cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of multi-angle scattering maps to stepped surfaces

Abstract This study examines channeling, multiple scattering, and neutralization/re-ionization of ions scattered along the stepped Al(332) plane. Our experimental approach involves probing the surface with 1–2 keV He + and Ne + beams, and then systematically mapping the scattered ion fluxes over a large solid angle. This provides comprehensive ion channeling information over all directions, rather than along a few low-index azimuths, as is common practice in ion scattering spectroscopy. We first probe the surface with 2 keV He + at near-normal incidence, and then map the backscattered particle flux (both ions and neutrals) via time of flight (TOF) spectrometry. The features contained in these maps can be correlated with axial and inter-planar channeling effects, and are reproduced well via binary collision simulations. Sensitivity to the stepped surface topography is heightened considerably for oblique ion incidence in the forward-scattering direction. In this geometry, we used 2 keV Ne + to probe the surface and mapped the corresponding scattered fluxes of both single and multiply-charged ions. In both cases, the scattering intensity depends strongly on the precise trajectory taken along the surface, and is particularly sensitive to how extensively the incident ions interact with the step edges. We interpret the information contained in these maps by considering several mechanisms for charge transfer and double ion production. The formation of Ne ++ appears to be correlated with a previously observed inelastic mechanism that occurs when the collision apsis, R min , is less than 0.65 A. This contributes to an energy loss of 48 ± 8 eV for Ne + undergoing single scattering; the R min threshold for this inelastic step coincides with the emergence of a distinct Ne ++ peak. Using the information gained from the maps, we propose methods for extending this approach to chemisorbed layers.
Modeling Driver Merging Behavior: A Repeated Game Theoretical Approach:

Various lane-changing models have been developed for use within microscopic traffic simulation software to replicate driver merging behavior. An understanding of human driving behavior, which can b...
An Undergraduate Mathematics Course on Networks

Over a period of several years, I designed and taught an undergraduate course on networks. The course, which I first taught in the Mathematical Institute at the University of Oxford, was initially a masters-level course. It then evolved into a course for both undergraduate and graduate students, and it now also exists in the form of an advanced undergraduate course at UCLA. In this article, I discuss my networks course, its evolution, and my experiences teaching it. I hope to help encourage people, especially those in mathematics and mathematical-science departments, to design and teach introductory courses in network analysis. Such courses complement existing courses in graph theory and other subjects, and they give a chance to introduce students to state-of-the-art topics that apply ideas from graph theory, probability, dynamical systems, and other important subjects in fascinating ways. Group projects are particularly beneficial for courses on network analysis, as they take advantage of the subject’s accessibility, provide a valuable gateway for undergraduates to conduct research in (both theoretical and applied) mathematics, and open the door to longer-term research projects.
Study on Morphology of TiO 2 Nanostructures synthesized under Microwave Irradiation and Their Application in Visible Light Photocatalysis

Different morphologies of TiO 2 were prepared successfully by microwave assisted sol-gel reflux synthesis. The synthesized samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). SEM studies showed that TiO 2 changed its morphology over time under microwave irradiation and attained crystalline hierarchical nano-dendrites like morphology after 30 minutes of irradiation. Through the use of microwave assisted sol-gel reflux synthesis, crystalline nano-dendrites were obtained in 30 minutes. XRD pattern showed that anatase phase of TiO 2 was being observed in all the samples after irradiation at different time intervals. UV-Vis spectroscopy results showed that all the prepared samples are highly active in UV region of solar spectrum. Also, EIS results demonstrate the recombination behavior of electrons and holes. The prepared samples were further employed as active photocatalysts for degradation of rhodamine B pollutant under UV light irradiation too.
The jamming avoidance response in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia

This study analyzes the algorithm by which the animal's nervous system evaluates spatially distributed temporal patterns of electroreceptive information. The outcome of this evaluation controls the jamming avoidance response, which is a shift in the animal's electric organ discharge frequency away from similar foreign frequencies. The encoding of “behaviorally relevant” stimulus variables by electroreceptors and the central computation of their messages are investigated by combined behavioral and neurophysiological strategies.
Do Ties That Bind Hurt? The Consequences of Noncompete Mobility Constraints

Employee mobility has been an important topic in the management literature. Less familiar are constraints that restrict employees’ inter-firm mobility. This paper examines noncompete agreements tha...
A Multiversion Programming Inspired Approach to Detecting Audio Adversarial Examples

Adversarial examples (AEs) are crafted by adding human-imperceptible perturbations to inputs such that a machine-learning based classifier incorrectly labels them. They have become a severe threat to the trustworthiness of machine learning. While AEs in the image domain have been well studied, audio AEs are less investigated. Recently, multiple techniques are proposed to generate audio AEs, which makes countermeasures against them urgent. Our experiments show that, given an audio AE, the transcription results by Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems differ significantly (that is, poor transferability), as different ASR systems use different architectures, parameters, and training datasets. Based on this fact and inspired by Multiversion Programming, we propose a novel audio AE detection approach MVP-Ears, which utilizes the diverse off-the-shelf ASRs to determine whether an audio is an AE. We build the largest audio AE dataset to our knowledge, and the evaluation shows that the detection accuracy reaches 99.88%. While transferable audio AEs are difficult to generate at this moment, they may become a reality in future. We further adapt the idea above to proactively train the detection system for coping with transferable audio AEs. Thus, the proactive detection system is one giant step ahead of attackers working on transferable AEs.
Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) places risks to pregnancy and delivery depending on the level of lesion. Autonomic dysreflexia (ADR), a characterized syndrome of SCI, results in severe hypertension. A multidisciplinary team must be involved in the management of these patients. Vaginal delivery is frequently performed in parturients with SCI below T6, and cesarean delivery appears to be increased in this population. ADR is a major concern for anesthetic management, and both neuraxial analgesia/anesthesia and general anesthesia can be effective and safe for delivery with inhibiting ADR under closely monitoring.
Geometry of Figurate Numbers and Sums of Powers of Consecutive Natural Numbers

First, we give a geometric proof of Fermat’s fundamental formula for figurate numbers. Then we use geometrical reasoning to derive weighted identities with figurate numbers and observe some of thei...
Inpatient Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Related Complications

Despite advances in therapeutic options, a sizeable proportion of patients with inflammatory bowel disease require hospitalization or surgery during their lifetime. While current treatment guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease cover the spectrum of disease severity and behavior, management of acute complications of inflammatory bowel disease can present unique challenges that are not always addressed in these guidelines. In this review, the authors provide a comprehensive summary of the existing literature focused on management of patients hospitalized with complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Proposed management algorithms are provided to guide clinicians through common scenarios to determine the most appropriate interventions - escalation of medical therapies, non-surgical therapeutic interventions (drainage of intra-abdominal abscess or endoscopic balloon dilation) or surgery. Prevention of complications is proposed through a multi-disciplinary approach that involves surgeons, dieticians, radiologists, pathologists and infectious disease consultants.
Depression Recurrence – challenges, approaches and insights from neurobiology

Abstract The significant public health burden associated with late-life depression (LLD) is magnified by the high rates of recurrence. In this session, we review what is known about recurrence risk factors, conceptualize recurrence within a model of homeostatic disequilibrium, and discuss the potential significance and challenges of new research into LLD recurrence. The proposed model is anchored in the allostatic load theory of stress. We review the allostatic response characterized by neural changes in network function and connectivity and physiological changes in the HPA axis, autonomic nervous system, immune system and circadian rhythm. We discuss the role of neural networks’ instability following treatment response as a source of downstream disequilibrium, triggering and/or amplifying abnormal stress response, cognitive dysfunction and behavioral changes, ultimately precipitating a full-blown recurrent episode of depression. We propose strategies to identify and capture early change points that signal recurrence risk through mobile technology to collect ecologically-measured symptoms, accompanied by automated algorithms that monitor for state shifts (persistent worsening) and variance shifts (increased variability) relative to a patient's baseline. Identifying such change points in relevant sensor data could potentially provide an automated tool that could alert clinicians to at-risk individuals or relevant symptom changes even in a large practice
Data fusion methods for materials awareness

Recent advances in the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) techniques have shown great potential for enhancing the modeling and characterization of materials science issues. AI/ML techniques revolutionize big data analytics through signals and imaging detection, segmentation, and characterization; data fusion processes of association, estimation, and prediction, and modeling of deformation, structural, and materials awareness. Unfortunately, the dominance of AI/ML applications may hinder fundamental understanding of driving parameters in complicated material properties, including the impact of local chemistry and energy influences on nucleation, phase evolution, and bonding. As mathematical complexities are modeled using AI/ML approaches the interaction of driving mechanisms and underlying physics-based and first-principles understanding is often omitted in the final modeling of material behavior. However, microscopy and advanced characterization techniques may help clarify the underlying physics by providing critical validation for mathematical assumptions used in AI/ML models and determining model inter-parameter relationships. Sensing-based characterization is critical for operations using deep learning and/or clustered neural networks where complex interactions between microstructural features strongly impact each other, and driving mechanisms that control material response. The paper addresses several considerations for applying machine learning techniques to fundamental material problems, and the role for parameter validation through characterization. The future of AI/ML materials awareness includes procedural potential applications, advanced analytical tools, and coordinated research discovery thrusts.
Find me if You Can: Aligning Users in Different Social Networks

Online Social Networks allow users to share experiences with friends and relatives, make announcements, find news and jobs, and more. Several have user bases that number in the hundred of millions and even billions. Very often many users belong to multiple social networks at the same time under possibly different user names. Identifying a user from one social network on another social network gives information about a user's behavior on each platform, which in turn can help companies perform graph mining tasks, such as community detection and link prediction. The process of identifying or aligning users in multiple networks is called network alignment. These similar (or same) users on different networks are called anchor nodes and the edges between them are called anchor links. The network alignment problem aims at finding these anchor links. In this work we propose two supervised algorithms and one unsupervised algorithm using thresholds. All these algorithms use local structural graph features of users and some of them use additional information about the users. We present the performance of our models in various settings using experiments based on Foursquare-Twitter and Facebook-Twitter data (User Identity Linkage Dataset). We show that our approaches perform well even when we use the neighborhood of the users only, and the accuracy improves even more given additional information about a user, such as the username and the profile image. We further show that our best approaches perform better at the HR@1 task than unsupervised and semi-supervised factoid embedding approaches considered earlier for these datasets.
Expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in reproductive and neural tissues of teleost fish.

Abstract Iodine, an essential component of thyroid hormones, can only be obtained through the diet. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) transports iodide across mammalian intestinal and thyroid epithelia to deliver iodide for thyroid hormone production. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) we confirmed that mRNA for a homolog of mammalian NIS is expressed in comparable locations, both sub-pharyngeal thyroid tissue and intestine, in multiple teleost fish species, supporting a conserved mechanism for intestinal-thyroid iodine transport across vertebrates. To determine when in embryogenesis NIS expression is initiated we utilized in situ hybridization (ISH) during development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. This revealed expression of nis as early as 2 days post fertilization (dpf) along the dorsal surface of the yolk sac, suggesting a function to import iodine from yolk. To evaluate the potential for maternal deposition of iodine in yolk, RT-PCR and further in situ staining of ovarian tissue in gravid female zebrafish confirmed NIS mRNA presence in the ooplasm and granulosa layer of early stage follicles. This further suggests that maternally-deposited NIS mRNA may be available for early embryogenesis. Unexpectedly, ISH in embryos revealed robust nis expression in the central nervous system throughout days 2–5 days post fertilization, with adult whole brain ISH localizing expression in the hypothalamus, cerebellum, and optic tectum. RT-PCR on whole brain tissue from five species of adult fish representing three taxonomic orders likewise revealed robust CNS expression. These unexpected locations of nis expression suggest novel, as yet undescribed reproductive and neural functions of NIS in teleost species.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Building a Life Worth Living in the Face of an Unrelenting Crisis

The COVID-19 global pandemic has drastically altered the way in which the world operates and human beings interact. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the bodies, finances, minds, and souls of every individual in more ways than one. People all over the world are feeling the impact of the increase of these stressors, with the psychological impact being potentially as great as the physical. Prior to the onset of this global pandemic, suicide was already considered a major public health problem (World Health Organization, Suicide. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/suicide, 2018). This chapter will offer a reflection on the experience of providing dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. An overview of DBT will be provided in order to highlight the impact of the pandemic on the provider, the patient, and implementation of the treatment itself. Obstacles and adaptations to treatment will be presented through the lens of the four components of DBT by way of narrative and clinical case examples.
Non-responsive celiac disease in children on a gluten free diet.

BACKGROUND Non-responsive celiac disease (NRCD) is defined as the persistence of symptoms in individuals with celiac disease (CeD) despite being on a gluten-free diet (GFD). There is scant literature about NRCD in the pediatric population. AIM To determine the incidence, clinical characteristics and underlying causes of NRCD in children. METHODS Retrospective cohort study performed at Boston Children's Hospital (BCH). Children < 18 years diagnosed with CeD by positive serology and duodenal biopsies compatible with Marsh III histology between 2008 and 2012 were identified in the BCH's Celiac Disease Program database. Medical records were longitudinally reviewed from the time of diagnosis through September 2015. NRCD was defined as persistent symptoms at 6 mo after the initiation of a GFD and causes of NRCD as well as symptom evolution were detailed. The children without symptoms at 6 mo (responders) were compared with the NRCD group. Additionally, presenting signs and symptoms at the time of diagnosis of CeD among the responders and NRCD patients were collected and compared to identify any potential predictors for NRCD at 6 mo of GFD therapy. RESULTS Six hundred and sixteen children were included. Ninety-one (15%) met criteria for NRCD. Most were female (77%). Abdominal pain [odds ratio (OR) 1.8 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.9], constipation (OR 3.1 95%CI 1.9-4.9) and absence of abdominal distension (OR for abdominal distension 0.4 95%CI 0.1-0.98) at diagnosis were associated with NRCD. NRCD was attributed to a wide variety of diagnoses with gluten exposure (30%) and constipation (20%) being the most common causes. Other causes for NRCD included lactose intolerance (9%), gastroesophageal reflux (8%), functional abdominal pain (7%), irritable bowel syndrome (3%), depression/anxiety (3%), eosinophilic esophagitis (2%), food allergy (1%), eating disorder (1%), gastric ulcer with Helicobacter pylori (1%), lymphocytic colitis (1%), aerophagia (1%) and undetermined (13%). 64% of children with NRCD improved on follow-up. CONCLUSION NRCD after ≥ 6 mo GFD is frequent among children, especially females, and is associated with initial presenting symptoms of constipation and/or abdominal pain. Gluten exposure is the most frequent cause.
STUDENTS, PLEASE TEACH US! IMPLEMENTING STUDENT-EMPLOYEE REVERSE MENTORING TO INCREASE CAREER READINESS

Despite being a key competency sought by employers, many college students do not exhibit career readiness upon graduation. Reverse mentoring between students (mentors) and company employees (mentee...
Nuclear transparency from quasielastic A(e,e'p) reactions up to Q{sup 2}=8.1 (GeV/c){sup 2}

The quasielastic (e,e'p) reaction was studied on targets of deuterium, carbon, and iron up to a value of momentum transfer Q{sup 2} of 8.1 (GeV/c){sup 2}. A nuclear transparency was determined by comparing the data to calculations in the Plane-Wave Impulse Approximation. The dependence of the nuclear transparency on Q{sup 2} and the mass number A was investigated in a search for the onset of the Color Transparency within our range of Q{sup 2}. A fit to the world's nuclear transparency data reflects the energy dependence of the free proton-nucleon cross section.
Data Integration to Improve Real-world Health Outcomes Research for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the United States: Descriptive and Qualitative Exploration.

Background: The integration of data from disparate sources could help alleviate data insufficiency in real-world studies and compensate for the inadequacies of single data sources and short-duration, small sample size studies while improving the utility of data for research. Objective: This study aims to describe and evaluate a process of integrating data from several complementary sources to conduct health outcomes research in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The integrated data set is also used to describe patient demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, and mortality rates. Methods: This retrospective cohort study integrated data from 4 sources: administrative claims from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database, clinical data from a Cancer Care Quality Program (CCQP), clinical data from abstracted medical records (MRs), and mortality data from the US Social Security Administration. Patients with lung cancer who initiated second-line (2L) therapy between November 01, 2015, and April 13, 2018, were identified in the claims and CCQP data. Eligible patients were 18 years or older and received atezolizumab, docetaxel, erlotinib, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pemetrexed, or ramucirumab in the 2L setting. The main analysis cohort included patients with claims data and data from at least one additional data source (CCQP or MR). Patients without integrated data (claims only) were reported separately. Descriptive and univariate statistics were reported. Results: Data integration resulted in a main analysis cohort of 2195 patients with NSCLC; 2106 patients had CCQP and 407 patients had MR data. The claims-only cohort included 931 eligible patients. For the main analysis cohort, the mean age was 62.1 (SD 9.27) years, 48.56% (1066/2195) were female, the median length of follow-up was 6.8 months, and for 37.77% (829/2195), death was observed. For the claims-only cohort, the mean age was 66.6 (SD 12.69) years, 52.1% (485/931) were female, the median length of follow-up was 8.6 months, and for 29.3% (273/931), death was observed. The most frequent 2L treatment was immunotherapy (1094/2195, 49.84%), followed by platinum-based regimens (472/2195, 21.50%) and single-agent chemotherapy (441/2195, 20.09%); mean duration of 2L therapy was 5.6 (SD 4.9, median 4) months. We describe challenges and learnings from the data integration process, and the benefits of the integrated data set, which includes a richer set of clinical and outcome data to supplement the utilization metrics available in administrative claims. Conclusions: The management of patients with NSCLC requires care from a multidisciplinary team, leading to a lack of a single aggregated data source in real-world settings. The availability of integrated clinical data from MRs, health plan claims, and other sources of clinical care may improve the ability to assess emerging treatments.
Modality switching to modality weaving: updating theoretical persepectives for expanding media affordances

Walther’s social information processing theory (SIPT) and hyperpersonal model provided key theoretical foundations guiding interpersonal computer-mediated communication and modality switching resea...
Simulation of a B r ion diode

Electromagnetic PIC simulations of a B r magnetically insulated ion diode in an extraction geometry have been performed to investigate time-dependent diode characteristics, ion beam transport, and beam quality. Various magnetic field geometries and electron sources have been studied so that total ion throughput may be optimized. Calculational results are compared with data from our ion beam experiment. Comparisons are also drawn between the simulations and magnetic insulation theory.
House Calls for Seniors: Building and Sustaining a Model of Care for Homebound Seniors

Homebound seniors suffer from high levels of functional impairment and are high-cost users of acute medical services. This article describes a 7-year experience in building and sustaining a physician home visit program. The House Calls for Seniors program was established in 1999. The team includes a geriatrician, geriatrics nurse practitioner, and social worker. The program hosts trainees from multiple disciplines. The team provides care to 245 patients annually. In 2006, the healthcare system (62%), provider billing (36%), and philanthropy (2%) financed the annual program budget of $355,390. Over 7 years, the team has enrolled 468 older adults; the mean age was 80, 78% were women, and 64% were African American. One-third lived alone, and 39% were receiving Medicaid. Reflecting the disability of this cohort, 98% had impairment in at least one instrumental activity of daily living (mean 5.2), 71% had impairment in at least one activity of daily living (mean 2.6), 53% had a Mini-Mental State Examination score of 23 or less, 43% were receiving services from a home care agency, and 69% had at least one new geriatric syndrome diagnosed by the program. In the year after intake into the program, patients had an average of nine home visits; 21% were hospitalized, and 59% were seen in the emergency department. Consistent with the program goals, primary care, specialty care, and emergency department visits declined in the year after enrollment, whereas access and quality-of-care targets improved. An academic physician house calls program in partnership with a healthcare system can improve access to care for homebound frail older adults, improve quality of care and patient satisfaction, and provide a positive learning experience for trainees.
Culture and Social Psychology

The chapter presents a theoretical and empirical overview of social psychological research in cultural psychology. Consideration is given to the processes that have contributed to minimizing the significance of culture both in mainstream social psychology and in early traditions of cross-cultural research. Work in cultural psychology challenges the prevailing neglect of culture in psychology and to offer new understandings of the essential role of culture in the emergence of all higher-order psychological processes. Next, an overview is presented of contemporary social psychology research in cultural psychology in the areas of self-processes, attribution, cognition, motivation, emotion, attachment, and relationships. This research provides insight into ways that cultural meanings and practices influence the form of basic psychological processes, such as in biasing perception of objects and in qualitatively affecting emotional experiences and moral outlooks. In conclusion, consideration is given to the challenges facing work on culture and social psychology, such as the need to go beyond highly stereotypical conceptions of cultural variation, as well to new directions in which this work is developing, such as the recent expansion into cultural neuroscience. Keywords: cultural psychology; cognition; self; motivation; emotion
Defining rhythmic locomotor burst patterns using a continuous wavelet transform

We review an objective and automated method for analyzing locomotor electrophysiology data with improved speed and accuracy. Manipulating central pattern generator (CPG) organization via mouse genetics has been a critical advance in the study of this circuit. Better quantitative measures of the locomotor data will further enhance our understanding of CPG development and function. Current analysis methods aim to measure locomotor cycle period, rhythmicity, and left–right and flexor–extensor phase; however, these methods have not been optimized to detect or quantify subtle changes in locomotor output. Because multiple experiments suggest that development of the CPG is robust and that the circuit is able to achieve organized behavior by several means, we sought to find a more objective and sensitive method for quantifying locomotor output. Recently, a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) has been applied to spinal cord ventral root recordings with promising results. The CWT provides greater resolution of cycle period, phase, and rhythmicity, and is proving to be a superior technique in assessing subtle changes in locomotion due to genetic perturbations of the underlying circuitry.
The status of massive transfusion protocols in United States trauma centers: massive transfusion or massive confusion?

BACKGROUND: Massive transfusion protocol (MTP) utilization and makeup is unknown. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A Web-based survey was sent to members of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma and published in the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma newsletter. Comparisons were made with chi-square and logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 186 surgeons and 59 center directors responded. To avoid bias, directors' responses are reported. Sixty percent annually admit more than 1500 patients. Sixty-seven percent had in-house attending coverage and 85% had a MTP. Presence of a MTP was not predicted by institution size, level, residency status, or admissions. Sixty-five percent of MTPs had been in place less than 5 years with 18% less than 1 year. Designs varied: 23% had one batch of components, 25% had two or three, 41% had more than three, and 11% did not use batches. Only 62% of first batches contained fresh-frozen plasma (FFP). In the second batch 98% had FFP. All third boxes had FFP. A ratio of FFP : red blood cells (RBCs) of less than 1 in the first batch predicted a ratio less than 1 in the second batch (p = 0.013). Twenty-seven percent had blood stored in the emergency department and 14% in the operating room. Twenty-four percent of MTPs autoactivate and 80% are trauma surgeon activated, 66% by the anesthesia staff, 32% by other surgeons, and 17% by the blood bank. Trauma surgeons activate the MTP most. CONCLUSION: Most centers have a MTP. Protocols are variable and new, and half have a 1:1 FFP : RBC ratio. Protocols with fewer initial units of FFP compared to RBCs maintain this.
Dividends, Taxes, and Common Stock Prices: The Ex-Dividend Day Behavior of Common Stock Prices Before the Income Tax

This study examines the ex-dividend day behavior of common stock prices before the enactment of the federal income tax. On ex-dividend days during the pre-tax period, stock prices fell, on average, by the full amount of the dividend. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that (i) investors in the pre-tax period value dividends and capital gains as perfect substitutes and (ii) the differential taxation of dividends and capital gains has since caused investors to discount the value of taxable cash dividends in relation to capital gains.
Property Rights, Salmon Husbandry, and Institutional Change Among Northwest Coast Tribes

This research investigates the hypothesis that prior to British sovereignty the native tribes of the Northwest Coast of North America established sophisticated property rights institutions to encourage efficient husbandry of the region's salmon fisheries. The hypothesis asserts that to the extent tribal property rights to salmon streams were clearly defined and enforced tribal leaders had the incentive to maximize the present value of expected returns to the streams under their exclusive control. As rational maximizers they would very likely have invested resources to accumulate private stream-specific knowledge of salmon husbandry. Husbandry could have included selection in favor of preferred biological characteristics such as larger average fish size, larger population size, reduced run variability, advantageous run timing, and home stream loyalty. In many cases, the resulting biological adaptations might have evolved unconsciously, but in other cases they would have had to be the result of counter-intuitive, and therefore purposeful, genetic selection by tribal leaders. The available evidence is broadly consistent with the salmon husbandry hypothesis. This research has important implications for the resolution of native land claims, the formulation of rational environmental policy, and understanding the evolution of customary law. It also sheds light on the conditions under which an early breakthrough in scientific knowledge might lead to dramatic and predictable institutional change.
Embeddings of Lie Groups

In this chapter, we will contemplate how Lie groups embed in one another. Our aim is not to be systematic or even completely precise but to give the reader some tools for thinking about the relationships between different Lie groups. This Chapter is thus different in style and purpose than the others in this book.
Enjoyment of Advergames and Brand Attitudes: The Impact of Thematic Relevance

ABSTRACTCampaigns increasingly implement advergames to engage consumers with a brand through interactive, entertaining media content. However, little research tests the effects of specific features of advergames on desired advertising outcomes. This article reports the results of an experiment designed to examine how variation in the thematic connection between the game associated with an advergame and the brand affects the relationship between attitude toward the game (equated with attitude toward the ad) and attitude toward the brand. The analysis reveals a stronger positive relationship between attitude toward the advergame and attitude toward the brand when participants play games with a high thematic connection to the brand’s product. Therefore, designing advergames that relate thematically to the product of the sponsoring brand should increase the likelihood of positive conditioning of brand attitudes evoked by playing an advergame.
The Dirichlet Problem for Functions of Least Gradient

For a given domain Ω⊂ R n, we consider the variational problem of minimizing the L1-norm of the gradient on Ωof a function with prescribed continuous boundary values. Under certain weak conditions on the boundary of the domain Ω, it is shown that the BV solution is continuous and unique.
Numerical analysis of dynamic debonding under 2D in-plane and 3D loading

We present a numerical scheme specially developed for 2D and 3D dynamic debonding problems. The method, referred to as spectral scheme, allows for a precise modeling of stationary and/or spontaneously expanding interfacial cracks of arbitrary shapes and subjected to an arbitrary combination of time- and space-dependent loading conditions. It is based on a spectral representation of the elastodynamic relations existing between the displacement components along the interface plane and the corresponding dynamic stresses. A general stress-based cohesive failure model is introduced to model the spontaneous progressive failure of the interface. The numerical scheme also allows for the introduction of a wide range of contact relations to model the possible interactions between the fracture surfaces. Simple 2D problems are used to investigate the accuracy and stability of the proposed scheme. Then, the spectral method is used in various 2D and 3D interfacial fracture problems, with special emphasis on the issue of the limiting speed for a spontaneously propagating debonding crack in the presence of frictional contact.
Reproductive dysfunction in women with Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy.

Most individuals with Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) have deficient expression or function of Gsα, the alpha subunit of the guanine nucleotide binding protein that stimulates adenylyl cyclase, and are resistant to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and other hormones that act via stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. To determine the incidence and etiology of ovarian dysfunction in women with AHO, we examined the reproductive history and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in 17 affected women aged 17–43 yr. All patients had typical PTH resistance and an approximately 50% reduction in erythrocyte Gsα activity. (0.43 ± 0.03 vs. 0.92 ± 0.08 for normal control subjects, P < 0.001). Fourteen of the 17 patients (76%) were oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic, more than half had delayed or incomplete sexual development, and only two had a history of earlier pregnancy. Most women were mildly hypoestrogenic, with normal to slightly elevated serum gonadotropin levels. Computer analysis of 24° LH measurement showed that th...
Rule-based anomaly pattern detection for detecting disease outbreaks

This paper presents an algorithm for performing early detection of disease outbreaks by searching a database of emergency department cases for anomalous patterns. Traditional techniques for anomaly detection are unsatisfactory for this problem because they identify individual data points that are rare due to particular combinations of features. When applied to our scenario, these traditional algorithms discover isolated outliers of particularly strange events, such as someone accidentally shooting their ear, that are not indicative of a new outbreak. Instead, we would like to detect anomalous patterns. These patterns are groups with specific characteristics whose recent pattern of illness is anomalous relative to historical patterns. We propose using a rule-based anomaly detection algorithm that characterizes each anomalous pattern with a rule. The significance of each rule is carefully evaluated using Fisher's Exact Test and a randomization test. Our algorithm is compared against a standard detection algorithm by measuring the number of false positives and the timeliness of detection. Simulated data, produced by a simulator that creates the effects of an epidemic on a city, is used for evaluation. The results indicate that our algorithm has significantly better detection times for common significance thresholds while having a slightly higher false positive rate.
A Mathematical Model of Production, Distribution, and Metabolism of Melatonin in Mammalian Systems

Abstract Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone which is currently receiving considerable attention as a treatment for jet lag, a treatment for insomnia and, by some, a possible “magic bullet” for delaying the effects of aging and preventing cancer. Production of melatonin is focused primarily in the pineal gland with very wide daily shifts in production controlled by the day/night cycle. The potential for increased disease as a consequence of lower or higher than average production of this hormone has not been well studied, although potential environmental agents may modulate circulating levels (e.g., electric and magnetic fields). In this manuscript, a physiologically realistic mathematical model for the production, distribution, and metabolism of melatonin is developed as a precursor to a future study of the role of chemicals and environmental agents in altering this system. Values for key aspects of the system (e.g., diurnal rates of production of the hormone in the pineal gland) were obtained from the literature and the model was validated against data on circulating levels. The mathematical equations and model parameters are presented.
The number of effective modes of the two- and three-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Abstract In this paper we give a discussion of the number of “effective modes” of the two- and three-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation. First, we give a simple analytic explanation of the numerical results of Martin and Yuen on the long-time evolution of spatially periodic solutions of the two-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation for a weakly nonlinear, deep-water, modulated gravity wavetrain. We show that this nonlinear system can be described as effectively possessing an arbitrarily high number of degrees of freedom so that the overall motion can at best be only quasi-recurrent. Then, we explore the connection between the number of “effective modes” and the collapsing tendency of solutions of the spherically-symmetric nonlinear Schrodinger equation. In the three-dimensional cubic nonlinear case where the solutions are known to exhibit collapsing tendency, we find that the number of “effective modes” increases with the increase in the wave-amplitude (this is in contrast to the one-dimensional case). We give quantitative estimates of the limitations of the cubic nonlinear model, nonetheless, in describing the Langmuir collapse process. In the three-dimensional full exponential nonlinear case where the solutions are known to exhibit no collapsing tendency and evolve into localized stationary structures, we find a clear reduction in the number of “effective modes”. Indeed, the number is independent of the magnitude of the wave amplitude! These results appear to indicate that the number of “effective modes” can also serve as a measure of the collapsing tendency of the solutions of the spherically-symmetric nonlinear Schrodinger equation.
A phase I trial of a modified, dose intensive FAMTX regimen (High dose 5-fluorouracil + doxorubicin + high dose methotrexate + leucovorin) with oral uridine rescue

BACKGROUND Dose intensification of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is complicated by increased toxicity. 5-FU is a fluorine-substituted pyrimidine analog of uracil. In preclinical studies, administration of oral uridine (Ur) has been shown to allow for dose intensification of 5-FU with enhancement of its antitumor activity. Therefore, a Phase I trial was designed aimed at dose intensification of 5-FU as a component of a modified 5-FU-doxorubicin-methotrexate (FAMTX) regimen using oral Ur rescue. METHODS Methotrexate (MTX) was administered to all patients at a fixed dose of 1.5 g/m2. MTX was followed 24 hours later by escalating doses of 5-FU starting at 800 mg/m2 with leucovorin rescue. Cycles of 5-FU and MTX were repeated every 15 days. Every other cycle, patients received doxorubicin (“Adria cycles”) at a dose of 30 mg/m2. Oral Ur was administered at a dose of 8 gm/m2 every 6 hours for 12 doses. In the first phase of the study, patients received Ur only if they developed Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity. In the second phase, all patients received Ur 24 hours after 5-FU on all cycles. RESULTS Without Ur rescue, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 5-FU was 900 mg/m2 on the Adria cycles and 1.1 gm/m2 on the non-Adria cycles. With Ur, the MTD of 5-FU increased to 1.2 gm/m2 on the Adria cycles and to 1.6 gm/m2 on the non-Adria cycles. CONCLUSIONS In this modified FAMTX regimen, oral Ur administration allowed for dose-intensification of 5-FU, with a 33% increase in the MTD of 5-FU on the Adria cycles and a 45% increase in the MTD of 5-FU dose on the non-Adria cycles. Cancer 1997=6;78:1988-95.
Yesterday, I knew all the answers

A long time ago and far away in another world you discovered computing. It was fun and you enjoyed working with it. You felt comfortable using computers and software. Maybe you were a student or even a staff person when you decided to find a way to spend more time with computer technology. You applied for a job in User Services.You got the job and became part of an organization that dealt with computing all the time. Your responsibilities required you to learn more and more about computing and you found you enjoyed doing this. Then you were assigned the responsibility of helping customers directly. The customers liked you and you responded well to their questions. The customers got good answers and you felt really satisfied with your job. The job was becoming even better!Management liked what they saw you doing and expanded your responsibilities. You saw the new responsibilities as encouragement to do even more and better things. You accepted the challenges and took on the new tasks. You were able to handle the new responsibilities well which lead you to even more interaction with customers. You were now getting so good helping customers that you were asked to put together a training class, which you did. You discovered you liked teaching and helping several customers at one time. You developed another class, and then another and in doing so learned even more.You were now making a name for yourself and customers were seeking you out. The other User Services' staff started coming to you for help with their problems. You liked this attention and to make sure you didn't loose your new found importance you worked even harder at solving problems and learning new pieces of the technology. You were on a roll! You had found your niche!
Quality and care: patients' perceptions.

Patients and health care professionals view quality nursing care from different perspectives. Health care professionals view competent nursing care as quality nursing care. Patients perceive quality nursing care as caring, interpersonal interactions. Institutions measure quality care through satisfa
Techni-Chiral-Color

Chiral Color is extended by incorporating Technicolor, which induces dynamical breaking of the Electroweak symmetry as well as Chiral Color to Quantum Chromodynamics. Gauge anomalies are canceled by introducing two generations of technifermions, and the fourth generation of quarks and leptons is required. Each technifermion generation is coupled to only two Standard Model generations by the Yukawa interaction. Various phenomenological implications are explained.
The case for the three R's of systems research: repeatability, reproducibility and rigor

Computer systems research spans sub-disciplines that include embedded systems, programming languages, network- ing, and operating systems. In this talk my contention is that a number of structural factors inhibit quality systems re- search. Symptoms of the problem include unrepeatable and unreproduced results as well as results that are either devoid of meaning or that measure the wrong thing. I will illustrate the impact of these issues on our research output with examples from the development and empirical evaluation of the Schism real-time garbage collection algorithm that is shipped with the FijiVM -- a Java virtual machine for embedded and mobile devices. I will argue that our field should fos- ter: repetition of results, independent reproduction, as well as rigorous evaluation. I will outline some baby steps taken by several computer conferences. In particular I will focus on the introduction of Artifact Evaluation Committees or AECs to ECOOP, OOPLSA, PLDI and soon POPL. The goal of the AECs is to encourage author to package the soft- ware artifacts that they used to support the claims made in their paper and to submit these artifacts for evaluation. AECs were carefully designed to provide positive feedback to the authors that take the time to create repeatable research.
Diffusion of oxygen in silver

Abstract To explain the apparent deviation from Arrhenius dependence on temperature, T, of the diffusion coefficient, D, for oxygen atoms in silver, we invoke a quantum potential barrier crossing model. In this model, a harmonically localized O-atom annihilates a metal lattice phonon at the Debye frequency in order to gain enough energy to cross the potential barrier separating it from a neighboring site. Taking θD=225 K, for the Debye temperature of Ag, we fit the parameters of the model to experimental values of log D vs. 1/T, obtaining B=620 meV and θ=76 K, where B is the height of the barrier and θ is the Einstein temperature of the O-atom. The slightly concave down shape of log D vs. 1/T is explained by the fact that θ 2 3 θ D.