cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sea Debris Detection Using Deep Learning : Diving Deep into the Sea

Debris produced by humans is typically released into natural underwater environments like rivers and oceans. It's essential to spot marine debris in rivers and oceans so that its impact on the ecosystem can be recognised and reduced. Manually determining the amount of debris present in the oceans is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and has a limited coverage area. This paper aims at a system for the automatic detection and extraction of the debris region in an input image. We have used a deep-learning-based algorithm to perform the task of visually detecting waste in natural underwater ecosystem, with the goal of eventually deploying Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) to explore, track, and remove that debris. The deep learning model (InceptionResNetV2 architecture) is used for training. A vast and publicly accessible dataset of real debris in assorted areas is annotated by taking it down from the JAMSTEC e-library of deep-sea debris database. The qualified network is then tested on a series of images from other parts of the dataset, yielding information on how to improve an AUV's detection capability for underwater trash removal. The trained system detects features of interest in a test image using the bounding box and class label maps. The proposed deep learning-based model architecture predicts the class labels with an accuracy of 96% and the bounding box with an accuracy of 82%. Our findings are expected to advance the goals of using AUVs to automatically survey, identify, and capture aquatic debris in underwater environments.
Demonstration of a 100 Hz Repetition Rate Soft X-Ray Laser and Gain-Saturated Sub-10 nm Table-Top Lasers

We report the first operation of a table-top soft x-ray laser at 100 Hz repetition rate. This gain saturated laser produces 0.15 mW average power in the 18.9 nm line of nickel-like molybdenum in the form of 1.5 μJ pulses. This is the highest average power reported to date from a compact coherent soft x-ray laser source operating at wavelengths shorter than 20 nm. The soft x-ray laser is excited by a diode-pumped chirped pulse amplification Yb:YAG laser that produces 1 J pulses of 5 ps duration. We have also demonstrated the efficient generation of sub-9 nm wavelength laser pulses of microjoule energy at 1 Hz repetition rate with a table-top laser. Gain-saturated lasing was obtained at 8.85 nm in nickel-like lanthanum ions. Isoelectronic scaling along the lanthanide series resulted in lasing at wavelengths as short as 7.36 nm. Simulations show that the collisionally broadened atomic transitions in these dense plasmas can support the amplification of sub-picosecond soft x-ray laser pulses.
OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF STREPTOCOCCI

Perry, Dennis (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.) and Hutton D. Slade. Optimal conditions for the transformation of streptococci. J. Bacteriol. 85:636–642. 1963.—A study of the properties of the streptococcal transforming system, employing streptomycin resistance as a marker, resulted in a 1,000- to 10,000-fold increase in the rate of transformation. In some cases, as high as 0.5% transformants have been obtained. Certain aspects of the system differed markedly from those of other bacterial transforming systems, particularly with regard to the time for the appearance of competence. When a group H strain was exposed to deoxyribonucleic acid after various periods of incubation, the time at which cells were most competent was about 2 hr. Similar experiments with a different group H strain and an ungroupable strain showed that competence for both occurred after 1 hr of growth. It is significant that the period of optimal competence, though attained at different times, took place at the beginning of the logarithmic phase of growth. The temperature optimum for transformation was about 37 C. Cells preincubated in sheepblood broth exhibited a higher level of transformation than cells preincubated in plain or human serum broth. That some correlation exists between the attainment of competence and growth is evident. In contrast, human serum was most effective in the transforming media. The few preparations of bovine albumin (fraction V) employed did not appreciably support transformation. Data are also presented which show that some relationship exists between transforming efficiency and serological classification, in that homologous transformation showed a 100- to 10,000-fold greater efficiency over heterologous transformation. Antibodies to deoxyribonuclease, as well as other inhibitors of deoxyribonuclease, failed to bring about transformation in group A streptococci.
Restrictions on Two Higgs Doublet Models and CP Violation at the Unification Scale.

Bounds on charged Higgs masses and couplings in models with two Higgs doublets are examined that came from CP violation in the neutral K system. Bounds on charged Higgs masses and couplings in two Higgs doublet models are also obtained from their effects on neutral-B-meson mixing. The bounds are found to be comparable to those obtained with additional assumptions from the neutral K system. The three generation phase invariant measure of CP violation is shown to satisfy a simple and solvable renormalization group equation. Its value is seen to fall by four to eight orders of magnitude between the weak and grand unification scales in the standard model, as well as in its two Higgs and supersymmetric extensions. (LEW)
Treatment of Bacillus Infections

Although Bacillus species are infrequent causes of human infections, they are known to be responsible for bacteremia without focus, catheter-related bacteremia, endocarditis, endophthalmitis, cerebral spinal fluid shunt infection, meningitis, pneumonia, food poisoning, and wound infections. Feder et al recently reported their experience at Hartford Hospital from 1968 through 1985 with cerebral spinal fluid cultures positive for Bacillus species. Because Bacillus/ species have variable antibiotic susceptibilities, they correctly suggest the performance of susceptibility testing in settings where the isolate is considered to be clinically relevant.
On the Comovement of REIT Prices

This study examines the comovement of equity real estate investment trust (REIT) prices in both the vintage (1980–1991) and the new (1992–2004) REIT eras. The results indicate that the comovement o...
ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT OF OTITIS MEDIA: PENICILLINS, CEPHALOSPORINS, SULFONAMIDES

Otitis media continues to be one of the most common diagnoses made in the offices of family physicians, pediatricians, and otolaryngologists. The emergence of ampicillin resistant Hemophilus influenzae as an important etiologic agent for otitis media has altered the selection of a therapeutic antimicrobial drug. This article reviews the role of the penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfonamides in the treatment of otitis media. Amoxicillin continues to be the drug chosen for the uncultured otitis media. Backup drugs for use in unresponsive cases include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin-sulfisoxazole, and cefaclor. The cost of the drug should be a factor in the selection when efficacy is equal.
and then a Miracle Occurs

A satisfactory understanding of the connection between mind and matter should answer the following questions: What sort of brain action corresponds to a conscious thought? How is the content of a thought related to the form of the corresponding brain action? How do conscious thoughts guide bodily actions?
Characterization of transepithelial potential oscillations in the Drosophila Malpighian tubule.

SUMMARY The Malpighian tubule of Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model system for studying the regulation of epithelial ion transport. In acutely isolated tubules, the transepithelial potential (TEP) undergoes large oscillations in amplitude with a period of approximately 30s. The TEP oscillations are diminished by reductions in the peritubular chloride concentration in a manner consistent with their being caused by fluctuations in chloride conductance. The oscillations are eliminated by pretreating tubules with the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, although removal of peritubular calcium has no effect, suggesting that the oscillations are a result of either the release of calcium from intracellular stores or the entry of calcium from the tubule lumen. Transcripts encoding two calcium-release channels, the ryanodine receptor and the inositol trisphosphate receptor, are detectable in the tubule by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. To identify the cell type responsible for the oscillations, tubules were treated with diuretic hormones known to alter calcium levels in each of the two cell types. Leucokinin-IV, which increases calcium levels in the stellate cells, suppressed the oscillations, whereas cardioacceleratory peptide 2b (CAP 2b ), which increases calcium levels in the principal cells, had no effect. These data are consistent with a model in which rhythmic changes in transepithelial chloride conductance, regulated by intracellular calcium levels in the stellate cells, cause the TEP oscillations.
Robust nonparametrics in mixed-MANOCOVA models

In robust and nonparametric MANOVA models, the basic assumptions of independence, homoscedasticity and multinormality of the error components have been relaxed to a certain extent. In mixed-effects MANOVA models, the random effects components (due to concomitant variates) rest on the linearity of the regression function and some other distributional homogeneity conditions that may not hold universally, and avoidance of such regularity conditions generally introduce complications. Some of these difficulties are eliminated here through a conditional functional estimation approach, and in this setup, improved estimation of the fixed effects parameters is presented in a unified manner. Robustness and efficacy of these nonparametric procedures are appraised, and the picture is compared with their parametric as well as semiparametric counterparts.
No child left behind: repealing and Unpeeling federal language education policy in the united states

For more than three decades US language education policy was realized through the Bilingual Education Act, enacted in 1968 to meet the educational needs of language minority students. The Bilingual Education Act emphasized bilingual education and provided options for the development of students’ native language as well as their English language proficiency and academic achievement. In 2002 the Bilingual Education Act expired and was replaced by the English Language Acquisition, Language Enhancement, and Academic Achievement Act. Drawing on Ricento and Hornberger’s [(1996) TESOL Quarterly, 30(3), 401--428] ‘onion metaphor’ for the multi-layered nature of language planning and policy, this paper considers the potential impact changes in language education policy may have on programs and practices for language minority students. A summary of interview responses from a small sample of Southern Oregon educators provides an added perspective.
Integrity capacity, business citizenship and Enron stakeholder remedies

The adverse impacts of the neglect of integrity capacity and business citizenship by Enron executives on multiple stakeholders are delineated by focusing on the violations of four dimensions of integrity capacity – process, judgment, development, and system. Proposed remedies for stakeholders are provided to prevent the future export of corporate irresponsibility.
Polymers containing anthraquinone units: Polyimidazoles and polypyrrolones from 1,2,5,6‐tetraaminoanthraquinone

1,2,5,6-Tetraaminoanthraquinone has been condensed with isophthalaldehyde and terephthalaldehyde and their bisulfite addition compounds to yield new heat-stable polymers. It has also been condensed with pyromellitic anhydride to give the pyrrolone. The highest viscosities were obtained in polymers prepared with acid catalysts. The polymers were nearly all soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid but not in organic solvents. Those soluble in sulfuric acid could also be solubilized by reduction with sodium dithionite and potassium hydroxide in aqueous organic solutions. A few polymers were apparently crosslinked, since they would not dissolve in either sulfuric acid or in base on reduction. Weak fibers were obtained by spinning the reduced alkaline solutions of the polymers into aqueous acid.
Continuous Spike-Wave during Slow Wave Sleep and Related Conditions

Continuous spike and wave during slow wave sleep (CSWS) is an epileptic encephalopathy that presents with neurocognitive regression and clinical seizures, and that demonstrates an electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern of electrical status epilepticus during sleep, as defined by the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy 1989. CSWS is an age-related condition, typically presenting in children around 5 years of age, with clinical seizures which progress within 2 years to a severe epileptic encephalopathy. The pathophysiology of CSWS is not completely understood, but the corticothalamic neuronal network involved in sleep patterns is thought to be involved. Genetic predisposition and injury in early development are thought to play etiological roles. Treatment strategies have involved traditional anticonvulsants, hormonal therapies, and other newer techniques. Outcomes are fair, and the thought is that earlier diagnosis and intervention preserve neurocognitive development, as in the case of other epileptic encephalopathies. Further understanding of the mechanisms of CSWS may lead to improved therapeutic options and thus outcomes of children with CSWS.
ATLAS: another negative trial with a positive-sounding acronym.

To the Editor: The excellent report by Singh et al1 on the ATLAS trial brings up an issue that some readers may not be cognizant of. The issue is that of a negative trial with a positive-sounding …
Computational Model of Gab1/2-Dependent VEGFR2 Pathway to Akt Activation

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signal transduction is central to angiogenesis in development and in pathological conditions such as cancer, retinopathy and ischemic diseases. However, no detailed mass-action models of VEGF receptor signaling have been developed. We constructed and validated the first computational model of VEGFR2 trafficking and signaling, to study the opposing roles of Gab1 and Gab2 in regulation of Akt phosphorylation in VEGF-stimulated endothelial cells. Trafficking parameters were optimized against 5 previously published in vitro experiments, and the model was validated against six independent published datasets. The model showed agreement at several key nodes, involving scaffolding proteins Gab1, Gab2 and their complexes with Shp2. VEGFR2 recruitment of Gab1 is greater in magnitude, slower, and more sustained than that of Gab2. As Gab2 binds VEGFR2 complexes more transiently than Gab1, VEGFR2 complexes can recycle and continue to participate in other signaling pathways. Correspondingly, the simulation results show a log-linear relationship between a decrease in Akt phosphorylation and Gab1 knockdown while a linear relationship was observed between an increase in Akt phosphorylation and Gab2 knockdown. Global sensitivity analysis demonstrated the importance of initial-concentration ratios of antagonistic molecular species (Gab1/Gab2 and PI3K/Shp2) in determining Akt phosphorylation profiles. It also showed that kinetic parameters responsible for transient Gab2 binding affect the system at specific nodes. This model can be expanded to study multiple signaling contexts and receptor crosstalk and can form a basis for investigation of therapeutic approaches, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), overexpression of key signaling proteins or knockdown experiments.
On theta functions associated to indefinite quadratic forms

Abstract We introduce a family of theta functions associated to an indefinite quadratic form, and prove a modular transformation formulas by regarding each such function as a specialization of a symplectic theta function. An eighth rott of unity arises in these formulas, and it is expressly given in all cases. The theta functions feature many “translation variables,” which are useful for the study of the liftings of modular forms.
Measurements on surface acoustic waves in photoconducting cadmium sulfide

Measurements of the conductivity dependence of the velocity and attenuation of surface acoustic waves in photoconducting cadmium sulfide are described. The use of the surface acoustic waves as a diagnostic for photoconductivity studies is demonstrated.
INTRACORONARY STREPTOKINASE INFUSION DURING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Recent angiographic studies have demonstrated that intracoronary thrombus is present in the majority of patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction. In an attempt to overcome coronary artery obstruction and restore antegrade flow, streptokinase has been infused directly into the obstructed coronary artery supplying the infarct zone. We have recently analyzed the angiographic features of 27 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction presenting within 3 hours of the onset of persistent pain. All underwent coronary angiography and infusion of streptokinase into the occluded coronary artery. Complete occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was seen in all 14 patients with anterior myocardial infarction. Ten of 13 patients with inferior myocardial infarction showed complete right coronary artery occlusion. The remaining 3 patients had subtotal coronary occlusion. At the time of angiography the majority of patients showed an occlusive intraluminal convex filling defect consistent with intracoronary thrombus. Intracoronary nitroglycerin partially restored antegrade flow in only 1 patient with left anterior descending occlusion and in 1 patient with right coronary artery occlusion. Streptokinase was infused at a rate of 2,000–6,000 IU/ minute. In 20 of 27 patients (74 %) antegrade coronary flow was reestablished within 1 hour of streptokinase infusion. Chest pain was relieved and ST segments were reduced in most, but not all, of these patients. After intracoronary streptokinase infusion, the residual coronary artery stenosis was greater than 60 % in all patients. Two patients demonstrated acute reocclusion at the completion of streptokinase infusion. Five of 20 patients (25 %) developed late reocclusion 4 days to 3 months after successful clot lysis. Coronary patterns associated with reocclusion include ulcerated plaques, multiple distal vessel stenoses, irregular residual stenosis of greater than 90 %. In conclusion, angiographic studies support the hypothesis that an occlusive intracoronary thrombus is the cause of persistent myocardial injury in many patients with acute myocardial infarction. In the majority of cases, intraluminal thrombus can be identified as a convex filling defect. Selective coronary angiography can be performed safely during the acute phase of myocardial infarction and provides important information regarding the nature of the obstructive lesion in the vessel supplying the infarct zone. The benefits of early angiography and administration of intracoronary thrombolytic therapy requires further study.
An Arousing Discovery on Catalepsy: Orexin Regulates Vestibular Motor Functions

A study by Zhang et al. in this issue of Neuron reveals a novel mechanism of control of vestibular motor functions by the orexin (hypocretin) system in the perifornical/LH area through the lateral vestibular nucleus in the brainstem. This knowledge provides new insights into the understanding of brain circuitry that controls motor functions and diseases/conditions related to impairments in this circuitry.
Endometrial stripe after dilation and curettage for spontaneous abortion

Abstract Objective: Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) is often performed when a patient presents with bleeding or pain after dilation and curettage (D & C) for spontaneous abortion. Our objective was to define a range of values for ultrasonographic endometrial stripe thickness after D & C. Methods: Women older than 18 years who underwent D & C for spontaneous abortion before 13 weeks of gestation were eligible. A history was taken and a physical examination was performed before the D & C. Each patient then returned 1 and 2 weeks later for TVUS measurement of the endometrial stripe. Patients were questioned about symptoms at 1, 2, and 6 weeks postoperatively. Results: Twenty women completed this prospective study. The range of endometrial stripe thickness after D & C was 3.1 to 18.8 mm at 1 week and 2.6 to 22.3 mm at 2 weeks. The mean endometrial stripe thickness was 9.4 mm at 1 week and 6.7 mm at 2 weeks. The average decrease in thickness from week 1 to week 2 was 2.7 ± 4.0 mm. There was no correlation between endometrial stripe thickness and presence of bleeding or cramping postoperatively. No patients required repeat D & C for clinically suspected retained products of conception. Conclusions: This pilot study found a broad range of values for endometrial stripe thickness after suction D & C. Further studies, including patients ultimately found to have retained products of conception, are needed to determine whether there is a thickness above which retained products of conception should be suspected or below which retained products of conception can be excluded.
Depth-dependent Anisotropy of Proteoglycan in Articular Cartilage by Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging.

Fourier transform infrared microscopic imaging (FTIRI) was used to quantitatively examine the anisotropies of proteoglycan (PG) and collagen in articular cartilage. Dried 6 μm thick sections of canine humeral cartilage were imaged at 6.25 μm pixel-size in FTIRI with an infrared analyzer set at 26 different angles between 0° and 180° polarization. Like the amide II and amide III peaks, the 1338 cm−1 band confirms the anisotropy of collagen fibrils in cartilage. The absorption profile of the sugar band shows an anisotropic flipping at the deeper part in the radial zone, just above the tidemark. Together with the reduction in the PG concentration and subsequent increase in tissue calcification in this region, this anisotropy flipping of sugar might be caused by the orientational change in the collagen-attaching PG from orthogonal to parallel when the fibrils are entering the calcified zone.
Molecular Characteristics of Spontaneous Deletions in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Prokaryotic genomes acquire and eliminate blocks of DNA sequence by lateral gene transfer and spontaneous deletion, respectively. The basic parameters of spontaneous deletion, which are expected to influence the course of genome evolution, have not been determined for any hyperthermophilic archaeon. We therefore screened a number of independent pyrimidine auxotrophs of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius for deletions and sequenced those detected. Deletions accounted for only 0.4% of spontaneous pyrE mutations, corresponding to a frequency of about 10−8 per cell. Nucleotide sequence analysis of five independent deletions showed no significant association of the endpoints with short direct repeats, despite the fact that several such repeats occur within the pyrE gene and that duplication mutations in pyrE reverted at high frequencies. Endpoints of the spontaneous deletions did not coincide with short inverted repeats or potential stem-loop structures. No consensus sequence common to all the deletions could be identified, although two deletions showed the potential of being stabilized by octanucleotide sequences elsewhere in pyrE, and another pair of deletions shared an octanucleotide at their 3′ ends. The unusually low frequency and low sequence dependence of spontaneous deletions in the S. acidocaldarius pyrE gene compared to other genetic systems could not be explained in terms of possible constraints imposed by the 5-fluoroorotate selection.
Induction of the murine “W phenotype” in long‐term cultures of human cord blood cells by c‐kit antisense oligomers

The murine white (W) spotting locus is the site of the c-kit gene and encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor while the complementary Steel (Sl) locus encodes its ligand. Mutations at either locus have profound effects on hematopoiesis, particularly erythroid and mast cell proliferation. We added c-kit antisense oligonucleotides to long-term suspension cultures of enriched human umbilical cord progenitor cells. This resulted in the suppression of c-kit gene expression and the preferential suppression of the generation of erythroid burst-forming cells (BFU-E) which extended over the life of the culture (3 weeks). The results provide an in vitro model of the "W phenotype" in human hematopoiesis and confirm the importance of c-kit gene function in early erythropoiesis. Because the generation of BFU-E was suppressed even after c-kit gene expression had recovered, this gene product may be critical to the erythroid commitment process.
Accidental Deaths as Disguised Suicides

I t has been argued that the true suicide rate is obscured by the misclassification of some suicides as accidental deaths (Douglas, 1967) . This may be done either through poor practices by medical examiners, but more likely by a desire to spare che family grief and stigma from having a family member classified as a suicide. If this were the case, then suicide rates and accidental death rates should be negatively correlated. T o explore this, suicide and accidental death rates by each method for each state of the continental USA for 1960 and 1970 were obtained from the United States Vital and Health Statistics. T h e productmoment correlations berween the accidental death rates from poisons and the suicide rate from poisons for 1960 and 1970 were 0.12 and 0.43 (one-tailed p = 0.001), respectively. T h e correlations berween the accidental death rates from firearms and the suicide rate from firearms (and explosives) were 0.61 ( p < 0.001) and 0.54 ( p < 0.001), respectively.? The correlations were positive or not significantly different from zero, so there appears no evidence from this source thar suicides are disguised by medical examiners as accidental deaths.
Effect of oxide additions on the polymorphism of tantalum pentoxide. IV. The system Ta2O5Ta2WO8

Abstract The low-temperature form of pure Ta 2 O 5 has been found to exist in two slightly different modifications. The lowest temperature form has a b axis multiplicity of 14 whereas the highest temperature form (about 1350°C) has a multiplicity of 11. At intermediate temperatures an “infinite” number of at least partially ordered sequences of these two modifications exist in equilibrium. The addition of WO 3 to Ta 2 O 5 causes the “stabilization” of an “infinite” number of phases similar in structure to the low temperature form of Ta 2 O 5 . From just less than 10 mol % WO 3 to the last compound in the series at 26 2 3 mol % WO 3 these phases are in equilibrium with liquid, and the high temperature structure type of pure Ta 2 O 5 is eliminated from the phase diagram. One compound, 15Ta 2 O 5 ·2WO 3 with a multiplicity of 8, was found to melt congruently at about 1815°C and the last phase, 11Ta 2 O 5 ·4WO 3 with a multiplicity of 13, melts incongruently at about 1605°C.
High glucose levels upregulate upstream stimulatory factor 2 gene transcription in mesangial cells

Previously, we demonstrated that upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) mediates high glucose-induced thrombospondin1 (TSP1) gene expression and TGF-β activity in glomerular mesangial cells and plays a role in diabetic renal complications. In the present studies, we further determined the molecular mechanisms by which high glucose levels regulate USF2 gene expression. In primary rat mesangial cells, we found that glucose treatment time and dose-dependently up-regulated USF2 expression (mRNA and protein). By using cycloheximide to block the de novo protein synthesis, similar rate of USF2 degradation was found under either normal glucose or high glucose conditions. USF2 mRNA stability was not altered by high glucose treatment. Furthermore, high glucose treatment stimulated USF2 gene promoter activity. By using the luciferase-promoter deletion assay, site-directed mutagenesis, and transactivation assay, we identified a glucose-responsive element in the USF2 gene promoter (−1,740 to −1,620, relative to the transcription start site) and demonstrated that glucose-induced USF2 expression is mediated through a cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-dependent transactivation of the USF2 promoter. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated CREB knock down abolished glucose-induced USF2 expression. Taken together, these data indicate that high glucose levels up-regulate USF2 gene transcription in mesangial cells through CREB-dependent transactivation of the USF2 promoter. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1952–1961, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Slow aggregation of colloidal silica

We report the results of elastic and quasielastic light scattering measurements on dilute aggregates of colloidal silica. The elastic scattering measurements indicate a fractal dimension of 2.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, in agreement with previous results, but the quasielastic measurements demonstrate several novel characteristics. First, it is found that the linewidth \ensuremath{\Gamma} scales as a fractional power, \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}${q}^{2.7}$, of the momentum transfer q. Second, the inverse average relaxation time, defined as the integral of the field autocorrelation function, does not scale with the same power of q as the linewidth, implying that the autocorrelation functions cannot be scaled by a single nondimensioned time. Third, ``stretched'' exponential behavior is found for the long-time behavior of the autocorrelation function. These observations are interpreted in terms of a power-law polydisperse ensemble of aggregate clusters, with a number distribution of the form N(m)\ensuremath{\sim}${m}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\tau}}$, where \ensuremath{\tau}=1.9--2. Finally, the kinetics of growth are studied and the average radius is found to grow exponentially with time. These results are shown to be consistent, in part, with the predictions of the Smoluchowski equation and with simulations of aggregation.
Use of global positioning system technology to track subject's location during environmental exposure sampling

Global positioning system (GPS) data recorders were worn by subjects in the Oklahoma Urban Air Toxics Study (OUATS) for automatic logging of their location as they went about their normal daily activities. The location information obtained by the GPS units had an uncertainty of about 10-20 m, which was sufficiently precise to track subjects' movements on trips outside the immediate vicinity of their homes. Due to instrument problems, primarily related to reduced battery life, the units operated for only about 30% of the total monitoring time attempted in 25 trials. The GPS data were compared to time-activity diaries kept by the subjects. In almost all cases, the GPS data confirmed all travel events reported in the subjects' diaries. Additionally, in five out of five trials in which the logging period covered most or all of the subjects' daytime activities, at least one travel event that was not recorded in the diary was detected by GPS. Notwithstanding the limitations of present technology, GPS was found to be a promising means for tracking of research subjects in community-based exposure assessment studies.
Extracting the benthic mixing impulse response function: A constrained deconvolution technique

Abstract Benthic mixing or bioturbation acts as a low-pass filter on stratigraphic signals, altering both the apparent rates and amplitudes of recorded events. The mixing process is represented as a time-invariant convolution, and uses an impulse response function (IRF) parameterized in terms of mixed-layer thickness and mixing intensity (diffusion coefficient). Such parameterization facilitates construction of the inverse (deconvolution) model, which is used to examine the effects of incorrect IRF characterization on deconvolution results. Results show that mixing intensity is as important a parameter as mixed-layer thickness when unmixing a stratigraphic signal. Stable oxygen isotope records from two different species of planktonic foraminifers with changing relative abundances in the same core will show apparent offsets in the timing of events due to mixing. The offset can be used, with the appropriate unmixing equation, to constrain mixed layer thickness and mixing intensity based on analysis of actual isotope signals. The assumption is that any offsets in the records of the two species are totally a product of the mixing process. The technique was applied to a high-resolution glacial—interglacial record (Termination II) from an equatorial Pacific piston core. Multiple lateral subsamples were stacked to increase signal to noise ratio. A multidimensional nonlinear optimization routine (SIMPLEX) was used to minimize an error function related to stratigraphic offsets between the two species. A solution to this problem yielded a mixed layer 5 cm thick and a mixing intensity of 7 cm2 ka−1. This mixed-layer thickness is at the low end of estimates based on 14C profiles in box cores from the same geographic area. The mixing operator is probably conservative, and does not take into account that sedimentation rates were higher during the last glacial period than during the Holocene. This may explain the inability of the algorithm to completely remove the stratigraphic offset between the two isotope records. The unmixed record (using the parameters 5 cm and 7 cm2 ka−1) shows a deglaciation overshoot which is distinctly smaller than the “meltwater spike” proposed earlier i.e., less than 0.1‰ versus a range of 0.3–1‰.
Self-referenced quantitative phase microscopy

Self-referenced quantitative phase microscopy (SrQPM) is reported, wherein quantitative phase imaging is achieved through the interference of the sample wave with a reflected version of itself. The off-axis interference between the two beams generates a spatially modulated hologram that is analyzed to quantify the sample's amplitude and phase profile. SrQPM requires approximately one-half of the object field of view to be empty and optically flat, which serves as a reference for the other half of the field of view containing the sample.
Molecular iodine adsorption on Fe(100), Fe(110) and iron iodide

Abstract Dissociative and molecular I 2 adsorption on Fe(100), Fe(110) and on an epitaxially grown iron iodide surface were studied by photoemission. Initial adsorption on Fe(100) and on Fe(110) at 110 K was found to be dissociative, but subsequent I 2 adsorption on both surfaces at 110 K was molecular. Only molecular I 2 adsorption on the iron iodide surface at 110 K was observed. The molecularly absorbed I 2 was found to be bound with the molecular axis perpendicular to the surface. These results are compared to molecular Br 2 adsorption on Fe(110) and Ni(100) where similar phenomena occurred.
Multielement analysis of lichen by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Lichen (species Trypethelium Eluteriae) is analysed for different elements. Nondestructive instrumental neutron activation analysis is employed for the multielemental analysis. Gamma-ray spectrometry is used for the identification and quantitative estimation of elements. Concentrations of 24 elements are reported. Gamma-ray spectrum of the lichen irradiated for 16 hours, delayed for 10 days, and counted for 10 hours on a 50 cm3 coaxial Ge(Li) detector is given.
To Fear or Not to Fear? BRICs and the Developing World

Are the BRICs driving a fundamental transformation of the world economy? Journalists, investors, policymakers, and academics alike prognosticate about the global impact of these large emerging economies. One camp deems the rise of the BRICs a challenge to America's hegemonic power, increasing global politico-economic instability as a result. Another camp defends the continuation of the American (and thereby, global) status quo with equal fervor. The BRICs, they argue, are mired in their own domestic challenges, mistrust one another, have little interest in leading global affairs, and have yet to command true followership by the rest of the developing world. This debate is far from resolved, and systematic studies on the rise of the BRICs are surprisingly scarce. Current contributions are replete with descriptive data, some historical references, and broad predictions based on grand theory, but advance no specific testable propositions. We take up the challenge offered by Edward Mansfield in this symposium, namely, to address “how rising power in the international arena interacts with concerns about domestic political stability to shape foreign economic policy.” We explore the impact of the BRICs on the developing world and the consequences of this for the global economy writ large. Driven by both domestic political and international economic concerns, we anticipate that the rise of the BRICs—and China in particular—increases the incentives of developing country governments to form South–South preferential trade agreements (SSPTAs). Drawing from the theories of embedded liberalism and intra-industry trade, we suggest that SSPTAs are promoting human development and thereby helping to ensure greater political and economic stability. We therefore offer a novel account of the formation of SSPTAs and argue that their growth has more far-reaching implications than previously thought by those who view them as weak and ineffective. Moreover, by uncovering the link between the BRICs and South–South trade …
Adaptive model fitting with time-varying input variables

Consider the long-standing problem of fitting a model to multivariate data. In many control systems, we are interested in models that are associated with tracking a nonstationary process with time-varying input variables. It is often hopeless to produce a globally valid model over the whole domain in such a setting. Further, a globally valid model is not likely to be even needed in practice since some combinations of input variables are highly unlikely to occur. For this reason, we consider an adaptive model estimation method that emphasizes local fitting. This can be implemented in an elegant way using recursive methods such as stochastic approximation. The application motivating the general approach is the construction of real-time (or faster) training simulators for use by Navy personnel; the approach would apply in many other control and tracking applications.
Ensemble-Average Equations of a Particulate Mixture

A method of evaluating the transfer terms appearing in the ensemble-average fluid transport equation is developed and applied to obtain the transport equations describing flow of a dilute particulate mixture containing solid spherical particles. The equations apply in the limit where interactions between phases are both quasi-steady and viscous, which is defined as flows that meet the three criterion Re f (a/L') 2 > 1, and Re p >> 1. In this limit, the terms describing transfer of momentum between the two phases of the mixture are evaluated to O(1) in the particle radius and O(γ p ) in the particle phase density. The continuity equations and consistency principle are exact. When the first two conditions are not met, the transport equations require the terms that describe virtual mass forces; when the third is not met, the transport equations require terms that describe Oseen corrections to the drag term.
Future opportunities for nonantibiotic prevention or adjunctive therapy of neonatal bacterial infections

The neonate's own immune system may not be adequately developed to effectively respond to challenge by a pathogen. Even with the advances in antibiotic therapy and supportive care in the neonatal intensive care unit, bacterial sepsis is a life-threatening event to the neonate. This article will explore future opportunities for nonantibiotic preventive strategies and adjunctive therapies for neonatal bacterial infection and the related systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
Are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Associated With Greater Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease?

Apathy is a common neuropsychiatric feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but little is known of relationships between apathy and specific medications in PD. Following a retrospective database and chart review of 181 Parkinson’s patients, relationships between Apathy Scale scores and use of psychotropic and antiparkinsonian medications were examined with multiple regression. Controlling for age, sex, education, and depression, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), but not other antidepressants, was associated with greater apathy. Use of monoamine oxidase B inhibitors was associated with less apathy. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate a potential SSRI-induced apathy syndrome in PD.
Refraction of PRISM results into components of saved energy

Abstract A simple methodology is developed to augment the physical interpretation of PRISM results. With this “refraction” method, the estimated energy savings are decomposed into physically meaningful components, indoor temperature changes are inferred, and the effect of such changes on energy savings is quantified. The method is demonstrated in two test applications. The first, to individual-house billing data for a set of 243 gas-heated houses, suggests the dominant role of structural retrofitting in the energy savings achieved by weatherization of the houses. The second application, to utility aggregate data for nearly one million gas-heated houses in one state, points to the importance of lower thermostat settings in the years immediately following the oil embargo, and, since 1980, to a substantial decline in consumption by appliances including water heaters. More recently, the role of structural retrofitting seems to be increasing, but a “takeback” effect due to a concomitant increase in indoor temperatures may be eroding the resulting savings. While the refraction results must be interpreted with care, their physical reasonableness, in both test cases, reinforces the potential of energy billing data to enhance the understanding of energy conservation trends.
Tightness in products of fans and psuedo-fans

Abstract Give κ the discrete topology and ω + 1 the order topology. The κ-fan Fκ is the quotient space obtained by identifying the nonisolated points of κ × (ω + 1) to a point ∞. We investigate the tightness of products of the form Fκ × Fλ, where λ ⩽ κ. Some of our results are t(Fκ × Fλ) ⩽ λω, t + (F ℵ ω × F ℵ ω ) ⩽ ℵ ω , and a new connection between the tightness of Fκ × Fλ and the failure of ⩽ κ-cwH in first countable
Organizational Revolution An End to Managerial Orthodoxy

Managerialism is one of the main philosophical issues of our times. Its orthodox values trivialize the human essence, diminish human dignity, and widen the gap between a privileged class of managers and the rest of the people. This orthodoxy must be revolutionized before a homegrown form of American totalitarianism emerges. This article presents a critique of the orthodox values, suggests a vision of four ways a revolution in values could proceed, and addresses specifically how schools of administration and professional associations might provide forums for moral discourse, which is a necessary preliminary to revolution.
Techniques for the observation and isolation of soil microorganisms

Introduction .. 523 Isolation Techniques Physical Methods 524 Migration 524 Maceration 527 Flotation 527 Sedimentation .. . . .... 528 Elutriation 529 Desiccation 529 Concentration 529 Coloration 530 W ashing 530 Dilution ........ .531 Sieving 531 Direct Isolation ..5 531 Aeration .533 Temperature 534 Pressure 534 Relative Humidity ........ 534 Radiation ........ .535 Agglutination .. . . . . . . . 535 Polarization 5 35 535 Chemical Methods Antibiotics .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Surface Sterilants 536 Surface-Active Agents 537 Dyes 5.3.8 Synthetic Media 538 Hydrogen Ion Concentration 539 Oxidation Reduction Potential 539 Miscellaneous Chemicals 539 Biological Methods Baits .. 540 Natural Media 541 Observational Techniques Staining 541 Direct Observation 542 Contact Slide 542 Soil Chamber 542 Soil Sectioning 543 Literature Cited 543
Human Resource Cost of the War

This paper explores the implications of the Vietnam War on human capital. Generally, the term 'investment in human capital' refers to 'Activities that influence future monetary and psychic income by increasing the resources in people' [1, p. 1]. The activity of war represents the profound disinvestment or waste of human capital resulting not only in the personal and social cost of civilian and military casualties, but also in the foregone human investments such as health, education, training, and rational geographic mobility. The costs in terms of the human resources of the civilian economies are especially severe when the fighting takes place within the country. The creation of casualties and refugees, who are wrenched from their economic and social environment, and the redirected priorities of a nation at war have major and long-run implications for the welfare and productive capacity of its citizens. Discussions of the cost of the Vietnam War have tended to underemphasize human capital considerations. Yet, the theory of human capital has been applied widely, as for example in estimating the costs of illness or injury.1 In 1931, J. Clark estimated the cost of death and disability resulting from the First World War [2]. More recently, Professor Robert Eisner, in preparing an estimate of the 'Total costs' of the Vietnam War to the U.S., included items pertaining to 'Cost of the dead' and 'Cost of the wounded' [3]. Some persons may find it offensive to examine some of the implications of war in terms of the theory of human capital. This is a justifiable position. However, we should point out that the crucial aspect of this approach involves the treatment of time, and there is the explicit recognition that income should be broadly interpreted to include psychic aspects which may be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to measure. Moreover, our discussion is meant to be suggestive and makes no pretence as to completeness. The economic implications of military casualties are discussed in section 2. A quantitative estimate of the loss of human capital from this cause is calculated for the US economy. The analysis is focused on US military casualities because of the availability of information. In section 3, the economic implications of civilian casualties and refugees in South Vietnam are explored. Again, we recognize that these problems exist on a large scale in North Vietnam and elsewhere in Indochina; however, limitations of time and of information precluded such a broad study. Also, due to limitations of information and of knowledge, no attempt is made to arrive at a quantitative summary estimate of the loss of the human capital of South Vietnam.
Studying Cyborgs: Re-Examining Internet Studies as Human Subjects Research:

Virtual communities and social networks assume and consume more aspects of people's lives. In these evolving social spaces, the boundaries between actual and virtual reality, between living individuals and their virtual bodies, and between private and public domains are becoming ever more blurred. As a result, users and their presentations of self, as expressed through virtual bodies, are increasingly entangled. Consequently, more and more Internet users are cyborgs. For this reason, the ethical guidelines necessary for Internet research need to be revisited. We contend that the IS community has paid insufficient attention to the ethics of Internet research. To this end, we develop an understanding of issues related to online human subjects research by distinguishing between a disembodied and an entangled view of the Internet. We outline a framework to guide investigators and research ethics committees in answering a key question in the age of cyborgism: When does a proposed Internet study deal with human subjects as opposed to digital material?