cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faraday rotation measurements in high-beta fusion experiments

The application of the rotation measurement to a linear magnetic-plasma system is described in which the integral n/sub e/(l)dl is determined by interferometric measurements and combined with the measured rotation integral B/sub i/(l)n/sub e/(l)dl to give the average value of the internal magnetic field B/sub i/(r) which exits over the plasma length l at the radius r. The measurements of B/sub i/(r) are combined with those of the external magnetic field B/sub e/ to determine the average plasma beta as a function of radius, ..beta.. = 1 - B/sup 2//sub i/(r)/B/sup 2//sub e/. The Faraday rotation measurement uses a 1.5-mm diameter beam of visible radiation (6328 A) from a He--Ne gas laser as a plasma-magnetic field probe and a calcite Wollaston prism as the polarization analyzer with silicon diode detectors. The rotation is a small effect at optical wavelengths even for substantial densities and fields. The rotation is proportional to the square of the probing wavelength which suggests the use of infrared laser wavelengths. However, density gradients perpendicular to the beam direction cause beam deflections that also scale with lambda/sup 2/. The size and spatial sensitivity of detectors is also an important consideration in the selection of the probing wavelength.
The Politics of International Technology Transfer

Technology transfer is well recognized as a major determinant in the economic development of newly industrializing countries. Increasingly, technology transfer is also recognized as an important component in the economic fortunes of developed countries. The globalization of markets and the premium placed on technological sophistication in industry and services emphasizes the need for governments to consider and engage in technology transfer policy strategies. Our understanding of the dynamics of technology transfer can be enhanced through the study of the experiences of specific states. It is against this backdrop that this paper presents an analysis of technology transfer patterns from the United States and Japan to South Korea from 1962 through 1992. The Korean experience reveals that patterns of technology transfer cannot be explained simply by concentrating on what has been transferred from donor countries, such as the United Slates and Japan. Rather, we need to turn our focus to the host country and to the policy strategies that have been adopted to shape patterns of technology transfer. In short, the question turns from the economics of what, to the policies of how, technology transfer is accomplished.
Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals, NO3 Radicals and O3 with Three C7-Carbonyls Formed From The Atmospheric Reactions of Myrcene, Ocimene and Terpinolene

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals, NO3 radicals and O3 with the C7-carbonyl compounds 4-methylenehex-5-enal [CH2=CHC(=CH2)CH2CH2CHO], (3Z)- and (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal [CH2=CHC(CH3)=CHCH2CHO] and 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, which are products of the atmospheric degradations of myrcene, Z- and E-ocimene and terpinolene, respectively, have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using relative rate methods. The rate constants obtained (in cm3 molecule−1 s−1 units) were: for 4-methylenehex-5-enal, (1.55 ± 0.15) × 10−10, (4.75 ± 0.35) × 10−13 and (1.46 ± 0.12) × 10−17 for the OH radical, NO3 radical and O3 reactions, respectively; for (3Z)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (1.61 ± 0.35) × 10−10, (2.17 ± 0.30) × 10−12, and (4.13 ± 0.81) × 10−17 for the OH radical, NO3 radical and O3 reactions, respectively; for (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (2.52 ± 0.65) × 10−10, (1.75 ± 0.27) × 10−12, and (5.36 ± 0.28) × 10−17 for the OH radical, NO3 radical and O3 reactions, respectively; and for 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one: (1.10 ± 0.19) × 10−10, (1.81 ± 0.35) × 10−12, and (6.98 ± 0.40) × 10−17 for the OH radical, NO3 radical and O3 reactions, respectively. These carbonyl compounds are all reactive in the troposphere, with daytime reaction with the OH radical and nighttime reaction with the NO3 radical being predicted to dominate as loss processes and with estimated lifetimes of about an hour or less.
Religious involvement, helping others, and psychological well-being

This study has two goals. The first goal is to see if involvement in religion is associated with providing tangible support to family members and strangers. The second goal is to see if providing tangible support to family members and strangers is associated with well-being. A conceptual model, which was developed to address these issues, contains the following core relationships: (1) individuals who go to church more often will receive more spiritual support from coreligionists; (2) those who receive more spiritual support will provide more tangible assistance to family members and strangers; and (3) people who help family members and strangers will report greater life satisfaction and higher self-esteem. Findings from a nationwide survey support all but one of these relationships. More specifically, the results suggest that providing tangible support to family members is associated with greater well-being, but providing tangible support to strangers is not associated with well-being.
Some mathematical problems in the DNA identification of victims in the 2004 tsunami and similar mass fatalities.

Abstract DNA is a major and essential identification tool for mass fatality incidents including the hundreds of thousands of victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Mathematical complications characteristic of this sort of mass fatality include prevalence of related victims, the many races represented among the victims, and various identification modalities in tandem with DNA. Four mathematical problems of interest are discussed in this paper. (1) Other quantifiable factors (i.e. geography) can be formally accounted for by including a likelihood ratio that can be thought of as reducing the "effective number of victims." (2) When a victim is found and tentatively identified as V, but then it comes to light that the victim has a relative W who is also missing, confidence in the identity is depressed. To account for the existence of W, increment the effective number of victims by the likelihood ratio supporting W as the identity of the victim. (3) When several apparently related victims are found, their mutual identities should be calculated simultaneously. Compared to one-at-a-time, serial identifications, this is both logical and may lead to much more confidence in the identities. (4) Although there may be many different population groups represented among the missing, it is generally sufficient to consider population statistics for only a few of them in deciding whether to declare an identification.
Charge transfer coefficients for the O+(2D)+N2 and O+(2D)+O2 excited ion reactions at thermal energy

An investigation of the reactions of metastable O(+) ions and O2 using drift tube-mass spectrometer techniques is presented. It was shown that ordinary charge transfer is the dominant reaction branch in both cases; it occurs with large rate coefficients, k(N2) = (8 + or - 2) x 10 to the -10th cu cm/s and k(O2) = (7 + or - 2) x 10 to the -10th cu cm/s, at an effective ion temperature of about 550 K. The reaction He(+) + O2 is used as a source of metastable O(+) ions, and evidence is presented that the O(+) ions so produced are in the 2D state rather than the 2P state. The results are compared with previous measurements, and inferences drawn from ionospheric observations.
Reaction of Tin Porphyrins with Vicinal Diols

Reactions of tin porphyrins with vicinal diols were investigated. Treatment of (TTP)Sn(CCPh)(2) or (TTP)Sn(NHtolyl)(2) with pinacol and 2,3-diphenylbutane-2,3-diol afforded diolato complexes (TTP)Sn[OC(Me)(2)C(Me)(2)O] (1) and (TTP)Sn[OC(Ph)(Me)C(Ph)(Me)O] (2), respectively. Both complexes underwent C-C cleavage reactions to give (TTP)Sn(II) and ketones. Reaction of (TTP)Sn(CCPh)(2) with 1 equivalent of o-catechol generated (TTP)Sn(CCPh)(OC(6)H(4)OH) (3), which subsequently transformed into (TTP)Sn(OC(6)H(4)O) (4). With excess catechol, disubstituted (TTP)Sn(OC(6)H(4)OH)(2) (5) was obtained. (TTP)Sn(CCPh)(OCHRCHROH) (R = H, 6; R = Ph, 8) and (TTP)Sn(OCHRCHROH)(2) (R = H, 7; R = Ph, 9) were obtained analogously by treatment of (TTP)Sn(CCPh)(2) with appropriate diols. In the presence of dioxygen, tin porphyrin complexes were found to promote the oxidative cleavage of vicinal diols and the oxidation of alpha-ketols to alpha-diketones. Possible reaction mechanisms involving diolato or enediolato intermediates are discussed. The molecular structure of (TTP)Sn(CCPh)(OC(6)H(4)OH) (3) was determined by X-ray crystallography.
p53 transactivity during in vitro osteoblast differentiation in a rat osteosarcoma cell line

We previously demonstrated a correlation between wild-type p53 expression and appearance of osteoblastic-specific differentiation characteristics, as evidenced by basal osteocalcin gene expression in a mouse osteosarcoma tumor. The study reported here further explored the possibility of p53's having a distinct transcription-activating role in bone differentiation, in addition to its proposed role in G1 arrest and apoptosis. ROS17/2.3 osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells were stably transfected with a plasmid containing wild-type p53 binding sequences fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. These cells were used to determine the transactivating role of p53 in regulation of osteocalcin gene expression. We chose two conditions under which osteocalcin expression is known to be upregulated: exposure of osteoblastic cells to differentiation-promoting medium and to vitamin D3. Exposure of the transfected cells to differentiation-promoting medium produced an increase in p53 transactivating activity correlating with the appearance of osteocalcin expression after about 1 wk. Vitamin D3 treatment resulted in upregulation of osteocalcin activity without a corresponding change in p53 transactivation activity or expression. In separate experiments, we tested whether changes in osteocalcin expression accompanied changes in p53 activity under conditions of downregulation of cell proliferation mediated by inhibition of DNA synthesis. Hydroxyurea treatment was used to inhibit DNA synthesis and produce growth arrest in osteoblastic cells. Inhibition of osteoblast cell proliferation was associated with a fourfold increase in p53 transactivating activity and a transient increase in osteocalcin steady-state expression. These results demonstrated a close relationship between p53 and osteocalcin and suggested a regulatory role for wild-type p53 in the control of basal osteocalcin gene expression in osteoblasts.
Constraining the Minimum Mass of High-redshift Galaxies and their Contribution to the Ionization State of the Intergalactic Medium

We model the latest HST WFPC3/IR observations of 100 galaxies at redshifts z = 7-8 in terms of a hierarchical galaxy formation model with starburst activity. Our model provides a distribution of UV luminosities per dark matter halo of a given mass and a natural explanation for the fraction of halos hosting galaxies. The observed luminosity function is best fit with a minimum halo mass per galaxy of , corresponding to a virial temperature of . Extrapolating to faint, undetected galaxies, the total production rate of ionizing radiation depends critically on this minimum mass. Future measurements with JWST should determine whether the entire galaxy population can comfortably account for the UV background required to keep the intergalactic medium ionized.
Bounds on operating conditions leading to melting during olefin polymerization

We present a novel, simple method for predicting the operating conditions under which overheating by gas-phase exothermic olefin polymerization may lead to melting. The boundaries of the operating regions which can lead to melting are constructed using a simple, pseudo-steady, lumped thermal model which ignores temperature gradients within the particle and assumes that the active-sites distribution is uniform within growing polymer particles. It is shown that intraparticle temperature rise has a negligible impact on the boundaries of the safe region. The boundary of the unsafe operating region of the simple model is adequate also for predicting melting by dynamic models, such as the multilayer and polymeric-flow models. The region of safe operation can be increased by decreasing the initial particle diameter or the loading of the catalyst. The predicted boundaries of safe operating conditions are somewhat conservative as the simple model does not account for the time during which the particle heats to att...
Simulated annealing heuristics for managing resources during planned outages at electric power plants

This paper presents a mathematical model and simulated annealing heuristics for assigning activities to workspaces and resources (e.g., equipment, parts, and toolboxes) to work/storage spaces during planned outages at electric power plants. These assignments are made such that the distance resources (toolboxes) travel throughout the duration of the outage is minimized. This problem is defined as the dynamic space allocation problem. To test the performance of the proposed techniques, a data set is generated and used in the analysis. The results show that the simulated annealing heuristics perform well with respect to solution quality and computational time.
Nonuniqueness of the state of amorphous pure iron.

Amorphous pure Fe has been studied with $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ M\"ossbauer spectroscopy by utilizing various Fe-based binary amorphous-alloy systems that have stable amorphous phases up to very high Fe concentrations and then extrapolating the properties toward those of amorphous pure Fe. The concentration dependence of the magnetic properties and the hyperfine interaction parameters of Fe--early transition metal (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, and Mo) and Fe-metalloid (B, Sb, Si, Ge) systems reveals different states of amorphous Fe which can be related to the theoretically proposed ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}$ states of fcc Fe.
Large-scale insider trading analysis: patterns and discoveries

How do company insiders trade? Do their trading behaviors differ based on their roles (e.g., chief executive officer vs. chief financial officer)? Do those behaviors change over time (e.g., impacted by the 2008 market crash)? Can we identify insiders who have similar trading behaviors? And what does that tell us? This work presents the first academic, large-scale exploratory study of insider filings and related data, based on the complete Form 4 fillings from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. We analyze 12 million transactions by 370 thousand insiders spanning 1986–2012, the largest reported in academia. We explore the temporal and network-based aspects of the trading behaviors of insiders, and make surprising and counterintuitive discoveries. We study how the trading behaviors of insiders differ based on their roles in their companies, the types of their transactions, their companies’ sectors, and their relationships with other insiders. Our work raises exciting research questions and opens up many opportunities for future studies. Most importantly, we believe our work could form the basis of novel tools for financial regulators and policymakers to detect illegal insider trading, help them understand the dynamics of the trades, and enable them to adapt their detection strategies toward these dynamics.
Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Heat-Activated Sulfhydryl Groups of Skimmilk

Abstract By suitable modification, adaptation was made of the 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) reagent method for the spectrophotometric determination of activated sulfhydryl (-SH) groups of heated skimmilk. The modifications consisted of using a nitrogen-purged system, controlling pH, adding ammonium sulfate, filtering, and determining absorbance of the filtrate at 412 m μ . A standard cysteine-HCl curve was prepared in a similar manner. The modified procedure yielded results consistent with other currently used methods. The activation of –SH groups in heated skimmilk, as determined by the modified procedure, followed the kinetics of a first order reaction with reaction rate constants (k min-1 ) of 0.078, 0.142, 0.384, and 0.805 for 75, 80, 85, and 90C, respectively.
Local score tests in mixture exponential family

Abstract In this paper, we consider the testing problem for homogeneity in the mixture exponential density or probability distribution family f(x|θ,λ)=(1−λ)f0(x)+λfθ(x), where f θ (x)=f 0 (x) exp (t(x)θ−c(θ)) belongs to a one-parameter exponential family with c(0)=0. For testing H 0 : λθ=0 , we propose two score-based tests, called the supplementary score test and the separate score test, which only depend on the first two orthogonalized polynomial statistics. Their powers are compared with the ones of the generalized likelihood ratio test and other alternative tests for the normal and binomial mixture models. The numerical results show that the proposed tests are very competitive.
Failure of zymosan to increase survival in x-irradiated mice.

SummaryPre-medication with 5 mg/kg of zymosan intravenously or intraperitoneally did not significantly increase survival in irradiated mice. With intravenous injections of 125 mg/kg on pre-irradiation days 14 and 3, a significant reduction in the ST50 day was observed. Similar results were obtained with both doses when injections were given after irradiation. The beneficial effects of zymosan in the treatment of radiation injury in mice reported by Ross and Pillemer could not be confirmed.
Phage P22 lysis genes: Nucleotide sequences and functional relationships with T4 and λ genes

Abstract Wild-type and amber mutant alleles of the lysis genes of P22 were cloned and sequenced. Gene 13 encodes an 11,520-Da basic hydrophobic protein that has 89% amino acid homology to λ S protein. Gene 19 encodes a protein that has a small degree of amino acid homology with T4 lysozyme, but we could detect no homology to λ R or RZ proteins. The protein product of gene 19 was purified; its amino terminal amino acid sequence is as predicted by the DNA sequence. It starts with a single amino terminal methionine residue and is a basic protein with a molecular weight of 15,968. Plasmids expressing P22 gene 19 , λ genes R and RZ , and T4 gene e were constructed. All of these plasmids were able to complement both λ R − and P22 19 − .
Extinction performance as a function of N-R transitions and intertrial reinforcement with extended partial reinforcement training.

3 groups of albino rats were given 96 acquisition trials in a runway. One group (C) was given consistent reinforcement, while the other 2 groups (PN, PR) received the same partial reinforcement pattern, RRNNRRNN, on each day. Following Trial 4 for Group PN and Trial 5 for Groups PR and C., Ss were given intertrial reinforcement. In extinction the groups were ordered PR, PN, C, with Group PR being most resistant to extinction. Taken in conjunction with the results of studies involving abbreviated training, the findings were interpreted as supporting the view that the same variables or processes influence extinction performance following both abbreviated and extended training. The results were further interpreted as supporting the modified aftereffects hypothesis.
Normal development of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin immunoreactive fibers innervating anterior cingulate cortex and visual cortex in rabbits exposed prenatally to cocaine

Anterior cingulate cortex develops abnormally in rabbits exposed to cocaine in utero but visual cortex is normal. The interactions of cocaine with the dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin systems makes each a potential candidate for influencing these developmental effects. Here, we report no differences in the distribution and density of serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the anterior cingulate cortex in postnatal rabbits exposed prenatally to cocaine or saline. Because the pattern and extent of cortical innervation by these systems appears normal, the data suggest that the effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine may involve changes in monoamine signaling distinct from morphological reorganization of the cortical afferents.
Coefficients of Thermal Contraction and Expansion of Asphalt Concrete in the Laboratory

AbstractThe research reported in this paper investigates the coefficient of thermal contraction (CTE) and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of asphalt concrete (AC) under different conditions in the laboratory. As a first step, the CTC and the CTE of AC at different temperatures ranging between −20 and 55°C were measured using field samples to examine the temperature effect. Then, the difference in the CTC and the CTE values in the vertical and horizontal directions (cross anisotropy) were evaluated using field samples. The influences of air void (AV), aggregate type, and aggregate gradation on the CTC and the CTE values were also investigated using laboratory prepared SuperPave gyratory samples. The deformation measuring devices, LVDTs, were calibrated using a zerodur to eliminate the temperature effect on the LVDTs. Results show that the CTC and the CTE values of AC are nonlinear with temperature and vary with aggregate type. However, gradation of aggregate and AV of sample do not affect the CTC an...
Computational Complexity of Real Functions

In this chapter we introduce the formal definitions of computational complexity of real functions. We first review the definitions of computable real numbers and computable real functions and their basic properties. Then, the oracle Turing machine is introduced as the formal model for computing real functions. This model allows us to define the complexity measures for computing real functions in a natural way. The class of polynomial time computable real functions is then defined, and several characterizations of this class will be given. Other complexity classes of real numbers and real functions, such as NP real functions and log-space computable real functions, will be defined in later chapters.
Optimizing a mobile robot control system using GPU acceleration

This paper describes our attempt to optimize a robot control program for the Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC) by running computationally intensive portions of the system on a commodity graphics processing unit (GPU). The IGVC Autonomous Challenge requires a control program that performs a number of different computationally intensive tasks ranging from computer vision to path planning. For the 2011 competition our Robot Operating System (ROS) based control system would not run comfortably on the multicore CPU on our custom robot platform. The process of profiling the ROS control program and selecting appropriate modules for porting to run on a GPU is described. A GPU-targeting compiler, Bacon, is used to speed up development and help optimize the ported modules. The impact of the ported modules on overall performance is discussed. We conclude that GPU optimization can free a significant amount of CPU resources with minimal effort for expensive user-written code, but that replacing heavily-optimized library functions is more difficult, and a much less efficient use of time.
Identifying hormonal habituation in field studies of stress

Habituation is a term commonly used to explain a decrement in response intensity to a repeated stimulus or set of stimuli. In the stress literature, hormonal habituation is often used to describe a situation where an individual has learned to perceive a repeated stressor as innocuous, and thus the intensity of the release of hormonal stress mediators reduces over time. Consequently, a habituated individual is not considered stressed. There are, however, situations where an individual may be chronically stressed despite a reduction in the response intensity of hormonal stress mediators to a repeated stimulus. These alternative explanations are rarely considered in field studies even though a false conclusion that an individual has habituated (i.e., is not stressed) may lead to false conclusions regarding the animal's overall physiology and health. The present paper provides four alternative explanations for an observed attenuation in the response of hormonal stress mediators to a repeated stimulus or set of stimuli which lead to six criteria that define habituation in a field context. Furthermore, we propose four diagnostic tests to help distinguish hormonal habituation from these alternative explanations in field studies. These tests will help identify hormonal habituation in free-living animals and prevent potential problems of falsely describing an individual or population of individuals as habituated.
Asymptotic approximations for the GI/M/1 queue with processor-sharing service

We consider the GI/M/1 queue with a processor-sharing server. Asymptotic expansions for the moments and distribution of a (tagged) customer's total response (sojourn) time are constructed in various limiting cases. These include (i) heavy traffic and (ii) large number of other customers present when the tagged customer arrives. Our formulas are simple enough that the qualitative structure of the response time is readily transparent. Also, we show that there are some interesting differences between the GI/M/1-PS and M/M/l-PS models.
Effect of adrenal cortical hormones on the incorporation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrate

Abstract The effect of various steroid hormones in vitro—testosterone, progesterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 2α-methyl-9α-fluorocortisol, and triamcinolone—on the incorporation of CO2 into carbohydrate was studied in slices of rat liver. At the dose level of 8·10−5M, progesterone, testosterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, and deoxycorticosterone did not affect the incorporation of 14C, from 14CO2 and [1−14C]pyruvate or [2−14C]pyruvate, into carbohydrate; however, glucocorticoids such as 2α-methyl-9α-fluorocortisol and triamcinolone enhanced the incorporation of 14C from 14CO2 and [1−14C]pyruvate. Corticosterone which is the principal natural glucocorticoid in rats, at dose levels higher than 1.4·10−4M, enhanced the incorporation of CO2 into carbohydrate. When [2−14C]pyruvate was used as added substrate, twice as much 14C appeared in the glucose than when [1−14C]pyruvate was used, and this metabolic pattern was maintained under the stimulation of 14C incorporation from pyruvate carbon by adrenal cortical steroids, suggesting that the adrenal cortical steroids stimulate the fixation of CO2 by pyruvate.
Minimal length tree networks on the unit sphere

This paper considers the problem of finding minimal length tree networks on the unit sphere Φ of a given point set (V) where distance is measured along great circular arcs. The related problems of finding a Steiner Minimal TreeSMT(V) and of finding a Minimum Spanning TreeMST(V) are treated through a simplicial decomposition technique based on computing the Delaunay TriangulationDT(V) and the Voronoi DiagramVD(V) of the given point set.O(N logN) algorithms for computingDT(V),VD(V), andMST(V) as well as anO(N logN) heuristic for finding a sub-optimalSMT(V) solution are presented, together with experimental results for randomly distributed points on Φ.
Decamethylmanganocenium tetracyanoethenide, [Mn(C5Me5)2]..+[TCNE].- - a molecular ferromagnet with an 8.8-K TC

Communication Triplet electron- transfer salts are predicted to exhibit bulk ferromagnetic behavior at higher temperatures than their singlet analogues. To test this expected trend, the title compound, which is isostructural with [FeCp 2 ] ⊙⊕ [TCNE] ⊙⊖ (Cp* = pentamethylcyloopentadienide; TCNE = tetracyanoethylene) which exhibits a Curie temperature, T c , of 4.8 K has been synthesized. The synthesis and magnetic characterization of the new compound, which is found to have a T c of 8.8 K, are reported.
Occurrence and possible sources of arsenic in seafloor sediments surrounding sea-disposed munitions and chemical agents near Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi

Abstract The Department of Defense disposed of conventional and chemical munitions as well as bulk containers of chemical agents in US coastal waters including those surrounding the State of Hawaiʻi. The Hawaiʻi Undersea Military Munitions Assessment has been collecting biota, water, and sediment samples from two disposal areas south of the island of Oʻahu in waters 500 to 600 m deep known to have received both conventional munitions and chemical agents (specifically sulfur mustard). Unlike a number of other sea-disposed munitions investigations which used grabs or corers lowered from surface vessels, we used manned submersibles to collect the samples. Using this approach, we were able to visually identify the munitions and precisely locate our samples in relation to the munitions on the seafloor. This paper focuses on the occurrence and possible sources of arsenic found in the sediments surrounding the disposed military munitions and chemical agents. Using nonparametric multivariate statistical techniques, we looked for patterns in the chemical data obtained from these sediment samples in order to determine the possible sources of the arsenic found in these sediments. The results of the ordination technique nonmetric multidimensional scaling indicate that the arsenic is associated with terrestrial sources and not munitions. This was not altogether surprising given that: (1) the chemical agents disposed of in this area supposedly did not contain arsenic, and (2) the disposal areas studied were under terrestrial influence or served as dredge spoil disposal sites. The sediment arsenic concentrations during this investigation ranged from
A new connection between quantum circuits, graphs and the Ising partition function

We present a simple construction that maps quantum circuits to graphs and vice-versa. Inspired by the results of D. A. Lidar linking the Ising partition function with quadratically signed weight enumerators (QWGTs), we also present a problem for the additive approximation of a function over hypergraphs related to the generating function of Eulerian subgraphs for ordinary graphs. Further, if E is an oracle that returns approximations of this function, we prove that PE = BQP. We also discuss connections with the Ising partition function.
From Queries to Cards: Re-ranking Proactive Card Recommendations Based on Reactive Search History

The growing accessibility of mobile devices has substantially reformed the way users access information. While the reactive search by query remains as common as before, recent years have witnessed the emergence of various proactive systems such as Google Now and Microsoft Cortana. In these systems, relevant content is presented to users based on their context without a query. Interestingly, despite the increasing popularity of such services, there is very little known about how users interact with them. In this paper, we present the first study on user interactions with information cards. We demonstrate that the usage patterns of these cards vary depending on time and location. We also show that while overall different topics are clicked by users on proactive and reactive platforms, the topics of the clicked documents by the same user tend to be consistent cross-platform. Furthermore, we propose a supervised framework for re-ranking proactive cards based on the user's context and past history. To train our models, we use the viewport duration and clicks to infer pseudo-relevance labels for the cards. Our results suggest that the quality of card ranking can be significantly improved particularly when the user's reactive search history is %leveraged and matched against the proactive data about the cards.
Fabrication of Platinum-Gold Alloys in Pre-Hispanic South America: Issues of Temperature and Microstructure Control.

Platinum and platinum-gold metallurgy was fully developed by smiths in the Esmeraldas-Tumaco Pacific coast area of present day Ecuador and Colombia long before the arrival of Europeans in South America and centuries before platinum metallurgy became practicable in the Western world. Using gold to sinter together nuggets of native placer platinum, then alternately working and annealing the resultant solid, these South American smiths produced hard, fairly homogeneous platinum-gold alloys of a range of colors for fabrication into items of adornment, and small tools, such as needles, tweezers, awls, and fishhooks. The microstructures and compositions of sintered platinum-gold objects from La Tolita, Ecuador, and of experimentally simulated platinum-gold alloy samples were analyzed using new electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) techniques and data from the platinum-gold phase diagram in an effort to determine the fabrication temperatures used by pre-Hispanic South American smiths. A comparison of EPMA results from the simulated materials with the corresponding results from the La Tolita platinum-gold objects suggests that the platinum-gold objects were never heated as high as 1100°C and probably never contained a liquid phase. As illustrated by this comparison, the qualitative and quantitative information provided by these new digital acquisition and display techniques far exceeds what conventional line scan and x-ray dot maps could provide.
Estimation of pose and location of ground targets for ATR

Estimating pose and location of a detected target is an integral part of the target recognition process. In this paper we address the problem of estimating these parameters using images collected via stationary or moving sensors. Taking a Bayesian approach, we define a posterior on the special Euclidean group, which models the target orientation and position, and an optimal estimator in the minimum mean squared error sense. In addition, we derive an achievable lower bound on the estimation errors, independent of an algorithm, and analyze this bound by varying the sensor noise. This bound provides a tool for studying the algorithmic performance versus resources trade-off in multi- sensor, multi-frame applications.
Model-based ultrasound tomography: tissue phantom experiments.

We present a detailed experimental study to evaluate our finite element based nonlinear reconstruction algorithm for recovery of acoustic properties in heterogeneous scattering media. Using a circularly scanning ultrasound system at 500 KHz , tissue phantom experiments were performed to study spatial resolution and contrast issues in model-based ultrasoundtomography. Our results show that both acoustic attenuation and speed images can be quantitatively reconstructed in terms of the location, size, shape, and acoustic property value of the target when different contrast levels between the target and background were used. We also demonstrate that a high contrast target as small as 3 mm in diameter can be quantitatively resolved with our acoustic speed and attenuationimages.
A Technique for the Synthesis of Linear Nonstationary Feedback Systems II - The Synthesis Problem

In this paper, and a companion paper, a technique for the synthesis of linear nonstationary feedback systems is presented. This paper deals with the synthesis problem, i.e., a method is developed whereby a given weighting function can be synthesized as a feedback system. The problem of synthesizing a nonstationary weighting function as a feedback system when constrained bv a fixed plant is also solved. A differential equation algebra which allows the solution of these problems is developed.
Plasma protein and liver mRNA levels of two closely related murine α1-protease inhibitors during the acute phase reaction

Plasma levels of alpha 1-PI(T) and alpha 1-PI(E), two closely related murine alpha 1-protease inhibitors, having affinities for trypsin and elastase, respectively, were compared to changes in specific liver mRNA levels after induction of the acute-phase reaction by subcutaneous injection of turpentine. In earlier, qualitative experiments an increase in plasma levels of alpha 1-PI(E), but not alpha 1-PI(T), during the acute-phase reaction had been shown. It is now shown that stimulation of plasma alpha 1-PI(E) levels reaches a maximum of 35-50% above baseline 12 h after induction of the acute-phase response using either a functional or immunological assay to measure protease inhibitor activity. Consistent with earlier observations, little or no change in plasma levels of alpha 1-PI(T) is seen. Determination of mRNA levels in the mouse liver specific for alpha 1-PI(E) and alpha 1-PI(T) was accomplished using a cell-free translation system followed by immunoprecipitation of the 35S-labeled protease inhibitors. The apparent Mr's of alpha 1-PI(E) and alpha 1-PI(T) synthesized in vitro are 42K and 46K, respectively. Apparent Mr's of the native proteins in plasma are 55K and 65K. Unexpectedly, mRNA levels for both alpha 1-PI(E) and alpha 1-PI(T) were found to increase after induction of the acute-phase reaction. Maximal stimulation for both mRNAs was approximately 300% and occurred 9 h after turpentine administration. Under these conditions, levels of translatable albumin mRNA in the mouse liver decreased to 40% of baseline in 6-9 h.
Mutations of the hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene rarely cause hyperandrogenemic polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract Background/Aim Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) inactivating mutations cause cortisone reductase deficiency, which manifests with hyperandrogenism unexplained by commonly used tests and, thus, mimics polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of this study was to screen for mutations of H6PD gene in PCOS patients with biochemical hyperandrogenemia. Methods Direct DNA sequencing of the entire H6PD coding sequence was performed in 74 PCOS patients and 31 healthy controls. Results were confirmed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to determine the genotypic frequency of the variants. Results Multiple novel missense variants were detected in the study. Two exon 2 variants (acccaggc deletion proximal to the start codon and D151A) and two exon 5 variants (R453Q and P554L) were common, occurring in 23.8%, 17.1%, 35.2%, and 16.1%, respectively. There was significant linkage disequilibrium between the exon 2 and exon 5 variants. No significant differences were observed in the genotype, allele distributions, or adrenal function tests of the variants between cases and control groups. We did not detect any reported inactivating mutations in our study. Conclusion Although the H6PD gene is very polymorphic and missense variants are common, coding variants rarely (
A consideration of factors influencing reservoir‐sedimentation in the Ohio Valley region

In the States of Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee, there are tame 440 reservoirs exclusive of farm ponds, built for water-supply, power, flood-control, recreation, or conservation. Their aggregate cost is estimated at $415,000,000. Approximately 25 of these reservoirs have been studied for the purpose of estimating their rates of silting. Most of the field-examinations were of the nature of a reconnaissance, although data on several reservoirs obtained from published reports were apparently derived from instrumentally controlled surveys. Examinations by the Soil Conservation Service consist of soundings and determinations of depths of sediment at numerous points in the reservoir, but because instrumental control was not used the results, which are averages of the measurements, must be considered only as approximate and not comparable with Soil Conservation Service detailed surveys. They are, however, a useful and inexpensive method of making rough estimates of silting damage and determining the range of magnitude of sediment-production per unit of area. They are probably at least as good as, if not better than, suspended-load records of only one or two years' duration.
A theorem relating minque and unweighted means estimators of variance components in the one-way design

The unweighted means estimators of variance components in the one-way design are shown to equal the limit of the weighted MINQUE estimators as the ratio of the treatment variance weight to the error variance weight approaches infinity
Conformational preferences underlying reduced activity of a thermophilic ribonuclease H.

The conformational basis for reduced activity of the thermophilic ribonuclease HI enzyme from Thermus thermophilus, compared to its mesophilic homolog from Escherichia coli, is elucidated using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Explicit-solvent all-atom MD simulations of the two wild-type proteins and an E. coli mutant in which a glycine residue is inserted after position 80 to mimic the T. thermophilus protein reproduce the differences in conformational dynamics determined from 15N spin-relaxation NMR spectroscopy of three loop regions that surround the active site and contain functionally important residues: the glycine-rich region, the handle region, and the β5/αE loop. Examination of the MD trajectories indicates that the thermophilic protein samples conformations productive for substrate binding and activity less frequently than the mesophilic enzyme, although these differences may manifest as either increased or decreased relative flexibility of the different regions. Additional MD simulations indicate that mutations increasing activity of the T. thermophilus enzyme at mesophilic temperatures do so by reconfiguring the local environments of the mutated sites to more closely resemble active conformations. Taken together, the results show that both locally increased and decreased flexibility contribute to an overall reduction in activity of T. thermophilus ribonuclease H compared to its mesophilic E. coli homolog.
Laser-focused atomic deposition

We have demonstrated the use of a standing-wave laser beam to focus chromium atoms as they deposit onto a silicon surface. A permanent array of Cr lines has been fabricated, with line width 65 nm, spacing 213 nm, and height 34 nm. The array covers an area of 0.4 mm X 1 mm, and was deposited in approximately 10 minutes. The lines made in this way constitute a proof-of- principle of an entirely new approach to nanostructure fabrication, with potential for extremely small feature size coupled with massive parallelism.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Influenza Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Survey for Grade School Students: Design and Novel Assessment Methodology

Despite the fact infectious diseases can spread readily in grade schools, few studies have explored prevention in this setting. Additionally, we lack valid tools for students to self-report knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. As part of an ongoing study of a curriculum intervention to promote healthy behaviors, we developed and evaluated age-appropriate surveys to determine students’ understanding of influenza prevention. Surveys were adapted from adolescent and adult influenza surveys and administered to students in grades 2–5 (ages 7–11) at two Rochester public schools. We assessed student understanding by analyzing percent repeatability of 20 survey questions and compared percent “don’t know” (DK) responses across grades, gender, and race. Questions thought to be ambiguous after early survey administration were investigated in student focus groups, modified as appropriate, and reassessed. The response rate across all surveys was >87 %. Survey questions were well understood; 16 of 20 questions demonstrated strong pre/post repeatability (>70 %). Only 1 question showed an increase in DK response for higher grades (p < .0001). Statistical analysis and qualitative feedback led to modification of 3 survey questions and improved measures of understanding in the final survey administration. Grade-school students’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior toward influenza prevention can be assessed using surveys. Quantitative and qualitative analysis may be used to assess participant understanding and refine survey development for pediatric survey instruments. These methods may be used to assess the repeatability and validity of surveys to assess the impact of health education interventions in young children.
Modulation of twin-emitter semiconductor lasers beyond the frequency of relaxation oscillations

Abstract Self-modulation above the relaxation oscillation frequency has been previously observed in a phased-array semiconductor lasers. Rate equations for a twin-emitter phased-array semiconductor laser are used to show that active optical modulation above the relaxation oscillation frequency can be achieved by introducing a 180° relative phase shift in the emitter current modulation.
Harnessing thorium(IV) as a catalyst: RNA and phosphate diester cleavage by a thorium(IV) macrocyclic complex

A robust macrocyclic tetraamide complex of Th(IV) binds phosphate diesters and promotes cleavage of RNA and phosphate diesters at 37 °C in the pH range 5.00–7.90.
Strength of amalgam prepared with the 1:1 alloy:mercury ratio.

Abstract The early and final compressive strength of amalgam prepared by use of a 1:1 alloy:mercury ratio was investigated. The compressive strength of amalgam prepared with 1:1 alloy:mercury ratios showed a significant increase in one hour strength and generally a slight increase in one week strength when compared with amalgam prepared with conventional ratios as recommended by the manufacturer. The effect of systematically increased or decreased mechanical amalgamation on the strength of amalgam prepared with 1:1 alloy:mercury ratio was also studied. Increased amalgamation within certain limits caused a large increase in the one hour strength and a slight increase in the seven day strength. Decreased amalgamation causes a reduction in strength.
Three approaches to monitoring mental health services

To improve federal monitoring, better knowledge of the impacts and costs of optional approaches is needed.
Performance of a C4F8O Gas Radiator Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector Using Multi-anode Photomultiplier Tubes

Abstract We report on tests of a novel ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detection system consisting of a 3-m-long gaseous C 4 F 8 O radiator, a focusing mirror, and a photon detector array based on Hamamatsu multi-anode photomultiplier tubes. This system was developed to identify charged particles in the momentum range from 3 to 70 GeV/c for the BTeV experiment.
PREDICTION OF ELBOW TRAJECTORY FROM SHOULDER ANGLES USING NEURAL NETWORKS

Patients with transhumeral amputations and C5/C6 quadriplegia may be able to use voluntary shoulder motion as command signals for powered prostheses and functional electrical stimulation, respectively. Spatiotemporal synergies exist between the shoulder and elbow joints for goal-oriented reaching movements as performed by able-bodied subjects. We are using a multi-layer perceptron neural network to discover and embody these synergies. Such a network could be used as a high-level controller that could predict the desired distal arm joint kinematics from the voluntary movements of the shoulder joint of an able-bodied subject. We evaluated this for a task that involved reaching to 16 targets in a horizontal plane. After reaching reasonable offline prediction accuracy for our neural networks, we then deployed the best network to make real-time predictions of the elbow angles and examined its performance on both inter- and intra-subject trials. Finally, we extended the model to utilize the five degrees-of-freedom at the shoulder to control the five degrees-of-freedom required for a prosthetic arm and hand to reach and grasp variously oriented objects in the extrapersonal workspace. Such a system, although very simple, was readily controllable for a reach and grasp task presented to the subject in a virtual reality environment.
Artificial microfossils - Experimental studies of permineralization of blue-green algae in silica.

A technique has been developed to artificially fossilize microscopic algae in crystalline silica under conditions of moderately elevated temperature and pressure. The technique is designed to simulate geochemical processes thought to have resulted in the preservation of organic microfossils in Precambrian bedded cherts. In degree of preservation and mineralogic setting, the artificially permineralized microorganisms are comparable to naturally occurring fossil algae.