cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicted Ice Shape Formations on a Boundary Layer Ingesting Engine Inlet

Computational ice shapes were generated on the boundary layer ingesting engine nacelle of the D8 Double Bubble aircraft. The computations were generated using LEWICE3D, a well-known CFD icing post processor. A 50-bin global drop diameter discretization was used to capture the collection efficiency due to the direct impingement of water onto the engine nacelle. These discrete results were superposed in a weighted fashion to generate six drop size distributions that span the Appendix C and O regimes. Due to the presence of upstream geometries, i.e. the fuselage nose, the trajectories of the water drops are highly complex. Since the ice shapes are significantly correlated with the collection efficiency, the upstream fuselage nose has a significant impact on the ice accretion on the engine nacelle. These complex trajectories are caused by the ballistic nature of the particles and are thus exacerbated as particle size increases. Shadowzones are generated on the engine nacelle, and due to the curvature of the nose of the aircraft the shadowzone boundary moves from lower inboard to upper outboard as particle size increases. The largest particle impinging one the engine nacelle from the 50-bin discretization was the 47 um drop diameter. As a result, the MVD greater than 40 um Appendix O conditions were characterized by extremely low collection efficiency on the engine nacelle for these direct impingement simulations.
A Book Review of Blended Learning in Action: A Practical Guide Toward Sustainable Change

This is a book review of Tucker, Wycoff, and Green's Blended Learning in Action: A Practical Guide Toward Sustainable Change. This review will discuss the basic information from the book, the people who would most benefit from reading it, and the portions of the book most applicable to practitioners.
Taurine Supplementation Induces Hyperinsulinemia and Neuronal Hyperexcitability

In this study we examined the role of taurine in mediating increased insulin production and secretion by the pancreas and the functional relevance for plasma glucose homeostasis and brain excitability. One-month-old FVB/NJ males were supplemented with taurine in drinking water (0.05 % w/v) for 4 weeks. At that time, mice were sacrificed and pancreases processed for histology and immunohistochemistry. Additional mice were subjected to a glucose tolerance test (7.5 mg/kg BW) after 12 h fasting. We found that taurine supplementation resulted in a significant increase in the number and size of the islets of Langerhans. Taurine-fed mice were slightly hypoglycemic prior to glucose injection and showed a significantly reduced plasma glucose at 30 and 60 min post-glucose injection when compared to control mice. Concomitant with the increased islets size and glucose tolerance observed in taurine-fed mice there was an increase in insulin, glucagon and somatostatin immunoreactivity in the islets. Previously, we reported that taurine supplementation induces biochemical changes in the GABAergic system in the brain. Those studies show that taurine-fed mice are hyperexcitable, have reduced GABAA receptors expression and increased GAD and somatostatin expression in the brain. In this study, we also found that taurine-fed mice had a significant increase in insulin receptor (IR) immunoreactivity in all brain regions examined. Circulating insulin crosses the blood brain barrier through a saturable mechanism. We propose that increased insulin production and secretion in taurine-fed mice caused increased activation of the central IR and may be partially responsible for the increased neuronal excitability observed in taurine supplemented mice.
The role of adaptation in neural coding.

The concept of ‘neural coding’ supposes that neural firing patterns in some sense represent some external correlate, whether sensory, motor, or structural knowledge about the world. While the implied existence of a one-to-one mapping between external referents and neural firing has been useful, the prevalence of adaptation challenges this. Adaptation provides neural responses with dynamics on timescales that range from milliseconds up to many seconds. These timescales are highly relevant for sensory experience in the natural world, in which local statistical properties of inputs change continuously, and are additionally altered by active sensing. Adaptation has a number of consequences for coding: it creates short-term history dependence; it engenders complex feature selectivity that is time-varying; and it can serve to enhance information representation in dynamic environments. Considering how to best incorporate adaptation into neural models exposes a fundamental dichotomy in approaches to the description of neural systems: ones that take an explicitly ‘coding’ perspective versus ones that describe the system’s dynamics. Here we discuss the pros and cons of different approaches to the modeling of adaptive dynamics.
Processing by RNase 1 forms tRNA halves and distinct Y RNA fragments in the extracellular environment

Extracellular RNAs participate in intercellular communication, and are being studied as promising minimally invasive diagnostic markers. Several studies in recent years showed that tRNA halves and distinct Y RNA fragments are abundant in the extracellular space, including in biofluids. While their regulatory and diagnostic potential has gained a substantial amount of attention, the biogenesis of these extracellular RNA fragments remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that these fragments are produced by RNase 1, a highly active secreted nuclease. We use RNA sequencing to investigate the effect of a null mutation of RNase 1 on the levels of tRNA halves and Y RNA fragments in the extracellular environment of cultured human cells. We complement and extend our RNA sequencing results with northern blots, showing that tRNAs and Y RNAs in the non-vesicular extracellular compartment are released from cells as full-length precursors and are subsequently cleaved to distinct fragments. In support of these results, formation of tRNA halves is recapitulated by recombinant human RNase 1 in our in vitro assay. These findings assign a novel function for RNase 1, and position it as a strong candidate for generation of tRNA halves and Y RNA fragments in biofluids.
Operative vaginal delivery and third grade educational outcomes.

Background Operative vaginal delivery rates continue to drop nationally with many citing neonatal safety concerns as a primary driver of this decrease. Previous evidence on short-term neonatal outcomes does not support this concern. Objective This study aimed to better understand the impact of delivery mode on childhood educational outcomes. Study Design A statewide retrospective cohort was created in which third grade Rhode Island Department of Education data for 2014 to 2017 were linked to Rhode Island Department of Health birth certificate data. Children’s third grade reading and math proficiencies were compared by the mode of delivery listed in their birth certificates. The study population was limited to children who were term, singleton births without congenital anomalies. The mode of delivery was classified as operative vaginal (forceps or vacuum), primary cesarean, or spontaneous vaginal delivery. Children born via repeat cesarean delivery were excluded. Bivariate analyses were conducted to assess differences in demographic variables between mothers and children by mode of delivery and between reading and math proficiencies and mode of delivery. Bivariable and multivariable log-binomial regression was used to examine the association between subject proficiency and predictors including mode of delivery, gestational age, sex, race/ethnicity, and lunch subsidy. Results Of the 18,247 children who met the inclusion criteria, 6% were delivered by operative vaginal delivery, 19% by primary cesarean delivery, and the remaining 75% by spontaneous vaginal delivery. After adjustment for confounders including gestational age at delivery, child’s race/ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic factors, there was no difference in reading proficiency (adjusted risk ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.96–1.10) or math proficiency (adjusted risk ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.95–1.08) in those born by operative vaginal delivery compared with primary cesarean delivery, and no difference was found in either proficiency when spontaneous vaginal delivery was compared with primary cesarean delivery (reading, adjusted risk ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.93–1.01; math, adjusted risk ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.94–1.01). Conclusion Operative vaginal delivery was not associated with differences in later childhood educational outcomes after adjusting for baseline differences. This should assuage previous concerns about long-term safety outcomes after operative vaginal delivery and may assist in shared decision making when operative vaginal or primary cesarean delivery is being considered.
The acute vs. chronic effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity: nothing lasts forever.

Regular exercise causes chronic adaptations in anatomy/physiology that provide first-line defense for disease prevention/treatment ('exercise is medicine'). However, transient changes in function that occur following each exercise bout (acute effect) are also important to consider. For example, in contrast to chronic adaptations, the effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity is predominantly rooted in a prolonged acute effect (PAE) that can last up to 72 h. Untrained individuals and individuals with lower insulin sensitivity benefit more from this effect and even trained individuals with high insulin sensitivity restore most of a detraining-induced loss following one session of resumed training. Consequently, exercise to combat insulin resistance that begins the pathological journey to cardiometabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) should be prescribed with precision to elicit a PAE on insulin sensitivity to serve as a first-line defense prior to pharmaceutical intervention or, when such intervention is necessary, a potential adjunct to it. Video Abstract: http://links.lww.com/CAEN/A27.
Sisterly Conflict: Music and Text in Richard Strauss' Elektra (1909)

Este artigo analisa a primeira conversa de Chrysothemis com sua irma (“Elektra!/Ich kann nicht sitzen und ins Dunkel starren”), na opera Elektra (1909) de Richard Strauss e Hugo von Hofmannsthal. O artigo identifica uma tensao entre musica e texto na caracterizacao da personagem Chrysothemis: enquanto o texto de Hofmannsthal tende a aproximar as irmas ao utilizar imagens que aludem a heranca familiar comum a ambas, a musica de Strauss – por meio de mudancas de estilo e desenvolvimento harmonico-melodico – apresenta as irmas em polos diametralmente opostos diante da tragedia familiar. O artigo tambem investiga a ontologia dos leitmotifs de Klytamnestra, cuja utilizacao perspectival diagnostica uma desigualdade de poder entre Elektra e Chrysothemis em relacao a orquestra.
The association between femoral neck shaft angle and degenerative disease of the hip in a cadaveric model

Background:While the influences of acetabular dysplasia and overcoverage on hip arthritis have been studied, the impact of femoral neck-shaft angle on hip arthritis is much more poorly understood. ...
Chunk-Level Speech Emotion Recognition: A General Framework of Sequence-to-One Dynamic Temporal Modeling

A critical issue of current speech-based sequence-to-one learning tasks, such as speech emotion recognition(SER), is the dynamic temporal modeling for speech sentences with different durations. The goal is to extract an informative representation vector of the sentence from acoustic feature sequences with varied length. Traditional methods rely on static descriptions such as statistical functions or a universal background model (UBM), which are not capable of characterizing dynamic temporal changes. Recent advances in deep learning architectures provide promising results, directly extracting sentence-level representations from frame-level features. However, conventional cropping and padding techniques that deal with varied length sequences are not optimal, since they truncate or artificially add sentence-level information. Therefore, we propose a novel dynamic chunking approach, which maps the original sequences of different lengths into a fixed number of chunks that have the same duration by adjusting their overlap. This simple chunking procedure creates a flexible framework that can incorporate different feature extractions and sentence-level temporal aggregation approaches to cope, in a principled way, with different sequence-to-one tasks. Our experimental results based on three databases demonstrate that the proposed framework provides: 1) improvement in recognition accuracy, 2) robustness toward different temporal length predictions, and 3) high model computational efficiency advantages.
Retailing, Particularly Multi-Level Direct Selling, the Ease-of-Entry Opportunity

In this paper potential business opportunities for minorities in retailing are examined with an emphasis on multi-level direct selling. This is done by first discussing all forms of retailing, showing where multi-level direct selling fits and discussing the possibilities for minorities.
Medical Malpractice in the Absence of a Doctor-Patient Relationship: The Potential Liability of Psychiatric Examiners in New York State

In New York, psychiatrists (and all physicians) have a duty, in every circumstance with respect to such functions as they are required to undertake, to conduct themselves and all their examinations in a thorough and proper manner. Especially in a forensic setting, psychiatrists must bear in mind that they have a legal duty to perform a competent examination before they render an opinion. It is well established that malpractice liability does not require the preexistence of a doctor-patient relationship based on an undertaking for the purpose of treatment. The author discusses a long line of cases in New York State which holds that psychiatric examiners are potentially liable in malpractice for any breach of duty with respect to those functions that are undertaken. Failure to conduct a proper, careful, and competent examination may result in liability in a variety of areas: competency examinations, commitment proceedings, workers' compensation claims, and so on. Limitations on such malpractice liability are discussed. Unlike some jurisdictions, New York does not accord judicial immunity to psychiatric examiners.
A political ecology of the camp

Critical scholarship on the camp tends to focus on the institution’s historical role in producing forms of social exclusion often by linking the emergence of the camp to the creation of abstract po...
HST Ultraviolet Spectra of Nearby Starbursts: Benchmarks for High Redshift Galaxies

Abundance determination has traditionally been a challenge for high redshift galaxies whose optical metallicity indicators are redshifted into the near-infrared. In the present study we develop an empirical method of metallicity estimation based upon restframe ultraviolet spectral features. We have obtained a sample of nearby starburst galaxies with high quality FOS or GHRS spectra available in the HST archives and optically derived metallicity estimates available in the literature. From this sample we construct six template spectra with metallicities spanning the range 1/10 to 2 times solar. We find a high degree of correlation between the strength and shape of the stellar wind line profiles and the metallicity of the gas. Our template spectra provide useful benchmarks for comparison with rest frame UV spectra of high redshift galaxies.
The regionalization of national-scale SPARROW models for stream nutrients

Schwarz, Gregory E., Richard B. Alexander, Richard A. Smith, and Stephen D. Preston, 2011. The Regionalization of National-Scale SPARROW Models for Stream Nutrients. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1151-1172. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00581.x Abstract: This analysis modifies the parsimonious specification of recently published total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) national-scale SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes models to allow each model coefficient to vary geographically among three major river basins of the conterminous United States. Regionalization of the national models reduces the standard errors in the prediction of TN and TP loads, expressed as a percentage of the predicted load, by about 6 and 7%. We develop and apply a method for combining national-scale and regional-scale information to estimate a hybrid model that imposes cross-region constraints that limit regional variation in model coefficients, effectively reducing the number of free model parameters as compared to a collection of independent regional models. The hybrid TN and TP regional models have improved model fit relative to the respective national models, reducing the standard error in the prediction of loads, expressed as a percentage of load, by about 5 and 4%. Only 19% of the TN hybrid model coefficients and just 2% of the TP hybrid model coefficients show evidence of substantial regional specificity (more than ±100% deviation from the national model estimate). The hybrid models have much greater precision in the estimated coefficients than do the unconstrained regional models, demonstrating the efficacy of pooling information across regions to improve regional models.
Volunteering Information—Enhancing the Communication Capabilities of Knowledge-Based Systems

Cooperative problem solving systems support the solution of tasks which cannot be solved by the human or the computer alone. These systems need to be knowledge-based and require flexible communication paradigms allowing natural communication with both experts and novice users of the system. Natural communication (quite different from natural language) has to support mixed-initiative dialogues where information can be volunteered by the system and the user.
Task Decomposition for Adaptive Data Staging in Workflows for Distributed Environments.

Scientific workflows are often composed by scientists that are not particularly familiar with performance and fault-tolerance issues of the underlying layer. The inherent nature of the infrastructure and environment for scientific workflow applications means that the movement of data comes with reliability challenges. Improving the reliablility scientific workflows in distributed environments, calls for the decoupling of data staging and computation activities, and each aspect needs to be addressed separately In this paper, we present an approach to managing scientific workflows that specifically provides constructs for reliable data staging. In our framework, data staging tasks are automatically separated from computation tasks in the definition of the workflow. High-level policies can be provided that allow for dynamic adaptation of the workflow to occur. Our approach permits the separate specification of the functional and non-functional requirements of the application and is dynamic enough to allow for the alteration of the workflow at runtime for optimization.
Logic-based techniques in data integration

The data integration problem is to provide uniform access to multiple heterogeneous information sources available online (e.g., databases on the WWW). This problem has recently received considerable attention from researches in the fields of Artificial Intelligence and Database Systems. The data integration problem is complicated by the facts that (1) sources contain closely related and overlapping data, (2) data is stored in multiple data models and schemas, and (3) data sources have differing query processing capabilities. A key element in a data integration system is the language used to describe the contents and capabilities of the data sources. While such a language needs to be as expressive as possible, it should also enable to efficiently address the main inference problem that arises in this context: to translate a user query that is formulated over a mediated schema into a query on the local schemas. This paper describes several languages for describing contents of data sources, the tradeoffs between them, and the associated reformulation algorithms.
Integral transforms of functions with restricted derivatives

We show that functions whose derivatives lie in a half-plane are preserved under the Pommerenke, Chandra-Singh, Libera, Alexander and Bernardi integral trans- forms. We determine precisely how these transforms act on such functions. We prove that if the derivative of a function lies in a convex region then the derivative of its Pommerenke, Chandra-Singh, Libera, Alexander and Bernardi transforms lie in a strictly smaller con- vex region which can be determined. We also consider iterates of these transforms. Best possible results are obtained.
Hemifacial spasm caused by vertebral artery dolichoectasia.

Abstract PURPOSE: To display the characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities associated with hemifacial spasm caused by compression of the seventh cranial nerve by a dolichoectatic vertebral artery. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: Correlation of imaging and clinical findings. RESULTS: In a 36-year-old man with mild left hemifacial spasm, MRI showed an enlarged (dolichoectatic) vertebral artery that compressed the seventh cranial nerve at its exit from the caudal pons. Manifestations of hemifacial spasm were relieved with periocular botulinum toxin injections. CONCLUSION: In hemifacial spasm, MRI may show compression of the ipsilateral seventh cranial nerve or other structural abnormalities. Relief of hemifacial spasm may occur with botulinum toxin injection or with neurosurgical intervention designed to relieve the compression.
A Cryopreservation Method for Pasteurella multocida from Wetland Samples

A cryopreservation method and improved isolation techniques for detection of Pasteurella multocida from wetland samples were developed. Wetland water samples were collected in the field, diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, final concentration 10%), and frozen at −180 C in a liquid nitrogen vapor shipper. Frozen samples were transported to the laboratory where they were subsequently thawed and processed in Pasteurella multocida selective broth (PMSB) to isolate P. multocida. This method allowed for consistent isolation of 2 to 18 organisms/ml from water seeded with known concentrations of P. multocida. The method compared favorably with the standard mouse inoculation method and allowed for preservation of the samples until they could be processed in the laboratory.
Characteristics of “Masculinized” Industries Gay Men as a Provocative Exception to Male Privilege and Gendered Rules

Masculinized industries encompass many work contexts described as masculine, male-dominated, and/or gendered. However, the use of any of those three latter designations hinges on the gender binary ...
Enrichment of single-walled carbon nanotubes by diameter in density gradients.

The bulk enrichment and separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by diameter has been achieved through ultracentrifugation of DNA-wrapped SWNTs in aqueous density gradients. The separation is identified by the visual formation of colored bands of SWNTs in the density range of 1.11−1.17 g cm-3. The optical absorbance spectra of the separated SWNTs indicate that SWNTs of decreasing diameter are increasingly more buoyant. This nondestructive and scalable separation strategy is expected to impact the fields of molecular electronics, optoelectronics, and sensing where SWNTs of a monodisperse band gap are essential.
Stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with the opioid antagonist nalmefene.

Nalmefene Stimulation of the HPA Axis. Background: The Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a vital role in the body's response to stress. The traditional gold standard for evaluating the HPA axis, the insulin hypoglycemia test (IHT), has several known limitations, and a second test, the standard ACTH stimulation test, can detect severe deficiencies of cortisol, but often misses mild or early cases. Therefore, a better test for the evaluation of the HPA axis is needed. This study evaluated the opiate antagonist nalmefene as a stimulation test of the HPA axis. Methods: 25 healthy subjects were studied, 9 women and 16 men, mean age 30.4 yr. (range 21–55), and mean BMI 24.1 kg/m2 (range 18.6–34.2). Subjects received one of 3 doses of intravenously administered nalmefene: 2 mg (n = 6), 6 mg (n = 12), or 10 mg (n = 7). Serum cortisol and plasma ACTH were measured before and serially over two hours after the administration of nalmefene. Results: ACTH and cortisol levels rose significantly and similarly after the 10 mg dose and the 6 mg dose. After the 10 mg dose, mean peak ACTH was 82.4 ± 22.6 pg/ml and mean peak cortisol was 25.2 ± 1.8 μg/dl. After the 6 mg dose, mean peak ACTH was 70.3 ± 7.7 pg/ml and mean peak cortisol was 24.7 ± 1.7 μg/dl. Cortisol levels rose above 18 μg/dl in all subjects receiving 10 mg of nalmefene, and in all but two of the subjects receiving 6 mg of nalmefene. Side effects to nalmefene were of greater duration and intensity in the subjects receiving 10 mg of nalmefene vs. those receiving 6 or 2 mg. These included most notably fatigue, lightheadedness, nausea and vomiting. Conclusions: Of the nalmefene doses we studied, 6 mg achieved the best combination of stimulation of ACTH and cortisol and fewest side effects. If further studies show a concordance between nalmefene and IHT, nalmefene testing could be used to assess the HPA axis in patients at risk for dysfunction of this axis.
On the application of classification concepts to systems engineering design and evaluation

While classification has been practiced within the fields of biology and chemistry for hundreds of years and has enjoyed mathematical definition in the form of numerical taxonomy for approximately 50 years, this paper presents an inaugural method and application of quantitative classification of systems to the discipline of systems engineering. This paper establishes, by theory and application, that a quantitative, business process-constrained system classification enjoys a host of systems engineering uses—most notably system design and evaluation. A survey of 50 years of published material in the systems science and systems engineering disciplines on qualitative system classifications is provided to ground the discussion of this paper's quantitative system classification method. Future research topics, such as interoperability measurement, branching from the work described in this paper are also proposed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng This is a US Government work, and, as such, is in the public domain in the United Staes of America. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.
A framework for programmable overlay multimedia networks

We present an evolutionary framework for provisioning enhanced network-based multimedia distribution services to a diverse set of receivers. The framework addresses various degrees of heterogeneity among "distribution paths" from content sources to receivers, where a distribution path carries information from a content-aware multicast distribution tree from a source to one or more receivers. The heterogeneity is characterized by a spectrum of tradeoffs among receiver/client processing capabilities, network conditions, and media representations of desired content. Our goal is to provide individual receivers with the best feasible quality and representation of subscribed multimedia content by efficiently generating distribution paths suiting groups of receivers as they join a multicast. Toward this end, the framework utilizes several evolutionary measures. First, we introduce explicit awareness of receiver capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, CPU processing power) and link characteristics (e.g., loss rate, error rate) into the network. Second, we decouple media content from its representation to allow the network to generate and distribute multiple representations for the same content. Last, we model the distribution of content from sources to receivers as a relay across multiple content-aware intermediaries that cooperate to overlay a programmable multimedia network on the underlying packet-switched network. The multimedia overlay network thus formed provides sophisticated content-based programmability over the provisioning, routing, and management of media flows. Realization of such a multimedia overlay network requires extensions to existing Internet multicast and resource-provisioning technologies.
Mucosal immunity and tolerance in the elderly

Age-associated dysregulation of the immune system of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been well documented for both secretory (S)-IgA immunity and oral tolerance. Thus, impaired antigen-specific Ab responses in aged animals and the elderly have been reported. Further, it has been shown that gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue (GALT) mediated immune responses are more susceptible to aging than are lymphoid tissues involved in peripheral immunity. Aging also impairs oral tolerance, which may be of central importance for maintaining GI homeostasis. Thus, as early as 6-8-month-old mice failed to establish systemic unresponsiveness to orally introduced antigens. Despite these studies, the precise mechanisms for impaired GI tract immune system responses remain unclear. The evidence of reduced sizes of Peyer's patches through aging suggests that age-associated mucosal dysregulation may be the result of mucosal inductive tissue dysfunction. Indeed, the frequencies of naive CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in Peyer's patches of aged mice were reduced and this led to a lack of essential cytokine synthesis for the induction of either S-IgA immunity or oral tolerance.
Schools and Marketing: Notes from the Chalkface

Consider these questions: does your own tailor make your clothes for you or do you shop in chain stores? Do you shop for food in a major supermarket or does the local corner shop deliver your food? When it comes to a new car: what do you choose ? A hand built Aston Martin at £200,000 or something less recherche manufactured by Ford, GM or Nissan? This paper looks at how for most of us the goods and services we consume are produced by large, often global, organisations that have developed high quality items at a reasonable price. Our world today is increasingly dominated by brands. Each strives to create the illusion of exclusivity in a world of plenty. As such branded goods appeal to our sense of individuality and identity. Amidst the emptiness of so much consumption we come to trust these friendly trademarks that offer the promise of security and permanence in a world where few things last long.
Fluid Dynamics: Theory, Computation, and Numerical Simulation

This book provides an accessible introduction to the basic theory of fluid mechanics and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) from a modern perspective that unifies theory and numerical computation. Methods of scientific computing are introduced alongside with theoretical analysis and MATLAB codes are presented and discussed for a broad range of topics: from interfacial shapes in hydrostatics, to vortex dynamics, to viscous flow, to turbulent flow, to panel methods for flow past airfoils. The third edition includes new topics, additional examples, solved and unsolved problems, and revised images. It adds more computational algorithms and MATLAB programs. It also incorporates discussion of the latest version of the fluid dynamics software library FDLIB, which is freely available online. FDLIB offers an extensive range of computer codes that demonstrate the implementation of elementary and advanced algorithms and provide an invaluable resource for research, teaching, classroom instruction, and self-study. This book is a must for students in all fields of engineering, computational physics, scientific computing, and applied mathematics. It can be used in both undergraduate and graduate courses in fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, and computational fluid dynamics. The audience includes not only advanced undergraduate and entry-level graduate students, but also a broad class of scientists and engineers with a general interest in scientific computing.
Refining the pedogenic carbonate atmospheric CO2 proxy and application to Miocene CO2

Abstract Quantifying uncertainty is essential for any paleoenvironmental proxy. Recent work on propagating error through the equation used to determine atmospheric CO 2 concentrations from paleosol carbonates yields conflicting results. Small magnitude uncertainty from Gaussian error propagation contrasts with larger magnitude uncertainty from Monte Carlo error propagation. The discrepancy is reconciled here by revising partial differential equations for the Gaussian approach. Uncertainties calculated using the two approaches are compared and applied to Miocene calcic paleosols. Monte Carlo-propagated errors are asymmetrical but otherwise agree with Gaussian errors. Three methods for assigning soil-respired CO 2 concentrations ( S ( z )) to paleosols are also compared. A revised calibration of depth to the Bk horizon as a direct proxy for S ( z ) is presented and although it results in lower atmospheric CO 2 concentrations than the original calibration, it results in significantly higher calculated atmospheric CO 2 than the use of mean annual precipitation as a proxy for S ( z ) or assigning S ( z ) values based on soil order. Averaging atmospheric CO 2 concentrations calculated using soil-order based S ( z ) values from > 10 penecontemporaenous and independent paleosols will likely result in useful constraints on Earth system sensitivity. The improvement of proxies for S ( z ) is needed to increase the accuracy and precision and to resolve potential volatility in CO 2 time series.
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of methotrexate, 7-hydroxymethotrexate, 4-deoxy-4-amino-N10-methylpteroic acid and sulfamethoxazole in serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid

An automated high-performance liquid chromatographic system is described for separation and quantitation of the antineoplastic drug methotrexate and metabolites, and the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole in body fluids. The 40-min analysis utilizes a reversed-phase C1$$$ column and gradient elution with detection by absorbance of ultraviolet light at 308 nm. The minimum detectable quantities with this assay are: methotrexate 4.4 ng (9.8·10−12 mole); 4-deoxy-4-amino-N10-methylpteroic acid 11.9 ng (3.7·10−11 mole); 7-hydroxymethotrexate 30 ng (6.5·10−11 mole); sulfamethoxazole 125 ng (4.9·10−10 mole). This analytical method should prove useful for therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of these compounds.
Respiratory gating of activity in the avian vocal control system

Abstract Electrical stimulation of brain nuclei within the vocal control pathway of budgerigals (Melopsittacus undulatus) or zebra finches (Poephila guttata) evoked neural activity in the hypoglossal nerves innervating the vocal organ, the syrinx. This activity was gated within the hypoglossal motor nucleus such that stimulation recruited more hypoglossal motor neurons to fire during expiration than during inspiration. This respiratory gating mechanism represents a novel solution to the problem of shared control of motor neurons during different behaviors, and may contribute to the patterning of neural activity during song production.
Increased food intake by neuropeptide Y is due to an increased motivation to eat

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), administered intracerebroventricularly, is a potent orexigenic agent. To determine if NPY-induced eating represented an increase in motivation to eat (e.g., hunger) rather than pathological or stimulus-bound eating, we determined its effect on eating in three paradigms, including lever press, appetitive passive avoidance and quinine-adulterated milk. NPY-injected mice consumed more milk when required to work for it in a lever press apparatus and tolerated shock to the tongue for drinking milk. Increasing the dose of NPY also allowed mice to overcome a taste aversion for quinine-adulterated milk. Overall, these studies support the hypothesis that NPY causes a specific increase in the motivation to eat, rather than nonspecific or stimulus-bound behavior.
Three-dimensional microwave imaging of realistic numerical breast phantoms via a multiple-frequency inverse scattering technique.

Conclusions: The results of this study support the utility of 3-D microwave tomography for imaging the distribution of normal tissues in the breast, specifically, dense fibroglandular tissue versus less dense adipose tissue, and suggest that further investigation of its use for volumetric evaluation of breast density is warranted. © 2010 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. DOI: 10.1118/1.3443569
Preimplantation mouse blastocysts fail to express CYP genes required for estrogen biosynthesis

Implantation is initiated on day 4 in the mouse and on day 13 in the pig. The preimplantation pig blastocyst synthesizes steroid hormones, but whether preimplantation rodent embryos also have this ability has remained unresolved for the last two decades. In this study, the mRNAs encoding NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450-reductase), adrenodoxin, lanosterol 14-demethylase P450 (CYP51), 17 alpha-hydroxylase P450 (CYP17), cholesterol side-chain cleavage P450 (CYP11A1), sterol 27-hydroxylase P450 (CYP27), and aromatase P450 (CYP19) were examined in day 4 mouse blastocysts (day 1 = vaginal plug) and in day 13 and 16 pig blastocysts using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In mouse blastocysts, mRNAs of P450-reductase, adrenodoxin, and CYP51, but not CYP17, CYP11A1, CYP27, and CYP19, were detected. In agreement with this finding, no aromatase protein could be detected by immunohistochemistry. By contrast, all these mRNAs were detected in the pig blastocyst. Furthermore, both the ovarian and placental types of aromatase (CYP19) mRNAs were detected in the pig blastocyst on days 13 and 16 of pregnancy, although the ovarian form was more abundant. Both forms of aromatase were much higher in day 13 than in day 16 pig blastocysts. The results provide definitive evidence that the preimplantation mouse blastocyst, as opposed to the pig blastocyst, has no ability to synthesize estrogen and no steroidogenic capacity. Maternal estrogen synthesis is essential for implantation of the mouse blastocyst.
Rioarribasaurus, a new name for a Late Triassic dinosaur from New Mexico (USA)

The Late-Triassic-dinosaur generic nameCoelophysis Cope 1889 (type species C.bauri [Cope 1887]) is a nomen dubium because the lectotype of C.bauri, AMNH 2722, is four sacral vertebrae and a pubic process of the ilium that are not diagnostic. Dinosaur specimens from the famous Whitaker (“Coelophysis”) quarry in the Rock Point Member of the Chinle Formation at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico thus lack a valid name. We create a new genus and species name,Rioarribasaurus colberti, for these specimens.
Collaboration based on the clinical model can help grow the physician-scientist

Surgeon scientists are a vanishing group, a reason for which may be an initially frustrating experience in the laboratory. This essay proposes a specific plan to improve the first time researcher's bench research experience.
The Relationship of Moisture in Swiss Cheese to Quality and Yield

Summary Correlations of analytical data with grades of 218 experimental and 418 factory Swiss cheeses indicated that the presence of an excessive amount of moisture is generally detrimental to the quality of the cheese. Laboratory results on yields of cheese per hundred pounds of milk indicated that some of the manufacturing variations which may be used to bring about the inclusion of excess moisture actually result in decreases in yield, and that in general the inclusion of a comparatively large amount of moisture does not result in sufficient increase in yield to justify the practice. A study is presented showing effects of numerous variables in the milk and making process upon the moisture content of the cheese.
Solution-sol-gel processing of lead magnesium niobate thin films

Abstract Lead magnesium niobate (PMN) thin films were prepared by a solution sol-gel (SSG) technique. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the perovskite phase of PMN formed at a temperature as low as 775°C. A highly oriented film along (111) direction was obtained on silicon substrate. The orientation and crystallization rate were strongly influenced by the type of substrate and heating conditions.
Effects of Recreational River Traffic on Nest Defense by Longear Sunfish

Abstract An underwater camera system was designed to record the behavior of male nest-guarding longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotus) during periods of boating activity. Boats traveling at slow speeds near nests usually drove males from their nests, increasing the likelihood of egg predation. Boats moving at higher speeds or further from nests caused little or no displacement of males, but increased turbidity and possible success of predators. Location of a nest near cover increased the male's ability to protect his nest during repeated surface disturbances.
Size-Dependent Eshelby’s Tensor for Embedded Nano-Inclusions Incorporating Surface/Interface Energies

The classical formulation of Eshelby (Proc. Royal Society, A241, p. 376, 1957) for embedded inclusions is revisited and modified by incorporating the previously excluded surface/interface Stresses, tension and energies. The latter effects come into prominence at inclusion sizes in the nanometer range. Unlike the classical result, our modified formulation renders the elastic state of an embedded inclusion size-dependent making possible the extension of Eshelby's original formalism to nano-inclusions. We present closed-form expressions of the modified Eshelby's tensor for spherical and cylindrical inclusions. Eshelby original conjecture that only inclusions of the ellipsoid family admit uniform elastic state under uniform stress-free transformation strains must be modified in the context of coupled surface/interface-bulk elasticity. We reach an interesting conclusion in that only inclusions with a constant curvature admit a uniform elastic stale, thus restrict-ing this remarkable property only to spherical and cylindrical inclusions. As an immediate consequence of the derivation of modified size-dependent Eshelby tensor for nano-inclusions, we also formulate the overall size-dependent bulk modulus of a composite containing such inclusions. Further applications are illustrated for size-dependent stress concentrations on voids and opto-electronic properties of embedded quantum dots.
Optimal reconstruction of missing-pixel images

A basis-function technique for reconstructing images with missing pixels is described. This technique yields optimal reconstructed image smoothness in that each basis-function width is maximized consistent with an acceptable level of computational effort.
Role of calcium in micronutrient stresses of plants

Abstract When calcium carbonate was added to an acid soil, it induced or alleviated a micronutrient stress, depending on the genotype and the soil. Calcium carbonate added to Richland soil (pH 5.2) corrected Mn‐toxicity symptoms in Bragg soybean (Glycine max L.) Merr.) but induced B‐deficiency symptoms in Coker 71–5089 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The latter did not develop Mn‐toxicity symptoms. Absorption and transport of Ca may enhance P uptake and induce Fe‐deficiency symptoms on Fe‐inefficient genotypes. Cereals differ in their response to Cu stress and the degree to which Cu deficiency depresses the transport of Ca to top leaves affects the expression of the Cu‐deficiency symptoms (withertip). Manganese‐efficient oat genotypes took up more Ca than Mn‐inefficient oats. In contrast, Fe‐efficient oat genotypes took up less Ca than Fe‐inefficient oats. Calcium is universally important as a competing metal ion in chelation and transport of elements in plants and the differential uptake of Ca may affect...
A Global–Local Approach for Mechanical Deformation and Fatigue Durability of Microelectronic Packaging Systems

This paper presents a global-local methodology for predicting mechanical deformation and fatigue durability of solder joints in electronic packaging systems subject to cyclic thermal loading. It involves a global deformation analysis, a local critical solder-joint analysis, and a fatigue life analysis. The global deformation analysis includes a new optimization formulation for determining an equivalent model. The methodology developed was applied to fine pitch ball grid array (fpBGA) and super ball grid array (SBGA) packages. Selective experimental efforts were also undertaken to evaluate the predicted deformation characteristics of the fpBGA package. A good agreement was obtained between the simulated deformation results and experimental observations. For the durability analysis, the total fatigue life predicted using the energy-based method is larger than 2500 cycles-a trend observed experimentally for both packages entailing widely different designs. Based on proposed modeling and simulation results and package designs studied, the SBGA package is more durable than the fpBGA package.
Thick homoepitaxial GaN with low carrier concentration for high blocking voltage

Abstract High voltage GaN Schottky diodes require a thick blocking layer with an exceptionally low carrier concentration. To this aim, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process was developed to create a (14 μm) thick stress-free homoepitaxial GaN film. Low temperature photoluminescence measurements are consistent with low donor background and low concentration of deep compensating centers. Capacitance–voltage measurements performed at 30 °C verified a low level of about 2×10 15 cm −3 of n-type free carriers (unintentional doping), which enabled a breakdown voltage of about 500 V. A secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profile confirms the low concentration of background impurities and X-ray diffraction extracted a low dislocation density in the film. These results indicate that thick GaN films can be deposited with free carrier concentrations sufficiently low to enable high voltage rectifiers for power switching applications.
Steroid control of genomic expression in embryonic chick retina.

NEURAL retinas of the embryonic chick show consistent measurable responses in which the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) is induced when treated in vivo and in vitro with corticosteroids1–4. RNA transcription and protein synthesis are both required for induction of enzyme5–7 in agreement with evidence from other systems, which suggests that hormones affect protein biosynthesis in target tissues by differential gene activity8–10. None of these studies has demonstrated a selective increase, however, in the concentration of a specific fraction of transcribed RNA after hormone addition.
Spatial interpolation using nonlinear mathematical programming models for estimation of missing precipitation records

Abstract New mathematical programming models are proposed, developed and evaluated in this study for estimating missing precipitation data. These models use nonlinear and mixed integer nonlinear mathematical programming (MINLP) formulations with binary variables. They overcome the limitations associated with spatial interpolation methods relevant to the arbitrary selection of weighting parameters, the number of control points within a neighbourhood, and the size of the neighbourhood itself. The formulations are solved using genetic algorithms. Daily precipitation data obtained from 15 rain gauging stations in a temperate climatic region are used to test and derive conclusions about the efficacy of these methods. The developed methods are compared with some naive approaches, multiple linear regression, nonlinear least-square optimization, kriging, and global and local trend surface and thin-plate spline models. The results suggest that the proposed new mathematical programming formulations are superior to ...