cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergency department utilization for impetigo among the pediatric population: A retrospective study of the national emergency department sample 2013-2015.

Background Despite the large burden of impetigo in childhood and high frequency of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits for skin conditions, limited information exists on the use of EDs for impetigo among US children. Objective Our study aimed to generate national estimates of ED utilization and to identify sociodemographic predictors of impetigo-related ED visits. Methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of children ages 1-17 presenting to EDs with a primary diagnosis of impetigo using years 2013-2015 of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Results Impetigo accounted for 163 909 of the 71 488, 511 pediatric ED visits and was the fourth most common presenting skin diagnosis. Controlling for sociodemographic factors, patients presenting to the ED with impetigo were most likely to be 6-11 years old, male, and from lower-income quartiles. Patients were most likely to be uninsured and most likely to present on weekends in the summer. Conclusion This study provided national-level estimates of ED use for impetigo among US children. Ultimately, the identification of factors associated with increased ED utilization may help in developing targeted interventions to reduce the use of emergency care for impetigo.
Gendered Consumption as Cruel Optimism: Purchasing the Feminine with Electrolux and Maybelline

In this current neoliberal age, gender identity is constructed as much through material consumption as it is through other forms of cultural expression. There is a very real sense in which we now purchase our points of identification and it is these acts of consumerism that then become markers for gender, sexuality, and class. My argument is that this kind of gendered consumption functions as an exemplar of ‘cruel optimism’, that it hinders rather than helps subjective flourishing. Lauren Berlant defines ‘cruel optimism’ as a kind of relation that exists when the object of individual desire becomes an ‘obstacle’ to flourishing. It is the undelivered promise of health, happiness, and wellbeing. I argue that gendered consumption itself is a form of cruel optimism. After discussing the specifics of gendered consumption’s relationship with cruel optimism, I examine two American television advertisements, Maybelline’s ‘Push Up Drama’ and Electrolux’s ‘Juggle’. By focusing on how these two advertisements instantiate a culture of cruel optimism, I illustrate the extent to which femininity is constructed through such acts of consumption, and the problematics that inhere in this process.
Role of the POU-Domain Transcription Factor Brn-3.1 in Hair Cell Development

The early development of the hair cell involves a cell fate commitment step in which sensory epithelial cells chose either the hair cell or supporting cell lineage. This is followed by differentiation, in which morphological and functional characteristics of the hair cell are acquired. The development of mechanosensory neurons in C. elegans, neurons that appear similar to the ancestors of hair cells, is controlled by the POU-domain transcription factor Unc-86. We have explored the role of a mammalian homologue, Brn-3.1, in hair cell development. Brn-3.1 is expressed selectively in hair cell precursors immediately following commitment to the hair cell lineage, and is expressed in hair cells throughout life. Deletion of the Brn-3.1 gene prevents the differentiation of the normal anatomical or functional features of hair cells, resulting in deafness and vestibular dysfunction. Mutation of the gene encoding Brn-3.1 in humans produces late-onset deafness. Brn-3.1 is thus highly specific to hair cells, and is required both for their normal development and survival.
Creating a Residency Application Personal Statement Writers Workshop: Fostering Narrative, Teamwork, and Insight at a Time of Stress

Problem Every graduating medical student must write a personal statement for the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS), yet there are no widely available resources designed to aid the writing process, causing stress among applicants. Approach The authors offered every Medical College of Wisconsin senior student in the Classes of 2014 and 2015 a voluntary self-contained two-hour Residency Application Personal Statement Writers Workshop. The session included the selection of writing prompts, speedwriting, and a peer-edit critique. Data were gathered before and after each workshop and at the time of ERAS submission. Outcomes One hundred nine students elected to participate. Of the 96 participants completing a preworkshop questionnaire, only 28 (29%) were comfortable with creative and reflective writing. Fifty-four students completed a follow-up survey after submitting their ERAS application. Fifty-one (94%) found the session effective in getting their personal statement started, and 65 (70%) were surprised by the quality of their writing. Almost all could trace some of their final statement to the workshop. Forty-six (85%) found working with other students helpful, and 49 (91%) would recommend the session to future students; 47 (87%) agreed that the workshop was "fun." Next steps The full workshop will be repeated yearly. Workshops will also be offered to residents preparing fellowship applications. A shorter version (without the peer-edit critique) was used successfully with the entire Class of 2016 to help them reflect on their initial clinical encounters. The authors will seek further opportunities to enhance reflection for students, residents, and faculty with these techniques.
Surgical Perspective in the Management of Oropharyngeal Cancer

Transoral robotic surgery is the primary method for resection of oropharyngeal malignancies when primary chemoradiation is not employed. There are multiple methods of resecting the oropharynx in primary and recurrent disease including open approaches, direct line of sight electrocautery, transoral laser microsurgery (TLM), and transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Details of TORS technique are reviewed from surgical site exposure to steps of resection, hemostasis, and reconstruction. Oncologic outcomes are excellent when TORS is combined with adjuvant therapy as appropriate. Overall two-year survival with TORS is between 82 and 94 % and positive margin rate is approximately 6 %. TORS has a distinct set of complications when compared to chemoradiation, with oropharyngeal hemorrhage being a rare but devastating event. Because oncologic outcomes are excellent in oropharyngeal cancer quality of life (QOL) measures are of primary importance when choosing a treatment modality. New trials are opening to investigate how TORS can play a role in changing QOL outcomes and treatment de-escalation. While treatment principles will remain similar for the foreseeable future, new flexible robotic technology may allow for improved surgical exposure in difficult patients.
SPECTRUM-AVERAGED CROSS SECTIONS DEDUCED FROM BURNUP DATA AND THEIR APPLICATION TO METHODS VERIFICATION.

The determination of ratios of spectrum-averaged cross sections from isotopic concentrations is described along with their application to verification of analytical reactor design tools. The determ...
An Econometric Approach to General Equilibrium Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to present nonlinear econometric models of producer and consumer behavior suitable for incorporation into a general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy. General equilibrium modeling originated with the seminal work of Leontief [50], based on empirical implementation of a static input-output model for the U.S. economy. Leontief [51] gave a further impetus to the development of general equilibrium modeling by introducing a dynamic input-output model.
Analysis and synthesis of a class of neural networks with sparse interconnections

The authors present results for the analysis and synthesis of a class of neural networks with sparse or partial interconnecting structure. The, design procedure guarantees to synthesize neural networks with arbitrarily predetermined sparse interconnection structures and to store any given set of desired bipolar patterns as memories. It is shown that a sufficient condition for the existence of a design for neural networks with sparse interconnection is self-feedback for every neuron in the network. Several specific examples are included to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology. >
Reliability, return periods, and risk under nonstationarity.

Water resources design has widely used the average return period as a concept to inform management and communication of the risk of experiencing an exceedance event within a planning horizon. Even though nonstationarity is often apparent, in practice hydrologic design often mistakenly assumes that the probability of exceedance, p, is constant from year to year which leads to an average return period To equal to 1/p; this expression is far more complex under nonstationarity. Even for stationary processes, the common application of an average return period is problematic: it does not account for planning horizon, is an average value that may not be representative of the time to the next flood, and is generally not applied in other areas of water planning. We combine existing theoretical and empirical results from the literature to provide the first general, comprehensive description of the probabilistic behavior of the return period and reliability under nonstationarity. We show that under nonstationarity, the underlying distribution of the return period exhibits a more complex shape than the exponential distribution under stationary conditions. Using a nonstationary lognormal model, we document the increased complexity and challenges associated with planning for future flood events over a planning horizon. We compare application of the average return period with the more common concept of reliability and recommend replacing the average return period with reliability as a more practical way to communicate event likelihood in both stationary and nonstationary contexts.
Quantum statistics using equivalent Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions

Abstract For interacting fermions or bosons, we assume that the average number of particles with momentum k takes the free particle form with ϵ(k) replacing the kinetic energy. This determines the thermodynamic properties in terms of the ϵ(k) which obey an equation, involving the particle interactions, which we derive and approximate.
Probing Ca2+-induced conformational changes in porcine calmodulin by H/D exchange and ESI-MS: effect of cations and ionic strength.

We applied a new method, “protein−ligand interaction using mass spectrometry, titration, and H/D exchange” (PLIMSTEX) [Zhu, M. M. (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 5252−5253], to determine the conformational changes, binding stoichiometry, and binding constants for Ca2+ interactions with calmodulin (CaM) under varying conditions of electrolyte identity and ionic strength. The outcome shows that CaM becomes less solvent-accessible and more compact upon Ca2+-binding, as revealed by the PLIMSTEX curve. The formation of CaM−4Ca species is the biggest contributor to the shape of the titration curve, indicating that the formation of this species accounts for the largest conformational change in the stepwise Ca2+ binding. The Ca2+-binding constants, when comparisons permit, agree with those in the literature within a factor of 3. The binding is influenced by ionic strength and the presence of other cations, although many of these cations do not cause conformational change in apo-CaM. Furthermore, Ca2+-saturated CaM ...
Marketing of tourism: a paradigm shift toward sustainability

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest a shift in the tourism marketing paradigm away from economic profit priorities toward sustainability. The sustainability approach adopts a holistic, integrated view of marketing, considering social equity, environmental protection, and economic livability. The paper seeks to examine the evolving model for the tourism marketing environment.Design/methodology/approach – The paradigm shift naturally occurs by tracing the evolution of marketing approaches from production, sales, and a consumer orientation toward marketing alternatives such as societal, causal, green, responsible, and relationship marketing. Adapting a living system theory to tourism marketing, a sustainable tourism marketing model integrates tourism into a larger holistic context and focuses on marketing a quality of life for all stakeholders in the system.Findings – While alternative approaches to tourism marketing include societal consideration such as tourism impacts and environmental segme...
Is openness always better?: Exploring the role of topic avoidance, satisfaction, and parenting styles of stepparents

A stepfamily often faces unique challenges that can influence the strength of its bonds. One way in which stepfamily members adapt to these challenges is through communication. This study investigates adolescents’ and young adults’ use of topic avoidance in stepfamilies and its association with satisfaction and the parenting style of the stepparent. The results revealed that the more satisfied the participants were with their mother, father, stepmother, stepfather, and stepfamily overall, the less avoidance they were likely to employ. The findings also showed that more authoritarian stepparenting tended to increase the amount of avoidance, whereas more permissiveness and authoritativeness decreased it. Authoritativeness and authoritarianism were more strongly associated than permissiveness with participants’ avoidance. Perceptions of authoritarian stepparenting were also negatively associated with participants’ satisfaction with their stepparent. Finally, low or high degrees of persmissiveness were associ...
Health Related Messages in Advertising: A Comparative Study of Prime-Time Television Commercials Broadcast in 1992 and 1998

Abstract Television is the primary source of nutrition and health information for most Americans. However, little research has investigated the health information embedded in TV broadcasts. Thus, the purpose of this study was to content analyze the HRMs in commercials aired during 17.5 hours of prime-time network programming shown in October 1992 and an equivalent amount of air time in October 1998. Two trained researchers coded all commercials, crosschecking for unanimous inter-rater agreement. To establish intra-reliability, each researcher independently viewed and coded the commercials in 2 30-minute programs that were not part of the sample twice (2 weeks apart). The intra-observer agreement rates were 93% and 92% for the 2 researchers as calculated by the Holsti formula. The total sample included 568 commercials in 1992 and 667 in 1998, having a mean length, respectively, of 22.07±8.69SD and 22.07±10.12SD seconds. The vast majority of advertisements were for commercially sold products (97.5%). Although there were virtually no public service announcements (PSA) aired during prime-time (
Later That Night: Descending Alcohol Intoxication and Men's Sexual Arousal

Although men often have sex when intoxicated, basic questions remain about how alcohol affects erection. It may depend on whether blood alcohol level is ascending or descending and whether the situation calls for maximizing or suppressing erection. Objective. To evaluate whether descending intoxication affects erection when men are instructed to maximize or suppress arousal. Method. Seventy-eight heterosexual men were randomized to intoxication (descending from .08% vs. no alcohol) and arousal instruction (maximize vs. suppress) conditions. Response to erotica was examined using penile plethysmography. Results. Compared to similarly instructed sober men, intoxicated men instructed to maximize exhibited less erection yet reported greater effort to maximize. Interestingly, intoxicated men instructed to suppress exhibited more erection than those instructed to maximize. In general, however, observed effects were modest. Conclusions. Findings suggest there is no simple answer regarding how alcohol affects sex...
Multiplicity distributions in b -^s gluon decays

The final states for the processb→sy have been extensively discussed in the literature. Similarly-detailed analyses for the caseb→s gluon have not been performed. Generally this process is searched for in 2-body decays such as B0→K+π−. We present simple arguments to suggest that most of the time the quark-level process will give rise to final states with rather high multiplicities. Comments are made about the applicability of these results tob→d gluon and hadronicb→u decays.
Annual productivity and phytoplankton changes between 1969 and 1974 in Gull Lake, Michigan

SUMMARY. The seasonal and depth distributions of dominant phytoplankters, in situ primary productivity, organic carbon, and major chemical variables are described for Gull Lake, Michigan for the years 1971–74. Despite efforts by residents surrounding this moderately large dimictic lake to reduce phosphorus loading, all indications are of progressive eutrophication over the period. Previously dominant Cyclotella michiganiana has almost completely disappeared while araphidinean diatoms have increased greatly; certain blue-green algae that were absent previously are becoming characteristic. The ratio of araphidinean to centric diatoms in recent sediments has also increased. Primary productivity and particulate and dissolved organic carbon concentrations have also increased. Voluntary attempts to reduce nutrient loading have apparently been inadequate to arrest increasing rates of eutrophication.
Comments on Smart's an outline of a system of utilitarian ethics

(1967). Comments on Smart's an outline of a system of utilitarian ethics. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 207-213.
Preparation and X-ray characterization of CsAlSiO4

A systematic study of the preparation of CsAlSiO/sub 4/ using various cesium oxide, alumina, and silica sources and a typical set of firing conditions was performed. The object was to determine effective methods of preparing phase-pure CsAlSiO/sub 4/. The reaction of Cs/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ with metakaolin at 600/sup 0/C (decomposition and calcining), 850/sup 0/C (prefiring) and 1050/sup 0/C (crystallization) produced the only phase-pure CsAlSiO/sub 4/ obtained by these methods. None of the eighteen sets of starting materials yielded a phase-pure CsAlSiO/sub 4/ in the 1100/sup 0/C and 1200/sup 0/C firings. CsAlSiO/sub 4/ was determined to be isomorphous with RbAlSiO/sub 4/ as reported by Klaska and Jarchow. CsAlSiO/sub 4/ is orthorhombic with lattice parameters of a/sub 0/ = 8.907(2)A, b/sub 0/ = 9.435(1)A, and c/sub 0/ = 5.435(1)A. The space group in Pna2/sub 1/, with Z = 4. Single crystals of CsAlSiO/sub 4/ were grown hydrothermally from a 1Cs/sub 2/O:1A1/sub 2/O/sub 3/:2SiO/sub 2/ gel in a 3M CsOH solution. The reaction conditions were 770/sup 0/C and 11,700 psi. The crystal habit of CsAlSiO/sub 4/ is needle-like.
Optical evidence for the metallization of xenon at 132(5) GPa.

Xe has been compressed in a diamond-anvil cell to approximately 200 GPa. The metallization of Xe by band-gap closure was investigated by obtaining optical data in both the metallic and insulating states. In the metallic state, the pressure dependence of the plasma frequency was determined from absorption data fitted with a free-electron model. In the insulating state, the pressure dependence of the band gap was determined from absorption data fitted with an indirect-band-gap model. The optical data indicate that the insulator-to-metal transition in Xe occurs at 132(5) GPa.
Hospital outcomes and economic costs from poisoning cases in Illinois.

AbstractContext. Since 2009, poisonings have been the leading cause of fatal injuries in the United States (US) and remain a continuing public health issue. Because of the varying definitions for what constitutes a poisoning case, there are inconsistencies in the annual number of cases reported among national health surveys. Objectives. The main objective of this study was to describe poisonings treated in Illinois hospitals by type of exposure, as well as to detail demographic characteristics, acute outcomes, and general cost estimates for those exposed to poisoning. We also compared a broad definition for poisoning used in our analysis with the definitions used by four national health surveys in order to assess the adequacy of various definitions in capturing poisonings for surveillance. Material and methods. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of outpatients and inpatients treated in Illinois hospitals in 2010 using the Illinois hospital database. Age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated. Results...
Forest products and traditional peoples: Economic, biological, and cultural considerations

Conservationists and environmental economists have promoted the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFP) as an alternative to forest conversion and as a means to benefit forest peoples. This article discusses the development of NTFP economic analyses and some economic, biological and socio-cultural constraints on the use of forest resources and methodological limitations of NTFP investigations. Several case studies document the importance of the forest in both North and South America. While studies differ in their conclusions regarding the sustainability of NTFP extraction, most researchers agree that sustainable harvesting is rare. The article argues for additional considerations that transcend the biological and economic concerns. While forests provide the basis of material culture for peoples that inhabit them, they are also linked intrinsically to the religion, mythology, and psyche of native peoples. Conservationists have an ethical obligation to consider the needs and desires of these people in conjunction with conservation and management plans.
An empirical study of the influences of recreational park visitation: the case of US National Park Service sites.

The authors examine which variables influence recreational visitation at 353 US National Park Service (NPS) sites. The paper provides evidence that variables other than lagged visitation, including various site designators, various regional dummies, lagged RDPI (inferior), alternative sites (complementary effect), the regional 9/11 terrorist attacks variable and the regional terrorism threat level variable (increase in threat level decreases visitation) are statistically and economically significant. Generally, the statistical significance and magnitude of the variable's influence increases as site visitation increases. These results should be of interest to planners and policy makers in general, and specifically to NPS planners in charge of a US$2.2 billion budget.
CO2 recycling accounting and EOR operation scheduling to assist in storage capacity assessment at a U.S. gulf coast depleted reservoir

Abstract From the start of CO2 injection on July 2008, through August 31, 2011, ∼3 million metric tons of CO2 have been stored in the lower Tuscaloosa Formation at Cranfield, Mississippi. We used the field to illustrate the importance of two operational choices on CO2 storage capacity: (1) reinjection of CH4 with the recycled CO2; and (2) injection rate in the presence of a spill point in the storage structure. The overall amount stored in the reservoir is approximately the amount purchased, corrected for the presence of impurities. We present a procedure to estimate how much CO2 is stored in an arbitrary volume smaller than that of the reservoir. The mass stored is corrected for CH4 and accounts for produced and recycled CO2. The procedure was applied to estimate the amount of CO2 stored in two Cranfield compartments, which are separated by a non-transmissive fault. We also investigated factors impacting storage capacity in EOR-then-storage and pure-storage contexts, with both being constrained by non-desirable migration of CO2 out of the reservoir through a spill-point. As expected, the longer the EOR operations continue, the larger the amount stored relative to the pure storage case. Although never large, the 14% gain in a hypothetical simplified model of the Cranfield reservoir, is strongly dependent on the injection/production strategy used.
Highly parallelizable problems on sorted intervals

Abstract We show that several combinatorial optimization problems on an interval graph given its interval representation in sorted order, are highly parallelizable in the sense of Berkman et al [2]. For each of these problems, we present an O(log log n) time parallel algorithm which uses O( n log log n ) processors on the Common CRCW PRAM model which is the weakest of among the CRCW PRAM models. Our algorithms are optimal since, all the problems under consideration can be solved sequentially in O(n) time given a sorted interval set. The problems we solve are finding minimum dominating set (MDS), minimum connected dominating set (MCDS), minimum total dominating set (MTDS), maximum independent set (MIS), and depth first search tree (DFS) and breadth first search tree (BFS) starting from a vertex corresponding to an arbitrary interval. No previous highly parallelizable combinatorial problems either on graph structures or on its geometrical representations are known. Optimal parallel algorithms with O(log n) running time are known for MDS, DFS, BFS, and MIS problems.
Senile Lens Changes and Diabetes in two Population Studies

Clinical and epidemiologic studies of the association between senile cataract and diabetes have produced what initially appears to be conflicting evidence. Three studies of extracted cataract have found a positive association in persons less than 70 years old. Conversely, two studies of senile lens changes (including aphakia) reported no association with diabetes. These apparently disparate findings led to the hypothesis that the diseases are in fact not associated, but that diabetics are more likely to be referred to ophthalmologists and therefore to have cataracts removed. We tested this hypothesis with data from two population surveys, the Framingham Eye Study and the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES). Both studies showed a marked excess prevalence of senile cataract (including aphakia) in diabetics less than 65 years old (relative risks of 4.02 and 2.97, respectively). Beyond the age of 64 years, the HANES study but not the Framingham study showed an excess prevalence, although it was less marked (relative risks of 1.63 and 1.02, respectively). For senile lens changes other than cataract, both studies showed little, if any, association with diabetes. Our results for cataract (whether removed or not) were generally consistent with those of previous studies of extracted cataract for persons under the age of 70 years and for persons aged 70 years or more. The two studies that reported no association between lens changes and diabetes provided information inadequate to support or refute the foregoing findings. The various studies failed to support increased referral of diabetics to ophthalmologists as an explanation for the observed association. All these studies found the association in persons less than 70 years old, whether the cataract had been removed or not.
Twin relationships in TiAl

Analyse par microscopie electronique en transmission de la microstructure de l'alliage Ti-45% Al contenant 7,5% en volume de particules TiB 2 . Les resultats montrent que les regions de maclage [121] {111} apparaissent
An improved procedure for the extraction of phlorizin

A method is given whereby phlorizin is obtained, from fresh apple root bark, as a pearly-white, lustrous solid.
An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics: Principles and Applications

When I agreed to review An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics I expected something like an updated version of Ocean Acoustics: Theory and Experiment in Underwater Sound by Tolstoy and Clay. This and other classics cover the basics well, and I wondered how the author could improve on their presentations. However, Lurton's book is not an updated version of the old classics. The main focus is engineering, and the book's purpose is to provide readers with enough knowledge to understand how underwater acoustic systems work, what they are and are not capable of, and where to begin from a design standpoint.
Clear-Cell Follicular Adenoma of Ectopic Thyroid in the Submandibular Region.

A case of clear-cell follicular adenoma arising in ectopic thyroid tissue is reported. The 2.0-cm tumor arose in the submandibular region in a 29-yr-old female. The diagnosis was established on the basis of light microscopic morphology, a positive thyroglobulin immunohistology, and the presence of normal thyroid tissue surrounding the mass. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan, and postoperative ultrasound studies revealed a normal orthotopic thyroid gland. No additional tumors have since been detected. The patient is free of recurrent or metastatic disease 54 mo following excision of the mass. Only eight previously published reports have described ectopic thyroid tissue in the submandibular region, all but one of which lacked an orthotopic thyroid gland. In this article, we describe the pathological features of our case and review the existing literature on the subject.
Mechanochemical Reactions in the Sn–Zn–S System: Further Studies

Abstract Although ball milling initiates self-sustaining thermal reaction (combustion) in both Sn–S and Zn–S powder blends, the reaction may be gradual when Sn–Zn–S mixtures are processed under the same conditions. Milling experiments were carried out at several Sn–Zn–S compositions, using different milling balls and ball-to-powder ratios. The ignition time was measured and the phase composition was determined at different stages of the process. The activation time before ignition scales with the ball-to-powder ratio in most cases, showing that the “mechanical dose” is suitable to describe the degree of activation. More energetic milling results in earlier ignition, but it also intensifies the formation of reaction products before ignition, thereby promoting gradual kinetics. The initiation and propagation of a combustion front is similar to self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in a powder compact, but heat transfer to the milling tools is a more important factor.
THE ROLE OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN THE ANIMAL ECONOMY

THE ADRENAL GLANDS are tiny inconspicuous organs which lie buried in the peri'renal fat adjacent to the kidneys. The combined weight of the two glands in the human adult is about 13 grams. Despite their small sise the glands are of vital importance to the organism for their removal leads to a complete breakdown in the normal functioning of many organs and tissues of the body and results in death in a short period of time. The exist'ence of the glands was first noted by Eustachius in the sixteenth century but modern studies on their significance date from 1855 when Addison first escribed the clinical disorder which results from destruction of the glands by disease (1). The adrenal glands are compound organs derived from two separate types of tissues. The cortical portion of the gland is glandular in structure while the medullary portion is derived from a common progenitor with the sym' pathetic nervous system.
TH‐D‐201B‐02: Modeling the Performance Characteristics of a “Dual‐Side” Read Computed Radiography System for Mammography

Purpose: To determine objective image quality metrics such as modulation transfer function(MTF) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) using an image formation model for optimizing the imaging performance of “dual‐side” read computed radiography(CR)systems.Method and Materials: A parallel‐cascades based linear systemsmodel that included “granular” noise associated with grain size variations, wherein several model parameters were estimated using Monte Carlo techniques, was used to determine the objective performance of a “dualside” read CRsystem employing a granular storage phosphor. In our simulations, an imaging plate (IP) comprising 150 fm thick BaFBr(0.85)I(0.15) layer, 10⌈m protective polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer, and 320 ⌈ m support layer (PET) was imaged with mammography x‐ray spectrum matched to Fetterly's experimental work [Med Phys 30: 1843, 2003]. A 2mW, 680nm laser with Gaussian intensity (l/e2 diameter: 50 ⌈ m) was orthogonally incident on the IP with a dwell time of 5 ⌈ s and the IP was “readout” with 50 ⌈ m sampling. Signals from top and bottom readouts were combined to maximize the Noise Equivalent Quanta [Arakawa, Proc. SPIE 3659: 572 (1999)]. Results: Our results indicated a 10% MTF of ∼7 cy/mm, a maximum DQE(0) of ∼0.6 at 1mR, and a DQE(0) of ∼0.55 at clinically relevant 9.4mR. DQE(0) decreased with increasing exposure due to granular noise, consistent with theory and experimental data. While the specifications of FCR5000MA (Fuji Medical Systems) were unknown to us, our results are in remarkable agreement with Fetterly. Conclusion: A model such as that addressed here enables for improved understanding of the effect of storage phosphor physical properties and CR reader parameters on objective image quality metrics for “dual‐side” read CRsystems, and may allow designing new CRsystems. Supported in part by NIH R01EB004105. Contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the views of NIH or NIBIB.
Social Support in Cyberspace for Women with Chronic Illness

The Women to Women Project is designed to implement health promotion strategies delivered in a social context via a computer-based system to isolated rural women who have a chronic health condition. The purposes of this article are to describe the context and methodology of the program, to examine the women's reactions to participation, and to demonstrate domains of social support exhibited in the computer-based support group interactions. The participants are rural women, between the ages of 35 and 60, with a chronic condition (e.g., multiple sclerosis, cancer). The findings indicate that women can easily use the computer program and that few technical difficulties have been encountered. Support domains are clearly evident in the support group interactions. The women have been overwhelmingly positive about the project and share freely, giving advice and providing support.
Pediatric lung transplantation: update 2003

In the past 15 years there have been more than 1200 pediatric lung and heart-lung transplants worldwide. This article regarding the current status of pediatric lung transplantation describes indications, outcomes, and complications, with particular emphasis on issues specific to pediatrics, including growth. Information useful to the pediatrician and pediatric pulmonologist is also included. Issues important to the future are reviewed.
Ion beam induced chemistry: the case of ozone synthesis and its influence on the sputtering of solid oxygen

Abstract To understand chemical effects caused by ion beams in solids we study the simplest case, the formation of ozone in solid oxygen. We irradiate thin O2 films with 100 keV protons and study the fluence dependence of the sputtering of solid O2 with a microbalance and a mass spectrometer. The formation of ozone in the film after irradiation is identified by optical reflectance spectroscopy and thermal desorption. We discuss the processes involved and the implications of the fluence dependence of the ozone concentration upon the sputtering yield of oxygen.
Development and implementation of a hospital-based patient safety program

Evidence from numerous studies indicates that large numbers of patients are harmed by medical errors while receiving health-care services in the United States today. The 1999 Institute of Medicine report on medical errors recommended that hospitals and health-care agencies "establish safety programs to act as a catalyst for the development of a culture of safety" [1]. In this article, we describe one approach to successful implementation of a hospital-based patient safety program. Although our experience at Duke University Health System will be used as an example, the needs, principles, and solutions can apply to a variety of other health-care practices. Key components include the development of safety teams, provision of tools that teams can use to support an environment of safety, and ongoing program modification to meet patient and staff needs and respond to changing priorities. By moving patient safety to the forefront of all that we do as health-care providers, we can continue to improve our delivery of health care to children and adults alike. This improvement is fostered when we enhance the culture of safety, develop a constant awareness of the possibility of human and system errors in the delivery of care, and establish additional safeguards to intercept medical errors in order to prevent harm to patients.
Progressive Tax Policy and Economic Stability

Economic instability has risen in emerging economies after capital account liberalization. A more progressive income tax policy could offer a stabilizing alternative. It could result in more revenu...
Biosynthesis of phenol and guaiacol by the hemipteran Leptoglossus phyllopus.

Abstract 1. 1. The coreid Leptoglossus phyllopus biosynthesizes phenol and guaiacol from tyrosine-U14C. 2. 2. In vitro studies with the excised ventral abdominal glands of males suggest the conversion results from the presence of tyrosine-phenol lyase (EC 4.1.99.2) of animal origin. 3. 3. These findings are discussed in comparative biochemical terms.
Environmental applications of stable xenon and radioxenon monitoring

Characterization of transuranic waste is needed for decisions about waste site remediation. Soil-gas sampling for xenon isotopes can be used to define the locations of spent fuel and transuranic waste. Radioxenon in the subsurface is characteristic of transuranic waste and can be measured with extreme sensitivity using large-volume soil-gas samples. Measurements at the Hanford Site showed 133Xe and 135Xe levels indicative of 240Pu spontaneous fission. Stable xenon isotopic ratios from fission are distinct from atmospheric xenon background. Neutron capture by 135Xe produces an excess of 136Xe in reactor-produced xenon, providing a means of distinguishing spent fuel from separated transuranic material.
Gangrenous cholecystitis: a contemporary review.

Abstract Background Despite the established superiority of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for acute cholecystitis, gangrenous cholecystitis (GC) is commonly treated with open cholecystectomy (OC). This study aimed to characterize outcomes of GC in the modern era and between LC or OC surgical approach. Materials and methods Patients with a diagnosis of GC were identified using the 2005–2011 National Surgical Quality Improvement Project Participant User File. Baseline patient and operative characteristics and 30-d outcomes were established for all patients. Patients were stratified by surgical approach (LC or OC), and groups were propensity matched with a nearest-neighbor matching algorithm. Primary outcomes were 30-d mortality and any 30-d complication. A nonparsimonious multiple logistic regression model was used in the matched subset to adjust for patient comorbidities, demographics, and laboratory values. Results A total of 141,970 cholecystectomies were identified with 7017 having a diagnosis of GC. Overall 30-d mortality for the entire cohort was 0.8% ( n = 239) and overall 30-d complication rate was 8.0% ( n = 2485). For GC patients, the 30-d mortality was 1.2% ( n = 84) and overall complication rate was 10.8% ( n = 761). The multivariate logistic regression model demonstrated a significant decrease in overall (odds ratio = 0.46; P P = 0.12). Conclusions GC is associated with increased morbidity and mortality compared with that of acute cholecystitis. A LC approach is a safe option for patients with GC and is associated with decreased 30-d morbidity. Although LC should be used when possible for GC to minimize postoperative complications, OC should not be avoided if necessary to ensure patient safety.
Localization of enzymes involve in polyphosphoinositide metabolism on the cytoplasmic surface of the human erythrocyte membrane

Abstract 1. 1. Impermeable inside-out and right-side-out vesicles were prepared from membranes of human erythrocytes. During preparation of each kind of impermeable vesicle, permeable vesicles were also obtained. 2. 2. Incubation of vesicles with [γ-32P]ATP at 37 °C for periods of up to 1 h did not change the topography or the permeability of the vesicles. 3. 3. Vesicles incorporated labeled phosphate from [γ-32P]ATP into both diphosphoinositide and triphosphoinositide, but impermeable inside-out vesicles incorporated significantly more nuclide than did right-side-out vesicles. 4. 4. Permeable vesicles derived during the preparation of inside-out vesicles were as active as impermeable inside-out vesicles in the incorporation of labeled phosphate into the polyphosphoinositides. However, permeable vesicles derived during the preparation of right-side-out vesicles were not as active. 5. 5. Impermeable right-side-out vesicles, treated with 0.01% saponin, incorporated labeled phosphate into the polyphosphoinositides at a level comparable to that of impermeable inside-out vesicles. 6. 6. These data show that the enzymes involved in metabolism of diphosphoinositide and triphosphoinositide are located on the cytoplasmic surface of the erythrocyte membrane.
Observations from an aufeis windtunnel

Abstract Presented are observations from a special type of windtunnel, termed an “aufeis windtunnel”, used to investigate the initial spreading of aufeis forming on sloped planar surfaces subject to wind. The observations, which extend earlier work conducted on aufeis formation in a flat-sloped flume, are largely qualitative, though they include data on trends in aufeis morphology. The aufeis windtunnel facilitated investigation of the influences on initial aufeis formation of gravity and wind drag. Tilting the windtunnel and varying wind speed, respectively, produced the influences. Both gravity and wind drag may drive the spreading of shallow flows of freezing water introduced at the upstream end of the windtunnel test section. The combination of the two driving mechanisms results in a variety of aufeis morphologies (height and spacing of surface features) on the windtunnel's aluminum base. For such surfaces, the initial morphologies appear essentially wavelike (or terraced), and their spacing and height vary with slope and wind speed. On the other hand, aufeis initially forming on a smooth surface of ice develops a finer scale surface morphology. The differences in morphology reflect differences in the location and spacing of initial sites of ice-crystal growth that leads to aufeis formation. Whereas ice crystals may emerge and grow from any site on an ice surface, ice-crystal growth began at surface irregularities (scratches or burrs) on the aluminum base of the windtunnel.
Attribution processes in the evaluation of message sources

(1976). Attribution processes in the evaluation of message sources. Western Speech Communication: Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 189-195.
A combined analytical, numerical, and experimental study of shape-memory-alloy helical springs

Abstract In this paper, the pseudoelastic response of shape memory alloy (SMA) helical springs under axial force is studied both analytically and numerically. In the analytical solution two different approximations are considered. In the first approximation, both the curvature and pitch effects are assumed to be negligible. This is the case for helical springs with large ratios of mean coil radius to the cross sectional radius (spring index) and small pitch angles. Using this assumption, analysis of the helical spring is reduced to that of the pure torsion of a straight bar with circular cross section. A three-dimensional phenomenological macroscopic constitutive model for polycrystalline SMAs is reduced to the one-dimensional pure shear case and a closed-form solution for torsional response of SMA bars in loading and unloading is obtained. In the next step, the curvature effect is included and the SMA helical spring is analyzed using the exact solution presented for torsion of curved SMA bars. In this refined solution, the effect of the direct shear force is also considered. In the numerical analyses, the three-dimensional constitutive equations are implemented in a finite element method and using solid elements the loading–unloading of an SMA helical spring is simulated. Analytical and numerical results are compared and it is shown that the solution based on the SMA curved bar torsion gives an accurate stress analysis in the cross section of the helical SMA spring in addition to the global load–deflection response. All the results are compared with experimental data for a Nitinol helical spring. Several case studies are presented using the proposed analytical and numerical solutions and the effect of changing different parameters such as the material properties and temperature on the loading–unloading hysteretic response of SMA helical springs is studied. Finally, some practical recommendations are given for improving the performance of SMA helical springs used as energy dissipating devices, for example for seismic applications.
Abstract 5058: Application of a high throughput cancer mutation profiling platform to clinical research

Detection of critical cancer gene mutations in tumor samples may result in improved care, treatment and outcomes for patients. It has become clear that for specific cancer types there is a high association between mutations in a defined set of oncogenes or tumor suppressors some of which are actionable. While it has become common practice to screen for specific mutations in specific cancer types, to date broad mutation screening has not been practical. We report here the first large scale screening initiative between the Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women9s Hospital that allows adult cancer patients the option to have their tumor tissue screened for genetic mutations implicated in cancer. OncoMap is a high throughput mutation profiling platform developed to detect 471 genetic mutations across 41 known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The goal is to utilize OncoMap to identify genetic mutations in cancerous tissue across all tumor and tissue types. Because there is no bias as to which cancers are screened for specific mutations our aim is to identify new trends and associations between cancer types, mutational status and patient outcome. OncoMap has been analytically validated under CLIA guidelines as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Our findings show that OncoMap detects somatic mutations that are present at an allele frequency of 7.5% with 95% confidence. Precision and reproducibility studies were performed using 30 distinct formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor samples from various tissue types known to harbor somatic mutations in KRAS, BRAF or exon 19 deletions in EGFR. Further concordance studies demonstrate that OncoMap shows ninety-six percent sensitivity with respect to detection of codon 12 and 13 mutations in KRAS, detection of BRAF V600E mutations and JAK2 V617F mutations. Using the OncoMap cancer genetic profiling platform we anticipate that ∼10,000 individual tumors from adult cancer patients will be screened on a yearly basis enabling the identification of newly discovered associations between cancer tissues, their mutational status and patient outcome. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5058. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5058