cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Queer Law and Order: Sex, Criminality, and Policing in the Late Twentieth-Century United States

In November 1970, after a lengthy foot chase, two Chicago police officers apprehended James Clay Jr., a twenty-four-year-old African American man, and fired eight shots into his back, killing him. Clay, who was wearing women’s clothing when police encountered him, had a long arrest record that included charges for impersonating the opposite sex and solicitation to commit prostitution. The killing was covered by the local Chicago newspapers, including the Sun-Times, the countercultural biweekly Seed, and on the front page of the black-owned Defender. The Chicago Gay Alliance, founded a few months earlier, demanded that the Federal Bureau of Investigation look into whether Clay’s rights had been violated. The officers have never been brought to trial. At the time of Clay’s shooting, Chicagoans had been mobilizing for nearly a year, since the police killing of the Illinois Black Panther party leaders Fred Hampton and Mark Clark, to protest surveillance and infiltration of the black power movement. On the first anniversary of Clay’s death, Ortez Alderson, a twenty-year-old black man raised on the city’s South Side and the co-founder of the Black Caucus of Chicago Gay Liberation, organized a memorial march on the city’s Eighteenth District police station in his memory. Clay’s death led to the formation in 1971 of the Transvestites Legal Committee, Chicago’s first transgender political organization.1 The protests against Clay’s death offer a window onto the neglected intersection of the histories of sexuality and the carceral state by highlighting a missing link in the trajectory of gay politics: black-gay coalitions against police harassment. The rise of the gay rights movement and the emergence of the carceral state coexist uneasily in the historiography of the late twentieth-century United States. In the 1970s, as the nation embarked upon its unprecedented experiment in tightened drug enforcement and racialized mass incarceration, half the states repealed their sodomy laws, yet historians have only just begun to
An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades

An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cyprian Broodbank. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 434 pp.
Neural net computing for biomedical image processing

In this paper we describe some of the most important types of neural networks applied in biomedical image processing. The networks described are variations of well-known architectures but are including image-relevant features in their structure. Convolutional neural networks, modified Hopfield networks, regularization networks and nonlinear principal component analysis neural networks are successfully applied in biomedical image classification, restoration and compression.
Attitudes of bariatric surgeons concerning adolescent bariatric surgery (ABS).

Background: As the number of adolescents with clinically severe obesity has grown, so too have the number of adolescents seeking bariatric surgery. Methods: The membership of the ASBS was contacted by e-mail with a 14-question survey to ascertain plans for development of adolescent bariatric surgery (ABS) programs. Results were tabulated and expressed as a percentage of total respondents. Results: Of the 92 respondents, most (84%) performed >50 adult bariatric procedures per year. Over half (53%) had performed ABS. Nearly half (45%) had performed <10 ABS cases within the last year, and 70% were planning ABS in the upcoming year. 42% reported that they have already or were in the process of developing an adolescent bariatric treatment program with pediatric specialists in their community. The vast majority (84%) of respondents was willing to participate in a multi-center collection of outcomes data, and 65% reported having dedicated personnel for clinical data collection. Conclusions: There is increasing interest in developing ABS programs. Despite the perceived need for such services, information is lacking in the adolescent age group to guide decisions regarding optimal patient selection, choice of operation, and postoperative management. Rigorous evaluation of the outcomes of this intervention with detailed prospective data collection is needed to support decision-making regarding use of bariatric surgery for adolescents with morbid obesity.
Stranded costs, access charges, and Ramsey pricing in the U.S. electric utility industry

Abstract As a consequence of expected partial deregulation in the U.S. electric utility industry, “stranded costs” may be passed on to ratepayers. This paper applies Ramsey pricing to this issue, with particular emphasis on the “elasticity of exit”. That class with the greater elasticity of exit will optimally have a larger unbundled access price mark-up. With inclusion of a one-time exit fee, the optimal access charge for every class is equal to the marginal cost of transmission and distribution. Under certain conditions, the exit fee for the competitive class decreases as the elasticity of exit with respect to the exit fee increases.
Nearly index-matched optics for aspherical, diffractive, and achromatic-phase diffractive elements.

Nearly index-matched optical elements are described that have application to aspherical, diffractive, and hybrid refractive–diffractive elements. Owing to the small difference in index, tolerances on the interfacial surface profile are much looser than for conventional aspherical and diffractive elements. A condition on both the index and the dispersion is described that results in an achromatic phase, thereby allowing for diffractive elements with high efficiency over broad spectral bands. Properties of the elements are described and compared with those of conventional diffractive elements. Analytical results and experimental measurements with an inexpensive element with 40 waves of asphericity are presented.
Kv3.4 Channel Expression, Modulation and Function in a Spinal Cord Injury Model of Neuropathic Pain

We previously showed that Kv3.4 channels underlie most of the high-voltage activated K+ current (IKHV) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptors and elimination of Kv3.4 N-type inactivation by protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation enhances the channel's ability to repolarize action potentials (APs) (Ritter et al. 2012 J Physiol 590:145-61). This function is important as reduction of Kv3.4 channel expression is found in diverse models of neuropathic pain. We hypothesize that phosphorylated Kv3.4 channels underlie an anti-nociceptive homeostatic mechanism in nociceptors that reduces downstream Ca++ signaling and down-regulation of Kv3.4 channel expression destroys this putative homeostatic mechanism, contributing to chronic pain. To test this hypothesis, we investigated a spinal cord injury (SCI) rat model of neuropathic pain in which a C5 hemi-contusion induces bilateral forepaw thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia 2 weeks post injury. In the contralateral SCI DRG, the peak IKHV is reduced by 55% and the time constant of inactivation (Taui) increases by 2-fold relative to laminectomy controls. Furthermore, while 85% of laminectomy nocicpetors show a fast inactivating Kv3.4 current, the SCI phenotypes fall into three categories: no current (25%), substantial sustained current (46%) or slow inactivation (29%, Taui >2 S.D. of controls). This suggests that Kv3.4 channels are phosphorylated and down-regulated in SCI. Confirming the impact of these changes on AP firing, AP-clamp experiments in SCI nociceptors show altered currents compared to controls. Interestingly, Kv3.4 mRNA splicing is altered in SCI DRG, which might alter the Kv3.4 channels' response to injury. We propose that Kv3.4 channels, their modulation by PKC and regulation of splicing are therapeutic targets in neuropathic pain.Supported by the Farber Family Foundation (MC), Sigma Xi GIAR (DR), Craig Nielson Foundation (AL), and Paralyzed Veterans of America (AL).
Precursor structure of ω-conotoxin GVIA determined from a cDNA clone

The Ca2+ channel blocking neurotoxin, omega-conotoxin GVIA, is a 27-amino acid peptide with three disulfide bonds. We have determined the precursor structure of this peptide by analyzing a cDNA clone obtained from a Conus geographus venom duct library. The omega-conotoxin GVIA prepropeptide is 73 amino acids in length comprising a 22 amino acid signal sequence, an intervening region of 23 amino acids, and finally, a 27 amino acid toxin region. A C-terminal glycine residue is later processed to a C-terminal amide moiety. The omega-conotoxin GVIA precursor exhibits regions of strong homology to the previously characterized King-Kong peptide precursor, but shows surprising divergence as well. The possible significance of the precursor organization is discussed.
Retinoblastoma with Anterior Chamber Extension

Anterior chamber retinoblastoma is a rare clinical entity. The authors have reviewed the records of 1500 patients with retinoblastoma to determine the incidence and prognostic ramifications. Of 30 patients with anterior chamber involvement, 15 were noted on initial examination and 15 during observation after therapy. Despite aggressive multimodality treatment, total response was never achieved and all eyes were eventually lost. Results of pathologic examination showed ciliary body invasion, which was held accountable for the poor response to therapy. Anterior chamber retinoblastoma is a poor prognostic sign which cannot be controlled effectively with current techniques and should be considered an indication for enucleation without delay.
Gastric cancer: a neoplastic enigma.

Effective therapy for gastric cancer remains elusive, and thus surgeons, oncologists, and radiotherapists are continually confounded. Multiple attempts to improve survival in gastric cancer patients have failed, including extended lymphadenectomy (by American surgeons), single- or multipleagent chemotherapy, and combined- modality therapy (multiple- agent chemotherapy combined with radiation therapy). Such studies have been plagued by the high volume of inadequate antitumor responses or by lethal toxicity. At present, chemotherapy remains the best hope for effective adjuvant therapy, but new routes of drug delivery that will decrease systemic toxicity must be developed. Since gastric cancer recurs locoregionally and infrequently metastasizes to distant sites until very late in its course, theory suggests intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy applied to locoregional sites should decrease recurrence without significant systemic toxicity. Such treatments have been effective in other malignancies that commonly occur IP, such as ovarian cancer. Intracavitary chemotherapy protocols for gastric cancer are under development and will soon produce data on treatment efficacy. Such studies offer a theoretic basis for improved survival from gastric cancer; however, only well- controlled treatment trials will confirm if theory can be translated into clinical reality.
Simulating Damage Mechanics of Electromigration and Thermomigration

Electromigration EM and thermomigration TM are processes of mass transport which are critical reliability issues for next generation nanoelectronics and power electronics. The purpose of this project is to develop a computational tool for simulating damage mechanics of EM and TM and their interaction. In this paper, a model for EM and TM processes is proposed and has been implemented in a general purpose finite-element code. The governing equations utilized for the model include mass conservation, force equilibrium, heat transfer and electricity conduction. A damage evolution model based on thermodynamics is introduced to evaluate the degradation in solder joints subjected to high current densities and high temperature gradients. The simulation results are compared with experimental data to validate the model.
Nonlinear Transient Heat Conduction Using Similarity Groups

Nonlinear response is studied using similarity groups. The nonlinear solution is similar to the linear solution except with properties evaluated at the local temperature and is consistent with reported empirical observations that, near the heat source, high-temperature properties are needed to predict cooling times to high temperatures and that low temperature properties are needed to predict cooling time to low temperatures. For position-dependent characteristics of the solution away from the source, like magnitudes and locations of peak temperatures, nonlinear and linear solutions are similar if local properties are evaluated at current temperatures prevailing near the source
Understanding conceptualizations of anatomy: designing a browser for the foundational model of anatomy

The Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) ontology is a reference ontology for the domain of human anatomy. Although the FMA has been developed as a computer-parsable resource that is intended to enable computers to reason about human anatomy, it is also important to present the FMA in a manner that can be more easily understood by humans. Current interfaces for accessing the FMA do not adequately reveal the structure of the FMA to the user, nor do they support intuitive navigation through the ontology. As the first step toward designing a new interface, this paper describes an extensive inquiry into conceptualizations of both anatomy and the FMA. This user-centered process led to a design that will serve as a basis for the implementation of a web-based browser.
Analytically derived conversion of spectral band radiance to brightness temperature

Abstract Simple analytic expressions for brightness temperature have been derived in terms of band response function spectral moments. Accuracy measures are also derived. Application of these formulas to GOES-12 Sounder thermal infrared bands produces brightness temperature residuals between −5.0 and 2.5 mK for a 150–400 K temperature range. The magnitude of residuals for the five ASTER Radiometer thermal infrared bands over the same temperature range is less than 0.22 mK.
A small approximately min-wise independent family of hash functions

In this paper we give a construction of a small approximately min-wise independent family of hash functions, i.e., a family of hash functions such that for any set of arguments X and x?X, the probability that the value of a random function from that family on x will be the smallest among all values of that function on X is roughly 1/|X|. The number of bits needed to represent each function is O(logn·log1/?). This construction gives a solution to the main open problem of A. Broder et al. (in “STOC'98”).
PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORG NC45 (NORCURON) IN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT RENAL FAILURE

To determine the influence of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics and neuromuscular blockade of Org NC 45 (Norcuron), a new monoquaternary homologue of pancuronium, 13 patients under halothane and nitrous oxide anesthesia were studied. Org NC 45 was administered by 2-min infusion in doses of 0.28 mg kg-1 (normal renal function group, n = 4) and 0.14 mg kg-1 (renal failure group, n = 5). Four additional patients with normal renal function were given Org NC 45 0.14 mg kg-1 to determine the onset, duration and recovery rate of neuromuscular blockade. The serum concentration of Org NC 45 was determined by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography (sensitivity 50 ng ml-1), and a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model was fitted to resulting data. Estimates of distribution half-life (T 1/2 alpha), elimination half-life (T 1/2 beta), volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) and clearance of Org NC 45 did not differ significantly between patients with normal renal function and those with renal failure. The onset, duration and recovery rate times of the neuromuscular blockade by Org NC 45 0.14 mg kg-1 in patients with normal renal function and those with renal failure did not differ significantly.
Notes on inequalities with doubling weights

Abstract Various important weighted polynomial inequalities, such as Bernstein, Marcinkiewicz, Nikolskii, Schur, Remez, etc., inequalities, have been proved recently by Giuseppe Mastroianni and Vilmos Totik under minimal assumptions on the weights. In most of the cases this minimal assumption is the doubling condition. Sometimes, however, as in the weighted Nikolskii inequality, the slightly strongerA∞condition is used. Throughout their paper theLpnorm is studied under the assumption 1⩽p
Diffusion of hydrogen on metal surfaces: Strong coupling limit

Abstract Recently DiFoggio and Gomer measured diffusion coefficients for 1 H/W(110) and 2 H/W(110) using the field emission fluctuation method. Qualitatively, they found two temperature regimes: high temperature thermally activated behavior and a low temperature regime of temperature independent diffusivity. We examine in detail the possibility that the thermal regime is due to phonon assisted tunneling (small polarons). By means of a Kubo formulation, we calculate the high temperature real part of the frequency dependent diffusivity. We conclude that for H/W (110) a polaronic mechanism would require an implausibly large adatom-phonon coupling. We also comment on the low temperature results.
Defining high risk in endovascular aneurysm repair

Background Long-term survival benefit contrasted with rupture risk should determine which patients are suitable for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) intervention. Our aim was to develop a model capable of predicting long-term survival based on preoperative characteristics. Methods A prospective cohort study using Cox regression modeling. We aimed to associate preoperative characteristics with long-term mortality, and create a predictive nomogram, which was then externally validated on an independent cohort (697 patients) who underwent endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. Results We pooled the results of 412 patients undergoing endovascular repair of infrarenal and juxtarenal aneurysm who were high risk (average Glasgow aneurysm scores of 72.8 [SD 10.4]). Despite anatomic differences, there were no statistically significant differences in perioperative or long-term outcomes between infrarenal and juxtarenal aneurysms (log rank test, P = .5). Data from this group (64% infrarenal aneurysms and 36% juxtarenal aneurysms) were randomly and evenly split into a model development and test group. Independent predictors of mortality included in the model are age, aneurysm diameter, history of peripheral artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or congestive heart failure, requirement for supplemental home oxygen, and use of salicylates. Internal validation reveals good calibration and discriminative ability (c-statistic 0.68 [95% confidence interval 0.65-0.71]). External validation confirms good calibration. Conclusions In the context of acceptable perioperative results, long-term mortality risk can be predicted in endovascular AAA repair and must be balanced against risk of rupture to determine which patients should be offered treatment.
Longitudinal analysis of psychological adaptation among family members of patients with cancer

Abstract A growing body of research suggests that a cancer diagnosis reverberates throughout the family system. The majority of studies provide evidence of the psychological distress experienced by family members at the time of diagnosis and during terminal and early bereavement stages. Increasingly, however, patients survive a cancer diagnosis. Therefore, their experience and that of family members more closely approximates living with a chronic illness. In this longitudinal study of 143 pairs of patients and significant others it was found that a substantial minority of significant others experienced psychological distress up to one year after the patient's initial diagnosis. The psychologically vulnerable group of significant others included an initially poor functioning group who remained so over time as well as a group whose mental health status declined over time. Personal anda social resources were more important factors in declining mental health than illness-related factors.
Design for Stamping: Identifying Pedagogically Effective Components in Multimedia Tutors and the Classroom

Multimedia tutors have been developed for a number of different areas in manufacturing—including forging, die casting, and injection molding. Typically, students using these tutors perform better than students receiving traditional classroom instruction. However, the strengths and weaknesses of the tutors have not been isolated in any of the reports to date. This paper presents the results of experiments designed to isolate the most effective components used to teach design for stamping. The experiments compared classroom instruction with software tutorials. The results of these experiments indicate that the use of software tutorials when combined with feedback on graded homework assignments is as effective as traditional lectures that also make use of graded homework assignments
Approximation from a curve of functions

for all ?-polynomials P,(A, T) of order n. Here I[ lip denotes the norm in Lp [0, 1]. A solution is a best Lp approximation to f . Not unexpectedly, this problem does not always have a solution. The concept of ?-polynomial is extended in section 2 and three existence theorems (Theorems 3, 4 and 5) are established. The first, Theorem 3, is for 1 <p__< 0% I compact and ?(t, x) sufficiently differentiable. The important case when I is not compact is considered in Theorem 4 for 1 <p < oo and Theorem 5 for p = oo. In section 3 we note the interesting fact that if F spans Lp [0, 1] (as in the above examples), then the error of the best Lp approximation, for l < p < o o , strictly decreases as a function of n until it reaches zero. The final section considers Tchebycheff approximation when P,(A, T, x) is analytic in t and a continuous complex valued function of the real variable x. Under the hypothesis that ?(t, x) is strictly totally positive (see [2], e tx, x t qualify)
Minimally Invasive Radio-guided Surgery for Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Background Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy can reduce operative morbidity and operative time.1,2 Radio-guided parathyroidectomy utilizing Tc-99m Sestamibi is one approach to minimally invasive parathyroidectomy.3,4 Here, we report a multimedia case study of minimally invasive radio-guided parathyroidectomy.
Limit laws for the height in PATRICIA tries

We consider digital trees, namely, PATRICIA tries built from n random strings generated by an unbiased memoryless source (i.e., all symbols are equally likely). We study limit laws of the height, which is defined as the longest path in such trees. We shall identify three regions of the height distributions. In the region where most of the probability mass is concentrated, the asymptotic distribution of the PATRICIA height concentrates on one or two points around the most probable value k1 = ⌊log2 n + √2log2n - 3/2⌋ + 1. For most n all the mass is concentrated at k1, however, there exist subsequences of n such that the mass is on the two points k1 - 1 and k1, or k1 and k1 + 1. This should be contrasted with the limiting distribution of height for standard tries that is of extreme value type (i.e., double exponential distribution). We derive our results by a combination of analytic methods such as generating functions, Mellin transform, the saddle point method and ideas of applied mathematics such as linearization, asymptotic matching and the WKB principle. We make certain assumptions about the forms of some asymptotic expansions and their asymptotic matching. We also present some numerical verification of our results.
The role of military emergency physicians in an assault operation in Panama

The December 1989 assault in Panama provided an opportunity to examine the role of emergency physicians in low-intensity military operations. Emergency medicine specialists accompanied the assault forces and established casualty collection points (CCPs) at each target. Emergency physicians played a role in triage, resuscitation, and aeromedical evacuation. More than 275 casualties were resuscitated and stabilized at the CCPs. Two died after reaching a CCP. Casualties were flown from each CCP to a joint casualty collection point (JCCP). Surgical stabilization was required for 21 casualties at the JCCP. A team at the JCCP coordinated evacuation of casualties to the United States. The first casualties arrived at hospitals in Texas within 12 hours of the assault. From the drop zones through hospitalization in the United States, emergency physicians cared for combat casualties at every level of the evacuation system. The success of the medical plan for the assault suggests that the role of emergency physicians in military operations extends from the front lines to fixed medical facilities in the United States.
Biodesign process and culture to enable pediatric medical technology innovation

Innovation is the process through which new scientific discoveries are developed and promoted from bench to bedside. In an effort to encourage young entrepreneurs in this area, Stanford Biodesign developed a medical device innovation training program focused on need-based innovation. The program focuses on teaching systematic evaluation of healthcare needs, invention, and concept development. This process can be applied to any field of medicine, including Pediatric Surgery. Similar training programs have gained traction throughout the United States and beyond. Equally important to process in the success of these programs is an institutional culture that supports transformative thinking. Key components of this culture include risk tolerance, patience, encouragement of creativity, management of conflict, and networking effects.
Chemical Control of Chinch Bug and Greenbug on Seedling Sorghum with Seed, Soil, and Foliar Treatments

Foliar applications of various formulations of carbaryl and carbofuran were equally effective in reducing chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say), numbers on sorghum regardless of where on plants or how many bugs were present. In-furrow, planting-time treatments of carbofuran, terbufos, bendiocarb, or acephate and seed treatments of carbofuran were equally effective in initially controlling both chinch bugs and green bugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), on seedling sorghum. Carbofuran and bendiocarb provided the longest residual control, up to 30 days after planting. Band treatments of carbofuran effectively controlled chinch bugs if rain fell, but band treatments of phorate, terbufos, or disulfoton exhibited little or no insecticidal activity against chinch bugs. All planting-time treatments active against chinch bugs also were effective against green bugs but the reverse was not true.
The dependence of ion-, proton-, water and electron-transport processes on solvent structure in aqueous electrolyte solutions

Abstract Transport phenomena in water, such as ionic conduction and viscous flow, can be treated as rate processes and activation energies calculated by the method of Arrhenius. These activation energies are highly dependent on structural changes in liquid water. The rate-determining step for the mechanism of electrical conduction of aqueous solutions of strong 1:1 electrolytes is “hole” formation in the solvent. The process occurs in both the “free” monomeric water and in the rarified Frank-Wen clusters. The activation energy of this process exhibits a maximum at about 4°C and a minimum at about 2000 bars. Protons conduct largely by the Grotthuss mechanism in aqueous solution. At 1 atm the rate-determining step for this process is the rotation of H 2 O, or of H 3 O + , but this step is so facilitated by increasing pressure and thereby breaking-up the water structure that by about 1,500 bars the proton flip, possibly by quantum-mechanical tunnelling, becomes limiting. At 1 atm the Grotthuss mechanism is confined to the “free,” rotatable, water monomers. The activation energy of the process decreases with increasing pressure or increasing temperature. The activation energy of the viscous flow of water does not exhibit a maximum at 4°C; thus the mechanism of this process is probably some kind of rotational tumbling of the clusters through the “free” water rather than “hole” formation in the solvent. Highly hydrated species such as MgSO 4 , too large to fit into the “holes,” may conduct by a similar mechanism. Studies of the Fe(II) Fe(III) electron exchange in mixed solvents and in ice have shown that electrons, like protons, can be transferred over great distances in water by the Grotthuss mechanism. The above transport processes play important roles in biological systems.
REALIZATION OF A MAGNETIC MIRROR FOR COLD ATOMS

We have demonstrated that cold atoms can be retroflected from a ferromagnetic surface by the Stern-Gerlach effect. When the surface is magnetized periodically, the reflectivity for suitably polarized atoms is $(94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8)%$ and the reflection is specular. A demagnetized surface is also highly reflecting but the reflections are diffuse. These magnetic processes are of interest for atom optics because they permit the manipulation of cold atoms without the use of laser beams. In our experiments, Rb atoms released from a magneto-optic trap (MOT) fall under gravity until they are reflected, after which they are recaptured in the MOT. Multiple bounces of these atoms have been studied for times up to 600 ms.
Sensorimotor transformation during eye movements to remembered visual targets

For eye movements made to visual targets, the brain must transform the retinotopic coordinate frame of the visual system to that of the oculomotor plant. Ideally, responses should exactly match target demands. However, during eye movements to remembered targets, responses are spatially distorted. The transformation does not retain accurate retinotopic registration, having both constant and variable components of error. Generally, the constant pattern of distortion appears as a hypermetria for upward saccades and a hypometria for downward movements. Most of the error accumulates during the first 800 msec of memory-contingent delay. The results are interpreted with respect to theories of how spatial information may be coded and transformed.
Management of Osteoporotic Fractures of the Thoracolumbar Spine

Approximately 2 million people sustain an osteoporotic fracture in the United States each year; 25% of those are vertebral compression fractures. Most fractures can be treated nonoperatively, using a combination of bracing, physical therapy, and pain medications. Surgical treatment may be considered for patients with severe pain or who have failed nonoperative options. Surgical treatment options include vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, which involve the injection of bone cement (polymethylmethacrylate) to augment vertebral bone strength; kyphoplasty adds the inflation of a balloon tamp to help reduce the fracture and create a space for the cement. The risk of cement extravasation is relatively high, especially during vertebroplasty; however, the incidence of symptomatic leaks is relatively low. Overall, both procedures offer low complication rates, excellent pain relief, and improved function after vertebral compression fractures.
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 4402: Rituximab Extended Schedule or Retreatment Trial (RESORT)

Rationale The optimal rituximab dosing schedule is unclear. The standard rituximab dosing is unusual in that the drug is administered for just 1 month, whereas most antineoplastic therapies are repetitively dosed over a prolonged period. This dosing schedule is somewhat empiric and was developed at a time when drug supplies were limited. Indolent nonHodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) studies using the standard dosing schedule have been reported in relapsed patients with various histologies, patients with relapsed bulky disease, patients with relapsed disease that had previously responded to rituximab (rituximab retreatment), and patients with treatment-naive disease (Table 1).1-7 Many studies have tried to improve response rates and duration by increasing the dose, extending the initial course of treatment, or repeating the treatment at predetermined intervals.8-12 The most promising strategy has been to repeat rituximab dosing at predetermined intervals (so-called maintenance therapy). This concept was first tested by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) in the
Oral and inhalation toxicity of 2-N-dibutylaminoethanol.

Abstract Five week feeding studies with male and female rats ingesting neutralized di-N-butylaminoethanol (DBAE) in water at three dose levels resulted in initial weight loss at the two highest dose levels (males—0.43 and 0.20 gm/kg/day, females— 0.33 and 0.24 gm/kg/day). At the lowest dose level (males—0.13 gm/kg/day, females—0.14 gm/kg/day) no initial weight loss occurred. Following the initial weight loss in the two high dose groups all animals adjusted to the diet and growth rates paralleled those of control animals. At sacrifice, kidney to body weight ratios were elevated in the high dose group although no kidney pathology was evident. Exposure of rats to 70 ppm of DBAE, 6 hours daily for 5 days, resulted in the' death of one of five rats. Five days exposure to 30 ppm of DBAE resulted in growth failure but no mortality. Animals exposed for 6 months to 22 ppm of DBAE were comparable to controls throughout the exposure period.
Enhanced thrombolysis, reduced coronary reocclusion and limitation of infarct size with liposomal prostaglandin E1in a canine thrombolysis model☆

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that liposomal prostaglandin E1(TLC C-53) would result in more rapid thrombolysis, less reocclusion and smaller infarct size when administered with heparin and streptokinase in a canine thrombolysis model. Background. In experimental animals, prostaglandin E1has been shown to augment thrombolysis, improve coronary flow and reduce infarct size when infused directly into the left atrium. TLC C-53 is a stable preparation of prostaglandin E1bound by phospholipid microspheres that produces fewer adverse hemodynamic effects during intravenous use. Methods. To investigate the effects of TLC C-53 on coronary patency and infarct salvage, we studied 30 conditioned open chest dogs. After coil-induced left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 1 h of clot maturation, the dogs were randomly assigned to receive a 10-min intravenous infusion of either TLC C-53 (2 μg/kg body weight) or placebo. Both groups then received intravenous heparin and streptokinase. Hemodynamic variables and Doppler coronary flow were monitored, and myocardial blood flow was determined using radioactive microspheres. Infarct size was assessed with triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Results. Thrombolysis time was accelerated from 79 ± 38 to 47 ± 9 min (mean ± SD), and coronary patency was greater (100% vs. 50%) with TLC C-53 than with placebo (p < 0.05). Moreover, for arteries that recanalized, coronary Doppler flow and myocardial perfusion were more severely impaired with placebo. Infarct size as a percent of the area at risk was higher (p < 0.05) with placebo (51 ± 15%) than with TLC C-53 (33 ± 14%). Neutrophil infiltration into ischemic myocardium determined by myeloperoxidase assay was also significantly greater in the placebo group. Conclusions. TLC C-53 administered intravenously before thrombolytic therapy resulted in a significant acceleration of thrombolysis time, improvement in coronary patency and blood flow during reperfusion and a reduction in infarct size.
The effect of androgen deprivation on branching morphogenesis in the mouse prostate.

Androgen-induced prostatic development encompasses many individual processes such as ductal branching morphogenesis, cellular proliferation, and secretory cytodifferentiation. Previous studies of ductal morphogenesis (Y. Sugimura, G. R. Cunha, and A. A. Donjacour, 1986, Biol Reprod. 34, 961–971) demonstrated that the majority (∼70%) of ductal tips and branchpoints in the mouse prostate is generated before 15 days of age. Since circulating androgen levels are low during this neonatal period, it is possible that ductal branching morphogenesis may not require the continuous presence of androgens. To test this hypothesis mice were castrated within 24 hr of birth, and prostates from these mice were microdissected at various ages from 5 to 120 days of age to assess the number of ductal tips and branchpoints; wet weight and DNA content were also determined. In intact males wet weight and DNA content increased rapidly between 15 and 60 days of age, after most of the prostatic ductal architecture had been laid down. Neonatal castration considerably reduced the number of tips and branchpoints in both the ventral and dorsolateral prostate, yet both lobes still underwent significant branching morphogenesis in the absence of testes. The administration of anti-androgens to neonatal castrates did not suppress ductal branching to any greater extent than did neonatal castration alone. Androgen replacement immediately following neonatal castration resulted in precocious attainment of the adult number of tips and branchpoints, but caused only modest increases in wet weight. In contrast, when androgen replacement was delayed until adulthood, prostatic wet weight increased to normal adult levels, but the number of ductal tips and branchpoints did not. These experiments show that neonatal prostatic ductal morphogenesis is sensitive to, but does not require, chronic androgen stimulation.
Immunity to human endogenous retroviruses

Human endogenous retroelements (which rely on an RNA intermediate before integration into the genome) can be classified into the non-long terminal repeat (LTR) class and the LTR class, represented by human endogenous retroviruses (HERV). Many HERV entered the primate germ line as infectious retroviruses at several time points during human evolution. Out of the six HERVsuperfamilies, HERV-K (HML-2) is considered to be the youngest and most transcriptionally active. Various studies have identified adaptive immune responses to HERV under certain disease conditions, but whether these represent beneficial or deleterious immune responses is unclear. We have focused on the study of adaptive immunity to HERV in the context of HIV infection, and will present data on the cell mediated and humoral responses to certain HERV families. We find that HERV specific T cell responses can be found at high frequency in certain HIV infected subjects, and specific antibody responses are also identified. The functional activities of these adaptive immune mechanisms may play a role in HIV pathogenesis.
Thiosugars VI: A Simple Stereoselective Approach to (1→3)-3-S-Thiodisaccharides from Levoglucosenone

A new stereoselective synthesis of (1→3)-3-S-thiodisaccharides is described. Levoglucosenone-derived chiral building blocks produced by the selenium-mediated iodination at C-3 afforded 3-iodoketones in moderate yield. Iodine displacement with sulfur nucleophiles (1-thiols) resulted in 3-thiodisaccharides. Following reduction of the C-2 keto function constituted a new two-step general approach to these biologically important thiosugars.
Orientation development in tubular film extrusion of polystyrene

The tubular film extrusion of atactic polystyrene is described. The in-plane and out-of-plane birefringence of the polystyrene film was determined and compared with both the kinematics (drawdown, blow-up ratio) and applied tensions and bubble pressures. The data can be correlated by comparing the birefringences with the stresses acting in the film at the position of vitrification. The data compare quantitatively with Oda, White, and Clark's correlation developed for the birefringence of samples vitrified during shear and uniaxial extensional flow. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of White and Spruiell's biaxial orientation factors.
Higher-order orchestration of hematopoiesis: is cohesin a new player?

Hematopoiesis—the process that generates distinct lineage-committed blood cells from a single multipotent hematopoietic stem cell—is a complex process of cellular differentiation regulated by a set of dynamic transcriptional programs. Cytokines and growth factors, transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, and modifying enzymes have been suggested to enact critical roles during hematopoiesis, leading to the development of myeloid, lymphoid, erythroid and platelet precursors. How is such a complex process orchestrated? Is there a higher order of hematopoiesis regulation? These are some of the unresolved questions in the field of hematopoiesis. Here, we suggest that cohesin, which is known to mediate chromosomal cohesion between sister chromatids, may have a central role in the orchestration of hematopoiesis and serve as a master transcriptional regulator.
Monopulse Radar Angle Tracking Accuracy with Sum Channel Limiting

The variance of angle tracking error is found for an amplitude-comparison form of monopulse radar when the sum channel contains a limiter prior to the angle error detector. The error expression is valid for any shape of transmitted pulse and any duration of range tracking gate but does assume matched filters in signal processing channels. The procedures used are rigorous and an example of results is worked out for the special case of a rectangular transmitted pulse envelope. It is shown, for rectangular pulses, that achievable angle tracking error variance with sum channel limiting is not more than 2.22 dB larger than the theoretical minimum for any processor and not more than 1.29 dB larger than a similar signal processor that uses a "linear" angle error detector. Results apply for large single-pulse signal-to-noise ratio.
The effect of chemical modification of L-asparaginase on its persistence in circulating blood of animals.

Abstract The persistence in circulating blood of rabbits and mice of Erwinia carovotora asparaginase and some of its chemically modified derivatives was compared. Derivatives of various molecular size were obtained by reacting the enzyme with some bifunctional reagents and activated dextrans. The persistence of the larger molecular weight derivatives of the enzyme was many-fold higher than that of the native enzyme. Radioactive labelling of the enzyme showed that it may be removed intact from the circulation.
EVIDENCE ON THE CHIEF FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX

Studies have been carried out during the past eight years on the changes produced in animals by partial and by complete adrenalectomy. In the past two years the physiological effects of cortico-adrenal extract have been particularly noted. An extract of the adrenal cortex prepared by a modified Swingle-Pfiffner technique (8) has been chiefly used (2). The Swingie-Pfiffner method of extraction is slow—it takes two weeks to prepare a batch of extract; it is expensive—the cost of 100 cc. is about $30; it is nevertheless a sure method of preparing potent extracts of the cortical tissues. Again, however, large amounts of extract are necessary in order to produce results. We have prepared to date over 130 batches of cortico-adrenal extract and invariably find that the material is potent. All the extracts contain adrenaline in the concentration of 1 part in 2 millions. We have therefore used adrenaline controls throughout our studies. Briefly, the following experimental results have been obtained.
The development of eponymy; A case study of the Southern blot

Direct, indirect, and implicit citation to an eponymous paper is examined to determine the time span over which eponymy develops. The eponym of a very highly cited method paper was commonly used, indexed, and became a chapter title within 5 years after publication. It began to receive implicit citations within about 6 years, and within 14 years, the implicit citation rate exceeded 50%. Definitions of three forms of citation are given, and an empirical definition of eponymy is offered.
Hydroxyl Radical Formation in Hyperglycemic Rats During Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion/Reperfusion

Abstract Preexisting hyperglycemia is associated with enhanced reperfusion injury in the postischemic rat brain. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether the hyperglycemic exacerbation of brain injury is associated with enhanced generation of hydroxyl radicals in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (2 h), followed by reperfusion (2 h). Magnetic resonance images revealed the exacerbation of focal brain injury in hyperglycemic rats. The salicylate trapping method was used in conjunction with microdialysis to continuously estimate hydroxyl radical production by measurement of the stable adducts 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) during ischemia/reperfusion. In normoglycemic rats, from a mean baseline level of 130 nmol/l, 2,3-DHBA levels surged to peak levels of 194 nmol/l 45 min into ischemia and to 197 nmol/l 15–30 min into the reperfusion period, returning to baseline by 2 h into reperfusion. A similar temporal profile was observed in hyperglycemic rats, except that absolute 2,3-DHBA levels were higher (165 nmol/l at baseline, 317 nmol/l peak during ischemia, 333 nmol/l peak during reperfusion), and levels remained significantly high (p
Blue emission in porous silicon: Oxygen-related photoluminescence

A blue-photoluminescence (PL) band, centered at 2.6 eV, was observed in thermally and chemically oxidized light-emitting porous silicon layers with an efficiency that can exceed 0.1%. The PL decay is found to be independent of excitation intensity and detection wavelength, and to be nonexponential with a characteristic time of \ensuremath{\sim}1 nsec. A correlation between the intensity of the blue PL and the intensity of the infrared absorption related to bonded oxygen has been established. These results are examined in relation to the possible mechanisms for the blue-PL band.
The Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis Phoebe) as a Host for Ornithodoros Concanensis (Acari: Argasidae) In Oklahoma, USA

A study of the role of the Eastern Phoebe ( Sayornis phoebe ) as a secondary host for Ornithodoros concanensis was undertaken as part of a long-term study on ectoparasites of the Cliff Swallow ( Petrochelidon pyrrhonota ). A total of 1575 O. concanensis were removed from 11 phoebe nests and nestlings. Despite probable long-term cohabitation of the cliff-face habitat, Eastern Phoebe nestlings have not adjusted to the association with O. concanensis as successfully as have Cliff Swallow nestlings.
Neutron scattering by hydrogen in cold neutron prompt gamma-activation analysis

The effects of neutron scattering by hydrogen within targets for cold neutron prompt γ-ray activation analysis (CNPGAA) have been characterized. For most targets studied, the probability for neutron absorption, and hence CNPGAA sensitivities (counts·s−1·mg−1), decrease with increasing H content and with target thickness. Comparisons with results from thermal neutron PGAA indicate that the effects of cold neutron scattering differ from those of thermal neutron scattering. CNPGAA sensitivities for “l/v” nuclides show similar sensitivity decreases, while Sm sensitivities show smaller decreases.
Influences of calcium and phosphorus intakes, vitamin D supplement, and lactation on calcium and phosphorus balances.

Abstract Calcium and phosphorus balances were measured on 45 Holstein cows during the second and fifth months of lactation and during the dry period. Cows were conditioned with and continuously fed alfalfa hay-sorghum grain-soybean oil meal rations with mineral supplement to provide Ca:P ratios near 1.1:1 or 2.3:1, either with or without 300,000 IU vitamin D 3 weekly by capsule. Supplemental vitamin D improved predictability of Ca balance from Ca and P intakes and milk Ca. Calcium requirement for lactation, estimated from balances with vitamin D supplemented cows, was 5g Ca per kilogram milk. Phosphorus requirement, estimated from P balances associated with positive Ca balances, was 2.3g per kilogram milk. These requirements were estimated from the intakes at which equilibrium was probable for the respective element.