cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Optimization for Sustainable Traffic Signal Control

The primary research focus of traffic signal control systems has been the development of traffic signal timing plans minimizing vehicular delay and stops. Very little is known if such a strategy would be optimal for a sustainable traffic signal control system minimizing emission and fuel consumption. This paper presents a development of a sustainable traffic signal control system and speed management framework consisting of a microscopic simulation model, a microscopic fuel consumption and emission model, and a genetic algorithm – based optimizer. Based on an implementation of the proposed framework on a case study network, it was found that the proposed framework was very effective in minimizing fuel consumption and emission with moderate trade-offs in delay and stops.
Alternative publications: library resources guide

Purpose – This article is intended to be an overview of major library resources of alternative publications, focusing on the period starting from the 1960s to the present. It serves as a guide to library reference collections including resources in print, microfilms and online databases.Design/methodology/approach – The annotated bibliography is divided into five sections: indexes, periodical and ephemera collections, bibliographies, agencies and associations, and books/reviews.Findings – This overview of major library resources of alternative publications focuses on the period starting from the 1960s to the present. It serves as a guide to library reference collections including resources in print, microfilms and online databases.Originality/value – Alternative publications are a unique library resource for social science research. They are usually referred to as non‐standard and non‐establishment publications, and they have their own indexes with specific finding guides that are not included in conventi...
A Very High Temperature Infrared Cell for Pure Liquids or Solutions

An infrared cell is described which extends the range of temperatures for liquids up to the critical temperature. Window materials are sapphire or calcium fluoride, sealed to the cell walls by teflon O-rings. Brass may be used for the cell body, but alloys of low thermal expansion are preferable. Thermal expansion of the cell prevents accurate determination of intensities. The cell performed well enough to yield the spectrum of liquid water and alcohol solutions up to the critical points.
Analysis of 2ν2, ν1, and ν3 of H2S☆

We have run high-resolution infrared absorption spectra of 2ν2, ν1, and ν3 of H2S in the region 4.6 to 3.5 μm. We have identified and fitted approximately 350 transitions in 2ν2, 260 transitions in ν1, and 130 transitions in ν3. The 2ν2 transitions include 45 lines from H234S. Using Typke's Hamiltonian, we analyzed 2ν2 as a single noninteracting band and analyzed the Coriolis interacting bands ν1 and ν3 simultaneously. Ground-state constants were obtained from a simultaneous fit of the microwave transitions, our ground-state combination differences, and averaged ground-state combination differences from ν1 + ν2, ν2 + ν3, ν1 + ν2 + ν3, and 2ν1 + ν2. Our upper-state constants were obtained from least-squares fits of our spectral lines for 2ν2 and for ν1 and ν3, keeping the ground-state constants fixed. Our attempts to analyze all three bands simultaneously failed to yield a value for the Fermi interaction constant.
Short Changing the Value of Democracy for Economic Development in Africa

Official donor policy towards Africa seems to be informed by the twin requirements of alleviating poverty on the one hand and ensuring respect for human rights and democratization on the other. In practice, when these interests conflict, as they usually do in Africa, donors tend to choose to continue supporting dictatorships, arguing that economic development will eventually lead to democratization. This paper argues that this faulty reasoning is a product of modernization theory that has had undue influence in western policy circles. Based on a broad survey of the literature, the paper shows that there is no theoretical or empirical basis for the claim that authoritarian regimes would provide better economic performance than democracies in general and particularly in Africa. Furthermore, available evidence suggests that the lack of democratization (defined broadly to include the substance of democracy such as government accountability and basic freedoms in addition to meaningful democratic elections) is a key constraint on economic and social development in Africa. Finally, the paper argues that even when the empirical case to establish a definite causal relationship between democratization and development cannot be ascertained, a very strong case can be made for prioritizing democratization for the long term societal transformation of the continent.
Simultaneous subdural grid and depth electrodes in patients with refractory complex partial seizures

Simultaneous implantation of intracerebral depth electrodes and subdural electrode grids is an extension of available techniques for invasive monitoring and seizure localization in epilepsy surgery candidates. This combined approach is described in 10 selected patients with refractory complex partial epilepsy, in whom previous intensive video/EEG monitoring with scalp or depth electrodes had indicated a lateralized seizure onset. All patients required subdural grids for further localization, functional mapping, or both. Ipsilateral depth electrodes were placed in mesial temporal or other regions through the same craniotomy. Four patients had seizures originating in the mesial temporal lobe, and the onsets were first seen in the temporal lobe depth electrodes. The other six patients had seizures beginning in lateral cortical structures, and the onsets were first seen in the subdural grid (overlying known structural lesions in four patients). The information from both electrode sources guided the surgical resections. All patients were improved after surgery; six are seizure-free with at least 12 months of followup. This preliminary experience indicates that simultaneous placement of depth and subdural grid electrodes is useful in localizing the site of seizure onset and in guiding surgical resections.
Archival storage of color films by rainbow holographic technique

Abstract A technique of generating color holographic images with a one-step rainbow holographic process is described. This technique offers the capability of archival storage of color materials on a single black and white photographic film. The process is very simple to implement and it allows the reconstruction of the color image with a white light source. Although some degree of color blur is inherent with the rainbow holographic process, it can be minimized by the proper design of the optical system. A simple experimental result is also presented.
A Theory of Unmitigated Communion

Research has established that women suffer more often than men from depression. Sex role socialization has been offered as one explanation for this sex difference, but traditional measures of female gender-related traits are not related to depressive symptoms. We argue that thus far research has failed to distinguish the traditional measure of female gender-related traits, communion, from another set of gender-related traits, unmitigated communion. Unmitigated communion is a focus on and involvement with others to the exclusion of the self. Unmitigated communion, but not communion, is related to psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, and accounts for sex differences in distress. We examine the relation of unmitigated communion to communion as well as other personality constructs and then describe the cognitive and behavioral features of unmitigated communion. We note the implications of unmitigated communion for physical and psychological well-being and speculate on possible origins.
The language of leadership: principal rhetoric in everyday practice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to call for a rhetorical turn in the study of school leadership and discusses how principals use language to enact school improvement. The key purpose is to explore how talk is action in leading and managing school reform. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a rhetorical framework and methodology for interpreting principal practice through language. As a model, the language use of one urban school principal is examined through a rhetorical analysis of 650 instances of principal talk in 14 administrative meetings. The paper reports on the form and content of principal rhetoric, including analysis of logos, pathos, and ethos, and comparative analysis across meeting contexts. Findings – The paper demonstrates the importance of rhetorical form and content and highlights the role of audience in principal talk. In the present example, each of three rhetorical forms was used to transform school practice. Logos was used most frequently; emotional and ethical ar...
A pulse resolver using tunnel diodes

A simplified resolving circuit using tunnel diodes is described that is designed to feed slow counting rates into a mechanical register, eliminating the need for a fast scaler. The resolver feeds each count into the register as soon as it is received instead of storing counts until it is filled to capacity. (N.W.R.)
Distinctive electrokinetic behavior of nanoporous silica particles treated with cationic polyelectrolyte

Abstract In this study we show, for the first time, that the streaming potential of aqueous suspensions of nanoporous silica gel, after treatment with the cationic polyelectrolyte poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (poly-DADMAC), can depend very strongly on the concentration of background electrolyte. An increase in the electrical conductivity from 60 to 1000 μS/cm resulted in an approximately 1000-fold increase in the amount of poly-DADMAC that was required to reach an endpoint of zero streaming potential. Results were explained by two contributions to the overall electrokinetic behavior—one due to the outer surfaces and another due to the interior surfaces of nanopore spaces that were inaccessible to the polyelectrolytes. Experiments with cyclical changes in salt content revealed a high degree of reversibility; such observations help to rule out explanations based on salt-induced desorption or enhancement of pore penetration. Supplementary tests with non-porous glass fibers showed no evidence of the distinctive electrokinetic behavior observed in the case of nanoporous particles. Effects of polymer molecular mass and pH, evaluated under similar experimental conditions, agreed with well-established trends.
MR signal characteristics of cadaveric bone allografts in three children with primary bone tumors treated with limb salvage therapy

Three children with adult cadaveric bone allografts for the treatment of bone malignancies are presented. Follow-up magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated decreased signal on T1-weighted imaging and increased signal on T2-weighted imaging in the allograft without clinical evidence of recurrent disease. These signal characteristics appear to be a normal finding in cadaveric bone allografts and should not be mistaken for recurrence. The finding may reflect persistent marrow necrosis within the allograft marrow cavity.
Sesquiterpene lactones. Constituents of Baileya species

Abstract Examination of three species of Baileya (Compositae) has disclosed the presence of two new sesquiterpene lactones: baileyin (VI) and plenolin(VII). The seven lactones so far found in the genus represent a closely allied group of compounds whose structures suggest their biosynthetic interrelationships.
Interaction of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin B with rat intestinal epithelial cells and membrane lipids.

The binding of 125I-labeled Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin B to rat intestinal epithelial cells was unsaturable and nonspecific, at concentrations well above that required to mediate biological events. Following its interaction with intestinal cells, ∼50–80% of heat-stable enterotoxin B remained stably associated with the cells, implying that it was partitioned into the membrane and/or internalized by the cell. The toxin bound with different affinities to lipids isolated from intestinal epithelial cells, phospholipids, glycolipids, neutral lipids and to model membrane vesicles containing negatively charged lipids. These results indicate that heat-stable enterotoxin B utilizes the membrane bilayer, rather than a surface protein or glycoprotein in modulating toxin-induced enterotoxicity.
Altered number of diaphorase (NOS) positive neurons in the hypothalamus of rats with heart failure

Abstract Recently, we have demonstrated a decreased neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) message in the hypothalamus of rats with heart failure (HF). The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in NADPH–diaphorase (a commonly used marker for neuronal NOS activity) positive neurons in specific hypothalamic sites of rats with HF. After a standard histochemical protocol, NOS positive neurons were measured in paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), median preoptic area (MePO), subfornical organ (SFO), organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) of rats with coronary artery ligation (HF group; n=8) and sham-operated control rats (n=9). A total of 4 months after coronary ligation, the rats in the HF group displayed infarcts greater than at least 35% of the left ventricular wall (n=8). Sham-operated rats had no observable damage to the myocardium. Rats with HF had a significantly lower number of NOS positive cells in the PVN (36% less) compared to sham rats. The number of NOS positive cells remained unaltered in the SON, MePO and LH in rats with HF. Conversely there was an increased number of NOS positive cells in the SFO (42% greater) and OVLT (100% greater). These data support the conclusion that the NO system within the hypothalamus involved in controlling autonomic outflow is altered during HF and may contribute to the elevated levels of vasopressin and sympatho-excitation commonly observed in HF.
The War on Prevention Bellicose Cancer Metaphors Hurt (Some) Prevention Intentions

Cancer health information is dominated by enemy and war metaphors intended to motivate the public to "fight" cancer. However, enemy metaphoric framing may influence understanding of, and responses to, cancer. Cancer prevention benefits from avoiding risk increasing behaviors, yet self-limitation is not closely associated with fighting enemies. If so, the metaphor may hurt prevention intentions involving self-limitation. Participants read messages with minute wording variations that established different metaphoric frames. Results show that metaphorically framing cancer as an enemy lessens the conceptual accessibility of (Study 1) and intention for self-limiting prevention behaviors while not increasing intention for monitoring and treatment behaviors (Studies 2 and 3). Framing self-limiting prevention behaviors in terms of fighting an enemy increases their appeal, illustrating the benefits of metaphor matching (Study 3). Overall, these results suggest that enemy metaphors in cancer information reduce some prevention intentions without increasing others, making their use potentially harmful for public health.
SU‐FF‐J‐90: An Accurate Method for Determining Prostate Shift and Rotation Using Portal Images with Implanted Fiducial Seeds

Purpose: Portal imaging of implanted fiducial seeds is widely used for setup verification of conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Isocenter shift is usually determined by the shifts of two imaging fields required to align the fiducials to their planned positions. Due to prostate rotation, deformation and seed migration, it might not be possible to satisfactorily align the fiducials. We describe here an accurate image-processing method to determine the isocenter shift and prostate rotation using three fiducial seeds. Method and Materials: Two portal images were obtained using anterior-oblique beam angles for clear seed imaging. The center of a portal image was determined by field edges. The images were enhanced for seed identification by filtering operations. The 3-D coordinates of the seeds were determined considering their physical dimensions and the signal strength of processed images. The three seed-to-seed distances were checked to avoid using a migrated seed for setup verification. The Triad algorithm was used to find the rotation of the plane of the three seeds to make it exactly parallel to the reference seed plane. The seeds were then shifted and rotated about the common normal vector to the seed plane by iterations for a least-square fit of imaged and planned seeds. Results: The method was tested on 10 cases with daily portal images. The largest isocenter shift and seed plane rotation were 2 cm and 13 degrees, respectively. The isocenter shifts determined by aligning the seeds on individual images with split differences led to larger than 2 mm errors. The seed-to-seed distance was reduced on average by 3–4 mm, indicating the prostate was shrinking during the treatment. Conclusion: An accurate method was developed for determining the shift and rotation of the prostate using portal images, in order to minimize the errors due to lacking the 3-D correlation of fiducial seeds.
Long-term potentiation in spinothalamic neurons

Sensitization of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons, including spinothalamic tract (STT) cells, is thought to underlie the development of secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia following tissue injury. In central sensitization, responses to stimulation of sensory receptors are enhanced without any change in the excitability of the primary afferent neurons. We hypothesize that central sensitization of STT neurons is a variety of long-term potentiation (LTP). Evidence that LTP occurs in the spinal cord is reviewed. Neurotransmitters that trigger central sensitization include excitatory amino acids and peptides. Evidence for this is that co-activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate and NK1 receptors can produce long-lasting increases in the responses of STT cells, and antagonists of these receptors prevent central sensitization. Responses to excitatory amino acids increase and those to inhibitory amino acids decrease during central sensitization, presumably accounting for the changed excitability of STT cells. We believe these changes result from the activation of signal transduction pathways, including the protein kinase C, NO/protein kinase G and protein kinase A cascades. Recent evidence shows that calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is also upregulated early in the process of central sensitization and that several types of ionotropic glutamate receptors become phosphorylated. It is proposed that the phosphorylation of neurotransmitter receptors leads to alterations in the sensitivity of these receptors and to central sensitization. Comparable events occur during LTP in brain structures.
Flexor Tendon Reconstruction

Successful flexor tendon repair has narrowed the indications for flexor tendon grafting. Flexor tendon grafting is the preferred method of treatment for patients with neglected digital flexor tendon lacerations and after the failure of flexor tendon repair. Improvements in tendon repair methods and in aftercare methods have improved the outcomes after flexor tendon grafting. Future improvements in tissue engineering may also improve the results of flexor tendon repair.
Mean and fluctuating wind loads on rough and smooth parabolic domes

Abstract Simultaneous pressure measurements have been obtained on rough and smooth parabolic domes in simulated atmospheric boundary layer flow. Mean and fluctuating pressure distributions compare favorably with earlier studies for similar shape and Reynolds number. The effect of surface roughness is to reduce suctions over the apex of the dome and increase suctions in the wake region on the leeward face. The consequence for mean and fluctuating overall loads is reduced uplift but increased drag for rougher surfaces. Correlation analysis of the fluctuating pressures reveals that the first two eigenvectors account for approximately 60% of the fluctuating pressure energy and follow the mean pressure coefficient and its gradient with respect to horizontal wind direction as predicted by the quasi-steady theory. Overall base shear and uplift forces on the domes can be well approximated by this theory.
Transition of the Preterm Infant to an Open Crib

One of the most important steps in preparing a preterm infant for discharge is the weaning from a thermoregulated environment to an open crib. This research utilization project tested a research-based protocol to wean very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants to an open crib. Two hundred seventy infants from 10 hospitals were enrolled in this project. The mean gestational age at birth was 29.3 +/- 2.8 weeks. The mean birth weight for the VLBW infants was 1,118.05 +/- 269.64 g. The mean weight when the infants were moved to an open crib was 1,598 +/- 135.7 g. The mean time for temperature stabilization after the infant was placed in an open crib was 63 +/- 41 minutes. This research utilization project has proven to be successful in that standardization of a protocol for weaning preterm infants is possible and preterm infants can be moved to an open crib at a much lower weight than has been shown in earlier clinical trials.
Lekking behavior in the neotropical frog Ololygon rubra

This is the first study to document in detail the satisfaction of Bradbury's four criteria for categorizing any anuran as a classical lekking species. The paternal care of male neotropical frogs, Ololygon rubra, consisted of minimal contributions of their genes. Males competed acoustically at traditional, defended, clustered sites (Fig. 1, Table 3) to attract gravid females, who paired with the males at these locations but took the amplectant males to oviposition sites away from the pairing sites. Individual males apparently did not control resources necessary for attracting females, because there were no correlations between male numbers and measured habitat variables, or between male numbers and oviposition sites. On chorusing nights, males always arrived at their display arenas before any females were observed. Females moved freely among clusters and males, before making their choices of mates. However, males employed other mate acquisition strategies that tended to undermine the initial female choices. The predictions that lekking species should have a relatively extended breeding season, a highly biased operational sex ratio (OSR), and an absence of male control of resources essential for female acquisition were also evaluated and corroborated. These frogs have two long breeding seasons encompassing a total of about 6 months (Fig. 2). There were strongly male biased nightly OSRs (Table 1), that contributed to high variance in male reproductive success (RS), but reduced indices of sexual selection, and a relatively low coefficient of variation (CV) of male RS (Table 5) compared to other amphibians. Thus, all of this evidence supports the conclusion that O. rubra in coastal Guyana uses a lek mating system.
Banded sleeve gastrectomy--initial experience.

Isolated sleeve gastrectomy is being used with increasing frequency for the treatment of morbid obesity. This study was done to determine the potential benefit of placing a band of processed human dermis around the upper portion of a sleeve gastrectomy to prevent late dilatation and weight gain. Twenty-seven patients underwent a sleeve gastrectomy followed by placement of a band of biological tissue (AlloDerm®) placed 6 cm from the gastroesophageal junction. The results were compared to 54 patients with a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP), matched for sex, age, and initial body mass index. All 27 patients had improvement or resolution of their diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and sleep apnea after banded sleeve gastrectomy (BSG) similar to the control GBP group. There were no deaths, but one patient had a pulmonary embolus and another had a presumed leak. Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease generally improved. Overall, results were almost identical to patients with GBP. BSG provides results comparable to GBP in the short-term follow-up, but avoids potential long-term complications including internal hernias, postoperative bowel obstructions, anastomotic complications of the jejunojejunostomy, hypoglycemia, bacterial overgrowth, and a spectrum of malabsorptive problems. While this study documents the feasibility and possible benefits of this modification, prospective controlled studies with long-term follow-up are needed to establish its place in procedures for surgical weight loss.
Fluorescent Detection of Zn2+-Rich Vesicles with Zinquin: Mechanism of Action in Lipid Environments

High concentrations of free Zn2+ ions are found in certain glutamatergic synaptic vesicles in the mammalian brain. These terminals can be visualized histochemically with quinoline sulfonamide compounds that form fluorescent complexes with Zn2+. The present study was undertaken to examine the interaction of the water-soluble quinoline sulfonamide probe, Zinquin (2-methyl-8-(toluene-p-sulfonamido)-6-quinolyloxyacetic acid) with the complex heterogeneous cellular environment. Experiments on rat hippocampal and neocortical slices gave indications that Zinquin in its free acid form was able to diffuse across the plasma and synaptic vesicle membranes. Further experiments were undertaken on unilamellar liposomes to study the interaction of Zinquin and its metal complexes in membranes. These experiments confirmed that Zinquin is able to diffuse across lipid bilayers. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorimetric studies showed that Zinquin in aqueous solution mainly forms a 1:2 (metal:ligand) complex with small amounts of a 1:1 complex. Formation of the 1:1 complex was favored by the presence of lipid, suggesting that it partitions into membranes. Evidence is presented that Zinquin can act as a Zn(2+)-ionophore, exchanging Zn2+ for two protons. The presence of a pH gradient across vesicles traps the Zn(2+)-probe complex within the vesicles. Zinquin is useful as a qualitative probe for detecting the presence of vesicular Zn2+; however, its tendency to partition into membranes and to serve as an ionophore should be borne in mind.
Renal transport kinetics of furosemide in the isolated perfused rat kidney

Direct quantitative data and corresponding theory are provided for the effect of protein binding on the renal transport of furosemide. Drug studies were performed with various combinations of bovine serum albumin and dextran. This resulted in a percent unbound (fu) of furosemide ranging from 0.785 to 85.8%. The corrected renal (CLr/GFR) and secretion (CLs/GFR) clearances of furosemide were observed to increase with percent free, but in a nonproportional manner. Plots ofCLr/GFR orCLs/GFR vs.fu appeared to have a prominenty intercept as well as a convex ascending curve. In addition, the excretion ratio [ER=CLr/ (fu · GFR)] was reduced from 60.8 to 8.72 asfu increased. Overall, the data were best fitted to a model in which two Michaelis-Menten terms wre used to describe renal tubular transport, and secretion was dependent upon free drug concentrations in the perfusate. The results demonstrate that the renal mechanisms of furosemide excretion are more complex than previously reported and that active secretion may involve two different transport systems over the concentration range studied.
Crystal structure of the Dbl and pleckstrin homology domains from the human Son of sevenless protein.

Abstract Proteins containing Dbl homology (DH) domains activate Rho-family GTPases by functioning as specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors. All known DH domains have associated C-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domains that are implicated in targeting and regulatory functions. The crystal structure of a fragment of the human Son of sevenless protein containing the DH and PH domains has been determined at 2.3 A resolution. The entirely α-helical DH domain is unrelated in architecture to other nucleotide exchange factors. The active site of the DH domain, identified on the basis of sequence conservation and structural features, lies near the interface between the DH and PH domains. The structure suggests that ligation of the PH domain will be coupled structurally to the GTPase binding site.
Facial suspension with acellular human dermal allograft.

Objective To study the efficacy of acellular human dermal (AHD) allograft as a material for static slings used to treat ptosis of the oral commissure after facial paralysis. Design In the university facial plastic surgery practices (Baltimore, Md, and Albuquerque, NM) of the senior author (J.L.F.), 11 consecutive patients with facial paralysis were treated with AHD allograft slings. Follow-up was 4 to 14 months with 1 patient excluded for inadequate follow-up. Six of the remaining 10 patients received radiation therapy. Results were considered excellent and designated grade 1 when the affected oral commissure was at the same level as the normal commissure. Complete ptosis was designated grade 4. Grades 2 and 3 were designated between these extremes. Results All 10 patients showed improvement in the position of the oral commissure, in oral competence, and in cheek ptosis. Four patients were grade 1; 5, grade 2; and 1, grade 3. There were no implant extrusions or infections. Conclusions The increased biointegration of AHD allografts in comparison with alloplastic materials may account for the absence of infection reported in this study and the relatively high success rate, especially in patients receiving radiation therapy.
Correlations between13C and ΣCO2 in surface waters and atmospheric CO2

Abstract 13C and ΣCO2 data from the North and South Atlantic, the Antarctic, and the North and South Pacific are given. The δ13C of the ΣCO2 in the deep water (∼3000m) decreases from 1.7‰ in the North Atlantic to −0.10‰ in the North Pacific. This change is attributed to the addition of about 158 μmoles of CO2 per kg of seawater. The in-situ oxidation of organic matter accounts for 83% of this increase in ΣCO2, while the remainder is attributed to dissolution of calcium carbonate. The δ13C of the dissolved CO2 in mid-latitude surface water samples is controlled by a quasi-steady-state equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 at a mean temperature of 16°C. The δ13C and ΣCO2 values of Antarctic surface water samples suggest that these waters are derived from a mixture of North Atlantic deep water and equilibrated surface water.
Characteristics of electronic markets

Abstract Are there economic incentives for electronic commerce (e-commerce), or is it just hype? This paper evaluates the cost-based differences between traditional markets (such as retail stores) and electronic markets (e-markets) both from the buyer's (demand side) perspective and the seller's (supply side) perspective. The implications that a shift toward greater electronic market utilization have for transaction intermediaries, interactive service providers (ISPs), and government are discussed. We find that there are significant cost-based differences between traditional and electronic markets for both buyers and sellers, and that electronic markets affect industry structures as well as future sources of organizational revenue.
RPM-2: a recyclable porous material with unusual adsorption capability: self assembly via structural transformations.

Structural transformation via deliberate and partial topological changes in a grid network structure has led to a three-dimensional, fully recyclable porous material (PM-2) with a very high sorption capability.
Chromaticity of two-trees

The graphs called 2-trees are defined by recursion. The smallest 2-tree is the complete graph on 2 vertices. A 2-tree on n + 1 vertices (where n ≥ 2) is obtained by adding a new vertex adjacent to each of 2 arbitrarily selected adjacent vertices in a 2-tree on n vertices. A graph G is a 2-tree on n(≥2) vertices if and only if its chromatic polynomial is equal to γ(γ - 1)(γ - 2)n—2.
Values of Large Games II: Oceanic Games

A value theory is developed for voting games in which a sizable fraction or the total vote is controlled by a few major players and the rest is distributed among a continuous infinity of individually insignificant minor players. The latter are referred to collectively as an “ocean,” to suggest the total lack of order or cohesion that is assumed.
Stabilization of alternating carbon monoxide–ethylene copolymer

The alternating copolymer of ethylene and carbon monoxide (POK) has properties that suggest possible utility for fibers. However, in order to be melt spinnable, the copolymer should be stable somewhat above its melt temperature for some minutes. Research to improve the stability of POK was carried out by (1) preparation of hydrogen-bonded polymer blends; and (2) addition of plausible stabilizers, individually or in combinations. To study thermal stability above the polymer melting range, FTIR, TGA, and DSC measurements were used. These studies allowed us to distinguish DSC as an effective method for evaluation of melt-spinning capability. Four DSC evaluation criteria, best suited for selection of stabilizer candidates, were determined for use in the present study but may have broader applicability. In approach (1), phenol-formaldehyde oligomers or poly(4-vinylphenol) showed only a small benefit in crystallinity retention. Most of the effort was put into approach (2). The IR and TGA studies pointed to furan ring formation as an important decomposition mode, and we considered this reaction likely to be catalyzed by acid. Catalyst residues and traces of metals, introduced during processing, were also believed likely to cause degradation. Classes of stabilizer candidates explored comprised acid scavengers, ligands, antioxidants, selected inorganic compounds, and derivatives of cellulose. The best results were found with aromatic carbodiimides, mono- and polyepoxy compounds; beta-diketones and cellulose ethers, and especially combinations of the preceding compounds with calcium hydroxyapatite. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 1691–1704, 1998
Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in vivo by a monoclonal antibody targeted to domain 5 of high molecular weight kininogen

We have shown that human high molecular weight kininogen is proangiogenic due to release of bradykinin. We now determined the ability of a murine monoclonal antibody to the light chain of high molecular weight kininogen, C11C1, to inhibit tumor growth compared to isotype-matched murine IgG. Monoclonal antibody C11C1 efficiently blocks binding of high molecular weight kininogen to endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The antibody significantly inhibited growth of human colon carcinoma cells in a nude mouse xenograft assay and was accompanied by a significant reduction in the mean microvascular density compared to the IgG control group. We also showed that a hybridoma producing monoclonal antibody C11C1 injected intramuscularly exhibited markedly smaller tumor mass in a syngeneic host compared to a hybridoma producing a monoclonal antibody to the high molecular weight kininogen heavy chain or to an unrelated plasma protein. In addition, tumor inhibition by purified monoclonal antibody C11C1 was not due to direct antitumor effect because there was no decrease of tumor cell growth in vitro in contrast to the in vivo inhibition. Our results indicate that monoclonal antibody C11C1 inhibits angiogenesis and human tumor cell growth in vivo and has therapeutic potential for treatment of human cancer. (Blood. 2004;104:2065-2072)
Optimal blending of out-of-specifications substances

A chemical company produces powdery substances by a process that is difficult to control tightly. As a result, a significant proportion of production lots fail to meet the specifications of one or more of the key measurable characteristics. These lots are stored in bins that can be later blended in fixed amounts so as to produce a larger batch that is within specifications on all measurements. The blending of these bins is formulated here as an integer programming problem. This paper describes the sequential solution procedure used to find an optimal solution. The sequential procedure includes a penalty function at each step that is designed to force ‘bad’ lots, the most out-of-specifications, to blend first. The introduction of a variable step size eliminated the need for a branch-and-bound procedure.
Do Popular Media and Internet-Based Hospital Quality Ratings Identify Hospitals with Better Cardiovascular Surgery Outcomes?

Background Several popular media and Internet-based hospital quality rankings have become increasingly publicized as a method for patients to choose better hospitals. It is unclear whether selecting highly rated hospitals will improve outcomes after cardiovascular surgery procedures. Study Design Using 2005 to 2006 Medicare data, we studied all patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, coronary artery bypass, aortic valve repair, and mitral valve repair (n = 312,813). Primary outcomes included risk-adjusted mortality, adjusting for patient characteristics and surgical acuity. We compared mortality at "Best Hospitals," according to US News and World Report and HealthGrades, with all other hospitals. We adjusted for hospital volume to determine whether hospital experience accounts for differences in mortality. Results Risk-adjusted mortality was considerably lower in US News and World Report 's "Best Hospitals" for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair only (odds ratio [OR] = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.94). Risk-adjusted mortality was considerably lower in HealthGrades' "Best Hospitals" after all 4 procedures: abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (OR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.97), coronary artery bypass (OR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.89), aortic valve repair (OR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.85), and mitral valve repair (OR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.99). Accounting for hospital volume, risk-adjusted mortality was not substantially lower at the US News and World Report 's "Best Hospitals," while risk-adjusted mortality was lower at HealthGrades' "Best Hospitals" after coronary artery bypass and aortic valve repair mortality rates were adjusted for hospital volume (OR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.92 and OR=0.81; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.94). Conclusions Popular hospital rating systems identify high-quality hospitals for cardiovascular operations. However, patients can experience equivalent outcomes by seeking care at high-volume hospitals.
The Learning Function

Resume L'APPRENTISSAGE On a developpe une equation rationelle pour l'apprentissage laquelle semble concorder avec quelques-unes de ses caracteristiques connues. Sur la base de cette analyse on peut formuler une serie d'hypotheses sur l'apprentissage par coeur, dont chacune peut ětre mise a l'epreuve experimentalement. 1) Une tǎche d'apprentissage laquelle est homogene (dont les elements sont de la mome complexite) donne une courbe symetrique d'apprentissage, en forme S, laquelle satisfait l'equation rationnelle ou p = la proportion des actes reussis en temps d'unite, t = temps de pratique, k = constante d'apprentissage du sujet (le nombre moyen des erreurs eliminees dans chaque exposition), m = la complexite de la tǎche, z 0 = la valeur de z quand p = 0 (on peut le considerer constant), p 0 = la valeur de p quand t = 0. 2) La courbe d'apprentissage pour une tǎche homogene a un point d'inflexion a p = 0,5. 3) Une tǎche d'apprentissage laquelle est heterogene (dont les elements ne sont pas de la měme comple...
Thermodynamic stability of domain 2 of epithelial cadherin.

Cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule that participates in ordered calcium-dependent self-association interactions both between molecules on the same cell surface (cis-interactions) and on neighbori...
Salinity tolerance of an Aphanomyces isolate (oomycetes) and its possible relationship to ulcerative mycosis (UM) of Atlantic menhaden.

An Aphanomyces sp. recovered from and thought to be a pathogen of Atlantic menhaden was subjected to salinity stress to see if its behavior suggested that it was a salt-resistant isolate. Respiration during prolonged salinity exposure as well as hyphal morphology suggested a degree of salinity tolerance generally greater than previously reported for this or other saprolegniaceous fungi. Furthermore, zoo? spores were shown to germinate during salinity stress if exogenous nutrients are present. In vitro studies of salinity tolerance of saprolegniaceous fungi have demonstrated that some representatives exhibit substantial resistance to salt stress. Te Strake (1959) described vegetative growth of several species at salinities as high as 22.5 parts per thousand (ppt), while Harrison and Jones (1971) observed growth of Saprolegnia
Selection and Design of an Inverter-Driven Induction Motor for a Traction Drive System

The considerations and trade-offs involved in the selection and design of an inverter-driven induction motor for a traction drive system are described. The inverter is transistorized and operates in a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) mode in the constant torque region and in a six-step square wave mode in the constant power region. Drive system requirements establish the 50-hp peak motor rating and the motor voltage. The aspects of an induction motor designed to be driven from an inverter are presented. These include the number of poles and rotor bar shape of the motor. Expressions relating the motor performance to motor design parameters are derived. The aspects of the inverter power source are presented. These include the constant volt-ampere characteristics of the inverter and the relationship of motor inductance to the inverter design. A final motor design is reached, Contrary to previous expectations, the best design is a two-pole motor.
Gas permeation characteristics of a hydrogen selective supported silica membrane

Abstract A highly hydrogen permeable silica membrane, referred to as Nanosil, was obtained by chemical vapor deposition of a thin SiO 2 layer on a porous Vycor glass support. This composite membrane showed good permeance (∼10 −8 mol m −2 s −1 Pa −1 ) for the small gas molecules (He, Ne, and H 2 ) at 873 K with high selectivity (∼10 4 ) over other larger gas molecules (CO 2 , CO, and CH 4 ). The characteristics of gas transport on the Vycor and Nanosil membrane were investigated with several gas diffusion models. The experimental gas permeation data on Vycor glass could be explained by the occurrence of Knudsen diffusion in parallel with surface diffusion. The permeance of the small gas molecules (He, Ne, and H 2 ) on the Nanosil membrane was activated, and increased as temperature increased. However, this permeance was limited at high temperature because of the limited permeance on the Vycor support. The gas permeance on the deposited silica layer was obtained by applying a series analysis of gas permeation on the combined silica layer and Vycor support composite system. The order of permeance through the silica layer was He>H 2 >Ne which was the same as that through vitreous silica glass, but occurred with lower activation energies. The order of permeation of these small gas molecules did not follow either mass or molecular size but could be explained using a statistical gas permeance model.
Structured Communicative Play Therapy for Targeting Language in Young Children

Although recent evidence has shown that conversational contexts may be more effective in achieving spontaneous use of language targets, many clinicians continue to employ more structured and less naturalistic contexts for their therapy. The purpose of the current article is to present a therapy approach that is structured, yet incorporates the communicative aspects of more naturalistic language therapy.
Synthesis and characterization of γ-Al2O3-supported Pt catalysts from Pt4 and Pt6 clusters formed in aqueous solutions

Highly dispersed Pt catalysts were prepared by deposition of Pt{sub 4} and Pt{sub 6} clusters, initially formed in unprotected and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-protected colloidal Pt suspensions, onto a {gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} surface. These catalysts were characterized by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. The EXAFS results indicate that the supported Pt species formed were very similar in structure to those of the original clusters in the corresponding colloidal suspensions. The FTIR results further indicate that the {gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-supported Pt{sub 4} clusters have significantly lower chemisorptive properties compared with larger supported Pt nanoparticles; nevertheless, the Pt{sub 4}/{gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} sample was active for the oxidation of CO with no need for additional activation treatment. In fact, treatment of this sample with H{sub 2} at 150--200 {sup o}C led to the formation of Pt aggregates with sizes of 1.0--1.6 nm, demonstrating that the surface Pt4 species readily sintered in this temperature range under reducing conditions.
How robot baby learns meaningful representations

The representations we provide to machines are meaningful but the meanings are exogenous, they live in our heads, not in the minds of machines. The Robot Baby project develops algorithms for robots to learn representations that are meaningful to them. As meanings must ground out in the time-series data provided to the robot from its sensors, the talk will ask what kinds of meanings can be learned by a robot and whether they are sufficient for learning human language.
Multilayer radiative transfer model for translucent geophysical surfaces with specific application to sea ice

A radiative transfer model designed for sea ice with vertical layering is presented which removes several of the computational problems associated with translucent media whose optical properties are strong functions of wavelength. Accurate results are achieved for both direct and diffuse incident irradiance for single scattering co-albedos ranging from 1.0 to l08. Calculated snow and sea ice albedos and extinction coefficients are consistent with both observations and previous models, and resolve certain apparent inconsistencies in previous observational results. Algae absorption has a significant effect on transmitted radiation but seems to be quite variable. Transmitted irradiances vary by more than a factor of 3 at certain visible wavelengths.
Context effects on the judgment of basic emotions in the face

This article reports on three experiments on the controversial topic of “context effects” in the judgment of emotion from the face. In Experiment 1 (N=169) subjects were shown either a happy, sad, or angry anchor face as context followed by a target slide of a “neutral” face. In Experiment 2 (N=119) subjects were shown an anchor of a happy or angry face as context and a sad face as target. In Experiment 3 (N=180) subjects were shown an anchor of a happy, sad, or surprised face as context and an angry face as target. All experiments used facial expressions from Ekman and Friesen'sPictures of Facial Affect (1976). Dependent measures included intensity ratings of pleasure and arousal dimensions (Mehrabian & Russell, 1974); a judgment of the intensity of six specific emotions expressed (happy, sad, angry, afraid, disgusted, and interested); and categorical judgments of emotions. Significant context effects were observed for the neutral target and, with smaller effects, for the angry and sad targets on dimensional and intensity ratings. The magnitude of the context effect depended on both the target and anchor facial expressions. Greater categorical agreement of emotion was obtained for the target when another face was provided as a context than when the target face was shown alone. These results provide an independent replication and extension of recent research (Russell, 1991; Russell & Fehr, 1987) on the relativity of facial affect judgment.