cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The protein kinase D1 COOH terminus: marker or regulator of enzyme activity?

Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a Ser/Thr kinase implicated in a wide variety of cellular responses. PKD1 activation is generally attributed to a PKC-dependent pathway that leads to phosphorylation of the activation loop at Ser744/Ser748. This modification increases catalytic activity, including that toward an autophosphorylation site (Ser916) in a postsynaptic density-95/disks large/zonula occludens-1 (PDZ)-binding motif at the extreme COOH terminus. However, there is growing evidence that PKD1 activation can also result from a PKC-independent autocatalytic reaction at Ser744/Ser748 and that certain stimuli increase in PKD1 phosphorylation at Ser744/S748 without an increase in autophosphorylation at Ser916. This study exposes a mechanism that results in a discrepancy between PKD1 COOH-terminal autocatalytic activity and activity toward other substrates. We show that PKD1 constructs harboring COOH-terminal epitope tags display high levels of in vitro activation loop autocatalytic activity and activity toward ...
MicroRNAs targeting TGFβ signalling underlie the regulatory T cell defect in multiple sclerosis

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling is critical for regulatory T cell development and function, and regulatory T cell dysregulation is a common observation in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. In a comprehensive miRNA profiling study of patients with multiple sclerosis naive CD4 T cells, 19 differentially expressed miRNAs predicted to target the TGFβ signalling pathway were identified, leading to the hypothesis that miRNAs may be responsible for the regulatory T cell defect observed in patients with multiple sclerosis. Patients with multiple sclerosis had reduced levels of TGFβ signalling components in their naive CD4 T cells. The differentially expressed miRNAs negatively regulated the TGFβ pathway, resulting in a reduced capacity of naive CD4 T cells to differentiate into regulatory T cells. Interestingly, the limited number of regulatory T cells, that did develop when these TGFβ-targeting miRNAs were overexpressed, were capable of suppressing effector T cells. As it has previously been demonstrated that compromising TGFβ signalling results in a reduced regulatory T cell repertoire insufficient to control autoimmunity, and patients with multiple sclerosis have a reduced regulatory T cell repertoire, these data indicate that the elevated expression of multiple TGFβ-targeting miRNAs in naive CD4 T cells of patients with multiple sclerosis impairs TGFβ signalling, and dampens regulatory T cell development, thereby enhancing susceptibility to developing multiple sclerosis.
Example: Restaurant Location Games

Prerequisites: Chapters 1 and 2. As in in the previous chapter we discuss games on graphs. Their most interesting feature is that they always have pure Nash equilibria. Let us repeat the definition of an undirected graph, given in Chapter 4. Undirected graphs have vertices , displayed by small circles. Some pairs of vertices are connected by undirected edges . They are drawn as curves connecting the two vertices. Vertices connected by an edge are called adjacent . Adjacent vertices are also called neighbors . Again we use graphs to model islands. The vertices represent the towns, and the edges the roads between the towns. Restaurant Location Game On a small island are towns, all having the same number of residents. The towns are connected by a system of streets. Two sushi restaurants, Ann's and Beth's, are about to open. Both have the same quality and price level and are almost indistinguishable. Market research shows: • People with a sushi restaurant in their home town would on average eat sushi once a year. They would not visit sushi restaurants outside their home town. If both sushi restaurants were in the home town, residents would randomly choose either, or alternate their choices. • A person with no sushi restaurant in the home town, but with a restaurant in an adjacent town, would on average eat sushi once in two years. If more than one sushi restaurants were in a town adjacent to the person's home town, the person would randomly choose either, or alternate choices. • Nobody would go to a sushi restaurant that is not in the home town or an adjacent town. In the simultaneous version of the game, both Ann and Beth simultaneously submit a proposal for the location of their restaurants. The payoffs for the players are the expected numbers of customers per year. What location should the players choose?
Missing Data Problems in Criminological Research: Two Case Studies

This paper considers the problem of missing data in two circumstances commonly confronted by criminologists. In the first circumstance, there is missing data due to subject attrition—some cases drop out of a study. In this context, analysts are frequently interested in examining the association between an independent variable measured at time t(xt) and an outcome variable that is measured at time t + 1(yt + 1); the problem is that the outcome variable is only observed for those cases which do not drop out of the study. In the second circumstance there is missing data on an independent variable of interest for typical reasons (i.e., the respondent did not wish to answer a question or could not be located). In this case, researchers are interested in estimating the association between the independent variable with missing data and an outcome variable that is fully observed. Criminologists often handle these two missing data problems by conducting analyses on the subsample of observations with complete data. In this paper, we explore this problem with two case studies and we then illustrate the use of methods that directly address the uncertainty produced by missing data.
The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946: Nationalist Competition and Civil-Military Relations in Postwar India

ABSTRACTThis article argues for the importance of the Royal Indian Navy mutiny of 1946 in two key aspects of the transition towards Indian independence: civilian control over the Indian military, and a competition for power between Congress and communists that undermined Indian workers and their student allies. The article begins with an investigation of the mutiny drawing on three sources: a first-person account from a lead mutineer, a communist history of the mutiny, and the papers published in the Towards Freedom collection. In 1946 a handful of low-ranking sailors sparked a naval mutiny that ultimately involved upwards of 20,000 sailors, and then crashed into the streets of Bombay with revolutionary fervour. The Communist Party in Bombay seized upon the mutiny as an opportunity to rally the working class against the British raj, with the hope of ending British rule through revolution rather than negotiation. Yet the mutiny proved less of a harbinger of what was ending and more of a bellwether for what...
The Influence of 17 Hours of Normobaric Hypoxia on Parallel Adjustments in Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Airway Function in Lowland Healthy Adults

Abstract Van Iterson, Erik H., Eric M. Snyder, and Bruce D. Johnson. The influence of 17 hours of normobaric hypoxia on parallel adjustments in exhaled nitric oxide and airway function in lowland healthy adults. High Alt Med Biol. 18:1–10, 2017.—Currently, there is a disparate understanding of the role that normobaric hypoxia plays in affecting nitric oxide (NO) measured in exhaled air (eNO) and airway function in lowland healthy adults. Compared to normobaric normoxia, this study aimed to test the effect of 17 hours of normobaric hypoxia on relationships between eNO and airway function in healthy adults. In a crossover study including 2 separate visits, 26 lowland healthy Caucasian adults performed eNO and pulmonary function tests on visit 1 in normobaric normoxia, while repeating all tests on visit 2 following 17 hours of normobaric hypoxia (12.5% O2). Compared to normobaric normoxia, eNO (29 ± 24 vs. 36 ± 28 ppb), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (4.1 ± 0.7 vs. 4.3 ± 0.8 L), mean forced ex...
Cost of opioid-treated chronic low back pain: Findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation-based intervention

Objective: Opioid-treated chronic low back pain (CLBP) is debilitating, costly, and often refractory to existing treatments. This secondary analysis aims to pilot-test the hypothesis that mindfulness meditation (MM) can reduce economic burden related to opioid-treated CLBP. Design: Twenty-six-week unblinded pilot randomized controlled trial, comparing MM, adjunctive to usual-care, to usual care alone. Setting: Outpatient. Participants: Thirty-five adults with opioid-treated CLBP ( ≥ 30 morphine-equivalent mg/day) for 3 + months enrolled; none withdrew. Intervention: Eight weekly therapist-led MM sessions and at-home practice. Outcome Measures: Costs related to self-reported healthcare utilization, medication use (direct costs), lost productivity (indirect costs), and total costs (direct + indirect costs) were calculated for 6-month pre-enrollment and postenrollment periods and compared within and between the groups. Results: Participants (21 MM; 14 control) were 20 percent men, age 51.8 ± 9.7 years, with severe disability, opioid dose of 148.3 ± 129.2 morphine-equivalent mg/d, and individual annual income of $18,291 ± $19,345. At baseline, total costs were estimated at $15,497 ± 13,677 (direct: $10,635 ± 9,897; indirect: $4,862 ± 7,298) per participant. Although MM group participants, compared to controls, reduced their pain severity ratings and pain sensitivity to heat stimuli (p < 0.05), no statistically significant within-group changes or between-group differences in direct and indirect costs were noted. Conclusions: Adults with opioid-treated CLBP experience a high burden of disability despite the high costs of treatment. Although this pilot study did not show a statistically significant impact of MM on costs related to opioid-treated CLBP, MM can improve clinical outcomes and should be assessed in a larger trial with long-term follow-up.
Laboratory- and community-based health outcomes in people with transtibial amputation using crossover and energy-storing prosthetic feet: A randomized crossover trial.

Contemporary prosthetic feet are generally optimized for either daily or high-level activities. Prosthesis users, therefore, often require multiple prostheses to participate in activities that span a range of mobility. Crossover feet (XF) are designed to increase the range of activities that can be performed with a single prosthesis. However, little evidence exists to guide clinical prescription of XF relative to traditional energy storing feet (ESF). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of XF and ESF on health outcomes in people with transtibial amputation. A randomized crossover study was conducted to assess changes in laboratory-based (endurance, perceived exertion, walking performance) and community-based (step activity and self-reported mobility, fatigue, balance confidence, activity restrictions, and satisfaction) outcomes. Twenty-seven participants were fit with XF and ESF prostheses with standardized sockets, interfaces, and suspensions. Participants were not blinded to the intervention, and wore each prosthesis for one month while their steps were counted with an activity monitor. After each accommodation period, participants returned for data collection. Endurance and perceived exertion were measured with the Six-Minute Walk Test and Borg-CR100, respectively. Walking performance was measured using an electronic walkway. Self-reported mobility, fatigue, balance confidence, activity restrictions, and satisfaction were measured with survey instruments. Participants also reported foot preferences upon conclusion of the study. Differences between feet were assessed with a crossover analysis. While using XF, users experienced improvements in most community-based outcomes, including mobility (p = .001), fatigue (p = .001), balance confidence (p = .005), activity restrictions (p = .002), and functional satisfaction (p < .001). Participants also exhibited longer sound side steps in XF compared to ESF (p < .001). Most participants (89%) reported an overall preference for XF; others (11%) reported no preference. Results indicate that XF may be a promising alternative to ESF for people with transtibial amputation who engage in a range of mobility activities. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02440711","term_id":"NCT02440711"}}NCT02440711
Religious People Are Trusted Because They Are Viewed as Slow Life-History Strategists.

Religious people are more trusted than nonreligious people. Although most theorists attribute these perceptions to the beliefs of religious targets, religious individuals also differ in behavioral ways that might cue trust. We examined whether perceivers might trust religious targets more because they heuristically associate religion with slow life-history strategies. In three experiments, we found that religious targets are viewed as slow life-history strategists and that these findings are not the result of a universally positive halo effect; that the effect of target religion on trust is significantly mediated by the target’s life-history traits (i.e., perceived reproductive strategy); and that when perceivers have direct information about a target’s reproductive strategy, their ratings of trust are driven primarily by his or her reproductive strategy, rather than religion. These effects operate over and above targets’ belief in moralizing gods and offer a novel theoretical perspective on religion and ...
Similarity and variation in the insulin-like growth factor 2 - H19 locus in primates.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), a small, secreted protein, is critical for fetal and prenatal growth in humans and other mammals. The IGF2 gene and its mouse homolog comprise part of a conserv...
Regulation of chloride secretion in dog tracheal epithelium by protein kinase C

The effects of stimulating protein kinase C on Cl- secretion across dog tracheal epithelium were investigated. The phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and the synthetic diacylglycerol, 1-oleolyl-2-acetylglycerol (OAG), which stimulate protein kinase C (PKC), both stimulated short-circuit current (Isc) with Kd of 10 nM and 1 microM, respectively. In Cl(-)-free solution, the increases in Isc were virtually abolished, suggesting that these compounds stimulate Cl- secretion, a hypothesis confirmed for TPA by measurement of 36Cl- fluxes. The stimulations of Cl- secretion were not sensitive to indomethacin, nor were cAMP levels elevated during stimulation. In addition to its transient stimulatory effect, TPA at high doses caused the eventual lowering of the base-line Isc and a block of subsequent stimulation by cAMP-mediated agonists. This was probably not the result of toxicity or an effect on adenylate cyclase or on cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Cell extracts from both cultured and native dog tracheal epithelial cells showed strong PKC activities. These results suggest that PKC may play a role in regulating Cl- secretion across dog tracheal epithelium.
Temperature and density in a hydrogenair flame from Rayleigh scattering

Abstract A technique has been developed for obtaining spatially resolved measurements of temperature and density under combustion conditions. The spectral structure of Rayleigh scattered laser light is determined using a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Spectra in the post-combustion zone exhibit simple Doppler broadening with a Gaussian line profile; however, spectra in the higher density, precombustion zone have appreciable Brillouin components. Radial and axial surveys of temperature and intensity in the premixed hydrogenair flame issuing from a 3.2 mm diameter welding torch tip are obtained. Measured temperatures in the post-combustion zone are in agreement with the adiabatic flame temperature.
Immune and stress responses in C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN mouse strains following photoperiod manipulation.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine whether two different strains of mice, that are reproductively unresponsive to photoperiod, adjust immune function in response to photoperiod. SETTING AND DESIGN Adult male C3H/HeN (C3H) and C57BL/6 (C57) mice were each placed into either a long (LD 16:8) or short (LD 8:16) photoperiod for 10 weeks (n = 15/ group). METHODS Blood was collected for flow cytometry and radioimmunoassay analysis of leukocyte numbers and corticosterone concentrations, respectively. In addition, all mice were sensitized to, and challenged with the antigen, 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene. Pinnae measurements were obtained for 7 days following challenge to determine the magnitude of the inflammatory response. RESULTS Photoperiod did not affect leukocyte cell numbers in either C3H or C57 mice. C3H mice displayed higher neutrophil numbers than C57 mice (p< 0.0001), whereas C57 mice displayed higher lymphocyte numbers than C3H mice (p< 0.01). C3H mice housed in LD 16:8 had higher corticosterone concentrations than those housed in LD 8:16 (p< 0.005) and C57 mice housed in either photoperiod (p< 0.05). Photoperiod did not affect the inflammatory response, though C57 mice displayed an overall higher magnitude of response than C3H mice (p<0.05). MAIN FINDINGS Our results suggest that photoperiod does not alter immune function in C3H and C57 mice. Strain differences in immune function, however, were observed. CONCLUSIONS Immune function is unresponsive to photoperiod in these laboratory mice, possibly indicating; a link between immune and reproductive responsiveness to photoperiod, the decreased predictive value of this annual cue to domesticated animals, or both.
Sociedade do cansaço

Para alem de uma sociedade disciplinar (Foucault) do seculo XXI, segundo Han, vivemos uma sociedade de desempenho e do cansaco, que reivindica a autonomizacao da propria vida por meio da tecnica. Nesta sociedade, os habitantes nao sao mais sujeitos da obediencia disciplinar movidos por um certo controle comportamental instituido, mas sao agora sujeitos de producao e empresarios de si mesmos. A sociedade de desempenho vai se desvinculando cada vez mais da proibicao, mandamento ou lei, entrando neste projeto, a iniciativa e a motivacao do desempenho, mas que acaba produzindo sujeitos depressivos e fracassados. A sociedade atual do sobreviver histerico que absolutiza o sadio, destroi precisamente a beleza e a intensidade da vida.
Passing to America: Antonio (Nee Maria) Yta’s Transgressive, Transatlantic Life in the Twilight of the Spanish Empire

In 1803 in the colonial South American city of La Plata, Don, a Martina Vilvado y Balverde presented herself to church and crown officials to denounce her husband of more than four years, Don Antonio Yta, as a “woman in disguise.” Forced to submit to a medical inspection that revealed a woman’s body, Don Antonio confessed to having been Maria Yta, but continued to assert his maleness and claimed to have a functional “member” that appeared, he said, when necessary. Passing to America is at once a historical biography and an in-depth examination of the sex/gender complex in an era before “gender” had been divorced from “sex.” The book presents readers with the original court docket, including Don Antonio’s extended confession, in which he tells his life story, and the equally extraordinary biographical sketch offered by Felipa Ybanez of her “son Maria,” both in English translation and the original Spanish. Thomas A. Abercrombie’s analysis not only grapples with how to understand the sex/gender system within the Spanish Atlantic empire at the turn of the nineteenth century but also explores what Antonio/Maria and contemporaries can teach us about the complexities of the relationship between sex and gender today. Passing to America brings to light a previously obscure case of gender transgression and puts Don Antonio’s life into its social and historical context in order to explore the meaning of “trans” identity in Spain and its American colonies. This accessible and intriguing study provides new insight into historical and contemporary gender construction that will interest students and scholars of gender studies and colonial Spanish literature and history.
Unmanned aerial vehicles reveal the impact of a total solar eclipse on the atmospheric surface layer

We use unmanned aerial vehicles to interrogate the surface layer processes during a solar eclipse and gain a comprehensive look at the changes made to the atmospheric surface layer as a result of the rapid change of insolation. Measurements of the atmospheric surface layer structure made by the unmanned systems are connected to surface measurements to provide a holistic view of the impact of the eclipse on the near-surface behaviour, large-scale turbulent structures and small-scale turbulent dynamics. Different regimes of atmospheric surface layer behaviour were identified, with the most significant impact including the formation of a stable layer just after totality and evidence of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves appearing at the interface between this layer and the residual layer forming above it. The decrease in surface heating caused a commensurate decrease in buoyant turbulent production, which resulted in a rapid decay of the turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer both within the stable layer and in the mixed layer forming above it. Significant changes in the wind direction were imposed by the decrease in insolation, with evidence supporting the formation of a nocturnal jet, as well as backing of the wind vector within the stable layer.
Extraction of Elastooptic Coefficient of Thin-Film Arsenic Trisulfide Using a Mach–Zehnder Acoustooptic Modulator on Lithium Niobate

An acousto-Optic Modulator (AOM) formed by an Arsenic Trisulfide (As $_2$ S $_3$ ) Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), operating in a push-pull configuration and placed inside a surface acoustic wave (SAW) cavity on a Y-cut Lithium Niobate (LN) wafer is demonstrated. This is the first demonstration of such acousto-optic (AO) modulator in this As $_2$ S $_3$ -LN hybrid platform. In this approach, the high index contrast of As $_2$ S $_3$ waveguides is exploited to attain a high optical confinement. Additionally, the placement of the photonic MZI inside the SAW cavity enhances the AO interaction due to the high quality factor (Q) of the SAW resonator. An analytical expression that describes such enhancement as a function of the elasto-optic (EO) coefficient of As $_2$ S $_3$ is derived in conjunction with COMSOL finite element methods to describe strain in the SAW cavity. By fitting this expression to experimental data, the EO coefficient ( $p_{11}$ and $p_{12}$ , where $p_{11} \approx p_{12}$ ) for As $_2$ S $_3$ is extracted to be 0.29 at the wavelength of 1550 nm. This is the first time that the EO coefficient of thin film As $_2$ S $_3$ is experimentally derived.
X-ray Emission and Corona of the Young Intermediate Mass Binary $\theta^1$ Ori E

Theta 1 Ori E is a young, moderate mass binary system, a rarely observed case of spectral-type G-giants of about 3 Solar masses, which are still collapsing towards the main sequence. We have obtained high resolution X-ray spectra with Chandra and find that the system is very active and similar to coronal sources, having emission typical of magnetically confined plasma: a broad temperature distribution with a hot component and significant high energy continuum; narrow emission lines from H- and He-like ions, as well as a range of Fe ions, and relative luminosity, L_x/L_bol = 0.001. Density, while poorly constrained, is consistent with the low density limits as determined from Mg XI and Ne IX emission lines. Coronal elemental abundances are sub-Solar, with Ne being the highest at about 0.4 times Solar. We find a possible trend in Trapezium hot plasmas towards low relative abundances of Fe, O, and Ne, which is hard to explain in terms of the dust depletion scenarios of low-mass young stars. Variability was unusually low relative to other coronally active stars. The emission is similar to post main-sequence G-stars. Coronal structures could be compact or comparable to the dimensions of the stellar radii. We conclude that the X-rays in theta 1 Ori E are generated by a convective dynamo.
Renaissance mass murder: civilians and soldiers during the Italian Wars: by Stephen D. Bowd, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018, 304 pp., 16 b/w figures, £65.00 (hardback), ISBN 9780198832614

Renaissance Mass Murder should kill off forever the cliche that warfare in the Renaissance was a game of positioning soldiers like chess pieces around a field of battle with minimal carnage. Beside...
A Reversal of Fortune for Korean Women: Explaining 1983's Upward Turn in Relative Earnings

Relative earnings for Korean women across education groups dropped substantially between 1971 and 1983. The pronounced recovery after 1983 is largely explained by a strong compression in market returns to skills. Between 1971 and 1983, Korea's mean gender earnings ratio remained virtually stagnant at 47 percent. But after 1983, the earnings ratio took a distinct turn upward. In other words, not until after 1983 did Korean women make any progress in closing the gender-earnings gap. When controlling for education, the analysis reveals a surprising drop in relative earnings across education groups in the 1970s and early 1980s, and a recovery thereafter. Rodgers uses an extremely rich set of microdata (suitable for decomposition) to explain the trends in Korea's earnings differential. Results indicate that most of the 1983 reversal is attributable to a strong compression in market returns to skills and to narrowing gender differences in education and experience. The widening gender earnings differential across education groups before 1983 resulted primarily from a growing gender gap in unobserved characteristics. Growing gender differences in unmeasured ability or increased wage discrimination could explain this trend. After 1983, women with high school education or less benefit primarily from a dramatic narrowing in the economy`s distribution of market payoffs to skills, enough for women to begin to catch up to men in relative earnings. A compression in the return to skills helped only some groups. Women with college educations did not experience increased benefits from changes in the market payoff to skills. Stricter enforcement of Korea's equal-pay-for-equal-work provision could help reduce the outright discrimination against women workers that might be the underlying problem. By boosting the potential of Korea`s female labor force, stronger enforcement of Korea's equal opportunity provisions would improve the country`s economic productivity. This paper - a product of the Gender Analysis and Policy Group, Poverty and Social Policy Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to study gender dimensions of economic development.
Deliberation, Gender, and Speaking Behavior

Full and equal participation by all deliberators is a key element of deliberative theory. This study presents an experimental approach to the verbal behavior of participants in deliberating groups. We find that while men are generally more talkative than women, speaking longer and for a greater percentage of the conversation, the magnitude of the difference is completely contingent on the structure of the group setting, including both the gender composition of the group and the rule by which the group comes to collective decisions. The interaction of these group-level factors thus affects the extent to which deliberation is marked by equality of verbal participation.
Topological insulator in two synthetic dimensions based on an optomechanical resonator

Topological insulators (TIs) implemented in synthetic dimensions have recently emerged as an attractive platform to explore higher-dimensional topological phases in compact systems. Here, we present a two-dimensional TI within a single-ring resonator enabled by acousto-optic interactions and electro-optic modulation. In our system, the synthetic dimensions are represented by the range of discrete optical modes supported by the ring resonator and their azimuthal angular order. Gauge fields responsible for the topological order in the synthetic lattice are realized by an array of racetrack couplers coupled to the resonator. We reveal topological bulk and chiral edge bands in time-resolved absorption/transmission spectra, and we show that the proposed system can support reconfigurable and nonreciprocal frequency conversion controlled by the probe frequency detuning. Interestingly, we also show that realistic phase mismatch and disorder in acousto-optic scattering can enable an amorphous TI phase in synthetic space, demonstrating robust nonreciprocal frequency conversion in this regime.
Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase from rat liver. Purification and demonstration of different subunits.

Abstract Acetyl-CoA carboxylase from rat liver has been purified to homogeneity as judged by gel electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and ultracentrifugation in the presence of 6 m guanidine hydrochloride. When the enzyme is subjected to gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate a sharp protein band is observed which has a molecular weight of about 215,000. In addition two sharp bands are observed which run closely together and which have molecular weights of about 118,000 and 125,000. Prolonged or repeated treatment of the heavy band with sodium dodecyl sulfate at an elevated temperature results in its conversion to the two light bands. It is concluded that the enzyme contains pairs of unlike subunits which remain associated to a considerable degree in sodium dodecyl sulfate at room temperature but which can be separated after more drastic treatment. Ultracentrifugation of the native enzyme yields an s20,w value of 45. Molecular weight determinations by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of 6 m guanidine hydrochloride and mercaptoethanol yield a molecular weight for the subunits of the enzyme of 111,100. The amino acid composition, biotin content, and phosphate content of the enzyme are presented.
Impact of processing approach on SNR performance for passive bistatic noise radar

In passive bistatic noise radar, cross-correlation is a popular processing choice for range compression of received signals. However, when using cross-correlation, the noise floor is dependent upon the characteristics of the clutter in the scene. For similar computational requirements, least-mean-square (LMS) processing can yield signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance which is independent of the clutter characteristics, making it a superior choice relative to cross-correlation. The superior SNR performance of LMS relative to cross-correlation may be even more striking when the transmitted noise waveform is not spectrally uniform. This paper will study the results achieved in a zero-Doppler range profile containing a single point scatterer and multiple point scatterers when cross-correlation, whitened cross-correlation, and LMS processing are used with a transmitted waveform whose spectrum is flat (white noise) and notched (colored noise).
Using Z specifications in category partition testing

The application of specification-based test methods to informal functional specifications requires considerable analysis on the part of the test engineer. The authors hypothesize that a large portion of this analysis is already present in formal functional specifications. They examine this hypothesis by analyzing a particular variety of formal specifications, namely Z specifications, in the context of a general specification-based testing method known as category partition testing. General guidelines are presented to derive category partition test specifications from Z functional specifications. The relationship between a Z specification and steps in the category partition method is broadly defined and illustrated with an example. >
Failure of temporal lobe resection for epilepsy in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis: results and treatment options: Clinical article

Object The purpose of this study was to identify the causes of failed temporal lobe resection in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) and the role of repeat surgery for seizure control. Methods This is a retrospective study of 105 patients who underwent temporal lobe resection for MTS with unilateral electroencephalographic findings. The mean follow-up duration was 36 months (range 24–84 months). Surgeries were all performed by the senior author (F.L.V.). Results Following initial surgical intervention, 97 patients (92%) improved to Engel Class I or II (Group A), and 8 (8%) did not have significant improvement (Engel Class III or IV; Group B). These 8 patients were restudied using video-electroencephalography (EEG) and MR imaging. All major surgical failures occurred within 1 year after initial intervention. Reevaluation demonstrated 3 patients (37.5%) with contralateral temporal EEG findings. Five patients (62.5%) had evidence of ipsilateral recurrent discharges. Four patients underwent extended...
Visceral Kaposi's Sarcoma Presenting as Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome- (AIDS-) related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has decreased dramatically. While cutaneous KS is the most common and well-known manifestation, knowledge of alternative sites such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is important. GI-KS is particularly dangerous because of its potential for serious complications including perforation, obstruction, or bleeding. We report a rare case of GI-KS presenting as upper GI bleeding in a human immunodeficiency virus- (HIV-) infected transgendered individual. Prompt diagnosis and early initiation of therapy are the cornerstones for management of this potentially severe disease.
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a common adverse effect of heparin (UFH) or any of the low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) preparations. It is a transient, prothrombotic condition that can result in venous and/or arterial thrombosis, amputation, or even death. HIT usually develops within either 5–14 days after administration of anticoagulant, although it may occur more rapidly if there has been a recent exposure, or delayed days to weeks after either UFH or LMWH has been discontinued. Thrombocytopenia is the most common presentation, although in as many as 25 % of patients, thrombosis develops before thrombocytopenia occurs. The diagnosis is based on both the clinical presentation and laboratory testing. Prompt recognition, immediate discontinuation of the offending anticoagulant, and initiation of an alternative anticoagulant such as a direct thrombin inhibitor are essential for preventing and/or treating this potentially devastating complication.
ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND VIOLENCE AMONG YOUTH, 1992

The prevalence of alcohol. drugs. and violence among youth age 12-21 IS estimated from the youth supplement (Youth Risk Behavior Survey) of the 1992 National Health lnterview Survey. We present national benchmarks on the extent of alcohol. drug . and violence-related behavior among youth . Risk activities among six race/ethnic and gender groups are compared and examined byeducational and employment status . School and work are selected because of their economic signifcance to youth The incidence of risk among youth by race and gender is complex the prevalence of alcohol, drugs, and violence varies by education and employment for the different groups of youth . Nonetheless. we discover that Mexican American men and white men exhibit comparable risk profiles Among women. alcohol use was greater among the employed than those witho ut a Job: college attendance was associated with greater alcohol use among Mexican American women. For blacks. a lower medince of health risks was associated with more favorable educational and employment status . The findings suggest that greater attention be given to differences in health risks by race/ethnicity and gender and to the contributions of education and employment in determming health risks among youth.
The adrenal gland in infancy.

THE adrenal gland comprises virtually two distinct organs of separate embryologic origin, secreting chemical substances of two different categories: steroids and catecholamines. The cortex arises from the Wolffian duct and the medulla from the anlagen of sympathetic ganglia. The extensive effects of these two classes of hormones upon so many biological mechanisms in numerous organs and tissues render these endocrine glands a fruitful quarter for clinical investigation. Certain tissues may rely upon adrenal secretions for their own optimal function or they (and others, not necessarily primarily dependent upon these hormones) may be profoundly affected by excessive production of these humoral agents. During the past 20 years, practicable techniques have been developed and improved into accurate tools for the assessment of the operation of these structures.
Protein and Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis During the Diploid Life Cycle of Allomyces arbuscula

The diploid life cycle of Allomyces arbuscula may be divided into four parts: spore induction, germination, vegetative growth, and mitosporangium formation. Spore induction, germination, and mitosporangium formation are insensitive to inhibition of actinomycin D, probably indicating that stable, pre-existing messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) is responsible for these developmental events. Protein synthesis is necessary during the entire life cycle except for cyst formation. A system for obtaining synchronous germination of mitospores is described. During germination there is a characteristic increase in the rate of synthesis of RNA and protein although none of the other morphogenetic changes occurring during the life cycle are necessarily accompanied by an appreciable change in the rate of macromolecular synthesis.
High Performance Distributed Transaction Processing in a General Purpose Computing Environment

This paper argues that transaction processing adds relatively little overhead to applications that access shared abstract data objects. It also argues that transaction processing can be made easy to use for both users and implementors of shared objects. The implication is that transaction processing can be a very useful technique in a variety of application domains. To provide more evidence as to the utility of transaction systems, the paper briefly describes the Camelot Distributed Transaction Facility, which has been developed at Carnegie Mellon University. Camelot executes on a variety of uni- and multi-processors on top of the Unix-compatible, Mach operating system. The paper also describes Camelot's interfaces and contains preliminary performance information gathered on pre-alpha release versions of Camelot.
Parameterizing the dynamics of slums

Over one billion people live in the world's 200,000 slums and informal settlements. We used data generated from mobile phones to better understand one of the largest slums, Kibera located in Nairobi, Kenya. Using call logs from June 2008 - June 2009 and theories from human geography, economics, sociology, journalists, and anthropologists as a basis, we tested the validity of a few prominent theories. In particular, we focused our research on migration patterns out of Kibera, inferring places of work, and tribal affiliations.
Concentration and Purification of Poliovirus by Ultrafiltration and Isopycnic Centrifugation

A method is described by which poliovirus can be rapidly and simply concentrated by the use of a Diaflo XM-50 ultrafilter membrane. Freon-extracted ultrafilter concentrates banded in CsCl provided a 1,724-fold volumetric concentration of poliovirus. During concentration, trypsin-digested cellular material can pass through the ultrafilter membrane, thus providing a versatile means of degrading and eliminating extraneous contaminating proteins. The ultrafilter concentration system is compared with the CsCl cushion system of poliovirus concentration, and both systems are further compared by banding virus and virus capsid material in CsCl by use of isopycnic centrifugation. Images
Albert Shanker’s Advocacy Advertising

Albert Shanker, president of the American Federation of Teachers until his death in February 1997, used advocacy advertising to increase public awareness of his views on how to improve the nation’s public schools and students’ learning. The “Where We Stand” advertisements, in effect, constitute a case study that highlights the importance of communicating research-based findings pertinent to specific educational policy issues to a general audience and not simply to professional educators. The need for broader communication continues to grow, pushing educational policy researchers to test new approaches and techniques for the dissemination of research findings.
Copper isotope fractionation in acid mine drainage

Abstract We measured the Cu isotopic composition of primary minerals and stream water affected by acid mine drainage in a mineralized watershed (Colorado, USA). The δ65Cu values (based on 65Cu/63Cu) of enargite (δ65Cu = −0.01 ± 0.10‰; 2σ) and chalcopyrite (δ65Cu = 0.16 ± 0.10‰) are within the range of reported values for terrestrial primary Cu sulfides (−1‰ Δ aq-min o = - 0.57 ± 0.14 ‰ , where mino refers to the starting mineral) and no apparent fractionation for enargite ( Δ aq-min o = 0.14 ± 0.14 ‰ ). Abiotic fractionation is attributed to preferential oxidation of 65Cu+ at the interface of the isotopically homogeneous mineral and the surface oxidized layer, followed by solubilization. When microorganisms are present, the abiotic fractionation is most likely not seen due to preferential association of 65Cuaq with A. ferrooxidans cells and related precipitates. In the biotic experiments, Cu was observed under TEM to occur in precipitates around bacteria and in intracellular polyphosphate granules. Thus, the values of δ65Cu in the field and laboratory systems are presumably determined by the balance of Cu released abiotically and Cu that interacts with cells and related precipitates. Such isotopic signatures resulting from Cu sulfide dissolution should be useful for acid mine drainage remediation and ore prospecting purposes.
Two-Dimensional Color Doppler Estimation of the Severity of Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation: Important Effects of Instrument Gain Setting, Pulse Repetition Frequency, and Carrier Frequency

Literature reports of good correlation between two-dimensional color Doppler and ventriculography for estimation of the severity of atrioventricular valve regurgitation have appeared. Local experience has been variable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three factors for their effect on two-dimensional color Doppler display of the apparent area of regurgitant flow. The factors studied were instrument gain setting, pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and carrier frequency. Sixteen regurgitant valves were examined with high quality commercial instrumentation from two manufacturers. Electrocardiographic-triggered image gating was used for recording and planimetry of maximal imaged flow area (IFA). Examinations were performed at two gain settings with constant carrier frequency and PRF, at three carrier frequencies (2.5, 3.5, and 5 MHz) at constant gain, and at differing PRF (3.0 to 12 kHz). Reduction in gain setting made little difference in asthetic quality of regurgitant jets, but their areas decreased by 29%. Carrier frequency was found to greatly affect IFA, with each higher carrier frequency giving significantly smaller IFAs. PRF also affected IFA consistently, with progressively smaller IFAs at each higher PRF. There was no useful correlation between IFA of a single jet evaluated on the two instruments at generally similar settings. It is concluded that instrument gain setting, PRF, and carrier frequency each significantly affects the size of IFA within a single instrument and between different instruments. Given the variety of instruments and settings employed within the cardiology community, it is unlikely that even moderately accurate grading of severity of regurgitation based on IFA can be done unless instrument settings are specified and standardized. There is a clear need for annotation of instrument settings during color Doppler examinations and a need for concensus regarding "optimal" settings. Finally, the consistency of reduction in IFA with increasing carrier frequency and PRF within each of the instruments tested suggests investigation of "normalization" of IFA displays.
An Analytical Framework for Relating Dose, Risk, and Incidence: An Application to Occupational Tuberculosis Infection

An adverse health impact is often treated as a binary variable (response vs. no response), in which case the risk of response is defined as a monotonically increasing function R of the dose received D. For a population of size N, specifying the forms of R(D) and of the probability density function (pdf) for D allows determination of the pdf for risk, and computation of the mean and variance of the distribution of incidence, where the latter parameters are denoted E[SN] and Var[SN], respectively. The distribution of SN describes uncertainty in the future incidence value. Given variability in dose (and risk) among population members, the distribution of incidence is Poisson-binomial. However, depending on the value of E[SN], the distribution of incidence is adequately approximated by a Poisson distribution with parameter mu = E[SN], or by a normal distribution with mean and variance equal to E[SN] and Var[SN]. The general analytical framework is applied to occupational infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of 1-5 microns particles carrying viable M. tb bacilli. Infection risk has traditionally been modeled by the expression: R(D) = 1 - exp(-D), where D is the expected number of bacilli that deposit in the pulmonary region. This model assumes that the infectious dose is one bacillus. The beta pdf and the gamma pdf are shown to be reasonable and especially convenient forms for modeling the distribution of the expected cumulative dose across a large healthcare worker cohort. Use of the the analytical framework is illustrated by estimating the efficacy of different respiratory protective devices in reducing healthcare worker infection risk.
Optimal primer selection for clonality assessment by polymerase chain reaction analysis: II. Follicular lymphomas

Abstract Prior studies have shown variable success in amplification of monoclonal B-cell populations from follicular lymphomas (FLs) of germinal center cell origin using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We examined 60 FLs by the PCR to determine optimal primer selection for detection of clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH) rearrangements in this common group of B-cell lymphomas. Each primer set included a 3′ IgH joining region consensus primer; the 5′ primer was different in each reaction. The first-line panel included the following: Set 1, bcl-2 major breakpoint region (mbr) primer; Set 2, bcl-2 minor cluster region (mcr) primer; Set 3, IgH variable region framework III consensus primer; and Set 4, seven separate IgH variable region framework I family-specific primers. A reserve panel also was used. The efficiency of monoclonal B-cell population amplification differed among primer sets. The bcl-2-targeted primer pairs (Sets 1 and 2) were most efficient and amplified 42 (70%) of 60 cases. Of these, the mbr and mcr primer sets detected monoclonality in 38 and four cases, respectively. Set 3 amplified monoclonal B-cell populations in 31 (52%) cases and Set 4 detected similar populations in only 27 (45%) samples. When results from primer Sets 1, 2, and 3 were combined, 49 of 60 (82%) FLs showed evidence of B-cell monoclonality by the PCR. Three of the 11 negative cases were documented as monoclonal with primer Set 4, and three additional samples were amplified only with our reserve panel. Overall, B-cell monoclonality was detected in 55 of 60 (92%) FLs. Our data suggest that clonal B-cell populations from more than 80% of FLs can be amplified with the use of primer Sets 1 and 3. In initially nonamplifiable FLs additional primer combinations, such as those directed at the other two framework regions within the IgH variable region genes, can augment the detection rate to greater than 90% of cases.