cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELEVATED CALCITONIN (CT) IN BIRTH ASPHYXIA AND PREMATURITY: ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EARLY NEONATAL HYPOCALCEMIA (HC)

Although CT is stress responsive the role of CT in pathogenesis of early neonatal HC is unknown. We studied the thesis that CT, gastrin, glucagon 1) are higher in cord than mother; 2) rise postnatally; 3) correlate inversely with gestation; 4) are higher in birth asphyxia; and 5) elevated CT results in HC; 6) gastrin and glucagon are CT secretagogues. We studied 64 mother-infant pairs, gestation 25-42 wks, Apgar 1' 6.2±2.7, 5' 7.6± 2.2. Cord Ca, Mg, P (mg/dl), CT, gastrin and glucagon (pg/ml) were mostly higher than maternal, 10.15±(SEM) 0.18 vs 8.8±0.16 (p 7 at 1' and 5', 118± 37 vs 56±18 and 266±72 vs 49±9 pg/ml resp (p<0.05). Neither serum gastrin nor glucagon correlated with CT. Thus, 1) cord CT and glucagon are elevated; 2) CT and glucagon rise postnatally; 3) cord CT is higher in preterm and asphyxia; 4) high serum CT correlates with low serum Ca. We speculate that elevated serum CT may result in HC in preterm and birth asphyxiated infants.
A semantic approach for designing e-business protocols

Business processes involve interactions among autonomous partners. We propose that these interactions be specified modularly as protocols. Protocols can be published, enabling implementors to independently develop components that respect published protocols and yet serve diverse interests. A variety of business protocols would be needed to capture subtle business needs. We propose that the same kinds of conceptual abstractions be developed for protocols as for information models. Specifically, we consider (1) refinement: a subprotocol may satisfy the requirements of a superprotocol, but support additional properties; and (2) aggregation: a protocol may combine existing protocols. In support of the above, this paper develops a semantics of protocols and an operational characterization of them. This supports judgments about the potential subclass-superclass relations between protocols, which are a result of protocol refinement. It also enables protocol aggregation by splicing a protocol into another protocol.
Mechanical characteristics of the cat pylorus

Abstract In vitro force-length curves of rings from the gastroduodenal junction were obtained in standard tyrode solution, in tyrode with 140 mM KCl, and in calcium-free tyrode with 5 mM sodium EDTA, to determine basal, total, and passive forces, respectively. Active force was obtained as a difference between total and passive forces. Basal, total, passive, and active forces were higher for pyloric rings than for duodenal and antral rings. Furthermore, in the pylorus the force-length curves were shifted to the left along the length axis due to a narrowing at the gastroduodenal junction. Pressure-diameter relationships calculated from the in vitro force-length data and compared with previously determined in vivo pressure-diameter data, demonstrated good correlation between the in vivo and in vitro data. These data indicate that the higher forces and pressures observed in the pylorus are due to a combination of higher active and passive components. At low levels of stretch, the active forces are higher, while at high levels of stretch the passive forces become prevalent. These data suggest that, because of its passive properties the pylorus may act as a stricture and resist opening to large diameters, thus impeding the passage of large boluses. Near closure, however, any pressure gradient at the gastroduodenal junction would be due to active contraction of the pyloric circular muscles, and thus be susceptible to modulation through neural and/or myogenic factors.
An analytical traffic flow model for cluster-based wireless sensor networks

An analytical traffic flow model is developed for cluster-based wireless sensor networks. The source-to-sink path is modeled by a number of single-server finite queues linked in tandem. During the process of modeling, both the blocking effect of tandem queuing networks and the impact of connection failure due to limited node power are taken into account. The tandem queuing network is analyzed by decomposing it into individual nodes with modified arrival and service processes and modified queue capacities. The steady-state queue-length distributions of individual nodes are determined iteratively by using the matrix-geometric procedure. A computational algorithm with a global loop from the last node to the first node and local loops in individual nodes is developed to determine the performance metrics, such as source-to-sink throughput (SST) and source-to-sink delay (SSD), of the tandem network.
Nitrogen Fixation by Rhodospirillum rubrum Grown in Nitrogen-limited Continuous Culture

Cell-free extracts of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum were inconsistent in reducing N2. An internally illuminated fermentor, designed for the continuous culture of this organism on N2 under nitrogen-limited conditions, produced cells which yielded cell extracts with consistent activity for cell-free N2 fixation. A nitrogen-limited continuous culture, supplied ammonia rather than N2, gave cell-free extracts with even more active N2 fixation. Extracts of cells grown in the fermentor with glutamate nitrogen as the limiting nutrient in continuous culture did not reduce N2, but whole cells fixed 15N-enriched N2. The discovery that cells from ammonia and glutamate nitrogen-limited continuous cultures are capable of N2 reduction suggests that R. rubrum cells produce the N2-reducing enzymes in response to conditions of nitrogen deficiency rather than in response to the presence of N2. Examination of the effect of the pN2 on N2 reduction by cell-free preparations of R. rubrum indicated that the K(N2) is approximately 0.071 atm. Cell-free extracts from R. rubrum were tested for their ability to reduce substrates other than N2.
Polymorphisms of the neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase genes and the risk of cutaneous melanoma: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND. Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional molecule that is produced by both neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and the expression of nNOS and iNOS is up-regulated in various cancer cells, including cutaneous melanoma (CM). The authors hypothesized that selected functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the nNOS and iNOS genes are associated with the risk of CM. METHODS. In a hospital-based case-control study of 602 non-Hispanic white patients with CM and 603 matched, cancer-free controls, the authors genotyped the nNOS −84 guanine-to-adenine (GA), nNOS 276 cytosine-to-thymine (CT), iNOS Ex16+14CT, and iNOS 974GT SNPs and assessed their associations with the risk of CM in multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS. A significantly increased risk of CM was associated with the nNOS −84GA (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.05–2.13) and −84AG+AA (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.06–2.06) genotypes compared with the nNOS −84GG genotype, but not with other nNOS or iNOS SNPs. In a combined analysis, an increased risk of CM was associated with the nNOS −84AA+AG/276CT+TT genotype (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.05–2.76) and the nNOS −84AA+AG/276CC genotype (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.08–2.68) compared with the nNOS −84GG/276CT+TT genotypes. No altered risk of CM was associated with iNOS genotypes. In addition, there was statistical evidence of interaction of nNOS SNPs with having moles (P = .002) and sunburns (P = .017). CONCLUSIONS. Genetic variants of nNOS, but not iNOS, may be biomarkers for susceptibility to CM, and the risk of CM associated with sunburns and moles may be modulated by nNOS variant genotypes. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Group rekeying for filtering false data in sensor networks: a predistribution and local collaboration-based approach

When a sensor network is deployed in hostile environments, the adversary may compromise some sensor nodes, and use the compromised nodes to inject false sensing reports or modify the reports sent by other nodes. In order to defend against the attacks with low cost, researchers have proposed symmetric group key-based en-route filtering schemes, such as SEF [F. Ye et al., March 2004] and I-LHAP [S. Zhu et al., 2004]. However, if the adversary has compromised a large number of nodes, many group keys can be captured, and the filtering schemes may become ineffective or even useless. To deal with node compromise, the compromised nodes should be identified and the innocent nodes should update their group keys. Some existing intruder identification schemes can be used to identify the compromised nodes, but most existing group rekeying schemes are not suitable for sensor networks since they have large overhead and are not scalable. To address the problem, we propose a family of predistribution and local collaboration-based group rekeying (PCGR) schemes. These schemes are designed based on the ideas that future group keys can be preloaded to the sensor nodes before deployment, and neighbors can collaborate to protect and appropriately use the preloaded keys. Extensive analyses and simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed schemes, and the results show that the proposed schemes can achieve a good level of security, outperform most previous group rekeying schemes, and significantly improve the effectiveness of filtering false data.
RAPID: An Electronic Medical Records System for Radiation Oncology.

An electronic text-based medical record system used in a radiation oncology department since 1990 is described. The database is composed of a group of subfiles linked with a powerful relational database. The clinically relevant subfile structures are described and the hardware and software requirements for the system are itemized. Data entry is accomplished primarily by transcriptionists with some additional input by physicians at the time a dictation is reviewed. The database has been the exclusive source of radiation oncology notes since 1990. The flow of information from the dictaphone to the printed copy is described. Compared with a standard transcription service, addition clinical information is collected at the time of the patient encounter, and this information can be abstracted in reports. While not entirely replacing the paper record, the easy and rapid access to text-based digital information from any computer within the department has been invaluable.
Shifting to a higher gear in a natural language system

We have completed the development of the REL System, a system for communicating with the computer in natural language concerning a relational database. We have been using that system in a series of experiments On how people actually do communicate in solving an intellectual task. These experiments, together with our general experience with REL, and related work elsewhere, have led us to the specification arid development of a new system, the POL (Problem Oriented Language) System. POL is an evolutionary extension of REL, preserving what has worked, and extending and adding new capabilities to meet observed needs. These improvements include more responsive diagnostics, handling of sentence fragments, inter knowledge base communications, and new facilities for building and extending the knowledge bases of users. This paper introduces POL.
Obstetric patient on Lovenox therapy: Evidence of heparin activity at 24 hours

A 21-year-old primiparous African-American female, 5’ 4” tall, weighing 180 pounds and 37 3/7 weeks pregnant, presented to the labour and delivery floor for induction of labour. Her medical history...
Dissociated active subunits of tobacco phosphodiesterase

Abstract The tetrameric nature of the phosphodiesterase isolated from tobacco cells is confirmed by determining the number of oligomers formed upon cross-linking the enzyme with dimethyl suberimidate. The isolation of the catalytically active monomer, which is formed by incubating the enzyme with urea and 2-mercaptoethanol, has been accomplished by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The isolated monomer of the phosphodiesterase is stable under nondenaturing conditions and catalytically active. The enzyme activity of the phosphodiesterase monomer is more sensitive to SDS than the tetramer. The phosphodiesterase tetramer exhibit characteristics of negative cooperatively, while the isolated monomer does not.
A bimetallic building block with terminal free ligands designed for molecular wire synthesis

Abstract The reaction between (dppe)2W(N2)2 and CNC6H4NC produces (dppe)2CNC6H4NCWCNC6H4NCWCNC6H4NC(dppe)2, a dimer containing electron-rich metal centers, a protective sheath of organic ligands, and terminal free isocyanide groups.
Energetic particle sounding of the magnetospheric cusp with ISEE-1

Abstract. Observations on 30 October 1978 show the ISEE-1 spacecraft passing though the high-altitude dayside northern magnetospheric cusp region from roughly 16:00 to 18:30 UT, during a slow solar wind period (~380 km/s). More than two orders of magnitude enhancements of the cusp energetic particle (CEP) fluxes were observed along with a depressed and turbulent local magnetic field. The observed variations of the pitch angle distributions (PAD) provide a unique opportunity to determine the structure of the cusp and the origin of the CEP. Through a boundary sounding technique, the location and orientation of the cusp poleward (or backside) boundary was observed for almost 10 min during which time it appeared initially to be stationary in the GSM/GSE X-direction and then moved sunward about 0.12 Earth radii (RE). The orientation remained approximately perpendicular to the GSM/GSE X-axis until it was observed to rotate by 60 degrees in ~3 min before ISEE-1 was fully inside the cusp cavity. The cavity itself was filled with CEP fluxes displaying large anisotropies, indicative of their source being located below (Earthward) of the satellite location. The spacecraft entered from the backside of the cusp, then traveled ~4 RE through the cavity, and exited through the "top" of the cavity leaving a region of energetic ions below. The PADs demonstrate that the bow shock cannot be the main source of the observed CEPs. The CEP fluxes were measured at about 8.5 h MLT when the IMF had both an 8–10 nT duskward and southward component.
Environmental signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1: mTORC1 goes nuclear

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a well-known regulator of cell growth and proliferation in response to environmental stimuli and stressors. To date, the majority of mTORC1 studies have focused on its function as a cytoplasmic effector of translation regulation. However, recent studies have identified additional, nuclear-specific roles for mTORC1 signaling related to transcription of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and ribosomal protein (RP) genes, mitotic cell cycle control, and the regulation of epigenetic processes. As this area of study is still in its infancy, the purpose of this review to highlight these significant findings and discuss the relevance of nuclear mTORC1 signaling dysregulation as it pertains to health and disease.
Effects of the Classroom Assessment Environment on Mathematics and Science Achievement

ABSTRACT The effects of the classroom assessment environment on achievement in mathematics and science were investigated in this study. Data were obtained from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth, a national probability sample of public school students in 1987–1991, in two cohorts (Grades 7–10 and Grades 10–12+). Beyond the expected background effects of gender, socioeconomic status, and reading ability on achievement, homework effects were found for mathematics achievement; homework and assessment format effects were found for science achievement for both cohorts. Results were interpreted according to classroom assessment environment theory.
Quagga Mussel Contamination of Fish Haul Trucks by Fish and Development of Effective Potassium Chloride and Formalin Treatments

Dreissenid larvae (veligers) can be spread by fish stocking, but the role of fish in contamination is unknown. Recent findings suggest the standard potassium chloride and formalin treatment produces low quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) mortality. The goals of this research were to validate this claim and determine if veligers become attached to fish, and if they can be removed by rinsing. Complete mussel mortality was not achieved with the standard treatment, but a longer treatment time with higher chemical concentrations was effective. Veligers were found on fish after exposure to 100 veligers/L for 24 h, but not on fish rinsed for 12 h.
IRCOMM: spacecraft free-space optical bus development

This paper summarizes the on-going work at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) towards implementation of a free-space optical bus for small spacecraft applications. After reviewing the current state of the art as well as previous work at JHU/APL, a comparison of several protocols, including USB, RS232, 10Mbit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) is summarized, with Ethernet being the chosen protocol. Component selection is discussed in the context of radiation environments. Finally, a prototype point-to-point link that was assembled using COTS hardware and several different transmitting elements is described. It was found that the key technical challenge that remains is the receiver sensitivity. Plans for follow on work to complete the link are also summarized
Morphological and Physiological Effects of Maleic Hydrazide on Tobacco

Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Burley 21) were cultured in the greenhouse to the 18-leaf stage. The apical meristem was removed and subsequent axillary bud growth was removed by hand (controls) or axillary bud development was inhibited by application of maleic hydrazide. Compared with the controls, maleic hydrazide treated plants had a decreased stem diameter and stem weight, but an increased leaf weight and leaf weight/area. Plant height and leaf area were the same for both treatments. Maleic hydrazide inhibited translocation of 14C from a single leaf exposed to 14CO2. Respiration was greater than in the controls three days after application of maleic hydrazide, but 9 and 14 days after application there were no differences in respiration between the two treatments. Maleic hydrazide did not affect photosynthetic activity.
The Coming of Age of Molecular Tumor Profiling

While adjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to modestly improve survival for patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the morbidities associated with administration of these drugs are substantial. The identification of molecular profiles that may predict a patient's need for adjuvant therapy may prove highly useful. In a recently published article, Zhu et al identify a 15-gene signature that serves as an independent prognostic marker for early-stage NSCLC, stratifying patients into low- and high-risk groups. Further, the authors found that the gene signature has predictive utility in determining the potential benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy.
The dengue fever outbreak in Hawaii : a bioterrorism model for vector-borne illnesses

Dengue fever is a flu-like illness of viral origin transmitted via various day-feeding mosquitoes. Annually there are approximately 20 million cases worldwide with 24,000 deaths. Hawaii's Dengue Fever outbreak in 2001 came during a terrorism national attack providing insight into a possible vector-borne bioterrorism (BT) event. The dengue model is valid, as the National Institutes of Health has upgraded dengue fever as a potential BT threat. The Hawaii experience makes it possible to list strengths/capabilities necessary for dealing with such biological events and relate this to the national state of BT preparedness.
Training Emotionally Disturbed Children in Role-Taking: A Structured Technique:

A structured model is presented for brief training and evaluation of role-taking skills in young children. Using a within-subjects design, 16 emotionally disturbed boys (M = 6–7 yr.) received brief training in role-taking and discussion with one story in the first condition and discussion only of another story in a second condition. No differences between conditions were found in subjects' recall, number of affective words used, and amount of eye movement. The use of this model in a control-group design, with separate groups of children receiving role-taking and discussion conditions, is suggested, and the importance of using a structured Technique in role-taking training is emphasized.
Transport of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon by the Apure River, Venezuela

The concentrations and transport of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were studied in the Apure River, Venezuela, over a period of 21 months. The drainage basin, which is in western Venezuela, encompasses 167,000 kM2, most of which has low relief and supports tropical savanna vegetation. Average runoff for the period of study was 361 mm/year. Discharge-weighted mean concentrations were 188 ug/l for total P, 957 ug/l for total N, and 9.8 mg/l for organic C. Annual transport was 0.68 kg· ha-1· year-1 for total P, 3.45 kg · ha-1· year-1 for total N, and 35.4 kg · ha-1 · year-1 for organic C. Particulate matter accounted for 68% of P, 54% of N, and 37% of C transport. The yield of carbon from the Apure watershed agrees well with empirical predictions, based mostly on the temperate zone, for watersheds of similar size and water yield. Seasonal patterns in chemistry are tied strongly to the hydrologic cycle. When the wet season begins, rising water flushes organic matter from side channels and produces a sharp increase in particulate C and N. Particulate P, which is associated more with mineral material, also increases during rising water. All dissolved constituents except inorganic C also increase over the rising-water phase. As the river inundates the floodplain, the concentration of nitrate declines, whereas the concentrations of dissolved organic C and N continue to rise. At high water the floodplain appears to store sediments that are later remobilized. During low water, all fractions except dissolved inorganic C tend to be at minimum concentration. Soluble reactive P, total dissolved P, dissolved inorganic C, and dissolved organic C were successfully modelled as hyperbolic functions of discharge. No significant relationships were found between concentration and discharge for any particulate fraction because the flushing and storage mechanisms affecting these fractions occurred within specific hydrologic phases, rather than as a smooth function of discharge. No significant relationships were found for any nitrogen fraction. For nitrate, and thus for total dissolved N, of which nitrate is a major component, poor conformance to standard models is explained by association of key mechanisms (e.g. uptake) with specific hydrologic phases. Particulate components and nitrate in this sense violate the continuity assumptions implicit in the standard models.
SADDLE: A computer-aided structural analysis and dynamic design language—part II. database management system

Abstract The SADDLE program is a tool for computer-aided optimal design of structural and mechanical systems. The system is divided into four parts; the pre-processor, the “analyzer”, the “synthesizer” and the post-processor. The structural model and the design data are generated by the preprocessor. The analyzer used the finite-element method to compute deflections and stresses in the structure. The synthesizer solves the design problem that is cast into a nonlinear programming format. The post-processor is used to examine the analysis and design results. Different parts of the system interact via a global database. The database management system is presented in detail, in this part of a two part paper. The data manager has three distinct parts: the data model processor, the resource manager and the I/O manager. Both the relational and hierarchical data models are supported. Tuning parameters are provided to enhance computational efficiency on different computers. The emphasis is on friendlier user-system interaction; free-format input, error recoveries, and easy means to create, edit, and update information.
Compensation and non-compensation chronic pain patients compared for DSM-III operational diagnoses.

Abstract Two hundred and eighty-three mixed chronic pain patients, consecutive admissions, were diagnostically evaluated as per DSM-III, Axis I, Axis II or personality type psychiatric operational criteria. Controlling for primary organic treatment diagnosis, age and race, statistical comparisons were made between male compensation patients (n = 93) and male non-compensation patients (n = 23) and between female compensation patients (n = 38) and female non-compensation patients (n = 28) for all DSM-III diagnoses. Male compensation patients were significantly overrepresented for these diagnostic groups: conversion disorder (somatosensory type); combined personality disorders; and passive-aggressive personality disorder. Male non-compensation patients were significantly overrepresented for these diagnostic groups: no diagnosis on Axis I; combined personality types; and compulsive personality type. Female compensation patients were significantly overrepresented for conversion disorder (somatosensory) only. Female non-compensation patients were significantly overrepresented for generalized anxiety disorder and combined anxiety syndromes. Compensation chronic pain patients may be at risk for some psychiatric disorders not previously identified: conversion disorder (somatosensory), and personality disorders.
The history of the surgical repair of spina bifida.

Introduction The history of surgical spina bifida repair has seen many successes and failures. Many early surgeons attempted treatment of open spina bifida defects before a clear understanding of the disease process or pathology had been discovered.
Question Bias and Violations of Comparability in Intraparty Debates: Iowa and New Hampshire, 2004

Televised political debates are highly effective tools for familiarizing prospective voters with the field of candidates during primary campaigns. However, the questions journalists ask in such debates often diminish the degree to which viewers can truly compare one candidate to the next. An analysis of questions asked in two debates at the height of the 2004 primaries finds the standard of comparability repeatedly violated as well as a clear pattern of inequity in the distribution of questions among candidates. Questions asked in these crucial debates imposed labels and domains on the candidates, through a particularly hostile line of questioning directed at the viable contenders. This article provides a tool for identifying question bias and emphasizes the need to address this understudied aspect of debates in light of its importance.
No Talk, Some Walk: Obama Administration First-Term Rhetoric on Climate Change and US International Climate Budget Commitments

This paper examines the climate rhetoric and climate action of the Obama administration in its first term. It first traces the trajectory of the term “climate change” as used in 1,908 speeches by administration officials from January 2008 to December 2011; after an apex in 2009, the phrase nearly disappeared. Second, the article details the history of US international climate funding since 2009. In the Obama administration's first budget alone (Fiscal Year 2010), dedicated climate change foreign assistance increased from $321 million to $1.008 billion. Using anonymous administration sources, “fast start finance” reports, and the Congressional Research Service, the paper details the numbers and behind-the-scenes details of President Obama's apparent determination to prioritize climate finance despite powerful congressional opposition. Although these seemingly contradictory trends in rhetoric and finance can be seen as cohering in a highly strategic, energy-focused “two-level game” by the administration, th...
Nonequilibrium Self-Assembly of Long Chains of Polar Molecules in Superfluid Helium

It is shown that in the low-temperature (0.37 kelvin) environment of superfluid helium droplets, long-range dipole-dipole forces acting between two polar molecules can result in the self-assembly of noncovalently bonded linear chains. At this temperature the effective range of these forces is on the nanometer scale, making them important in the growth of nanoscale structures. In particular, the self-assembly of exclusively linear hydrogen cyanide chains is observed, even when the folded structures are energetically favored. This suggests a design strategy for the growth of new nanoscale oligomers composed of monomers with defined dipole (or higher order) moment directions.
Group Credibility and Opinion Change

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of messages of varying ethos upon opinion change. The results support the hypothesis that messages attributed to a High Ethos Group are more influential than those attributed to a Collection of High Ethos individuals, a High Ethos individual, a Low Ethos Group, and a Collection of Low Ethos individuals.
Intercomparison of calibration techniques for 1064nm NIR elastic lidar

In conventional lidar, calibration of the backscatter signal is performed by comparing the returns to aerosol clean layers where the backscatter signal can be calculated directly. Unfortunately, in the IR, this approach is not practical since the aerosol contribution to the signal is always a significant fraction even for high altitudes. Two approaches which have been suggested include the calibration from high altitude cirrus clouds and the calibration from low altitude stratocumulous (water phase) clouds. In this paper, we perform an inter-comparison of these methods over long time periods both as a means to assess the accuracy of the calibration methods as well as determining the stability of the lidar calibration coefficient. To improve upon the standard calibration using the cirrus cloud approach, a forward iterative integration scheme is employed from below cloud base to determine the backscatter at 532nm. It is found that the cirrus cloud approach in reasonable agreement with the low altitude water cloud method. Furthermore, a small 15% discrepancy between the methods is explained based on reasonable multiple scattering corrections which must be introduced into the low altitude water cloud technique.
Nucleotide sequence and tissue-specific expression of the multifunctional protein carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase-aspartate transcarbamoylase-dihydroorotase (CAD) mRNA in Squalus acanthias.

Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II (CPSase II), aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase), and dihydroorotase (DHOase) catalyze the first three steps of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis, respectively. In mammalian species, these three enzyme activities exist in the cytosol in liver and other tissues as a multifunctional complex on a single polypeptide called carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase-aspartate transcarbamoylase-dihydroorotase (CAD) in the order of NH2-CPSase II-DHOase-ATCase-COOH. Previous studies provided evidence that in Squalus acanthias (spiny dogfish) these enzymes are not expressed in liver and that they exist as separate entities in the cytosol of extra-hepatic tissues such as testes and spleen (Anderson, P. M.(1989) Biochem. J. 261, 523-529). Here we report that the genes for these three enzymes are expressed in testes as a single transcript analogous to CAD in mammalian species and that these genes are not expressed in liver at levels that can be detected by Northern blots or by the polymerase chain reaction. The absence of the pyrimidine pathway in the liver may be related to the exclusive localization of glutamine synthetase in the mitochondrial matrix which provides for efficient assimilation of ammonia as glutamine for urea synthesis in these ureoosmotic species; thus glutamine may not be available for CPSase II or other amidotransferase activities in the cytosol. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the shark CAD cDNA reported here is very similar to CAD from other species; alignment with the hamster CAD sequence shows 77% identical residues.
Dietary protein and energy requirements in ESRD patients

The published reports of dietary protein and energy intake and protein and energy requirements for maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patients are reviewed. Evidence indicates that the dietary energy intake of patients undergoing MHD or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is less than normal. Dietary protein intake in various surveys averages approximately 1.0 g/kg/d. The energy expenditure of MHD patients appears to be normal or slightly increased during resting and normal during various other daily activities. Energy expenditure in CAPD patients appears normal. Nitrogen balance and anthropometric studies in MHD or CAPD patients ingesting controlled diets in a metabolic unit research ward also indicate that dietary energy requirements are normal and are approximately 35 to 38 kcal/kg/d in MHD patients. For CAPD patients, total energy requirements (from diet and dialysate) also appear to be 35 to 38 kcal/kg/d. These recommended energy intakes are for adult patients aged approximately 60 years or younger. Thus, the low dietary energy intakes of MHD and CPD patients are maladaptive. Nitrogen balance studies indicate that a safe dietary allowance for protein is approximately 1.2 g/kg/d for MHD patients and 1.2 to 1.3 g/kg/d for CAPD patients. Because the nutritional status of patients at the onset of chronic dialysis therapy is a strong predictor of both their nutritional status during the course of chronic dialysis treatment and their subsequent morbidity and mortality, it is important to maintain good nutritional status in patients with chronic renal failure before their development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and establishment on chronic dialysis. Evidence indicates that there is a reduction in dietary protein and energy intake and a gradual deterioration of nutritional status in patients with chronic renal insufficiency as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases progressively to less than 50 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. More studies are needed to assess dietary protein and energy requirements both for MHD and CPD patients who are clinically stable and for those who have sustained comorbid conditions that increase energy expenditure or protein nitrogen appearance.
Lifetime Abuse, Mental Health, and African American Women

This study examined the relationship between lifetime abuse and mental health among 126 African American women and 365 White women from a primary health care setting who participated in a telephone interview as part of a larger study. Seven types of childhood and adult intimate partner abuse were measured. Consistent with hypotheses, (1) lifetime abuse was associated with elevated levels of anxiety and depression, and (2) women who experienced childhood abuse were more likely to report adult partner abuse. African American and White women showed more similarities than differences in the associations between most abuse experiences and depression and anxiety, as well as types of childhood abuse. African American abused women reported more excessive jealousy by partners. Nonabused African American women reported higher levels of depression and anxiety than their White counterparts. Results are interpreted and discussed taking into account relevant social and cultural factors.
Lessons learned from teaching web-based courses: the 7-year itch.

TOPIC. Lessons Learned from Teaching Web-Based Courses: The 7-Year Itch SOURCES OF INFORMATION. Increased sophisticated technological communications are rapidly changing the teaching and learning environment. Nursing educators must respond by developing new ways of teaching. Because of these changes, new ways of teaching, course delivery methods, and classroom environments are being discovered. The Internet and the cyberspace environment allow students from all over the nation to sit in the same virtual classroom and ‘attend lecture’ with one instructor. This article describes lessons learned from seven years of teaching on the web on both undergraduate and graduate levels. CONCLUSION. The major challenges for faculty relate to the creation of a stimulated learning environment for communication and interaction among the students, course preparation, workload, time management. Additional challenges are the methods of classroom discussions, teaching methods, responding to students, and teaching a 2-unit clinical component on-line. For students, issues of learning styles, motivation, and class participation are discussed. Results of the students’ responses to a 10-item Likert–type course evaluation tool as well as issues for future web educators are presented.
Estrogen production by an established cell line from pulmonary small cell anaplastic-carcinoma.

Radioimmunoassays demonstrated the presence of estradiol-17β in growth medium from DMS-44, a continuous cell line obtained from pulmonary small cell anaplastic carcinoma; other steroids such as testosterone and cortisol were not present in measurable amounts. To study further the ability of DMS-44 cells to produce estrogens, [3H]-testosterone or [3H]-androstenedione was incubated with cells for 24 h. [3H]-estrone and [3H]-estradiol-17β were isolated from the incubation medium by extraction. Partition and thin layer chromatography. The two estrogens were identified by chromatography after addition of authentic [14C]-estrone to the fractions presumed to contain [3H]-estrone and authentic [14C]-estradiol-17β to that of [3H]-estradiol. Estradiol-17β was favored over estrone as the main estrogen formed both from testosterone and androstenedione. The estradiol-17β fraction was repeatedly chromatographed in several thin layer Chromatographic systems, reaching constant Tritium: Carbon-14 ratio. These findings, together with the radioimmunoassay data, are considered conclusive evidence for the formation of estradiol-17β by small cell carcinoma cell lines in vitro.
DASM: An open source active shape model for automatic registration of objects

The main contribution of this paper is to introduce DASM - Dynamic Active Shape Models, an open source software for the automatic detection of fiducial points on objects for subsequent registration, to the research community. DASM leverages the tremendous work of STASM, a well known software library for automatic detection of points on faces. In this work we compare DASM to other well-known techniques for automatic face registration: Active Appearance Models (AAM) and Constrained Local Models (CLM). Further we show that DASM outperforms these techniques on a per registration-point error, average object error, and on cumulative error distribution. As a follow on, we show that DASM outperforms STASM v3.1 on model training and registration by leveraging open source libraries for computer vision (OpenCV v2.4) and threading/parallelism (OpenMP). The improvements in speed and performance of DASM allows for extremely dense registration, 252 points on the face, in video applications.
Energy Survey Activities off Atlantic Coast Get Green Light From Obama Administration

The 27 February release of an environmental review of geological and geophysical (G&G) survey activities off the mid- and South Atlantic outer continental shelf is a key step toward potentially opening the area to oil and gas exploration, according to industry and environmental groups. That is a prospect industry groups favor and environmental groups say will harm marine life.
Changes in marriage and fertility behavior. Behavior versus attitudes of young adults.

Hoping to determine whether recent changes in marriage and fertility behavior are simply temporary or more permanent the attitudes and values of young adults were compared to the recent trends. The data come from the 1987 wave of the National Survey of Children which has tracked a nationally representative sample of young people since 1976. The following behaviors and their corresponding attitudes are discussed: sexual activity pregnancy nonmarital childbearing abortion marriage and cohabitation and divorce. Also considered are how blacks and whites differ in their behavior and attitudes. Since the 1970s the incidence of premarital intercourse has increased substantially among adolescents and has resulted in a rise in the pregnancy rate. Adolescents strongly disapprove of sexual activity among younger teens but accept it for older adolescents. Nonmarital childbearing increased by about 50% from 1970 to 1987. Adolescents however generally hold negative attitudes toward adolescent pregnancy and the majority of sexually experienced teens report wanting to avoid pregnancy. In 1985 over 40% of teens who became pregnant obtained an abortion. Adolescents are divided on the acceptability of abortion -- except in instances of rape in which case most accept abortion. Young adults strongly favor delayed marriage and oppose divorce feeling that couples should not get married unless they intend to stay together for life. About 1/2 of young adults approve of cohabitation and only 1/5 are opposed to nonmarital childbearing. Based on the policy implications of the findings it is concluded that the attitudes and values of young adults do not reflect the demise of the family as has been predicted.
Large Earthquake Triggering, Clustering, and the Synchronization of Faults

Large earthquakes are sometimes observed to trigger other large earthquakes on nearby faults. The magnitudes of the calculated Coulomb stress transfers presumed to cause the triggering are 10-2–10-3 of the earthquake stress drops. The earthquake stress drops and the triggering delay times are similarly small with respect to the natural recurrence time of the earthquakes. This requires that both faults be simultaneously very close to the ends of their seismic cycles. Paleoseismological data show that for the same regions prior earthquakes have occurred in clusters of ruptures of several faults separated by long quiescent periods. Both observations suggest that synchronization is occurring between faults. Theory and observations indicate that synchronization can occur between nearby faults with positive stress coupling and intrinsic slip velocities within an entrainment threshold. In the south Iceland seismic zone, the central Nevada seismic belt, and the eastern California shear zone, several synchronous clusters that apparently act independently can be recognized. This behavior is the 3D equivalent of the phase locking that results in the seismic cycle of individual faults being dominated by large characteristic earthquakes, and for synchronization of fault segments along a given fault. Rupture patterns of repeated individual earthquakes or earthquake clusters are not identical in either the 2D or 3D cases. The state of this system, which exhibits strong indications of synchrony without exact repetition, may be called fuzzy synchrony.
Chebyshev digital FIR filter design

Abstract A new multiple-exchange ascent algorithm is presented for designing optimal Chebyshev digital FIR filters with arbitrary magnitude and phase specifications. Compared to existing Chebyshev design techniques, the new design algorithm exhibits faster convergence while maintaining high accuracy, and is guaranteed to converge to the optimal solution. In addition, the proposed algorithm exactly reduces to the classic second Remez (Parks–McClellan) algorithm when real-only or imaginary-only filters are designed and is, therefore, a generalization of the classic Remez algorithm to the complex case. The described algorithm has been incorporated as part of the MATLAB signal processing toolbox. Design examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Efficacy of the "TELL" Language and Literacy Curriculum for Preschoolers with Developmental Speech and/or Language Impairment.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to examine the efficacy of a new preschool oral language and early literacy curriculum package ( Teaching Early Literacy and Language [ TELL ]) for children with developmental speech and/or language impairment (DSLI) either as a primary (e.g., specific to speech and/or language) or secondary impairment (e.g., developmental delay that includes DSLI). Participants included 118 children (30 females, 88 males, M age = 53.58 months) with DLSI and their 29 preschool teachers. The design was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with assignment to experimental versus contrast conditions at the classroom level. Teachers in TELL classes received formal training, in-class support, and mentoring to implement the curriculum. Dependent measures for the children included scores on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Preschool 2nd edition ( CELF-P2 ), the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening for Preschool ( PALS-PreK ), the Renfrew Bus Story ( BUS ), and a receptive and expressive vocabulary measure developed for this investigation (VOCAB). Results indicated that when compared to the contrast group, children in the TELL condition demonstrated greater gains on the phonological awareness subtest of the CELF-P2 , the sentence length score of the BUS , the letter sounds, beginning sound awareness, and rhyme awareness subtests of the PALS-PreK , and VOCAB . Results suggest that the TELL curriculum package has promise for promoting gains in early literacy and oral language skills in preschool children with DLSI.
In situ multielement analysis by α‐particle induced x‐ray fluorescence in saline‐treated bush bean

Abstract The effect of NaCl salinities of 1 atm. and less on elemental relationships in bean leaves was determined in situ by α‐induced x‐ray fluorescence. The method was excellent for detecting light Z elements ranging from 10 to 22. The results showed that Mg and P levels were good indicators of 0.5 atm NaCl salinity, whereas Cl concentration was a good indicator of at least 1.0 atm NaCl salinity. Mg and P levels decreased, whereas Cl level increased with increasing salinities. S,K, and Ca levels were not affected by low salinities. Leaves from both control and test plants were characterized by positive P‐Ca and K‐Ca correlations. In addition, negative P‐Cl and S‐Ca correlations were associated with salinity treatment.
DAHLELLA CALDARIENSIS, NEW GENUS, NEW SPECIES: A LEPTOSTRACAN (CRUSTACEA, MALACOSTRACA) FROM DEEP-SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS

ABSTRACT The leptostracan Dahlella caldariensis, new genus, new species, is common at hydrothermal vents on the Galapagos spreading center and the East Pacific Rise at 13°N and 21°N (2,450-2,620 m depth). It was found in the throat of vent openings and clumps of mussels and vestimentiferans. The genus is most strikingly recognized by its elongate, dentate eyestalk. Living leptostracans are realigned among two families, Nebaliopsidae, new family, and Nebaliidae, new combination, which are diagnosed herein.
Morphological effects on surface-plasmon-polariton waves at the planar interface of a metal and a columnar thin film

Abstract A theoretical study predicts that surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves may propagate along the interface of a columnar thin film (CTF) and a metal over a range of propagation directions relative to the morphology of the CTF. The range of propagation directions depends on the tilt of the columns in the CTF. The phase speed of the SPP wave varies mainly as a function of the tilt of the CTF columns. Both the confinement of the SPP wave to the interface and the decay of the SPP wave along the direction of propagation depend strongly on the direction of propagation relative to the morphologically significant plane of the CTF. The greater the columnar tilt in relation to the interface, the shorter is the range of propagation. Because of CTF porosity and the ability to engineer this biaxial dielectric material, the CTF–metal interface may be more attractive for sensor applications than the traditional dielectric–metal interface used for SPP-wave-based sensors.