cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trace elements in modern and archaeological human teeth: Implications for human metal exposure and enamel diagenetic changes

Abstract The chemical composition of human tooth enamel from individuals born at different times and/or different geographical places can provide a record of human metal exposure through time and space. However, in addition to “in-vivo” metal exposure, post-mortem diagenetic changes can also affect the trace element composition of enamel from archaeological contexts. Modern human enamel collected from individuals born during the 20th century exhibit elevated concentrations of metals used in the industry such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb when compared to archaeological enamel from disparate localities. This is a result of overall higher human exposure to industrial metals at present compared to pre-industrial times. In contrast, archaeological enamel tends to exhibit lower trace metal concentrations, however, some archaeological samples show elevated concentrations of V, Mn, Fe, REE, Th, and U relative to modern enamel. The elevated concentrations of these metals indicate post-mortem addition of elements into the preserved enamel matrix. Assuming the highest “in-vivo” human exposure to industrial metals occurred at present, we calculated maximum threshold concentrations (MTC) based on data derived from modern human enamel. Archaeological enamel samples showing concentrations for one or more of the following elements, V, Mn, Fe, REE, Th, and/or U, higher than the MTC strongly indicate modification of their trace metal compositions during the post-mortem interval. Normalization of the archaeological enamel samples concentrations for V, Mn, Fe, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Yb, Th, and U to the MTC for these metals provides a rapid method for screening samples for diagenetic alteration. Examples of MTC evaluation of samples from several diverse archaeological contexts show that even in locations with similar age and geological context the preservation state of archaeological enamel can range from pristine, likely preserving the “in-vivo” biogenic chemical signal, to slightly altered, as a result of adsorption of redox sensitive metals, to highly diagenetically altered, apparently accompanied with cation substitution in the apatite structure. Mass-balance considerations show that the slightly altered enamel samples should still preserve the original “in-vivo” Sr isotope signal, but the Pb isotope signal may be compromised. In contrast, in the highly altered enamel samples the “in-vivo” chemical signal for a number of elements, including Sr and Pb isotopes, may well be affected by the diagenetic signal. This work demonstrates how trace element analyses can enhance isotopic analysis on tooth enamel samples from all archaeological contexts in order to evaluate the alteration status of the sample(s) under study. Such trace element screening will allow researchers to select the best preserved human enamel samples for isotopic and concentration information to decipher nutritional status, metal exposure, and geographical place of origin in past populations.
A new guideline for diagnosis and treatment of syncope in children and adolescents that stimulates further thought and discussion.

A new guideline for diagnosis and treatment of syncope in children and adolescents was published by Chinese Pediatric Cardiology Society (CPCS). This guideline admirably outlines a differential diagnosis of syncope in the Chinese population, placing appropriate emphasis on vasovagal syncope (VVS, simple faint), the most common cause. The authors appropriately discuss other more ominous causes of syncope such as cardiogenic syncope and neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. In particular, cardiogenic syncope can have lethal consequences if not promptly treated. The paper provides a useful algorithm for diagnostic evaluation of syncope patients placing primary emphasis on history, physical exam, and ECG, and further discussing testing procedures such as standing tests used in screening patients, and upright tilt table testing which remains the reference standard for orthostatic testing in younger patients. Indeed, most vasovagal and other forms of reflex or situational syncopes can be best diagnosed on clinical history. The authors further consider other forms of orthostatic intolerance such as orthostatic hypertension, postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and “initial orthostatic hypotension” experienced as transient lightheadedness upon rapid standing. The authors regard POTS as a cause of vasovagal syncope. This supposition is controversial and deserves further comment.
Refugee youth as peer leaders in a teen dating violence study

This article examines the experiences of six Karen peer leaders involved in research evaluating the effectiveness of a teen dating violence (TDV) program. Seven categories were identified: 1) the b...
Experimental investigation of through-thickness resistivity of unidirectional carbon fiber tows:

In this study, the influence of type of carbon fiber, sizing amount on the fiber surface and the degree of compaction on the through-thickness electrical resistivity of dry unidirectional carbon fi...
A Fast AC Power Flow Model Based Distribution Voltage Regulation

The power distribution system is undergoing changes and the need for real-time control is increasing. This paper uses AC power flow equations (ACPF) to find the relationship between voltage change and Renewable Energy Sources (RES) penetration. A modified Newton-Raphson based approach is proposed in this paper to approximate ACPF into time-dependent linear equations. Since the changes to the distribution system operating conditions are small during normal operations, the change in voltage between two-time steps are assumed to be linear. Optimal RESs outputs are calculated using the developed model. IEEE four node distribution test system is used to evaluate the proposed model. The results show that voltage violations can be avoided with the proposed method.
Changes in Long-Term Care Markets: Assisted Living Supply and the Prevalence of Low-Care Residents in Nursing Homes.

Abstract Objectives To assess the effect of changes in assisted living (AL) capacity within a market on prevalence of residents with low care needs in nursing homes. Design Retrospective, longitudinal analysis of nursing home markets. Setting and participants Twelve thousand two hundred fifity-one nursing homes in operation during 2007 and 2014. Measurements We analyzed the percentage of residents in a nursing home who qualified as low-care. For each nursing home, we constructed a market consisting of AL communities, Medicare beneficiaries, and competing nursing homes within a 15-mile radius. We estimated the effect of change in AL beds on prevalence of low-care residents using multivariate linear models with year and nursing home fixed effects. Results The supply of AL beds increased by an average 258 beds per nursing home market (standard deviation = 591) during the study period. The prevalence of low-care residents decreased from an average of 13.0% (median 10.5%) to 12.2% (median 9.5%). In adjusted models, a 100-bed increase in AL supply was associated with a decrease in low-care residents of 0.041 percentage points (P = .026), controlling for changes in market and nursing home characteristics, county demographics, and year and nursing home fixed effects. In markets with a high percentage of its Medicare beneficiaries (≥14%) dual eligible for Medicaid, the effect of AL is stronger, with a 0.066–percentage point decrease per 100 AL beds (P = .026) vs a 0.016–percentage point decrease in low-duals markets (P = .48). Conclusions and implications Our analysis suggests that some of the growth in AL capacity serves as a substitute for nursing homes for patients with low care needs. Furthermore, the effects are concentrated in markets with an above-average proportion of beneficiaries with dual Medicaid eligibility.
Multiphoton absorption of ultrashort laser pulses in optical materials of multilayer coatings at near-damage-threshold fluence

Among the fundamental mechanisms of laser-induced damage of optical multilayers, multiphoton absorption is frequently addressed. The two most common models (the fixed-multiphoton-order model and the Keldysh model) of nonlinear absorption are invalid for optical-coating materials at laser fluence close to the LID threshold. An alternative approach is outlined in this presentation that considers a cosine band-structure model. Time-domain simulations suggest that the multiphoton order substantially deviates from its non-perturbed value at the peak of a laser pulse especially in wide-band-gap materials like fused silica. Simulations with the cosine model show that the Keldysh model significantly overestimates the multiphoton order. Based on those results, we discuss a method to correctly evaluate the pulse-averaged order of multiphoton absorption.
Interpretivism without Judgement-Dependence

In a recent article in this journal, Krzysztof Poslajko reconstructs—and endorses as probative—a dilemma for interpretivism first posed by Alex Byrne. On the first horn of the dilemma, the interpretivist takes attitudes to emerge in relation to an ideal interpreter (and thus loses any connection with actual folk psychological practices). On the second horn, the interpretivist takes attitudes to emerge in relation to individuals’ judgements (and thus denies the possibility of error). I show that this is a false dilemma. By taking a model-theoretic approach to folk psychology, and marrying interpretivism with dispositionalism, interpretivists can viably reject the notion of an ideal (or canonical) interpreter—and relativize attitudes to actual lay interpreters—without taking on board the unacceptable epistemological consequences of allowing that attitudes are judgement-dependent.
Genome-wide association analysis of natural variation in seed tocochromanols of barley

Tocochromanols (tocols for short), commonly called Vitamin E, are lipid-soluble plant antioxidants vital for regulating lipid peroxidation in chloroplasts and seeds. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds contain all eight different isoforms of tocols; however, the extent of natural variation in their composition and their underlying genetic basis is not known. Tocol levels in barley seeds were quantified in diverse H. vulgare panels comprising 297 wild lines from a diversity panel and 160 cultivated spring-type accessions from the mini-core panel representing the genetic diversity of the USDA barley germplasm collection. Significant differences were observed in the concentration of tocols between the two panels. To identify the genes associated with tocols, genome-wide association analysis was conducted with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from Illumina arrays for the mini-core panel and genotyping-by-sequencing for the wild barley panel. Forty unique SNPs in the wild barley and 27 SNPs in the mini-core panel were significantly associated with various tocols. Marker-trait associations (MTAs) were identified on chromosomes 1, 6, and 7 for key genes in the tocol biosynthesis pathway, which have also been reported in other studies. Several novel MTAs were identified on chromosomes 2, 3, 4 and 5 and were found to be in proximity to genes involved in the generation of precursor metabolites required for tocol biosynthesis. This study provides a valuable resource for barley breeding programs targeting specific isoforms of seed tocols and for investigating the physiological roles of these metabolites in seed longevity, dormancy, and germination.
Does Algorithmic Trading Deter Information Acquisition

I demonstrate an important tension between acquiring information and incorporating it into asset prices. As a salient case, I analyze algorithmic trading (AT), which is typically associated with improved price efficiency. Using a new measure of the information content of prices and a comprehensive panel of 54,879 stock-quarters of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) market data, I establish instead that the amount of information in prices decreases by 9% to 13% per standard deviation of AT activity and up to a month before scheduled disclosures. AT thus may reduce price informativeness despite its importance for translating available information into prices. Received May 21, 2016; editorial decision October 25, 2017 by Editor Itay Goldstein. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University PressWeb site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Inflammatory diets are associated with lower total iron binding capacity in sera of young adults.

Chronic, systemic inflammation, which is associated with obesity and numerous other diseases, impairs iron status by increasing hepcidin concentration. Inflammation also decreases the concentration of transferrin, the main iron transport protein and a negative acute phase protein, which is indirectly assessed by measuring total iron binding capacity (TIBC). However, the contribution of diet-induced inflammation has not been studied. Data from two studies, namely Diet and Inflammation and Selenium and Inflammation Studies (total n=98) were used to assess the associations among Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) scores derived from three-day dietary records, body mass index (BMI=weight[kg]/height[m]2), inflammatory and hematological markers among young adults with normal-weight, overweight or obesity. Subjects' diets were also categorized as less inflammatory diets (LID) and inflammatory diets (ID) using cluster analysis. Independent t-test and regression analyses were used to assess associations in the data. Intakes of iron, proteins, fat, fiber, and calories were higher in the LID group compared to the ID group (p 0.05). Higher DII score was associated with increasing CRP (β+SE=0.23+0.07, p=0.002) and lower TIBC (β+SE=-8.46+3.44, p=0.02), independent of BMI category. The LID diet was associated with higher TIBC (β+SE=29.87+10.75, p=0.007) compared to the ID diet. In conclusion, inflammatory diets may impair iron status by reducing the iron binding capacity of transferrin.
Role of SIRT1 in Isoflurane Conditioning-Induced Neurovascular Protection against Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Secondary to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

We recently reported that isoflurane conditioning provided multifaceted protection against subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and this protection was through the upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). SIRT1, an NAD-dependent deacetylase, was shown to be one of the critical regulators of eNOS. The aim of our current study is to examine the role of SIRT1 in isoflurane conditioning-induced neurovascular protection against SAH-induced DCI. Mice were divided into four groups: sham, SAH, or SAH with isoflurane conditioning (with and without EX-527). Experimental SAH via endovascular perforation was performed. Anesthetic conditioning was performed with isoflurane 2% for 1 h, 1 h after SAH. EX-527, a selective SIRT1 inhibitor, 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally immediately after SAH in the EX-527 group. SIRT1 mRNA expression and activity levels were measured. Vasospasm, microvessel thrombosis, and neurological outcome were assessed. SIRT1 mRNA expression was downregulated, and no difference in SIRT1 activity was noted after isoflurane exposure. Isoflurane conditioning with and without EX-527 attenuated vasospasm, microvessel thrombosis and improved neurological outcomes. Our data validate our previous findings that isoflurane conditioning provides strong protection against both the macro and micro vascular deficits induced by SAH, but this protection is likely not mediated through the SIRT1 pathway.
AoI-Driven Statistical Delay and Error-Rate Bounded QoS Provisioning for mURLLC Over UAV-Multimedia 6G Mobile Networks Using FBC

Massive ultra-reliable and low latency communications (mURLLC) has emerged as new and dominating 6G-standard services to support statistical quality-of-services (QoS) provisioning for delay-sensitive data transmissions. To measure the freshness of updated information, age of information (AoI) has recently formed as the new dimension of QoS metric. Since status updates usually consist of a small number of information bits but warrant ultra-low latency, integrating AoI with finite blocklength coding (FBC) creates an alternative promising solution for mURLLC. On the other hand, to solve the massive connectivity issues imposed by mURLLC, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been developed to significantly enhance the line-of-sight (LOS) coverage while guaranteeing various QoS requirements. However, how to efficiently integrate the above new techniques for statistical delay and error-rate bounded QoS provisioning in UAV systems has been neither well understood nor thoroughly studied. To overcome these challenges, we propose FBC based statistical delay and error-rate bounded QoS provisioning schemes which leverage AoI as a key QoS provisioning technique for mURLLC over UAV mobile networks. First, we develop FBC based UAV system models. Second, we build up AoI-metric based modeling frameworks to upper-bound peak AoI violation probability using FBC. Third, we formulate and solve FBC based peak AoI violation probability minimization problem. Forth, we jointly optimize peak AoI violation probability and $\epsilon $ -effective capacity and characterize their tradeoffs. Finally, our simulations validate and evaluate our developed schemes.
Yangian invariants and cluster adjacency in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 Yang-Mills

We conjecture that every rational Yangian invariant in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM theory satisfies a recently introduced notion of cluster adjacency. We provide evidence for this conjecture by using the Sklyanin Poisson bracket on Gr(4, n) to check numerous examples.
A New History of Banking Panics in the United States, 1825-1929: Construction and Implications

This paper conducts a rigorous empirical test of the macroeconomic effects of the banking panics of the pre-Great Depression era. Specifically, there are two main problems in identifying the macroeconomic effects of financial panics of this period. First, it is not clear when panics occurred because prior panic series—lists of when panics occurred—differ in their identification of panic episodes. Second, establishing the direction of causality is inherently difficult: are panics causing downturns or are downturns causing panics? This paper addresses these two major problems. To address the first problem, this paper derives a new series on banking panics for the pre-Great Depression era. To address the second problem, this paper studies the output effects of major banking panics via vector autoregression (VAR ) and narrative-based methods. In the process, this paper creates a detailed chronol- ogy of banking panics in the United States before 1929—one that has important
Effects of aggressive parenteral nutrition on growth and clinical outcome in preterm infants

Background The goal of nutrition in the preterm infant is to achieve postnatal growth approximating normal fetal growth. During the early postnatal period, protein intake must be sufficient to achieve normal postnatal growth in extremely low-birthweight infants. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that giving higher amounts of amino acids and lipids to infants born at <34 gestational weeks (GW) may improve growth at the 40th week of gestation and have a positive preventive effect on development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods Fifty-three neonates born at <34 GW and hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were included in this prospective study. They were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 received aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN) (amino acids 3 g/kg per day and lipids 2 g/kg per day on first day of life). Group 2 received conventional PN (amino acids 1.5 g/kg per day and lipids 1 g/kg per day on first day of life). The anthropometric measurements, clinical outcomes and serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding protein (IGFBP) and thyroid hormones were compared between groups. Results At 40 weeks of gestation, height, head circumference and serum IGF-I and IGFBP3 were statistically higher in the group receiving aggressive PN. Thyroid hormones were not affected by aggressive PN. The lower levels of IGF-I and IGFBP3 in the group receiving conventional PN were negatively correlated with development of ROP. Conclusion Aggressive PN seems to positively affect neonates' anthropometric measurements at the 40th gestational week and the development of ROP. These effects may be related to high levels of IGF-I and IGFBP3.
Lipase activity and lipid metabolism during oat malting

ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted to determine the relationship, if any, between lipase activity and the metabolism of lipids during malting (germination) of oat (Avena sativa L.) seed. During the course of malting, concentration of the free fatty acid fraction increased markedly at the expense of the neutral lipid fraction (predominantly triacylglycerides), while the initially high lipase activity (most of which is located in the surface layers of the grains) decreased by ≈40%. The fatty acid compositions of total and neutral lipid fractions were stable during malting, but there were marked changes in the free fatty acid and phospholipid fractions. In a comparison among 12 hulled and hull-less genotypes, there were no significant regressions between the quantitative changes in lipid fractions and lipase activities. Brief treatments with chemicals or hot H2O that partially or completely inhibited lipase activity had various effects on subsequent quantitative changes in lipid fractions, but these changes...
Transcobalamin C776G genotype modifies the association between vitamin B12 and homocysteine in older Hispanics.

Background A common polymorphism, C776G, in the plasma B12 transport protein transcobalamin (TC), encodes for either proline or arginine at codon 259. This polymorphism may affect the affinity of TC for B12 and subsequent delivery of B12 to tissues.
Physiological correlates of off-frequency listening.

Abstract Recordings are made from inner hair cells (IHC) in the second turn of the guinea pig cochlea where characteristics frequencies (CF) are approximately 4000 Hz. Results from experiments using two stimulus inputs suggest that the characterization of two-tone suppression at this more-basal recording location is similar to that reported for IHCs in the third cochlear turn (Cheatham and Dallos, 1989, 1990a, 1990b). For example, introduction of a suppressor causes IHC frequency response functions to become narrower with the smallest magnitude reductions occurring between 1 2 to 1 octave below CF. In this frequency region, where suppression is minimal, it was also observed that suppressor magnitude was reduced by the probe. In other words, the mutual suppression of probe and suppressor may contribute to the sharpening of these functions. Since the peak of the frequency response function shifts to a lower frequency in the presence of the suppressor, these results may provide a physiological correlate of the psychophysical phenomenon known as ‘off-frequency listening’.
Morphology and development of leaf papillae in Sematophyllaceae

Abstract Micro-morphological studies on mosses are not common, but have the potential to illuminate the nature of taxonomic characters. Data on the structure and development of leaf cell papillae in the Sematophyllaceae obtained using light and scanning electron microscopy techniques are presented to assess developmental similarity and congruence with taxonomy. Two morphological and developmentally distinct kinds of papillae were identified; 1) dome-shaped to conical, tapering to a firmly rounded apex (“conical”), and 2) a more flaccid, baggy form, that is often flat-topped and wider distally than proximally (“baggy”). Conical papillae first appear as slight protrusions that gradually increase in height, whereas baggy papillae progress through a series of developmental sizes and forms. Conical papillae occur in most papillose taxa, whereas baggy papillae are present only in Taxithelium subgenus Taxithelium.
Mechanisms Controlling the Mobility of Lead in the Spodosols of a Northern Hardwood Forest Ecosystem

High concentrations of Pb are found in surface soils of even remote ecosystems as a result of atmospheric deposition. This study conducted at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest provides key information on Pb speciation in soil solutions measured by ultrafiltration and ion-exchange techniques. About 50% of total filtrate Pb (passing a 0.45-μm filter) was found to be in the colloidal form (>3000 MW) beneath Oa horizons. Colloidal Pb concentrations in the Bs horizon were less than 10% of Oa concentrations. Of total truly dissolved Pb (passing a 3000 MW ultrafiltration membrane), less than 10% was organically complexed. Although a positive correlation existed between filtrate Pb and filtrate organic carbon (DOC), this was caused partially by Pb association with organic colloids and partially by a noncausal covariation of DOC and dissolved Pb as they were both retained during transport down the soil profile. A computed distribution of inorganic Pb species showed that under acidic conditions, which prevailed...
Integrating genomics and phylogenetics in understanding the history of Trichinella species

In 2004, funding was received by Washington University's Genome Sequencing Center through NHGRI, to completely sequence several nematode genomes as part of a holistic effort to advance our understanding of the human genome and evolution within the Metazoa. Trichinella spiralis was among this group of worms because of its strategic location at the base of the phylum Nematoda, and the belief that extant species represented an ancient divergent event that occurred as early as the Paleozoic. At the same time, a concerted effort was put forth to solidify the phylogeny of extant species of Trichinella based upon molecular analyses of a multi-gene system to understand the history of the genus and thereby enhance utilization of the forthcoming sequence data. Since the inception of this research, several findings have emerged: (1) the size of T. spiralis genome estimated by flow cytometry (71.3 Mb) is substantially smaller than originally predicted (270 Mb); (2) to date, a subset of the total of 3,534,683 sequences have been assembled into a 59.3 Mb unique sequence; (3) 19% of the assembled sequence is comprised of repetitive elements; and (4) sequence data are predicated upon extant T. spiralis which probably diverged as little as 20 million years ago. Thus, the utility of the T. spiralis genome as representative of an archaic species must be tempered with the knowledge that encapsulated and non-encapsulated clades probably separated during the mid-Miocene as temperate ecosystems changed.
Exposure to metals: are we protecting the workers?

Metals are toxic to adults too Several metals and metalloids, including lead, cadmium, mercury, manganese and arsenic, are among the most extensively studied environmental and occupational health risks. As a result of such research, public health policy decisions in many countries have reduced environmental exposures by restricting uses and releases. However, occupational health policy has not kept pace. In part, this reflects a policy gulf in public health, dividing considerations of children’s health from that of adults. Driven by justified concerns about children’s exposures and responses,1 the children’s environmental health movement may have generated an unintended assumption that adults are not at risk from similar exposure to the same toxic agents. The failure to critically examine this assumption adversely affects the protection of working adults. In addition, failure to consider health effects on adults can bias risk-based policies when the potential benefits of interventions are analysed only in terms of reducing risk to children. Much recent concern for children’s environmental health came from experience with lead and mercury. To prevent neurodevelopmental toxicity from these metals, public health decisions in many countries during the past 30 years have focused on fetal and early childhood exposure. On this basis only, some policies also cover adult women in their reproductive years. Child-specific biomonitoring guidelines have also been developed and serve as a basis for policy in the USA. By contrast, there has been little change in policy regarding exposures of adults (aside from …
Aliphatic amines in Chesapeake Bay sediments

Abstract Aliphatic amines were determined in sediments and sediment pore waters from several contrasting sites in Chesapeake Bay. The aliphatic amines diethylamine, sec-butylamine, n-propylamine, and i-propylamine were detected in a limited number of pore-water samples at concentrations generally less than ~ 0.6 μM. The occurrence of these amines showed no obvious correlation to other sediment geochemical parameters. Whole sediment (HF/HCl-extractable) aliphatic amines were less than ~ 0.8 nmol gdw . Isoamylamine and 2-methylbutylamine were the only amines that could be detected and quantified in sediment extracts, although diethylamine was below our detection limit in selected samples. When compared to other measured nitrogen pools in the sediments, these observations suggested that aliphatic amines may not represent a significant fraction of the nitrogen that is remineralized in these sediments, although more detailed concentration and rate studies are needed to verify their role in sediment nitrogen cycling. These aliphatic amines also did not appear to represent a major component of the uncharacterized nitrogen in these sediments.
Improving the accuracy of EKF-based visual-inertial odometry

In this paper, we perform a rigorous analysis of EKF-based visual-inertial odometry (VIO) and present a method for improving its performance. Specifically, we examine the properties of EKF-based VIO, and show that the standard way of computing Jacobians in the filter inevitably causes inconsistency and loss of accuracy. This result is derived based on an observability analysis of the EKF's linearized system model, which proves that the yaw erroneously appears to be observable. In order to address this problem, we propose modifications to the multi-state constraint Kalman filter (MSCKF) algorithm [1], which ensure the correct observability properties without incurring additional computational cost. Extensive simulation tests and real-world experiments demonstrate that the modified MSCKF algorithm outperforms competing methods, both in terms of consistency and accuracy.
Some Effects of Sociometric Grouping upon Learning in a Second Grade Classroom

(1962). Some Effects of Sociometric Grouping upon Learning in a Second Grade Classroom. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 453-458.
Binary Regression with Misclassified Response and Covariate Subject to Measurement Error : a Bayesian Approach

We consider a Bayesian analysis for modeling a binary response that is subject to misclassification. Additionally, an explanatory variable is assumed to be unobservable, but measurements are available on its surrogate. A binary regression model is developed to incorporate the measurement error in the covariate as well as the misclassification in the response. Unlike existing methods, no model parameters need be assumed known. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are utilized to perform the necessary computations. The methods developed are illustrated using atomic bomb survival data. A simulation experiment explores advantages of the approach.
Seasonal affective disorder, the depression of winter: A literature review and description from a nursing perspective

This article presents a literature review and description of seasonal affective disorder (SAD). SAD is a newly recognized disorder, differentiated from other affective illnesses by its seasonality (with midwinter dysthymia and spring/summer remission), and its atypical symptoms of hypersomnia and hyperphagia. SAD symptoms remit with travel towards the equator or with bright light treatments, possibly indicating a chronobiological circadian etiology. This article introduces aspects of SAD that are amenable to the nursing process, including assessment of the seasonality of dysthymic symptoms; diagnoses of patient responses; referral, education, and psychotherapeutic interventions; and evaluation of patient responses to interventions. Since SAD is found predominantly in young women, and because symptoms may be exacerbated by rotating shifts, it is possible that nurses may have a higher incidence of SAD, compared with other professions.
Mosaic incorporation and regulated expression of an exogenous gene in the sea urchin embryo.

A fusion gene construct in which the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene is controlled by CyIIIa actin gene cis-regulatory sequences was injected into unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The distribution of CAT DNA sequences was measured directly by in situ hybridization in squashed 24-hr blastula preparations derived from these eggs. Earlier studies had shown that stable mosaic incorporation of the exogenous DNA occurs during cleavage, after which the exogenous sequences replicate at approximately the pace of the host cell genomes. The fractions of embryonic cells observed in this study to include CAT DNA sequences imply that their stable incorporation into a replicating, nuclear form occurs most often in a single cell at the 3rd or 4th cleavage stages, though it may occur as early as 2nd cleavage, or as late as 7th cleavage. Corroborative measurements were carried out by the same method on squashed preparations of embryos at earlier stages, and by in situ hybridizations of CAT mRNA, both in dissociated embryos and in cytological sections of 72-hr pluteus-stage embryos. Hybridizations to CAT mRNA and to CAT DNA were carried out on alternate sections of several embryos. The results confirm unequivocally that although CAT mRNA appears only in the aboral ectoderm in embryos derived from eggs injected with the CyIIIa · CAT fusion gene, the exogenous sequences are indeed present, though silent, in the various other cell types of the late embryo.
Comment on "The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers".

Sjoblom et al. (Research Article, 13 October 2006, p. 268) reported many new genes with an apparent significant excess of mutations in breast and colorectal cancer. Reanalysis of their data with more appropriate statistical methods and background mutation rate assumptions reveals that few if any of these genes have significantly elevated mutation rates.
Silicate and carbonate mineral weathering in soil profiles developed on Pleistocene glacial drift (Michigan, USA): Mass balances based on soil water geochemistry

Abstract Geochemistry of soil, soil water, and soil gas was characterized in representative soil profiles of three Michigan watersheds. Because of differences in source regions, parent materials in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (the Tahquamenon watershed) contain only silicates, while those in the Lower Peninsula (the Cheboygan and the Huron watersheds) have significant mixtures of silicate and carbonate minerals. These differences in soil mineralogy and climate conditions permit us to examine controls on carbonate and silicate mineral weathering rates and to better define the importance of silicate versus carbonate dissolution in the early stage of soil–water cation acquisition. Soil waters of the Tahquamenon watershed are the most dilute; solutes reflect amphibole and plagioclase dissolution along with significant contributions from atmospheric precipitation sources. Soil waters in the Cheboygan and the Huron watersheds begin their evolution as relatively dilute solutions dominated by silicate weathering in shallow carbonate-free soil horizons. Here, silicate dissolution is rapid and reaction rates dominantly are controlled by mineral abundances. In the deeper soil horizons, silicate dissolution slows down and soil–water chemistry is dominated by calcite and dolomite weathering, where solutions reach equilibrium with carbonate minerals within the soil profile. Thus, carbonate weathering intensities are dominantly controlled by annual precipitation, temperature and soil p CO 2 . Results of a conceptual model support these field observations, implying that dolomite and calcite are dissolving at a similar rate, and further dissolution of more soluble dolomite after calcite equilibrium produces higher dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations and a Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ ratio of 0.4. Mass balance calculations show that overall, silicate minerals and atmospheric inputs generally contribute 2+ and Mg 2+ in natural waters. Dolomite dissolution appears to be a major process, rivaling calcite dissolution as a control on divalent cation and inorganic carbon contents of soil waters. Furthermore, the fraction of Mg 2+ derived from silicate mineral weathering is much smaller than most of the values previously estimated from riverine chemistry.
Continuous, rapid biological aerosol detection with the use of UV fluorescence: Outdoor test results

This report describes the design and principles of operation of an instrument for separately monitoring ambient aerosol concentrations of biological and nonbiological composition. A method of outdoor testing, and recent results, are also described. The single-particle fluorescence analyzer (SPFA) draws ambient air into an optical chamber through a sampling nozzle. Detection signals from each aerosol particle consist of an elastic scattering response as well as fluorescent emission in two distinct spectral bands. Differentiation of biological aerosols is based on the relative intensity of ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence measured from the particles following excitation with a 266-nm-wavelength laser pulse. During outdoor tests two types of organisms were released as aerosol sprays: Erwinia herbicola vegetative cells and Bacillus subtilis spores. The SPFA participated in 39 of a total set of 40 outdoor tests. Twenty-seven tests released E. herbicola and nine released B. subtilis. Analysis of these results indicates that a reliability of detection of about 90% for E. herbicola, and of about 87% for B. subtilis were achieved under the conditions of the tests, with a sensitivity near 1 particle/l. Some tests involved release of nonbiological aerosols that did not result in a significant change in fluorescent signals in the instrument. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 249–259, 1999
Variations in children's dental service use based on four national health surveys.

OBJECTIVE: To compare estimates of dental service use and delayed dental care across 4 national surveys of children’s health. METHODS: Among children 2 to 17 years of age, prevalence estimates of the use of any dental services, preventive dental services, and delayed dental care in the past year were obtained from the 2003 and 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health, the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the 2003 and 2007 National Health Interview Survey, and the 2003 and 2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Trends in parent-reported dental use, including delayed care, by sociodemographic characteristics were assessed by using logistic regression and odds ratios. RESULTS: Data collection methodologies varied across the 4 surveys, and estimates of dental service use varied accordingly. Surveys differed in the survey items used, recall time frames, and protocols for eliciting visit history. As a result, estimates of any dental use ranged from 52% to 81%, whereas estimates of preventive dental use ranged from 67% to 78%. Rates of delayed dental care were low, ranging from 3% to 8%; however, surveys showed consistent sociodemographic disparities in use of dental services and delayed dental care. CONCLUSIONS: Each survey has a unique approach to defining and eliciting parents’ reports of children’s dental service use, which could result in under- or overestimation of the number and nature of children’s dental services. Each survey’s methodology must be considered when accepting population-based estimates of dental service use to monitor progress in achieving national oral health goals.
Hedonic and Utilitarian Motivations behind Shopping and Research Behaviors: Theory and Evidence

Using a simple theoretical model, this paper demonstrates that an individual's behavior is greatly influenced by her hedonic and utilitarian values of a task. While hedonic value is the intrinsic benefit one receives from performing a task (e.g., having fun playing the game), utilitarian value is the tangible reward one obtains from performing the task (e.g., winning the prize). Utilitarian value of a task outlasts its hedonic value. An individual with high utilitarian value but low hedonic value of a task is likely to stop performing that task once she receives a tangible reward. By contrast, an individual who garners high hedonic value of a task will continue performing that task to obtain more hedonic value. The survey reveals that most individuals agree that the utilitarian value of shopping outlasts its hedonic value. Regression results demonstrate that consumers with high hedonic value of shopping are more likely to exhibit traits of shopaholism than those with low hedonic value in shopping. JEL classification codes: D01, D03, J2.
Formation of nanostructured polymer filaments in nanochannels.

We describe the use of hard etching methods to create nanodimensional channels and their use as templates for the formation of polymer filament arrays with precise dimensional and orientational control in a single integrated step. The procedure is general as illustrated by the radical, coordination, and photochemical polymerizations that were performed in these nanochannels. The nanochannel templates (20 nm high, 20−200 nm wide, and 100 μm long) were fabricated by the combined use of electron-beam lithography and a sacrificial metal line etching technique. Radical polymerization of acrylates, metal-catalyzed polymerization of norbornene, and photochemical polymerization of 1,4-diiodothiophene were carried out in these nanochannels. The polymers grown follow the dimensions and orientation of the channels, and the polymer filaments can be released without breaking. The approach opens up the possibility of just-in-place manufacturing and processing of patterns and devices from nanostructured polymers using w...
Lumbar facet joint and intervertebral disc loading during simulated pelvic obliquity.

Abstract Background context Intervertebral disc and facet joints are the two primary load-bearing structures of the lumbar spine, and altered loading to these structures may be associated with frontal plane spinal deviations. Purpose To determine the load on the lumbar facet joint and intervertebral disc under simulated frontal plane pelvic obliquity combined loading, an in vitro biomechanical study was conducted. Study design/setting An in vitro biomechanical study using a repeated-measures design was used to compare L4–L5 facet joint and intervertebral disc loading across pure moment and combined loading conditions. Methods Eight fresh-frozen lumbosacral specimens were tested under five loading conditions: flexion/extension, lateral bending, axial rotation using pure moment bending (±10 Nm), and two additional tests investigating frontal plane pelvic obliquity and axial rotation (sacrum tilted left 5° and at 10° followed by a ±10-Nm rotation moment). Three-dimensional kinematics, facet load, and intradiscal pressures were recorded from the L4–L5 functional spinal unit. Results Sagittal and frontal plane loading resulted in significantly smaller facet joint forces compared with conditions implementing a rotation moment (p Conclusions Facet loading increased during simulated pelvic obliquity in frontal and transverse planes, whereas intradiscal pressures were decreased compared with sagittal and frontal plane motions alone. Altered spinopelvic alignment may increase the loads experienced by spinal tissue, especially the facet joints.
Synthesis and properties of uranyl monothiocarbamate alkoxides, an air-stable class of uranyl alkoxides☆

LBL-10359 c, Preprint Submitted to Inorganica Chimica Acta SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF URANYL MONOTHIOCARBAMATE ALKOXIDES, AN AIR-STABLE CLASS OF URANYL ALKOXIDES Dale L. Perry January 1981 LIBRARY ''UMENTS TWO-WEE is is a wh L borrowed N PY two weeks. call Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48
Endogenous Nerve Growth Factor Regulates Collagen Expression and Bladder Hypertrophy through Akt and MAPK Pathways during Cystitis

Type I collagen forms the main constituent of the extracellular matrix in visceral organs. We reported here that cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis significantly increased the production of type I collagen in the inflamed bladder leading to increases in the bladder weight and the thickness of the bladder wall. The endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) in the urinary bladder regulated type I collagen expression because the neutralizing NGF antibody attenuated cystitis-induced type I collagen up-regulation in the inflamed bladder. Neutralizing NGF antibody also subsequently reversed cystitis-induced increases in bladder weight. Further studies on the intermediate signaling pathways mediating NGF-induced type I collagen expression in the inflamed bladder during cystitis revealed that Akt, JNK, and ERK1/2 activities were increased in the inflamed bladder, whereas p38 MAPK remained unchanged. Suppression of endogenous NGF level with neutralizing NGF antibody significantly blocked the increased activity of Akt, JNK, and ERK1/2 in the inflamed bladder during cystitis. These results indicate that endogenous NGF plays an important role in the activation of Akt and MAPK in the urinary bladder and in bladder hypertrophy during cystitis.
Altered distribution of debrisoquine oxidation phenotypes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Oxidative metabolism in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied using the antihypertensive drug, debrisoquine. The metabolism of this drug to its principal metabolite, 4-hydroxy-debrisoquine, is catalyzed by a discrete isozyme of cytochrome P-450. The extent of this reaction exhibits genetic polymorphism, with 2 phenotypes, “poor metabolizers” and “extensive metabolizers,” discernible in the normal population. We observed the poor metabolizer debrisoquine phenotype in 9 of 42 patients with idiopathic SLE (21%), in contrast with 12 of 147 healthy volunteers (8%), which is a significant difference in frequency (P < 0.04). These data provide further evidence for altered oxidative metabolism in SLE and support the concept that genetic differences in oxidative metabolism of endogenous compounds, such as sex steroid hormones, or of xenobiotics might influence susceptibility to SLE.
A Non-Linear Isothermal Model for Migration of Drugs in Wet Granulations

AbstractA non-linear isothermal model for migration of drugs during drying period in wet granulations is proposed and some of its important properties are introduced. The mathematical expression is derived from physical fundamentals in such a way that computer implementation is feasible. The model includes the well-known Rumpf and Washburn equations, and it can be used as a suitable starting point for numerical simulation experiments.