cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Mechanism for Evaluating the Relevance of Credibility Problems in Politics

In this paper we develop a test of whether parties are capable of making credible promises in single-issue elections in which the parties have preferences over policies. Two observations are key: (1) Parties that can commit to speci fic policies do not adopt platforms that entail large probabilities of losing the election. This is because the adoption of very extreme platforms has the effect of shifting voters expectations, and expected policies, away from the partys most preferred policy. (2) Parties who lack the capacity of making credible commitments are unable to affect voters expectations about the policies they will adopt upon reaching office. This is because, absent commitment, voters know that a party will simply adopt its most preferred policy after it wins the election. These observations about voters expectations and party behavior form the basis for the test.
Relating Translational Neuroimaging and Amperometric Endpoints: Utility for Neuropsychiatric Drug Discovery

Measures of neuronal activation are a natural and parsimonious translational biomarker to consider in the context of neuropsychiatric drug discovery studies. In this regard, functional neuroimaging using the BOLD fMRI technique is becoming more frequently employed to not only probe aberrant brain regions and circuits in disease, but also to assess the effects of novel pharmacological agents on these processes. In the ideal situation, these types of studies would first be conducted pre-clinically in rodents to confirm a measurable functional response on relevant brain circuits before seeking to replicate the findings in an analogous fMRI paradigm in humans. However, the need for animal immobilization during the scanning procedure precludes all but the simplest behavioural task-based paradigms in rodent BOLD fMRI. This chapter considers how in vivo oxygen amperometry may represent a viable and valid proxy for BOLD fMRI in freely moving rodents engaged in behavioural tasks. The amperometric technique and several examples of emerging evidence are described to show how the technique can deliver results that translate to pharmacological, event-related and functional connectivity variants of fMRI. In vivo oxygen amperometry holds great promise as a technique that may help to bridge the gap between basic drug discovery research in rodents and applied efficacy testing in humans.
The Teaching of Mathematics in Colleges and Universities

(1948). The Teaching of Mathematics in Colleges and Universities. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 57-64.
Modeling of automotive interior illumination system

The lightpipe is a popular illumination tool due to its flexibility and low fabrication cost in automotive illumination applications. It often has a high level of geometry complexity to satisfy stringent requirements while maintaining low cost. However, its development process, based on trial-and-error, is very cost-ineffective and time-consuming. These disadvantages are more significant when higher complexity is sought to be achieved.
Scalable information inequalities for uncertainty quantification

Abstract In this paper we demonstrate the only available scalable information bounds for quantities of interest of high dimensional probabilistic models. Scalability of inequalities allows us to (a) obtain uncertainty quantification bounds for quantities of interest in the large degree of freedom limit and/or at long time regimes; (b) assess the impact of large model perturbations as in nonlinear response regimes in statistical mechanics; (c) address model-form uncertainty, i.e. compare different extended models and corresponding quantities of interest. We demonstrate some of these properties by deriving robust uncertainty quantification bounds for phase diagrams in statistical mechanics models.
Realization of Artificial Landmark Recognition Algorithm Based on DSP

In view of the vision navigation technology of using artificial landmark as the guiding identification,one recognition algorithm of artificial landmark based on the guiding light was proposed. Firstly,the algorithm based on gray information is used to recognize and locate the guiding light in the landmark. Then,the algorithm based on invariance of cross-ratio realizes the localization to characters in the artificial landmark. At last,projection method is used to segment characters,meanwhile,both principal component analysis( PCA) method and minimum distance classifier are used to recognize the character. The algorithm is realized on the ICETEK- DM6437- B system board. The experiment shows the algorithm has high stability and meets the requirements of real-time well.
Impact of HCV core gene quasispecies on hepatocellular carcinoma risk among HALT-C trial patients.

Mutations at positions 70 and/or 91 in the core protein of genotype-1b, hepatitis C virus (HCV) are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in Asian patients. To evaluate this in a US population, the relationship between the percentage of 70 and/or 91 mutant HCV quasispecies in baseline serum samples of chronic HCV patients from the HALT-C trial and the incidence of HCC was determined by deep sequencing. Quasispecies percentage cut-points, ≥42% of non-arginine at 70 (non-R70) or ≥98.5% of non-leucine at 91 (non-L91) had optimal sensitivity at discerning higher or lower HCC risk. In baseline samples, 88.5% of chronic HCV patients who later developed HCC and 68.8% of matched HCC-free control patients had ≥42% non-R70 quasispecies (P = 0.06). Furthermore, 30.8% of patients who developed HCC and 54.7% of matched HCC-free patients had quasispecies with ≥98.5% non-L91 (P = 0.06). By Kaplan-Meier analysis, HCC incidence was higher, but not statistically significant, among patients with quasispecies ≥42% non-R70 (P = 0.08), while HCC incidence was significantly reduced among patients with quasispecies ≥98.5% non-L91 (P = 0.01). In a Cox regression model, non-R70 ≥42% was associated with increased HCC risk. This study of US patients indicates the potential utility of HCV quasispecies analysis as a non-invasive biomarker of HCC risk.
Screening for Occult Nodal Metastasis in Localized Carcinoma of the Prostate

AbstractMetastatic involvement of pelvic lymph nodes in carcinoma of the prostate alters the prognosis and treatment of this disease. Our goal was to determine if additional techniques, such as immu-nohistochemical staining, could detect occult microscopic metastatic nodal disease not seen with routine hematoxylin and eosin staining. We examined paraffin embedded lymph nodes from 43 patients with clinical stage A or B carcinoma of the prostate who were candidates for radical prostatectomy and who underwent modified pelvic lymph node dissection with frozen section hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemical staining for prostate specific antigen and prostate specific acid phosphatase was performed on the lymph nodes. Monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins were used to confirm the epithelial origin of the prostate cells. An average of 9 lymph nodes and 42 histological sections per patient were stained. Based on routine hematoxylin and eosin staining the pathological staging was stage A in 3, stage B ...
Helper T cell subsets and control of the inflammatory response

Abstract CD4 T cells are critical components of the immune system and key regulators of the inflammatory processes required to limit infection. Decades of research has led to the discovery of multiple CD4 T-cell subsets (T-helper cell 1 [Th1], Th2, Th17, Th9, Th22, Tfh) that promote the function of a broad range of immune cell types, including phagocytes, granulocytes, and other lymphocyte subsets. This is accomplished through direct cell-to-cell interactions and via the production of cytokines. The contributions of CD4 T cells to host protection are highlighted by the clinical conditions of individuals with impaired T-cell responses. Conversely, dysregulation of T-cell responses can result in rampant inflammation and autoimmunity, as seen in a myriad of clinical conditions. Therefore, T cells have the formidable challenge of protecting the host over their lifespan from a myriad of pathogenic organisms while limiting reactions against self antigens. To carry out inflammatory reactions, T cells must transit through several stages or checkpoints. These include antigen recognition and activation, clonal expansion, migration, effector differentiation, and survival or memory. These distinct stages provide control to produce the proper types of inflammation and protection from dysregulated T-cell responses. This chapter will examine the role of CD4 T cells as effectors and regulators of inflammation. The discussion will address the processes required to generate functional T-cell immunity, the pathways regulating established immune responses, and the functional heterogeneity within the T-cell compartment.
The rhetoric of science and why it matters

When I started out as a philosopher of science, rather more than fifty years ago, the rhetoric of science did not exist. At least, it did not exist in philosophical circles. If you read the works of leading figures in the field like Karl Popper and Ernest Nagel, no attention was paid at all methods of convincing hearers – to language or argumentative gambits as such. It was all a matter of what the language said and the arguments proved. Indeed, there was a fair about of presupposition that science would be better off if it could be reduced to pure mathematics, without need of language at all and all arguments were straightforward deductions like you find in Euclidean geometry! Michael Ruse . Lucyle T. Florida State University (USA). Member of Metode’s scientific board.
Al ohmic contacts to HCI-treated MgxZn1−xO

The Al nonalloyed ohmic contacts were fabricated on MgxZn1−xO (0≤x≤0.2) thin films. HCl surface treatment significantly reduced the specific contact resistances to value around 10−4 Ω cm2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the HCl treatment increased the oxygen vacancy density and introduced chlorine to the semiconductor surface, resulting in a thin conductive layer and thus reduced specific contact resistance. A subsequent oxygen plasma treatment reduced the oxygen vacancy density, and correspondingly increased the specific contact resistance. Al-ZnO contacts were insensitive to the HCl treatment, due to the formation of a highly conductive Al-doped thin interface layer.
Airway eosinophil migration into lymph nodes in mice depends on leukotriene C4.

Background We previously demonstrated in mice that airway eosinophils traffic from the airway lumen into lung-draining paratracheal lymph nodes. However, mechanisms whereby eosinophils traverse from the lungs and home to paratracheal lymph nodes remain unclear. We investigated roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in mediating eosinophil trafficking from lungs to paratracheal lymph nodes. Methods The expression of CCR7 was determined by flow cytometry. Transwell assays were used to test chemotactic responses of leukotriene C4 synthase-deficient and control airway eosinophils to the chemokine CCL19 ex vivo. Eosinophils from the spleens of IL-5 transgenic mice, fluorescently labeled ex vivo, were intratracheally injected into ovalbumin-sensitized and ovalbumin-aerosol challenged leukotriene C4 synthase-deficient and control mice. Eosinophils were identified by microscopy and flow cytometry in the lungs and paratracheal lymph nodes. Results Mouse eosinophils expressed CCR7, the receptor for CCL19, and responded chemotactically to CCL19. Leukotriene C4 synthase-deficient eosinophils exhibited impaired chemotaxis to CCL19 that was restored by exogenous leukotriene C4. The migration of intratracheally-injected eosinophils into paratracheal lymph nodes from distal alveolar lung was diminished in leukotriene C4 synthase-deficient mice compared to wild-type mice, with increased retention of eosinophils in the lungs of leukotriene C4 synthase-deficient mice. Exogenous administration of leukotriene C4 restored trafficking of eosinophils to paratracheal lymph nodes in leukotriene C4 synthase-deficient mice. Conclusions Our findings that cysteinyl leukotrienes are involved in regulating airway and lung eosinophil migration into paratracheal lymph nodes identify previously unrecognized roles for the cysteinyl leukotrienes in regulating the pulmonary trafficking of eosinophils in experimental allergic asthma. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Cameron Mackintosh: Modern Global Impresario

British producer Cameron Mackintosh (b. 1946) became the chief exporter of large-scale, sung-through musicals that became known as megamusicals. His logo-driven marketing and ability to build a broad audience base to sustain long runs changed the way theatre is packaged for audiences domestically and globally.
Empowering Mayo Clinic Individualized Medicine with Genomic Data Warehousing

Individualized medicine enables better diagnoses and treatment decisions for patients and promotes research in understanding the molecular underpinnings of disease. Linking individual patient's genomic and molecular information with their clinical phenotypes is crucial to these efforts. To address this need, the Center for Individualized Medicine at Mayo Clinic has implemented a genomic data warehouse and a workflow management system to bring data from institutional electronic health records and genomic sequencing data from both clinical and research bioinformatics sources into the warehouse. The system is the foundation for Mayo Clinic to build a suite of tools and interfaces to support various clinical and research use cases. The genomic data warehouse is positioned to play a key role in enhancing the research capabilities and advancing individualized patient care at Mayo Clinic.
Exercise Testing in Congestive Heart Failure Patients

Exercise testing of heart failure patients has not been the standard of practice among clinical cardiologists until recent years when it has been shown to be safe and to provide the health care team with useful information for patient management and to assess prognosis. Early exercise studies of patients with heart failure used the Modified Naughton protocol in 2 minute stages with measurements of gas exchange (1). Thus, the Modified Naughton became the rule rather than the exception when choosing exercise protocols. In fact, most randomized trials, which have studied the effects of a particular drug on exercise function in heart failure patients, have also chosen this protocol. Exercise testing, however, can be performed using a variety of published protocols. The protocol chosen often depends on the experience of the testing physician and on the norms of any specific testing facility.
I Am Tired of Taking Pills for My Reflux, What Else Can I Do? Surgical and Endoscopic Treatment for GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is an extremely common gastrointestinal condition. While first-line treatment is lifestyle modifications and medical therapy, this approach fails to completely control symptoms in many patients. In patients with persistent symptoms of GERD despite acid suppression, safe and effective surgical and endoscopic interventions are readily available and can lead to durable symptom control and minimal side effects when properly performed in appropriate patients. Unfortunately, antireflux surgical and endoscopic interventions are underutilized with an estimated 1% or less of candidates undergoing one of these procedures despite clear potential for benefit.
Abstract PR15: Rho-associated kinase 1 inhibition is synthetically lethal with von Hippel-Lindau deficiency in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CC-RCC) is the most lethal of all genitourinary cancers. The functional loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene occurs in 90% of CC-RCC, driving cancer progression. The objective of this study was to identify chemical compounds that are synthetically lethal with VHL deficiency in CC-RCC. An annotated chemical library, the library of pharmacologically active compounds (LOPAC), was screened in parallel on VHL-deficient RCC4 cells and RCC4VHL cells with re-introduced VHL. The ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, was identified and validated for selective targeting of VHL-deficient CC-RCC in multiple genetic backgrounds by clonogenic assays. Downregulation of ROCK1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) selectively reduced the colony forming ability of VHL-deficient CC-RCC, thus mimicking the effect of Y-27632 treatment, whereas downregulation of ROCK2 had no effect. In addition, three other ROCK inhibitors, RKI 1447, GSK 429286, AT13148 selectively targeted VHL-deficient CC-RCC. Importantly, we found that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor Everolimus synergized with ROCK inhibitor RKI 1447 in targeting VHL-deficient cells. Accordingly, AT13148, an AGC kinase inhibitor blocking S6 kinase (S6K, downstream target of mTOR) in addition to ROCK1&2, showed the most strong synthetic lethality effect out of all ROCK inhibitors tested. CC-RCC treatment with ROCK inhibitors is cytotoxic and cytostatic based on bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay, propidium iodide (PI) staining and growth curves, and blocks cell migration based on transwell assay. On the one hand, knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) β in the VHL-deficient CC-RCC had a protective effect against Y-27632 treatment, mimicking VHL reintroduction. On the other hand, CC-RCCVHL cells were sensitized to Y-27632 treatment in hypoxia (2% O2). These results suggest that synthetic lethality between ROCK inhibition and VHL deficiency is dependent on HIF activation. Moreover, HIF1α or HIF2α overexpression in CC-RCCVHL cells is sufficient to sensitize them to ROCK inhibition. Finally, Y-27632 treatment inhibited growth of subcutaneous 786-OT1 CC-RCC tumors in mice. Thus, ROCK inhibitors represent potential therapeutics for VHL-deficient CC-RCC. Citation Format: Jordan M. Thompson, Quy H. Nguyen, Manpreet Singh, Matthew W. Pavesic, Irina Nesterenko, Luke J. Nelson, Alicia Liao, Olga V. Razorenova. Rho-associated kinase 1 inhibition is synthetically lethal with von Hippel-Lindau deficiency in clear cell renal cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Opportunities and Challenges of Exploiting Synthetic Lethality in Cancer; Jan 4-7, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2017;16(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PR15.
CNN based Sinogram Denoising for Low-Dose CT

Reduction of source flux results in an increase of noise in data sinograms, which subsequently produces artifacts in the corresponded reconstructed images. We use deep-learning to denoise the original sinograms, resulting in higher quality images.
Digital Image Processing for Medical Diagnoses using Gamma Radionuclides and Heavy Ions from Cyclotrons

Two-dimensional image enhancement and restoration procedures as well as transverse section reconstruction from multiple views are methods of digital image processing with some useful applications to nuclear medicine. Simple spatial filtering has only limited application to nuclear medicine because the impulse response changes significantly with organ distance from the detectors; however other methods of image processing have been found to benefit clinical diagnoses. These techniques include thresholding and contrast enhancement, dual isotope image subtraction, synthesis of parametric images, stop-action imaging techniques, motion image, digital tomography, coded aperture tomography, and transverse section image reconstruction.
The Necessity of Clinical Experience in Medical Ethics Expertise

Any claim to medical ethics expertise will be wanting if the purported expert’s only basis for that claim is theoretical knowledge, such as that built on philosophical theorizing and thought experiments. Exposure to ethical theory is a necessary but not sufficient condition for medical ethics expertise. Those proposing to call themselves experts in this domain, such as clinical ethics consultants, must have significant clinical exposure in order to wrestle with concrete and nuanced cases. Additionally, they must make sure that their skill sets are current, as clinical ethics draws on multiple fields that are dynamic and evolving.
How people make sense of drones used for atmospheric science (and other purposes): hopes, concerns, and recommendations

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) can advance understanding of the atmosphere and improve weather prediction, but public perceptions of drone technologies need to be assessed to ensure successful socie...
Engineering bacteria for cancer therapy

The engineering of living cells and microbes is ushering in a new era of cancer therapy. Due to recent microbiome studies indicating the prevalence of bacteria within the human body and specifically in tumor tissue, bacteria have generated significant interest as potential targets for cancer therapy. Notably, a multitude of empirical studies over the past decades have demonstrated that administered bacteria home and grow in tumors due to reduced immune surveillance of tumor necrotic cores. Given their specificity for tumors, bacteria present a unique opportunity to be engineered as intelligent delivery vehicles for cancer therapy with synthetic biology techniques. In this review, we discuss the history, current state, and future challenges associated with using bacteria as a cancer therapy.
Learning to Segment Brain Anatomy from 2D Ultrasound with Less Data

Automatic segmentation of anatomical landmarks from ultrasound (US) plays an important role in the management of preterm neonates with a very low birth weight due to the increased risk of developing intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) or other complications. One major problem in developing an automatic segmentation method for this task is the limited availability of annotated data. To tackle this issue, we propose a novel image synthesis method using multi-scale self attention generator to synthesize US images from various segmentation masks. We show that our method can synthesize high-quality US images for every manipulated segmentation label with qualitative and quantitative improvements over the recent state-of-the-art synthesis methods. Furthermore, for the segmentation task, we propose a novel method, called Confidence-guided Brain Anatomy Segmentation (CBAS) network, where segmentation and corresponding confidence maps are estimated at different scales. In addition, we introduce a technique which guides CBAS to learn the weights based on the confidence measure about the estimate. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method for both synthesis and segmentation tasks achieve significant improvements over the recent state-of-the-art methods. In particular, we show that the new synthesis framework can be used to generate realistic US images which can be used to improve the performance of a segmentation algorithm.
Analysis of equilibrium and dynamic adsorption of benzene vapor over unimodal and bimodal silica-based mixed-metal oxides

Abstract In this study, purification of a benzene-lean gas stream over unimodal and bimodal silica-based mixed-metal oxides was investigated for the purpose of understanding the effects of secondary metal oxide and support pore structure on the adsorption capacities and kinetics. The unimodal silica fell in the borderline of micropores and mesopores, i.e., they consisted of large micropores and small mesopores with large surface area, while the bimodal silica consisted of large micropores, small mesopores and large mesopores with large mesopore volume. The titania and zirconia mixed-metal oxides showed reduced surface area and pore volume as a result of partial blockage of the pores, however, they exhibited improved adsorption behavior relative to the bare silica. Equilibrium adsorption measurements revealed unimodal adsorbents are superior to their bimodal analogues by exhibiting higher benzene vapor uptake, with capacities reaching 10.05, 11.71 and 11.25 mmol/g for SiO2, TiO2/SiO2 and ZrO2/SiO2 samples at 25 °C and 101 kPa. In contrast, dynamic breakthrough tests with 465 ppm benzene vapor concentration indicated faster adsorption kinetics for bimodal adsorbents relative to unimodal materials as a result of their larger pores which produced lesser intraparticle diffusion resistance. It was also found that, while titania or zirconia incorporation enhances the equilibrium adsorption capacity of the bare silica, it deteriorates the adsorption rate. Similarly, all the adsorbents depicted partition coefficient in the range of 0.31–1.75 mmol/g/μM. The mass transfer coefficients estimated from concentration profiles of bimodal SiO2, TiO2/SiO2 and ZrO2/SiO2 samples were 0.58 and 0.45, and 0.41 s−1, respectively. Overall, the findings of this investigation indicated that the introduction of large mesopores in the structure of microporous-mesoporous silica is a facile approach in developing mixed-metal oxide adsorbents with improved adsorption capacity and kinetics for the abatement of benzene vapor emissions.
Using smartwatches to facilitate a group dynamics-based statewide physical activity intervention

Abstract Physical inactivity is a major cause of disease, both in the United States and globally. Physical activity interventions often use a multi-level and community-based approach combining individual and group-based behavioral strategies to promote physical activity and influence social norms. Such interventions can increase their impact by adopting technology-based solutions to facilitate the underlying behavioral strategies. Current technologies for persuading physical activity primarily focus on facilitating individual-level behavioral strategies and de-emphasizing interpersonal aspects. This article focuses on the design and evaluation of technology aimed at facilitating group dynamics-based strategies for promoting physical activity within small socially-connected teams. This work introduces a multi-component smartwatch-centered system called FitAware that uses sensors to automatically track physical activity and leverage the advantages of the watch form factor to facilitate both group and individual level behavioral strategies via non-interruptive, glanceable, and frequent updates. This article describes the design and evaluation of FitAware in the context of an 8-week statewide physical activity community-based intervention.
Administration of direct-fed Bacillus cultures and refined functional carbohydrates to broiler chickens improves growth performance and promotes positive shifts in gastrointestinal microbiota

Summary Due to regulation and consumer-driven decreases in the use of antibiotics, there is a critical need for the development of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) for use in poultry production. Direct-fed microorganisms (DFM) and prebiotics, which have been demonstrated to improve growth performance and microbial safety of poultry, are thought to be potentially important alternatives to AGP. In this study, we investigated the administration of 2 multi-strain Bacillus spp. cultures as DFM, Saccharomyces cerevisiae–derived refined functional carbohydrates (RFC) as a prebiotic, and a multi-strain direct-fed Bacillus spp. culture and RFC in combination as a synbiotic in comparison to an AGP and an untreated control in broiler chickens. DFM, prebiotic, and synbiotic administration improved BW at 14 D, starter FCR, and cumulative ADG when compared to an untreated control and at a level similar to broilers administered an AGP. Administration of either DFM culture, RFC, or the synbiotic reduced recovery of Campylobacter spp. by up to 1 log10 cfu g-1 when compared to the untreated control, whereas 1 log10 cfu g-1 more total Lactic Acid Bacteria were recovered when broilers were administered prebiotic RFC compared to the untreated control. These data suggest that administration of DFM and prebiotics can be used to improve growth performance, reduce the colonization of human foodborne pathogens, and promote populations of beneficial bacteria in poultry.
Whitewashing: How Obama Used Implicit Racial Cues as a Defense Against Political Rumors

Although Barack Obama won the presidency in 2008, some Whites nevertheless penalized him because of his race. In part, these penalties involved persistent rumors about his citizenship and religion. How did the Obama campaign respond to these rumors? We argue that the Obama campaign drew attention to his bi-racial ancestry and highlighted his association with Whites in order to curry favor with this constituency. We also argue that Republicans and conservatives were most receptive to this “Whitewashing” strategy, although Democrats and liberals were not immune. We test these hypotheses with a content analysis of presidential ads from the 2008 general election, an online experiment manipulating the racial content of an Obama ad, and two nationally representative surveys. Our hypotheses are generally confirmed and suggest that Obama succeeded in part because he accommodated, rather than challenged, existing racial hierarchies.
Utility of TRBC1 Expression in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Blood Involvement by Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma.

Peripheral blood involvement by cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is typically assessed by flow cytometry and plays a critical role in diagnosis, classification, and prognosis. Simplified strategies to detect tumor cells (Sezary cells) fail to exclude reactive subsets, whereas tumor-specific abnormalities are subtle and inconsistently present. We implemented a flow cytometric strategy to detect clonal Sezary cells based on the monotypic expression of one of two mutually exclusive TCR constant β chains, TRBC1 and TRBC2. Analysis of CD4+ T-cell subsets and TCR variable β classes from healthy donors showed polytypic TRBC1 staining. Clonal Sezary cells were identified by TRBC1 staining in 56 of 111 (50%) samples from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, accounting for 7–18,155 cells/μl and including 13 cases (23%) lacking tumor-specific immunophenotypic abnormalities. CD4+ T-cell subsets from 86 patients without T-cell lymphoma showed polytypic TRBC1 staining, except for five patients (6%) with minute T-cell clones of uncertain significance accounting for 53–136 cells/μl. Assessment of TRBC1 expression within a comprehensive single-tube flow cytometry assay effectively overcomes interpretative uncertainties in the identification of Sezary cells without the need for a separate T-cell clonality assay.
Global Health Inequalities: An International Comparison

Objective: To study cross-national inequalities in mortality of adults and of children aged Design, setting and participants: Analysis of data from the World Development Indicators 2003 database, compiled by the World Bank. Main outcome measures: Adult and child mortality among countries placed into distinct mortality categories by cluster analysis. Conclusions: Inequalities in child and adult mortality are large, are growing, and are related to several economic, social and health sector variables. Global efforts to deal with this problem require attention to the worse-off countries, geographic concentrations, and adopt multidimensional approaches to development.
High contrast reflectance imaging at 1950 nm for the assessment of lesion activity on extracted teeth.

Changes in the reflectivity of lesions on the proximal surfaces of extracted human teeth were measured at 1500-2340-nm and at 1950-nm as they were dried with air. An extended range tungsten-halogen lamp with a long pass filter (1500-2340-nm) and a broadband ASE source centered near the peak of the water-absorption band at 1950-nm were used as light sources and an extended range InGaAs camera (1000-2340-nm) was used to acquire reflected light images as the samples were dried with air. SWIR light at 1950-nm yields extremely high contrast of demineralization and appears to be the optimum wavelength for the assessment of lesion activity on tooth coronal surfaces.
Outcome of Endodontic Treatment: The Most Cited Publications.

Abstract Introduction Bibliographic analysis using quantitative measurements such as citation number and citation density is a common method used to evaluate the impact of previously published studies on current research. Several bibliographic endodontic studies ranking publications based on their number of citations have been published. However, to date, a focus on the most cited articles related to the outcome of endodontic treatment is lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify the most cited publications and their citation density as related to the outcome of nonsurgical root canal treatment (NSRCT), nonsurgical root canal retreatment (NSRCR), and root canal surgery (RCS). Methods A search of all citations regarding the outcome of NSRCT, NSRCR, and RCS was performed using the Web of Science platform. The search included key words covering all relevant categories. Only publications in the English language published between May 1960 and July 2021 were included. The publications were divided into the following groups: NSRCT, NSRCR, and RCS. Each group was further subdivided into experimentation studies and review studies. The publications were analyzed and sorted in descending order according to the number of citations that each publication has received. Only publications with 100 citations or more were included. Citation density was also assessed. Results The total number of NSRCT citations found was 257; 221 (86%) were experimentation studies, and 36 (14%) were review studies. Of the 221 NSRCT experimentation studies, 41 (18.55%) had 100 citations or more. Of the 36 NSRCT review studies, 9 (25%) had 100 citations or more. The total number of NSRCR citations found was 61; 51 (83.6%) were experimentation studies, and 10 (16.4%) were review studies. Of the 51 NSRCR experimentation studies, 5 (9.8%) had 100 citations or more. Of the 10 NSRCR review studies, 2 (20%) had 100 citations or more. The total number of RCS citations found was 119; 90 (75.6%) were experimentation studies, and 29 (24.4%) were review studies. Of the 90 RCS experimentation studies, 11 (12.2%) had 100 citations or more. Of the 29 RCS review studies, 2 (6.9%) had 100 citations or more. In total, 70 publications on the outcome of endodontic treatment had 100 or more citations. Fifty publications (71.4%) pertained to the NSRCT groups, 7 publications (10%) to the NSRCR groups, and 13 publications (18.6%) to the RCS groups. Conclusions Bibliographic analysis is a beneficial aid for assessing the impact of publications studying the outcome of endodontic treatment on the field of endodontics.
Quality and the processed value of soybeans

35 INTRODUCTION 36 MATERIALS AND METHODS 38 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 42 REFERENCES 43 PAPER m. CRACKING AND DEHULLING SHRIVELED AND WRINKLED SOYBEANS 49 ABSTRACT 5
Bimetallic PdCu/SPCE non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensors

Abstract Screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) were decorated with PdCu bimetallic alloys via a facile co-electrodeposition method to develop disposable non-enzymatic H2O2 sensors. The electrochemical performance of the biosensors was evaluated in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, and stability with a goal of demonstrating that employing a bimetallic PdCu non-enzymatic system can push forward the state of the art in hydrogen peroxide sensing. The physical characterization of the biosensors was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Sensors consisting of PdCu bimetals showed higher sensitivity than Pd/SPCE and Cu/SPCE electrodes toward H2O2. The fabricated PdCu/SPCE sensors showed a sensitivity of 396.7 μA mM−1 cm−2, a linear range from 0.5 mM to 11 mM, and a low limit of detection (0.7 μM) at the applied potential of −0.3 V. The use of relatively low working potential eliminated the interference effect of the common electroactive species (ascorbic acid, uric acid, and glucose) present in a real sample, which are usually a concern for non-enzymatic sensing systems. In addition, the high reproducibility (RSD = 2.5%), and excellent long term stability render PdCu/SPCEs as attractive materials for the construction of disposable enzyme-free H2O2 sensors.
A Pilot Study of Contemplative Practices with Economically Disadvantaged Preschoolers: Children’s Empathic and Self-Regulatory Behaviors

This pilot randomized controlled trial with economically disadvantaged preschoolers investigated the feasibility and preliminary effects of a mindfulness intervention. We examined its effect on children’s empathy and self-regulation and explored how the curriculum might meet the needs of children attending federally subsidized preschools. Children in five preschool classrooms were randomly assigned by classroom to either a 12-week mindfulness intervention (two classrooms; n = 15) or a treatment as usual (TAU; three classrooms; n = 14) and assessed at three time points: pre-intervention (Time 1), immediately post-intervention (Time 2), and 3-month follow-up (Time 3). Children in the mindfulness intervention significantly increased their attentional focus from Time 1 to Time 2 compared to children in the TAU group. Similarly, compared to the TAU group, children in the mindfulness intervention significantly increased their self-regulation skills at Time 2, and these results were maintained at Time 3. There were no changes in empathy or compassion in either the TAU or mindfulness intervention group. Qualitative analysis of classroom observations and instructor interview data suggested that the intervention can be developmentally structured to meet the needs of economically disadvantaged children.
“Square Like a Bubble”: Architecture, Power, and Poetics in Two Inscriptions by Kalim Kāshāni

The career of the poet Kalim Kāshāni (d. 1061/1651) exemplifies two significant developments in the social and cultural life of the Persianate world of the seventeenth century. First is the oft-noted mobility of poets, scholars, and administrators between Safavid Iran and Mughal India. Second is the revival of the verbal description of architecture (ekphrasis) as a major mode of panegyric poetry. As the ruling elite invested heavily in constructing palaces and cities as a projection of their imperial power, poets increasingly integrated these projects into their celebrations of their patrons. Taking advantage of both of these trends, Kalim rose from being a minor regional poet to the highest rank in the cultural establishment of the court of Shāh Jahān. Close readings of two of Kalim’s architectural inscriptions, from the beginning and end of his career, reveal two different approaches to the verbal representation of architecture and to the expression of political power.
Shrinking the Internet

The Internet presents unique social challenges, but these challenges share striking similarities with those in densely populated cities. Both the Internet and urban life have enormous scope and size, regularly exposing citizens to strangers, unconventional norms, and deviant behavior. And despite their frenetic environments, both foster feelings of remoteness and anonymity. This sentiment, in tandem with the scale of both the internet and large cities, restricts the ability for social norms to constrain violent and criminal behavior. In these areas where social norms are structurally encumbered, there is a temptation to fill the enforcement vacuum with enhanced government intervention.This temptation, however, is misguided. Invasive law enforcement tactics, including Internet surveillance, are costly, oppressive, and foster a dangerous disrespect for the law. Instead, this paper proposes harnessing an urban-analog perspective to establish more intimate social norms on websites. Through user registration, structural transparency, opt-in disclosures, and visitor-to-visitor communication, websites can effectively become Internet "villages," capable of fostering social norms that organically normalize online interaction and discourage antisocial behavior. In this context, law enforcement should pay heed to the self-policing within these "villages" and abandon a "one-size fits all" invasive approach to the Internet. Instead, law enforcement should focus its finite resources on amplifying these social norms wherever possible and avoid costly and intrusive measures. In doing so, the urban-analog perspective will efficiently enhance existing law enforcement priorities and avoid an undesirable trade-off between freedom and security on the Internet.
Greco-Roman Analysis of Metaphoric Reasoning

When lawyers want to emphasize or crystallize their analysis or arguments, they instinctively and unavoidably use figurative and metaphoric language. Their use of familiar metaphoric cliches — the law as a “seamless web,” cases with “progeny,” corporations with “veils,” and constitutional “penumbras” — reveals not only their recognition of the persuasive power of figurative language, but also their unspoken and, perhaps, unconscious reliance on subtle forms metaphoric reasoning. Recognizing this, Justice Cardozo warned that “metaphors in law are to be narrowly watched, for starting as devices to liberate thought, they end often by enslaving it.” His warning did not take into account the fact that metaphors in the law have been “narrowly watched” for over 2,000 years. Ancient rhetoricians like Aristotle, Cicero and Quintilian meticulously analyzed the subtle, concise and intellectually attractive value of metaphors in legal argument, noting both their emotional impact and their logical appeal. Their insights into metaphors’ persuasive value in legal argument have increasingly drawn the attention of modern language theorists, cognitive psychologists and, lately, legal scholars.
Parents as distraction coaches during i.v. insertion: a randomized study.

This study investigated the effectiveness of a brief Distraction Education intervention for parents prior to their preschool children's medical procedures. Forty-four preschool children with chronic non-life-threatening conditions were having intravenous catheters (IVs) placed for medical tests. Parent-child dyads were randomized into two groups. The experimental group received Distraction Education prior to IV insertion; the control group received standard care. Data were analyzed for two phases of the IV procedure. Phase 1 was the preparation for needle insertion; Phase 2 began with needle insertion. Experimental group parents used significantly more distraction than did control group parents during both phases (P < 0.001). There were no group differences for child behavioral distress or self-report of pain. There was a trend toward a group by phase interaction for behavioral distress (P = 0.07); more experimental group children showed decreased behavioral distress over time (from phase 1 to phase 2) than did control group children (P = 0.02).
High performance liquid chromatography purification and structural characterization of the subunits of rabbit muscle phosphorylase kinase

A rapid reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is presented for isolating the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subunits of rabbit muscle phosphorylase kinase. The HPLC separation allows micropreparative purification of all the subunits with 66-88% recoveries. Relative molecular weights of the subunits as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in 4, 5, 7, and 10% acrylamide are alpha 132,000, alpha' 127,000, beta 113,000 and gamma 43,000. Amino acid compositions are reported for the HPLC purified subunits. alpha contains about 2 mol of endogenous phosphate/mol of protein and beta, gamma, and delta each contain about 1 mol of phosphate/mol of protein. Despite the identity of delta and calmodulin, essentially no protein-bound phosphate was found associated with bovine brain calmodulin. Holophosphorylase kinase contains about 20 mol of endogenous phosphate/mol of protein. The first NH2-terminal sequence analyses of the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits were determined by Tarr manual Edman degradation. Within the NH2-terminal 23 residues of gamma ( TRDAALPGSHSTHGFYENYESKE . . . ) there are six identities and one conservative interchange with the catalytic subunit of bovine cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The first 17 residues of the NH2-terminal sequence of alpha ( MRSRSNSGVRLDSYARL . . . ) exhibit six identities and one conservative interchange with the transforming protein from the Rous sarcoma virus (Schmidt- Rupin strain) provided a single gap is inserted in the src gene product. Further structural information is required to evaluate the significance of these sequence similarities. The beta subunit has a blocked NH2 terminus.
Board-to-board free-space optical interconnects of bus architecture

This paper presents the concepts of a board-to-board free space optical interconnection scheme that will support a bus architecture. While the technology required to implement this optical scheme is very compatible with existing electronic packaging technologies, it promises to be able interconnect many more boards together without serious impedance matching or termination problems encountered by electrical interconnects at high speed. Experimental demonstration of the optical scheme is in progress.
On the role of strain rate, size and notch acuity on toughness: A comparison of two martensitic stainless steels

The demonstrated swelling resistance and high heat flux capacity make tempered martensitic (TM) steels a leading candidate alloy class for application to fusion reactor first wall and blanket structures. Here, the fracture resistance and micromechanisms of two tempered martensitic steels were characterized over a range of temperatures by both mechanical testing and quantitative fractography. HT-9 and F-82H undergo a fracture mode transition from quasicleavage at low temperature to microvoid coalescence at high temperature. The transition in HT-9 is rather gradual, and the transition in F-82H is extremely abrupt. While the toughness of F-82H was higher in all cases, differences between the two steels depended on test type, strain rate and temperature. The results not only demonstrate the inherent non-uniqueness of the so called ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), but also call into question the use of Charpy data for ranking the relative performance of various alloys. The similarities in quasi-cleavage fracture and differences in ductile fracture are manifested in the fracture surfaces and are interpreted in terms of the underlying mechanisms and microstructures.
d-Alanine: Membrane Acceptor Ligase from Lactobacillus casei

Abstract The enzymatic incorporation of d-alanine into membranes of Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469) is described. The activity is dependent on ATP, supernatant fraction and membrane fragments; it is enhanced by the addition of Mg2+. The incorporation is insensitive to ribonuclease. The product of this reaction is characterized as a hydroxylamine (1 m, pH 7.0, 37°) labile ester that is not extracted into lipophilic solvents. The lability of the incorporated d-alanine in hydroxylamine is similar to that observed for the d-alanine ester residues in the glycerol teichoic acid from this organism. The chromatographic properties of the product are not consistent with alanyl phosphatidylglycerol. The Km for d-alanine and d-α-NH2-n-butyric acid is 18 µm and 850 µm, respectively. l-[14C]Alanine is not incorporated. The following analogues are effective inhibitors of d-alanine incorporation: (a) d-α-NH2-n-butyric acid; (b) dl-alanine hydroxamate; (c) dl-α-amino-n-butyric acid hydroxamate; (d) dl-alanine amide; and (e) d-serine. Although the specificity profile is similar to that described for the d-alanine-activating enzyme (Baddiley, J., and Neuhaus, F. C., Biochem. J., 75, 579 (1960)), the supernatant factor was partially separated from this enzyme and alanine racemase by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. It is proposed that the supernatant fraction contains an enzyme, d-alanine:membrane acceptor ligase, that is involved in the introduction of d-alanine ester residues into membranes of this organism.