cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oscillatory states of mitochondria. Influence of unsaturated fatty acid composition.

Abstract Experiments were done to test whether maintenance of more rapid mitochondrial volume oscillations in rats supplemented with essential fatty acids (EFA) was related to overall unsaturation of fatty acids in mitochondrial lipids or to the presence of specific essential fatty acids. Liver mitochondria from EFA-deficient rats showed a decrease in frequency of oscillations of ion transport in comparison with nondeficient rats receiving corn oil as a source of linoleic acid. Supplementation of EFA-deficient rats with methyl linoleate (18:2ω6), methyl linolenate (18:3ω3) or methyl arachidonate (20:4ω6) made the oscillation frequency very similar to that of mitochondria from nondeficient rats. Supplementation with methyl docosahexaenoate (22:6ω3) had no effect, despite the high degree of mitochondrial fatty acid unsaturation produced by feeding this fatty acid. The ineffectiveness of 22:6ω3 is evidence that increased unsaturation is not the main factor in the maintenance of the oscillation frequency in rat liver mitochondria. The effectiveness of the other methyl ester supplements is evidence for a specific need for 20:4ω6 or 20:5ω3 either for mitochondrial function or for prostaglandin formation.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanics of Gliding Locomotion in Eukaryotes

Gliding is a form of substrate‐dependent cell locomotion exploited by a variety of disparate cell types. Cells may glide at rates well in excess of 1 μm/sec and do so without the gross distortion of cellular form typical of amoeboid crawling. In the absence of a discrete locomotory organelle, gliding depends upon an assemblage of molecules that links cytoplasmic motor proteins to the cell membrane and thence to the appropriate substrate. Gliding has been most thoroughly studied in the apicomplexan parasites, including Plasmodium and Toxoplasma, which employ a unique assortment of proteins dubbed the glideosome, at the heart of which is a class XIV myosin motor. Actin and myosin also drive the gliding locomotion of raphid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) as well as the intriguing form of gliding displayed by the spindle‐shaped cells of the primitive colonial protist Labyrinthula. Chlamydomonas and other flagellated protists are also able to abandon their more familiar swimming locomotion for gliding, during which time they recruit a motility apparatus independent of that driving flagellar beating.
From College to the Clinic: Five Proposals to Narrow the Skills Gap

Recent criticisms of legal education have focused on the absence of sufficient practical training in the curriculum. The new goal of modern, reformed legal education is to bridge the gap between law school and practice. Reformers aspire to prepare "practice-ready" graduates-neophyte lawyers capable of beginning practice at a level of competency previously associated with second-year practitioners. This new imperative is slowly being imposed on law schools by the market and in particular by firms no longer willing to provide practical training to law graduates capable only of thinking like lawyers, but not of practicing law.
Seed Wars: Biotechnology, Intellectual Property, and the Quest for High Yield Seeds

Presently, intellectual property law is the mechanism that determines international protection and control over biotech innovations in plant varieties and the genetic resources that form the basis for those innovations. The intellectual property paradigm that is utilized employs western definitions of property in order to provide a framework in which to allocate rights. This has resulted in serious distributive problems: western-specific ideas about property, authorship, and individual creative inventors do not translate well to areas where cultural knowledge or generational innovation form the basis of important societal achievements. The default solution in the international agricultural context has been to almost entirely forego any sort of property protection for cultural and indigenous knowledge and innovation. Until international intellectual property law increases awareness of the importance of the public domain in preserving genetic diversity, protecting the global food supply, and safe-guarding genetic resources, intellectual property law will under-value and under-compensate the contributions and agricultural concerns of the developing countries that safeguard the vast majority of the world's plant genetic resources.
Suicide in a Woman Diagnosed with Bulbar Predominant Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Case Report and Literature Review (P7.314)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of a patient who committed suicide after being diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and highlight mental illness seen in ALS patients. BACKGROUND: ALS is a disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons where gradual loss of function typically takes 3-5 years and approximately 50% of patients die within 3 years after onset of symptoms. The motor impairments seen in ALS patients might impede their ability to commit suicide. However, ALS patients have been shown to be 6 times more likely to commit suicide compared to the general population. The relative risk of patients with ALS who commit suicide is higher in those who are diagnosed at a younger age, and the risk is highest in the first year following initial hospitalization for ALS. METHODS: Case report and literature review. DISCUSSION: A 68 year old woman with hypertension and anxiety presented with 5 months of progressive dysarthria, dysphagia, and unintentional weight loss. Neurologic examination was notable for pseudobulbar affect, marked dysarthria, minimal elevation of the palate, tongue fasciculations, and diffuse hyperreflexia. Electrodiagnostic testing was consistent with active denervation which spanned bulbar, cervical, and thoracic body segments. MRI of her brain, cervical cord and laboratory testing were unremarkable. Diagnosis of motor neuron disease consistent with ALS was discussed with the patient and her husband at a follow up visit, and she was referred to a comprehensive ALS center along with social support services. Unfortunately 2 months later, she was found dead in her garage of an apparent suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. CONCLUSIONS: There is an increased risk of suicide in patients with ALS. We believe this is the first reported case of a patient with ALS who committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. The case highlights the importance of implementing screening tools to identify ALS patients who are at risk for committing suicide in order to initiate psychiatric care and secure a safe environment. Disclosure: Dr. McNulty has nothing to disclose. Dr. Li has nothing to disclose. Dr. Soni has received personal compensation for activities with the American Academy of Neurology.
Travel Cost Methods

This article provides an overview of the travel cost methods used to value the recreational uses of the environment, such as fishing, beach use, and bird-watching. The topics covered include seasonal demand models, site choice models, and the Kuhn–Tucker model. The basic workings of each are presented along with methods for conducting values for site access and changes in site quality. Complexities such as measuring the value of travel and time, dealing with multiple-purpose trips, choice set formation, and dealing with intertemporal substitution are also discussed.
Additions to the azomethine group

Addition and hydrogenation reactions of azomethines in chemistry of carbon-nitrogen bond, emphasizing Schiff bases
Intensity measurements of the γ-ray decay of 28Si via the resonance

Abstract The intensity and energies of γ-rays produced via the E p = 992 keV proton capture resonance in the 27 Al ( p ,γ) 28 Si resonance are especially useful for calibration of Ge(Li) detectors in the range 1.5–10.7 MeV. We have reexamined the γ-ray decay from this resonance using a high resolution Ge(Li) detector. This study revealed two previously unreported γ-rays with energies of 3063 and 3181 keV both of which could be assigned to transitions from levels already established in 28 Si. Also five other weak transitions that are known to decay from bound levels of 28 Si were observed in the decay of this resonance. A possible weak branch from the resonant state to the ground level was also observed. A more accurate summary of the γ-ray relative intensities from the decay of this resonance is presented along with an improved decay scheme.
Bereavement groups: Techniques and themes.

ABSTRACTClinical and research evidence indicates that the recently bereaved represent a large at-risk population. Bereavement groups constitute a particularly efficient preventive intervention for this high-risk population and thus represent excellent preventive mental health practice. In this paper, we report specifically on the technical and thematic considerations of four bereavement groups that met weekly for eight weeks. Group members were recruited from a consecutive series of individuals who had lost a spouse to cancer and who were undergoing normal grief and mourning. We found that we were able to be most technically helpful to the groups by being aware of the issues and themes that preoccupy bereaved spouses and by facilitating the emergence and discussion of these themes in the group setting. Many members, for example, struggled with complex questions of growth, identity, and responsibility for the future, questions that have not often been identified in discussions on bereavement groups as bein...
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Acute Pain Management

The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in acute pain management is reviewed, together with factors to consider when selecting an appropriate NSAID. Aggressive management of acute pain contributes to increased patient comfort and may improve patient outcomes and shorten hospital stays. Unless contraindicated, management of mild to moderate postoperative pain should begin with an NSAID. For more severe pain, NSAIDs should be used in combination with an o~ioid analeesic. when used as adjuncts10 opioids, NSAlDs demonstiate a signi5cant opioid dose-sparing effect and may reduce opioid side effects. Selectibn of an ap~rop&te NSAID foracute pain management should be based on availability, dosage schedule, pharrnacokinetic and pharmacologic characteristics, cost, patient compliance, prior histdry of response, and side effect profile.
Positron emission tomography in patients with glioma a predictor of prognosis

Positron emission tomography (PET) studies have been performed using 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose in 29 adult subjects with primary brain tumors. Seventy-two percent of the patients were treated previously. The glucose metabolic state in the lesions was increased in 16 patients, and was normal or decreased in 13 patients. The hypermetabolic tumors tended to behave in a more malignant fashion. Patients with hypermetabolic tumors had a median survival of 7 months after PET scan, compared to 33 months for those with hypometabolic lesions. Among the high-grade glioma patients, the PET results separated them into a good prognosis group (hypometabolic, with 78% 1-year survival) and a poor prognosis group (hypermetabolic, with a 29% 1-year survival after PET). These results suggest that glucose metabolic studies may provide an independent measure of the aggressiveness of a brain tumor, and may supplement pathologic grading.
Total synthesis of the pollen-growth inhibitor (-)-emeniveol. Assignment of absolute stereochemistry

Abstract The total synthesis of emeniveol, a pollen growth inhibitor, is described and its absolute stereochemistry was determined using (+)-Wieland-Miescher ketone as the starting material.
Assessment of Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Correlations for Application to Mini-Channels

Cooling systems that consist of mini-channels (channels with hydraulic diameters in the 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm range) and micro-channels (channels with hydraulic diameters in the 100 μm-500 μm range) can dispose of large volumetric thermal loads that are well beyond the feasible range of conventional cooling methods. Mini/micro-channel systems that utilize boiling fluids are particularly useful due to the superiority of boiling heat transfer mode over single-phase flow convention. Flowing boiling in mini and micro channels has been investigated experimentally by several research groups recently, and a number of empirical correlations have been developed, usually based on only a single set of experimental data. In this study, the capability of a number of widely used forced flow boiling correlations for application to mini channels is examined by comparing their predictions with experimental data from three separate sources. The tested correlations include well-established methods for conventional boiling systems, as well as correlations recently proposed for mini-channels. The experimental data all represent mini-channels. Based on these comparisons, the most accurate existing predictive methods for the tested mini-channel boiling data are identified.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Reversible water weakening of quartz

Abstract We have performed looped pressure-stepping deformation experiments at the same temperature (800 °C) and strain rate (2×10−6 s−1) on a milky quartz crystal and a quartzite that deform by dislocation creep. Our results demonstrate that flow strengths at fixed water content depend on f H 2 O , and that the dependence is reversible. Thus, rheology of quartzite can be predicted if f H 2 O is known. In addition, the effect of f H 2 O on strength of quartzite is greater than that of the milky quartz single crystal. The differing sensitivities are due to differing effects that water has on deformation and recovery within grain interiors and at (or near) grain boundaries. These results indicate that, as temperature increases with depth and the dominant recovery mechanism of dislocation creep changes from recrystallization at grain boundaries to intragranular recovery, dependence of quartz creep on f H 2 O may also decrease.
Equine glomerulonephritis and renal failure associated with complexes of Group-C streptococcal antigen and IgG antibody

A 12-year-old thoroughbred gelding died from diffuse global glomerulonephritis, 3 months after a lower respiratory infection from which Streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated. Immunopathological studies (immunofluorescence, immunodiffusion, immunoperoxidase testing and immunoblotting) indicated the presence of an immune reactant renal disease associated with IgG antibody and streptococcal antigens.
Why no effect of maternal respiratory syncytial virus-neutralizing antibody?

To the Editor .— The impact of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on the morbidity and mortality of young infants is significant.1,2 No effective method of prevention is currently available for otherwise healthy infants, who represent the majority of cases of RSV during a typical respiratory virus season. However, a number of studies have demonstrated the protective effects of maternally derived antibodies against serious RSV disease.3–6 Passive polyclonal or monoclonal RSV-specific antibodies administered to premature infants at greatest risk is an effective method of prevention of severe RSV disease in this vulnerable population,7–9 underscoring the importance of high concentrations of antibody in decreasing the risk of RSV infection or severe disease in the first year of life. The study of Bulkow et al,10 published in the February 2002 issue of Pediatrics, failed to find an association between maternal RSV-neutralizing antibody levels in the cord blood of Alaskan infants and hospitalization for RSV-associated disease. The study population (infants <3 years of age) is described as having high RSV infection and the highest annual hospitalization rates ever described. Factors associated with increased risk were considered to be mostly environmental in nature, although similar social/environmental conditions were common in both case and control subjects. Because of the living conditions described for these families, adults are also likely to be infected with RSV. Acute RSV infection in women during pregnancy is likely to boost maternal RSV antibody that can be transmitted transplacentally to the infant, providing protection early in life. The protective effect of passively transmitted serum maternal …
Mathematical and numerical study of wave propagation in negative-index materials

Abstract In this paper, we develop a Crank–Nicolson mixed finite element method for modeling wave propagation in negative-index materials (NIMs). The NIMs model is formed as a time-dependent system involving four dependent vector variables: the electric and magnetic fields, and the induced electric and magnetic currents. Optimal error estimates for all four variables are proved for Nedelec edge elements. Numerical examples are presented to show the exotic properties for wave propagation in NIMs.
OCP2 exists as a dimer in the organ of Corti

OCP2 is one of the most abundant proteins in the organ of Corti (OC), comprising approximately 5% of the total protein in the supporting cell population. Although the very close homolog, Skp1p, has been implicated in regulating cell-cycle progression, the function of OCP2 in the terminally differentiated cochlea is presently unknown. We have purified recombinant OCP2 from Escherichia coli and examined the protein by analytical ultracentrifugation. Interestingly, sedimentation equilibrium data collected at 20°C unequivocally indicate that, at the concentrations present in the OC, free OCP2 would exist as a dimeric species. The apparent sedimentation coefficient is independent of concentration at loading concentrations between 10 and 100 μM, indicating the absence of a significant monomer-dimer equilibrium in this concentration range. The functional significance of this finding is discussed.
Synthesis of methanol and dimethyl ether from syngas over Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts

A Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was developed for the synthesis of methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas with temperatures of operation ranging from 250 °C to 380 °C. High temperatures (e.g. 380 °C) are of interest when combining methanol and DME synthesis with a methanol to gasoline (MTG) process in a single reactor bed. A commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, utilized industrially for the synthesis of methanol at 220–280 °C, suffers from a rapid deactivation when the reaction is conducted at high temperature (> 320 °C). On the contrary, a Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was found to be highly stable for methanol and DME synthesis at 375 °C. The Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was thus further investigated for methanol and DME synthesis at P = 34–69 bar, T = 250–380 °C, GHSV = 5000–18 000 h−1, and molar feeds H2/CO = 1, 2, and 3. Selectivity to DME increased with decreasing operating temperature, and increasing operating pressure. Higher space velocity and H2/CO syngas feed ratios also enhanced DME selectivity. Undesirable CH4 formation was observed, however, it could be lessen through choice of process conditions and by catalyst design. By studying the effect of the Pd loading and the Pd : Zn molar ratio the formulation of the Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was optimized. A catalyst with 5% Pd and a Pd : Zn molar ratio of 0.25 : 1 has been identified as the preferred catalyst. Results indicate that PdZn particles are more active than Pdo particles for the synthesis of methanol and less active for CH4 formation. A correlation between DME selectivity and concentration of acid sites has been established. Hence, two types of sites are required for the direct conversion of syngas to DME: (1) PdZn particles are active for the synthesis of methanol from syngas, and (2) acid sites which are active for the conversion of methanol to DME. Additionally, CO2 formation was problematic as PdZn was found to be active for the water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction, under all the conditions evaluated.
Chinese and American college students' motives for participation in physical activities

To examine the differences in the current strengths of primary motives for participation in physical activities and exercises 289 Chinese students in China and 180 American students in the United States were administered the Motives for Activity Participation Questionnaire. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that American subjects spent significantly more time participating in physical activity and exercise than did Chinese subjects; men were significantly more likely than women to engage in physical activity and exercise. With respect to the motives for participation, multivariate analysis of variance showed an over-all significant difference on three factors of Weight/Body Management, Mental Health, and Social Interaction among the Chinese and American subjects. Subsequently, stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that social interaction was the primary motive for American men and Chinese women. In contrast, management of body weight was the primary motive for American women.
On good government

Besley’s treatment of principled agents is a major contribution to public choice and political economy. By focusing on politics as an agency problem, he has shown the way to a new generation of research on the interface of politics and economics.
Effects of moist-soil management on playa wetland soils

We evaluated effects of moist-soil management on soils of eight playa wetlands for 2 years. Moist-soil management involves timed drawdown and irrigation of wetlands to promote germination, growth, and seed production of mudflat annuals for use by wintering waterfowl. Moist-soil management reduced soil resistance for germination (P=0.02), raised pH closer to neutrality (P=0.002), but had no effect on soil moisture in the top 4 cm of soil (P=0.16; influence on soil moisture in the root zone is unknown) or on salinity measured as conductivity (P=0.51). Moist-soil management did not affect nitrogen and phosphorus levels in playa soils over 2 seasons (P=0.61). As a percentage of available nutrients, more soil nitrogen was lost during the wetter year compared to the dryer year (P=0.02)—a trend that was reversed for soil phosphorus (P=0.004). More nitrogen was lost in the wetter year (P=0.02); whereas, more phosphorus was lost in the dryer year (P=0.004). This indicates potential changes in limiting nutrients depending upon local precipitation events. Apparently, nutrient cycling is rapid in playas, producing large amounts of biomass despite having lower soil nutrient pools compared to other inland freshwater wetlands. Moist-soil management is a sustainable and compatible practice for playa wetlands because it enhances naturally occurring events.
Medullary mechanisms for eating and grooming behaviors in the cat

Abstract Electrical stimulation of localized regions of the medullary reticular formation induced well-coordinated eating and grooming behaviors in cats. The findings suggested that these behaviors resulted from the activation of specific sensorimotor mechanisms, rather than from the induction of generalized drive states. Eating and grooming, however, were directed and goal dependent, and not merely motor automatisms. Other elicited responses included escape behavior and fragmentary components of threat behavior. The findings contribute to the growing view that the lower brain stem may play an important role in the elaboration and control of complex species-characteristic behaviors.
Psychometric characteristics of a brief measure of pain-related functional impairment

Abstract This study presents reliability and validity data from two samples (pain clinic vs medical clinic) on a five-item self-report scale, termed the Functional Interference Estimate (FIE), designed to measure functional impairment associated with chronic pain. Results from the pain clinic sample demonstrated that the FIE is internally consistent and has satisfactory levels of test-retest reliability, item-total score correlations, and convergent validity. Results from the medical clinic sample demonstrated that the FIE discriminated between medical clinic patients without pain and both medical clinic patients with pain and pain clinic patients. The data support the use of the FIE as one of several available assessment methods for evaluation of pain-related functional impairment.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Responds to Chloride and pH as Synergistic Cues to the Immune Status of its Host Cell

The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to thrive in its phagosomal niche is critical for its establishment of a chronic infection. This requires that Mtb senses and responds to intraphagosomal signals such as pH. We hypothesized that Mtb would respond to additional intraphagosomal factors that correlate with maturation. Here, we demonstrate that [Cl−] and pH correlate inversely with phagosome maturation, and identify Cl− as a novel environmental cue for Mtb. Mtb responds to Cl− and pH synergistically, in part through the activity of the two-component regulator phoPR. Following identification of promoters responsive to Cl− and pH, we generated a reporter Mtb strain that detected immune-mediated changes in the phagosomal environment during infection in a mouse model. Our study establishes Cl− and pH as linked environmental cues for Mtb, and illustrates the utility of reporter bacterial strains for the study of Mtb-host interactions in vivo.
Texture of cooked potato I.—Introduction

The literature describing the relationships between texture and chemical composition of the tuber is discussed.
Safe Flight 21: ground broadcast service system

The FAA-initiated Safe Flight 21 program is a cooperative government/industry effort to evaluate enhanced aerodome and aircraft capabilities based on evolving communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) technologies. Safe Flight 21 will demonstrate the in-cockpit display of traffic, weather, terrain, and obstacle information for pilots and will provide improved information to controllers. The Ground Broadcast Service (GBS) System will act as the main communication service between the Safe Flight 21 sensors and both the avionic and ground vehicle users. The data, collected and processed by multiple sensors, is routed to the GBS System for formatting, broadcast timing coordination, filtering, and transmission to the end-users. This paper provides an overview of the GBS System as part of the FAA Safe Flight 21 program. It also presents the GBS System's complete functional requirements as well as user interface formats and protocols necessary for compliance with the Safe Flight 21 Program architecture.
Party as linkage: A vestigial function?

. Until recent years, two major trends in European politics - the growth of state services and increased political participation - have complemented the central role of parties. This paper argues that this complementarity may have started to come unstuck, and questions the future viability of the mass party as a result of a shift in the balance of perceived advantages of the mass party by both leaders and members. The paper discusses several potential costs and benefits of party membership for leaders and members. Using membership statistics and survey data the reasonableness of these arguments is explored.
Recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor attenuates postbypass thrombocytopenia

Abstract Background . Cardiopulmonary bypass contributes to platelet loss and dysfunction by exposure to shear stresses, foreign surfaces, and hypothermia. This study tested the hypothesis that pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) accelerates recovery of the platelet population after hypothermic extracorporeal circulation (HEC). Methods . In a blinded study, subcutaneous injections of drug or placebo were given to dogs daily for 3 days preoperatively (day 0, 1, and 2) with no drug on day 3. On day 4, the animal was prepared for arteriovenous HEC. After heparinization, HEC was initiated at 30 to 40 mL · kg −1 · min −1 . Hypothermic extracorporeal circulation (25°C) was continued for 90 minutes. Results . Preoperative platelet count (×10 3 platelets/μL) did not differ from predrug count in placebo (256 ± 27 versus 255 ± 20) or PEG-rHuMGDF (271 ± 30 versus 291 ± 38). During 60 minutes of HEC, the platelet count decreased to ∼10% of baseline in placebo (29 ± 5) and PEG-rHuMGDF (46 ± 8), and recovered to ∼70% of baseline after rewarming (90 minutes of HEC: placebo, 185 ± 17, versus PEG-rHuMGDF, 169 ± 22). After HEC, platelet count was greater in PEG-rHuMGDF–treated animals ( p p 200) at all times. Conclusions . Appropriately timed presurgical administration of PEG-rHuMGDF counteracts post-HEC relative thrombocytopenia without increasing platelet population and enhancing aggregation preoperatively or during extracorporeal circulation.
Learning to act using real-time dynamic programming

Learning methods based on dynamic programming (DP) are receiving increasing attention in artificial intelligence. Researchers have argued that DP provides the appropriate basis for compiling planning results into reactive strategies for real-time control, as well as for learning such strategies when the system being controlled is incompletely known. We introduce an algorithm based on DP, which we call Real-Time DP (RTDP), by which an embedded system can improve its performance with experience. RTDP generalizes Korf''s Learning-Real-Time-A algorithm to problems involving uncertainty. We invoke results from the theory of asynchronous DP to prove that RTDP achieves optimal behavior in several different classes of problems. We also use the theory of asynchronous DP to illuminate aspects of other DP-based reinforcement learning methods such as Watkins'' Q-Learning algorithm. A secondary aim of this article is to provide a bridge between AI research on real-time planning and learning and relevant concepts and algorithms from control theory. This research was supported by grants to A.G. Barto from the National Science Foundation (ECS-8912623 and ECS-9214866) and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Bolling AFB (AFOSR-89-0526).
Structure of the Earth’s circumsolar dust ring

Interplanetary dust particles from comets and asteroids pervade the Solar System and become temporarily trapped into orbital resonances with Earth, leading to a circumsolar dust ring. Using the unique vantage point of the Spitzer Space Telescope from its Earth-trailing solar orbit, we have measured for the first time the azimuthal structure of the Earth’s resonant dust ring. There is a relative paucity of particles within 0.1 AU of the Earth, followed by an enhancement in a cloud that is centered 0.2 AU behind Earth with a width of 0.08 AU along the Earth’s orbit. The North ecliptic pole is ~3% brighter at 8 μm wavelength when viewed from inside the enhancement. The presence of azimuthal asymmetries in debris disks around other stars is considered strong evidence for planets. By measuring the properties of the Earth’s resonant ring, we can provide “ground truth” to models for interactions of planets and debris disks, possibly leading to improved predictions for detectability of life-bearing planets. The low amplitude of the azimuthal asymmetry in the Earth’s circumsolar ring suggests significant contributions to the zodiacal light from particles that are large (>30 μm) or have large orbital eccentricity that makes capture into mean motion resonances inefficient.
Carbon isotopic fractionation in synthetic aragonite and calcite: Effects of temperature and precipitation rate

An open-system chemostat technique was employed to study temperature and precipitation rate effects on carbon isotopic fractionation during the inorganic precipitation of aragonite and calcite from solutions held at constant chemical and isotopic composition. Calcite-bicarbonate enrichment factors (ϵcl-HCO−3) average 1.0 ± 0.2%. and are essentially constant throughout the range of temperatures (10, 25, and 40°C) and precipitation rates (1026 to 104.8 μmol m−2 h−1) studied. Calcite-CO2(g) enrichment factors (ϵcl-CO2) are temperature sensitive and are described by the equation ϵcl-CO2 = 11.98(±0.13) −0.12(±0.01) · T(°C). Aragonite-bicarbonate enrichment factors (ϵar-HCO−3) average 2.7 ± 0.6%. for temperatures of 10, 25, and 40°C and for rates from 102.3 to 104.1 μmol m−2 h−1 · ϵar-HCO−3 data are independent of temperature and display no precipitation rate effect at 10°C, a small negative relationship to rate at 25°C, and a small positive relationship to rate at 40°C. The relative weakness of the effect coupled with the lack of consistency in the trends suggests that ϵar-HCO−3 is independent of rate for most geologic processes. Aragonite-CO2(g) enrichment factors (ϵar-CO2) are temperature-sensitive and are described by the equation ϵar-CO2 = 13.88(±0.16) −0.13(±0.01) · T(°C). Aragonite-calcite fractionation (ϵar-cl) is 1.7 ± 0.4%. and is independent of temperature from 10 to 40°C. While the enrichment factors obtained here agree with those of some previous studies, temperature and rate effects do not. Our results, which benefit from better control on precipitate mineralogy and precipitation rate, are probably the most accurate to date.
BACKWARD STOCHASTIC VOLTERRA INTEGRAL EQUATIONS AND SOME RELATED PROBLEMS

Backward stochastic Volterra integral equations (BSVIEs, for short) are introduced. The existence and uniqueness of adapted solutions are established. A duality principle between linear BSVIEs and (forward) stochastic Volterra integral equations is obtained. As applications of the duality principle, a comparison theorem is proved for the adapted solutions of BSVIEs, and a Pontryagin type maximum principle is established for an optimal control of stochastic integral equations.
C-terminal mutants of C. elegans Smads reveal tissue-specific requirements for protein activation by TGF-β signaling

TGF-β signaling in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans plays multiple roles in the development of the animal. The Sma/Mab pathway controls body size, male tail sensory ray identity and spicule formation. Three Smad genes, sma-2, sma-3 and sma-4, are all required for signal transduction, suggesting that the functional complex could be a heterotrimer. Because the C termini of Smads play important roles in receptor-mediated activation and heteromeric complex formation, we generated C-terminal mutations in the C. elegans Smad genes and tested their activities in vivo in each of their distinct developmental roles. We show that pseudophosphorylated SMA-3 is dominant negative in body size, but functional in sensory ray and spicule development. Somewhat differently, pseudophosphorylated SMA-2 is active in any tissue. The C-terminal mutants of SMA-4 function like wild type, suggesting that the SMA-4 C terminus is dispensable. Using a combination of different C-terminal mutations in SMA-2 and SMA-3, we found a complex set of requirements for Smad-phosphorylation state that are specific to each outcome. Finally, we detected a physical interaction of SMA-3 with the forkhead transcription factor LIN-31, which is enhanced by SMA-3 pseudophosphorylation and reduced in an unphosphorylatable mutant. We conclude that the tissue-specific requirements for Smad phosphorylation may result, in part, from the need to interact with tissue-specific transcription co-factors that have different affinities for phosphorylated and unphosphorylated Smad protein.
Geometrical determinations of IMRT photon pencil-beam path in radiotherapy wedges and limit divergence angle with the Anisotropic Analytic Algorithm (AAA)

Purpose: Static wedge filters (WF) are commonly used in radiation therapy, forward and/or inverse planning. We calculated the exact 2D/3D geometrical pathway of the photon-beam through the usual alloy WF, in order to get a better dose related to the beam intensity attenuation factor(s), after the beam has passed through the WF. The objective was to provide general formulation into the Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) model coordinates system (depending on collimator/wedge angles) that also can be applied to other models. Additionally, second purpose of this study was to develop integral formulation for 3D wedge exponential factor with statistical approximations, with introduction for the limit angle/conformal wedge. Methods : The radiotherapy model used to develop this mathematical task is the classical superposition-convolution algorithm, AAA (developed by Ulmer and Harder). We worked with optimal geometrical approximations to make the computational IMRT calculations quicker/reduce the planning-system time. Analytic geometry/computational-techniques to carry out simulations (for standard wedges) are detailed/developed sharply. Integral developments/integral-statistical approximations are explained. Beam-divergence limit Angle for optimal wedge filtration formulas is calculated/sketched, with geometrical approximations. Fundamental trigonometry is used for this purpose. Results: Extent simulation tables for WF of 15o, 30o, 45o, and 60o are shown with errors. As a result, it is possible to determine the best individual treatment dose distribution for each patient. We presented these basic simulations/numerical examples for standard manufacturing WF of straight sloping surface, to check the accuracy/errors of the calculations. Simulations results give low RMS/Relative Error values (formulated) for WF of 15o, 30o, 45o, and 60o. Conclusion : We obtained a series of formulas of analytic geometry for WF that can be applied for any particular dose delivery model. Simulations results gave acceptable trigonometrical approximations/data that can be used for LINAC applications/planning-system software. The integral formulas presented are practical for dose delivery calculations/3D-approximations when using WF/other similar types of beam modification devices. Limit angle formulation and conformal wedge concept was also presented. Cite this article as: Casesnoves F. Geometrical determinations of IMRT photon pencil-beam path in radiotherapy wedges and limit divergence angle with the Anisotropic Analytic Algorithm (AAA). Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2 (3):02031. DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0203.1
Statistical updating of finite element model with Lamb wave sensing data for damage detection problems

Abstract Health monitoring of large structures with embedded, distributed sensor systems is gaining importance. This study proposes a new probabilistic model updating method in order to improve the damage prediction capability of a finite element analysis (FEA) model with experimental observations from a Lamb-wave sensing system. The approach statistically calibrates unknown parameters of the FEA model and estimates a bias-correcting function to achieve a good match between the model predictions and sensor observations. An experimental validation study is presented in which a set of controlled damages are generated on a composite panel. Time-series signals are collected with the damage condition using a Lamb-wave sensing system and a one dimensional FEA model of the panel is constructed to quantify the damages. The damage indices from both the experiments and the computational model are used to calibrate assumed parameters of the FEA model and to estimate a bias-correction function. The updated model is used to predict the size (extent) and location of damage. It is shown that the proposed model updating approach achieves a prediction accuracy that is superior to a purely statistical approach or a deterministic model calibration approach.
1238 BONE MINERAL CONTENT (BMC) OF INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS (IDMS)

Infants of diabetic mothers have a higher incidence of neonatal hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Decreased BMC has been reported in diabetic patients, with bone mineralization of IDM has not been; systematically evaluated. The present study was done to test the hypothesis that decreased neonatal BMC in IDMs is correlated with poor control of diabetes during pregnancy & with the development of neonatal hypocalcemia. 54 fullterm IDMs & 55 normal fullterm controls, infants of non-diabetic mothers were prospectively studied. Mothers of IDMs were classified prospectively in 3 groups: group 1-strict control of diabetes from the first trimester: group 2-customary control from the first trimester: group 1 & 2 were randomized; group 3-late entry (after first trimester) in the study. Maternal BMC was measured prior to delivery. Infant serum calcium was measured at age 24 & 72 hours, & infant BMC at age 3 days. Multiple regression analysis shows that: 1) infant's BMC is not correlated with maternal BMC, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal hypocalcemia & infant weight percentile; 2) IDMs from group 2 & 3 had significantly lower BMC than IDMs from group I (p<0.02); 3) IDMs from group 1 & controls had similar BMC. It appears that decreased BMC is observed in IDMs & may be prevented by strict control of diabetes during pregnancy. Decreased BMC in IDMs does not seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypocalcemia. We speculate that decreased BMC in IDMs might be in the diabetic pregnancy inappropriate calcium supply through the placenta.
Can the ionosphere regulate magnetospheric convection

Following a southward shift of the interplanetary magnetic field, which implies enhanced reconnection at the nose of the magnetosphere, the magnetopause shrinks from its Chapman-Ferraro equilibrium position. If the convective return of magnetic flux to the magnetopause equalled the reconnection rate, the magnetopause would not shrink. Consequently, there is a delay in the development of magnetospheric convection following the onset of reconnection, which is ascribed to line tying by the polar cusp ionosphere. A simple model relates the dayside magnetopause displacement to the currents feeding the polar cap ionosphere, from which the ionospheric electric field, and consequently, the flux return rate, may be estimated as a function of magnetopause displacement. Flux conservation arguments then permit an estimate of the time scale on which convection increases, which is not inconsistent with that of the substorm growth phase.
Graph-matching-based simulation-region selection for multiple binaries

Comparison of simulation-based performance estimates of program binaries built with different compiler settings or targeted at variants of an instruction set architecture is essential for software/hardware co-design and similar engineering activities. Commonly-used sampling techniques for selecting simulation regions do not ensure that samples from the various binaries being compared represent the same sourcelevel work, leading to biased speedup estimates and difficulty in comparative performance debugging. The task of creating equal-work samples is made difficult by differences between the structure and execution paths across multiple binaries such as variations in libraries, in-lining, and loop-iteration counts. Such complexities are addressed in this work by first applying an existing graph-matching technique to call and loop graphs for multiple binaries for the same source program. Then, a new sequence-alignment algorithm is applied to execution traces from the various binaries, using the graph-matching results to define intervals of equal work. A basic-block profile generated for these matched intervals can then be used for phase-detection and simulation-region selection across all binaries simultaneously. The resulting selected simulation regions match both in number and the work done across multiple binaries. The application of this technique is demonstrated on binaries compiled for different Intel 64 Architecture instruction-set extensions. Quality metrics for speedup estimation and an example of applying the data for performance debugging are presented.
Relation of Adrenal Cortex to Serum Peptidase Activity.

SummaryA single, subcutaneous injection, in mice, of adrenal cortical extracts or of pituitary adrenotrophic hormone causes an appreciable rise in the serum peptidase level of these animals. It has been suggested that this increase in enzyme activity is a result of the acceleration, by the hormones of the adrenal cortex, of the rate of turnover of lymphoid tissue.
Brief intervention as an advanced practice strategy for seriously injured victims of multiple trauma.

Trauma is the leading cause of death during the first 4 decades of life. Approximately 40-50% of seriously injured patients who require hospitalization have an alcohol-related injury. The traumatic injury offers nurses in advanced practice roles a unique opportunity to discuss the relation between the patients' traumatic injuries and their alcohol use. One strategy that has shown promise in recent research is the Brief Intervention, a simple and quick clinical tool used to motivate patients to consider the consequences of their alcohol-related behavior. The Brief Intervention technique uses a screening instrument, the Alcohol Use Disorders Test, to determine whether the patient is a sensible, heavy, or dependent drinker. A counseling session, focusing on reducing alcohol use in the nondependent drinker, follows while the patient is still acutely injured. Through the use of Brief Intervention, the nurse has an opportunity to motivate trauma patients to change their patterns of drinking and limit their risk for repeated injuries. If nurses can prevent future injuries, the potential savings in lives lost and dollars spent are huge. Language: en
Diel locomotor activity patterns of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in an electronic shuttlebox

As part of a study to quantify use of space and time by wild brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), we tested 12 trout (in four groups of three; four separate experiments lasting 8 days each; 96 total fish-days of data) in an electronic shuttlebox (ichthyotron) under natural winter temperature and photoperiod conditions, to determine their diel patterns of locomotor activity. Activity was quantified as the number of photocell-monitored light-beam interruptions per hour as fish passed between chambers of the shuttlebox. Data from all four experiments, pooled and expressed as hourly percentages of 24-hour diel activity, yielded a bimodal (crepuscular) pattern, with a major peak at dawn and a lesser one around dusk. The fish were not fed during the experiments, so feeding schedules had no effect on these results. Another experiment with a single fish yielded results similar to the three-fish groups. Other experiments failed to demonstrate a free-running circadian rhythm in this species under constant darkness (DD), and this, along with an apparent lack of anticipation of light change in the activity pattern, suggests that the diel activity pattern observed in this species is exogenously controlled by either absolute light intensity or changing light intensity, or both. Field studies are underway to determine whether diel activity patterns of wild brown trout are the same under natural conditions.
Some cavitation experiments with dilute polymer solutions

A previous paper (Brennen (1968b)) reported the observation and analysis of wave patterns on the surface of fully developed cavities behind a series of axisymmetric headforms in No.2 water tunnel at Ship Division, NPL. Comparison of theory and experiment appeared to confirm that these waves, which appeared a short distance after separation, grew in amplitude as they were convected downstream and then under certain conditions broke up into turbulence, were the amplified result of a select frequency instability in the separated or cavity surface boundary layer. The small vertical tunnel (figure 1) was employed to study and extend observation of the same phenomenon to smaller headforms and Reynolds numbers. An additional intention was to investigate the effect of small quantities of polymer additive on the behaviour of this instability. But, a more dramatic phenomenon was manifest with the addition of these drag-reducing chemicals, leaving the original objective unattainable.
A Lyapunov approach to discrete-time linear consensus

A Lyapunov approach is developed to establish the convergence rates of discrete-time linear consensus. The approach combines the use a quadratic time-varying comparison function and an adjoint dynamics of the linear consensus dynamics. New convergence rate results are obtained that are characterized with an explicit dependence on the graph structure including the longest shortest path.
Boston medicine, before and after.

A Boston physician comments on the striking contrast between Boston's health care climate before and after the Boston Marathon bombing.