cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ContinuousTime Model Reference Adaptive Control

This chapter deals with continuous-time model reference adaptive control using output feedback for output tracking. The key components of model reference adaptive control theory - a priori plant knowledge, controller structure, plant-model matching, adaptive laws, stability, robustness, and robust adaptation - are addressed in a comprehensive formation and, in particular, stability and robustness analysis is given in a simplified framework. The plant-model matching equation for a standard model reference controller structure is studied in a tutorial formula. Design and analysis of model reference adaptive control schemes are given for plants with relative degree 1 or larger, using a Lyapunov or gradient method based on a standard quadratic or nonquadratic cost function. Robust adaptive control is formulated and solved in a compact framework. Assumptions on plant unmodeled dynamics are clarified, and robust adaptive laws are analyzed. Closed-loop signal boundedness and mean tracking error properties are proved. To develop adaptive control schemes without using the sign of the high frequency gain of the controlled plant, a modified controller parametrization leads to a framework of adaptive control using a Nussbaum gain for stable parameter adaptation and closed-loop stability and asymptotic output tracking.
Adapting Personas for Use in Security Visualization Design

The development of security visualization applications must involve the user in the design process in order to create usable systems. However, it is all too easy to lose track of the user during the design and development process, even though upfront investment in extensive user requirements gathering has proven benefits. To address this challenge, we adapt a user-centered design method called personas that enables effective requirements capture for varying scopes of requirements-gathering efforts, and, when used properly, keeps the user involved at every step of the process from design to evaluation.
High-speed data access to the Green Bank Telescope

On completion in 2000, the Green Bank Telescope (GB) will be the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world. It has a clear aperture design, an active surface, and an advanced laser metrology system designed to give the enormous structure precision performance at radio wavelengths of less than 3 mm. To realize the full scientific potential of such a telescope, we must dynamically match the requirements of the most meritorious scientific programs to the changing observing conditions. This requires (1) flexible scheduling so that the most demanding programs are scheduled only when conditions are appropriate for them, and (2) interactive real-time access to the data by astronomers so they can judge how best to meet their scientific goals under the prevailing conditions. Because of Green Bank's isolated location, we expect that a substantial fraction of the observing will be done remotely. Facilities to interact with the GB must therefore be available at the observers' home institutions. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory seeks to establish a DS-3 or higher network connection to Green Bank. This poses special problems due to the remoteness of the facility.
Characterization of polymer, DNA-based, and silk thin film resistivities and of DNA-based films prepared for enhanced electrical conductivity

DC resistivity studies were carried out on biopolymer films of DNA-CTMA and silk fibroin, and on selected traditional polymer films, including PMMA and APC. Films of DNA-CTMA versus molecular weight and with conductive dopants PCBM, BAYTRON P and ammonium tetrachloroplatinate are reported. The films were spin coated on glass slides configured for measurements of volume dc resistance. The measurements used the alternating polarity method to record the applied voltage-dependent current independent of charging and background currents. The Arrhenius equation plus a constant was fitted to the conductivity versus temperature data of the polymers and the non-doped DNA-based biopolymers with activation energies ranging from 0.8 to 1.4 eV.
New insights into human prostacyclin receptor structure and function through natural and synthetic mutations of transmembrane charged residues.

Background and purpose: The human prostacyclin receptor (hIP), a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed mainly on platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells, plays important protective roles in the cardiovascular system. We hypothesized that significant insights could be gained into the structure and function of the hIP through mutagenesis of its energetically unfavourably located transmembrane charged residues. Experimental approach: Within its putative transmembrane helices fourteen hydrophilic residues, both unique and conserved across GPCRs, were systematically mutated to assess for effects on receptor structure and function. Key results: Mutations of ten of the fourteen charged residues to alanine exhibited defective binding and/or activation. Key potential interactions were identified between 6 core residues; E1163.49-R1173.50 (salt bridge TMIII), D2747.35-R2797.40 (salt bridge TMVII), and D602.50-D2887.49 (H-bond network TMII-TMVII). Further detailed investigation of E1163.49 (TMIII) with mutation to a glutamine showed a 2.6-fold increase in agonist-independent basal activity. This increase in activity accounts for a proportion (∼13%) of full agonist induced activation. We further characterized two novel naturally occurring human mutations, R772.33C and R2797.40C recently identified in a 1455 human genomic DNA sample screen. The R772.33C variant appeared to exclusively affect expression, while the R2797.40C variant, exhibited considerable deficiencies in both agonist binding and activation. Conclusions and implications: Transmembrane charged residues play important roles in maintaining the hIP binding pocket and ensuring normal activation. The critical nature of these charged residues and the presence of naturally occurring mutations have important implications in the rational design of prostacyclin agonists for treating cardiovascular disease. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 513–522; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707413; published online 20 August 2007
Meniscal transplant combined withanterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Abstract The meniscal cartilage plays a vital role in maintaining normal knee function. This important structure providesshock absorption, stabilization, lubrication, proprioception, and load sharing to the knee joint. Although it has been shown that an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction can provide symptomatic pain relief in the arthritic knee, the results following ACL reconstruction in a medial meniscus-deficient knee are usually worse than when the medial meniscus is intact. Given these findings, meniscal allograft transplantation with concomitant ACL reconstruction have been performed to provide patients with a more stable and functional knee as well as to forestall the degenerative process. We report our indications, preoperative considerations, surgical technique, postoperative rehabilitation protocol, and results with meniscal allograft transplantation combined with ACL reconstruction. We believe that meniscal transplantation combined with ACL reconstruction, in appropriately selected patients with meniscus- and ACL-deficient knees, offers significant advantages that cannot be accomplished with either procedure alone. Although technically challenging, careful attention to the details outlined will help to avoid pitfalls and will maximize the opportunity for a successful outcome. Our results suggest that this procedure can predictably improve subjective measures of function and symptoms while objectively restoring stability and affording protection to the articular surfaces of the transplanted knee compartment.
The Impact of Interpersonal Satisfaction on Repurchase Decisions

SUMMARY Having once made a purchase from a supplier, customer satisfaction has been found to drive buyers’decisions about the firms from which they will repurchase goods or services. Interpersonal satisfaction, the gratification that buyers receive from relationships with salespeople, is an important component of overall customer satisfaction. Even with the growing role of technology in procurement and supply chain management, interpersonal relationships between individual buyers and sellers are an important factor in supplier selection. Other components of overall satisfaction are satisfaction with the product or service and satisfaction with the performance of the supplier. In order to measure the role of these several aspects of overall satisfaction, a survey of Institute for Supply Management™ (ISM) members responsible for making repurchase decisions was conducted. The results demonstrate that satisfaction with the product, satisfaction with the supplier's performance, and satisfaction with the salesperson are correlated with intention to repurchase. Managerial implications of the results are discussed.
Corruption of phage display libraries by target-unrelated clones: Diagnosis and countermeasures

Phage display is used to discover peptides or proteins with a desired target property-most often, affinity for a target selector molecule. Libraries of phage clones displaying diverse surface peptides are subject to a selection process designed to enrich for the target behavior and subsequently propagated to restore phage numbers. A recurrent problem is enrichment of clones, called target-unrelated phages or peptides (TUPs), that lack the target behavior. Many TUPs are propagation related; they have mutations conferring a growth advantage and are enriched during the propagations accompanying selection. Unlike other filamentous phage libraries, fd-tet-based libraries are relatively resistant to propagation-related TUP corruption. Their minus-strand origin is disrupted by a large cassette that simultaneously confers resistance to tetracycline and imposes a rate-limiting growth defect that cannot be bypassed with simple mutations. Nonetheless, a new type of propagation-related TUP emerged in the output of in vivo selections from an fd-tet library. The founding clone had a complex rearrangement that restored the minus-strand origin while retaining tetracycline resistance. The rearrangement involved two recombination events, one with a contaminant having a wild-type minus-strand origin. The founder's infectivity advantage spread by simple recombination to clones displaying different peptides. We propose measures for minimizing TUP corruption.
Effect of liming on two trace element stresses including induced iron deficiency on bean plants

Abstract Bush bean plants were grown in Yolo loam soil with excess levels of manganese, copper, cobalt, nickel and cadmium and with combinations of manganese and the other four trace elements. Without liming, the effect of two trace elements on yield was synergistic. With liming, however, the effect for two elements tended towards protective. The line decreased the effect of all added trace elements by decreasing their uptake. The effect of the trace elements on calcium concentrations in leaves closely paralleled that of yields. A portion of the two‐element interaction was iron chlorosis which contributed to the synergism. Nickel plus Mn in nonlimed soil decreased Fe concentration of leaves most and the effect was synergistic. Liming and combined trace elements also decreased silicon concentration of leaves.
Stratum Corneum Structure and Function Correlates with Phenotype in Psoriasis

Psoriatic epidermis demonstrates a defective program of growth and differentiation, including an abnormal permeability barrier. Despite the fact that damage to the epidermis often initiates the disease, psoriasis is commonly viewed as triggered by aberrant immune phenomena in deeper skin layers. Permeability barrier homeostasis requires the formation and secretion of lamellar body contents, as well as the extracellular processing of lamellar body contents into lamellar bilayers. To address the hypothesis that psoriasis is triggered by exogenous rather than internal factors, we assessed permeability barrier function, lamellar body structure, and extracellular lamellar bilayer formation In untreated patients with different psoriatic phenotypes. Subjects with erythro-derma and active plaque phenotypes displayed elevated transepidermal water loss levels, increased numbers of epidermal lamellar bodies (many of which failed to be secreted); i.e., corneocytes displayed retained cytosolic lamellar bodies, and extracellular domains largely devoid of lamellae. In contrast, patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and sebopsoriasis displayed a lesser increase in transepidermal water loss, normal numbers of lamellar bodies with only few retained organelles, and abundant extracellular lamellar material (although a normal unit bilayer pattern did not form.) Thus, both functionally and structurally, permeability barriers homeostasis was more disrupted in erythrodermic and active plaque psoriasis than in chronic plaque psoriasis and sebopsoriasis; i.e., the extent of defective barrier function correlation barrier function correlated with abnormalities in the known mechanisms of barrier repair, including lamellar body produciton and extracelular bilayer formation. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that both the initial appearance of psoriasis and changes in disease phenotype are driven by alterations in barrier function.
Make a point about alternate site blood glucose sampling.

Teach your patient when to stick with fingertip or palm testing and when and how to get blood from other sites.
Different Partners, Different Selves: Strategic Verification of Circumscribed Identities

It is proposed that people negotiate and receive verification for highly positive, relationship-specific selves. Study 1 indicated that although people wanted evaluations that were roughly consistent with their self-views on most dimensions, on a dimension that was crucial to a specific relationship (physical attractiveness in dating relationships) they wanted evaluations that far exceeded their self-views. Studies 2 and 3 showed that participants recognized that their desired evaluations exceeded their self-views but they expected to—and actually did—evoke exalted appraisals of their attractiveness from dating partners. Study 4 suggested that the desire to receive exceptionally positive appraisals on relationship-relevant dimensions generalized to other self-views and same-sex, nonromantic relationship partners. The authors conclude that people find ways of circumventing the conflict between their desires to be valued yet understood.
Exposing pathology, playing God: parsing psychosocial discourse in ‘The Last Commander’ by A.B. Yehoshua

This paper analyses the varieties of psychosocial discourse present in the story ‘The Last Commander’, written by one of Israel’s most provocative and esteemed novelists: A.B. Yehoshua. Specifically, this article analyses the ways in which Yehoshua presents emphatically secular, left-leaning Israeli exegetical responses to several foundational narratives of the Judaic textual tradition. Through a close reading of the story, in tandem with explorations of Yehoshua’s extra-literary political statements and activities, the study examines how the subcultural particularities found in Yehoshua’s reconstructions of Judaic themes and imagery work as midrashic responses to what he sees as the problematic ‘metastories’ upon which Israeli society has been founded.
Scientific uncertainty and decision making: The case of greenhouse gases and global climate change

Abstract A number of issues that relate analytic study of the climatic consequences of increasing anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases to environmental policy are raised. We discuss in particular the role of uncertainty of information in the context of the long term global and potentially massive nature of the threat. Some recommendations are made for new lines of study to determine the degree of urgency of the problem and the proximate need for remedial measures and the difficulties of their implementation.
Adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy for high-risk, early stage endometrial cancer

Purpose To report outcomes following adjuvant high-dose-rate vaginal brachytherapy (VBT) with or without chemotherapy for high-intermediate risk (HIR) and high-risk, early stage endometrial cancer as defined in Gynecologic Oncology Group trial 0249.
On-line analysis of a continuous-flow ozonolysis reaction using Raman spectroscopy.

We describe the use of an on-line Raman analyzer to quantitatively track the levels of trans-stilbene, benzaldehyde, and α-methoxybenzyl hydroperoxide in a continuous flow ozonolysis reactor. Quantitative analysis is carried out using spectral stripping in order to overcome baseline artifacts inherent in simple peak area determinations and to incorporate prior knowledge into the analytical model. The performance of spectral stripping is compared to partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The effect of two process variables, feed flow rate and ozone concentration, are also explored. Finally, the benefit of utilizing an on-line technique is illustrated by demonstrating the bias introduced by sampling for off-line analysis.
JACKKNIFE ESTIMATION OF SAMPLING VARIANCE OF RATIO ESTIMATORS IN COMPLEX SAMPLES: BIAS AND THE COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

A multitude of methods has been proposed to estimate the sampling variance of ratio estimates in complex samples (Wolter, 1985). Hansen and Tepping (1985) studied some of those variance estimators and found that a high coefficient of variation (CV) of the denominator of a ratio estimate is indicative of a biased estimate of the standard error of a ratio estimate. Using the same populations, Kovar (1985) and Kovar, Rao, and Wu (1988) repeated the research and showed that the relation between a high CV and bias in standard errors is weak. In light of these conflicting findings, this study uses substantially different populations and design choices taken from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) to further investigate the relationship between bias, the CV, and the number of strata, which has also been found to be an indicator of bias (Burke & Rust, 1995). It is found that the CV is a relatively weak indicator of bias, showing poor power properties. Suggestions are made to improve upon statistical suppression rules related to the CV and number of replicate strata.
Prospects of distributed shared memory for reducing global traffic in shared-bus multiprocessors

As an effort, not a mutually exclusive but rather complementary to developing better backplane bus, this paper considers adapting distributed shared-memory (DSM) architectures to improve traditional shared-bus designs. We consider two well-known DSM architectures, namely Cache-coherent Non-Uniform Memory Architecture (NUMA) and Cache-Only Memory Architecture (COMA), in reducing bus traffic. Our study shows that COMA provides excellent opportunity of significantly reducing bandwidth requirement for the bus while cache-coherent NUMA provides a marginal improvement.
Flavor Score Correlation with Pentanal and Hexanal Contents of Vegetable Oil

Samples of commercially processed soybean, cottonseed, and peanut oils were stored under controlled conditions then evaluated for flavor by a 20-member trained, experienced oil panel and for pentanal and hexanal contents by direct gas chromatography. The oils, which contained citric acid and/or antioxidants, were either aged from 0 to 16 days at 60 C or exposed to fluorescent light for 0 to 16 hr. The simple linear regressions of flavor score with the logarithm of pentanal or hexanal content in aged soybean oil gave correlation coefficients of −0.96 and −0.90, respectively; for cottonseed oil, −0.60 and −0.85; and for peanut oil −0.74 and −0.75. Addition of peroxide values to the linear regressions increased the correlation coefficients. Flavor scores of cottonseed and peanut oil can be predicted from pentanal and hexanal contents, but the technique is slightly more reliable for soybean oil based on the treatments used for these oils.
Speech and language results in children with a cochlear implant

At the House Ear Institute, speech and language assessments are a regular part of the evaluation protocol for the cochlear implant clinical trials in children. The assessments are conducted preimplant and at specific postimplant intervals. Paired comparisons of the children's performance at pre- and post-implant intervals reveal significant improvements in both imitative and spontaneous speech production abilities. However, some differences between groups are noted. Children implanted at an early age demonstrate a greater number of significant improvements in speech production, while children using oral communication have better skills at all test intervals. In addition, significant improvements on three of the four receptive language measures and one of the four expressive language measures are demonstrated at the 6-mo postimplant test interval. A significant decrease in performance is noted for one receptive language measure. In a second study, the speech scores of control groups and postimplant groups of the same age (3, 4, or 5 yr) are compared. Implanted children score higher in all but one of 24 contrasts, and these differences are statistically significant in five of the comparisons.
High-Q THz Fano resonance in concentric ring apertures

We show a sharp Fano resonance when terahertz waves pass through two concentric ring apertures in a metal film. A high-Q and intensive dark mode is indirectly excited by coupling to a low-Q bright mode.
New and Future Drug Development for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Medical therapy remains the most popular treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Whilst interest in drug development for GERD has declined over the last few years primarily due to the conversion of most proton pump inhibitor (PPI)'s to generic and over the counter compounds, there are still numerous areas of unmet needs in GERD. Drug development has been focused on potent histamine type 2 receptor antagonist's, extended release PPI's, PPI combination, potassium-competitive acid blockers, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation reducers, prokinetics, mucosal protectants and esophageal pain modulators. It is likely that the aforementioned compounds will be niched for specific areas of unmet need in GERD, rather than compete with the presently available anti-reflux therapies.
New essential trace elements for the life sciences

The possible importance of some new essential trace elements in nutrition is discussed. Most likely, insufficient intake of a specific trace element becomes obvious only when the body is stressed in some way that enhances the need for that element; this has been supported by recent findings with selenium. The trace elements boron and copper may be of nutritional significance in a manner similar to selenium. When the diets of animals and humans are manipulated to cause possible changes in cellular integrity or in hormone responsiveness, a large number of responses to dietary boron occur. The findings indicate that boron is important for optimal calcium and, thus, bone metabolism. High dietary cystine and fructose exacerbate the signs of copper deficiency in rats; this indicates that the response to copper deficiency by humans would vary with the amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the diet. There is some evidence that chromium, molybdenum, nickel, arsenic, and vanadium may also be of nutritional significance under stress conditions. In other words, an increasing number of studies have been performed that have examined the importance of trace element nutriture in various forms of nutritional, metabolic, hormonal, or physiologic stress in animals and humans. These studies indicate that situations will be found in which a trace element is of nutritional significance. It is likely that some of the trace elements are more important in human nutrition than is now generally acknowledged.
The effects of three vaporizable fire extinguishing agents on myocardial metabolism and cardiovascular dynamics in the anesthetized dog.

Abstract Thirty-four mongrel dogs were divided into five groups: (1) six O 2 controls; (2) eight exposed to 27–75% CBrF 3 in O 2 ; (3) four exposed to 27–75% N 2 in O 2 ; (4) nine exposed to 4–12% bromochlorodifluoromethane in O 2 ; and (5) seven exposed to 0.3–1.0% chlorobromomethane in O 2 . Dogs were anesthetized and instruments for cardiovascular dynamic and myocardial metabolic monitoring through thoracotomies were implanted. Thirty-eight variables reflecting cardiovascular dynamics and myocardial metabolism were monitored before, during, and after 45-min exposures to the respective compounds. The results of the exposures to the halogenated alkanes were compared with the results from the O 2 experiments except where significant differences were detected between O 2 and N 2 exposures reflecting effects of oxygen exclusion, in which cases the results of the corresponding fluorocarbon exposures were compared with the results from the N 2 exposures. The most significant observation was the elevation of the coronary sinus blood PO 2 and O 2 content during exposure to CBrClF 2 or CH 2 BrCl. Both of these variables increased in magnitude progressively during the exposures. The persistence of the effect postexposure was greater for CBrClF 2 than for CH 2 BrCl. Exposure to CBrF 3 , CBrClF 2 , or CH 2 BrCl may result in disturbances of myocardial energy metabolism that are connected to myocardial performance. Based on the concentration to which dogs must be exposed to elicit such responses, CBrF 3 was least effective and CH 2 BrCl was most effective. The CBrClF 2 was intermediate between the two but closer to the CH 2 BrCl than to the CBrF 3 .
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PIERIS RAPAE LARVAE PARASITIZED BY APANTELES GLOMERATUS

The influence of the braconid wasp, Apanteles glomeratus L. (Hymenoptera; Braconidae) on development of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera; Pieridae) larvae was studied. Growth and development of P. rapae consisted of three distinct phases: (1) recovery period following ecdysis or emergence from egg, (2) a continuous feeding period, and (3) nonfeeding preparation for the succeeding molt and ecdysis. Parasitized and nonparasitized larvae developed synchronously up to the 3rd phase of the last instar. The frequency and distribution of time of larval ecdysis and the duration of molt-intermolt cycles were also similar. Rates of growth and weight gain per day were not significantly different for both cultures for the ages examined. The maximum weights (201–216 mg) occurred on day 9.5 for parasitized and nonparasitized P. rapae larvae. Weight differences between sexes were not significantly different until the 3rd phase of the last instar. RESUME CROISSANCE ET DEVELOPPEMENT DES CHENILLES DE PIERIS RAPAE PARASITEES PAR APANTELES GLOMERATUS Ce travail cherche a preciser l'influence du Braconide parasite Apanteles glomeratus sur le developpement de son hote. Trois phases successives sont a considerer au cours de chaque stade larvaire: 1) une periode de repos qui suit l'eclosion de l'œuf ou chaque mue; 2) une periode d'alimentation continue; 3) une periode d'arret de l'alimentation precedant chaque mue. Les chenilles parasitees ou non parasitees se developpent de facon synchrone jusqu'a la 3eme phase du dernier stade larvaire. La frequence et la repartition dans le temps des mues larvaires ainsi que la duree des cycles d'intermue sont egalement semblables dans les deux cas. Le taux de croissance et le gain de poids journalier ne different pas non plus de facon significative, au cours des divers âges larvaires. Les poids maxima (201–216 mg) s'observent pour des chenilles âgees de 9,5 jours, qu'elles soient ou non parasitees. Les differences de poids entre les sexes ne sont pas significative jusqu'a la 3eme phase du dernier stade larvaire.
Enzyme-induced strain/distortion in the ground-state ES complex in beta-lactamase catalysis revealed by FTIR.

Class A β-lactamases hydrolyze penicillins and other β-lactams via an acyl−enzyme catalytic mechanism. Ser70 is the active site nucleophile. By constructing the S70A mutant, which is unable to form...
Remote Handling and Accelerators

The high-current levels of contemporary and proposed accelerator facilities induce radiation levels into components, requiring consideration be given to maintenance techniques that reduce personnel exposure. Typical components involved include beamstops, targets, collimators, windows, and instrumentation that intercepts the direct beam. Also included are beam extraction, injection, splitting, and kicking regions, as well as purposeful spill areas where beam tails are trimmed and neutral particles are deposited. Scattered beam and secondary particles activate components all along a beamline such as vacuum pipes, magnets, and shielding. Maintenance techniques vary from "hands-on" to TV-viewed operation using state-of-the-art servomanipulators. Bottom- or side-entry casks are used with thimble-type target and diagnostic assemblies. Long-handled tools are operated from behind shadow shields. Swinging shield doors, unstacking block, and horizontally rolling shield roofs are all used to provide access. Common to all techniques is the need to make operations simple and to provide a means of seeing and reaching the area.
Effects of a Preschool Music and Movement Curriculum on Children's Language Skills.

This quasi-experimental study evaluated the effects of a supplementary preschool classroom music and movement curriculum on Head Start children's language skills. The curriculum consisted of sequenced music and movement activities conducted by outside interventionists. The evaluation compared the language skills of children attending either intervention or comparison classrooms. Results revealed that children receiving the intervention made greater gains in teacher-rated communication skills than children in the comparison group. Results for receptive language and phonological awareness indicated no significant differences between groups. These findings provide limited support for the beneficial effects of offering specialized music and movement curricula to preschool-age children.
Performing Clinical Exams at Specific Joint Positions May Help Identify Injured Regions of the Glenohumeral Capsule Following Anterior Dislocation

The anteroinferior glenohumeral capsule (anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (AB-IGHL), axillary pouch) limits anterior translation, particularly in positions of external rotation. [1, 2] Permanent tissue deformation that occurs as a result of dislocation contributes to anterior instability, but, the extent and effects of this injury are difficult to evaluate as the deformation cannot be seen using diagnostic imaging. Clinical exams are used to identify the appropriate location of tissue damage and current arthroscopic procedures allow for selective tightening of localized capsule regions; however, identifying the specific location for optimal treatment of each patient is challenging. Although the reliability of clinical exams has been shown to change with joint position [3] a standardized procedure has yet to be established. This lack of standardization is particularly problematic since capsule function is highly dependent upon joint position [4–7], and could be responsible for failed repairs attributed to plication of the wrong capsular region [8]. Understanding the relationship between the location of tissue damage and changes in capsule function following anterior dislocation could aid clinicians in diagnosing and treating anterior instability. Therefore, the objective of this work was to compare strain distributions in the anteroinferior capsule before and after anterior dislocation in order to identify joint positions at which clinical exams would be capable of detecting damage (nonrecoverable strain) in specific locations.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Nonclinical Selection Criteria for Maximizing Yield of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests in Tuberculosis Diagnosis

In spite of the excellent performance of rapid tuberculosis (TB) nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests and the clear benefits of immediate diagnosis of TB disease, NAA tests frequently are not used in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB cases, particularly TB cases with smear-negative sputa. Public health laboratories primarily perform TB NAA tests only on a targeted subset of specimens, usually including those that are smear positive and those for which a clinician has specifically requested NAA testing. As an alternative to targeted testing, some laboratories use TB NAA tests universally for all respiratory specimens, though this practice can be prohibitively costly and can be associated with an increased frequency of false-positive results due to testing of lower-risk patients. We propose a strategy for identifying individuals for NAA testing on the basis of nonclinical risk criteria that are routinely provided on the test requisition form, such as type of health care facility from which the specimen is received and patient age group. Use of this strategy at the Massachusetts Department of Public Health Laboratory would allow for NAA test identification of approximately 54 (74%) of 72 culture-positive pulmonary TB cases over a 1-year period while requiring NAA testing for only 933 (17%) of 5,469 individuals submitting respiratory specimens. We demonstrate that use of nonclinical NAA test selection criteria is an effective strategy for maximizing the number of TB cases that can be rapidly identified while minimizing the number of specimens that must be tested.
Lipidomics in situ: insights into plant lipid metabolism from high resolution spatial maps of metabolites.

The emergence of ‘omics’ technologies (i.e. genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc.) have revealed new avenues for exploring plant metabolism through data-rich experimentation and integration of complementary methodologies. Over the past decade, the lipidomics field has benefited from advances in instrumentation, especially mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches that are well-suited for detailed lipid analysis. The broad classification of what constitutes a lipid lends itself to a structurally diverse range of molecules that contribute to a variety of biological processes in plants including membrane structure and transport, primary and secondary metabolism, abiotic and biotic stress tolerances, extracellular and intracellular signaling, and energy-rich storage of carbon. Progress in these research areas has been advanced in part through approaches analyzing chemical compositions of lipids in extracts from cells, tissues and/or whole organisms (e.g. shotgun lipidomics), and through visualization approaches primarily through microscopy-based methodologies (e.g. fluorescence, bright field, electron microscopy, etc.). While these techniques on their own provide rich biochemical and biological information, coordinated analyses of the complexity of lipid composition with the localization of these lipids at a high spatial resolution will help to develop a new level of understanding of lipid metabolism within the context of tissue/cellular compartmentation. This review will elaborate on recent advances of one such approach – mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) – that integrates in situ visualization with chemical-based lipidomics. We will illustrate, with an emphasis on oilseed lipid metabolism, how MS imaging can provide new insights and questions related to the spatial compartmentation of lipid metabolism in plants. Further it will be apparent that this MS imaging approach has broad application in plant metabolic research well beyond that of triacylglycerol biosynthesis in oilseeds.
Creep resistance of CMSX-3 nickel base superalloy single crystals

Creep deformation in 〈001〉 oriented nickel base superalloy single crystals has been studied in an effort to assess the factors which contribute to the overall creep resistance of superalloys with high volume fractions of γ′ phase. Detailed observations of three dimensional dislocation arrangements produced by creep have been made with the use of stereo electron microscopy. In the temperature range of 800–900°C at stresses of 552 MPa or lower, the dislocation-free γ′ precipitates are resistant to shearing by dislocations. As a result, creep deformation occurs by forced bowing of dislocations through the narrow γ matrix channels on {111} planes. At moderate levels of temperature and stress there are incubation periods in virgin crystals prior to the onset of primary creep. The incubations arise because of the difficult process of filling the initially dislocation starved material with creep dislocations from widely spaced sources. When the newly generated dislocations percolate through the cross section, incubation comes to an end and primary creep begins. In primary creep neither work hardening nor any type of recovery plays an important role. The creep rate decelerates because the favorable initial thermal misfit stresses between γ and γ′ phases are relieved by creep flow. Continued creep leads to a build-up of a three-dimensional nodal network of dislocations. This three-dimensional network fills the γ matrix channels during steady state creep and achieves a quasi-stationary structure in time. In situ annealing experiments show that static recovery is ineffective at causing rearrangements in the three-dimensional network at temperatures of 850°C or lower. The kinematical dislocation replacement processes which maintain the quasi-stationary dislocation network structures during apparent steady state creep are not understood and require further study. Because of the impenetrability of the γ′ precipitates, dislocations move through the γ matrix by forced Orowan bowing, and this accounts for a major component of the creep resistance. In addition, the frictional constraint of the coherent or semi-coherent precipitates leads to the build-up of pressure gradients in the microstructure, and this provides load carrying capacity. There is also a smaller component of solid solution strengthening. Work hardening is comparatively unimportant. Finite element analysis shows that the non-deforming precipitates are increasingly stressed as creep deformation accumulates in the matrix. In the later stages of steady state creep and during tertiary creep the stresses in the precipitates rise to high enough levels to cause shearing of the γ′ particles by dislocations entering from the γ matrix. The recovery resistance of the material is in part due to a very low effective diffusion constant and in another part due to the fact that the three-dimensional dislocation networks formed in the γ matrix serve to neutralize the misfit between the γ and γ′ phases.
TIME --- a multi-leveled framework for evaluating and designing digital libraries

Even though these are early days for digital libraries, three decades of research on human-computer interaction in general, and the recent history of hypermedia research in particular, indicate that whatever else occurs, the usability of digital library applications will prove crucial to widespread acceptance. In the present paper an evaluation framework (termed TIME) is outlined. TIME offers designers and implementers of digital libraries a framework to address key human factors in a user-centered manner. Bridging all levels of human factors, from the ergonomic to the user goal, TIME is a multilevel framework that highlights the interplay of multiple issues affecting user response to digital documents.
Re-embedding vs. clustering as shape indexing strategies for medical image databases

Fast retrieval using complete or partial shapes of organs is an important functionality in medical image databases. Shapes of organs can be defined as points in shape spaces, which, in turn, are curved manifolds with a well-defined metric. In this paper, we experimentally compare two indexing techniques for shape spaces: first, we re-embed the shape space in a Euclidean space and use co-ordinate based indexing, and second, we used metric based hierarchical clustering for directly indexing shape space. The relative performances are evaluated with images from the NHANES II database of lumbar and cervical spine x-ray images on a shape similarity query. The experiments show that indexing using re-embedding is superior to cluster-based indexing.
Multiplicity distributions in hadron-hadron collisions based on the universality ansatz

Recent experiments on small-${p}_{T}$ hadron production in $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions have shed new light on the apparent violation of the universality ansatz by the fact that the multiplicity dispersion in hadron-hadron collisions is much larger than that in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collisions. We present a model based on the universality ansatz, among other things. This model reproduces qualitatively the hadron multiplicity distributions in $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions over a wide range of energies. Within our framework, this essentially resolves the discrepancy stated above. In our approach the universality ansatz is also found to be applicable to the diffractive component events. This is supported by the inclusive $x$-distribution data having various specified number of prongs in the final states.
Observation of a stable dense core within an unstable coronal plasma in wire-initiated dense Z-pinch experiments

Dense z-pinch plasmas initiated from a single 25--100 \ensuremath{\mu}m diam aluminum wire using a 100--350 kA, 100 ns current pulse have been studied with \ensuremath{\le}1 ns time resolution. Rapid unstable expansion of a coronal plasma formed around the wire was observed with a subnanosecond pulsed nitrogen laser, while a dense core, which expanded more slowly and stably, was observed with 1--2 ns x-ray backlighting pulses. The core contained most of the initial wire mass, but there appeared to be little or no current flowing in it.
Property Tax Capitalization in a Model with Tax-Deferred Assets, Standard Deductions, and the Taxation of Nominal Interest

Previous property tax capitalization studies assume that families itemize, that they save in taxable assets, and that real interest income is taxed. However, many families do not itemize, many families invest in tax-deferred assets, and nominal interest income is taxed. As a consequence, prior studies likely misspecify the property tax capitalization equation for roughly ninety percent of their samples. Taking federal tax provisions into account increases the precision of our estimated capitalization rate. In addition, our results suggest that biases in prior studies likely contribute to the variety of capitalization estimates in the literature.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Mental Health Care for Military Service Members, Veterans, and Their Families: Opportunities for Social Work

This special issue of Social Work in Mental Health focuses on the assets, challenges, and opportunities in improving the mental health and mental health care services for military service personnel...
Reactive sulfur species: hydrolysis of β-sulfinyl esters to give a sulfenic acid in aqueous solution

An efficient method for synthesizing the sulfenic acid derivative of 5-mercapto-2-nitrobenzoic acid in aqueous medium is described. The electronic spectrum is reported (λmax=490 nm, ϵ=11, 600 M−1 cm−1).
Effect of Metal Design on Marginal Distortion of Metal-Ceramic Crowns

An analysis of residual stress and marginal distortion due to thermal contraction mismatch between metal and ceramic is presented for metal-ceramic crowns. Using dilatometric data, finite element stress analyses were performed on pre-molar crowns designed with chamfer-knife edge, chamfer with collar, shoulder with collar, and shoulder-bevel with collar geometries and a maxillary central incisor crown with a chamfer-knife edge geometry. Calculations were made using combinations of a Ni-Cr alloy or a Au-Pd alloy with each of three porcelain products. Calculated marginal distortions due to crown design and metal-porcelain thermal contraction incompatibility were found to be well below experimental values found in the literature. For the cases studied, the calculated marginal distortions due to metal-porcelain thermal contraction mismatch depend primarily on the metal-porcelain combination and are insensitive to the coping design. However, this study excluded copings which have been extensively ground to thic...
Inversion of Markov processes to determine rate constants from single-channel data

The determination of rate constants from single-channel data can be very difficult, in part because the single-channel lifetime distributions commonly analyzed by experimenters often have a complicated mathematical relation to the channel gating mechanism. The standard treatment of channel gating as a Markov process leads to the prediction that lifetime distributions are exponential functions. As the number of states of a channel gating scheme increases, the number of exponential terms in the lifetime distribution increases, and the weights and decay constants of the lifetime distributions become progressively more complicated functions of the underlying rate constants. In the present study a mathematical strategy for inverting these functions is introduced in order to determine rate constants from single-channel lifetime distributions. This inversion is easy for channel gating schemes with two or fewer states of a given conductance, so the present study focuses on schemes with more states. The procedure is to derive explicit equations relating the parameters of the lifetime distribution to the rate constants of the scheme. Such equations can be derived using the equality between symmetric functions of eigenvalues of a matrix and sums over principle minors, as well as expressions for the moments, derivatives, and weights of a lifetime distribution. The rate constants are then obtained as roots to this system of equations. For a gating scheme with three sequential closed states and a single gateway state, exact analytical expressions were found for each rate constant in terms of the parameters of the three-exponential closed-time distribution. For several other gating schemes, systems of equations were found that could be solved numerically to obtain the rate constants. Lifetime distributions were shown to specify a unique set of real rate constants in sequential gating schemes with up to five closed or five open states. For kinetic schemes with multiple gating pathways, the analysis of simulated data revealed multiple solutions. These multiple solutions could be distinguished by examining two-dimensional probability density functions. The utility of the methods introduced here are demonstrated by analyzing published data on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, GABA(A) receptors, and NMDA receptors.
Sub-millisecond phase contrast wavefront sensor based on an optically addressed ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator

A sub-millisecond wavefront sensor based on a non-linear Zernike filter is described. The sensor's key element is an optically addressed spatial light modulator (OASLM). The OASLM is composed of ferroelectric liquid crystal and an amorphous silicon carbide photo-conducting film. The OASLM is placed into the focal plane of a Fourier filtering system. The sensor operates with circularly polarized input light. For the high intensity (zero order) spectral component the deviation of the ferroelectric liquid crystal director by (pi) /4 (45 degree(s)) results in a (pi) /2 phase shift. This provides wavefront phase distortion visualization similar to a conventional Zernike filter. The registered characteristic response time of the sensor is near 0.2 ms for light intensity on the order of 100 nW.