cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capacity choice, work-in-progress inventory and throughput: a simulation study

We investigate in this paper alternative configuration choices of serial assembly lines. In particular, we analyze the impact on throughput and work-in-process inventory levels from several design choices. These are the number of work-stations, tasks allocated to various stations and buffers between workstations. A simulation model is used to evaluate the sensitivity of various designs to variability in the operating environment arising due to process time variations (operator variability) as well as variations due to breakdowns and repair (machine variability). Insights of the tradeoffs for making capital investment and setting operating policies are also discussed.
Novel needle cutting edge geometry for end-cut biopsy.

Purpose: To introduce and determine the biopsy length performance of the novel enhanced cutting edge (ECE) needle tip design, which contains high inclination angles that allow for more efficient tissue cutting. Methods: ECE and regular two-plane symmetric needle tip’s biopsy performance and cutting force are compared over a series of needle insertion experiments into bovine liver under varying levels of internal needle vacuum. An earlier developed needle tip force model is also applied. From these experiments and force model, the effect of needle tip geometry and vacuum on biopsy performance and force is studied. Results: Biopsy sample length is on average 22%, 30%, and 49% longer for ECE needles compared to that of regular needles for the internal pressures of 0, −33.9, and −67.7 kPa, respectively. For ECE needles the vacuum level of −67.7 kPa produces on average biopsy lengths that are 41%, 31%, 29%, 45%, and 42% longer compared to no vacuum for two-plane needle tip bevel angles of 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30°, respectively. The force results show the ECE needle can be inserted with less initial insertion force than the regular two-plane needle for needles where the needle tip is fully contacting the tissue upon insertion. Vacuum is also showed to help lower insertion forces. Conclusions: The novel ECE needle tip design outperforms the regular two-plane symmetric needle by yielding longer biopsy samples and lower insertion forces, thereby demonstrating the benefits of needle geometries that contain higher inclination angles. The use of vacuum further improves the ECE needle tip biopsy sample length and lowers insertion forces.
Low-scale technicolor at the Tevatron and LHC

We are especially grateful to Meenakshi Narain and Weiming Yao for discussions about the search for technihadrons and to Steve Mrenna for including the new a T processes in PYTHIA. We thank Adam Martin and Veronica Sanz for many valuable conversations. We also thank Michael Barnett, Ken Hayes, and Colin Morningstar for helpful input on a technical point. K.L. also thanks Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Theorique for its hospitality and support. FNAL is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the US Department of Energy. K.L.'s research is supported by the Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-91ER40676. (Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Theorique; Fermi Research Alliance, LLC; DE-AC02-07CH11359 - US Department of Energy; DE-FG02-91ER40676 - Department of Energy)
Public and private partnerships for intense e-Business training

This paper describes an innovative approach to life-long learning as implemented in a large Industrial Cooperation Project between the USA and the Republic of China (ROC). This project was sponsored under the current Industrial Automation and e-Business Development plan by the Industrial Automation and e-Business Steering Committee for the ROC, and helps enable and accelerate Taiwan’s transition into a hub for managing a global extended enterprise. In accordance with internal e-Business objectives, the Taiwanese government charged the Boeing Company with building an e-Business laboratory, as well as with organising five workshops for training executives and technologists. George Mason University was asked to be the technical lead for the laboratory and for workshop development. The details of this unique approach to executive-level technology transfer are presented in this paper.
Privacy-preserving network flow recording

Network flow recording is an important tool with applications that range from legal compliance and security auditing to network forensics, troubleshooting, and marketing. Unfortunately, current network flow recording technologies do not allow network operators to enforce a privacy policy on the data that is recorded, in particular how this data is stored and used within the organization. Challenges to building such a technology include the public key infrastructure, scalability, and gathering statistics about the data while still preserving privacy. We present a network flow recording technology that addresses these challenges by using Identity Based Encryption in combination with privacy-preserving semantics for on-the-fly statistics. We argue that our implementation supports a wide range of policies that cover many current applications of network flow recording. We also characterize the performance and scalability of our implementation and find that the encryption and statistics scale well and can easily keep up with the rate at which commodity systems can capture traffic, with a couple of interesting caveats about the size of the subnet that data is being recorded for and how statistics generation is affected by implementation details. We conclude that privacy-preserving network flow recording is possible at 10 gigabit rates for subnets as large as a /20 (4096 hosts). Because network flow recording is one of the most serious threats to web privacy today, we believe that developing technology to enforce a privacy policy on the recorded data is an important first step before policy makers can make decisions about how network operators can and should store and use network flow data. Our goal in this paper is to explore the tradeoffs of performance and scalability vs. privacy, and the usefulness of the recorded data in forensics vs. privacy.
HREELS study of the interaction of ethylene with Pt films supported on ZrO2(100) and ZnO(0001)

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of ethylene on epitaxial Pt films supported on ZrO2(100) and ZnO(0001) was studied using high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS). On the (111) oriented surfaces of the supported Pt films, ethylene was found to adsorb in both di-σ and π-bonded configurations at temperatures near 100 K. This result is in contrast to the interaction of ethylene with Pt(111) where only the di-σ species is stable at 100 K and suggests that the surfaces of the films contained a high concentration of steps and other defects. Both di-σ and π-bonded ethylene were also detected on Pt particles supported on ZrO2(100) at 130 K. On the supported Pt films and particles, adsorbed ethylene underwent dehydrogenation and rearrangement to form ethylidyne upon heating to 300 K. The results of this study serve to further demonstrate the utility of HREELS in characterizing adsorbates on model supported metal catalysts.
On the Risk of Being and Becoming Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

In the late 1980s the World Health Organization asked the US Centers for Disease Controls top tuberculosis epidemiologist to review the accumulated reports regarding tuberculin skin test prevalence surveys and to analyze those that were judged to have high scientific merit. The result was an epidemiologic masterpiece that compared the trends in the annual risk of infection in a multitude of countries in the world (excluding industrialized countries). It demonstrated that the risk for a child to become infected or reinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis had decreased virtually everywhere albeit to a varying degree over the preceding decades. For the 8 countries in the World Health Organization African region available for analysis (Botswana Burundi Cameroon Ethiopia Gambia Lesotho Nigeria and Tanzania) the risk appeared to have decreased by 1%-5% annually to _2% annually by 1980. No data were available for South Africa at that time. Of the countries considered at that time only Tanzania had a national functional and comprehensive tuberculosis case surveillance system in place and it was capable of providing just an inkling of the impact that the growing epidemic of HIV infection would have on the tuberculosis epidemic. In this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases Middelkoop et al. present the staggering magnitude of transmission of M. tuberculosis to children in Cape Town South Africa. The annual risk of infection was ~4%. The authors noted that the annual risk of infection was constant across the age groups of the 5-17-year-old participants who were enrolled in the survey. (excerpt)
Who Shall Live and Who Shall Die

Using data on the entire population of prisoners under a sentence of death in the U.S. between 1977 and 1997, this paper investigates the probability of transition from death row to various possible outcomes (execution, death by other causes, commutation and overturned sentence or conviction) in any given year, as well as the probability of commutation when reaching the end of death row. The analyses control for personal characteristics and previous criminal record of the death row inmates, and a number of characteristics of the state where the inmate is in custody, including variables that measure the degree to which the political process enters into the final outcome in a death penalty case. The results show that who lives and who dies on death row depends on the race and gender of the inmate, the race and political affiliation of the governor and whether the governor is a lame duck.
Public Evaluation of Municipal Water Reuse Alternatives

Models recommended for public involvement in environmental planning call for: 1) early and full involvement with technical planners from the start, 2) involvement at an intermediate phase once technical planners have developed a short list of the most feasible alternatives, and 3) later involvement only by ratification of the one alternative selected and developed by technical planners. The present study reports results assessing public involvement in planning at the intermediate phase using results from three general population surveys of the greater San Diego area done in 1989, 1990, and 1991 which dealt with municipal water reuse alternatives. Feasibility of the intermediate approach was demonstrated by correspondence between survey and technical planning evaluations and by consistency between and within survey findings.
Estimating underlying neuronal activity from EEG using an iterative sparse technique

In this paper a novel technique for solving the bio-electromagnetic inverse problem is proposed. This method provides information about the location and extent of underlying neuronal activity. This is essential for the presurgical planning for partial epilepsy patients who are resistant to anti-epileptic drugs. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of the fact that neuronal activity transparent to EEG, arises from a spatially extended brain region. This spatial coherence is modeled within the framework of sparse signal processing techniques and makes better use of the limited number of EEG recordings. An iterative data-driven weighting is also introduced to better the extent estimation as well as eliminating the need to threshold estimated solutions.
Peripheral hypertension and alterations in pulmonary vascular regulation.

We have recently reported in normal isolated-perfused rat lungs that low basal tone appears to be regulated by nitric oxide (NO)-dependent and -independent mechanisms of soluble guanylate cyclase a...
A Progressive Economic Agenda

There is already a fundamental debate over what the Democratic Party’s economic platform of 2016 should look like and how it could possibly curtail the widening inequality of the past several decades. The party is currently converging on a platform that, despite its strengths, is not able to fix our broken economy and ensure a broad-based recovery. So this debate is crucial especially as progressives continue to make strong electoral statements, including the recent strong showing by Zephyr Teachout in the New York gubernatorial primary.
Morphology, incidence and fertilization effects on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of Acer saccharum in a Quebec hardwood forest

The condition and incidence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of Acer saccharum (sugar maple) in a natural hardwood forest in the Lower Laurentians of Quebec was examined. The effects of forest fertilization on the mycorrhizae were also studied. Microscopic examination revealed VAM structures which included hyphal coils, vesicles, and arbuscules. Vesicles and hyphal coils were the most frequently observed structures, whereas arbuscules were rarely seen. Seasonal differences in the incidence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae were observed but these differences were not consistent from year to year. Generally, infection rates were lowest in mid-summer. Fertilization of forest soil with a base cation mixture did not appear to affect either the condition or the incidence of VAM.
On Losing Disagreements: Spencer’s Attitudinal Relativism

In ‘Reversibility or Disagreement’ (this journal), we posed a dilemma for invariantists about epistemic expressions—that is, for those who claim that expressions such as ‘might’ and ‘probably’ make a contextinvariant contribution to the truth conditions of the utterances to which they belong. The crux of our dilemma is simple: invariantists, we argued, cannot make sense of a phenomenon that we dubbed reversibility without sacrificing the claims about disagreement to which they appeal in arguing for their position over the contextualist alternative. In ‘Disagreement and Attiudinal Relativism’ (this journal), Jack Spencer claims to have ‘found a path between the horns of Ross and Schroeder’s dilemma’ (p. 33). He argues that by adopting a position that he calls ‘attitudinal relativism,’ the invariantist can account for reversibility ‘and for the disagreements that go missing under contextualism’ (p. 4). He writes:
S1-DRIP-seq identifies high expression and polyA tracts as major contributors to R-loop formation

R loops form when transcripts hybridize to homologous DNA on chromosomes, yielding a DNA:RNA hybrid and a displaced DNA single strand. R loops impact the genome of many organisms, regulating chromosome stability, gene expression, and DNA repair. Understanding the parameters dictating R-loop formation in vivo has been hampered by the limited quantitative and spatial resolution of current genomic strategies for mapping R loops. We report a novel whole-genome method, S1-DRIP-seq (S1 nuclease DNA:RNA immunoprecipitation with deep sequencing), for mapping hybrid-prone regions in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using this methodology, we identified ∼800 hybrid-prone regions covering 8% of the genome. Given the pervasive transcription of the yeast genome, this result suggests that R-loop formation is dictated by characteristics of the DNA, RNA, and/or chromatin. We successfully identified two features highly predictive of hybrid formation: high transcription and long homopolymeric dA:dT tracts. These accounted for >60% of the hybrid regions found in the genome. We demonstrated that these two factors play a causal role in hybrid formation by genetic manipulation. Thus, the hybrid map generated by S1-DRIP-seq led to the identification of the first global genomic features causal for R-loop formation in yeast.
Cannon's Point: The History of a Long-Staple Cotton Plantation (1794–1890)

This chapter discusses Cannon's Point, which was located in sparsely settled Glynn County. It was created in 1777 when the First Constitution of Georgia called for the replacement of parishes with counties; the community was named for John Glynn, a member of the British Parliament who was sympathetic to the American cause. To encourage the settlement of Glynn and other new counties, the state constitution provided headrights for prospective settlers: each household head could receive 200 acres, and the state would provide 50 acres for each additional free person or slave. But despite these incentives, Glynn attracted few settlers. By 1790, only 193 free whites and 215 slaves resided in the county. Many of these early settlers were cattle herders who ranged their stock in the long-leaf pine forests that covered most of the county. As the herders owned few slaves, the herders rarely cleared more than a few acres for growing corn.
Satiation and Curiosity: Constructs for a Drive and Incentive-Motivational Theory of Exploration1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses nature of exploration, its relation to early motivational interpretations, and the manner in which these interpretations may be successfully accommodated within a drive and incentive-motivational theory. The concept of an exploratory drive obtains tentative operational expression in the length and constancy of the animal's exposure to an impinging stimulus condition, or conversely, with the animal's “deprivation” of a change in stimulation. Correspondingly, the magnitude of the incentive or reinforcement involved in the learning of instrumental behaviors may be related to the magnitude of the change in stimulation that is provided by the relatively novel or unfamiliar stimuli to and for which the animal responds. The problem of delineating exploratory phenomena might be viewed with respect to a resolution on the basis of a presumed effect of exploration, that is, the commonly held position that exploratory behaviors have the prime function of altering those stimuli currently impinging upon the organism. Thus, exploration as a label may be relegated to those behaviors that are instrumental to the animal's receipt of relatively novel or changed stimuli.
An Ontology for Spirituality

Chapter 1 explained why similar activities described by psychologists are not of ultimate value but spirituality is. The first part of that explanation was that spirituality is “self-sufficient” in Aristotle’s sense. Given spirituality, nothing else is needed to make life desirable or worth living. Nor was that all, because spirituality also meets a second requirement of ultimate value: that it is never chosen as a means but always as an end. However, even self-sufficient activities that are never chosen as a means can function as such if they lead to objective consequences. While no one chooses happiness as a means, the actions underlying it have objective effects. An unconditionally valuable activity, in addition to being self-sufficient and never chosen as a means, must be one that has no consequences. Now that we have a working definition of an unconditionally valuable activity, it is reasonable to ask how such activities are possible. To answer that, we need a way of distinguishing those activities that engage some portion of the real world in space and time, leading to consequences, from those that cannot have consequences because they terminate in eternal objects. Only a precise ontology can account for these and other relevant differences. I therefore turn to an examination of Santayana’s ontology.
Characterization of an electrothermal plasma source with an elongated pulse length

The realization of fusion energy requires materials that can withstand high heat and particle fluxes at the plasma material interface. The U.S. fusion energy program has placed development of such materials to be a top tier area of research interest. In this work, an electrothermal (ET) plasma source has been designed as a possible transient heat flux source for the Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (MPEX) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The ET source plasma can mimic transient events that impact the plasma facing components of a tokamak reactor, known as edge localized modes (ELMs). An ET plasma source operates in the ablative arc regime, which is driven by a DC capacitive discharge. The plasma arc current travels through the 4 mm bore of a liner and subsequently ablates and ionizes the liner material. This results in a high density plasma that carries a large bulk momentum out of the exit of the source.
Metastatic Testicular Teratoma Invading the Inferior Vena Cava

We report a case of a teratoma thrombus within the inferior vena cava subsequent to chemotherapy for embryonal carcinoma of the testis. A review of the literature indicates that intracaval metastases occur in approximately 1 per cent of the patients with bulky retroperitoneal disease. Seminoma and embryonal carcinoma have been identified previously within the inferior vena cava, and teratoma is now added to that list. The potential lethality of teratoma owing to local growth alone is underscored by its intracaval presence in this case. We recommend close inspection of the inferior vena cava at operation for bulky disease to exclude an intracaval thrombus, as well as complete excision of all residual masses following chemotherapy for testis cancer.
Lessons from the ILUC Phenomenon

The impact of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change occurs both through direct life cycle emissions and direct land use change as well as through indirect land use change (ILUC). The latter, in particulars are uncertain and front-loaded: land conversion leads to a large initial discharge that is paid back through reduced direct carbon intensity relative to fossil fuels in the future. This chapter discusses approaches to make policy decisions about accounting for ILUC effects in the presence of uncertainty about the magnitude of the effect and the need to balance a precautionary desire to delay investment till the uncertainty is resolved with the cost of delaying a switch from fossil fuels to biofuels. Given the temporal variation in the trajectory of emissions, policymakers should consider using metrics other than the cumulative discharges to capture the impact of emissions on the climate and the time profile of that impact and costs of positive and negative errors in incorporating ILUC effects in policy implementation. It is also important to recognize the presence of other market-mediated effects such as the fuel rebound effect that can also offset some of the direct savings in carbon emissions from switching to biofuels.
A laplace transform-based technique for solving multiscale and multidomain problems: Application to a countercurrent hemodialyzer model.

Abstract An integral-based method was employed to evaluate the behavior of a countercurrent hemodialyzer model. Solute transfer from the blood into the dialysate was described by writing mass balance equations over a section of the device. The approach provided Laplace transform concentration profiles on both sides of the membrane. Applications of the final value theorem led to the development of the effective time constants and steady-state concentrations in the exit streams. Transient responses were derived by a numerical inversion algorithm. Simulations show that the period elapsed, before reaching equilibrium in the effluents, decreased when the blood flow rate increased from 0.25 to 0.30 ml/s. The performance index decreased from 0.80 to 0.71 when the blood-to-dialysate flow ratio increased by 20% and increased from 0.80 to 0.85 when this fraction was reduced by 17%. The analytical solution predicted methadone removal in patients undergoing dialysis. Clinicians can use these findings to predict the time required to achieve a target extraction ratio.
Evidence for facilitation among avian army‐ant attendants: specialization and species associations across elevations

Mixed-species assemblages can involve positive and negative interactions, but uncertainty about high-value patchy resources can increase the value of information sharing among heterospecific co-foragers. I sampled species composition of bird-flocks attending army-ant raids in three adjacent elevation zones in Costa Rica, across multiple years, to test for positive and negative associations among raid-attending bird species. My goal was to test whether the most frequent and specialized raid-attending species showed evidence of facilitating or excluding other bird species. I quantified elevational variation in avian community composition at raids, then asked whether species composition was associated with variation in flock characteristics (flock size and species richness). I identified the most frequent raid-attending species (those that attended raids most frequently relative to their mist-net capture rates), and bird species that performed specialized army ant-following behavior (bivouac-checking, which allows birds to memorize and track mobile army-ant colonies). There was significant turnover of bird species among zones (including the frequent and specialized attendants); patterns of species overlap suggested a gradual transition from a Pacific-slope to an Atlantic-slope raid-attending bird fauna. Raid-attendance frequency was positively correlated with bivouac-checking behavior. With few exceptions, the most frequent raid-attending bird species, and the bivouac-checking species, also participated in the most species-rich flocks. High species-gregariousness suggests many of the frequently attending and/or bivouac-checking species functioned as core flock members. However, some bird species pairs were significantly negatively associated at raids. Despite species turnover, per-flock numbers of birds at raids did not differ among geographic zones, but flocks on the Pacific-slope were heavier because larger bodied bird species attended raids. Previous studies showed that the size (biomass) of bird-flocks corresponds to the amount of food the birds kleptoparasitize from ant raids, and the heavier Pacific-slope bird-flocks could have greater negative kleptoparasitic impacts.
The Evaluation and Management of Adrenal Masses and Adrenocortical Tumors (Act)

Adrenal masses arise from the adrenal medulla or the adrenal cortex. Adrenal medullary lesions in children include relatively common neuroblastomas and rare pheochromocytomas. Adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) are rare in children and it is difficult to distinguish benign from malignant lesions in the absence of metastatic disease. ACTs differ substantially in clinical characteristics and biologic behavior from similar tumors in adults and from adrenal medullary tumors. ACTs in children are typically hormonally active and it is normally possible to make the diagnosis by the combination of history, physical examination, laboratory studies, and cross-sectional imaging. Complete surgical resection is critical for successful treatment of ACTs, as adjuvant treatment has only limited effectiveness. Although the earlier literature indicated that children with ACTs had a relatively poor prognosis, recent work suggests an improved outlook.
Investing in the Early Childhood Mental Health Workforce Development: Enhancing Professionals' Competencies to Support Emotion and Behavior Regulation in Young Children.

This paper delineates a preventive approach to early childhood mental health by preparing the workforce to provide relational, sensitive care to young children ages 0–5. One of the most prevalent issues in early childhood is behavioral challenges and the inability of young children to regulate themselves. This leads to an expulsion rate in early childhood (3–4 times higher than K-12 expulsion rate) and future mental health issues. The Early Childhood Social-Emotional and Behavior Regulation Intervention Specialist (EC-SEBRIS) graduate level certificate program was created to strengthen early care and education providers with the knowledge and practice of how to support emotion and behavior regulation in young children in their groups. Evaluation data provide evidence that early care and education professionals increased in their perception of self-efficacy and in their sensitivity of care and skills to support behavioral health in young children. Results indicated that the children in their care showed less challenging behaviors and increased social competencies. This manuscript highlights the importance of prevention and the dire need to provide young children with high-quality, appropriate care to support their mental health.
Resisting ruination: resource sovereignties and socioecological struggles in Cotopaxi, Ecuador

Abstract This paper examines coordinated community responses to the deployment of controversial technologies by broccoli plantations in Cotopaxi province in Ecuador's central highlands. It studies the influence of enduring structures of inequality that delimit the distribution of land and water in the region – the effects of what Ann Stoler calls imperial debris within ongoing processes of ruination. It considers the socioecological struggles mobilized to address these processes in terms of resource sovereignties – shifting assemblages of rights and relations between land, identity, ecology and social justice. The technologies in question – acetylene 'cannons' designed to disperse clouds and thus prevent damage to crops from hailstones – were locally disruptive to weather patterns, agriculture, and everyday life. In collaboration with the regional offices of Ecuador's national Indigenous Movement, affected communities from across the region campaigned – in the streets and in the courts, and ultimately with some success – to outlaw these technologies of appropriation. Although the initial case was settled in 2010, new suspicions emerged in early 2016 as some community members again blamed the plantations for an unseasonable drought, alleging they had found new technologies to use in the destruction of clouds. Reading the cannons as forms of rubble (Gordillo 2014) focuses our attention on how and why these abandoned technologies re-emerged as a source of conflict in the region and exerted unexpected influence on responses to drought conditions. I suggest these claims, counterclaims and subsequent struggles not only reveal the persistence of processes of ruination and of resistance to them but also expose the fragility within apparently immutable political systems and destructive landscapes. Key words: environment, Ecuador, technology, ruination, rubble, water
Impact of Cone-beam Computed Tomography on Treatment Planning for External Cervical Resorption and a Novel Axial Slice-based Classification System

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to compare treatment plans for external cervical resorption (ECR) developed from periapical (PA) radiographs and cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging. The secondary aim of this study was to test a new classification system for ECR based on CBCT axial slice analysis. Methods ECR was identified in 56 teeth (47 patients) from a database of 928 CBCT images. Strict exclusion criteria resulted in a sample of 30 ECR teeth (25 patients) and 10 ECR-free control teeth. Six examiners evaluated CBCT and matched PA images in separate sessions. Examiners classified ECR according to the Heithersay classification system and the novel Rohde classification system and provided a treatment plan. Results All 30 ECR cases were identified by CBCT imaging and 29 by PA radiography. Interrater agreement was uniformly higher with CBCT imaging, and treatment plans developed from CBCT scans differed from those developed with PA radiographs in 56.7% of the cases. Examiners recommended ECR repair in the majority of cases (59.8% of CBCT images and 56.7% of PA radiographs). The Heithersay classification was dependent on the method of imaging with a greater prevalence of class 4 reported with CBCT imaging (P = .0016). The Rohde classification system significantly predicted the recommended treatment plan (P = .002 for Rohde class 2 and P = .043 for Rohde class 3). All Heithersay classifications failed to statistically predict treatment plans. Conclusions Treatment plans changed between PA and CBCT imaging in the majority of cases evaluated. If CBCT imaging is available, the Rohde classification system may help guide treatment planning for cases of ECR.
Sensitivity analysis in keystroke dynamics using convolutional neural networks

Biometrics has become ubiquitous and spurred common use in many authentication mechanisms. Keystroke dynamics is a form of behavioral biometrics that can be used for user authentication while actively working at a terminal. The proposed mechanisms involve digraph, trigraph and n-graph analysis as separate solutions or suggest a fusion mechanism with certain limitations. However, deep learning can be used as a unifying machine learning technique that consolidates the power of all different features since it has shown tremendous results in image recognition and natural language processing. In this paper, we investigate the applicability of deep learning on three different datasets by using convolutional neural networks and Gaussian data augmentation technique. We achieve 10% higher accuracy and 7.3% lower equal error rate (EER) than existing methods. Also, our sensitivity analysis indicates that the convolution operation and the fully-connected layer are the most prominent factors that affect the accuracy and the convergence rate of a network trained with keystroke data.
Associations of Smoking, Moderate Alcohol Use, and Function: A 20-Year Cohort Study of Older Women:

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine whether the health effects of smoking and moderate alcohol use persist with aging. Method: Smoking status, alcohol use, and measures of function and health were obtained from 9,704 women aged ≥65 years at baseline and over 10- and 20-year follow-up periods. Adjusted multiple linear and logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models estimated associations. Results: Current versus never smokers had worse walking speed, self-reported health, difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and depression at 10 years and higher death rates at 10 and 20 years. Moderate versus never drinkers had better grip strength, walking speed, self-reported health, and less difficulty with IADLs and were less likely to live in nursing homes at 10 years and die at 10 and 20 years. Discussion: Among aging women over 20 years, smoking is associated with worse physical function, including death, while moderate alcohol use is associated with better outcomes.
Introduction: The Impact, Benefits, and Hazards of PICT

This chapter opens with an extended definition and description of pervasive information and communication technology (PICT) as a sociotechnical system – in brief, an intertwined system of social practices and the technologies that make the social practices possible which in turn spur technological revision and innovation that simultaneously modify or transform social practices in a never-ending spiral. It then describes the following ten chapters. Chapter 2 presents and analyzes three case studies of actual recent events that highlight key aspects of PICT. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 tackle surveillance from three different angles, but together provide a primer on the ethical issues involved. Chapters 3, 6, and 7 focus on health care, an area of significant growth for PICT. Chapter 8 considers a particular type of PICT – augmented reality – and reveals its far-from-obvious ramifications. Chapter 9 provides a different kind of case study as a social scientist describes her experience working with technologists developing PICT with the goal (successfully achieved) of making ethics a design goal. Chapters 10 and 11 focus more narrowly on ethical guidance for PICT.
Intensive Care of the Trauma Patient with Ballistic Injuries

This chapter is composed of three sections. First, routine care in the intensive care unit (ICU) will deal with how to manage, reexamine, and continue to resuscitate the injured patient after surgery. The chapter will reemphasize the need for a tertiary examination, continuous monitoring, and surveillance for missed injury or physiologic deterioration. The second section provides a brief review of the damage control patient and their special needs in the critical care unit. This will be followed in the third section by a review of several contemporary critical care issues and their relevance to managing the ICU phase of patients with severe penetrating injuries.
Two-Person Relational Psychotherapy: Infants and Preschool Age Children

We open this chapter with Freud’s masterful quote that captures the role children have as active participants in their development. For many years, infants were thought of as being dependent and unaware of the world around them (Mahler et al., Symbiosis and individuation: the psychological birth of the human infant. Basic Books, New York, 1975). The work by early developmental researchers—including Bowlby, Spitz, Emde, Stern, etc.—helped elucidate that infants were hardwired to develop complex abilities for social reciprocity, and if raised by parents with “good enough” capacities for affective attunement, the infants were quite busy in meaning-making processes. Tronick and Beeghly (Am Psychol 66(2):107–119, 2011) state, “In developing systems, such as human infants, sufficient resources must be obtained to enable them to increase their coherence and complexity and to self-organize new capacities.” Further, Bretherton and Munholland ’s (Internal working models in attachment relationships: a construct revisited. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR (eds) Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications. Guilford Press, New York, 1999) work reinforced the notion that interactions between infants and their parents gave meaning to their shared experiences, with the development of internal working models of attachment giving coherence to their relationships. When infants have emotionally available and affectively attuned parents, they develop secure working models in relating with others. When parents provide a secure base for the infant, it increases the likelihood of the infant acquiring the emotional resources needed in the short run, and in the long run, these growth-promoting social interactions will contribute to self-regulatory capacities and resiliency. Over time, infants become part of a larger and more complex system, and they become more flexible and better able to reorganize when confronted by day-to-day discontinuities in their care.
Schlussbemerkung Intersubjektivität als sozialtheoretische Kategorie

Wenn sich jene beiden Theorien, deren Gegensatz das sozialtheoretische Diskussionsfeld im deutschen Sprachraum polarisiert hat, unter dem Aspekt ihres Verhaltnisses zur transzendentalphanomenologischen Subjekttheorie als gegenlaufige Bemuhungen um Reformulierung transzendentaler Subjektivitat interpretieren lassen, so ist das Unterfangen, die transzendentalphanomenologische Subjekttheorie auf eine Weise zu lesen, welche die in diesen Reformulierungsbemuhungen gemeinsam geteilte Diagnose eines schlichten Monologismus Husserls in Frage zieht, von einiger sozialtheoretischer Bedeutung.
Subcutaneous Mastectomy and Fibrocystic Disease of the Breast

There has been a considerable amount of data presented to implicate moderate to severe fibrocystic disease as a strong precursor of breast cancer. When a premenopausal woman with nodular breasts presents a biopsy examination characterized by sclerosing adenosis, intraductal hyperplasia and/or papillomatosis, microcystic disease, macrocystic disease, or lobular neoplasia, her malignant potential will be much greater than when these disease processes are absent. As a result, a prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy is indicated and breast reconstruction with either an immediate or a delayed mammary prosthesis implantation should be performed.
Superiority of Gastrojejunostomy Over Endoscopic Stenting for Palliation of Malignant Gastric Outlet Obstruction

Background & Aims Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) in patients with malignancies causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, malnutrition, and dehydration. Endoscopic placement of self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) and gastrojejunostomy are the 2 main palliative options. We aimed to compare the outcomes of endoscopic SEMS placement with gastrojejunostomy in a propensity score matched study and identified factors associated with clinical success. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with malignant GOO who underwent endoscopic SEMS placement (n = 183) or gastrojejunostomy (n = 127) from 2011 through 2017 at a tertiary academic medical center. Clinical success was defined as successful resumption of oral intake and relief of obstructive symptoms after either procedure. A propensity score matched analysis was conducted to compare clinical success rate, luminal patency duration, survival length, and adverse outcomes. We performed multivariable analyses to identify factors associated with clinical success. Results Proportions of patients with clinical success did not differ significantly between the SMES group (79.4%) and the gastrojejunostomy group (80.1%) (P = .83). The mean patency duration and survival lengths were significantly longer in the gastrojejunostomy group (169.2 and 193.4 days respectively), compared to the endoscopic stenting group (96.5 and 119.9 days respectively). Poor performance status, presence of ascites and low albumin were independent risk factors for failure of enteral stenting and gastrojejunostomy. Conclusions In a retrospective analysis of patients with GOO, due to cancer, who underwent endoscopic SEMS placement or gastrojejunostomy, we found gastrojejunostomy to provide significant increases in patency duration and survival time. Gastrojejunostomy should therefore be considered the primary treatment option for patients with good performance status and reasonable survival expectancy. Nutritional status, the absence of ascites, and pre-procedure performance status are associated with clinical success.
High-Throughput Sequencing for Understanding the Ecology of Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Wildlife-Human Interface

Rising rates of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) demand creative, efficient, and integrative investigations to understand their transmission, ecological contingencies, and dynamics at wildlife-human interfaces. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) methodologies provide enormous potential to unravel these contingencies to improve our understanding, but their potential is only just starting to be realized. While recent work has largely focused on novel pathogen discovery at likely interfaces, high-throughput methods can also allow disease ecologists to better explore the critical effects of climate, seasonality, and land-use changes on EIDs. HTS can facilitate the creation of entire host-pathogen networks, integrate important microbiome and co-infection data, and even pinpoint important exposure routes at interfaces through environmental media. Here we highlight studies at the frontier of HTS and disease ecology research, identify current limitations, and outline promising future applications for EIDs.
Targeting Taurine Transporter (TauT) for Cancer Immunotherapy of p53 Mutation Mediated Cancers - Molecular Basis and Preclinical Implication.

Taurine transporter (TauT) has been identified as a target gene of p53 tumor suppressor. TauT is also found to be overexpressed in variety type of human cancers, such as leukemia. This study showed that expression of TauT was upregulated by c-Myc and c-Jun oncogenes. To explore whether blocking of TauT inhibits tumor development, the RNA interference (RNAi) and immune targeting approaches were tested in tumor cells in vitro and in p53 mutant mice in vivo. Knockdown of TauT expression by RNAi resulted in cell cycle G2 arrest and suppressed human breast cancer MCF-7 cells proliferation determined by colonies production and cell migration assays. Knockdown of TauT also rendered MCF-7 cells more susceptible to chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. An antibody specifically against TauT blocked taurine uptake and induced cell cycle G2 arrest leading to cell death of variety type of tumor cells without affecting the viability of normal mammalian cells. TauT peptide vaccination significantly increased median lifespan (1.5-fold) of the p53 null mice and rescued p53+/− mice by extending the median lifespan from 315 days to 621 days. Furthermore, single dose treatment of tumor-bearing (thymic lymphoma) p53 null mice with TauT peptide reduced tumor size by about 50% and significantly prolonged survival of these mice from average 7 days (after observing the thymic lymphoma) to 21 days. This finding demonstrates that a novel TauT peptide vaccine can delay, inhibit, and/or treat p53 mutation related spontaneous tumorigenesis in vivo. Therefore, TauT peptide may be used as a universal cancer vaccine to prevent and/or treat patients with p53 mutation-mediated cancers.
An 8.5pJ/bit Ultra-Low Power Wake-Up Receiver Using Schottky Diodes for IoT Applications

In this paper, we present an always-on ultra-low power (ULP) wake-up receiver (WuRx) that constantly listens to the channel. We propose a two-phase WuRx architecture resulting in a 12% reduction in the average power consumption compared to conventional single-phase architectures. The first phase detects the existence of a signal and triggers the second phase responsible for signature detection. A CMOS integrable Schottky diode is proposed for power detection utilizing passive gain from impedance matching network. In the second phase, we propose a novel, low power data-locked startable oscillator to correlate the received data with predefined signature, which avoids the use of power-hungry crystal oscillator and features 1nW/kHz efficiency. The proposed system operates at 750MHz and achieves a low wake-up latency of 200µs, a -50dBm sensitivity at a data rate of 200 kbps, a 1.69 µW average power and achieves a FOM~8.5pJ/bit. The system is implemented in 65nm CMOS technology and occupies an area of 1mm×0.75mm.
Nowhere to go: disclosure and help-seeking behaviors for survivors of violence against women and girls in South Sudan.

Despite high rates of violence against women and girls (VAWG) in conflict and humanitarian contexts, many survivors do not tell anyone about their experience or seek help from support r services (e.g. health, legal, psychosocial support, police). This paper examines disclosure and help seeking behaviours of survivors of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) among women and girls aged 15–64 from three sites in South Sudan. It seeks to understand how exposure to armed conflict is associated with disclosure and help seeking practices. For NPSV, respondents for whom an incident of sexual violence occurred during conflict had twice the odds of telling someone about their experience (aOR: 2.2; 95%CI: 1.3–3.7; p < 0.01) and three times the odds of seeking help (aOR: 3.1; 95%CI: 1.7–5.9, p < .001), compared to respondents for whom the incident of violence did not occur during conflict. Age, the identity of the perpetrator, working status of the woman, poverty and location also affected disclosure and help seeking behaviours for survivors of NPSV. For IPV, exposure to conflict increased the odds a respondent would tell someone about her experience (aOR 1.7; 95%CI 1.2–2.5; p < .01), but was not associated with seeking support services. The severity of IPV affected both disclosure and help seeking behaviours, with the odds of disclosing IPV increasing if the respondent experienced both physical and sexual IPV (compared to only sexual violence), had been injured, thought their well-being was affected, was afraid of their partner, or was controlled by their partner. However, not all these factors were subsequently associated with help seeking behaviours for survivors of IPV and respondents who reported they were sometimes afraid of their partner had reduced odds of seeking help, compared to those who were never afraid of their partners. These findings are important as, prior to this analysis, it was unclear how experiencing conflict-related VAWG would influence disclosure and help seeking. Given the findings of this paper, it is important that the international community consider how to reduce barriers to reporting and help seeking for non-conflict-related forms of violence in these settings.