas chromatography at the expense of some loss in efficiency and longer separation times. In the late 1980s, supercritical fluid chromatography was reborn largely as an open tubular column technique using column and detector technology imported from gas chromatography, and mobile-phase delivery and injection systems from liquid chromatography. The small, optimal column internal diameters combined with their low flow rates impeded instrument development and the reliance on carbon dioxide as virtually the only convenient mobile phase for use with flame-based detectors restricted applications to compounds with adequate solubility in carbon dioxide, a relatively nonpolar solvating medium. Open tubular-column supercritical fluid chromatography found a niche for itself in the separation of thermally stable compounds of low polarity. These compounds are difficult to separate by gas chromatography because extreme temperatures are required to obtain adequate volatility. Simultaneously, it acquired a reputation for being unsuitable for the separation of polar compounds because of poor peak shapes and, in some cases, low mass recovery.
Review of state Comprehensive Cancer Control plans for genomics content.

INTRODUCTION The goals of this study were to determine U.S. states with Comprehensive Cancer Control plans that include genomics in some capacity and to review successes with and barriers to implementation of genomics-related cancer control initiatives. METHODS This study was conducted in two phases. Phase one included a content analysis of written state Comprehensive Cancer Control plans (n = 30) for terms related to genomics, or "genomic components" (n = 18). The second phase involved telephone interviews with the Comprehensive Cancer Control plan coordinators in states with plans that contained genomic components (n = 16). The interview was designed to gather more detailed information about the genomics-related initiatives within the state's Comprehensive Cancer Control plan and the successes with and barriers to plan implementation, as defined by each state. RESULTS Eighteen of the 30 Comprehensive Cancer Control plans analyzed contained genomics components. We noted a large variability among these 18 plans in the types of genomics components included. Nine (56%) of the 16 states interviewed had begun to implement the genomics components in their plan. Most states emphasized educating health care providers and the public about the role of genomics in cancer control. Many states consider awareness of family history to be an important aspect of their Comprehensive Cancer Control plan. Approximately 67% of states with family history components in their plans had begun to implement these goals. Virtually all states reported they would benefit from additional training in cancer genetics and general public health genomics. CONCLUSION The number of states incorporating genomics into their Comprehensive Cancer Control plans is increasing. Family history is a public health application of genomics that could be implemented more fully into Comprehensive Cancer Control plans.
The Development of Soviet Theory of Knowledge and Its Main Representatives

By definition the philosophical treatment of knowledge is an integral part of the philosophy of Marxism-Leninism and one would expect, therefore, that every Soviet philosopher would say at least something on the specific nature of cognition and that, further, there would develop a special group of philosophers — to be called epistemologists — who would devote themselves in a special way to the elaboration of questions dealing with knowledge. That this has not been the case with Soviet philosophy — where the explicit philosophical treatment of knowledge dates from about 1950 and the formation of a group of epistemologists from about 1957 — is due in the main to the peculiar history of this philosophical doctrine as a whole.
Abstract 28: Transcriptomic Profiling of Microglia in Acute and Delayed Phases Following Ischemic Stroke

Background: Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and CNS-infiltrating macrophages (CNS-MPs) impacts neuronal survival and recovery following ischemic stroke. Transcriptomic profiling of microgli...
Prediction of Time to Hormonal Treatment Failure in Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer with 18F-FDG PET/CT

The aim of this prospective investigation was to assess the association of 18F-FDG PET/CT with time to hormonal treatment failure (THTF) in men with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. Methods: 76 men with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer recruited from 2005 to 2011 underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT and were followed prospectively for THTF, defined as treatment change to chemotherapy or death. Patients who had not switched to chemotherapy were censored at the last follow-up date (median of 36 mo; range, 12-108 mo). Cox regression analyses were performed to examine the association between PET/CT measurements: sum of SUVmax, maximum SUVmax, and average SUVmax for up to 10 of the most active lesions and THTF. Survival probabilities were based on the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: 43 patients had hormonal treatment failure, and 8 died without documented treatment failure. Median THTF was 26.5 mo (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.5-46.6 mo). The THTF-free probability at 5 y was 35% ± 6%. On univariate analysis, all PET parameters, including number of lesions, were statistically significant for THTF. In a reduced multivariate model accounting for clinical variables, only sum of SUVmax (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.002-1.03; P = 0.024) and number of lesions (hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.08-1.29; P < 0.001) were independently associated with THTF. When sum of SUVmax was grouped into quartile ranges, there was a significantly worse survival probability for patients in the fourth-quartile range than in the first, with a univariate hazard ratio of 6.2 (95% CI, 2.8-13.6; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Sum of SUVmax and number of lesions derived from 18F-FDG PET/CT provide independent prognostic information on THTF in men with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer.
Sex and Gender Driven Modifiers of Alzheimer's: The Role for Estrogenic Control Across Age, Race, Medical, and Lifestyle Risks

Research indicates that after advanced age, the major risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is female sex. Out of every three AD patients, two are females with postmenopausal women contributing to over 60% of all those affected. Sex- and gender-related differences in AD have been widely researched and several emerging lines of evidence point to different vulnerabilities that contribute to dementia risk. Among those being considered, it is becoming widely accepted that gonadal steroids contribute to the gender disparity in AD, as evidenced by the "estrogen hypothesis." This posits that sex hormones, 17β-estradiol in particular, exert a neuroprotective effect by shielding females' brains from disease development. This theory is further supported by recent findings that the onset of menopause is associated with the emergence of AD-related brain changes in women in contrast to men of the same age. In this review, we discuss genetic, medical, societal, and lifestyle risk factors known to increase AD risk differently between the genders, with a focus on the role of hormonal changes, particularly declines in 17β-estradiol during the menopause transition (MT) as key underlying mechanisms.
An atomistic study of damage and localized anisotropic mechanical property evolution in thermoset polymers

Abstract All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to explore damage initiation and the local anisotropic evolution of mechanical properties in thermoset polymers under uniaxial tension with an emphasis on changes in stiffness through a series of tensile loading, unloading, and reloading experiments. By comparing the results for classical and bond order potentials, bond breakage is found to play a minimal role in damage initiation due to the highly localized plastic deformation mechanisms. The void fraction is quantified, revealing sudden initiation points and consistent growth rates, which are correlated to averaged changes in stiffness, and the state of deformation. The efficacy of incorporating MD damage data into multiscale models is evaluated considering the sensitivity of results to topological variation. In addition, the results are compared for various reference frames, demonstrating the need for fully Eulerian stress–strain pairs to isolate material behavior from the geometric changes associated with large molecular strains.
Student Perception of Stress in Online and Face-to-Face Learning: The Exploration of Stress Determinants

Stress during the learning process is thought to enhance memory formation while at the same time hinders memory retrieval. Together like a double-edged sword, stress can have both a positive and ne...
Ménétrier's Disease

Abstract Menetrier's disease (hypoproteinemic hypertrophic gastropathy) is gastropathy characterized by decreased acid production (hypochlorhydria), excessive mucin production, hyperproliferation of the gastric folds, and hypoproteinemia associated with selective loss of serum proteins across the gastric mucosa into the gastric lumen. The disease linkage with Menetrier dates to 1888 with the description of enlarged gastric folds, “polyadenomes en nappe rugae,” that resembled cerebral convolutions. The disease is rare, acquired, and a premalignant disorder. Gastric cancer has been reported at diagnosis and during followup of patients with hypertrophic gastropathy. No specific therapy is predictive of response to symptoms. The disease has been linked with ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor, thus antagonism of this receptor as a therapeutic modality is being investigated.
Faculty-Led Study Abroad in Criminal Justice: A How to Guide

Traditionally, study abroad has been primarily in business and foreign language programs. However, with the increase in short-term faculty-led experiences, criminal justice students are now able to...
Development and Testing of the Parent-Child Sex Communication Inventory: A Multidimensional Assessment Tool for Parent and Adolescent Informants.

Parent-child sex communication is a complex and multidimensional construct, and effective measurement tools that reflect this complexity are scarce. The purpose of this study was to develop and tes...
Keratinocyte Carcinomas: Should We Screen for Them?

Keratinocyte carcinoma, which includes basal cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, is common, and the incidence is increasing.
Cost-benefit analysis of retrofitting attic-integrated switchable insulation systems of existing US residential buildings

Abstract This study evaluates the cost-benefit of retrofitting attic using switchable insulation systems (SISs) for existing US residential buildings. For the retrofit analysis, the SIS insulation, is operated using 2-step temperature based controls and its energy performance is compared to that achieved by static code-required insulation installed in attics of detached homes located in 44 US locations. The analysis results show significant correlations between source heating/cooling energy savings and degree-days as well as sol-air temperatures used as climate indicators for the US locations. In addition, it is found that the potential energy savings achieved by attic-integrated SIS insulation retrofit vary widely by climate ranging from 14 kWh/m2 to 51 kWh/m2. For all US locations, the analysis indicates that deploying the attic-integrated SIS can provide higher cost savings compared to static high R-value insulation. Based on a breakeven cost analysis, the annual energy cost savings when replacing the existing insulation with attic-integrated SIS range from $0.05/m2 to $1.57/m2 depending on the climate. The additional cost for the deployment of SIS insulation can be on average 55% more than the current static insulation US prices to ensure its cost-effectiveness as a retrofit measure for attics of US residential buildings.