cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orai channel-mediated Ca2+ signals in vascular and airway smooth muscle

Orai (Orai1, Orai2, and Orai3) proteins form a family of highly Ca(2+)-selective plasma membrane channels that are regulated by stromal-interacting molecules (STIM1 and STIM2); STIM proteins are Ca(2+) sensors located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. STIM and Orai proteins are expressed in vascular and airway smooth muscle and constitute the molecular components of the ubiquitous store-operated Ca(2+) entry pathway that mediate the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) current. STIM/Orai proteins also encode store-independent Ca(2+) entry pathways in smooth muscle. Altered expression and function of STIM/Orai proteins have been linked to vascular and airway pathologies, including restenosis, hypertension, and atopic asthma. In this review we discuss our current understanding of Orai proteins and the store-dependent and -independent signaling pathways mediated by these proteins in vascular and airway smooth muscle. We also discuss the current studies linking altered expression and function of Orai proteins with smooth muscle-related pathologies.
A big word for something we do all the time: oncology nurses lived experience of vigilance.

BACKGROUND Oncology nurses are responsible to be vigilant for patients to keep them safe from harm. Yet, nurse vigilance and its role in preventing error are not well understood. Increased knowledge of how oncology nurses practice vigilance may lead to interventions that enhance nurses' abilities to be vigilant, decrease error rates, and protect patients from harm. OBJECTIVE This article describes oncology nurses' lived experiences of vigilance while practicing in an acute care hospital setting. METHODS The study design was an adaptation of Colaizzi's empirical phenomenology. Data were obtained from a purposive sample of oncology registered nurses (n = 7) who were identified as being vigilant by patients and family members, following their own interviews about their experiences of vigilance. RESULTS Four theme categories indicated the following: (1) nurses use vigilance to keep patients safe; (2) vigilance is incorporated into expert practice over time; (3) barriers impede nurses' abilities to be effectively vigilant; and (4) nurses expect patients and families to participate in vigilance partnerships with them because it enhances the nurses' abilities to be vigilant. CONCLUSION Nurse vigilance is a complex phenomenon that is not well understood but is used by nurses in daily practice to protect patients from harm. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Ways in which nurses can enhance vigilance are identified, as well as barriers to vigilance, which if addressed may promote patient safety and well-being. A theory of vigilance and a measure of it could provide objective feedback, which will enhance nurses' abilities to be effectively vigilant.
Extracting Structural Information from the Polarization Dependence of One- and Two-Dimensional Sum Frequency Generation Spectra

We present ways in which pulse sequences and polarizations can be used to extract structural information from one- and two-dimensional vibrational sum frequency generation (2D SFG) spectra. We derive analytic expressions for the polarization dependence of systems containing coupled vibrational modes, and we present simulated spectra to identify the features of different molecular geometries. We discuss several useful polarization combinations for suppressing strong diagonal peaks and emphasizing weaker cross-peaks. We investigate unique capabilities of 2D SFG spectra for obtaining structural information about SFG-inactive modes and for identifying coupled achiral chromophores. This work builds on techniques that have been developed for extracting structural information from 2D IR spectra. This paper discusses how to utilize these concepts in 2D SFG experiments to probe multioscillator systems at interfaces. The sample code for calculating polarization dependence of 1D and 2D SFG spectra is provided in the...
Legitimizing the stepchild: organizing and expanding fellowship opportunities in endoscopic surgery.

obstetric and gynecology training, with an end result being creation of a specialty that emphasizes primary care at the expense of surgical care. Many undergraduates of modern residency programs have less experience and training in endoscopic surgery than at any time since the 1970s. They spend more hours learning about hypertension and diabetes than about reproductive endocrinology. Training is often more complete for geriatrics and neonatal intensive care than for gynecologic oncology. Lost from many programs is a structured curriculum in gynecologic endoscopic surgery. For more than a decade it has been well recognized that minimally invasive surgery can be applied to many gynecologic conditions. Indeed, numerous procedures that previously required major abdominal incisions can now be performed through multiple small cannula sites. Numerous other procedures await development of necessary equipment and techniques. Practicing gynecologists are at a serious competitive disadvantage if they are not proficient in a growing repertoire of endoscopic surgeries. Education in endoscopy risks becoming inconsistent and inadequate, thus threatening to negate gains
Linking mathematical modeling with human neuroimaging to segregate verbal working memory maintenance processes from stimulus encoding

OBJECTIVE A fundamental dissociation for most working memory (WM) theories involves the separation of sensory-perceptual encoding of stimulus information from the maintenance of this information. The present paper reports tests of this separability hypothesis for visually presented pseudowords at both mathematical and neuroimaging levels of analysis. METHOD Levels of analysis were linked by two experimental manipulations-visual degradation and pseudoword length variation-that coupled findings from a mathematical modeling study of WM performed in a separate sample to findings from an event-related functional MRI (fMRI) study reported in the present paper. Results from the mathematical modeling study generated parametric signatures of stimulus encoding and WM rehearsal and displacement. These signatures led to specific predictions about neurophysiological responses to study manipulations in a priori regions of interest (ROI). RESULTS Results demonstrated predicted dissociations of activation signatures in several ROIs. Significant patterns of brain response mirroring the encode signature were observed only during the task encode interval and only in the visual cortex and posterior fusiform gyrus. In contrast, significant brain response mirroring the rehearsal/displacement signature was observed only in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Present findings support the separability hypothesis insofar as brain regions that underlie sensory-perceptual processes demonstrated encode signatures whereas brain regions that support WM maintenance demonstrated the rehearsal/displacement signature. These results also provide evidence for the utility of combining mathematical modeling with fMRI to integrate information across cognitive and neural levels of analysis.
Identification of human grasp dynamics in teleoperation

This paper presents a generic wrist-hand model for the human operator and a numerical algorithm for real-time identification of both human grasping using model reference adaptive approach. The impact of grasping postures, forces, and localized muscle fatigue upon grasp dynamics was studied. Results are given for experiments to determine human wrist-hand dynamics, to calibrate the identification algorithm, and to determine changes in hand/wrist grasp dynamics with onset of localized muscle fatigue.
Musings on multilinear fitting

Abstract We show that the problems of approximating tensors and multivariate functions as a sums of (tensor) products of vectors/functions can be considered in a unified framework, thus exposing their common multilinear structure. We study the alternating least squares algorithm within this framework from the orthogonal projection and gradient perspectives. We then use these perspectives to study its convergence behavior with and without regularization. Finally, we formulate the infinite dimensional version of this problem and an algorithm to compute in that context.
HPLC Retention Thermodynamics of Grape and Wine Tannins

The effect of grape and wine tannin structure on retention thermodynamics under reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography conditions on a polystyrene divinylbenzene column was investigated. On the basis of retention response to temperature, an alternative retention factor was developed to approximate the combined temperature response of the complex, unresolvable tannin mixture. This alternative retention factor was based upon relative tannin peak areas separated by an abrupt change in solvent gradient. Using this alternative retention factor, retention thermodynamics were calculated. Van't Hoff relationships of the natural log of the alternative retention factor against temperature followed Kirchoff's relationship. An inverse quadratic equation was fit to the data, and from this the thermodynamic parameters for tannin retention were calculated. All tannin fractions exhibited exothermic, spontaneous interaction, with enthalpy-entropy compensation observed. Normalizing for tannin size, distinct tannin compositional effects on thermodynamic parameters were observed. The results of this study indicate that HPLC can be valuable for measuring the thermodynamics of tannin interaction with a hydrophobic surface and provides a potentially valuable alternative to calorimetry. Furthermore, the information gathered may provide insight into understanding red wine astringency quality.
Management of Preschool Behavior Problems

The study of a group of 200 children provides the basis for a description of the common types of behavior problems encountered by parents of preschoolers. An attempt is made to clarify some of the possible contributing factors. Well child visits are emphasized as providing a valuable opportunity for prevention through parental education and support.
Giving Public Opinion the Process That is Due: What the Supreme Court Can Learn from Its Eighth Amendment Jurisprudence

Justice David H. Souter announced his retirement from the Supreme Court in April 2009, handing President Barack Obama his first opportunity to shape the high court. 1 A month later President Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor to fill the open seat. 2 During the confirmation process, Republican opposition criticized Sotomayor for a statement she made during a 2001 speech: “I would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experiences would more often than not reach a better conclusion than a white male who hasn’t lived that life.” 3 Critics pointed to Sotomayor’s remark as evidence of her philosophical bias. 4 Public dissemination of the statement created a political backlash, which, while not in the magnitude of past confirmation battles, 5 caused headaches for the Obama administration. 6
The impact of negative emotions on self-concept abstraction depends on accessible information processing styles

Research suggests that anger promotes global, abstract processing whereas sadness and fear promote local, concrete processing (see Schwarz & Clore, 2007 for a review). Contrary to a large and influential body of work suggesting that specific affective experiences are tethered to specific cognitive outcomes, the affect-as-cognitive-feedback account maintains that affective experiences confer positive or negative value on currently dominant processing styles, and thus can lead to either global or local processing (Huntsinger, Isbell, & Clore, 2014). The current work extends this theoretical perspective by investigating the impact of discrete negative emotions on the self-concept. By experimentally manipulating information processing styles and discrete negative emotions that vary in appraisals of certainty, we demonstrate that the impact of discrete negative emotions on the spontaneous self-concept depends on accessible processing styles. When global processing was accessible, individuals in angry (negative, high certainty) states generated more abstract statements about themselves than individuals in either sad (Experiment 1) or fearful (Experiment 2; negative, low certainty) states. When local processing was made accessible, however, the opposite pattern emerged, whereby individuals in angry states generated fewer abstract statements than individuals in sad or fearful states. Together these studies provide new insights into the mechanisms through which discrete emotions influence cognition. In contrast to theories assuming a dedicated link between emotions and processing styles, these results suggest that discrete emotions provide feedback about accessible ways of thinking, and are consistent with recent evidence suggesting that the impact of affect on cognition is highly context-dependent. (PsycINFO Database Record
Ultrasound: Its Uses in Cancer Diagnosis

ABSTRACT Ultrasound has assumed an important place in the initial evaluation of patients suspected of having cancer in various areas of the body. Since it is a non-invasive technique, it has been used as a screening or preliminary procedure once a mass is suspected or detected clinically. While there are limitations of its use, that is, ultrasound cannot penetrate air or dense bone, there are many organ systems throughout the body that are amenable to visualization ultrasonically. The areas that can be examined successfully include organs within the retroperitoneum and abdomen, as well as the chest and mediastinum, and even such areas as the brain and eyes. Superficial structures such as the thyroid and breast can also be evaluated in terms of cancer detection. Ultrasound has proven useful in cancer detection in several ways. One important use is its ability to detect and then differentiate the internal characteristics of a mass. A mass that is shown to be cystic is more likely to be benign while those with major solid components are more likely to be malignant. A second use has been in the following of patients once cancer has been detected. This includes the serial evaluation of masses to show their response or lack of response to various treatments, as well as the long term evaluation of patients with known cancer to detect evidence of recurrance. Another exciting area has been in the evaluation of ultrasound as a potential screening test for cancer. This is still not yet proven, but extensive work is ongoing, particularly in such areas as the breast. If successful, it could reduce the use of x-ray mammography. Finally, extensive research is ongoing in the development of ultrasonic tissue signature concepts, that is, the non-invasive analysis of masses or tissues to determine if they are malignant. This has met with some limited success in the laboratory, with applications to clinical situations still far in the future.
Compacting Earth Dams with Heavy Tamping Rollers

The results of compacting 39 Bureau of Reclamation earth dams by heavy tamping rollers are compared with the laboratory standard compaction test. A statistical method of obtaining roller curves from control tests made during construction is presented. The results of this type of analysis on 3 dams which represent a wide range of impervious soils are given.
Housing, Transportation, And Food: How ACOs Seek To Improve Population Health By Addressing Nonmedical Needs Of Patients

Addressing nonmedical needs—such as the need for housing—is critical to advancing population health, improving the quality of care, and lowering the costs of care. Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are well positioned to address these needs. We used qualitative interviews with ACO leaders and site visits to examine how these organizations addressed the nonmedical needs of their patients, and the extent to which they did so. We developed a typology of medical and social services integration among ACOs that disentangles service and organizational integration. We found that the nonmedical needs most commonly addressed by ACOs were the need for transportation and housing and food insecurity. ACOs identified nonmedical needs through processes that were part of the primary care visit or care transformation programs. Approaches to meeting patients’ nonmedical needs were either individualized solutions (developed patient by patient) or targeted approaches (programs developed to address specific needs). As pol...
Imagining Sovereignty: Self-Determination in American Indian Law and Literature

Review of David J. Carlson. Imagining Sovereignty: Self-Determination in American Indian Law and Literature . Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. 242pp.
The effect of local amenities on house price appreciation amid market shocks: The case of school quality

Abstract Combining the strengths of price index and boundary fixed effects models, this paper examines the factors leading to spatial house price appreciation divergences during market shocks. Specifically, I focus on the relationship between school quality and house price appreciation rates during the period of rapid house price increases and decreases between 2000 and 2012. I find that appreciation rates diverge across school districts in Franklin County, OH during the entire time period. Results identified through spatial-temporal boundary controls provide evidence that standardized test scores positively drive this relationship during the housing market decline in the latter half of the period from 2007 to 2012; in contrast, there is no overall relationship between school quality and appreciation rates during the preceding period of housing price increases from 2000 to 2006.
Transcriptome profiling reveals novel BMI- and sex-specific gene expression signatures for human cardiac hypertrophy

How obesity or sex may affect the gene expression profiles of human cardiac hypertrophy is unknown. We hypothesized that body-mass index (BMI) and sex can affect gene expression profiles of cardiac...
Variability of DNA Methylation within Schizophrenia Risk Loci across Subregions of Human Hippocampus

Identification of 108 genomic regions significantly associated with schizophrenia risk by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium was a milestone for the field, and much work is now focused on determining the mechanism of risk associated with each locus. Within these regions, we investigated variability of DNA methylation, a low-level cellular phenotype closely linked to genotype, in two highly similar cellular populations sampled from the human hippocampus, to draw inferences about the elaboration of genotype to phenotype within these loci enriched for schizophrenia risk. DNA methylation was assessed with the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadArray in tissue laser-microdissected from the stratum oriens of subfield CA1 or CA2/3, regions having unique connectivity with intrinsic and extrinsic fiber systems within the hippocampus. Samples consisted of postmortem human hippocampus tissue from eight schizophrenia patients, eight bipolar disorder patients, and eight healthy control subjects. Within these genomic regions, we observed far greater difference in methylation patterns between circuit locations within subjects than in a single subregion between subjects across diagnostic groups, demonstrating the complexity of genotype to phenotype elaboration across the diverse circuitry of the human brain.
Political connection and ownership concentration

Based on a series of nationwide surveys conducted on privately owned enterprises (POEs) in China, this paper explores the influence of a founder- owner’s political connection, specifically one’s fo...
Hunting leptoquarks in monolepton searches

We show that stringent limits on leptoquarks that couple to first-generation quarks and left-handed electrons or muons can be derived from the spectral shape of the charged-current Drell-Yan process ($pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\nu}$) at run 2 of the LHC. We identify and examine all six leptoquark species that can generate such a monolepton signal, including both scalar and vector leptoquarks, and find cases where the leptoquark exchange interferes constructively, destructively or not at all with the Standard Model signal. When combined with the corresponding leptoquark-mediated neutral-current ($pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) process, we find the most stringent limits obtained to date, outperforming bounds from pair production and atomic parity violation. We show that, with $3000\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of data, combined measurements of the transverse mass in $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\nu}$ events and invariant mass in $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ events can probe masses between 8 and 18 TeV, depending on the species of leptoquark, for electroweak-sized couplings. In light of such robust sensitivities, we strongly encourage the LHC experiments to interpret Drell-Yan (dilepton and monolepton) events in terms of leptoquarks, alongside usual scenarios like ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ bosons and contact interactions.
Infinite Algebraic Extensions

In this chapter, we investigate infinite Galois extensions and prove an analog of the fundamental theorem of Galois theory for infinite extensions. The key idea is to put a topology on the Galois group of an infinite dimensional Galois extension and then use this topology to determine which subgroups of the Galois group arise as Galois groups of intermediate extensions. We also give a number of constructions of infinite Galois extensions, constructions that arise in quadratic form theory, number theory, and Galois cohomology, among other places.
Using examples to generate instantiations of set variables

Examples play a crucial role in automated theorem proving, not only as counterexamples to help prune unproductive subgoals, but also to help guide proof discovery. In this paper we show how examples (interpretations) might be used to help determine Instantiations of set variables. We also discuss the role of piecewise-linear continuous functions, and give some results of computer runs using these methods.
Real-Time Feature Detection Using the Hough Transform.

The Hough transform is a well-known pattern recognition technique for finding parametric curves and general shapes in an image. This research demonstrates that it is equally well suited for real-time symbol detection. Both the parametric and generalized Hough transforms produce results of high accuracy and excellent performance in real-time video streams, compared with classical techniques such as correlation-based template matching. Using the Hough transform, detection of reasonably sized features may be performed at video frame rates, sufficient for most real-time pattern recognition tasks. Video imagery from an unmanned aerial vehicle competition is used for illustration.
The ratio of measured to total sediment discharge

Abstract It is important to examine the ratio of measured to total sediment discharge to determine the error in measured sediment transport rates from depth-integrated samplers. The ratio of measured to total sediment discharge as well as the ratio of suspended to total sediment discharge are examined based on the Modified Einstein Procedure. Both ratios reduce to a function of the ratio of shear velocity, u * , to the fall velocity, ω , of suspended material, u * / ω , and the ratio, h / d s , of flow depth, h, to the median grain size of bed material, d 50 . In rivers transporting fine material (such as silt or clay), the ratio of suspended to total load is a function of the ratio, h / d 50 . In this study, it is found that the ratio of measured to total load becomes a simple function of flow depth. For fine sediment transport, with a Rouse number (Ro) 0.3 , at least 80% of sediment load is in suspension when h / d 50 > 15 , and at least 90% of sediment load is measured from depth integrating samples when h > 1 m . Detailed measurements from 35 river stations in South Korea demonstrate that sand sizes and finer fractions predominantly are transported in suspension. Also, at least 90% of sand and finer fractions are transported in suspension in gravel and sand bed rivers when the discharge is larger than the mean annual discharge.
Spatial ergodicity for SPDEs via a Poincar\'e-type inequality

Consider a parabolic stochastic PDE of the form $\partial_t u=\frac{1}{2}\Delta u + \sigma(u)\eta$, where $u=u(t\,,x)$ for $t\ge0$ and $x\in\mathbb{R}^d$, $\sigma:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ is Lipschitz continuous and non random, and $\eta$ is a centered Gaussian noise that is white in time and colored in space, with a possibly-signed homogeneous spatial correlation function $f$. If, in addition, $u(0)\equiv1$, then we prove that, under a mild decay condition on $f$, the process $x\mapsto u(t\,,x)$ is stationary and ergodic at all times $t>0$. It has been argued that, when coupled with moment estimates, spatial ergodicity of $u$ teaches us about the intermittent nature of the solution to such SPDEs \cite{BertiniCancrini1995,KhCBMS}. Our results provide rigorous justification of of such discussions. The proof rests on novel facts about functions of positive type, and on strong localization bounds for comparison of SPDEs.
On Writing in Communication and Media Studies

This Special Section on “Comparative Media Studies in the Digital Age: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead” joins other initiatives to develop more refined comparative communication studies by expounding possible theoretical contemplation, elaborating methodological diversification, and exhibiting empirical interrogations. In this introductory article, we present the main discussions undertaken in the features and research articles, as well as some of their limitations. We further offer some thoughts on “context” in the digital age and promote contextual and context-aware approaches as one guide for comparative communication studies.
Quantitative scoring of epithelial and mesenchymal qualities of cancer cells using machine learning and quantitative phase imaging.

Significance: We introduce an application of machine learning trained on optical phase features of epithelial and mesenchymal cells to grade cancer cells’ morphologies, relevant to evaluation of cancer phenotype in screening assays and clinical biopsies. Aim: Our objective was to determine quantitative epithelial and mesenchymal qualities of breast cancer cells through an unbiased, generalizable, and linear score covering the range of observed morphologies. Approach: Digital holographic microscopy was used to generate phase height maps of noncancerous epithelial (Gie-No3B11) and fibroblast (human gingival) cell lines, as well as MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Several machine learning algorithms were evaluated as binary classifiers of the noncancerous cells that graded the cancer cells by transfer learning. Results: Epithelial and mesenchymal cells were classified with 96% to 100% accuracy. Breast cancer cells had scores in between the noncancer scores, indicating both epithelial and mesenchymal morphological qualities. The MCF-7 cells skewed toward epithelial scores, while MDA-MB-231 cells skewed toward mesenchymal scores. Linear support vector machines (SVMs) produced the most distinct score distributions for each cell line. Conclusions: The proposed epithelial–mesenchymal score, derived from linear SVM learning, is a sensitive and quantitative approach for detecting epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics of unknown cells based on well-characterized cell lines. We establish a framework for rapid and accurate morphological evaluation of single cells and subtle phenotypic shifts in imaged cell populations.
An initial industrial flora: A framework for botanical research in cooperation with industry for biodiversity conservation

Humans have created an accelerating, increasingly connected, globalized economy, resulting in a more globalized, shared flora. The prevention of new, establishing species is less costly, both economically and ecologically, and is more manageable than eradicating nonnative invasive species once they are widespread and negatively impactful. We ask if international trade hubs and points-of-entry with high-volume trade, constant disturbance, and propagule rain have a higher number of nonnative species compared to surrounding areas and if they may serve as initial establishment sites and refugia of nonnative, invasive populations. Therefore, we partnered with various federal, state, and private interests to evaluate the floristic composition at the Garden City Terminal of the Port of Savannah, Georgia, USA. We conducted the following study to demonstrate the collaborative relationship-building between researchers and industry and to develop a framework for biodiversity conservation. In our study, we collected all reproductive vascular plants in the secured areas of the Garden City Terminal during four major seasonal time points over two years. The percent of nonnative species and number of nonnative plant species per hectare at this industrial location exceeded all other comparison floras. The mean coefficient of conservatism was lowest among the comparison floras, indicating a highly disturbed habitat with nonnative, weedy native, and other native species tolerant of disturbance. Our study represents one of the first inventories of an Industrialized Flora and indicates that such areas are hot-spots of nonnative plant diversity and possible sources of emergent plant invasions. We posit that industrial sites and international points-of-entry should be considered laboratories for research on species transport and introduction, adaptability, and taxonomic delineation to better understand the mechanisms and consequences of biotic homogenization due to the volume and frequency of anthropogenic activities.
Effects of light, dissolved nutrients and prey on ingestion and growth of a newly identified mixotrophic alga, Chrysolepidomonas dendrolepidota (Chrysophyceae)

Chrysolepidomonas dendrolepidota was described recently and little is known of its distribution, physiology or ecology. Although many photosynthetic chrysophytes have been identified as mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis and phagotrophy, this study provides the first evidence of mixotrophic nutrition in C. dendrolepidota. In a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with relatively high and low levels of light and nutrients, the ingestion rate was highest in the high-light, low-nutrient treatment. Growth rates and abundance increased in high- versus low-light conditions. In additional experiments with nitrogen and phosphorus modified separately, ingestion rate was different from the control only in the treatment with both macronutrients reduced. Supplementing low-nutrient treatments with additional bacteria led to an increase in algal abundance relative to controls without added bacteria. These results indicate that acquisition of major nutrients is a likely driver of mixotrophic nutrition in C. dendrolepidota. Although the distribution of C. dendrolepidota is unknown, mixotrophic chrysophytes can seasonally dominate planktonic algal abundance in some aquatic systems, and nutrient limitation is known to increase bacterivory in some of those species. Identifying and understanding how different mixotrophic species respond to changing environmental cues is crucial to understanding their roles in aquatic food webs.
Balance Between Scalability and Optimality in Network Security Games

Network security games (NSGs) are widely used in security related domain to model the interaction between the attacker and the defender. However, due to the complex graph structure of the entire network, finding a Nash equilibrium even when the attacker is fully rational is not well-studied yet. There is no efficient algorithms known with valid guarantees. We identify two major issues of NSGs: i) non-linearity ii) correlation between edges. NSGs with non-linear objective function are usually hard to optimize, while correlated edges might create exponentially many strategies and impact the scalability. In this paper, we analyze the distortion of linear and non-linear formulations of NSGs with fully rational attacker. We provide theoretical bounds on these different formulations, which can quantify the approximation ratio between linear and non-linear assumption. This result can help us understand how much loss will the linearization incur in exchange for the scalability.
Characterization of low temperature crystal growth parameters of the growth-dominated phase change materials GeSb6Te

Abstract Phase change memory materials are semiconducting alloys used in optical- and resistivity-based memory devices that have large differences in optoelectronic properties between the amorphous and crystalline states. Alloys for memory applications must have a low crystallization rate at service temperatures so the written memory remains stable for long times. GeSb6Te may be attractive for use because of its rapid crystallization at high temperatures, but its low temperature crystallization behavior has not been fully assessed. Here, the crystallization parameters of amorphous films of GeSb6Te are characterized using in-situ hot stage optical microscopy under isothermal conditions for temperatures ranging from 185 °C to 195 °C. Individual grain sizes were tracked as well as the percent of material crystallized, from which the direct measurement of the crystal growth rate and Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov parameters were calculated. GeSb6Te was found to have comparable growth and crystallization rates in the low temperature region as other growth-dominated phase change materials.
HOSS: an implementation of the combined finite-discrete element method

Nearly thirty years since its inception, the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM) has made remarkable strides in becoming a mainstream analysis tool within the field of Computational Mechanics. FDEM was developed to effectively “bridge the gap” between two disparate Computational Mechanics approaches known as the finite and discrete element methods. At Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) researchers developed the Hybrid Optimization Software Suite (HOSS) as a hybrid multi-physics platform, based on FDEM, for the simulation of solid material behavior complemented with the latest technological enhancements for full fluid–solid interaction. In HOSS, several newly developed FDEM algorithms have been implemented that yield more accurate material deformation formulations, inter-particle interaction solvers, and fracture and fragmentation solutions. In addition, an explicit computational fluid dynamics solver and a novel fluid–solid interaction algorithms have been fully integrated (as opposed to coupled) into the HOSS’ solid mechanical solver, allowing for the study of an even wider range of problems. Advancements such as this are leading HOSS to become a tool of choice for multi-physics problems. HOSS has been successfully applied by a myriad of researchers for analysis in rock mechanics, oil and gas industries, engineering application (structural, mechanical and biomedical engineering), mining, blast loading, high velocity impact, as well as seismic and acoustic analysis. This paper intends to summarize the latest development and application efforts for HOSS.
The ontogeny of termite gathering among chimpanzees in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo.

OBJECTIVES Acquiring tool-assisted foraging skills can potentially improve dietary quality and increase fitness for wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). In contrast to chimpanzees in East and West Africa, chimpanzees in the Congo Basin use tool sets and brush-tipped fishing probes to gather termites. We investigated the ontogeny of these tool skills in chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo, and compared it to that for chimpanzees at Gombe, Tanzania. We assessed whether chimpanzees acquired simple tool behaviors and single tool use before more complex actions and sequential use of multiple tool types. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a longitudinal approach, we scored remote video footage to document the acquisition of termite-gathering critical elements for 25 immature chimpanzees at Goualougo. RESULTS All chimpanzees termite fished by 2.9 years but did not manufacture brush-tipped probes until an average of 4.3 years. Acquisition of sequential tool use extended into juvenility and adolescence. While we did not detect significant sex differences, most critical elements except tool manufacture were acquired slightly earlier by females. DISCUSSION These findings contrast with Gombe, where chimpanzees learn to both use and make fishing probes between ages 1.5-3.5 and acquire the complete task by age 5.5. Differences between sites could reflect tool material selectivity and design complexity, the challenge of sequential tool behaviors, and strength requirements of puncturing subterranean termite nests at Goualougo. These results illustrate how task complexity may influence the timing and sequence of skill acquisition, improving models of the ontogeny of tool behavior among early hominins who likely used complex, perishable technologies.
Comparative effects of two multispecies direct-fed microbial products on energy status, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation, bacterial community, and metabolome of beef steers

We examined the effects of two direct-fed microbials (DFM) containing multiple microbial species and their fermentation products on energy status, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation, bacterial community, and metabolome of beef steers. Nine ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (mean ± SD body weight: 243 ± 12.4 kg) were assigned to three treatments arranged in a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were 1) control (CON; basal diet), 2) Commence (PROB; basal diet plus 19 g/d of Commence), and 3) RX3 (SYNB; basal diet plus 28 g/d of RX3). Commence and RX3 are both multispecies DFM products. From day 16 to 20 of each period, feed and fecal samples were collected daily to determine the apparent total tract digestibilities of nutrients using indigestible neutral detergent fiber method. On day 21 of each period, blood samples were collected for analysis of plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acid. Ruminal contents were collected at approximately 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 h after feeding on day 21 for analysis of volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactate, ammonia-N concentrations, bacterial community, and metabolome profile. Total tract digestibilities of nutrients did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Compared with CON, steers fed either supplemental PROB or SYNB had greater (P = 0.04) plasma glucose concentrations. Compared with CON, total ruminal VFA, propionate, isovalerate, and valerate concentrations increased (P ≤ 0.05) or tended to increase (P ≤ 0.10) with either supplemental PROB or SYNB, but were not different (P > 0.05) between PROB and SYNB. Compared with CON, PROB reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella 1 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001 but increased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae RC9, Succinivibrionaceae UCG-001, Succiniclasticum, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-002. Supplemental SYNB decreased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella 1 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001 but increased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella 7, Succinivibrio, Succiniclasticum, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014. Compared with CON, metabolome analysis revealed that some amino acids were increased (P ≤ 0.05) in steers fed PROB. This study demonstrated that, compared with CON, supplementation of either PROB or SYNB altered the ruminal bacterial community and metabolome differently; however, their effects on the ruminal VFA profile and energy status of the steers were not different from each other.
The Adaptation of Pediatric Exercise Testing Programs to the Coronavirus/COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective:Response to the coronavirus/COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in several initiatives that directly impact hospital operations. There has been minimal information on how COVID-19 has affected...
Operadic lifts of the algebra of indexing systems

Abstract For a given finite group G , the homotopy category of N ∞ G -operads is equivalent to a finite lattice , and G varies, there are various image constructions between these lattices. In this paper, we explain how to lift this algebraic structure back to the operad level. We show that lattice joins and meets correspond to N ∞ coproducts and products, and we show that the image constructions correspond to N ∞ induction, restriction, and coinduction constructions, at least when taken along an injective homomorphism. We also prove that a N ∞ variant of the Boardman-Vogt tensor product lifts the join. Our result does not resolve Blumberg and Hill's conjecture that the ordinary tensor product of suitably cofibrant N ∞ operads models the join, but it does imply a closely related result. If O and P are operads, then an algebra over the Boardman-Vogt tensor product O ⊗ P is equipped with a pair of interchanging O and P -actions. We prove that under mild hypotheses on a N ∞ operad O , every orthogonal O -ring spectrum is weakly equivalent to a spectrum over an operad O ′ ≃ O that interchanges with itself.
Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccines

SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the recent outbreak of COVID-19. This outbreak has resulted in many infected individuals worldwide. The unavailability of a specific antiviral treatment caused many individuals to lose their lives due to COVID-19. The rising number of deaths and rapidly spreading infection demand the development of an effective vaccine against the virus. Many researchers and companies across the globe have started attempts to create effective vaccine that can provide quick and long-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2. These vaccines employ different forms of constituents that ultimately stimulate the immune response to produce neutralizing antibodies in an individual. Among these vaccines are AZD1222, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273.
The effects of interior emissivity and room layout on forced air space-conditioning power usage

Abstract Through computational fluid dynamics studies, this paper analyzes the effects of and interactions between interior surface emissivity, positioning of forced-air supply/return locations, and building “tightness” on space-conditioning power requirements in a simple model room. Each is shown to be important, but all are highly interdependent. In well-sealed rooms, layout is shown to be largely unimportant and extremely low-emissivity ( e = 0.1 ) a slight (2–5%) benefit. With high infiltration or external ventilation requirements, poor supply/return locations can increase power usage twofold, and extremely low emissivity produces a ± 20 % change in power-consumption depending on the room layout.
Two-photon excitation microscopy for analyses of biofilm processes.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basics of 2PE (two-photon excitation) microscopy and its potential for biofilm analyses. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CSLM) problems can be minimized with 2P excitation microscopy. In 2P microscopy, the sample is illuminated with a light of a wavelength of about twice the wavelength of the absorption peak of the fluorochrome being used. For example, in the case of fluorescein that has an absorption peak around 500 nm, 1000 nm excitation could be used. If a normal continuous laser is used, no excitation of the fluorochrome occurs at this wavelength, and hence no bleaching occurs in the bulk of the sample. However, if a high-powered pulsed laser is used that has a peak power of >2 kW and is contained in pulses shorter than a picosecond (so that the mean power levels are moderate and do not damage the specimen), two-photon events occur at the point of focus. The chapter summarizes advantages of 2PE. (1) In 2PE microscopy, the pulsed laser's oscillating wavelength is twice as long as that for single-photon CSLM, resulting in a 1/16 reduction in Rayleigh scattering with a sample. (2) It is possible to excite UV fluorophores using a lens that is not corrected for UV as these wavelengths never have to pass through the lens.
Mechanisms of late decelerations in the fetal heart rate: A study with autonomic blocking agents in fetal lambs

Fetal heart rate decelerations resembling the late deceleration FHR pattern were produced in fetal sheep by periodic occlusion of the maternal common hypogastric artery for 30-60 sec. Transient fetal hypertension also occurred during the occlusions. Alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine eliminated or markedly reduced the hypertensive response. FHR decelerations still occurred intermittently with some occlusions; however, their character was greatly altered. After parasympathetic blockade with atropine, the decelerations were replaced by periodic FHR accelerations during the occlusions. These accelerations were, in turn, eliminated by the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. In the presence of combined parasympathetic, alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade, the FHR remained essentially constant during the hypogastric artery occlusions in non-acidemic fetuses. FHR decelerations persisted after parasympathetic or total autonomic blockade when the fetuses were significantly hypoxic, as judged by depressed arterial blood pH and base excess values. Beat-to-beat variability of the baseline FHR persisted in the face of severe hypoxia and acidosis. These observations demonstrate that reflex mechanisms are involved importantly in the genesis of late deceleration FHR patterns in the acutely hypoxemic fetus, but that direct depression of myocardial rhythmicity becomes a factor as hypoxic acidosis develops.
Un-Domesticating Violence -- Criminalizing Survivors and U.S. Mass Incarceration

SUMMARY This paper attempts to look at the ways in which women's struggles against domestic violence are criminalized and also how this type of racialized, classed, and gendered violence is connected to processes that fuel prison expansion-including the U.S-led war on drugs, the criminalization of immigration, the rampant policing in communities of color, and the reliance on the police and the criminal legal system to address domestic violence. It is my intent to place domestic violence and its connection to criminalization in a politicized context for two reasons: the first is to repudiate the tendency to look at women's response to abuse as individualized or unconnected to other types of marginalization and the second is to provide a more complex analysis of how women's differing social identities or positionalities, as women of color or immigrant women for example, may affect their experiences of both state and interpersonal violence.
The Pathophysiology of Wasting in the Elderly

Aging is associated with changes in body composition and energy and protein metabolism that are due both to the direct effects of aging and to the effect of age-related diseases. We have recently differentiated these changes under three categories: wasting, cachexia, and sarcopenia. We have defined wasting as unintentional loss of weight, including both fat and fat-free compartments. Experience in the HIV epidemic suggests that wasting is driven largely by inadequate dietary intake. Cachexia, on the other hand, refers to loss of fat-free mass, and especially body cell mass, but with little or no weight loss. The metabolic hallmarks of cachexia are hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism, driven by inflammatory cytokine-mediated acute phase responses. Finally, sarcopenia refers to loss of muscle mass specifically, and seems to be an intrinsic age-related condition. In the elderly, wasting as defined here is at the extreme end of the spectrum, but generally develops in the setting of pre-existing sarcopenia and cachexia. The challenges before us now are to better define these conditions, establish guidelines for their recognition, and develop better methods for intervening when appropriate.