cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of demand response in the commercial, industrial, and residential sectors in the United States

The goal of this study is to provide an overview of demand response (DR) technologies, including standards and end uses, in the United States and describe resource characteristics and the attributes of 14 specific DR resources in the U.S. commercial, residential, and industrial sectors. The attributes reviewed for the end uses being considered are response frequency, response time, the need for and impacts of energy pre- or recharge, the cost of enabling a resource to respond to a load-curtailment signal, and the magnitude of load curtailment in a given resource. We also describe controls and communications technologies that can enable end uses to participate in DR programs. The characterization was initially developed as a foundational work to quantify hourly availability of DR resources from the selected end uses followed by a multi-laboratory effort that quantified DR's value within the Western Interconnectiona. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:288–304. doi: 10.1002/wene.176 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Equipment Replacement Decision Making: Opportunities and Challenges

The primary function of equipment managers is to replace the right equipment at the right time and at the lowest overall cost. In this paper, the opportunities and challenges associated with equipment replacement optimization (ERO) are discussed in detail. First, a comprehensive review of the state-of-the art and state-of-the practice literature for the ERO problem is conducted. Second, a dynamic programming (DP) based optimization solution methodology is presented to solve the ERO problem. The Bellman’s formulation for the ERO deterministic (DDP) and stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) problems are discussed in detail. Finally, comprehensive ERO numerical results and implications are given.
Commentary: Volatility, price resolution, and the effectiveness of price limits

Since the market crash on October 19, 1987, it has been commonplace in policy circles to speak of the virtues of circuit breakers—devices for halting or limiting trading when prices have moved “too much.” Some see it as self-evident that devices such as price limits curb “excess volatility,” while others suggest that circuit breakers interfere with the price discovery process and the impounding of information in market prices. Surprisingly, few empirical researchers have attempted to measure the impact of circuit breakers on price volatility or to examine whether volatility fluctuations arise from “speculative overreaction” or “information arrival.”
Economic Impact of 10K Race on the Greater Charleston, SC Area

This paper will deal with the economic impact of the Cooper River Bridge Run on the Lowcountry region of South Carolina, and specifically on the city of Charleston and town of Mt. Pleasant. Additionally, although the event is also billed, at least theoretically, as one that also contributes to a labor income impact, and the creation of additional local jobs, that might happen only in theory. Furthermore, intangible impacts of the race might in reality be the greatest benefit of them all for the participants and local areas. Finally, the benefit of self-administered survey (web-based) over traditionally administered (physically, through volunteers) will be discussed and examined.
Approximation Algorithms for the Traveling Repairman and Speeding Deliveryman Problems

Constant-factor, polynomial-time approximation algorithms are presented for two variations of the traveling salesman problem with time windows. In the first variation, the traveling repairman problem, the goal is to find a path that visits the maximum possible number of locations during their time windows. In the second variation, the speeding deliveryman problem, the goal is to find a path that uses the minimum possible speedup to visit all locations during their time windows. For both variations, the time windows are of unit length, and the distance metric is based on a weighted, undirected graph. Algorithms with improved approximation ratios are given for the case when the input is defined on a tree rather than a general graph. The algorithms are also extended to handle time windows whose lengths fall in any bounded range.
Learning from what you don't observe

The process of diagnosis involves learning about the state of a system from various observations of symptoms or findings about the system. Sophisticated Bayesian (and other) algorithms have been developed to revise and maintain beliefs about the system as observations are made. Nonetheless, diagnostic models have tended to ignore some common sense reasoning exploited by human diagnosticians. In particular, one can learn from which observations have not been made, in the spirit of conversational implicature. In order to extract information from the observations not made, we propose the following two concepts. First, some symptoms, if present, are more likely to be reported before others. Second. most human diagnosticians and expert systems are economical in their data-gathering, searching first where they are more likely to find symptoms present. Thus, there is a desirable bias toward reporting symptoms that are present. We develop a simple model for these concepts that can significantly improve diagnostic inference.
Plant shutdowns, compositional effects, and procyclical labor productivity: the stylized facts for auto assembly plants

This paper analyzes the implications of plant shutdowns for the measurement of labor productivity using two sets of dataon motor vehicles for 1978 - 1984. In particular, we explore the role played by plant shutdowns in generating procyclicality in an aggregate labor productivity measure. We compare the cyclical movements of two aggregate series constructed from the micro data: one which mimics the typical series analyzed in empirical studies and the other which removes various measurement problems in the typical series. In a panel of 22 auto assembly plants, we find 1) the typical measure is very procyclical; 2) the pure measure is not; and 3) the most important source of procyclicality in the typical measure comes from including labor in plants that have shut down. Using BLS data for all establishments in SIC 3711, we confirm that removing labor at shutdown plants reduces the cyclicality of an aggregate labor productivity measure. Because these workers are not likely to be "hoarded" or on vacation leave, this finding lends empirical support to the overhead labor and Fay/Medoff explanations for procyclical labor productivity.
Child labor in Cote d'Ivoire: incidence and determinants

Child labor in Cote d'Ivoire increased in the 1980s because of a severe economic crisis. Two out of three urban children aged 7 to 17 work; half of them also attend school. In rural areas, more than four out of five children work, but only a third of them manage to combine work with schooling. Full-time work is less prevalent, but not negligible. Roughly 7 percent of urban children work full time (an average 46 hours a week). More than a third of rural children work full time (an average of 35 hours a week), with the highest incidence in the Savannah region. The incidence of such full-time work rises with age but is by no means limited to older children. The average age of the full-time child worker in Cote d'Ivoire is 12.7. These children have received an average 1.2 years of schooling. That child is also more likely to be ill or injured and is less likely to receive medical attention than other children. Urban children in the interior cities are far more likely to work and their working hours are much longer. Among rural children, those in the Savannah region (where educational infrastructure lags far behind the rest of the country) are most likely to work. Five factors affect a household's decision to supply child labor: a) The age and gender of the child (girls are more likely to work, especially when the head of household is a woman). b) The education and employment status of the parents (low parental education is good targeting variable for interventions). c) The availability of within-household employment opportunities. d) The household's poverty status. e) The household's location (calling for geographical targeting). With improved macroeconomic growth, it is hoped, child labor will decline -- but a significant decline could take several generations. Meanwhile, it is important to: i) Use a gradual approach toward the elimination of child work by aiming initial interventions at facilitating combined work and schooling. ii) Support the development of home enterprises as part of poverty alleviation programs, but combine it with incentives for school attendance. iii) Make school hours and vacation periods flexible (accommodating harvest times) in rural areas. This would also improve children's health. iv) Improve rural school attendance by having a school in the village rather than 1 to 5 kilometers away. v) Improve educational investment in the Savannah.
Mechanism design with execution uncertainty

We introduce the notion of fault tolerant mechanism design, which extends the standard game theoretic framework of mechanism design to allow for uncertainty about execution. Specifically, we define the problem of task allocation in which the private information of the agents is not only their costs to attempt the tasks, but also their probabilities of failure. For several different instances of this setting we present technical results, including positive ones in the form of mechanisms that are incentive compatible, individually rational and efficient, and negative ones in the form of impossibility theorems.
Prescription Drug Use under Medicare Part D: A Linear Model of Nonlinear Budget Sets.

Abstract Medicare Part D enrollees face a complicated decision: they dynamically choose prescription drug consumption in each period given difficult-to-find prices and a nonlinear budget set. We use Part D claims data to estimate a flexible model of consumption that accounts for nonlinear prices, dynamic responses, and salience. We use reduced form price responses from a linear regression of consumption on coverage range prices to compare performance under several models of behavior. We find small price elasticities, substantial myopia, and that salient characteristics impact consumption beyond their effect on prices. A hyperbolic discounting model with salience fits the data best.
Using Sparsification for Parametric Minimum Spanning Tree Problems

Two applications of sparsification to parametric computing are given. The first is a fast algorithm for enumerating all distinct minimum spanning trees in a graph whose edge weights vary linearly with a parameter. The second is an asymptotically optimal algorithm for the minimum ratio spanning tree problem, as well as other search problems, on dense graphs.
Bridging a Gap in Actinide Chemistry

Knowledge of the chemical behavior of actinide elements such as uranium and plutonium is vital to developing nuclear fuel cycles, predicting environmental behavior of contaminants, and other applications. Actinide oxides and nitrides are particularly interesting, although molecular parallels have only existed for the former. In her Perspective, Burns discusses results reported in the same issue by Evans et al. in which the first simple molecular nitrides of uranium were prepared. The achievement of this key synthetic target will offer fresh opportunities for exploring chemical bonding and novel reactivity.
The Use of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs beyond Precocious Puberty

9-year, 3-month-old girl is referred for concerns about early puberty. Her mother reports progressive breast development for at least a year, along with adult body odor requiring deodorant use for the past 6 months. The mother does not report any body hair, vaginal discharge, or bleeding, but states that her daughter has been rapidly outgrowing shoes and clothing. There is no history of exogenous hormone exposure, and the child has been otherwise healthy. The child’s medical history reveals that she was born at term with a birth weight of 7 lb, 5 oz and a length of 20 00 . According to the family history, the child’s mother is 5 0 3 00 and experienced menarche at age 12 years, and the father is 5 0 7 00 and was at an average age at the onset of puberty. The child is an honor roll student in the fourth grade and lives at home with her parents and 6-year-old brother. Review of systems reveals increased “moodiness” and is otherwise noncontributory. Physical examination reveals a height of 140 cm (86th percentile) and weight of 44 kg (97th percentile). Body mass index is 22.4 kg/m 2 (96th percentile; z-score, 1.75). Head, eyes,ears,nose,andthroatexamination revealsa normal thyroid to palpation. Breasts are Tanner stage III-IV, and no axillary hair is noted. Genitourinary examination reveals a normal female with pubic hair Tanner stage II and an estrogenized vaginal mucosa. Bone age radiography is advanced at 12 years, giving the child a predicted adult height
Corporate vulnerability and bank stability : evidence from Jordan

This paper uses data on publicly listed companies in Jordan to evaluate corporate vulnerability and perform corporate stress testing. The exercise finds that both earnings and interest rate shocks have significant impact on corporate vulnerability. Because different banks have different sector exposures, and different sectors exhibit different vulnerability at different times, the stress tests that include corporate exposure will provide a more precise evaluation of bank soundness.
An analysis of factors that influence shape selectivity in the cracking of long-chain alkanes on zeolite catalysts

Abstract The method and equations previously developed for conformational analysis of linear alkanes are used to calculate the free energy differences between heavily coiled (four gauche bonds or more) and extended forms. Since a gauche bond is similar in its steric requirements to a methyl side chain, it follows that chain straightening is a required step (preequilibrium) for the reaction of linear alkanes inside the channels of small- and medium-pore zeolites. Any energy advantage from attractive van der Waals interactions with the walls of the channels can be gained only after the chain uncoils. For a 20-carbon chain the preequilibrium retards the reaction inside the pores relative to that on the external surface by at least four powers of ten. Two other factors acting in the same direction are a requirement for proper orientation to enter the channel (worth one order of magnitude for C 20 ) and the retarding effect of constraining a molecule inside the channel on the cracking reaction itself. The observed selectivities require either that the intrinsic activity of sites within channels be many orders of magnitude higher than that of sites on the external surface, or that the normal alkanes reacting in the coiled form have an intrinsically higher reactivity toward cracking than the branched isomers, and the reactions occur predominantly on the external surface of the zeolite crystal for both types of chains.
Internal Geography, International Trade, and Regional Specialization

We introduce an internal geography to the canonical model of international trade driven by comparative advantages to study the regional effects of external economic integration. The model features a dual-economy structure, in which locations near international gates specialize in export-oriented sectors while more distant locations do not trade with the rest of the world. The theory rationalizes patterns of specialization, employment, and relative incomes observed in developing countries that opened up to trade. We find regional specialization patterns consistent with the model in data from Chinese prefectures. (JEL F11, O18, P23, P25, P33, R12, R32) T he experience of many developing countries reveals uneven regional effects of international economic integration. For example, China’s recent globalization process took place jointly with large movements of workers and export-oriented industries toward fast-growing coastal regions (World Bank 2009). The standard view in international trade theory interprets countries as points in space, missing this type of phenomenon. In this paper, we introduce an internal geography to the canonical model of international trade driven by comparative advantages to study the regional effects of external economic integration. The theory rationalizes patterns of specialization, employment, and relative incomes observed in developing countries that opened up to trade. A key feature of the model is that comparative-advantage industries locate closer to international gates. We find evidence consistent with this pattern in industry-level data from Chinese prefectures, and document that alternative explanations based on economies of scale or location fundamentals do not fully account for it. We model a two-sector economy where locations are arbitrarily arranged on a map and differ in trade costs to international gates such as seaports, airports, or land crossings. Within the country, trade is costly and international shipments must
Integrated nested Laplace approximation for Bayesian nonparametric phylodynamics

The goal of phylodynamics, an area on the intersection of phylogenetics and population genetics, is to reconstruct population size dynamics from genetic data. Recently, a series of nonparametric Bayesian methods have been proposed for such demographic reconstructions. These methods rely on prior specifications based on Gaussian processes and proceed by approximating the posterior distribution of population size trajectories via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. In this paper, we adapt an integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA), a recently proposed approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models, to the estimation of population size trajectories. We show that when a genealogy of sampled individuals can be reliably estimated from genetic data, INLA enjoys high accuracy and can replace MCMC entirely. We demonstrate significant computational efficiency over the state-of-the-art MCMC methods. We illustrate INLA-based population size inference using simulations and genealogies of hepatitis C and human influenza viruses.
Can Variation in Subgroups' Average Treatment Effects Explain Treatment Effect Heterogeneity? Evidence from a Social Experiment

We assess whether welfare reform affects earnings only through mean impacts that are constant within but vary across subgroups. This is important because researchers interested in treatment effect heterogeneity typically focus on estimating mean impacts that only vary across subgroups. Using a novel approach to simulating treatment group earnings under the constant mean impacts within subgroup model, we find this model does a poor job of capturing treatment effect heterogeneity for Connecticut's Jobs First welfare reform experiment. Notably, ignoring within-group heterogeneitywould lead one to miss evidence that treatment effects are consistent with basic labor supply theory.
Invasive carcinoma of the vulva with lymph node metastasis

Abstract The subject of lymph node metastasis in invasive carcinoma of the vulva is presented from an evaluation of 23 years' experience by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tulane University School of Medicine. The clinical and histopathologic features of the evaluation and a discussion relating the significance of these features are presented.
“Conditional inter-causally independent” node distributions, a property of “noisy-or” models

This paper examines the interdependence generated between two parent nodes with a common instantiated child node, such as two hypotheses sharing common evidence. The relation so generated has been termed "inter-causal." It is shown by construction that inter-causal independence is possible for binary distributions at one state of evidence. For such "CICI" distributions, the two measures of inter-causal effect, "multiplicative synergy" and "additive synergy" are equal. The well known "noisy-or" model is an example of such a distribution. This introduces novel semantics for the noisy-or, as a model of the degree of conflict among competing hypotheses of a common observation.
Protectionism indices for non-tariff measures: An application to maximum residue levels

Abstract We propose aggregation indices of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) to quantify their protectionism relative to international standards of stringency. We apply the indices to national Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) regulations on pesticides and veterinary drugs affecting agricultural and food trade and using a science-based criteria embodied in Codex Alimentarius international standards. The approach links two streams of the NTM literature, one concerned with the aggregation of various NTMs into operational indices for econometric and modeling purposes, and the other attempting to evaluate the protectionism of NTMs. The data used in the application come from a large international dataset on veterinary and pesticide MRLs and CODEX MRL standards for a large set of countries.
Privacy in Implementation

In most implementation frameworks agents care only about the outcome, and not at all about the way in which it was obtained. Additionally, typical mechanisms for full implementation involve the complete revelation of all private information to the planner. In this paper I consider the problem of full implementation with agents who may prefer to protect their privacy. I analyze the extent to which privacy-protecting mechanisms can be constructed under various assumptions about agents’ predilection for privacy and the permissible game forms.
Some Thermodynamic Relationships Governing the Behavior of Permafrost and Frozen Ground

It is well established that water-ice occurs in the surface materials of Mars and that temperature regimes are such that icerich permafrost may be present in many localities. Water-ice is also thought to be a major constituent of the surface materials on Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and several of the moons of Saturn.
SPECIFIC STAR FORMATION RATES

We present results from a study to determine how star formation contributes to galaxy growth since redshift z=1.5. Using galaxies from the MUnich Near-Infrared Cluster Survey (MUNICS) and the FORS Deep Field (FDF), we investigate the specific star formation rate (SSFR, star formation rate [SFR] per unit galaxy stellar mass) as a function of galaxy stellar mass and redshift. We test the compatibility of our results with a sample drawn from a larger volume using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We find that the SSFR decreases as galaxy stellar mass increases, suggesting that star formation contributes more to the growth of low-mass galaxies than high-mass galaxies at all redshifts in this study. We also find a ridge in the SSFR that runs parallel to lines of constant SFR and decreases by a factor of 10 from z=1 to today, matching the results of the evolution in SFR density seen in the ``Lilly-Madau'' diagram. The ridge evolves independently of galaxy stellar mass to a particular turnover mass at the high mass end. Galaxies above the turnover mass show a sharp decrease in SSFR compared to the average at that epoch, and the turnover mass increases with redshift.
Local theory of almost split sequences for comodules

We show that almost split sequences in the category of comodules over a coalgebraΓ with finite-dimensional right-hand term are direct limits of almost split sequences over finite dimensional subcoalgebras. In previous work we showed that such almost split sequences exist if the right hand term has a quasifinitely copresented linear dual. Conversely, taking limits of almost split sequences over finte-dimensional comodule categories, we then show that, for countable-dimensional coalgebras, certain exact sequences exist which satisfy a condition weaker than being almost split, which we call “finitely almost split”. Under additional assumptions, these sequences are shown to be almost split in the appropriate category.
A Stochastic Grammar for Natural Shapes

We consider object detection using a generic model for natural shapes. A common approach for object recognition involves matching object models directly to images. Another approach involves building intermediate representations via a generic grouping processes. These two processes (model-based recognition and grouping) may use similar computational mechanisms. By defining a generic model for shapes, we can use model-based techniques to implement a mid-level vision grouping process.
Comment on the coupling of zero sound to the J =1 − modes of 3 He-B

Features in the zero sound attenuation near the pair-breaking edge in superfluid He-3-B have been observed in large magnetic fields. Schopohl and Tewordt [J. Low Temp. Phys. 57, 601 (1984) ] claim that the J = 1-, M = +/- 1 order-parameter collective modes couple to zero sound as a result of the distortion of the equilibrium order parameter by a magnetic field; they identify the new features with these modes. However, we show that, when the effect of gap distortion on the collective modes is properly taken into account, the collective modes equations of Schopohl and Tewordt yield no direct coupling of zero sound to the J = 1- modes. Thus, the identification of the absorption features reported by Ling, Saunders, and Dobbs [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 461 (1987)] near the pair-breaking edge with the J = 1- modes is not clearly established.
Inbred Strain Study

Genetic contributions in complex trait analyses can be controlled or removed by the use of inbred strains as the test subjects. To be regarded as inbred strains, the mammals concerned must have been subjected to at least 20 generations of full-sib mating (the expected inbreeding coefficient will be 98.6% or greater). Variation in the test scores observed within inbred strains will be of either environmental (treatment) origin or otherwise caused by random experimental error, since genetic variation is largely absent. Keywords: genotype by treatment interaction; heritability; inbred strains
The 3D index of an ideal triangulation and angle structures

The 3D index of Dimofte–Gaiotto–Gukov is a partially defined function on the set of ideal triangulations of 3-manifolds with r tori boundary components. For a fixed 2r tuple of integers, the index takes values in the set of q-series with integer coefficients. Our goal is to give an axiomatic definition of the tetrahedron index and a proof that the domain of the 3D index consists precisely of the set of ideal triangulations that support an index structure. The latter is a generalization of a strict angle structure. We also prove that the 3D index is invariant under 3–2 moves, but not in general under 2–3 moves.
Are any growth theories linear? Why we should care about what the evidence tells us

Recent research on macroeconomic growth has been focused on resolving several key issues, two of which, specification uncertainty of the growth process and variable uncertainty, have received much attention in the recent literature. The standard procedure has been to assume a linear growth process and then to proceed with investigating the relevant variables that determine growth across countries. However, a more appropriate approach would be to recognize that a misspecified model may lead one to conclude that a variable is relevant when in fact it is not. This paper takes a step in this direction by considering conditional variable uncertainty with full blown specification uncertainty. We use recently developed nonparametric model selection techniques to deal with nonlinearities and competing growth theories. We show how one can interpret our results and use them to motivate more intriguing specifications within the traditional studies that use Bayesian Model Averaging or other model selection criteria. We find that the inclusion of nonlinearities is necessary for determining the empirically relevant variables that dictate growth and that nonlinearities are especially important in uncovering key mechanism of the growth process.
Role of Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptors in the Nucleus Accumbens in Mediating Reward

The objectives of this study were to examine the involvement of D1 and D2 receptors within the nucleus accumbens (ACB) in mediating reinforcement. The intracranial self-administration (ICSA) of D1 and D2 agonists was used to determine whether activating D1 and/or D2 receptors within the ACB of Wistar rats is reinforcing. At concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mM (25, 50, and 100 pmol/100 nl of infusion), neither the D1 agonist R(+)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol [SKF 38393 (SKF)] hydrochloride nor the D2 agonist (-)-quinpirole (Quin) hydrochloride was self-administered into the shell region of the ACB. On the other hand, equimolar mixtures of SKF and Quin (SKF+Quin), at concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mM each, were significantly self-infused into the ACB shell. The core region of the ACB did not support the ICSA of SKF+Quin at any of these concentrations. Rats increased lever pressing when the response requirement was increased from a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) to FR3, and they responded significantly more on the infusion lever than they did on the control lever. Coadministration of either 0.50 mM R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4, 5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (SCH 23390) hydrochloride, a D1 antagonist, or 0.50 mM S(-)-sulpiride, a D2 antagonist, completely abolished the ICSA of the mixture of SKF+Quin (each at 0.50 mM) into the ACB shell. The present results suggest that concurrent activation of D1- and D2-type receptors in the shell of the ACB had a cooperative effect on DA-mediated reward processes.
Gravitational Microlensing, the Distance Scale, and the Ages

A high optical depth to gravitational microlensing towards the galactic bulge is consistent with current models of the galactic bar. The low optical depth towards the LMC can probably be accounted for by the ordinary stars in our galaxy and in the LMC itself. No conclusive evidence is available yet for the presence or absence of a large number of brown dwarfs or other non-stellar compact objects which might account for the dark matter. There is little doubt that the amount of mass in objects in the range 10−8≤ M/M ⊙ ≤ 106 will be determined within the next few years with the continuing and expanding searches.
Near invariance of the hypercube

We give an almost-complete description of orthogonal matrices M of order n that “rotate a non-negligible fraction of the Boolean hypercube Cn = {-1, 1}n onto itself,” in the sense that \(P_{x \in C_n } \left( {M_x \in C_n } \right) \geqslant n^{ - C} \), for some positive constant C, where x is sampled uniformly over Cn. In particular, we show that such matrices M must be very close to products of permutation and reflection matrices. This result is a step toward characterizing those orthogonal and unitary matrices with large permanents, a question with applications to linear-optical quantum computing.
Revealing Compressed Stops Using High-Momentum Recoils

Searches for supersymmetric top quarks at the LHC have been making great progress in pushing sensitivity out to higher mass, but are famously plagued by gaps in coverage around lower-mass regions where the decay phase space is closing off. Within the common stop-NLSP/neutralino-LSP simplified model, the line in the mass plane where there is just enough phase space to produce an on-shell top quark remains almost completely unconstrained. Here, we show that is possible to define searches capable of probing a large patch of this difficult region, with S/B ∼ 1 and significances often well beyond 5σ. The basic strategy is to leverage the large energy gain of LHC Run 2, leading to a sizable population of stop pair events recoiling against a hard jet. The recoil not only re-establishes a signature, but also leads to a distinctive anti-correlation between the and the recoil jet transverse vectors when the stops decay all-hadronically. Accounting for jet combinatorics, backgrounds, and imperfections in measurements, we estimate that Run 2 will already start to close the gap in exclusion sensitivity with the first few 10s of fb−1. By 300 fb−1, exclusion sensitivity may extend from stop masses of 550 GeV on the high side down to below 200 GeV on the low side, approaching the “stealth” point at $$ {m}_{\overline{t}}={m}_t $$ and potentially overlapping with limits from $$ t\overline{t} $$ cross section and spin correlation measurements.
Disturbance of longitudinal growth associated with prolonged disability of the lower extremity.

1. Growth arrest may occur at the knee as a complication of chronic disability of the lower extremity. 2. Growth retardation of the epiphyseal discs precedes permanent arrest. This retardation is due to partial degeneration of the cartilage as the result of atrophy of disuse. 3. Arrested growth occurs later, due to complete degeneration of a portion of the epiphyseal plate and the repair of the defect so formed by a bony bridge. 4. This complete degeneration is probably due to some secondary factor, such as the abnormal stresses present with a faulty gait.
Decision problems for the verification of real-time software

We study two questions in the theory of timed automata concerning timed language inclusion of real-time programs modeled as timed pushdown automata in real-time specifications with just one clock. We show that if the specification B is modeled as a timed automaton with one clock, then the language inclusion problem L(A)⊆L(B) for a timed pushdown automaton A is decidable. On the other hand, we show that the universality problem of timed visibly pushdown automata with only one clock is undecidable. Thus there is no algorithm to check language inclusion of real-time programs for specifications given by visibly pushdown specifications with just one clock.
Priority Performance of Banyan-Based Broadband-ISDN Switches

A practical fast packet switching module for use in B-ISDN switching architectures is described. The module is built around a self-routing banyan network which employs dilation and replication to enhance throughput. The differing requirements of delay and loss sensitivity for various traffic types are handled by assigning priorities to packets. A new result in the form of the throughput equation of lower priority packets in a banyan network which is improved by dilation, replication, and internal speed-up is presented. The delay versus throughput analysis shows that the switch module is capable of handling integrated voice-data-video traffic efficiently.
Explaining High Transport Costs within Malawi : Bad Roads or Lack of Trucking Competition?

What are the main determinants of transport costs: network access or competition among transport providers? The focus in the transport sector has often been on improving the coverage of "hard" infrastructure, whereas in reality the cost of transporting goods is quite sensitive to the extent of competition among transport providers and scale economies in the freight transport industry, creating monopolistic behavior and circular causation between lower transport costs and greater trade and traffic. This paper contributes to the discussion on transport costs in Malawi, providing fresh empirical evidence based on a specially commissioned survey of transport providers and spatial analysis of the country's infrastructure network. The main finding is that both infrastructure quality and market structure of the trucking industry are important contributors to regional differences in transport costs. The quality of the trunk road network is not a major constraint but differences in the quality of feeder roads connecting villages to the main road network have significant bearing on transport costs. And costs due to poor feeder roads are exacerbated by low volumes of trade between rural locations and market centers. With empty backhauls and journeys covering small distances, only a few transport service providers enter the market, charging disproportionately high prices to cover fixed costs and maximize markups.
A qualitative Markov assumption and its implications for belief change

The study of belief change has been an active area in philosophy and AI. In recent years, two special cases of belief change, belief revision and belief update, have been studied in detail. Roughly speaking, revision treats a surprising observation as a sign that previous beliefs were wrong, while update treats a surprising observation as an indication that the world has changed. In general, we would expect that an agent making an observation may both want to revise some earlier beliefs and assume that some change has occurred in the world. We define a novel approach to belief change that allows us to do this, by applying ideas from probability theory in a qualitative settings. The key idea is to use a qualitative Markov assumption, which says that state transitions are independent. We show that a recent approach to modeling qualitative uncertainty using plausibility measures allows us to make such a qualitative Markov assumption in a relatively straightforward way, and show how the Markov assumption can be used to provide an attractive belief-change model.
Investigating models of social development using a humanoid robot

Human social dynamics rely upon the ability to correctly attribute beliefs, goals, and percepts to other people. The set of abilities that allow an individual to infer these hidden mental states based on observed actions and behavior has been called a "theory of mind". Drawing from the models of Baron-Cohen (1995) and Leslie (1994), a novel architecture called embodied theory of mind was developed to link high-level cognitive skills to the low-level perceptual abilities of a humanoid robot. The implemented system determines visual saliency based on inherent object attributes, high-level task constraints, and the attentional states of others. Objects of interest are tracked in real-time to produce motion trajectories which are analyzed by a set of naive physical laws designed to discriminate animate from inanimate movement. Animate objects can be the source of attentional states (detected by finding faces and head orientation) as well as intentional states (determined by motion trajectories between objects). Individual components are evaluated by comparisons to human performance on similar tasks, and the complete system is evaluated in the context of a basic social learning mechanism that allows the robot to mimic observed movements.
Asymmetric synthesis of γ-aryl-substituted GABA derivatives via a highly diastereoselective Rh-catalyzed boronic acid addition at room temperature

A highly diastereoselective Rh-catalyzed boronic acid addition to enantiopure sulfinylimines providing γ-aryl GABA derivatives has been described. The reaction proceeds in protic solvents at room temperature and the starting material is readily prepared. The novel protocol enables the introduction of a variety of aryl substituents onto an unactivated sulfinylimine under mild conditions.
Tweet the message? Religious authority and social media innovation

Religious believers have historically adapted Scripture into brief texts for wider dissemination through relatively inexpensive publications. The emergence of Twitter and other microblogging tools today afford clerics a platform for real time information s haring with its interface for short written texts, which includes providing links to graphics and sound recordings that can be forwarded and responded to by others. This paper discusses emergent practices in tweet authorship which embed and are inspired by sacred Scripture, in order to deepen understanding of the changing nature of sacred texts and of the constitution of religious authority as pastors engage microblogging and social media networks. Drawing upon a Twitter feed by a prominent Christian megachurch leader with global influence, this paper identifies multiple ways in which tweets have been encoded to quote, remix and interpret Scripture, and to serve as choice aphorisms that reflect or are inspired by Scripture. Implications for the changing nature of sacred digital texts and the reconstruction of religious authority are also discussed.
The Activation and Function of Autophagy in Alcoholic Liver Disease

Autophagy is an important lysosome-mediated intracellular degradation pathway required for tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of liver autophagy is closely associated with different liver diseases including alcoholic liver disease. Studies now indicate that autophagy may be induced or suppressed depending on the amount and the duration of ethanol treatment. Autophagy induced by ethanol serves as a protective mechanism, probably by selective degradation of the damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) and excess lipid droplets (lipophagy) and in turn attenuates alcohol-induced steatosis and liver injury. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of selective targeting of mitochondria and lipid is still unclear. Autophagy may possess other functions that protect hepatocytes from ethanol. Understanding these molecular entities would be essential in order to therapeutically module autophagy for treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
A technique for designing stabilizing distributed controllers with arbitrary signal structure constraints

This paper presents a new approach to distributed controller design that exploits a partial-structure representation of linear time invariant systems to characterize the structure of a system. This partial-structure representation, called the dynamical structure function, characterizes the signal structure, or open-loop causal dependencies among manifest variables, capturing a significantly richer notion of structure than the sparsity pattern of the transfer function. The design technique sequentially constructs each link in an arbitrary controller signal structure, and the main result proves that the resulting controller is either stabilizing or no controller with the desired structure can stabilize the system.
Does Foreign Bank Penetration Reduce Access to Credit in Developing Countries? Evidence from Asking Borrowers

How does entry by foreign banks affect lending to small and medium-size enterprises in developing countries? Analysis of data from a large cross-country survey of enterprises finds that foreign bank entry benefits firms of all sizes, although it seems to benefit larger firms more. Existing evidence on the effect of foreign bank penetration on lending to small and medium-size enterprises is ambiguous. Case studies of developing countries show that foreign banks lend less to such firms than domestic banks do. But cross-country studies find that foreign bank entry fosters competition and reduces interest rates, benefits that should extend to all firms. Clarke, Cull, and Martinez Peria use data from a large cross-country survey of enterprises to investigate this issue. Their results suggest that foreign bank penetration improves financing conditions (both the quantities of financing and the terms) for enterprises of all sizes, although it seems to benefit larger firms more. This paper - a product of Finance, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the impact of entry by foreign banks on domestic banking systems in developing countries. The authors may be contacted at gclarke@worldbank.org, rcull@worldbank.org, or mmartinezperia@worldbank.org.
Order Selection of Autoregressive Processes Using Bridge Criterion

A new criterion is introduced for determining the order of an autoregressive model fit to time series data. The proposed technique is shown to give a consistent and asymptotically efficient order estimation. It has the benefits of the two well-known model selection techniques, the Akaike information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion. When the true order of the autoregression is relatively large compared with the sample size, the Akaike information criterion is known to be efficient, and the new criterion behaves in a similar manner. When the true order is finite and small compared with the sample size, the Bayesian information criterion is known to be consistent, and so is the new criterion. Thus the new criterion builds a bridge between the two classical criteria automatically. In practice, where the observed time series is given without any prior information about the autoregression, the proposed order selection criterion is more flexible and robust compared with classical approaches. Numerical results are presented demonstrating the robustness of the proposed technique when applied to various datasets.
The lumière project: Bayesian user modeling for inferring the goals and needs of software users

The Lumiere Project centers on harnessing probability and utility to provide assistance to computer software users. We review work on Bayesian user models that can be employed to infer a user's needs by considering a user's background, actions, and queries. Several problems were tackled in Lumiere research, including (1) the construction of Bayesian models for reasoning about the time-varying goals of computer users from their observed actions and queries, (2) gaining access to a stream of events from software applications, (3) developing a language for transforming system events into observational variables represented in Bayesian user models, (4) developing persistent profiles to capture changes in a user's expertise, and (5) the development of an overall architecture for an intelligent user interface. Lumiere prototypes served as the basis for the Ofice Assistant in the Microsoft Office '97 suite of productivity applications.
Knowledge Theoretic Properties of Topological Spaces

We study the topological models of a logic of knowledge for topological reasoning, introduced by Larry Moss and Rohit Parikh (1992). Among our results is the confirmation of a conjecture by Moss and Parikh, as well as the finite satisfiability property and decidability for the theory of topological models.
Regional business climate and interstate manufacturing relocation decisions

Using a panel (2000-2011) of cross-state relocation patterns of manufacturing firms from the National Establishment Time Series (NETS) database we estimate a state-to-state relocation model for all manufacturers and separately for three groups of industries defined by knowledge intensity. The analysis of the data suggests that very few manufacturing firms relocate across state lines in any given year and the vast majority of those that do are small in size and move to adjoining states. Econometric results reveal that regional determinants of relocation decisions vary by type of manufacturing firm. Whereas a number of factors considered in this study are significant in the models, estimated marginal effects at the mean are infinitesimal. This implies that states attempting to encourage manufacturing firms to relocate from other states via traditional perspectives on business climate are unlikely to be successful.
Reconstructing the energy landscape of a distribution from Monte Carlo samples

Defining the energy function as the negative logarithm of the density, we explore the energy landscape of a distribution via the tree of sublevel sets of its energy. This tree represents the hierarchy among the connected components of the sublevel sets. We propose ways to annotate the tree so that it provides information on both topological and statistical aspects of the distribution, such as the local energy minima (local modes), their local domains and volumes, and the barriers between them. We develop a computational method to estimate the tree and reconstruct the energy landscape from Monte Carlo samples simulated at a wide energy range of a distribution. This method can be applied to any arbitrary distribution on a space with defined connectedness. We test the method on multimodal distributions and posterior distributions to show that our estimated trees are accurate compared to theoretical values. When used to perform Bayesian inference of DNA sequence segmentation, this approach reveals much more information than the standard approach based on marginal posterior distributions.