cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leadership Effectiveness in Global Virtual Teams

The trend toward physically dispersed work groups has necessitated a fresh inquiry into the role and nature of team leadership in virtual settings. To accomplish this, we assembled thirteen culturally diverse global teams from locations in Europe, Mexico, and the United States, assigning each team a project leader and task to complete. The findings suggest that effective team leaders demonstrate the capability to deal with paradox and contradiction by performing multiple leadership roles simultaneously (behavioral complexity). Specifically, we discovered that highly effective virtual team leaders act in a mentoring role and exhibit a high degree of understanding (empathy) toward other team members. At the same time, effective leaders are also able to assert their authority without being perceived as overbearing or inflexible. Finally, effective leaders are found to be extremely effective at providing regular, detailed, and prompt communication with their peers and in articulating role relationships (responsibilities) among the virtual team members. This study provides useful insights for managers interested in developing global virtual teams, as well as for academics interested in pursuing virtual team research.
Eficiency of the Blanching and Electronic Color Sorting Process for Reducing Aflatoxin in Raw Shelled Peanuts1

Raw shelled peanut lots produced in the United States are inspected for aflatoxin using a sampling plan designed by the Peanut Administrative Committee (PAC). The aflatoxin concentration of most peanut lots rejected by the PAC sampling plan is reduced by using a blanching process that removes the testa or seed coat from the seed and then removing damaged or discolored seeds from the lot using electronic color sorters. Comparing aflatoxin sample results on lots before and after the blanching process indicates that the two-step process is effective for reducing aflatoxin in contaminated lots. The average aflatoxin reduction among the 8911 lots blanched and color sorted over 5 crop yr (1990 to 1994) was 89.9%. The blanching process was equally efficient in reducing aflatoxin for all peanut market types and grades represented in the data base. The average total weight loss among all 8911 lots blanched over the 5 crop yr was 16.8%. Both the percentage aflatoxin reduction and the percentage total weight loss that resulted from blanching was related to the amount of aflatoxin in unblanched lots. As the aflatoxin concentration among unblanched lots decreased, the percentage aflatoxin reduction and the percentage total weight loss associated with the blanching process both decreased.
Autonomic responses of women with parental hypertension. Effects of physical activity and fitness.

We studied the moderating effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity on heart rate and blood pressure responses to psychophysiological stressors and the carotid-cardiac baroreflex in young normotensive women with a parental history of hypertension (n = 31). Testing occurred during the follicular menstrual phase. Subjects were divided into high versus moderate (46.6 +/- 6.5 versus 35.9 +/- 1.9 mL.kg-1.min-1) VO2peak and high versus moderate (1217.7 +/- 98.4 versus 1015.5 +/- 49.4 J.kg-1.wk-1) physical activity groups. The groups did not differ in heart rate or blood pressure responses to mental arithmetic or the cold-face test. However, the highly fit women had longer maximal R-R intervals compared with the moderately fit women when the carotid-cardiac baroreflex was stimulated by negative pressures applied to the neck during resting conditions (P < .01). The carotid-cardiac baroreflex was attenuated during mental arithmetic compared with rest in both the moderately fit and moderately active women but not in the highly fit and highly active groups. We find no evidence that aerobic fitness reduces sympathetic responses to laboratory stressors in young women with parental hypertension. Our findings are consistent with greater parasympathetic tone during sympathetic challenge for the highly fit and highly active subjects. Clarification of autonomic balance during carotid baroreflex stimulation at rest and during sympathetic challenge after exercise training would provide important information regarding mechanisms that regulate cardiovascular responses to autonomic challenge in women at risk for hypertension.
Vaginal Douching: Evidence for Risks or Benefits to Women’s Health

Vaginal douching is the process of intravaginal cleansing with a liquid solution. Douching is used for personal hygiene or aesthetic reasons, for preventing or treating an infection (1), to cleanse after menstruation or sex, and to prevent pregnancy (2). For at least 100 years, there have been conflicting views on the benefits or harm in douching. Although there is a broad consensus that douching should be avoided during pregnancy, there is less agreement regarding douching for hygiene and relief of vaginitis symptoms. Two earlier reviews of douching data in women (3) and adolescents (4) have concluded that douching is harmful and should be discouraged because of its association with pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and perhaps other conditions. Nonetheless, douching continues to be a common practice. We seek to review the evidence of the impact of douching on women’s health.
'Beam-emission spectroscopy' diagnostics also measure edge fast-ion light

Beam-emission spectroscopy (BES) diagnostics normally detect fluctuations in the light emitted by an injected neutral beam. Under some circumstances, however, light from fast ions that charge exchange in the high neutral-density region at the edge of the plasma make appreciable contributions to the BES signals. This 'passive' fast-ion Dα (FIDA) light appears in BES signals from both the DIII-D tokamak and the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). One type of passive FIDA light is associated with classical orbits that traverse the edge. Another type is caused by instabilities that expel fast ions from the core; this light can complicate measurement of the instability eigenfunction.
The Effect of Phenobarbital on the Metabolism of Meperidine in Normal Volunteers

Phenobarbital has been observed clinically to alter the metabolism of meperidine, with resultant enhanced toxicity. In order to determine if this effect occurs consistently, 12 health volunteers were entered into a two-way, crossover study comparing the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of meperidine after pretreatment with both phenobarbital and placebo. Phenobarbital pretreatment had no significant effect on serum levels or the half-life of meperidine. However, phenobarbital pretreatment resulted in a decrease in the cumulative excretion of meperidine and an increase in the cumulative excretion of the N-demethylated metabolite normeperidine. Similarly, phenobarbital pretreatment resulted in a decrease in meperidinic acid and increase in normeperidinic acid. In addition, phenobarbital pretreatment also significantly altered the hepatic clearance of meperidine, indicating an increase in the hepatic N-demethylation of meperidine. Since normeperidine has been reported to be less efficacious and more toxic than meperidine, this reported interaction may be important clinically, especially with repeated doses.
Raised intensity phonation compromises vocal fold epithelial barrier integrity.

Objectives/Hypothesis: We investigated the hypothesis that 30 minutes of raised intensity phonation alters transcript levels of vocal fold intercellular tight junction proteins and disrupts the vocal fold epithelial barrier. Study Design: Prospective animal study. Methods: Eighteen New Zealand white breeder rabbits were randomly assigned to receive 30 minutes of raised intensity phonation or approximation of the vocal folds without phonation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to investigate transcript levels of the epithelial intercellular tight junction proteins, occludin and zonula occludin-1 (ZO-1), and the adherens junction proteins β-catenin and E-cadherin. Structural alterations to the vocal fold epithelium were further examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Mann-Whitney U revealed significantly decreased occludin (P = .016) and β-catenin (P = .016) gene expression from rabbits undergoing raised intensity phonation compared with control. There were no significant differences in Z0-1 and E-cadherin gene expression between groups (P > .025). SEM revealed significant obliteration, desquamation, and evidence of microhole formation in rabbit vocal folds exposed to raised intensity phonation compared with control, whereas TEM revealed dilated intercellular morphology between groups. Conclusions: Results provide support for the hypothesis that a transient episode of raised intensity phonation alters transcript levels of vocal fold intercellular tight junction proteins and disrupts integrity of the epithelial barrier. The loss of barrier integrity may have significant consequences on epithelial defenses and compromise protection of the underlying mucosa from damage secondary to prolonged vibration exposure.
Experimental study of CF/sub 4/ conical theta pinch plasma expanding into vacuum

Langmuir probe, photodiode, and optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) measurements have been made on a pulsed CF/sub 4/ conical theta-pinch plasma. A cloud of CF/sub 4/ was puffed into a conical theta-pinch coil, converted to plasma, and propelled into the vacuum region ahead of the expanding gas cloud. At a position 67 cm away from the conical theta-pinch coil, the plasma arrived in separate packets that were about 20 mu s in duration. The average drift velocity of these packets corresponded to an energy of about 3 eV. The OMA measurements showed that the second packet contained neutral atomic fluorine as well as charged particles. The electron temperature and ion density in the second packet were 2.0 eV and 1.5*10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/, respectively. The electron temperature and ion density in the wake plasma were 8.3 eV and 4*10/sup 11/ cm/sup -3/, respectively. This device can be used for plasma processing or as a laboratory test of numerical and analytical models of the expansion of plasma into vacuum. >
Influence of extracellular bactericidal agents on bacteria within macrophages.

We employed gentamicin-sensitive and -resistant derivatives of Escherichia coli in a macrophage phagocytosis assay that compared λ bacteriophage and gentamicin as extracellular bactericidal agents. Colony counts and direct microscopic examination of phagocytized E. coli supported the conclusion that gentamicin entered macrophages, even at low concentrations, and contributed to their bactericidal activity. Also, two E. coli strains differing in the ability to express the adhesin of type 1 pili (FimH) were distinguishably different in intracellular survival when λ was used as the extracellular killing agent but were indistinguishable when gentamicin was employed.
Comparison of computer model predictions with unsaturated zone field data for aldicarb and aldoxycarb

The ability of the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) to simulate the movement of aldicarb or aldoxycarb residues was evaluated using the soil properties and amounts of rainfall and irrigation measured in 34 unsaturated zone field study plots. Maximum leaching depth values obtained from the PRZM simulations agreed relatively well with those observed in the field experiments. Where irrigation water was applied in spatially nonuniform patterns to a field (as in furrow or flood irrigation), simulations show that the placement of the pesticide in relation to irrigation water must also be considered. The comparisons presented in this paper show that PRZM (if supplied with the proper degradation rates and appropriate soil, weather and agricultural parameters) can be used to assess movement of pesticides in agricultural environments. When used in conjunction with multiple year rainfall records, this model can be used to develop probability distributions of pesticide movement in the unsaturated zone. PRZM can also be linked to a ground water solute transport model to provide predictions of pesticide concentrations and transport in ground water. These techniques are useful in performing risk assessments and in developing potential management practices when needed.
AN OBSERVATION CONCERNING THE BRATTON-MARSHALL DIAZO REACTION IN SULFONAMIDE-FREE URINE.

The diazo reaction commonly used for the quantitative determination of sulfonamides is positive in urine which is free of sulfa drugs. The reacting substance apparently is present in all urine.
Understanding Correlation Coefficients and Regression

When a clinician says, “Your range of motion will improve when your postoperative pain decreases,” the clinician is stating that postoperative pain and ROM improvement are strongly correlated . Correlation is simply the statistical expression of the relationship between variables. Physical therapy researchers use correlations to indicate the magnitude and direction of a relationship between variables that have been collected simultaneously from each subject under study, such as clinical test scores for gait and ROM or for age and muscle power. Correlation coefficients are widely used because they distill the characteristic relationship between two sets of scores (two variables) into a single, easily interpreted number. The most frequently reported correlation is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ( r ). This type of correlation is named after Karl Pearson, who extensively reported its interpretation, assumptions, and limitations during his turn-of-the-century eugenic studies of the relationship between race and “innate” talent.1,2…
A comparative study of student and faculty perspectives regarding career opportunities in pharmacy academia

Abstract Objectives There is a significant shortage of pharmacy faculty. During the next decade, academia will need at least 1200 new faculty members to staff the various pharmacy programs around the country. This survey identifies factors that influence pharmacy students in considering academia as a career option. Primary objectives were to evaluate whether students have considered academia as a career pathway, how they were exposed, their perspectives on this career path, and to compare students' and faculty's perspectives on why students choose or do not choose academia as a career path. Methods Online surveys were developed, one for students and one for faculty, and administered at six institutions. This exploratory study used descriptive analysis and logistic regression models. Results Almost half of the students surveyed were unaware of the shortage in pharmacy faculty members. Low patient contact was the top reason students did not intend to pursue academia. The top reasons students were interested in academia were teaching responsibilities and work-life balance. Salary was not as significant a factor for students as faculty predicted. Current school initiatives did not significantly impact a student's career decision. Conclusion Student and faculty perspectives were significantly different in many areas. Future methods to educate students on academia as a career path need to be more effective in reaching students' interests and addressing misconceptions regarding the activities of a faculty member. Patient contact, teaching responsibilities, and a healthy work-life balance are important to our students and should be highlighted within our schools to encourage academic careers.
Choctaws at the Crossroads: The Political Economy of Class and Culture in the Oklahoma Timber Region

"Choctaws at the crossroads" examines the political economy of the Choctaws at the end of the twentieth century. Forcibly relocated in the 1830s from the lower Mississippi Valley to the southeastern corner of Indian Territory, the Choctaws today are a dynamic and complex rural ethnic community in Oklahoma. Many work as non-unionised labourers for large corporations, yet they seek to maintain some aspects of their traditional way of life. Combining fieldwork and archival research, Sandra Faiman-Silva uncovers the processes by which the local economic and social practices of the Choctaws have become intertwined with and, in some respects, dependent on corporate and global economic forces. Sandra Faiman-Silva is a professor of anthropology at Bridgewater State College in Massachusetts.
Separating and Detecting Escherichia Coli in a Microfluidic Channel for Urinary Tract Infection Applications

We report a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) that can separate and detect Escherichia coli (E. coli) in simulated urine samples for urinary tract infection (UTI) applications. The LOC consists of two (concentration and sensing) chambers connected in series and an integrated impedance detector. The two-chamber approach is designed to reduce the nonspecific absorption of a protein, e.g., albumin, that potentially coexists with E. coli in urine. We directly separate E. coli K-12 from cocktail urine in a concentration chamber containing microsized magnetic beads conjugated with anti-E. coli antibody. The immobilized E. coli is transferred to a sensing chamber for the impedance measurement. The measurement at the concentration chamber suffers from nonspecific absorption of albumin on the gold electrode, which may lead to false-positive response. By contrast, the measured impedance at the sensing chamber shows a ~ 60-kΩ impedance change. This is a clear distinction between 6.4 × 104 and 6.4 × 105 CFU/mL, covering the threshold of UTI (105 CFU/mL). The sensitivity of the LOC in detecting E. coli is characterized to be at least 3.4 × 104 CFU/mL. We also characterized the LOC for different age groups and white blood cell spiked samples. These preliminary data show promising potential for application in portable LOC devices for UTI detection.
A Polish group without Lie sums

We construct a Polish group with an invariant metric in which Lie sums and Lie brackets do not exist. The construction of the group and the proof of the main theorem use some facts of combinatorial nature about the free group with two generators equipped with a Graev metric.
A Japanese Anthropologist's Response to “Contested Pasts and the Practice of Anthropology”

Since I am not thoroughly familiar with American anthropology, it is with great hesitation that I express my misgivings about the discourse on postcolonialism. I feel compelled to do so, however, because from the Japanese point of view, there seems to be a pitfall in the discourse that deserves no small attention. I must state at the outset that my argument is not about the epistemology of postcolonial discourse itself; rather, it is about "perception gaps" on the international environment surrounding the discourse. The idea of postcolonialism posits Westerners' former status as the rulers of the nonWestern world. It would not be wide of the
Issues Concerning Decoding with Synchronous Context-free Grammar

We discuss some of the practical issues that arise from decoding with general synchronous context-free grammars. We examine problems caused by unary rules and we also examine how virtual nonterminals resulting from binarization can best be handled. We also investigate adding more flexibility to synchronous context-free grammars by adding glue rules and phrases.
Structured low-density parity-check codes with bandwidth efficient modulation

In this work, we study the performance of structured Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes together with bandwidth efficient modulations. We consider protograph-based LDPC codes that facilitate high-speed hardware implementations and have minimum distances that grow linearly with block sizes. We cover various higher- order modulations such as 8-PSK, 16-APSK, and 16-QAM. During demodulation, a demapper transforms the received in-phase and quadrature samples into reliability information that feeds the binary LDPC decoder. We will compare various low-complexity demappers and provide simulation results for assorted coded-modulation combinations on the additive white Gaussian noise and independent Rayleigh fading channels.
Site dependent thermoluminescence of long persistent phosphorescence of BaAl2O4:Ce3+

A very long persistent phosphor BaAl2O4 : Ce 3þ was prepared and studied. The Ce 3þ 5d-4f emissions from two Ba 2þ sites in the BaAl2O4 were observed at 450 and 402 nm. The lowest 4f-5d excitation peaks were recorded at 357 and 335 nm, respectively. The persistence times of the long afterglow emissions from Ce 3þ at the two sites were found to be longer than 10 h. Site-selective thermoluminescence spectra of the sample were measured. Two sets of thermoluminescence peaks were detected at )43, )26 and 27 C, and )53, )36 and 30 C (heating rate 13.3 C/min) corresponding to the two sites at 450 nm (site-1) and 402 nm (site-2), respectively. Dy 3þ ,C e 3þ co-doped samples were also prepared, which introduce new defect-related traps at 18, 50, and 82 C (heating rate 10 C/min). These defect-related traps due to Dy 3þ co-doping also contribute to the Ce 3þ afterglow at the two sites. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Student loans and racial disparities in self-reported sleep duration: evidence from a nationally representative sample of US young adults

Background Student loans are the second largest source of personal debt in the USA and may represent an important source of financial strain for many young adults. Little attention has been paid to whether debt is associated with sleep duration, an important health-promoting behaviour. We determine if student loans are associated with sleep duration. Since black young adults are more likely to have student debt and sleep less, we also consider whether this association varies by race. Methods Data come from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. The main analytic sample includes 4714 respondents who were ever enrolled in college and who reported on sleep duration in 2010. Most respondents had completed their college education by 2010, when respondents were 25 to 31 years old. Multivariable linear regression models assessed the cross-sectional association between student loans accumulated over the course of college and sleep duration in 2010, as well as between student debt at age 25 and sleep duration in 2010. Results Black young adults with greater amounts of student loans or more student debt reported shorter sleep duration, controlling for occupation, hours worked, household income, parental net worth, marital status, number of children in the household and other sociodemographic and health indicators. There was no association between student loans or debt with sleep for white or latino adults and other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions Student loans may contribute to racial inequities in sleep duration. Our findings also suggest that the student debt crisis may have important implications for individuals’ sleep, specifically and public health, more broadly.
Databases: Examining strengths and weakness of currently available data

Health care delivery necessarily results in an enormous amount of data, and the accumulation of these data into databases presents an important resource for researchers and investigators. An approach to analyzing these databases must account for the sources and shortcomings that are inherent in the generation of these data. In this essay, the opportunities and pitfalls associated with database research are reviewed.
Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

Acute gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a common problem faced by the general surgeon. Lower GI sources account for 20 % of acute GI hemorrhage. By definition, a lower GI bleed is one that originates distal to the ligament of Treitz. This leaves a broad anatomical region (small bowel, colon, rectum, and anus) in terms of isolating a source. Age plays a role in identifying likely sources for lower GI bleeds. In children and young adults, the differential includes Meckel’s diverticulum, intussusception, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and juvenile polyps. In adults, common etiologies include diverticulosis, angiodysplasia, neoplasm, IBD, and anorectal disease/pathology. For the purposes of this chapter, adult pathology will be our focus. The majority of lower GI hemorrhage originates in the colon (95 %) with diverticular disease being the most common. The presentation of lower GI hemorrhage is variable. Patients present in a spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic anemia to hemodynamic instability with associated shock. Thus, with such a variable presentation, a focused assessment and triage of these patients is essential.
AL Amyloidosis, A Curable Disease?

The amyloidoses have long been viewed as interesting medical disorders that often evade diagnosis and are considered to be primarily of “academic” interest because of the lack of effective treatment. Many articles in Amyloid have documented that this is not the case for the inherited amyloidoses, for which liver transplantation can be curative. The article in this issue by van Gameren et al. provides further evidence that this is also not the case for AL amyloidosis.
Optimization design of the diagonal square pyramid double-layer space grids

The optimal design target is the minimum mass of double-layer space grids' members.The optimization mathematical model of discrete cross-section is established with the restrictions of structure members' strength,rigidity,stability,minimum cross-section and the structural deflection,and it is solved by the genetic algorithm.The example indicates that the total mass of the double-layer space grids structure members is reduced by 8917.04 kg and the radio of the optimization is 39.06% in contrast with the result of the literature.
CYTOKINES AND CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY : ROLES OF ANGIOTENSIN II AND BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR

1. While the haemodynamic influences that cause cardiac hypertrophy are well known, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a mechanical stimulus is translated into a growth response by cardiac muscle have remained uncertain. 2. Current evidence suggests that a number of trophic factors may be released by cellular constituents of the heart, acting in an autocrine or paracrine manner to influence the growth response and phenotype of neighbouring cells. 3. Angiotensin II, acting via the AT1 receptor subtype, and both basic fibroblast growth factor and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor have been shown to exert hypertrophic actions in vivo and in vitro. Studies also indicate that cardiac myocytes themselves are capable of releasing all of these cytokines in response to increased mechanical load.
Multimodal execution monitoring for anomaly detection during robot manipulation

Online detection of anomalous execution can be valuable for robot manipulation, enabling robots to operate more safely, determine when a behavior is inappropriate, and otherwise exhibit more common sense. By using multiple complementary sensory modalities, robots could potentially detect a wider variety of anomalies, such as anomalous contact or a loud utterance by a human. However, task variability and the potential for false positives make online anomaly detection challenging, especially for long-duration manipulation behaviors. In this paper, we provide evidence for the value of multimodal execution monitoring and the use of a detection threshold that varies based on the progress of execution. Using a data-driven approach, we train an execution monitor that runs in parallel to a manipulation behavior. Like previous methods for anomaly detection, our method trains a hidden Markov model (HMM) using multimodal observations from non-anomalous executions. In contrast to prior work, our system also uses a detection threshold that changes based on the execution progress. We evaluated our approach with haptic, visual, auditory, and kinematic sensing during a variety of manipulation tasks performed by a PR2 robot. The tasks included pushing doors closed, operating switches, and assisting able-bodied participants with eating yogurt. In our evaluations, our anomaly detection method performed substantially better with multimodal monitoring than single modality monitoring. It also resulted in more desirable ROC curves when compared with other detection threshold methods from the literature, obtaining higher true positive rates for comparable false positive rates.
Copyright and Digitization and Preservation of State Government Documents: A Detailed Analysis

This paper builds off "Copyright and the Digitization of State Government Documents: A Preliminary Analysis" presented at IPres 2015. In this paper, we present a more detailed analysis and a practical framework for local archivists and librarians to use in assessing copyright status, the application of fair use, and use of other copyright limitations to different types of government documents.
Exploring Design Characteristics of Worked Examples to Support Programming and Algorithm Design

In this paper we present an iterative research process to integrate worked examples for introductory programming learning activities. Learning how to program involves many cognitive processes that may result in a high cognitive load. The use of worked examples has been described as a relevant approach to reduce student cognitive load in complex tasks. Learning materials were designed based on instructional principles of worked examples and were used for a freshman programming course. Moreover, the learning materials were refined after each iteration based on student feedback. The results showed that novice students benefited more than experienced students when exposed to the worked examples. In addition, encouraging students to carry out an elaborated self-explanation of their coded solutions may be a relevant learning strategy when implementing worked examples pedagogy.
Innovative electrode designs for electrohydrodynamic conduction pumping

In the absence of a direct charge injection, pumping of an isothermal liquid can be achieved through the charges associated with the heterocharge layers of finite thickness in the vicinity of the electrodes. These charges are based on the process of dissociation of a neutral electrolytic species and recombination of the generated ions. This type of pumping is referred to as electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumping. The EHD conduction pumping mechanism is experimentally investigated with four innovative electrode designs, with refrigerant R-123 as the working fluid in this paper. Specifically, two different types of perforated disks and two different types of porous disks are used as the high-voltage electrode while a ring is used as the common ground electrode for the four designs. Pressures up to approximately 1400 Pa (at 18.5-kV potential with 0.23 W of power consumption) are generated with one electrode pair. Such pressure generations make the EHD conduction pumping attractive to certain applications in the presence and absence of gravity, such as capillary pumped loops and heat pipes.
A Critical Expansion of Theories on Race and Ethnicity in Leisure Studies

There has been a range of theories that leisure scholars have used or have drawn from in exploring and discussing leisure behavior. Each of those theories, as is the nature of the field of leisure studies, comes from another discipline or field. Despite a robust body of research and conceptual discussions on Race and Ethnicity, leisure has drawn very little, if at all, from actual noted theories regarding either social construct. The aim of this chapter is to present a body of theories, the history associated with them, the focus of each, and lastly, some ways that leisure scholars could consider utilizing them in future research or discussions. This chapter also seeks to invigorate the field of leisure studies with perspectives on Race and Ethnicity that have been birthed from social movements and informed by scholars with decades of analysis on the concepts and constructs of both social constructs.
Socioeconomic impacts of transportation public-private partnerships: A dynamic CGE assessment

Abstract While value-for-money and benefit-cost analyses represent traditional approaches for public-private partnership (P3) evaluation, these methods primarily focus on direct, project-level impacts. Indirect regional economic and/or social welfare impacts are generally ignored. This study fills the gap by investigating transportation infrastructure P3's socioeconomic impacts using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Using the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia's I-495 Express Lanes project as an example, the model measures infrastructure capital expenditure and tax shock effects and compares them with two public sector comparators (PSCs) representing lower- and upper-bound scenarios. The model also captures the impacts of capital accumulation and temporal variations during the 2008–2012 construction period. The simulation results show that by alleviating the regional economy's collected tax burden, P3s generate greater positive gross economic output and welfare impacts than traditional public financing models.
Prospective Relation of Circulating Adipokines to Incident Metabolic Syndrome: The Framingham Heart Study.

BackgroundAdipokines are elaborated by adipose tissue and are associated with glycemic, lipid, and vascular traits. We hypothesized that in a cross‐sectional analysis circulating adipokines are alt...
Resident Remediation and Due Process

Remediation and due process are tools for the Program Director (PD) to apply to problems of unprofessional behavior and/or poor academic performance. Although the concept of due process for orthopaedic surgeons conjures up visions of courtrooms and legal arguments, the term “due process” for the purposes of this chapter is a nonlegal definition in an academic setting. This chapter discusses concepts of remediation and due process in the academic environment, reviews their application to orthopaedic surgery residency training programs, and presents a working framework for applying these concepts to unprofessional behavior and/or poor academic performance by orthopaedic residents in training. In orthopaedics, PDs use the concept of due process when they are concerned that the resident’s unprofessional behavior or academic performance is serious and could result in termination. The PD should consult legal counsel and institutional graduate medical education leadership with situations requiring due process. Remediation and due process are essential elements of the toolbox of PDs in orthopaedic surgery.
Passenger Seat Belt Usage Rates on Shuttle Buses

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recently published a final rule requiring lap/shoulder seat belts in all new large motorcoaches and buses manufactured on or after Novembe...
"I Just Want to Do God's Will:" Teaching Martin Luther King, Jr. as a Religious Leader.

ABSTRACTTeachers often respond to the perils of teaching about religion by simply avoiding the subject. An investigation of secondary lesson plans on three prominent Martin Luther King, Jr. websites reveals little attention to the ideology of the civil rights movement, especially those touching on religious ideas. Ignoring King's religious views risks fundamentally misrepresenting his identity, his ideology, and his motivation for nonviolence. Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story, King's 1958 account of the Montgomery Bus Boycott articulates three key features of the theological framework that inspired his activism: the spiritual motivation for his leadership, the ethical basis for his strategy of nonviolent direct action, and the theological understanding of human nature that undergirded his leadership and strategy. These points provide a useful model for introducing King's ideas in the classroom. The effort to intentionally and thoughtfully teach religion could contribute one step toward inculcat...
Neuromodulation of the Spinal Cord for Movement Restoration

Abstract Mammalian spinal networks have sophisticated neural networks that intrinsically contain the necessary information to generate locomotion, and these central pattern-generating networks are viable targets for recovery after spinal cord injury. Patterned locomotor activity was shown to be driven by constant epidural stimulation in humans when in lying positions, indicating the intrinsic capacity of the human spinal cord interneuronal systems to generate oscillatory and extensor patterns. Epidural stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord uses the capacity of the intact spinal networks below the level of injury to drive plasticity and enhance the excitatory drive of the spinal cord, and has promise as a new clinical tool.
Factors Associated with College Women's Personal and Parental Decisions to be Vaccinated Against HPV.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a public health concern because of its association with cancer. HPV vaccine rates among college students remains low. This is a critical catch-up age for individuals to receive the HPV vaccine and research shows parents still play a role in college students’ medical decision-making. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine factors related to college women making a solo decision to initiate the HPV vaccination in comparison to making a joint parent-daughter decision. Data collected using an internet-delivered questionnaire were analyzed from 799 college women who had initiated or completed the HPV vaccination. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to compare study variables on who decided the participant should be vaccinated (self-decision, parent-only decision, joint parent-daughter decision). Participants who were older (OR 1.68, p < 0.001) and sexually active (OR 4.97, p < 0.001) were significantly more likely to have made a solo decision to be vaccinated. Participants who completed the HPV vaccination (OR 0.33, p < 0.001) and those who talked with a parent about the HPV vaccine (OR 0.12, p < 0.001) were significantly less likely to have made a solo decision to be vaccinated. Findings indicate joint parent-daughter decisions may improve HPV vaccination cycle completion.
CORONA-INDUCED DECOMPOSITION OF DIELECTRIC GASES

ABSTRACT A three-zone model for chemical decomposition of electronegative gases in negative point-plane corona discharges is proposed which considers the discharge glow, ion-drift, and main gas volumes respectively as separate regions of diminishing chemical activity and increasing relative size. The proposed model is shown to be useful in predicting discharge by-product yields and the dependences of these yields on discharge current and gas mixture composition. As an example, the model is applied here to the decomposition of pressurized SF6 containing trace levels of water vapor and is shown to yield results for oxyfluoride production that are in satisfactory agreement with observations.
Potential protostars in cloud cores

We present H2CO observations of young protostar candidates in the Serpens Cloud Core. We find evidence for dense molecular gas in the cores of these objects that is warmer than the surrounding dust. The strong emission and gas properties support the premise that many of these sources may be very young protostars.
Long-term Management of Neurogenic Bladder: Intermittent Catheterization

Two key practice components for successful use of long-term clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) for management of the neurogenic bladder are described in this article. Data from available outcome studies, including prevalence of complications, strategies for managing them, and special problems with longterm CIC use, are discussed. Patient-selection factors are presented.
Mechanisms for the Regulation of Inositol Lipid Signaling and Calcium Homeostasis

Receptor activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) represents a major mechanism for signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the identification and characterization of the individual components of this pathway. Much less information, however, is available regarding mechanisms that may underlie the regulation of this pathway. In this review, some potential mechanisms for the regulation of receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis are discussed. Evidence is presented that regulation of this pathway can occur at the level of either receptor, Gq or PLC.
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Progress in Understanding the Etiology, Management, and Prognosis.

Occurring in approximately 1 in 1000 live births in the United States, peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is characterized by left ventricular ejection fraction reduced to less than 45% near the end of pregnancy or within the first 5 months after delivery. Although the cause of PPCM remains unclear, increasing evidence supports a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors contributing to angiogenic imbalance, which may lead to myocardial dysfunction in a susceptible woman. This article reviews the progress that has been made regarding understanding of the cause, management, and natural history of PPCM.
Comparative expression analysis of Phytophthora sojae polysaccharide lyase family 3 (pectate lyase) genes during infection of the soybean Glycine max

Phytophthora sojae is an important plant pathogen affecting soybean crops worldwide. The specific mechanisms this pathogen uses to penetrate the host cell and initiate infection have not been fully elucidated. However, a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms that facilitate these processes will be critical to the development of novel strategies to control this devastating agricultural pathogen. It is likely that, to initiate infection, P. sojae uses an appressorium-like structure to break through the plant cell wall. It is also presumed that the pathogen relies on enzymatic activity to weaken the cell wall. The polysaccharide lyase (PL) enzyme superfamily, particularly the PL family 3 (PL3), has been hypothesized to play an important role in the process of host cell penetration by contributing to the degradation of the structural polysaccharides of the cell wall. To investigate this hypothesis, we have scanned the revised version of the annotated P. sojae genome for the presence of putative PL3-coding genes and conducted an extensive sequence analysis of all gene models found. In addition, we have quantified the relative expression of each gene in P. sojae during infection of susceptible (Williams) and resistant (Williams 82) soybean cultivars over a 48 h time period. Twelve PL3-coding gene models were identified and initial results indicate that during infection of the Williams cultivar, several of these genes experience significant up-regulation during the first 48 h of infection. An increase in transcriptional activity is also observed during infection of Williams 82; however, this expression pattern is distinct from that observed in the Williams cultivar. These results provide evidence regarding the potential involvement of PL-coding genes in the early pathogenic processes of P. sojae and suggest that this pathogen expresses genes differentially, depending on whether infection is occurring on a resistant or a susceptible soybean cultivar.
Instagram and American Teens: Understanding Motives for Its Use and Relationship to Excessive Reassurance-Seeking and Interpersonal Rejection

Drawing from the uses and gratifications theory, this study explored how excessive reassurance-seeking (the tendency to repeatedly request reassurance from close others about one’s lovability and worth) and interpersonal rejection relate to Instagram use among minors. Participating were pre-teens and teens, ages 12 to 17 years. Results from structural equation modeling analysis revealed that teens who were driven by gratifications of self-promotion and creativity were more likely to suffer from excessive reassurance-seeking. Excessive reassurance-seeking also predicted the number of hours they spent on Instagram. In addition, those who experienced interpersonal rejection were more likely to use Instagram to escape from reality.
Motor cortex inhibition and modulation in children with ADHD

Objective Compared to typically developing (TD) peers, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently demonstrate impaired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked short interval cortical inhibition (SICI) of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in resting motor cortex (M1). To determine whether perturbed M1 physiology also reflects clinically relevant behavioral dysfunction, we evaluated M1 physiology during a cognitive control task taxing motor response selection/inhibition. Methods In this case-control study, behavioral ratings, motor skill (assessed using standardized examination), and left M1 physiology were evaluated in 131 right-handed, 8- to 12-year-old children (66 ADHD: mean 10.5 years, 43 male; 65 TD: mean 10.6 years, 42 male). The primary outcomes were MEP amplitudes and SICI, evaluated during rest and during a modified "racecar" Slater-Hammel stop signal reaction task, with TMS pulses administered 150 ms prior to the target go action and after the dynamic stop cue. Results Go responses were significantly slower (p = 0.01) and more variable (p = 0.002) in ADHD. Children with ADHD showed less M1 SICI at rest (p = 0.02) and during go (p = 0.03) and stop trials (p = 0.02). Rest M1 excitability increased during response inhibition task engagement (p Conclusion Children with ADHD show anomalous motor cortex physiology, with deficient SICI across behavioral states and less TRUM from rest to action selection. Associations of these physiologic measures with ADHD symptoms and cognitive control measures support further investigation into biological mechanisms.
Steady streaming flows in viscoelastic liquids

Abstract We discuss experimental investigations on steady streaming flows of dilute and semi-dilute polymer solutions in microfluidic devices. The effect of non-Newtonian behavior on steady streaming for different model fluids is determined by characterizing the evolution of the inner streaming layer as a function of oscillation frequency using particle tracking velocimetry. We find that steady streaming velocity profiles in constant-viscosity elastic liquids are qualitatively similar to those in Newtonian liquids. Steady streaming velocity profiles in elastic liquids with strong shear thinning, however, display two unique features: (i) a non-monotonic evolution of the inner streaming layer with increasing frequency, first growing then decreasing in width, and (ii) a clear asymmetry in the flow profile at high frequencies.
Analysis of Practices to Promote Reproducibility and Transparency in Anaesthesiology Research: Are Important Aspects Hidden Behind the Drapes?

ABSTRACT Introduction Reliable, high-quality research is essential to the field of anaesthesiology. Reproducibility and transparency has been investigated in the biomedical domain and in the social sciences, with both lacking to provide necessary information to reproduce the study findings. In this study, we investigated 14 indicators of reproducibility in anaesthesiology research. Methods We used the National Library of Medicine (NLM) catalogue to search for all anaesthesiology journals that are MEDLINE indexed and provided English texts. PubMed was searched with the list of journals to identify all publications from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2018. We randomly sampled 300 publications that fit the inclusion criteria for our analysis. Data extraction was then conducted in a blinded, duplicate fashion using a pilot-tested Google form. Results The PubMed search of these journals identified 171,441 publications, with 28,310 being within the time frame. From the 300 publications sampled, 296 full-text publications were accessible. Most of the studies did not include materials or protocol availability statements. The majority of publications did not provide a data analysis script statement (121/122, 99% [98% to 100%]) or a preregistration statement (94/122, 77% [72% to 81%]). Conclusion Anaesthesiology research needs to drastically improve indicators of reproducibility and transparency. By making research publically available and improving accessibility to detailed study components, primary research can be reproduced in subsequent studies and help contribute to the development of new practice guidelines.