cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DOES IMPRISONMENT ALTER THE LIFE COURSE? EVIDENCE ON CRIME AND EMPLOYMENT FROM A NATURAL EXPERIMENT

Ex-prisoners consistently manifest high rates of criminal recidivism and unemployment. Existing explanations for these poor outcomes emphasize the stigmatizing effects of imprisonment on prisoners seeking postrelease employment as well as the deleterious effects of imprisonment on prisoners' attitudes and capabilities. However, these explanations must be distinguished from selection effects in the criminal sentencing process, which also could explain some or all of these poor outcomes. To distinguish between criminogenic and selection explanations for ex-prisoners' postrelease experience, I analyze data from a natural experiment in which criminal cases were assigned randomly to judges with sizable sentencing disparities. Using these exogenous sentencing disparities, I produce unbiased estimates of the causal effects of imprisonment on the life course. The results of this analysis suggest that selection effects could be sufficiently large to account for prisoners' poor postrelease outcomes because judges with large sentencing disparities in their use of imprisonment had similarly high caseload unemployment and criminal recidivism rates. Language: en
Robustness and modularity properties of a non-covalent DNA catalytic reaction

The biophysics of nucleic acid hybridization and strand displacement have been used for the rational design of a number of nanoscale structures and functions. Recently, molecular amplification methods have been developed in the form of non-covalent DNA catalytic reactions, in which single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules catalyze the release of ssDNA product molecules from multi-stranded complexes. Here, we characterize the robustness and specificity of one such strand displacement-based catalytic reaction. We show that the designed reaction is simultaneously sensitive to sequence mutations in the catalyst and robust to a variety of impurities and molecular noise. These properties facilitate the incorporation of strand displacement-based DNA components in synthetic chemical and biological reaction networks.
A novel MCM package enabling proximity communication I-O

A novel packaging approach is described that is based on micro-machined features integrated into CMOS chips. Our solution combines two key self-alignment mechanisms for the first time: solder reflow self-alignment and a novel micro-ball and pyramidal pit for passive self-alignment. We report on the demonstration of a MCM package with large footprint semiconductor CMOS chips interconnected by Proximity Communication (PxC), characterization of their high accuracy assembly process, and metrology of the resulting chip misalignment. Our goal is to develop a scalable, lead-free packaging approach by which large NxN PxC-enabled chip arrays are assembled with high precision on organic substrates in a cost effective manner while using industry standard parts and tooling.
Impaired Atrial Receptor Responses in Dogs with Heart Failure Due to Tricuspid Insufficiency and Pulmonary Artery Stenosis

In a study of the effects of heart failure on the responses of cardiac receptors, ten dogs were subjected to tricuspid avulsion and pulmonary artery stenosis. One case of spontaneous heart failure was included in the series, and the electrical spike responses of atrial receptors to progressive changes in atrial stretch induced by infusion and hemorrhage were contrasted with those in normal control dogs. In the control dogs, the number of spikes per cycle increased very sharply with moderate, i.e., 5-10 cm H2O, venous pressure increments before reaching a maximum at 20 cm H2O. In the experimental dogs, the firing rate failed to increase to the same extent despite large increases in pressure. The resulting sets of curves exhibited a sharp dichotomy. This evidence for the impaired response of elements of the subendocardial receptor network is compatible with a decrease in the sensitivity of feedback mechanisms responsible for the regulation of sodium and water metabolism.
The mechanics of manipulation

Many manipulator operations eliminate uncertainty in the locations and shapes of objects by purely mechanical means. Rather than relying on sensors, or on auxiliary parts-feeding machinery, these operations use the intrinsic mechanics of the task environment to eliminate uncertainty. Effective use of these operations requires that a planner be able to analyze the mechanics of a given task.
Dumpster Dinners: An Ethnographic Study of Freeganism

Dumpster Dinners: An Ethnographic Study of Freeganism at Illinois State University dives into dumpsters with the freegan subculture of Bloomington-Normal, Illinois. Freeganism is a way of life based on limited participation in the conventional economy and has been gaining popularity in recent years. Freegans strive to spend little money, barter or trade for goods and services, and live off food that has been thrown away. The freegans in this study are three motivated and educated women who regularly dumpster dive behind local businesses for food and products. Additionally, the freegans barter for goods and services and exhibit a “make it do or do without” attitude that seems almost obsolete in today’s hyperconsuming America. This study explores where and why freegans exist, the process of turning garbage into groceries, why perfectly good groceries become garbage in the first place, and what can be learned from the freegan way of life. This study was conducted for an undergraduate senior thesis course in Anthropology at Illinois State University, spring of 2010.
Cholinergic-sympathetic interactions in the left atrium and left ventricle of conscious dogs.

The extent of cholinergic-sympathetic interaction in the heart was examined in the resting control state and after isoproterenol stimulation in eight conscious dogs. Sonomicrometer crystals and solid-state pressure transducers were implanted in the left atrium and the left ventricle to evaluate mechanical function while heart rate was held constant by atrial pacing. Edrophonium (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) was given as a single dose at rest and during increased sympathetic tone produced by continuous infusion of isoproterenol (0.08 micrograms/kg/min). In the control state, edrophonium administration caused no change in left ventricular dP/dt, fractional shortening or velocity of contraction, but produced significant (P less than .001) decreases in left atrial fractional shortening and contraction velocity. During isoproterenol infusion there were significant increases in dP/dt, the velocity of contraction and fractional shortening in both left atrium and ventricle (P less than .001). Administration of edrophonium during this increase in inotropic state produced significant (P less than .01) decreases in left ventricular dP/dt, fractional shortening and contraction velocity. Moreover, after edrophonium, left atrial fractional shortening and velocity of contraction were decreased to values that were significantly (P less than .001) less than control. Thus, cholinergic stimulation caused selective depression of left atrial systolic function at rest and depression of both left atrial and ventricular function during sympathetic stimulation.
Postinterview Communication Between Military Residency Applicants and Training Programs

ABSTRACTPurpose: Each year military medical students participate in a separate, military match culminating with the Joint Services Graduate Medical Education Selection Board (JSGMESB). Prior studies have explored postinterview communication that occurs during the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP), but not during the JSGMESB. We examined the frequency and nature of communication during the JSGMESB and compared it with the NRMP. Methods: Cross-sectional survey study of senior students conducted at Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) and seven civilian U.S. medical schools during March to May 2010. Respondents answered questions regarding communication with residency programs during the match. Results: Significantly fewer USU respondents communicated with programs compared with the civilian cohort (54.1% vs. 86.4%, p < 0.01). Specific inquiries regarding rank order were more commonly experienced by USU respondents compared with civilians (17.5% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.02). USU responde...
Where to Look, What to Ask? Frames of Reference for Ethical Lobbyists

When making decisions in her day-to-day work, a lobbyist will confront situations that give rise to ethical challenges. How should she respond? Criminal laws, lobbying disclosure laws, and ethics rules provide direction on proper conduct in many cases. Where there are no applicable laws or binding rules, however, codes of ethics can point to the best course of action. When external sources are not available, a lobbyist can turn to subjective sources, such as gut instinct and aspiration. These sources of guidance help build a framework on which an ethical lobbyist can practice her work.
Farmers' market shopping and dietary behaviours among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participants.

OBJECTIVE Because farmers' markets include a variety of fruits and vegetables, shopping at farmers' markets would likely improve diet quality among low-income consumers, as well as promote sustainable direct farm-to-consumer business models. However, not much is known about how to promote farmers' market shopping among low-income consumers. Therefore, the purpose of the present paper was to examine barriers to and facilitators of shopping at farmers' markets and associations between shopping at farmers' markets and self-reported dietary behaviours (fruit and vegetable, sugar-sweetened beverage and fast-food consumption) and BMI. DESIGN Cross-sectional analyses of associations between farmers' market shopping frequency, awareness of markets, access to markets, dietary behaviours and BMI. SETTING Department of Social Services, Pitt County, eastern North Carolina, USA. SUBJECTS Between April and July 2013, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants (n 205) completed a quantitative survey. RESULTS Barriers to shopping at farmers' markets included does not accept SNAP/electronic benefit transfer, out of the way and lack of transportation. Farmers' market shopping was associated with awareness of farmers' markets (estimate =0·18 (se 0·04), P<0·001). Fruit and vegetable consumption was positively associated with farmers' market shopping (estimate =1·06 (se 0·32), P=0·001). CONCLUSIONS Our study is one of the first to examine SNAP participants' farmers' market shopping, distance to farmers' markets and dietary behaviours. Barriers to shopping at farmers' markets and increasing awareness of existing markets should be addressed in future interventions to increase SNAP participants' use of farmers' markets, ultimately improving diet quality in this high-risk group.
Changes in expression of monoclonal antibody epitopes on laminin-5r induced by cell contact

Laminin-5r is a basement membrane component that promotes rapid adhesion and hemidesmosome formation in epithelial cells. We raised monoclonal antibodies and identified their corresponding epitopes on the constituent chains of laminin-5r by western blotting. Using a combination of immunoprecipitation and ELISA assays, we determined that these epitopes are differentially exposed on two forms of the laminin-5r heterotrimer: soluble (passively adsorbed onto plastic) and cell-associated. Antibody 5C5 epitope is exposed on the cell-associated form, but not the soluble/passively adsorbed form of laminin-5r. Epitopes reactive with antibodies CM6, FM3, and TR1 are also preferentially exposed on cell-associated laminin-5r, such that reactivity of these antibodies with the cell-associated form is fourfold higher than with the soluble/passively adsorbed form in ELISA assays. Incubation of passively adsorbed laminin-5r with the human epithelial cell line SCC12 induced exposure of 5C5 and CM6, FM3, or TR1 epitopes. These data suggest that cells actively modify laminin-5r, perhaps during matrix assembly, and that the 5C5 epitope may serve as a marker for assembled laminin-5r matrix.
Palliative Care in the Emergency Center

Palliative care is a relatively new discipline in medicine that focuses on the assessment and management of suffering in patients with advanced illnesses such as cancer. The field of oncologic emergency medicine is also an emerging discipline that focuses on emergency medical care for a unique patient population that differs substantially from the general emergency medicine population. In this chapter, we review the general principles of palliative care as it applies to the emergency care of cancer patients, specifically, those with advanced cancer. This chapter is not intended to be a comprehensive review. Rather, the goal is to provide the reader with a practical, general overview of common palliative care issues. Topics covered in this chapter include pain management, fatigue and weakness, anorexia and cachexia, ethics, communication, and interdisciplinary palliative care teams.
A NEW HIGH TEMPERATURE STABLE WETTABILITY REVERSAL AGENT IN OIL BASE MUD

Wettability reversal agent is an important additive for oil base drilling fluid. In this paper, a new cationic surfactant (XNWET) has been used as the wettability reversal agent in oil base drilling fluid, which has widely source, lower price and strong lipophilic capability. The contrasting experiments before or after heat rolling have shown that XNWET still has good adsorption with hydrophilic solid at 220℃. The best dose of the agent is 1.2-g/(100g) barite.
Abstract IA11: Tumor dormancy and recurrence

For many types of human cancer, residual tumor cells remain following treatment that are not detected by conventional clinical testing. These cells have the ability to survive in a presumed dormant state within tissues for up to 20 years, either as solitary cells or as micrometastases. Ultimately, residual cells re-emerge from this latent state and resume growth, leading to cancer recurrence. Despite the unrivaled clinical importance of these aspects of breast cancer progression, the mechanisms underlying them are largely unknown. Since dormant residual tumor cells likely constitute the reservoir from which recurrent cancers arise, the lack of therapeutic approaches specifically targeted against these cells as well as our lack of understanding about their biology constitute major obstacles to the successful treatment of human cancers. As such, the development of targeted therapies designed to block pathways on which residual tumor cells depend for survival and growth would represent an attractive approach to preventing cancer recurrence. Consequently, elucidating the pathways that underlie dormant tumor cell survival and recurrence is a critical priority in cancer research. Citation Format: Lewis A. Chodosh. Tumor dormancy and recurrence. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2015 Oct 23-26; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA11.
The action of irehdiamine A on Escherichia coli: inhibition of the membrane response at low temperatures.

Abstract Lowering the incubation temperature reduces the rate of loss of potassium from cells of Escherichia coli produced by a given concentration of the steroidal diamine, Irehdiamine A. This effect can be explained as partly a reduction in the binding of the steroid, and partly a reduction in co-operative effects in the cell membrane which are involved in potassium loss.
Roles of RNA-binding Proteins and Post-transcriptional Regulation in Driving Male Germ Cell Development in the Mouse

Tissue development and homeostasis are dependent on highly regulated gene expression programs in which cell-specific combinations of regulatory factors determine which genes are expressed and the post-transcriptional fate of the resulting RNA transcripts. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by RNA-binding proteins has critical roles in tissue development—allowing individual genes to generate multiple RNA and protein products, and the timing, location, and abundance of protein synthesis to be finely controlled. Extensive post-transcriptional regulation occurs during mammalian gametogenesis, including high levels of alternative mRNA expression, stage-specific expression of mRNA variants, broad translational repression, and stage-specific activation of mRNA translation. In this chapter, an overview of the roles of RNA-binding proteins and the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in male germ cell development in the mouse is presented.
A study of active artificial hair cell models inspired by outer hair cell somatic motility

The cochlea displays an important, nonlinear amplification of sound-induced oscillations. In mammals, this amplification is largely powered by the somatic motility of the outer hair cells. The resulting cochlear amplifier has three important characteristics useful for hearing: an amplification of responses from low sound pressures, an improvement in frequency selectivity, and an ability to transduce a broad range of sound pressure levels. These useful features can be incorporated into designs for active artificial hair cells, bio-inspired sensors for use as microphones, accelerometers, or other dynamic sensors. The sensor consists of a cantilever beam with piezoelectric actuators. A feedback controller applies a voltage to the actuators to mimic the outer hair cells’ somatic motility. This article describes three control laws for an active artificial hair cell inspired by models of the outer hair cells’ somatic motility. The first control law is based on a phenomenological model of the cochlea while the s...
Proton therapy for lung cancer: new data to consider.

The role of radiation therapy (RT) in lung cancer is long established; some of the earliest Radiation Therapy Oncology Group reports dealt with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).[1,2] More recently, the advent of stereotactic body RT (SBRT) techniques has provided significant local control rates after focused treatment of selected small metastases and inoperable early stage lesions.[3,4] Our center has been in the forefront of examining SBRT and its role in central [5] or bilateral [6] lesions, its effect on PET imaging [7] and pulmonary function testing,[8] and subsequent frequency of brachial plexopathy,[9] chest wall toxicity,[10] or pneumonitis.[11] Still, even this highly conformal technique comes with potentially significant dose to adjacent normal tissue. This is in the context of an emerging appreciation for the pulmonary consequences of elevated mean lung dose,[12] or V5 after pneumonectomy.[13] For each lung cancer patient requiring RT, an effective mechanism to deliver dose to the tumor while minimizing dose to uninvolved lung is called for. Enter protons.
The Suez Crisis

Egypt’s nationalization of the Suez Canal led both Washington and London to question their approach to the Middle East conundrum. In the United States, Egypt’s act further diminished the hope of guiding Cairo in a direction conducive to the containment doctrine. Although Omega’s initial two stages had failed, the US still saw much value in the plan. By exerting economic and political pressure on Egypt, the Americans hoped to erode the standing of the uncooperative Egyptian regime and build the walls of containment through alternative centers of power. In this sense, the Eisenhower team continued to underestimate the ability of Egypt to condition the political climate of the Arab world.
Demonstration of a tunable single-frequency traveling-wave Q-switched alexandrite laser

Tunable vibronic solid-state lasers have recently attracted the attention of many researchers. To date, however, there have been few reports of work on systems generating high-spectral-purity output as required for high-resolution spectroscopic applications. The typically low gain of broadly tunable solid-state materials coupled with high losses of tuning elements makes the design of such lasers difficult. We have investigated properties of an alexandrite laser in a ring configuration. Figure 1 shows a schematic of this laser. A 8.3- × 102-mm alexandrite rod having 0.12% Cr3+ was used. The cavity was formed by four reflecting prisms, and unidirectional operation was provided by a Faraday rotator and λ/2 plate. A live-element birefringent tuner and two etalons 1 and 20 mm thick with 20 % reflective coatings were used as tuning elements. The laser operated at 10 pps and generated a TEM00 mode nearly filling the full aperture of the laser rod.
Boosting libraries at university orientations: Designing promotional booths

La bibliotheque de l'University of Alabama a reussi une operation de promotion de ses services tout en augmentant sa visibilite, en creant son propre stand d'exposition lors des journees d'orientation organisees par le campus a l'intention des nouveaux etudiants.
Disaster Impact on Impoverished Area of US: An Inter-Professional Mixed Method Study.

Introduction In the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains, in central Appalachia (a region that spans 13 states in the US), sits an economically distressed and rural community of the United States. Once a thriving coal-mining area, this region now is reported as one of the hardest places to live in the US. Southeastern Kentucky, located in a remote, rocky, mountainous area surrounded by rivers and valleys and prone to flooding, experienced a major flood in Spring 2013 causing significant damage to homes and critical infrastructure. Purpose Aims of the study were to: (1) identify and better understand the contextual variables compounding the impact of a disaster event that occurred in Spring 2013; (2) identify ways participants managed antecedent circumstances, risk, and protective factors to cope with disaster up to 12 months post-event; and (3) further determine implications for community-focused interventions that may enhance recovery for vulnerable populations to promote greater outcomes of adaptation, wellness, and readiness. Methods Using an ethnographic mixed-methods approach, an inter-collaborative team conducted face-to-face interviews with (N=12) Appalachian residents about their disaster experience, documented observations and visual assessment of need on an observation tool, and used photography depicting structural and environmental conditions. A Health and Emergency Preparedness Assessment Survey Tool was used to collect demographic, health, housing, environment, and disaster readiness assessment data. Community stakeholders facilitated purposeful sampling through coordination of scheduled home visits. Results Triangulation of all data sources provided evidence that the community had unique coping strategies related to faith and spirituality, cultural values and heritage, and social support to manage antecedent circumstances, risk, and protective factors during times of adversity that, in turn, enhanced resilience up to 12 months post-disaster. The community was found to have an innate capacity to persevere and utilize resources to manage and transcend adversity and restore equilibrium, which reflected components of resilience that deserve greater recognition and appreciation. Conclusion Resilience is a foundational concept for disaster science. A model of resilience for the rural Appalachia community was developed to visually depict the encompassing element of community-based interventions that may enhance coping strategies, mitigate risk factors, integrate protective factors, and strengthen access. Community-based interventions are recommended to strengthen resilience, yielding improved outcomes of adaptation, health and wellness, and disaster readiness. Banks LH , Davenport LA , Hayes MH , McArthur MA , Toro SN , King CE , Vazirani HM . Disaster Impact on Impoverished Area of US: An Inter-Professional Mixed Method Study . Prehosp Disaster Med . 2016 ; 31 ( 6 ): 583 – 592 .
The behavior of active diffusiophoretic suspensions: An accelerated Laplacian dynamics study

Diffusiophoresis is the process by which a colloidal particle moves in response to the concentration gradient of a chemical solute. Chemically active particles generate solute concentration gradients via surface chemical reactions which can result in their own motion — the self-diffusiophoresis of Janus particles — and in the motion of other nearby particles — normal down-gradient diffusiophoresis. The long-range nature of the concentration disturbance created by a reactive particle results in strong interactions among particles and can lead to the formation of clusters and even coexisting dense and dilute regions often seen in active matter systems. In this work, we present a general method to determine the many-particle solute concentration field allowing the dynamic simulation of the motion of thousands of reactive particles. With the simulation method, we first clarify and demonstrate the notion of “chemical screening,” whereby the long-ranged interactions become exponentially screened, which is essential for otherwise diffusiophoretic suspensions would be unconditionally unstable. Simulations show that uniformly reactive particles, which do not self-propel, form loosely packed clusters but no coexistence is observed. The simulations also reveal that there is a stability threshold — when the “chemical fuel” concentration is low enough, thermal Brownian motion is able to overcome diffusiophoretic attraction. Janus particles that self-propel show coexistence, but, interestingly, the stability threshold for clustering is not affected by the self-motion.
Passive electrical model of silicon photomultipliers

An electrical model is developed to simulate, characterize, and predict the response of SSPM detectors for different device geometries and measurement circuit configurations. In particular, the model allows investigation of the effects of increasing parasitic capacitance with increasing diode area on the timing and magnitude of the readout signal. Passive components in the model are extracted from measurements and then used in the model to understand and predict device performance. The avalanche is represented with a switch in series with a voltage source and diode resistor, instead of a current source. This approach allows the change in potential, current through the diode, and timing of the avalanche to be simulated. Experimental and modeled pulses are compared for two different size devices. The model is first developed and validated using the 1×1 mm2 device. Predictive capability is demonstrated with the 3×3 mm2 device; in the scaling-up of the devices, only expected model parameters are changed, and the experimental and modeled pulses are in good agreement. The current through the diode and voltage change across the diode as functions of time agree with expectations.
Signaling Pathways in Giardia lamblia

Giardia trophozoites colonize the ever-changing small intestinal environment and must constantly react to external mucosal signals in order to “decide” whether to multiply and cause disease or to differentiate into cysts. Similarly, upon ingestion, cysts react to stimuli from the new host in order to excyst. Giardia is an excellent model to study signaling because its life cycle can be completed in vitro and genome analyses revealed a limited but broad selection of signaling proteins. Encystation is an entry into dormancy, while excystation is a rapid cellular awakening. Although the stimuli for encystation and excystation are known, understanding of the transduction of these important signals is incomplete. The localization of the various signaling proteins to universal or Giardia-specifi c structures and their redistribution in response to environmental signals will provide insights into their functions in the Giardia cell cycle and differentiation. However, research on signaling proteins and pathways in Giardia is hampered by the lack of specifi c antibodies, substrates, and inhibitors. The most striking fi nding is the very large number of Nek kinases in the Giardia genome. The Neks are promising targets for further studies and their function and regulation will likely disclose more insights into the regulation of Giardia motility, cell, and life cycle. Here, we summarize current published information on Giardia signaling in growth, encystation, and excystation.
Application of bacteriophages to reduce Salmonella attachment and biofilms on hard surfaces

This study evaluated the effectiveness of bacteriophage treatment for reducing Salmonella attachment and biofilms on hard surfaces. Bacteriophages (n = 6) were selected for bacteriophage treatment based on host ranges against Salmonella isolates (n = 10) obtained from rendering plants. The effectiveness of bacteriophage treatment (104-108 PFU/mL) was initially evaluated against strong Salmonella biofilm formers in 96-well microplate. Then, the bacteriophage treatment (109 PFU/mL) was applied for 7 d to reduce Salmonella attached to the stainless steel surfaces under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The inhibition of biofilm formation and reduction of pre-formed biofilm in 96-well microplate with bacteriophage treatment reached up to 90 and 66%, respectively. Under laboratory conditions, bacteriophage treatment reduced up to 2.9 and 3.0 log CFU/cm2 of attachment and slightly formed biofilm of selected top 10 Salmonella strains and an avirulent Salmonella Typhimurium strain 8243, respectively, as compared with reductions of 3.4, 1.4, and 3.0 log CFU/cm2 of S. Typhimurium strain 8243 in summer, fall/winter, and spring seasons under greenhouse conditions, respectively. Clearly, bacteriophages were effective on reducing Salmonella attachment and biofilms formed on hard surfaces under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The use of bacteriophages on hard surfaces may have merits in reducing the likelihood of finished rendered products being recontaminated with Salmonella in rendering plants.
Trace Element Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation—Effect on Milk Trace Elements

It is evident that mechanisms exist that regulate milk concentrations of trace elements such as iron and zinc, while the transfer of elements like selenium appears unregulated and may be explained by passive diffusion. Increased knowledge of these mechanisms may help us understand the transfer of trace elements into milk in normal conditions, but also help us investigate the lesions behind abnormal transfer of trace elements as well as defects in mammary gland function induced by low trace element status.
The Roles of Handwriting and Keyboarding in Writing: A Meta-Analytic Review.

According to the simple view of writing (Berninger, Abbott, Abbott, Graham, & Richards, 2002), the two important components of transcription in writing are handwriting and keyboarding, the third one being spelling. The purpose of this paper is to review the contribution of two writing modes—handwriting and keyboarding to writing performance. In the first section, the contribution of handwriting fluency to writing performance was explored through moderator analyses. We found that handwriting fluency contributes to writing significantly and consistently, and significantly contributes to specific writing measures (e.g., writing quality, writing fluency, substantive quality). We then explored the relationship between handwriting and keyboarding, and compared their contributions to writing. Results indicated that performance on fluency of handwriting and keyboarding were significantly related, particularly on speed. Writing qualities under each mode were relatively competitive; however, keyboarding allows for faster writing. The findings from the two sections emphasized the importance of handwriting on writing development even though keyboarding is accessible.
The effect of automation and workspace design on humans' ability to recognize patterns while fusing information

Increasingly complex contested environments force analysts to combine many different types of intelligence data to form a more cohesive picture of the environment. Information fusion systems include computers that integrate and synthesize information from multiple sources and humans who combine that information with reasoning abilities and knowledge of past events to assess situations and predict future states. The intent of this paper is to highlight the importance of understanding human cognition and decision making by presenting the hypotheses of our current research. The purpose of the future study described in this paper is to investigate how the degree of information acquisition automation used affects the human's ability to detect patterns in data that may be needed to reach higher levels of information fusion. This study will use a 2 (task type: intuitive, analytic) × 3 (amount of automation: none, half, all), between subjects experimental design. We expect to find a significant interaction between task type and amount of automation. For tasks that induce the human's intuitive system, increasing automation is expected to disrupt the human's ability to recognize patterns. However, for tasks that induce the human's analytic system, increasing automation is expected to improve the human's ability to discern patterns. The results of this research can inform guidelines for the design of common workspaces to support human-machine teaming in future information fusion systems.
God's Simplicity

Aquinas explained the doctrine of divine simplicity with three claims. The first distinguished God from material objects. It is impossible that God have any spatial or temporal parts that could be distinguished from one another as here rather than there or as now rather than then. The second claims that the standard distinction between an entity's essential and intrinsic accidental properties cannot apply to God. It is impossible that God has any intrinsic accidental properties. The third claim rules out the possibility of components of any kind in the essence that is the divine nature. Even when it has been recognized that all God's intrinsic properties must be essential to him, it must be acknowledged as well. Aquinas maintained that because God is simple, human beings can know what God is not, but they cannot know anything of what God is. If the doctrine of simplicity implies that God is esse alone, then it seems that many of the standard divine attributes discussed and accepted by Aquinas cannot be applied to God. Those attributes apply only to something that is an id quod est.
Impact zone dynamics of dilute mono- and polydisperse jets and their implications for the initial conditions of pyroclastic density currents

The fluid dynamics at the impact zone of an impinging jet dictate the initial conditions for the resulting downstream flow. Current understanding of this impact zone is limited to small scale, single phase, or monodisperse impinging jet experiments with a focus on industrial and engineering applications. Here, we present multifield numerical modeling results of mono- and polydisperse impinging jets with length scales and physical parameters relevant to large explosive volcanic eruptions. Our modeling shows that particle behavior is sensitive to whether a jet is monodisperse or polydisperse. For a monodisperse jet, the downstream flow behavior can be predicted by the coupling between the particles and gas, which we characterize by a form of the Stokes number (Stimp) where the time scale of changes in fluid motion is defined by the length scale and velocity change associated with vertical deceleration as a mixture approaches an impact surface. We find that the length scale of deceleration is sensitive to th...
PS7:130 Interferon beta blockade rescues human bm-msc osteoblastogenesis defects in systemic lupus erythematosus

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes. SLE has been implicated as a stem cell disorder with impaired immunomodulatory function of SLE BM-MSCs and improvement of lupus nephritis with healthy MSCs transplantation has been suggested. However, the exact differentiation defects of SLE BM-MSCs have not been addressed, nor and potential interventions studied. Our previous work indicates upregulation of IFN beta specific genes in human SLE bone marrow derived MSCs compared to normal bone marrow MSC. Here we set out to investigate the differentiation defects of SLE BM-MSCs and potential intervention approaches. We compared 6 age paired BM aspirates from healthy controls and SLE patients. BM-MSCs from SLE patients and healthy controls were isolated and cultured. The MSC surface markers are positive for CD73, CD90 and CD105, but negative for CD34 and CD45 in both healthy and SLE BM-MSCs after culture. No difference was observed in the surface markers between SLE and healthy BM-MSCs. However, SLE MSCs display significantly reduced osteoblastogenesis markers, such ALP (6 fold, p IFN-I signature is an important feature of SLE. Our present work suggests that SLE BM-MSCs produce IFN beta, mediating a decrease in osteoblastogenesis capacity. The successful rescue of the SLE BM-MSCs osteoblastogenesis defect with an IFN beta neutralising antibody highlights IFN as a new potential therapeutic target for SLE treatment.
There's an app for that: The impact of reminder apps on student learning and anxiety

Today's students experience increased anxiety around school and have difficulty keeping track of course assignments. The authors conceptually develop and empirically test a model of the impact of a...
Principles of Pragmatics

After the formal definition of LA-grammar as a syntactic rule system in Part II, we return now to the topic briefly touched upon in Section 2.2 and Chapter 5, namely the functioning of natural language in communication. A theory of communication is especially important for our theory of grammar, because we explain the structure of natural language solely by the function of the signs in communication, and without any recourse to structures which are supposed to be “innate” and/or “universal.”
The Use of the Flexible Ureteroscope in the Stamey Urethropexy

Stamey endoscopic suspension of the bladder neck is a reliable technique for treatment of female urinary stress incontinence; however, inadvertent passage of the suture into the bladder lumen must be recognized by the surgeon. The use of a flexible ureteroscope through a suprapubic sheath allows for continuous visualization of the bladder lumen during passage of the needles, and achieves greater control and facility in performing the procedure.
The Devil is in the Details: Health Care Reform, Biosimilars, and Implementation Challenges for the Food and Drug Administration

The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA), part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), placed a major regulatory challenge in front of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The BPCIA grants broad authority to the FDA to develop and implement a market approval pathway for “biosimilar” and “interchangeable” biological products. This article provides an over-view of the nature and regulation of biological products as compared to conventional small molecule drugs; surveys the content and scope of the BPCIA provisions, high-lighting core definitions, requirements for submissions to the FDA, and the basics of the intricate patent disclosure and resolution process; provides an overview of the FDA’s actions to date in the implementation of the biosimilar pathway; and identifies several challenges facing the FDA and various stakeholders.
How Online Labor Markets are Revolutionizing Innovation and Discovery in the Social Sciences

The internet provides an unprecedented opportunity for social scientists to recruit large number of subjects quickly, cheaply and virtually effortlessly. Online labor markets, such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), allow researchers to easily recruit and pay subjects from around the world to participate in studies which are monetarily incentivized (ie pay depends on choices in the study, rather just a flat rate). These labor markets also facilitate field studies, where 'subjects' are unaware they are in an experiment, but instead think they are just completing normal work tasks. The speed and easy of online experimentation has the potential to increase the rate of scientific progress by orders of magnitude. In this talk I will describe how MTurk can be used to run incentivized experiments, a number of validation studies demonstrating the reliability on data collected on MTurk, and new insights into human behavior emerging from MTurk experiments.
Mathematical Models of Bioturbation

The purpose of this chapter is to examine existing mathematical models of important chemical, physical, and biological effects of organisms on sediments. The objectives and nature of the models will be discussed, the mathematical solution techniques will be identified, and the advantages and disadvantages of each type of model will highlighted.
Adaptive Travel Time Tomography with Local Sparsity

We develop a 2D travel time tomography method which regularizes the inversion by modeling sparsely patches of slowness pixels from discrete slowness map, and adapts sparse dictionaries to the slowness data. This locally-sparse travel time tomography (LST) approach considers global and local behavior of slowness, whereas conventional regularization methods consider only global covariance of pixels. We develop a maximum a posteriori formulation of LST, and further exploit the sparsity of patches using dictionary learning. We demonstrate the LST method on densely, but irregularly sampled synthetic slowness maps.
Frequency-selective excitation of high-wavevector phonons

We demonstrate the selective excitation of a narrow frequency band of TA phonons throughout the Brillouin zone of germanium using a sinusoidally modulated picosecond laser pulse. The pulse is produced through the combination of two chirped and delayed pulses using a stabilized interferometer. The phonon excitations are probed by time- and momentum- resolved x-ray diffuse scattering.
A Student's Guide to the Schrödinger Equation

Quantum mechanics is a hugely important topic in science and engineering, but many students struggle to understand the abstract mathematical techniques used to solve the Schrodinger equation and to analyze the resulting wave functions. Retaining the popular approach used in Fleisch's other Student's Guides, this friendly resource uses plain language to provide detailed explanations of the fundamental concepts and mathematical techniques underlying the Schrodinger equation in quantum mechanics. It addresses in a clear and intuitive way the problems students find most troublesome. Each chapter includes several homework problems with fully worked solutions. A companion website hosts additional resources, including a helpful glossary, Matlab code for creating key simulations, revision quizzes and a series of videos in which the author explains the most important concepts from each section of the book.
AN ABSTRACT EXISTENCE THEOREM ACROSS A POINT OF RESONANCE

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on an abstract existence theorem across a point of resonance. Landesman and Lazer proved in 1969, by the use of the alternative method, an existence theorem for self-adjoint elliptic Dirichlet nonlinear problems at resonance. A version of this theorem for periodic solutions of certain nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equations had been proved before by Lazer and Leach by essentially the same method. The theorem of Landesman and Lazer for nonlinear Dirichlet problems has been since repeatedly extended by the alternative method by Williams and Necas. This chapter presents an abstract problem, at resonance, of the form Ex = Nx, x ∈ S, where N : S → S is a nonlinear continuous operator and S is a real Hilbert space. The chapter presents an assumption where N is uniformly bounded on S. The chapter also presents an equation of the form Ex + αAx = Nx for x ∈ S.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN ELIGIBILITY FOR ADVANCED HEART FAILURE THERAPIES

Women are more likely to die from heart failure (HF) than men, but are less likely to receive heart transplant (HT) or left ventricular assist device (LVAD). We sought to investigate differences in HT/LVAD eligibility based on sex. We identified all patients evaluated at Emory University for HT/
A Systematic Review of Patient-Reported Outcomes for Cosmetic Indications of Botulinum Toxin Treatment.

BACKGROUNDBotulinum toxin (BTX) injection is the most popular cosmetic procedure in the United States. Although facial rejuvenation is considered cosmetic, physical appearance has meaningful impact on quality of life (QOL), best measured by patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Patient-reported outcomes
Power beyond powerlessness: Miners, activists, and bridging difference in the Appalachian coalfields

Abstract Powerful coal interests construct activists as radical “others” who oppose mountaintop removal at the expense of jobs, but how can we deconstruct these “other” identities? Focusing on the Coal River Valley in West Virginia, where miners have opposed environmental justice activists, I examine how these oppositional groups—activists and miners—can build power by engaging in deconstructive bridging. Drawing on semi-structured interviews, I diagnose the affective barriers to miners’ participation in the environmental justice movement and explore how activists have attempted to bridge to miners. I unpack the differences between activists and miners and present the miner mountaineer consciousness, or a sense of linked fate with those in the community rather than with the industry, to explain how activists and miners could stand together. While barriers between activists and miners persist, bridging attempts to deconstruct difference by emphasizing shared positive place-based attachments and negative affective industrial attachments. In the context of intractable environmental and social conflicts, the study builds on how deconstructing “other” identities undercuts the powerful by aligning workers and environmentalists.
Focusing on Families and Visitors Reduces Healthcare Associated Respiratory Viral Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections (HARVIs) result in significant harm to infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Healthcare workers and visitors can serve as transmission vectors to patients. We hypothesized that improved family and visitor hand hygiene (FVHH) and visitor screening would reduce HARVIs by at least 25%. Methods This quality improvement project took place in a large tertiary NICU to reduce HARVIs. Interventions primarily focused on improving FVHH and reducing visitation by symptomatic family members and visitors. We defined correct FVHH as hand hygiene performed immediately before touching their child. Hand hygiene observations were performed by direct observation by NICU staff using a standardized tool. Interventions to improve FVHH included education of staff and visitors, reminder signs, and immediate reminders to families to prevent lapses in hand hygiene. Staff screened family and visitors before NICU entry. Symptomatic individuals were asked to defer visitation until symptoms resolved. HARVIs were identified during prospective surveillance by infection preventionists using standard definitions. Results Baseline FVHH was 27% in 2015. After May 2017, the average FVHH remained at 85%. When reminded, family members and visitors performed hand hygiene 99% of the time. Staff screened ~129,000 people for FVHH. Between January 2013 and March 2019, there were 74 HARVIs; 80% were rhinovirus/enterovirus. After the implementation of improved FVHH, the HARVI rate decreased from 0.67 to 0.23/1,000 patient days. Conclusions Adding interventions to improve FVHH and visitor management to existing healthcare worker prevention efforts can help reduce HARVIs in the NICU.