cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts of cattle feedlot finishing rations

A life cycle assessment was performed for the production of a total mixed ration (TMR) fed to finishing feedlot cattle in California, USA. The goal was to determine the climate change impact of the feed supply chain associated with the production of 1 kg finishing TMR (kg CO2e/kg TMR). A secondary goal was to compare the climate change impact of feed versus finished beef (kg CO2e/kg live weight). The TMR was based on feeds commonly fed to finishing cattle in California. The Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnership (LEAP) guidelines were followed for inventory data collection. System boundaries included the production of crops and feed additives, transportation of TMR components, and compound feed production. Data were sourced from national databases and Ecoinvent™ unit process data. Three scenarios were assessed as a result of allocation at the transportation step: Scenario A (100% empty return load); Scenario B (50% empty return load): and Scenario C (0% empty return load). Energy, mass, and economic allocation, and system expansion of dried distillers grain solubles (DDGS) were assessed for sensitivity analysis. Total feedlot emission data from Stackhouse-Lawson et al. (2012) were used to compare to impacts of TMR production. Total emissions were determined to be 0.630 kg CO2e/kg TMR for Scenario A, 0.576 kg CO2e/kg TMR for Scenario B, and 0.521 kg CO2e/kg TMR for Scenario C. Corn production, transportation, and liquid premix production were primary contributors to the life cycle impacts of TMR production. Mass-based allocation of DDGS was found to have the most significant effect on overall impacts of the finishing TMR, with a 42% increase in life cycle emissions compared to other allocation methods. For Scenario A, feed used in Angus feedlot production contributed to 76% of total Angus feedlot emissions. Additionally, feed used in Holstein feedlot production contributed to 58% of total Holstein feedlot emissions. The present study demonstrates a need to better assess the feed supply chain of feedlot beef production in order to accurately identify areas that have the most significant impacts on overall emissions. This may aid in minimizing impacts associated with feed production and, by extension, beef production. The present study may also serve to inform future decisions for improvements or alterations of the LEAP guidelines.
Identification and characterization of proteins, lipids, and metabolites in two organic fertilizer products derived from different nutrient sources.

The biochemical composition of organic fertilizers largely determines their nutrient supply characteristics following soil application as well as their potential impact on soil microbial communities. Yet, limited information is available regarding the biochemical composition of organic fertilizers derived from different nutrient sources. Here, we qualitatively analyzed the presence and abundance of proteins, lipids, and metabolites in a liquid fish fertilizer (LFF) product and a type of granular organic fertilizer (GOF) commonly used in organic vegetable production, using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Our results suggest that the presence and abundance of proteins, lipids, and metabolites differ greatly between GOF and LFF. The qualitative analysis shows LFF as a rich source of metabolites, while complex proteins and long-chain saturated fatty acids are dominant in GOF. The degree of biochemical composition complexity may help explain the varying impacts of different types of organic fertilizers on nutrient availability, soil health, and environmental quality. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13765-021-00625-2.
Change in the Era of Common Core Standards: A Mathematics Teacher’s Journey

This article describes the changing practice of a seventh grade mathematics teacher as she participates in a professional development program that focused on how students think about and solve problems involving rational numbers. Data sources included pre and post test data on both teacher content measures and measures of knowledge of student thinking, observations during professional development workshops, classroom observations and interviews with the teacher. The data showed that the most significant aspects of the professional development workshop to impact the teacher’s change process were the classroom embedded workshops and her expanding knowledge of how her own students solved problems. The results provide an encouraging opportunity to effect changes in classroom practice of secondary mathematics teachers.
Future-oriented gang members? Gang finances and the theory of present-oriented criminals

Two prominent theories of crime (Wilson and Herrnstein 1985; Gottfredson and Hirshi 1990) rely heavily on the notion that criminals are impatient or "present-oriented." In brief, the theories posit that present-oriented individuals will be predisposed to crime because the "costs" of crime (e.g., prison time) lag behind crime's benefits. While the theory has intuitive appeal, it remains controversial. This study considers a data set first presented by Levitt and Venkatesh (2000) that details a drug-selling gang's activities. In this gang, low-ranking criminals accept low initial wages in the hope of receiving high future remunerations. As demonstrated in the note, this wage structure is exceedingly difficult to reconcile (both theoretically and empirically) with the notion of present-oriented criminals. In sum, the study suggests that present orientation is at best an incomplete and idiosyncratic explanation of the causes of crime.
Toward Cost‐Benefit Analysis of Acute Behavioral Effects of Toluene in Humans

There is increasing interest in being able to express the consequences of exposure to potentially toxic compounds in monetary terms in order to evaluate potential cost-benefit relationships of controlling exposure. Behavioral effects of acute toluene exposure could be subjected to cost-benefit analysis if the effects of toluene were quantitatively compared to those of ethanol ingestion, which has been monetized for applied contexts. Behavioral effects of toluene and ethanol were quantified by meta-analysis of studies from the peer-reviewed literature describing their effects on choice reaction time (reaction time in a test requiring a subject to choose among two or more alternatives before responding). The internal doses of these compounds were estimated by a general physiological and toxicokinetic (GPAT) simulation from exposure parameters provided in the reports. The reported effects were converted to a common metric (proportion of baseline) and related to the estimated internal doses of toluene and ethanol, from which dose-effect equations were fitted. The estimated effect of toluene was compared to the estimated effect of ethanol on the same dependent variable by deriving a dose-equivalence equation (DEE) to express the dose of toluene as an equivalent dose of ethanol on the basis of equal effect magnitude. A nomogram was constructed by GPAT simulation to relate the environmental exposure concentration of toluene to the equivalent effect magnitude of a range of ethanol internal doses. Behavioral effects and their evaluation are determined by internal doses, which in turn are determined by a variety of variables. In addition to concentration and duration of exposure, which determine internal dose by pharmacokinetic processes, the activity level of exposed persons is a major factor. This analysis provides a continuous function of the consequences of toluene exposure expressed as ethanol-equivalent doses within confidence limits. The resulting function has the potential to estimate the monetary values of behavioral deficits caused by a range of exposures to toluene from existing monetized information on ethanol.
Effect of Visible Light on Canine Distemper Virus

Abstract Nemo, George J. (The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C.), and Ernest C. Cutchins. Effect of visible light on canine distemper virus. J. Bacteriol. 91:798–802. 1966.—Canine distemper virus (CDV) was inactivated by visible light. The virus was light-sensitive in fluid suspension (in vitro) as well as during intracellular replication (in vivo). The addition of calf serum or glutathione reduced the extent of inactivation. CDV was less sensitive when suspended in distilled water or in the amino acid or Earle's salts components of the minimal essential medium of Eagle than when suspended in the vitamin component of the minimal essential medium of Eagle or in riboflavine (0.1 mg per liter). These findings indicate that, whereas some ingredient of the medium may enhance light sensitivity, its presence is not necessary for light inactivation of CDV. It is proposed that some substance derived from the host cell and intimately associated with the virus particle serves to render CDV light-sensitive.
Baby Boom Migration and Its Impact on Rural America

Members of the baby boom cohort, now 45-63 years old, are approaching a period in their lives when moves to rural and small-town destinations increase. An analysis of age-specific, net migration during the 1990s reveals extensive shifts in migration patterns as Americans move through different life-cycle stages. Assuming similar age patterns of migration, this report identifies the types of nonmetropolitan counties that are likely to experience the greatest surge in baby boom migration during 2000-20 and projects the likely impact on the size and distribution of retirement-age populations in destination counties. The analysis finds a significant increase in the propensity to migrate to nonmetro counties as people reach their fifties and sixties and projects a shift in migration among boomers toward more isolated settings, especially those with high natural and urban amenities and lower housing costs. If baby boomers follow past migration patterns, the nonmetro population age 55-75 will increase by 30 percent between now and 2020.
Promotion of Allograft Survival by CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells: Evidence for In Vivo Inhibition of Effector Cell Proliferation

Regulatory T cells preserve tolerance to peripheral self-Ags and may control the response to allogeneic tissues to promote transplantation tolerance. Although prior studies have demonstrated prolonged allograft survival in the presence of regulatory T cells (T-reg), data documenting the capacity of these cells to promote tolerance in immunocompetent transplant models are lacking, and the mechanism of suppression in vivo remains unclear. We used a TCR transgenic model of allograft rejection to characterize the in vivo activity of CD4(+)CD25(+) T-reg. We demonstrate that graft Ag-specific T-reg effectively intercede in the rejection response of naive T cells to established skin allografts. Furthermore, CFSE labeling demonstrates impaired proliferation of naive graft Ag-specific T cells in the draining lymph node in the presence of T-reg. These results confirm the efficacy of T-reg in promoting graft survival and suggest that their suppressive action is accomplished in part through inhibition of proliferation.
Recognition of Environmental Rights for Pennsylvania Citizens: A Tribute to Chief Justice Castille

This article is based on remarks made at a Special Session of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court at Duquesne University on October 7, 2014 in honor of Chief Justice Ronald Castille. It is about the loss and recovery of the original meaning of the Environmental Rights Amendment (Article I, Section 27) of the Pennsylvania Constitution. As a result of two court decisions in the 1970s, subsequent courts have essentially ignored the history, purpose, and text of Article I, Section 27. In its place, they have mostly applied a judicially-created three-part balancing test as a substitute for the amendment itself. The recovery of the original meaning began with the Supreme Court’s December 19, 2013 decision in Robinson Township v. Commonwealth. A plurality of the court, in a scholarly, thoughtful, and detailed opinion by Chief Justice Castille, based its decision on the text, purpose, and history of Article I, Section 27. This article explains why Robinson Township is likely to have staying power even though it did not command a majority of Pennsylvania’s Supreme Court. This article also collects and summarizes 79 judicial and administrative tribunal decisions applying or considering the three-part balancing test as a substitute for the text of the amendment, and demonstrates that the challenging party has almost never prevailed under that test.
Biosynthesis of Cephalosporin C: I. Factors Affecting the Fermentation.

A series of complex and synthetic media have been developed that are suitable for the production of cephalosporin C and cephalosporin N by a mutant strain of Cephalosporium (C.M.I. 49,137). dl-Methionine increased the yield of both antibiotics, with more effect on cephalosporin N. l-Cystine had a greater enhancing effect on formation of cephalosporin C than on formation of cephalosporin N in synthetic media; serine increased yields of cephalosporin C under certain conditions. Disaccharides or polysaccharides appeared to be the best source for carbohydrates. No evidence was found for precursor action such as is found in penicillin fermentations. The ability of resting cells to produce antibiotic was demonstrated.
Fracture of the styloid process: A case report and review of the literature

Trauma to the styloid process of the temporal bone appears to be an extremely rare occurrence,’ although this is probably largely attributable to a failure in adequate recognition and diagnosis. The actual incidence of styloid process fracture is very much higher than has been reported. The literature contains a paucity of articles devoted to fracture of the styloid process and its management, with only 20 cases published in the English literature since the turn of the century (Table 1). This report describes a case of traumatic styloid process fracture associated with bilateral mandibular fractures that was managed conservatively.
Speciation of Cone Snails and Interspecific Hyperdivergence of Their Venom Peptides: Potential Evolutionary Significance of Intronsa

: All 500 species of cone snails (Conus) are venomous predators. From a biochemical/genetic perspective, differences among Conus species may be based on the 50-200 different peptides in the venom of each species. Venom is used for prey capture as well as for interactions with predators and competitors. The venom of every species has its own distinct complement of peptides. Some of the interspecific divergence observed in venom peptides can be explained by differential expression of venom peptide superfamilies in different species and of peptide superfamily branching in various Conus lineages into pharmacologic groups with different targeting specificity. However, the striking interspecific divergence of peptide sequences is the dominant factor in the differences observed between venoms. The small venom peptides (typically 10-35 amino acids in length) are processed from larger prepropeptide precursors (ca. 100 amino acids). If interspecific comparisons are made between homologous prepropeptides, the three different regions of a Conus peptide precursor (signal sequence, pro-region, mature peptide) are found to have diverged at remarkably different rates. Analysis of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates for the different segments of a prepropeptide suggests that mutation frequency varies by over an order of magnitude across the segments, with the mature toxin region undergoing the highest rate. The three sections of the prepropeptide which exhibit apparently different mutation rates are separated by introns. This striking segment-specific rate of divergence of Conus prepropeptides suggests a role for introns in evolution: exons separated by introns have the potential to evolve very different mutation rates. Plausible mechanisms that could underlie differing mutational frequency in the different exons of a gene are discussed.
Navigating the language demands of an inquiry‐based science performance assessment: Classroom challenges and opportunities for English learners

Science performance assessments (SPAs) are designed to elicit a wider range of scientific knowledge and abilities than ordinarily measured by more traditional paper-and-pencil tests. To engage in SPAs and thus demonstrate abilities such as scientific inquiry, students must interact with various participants and communicate in a variety of ways. Using an analytical framework that draws on functional and interactional views of language, we analyzed video footage of one SPA, The World Down Under, enacted in three fifth-grade classrooms. The video analysis revealed a wide variety of language demands that students encountered during the SPA, including a range of participant structures (whole class, small group, and individual), communicative modes (interpreting language, presenting language, and engaging interpersonally), and 18 different texts. Moreover, the language demands differed by classroom. A closer look at two video episodes illustrated how this more expansive communicative context afforded two English Learners (ELs) with opportunities to navigate the language demands of the assessment. However, the same language demands could present challenges for ELs with lower levels of English proficiency. The findings contribute to science education by bringing attention to the nature and role of language in SPAs, which has only begun to be described in the literature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:631–651, 2012
Residual stresses in cyclically loaded two-phase solid

Abstract A plane-stress finite element model of a two-phase solid is analyzed for residual stresses that develop under cyclic loading. One phase is assumed to be dilute and to yield at stresses below those of the matrix. Simple triangular constant strain finite elements are used and the soft material is assumed to be a linear work hardening one. The load is applied incrementally and the stiffness matrix is updated at each step to its tangential values. The emphasis is on the residual stresses which develop within the soft element and in the neighborhood. Several distributions of soft material were examined. In the cases we consider, the residual stresses change sign on each load cycle, that is, they are not constant. They are also an appreciable percentage of the yield stress of the soft phase. The residual stresses primarily develop in the first cycle and settle down in just a few cycles. The location of a soft element is somewhat of a factor in how far away its effect is felt by other elements. In addition to the calculation of residual stresses, the temperature changes are also calculated. The plastic work is converted into heat in the soft elements and this in turn is conducted to the cooler elastic matrix. It is found that adiabatic conditions can be assumed for steel specimens for strain rates above .033 sec−1 and at rates above .23 sec−1 for aluminum.
Quasiparticle mirages in the tunneling spectra of d -wave superconductors

We illustrate the importance of many-body effects in the Fourier-transformed local density of states (FT-LDOS) of d-wave superconductors from a model of electrons coupled to an Einstein mode with energy {Omega}{sub 0}. For bias energies significantly larger than {Omega}{sub 0}, the quasiparticles have short lifetimes due to this coupling and the FT-LDOS is featureless if the electron-impurity scattering is treated within the Born approximation. In this regime, it is important to include boson exchange for the electron-impurity scattering, which provides a 'step down' in energy for the electrons and allows for long lifetimes. This many-body effect produces qualitatively different results, namely the presence of peaks in the FT-LDOS, which are mirrors of the quasiparticle interference peaks which occur at bias energies smaller than {approx}{Omega}{sub 0}. The experimental observation of these quasiparticle mirages would be an important step forward in elucidating the role of many-body effects in FT-LDOS measurements.
Prospective Predictors of Suicidal Ideation during Depressive Episodes among Older Adolescents and Young Adults

Suicide is a leading cause of death among older adolescents and young adults; however, few studies have prospectively examined risk for suicidal ideation. The present study in older adolescents and young adults investigated whether two personality traits previously implicated in risk for suicidal ideation, neuroticism and extraversion, as well as certain aspects of interpersonal functioning, prospectively predicted endorsement of suicidal ideation during depressive episodes. Participants (n=117) are a subset of the Northwestern-UCLA Youth Emotion Project sample, which started with a group of high school juniors oversampled for high neuroticism. Baseline interpersonal functioning was measured using the Life Stress Interview. Baseline personality trait composite scores were created from multiple inventories. Depressive disorders and suicidal ideation were assessed at the baseline and three annual follow-up interviews using the SCID. Cox regression was employed to predict suicidal ideation during depressive episodes diagnosed at any follow-up interview. Results showed that baseline extraversion inversely predicts suicidal ideation in males only, and that baseline interpersonal problems in one's social circle, regardless of gender, predict suicidal ideation during depressive episodes. Language: en
Closed-Form Solutions of Target-Tracking Filters with Discrete Measurements

Using two separate algorithms, called Kalman's recursive and Vaughan's nonrecursive, exact closed-form solutions of the steady-state two-state exponentially correlated velocity (ECV) and three-state exponentially correlated acceleration (ECA) target-tracking filters are derived for discrete position measurements. For this particular application, the superiority of Vaughan's nonrecursive over Kalman's recursive algorithm is observed.
The temporal precedence problem

In this paper we analyze the complexity of the Temporal Precedence Problem on pointer machines. The problem is to support efficiently two operations: insert and precedes. The operation insert (a) introduces a new element a , while precedes (a,b) returns true iff element a was temporally inserted before element b . We provide a solution to the problem with worst-case time complexity O( lg lg n) per operation, where n is the number of elements inserted. We also demonstrate that the problem has a lower bound of Ω( lg lg n) on pointer machines. Thus the proposed scheme is optimal on pointer machines.
On stratifications of Mittag-Leffler's transcendents

Guided by an observation of Hausdorff ([4]; reproduced by Whittaker and Robinson [6, pp. 177–178]), I pointed out a long time ago [7] that his “Fourier“ treatment of certain products can be systematized so as to apply to an inclusive class of infinite convolutions. Recently I noticed [8] that an appropriate application of this method supplies the following curious result on gamma-quotients:Corresponding to every index θ on the range 0 -1 and so, in particular, on the half-line z ≧0.
Reevaluating the significance of pulmonary hypertension before cardiac transplantation: determination of optimal thresholds and quantification of the effect of reversibility on perioperative mortality.

Abstract Objectives: Right-sided circulatory failure resulting from severe preoperative pulmonary hypertension is a source of mortality early after cardiac transplantation. We undertook the present study (1) to analyze the association of elevated pulmonary hemodynamic indices with 30-day mortality, (2) to define threshold ranges associated with an increase in 30-day mortality, and (3) to evaluate the effect of vasodilator reversibility on 30-day mortality. Methods: Preoperative hemodynamic profiles were evaluated in 476 patients who ultimately underwent cardiac transplantation. From these data, receiver-operating characteristic curves and stratum-specific likelihood ratios were generated to compare the efficacy of each hemodynamic index. A subset of patients with elevated hemodynamic profiles at baseline additionally underwent graded sodium nitroprusside infusion. Results: Analysis of receiver-operating characteristic curves demonstrated no statistically significant difference among the indices in their ability to predict 30-day mortality. Analysis of stratum-specific likelihood ratios demonstrated three risk strata that correlated with significant differences in 30-day mortality, with patients in the high-risk stratum having a 3.2 to 4.4 increase in odds of 30-day mortality when compared with patients in the low-risk stratum. Nitroprusside data demonstrated that although 30-day mortality was better in patients with reversible pulmonary hypertension than in those with fixed pulmonary hypertension, it was not comparable with that of patients without pulmonary hypertension at baseline. Conclusions: Candidates for cardiac transplantation may be categorized into three risk strata on the basis of their preoperative pulmonary hemodynamic profile; the association of this profile with 30-day mortality is not linear. Reversibility with nitroprusside appears to confer some improvement in the risk of 30-day mortality, but it may not eliminate the risk entirely. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:627-34)
Simulation and Managerial Decision Making:A Double-Loop Learning Framework

Systems approaches present opportunities for public managers and policy makers to view policies and programs in a broader context. This article presents a framework to explain how simulation modeling promotes double-loop learning in management teams by building and exploring collective mental models as well as by enhancing accuracy of the mental models. The authors discuss the types of problems that may benefit from simulation modeling and illustrate how double-loop learning occurs in the process of dynamic hypothesis testing. Using a case from New York State's Division of Disability Determination, the article shows how simulation modeling built confidence in a management team's decision by providing the team with tools to share and examine multiple hypotheses about a declining trend in initial disability recipients in the state between 1998 and 2004.
A calculation of the diffusion energies for adatoms on surfaces of F.C.C. metals

The activation energies for diffusion were determined for gold, platinum and iridium adatoms on plane and plane PT surfaces and were found to be in good agreement with the measurements reported by Bassett and Webber. The Lennard-Jones pair potentials were used to model the interatomic forces, and relaxation of the substrate atoms in near proximity to the adatom was considered in detail. The present calculations clarify the mechanism of the observed two-dimensional diffusion of platinum and iridium atoms on a plane PT surface. The results are compared with those obtained using Morse potential functions and different relaxation techniques.
A simple model for multiphoton molecular absorption

Abstract A simple model is provided for the multiphoton absorption process in a gas based on the discrete level, quasicontinuum picture. The model is an extension of one used to describe saturation of a laser medium. Numerical solutions for the fractional energy absorbed illustrate a number of features observed in experiments. These include a wide range of behavior for the fractional energy absorbed vs fluence, including a positive slope. A second feature is the relatively large value for the fractional energy absorbed, even when the ground-state cross section is small.
Advancements in Automated Diagnostic Mammography

This paper reports the results of an initial false positive (FP) investigation using a full set of mammogram risk factors, using a combination of logistic regression (LR), statistical analyses, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves derived from LR density functions. These risk factors are important for this type of analysis and, until now, values have not been available in our data. Preliminary results provide evidence that combining information from different sources has the possibility of enhancing the model's predictive capability. The non-image based features, in combination with a spatial feature, sometimes provide better performance than either set of feature(s) alone. These findings indicate that a more thorough investigation of the spatial attributes of conventional mammograms in combination with the full battery of breast cancer risk factors may be a useful path to follow in building models that are able to reduce the FP problem in mammography. Finally, this approach and paradigm may be applied to any dataset whose features are similarly characterized.
The formation of unhydrated propionaldehyde by dioldehydrase.

Abstract When dl -1,2-propanediol is converted to propionaldehyde by dioldehydrase, an enzyme which requires B 12 -coenzyme, the product is unhydrated propionaldehyde. Its formation was demonstrated by measuring the rate of reduction of the enzymically formed aldehyde by NADH, catalyzed by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.
The influence of sex bias upon compliance with expert power

The present study evolved from the belief that sex bias influences the degree of expert power which the expert has in relation to the perceiver. Therefore, the influence of level of expertise, sex of the expert, sex of the influencee, and sex domination of the expert's occupation upon compliance was examined. Separate experiments were conducted for the male- and female-dominated occupations. Subjects' degree of compliance was measured by their responses to three recommendations contained in an in-basket. The three-way analyses of variance revealed that only expertise significantly affected subjects' degree of compliance. Results are discussed in terms of the presence of outside recognition of competence and legitimate power.
Play Objects as Tools of Propaganda: Characterizations of the African American Male:

In this study, children's toys constitute the units of analy sis from which inferences are drawn about the labeling process and racial psychology. Emphasis is placed on characterizations of African American males in play arti facts from the years following the Civil War up to and including the Depression years. The general objective of the research is to provide a psychocultural analysis of toys as material objects instrumental in attitude formation and value transmission. To assess the meaning and labeling function of racial play objects as socialization tools, the method of content analysis is used. Department store catalogs and selected historical volumes on toys consti tute the data bases.This study transcends limited ethnic identification and racial preference attitude experiments that have employed dolls as stimuli. It concentrates instead on toys as the focus of analysis, and on their use as communi cators of racial stereotypes. Five categories of com munication bias are used to ascertain stereotyp...
James Madison's Republic of “Mean Extent” Theory: Avoiding The Scylla and Charybdis of Republican Government

Most scholars believe Madison embraced the extended republic merely as a means of reducing the majority's influence over government; they thus view his turn to the Republican party—a party dedicated to the mobilization of a national majority—as rejection of that theory. Careful attention to Madison's explanation of the extended republic shows, however, that his turn to the party was consistent with this theory. From the beginning, Madison believed a republic of “mean extent” was the key to striking a balance between unjust majorities and unjust rulers. Striking this balance required extending the sphere far enough to suppress majority faction without extending it so far as to prevent the majority from uniting in defense of its rights, thereby effectively enabling the government to escape its dependence on the people. Understanding that protection against unjust majorities comes at the expense of the ease with which the people can check unjust rulers, Madison embraced the Republican party as a means of pre...
Zeolite-entrapped organized molecular assemblies. New evidence for highly efficient adjacent cage dyad formation and constrained rotational mobility of tris-ligated polypyridine complexes.

The primary objectives of the present work are to investigate the extent to which an entrapped, tris-ligated polypyridine complex of divalent ruthenium is restricted from rotating within the supercage of Y-zeolite and to provide additional evidence for the high efficiency of synthetic procedures developed for the preparation of adjacent cage dyads entrapped within the Y-zeolite framework. Specifically, the Y-zeolite entrapped complex, Z-[Ru(bpy)(2)(pypz)(2+) ] (where the prefix, Z, indicated a zeolite entrapped complex, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and pypz = 2-2-pyridylpyrazine), which contains only one reactive peripheral nitrogen atom, is shown to react with the reagent, (H(2)O)Ru(NH(3))(5)(2+), to yield the entrapped Z-[Ru(bpy)(2)(pypz)-Ru(NH(3))(5)](4+) complex. Treatment with a large excess of bpy, according to previously documented procedures, leads to the formation of the entrapped adjacent cage dyad, Z-[Ru(bpy)(2)(pypz)(2+)/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)], wherein the two-component complexes are entrapped in adjacent supercages. Spectroscopic measurements confirm the integrity of the component complexes and document a strong interaction between them. Most importantly, it is shown that a second treatment of this material with a large excess of the[(H(2)O)Ru(NH(3))(5)](2+) reagent does not lead to formation of significant amounts of Z-[Ru(bpy)(2)(pypz)-Ru(NH(3))(5)](4+); i.e., the presence of the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) in the cage adjacent to the primary complex shields the latter from further reaction with the ruthenium pentammine reagent. This result demonstrates that, during the formation of the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) secondary complex, the detached Ru(NH(3))(5)(2+) fragment does not drift into remote supercages, thereby providing unequivocal evidence for the high efficiency of the synthetic procedure for adjacent cage dyad formation. Furthermore, this result also makes it clear that rotation of the tris-ligated primary complex is restricted by the confinement of the Y-zeolite supercage to the extent that the single reactive peripheral nitrogen cannot be repositioned to a different window of the surrounding supercage.
Changes in glutathione and cellular energy as potential mechanisms of papaverine-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of hepatotoxicity of papaverine hydrochloride (papaver) in vitro. To evaluate the role of metabolism in the toxicity of papaver, cells were pretreated with SKF-525A or benzyl imidazole (cytochrome P450 system inhibitors) for 24 hr at 1 x 10(-5) or 1 x 10(-4) M, respectively, or with phenobarbital sodium (cytochrome P450 system inducer) for 3 days at 2 x 10(-3) M. Cells then were exposed to concentrations of papaver ranging from 1 x 10(-5) to 1 x 10(-3) M for 4 to 24 hr. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by enzyme leakage (lactate dehydrogenase) and by energy status of the cells (ATP/ADP). The role of biological reactive intermediates in the toxicity of papaver was investigated by measuring changes in cellular reduced glutathione levels (GSH), by inhibiting GSH synthesis, and by determining the production of lipid peroxidation (LPX). Papaverine produced concentration- and time-dependent increases in enzyme leakage, with significant effects occurring by the 8-hr exposure period. Pretreatment with SKF-525A or benzyl imidazole increased enzyme leakage induced by papaver especially at a later time frame (24 hr), but pretreatment with phenobarbital delayed the onset of cytotoxicity from 8 to 12 hr. Decreases in GSH levels paralleled the time course of enzyme leakage. However, the administration of buthionine sulfoximine to cell cultures dramatically decreased the time by which papaver induced cellular injury (2 hr vs 8 hr). Changes in cellular energy status (ATP/ADP) were also detected earlier than enzyme leakage (4 hr vs 8 hr). In contrast, no significant production of lipid peroxidation was noted in papaver-treated cultures. We suggest that the mechanism of papaver-induced hepatotoxicity may be related to alterations in glutathione balance of the cells and to disruption of energy homeostasis.
An anisotropic perfectly matched layer-absorbing medium for the truncation of FDTD lattices

A perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing material composed of a uniaxial anisotropic material is presented for the truncation of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) lattices. It is shown that the uniaxial PML material formulation is mathematically equivalent to the perfectly matched layer method published by Berenger (see J. Computat. Phys., Oct. 1994). However, unlike Berenger's technique, the uniaxial PML absorbing medium presented in this paper is based on a Maxwellian formulation. Numerical examples demonstrate that the FDTD implementation of the uniaxial PML medium is stable, equal in effectiveness as compared to Berenger's PML medium, while being more computationally efficient.
Subsurface detection of a buried object using angular correlation function measurement

Abstract A new technique is proposed for subsurface detection of buried objects using the angular correlation function (ACF) measurement of scattered waves. Compared with the traditional detection technique which relies on radar cross section (intensity) measurement, this new ACF-based technique results in better signal-to-clutter ratio and thus higher target visibility. Laboratory experiments were conducted at millimetre-wave (80–105 GHz) and X-band (7–13 GHz) frequencies to illustrate the potential effectiveness of this new correlation approach over the traditional cross section approach.
Spatial analysis of disparities in LDL-C testing for older diabetic adults: A socio-environmental framework focusing on race, poverty, and health access in Mississippi

This paper aggregates data from seven different sources to examine low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or LDL-C testing rates for the 65–75 year age group with diagnosed diabetes in 82 Mississippi counties. Besides demonstrating a creative way to expand the Dartmouth Atlas dataset, this is among a handful of studies to spatially analyze racial disparities in health services utilization for a population fully covered by Medicare. This is an important area to investigate given the continued emphasis on eliminating health disparities and improving access to care, as put forth by the Department of Health and Human Services in Healthy People 2020. More specifically, diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death and a contributing factor in a number of comorbidities in the United States (and globally). Although this chronic illness can occur at any age, there is greater prevalence among senior adults (i.e., 65 years and older) and non-Hispanic Blacks. The outlook is particularly grim for older Blacks in Mississippi, a state in the southeast US. Mississippi ranks #1 with approximately 11.3% of the state's population reporting diagnosed diabetes. This percentage would be higher if one accounts for undiagnosed cases. Results from this study show older Blacks continue to utilize lower levels of care for diabetes management despite Medicare enrollment. Nevertheless, improvements in population health can be achieved by understanding geographic differences. By recognizing spatial patterns, health policy instruments can reach targeted groups in a more effective manner. For example, deficit prone states such as Mississippi can improve population health by operating clinics/facilities that serve the needs of older diabetic Blacks in contiguous counties, limiting access to fast foods, and increasing the supply of health workers in shortage areas.
Financial flows to mexico: implications for foreign investors

The 1994–1995 Mexican peso crisis occurred with the presence there of a “new” financial force, namely nonbank private funds. Mexico's economic reforms have in recent years led to massive amounts of highly liquid (and volatile) foreign capital inflows. As the country further embraces market-based principles, long- and short-term capital will flow at an even larger scale across its border, subjecting providers as well as recipients to greater risks. This paper examines the trends in both the “traditional” as well as the “new” forms of capital inflows for the period 1981–1996. Our analysis should help the two sides of this issue: foreign investors to be better prepared in managing future economic challenges, and emerging economies—including several in Southeast Asia that suffered Mexican-style exchange-rate crises in 1997—to implement more appropriate policies, especially as they pertain to currency stability.
Statewide Demonstration of Not On Tobacco: A Gender-Sensitive Teen Smoking Cessation Program:

This study represented the largest statewide demonstration (n = 346) of the teen smoking cessation program Not On Tobacco (N-O-T) to date and one of the few systematically controlled teen smoking cessation trials reported in the literature. Results showed that N-O-T female teens were 4 times more likely to quit smoking almost 6 months after the program ended than female teens who received a brief intervention (BI). The quit rate for the N-O-T female groups was significantly higher than that for female brief intervention comparison groups. The study demonstrated that 2 times more N-O-T than BI teens quit smoking overall. Differences in the biochemically validated quit rate between the N-O-T groups and the brief intervention groups overall and for male participants were not statistically different, however. Furthermore, findings showed that N-O-T was more effective than the brief intervention in assisting youth with cigarette reduction. There was a significant difference in the reduction rate between the N-...
Target RNA-directed trimming and tailing of small silencing RNAs

In Drosophila, microRNAs (miRNAs) typically guide Argonaute1 to repress messenger RNA (mRNA), whereas small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) guide Argonaute2 to destroy viral and transposon RNA. Unlike siRNAs, miRNAs rarely form extensive numbers of base pairs to the mRNAs they regulate. We find that extensive complementarity between a target RNA and an Argonaute1-bound miRNA triggers miRNA tailing and 3'-to-5' trimming. In flies, Argonaute2-bound small RNAs--but not those bound to Argonaute1--bear a 2'-O-methyl group at their 3' ends. This modification blocks target-directed small RNA remodeling: In flies lacking Hen1, the enzyme that adds the 2'-O-methyl group, Argonaute2-associated siRNAs are tailed and trimmed. Target complementarity also affects small RNA stability in human cells. These results provide an explanation for the partial complementarity between animal miRNAs and their targets.
First‐Name Desirability and Adjustment: Self‐Satisfaction, Others' Ratings, and Family Background

The association between undesirable first names and poor psychological adjustment has been studied by several investigators. However, it is not clear if self-ratings, commonness, or others' ratings of name desirability are most important in this relationship. In addition, family background might influence both psychological adjustment and first names. In a sample of undergraduates and their same-sex siblings (n= 294), self-satisfaction with first names predicted adjustment more consistently than did name commonness and others' ratings of name desirability. Using a paired-siblings design to control for family background, the sibling with higher scores on adjustment was also more satisfied with his or her name and received higher name desirability ratings from others. Results are discussed in terms of identity and the looking-glass self.
A Modified Adaptive Expectations Model

N ERLOVE'S reformation of Cagan's adaptive price expectations model has become a standard tool in the estimation of agricultural supply functions.1 In this paper we propose a modified version of Nerlove's model which in addition to past prices takes into account observed deviations of yield from its normal value. We show that under certain assumptions our model has the desirable property of rationality as defined by Muth. In the first section Muth's concept of rationality and the conditions under which Nerlove's adaptive expectations model is rational are briefly discussed. This is followed by a more general model of which both Nerlove's and this paper's models are special cases.
Reaction pathways for butanoic acid decarboxylation on the (111) surface of a Pd nanoparticle

Abstract Many-electron theory is applied to investigate decarboxylation of butanoic acid on the (111) surface of a Pd 42 nanoparticle. Butanoic acid adsorbs weakly as an intact molecule (ΔH = − 28 kJ/mol) with the COOH moiety nearly parallel to the surface. In comparison, dissociative adsorption of butanoic acid to form surface butanoate (Pr COO) species and adsorbed H is exothermic by only 5 kJ/mol. Pathways for propane and CO 2 formation are presented starting from adsorbed butanoic acid, Pr COO (ads) and a R CH COO (R = C 2 H 5 ) surface intermediate. An intramolecular pathway involves rotating the H of COOH toward the target (alpha) carbon. Following a series of bond distortions, the H is close enough to the target C to form a stretched H C bond. After propane begins to form, CO 2 linearizes and C C dissociation is energetically favorable and rapid. Reaction of Pr COO (ads) and H (ads) also results in direct formation of propane and CO 2 . The energy barriers for H insertion are ~ 100 kJ/mol for both pathways; however, the dissociative pathway involves a high-energy precursor state with H in a 3-fold site under the C C bond undergoing reaction. An alternative decarboxylation pathway starting from R CH COO leads to gas-phase CO 2 and propylidene (in the absence of adsorbed H) or propyl (via insertion of adsorbed H) with energy barriers of 75 and 32 kJ/mol, respectively. The energy of the R CH COO intermediate relative to gas-phase butanoic acid increases from 43 to 109 kJ/mol in the presence of adsorbed H, compensating for the lower decomposition barrier.
A Longitudinal Study of Electronic Cigarette Use Among a Population-Based Sample of Adult Smokers: Association With Smoking Cessation and Motivation to Quit

Aims: Increasingly popular electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may be the most promising development yet to end cigarette smoking. However, there is sparse evidence that their use promotes cessation. We investigated whether e-cigarette use increases smoking cessation and/or has a deleterious effect on quitting smoking and motivation to quit.
Monitoring item and source information: evidence for a negative generation effect in source memory.

Item memory and source memory were assessed in a task that simulated a social conversation. Participants generated answers to questions or read statements presented by one of three sources (faces on a computer screen). Positive generation effects were observed for item memory. That is, participants remembered topics of conversation better if they were asked questions about the topics than if they simply read statements about topics. However, anegative generation effect occurred for source memory. That is, remembering the source of some information was disrupted if participants were required to answer questions pertaining to that information. These findings support the notion that item and source memory are mediated, as least in part, by different processes during encoding.