cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Backscattering of excited hydrogen from Mo in the presence of oxygen

Abstract Impact of 20 keV H + ions on molybdenum surfaces gives rise to atomic line emission from backscattered excited H atoms. It is shown that observed intensity is a function of adsorbed oxygen on the surface; oxygen coverage causes a decrease in the rate of radiationless de-excitation with a result that intensity increases with oxygen partial-pressure in the range 10 −9 –10 −6 torr. Surface coverage of oxygen is a function of both projectile beam current and ambient oxygen pressure; consequently one observes transient behavior of light intensity after changes to either ion beam current or ambient oxygen pressure. The dependence of Balmer-β line intensity on pressure and time is modelled and filted to the data. By this procedure we derive the coefficient for sputtering of oxygen adsorbed on a Mo surface; for 20 keV H + impact we determine values of 0.0029 and 0.0012 (atoms/ion) at incidence angles of 60° and 15° respectively to the target surface normal.
A C3a-Hydroxylated Furanose Synthon for Sesquiterpene Lactones

Abstract A procedure for the stereocontrolled elaboration of a pendant oxirane at C3 of a 1,2-O-isopropylidenated glycofuranose has been developed. Cleavage of the oxirane with a functionalized carbon nucleophile give a C3a-hydroxylated product which is an attractive synthon for sesquiterpene lactones.
Combination Therapy of PPARγ Ligands and Inhibitors of Arachidonic Acid in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and five-year survival remains low. Numerous studies have shown that chronic inflammation may lead to progression of carcinogenesis. As a result of inflammatory stimulation, arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism produces proliferation mediators through complex and dynamic interactions of the products of the LOX/COX enzymes. One important mediator in the activation of the AA pathways is the nuclear protein PPARγ. Targeting LOX/COX enzymes and inducing activation of PPARγ have resulted in significant reduction of cell growth in lung cancer cell lines. However, specific COX-inhibitors have been correlated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Clinical applications are still being explored with a novel generation of dual LOX/COX inhibitors. PPARγ activation through synthetic ligands (TZDs) has revealed a great mechanistic complexity since effects are produced through PPARγ-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Furthermore, PPARγ could also be involved in regulation of COX-2. Overexpression of PPARγ has reported to play a role in control of invasion and differentiation. Exploring the function of PPARγ, in this new context, may provide a better mechanistic model of its role in cancer and give an opportunity to design a more efficient therapeutic approach in combination with LOX/COX inhibitors.
Reversal of catabolism by beta-blockade after severe burns.

Background The catecholamine-mediated hypermetabolic response to severe burns causes increased energy expenditure and muscle-protein catabolism. We hypothesized that blockade of β-adrenergic stimulation with propranolol would decrease resting energy expenditure and muscle catabolism in patients with severe burns. Methods Twenty-five children with acute and severe burns (more than 40 percent of total body-surface area) were studied in a randomized trial. Thirteen received oral propranolol for at least two weeks, and 12 served as untreated controls. The dose of propranolol was adjusted to decrease the resting heart rate by 20 percent from each patient's base-line value. Resting energy expenditure and skeletal-muscle protein kinetics were measured before and after two weeks of beta-blockade (or no therapy, in controls). Body composition was measured serially throughout hospitalization. Results Patients in the control group and the propranolol group were similar with respect to age, weight, percentage of tota...
Hydrogen bonded complexes with the AA·DD, AA·DDD, and AAA·DD motifs: The role of three centered (bifurcated) hydrogen bonding

Abstract The stabilities of hydrogen bonded complexes containing the AA·DD, AA·DDD, and AAA·DD motifs were measured in chloroform. X-ray analysis of the 1·6 and 1·7 complex and solution studies support the formation of an unsymmetrical bifurcated hydrogen bonding motif.
Algorithms for the likelihood-based estimation of the random coefficient model

Abstract The existing algorithms for fitting the random coefficient models tend to have difficulties associated with the covariance matrix parameter space. New ML and REML algorithms are developed, explicitly addressing the parameter space problem. Theoretical justification and numerical results are presented.
Evolution of the East Pacific Rise at 16°–19° S since 5 Ma: Bisection of overlapping spreading centers by new, rapidly propagating ridge segments

Nearly complete side-scan, bathymetry and magnetic coverage documents the evolution of the geometry of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) between 16° and 19° S since 5 Ma. Lineaments visible in SeaMARC II, H-MR1 and Sea Beam 2000 side-scan data correspond dominantly to normal fault scarps which have developed in the axial region perpendicular to the least compressive stress. Except near overlapping spreading centers (OSCs), the lineament orientations are taken to represent the perpendicular to the instantaneous Pacific-Nazca spreading direction. Their dominant orientation in the axial region is 012°, in good agreement with the prediction of the current model of relative plate motion (DeMets et al., 1994). However, the variations of the lineament azimuths with age show that there has been a small (3°–5°) clockwise change in the Nazca-Pacific relative motion since 5 Ma. There is also a distinct population of lineaments which strike counterclockwise to the ambient orientation. These discordant lineaments form somewhat coherent patterns on the seafloor and represent the past migration tracks of several left-stepping OSCs. Concurrent analysis of these discordant zones and the magnetic anomalies, reveals that up to 1 Ma, the EPR was offset by a few large, left-stepping OSCs. These OSCs were bisected into smaller OSCs by new spreading segments forming within their overlap basins. The smaller OSCs proceeded to migrate rapidly and were further bisected by newly spawned ridge segments until the present staircase of small, left-stepping OSCs was achieved. By transferring lithosphere from one plate to the other, these migration events account remarkably well for the variable spreading asymmetry in the area. Between 16° and 19° S, the present EPR is magmatically very “robust”, as evidenced by its inflated morphology, the profuse volcanic and hydrothermal activity observed from submerisbles and towed cameras, the geochemistry of axial basalts, and seismic and gravity data. Since 1 Ma, all the OSCs have migrated away from the shallowest, most robust section of the ridge between 17° and 17°30′ S, which was previously offset by a large OSC. We propose that the switch from a presumed starved magmatic regime typically associated with large OSCs to the presently robust magmatic regime occurred when the EPR overrode a melt anomaly during its westward migration relative to the asthenosphere. The resulting increase in melt supply at 17°–17°30′ S has fed the migration of axial discontinuities for this section of the southern EPR since 1 Ma.
“Oh, the Humanity!”: Kurt Vonnegut and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy's Existential Rejoinder to the Irrationality of the Human Condition

The frequent absurdity and enduring irrationality of the human condition has long been a subject of inquiry by philosophy, literature, and other traditional humanities. This article argues that expanding the disciplinary scope of this inquiry to include psychology provides a fertile field of ideas for how we can best respond to a condition that continually affects us all. Using an interdisciplinary approach combining literature, existential philosophy, and humanistic psychology, this article shows how particular works of Kurt Vonnegut illuminate existential principles of the popular form of psychotherapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, while suggesting an optimal response to our common condition.
Toward Defining the Neural Substrates of ADHD A Controlled Structural MRI Study in Medication-Naïve Adults

Objective: We assessed the neural correlates of adult ADHD in treatment-naive participants, an approach necessary for identifying neural substrates unconfounded by medication effects. Method: The s...
Stercoral ulceration and perforation of the sclerodermatous colon: report of two cases and review of the literature.

The pathologic changes which attend sclerodermatous involvement of the colon suggest that stercoral ulceration associated with spontaneous perforation may be a common accompaniment. However, this is a triad rarely encountered. The authors describe two such cases and discuss the diagnosis, pathologic anatomy and management of patients with stercoral ulceration and bowel perforation, particularly when associated with scleroderma.
Validation of a model to support the decision to transfer management control systems

Abstract Managers in both Japan and the United States have actively pursued the issue of transferring management techniques such as kanban and quality circles from one culture to another. However, the issue of the transferability of the management control systems (MCS) which are assumed by these techniques is often neglected or dismissed as easily accomplished. This study used data gathered from more than 1000 managers and workers in large manufacturing/construction companies in Japan and the United States to develop a mathematical model using two-group discriminant analysis which can be used to support the decision to transfer a MCS between the two cultures. Our analysis suggests that a MCS should be transferred only after relevant cultural values in both the importing organization and the exporting organization are carefully recognized and evaluated for a high degree of congruence. Judicious use of the model by managers pondering the prospect of MCS transfer will help to determine the degree to which their own organization exhibits such congruence. This paper details the methodology used to develop the model. It focuses on the steps taken to ensure both the technical and organizational validity of the model in light of the importance of cultural congruence.
Efficiency, stability and self discharge of electrochemically-doped polyacetylene in propylene carbonate electrolyte

Abstract Discrepancies between the estimates of doping level of electrochemically-doped polyacetylene, [CH] χ , obtained by coulometry and elemental analysis, suggest that a significant fraction of charge is consumed in the oxidation of electrolyte. This coulombic inefficiency of charging leads to a net inefficiency on cycling. The stability of p-type [CH] χ is much greater than that of n-type [CH] χ in propylene carbonate electrolyte. In the absence of impurities and lithium, the stability of p-[CH] χ is much higher than had been previously estimated for [CH] χ in batteries. The self-discharge rate in propylene carbonate is lower for high concentrations of electrolyte. A mechanism for self discharge by oxidation of solvent is presented. The rate of oxidation follows a Tafel rate-overpotential behavior. The dependence of rate on potential can also be used to explain the greater stability of oxidized polymer in high salt concentrations. It is shown that an oxidation product of the solvent is generated, which mediates and accelerates the discharge of p-doped [CH] χ by lithium in a [CH] χ /lithium battery.
Solitary wave solutions of the generalized two-component Hunter–Saxton system

Abstract The existence of solitary wave solutions of the generalized two-component Hunter–Saxton system is determined. It is also shown that there are peaked and cusped solitary waves with singularities among those smooth solitary wave solutions.
Viewed from above

Introduction to Satellite Oceanography. By G.A. Maul. Martinus Nijhoff: 1985. Pp.606. Dfl.220, 80. Satellite Oceanography: An Introduction for Oceanographers and Remote-sensing Scientists. By I.S. Robinson. Ellis Horwood: 1985. Pp.455. 42.50, 63.75. Methods of Satellite Oceanography. By Robert H. Stewart. University of California Press: 1985. Pp.368. 38.50, 32.75.
Contoured patterns from reflector systems - A spherical wave expansion solution

Any electromagnetic field - e.g., a contoured antenna pattern may be expanded into a sum of spherical waves, similar to a one-dimensional Fourier expansion. This expanded wave could then be scattered from a source reflector to determine a resulting required feed field in the vicinity of the focal region. This is of questionable value, and the more significant information to produce would be the required feed pattern itself. Hence the required contour pattern is instead scattered from the back of the reflector, and the result is the required feed pattern with origin at the focus of the chosen reflector.
Photographic Images of Blacks in Sexuality Texts

ABSTRACTIn current human sexuality textbooks, photographs of “real people” have become a major form of illustration. I examined 16 college-level sexuality textbooks, published from 1980 to 1987, to see what images of Blacks were presented in these photographs. Visual images of individuals have the potential to represent a group to which the individual belongs, especially when there is little diversity in the images presented; every portrayal of Blacks carries more weight than that of whites, since whites are allowed more diversity in representation. In addition, the photograph itself has more impact than a drawing would, since it is seen as an objective representation of reality, rather than as an artist's construction. While it is a mistake to attribute a single meaning to an image, it is possible to speak of predictable ways in which the photograph may be read, based on dominant meanings in our culture. In examining the photographs in these texts, though individual images of Blacks are often positive, I...
Short-term memory and aphasia.

Abstract Short-term retention tests of verbal item information (short-term memory for items) and order information (memory for sequences) were administered to aphasic, nonaphasic brain-damaged, and normal subjects. Memory for both parameters was significantly impaired in aphasics only. One-third of errors made by aphasics resulted from a specific, separable defect in short-term memory for sequences. As information load increased, memory for sequences became critical for linguistic performance of aphasics.
Diopside dissolution kinetics as a function of pH, CO2, temperature, and time

The authors have measured the dissolution rate of diopside in dilute solutions (far from equilibrium) at 25, 50, and 70[degrees]C from pH 2 through pH 12 using a flow-through reactor. Reducing the CO[sub 2] concentration tenfold produced little, if any, effect on dissolution rate at alkaline pH (pH 8 through pH 12) at 25 and 70[degrees]C. Linear dissolution kinetics (i.e., time-invariant rates) were eventually observed in all runs. The overall trend with increasing pH is decreasing diopside dissolution rate based on the release rate of all constituents. The authors fit these rates by regression to a general rate law of the form r = Ak[[alpha][sub H[sup +]]][sup n], where A is the surface area, k is the rate constant, and n is the order with respect to hydrogen ion activity. At 70[degrees]C over the range pH 2 through pH 10 in solutions equilibrated with atmospheric CO[sub 2], the rate of diopside dissolution based on Si release is rate (mol/cm[sup 2]-s) = 2.45 ([plus minus]0.96)[times]10[sup [minus]13] [alpha][sub H[sup +]][sup 0.18[plus minus]0.03]. At 50[degrees]C the rate based on Si release is rate (mol/cm[sup 2]-s) = 1.10([plus minus]0.61)[times]10[sup [minus]13] [alpha][sub H[sup +]][sup 0.21[plus minus]]0.04. At 25[degrees]C the rate based on Si release ismore » rate (mol/cm[sup 2]-s) = 2.88([plus minus]1.33)[times]10[sup [minus]14] [alpha][sub H[sup +]][sup 0.18[plus minus]0.03]. Based on a regression of the rate constants, over the temperature interval 25 to 70[degrees]C, the activation energy for the dissolution of diopside is 9.7 [plus minus] 0.4 kcal/mol. This energy is indicative of a surface-reaction controlled dissolution process, as is the observation of crystallographically controlled etch pits. 31 refs., 5 figs., 5 tabs.« less
Indicators of land-cover change for change-vector analysis in multitemporal space at coarse spatial scales

Abstract Change-vector analysis in multi-temporal space is a powerful tool to analyse the nature and magnitude of land-cover change. The change vector compares the difference in the time-trajectory of a biophysical indicator for successive time periods. This change detection method is applied to three remotely-sensed indicators of land-surface conditions—vegetation index, surface temperature and spatial structure—in order to improve the capability to detect and categorize subtle forms of land-cover change. It is tested in a region of West Africa, using multi-temporal Local Area Coverage imagery obtained by the Advanced Very-High Resolution Radiometer on NOAA-9 and NOAA-II orbiting platforms. The three indicators show a low degree of redundancy and detect different land-cover change processes, which operate at different time scales. Change vector analysis is being developed for application to the land-cover change product to be produced using NASA's Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer instrument,...
Cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism by mouse bone in organ culture

The products of endogenous and exogenous arachidonic acid metabolism via the cyclooxygenase pathway in mouse bone in organ culture were identified and quantitated by the use of high performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Production of prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, and I2 from endogenous substrate was stimulated by incubation of bone with epidermal growth factor and the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Addition of arachidonic acid to the culture medium not only resulted in the accumulation of prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, and I2 but also thromboxane. Bone metabolized prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha to their respective 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-derivatives. Prostaglandin I2, measured as 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha was synthesized by bone, and metabolic products of prostaglandin I2 or 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, either 6,15-diketo-prostaglandin F1 alpha or 13,14-dihydro-6,15-diketo-prostaglandin F1 alpha, were also detected in the culture media. Formation of cyclooxygenase products of endogenous and exogenous arachidonic acid metabolism (both basal and stimulated) and bone resorption were inhibited by indomethacin. Bone as a tissue responded biochemically not only to exogenous prostaglandins and agents that enhance endogenous prostaglandin production but also to exogenous arachidonic acid by biosynthesis of prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. Furthermore, bone metabolized these cyclooxygenase products to their more stable metabolites.
Lipid metabolism in the parasitic and free-living spirochetes Treponema pallidum (Reiter) and Treponema zuelzerae

Abstract The parasitic Treponema pallidum (Reiter) can neither synthesize nor desaturate fatty acids and depends on an outside source for these compounds. In contrast, the free-living Treponema zuelzerae synthesizes all of its fatty acids, primarily isoacids and straight-chain saturated fatty acids plus smaller amounts of monoenoic acids and free fatty aldehydes. Both organisms synthesize all of their complex lipids. Glycolipids account for one-fourth to one-third of the total lipids, principally monogalactosyl diglyceride (T. pallidum) and monoglucosyl diglyceride (T. zuelzerae). The major phospholipids of T. zuelzerae are phosphatidyl glycerol (31%) and cardiolipin (21%). T. pallidum contains phosphatidyl choline (33%), choline plasmalogen (8%), phosphatidyl glycerol (7%) and cardiolipin (6%). T. pallidum has substantial amounts of cholesterol which originate from the medium. T. zuelzerae has no sterols.
Type 304L stainless steel corrosion in molten lithium hydride as a function of temperature

Abstract A series of compatibility experiments has been performed with Type 304L stainless steel exposed to molten lithium hydride (LiH) in the temperature range 715–850°C. The primary corrosion mechanism of Type 304L stainless steel in this environment has been determined to be selective leaching of nickel leading to the formation of a ferritic surface layer. The ferrite layer seems to be adherent under the conditions evaluated but other observations suggest the ferrite is porous on a microscopic scale and relatively weak in terms of mechanical properties. At all temperatures examined, the ferrite layer growth rate decreases with extended exposure time due to the increasing thickness of the ferrite layer acting as a barrier to further nickel leaching. Cumulative exposure times were insufficient to establish true steady-state ferrite growth rates but, for exposure times near 400 h, the average ferrite layer growth rate ranges from about 0.1 mm/yr (715°C) to about 0.4 mm/yr (850°C).
Genetic and Physical Mapping of the Mcra (Rgla) and Mcrb (Rglb) Loci of Escherichia Coli K-12

We have genetically analyzed, cloned and physically mapped the modified cytosine-specific restriction determinants mcrA (rglA) and mcrB (rglB) of Escherichia coli K-12. The independently discovered Rgl and Mcr restriction systems are shown to be identical by three criteria: 1) mutants with the RglA- or RglB- phenotypes display the corresponding McrA- or McrB- phenotypes, and vice versa; 2) the gene(s) for RglA and McrA reside together at one locus, while gene(s) for RglB and McrB are coincident at a different locus; and 3) RglA+ and RglB+ recombinant clones complement for the corresponding Mcr-deficient lesions. The mcrA (rglA) gene(s) is on the excisable element e14, just clockwise of purB at 25 min. The mcrB (rglB) gene(s), at 99 min, is in a cluster of restriction functions that includes hsd and mrr, determinants of host-specific restriction (EcoK) and methyladenine-specific restriction respectively. Gene order is mcrB-hsdS-hsdM-hsdR-mrr-serB. Possible models for the acqusition of these restriction determinants by enteric bacteria are discussed.
Driving low-power wearable systems with an adaptively-controlled foot-strike scavenging platform

We explore the use of Dielectric Elastomer (DE) micro-generators as a means to scavenge energy from foot-strikes and power wearable systems. While they exhibit large energy densities, DEs must be closely controlled to maximize the energy they transduce. Towards this end, we propose a DE micro-generator array configuration that enhances transduction efficiency, and the use of foot pressure sensors to realize accurate control of the individual DEs. Statistical techniques are applied to customize performance for a user's gait and enable energy-optimized adaptive online control of the system. Simulations based on experimentally collected foot pressure datasets, empirical characterization of DE mechanical behavior and a detailed model of DE electrical behavior show that the proposed system can achieve between 45 and 66mJ per stride.
Use of a virtual community as a psychosocial support system in pediatric transplantation

Despite significant interest by pediatric transplant patients in meeting others who have undergone transplantation, geographic distances combined with their daily routines make this difficult. This mixed-method study describes the use of Zora, a Web-based virtual community designed to create a support system for these patients. The Zora software allows participants to create a graphical online virtual city with houses expressing their individuality and objects conveying their concerns and personal stories. Zora allows real-time chat between participants further facilitating communication. Twenty-two post-transplant patients used Zora over nine months. The median number of log ons per participant was 19.50 times (q1 = 5.25, q3 = 41.50), and each participant spent a median of 12.48 h (q1 = 2.13, q3 = 25.55) logged into the program. This represented a median of 18.27 min/wk (q1 = 6.88, q3 = 37.40) per participant. Users created a total of 3736 objects (median/participant = 12.5, q1 = 2.25, q3 = 30) and created 66 virtual houses (median/participant = 2.00, q1 = 1.00, q3 = 3.00). In addition, a total of 14,444 lines of chat were recorded (median/participant = 228.5, q1 = 30.00, q3 = 663.25), and a total 278 messages were sent between users (median/participant = 3.50, q1 = 0.25, q3 = 15.5). Qualitative data show the preliminary success of the project, as three major themes emerged: (i) increased sense of normalcy for the patients, (ii) enhanced sense of self and contribution to the community, and (iii) increased social network. There were no instances of harmful interactions in the virtual world. This study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of a virtual community as a potential psychosocial intervention for post-transplant adolescents.
Intra- and interstrain differences in models of “behavioral despair”

In the present studies, base line and drug-induced performance of two mouse strains (C57Bl/6 and NIH-Swiss) was evaluated in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Intra- and interstrain comparisons indicate that the biological substrates mediating performance in these behavioral procedures are not identical. For example, in NIH-Swiss mice, a sevenfold difference in base line immobility was observed between the FST and TST. By contrast, the base line immobility in C57Bl/6 mice was similar in both procedures. Further, in C57Bl/6 mice, imipramine produced a "U-shaped" dose-response curve in the FST, whilst no evidence of a biphasic response was present in the TST at doses up to 45 mg/kg. In the FST, the AMPA receptor potentiator LY451646 produced a similar dose-response relationship in C57Bl/6 and NIH-Swiss mice, but the minimum effect dose (MED) was fivefold higher in NIH-Swiss mice. This potency difference appears due to both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. These intra- and interstrain differences in performance indicate that despite a face value similarity, the neurochemical pathways involved in mediating performance in these two widely used tests are not identical.
Purification of Monkey Prolactin from Culture Medium: Biochemical and Immunological Characterization

AbstractSerum-free culture medium, previously incubated with dispersed monkey pituitary cells, provided a relatively uncontaminated source for extraction and purification of 15 mg of monkey prolactin. N-terminal group analysis of this preparation, M21GB, produced predominantly leucine. The amino acid composition closely resembles that of both human and sheep prolactin. M21GB monkey prolactin migrates in 10% polyacrylamide with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a single band with a molecular weight of about 23,000. Multiple bands typical of prolactins are seen with nondenaturing polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. M21GB contains less than 1% growth hormone, incorporates radioactive iodine with a specific activity of 15 μCi/μg and specifically binds to the anti-human prolactin serum-3 provided by the National Hormone and Pituitary Program (B spec/total × 23%). M21GB does not compete in a linear fashion with iodinated human prolactin-I6 for the human prolactin antiserum, but M21GB does compete in a linear fas...
The Culture of Slavery: Origins

Excessive moralism can distort our perceptions in a variety of ways. Besides rearranging our priorities, it can misrepresent the world and how it works. Without so much as pausing to observe the collateral damage, a newly energized master value can shoulder equally significant objectives offstage. In the case of race relations, when freedom is declared expendable, whites can be identified as the source of all difficulties, and stereotypes condemned as the central mechanism of racial oppression. As materially, the role culture plays in maintaining caste-based relationships can be totally rejected. The fact is that liberty and equality occur within a social context. We human beings are not isolated creatures whose choice of values takes place in a vacuum. Both the social structure in which we are embedded and the culture operative within this structure determine what we will demand and ultimately what is possible. We must therefore turn our attention to examining the cultural factors molding race relations.
Maternal Parenting Style and Adjustment in Adolescents with Type I Diabetes

Objective To investigate the cross-sectional relationship between maternal parenting style and indicators of well-being among adolescents with diabetes. Methods Seventy-eight adolescents (ages 11.58–17.42 years, M ¼14.21) with type 1 diabetes and their mothers separately reported perceptions of maternal parenting style. Adolescents reported their own depressed mood, self-efficacy for managing diabetes, and diabetes regimen adherence. Results Adolescents’ perceptions of maternal psychological control were associated with greater depressed mood regardless of age and gender. Firm control was strongly associated with greater depressed mood and poorer self-efficacy among older adolescents, less strongly among younger adolescents. Adolescents’ perceptions of maternal acceptance were associated with less depressed mood, particularly for girls and with better self-efficacy for diabetes management, particularly for older adolescents and girls. Maternal reports of acceptance were associated only with adherence. Conclusions Maternal parenting style is associated with well-being in adolescents with diabetes, but this association is complex and moderated by age and gender.
The challenge of bridging between disciplines.

The September 2000 issue of JAMIA presented three papers on the intersection of bioinformatics and biomedical informatics.1–3 That set of papers was written by individuals who are grounded in biomedical informatics and working in areas of bioinformatics. Their papers explain aspects of bioinformatics research in the language of biomedical informatics. This issue of JAMIA contains the first of two sets of papers4 coming out of the Human Brain Project . With one …
The Agnathan Ark: The Origin of Craniate Brains

An outgroup analysis of head organization of tunicates, lancelets and craniates indicates that the origin of craniates involved the development of a new muscular pharyngeal pump, which was a key innov
QoS-Aware Wavelength Assignment With BER and Latency Constraints for All-Optical Networks

Physical impairments originating from optical fiber components and intermediate switching nodes can be the dominant reason calls are blocked in wide-area all-optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. When a centralized network controller is used, estimating the impact of the physical impairments on the quality of a lightpath before provisioning it can cause a significant delay. In this paper, quality of service aware wavelength assignment algorithms are proposed that consider both bit-error rate (BER) and latency constraints. A novel wavelength assignment technique called wavelength ordering is shown via simulation to reduce the call blocking probability resulting from both physical impairments and excessive processing delay caused by channel BER estimation.
Image Processing In Signal-Dependent Noise

Image detection noise is a fundamental limitation in picture processing, whether analog or digital. This noise is characteristically signal-dependent and this signal-dependence introduces significant problems in the design of appropriate noise-suppression techniques. This paper outlines some recent results obtained by the authors in the optimum suppression of two types of signal-dependent image noise: film-grain noise and photoelectron shot noise. The work in grain noise suppression involves deriving the minimum-mean-square error Wiener filter for a new form of signal-dependent noise model suggested in earlier work by T. S. Huang. Implementation of these filters by either coherent optical or digital processing techniques is possible. Digital computer simulations of grain noise suppression using two particular cases of this additive, "signal-modulated" noise model were performed. They demonstrate the potential advantages of noise suppression filters which make use of a priori knowledge of the signal-dependent nature of the grain noise. The results of work on linear, unbiased restoration of images recorded in the presence of photoelectron noise are summarized. Additional work in both of these areas is suggested, with a particular need existing for correlating the properties of various models proposed for grain noise with experimental data obtained on emulsions using scanning microdensitome ters.
Orthodromic spike generation from electrical stimuli in the rat carotid body: implications for the afferent spike generation process.

Carotid body chemoreceptors respond to a decrease in arterial partial pressure of O2 with an increase in sinus nerve action potential (AP) activity which initiates a number of protective reflexes. The spike generation process is unresolved but is generally considered to be caused by a synaptic depolarizing potential (SDP) in the nerve endings caused by release of an excitatory transmitter from the glomus cell, which is a secretory cell that is presynaptic to the nerve terminals. To detect the purported SDPs, stimulating electrodes were placed at sites within the carotid body from which orthodromic APs could be evoked at low threshold currents. The probability of AP generation as a function of stimulus current was fitted well to a Boltzmann distribution. Subthreshold electrical stimuli which were expected to summate with subthreshold SDPs, failed, in all instances, to evoke APs at the expected probability. When the stimulus was gated to the occurrence of a spontaneous AP, no change in electrical threshold was observed as the delay between the spontaneous AP and electrical stimulus was increased, despite the presumed disappearance of an SDP in the post-AP period. Decreases in spontaneous AP generation rate, caused by hyperoxia, were associated with only slight changes in the mean orthodromic stimulus threshold, but with a significant increase in slope of the Boltzmann function, suggesting a decrease in the variance of nerve terminal excitability during hyperoxia. These results suggest that AP generation is not due to SDP events; rather, AP generation is likely to be due to a process endogenous to the nerve terminals that modulates the variability of nerve terminal excitability.
Investigating the Moderating Role of Cultural Practices on the Effect of Selection Fairness Perceptions

Utilizing a sample of applicants to positions in a global corporation, we examined whether cultural practices moderate the effect of selection fairness perceptions on organizational attractiveness and job choice. Positive relationships were anticipated between fairness perceptions and outcomes, and performance orientation and uncertainty avoidance cultural practices were hypothesized to moderate the effects of structural and information sharing perceptions, respectively. Structural fairness perceptions were positively associated with both outcomes, but information-sharing perceptions were significantly related only to organizational attractiveness. National variability in the effect of selection fairness perceptions was observed only for the effect of structural perceptions on organizational attractiveness. Performance orientation moderated this effect such that the strongest relationship was seen among applicants from more performance-oriented countries.
Approximate solutions to nonlinear fluid networks with periodic inputs

We use Kirchhoff's laws and pipe flow dynamics equations to describe a fluid flow network in the form of a nonlinear differential equation with a periodic right hand side. We apply the averaging method to find an approximate solution of this equation and analyze its stability properties. The approximate solution consists of three parts: a mean flow part due to the resistive effects of branches, a time-periodic part due to "inductive" effects, and a mean flow average correction due to the interaction of nonlinear and time varying effects. We present an example that may help explain the processes participating in the development of venous diseases. In particular, it is shown that the widening of a branch in a venous network leads to an increase in the AC flow and decrease in the DC flow through that branch, thus increasing the stress on venous valves, and consequently leading to further increase in the effective width of the vein.
Studies on the natriuretic effect and site of action of indapamide

SummaryA double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out in 42 normal male volunteers to determine the natriuretic effect of indapamide in increasing doses. After α 3-day period of dietary stabilization on relatively high sodium intake and unlimited water intake, groups of 6 subjects were given single doses of placebo or 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, or 30 mg indapamide. Urinary volume and electrolyte excretion were measured for the periods 0 to 4 hours, 4 to 8 hours, and 8 to 24 hours after drug administration. No natriuretic effect was evident with 0.5 mg indapamide. With doses of 2.5 mg and 5 mg, there was a significant progressive increase in sodium excretion but not of potassium. Doses of 10 mg and 20 mg continued to show this pattern but the natriuretic effect was not greater on a 24-hour basis than with the 5 mg dose. No further increase in natriuresis was observed with 30 mg indapamide, but there was a significant kaliuresis and a marked increase in urinary volume.In a study i...
RFID and interorganisational collaboration: political and administrative challenges

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a powerful new technology which, in combination with other information technologies, offers great potential for supporting interorganisational collaboration. The case study reported herein suggests that organisations adopting RFID will need to change their technical and organisational processes and make accommodations in response to political and environmental constraints. The study focused on an initiative undertaken by the Wisconsin Livestock Identification Consortium (WLIC). Through it, a large number of disparate organisations are working together to utilise RFID to track livestock movements, thereby helping to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of contagious diseases. This study demonstrates how political and administrative challenges interacted with technical aspects of the interorganisational system design. Suggestions are offered for further research on the assimilation of RFID and other emerging technologies in interorganisational contexts.
Plasmid Donor Affects Host Range of Promiscuous IncP-1β Plasmid pB10 in an Activated-Sludge Microbial Community

Horizontal transfer of multiresistance plasmids in the environment contributes to the growing problem of drug-resistant pathogens. Even though the plasmid host cell is the primary environment in which the plasmid functions, possible effects of the plasmid donor on the range of bacteria to which plasmids spread in microbial communities have not been investigated. In this study we show that the host range of a broad-host-range plasmid within an activated-sludge microbial community was influenced by the donor strain and that various mating conditions and isolation strategies increased the diversity of transconjugants detected. To detect transconjugants, the plasmid pB10 was marked with lacp-rfp, while rfp expression was repressed in the donors by chromosomal lacI(q). The phylogeny of 306 transconjugants obtained was determined by analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. The transconjugants belonged to 15 genera of the alpha- and gamma-Proteobacteria. The phylogenetic diversity of transconjugants obtained in separate matings with donors Pseudomonas putida SM1443, Ralstonia eutropha JMP228, and Sinorhizobium meliloti RM1021 was significantly different. For example, the transconjugants obtained after matings in sludge with S. meliloti RM1021 included eight genera that were not represented among the transconjugants obtained with the other two donors. Our results indicate that the spectrum of hosts to which a promiscuous plasmid transfers in a microbial community can be strongly influenced by the donor from which it transfers.
Combinatorics for the East model

We study the number of configurations in the East model of statistical physics. This may be pictured as sites in a line. The site at zero is always occupied. The site at i>0 can only be changed if site i-1 is occupied. If at most n occupied sites are permitted, we establish upper and lower bounds of the form 2n2n!c^n where c<1 for the number of possible configurations.
Another epidermal naevus with polyostotic anomalies

I read with interest the case report by Mardsen et al. in which the authors presented an 18-year-old man who was born with a large naevus of the face, neck and shoulder region associated with multiple skeletal abnormalities. The skin lesion was thickened, dark red/brown and was limited by the midline, which the authors referred to later in the report as a port-wine stain (capillary malformation). The authors concluded that the diagnosis is ‘congenital vascular malformation associated with multiple skeletal abnormalities’. I would like to clarify one major point regarding the diagnosis of the skin lesion. The description of the birthmark as thickened, brown and limited by the midline is highly suggestive of a linear epidermal nevus rather than a mere capillary stain. The location and appearance on the published figure also support this alternative diagnosis. While both capillary malformations and epidermal nevi are congenital stains and may co-exist in the same patient (such as in CLOVES syndrome1), these two entities are clinically and pathologically distinct with different clinical implications. Epidermal nevi can be associated with multiple anomalies including skeletal, cerebral, ocular, among others. Examples include several heritable and non-heritable ‘epidermal nevus syndromes’, including Proteus syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Schimmelpenning syndrome, Becker nevus syndrome and CLOVES syndrome.1,2 Various forms of bony anomalies have been reported with epidermal nevi including those similar to fibrous dysplasia.3-6 None of the disorders mentioned by the authors (Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome, Parkes Weber syndrome and Servelle–Martorell syndrome) typically include an epidermal nevus. Accordingly, the constellation of cutaneous and skeletal features described by the authors may fall within the spectrum of epidermal nevus syndromes rather than ‘a previously undescribed collection of vascular and bony abnormalities’ or another illusive ‘congenital vascular bone syndrome’.
Complication rate of venous access procedures performed by a radiology practitioner assistant compared with interventional radiology physicians and supervised trainees.

Purpose To compare venous access complication rates associated with procedures performed by radiology practitioner assistants (RPAs) versus interventional radiology (IR) faculty members, IR fellows, and radiology residents. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of venous access procedures in the IR department for 12 consecutive months at a single university hospital was performed. Procedural primary operators included 12 radiology residents, two IR fellows, four IR faculty members, and one board-certified RPA with 2 years of university training. Data examined included immediate and short-term complications separated into major and overall categories. Results A total of 2093 venous access procedures were performed. The RPA performed 670 procedures (temporary central venous catheter placement, n = 274; peripherally inserted central catheter, n = 67; venous access catheter change, n = 99; venous port placement, n = 126; tunneled central venous catheter placement, n = 39; catheter check, n = 32; and venous explant, n = 43). Similar procedure ratios were noted with faculty members, fellows, and residents. Procedures by the RPA had a major complication rate of 0.29% and an overall complication rate of 0.89%. Four IR faculty members performed 291 procedures, with no major complications and an overall complication rate of 1.71%. Two IR fellows performed 562 procedures, with a major complication rate of 0.35% and an overall complication rate of 1.06%. Twelve residents performed 570 procedures, with a major complication rate of 0.52% (range, 0%–2.46%) and an overall complication rate of 1.39% (range, 0%–3.70%). No significant difference was found among groups ( P = .7). Conclusion A properly trained and monitored RPA can safely perform selected venous access procedures with complication rates equal to those of IR faculty members, fellows, and residents.
ROLE OF ERRORS IN CHILDREN'S DISCRIMINATION LEARNING

The role of errors in children's discrimination learning was explored. 108 second grade children mastered simultaneous intradimensional discriminations (line tilts) or interdimensional discriminations (line tilt and dot) in either an errorful or errorless fashion. Errorful learners acquired the discriminations with a trial and error procedure. Errorless learning was experimentally produced by use of a progressive S— fading procedure. Following acquisition all children received generalization tests along the line-tilt continuum. The post-discrimination generalization gradients for children trained on the intradimensional tasks demonstrated negative peak-shift effects and no positive peak-shift effects. The S— post-discrimination generalization gradients for children trained on the interdimensional tasks were flat indicating no S— control. No differences were noted in the post-discrimination generalization gradients for the errorful and errorless learners. It was concluded that young children can master a s...
Physical realizations of n >= 4-component vector models. 3. Phase transitions in Cr, Eu, Mn S-2, Ho, Dy, and Tb

We use the symmetry arguments of Laudau and Lifshitz, described in the preceding papers, to derive the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson Hamiltonians corresponding to several antiferromagnetic systems. The phase transitions associated with these models are then studied using the exact renormalization-group technique in $d=4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions. We find that the fcc type-III antiferromagnets $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{m}}\ensuremath{\perp}[100],\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}=(\frac{1}{2},0,1)$ and the spiral magnets Eu and Cr are described by two $n=12$ models. For both models, the renormalization-group recursion relations have no stable fixed points. This might explain the existence of first-order transitions in Cr and Eu. We also find that the antiferromagnet Mn${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ is described by the $n=6$ model derived by Mukamel and Krinsky to represent Tb${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, Nd, and ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$Ir${\mathrm{Cl}}_{6}$. Since this model has one stable fixed point, it is predicted that the four compounds belong to the same universality class. Similarly, the spiral magnets Tb, Dy, and Ho correspond to the $n=4$ model which was used to describe Nb${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, Tb${\mathrm{Au}}_{2}$, and Dy${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$, and it is predicted that they all have the same critical behavior. Existing experimental data are discussed and several experiments are suggested.
In Sickness and in Health: Skipping Work Under the Cover of Law

Starting in July 2015, California’s Healthy Workplaces, Healthy Families Act of 2014 mandates accrual of paid sick days for most workers employed at least 30 days per year in California. This article highlights some of the anticipated responses of workers and employers to the new law and some general considerations arising from legislated floors on paid time off.