cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A theory of photosensitivity of some lower animals

The two-factor nerve excitation theory is applied to the photoreactions of some lower animals along with the assumption that the threshold itself varies under the action of light, thus behaving formally like a third factor. The dependence of the reaction time upon the intensity of the stimulus is derived and is shown to follow the Bunsen-Roscoe law. The dependence of reaction time upon the time of exposure to light of a fixed intensity is derived and analyzed. The effect of dark adaptation upon the reaction time is analyzed quantitatively. Light adaptation and the effects of termination of exposure after light adaptation are discussed from the standpoint of this theory and the theory is found to be in agreement with observations.
A Structure-preserving Clause Form Translation

Most resolution theorem provers convert a theorem into clause form before attempting to find a proof. The conventional translation of a first-order formula into clause form often obscures the structure of the formula, and may increase the length of the formula by an exponential amount in the worst case. We present a non-standard clause form translation that preserves more of the structure of the formula than the conventional translation. This new translation also avoids the exponential increase in size which may occur with the standard translation. We show how this idea may be combined with the idea of replacing predicates by their definitions before converting to clause form. We give a method of lock resolution which is appropriate for the non-standard clause form translation, and which has yielded a spectacular reduction in search space and time for one example. These techniques should increase the attractiveness of resolution theorem provers for program verification applications, since the theorems that arise in program verification are often simple but tedious for humans to prove.
Energy and Selected Nutrient Intakes of Black and White, Obese and Non-Obese Low-Income Women

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To compare caloric and nutrient intakes of Black and White, obese and non-obese, low income women. This study was conducted to assess and compare the energy and selected nutrient intakes of 65 Black and White, obese and non-obese, low-income Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) women. Participants were assigned to either non-obese or obese group based on Body Mass Index (BMI) calculation with 28 in the non-obese group and 37 in the obese group. Three random-repeat 24-hour food recalls were collected from each participant. Descriptive statistics, two-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis (MANOVA) were calculated (P
Lithium and the neonate: developmental and metabolic aspects.

Abstract The interrelationship between lithium salts, which has been used in clinical trials of alcoholism, and ethanol, which evoke fetal alcohol syndrome by chronic use, was studied. This was made by evaluating the effect of prenatal and postnatal exposure to LiCl on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolizing enzymes in the newborn mouse. The three Li-treatment regimens made consisted of acute and short-term prenatal exposure to LiCl in addition to postnatal exposure until weaning of the neonates. The weaned mice were then kept on water for a subsequent two weeks prior to sacrifice. The effects of LiCl, given in drinking fluid, on body weight, selected organ weights, hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase and heart lactate dehydrogenase of the offspring were determined. Prenatal and postnatal ingestion of LiCl by the nursing mother resulted in decreased brain weight of offspring from both sexes. Concomitantly, there was a reduction in female but not male kidney weight. A marked decrease in the testis weight also occurred. The Li-treatment induced both neonatal hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase and heart lactate dehydrogenase in both sexes. Conversely, an inhibition of hepatic mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, for the enzyme with the apparent high K m , was determined in the male offspring. Maternal postnatal ingestion of LiCl decreased brain and spleen weights from corresponding control of neonatal male and female, respectively. This Li-treatment also induced hepatic neonatal alcohol dehydrogenase in both sexes. The results suggest that maternal ingestion of LiCl may interfere in brain development. It appears that the spleen, kidney and the testis are sensitive to Li effects depending on duration of maternal exposure to LiCl and to the neonatal sex. The induction of neonatal hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase concomitant with no changes or inhibition of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase may render them susceptible to alcohol intoxication, particularly to acetaldehyde toxicity.
Definitions and units in mechanics

With displacement, time, and force as basic undefined physical quantities, other physical quantities are defined as combinations of two vector quantities and one scalar quantity. Combinations include multiplication and division of vectors by vectors, scalars by vectors, and scalars by scalars. Defined quantities are vectors, scalars or quaternions, depending on directions of vectors in the definitions. Division of a vector by a vector is equivalent to multiplication of vectors divided by a scalar. The unit of a vector (or scalar) is itself a vector (or scalar) quantity. Thesquare meter (a vector) differs from meter2 (a scalar), and the cubic meter (a scalar) is different frommeter3. The characteristics of displacement, time, and force are considered known from experience.
Combined medical treatment using dutasteride and tamsulosin for lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Importance of the field: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the fourth most commonly diagnosed medical condition in the elderly. Selective α-blockers (tamsulosin) and dual 5α-reductase inhibitors (dutasteride) have an important role in the medical treatment of symptomatic BPH. Safety and efficacy of combination therapy with dutasteride and tamsulosin as well as long-term benefit on prevention of disease progression have been widely studied in recent trials.Areas covered in this review: The present article summarizes the pharmacologic properties of both dutasteride and tamsulosin. Clinical efficacy of combination therapy in different trials has also been reported. Major randomized trials on this concept published between 2000 and 2010 have been covered in this article.What the reader will gain: Long-term efficacy and safety of combination therapy and its beneficial effect on quality of life and risk reduction of need for BPH-related surgeries have been discussed.Take home message: Combination therapy wi...
Performance evaluation of bipolar and tripolar excitations during nozzle-jetting-based alginate microsphere fabrication

Microspheres, small spherical (polymeric) particles with or without second phase materials embedded or encapsulated, are important for many biomedical applications such as drug delivery and organ printing. Scale-up fabrication with the ability to precisely control the microsphere size and morphology has always been of great manufacturing interest. The objective of this work is to experimentally study the performance differences of bipolar and tripolar excitation waveforms in using drop-on-demand (DOD)-based single nozzle jetting for alginate microsphere fabrication. The fabrication performance has been evaluated based on the formability of alginate microspheres as a function of materials properties (sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentrations) and operating conditions. The operating conditions for each excitation include voltage rise/fall times, dwell times and excitation voltage amplitudes. Overall, the bipolar excitation is more robust in making spherical, monodispersed alginate microspheres as good microspheres for its wide working range of material properties and operating conditions, especially during the fabrication of highly viscous materials such as the 2% sodium alginate solution. For both bipolar and tripolar excitations, the sodium alginate concentration and the voltage dwell times should be carefully selected to achieve good microsphere formability.
Field ion microscope studies of solute atoms in dilute Pt alloys—I. Contrast due to Au, Ni and W atoms

Abstract Platinum based alloys containing dilute concentrations of either gold, nickel or tungsten atoms were examined in the field ion microscope during pulsed field evaporation. The contrast patterns produced by the solute atoms were established by comparing the images of the alloy specimens, which contained known concentrations of solute atoms, and the images of pure platinum control specimens. The gold and nickel atoms appeared as α-dark spots, i.e. single dark atomic sites lying within net planes which were visible during all stages of the pulsed field evaporation. In many cases platinum atoms near solute atoms were preferentially field evaporated producing β-dark spots, i.e. single dark atomic sites which appeared suddenly within a well resolved net plane during observation and remained there until all the atoms of that plane evaporated. The tungsten atom contrast was more complex and generally consisted of a cluster of contrast effects which often contained multiple a-dark spots, β-dark spots and also bright spots.
Development of dopamine innervation and turning behavior in dopamine-depleted infant rats receiving unilateral nigral transplants.

Abstract Three-day-old rats were bilaterally dopamine-depleted with 6-hydroxydopamine and 3 days later cell suspensions derived from the dopamine-rich ventral mesencephalic area were injected into the right rostral striatum. The transplants rapidly developed a substantial innervation of one striatum, so that by 15 days after transplantation (21 days of age) animals rotated away from the reinnervated side in response to amphetamine. The amount of turning correlated with the extent of innervation of the striatum as determined by tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. By 25 days post-transplantation (31 days of age), animals turned in response to stress as well as amphetamine, although this later-developing phenomenon was not associated with any significant change in the extent of dopamine innervation. A second group of animals was bilaterally dopamine-depleted at 3 days of age, but transplantation with nigral cell suspensions was delayed until maturity. Partial reinnervation of the rostral striatum occurred with this delayed transplant paradigm, and turning to both amphetamine and stress commenced at 15 days post-transplantation. In contrast to animals receiving transplants shortly after lesioning, these animals began to turn spontaneously at about 20 days post-transplantation. The serotonin hyper-innervation that occurs following dopamine depletion in infancy was not altered by dopamine transplants made at either time. Results from both groups of transplant animals suggest that dopamine-rich transplants can provide substantial innervation that exerts some functional control over the striatum. This occurs despite the fact that neonatally dopamine-depleted rats, unlike adult-lesioned animals, survive quite well in the absence of striatal dopamine. However, the degree of incorporation into existing circuitry, and the types of regulation that result, may vary considerably depending on the age at which the tissue is transplanted.
Evolution of particles in the plumes of coal-fired power plants—II. A numerical model and comparisons with field measurements

Abstract A three-dimensional numerical model is described which considers the effects of advection, diffusion, coagulation, gravitational settling, gas-to-particle (g-to-p) conversion and interactions with the ambient air on the evolution with time of particle size distributions in power plant plumes. From inputs of an atmospheric temperature, humidity and wind sounding, and the concentrations of particles and trace gases emitted from a power plant and in the ambient air, the model provides predictions of the particle size distributions, total particle concentrations, concentrations of trace gases, g-to-p conversion rates and the light-scattering coefficient of the particles at points in the plume downwind of the stack. Comparisons of the model predictions with airborne measurements obtained in the plumes from two coal-fired power plants show that the model is capable of predicting many of the principal features of the evolution of the particle size distributions and related parameters for transit distances up to at least 30 km. The model predicts maximum g-to-p conversion rates at the edges of the plumes where the predicted g-to-p conversion rates are comparable to values derived from field measurements. Elsewhere in the plumes the predicted g-to-p conversion rates are about an order of magnitude lower than the average values deduced from field measurements.
Studies of the mechanism of cytolysis by tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes

In order to determine the mechanism of tumour destruction by tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), we examined the ability of both CD4+ and CD8+ effector TIL, and TIL clones, to manifest granzyme-mediated and Fas-mediated destruction of tumour targets. In many in vitro studies TIL have been shown to manifest anti-tumour reactivity, yet many tumours escape immunological destruction. To investigate the role of Fas expression and the concomitant sensitivity to the inducibility of apoptotic death, we derived TIL from four melanomas and one glioma. The glioma, and all but one of the melanomas, expressed Fas, but Fas-mediated apoptosis could only be detected if the targets were treated with cyclohexamide. The melanomas and the glioma all expressed detectable cytoplasmic Bcl-2 protein, known to exert anti-apoptotic activity. Lysis of tumours by CD8-enriched cultures and CD8+ clones was Ca2+-dependent and could not be modified by an anti-Fas MoAb. In CD4-enriched cultures or CD4+ clones with cytotoxic potential against tumour cells, cytotoxicity was also Ca2+-dependent. As Ca2+-dependent cytotoxicity is usually the result of secretion of perforin/granzyme-B, we investigated the presence of perforin in cytotoxic CD4+ clones and demonstrated the presence of granular deposits of this enzyme in some of the CD4+ clones. Although an anti-Fas MoAb did not block the lysis of melanoma targets by CD4+ clones, the examination of Fas-dependent targets demonstrated that these clones also had the potential to kill by the Fas/Fas ligand system. These data suggest that the predominant mechanism in tumour killing by TIL appears to be perforin-granzyme-dependent, and that the solid tumour cell lines we studied are less susceptible to Fas-mediated apoptosis. As non-apoptotic pathways may enhance tumour immunogenicity, exploitation of the perforin-granzyme-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) pathways may be important for achieving successful anti-tumour responses.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Based Single-Ion Conductors

A series of ionomers was synthesized by melt polycondensation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers and dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate sodium salt. The molar mass of the PEG spacer was either 400, 600, or 900, and the cation was exchanged from sodium to lithium or cesium by dialysis. Since the anions are covalently attached to the ionomer chains and are essentially immobile relative to the cations, these ionomers are excellent models for polymeric single-ion electrolytes. The experimental evidence to date suggests that the cations do not aggregate to form the usual ion clusters seen in other ionomers. No relaxation time associated with ion clusters was observed in rheological measurements, nor was an “ionomer peak” observed in small-angle X-ray scattering measurements. The ionic conductivity increases significantly with increasing PEG spacer molecular weight, although the total cation content decreases at the same time. At room temperature, the highest conductivity (10-6 S/cm) was achieved for the sodium...
Myosin V exhibits a high duty cycle and large unitary displacement

Myosin V is a double-headed unconventional myosin that has been implicated in organelle transport. To perform this role, myosin V may have a high duty cycle. To test this hypothesis and understand the properties of this molecule at the molecular level, we used the laser trap and in vitro motility assay to characterize the mechanics of heavy meromyosin–like fragments of myosin V (M5HMM) expressed in the Baculovirus system. The relationship between actin filament velocity and the number of interacting M5HMM molecules indicates a duty cycle of ≥50%. This high duty cycle would allow actin filament translocation and thus organelle transport by a few M5HMM molecules. Single molecule displacement data showed predominantly single step events of 20 nm and an occasional second step to 37 nm. The 20-nm unitary step represents the myosin V working stroke and is independent of the mode of M5HMM attachment to the motility surface or light chain content. The large M5HMM working stroke is consistent with the myosin V neck acting as a mechanical lever. The second step is characterized by an increased displacement variance, suggesting a model for how the two heads of myosin V function in processive motion.
Optical modulation by acoustoelectric domains in semiconducting CdS

Abstract Optical modulation produced by acoustoelectric domains in semiconducting CdS is shown to be associated with the acoustic flux, rather than the accompanying high electric field in the domain. The optical modulation effect serves as a useful technique for exploring the origin and nature of the flux, and to understand the amplification process itself.
Quencher distribution engineering for out-of-band insensitive EUV resists: experiments and stochastic simulation

We investigated the effect of quencher type and loading concentration in OoB-insensitive EUV resists via actual exposure on the latest EUV scanner and stochastic simulation using Prolith. Model resist samples with two quencher types, conventional base type and photo-decomposable base type, at variant loading concentrations were prepared and tested. Basic indicators of lithographic performance, such as depth of focus, energy latitude, and line-width roughness were significantly improved by 80 nm, 8.4% and 25%, respectively along with a moderate increase of sensitivity (ca. 5mJ/cm2) under the optimized quencher condition. Meanwhile, we further quantitatively analysis the outgassing-induced contamination growth to realize the quencher distribution engineering effect on outgassing issue in EUV lithography. In addition, stochastic simulation for EUV resist featuring various types of quenchers provides certain correlation with the experimental results.
Extensive Measurements of H 2 16 O Line Frequencies and Strengths: 5750 to 7965 cm -1

High-resolution spectra of H216O vapor covering the region from 5750 to 7965 cm−1 were used to determine experimental values of line positions and strengths of over 3750 vibration–rotation transitions in the (110)-(000), (011)–(000), (040)–(000), (120)–(000), (021)–(000), (200)–(000), (101)–(000), (002)–(000), (031)–(010), (210)–(010) and (111)–(010) bands from which rotational energy levels in the (040), (120), (021), (200), (101) and (002) vibrational states were obtained. The line strengths and frequencies reported here are considered to be a marked improvement over the values listed in the 1986 edition of the hitran database, and a preliminarly listing from this work has been included in the 1993 hitran edition.
Sexual Orientation Curriculum in U.S. School Counselor Education Programs

The sexual orientation–related content of 60 school counselor preparation programs across 22 U.S. states is described. The findings include the percentage of curricular time devoted to sexual orientation–related topics, the specific sexual orientation–related topics addressed, and the locations of sexual orientation–related curriculum within programs (e.g., foundations, methods, and fieldwork/practica). The research also investigated any relationship between sexual orientation–related curriculum and faculty demographics and Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs (CACREP) accreditation. Findings and recommendations are addressed in light of CACREP and American School Counselor Association (ASCA) standards.
Anal duplication in a one-year-old girl

We report a case of a patient with anal duplication discovered incidentally at 1 year of age. Pre-operative evaluation excluded any complications or associated anomalies. She underwent surgical excision with an excellent outcome.
Babylonian Observational Astronomy

The cuneiform texts from ancient Assyria and Babylonia that are preserved offer direct evidence for systematic astronomical observation in two widely separated periods. From the first half of the second millennium B.C., later tradition has transmitted the dates of successive Venus appearances and disappearances in the reign of a king of the First Dynasty of Babylon. From the middle of the eighth century B.C. to the middle of the first century B.C. are preserved a large number of fragments of astronomical diaries attesting extensive daily observations of naked-eye astronomical phenomena.
Intraventricular hemorrhage: past, present and future, focusing on classification, pathogenesis and prevention.

The improvement in the survival rate of infants born at the limit of viability, i.e. < 26 weeks of gestational age, raises concern about the risk of neurodevelopmental disabilities. The relevance of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), which is the most frequent cerebral lesion diagnosed in extremely low birth weight neonates, cannot then be underestimated. Pharmacological interventions designed to prevent the occurrence of IVH and its complications have not been entirely conclusive. The understanding of pathogenetic factors involved in the genesis of IVH is the key to planning of new strategies and meanwhile of implementing care guidelines aimed at its prevention.
Assessment of a Polyester-Covered Nitinol Stent in the Canine Aorta and Iliac Arteries

Purpose: To evaluate the patency and healing characteristics of a woven polyester fabric-covered stent in the canine model. Methods: Twenty-four self-expanding covered stents were placed in the infrarenal aorta and bilateral common iliac arteries of eight dogs and evaluated at 1 (n = 2), 3 (n = 2), and 6 (n = 4) months. Stent assessment was done using angiography prior to euthanasia, and light and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Angiographically, just prior to euthanasia, 8 of 8 aortic and 14 of 16 iliac endovascular covered stents were patent. Histologically, the stented regions showed complete endothelialization 6 months after graft implantation. A neointima had formed inside the stented vessel regions resulting in complete encasement of the fabric-covered stent by 3 months after graft implantation. Medial compression with smooth muscle cell atrophy was present in all stented regions. Explanted stent wires, examined by scanning electron microscopy, showed pitting but no cracks or breakage. Conclusion: The covered stent demonstrated predictable healing and is effective in preventing stenosis in vessels 10.0 mm or greater in diameter but does not completely preclude stenosis in vessels 6.0 mm or less in diameter.
Carrier phase delay altimetry with GPS‐reflection/occultation interferometry from low Earth orbiters

[1] GPS signals reflected off the surface of the Earth can be detected by receivers aboard occulting Low Earth Orbiters (LEOs). In this work, carrier phase interferometry between the reflected and direct occultation signals is performed to infer its relative delay at centimetric error. Our analysis shows that submeter sensitivity on the surface heights can formally be reached with this technique. The potential applications to polar ice altimetry are discussed.
Who Leaves, Who Stays? Psychological Predictors of Undergraduate Chemistry Students' Persistence.

The number of undergraduate students completing degrees in STEM disciplines has been declining over the last few decades. With a growing body of research considering what predicts persistence in STEM fields, one approach is to consider individual differences as predictors of attrition in the major. The current study utilized a variety of individual difference measures related to perceptions of ability and performance, motivation, and identity as predictors of which undergraduate students would change from the initially declared chemistry major within their first two years. Results indicated that students who left the chemistry major tended to have higher self-doubt and greater desire to avoid failure (i.e., performance-avoidance orientation). Additionally, the degree to which competition and academic competence impacted participants’ self-worth related to persistence. Results are discussed in the context of the growing body of research linking individual differences to student persistence in STEM.
The Construction of Transgenic and Gene Knockout/Knockin Mouse Models of Human Disease

The genetic and physiological similarities between mice and humans have focused considerable attention on rodents as potential models of human health and disease. Together with the wealth of resources, knowledge, and technologies surrounding the mouse as a model system, these similarities have propelled this species to the forefront of biomedical research. The advent of genomic manipulation has quickly led to the creation and use of genetically engineered mice as powerful tools for cutting edge studies of human disease research including the discovery, refinement, and utility of many currently available therapeutic regimes. In particular, the creation of genetically modified mice as models of human disease has remarkably changed our ability to understand the molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways underlying disease states. Moreover, the mouse models resulting from gene transfer technologies have been important components correlating an individual's gene expression profile to the development of disease pathologies. The objective of this review is to provide physician-scientists with an expansive historical and logistical overview of the creation of mouse models of human disease through gene transfer technologies. Our expectation is that this will facilitate on-going disease research studies and may initiate new areas of translational research leading to enhanced patient care.
Borgesian Libraries and Librarians in Television Popular Culture

In the works of Jorge Luis Borges, the library appears frequently as a metaphor representative of life and its secrets. It becomes a metaphysical location, posing questions about the nature of time, life, and the universe itself. The librarian becomes a metaphysical figure, leading the search for answers to life’s questions. This article examines the way in which the Borgesian library metaphor has crossed over from the realm of literature into the realm of popular television. By examining two episodes of the BBC series Doctor Who, the TNT franchise The Librarian, and several episodes of Joss Whedon’s cult television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, it demonstrates that the metaphysical questions posed by the library and its librarian in Borges’s short stories are quite similar to the metaphysical questions posed by the library and its librarians in popular television, demonstrating that the Borgesian library has crossed over into the realms of popular culture.
Does Gravity Matter in a Service Economy

This paper estimates gravity equations for bilateral services trade in a sample of 28 countries. It finds that the standard gravity variables of economic size and geographic proximity are significant factors in services trade. It also reveals positive effects of linguistic ties on services trade. There is evidence of a positive link between regional trade arrangements and services trade. Much of that effect appears to reflect the impact of bilateral goods trade on services trade. This implies that efforts to enhance goods trade—bilateral or multilateral—should lead to more services trade as well.
Effect of the thyroid gland on metabolism of acid mucopolysaccharides in skin.

Abstract In skin of hypothyroid rats, the concentration of hyaluronic acid is increased whereas that of chondroitinsulfuric acid is decreased. These changes are prevented or reversed toward normal by the administration of thyroxine. The effects of hypothyroidism on mucopolysaccharide metabolim appear to be the result of a deficiency of thyroid hormone rather than an excess of circulating thyrotropic hormone.
The Use of Needles in the Practice of Anesthesiology and the Effect of a Needleless Intravenous Administration System

Anesthesia personnel are at risk for occupationally acquired blood-borne infections transmitted through needlestick injuries. To formulate strategies for the prevention of needlestick injuries, it is necessary to identify the types of needles used by anesthesia personnel and the devices associated with injuries. The introduction of a needleless intravenous (IV) administration system provided an opportunity to assess its effect on needle usage in the practice of anesthesiology. The contents of needle disposal containers placed in the pre-operative holding area and five operating rooms before (control) and after the introduction of a needleless administration system (study) were categorized by needle type. The information on needles used by anesthesia personnel was compared with that on needles purchased for the entire hospital. During the control period, most of the needles used were 18–23-gauge hollow needles (51.6%), IV catheter stylets (23%), and 25–26-gauge small-bore hollow needles (17.1%). There was no difference in the total number of needles collected after the introduction of the needleless administration system, but there was an increase in capped 18–23-gauge hollow needles. Anesthesia personnel used a relatively greater number of small-bore hollow needles (25–26 gauge), IV catheters, and spinal and epidural needles, but fewer hollow needles (18–23 gauge) than were purchased for hospital-wide use. Small-bore hollow needles (25–26 gauge) were responsible for 31.6% of the 19 needlestick injuries reported by anesthesia personnel to the Employee Health Service. These data indicate that the practice of anesthesia is associated with a specific pattern of needle usage and that strategies for reducing needlestick injuries in anesthesia personnel should be directed toward finding alternatives to small-bore hollow needles and IV catheter stylet needles.
Correspondence Strength in Apparent Movement: Reply to Petersik Et Al:

Petersik et al suggest that similarity and related effects are the result of a tradeoff between the short-range and long-range processes; the main point of disagreement centers around the source of these effects and does not bear directly on the main issues discussed in the original paper.
Synthesis and Structure of a New Quaternary Rare-Earth Sulfide, La6MgGe2S14, and the Related Compound La6MgSi2S14

Abstract A new quaternary rare-earth sulfide has been isolated and identified. Crystals of La6MgGe2S14, as well as of the previously identified La6MgSi2S14have been grown from a mixed binary-halide eutectic flux. They both crystallize in the hexagonal space groupC66-P63, withZ=1. The crystal structures of these compounds have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Crystal data are La6MgGe2S14−a=10.367(1) A,c=5.814(1) A (T=298 K),V=541.09(8) A3,Rw(F2)=0.050,R1(onF)=0.018; La6MgSi2S14−a=10.363(2) A,c=5.742(1) A (T=298 K),V=534.1(2) A3,Rw(F2)=0.058, andR1(onF)=0.022. Structurally, these compounds belong to theLn6M2M′2S14family (Ln=rare-earth,M=first-row transition metal or main-group metal,M′=main-group metal). Their structures are characterized by one-dimensional chains ofMS6face-sharing octahedra running parallel to the 63axis, surrounded by isolatedM′S4tetrahedra aligned along the three-fold axes.
Mathematicians turn their attention to hepatitis C.

Mathematical models can increase our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of viral infections including that caused by the hepatitis C virus.
G-proteins in rat blood vessels—I. identification

Abstract 1. 1. The purpose of this investigation was to identify various types of conventional, low and high molecular weight G-proteins in purified membranes of rat aorta and mesenteric artery. 2. 2. In both blood vessels, immunoblotting of G-proteins using AS/7 antibody specific for G i- 1 2 , EC/2 antibody specific for Gi-3 and RM/1 antibody specific for Gs-type conventional G-proteins demonstrated the presence of Mr 28–43 kDa, Mr 41 and 48 kDa, and Mr 36–46 kDa polypeptides, respectively. Immunoblotting using a common antibody (GA/1) for the Gs and Gi α-subunits also revealed the existence of multiple polypeptides (Mr 24–52 kDa) in both aorta and mesenteric artery, some of which were identified by the specific antibodies. The intensity and number of bands detected by most of the antibodies were greater in mesenteric artery than in aorta. 3. 3. Cholera toxin (CT) catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of two Gsα (Mr 43, 46 kDa) in both types of blood vessels with similar intensities of bands. Pertussis toxin (PT), on the other hand, catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of one Giα (Mr 41 kDa) polypeptide, and the intensity of this band was greater in aorta than in mesenteric artery. The polypeptides ADP-ribosylated by the toxins corresponded with their identification by antibodies. 4. 4. Nitrocellulose blot overlay with [35S]GTPγS identified at least seven low molecular weight G-proteins (Mr 21–30 kDa) in both aorta and mesenteric artery, with greater intensity of bands in mesenteric artery. 5. 5. Photoaffinity labeling with [α-32P]GTP detected at least nine types of GTP-binding proteins (Mr 18–110 kDa), including low, conventional and high molecular weight proteins in both blood vessels, and some of these were recognized by the other methods. 6. 6. Our data suggest that purified membranes of rat aorta and mesenteric artery contain various types of heterotrimeric, low and high molecular weight G-proteins some of which appear to vary with the type of blood vessel.
The effect of teacher coaching with performance feedback on behavior-specific praise in inclusion classrooms.

This study extends teacher coaching with written performance feedback as a means to increase behavior-specific praise statements (BSPS) in inclusion classrooms at the high school level. Three inclusion math teachers increased their use of BSPS during mathematics instruction. On-task intervals and frequency of BSPS were measured throughout the study. The study provides support for teacher coaching with performance feedback as an effective method for teacher training. Favorable teacher responses indicate it may be an acceptable source of professional development. Future researchers may explore introducing other teaching strategies and feedback on other dependent variables into the teacher coaching sessions. Limitations are inconclusive findings on the effectiveness of BSPS to influence student time on-task. Future research should include a more sensitive, systematic measurement of on-task and disruptive behaviors.
Monte Carlo modeling of exospheric bodies - Mercury

In order to study the interaction with the surface, a Monte Carlo program is developed to determine the distribution with altitude as well as the global distribution of density at the surface in a single operation. The analysis presented shows that the appropriate source distribution should be Maxwell-Boltzmann flux if the particles in the distribution are to be treated as components of flux. Monte Carlo calculations with a Maxwell-Boltzmann flux source are compared with Mariner 10 UV spectrometer data. Results indicate that the presently operating models are not capable of fitting the observed Mercury exosphere. It is suggested that an atmosphere calculated with a barometric source distribution is suitable for more realistic future exospheric models.
Evidence for the absence of photoreduction of the metal centers of cytochrome c oxidase by x-irradiation

Abstract Samples of X-irradiated cytochrome c oxidase were examined by electron paramagnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy. Both radiation from the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and a conventional X-ray source (W target) were utilized. The X-ray flux from these sources ranges from 109 to 1013 photons/s. No evidence was found for photoreduction of the metal centers in the enzyme by X-ray photons. These results demonstrate that the integrity of cytochrome c oxidase is maintained using the conditions under which X-ray absorption measurements are presently being made.
Improved lactose digestion and intolerance among African-American adolescent girls fed a dairy-rich diet.

Abstract Objective To determine whether African-American adolescent girls who were fed a dairy-rich diet for 21 days could adapt to lactose, experiencing an overall improvement in lactose tolerance as well as a decrease in hydrogen gas production. Design Twenty-one–day dietary intervention study. Subjects/setting Seventeen of 21 African-American girls (aged 11 to 15 years) enrolled in a calcium metabolism study chose to participate in the lactose tolerance study. Subjects were screened for any diseases, conditions, or medications that might alter calcium metabolism or colonic fermentation. Subjects were housed in a fraternity on the Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind, campus, and were supervised 24 hours a day. Intervention Subjects consumed a dairy-based diet averaging 1,200mg calcium and 33g lactose per day for 21 days. Lactose digestion was assessed by an 8-hour breath hydrogen test on days 1 and 21, and symptoms of intolerance (abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea) were evaluated hourly on a ranked scale during the breath hydrogen tests and once each evening during the 21-day feeding period. Main outcome measures A comparison of breath hydrogen production and gastrointestinal symptoms at the beginning and end of the study. Statistical analyses performed The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to compare the area under the curve for the 2 breath hydrogen tests. Spearman's p test for trend was used to determine whether there was a change in symptoms. All statistical analyses were 2-tailed and significance was set at P =.05. Results Fourteen of the 17 subjects had lactose maldigestion. Breath hydrogen excretion decreased significantly ( P Applications/conclusions The diet was well tolerated by the subjects. Furthermore, the decrease in breath hydrogen suggests colonic adaptation to the high-lactose diet. The results indicate that lactose maldigestion should not be a restricting factor in developing adequate calcium diets for this population. The existence of lactose maldigestion does not result in lactose intolerance in this population when it is fed a dairy-rich diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:524-528 .
Balancing Competing Motives Adaptive Trade-Offs Are Necessary to Satisfy Disease Avoidance and Interpersonal Affiliation Goals

The current research provides novel evidence for motivational trade-offs between the two fundamental human goals of pursuing social affiliation and avoiding disease. In Study 1, participants completed a writing prime that manipulated inclusionary status and found that socially excluded participants indicated lower feelings of current disease susceptibility compared with control and socially included participants. In Study 2, participants were included or excluded via Cyberball and then indicated their preferences for symmetrical versus asymmetrical faces. Socially excluded participants displayed lower preferences for symmetrical faces--a cue associated with greater disease resistance. Finally, in Study 3, participants were primed with either disease threat or a general negative affective state and then indicated their current affiliation interest. Activated disease concerns uniquely led participants to display less interest in social affiliation. Taken together, affiliation needs result in disease avoidance down-regulation to aid reaffiliation, whereas disease concerns result in affiliation down-regulation to facilitate pathogen avoidance.
Next Generation Packaging Architectures for Highly Integrated Wireless Systems

We present the development and characterization of three critical technologies for wireless communication packaging architectures. In this paper, we include the design, implementation and measurement results of embedded components for multi-chip-modules (MCM) and micromachined planar antennas. In addition, an optimized digital Pin Grid Array (PGA) package has been built and demonstrates suitable application for wireless packaging architectures.
Simplified Hybrid p-y Spring Model for Liquefied Soils

AbstractThe beam-on-Winkler foundation (BWF) method is a popular analysis approach for computing the lateral pile response resulting from both inertial and kinematic loading. However, there is significant uncertainty regarding how to properly represent the load-resistance (i.e., p-y) behavior of liquefied soils. This confusion stems from the significant variability observed with the phenomenon and the large number of p-y spring models for liquefied soils that have attempted to account for that variability. In an attempt to develop a practical but broadly applicable approach, a simplified hybrid p-y spring model is presented. This hybrid model incorporates aspects of existing p-y spring models for liquefied soil and is applicable to a wide range of soil types, relative densities, pile/shaft diameters, and loading conditions. Comparisons with a variety of published case histories involving single piles indicate that the hybrid p-y spring model provides reasonable estimates of response for both kinematic and...
A Framework for Systematic Testing of Multi-threaded Applications

We present a framework that exhaustively explores the scheduling nondeterminism of multi-threaded applications and checks for concurrency errors. We use a flexible design that allows us to integrate multiple algorithms aimed at reducing the number of interleavings that have to be tested.
Effect of Temperature on the Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua L.) with Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae (JT-P482)

Abstract A host-specific pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae (JT-P482), which causes lethal wilting of annual bluegrass (Poa annua), was isolated in 1993 and has since been developed and commercialized as a bioherbicide in Japan. The effectiveness of X. campestris pv. poae against annual bluegrass is significantly affected by temperature. To determine the optimum temperature for maximum control, the relationship between the levels of annual bluegrass control and the rates of bacterial multiplication in whole plants was investigated. The doubling times of the bacterium in planta and in vitro were also compared. The optimum air temperature was 30°C to 35°C, with corresponding temperatures of 27.9 to 29.6°C in plants, and 30°C in culture liquid. At 17°C, the rate of multiplication of bacteria and the rate of plant growth reached an equilibrium and this appeared to be the threshold temperature for annual bluegrass control. No bacterial multiplication was observed in either plants or culture around 6°C. At higher temperatures (>25°C air temperature, >24.8°C plant temperature), the bacteria quickly multiplied to 1010 colony-forming units (CFU) per gram of fresh weight (FW) of annual bluegrass within 1 week after treatment and had the potential to cause satisfactory plant wilting (>75% control). The doubling time during the exponential growth phase had a mostly constant time range (7.7–8.5 h) at temperatures of between 24.8 and 34.3°C in plant tissue (25–40°C air temperature). It appears that xylem occlusion occurs as a result of bacterial growth reaching a maximum of 1010CFU/g of FW, combined with an increase in polysaccharide production at higher temperatures.
Myocardial tissue troponins T and I. An immunohistochemical study in experimental models of myocardial ischemia.

Abstract Background: Cardiac troponins T (cTnT) and I (cTnI) are proven diagnostic and risk stratification biomarkers in patients with acute coronary syndromes. To date, no immunohistochemical studies have been performed which allow visualization of the time course and pattern of myocardial troponin egress from the myocardium during the early evolution of ischemic injury in experimental systems. Methods: We studied archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded myocardium from 50 experimental animals (dogs, pigs and rats) that had undergone permanent coronary occlusion ( n =34) for 0.5–6 h or occlusion of 0.75–6 h followed by reperfusion ( n =16). Histologic sections that included ischemic and nonischemic myocardium were studied by immunohistochemistry with three different antibodies to human cTnI and one to cTnT, using a standard avidin–biotin–peroxidase system. Results: All antibodies detected cTnT or cTnI in normal myocardium and its loss from necrotic myocardium, in some cases as early as 30 min after coronary occlusion, before histologic evidence of necrosis was present. Loss was nonuniform, being greater at the periphery of the infarcts then at their central regions. Usually, loss of cTnT appeared greater than loss of cTnI. With reperfusion, findings were similar to those after permanent occlusion, except that there was a greater contrast between loss at the periphery compared to the loss in the central region. Considerable residual staining persisted for hours after occlusion, indicating delayed release over time, concordant with sustained serum elevations in patients with acute myocardial infarction. No loss of staining was observed in nonnecrotic myocardium. Conclusions: Immunohistochemical staining using antibodies to human cTnT and cTnI can be used to visualize cardiac troponins and document their loss in histologic sections of myocardium in different animal species. Loss of cTnT and cTnI occurs very early following ischemic injury and may precede histologic evidence of necrosis, but does not occur in myocardium that is not necrotic. Immunohistochemical staining of hearts for cTnT and cTnI can assist in the often difficult recognition of myocardial necrosis at autopsy, in patients suspected of dying from acute myocardial ischemia.
Dissolution of Pristine Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Superacids by Direct Protonation

Strong tube−tube van der Waal attractions that hinder the dissolution of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as individuals have been overcome by the direct protonation of the tubes by superacids. The pristine nanotubes disperse as individuals in 100% H2SO4, oleum, trifluromethanesulfonic acid, and chlorosulfonic acid to varying solubility levels. Optically homogeneous solutions with concentration as high as 45 g/L (2.5 wt %) at room temperature have been observed in the case of chlorosulfonic acid, the strongest among the series of superacids investigated. A dissolution model is proposed wherein the solubilized tubes exist as protonated polycarbocations, charge balanced by corresponding conjugate base anions. The removal of electrons from the SWNT, leading to a fractional positive charge on the carbons in the protonated state, is reversible upon deprotonation. With increasing concentration of the solubilized nanotubes, anion-mediated attractions at lower concentrations and spatial constraints at high ...
Granularity of locks and degrees of consistency in a shared data base

The problem of choosing the appropriate Hranularit~ (size) of lockable objects is introduced and the tradeoff between concurrency and overhead is discusseS. A locking protocol which allows simultaneous locking at various granularities by different transactions is presented. It is based on the introduction of additional lock modes besides the conventional share mode an5 exclusive mode. A proof is given of the equivalence of this protocol to a conventional one.