cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FastSP: linear time calculation of alignment accuracy.

Motivation: Multiple sequence alignment is a basic part of much biological research, including phylogeny estimation and protein structure and function prediction. Different alignments on the same set of unaligned sequences are often compared, sometimes in order to assess the accuracy of alignment methods, or to infer a consensus alignment from a set of estimated alignments. Three of the standard techniques for comparing alignments, Developer, Modeler, and Total Column (TC) scores can be derived through calculations of the set of homologies that the alignments share. However, the brute-force technique for calculating this set is quadratic in the input size. The remaining standard technique, Cline Shift Score, inherently requires quadratic time. Results: In this paper we prove that each of these scores can be computed in linear time, and we present FASTSP, a linear-time algorithm for calculating these scores. Even on the largest alignments we explored (one with 50,000 sequences), FASTSP completed in under two minutes and used at most 2GB of main memory. The best alternative is QSCORE, a method whose empirical running time is approximately the same as FASTSP when given sufficient memory (at least 8GB), but whose asymptotic running time has never been theoretically established. In addition, for comparisons of large alignments under lower memory conditions (at most 4GB of main memory), QSCORE uses substantial memory (up to 10GB for the datasets we studied), took more time, and failed to analyze the largest datasets. Availability: The open-source software and executables are available online at http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/smirarab/fastsp.
Threshold Energy Switching and Its Application to Wireless Sensing in High Energy Manufacturing Processes

A solid state threshold energy switching device based on a relaxation oscillator is discussed in the context of a self energizing wireless pressure sensor. The study is an integral part of the design of a wireless pressure sensor for in-situ injection molding machine cavity pressure measurement and real time process control. The pressure information is measured using a piezoelectric stack and converted to a train of ultrasonic pulses, using the oscillator based threshold switching device, to a receiver outside of the mold. In this paper the threshold switching device is developed, simulated using a circuit simulation program, and validated experimentally. Its properties are discussed with reference to pressure measurement and acoustic signal transmission.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Homer-RyR1 Associations are Physiological Regulators of Intracellular [Ca2+]

Homer proteins belong to family of multifaceted proteins that enhance signaling by linking transmembrane proteins with signaling pathways and may be involved in intracellular Ca2+ regulation. We have measured resting intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]rest) by means of Ca2+ selective microelectrodes, and Ca2+ transients using Fluo-4 in primary Wt and pan Homer KO myotubes at 23°C under different experimental conditions. [Ca2+]rest in Wt myotubes was 122±8 nM (n = 23) while in Homer KO it was 313±30 nM (n = 20). Incubation with either Cd/La, 30 μM dantrolene or 25 μM ryanodine (overnight) and subsequently in 20 μM bastadin-5 (B5) for 5 min prior to [Ca2+]rest measurements induced significant reductions in [Ca2+]rest in both groups of cells, but the reduction was greater in Homer KO than Wt cells. In ryanodine+B5 treated cells both 0.5 mM Cd2+/0.1 mM La3+ or 30 μM dantrolene produced a further reduction of [Ca2+]rest which again was more evident in Homer KO. The amplitude of Ca2+ transients elicited by electrical trains of square pulses (0.5–1ms duration) at 60 Hz were always smaller in Homer KO than those produced by Wt myotubes, confirming that Homer regulates RyR1 gain. The present findings reveal that the absence of Homer in myotubes dysregulates several aspects of Ca2+ homeostasis. High [Ca2+]rest appears to be mediated by both increased sarcolemmal Ca2+ entry and enhanced leak from RyR1 channels. These data demonstrate that Homer-RyR1 associations are significant physiological regulators of basal and evoked intracellular [Ca2+]. Supported by AR17605 and AR43140 (PDA, INP)
Meeting The Needs Of Rural Site-Bound Paraeducators

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act 2002-No Child Left Behind (NCLB) mandates that paraeducators who work with today’s children and youth are highly qualified. Montana State University-Billings (MSU-Billings) has revised its Associate of Arts Program of Study in Education with the intention of supporting Montana and other rural states in complying with this mandate. In additioin to a two-year program of study at our main campus, the MSU-Billings College of Technology provides an exam for paraeducators with preparatory/remedial support modules.
Pathogenic emotions: sentiment, sociality, and sickness among the Tzotzil Maya of San Juan Chamula, Chiapas, Mexico

In this dissertation, I address the constitutive role of emotional ideologies in personal experience, social control, and the cultural production of illness among the Tzotzil Maya of San Juan Chamula. Among the highland Maya, a broad swath of everyday negative emotions has been pathologized. Several 'complexes' of related emotions (including anger, fear, sadness, embarrassment/shame, and envy) are thought to be physically dangerous to self and/or others, and both their experience and expression are closely managed at the individual and social levels. These 'pathogenic emotions' are the natural and inevitable consequences of everyday social life in small-scale communities, and are managed almost exclusively within the folk medical system, usually through household therapies or shamanic curing. Four questions serve to orient the dissertation: (1) What are the emotional concomitants of social life in small-scale, rapidly modernizing, 'post-peasant' agrarian communities, and how is emotional experience theorized at the local level? (2) How do individuals and society manage the intense, negative (and often disruptive) emotions that are a direct and inevitable consequence of everyday life in such communities, while simultaneously maintaining deep commitments to an idealized socio-moral order which disvalues these negative emotions in favor of a marked sociocentric ethos of cooperation and harmony? (3) How do 'pathogenic emotions' articulate with the local ethnomedical system, and what is the significance of the resulting 'medicalization' of negative emotion? and (4) What are the social functions of these cultural ideologies of sickening social experience and dangerous emotions? This project blends the methods and research goals of medical and psychological anthropology, situating analysis at the fluid juncture between social life, psychological experience, and physical sickness. In doing so, it challenges simple assumptions regarding the clear segregation of mind from body, self from society, and thought from emotion. Indeed, highland Maya 'pathogenic emotions' serve to mediate between these dialectic contrasts, yielding an ethnotheory of the dangers of strong emotion that is at once familiar and strangely foreign---a reshuffling of familiar categories in which organs can wander, the heart can think and talk, the emotional states of others can penetrate bodily boundaries, and unreconciled anger can kill.
Direct Observation of CdCl2 Treatment Induced Grain Boundary Carrier Depletion in CdTe Solar Cells Using Scanning Probe Microwave Reflectivity Based Capacitance Measurements

Device grade polycrystalline CdTe films, grown by rf-sputtering (yielding up to 13% efficient devices) and close-spaced sublimation (CSS) (yielding up to 16% efficient devices), have been analyzed using scanning microwave impedance microscopy (sMIM). In order to study the effect of Cl on the electronic properties of grain boundaries in CdTe, sMIM based capacitance measurements were performed on the surfaces of as-deposited and CdCl2 annealed CdTe films. The measurements were performed with an sMIM instrument operating at ∼3 GHz probe signal frequency in conjunction with a combination of ac and dc voltage biases applied to the tip. It was found that CdCl2 annealed CdTe samples deposited using both CSS and sputtering exhibit carrier depletion along the grain boundaries as compared to the grain bulk. The grain boundary carrier depletion was not observed in samples that have not been CdCl2 annealed and hence have no incorporated Cl.
Use of Six-Minute Walk Test to Measure Functional Capacity After Liver Transplantation.

Background Functional impairment is common in people with chronic liver disease (CLD), and improvement is expected following liver transplantation (LT). The Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is an objective measure of functional performance. Objective The aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate the feasibility of 6MWT performance after LT, (2) to compare post-LT 6MWT performance over time between patients with and without CLD, (3) to determine when post-LT 6MWT performance approaches expected values, and (4) to investigate predictors of poor 6MWT performance. Methods The 6MWT was performed by 162 consecutive ambulatory participants (50 healthy controls, 62 with CLD, 50 with LT). Sex, age, and body mass index were used to predict expected 6MWT performance. Chi-square testing, analysis of variance, and Pearson coefficients compared percentage of predicted 6-minute walk distance (%6MWD) across groups. Multivariable mixed models assessed predictors of improvement. Results The participants' mean age was 53.5 years (SD=13.0), 39.5% were female, and 39.1% were nonwhite. At 1-month post-LT, only 52% of all LT recipients met the inclusion criteria for 6MWT performance. Mean %6MWD values for female participants improved from 49.8 (SD=22.2) at 1 month post-LT to 90.6 (SD=12.8) at 1 year post-LT ( P <.0001), which did not differ statistically from the CLD group (X=95.9, SD=15.6) or the control group (X=95.6, SD=18.0) ( P =.58). However, at 1-year post-LT, mean %6MWD values for male participants (X=80.4, SD=19.5) remained worse than for both the CLD group (X=93.3, SD=13.7) and the control group (X=91.9, SD=14.3) ( P =.03). Six-Minute Walk Test performance was directly correlated with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) physical component score ( r =.51, P <.01) and was inversely correlated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ( r =−.52, P <.01) and diabetes ( r =−.48, P <.05). In multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex, hepatitis C independently predicted 6MWT improvement (estimated β=69.8, standard error=27.6, P =.01). Limitations A significant proportion of patients evaluated for enrollment were excluded due to level of illness early after LT (n=99, 47.4%). Thus, sampling bias occurred in this study toward patients without significant postoperative complications. Conclusions The 6MWT is a simple test of physical functioning but may be difficult to apply in LT recipients. The 6MWT performance improved following LT but was lower than expected, suggesting a low level of fitness up to 1 year following LT.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FLUTTER IN A SINGLE STAGE UNSHROUDED AXIAL-FLOW FAN

The aircraft gas turbine engine has undergone significant evolution over the last several years. Even with the latest improvements in gas turbine technology, flutter still presents a challenge to designers of aircraft engines. The complex nature of fluid/structure interaction makes predicting flutter difficult. Hence, engine testing to find flutter regions is still an important part of the engine development cycle. Flutter detection can be accomplished using either blade mounted transducers (strain gages) or casing mounted sensors (optical/pressure). Unlike blade mounted strain gages, casing mounted sensors have the advantage of being non-intrusive and can detect the vibratory response of each rotating blade. In this investigation casing mounted high frequency response pressure transducers are used to characterize the part-speed stall flutter response of a single stage unshrouded axial-flow fan. Eleven pressure transducers were equally spaced, at the same axial location, around the fan casing upstream of the leading edge of the rotor blades. Experimental data at 70% corrected speed were recorded and analyzed for the case where the fan is backpressured into the stall flutter zone. Data reduction using cross-spectral analysis and two-dimensional space-time Fourier transforms were used to study the evolution of the stall flutter response. The primary flutter frequency was found to be 411Hz, in the rotating reference frame, with a dominant nodal diameter of n = 2.
The effects of compressibility on dynamic stall

In this paper, typical computational predictions and experimental measurements of compressible flow past an airfoil at dynamic stall conditions are studied and compared to develop an insight into the effect of compressibility on dynamic stall. The dependency of the critical Mach number on airfoil leading edge curvature, camber, and angle of attack is investigated. Evidence is presented to show that a local region of supersonic flow occurs on an oscillating airfoil, even for a freestream Mach number as low as 0.2, if the boundary layer remains attached and the angle of attack is sufficiently high; that a shock terminates this local supersonic bubble; and that the vorticity that this shock generates grows rapidly and becomes very unstable as the angle of attack increases beyond the value at which the maximum local flow speed first exceeds the speed of sound. It is suggested that these shock-induced effects compete with the dynamic viscous effects occurring in the boundary layer in determining the onset of separation, which can lead to premature dynamic stall and can significantly reduce the maximum dynamic lift that can otherwise be obtained.
FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL-BOAT MARINAS

Results are presented for a laboratory study Investigating the effectiveness of using a small-scale laboratory model to predict tidal flushing patterns in small-boat marinas. Laboratory results are compared with field measurements taken in an existing small-boat harbor. Model limitations are indicated, but it is concluded that simple, small-scale models can constitute an effective, economical tool in the evaluation of designs of small, enclosed basins where water quality problems associated with circulation patterns in the basin are important. Some implications are made concerning the effect of basin planform upon circulation patterns.
Multiple Peritoneal Autotransplantation of Splenic Tissue Following Traumatic Rupture of the Spleen

THE purpose of this paper is to discuss multiple peritoneal autotransplantation of splenic tissue following traumatic rupture of the spleen and to present a summary of reported cases, together with the first report of a case occurring in an adult. In the cases hitherto reported, all patients had in youth survived traumatic rupture of the spleen and later, either at reoperation or autopsy, numerous spleenlike nodules were found scattered over the various peritoneal surfaces, including the omentum, small and large intestine, diaphragm and pelvic cavity. Buchbinder and Lipkoff1 consider the condition a clinical entity and suggest the use of the . . .
Sea-Ice Indicators of Polar Bear Habitat

Abstract. Nineteen subpopulations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are found throughout the circumpolar Arctic, and in all regions they depend on sea ice as a platform for traveling, hunting, and breeding. Therefore polar bear phenology – the cycle of biological events – is linked to the timing of sea-ice retreat in spring and advance in fall. We analyzed the dates of sea-ice retreat and advance in all 19 polar bear subpopulation regions from 1979 to 2014, using daily sea-ice concentration data from satellite passive microwave instruments. We define the dates of sea-ice retreat and advance in a region as the dates when the area of sea ice drops below a certain threshold (retreat) on its way to the summer minimum or rises above the threshold (advance) on its way to the winter maximum. The threshold is chosen to be halfway between the historical (1979–2014) mean September and mean March sea-ice areas. In all 19 regions there is a trend toward earlier sea-ice retreat and later sea-ice advance. Trends generally range from −3 to −9 days decade−1 in spring and from +3 to +9 days decade−1 in fall, with larger trends in the Barents Sea and central Arctic Basin. The trends are not sensitive to the threshold. We also calculated the number of days per year that the sea-ice area exceeded the threshold (termed ice-covered days) and the average sea-ice concentration from 1 June through 31 October. The number of ice-covered days is declining in all regions at the rate of −7 to −19 days decade−1, with larger trends in the Barents Sea and central Arctic Basin. The June–October sea-ice concentration is declining in all regions at rates ranging from −1 to −9 percent decade−1. These sea-ice metrics (or indicators of habitat change) were designed to be useful for management agencies and for comparative purposes among subpopulations. We recommend that the National Climate Assessment include the timing of sea-ice retreat and advance in future reports.
Sequential 3-dimensional computed tomography analysis of implant position following total shoulder arthroplasty.

Background Detection of postoperative component position and implant shift following total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) can be challenging using routine imaging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate glenoid component position over time using 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) analysis with minimum 2-year follow-up. Methods Twenty patients underwent primary TSA with sequential CT scanning of the shoulder: a preoperative study, an immediate postoperative study within 2 weeks of surgery, and a postoperative study performed at minimum 2-year follow-up (CT3). Postoperative glenoid component position and central peg osteolysis were assessed across the immediate postoperative CT scan and CT3. Glenoids with evidence of component shift and/or grade 1 central peg osteolysis on CT3 were considered at risk of loosening. Results Of the patients, 7 (35%) showed evidence of glenoid components at risk of loosening on CT3, 6 with component shift (3 with increased inclination alone, 1 with increased retroversion alone, and 2 with both increased inclination and retroversion). Significantly more patients with glenoid component shift had grade 1 central peg osteolysis on CT3 compared with those without shift (83% vs 7%, P = .002). One clinical failure occurred, with the patient undergoing revision to reverse TSA for rotator cuff deficiency. Conclusions Three-dimensional CT imaging analysis following TSA identified changes in glenoid component position over time, with inclination being the most common direction of shift and grade 1 central peg osteolysis commonly associated with shift. These findings raise concern for glenoids at risk of loosening, but further follow-up is needed to determine the long-term clinical impact of these findings.
Characterization of Subdural Stimulation-Induced Afterdischarge Activity Using the Continuous Wavelet Transform

Objective : We address the problem of characterization of afterdischarges (ADs) that often arise in patients with intractable focal epilepsy who, as part of their evaluation, undergo cortical electrical stimulation: A standard diagnostic and evaluation procedure before respective surgery. Results : A total of 1333 channels of data recorded in 17 trials of seven patients whose EEG showed ADs (on a total of 156 channels) during cortical stimulation were examined in the time-scale domain using a complex Morlet scalogram. We found excellent characterization of the AD channels based on the distribution functions of the sum of the wavelet coefficients in the two lowest scales corresponding to the frequency range [20, 80] Hz, i.e., the $\beta$ and $\gamma$ ranges of EEG. Conclusion : We suggest that the transient Morlet wavelet and the scale domain activity function of the EEG in the two lowest scales (as defined in this paper) could serve as a very useful decision aid in the identification of ADs during and after cortical electrical stimulation. Significance : In patients undergoing cortical electrical stimulation, AD waveforms can cause misleading test results by altering the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG), and can become unwanted seizures. Any process to suppress the ADs rests on a reliable method to distinguish them from normal EEG channels, a task that is usually performed by visual inspection, and that is complicated by the fact that ADs have multiple distinct morphologies. The single feature of the EEG in our study resulted in average probability of detection of $0.99$ with an average false alarm probability of $0.04$ . It is likely that the addition of one or two more features to our decision aid could improve sensitivity and selectivity to near perfection.
Potential yield of irrigated rice in African arid environments

Irrigation schemes for rice in the Sahel, an arid region traversed by several large rivers, were generally designed for rice double cropping. The level and temporal and spatial variability of potential yields in various seasons (wet, cold-dry and hot-dry) is thought to be high because of high solar radiation, but has not been quantified. We conducted a simulation-based study on the spatial, seasonal and year-to-year variability of potential yields. On the basis of growth analyses in rice garden experiments, we developed the rice yield model ORYZA_S which emphasizes the response of rice to extreme temperatures. It combines, in modified form, the phenological model RIDEV and the yield model ORYZA 1. Simulation results indicated that potential rice yields in the Sahel are largely driven by temperature, with the solar radiation being abundant most of the time. Among the major physiological determinants of yield were the extremely variable crop duration which largely depends on floodwater temperature, the susceptibility of leaf area expansion to chilling, and spikelet sterility caused by heat or chilling. Temperature also affected kernel weight at maturity and dry matter partitioning to leaves. Potential grain yields vary between 4tonha’ in the hot-dry season in continental parts of the Sahel, and 10 tons in the hot-dry season in the Senegal river delta and in the wet season at the southern fringe of the Sahel. Yields dropped close to zero due to sterility in all environments if plants were sown later in the wet season (September–October). On the basis of the spatial and temporal variability of potential yields, and in consideration of results of previous characterization studies, we conclude by proposing environment specific applied research foci for irrigated rice in the Sahel.
Luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized gilts: effects of age, reproductive state and estrogen replacement.

Crossbred gilts were ovariectomized (OVX) at 120, 150, 180 and 210 d of age to determine whether various characteristics of luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations are influenced by age and reproductive state (prepuberal vs postpuberal). All 120-d-old gilts were prepuberal and all 210-d-old animals were postpuberal, whereas gilts 150 and 180 d old included both prepuberal and postpuberal animals. Blood was collected at 15-min intervals for 2 h, 2 d before OVX (d -2), and 2 (d +2), 8 (d +8) and 14 (d +14) d after OVX. Mean LH concentrations for prepuberal gilts were similar among age groups (P greater than .05) on d -2 and +2; however, LH increased (P greater than .05) from d -2 to +2. No change in LH secretion was found in postpuberal gilts during these two periods. After OVX, LH increased from d +2 to +14 in both prepuberal and postpuberal gilts in all age groups. In postpuberal gilts, LH increased linearly (P less than .05) between d +2 and +14; rate of increase accelerated with advancing age (P less than .01). In prepuberal gilts, LH increased in a nonlinear manner, but it did not increase between d +2 and +8. The increase observed in prepuberal and postpuberal gilts after OVX resulted primarily from an increase in magnitude of peak concentrations of LH. Implants of estradiol-17 beta (E2) were used to determine whether the postovariectomy increase in LH is affected differently by E2 in prepuberal and postpuberal gilts during advancing ages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Life Cycle Energy, Environmental and Economic Comparative Analysis of CdTe Thin-film Photovoltaics Domestic and Overseas Manufacturing Scenarios

Abstract Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy alternatives for the replacement of traditional fossil fuels. CdTe photovoltaics (PVs) are thin-film solar cells that have the highest market share among all thin-film technologies. Previous LCA studies of CdTe PVs were based on the data from countries that have similar level of industrialization and strict environmental policies. Thus, to date, no LCA results have explored impacts of dramatic geographic diversity on environmental performance of CdTe PVs. Furthermore, few LCAs for CdTe PVs have taken uncertainty, which is an often overlooked but important aspect, into consideration. In this paper, we apply a "Cradle to Gate" LCA to two scenarios in China and the U.S. respectively and calculate the corresponding energy payback time and life cycle environmental impacts. Then, an uncertainty analysis is undertaken through Monte Carlo simulation. Both deterministic and uncertainty-based results indicate that geographic diversity can drastically change performance of CdTe PVs on environmental sustainability. However, this diversity of production locations has no correlation with other uncertain parameters. Results of uncertainty analysis indicate the influence of each parameter and provide guidance for future optimization of CdTe technology. Finally, comparison between CdTe and other PV technologies is displayed and discussed.
“The Finest Production of the Finest Country upon Earth”: Gender and Nationality in the Writings of Nineteenth-Century British Women Travelers to Portugal

ABSTRACTNineteenth-century British women were influenced by culturally constructed perceptions of their gender limitations that nonetheless allowed them to maintain a sense of relative superiority to people their nation saw as “other.” This essay focuses on a selection of narratives of nineteenth-century British women travelers to Portugal, situating them within the period’s prevailing discourses of gender and nationalism. It argues that in these texts, the representation of Portugal as inferior to England is complicated by the authors’ analogously inferior gender position within their culture, for while Portugal was one of the southern countries constructed as “inferior” by a number of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Eurocentric discourses, it was also Britain’s closest ally and still an empire. Analogously, while the position of British lady travel writers was constructed as “superior” by discourses of nationality, it was concomitantly constructed as “inferior” within their culture by the prevalent d...
Believe It or Not: On Multiplying Classes of Belief-like States

This paper explores whether it is justified to add any new taxa concerning informational states to our psychological taxonomy. Such exploration will not lead to a straightforward decision between remaining steadfast with the taxonomic status quo and adding only one new taxon. A careful analysis of when one would be warranted in positing a new taxon for informational states will reveal similarly compelling reasons to posit all sorts of additional taxa. As an antidote to such proliferation, I suggest a reinforcement of traditional taxonomies of the mental by allowing belief and a range of extant taxa to play their requisite explanatory roles, thereby obviating the need for the postulation of any novel taxa.
Parental Autonomy Support and College Student Academic Outcomes

According to self-determination theory, parental autonomy support enhances children’s motivation and well-being. Past studies have documented an association between parental autonomy support and outcomes in the academic realm among younger children and adolescents. Using data from a sample of undergraduates attending a public university (N = 492), this proposition was tested by examining five measures of academic well-being and covitality among college students: school-related stress, school spillover, academic motivation, grade point average, and satisfaction with university. Results indicated that when parents of college-age students fostered autonomy—that is, when they encouraged their adult children to make their own decisions, select coursework, budget money, and take the initiative to deal with academic and interpersonal issues—daughters were more satisfied with university life. However, other forms of student well-being were not significantly associated with parental autonomy support, and the models were not significant among college men.
Power Analysis of HLS-Designed Customized Instruction Set Architectures

Performance and power consumption are key features for evaluating any processor design. In this paper, we present close attention to the impact on power and energy consumption of customized Instruction SetArchitecture (ISA) designed by means of High Level Synthesis (HLS) tools. We compare these results against a full ISA soft processor, Microblaze. Our customized ISA processors greatly reduce the power consumption andusage of hardware resources by limiting the implemented instructions to those relevant to specific applications, while still allowing to run the target software kernels. The power estimations are based on the results obtained from the latest Xilinx Vivado Design Suite. After testing our approach on two relevant test benches —a linear algebra application and an encryption application— results revealthat our proposed customized ISA processors consume only 0.5x - 0.7x total power and 0.2x - 0.6x dynamic power of the fully implemented soft processor with a reasonable performance impact.
The Resistance to Reinforcement Technique for Measuring Inhibition

This experiment investigated use of the resistance to reinforcement procedure to measure the inhibitory properties of a negative discriminative stimulus (S-) following discrimination training. One group of rats initially learned a problem with Cue Light 1 as the positive discriminative stimulus (S + ) and Cue Light 2 as S-; a second group had equal training with house light on as S + and dark as S-. During subsequent testing both groups were reinforced for responding to both dark and Cue Light 2. Thus, inhibitory properties of each S- could be evaluated by both within- and between-subject comparisons, with responding to a novel stimulus as the baseline in both cases. Between- and within-subject comparisons corresponded perfectly with both showing the dark S- to be a strong inhibitor, but neither showing the Cue Light 2 S- to have inhibitory properties. A possible explanation of the latter result is that discrimination learning involves two stages. In the first, excitatory properties of S- are lost, and only then does further training result in the development of true inhibition. The light-dark problem was learned quickly, and training continued well beyond the point where responding to S-was very low. Thus, it is not surprising that strong inhibition was demonstrated. With the more difficult problem, subjects achieved good discrimination performance only near the end of training and responding to S- was still relatively high. Thus, training may not have been sufficient to get beyond the stage of reducing excitation and into the development of true inhibition.
Empathy as a Topological Data Experiment

I introduce and solve a class of information asymmetries problems in which agents have uncoordinated perspectives of objective information. I first present a new primitive of literal personal perspective frames: coordinate systems through which agents view phenomena based on their subjective experiences. In the model, the transformation of coordinate systems from one perspective frame to another represents empathy. Changing perspective frames as described resembles conducting experiments, but on topological data. I extend topological data analysis to randomized controlled trials by introducing the existence and estimation of average treatment effects in topological data environments. The settings imply that being embedded in significantly varying topology is a unique reason why different individuals might update beliefs differently when faced with an identical statistical experiment. For similar topological reasons, the provided average treatment effects may not necessarily be replicable or externally valid when other metrics and topological environments are analyzed. Collectively, the findings have implications for behavioral aspects of experimentation and research transparency issues.
The Negative Side of the Social Ledger: A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Negative Networks

We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the effects of negative social relationships on both positive and negative individual and group outcomes. Building from social ledger theory we hypothesize t...
Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor locomotion after surgery. For example, rats who undergo surgical procedures and are subjected to the Morris water maze may not be able to swim, thus voiding the experiment. New Method: We established a modified behavioral spontaneous alternation T-maze test. The major advantage of the modified T-maze protocol is its relatively simple design that is powerful enough to assess functional learning/memory after ischemia. Additionally, the data analysis is simple and straightforward. We used the T-maze to determine the rats' learning/memory deficits both in the presence or absence of mild to moderate (6 min) asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA). Rats have a natural tendency for exploration and will explore the alternate arms in the T-maze, whereas hippocampal-lesioned rats tend to adopt a side-preference resulting in decreased spontaneous alternation ratios, revealing the hippocampal-related functional learning/memory in the presence or absence of ACA. Results: ACA groups have higher side-preference ratios and lower alternations as compared to control. Comparison with Existing Method(s): The Morris water and Barnes maze are more prominent for assessing learning/memory function. However, the Morris water maze is more stressful than other mazes. The Barnes maze is widely used to measure reference (long-term) memory, while ACA-induced neurocognitive deficits are more closely related to working (short-term) memory. Conclusions: We have developed a simple, yet effective strategy to delineate working (short-term) memory via the T-maze in our global cerebral ischemia model (ACA).
Immigration and the election of Donald Trump: why the sociology of migration left us unprepared … and why we should not have been surprised

ABSTRACTDonald Trump began his campaign for the US Presidency by emphasizing the supposed dangers of immigration, a theme that he then rode to victory in November 2016 won the 2016 US Presidential ...
Stuck in the Anthropocene: The Problem of History, Theory, and Practice in Jason W. Moore and John Bellamy Foster’s Eco-Marxism

In looking toward the past, Anthropocenarians recognize how thoroughly past and future human-environment relations are intertwined with one another. Anthropocenarians understand the present moment of the Great Acceleration—the spike in human activity and its impact on Earth system processes following WWII—in light of past human-environment dynamics that have run their course, and they struggle for a more sustainable future. Yet, as this chapter will endeavor to demonstrate, the Anthropocene does not engage a sufficient degree of self-reflexivity with regard to its own historicity. Many Anthropocenarians—in spite of their attempt to understand human-environment relations historically—mistakenly presuppose the struggle for a more sustainable future because they fail to confront the existing state of affairs. Although Anthropocenarians aspire to a more just and sustainable world, absent is an explicit and coherent theory of history.
Plasma Erosion and Modification of Natural Surfaces and Atmospheres

Energetic ions and electrons, associated with planetary magnetospheres, the magnetosphere of the Sun, shock-heated interstellar gases, or cosmic rays, can impinge on the surfaces of interplanetary dust grains and planetary ring particles, the surfaces of planetary satellites, and the atmospheres or surfaces of the planets themselves. This bombardment can modify these surfaces and atmospheres via the collisional processes described in the previous chapters.
Introduction: Explications of Explanations

This edition of the Annals is devoted to the topic of explanation which, since the time of Aristotle, has been a persistent preoccupation of philosophers and scientists. Needless to say, the estimable contributions to this volume will not be the last words on the subject.
Icelandic occupational therapists' attitudes toward educational and professional issues

OF THE THESIS ICELANDIC OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD EDUCATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL ISSUES
Glomerular filtration: An overview

The formation of urine is a process that begins with glomerular filtration and is greatly influenced by changes in renal hemodynamics. Selective filtration of the blood is possible because of the unique characteristics of the glomerulus and renal circulation. Many factors interact to maintain a consistent blood flow allowing filtration and urine formation to continue despite systemic changes in blood pressure. Factors that impact on renal hemodynamics include the autoregulatory mechanism, the renin-angiotensin mechanism, eicosanoids, kinins, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), catecholamines, antidiuretic hormone, endothelin, nitric oxide, atrial natriuretic peptide, and dopamine. Knowledge of the effects of these factors will allow the nephrology nurse to predict, identify, and assist in the treatment of clinical conditions that can alter renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration.
Russian Literacy Campaigns, 1861–1939

Irony, no stranger to history, informs the story of Russian national literacy. This story begins with the Emancipation of the serfs in 1861, with the hopes born in the period of Great Reforms, and the village schools built on these hopes. The story continues with elite intervention in the 1890s, prompted both by the faith that education was the key to progress and by the fear of “wild” popular literacy. It ends with widespread popular resistance in the thirties to a school system forcibly imposed by an authoritarian, interventionist regime bent upon destroying all vestiges of popular autonomy. A campaign that began in the largely self-governing peasant commune ended with the imposition of a ruthlessly centralized political order and the very destruction of that commune, the hearth of traditional Russian popular culture.
Becoming a University Supervisor

What does it mean to do supervision? What exactly is my role as a supervisor of pre-service teachers? Am I even doing this right? In addition to the fairly significant reduction in pay, these several questions were just a sample of the constant sources of worry that surrounded me as I left the high school social studies classroom to assume the role of university supervisor.
Coupling of Low-Salinity Water Flooding and Steam Flooding for Sandstone Unconventional Oil Reservoirs

In this study, we combined low-salinity (LS) water and steam as a novel enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method that can provide additional oil recovery up to 63% of original heavy oil in place, which is a very promising percentage. The LS water flooding and steam flooding are two novel combination flooding methods that were combined due to the significant effect of both methods in reducing residual oil saturation (especially heavy oil). The laboratory observations of LS water have been conducted by laboratory and pilot tests, which indicated that LS water could increase recovery to 41% of original oil in place. The thermal aspects provided by steam flooding enhanced heavy oil recovery in many field projects. Although the steam provided additional heavy oil recovery, the density difference between injected steam and in situ heavy oil raised badly behaved displacement issues. The problems could be steam channeling, gravity override, and early breakthrough. In view of that, we developed the low-salinity alternating steam flood (LSASF) to gather the benefits of LS water (altering sandstone wettability), reduce oil viscosity by steam, and prevent the steam problems mentioned earlier. Contact angle measurements showed that flooding the core using LSASF method resulted in more water wetness to the sandstone cores. Many scenarios were conducted experimentally, and the laboratory experiments showed that the optimum setup was reducing the injected LS steam cycles. The shorter the injected cycles are, the more the oil recovery is.
Potential for violence toward psychiatric nursing students: risk reduction techniques.

1. Nursing students could be vulnerable targets of violence in their psychiatric nursing clinical rotations by virtue of their predominant gender, and meek, insecure attitudes. 2. Nurses are taught to put the patients' needs first and students may blame themselves or minimize situations where they have been threatened or assaulted by a patient. Priority consideration must also be given to our own safety and that of our students, given the risk for occupational injury in the nursing workplace. 3. Affiliating agencies may restrict disabled students from patient care areas. Allowing a disabled student to participate in a clinical rotation on a psychiatric unit could put staff at unnecessary risk of violence if called on to protect the vulnerable student. Language: en
Enantioselective Total Syntheses of [6R,7R] and [6S,7S] Tricyclic β-Lactams

The reaction of Ox-glycyl chloride with a chiral imine derived from the combination of d-(R)-glyceraldehyde acetonide and protected d-threonine afforded optically active, highly functionalized cis-substituted β-lactams 11 and 12. These β-lactams provide versatile intermediates for the syntheses of biologically important carbacephalosporins, isooxacephems, and other multicyclic β-lactams. Desilylation and oxidation of 12 with Dess−Martin periodinane followed by intramolecular cyclization produced a novel tricyclic β-lactam 17 and a 1-(hydroxymethyl)-O-2-isocephem 18 with [6R,7R] absolute configuration. Removal of the Ox protecting group and acylation of 17 in a one-pot reaction followed by saponification furnished the target salt 24. Alternatively, reaction of phthaloylglycyl chloride with the chiral imine derived from the combination of l-(S)-glyceraldehyde acetonide and protected d-threonine gave only one enantiomeric azetidinone 27 in high yield. Further manipulation of 27 provided a new tricyclic β-lac...
Internalizing Cooperative Norms in Group-Structured Populations

Social norms play a crucial role in human behavior, especially in maintaining cooperation within human social groups. Social norms might be self-enforcing or be enforced by the threat of punishment. In many cases, however, social norms are internalized and individuals have intrinsic motivations to observe norms. Here, we present a model for how intrinsic preferences to adhere to cooperative norms can evolve with and without external enforcement of compliance. Using the methodology of preference evolution, we model how cooperative norms coevolve with the intrinsic motivations to follow them. We model intrinsic motivations as being provided by guilt, a kind of internal "punishment" that individuals feel for falling short of cooperative norms, and show that the shape of this internal punishment function plays a crucial role in determining whether and how much internalization can evolve. We find that internal punishment functions that eventually level off with the deviation from the norm can support internalization without external punishment. In contrast, internal punishment functions that keep escalating with the deviation from the norm require external punishment, but yield stronger norms and more cooperation when external punishment is present. By showing how different preference mechanisms can enhance or limit norms that stabilize cooperation, these results provide insights into how our species might have evolved the norm psychology that helps us maintain such complex social and cultural institutions.
Balancing Act: Cell Polarity and Shape Compete to Ensure Robust Development.

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Niwayama et al. (2019) describe a model in which cell polarity and cell shape compete to determine the orientation of cell division in the pre-implantation mouse embryo. This model explains how simple cell-intrinsic rules lead to robust tissue-level morphogenesis and lineage segregation.
General strategy for doping rare earth metals into Au–ZnO core–shell nanospheres

Multifunctional nanoparticles are an emerging area of research, impacting numerous fields ranging from biomedical applications to energy. While initial core–shell structures consisted of similar materials, such as Au–Ag or CdTe–CdSe nanoparticles, recent work has expanded this line of investigation to include particles of dissimilar materials. However, there are several challenges when synthesizing dissimilar material systems. In this work, a method for doping the shell of an Au–ZnO nanosphere is demonstrated. Several metal dopants are investigated, including Cu, Ce, Er, Nd, Tm, and Yb. The ZnO shell is nucleated on the gold nanosphere core via an ascorbic acid–assisted growth, and the dopant is intercalated uniformly into the shell during the self-assembly phase of the shell formation. The doping and polycrystalline shell are confirmed using a series of qualitative and quantitative methods. This multi-material nanoparticle synthesis strategy opens the door for future applications in sensing, photocatalysis, and bioimaging.
Measurement of Outlet Pressures Favors Rib Resection for Decompression of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Background When conservative therapy for thoracic outlet syndrome fails, scalenectomy with or without first-rib resection (FRR) is the treatment of choice. We measured pressure in the costoclavicular space before and after FRR at time of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome release to evaluate whether FRR is required to completely decompress the costoclavicular space. Methods Using a supraclavicular exposure for anterior-middle scalenectomy with FRR, costoclavicular space pressures were measured using a balloon catheter with the patient's arm in neutral anatomic position, secondarily, the arm abducted and externally rotated. Pressures were recorded in both arm positions before scalenectomy, after scalenectomy, and after FRR. Paired Student's t test was used to compare differences in group means for paired samples. Patient-reported outcomes were reported using the Derkash classification and quick disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (qDASH) questionnaire. Results Fifteen patients (16 cases) surgically treated for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome were included in this retrospective study. There was no significant difference in pressure change between arm positions before scalenectomy (161.56 ± 71.65 mm Hg difference) or after scalenectomy (148.5 ± 80.24 mm Hg difference). There was a significant difference in pressure change between post-scalenectomy and post-FRR arm positions; mean pressure change between arm positions after FRR was 50.56 ± 40.28 mm Hg. Mean postoperative qDASH score was 20 ± 23.2. All patients reported improvement in symptoms and functional status. Conclusions Supraclavicular first rib resection for management of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome can be safely performed with favorable outcomes. The pressure increase in the costoclavicular space caused by arm abduction and external rotation was significantly reduced only after FRR, raising concerns about potential incomplete costoclavicular space decompression with scalenectomy alone for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome management.