cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction and Solution of Large Scale Vehicle Routing Problems

This paper discusses the General Routing Problem approach to solving large scale routing problems. The General Routing Problem on network G = N; A requires finding the minimum cost cycle that visits every node in subset Q ⊆ N and that traverses every arc in a subset R ⊆ A. Utilizing special problem characteristics and the structure of real transportation networks, large reduction in effective problem size and complexity can often be made. This permits a very effective heuristic to produce optimum and near optimum solutions quickly.
BOSONIZATION OF CONFORMAL GHOSTS IN WITTEN'S STRING THEORY

We formulate Witten’s proposal of a covariant open-string theory in terms of oscillator modes and show that some basic axioms for the noncommutative geometry are obeyed as algebraic operations, which were defined previously from a geometrical point of view. Our strategy is based on the proper bosonization of the conformal ghost fields.
Preformed polycarbonate crowns for the restoration of anterior teeth

Anterior deciduous teeth that have undergone loss of tooth structure can be successfully restored to good function and appearance with use of a technique involving polycarbonate crowns. A technique for the use of polycarbonate crowns in the restoration of deciduous anterior teeth is described. The indications and contraindications for such a restoration are discussed. If adequate retention is provided in the preparation for selected patients, the technique can be used with a high degree of success.
A Review of High-Performance Computational Strategies for Modeling and Imaging of Electromagnetic Induction Data

Many geoscientific applications exploit electrostatic and electromagnetic fields to interrogate and map subsurface electrical resistivity—an important geophysical attribute for characterizing mineral, energy, and water resources. In complex three-dimensional geologies, where many of these resources remain to be found, resistivity mapping requires large-scale modeling and imaging capabilities, as well as the ability to treat significant data volumes, which can easily overwhelm single-core and modest multicore computing hardware. To treat such problems requires large-scale parallel computational resources, necessary for reducing the time to solution to a time frame acceptable to the exploration process. The recognition that significant parallel computing processes must be brought to bear on these problems gives rise to choices that must be made in parallel computing hardware and software. In this review, some of these choices are presented, along with the resulting trade-offs. We also discuss future trends in high-performance computing and the anticipated impact on electromagnetic (EM) geophysics. Topics discussed in this review article include a survey of parallel computing platforms, graphics processing units to multicore CPUs with a fast interconnect, along with effective parallel solvers and associated solver libraries effective for inductive EM modeling and imaging.
Relative Nitrogen Utilization by Legume Cover Crop Species at Three Soil Temperatures

When selecting a legume cover crop, one should know relative N-fixing and N uptake capabilities, as well as growth and water use characteristics, to identify the species best adapted to the growth pc. riod and soil temperatures (season) during which the cover crop grown. We provide information on these characteristics for eight inoculated legume species at soil temperatures of 10, 20, and 30 °C. Plants were grown in constant-temperature water baths in a greenhouse for 105 d after establishment in 1.1 kg of Alliance silt loam (fine silty, mixed, mesic, Aridic Argiustoll) per pot. Plant samples were taken every 21 d for determinations of dry weight, total N uptake, and N fixed (isotope dilution method). Water use was measured dally by weighing. Total N uptake and N fixation were usually greatest for large-seeded annual species during the first 42 to 63 d of the experiment. At 10 °C total N uptake and N fixation were greatest for hairy vetch (HV), Vic/a villosa Roth and faba bean (FB), L. At later sampling dates, N uptake and fixation for white clover (WC), L., was also relatively high. At 20 °C, soybean (SB), [ (L.) Merr.] exhibited outstanding growth and N uptake throughout the 105 d. For the first 42 d, FB performance also was superior to other species. At 30 °C, N uptake and fixation by SB was more than double that of any other species at all sampling dates. Quantity of N fixed per unit water used was greatest at 10 °C for WC, followed closely by HV and field pea (FP) L.; at 20 °C, SB followed by WC and lespedeza (LD), Maxim.; and at 30 °C, LD followed by SB. Our results suggest that under many situations (early spring) some grain legumes, such as and FB, may be a better cover crop than many species commonly Used.
Respiratory studies on Paramecium aurella, variety 4, killers and sensitives

Abstract An oxidative system different from the nornal cytochrome system operates in the respiratory metabolism of killer paramecia. This system is associated with the presence of the cytoplasmic particle, kappa. The higher Q O 2 of the killers as compared with the sensitives, the lack of respiratory inhibition by sodium azide in concentrations which inhibit the respiration of the sensitivesm as well as the low cytochrome oxidase activity of the killers, support this conclusion. Differences between killers and sensitives in their respiratory response to acetate, glucose, and streptomycin provide further evidence of an altered metabolic pattern in the killers.
Mast Cell Changes in a Case of Rapidly Progressive Scleroderma-Ultrastructural Analysis

A 63-year-old woman had rapidly progressive scleroderma and died 4 months after the clinical appearance of her illness. Extreme itching of the affected skin was prominent. Electron microscopic study of the clinically uninvolved skin showed mainly normal mast cells. Mast cells in clinically involved skin showed a wide morphologic spectrum including evidence of cellular activation. There was an increased amount of cytoplasm occupied by polysomes and mitochondria and less cytoplasm occupied by granules. Most granules were pale and swollen, suggesting active degranulation. In some cases it was difficult to distinguish a hyperactive mast cell with only a few granules remaining from a fibroblast which had acquired granules by transgranulation. This case illustrates the active participation of mast cells in acute scleroderma.
Acclimation of gametes to reduced salinity prior to spawning in Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

AdultLuidia clathrata (Say) were held at salinities lower and higher (25 to 35‰) than environmental salinity (29‰) during gametogenesis and after sperm and primary oocytes were produced. The sperm and primary oocytes acclimated to the experimental salinities in both cases. Fertilization and development through gastrulation were not affected at the salinities at which the parents were held, but were affected at altered salinities. This indicates that intracellular osmoregulation can occur both during gametogenesis and after the stage of arrested activity has been reached. This is an important capacity forL. clathrata, which lives in estuaries with variable salinities.
Numerical analysis of an OPTR: Optimization for space applications

Abstract A numerical study is reported here for the investigation of the flow and heat transfer processes in a co-axial type single stage orifice type pulse tube refrigerator (OPTR). The OPTR is driven by a cyclically moving piston at one end of the system with helium as the working fluid. The regenerator and the various heat exchangers are modeled as porous media and a thermal non-equilibrium model is applied in these regions. The simulations reveal interesting steady-periodic flow patterns that develop in the pulse tube due to the fluctuations caused by the piston and the presence of the inertance tube. When the secondary flow patterns are well-developed, they help isolate the cold and hot ends of the pulse tube and create a thermal buffer zone at the center of the pulse tube, enhancing the performance of the OPTR.
Low urinary growth hormone values in patients with Turner's syndrome.

Short stature is one of the major symptoms in Turner's syndrome (TS). The cause of short stature is not clearly known at present. In this study we initially assessed GH secretory status in TS by determinations of urinary human (h) GH excretion for 2 consecutive days. Secondly, the therapeutic dose of hGH used for treatment of short stature in TS was evaluated by measurements of urinary hGH after recombinant hGH (r-hGH) injections. Twenty-four-hour urinary hGH excretion for the 2 days combined was significantly lower in patients with TS than in normal children [2.3 +/- 1.8 ng/day (n = 7) vs. 13.4 +/- 3.2 (n = 16); P less than 0.001], although four of seven patients with TS had normal GH responses to the provocative tests. The mean level of urinary hGH in TS after 2 days was comparable to that in complete GH deficiency (1.9 +/- 0.9 ng/day; n = 14) that we previously reported. Treatment with daily sc injections of 1.0 IU (0.37 mg)/kg.week r-hGH, given in seven divided doses, normalized urinary hGH excretion and induced remarkable catch-up growth in all patients with TS. These results indicate that the 24-h endogenous GH secretion in seven patients with TS is impaired. The measurement of 24-h urinary hGH excretion may prove to be useful as a marker to assess the abnormal GH secretion and the adequacy of treatment with hGH in patients with TS. The therapeutic dose of hGH in TS is approximately 0.37 mg/kg.week, given in seven divided doses. To convert international units of r-hGH to milligrams, divide by 2.7.
Pacific Coast Iris species delimitation using three species definitions: biological, phylogenetic and genealogical

Morphological characters are used to discriminate the five Oregon species of the Pacific Coast irises (IrisseriesCalifornicae). In nearly every case, fixed differences were found between species, revealing that they are good phylogenetic species. However, when the biological species concept is applied, the whole series is found to be one biological species. Sequence data were generated from the chloroplast DNA region between theatpβ andrbcL genes. For this 700 bp region, the maximum divergence observed in the series was one percent. These sequences, together with three restriction site characters, were used to produce a cladogram for multiple individuals of all species in the group. On the resulting consensus cladogram, the different individuals from each species do not cluster together. This could result from either introgressive hybridization or the retention of ancestral polymorphism. When the genealogical species concept is applied, only one species can be identified: the whole SeriesCalifornicae. There are therefore two natural levels at which taxa can be defined. It is recommended that the phylogenetic species be used as the taxonomic species in this group.
A convenient gel holder for preparative electrophoretic separation of aggregated bacterial proteins

A simple custom-made gel holder for preparative SDS-PAGE to separate aggregated bacterial antigens is described. The gel holder fits easily into commercially available gel electrophoresis apparatus and proteins or peptides are collected in a stream of distilled water through a channel in the gel. The performance of the device was illustrated by the successful separation and purification of fragments of aggregated Streptococcus equi M protein and of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae protective antigens. Yields of up to 1.2 mg per run were obtained. The purified proteins retained immunological reactivity and were of sufficient purity for amino acid compositional and sequence analysis.
SITE OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE INHIBITION OF CATION TRANSPORT.

THE cardiac glycosides have been shown to be specific inhibitors of active cation transport in a wide variety of tissues1–4. The specificity of this inhibition was first demonstrated by Schatzmann, who found that these glycosides blocked sodium extrusion from cold-stored red cells without affecting either lactate production or oxygen consumption4.
Cognitive activities delay onset of memory decline in persons who develop dementia

Background: Persons destined to develop dementia experience an accelerated rate of decline in cognitive ability, particularly in memory. Early life education and participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities later in life are 2 factors thought to reflect cognitive reserve, which may delay the onset of the memory decline in the preclinical stages of dementia. Methods: We followed 488 initially cognitively intact community residing individuals with epidemiologic, clinical, and cognitive assessments every 12 to 18 months in the Bronx Aging Study. We assessed the influence of self-reported participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities on the onset of accelerated memory decline as measured by the Buschke Selective Reminding Test in 101 individuals who developed incident dementia using a change point model. Results: Each additional self-reported day of cognitive activity at baseline delayed the onset of accelerated memory decline by 0.18 years. Higher baseline levels of cognitive activity were associated with more rapid memory decline after that onset. Inclusion of education did not significantly add to the fit of the model beyond the effect of cognitive activities. Conclusions: Our findings show that late life cognitive activities influence cognitive reserve independently of education. The effect of early life education on cognitive reserve may be mediated by cognitive activity later in life. Alternatively, early life education may be a determinant of cognitive reserve, and individuals with more education may choose to participate in cognitive activities without influencing reserve. Future studies should examine the efficacy of increasing participation in cognitive activities to prevent or delay dementia.
To split or not to split: Assessment of Georges Bank sea scallops in the presence of marine protected areas

Abstract Marine protected areas (MPAs) may create challenges for stock assessments because most models are based on the assumption that fishing mortality is uniform in space. Using both actual data and simulations, we explored two approaches to the stock assessment of Georges Bank Atlantic sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus), where fishery closures were implemented in December 1994. One approach modeled the stock in “aggregate”, using domed commercial selectivity functions for the time periods when the MPAs were closed to scallop fishing. In the second “split” approach, separate models were used for the scallops inside (closed areas) and outside (open areas) the MPAs. The aggregate model converged only in 17% of the simulated runs, compared with 93% convergence for the open and closed runs using the split approach. With actual data, and in those simulations where both methods converged, the two approaches gave similar results, although biomass estimates in the most recent years from the aggregate model tended to be biased low. The closed area model, and to a lesser extent the aggregate model, estimated natural mortality M fairly precisely, but open area model estimates of M were poorly defined. Retrospective patterns were reduced using the split approach and when natural mortality was estimated. We conclude that the split assessment approach is better for sea scallops, but it may be best to use both approaches for comparative purposes.
Structure and Function of Plant Fatty Acid Synthesizing Systems

In recent years, the precise localization of the plant acid synthesizing systems (EAS) in leaf and seed tissues has been elucidated. The molecular properties of plant FAS systems has also been determined in a number of laboratories. In particular the FAS systems of developing safflower seeds and spinach leaf tissue have been carefully examined. The results show clearly that unlike the FAS system in yeast cells and animal tissues, the plant systems are non-associated and very similar to those described for Escherichia coli. In addition, recent evidence has shown that β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase I is involved with the other enzymes of the FAS system to form palmitic acid whereas β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase II with the other enzymes of the FAS system controls the conversion of palmitic to stearic acid. An overall, generalized scheme will be presented to summarize the current views concerning plant fatty acid synthesis. Struktur und Funktion von fettsauresynthetisierenden Systemen in Pflanzen In den letzten Jahren wurde der genaue Sitz der pflanzlichen sauresynthetisierenden Systeme (FAS) in Blattern und Saatgewebe herausgefunden. In mehreren Laboratorien wurden auch die molekularen Eigenschaften der Pflanzen-FAS-Systeme bestimmt. Insbesondere wurden die FAS-Systeme der sich entwickelnden Safflorsaaten und die Spinatblattgewebe sehr grundlich untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, das im Gegensatz zu dem FAS-System in Hefezellen und Tiergeweben die Pflanzensysteme nicht verbunden sind und denen, die bei Eschrichia coli beschrieben sind, sehr ahneln. Auserdem zeigten jungste Nachweise, das die β-Ketoacyl-ACP-Synthetase Imit anderen Enzymen des FAS-Systems verbunden ist, um Palmitinsaure zu bilden, wahrend β-Ketoacyl-ACP-Synthetase II zusammen mit den anderen Enzymen des FAS-Systems die Umwandlung von Palmitin- in Stearinsaure steuert. Ein umfassendes verallgemeinertes Schema wird vorgestellt werden, um die laufenden Ergebnisse bezuglich der Pflanzenfettsauresynthese zusammenzufassen.
Phonetic processing of non-native speech in semantic vs non-semantic tasks.

Research with speakers with acquired production difficulties has suggested phonetic processing is more difficult in tasks that require semantic processing. The current research examined whether similar effects are found in bilingual phonetic processing. English–French bilinguals' productions in picture naming (which requires semantic processing) were compared to those elicited by repetition (which does not require semantic processing). Picture naming elicited slower, more accented speech than repetition. These results provide additional support for theories integrating cognitive and phonetic processes in speech production and suggest that bilingual speech research must take cognitive factors into account when assessing the structure of non-native sound systems.
Chromatographic analysis of a cytokinin from tissue cultures of crown-gall.

Extracts from tissue cultures of crown-gall from Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. and Zucc.) Planch. exhibited cell division activity in the soybean cytokinin assay. The chromatographic migration of one component, responsible for most of the activity, is similar to that of zeatin ribonucleoside. In addition, acid hydrolysis of the active region taken from chromatograms and of an eluate from a cation-exchange resin column resulted in the production of an active free-base-like derivative. Since the derivative and the parent compound lose activity after KMnO4 treatment, they are believed to possess an unsaturated constituent essential for biological activity. The major active factor present in crown-gall from Parthenocissus tricuspidata is therefore distinct from the nicotinamide derivative reported to be present in Vinca rosea L. tumor cells.
A binuclear tantalum(III) complex with a bridging carboxylato ligand

Abstract Ta2Cl6(SMe2)3 reacts with one equivalent of C4H9CO2Li to give a complex with a bridging carboxylate ligand, Ta2Cl5(O2CC4H9)(SMe2)(THF)2. The product was isolated in two crystalline forms, 1 and 2, from a THF/hexane and benzene/hexane solvent mixture, respectively. The following are the unit cell parameters, for 1: monoclinic (P21/n), a = 10.537(5) A, b = 22.015(4) A, c = 11.663(4) A, β = 107.80(3)°, V = 2576(3) A3, and Z = 4; for 2: monoclinic (P21/c), a = 15.584(4) A, b = 15.647(4) A, c = 11.275(3) A, β = 106.04(5)°, V = 2642(3) A3 and Z = 4. The complex is a dimer with a distorted octahedra-sharing-an-edge geometry. The TaTa distances in 1 and 2 were 2.766(1) A and 2.779(1) A, respectively, which is somewhat longer than in previously reported Nb(III) and Ta(III) dinuclear compounds. Diamagnetism of the complex is shown by NMR. Fenske—Hall calculations, which correctly predict an electronic transition at about 16,000 cm−1, indicate a double TaTa bond. The observed elongation of the metalmetal bond is attributed mainly to steric crowding. The complex is the first proven low-valent Ta species with a coordinated carboxylate ion.
Route Discovery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: From Unilaterality to Bilaterality

Traditionally, route discovery in MANETs operates in a source-initiated manner. This unilateral operation is unbalanced and inherently not ideal for MANETs. We propose a new scheme called bilateral route discovery (BRD), where both source and destination actively participate in a route discovery process. BRD has the potential to reduce the control overhead by one half. As an underlying protocol for BRD, we propose gratuitous route error reporting (GRER). GRER bypasses the failed link and notifies the destination of a broken route. The destination can thus play an active role in the upcoming route re-discovery. The results of an extensive simulation study confirm the effectiveness of the BRD approach.
A subset of protein kinase C phosphorylation sites on the myosin II regulatory light chain inhibits phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase

Protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylates the regulatory light chains of smooth muscle and cytoplasmic myosin II at three known sites: S1, S2, and T9 [Ikebe, M., Hartshorne, D. J., & Elzinga, M. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9569-9573]. Phosphorylation at these sites inhibits the actomyosin ATPase and inhibits phosphorylation of S19 on the regulatory light chain by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) [Nishikawa, M., Sellers, J. R., Adelstein, R. S., & Hidaka, H. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8808-8814]. To compare the effects of phosphorylation at a subset of PKC sites on the rate of MLCK phosphorylation, we substituted alanines for the known PKC phosphorylation sites in the Xenopus regulatory light chain (XRLC). PKC phosphorylation of S1A/S2A/T9A revealed secondary phosphorylation sites at T7 and T10, which are accessible both on isolated S1A/S2A/T9A and S1A/S2A/T9A-myosin hybrids. Apparent kinetic constants were determined for MLCK phosphorylation of WT XRLC and XRLC mutants: T9A, S1A/S2A, S1A/S2A/T9A, and T7A/T9A/T10A. PKC prephosphorylation of S1/2 had no effect on the rate of MLCK phosphorylation, while PKC prephosphorylation of T7/9/10 inhibited MLCK phosphorylation due to a 6-fold increase in Km. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of RLC S1/2 as observed in vivo may not be responsible for an inhibition of MLCK phosphorylation.
A Bayesian AMS 14C chronology of the Classic Maya Center of Uxbenká, Belize

Abstract Archaeologists require precise chronologies of cultural change to understand the nature and timing, and causes and effects, of ecological and social transformations. The Uxbenka Archaeological Project (UAP) has made chronology building a main goal, employing epigraphic data, artifact seriation, and high-precision AMS 14 C dating. With more than 60 14 C dates with measurement errors below ±25 14 C yr, primarily on single charcoal specimens, Uxbenka may be the most intensively dated Classic Period site in the tropical Maya Lowlands. Here we take the next step, combining this rich chronometric dataset with associated stratigraphic information in OxCal's Bayesian framework to generate a high-resolution chronology of Uxbenka's early development and expansion in southern Belize. We show how archaeologists may take advantage of complex architectural stratigraphy to constrain broad calibrated ranges during the Classic Period, and to estimate dates for observed construction events that can not be directly dated (e.g., clearing/leveling plazas, laying plaster floors, renovating/rebuilding structural elements). Our analysis confirms the antiquity of the ceremonial Stela Plaza (Group A), where first construction is estimated between 60 cal BC and cal AD 220 and is associated with a Pre-Classic structure obscured by later construction and reorientation of the group to a N-S alignment ca. AD 150–310. The analysis also indicates initial leveling and construction at plaza Group B from cal AD 60–310 and Group D from cal AD 20–240, both earlier than previously assumed. Though Late Classic contexts are not as well represented by direct dates, architectural modifications are documented at all three plaza groups after AD 550, including the extensive plastering, laying paving stones, and construction of facades on existing structures. The resulting chronology revises our previous thinking on the mode of settlement and development of Classic Maya society at Uxbenka and indicates specific areas of investigation to elucidate events in the Late and Terminal Classic at the site, including political and social fragmentation and the abandonment of the urban core late in the Classic Period.
Cardiovascular effects of propofol alone and in combination with ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in healthy cats.

This study was designed to compare the cardiovascular effects of equipotent maintenance of anesthetic doses (determined in a previous study) of propofol and propofol/ketamine, administered with and without noxious stimulation. Six healthy adult cats were anesthetized with propofol (loading dose 6.6 mg kg−1, infusion 0.22 mg kg−1 minute−1), and instrumented to allow determination of blood gas and acid–base balance and measurement of blood pressures and cardiac output. The propofol infusion was continued for a further 60 minutes after which measurements were taken prior to and during application of a noxious stimulus. The propofol infusion was decreased to 0.14 mg kg−1 minute−1, and ketamine (loading dose 2 mg kg−1, infusion 23 µg kg minute−1) was administered. After a further 60 minutes, measurements were again taken prior to and during application of a noxious stimulus. The data were analyzed, using several Repeated Measures anova (first, ketamine/propofol and noxious stimulation were each treated as within-subject factors; secondly, the levels of these two factors were combined into a single within-subject factor). Mean arterial pressure, CVP, PAOP, SI, CI, SVRI, PVRI, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, oxygen utilization ratio, PvO2, pHa, PaCO2, bicarbonate concentration, and BD values collected during propofol administration were not changed by addition of ketamine and reduction of propofol concentration or by application of a noxious stimulus under propofol alone. Application of a noxious stimulus under propofol alone did, however, significantly increase HR and PaO2, and these responses were not blunted by the addition of ketamine. Compared with propofol, administration of ketamine and reduction of propofol concentration significantly increased PAP and venous admixture, and significantly decreased PaO2. Although application of a noxious stimulus to cats under propofol alone did not significantly change CVP, SI, CI, PVRI, oxygen delivery index, and oxygen consumption index, significant differences were found in these variables between propofol and propofol/ketamine. In conclusion, propofol alone provided cardiopulmonary stability; addition of ketamine did not improve hemodynamics but did decrease oxygenation.
Double-power logarithmic law for concrete creep

Abstract An improvement of the double-power law for creep at constant temperature and moisture content is proposed. Comparisons with available test data indicate that the final slopes of long-term creep curves, as indicated by the double-power law, are predominanty on the high side. This is remedied by introducing a transition to a straight line in the logarithmic scale of load duration. The strain at the transition as well as the slope of the straight line are the same for all ages at loading. The strain and the slope at the transition point are continuous, while the curvature is discontinuous. The new law is also found to significantly limit the occurence of divergence of the creep curves and of negative values at the ends of the relaxation curves calculated by the superposition principle. Extensive statistical comparisons with test data from the literature justify the proposed law.
Development of New Methods to Assess the Outcomes of Emergency Care

This article provides information supporting the need for new outcome measures in emergency care. It also addresses the use of outcome measures in emergency care, the impact of emergency care, identification of at-risk groups, new approaches to measuring patient satisfaction, quality of life and cost-effectiveness, and the unique related implications for emergency medicine.
Effectiveness factors for porous catalysts

From the equations expressing mass and energy transfer in the solid and void regions of a catalyst of micropores, conversion and temperature profiles are evaluated as a function of the properties of the particle and the reaction system. The method developed is illustrated with numerical calculations for a first-order, irreversible reaction. Microeffectiveness factors Ec are derived from these profiles for several distribution functions for the size (radius) of the micropores. The results indicate that the nature of the pore-size distribution cannot affect Ec more than about 10%. However effectiveness factors greater than unity are possible for exothermic reactions with high heats of reaction and particles of reasonable size. To treat pelletted catalysts, equations are also developed for determining conversion and temperature profiles in pellets formed by compressing the microporous particles These results are interpreted in terms of macroeffectiveness factors Es, with values of Ec applicable at various positions in the pellet. To illustrate the method of solution numerical values of Es are determined for a limited range of parameters. The results indicate that in pelletted catalysts large temperature gradients may exist. For an exothermic reaction this can lead to a significant increase in macroeffectiveness factor.
Histological Examination of the Rat Ovarian Follicle Wall Prior to Ovulation

The histological changes occurring in rat ovarian follicle walls prior to ovulation were studied by light and electron microscopy. Follicles were collected at 0, 5, 10, and 11 h after the administratin of HCG to stimulate ovulation, and al’o at what was judged to be the instant before rupture from ovaries that were exteriorized in a plastic chamber for direct observation. The earliest morphological change detected was the leakage of crythrocytes from blood vessels, and thus their presence, presumably along with plasma, in the intercellular spaces of the follicle walls. Somewhat later, occasional theca cells died and degenerated, and slight signs of cytolysis appeared at the surface of all cell types. The tunica albuginea often became loose, with a large increase in the extent of extracellular space between cells. A conspicuous feature of follicle walls near the time of ovulation was the rounding up and detachment from the follicle wall of apparently healthy granulosa and theca cells; at ovulation the granulosa layer was absent from the stigma. Clumps of fibrin were commonly found in the extracellular space of the follicle wall and in follicular fluid, as was debris from degenerating cells. The final change noted before ovulation was the degeneration and loss of peritoneal epithelial cells. No collagen could be detected in follicle walls at any time. The early leakage of erythrocytes from blood vessels and the common occurrence of fibnn in the intercellular space and follicular fluid suggested that an acute inflammatory reaction may be involved in the formation and rupture of the stigma. The anti-inflammatory drugs aspirin, salicylate, and indomethacin inhibited ovulation in immature rats when administered in anti-inflammatory dosages shortly before the expected time of ovulation. The inhibition was observed in animals superovulated by exogenous PMS and HCG, as well as in animals ovulating spontaneously after a small dose of PMS. It is concluded that a process which involves prostaglandin synthesis is involved in follicle rupture, and that this step may possibly be the early vascular phase of an inflammatory response.
Promoting Group Creativity in Upstream Requirements Engineering

The upstream stage of requirements engineering (RE) focuses primarily on determining high-level organizational requirements. Upstream RE provides perhaps the best opportunity to instill creativity into the design process, as it is here where stakeholders figure out what to build. However, how to incorporate creativity into current RE methods remains a fundamental concern. Negative intergroup social processes, such as those associated with status differentials, ingroup bias, and majority influence, can impede group creativity and otherwise negatively impact the upstream RE process. This chapter discuses these issues and suggests how creativity can be promoted using an IBIS design rationale coupled with group support system tools intended to diminish negative social influences between (and within) stakeholder groups.
Coherent control of predissociation of the Rb dimer by chirped femtosecond laser pulses

Coherent control of predissociation of the Rb dimer in 8times10-3 Torr of Rb vapor is achieved with chirped femtosecond laser pulses. The preferred dissociation channels for different values of pulse chirp are found experimentally.
Development of a hybrid hands-off human computer interface based on electromyogram signals and eye-gaze tracking

A hybrid hands-off human computer interface that uses infrared video eye gaze tracking (EGT) and electromyogram (EMG) signals is introduced. This system combines the advantages of both sub-systems, providing quick cursor displacement In long excursions and steady, accurate movement in small position adjustments. The hybrid system also provides a reliable clicking mechanism. The evaluation protocol used to test the system is described and the results for the hybrid, an EMG Only interface, and the standard hand-held mouse are described and compared. These results show that the hybrid system is, in an average, faster than the EMG-only system by a factor of 2 or more.
The Q100 Database Processing Unit

The Q100 uses hardware specialization to improve the energy efficiency of analytic database applications. The proposed accelerators are called database processing units. DPUs are analogous to GPUs, but where GPUs target graphics applications, DPUs target analytic database workloads. This article demonstrates a proof of concept design, called the Q100, which provides one to two orders of magnitude improvement in efficiency over single- and multithreaded software database management systems. The Q100 exploits the innate structure of the workload, viewing the data in terms of tables and columns rather than as an unstructured array of bytes, to more efficiently move and manipulate database content. Because a large proportion of a chip's energy is spent delivering data to the computation engines, this approach both improves overall energy efficiency and complements other specialized computation engines.
Pediatric Solid Tumors and Second Malignancies: Characteristics and Survival Outcomes

Background To examine the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes for second malignancies following the diagnosis of a primary solid tumor in pediatric patients. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried from 1973 to 2005, excluding recurrences, in patients Results A total of 31,685 cases of pediatric solid malignancies were identified. Overall, 177 patients were diagnosed with a unique second malignancy before the age 20 (0.56%) The mean follow-up was for 8.5 y (2 mo–30.8 y). Mean age at diagnosis of the primary tumor was 7.7 y. The most common primary malignancies were CNS tumors (22.5%), followed by soft tissue sarcoma (15.8%), retinoblastoma (14.1%), and bone tumors (13%). Hematologic malignancies (35.5%) were the most common second malignancies noted in the cohort, followed by bone tumors (18%) and soft tissue sarcomas (15%). Hematologic malignancies had a shorter latency (3.1 y) compared with solid second tumors (11.6 y). The overall 10-y survival for the entire cohort was 41.5%. For most tumor categories, development of a secondary malignancy was associated with lower 5- and 10-y survival than expected. Conclusions CNS tumors, retinoblastoma, and soft tissue sarcomas in children are the most common solid primary tumors, with an increased risk of a second malignancy. Leukemia is the most common second malignancy seen in pediatric solid tumors. Second malignancies are associated with significantly reduced survival rates compared with the general childhood cancer population.
Input Markets and the Strategic Organization of the Firm

1. Introduction 2. Organizational Design when a firm is a Buyer in Input Markets. 3. Organizational Design when a firm is a Seller in Input Markets. 4. Discussion. References.
Adolescent Performance on the Allen Cognitive Levels Screen

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to provide information regarding the validity of using the Allen Cognitive Levels Screen (ACL-90 version) by comparing functional cognitive performance between adoles- cents living in the community and adolescents residing in mental health facilities. METHOD. Sixty-three adolescents were assessed using the ACL-90: 32 adolescents living in the communi- ty, and 28 adolescents residing in residential mental health facilities. RESULTS. Using a one-tailed t test, performance scores for adolescents residing in the community were sta- tistically higher than those for adolescents living in residential mental health facilities (t (34) = 4.3, p < .001). CONCLUSION. This study suggests the validity of the ACL-90 as an assessment to use for screening the cognitive functional performance of adolescents.
Solvation dynamics in reverse micelles: the role of headgroup-solute interactions.

We present molecular dynamics simulation results for solvation dynamics in the water pool of anionicsurfactant reverse micelles (RMs) of varying water content, w0. The model RMs are designed to represent water/aerosol-OT/oil systems, where aerosol-OT is the common name for sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate. To determine the effects of chromophore-headgroup interactions on solvation dynamics, we compare the results for charge localization in model ionic diatomic chromophores that differ only in charge sign. Electronic excitation in both cases is modeled as charge localization on one of the solute sites. We find dramatic differences in the solvation responses for anionic and cationic chromophores. Solvation dynamics for the cationic chromophore are considerably slower and more strongly w0-dependent than those for the anionic chromophore. Further analysis indicates that the difference in the responses can be ascribed in part to the different initial locations of the two chromophores relative to the surfactant interface. In addition, slow motion of the cationic chromophore relative to the interface is the main contributor to the longer-time decay of the solvation response to charge localization in this case.
From basic to applied research to improve outcomes for individuals who require augmentative and alternative communication: Potential contributions of eye tracking research methods

AbstractIn order to improve outcomes for individuals who require AAC, there is an urgent need for research across the full spectrum – from basic research to investigate fundamental language and communication processes, to applied clinical research to test applications of this new knowledge in the real world. To date, there has been a notable lack of basic research in the AAC field to investigate the underlying cognitive, sensory perceptual, linguistic, and motor processes of individuals with complex communication needs. Eye tracking research technology provides a promising method for researchers to investigate some of the visual cognitive processes that underlie interaction via AAC. The eye tracking research technology automatically records the latency, duration, and sequence of visual fixations, providing key information on what elements attract the individual's attention (and which ones do not), for how long, and in what sequence. As illustrated by the papers in this special issue, this information can ...
Elites and Masses: A Comparative Analysis of Attitudes Toward America's World Role

Elites and masses are found to have similar foreign policy belief systems defined by two distinct attitude dimensions, cooperative and militant internationalism. However, elites are located predominantly in the internationalist and accommodationist quadrants of the opinion typology defined by the bidimensional attitude structure. The mass, on the other hand, is more evenly distributed among the four categories, with a higher proportion in the hardline and isolationist quadrants. An examination of the background characteristics and attentiveness of respondents indicates that the differences between elites and masses inhere in the occupancy of leadership roles.
Ku-band traveling wave slot array using simple scanning control

This paper introduces a feeding concept aimed at simplifying the backend (phase shifters) of traditional phased arrays. As an alternative to traditional phased arrays, we employ a traveling wave array (TWA) using a single feedline whose propagation constant is controlled via a single, small mechanical movement without a need for phase shifters to enable scanning. Specifically, a dielectric plunger is positioned within a parallel plate waveguide (PPW) transmission line (TL) that feeds the TWA. By adjusting the position of the dielectric plunger within the PPW feeding the TWA, beam steering is achieved. A 20 element array is designed at 13GHz shown to give stable realized gain across the angular range of −25° ≤ θ ≤ 25°. A proof of concept array is fabricated and measured to demonstrate and validate the concept's operation.
The distribution of ammonia-generating enzymes along the intestine of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L†

The linear distribution of ammonia-generating enzymes (L-serine dehydratase and 5′-AMP deaminase) along the gut of Lumbricus has been examined using that of the digestive enzymes as a frame of reference. 1 This study confirms the observations of earlier workers indicating a high activity of digestive enzymes in the anterior region of the gut with declining activity toward the posterior. 2 5′-AMP deaminase has a distribution paralleling that of the digestive enzymes. In contrast, L-serine dehydratase is exclusively confined to the hindgut. It appears, therefore, that two potential centers for ammonia production exist in this species.
A tutorial on design and analysis of simulation experiments

This paper describes, in general terms, methods to help design the runs for simulation models and interpret their output. Statistical methods are described for several different purposes, and related problems like comparison, variance reduction, sensitivity estimation, metamodeling and optimization are mentioned. The main point is to call attention to the challenges and opportunities in using simulation models carefully and effectively.
Head impact exposure in youth football: High school ages 14 to 18 years and cumulative impact analysis

Sports-related concussion is the most common athletic head injury with football having the highest rate among high school athletes. Traditionally, research on the biomechanics of football-related head impact has been focused at the collegiate level. Less research has been performed at the high school level, despite the incidence of concussion among high school football players. The objective of this study is to twofold: to quantify the head impact exposure in high school football, and to develop a cumulative impact analysis method. Head impact exposure was measured by instrumenting the helmets of 40 high school football players with helmet mounted accelerometer arrays to measure linear and rotational acceleration. A total of 16,502 head impacts were collected over the course of the season. Biomechanical data were analyzed by team and by player. The median impact for each player ranged from 15.2 to 27.0 g with an average value of 21.7 (±2.4) g. The 95th percentile impact for each player ranged from 38.8 to 72.9 g with an average value of 56.4 (±10.5) g. Next, an impact exposure metric utilizing concussion injury risk curves was created to quantify cumulative exposure for each participating player over the course of the season. Impacts were weighted according to the associated risk due to linear acceleration and rotational acceleration alone, as well as the combined probability (CP) of injury associated with both. These risks were summed over the course of a season to generate risk weighted cumulative exposure. The impact frequency was found to be greater during games compared to practices with an average number of impacts per session of 15.5 and 9.4, respectively. However, the median cumulative risk weighted exposure based on combined probability was found to be greater for practices vs. games. These data will provide a metric that may be used to better understand the cumulative effects of repetitive head impacts, injury mechanisms, and head impact exposure of athletes in football.
A STUDY OF RENAL FUNCTION IN ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION RESISTANCE OF RENAL EPITHELIUM TO DIRECT RADIATION.

Our experiments give no support to the current belief that an x-ray nephritis may be produced by direct or indirect action of the hard Roentgen rays. Moderate doses of x-rays given repeatedly over considerable periods of time have no demonstrable influence on renal function or renal structure. With x-ray exposures of the abdomen and shielding of the kidneys fatal intoxication may be produced without the slightest disturbance of kidney function as measured by the ability of the kidney to eliminate phenolphthalein and urea. Large doses of the x-rays given directly over the kidney may cause a slight but distinct lowering of renal function which lasts for a period of a few days. We have been unable to recognize any corresponding histological change. We feel that the usual therapeutic doses of the x-rays can be given over the kidneys without apprehension. The renal tissue is much more resistant to x-rays than is the epithelium of the small intestine.