cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jet launching from binary black hole-neutron star mergers: Dependence on black hole spin, binary mass ratio, and magnetic field orientation

Black hole-neutron star (BHNS) mergers are one of the most promising targets for multimessenger astronomy. Using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of BHNS undergoing merger we previously showed that a magnetically driven jet can be launched by the $\mathrm{disk}+\text{spinning}$ black hole remnant if the neutron star is endowed with a dipole magnetic field extending from the interior into the exterior as in a radio pulsar. These self-consistent studies considered a BHNS system with mass ratio $q=3:1$, black hole spin $a/{M}_{\mathrm{BH}}=0.75$ aligned with the total orbital angular momentum, and a neutron star that is irrotational, threaded by an aligned magnetic field and modeled by an $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$-law equation of state with $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}=2$. Here, as a crucial step in establishing BHNS systems as viable progenitors of central engines that power short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs) and thereby solidify their role as multimessenger sources, we survey different BHNS configurations that differ in the spin of the BH companion ($a/{M}_{\mathrm{BH}}=\ensuremath{-}0.5$, 0, 0.5, 0.75), in the mass ratio ($q=3:1$ and $q=5:1$) and in the orientation of the magnetic field (aligned and tilted by 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the orbital angular momentum). We find that by $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}t\ensuremath{\sim}3500M\ensuremath{-}4000M\ensuremath{\sim}88({M}_{\mathrm{NS}}/1.4\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}})\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ms}\ensuremath{-}100({M}_{\mathrm{NS}}/1.4\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}})\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ms}$ after the peak gravitational wave signal a magnetically driven jet is launched in the cases where the initial spin of the BH companion is $a/{M}_{\mathrm{BH}}=0.5$ or 0.75. The lifetime of the jets [$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}t\ensuremath{\sim}0.5({M}_{\mathrm{NS}}/1.4\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}})\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{s}\ensuremath{-}0.7({M}_{\mathrm{NS}}/1.4\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}})\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{s}$] and their outgoing Poynting luminosities [${L}_{\mathrm{jet}}\ensuremath{\sim}1{0}^{51\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{erg}/\mathrm{s}$] are consistent with typical sGRBs, as well as with the Blandford-Znajek mechanism for launching jets and their associated Poynting luminosities. By the time we terminate our simulations, we do not observe either an outflow or a large-scale magnetic field collimation in the other configurations we simulate. These results suggest that future multimessenger detections from BHNSs are more likely produced by binaries with highly spinning BH companions and small tilt-angle magnetic fields, though other physical processes not considered here, such as neutrino annihilation, may help to power jets in general cases.
Deciphering phenotypic variance in different models of DNA-PKcs deficiency.

Abstract DNA-PKcs deficiency has been studied in numerous animal models and cell culture systems. In previous studies of kinase inactivating mutations in cell culture systems, ablation of DNA-PK's catalytic activity results in a cell phenotype that is virtually indistinguishable from that ascribed to complete loss of the enzyme. However, a recent compelling study demonstrates a remarkably more severe phenotype in mice harboring a targeted disruption of DNA-PK's ATP binding site as compared to DNA-PKcs deficient mice. Here we investigate the mechanism for these divergent results. We find that kinase inactivating DNA-PKcs mutants markedly radiosensitize immortalized DNA-PKcs deficient cells, but have no substantial effects on transformed DNA-PKcs deficient cells. Since the non-homologous end joining mechanism likely functions similarly in all of these cell strains, it seems unlikely that kinase inactive DNA-PK could impair the end joining mechanism in some cell types, but not in others. In fact, we observed no significant differences in either episomal or chromosomal end joining assays in cells expressing kinase inactivated DNA-PKcs versus no DNA-PKcs. Several potential explanations could explain these data including a non-catalytic role for DNA-PKcs in promoting cell death, or alteration of gene expression by loss of DNA-PKcs as opposed to inhibition of its catalytic activity. Finally, controversy exists as to whether DNA-PKcs autophosphorylates or is the target of other PIKKs; we present data demonstrating that DNA-PK primarily autophosphorylates.
Sustainability in Health Care Organizations: Successes, Challenges and Opportunities

Sustainability initiatives in organizations have become increasingly prevalent amidst not only requests and demands from stakeholders for such but also from the documented realization of the operational and financial benefits frequently associated with such activity. Health care institutions, particularly hospitals, have the potential to assume a significant leadership role in the implementation of sustainable business practices. This paper explores the context in which health care institutions can engage in sustainability and provides some examples of successful sustainability initiatives, whose lessons can be applied in organizations of all sizes across industries.
Weaving participation, interaction, and technology across recreational experiences: perspectives from volunteers, caregivers, and people with complex communication needs

AbstractRecreational and leisure activities offer many meaningful and motivating opportunities for communication and improving quality-of-life. Volunteers in recreation activities have important ro...
You're Making Me Depressed: Leveraging Texts from Contact Subsets to Predict Depression

Depression, a prevalent and debilitating mental illness, is frequently undiagnosed. Diagnosis is an important step towards treatment. Currently screening tools, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), require patient input. Many studies have used a variety of data types and features to predict depression scores for individuals. In this study, we focus on the predictive ability of a single under-utilized modality indicative of the impact of social interactions: received text messages. Our approach encompasses creating subsets of influential contacts for each participant and engineering features from the text messages of those contact subsets. Overall, our study demonstrates that received text communications are a promising modality when predicting depression scores. Specifically, we found that the F1 score of Gaussian Naive Bayes models leveraging just the text messages from a subset of top contacts performed statistically significantly better by 13.2 percent than the models leveraging text messages from all contacts.
Patients Who Undergo Primary Lumbar Spine Fusion After Recent but Not Remote Total Hip Arthroplasty Are at Increased Risk for Complications, Revision Surgery, and Prolonged Opioid Use.

Objective To evaluate the effect of a recent history of total hip arthroplasty (THA) on primary lumbar spine fusion (LSF) for concurrent hip and spine disease. Methods A total of 98,242 patient records from the PearlDiver Database were evaluated and divided into 3 cohorts: 1) patients with a history of LSF alone, 2) patients with a history of LSF for newly diagnosed lumbar disease after having a remote THA> 2 years previously, and 3) patients with a history of LSF after having recent THA Results Patients who had LSF after a recent THA had increased risk of deep venous thrombosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.39; P = 0.0191), neurologic complications (aOR, 1.81; P = 0.0459), prolonged opioid use (aOR, 1.22; P = 0.0032), and revision LSF (12.8%; P = 0.0004 vs. 9.9%; OR, 1.41; P Patients who underwent LSF after a remote history of THA had no significant difference in DVT (4.2% vs. 2.6%, aOR, 1.31; P = 0.2190), neurologic complications (1.0% vs. 0.5%, aOR, 2.02; P = 0.1220), revision surgery (9.6% vs. 9.9%, aOR, 1.06; P = 0.7197), or prolonged opioid use (36.5% vs. 24.4%, aOR, 1.17; P = 0.1120). Conclusions Patients who undergo LSF with a history of THA may be at increased risk of postoperative complications, revision LSF, and prolonged opioid use if their THA was performed for concurrent hip-spine disease in the recent past (
Corticosteroids: Review of the History, the Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects in the Treatment of Joint Pain.

Background Corticosteroids have been used for the past 70 years in the treatment of various musculoskeletal conditions. This includes its use for joint pain such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Objectives A narrative review of the literature from its initial discovery to the present day to summarize the research of corticosteroids for joint pain to determine the safety and effectiveness of this commonly used and prescribed medication. Methods A review of the literature was performed regarding the effectiveness and side effects of corticosteroids for joint and osteoarthritis conditions. Results The current evidence would suggest that the use of corticosteroids provides moderate short-term benefit for reducing pain and improving functioning. These benefits generally last several weeks without long-term effectiveness. In addition to its limited short-term effectiveness, there are multiple potential adverse effects including toxicity to articular cartilage and numerous systemic side effects such as increases in blood glucose levels, a reduction in immune function, and an increased risk of infections. Limitations English only articles were reviewed. No attempt was made to perform a formal statistical or meta-analysis. Conclusions The current evidence would suggest that the use of corticosteroids provides moderate evidence for short-term pain reduction and improvement in function. There are multiple potential adverse effects, such as toxic damage to articular cartilage, as well as numerous systemic side effects, including a reduction in immune function and an increased risk of infection, of which physicians need to be aware.
Significance of Removing Comedonecrosis as an Exclusion Criterion in Mammary Low-Risk Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Managed in an Active Surveillance Clinical Trial.

Objectives This study aims to investigate the consequences of comedonecrosis omission as an exclusion criterion of the Comparison of Operative vs Monitoring and Endocrine Therapy (COMET) trial. Methods The clinical inclusion criteria of the COMET trial were applied on women who were mammographically screened between 2007 and 2017 and had a diagnosis of low- or intermediate-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The percentage of ductal diameter occupied by necrosis was calculated. Results Twenty-six of 129 (20.2%) cases were upgraded. Larger calcification span correlated with upgrade (P = .02), with the best cutoff of 1.1 cm, and negative predictive value of 86%. When solely analyzing cases with no comedonecrosis (n = 76), none of the variables correlated with upgrade. Comedonecrosis was significantly correlated with upgrade to invasive carcinoma (P = .041), with the best cutoff of 53% of ductal diameter occupied by necrosis. Conclusions Results indicate that comedonecrosis and span of mammographic calcifications could be risk factors in women managed with active surveillance.
DNA METHYLATION PROFILING OF A CNIDARIAN-ALGAL SYMBIOSIS USING NANOPORE SEQUENCING.

Symbiosis with protists is common among cnidarians such as corals and sea anemones, and is associated with homeostatic and phenotypic changes in the host that could have epigenetic underpinnings, such as methylation of CpG dinucleotides. We leveraged the sensitivity to base modifications of nanopore sequencing to probe the effect of symbiosis with the chlorophyte Elliptochloris marina on methylation in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. We first validated the approach by comparison of nanopore-derived methylation levels with CpG depletion analysis of a published transcriptome, finding that high methylation levels are associated with CpG depletion as expected. Next, using reads generated exclusively from aposymbiotic anemones, a largely complete draft genome comprising 243 Mb was assembled. Reads from aposymbiotic and symbiotic sea anemones were then mapped to this genome and assessed for methylation using the program Nanopolishwhich detects signal disruptions from base modifications as they pass through the nanopore. Based on assessment of 452,841 CpGs for which there was adequate read coverage (approximately 8% of the CpGs in the genome), symbiosis with E. marina was, surprisingly, associated with only subtle changes in the host methylome. However, we did identify one extended genomic region with consistently higher methylation among symbiotic individuals. The region was associated with a DNA polymerase zeta that is noted for its role in translesion synthesis, which opens interesting questions about the biology of this symbiosis. Our study highlights the power and relative simplicity of nanopore sequencing for studies of nucleic acid base modifications in non-model species.
Stable Singlet Carbenes as Organic Superbases.

A simple experimental procedure for scaling carbene Bronsted basicity is described. The results highlight the strong basicity of pyrazol-4-ylidenes, a type of mesoionic carbene, also named cyclic-bentallenes (CBA). They are more basic (pKaH >42.7 in acetonitrile) than the popular proazaphosphatrane Verkade bases, and even the Schwesinger phosphazene superbase P4 (t Bu). The basicity of these compounds can readily be tuned, and they are accessible in multigram quantities. These results open new avenues for carbon centered superbases.
Some Cell and Fibre Peculiarities of Uncal Hippocampus

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some phylogenetic deductions about the uncal region, and the hippocampal formation as a whole, to an assemblage of doyens of comparative neurology. The chapter presents evidence to support the theses that uncal extremity is more primitive in structure than the main body of the hippocampus and fascia dentata; and that the hippocampal formation, as a whole, probably evolved from the same primordial region as the amygdaloid complex. Four different, convergent subsets of evidence are presented: (i) confluence of pyramidal-type neurons of hippocampus and amygdala; (ii) confluence of granular-type neurons of fascia dentata and amygdala; (iii) origin of myelinated fibres of alveus from amygdaloid as well as hippocampal pyramidal-type neurons; and (iv) heavy-metal containing small synapse-like entities relatively peculiar to both complexes. The observations are illustrated in 18 photomicrographs and summarised diagrammatically.
A Practical Approach to MDCT

Over the past 8 years, computed tomography (CT) technology has developed tremendously with the introduction of multi-detector row CT (MDCT) scanners to the clinical radiology practice [1]. Use of CT scanning has increased immensely over the last decade with the introduction of newer applications. Demand for better technology continues to propel vendors to develop further innovations in very short time periods. As a result, it has become difficult for many radiologists, physicists, and technologists to keep up with the pace of development. This chapter outlines growth patterns in MDCT application and use and the history of CT technology and describes the fundamentals of MDCT technology.
Very High Power THz Radiation Sources

We report the production of high power (20watts average, ∼ 1 Megawatt peak) broadbandTHz light based on coherent emission fromrelativistic electrons. Such sources areideal for imaging, for high power damagestudies and for studies of non-linearphenomena in this spectral range. Wedescribe the source, presenting theoreticalcalculations and their experimentalverification. For clarity we compare thissource with one based on ultrafast lasertechniques.
The optic tract and tectal ablation influence the composition of neurofilaments in regenerating optic axons of Xenopus laevis

Neurofilaments have been proposed to regulate axonal stability and diameter through changes in number and subunit composition. We have found that pathway and target innervation directly influence the molecular composition of neurofilaments within regenerating optic axons of Xenopus laevis. Immunocytochemistry was used to examine neurofilaments within two abnormal visual pathways. The first was an aberrant, transient retinoretinal projection, which formed when some axons entered the contralateral optic nerve at the chiasm. The second was formed by regenerating axons deprived of their normal targets by surgical ablation of both optic tecta. Distal to an orbital nerve crush, the neurofilament proteins NF-L, NF-M, NF-H, and XNIF disappear from degenerating fibers. In normally regenerating axons, these neurofilament proteins emerge in a progression reminiscent of development. In the aberrant retinoretinal projection, levels of XNIF, NF-L, and -M remained lower than in normally regenerating axons, whereas NF-H and a phosphorylated form of NF-M were undetectable for at least 35 d after nerve crush. Normally, these two latter forms reappear between 15 and 21 d after surgery. Thus, this transient, incorrect axonal projection expressed neurofilaments in a very different pattern from correctly regenerating axons. In tecta-ablated frogs, staining of phosphorylation independent epitopes of XNIF, NF-L, and -M increased normally after axons entered the tract, but that of NF-H and phosphorylated NF-M remained low for at least 42 d after axotomy. Thus, separate parts of the visual pathway influence the complexity of neurofilaments.
Real Asset Ownership and the Risk and Return to Stockholders

Many corporations own a significant amount of real assets and this includes real estate. However, the effect of real asset ownership on the risk and return for a firm's stockholders is unknown. Thi...
Fundamental spatial array paper performance limitation analysis of multiple machine cross-directional processes

This paper presents a fundamental spatial performance limitation analysis method for multiple array paper machine cross-directional (CD) processes based on a two-dimensional (temporal and spatial) frequency decomposition method. Paper machine CD processes are spatially-distributed dynamical systems. Due to their (almost) spatially invariant characteristic, the models of these systems are considered as transfer matrices with rectangular circulant matrix blocks, whose input and output singular vectors are the Fourier components of dimension equivalent to number of actuators and measurements respectively. Through this method, a fundamental spatial performance limitation of multiple array CD processes can be observed. A real industrial multiple array CD process is used for illustrating the effectiveness of this method.
Adventures in implementation: Mandating open space preservation in a weak mandate state

This study uses a mix of qualitative, quantitative, and spatial statistical methods to investigate local government responses to a state level change in land use policy. The results suggest that lo...
An Assessment of Casino Dealers' Motivational Attitudes

An assessment of casino dealers' motivational attitudes was conducted at three Las Vegas casinos. Dealers' attitudes were assessed through a motivational-hygiene survey questionnaire. Casino supervisors' perceptions of the dealers' attitudes were also assessed and compared. Both the dealers' and supervisors' survey results were compared to previous studies of hospitality and general industry employees. Dealers exhibited different attitudes than employees of previous studies.
Landform and Soil Development in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: a Regional Synthesis

The McMurdo Valleys Mapping Project (VALMAP) contains soils data collected from 473 sites in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (77?07.5-78?00'S; 160?-164?E), Antarctica. The database includes surface boulder lithology, frequency, and weathering features; observations of patterned ground, permafrost, and ground-ice forms; detailed soil profile descriptions; laboratory characterization; and classification of the soils. Each site was located on 1:50,000 topographic maps from aerial photographs and elevation measurements, digitized, and entered into an ArcInfo Geographic Information System. The sites are arrayed along an ecoclimatic gradient that includes 21 coastal sites (4.4% of total), 109 inland valley floor sites (23%), 196 inland valley side sites (41%), 136 upland valley sites (29%), and 11 plateau fringe sites (2.3% of total). Whereas ice-cemented permafrost was predominant at coastal sites and along the polar plateau, 42% of the sites had dry permafrost in the upper 1 m. Massive ice occurs to a limited extent as ice-wedge polygons, ice-cored drift, and rock glaciers. Sand-wedge casts in upland valleys attest to a recession of the ice-cemented permafrost to greater depths over time. The most strongly developed soils and weathering features are on valley floors and in upland valleys where older deposits and landforms occur. The distribution of anions in soil:water extracts is reflective of air mass movement, with most soils reflecting a coastal source. Seventy percent of the soils examined in the McMurdo Dry Valleys are classified as Anhyorthels reflecting the lack of cryoturbation in the cold desert Antarctic environment.
On the pole assignability property over commutative rings

Abstract This paper is concerned with the pole assignability property in commutative rings. Specifically, a commutative ring R has the pole assignability property iff given an n-dimensional reachable system (F, G) over R and ring elements r1,…,rn ϵ R, there exists a matrix K such that the characteristic polynomial of the matrix F+GK is (X−r1) ∣ (X−rn). The principal theorem of this paper is Theorem 3: Let R be a commutative ring with the property that all rank one projective R-modules are free. Then R has the pole assignability property iff given a reachable system (F, G) there is a unimodular vector in the image of G.
Nutritional, Sensory and Microbiological Qualities of Labneh Made from Goat Milk and Cow Milk

Labneh, a concentrated yogurt product routinely consumed in the Middle East, was prepared from cow milk and goat milk by a procedure normally used in the Middle East. Goat labneh was significantly higher in ash than cow labneh. Protein, fat and total solids were the same. Storage for six months had no significant influence on the chemical composition. Levels of Ca, P and K were higher in goat labneh. Goat labneh protein had significantly higher levels of aspartic acid, threonine, proline, valine and phenylalanine than cow labneh. On the other hand, cow Labneh protein had significantly higher levels of histidine and arginine. Total aerobic counts, lactic acid bacterial counts and counts of yeast and molds decreased by 2 to 4 logtO numbers during 6 months of storage in both labnehs. Storage of goat labneh, but not cow labneh, for six months significantly improved the sensory qualities.
Concentration of enzymatically active prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the extracellular fluid of primary human prostate cancers and human prostate cancer xenograft models.

BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) targeted prodrugs are under development in our laboratory. Concentrations of total PSA and enzymatically active PSA produced by various human prostate cancer xenograft models have not been well characterized. METHODS The concentration of PSA secreted into the extracellular fluid (ECF) in normal human prostate tissue, primary prostate cancers obtained directly from patients, and serially passageable human prostate cancer xenografts (PC-82, LNCaP, LAPC-4) were determined using Tandem assays. Percent enzymatically active PSA in the ECF and in conditioned media was also determined using a previously validated assay employing a monoclonal antibody to the PSA catalytic site. In addition, the concentration and activity of PSA within sera from men with and without prostate cancer, as well as from tumor-bearing animals, was likewise assayed. RESULTS Normal human prostate tissue and primary human prostate cancers have high concentrations of PSA in the ECF (i.e., 1600–2100 nM). The majority of this PSA is enzymatically active (i.e., 80–90%). Human PC-82 prostate cancer xenografts also have high concentrations of PSA in the ECF (624 ± 360 nM), and the majority of this PSA is also enzymatically active (i.e., 66 ± 4%). In contrast, much lower concentrations of PSA are found in the ECF from LNCaP (45 ± 9 nM) and LAPC-4 (7.3 ± 0.6 nM). Only a small portion of the total PSA isolated from DHT-containing, serum-free, conditioned media from these cell lines is enzymatically active (i.e., ∼18%). While PSA was detected in all serum samples regardless of the type of host, no enzymatically active PSA was detected in any of these serum samples. CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancers obtained directly from patients produce and secrete large amounts of PSA, the majority of which is highly enzymatically active. In contrast, while PSA was detected in the sera, none of this PSA was enzymatically active. This is also the case for the human PC-82 prostate cancer xenografts. In contrast, LNCaP and LAPC-4 human prostate cancer xenograft models secrete ∼70–300-fold less PSA in the ECF than prostate cancers from patients and the majority of this PSA is enzymatically inactive. Also, the serum from these animals had detectable PSA, but none of this PSA was enzymatically active. Thus, these latter two prostate cancer models define the least and the PC-82, the most, optimized xenograft model for screening PSA targeted prodrugs. Prostate 48:1–6, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
As mulheres muçulmanas precisam realmente de salvação?: reflexões antropológicas sobre o relativismo cultural e seus outros

This article explores the ethics of the current "War on Terrorism", asking whether anthropology, the discipline devoted to understanding and dealing with cultural difference, can provide us with critical purchase on the justifications made for American intervention in Afghanistan in terms of liberating, or saving, Afghan women. I look first at the dangers of reifying culture, apparent in the tendencies to plaster neat cultural icons like the Muslim woman over messy historical and political dynamics. Then, calling attention to the resonances of contemporary discourses on equality, freedom, and rights with earlier colonial and missionary rhetoric on Muslim women, I argue that we need to develop, instead, a serious appreciation of differences among women in the world - as products of different histories, expressions of different circumstances, and manifestations of differently structured desires. Further, I argue that rather than seeking to "save" others (with the superiority it implies and the violences it would entail) we might better think in terms of (1) working with them in situations that we recognize as always subject to historical transformation and (2) considering our own larger responsibilities to address the forms of global injustice that are powerful shapers of the worlds in which they find themselves. I develop many of these arguments about the limits of "cultural relativism" through a consideration of the burqa and the many meanings of veiling in the Muslim world.
Transfer suppression of a hunger-motivated response as a function of the number of prior escape or avoidance trials

Several prior studies have demonstrated suppression of an appetitively motivated response (relative to controls) acquired on the basis of prior aversive motivation. These studies used a small number of escape-acquisition trials prior to transferring a runway response across drive-reinforcement conditions. The present study was an attempt to determine if an avoidance procedure, as well as an escape procedure, in the aversive phase, would produce suppression in transferring to hunger-motivated responding. It also constituted an effort to determine the influence of extended aversive training on the degree of suppression. Four experimental groups of rats were used in a 2 by 2 factorial study (aversive condition: escape or avoidance by number of aversive trials: 15 or 45). Each group was subsequently food deprived and transferred to hunger-motivated responding in the same runway. The experimental groups started and rail at about the same suppressed speeds, relative to a hunger-motivated control group given no prior aversive training. These results replicate the basic suppression effect and extend it to animals given prolonged aversive training. Further, the effect is demonstrable with prior avoidance as well as with prior escape training. Possible explanations of suppression are presented.
Identification of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) released from the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus californianus in response to nerve stimulation.

1. Small quantities of artificial seawater were recyclically perfused over the surface of paired anterior byssus retractor muscles of Mytilus. 2. Perfusates were found to contain 5-HT. 3. Stimulation of the pedal ganglion caused a marked qualitative enhancement of release of 5-HT (serotonin) to the perfusate. 4. 5-HT was detected in the pedal ganglion. 5. Evidence is considered for a role of 5-HT as a neurotransmitter in this tissue. 6. Release of dopamine to perfusates was not observed although low concentrations may have remained undetected.
Tuning Solid Surfaces from Hydrophobic to Superhydrophilic by Submonolayer Surface Modification

Molecular-scale understanding and manipulation of the wetting behavior of water on solids remains a fundamental challenge. Using diamond as a model system, we show that the naturally hydrophobic behavior of a hydrogen-terminated C(111) surface can be manipulated by replacing the H termination with a monolayer of adsorbate. In particular, a mixed monolayer of (1/3) Na and (2/3) F atoms leads to superhydrophilic behavior, as shown by first-principles calculations. The physical origin of the superhydrophilic behavior is attributed to the ionic nature of the Na adatoms, which mediate the right degree of binding strength between water molecules and the substrate.
WAVE3-NFκB Interplay Is Essential for the Survival and Invasion of Cancer Cells

The WAVE3 cytoskeletal protein promotes cancer invasion and metastasis. We have shown that the WAVE3-mediated activation of cancer cell invasion is due, in part, to its regulation of expression and activity of key metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP9, which is centrally involved in invadopodia-mediated degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMP9 is also a major NFκB target gene, suggesting a potential linkage of WAVE3 to this pathway, which we sought to investigate. Mechanistically, we found that loss of WAVE3 in cancer cells leads to inhibition of NFκB signaling as a result of a decrease in the nuclear translocation of NFκB and therefore loss of activation of NFκB target genes. Conversely, overexpression of WAVE3 was sufficient to enhance NFκB activity. Both pharmacologic and genetic manipulations of NFκB effector molecules show that the biological consequence of loss of WAVE3 function in the NFκB pathway result the inhibition of invadopodia formation and ECM degradation by cancer cells, and these changes are a consequence of decreased MMP9 expression and activity. Loss of WAVE3 also sensitized cancer cells to apoptosis and cell death driven by TNFα, through the inhibition of the AKT pro-survival pathway. Our results identify a novel function of WAVE3 in NFκB signaling, where its activity is essential for the regulation of invadopodia and ECM degradation. Therefore, targeted therapeutic inhibition of WAVE3 will sensitize cancer cells to apoptosis and cell death, and suppress cancer invasion and metastasis.
Energetics of the Preyssler anion's molecular orbitals: quantifying the effect of the encapsulated-cation's charge.

The ground state electronic properties of metal-exchanged Preyssler heteropolyoxoanions [Mn+P5W30O110]n−15, in which the encapsulated Mn+ ions are the spherical, diamagnetic ions Na+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Y3+, La3+ and Th4+, are studied using a combination of electrochemical, optical, and NMR experiments. We have designed experiments that focus on the influence of the charge (n) of the encapsulated cations, which themselves have no redox response, and its effect upon the W–O framework MOs. As n increases, the cluster anions accept electrons into their LUMOs with increasing ease, and their lowest-energy LMCT bands reveal a corresponding blue shift, which is indicative of an increase of the LUMO–HOMO energy splitting with increasing n. 183W NMR spectra are used to identify the atomic origin of the LUMO states, which are shown to be composed primarily of orbitals from the ring of 5 W atoms near Mn+. The cation charge correlates directly and linearly with the half-wave potentials of the first redox couples, the LMCT band energies, and the W chemical shifts. We have combined this suite of experimental results to construct an energy level diagram of the frontier MOs for the Preyssler cluster anions. In so doing, we provide a fundamental perspective that is not otherwise available on the cation's role with specific regard to the electronic behavior of the W–O orbitals. These results are expected to provide benchmarking information as theorists begin to study these large POM systems.
Maxwell's Demons Everywhere: Evolving Design as the Arrow of Time

Science holds that the arrow of time in nature is imprinted on one-way (irreversible) phenomena, and is accounted for by the second law of thermodynamics. Here I show that the arrow of time is painted much more visibly on another self-standing phenomenon: the occurrence and change (evolution in time) of flow organization throughout nature, animate and inanimate. This other time arrow has been present in science but not recognized as such since the birth of thermodynamics. It is Maxwell's demon. Translated in macroscopic terms, this is the physics of the phenomenon of design, which is the universal natural tendency of flow systems to evolve into configurations that provide progressively greater access over time, and is summarized as the constructal law of design and evolution in nature. Knowledge is the ability to effect design changes that facilitate human flows on the landscape. Knowledge too flows.
The role of cultural inertia in reactions to immigration on the U.S./Mexico border

Assimilation and multiculturalism are often contrasted as opposite interethnic ideologies about cultural integration. Here, we address models of assimilation and multiculturalism and how group identity influences attitudes toward immigrants. One overlooked issue concerns the dynamic processes involved in integration. It is proposed that cultural inertia, defined as the desire to avoid cultural change, or conversely, to continue change once it is already occurring, can account for a number of seemingly discrepant findings. In particular, cultural inertia predicts that majority groups should prefer assimilation type models, whereas minority groups should prefer multicultural models. Resistance to change is the mediating process. Cultural inertia is used as a model to understand discrepant attitudes toward assimilation and multiculturalism across different groups.
Facing budgetary shortfalls?: ways to keep IT staffing, while saving important monies for critical use

The Help Desk staff at Valparaiso University has discovered several practices that may be of use to other organizations. First, on-call student technicians working on student problems in residence halls and computer clusters greatly reduces the strain and call volume to the Help Desk. Second, on-site student User Support Specialists for faculty and also staff on-site assistance increase call ticket closure or reassignment speeds. Regularly scheduled mandatory training sessions increase student knowledge and reduce second level intervention in service requests due to consultant error or omission. Finally, having managers on each shift gives students a feeling for workplace hierarchy and reduces their reliance on full-time staff, thereby saving staff time and crucial dollars.
Dose‐dependent inhibition of hepatic fibrosis in mice by a TGF‐β soluble receptor: Implications for antifibrotic therapy

Transforming growth factor (TGF) β isoforms (in particular, TGF-β1) play a central role in the fibrogenic response to injury in many organs, including the liver. Although TGF-β is clearly important in fibrogenesis, a number of issues related to therapeutic antagonism have emerged. For example, the long-term effect of TGF-β antagonism is unknown; furthermore, controversy exists as to appropriate levels of TGF-β inhibition. Therefore, we aimed to examine TGF-β in models of chronic liver injury and to determine whether an in vivo dose-response relationship exists for inhibition of TGF-β. Liver injury was induced in BALB/c mice by administering carbon tetrachloride for 4 or 8 weeks. TGF-β binding was inhibited with a soluble TGF-β type II receptor (STR) construct, administered intraperitoneally over a dose range of 4.0, 1.0, 0.4, or 0.1 mg/kg twice weekly during fibrogenesis. Fibrogenesis was assessed by measurement of type I collagen messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and by quantitative morphometric analysis. In the 4-week study, STR at concentrations of 4.0, 1.0, and 0.1 mg/kg reduced type I collagen mRNA expression by 31%, 49%, and 60% compared with immunoglobulin (Ig) G controls, respectively. In the 8-week study, lower concentrations of STR (0.1 mg/kg) also had the greatest effect on type I collagen mRNA expression. Quantitative morphometrics similarly showed that lower concentrations of STR were the most antifibrogenic. In conclusion, the results confirm the antifibrotic effect of inhibiting TGF-β in chronic hepatic wounding and, moreover, show that its in vivo effect in the mouse is dose dependent. Such findings have major translational implications for therapeutic strategies aimed at TGF-β.
Effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid on human osteoblastic cells

The effects of the lysophospholipids, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) were studied in human primary osteoblastic cells and the human osteosarcomal cell lines, G292 and MG-63. The studies focused on the role of the Gi protein in the regulation of S1P and LPA-induced proliferation, the effects of the phospholipids on alkaline phosphatase, an early marker of osteoblastic cell proliferation, and the presence of edg receptors. Proliferation was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Short-term incubation with S1P or LPA induced increases in proliferation that were attenuated in the presence of the Gi inhibitor, pertussis toxin. Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured with a spectrophotometric assay. Biphasic effects of S1P and LPA were observed with the nature of the response dependent upon the cell type, concentration of test agent and the time period of incubation. RTPCR studies revealed that edg-1,2,4,5 receptors are present in the primary normal osteoblastic cells, the MG63 and G292 cells. Only the G292 cells expressed the edg-3 receptor to any significant extent.
Long Range Collision-induced dipoles

Abstract A method of estimating the long range dipole moment coefficient, D 7 , for two colliding dissimilar S-state atoms from their ground state sum rule values is presented and applied to systems involving H. He and Ne.
The emerging role of contrast agents in echocardiography

Because of an outstanding track record for diagnostic accuracy, noninvasive properties, ease of use, and relatively low expense, echocardiography has become a leading technique in the evaluation of cardiac disorders. In the three decades since echocardiography entered the ranks of standard cardiac diagnostic tools, refinements and technological advances have progressively increased its usefulness. One of the most noteworthy advancements has been the development of ultrasound contrast agents, which investigators are avidly seeking to apply to a broad spectrum of clinical settings and issues.
Using Multiple Intelligences to Teach Tennis

Abstract The theory of multiple intelligences has wide application, but few articles have discussed how to use it to improve the teaching of a specific unit in physical education.
Protection conferred by a fully recombinant sub-unit vaccine against Yersinia pestis in male and female mice of four inbred strains.

Abstract In this paper, we describe for the first time the use of a fully recombinant sub-unit vaccine for plague. We have compared the protection afforded by the recombinant vaccine against Yersinia pestis in male and female mice of four inbred strains. We also determined the in vivo cellular memory and antibody response after one year. The recombinant vaccine was capable of inducing protective immunity, against subcutaneous and aerosol challenge, in mice from all four strains. Although, there was some breakthrough in the CBA males challenged with 10 7 median lethal dose (MLDs) the other mice regardless of sex or strain were well protected even at this extreme challenge dose. In both male and female mice, the specific IgG titres to both antigens peaked at day 28 and 35 and in female mice these titres were maintained for >1 year.
Prediction and experimental validation of penetration depth of butt welds in thin plates using superimposed laser sources

In this paper, a methodology to measure penetration depth of butt welds in thin plates using laser generated ultrasounds is presented. The superimposed line sources (SLS) technique is used to generate narrowband ultrasounds. The signal processing procedure that combines wavenumber-frequency (k-ω) domain filtering and synthetic phase tuning (SPT) is used to reduce the complexity of Lamb wave signals. The reflection coefficients for different wavelengths corresponding to each wave mode are calculated. Cutcheck inspection is performed and critical dimensions of weld such as penetration depth, reinforcement height and bead width are measured. Regression analysis that includes stepwise regression and corrected Akaike's information criterion (AICc) is performed to build prediction models that use the reflection coefficients as predictors. The model predictions are validated using cutcheck results of validation experiments and the root mean square error (RMSE) is as low as 7.74% of the plate thickness.
Renewal Plans and Persistent Optimality in Countably Additive Gambling

In countably additive gambling models with general utility functions, plans for play are constructed which persist in being conditionally e-optimal along every history and which are conditionally optimal whenever possible. Such plans are formed by piecing together plans which are known to be good for the gambler at single time periods. Verification of the optimality properties of these plans uses transient renewal theoretic arguments.
Using a Video-Based Curriculum to Develop a Reflective Stance in Prospective Mathematics Teachers.

Although video cases are increasingly being used in teacher education as a means of situating learning and developing habits of reflection, there has been little evidence of the outcomes of such use. This study investigates the effects of using a coherent video-case curriculum in a university mathematics methods course by addressing two issues: (1) how the use of a video-case curriculum affects the reflective stance of prospective teachers (PTs); and (2) the extent to which a reflective stance developed while reflecting on other teachers’ practice transfers for reflecting on one’s own practice. Data sources include videotapes of course sessions and PTs’ written work from a middle school mathematics methods course that used a video-case curriculum as a major instructional tool. Both qualitative and quantitative analytical methods were used, including comparative and chi-square contingency table analyses. The PTs in this study showed changes in their level of reflection, their tendency to ground their analyses in evidence, and their focus on student thinking. In particular, they began to analyze teaching in terms of how it affects student thinking, to consider multiple interpretations of student thinking, and to develop a more tentative stance of inquiry. More significantly, the reflective stance developed via the video curriculum transferred to the PTs’ self-reflection in a course field experience. The results of this study speak to the power of using a video-case curriculum as a means of developing a reflective stance in prospective mathematics teachers.
Diversity and community structure of symbiotic dinoflagellates from Caribbean coral reefs

A community ecology approach to the study of the most common group of zooxanthellae, dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium, was applied to symbiotic invertebrate assemblages on coral reefs in the western Caribbean, off the Yucatan peninsula (Puerto Morelos, Mexico) and over 1000 km away in the northeastern Caribbean, at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. Sequence differences and intragenomic variation, as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2) region, were used to classify these symbionts. Twenty-eight genetically distinct Symbiodinium types were identified, eleven of which were found in hosts from both Caribbean locations. A single symbiont population was detected in 72% of hosts from the Yucatan and 92% of hosts from the Bahamas. The reef-wide community distribution of these symbionts is dominated by a few types found in many different host taxa, while numerous rare types appear to have high specificity for a particular host species or genus. Clade or lineage A Symbiodinium spp. was restricted to compatible hosts located within 3–4 m of the surface, while Symbiodinium spp. types from other lineages displayed differences in vertical zonation correlated with ITS type but were independent of clade designation. A comparison of the symbiont types found in field-collected hosts with types previously cultured from these hosts indicates the existence of low density or "background"-symbiont populations and cryptic, potentially non-mutualistic types in some hosts.
Fluorogold labeling of descending brain neurons in larval lamprey does not cause cell death.

In our previous double-labeling studies, the fluorescent anatomical tracers Fluorogold (FG) and Texas red dextran amine (TRDA) were used to demonstrate that descending brain neurons, ∼80% of which are reticulospinal (RS) neurons, in spinal cord-transected larval lamprey regenerate their axons. However, the numbers of FG-labeled descending brain neurons decreased significantly with increasing recovery times, from 2 to 16 weeks. For some FG-labeled mammalian neurons, FG appears to degrade and/or be lost over time, while in other neurons this tracer can kill neurons. In the present study, these possibilities were examined in larval lamprey for FG-labeled descending brain neurons. As in our previous studies, FG was applied to the spinal cord at 40% body length (BL, relative distance from the head) to retrogradely labeled descending brain neurons, and after recovery times of 2, 8, or 16 weeks, HRP, a non-toxic retrograde tracer, was applied to the spinal cord at 20% BL to determine if the numbers of HRP-labeled neurons were reduced. At these three recovery times, the numbers of HRP-labeled descending brain neurons were not significantly different than the numbers of HRP-labeled neurons in control animals that were not labeled with FG. Furthermore, the size and morphology of cell bodies and dendritic trees were not noticeably different in descending brain neurons with and without FG. Thus, in larval lamprey, FG does not appear to kill these neurons, but some FG probably is degraded and/or lost from neurons with increasing recovery times.