cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Reduced-Order Method for Simulation and Control of Fluid Flows

This article presents a reduced-order modeling approach for simulation and control of viscous incompressible flows. The reduced-order models suitable for control and which capture the essential physics are developed using the reduced-basis method. The so-called Lagrange approach is used to define reduced bases and the basis functions in this approach are obtained from the numerical solutions. The feasibility of this method for flow control is demonstrated on boundary control problems in closed cavity and in wall-bounded channel flows. Control action is effected through boundary surface movement on a part of the solid wall. Our formulation of the reduced-order method applied to flow control problems leads to a constrained minimization problem and is solved by applying Newton-like methods to the necessary conditions of optimality. Through our computational experiments we demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the reduced-order method for simulation and control of fluid flows.
The community tool box: using the Internet to support the work of community health and development

SUMMARY Despite limited preparation through formal and non-formal education, local people throughout the world are engaged in the common work of building healthier communities. Some core competencies-including community assessment, planning, mobilization, and evaluation-are needed to address the variety of issues that matter to local communities. This report describes an Internet-based support system for community work known as the Community Tool Box (CTB) [http://ctb.lsi.ukans.edu/]. We examine the idea and origins of the CTB and its core content, access features, and applications. We review evidence for its use, implementation and dissemination strategies, and discuss core values that guide this internet-based work.
The Preparation of N-(Dialkylaminoalkyl) Diacetamides†

Amides, diamides, and diamines exhibit a variety of pharmacologic properties. Very few N,N-diacylamines have been reported. Accordingly, there has been synthesized a series of five N,N-disubstituted diacetamides of the general formula, R,R'N(CH2)nN-(COCH3)2. The methods of preparation and the physical properties of the corresponding hydrochlorides are given.
Influence of intrauterine infections and follicular development on the response to GnRH administration in postpartum dairy cows

The effects of intrauterine infections and prior follicular development on the response to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) administration in postpartum dairy cows were studied. Fifty lactating Holstein cows were assigned at random to one of two groups after calving. Group I (control) consisted of 25 cows given a single intramuscular injection of saline on Day 15 postpartum. Group II (treated) consisted of 25 herdmates given a single i.m. injection of 100 μg of GnRH on Day 15 postpartum. Palpation per rectum and real-time ultrasonography were used to monitor ovarian activity, and endometrial swabs were cultured to determine the presence of uterine infection. Blood samples were collected for progesterone (P4) and luteinizing hormone (LH) analysis. Fourteen cows (control, n = 5; treated, n = 9) did not ovulate during the first 60 d postpartum. Ovaries in these cows contained 4 to 8-mm size follicles and both P4 and LH remained at basal concentrations. Fourteen other cows (control, n = 6; treated, n = 8) ovulated by Day 15 postpartum. Follicles ≥ 10 mm were demonstrable in the ovaries of these cows before or by Day 12 postpartum. GnRH treatment had no effect on the lifespan of the existing corpus luteum in these cows. In the remaining cows, 7 of 14 Control and all 8 Treated cows ovulated within 3 d of treatment. All cows ovulating within this period were free of uterine infection and the ovaries contained follicles ≤ 10 mm on Day 12 postpartum. The number of ovulations before Day 60 postpartum was higher (P<0.05) in GnRH treated (n = 8) versus control cows (n = 14). The results suggest that intrauterine infections and prior follicular development influence the response of postpartum dairy cows to GnRH administration on Day 15. Intrauterine infections delayed postpartum follicular development and GnRH treatment in cows with postpartum uterine infections was detrimental to resumption of ovarian activity.
The effect of surface structure on the brittle fracture strength of metals

Abstract T he theoretical fracture strength for brittle material (approximately 0.1 E ) has been reached for certain glass fibres and some metal whiskers. However, metals with very high fracture strengths, such as hard-drawn steel springs or pure copper, deformed at liquid IIe temperatures break at about one tenth of this value. A possible explanation of some of the observed fracture stresses is presented which is based on the effect of superimposed stress concentration fields. It seems possible that small surface slip steps could give rise to stress concentrations. The corresponding stress concentration factor is of the order of 4 to 40 and the theoretical fracture strength is reduced by this factor. Only metals without slip steps can reach the theoretical fracture strength.
Nitrate Toxicity in Dairy Heifers. I. Effects on Reproduction, Growth, Lactation, and Vitamin A Nutrition

Summary Forty-five dairy heifers were fed nitrate at levels of 0, 440, and 660 mg/kg body weight daily beginning three estrous cycles before breeding, or at 40, 150, or 240 days of pregnancy, continuing until they were killed at 30 days after parturition. Conception rate was lower in heifers fed 660mg nitrate. One abortion occurred in those fed the lower level of nitrate and two abortions and two deaths occurred in those fed the higher level. Growth, length of estrous cycles, length of gestation, birth weight and performance of calves, vitamin A and carotene nutrition, and milk production were similar in all groups. Nitrate feeding increased the nitrate content of milk and meat, but the contamination was so small that it did not appear to constitute a hazard to human health.
Optimization Of A Planar Orotron

The Planar Orotron has traditionally consisted of a uniform, rectangular metal grating opposed by a planar conductor (Fig. la)Unbounded at the sides, this open resonator supports travelling waves with frequencies which are determined by the grating dimensions. The dispersion and gain characteristics for this device have been documented theoretically and experimentally in the low beam voltage (5 - 20 kV) regime,1 where powers of up to 2 kW and efficiencies of a few percent at 35 GHz have been recorded. In the frequency range of 150 to 175 GHz , output powers are typically less than 1 W, and efficiencies less than 0.5%. Attempts to improve the output power and efficiency by modifying the resonator design are currently underway in the 30-40 GHz range. Among the new designs are the following, which appear in Figures 1 and 2: 1) A uniform grating is opposed by an identical uniform grating, with a symmetric orientation in the resonator. (Fig. lb) 2) A uniform grating is opposed by an identical uniform grating, with an antisymmetric orientation in the resonator. (Fig. lc) 3) The uniform grating is replaced by a grating with a slight taper (< 10%) and opposed by a conducting plane. (Fig. 2a) 4) The tapered grating is opposed by an identical tapered grating with a symmetric orientation in the resonator. (Fig. 2b) The grating and resonator parameters of interest are shown in the Figures. They are the period, l, and the ratios of groove depth to grating period, d/1 , groove width to grating period, s/l , and the ratio of inner resonator height to grating period, (b-d)/l. In Fig. 2, the groove depth, d, and the distance from the base of the slot to the surface of the opposing component, b, are both functions of the axial position, z.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two particle correlations in jets and triggered distributions in hot and cold matter

The modification of the correlation between high p T particles produced in association with trigger particles from jets emanating from a heavy-ion collision is shown to be a valuable probe of the matter produced in such collisions. While the minimal modification on the same side as the trigger is consistent with the picture and parameters of partonic energy loss, the possible observation of Cherenkov like correlations on the away side leads to the possibility of the existence of composite structures in the excited matter.
Teaching Globalization Issues to Education Students: What's the Point?.

We argue that teaching the dynamics of globalization to education students is an important aspect of teaching for social justice and for the development of critical awareness, thinking, and sensitivity. We begin this position paper by briefly characterizing globalization and exploring a range of approaches to teaching this topic. We then describe some of the challenges and risks of teaching globalization issues. We reflect on the responses of our students, looking at such issues as guilt, paralysis, disconnection, fear, pity, and anger. We end by describing how teaching about globalization can support our broader goals as critical educators, which include helping students to disrupt commonsense understandings, to unlearn dominant ideologies, to think systemically, and to create new habits of learning.
Bilateral parathyroid exploration for hyperparathyroidism

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in unilateral parathyroid surgery with the goals of achieving high cure rates of hyperparathyroidism but accomplishing this with perhaps shorter operative times, fewer complications, and better cosmesis than associated with traditional bilateral exploration. Although limited parathyroid exploration has had demonstrated success in selected patients, clear indications still exist for evaluating all 4 parathyroids by bilateral neck exploration. This article describes our technique and the pre- and intraoperative contexts warranting bilateral parathyroid exploration.
Membrane-mediated actions of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3: A review of the roles of phospholipase A2 activating protein and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

The secosteroid 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] acts on cells via classical steroid hormone receptor-mediated gene transcription and by initiating rapid membrane-mediated signaling pathways. In its membrane-initiated pathway, after 1α,25(OH)2D3 interacts with protein disulfide isomerase, family A, member 3 (Pdia3) in caveolae, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and protein kinase C (PKC) are activated. Recent efforts to determine the signaling proteins involved in the 1α,25(OH)2D3 signal from Pdia3 to PLA2 have indicated that phospholipase A2 activating protein (PLAA) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) are required. PLAA is located in caveolae, where it interacts with Pdia3 and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) to initiate rapid signaling via CaMKII, activating PLA2, leading to activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC-dependent responses.
A Slow-Light-Like Effect Observed in the Frequency-Mapped Modulation and Heterodyne Detection

An effective slow light velocity of 86 m/s and fractional time delay of 15 have been experimentally observed in frequency mapped modulation using AOTF and femtosecond pulses, which can be used for RF true-time-delay applications.
Studies on the synthesis of rubrolone: 4π participation of O-alkyl α,β-unsaturated oximes in intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions

Abstract The effective 4π participation of O-alkyl α,β-unsaturated oximes, 1-aza-1,3-butadienes, in intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions is described in studies on the synthesis of the rubrolone AB ring system.
Chemosurgical report: a nongeometric approach to wound closure following Mohs surgery.

. Scars are best camouflaged by placing incisions precisely within preexistent creases and cosmetic junctions rather than only following the regional favorable scar direction. Since natural rhytids, contours, and junctions are not straight or composed of geometric shapes, this requires an understanding of techniques of creating scars of irregular curvature. Such a method is presented and illustrated with clinical examples.
Psychometric Evaluation and Revision of Carver and White's BIS/BAS Scales in a Diverse Sample of Young Adults

The psychometric properties of the Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales (Carver & White, 1994) were evaluated in a large, racially diverse sample of undergraduate students. Findings from this study indicate that the BIS/BAS scales work differently (i.e., are multidimensional and lack configural invariance) when assessing BIS and BAS in a diverse sample. Numerous model modifications were needed to obtain adequate fitting models for the total sample and individual racial groups. The findings suggest that this is due to items that assess multiple constructs differently across self-reported race categories. As part of this research, a revised version of the BIS/BAS scales was constructed that appears to be invariant across self-reported race category and simultaneously addresses the other psychometric concerns associated with the original scale. Caution should be used when applying the BIS/BAS scales as originally specified to assess behavioral inhibition and activation in a racially diverse sample. Researchers might want to use this revised version of the scale as an alternative.
Response: Hodgkin lymphoma stem cells

In his letter to the editor, Dr Kuppers calls attention to additional support that clonotypic B cells are present in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and may represent HL stem cells. We were unaware of Jansen and colleagues' prior work describing such cells in HL lymph nodes,[1][1],[2][2] and we thank Dr Ku
Bibliography of the history of anaesthesia in Canada: Preliminary checklist

THE HISTORY OF SURGICAL ANAESTHESIA has provided a special fascination for medical historians. The dramatic beginnings 122 years ago, coupled with the violent controversy over credit for the discovery, probably explain much of the interest. It is still possible to provoke bitter argument by supporting the cause of Morton in the presence of an advocate for Long or for Wells. In Canada, the history of anaesthesia reveals less contention. But the story is an intriguing one, a tale not yet fully told. In the twentieth century, in particular, practice and research in this country has helped advance the science of anaesthesia throughout the world. Much of the dimculty involved in preparing historical studies about any field of medicine is related to problems of locating relevant material previously published. My aim, in this bibliographical checklist, is to identify and categorize a significant number of references, in the periodical literature, to the history of Canadian anaesthesia. Anyone pursuing studies in this field would, of course, also consult the few texts available, such as J. J. Heagerty's
Twentieth century simulation of the southern hemisphere climate in coupled models. Part II: sea ice conditions and variability

We examine the representation of the mean state and interannual variability of Antarctic sea ice in six simulations of the twentieth century from coupled models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report. The simulations exhibit a largely seasonal southern hemisphere ice cover, as observed. There is a considerable scatter in the monthly simulated climatological ice extent among different models, but no consistent bias when compared to observations. The scatter in maximum winter ice extent among different models is correlated to the strength of the climatological zonal winds suggesting that wind forced ice transport is responsible for much of this scatter. Observations show that the leading mode of southern hemisphere ice variability exhibits a dipole structure with anomalies of one sign in the Atlantic sector associated with anomalies of the opposite sign in the Pacific sector. The observed ice anomalies also exhibit eastward propagation with the Antarctic circumpolar current, as part of the documented Antarctic circumpolar wave phenomenon. Many of the models do simulate dipole-like behavior in sea ice anomalies as the leading mode of ice variability, but there is a large discrepancy in the eastward propagation of these anomalies among the different models. Consistent with observations, the simulated Antarctic dipole-like variations in the ice cover are led by sea-level pressure anomalies in the Amundsen/ Bellingshausen Sea. These are associated, to different degrees in different models, with both the southern annular mode and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). There are indications that the magnitude of the influence of ENSO on the southern hemisphere ice cover is related to the strength of ENSO events simulated by the different models.
The effects of gas mixtures on ion engine erosion and performance

Erosion measurements were performed on a modified J-series 30 cm ion engine operating on xenon propellant. Erosion data was obtained by measuring the trench depth etched into masked polished metal samples for test durations of up to 24 hours. The data indicates that erosion is greatest at the cathode side of the baffle, with tantalum being the material with the least erosion of all materials tested. There is a clear indication of a significant reduction in erosion of all materials tested when nitrogen is added to the propellant. The technique used in these experiments requires test samples which are extremely smooth and flat.
Quantum half-adder

Implementation of a linear optics quantum multibit half-adder that could show potential scalability is discussed. Parametric down-conversion sources are assumed that are pumped by a mode carrying orbital angular momentum $l$. A single photon from a pair is prepared by detection of its twin. This preparation of a single photon defines two bits to be summed and the starting carry control bit. This hyperentangled single photon enters a sequence of optical gates that acts on this photon and ancilla photons. At the adder output, each single photon detected gives the sum operation plus carry. The photons belong to a hyperentangled system with a ${2}^{3}$ Hilbert space describing each photon. Conditions to have a scalable system for quantum computation define the requirements for construction of this photon source.
Transcriptional Regulation of Sorghum Defense Determinants against a Phloem-Feeding Aphid

When attacked by a phloem-feeding greenbug aphid (Schizaphis graminum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) activates jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated genes, as well as genes outside known wounding and SA signaling pathways. A collection of 672 cDNAs was obtained by differential subtraction with cDNAs prepared from sorghum seedlings infested by greenbug aphids and those from uninfested seedlings. Subsequent expression profiling using DNA microarray and northern-blot analyses identified 82 transcript types from this collection responsive to greenbug feeding, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), or SA application. DNA sequencing analyses indicated that these encoded proteins functioning in direct defense, defense signaling, oxidative burst, secondary metabolism, abiotic stress, cell maintenance, and photosynthesis, as well as proteins of unknown function. In response to insect feeding, sorghum increased transcript abundance of numerous defense genes, with some SA-dependent pathogenesis-related genes responding to greenbug more strongly than to SA. In contrast, only weak induction of MeJA-regulated defense genes was observed after greenbug treatment. However, infestation tests confirmed that JA-regulated pathways were effective in plant defense against greenbugs. Activation of certain transcripts exclusively by greenbug infestation was observed, and may represent unique signal transduction events independent of JA- and SA-regulated pathways. Results indicate that plants coordinately regulate defense gene expression when attacked by phloem-feeding aphids, but also suggest that aphids are able to avoid triggering activation of some otherwise potentially effective plant defensive machinery, possibly through their particular mode of feeding.
Munsell Color Value as Related to Organic Carbon in Devonian Shale of Appalachian Basin: DISCUSSION

A recent paper - Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin, 1981, AAPG Bull., v. 65, pp. 333-335, by J.W. Hosterman and S.I. Whitlow - is discussed. Hosterman and Whitlow tried to simplify the approximate determination of the carbon content of organic shales on the basis of degree of darkness of shale samples when visually compared with the 10 steps of the neutral-gray axis of the three-dimensional Munsell Color Wheel. The author suggests using the photographic metering system of a single-lens reflex camera to measure reflectance of the shales.
Oral Fructose Absorption in Obese Children with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background: Fructose intake is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Objective: The objective of this study was to measure fructose absorption/metabolism in paediatric NAFLD compared with obese and lean controls. Methods: Children with histologically proven NAFLD, and obese and lean controls received oral fructose (1 gk g −1 ideal body weight). Serum glucose, insulin, uric acid, and fructose, urine uric acid, urine fructose, and breath hydrogen levels were measured at baseline and multiple points until 360 min after fructose ingestion. Results: Nine NAFLD (89% Hispanic, mean age 14.3 years, mean body mass index [BMI] 35.3 kg m −2 ), six obese controls (67% Hispanic, mean age 12.7 years, mean BMI 31.0 kg m −2 ) and nine lean controls (44% Hispanic, mean age 14.3 years, mean BMI 19.4 kg m −2 ) were enrolled. Following fructose ingestion, NAFLD vs. lean controls had elevated serum glucose, insulin and uric acid (P < 0.05), higher urine uric acid (P = 0.001), but lower fructose excretion (P = 0.002) and lower breath hydrogen 180-min AUC (P = 0.04). NAFLD vs. obese controls had similar post-fructose serum glucose, insulin, urine uric acid and breath hydrogen, but elevated serum uric acid (P < 0.05) and lower urine fructose excretion (P = 0.02). Conclusions: Children with NAFLD absorb and metabolize fructose more effectively than lean subjects, associated with an exacerbated metabolic profile following fructose ingestion.
Patient-Centered Approach to Biologics in the Treatment of Psoriasis

Background: With a growing number of psoriasis treatments options, making a decision can be daunting to patients. Biologics offer a less toxic and more effective alternative to people who have moderate-to-severe psoriasis, particularly those who have tried and failed other therapies. Objective: To provide a patient-centered approach to the decision to start on biologic treatment of psoriasis with an overview of pharmacology. Methods: An electronic literature search was performed in the PubMed and Medline databases using keywords with "biologics" or "biologic therapy,” “treatment,” and “safety.” Pharmaceutical package inserts and reference lists were also reviewed. Results: Though new advancements in psoriasis care have improved treatment options for patients, widespread treatment dissatisfaction and under- treatment occurs. Biologic agents are generally well-tolerated and effective for managing moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Lifetime risks of serious adverse events from biologic treatment are less than risks patients face on a daily basis. Current data suggests biologics are not predictors of serious adverse events. Rates of major adverse cardiovascular event and death are lower in biologic cohorts compared to non-biologic cohorts. The minimal risk and potentially protective effects of biologics may outweigh the consequences of undertreated or non-treated moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Limitations : Long-term data on biologic treatment safety is growing and this review will only encompass current data. Conclusions : Treating psoriasis with biologics can reduce overall risk of bad outcomes of psoriasis and its treatment and improve patient quality of life. Optimizing treatment adherence, accommodating patient preferences, emphasizing strong patient-physician communication, and conceptualizing treatment risk can improve patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes. Successful psoriasis care is a long-term, collaborative, and complete commitment on behalf of both the patient and physician. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(3):e53, 2015.
MADS: A new and improved method for analysis of differential alternative splicing by exon-tiling microarrays

We describe a method, microarray analysis of differential splicing (MADS), for discovery of differential alternative splicing from exon-tiling microarray data. MADS incorporates a series of low-level analysis algorithms motivated by the ‘‘probe-rich’’ design of exon arrays, including background correction, iterative probe selection, and removal of sequence-specific cross-hybridization to off-target transcripts. We used MADS to analyze Affymetrix Exon 1.0 array data on a mouse neuroblastoma cell line after shRNA-mediated knockdown of the splicing factor polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB). From a list of exons with predetermined inclusion/exclusion profiles in response to PTB depletion, MADS recognized all exons known to have large changes in transcript inclusion levels and offered improvement over Affymetrix’s analysis procedure. We also identified numerous novel PTB-dependent splicing events. Thirty novel events were tested by RT-PCR and 27 were confirmed. This work demonstrates that the exon-tiling microarray design is an efficient and powerful approach for global, unbiased analysis of pre-mRNA splicing.
Rapid Microsphere Assay for Identification of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum in Stool and Environmental Samples

Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are associated with massive disease outbreaks worldwide. Because these two species have different transmission cycles, identification of these parasites to the species level in clinical samples may provide laboratory data of crucial importance in epidemiologic investigations. To date, the most reliable way to differentiate C. hominis and C. parvum is based on DNA sequencing analysis of PCR amplicons. Although this approach is very effective for differentiation of Cryptosporidium species, it is labor-intensive and time-consuming compared with methods that do not require DNA sequencing analysis as an additional step and that have been successfully used for specific identification of a number of pathogens. In this study, we describe a novel Luminex-based assay that can differentiate C. hominis from C. parvum in a rapid and cost-effective manner. The assay was validated by testing a total of 143 DNA samples extracted from clinical specimens, environmental samples, or samples artificially spiked with Cryptosporidium oocysts. As few as 10 oocysts per 300 μl of stools could be detected with this assay. The assay format includes species-specific probes linked to carboxylated Luminex microspheres that hybridize to a Cryptosporidium microsatellite-2 region (ML-2) where C. hominis and C. parvum differ by one nucleotide substitution. The assay proved to be 100% specific when samples that had been characterized by direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA) and DNA sequencing analysis were tested. In addition, the assay was more sensitive than DFA and provided species identification, which is an advantage for epidemiologic studies.
A Wireless Microsystem for MEMS Capacitive Sensor Using Bluetooth

In this paper, the design of a microsystem for MEMS capacitive sensor with integrated data converter circuits and wireless monitoring capability has been presented. The data converter circuits operate with dual functionalities - capacitive readout and analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion without the use of a conventional A/D converter. The wireless capability is attained by taking the advantage of a secured and ubiquitous Bluetooth standard. Based on this work, an off-chip Bluetooth transceiver is utilized.
Androgen deprivation and radiation therapy: sequencing studies using the Shionogi in vivo tumor system.

Abstract Purpose : To test the relative effect of neoadjuvant and adjuvant androgen deprivation on the radiation response of an androgen dependent tumor. Methods and Materials : The transplantable, adrogen and dependent. Shionogi adenocarcinoma was grown as allografts in the ind limbs of NCr/Sed (nu/nu) athymic nude mice. Bilateral orchiectomy was the chosen form of androgen deprivation. Groups of tumors were irradiated to graded tumor doses and then studied for durable tumor control. The radiation response was expressed as the radiation dose required to control 50% of the tumors (TCD50). The sequence of radiation and orchiectomy was studied. Results ; When radiation was combined with orchiectomy the Shionogi tumor was significantly more likely to be controlled than when radiation was used alone. Orchiectomy 12 days prior to radiation (neoadjuvant therapy) produced a significantly greater decline in the TCD50 than when orchiectomy was used 1 day or 12 days after radiation (adjuvant therapy). If, before radiation, tumors were allowed to regrow after orchiectomy to their original size in an androgen independent fashion then the advantage was largely lost. Those tumors responding well to neoadjuvant orchiectomy (>50% volume decrease) weer significantly more likely to be eradicated by radiation that those with a lesser response. Conclusion : When using combination of androgen deprivation and radiation in the treatment of the Shionogi tumor, sequence and timing of the therapies are crucial to maximize the effect.
Improvement of GaAs MESFET performance using surface p-layer doping (SPD) technique

The development of a surface p-layer doping (SPD) technique to improve GaAs MESFET performance is presented. Very shallow p-type doping into the gate-drain and gate-source regions is used to improve the output conductance of the device. It is found that the threshold voltage is independent of the SPD dose. The transconductance degrades significantly as the p doping (Be, 10 keV) increases above 3*10/sup 12//cm/sup 2/. However, the output conductance and subthreshold current are improved with higher SPD dose. The gate-source reverse breakdown voltage is improved by about 90%, and the parasitic resistance increases by about 30% with an SPD of 5*10/sup 12//cm/sup 2/. >
Differential characters and Borel cohomology

61. THE MAIN RESULTS THE PURPOSE of this note is to show that the differential characters associated to a compact Lie group G (as defined by Chern, Simons and Cheeger) comprise its Bore1 cohomology H&,,(G,R/Z). Along the way we obtain some interesting formulae for these characters as cochains in the bar resolution for G, and obtain some results on the cohomology of certain bundles with discrete structure group. Let % be the Lie algebra of G and let I(%, R) be the ring of Weil polynomials, i.e. symmetric multilinear functions on Yl which are invariant under the Adjoint action of G. In 121 Chern and Simons showed how to use a connection 8 on a principal G-bundle E-B to determine a characteristic form TP(8) in A*(E, R) for every P E I(%, R). These forms satisfy the equation
Electroluminescence in polymers

Polymeric materials containing chromophores are promising for electroluminescent (EL) device applications including displays and lighting. We report EL for a series of copolymers containing uniform conjugated chromophores and nonconjugated spacers. The emission color of the copolymers can be varied by adjusting the molecular structure to alter the energy gap between the HOMO and LUMO of the chromophore. The design can also be used to tailor other properties of the polymer, such as the glass transition temperature, by varying the length of the nonconjugated spacers.
Toxicokinetic and Mechanistic Considerations in the Interpretation of the Rodent Bioassay

When chemicals that are nongenotoxic in conventional assays produce increases in tumor incidence in rodents in chronic bioassays, the determination of the significance of these data for human safety is a challenging task. An important first step in this process is consideration of available data on the mechanism of action and biological properties of the chemical as well as pharmacokinetic and metabolism data in the species showing the response. In recent years, there has been an increase in the understanding of so-called "secondary mechanisms" of carcinogenesis (e.g., thyroid tumors in rats following exposure to enzyme inducers). Application of these data may assist in determination of human risk. There are 2 important questions that will be explored and developed: Are there biological effects produced in the test species that could explain the increase in tumor incidence, and will these effects be reproduced in humans? What is the exposure to the chemical that is associated with the increase in tumors, and how does this relate to exposure in humans?
Race and Genetics Controversies in Biomedical, Behavioral, and Forensic Sciences

Among biomedical scientists, there is a great deal of controversy over the nature of race, the relevance of racial categories for research, and the proper methods of using racial variables. This article argues that researchers and scholars should avoid a binary-type argument, in which the question is whether to use race always or never. Researchers should instead focus on developing standards for when and how to use racial variables. The article then discusses 1 context, criminology, in which the use of racial variables in behavioral genetics research could be particularly problematic. If genetic studies of criminalized behavior use forensic DNA databanks or forensic genetic profiles, they will be confounded by the many racial biases of the law enforcement and penal system.
Dual systems of speech category learning across the lifespan.

Although categorization is fundamental to speech processing, little is known about the learning systems that mediate auditory categorization and even less is known about changes across the lifespan. Vision research supports dual-learning systems that are grounded in neuroscience and are partially-dissociable. The reflective, rule-based system is prefrontally mediated and uses working memory and executive attention to develop and test rules for classifying in an explicit fashion. The reflexive, information-integration system is striatally mediated and operates by implicitly associating perception with actions that lead to reinforcement. We examine the extent to which dual-learning systems mediate auditory and speech learning in younger and older adults. We examined auditory category learning when a rule-based strategy (Experiment 1) or information-integration strategy (Experiment 2) was optimal, and found an age-related rule-based deficit, but intact information-integration learning. Experiment 3 examined natural auditory category learning, and found an age-related performance deficit. Computational modeling suggested that this was due to older adults’ persistent reliance on sub-optimal, uni-dimensional strategies when two-dimensional strategies were optimal. Working memory capacity was also found to be associated with improved rule-based and natural auditory category learning, but not informationintegration category learning. These results suggest that dual-learning systems are operative in speech category learning across the lifespan, and that performance deficits, when present are due to deficiencies in frontallymediated, rule-based processes.
Magnetic spiral induced by strong correlations in MnAu 2

The compound ${\mathrm{MnAu}}_{2}$ is one of the oldest known spin-spiral materials, yet the nature of the spiral state is still not clear. The spiral cannot be explained via relativistic effects due to the short pitch of the spiral and the weakness of the spin-orbit interaction in Mn, and another common mechanism, nesting, is ruled out as direct calculations show no features at the relevant wave vector. We propose that the spiral state is induced by a competition between the short-range antiferromagnetic exchange and a long-range interaction induced by the polarization of Au bands, similar to double exchange. We find that, contrary to earlier reports, the ground state in standard density functional theory is ferromagnetic, i.e., the latter interaction dominates. However, an accounting for Coulomb correlations via a Hubbard $U$ suppresses the Schrieffer-Wolff-type $s\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ magnetic interaction between Mn and Au faster than the superexchange interaction, favoring a spin-spiral state. For realistic values of $U$, the resulting spiral wave vector is in close agreement with experiment.
Serotonin induces four pharmacologically separable contractile responses in the pharynx of the leech Hirudo medicinalis

Stimulation of the serotoninergic innervation of the leech pharynx or application of serotonin to the isolated pharynx induced four distinct types of contractile activity: an increase in basal tonus, large phasic contractions of 10‐15 s in duration, smaller phasic contractions occurring at approximately 1 Hz, and a relaxation after washout of serotonin. Application to the isolated pharynx of the selective serotonin agonists (6)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine, 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-piperazine, (6)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, 2-methyl-5-hydroxytrypamine, a-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, and 5-methoxytryptamine induced distinct types of pharyngeal contractile activity. The results of this study suggest that the leech pharynx possesses more than one type of serotonin receptor. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Raman spectroscopy of protein and nucleic acid assemblies.

▪ Abstract The Raman spectrum of a protein or nucleic acid consists of numerous discrete bands representing molecular normal modes of vibration and serves as a sensitive and selective fingerprint of three-dimensional structure, intermolecular interactions, and dynamics. Recent improvements in instrumentation, coupled with innovative approaches in experimental design, dramatically increase the power and scope of the method, particularly for investigations of large supramolecular assemblies. Applications are considered that involve the use of (a) time-resolved Raman spectroscopy to elucidate assembly pathways in icosahedral viruses, (b) polarized Raman microspectroscopy to determine detailed structural parameters in filamentous viruses, (c) ultraviolet-resonance Raman spectroscopy to probe selective DNA and protein residues in nucleoprotein complexes, and (d) difference Raman methods to understand mechanisms of protein/DNA recognition in gene regulatory and chromosomal complexes.
An influence of maternal nutrition upon the gross chromosomal mutation frequency recovered from x-rayed sperm of Drosophila melanogaster.

Virgins (homozygous bw or st) were collected over a period of about a week and stored on culture medium composed of sugar, agar, and water. When the youngest females were at least two days old, they were mated for one day to males homozygous for st or bw, respectively; the males were then discarded and the females irradiated. After irradiation the females were placed in bottles containing a standard nutrient medium that included agar, cornmeal, molasses, brewer's yeast, and water. Parents were shaken into fresh bottles every four days, furnishing a total of four broods of offspring. The X-ray machine was operated at 200 kvp and 20 ma with 1 mm aluminum filtration. The total dosage of approximately 3360r was given at about 1920r/min either continuously (in 1 min 45 sec) or interruptedly in seven 15-second irradiations given 8 minutes apart (requiring a total time of 49 min 45 sec). The same kind of continuous treatment was given also to some bw or st virgins which were subsequently mated to the appropriate type of untreated male. F, males were individually crossed to homozygous bw st virgins. Since the mutants bw and st are located on the second and third chromosomes, respectively, the F, progeny can be scored (or further tested) to determine the presence in the F, male of a heterozygous reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 2 and 3. The temperature was approximately 25 + 1 "C throughout.
A study of the ground state wave function of carbon monoxide

A large configuration-interaction calculation has been performed to determine the wave function, energy, and molecular properties of CO. The most important configurations were used to obtain the natural geminals and their occupation numbers. A pair-energy approach to the correlation energy was attempted with results which differ significantly from the configuration-interaction results.
Effects of conformation and solvent polarity on intramolecular charge transfer: a picosecond laser study

Abstract Picosecond dynamics of the intramolecular exciplex anthracene-(CH 2 ) 3 -N,N-diniethylaniline have been measured in acetonitrile. The results indicate two processes. First, very rapid (7 ± 1 ps) electron transfer for molecules in extended conformations, producing solvated ion pairs without passing through the exciplex state. Second, folded conformers yield exciplexes within 2 ps, having a lifetime of 580 ± 30 ps.
A field potential analysis study of the effects of prenatal protein malnutrition on maturation of the dentate granule cell response

Unlike the vast majority of cells making up the rat central nervous system, the granule cell population of the hippocampal dentate gyrus develops primarily after birth. Only about 20% of these cells are in place at the time of birth, with the remaining 80% reaching functional maturity by around 30 days of postnatal development. This relatively unique developmental pattern provides an opportunity to assess the impact of insults encountered during the gestational period on the subsequent development and maturation of a brain structure intimately involved in such fundamental processes as spatial navigation, learning, and memory. In addition, the morphology of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, with its laminated arrangement of densely packed cell bodies and specifically oriented apical and basilar projections, provides a structure well-suited to electrophysiological characterization employing field potential analysis. The present study was undertaken to examine the impact of prenatal protein malnutrition on the development of neuronal transmission across the perforant path-dentate granule cell synapse of the hippocampal formation in freely moving rats as they matured from 15 to 30 days of age. >
Synthesis by Self-Assembly of Iron-Cobalt Nanoalloys

In this paper we are proposing the synthesis of iron and cobalt nanoalloys via the codecomposition of iron and cobalt carbonyl precursors in the presence of polystyrene as the surface stabilizing agent. In order to form iron-cobalt nanoalloys with no preferential aggregation of metal atoms resulting in phase segregation, the decomposition kinetics of the iron pentacarbonyl and dicobalt octacarbonyl precursors had to be firmly established. The kinetics of cobalt cluster formation has been thoroughly investigated, but data for iron pentacarbonyl decomposition is relatively scarce. To fully understand the formation of the iron nanoclusters, a kinetic study was performed by varying carbonyl concentrations and reaction media in order to establish reaction order and rate constants. Our results suggest this decomposition to be a higher order process (not first order as previously assumed), with a complicated intermediate mechanism, which has been postulated and experimentally verified. By using this kinetic data, we will be able to predict the necessary conditions for the creation of new in-situ iron-cobalt nanoalloys using carbonyl precursors.
A novel and fast two-stage right eigenvector based branch outage contingency ranking

This paper presents a new technique for contingency screening. Contingency ranking has been done by estimating the post-contingency voltage collapse point (CP), given a power system operating point, a load demand forecast and a generation dispatch. The new algorithm presented in the paper, provides more accurate post-contingency "distance to collapse" estimate. The distinguished features are ability to directly estimate the post-contingency CP, consideration of breaking point and to rank contingencies quickly and accurately. Proposed method has been tested for all 6689 single branch outage of 3493 bus system for two possible particular transfer case. Results obtained from new algorithm were compared with results obtained from full continuation power flow and it shows that proposed algorithm is very robust, efficient, accurate and fast.
Revisiting the dynamical case for a massive black hole in IC10 X-1

The relative phasing of the X-ray eclipse ephemeris and optical radial velocity (RV) curve for the X-ray binary IC10 X-1 suggests the He[$\lambda$4686] emission-line originates in a shadowed sector of the stellar wind that avoids ionization by X-rays from the compact object. The line attains maximum blueshift when the wind is directly toward us at mid X-ray eclipse, as is also seen in Cygnus X-3. If the RV curve is unrelated to stellar motion, evidence for a massive black hole evaporates because the mass function of the binary is unknown. The reported X-ray luminosity, spectrum, slow QPO, and broad eclipses caused by absorption/scattering in the WR wind are all consistent with either a low-stellar-mass BH or a NS. For a NS, the centre of mass lies inside the WR envelope whose motion is then far below the observed 370 km/s RV amplitude, while the velocity of the compact object is as high as 600 km/s. The resulting 0.4\% doppler variation of X-ray spectral lines could be confirmed by missions in development. These arguments also apply to other putative BH binaries whose RV and eclipse curves are not yet phase-connected. Theories of BH formation and predicted rates of gravitational wave sources may need revision.
Transit Systems and Ridership under Extreme Weather and Climate Change Stress: An Urban Transportation Agenda for Hazards Geography

This review examines studies that detail the effects of weather and climate on urban transit systems and ridership. The aim is to help revitalize a hazards geography research agenda to support stakeholder decision-making on hazard risk and disaster vulnerability for US transit systems and ridership. Largely representative of the literature are field perspectives outside of hazards geography whose predispositions to positivism neglect equity concerns of vital importance to hazard risk mitigation, vulnerability reduction, adaptation, and resilience research and practitioner communities. The article argues for hazards geography's perspectival insight to fill this void. Themes discussed in the article include hazards geography value, transit system vulnerability to meteorological and non-meteorological factors, place-based climate change vulnerability assessments, policymaker and managerial perceptions of climate change, and transit ridership choice. The article concludes with a call to hazards geographers to conduct critical assessments of structural and non-structural adaptation measures, investigate mobility decision-making and coping strategies, and develop theoretical understandings on adaptation policymaking and practice in relation to hazard risk and disaster vulnerability.
Mental Performance Impairment in Heat Stress

The present paper describes a re-analysis of the relationship between threshold for unimpaired mental performance and heat stress. Review of the data presented by Wing (1965a), and of more recent research, suggests that heat induced mental performance decrement is a function of imminent thermophysiological collapse and occurs at a much higher level of heat stress than Wing has proposed. Language: en