cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamic and Short-Range Interparticle Interactions

“Macavity's a Mystery Cat: he's called the Hidden Paw—For he's the master criminal who can defy the Law. He's the bafflement of Scotland Yard, the Flying Squad's despair: For when they reach the scene of crime —Macavity's not there!”
Emerging, Existing, and Imagined Identities: A Case of Mid-Career and Late-Career Secondary Science Teacher Departure/Dropout

In order to improve the retention of science teachers, studies have focused on understanding the issues teachers encounter and identities they construct. Most studies examined the early years of te...
A Study on the Challenges of Using Robotics Simulators for Testing.

Robotics simulation plays an important role in the design, development, and verification and validation of robotic systems. Recent studies have shown that simulation may be used as a cheaper, safer, and more reliable alternative to manual, and widely used, process of field testing. This is particularly important in the context of continuous integration pipelines, where integrated automated testing is key to reducing costs while maintaining system safety. However, simulation and automated testing are not seeing the degree of widespread adoption in practice that their potential would motivate. Our goal in this paper is to develop a principled understanding of the ways developers use simulation in their process, and the challenges they face in doing so. This type of understanding can guide the development of more effective simulators and testing techniques for modern robotics development. To that end, we conduct a survey of 82 robotics developers from a diversity of backgrounds that addresses the current capabilities and limits of simulation technology in practice. We find that simulation is used by 85% of our participants for testing, and that many participants desire to use simulation as part of their test automation. We identify 10 high-level challenges that impede developers from using simulation for manual and automated testing, and general purposes. These challenges include the gap between simulation and reality, a lack of reproducibility, and considerable resource costs associated with using simulators. Finally, we outline avenues for improvement in the development of new simulators that can help simulation reach its potential as a means of verification and validation.
Private confederacies: the emotional worlds of southern men as citizens and soldiers

In Private Confederacies, historian James Broomall reveals how southern men struggled to uphold antebellum ideals of masculine mastery and self-control during and after the American Civil War, and,...
GENETICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Genetic etiologies of central precocious puberty and the role of imprinted genes

Pubertal timing is regulated by the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, nutritional and epigenetic factors. Criteria for determining normal pubertal timing, and thus the definition of precocious puberty, have evolved based on published population studies. The significance of the genetic influence on pubertal timing is supported by familial pubertal timing and twin studies. In contrast to the many monogenic causes associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, only four monogenic causes of central precocious puberty (CPP) have been described. Loss-of-function mutations in Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3(MKRN3), a maternally imprinted gene on chromosome 15 within the Prader-Willi syndrome locus, are the most common identified genetic cause of CPP. More recently, several mutations in a second maternally imprinted gene, Delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1), have also been associated with CPP. Polymorphisms in both genes have also been associated with the age of menarche in genome-wide association studies. Mutations in the genes encoding kisspeptin (KISS1) and its receptor (KISS1R), potent activators of GnRH secretion, have also been described in association with CPP, but remain rare monogenic causes. CPP has both short- and long-term health implications for children, highlighting the importance of understanding the mechanisms contributing to early puberty. Additionally, given the role of mutations in the imprinted genes MKRN3 and DLK1 in pubertal timing, other imprinted candidate genes should be considered for a role in puberty initiation.
One-dimensional Scalar Equations

We introduce in this chapter the basic concepts of conservation laws, which include discontinuous solutions, the jump (Rankine-Hugoniot) relation, entropy conditions, shock and rarefaction waves, and a simple numerical scheme called the Lax-Friedrichs scheme.
Immuno-suppressive hydrogels enhance allogeneic MSC survival after transplantation in the injured brain.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers multiple biochemical and cellular processes that exacerbate brain tissue damage through a secondary injury. Therapies that prevent or limit the evolution of secondary injury could significantly reduce the neurological deficits associated with TBI. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation after TBI can ameliorate neurological deficits by modulating inflammation and enhancing the expression of neurotrophic factors. However, transplanted MSCs can be actively rejected by host immune responses, such as those mediated by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, thereby limiting their therapeutic efficacy. Here, we designed an agarose hydrogel that releases Fas ligand (FasL), a protein that can induce apoptosis of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. We studied the immunosuppressive effect of this hydrogel near the allogeneic MSC transplantation site and its impact on the survival of transplanted MSCs in the injured brain. Agarose-FasL hydrogels locally reduced the host cytotoxic CD8+ T cell population and enhanced the survival of allogeneic MSCs transplanted near the injury site. Furthermore, the expression of crucial neurotrophic factors was elevated in the injury penumbra, suggesting an enhanced therapeutic effect of MSCs. These results suggest that the development of immunosuppressive hydrogels for stem cell delivery can enhance the benefits of stem cell therapy for TBI.
Psychoses of the female body: the need for more psychosocial engagement

Biomedical discourse commonly associates the emergence of psychosis in women with the reproductive body, most particularly, with the hormonal shifts that accompany the reproductive cycle during men...
FoxL1+ mesenchymal cells are a critical source of Wnt5a for midgut elongation during mouse embryonic intestinal development

Wnt5a is a non-canonical Wnt ligand that is essential for normal embryonic development in mammals. The role of Wnt5a in early intestinal development has been examined in gene ablation models, where Wnt5a-/- mice exhibit strikingly shortened intestines. However, the exact cellular source of Wnt5a has remained elusive, until a recent study found that FoxL1-expressing mesenchymal cells (FoxL1+ cells), which are localized directly beneath the intestinal epithelium, express Wnt5a. To determine whether FoxL1+ cells are a required source of Wnt5a during intestinal development, we derived FoxL1-Cre; Wnt5af/f mice, which is the first mouse model to ablate Wnt5a in a cell type-specific manner in the intestine in vivo. Our results show that Wnt5a deletion in FoxL1+ cells during fetal life causes a shortened gut phenotype in neonatal mice, and that our model is sufficient to increase rate of apoptosis in the elongating epithelium, thus explaining the shortened gut phenotype. However, in contrast to previous studies using Wnt5a null mice, we did not observe dysregulation of epithelial structure or apical-basal protein localization. Altogether, our findings establish a developmental role for FoxL1+ mesenchymal cells in controlling non-canonical Wnt signaling during midgut elongation.
On the Use of Planetary Science Data for Studying Extrasolar Planets

There is an opportunity to advance solar system and extrasolar planetary studies that does not require new telescopes or new missions but better use and access to data sets. This approach leverages significant investment from space agencies in exploring the solar system and using those discoveries for the study of extrasolar planets.
ICESat‐2 Early Mission Synopsis and Observatory Performance

The Advanced Topographic Laser Altimetry System (ATLAS) onboard the NASA Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) is the newest Earth observing satellite for global elevation studies. The primary objectives for ICESat-2 follow the objectives of its predecessor, ICESat and also focus on providing cryospheric measurements to determine ice sheet mass balance, and monitor both sea ice thickness and extent. However, the global observations support secondary science objectives as well such as biomass estimation, inland water elevation, sea state height and aerosol concentrations. Since launch of ICESat-2, ATLAS has collected more than a trillion measurements. This study provides a mission overview, a description of the operational components that enable the altimeter products for science, on-orbit observatory performance, and assessment of the spacecraft attitude control systems that enable repeat measurements to within 10 m and pointing control within ±45 m. These metrics should be considered for ground-based validation campaigns or science investigations.
Contact Sensing via Active Oscillatory Actuation

Collaborative robotic approaches seek to incorporate either direct human intervention in tasks previously suited for isolated robot devices, or to use precise machines (cobots) to assist in sensitive tasks. Cobots work alongside humans to extend the scope of robot assistance to spaces such as service and dynamic industrial or assembly tasks. With that said, the close proximity of humans with machines necessitates safe interaction, which can be achieved via lightweight materials and novel sensing capabilities. The inherent physical strength needed in some robot tasks, such as in assembly, make contact sensing of particular concern when introducing a human collaborator. A minimally intrusive method that can be seamlessly subsumed into extant devices is desired. In this paper, such a contact sensor is prototyped and tested. The sensor is bidirectional in that it actively provides an oscillatory actuation signal to a rigid link while simultaneously recording and analyzing the mechanical vibration of said link. Natural oscillation frequency shifts and energy concentration changes due to damping are congruent with different types of contact with the rigid link. The method is lightweight, low-cost and can be quickly incorporated into various manipulators. The developed configuration is advantageous as it does not require any delicate sensors on the robot body and relies primarily on actuated oscillations of the manipulator. Oscillatory acceleration data is collected and subsequently used to train and classify different contact locations using frequency-based features. Three separate classes are distinguished according to contact location. Results are promising and show excellent classification of both contact and contact location.
A Divisia Measure of the Money Supply for Mexico

Currently, Banco de Mexico measures money as a simple sum of the different monetary assets included at four levels of aggregation: M1, M2, M3, and M4. Seminal work by Barnett (1980) and many who followed since have amply demonstrated simple-sum aggregation is highly problematic. A wealth of monetary literature has shown Divisia indices of monetary aggregates are both theoretically and empirically superior to their simple-sum counterparts. While Divisia indices are available for the U.S., the U.K, the Euro area and a few other developed economies, no similar measure currently exists for Mexico. This paper produces the first measure of Divisia money for the Mexican economy under the Banco de Mexico’s Methodological Redefinition of 2018 of its monetary aggregates. Under standard and time-varying constructs of well-accepted structural VAR identifications, we find that Divisia M4 as an indicator of monetary policy yields responses of industrial production and prices that are in every case at least as sensible as (and often an improvement over) their counterpart specifications with a short-term offer rate as the indicator. Importantly, we find the resolution of the price puzzle in our Divisia specifications do not require expanding the information set of the VAR with commodity prices. We reach similar conclusions for Mexico to those Keating et al. (2019) arrive at for the U.S. economy.
Organization of the Genes for Nitrogen Fixation in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena

The nifHDK genes encoding the nitrogenase complex polypeptides of Klebsiella pneumoniae were cloned on a single 6 kbp DNA fragment (Cannon et al 1979 and found to hybridize with DNA from every nitrogen-fixing microorganism tested (Ruvkun, Ausubel 1980; Mazur et al 1980). The cloned Klebsiella nifHDK DNA was subsequently used both to clone and to physically map the homologous genes from other organisms, including various Rhizobia, photosynthetic bacteria, and the cyanobacterium Anabaena. In most cases, the nifHDK gene organization as well as the gene sequences were found to be conserved. In general, the three genes are contiguous and transribed as a single unit. The exceptions are the slow-growing Rhizobia, described elsewhere in this volume, and the heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria, of which Anabaena is the best studied example.
Intracellular Mediators of Insulin Action

Controversy about the intracellular mechanism of insulin action has focused for a decade on identifying an intracellular mediator of the actions of the hormone. During this time, extensive efforts have been made to specify a cellular component that is altered in response to insulin and, in turn, directly affects enzyme activities and other cellular functions. A wide range of possibilities has been considered for this role, including cAMP, Ca2+, H202, membrane potential, and cellular pH. Interest in each possibility has been generated by data correlating changes in these parameters with changes in one or more insulin-sensitive enzyme or process. But in each case, opposing evidence has subsequently dissociated changes in the levels of the regulatory components from other insulin-sensitive functions, making it impossible to consider any of these a primary, central element of the insulin effector system. The failure of all candidates thus far proposed to satisfy all the criteria of a hormone’s second messenger has led to the development of an experimental approach designed to isolate from cells components that possess the characteristics of an insulin mediator. This approach embodies two criteria of an insulin mediator, the ability to directly regulate insulin-sensitive enzymes in vitro, and a change in activity in response to insulin treatment of the cell source of the mediator.
Integrating component-based enterprise software development into Software and Information Engineering curriculum

Component-based enterprise software development (CBESD) is the rapidly emerging trend in software engineering. This paper provides a report on our work-in-progress project aimed at developing a course track that integrates CBESD into the Software and Information Engineering curriculum at San Jose State University.
Prevalence of Drug Therapy

This book is a guide to psychotropic drug therapy for children and adolescents. But just how common is the medical prescription of such drugs at the moment? Is it too little or too much? Does clinical application precede scientific verification of safety and efficacy? Are recommendations for patient management generally followed in everyday clinical settings? This chapter examines these and related issues to the extent that available data will allow.
A framework for implementing sustainable oral health promotion interventions

The present paper addresses basic evaluation and procedural concepts that are involved in the process of implementing sustainable oral health behavioral and social interventions. It is part of a series of thematic articles describing cutting-edge methods for conducting oral health interventions research. Core components for effective intervention implementation are presented as part of a comprehensive model composed of four stages (training, adoption, implementation, and practice), along with sustaining influences involving preparation and maintenance. This model systematically addresses common barriers that can reduce innovation success and permanence. Special attention is given to the measurement and impact of organizational and related contextual influences across stages of the implementation process. Assessment tools and research strategies are recommended and illustrated based on evaluations of interventions implemented in addiction and mental health treatment systems. These tools and research strategies also hold promise for use within the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Practice-Based Research Networks, as well as other systems of oral health care delivery.
Comment on the magnetic dipole lines of highly ionized titanium

A magnetic dipole line in the ground configuration of Ti XVIII has been identified and the accuracy of previous measurements of Ti XIV, XV, and XVII lines has been significantly improved.
Depressed Heart Rate Variability as an Independent Predictor of Death in Chronic Congestive Heart Failure Secondary to Ischemic or Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Abstract After acute myocardial infarction, depressed heart rate variability (HRV) has been proven to be a powerful independent predictor of a poor outcome. Although patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) have also markedly impaired HRV, the prognostic value of HRV analysis in these patients remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HRV parameters could predict survival in 102 consecutive patients with moderate to severe CHF (90 men, mean age 58 years, New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II to IV, CHF due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 24 patients and ischemic heart disease in 78 patients, ejection fraction [EF], 26%; peak oxygen consumption, 16.9 ml/kg/min) after exclusion of patients in atrial fibrilation with diabetes or with chronic renal failure. In the prognostic analysis (Cox proportional-hazards model, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis), the following factors were investigated: age, CHF etiology, NYHA class, EF, peak oxygen consumption, presence of ventricular tachycardia on Holter monitoring, and HRV measures derived from 24-hour electrocardiography monitoring, calculated in the time (standard deviation of all normal RR intervals [SDNN], standard deviation of 5-minute RR intervals [SDANN], mean of all 5-minute standard deviations of RR intervals [SD], root-mean-square of difference of successive RR intervals [rMSSD], and percentage of adjacent RR intervals >50 ms different [pNN50]) and frequency domain (total power [TP], power within low-frequency band [LF], and power within high-frequency band [HF]). During follow-up of 584 ± 405 days (365 days in all who survived), 19 patients (19%) died (mean time to death: 307 ± 315 days, range 3 to 989). Cox's univariate analysis identified the following factors to be predictors of death: NYHA (p = 0.003), peak oxygen consumption (p = 0.01), EF (p = 0.02), ventricular tachycardia on Holter monitoring (p = 0.05), and among HRV measures: SDNN (p = 0.004), SDANN (p = 0.003), SD (p = 0.02), and LF (p = 0.003). In multivariate analysis, HRV parameters (SDNN, SDANN, LF) were found to predict survival independently of NYHA functional class, EF, peak oxygen consumption, and ventricular tachycardia on Holter monitoring. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed SDNN 100 ms (p = 0.008). The coexistence of SDNN In 102 consecutive patients with stable chronic congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm, several heart rate variability measures derived from 24-hour electrocardiographic recording were significant prognostic risk markers, independent of clinical variables (New York Heart Association class, peak oxygen consumption, left ventricular ejection fraction). The coexistence of the standard deviation of all normal RR intervals
Tar and nicotine retrieval from fifty‐six brands of cigarettes

Tar and nicotine yields of 56 brands of cigarettes are determined. Tar yields range from a low of about 8 mg per cigarette to a high of about 43 mg per cigarette. Nicotine yields, which closely correlate with tar yields in most cases, range from about 0.3 to 2.6 mg per cigarette. There are substantial differences among cigarettes of the same general type. Among cigarettes without filters tar yield depends chiefly on the length of the cigarette. Filter cigarettes show the greatest variability in tar yield, ranging from 8 to 42 mg per cigarette. Among cigarettes with filters tar yield depends on the length of the cigarette and the weight of the filter, longer cigarettes and light-weight filters being associated with higher tar yields. It seems clear that manufacturers are able to produce cigarettes with almost any yield of tar and nicotine from very low to very high. This potentiality is important in the control of diseases caused by cigarette smoking.
Universal bio-molecular signal transduction-based nano-electronic bio-detection system

Abstract The development of rapid and ultra-sensitive detection technologies is a long-standing goal for researchers in the bio-detection fields. Nanowire field-effect transistor (nano-FET) devices have shown great promise in label-free and ultra sensitive detection of biological agents. However, critical application problems in using this technology have not been addressed, particularly the difficulties of FET sensing surface modification for various targets and lower detection specificity in real biological samples. A novel molecular signal transduction system reported herein overcomes such problems. With this system, various complicated bio-molecular interactions are “translated” into simple signal molecules with universal sequences. These signal molecules are captured on the sensing surface of nano-FET devices through sequence-specific recognition and generate detectable electronic signals. Using this system, nano-FET devices become universal for detecting almost any bio-agents. Staphylococcus aureus was used as the target to demonstrate the detection of DNA, RNA and protein on the same nano-FET device. Detection sensitivity was achieved at 25 fM levels in pure sample.
Initial Trends in MSP-Related Changes in Student Achievement with MIS Data.

This substudy in the evaluation design of the Math and Science Partnership (MSP) Program Evaluation investigates changes in student mathematics and science achievement across three school years, 2002–03, 2003–04, and 2004–05, for MSP-related schools using Management Information System data with the Annual K-12 District Survey. First, changes in percentages of students (at or above) proficient on state assessments in math and science were investigated by gender, ethnicity, special education, and students with limited English proficiency using schools for which data were available for all three years. The results indicated that MSP schools continued to show improvement in student math and science proficiency over the three-year period. Second, schools were examined by frequency and effect size of increase, decrease, or no change in student math and science proficiency from the “start” (2002–03) to the “end” (2004–05) of the period for this study. The schools with positive changes were in much higher numbers...
Adaptations of the Traditional Interview to the Brief-Treatment Context:

This article is concerned with modifications in the standard interview structure, procedures, and interaction that the social work interviewer needs to make in response to the time constraints of the brief interview. Brief treatment is identified as the prevalent format for offering social work services due to the impact of managed care on service delivery patterns and budgetary constraints in the social service sector. The characteristics of brief treatment and the attitudes of social workers toward brief treatment are discussed. The body of the article examines modifications in the traditional interview to fit the requirements of brief treatment.
What is on that keyboard? Detecting hidden environmental reservoirs of Clostridium difficile during an outbreak associated with North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 strains

Background Numerous studies have demonstrated that environmental surfaces in the rooms of patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) are often contaminated with spores. However, less information is available regarding the frequency of contamination of environmental surfaces outside of CDI isolation rooms. Methods We performed a point-prevalence culture survey for C difficile in rooms of patients not in isolation for CDI, in physician and nurse work areas, and on portable equipment, including pulse oximetry devices, electrocardiogram machines, mobile computers, and medication distribution carts. Isolates were characterized by assessment of toxin production, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping, and PCR for binary toxin genes. Results Of 105 nonisolation rooms, 17 (16%) were contaminated with toxin-producing C difficile , with the highest rate of contamination on the spinal cord injury unit (32%). Of 87 surfaces cultured outside of patient rooms, 20 (23%) were contaminated, including 9 of 29 (31%) in physician work areas, 1 of 10 (10%) in nurse work areas, and 9 of 43 (21%) portable pieces of equipment, including a pulse oximetry finger probe, medication carts, and bar code scanners on medication carts. Of 26 isolates subjected to typing, 19 (73%) matched ribotype patterns detected in stool samples from CDI patients and 13 (50%) were epidemic, binary toxin-positive strains. Conclusion In the context of a CDI outbreak, we found that environmental contamination was common in nonisolation rooms, in physician and nurse work areas, and on portable equipment. Further research is needed to determine whether contamination in these areas plays a significant role in transmission.
Bisdioxaborine Polymethines with Large Third-Order Nonlinearities for All-Optical Signal Processing

Organic materials with large third-order nonlinearities in the near-infrared spectral regime are critical in the development of photonic devices to be utilized in all-optical signal processing. We have developed polymethine materials, specifically bisdioxaborine-terminated polymethine dyes, which possess large ultrafast third-order nonlinearities and low nonlinear loss all in the near-infrared spectral regime. An extended bisdioxaborine polymethine anion exhibited the largest value of γ (third-order microscopic nonlinearity) at 1.3 μm (|γ| = 5.7 × 10-32 esu) and showed no characteristics of symmetry breaking, unlike other polymethines of similar lengths. A neat film of this molecule maintained relatively low linear loss in the near-infrared and showed a large third-order macroscopic nonlinearity at 1.3 μm (|χ(3)| = 3.6 × 10-10 esu), with a temporal response of less than 8 ps. Furthermore, the real part of χ(3) was nearly an order-of-magnitude larger than the imaginary component. Consequently, this materia...
Heterogeneous catalysis in organic synthesis. Part 9. Specific site solvent effects in catalytic hydrogenations

The hydrogenation of 4-methyl-1-cyclohexene was run in several different solvents over a series of single turnover (STO) characterized 8.06% Pt/SiO2 catalysts. From the reaction rate data specific site turnover frequencies (TOFs) were obtained for each of the three STO saturation sites in each solvent. In all solvents it was found that the 3MR sites are the most reactive. Taking the heptane data as the standard, it was found that ethyl acetate adsorbed somewhat on the 3MI and 3MH sites but does not affect the reactivity of the 3MR sites. In THF and ethanol the specific site TOFs were all decreased with ethanol having more of an effect than THF. These data provide a good example of the importance of the competitive adsorption of the solvent in a heterogeneously catalysed reaction.
Sulfation of the choriogonadotropin alpha subunit in human placental explants.

Summary Incubation of first trimester placental explants with [35s]O4 resulted in incorporation of radioactive sulfate into free and dimer forms of a subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. Sulfate was not attached to N-linked oligosaccharides since it was not released by endoglycosidase F. Analysis of pronase digest revealed the presence of tyrosine-O-[35s]04. Comparison of tryptic peptides of a subunit labeled with several amino acids identified the penultimate carboxyterminal peptide as the sulfation site. Since the C-terminal region of hCGα plays a critical role in receptor binding of the hormone, modification in this region may regulate hormonal activity.
Fracture Toughness and Subcritical Crack Growth in Polycrystalline Silicon

The fracture behavior of polycrystalline silicon in the presence of atomically sharp cracks is important in the determination of the mechanical reliability of microelectrome-chanical system (MEMS) components. The mode-I critical stress intensity factor and crack tip displacements in the vicinity of atomically sharp edge cracks in polycrystalline silicon MEMS scale specimens were measured via an in situ atomic force microscopy/ digital image correlation method. The effective (macroscopic) mode-I critical stress intensity factor for specimens from different fabrication runs was 1.00±0.1 MPa √m, where 0.1 MPa √m is the standard deviation that was attributed to local cleavage anisotropy and grain boundary effects. The experimental near crack tip displacements were in good agreement with the linearly elastic fracture mechanics solution, which supports K dominance in polysilicon at the scale of a few microns. The mechanical characterization method implemented in this work allowed for direct experimental evidence of incremental (subcritical) crack growth in polycrystalline silicon that occurred with crack increments of 1-2 μm. The variation in experimental effective critical stress intensity factors and the incremental crack growth in brittle polysilicon were attributed to local cleavage anisotropy in individual silicon grains where the crack tip resided and whose fracture characteristics controlled the overall fracture process resulting in different local and macroscopic stress intensity factors.
Cancer progression and growth : relationship of paracrine and autocrine growth mechanisms to organ preference of metastasis

Abstract The progression of cancer cells to highly malignant phenotypes that ultimately invade and metastasize to near and distant sites requires that metastatic cells respond to mitogenic signals in new microenvironments. The successful growth of metastases is due to their ability to respond to local paracrine growth factors and inhibitors and to produce and respond to autocrine growth factors. Solid tumors of the same histologic class, however, may respond differently to combinations of paracrine and autocrine growth signals at metastatic sites. At early stages of tumor dissemination there is a tendency for certain cancers to metastasize to and grow preferentially at particular sites, suggesting that paracrine growth mechanisms may dominate the growth signals processed by metastatic cells. In contrast, at later stages of progression where widespread dissemination of cancer occurs, autocrine growth mechanisms may dominate the positive growth signals processed by metastatic cells and the cells may fail to respond to negative growth signals. Ultimately progression of cancer cells to completely autonomous (acrine) growth states can occur, and metastatic cell proliferation may be completely independent of growth factors or inhibitors. This suggests that pharmacologic intervention using analogs of specific growth inhibitors or antagonists of growth factors, such as genetically altered growth factors, monoclonal antibodies, or other agents, to block growth signaling mechanisms may be useful only at stages of cancer progression before widespread metastasis of acrine malignant cells occurs.
Phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometry at 193 nm

Phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometry at the 193-nm wavelength suitable for highly accurate measurement of wave-front aberration is introduced. The interferometer preserves the advantages of the previously described extreme-ultraviolet phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer but offers higher relative efficiency. Wave-front measurement of an imaging system, operating at the 193-nm wavelength, is reported. Direct measurement of the refractive-index change in a deep-ultraviolet radiation-damaged fused-silica sample is also presented as an application.
Harvestable vibrational energy from an avian source: theoretical predictions vs. measured values

For many reasons, it would be beneficial to have the capability of powering a wildlife tag over the course of multiple migratory seasons. Such an energy harvesting system would allow for more data collection and eliminate the need to replace depleted batteries. In this work, we investigate energy harvesting on birds and focus on vibrational energy harvesting. We review a method of predicting the amount of power that can be safely harvested from the birds such that the effect on their longterm survivability is not compromised. After showing that the safely harvestable power is significant in comparison to the circuits used in avian tags, we present testing results for the flight accelerations of two species of birds. Using these measured values, we then design harvesters that matched the flight acceleration frequency and are sufficiently low mass to be carried by the birds.
Pregnancy after liver transplantation

This article reviews the reported experience with pregnancy after liver transplantation and descrbes obstetric risks and medical issues that the maternal fetal medicine specialist has a reference for managing these pregnancies and for providing appropriate preconception counseling. Women who undergo liver transplantations have a higher risk of preeclampsia, worsening hypertension, preterm premature rupture of membranes, anemia, small for gestational age, preterm delivery, and cesarean section than the normal obstetric population. Women with preconceptional renal dysfunction appear to be at greatest risk for pregnancy complications. Women who conceived within 6 months of transplant had a high risk of rejection. Reproductive-aged recipients of liver allograft should receive contraception and preconception counseling. In an appropriately timed and planned pregnancy, women who undergo liver transplantations can have successful pregnancies with little risk to their allograft function.
Chronic infection by Leishmania amazonensis mediated through MAPK ERK mechanisms

Leishmania amazonensis is an intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). CL is a neglected tropical disease responsible for infecting millions of people worldwide. L. amazonensis promotes alteration of various signaling pathways that are essential for host cell survival. Specifically, through parasite-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), L. amazonensis inhibits cell-mediated parasite killing and promotes its own survival by co-opting multiple host cell functions. In this review, we highlight Leishmania-host cell signaling alterations focusing on those specific to (1) motor proteins, (2) prevention of NADPH subunit phosphorylation impairing reactive oxygen species production, and (3) localized endosomal signaling to up-regulate ERK phosphorylation. This review will focus upon mechanisms and possible explanations as to how Leishmania spp. evades the various layers of defense employed by the host immune response.
Effects of interfacial modifications on diamond film adhesion

Microlithographic surface patterning has been investigated as a means of improving diamond film adhesion on noncompatible substrates. This technique produces significant improvements in film adhesion beyond identical unpatterned substrates, although sufficient film stresses can develop to induce subsurface substrate fracture. The substrate etching geometry can be chosen to simultaneously produce an antireflective surface relief.
Interactions of African American infants and their mothers: Relations with development at 1-year of age

The relationships between aspects of mother-infant interaction and both communication and cognitive skills at 1 year of age were examined in 92 African American dyads, of whom 64 (70%) fell below the poverty line. Ratings of warmth, sensitivity, responsiveness, encouragement of initiative, stimulation, and elaborativeness during a semistructured play interaction were correlated with measures of global cognition, expressive and receptive communication, and communication use. The overall quality of the home environment and maternal ratings of stimulation and elaborativeness were the most consistent correlates of infant communication measures. Relationships were stronger in middle-income than lower-income dyads. These results support the linkage of didactic and functional aspects of maternal behavior to cognitive and communication skills at 1 year of age for African American infants.
Matrix models with boundary terms and the generalized Painlevé II equation

Abstract We derive the specific heat for unitary and hermitian one-matrix models with boundary terms. We show that for the lowest critical point, the specific heat is a simple polynomial of a generalized Painleve II transcendant. This suggests that topological gravity of surfaces with boundaries is intimately related to the Painleve II equation. This is somewhat confirmed by calculating the operator products of puncture operators on the disk. Finally, we show that as the number of fermion flavors on the boundary diverges, the critical behavior of the unitary theory approaches that of the k=2 critical point of surfaces without boundaries. For the hermitian case, the critical behavior in this limit is also that of the k=2 critical point, except for an overall factor 1 2 in th specific heat.
The evaporation of Q-balls

Abstract In extended electroweak models with scalar fields carrying lepton number, it is possible for these fields to form extended objects of the Q -ball sort. In general, these are destabilised by the Yukawa coupling of the scalar to neutrinos. This decay process takes place only on the surface of the object, not in the interior. Thus the Q -balls evaporate away. We set up the general theory of this process, find an absolute upper bound for the evaporation rate, and explicitly compute the rate in a simple case.
Heritability Studies of Egg Production in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract WHETHER genetic progress is being made has been a topic of increasing concern among poultry breeders. It may be worthwhile to consider some of the possible reasons why this important question should arise in the minds of these breeders. (1) Perhaps an over optimism on the part of the breeders could be an answer. (2) Most demonstration projects have been primarily concerned with only one trait. Most commercial breeders find it necessary to consider several traits, which fact greatly reduces the chance for progress in any one trait. (3) Has the environment been getting worse all the time, thus masking any genetic progress made. As yet, outside of an experiment just beginning (Gowe, 1952), efforts to measure environmental trends have not been attempted in poultry breeding. (4) One might hypothesize that the selection programs utilized to date have used up all or practically all of the additive genetic variance, leaving …
Abdominal pregnancy: A study of twenty-one consecutive cases

Early abdominal pregnancy is self-limited by hemorrhage from trophoblastic invasion, with complete abortion of the gestational sac that leaves a discrete crater which is sometimes difficult to identify. Advanced abdominal pregnancy survives the hemorrhage of trophoblastic invasion and partial tubal abortion and implants secondarily in the first trimester on any adjacent structure. It may progress to term if not diagnosed or interrupted by abruptio placentae and have spurious labor and fetal death. A case of cornual abortion with secondary implantation on the uterus is discussed.
Three-dimensional displacement measurements using digital image correlation and photogrammic analysis

The application of digital image correlation and stereoscopic principles is used to determine three-dimensional displacements. Two pairs of stereo images of a speckled surface before and after deformation are digitized and correlated to determine the three-dimensional displacements. The images are interpolated so as to account for subpixel displacements. A sequential decision technique and a coarsefine search are employed to increase computer efficiency and decrease run time. Very accurate results are obtained, expecially when the magnification is increased. The effect of camera tilt is shown to be negligible. Theory and experimental verification are presented.
Florida Wetland Condition Index for depressional forested wetlands

Abstract Increasingly in the last decade biological monitoring and assessment have been used by federal and state agencies to assess water quality standards as required under the Clean Water Act. These efforts have led to the development of indices of biological integrity (often referred to as IBIs). Many states have created multi-metric indices, incorporating individual metrics into a quantitative value of community condition or biological integrity. The primary objective of this study was to develop the Florida Wetland Condition Index (FWCI) as a tool to evaluate the biological integrity of Florida depressional freshwater forested wetlands. Vegetative community composition and chemical and physical water and soil parameters were measured at 118 wetlands throughout Florida. An independent measure of the human disturbance gradient, the Landscape Development Intensity (LDI) index, which is based on the use of nonrenewable energy within a 100 m buffer around a wetland, was calculated. Six macrophyte community composition metrics were selected for inclusion in the FWCI based on the strength of correlation with LDI ( P P P P
Propagation in a crossed field periodic structure

A field theory of a crossed field periodic structure is given. Taking into account the effect of space charge, an integral equation method is employed to obtain a general dispersion equation for a structure supporting any space harmonic. The case of pure scalloping is treated in detail and the results are applied to forward and backward-wave amplifiers and backward-wave oscillators. Criteria for gain and oscillations are derived and corresponding expressions for the gain and start oscillation current are obtained. These results include the effect of all space harmonics.
Perfectionism in women with binge eating disorder.

Objective This study examined self-oriented (SOP), socially prescribed (SPP), and other-oriented (OOP) perfectionism in 127 obese women with binge eating disorder (BED). Method Relationships between eating disorder and general psychopathology variables and SOP, SPP, and OOP were assessed. Levels of SOP, SPP, and OOP in the BED sample were compared with those of 32 normal weight women with bulimia nervosa (BN) and 60 obese non–eating-disordered individuals (NED). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test models of the maintenance of BED. Results Only SPP was significantly associated with eating disorder variables related to BED. All three groups demonstrated similar levels of SPP and OOP. BN and BED groups scored significantly higher than the NED group on SOP only. SEM resulted in two models with good fits. Discussion Further research is needed on the roles of SPP and SOP in BED and on weight and shape overconcern in BED maintenance models. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 177–186, 2001.
Topography and mechanics of the cupula in the fish lateral line. I. Variation of cupular structure and composition in three dimensions

The cupula of the supraorbital neuromast in the lateral line canal of the clown knifefish contains vertical columns. In the central region of the cupula overlying the macula, these columns are densely packed, are relatively constant in size, and run from the base of the cupula to the surface of the cupula which is exposed to canal fluid. There are two types of columns, dark and light, which form elliptical compartments in planes of section that cut across the columns; the cupula therefore has the appearance of mosaic tile in such sections. The dark compartments contain tubules that extend from the base of the cupula at the junction with the macula to the top of the cupula. Each tubule is associated with the kinocilium of a single hair cell. The lateral parts of the cupula, not overlying the macula, also contain compartments, but these compartments differ in size and structure from those in the central region. In addition to the compartments, the central region of the cupula also contains spherical aggregates of droplets. These small aggregates, termed mora, are found principally in a layer within the central region of the cupula, but are also found outside this layer. Because of their light-reflecting properties, the mora can be used for noninvasive optical measurements in vivo of the motion of the cupula.
Feedbacks of consumer nutrient recycling on producer biomass and stoichiometry: separating direct and indirect effects

Herbivores can have both direct (consumptive) and indirect (nutrient-mediated) effects on primary producer biomass and nutrient stoichiometry. Ecological stoichiometry theory predicts that herbivores of contrasting body stoichiometry will differentially remineralize nutrients, resulting in feedbacks on producer stoichiometry. We experimentally separated direct and indirect effects of aquatic vertebrate grazers on periphyton by manipulating grazer abundance and identity in mesocosms, and using grazer exclusion cages to expose periphyton to recycled nutrients in the absence of direct grazing. In experiment 1, we used a catfish with high body phosphorus (low body N:P), Ancistrus triradiatus, to assess consumptive versus nutrient-mediated effects of grazer density on periphyton. In experiment 2, we compared the nutrient-mediated effects of grazing by Ancistrus triradiatus and Rana palmipes, a tadpole with low body phosphorus and high body N:P. In experiment 1, we found that increasing catfish density led to lower biomass and particulate nutrients in periphyton through direct consumptive effects, but that nutrient-mediated indirect effects enhanced periphyton biomass when grazers were experimentally separated from direct contact with periphyton. As predicted by stoichiometry theory, nutrient recycling by this P-rich grazer tended to increase algal C:P and N:P (although effects were not statistically significant), while their consumptive effects reduced algal C:P and N:P. In experiment 2, grazer identity had strong effects on dissolved water nutrient concentrations, N recycling (measured with a 15N tracer), and periphyton stoichiometry. In accordance with stoichiometry theory, catfish increased N concentrations and recycling rates leading to higher periphyton N:P, while tadpoles had greater effects on P availability leading to lower periphyton N:P. Our experiments elucidate the importance of both the density and identity of grazers in controlling periphyton biomass and stoichiometry through consumptive and nutrient-mediated effects, and support the power of ecological stoichiometry theory to predict feedbacks on producer stroichiometry arising from consumer stoichiometry through nutrient recycling.