cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tabu Search in Integer Programming

We have already observed that tabu search can be used to modify decision rules for basis exchange (pivoting) methods, and therefore can be applied to solving mixed zero-one integer programming problems and various nonlinear programming problems by this means. Such applications exploit the fact that optimal solutions to these special zero-one discrete and nonlinear problems can be found at extreme points, and that pivoting methods provide a mechanism to move from one extreme point to another. In addition, however, tabu search can also be applied to solve integer and nonlinear programming problems in other ways. In this section we focus on integer programming (IP) problems, including mixed integer programming (MIP) problems where some variables can take on continuous values, as well as pure IP problems, where all variables must receive integer values.
Parallelization and Performance of the NIM Weather Model on CPU, GPU, and MIC Processors

AbstractThe design and performance of the Non-Hydrostatic Icosahedral Model (NIM) global weather prediction model is described. NIM is a dynamical core designed to run on central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), and Many Integrated Core (MIC) processors. It demonstrates efficient parallel performance and scalability to tens of thousands of compute nodes and has been an effective way to make comparisons between traditional CPU and emerging fine-grain processors. The design of the NIM also serves as a useful guide in the fine-grain parallelization of the finite volume cubed (FV3) model recently chosen by the National Weather Service (NWS) to become its next operational global weather prediction model.This paper describes the code structure and parallelization of NIM using standards-compliant open multiprocessing (OpenMP) and open accelerator (OpenACC) directives. NIM uses the directives to support a single, performance-portable code that runs on CPU, GPU, and MIC systems. Performance r...
Lower- Versus Higher-Income Populations In The Alternative Quality Contract: Improved Quality And Similar Spending.

As population-based payment models become increasingly common, it is crucial to understand how such payment models affect health disparities. We evaluated health care quality and spending among enr...
Window of opportunity trial of HPV E7 antigen-expressing Listeria-based therapeutic vaccination prior to robotic surgery for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer.

TPS6088 Background: The incidence of human papilloma virus-associated oropharyngeal cancer (HPVOPC) has rapidly risen over the past two decades. Foreign viral antigens make HPVOPC an attractive tar...
Investigation of Basic Fourier Series

In this chapter we shall present elementary results on the convergence of the basic Fourier series, including a proof of completeness of the basic trigonometric systems, and will establish several convenient tools, such as asymptotics of zeros, which are important for practical investigation of these series in the next chapters. Methods of summation and a few explicit examples of q-Fourier series will be also discussed among other things.
Facilitators and barriers to participation in PrEP HIV prevention trials involving transgender male and female adolescents and emerging adults.

Despite the disproportionate burden of HIV facing transgender youth, they continue to be under-represented in studies to provide an empirical basis for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) programs that can meet the unique needs of this population. This study examined facilitators and barriers to participation in a PrEP adherence study, determined through an online survey administered to 90 transgender male and 60 transgender female 14-21-year-olds attracted to cisgender male sexual partners. Approximately 50% reported likely to participate in the PrEP study. Participation facilitators included prior sexual and health service experiences and study access to PrEP and health services. Participation barriers included lack of concern about HIV, potential medication side effects, the logistics of quarterly meetings, remembering to take PrEP daily, and reluctance to discuss gender identity with study staff. Results suggest that successful recruitment and retention of transgender youth in PrEP prevention studies warrant protocols designed to address these barriers.
PPR polyadenylation factor defines mitochondrial mRNA identity and stability in trypanosomes

Abstract In Trypanosoma brucei , most mitochondrial mRNAs undergo internal changes by RNA editing and 3′ end modifications. The temporally separated and functionally distinct modifications are manifested by adenylation prior to editing, and by post‐editing extension of a short A‐tail into a long A/U‐heteropolymer. The A‐tail stabilizes partially and fully edited mRNAs, while the A/U‐tail enables mRNA binding to the ribosome. Here, we identify an essential pentatricopeptide repeat‐containing RNA binding protein, kinetoplast polyadenylation factor 3 (KPAF3), and demonstrate its role in protecting pre‐mRNA against degradation by the processome. We show that KPAF3 recruits KPAP1 poly(A) polymerase to the 3′ terminus, thus leading to pre‐mRNA stabilization, or decay depending on the occurrence and extent of editing. In vitro , KPAF3 stimulates KPAP1 activity and inhibits mRNA uridylation by RET1 TUTase. Our findings indicate that KPAF3 selectively directs pre‐mRNA toward adenylation rather than uridylation, which is a default post‐trimming modification characteristic of ribosomal and guide RNAs. As a quality control mechanism, KPAF3 binding ensures that mRNAs entering the editing pathway are adenylated and, therefore, competent for post‐editing A/U‐tailing and translational activation.
What Controls Thyroid Growth — That is, Thyroid Size?

As an introduction to this conference, a physiologically oriented summary of factors controling thyroid size may be of interest, before analysis of factors controling growth at the molecular level. I have conceived of this as a series of levels of controls layered one on top of the other, in what might be called the cortex-hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid-peripheral tissue axis.
Ground Motion Model for Small-to-Moderate Earthquakes in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas

A ground motion model (GMM) tuned to the characteristics of the observed, and potentially induced, seismicity in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas is developed using a database of 4,528 ground motions re...
Management of Empyema

Pleural effusions are commonly associated with pneumonia; however, progression to empyema can occur. The fluid must be sampled if there is concern for empyema. A tube thoracostomy should be placed to drain the fluid; if the collection persists despite drainage, fibrinolytics can be instilled through the tube, or, in certain circumstances, the patient may proceed directly to surgical intervention.
Radioiodine (131I) therapy in a child with autism spectrum disorder: A complex and demanding task

In January 2017, an 11.5-year-old male child with autism was referred for radioiodine (RAI) therapy post total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma. The treatment required swallowing a RAI capsule and remaining isolated (48–72 h). Initially, obstacles to a successful treatment seemed insurmountable as he had complex needs and behavioral issues due to his autism, mild intellectual disability, and family environment. His mother was adamant that he would not be able to swallow the capsule and comply with the required isolation period. A multidisciplinary team was formed to explore options for successful treatment. Each option considered had its own risks and challenges. Behavioral therapy was considered to be the only possible option. It was pursued with regular, frequent contact between the child, his parents, and members of the team for counseling and behavioral modification, familiarization of the child with the staff, procedures, trial visits, and admission. The patient was successfully treated in October 2017.
Interprofessional Simulation for Nursing and Divinity Students: Learning Beyond Checklists

Abstract Background Interprofessional education occurs when students from different disciplines come together to gain knowledge of each other's roles, philosophies, and abilities. Method This qualitative study assessed nursing and divinity student responses/perceptions of an interprofessional simulation. Three cohorts of students (nursing, n = 17; divinity, n = 5) engaged in a three-part simulation using a standardized patient and focused on management of postpartum complications. Debriefing sessions were recorded for qualitative analysis. Results Two key categories emerged: holistic patient care and interprofessional awareness. Conclusions Student responses conveyed meaning-making experiences with new appreciation of interprofessional and intraprofessional roles. Students expressed improved ability to provide competent holistic care.
Ônus municipal, bônus federal: a crise das finanças públicas, cultura e direito da assistência social em Porto Alegre/RS

A Assistencia Social e um direito, mesmo que ainda mantenha um constante conflito com uma cultura conservadora, que a enxerga como um instrumento clientelista e assistencialista, de dever do Estado. Logo, a Assistencia Social tornou-se um direito da sociedade brasileira, a partir da Constituicao Federal de 1988. Esta estruturada pelo Sistema Unico de Assistencia Social, que possui uma gestao com participacao social e um Fundo Nacional de Assistencia Social, que de forma transversal realiza a implementacao e execucao dessas politicas entre a Uniao, os Estados e os Municipios. As capitais brasileiras sao os municipios que recebem valores insuficientes da Uniao para a execucao da Assistencia Social. No caso de Porto Alegre, capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, 94,91% destas politicas sao financiadas com recursos livres do Tesouro Municipal. Atualmente, Porto Alegre passa por sucessivos deficits no Tesouro Municipal, o que traz dificuldades no financiamento dos bens e servicos publicos, especialmente da Assistencia Social, que tem um comportamento crescente tanto nos atendimento de beneficiarios, quanto nos recursos dispendidos para seu financiamento. O objetivo do artigo foi observar a relacao do financiamento da Assistencia Social com a crise das financas publicas municipais de Porto Alegre, onde surgiram elementos suficientes para observar que a Assistencia Social e um direito a sociedade brasileira, mediante um bonus para Uniao e um onus para os Municipios, diante da restricao orcamentaria das financas publicas destes ultimos, especialmente, em Porto Alegre. Isso exigira a melhoria na qualidade e na eficiencia dos limitados recursos livres do Tesouro Municipal.
Acute peripheral immune activation alters cytokine expression and glial activation in the early postnatal rat brain

Neuroinflammation can modulate brain development; however, the influence of an acute peripheral immune challenge on neuroinflammatory responses in the early postnatal brain is not well characterized. To address this gap in knowledge, we evaluated the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) immune responses to a mixed immune challenge in early postnatal rats of varying strains and sex. On postnatal day 10 (P10), male and female Lewis and Brown Norway rats were injected intramuscularly with either a mix of bacterial and viral components in adjuvant, adjuvant-only, or saline. Immune responses were evaluated at 2 and 5 days post-challenge. Cytokine and chemokine levels were evaluated in serum and in multiple brain regions using a Luminex multiplex assay. Multi-factor ANOVAs were used to compare analyte levels across treatment groups within strain, sex, and day of sample collection. Numbers and activation status of astrocytes and microglia were also analyzed in the cortex and hippocampus by quantifying immunoreactivity for GFAP, IBA-1, and CD68 in fixed brain slices. Immunohistochemical data were analyzed using a mixed-model regression analysis. Acute peripheral immune challenge differentially altered cytokine and chemokine levels in the serum versus the brain. Within the brain, the cytokine and chemokine response varied between strains, sexes, and days post-challenge. Main findings included differences in T helper (Th) type cytokine responses in various brain regions, particularly the cortex, with respect to IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 levels. Additionally, peripheral immune challenge altered GFAP and IBA-1 immunoreactivity in the brain in a strain- and sex-dependent manner. These findings indicate that genetic background and sex influence the CNS response to an acute peripheral immune challenge during early postnatal development. Additionally, these data reinforce that the developmental time point during which the challenge occurs has a distinct effect on the activation of CNS-resident cells.
Characterization of Waxy Material of the Giant Whitefly, Aleurodicus Dugesii, Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CGC-MS)

The giant whitefly is a pest, particularly of Hibiscus and sometimes avocados, in southern California. The insect is unique in that the nymphal stages produce copious quantities of waxy material differing in structure and chemical composition. Adults produce a waxy material (waxy particles) which covers them and surrounding surfaces, and the female also produces a waxy material with which she forms a circular trail of wax strands on the abaxial leaf surface.Waxy particles produced by male and female adults consisted of long-chain aldehydes and alcohols, largely 32 carbons in chain length. As waxy ribbons extruded from anterior abdominal wax plates, they are periodically broken off by the tibia and the resulting particles coat adults, nymphs and surrounding surfaces. The female has a second set of wax plates posteriorly on her abdomen which produce waxy strands. As her abdomen drags along the abaxial leaf surface during oviposition these strands break off forming a waxy trail camouflaging the eggs.The nymphs produce several types of waxy material. Two types are produced at the same time from 10 pores on the dorsal surface; waxy material is extruded as a filament on which a second waxy material curls off as extrusion occurs.
Empirical Probability of Positive Response to PEEP Changes and Mechanical Ventilation Factors Associated With Improved Oxygenation

Background: PEEP is titrated to improve oxygenation during mechanical ventilation. PEEP may ameliorate or exacerbate lung injury. It is clinically desirable to identify factors that are associated with a clinical improvement or deterioration following a PEEP change. However, these factors have not been adequately described in the literature. Therefore, we quantify the empirical probability of PEEP changes resulting in positive effects on oxygenation, pulmonary mechanics and dead-space fraction and identify clinical factors associated with positive response in children receiving mechanical ventilation. Methods: A retrospective analysis of continuous data was conducted in mechanically ventilated pediatric subjects admitted to the intensive care unit. During a PEEP increase (PEEPincrease), a responder was defined as anyone who exhibited an improved SpO2/FIO2 (S/F); non-responders demonstrated a worsening S/F in the hour following. For cases where PEEP was decreased (PEEPdecrease), a responder was anyone who maintained or increased S/F; non-responders demonstrated a worsening S/F. Features from continuous mechanical ventilation variables were extracted and differences in these features between responders and non-responders were tested using a generalized estimating equation to account for repeated measures. Results: A total of 286 PEEP change cases were eligible for analysis in 76 subjects. Of the PEEPincrease cases, the empirical probability of positive response was 56%, 67% and 54% for oxygenation, mechanics and dead-space fraction respectively. The median S/F increase was 13. For PEEPdecrease, the empirical probability of acceptable response was 46%, 53% and 46% for oxygenation, mechanics and dead-space fraction respectively. PEEPincrease responders had higher FIO2 requirement (70.8 versus 52.5%; P Conclusions: In children requiring mechanical ventilation, the responder rate was modest for both PEEPincrease and PEEPdecrease cases. These data suggest PEEP titration often does not have the desired clinical effect and predicting which patients will manifest a positive response is complex, potentially requiring more sophisticated means of assessing individual subjects.
Deforestation Impacts on Orographic Precipitation in the Tropical Andes

This study examines the implications of Tropical Montane Forests (TMFs) loss on orographic precipitation in the Eastern slopes of the Andes (EADS). The focus is on moist processes for synoptic regimes associated with significant EADS precipitation: 1) monsoon rainfall for weak and strong South America Low-Level Jet (LLJ) conditions, and 2) heavy rainfall associated with cold air intrusions (CAI) in the dry season. High-resolution simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were conducted for realistic and modified land-cover resulting from the conversion of TMFs to savannah. The deforestation scenarios result in 50-100% decrease (up to ~ 400 J kg-1) in Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) spatially organized by land-cover change along the EADS. Analysis of the differences in simulated frequency distributions of rainfall intensity show robust daytime increases in light rainfall (< 2 mm hr-1) and decreases in moderate rainfall rates (2-10 mm hr-1) in the altitudinal band 500-2,000 m where orographic enhancement is dominant. Whereas there are negligible changes in the spatial patterns of precipitation and hydrologic response for monsoon conditions, rainfall accumulations decrease for all cases, and the precipitation maxima shift downslope into the Amazon lowlands. Changes in rainfall amount and intensity result in runoff decreases of 5-10% at the event-scale for the CAI case. Sensitivity simulations for lower initial soil moisture conditions indicate a strong positive feedback of forest loss to hydrologic drought along the EADS foothills in the austral spring when CAIs play a key role in the tropical EADS dry season hydrometeorology.
The Historical Origins of Judicial Religious Exemptions

The Supreme Court has recently expressed a renewed interest in the question of when the Free Exercise Clause requires exemptions from generally applicable laws. While scholars have vigorously debated what the historical evidence has to say about this question, the conventional wisdom holds that judicially created exemptions would have been a new or extraordinary means of protecting religious exercise—a sea change in the American approach to judicial review when compared to the English common law. This Article, however, questions that assumption and looks at this question from a broader perspective. When one views judicial decisions through the lens of equitable interpretation, one finds historical evidence of widespread judicially created exemptions that have been hiding in plain sight. Indeed, the judiciary’s ability to modify statutes to cohere with higher law principles like constitutional rights was widely accepted in the early republic. Though the judiciary did not always use modern language of exemptions, this was functionally what judges were doing on a large scale throughout the country and across a host of personal rights. The mode of analysis courts used to create these equitable exemptions also provides an important historical antecedent for modern strict scrutiny analysis. An understanding of wider historical judicial practices helps avoid the trend of treating free exercise judicial remedies as an island in the law, and it also provides additional support for an original understanding in favor of religious exemptions. Thus, contrary to the conventional view, this Article demonstrates that judicially created religious exemptions are well within our constitutional traditions of judicial review, and may have more historical support than the Court’s current approach.
Ethical conflict: Conceptualization, measurement, and an examination of consequences.

Previous research on workplace conflict has focused on disagreements about work tasks, processes, and personal relationships. However, conflicts often involve matters of right and wrong; yet, ethical conflict is notably absent from the literature. Informed by moral convictions theory, we introduce the construct of ethical conflict, create and validate a measure of it, and explore its unique effects on workplace outcomes. Ultimately, we find that ethical conflict is a double-edged sword: It is negatively associated with team dynamics (i.e., decreased satisfaction with group, group viability, group cohesion, group psychological safety; increased negative emotions; and perceived goal difficulty) as well as group performance on a non-ethics-related task, but positively related to moral cognition (i.e., moral awareness and moral identity accessibility) and elaboration of information and perspectives during group ethical decision making. Overall, our studies provide a conceptual and empirical foundation for the future research on ethical conflict. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Mental health mediators of subjective cognitive concerns among World Trade Center responders

Abstract Decline in cognitive functioning among rescue and recovery workers who responded in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center (WTC) attacks is of emerging interest. Responders are vulnerable to cognitive decline from exposure to airborne toxins present at the WTC site, as well as from WTC-related mental and physical health conditions. To better understand the relationship between occupational WTC exposure, mental health, physical health and subjective cognitive functioning, we examined the mediating role of health status in the association between exposure and subjective cognitive concerns in a multi-site, longitudinal investigation of the WTC General Responder cohort (n = 16,380 responders; n = 58,575 visits) for the period 2002–2015. Through latent class analyses, we identified a four-level marker of cognitive concerns based on information from a Self-Administered Mental Health Questionnaire. Using generalized linear mixed models with random intercepts, we observed that a higher intensity WTC exposure composite was associated with greater cognitive concerns, and that this association was operating almost entirely through mental health comorbidities, not physical health comorbidities. In fully adjusted models, the inclusion of probable depression, anxiety, PTSD and use of psychotropic medications attenuated the association between highest WTC exposure and greatest cognitive concerns. Physical health did not appear to be on the pathway between WTC exposure and cognitive concerns. Understanding the underlying sources of cognitive concerns may help identify vulnerable members of the General Responder cohort and potentially aid clinical decision-making, such as treatment choice and enhanced screening options. Earlier diagnosis and symptom treatment may help preserve functional independence.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Effector HopG1 is a multi-faceted protein that Triggers Necrotic Cell Death that is attenuated by the Nonhost Resistance 2B (AtNHR2B) Protein

The plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) has become a paradigm in plant-bacteria interactions due to its ability to cause disease in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Pst DC3000 uses the type III secretion system to deliver type III secreted effectors (T3SEs) directly into the plant cytoplasm. Pst DC3000 T3SEs contribute to pathogenicity by suppressing plant defense responses and targeting plant’s physiological processes. Although the complete repertoire of effectors encoded in the Pst DC3000 genome have been identified, the specific function for most of them remains to be elucidated. The mitochondrial-localized T3E HopG1, suppresses plant defense responses and promotes the development of disease symptoms. Here, we show that HopG1 triggers necrotic cell death that enables the growth of non-adapted pathogens. We further showed that HopG1 interacts with the plant immunity-related protein AtNHR2B and that AtNHR2B attenuates HopG1- virulence functions.
Strong Fault-Tolerance: Parallel Routing in Networks with Faults

A d-regular network G is strongly fault-tolerant if for any copy Gf of G with at most d - 2 faulty nodes, every pair of nonfaulty nodes u and v in Gf admits min{df(u), df (v)} node-disjoint paths in Gf from u to v, where df(u) and df(v) are the degrees of the nodes u and v in Gf. We show that popular network structures, such as hypercube and star networks, are strongly fault-tolerant. We develop efficient algorithms that construct the maximum number of node-disjoint paths of optimal or nearly optimal length in these networks with faulty nodes. Our algorithms are optimal in terms of their running time.
Effects of hydroxyurea on hemodynamics of pregnant rabbits: a maternally mediated mechanism of embryotoxicity.

Hydroxyurea is a cytotoxic agent used in the management of chronic granulocytic leukemia. This compound is teratogenic and embryolethal in various animal species, and has been widely used in experimental studies aimed at understanding the possible mechanisms of drug-induced malformations. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that maternal subcutaneous injections of hydroxyurea produce immediate circulatory alterations in rabbit embryos similar to those observed subsequent to uterine artery occlusion. The present study was designed to investigate the possibility that the embryolethal and teratogenic properties of hydroxyurea might be due to alterations in maternal hemodynamics, i.e., constriction of the uterine vasculature, resulting in exposure of the embryo to uterine ischemia at critical stage of in utero development. This study demonstrates that hydroxyurea significantly alters blood pressure and heart rate and produces significant uterine vasoconstriction. The resulting reductions in uterine blood flow (77%) elicited by hydroxyurea may be associated with its immediate embryotoxicity.
Services for Science

Computational approaches to problem solving have proven their worth in many fields of science, allowing the collection and analysis of unprecedented quantities of data and the exploration via simulation of previously obscure phenomena. We now face the challenge of scaling the impact of these approaches from the specialist to entire communities. I speak here about work that seeks to address this goal by rethinking science's information technology foundations in terms of service-oriented architecture. In principle, service-oriented approaches can have a transformative effect on scientific communities, allowing tools formerly accessible only to the specialist to be made available to all, and permitting previously manual data-processing and analysis tasks to be automated. However, while the potential of such "service-oriented science" has been demonstrated, its routine application across many disciplines raises challenging technical problems. One important requirement is to achieve a separation of concerns between discipline-specific content and domain-independent infrastructure, so that new services can be developed quickly and existing services can respond effectively to time-varying load. Another key requirement is to streamline the formation and evolution of the "virtual organizations" that create and access content. I describe the architectural principles, software, and deployments that I am and my colleagues have produced as we tackle these problems, and point to future technical challenges and scientific opportunities. I illustrate my talk with examples from astronomy and biomedicine.
Dark-induced morphogenesis in synchronized cultures of Blastocladiella britannica.

Horenstein, E. A. (Michigan State University, East Lansing) and E. C. Cantino. Dark-induced morphogenesis in synchronized cultures of Blastocladiella britannica . J. Bacteriol. 84: 37–45. 1962—A method is described for growing synchronized, single generations of a million cells or more of the aquatic fungus, Blastocladiella britannica , uniformly suspended in agitated liquid media. The effects of population density upon the cell volume, dry weight, and generation time are described. The all-or-none effect of light and dark upon differentiation of thin-walled cells and thick-walled, pitted, resistant-sporangial cells, respectively, has been demonstrated, and the point of no return for both morphological pathways defined. Images
70–105 GHz wideband GaN power amplifiers

We report a new 70-105 GHz wideband GaN power amplifier which can enable the next generation of E and W-band transmitter modules. Two versions of the amplifier are presented. Across the 70-105 GHz range the balanced design demonstrates excellent S11 and S22 at -20 dB, small signal gain above 16 dB, output power above 20 dBm with associated gain higher than 16 dB and power added efficiency over 6%. By increasing the compression levels of the amplifier at 90 GHz we achieved output power of 24.5 dBm with associated gain of 12.4 dB and power added efficiency of 13.2%. The presented amplifier can be utilized in wideband transmitter modules covering E and W-band or in application specific modules covering narrower sections of the band (71-76 GHz, 81-86 GHz, 90-96 GHz) where they can be combined with higher power GaN amplifiers.
Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for dietary recommendations of the other trace elements.

Circumstantial evidence suggests that aluminum, arsenic, bromine, cadmium, germanium, lead, lithium, nickel, rubidium, silicon, tin and vanadium are essential. The evidence is most compelling for arsenic, nickel, silicon and vanadium. The estimated daily dietary intakes for these elements are arsenic, 12-50 μg ; nickel, 100 μg ; silicon, 20-50 mg and vanadium, 10-20 μg. By extrapolation from animal studies, the daily dietary intakes of these elements needed to prevent deficiency or to provide beneficial action in humans are arsenic, 12-25 μg ; nickel, 100 μg ; silicon, 2-5 mg (based on 10% bioavailability in natural diets) and vanadium, 10 μg. Thus, the postulated need by humans for these elements can be met by typical diets. Because there may be situations, however, where dietary intake does not meet the postulated requirements, research is needed to derive status indicators in humans and to further study the relationships of low intake or impaired bioavailability of these ultratrace elements to various diseases.
Heat Transfer Augmentation

This introductory chapter on the augmentation of convective heat transfer provides background for the many applications of this “second generation heat transfer technology” cited throughout this volume. The many available augmentation techniques are described, and some representative performance data and correlations are given for the popular passive techniques.
Whispering gallery mode imaging for the multiplexed detection of biomarkers

Abstract An approach is presented for combining sensitive fluorescence imaging with whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators to develop a label-free, multiplexed approach for biosensing. The evanescent field generated by a total internal reflection microscope is used to couple light into a field of microsphere resonators dispersed on a glass coverslip. The microspheres are labeled with the fluorescent dye Alexa 633 which acts as a reporter of the WGM resonance for each microsphere. As the excitation wavelength is scanned, a distinct ring of increased fluorescence intensity is observed when the resonance condition is satisfied. For sensing applications, shifts in the WGM resonance in response to changes in the effective refractive index can be used to track analyte binding. Calibration plots of WGM shifts with refractive index indicate the dye functionalized microspheres have a sensitivity of ∼50 nm/RIU. To illustrate the biosensing capabilities, two markers of ovarian cancer were detected. Antibodies specific for CA-125 and TNF-α were linked to 38 μm and 53 μm spheres, respectively, and used to detect their biomarkers in solution using fluorescence imaging of the WGM resonance shifts. Both assays resulted in linear response curves and the detection limits for the important ovarian cancer marker CA-125 is more than threefold better than commercial ELISA kits. These results illustrate the feasibility of combining WGM resonators with fluorescence imaging for large scale multiplexing of biomarker detection.
International Economic Integration and Environmental Protection: The Case of China

This paper tests propositions advanced in previous theoretical literature about the impact of international economic integration via trade and investment on environmental protection with a case study of China. We hypothesize that instead of leading to additional environmental degradation, increased openness to trade and foreign investment results in an overall improvement in environmental quality by acting as a transmission belt for superior regulatory standards and environmental technology from China's key export markets. Additionally, pressure for enhanced environmental regulation and product standards from principal developed-world importers of Chinese goods may induce Chinese firms to self-regulate rather than attempting to reduce the cost of their exports by lowering environmental standards. Statistical analysis of the variation in environmental performance across China's regions from 1996 to 2004 lends support to this hypothesis, indicating that rather than leading regions to engage in a “race to the bottom” with the lowering of environmental standards, increased trade and investment encourages more stringent policy enforcement and compliance.
Orotic Acid and Pyrimidine Nucleotides of Ruminant Milks

Abstract Reports conflict on the apparent high content of orotic acid in ruminant milks compared to that (0 to 5 μ g/ml) in milks of other species and animal tissues. Amounts reported for mid-lactation ovine (sheep) milk and early lactation bovine (cow) milk range from none to over 320 μ g/ml based on chemical and microbiological assay procedures with the latter giving the higher results. To clarify this discrepancy, orotic acid in ovine and bovine milks was determined by a direct chemical and two microbiological assay procedures using mutant bacteria lacking different functional portions of the pyrimidine synthesis pathway before and after orotic acid. Nine mid-lactation ovine milks contained 26±9 μ g/ml of orotic acid and 331±51 μ g/ml (as uracil) of pyrimidines all of which were evaluated as orotic acid in the microbiological bioassay procedures showing a large amount. Bovine milks from early lactation were similar. Four bovine samples of first colostrum contained 21±7 μ g/ml of orotic acid and 279±96 μ g/ml (as uracil) of pyrimidines. Eight mid-lactation bovine milks contained 88±19 μ g/ml of orotic acid but only small amounts of pyrimidines. The orotic acid and pyrimidine contents of these milks interpreted from the chemical and microbiological assay procedures agree closely with those based on the isolation and separation of acid-soluble nucleotides. Pyrimidine nucleotides comprise 1 to 2% of the total nonfat solids of ovine milk with only relatively small amounts of orotic acid. In contrast, bovine milk contains only small.
More data trumps smarter algorithms: comparing pointwise mutual information with latent semantic analysis.

Computational models of lexical semantics, such as latent semantic analysis, can automatically generate semantic similarity measures between words from statistical redundancies in text. These measures are useful for experimental stimulus selection and for evaluating a model’s cognitive plausibility as a mechanism that people might use to organize meaning in memory. Although humans are exposed to enormous quantities of speech, practical constraints limit the amount of data that many current computational models can learn from. We follow up on previous work evaluating a simple metric of pointwise mutual information. Controlling for confounds in previous work, we demonstrate that this metric benefits from training on extremely large amounts of data and correlates more closely with human semantic similarity ratings than do publicly available implementations of several more complex models. We also present a simple tool for building simple and scalable models from large corpora quickly and efficiently.
Virtual School Pedagogy: The Instructional Practices of K-12 Virtual School Teachers

K-12 virtual schooling is gaining recognition as an alternative to the traditional face-to-face educational setting by providing students with access to anytime, anywhere learning opportunities. There is a current need for research on the pedagogy of K-12 virtual school teaching in order to understand the coordination of content, pedagogy, and technology underlying the delivery of a virtual school course. The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding for the instructional practices of K-12 virtual school teachers. The findings resulting from this analysis highlight the relationship between the participants' beliefs, goals, and practices related to virtual school teaching. Analysis revealed several unique qualities of the practices used by virtual school teachers that have relevant implications for the training programs educating virtual school teachers, the developing body of policy underlying virtual schools, and future research.
Innovation in emerging energy technologies: A case study analysis to inform the path forward for algal biofuels

Abstract Algal biofuel is an emerging energy source that has the potential to improve upon the environmental benefits realized by conventional biofuels and contribute to the biofuels mandate set by the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). While there has been much research into producing fuel from algae, a commercial-scale facility has not yet been built. We examine two case studies of energy technology innovation in the United States, first generation biodiesel and solar photovoltaics (PV), using the technological innovation system (TIS) framework to provide lessons and inform the path forward for commercializing algal biofuel. We identify five event types that have been the most influential to these innovation processes: changing expectations, technology development, demonstration projects, policy targets, and government subsidies. Some algal biofuel demonstration projects have occurred, but despite falling under the mandates set forth in the RFS (a policy target), algal biofuels do not currently receive production subsidies. The main finding from the case study analysis is that government interventions have significantly influenced the innovation processes of first generation biodiesel and solar PV and will likely be key factors in the commercialization of algal biofuel.
The Spirit, Religions, and the World as Sacrament: A Response to Amos Yong’s Pneumatological Assist

This article responds to Amos Yong’s critique of the author’s Introducing Radical Orthodoxy by focusing on two themes: (1) his analysis of the tension between my creational, participatory or sacramental ontology and my more antithetical assertions regarding the Church as a unique polis ; and (2) the question of apologetics, dialogue, and interreligious engagements. In response, I develop an intensity account of participation that applies to both ontology and theology of culture.
Congenital Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Syndrome: A Disease That Mimics Congenital Toxoplasmosis or Cytomegalovirus Infection

Objective. To describe the clinical characteristics of intrauterine infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus, an uncommonly recognized cause of congenital viral infection. Patients. Three infants born in the midwestern United States in 1994 and 1995 with clinical features and serologic studies consistent with congenital LCM virus infection and cases of congenital infection identified by review of the medical literature between 1955 and 1996. Results. Twenty-six infants with serologically confirmed congenital LCM virus infection were identified. Twenty-two infants were products of term gestations, and birth weights ranged from 2384 to 4400 g (median, 3520 g). Ocular abnormalities, macrocephaly, or microcephaly were the most commonly identified neonatal features. Twenty-one infants (88%) had chorioretinopathy, 10 (43%) had macrocephaly (head circumference >90th percentile) at birth, and 3 (13%) were microcephalic (head circumference Conclusions. These cases suggest that congenital LCM virus infection could be an underrecognized cause of congenital infection among infants born in the United States. Because of the clinical similarities of these congenital infections, cases of congenital LCM virus infection can be confused with infections with cytomegalovirus or Toxoplasma gondii.
Interactions between non-identical prion proteins

Prion formation involves the conversion of soluble proteins into an infectious amyloid form. This process is highly specific, with prion aggregates templating the conversion of identical proteins. However, in some cases non-identical prion proteins can interact to promote or inhibit prion formation or propagation. These interactions affect both the efficiency with which prion diseases are transmitted across species and the normal physiology of yeast prion formation and propagation. Here we examine two types of heterologous prion interactions: interactions between related proteins from different species (the species barrier) and interactions between unrelated prion proteins within a single species. Interestingly, although very subtle changes in protein sequence can significantly reduce or eliminate cross-species prion transmission, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae completely unrelated prion proteins can interact to affect prion formation and propagation.
Computational Considerations for the Simulation of Shock-Induced Sound

The numerical study of aeroacoustic problems places stringent demands on the choice of a computational algorithm because it requires the ability to propagate disturbances of small amplitude and short wavelength. The demands are particularly high when shock waves are involved because the chosen algorithm must also resolve discontinuities in the solution. The extent to which a high-order accurate shock-capturing method can be relied upon for aeroacoustics applications that involve the interaction of shocks with other waves has not been previously quantified. Such a study is initiated in this work. A fourth-order accurate essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) method is used to investigate the solutions of inviscid, compressible flows with shocks. The design order of accuracy is achieved in the smooth regions of a steady-state, quasi-one-dimensional test case. However, in an unsteady test case, only first-order results are obtained downstream of a sound-shock interaction. The difficulty in obtaining a globally high-order accurate solution in such a case with a shock-capturing method is demonstrated through the study of a simplified, linear model problem. Some of the difficult issues and ramifications for aeroacoustic simulations of flows with shocks that are raised by these results are discussed.
Reproductive partitioning and the assumptions of reproductive skew models in the cooperatively breeding American crow.

Understanding the benefits of cooperative breeding for group members of different social and demographic classes requires knowledge of their reproductive partitioning and genetic relatedness. During 2004–2007, we examined parentage as a function of relatedness and social interactions among members of 21 American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, family groups. Paired female breeders monopolized maternity of all offspring in their broods, whereas paired male breeders sired 82.7% of offspring, within-group auxiliary males sired 6.9% of offspring and extragroup males sired 10.4% of offspring. Although adult females had fewer opportunities for direct reproduction as auxiliaries than males, they appeared to have earlier opportunities for independent breeding. These different opportunities for direct reproduction probably contributed to the male-biased adult auxiliary sex ratio. Patterns of reproductive partitioning and conflict among males were most consistent with a synthetic reproductive skew model, in which auxiliaries struggled with breeders for a limited reproductive share, beyond which breeders could evict them. Counter to a frequent assumption of reproductive skew models, female breeders appeared to influence paternity, although their interests might have agreed with the interests of their paired males. Unusual among cooperative breeders, close inbreeding and incest occurred in this population. Incest avoidance between potential breeders did not significantly affect reproductive skew.
Mothers' evaluation of their caregiving for premature and full-term infants through the first year: Contributing factors

We explored change in mothers' evaluations of their caregiving through the first postterm year for full-term infants and for prematurely born, very low birth-weight infants with a history of lung disease, and we examined the contribution to this evaluation of infant, family, and mother conditions. Fifty-four mothers of premature infants and 49 mothers of full-term infants evaluated their caregiving relationship, performance, and satisfaction at 1, 4, 8, and 12 months infant postterm age. In addition, at the same intervals-1, 4, 8, and 12 months-mothers rated their symptoms of depression, infant responsiveness, and satisfaction with help from husband or partner. Positive and negative feeding behaviors of mother and of infant were rated from videotapes. Regression analysis, which included all rated variables, infant birth maturity/lung health status, and number of children in the mother's care, showed that the 1-month assessment differed significantly from the assessments at 4, 8, and 12 months. All conditions, except for infant birth maturity/lung health status and mother's positive feeding behavior, were significantly associated with caregiving evaluation. Findings support inclusion of infant, family, and mother conditions in a caregiving evaluation model. Infant responsiveness may be particularly salient to a mother's caregiving evaluation.
Activity level controls postsynaptic composition and signaling via the ubiquitin-proteasome system

Experience-dependent remodeling of the postsynaptic density (PSD) is critical for synapse formation and plasticity in the mammalian brain. Here, in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, I found long-lasting, global changes in the molecular composition of the PSD dictated by synaptic activity. These changes were bidirectional, reversible, modular, and involved multiple classes of PSD proteins. Moreover, activity-dependent remodeling was accompanied by altered protein turnover, occurred with corresponding increases or decreases in ubiquitin conjugation of synaptic proteins and required proteasome-mediated degradation. These modifications, in turn, reciprocally altered synaptic signaling to the downstream effectors CREB (cyclic AMP response element binding protein) and ERK-MAPK (extracellular signal regulated kinase-MAP kinase). These results indicate that activity regulates postsynaptic composition and signaling through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, providing a mechanistic link between synaptic activity, protein turnover and the functional reorganization of synapses.