cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of boundary‐layer wind predictions during nocturnal low‐level jet events using the Weather Research and Forecasting model

The accuracy of boundary-layer wind profiles occurring during nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ) events, and their sensitivities to variations of user-specifiable model configuration parameters within the Weather Research and Forecasting model, was investigated. Simulations were compared against data from a wind-profiling lidar, deployed to the Northern Great Plains during the U.S. Department of Energy-supported Weather Forecast Improvement Project. Two periods during the autumn of 2011 featuring LLJs of similar magnitudes and durations occurring during several consecutive nights were selected for analysis. Simulated wind speed and direction at 80 and 180 m above the surface, the former a typical wind turbine hub height, bulk vertical gradients between 40 and 120 m, a typical rotor span, and the maximum wind speeds occurring at 80 and 180 m, and their times of occurrence, were compared with the observations. Sensitivities of these parameters to the horizontal and vertical grid spacing, planetary boundary layer and land surface model physics options, and atmospheric forcing dataset, were assessed using ensembles encompassing changes of each of these configuration parameters. Each simulation captured the diurnal cycle of wind speed and stratification, producing LLJs during each overnight period; however, large discrepancies in relation to the observations were frequently observed, with each ensemble producing a wide range of distributions, reflecting highly variable representations of stratification during the weakly stable overnight conditions. Root mean square error and bias values computed over the LLJ cycle (late evening through the following morning) revealed that, while some configurations performed better or worse in different aspects and at different times, none exhibited definitively superior performance. The considerable root mean square error and bias values, even among the ‘best’ performing simulations, underscore the need for improved simulation capabilities for the prediction of near-surface winds during LLJ conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural development and electronic properties of hot filament low pressure chemical vapor deposited fluorocarbon polymer films

Fluorocarbon polymer films in the poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)-like structure are formed by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition technique using the hot filament excitation of the gaseous C3F6O precursor. The filament and substrate temperatures were found to influence the structure of the deposited films. Infrared absorption and electron spectroscopy studies reveal that a PTFE-like (CF2)2n linear molecular chain structure evolves by an adsorption driven nucleation and CF2 polymerization process in the films deposited with low (450 °C) filament and high (70 °C) substrate temperatures. The films formed at a low substrate temperature (–165 °C) show a higher concentration of CF and C–CF bond defects and shorter (CF2)2n chains. A high (8–10 at.%) oxygen concentration in the films deposited at 600 °C filament temperature is attributed to the reaction of the (CF2)2n chains with COF and peroxyradicals arising from the dissociation of CF3C(O)F and affects the thermal stability of the films. Such reactions are not involved in the film growth at a low (450 °C) filament temperature. These films have much lower (<2 at.%) bonded oxygen content. The films having an ordered (CF2)2n chain structure formed at 70 °C are characterized by low leakage currents ∼7 × 10−11 A cm−2 at 0.1 MV cm−1 field. In comparison, high leakage currents ∼1 × 10−8 A cm−2 are observed for the films having a higher concentration of C–F and C–CF bonds.
The progressive development of structure and stability during the equilibrium folding of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli.

The urea-induced equilibrium unfolding of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase (alphaTS), a single domain alpha/beta barrel protein, displays a stable intermediate at approximately 3.2 M urea when monitored by absorbance and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy (Matthews CR, Crisanti MM, 1981, Biochemistry 20:784-792). The same experiment, monitored by one-dimensional proton NMR, shows another cooperative process between 5 and 9 M urea that involves His92 (Saab-Rincon G et al., 1993, Biochemistry 32:13,981-13,990). To further test and quantify the implied four-state model, N I1 I2 U, the urea-induced equilibrium unfolding process was followed by tyrosine fluorescence total intensity, tyrosine fluorescence anisotropy and far-UV CD. All three techniques resolve the four stable states, and the transitions between them when the FL total intensity and CD spectroscopy data were analyzed by the singular value decomposition method. Relative to U, the stabilities of the N, I1, and I2 states are 15.4, 9.4, and 4.9 kcal mol(-1), respectively. I2 partially buries one or more of the seven tyrosines with a noticeable restriction of their motion; it also recovers approximately 6% of the native CD signal. This intermediate, which is known to be stabilized by the hydrophobic effect, appears to reflect the early coalescence of nonpolar side chains without significant organization of the backbone. I1 recovers an additional 43% of the CD signal, further sequesters tyrosine residues in nonpolar environments, and restricts their motion to an extent similar to N. The progressive development of a higher order structure as the denaturant concentration decreases implies a monotonic contraction in the ensemble of conformations that represent the U, I2, I1, and N states of alphaTS.
Contextualism, comparatives and gradability

Contextualists about knowledge ascriptions perceive an analogy between the semantics they posit for “know(s)” and the semantics of comparative terms like “tall” and “flat”. Jason Stanley has recently raised a number of objections to this view. This paper offers a response by way of an alternative analogy with modified comparatives, which resolves most of Stanley’s objections. Rather than being ad hoc, this new analogy in fact fits better with platitudes about knowledge and facilitates a better understanding of the semantics of gradability, such that an explanation of most of Stanley’s disanalogies becomes available. In addition, I argue that there are reasons to doubt Stanley’s claim that “knows(s)” cannot switch its content within a discourse, due to what may happen when we ascribe knowledge of more than one proposition.
Calcium and Salt Toleration by Bean Plants

The role of calcium in the salt relations of the bean plant, Phaseolus vulgaris, was examined. Brittle wax bush bean plants were cultured in nutrient solutions containing 50 mM NaCl. In the absence of added calcium the plants showed a general breakdown of the roots. A low concentration of calcium in the nutrient solution (0.1 mM) prevented this. Without added calcium the plants absorbed and translocated sodium at such a rate that high concentrations of it built up in the leaves within two days. With increasing concentrations of calcium in the nutrient solution the leaves contained progressively less sodium, and at 3 mM CaSO4 the concentrations of sodium in the leaves was equal to that of the control plants grown without addition of salt. Even after both roots and stems had reached a high concentration of sodium, the leaves of plants grown in the presence of adequate concentrations of calcium contained little sodium.
A Qualitative Study of the Initiation and Continuation of Preschool Inclusion Programs

Initiation and continuation of preschool inclusion is a challenging task. Through interviews and focus groups of school district and special education personnel, researchers in this study examined how 5 programs in 1 Midwestern state provided such services. The investigation used a multiple-case study methodology to examine how these programs initiated and sustained inclusive services. Especially important to these programs were factors such as having a shared vision, utilizing key personnel, and developing a structure within which the program could work.
Yang-Mills-Higgs monopole solutions of arbitrary topological charge

We propose a construction of static magnetic Yang-Mills-Higgs monopole solutions of arbitrary topological charge. They are axially symmetric and contain no free parameters except for their position. The regularity of the solutions has yet be proved; doing so would complete the constructive proof of existence.
Fondaparinux: a new antithrombotic agent.

Abstract Background: Venous thrombosis is usually triggered by a low-flow state, as in prolonged periods of bed rest after hip or knee surgery. Antithrombotic agents are the drugs of choice in such circumstances. The new factor Xa inhibitor fondaparinux has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery, hip replacement surgery, or knee replacement surgery. Objective: The aim of this article was to review the clinical pharmacology of fondaparinux and summarize the data from available clinical trials of this agent. Methods: The terms fondaparinux, SR90107A/ORG31540 , and factor Xa were used to search MEDLINE and Current Contents/Clinical Medicine for English-language studies in humans published between 1996 and May 2002. Unpublished data were provided by the manufacturer of fondaparinux, and additional information was obtained from abstracts presented at the 2001 congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis in Paris. Results: Fondaparinux is a synthetic pentasaccharide that selectively binds to antithrombin III, inducing a conformational change that increases anti-factor Xa activity. Phase III studies to date have reported that fondaparinux had greater efficacy compared with enoxaparin in terms of prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip or knee replacement surgery. Preliminary studies have suggested that this agent may have efficacy in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis, as well as in the management of acute coronary syndromes. However, 1 study reported a significant increase in the risk of major bleeding with fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin (2.1% vs 0.2%, respectively; P=0.006), and another reported a significant increase in the risk of minor bleeding (4.1% vs 2.1%; P=0.02). Conclusions: Fondaparinux has shown efficacy in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery. Large-scale clinical trials of its potential efficacy in deep vein thrombosis and acute coronary syndromes are ongoing. Use of fondaparinux may be associated with an increased bleeding risk, and patients should be assessed individually to ensure that the possible benefits outweigh the risks. Routine use of fondaparinux as a replacement for low-molecular-weight heparin is not recommended at this time.
Leukocytosis after Splenic Injury: A Comparison of Splenectomy, Embolization, and Observation

METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) by laparotomy and hemorrhage followed by resuscitation (R) with normal saline and shed blood (n1⁄48). Sham shock (SS) animals (n1⁄48) were subjected only to trauma. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected after sacrifice for metabolomic analysis by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC). The BALF protein levels determined ALI. Repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison test compared BALF metabolites between T/HS/R and SS samples. Student’s ttest was used to determine statistical significance in BALF protein levels.
IT and Organizations

Organizational use of IT and the effect of IT on organizational practices and outcomes are widely researched in the IS community. One stream of organizational IS research deals with organizational consequences of IT, such as the effect of IT investments on firm value, and the role of IT capabilities in gaining competitive advantage. The second stream deals with organizational IT use and management topics such as organizational adoption of IT, IS planning and strategic alignment, control and IT architecture, outsourcing and labor sourcing, the use of open source software, and IS security and risk management.
Ecosystem Services and Preventive Medicine: A Natural Connection

Modern public health challenges require interdisciplinary solutions that integrate knowledge of human behavior and its complex relationship with the physical environment. Historically, this discourse was dominated by studies of hazards and other negative health consequences associated with human–environment interactions. However, growing evidence suggests that contact with green spaces (e.g., parks, forests, gardens) can be beneficial to physical and mental health. Despite these findings, integration of the natural environment into preventive medicine policy and practice has been slow. This is partly due to limited recognition of the multifaceted health benefits associated with green spaces and the challenge of characterizing and evaluating these benefits. Minimal dialogue across disciplines, especially between environmental and health professionals, has exacerbated the divide, further hindering nature-based health promotion. Many environmental and social scientists have embraced the concept of “ecosystem services” as a framework for understanding, evaluating, and communicating the contributions of ecosystems to human well-being. Ecosystem services describe nature’s direct and indirect benefits to humans, including life-supporting ecological processes and provision of outdoor spaces that encourage active lifestyles, which support the prevention of diseases and other maladies. As these services have major implications for human health and well-being, the integration of ecosystem services and preventive medicine may be an important strategy for advancing health research, education, and practice. Research from multiple fields of study suggests that contact with nature can be beneficial to public health and well-being. Though a recent literature review showed mixed observations with regard to green space and
The Economics of ALN: Some Issues

This paper examines the social cost of ALN. This social cost is considered from several vantage points. First, student time is identified as the primary input in instruction. This time investment is not forthcoming automatically - several incentive problems must be resolved to elicit it. The resolution of these incentive problems entails additional cost. Second, the relationship between ALN and economies of scale in instruction is discussed. One channel for increasing returns is the better matching of instructor attributes with the demands of the course. This happens because the matching occurs in a global "market" rather than a market internal to the educational institution. Third, since distance ALN requires no brick and mortar investment, the paper considers how institutional commitment to quality instruction can be had without the brick and mortar. If there are institutional-specific investments associated with learning how to run a distance-ALN program, then institutional reputation is the likely mechanism. Otherwise, the labor market will require external verification, such as having students in ALN degree programs pass a series of standardized exams, to value such an ALN degree.
Latticing and Device-Histories: Dynamic Customer Profiling for Mobile Advertising Campaigns

Customer targeting for mobile advertisements is a high end exercise in big data. The universe of users is on the order of 300M while active advertising campaigns are typically several hundred in number. Matching users with the campaigns they are most likely to engage with in extreme real-time environments requires adaptive model management, advanced parallel processing hardware and software, and the integration of multiple very large databases. A key component in this overall process is the generation of a mobile device-driven customer targeting profile. We present a dynamic customer profiling technique using latticing and device-histories which maps mobile devices to specific lattices (geographic locations) and tracks user behavior via device-histories. This targeting methodology provides a distinct advantage over existing approaches by profiling on an individual, rather than a customer segment, basis which enables a much finer spatial and temporal parsing of the user marketplace.
Too Much to Bear: Psychometric Evidence Supporting the Perceived Burdensomeness Scale.

Abstract. Background: People who feel they have become a burden on others may become susceptible to suicidal ideation. When people no longer feel capable or productive, they may assume that friends and family members would be better off without them. Aim: The present study was designed to assess preliminary psychometric properties of a new measure, the Perceived Burdensomeness (PBS) Scale. Method: Depressed psychiatric patients (N = 173) were recruited from a veterans affairs medical center. Patients were assessed with a structured diagnostic interview and self-report measures assessing perceived burdensomeness, depression severity, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation. Results: The present study supported preliminary evidence of reliability and concurrent validity of the PBS. Additionally, perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with higher levels of hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Conclusion: It is hoped that with the aid of the PBS clinicians may be able to intervene more specifically ...
Carabidae Collected in Pitfall Traps in Iowa Cornfields, Fencerows, and Prairies 1

Ground beetle activity in Iowa cornfields, fencerows, and 2 relict prairies was sampled by using pitfall traps. Of 94 species collected, 5 remain determined only to genus, and 16 are listed for the 1st time as collected in Iowa. The relative abundance or frequency of collection is compared with Kirk's 1971 report of carabid collections in South Dakota. There was a definite habitat preference by many species. All 90 specimens of Harpalus indigens Casey were from the prairies. Evarthrus alternans Casey was most abundant in the prairies. Bembidion quadrimaculatum (L.) and Pterostichus chalcites (Say) were the most frequently collected species in the cornfields. By contrast, P. lucublandus (Say) was collected with almost equal frequency in all 3 habitats. Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues may have both a negative and positive effect on different species of ground beetles.
Cells to Surgery Quiz: August 2014

a. UVA commonly damages DNA directly. b. UVB constitutes 95% of UV radiation. c. UVA does not have a role in the formation of wrinkles. d. Reactive oxygen species mediate photoaging. e. UVA is more carcinogenic than UVB. Cells to Surgery Quiz: August 2014 Mohammad-Ali Yazdani Abyaneh1, Leyre Falto-Aizpurua1, Robert D. Griffith1 and Keyvan Nouri1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2014) 134, e4. doi:10.1038/jid.2014.240
Bed Agglomeration during the Steam Gasification of a High-Lignin Corn Stover Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Digester Residue

This research investigates the bed agglomeration phenomena during the steam gasification of a high-lignin residue produced from the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of corn stover in a bubbling fluidized bed. The studies were conducted at 895 °C using alumina as bed material. Biomass was fed at 1.5 kg/h, while steam was fed to give a velocity equal to 2.5 times the minimum fluidization velocity, with a steam/carbon ratio of 0.9. The pelletized feedstock was co-fed with a cooling nitrogen stream to mitigate feed line plugging issues. Tar production was high at 50.3 g/Nm3, and the fraction of C10+ compounds was greater than that observed in the gasification of traditional lignocellulosic feedstocks. Carbon closures over 94% were achieved for all experiments. Bed agglomeration was found to be problematic, indicated by pressure drop increases observed below the bed and upstream of the feed line. Two size categories of solids were recovered from the reactor: +0.25 mm and −0.25 mm. After 2.7...
Protein Requirements of Beef Cattle

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the protein requirements of beef cattle. The calculation of protein allowances is based upon the sum of three functions which require protein: maintenance, unavoidable losses of protein in the feces, and production. Proteins are a very complex group of compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in some cases, sulfur. Hydrolysis of protein produces free amino acids. The chapter discusses the role of protein, its digestion, and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) in detail. An elaborated insight into various topics like protected or slowly degraded protein; effects of protein supplementation on the performance of growing and finishing cattle; protein and amino acid requirements of beef cattle; and protein adjustment during temperature stress is also provided. Research studies involving high ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) supplements have shown that feeding bypass proteins in combination with urea improved the growth rate or feed efficiency compared with feeding soybean meal or urea alone. Growing and finishing beef cattle require minimal levels of dietary protein, which are a function of live weight and rate of gain. Diets containing corn and corn silage probably require supplemental protein for optimal growth rate. The most common environmental factor that alters nutrient requirements is temperature. Environmental temperature affects the growth rate.
Giant saphenous vein graft aneurysm compressing the lingular bronchus

Saphenous vein graft aneurysms with mechanical complications should be repaired via a non-sternotomy open surgical technique.
Balancing selection on allorecognition genes in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri.

Allorecognition is the capability of an organism to recognize its own or related tissues. The colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, which comprises five genetically distinct and divergent species (Clades A-E), contains two adjacent genes that control allorecognition: fuhcsec and fuhctm. These genes have been characterized extensively in Clade A and are highly polymorphic. Using alleles from 10 populations across the range of Clade A, we investigated the type and strength of selection maintaining this variation. Both fuhc genes exhibit higher within-population variation and lower population differentiation measures (FST) than neutral loci. The fuhc genes contain a substantial number of codons with >95% posterior probability of dN/dS > 1. fuhcsec and fuhctm also have polymorphisms shared between Clade A and Clade E that were present prior to speciation (trans-species polymorphisms). These results provide robust evidence that the fuhc genes are evolving under balancing selection.
2CUL Slavic: The View So Far

ABSTRACTIn fall 2016, the Columbia-Cornell collaboration in the area of Slavic & East European resource coordination and sharing celebrated its sixth year. The author reviews particulars of the development, implementation, and function of this program as well as some of the challenges that face such cross-institutional efforts.
Negative Automaintenance: Performance of Pigeons under Selective Omission Training Procedures

Pigeons were exposed to autoshaping procedures in which 6-second key illuminations (trials) were occasionally followed by food. In Experiment 1, fewer keypecks occurred during trials in which pecks prevented food delivery with a probability of .33, .67, or 1 than during those in which food was presented equally often but pecking was without programmed consequences, although the difference was statistically significant only when the probability of food omission was 1. In general, less responding occurred during trials where pecks prevented food delivery with a probability of 1 than during trials where pecks prevented food delivery with a probability of .33 or .67. In Experiment 2, responding of master birds typically decreased as the probability of food omission was increased from .33 to 1. Yoked birds, which received food as often as master birds but were never directly exposed to omission dependencies, responded significantly more than master birds when the probability of food omission for the latter was .17, .50, .67, .83, and 1, but not when it was .33. For master birds, the stimulus associated with the lowest probability of food omission evoked the majority of responses in simultaneous choice trials. Yoked subjects behaved similarly during choice trials, but sometimes evidenced a preference for white key illuminations not shown by master birds. These findings suggest that negative responsefood dependencies, even when intermittently imposed, can demonstrably affect auto shaped keypecking.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as an Emotional Disorder

The rediscovered mental disorder known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) provides illustrations of human mechanisms of emotion, conditioning, and memory that can inform neuroscience. PTSD has emerged as the model psychiatric disorder for studying the effect of psychological environmental events on the nervous system. PTSD consists of conditioned responses to reminders of the traumatic event, unconditioned fear, and other biologic and psychological abnormalities. Neuroscientific knowledge of PTSD has emerged from what has now become an abundance of psychophysiologic, neurologic, functional and structural neuroimaging, and neuroendocrinologic studies.
The Evolution of Behavioural Institutional Complexity

This essay considers how behavioural economics and institutional economics have coevolved in their development, with understanding their links central to understanding how evolutionary processes within economies dynamically develop. Key to this is that a most important function of economic institutions is to aid humans in overcoming the limits imposed by their bounded rationality. To do this, we shall consider the ideas of the respective founders of institutional economics and behavioural economics, Thorstein Veblen and Herbert Simon, both of whom will also be shown to have complex evolutionary views of how the economy operates. Veblen’s work was earlier (1898, 1899); however, he prefigured Simon’s work in many ways, with Simon tying the concept of behavioural economics, a term he coined, with that of bounded rationality, a term he also coined (1947, 1955, 1957).
Queueing network models for analysis of nonstationary manufacturing systems

Queueing and queueing network models have been extensively employed for the performance analysis of manufacturing systems. They have enjoyed successful applications in rapid modelling for system de...
An Innovative Approach to Improve Communication and Reduce Physician Stress and Burnout in a University Affiliated Residency Program

Ineffective communication between nursing staff and residents leads to numerous educational and patient-care interruptions, increasing resident stress and overall workload. We developed an innovative and simple, secure electronic health record (EHR) base text paging system to communicate with internal medicine residents. The goal is to avoid unnecessary interruption during patient care or educational activities and reduce stress. Traditional paging system can send a phone number to call back. We developed and implemented a HIPPA-compliant, EHR-integrated text paging at a busy 591-bed urban hospital. Access was granted to unit clerks, nursing staff, case managers, and physicians. Senders could either send a traditional telephone number page or a text page through our EHR. The recipient could then either acknowledge receipt of the page or take appropriate actions. Afterward, Internal medicine residents were polled on overall satisfaction difference between basic phone based numeric paging and the enhanced EHR text paging system. Educational interruptions (averaging over 7 pages) decreased from 64% to 16%. Patient care interruptions fell from 68% to 12%. 88% of residents felt that 50% or less of the pages were non-emergent and did not require an immediate action. 92% of 25 surveyed internal medicine residents preferred text paging over numeric paging and responded through the EHR 60% of the time by placing direct orders. Time savings using the new system over a 3-month span amounted to 72.5 h in transmission time alone. Text paging among medical caregivers and internal medicine residents through EHR-associated communication reduced patient care and educational interruptions. It saved time spent sending pages, answering unnecessary pages and it improved resident’s subjective stress and satisfaction levels.
Effect of FSH Treatment on LH and FSH Receptors in Chronic Cystic-Ovarian-Diseased Dairy Cows

This experiment was conducted to 1) determine whether chronic cystic-ovarian-diseased (CCOD) cows fail to respond to luteinizing hormone (LH) treatment because of a lack of adequate ovarian LH receptors and 2) determine the effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) treatment on ovarian LH and FSH receptors in ovaries of CCOD cows. The CCOD cows were those that did not resume cyclic ovarian activity after repeated treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and(or) LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) and were considered chronic by veterinarians. Thirteen CCOD cows were purchased from producers; six of them were injected with 5 mg FSH twice daily for 3 or 5 d (TCCOD) and the remaining seven remained untreated. Seven control (noncystic) cows in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle were injected with Lutalyse approximately 48 to 50 h before slaughter so they would be in the follicular phase (FP) of the cycle at the time of slaughter. Analysis of serum and pituitaries showed no differences (P greater than .05) in mean concentrations of serum or pituitary LH and FSH or pituitary LHRH receptor concentration and affinity among FP, CCOD and TCCOD cows. Ovarian follicle wall concentrations of receptors for LH (3.2 +/- .6; 13.0 +/- 2.5; 22.4 +/- 5.1 fmol/mg protein) and FSH (10 +/- 2.6; 43 +/- 7.2; 29 +/- 6.7 fmol/mg protein) were lower (P less than .05) in CCOD cows compared with FP and TCCOD cows, respectively. The same pattern was observed for concentrations of granulosa cell LH and FSH receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evaluating Mapping APIs

Application Programmer Interfaces (APIs) support multi-scale panable (MSP) maps from the major online map providers. A mapping API consists of a series of functions that control the scale and location of the map, and any added information in the form of points, lines or areas. Raster layers can also be overlaid to totally obscure the underlying map. Available since 2005, the use of APIs has proliferated and now represents the most common cloud mapping technique.
The Personality Context of Adolescent Gambling: Better Explained by the Big Five or Sensation-Seeking?

Adolescent gambling is a serious and increasingly common problem. Studies in adults have found several within- and between-person associations between personality and gambling. We aim to extend these findings to a sample of adolescents selected for gambling behavior. Participants consisted of a racially diverse sample of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 (n = 227). We collected self-reported information on normal-range personality traits, sensation-seeking, and gambling frequency, severity, and motives in an online survey. Normal-range personality traits were not correlated with gambling, but trait sensation-seeking was positively correlated with gambling. Latent class analyses showed that classes of adolescent gamblers may be differentiated based on personality trait patterns, although these classes were not differentiated on gambling severity or frequency. Finally, in hierarchical analyses, six homogenous components representing the five normal-range personality traits and sensation-seeking accounted for maximum variance in gambling outcomes. In this model, components representing sensation-seeking and conscientiousness were the only significant unique predictors of gambling-related outcomes. Our findings suggest that subgroups of adolescent gamblers may be distinguished based on personality trait patterns before the emergence of problematic gambling. In other words, personality differences may reflect an early predisposition to divergent pathways to adolescent gambling. Our findings concur with previous work and underscore the importance of sensation-seeking as a particularly important risk factor of initiation and escalation of adolescent gambling.
Artificial production of mutants of tobacco mosaic virus.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses on the methods and results of mutation studies that have been carried out with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Of the small viruses that are available, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) seems particularly well suited for study of the relationship between gene and gene product. The approach that has employed (TMV), and which has yielded valuable information, has been to modify chemically the viral nucleic acid and to study the consequent perturbations, which occur in the viral protein, the nucleic acid can be modified by treating it with mutation-inducing agents whose action is well understood. The effects of mutation on one of the gene products of TMV RNA have been intensively studied. This gene product is the readily available virus protein. Two types of alterations may occur to this protein as a result of mutation. The protein may be altered in amino acid composition but still remain functional, or the protein may become nonfunctional as a result of a changed amino acid composition. The appearance of the latter class of mutants demonstrates that the viral protein is not essential to the maintenance of infection. It is questionable, therefore, whether a lethal deamination can occur in that part of the viral nucleic acid concerned with specifying the viral protein. The typo of mr1tation, which results in an altered but still functional viral protein, is most intensively studied. All mutants of this class have their amino acid sequence altered in such a way that one amino acid replaces another at a particular position on the polypeptide chain. Most of the mutants of this class have a single amino acid replacement. A few mutants have two or three replacements, but these replacements are never found to be close to each other. This information provides strong evidence for a nonoverlapping genetic code.
Low Temperature-High Magnetic Field Heat Capacity Studies of Weakly and Nearly Ferromagnetic and Mixed Valence Rare Earth Materials

Low temperature heat capacity measurements from 1 to 20 K as a function of magnetic field from 0 to 10 T (100 kOe) have been made on materials which exhibit unusual properties due to spin fluctuations. The spin fluctuating materials studied to date include the itinerant ferromagnet Sc3In (1), the mixed valent compound CeSn3, and the nearly ferromagnetic materials: RCo2 [R = Sc, Y and Lu (2)], Sc and Pd1-xNix (x= 0.005 and 0.01) alloys. In all three types of materials the high magnetic fields quench spin fluctuations. In the nearly ferromagnetic materials and the mixed valent compound this quenching leads to a depression of the electronic specific heat constant of∿10% for the former and 23% for the latter — this change is over an order of magnitude larger than has been observed heretofore.
Parallel-process trajectories of exposure to violence and psychological distress among justice-involved youth

BACKGROUND Researchers have raised awareness of high levels of violence exposure among justice-involved adolescents and its association with psychological distress, yet the relationship between the violence and psychological distress has rarely been studied longitudinally. AIM This study aimed to gain understanding of the relationship between long-term exposure to violence and the development of psychological distress among justice-involved adolescents. METHODS We examined exposure to violence and emergent psychological distress among adolescents using latent growth model analyses with a sample of 1,336 young people-male and female-who completed 10 follow-up interviews over 7 years as part of the Pathways to Desistance study. We tested four models: (a) changes in exposure to violence over time, (b) changes in psychological distress over time, (c) the contemporaneous, parallel processes of changes in exposure to violence and psychological distress over time, and (d) differences in the evolution of violence exposure and psychological distress across sex and race/ethnicity. RESULTS For the sample as a whole, exposure to violence decreased over time, as did psychological distress, but their relationship to each other was consistent. There were individual differences, however, and the subgroup of young African Americans did not experience the reduction in exposure to violence reported by the young Whites and Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Trajectories of exposure to violence and related psychological distress did not escalate over time as expected. In light of these findings, more research is needed on the heterogeneity of violence exposure and its negative psychological impacts.
Utopia Inverted: A Contemporary German Translation of François Hédelin D'Aubignac's Royaume de la coqueterie (1654)

In the seventeenth century it was common practice to publish satire anonymously. This is true of both the French original written by Francois Hedelin and of the German translation that appeared in 1659. On the basis of strong circumstantial evidence, the article identifies the translator as Isaac Clauss who was born and raised in Strasbourg, a city with a long and venerable tradition of satirical literature (Brant, Moscherosch). While the wrath of the two authors is directed in general at the hedonism and superficiality of a younger generation and in particular at its obsession with pre- and extramarital sex and the consequent implications for the social and cosmic order, the translation itself, modelled on Luther and Opitz, reflects cultural differences as well as the personal interests/values of Clauss. He is in addition an adept linguist with a sovereign command of both languages, his German being simultaneously clear and idiomatic and less verbose than that of other contemporary authors. The use of a French original to lambast French manners and values, however paradoxical it may be, is a desperate (if not quixotic) attempt to stem the irresistible and, in Clauss's perception, morally debilitating tide of French influence on a neighbouring culture.
Polynomial root clustering and explicit deflation

We seek complex roots of a univariate polynomial $P$ with real or complex coefficients. We address this problem based on recent algorithms that use subdivision and have a nearly optimal complexity. They are particularly efficient when only roots in a given Region Of Interest (ROI) are sought. We propose two improvements for root finders. The first one is applied to polynomials having only real coefficients; their roots are either real or appear in complex conjugate pairs. We show how to adapt the subdivision scheme to focus the computational effort on the imaginary positive part of the ROI. In our second improvement we deflate $P$ to decrease its degree and the arithmetic cost of the subdivision.
Inpatient Addiction Medicine Consultation and Post-Hospital Substance Use Disorder Treatment Engagement: a Propensity-Matched Analysis.

Hospitalizations due to medical and surgical complications of substance use disorder (SUD) are rising. Most hospitals lack systems to treat SUD, and most people with SUD do not engage in treatment after discharge. Determine the effect of a hospital-based addiction medicine consult service, the Improving Addiction Care Team (IMPACT), on post-hospital SUD treatment engagement. Cohort study using multivariable analysis of Oregon Medicaid claims comparing IMPACT patients with propensity-matched controls. 18–64-year-old Oregon Medicaid beneficiaries with SUD, hospitalized at an Oregon hospital between July 1, 2015, and September 30, 2016. IMPACT patients (n = 208) were matched to controls (n = 416) using a propensity score that accounted for SUD, gender, age, race, residence region, and diagnoses. IMPACT included hospital-based consultation care from an interdisciplinary team of addiction medicine physicians, social workers, and peers with lived experience in recovery. IMPACT met patients during hospitalization; offered pharmacotherapy, behavioral treatments, and harm reduction services; and supported linkages to SUD treatment after discharge. Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measure of SUD treatment engagement, defined as two or more claims on two separate days for SUD care within 34 days of discharge. Only 17.2% of all patients were engaged in SUD treatment before hospitalization. IMPACT patients engaged in SUD treatment following discharge more frequently than controls (38.9% vs. 23.3%, p < 0.01; aOR 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29–3.58). IMPACT participation remained associated with SUD treatment engagement when limiting the sample to people who were not engaged in treatment prior to hospitalization (aOR 2.63; 95% CI 1.46–4.72). Hospital-based addiction medicine consultation can improve SUD treatment engagement, which is associated with reduced substance use, mortality, and other important clinical outcomes. National expansion of such models represents an opportunity to address an enduring gap in the SUD treatment continuum.
A test of the use of gray wolf (Canis lupus) urine to reduce coyote (Canis latrans) depredation rates on loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) nests

Abstract Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) are currently listed as vulnerable, with a decreasing population trend, by the International Union of Conservation of Nature. From 2015 to 2019, coyotes (Canis latrans) depredated 24.12% of loggerhead nests on the night they were laid on South Island beach at the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center, near Georgetown, SC, resulting in an estimated 3816 eggs lost each year. Over that time, a South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Turtle Technician Team patrolled the beach at dawn every morning to cage and catalog loggerhead nests and eggs but were unable to cost-effectively protect the nests the night the eggs were laid. To test a new method to dissuade coyote depredation, we used dispensers filled with gray wolf (Canis lupus) urine to simulate wolf activity on seven sections of the beach and left seven sections untreated as controls. We observed a significant reduction in depredation rates where urine was present relative to control areas (G-test adjusted with the Williams correction, G = 5.749, df = 1, p = 0.0165). The results suggest this may be an example of exploitative competition in the absence of interference competition. With daily teams already patrolling the beaches, using wolf urine as a deterrent could be an inexpensive, non-invasive way to reduce coyote depredation on loggerhead and other sea turtle nests elsewhere.
The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Reactive Arthritis

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) localized on the short arm of chromosome 6 contains the most polymorphic genes in the human genome and is involved in important aspects of innate immune response including transplantation and defense against infections and in immune-mediated or autoimmune diseases. The association between HLA-B27 and spondyloarthritis (SpA) is well established, but elucidation of the intimal mechanisms has yet to be defined.
On the Mechanism of the Asymmetric Aldol Addition of Chiral N‐Amino Cyclic Carbamate Hydrazones: Evidence of Non‐Curtin‐Hammett Behavior

he mechanistic details of the aldol addition of N-amino cyclic carbamate (ACC) hydrazones is provided herein from both an experimental and computational perspective. When the transformation is carried out at room temperature the anti-aldol product is formed exclusively. Under these conditions the anti- and syn-aldolate intermediates are in equilibrium and the transformation is under thermodynamic control. The anti-aldolate that leads to the anti-aldol product was calculated to be 3.7 kcal mol-1 lower in energy at room temperature than that leading to the syn-aldol product, which sufficiently accounts for the exclusive formation of the anti-aldol product. When the reaction is conducted at -78 °C it is under kinetic control and favors formation of the syn-aldol addition product. In this case, it was found that a solvent separated aza-enolate anion and aldehyde form a σ-intermediate in which the lithium cation is coordinated to the aldehyde. The σ-intermediate collapses with a very small activation barrier to form the β-alkoxy hydrazone intermediate. The chiral nonracemic lithium aza-enolate discriminates between the two diastereotopic faces of the pro-chiral aldehyde, and there is no rapid direct pathway that interconverts the two diastereomeric intermediates. Consequently, the reaction does not follow the Curtin-Hammett principle and the stereochemical outcome at low temperature instead depends on the relative energies of the two σ-intermediates.
Circulating Current Suppression in Multi-cell Series-parallel Converter for Cost-effective Medium-voltage Solid-state transformer

This work presents a cost-effective and compact medium-voltage (MV) solid-state transformer (SST). The pro-posed SST is rated at 5kW, and provides a low voltage dc output serving dc loads and sources such as batteries, photovoltaics, and household dc loads. The proposed multi-cell topology features an internal capacitor voltage balancing and requires only one dc-link voltage sensor. A major challenge of the proposed topology is the unbalanced circulating currents when using the conventional interleaved pulse-width modulated (PWM) scheme. The unbalanced circulating currents cause uneven component stress, and may require different current rating among the switch devices. By analyzing non-ideal equivalent circuits of the converter, we propose a new PWM scheme that minimizes and balances the circulating currents, thus increasing system efficiency. The proposed modulation scheme is verified on a full scale prototype.
Does Alternative Route Preparation Meet the Requirements of IDEA Assurance 14? A Policy Analysis:

Persistent teacher shortages have led states to promulgate policies to support alternative pathways into teaching and hence supplement supply. Such alternatives may differ from traditional preparat...
The geography of sentiment towards the Women's March of 2017.

The Women’s March of 2017 generated unprecedented levels of participation in the largest, single day, protest in history to date. The marchers protested the election of President Donald Trump and rallied in support of several civil issues such as women’s rights. “Sister marches” evolved in at least 680 locations across the United States. Both positive and negative reactions to the March found their way into social media, with criticism stemming from certain, conservative, political sources and other groups. In this study, we investigate the extent to which this notable, historic event influenced sentiment on Twitter, and the degree to which responses differed by geographic area within the continental U.S. Tweets about the event rose to an impressive peak of over 12% of all geo-located tweets by mid-day of the March, Jan. 21. Messages included in tweets associated with the March tended to be positive in sentiment, on average, with a mean of 0.34 and a median of 0.07 on a scale of -4 to +4. In fact, tweets associated with the March were more positive than all other geo-located tweets during the day of the March. Exceptions to this pattern of positive sentiment occurred only in seven metropolitan areas, most of which involved very small numbers of tweets. Little evidence surfaced of extensive patterns of negative, aggressive messages towards the event in this set of tweets. Given the widespread nature of online harassment and sexist tweets, more generally, the results are notable. In sum, online reactions to the March on this social media platform suggest that this modern arm of the Women’s Movement received considerable, virtual support across the country.