cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotational Analysis of the 2900A Band of C O 2

A rotational analysis of the C$\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ doublet band near $\ensuremath{\lambda}2896$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}2882$ has been made. The band was photographed in the third order of the 30-foot grating spectrograph at Ryerson Laboratory with a dispersion of 0.22A/mm and a resolving power of 300,000. The structure is explained by a $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}_{u}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g}$ (case $a$, inverted) transition, where the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g}$ is the ground state of C$\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$. Alternate lines are missing as expected for $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ in view of the zero spin of the oxygen nuclei. A number of perturbations are observed, which involve displacements and weakening of the lines. These are probably caused by higher vibrational levels of a $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$ state which lies about 0.8 volts below the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}_{u}$. The values found for the molecular constants of the lower $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g}$ state (${B}_{1}=0.3795$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${B}_{2}=0.3813$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-doubling coefficient $p=0.004$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) agree with those found by Mrozowski. For the upper $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}_{u}$ state, $B=0.3784$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and the spin-doubling coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}=0.019$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The spin-orbit coupling coefficient $A$ for the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g}$ state is --- 159.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Decrease in hippocampal [3H]vinylidene kainic acid binding in genetically epilepsy-prone rats

Specific [3H]vinylidene kainic acid binding to the kainate-sensitive subtype of glutamate receptor was studied in brain of 31-day-old non-epileptic Sprague-Dawley control and two colonies of genetically epilepsy-prone rats using in vitro autoradiographic techniques. At 37.5 nM [3H]vinylidene kainic acid, specific [3H]vinylidene kainic acid binding was reduced significantly by 18 and 22% in dorsal and ventral hippocampal formation stratum lucidum of 31-day-old genetically epilepsy-prone-9 rats compared with non-epileptic controls. Hippocampal [3H]vinylidene kainic acid binding was reduced in genetically epilepsy-prone-3 rats by 15 and 18%, but these reductions were not statistically significant. Saturation of [3H]vinylidene kainic acid binding studies indicated that the total number of ventral hippocampal [3H]vinylidene kainic acid binding sites was decreased by 21% in genetically epilepsy-prone-3 rats and 28% in genetically epilepsy-prone-9 rats. The reduction in ventral hippocampal [3H]vinylidene kainic acid binding in genetically epilepsy-prone rats resembles the reduction in ventral hippocampal [3H]vinylidene kainic acid binding sites observed in perinatal hypothyroid rats. As genetically epilepsy-prone rats are hypothyroid during the neonatal period, the reduction in hippocampal [3H]vinylidene kainic acid binding in the genetically epilepsy-prone rats may be a consequence of a hypothyroid-induced defect in the development or maturation of the hippocampal mossy fiber projection in genetically epilepsy-prone rats. An alternative hypothesis is that the putative occurrence of spontaneous limbic seizures in genetically epilepsy-prone rats may lead secondarily to a reduction in hippocampal [3H]vinylidene kainic acid binding sites.
A Simulation of the Abnormal Grain Growth in a Nano-Structural AZ31 Mg Alloy by Phase Field Model

Abnormal grain growth was simulated by phase field model in order to find ways of producing scattered a few enormous grains in a nano-structural single phase AZ31 alloy to improve its ductility. It is shown that the abnormal grain growth is controlled by the three keys factors of interface energy, strain restored energy and interface mobility. Therefore, the microstructure with scattered a few enormous grains in the nano-structural matrix can be achieved after an annealing treatment if there is a small group of specially orientated nano-size grains in the original nao-structure with local low grain boundary energy or local high strain energy or local high interface mobility. The morphology of abnormal grains is also examined as function of annealing time to optimize the microstructure.
Analgesic Prescribing Practices Can Be Improved by Low-Cost Point-of-Care Decision Support

Abstract Context Codeine has become a controversial choice for analgesia in children compared with other commonly available drugs. Objectives To evaluate whether an educational campaign shifted resident prescribing patterns away from codeine toward more appropriate analgesics. Methods Our intervention consisted of a pocket-sized reference card given to all trainees and key staff in an inpatient pediatric acute care unit; pediatrics residents also had the option to attend a one-hour lecture. The pocket card recommended against codeine (including rationale) and gave prescription guidance for our institution's preferred formulary alternative analgesics, which include tramadol and hydrocodone. We used inpatient prescribing data to track the prescribing of codeine and alternative medications over time. Results Following the interventions, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of patients receiving codeine (13.5% of patients received the drug in the year before, 5.4% in the year after, P Conclusion A simple low-cost educational campaign consisting primarily of a pocket guide to analgesics markedly improved analgesic prescribing patterns, and that improvement extended to services not targeted by the didactic component of our educational campaign. Point-of-care decision support by means of a pocket card may be sufficient for effecting change in medication prescribing patterns of trainees.
Evolutionary learning in networked multi-agent organizations

This study proposes a simple computational model of evolutionary learning in organizations informed by genetic algorithms. Agents who interact only with neighboring partners seek to solve a given problem. We explore the effects of task specialization (transmitters and innovators), organizational culture, and network topology on the efficiency of collective learning. Simulation results indicate that organizations without innovators tend to get stuck in suboptimal equilibria, regardless of organizational culture and network topology. The effect of organizational culture of cherishing the recombination of existing answers is positive if there are no innovators because it helps agents escape from suboptimality, and otherwise negative because too much creativity is introduced into organizations. We also find that agents in highly clustered networks reach local consensus more rapidly, whereas agents are more likely to find the right solution in small-world networks and random networks with relatively short path lengths. The implications of local consensus for organizational stress are discussed.
Development of spontaneous motility in the guppy embryo (Lebistes reticulatus) and the effect of spinal transection

Guppy (Lebistes reticulatus) embryos pass through a distinct sequence of motor behaviors that leads to swimming capability during the course of their development. We have characterized these activities in order of appearance, with several corresponding morphological features, as belonging to the coil stage, tail-twitch stage, S-movement stage, and swimming stage. A primary feature of development was an increase in the amount of activity per unit of time over these four stages. The developmental pattern of motility was not interrupted by spinal transection until the onset of swimming, implying that supraspinal information is not required for the occurrence of the primitive behaviors that precede swimming. Elimination of swimming by spinal transection did not elicit a reversion to less complex activities, suggesting that once the cerebral control for swimming is developed, it represents a hardwired system not behaviorally reducible to antecedent components.
The mind’s eye: a photographic method for understanding meaning in people’s lives.

Although research relying on self-report inventories has built an increased appreciation of the importance of meaning in life, such research has strayed somewhat from the original promise of meaning in life research, which was to shed light on the individual experience of meaning. Some research has focused on understanding people’s sources of meaning. However, previous methods have relied on verbal ways of assessing sources of meaning in life. In recognition of the fact that not everyone has highly developed verbal skills – and that even those who do can find it hard to articulate what life means – we offer a new method for understanding individuals’ experiences with meaning in life. In this article, we describe the use of photography to elicit information about people’s sources of meaning and provide inductive qualitative analysis of a pilot study using this method. Photography holds great potential as a new method for seeing meaning through another’s eyes.
Photorefractive keratectomy for the correction of residual refractive error with Intacs intrastromal corneal ring segments in place

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for residual refractive errors in patients who had previous insertion of intrastromal corneal ring segments (Intacs, Addition Technology, Inc.) for treatment of low myopia. Setting Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. Methods This retrospective case series comprised patients who had Intacs segment implantation and subsequently developed myopic regression. Eight eyes of 5 patients had PRK over the Intacs in situ for the correction of the residual refractive error. Results Six (75%) of the 8 eyes had plano refraction with 20/20 or better uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) 1 month after PRK enhancement. Three months postoperatively, all eyes had plano refraction with 20/20 or better acuity. At the last follow-up examination (up to 2 years), all eyes had near plano vision (20/10 to 20/25). The corneal surface epithelium in all eyes healed in 3 to 5 days. One patient had subepithelial haze in both eyes, which resolved with epithelial scraping with mitomycin-C (MMC) application and a phototherapeutic keratectomy enhancement. Conclusions This small series showed that PRK can be used to treat residual refractive error after Intacs insertion. The UCVA was 20/25 or better in all cases after PRK enhancement. The incidence of post-PRK haze in this series of patients was high; topical MMC might be used in future cases to mitigate the problem.
High-pressure synthesis of carbon nanotubes with a variety of morphologies

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotubes in large quantity can be accomplished by direct thermal decomposition of ethanol in a stainless steel reaction chamber under high pressure. Raman and thermogravimetric data indicate that the as-synthesized carbon nanotubes are of high quality, with the prepared samples exhibiting low amorphous carbon content. TEM measurements confirm the formation of carbon nanotubes of several morphologies for the high-pressure synthesis. At pressures near atmospheric, however, very limited morphologies and yields for the nanotubes result. A mechanism involving catalytic site formation as a result of temperature dependent surface roughening is consistent with our observations.
On the Dynamical Derivation of the Titius-Bode Law

The Principle of Least Action Interaction, developed by the dynamical astronomer Michael W. Ovenden, is tested using a new algorithm based on the ergodic hypothesis that the time mean of the disturbing function is equal to the space mean. This algorithm is an improvement over the one that Ovenden (1972) used in testing his principle, i.e. it can be applied to systems having more than three satellites without violating the conservation law of angular momentum and these satellites may have significant inclinations. This algorithm treats the problem of finding the configuration of least action interaction as a Lagrange multiplier problem. Renormalization group techniques and existing non-gradient optimization algorithms are incorporated into this new algorithm to reduce some of the numerical complexities.
Deamination of glutamic acid by pyridoxal phosphate-Cu+-smectite catalysts

Abstract Glutamic acid is selectively deaminated by a combination of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and Cu2+-smectite, a swelling phyllosilicate. In addition to ammonia as a product, α-ketoglutaric acid was formed. The reaction was much more active with Cu2+-smectite than when the Cu2+ was present as a dissolved salt. Cu2+-kaolinite, vermiculite, and faujasites X and Y were also active but at a considerably lower rate, suggesting their activity may be restricted to external surfaces, while that of the smectites involves intracrystal catalysis. An activation energy of ca. 14 kcal mol−1 was found for the reaction. As the catalyst concentration is doubled, the reaction velocity is doubled up to the point where the rate becomes dependent upon the substrate concentration. When a strong ligand (o-phenanthroline) was added to the reaction the reaction velocity decreased, strongly suggesting that coordination of the reacting species with Cu2+ on the silicate surface is required. The reaction pathway is suggested to be the formation of a Schiff base between the amino acid and pyridoxal phosphate, followed by complexation with Cu2+ at the mineral surface. At this point the complex is hydrolyzed to NH3 and the α-keto acid, or transamination occurs to form pyridoxamine phosphate which is then deaminated by the Cu2+-smectite. The pyridoxal phosphate-Cu2+-smectite acts like a pseudo-enzyme wherein the silicate structure substitutes for the apoenzyme.
Release of Purines from Postsynaptic Structures of Amphibian Ganglia

: Isolated sympathetic paravertebral ganglia of the frog were incubated for 1 h with [3H]adenosine. Then, after washout of excess label, the contribution of pre- and postsynaptic activation on the release of 3H-labeled purines was studied. The ganglion was superfused with Ringer's solution at room temperature, and extracellular electrodes were used for stimulation and recording. Preganglionic stimulation enhanced overall release of 3H-labeled purines. At rest, the release of 3H-labeled purines per minute represented 0.62 ± 0.02% of the total 3H-label in the ganglion, and this fraction increased depending on the frequency of orthodromic stimulation. Analyses of the effluent from resting and stimulated ganglia showed that in both cases the nonnucleotide fractions constituted >97% of the total counts in the medium: adenosine (58.4 ± 10.1%); inosine (31.7 ± 12.9%); hypoxanthine (7.1 ± 2.4%); and AMP, ADP, and ATP together (1.6 ± 0.9%) (n = 11). Nucleotides were released, but their levels were not increased significantly during stimulation. Inclusion of ectophosphatase inhibitors slightly enhanced nucleotide release (from 1.1 ± 0.5 to 1.8 ± 0.7%; n = 5) but did not alter the amount of nucleosides. Hence, nucleosides are the main products released by the ganglion and do not arise from hydrolysis of extracellular ATP. Preganglionic stimulation enhanced release of labeled purines, which was frequency dependent from 1 to 20 Hz. Atropine (2 μM) and tubocurarine (150 μM) totally blocked the release of 3H-labeled purines associated with preganglionic stimulation. Antidromic stimulation was accompanied by a significant release of labeled purines. Carbachol (10−6-10−2 M) induced a dose-dependent release of 3H-labeled purines from the ganglion. These results indicate that the release of nucleosides during synaptic transmission is the result of activation of the postsynaptic structures.
Plant Growth and Nitrogenase Activity of Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean in Response to Foliar Glyphosate Applications

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, EC 2.5.1.19 (EPSPS), thereby blocking aromatic amino acid synthesis. While glyphosate-tolerant (GT) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] contains resistant EPSPS, the N 2 -fixing symbiont in soybean root nodules, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, does not contain a resistant enzyme, and glyphosate spray to GT soybean may interfere with the symbiotic relationship. Glyphosate-tolerant soybean was treated with glyphosate at several different stages of development to evaluate N 2 fixation, growth, and yield in a series of greenhouse, growth chamber, and field experiments. Early applications of glyphosate generally delayed N 2 fixation and decreased biomass and N accumulation in the cultivar Terral TV5866RR (TV5866RR) harvested at 19 d after emergence (DAE), but plants had recovered by 40 DAE. The biomass and N content of GT soybean were also decreased by glyphosate in plants that were grown with available soil N. There were differences in sensitivity to glyphosate among GT cultivars, with biomass decreases in response to glyphosate ranging from 0 to 30% at 40 DAE for the most tolerant and sensitive cultivars that were evaluated. In growth chamber studies, N 2 fixation was more sensitive to water deficits in glyphosate-treated plants. In field studies, there was no measured effect of glyphosate on GT soybean at Fayetteville, AR where there was adequate soil water throughout the growing season. However, glyphosate tended to decrease biomass and seed yields under conditions of limited soil water at Keiser, AR.
Effects of protein malnutrition and endotoxin on the intestinal mucosal barrier to the translocation of indigenous flora in mice.

Since protein malnourished or endotoxemic patients are at increased risk of developing nosocomial infections with enteric organisms, we investigated the effects of these risk factors alone and in combination on the intestinal mucosal barrier to bacteria. Protein malnutrition resulted in severe ileal atrophy that was directly related to the length of time the mice were protein malnourished. Although protein malnutrition did not promote bacterial translocation from the gut to systemic organs, the protein-malnourished mice were more susceptible to endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation than normally nourished mice (p < 0.01). Since the gross epithelial damage documented after endotoxin administration in normally nourished mice was diminished after protein malnutrition, there was no correlation between the gross appearance of the epithelial mucosal barrier and the extent of endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of endotoxin plus protein malnutrition on...
Macroevolutionary changes in echinoid ontogeny:Mechanisms and phylogenetic implications

Abstract Typical development in sea urchins involves a setof molecular and cellular processes leading to the rapid development of an elaborate feeding larva, the pluteus, in which the juvenile sea urchin grows. On the whole, this developmental program is highly conserved. However, a complex and novel pattern of regulation of expression of the major histone gene cluster can be shown to have occurred during the rapid radiation of euechinoids from the cidaroid stock. This indicates that molecular programs of gene expression in oogenesis that provide the basic directions for early development in fact may not be tightly constrained. Early development has also been radically altered in significant number of species that have eliminated the pluteus and instead undergo direct development. This is achieved by abbreviation or elimination of larval developmental processes, and the acceleration of adult ontogeny. That the changes involved are relatively unrestricted by developmental constraints is indicated by the independent evolution of direct development in at least six orders, and by the fact that it has been evolved by quite distinct pathways in these groups. Molecular data support this conclusion, and indicate that gene expression programs which underly pluteus ontogeny are independent from those of the adult. The ease with which parallel modifications occur in processes of early development suggests that phylogenetic inferences based on features of early development should be drawn with caution.
Site-renormalised Molecular Fluid Theory: On the Utility of a Two-Site Model of Water

We propose a simple, two-site model of water, using the familiar three-site Simple Point Charge (SPC) model as a guide. We briefly examine the resulting dielectric and solvation properties of the bulk fluid, both pure and in a three component mixture of apolar or ionic simple fluid solutes, using integral equation methods. The results confirm a practical utility of this simplified model, and the essential predictive properties of the site-renormalised molecular fluid theory.
Survival as a Digital Ghost

You can survive after death in various kinds of artifacts. You can survive in diaries, photographs, sound recordings, and movies. But these artifacts record only superficial features of yourself. We are already close to the construction of programs that partially and approximately replicate entire human lives (by storing their memories and duplicating their personalities). A digital ghost is an artificially intelligent program that knows all about your life. It is an animated auto-biography. It replicates your patterns of belief and desire. You can survive after death in a digital ghost. We discuss a series of digital ghosts over the next 50 years. As time goes by and technology advances, they are progressively more perfect replicas of the lives of their original authors.
The Effects of Sexual Assault on Sexual Attitudes

SUMMARY As a means of studying the effects of sexual assault on sexual attitudes, two categories of sexual attitude measures taken from the National Health and Social Life Surveys were analyzed. One category contains measures of the appeal of various sexual acts to women; the other assesses general sexual attitudes such as approval of premarital sex. We proposed that women who were sexually assaulted as children would have less traditional sexual attitudes, and that women who experienced forced sex after puberty would have more traditional attitudes. Comparisons of means consistently showed that women who experienced forced sex at any age had less traditional sexual attitudes, and reported that various sex acts had a stronger appeal.
Evaluating Incidence of Helminthosporium solani and Colletotrichum coccodes on Asymptomatic Organic Potatoes and Screening Potato Lines for Resistance to Silver Scurf

Silver scurf, caused by Helminthosporium solani, and black dot, caused by Colletotrichum coccodes, cause tuber blemishes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) which affect processing and fresh market trade. Tubers from ten cultivars were collected at harvest from three organic farms in Wisconsin and categorized as symptomatic or asymptomatic based on visual symptoms of silver scurf and black dot and/or signs of H. solani and C. coccodes. Tuber incubation and PCR assays were performed on asymptomatic tubers to detect H. solani and C. coccodes. Tuber incubation and PCR assays were in slight to fair agreement (kappa coefficient <0.4) for detecting both pathogens. Most asymptomatic tubers tested were positive by one or both assays for H. solani (75 %) or C. coccodes (94 %). Minituber inoculation assays were also performed to screen potato lines for resistance to silver scurf. Of the 14 lines tested, a diploid interspecific hybrid, C287, had consistently low sporulation, suggesting it has partial resistance to silver scurf. Since the majority of tubers harvested are already infected with one or both pathogens further research should focus on organically acceptable management practices that may inhibit disease development in field and in storage.
Production of dinitrogen and nitrous oxide in soil suspensions as affected by redox potential

The effect of soil redox potential on N2O and N2 emission from soil suspensions was studied under laboratory conditions. Crowley silt loam soil suspensions were equilibrated under controlled (−200, −100, 0, +100, +200, +300, and +400 mV) redox levels, and the amounts of N2 and N2O evolved quantified. At higher redox levels (+300, and +400 mV) nitrification was the dominant soil biological process controlling N chemistry. A small amount of N2O evolved during nitrification. A redox value between +300 and +200 mV was found critical for denitrification to occur. Both N2 and N2O were produced during denitrification. The maximum amount of N2O evolved at a redox value of 0 mV. Dinitrogen emission increased at lower redox levels. The highest N2/N2O evolution ratio was observed at −200 mV and the ratio decreased with increasing redox. A lack of N-balance during denitrification at redox levels of +100, and +200 mV is also reported.
POLYGENIC REGULATION OF FECUNDITY IN AUTOGENOUS AEDES ATROPALPUS

Genetic regulation of autogenous fecundity was examined in the mosquito Aedes atropalpus. Only one of four subspecies was found to contain all the genetic factors needed to produce, without blood-feeding, an average in excess of 150 eggs/female. This was the type form, A. a. atropalpus, which possessed the gene for autogeny (A) and a genetic background which enhanced fecundity. In contrast, strains of A. a. epactius, A. a. perichares and A. a. nielseni lacked both genetic systems. When the genome of A. a. atropalpus was progressively replaced by repeated crossing to the other subspecies, a stepwise decrease in autogenous fecundity was noted over several generations. However, this trend was stopped and in certain cases reversed by back-crossing to the type form. Thus it appears that in the type-form genome there are several modifier genes which enhance the expression of the gene A. RESUME DETERMINATION POLYGENIQUE DE LA FECONDITE AUTOGENE CHEZ AEDES ATROPALPUS Aedes atropalpus dont l'aire d'extension s'etend du Labrador au Panama presentc quatre sous-especes, dont une seule, la forme-type A. a. atropalpus, est autogene, les trois autres: A. a. epactius. A. a. perichares, A. a. nielseni etant anautogenes. Les femelles anautogenes sont homozygotes pour l'allele recessif, a. Les hybrides F1 issus de croisements entre les lignees autogenes et anautogenes sont autogenes, mais leur fecondite est reduite. Des croisements de retour repetes entre ces hybrides et les formes anautogenes aboutissent a une reduction progressive de la fecondite. Cependant cette reduction peut etre stoppee et, dans certains cas, inversee par croisement de retour avec la forme-type autogene. Ces faits conduisent a envisager que le genome des femelles de type autogene contient, outre le gene dominant A, un certain nombre de genes modificateurs qui en renforcent l'expression. Les trois sous-especes anautogenes manqueraient de certains, sinon de tons ces genes modificateurs. La reduction progressive de la fecondite chez les hybrides resulterait de la perte successive au cours des croisements de retour, de ces genes modificateurs.
Rutherford backscattering investigation of the corrosion of borosilicate nuclear waste glass

Abstract The corrosion properties of several borosilicate nuclear waste glasses exposed to aqueous environments have been investigated using a combination of Rutherford backscattering (RBS) depth profiling and solution analysis. Using the technique of RBS, the concentration of individual elements in the glass can be quantitatively profiled within a 1–2 μm surface layer. All of the glass surfaces were corroded in distilled water at 90°C for times ranging from 0–28 days. The evolution and composition of the altered layer that formed on the glass surface was of particular interest, since this layer can be crucial in determining whether or not the remainder of the glass undergoes further rapid corrosion. Within the altered surface layer produced by the corrosion process, there was an enhancement in the concentrations of U, Ti, Sr, Nd, Gd, and Ca and a depletion of Na, Si, Cs, (and probably B) relative to the concentrations present in the bulk glass. The U concentration, for example, was often 3–4 times greater in the altered surface layer than in the bulk. The layer apparently forms due to a local reaction that results in the formation of insoluble complexes on the glass surface. A simple model of the corrosion process has been used to identify the most likely insoluble metal complex for each metal present in excess in the alteration layer. The mechanical and chemical stability of this layer are also discussed.
Volume-cycled decelerating flow. An alternative form of mechanical ventilation.

The linearly decelerating flow waveform for volume-cycled mechanical ventilation is an option on many modern ventilators. We have developed mathematical models for two available forms of volume-cycled decelerating-flow ventilation (VCDF). These equations use clinician-chosen ventilator settings as inputs (frequency, tidal volume, peak inspiratory flow or inspiratory time fraction, and end-inspiratory pause), and patient-determined inputs which describe the patient's ventilatory impedance (inspiratory [RI] and expiratory [RE] resistance and respiratory system compliance [C]. The equations predict key outcome variables: mean airway pressure; and peak, mean, and end-expiratory alveolar pressures. The mathematical expressions were validated in a mechanical lung analog. Values observed in the test lung were compared to values predicted by the mathematical models for a wide range of ventilator settings and impedance combinations (RI and RE, 5 to 40 cm H2O·s/L; C, 0.02 to 0.10 L/cm H2O). The correspondence between observed and predicted values was generally excellent across the broad range of inputs tested (r≥0.98). Outcome variables were quite sensitive to clinician-chosen inputs over certain critical ranges. Carefully applied, VCDF offers several theoretic advantages for the clinical setting; however, appropriate caution must be exercised to avoid the application of tissue-injuring pressure.
Letter by Saver et al Regarding Article, “Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association”

We are writing to request correction of an error in Class Assignment and recommendation wording made in the recently published 2014 secondary stroke prevention guideline.1 The guideline assigns to patent foramen ovale (PFO) device closure treatment a Class III assignment and wording. But the evidence reviewed by the Committee supports a Class IIb, not Class III, recommendation and wording. We think the Committee was led astray by a recent change in American Heart Association (AHA) levels of evidence procedures. In the past, AHA/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Stroke Association (ASA) Class III, level of evidence (LOE) A recommendations were reserved for cases in which multiple clinical trials clearly demonstrated definite harm from an intervention. However, recently, the AHA/ACC/ASA revised its evidence table to also permit Class III, LOE A recommendations when evidence demonstrates that an intervention confers no benefit. Guideline writers are likely not yet familiar with the types of trials needed to support such a finding of absence of benefit. The evidence reviewed by the committee does not support a finding of No Benefit per the AHA/ACC/ASA evidentiary table. The standard evidence-based medicine requirement for a No …
Comparison of volume and mass distributions for denver aerosols

Abstract Using data of the Denver 1971 aerosol characterization study, volume concentration distributions calculated from size distribution measurements by the Minnesota Aerosol Analyzing System (MAAS) are compared to mass concentration distributions measured by 8-stage Andersen impactors. In this study, the upper mode was confirmed by the impactor measurements. The lower mode was not confirmed, probably due to poor resolution resulting from impaction onto the glass fiber filters used as impaction surfaces. However, the total mass in the lower impactor mode was in agreement with the mass inferred from the volume of the lower MAAS mode. In the submicron range, estimates of densities of 1.6–1.8 g cm −3 are inferred for background aerosols and 1.1–1.5 g cm −3 for pollution aerosols.
Bayesian analysis of data-worth considering model and parameter uncertainties

The rational management of water resource systems requires an understanding of their response to existing and planned schemes of exploitation, pollution prevention and/or remediation. Such understanding requires the collection of data to help characterize the system and monitor its response to existing and future stresses. It also requires incorporating such data in models of system makeup, water flow and contaminant transport. As the collection of subsurface characterization and monitoring data is costly, it is imperative that the design of corresponding data collection schemes be cost-effective, i.e., that the expected benefit of new information exceed its cost. A major benefit of new data is its potential to help improve one’s understanding of the system, in large part through a reduction in model predictive uncertainty and corresponding risk of failure. Traditionally, value-of-information or data-worth analyses have relied on a single conceptual-mathematical model of site hydrology with prescribed parameters. Yet there is a growing recognition that ignoring model and parameter uncertainties render model predictions prone to statistical bias and underestimation of uncertainty. This has led to a recent emphasis on conducting hydrologic analyses and rendering corresponding predictions by means of multiple models. We describe a corresponding approach to data-worth analyses within a Bayesian model averaging (BMA) framework. We focus on a maximum likelihood version (MLBMA) of BMA which (a) is compatible with both deterministic and stochastic models, (b) admits but does not require prior information about the parameters, (c) is consistent with modern statistical methods of hydrologic model calibration, (d) allows approximating lead predictive moments of any model by linearization, and (e) updates model posterior probabilities as well as parameter estimates on the basis of potential new data both before and after such data become actually available. We describe both the BMA and MLBMA versions theoretically and implement MLBMA computationally on a synthetic example with and without linearization.
Reliability of Form 90D: An Instrument for Quantifying Drug Use.

Clients just entering treatment for nonalcohol primary drug use were asked to report on their frequency of drug use at two times 2 days apart. Test–retest correlations for the lifetime use of drugs were fair to excellent, and those for drug use in the last 90 days, although variable, were generally very good. For lifetime use, correlations were highest for opiates and stimulants and lowest for inhalants, whereas for the recent period correlations were highest for opiates and lowest for stimulants. Correlations were uniformly high for measures of general life functioning. Initial validity assessments with urine drug screen results as criterion were good, with no false negative errors in four of six drug use categories. Overall Form 90D appears to be a reasonably reliable and valid interview instrument for measuring drug use occurrence and frequency for both lifetime and recent use. Care is warranted in assessing classes of drugs that are used less frequently.
K-NUCLEON INTERACTION

The K-proton data may be characterized by a very high cross section at low momentum, varying apparently as approximately l/v, with a resonance zppearing at about 1 Bev/c, and a final asymptotic value at high enengy of about 25 mb. K-- neutron data do not exist at low energies, so the very low energy behavior of the K--neutron total cross section is not known; however, at higher energies it seems to be approaching the same value as the K--proton data. Therefore we say that at high energy the T = 1 and T = 0 strtes are approximately equally effective. The resonance appears only in the T = 0 state and not in T = 1 state. In the K+ interaction, the T = 1 state has a rather simple total cross section behavior rising very slowly at low energies to an asymptotic value of approximately 20 mb at high energies. The T = 0 total cross section, however, starts at a rather low value at zero momentum, increases to abcut the same value as in the T = 1 state in the region of 500 Mev/c, and then remains equal to the T = 1 state at high energies.more » On the angular distributions measured in the lower energy K+-nucleon experiments, one can say that the T = 1 scattering appears to be predominantly S wave below 800 Mev/c, whereas the T=O state is very much more complicated, requiring up to D waves to fit the data. (auth)« less
MO‐G‐BRC‐05: Impact of Secondary Particles on Linear Energy Transfer for Biological Treatment Planning in Proton Therapy

Purpose: To assess the contribution of secondary particles to pencil and passively scatteredproton beams, in particular to determine the impact on linear energy transfer (LET), a central quantity in biological treatment planning. Methods: ProtonMonte Carlo simulations were performed directly in patient geometries considering all primary and secondary particles, including recoils stemming from inelastic nuclear interactions. Simulations were conducted for a prostate and a head&neck case to investigate the impact of different initial proton energies. Results: Examination of the results reveals that secondary protons exhibit LET‐ values up to a factor 10 higher than those of the primary protons in the same region. This causes significant changes to the dose‐averaged LET when including secondary protons, from 50% along the central axis of the beam to >200% in the penumbra. Furthermore the LET‐maximum increases from 12 to 15 MeV/mm. The contribution of recoils (A>3) was observed to be 1.2% in the entrance region of the prostate case, increasing slightly compared to the same beam in a water phantom. The degree of biological damage inflicted by recoils remains hard to quantify, but can be discussed on account of detailed energy spectra of the preeminent particles. Conclusions: These results indicate that secondary protons have a significant influence on LET and should therefore be incorporated into RBE calculations for proton therapy, as well as into radiobiological experiments. The contribution of heavier secondary particles is complex, yet may have an impact on precise measurements of the radiobiological effectiveness (RBE) of protons, especially in the plateau region of high‐energy beams. In addition the LET distributions presented demonstrate the impact of inhomogeneities on the LET and the subtle changes between the LET distributions of passively scattered and actively scanned beams. The latter observation suggests higher RBE variations in active scanning than in passively scattered fields. The project was supported by the Federal Share of program income earned by Massachusetts General Hospital on C06 CA059267, Proton Therapy Research and Treatment Center.
Green Light Emitting Diodes under Photon Modulation

With an external laser excitation, the electroluminescence (EL) of GaInN/GaN green light emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on sapphire by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy has been investigated. The EL was found significantly enhanced under this bias and the difference can not merely be attributed to additional photoluminescence (PL). Under 325 nm photon bias, the EL enhancement starts at its highest value and decreases along with an increase of the LED current. Under 408 nm and 488 nm bias, it increases first to a value smaller than that of the 325 nm bias and then decreases with a much lower rate along the current increase. The EL enhancement is attributed to the more efficient carrier injection into quantum wells (QWs) resulting from the screening of the QW polarization by photon bias. Therefore, an enhanced balance of majority and minority carriers was obtained resulting in a better radiative recombination rate. Meanwhile, the current-voltage characteristics show a negative current first and then a voltage reduction as forward voltage increases. The reverse photocurrent indicates carrier loss due to the solar cell effect in our LED device while at high current region the carrier loss is attributed to another effect controlled by the external electrical field. At the balance point of those two effects, the EL enhancement is the highest. These findings clarify the transition from highly efficient radiative recombination at low current density to the region of efficiency droop at high current densities.
The morphology and connections of the posterior hypothalamus in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). I. Cytoarchitectonic organization.

The cytoarchitectonic organization of the posterior hypothalamus of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was analyzed in Nissl, Golgi, acetylcholinesterase, and reduced silver preparations. The region consists of a number of cell masses that differ considerably in their discreteness and in the homogeneity of their neuronal populations. The nuclei identified include: the medial mamillary nucleus (in which at least three distinct subdivisions can be recognized—a pars medialis, a pars lateralis, and a pars basalis); the small-celled nucleus intercalatus; the large-celled lateral mamillary nucleus; a single premamillary nucleus; the tuberomamillary nucleus; the posterior hypothalamic nucleus; the caudal extension of the lateral hypothalamic area; the supramamillary area; and the paramamillary nucleus (which appears to correspond to the nucleus of the nucleus of the ansa lenticularis of other workers). As a basis for the subsequent experimental study of the efferent connections of the posterior hypothalamus, the location of each of these cell masses is described and illustrated in a series of low-power photomicrographs, as are the form and distribution of the resident neuronal populations of the various components of themamillary complex as seen in Golgi preparations.
Chicken and Quail Microsatellite Markers Reveal Polymorphisms in Guinea Fowl

Microsatellite markers are tandem repeats of short nucleotides which are abundant, evenly distributed and highly polymorphic in eukaryotic genomes. As such, they are a useful tool in poultry breeding. Microsattelite markers have been identified in genomes of poultry such as chickens and quail. Exchange of marker information between chickens, quail and other avian species such as guinea fowl would be an important step towards the construction of a high-resolution comparative genetic map of these poultry species of agricultural importance. Using the polymerase chain reaction, chicken and quail microsatellite markers were tested to see if they would be suitable in amplifying guinea fowl loci. Eighty three percent (30/36) and 73 percent (19/26) of chicken and quail primers, respectively, amplified individual loci in guinea fowl. Fifty percent (15/30) and 47 percent (9/19) of the amplified loci using chicken and quail primers, respectively, were found to be polymorphic. These very few chicken and quail microsatellite markers that seem to reveal guinea fowl loci could be used as anchor points for comparative mapping. However, more effort should be committed to developing guinea fowl-specific markers since those of chickens and quail may not be sufficient for studies in guinea fowl.
New Process of Excitation Transfer in Helium

Precise observations have been made on light emission from low triplet levels of helium gas traversed by a monoenergetic electron beam, with varying helium pressure and electron energy. In the past it has been customary to assign this triplet excitation to direct transfer from $^{1}P$ states in flagrant violation of the Wigner rule and seemingly excessive cross sections for the transfer have been inferred.A new process of excitation transfer is proposed which minimizes the conflict with the Wigner rule by reducing the sizes of the cross sections required to values close to the gas-kinetic cross section. It is hypothesized that many $^{1}P$ states, including those with large quantum number $n$, transfer excitation energy to neighboring triplet states having closely corresponding principal quantum numbers. The triplet states thus formed in turn populate low-level triplet states by radiative transitions. It is found that states lying between $n=4$ and $n=15$ would play the dominant role in the transfer process.Satisfying qualitative explanations of several additional excitation-transfer-process phenomena are derived from this new multiple-state-transfer process.
Fibrocontractive Müller cell phenotypes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose To evaluate Muller cells as a potential source of fibrocontractive cells in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods Temporal changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, glutamine synthetase, and alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) expression in cultures of freshly isolated porcine Muller cells were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting. A similar evaluation was performed on freshly isolated Muller cells maintained in high- and low-glucose culture. Cryosections of six diabetic epiretinal tissues were evaluated for the same antigens. Results Muller cell changes in culture included loss of glutamine synthetase and GFAP, with coincident gains in alphaSMA immunoreactivity. Vimentin immunoreactivity persisted without obvious change. Similar changes were observed when the cells were maintained in high- or low-glucose culture medium. All six diabetic epiretinal membranes contained positively identified Muller cells with vimentin, GFAP, and glutamine synthetase immunoreactivities. There was a progressive loss of glutamine synthetase and GFAP content and a coincident increase in alphaSMA content as the cells assumed an elongated, fibroblastlike morphology. Conclusions Continuous culture in high- versus low-glucose medium does not influence Muller cell phenotype changes. Positively identified Muller cells are present in diabetic epiretinal tissues and appear to undergo the same progression of phenotype changes observed in culture. Cells capable of generating tractional forces associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy can arise from Muller cells.
The mutagenic effects of two monofunctional alkylating chemicals of mature spermatozoa of Drosophila

Abstract A comparison was made of the frequencies of X-chromosome recessive lethals and translocations involving the Y, II, and III chromosomes induced in mature spermatozoa by ethyleneimine and ethyl methanesulfonate. The frequency of lethals induced by the imine was found to be twice that induced by the mesyloxy ester, based on experiments in which comparable concentrations of the two chemicals were injected. The immune was found to be a relatively effective chromosome-breaking agent, whereas only a single translocation was detected in more than 2000 EMS-treated gametes tested; indicating a marked difference either in the sites or the consequences of alkylation by the two chemicals. The feeding of EMS to adult males was found to result in 10-fold increase in the frequency of induced lethals and a pronounced increase in translocation frequency. The determination of gross aberrations and small deficiencies associated with 50 ethylenimine- and 45 ethyl methanesulfonate-induced lethals was made from salivary-gland chromosome preparations of heterozygous female larvae. 9 of the imine-induced lethals were found to be associated with gross changes, including two 3-break rearrangements and one involving 2 breaks in both the X and III chromosomes. For none of the 95 lethals examined cytologically was evidence found of associated small deficiencies; whereas such changes clearly have been established to result from alkylation with multifunctional compounds and to be induced by ionizing radiations. The absence of small deletions induced by ethyleneimine indicates as essential difference in the mechanisms by which such aberrations and larger breakage-related rearrangements are produced. Moreover, the absence also of small deletions induced by ethyl methanesulfonate leads to the hypothesis that the inability to produce such changes represents a major qualitative difference between the effects of monofunctional and multifunctional alkylating chemicals.