cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Myth of Practical Consistency

It is often said that there is a special class of norms, ‘rational requirements’, that demand that our attitudes be related to one another in certain ways, whatever else may be the case. In recent work, a special class of these rational requirements has attracted particular attention: what I will call ‘requirements of formal coherence as such’, which require just that our attitudes be formally coherent. For example, we are rationally required, if we believe something, to believe what it entails. And we are rationally required, if we intend an end, to intend what we take to be necessary means to it. The intuitive idea is that formally incoherent attitudes give rise to a certain normative tension, or exert a kind of rational pressure on each another, and this tension, or pressure, is relieved just when one of the attitudes is revised. As John Broome observes, these requirements are, by their nature, ‘wide scope’, which is to say that there is no particular attitude that one must have or lack in order to satisfy them. This is because they require just formal coherence, and there is no particular attitude that one must have or lack in order to be formally coherent. For many, these requirements of formal coherence are the only sure thing in the domain of normativity. Either, as Humeans say, there is nothing else. Or, as Kantians say, whatever else there is must be a construct, or relative, of requirements of formal coherence. Yet, in his much-discussed paper, ‘The Myth of Instrumental Rationality’, Joseph Raz puts this view on the defensive. He denies, in particular, that there is a rational requirement of formal coherence that governs means and ends, such as:
Elemental Sulfur as Internal Standard for Precise Molecular Weights by Gel Permeation Chromatography

Abstract Elemental sulfur, when used with polystyrene column packings and tetrahydrofuran as solvent, has been found to be an ideal internal standard for precise molecular weights by gel permeation chromato-graphy. Long-term elution time precision of 0.3% has been achieved with less than optimum operation of chromatographic equipment. Sulfur is inert, elutes reproducibily with a symmetrical peak shape and never interferes with the elution of size-separated materials. The internal standard has a high ultraviolet absorption response and a positive differential refractive index.
Increased platelet-derived growth factor production and intimal thickening during healing of Dacron grafts in a canine model* * ** ★ ★★

Abstract Purpose: Growth factor production by endothelial cells on grafts may play a role in the development of intimal hyperplasia and subsequent graft failure. Methods: To study the relationship between platelet-derived growth factor production and graft healing, 26 beagles underwent placement of 20 cm long, 6 mm internal diameter, knitted Dacron thoracoabdominal grafts, either seeded with autologous endothelial cells ( n = 14) or unseeded controls ( n = 12). The grafts and adjacent arteries were removed 4 or 20 weeks after implantation for measurement of platelet-derived growth factor production in organ culture, endothelial cell coverage, and intimal thickness. Results: Midgraft platelet-derived growth factor production by seeded graft segments increased from 41 ± 6 to 148 ± 27 pg/cm 2 /72 hr ( p p Conclusion: This increase corresponded with the rapid appearance of smooth muscle cell in the pseudointima of Dacron grafts, suggesting that these cells may be responsible for the observed increase in platelet-derived growth factor production. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:858-67.)
Monetary institutions and the policy process

Abstract Institutions are mutable and may eventually adjust to tastes and opportunities, but institutions change slowly so there are long periods during which existing institutions constrain the choice of policies and policy procedures. The November 1979 meeting of the Carnegie-Rochester Conference, held at Carnegie-Mellon University, considered the role of new and long-standing institutional arrangements in the policy process. The papers suggest that, in the short run, institutional arrangements and established practices and procedures drive a large wedge between actual and optimal policy.
Renal allograft pathology in the sensitized patient

Purpose of review Patterns of renal allograft injury associated with alloantibody have been increasingly recognized over the past 2 decades. The use of more sensitive serum testing has brought to light the range of alloantibody-associated changes on biopsy at different time points posttransplant. There is likely to be an increasing number of patients with preformed alloantibody undergoing kidney transplantation, and so alloantibody-associated injury will become more prevalent. Recent findings Acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is a major complication in kidney transplant patients with preformed donor-specific antibody (DSA), particularly in the early posttransplant period. Acute AMR is characterized by acute tissue injury and is likely to be antibody mediated and complement mediated. A recent study showed a decreased risk of acute AMR with terminal complement pathway inhibition. Other studies have shown endothelialitis, a vascular lesion traditionally associated with acute cellular rejection, in AMR. Features of chronic AMR are common and include transplant glomerulopathy, peritubular capillary basement membrane multilamination, and accelerated arteriosclerosis. Although previously a diagnosis of humoral rejection usually required complement factor C4d deposition in the graft, we now recognize chronic features because of DSA even in the absence of C4d deposition. Summary Acute and chronic AMR are major contributors to renal allograft dysfunction and loss. Recognition of tissue injury patterns associated with alloantibody can lead to treatment strategies in patients with DSA and can aid in interpreting biopsies in patients who are receiving new therapies.
Cyclic oxidation of aluminide coatings on Ti3Al+Nb

A number of pack aluminide coatings were produced on fiber-reinforced Ti3Al+Nb composites and were compared for their protection effect in cyclic oxidation at 982 C. It was found that pack aluminizing of Ti3Al+Nb can successfully produce an oxidation resistant TiAl3 coating which forms alpha-Al2O3 scales. These coatings offer a substantial improvement over the uncoated matrix material in 982 C cyclic oxidation. Coating cracks were found to contribute to degradation of thick coatings.
E-WEHP: A Batteryless Embedded Sensor-Platform Wirelessly Powered From Ambient Digital-TV Signals

The use of digital television broadcasting standards has resulted in transmission of perpetually on wireless digital-TV signals over the air at wider bandwidths in ultrahigh-frequency bands for high-definition video and audio broadcasts to TV and smart phones. This paper presents a unique embedded wireless energy-harvesting prototype (E-WEHP) that exploits the unique makeup of ambient digital-TV signals, and scavenges wireless power from them at distance of over 6.3 km from the TV broadcast source. The harvested wireless power is successfully used to power and sustain a 16-bit embedded microcontroller for sensing and machine-to-machine applications without the use of batteries. The E-WEHP uses a miniaturized planar log-periodic antenna and RF-dc charge-pump circuit with maximum sensitivities of - 14.6 and -18.86 dBm and an embedded firmware-based power management scheme to power microcontroller peripherals from different types of ambient digital-TV signals.
Soft x-ray optics 1971-1981: a personal history

This paper is a recollection of my involvement in the development of multilayer x-ray optics, from the first day in 1971 to 1981. The period covers the time from the discovery to the first conferences where multilayer structures were recognized as important elements for x-ray imaging, especially for astronomy.
Tertiary structures of amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic transthyretin variants: new model for amyloid fibril formation.

The most common form of hereditary systemic amyloidosis is familial amyloidotic poly neuropathy associated with single amino acid changes in the plasma protein transthyretin.So far, high resolution structures of only three amyloidogenic variants (Met30, Ser84, tle 122) and one non-amyloidogenic variant (Thr109) have been reported complemented by X-ray fiber diffraction studies and image reconstruction from electron micrographs of amyloid fibrilsTo investigate the role of structural factors in this disease, we extended our studies to other transthyretin variants. We report crystallization and structural investigations of three amyloidogenic (Arg10, Ala60, Tyr77) and two non-amyloidogenic variants (Ser6, Met119). The similarity oj these structures to normal transthyretin does not give direct clues to the fibril forming process. Since transthyretin amyloid fibrils contain a major fragment starting at position 49, besides the intact molecule, we calculated the solvent accessibility of residue 48. Indeed, all ...
Bad versus good cholesterol in the bone marrow

A study now links platelet generation and cholesterol metabolism, providing new understanding of the mechanisms involved in thrombocytosis and atherogenesis. The authors show that the cholesterol transporter ABCG4 is highly expressed in bone marrow megakaryocyte progenitors, and in its absence, these cells have defective cholesterol efflux and increased proliferation, leading to increased megakaryocyte production, thrombocytosis and accelerated atherogenesis in atherosclerosis-prone mice (pages 586–594).
PARENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR ADOLESCENT CHILDREN, PARENTAL RESOURCES, AND PARENTS' SATISFACTION WITH THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP

Building on Belsky's process model of the determinants of parenting and using a nationally representative dataset of U.S. adolescents, this article examines the relationship between parental satisfaction and parents' perceptions of their adolescents and their own personal and social resources. As such, it provides a coherent framework for understanding parental well-being during a critical stage of the family life course. The results suggest that parental satisfaction is negatively related to parents' perceptions that their adolescents are involved in problem behaviors or experiencing challenges in other domains of their lives; however, the relationship between parental satisfaction and adolescents' problem behaviors is mediated by parents' perceptions of their adolescents' characters, including whether or not they have a bad temper and their levels of trustworthiness. With respect to personal and social resources, parents' educational achievement and marital status are positively related to parental sati...
Assessing Response to Treatment in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Role of Tumor Volume Evaluated By Computed Tomography

Abstract Introduction We set out to investigate whether volumetric tumor measurements allow for a prediction of treatment response, as measured by patient survival, in patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods Patients with nonresectable NSCLC (stage III or IV, n = 100) who were repeatedly evaluated for treatment response by computed tomography (CT) were included in a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)–compliant retrospective study. Tumor response was measured by comparing tumor volumes over time. Patient survival was compared with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) using Kaplan-Meier survival statistics and Cox regression analysis. Results The median overall patient survival was 553 days (standard error, 146 days); for patients with stage III NSCLC, it was 822 days, and for patients with stage IV disease, 479 days. The survival differences were not statistically significant ( P = .09). According to RECIST, 5 patients demonstrated complete response, 39 partial response, 44 stable disease, and 12 progressive disease. Patient survival was not significantly associated with RECIST class, the change of the sum of tumor diameters ( P = .98), nor the change of the sum of volumetric tumor dimensions ( P = .17). Conclusion In a group of 100 patients with advanced-stage NSCLC, neither volumetric CT measurements of changes in tumor size nor RECIST class significantly predicted patient survival. This observation suggests that size response may not be a sufficiently precise surrogate marker of success to steer treatment decisions in individual patients.
A cross-validation of sex differences in the expression of depression

A considerable amount of evidence has accumulated indicating a greater rate of depression among females compared to males. In addition, recent investigations have revealed distinct patterns of depressive responding as a function of sex. The present study provided a cross-validational test of findings reported by Funabiki and colleagues. Male and female college students indicated the likelihood that they would engage in 79 behavioral analytically derived behaviors or cognitions if depressed. Stepwise discriminant function analyses were performed to determine maximum separation of male and female responses. This procedure yielded a 55.6% overall variable cross-validation rate. Many of the findings were consistent with Radloff and Rae's theoretical view of sex differences in learned susceptibility to depression. The data also suggest several avenues for future research and support the utility of investigating theories of depression within the context of a continuity between normal mood states and depressive phenomena.
From the Editor---A Vision for Management Science

I is truly an honor to be named Editor of Management Science, and I eagerly look forward to serving this distinguished journal. This letter outlines my strategy for further enhancing the journal’s considerable stature. In particular, I highlight what will remain the same and what will change. My intended audience is the entire Management Science community, which includes the authors who submit manuscripts, the editors and reviewers who evaluate manuscripts, and, of course, the readers who “consume” our manuscripts. Before I continue, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Wallace Hopp, the previous Editor-inChief, for his substantial service to the journal and for the gracious assistance he has shown me during the transition. During his term, the journal experienced a significant increase in submissions while at the same time a dramatic improvement in editorial cycle times. The journal expanded in terms of the number of printed articles as well as the breadth of topics covered. Our 50th anniversary volume, designed by Professor Hopp, was highly successful. In sum, his dedication has led to a better Management Science and a better science of management.
OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESSING OF PEANUT BEVERAGE

. Peanut beverages were prepared and homogenized at 2000, 4000, and 6000 psi and processed at 100°C for 10, 15, and 20 min and at 121°C for 5, 10, and 15 min. Sensory analysis, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis, and viscosity measurements were performed on the products. Sulfur aromatic was found sufficient to discriminate between samples processed at 100°C whereas sulfur aromatic, cooked peanut flavor, and bitterness provided the most efficient combination for discriminating between samples processed at 121°C. Processing time had a more significant effect on the sensory attributes of products. Optimum conditions for processing were found to be at homogenization pressure > 3100 psi and process time > 16 min at a processing temperature of 100°C. No sensory characteristic of the peanut beverage correlated with the instrumental analyses done.
Special session — What should a course reader on gender and engineering include? An unconference discussion

To build upon the community that has formed at FIE interested in discussing feminist approaches to engineering education, we will hold a special session discussion oriented around proposing a textbook that comprehensively explores the topic of gender and engineering. Through the organization of an “unconference” session discussion will include opportunity to discuss the audience and scope of such a proposed book, as well as explore the advantages and challenges of some of the existing texts on the market. The authors of this special session commit to turning the results of this discussion into a book prospectus to be distributed to appropriate publishers who might be interested in supporting such a book.
Mathematical modeling the cross-contamination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the surface of ready-to-eat meat product while slicing.

Microbial cross-contamination either at home or production site is one of the major factors of causing contamination of foods and leading to the foodborne illness. The knowledge regarding Escherichia coli O157:H7 surface transfer on ready-to-eat (RTE) deli meat and the slicer used for slicing different RTE products are needed to ensure RTE food safety. The objectives of this study were to investigate and to model the surface cross-contamination of E. coli O157:H7 during slicing operation. A five-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated directly onto a slicer’s round blade rim area at an initial level of ca. 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 log CFU/blade (ca. 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 log CFU/cm 2 of the blade edge area), and then the RTE deli meat (ham) was sliced to a thickness of 1–2 mm. For another cross-contamination scenario, a clean blade was initially used to slice ham which was pre-surface-inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 (ca. 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 log CFU/100 cm 2 area), then, followed by slicing un-inoculated ham. Results showed that the developed empirical models were reasonably accurate in describing the transfer trend/pattern of E. coli O157:H7 between the blade and ham slices when the total inoculum level was � 5 log CFU on the ham or blade. With an initial inoculum level at � 4 log CFU, the experimental data showed a rather random microbial surface transfer pattern. The models, i.e., a power equation for direct-blade-surface-inoculation, and an exponential equation for ham-surface-inoculation are microbial load and sequential slice index dependent. The surface cross-contamination prediction of E. coli O157:H7 for sliced deli meat (ham) using the developed models were demonstrated. The empirical models may provide a useful tool in developing the RTE meat risk assessment. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The Al(L) + AlB12 ↔ AlB2 peritectic transformation and its role in the formation of high aspect ratio AlB2 flakes

A new family of metal matrix composites (MMCs) based on high aspect ratio AlB2 is being developed. Preparation of these MMCs involves the conversion of low aspect ratio AlB2 to high aspect ratio AlB2. This conversion is associated with the Al(L) + AlB12 ↔ AlB2 peritectic transformation. There is confusion surrounding the temperature at which this transformation occurs. Its value has been reported as high as 1,500 °C and as low as 980 °C. In this paper, the peritectic temperature has been investigated using calorimetric methods and determined to be 956 ± 5 °C. In addition, an unexpected conversion of low aspect ratio AlB2 to high aspect ratio AlB2 has been identified near the peritectic temperature.
The Effect of Somatosensory and Cognitive-motor Tasks on the Paretic Leg of Chronic Stroke Patients in the Standing Posture

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate how different standing surfaces alter somatosensory input and how postural control is affected by these changes during the performance of a dual task with a cognitive-motor aspect. [Subjects] The subjects were 20 chronic stroke patients: 18 males, 2 females. [Methods] COP total distance, sway velocity, and the weight load on the paretic leg were measured while subjects performed the following three tasks (somatosensory task, cognitive-motor task, and dual task). [Results] Both COP total distance and sway velocity significantly decreased during the performance of all tasks. COP total distance and sway velocity significantly decreased during the somatosensory task and the dual task. The weight load significantly increased during performance of the somatosensory task and the dual task. [Conclusion] Compensatory mechanisms in the non-paretic leg were limited by placing it on an air cushion, and we observed an increase in somatosensory input from the paretic leg due to an enhanced weight load.
Tropical Atlantic terrigenous fluxes since 25,000 yrs B.P.

Twelve tropical Atlantic cores, each 14C-dated and with δ18O records, were examined for burial fluxes of terrigenous (mostly eolian) sediment and biogenic (opal and CaCO3) sediment over the last 25,000 years. The similar flux trends through time of these three components within each core indicates that post-depositional redistribution of sediment is the strongest control on burial fluxes in the tropical Atlantic. Increased terrigenous dust fluxes apparent during the last glacial maximum in several cores are consistent with several previous studies. The lack of significant dust flux maxima following the early Holocene monsoon maximum argues strongly against changes in source-area humidity/aridity being a significant factor in orbital-scale eolian dust transport and deposition in this region. This suggests that the enhanced glacial influxes of dust to the tropical Atlantic are mainly due to changes in transport by winter winds, rather than to glacial hyper-aridity.
Intracellular Myosin Motor Protein Motion Using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy

We focus on live cell single molecule imaging and tracking with particular focus on measuring single myosin V steps along actin filaments within live cells. The goal of the work is to acquire information that will offer new insights into the mechanism of these motors' processivity. Conventionally, single molecule Myosin studies have been accomplished through total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF).1,2 However, TIRF methods have very limited applicability to live cell in vivo studies. As such, we apply confocal laser scanning microcopy (CLSM) to imaging and tracking of Myosin V. CLSM also offers the capability to provide full 3-dimensional tracking of biomolecular motors. Our experiments have confirmed step size results from previous TIRF experiments. In terms of instrumentation, we overcome the nominally slow scanning speed of CLSM by the use of a fiber scanning technique that allows us to scan with image acquisition times of less than 100 ms. We make use of home-made streptavidin-functionalized quantum dots in conjunction with this tracking technique to increase the quantum efficiency and stability of the fluorophores. The QD fabrication and sample preparation techniques will also be presented.1. A. Yildiz, J. N. Forkey, S. A. McKinney, T. Ha, Y. E. Goldman, and P. R. Selvin, “Myosin V walks hand-over-hand: Single fluorophore imaging with 1.5-nm localization,” Science 300 (5628), 2061-2065 (2003).2. T. Sakamoto, A. Yildez, P. R. Selvin, and J. R. Sellers, “Step-size is determined by neck length in myosin V,” Biochemistry 44 (49), 16203-16210 (2005).
Dynamics of the Ising model

Abstract The Bethe-Peierls method is generalized to solve the general Glauber equation for the Ising models of all dimensions. The dynamic behavior of both the long-range and short-range orders can be calculated.
A simple cost estimation technique for improving the appearance and security of outdoor lighting installations

Abstract Lighting designers and planners should check that their client's budget matches the likely cost of any project. To avoid wasted design time, designers must quickly develop a rough project budget, often before any design is conceived or developed. This paper presents a simple technique for planning preliminary budgets for the equipment, installation, and operating costs of outdoor lighting installations. Coefficients in terms of cost per unit area were developed. These coefficients consider the level of improvement of appearance or sense of security for commercial, industrial, public, and residential lighting installations. They were developed by upgrading and redesigning the lighting for 31 typical outdoor lighting scenes, which produced a total of 108 lighting designs. Each design was evaluated for cost, illuminance, light distribution, color, site coverage, and power density and then rated for appearance and sense of security by an expert panel. Average outdoor lighting installations range from $0.39/ft2 ($4.20/m2) for industrial areas to $0.91/ft2 ($9.80/m2) for public installations. Average annualized cost, including energy, maintenance, and amortized installation range from $0.08/ft2/yr ($0.86/m2/yr) for industrial installations to $0.20/ft2/yr ($2.15/m2/yr) for commercial installations. About half of these costs are for annual energy and maintenance. Further, on a five point scale, with 1 equal to poor and 5 equal to excellent, the annualized cost of a point of improvement ranges from $0.03/ft2/yr/point ($0.32/m2/yr/point) for security improvements in industrial installations to $0.07/ft2/yr/point ($0.75 m2/yr/point) for appearance improvements in commercial installations.
Calculation of thermophysical properties for CO2 gas using an ab initio potential model

The density, isochoric heat capacity, shear viscosity and thermal conductivity of CO2 gas in the pressure range of 1–50 atm and 300 K are calculated based on a five-centre potential model obtained from ab initio calculations of the intermolecular potential of a CO2 dimer. The quantum effects of the intramolecular motion are included in a model by the Monte Carlo (MC) Method. Without using any experimental data, the present model achieves excellent agreements between the calculated thermophysical properties and experimental data for all simulated CO2 densities except the highest one at 135 kg/m3 (3 mol/L). The contributions of potential to the thermophysical properties of the moderate dense CO2 gas and their dependence on density are investigated in detail.
Emulating the OPAL equation of state

The equation of state for the structure of the Sun and stars has to be precise to allow comparisons with observations, i.e., helioseismic inversions of thermodynamic quantities. Among the two of the most popular formalisms are (1) the OPAL equation of state developed at Livermore and (2) the Mihalas-Hummer-Dappen (MHD) equation of state. While OPAL has a solid theoretical foundation, and matches the observational data better, the MHD formalism is more intuitive, easy to realize, and has the possibility of adjustable parameters. Furthermore, it an open-source product in contrast to the proprietary OPAL. Recently a version of MHD has been obtained by including the so-called “Plank-Larkin partition function” and by adding scattering-state terms. The resulting formalism matches OPAL rather well. Here, we report on the next logical step, the implementation of this MHD upgrade into the simple and popular CEFF equation of state. Such an implementation will make it a flexible and convenient tool, allowing an approximative on-line implementation of OPAL in solar and stellar models.
Health services research and the nursing workforce: Access and utilization issues

Access to personal health services is only possible if there are an adequate number and distribution of qualified nurses. However, most work on access has been conceptualized as access to physician services or particular types of settings such as hospital care, not as access to nurses. In this paper I have used the Institute of Medicine Access framework to conceptualize the relationship of the nursing workforce to several aspects of access, and evaluated both the current state of research and existing gaps. Some of the gaps identified in the research that need to be included in a health services research agenda for nursing are: (1) the effect of regional market factors (such as physician ratios and poverty), or attitudes on the supply of nurses; (2) the lack of a critical analysis of staffing and outcome research, and measures of utilization and access specific to nurses in a variety of settings; (3) the need for more and better data to evaluate nurse career patterns, nursing workforce educational capacity, and effectiveness; and (4) relevant workforce policies.
Byzantine Fault Tolerance for Services with Commutative Operations

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on how to achieve Byzantine fault tolerance for services with commutative operations. Recent research suggests that services may be implemented using Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) for highly efficient optimistic replication with the crash-fault model. We extend such studies by adopting the Byzantine fault model, which encompasses crash faults as well as malicious faults. We carefully analyze the threats towards the operations in a system constructed with CRDTs, and propose a lightweight solution to achieve Byzantine fault tolerance with low runtime overhead. We define a set of correctness properties for such systems and prove that the proposed Byzantine fault tolerance mechanisms guarantee these properties. Furthermore, we show that our mechanisms exhibit excellent performance with a proof-of-concept replicated shopping cart service constructed using CRDTs.
Elastic wave reflection from liquid-anisotropic substrate interfaces

Abstract We derive analytical expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients from the interfaces of liquid-anisotropic half-spaces possessing up to as low as monoclinic symmetry. Also we present expressions for the distributions of stresses and displacements throughout the fluid-solid system. Solutions are obtained for an acoustic wave impinging the interface at an arbitrary angle θ from the normal as well as at any azimuthal angle o. By examining the behavior of the reflection coefficient we are able to identify all of the propagation characteristics that influence the distribution of the reflected field. These include the possible existence of secondary (pseudo-surface) modes besides those associated with the normal surface ones. We also deduce the variations of phase velocity and beam shifting parameters with azimuthal angles. Material systems of higher symmetry, such as orthotropic, transversely isotropic, cubic and isotropic are contained implicitly in our analysis. We present numerical results drawn from several examples of materials belonging to these symmetry groups.
Performance of the Tachyon Time-of-Flight PET Camera

We have constructed and characterized a time-of-flight Positron Emission Tomography (TOF PET) camera called the Tachyon. The Tachyon is a single-ring Lutetium Oxyorthosilicate (LSO) based camera designed to obtain significantly better timing resolution than the $\sim 550~\hbox{ps}$ found in present commercial TOF cameras, in order to quantify the benefit of improved TOF resolution for clinically relevant tasks. The Tachyon’s detector module is optimized for timing by coupling the $6.15 \times 25~\hbox{mm}^2$ side of $6.15 \times 6.15 \times 25~\hbox{mm}^3$ LSO scintillator crystals onto a 1-inch diameter Hamamatsu R-9800 PMT with a super-bialkali photocathode. We characterized the camera according to the NEMA NU 2-2012 standard, measuring the energy resolution, timing resolution, spatial resolution, noise equivalent count rates and sensitivity. The Tachyon achieved a coincidence timing resolution of $314~\hbox{ps} +/- 20~\hbox{ps}$ FWHM over all crystal-crystal combinations. Experiments were performed with the NEMA body phantom to assess the imaging performance improvement over non-TOF PET. The results show that at a matched contrast, incorporating 314 ps TOF reduces the standard deviation of the contrast by a factor of about 2.3.
A new Miocene pinniped in the genus Prototaria (Carnivora: Odobenidae) from the Moniwa Formation, Miyagi, Japan

ABSTRACT A new fossil odobenid skull from the late early or early middle Miocene age Moniwa Formation, Miyagi Prefecture, northern Japan, represents a new species of the genus Prototaria Takeyama and Ozawa, 1984. Prototaria planicephala, sp. nov., is distinguished from P. primigena Takeyama and Ozawa, 1984, by having a dorsoventrally flattened cranium with a wider rostrum, more derived cheek teeth, and a flattened tympanic bulla. These and other differences indicate that P. planicephala is a more derived species than P. primigena. The species of Prototaria lack many of the derived characters seen in the genus Neotherium Kellogg, 1931, which is interpreted as a closely related genus. Cladistic analysis of 25 cranial and dental characters suggests that the family Odobenidae form a monophyletic clade, united by a dorsoventrally thick and posterolaterally expanded pterygoid strut, a bony tentorium closely appressed to the petrosal, and molarized premolars with lingually expanded cingula resulting in near chee...
Nomination Forms Online

hat the White House had no institu tional memory-the problem prompting the White House Interview Program (WHIP)-represents just one area in which the White House 2001 Project affected the presidential transition. In appointments, the Pew Charitable Trusts identified a second transition problem. In 1996, the Twentieth Century Fund' produced a blue-ribbon study outlining several issues undermining the appeal of government appointment. The study, entitled Obstacle Course: The Report of the Twentieth Century Task Force on Presidential Appointment Process (Twentieth Century Fund 1996), convinced Pew to focus on the recruitment of presidential nominees. As part of that initiative, they contemplated a computer program that would reduce the burden placed on nominees by filing numerous, intrusive, and repetitive questionnaires.
EDITORIAL VIEW-POINT: THE CHALLENGES OF MULTI-MODALITY CARDIAC IMAGING

Invasive coronary angiography is a great method to visualize the coronary anatomy and determine the presence and severity of coronary stenosis.
Plasmon-controlled fluorescence towards high-sensitivity optical sensing.

Fluorescence spectroscopy is widely used in chemical and biological research. Until recently most of the fluorescence experiments have been performed in the far-field regime. By far-field we imply at least several wavelengths from the fluorescent probe molecule. In recent years there has been growing interest in the interactions of fluorophores with metallic surfaces or particles. Near-field interac- tions are those occurring within a wavelength distance of an excited fluorophore. The spectral properties of fluorophores can dramatically be altered by near-field interactions with the electron clouds present in metals. These interactions modify the emission in ways not seen in classical fluorescence experiments. Fluorophores in the excited state can create plasmons that radiate into the far-field and fluorophores in the ground state can interact with and be excited by surface plasmons. These recip- rocal interactions suggest that the novel optical absorption and scattering properties of metallic nanostructures can be used to control the decay rates, location, and direction of fluorophore emission. We refer to these phenomena as plasmon-con- trolled fluorescence (PCF). An overview of the recent work on metal—fluorophore interactions is presented. Recent research combining plasmonics and fluorescence suggest that PCF could lead to new classes of experimental procedures, novel probes, bioassays, and devices.
Individual Differences in Differentiation in the Rating of Personal Values: The Role of Private Self-Consciousness

Past research has shown that when personal values are measured by a rating procedure, respondents often show little differentiation among the values, tending to assign similar, high ratings to all of them. Data from two studies suggest that level of private self-consciousness moderates the degree of differentiation: individuals higher in private self-consciousness make greater distinctions among the values. Consistent with past research, these studies suggest that those higher in private self-consciousness have a better-articulated self-schema and are more aware of internal dispositions. Discussion addresses theoretical issues for self-consciousness and personal values research.
Morphological variation in the adult hard palate and posterior pharyngeal wall.

Purpose Adult human vocal tracts display considerable morphological variation across individuals, but the nature and extent of this variation has not been extensively studied for many vocal tract s...
Use of hyperspectral imagery for material classification in outdoor scenes

We present an efficient segmentation algorithm to discriminate between different materials, such as painted metal, vegetation, and soils, using hyperspectral imagery. Most previously attempted segmentation techniques have used a relatively small number of infrared frequency bands that use thermal emission instead of solar radiation. This motivated the use of hyperspectral (or multispectral) imagery for segmentation purposes taken at the visible and near infrared bands with high spectral dimensionality. We propose a segmentation algorithm that uses either a pattern- matching technique using the selected band regions or a principal component analysis method. Segmentation results are provided using several hyperspectral images. We also present a band-selection process based on either pairwise performance evaluation or a band-thickening method to select the particular band regions that contain important band- value information for segmentation. A hyperspectral data set that contains a number of spectral band-value curves collected from eleven hyperspectral images is used as an evaluation data set for the band-selection process.
Au-Cluster Redistribution During Nanosecond Laser-Annealing of Metal/Insulator Matrices

We report on the growth and redistribution of Au clusters caused by nanosecond laser interaction of Au x (TeO 2 ) 1−x thin films with intense excimer laser radiation. This laser-induced phenomenon is studied in a time-resolved manner using transient reflectivity and transmissivity techniques. Structural and compositional changes are investigated using Rutherford Backscattering, XPS depth profiling, x-ray diffraction and conductivity measurements. Our studies indicate that melting of the binary structure initializes segregation, growth and coalescence of Au crystallites in the amorphous TeO 2 matrix.
Selective Caveolin-1–dependent Endocytosis of Glycosphingolipids

We studied the endocytosis of fluorescent glycosphingolipid (GSL) analogs in various cell types using pathway-specific inhibitors and colocalization studies with endocytic markers and DsRed caveolin-1 (cav-1). Based on inhibitor studies, all GSLs tested were internalized predominantly (>80%) by a clathrin-independent, caveolar-related mechanism, regardless of cell type. In addition, fluorescent lactosylceramide (LacCer) colocalized with DsRed-cav-1 in vesicular structures upon endocytosis in rat fibroblasts. The internalization mechanism for GSLs was unaffected by varying the carbohydrate headgroup or sphingosine backbone chain length; however, a fluorescent phosphatidylcholine analog was not internalized via caveolae, suggesting that the GSL ceramide core may be important for caveolar uptake. Internalization of fluorescent LacCer was reduced 80-90% in cell types with low cav-1, but was dramatically stimulated by cav-1 overexpression. However, even in cells with low levels of cav-1, residual LacCer internalization was clathrin independent. In contrast, cholera toxin B subunit (CtxB), which binds endogenous GM1, was internalized via clathrin-independent endocytosis in cells with high cav-1 expression, whereas significant clathrin-dependent uptake occurred in cells with low cav-1. Fluorescent GM1, normally internalized by clathrin-independent endocytosis in HeLa cells with low cav-1, was induced to partially internalize via the clathrin pathway in the presence of CtxB. These results suggest that GSL analogs are selectively internalized via a caveolar-related mechanism in most cell types, whereas CtxB may undergo "pathway switching" when cav-1 levels are low.
Redefining National Identity: Dutch Evidence on Global Patterns

This article uses evidence drawn from Dutch policy arenas to challenge claims about the erosion of national identity due to globalization. More specifically, it complements and revises neoinstitutionalist arguments about the enactment of world culture within nation-states by showing how the redefinition of national identity takes the form of reflexive discourse, varies across sectors and over time, and entwines local with global pressures. Reinforcing a thrust in recent scholarship on globalization that focuses on the continued impact of national paths and the resilience of national traditions, the complex pattern in Dutch identity redefinition illustrates the importance of locally oriented analysis in assessing `macrophenomenological' arguments.
Erosive plaques on the dorsal surfaces of the hands

From Yo D M Fund Conf Repr D An otherwise healthy 58-year-old woman presents with a 10-day history of ulcers on the dorsal surfaces of both hands. The initial lesion, an expanding pustule, became bullous and erosive. She subsequently developed large bullous hemorrhagic plaques on both forearms. The patient denies systemic symptoms, oral or genital ulcers, sick contacts, recent travel, contact with chemicals, or new medications. The physical examination reveals large eroded exophytic erythematous plaques with overlying bullae on the dorsal surfaces of her hands and forearms (Fig 1). An outside punch biopsy specimen is obtained and reveals a diffuse neutrophilic infiltrate throughout the dermis with focal vasculitis. Stains for fungi and bacteria are negative. A repeat biopsy is performed (Fig 2). Based on clinical and histopathologic findings, the patient is diagnosed with neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands (NDDH), a rare entity included in a spectrum of conditions known as neutrophilic dermatoses (characterized by a predominantly neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate). NDDH classically presents acutely as violaceous indurated plaques on the dorsal radial surfaces of the hands.
Lethal reticuloproliferative disease induced in Cebus albifrons monkeys by Herpesvirus saimiri.

Four cinnamon ringtail monkeys (Cebus albifrons) inoculated intramuscularly with Herpesvirus saimiri died between 18 and 20 days after inoculation. Each of the four monkeys presented an extensive infiltration of reticulum cells in various organs (liver, lungs, kidney, pancreas, spleen, thymus, lymph node). The character of the infiltrate closely resembled reticulum cell sarcoma thus providing further evidence of the high oncogenic capacity of Herpesvirus saimiri. RETICULO-PROLIFERATION MORTELLE PROVOQUEE PAR LE VIRUS HERPETIQUE SAIMIRI CHEZ LES SINGES CEBUS ALBIFRONS Quatre singes sapajous bruns (Cebus albifrons) auxquels une injection intramusculaire de “virus herpetique saimiri” avait ete faite sont morts dix-huit a vingt jours apres l'inoculation. Chacun de ces quatre singes presentait une infiltration etendue de cellules reticulaires dans divers organes (foie, poumon, reins, pancreas, rate, thymus, ganglions lymphatiques). Le caractere de l'infiltration ressemble fortement au reticulo-sarcome, ce qui constitue une preuve supplementaire du pouvoir oncogenique eleve du “virus herpetique saimiri”.
Commentary on "Experimental Analysis of Face Recognition on from Still Image to Video Image"

Evaluation of face recognition performance under varying illumination, poses, and image degradation due to sensor characteristics has been studied in depth for static images. This paper uses static and video images when evaluating a face recognition algorithm based on ?Adaptive Principal Components Analysis? (APCA). The results show that the same challenges that happen in static images apply to video, and that when multiple images are available the algorithms perform better (e.g. using, mean frames for face recognition).
In vivo mTHPC photobleaching in normal rat skin exhibits unique irradiance-dependent features.

Abstract We report measurements performed on the normal skin of rats in vivo, which provide information on the photobleaching kinetics and mechanisms of the photosensitizer meso-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin (mTHPC). Loss of mTHPC fluorescence was monitored using in vivo fluorescence spectroscopy during photodynamic therapy (PDT) performed using 650 nm laser irradiation. The bleaching was evaluated for irradiances of 5, 20 and 50 mW cm−2. Two distinct phases of mTHPC photobleaching were observed. In the first phase there was no obvious irradiance dependence in the loss of fluorescence vs fluence. The second phase was initiated by an irradiance-dependent discontinuity in the slope of the bleaching curve, after which the photobleaching rates showed an irradiance dependence consistent with an oxygen-dependent reaction process. To investigate the unusual shape of the in vivo bleaching curves, we measured the PDT-induced changes in O2 concentrations in mTHPC-sensitized spheroids irradiated with 2, 5 and 20 mW cm−...
The Provenance of Sympathy

Now that we have defined sympathy, it seems necessary to try to think about its origins. Most of the theorists of sympathy, when they consid­ered the matter at all, explicitly or by implication regarded sympathy as an inborn capacity. More recently, however, sympathy theorists have been more interested in matters other than the roots of sympathy, while biologists and those interested in evolution have not been interested in sympathy at all. Partly this is a matter of terminology. The term sympathy arose out of a philosophical concern with moral development. It is not a “scientific” word. And partly the roots of sympathy are not studied because that problem does not fall neatly into the bailiwick of any of the scientific disciplines.
Teaching Fairness in Journalism: A Challenging Task

Objectivity has long been contentious in American journalism. Many practitioners call it essential to a news organization’s credibility. Critics, however, hold objectivity is impossible and urge reporters simply to reveal their biases. For educators, teaching objectivity is challenging. Some, seeking a middle ground, instead urge fairness and balance, or counsel “impartiality.” Even such approaches are challenging. This article explores the difficulties, based on a study where students were lectured on fairness, balance, objectivity, and bias. They wrote news stories before and after the lessons. Evaluators found no substantial improvement in fairness and increased bias, however, pointing up the difficulties involved.
Life's Dream Exercise

This exercise builds on the ideas and research of Doug Newberg, and is intended to help students work through the key elements of his world-class performance model, Resonance. The technical note "Resonance" (UVA-OB-0626) describes the model, which takes an "experience-based" approach rather than a "goal-oriented" one.
The Structure of Various Natural Rubbers

Abstract Although Columbus, on his second journey to America, found the natives playing with balls which bounced and were elastic, it was almost 300 years later before use was made in Europe of the gum used in these balls. Priestley found that it could be used for erasing lead pencil marks. However, when further applications of this material were attempted, it became recognized that rubbers from different parts of the country differed. These differences arose partly from the botanical origin of the plants from which the gum, or rubber, was collected and partly from the methods of collecting and preparing it. With the passage of time, fine Para rubber came to be recognized and used as the best rubber and it held this position until it was supplanted by plantation rubber from Hevea brasiliensis trees. These differences in rubbers from different sources made it necessary for the user to know more about the material. Even the distinguished physicist Faraday became involved in the problem and in 1826 he publis...