cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperatives' Tax “Advantages”: Growth, Retained Earnings, and Equity Rotation

Cooperatives are subject to full tax integration for the bulk of their income, while corporations' net income is subject to what is known as a classical form of taxation. This paper derives the condition under which full tax integration gives the cooperative a lower cost of equity capital and develops a model to examine the effect of taxation, together with equity rotation, on the growth path of cooperatives. An examination of some financial data of the largest 100 cooperatives supports our conclusion that cooperatives, under current financial practices, are capable of extremely high short-term growth rates, but they are not sustainable.
The Natural-Scientific Constitutive Phenomenological Psychology of Humans in the Earliest Sartre

Sartre was strongly attracted by what he had heard about German phenomenology. Raymond Aron was spending a year at the French Institute in Berlin and studying Husserl simultaneously with preparing a historical thesis. When he came to Paris he spoke of Husserl to Sartre. We spent an evening together at the Bec de Gaz in the Rue Montparnasse. We ordered the speciality of the house, apricot cocktails; Aron said, pointing to his glass: "You see, my dear fellow, if you are a phenomenologist, you can talk about this cocktail and make philosophy out of it!" Sartre turned pale with emotion at this. Here was just the thing he had been longing to achieve for years-to describe objects just as he saw and touched them, and extract philosophy from the process. (Simone de Beauvoir, The Prime of Life, p. 112).
Radiofrequency ablation of atrial insertion of left-sided accessory pathways guided by the "W Sign".

AP Ablation and the “W Sign.”introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the atrial insertion of left-sided aceessory pathways with guidance by a specific morphologic characteristic of the local electrogram, which we call the “W sign.” This represents the shortest local atrioventricular (AV) interval during sinus rhythm in patients with manifest preexcitation or the shortest local VA interval during AV reciprocating tachycardia and/or ventricular pacing in patients with concealed accessory pathways. Methods and Results: The transseptal technique was used in 31 patients (18 men, 13 women; aged 32 ± 13 years), and RF ablation of 33 accessory pathways (26 manifest and 7 concealed) was attempted. Patients presented with palpitations (n = 16), presyncope (n = 10), or syncope (n = 5). The clinical arrhythmia was AV reciprocating tachycardia (n = 24) or atrial fibrillation (n = 7). In 21 patients (68%) electrophysiologic study and RF ablation were performed at a single session. Accessory pathways were left posteroseptal (n = 5) or left free wall (n = 28). The “W sign,” formed from merging of the local atrial and ventricular electrograms, was identified at all successful sites prior to ablation. Ablation was successful in all patients. A median of 7 RF lesions were delivered per patient. The fluoroscopy time was 76 ± 48 minutes; total procedure time was 5.4 ± 1.9 hours. No significant complications occurred. Early recurrence (≤ 24 hours) occurred in I patient; during 6 ± 4 months, accessory pathway conduction recurred in another patient. Conclusion: We conclude that RF ablation of the atrial insertion of left accessory pathways can be very successful when guided by the “W sign.”
Near‐seafloor overpressure in the deepwater Mississippi Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico

[1] Laboratory experiments constrain overpressure (25–50% of hydrostatic effective stress) above 30 mbsf at two sites in the Mississippi Canyon region, northern Gulf of Mexico. Overpressure at site 2562 is less than that at site 2567; however site 2562 has accumulated faster. One-dimensional sedimentation-consolidation models cannot recreate the overpressure without external fluid sources. A fluid source (specific discharge, q = 2–7 mm/yr) is required for site 2567, whereas a fluid sink (q = 10–12 mm/yr) is required for site 2562 to simulate the constrained overpressure. Although basal conditions differ, specific discharge of 2.1–4.2 mm/yr occurs at the sea floor. Shallow upward flow at each site, deep upward flow at site 2567 and deep downward flow at site 2562 is consistent with a two-dimensional flow field where sites 2562 and 2567 are hydrologically connected at depth by a regional aquifer.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Coordination‐Number Study of AlCl3 in Aqueous Mixtures of Acetone, N,N‐Dimethylformamide, Dimethylsulfoxide, Dioxane, Tetrahydrofuran, and Tetramethylurea

The coordination number of Al(III) in aqueous mixtures of acetone, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and tetramethylurea was measured over a range of solvent concentrations by a proton magnetic resonance technique. At low temperatures, proton exchange is slowed to such an extent in these mixtures that separate resonance signals are observed for bulk water and water molecules in the Al(III) solvation shell. Coordination numbers were measured by direct integration of the two water signals. The measurements show that in aqueous mixtures of acetone and tetramethylurea, and over a small solvent concentration range, dioxane and tetrahydrofuran, only water solvates Al(III). This was indicated by the value of six molecules obtained for the contribution of water to the Al(III) solvation shell in these mixtures. In aqueous mixtures of dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide, wherein separate signals were also observed for the nonaqueous components, both solvents contribute to the Al(II...
A distributed surveillance task using miniature robots

We present experimental results from a distributed surveillance task in which multiple miniature robots (called Scouts) automatically position themselves in an area and watch for motion. We discuss how the limited communication bandwidth affects how the robots accomplish their task.
Attenuation of galactose cataract by low levels of dietary curcumin

Abstract Our previous studies have shown that curcumin, a dietary antioxidant present in turmeric, attenuates 4-hydroxynonenal induced lens opacification in organ culture (Awasthi et al , Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996;64:761–766). Oxidative stress has been implicated in the mechanism of galactosemic cataract formation. Therefore, the present studies were designed to examine whether dietary curcumin can attenuate galactosemic cataract in rats in-vivo . 8 week old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups and fed with either AIN-76 diet or that containing 30% galactose with or without curcumin 0.0025% (ww) in the diet. Progression of cataract formation was monitored by slit lamp biomicroscopy at days 1, 22 and 29. The eyes were removed out at day 29 and the lenses were dissected out. Images of the isolated lenses were acquired using a digital imager. The lens epithelium was dissected and lens epithelial cells were examined for apoptosis. Lenses of the animals fed a diet containing neither galactose nor curcumin and those fed only a curcumin containing diet remained transparent. The transparency of lenses from rats without or with curcumin was identical as assessed by measuring the average intensity of transmitted light (AITL) (241 ± 4, n=12). Lenses from galactose fed animals without curcumin were partially opacified with an AITL value of 77 ± 9 % of the controls, (n=10, p
ELECTRON TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY IN ATOMIC HYDROGEN.

An electron transmission experiment is used to study the resonances in the total scattering cross section of atomic hydrogen below the threshold of the first excited state. The three lowest resonances, designated $^{1}S$, $^{3}P$, and $^{1}D$, are observed and their energies and decay widths are found to be in good agreement with the values predicted theoretically using close coupling with correlation.
Pressure broadening theory of assymmetric-top molecules using the methods of irreducible tensor operators

Abstract Contributions to the second-order collision efficiency function used in Anderson and Murphy-Boggs pressure-broadening theories due to dipole-dipole, dipole-quadrupole, quadrupole-dipole, and quadrupole-quadrupole interactions are derived by the method of irreducible spherical tensor operators for molecules of arbitrary symmetry. Results are given explicitly in terms of dipole and quadrupole line strengths. General expressions for dipole line strength in the asymmetric rotor basis, as well as quadrupole moment line strength for the special case of molecules with two independent quadrupole moment components, are derived.
Origin of the polygons and the thickness of Vastitas Borealis Formation in Western Utopia Planitia on Mars

[1] Many middle scale (about 100m cracking space) polygons are located between the area of the giant polygons and the thumbprint terrains in Western Utopia Planitia. Most of the patterns are located on Vastitas Borealis Formation. The polygonal patterns have frequently been associated with collapsed features, such as a covered trough like features(the width of the underground crack is approximately 400–500 m). The thickness of the surface materials (6–12 m), where polygonal patterns occur, was calculated based on the space of cracking relationship. Polygonal networks with strongly oriented features and parallel to the contour line are likely caused by structural (geological) origin as well as bending forces from the center of the basin.
Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Mid-infrared Optical Fibers

Chalcogenide glasses constitute the only class of amorphous materials with full infrared transparency. The compositional landscape available to produce these glasses is large and offers a wide potential for optimizing the development of optical fibers.
A Cartesian Historian

THE writing of history inevitably combines a statement of more or less objectively true facts with a point of view which gives order and meaning to them. Both his facts and his viewpoint are likely to give an ambitious historian trouble. The mass of material available to modern European historians is dishearteningly large. It remains disheartening even when the field of interest is deliberately limited to seventy years of diplomacy among the Great Powers of Europe and when it is further restricted by omitting their colonial and overseas dealings with one another, as A. J. P. Taylor does in his new book, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, i848-i9i8. The admirable bibliographical essay which he appends to his volume makes this all too clear. As he says himself, he has seen the bindings of all the books he there cites; and his pages testify that he has looked at the inside of most of them. Mr. Taylor's book gives every evidence of an energetic exploitation of the published diplomatic papers pertaining to the Great Powers in the years he has chosen to describe. The scale of his researches and the mass of information he has distilled into the pages of his book make it a remarkable achievement. Only if one did again what Mr. Taylor has done, and read his sources afresh, could one presume to pass an informed judgment on the accuracy of his facts. This I have not done. Nevertheless, I have no doubt that his factual accuracy is of a high order; and this book will serve students and others as a convenient place in which to look up information, for the narrative is both lengthy and, within clearly defined limits, compendious. Nevertheless, it is not this aspect of his work that gives character to Mr. Taylor's book. I am not aware that he has revealed any materials which had not already been published in documentary collections or been ferreted out for decent burial in learned journals. This is what one should expect. A survey of seventy years of diplomacy must select from and give an order to the vast mass of knowable facts; and the excellence of such a book and its failings will depend primarily on the art and wisdom with which selection and ordering are done.
Cdc6 Stability Is Regulated by the Huwe1 Ubiquitin Ligase after DNA Damage

The Cdc6 protein is an essential component of pre-replication complexes (preRCs), which assemble at origins of DNA replication during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Previous studies have demonstrated that, in response to ionizing radiation, Cdc6 is ubiquitinated by the anaphase promoting complex (APCCdh1) in a p53-dependent manner. We find, however, that DNA damage caused by UV irradiation or DNA alkylation by methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) induces Cdc6 degradation independently of p53. We further demonstrate that Cdc6 degradation after these forms of DNA damage is also independent of cell cycle phase, Cdc6 phosphorylation of the known Cdk target residues, or the Cul4/DDB1 and APCCdh1 ubiquitin E3 ligases. Instead Cdc6 directly binds a HECT-family ubiquitin E3 ligase, Huwe1 (also known as Mule, UreB1, ARF-BP1, Lasu1, and HectH9), and Huwe1 polyubiquitinates Cdc6 in vitro. Degradation of Cdc6 in UV-irradiated cells or in cells treated with MMS requires Huwe1 and is associated with release of Cdc6 from chromatin. Furthermore, yeast cells lacking the Huwe1 ortholog, Tom1, have a similar defect in Cdc6 degradation. Together, these findings demonstrate an important and conserved role for Huwe1 in regulating Cdc6 abundance after DNA damage.
A retrospective review of the metabolic syndrome in women diagnosed with breast cancer and correlation with estrogen receptor

Women diagnosed with obesity and breast cancer have an increased risk of recurrence and death (Protani et al., Breast Cancer Res Treat 123:627-635, 1). Obesity is associated with the metabolic syndrome--a pathophysiologically distinct inflammatory process comprised of central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. The relationship of obesity as a risk factor for breast cancer is complex with a protective effect for younger women in contrast to a risk for older women (Kabat et al., Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:2046-2053, 2; Ursin et al., Epidemiology 6:137-141, 3). The metabolic syndrome has been associated with the risk of cancer, and pro-inflammatory circulating factors may be associated with risk of more aggressive breast cancer (Capasso et al., Cancer Biol Ther 10:1240-1243, 4; Healy et al., Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 22:281-288, 5; Laukkanen et al., Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1646-1650, 6). We conducted a retrospective review of 860 breast cancer patients to determine the relationship between estrogen receptor status and the metabolic syndrome. We collected the relevant metabolic diagnoses, medications, physical findings, and laboratory values and adapted the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria to define the metabolic syndrome retrospectively. No relationship was found between estrogen receptor status and the individual components of the metabolic syndrome. Based on findings in the medical records, 15% of the women with breast cancer had the metabolic syndrome, and 26% of the women were considered obese, 16% hyperglycemic, 54% hypertensive, and 30% dyslipidemic. The metabolic syndrome was associated with advanced age and African-American race (P < 0.001). When adjusted for age, race, and stage, the metabolic syndrome was marginally associated with estrogen receptor-positive tumors (P = 0.054). Our findings do not support the concern that the metabolic syndrome may contribute to more biologically aggressive breast cancer.
Statistics in epidemiology: the case-control study

Abstract Statisticians have contributed enormously to the conceptualization, development, and success of case-control methods for the study of disease causation and prevention. This article reviews the major developments. It starts with Cornfield's demonstration of odds ratio invariance under cohort versus case-control sampling, proceeds through the still-popular Mantel—Haenszel procedure and its extensions for dependent data, and highlights (conditional) likelihood methods for relative risk regression. Recent work on nested case-control, case-cohort, and two-stage case-control designs demonstrates the continuing impact of statistical thinking on epidemiology. The influence of R. A. Fisher's work on these developments is mentioned wherever possible. His objections to the drawing of causal conclusions from observational data on cigarette smoking and lung cancer are used to introduce the problems of measurement error and confounding bias. The resolution of such difficulties, whether by further development a...
A Capacitated Production-Inventory Model with Periodic Demand

For a single product, single-stage capacitated production-inventory model with stochastic, periodic (cyclic) demand, we find the optimal policy and characterize some of its properties. We study the finite-horizon, the discounted infinite-horizon and the infinite-horizon average cases. A simulation based optimization method is provided to compute the optimal parameters. Based on a numerical study, several insights into the model are also provided.
Osteoporosis in the adult solid organ transplant population: underlying mechanisms and available treatment options

The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is an increasingly important topic in the solid organ transplant (SOT) population. Compared to the general population, these patients are at an elevated risk of developing osteoporosis due to progressive disease, lifelong immunosuppressant therapy, and malnutrition. As patients live longer after transplant, chronic disease management is increasingly more important. Supplementation with calcium and vitamin D is often necessary in the SOT population due to a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency. Bisphosphonate therapy is most commonly used for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, but therapy can be limited by renal dysfunction which is common in transplant recipients. Alternative agents such as teriparatide and calcitonin have not been shown to provide a significant impact on the rate of fractures in this population. Additionally, denosumab may be a promising treatment option due to its novel mechanism of action, and is currently being studied in renal transplant patients. Timely initiation of supplementation and treatment, and minimizing glucocorticoid exposure prior to and after transplantation will aid in the prevention and proper management of osteoporosis in these patients.
The influence of foster parent investment on children's representations of self and attachment figures

Abstract This study examined associations between foster mothers' emotional investment, assessed when foster children were age 2, and foster children's representations of self and others, assessed when children were age 5. Caregiver investment was assessed using a semi-structured interview called the “This is My Baby” interview (TIMB; Bates, B., & Dozier, M. (2002). The importance of maternal state of mind regarding attachment and infant age at placement to foster mothers' representations of their foster infants. Infant Mental Health Journal, 23, 417-431.) administered to foster mothers when their foster children were age 2. Self-representations were assessed using a projective puppet interview (Cassidy, J. (1988). Child-mother attachment and the self in six-year olds. Child Development, 59, 121-134.) when children were age 5. Children's ability to cope with separations from caregivers was examined using the Separation Anxiety Test (SAT; Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points in attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, (Serial No. 209), 66-104.). As predicted, foster mothers who were more accepting of their children early in the child–caregiver relationship had foster children who developed more positive self-representations than children whose foster mothers were less accepting. Additionally, caregiver acceptance was associated with children’s quality of coping responses in response to caregiver separations, with high caregiver acceptance associated with effective solutions to separation scenarios.
Excited-state absorption in high-power mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers

The loss due to excited-state absorption into the continuum was calculated for high-power mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. We find this loss to be a significant fraction of the gain at the laser wavelength.
An integrated system for publishing environmental observations data

Over the next decade, it is likely that science and engineering research will produce more scientific data than has been created over the whole of human history. The successful use of these data to achieve new scientific breakthroughs will depend on the ability to access, integrate, and analyze these large datasets. Robust data organization and publication methods are needed within the research community to enable data discovery and scientific analysis by researchers other than those that collected the data. We present a new method for publishing research datasets consisting of point observations that employs a standard observations data model populated using controlled vocabularies for environmental and water resources data along with web services for transmitting data to consumers. We describe how these components have reduced the syntactic and semantic heterogeneity in the data assembled within a national network of environmental observatory test beds and how this data publication system has been used to create a federated network of consistent research data out of a set of geographically decentralized and autonomous test bed databases.
Identification of a Human Valacyclovirase BIPHENYL HYDROLASE-LIKE PROTEIN AS VALACYCLOVIR HYDROLASE

Abstract Valacyclovir is the 5′-valyl ester prodrug of acyclovir, an effective anti-herpetic drug. Systemic availability of acyclovir in humans is three to five times higher when administered orally as the prodrug. The increased bioavailability of valacyclovir is attributed to carrier-mediated intestinal absorption, via the hPEPT1 peptide transporter, followed by the rapid and complete conversion to acyclovir. The one or more human enzymes responsible for in vivo activation of the prodrug to the active drug and its conversion sites, however, have not been identified. In this report, we describe the purification, identification, and characterization of a human enzyme that activates valacyclovir to acyclovir. A protein with significant hydrolytic activity toward valacyclovir, the 5′-glycyl ester of acyclovir, and the 5′-valyl ester of zidovudine (AZT), was purified from Caco-2 cells derived from human intestine. Using a non-redundant data base search, the N-terminal 19-amino acid sequence of the purified 27-kDa, basic protein revealed a perfect match within the N terminus of a serine hydrolase, Biphenyl hydrolase-like (BPHL, gi:4757862) protein, previously cloned from human breast carcinoma. Recombinant BPHL exhibited significant hydrolytic activity for both valacyclovir and valganciclovir with specificity constants (kcat/Km), 420 and 53.2 mm–1·s–1, respectively. We conclude that BPHL may be an important enzyme activating valacyclovir and valganciclovir in humans and an important new target for prodrug design.
Post-Epidural Headache: How Late Can It Occur?

Background: Complications of labor epidural anesthesia include a post-dural puncture headache (PDPH). A 2003 meta-analysis described the onset of PDPH as occurring from 1 to 7 days after the procedure. Presented here is the first published case of a PDPH occurring 12 days postpartum. Methods: Twelve days after an uncomplicated labor epidural a patient was awakened by a “crushing” postural headache. The initial diagnosis was “possible subarachnoid hemorrhage.” Lumbar puncture and computed tomography angiogram were normal. Despite medications a severe postural headache persisted and she was referred for an epidural blood patch. Consultants felt the headache onset after 7 days made PDPH impossible. Ultimately a delayed EBP was performed with immediate resolution of her headache. Discussion: Meta-analyses describe that parturients have a 1.5% risk of accidental dural puncture during epidural placement. Onset of the headache occurs as early as 1 or as late as 7 days after the procedure. Epidural blood patch is the most effective treatment for PDPH and a rapid response is diagnostic. Conclusion: Described is the first reported case of a PDPH occurring well outside the normal range of onset 1 to 7 days after epidural anesthesia. The delayed diagnosis and treatment of PDPH in this patient illustrates the limitations of over-rigorous application of pooled analyses to the care of individual patients.
Irrigation‐induced changes in potential evapotranspiration in southeastern Turkey: Test and application of Bouchet's complementary hypothesis

Received 31 October 2003; revised 30 January 2004; accepted 23 February 2004; published 21 April 2004. [1] Since the early 1980s the southeastern part of Turkey has experienced major land use changes because of increasing irrigation. To determine the influence of large-scale irrigation on surface hydrologic fluxes, we investigated feedback mechanisms between the land surface and atmosphere within the framework of Bouchet’s complementary relationship between potential and actual evapotranspiration. Using 23 years of meteorological observations of temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiation within the advection-aridity model (which is built on the complementary theory), we found that potential evaporation has decreased over 50%, from about 14 mm d � 1 to about 7 mm d � 1 , paralleling the increase in irrigated acreage over the same period. Pan evaporation data show a similar trend. The observed decline in potential evaporation is a direct result of decreases in wind speed and, to a lesser degree, increases in humidity. A comparison between reference values of evapotranspiration obtained from irrigation water use and evapotranspiration estimates from the advection-aridity method show a reasonable correlation (root-mean-square error = 1.1 mm d � 1 ), especially for large values of both variables. These results suggest that the rapid expansion of irrigation in southeastern Turkey has strongly modified the lower atmosphere in a way that appears consistent with Bouchet’s complementary theory. INDEX TERMS: 1803 Hydrology: Anthropogenic effects; 1818 Hydrology: Evapotranspiration; 1833 Hydrology: Hydroclimatology; 1842 Hydrology: Irrigation;
A combined approach for goal‐oriented error estimation and adaptivity using operator‐customized finite element wavelets

We describe how wavelets constructed out of finite element interpolation functions provide a simple and convenient mechanism for both goal-oriented error estimation and adaptivity in finite element analysis. This is done by posing an adaptive refinement problem as one of compactly representing a signal (the solution to the governing partial differential equation) in a multiresolution basis. To compress the solution in an efficient manner, we first approximately compute the details to be added to the solution on a coarse mesh in order to obtain the solution on a finer mesh (the estimation step) and then compute exactly the coefficients corresponding to only those basis functions contributing significantly to a functional of interest (the adaptation step). In this sense, therefore, the proposed approach is unified, since unlike many contemporary error estimation and adaptive refinement methods, the basis functions used for error estimation are the same as those used for adaptive refinement. We illustrate the application of the proposed technique for goal-oriented error estimation and adaptivity for second and fourth-order linear, elliptic PDEs and demonstrate its advantages over existing methods. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of pipelined channels on k-ary n-cube networks

In a pipelined-channel interconnection network, multiple bits may be simultaneously in flight on a single wire. This allows the cycle time of the network to be independent of the wire lengths, significantly affecting the network design trade-offs. This paper investigates the design and performance of pipelined channel k-ary n-cube networks, with particular emphasis on the choice of dimensionality and radix. Networks are investigated under the constant link width, constant node size and constant bisection constraints. We find that the optimal dimensionality of pipelined-channel networks is higher than that of nonpipelined-channel networks, with the difference being greater under looser wiring constraints. Their radix should remain roughly constant as network size is grown, decreasing slightly for some unidirectional tori and increasing slightly for some bidirectional meshes. Pipelined-channel networks are shown to provide lower latency and higher bandwidth than their nonpipelined-channel counterparts, especially for high-dimensional networks. The paper also investigates the effects of switching overhead and message lengths, indicating where results agree with and differ from previous results obtained for nonpipelined-channel networks. >
The stressed subject: Lack, empowerment and liberation

The study develops a psychoanalytic perspective on the stressed subject at work. Its focus is on how this subject is continually reconstructed at the interstice of a lack of having and a lack of being. Drawing on the analysis of empirical material consisting of 52 narratives of stress, it examines how individuals construct selves by drawing on stress discourse in both alienating and liberating ways. Specifically, it examines how stress is an imaginary construction of the self and how this subjugates individuals to the power of the imaginary. It also examines how such constructions are invariably disrupted by unconscious desire and how narrating one's stress provides opportunities to experience empowerment and liberation. Implications of this perspective for our understanding of the stressed subject are discussed
Appeasement in human emotion, social practice, and personality

In this article we examine the role of appeasement in human emotion, social practice, and personality. We first present an analysis of human appeasement. Appeasement begins when the conditions of social relations lead one individual to anticipate aggression from others, is expressed in submissive, inhibited behavior, which in turn evokes inferences and emotions in others that bring about social reconciliation. Our empirical review focuses on two classes of human appeasement: reactive forms of appeasement, including embarrassment and shame, which placate others after social transgressions; and anticipatory forms of appeasement, including polite modesty and shyness, which reduce the likelihood of social conflict and aggression. Our review of the empirical evidence indicates that embarrassment, shame, modesty, and shyness share the eliciting conditions, submissive behavior, and social consequences of appeasement. We conclude by discussing social processes that allow humans to appease one another, such as teasing, and those that prevent appeasement, such as legal and negotiation practices, to the benefit and detriment of human relations.
The Use of Humor when Counseling African American College Students.

According to the literature, humor is a critical tool to enhance the counseling process because it can reduce stress, build rapport, and aid in the increase of the client's self-efficacy. In recent years, the critical nature of using humor appropriately from a cultural perspective has been explored. In this article, the authors further explore the cultural foundations, purpose, effectiveness, and implications of using humor when counseling African American college students.
Kinetics of entry of proteins into the myelin membrane.

Brain slices were prepared from 17-day old rats, and incubated with [3H]glycine or [3H]-leucine to label proteins. Myelin was isolated from the slices, and the proteins were separated by discontinuous gel electrophoresis in buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Radioactive basic and Wolfgram proteins appeared in myelin at similar initial rates, and their entry was nearly linear between 15 and 120 min with no detectable lag. Radioactive proteolipid protein appeared in myelin at one-fourth the rate of the basic and Wolfgram proteins between 0 and 30 min, then entered at a rate comparable to the other proteins between 45 and 120 min. When cycloheximide (0.2 mM) or puromycin (1.0 mM) was added, appearance of newly labeled basic and Wolfgram proteins in myelin stopped while proteolipid protein continued to appear in myelin at a normal rate for at least 30 min. Chase experiments with unlabeled glycine had similar effects. These results indicate the existence of a previously synthesized precursor pool of proteolipid protein with a 30-min interval between synthesis of proteolipid protein and its appearance in myelin. Incorporation of [3H]fucose into glycoprotein of the myelin sheath was studied, as was inhibition of incorporation of radioactivity by the use of either cycloheximide, or dilution with unlabeled fucose. The results indicated fucosylation of a sizable pool of presynthesized protein and a delay of 30 min between fucosylation of these polypeptides and their subsequent appearance in myelin as glycoproteins.
Anomalous Gradient Winds: Existence and Implications

Abstract The solutions to the quadratic gradient wind equation are examined using 200-mb data for two selected cases. Under conditions of anticyclonic flow, both solutions are shown to have relevance. The normal solution is valid for wind speeds less than twice geostrophic, whereas the “anomalous” solution applies for wind speeds greater than twice the geostrophic value. For both cases, wind speeds of more than three times the geostrophic value were detected synoptically over large areas of the United States. Areas of negative absolute vorticity were generally found within the anomalous flow regions. The absolute value of the absolute vorticity approached the local value of the Coriolis parameter. Although cause–effect relationships are difficult to ascertain, the coexistence of negative absolute vorticity and anomalous flow implies stability. Instability would be expected in regions where the anomalous flow alone was observed. Manifestation of this instability in the form of clear-air turbulence (CAT) is...
Population-based comparative analysis of risk of death in children and adolescents with epilepsy and migraine.

SummaryObjective Follow-up studies of children and adolescents with epilepsy (CAW-E) have revealed higher risk of mortality than children in the general population. The mortality experience of CAW-E relative to patients with other common neurologic disorders in the pediatric age group is yet undetermined. The objectives of this study are the following: (1) to compare the causes and the adjusted risk of death in CAW-E with that of children and adolescents with migraine (CAW-M) in reference to children and adolescents with lower extremity fracture (CAW-LEF), and children and adolescents in the general population; (2) to evaluate if disparate mortality risks exist by demographic characteristics. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 56,781 children and adolescents 0–18 years of age hospitalized or treated in an emergency or outpatient department from 2000 to 2011 for epilepsy, migraine, or lower extremity fracture from all nonfederal health care facilities. Data on deaths were acquired from linked multiple causes of death data file using person-specific unique identifiers. Time of follow-up was from initial clinical encounter to time of death or censoring date of December 31, 2011. The association of risk characteristics with mortality was examined with Cox proportional hazard model after adjusting for potential confounders. Results Four hundred forty-seven CAW-E and 125 CAW-M died yielding mortality rates of 8.71 and 1.36 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. The 5-year risk of death was 4.38% for CAW-E, 0.68% for CAW-M, and 0.71% for CAW-LEF. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were 3.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.08–3.72) in CAW-E and 1.14 (95% CI 0.94–1.34) in CAW-M relative to CAW-LEF. Risk of death from neurodevelopmental comorbidities was 5.86 (95% CI 4.24–8.08) times greater than those without in the model that compared epilepsy with LEF. Significance There is an elevated risk of death in CAW-E with neurodevelopmental comorbidities that remains to be proven.
Bloom's Taxonomy: A Structure For Structuring Legal Education.

Bloom's Taxonomy is a structure for planning particular classes, courses and learning assessment tools. The Taxonomy provides an analytic structure which mirrors much of the structure of legal education. Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives is a tool for designing courses, individual classes, and methods of assessing student learning. It is a classification of educational objectives, described in terms of the ways we want students to act, think or feel as the result of participating in a unit of instruction. The Taxonomy focuses entirely on the learner and the kinds of behaviors student exhibit as they learn. Because legal education defines much of what it seeks to achieve in terms of the learners' behavior, the Taxonomy provides an appropriate foundation for legal educators to use in all aspects of the teaching-learning process. This session will suggest ways in which Bloom's Taxonomy can be used to design objectives and goals for courses, structure individual classes, including the kinds of questions to use to determine the level of student learning, as well as to develop new assessment tools, or modifying existing assessment tools to ensure that we test for the kinds of behaviors which reflect the types and levels of learning we have established as our goals and objectives.
Calibration of the Spanish PROMIS Smoking Item Banks

INTRODUCTION The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Smoking Initiative has developed item banks for assessing six smoking behaviors and biopsychosocial correlates of smoking among adult cigarette smokers. The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Spanish version of the PROMIS smoking item banks as compared to the original banks developed in English. METHODS The six PROMIS banks for daily smokers were translated into Spanish and administered to a sample of Spanish-speaking adult daily smokers in the United States (N = 302). We first evaluated the unidimensionality of each bank using confirmatory factor analysis. We then conducted a two-group item response theory calibration, including an item response theory-based Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis by language of administration (Spanish vs. English). Finally, we generated full bank and short form scores for the translated banks and evaluated their psychometric performance. RESULTS Unidimensionality of the Spanish smoking item banks was supported by confirmatory factor analysis results. Out of a total of 109 items that were evaluated for language DIF, seven items in three of the six banks were identified as having levels of DIF that exceeded an established criterion. The psychometric performance of the Spanish daily smoker banks is largely comparable to that of the English versions. CONCLUSIONS The Spanish PROMIS smoking item banks are highly similar, but not entirely equivalent, to the original English versions. The parameters from these two-group calibrations can be used to generate comparable bank scores across the two language versions. IMPLICATIONS In this study, we developed a Spanish version of the PROMIS smoking toolkit, which was originally designed and developed for English speakers. With the growing Spanish-speaking population, it is important to make the toolkit more accessible by translating the items and calibrating the Spanish version to be comparable with English-language scores. This study provided the translated item banks and short forms, comparable unbiased scores for Spanish speakers and evaluations of the psychometric properties of the new Spanish toolkit.
“El Niño Like” Hydroclimate Responses to Last Millennium Volcanic Eruptions

AbstractThe hydroclimate response to volcanic eruptions depends both on volcanically induced changes to the hydrologic cycle and on teleconnections with the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), complicating the interpretation of offsets between proxy reconstructions and model output. Here, these effects are separated, using the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM-LME), by examination of ensemble realizations with distinct posteruption ENSO responses. Hydroclimate anomalies in monsoon Asia and the western United States resemble the El Nino teleconnection pattern after “Tropical” and “Northern” eruptions, even when ENSO-neutral conditions are present. This pattern results from Northern Hemisphere (NH) surface cooling, which shifts the intertropical convergence zone equatorward, intensifies the NH subtropical jet, and suppresses the Southeast Asian monsoon. El Nino events following an eruption can then intensify the ENSO-neutral hydroclimate signature, and El Nino probability is enhan...
Thoracic paraspinal lesion: question

Spinal meningeal cysts are rare lesions and comprise approximately 1–3% of spinal tumors [1–4]. Nabors et al. published a classification for spinal meningeal cysts classifying them into three categories [1]. Type I cysts are extradural meningeal cysts without spinal nerve root fibers. These lesions are further divided into type IA, or extradural meningeal/arachnoid cysts as in this patient, and type IB, or occult sacral meningoceles. Type II extradural meningeal cysts include nerve root fibers and are also known as Tarlov’s perineural cysts or spinal nerve root diverticuli. Spinal intradural meningeal/arachnoid cysts are classified as type III. Tarlov cysts remain one of the most common of these lesions and are often visualized on spinal imaging performed for various indications. Type I cysts have been attributed to arachnoid herniation through a congenital dural defect or congenital diverticula of the dura [1]. Familial tendencies for spinal meningeal cysts and association with other congenital anomalies are known [3]. Continued secretion of cerebrospinal fluid by the arachnoid in a cyst or a ball-valve effect trapping cerebrospinal fluid within the cyst after entry through its pedicle may explain extradural cyst enlargement [2]. Approximately 65% of spinal cysts occur in the thoracic spine [4]. Cysts are most commonly located dorsally and can be associated with ventral compression and thinning of the spinal cord [1]. In each of the 22 cases described in the original article by Nabors et al., patients were symptomatic with pain or neurological deficits [3]. In the present era, however, most of these lesions are actually asymptomatic and are now discovered incidentally on MRI [1]. When present, symptoms vary by level of the cyst;
Racial Redistricting and Realignment in Southern State Legislatures

Competing logit models of the link between the racial composition of districts and party are estimated and then analyzed for all state legislative elections held in the South from 1990 to 1998. Using these models and a decomposition model developed by Grofman and Handley (1998), we decompose changes in seats won by the Democrats since 1990 into redistricting, realignment, and interaction effects. Racial redistricting harmed the Democrats in all states and cost the Democrats control of at least two state Houses. However, the ongoing realignment toward the Republicans played a much greater role in Democratic losses. We find little evidence to support the white-backlash theory, but conclude that Democratic candidates fare better in highland districts compared to other heavily white regions of the South. acial redistricting emerged as one of the most fiercely debated policy questions among scholars, judges, and politicians during the 1990s. While the battle has raged along multiple fronts-normative, constitutional, methodological-the central empirical contention revolves around the policy's partisan impact. Critics of racial redistricting claim, and Republicans hope, that packing black voters into majority-minority districts cripples the Democratic party outside of the safe seats it creates for black representatives (e.g., Bullock 1995; Lublin 1997; Lublin and Voss 1998; Swain 1995a, 1995b; Thernstrom and Thernstrom 1997). Friendlier analysts, by contrast, downplay the damage nearby Democrats typically will suffer (e.g., Engstrom 1995; Grofman and Handley 1998; LDF 1994; McDonald and Lucas 1998; Petrocik and Desposato 1998). The true electoral effect of racial redistricting remains unclear.' Virtually all studies of racial redistricting's partisan impact have focused solely on one or two congressional elections.2 Whatever their practical significance, these high-profile contests provide few actual cases to test how electoral borders shape Democratic fortunes, especially in the critical range where African Americans fall just short of a majority. Restricting attention to congressional elections unnecessarily limits the scope of analysis, since the hypothesized behavioral regularities that undergird this empirical debate are not unique to national politics.
Bubble and pattern formation in liquid induced by an electron beam.

Liquid cell electron microscopy has emerged as a powerful technique for in situ studies of nanoscale processes in liquids. An accurate understanding of the interactions between the electron beam and the liquid medium is essential to account for, suppress, and exploit beam effects. We quantify the interactions of high energy electrons with water, finding that radiolysis plays an important role, while heating is typically insignificant. For typical imaging conditions, we find that radiolysis products such as hydrogen and hydrated electrons achieve equilibrium concentrations within seconds. At sufficiently high dose-rate, the gaseous products form bubbles. We image bubble nucleation, growth, and migration. We develop a simplified reaction-diffusion model for the temporally and spatially varying concentrations of radiolysis species and predict the conditions for bubble formation by H2. We discuss the conditions under which hydrated electrons cause precipitation of cations from solution and show that the elect...
A low-power high precision self-testing data acquisition system for a large seismic exploration grid

In seismic exploration for oil and gas, a grid of 2,000 to 30,000 nodes is formed to acquire reflected wave signals from the rock layers in the Earth. Each node consists of a sensor, complete data acquisition system with self-test, and telemetry for returning data to a central recording unit. This demanding application requires a highly linear, wide dynamic range data acquisition system with a 0.1-200 Hz bandwidth. A large number of nodes operating simultaneously require that each node consume very low power. The components of each data acquisition node are: a geophone or a hydrophone (sensors for land and marine exploration respectively), a programmable gain differential amplifier, a delta-sigma analog to digital converter, a multi-function decimation filter, and a high precision DAC for calibration and self-test. Each of these components is optimally designed for low power in large sensor arrays. The acquisition node requires self-calibration capability and operation in a synchronous mode where all channels acquire data simultaneously. A data acquisition system that meets these requirements has been designed and tested. The overall performance of the system is better than 112 dB linearity (THD) and 123 dB dynamic range (SNR) at 500 SPS. The power consumption for the data acquisition portion of a single node is 105 mW from a 5 V analog power supply.