cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone and Tooth Formation. Insights into Mineralization Strategies

Mineralized tissues take either of two possible forms, distinguished on the basis of the relationship between mineral and matrix and the organization of the mineral phase. In organisms with shells, carapaces and exoskeletons the mineral crystals are large, form the major continuous phase, and determine the principal physical properties of the tissue. Bone, on the other hand, is a composite-like tissue in which the organic matrix is the continuous phase while the mineral is dispersed as discontinuous microcrystals regularly throughout the matrix. In both types of tissues the organic phase is the cellular product deposited before mineral accretion begins. In both situations it has been postulated that the organic matrix directs the deposition of the mineral phase, from nucleation through ultimate limitation of crystal growth. The central question under investigation here is that of the mechanisms whereby the matrix control of mineralization is expressed. Is there a cannon strategy used in all systems, in spite of the evident diversity?
Mexican Assimilation: A Temporal and Spatial Reorientation

STATE OF THE ART MEXICAN ASSIMILATION A Temporal and Spatial Reorientation 1 Tomas R. Jimenez Department of Sociology and Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego and the New America Foundation David Fitzgerald 2 Department of Sociology and Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego Abstract One of the principal theoretical and policy questions in the sociology of international migration is the extent to which post-1965 immigrants are either assimilating in the United States or remain stuck in an ethnic “underclass.” This paper aims to recast conventional approaches to assimilation through a temporal and spatial reorientation, with special attention to the Mexican-origin case. Attending to the effects of the replenishment of the Mexican-origin population through a constant stream of new immigrants shows significant assimilation taking place temporally between a given immigrant cohort and subsequent generations. Thinking outside the national box, through comparing the growing differences between Mexican migrants and their descendants, on the one hand, and Mexicans who stay in Mexico, on the other, reveals, spatially, a dramatic upward mobility and a process of “homeland dissimilation” that conventional accounts miss. We demonstrate the analytic utility of these two perspectives through an empirical comparison with more orthodox approaches to educational stratification. Keywords: Immigration, Assimilation, Replenishment, Dissimilation, Ethnicity, Mexi- cans, Mexico INTRODUCTION Worries about the assimilation of the Mexican-origin 3 population have long attracted attention from academics and policymakers in the United States. These concerns came to a head during debates in 2006–2007 over legislation to overhaul the nation’s immigration laws. Mexican immigrants, who make up roughly 30% of the foreign- born population and more than one-half of unauthorized immigrants, were the focal point of discussions in the halls of Congress, in the streets of U.S. cities, and on the Du Bois Review, 4:2 (2007) 337–354. © 2007 W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research 1742-058X007 $15.00 doi:10.10170S1742058X07070191
Law and literature in comparative perspectives: Tracing Shylock’s case from Italian novelle to American courtrooms:

Recent work on law’s connection to literature has shown the immense overlap in narrative structuring, power dynamics, and social prejudices inherent to both literary and legal texts. Yet law-litera...
Viewing Access to Justice For Rural Mainers of Color Through A Prosecution Lens

Rural areas throughout the country, including those in Maine, are beginning to navigate the challenges and benefits of burgeoning communities of color. District Attorneys’ offices in the state, however, have done little to prepare for this major demographic shift. Maine district attorneys must expand their understanding of their duties to do justice and assure access to justice by better serving rural Mainers of color. While a number of scholars have focused on the legal challenges communities of color face in urban environments as well as those faced by what have been presumed to be White communities in rural areas, this paper is the first to examine the relationship between rural Mainers of color and elected district attorneys. This paper advocates that prosecutors adopt, as Professor Lisa Pruitt has termed, a “thicker” definition of access to justice, particularly for rural Mainers of color. This paper is unique in that it examines access to justice not just from the perspective of providing access to counsel in either the criminal or civil context, but focuses exclusively on the role of rural Maine prosecutors.
The Anatomy of a Lease

The review of commercial leases is a key component of an investor’s (or a lender’s) due diligence prior to purchase (or financing) of an investment real estate property. The length of the lease income, in conjunction with the amount of competing, available space in the market, represents the durability of the income stream in our aforementioned QQD framework. The lease is a contractual obligation between the lessor (owner) and the lessee (tenant). The lease documents how much rent will be paid, for how long it should be paid, and how expenses may be shared. In this section, we will discuss how the price of rent is determined, how rent is calculated, and how expenses can be shared between the lessor and the lessee.
Statistical modeling of STR capillary electrophoresis signal

In order to isolate an individual’s genotype from a sample of biological material, most laboratories use PCR and Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) to construct a genetic profile based on polymorphic loci known as Short Tandem Repeats (STRs). The resulting profile consists of CE signal which contains information about the length and number of STR units amplified. For samples collected from the environment, interpretation of the signal can be challenging given that information regarding the quality and quantity of the DNA is often limited. The signal can be further compounded by the presence of noise and PCR artifacts such as stutter which can mask or mimic biological alleles. Because manual interpretation methods cannot comprehensively account for such nuances, it would be valuable to develop a signal model that can effectively characterize the various components of STR signal independent of a priori knowledge of the quantity or quality of DNA. First, we seek to mathematically characterize the quality of the profile by measuring changes in the signal with respect to amplicon size. Next, we examine the noise, allele, and stutter components of the signal and develop distinct models for each. Using cross-validation and model selection, we identify a model that can be effectively utilized for downstream interpretation. Finally, we show an implementation of the model in NOCIt, a software system that calculates the a posteriori probability distribution on the number of contributors. The model was selected using a large, diverse set of DNA samples obtained from 144 different laboratory conditions; with DNA amounts ranging from a single copy of DNA to hundreds of copies, and the quality of the profiles ranging from pristine to highly degraded. Implemented in NOCIt, the model enables a probabilisitc approach to estimating the number of contributors to complex, environmental samples.
UNIT 18.1 Overview of Protein Phosphorylation

This overview discusses the significance and roles of protein phosphorylation in regulation of protein function. Sites of phosphorylation are described as well as methods for detecting both radiolabeled and unlabeled phosphoamino acids. Importantly, protein kinases and phosphatases, the regulators of phosphorylation are discussed.
Colonial dynamics limit climate adaptation in Oceania: Perspectives from the Marshall Islands

Abstract In the island states of Oceania, colonial power dynamics profoundly shape climate vulnerability and response. Largely as a result of their colonial history, island nations are dependent on outside funders to adapt to climate change, reproducing colonial subordination by depriving island states of sovereignty over their adaptation strategies. We empirically demonstrate the sovereignty-depriving effects of the current adaptation process through a case study from the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). Recent scholarship suggests that, without swift and large-scale adaptation, RMI will be uninhabitable by mid-century, threatening a population-scale forced migration. Our research indicates that Marshallese leaders are committed to adapting in place in order to preserve national identity and sovereignty, but they view reliance on external funding as a major barrier to implementing the measures that could enable RMI to survive in the face of climate change. Marshallese decision-makers in this study perceive that aid institutions discount the existential implications of failing to pursue aggressive adaptation, assuming instead that migration is inevitable, economically rational, and even desirable. Such a proposal is particularly painful given the history of forced migration in RMI caused by U.S. nuclear weapons testing there. These neocolonial dynamics not only deprive island states of sovereignty over their adaptation strategies but also threaten permanent abrogation of national sovereignty and selfdetermination through loss of a habitable territory. To uphold global commitments to decolonization and human rights, our research indicates the need to return sovereignty over climate adaptation decision-making to affected states.
Association of Chain Restaurant Advertising Spending With Obesity in US Adults.

Importance Restaurants spend billions of dollars on marketing. However, little is known about the association between restaurant marketing and obesity risk in adults. Objective To examine associations between changes in per capita county-level restaurant advertising spending over time and changes in objectively measured body mass index (BMI) for adult patients. Design, setting, and participants This cohort study used regression models with county fixed effects to examine associations between changes in per capita county-level (370 counties across 44 states) restaurant advertising spending over time with changes in objectively measured body mass index (BMI) for US adult patients from 2013 to 2016. Different media types and restaurant types were analyzed together and separately. The cohort was derived from deidentified patient data obtained from athenahealth. The final analytic sample included 5 987 213 patients, and the analysis was conducted from March 2018 to November 2019. Exposure Per capita county-level chain restaurant advertising spending. Main outcomes and measures Individual-level mean BMI during the quarter. Results The included individuals were generally older (37.1% older than 60 years), female (56.8%), and commercially insured (53.5%). For the full population of 29 285 920 person-quarters, there was no association between changes in all restaurant advertising per capita (all media types, all restaurants) and changes in BMI. However, restaurant advertising spending was positively associated with weight gain for patients in low-income counties but not in high-income counties. A $1 increase in quarterly advertising per capita across all media and restaurant types was associated with a 0.053-unit increase in BMI (95% CI, 0.001-0.102) for patients in low-income counties, corresponding to a 0.12% decrease in BMI at the 10th percentile of changes in county advertising spending vs a 0.12% increase in BMI at the 90th percentile. Conclusions and relevance The results of this study suggest that restaurant advertising is associated with modest weight gain among adult patients in low-income counties. To date, there has been no public policy action or private sector action to limit adult exposure to unhealthy restaurant advertising. Efforts to decrease restaurant advertising in low-income communities should be intensified and rigorously evaluated to understand their potential for increasing health equity.
Restricted mean survival time as a function of restriction time

Restricted mean survival time (RMST) is a clinically interpretable and meaningful survival metric that has gained popularity in recent years. Several methods are available for regression modeling of RMST, most based on pseudo-observations or what is essentially an inverse-weighted complete-case analysis. No existing RMST regression method allows for the covariate effects to be expressed as functions over time. This is a considerable limitation, in light of the many hazard regression methods that do accommodate such effects. To address this void in the literature, we propose RMST methods that permit estimating time-varying effects. In particular, we propose an inference framework for directly modeling RMST as a continuous function of L. Large-sample properties are derived. Simulation studies are performed to evaluate the performance of the methods in finite sample sizes. The proposed framework is applied to kidney transplant data obtained from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients.
Frontline Interpretive Work of Activating the Americans with Disabilities Act

In the United States, laws intended to promote educational access and equity for students with disabilities have led institutions of higher learning to create disability services departments, where front line workers activate federal regulations through the development of institutional policies. This chapter examines the activities of disability services providers at one community college who performed the work of interpreting, implementing, and complying with federal laws at the local level. While ostensibly helping students with disabilities, the procedural requirements arising from institutional policies and texts often placed additional work on the students served. I found that there was a top-down flow of information originating from the legal texts and regulations at the highest translocal level to students at the local level, with the disability office staff serving as the intermediaries. The interpretive work of the disability services professionals was largely invisible, and the burden on the students unrecognized.
Full- and Partial-Admission Performance of a Simplex Turbine

The turbines used in rocket-engine applications are often partial-admission turbines, meaning that the flow enters the rotor over only a portion of the annulus. These turbines have been traditionally analyzed, however, assuming full-admission characteristics. This assumption enables the simulation of only a portion of the 360-deg annulus with periodic boundary conditions applied in the circumferential direction. Whereas this traditional approach to simulating the flow in partial-admission turbines significantly reduces the computational requirements, the accuracy of the solutions has not been evaluated or compared to partial-admission data. In the current investigation, both full-admission and partial-admission three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes simulations were performed for a partial-admission turbine designed and tested at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The results indicate that the partial-admission nature of the turbine should be included in simulations to properly predict the performance and flow unsteadiness of the turbine.
Compartmentalization of metabolism between cell types in multicellular organisms: a computational perspective

Abstract In multicellular organisms, metabolism is compartmentalized at many levels, including tissues and organs, different cell types, and subcellular compartments. Compartmentalization creates a coordinated homeostatic system where each compartment contributes to the production of energy and biomolecules the organism needs to carrying out specific metabolic tasks. Experimentally studying metabolic compartmentalization and metabolic interactions between cells and tissues in multicellular organisms is challenging at a systems level. However, recent progress in computational modeling provides an alternative approach to this problem. Here we discuss how integrating metabolic network modeling with omics data offers an opportunity to reveal metabolic states at the level of organs, tissues and, ultimately, individual cells. We review the current status of genome-scale metabolic network models in multicellular organisms, methods to study metabolic compartmentalization in silico, and insights gained from computational analyses. We also discuss outstanding challenges and provide perspectives for the future directions of the field.
Pharmacologic and endocrine aspects of carcinoid syndrome.

Publisher Summary Unlike most metastatic tumors, carcinoids usually have a very slow rate of growth. Thus, the illness produced by carcinoid ncoplasms largely results from the pharmacologic effects of the tumors and patients with this syndrome may live for years with little morbidity directly related to the morphologic presence of the neoplasm. Thus, an understanding of the biochemical pathophysiology of the syndrome is important in developing a rationale for treating these patients. Although tumors, arising from organs, in the portal circulation produce carcinoid syndrome only after metastasizing to the liver, it is important that the increasing number of reports of surgical cures of carcinoid syndrome by resection of the extraportal primary tumors, such as bronchial adenomas and teratomas. The possibility that the pharmacologic effects of the tumor may occasionally signal the presence of a resectable malignancy makes early recognition and biochemical diagnosis of this syndrome imperative. Serotonin is the primary mediator of the endocrine aspects of the syndrome but not the sole mediator. Subsequent studies have shown that these tumors may vary in their metabolism of indoles and may elaborate entirely unrelated humoral agents, such as bradykinin, histamine, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Thus, within the broad classification of carcinoid tumors, there is a huge versatility in the production of biologically active substances.
Lincoln and Habeas: Or Merryman and Milligan and McCardle

Three cases define the Supreme Court’s encounter with the Civil War: Ex parte Merryman,1 Ex parte Milligan,2 and Ex parte McCardle.3 All three case names bear the styling “ex parte” because all three were brought on behalf of citizens detained by the armed forces of the Union. All three detainees sought release under the ancient writ of habeas corpus, which requires the government to demonstrate to a federal judge the factual and legal grounds for detention.4 I will explain why the cases of the Civil War did not assume the landmark importance, despite their circumstances and language, as a Marbury v. Madison, McCullough v. Maryland, or Brown v. Board of Education, but instead showed the deferential attitude of the Supreme Court to the other branches of the government during wartime. Merryman was a Maryland militia officer who had blown up railroad bridges between Washington, D.C. and the North, and was training secessionist troops in the earliest days of the Civil War.5 Milligan was an alleged member of an insurgent force in Indiana that was sympathetic to the Confederacy.6 He was tried and sentenced by a military commission—an old form of ad hoc military court established by commanders for the trial of violations of the laws of war and the administration of justice in occupied territory.7
Avian Community Response to Lowland Tropical Rainforest Isolation: 40 Years of Change at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica

Since 1960, most of the forest surrounding the La Selva Biological Station, an intensively studied tropical research facility in Costa Rica, has been converted to agricultural uses. We used quantitative censuses and analysis of previously published categorical abundances to assess changes in the bird community, and we evaluated potential causes of species-specific changes by assessing their association with habitat, diet, participation in mixed-species flocks, and nest type. Approximately the same percentage of species increased as decreased in abundance from 1960 to 1999 (10-20% of all species, depending on method of assessment). Diet was the single most important trait associated with declining species. At least 50% of the species that declined have insectivorous diets. Use of forest habitat and participation in mixed-species flocks were also significant factors associated with declines, but nest type was unrelated to change in abundance. The species that increased in abundance tended to occur in open habitats and have omnivorous diets. These results reinforce the importance of several population risk factors associated with tropical understory insectivory and mixed-species flocking: patchy spatial distribution, low population density, large home range, and dietary specialization. La Selva's protected area (1611 ha), despite a forested connection on one boundary with a higher elevation national park, is apparently too small to maintain at least one major guild (understory insectivores). This first quantitative assessment of bird community change at La Selva highlights the need to intensify study of the mechanisms and consequences of biological diversity change in tropical forest fragments.
An experimental investigation of a low heat flux, wickless heat pipe

This paper reports tests on a wickless heat pipe to be used for transporting heat from the ground to protect an electronic package from low ambient temperatures. Evaporating heat transfer coefficients were measured for low heat fluxes where the behaviour of the evaporating film is unpredictable. The effects of type of working fluid, heat flux, charge quantity and tube inclination were investigated.
Cimetidine blocks antacid-induced hypergastrinemia.

Abstract The effects on fasting serum gastrin concentrations of hourly doses of magnesium and aluminum hydroxide antacid, with and without intravenous cimetidine, were determined in 8 patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Gastrin levels rose significantly over 10 h when antacid was given either as a bolus of 30 ml every hour or as a constant infusion of 0.5 ml/min (36 ± 5 pg/ml and 33 ± 6 pg/ml to 108 ± 32 pg/ml and 109 ± 22 pg/ml, respectively, p
The Orthogonal Parallel Imaging Transfer Camera

The Orthogonal Parallel Transfer Imaging Camera (OPTIC) is a recently constructed camera designed to remove image motion from optical images. It has 4K×4K pixels, subtending about 10′ at the UH 2.2-m telescope. It is capable of removing image motion at rates up to 100 kHz and recording guide stars at rates up to 100 Hz. It will be permanently mounted at a bent-Cassegrain port on the UH 2.2-m and used for follow-up observations of transients such as supernovae, Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs), and gravitational lenses as well as general purpose imaging. It is also extremely useful for monitoring the atmosphere and telescope performance.
Critical parameters for high-performance dynamic response measurements

The authors define several critical parameters required for accurate dynamic response time measurements on an ATE (automatic test equipment) system. They describe how these parameters were optimized on a high-performance pin electronics board through careful circuit design and a custom analog comparator IC design. They also outline the resulting performance of these parameters following the design changes. It is shown that the two key dynamic response parameters of an ATE system to evaluate are the overall system response bandwidth and the narrow-pulse performance parameters, as they include in their characterization almost all the critical dynamic response parameters. These two parameters, when evaluated on low-amplitude high-speed technologies, such as GaAs and ECL (emitter-coupled logic), provide the user with the clearest representation of a systems: dynamic response performance under actual operating conditions. When special attention is paid to these parameters in the design of an ATE system, as in the high-performance pin electronics card, a high-performance design capable of testing the most demanding high-speed technologies results. >
Control Theoretical Modeling of Transient Behavior of Production Planning and Control: A Review

Abstract To remain competitive, manufacturers need to adapt to increasingly dynamic and turbulent markets; therefore, production engineers and business managers need tools for mathematically modeling, analyzing and designing agile and changeable production systems that incorporate policies that are robust in the presence of disturbances and mitigate the negative impacts of turbulence in the production environment. The spectrum of potential contributions of control theory to understanding the dynamic behavior of production systems in the presence of turbulence is broad. In this paper, the focus is on classical control theoretical modeling of the transient behavior and fundamental dynamics of production planning and control, which generally is considered to include scheduling, sequencing, loading and controlling. Publications in this area in recent years are reviewed, with contributions reported in publications of the CIRP (International Academy for Production Research) receiving particular emphasis.
Calculation of the Flow in High-Speed Gas Bearings Including Inertia Effects Using the CE/SE Method

In the classical Reynolds equation, inertia effects are neglected. Gas bearings working at very high speeds may encounter flow discontinuities (shock waves), which require the inclusion of inertia terms within the momentum equations. In order to solve the resulting system of equations, a numerical method capable of capturing flow discontinuities is necessary, and the space-time conservation element/solution element (CE/SE) is such a method. In addition, it does not incorporate any other assumptions or special numerical treatment. Results obtained using this method are compared with experimental data and theoretical results, as well as with results obtained by neglecting inertia effects.
Ectopic ERK expression induces phenotypic conversion of C10 cells and alters DNA methyltransferase expression

Many lung carcinogens activate mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are under investigation as therapeutic targets for lung cancer. Our goal is to determine whether C10 type II alveolar epithelial cells are a sensitive model to investigate ERK-dependent transformation and DNMT expression patterns in experimental lung cancer. Ectopic expression of an extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)-green fluorescent protein (ERK1-GFP) induces acquisition of growth in soft agar that is selectively associated with latent effects on the expression of DNA methyl transferases (DNMT1 and 3b), xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA), DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), increased phosphatase activity and enhanced sensitivity to 5-azacytidine (5-azaC)-mediated toxicity, relative to controls. Ectopic expression of ERK alone is sufficient to promote phenotypic conversion of C10 cells associated with altered DNMT expression patterns and sensitivity to DNMT inhibitor. This model may have applications for predicting sensitivity to DNMT inhibitors.
Effect of particle tangential velocity on erosion ripple formation

Abstract The formation of ripples on the surface of pure aluminum during solid particle erosion was studied using sharp alumina and spherical glass beads as erodent particles in an air-blast type system. A new laboratory technique controlled the tangential velocity of the erodent particles relative to the samples with their placement on a velocity controlled rotating disk. With this technique, it was possible to form ripples at normal angles of impact and to avoid ripple formation at oblique angles of impact. In contrast, in the static test ripples are formed at oblique impact angles and bumps are formed at normal angles of impact. Based on the experimental evidence provided by this investigation, a model for ripple formation is proposed.
Glucose and palmitate uncouple AMPK from autophagy in human aortic endothelial cells

Dysregulated autophagy and decreased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity are each associated with atherogenesis. Atherogenesis is preceded by high circulating concentrations of glucose and fatty acids, yet the mechanism by which these nutrients regulate autophagy in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) is not known. Furthermore, whereas AMPK is recognized as an activator of autophagy in cells with few nutrients, its effects on autophagy in nutrient-rich HAECs has not been investigated. We maintained and passaged primary HAECs in media containing 25 mM glucose and incubated them subsequently with 0.4 mM palmitate. These conditions impaired basal autophagy and rendered HAECs more susceptible to apoptosis and adhesion of monocytes, outcomes attenuated by the autophagy activator rapamycin. Glucose and palmitate diminished AMPK activity and phosphorylation of the uncoordinated-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) at Ser555, an autophagy-activating site targeted by AMPK. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR)-mediated activation of AMPK phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase, but treatment with AICAR or other AMPK activators (A769662, phenformin) did not restore ULK1 phosphorylation or autophagosome formation. To determine whether palmitate-induced ceramide accumulation contributed to this finding, we overexpressed a ceramide-metabolizing enzyme, acid ceramidase. The increase in acid ceramidase expression ameliorated the effects of excess nutrients on ULK1 phosphorylation, without altering the effects of the AMPK activators. Thus, unlike low nutrient conditions, AMPK becomes uncoupled from autophagy in HAECs in a nutrient-rich environment, such as that found in patients with increased cardiovascular risk. These findings suggest that combinations of AMPK-independent and AMPK-dependent therapies may be more effective alternatives than either therapy alone for treating nutrient-induced cellular dysfunction.
Spatial Analysis of 3′ Phosphoinositide Signaling in Living Fibroblasts: I. Uniform Stimulation Model and Bounds on Dimensionless Groups

Fluorescent protein probes now permit spatial distributions of specific intracellular signaling molecules to be observed in real time. Mathematical models have been used to simulate molecular gradients and other spatial patterns within cells, and the output of such models may be compared directly with experiments if the binding of the fluorescent probe and the physics of the imaging technique are each incorporated. Here we present a comprehensive model describing the dynamics of 3′ phosphoinositides (PIs), lipid second messengers produced in the plasma membrane in response to stimulation of the PI 3-kinase signaling pathway, as monitored in the cell-substratum contact area using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. With this technique it was previously shown that uniform stimulation of fibroblasts with platelet-derived growth factor elicits the formation of axisymmetric 3′ PI gradients, which we now characterize in the context of our model. We find that upper and lower bounds on the relevant dimensionless model parameter values for an individual cell can be calculated from four well-defined fluorescence measurements. Based on our analysis, we expect that the key dimensionless group, the ratio of 3′ PI turnover and diffusion rates, can be estimated within ∼20% or less.
Level compressed DAGs for lookup tables

Trie-based data structures for implementing IP lookups have attracted considerable research attention. Techniques such as path compression, level compression, generalized level compression, and controlled prefix expansion are commonly used to implement lookup tables. In this paper, we present a fundamentally new technique that relies on directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), which, when coupled with generalized level compression, yield significantly better performance than existing techniques. Current implementations of trie-based lookup tables utilize a route validation table in addition to a trie to enable fixed-length subprefix resolution to support path compression. This route validation enables us to merge different, partially filled subtrees to form full subtrees. The resulting DAGs introduce spurious routes that are eliminated in the validation phase. When combined with level compression (and generalized level compression), this structure yields considerably shorter paths than existing approaches. In this paper, we describe a transformation of tries to DAGs, algorithms for packing subtrees, and profile performance of these algorithms and resulting improvements in lookup time. Specifically, we demonstrate, on actual lookup tables, performance gains of up to 34% compared to LC tries with minimal memory overhead (a little over 1%). Considering the fact that an LC trie is already a highly optimized structure, these gains are remarkable.
Computerized Approaches to Communication Retraining After Stroke

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies traditionally have been designed for individuals for whom oral speech is not a viable option. Common clinical practice has expanded AAC use to a tool for cognitive retraining or remediation. Although technologic developments offer the potential for vastly improved communication and inclusion for some individuals with severe communication disorders, technology alone does not result in successful communication. Although AAC interventions have become increasingly common across the age range, the research base underlying the design of AAC technology, intervention strategies, and treatment potential across communication disorders remains quite limited. To move beyond the traditional application of AAC strategies as a communication modality for persons with severe motor disorders to applications for persons with cognitive/linguistic disorders, three interrelated areas of research requiring further investigations are discussed. These include the folllowing: use of AAC as a research tool to provide theoretical insights into the nature of normal and impaired language and cognition; development of AAC strategies as treatment tools to facilitate language recovery and use (production and comprehension); and studies that evaluate the efficacy of applying AAC strategies as communication modalities for individuals with acquired cognitive/linguistic communication disorders.
Symptomatic coronary-subclavian steal corrected by carotid-subclavian bypass*

Abstract Angina recurred after a left internal mammary-to-left anterior descending coronary artery bypass graft. Subsequent development of a subtotal stenosis in the proximal left subclavian artery caused reversal of flow in the patent internal mammary artery graft, which produced an angiographic steal of myocardial perfusion. Angina and ischemia were relieved by reoperation, which consisted of left common carotid-to-left subclavian artery bypass in conjunction with right internal mammary-to-right coronary artery bypass and aorto-to-lateral circumflex coronary artery bypass with reversed saphenous vein. (J VASC SURG 1986;3:669-72.)
Distance and cosine measures of niche overlap

Abstract Niche overlap is increasingly used as a way of measuring the intensity of interorganizational competition. This paper examines and compares various distance and cosine measures of niche overlap. The analysis in this paper shows that Euclidean distance applied to the raw data as well as to transformed data is not an appropriate measure of niche overlap. An alternative measure from the cosine family is discussed and compared to Euclidean distance. Niche overlap theory promises to be a big leap forward in measuring competition in sociological studies of organizations. But meticulous attention to the measurement of overlap is needed to fulfill the promise.
Wobbling Accretion Disks, Jets, and Point-symmetric Nebulae

We present numerical calculations of the evolution of an accretion disk that is irradiated by a central source. The parameters chosen represent those of the central star of a planetary nebula. We show that an irradiation-induced warping can occur in the disk and that it is accompanied by a wobbling motion in both the inclination and azimuthal directions. Since jets are assumed to be perpendicular to the inner disk, this motion is capable of producing the "point-symmetric" morphology observed in some nebulae.
Classical and quantum properties of a two-sphere singularity

Recently Bohmer and Lobo have shown that a metric due to Florides, which has been used as an interior Schwarzschild solution, can be extended to reveal a classical singularity that has the form of a two-sphere. Here the singularity is shown to be a naked scalar curvature singularity that is both timelike and gravitationally weak. It is also shown to be a quantum singularity because the Klein–Gordon operator associated with quantum mechanical particles approaching the singularity is not essentially self-adjoint.
Influence of Sex and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Pathways as Determinants in Serotonin Sensitivity

Stress sensitivity and sex are predictive factors in affective disorder susceptibility. Serotonin (5-HT) pathway recruitment by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) during stress is necessary in adaptive coping behaviors, but sex differences in such responses have not been investigated. Using selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) administration to acutely elevate 5-HT in a genetic model of stress sensitivity, we examined behavioral and physiological responses in male and female stress-sensitive CRF receptor-2-deficient (R2KO) mice. Chronic SSRI treatment was used to confirm outcomes were specific to acute 5-HT elevation and not antidepressant efficacy. We hypothesized that R2KO mice would show a greater sensitivity to acute changes in 5-HT and that, because females typically are more stress sensitive, R2KO females would be the most responsive. Our results supported this hypothesis because females of both genotypes and R2KO males showed a greater sensitivity to an acute 10 mg/kg dose of citalopram in a tail suspension test, displaying decreased immobile time and increased latency to immobility. Furthermore, acute citalopram promoted significant anxiogenic-like effects that were specific to R2KO females in the elevated plus maze and light-dark box tests. Chronic citalopram did not produce these behavioral changes, supporting specificity to acute 5-HT modulation. Mechanistically, females had decreased hippocampal 5-HT transporter (SERT) levels, whereas R2KO mice showed reduced SERT in the prefrontal cortex, supporting a possible intersection of sex and genotype where R2KO females would have the lowest SERT to be blocked by the SSRI. This sensitivity to 5-HT-mediated anxiety in females may underlie a heightened vulnerability to stress-related affective disorders.
A remark to the preceding paper by Chernoff

Abstract It is shown that the method of Chernoff developed in the preceding paper can be modified to prove the essential self-adjointness on C 0 ∞ ( R m ) of all positive powers of the Schrodinger operator T = − Δ + q if q real and in C ∞ ( R m ) and if T ⩾ −a − b ¦ x ¦ 2 on C 0 ∞ (R m ) .
Duodenal somatostatinoma of the ampulla of vater diagnosed by endoscopic fine needle aspiration biopsy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Duodenal somatostatinoma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm. A better prognosis can be obtained if these tumors are resected at an early clinical stage. Endoscopic punch biopsy has been the method most commonly used for the preoperative diagnosis of neuroendocrine duodenal tumors. To the best of our knowledge, endoscopic fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of duodenal somatostatinoma has not been reported before. CASE: A 41-year-old, black female presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding as well as elevated bilirubin, liver enzymes and glucose. Computed tomography, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) detected a mass at the region of the ampulla of Vater partially obstructing the pancreatic duct. The initial punch biopsy yielded only intestinal mucosa. Subsequent endoscopic FNAB suggested the diagnosis of a neuroendocrine neoplasm, as confirmed by additional punch biopsies. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies disclosed somatostatin production by the tumor, which was resected through a modified Whipple procedure. The patient recovered fully. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the usefulness of endoscopic FNAB in diagnosing submucosal gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.
Low-dose dopamine: a systematic review.

To determine the magnitude of the treatment effect of low-dose dopamine on renal function in patients at risk of and in patients with early renal injury. Data sources. MEDLINE, citation review of relevant primary and review articles, personal files, and contact with expert informants. Study selection. Randomized controlled studies that compared low-dose dopamine with placebo for the prevention or treatment of acute renal dysfunction. From 122 articles screened, 21 met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. Of these six, were excluded. Data extraction. Fifteen studies containing 970 subjects were analyzed. Descriptive and outcome data were extracted. The main outcome measure was the absolute change in serum creatinine. In addition the number of patients who developed an acute decline in renal function was recorded. The meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model. Data synthesis. The meta-analysis demonstrated no significant difference between the absolute change in serum creatinine (5.1 μmol/l, 95% CI of –6.5 to +16.7) and the incidence of acute renal dysfunction (31% vs 33%, relative risk 1.01, 95% CI of 0.79–1.28) between those patients receiving low-dose dopamine and the control group. In addition, no sub-group of patients showed improved renal function with low-dose dopamine. Conclusions. The results of this meta-analysis confirms that low-dose dopamine has no reno-protective effect. Considering the potential side-effects of dopamine this agent should not be used for this indication.
Tumor Suppressor Activity of AP2α Mediated through a Direct Interaction with p53

The AP2 transcription factor family is a set of developmentally regulated, retinoic acid inducible genes composed of four related factors, AP2alpha, AP2beta, AP2gamma, and AP2delta. AP2 factors orchestrate a variety of cell processes including apoptosis, cell growth, and tissue differentiation during embryogenesis. In studies of primary malignancies, AP2alpha has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, colon cancer, and malignant melanoma. In cell culture models, overexpression of AP2alpha inhibits cell division and stable colony formation, whereas, a dominant-negative AP2alpha mutant increases invasiveness and tumorigenicity. Here we show that AP2alpha targets the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Studies with chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrate that AP2alpha is brought to p53 binding sites in p53-regulated promoters. The interaction between AP2alpha and p53 augments p53-mediated transcriptional activation, which results in up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1). AP2alpha is able to induce G(1) and G(2) cell cycle arrest only in the presence of wild-type p53. Thus, we conclude that the tumor suppressor activity of AP2alpha is mediated through a direct interaction with p53. These results also provide a mechanism to explain patterns of gene expression in cancers where AP2alpha is known to function as a tumor suppressor.
The role of fs(1)K10 in the localization of the mRNA of the TGFα homolog gurken within the Drosophila oocyte

Abstract A critical step in Drosophila dorsoventral patterning is the movement of gurken mRNA from the anterior cortex of the oocyte to the oocyte's anterodorsal corner at stage 8 of oogenesis. Such movement is dependent on fs(1)K10. It has been proposed that fs(1)K10 mediates gurken mRNA movement by down-regulating gurken mRNA levels, thus ensuring that gurken mRNA does not saturate its receptors located in the oocyte's anterodorsal corner. In contradiction to this model, we show here — both genetically and immunocytochemically — that GRK protein levels are lower in the anterodorsal region of fs(1)K10 mutant oocytes than in the anterodorsal region of fs(1)K10+ oocytes. From this and other data, we propose a more direct role for fs(1)K10 in the gurken mRNA localization process.
Dietary and hormonal regulation of some enzyme activities associated with gluconeogenesis in rabbit liver

1. Starvation increases the activity of cytosolic P-enolpyruvate carboxkinase in rabbit liver some 4-5 fold but does not alter the activities of mitochondrial P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase or glucose-6-phosphatase.2. Alloxan-induced diabetes increases the activities of cytosolic P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase approx. 6-, 2- and 2-fold, respectively. Again the activity of mitochondrial P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase is not altered. 3. Administration of mannoheptulose rapidly increases blood glucose levels and also causes a significant increase in cytosolic P-enolpyruvate carboyxkinase activity within 4 h. The activities of mitochondrial P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase are not affected. 4. Administration of hydrocortisone also increases blood glucose levels and the activities of cytosolic P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase are significantly increased within 12h. Again, mitochondrial P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activities remain unaffected. 5. The observations that (A) the activity of cytosolic P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase responds to more situations conducive to gluconeogenesis than do the activities of mitochondrial P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase, and (B) cytosolic P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase activity is rapidly adaptive under appropriate circumstances, suggests that this particular enzyme's activity plays an important role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis in rabbits.
Acute Myocardial Infarction as the Presenting Symptom of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

We report a case of acute myocardial infarction due to non-antiphospholipid-related coronary artery thrombosis as the presenting manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in a young patient. We present the acute workup and the results of successful transcatheter coronary intervention. The causes of acute myocardial infarction and coronary artery thrombosis in pediatric patients are reviewed.
A Closed Form Method for the Measurement of Attenuation in Nonlinearly Dispersive Media

A closed form solution of the equation describing the spectrum of a Gaussian pulse propagating in a medium with nonlinear frequency dependence of attenuation is presented. This solution suggests that in general the spectrum remains Gaussian, subject only to center frequency downshift and bandwidth reduction. The possibility of experimentally determining the two nonlinear material parameters from the measurement of the center frequency downshift and the reduced bandwidth is proposed.