cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epstein-Barr virus RNA in Burkitt tumor tissue

Abstract Analysis of the viral RNA in four Burkitt tumor biopsies indicates that tumor tissue contains RNA homologous to at least 3–6% of the DNA of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Most of these RNA species accumulate in the polyadenylated RNA fraction of Burkitt tumor tissue. Two approaches have been used to determine the location within the EBV genome of the DNA sequences which encode stable RNA in two Burkitt tumor biopsies, F and S, which contain 6–10 copies per cell of at least 80% of the EBV genome. With the first approach, 32 P-EBV DNA homologous to polyadenylated or nonpolyadenylated RNAs from the F, S or R tumors was hybridized to blots of fragments of EBV DNA. With the second approach, polyadenylated or nonpolyadenylated RNAs from the F or S tumors were hybridized to separated, labeled fragments of EBV DNA in solution. The results indicate that first, most of the viral RNA in Burkitt tumor tissue is encoded by approximately 20% of the Hsu I D fragment, 20% of the Eco RI A/Hsu I A double-cut fragment and 3% of the Hsu I B fragment of EBV DNA; second, an abundant RNA species in tumor tissue is homologous to the "additional DNA" present in the W91 and Jijoye/HR-I Burkitt tumor isolates of EBV and absent in the B95-8 virus, an isolate of EBV from outside the Burkitt endemic region; and third, there is little or no homology to other regions of the EBV genome.
Eimeria carolinensis n. sp., a Coccidium from the White-Footed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque)

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria carolinensis n.sp. (Sporozoa) is described from oocysts in the feces of the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque) taken in the vicinity of Durham, North Carolina. The oocysts are ellipsoidal to elongate ellipsoidal, 14–19.5 × 10–13 μ, mean of 17.6 × 11.3 μ. Micropyle absent. Oocyst wall composed of 2 layers. A refractile granule present but no oocyst residuum. Sporocysts ovoid almost filling the oocyst. Small Stieda body present.
Efficiency of Total Collection and Chromic Oxide Techniques in Short-Term Digestion Trials

Abstract Sixteen lactating cows were maintained in a conventional stanchion barn adapted for total fecal collection by continuous attendants. The conventional 7-day total collection method of determining digestibility was compared with 1- and 3-day total collections; and with chromic oxide methods using three sampling procedures: 1-day and 3-day total collections and a 1-day collection of six rectal grab-samples at four-hour intervals. Dry matter digestion coefficients (with standard deviations) of 65.7±2.3%, 65.2 ±2.7%, and 65.2±3.8%, respectively, were not significantly different for the 7-, 3-, and 1-day total collection periods. Mean coefficients determined with the chromic oxide method utilizing 1-day grab-samples and 3-day total collections were 64.2±4.6 and 64.4±3.3%, respectively. These were comparable to results obtained by total collection; however, coefficients calculated from chromic oxide determined on 1-day total collections were lower (P
Field emission characteristics of vertically aligned free-standing copper nanowires grown by chemical vapor deposition with no template

Field emission from vertically aligned free-standing copper nanowires (CuNWs) is reported. The CuNWs were grown by chemical vapor deposition on various substrates without using templates, catalysts or lithographic processes. The nanowires exhibited excellent field emission characteristics that are comparable to carbon nanotubes and other nanowires, and are substantially superior to those CuNWs prepared by template method. Different substrates, electrode distances and pressures were tested. Low turn-on fields and high field-enhancement factors were obtained of the emitters and their robustness and long-term stability demonstrated. These results suggest that the present CuNWs may serve as viable emitters for practical applications.
Radiation damage effects in candidate titanates for Pu disposition: Zirconolite

Abstract Results from studies of radiation-induced damage from the alpha decay of 238Pu on the density and crystal structure of a nominally phase-pure zirconolite and two other zirconolite-bearing ceramics are discussed. Macro and micro swelling were found to be temperature independent, whereas the density determined with He gas pycnometry was temperature dependent. Approximately 2.6 × 1018 α/g were needed to render the specimens X-ray amorphous– more to saturate the swelling. Unlike pyrochlore-based ceramics, we did not observe any phase changes associated with storage temperature and damage ingrowth. The forward dissolution rate at a pH value of 2 for material containing essentially all zirconolite is 1.7(4) × 10−3 g/(m2 d) with very little pH dependence and no dependence on the amount of radiation-induced damage. Even after the radiation-induced swelling saturated, the specimens remained physically intact with no evidence for microcracking. Thus, the material remains physically a viable material for the disposition of surplus weapons-grade Pu.
Permeation cascades for the separation of krypton and xenon from nuclear reactor atmospheres

Multistage permeation cascades have been designed for the removal of radioactive krypton and xenon from nuclear reactor atmospheres. These cascades could serve for the decontamination of the atmosphere within a reactor containment dome following a nuclear accident and for other applications of interest to the nuclear industry. The stages of the cascades are assumed to consist of permeator modules using silicone rubber capillaries as separation membranes. All stages are to be operated in a countercurrent mode with shell-side feed. It is shown that it is possible to design an ideal cascade for the separation of multicomponent mixtures by matching the concentrations of a suitable key component in interstage streams that are mixed. This procedure minimizes the cascade volume and power requirement. It is also possible to design a cascade with constant stage cuts in its enriching and stripping sections that approximates the performance of an ideal cascade. The krypton and xenon content of a feed mixture containing about 1 × 10−3 mol% Kr and 1 × 10−2 mol% Xe in air can be lowered by factors of 103 and 108 respectively in a 27-stage permeation cascade. Methods of reducing the number of stages and the effects of irradiation on the membrane performance are also discussed.
Shaping National Science Policy: Some Lessons Learned.

Thirty-five years of experience have taught several lessons about shaping science policy. Derived from these lessons are four premises that deserve individual and collective thought: (1) The partnership in U.S. society between health and science interests is fundamentally important; (2) Scientific merit must be the paramount basis for allocating whatever research funds are available; (3) Better data and their careful analysis are vital to the decision-making processes; and (4) More than ever we must have a clear, concise, vigorous, and repeated enunciation of the principles that are essential for a national biomedical research program to flourish. The fourth premise is expressed succinctly in the 11 principles outlined in the 1983 AAMC monograph "Preserving America's Preeminence in Medical Research," which places important responsibilities for the collective success of the U.S. research program on all of the various components of society. Three important factors favor efforts to shape a useful, successful science policy: a public that places improvements in health high on every priority list, a rapidly expanding body of invaluable knowledge, and a sizable investment of tax-derived funds, now totalling over $7.5 billion per year.
The Restaurant Industry and Illegal Immigrants: An Oklahoma Case Study

The restaurant industry is one of the largest employers of immigrants in the United States. Some say immigration policies are fundamental to the success of the restaurant industry. This study attempts to explore the impact of illegal immigration restriction on labor costs through a case study of managers and owners in Oklahoma's restaurant industry. The study surveyed restaurant managers/owners in Oklahoma—a state in which a strong immigration law has been enacted (but is still in court)—to examine perceptions of how such changes might impact the restaurant business. Based on the findings, suggestions for future researchers in this field are provided.
Influence of microemulsions on enantioselective synthesis of (R)-cyclopent-2-enol catalyzed by vitamin B12.

The influence of microemulsions on the vitamin B12-catalyzed enantioselective isomerization of 1,2-epoxycyclopentane (1) to form (R)-cyclopent-2-enol (2) has been examined. The reaction was initiated by a reduction of vitamin B12 to the CoI form by Zn/NH4Cl. The largest enantiomeric excess (e.e.) in the products was 52% for (R)-2 obtained in a bicontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) microemulsion. A water-in-oil SDS microemulsion gave a poorer percent e.e. probably because of limited catalyst utilization in the water droplets. The influence of the pH of the water phase, the amount of water, and the concentration of vitamin B12 on the enantioselectivity and yield of the reaction was also explored. Results suggest that factors such as higher water content and bicontinuous fluid structure facilitated efficient intermixing of catalyst with reactant to form a key organocobalt intermediate, thus improving enantioselectivity.
Uncertainty compensation in human attention: evidence from response times and fixation durations.

Background Uncertainty and predictability have remained at the center of the study of human attention. Yet, studies have only examined whether response times (RT) or fixations were longer or shorter under levels of stimulus uncertainty. To date, no study has examined patterns of stimuli and responses through a unifying framework of uncertainty. Methodology/Principal Findings We asked 29 college students to generate repeated responses to a continuous series of visual stimuli presented on a computer monitor. Subjects produced these responses by pressing on a keypad as soon a target was detected (regardless of position) while the durations of their visual fixations were recorded. We manipulated the level of stimulus uncertainty in space and time by changing the number of potential stimulus locations and time intervals between stimulus presentations. To allow the analyses to be conducted using uncertainty as common description of stimulus and response we calculated the entropy of the RT and fixation durations. We tested the hypothesis of uncertainty compensation across space and time by fitting the RT and fixation duration entropy values to a quadratic surface. The quadratic surface accounted for 80% of the variance in the entropy values of both RT and fixation durations. RT entropy increased as a function of spatial and temporal uncertainty of the stimulus, alongside a symmetric, compensatory decrease in the entropy of fixation durations as the level of spatial and temporal uncertainty of the stimuli was increased. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate that greater uncertainty in the stimulus leads to greater uncertainty in the response, and that the effects of spatial and temporal uncertainties are compensatory. We also observed compensatory relationship across the entropies of fixation duration and RT, suggesting that a more predictable visual search strategy leads to more uncertain response patterns and vice versa.
Developmentally regulated expression of CaMKII and iGluRs in the rat retina

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) have been shown to be pivotal in the maturation of synapses during development of the central nervous system. The purpose of the current study was to assay the expression profiles of these molecules during the development of the rat retina. The mRNA levels of CaMKII were determined by the semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. The protein levels of CaMKII were assayed in slot blots. The CaMKII enzyme activity was also measured. In addition, the protein levels of iGluRs in a retinal membrane-enriched fraction were evaluated in Western blots. The results show that the levels of CaMKII (mRNA, protein, and activity) and distinct subunits of iGluR proteins increased during the first 2 weeks after birth. The highest level of CaMKII was reached during the second postnatal week, coincident with the peak of synaptogenesis in the inner plexiform layer of the rat retina. The expressions of NMDAR-NR1 and -NR2A were relatively low in the first postnatal week but rose quickly thereafter. However, NMDAR-NR2B was relatively high at postnatal day 5 (P5) and increased steadily during the postnatal period. Thus, the subunit compositional profile of the retinal NMDARs was altered during retinal maturation. The developmental pattern of AMPAR-GluR1 was similar to that of NMDAR-NR2B, with high expression at P5, and modest increases thereafter. The patterns of CaMKII and NR1/NR2A were better correlated than were CaMKII and NR2B, or CaMKII and GluR1. The temporal differences in subunit expression of these synaptically relevant molecules suggest that they play distinct roles during the development of the retina.
Early decline in glucose transport and metabolism precedes shift to ketogenic system in female aging and Alzheimer's mouse brain: implication for bioenergetic intervention.

We previously demonstrated that mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits in the female brain accompanied reproductive senescence and was accompanied by a shift from an aerobic glycolytic to a ketogenic phenotype. Herein, we investigated the relationship between systems of fuel supply, transport and mitochondrial metabolic enzyme expression/activity during aging (3–15 months) in the hippocampus of nontransgenic (nonTg) background and 3xTgAD female mice. Results indicate that during female brain aging, both nonTg and 3xTgAD brains undergo significant decline in glucose transport, as detected by FDG-microPET, between 6–9 months of age just prior to the transition into reproductive senescence. The deficit in brain metabolism was sustained thereafter. Decline in glucose transport coincided with significant decline in neuronal glucose transporter expression and hexokinase activity with a concomitant rise in phosphorylated/inactivated pyruvate dehydrogenase. Lactate utilization declined in parallel to the decline in glucose transport suggesting lactate did not serve as an alternative fuel. An adaptive response in the nonTg hippocampus was a shift to transport and utilization of ketone bodies as an alternative fuel. In the 3xTgAD brain, utilization of ketone bodies as an alternative fuel was evident at the earliest age investigated and declined thereafter. The 3xTgAD adaptive response was to substantially increase monocarboxylate transporters in neurons while decreasing their expression at the BBB and in astrocytes. Collectively, these data indicate that the earliest change in the metabolic system of the aging female brain is the decline in neuronal glucose transport and metabolism followed by decline in mitochondrial function. The adaptive shift to the ketogenic system as an alternative fuel coincided with decline in mitochondrial function. Translationally, these data provide insights into the earliest events in bioenergetic aging of the female brain and provide potential targets for preventing shifts to less efficient bioenergetic fuels and transition to the ketogenic phenotype of the Alzheimer's brain.
Recent advances in Ga1−xInxSb/InAs superlattice IR detector materials

Development of Ga 1-x In X Sb/InAs superlattices has been motivated by potential applications to infrared (IR) detectors in the 8-12 μm band and the far IR region 12-20 + μm. Theoretical and experimental results to date support the prospect that very high performance III-V materials-based IR focal plane array (FPA) sensors that can operate at temperatures higher than HgCdTe photovoltaic devices are feasible. The heterostructures under development are grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and are type-II, broken gap superlattices of alternating layers of Ga 1-x In x Sb/InAs with compositions chosen to allow the superlattice to be symmetrically strained to GaSb substrates. The details of the interface structure at the GaSb surface, the character of the interfaces between the Ga 1-x In X Sb and InAs layers, and the chemical nature of the Group V flux used in the MBE growth process are among the critical factors in enabling the growth of superlattices of extremely high optical quality suitable for IR detectors. We review recent advances in the materials and epitaxial processes for growing these superlattices. These processes have been applied to producing IR detector structures tailored to the particularly difficult spectral range of very long wavelength cut-off of 12 + μm.
Genome sequencing identifies Listeria fleischmannii subsp. coloradonensis subsp. nov., isolated from a ranch

Twenty Listeria -like isolates were obtained from environmental samples collected on a cattle ranch in northern Colorado; all of these isolates were found to share an identical partial sigB sequence, suggesting close relatedness. The isolates were similar to members of the genus Listeria in that they were Gram-stain-positive, short rods, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive; the isolates were similar to Listeria fleischmannii because they were non-motile at 25 °C. 16S rRNA gene sequencing for representative isolates and whole genome sequencing for one isolate was performed. The genome of the type strain of Listeria fleischmannii (strain LU2006-1T) was also sequenced. The draft genomes were very similar in size and the average MUMmer nucleotide identity across 91 % of the genomes was 95.16 %. Genome sequence data were used to design primers for a six-gene multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme. Phylogenies based on (i) the near-complete 16S rRNA gene, (ii) 31 core genes and (iii) six housekeeping genes illustrated the close relationship of these Listeria -like isolates to Listeria fleischmannii LU2006-1T. Sufficient genetic divergence of the Listeria -like isolates from the type strain of Listeria fleischmannii and differing phenotypic characteristics warrant these isolates to be classified as members of a distinct infraspecific taxon, for which the name Listeria fleischmannii subsp. coloradonensis subsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TTU M1-001T ( = BAA-2414T = DSM 25391T). The isolates of Listeria fleischmannii subsp. coloradonensis subsp. nov. differ from the nominate subspecies by the inability to utilize melezitose, turanose and sucrose, and the ability to utilize inositol. The results also demonstrate the utility of whole genome sequencing to facilitate identification of novel taxa within a well-described genus. The genomes of both subspecies of Listeria fleischmannii contained putative enhancin genes; the Listeria fleischmannii subsp. coloradonensis subsp. nov. genome also encoded a putative mosquitocidal toxin. The presence of these genes suggests possible adaptation to an insect host, and further studies are needed to probe niche adaptation of Listeria fleischmannii .
Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Clinical Pharmacokinetic Studies

Considerations ethiques concernant les prelevements de liquide biologique, leur frequence, leur quantite, leur site, le choix des patients, et la securite des chercheurs et du personnel technique au cours d'une etude pharmacocinetique clinique
Intravenous Cobinamide Versus Hydroxocobalamin for Acute Treatment of Severe Cyanide Poisoning in a Swine (Sus scrofa) Model

Study objective Hydroxocobalamin is a Food and Drug Administration–approved antidote for cyanide poisoning. Cobinamide is a potential antidote that contains 2 cyanide-binding sites. To our knowledge, no study has directly compared hydroxocobalamin with cobinamide in a severe, cyanide-toxic large-animal model. Our objective is to compare the time to return of spontaneous breathing in swine with acute cyanide-induced apnea treated with intravenous hydroxocobalamin, intravenous cobinamide, or saline solution (control). Methods Thirty-three swine (45 to 55 kg) were intubated, anesthetized, and instrumented (continuous mean arterial pressure and cardiac output monitoring). Anesthesia was adjusted to allow spontaneous breathing with FiO 2 of 21% during the experiment. Cyanide was continuously infused intravenously until apnea occurred and lasted for 1 minute (time zero). Animals were then randomly assigned to receive intravenous hydroxocobalamin (65 mg/kg), cobinamide (12.5 mg/kg), or saline solution and monitored for 60 minutes. A sample size of 11 animals per group was selected according to obtaining a power of 80%, an α of .05, and an SD of 0.17 in mean time to detect a 20% difference in time to spontaneous breathing. We assessed differences in time to death among groups, using Kaplan-Meier estimation methods, and compared serum lactate, blood pH, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation time curves with repeated-measures ANOVA. Results Baseline weights and vital signs were similar among groups. The time to apnea and cyanide dose required to achieve apnea were similar. At time zero, mean cyanide blood and lactate concentrations and reduction in mean arterial pressure from baseline were similar. In the saline solution group, 2 of 11 animals survived compared with 10 of 11 in the hydroxocobalamin and cobinamide groups ( P Conclusion Both hydroxocobalamin and cobinamide rescued severely cyanide-poisoned swine from apnea in the absence of assisted ventilation. The dose of cobinamide was one fifth that of hydroxocobalamin.
Growth of control and androgen‐treated Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), during treatment, nursery and grow‐out phases in tropical fish ponds

. Masculinization of sexually undifferentiated tilapia fry is achieved by oral administration of the androgen 17-α methyltestosterone (MT). An anabolic response to androgen treatment of tilapia has been reported. Growth of control and MT-treated tilapia was evaluated during consecutive treatment, nursery, and grow-out phases under conditions approximating commercial, semi-intensive tilapia farms in Central America. Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fry were fed a 0 or 60 mg/kg MT diet for 28 days. Growth curves for control and MT-treated fish did not have significantly different slopes. Mean harvest fry weights were similar, averaging 0·1 g/fry for both treatments. Fry were subsequently stocked into 0·2-ha nursery ponds for 94 days growth. Slopes of control and MT-treated fish growth curves were not significantly different. Mean final individual weights did not differ significantly between treatments. Control fish did not deviate significantly from the1:1 male: female ratio, but MT-treated fish were 97% males. Control male and MT-treated male fingerlings were stocked for grow-out into 0·1-ha organically fertilized earthen ponds. No significant difference in growth was observed between control and MT-treated fish. Mean gross yields after 150 days and mean final individual weights were similar for both treatments.
Boys Earn, Girls Buy: Depictions of Materialism on US Children's Branded-Entertainment Websites

The Web is becoming an increasingly ubiquitous medium in children's lives, and toy brands frequently use Web sites to promote their products to children. Research has shown that exposure to affluence and materialistic behavior on television over time is correlated with materialistic values in children, but little research has explored the amount and types of materialistic content that children are exposed to on the Web. Furthermore, given that some toy brands are highly gender-specific, the types of depictions of materialism may differ between sites targeting girls and those targeting boys, which could reinforce gender stereotypes pertaining to wealth and consumption. This study undertook a content analysis of US children's toy-affiliated Web sites and provides initial evidence that children's Web sites depict affluence and materialism, and the type and frequency of those depictions vary by gender. Web sites targeting girls promoted consumption behaviors and those targeting boys focused on gaining wealth.
DNA-based paternity analysis and genetic evaluation in a large, commercial cattle ranch setting

Deoxyribonucleic acid-based tests were used to assign paternity to 625 calves from a multiple-sire breeding pasture. There was a large variability in calf output and a large proportion of young bulls that did not sire any offspring. Five of 27 herd sires produced over 50% of the calves, whereas 10 sires produced no progeny and 9 of these were yearling bulls. A comparison was made between the paternity results obtained when using a DNA marker panel with a high (0.999), cumulative parentage exclusion probability (P(E)) and those obtained when using a marker panel with a lower P(E) (0.956). A large percentage (67%) of the calves had multiple qualifying sires when using the lower resolution panel. Assignment of the most probable sire using a likelihood-based method based on genotypic information resolved this problem in approximately 80% of the cases, resulting in 75% agreement between the 2 marker panels. The correlation between weaning weight, on-farm EPD based on pedigrees inferred from the 2 marker panels was 0.94 for the 24 bulls that sired progeny. Partial progeny assignments inferred from the lower resolution panel resulted in the generation of EPD for bulls that actually sired no progeny according to the high-P(E) panel, although the Beef Improvement Federation accuracies of EPD for these bulls were never greater than 0.14. Simulations were performed to model the effect of loci number, minor allele frequency, and the number of offspring per bull on the accuracy of genetic evaluations based on parentage determinations derived from SNP marker panels. The SNP marker panels of 36 and 40 loci produced EPD with accuracies nearly identical to those EPD resulting from use of the true pedigree. However, in field situations where factors including variable calf output per sire, large sire cohorts, relatedness among sires, low minor allele frequencies, and missing data can occur concurrently, the use of marker panels with a larger number of SNP loci will be required to obtain accurate on-farm EPD.
Patterns of regional metastasis in advanced stage cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the auricle

Objective. To determine patterns of regional metastasis in patients with advanced stage cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the auricle.Study Design. Case series with chart review.Setting. University-based tertiary care hospitals.Subjects and Methods. We analyzed 41 patients with stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the auricle.Results. The mean age was 74.2 years (range, 20.6-91.7 years). Thirty-five patients (85.4%) were stage IV. Twenty-nine patients (70.7%) had a prior history of nonauricular, nonmelanotic skin carcinoma. Twenty-four patients (58.5%) had regional metastasis to either the cervical or parotid nodal basin. In patients with cervical metastasis, the involvement by level was 6.7% (n = 1), 80.0% (n = 12), 46.6% (n = 7), 13.3% (n = 2), and 40.0% (n = 6), respectively. Of the 6 patients with a level 5 metastasis, 3 had primaries in the preauricular region, 2 had primaries of the auricle, and 1 had a primary of the postauricular region. Occult disease was present in 2 patients (9.1%) wi...
Restricted Diffusion of Chromium Nitrate Salt Solutions into Porous Sol-Gel-Silica Monoliths

The non-steady-state diffusion of chromium nitrate salt solutions into porous gel-silica monoliths has been studied by optical absorption for a range of pore morphologies. The effective diffusion coefficient for the hexa-aqua species decreases by 50 times the bulk diffusion coefficient for the smallest pore size investigated. These results indicate that pores smaller than the average pore size might be controlling the effective diffusion of chromium into the porous silica network or that additional forces, due to the smaller size of the pores, are contributing to the reduction of the ion's movement.
Micromanaging insulin secretion.

The human genome is peppered with genes for small microRNAs, whose functions are only beginning to come to light. One such microRNA is now implicated in the secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Increased Bleeding Risk: Are We Missing Something?

Abstract Purpose Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first line agents to treat clinical depression. Although these medications exhibit a favorable safety profile, there are multiple case reports, registries, and uncontrolled studies suggesting that use of SSRIs might be associated in the increased risk of bleeding events. There is also emerging evidence that these side effects of SSRIs are due to blockade of serotonin reuptake in platelets and subsequent platelet dysfunction. Methods The analysis of evidence linking SSRIs with bleeding episodes to define the prevalence, specific clinical characteristics, and estimated risk when SSRIs are used in combination with antiplatelet agents or/and anticoagulants. Results There are over 120 MEDLINE-cited peer-reviewed research papers and more than 50000 Web pages devoted to SSRI-related bleeding events. Conclusion Independently of the brand, use of SSRIs is indeed associated with increased bleeding risk. Although such complications are rare, their frequency is growing, and physicians should be aware of SSRI-induced hemorrhages, especially in patients with hereditary platelet defects, and those treated with antiplatelet agents. Prospective studies are urgently needed to determine whether SSRIs will yield additional bleeding risks when used long term concomitantly with aspirin or clopidogrel.
Towards an electronic kilogram: an improved measurement of the Planck constant and electron mass

The electronic kilogram project of NIST has improved the watt balance method to obtain a new determination of the Planck constant h by measuring the ratio of the SI unit of power W to the electrical realization unit W90, based on the conventional values for the Josephson constant KJ−90 and von Klitzing constant RK−90. The value h = 6.626 069 01(34) × 10−34 J s verifies the NIST result from 1998 with a lower combined relative standard uncertainty of 52 nW/W. A value for the electron mass me = 9.109 382 14(47) × 10−31 kg can also be obtained from this result. With uncertainties approaching the limit of those commercially applicable to mass calibrations at the level of 1 kg, an electronically-derived standard for the mass unit kilogram is closer to fruition.
Bilateral kernel-based Region Detector

In this paper, we present a new method for a locally adaptive region detector called Bilateral kernel-based Region Detector (BIRD). This work is to detect stable regions from images by consecutively computing a multiscale decomposition based on the bilateral kernel. The BIRD regards a region as covariant if it exhibits predictability in its photometric distance over spatial distance. Distinctiveness and robustness across scales are achieved by selecting the extremely stable regions through sequential scales. Our method is simple and easy to implement. Experimental results show that our method outperforms competing affine region detection methods in efficiency on region detection.
A double-edged sword: erythropoietin eyed in retinopathy of prematurity.

lmology a E rythropoietin (Epo) is an oxygen-regu mone produced in the kidney and releas bloodstream. The systemic function of stimulate erythrocyte formation in the bone response to hypoxia. Recombinant human ery (rhEpo) is used widely for the treatment of premature infants including those at high risk ing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The stu et al published in this issue of the Journal of AA that higher doses of rhEpo are associated with a of developing ROP in an age-dependent ma study confirms in patients the suggestion fr studies that timing and dosing of rhEpo treatm to be monitored carefully with respect to ROP ROP is a major cause of childhood blindne incidence of ROP is increasing due to increased premature infants with very low birth weight. tation age/birth weight and oxygen use are factors for ROP. After premature birth, the hyperoxic extra-uterine environment (compare in utero) suppresses production of oxygen growth factors (eg, vascular endothelial gro [VEGF]). This loss of growth factors inhibits vascular growth that would normally occur in trimester, resulting in a peripheral avascular zo infant matures, the nonvascularized retina be creasingly metabolically active, leading to tissu and thereby increased release of hypoxia-induc factors, including VEGF and Epo. This gro excess stimulates abnormal new vessel growth a tion between the vascularized retina and th zone, which may lead to retinal detachment and Thus there is a two-phase problem in ROP. phase, hyperoxia suppresses oxygen-regulated suppresses retinal vascular growth. This occurs postmenstrual age 30 weeks. In the second avascular retina becomes hypoxic and the gro
Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting

Implementation strategies have unparalleled importance in implementation science, as they constitute the ‘how to’ component of changing healthcare practice. Yet, implementation researchers and other stakeholders are not able to fully utilize the findings of studies focusing on implementation strategies because they are often inconsistently labelled and poorly described, are rarely justified theoretically, lack operational definitions or manuals to guide their use, and are part of ‘packaged’ approaches whose specific elements are poorly understood. We address the challenges of specifying and reporting implementation strategies encountered by researchers who design, conduct, and report research on implementation strategies. Specifically, we propose guidelines for naming, defining, and operationalizing implementation strategies in terms of seven dimensions: actor, the action, action targets, temporality, dose, implementation outcomes addressed, and theoretical justification. Ultimately, implementation strategies cannot be used in practice or tested in research without a full description of their components and how they should be used. As with all intervention research, their descriptions must be precise enough to enable measurement and ‘reproducibility.’ We propose these recommendations to improve the reporting of implementation strategies in research studies and to stimulate further identification of elements pertinent to implementation strategies that should be included in reporting guidelines for implementation strategies.
Interactively stylizing camera motion

Movie directors and cinematographers impart style onto video using techniques that are learned through years of experience: camera movement, framing, color, lighting, etc. Without this experience and expensive equipment, it is very difficult to control stylistic aspects of a video. We introduce a novel approach for post-hoc editing of one specific aspect of cinematography -- camera motion style -- via an equalizer-like set of controls that manipulates the power spectra of a video's apparent motion path. We explore free manipulation of apparent camera motion as well as the transfer of motion styles from an example video to a new video to create a wide range of stylistic variations. We report on a user study confirming the ability of non-expert users to create motion styles.
GLUCOSE AND INSULIN RESPONSES TO WHOLE GRAIN BREAKFASTS VARYING IN SOLUBLE FIBER, BETA-GLUCAN: A DOSE RESPONSE STUDY IN OBESE WOMEN WITH INCREASED RISK FOR INSULIN RESISTANCE

Background A high intake of whole grains containing soluble fiber has been shown to lower glucose and insulin responses in overweight humans and humans with type 2 diabetes.
Reduced light energy density decreases post-gel contraction while maintaining degree of conversion in composites

The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between curing light intensity and (1) linear post-gel polymerization contraction strain, and (2) degree of conversion of a dental composite. Cylindrical specimens of a dental resin composite were cured from a distance of 7 mm for 40 s at four attenuated light intensities (71%, 49%, and 34% of control intensity and for 20 s at 71% plus 20 s at 100% intensity). A group cured at full intensity served as a control. Degree of conversion (DC) was measured at the top and bottom and linear contraction strain was measured at the bottom of the composite samples. DC at the sample top was significantly different (P 0.05). All other groups were significantly different from each other (P 0.05). The sample cured with two intensities showed a 21.8% reduction from the contraction strain predicted by a light energy density calculation. Application of light at less than the maximum intensity of the curing light resulted in significant reduction of polymerization contraction strain without significantly affecting the degree of conversion.
Retinoblastoma, a Tumor Suppressor, Is a Coactivator for the Androgen Receptor in Human Prostate Cancer DU145 Cells☆

The retinoblastoma protein may function as a tumor suppressor by controlling the progression of the normal cell cycle. Inactivation of Rb has been regarded as an important event in prostate carcinogenesis. However, the detailed mechanism of how Rb is linked to androgen-androgen receptor (A-AR), the major factor in promotion of prostate tumor growth, remains unclear. Using GST-Rb pull down assay and mammalian two-hybrid system, we report here that Rb can bind specifically to AR in an androgen-independent manner. Transient transfection assay demonstrates that cotransfection of AR and Rb can further induce AR transcriptional activity 4-fold in the presence of 1 nM dihydrotestosterone in DU145 cells. Interestingly, cotransfection of Rb and ARA70, the first identified AR coactivator, with AR can additively induce AR transcriptional activity 13-fold (from 5-fold to 64-fold). In conclusion, our discovery that Rb can function as a coactivator to induce AR transcriptional activity in prostate cells may represent the first data to link a negative growth regulatory protein function in a positive manner, by inducing the transcriptional activity of AR.
Choosing good paths for fast distributed reconfiguration of hexagonal metamorphic robots

The problem addressed is the distributed reconfiguration of a metamorphic robot system composed of any number of two dimensional robots (modules) front specific initial to specific goal configurations. The initial configuration we consider is a straight chain of modules, while the goal configuration satisfies a simple admissibility condition. Reconfiguration of the modules depends on finding a contiguous path of cells, called a substrate path, that spans the goal configuration. Modules fill in this substrate path and then move along the path to fill in the remainder of the goal without collision or deadlock. In this paper, we examine the problem of finding the substrate path most likely to result in fast parallel reconfiguration, drawing on results from our previous papers (2000, 2001). Admissible goal configurations are represented as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). We present a combination graph traversal-weighting algorithm that traverses all paths in the rooted DAG and use this algorithm to determine the best substrate path. We extend our definition of admissible substrate paths to consider admissible obstacle surfaces for reconfiguration when obstacles are present in the environment.
Evaluations of physiologic reactivity and reflexive behaviors during noxious procedures in sedated critically ill patients.

Abstract Purpose Sedated patients' responses to noxious stimulation are not well characterized. A standardized measure of nociception for use in the intensive care unit (ICU) is elusive. The study aimed to describe cardiovascular and pupil reactivity and behavioral responses between noxious and nonnoxious procedures in sedated ICU patients. Materials and Methods This prospective, descriptive study performed repeated measures using within-subject and crossover techniques. Forty-eight sedated, ventilated cardiac surgery patients from 2 institutions were included. Pupil sizes, heart rate, blood pressure, cortical arousal changes per the bispectral index, and behaviors were recorded at baseline, during, and after a noxious procedure (endotracheal suctioning or turning), and gentle touch. Results The majority of patients was deeply sedated with propofol infusion and were unresponsive or responsive only to physical stimulation. Significant changes in heart rate, pupil size, and bispectral index occurred with the noxious procedure but not with the nonnoxious procedure (P Conclusions Certain physiologic reactions and pupil size changes may be potentially useful nociceptive indicators in ICU settings. Further research is needed to determine the clinical parameters of physiologic response change and to evaluate the effects of opioids and sedatives on these physiologic responses.
Reverberation rejection with a dual-line towed array

Low-frequency bottom reverberation from explosive sources was measured with a dual-line horizontal towed array during a 1991 system engineering trial. The receiver's parallel line arrays were processed coherently in order to unambiguously resolve the reverberation field in azimuth. Initial beamforming that assumed a straight-and-parallel array configuration led to poor or erroneous ambiguity resolution, suggesting the system was deformed significantly from the assumed shape. In the absence of reliable shape measurement data, the array shape was deduced acoustically using tow ship signals and the direct blast of an explosive source. The estimated shape was then used in a shape-compensated beamformer to produce azimuthally unambiguous estimates of the reverberation field. Backlobe rejection of more than 20 dB was attained for both direct blast and distant reverberation energy.
Rings with Zassenhaus Families of Ideals

Let R be a ring with identity. We call a family ℱ of left ideals of R a Zassenhaus family if the only additive endomorphisms of R that leave all members of ℱ invariant are the left multiplications by elements of R. Moreover, if R is torsion-free and there is some left R-module M such that R ⊆ M ⊆ R⊗ℤℚ and End ℤ(M) = R we call R a “Zassenhaus ring”. It is well known that all Zassenhaus rings have Zassenhaus families. We will give examples to show that the converse does not hold even for torsion-free rings of finite rank.
Partial Purification of Porcine and Human Thyrocalcitonin

A preparation of porcine thyrocalcitonin (P-TCT) (Armour) having an estimated potency of 18 Medical Research Council (MRC) U/mg was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 columns developed with 0.1M acetic acid ×2. When the active Sephadex peak was chromatographed on a Dowex 1×2 acetate column 3 fractions were eluted which had relative potencies 12, 15 and 22 times that of the starting material. All had nearly identical amino acid profiles with a significant concentration of cystine and only traces of isoleucine and lysine. None of the 3 fractions was homogeneous on starch gel electrophoresis. The consistency of the amino acid profile for the 3 fractions in the absence of uniform biological activity or a uniform electrophoretic pattern is unexplained. The active peptide in a preparation of human thyrocalcitonin (H-TCT) appeared to have a lower molecular weight than P-TCT on Sephadex G-50 columns developed with a 0.1M ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4.2. When chromatographed on a Dowex 1×2 acetate colum...
Osmotic opening of tight junctions in cerebral endothelium.

Hyperosmotic solutions of 3 M urea, either infused into one internal carotid artery or applied topically to the pia mater of rabbits, results in the opening of endothelial tight junctions through which horseradish peroxidase passes from blood to extracellular fluid of the brain. The evidence for this opening of the blood-brain barrier to protein is the entry of peroxidase into the extracellular pools between successive tight junctions. In animals not receiving 3 M urea, the interjunctional pools are inaccessible to proteins. Having passed through the endothelial junctions, the peroxidase spreads along the extracellular channels of the perivascular neuropil for approximately 100 μ in 90 seconds. Most of the affected vessels are capillaries, though larger vessels are rendered leaky as well. Calyciform cisterns, that lie beneath shallow notches in the endothelium of untreated rabbits, appear to be enlarged after the administration of 3 m urea. It is undetermined whether these few endothelial cisterns and vesicles are involved in carrying protein from blood to the cerebral extracellular fluid.
AN EXTENDED SEMI-EMPIRICAL MOLECULAR ORBITAL STUDY OF THE * EXCITED STATES OF NUCLEIC ACID BASES

Spectroscopic CNDO/S and INDO/S calculations of the * spectra of the nucleic acid bases uracil, cytosine, adenine and guanine were performed. Oscillator strengths, polarizations and transition densities are displayed for transitions to 140 nm using several parameter sets and demonstrating the effect of doubly excited configurations. Inclusion of near-neighbor off-diagonal transition density elements greatly assists in making state correlations and assignments. Interesting effects regarding electron repulsion parameterization are noted. The results are compared with recently reported experimental results and several serious points of disagreement are noted.
CRAM: coded registers for amplified multiporting

Modern out-of-order processors require a large number of register file access ports. However, adding more ports can drastically increase the delay, power and area of the register file. This relationship imposes constraints on existing superscalar designs while impeding implementation of faster and wider out-of-order processors. In this paper, we present a novel multi-ported register file using concepts from network coding. We split a true multi-ported register file into two interleaved banks, each having half the read and write ports. A third bank, storing the XOR of the write backs to the other two banks, is added to amplify the read and write bandwidth. When compared to a conventional register file, our 8R4W 128-entry coded CRAM register file reduces leakage power by 48%, area by 29% and delay by 9%. In addition, for SPEC2006 benchmarks, our implementation consumes 40% less register file dynamic energy on average with IPC degradation of 3%.
Locating distributed information

General techniques are first examined for managing distributed information and how various evaluation criteria, when applied to the techniques, are affected by the parameters and scale of a problem. Then the use of the techniques and criteria is illustrated for the problems of locating service and server status information, as well as determining the current status of a user in a distributed environment. In each case, the best technique to use for the problem based on its parameters is obtained. >
Assumption-Based Reasoning with General Gaussian Linear Systems

In this chapter, the assumption-based reasoning principle will be used to draw inferences about the parameter of a given general Gaussian linear system. These inferences will be expressed as Gaussian hints from which degrees of support and degrees of plausibility of hypotheses can be computed.