cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of fetal cardiovascular responsiveness to norepinephrine by autonomic nervous system

To determine the extent to which the autonomic nervous system modifies the fetal cardiovascular responses to exogenous norepinephrine (NE), NE was infused intravenously (0.39-39 micrograms/min) for 30 min into chronically catheterized sheep fetuses averaging 132 days gestation. The resulting changes in arterial pressure, venous pressure, heart rate, and blood volume were compared between fetuses with and without ganglionic blockade. Autonomic blockade did not alter the relationship between the rise in NE concentration and NE infusion rate. In fetuses with a blocked autonomic nervous system, the arterial pressure response to exogenous NE was shifted 0.8 log units to the left when compared with normal fetuses. The venous pressure response to NE infusion was not altered in the blocked fetuses when compared with normal fetuses. Heart rate in the autonomically blocked fetuses increased with plasma NE concentration, which was opposite to the initial suppression of heart rate during NE infusion in control fetuses. Fetal blood volume decreased progressively with increasing NE infusion rate in the blocked fetuses, which was similar in autonomically intact fetuses, except for an increase in blood volume at low NE infusion rates. Thus it appears that the autonomic nervous system modifies the fetal arterial pressure, heart rate, and blood volume responses to exogenous NE but not the response of venous pressure
Effect of Glycol Mesylates on Mouse Sarcoma 180.

SummaryMethanesulfonyl esters of a series of aliphatic diols, triols and polyglycols were prepared and tested for an ability to inhibit the growth of sarcoma 180 in white mice. Variations in the degree of branching in the carbon chain, or in the degree of substitution at the carbon atoms bearing hydroxyl groups, did not have a uniform effect on either toxicity or tumor inhibitory activity. Significant inhibition of tumor growth could be demonstrated for 5 of the drugs when they were administered at levels causing definite reduction in body weight.
Sympathetic Denervation upon Peristalsis of the Cat Small Intestine in Situ.

ConclusionSympathetic denervation of the small intestine and adrenals of the cat reduces the average time for barium sulphate suspension to reach the caecum from the stomach to about 52%. The difference observed appears statistically significant.
Mediating electrostatic binding of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride to enzyme surfaces improves conformational stability.

We have recently developed a general approach to improve the utility of enzymes in ionic liquids (ILs) via tuning of the ratio of enzyme-containing positive to negative surface charges. In this wor...
The End Game in Presidential Nominations

This study shows that a simple, empirically derived rule accounts well for the outcome of multiballot, majority-rule conventions in the period 1848-1948 and that the same rule would have enabled one to predict correctly the outcome of all contested presidential nominations since 1952 before any candidate had achieved majority support in the Associated Press 'polls of delegates. The rule's success suggests two conclusions about the behavior of delegates: (I) that their guesses about outcomes are based on objective cues, similarly interpreted, and (2) that the trend in voting for candidates, in addition to the level of support they attract, is an important element of such cues. The study's findings also suggest that delegates in recent years do not contrast sharply with their predecessors in their predilection for bandwagon voting.
Three-dimensional Kinematics Research on Swing Technique of Chinese 20 km Male Race Walkers

This paper analyzed the swing technique of 20 km male race walkers by using methods of literature review,three-dimensional kinematics and mathematical statistic. The results showed: 1) The swing technique of Chinese 20 km male race walkers and upper and lower limbs coordination were reasonable,and the swing technique of lower limbs trended to be low and horizontal. 2) The cooperation of swing and brace technique was basically in line with the requirements of race walks rules,but it might lose advantage while being penalized. 3) Forward movement of gravity was not in place when supporting leg left off ground. Swing was too early,and toes left off ground with over height when swing back. 4) Swing amplitude was not enough,and brace technique was the weakness in Chinese 20 km male race walkers. 5) The stride distance of Chinese 20 km male race walkers was closed to world top race walkers',and the stride frequency had a certain advantage. The technique still had"high stride frequency"style.
Evolution of clonality and invasive behavior of Epstein-Barr virus immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines in SCID mice brains.

BACKGROUND Recently established Epstein-Barr virus immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines express polyclonal immunoglobulins, are diploid, and grow into invasive tumors when injected intracerebrally into mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). It is unclear whether clonal selection of neurotropic cell lines occurs during long-term growth in the brain and the effect of this selection on brain invasiveness. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Epstein-Barr immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines from a normal Epstein-Barr negative donor were serially passaged seven times intracerebrally within groups of SCID/SCID CB 17 mice. Each cell line was injected into five or more animals during each passage. Clonality of the rescued cell lines, genotype, and brain invasiveness were examined. RESULTS All mice developed extensive intracerebral lymphoproliferative disease within 10-18 days after injection. Intracerebral, subarachnoid, intraventricular, and perivascular lymphoid lesions were noted. Infiltrates were similar in all animals studied regardless of the passage number. Clonal B cell populations were detectable in lesions after the first passage by Southern blot hybridization using JH probe. Immunohistochemically, polyclonal tumors were seen initially, but after the fourth passage, monoclonal cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was predominantly expressed by all tumors. Minor bands seen in the early passages disappeared subsequently. Random chromosomal abnormalities appeared in the rescued cell lines after the third passage; however, after the sixth passage, the abnormalities became more consistent. Clonability in agarose was very low initially in both cell lines and increased significantly after the sixth passage. CONCLUSIONS These experiments demonstrate that within the immunoprivileged conditions of the SCID mouse brain, the evolution of Epstein-Barr immortalized lymphocytes from polyclonal to oligo- and monoclonal cell lines with chromosomal abnormalities occurs very early. This evolution is not paralleled by increased invasiveness in vivo.
Predictive Correlation of Urodynamic Dysfunction and Brain Injury After Cerebrovascular Accident

AbstractTwenty patients with urinary incontinence 3 or more months after a cerebrovascular accident were studied with a complete urodynamic evaluation. Computerized tomography was performed to localize the area of brain injury. A correlation of various types of brain injury and voiding dysfunction was then established. These observations may be of value in the prediction and appropriate management of voiding dysfunction after a cerebrovascular accident.
pHLIP®: Uses in Measuring Cell Surface pH, Imaging Tumors, and Delivering Therapeutics

Acidity is a general property of tumors, and may serve as a biomarker that is not susceptible to resistance by selection. The discovery of pHLIP®s (pH (Low) Insertion Peptides) provides a path to exploit this biomarker, and has led to the use of related peptides to study peptide insertion across bilayers, to selectively target cargoes to tumors and other acidic tissues in vivo, and to deliver molecules across tumor cell plasma membranes. A pHLIP® is unfolded on the surface of a membrane at normal pH, and folds to form a transmembrane helix when the pH is lowered.Tumor acidity is expected to be enhanced at cell surfaces by the electrochemical potential. Using pHLIP® to position pH-sensing dyes, it has been possible to document the lower surface pH, and to show that glucose further enhances acidity. We will present data on these key observations.Imaging agents, such as fluorescent labels or PET isotopes, can be positioned at the surfaces of tumor cells. Accumulation of these labels may allow uses in diagnosis and image-guided surgery. We will show examples. pHLIP® peptides also have the potential to target delivery of therapeutic molecules into cells. A remarkable opportunity may be afforded to expand the chemical range of such molecules, since translocation succeeds for agents that are large and polar. We will show examples of the translocation of PNAs and of Amanitin, each of which is shown to inhibit tumor growth in vivo.
Manipulating ruminal fermentation: a microbial ecological perspective

The essential role of ruminal microflora in ruminant nutrition provides the potential for improvement in animal production via altering the numbers or activities of specific classes of microorganisms. Successful alterations will be facilitated by an understanding of the microbial ecology of the rumen based on its mechanistic underpinnings. Demonstrated improvements in ruminal fermentation can be traced to their consonance with well-established principles of microbial ecology (niche occupancy, selective pressure, adaptation, and interactions) and the thermodynamics and kinetics of substrate utilization. Application of these principles to several proposed alterations of the ruminal bacterial population allows a prediction of their relative feasibility. Improving fiber digestion, decreasing protein degradation, and detoxifying feed components that are present in low concentrations will be difficult to achieve in the rumen and are best approached by altering the feed, either genetically or with postharvest treatment. By contrast, the detoxification of feed components present in high concentration, and redirection of electron disposal away from methanogenesis, are more productive targets for microbiological research.
The new international division of cultural labor revisited

La economia politica radical dio lugar al concepto de la Nueva Division Internacional del Trabajo Cultural (NICL). Este parte de comprender las situaciones de desigualdad que se producen a diario tanto en el trabajo como en la vida domestica. Aunque los trabajadores generan valor, rara vez se benefician proporcionalmente de este debido al poder del capital. Mientras que la economia neoclasica o burguesa asume que la oferta y demanda determinan el precio de los productos basicos, la economia politica examina el papel del Estado y el capital en el control de mano de obra y la ideologizacion de consumidores y ciudadanos. En otras palabras, la economia ortodoxa se concentra en los mercados, considerandolos como las joyas de la conducta humana; el enfoque heterodoxo desafia este enfoque sobre el consumo, haciendo hincapie en la produccion como una fuente de valor y un espacio de control. En este trabajo se analiza como el NICL se ha convertido en un modelo para la explotacion en todos los territorios, las industrias y ocupaciones, por lo que ejercer un pensamiento critico sigue siendo vital. Analiticamente, tenemos que centrarnos en la division del trabajo como una herramienta teorica, empirica, y de organizacion si queremos entender el trabajo diario de una manera que pueda enriquecerlo y liberarlo de acuerdo con las experiencias y las necesidades tanto de los trabajadores como ecologicas.
The Art of Policing

To achieve results in police policy-making and administration, no less than in areas like medicine, science is invaluable but insufficient: art is needed. Faced with the need for solutions workable now in a particular location, the police practitioner is often disappointed by scientific or research results such as those discussed in the previous chapter. If so, he expects too much from them. Research usually offers the practitioner limited information about limited propositions. The information is limited in that the conclusions can be no more than probable and tentative. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study, for example, cannot offer certainty about the value of preventive patrol. In a world where the only scientific certainty is that there is no certitude, even a thousand replications cannot give more than greater probability. Research propositions are limited in that they usually speak to only a part of the practitioner’s problem. That rapid response time is unimportant in most police situations is important; but it is partial information for the practitioner surrounded by the complex plethora of problems associated with his particular patrol management situation. No matter how much the “science” of medicine develops, the “art” of the physician is essential at least in reconciling the needs of the patient and in tailoring the science to the complexities of the particular case. Similarly, the art of the police manager will always be required in working toward the ideal of the new form of police agency. Absent a police science as developed as medical science, the need for the practitioner’s art may well be greater in the police situation.
Testing the adaptive radiation hypothesis for the lemurs of Madagascar

Lemurs, the diverse, endemic primates of Madagascar, are thought to represent a classic example of adaptive radiation. Based on the most complete phylogeny of living and extinct lemurs yet assembled, I tested predictions of adaptive radiation theory by estimating rates of speciation, extinction and adaptive phenotypic evolution. As predicted, lemur speciation rate exceeded that of their sister clade by nearly twofold, indicating the diversification dynamics of lemurs and mainland relatives may have been decoupled. Lemur diversification rates did not decline over time, however, as predicted by adaptive radiation theory. Optimal body masses diverged among dietary and activity pattern niches as lineages diversified into unique multidimensional ecospace. Based on these results, lemurs only partially fulfil the predictions of adaptive radiation theory, with phenotypic evolution corresponding to an 'early burst' of adaptive differentiation. The results must be interpreted with caution, however, because over the long evolutionary history of lemurs (approx. 50 million years), the 'early burst' signal of adaptive radiation may have been eroded by extinction.
Removal of Hardware After Syndesmotic Screw Fixation: A Systematic Literature Review.

Background. While trans-syndesmotic fixation with metal screws is considered the gold standard in treating syndesmotic injuries, controversy exists regarding the need and timing of postoperative sc...
Kibra and Merlin Activate the Hippo Pathway Spatially Distinct from and Independent of Expanded

The Hippo pathway is emerging as a key evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism that controls organ size. Three membrane-associated proteins, Kibra, Merlin, and Expanded, regulate pathway activity, but the precise molecular mechanism by which they function is still poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that Merlin and Kibra activate Hippo signaling in parallel to Expanded at a spatially distinct cellular domain, the medial apical cortex. Merlin and Kibra together recruit the adapter protein Salvador, which in turn recruits the core kinase Hippo. In addition, we show that Crumbs has a dual effect on Hippo signaling. Crumbs promotes the ability of Expanded to activate the pathway but also sequesters Kibra to downregulate Hippo signaling. Together, our findings elucidate the mechanism of Hippo pathway activation by Merlin and Kibra, identify a subcellular domain for Hippo pathway regulation, and demonstrate differential activity of upstream regulators in different subcellular domains.
California dreaming: Challenges posed by transposing science-based marine protected area planning processes in different political contexts

Abstract In response to direct and indirect pressures on the marine environment posed by increased development and climate change, the international community has been planning and implementing networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in national waters. This paper critically assesses the role of evidence in marine conservation planning in the United Kingdom (UK), a process that drew heavily on the example set by California’s Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) planning process. Whereas a science advisory panel played a constructive role and facilitated MPA planning in the Californian context, the outcome in the UK was quite different; evidence became a sticking point hampering the process. The actual designation of sites in the UK has been slower than expected, and none of the Reference Areas (i.e., no-take MPAs) proposed by stakeholder-led consultations have been implemented. Drawing on interviews with participants in the UK process and on theoretical debates surrounding evidence-based decision-making, this paper provides recommendations for effective science-driven marine conservation.
Driving Derived Environment Effects with Alignment Constraints

This paper proposes an analysis in which morphologically-derived environment constraints are driven by Alignment--or rather, are triggered by misalignment. An analysis of Korean shows that both prefix-based and suffix-based derived environment effects ([n] insertion and palatalization) can be accounted for by using two Alignment constraints. Using Alignment to drive derived environment effects removes the need for sequence-specific Markedness constraints. This approach may be extended to account for a broader set of derived environment effects, including some that occur at compound or phrase boundaries.
How Adaptation Makes Low Firing Rates Robust

Low frequency firing is modeled by Type 1 neurons with a SNIC, but, because of the vertical slope of the square-root-like f–I curve, low f only occurs over a narrow range of I. When an adaptive current is added, however, the f–I curve is linearized, and low f occurs robustly over a large I range. Ermentrout (Neural Comput. 10(7):1721-1729, 1998) showed that this feature of adaptation paradoxically arises from the SNIC that is responsible for the vertical slope. We show, using a simplified Hindmarsh–Rose neuron with negative feedback acting directly on the adaptation current, that whereas a SNIC contributes to linearization, in practice linearization over a large interval may require strong adaptation strength. We also find that a type 2 neuron with threshold generated by a Hopf bifurcation can also show linearization if adaptation strength is strong. Thus, a SNIC is not necessary. More fundamental than a SNIC is stretching the steep region near threshold, which stems from sufficiently strong adaptation, though a SNIC contributes if present. In a more realistic conductance-based model, Morris–Lecar, with negative feedback acting on the adaptation conductance, an additional assumption that the driving force of the adaptation current is independent of I is needed. If this holds, strong adaptive conductance is both necessary and sufficient for linearization of f–I curves of type 2 f–I curves.
Structural DNA Nanotechnology: From Design to Applications

Structural DNA Nanotechnology applies modified DNA strands to come up with various shapes and order of arrangements of DNA molecules as desired. This DNA specimen is produced by exchange of DNA backbones in a reciprocal fashion resulting in systems of branched strands with many helical domains. The DNA strands are joined by cohesions forces at the ends as a result from hydrogen bonds or covalent bonding. They can also be joined paranemically or by sharing the same edges. The process utilizes the ability of nucleic acids to combine only with specific complements hence a DNA sequence can be designed to favor the formation of a particular strand. The difference between naturally occurring DNA structures and artificial DNA is that the junction is artificially fixed at certain point to favor a particular rigid pattern and stability as desired. Structural nanotechnology is based on four basic concepts mentioned below. First, tile based structures; this was the most dominant method of DNA design between 1990s and 2000 and was replaced by DNA origami. In this approach, the targeted structure is broken into smaller sub-units with strong bonding between two strands forming a particular unit while having weak connections between the units. The approach is usually used in making periodic lattice and implementing self-assembly applied in DNA computing. Second, folding structures (DNA origami); it involves making the DNA nanostructure from one long strand of DNA, nucleic acid sequence in this long strand can be designed such that it folds by itself or the folding can be done manually by use a staple strand. The latter method is what is known as DNA origami, which permit creation of 2D and 3D shapes nanoscales. Third, dynamic assembly; in this approach, the intermediate and final product of DNA assembly are controlled all through, the starting materials are made to form a hairpin structure which then assemble in a specific order. The process is isothermal and does not require thermal annealing to trigger the assembly in desired conformation. Fourth, sequence design; this is the final stage done after any of the above approaches have been used, it is done to dedicate a certain nucleic acid base to a particular constituent in the strand so that they assembly in a certain predetermined order. The desired sequence is separated from the undesired by either symmetry minimization or thermally.
The Politics of Stalemate: Local Power, U.S. Military Bases, and the Japanese Courts

The continued controversy over the presence of American bases in Okinawa has once again raised the question of whether the issue will ultimately be resolved by the Japanese courts. An examination of the history surrounding the judiciary’s involvement in previous base-related disputes in mainland Japan suggests that the court is itself deeply conflicted over its proper role in mediating these cases, leading to continued uncertainty over the ultimate legal status of the U.S. military presence. Unwilling to take a strong position in support of either the state or of increasingly active local officials, the court’s rulings have repeatedly given way to stalemate, which has ultimately benefitted local opponents to the bases. Local politicians such as mayors and prefectural governors have successfully used anti-base rhetoric to their advantage, promoting local resistance as legitimate expressions of Japan’s postwar democratic ideals, and local and national identities of peace.
A Hands-Free Music Score Turner Using Google Glass

This article presents an innovative use of wearable technology for music performers, allowing them to interact with a mobile application that runs as a hands-free music score turner between Google ...
Lysophosphatidylserine suppression of T-cell activation via GPR174 requires Gαs proteins

G protein-coupled receptors regulate diverse aspects of T-cell activity and effector function. Recently, we showed that GPR174 mediates the suppression of T-cell proliferation in vitro induced by the polar lipid lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS). Here, we investigated the in vivo activity of this pathway and characterized the mechanisms involved. Using in vivo models of T-cell proliferation induced by sublethal irradiation or regulatory T-cell depletion, we show that GPR174 expression can constrain T-cell proliferation. In vitro experiments established that Gαs G proteins are needed for LysoPS/GPR174-mediated suppression of T-cell proliferation. Mechanistically, LysoPS acts via GPR174 and Gαs to suppress IL-2 production by activated T cells and limit upregulation of the activation markers CD25 and CD69. Together, our findings identify GPR174 as an abundantly expressed Gαs-dependent receptor that can negatively regulate naive T-cell activation. See also: News and Commentary by Robert & Mackay.
„Hinten ist Beverly Hills und hier ist einfach Ghetto, The Bronx“

Wie entwickelt sich die Identifikation mit einem Sozialraum bzw. gibt es Identitatsaspekte, die sich auf ein stadtisches Quartier beziehen und aus raumlichen Orientierungen gewonnen werden? Der folgende Beitrag geht diesen Fragen nach, indem er mithilfe des qualitativ-interpretativen Verfahrens der Grounded Theory (GT) zeigt, wie Individuen bestimmten Bereichen ihres Lebensraums Sinn zumessen. Ein Hauptbefund, der hier kurz vorgestellt wird, ist das sensibilisierende Konzept einer identitatswirksamen subjektzentrierten Partitionierung des Sozialraums. Der Beitrag enthalt zudem Hinweise auf die Arbeit mit dem Kodierparadigma der GT ebenso wie mit der spezifischen Strategie einer sukzessiven Fallauswahl, also des sogenannten theoretical sampling.
Traffic accidents in commercial long-haul truck drivers: the influence of sleep-disordered breathing and obesity.

This study assesses a possible independent effect of sleep-related breathing disorders on traffic accidents in long-haul commercial truck drivers. The study design included integrated analysis of recordings of sleep-related breathing disorders, self-reported automotive and company-recorded automotive accidents. A cross-sectional population of 90 commercial long-haul truck drivers 20-64 years of age was studied. Main outcome measures included presence or absence, as well as severity, of sleep-disordered breathing and frequency of automotive accidents. Truck drivers identified with sleep-disordered breathing had a two-fold higher accident rate per mile than drivers without sleep-disordered breathing. Accident frequency was not dependent on the severity of the sleep-related breathing disorder. Obese drivers with a body mass > or = 30 kg/m2 also presented a two-fold higher accident rate than nonobese drivers. We conclude that a complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness is related to a significantly higher automotive accident rate in long-haul commercial truck drivers. Sleep-disordered breathing with hypoxemia and obesity are risk factors for automotive accidents. Language: en
On Information-Theoretical Aspects of Relational Databases

We introduce the notion of entropy for a set of attributes of a table in a relational database starting from the notion of entropy for finite functions. We examine the connections that exist between conditional entropies of attribute sets and lossy decompositions of tables and explore the properties of the entropy of sets of attributes regarded as an outer measure on the set of subsets of a heading of a table. Finally, we suggest a generalization of functional dependencies based on conditional entropy.
Transgressions, Guilt, and Forgiveness: A Model of Seeking Forgiveness:

While there has been increasing interest in the psychology of interpersonal forgiveness, the majority of the research has focused on the forgiveness process from the perspective of the victim. Howe...
A Comparative Risk Assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in Prepackaged versus Retail-Sliced Deli Meat

Deli meat was ranked as the highest-risk ready-to-eat food vehicle of Listeria monocytogenes within the 2003 U.S. Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service risk assessment. The comparative risk of L. monocytogenes in retail-sliced versus prepackaged deli meats was evaluated with a modified version of this model. Other research has found that retail-sliced deli meats have both higher prevalence and levels of L. monocytogenes than have product sliced and packaged at the manufacturer level. The updated risk assessment model considered slicing location as well as the use of growth inhibitors. The per annum comparative risk ratio for the number of deaths from retail-sliced versus prepackaged deli meats was found to be 4.89, and the per-serving comparative risk ratio was 4.27. There was a significant interaction between the use of growth inhibitors and slicing location. Almost 70% of the estimated deaths occurred from retail-sliced product that did not possess a growth inhibitor. A sensitivity analysis, assessing the effect of the model's consumer storage time and shelf life assumptions, found that even if retail-sliced deli meats were stored for a quarter of the time prepackaged deli meats were stored, retail-sliced product is 1.7 times more likely to result in death from listeriosis. Sensitivity analysis also showed that the shelf life assumption had little effect on the comparative risk ratio.
Sichtbarkeit und Sicherheit

Wir haben bewiesen, das fur ein gutes Sehen und daher auch fur eine leistungsfahige Arbeit eine ausreichende Intensitat des Lichtes notig ist; sie vermindert den Ausschus, erhoht die Sicherheit, setzt die Augenermudung herab und tragt das ihre dazu bei, den Arbeitsplatzen ein freundliches Geprage zu geben. Aber trotz ausreichender Intensitat kann die Beleuchtung ungeeignet sein. Die Lichtquellen konnen blenden, die Schatten konnen hart sein oder die Richtung des Lichtes nicht entsprechend. All das vermindert die Sehfahigkeit und ruft visuelles Unbehagen mit seinen komplizierten Begleiterscheinungen hervor. Wir haben bis jetzt von ungeeigneter Beleuchtung nicht gesprochen, da es sich hier um eine Frage der Anordnung und entsprechenden Instandhaltung der Beleuchtung handelt, die auserhalb des Rahmens dieses Buches liegt. Es soll aber hieruber einiges gesagt werden, da eine unzweckmasige Beleuchtung, mag sie auch ausreichend sein, stark an Wert verliert.
Pilot for novel context generalization paradigm

Abstract Background and objectives Following an aversive experience, fears often generalize across contexts. Contextual fear generalization is modeled in a laboratory paradigm in which one context (CTX+) is paired with an aversive unconditional stimulus (US), while the other context (CTX-) is not. The current study sought to validate a novel paradigm assessing contextual fear generalization, and to determine the extent to which stress and anxiety symptoms enhanced contextual fear generalization. Methods Fifty-nine participants were randomized to a stress induction or control arithmetic test, followed by a differential context fear conditioning paradigm. One to three days later, participants completed a generalization gradient test with CTX+, CTX, and four generalization contexts. Results We found successful contextual fear conditioning on measures of US expectancy, self-report fear and valence, and startle reflex, and linear generalization across the contextual gradient on expectancies and self-report measures. Acute stress induction impaired learning of the US-CTX + association during context fear acquisition. Anxiety significantly predicted greater contextual fear generalization as measured by US expectancy. Limitations Our study provides pilot data introducing a novel fear conditioning paradigm to assess contextual generalization of fear. There is a need for further replication to validate its utility. Conclusions Findings suggest that individuals high in anxiety show greater contextual fear generalization as measured by US expectancy. Results are discussed in terms of potential mechanisms that contribute to pervasive anxiety.
Circling Back to a Better Sexual History

Pressed for time in the typical adolescent patient health encounter, the usual sexual history can often feel rushed and incomplete. With but a pen and the exam table paper scroll, I propose a simple technique for a more thorough and efficient sexual history, improving both clinician and patient
Community-based organizations and environmentalism: how much impact can small, community-based organizations working on environmental issues have?

Community-based organizations (CBOs) have worked closely with communities to promote neighborhood democracy by taking on some executive functions of informal governance, and strengthening the sustainability of the community. The environment has been one of the issues engaged by CBOs using the models of civic environmentalism, environmental justice, and sustainability. But the impact of CBOS on environmental issues has been understudied. Focusing on The Natural Step (TNS) Monona, which engages local communities in the city of Monona, Wisconsin, this paper reports on the outcomes TNS Monona experienced in promoting civic environmentalism and sustainability in both local government and among Monona residents. An analysis based on a city-wide survey shows that it is possible for a small grassroots group focused on education and civic engagement to work with local community members to make a difference, through multiple well-planned and well-executed community-based programming.
Recruitment of cognitive control regions during effortful self-control is associated with altered brain activity in control and reward systems in dieters during subsequent exposure to food commercials.

Engaging in effortful self-control can sometimes impair people’s ability to resist subsequent temptations. Existing research has shown that when chronic dieters’ self-regulatory capacity is challenged by prior exertion of effort, they demonstrate disinhibited eating and altered patterns of brain activity when exposed to food cues. However, the relationship between brain activity during self-control exertion and subsequent food cue exposure remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether individual differences in recruitment of cognitive control regions during a difficult response inhibition task are associated with a failure to regulate neural responses to rewarding food cues in a subsequent task in a cohort of 27 female dieters. During self-control exertion, participants recruited regions commonly associated with inhibitory control, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Those dieters with higher DLPFC activity during the initial self-control task showed an altered balance of food cue elicited activity in regions associated with reward and self-control, namely: greater reward-related activity and less recruitment of the frontoparietal control network. These findings suggest that some dieters may be more susceptible to the effects of self-control exertion than others and, whether due to limited capacity or changes in motivation, these dieters subsequently fail to engage control regions that may otherwise modulate activity associated with craving and reward.
The rhythm of memory: how breathing shapes memory function

The mammalian olfactory bulb displays a prominent respiratory rhythm, which is linked to the sniff cycle and is driven by sensory input from olfactory receptors in the nasal sensory epithelium. In rats and mice, respiratory frequencies occupy the same band as the hippocampal θ-rhythm, which has been shown to be a key player in memory processes. Hippocampal and olfactory bulb rhythms were previously found to be uncorrelated except in specific odor-contingency learning circumstances. However, many recent electrophysiological studies in both rodents and humans reveal a surprising cycle-by-cycle influence of nasal respiration on neuronal activity throughout much of the cerebral cortex beyond the olfactory system, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and subcortical structures. In addition, respiratory phase has been shown to influence higher-frequency oscillations associated with cognitive functions, including attention and memory, such as the power of γ-rhythms and the timing of hippocampal sharp wave ripples. These new findings support respiration's role in cognitive function, which is supported by studies in human subjects, in which nasal respiration has been linked to memory processes. Here, we review recent reports from human and rodent experiments that link respiration to the modulation of memory function and the neurophysiological processes involved in memory in rodents and humans. We argue that respiratory influence on the neuronal activity of two key memory structures, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, provides a potential neuronal mechanism behind respiratory modulation of memory.
Early Sports Specialization Is Associated With Upper Extremity Injuries in Throwers and Fewer Games Played in Major League Baseball.

Background:Single-sport athletes who specialize in baseball at a young age may have a greater predisposition to overuse injury, burnout, and decreased career longevity when compared with multiple-s...
“New Forestry” in Scotland

In 1919, the Forestry Commission of Great Britain embarked on a successful program of increasing Scotland's domestic wood supply by establishing plantations of nonnative conifers. Softwood plantation silviculture remains the cornerstone of Scottish forestry, but Scots are increasingly seeking a variety of nontimber benefits. Nonindustrial private landowners are planting native hardwoods for diversity, landscape, and heritage values, and the Forestry Commission is supporting their efforts through government policy, research, and cost-share programs. "Continuous cover forestry" is becoming a popular alternative to clearcutting; this silvicultural concept uses partial harvests and natural regeneration to transform even-aged, simply structured forests to multiaged, more structurally complex forests.
Serum creatinine is a biomarker of progressive denervation in spinal muscular atrophy

Objective Identifying simple biomarkers that can predict or track disease progression in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) remains an unmet clinical need. To test the hypothesis that serum creatinine (Crn) could be a prognostic biomarker for monitoring progression of denervation in patients with SMA, we determined whether serum Crn concentration correlates with disease severity in patients with SMA. Methods We examined a cohort of 238 patients with SMA with 1,130 Crn observations between 2000 and 2016. Analyses were corrected for age, and 156 patients with SMA had dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry data available for correction for lean mass. We investigated the relationship between Crn and SMA type, survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) copies, and Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale (HFMS) score as primary outcomes. In addition, we tested for associations between Crn and maximum ulnar compound muscle action potential amplitude (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE). Results Patients with SMA type 3 had 2.2-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.93–2.49; p Conclusions These findings indicate that decreased Crn levels reflect disease severity, suggesting that Crn is a candidate biomarker for SMA progression. We conclude that Crn measurements should be included in the routine analysis of all patients with SMA. In future studies, it will be important to determine whether Crn levels respond to molecular and gene therapies.
Evaluating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Self-Help Books for College Student Mental Health

Self-help has the potential to improve access to mental health resources for college students. However, solutions are needed to improve sustainable delivery and cost-effectiveness, and to know which resources are most useful. A sample of 109 college students were randomly assigned to read either an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) or mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) self-help book through the university library website over 8 weeks with assessments at baseline, midtreatment (4 weeks), and posttreatment (8 weeks). The majority of participants reported reading over half of their assigned book and high satisfaction ratings were given for both books. Both conditions demonstrated equivalent medium to large effect sizes for improvements over time on outcomes (psychological distress, positive mental health, academic distress) and processes of change (psychological inflexibility, mindfulness, cognitive fusion). However, the ACT condition produced improvements on obstruction with valued action more quickly than MBSR. Across conditions, baseline to midtreatment improvements in psychological inflexibility, valued action, cognitive fusion, and mindfulness, all predicted baseline to posttreatment improvements in psychological distress. Improvements in psychological inflexibility more strongly predicted improvements in positive mental health in the MBSR condition. Overall, results suggest the potential benefits of both ACT and MBSR self-help books for improving student mental health and the potential promise of delivering these books through online university library systems.
Same-Day Discharge After Mastectomy: Breast Cancer Surgery in the Era of ERAS®

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS®) principles have been beneficial in major abdominal surgery. ERAS® was instituted in our breast surgery practice in 2017. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of outpatient mastectomies before and after ERAS®. A retrospective review of all mastectomies between 1/2013 and 6/2018 was performed. Patients receiving autologous flap reconstruction were excluded. The institution-specific ERAS® pathway began on February 1, 2017. Patient characteristics, operative intervention, and postoperative outcomes were compared between pre-ERAS® and post-ERAS® groups and between outpatient and inpatient subgroups. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum and Chi-square analyses. A total of 487 patients were analyzed. Three hundred and forty-seven (71%) were prior to ERAS® and 140 after (29%). The two groups were not significantly different in background characteristics. Same-day discharge occurred in 58.6% of post-ERAS® patients versus 7.2% of pre-ERAS® patients (p < 0.001). Liposomal bupivacaine block was used for pain control more in the post-ERAS® group, 62.1% versus 6.1% (p < 0.001). Reconstruction type differed with 45.7% of the post-ERAS® group undergoing direct-to-implant reconstruction versus 34.3% of pre-ERAS® patients (p < 0.001) and with higher rates of submuscular implant and tissue expander placement in the pre-ERAS® versus post-ERAS® group (p < 0.001). Complications rates were lower in the post-ERAS® group versus pre-ERAS® group, 32.9% versus 52.4% (p < 0.001). The outpatient subgroup had higher rates of liposomal bupivacaine administration 74.4% versus 44.8% (p < 0.001). Baseline characteristics and complication rates did not differ between outpatient and admitted subgroups. ERAS® principles can be applied to breast cancer patients and allow for outpatient mastectomies with no increase in postoperative morbidity.
Moisture Attribution and Sensitivity Analysis of a Winter Tornado Outbreak

AbstractThe tornado outbreak of 21–23 January 2017 caused 20 fatalities, more than 200 injuries, and over a billion dollars in damage in the southeast United States. The event occurred concurrently...
Atomic Oxygen-Resistant Epoxy-amines Containing Phenylphosphine Oxide as Low Earth Orbit Stable Polymers

Atomic oxygen (AO) attacks carbon-fiber reinforcing polymers on the surfaces of spacecraft in low Earth orbit and threatens safe spacecraft operation and service life. Incorporating phenylphosphine...
The Communicative Function of Adjective-Noun Order in English

The problem undertaken here is to account for the relational placement in English of words traditionally known as adjectives and nouns. Two distinct orders are examined as signals of discrete meani...
A new circular economy framework for construction projects

Circular economy (CE) is a holistic, viable solution to the ‘take-make-dispose of’ system of the linear model that enhances economic growth without threatening environmental and social value. Its p...
A Critical Examination of the Basis of Macroscopic Quantum Transport Approaches

The density gradient, effective potential and smooth quantum potential approaches are derived from particular approximations of the equilibrium Wigner function, density matrix or the average carrier energy. These approximations in turn are perturbations upon the free carrier solution and are hence questionable near large abrupt barriers or sharp gradients in potential. In this paper we examine these approximations near large barriers and discuss a new form for the equilibrium Wigner function/density matrix that takes cognizance of the presence of a large abrupt barrier.
Evaluating Cooperative Interactions and the Roles Organizations Play in Cross-Boundary Stewardship

As natural resource managers continue to face complex problems, cross-boundary stewardship among multiple jurisdictions becomes increasingly important. Cooperation is one strategy for achieving ste...
Associations between prospective and retrospective measures of child abuse and self-reported adult health at midlife.

Abstract Background The long-term health effects of physical child abuse are well documented in self-report, retrospective studies. However, there have been few longitudinal, multimethod studies on physiological responses to stress and the onset of chronic disease, thereby slowing the advancement of prevention and intervention programs. Objectives This study used survey data from an extended longitudinal study to examine prospective and retrospective associations between measures of physical child abuse and adult health in the 40s. Participants and setting Data are from an ongoing longitudinal study of the correlates and consequences of child maltreatment that began in the 1970s with a sample of 457 children. Methods Bivariate correlations and multiple regression models with covariates were used to assess associations between measures of physical child abuse and outcomes of self-reported health in adulthood. Results Physical child abuse, measured retrospectively, was moderately related to reports of overall health, as well as a number of adult health problems and conditions, such as back and chest pain, hypertension, and certain forms of cancer. Associations were also observed for lifetime alcohol problems and past-year doctor and emergency room visits. Fewer associations between prospective parent self-report measures of physical child abuse and adult health were identified, although child welfare (official record) reports performed similarly to retrospective measures. Conclusions This study adds important information on the long-term health effects of child physical abuse, as well as measurement differences in the prediction of adult health outcomes. Conclusions drawn from prospective and retrospective studies of abuse are at best inconsistent, and possibly incompatible.
Cutaneous oxalosis mimicking calcinosis cutis in a patient on peritoneal dialysis.

Oxalosis is the systemic accumulation of calcium oxalate in tissues throughout the body and can be of primary or secondary etiology. Extrarenal manifestations are rare but can include the cutaneous deposition of calcium oxalate. In this report, we discuss the case of a peritoneal dialysis patient, who presented with cutaneous papules and nodules mimicking calcinosis cutis. Subsequent biopsy resulted in a diagnosis of cutaneous oxalosis.
In vivo onset and duration of action varies for botulinum neurotoxin A subtypes 1-5

To date, over 40 subtypes of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been identified. BoNTs are classified into 7 serotypes distinguished primarily by their antigenic properties, but also characterized by their unique SNARE targets and cleavage sites, host specificity, and duration of action. Sequencing efforts in the last decade have identified several subtypes within the serotypes. Subtypes are currently defined as distinct based solely on amino acid sequence comparison, with a similarity cut-off of 2.5% difference. Ten subtypes have been identified for BoNT/A, which is the serotype associated with the most severe human botulism and also the most commonly used serotype for clinical purposes. Analyses of several of these subtypes have revealed distinct characteristics, ranging from differences in cell entry and enzyme kinetics to differences in potency in mice and cell-model specific potency. A long-term activity study in cultured primary neurons has indicated that BoNT/A1, 2, 4, and 5 have a similar duration of action, whereas BoNT/A3 has a significantly shorter duration of action. This report describes an in vivo mouse study, showing that after local injection BoNT/A2 resulted in faster onset of local paralysis than BoNT/A1, 3, 4, and 5, whereas BoNT/A3 resulted in significantly faster recovery of motor-neuron deficiency.