cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QUANTIFYING THE BENEFIT OF A FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM

A flood warning system yields direct and indirect, tangible and intangible benefits. To achieve this, the system includes hardware, software, plans and procedures, and personnel that work in an integrated manner to increase the mitigation time available prior to the onset of flooding. This mitigation time increase is a consequence of a reduction in the time required to collect data, to evaluate and identify the flood threat, to notify emergency personnel and the public, and to make decisions about the appropriate response. The direct tangible benefit--the inundation damage reduction--can be computed with standard expected damage computation procedures, using modified depth-damage functions that include mitigation time as an independent variable and accounting for improvements to the efficiency of response due to the implementation of the flood warning system. This proposed method is applicable for benefit evaluation for any flood warning system; it is illustrated here with an example from the Sacramento River basin of central California.
Ultrastructural localization of high-affinity choline transporter in the rat anteroventral thalamus and ventral tegmental area: differences in axon morphology and transporter distribution.

The high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) is a protein integral to the function of cholinergic neurons in the CNS. We examined the ultrastructural distribution of CHT in axonal arborizations of the mesopontine tegmental cholinergic neurons, a cell group in which CHT expression has yet to be characterized at the electron microscopic level. Using silver-enhanced immunogold detection, we compared the morphological characteristics of CHT-immunoreactive axon varicosities specifically within the anteroventral thalamus (AVN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We found that CHT-immunoreactive axon varicosities in the AVN displayed a smaller cross-sectional area and a lower frequency of synapse formation and dense-cored vesicle content than CHT-labeled profiles in the VTA. We further examined the subcellular distribution of CHT and observed that immunoreactivity for this protein was predominantly localized to synaptic vesicles and minimally to the plasma membrane of axons in both regions. This pattern is consistent with the subcellular distribution of CHT displayed in other cholinergic systems. Axons in the AVN showed significantly higher levels of CHT immunoreactivity than those in the VTA and correspondingly displayed a higher level of membrane CHT labeling. These novel findings have important implications for elucidating regional differences in cholinergic signaling within the thalamic and brainstem targets of the mesopontine cholinergic system.
Deprivation of rapid eye movement sleep and nesting behavior in rats.

Abstract We studied the effects of partial rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on nesting activity in male rats using the platform technique. Four groups were tested after a 96-hr exposure to one of the following conditions: (a) Housing in standard cages; (b) Swimming for 1 hr/24 hr which produces stress; (c) Confinement to a platform 6.5 cm in dia. which partially suppresses REM sleep; (d) Confinement to a 12.5 cm platform which suppresses REM sleep only during the initial 24 hr. Rats on the 6.5 cm platforms differed significantly from rats in standard cages only in the amounts of nesting materials used; pooled results from animals on all platforms showed a significant increase in amounts of nesting materials used and nesting frequency as compared with pooled results from standardly housed and stressed controls. These findings suggest that REM deprivation may selectively increase certain aspects of behavior. Rats on the 6.5 cm platforms also differed significantly from stressed controls with respect to amounts of nesting materials and frequency of nesting, indicating that the effects of the platform technique of REM deprivation on nesting differ from those of forced swimming.
Pancreatoduodenectomy for Ductal Adenocarcinoma in the Very Elderly; Is It Safe and Justified?

Background The outcomes of complex major surgery in the elderly are being scrutinized because of the demands on surgical services by an aging population and the concern whether such endeavors are justified. Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for pancreatic adenocarcinoma presents special challenges because of the high morbidity of the procedure, dismal prognosis of the disease, and the increasing incidence of pancreatic cancer with age.
Lithium therapy in childhood neutropenia

This case emphasizes the need for caution in planning a course of therapy for childhood lead poisoning. Initial and serial evaluations of renal function (urinalysis, BUN, and serum creat inine) are needed. The decision to include BAL in the therapy should also be guided by the presence or absence of G-6-PD deficiency, as BAL can cause intravascular hemolysis in the presence of such deficiency. REFERENCES 1. Pueschel SM, Kapilo L, Schwachman H: Children with an increased lead burden: A screening and follow-up. JAMA 222:462, 1972. 2. Chisolm JJ Jr: Amnioaciduria as a manifestation of renal tubular injury in lead intoxication and a comparison with pattern of amniaciduria seen in other diseases. J PED1ATR 60:117, 1962. 3. Chisolm JJ Jr: Increased lead absorption and lead poisoning (plumbism). In Vaughan VC, McKay R J, Behrman RE, editors: Nelson text of pediatrics, ed 11. Philadelphia. 1979, WB Saunders, p 2025. 4. Foreman H, Finnegan C, Lushaugh CC: Nephotoxic hazard from uncontrolled edathamil calcium-disodium therapy. JAMA 160:1042, 1956. 5. Reuber MD, Bradley JE: Acute versenate nephrosis occurring as a result of treatment of lead intoxication. JAMA 174:263, 1960. 6. Schrier RW: Acute renal failure. Kidney Int 15:205, 1979. 7. Ingelfinger JR, Avner E: Renal disorders. In Graef JW, Cone TE, editors: Manual of pediatric therapeutics. Boston, 1980, Little Brown p 205. 8. Chisolm JJ Jr: The use of chelating agents in the treatment of acute and chronic lead intoxication in childhood. J PEDIATR 73:1, 1968. 9. Smith HD: Pediatric lead poisoning. Arch Environ Health 8:68, 1964. 10. Henderson DA: A follow-up of cases of plumbism in children. Aust Ann Med 3:219, 1954. 11. Tepper LB: Renal function subsequent to childhood plumbism. Arch Environ Health 7:82, 1962.
An acoustic analysis of the bidirectionality of coarticulation in VCV utterances

Abstract This study investigated the extent of vowel-to-vowel anticipatory and carry-over coarticulation in VCV utterances. Five speakers of American English produced open (V.CV) and closed (VC.V) syllable shapes with /i/, /ɔ/, /e/ and /u/ as “fixed vowel” contexts and /i/ and /ɔ/ as a “changing vowel” context. Medial consonants were /bdgptk/. Anticipatory coarticulation was indexed by measuring the difference in F 2 offset frequencies for V 1 , with a given fixed vowel context, when V 2 =/i/ vs. /ɔ/ (e.g., [ibi] vs. [ibɔ]); carry-over coarticulation was indexed by measuring the difference in F 2 onset frequencies for V 2 , with a given fixed vowel context, when V 1 =/i/ vs. /ɔ/ (e.g., [ibi] vs. [ɔbi]). In open syllables, anticipatory exceeded carry-over coarticulation for labial and velar stops, but carry-over effects predominated in alveolar contexts. Alveolars maximally resist anticipatory effects of V 2 and thus may allow greater V 1 carry-over effects. In closed syllables, carry-over exceeded anticipatory effects across all stops. This was attributed to a short V-to-V temporal interval indexing carry-over effects relative to a disproportionately longer interval separating vowels for anticipatory effects.
Effect of polar solvents on dynamic moduli of concentrated solutions of polyethylacrylate

There have been many investigations on the effect of solvents on the dynamic moduli of concentrated polymer solutions. However, most of the polymers investigated were nonpolar, such as polystyrenes and polybutadienes. Moreover, the samples were usually model polymers of very narrow molecular weight distribution and were either linear or branched star. Our investigation was on a commercial polymer, which is polar and has long branches but is gel free. The solvents used were polar plasticizers. This study was motivated by the frequent observation that a small addition of plasticizers has little effect on the rubbery modulus or has an unexpectedly large reduction of the rubbery modulus, depending on a polymer-plasticizer pair. This work examines concentrated solutions of polyethylacrylate and three plasticizers (DBP, DHP, and DOP) at concentrations above 50% for DBP and DHP and above 80% for DOP. DOP did not dissolve the rubber at the lower concentrations. The temperature range was 30-150°C, and the frequency range was 10 2 -10 2 rad/s. The time-temperature correspondence was applicable over the entire range of observation. The rubbery modulus was found to be independent of the plasticizer type at all concentrations. With dilution to 90% of polymer there was only small decrease of the modulus, and with further dilution the modulus decreased with a slope of 1.8 in the double-logarithmic plot of the modulus against concentration.
Ion exchange pre-treatment for sea water desalination plants

Abstract The range of optimization for sea water desalination plants, using thermal processes, is considerably restricted by scale-formation, especially that of calcium sulphate. A study is made of the dependence of the saturation concentrations of the anhydrite and hemihydrate modifications on temperatures and concentration factors. The conversion of the hemihydrate phase into the anhydrite phase, whose speed was measured, proved to be of particular importance. Partial softening of sea water by means of ion exchange, using the brine concentrated in the evaporators as a regenerant, reduces calcium ion concentration to such an extent that no deposits occur. Results obtained in discontinuous laboratory experiments show the dependence on the various limiting quantities. The degree of softening can be considerably increased if the ion exchange is carried out continuously, countercurrently. The apparatus used for a typical plant consists of countercurrent columns, the absorption column operating by stages. No pumps are required for the circulation of the resin; regulation is by automatic control of a single valve. The results of the operation of a pilot plant are given with particular reference to the exchange efficiency. The combination with the saturation concentrations of calcium sulphate shows that even with low concentration factors the maximum operating temperatures can be as high as 160° C without the solubility limit of the calcium sulphate hemihydrate being exceeded.
Relationship between 3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde Levels and Tetrahydropapaveroline Formation

It was demonstrated that DOPAL, the aldehyde derived from the action of MAO on dopamine, can condense with dopamine to form THP. This compound is of special interest, since it is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of morphine.
Assessment of amplitude and phase modulation performance of high-frequency subcarrier optical communication systems based on heterodyning of sideband injection-locked semiconductor lasers

This paper present a theoretical assessment of the performance of subcarrier optical communication systems using sideband-injection locking and heterodyning. In this scheme, a master laser is strongly intensity modulated. The modulation sidebands of the master laser are injected into two slave lasers for the production of the subcarrier. One of the slave lasers is directly modulated to produce the amplitude and phase modulation on the subcarrier. First, using the Van der Pol equations for coupled oscillators, the small-signal response of the output power and phase of injection-locked semiconductor lasers was derived. Then the performances of the subcarrier optical communication systems based on amplitude modulation and phase modulation were assessed in terms of optimum power injection ratio and phase detuning between the master and slave lasers. For phase modulation, the performance was limited for two cases: lowest AM to PM conversion and highest PM modulation efficiency. The distortion and noise were calculated assuming coherent detection for phase modulation and envelope detection for amplitude modulation. Finally the signal to noise ratio is calculated and plotted.
Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry

Glucose is the main source of energy for the body, requiring constant regulation of its blood concentration. Insulin release by the pancreas induces glucose uptake by insulin-sensitive tissues, most notably the brain, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes. Patients suffering from type-2 diabetes and/or obesity often develop insulin resistance and are unable to control their glucose homeostasis. New insights into the mechanisms of insulin resistance may provide new treatment strategies for type-2 diabetes. The GLUT family of glucose transporters consists of thirteen members distributed on different tissues throughout the body. Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) is the major transporter that mediates glucose uptake by insulin sensitive tissues, such as the skeletal muscle. Upon binding of insulin to its receptor, vesicles containing GLUT4 translocate from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, inducing glucose uptake. Reduced GLUT4 translocation is one of the causes of insulin resistance in type-2 diabetes. The translocation of GLUT4 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane can be visualized by immunocytochemistry, using fluorophore-conjugated GLUT4-specific antibodies. Here, we describe a technique to quantify total amounts of GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane of cells during a chosen duration, using flow cytometry. This protocol is rapid (less than 4 hours, including incubation with insulin) and allows the analysis of as few as 3,000 cells or as many as 1 million cells per condition in a single experiment. It relies on anti-GLUT4 antibodies directed to an external epitope of the transporter that bind to it as soon as it is exposed to the extracellular medium after translocation to the plasma membrane.
Discovery of infrared emission from the radio source near Cygnus X-3.

FOUR weeks after the recent radio outburst near Cygnus X-3 (ref. 1), a search was made for infrared emission at the radio position. On the night of October 2–3, 1972, an infrared source was discovered at 2.2 and 1.6 µm. The measured flux densities are given in Table 1.
Intelligent fault detection and diagnostics in solar plants

This paper discusses fault detection and diagnostics in a solar power plant. After reviewing relevant work, description of a data acquisition system for solar plant monitoring is presented and the list of potential faults to be taken care of is given. Then Bayesian belief network is built to intelligently reason about potential causes of faults detected. Finally, a practical implementation of a computer system to retrieve data, extract relevant information, and reason about fault detection in real time is presented.
Pooling efforts to cast for better student employees

Managing a smaller University Computer Help Desk, it was unusual that I would ever be hiring more than 2 or 3 students at any given time. However it was not unusual that I would lose a student part-way through a semester, leaving me either short handed or scrambling to fill a position and train an individual at short notice. This resulted in using less than ideal resources to recruit student staff. Not being alone in this situation, I, along with other IT student supervisors on campus decided to venture into a new method of student recruitment, interviewing and hiring. ResNet, Distributed Support, Distance Learning and the OIT Help Desk combined efforts for the first time in recruiting students for IT-related positions. The main objective was to have a wide spread campaign to attract as many qualified and interested students as possible. Then, after a universal application was filled out, interviews would be held with a panel of IT staff and students alike. From information compiled via applications, interviews and background checks, three separate lists were created: those we would offer positions to immediately, a list of reserves for possible later hires and those not recommended for hire. Although the first run-through of this did show areas for improvement, it was an overall success as we went from having 5 or 6 applicants to 57 applicants to fill approximately 15 student staff positions. This paper will explain the strengths of this program and ways we look to improve and grow in the future.
Efficient Bypass of a Thymine-Thymine Dimer by Yeast DNA Polymerase, Polη

The RAD30 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the error-free postreplicational repair of DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet irradiation. Here, RAD30 is shown to encode a DNA polymerase that can replicate efficiently past a thymine-thymine cis-syn cyclobutane dimer, a lesion that normally blocks DNA polymerases. When incubated in vitro with all four nucleotides, Rad30 incorporates two adenines opposite the thymine-thymine dimer. Rad30 is the seventh eukaryotic DNA polymerase to be described and hence is named DNA polymerase eta.
Interaction of (+)- and (−)-3-PPP with the dopamine receptor in the anterior pituitary gland

Abstract The interaction of the enantiomers of the novel dopamine agonist, 3-PPP (3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-piperidine) with the dopamine receptor in the anterior pituitary gland was examined. Both (+)- and (−)-3-PPP were effective in suppressing the elevation in serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations in rats treated with α-methyl-paratyrosine, an inhibitor of dopamine synthesis. The (+)-enantiomer was slightly more potent than the (−)-enantiomer in this regard. In addition, the secretion of PRL from anterior pituitary tissue under in vitro conditions was significantly inhibited by both isomers of 3-PPP, with (+)-3-PPP being approximately 10 times more potent than (−)-3-PPP. Both (+)- and (−)-3-PPP displaced 3H-(−)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (3H-NPA) and 3H-spiperone from bovine anterior pituitary membranes. The Hill coefficients of (+)- and (−)-3-PPP for the displacement of 3H-spiperone were 0.6 and 0.7, respectively. These results are consistent with the view that the (+)- and (−)-enantiomer exhibit dopamine agonist effects at dopamine receptor sites in the anterior pituitary gland. However, (+)-3-PPP demonstrated marked differences in affinity for 3H-NPA- and 3H-spiperone labeled-sites, whereas (−)-)3-PPP showed the same order of affinity for these two sites. In view of these results and the fact that (−)-3-PPP has also been characterized as a dopamine antagonist at postsynaptic receptor sites in the striatum, (−)-3-PPP might be best described as a partial agonist at pituitary dopamine receptors. Moreover, these data are suggestive of a similarity, at least on a pharmacological basis, between dopamine autoreceptors and dopamine receptors in the anterior pituitary gland.
Promoting Academic Performance in Inattentive Children: The Relative Efficacy of School-Home Notes with and without Response Cost

The present study examined the effectiveness of two different school-home notes for increasing academic productivity and appropriate classroom behavior in five inattentive children. Using an alternating treatments design, students received a school-home note with or without response cost. Both notes required teachers to evaluate students and required parents to provide consequences on a daily basis. The notes differed as to whether reprimands and response cost were included. The results indicated that on-task behavior and academic work completion improved in all five elementary school-age children. The majority of subjects achieved greater improvements in on-task behavior with the response-cost component added to the school-home note.
Connecting with the absent presence: pervasive technology use and effects on community

This research investigates how the pervasive use of technology by an individual in the physical presence of group members affects community level. When technology use occurs, the individual can become an absent presence to the group-removing themselves from the context of shared group behaviors to become involved in a virtual world that is not available to those around them. Depending on group norms, this individual use of technology signals a particular social message and has implications for how the group interacts. Community is used as the measure of interest because of its relationship with other variables such as social trust, decision-making ability, and learning.
Adaptive streaming schemes for MPEG-DASH overWiFi multicast

Several studies indicate that video contents will be the vast majority of Internet traffic in the near future. To facilitate the distribution of video contents, we have to overcome the issue of interoperability between various servers and devices. MPEG-DASH standard is developed to provide standardized manifest format, content format and streaming protocol for adaptive streaming, thereby increasing interoperability. However, MPEG-DASH contents are delivered by HTTP without supporting data multicast. Since delivering video contents over multicast channels is necessary or useful for some applications, the authors survey the studies of delivering MPEG-DASH contents over multicast channels. It is found that few studies discuss the detailed construction of such a mechanism. This paper proposes three methods enabling the delivery of MPEG-DASH contents over multicast are proposed. And also evaluates the performance of the proposed methods over real WiFi networks. The result shows that each method has its own advantages and therefore suitable for different applications.
Silver Mediated Cyclizations of 4-Allenyl-and 4-(2-Propynyl)azetidinones. A Stereoselective Synthesis of 3-Substituted Δ1-Carbapenems Via N-C3 Closure.

Abstract A silver catalyzed cyclization of 4-allenylazetidinones to Δ 1 -carbapenems and of 4-(2-propynyl)-azetidinones to Δ 2 -carbapenems is described. The silver mediated cyclization is stereospecific: starting withstereodefined 4-allenylazetidinones, specific stereoisomers of C-3 substituted Δ2-carbapenems can be prepared.
Another Look at the Thermodynamic Equation For Deep Convection

Abstract The study considers deep moist convection involving only a liquid-vapor phase change. An alternative form of the classical thermodynamic equation for reversible saturated flow is derived. Four approximate forms of this equation are obtained and their relative errors compared to the full equation are evaluated by using parcel theory. The best approximation is found to be an adequate representation of the full equation throughout the total depth of the convection. The two best approximations are compared with some forms of the thermodynamic equation used by other investigators.
Bcl2 Impedes DNA Mismatch Repair by Directly Regulating the hMSH2-hMSH6 Heterodimeric Complex *

Bcl2 has been reported to suppress DNA mismatch repair (MMR) with promotion of mutagenesis, but the mechanism(s) is not fully understood. MutSα is the hMSH2-hMSH6 heterodimer that primarily functions to correct mutations that escape the proofreading activity of DNA polymerase. Here we have discovered that Bcl2 potently suppresses MMR in association with decreased MutSα activity and increased mutagenesis. Exposure of cells to nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone results in accumulation of Bcl2 in the nucleus, which interacts with hMSH6 but not hMSH2 via its BH4 domain. Deletion of the BH4 domain from Bcl2 abrogates the ability of Bcl2 to interact with hMSH6 and is associated with enhanced MMR efficiency and decreased mutation frequency. Overexpression of Bcl2 reduces formation of the hMSH2-hMSH6 complex in cells, and purified Bcl2 protein directly disrupts the hMSH2-hMSH6 complex and suppresses MMR in vitro. Importantly, depletion of endogenous Bcl2 by RNA interference enhances formation of the hMSH2-hMSH6 complex in association with increased MMR and decreased mutagenesis. Thus, Bcl2 suppression of MMR may occur in a novel mechanism by directly regulating the heterodimeric hMSH2-hMSH6 complex, which potentially contributes to genetic instability and carcinogenesis.
Maximum Likelihood Estimates and Cramer-Rao Bounds for Map-Matching Based Self-Localization

We describe a method to determine (x, y, z) position of a platform located in a region where a reference bathymetry map is available. The platform can be considered an autonomous undersea vehicle (AUV) equipped with a multi-beam high frequency sonar. Estimates of the heading, pitch and roll are available through the onboard inertial navigation systems (INS). An estimate of the AUV depth from the ocean surface, altitude from a Doppler velocity logger (DVL) as well as the sound speed at the AUV depth are also available. The position (x, y, z) is determined based on these estimates as well as time delay estimates from the beam time series. The maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) is derived and connections between previous approaches are made. Theoretically based performance predictions are compared against MLE performance in real data. The new estimator is directly linked with the relief (or information) of the map and therefore allows for a direct estimate of accuracy. This insight is critical for integrated map-matching navigation systems but has hitherto been unavailable. The new estimator of location can constrain the error growth of a purelyINS-based system and lead to improved navigation.
Compactometry, the density distribution, and their use in discriminating landmines and clutter

Identifying unique patterns of energy in ground penetrating radar images plays an important role in landmine/clutter discrimination. Many different geometric features, including size and the distribution of energy values in a radar image, can be exploited in mine detection and discrimination. The granulometry of a random set (image), computed by measuring the integral of a sequence of closings with elements from a family of increasing homothetic shapes, yields a size distribution that can be used for texture analysis or object detection and discrimination. An important complement to granulometries for discrimination is the compactometry, a feature we have identified that is computed by measuring the integral of a sequence of increasing concentric homothetic subsets of a random set. The compactometry yields a characterization of the concentration of the density distribution of the random set at a given point. This paper investigates the properties of compactometry and its derivative, the density spectrum, and demonstrates how they can be used together with granulometry to address the problem of landmine/clutter discrimination using ground-penetrating radar sensors.
The Classroom as a Political Microcosm: An Observation.

Abstract An atypical observation of aggressive behavior involving an entire elementary school class is presented, as well as the corrective measures taken. Tentative explanation is offered by means of a hypothesis of a relationship between national affairs and classroom behavior. The implications of such a relationship for assessment and intervention are discussed with a social-learning framework.
Multiscale Design and Integration of Sustainable Building Functions

Buildings and cities must move toward balancing resources and advancing risk preparedness in support of robust sustainability and climate change action ( 1 – 5 ). To date, the design of sustainable buildings has optimized the generation of energy separately from the regeneration of water and the processing of waste. However, the integration of macro-, micro-, and nanoscale engineering principles has enabled examples of synergistic optimization of energy generation with water and the processing of waste. Innovative multiscale design can allow buildings to wholly contain utilities, rather than merely providing routes for their delivery.
Selective Protection of an ARF1-GTP Signaling Axis by a Bacterial Scaffold Induces Bidirectional Trafficking Arrest

Summary Bidirectional vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi is mediated largely by ARF and Rab GTPases, which orchestrate vesicle fission and fusion, respectively. How their activities are coordinated in order to define the successive steps of the secretory pathway and preserve traffic directionality is not well understood in part due to the scarcity of molecular tools that simultaneously target ARF and Rab signaling. Here, we take advantage of the unique scaffolding properties of E. coli secreted protein G (EspG) to describe the critical role of ARF1/Rab1 spatiotemporal coordination in vesicular transport at the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. Structural modeling and cellular studies show that EspG induces bidirectional traffic arrest by tethering vesicles through select ARF1-GTP/effector complexes and local inactivation of Rab1. The mechanistic insights presented here establish the effectiveness of a small bacterial catalytic scaffold for studying complex processes and reveal an alternative mechanism of immune regulation by an important human pathogen.
Petsamo‐Kirkenes operation (7–30 October 1944): A Soviet joint and combined arms operation in arctic terrain

(1989). Petsamo‐Kirkenes operation (7–30 October 1944): A Soviet joint and combined arms operation in arctic terrain. The Journal of Soviet Military Studies: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 49-86.
Temperature‐induced magnetization reversal in an amorphous ferrimagnet

Both temperature‐ and magnetic‐field‐induced magnetization reversals have been studied near the compensation temperature Tcomp in rf‐sputtered amorphous Gd‐Co thin films using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The net magnetization in these films goes smoothly through zero at T=Tcomp and can be switched through 180° from a metastable state opposite to the applied magnetic field direction to a stable state parallel to the field by varying either the temperature or the field strength. If the reversal occurs through a uniform rotation of the magnetization, a simple two‐magnetic‐sublattice model allows an effective anisotropy energy Keff to be determined from the switching data. Keff exhibits the same anomalous decrease near Tcomp as previously reported using magnetic resonance and static magnetization data.
Bend ductility of 70-30 alpha brass

Abstract 1. 1. Bend ductility of cold-rolled specimens and specimens cold-rolled, partially recrystallized, and cold-rolled additionally 10–30% was determined. 2. 2. Considerable improvement in bend ductility was obtained for a given Diamond Pyramid Hardness for the partially recrystallized and re-rolled specimens.
Human forcing of climate change: Easing up on the gas pedal

The physics of the greenhouse effect has been investigated since the early nineteenth century by several scientists (2) including Fourier, Pouillet, Tyndall, Langley, and Arrhenius; the latter author performed quantitative calculations of the possible warming of the Earth due to human-caused increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide (2). Briefly, the sun emits energy (visible light, UV and infrared) nearly as a blackbody at 5,800 K; most of the visible light incident on Earth's upper atmosphere reaches the surface. The energy absorbed from this insolation is balanced by outgoing infrared radiation (IR). One can attempt to calculate a planet's temperature, which is governed by the energy-balance equation in the absence of net heat input: where S = the solar power per unit at the mean sun–Earth …
Risk Factors for Opportunistic Infections after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants

A meeting on April 29, 1999, in Wilmington, Delaware, examined a variety of important issues related to viral infections in patients undergoing hemaopoietic stem cell transplants. This volume represents some of the most important and most recent thoughts on the particular viral infections of great significance to the stem cell therapy patient and how those infections ought to be managed. This paper provides an introduction to the subjects discussed, presents the problem areas and summarizes the meeting objectives.
Pre- and post-irradiation adiosensitization by SR 4233

SR 4233 (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide) is a bioreductive agent which exhibits highly selective killing of hypoxic cells in a variety of mammalian cell lines in vitro and in murine tumors in vivo. The selective toxicity of the drug results from its one-electron reduction under hypoxic conditions to form a free radical intermediate capable of damaging DNA, through the formation of strand breaks. Using the neutral filter elution assay, SR 4233 was found to be more efficient at producing DNA double strand breaks in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells than an equitoxic dose of gamma-rays. Drug and radiation sequencing experiments were also performed, with both cell survival and DNA strand break rejoining used as endpoints. As a result of these studies, we now describe two additional properties of SR 4233: (a) radiosensitization of aerobic cells in culture produced by hypoxic incubation with drug either before or after irradiation, and (b) the inhibition of subsequent rejoining of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks after hypoxic pretreatment with drug. The magnitude of the radiosensitization produced did not vary for drug treatments which, when given alone, reduced cell survival over a range from 30% to 2%. The extent of DNA repair inhibition increased with increasing severity of the SR 4233 pretreatment, but was quite small for non-lethal drug exposures.
Customizing adaptive software to object-oriented software using grammars

Although numerous researchers have pointed out that object-oriented software is easier to extend than software that is not written in an object-oriented style, object-oriented software is still rigid to adapt and maintain. This paper builds on an extension of object-oriented programming which is called adaptive programming. Adaptive programming allows the programmer to write more extensible software called adaptive software without committing to a specific input language. After writing an adaptive program, the programmer selects a specific input language and partially evaluates the program into an executable program. This paper formally studies class dictionaries and informally describes how adaptive programs are partially evaluated by freezing class dictionaries. A class dictionary is mapped into classes of an object-oriented programming language, for example, C++, CLOS etc. A class dictionary defines both a set of objects and a set of sentences (a language). We derive a set of restrictions on class dictionaries which permit a simple printing algorithm and its inverse, a parsing algorithm, to be bijection functions between objects and sentences of the same class. We review propagation patterns for describing adaptive object-oriented software at a higher level of abstraction than the one used by today’s object-oriented programming languages. A propagation pattern is an adaptive program which defines a family of programs. From the family, we can select a member by choosing a class dictionary. The theory presented in this paper has been successfully implemented and used in the Demeter Tools/C++. The system consists of a set of tools that facilitate software evolution.
Effect of Low-Phytate Corn and Phytase on Nutrient Excretion and Performance of Feedlot Cattle1

ABSTRACT Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of microbial phytase (PHY) addition and low phytic acid (LPA) corn, on the nutrient digestibility and performance of growing beef steers. Four crossbred steers (initial BW = 345 ± 25 kg; Exp. 1) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design digestibility trial and were provided ad libitum access to 1 of 4 diets: 1) a normal corn and 15% corn silage diet (control diet), 2) diet 1 + PHY (control + PHY diet; 600 FTU/kg, where a FTU is the quantity of enzyme that liberates 1 µmol inorganic P/min from 0.005 mol/L sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and 37°C), 3) diet 1 with LPA corn replacing normal corn (LPA diet), and 4) diet 3 + PHY (LPA + PHY diet; 600 FTU/kg). Dietary P content was 0.38 to 0.40%, with no supplemental P added. Forty-eight crossbred steers (initial BW = 273 ± 6.9 kg; Exp. 2) were individually fed 4 diets: 1) a control diet; 2) a control + PHY diet; 3) diet 1 limit fed to 85% of ad libitum intake (limit-fed diet); and 4) the limit-fed diet + PHY. In Exp. 1, P digestibility, retention, and excretion were not affected (P > 0.05) by corn type or PHY. There was a trend (P
'Say on Pay': Cautionary Notes on the UK Experience and the Case for Shareholder Opt-In

Shareholder and public dissatisfaction with executive compensation has led to calls for an annual shareholder advisory vote on a firm's compensation pratices and policies, so-called "say on pay." Proposed federal legislation would mandate "say on pay" generally for US public companies. This paper assesses the case for such a mandatory federal rule in light of the UK experience with a similar regime adopted in 2002. The best argument for a mandatory rule is that it would destabilize pay practices that have produced excessive compensation and that would not yield to firm-by-firm pressure. This has not been the UK experience; pay continues to increase. The most serious concern is the likely evolution of a "best compensation practices" regime which would embed normatively-opinionated practices that would ill-suit many firms. There is some evidence of a UK evolution in that direction. This problem might be more pronounced in the US because US shareholders are even more likely than their UK counterparts to delegate judgements over compensation practices to a small number of proxy advisors who themselves will be economizing on analysis. The paper argues instead for a federally provided shareholder opt-in right to a "say on pay" regime, which would change the present reliance on precatory proposals in the issuer proxy which are in turn subject to the power delegated to shareholders under state law. Secondarily, the paper argues that any mandatory regime should be limited to the 500 the largest public companies by public market float and not cover the other 13,500 firms that make public disclosure. Compensation practices at key financial firms present a distinct set of safety and soundness issues because of potential systemic risk from a failure of such firms. These risks should be separately addressed.
High-yield preparation of vertically aligned gold nanorod arrays via a controlled evaporation-induced self-assembly method

Vertically aligned gold nanorod arrays have attracted much attention recently due to their fascinating optical properties. In this study, a simple two-step method was developed to create standing gold nanorod arrays. In the first step, the nanorod droplets were incubated with 200 μL of water in a sealed Petri dish for 24 h, resulting in contracted droplets without forming a coffee-ring structure. After removing the water, the contracted droplets were allowed to dry for another 36–48 h at 25 °C. The standing gold nanorod arrays were successfully synthesized by the two-step method using gold nanorods with an aspect ratio of 2.0 as building blocks. Results show that nearly all the nanorods (∼95%) were vertically aligned on the silicon surface except a very small amount of nanorods near the pinned edge. Standing gold nanorod arrays were also created by the two-step method using gold nanorods with a higher aspect ratio (∼3.4). This novel method does not need to modify gold nanorods with thiolated ligands, synthesize strictly monodispersed gold nanorods, or use highly concentrated gold nanorod solutions for the assembly. The new approach could be used as a reproducible, high-yield, and simple route to fabricate vertically aligned gold nanorod arrays.
High-Grade Carcinomas Involving the Renal Sinus: Report of a Case and Review of the Differential Diagnosis and Immunohistochemical Expression

We report the case of a high-grade carcinoma involving the kidney in a young male with renal vein thrombosis and review the differential diagnosis and immunohistochemical workup. High-grade neoplasms involving the renal sinus include collecting duct carcinomas (CDCs), renal medullary carcinomas (RMCs), invasive high-grade urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the upper urinary tract, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and type 2 papillary renal cell carcinoma. Distinguishing UC from CDC and RMC is problematic in small biopsy samples. The diagnosis of CDC (a rare, aggressive subtype of renal cell carcinoma) is challenging and requires the exclusion of UC. Renal medullary carcinoma is characterized by an appropriate clinical setting and consistent loss of nuclear expression of integrase interactor 1 (INI-1). A panel consisting of p63, paired box gene 8 (PAX8), and INI-1 is most optimal in distinguishing UC from CDC and RMC. A subset of urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract may be positive with PAX8.
Giant Hypertrophic Gastritis of Basenji Dogs

Giant hypertrophic gastritis is a newly recognized disease of adult Basenji dogs similar to Menetrier's disease of man. It is characterized by weight loss, diarrhea, dry coat, pale membranes, anorexia, raised convoluted rugae in the body of the stomach, palpable fluid- and gas-filled intestines, colonic inflammation, and radiographically demonstrable dilated intestinal loops. Laboratory findings include leukocytosis, neutrophilia, low hemoglobin, hypoalbuminemia, hypobetaglobulinemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, decreased serum fatty acids, hypocholesterolemia, indicanuria, low fecal pH, and increased fecal fat and nitrogen. Four dogs studied had gastritis with hypertrophy and diffuse lymphocytosis and plasmacytosis of the small intestine.
Average Reward Optimization Theory for Denumerable State Spaces

In this chapter we deal with certain aspects of average reward optimality. It is assumed that the state space X is denumerably infinite, and that for each x ∈ X, the set A(x) of available actions is finite. It is possible to extend the theory to compact action sets, but at the expense of increased mathematical complexity. Finite action sets are sufficient for digitally implemented controls, and so we restrict our attention to this case.
Recruiter Perceptions of Information that Employment References Should Provide to Assist in Making Selection Decisions

Authors investigated perceptions of campus recruiters (N = 168) in the San Francisco Bay Area regarding the importance of 15 types of information they solicit from job applicants' references in making selection decisions. Results suggest campus recruiters should consider 10 types of information to assist them in making selection decisions. Results also indicate that selected recruiters' demographic variables affect only 4 types of information job applicants' references should provide: decision-making skills, computer skills, work ethic, and fit with the corporate culture and prospective coworkers. The implications of these results for both employment references and recruiters are discussed.
Political Survival and Endogenous Institutional Change

Incumbent political leaders risk deposition by challengers within the existing political rules and by revolutionary threats. Building on Bueno de Mesquita et al’s (2003) selectorate theory, the model here examines the policy responses of o¢ ce seeking leaders to revolutionary threats. Whether leaders suppress public goods such as freedom of assembly and freedom of information to hinder the organizational ability of potential revolutionaries or appease potential revolutionaries by increasing the provision of public goods depends, in part, upon the sources of government revenues. Empirical tests show that governments with access to revenue sources that require few labor inputs by the citizens, such as natural resource rents or foreign aid, reduce the provision of public goods and increase the odds of increased authoritarianism in the face of revolutionary pressures. In contrast, without these sources of unearned revenues governments respond to revolutionary pressures by increasing the provision of public goods and democratizing.
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Health Literacy for Education, Research, and Practice in Early Childhood Intervention

“Health literacy” is gaining attention among professionals that serve young children with disabilities and their families. Given that parental health literacy might influence developmental outcomes...
A Brief Overview of Speech Synthesis and Recognition Technologies

An overview of several aspects of speech synthesis and recognition technologies is provided as background for subsequent speakers in this session. Specifically, we discuss speech synthesis by rule using automatic text-to-speech conversion and speaker-dependent isolated word recognition. Both of these speech I/O technologies have been developed sufficiently to the point where commercial products are now available for a number of applications. Some of the limitations of these devices are described and suggestions for future research in both synthesis and recognition are outlined.
Low-dose "renal" dopamine.

In current medical practice, clinicians continue to grant dopamine widespread use in an attempt to prevent or ameliorate renal insufficiency. This practice receives criticism with the lack of prospective, large, randomized studies that show a permanent, positive outcome when low-dose "renal" dopamine (LDRD) has been used. Figure 1 identifies publications that discuss dopamine, and Figure 2 identifies those that discuss dopamine plus dopaminergic agents. Clinical dopamine studies continue to conclude that "further randomized prospective clinical trials are needed to evaluate if dopamine has a beneficial effect on renal preservation." Proponents of dopamine for renal preservation postulate beneficial effects to be reversal or prevention of oliguric acute renal failure (ARF), obviate or reduce the need for dialysis, provide a level of renal hemodynamic function unachievable by other means, and increase patient survival. 24 Critics of studies using dopamine to maintain or improve renal viability raise several questions: Is an increase in urine output related to dopamine infusion or was it spontaneous? Was an increase in urine output secondary to increased cardiac output, selective redistribution of renal blood flow (RBF) (cortical > medullary), or a direct tubular-inhibition effect on Na + reabsorption? Does an increased urine output actually protect the kidney? These many questions are yet to be fully answered about the practice of using LDRD therapy. ARF affects approximately 5% of all general hospital patients and continues to be associated with a greater than 50% mortality despite major developments in medicine, surgery, and critical care management over the last 30 years. 2,3,45 Hospital-acquired renal failure is reported to increase the relative risk of death by 6.2-fold. 88 These impressive statistics continue to influence health care providers to utilize dopamine therapy to improve patient outcome in ARF without convincing evidence of a beneficial effect. This unproven practice will predictably continue unless scientific studies overall demonstrate a detrimental outcome with dopamine administration. Studying the potential benefit of LDRD is difficult. ARF has multiple etiologies, occurs in multiple clinical settings, and has more than one form (i.e., prerenal, oliguric vs. nonoliguric, and postrenal). 2 Initiation of dopamine therapy before a potential occurrence of ARF, with established ARF, or in patients with pre-existing renal disease are variables that influence outcome studies.
MACS: a predictable architecture for real time systems

The MACS (multiple active context system) architecture is a high-performance, multiple context, cacheless processor designed around the goal of predictability. Multiple contexts provide highly predictable memory and pipeline performance, while at the same time allowing multiple threads to execute with independent timing characteristics. The design emphasis is on provable execution speed and independent timing of each context. Task-level parallelism is used to maintain high processor throughput while individual threads execute at a relatively slow, but very predictable, rate. The authors investigate the suitability of such a system to real time and determine how predictability varies as a function of parallelism (performance), memory issue latency and memory size. >