cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXISTENCE OF A "WELL DEFINED" SPECIFIC ENERGY FOR AN IONIC CRYSTAL; JUSTIFICATION OF EWALD'S FORMULAE AND OF THEIR USE TO DEDUCE EQUATIONS FOR MULTIPOLE LATTICES

Abstract The Ewald (1) calculation of the potential denned by an ionic lattice is shown to be justified under simple general conditions which are given for the existence of a “well-defined” specific energy for an ionic crystal. The significance of the Ewald calculation and of these conditions is clarified by a prior discussion of the connection between the specific energy for finite and infinite lattices. It is shown that the original argument given(2) to justify the deduction of formulae for multipole lattices from Ewald's equations contains a logical error which led to misleading statements about the potential defined by a lattice of dipoles. Conditions for the validity of these formulae are given and proved. Advantages of these formulae are discussed.
Resistance to Change in Police Organizations: The Diffusion Paradigm:

This paper presents an analysis, bi use of a diffusion paradigm, of factors which inhibit innovations in police organization. An in-depth review and analysis of the diffusion of innovations paradig...
Algorithma 99: an experiment in reusability & component based software engineering

This paper reports on our experience in achieving reusability and using component-based software engineering in the Algorithma 99 (Algorithm Animation) Project. We show how we extended and reused Algorithma 98 [2] into Algorithma 99 and how we prepared Algorithma 99 to be reused in Algorithma 2000 (to be implemented in Winter 2000). Component-based software engineering is not only confined to binary components, such as COM and CORBA, but is also applicable to software processes, architectures and design, and object-oriented libraries.
Pairing instabilities in dense hydrogen.

Recent Raman-effect and equation-of-state measurements in highly compressed molecular hydrogen can be combined to show that it should become dynamically unstable towards dissociation at pressures in the vicinity of 3 Mbar. In spite of relatively small shifts in the vibron modes, it can be shown that the intramolecular potential suffers very significant weakening at high compression, this trend being fully understandable by application of the rigorous cusp condition, which constrains the electron density at the protons. At high densities quantum-solid effects are appreciable and when revealed in the band structure through zero-phonon terms can lead to modifications of band-gap closure conditions.
Application of digital filters to process data for ion mobility spectrometry

Abstract Digital filters can be used to remove interferent and background spectra features from ion mobility spectra. A finite impulse response digital filter is used to improve the detection limit of bis-2chloroethyl sulfide when it is in the presence of an interferent species. Preliminary investigations on the use of narrow-bandpass digital filters for extracting signals of interest from other signals in IMS spectra are described.
Quantifying progression and regression of thrombotic risk in experimental atherosclerosis

Currently, there are no generally applicable noninvasive methods for defining the relationship between atherosclerotic vascular damage and risk of focal thrombosis. Herein, we demonstrate methods to delineate the progression and regression of vascular damage in response to an atherogenic diet by quantifying the in vivo accumulation of semipermeable 200-300 nm perfluorocarbon core nanoparticles (PFC-NP) in ApoE null mouse plaques with [(19)F] magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Permeability to PFC-NP remained minimal until 12 weeks on diet, then increased rapidly following 12 weeks, but regressed to baseline within 8 weeks after diet normalization. Markedly accelerated clotting (53.3% decrease in clotting time) was observed in carotid artery preparations of fat-fed mice subjected to photochemical injury as defined by the time to flow cessation. For all mice on and off diet, an inverse linear relationship was observed between the permeability to PFC-NP and accelerated thrombosis (P = 0.02). Translational feasibility for quantifying plaque permeability and vascular damage in vivo was demonstrated with clinical 3 T MRI of PFC-NP accumulating in plaques of atherosclerotic rabbits. These observations suggest that excessive permeability to PFC-NP may indicate prothrombotic risk in damaged atherosclerotic vasculature, which resolves within weeks after dietary therapy.
Phospholipase D Regulates Calcium Oscillation Frequency and Nuclear Factor-κB Activity in Histamine- Stimulated Human Endothelial Cells

Histamine stimulates [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), the frequency of which regulates the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). This study was performed to determine whether phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in this signaling pathway. At a concentration of 1 microM, which stimulates [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations in this cell type, histamine initiated a twofold increase in [(32)P]phosphatidybutanol (PBt), an index of PLD activity as early as 5 min after stimulation. During established [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations induced by 1 microM histamine, 0.3% n-butanol, which "functionally" redirects phosphatidic acid formed by PLD to PBt, decreased [Ca(2+)](i) oscillation frequency by approximately 50% and produced a similar reduction in NF-kappaB activity. In the presence of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor blocker xestospongin C, which itself decreases the frequency of histamine-stimulated [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations, n-butanol produced a further decrease in oscillation frequency that was not associated with an additional reduction in NF-kappaB activity. This study shows that activation of PLD by histamine regulates [Ca(2+)](i) oscillation frequency and NF-kappaB activity in HAEC.
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PATIENT WITH DIMINISHED RENAL FUNCTION.

Abstract Knowledge of the renal functional defect and the application of corrective fluid and electrolyte therapy make it possible to operate on patients with minimal functional impairment without increasing operative morbidity. Extensive surgical procedures are possible in patients with severe uremia if careful attention is paid to anesthesia and fluid replacement. The use of extrarenal methods of treating uremia makes possible surgery in patients previously deemed inoperable.
A generalized Euclidean algorithm for multisequence shift-register synthesis

The problem of finding a linear-feedback shift register of shortest length capable of generating prescribed multiple sequences is considered. A generalized Euclidean algorithm, which is based on a generalized polynomial division algorithm, is presented. A necessary and sufficient condition for the uniqueness of the solution is given. When the solution is not unique, the set of all possible solutions is also derived. It is shown that the algorithm can be applied to the decoding of many cyclic codes for which multiple syndrome sequences are available. When it is applied to the case of a single sequence, the algorithm reduces to that introduced by Y. Sugiyama et al. (Inf. Control, vol.27, p.87-9, Feb. 1975) in the decoding of BCH codes. >
Integration of production scheduling and dynamic optimization for multi-product CSTRs: Generalized Benders decomposition coupled with global mixed-integer fractional programming

Abstract Integration of production scheduling and dynamic optimization can improve the overall performance of multi-product CSTRs. However, the integration leads to a mixed-integer dynamic optimization problem, which could be challenging to solve. We propose two efficient methods based on the generalized Bender decomposition framework that take advantage of the special structures of the integrated problem. The first method is applied to a time-slot formulation. The decomposed primal problem is a set of separable dynamic optimization problems and the master problem is a mixed-integer nonlinear fractional program. The master problem is then solved to global optimality by a fractional programming algorithm, ensuring valid Benders cuts. The second decomposition method is applied to a production sequence formulation. Similar to the first method, the second method uses a fractional programming algorithm to solve the master problem. Compared with the simultaneous method, the proposed decomposition methods can reduce the computational time by over two orders of magnitudes for a polymer production process in a CSTR.
Aspiration of black mustard

AbstractCase Report; A 15-month-old healthy boy presented in acute, severe respiratory distress after ingesting and aspirating ground black mustard (Brassicu nigra) seeds. Ground mustard seeds contain the toxic compound, isothiocyanate, that causes airway irritation and edema similar to black pepper (known to be lethal with aspiration). This case documents the potential toxicity of black mustard which has not been previously reported.
Pineal photoreceptors: Evidence for a vertebrate visual pigment with two physiologically active states

Abstract Ultraviolet stimuli cause a long-lasting inhibition, reversible by long-wavelength stimuli, of normal dark activity of the frog frontal organ. Inhibition can be both initiated and abolished in the absence of sodium ions and presumably, receptor potentials. Inhibition and its abolition may arise from photointerconversions of two states of a single visual pigment.
Modification of Nanofiltration Membranes by Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Produced Water Filtration

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-block-ethylene glycol methacrylate) were grafted from commercial polyamide thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The results from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful grafting of both polymers from the membrane surfaces. Contact angle measurements were done to illustrate the temperature responsive wettability of the modified membrane surfaces. Modified membranes were used in flux measurements of wastewater produced during coal bed methane gas exploration. The degree of fouling of the original and the modified membranes was examined by pure water flux recovery measurements after produced water filtration and a temperature-controlled water rinse.
Sport and Exercise Nutrition

Sport and Exercise Nutrition Edited by Susan A. Lanham-New, Samantha J. Stear, Susan M. Shirreffs, and Adam L. Collins, Wiley-Blackwell, United Kingdom 2011 385 pp., £39.99, ISBN: 978-14443-3468-5 ...
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase-inactivating system in sunflower leaves

Abstract A high MW fraction extracted from sunflower leaves inactivates the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) from sunflower and Rhodotorula glutinus . The pH optimum for inactivation was 9·5. The K m of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-inactivating system (PAL-IS) was estimated to be 35 mU PAL/ml. D-phenylalanine was an effective inhibitor of inactivation. Fresh tissue had a low level of PAL-IS, but the level increased upon sucrose treatment with light and was maintained during subsequent treatment of leaves in darkness on water.
The adaptive significance of monoecism in Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur (Euphorbiaceae)

Cnidoscolus urens is a monoecious, selfcompatible herb. Male and female flowers differ structurally, but appear superficially similar and the principal dry season pollinator, a butterfly (Eurema daira) did not discriminate between them. Female flowers offered little or no nectar reward and may mimic males in order to receive pollen. Male flowers last only 1 day; female flowers usually last 1 day but may remain receptive for 7 days if unpollinated. Flowers opened between 00.00 hours and 01.00 hours, opening earlier as the wet season approached. This shift is probably correlated with a change to nocturnal moth pollination in the wet season. Within an inflorescence there are c. 16 times more male than female flowers. Female flowers occur in the lowermost positions and open first. Female flowering is followed by a brief period when no flowers open and then by an extended period of male flowering. Although there is no overlap between male and female phases within an inflorescence, nonsynchronous development of several inflorescences on one individual means that selfing is possible for nearly all female flowers. However, observations of pollinator behaviour indicate that butterflies frequently move to another plant after visiting one inflorescence. Thus there is a large degree of outcrossing in practice.
Demand Interrelationships Among Fruit Beverages

tional demand model under the assumptions of In ts s , bh te R m m a block independence preference (which is a speIn this study, both the Rotterdam model and cial case of strong separability) and predeterthe double logarithmic model were used to mined price changes; and to test the hypotheses estimate the demand parameters for fruit bev- of symetry andnegativityofthe Slutskymatrix erages. The results show that: (1) under the of symmetry and negativity of the Slutsky matrix condierges. The results show t: () nder the of this conditional demand system for fruit bevconditions of block-independence and predetermined price changes, the Slutsky matrix for Afunction often used for empirical analysis fruit beverages is symmetric and negative def- o consumer demand is the double logarithmic inite; (2) own-price elasticity estimates from of consumer demand is the double logarithmic mite; (2) own-price elasticity estimates from function, which is inconsistent with standard both models are about the same; and (3) income assu tions an rsarhr utility theory assumptions. Many researchers use elasticity estimates and cross-product relation- the oublelogarithic demand function beships from the two models are not compatible. ae ofueror fit, estimation and the
Liver-targeted gene therapy: Approaches and challenges

The liver plays a major role in many inherited and acquired genetic disorders. It is also the site for the treatment of certain inborn errors of metabolism that do not directly cause injury to the liver. The advancement of nucleic acid-based therapies for liver maladies has been severely limited because of the myriad untoward side effects and methodological limitations. To address these issues, research efforts in recent years have been intensified toward the development of targeted gene approaches using novel genetic tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats as well as various nonviral vectors such as Sleeping Beauty transposons, PiggyBac transposons, and PhiC31 integrase. Although each of these methods uses a distinct mechanism of gene modification, all of them are dependent on the efficient delivery of DNA and RNA molecules into the cell. This review provides an overview of current and emerging therapeutic strategies for liver-targeted gene therapy and gene repair.
FINE STRUCTURE OF DESMOSOMES, HEMIDESMOSOMES, AND AN ADEPIDERMAL GLOBULAR LAYER IN DEVELOPING NEWT EPIDERMIS

The skin of late embryonic, larval, and young postmetamorphic newts, Taricha torosa, has been examined with particular reference to areas of cellular attachment. Stereo electron microscopic techniques and special staining methods for extracellular materials were utilized in addition to conventional avenues of ultrastructural study to investigate the fine architecture of desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, their associated filament systems, and extracellular materials. No evidence has been found that continuity of tonofilaments between adjacent cells exists at desmosomes. Rather, most of the tonofilaments which approach desmosomes (and perhaps also hemidesmosomes) course toward the "attachment plaque" and then loop, either outside the plaque or within it, and return into the main filament tracts of the cell. These facts suggest that the filamentous framework provides intracellular tensile support while adhesion is a product of extracellular materials which accumulate at attachment sites. Evidence is presented that the extracellular material is arranged as pillars or partitions which are continuous with or layered upon the outer unit cell membrane leaflets and adjoined in a discontinuous dense midline of the desmosome. A similar analysis has been made of extracellular materials associated with hemidesmosomes along the basal surface of epidermal cells. An adepidermal globular zone, separating the basal cell boundary from the underlying basal lamina and collagenous lamellae during larval stages, has been interpreted from enzyme and solvent extraction study as a lipid-mucopolysaccharide complex, the function of which remains obscure. These observations are discussed in relation to prevailing theories of cellular adhesion and epidermal differentiation. They appear consistent with the concept that a wide range of adhesive specializations exists in nature, and that the more highly organized of these, such as large desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, serve as strong, highly supported attachment sites, supplemental in function to a more generalized aggregating mechanism.
Some Distinctions Between Self-Similar and Self-Affine Estimates of Fractal Dimension with Case History

Compass, power-spectral, and roughness-length estimates of fractal dimension are widely used to evaluate the fractal characteristics of geological and geophysical variables. These techniques reveal self-similar or self-affine fractal characteristics and are uniquely suited for certain analysis. Compass measurements establish the self-similarity of profile and can be used to classify profiles based on variations of profile length with scale. Power spectral and roughness-length methods provide scale-invariant self-affine measures of relief variation and are useful in the classification of profiles based on relative variation of profile relief with scale. Profile magnification can be employed to reduce differences between the compass and power-spectral dimensions; however, the process of magnification invalidates estimates of profile length or shortening made from the results. The power-spectral estimate of fractal dimension is invariant to magnification, but is generally subject to significant error from edge effects and nonstationarity. The roughness-length estimate is also invariant to magnification and in addition is less sensitive to edge effects and nonstationarity. Analysis of structural cross sections using these methods highlight differences between self-similar and self-affine evaluations. Shortening estimates can be made from the compass walk analysis that includes shortening contributions from predicted small-scale structure. Roughness-length analysis reveals systematic structural changes that, however, cannot be easily related to strain. Power-spectral analysis failed to extract useful structural information from the sections.
Deconstructing contexts of binge drinking among college students

This paper examines the contextual characteristics common to binge drinking occasions reported by college students. In addition, the study examines the influence of such contextual characteristics on alcohol-related problems experienced by students. Using random sampling and telephone interview methodology, 401 college students attending a large southern California university were surveyed by trained research staff. The interview protocol was based on the Core Survey and included context of use questions from the College Risk Assessment Guide. Results of stepwise multiple logistic regressions indicate that drinking with friends and events with food available protect against alcohol problems, while drinking events in which illicit drugs are available present higher risk for problems. Implications for future research and prevention are discussed.
Small-mammal responses to pine regeneration treatments in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma, USA

We compared the initial effects of four forest regeneration treatments (single-tree selection, group selection, shelterwood, and clearcut), and unharvested controls (mature, second-growth forest) on relative abundance of small mammals and small-mammal habitat throughout the Ouachita Mountains of western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. We compared small-mammal capture rates in 20 forest stands (4 replicates of 5 treatments) for 2 years prior to harvest treatments, and 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 years after treatment. We also examined relationships among small mammals, treatments, and habitat conditions. Before harvest, all stands where characterized by high basal areas (BA), little understory vegetation, and low small-mammal capture rates. Compared with pre-harvest numbers, the number of individuals captured increased nearly five-fold in treated stands 1.5 years after harvest. After harvest, capture rates for all taxa combined were significantly greater in harvested stands (regardless of treatment) than in unharvested controls. Fulvous harvest mice (Reithrodontomys fulvescens) capture rates were greatest in clearcuts. Fulvous harvest mice, cotton rats (Sigmondon hispidus), and pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) were associated with abundant herbaceous vegetation in the understory and low BA. Eastern woodrats (Neotoma floridana), golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli), and Peromyscus spp. were associated with moderate to dense woody vegetation in the understory and intermediate BA levels. No taxon of terrestrial small mammal was captured exclusively in unharvested stands; most taxa we captured appear to be either disturbance-adapted or tolerant to disturbances from timber harvest.
How Recently Enacted and Proposed Tax Regulations Affect Hedge Fund Managers and Their Investors

The author first observes that, in recent years, hedge funds have enjoyed a significant increase in capital investment. This fact, along with the considerable media attention paid to certain high-profile transactions involving hedge funds and the perception that the compensation paid to hedge fund managers enjoys particularly favorable tax treatment, has led Congress to address many issues that affect hedge funds. The purpose of this article is to highlight some of these issues with an emphasis on how recent and proposed tax changes will affect U.S. individual investors as well as hedge fund managers. In particular, it discusses pending legislation that will increase the tax burden of hedge funds organized as publicly traded partnerships and examine how new Internal Revenue Code sections and proposed legislation will increase the tax burden imposed on hedge fund manager compensation and investor profits.
Protective Role of Sulfhydryl Reagents in Oxidant Lung Injury

Recently there has been a great deal of interest in exploring possible ways to protect the lung from oxidant damage. Since sulfhydryl compounds are among the most important endogenous antioxidants, their therapeutic use has been proposed. Glutathione (GSH), the main intracellular nonprotein sulfhydryl, plays an important role in the maintenance of cellular proteins and lipids in their functional state. With oxidant stress, GSH acts to protect cell constituents as evidenced by increased turnover to GSSG, formation of mixed disulfides with proteins, utilization of NADPH, and utilization of glucose in the pentose pathway. When GSH is experimentally lowered (e.g., by protein deficiency or with diethylmaleate) the toxic effects of oxidant stress are exacerbated as evidenced by increased membrane and cell damage, pulmonary edema, and mortality. Several recent investigations have shown that sulfhydryl reagents (particularly N-acetyl cysteine, a cell-permeable GSH precursor) can provide significant protection against certain pulmonary toxins. N-acetyl cysteine reduced the lethal effects of 100% O2 in rats by 65%. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of sulfhydryl reagents in the treatment and prevention of oxidant injury and the mechanisms involved are an important direction for lung research.
THE EFFECT OF FORMAL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION ON THE ORDER OF MORPHEME ACQUISITION1

We conducted a study to determine if informal learners of ESL had the same acquisition order of morphemes as formal learners have been found to possess. Secondly, we wanted to find out what would happen to the established order if only certain of the grammatical morphemes were to be explained and drilled. We found that we had overestimated the ability of our informal subject pool to produce English sentences; that we had to structure our tasks which caused the loss of some “naturalness”; that language instruction might result in improved performance in morpheme usage but not a change in the order of acquisition of morphemes; that a rank ordering type of statistical analysis is inadequate for morpheme acquisition studies.
Locational pattern of heavy industries: Decentralization is more efficient

Abstract The paper shows that while typical productivity indicators in developing countries might suggest that metropolitan location of heavy industry is desirable, theory and econometric evidence suggest that it is not. In fact, sustaining heavy industry location in metropolitan areas can be expected to involve enormous explicit and implicit subsidies, representing welfare losses. Decentralization of production of standardized heavy industry products into smaller and medium size cities is generally more efficient. This different locational pattern will affect the rate of internal migration and urbanization, and through these population growth and economic development.
Cataloging on-line health information: a content analysis of the NC Health Info portal.

The unrelenting increase of health information on the World Wide Web has resulted in an urgent need for portals that provide consumers with trustworthy health information. In response to this need, the National Library of Medicine initiated the Go Local initiative, which extends MedlinePlus by providing consumers with links to local health services, programs and providers. NC Health Info (www.nchealthinfo.org) is the first NIH funded Go Local portal. Our goal is to gain insight into the nature of interactions that occur during the cataloging process of online health information resources. We conducted a content analysis of annotations made by catalogers on the NC Health Info portal between January 2000 and September 2004. Our analysis of 2369 online information resources revealed challenges with establishing the navigational, geographical and topical content of an on-line resource. Our analysis provides insights into the mechanisms that catalogers use to overcome those challenges and thus will be of value to future Go Local portal development.
Dimeric ristocetin flocculates proteins, binds to platelets, and mediates von Willebrand factor-dependent agglutination of platelets.

Ristocetin in aqueous solution dimerizes with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 5.0 x 10(-4) M, i.e. approximately 1.1 mg ml-1 (Waltho, J.P., and Williams, D. H. (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 2475-2480). At concentrations of about 1.0 mg ml-1 ristocetin flocculates many proteins, lyses platelets and, in the presence of von Willebrand factor, agglutinates both fresh and formalin-fixed platelets. Because ristocetin exists as both monomeric and dimeric species, we sought to determine which of these forms flocculates proteins and agglutinates platelets. We found that: 1) the initial rate of flocculation of certain proteins, 2) the initial rate of agglutination of formalin-fixed platelets, and 3) the binding of ristocetin to formalin-fixed platelets are higher order solely with respect to the concentration of ristocetin dimers. As to the operative mechanism, it appears that bifunctional dimers cross-link proteins that possess multiple copies of a common recognition site. Preliminary evidence indicates that a recognition site is a beta-turn of the form X-P-G-X'.
Phally polymorphism and reproductive biology in Ariolimax (Ariolimax) buttoni (Pilsbry and Vanatta, 1896) (Stylommatophora: Arionidae)*

Phally polymorphism, whereby some individuals in a hermaphroditic species have a complete functional penis (euphally), whereas others lack a penis (aphally) or have a reduced, non-functional penis (hemiphally), has evolved many times in pulmonate gastropods. Since the discovery of apophallation (penis amputation) in Ariolimax Morch, 1860, aphallates in this genus have been attributed to apophallation. In laboratory studies in Ariolimax (Ariolimax) buttoni (Pilsbry and Vanatta, 1896), we found aphally in juveniles as well as in individuals reared in isolation to adulthood, demonstrating that the aphallate condition is not always due to apophallation. Some aphallate individuals reared in isolation from hatching produced eggs and viable hatchlings, providing the first demonstration of uniparental reproduction in this species. Egg-to-egg generation time in laboratory-reared individuals ranged from 10 months to more than 24 months. Anatomical data also elucidate the reproductive cycle of this species. Four rep...
Functional brain networks develop from a "local to distributed" organization

The mature human brain is organized into a collection of specialized functional networks that flexibly interact to support various cognitive functions. Studies of development often attempt to identify the organizing principles that guide the maturation of these functional networks. In this report, we combine resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI), graph analysis, community detection, and spring-embedding visualization techniques to analyze four separate networks defined in earlier studies. As we have previously reported, we find, across development, a trend toward ‘segregation’ (a general decrease in correlation strength) between regions close in anatomical space and ‘integration’ (an increased correlation strength) between selected regions distant in space. The generalization of these earlier trends across multiple networks suggests that this is a general developmental principle for changes in functional connectivity that would extend to large-scale graph theoretic analyses of large-scale brain networks. Communities in children are predominantly arranged by anatomical proximity, while communities in adults predominantly reflect functional relationships, as defined from adult fMRI studies. In sum, over development, the organization of multiple functional networks shifts from a local anatomical emphasis in children to a more “distributed” architecture in young adults. We argue that this “local to distributed” developmental characterization has important implications for understanding the development of neural systems underlying cognition. Further, graph metrics (e.g., clustering coefficients and average path lengths) are similar in child and adult graphs, with both showing “small-world”-like properties, while community detection by modularity optimization reveals stable communities within the graphs that are clearly different between young children and young adults. These observations suggest that early school age children and adults both have relatively efficient systems that may solve similar information processing problems in divergent ways.
Matrix multiplication of data routing using a partitioned optical passive stars network

We develop optimal or near optimal algorithms to multiply matrices and perform commonly occurring data permutations and BPC permutations on multiprocessor computers interconnected by a partitioned optical passive stars network.
Economic Impacts of New Unionization on Private Sector Employers: 1984–2001

Economic impacts of unionization on employers are difficult to estimate in the absence of large, representative data on establishments with union status information. Estimates are also confounded by selection bias, because unions could organize at highly profitable enterprises that are more likely to grow and pay higher wages. Using multiple establishment-level data sets that represent establishments that faced organizing drives in the United States during 1984–1999, this paper uses a regression discontinuity design to estimate the impact of unionization on business survival, employment, output, productivity, and wages. Essentially, outcomes for employers where unions barely won the election (e.g., by one vote) are compared with those where the unions barely lost. The analysis finds small impacts on all outcomes that we examine; estimates for wages are close to zero. The evidence suggests that—at least in recent decades—the legal mandate that requires the employer to bargain with a certified union has had little economic impact on employers, because unions have been somewhat unsuccessful at securing significant wage gains.
A NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescence system for security printing applications

A covert print-and-read system is demonstrated based on NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescence. Inks activated with Yb3+/Tm3+ doped β-NaYF4 upconversion nanoparticles were used to print covert features on various substrates, including paper, epoxy resin, and circuit boards. The Yb3+/Tm3+ doping concentrations were optimized to maximize the brightness of 800 nm upconversion emission excited with 980 nm light, while simultaneously minimizing unwanted blue upconversion. Images printed with the NIR-optimized inks are invisible to the naked eye under ambient lighting or under 980 nm excitation. NIR-to-NIR images are easily captured, however, using an inexpensive, modified point-and-shoot CCD camera, even at modest excitation power densities (1.5 W cm−2). It is demonstrated that the latent images can also be read through select hard or soft coatings which are opaque to visible light, such as black inkjet print, or dyed epoxy resin, without significant attenuation of brightness. The ability to protect the printed images with durable, opaque coatings increases the tamper-resistance and the covertness of the system; removes the requirement that the print be invisible on the bare substrate; and blocks any visible emission that might be present, even under very high excitation power densities.
Working memory in Parkinson's disease: the effects of depression and side of onset of motor symptoms.

OBJECTIVE Previous research has examined the neurocognitive effects of depression in Parkinson's disease (PD), finding worse performance on tests of cognitive functioning in PD patients with depression as compared to those without depression. However, this research has not considered the effect of side of onset of motor symptoms. Hence, we sought to investigate the interaction between depression and side of onset on working memory in patients with PD. METHOD A total of 66 patients with PD completed the Digit Span Backward subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-III as well as two other tests of executive functioning. Groups of left hemibody onset (LHO) with and without depression and right hemibody onset (RHO) with and without depression were created. RESULTS The results indicated significantly lower performance on the measure of working memory for the LHO with depression group, relative to both the LHO without depression and the RHO with depression groups. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that working memory is worse in patients with LHO of motor symptoms who are also depressed, and they suggest that this group of patients might experience greater disability and lower quality of life.
Improved critical thinking in students using current events journaling

Purpose – When students relate current events to the concepts studied in the classroom by writing and presenting a series of analyses in the form of regular journaling, their learning and critical thinking improves as they regularly connect theory, presented in the lessons and textbooks, to real-world applications. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A rubric used to assess the progress of student critical thinking showed that all three categories that display critical thinking through reflective reasoning improved: analysis, comprehension and application. Findings – This paper establishes the positive impact of current event journaling on critical thinking and student interest in courses by monitoring courses where current event journaling was incorporated. One of the key findings of this study is that the critical thinking skills of students evolved and became more advanced as the semester progressed, as did their ability to identify links in research and studies to cla...
Physical Fitness in Children with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Chronic Pediatric Illnesses

This article discusses the importance of physical fitness and exercise in healthy adults and children, and differentiates the terms “physical fitness” and “physical activity.” The benefits of physical activity for adults and children with chronic illnesses and rheumatic diseases are emphasized.
Critical Care Management of Chest Injury

This article reviews the care of the chest-injured patient during the intensive care unit phase of his or her recovery. Special attention is given to the respiratory aspects of care; hemodynamic and nutritional aspects are also covered.
Risk Analysis of Freight Train Collisions in the United States, 2000 to 2014

Train accidents damage infrastructure and rolling stock, disrupt operations, and may result in casualties and environmental damage. While the majority of previous studies focused on the safety risks associated with train derailments or highway-rail grade crossing collisions, much less work has been undertaken to evaluate train collision risk. This paper develops a statistical risk analysis methodology for freight-train collisions in the United States between 2000 and 2014. Negative binomial regression models are developed to estimate the frequency of freight-train collisions as a function of year and traffic volume by accident cause. Train collision severity, measured by the average number of railcars derailed, varied with accident cause. Train collision risk, defined as the product of collision frequency and severity, is predicted for 2015 to 2017, based on the 2000 to 2014 safety trend. The statistical procedures developed in this paper can be adapted to various other types of consequences, such as damage costs or casualties. Ultimately, this paper and its sequent studies aim to provide the railroad industry with data analytic tools to discover useful information from historical accidents so as to make risk-informed safety decisions.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Cardiovascular Effects of other Drugs Commonly used in Cardiovascular Research

All anesthetic agents have been shown to have some effect on the cardiovascular system, there has therefore been a conscious and sustained effort by investigators to minimize these effects. This has been done by reducing dosages, increasing the use of narcotic analgesics, whose deleterious cardiovascular effects are less than those of the general anesthetics, and by the use of neurolept analgesia regimens. Under these circumstances, voluntary and/or involuntary muscular movement can be a problem. To combat this undesirable movement and to be able to control ventilation and blood gases without having the animal trying to breath against the system, a variety of neuromuscular blocking agents have been used. These agents can be classified into two types: 1) Competitive or nondepolarizing agents, which compete with acetylcholine for available cholinergic receptors at the post-synaptic membrane. The prototype for this kind of agent is d-tubocurarine. Metocurine iodide, gallamine, pancuronium and alcuronium chloride are other examples of competitive blockers. Newer agents include; fazadinium, atracurium and vecuronium. 2) Depolarizing agents which interfere with acetylcholine-mediated depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane constitute the second group of neuromuscular blockers. Examples of this type of agent are succinylcholine chloride and decamethonium bromide.1
Intrathecal Therapy for Chronic Spine Pain

Intrathecal (IT) analgesic infusions have been used for decades to treat patient with chronic pain. Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDSs) are a treatment option for patients who have failed previous conservative measures or have intolerable side effects with oral or transdermal medications. The purpose of this chapter is to review and understand when an IDDS is appropriate, how to manage the device and IT medications, and to be aware of the potential complications associated with IT drug delivery. The focus of this chapter is using IDDSs for chronic noncancer pain originating from the spine.
Nutrient loading by anadromous fishes: species-specific contributions and the effects of diversity

Anadromous fishes exhibit diverse life history and functional traits. Spawning anadromous fishes bring nutrients to fresh waters, and their life history and functional traits can influence nutrient loading patterns. We asked how nutrient inputs varied across 12 species of North American anadromous fishes and how these patterns affected river-wide trends in nutrient loading. We used portfolio effect analyses to assess whether diversity stabilized or destabilized nutrient inputs to freshwater ecosystems over time. Recent decreases in body size reduced per individual nutrient loading for several key species, which in turn decreased cumulative loading. Invasion also altered nutrient loading; non-native American shad (Alosa sapidissima) now provide nearly half of the annual marine-derived nutrient inputs to the Columbia River. Counter to expectations, species diversity (richness and evenness) did not significantly increase the stability of nutrient inputs to fresh waters. Species loss in the Connecticut River ...
A Risk-Based Approach to Sensor Resource Management

We investigate the benefits of employing a suitable risk-based metric to determine in real-time the high level actions that an agile sensor should execute during a mission. Faced with a barrage of competing goals, a sensor resource manager must optimize system performance while simultaneously meeting all requirements. Numerous authors advocate the use of information-theoretic measures for driving sensor tasking algorithms, wherein the relative value of different sensing actions is calculated in terms of the expected gain in information. In this chapter, motivated by the sensor resource allocation problem in missile defense, we deviate from the information-based trend and propose an approach for determining sensor tasking decisions based on risk, or expected loss of defended assets. We present results of a missile defense simulation that illustrate the advantages of our risk-based objective function over its information-theoretic and rule-based counterparts.
Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents

Although tens of thousands of children and adolescents become sick with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) each year, fewer than 1,500 cases documenting treatment have been reported in the literature. Children treated for MDR-TB tend to have excellent clinical outcomes, but they suffer from the adverse events associated with current management strategies. This article will review the recommendations, evidence base, and future directions for MDR-TB therapy in children and adolescents.
A Passive Wireless Microelectromechanical Pressure Sensor for Harsh Environments

A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) capacitive-type passive wireless pressure sensor designed to operate in harsh environments at temperatures up to 1000 °C is presented. The pressure sensor has a sapphire-based diaphragm and structural body, and a platinum-based capacitive element. The capacitive element is configured as a part of a slot patch antenna that is designed to operate in a far-field sensing mechanism with a Ku-band electrical resonant frequency of 15 GHz. The electrical ground plane resides on the backside of the diaphragm, which deflects in response to an applied pressure. The electrical resonant frequency of the pressure sensor changes as a function of the applied pressure to the diaphragm. An increase in the applied pressure, for example, results in a decrease in the electrical resonant frequency. The sensitivity of the pressure sensor is related to the change in applied pressure to the change in the electrical resonant frequency. Three proof-of-concept dynamic pressure sensors are reported using silicon-based diaphragms with antenna diameters of 5.6, 5.7, and 5.8 mm, and measured sensitivities of 2.2, 2.2, and 5.1 kHz/Pa, respectively, up to 900 Pa. In addition, three proof-of-concept static pressure sensors are reported with corresponding measured sensitivities of 3.4, 3.1, and 2.5 kHz/Pa up to 900 Pa. A high-temperature dynamic pressure sensor designed for harsh environments is also reported using a sapphire-based diaphragm with an antenna diameter of 3.8 mm and measured sensitivity of 21.7 kHz/Pa up to 800 Pa. [2017-0210]
Learning an Embodied Visual Language: Four Imitation Strategies Available to Sign Learners

The parts of the body that are used to produce and perceive signed languages (the hands, face, and visual system) differ from those used to produce and perceive spoken languages (the vocal tract and auditory system). In this paper we address two factors that have important consequences for sign language acquisition. First, there are three types of lexical signs: one-handed, two-handed symmetrical, and two-handed asymmetrical. Natural variation in hand dominance in the population leads to varied input to children learning sign. Children must learn that signs are not specified for the right or left hand but for dominant and non-dominant. Second, we posit that children have at least four imitation strategies available for imitating signs: anatomical (Activate the same muscles as the sign model), which could lead learners to inappropriately use their non-dominant hand; mirroring (Produce a mirror image of the modeled sign), which could lead learners to produce lateral movement reversal errors or to use the non-dominant hand; visual matching (Reproduce what you see from your perspective), which could lead learners to produce inward-outward movement and palm orientation reversals; and reversing (Reproduce what the sign model would see from his/her perspective). This last strategy is the only one that always yields correct phonological forms in signed languages. To test our hypotheses, we turn to evidence from typical and atypical hearing and deaf children as well as from typical adults; the data come from studies of both sign acquisition and gesture imitation. Specifically, we posit that all children initially use a visual matching strategy but typical children switch to a mirroring strategy sometime in the second year of life; typical adults tend to use a mirroring strategy in learning signs and imitating gestures. By contrast, children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) appear to use the visual matching strategy well into childhood or even adulthood. Finally, we present evidence that sign language exposure changes how adults imitate gestures, switching from a mirroring strategy to the correct reversal strategy. These four strategies for imitation do not exist in speech and as such constitute a unique problem for research in language acquisition.
Patient education series. Sprains and strains.

SUMMARY Offer your patient this educational tool when you teach him how to care for his injury.
African American Families: Historical and Contemporary Forces Shaping Family Life and Studies

This work provides a broad analysis of sociological and historical literature on African American families. Beginning with an analysis of Black families under slavery, we trace the current diversity of African American family structures through history, elaborating on the structural oppressions that shape these experiences. The contemporary experiences of Black families are intimately connected with the historical, economic, and social conditions encountered by generations past. This work is not intended to be a definitive statement regarding the experiences of largely diverse groups of families, but instead a critical look at the structural forces that affect the lives of Black families and the systematic racism that informs public discourse about Black families and scholarship.