cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endotoxin and Polysaccharide Derivative Induced Enhanced Antibody Formation in Leukemia Virus Infected Mice

Endotoxins constitute a major component of the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria and are ubiquitously found in many microbial species (2,3,12,15). The molecules have been studied in great detail over the last few decades in terms of their chemical, physiologic and pharmacologic activities (11,13,20). They are also known to be potent modulators of immune responses, either enhancing or suppressing a wide variety of antibody or cell mediated activities (18–20). Endotoxin containing bacterial products have also been used as antitumor agents, presumably because they enhance nonspecific antitumor responses (14,17,19). It is now recognized that the Coley serum used over 60 to 70 years ago had effects because of the presence of bacterial endotoxin components and other biologically active cell wall materials in the preparations. In this context it has once again become popular in some instances to use bacterial components in attempts to induce antitumor immunity. Some investigators believe that treatment of cancer patients with bacterial products might stimulate nonspecific resistance to a tumor by activation of macrophages or other nonspecific effectors of immunity. Alternatively, such bacterial components might induce the production of soluble mediators of immunity, including interleukins and interferons (20,21).
The self-extending phrasal lexicon

Lexical representation so far has not been extensively investigated in regard to language acquisition. Existing computational linguistic systems assume that text analysis and generation take place in conditions of complete lexical knowledge. That is, no unknown elements are encountered in processing text. It turns out however, that productive as well as non-productive word combinations require adequate consideration. Thus, assuming the existence of a complete lexicon at the outset is unrealistic, especially when considering such word combinations.Three new problems regarding the structure and the contents of the phrasal lexicon arise when considering the need for dynamic acquisition. First, when an unknown element is encountered in text, information must be extracted in spite of the existence of an unknown. Thus, generalized lexical patterns must be employed in forming an initial hypothesis, in absence of more specific patterns. Second, senses of single words and particles must be utilized in forming new phrases. Thus the lexicon must contain information about single words, which can then supply clues for phrasal pattern analysis and application. Third, semantic clues must be used in forming new syntactic patterns. Thus, lexical entries must appropriately integrate syntax and semantics.We have employed a Dynamic Hierarchical Phrasal Lexicon (DHPL) which has three features: (a) lexical entries are given as entire phrases and not as single words, (b) lexical entries are organized as a hierarchy by generality, and (c) there is not separate body of grammar rules: grammar is encoded within the lexical hierarchy. A language acquisition model, embodied by the program RINA, uses DHPL in acquiring new lexical entries from examples in context through a process of hypothesis formation and error correction. In this paper we show how the proposed lexicon supports language acquisition.
A 1.8 V, 5.4 mW, digital-audio /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator in 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS

This experimental switched-capacitor /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator achieves 92 dB dynamic range for a signal bandwidth of dc to 25 kHz while operating from 1.8 V supply. The supply voltage is consistent with the end-of-life of two battery cells in series. The fully-differential circuit has been integrated in a 5 V, 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology with poly-n/sup +/ capacitors.
Systems Biology: Fundamental Subspaces of S

In the last chapter we discussed the elementary topological properties of the network that the stoichiometric matrix represents. In this chapter we look deeper into the properties of the stoichiometric matrix and how these fundamental topological properties can be used to obtain a more thorough understanding of the reaction network that it represents. This material is perhaps the most mathematical part of this book. It should be readily accessible to readers with formal education in the physical and engineering sciences, while readers with a life science background may find it challenging. The concepts introduced are important to the rest of the chapters in Part II. The stoichiometric matrix is a mathematical mapping operation (recall Figure 6.1). Matrices have certain fundamental properties that describe this mapping operation. These properties are contained in the four fundamental subspaces associated with a matrix. This chapter discusses these subspaces and how we can mathematically define them and interpret their contents in biochemical and biological terms. Dimensions of the Fundamental Subspaces The mapping that the stoichiometric matrix represents was illustrated in Figure 6.1 and a preliminary discussion of the associated four subspaces is found in Chapter 6. The stoichiometric matrix is typically rank deficient. The rank r of a matrix denotes the number of linearly independent rows and columns that the matrix contains. Rows are linearly dependent if any one row can be computed as a linear combination of the other rows.
Topical skin anesthesia before inserting hemodialysis cannula.

To the Editor.— A new topical anesthetic cream based on a eutectic mixture containing equiponderal amounts of lidocaine based and pnilocaine base has been developed recently.1 In a controlled study, Halperin2 demonstrated convincingly that this ointment reduces substantially the pain caused by venous, subcutaneous drug reservoir, and lumbar punctures in children submitted to painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures because of cancer. Pain inflicted by insertion of large cannulas into arteriovenous fistulas in children and adolescents on regular hemodialysis is cause of concern for children on regular hemodialysis.
Development of neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica. II. Nonneural support cells.

Abstract The release by nonneural support cells of a diffusable chemical substance into the local environment in which sympathetic neurons develop is thought to play a crucial role in their differentiation. In this paper, we describe a novel class of nonneural support cells associated with a central ganglion of Aplysia californica during the premetamorphic stages of development. These support cells contain secretory granules whose contents are primarily released at metamorphosis. The release of these contents may signal the burst of neuronal growth and maturation that occurs following metamorphosis. The evidence in support of this notion is the following: (1) Spontaneous release of the granule material at metamorphosis coincides with an increase in cell body growth and a more marked increase in the density of synapses of the abdominal ganglion. (2) Premature release of the granule material before metamorphosis with artificial seawater containing a high concentration of potassium results in a burst in cell body growth and a premature increase in synapse density. (3) Premature release of granule material also results in a precocious increase in the number of spines formed and synaptic contacts received by specific identified cells. Based on the findings in this and the preceding paper, we propose a two-stage model of the developmental program for differentiation of neurons in the abdominal ganglion. First, axosomatic contacts trigger axonal outgrowth. Second, material released from the granules of the support cells stimulates further steps in neuronal differentiation, including cell growth, spine development, and synapse formation.
A dynamic simulation tool for estimating demand response potential from residential loads

This paper presents a MATLAB based dynamic simulation tool for estimating demand response potential from residential loads. First, a review of residential demand response strategies is conducted. Next, the modeling approach used during the development of this tool is described. Markov chain based occupant behavior models constructed using data gathered by the U.S. Census Bureau in the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) are used in conjunction with models of the most common residential loads to predict the dynamic changes in residential power demand on a one-minute time scale. Separate control schemes are used along with these models to simulate different demand response strategies. Finally, simulation results showing the benefits and trade-offs associated with residential demand response programs are presented. Future work will involve using this tool to examine specific utility areas and the development of real-time pricing and incentive program components.
T Cells and Dendritic Cells Get Intimate

Dendritic cells (DCs) are capable of both antigen presentation and CD4 T cell activation. A study in this week9s issue by Rissoan and colleagues, discussed in the Perspective by Bottomly, now shows one way in which DCs determine the selectivity of the T cell immune response. Myeloid-like DCs produce interleukin-12, which skews T cell differentiation toward a T helper 1 (T1) response, whereas lymphoid-like DCs favor a T2 response.
Structural concepts of the human blood group A, B, H, Le(a), Le(b), I and i active glycoproteins purified from human ovarian cyst fluid.

The chemical structures of the blood group A, B, H, Lea, Leb, I and i determinants in water soluble blood group substances isolated from human ovarian cyst fluid have been studied for over four decades and are well established (1–10). However, the internal structure of the carbohydrate moiety had not been approached until base was applied to cleave the o- glycosidic linkage between the GaAc of the carbohydrate moiety and Thr and Ser of the protein core (8,11–15). The proposed composite structure of the carbohydrate side chains of blood group A, B, H, Lea and Leb substances (5,16,17) and of precursor substances with I and i determinants (18) shown in Fig. 1 were inferred from the mechanism of the alkaline s-elimination and peeling reactions, together with the structures of the oligosaccharide fragments isolated (16) . More evidence is needed to confirm these carbohydrate internal structures. s-elimination of intact blood group substances Fig. 1 (A) Proposed composite oligosaccharide structure (2,16,19) showing the relationship of the various blood group determinants and genes involved. Asterisk denotes that A substances have not been examined for oligosaccharides in this region (17).
Spearman's Footrule as a Measure of Disarray

SUMMARY Spearman's measure of disarray D is the sum of the absolute values of the difference between the ranks. We treat D as a metric on the set of permutations. The limiting mean, variance and normality are established. D is shown to be related to the metric I arising from Kendall's r through the combinatorial inequality I< D < 21.
Performance monitoring of optical networks with synchronous and asynchronous sampling

Experimental measurements are made for two approaches to performance monitoring of signals in optical networks. The techniques are bit error ratio (BER) estimation by synchronous and asynchronous sampling, respectively, and we compare their performance with different signal impairments.
Detection of inflammatory sacroiliitis in children with magnetic resonance imaging: is gadolinium contrast enhancement necessary?

Objective In adults, gadolinium contrast enhancement does not add incremental value to fluid-sensitive sequences for evaluation of bone marrow edema. This study was undertaken to determine if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast is necessary to assess lesions consistent with inflammatory sacroiliitis in children. Methods Patients with clinically suspected or diagnosed juvenile spondyloarthritis (SpA) underwent pelvic MRI consisting of multiplanar fluid-sensitive and postgadolinium T1-weighted fat-saturated sequences including dedicated sacral imaging. Three radiologists independently evaluated the fluid-sensitive sequences, and later, the complete study (including postcontrast images). With postcontrast imaging as the reference standard, we calculated the test properties of fluid-sensitive sequences for depiction of acute and chronic findings consistent with sacroiliitis. Results The 51 patients had a median age of 15 years, and 57% were male. Nineteen patients (22 joints) were diagnosed as having sacroiliitis based on postcontrast imaging, and none had synovitis in the absence of bone marrow edema. All 22 joints demonstrated bone marrow edema on both fluid-sensitive and postgadolinium T1-weighted fat-saturated sequences. Eighteen percent of joints with sacroiliitis had capsulitis, which was observed on both noncontrast and postcontrast imaging. Fifty-nine percent of joints with sacroiliitis had synovitis on postcontrast imaging. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of fluid-sensitive sequences for the detection of acute inflammatory lesions consistent with sacroiliitis using postgadolinium imaging as the reference standard were excellent. Interrater reliability was substantial for all parameters. Conclusion Our findings indicate that fluid-sensitive sequences are sufficient to detect acute and chronic lesions consistent with inflammatory sacroiliitis in children.
Don’t Make Me Go to Town: Ranchwomen of the Texas Hill CountryWorking the Land: The Stories of Ranch and Farm Women in the Modern American West

For those who enjoy their oral history “pure,” disappointment will ensue upon reading either Rhonda Lashley Lopez’s Don’t Make Me Go to Town or Sandra K. Schackel’s Working the Land. While each of ...
Selection for establishment capacity in reed canarygrass

Establishment of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is seriously impaired by relatively low seeding vigor and growth rate. Poor soil–seed contact, intense competition from annual weeds, and infrequent clipping during the establishment year exacerbate this problem. The objectives of this study were (i) to select reed canarygrass populations for establishment capacity in the presence of annual weeds, (ii) to evaluate progeny for progress from selection, and (iii) to determine mechanisms for improved establishment potential in selected populations. Two cycles of selection for survival under clipping and weed competition were completed, the first involving selection among spaced plants and the second involving selection within seeded plots. Selection for increased establishment capacity increased ground cover in October of the seeding year by 29% and tiller density in May of the following year by 36%, averaged over five cultivars. Seed mass consistently decreased with selection for increased establishment capacity, but emergence rate increased in all cultivars by an average of 18.1%. Three of the five cultivars (Palaton, Vantage, and Venture) responded to selection with increased shoot and/or root fresh mass, with shoot-mass responses generally larger than root-mass responses. Selected populations of Vantage and Venture also had small decreases in the time required for tiller initiation. Bellevue and Rival showed no responses of seedling traits to selection. Seedling fresh mass was the most important factor regulating genetic variability for establishment capacity, but there was some variation in the mechanism of improved establishment capacity among populations.
Aldehyde-oxidizing enzymes in an adult moth: In vitro study of aldehyde metabolism in Heliothis virescens

The conversion of pheromonal aldehydes to carboxylic acids in vitro in tissue extracts of Heliothis virescens is catalyzed by both aldehyde dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase enzymes. The aldehyde-oxidizing activity in antennae, heads, legs, and hemolymph from male and female moths was examined by radiochromatographic and spectroscopic assays. First, the enzymatic activity was measured in the presence or absence of added NAD+ using either (Z)-9-tetradecenal or (Z)-11-hexadecenal as tritiated substrate. Second, substrate specificity was determined spectroscopically by (i) indirect measurement of the AO-released hydrogen peroxide through the coupled AO-horseradish peroxidase reaction and by (ii) direct measurement of the ALDH-produced NADH. Both aldehyde-oxidizing activities were associated with soluble enzymes in the antennal extracts, and these enzymes degraded pheromone and nonpheromonal aldehydes. Both AO and ALDH activities were present in male and female tissues. AO activity was exhibited primarily in the antennal extracts and to a lesser degree in the leg extracts. Moreover, ALDH activity was distributed in the antenna, head, and leg extracts. A vinyl ketone analog of (Z)-11-hexadecenal preferentially inhibited the ALDH activity over the AO activity.
Methodology to Characterize Ideal Short-Term Counting Conditions and Improve AADT Estimation Accuracy Using a Regression-Based Correcting Function

Transportation agencies’ motor vehicle count programs tend to be well established and robust with clear guidelines to collect short-term count data, to analyze data, develop annual average daily traffic (AADT) adjustment factors, and to estimate AADT volumes. In contrast, bicycle and pedestrian traffic monitoring is an area of work for most transportation agencies. In most agencies, there are a low numbers of counting sites and limited agency experience to manage a city-wide or state-wide system of collecting, processing, and using nonmotorized data. Short duration counts are used to estimate longer duration volumes such as AADT. Because bicycle or pedestrian short-term counts vary dramatically over time and significantly more than motorized vehicle counts, the direct application of motorized vehicle AADT estimation methods may be inadequate. The goal of this paper is to present a methodology that will enhance, if needed, existing AADT estimation methods widely employed for motorized vehicle counts. The proposed methodology is based on the analysis of AADT estimation errors using regression models to estimate a correcting function that accounts for weather and activity factors. The methodology can be applied to any type of traffic with high volume variability but in this research is applied to a permanent bicycle counting station in Portland, Oregon. The results indicate that the proposed methodology is simple and useful for finding ideal short-term counting conditions and improving AADT estimation accuracy.
A novel broadband linearization technique for amplifier design

A novel broadband linearization technique was presented in this paper. It significantly reduced the third-order-intermodulation (IM3) of an amplifier. The proposed approach was implemented in a GaAs HBT Darlington pair amplifier MMIC design. The measured results of the integrated MMIC showed that more than 17dB IM3 reduction or more than 8.5dB improvement of output third-order-intercept point (OIP3) was achieved at 2GHz. From 1GHz to 4GHz the average OIP3 improvement was more than 5dB.
Differential interactions of phenobarbital and pentobarbital with β-adrenergic mechanisms in vitro and in vivo

Abstract To study the specific membrane actions of the antiepileptic phenobarbital, its effects on frog nerve action potentials were compared with those of pentobarbital. In isolated nerves, the spike amplitude-lowering effect of pentobarbital was augmented by l -epinephrine and blocked by the β-adrenergic blockers sotalol and propranolol, but not by the structurally related local anesthetic d -propranolol or by the α-adrenergic agent phentolamine. These drug interactions, as well as other interactions with calcium and with the dibutyryl derivative of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, suggest that pentobarbital activates axonal β-adrenergic mechanisms. In contrast, the effects of phenobarbital (and procaine) were antagonized by l -epinephrine. Calcium appears to be an important second messenger for the effects of epinephrine on barbiturate action. The effect of phenobarbital differed from that of procaine in not being calcium dependent. These studies indicate that pentobarbital and phenobarbital affect electrically excitable membranes in a specific manner, different from that of nonspecific membrane stabilizers and from each other. In vivo experiments (mouse maximal electroshock seizures) show that the β blockers also interact with pentobarbital, but not with phenobarbital.
Transformation From Batch to Lean Manufacturing: The Performance Issues

Abstract:This article considers the utilization of the methodology LeanSigma® to transform an organization from a batch to a lean manufacturing environment. Through the transformation, performance measurement systems of batch manufacturing and lean manufacturing are discussed and contrasted. To demonstrate the transformation process, a case study is presented to address the change issues in culture, thinking, systems, and processes. A family of measures focusing on critical performance metrics and an adaptive performance measurement system is presented in this article. As a result of this transformation process, the organization experienced increased productivity, lower setup times, and less space required for manufacturing.
The Question Posed at Charmides 165a-166c

lato's major aim in the Charmides has been interpreted in a variety of ways, ranging from Taylor's belief that the dialogue's central thesis concerns the equation of knowledge and virtue to Gould's idea that it is suggesting certain limitations to the techne analogy.' While there is considerable merit in the entire range of interpretations, I believe an unnecessary amount of confusion has resulted from failing to recognize and clearly specify the major question posed in the dialogue. In the present paper I will attempt to suggest one possible understanding of this question, especially as it is formulated at 165a-166c. The ostensible theme of the Charmides is a search for a suitable definition of sophrosyne. In the course of the discussion Critias, after defining sophrosyne as the doing of good actions, digresses into an explanation of the Delphic motto 'know thyself' as an exhortation to 'be temperate.' As a result of this discourse he amends his definition to gignoskein auton eauton. The discussion which follows (165b ff) deals with the possibility of having knowledge of knowledge. The opening stages of the discussion are highly ambiguous. At first Critias states only that "temperance is self-knowledge" (165b),2 as a result of his understanding of the Delphic command to 'know thyself.' A little later in the conversation he restates this definition as science or "knowledge of oneself" (165d),3 that is, sophrosyne is the knowledge which has oneself as its object or subject matter. Socrates, upon reflection, finds that if it is knowledge, it must be knowledge or science of something, in this case of oneself. But it is not comparable to certain of the other sciences, for example medicine and architecture, since it does not produce a concrete result (ergon) such as health or buildings. Critias answers that while this is correct, Socrates is attempting to
Active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer: selection of patients and predictors of progression.

Overtreatment of any disease should be avoided, but the best way to achieve this goal is not always clear. Dall'Era and Konety review active surveillance as an option for men at low risk of developing prostate cancer. They discuss recently reported experiences, modern monitoring methods and the psychosocial impact of this approach.
Alkaline O2 reduction on oxide-derived Au: high activity and 4e− selectivity without (100) facets

Gold films produced from gold oxide precursors (“oxide-derived Au”) were compared to polyhedral Au nanoparticles for electrocatalytic alkaline O2 reduction. Despite having no detectable abundance of (100) facets, oxide-derived Au exhibited 4e− selectivity and surface-area-normalized activity that rivaled cubic Au nanoparticles with high (100) abundance. The activity of oxide-derived Au likely arises from active sites at the surface terminations of defects that are trapped during gold oxide reduction.
Arguing within an institutional hierarchy: how argumentative talk and interlocutors’ embodied practices preserve a superior—subordinate relationship:

This article studies an argument that took place in an institutional setting and specifies six functions of talk and embodied practices employed in an argument between a superior and her subordinate. The article shows how certain argumentative conducts and their subsequent responses preserve the institutional hierarchical relationship. The article’s final section considers three resultant issues: 1) argumentative practices and their relation to various institutional hierarchies; 2) argumentative practices between people holding different versus similar hierarchical positions; and 3) the extent to which verbal defiance accompanied by embodied practices can be maintained.
An infrared study of support effects on the interaction of dihydrogen and dinitrogen with supported rhodium films

Abstract A substantial support effect exists for the interaction of N 2 and H 2 with supported Rh. Infrared spectroscopy was used to show that the interaction of N 2 with Rh/TiO 2 (average ΔH = −5.0 kcal mol −1 ) was stronger than that of N 2 with Rh/Al 2 O 3 (average ΔH = −2.2 kcal mol −1 ). It was also demonstrated that H 2 dissociates to a greater extent over Rh/TiO 2 than over Rh/Al 2 O 3 to produce H 2 O on the support. Low coverages of RhH (Θ=0.1–0.2) on the supported Rh caused an enhanced interaction of N 2 with Rh for both supports which was evident in enhancement of the intensity of the NN stretching mode for the RhN 2 surface species. Both weakly bound and strongly bound forms of hydrogen were thought to be involved in the enhanced N 2 interaction with Rh. The interaction mechanism probably involves an electronic effect transmitted between H and N 2 through the Rh metal centers, causing increased surface coverage of RhN 2 and possibly an increase in the NN vibrational mode extinction coefficient.
Syntheses, 95Mo NMR Spectroscopy and Structures of Distorted Cubic Mo4(μ3-O)4(μ2-O2P(CH2C6H5)2)4O4 and the Open Mixed-Valent Cluster, Mo4(μ3-O)2(μ2-O2P(CH2C6H5)2)6O6

The reaction of MoO2(acac)2 and dibenzylphosphinic acid in ethanol leads to a red distorted cubic tetrameric cluster, Mo4(μ3-O)4(μ2-O2P(CH2C6H5)2)4O4, and a pink open mixed-valent cluster, Mo4(μ3-O)2(μ2-O2P(CH2C6H5)2)6O6, when the reduction is carried out at 120 and 75 °C, respectively. 95Mo NMR spectroscopy revealed a singlet for Mo4(μ3-O)4(μ2-O2P(CH2C6H5)2)4O4 (1) at 584.9 ppm (Δν1/2 = 4500 Hz) and two resonances for Mo4(μ3-O)2(μ2-O2P(CH2C6H5)2)6O6 (2) at 238.8 ppm (Δν1/2 = 1250 Hz) and 6.4 ppm (Δν1/2 = 5999 Hz), which were assigned to the Mo(V) and Mo(VI) sites, respectively. DFT geometries and 95Mo DFT-GIAO chemical shifts for Mo4(μ3-O)4(μ2-O2P(CH3)2)4O4 (3) and Mo4(μ3-O)2(μ2-O2P(CH3)2)6O6 (4) are consistent with X-ray crystallography and 95Mo NMR of 1 and 2. The open complex, Mo4(μ3-O)2(μ2-O2P(CH2C6H5)2)6O6·2(CH2Cl2), exhibits a central Mo(V)–Mo(V) single bond at 2.6217(5) A with each Mo(V) atom bonded to one oxo (trans-disposed) terminal ligand.
Effect of Bile on Infectivity of Histomonas meleagridis of Liver Origin

SYNOPSIS After 30 min exposure to fresh turkey bile at 99 F, 100,000 Histomonas meleagridis of turkey liver origin failed to infect any of 20 poults inoculated rectally. Only one of 20 poults similarly inoculated with histomonads exposed to fresh turkey bile for only 5 min at 99 F became infected. Fifteen of 20 poults became infected following rectal inoculation with 100,000 H. meleagridis of liver origin held in physiologic saline for 30 min at 99 F. All infected birds developed liver lesions and died. Altho H. meleagridis was very abundant in the livers of all potential donor poults and all infected recipient poults, histomonads were never found in the gall bladders of any of these birds. In some such birds, a few apparently degenerating histomonads were detected in the duodenum near the entrance of the bile ducts. Histomonads of liver origin are regarded as of little or no consequence in the transmission of this protozoon.
Using molecular markers to predict outcome.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Developing molecular tests to predict prostate cancer progression requires first defining meaningful clinical end points and defining strategies to take advantage of emerging technology.Materials and Methods: The select relevant literature was reviewed concerning clinical trials, clinical prostate cancer nomograms, molecular biomarker development and molecular prostate cancer imaging.Results: There is controversy regarding the use of prostate specific antigen or biochemical failure following prostatectomy or radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer as a marker of progression. As a consequence, advances in prostate cancer biomarker development may require using population based cohorts or cases from clinical trials to identify meaningful associations. Whereas the discovery of novel candidate biomarkers was slow 5 to 10 years ago and often resulted from serendipity, advances in high throughput technologies have led to the identification of a large number of candidate genes...
Mechanism of Di-tert-Butylsilylene Transfer from a Silacyclopropane to an Alkene

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the reactions of cyclohexene silacyclopropane 1 and monosubstituted alkenes suggested a possible mechanism for di-tert-butylsilylene transfer. The kinetic order in cyclohexene silacyclopropane 1 and cyclohexene were determined to be 1 and -1, respectively. Saturation kinetic behavior in monosubstituted alkene concentration was observed. Competition experiments between substituted styrenes and a deficient amount of di-tert-butylsilylene from 1 correlated well with the Hammett equation and provided a rho value of -0.666 +/- 0.008, using sigma(p) constants. These data supported a two-step mechanism involving reversible di-tert-butylsilylene extrusion from 1, followed by irreversible concerted electrophilic attack of the silylene on the monosubstituted alkene. Eyring activation parameters were found to be DeltaH++ = 22.1 +/- 0.9 kcal.mol(-1) and DeltaS++ = -15 +/- 2 eu. Competition experiments between cycloalkenes and allylbenzene determined cycloalkenes to be more efficient silylene traps (k(rel) =1.3, DeltaDeltaG++ = 0.200 kcal.mol(-1)). A summary of the data resulted in a postulated reaction coordinate diagram. The mechanistic studies enabled rational modification of reaction conditions that improved the synthetic utility of silylene transfer. Removal of the volatile cyclohexene from the reaction mixture into an evacuated headspace led to the formation of previously inaccessible cyclohexene-derived silacyclopropanes.
Inactivation of protein synthesis stimulating activity in serum by cells.

When Ehrlich ascites cells were cultivated in serum-free media their cellular protein synthetic rate declined to a new steady-state level and the cells stopped multiplying. On addition of serum the cellular protein synthetic rate increased to the level before serum starvation and cells resumed multiplication. The activity in serum stimulating protein synthesis was inactivated on incubation with cells. At cell concentrations of the usual culture conditions this inactivation took several hours; at very high cell concentrations it was complete in ten minutes. Serum-starved cells inactivated low serum (2%–6%) media in the same length of time. Studies of inactivation of high serum media demonstrated that cells had a limted capacity to inactivate. Cells grown in 10% serum were unable to inactivate. Inactivation was not due to accumulation in the medium of either low molecular or macromolecular cell products. Inactivation was strongly inhibited at 4° or by treatment of cells with fluoride or cycloheximide (long exposure): less inhibited by treatment with 2-deoxyglucose or glutaraldehyde; and slightly inhibited by treatment with cyanide or cycloheximide (short exposure). Inactivating ability was unaffected by trypsinization. These findings are best explained by the hypothesis that cells take up the serum activity by endocytosis.
Conformational energy calculations on anticonvulsant drugs

Solvent-dependent conformational energy calculations have been completed on a number of anticonvulsant drugs using classical potential energy functions. A conformational dependence on activity has been found in a series of succinimides which relates the relative conformations of N-substituents with anticonvulsant activity.
Film Cooling by Oblique Slot Injection in High-Speed Laminar Flow

Wall-cooling effectiveness is investigated for oblique injection of coolant through single or multiple wall slots into a high-speed laminar compressible boundary layer by numerical solutions of the boundary-layer equations. A grid control procedure which maintains a constant flow rate between grid lines is found to be well suited to the present injection calculations wherein the boundary-layer growth in the slot is as much as a hundred-fold and the logitudinal component of the injection velocity is in some cases as large as the freestream velocity. Film-cooling effectiveness is reported for a variety of injection configurations so that the effects of coolant mass flow rate, injection angle, upstream boundary-layer thickness, slot width, and the presence of upstream cooling slots can be investigated. For the coolant mass flow rates considered, normal injection provides better cooling than tangential injection, particularly when frictional heating effects caused by tangential injection become a dominant consideration. However, the excessive boundary-layer growth which accompanies normal injection may reduce aerodynamic performance, thus making inclined injection a desirable compromise.
New insights into the role of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters in high-density lipoprotein metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport

Four adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters-ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCG5, and ABCG8-have been identified and shown to modulate cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism. Recent analyses of ABCA1 indicate that upregulation of ABCA1 in the liver and macrophages of transgenic mice is associated with increased plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, increased net flux of cholesterol to the liver, and reduced diet-induced atherosclerosis. In ABCA1 transgenic mice, the enhanced expression of hepatic ABCA1 transporters is associated with increased plasma HDL cholesterol levels, suggesting that the liver plays an important role in the levels of plasma HDL cholesterol. Overexpression of ABCG1 in the liver of mice using recombinant ABCG1 vectors results in decreased plasma HDL levels and indicates that ABCG1 can modulate plasma lipoprotein levels in vivo. The potential importance of ABCG1 in reverse cholesterol transport has not been definitively established. Studies in patients with sitosterolemia have identified 2 major new transporters, ABCG5 and ABCG8, that play a pivotal role in the regulation of intestinal cholesterol, plant, and shellfish absorption. Modulation of the expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 represents an important new mechanism in the regulation of cholesterol absorption in the intestine. The ABC transporters currently represent excellent targets for the development of new drugs for the treatment of patients with increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease.
Does Attachment Imply a Relationship or Multiple Relationships

(1994). Does Attachment Imply a Relationship or Multiple Relationships? Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 47-51.
The synthesis and characterization of a side-by-side iron phthalocyanine dimer

The QCA paradigm is one of the approaches to decrease the size scale of computing devices. When molecules are used as QCA cells, they may be able to perform computing at room temperature. This paper describes a novel molecular QCA cell candidate which is a side-by-side iron phthalocyanine dimer, and an investigation of its optical and redox properties. The new dodeca(pentyloxy) substituted side-by-side iron phthalocyanine dimer, along with the octa(pentyloxy) iron phthalocyanine monomer, are soluble in non-polar organic solvents. These compounds were isolated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to final purities of 98% and 99%, respectively. The NMR spectra of both compounds in CDCl3 are broad due to aggregation, but become well resolved after the addition of the coordinating solvent pyridine-d5. Addition of pyridine also gives changes in the UV-vis spectra and electrochemical peaks of both monomer and dimer in dichloromethane indicative of axial iron coordination. The electrochemical data indicates the loss of pyridine ligands from the oxidized products of both monomer and dimer. The comproportionation constant of side-by-side phthalocyanine dimer shows that its oxidized and reduced mixed-valence complexes are fairly stable. The dimer is thus a candidate for molecular QCA systems.
Internal states in the pion static model

Methods for performing accurate computations of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the static-model Hamiltonian with weak and intermediate coupling are considered. The best results are obtained by using coherent-meson-pair states constructed from invariant-pair-free states with up to six p-wave ..pi.. mesons in a single internal-mode state. The additional states needed for an accurate computation of excited-state energies are exhibited. The best ground-state wave functions are obtained by imposing constraints that are known to be true for the exact ground-state wave function.
Dynamic light scattering from thin rigid rods: Anisotropy of translational diffusion of tobacco mosaic virus

An Exact theoretical expression for the apparent diffusion coefficient Dapp(K) of a thin rigid rod with arbitrary anisotropy of its translational diffusion diffusion coefficient is derived from the first cumulant of its dynamic structure factor. Dapp(K) is predicted to reach a limiting plateau value at extermely large values of KL, where K is the scattering vector and L the rod length. Howerver, that limiting plateau value is approached only very slowly along a quasi-plateau with a very gradual slope. Dynamic light-scattering studies have been performed on tobacco mosaic virus from K2 = (0.4–20) × 1010 cm−2 using 632-8-nm laser radiation. The present data yield D0 = (4.19 ± 0.10) × 10−8 cm2/s (corrected to 20,w conditions) and, with literature data to establish L = 2980 A and the rotational diffusion coefficient DR = 318s−1, yield also Δ ≡ D∥ − D⊥ = (1.79 ± 0.38) × 10−8 cm2/s. The experimental data closely follow the curve of Dapp(K) vs K2 calcuated for these parameters. The present value of D0 substantially exceeds all previous dynamic light-scattering values, but is in good aggreement with previous sedimentation data, which were confirmed for the presemt sample. The anisotropy ratio Δ/D0 = 0.43 ± 0.09 is in accord with theoretical predictions based on the modified Kirkwood algorithm, despite the fact the D0 lies significantly below its corresponding theoretical value. The present data largely predlude the possibility that both D0 and Δ/D0 could simultaneously match their theoretical predictions. We present a detailed comparison of the experimental data with the calculations of Tirado and Garcia de la Torre based on the modified Kirkwood algorithm and with the Broersma formulas.
Antibacterial properties of saliva: Role in maternal periparturient grooming and in licking wounds

Canine saliva was tested for its bactericidal effects against pathogens relevant to the presumed hygienic functions of maternal grooming of the mammary and anogenital areas and licking of wounds. Both female and male saliva were bactericidal against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus canis but only slightly, and nonsignificantly, bactericidal against coagulase positive staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. E. coli is the cause of highly fatal coliform enteritis of neonatal mammals and E. coli and S. canis are the main pathogens implicated in neonatal septicemia of dogs. The bactericidal effects of saliva would facilitate the hygienic function of maternal licking of the mammary and anogenital areas in protecting newborns from these diseases. E. coli and S. canis along with coagulase positive staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa are among the common wound contaminants of dogs. Wound licking, and the application of saliva, would thus reduce wound contamination by E. coli and S. canis. The resistance of staphylococcus to bactericidal effects of saliva may be a factor in the high frequency (46 percent) with which coagulase positive staphylococcus was isolated from wounds compared with much lower frequency (9-17 percent) with which E. coli and S. canis were isolated.
Reduction of extended defects in II–VI blue-green laser diodes

Abstract Early blue/green laser diodes based on ZnSe exhibited room temperature, continuous wave (cw) lifetimes of the order of a minute. Similar to the history of (Al,Ga)As lasers, the source of the degradation was the presence of extended crystalline defects. The dominant extended defects in the early room temperature cw lasers originated as stacking faults generated at the ZnSe GaAs heterovalent nucleation event, and exhibited densities of the order of 106 cm−2. In this paper a procedure is described which will reduce the density of such extended defects to the mid to low 103 cm−2 over a 3 in diameter wafer.
Vehicle weight and fatality risk for sport utility vehicle-versus-passenger car crashes.

Background This study examines whether mortality is greater in sport utility vehicles (SUVs) or passenger cars when these vehicles collide in a head-on crash. Methods This study analyzed the effect of vehicle weight in head-on crashes between passenger cars and SUVs between 1994 and 1999. Variables such as location of impact, safety belt use, vehicle weight, vehicle type, number of occupants, and number of fatalities were extracted from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Results Belted occupants of passenger cars involved in a fatal head-on collision with an SUV had a higher fatality rate (total deaths per vehicle type/total occupants per vehicle type) than belted occupants of the SUV (56.3% of passenger car occupants vs. 17.6% of SUV occupants). The difference in fatality rates is reduced when the weight of the passenger car is equivalent to the weight of the SUV but is still significant (45.6% of passenger car occupants vs. 26.5% of SUV occupants). In the 57 crashes where the passenger cars outweighed the SUVs by an average of 234 lb, the occupants of the cars still had a higher fatality rate than occupants of the SUVs (40.1% of passenger car occupants vs. 24.4% of SUV occupants). Conclusion Occupants of passenger cars have a higher risk of fatality than occupants of SUVs in car-versus-SUV head-on crashes. Vehicle differential weight plays an important role in determining the safety of occupants involved in these crashes, but safety cannot be evaluated on the basis of vehicle weight alone. Other factors such as mismatches in vehicle design and structural load path must also be considered.
Urgent medical assessment after child sexual abuse

BACKGROUND: Immediate medical assessment has been recommended for children after sexual abuse to identify physical injuries, secure forensic evidence, and provide for the safety of the child. However, it is unclear whether young children seen urgently within 72 hours of reported sexual contact would have higher frequencies of interview or examination findings as compared to those seen non-urgently or whether forensic findings would be affected by child characteristics, type of reported contact, or later events. DESIGN/SETTING: We evaluated 190 consecutive cases of children under 13 years of age urgently referred during a 5-year period in 1998-2003 to a community child advocacy center and compared them to those non-urgently referred with regard to their physical examination findings, any sexually transmitted infections or forensic evidence, gender, pubertal development, type of contact, reported ejaculation, later bathing or changing clothes, time to examination, and gender, age and relationship of alleged perpetrator. RESULTS: Children seen urgently were younger and had less frequent CPS involvement, more disclosures, and more positive physical examinations, and had more contact with older perpetrators than those seen non-urgently. Overall, most children were female and had normal or non-specific physical examinations. Certain case characteristics were predictive of evidence isolation in the 9% who had positive forensic evidence identified. Semen or sperm was identified from body swabs only from non-bathed, female children older than 10 years of age or on clothing or objects. CONCLUSIONS: Female children over 10 years old who report ejaculation or genital contact without bathing have the highest likelihood of positive examinations or forensic evidence. While there are other potential benefits of early examination, physicians seeking to identify forensic evidence should consider the needs of the child and other factors when determining the timing of medical assessment after sexual abuse. Language: en
Role of propagule pressure and priority effects on seedlings during invasion and restoration of shrub-steppe

Plant invasion and restoration outcomes are largely driven by the timing and magnitude of seed dispersal, and by the performance of dispersed species in an environment. Because seed dispersal controls recruitment of newly arriving species and facilitates safe site occupation, assembly will differ depending on seed dispersal processes and variable environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to identify how annual and perennial grasses assembled when dispersal times, propagule pressure, and water availability were modified. To assess these effects, we conducted a field experiment in an annual grass invaded shrub-steppe ecosystem in eastern Oregon. We tested the effects of seeding annual and perennial grasses in autumn or delaying annual grass seeding until spring, adding water, and varying annual and perennial grass seeding rate by 150, 1,500, 2,500, or 3,500 seeds m−2 on perennial and annual grass seedling emergence through time and final density and biomass. Providing perennial grasses a priority effect by delaying annual grass seeding until spring initially facilitated perennial grass establishment, but this effect did not persist into the second growing season. We found that if annual grass propagule pressure exceeded 150 seeds m−2, perennial grass recruitment was limited. In addition, higher water availability increased perennial grass establishment, but was dependent upon annual grass propagule pressure. These findings suggest that seeding perennial grasses into annual grass dominated systems is more dependent upon the existing propagule pressure of annual grasses than the priority effects of perennial grasses, the propagule pressure of perennial grasses, or water availability.