cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Becoming a citizen: habits of national belonging in the United States

Grounded in feminist phenomenology in partnership with everyday citizenship research, this paper examines the everyday, lived experience of citizenship. Arguing that becoming a citizen involves the...
A new binary formulation of the restricted Container Relocation Problem based on a binary encoding of configurations

Abstract The Container Relocation Problem (CRP), also called Block Relocation Problem (BRP), is concerned with finding a sequence of moves of containers that minimizes the number of relocations needed to retrieve all containers, while respecting a given order of retrieval. The restricted CRP enforces that only containers blocking the target container can be relocated. We improve upon and enhance an existing binary encoding and using it, formulate the restricted CRP as a binary integer programming problem in which we exploit structural properties of the optimal solution. This integer programming formulation reduces significantly the number of variables and constraints compared to existing formulations. Its efficiency is shown through computational results on small and medium sized instances taken from the literature.
The Grid in a nutshell

The emergence and widespread adoption of Grid computing has been fueled by continued growth in both our understanding of application requirements and the sophistication of the technologies used to meet these requirements. We provide an introduction to Grid applications and technologies and discuss the important role that resource management will play in future developments.
Reading Nanomagnetic Energy Minimizing Coprocessor

Nanomagnetic coprocessor enacts an energy minimization framework to solve the quadratic optimization problem often arisen in a computer vision paradigm. Our approach relies on the fact that the Hamiltonian of a system of coupled nanomagnets is quadratic. Therefore, a wide class of quadratic energy minimization can be solved directly by the relaxation physics of a grid of nanomagnets. The solutions of such problems are obtained from reading the magnetic state of the cells, in other words, the resistance. This monograph explores the methods to detect the magnetic states, and also considers the dimensional variation of each cell of the coprocessor and inspects the resultant change in resistance. We measure at most ${\text{7.8}}$ % change in resistance due to the process imperfection of in-house fabrication processes. This requires a read circuitry that can handle the largest deviation. Unlike STT-MRAM, the circular magnets do not have shape anisotropy but, here we show that with an additional preamplifier circuit, we are able to improve sense margin by at least ${\text{73}}$ %.
MUCH-SWIFT: A High-Throughput Multi-Core HW/SW Co-design K-means Clustering Architecture

K-mean clustering is an essential tool for many big data applications including data mining, predictive analysis, forecasting studies, and machine learning. However, due to large size (volume) of Big-Data, and large dimensionality of its data points, even the application of a simple k-mean clustering may become extremely time and resource demanding. In this paper, we propose a two-level filtering algorithm based on binary kd-tree structure, which considerably decreases the time of convergence in K-means algorithm for large datasets. The proposed modification to the classification algorithm, evolves the SW to naturally divide the classification into smaller data sets, based on the number of available cores and size of logic available in an FPGA. The empirical results show that on a multi-core FPGA, provides 330x speed-up compared to a conventional SW-only solution.
Abstract 18299: Perceived Social Support Operates Through Self-Efficacy to Positively Influence Heart Failure Self-Care Management

Background: Studies show a modest positive association between social support and chronic illness self-management. However, the extent to which social support influences Heart Failure (HF) self-car...
Increasing Protection of Dialysis Patients against Influenza.

Adults with CKD or ESKD have impaired immune systems and are at high risk of infectious disease–related illness, including significantly increased risk of serious complications from influenza infection ([1][1],[2][2]). The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends routine influenza
Energetics and electronic structure of native point defects in antiferromagnetic CrN

We present a detailed analysis of the role of native point defects in the antiferromagnetic (AFM) phases of bulk chromium nitride (CrN). We perform first-principles calculations by using the local spin-density approximation, including local interaction effects $(\text{LSDA}+U)$, to study the two lowest energy AFM models expected to describe the low-temperature phase of the material. We study the formation energies, lattice deformations, and electronic and magnetic structure introduced by native point defects. We find that, as expected, nitrogen vacancies are the most likely defect present in the material at low temperatures. Nitrogen vacancies present different charged states in the cubic AFM model, exhibiting two transition energies, which could be measured by thermometry experiments and could help identify the AFM structure in a sample. These vacancies also result in partial spin polarization of the induced impurity band, which would have interesting consequences in experiments. Other point defects have also signature electronic and magnetic structure that could be identified in scanning probe experiments.
High-Sensitive C-Reactive Protein Predicts Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy (P5.225)

Objective: We aimed to determine whether baseline high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) is predictive of acute ischemic cerebrovascular events (CVA) and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Background: Hs-CRP is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and plaque rupture, a marker of inflammation and a novel biomarker that may predict cardiovascular risk. Its role in patients undergoing CEA is not established. Design/Methods: A total of 251 patients underwent CEA and completed comprehensive baseline laboratory testing prior to CEA including testing for novel biomarkers as hs-CRP were analyzed. All patients were followed for the development of CVA (including stroke and transient ischemic attack) and cardiovascular events with regular nursing follow-up and/or chart review for a median of 10.9 years (IQR 7.3,13.4). Results: In univariate analysis, baseline hs-CRP was significantly higher in patients who developed CVA during follow-up vs. those that did not (8.1 (IQR 2.2, 46.3) mg/L vs .3.85 (0.9, 11.75) mg/L; p=0.0054). After adjusting for confounders including age, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, history of smoking, aspirin use and duration of follow-up, log hs-CRP was an independent predictor of CVA during follow-up after CEA (L-R 9.9; p=0.0016). In univariate analysis, baseline log hs-CRP levels were higher among patients who developed cardiac events when compared to those who did not (1.79±1.74 mg/L vs. 1.22 ±1.81 mg/L; p=0.03). After adjustment for age, diabetes, cholesterol, smoking, and hypertension, log hs-CRP was independently predictive of cardiovascular events during follow-up (LR 4.58, p=0.03). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a role of hs-CRP as a novel predictor for ischemic cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events during follow-up after CEA. Further investigation is necessary to determine the role of risk modification and the therapeutic potential of hs-CRP in this population. Disclosure: Dr. Nardi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Prasad MD has nothing to disclose. Dr. Meyer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lerman MD PhD has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lerman MD has nothing to disclose.
An environment conducive to bureaucratic innovation?: Exploring the potential for public entrepreneurship within FEMA

Abstract The ability of emergency management organizations to perform effectively in the eyes of the public has been argued to stem from organizational culture, and a proclivity to overcome path dependent effects that may inhibit changes to enhance service provision. One mechanism argued to be effective in overcoming organizational path dependence and ineffective service provision is public entrepreneurship. Several contextual characteristics of public entrepreneurship are necessary to spur innovation. This study examines the presence of contextual factors shown to encourage public entrepreneurship within FEMA, which are also applicable to local urban governance. FEMA has long been argued as ineffective and resistant to organizational change. Using a sample of FEMA employees, this study finds that most FEMA employees perceive the organization to be open to public entrepreneurship; however, this perception is influenced by individual's personal characteristics. In addition to findings, this study offers recommendations for future research and implications in the area of public entrepreneurship within emergency management.
Deleterious effects of non-framework Al species on the catalytic performance of ZSM-5 crystals synthesized at low temperature

ZSM-5 is one of the most widely studied and commercially relevant zeolites. It is also one of the few zeolites that can be synthesized in an all-silica form (silicalite-1), and thus serves as a prototype for mechanistic studies of zeolite crystallization. The MFI framework of ZSM-5 is amenable to a broad range of synthesis conditions, which has led to numerous discoveries of materials with unique physicochemical properties. The exceptional performance of ZSM-5 among zeolite catalysts, coupled with its facile synthesis, has given rise to its widespread use in industrial applications. In this study we highlight the challenges associated with synthesizing ZSM-5 at low temperature (ca. 100 °C), which is often necessary to generate small crystals (<200 nm) with an appreciable quantity of acid sites (i.e. Si/Al < 25). We focus on the incorporation of non-framework Al, which includes extra-framework (octahedral) Al and penta-coordinated Al, as well as Al zoning – a common phenomenon where the density of Al sites within the framework is more prevalent at the outer rim and exterior surfaces of ZSM-5 crystals. We show that synthesis at low temperature, and most notably in growth mixtures containing high aluminum concentration, results in the incomplete incorporation of Al into the ZSM-5 framework that can be partially removed through post-synthesis mild acid treatment. We also show that higher synthesis temperature (170 °C) facilitates the incorporation of framework Al; however, in all cases the catalysts prepared in this study exhibit relatively low activity owing in part to the presence of Al defects. The library of ZSM-5 catalysts prepared herein are characterized using methanol to hydrocarbons as a benchmark reaction to assess the performance of various as-made and acid treated samples. Our findings suggest that ZSM-5 may be more difficult to synthesize than is commonly perceived, most notably when examining the various types of defects in crystalline products over a wide range of synthesis conditions.
Advance Directives, Do Not Resuscitate Orders, Hospice, Organ Transplantation and Physician Assisted Suicide

Advance care planning can take a number of forms including discussions with family members that are not formally documented, similar discussions with one’s physician, and directives for level of care during hospitalization such as do not resuscitate (DNR) orders.
External Levator Advancement and Resection

Blepharoptosis occurs from congenitally or acquired mechanical, neurogenic, myogenic, or traumatic etiologies leading to drooping of the upper eyelid. Ptosis in elderly patients most commonly presents as dehiscence of the levator aponeurosis insertion and thinning of the aponeurotic fibers [1]. The aponeurotic repair of ptosis, originally described by Everbrush in 1883, grew in popularity in 1975 after Jones reported a new technique resecting a portion of the flaccid aponeurotic tissue [2]. The technique continued to be modified over time as the role of the disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis in involutional ptosis was more clearly understood [3].
Relation between Parental Attributions and the Acceptability of Behavioral Treatments for Their Child's Behavior Problems.

This investigation was conducted to identify the relationship between parental causal attributions of children's behavior problems and the acceptability of behavioral interventions. At 1-, 3-, and ...
Morbidity burden in survivors of multiple myeloma who underwent autologous transplantation: A Bone Marrow Transplantation Survivor Study.

Background Autologous blood or bone marrow transplantation (aBMT) is considered the standard of care for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Significantly improved survival necessitates an understanding of the morbidity burden borne by the growing survivor population. Methods The authors evaluated severe and/or life-threatening chronic health conditions (CHCs) and subsequent neoplasms (SNs) in patients with MM who were treated with aBMT using the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study. A total of 630 study participants had undergone aBMT for MM at 1 of 3 BMT centers, had survived ≥2 years after aBMT, and were aged ≥18 years at the time of survey completion. Survivors of aBMT identified 289 nearest-age siblings to constitute an unaffected comparison group. Scoring of CHCs was based on version 5 of the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events to determine severity (with grade 3 indicating serious and grade 4 indicating life-threatening). Results The 10-year cumulative incidence of any grade 3 to 4 CHC among survivors of aBMT was 57.6 ± 3.2%. Survivors of MM were found to be at 40% higher odds of developing grade 3 to 4 CHCs when compared with siblings (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.0-1.9). Among SNs, 96% were solid tumors, yielding a 10-year cumulative incidence of 13.6% ± 2.5%. Pre-aBMT exposure to cyclophosphamide (hazard ratio [HR], 3.5; 95% CI, 1.5-8.1) and immunomodulatory drugs (HR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.5-10.1) were associated with an increased risk of solid tumors. Melanoma (10-year cumulative incidence: 3.3% ± 1.2%) and squamous cell carcinoma (10-year cumulative incidence: 5.1% ± 1.8%), were the most common SNs. Pre-aBMT exposure to cyclophosphamide (HR, 6.02; 95% CI, 1.4-26.1) and immunomodulatory drugs (HR, 7.9; 95% CI, 0.9-68.5) was associated with an increased risk of melanoma. Conclusions The 10-year cumulative incidence of severe and/or life-threatening CHCs was found to approach 60% in long-term survivors of MM, with solid SNs constituting a large morbidity burden. The current study has provided evidence supporting the close monitoring of survivors to manage morbidity.
Operation and Optimization of Microwave-Heated Continuous-Flow Microfluidics

Microwave (MW) technology can be powerful for electrification and process intensification but limited fundamental understanding of scalability and design principles hinders its effective use. In th...
Diabetic Retinopathy in the Aging Population: A Perspective of Pathogenesis and Treatment.

The elderly population in the United States is projected to almost double by the year 2050. In addition, the numbers of diabetics are rising, along with its most common complication, diabetic retinopathy (DR). To effectively treat DR within the elderly population, it is essential first to consider the retinal changes that occur due to aging, such as decreased blood flow, retinal thinning, and microglial changes, and understand that these changes can render the retina more vulnerable to oxidative and ischemic damage. Given these considerations, as well as the pathogenesis of DR, specific pathways could play a heightened role in DR progression in elderly patients, such as the polyol pathway and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) axis. Current ocular treatments include intravitreal corticosteroids, intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, laser photocoagulation and surgical interventions, in addition to better control of underlying diabetes with an expanding range of systemic treatments. While using therapeutics, it is also essential to consider how pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics change with aging; oral drug absorption can decrease, and ocular drug metabolism might affect the dosing and delivery methods. Also, elderly patients may more likely be nonadherent to their medication regimen or appointments than younger patients, and undertreatment with anti-VEGF drugs often leads to suboptimal outcomes. With a rising number of elderly DR patients, understanding how aging affects disease progression, pharmacological metabolism, and adherence are crucial to ensuring that this population receives adequate care.
Fluid Bubbles and Jiggling Gels

In this chapter, we will develop a particle approach to a two-dimensional study of the motion of carbon dioxide bubbles in water. The discussion for this prototype problem will contain all the concepts and methods which are essential for three-dimensional studies of the motions of fluid drops within fluids.
The Linguistics of Speech: Evidence from linguistic survey research: basic description

Saussure found much of the primary evidence for his limited description of the linguistics of speech in the work of the first dialect geographers, Wenker and Gillieron. This chapter will address evidence from more recent linguistic survey research. We can now carry out systematic research on speech that Saussure could not, using recording devices and computers and modern methods of statistics. If we use such modern methods to analyze survey research on linguistic features, we find that we get consistent, regular results, not just the anarchy of erratic distributions. These findings will lead to formulation in more detail of principles of regional and social organization of language at different levels of scale, within an overall linguistic continuum. A good part of Saussure's resistance to the linguistics of speech came from the circumstances of language study in his day. He did insist on the necessity of speech for the establishment of a language ((1916)1986: 19): it is by listening to others that we learn our native language. A language accumulates in our brain only as the result of countless experiences. Finally, it is speech which causes a language to evolve. The impressions received from listening to others modify our own linguistic habits. Human beings have the capacity to manage their experience of speech, both to acquire a language originally and to continue to adjust language habits in light of continuing impressions from experience. However, the academic study of language is not the same as enactment of our human capacity for language.
Stahl, Franklin William

This article highlights Stahl's role as a leading expert on the central biological process of ‘genetic recombination’ (Stahl, 1987, 1988) during the last six decades as his main research interest, as well as his collaborations in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication, mutagenesis and genetic mapping. Starting with Stahl's PhD thesis (Stahl, 1956) on the genetic recombination of phage T4, and continuing with Stahl's seminal collaboration on the ‘Meselson–Stahl experiment’ which established how DNA replicates, a discovery for which both Meselson and Stahl remain best known, the article grounds Stahl's various contributions to molecular biology in his institutional legacies at the University of Rochester (PhD 1955), Caltech in the mid- and late 1950s and the University of Oregon at Eugene since 1959. The article further highlights Stahl's role as a foundation member of its Institute of Molecular Biology, his long-term collaboration with his late spouse Mary Morgan Stahl (1934–1996), his mentorship of two generations of students and his current collaboration, as a professor emeritus, with his former PhD student and partner Henriette (Jette) Foss. Stahl's contributions to the history of molecular biology, as both author and editor, are also mentioned. Keywords: Stahl; genetic recombination; bacterial culture; DNA replication; semiconservative replication; density gradient; critical (or crucial) experiment; Meselson; the M–S experiment; molecular biology; phage lambda; mutagenesis
Radiation‐Induced Cavernous Malformations of the Cauda Equina Mimicking Carcinomatous or Infectious Meningitis. A Case Report

The authors present a case of multiple radiation-induced cavernous malformations of the cauda equina in a patient with a remote history of testicular cancer and extended field radiation therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multiple nodular areas of enhancement coating the nerve roots of the cauda equina, mimicking an aggressive leptomeningeal process such as carcinomatous or infectious meningitis. Biopsy of one of these lesions revealed ectatic vascular channels devoid of intervening neuroglial tissue consistent with cavernous malformation.
USAF approval of data link communication equipment for civil air traffic control

Operations within civil airspace will transition from traditional ground-based air traffic control (ATC) to air traffic management (ATM). A concept that requires aircrews and ground managers to share responsibility of aircraft separation assurance. Increased levels of information exchange will be necessary for this concept to work safely; therefore, air-ground communications will transition from voice to data link communications. The nature of data link communications procurement requires that avionics suppliers not only verify their products meet contractual performance requirements, but also demonstrate that their products are compatible with civil communication networks and ATC. In addition, the USAF needs to demonstrate that their crew-training program is adequate to maintain the required level of aircrew proficiency and equipment can be maintained for the required level of system performance, integrity, and interoperability with the civil environment. This paper outlines some of the certification issues facing the USAF with respect to the 'Approval for Use' of data link equipment to be used for communication with ATC. It will also suggest a methodology for the avionics supplier and USAF to obtain the approvals required to ensure the installation of data link communications equipment on military aircraft will remain interoperable with civil ATC.
The Development of Leisure and the Transformation of Working-Class Adolescence, Paris 1830–1940

The evolution of the pastimes of Parisian working-class youth between 1830 and 1940 reveals the interconnection between the rise of modern leisure and the development of modern adolesence. Two striking images halfway between literature and sociology, the gamin and the apache, illuminate the transformation of working-class adolescence from social and spatial exclusion during the 1830s to exclusivity by the 1900s. By the Belle Epoque, working-class adolescents had articulated their own subculture through the abundant and varied diversions of “the city of light”: dance halls, cafes, cinemas, sports, and newspapers. The growing sense of exclusivity among working-class adolescents, however, undermined a wider sense of class consciousness. Working-class youth, especially after 1900, increasingly identified more with leisure and youth than with work and class. In general, the workplace ceased to be a site where expression and creativity could be exercised and instead became an instrument, a means to an end: the ...
The determination of thiamin pyrophosphate in blood and other tissues, and its correlation with erythrocyte transketolase activity

A sensitive method for the specific measurement of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) has been developed using the apoenzyme recombination concept. Yeast pyruvic decarboxylase apoenzyme can be reconstituted by the addition of TPP or samples containing TPP, yielding the holoenzyme with activity proportionate to the amount of TPP added. Using this technique, reaction mixtures containing 0.2 to 1.5 ng TPP can be assayed. Normal human erythrocyte TPP ranges from 50 to 150 ng per ml packed cells. When rats are fed a thiamin deficient diet, the erythrocyte TPP level falls more rapidly than the erythrocyte transketolase activity. After 8 days, the level of TPP in the erythrocytes of deficient animals was 10% of the level in pair-fed controls. At this time, however, there was no appreciable decrease in their respective transketolase activities. The level of TPP in the liver also is decreased drastically after 8 days. Therefore it appears that erytyrocyte and liver TPP stores have begun to be depleted and suggest that erythrocyte TPP levels are a more sensitive indicator of thiamin status.
Critical Quantitative Study of Immigrant Students

The author discusses the importance of critical quantitative research for studies of immigrant students, a large and growing group, whose higher education experience is crucial to the future of the United States. The author outlines some of the distinctions to be made among immigrant students and recommends areas of future inquiry.
Two-dimensional all-optical parallel-to series TDM and demultiplexing by spectral-holographic methods

A two-dimensional all optical processor which multiplexes a rectangular array of parallel incoming signals into a series output transmitted through a single optical fiber is suggested for the first time along with a corresponding 2-dimensional series to parallel transformer. The system uses four-wave interaction in a hologram, both for MUX and deMUX. It can be used for the direct fiber-optical transmission of many time-dependent images, without going through the usual video serialization, as well as for multiple analog or digital, video and audio transmissions, or multiplexing and demultiplexing of any nature.
Residual Stresses and Cracking in Metal/Ceramic Systems for Microelectronics Packaging

Residual stresses that develop in a metalkeramic system due to thermal expansion mismatch were calculated for a workhardening metal. The calculations were conducted for a cylindrical configuration, pertinent to certain microelectronics packaging systems. Experimental measurements of the stress have also been made on a Cukordierite ceramic system, using an indentation technique. It is shown that porosity in the metal can plastically expand and provide a mode of dilatational relaxation. Porosity in the metal thus emerges as an important stress-relaxing mechanism.
Production of Thick Semiconductor Radiation Detectors by Lithium Drifting

The application of semiconductor junction radiation detectors1 to penetrating radiation depends on the production of devices having thick depletion layers. In this connection the lithium drift technique developed by Pell2,3,4 has been employed with considerable success5,6,7,8,9. A difficulty encountered with this method is the long time required to produce compensated regions a few millimeters or more in thickness. However it can be shown that the compensated region produced by drifting at constant temperature is proportional to the cube root of the total energy dissipated in the drifting process. This indicates the importance of operating at the highest attainable power at all times, and has led to the design of a system employing a fluorocarbon liquid as a vapor phase coolant in conjunction with a pulsed constant wattage supply. Significantly improved drift rates have been achieved with this technique, which has the added advantage of being well suited to the simultaneous drifting of a number of detectors at constant power from a single power supply.
Much ado about Hotelling: Beware the ides of Hubbert

Abstract Much economic literature analyzes the Hotelling principal. Little economic literature analyzes the Hubbert curve although much controversy surrounds it. This difference in emphasis by economists needs to be reconsidered critically, and towards that end, we attempt to look at both concepts simultaneously. We test whether a simple Hubbert curve model is a significant determinant of world oil price changes and whether one of the main determinants of the Hotelling principle—the discount rate—also affects world oil prices. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing approach is used to examine the effects of a Hubbert index variable and a Hotelling discount rate variable on the world wide price of oil. Results show the discount rate, the most important Hotelling variable, has little effect on oil prices, but that the Hubbert curve model does show a large effect on oil prices. Oil is a non-renewable natural resource par excellence , yet the results suggest that the Hotelling principle is not an important determinant for oil prices, yet the Hubbert curve and the theory surrounding the Hubbert curve is an important determinant of oil prices.
From Contention to Engagement: French Social Science and the Politics of HIV/AIDS

The HIV/AIDS pandemic has had a devastating impact, challenged the capabilities of state actors, and empowered a new transnational movement. While the various phenomena linked to the disease too often have been overlooked by American political science, French scholars have responded to the politics of AIDS as it related to contestation over the direction of the state and as it has yielded new opportunities for engaged theory building and empirical exploration.
Inhibitory effects of electrical stimulation on delivery in pregnant rats.

Abstract Objective To study the efficacy of uterine electrical stimulation (ES) with various parameters in delaying delivery in term- and preterm-laboring animals. Study design Catheters and electrodes, as well as ES electrodes, were sutured onto the uterine horn in day-15 pregnant rats. ES with various durations/frequencies (five sets of parameters) was tested from gestation day 21 to determine its effects on uterine contractility. The best set of ES parameters was applied in term (day 21) and preterm (day 18—labor induced) animals to determine the effects of ES on delivery. Results (1) Significant reduction in uterine contractions (0.54 ± 0.11 vs. 0.86 ± 0.08 contractions per minute, P Conclusion ES of the uterus with appropriate parameters inhibits uterine contractions and delays delivery in both term and preterm rats.
Erythrocyte cation concentrations and changes in dietary electrolyte intake.

Les taux de Na, K et Mg dans les erythrocytes de 4 hommes sont restes constants lorsque les sujects prenaient des dietes avec des quantites tres differentes de cas cathions. Ce resultat indique que dans l'erythrocyte les concentrations de ces ions ne sont pas modifiees par des variations tres marquees de la quantite des electrolytes ingestes.
Education to protect humanity.

After millennia of mass exterminations, genocides such as those in Rwanda, Bosnia, and Darfur continue to plague the world. Given today's ready access to lethal weapons and technology-assisted incitements to hatred, the plague is poised to spread. How can we reverse this potential for malignant growth?
PARTITIONED ITERATIVE SOLVER FOR VERY LARGE THERMAL SIMULATIONS

To enhance the capabilities of solving very large homogeneous and heterogeneous heat conduction simulations, a partitioned iterative solver is developed, lite methodology involves the use of a multiply gauged, preconditioned, conjugate gradient procedure. In particular, local substructural level gauging is introduced for both the steepest descent and orthogonalization-conjugation phases of operation, lb improve convergence noes for very-large-scale thermal simulations, the scheme combines partitioned initialization and “bias control” steps. Due to the use of local gauging, quicker penetration toward the solution is realized. This is verified by an investigation of formal properties, as well as from the speed-up results of several benchmark examples involving a wide range of problem sizes. These include both homogeneous and heterogeneous conduction properties. Additionally, various substructures formats are considered, namely, stripped, checkerboard, and layered shells. Such problems point to the robustnes...
Noninfectious, Nonallergic Rhinitis (NINAR): Considerations on Possible Mechanisms:

Most patients who suffer from chronic noninfectious, nonallergic rhinitis (NINAR) cannot be assigned to a syndrome of known etiology. The symptomatology may well resemble that of allergic rhinitis; however, NINAR has lower prevalence of sneezing, conjunctival symptoms, and pruritus and higher prevalence of symptoms compatible with sinus disease. The triggers for the symptoms of NINAR are mainly irritants and changes in atmospheric conditions. Among individuals who develop chronic rhinitis symptoms, the percentage of nonallergic etiology increases steadily with age and is more than 60% beyond the fifth decade of life. Our strategy regarding the pathophysiology of NINAR should be to identify functional abnormalities of nasal mucosa that can potentially result in the alleged nasal symptoms. In this respect, comparison of patients with NINAR to patients with allergic rhinitis and to healthy individuals could shed light into the cause(s) of NINAR. Three potential functional abnormalities are discussed in this article: those associated with the aging process of the nasal mucosa, those resulting in various forms of nasal hyperreactivity, and those reflecting imbalanced neuronal control of end organs of the nose. The most interesting development in the therapy of NINAR is the use of capsaicin. Although placebo-controlled studies are scarce and participants have not been adequately characterized, it is possible that abnormal nociceptor nerve endings play a role in the generation of the symptoms of NINAR. Alternatively, NINAR may represent a condition of increased perceptual acuity to irritants and to environmental changes. This problem may also benefit from defunctionalization of nociceptors.
Antisera against estrogen synthetase from human placental microsomes. Antibody characterization and cross-reactivity studies in other organs.

Abstract Antibodies were obtained against both protein components of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system responsible for estrogen biosynthesis, estrogen synthetase (aromatase), from human placental microsomes. The antiserum against the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase component (antiserum denoted RE-DFBIV) gave a single major band at the M r of the authentic enzyme by immunoblotting after electrophoretic separation of SDS-solubilized microsomes and inhibited both the reductase and aromatase activities in human placental and endometrial microsomes (Tseng L. and Bellino F.L. (1985) J. Steroid Biochem. 22, 555–557) and in homogenates of cultured aromatase-stimulated human endometrial stromal cells and human ovarian microsomes. The antiserum against the cytochrome P-450 component of aromatase (antiserum denoted P45FBIII) also gave a single band at the M r of the authentic protein by immunoblotting after electrophoresis, and inhibited aromatase activity in homogenates of human placental microsomes, ovarian and decidual particulate fractions and cultured aromatase-stimulated endometrial stromal cells. This antiserum had no effect on NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in any of the systems studied. We conclude that these antiserum preparations separately recognize the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and cytochrome P-450 components of aromatase in human placenta, ovary, decidua and endometrium. Epitopes on these aromatase component proteins involved in enzyme activity are shared among these various human tissue sources.
Multi-Stimuli Sensitive Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Assemblies

Stimuli-responsive polymers are arguably the most widely considered systems for a variety of applications in biomedical arena. We report here a novel triple stimuli sensitive block copolymer assembly that responds to changes in temperature, pH and redox potential. Our block copolymer design constitutes an acid-sensitive THP-protected HEMA as the hydrophobic part and a temperature-sensitive PNIPAM as the hydrophilic part with an intervening disulfide bond. The micellar properties and the release kinetics of the encapsulated guest molecule in response to one stimulus as well as combinations of stimuli have been evaluated. Responsiveness to combination of stimuli not only allows for fine-tuning the guest molecule release kinetics, but also provides the possibility of achieving location-specific delivery.
Assessing auroral electric field variance with coherent and incoherent scatter radar

Line-of-sight F region plasma drifts measured with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) during the NASA JOULE II experiment period are compared with estimates derived from E region coherent scatter spectra observed with a 30 MHz imaging radar on common magnetic field lines. The estimates are based on empirical formulas determined through earlier comparisons between in situ and ground-based measurements. Good agreement is found in the current study when the radar measurements are sufficiently well collocated and the convection is sufficiently homogeneous for meaningful comparison. The mean and variance of the background electric field are also estimated from the coherent scatter data and used to assess the contribution of fine structure in the convection pattern to Joule heating. Fine structure in the scale size regime between ∼2 and 200 km is found to increase the second moment of the electric field by up to 50% for intervals of a few minutes during a substorm when the flow was highly irregular. The average contribution to the net Joule heating rate is generally likely to be modest, however.
New spectroscopic instrument based on volume holographic optical elements

Until recently, the power of volume holography has gone unused by spectroscopists. This was due partly to the difficulty of making stable, high-performance volume holographic optical elements, and partly to poor communication between the holography and spectroscopy communities. We have applied volume holography technology developed for military uses to the needs of spectroscopists. The resulting holographic components and holographic imaging spectrograph have been combined into a new instrument. This Raman spectrometer is fiber- optically coupled specifically for process monitoring and control applications.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Francois Quesnay: Interpreters and Critics Revisited

Abstract. Francois Quesnay is held by many to be the first truly modern economist. In 1750, Quesnay outlined a framework for input-output analysis, perfected by Leontiefin 1930's; he developed a general equilibrium theory perfected in the 20th century by Walras and Keynes; and Quesnay was among the first to analyse economic growth theory as a function of capital accumulation. As the main representative of the Physiocrats he proclaimed the libertarian motto of laissez faire. But his “libertarian ideas“ were quite limited to domestic agricultural trade. The Physiocrats were tied with the aristocratic and autocratic “ancien regime” and Quesnay himself did not promote individual freedom and abhorred class struggle. By proclaiming “laissez faire la nature,” the physiocrats believed in the natural order of things, with governments enforcing this natural order. In this order, agriculture is the source of all wealth and everything else is sterile: agricultural development means economic development. The physiocratic philosophy contributed to the 18th century “enlightenment” from the outside; it was too tied with the past to induce radical changes. The Physiocrats were forerunners of much of the economic theory and tools used today; but the economics system they envisioned was not meant to widen welfare or economic freedom.
The effect of 12-step self-help group attendance and participation on drug use outcomes among cocaine-dependent patients

Abstract Objective: Although cocaine-dependent patients are frequently referred to 12-step self-help groups, little research has examined the benefits of 12-step group attendance in this population. Moreover, the distinction between attending meetings and actively participating in 12-step activities has not typically been examined. Method: In the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study, 487 cocaine-dependent outpatients were recruited at five sites for a randomized controlled trial of 24-week behavioral treatments. Study data were examined to see whether self-help attendance or active participation were related to subsequent drug use. Results: Twelve-step group attendance did not predict subsequent drug use. However, active 12-step participation in a given month predicted less cocaine use in the next month. Moreover, patients who increased their 12-step participation during the first 3 months of treatment had significantly less cocaine use and lower ASI Drug Use Composite scores in the subsequent 3 months. Finally, Individual Drug Counseling, based on a 12-step model, and increasing levels of 12-step participation each offered discrete benefits. Conclusions: Results suggest that active 12-step participation by cocaine-dependent patients is more important than meeting attendance, and that a combination of Individual Drug Counseling and active 12-step participation is effective for these patients.
Tensile properties and fiber alignment of human supraspinatus tendon in the transverse direction demonstrate inhomogeneity, nonlinearity, and regional isotropy.

Abstract A recent study ( Lake et al., 2009 ); reported the properties of human supraspinatus tendon (SST) tested along the predominant fiber direction. The SST was found to have a relatively disperse distribution of collagen fibers, which may represent an adaptation to multiaxial loads imposed by the complex loading environment of the rotator cuff. However, the multiaxial mechanical properties of human SST remain unknown. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the mechanical properties, fiber alignment, change in alignment with applied load, and structure–function relationships of SST in transverse testing. Samples from six SST locations were tested in uniaxial tension with samples oriented transverse to the tendon long-axis. Polarized light imaging was used to quantify collagen fiber alignment and change in alignment under applied load. The mechanical properties of samples taken near the tendon–bone insertion were much greater on the bursal surface compared to the joint surface (e.g., bursal moduli 15–30 times greater than joint; p Lake et al., 2009 ). This key and unexpected finding suggests planar mechanical isotropy for bursal surface samples near the insertion, which may be due to complex in vivo loading. Organizationally, fiber distributions became less aligned along the tendon long-axis in the toe-region of the stress–strain response. Alignment changes occurred to a slightly lesser degree in the linear-region, suggesting that movement of collagen fibers may play a role in mechanical nonlinearity. Transverse mechanical properties were significantly correlated with fiber alignment (e.g., for linear-region modulus rs=0.74, p
4,6-Disubstituted Quinolines and Decahydroquinolines

This paper describes the synthesis of some 4,6-disubstituted quinolines and decahydroquinolines.
On integral forms for vertex algebras associated with affine Lie algebras and lattices

We revisit the construction of integral forms for vertex (operator) algebras VL based on even lattices L using generators instead of bases, and we construct integral forms for VL-modules. We construct integral forms for vertex (operator) algebras based on highest-weight modules for affine Lie algebras and we exhibit natural generating sets. For vertex operator algebras in general, we give conditions showing when an integral form contains the standard conformal vector generating the Virasoro algebra. Finally, we study integral forms in contragredients of modules for vertex algebras.
Hypercholesterolemia causes generalized impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation to aggregating platelets in porcine arteries

The role of the endothelium in response to aggregating platelets was examined in porcine coronary and peripheral (carotid, femoral and renal) arteries from normal and hypercholesterolemic pigs. Male Yorkshire pigs were fed either a normal diet or a 2% high cholesterol diet for 10 weeks. Endothelium-dependent responses were examined in vitro. In all arteries from control animals, aggregating platelets caused endothelium-dependent relaxations, which were augmented by ketanserin (a 5-HT2-serotonergic blocker), attenuated by apyrase (an adenosine diphosphatase and triphosphatase) or methiothepin (a combined 5-HT1 and 5-HT2-serotonergic blocker) and were almost abolished by a combination of apyrase and methiothepin. The platelet-induced relaxations were most pronounced in the coronary arteries. Adenosine diphosphate caused endothelium-dependent relaxations, which were significantly attenuated by apyrase. Serotonin also caused endothelium-dependent relaxations, which were significantly attenuated by methiothepin but augmented by ketanserin. The endothelium-dependent relaxations to adenosine diphosphate were most pronounced in coronary arteries and those to serotonin in coronary and renal arteries. In cholesterol-fed animals, the endothelium-dependent relaxations to aggregating platelets, adenosine diphosphate and serotonin were impaired in all four arteries. These experiments indicate that 1) the endothelium exerts inhibitory effects against aggregating platelets in porcine coronary and peripheral arteries; 2) platelet-induced endothelium-dependent relaxations are achieved by purinergic and 5-HT1-serotonergic receptors on the endothelium; and 3) hypercholesterolemia reduces the endothelium-dependent relaxations to aggregating platelets in a generalized manner because it impairs the relaxations to adenosine diphosphate and serotonin released from the platelets.
Sample Size Determination for Evaluating Drip Irrigation Systems

ABSTRACT An equation for determining all emitter flows within a submain unit was developed based on the dimensionless energy gradient curve and energy changes due to slope conditions. A computer simulation model was also developed for determining emitter flows along a single lateral line or a submain unit. The simulation model was developed to randomly select emitter flow samples for field evaluation purposes. The simulation results show that the variation of calculated coefficient of variation of emitter flow, Vj, using different sample sizes can be present by statistical confidence limits for samples taken from a normal distribution. The distribution of Vj for a fixed sample size was also found to be normally distributed. The simulation results indicate that a maximum difference of +36% for the coefficient of variation can be expected when a sample size of 18 is used. This difference can be decreased to ±20% if the sample size is 54 or a mean value of 3 groups of 18 samples is used.
Correlation of initial amitriptyline concentration reduction with activated charcoal therapy in overdose patients.

Abstract Plasma amitriptyline concentrations were measured serially in nine overdose patients and correlated with the timing and amount of each patient's initial activated charcoal therapy. A direct correlation was found between the time to initial charcoal therapy ( Tc ) and the plasma concentration half-life of amitripty-line ( T v2 ) calculated for the first seven to 18 hours of hospitalization; T v2 = 2.68 + 0.047 Tc ( r = 0.78, P T v2 with the initial amount of charcoal administered was also noted. Nortriptyline, the major metabolite of amitriptyline, decreased in two of three patients who received ≥50 gm of activated charcoal within 60 minutes of presentation. These findings support previous in vitro and human volunteer studies advocating the rapid administration of activated charcoal in acute tricyclic antidepressant overdoses.