cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viruses in Salix grown for bioenergy

Summary A study was completed to determine if willows propagated vegetatively for bioenergy in New York State were infected by viruses. Unrooted, dormant cuttings from 10 willow clones were planted in a greenhouse. Four months later the young foliage and roots were tested for tomato mosaic tobamovirus, tobacco necrosis necrovirus (TNV), and brome mosaic bromovirus by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All three viruses were detected in the roots of some plants, but rarely in foliage. Every clone was infected with at least one virus. Tobacco mosaic virus and TNV were also transmitted to Chenopodium quinoa from extracts of roots collected from field-grown willows. Imported willow material may be virus-infected.
Recognition of motion from temporal texture

A method of visual motion recognition applicable to a range of naturally occurring motions that are characterized by spatial and temporal uniformity is described. The underlying motivation is the observation that, for objects that typically move, it is frequently easier to identify them when they are moving than when they are stationary. Specifically, it is shown that certain statistical spatial and temporal features that can be derived from approximations to the motion field have invariant properties, and can be used to classify regional activities such as windblown trees, ripples on water, or chaotic fluid flow, that are characterized by complex, non-rigid motion. The technique is referred to as temporal texture analysis, in analogy to the techniques developed to classify gray-scale textures. The techniques are demonstrated on a number of real-world image sequences containing complex movement. The work has practical application in monitoring and surveillance, and as a component of a sophisticated visual system. >
Factors contributing to uncertainty in Pacific Decadal Oscillation index

Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index is an important indicator of climate variability. However, large discrepancies are found among real-time PDO monitoring indices maintained by several operational centers, with larger uncertainty exhibiting prior to 1950s and after late 1990s on seasonal to decadal time scales. Two historical sea surface temperature (SST) data sets are used to investigate causes for the uncertainty: the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 3b (ERSST 3b) and the Hadley Center Sea Ice and SST data set (HadISST) version 1. It is found that choices of spatial structure of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) vector and SST data set are important sources of uncertainty on seasonal to decadal time scales, while choice of climatological base period only contributes to uncertainty on seasonal time scale. Decadal variation of differences in PDO indices from ERSST and HadISST is associated with systematic differences between the two data sets in the central and the north-eastern Pacific.
Aspects of N=1 supergravity models

The structure of low energy models resulting from N=1 supergravity theories depends on assumptions and choices made for the superpotential and Kahler potential. A review is given of those structures which have been used most frequently.
Evidence against cholecystokinin mediation of basal and bombesin-stimulated pancreatic secretion in the rat

Abstract Studies in dogs suggest that bombesin-stimulated pancreatic exocrine function is mediated via endogenous cholecystokinin. We studied (a) the shortterm effects of bombesin on pancreatic juice volume and protein output in unconscious rats and (b) whether a potent cholecystokinin-receptor antagonist, L-364,718, affects the pancreatic exocrine response to bombesin. A 4-h i.v. infusion of low-dose (0.2 nmol/kg · h) or high-dose (1.0 nmol/kg · h) bombesin elicited significant increases in pancreatic juice volume and protein output, which were unaltered by treatment with L-364,718 at a dose capable of fully suppressing cholecystokininoctapeptide-stimulated pancreatic juice volume and protein output. We conclude that the effects of exogenously administered bombesin on the exocrine pancreas in the rat are not mediated via release of endogenous cholecystokinin.
A meta-interpreter for circuit-extraction

The design of a VLSI circuit consists of a description of the circuit in terms of its components and subcomponents, at various levels of detail. To verify that the layout of a VLSI circuit conforms to its design, one needs to work backwards from the lowest-level description of the circuit and recognize the higher-level components it constitutes. This paper is concerned with the application of logic programming techniques in the formal verification of the structural correctness of the VLSI circuit layouts. In particular, we review Michael Dukes' Generalized Extraction System (1990) that compiles design descriptions into a set of extraction rules, and then study the benefits and the limitations of using a meta-interpreter approach to extraction.
Autocatalytic maturation, physical/chemical properties, and crystal structure of group N HIV‐1 protease: Relevance to drug resistance

The mature protease from Group N human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) (PR1(N)) differs in 20 amino acids from the extensively studied Group M protease (PR1(M)) at positions corresponding to minor drug-resistance mutations (DRMs). The first crystal structure (1.09 A resolution) of PR1(N) with the clinical inhibitor darunavir (DRV) reveals the same overall structure as PR1(M), but with a slightly larger inhibitor-binding cavity. Changes in the 10s loop and the flap hinge propagate to shift one flap away from the inhibitor, whereas L89F and substitutions in the 60s loop perturb inhibitor-binding residues 29-32. However, kinetic parameters of PR1(N) closely resemble those of PR1(M), and calorimetric results are consistent with similar binding affinities for DRV and two other clinical PIs, suggesting that minor DRMs coevolve to compensate for the detrimental effects of drug-specific major DRMs. A miniprecursor (TFR 1-61-PR1(N)) comprising the transframe region (TFR) fused to the N-terminus of PR1(N) undergoes autocatalytic cleavage at the TFR/PR1(N) site concomitant with the appearance of catalytic activity characteristic of the dimeric, mature enzyme. This cleavage is inhibited at an equimolar ratio of precursor to DRV (∼6 μM), which partially stabilizes the precursor dimer from a monomer. However, cleavage at L34/W35 within the TFR, which precedes the TFR 1-61/PR1(N) cleavage at pH ≤ 5, is only partially inhibited. Favorable properties of PR1(N) relative to PR1(M) include its suitability for column fractionation by size under native conditions and >10-fold higher dimer dissociation constant (150 nM). Exploiting these properties may facilitate testing of potential dimerization inhibitors that perturb early precursor processing steps.
Una perspectiva psicológica de la economía.

No hay duda que la economia, como ciencia social, mantiene injerencia en otras areas de estudio teniendo como base la importancia de la interdisciplinariedad. Sin embargo, cabe senalar que la economia tambien requiere de otras disciplinas para el desarrollo de su estudio. Una de estas es la psicologia en el campo de la economia conductual, disciplina que ha tomado relevancia en las ultimas decadas. En el presente articulo, el autor realiza un analisis de la relacion entre la economia y la psicologia a traves del repaso de los principales temas en los que tienen incidencia ambas disciplinas. There is no doubt that economics as a social science, keeps interference in other areas of study on the basis of the importance of interdisciplinarity. However, it should be noted that the economy also requires other disciplines to develop their study. One of those is psychology in the field of behavioral economics, a discipline that has gained importance in recent decades. In this article, the author analyzes the relationship between economics and psychology through the review of the main topics that impact both disciplines.
Photolysis-laser-induced fluorescence diagnostic for GaCl

A spatially resolved optical diagnostic for GaCl is described. The technique uses 248-nm excimer laser radiation to photolyze GaCl and also to excite fluorescence in the resulting gallium atoms. This yields gallium fluorescence at 245, 266, 287, 294, 403, and 417 nm. The method is specific to GaCl(3) and is not affected by the presence of a GaCl3 precursor. Gallium fluorescence is linear in both the GaCl partial pressure and the laser energy under specified conditions. The photophysics of this process are contrasted to related GACl studies of dissociative excitation at 193 nm.
Ground-State Energy of a Hard-Sphere Gas

Rigorous lower and upper bounds are established for the energy of the ground state of a Bose gas with hard-sphere interaction between particles.
Interactive view-driven evenly spaced streamline placement

This paper presents an Interactive View-Driven Evenly Spaced Streamline placement algorithm (IVDESS) for 3D explorative visualization of large complex planar or curved surface flows. IVDESS rapidly performs accurate streamline integration in 3D physical space, i.e., the flow field, while achieving high quality streamline density control in 2D view space, i.e., the output image. The correspondence between the two spaces is established by using a projection-unprojection pair constituted through geometric surface rendering. An inter-frame physical-space seeding strategy based on streamline reuse+lengthening is adopted, on top of intra-frame view-space seeding, to not only enable coherent flow navigation but also speedup placement generation. IVDESS employs a view-sensitive streamline representation that is well suited for streamline reuse, lengthening, and rendering. In addition, it avoids temporal incoherence caused by streamline splitting and jaggy lines caused by unprojection errors. Our algorithm can run at interactive frame rates (9FPS for placement generation) to allow for 3D exploration of surface flows with smooth evolution of high-density (1%) evenly spaced streamlines in a large window (990 x 700 pixels) on an ordinary PC without either pre-processing or GPU support.
The Magnetic Field Geometry in DR 21

We present broadband imaging polarimetry of DR 21 at 2.2 μm. Background stars shining through the lobes of the bipolar outflow show polarization aligned with the long axis of the outflow, indicating a magnetic field geometry oriented along the flow axis. There is no indication of a spiral or turbulent magnetic field geometry in the lobes. The polarization of stars in the central cluster has a different position angle than the lobes and is in good agreement with millimeter polarimetry. The nebulosity in the eastern lobe has moderate to high polarization, consistent with scattering of continuum light from the central cluster. We were unable to detect polarization of the nebulosity in the western lobe at the 4.2% (3 σ) level.
TAT Fusion Proteins Containing Tyrosine 42-deleted IκBα Arrest Osteoclastogenesis

In most circumstances, NF-kappaB, which is essential for osteoclastogenesis, is activated following serine 32/36 phosphorylation of its cytosolic inhibitory protein, IkappaBalpha. In contrast to other cell types, IkappaBalpha, in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), which are osteoclast precursors, is tyrosine-phosphorylated by c-Src kinase. To address the role of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation in osteoclastogenesis, we generated TAT fusion proteins containing wild-type IkappaBalpha (TAT-WT-IkappaB), IkappaBalpha lacking its NH(2)-terminal 45 amino acids (TAT-IkappaB(46-317)), and IkappaBalpha in which tyrosine residue 42, the c-Src target, is mutated into phenylalanine (TAT-IkappaB(Y42F)). TAT-IkappaB efficiently enters BMMs, and the NF-kappaB-inhibitory protein, once intracellular, is functional. While TAT-WT-IkappaB only slightly inhibits osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast recruitment is diminished >80% by TAT-IkappaB(46-317), an event mirrored by dentin resorption. The fact that TAT alone does not impact osteoclastogenesis, which also resumes following withdrawal of TAT-IkappaB(46-317), establishes that the mutant's anti-osteoclastogenic properties do not reflect toxicity. Affirming a functional role for IkappaB(Tyr(42)) in osteoclastogenesis, TAT-IkappaB(Y42F) is as efficient as TAT-IkappaB(46-317) in blocking osteoclast differentiation. Thus, dominant-negative IkappaBalpha constructs block osteoclastogenesis, and Tyr(42) is essential to the process, increasing the possibility that nonphosphorylatable forms of IkappaBalpha may be a means of preventing pathological bone loss.
The structural, connectomic and network covariance of the human brain

Abstract Though it is widely appreciated that complex structural, functional and morphological relationships exist between distinct areas of the human cerebral cortex, the extent to which such relationships coincide remains insufficiently appreciated. Here we determine the extent to which correlations between brain regions are modulated by either structural, connectomic or network-theoretic properties using a structural neuroimaging data set of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) volumes acquired from N = 110 healthy human adults. To identify the linear relationships between all available pairs of regions, we use canonical correlation analysis to test whether a statistically significant correlation exists between each pair of cortical parcels as quantified via structural, connectomic or network-theoretic measures. In addition to this, we investigate (1) how each group of canonical variables (whether structural, connectomic or network-theoretic) contributes to the overall correlation and, additionally, (2) whether each individual variable makes a significant contribution to the test of the omnibus null hypothesis according to which no correlation between regions exists across subjects. We find that, although region-to-region correlations are extensively modulated by structural and connectomic measures, there are appreciable differences in how these two groups of measures drive inter-regional correlation patterns. Additionally, our results indicate that the network-theoretic properties of the cortex are strong modulators of region-to-region covariance. Our findings are useful for understanding the structural and connectomic relationship between various parts of the brain, and can inform theoretical and computational models of cortical information processing.
Impact of the word “bully” on the reported rate of bullying behavior

This study examined whether the definition and use of the word “bully” would result in lower self-reports of bullying behavior by providing students with one of three versions of a self-report measure with: (a) no reference to the word bully or its definition, (b) the definition of the word bully followed by use of the word in each item, or (c) the definition of the word bully and no further mention of the word bully in the item stems. Participants (N = 114) completed surveys, and statistical comparisons examined the impact of the word bully on reports of bullying behavior. Analyses indicated that respondents provided with a definition of and repeated exposure to the word bully reported significantly less bullying behavior than those who were not exposed to the word or its definition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomic genomics: Systems of genes supporting the biology of systems

This essay lays the groundwork for the concept that “anatomy” in the new millennium will be a subject that is increasingly based on understanding the parallel relationships between systems of genes on chromosomes and the structures defined by these genes. The concept of Anatomic Genomics is introduced in terms of systems of genes on chromosomes, which actually mirror the biology of anatomically defined systems. A case is made for the possibility that genomes may be structured in ways that make local but not necessarily global sense. In the new millennium, systems biologists have the opportunity to be the creators and purveyors of this new anatomy. Anat Rec 259:1–2, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acoustic measurements of a full-scale coaxial helicopter

Acoustic data were obtained during a full-scale test of the XH-59A Advancing Blade Concept (ABC) Technology Demonstrator in the NASA Ames 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel. The XH-59A is a research helicopter with two coaxial rotors and hingeless blades. Performance, vibration, noise at various forward speeds, rotor lift coefficients, and rotor shaft angles of attack were investigated. In general, the noise level is shown to increase with rotor lift coefficient except under certain operating conditions where it is increased by significant impulsive blade/vortex interactions. The impulsivity appears to depend upon how the lift is distributed between the two rotors. The noise levels measured are shown to be slightly higher than on a modern conventional rotor tested in the same facility.
Completion of the three primary colours: the final step toward plastic displays

A completion of the three primary colours (red, green and blue (RGB)) in conjugated polymeric electrochromics is enough to produce any shade of desired colour for plastic displays. Until our first report about a green-coloured neutral conjugated polymer (CP) [G. Sonmez, C. K. F. Shen, Y. Rubin and F. Wudl, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2004, 43, 1498; G. Sonmez, H. B. Sonmez, C. K. F. Shen, R. W. Jost, Y. Rubin and F. Wudl, Macromolecules, 2005, in press; G. Sonmez, H. B. Sonmez, C. K. F. Shen and F. Wudl, Adv. Mater., 2004, 16, 1905; refs. ], researches on CPs as electrochromics have mainly focused on red and blue colours. In this article we describe the advantages of CPs as electrochromics and the importance of having RGB colours in polymeric electrochromic devices.
Stimulus consequences of reinforcement and nonreforcement: Stimulus traces or memory

10 rats were trained in the straight alley under a single alternating schedule of reinforcement at 1 trial per day for 126 consecutive days. Pattern running, or faster running on reinforced trials than on nonreinforced trials, eventually occurred, suggesting that the stimulus consequences of reinforcement and nonreinforcement are more akin to memories than to stimulus traces.
Worship across the Racial Divide: Religious Music and the Multicultural Congregation, by Gerardo Marti, Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York, 2012, 280 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-539297-5, US$29.95 (hardback)

Worship across the Racial Divide: Religious Music and the Multicultural Congregation , by Gerardo Marti, Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York, 2012, 280 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-539297-5, US$29.95...
The Transcription Initiation Pathway of Sigma 54 Mutants That Bypass the Enhancer Protein Requirement IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MECHANISM OF ACTIVATION

In vitro transcription, DNase I footprinting, and abortive initiation assays were used to characterize transcription using mutant forms of sigma 54 shown previously to bypass certain enhancer requirements in vitro. The holoenzymes containing these sigma mutants produce low levels of open complexes at both the glnAp2 and glnHp2 promoters. The open complexes are unusual in that they are destroyed by heparin. Enhancer protein and ATP convert them into a stable heparin-resistant state. The enhancer response occurs over a similar range of NtrC concentration as occurs with the wild-type holoenzyme, indicating that the activation determinants have been largely preserved within these mutants. One-round transcription assays show that the mutant holoenzymes can be driven to transcribe both promoters without NtrC. The unstable opening induced by these mutations apparently serves as a conduit that can shuttle templates into transcriptionally competent complexes. The results lead to a model in which activation occurs in two steps. First, the enhancer complex overcomes an inhibitory effect of the sigma 54 leucine patch and unlocks the melting activity of the holoenzyme. Second, different sigma 54 determinants are used to drive stabilization of the open complexes, allowing the full transcription potential to be realized.
Function and regulation of calmodulin in endocrine cells.

Abstract Calmodulin is the major intracellular receptor for Ca2+ in all eukaryotic cells. This protein binds Ca2+ with high affinity, has no alternative function, has multiple acceptor protein and is ubiquitous and structurally conserved. Calmodulin is constituatively expressed in 13 hormone-dependent systems. However the protein is elevated in both endocrine and non-endocrine tumors compared to non-transformed counterparts. The synthesis of Calmodulin is also regulated during the cell cycle and is restricted to the g1/s boundary. Anti-calmodulin drugs can selectively and reversibly block cells in early S. The data are compatible with a role for Calmodulin in DNA synthesis. One of the major calmodulin acceptor proteins present in all cells is the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Both CaM and MLCK are localized on stress fibers in the cytoplasm of interphase cells and appear to be one primary enzyme system responsible for the Ca2+-dependent regulation of secretion from endocrine cells. Calmodulin and MLCK are also found in the nucleoli of interphase cells by light and electron-microscopic as well as by biochemical techniques. These molecules are restricted to the fibrillar component of the nucleolus and the localization is markedly altered by actinomycin D. Calcium is known to regulate the structure of nucleoli by a mechanism involving contractility. Our data suggest that this mechanism may be dependent upon CaM and MLCK.
Adsorption on nonporous solids

Abstract It is a well-known fact that the two-parameter BET equation gives too high adsorption values at x (or p / p 0 ) > 0.35. The reason for this is the assumption that at x = 1 an infinite number of layers are adsorbed. Experimental data for nonporous adsorbents show that the number of adsorbed layers close to x = 1 is far from infinite; in fact, it is in the vicinity of 5 or 6. A modified BET equation is derived, employing a third parameter k , which is a measure of the attractive force field of the adsorbent. The equation is identical with one derived by Anderson in 1946, but the model on which it is based, the derivation, and the method of application are different. Examples of the application of the modified BET equation are presented, and certain conclusions are drawn about the BET parameters v m and c .
Structure of Dihydrodiphosphopyridine Nucleotide

WEBER1 has recently reported on the intramolecular transfer of excitation energy in dihydrodiphosphopyridine nucleotide. In addition to the strong band having its maximum at 340 mµ, the excitation spectrum of the 462 mµ fluorescence also shows a maximum at 260 mµ, a region where the absorption is due to the purine part of the molecule.
Aortic proline hydroxylase in hypoxia induced arteriosclerosis in rabbits.

Abstract Experimental arteriosclerosis was induced in male albino rabbits by daily exposure to acute hypoxia for 14 days. Protocollagen proline hydroxylase was increased 2-fold in thoracic and 4-fold in abdominal segments of aorta when the experiments were conducted during periods of maximum animal sensitivity. No evidence of vascular damage and no increase in aortic proline hydroxylase were observed when the experiments were conducted during the shedding period of the rabbit. The increase in proline hydroxylase activity appears to be specifically related to the vascular injury produced by acute hypoxia since liver and lung enzyme levels are not elevated. These data support the suggestion that elevated aortic proline hydroxylase activity may be an early biochemical lesion in injury-induced plaque formation.
Experimental investigation of rotorcraft hub and shaft fairing drag reduction

A wind-tunnel test was conducted to obtain data on several rotorcraft hub and shaft fairing drag reduction configurations. Aerodynamic loads and moments were acquired for each test configuration. Limited wake pressure measurements and flow visualization (tuft) photographs were obtained for some configurations. All hub and shaft fairing configurations were tested on a 1/5-scale XH-59A model fuselage. Both coaxial and single rotor configurations were tested. All rotor assemblies were modeled with nonrotating hardware. The drag reduction methods tested included cambered elliptical hub fairings, several different shaft fairings, and strakes. Test data show that significant drag reductions can be attained with certain fairing configurations. The lowest drag values for the single rotor configurations were obtained for a cambered elliptical hub fairing with a large thickness airfoil shaft fairing. The lowest coaxial configuration drag values were obtained with cambered elliptical hub fairings and a long chord intermediate shaft fairing.
Submarine Geology of Lasuen Bank: ABSTRACT

Lasuen Bank is a prominent feature of the Continental Borderland located between Dana Point and the south end of Catalina Island. It is elliptical in plan, elongate NW-SE, and asymmetrical in profile. Rocks ranging in age from Middle Miocene to Late Pliocene are exposed over most of the Bank's surface. The most distinctive lithology present is contained in a group of sedimentary rocks very similar to the Altamira, Valmonte, Malaga, and Capistrana Formations cropping out on the nearby mainland. Abundant volcanic rocks are interpreted as interbeds within these sediments. There is no evidence to support the presence of "Franciscan" Basement. Rock fragments of this type are referred to the San Onofre Formation. Representatives of the Topanga, Repetto, and Pico Formations are lso present. Exposures become progressively younger toward the east. Lasuen Bank is a result of block faulting originating in the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene and continuing to the present. A system of fractures trending N 30° W is visible on profiles. Several terraces and associated features occurring down to 360 meters indicate the Bank was very near or above sea-level at least once during the Pleistocene. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1770------------
Effects of Prostaglandins on the Ovine Corpus Luteum: Blood Flow, Secretion of Progesterone and Morphology

Intra-uterine administration of prostaglandin F,o-tham salt (PGF,a) to ewes on Days 9 or 10 of the estrous cycle was followed by reduced flow of blood to the ovary containing the corpus luteum and reduced levels of progesterone in the systemic circulation. These parameters were highly correlated (P<0.01). In an attempt to separate a direct effect of PG on the luteal cell from the effects on ovarian blood flow, analogs of PGF2o, ICI-79939 and ICI-81008, having 10 times more and 50 times less smooth muscle stimulating activity than PGF2O, respectively, were administered intramuscularly to ewes on Day 10 of the estrous cycle. Levels of progesterone in the systemic circulation and blood flow to the ovary with a corpus luteum decreased to basal levels within 12 h after treatment in both groups of ewes. Ovarian blood flow and systemic progesterone levels were also correlated in ewes receiving ICI-79939 (r = 0.87, P<0.01) and ICI-81008 (r = 0.50, P<0.05) In corpora lutea removed from ewes 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after administration of PGF, o there was a decrease in percentage of the total volume of the corpus luteum occupied by endothelial cells (P<0.001), red blood cells (P<0.01) and lumens of capillaries (P<0.05) with time. There was an increase in cellular debris in the extra-cellular space (P<0.O1) and within capillaries (P<0.05) after injection of PGF2o. Percent volume of the corpus luteum occupied by theca-lutein cells, fibroblasts, eosinophils, connective tissue and white blood cells was not affected by this treatment. Ultrastructurally, cnrpora lutea removed from ewes 6 h after injection of PGF, o were similar to corpora lutea removed from control ewes. By 12 h, a proliferation of coated vesicles, dense bodies and lipid droplets was observed in granulosa-lutein cells and local areas of cytoplasmic degeneration were visible. By 24 h after treatment with PGF2o many of the capillaries which were present contained cellular debris, nucleoli in granulosa-lutein cells were rare and granules within the matrix of the mitochondria were numerous. By 48 h, granulosa-lutein cells were extremely shrunken, contained irregular nuclei with condensed chromatin, abundant lipid droplets and swollen mitochondria. Morphological changes occurring in the theca-lutein cells after administration of PGF2o to ewes were similar to the changes described for granulosa-lutein cells. The data obtained from these experiments indicate that administration of PGF, a to ewes reduced blood flow to the ovary with a corpus luteum and reduced secretion of progesterone. Morphological studies suggested that PGF2o affected the vascular component of the corpus luteum.
Gas-phase ion dynamics in a periodic-focusing DC ion guide

Abstract In this work, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the radial ion focusing mechanism in the periodic-focusing DC ion guide (PDC IG). The PDC IG was developed in our laboratory to improve the sensitivity and throughput of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) with respect to conventional uniform field IMS. Radial ion focusing, which is responsible for the sensitivity improvement, is attributed to the presence of effective potentials created by the fringing electric fields of thick ring electrodes and collisional cooling of the ions with the neutral buffer gas. The ion focusing mechanism is affirmed by investigating the variations in the effective ion temperature (Teff) which are dependent upon axial position in the device. The concepts derived herein outline guidelines for the design of high performance PDC IG ion mobility instruments and other ion optical devices such as periodic-focusing DC ion funnels.
Induced lateral orientation and persuasibility.

It was hypothesized from three different lines of evidence that relative activation of the left cerebral hemisphere of right-handers would increase resistance to a persuasive message as compared to relative activation of the right hemisphere. An experiment was performed using 22 subjects who heard the counterattitudinal message in only one ear and filled in response measures while their body was turned toward that same side. Subjects who listened and turned toward the left agreed more with the views of the message (p < .05) and produced more thought favorable to the message (p < .05) than those induced to orient rightward. It was concluded that these results may be due to asymmetries in selective attention, counterarguing, consistency, self-awareness, and perseveration between the cerebral hemispheres of the normal human brain.
White matter from fibroblasts

Myelinating oligodendrocytes are induced from murine embryonic fibroblasts by transcription factor–mediated reprogramming.
Anisotropic diffusion of copper into bismuth telluride

Abstract Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) has a layer structure (…--Te -Bi -Te -Bi -Te --Te -Bi -Te -Bi -Te --Te …) and readily cleaves perpendicular to the c-axis of the rhombohedral crystal. A marked difference has been found between the penetration of radioactive copper parallel to and perpendicular to the cleavage planes in Bi2Te3. D ∥ =D 0 exp −( E kT )=0.0034 exp (−0.21 eV kT) , D⊥=0.071 exp (−0.80 eV kT ) . At room temperature, D∥10−6cm2/sec, while extrapolated D⊥ is more than eight decades lower at ∼3 × 10−15cm2/sec . Minute cracks, except perhaps on an atomic scale, are not believed responsible for the fast parallel diffusion. The fast parallel diffusion can be rationalized on the basis that in this direction, between adjacent tellurium layers the copper moves through a region of relatively weak electrostatic bonding forces and large layer spacing. In any other direction, covalent and ionic bonding between tellurium and bismuth atoms would make penetration more difficult. Zener's theory is shown to give a reasonable fit to the D0 values, requiring a negligible entropy term for parallel diffusion and a small entropy term, approximately the Boltzmann factor k, for perpendicular diffusion.
Prediction of channel state for cognitive radio using higher-order hidden Markov model

Spectrum sensing detects the availability of the radio frequency spectrum, which is essential and vital to cognitive radio. Traditional techniques for spectrum sensing fail to take the latency between spectrum sensing and data transmission into consideration. However, such latency does exist in hardware implementation. Prediction can be utilized to diminish the negative effect of such latency. In this paper, this latency is illustrated, and an approach for prediction of channel state using higher-order hidden Markov model (HMM) is proposed. The predicted channel states are output together with corresponding likelihood probabilities that are helpful to subsequent decision making. Wi-Fi signals have been recorded using a latest advanced ultra-performance digital phosphor oscilloscope (DPO), which are employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. Experimental results show that the proposed approach for prediction of channel state is effective. The proposed approach for prediction of channel state can be used together with traditional spectrum sensing techniques for spectrum sensing with the latency taken into consideration. And it can also be utilized to provide predictive information to upper-level modules of cognitive radio.
Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) use positive, but not negative, auditory cues to infer food location.

Nonhuman primates appear to capitalize more effectively on visual cues than corresponding auditory versions. For example, studies of inferential reasoning have shown that monkeys and apes readily respond to seeing that food is present (“positive” cuing) or absent (“negative” cuing). Performance is markedly less effective with auditory cues, with many subjects failing to use this input. Extending recent work, we tested eight captive tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) in locating food using positive and negative cues in visual and auditory domains. The monkeys chose between two opaque cups to receive food contained in one of them. Cup contents were either shown or shaken, providing location cues from both cups, positive cues only from the baited cup, or negative cues from the empty cup. As in previous work, subjects readily used both positive and negative visual cues to secure reward. However, auditory outcomes were both similar to and different from those of earlier studies. Specifically, all subjects came to exploit positive auditory cues, but none responded to negative versions. The animals were also clearly different in visual versus auditory performance. Results indicate that a significant proportion of capuchins may be able to use positive auditory cues, with experience and learning likely playing a critical role. These findings raise the possibility that experience may be significant in visually based performance in this task as well, and highlight that coming to grips with evident differences between visual versus auditory processing may be important for understanding primate cognition more generally.
Characterization of a human cDNA that encodes a functional receptor for platelet activating factor

We have cloned a cDNA for the platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor by screening an HL-60 granulocyte cDNA library with degenerate oligonucleotide probes based on conserved sequences of rhodopsin-type receptors. The 342-amino acid receptor contains 7 putative transmembrane domains, but lacks sites for N-linked glycosylation at the N-terminus. Stably transfected fibroblasts expressing the cloned cDNA responded to sub-nanomolar PAF stimulation with calcium mobilization, which could be inhibited by the PAF antagonist L-659,989. The PAF receptor message was detected as a single species of approximately 4 kb in human placenta, lung, and differentiated HL-60 granulocytes. Expression of the cloned cDNA in undifferentiated HL-60 cells devoid of endogenous PAF receptor resulted in specific and saturable binding of the PAF antagonist WEB 2086 with a dissociation constant of 30.7 nM.
Neonatal Lupus Liver Disease

Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by complete congenital heart block and/or transient skin lesions of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. We report that ...
Furthering the understanding of parent-child relationships: a nursing scholarship review series. Part 2: Grasping the early parenting experience--the insider view.

Parental perceptions of parenting and the parent–child relationship have been an early and ongoing focus of nursing research. Across disciplines, the impact of events that occur during infancy on child development is debated, with some arguing for the importance of early events and others against (Bornstein, 2002). Regardless of whether events in infancy are perceived as foundational or not, the parenting of infants is viewed as integral to the development and cultivation of family relationships. Further, infants depend on their parents for survival in a way unlike that of all other developmental stages, which both engages and challenges parents. The parent–child relationship refers to the connection between parent and child and includes attributes such as closeness, influence, attachment, and investment. Our conceptualization of the parent–child relationship draws on Blake (1954) and Hinde (1979; Hinde & Stevenson-Hinde, 1988). Blake viewed the parent–child relationship as the context in which child development occurs, and as fundamental to optimal developmental and health outcomes for the child. Hinde’s theory of relationships has a similar human ethological orientation, wherein the individual’s behavior derives its meaning from the social environment. This article is the second in a series of five articles examining the contribution of nursing research to knowledge development about the parent–child relationship (Lutz, Anderson, Pridham, Riesch, & Becker, 2009; Pridham, Lutz, Anderson, Riesch & Becker, in press; Anderson, Riesch, Pridham, Lutz, & Becker, in press; Riesch, Pridham, Lutz, Anderson, & Becker, in press). The purpose of this article is to present an integrative review of nursing research from the insider, that is, the parental perspective of parent–child relationships during infancy, discuss implications for nursing practice, identify gaps in knowledge, and recommend areas for future research. Taken together, the qualitative research reviewed in the discovery section and the mixed methods research reviewed in the assessment section provide parents’ perspectives of their relationships with their infants from the vantage point of a member of the parent–child relationship. While nursing research is embedded within the context of research in other disciplines and consideration of relevant scholarly contributions from other disciplines is important, reviewing and combining evidence in nursing scholarship is integral to nursing knowledge development, facilitates evidence-based nursing practice, and is crucial in light of the rapidly growing body of nursing research (Whittemore & Knafl, 2005).
Generation of Large Directional Wind Speed Data Sets for Estimation of Wind Effects with Long Return Periods

AbstractFor structures sensitive to wind directionality, methods for the estimation of wind effects require the use of time series of directional wind speeds that cover time periods exceeding the length of the mean recurrence interval (MRI) of interest to the design. This study proposes a procedure for generating such time series from relatively short wind data sets. First, an algorithm is developed for estimating the parameters of the distributions of the directional wind speeds, given that the size of the data sample within one or more directional sectors can in some instances be too small for statistical inference purposes. Once the distribution parameters are estimated, a simple Monte Carlo procedure is used for data generation. The wind speed data being generated can be used within the framework of the database-assisted design approach to determine wind effects on buildings by accounting for wind directionality.
New Generation Scalable and Dependable Servers

Summary form only given. Today's applications are being built in new ways. The advent of service-oriented architectures, modern networking protocols and industry-standard components at all levels open seemingly endless possibilities for new applications and services. This article focuses on the particular challenges for servers and how these challenges are being addressed. The NonStop Enterprise Division of HP (formerly Tandem computers) has built massively parallel, hardware and software fault-tolerant servers. These servers power many of the most challenging transaction processing environments that exist, including major stock exchanges, funds transfer applications, credit and debit card applications, E911 applications, major telephony and instant messaging applications, and integrated hospital applications. The system is based on a message-oriented architecture and thus bears many similarities internally to the architectural principals being espoused for today's service-oriented architectures. HP is bringing to market a new generation of integrity nonstop servers, based on an innovative design using Intel Itanium 2 processors and leveraging many other industry standards. The article describes how the new generation of servers can accomplish even higher levels of availability than current systems while at the same time leveraging industry standards and meeting other extreme requirements. The article touches on the lessons learned over the years when dealing with mission-critical applications and how those lessons apply to today's distributed, service-oriented architectures. The underlying message is that careful use of encapsulation, limiting the use of distributed algorithms to carefully controlled situations, and overall design rigor are required even more than ever
Clonal expansion of immunoglobulin M+CD27+ B cells in HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). The pathogenesis of these disorders remains unclear, and it has been proposed that HCV drives the pro-liferation of B cells. Here we demonstrate that certain HCV + MC + subjects have clonal expansions of immunoglobulin M (IgM) + κ + IgD low/− CD21 low CD27 + B cells. Using RT-PCR to amplify Ig from these singly sorted cells, we show that these predominantly rheumatoid factor-encoding V H 1-69/J H 4 and V κ 3-20 gene segment-restricted cells have low to moderate levels of somatic hypermutations. Ig sequence analysis suggests that antigen selection drives the generation of mutated clones. These findings lend further support to the notion that specific antigenic stimulation leads to B-cell proliferation in HCV MC and that chronic B-cell stimulation may set the stage for malignant transformation and the development of B-NHL. The finding that these hypermutated, marginal zone-like IgM + CD27 + B cells are clonally expanded in certain subjects with MC offers insight into mechanisms of HCV-associated MC and B-cell malignancy. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00219999.
Carbon-supported Fe3(CO)12, Ru3(CO)12 and Os3(CO)12: Decomposition rates, CO adsorption properties and CO hydrogenation behavior

Abstract The thermal decomposition of the three dodecacarbonyl clusters, Fe 3 (CO) 12 , Ru 3 (CO) 12 and Os 3 (CO) 12 , on a clean carbon surface has been monitored by DRIFTS (Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) at different temperatures under a He or H 2 atmosphere. First-order rate constants and activation energies were determined. Different intermediate species were observed, and the absence of oxygen species on the surface allowed the formation of zero-valent metal particles during decomposition. The subsequent highly dispersed, carbon-supported metal catalysts have been characterized by the calorimetric measurement of the heats of adsorption of CO and by their kinetic behavior in the CO hydrogenation reaction. The CO heats of adsorption and the activation energies for both decarbonylation and methanation showed the same trend among the clusters as the initial metal-CO bond strengths.
Prospective comparison of single-zone and multizone laser in situ keratomileusis for the correction of low myopia

Abstract Objective This study aimed to determine whether there is a true difference in predictability between single-zone and multizone laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for the correction of low myopia or whether any difference in predictability is because of a need for separate clinical nomograms for the two treatments. Design A prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Participants Fourteen surgeons and 190 eyes of 95 patients with myopia who desired surgical correction of myopia ranging from −2.00 to −7.00 diopters (D) participated. Intervention Fellow eyes of patients with myopia undergoing bilateral simultaneous LASIK were randomized to single-zone and multizone ablation. Astigmatism was not corrected at the time of LASIK. Main outcome measures Predictability, postoperative videokeratography, and contrast sensitivity were assessed at 3 months after surgery. Results At 3 months, r 2 values relating laser setting to change in spherical equivalent refraction were 0.78 for single-zone and 0.76 for multizone ablation; mean outcome with respect to intended was −0.84 D (0.65 standard deviation [SD]) for single-zone and −0.62 D (0.78 SD) for multizone eyes ( P = 0.035). There was no relationship between single-zone and multizone ablation and the likelihood of asymmetric postoperative videokeratography ( P = 0.83). The only difference in contrast sensitivity was a significantly greater decrease in log contrast for multizone eyes at 12 cyc/deg under undilated conditions. Conclusions There is no true difference in predictability between single-zone and multizone LASIK for the correction of low myopia. Separate clinical nomograms for single-zone and multizone LASIK should eliminate the difference in predictability that was observed in this clinical trial.