cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods for using groundwater model predictions to guide hydrogeologic data collection, with application to the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system

Received 13 February 2002; revised 27 May 2002; accepted 27 May 2002; published 17 January 2003. [1] Calibrated models of groundwater systems can provide substantial information for guiding data collection. This work considers using such models to guide hydrogeologic data collection for improving model predictions by identifying model parameters that are most important to the predictions. Identification of these important parameters can help guide collection of field data about parameter values and associated flow system features and can lead to improved predictions. Methods for identifying parameters important to predictions include prediction scaled sensitivities (PSS), which account for uncertainty on individual parameters as well as prediction sensitivity to parameters, and a new ‘‘value of improved information’’ (VOII) method presented here, which includes the effects of parameter correlation in addition to individual parameter uncertainty and prediction sensitivity. In this work, the PSS and VOII methods are demonstrated and evaluated using a model of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system. The predictions of interest are advective transport paths originating at sites of past underground nuclear testing. Results show that for two paths evaluated the most important parameters include a subset of five or six of the 23 defined model parameters. Some of the parameters identified as most important are associated with flow system attributes that do not lie in the immediate vicinity of the paths. Results also indicate that the PSS and VOII methods can identify different important parameters. Because the methods emphasize somewhat different criteria for parameter importance, it is suggested that parameters identified by both methods be carefully considered in subsequent data collection efforts aimed at improving model predictions. INDEX TERMS: 1829 Hydrology: Groundwater hydrology; 1832 Hydrology: Groundwater transport; 3210 Mathematical Geophysics: Modeling; 6309 Policy Sciences: Decision making under uncertainty; KEYWORDS: prediction uncertainty, sensitivities, correlation, value of information, data worth, advective transport
The influence of vegetation on turbulence and bed load transport

[1] Vegetation is ubiquitous in river channels and floodplains and alters mean flow conditions and turbulence. However, the effects of vegetation patches on near-bed turbulence, bed load transport rates, and sedimentation are not well understood. To elucidate the influence of emergent vegetation on local and patch-averaged bed load transport, we conducted a set of experiments in which we varied the mean flow velocity (U), total boundary shear stress (τ), or vegetation density between runs. We measured 2D velocity fields using Particle Imaging Velocimetry and bed load fluxes using high-speed video. Simulated rigid vegetation caused bed load fluxes to vary spatially by an order of magnitude, causing distinct scour zones adjacent to, and depositional bed forms between stems. These local patterns of sedimentation could impact recruitment and survival of other plants. Large bed load fluxes were collocated with high near-bed turbulence intensities that were three to four times larger than spatially averaged values. Higher vegetation densities increased the importance of inward and outward interactions, particularly downstream of vegetation. At the patch scale, greater stem densities caused either an increase or decrease in run-averaged bed load fluxes, depending on whether U or τ was held constant between runs. This implies that sedimentation in vegetation patches is not only a function of bed grain size, sediment supply, and vegetation density and species, but whether vegetation significantly impacts mean and local flow properties, which could depend on vegetation location. Commonly used bed load transport equations did not accurately predict average sediment fluxes in our experiments unless they accounted for the spatial variability in the near-bed Reynolds stress.
Milton's Theology of the Cross: Substitution and Satisfaction in Christ's Atonement:

Recent scholarship on John Milton argues that Milton rejected the popular Reformation understanding of Christ's atonement, the penal-substitutionary theory of atonement, and that Milton was uncomfo...
Optical Monitoring of Film Thickness using Low-Coherence Reflectometry

In this paper we present an optical thickness measurement technique based on optical low-coherence reflectometry (OLCR).
Genetic Deletion of AEG-1 Prevents Hepatocarcinogenesis

Activation of the oncogene AEG-1 (MTDH, LYRIC) has been implicated recently in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In mice, HCC can be initiated by exposure to the carcinogen DEN, which has been shown to rely upon activation of NF-κB in liver macrophages. Because AEG-1 is an essential component of NF-κB activation, we interrogated the susceptibility of mice lacking the AEG-1 gene to DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. AEG-1–deficient mice displayed resistance to DEN-induced HCC and lung metastasis. No difference was observed in the response to growth factor signaling or activation of AKT, ERK, and β-catenin, compared with wild-type control animals. However, AEG-1–deficient hepatocytes and macrophages exhibited a relative defect in NF-κB activation. Mechanistic investigations showed that IL6 production and STAT3 activation, two key mediators of HCC development, were also deficient along with other biologic and epigenetics findings in the tumor microenvironment, confirming that AEG-1 supports an NF-κB–mediated inflammatory state that drives HCC development. Overall, our findings offer in vivo proofs that AEG-1 is essential for NF-κB activation and hepatocarcinogenesis, and they reveal new roles for AEG-1 in shaping the tumor microenvironment for HCC development. Cancer Res; 74(21); 6184–93. ©2014 AACR .
Voltage-dependent sodium channels in synaptoneurosomes: studies with22Na+ influx and [3H]saxitoxin and [3H]batrachotoxinin-A 20-α-benzoate binding. Effects of proparacaine isothiocyanate

22Na+ influx and binding of [3H]saxitoxin ([3H]STX) and [3H]batrachotoxin-A 20-alpha-benzoate ([3H]BTX-B) were studied in guinea pig cerebral synaptoneurosomes. STX and tetrodotoxin (TTX) completely blocked the stimulation of sodium influx induced by 1 microM BTX. The IC50 values for STX and TTX closely matched the Ki values for inhibition of [3H]STX binding, suggesting that the sites labelled by [3H]STX are associated with a population of BTX-sensitive channels. BTX induced a dose-dependent stimulation of sodium influx in synaptoneurosomes (EC50 280 nM). The potency of BTX for stimulation of sodium influx was increased (EC50 24 nM) in the presence of 0.6 microgram/ml scorpion venom without any change in maximal influx. In contrast, specific binding of [3H]BTX-B to synaptoneurosomes was minimal in the absence of scorpion venom, but it was increased several fold in the presence of 60 micrograms/ml scorpion venom. With proparacaine isothiocyanate (PROPRIT), an irreversible local anesthetic, the inhibition of [3H]BTX-B binding by PROPRIT did not occur in parallel with an inhibition of sodium influx induced by BTX. Preincubation of synaptoneurosomes with 10 microM PROPRIT for 10 min resulted in approximately 70% inhibition of [3H]BTX-B binding in the presence of scorpion venom. Such preincubation did not alter BTX-induced sodium uptake in synaptoneurosomes. Preincubations of synaptoneurosomes with 100 microM PROPRIT for 10 min completely inhibited [3H]BTX-B binding, and under these conditions BTX-induced sodium influx was reduced only by 50%. The results indicate that virtual elimination of binding sites labeled by [3H]BTX-B in the presence of scorpion venom by PROPRIT has little effect on sodium influx induced by BTX.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of antisense-based folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase down-regulation on reduced folates and cellular proliferation in CCRF-CEM cells

Abstract The effect of down-regulation of folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase (FPGS) activity on intracellular reduced folate accumulation and cellular proliferation was examined, using an inducible antisense expression system in the human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM. FPGS catalyzes the addition of γ-glutamyl residues to natural folates and classical antifolates, which results in their enhanced cellular retention and increased cytotoxicity. As such, this enzyme has become a focus as a potential anticancer drug target. However, direct evidence to support this concept has been elusive. Hence, a study was undertaken using an antisense-based expression system to down-regulate FPGS activity. This inducible expression system was used to demonstrate that lower FPGS activity can lead to substantially lower intracellular folate content, which coincides with suppression of thymidylate synthesis and inhibition of cellular proliferation.
Uptake, translocation and metabolism of aminocyclopyrachlor in prickly lettuce, rush skeletonweed and yellow starthistle

BACKGROUND: Aminocyclopyrachlor is a new herbicide proposed to control broadleaf weeds and shrubs in non-crop and rangeland systems. To gain a better understanding of observed field efficacy, the uptake and translocation of foliar-applied aminocyclopyrachlor (DPX-MAT28) and aminocyclopyrachlor methyl ester (DPX-KJM44) were evaluated in two annuals, prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) and yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.), and one perennial, rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea L.). RESULTS: Absorption and translocation varied between species. While absorption of DPX-KJM44 was greater than absorption of DPX-MAT28, rush skeletonweed absorbed the most, followed by yellow starthistle and prickly lettuce. Overall, the total translocation of either herbicide was highest in yellow starthistle, followed by rush skeletonweed and prickly lettuce. Proportional herbicide movement between species was similar, with the majority translocating to developing shoots. However, in rush skeletonweed, early translocation was directed to root tissue. In rush skeletonweed, no DPX-MAT28 metabolism occurred, while DPX-KJM44 was rapidly de-esterified and translocated as DPX-MAT28. CONCLUSION: Aminocyclopyrachlor absorption and translocation are dependent on active ingredient structure and species sensitivity. Highly sensitive species such as prickly lettuce absorb and translocate less material than relatively less sensitive species such as rush skeletonweed. De-esterification of DPX-KJM44 appears to delay translocation of the resulting acid in yellow starthistle and rush skeletonweed. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Distribution of [14C]glyphosate in mature glyphosate-resistant cotton from application to a single leaf or over-the-top spray

Abstract Distribution of [14C]glyphosate was examined in mature glyphosate-resistant cotton plants at the 13-node stage in the absence of phytotoxicity. Initial experiments employed manual application of glyphosate to individual leaves within a relatively immature (Node 9) or mature (Node 5) sympodium (i.e., fruiting node) in the plant. We measured glyphosate export out of the treated leaf to the fruiting structures and foliage in the sympodium as well as out of the sympodium into the plant. Application to the Stem leaf, Leaf 1 or Leaf 2 in Node 9 showed 30–37% glyphosate export by 14 days after treatment. While Stem leaf exported mainly to the plant, Leaves 1 and 2 exported equally between the plant and the sympodium. Within the sympodium, glyphosate was distributed almost entirely to the fruiting structures with Boll 1 containing the highest level irrespective of the treated leaf. In Node 5, application to the Stem leaf or Leaves 1–3 showed overall lower glyphosate export (20–27%) with Stem leaf and Leaf 3 exporting mainly to the plant, and Leaves 1 and 2 exporting mainly to the sympodium. Within Node 5, the subtending boll of the treated leaf was not the main distribution target, but instead the boll at the next higher sympodial position relative to the treated leaf. Subsequent studies were conducted using over-the-top spray application of [14C]glyphosate at field use-rates in mature plants at the 13-node stage. Analysis of open bolls at full maturity showed high residues in seeds and fiber of Bolls 1 and 2 in the mature sympodia. Our results suggest that glyphosate distribution in mature plants was affected by sympodial age, position of the treated leaf, and position and sink strength of the bolls.
A Nomogram to Evaluate Intrinsic Absorption Rate Constants of Potential Oral Prolonged-Release Candidates

The purpose of this study was to devise a simple method to determine whether or not a drug's absorption rate constant favored the selection of that drug for an oral prolonged-release drug delivery system (DDS). Computer simulations were used to observe the drug time-course in the DDS, the gastrointestinal tract, and the cumulative amount absorbed following administration of an 8-, 12-, and 24-hr zero-order DDS. For each DDS, the drug's intrinsic absorption rate constant, ka, was systematically varied from 0.1 to 10 hr-1. Results demonstrated that the DDS controlled the absorption rate whenever drug release was rate-limiting. However, the release rate did not determine the length of time that a DDS controlled the absorption rate. Instead, the duration of DDS-controlled absorption increased as the ka value increased. When ka > or = 2 hr-1, the DDS controlled more than 80% of the 8-, 12-, and 24-hr dosing intervals. Conversely, when ka < or = 0.12 hr-1, the DDS failed to control absorption. In conclusion, this investigation developed a technique to ascertain the rate-limiting step when a zero-order DDS releases a drug that undergoes first-order absorption. This technique was employed to construct a nomogram that allows its users to estimate the duration of control by an 8-, 12-, or 24-hr DDS based on the ka value for the drug.
Stinging insect allergy: Natural history and modification with venom immunotherapy☆

Abstract The natural history of stinging insect allergy and its modification by venom immunotherapy was investigated by follow-up observations of patients with histories of venom anaphylaxis and detectable venom-specific IgE. The patients were divided into three categories: (1) receiving venom immunotherapy, (2) declined venom immunotherapy, and (3) terminated venom immunotherapy. One hundred twenty-seven patients were evaluated after 6 mo to 9 yr of venom immunotherapy. Most received top venom doses of 50 μg of yellow jacket and/or honeybee venoms every 4 wk. There were 87 restings in 48 patients resulting in two systemic reactions, only one of which could be considered a treatment failure (1%). Fifty-six patients never received venom immunotherapy. In this group there were 40 restings in 28 patients with 14 systemic reactions (35%). In 88 patients who stopped venom immunotherapy, 61 restings in 41 patients led to 11 systemic reactions (17%). Patients with cardiovascular/or respiratory symptoms with initial sting anaphylaxis were at risk for subsequent reactions. With one exception, patients with hives and edema only as the initial reaction either had a similar or no reaction when they were restung. These results confirm the efficacy of venom immunotherapy but also suggest that there are factors other than the presence of venom-specific IgE modulating the occurrence of clinical anaphylaxis.
Characterization of knock intensity distributions: Part 1: statistical independence and scalar measures

The characterization of knock intensity distributions can provide useful insights into the process and help to improve knock control system designs. In this paper, an extensive statistical analysis is performed on knock intensity data recorded under a broad range of operating conditions. First, the critical issue of whether the data exhibit any cycle-to-cycle correlations is investigated, and it is shown that knock intensity closely approximates a cyclically independent random process. The study then focuses on the variation of knock intensity distributions with operating condition, and on the quantification of these distributions using simple scalar measures. The relationship between knock event distributions and knock intensity distributions is also investigated, and it is shown that knock event data are binomially distributed regardless of the underlying knock intensity distribution. This supports ongoing efforts to exploit binomial probability theory in knock event simulation and controller design.
Millimeter-wave electronically scanned reflectarray optimization and analysis

The development of millimeter-wave scanning reflectarrays and phased arrays provides an important path to enabling electronic scanning capabilities at high frequencies. This technology could be used to eliminate the mechanical scanners that are currently used with radar imaging systems. In this work, we analyze properties of wafer-scale two-dimensional rectangular lattice arrays that can be used with a confocal imager for 220 GHz electronic scanning of meter-sized fields of regard at 50 m. Applications include covert imaging of hidden anomalies. We examine tradeoffs between overall system size and array complexity and analyze properties of reflectarrays compatible with a system design that was chosen based on these considerations. The effects of phase quantization are considered in detail for arrays with 1- and 2- bit phase shifters and the results are compared in terms of impacts to image quality. Beam pointing accuracy, main beam energy fraction, and the number and intensity of quantization lobes that appear over the scan ranges of interest are compared. Our results indicate that arrays with 1- and 2-bit phase quantization achieve similar main beam energy efficiencies over the desired scan range. Without restricting the scan range, 1-bit phase quantization is insufficient, resulting in maximum errors that are comparable to the required minimum scan angle. Two-bit phase quantization is preferable, resulting in pointing angle errors of at most 15 % of the diffraction-limited beam-size. Both 1- and 2-bit phase quantization cases result in lobes appearing above our threshold, indicating that spurious returns are a problem that will require further attention.
Self-Concept, Product Involvement, and Responses to Self-Congruent Advertising

This study examines the influence of self-congruity and product involvement on advertising responses. In addition to three traditional advertising responses, attitude-toward-the-ad, brand interest, and purchase intention, this study also examines participants' affective responses (arousal and valence) and their relationships with other advertising responses. The results indicated that while a higher degree of product involvement generated more positive responses toward the product information, within the same product category participants reported more positive emotional responses, more positive attitude-toward-the-ad, stronger brand interest, and stronger purchase intention toward self-congruent brands. Valence and arousal were found to be significantly correlated with attitude-toward-the-ad, brand interest, and purchase intention.
Genetic relationship of wild mouse amphotropic virus to murine ecotropic and xenotropic viruses.

Abstract The genomic relationship between amphotropic and ecotropic wild mouse (Mus musculus) leukemia viruses (MuLV) and between these viruses and the ecotropic and xenotropic MuLVs of inbred mice was determined by DNA-RNA hybridization using viral complementary DNA and polyA-containing 70S viral RNA. The results indicate that (a) the genomes of individual cloned amphotropic and ecotropic wild mouse virus isolates are closely related and (b) these nucleotide sequences are also related to, yet distinguishable from, the genomes of prototype ecotropic (Rauscher, Gross-AKR) and xenotropic (AT-124, NZB, AKR, Balb/c) MuLVs of inbred mice.
Total synthesis of (±)-crassin acetate methyl ether

Abstract The total synthesis of (±)-crassin acetate methyl ether consists of two major operations, macrocyclization and lactone ring formation. The basic stereochemical control unit was 5β-benzyloxynorbornan-2-one.
Perceived Internal Depth in Rotating and Translating Objects

Previous research has indicated that observers use differences between velocities and ratios of velocities to judge the depth within a moving object, although depth cannot in general be determined from these quantities. In four experiments we examined the relative effects of velocity difference and velocity ratio on judged depth within a transparent object that was rotating about a vertical axis and translating horizontally, examined the effects of the velocity difference for pure rotations and pure translations, and examined the effect of the velocity difference for objects that varied in simulated internal depth. Both the velocity difference and the velocity ratio affected judged depth, with difference having the larger effect. The effect of velocity difference was greater for pure rotations than for pure translations. Simulated depth did not affect judged depth unless there was a corresponding change in the projected width of the object. Observers appear to use the velocity difference, the velocity ratio, and the projected width of the object heuristically to judge internal object depth, rather than using image information from which relative depth could potentially be recovered.
Probabilistic risk analysis using ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators

The concepts of system load and capacity are pivotal in risk analysis. The complexity in risk analysis increases when the input parameters are either stochastic (aleatory uncertainty) and/or missing (epistemic uncertainty). The aleatory and epistemic uncertainties related to input parameters are handled through simulation-based parametric and non-parametric probabilistic techniques. The complexities increase further when the empirical relationships are not strong enough to derive physical-based models. In this paper, ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators are proposed to estimate the system load. The risk of failure is estimated by assuming normally distributed reliability index. The proposed methodology for risk analysis is illustrated using an example of nine-input parameters. Sensitivity analyses identified that the risk of failure is dominated by the attitude of a decision-maker to generate OWA weights, missing input parameters and system capacity.
Mixing and Chemical Kinetics Interactions in a Mach 2 Reacting Flow

An experimental study of transverse hydrogen injection and combustion behind a rearward-facing step into a Mach 2 airflow was conducted in an electrically heated (not vitiated), continuous-flow facility to evaluate the effects of initial conditions (temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio), and analyze the interactions between mixing and combustion in supersonic, reacting flows. Neither mixing nor reaction rates dominate in this particular regime, thus the use of initial conditions to scale fuel mixing (i.e., dynamic pressure ratio) has to be modified by a descriptor that includes the effects of combustion on the flow conditions at the fuel injection station. Combustor inlet static pressure was varied from 0.25 to 0.5 atm, and total temperature from 300 to 850 K. Injector configurations include both single and staged injection with injectors of 1 and 1.5 mm diam, transverse to the airflow, behind a 5-mm rearward-facing step. Images of visible flame emission distribution at several temperatures correlated with pressure and temperature measurements are used to describe the coupling between fluid dynamics and chemical kinetics, discussed in terms of a characteristic global Damkohler number (ratio of chemical reaction rate to turbulent mixing rate). A proposed modification to mixing scaling with dynamic pressure ratio in the presence of heat release effects is presented.
Grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulations: Reformulation of extended system dynamics approaches

The extended system Hamiltonian for carrying out grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulations is reformulated. This new Hamiltonian includes a generalized treatment of the reference state partition function of the total chemical potential that reproduces the ideal gas behavior and various previous partitionings of ideal and excess terms. Initial calculations are performed on a system of Lennard–Jones particles near the triple point and on liquid water at room temperature.
Word's Worth: MYC OPY, R‐I‐G‐H‐T?

I am still amazed when I hold my stereo recordings to the light and see the rainbowed patterns in the grooves. “That's the music,” I say to myself. Perhaps my fascination dates from my childhood, when I would turn on my record player and drag a straight pin along the groove of my Walt Disney records. I was in awe of music coming from rotating plastic and a straight pin.
Analysis of Compositionally and Structurally Graded Si:H and Si1-xGex:H Thin Films by Real Time Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

Silicon-germanium (Si1−x Ge x :H) thin films have been prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of SiH4 and GeH4 and measured during growth using real time spectroscopic ellipsometry. A two-layer virtual interface analysis has been applied to study the structural evolution of Si:H films prepared in multistep processes utilizing alternating intermediate and low H2-dilution material layers, which have been designed to produce predominately amorphous films with a controlled distribution of microcrystalline particles. The compositional evolution of alloy-graded a-Si1−x Ge x :H has been studied as well using similar methods. In each case, depth profiles of microcrystalline content, f μc , or Ge content, x, have been extracted. Additionally, real time spectroscopic ellipsometry has been used to monitor post-deposition exposure of a-Si:H, a-Si1−xGex:H, and a-Ge:H films to a hydrogen plasma in situ in order to determine sub-surface amorphous film modification similar to that which would occur when a highly H2-diluted layer is deposited on a layer prepared with lower dilution. These analyses provide guidance for enhanced performance of Si:H based solar cells, through controlled bandgap grading using compositionally graded amorphous binary alloys (a-Si1−xGe x :H) or the incorporation of controlled fractions of microcrystallites into bulk amorphous i-layer materials, and by providing a fundamental understanding of the modification of component layers during the deposition of subsequent layers in multilayer stacks.
A transmit/receive volume strip array and its mode mixing theory in MRI

MRI is increasingly moving towards higher magnetic field, prompting the need for multi-port transmit/receive RF coil arrays to overcome high-frequency limitations such as penetration depth and dielectric resonance effects. In this work, an arbitrary n-element transmit/receive volume strip array (VSA) and an associated mixing mode theory are described to understand the behavior of a multiple-port cyclic symmetrical VSA in both the physical port space and the complementary mode space; the relations between the two spaces are explicitly formulated. The advantage of mode-space analysis is that an arbitrary n x n impedance matrix which describes any VSA in port space can be diagonalized to a diagonal n x n matrix; thus an analytical solution of Kirchhoff's laws for the VSA becomes manageable when n is large. Based on such an analytical solution, we can (a) generate excitation profile of any desired mixed mode during transmission by manipulating external power sources without the need of physically tuning VSA to the mixed mode; (b) identify the sensitivity profiles of the complementary mode distributions during reception, which were unknown in quadrature and decoupled coils. Many predictions are rigidly verified by extensive test measurements from network analyzer and by MR imaging experiments.
Flux phase of the half-filled band

The conjecture is verified that the optimum, energy minimizing, magnetic flux for a half-filled band of electrons hopping on a planar, bipartite graph is π per square plaquette. We require only that the graph has periodicity in one direction and the result includes the hexagonal lattice (with flux 0 per hexagon) as a special case. The theorem goes beyond previous conjectures in several ways: (1) It does not assume, a priori, that all plaquettes have the same flux (as in Hofstadter’s model). (2) A Hubbard-type on-site interaction of any sign, as well as certain longer range interactions, can be included. (3) The conclusion holds for positive temperature as well as the ground state. (4) The results hold in D ≥ 2 dimensions if there is periodicity in D — 1 directions (e.g., the cubic lattice has the lowest energy if there is flux π in each square face).
National Power on the Local Stage: How Cable Captured Congress and Cornered Cities:

This article examines the interaction of national power and local authority in cable television licensing over time. Our work supplements power elite theory in three ways. First, power elite theory focuses on indicators of power such as membership, money, and access; to these we add the availability of alternatives. Second, while power elite research has demonstrated that policy victors are powerful, it is equally important to determine whether the vanquished are powerless. Third, while power elite theory predicts that power will be used to capture policy-making bodies, policy makers can be cornered as well. When used in conjunction, capturing and cornering tactics can lead to policy gains by powerful interests. These ideas provide insight into the political basis of change in a city's cable TV license. Using information from a variety of sources, we find that over time the city lost its early negotiating advantage. By capturing Congress, the cable industry cornered the city and gained an important politi...
Picosecond Transient Grating Experiments: Application to the Study of Gas Phase Dynamics and Spectroscopy

Picosecond transient grating experiments in sodium and iodine vapors, involving the 3S → 3P and X → B transitions respectively, are discussed. Population gratings in sodium demonstrate that the technique can be used to measure velocity distributions in the gas phase. It is shown that the time dependent transient grating signal is related to the Fourier transform of the velocity distribution. Similar experiments on iodine illustrate the effect of state changing collisions on the grating signal. In addition, the sodium experiments are used to illustrate a new type of time domain high resolution spectroscopy. When the grating excitation pulses have perpendicular polarizations, a polarization grating, rather than the usual population grating, is formed. Diffraction from the sodium polarization grating shows large time dependent oscillations in the diffraction efficiency. These oscillations yield the ground state and excited state hyperfine frequencies (1.77 GHz and 189 MHz, respectively). The results suggest that polarization grating spectroscopy can have applications in other areas, such as molecular rotational dynamics.
Some unexpected relationships between first, second and third derivative electron repulsion integrals for diatomic and triatomic molecules

It is demonstrated that for diatomic molecules, second and third derivative electron repulsion integrals need not be explicitly evaluated. Similarly for triatomic molecules an analogous simplification applies to all second derivative and 94% of all third derivative integrals. Such higher integral derivatives may be determined from intermediate quantities required in the evaluation of integral first derivatives, in conjunction with translational and rotational invariance properties. This result also has implications for theoretical studies of tetra-atomic and larger molecules. Specifically, the evaluation of most two- and three-center integral derivatives becomes very efficient.
The Startle Eyeblink Response to Low Intensity Acoustic Stimuli

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the acoustic startle response to stimuli of low intensities. Eyeblink responses (integrated EMG from orbicularis oculi) were measured from male and female college students. Experiment 1 compared tone and noise stimuli varying in intensity (50 and 60 dB(A) SPL), with noise stimuli producing greater response amplitude and probability than tone stimuli. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate temporal summation of low intensity stimuli using single and paired 70dB(A) SPL broadband noises, and an onset-to-onset interval between the brief stimuli in a pair equal to the duration of the single stimuli. Increasing the duration of single stimuli resulted in larger responses, illustrating temporal summation. Experiment 3 used 60 and 70 dB(A) SPL broadband noise varying in rise/fall time, with faster-rising stimuli producing larger responses, and more intense stimuli producing larger and more probable responding. Experiment 4 employed the startle modification paradigm using 60 and 70 dB(A) SPL broadband noises as startle stimuli and a 50dB(A) SPL tone as a prepulse. Response amplitude and probability to both 60 and 70 dB(A) SPL stimuli were significantly inhibited by the 50dB(A) SPL prepulse. These studies show that the acoustic startle response is more sensitive than previously thought, and the elicitation of startle by low intensity stimuli argues against the limitation of the startle reflex as a high intensity phenomenon. These findings can increase the application of this response system by showing that startle stimuli need not be of high intensity, because reliable and differential startle can be elicited and modified at relatively low stimulus intensities.
Growth standards for twins from birth to four years.

SummaryGrowth standards for twins are presented for weight, height, and head circumference, based on a sample repeatedly measured from birth to four years of age. The results give the means, SDs, and selected centiles for the size attained at each age, the amount of gain between ages, and the size differences within twin pairs. Sex differences in growth rate were evident at several ages; males grew more rapidly during the first 6 months, whereas females grew more rapidly during the third year. Comparing high and low birth-weight twins, the mean weight gain was the same for both groups during the first two years, and the weight differential remained constant also, but there was an increasing degree of overlap between the two weight distributions. By age 4, over 20% of the low birth-weight twins were larger than the average high birth-weight twins.Compared to singletons, the twins' size deficit was greatest at birth but there was a marked recovery in the first six months, followed by only gradual changes th...
A Comparison of Fluoride Bioavailability from a Sustained‐Release NaF Preparation (Neosten) and Other Fluoride Preparations

Twelve normal subjects completed a crossover study with sustained-release sodium fluoride (Neosten, 11.3 mg F), monofluorophosphate (MFP, 10 0 mg F), and plain sodium fluoride (P-NaF, 11.3 3 mg F). After each preparation was given with 400 mg calcium, serum fluoride (F ser ) was measured for 24 hours, and pharmacokinetic data were calculated. Fluoride absorption in the Neosten group, as measured by change in the area under the curve (ΔAUC) of F ser , was less than 33% of that in the MFP and P-NaF treated groups. Both peak F ser (C max ) and peak-basal variation in the Neosten group were 25% that found in the other groups, t 1/2 was nearly twofold greater after Neosten. MFP and P-NaF showed greater bioavailability than Neosten and much higher C max that exceeded the toxic threshold ofF ser (190 ng/ml). These findings could explain the in effectiveness of MFP and P-NaF observed in recent clinical trials.
Building Substantive Engagement through the Use of Connection Prompts

Conversation is a strategy that helps students build reading skills and improve reading comprehension. This study describes the implementation of connection prompts in a 2 nd -grade classroom to support students in making predictions, questioning the text, and initiating further conversation. Research suggests that once conversation is initiated, students learn how to carry a conversation and can use it to help build understanding. A qualitative research design was used to identify key themes that emerged from multiple visits to the classroom. There was an increase over time in the frequency of students making connections/predictions, questioning the text, questioning other students, using the connections to think about the text, and working together to build a deeper understanding of the text with the regular use of connection prompts. Further, the connection prompts helped the teacher and students remain focused and on-task. The connection prompts are a simple tool to promote critical thinking through conversation.
Dual excitatory channels in the sinus node

Abstract The action potential of subsidiary pacemakers of the guinea pig sinus node has an upstroke with two components: an initial fast component followed by a slow component. The study of these components by means of a microelectrode technique gave the following results: (1) tetrodotoxin (TTX) abolishes the fast component of the upstroke; (2) the block of the fast component by TTX does not result in quiescence as the upstroke becomes entirely due to the slow component; (3) if excitation is elicited at higher take-off potentials, the fast component is enhanced in absence of TTX and does not reappear in the presence of TTX; (4) acetylcholine increases the take-off potential and therefore the fast component, while at the same time decreases the slow component; (5) in the presence of TTX, acetylcholine suppresses the slow response altogether; (6) increasing [Na] o in the presence of TTX enhances the magnitude of the slow response; (7) manganese decreases the slow component; (8) increasing [K] o leads to the complete substitution of the fast component by the slow component in the upstroke. It is concluded that excitation in subsidiary pacemakers of the sinus node is due to the activation of both a fast sodium channel (fast component) and a slow channel (slow component). Furthermore, one channel can entirely substitute for the other in that excitattion in the same cell is brought about through one channel when the other becomes inoperative.
Episodic memory reflected in printed word naming.

Although memory is typically measured by recall or recognition, it is also expressed by fluent or stylized task performance. In this experiment, 12 volunteers (calledspeakers) completed four experimental stages over a 2-week period. They read printed words aloud in two sessions, before and after exposure to auditory training tokens. They later completed a recognition memory test, discriminating old from new words. Groups ofperceptual judges assessed the speakers vocal imitation by comparing utterances recorded before and after training and deciding which sounded like “better imitations” of the training tokens. The data showed clear evidence of postexposure imitation, with systematic effects that preclude strategic explanations. The contents of episodic memory were reflected by participants speaking style while they were reading aloud. Together, the imitation and recognition data suggest that memory preserves detailed traces of spoken words; those traces were apparently activated when participants later read the same words in the same context.
69.1: Invited Paper: Materials and Component Solutions for Evolving Display Form Factors and Functionality

Several concurrent trends (large TV, small-format viewing and novel functionality) are creating challenges for display components. In this paper, we review how component developments are progressing relative to these trends, including large substrates (Gen 10 and beyond), substrates with high thermal capability, and high-strength cover glass.
Nyquist rate A/D converters

A/D converters enable a variety of applications ranging from low-power/low-speed sensing to high-speed wireless/wireline communications. Most often system specifications are so closely tied to ADC performance that incremental improvements are deemed too difficult without meaningful innovation on the ADC side. Due to this fact, a considerable worldwide effort has traditionally been dedicated to the advancement of ADC technology by numerous companies and R&D groups across the globe. This year CICC has received many high quality papers related to the topic. Papers presented in this session reflect some of the efforts on pushing the envelope of Nyquist rate ADCs.
Detailed observation and analysis of radiation from high-density laser-imploded targets

High-energy CO/sub 2/-laser radiation has been used to implode gas-filled spherical targets to very high densities (10/sup 23/
Visco-Elasticity of Passive Cardiac Muscle

A quantitative mechanical description of the heart organ requires information on the mechanical behavior of its muscle in reasonable unity and completeness. In this respect, a fundamental constitutive law for soft biological tissures was proposed by Fung in 1972. This article presents evidence to show that Fung's law is a useful law to describe the mechanical behavior of heart muscle in the unstimulated (diastolic) state with sufficient generality. A visco-elastic relaxation phenomenon is studied in the isolated cardiac muscle of cat and rabbit with the purpose of constructing a mathematical model for relaxation. Experimental results show that passive relaxation behavior of heart muscle can be adequately described by a generalized standard linear solied with a continuous distribution of relaxation times. The form of the relaxation function devised permits the application of linear visco-elasticity theory to the nonlinear cardiac muscle. The relaxation model is used to predict the force-length (stress-strain) behavior of papillary muscle with reasonable accuracy.
An analysis of the impact behavior of hybrid composite materials

Abstract An analysis of the energy absorbed in a hybrid composite, viz., a graphite/epoxy laminate containing plies of a third phase material, when subjected to an impact loading is presented. Calculated elastic strain energies at maximum impact load are compared with measured fracture initiation energies. A number of hybrid composite configurations are considered, incorporating PRD-49, glass and nylon fibers as the third phase reinforcements, in various ply orientations.
Total neutron cross-sections may not be what they seem to be

Abstract The constraint that real particles be produced in the final state is shown to lead to a depletion in the apparent value of the asymptotic total neutron cross section as determined from deuteron scattering. For pion, kaon or photon scattering this depletion is ∼ 5%. For electron scattering, the effect scales and has a shape which is quite similar to the experimental data. Its magnitude depends crucially on the high momentum components in the deuteron.
Free radicals and disease.

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with the etiology and/or progression of a number of diseases and in aging. Many of the proteins oxidatively modified by free radicals contain side-chain carbonyl derivatives, which can be used as markers for protein oxidation. The protein carbonyl content has been quantitated as a function of age for human cultured dermal fibroblasts, lens, and brain tissue. These data were analyzed using a simple autocatalytic model with the assumption that free radicals randomly oxidize proteins or peptides to form carbonyl derivatives and lead to their inactivation. The carbonylated proteins and peptides are highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation. Implication of free radicals in aging and in age-dependent susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed in light of this simplified kinetic model.
ROLE OF MODEST PRESSURE IN CHIRALLY SELECTIVE COMPLEXATION INTERACTIONS

In contrast with temperature, pressure is often overlooked as an important parameter in condensed phases primarily due to minimal perturbations in bulk properties. Molecular interactions, however, ...
A solid-state bonding technique of large copper wires for high power devices operating at high temperature

Solid-state processes of bonding 1 mm copper (Cu) wires on Cu substrates and silicon (Si) chips, respectively, were developed. To overcome Cu oxidation issue, the bonding surface on the wire was plated a silver (Ag) layer. An annealing step followed to make the Ag layer much easier to deform and conform to the Cu or Si bonding surfaces. The bonding process was performed at 300 °C with 6.89 MPa. Wire-bond cross sections were studied using optical and electron microscopy, respectively. The images obtained exhibit nearly perfect Ag–Cu bonding interface. For wire-bonds made on Cu substrate, in-plane (shear) pull test measured a breaking of force 20.7–23.7 kg, comparable to the 22.5 kg breaking force of the Cu wire itself. Breaking forces on vertical (peel) pull test are about one-half of in-plane pull test results. For wire-bonds made on Si chip, breaking forces are about 80 % of those made on Cu substrate. Fracture modes were evaluated in details. 90 % of the wire-bonds broke with three modes mixed together: near Cu–Ag plating interface, inside Ag layer, and Ag–Cu bonding interface. Thus, the bonding interface is as strong as other regions of the wire-bond. This solid-state wire bonding process is expected to have valuable applications in high power and high temperature devices and modules where the wire-bonds have to stand alone without protection due to lack of high temperature molding compound and reinforcing materials.
Delayed onset of the 2002 Indian monsoon

[1] We show that there is a set of dynamical predictors, which facilitate forecasting of a delayed monsoon onset. The main dynamical contributor is the early May propagation of the “bogus onset Intraseasonal Oscillation” which triggers a set of events precluding the climatological monsoon onset. We analyze in detail the 2002 monsoon onset and show that it followed a pattern described in our previous study. We notice that the 2003 monsoon onset followed very similar pattern and was delayed.
Pancreatic injury associated with interposed abdominal compressions in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A case in which conventional CPR was augmented with interposed abdominal compressions on a child is reported. Animal studies and electrical models of this new form of CPR have demonstrated improved hemodynamics without instance of intra-abdominal injury. In this case, intraperitoneal visceral injury was noticed in the form of blood within the stomach and small intestine and parenchymal hemorrhage within the pancreas. Similar pancreatic injury has not been reported with conventional pediatric CPR, and caution may have to be exercised if this form of CPR with interposed abdominal compressions is to be used on children.