cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The principled design of large-scale recursive neural network architectures--dag-rnns and the protein structure prediction problem

We describe a general methodology for the design of large-scale recursive neural network architectures (DAG-RNNs) which comprises three fundamental steps: (1) representation of a given domain using suitable directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to connect visible and hidden node variables; (2) parameterization of the relationship between each variable and its parent variables by feedforward neural networks; and (3) application of weight-sharing within appropriate subsets of DAG connections to capture stationarity and control model complexity. Here we use these principles to derive several specific classes of DAG-RNN architectures based on lattices, trees, and other structured graphs. These architectures can process a wide range of data structures with variable sizes and dimensions. While the overall resulting models remain probabilistic, the internal deterministic dynamics allows efficient propagation of information, as well as training by gradient descent, in order to tackle large-scale problems. These methods are used here to derive state-of-the-art predictors for protein structural features such as secondary structure (1D) and both fine- and coarse-grained contact maps (2D). Extensions, relationships to graphical models, and implications for the design of neural architectures are briefly discussed. The protein prediction servers are available over the Web at: www.igb.uci.edu/tools.htm .
Tooth-Eruption Ages in Suckling Dogs as Affected by Local Heating

Heat pads at 43.3C were applied externally to the right side of faces of suckling dogs six to eight hours daily from the 11th through the 30th postnatal day. Eruption (appearance through oral epithelium) ages for teeth of 12 heated pups were compared with those for 21 littermate controls. Earlier eruption (p<0.05) was seen in heated pups for five of the 28 deciduous tooth classes.
On the Early Recognition of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, a serious and sometimes fatal complication, has been reported to occur in some patients with the administration of neuroleptic medications. Clinically it is manifested by four groups of symptoms which include muscular hypertonicity, autonomic instability, altered consciousness, and hyperthermia. Laboratory findings such as elevated creatinine phosphokinase and leukocytosis are also seen. While it is true that the incidence of the full blown clinical picture of this syndrome is rare, the authors report that only muscular hypertonicity and autonomic instability have occurred frequently in their setting leading to discontinuation of neuroleptics. Such abortive cases may go undetected. If properly diagnosed, the occurrence of this syndrome is not as rare as the published reports indicate. Second, it is reported that rechallenge with neuroleptics may not induce Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome again. The authors noted recurrence of fever after rechallenge with a different neuroleptic drug. This article describes the method of early recognition and prevention of morbidity as well as mortality.
Fundamental research challenges in real-time distributed computing

The author presents a personal perspective on where research efforts are most urgently needed to advance the fundamental foundation for real-time distributed computing. At the top level the biggest fundamental research challenge is to enable high-level high-precision real-time distributed software design and programming accompanied by cost-effective guaranteeing of acceptable response times. This top-level goal cannot be realized without successful development of some key component technologies such as programming model and API and middleware possessing effective resource management capabilities. The state of the art and the promising research directions established by the community in those component technology areas are reviewed. The main type of network environments in which real-time computing applications have been realized are the LAN environments. Newly emerging network environments such as sensor networks at one end and optical Grids at the other end add additional dimensions to the challenges posed to the research community. Those additional dimensions are also briefly reviewed.
Small-signal analysis of the Read avalanche diode

A small-signal analysis is made on the Read-type avalanche transit time diode in which both holes and electrons and differing ionization rates for holes and electrons are considered in a silicon diode. The avalanche region is assumed to be an unsymmetric abrupt junction in which the ionization coefficients vary with the distance through their exponential dependence on the field in the avalanche region. Solutions for the ionization integral are given in the dc case. The time-varying terms are introduced as small-signal perturbations on the dc case and solutions for the ionization integral are again obtained and expressed as a Fourier series. The coefficients of the series appear in the expressions for the admittance. This approach provides simple analytical solutions for the Read diode admittance. Also, direct evaluation of the Fourier coefficients is given in terms of the diode's breakdown voltage and other known parameters. An equivalent circuit for the Read diode is developed. Over a substantial frequency but for small transit angles of the drift region, it consists of a frequency independent negative conductance, inductance, and capacitance. The diode's spreading resistance is in series with these parallel elements. The circuit agrees with the measurements of Josenhans and Misawa. On the basis of the small-signal avalanche analysis the ultimate oscillator efficiency is estimated to be about 26 percent.
The Counseling Approach to the Use of Testing

Counseling psychology, with its emphasis upon short-term developmental problem-solving, decision-making, and psychoeducational methods of helping people work with their problems (Super, 1955; Whiteley, 1984, Watkins & Campbell, 1989), has a unique approach to the use of testing. The following is a discussion of how I believe testing is used by counseling psychologists to enhance these five emphases.
A Biological Prologue for Human Values

seemingly contradictory approaches are the concern of one and the same person who does the thinking. One is faced here by some of the deeper questions involving the cosmic relations of human nature, in an area to which biological perspectives are competent to contribute. We as biologists owe it to the world to develop the picture of teleologic (subjectively purposeful) man living appropriately and happily in a cosmos that he recognizes as nonteleological. The modern dilemma respecting a purposeful or a nonpurposeful universe took its present form because of Darwinism, and is only understandable in Darwinian terms. Before the concept of natural selection had been formulated, a teleological cosmos was very generally conceded to be a logical necessity (Paley, 1802; Lamarck, 1809; Draper, 1856, p. vi). Natural selection brutally changed this, and the fact was openly recognized as early as at the famous Huxley-Wilberforce debate at Oxford, 1860. Wilberforce himself seems, as reported, to have side-stepped mention of it, but the less circumspect American physiologist, J. W. Draper, on the same platform that same day, expressed frankly his conviction that Darwin could not be correct because his theory, if accepted, would (by abolishing purposefulness) eliminate the postulate of God in the fashioning of animals. The dramatic intensity of the assembly in Oxford undoubtedly came from peoples' instant recognition that they were witnessing a duel between the "natural theology" that was dominant in their day and a view that saw nature as working impersonally according to rules of causation.
Improved Detection of Opioid Use in Chronic Pain Patients through Monitoring of Opioid Glucuronides in Urine

When chronic pain patients are suspected of being non-compliant, their therapy can be withdrawn. Therefore, sensitive and specific confirmatory testing is important for identifying diversion and adherence. This work aimed to develop a novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS-MS) method to detect 14 opioids and six opioid glucuronide metabolites in urine with minimal sample preparation. Analytes included were morphine, oxymorphone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, fentanyl, norfentanyl, 6-monoacetylmorphine, meperidine, normeperidine, propoxyphene, methadone, buprenorphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, oxymorphone glucuronide, hydromorphone glucuronide, codeine-6-glucuronide and norbuprenorphine glucuronide. Samples were processed by centrifugation and diluted in equal volume with a deuterated internal standard containing 14 opioids and four opioid glucuronides. The separation of all compounds was complete in nine minutes. The assay was linear between 10 and 1,000 ng/mL (fentanyl 0.25‐25 ng/mL). Intra-assay imprecision (500 ng/mL, fentanyl 12.5 ng/mL) ranged from 1.0 to 8.4% coefficient of variation. Inter-assay precision ranged from 2.9 to 6.0%. Recovery was determined by spiking five patient specimens with opioid and opioid glucuronide standards at 100 ng/mL (fentanyl 2.5 ng/mL). Recoveries ranged from 82 to 107% (median 98.9%). The method correlated with our current quantitative LC‐MS-MS assay for opioids, which employs different chromatography. Internal standards were not available for every analyte to critically evaluate for ion suppression. Instead, a novel approach was designed to achieve the most rigorous quality control possible, in which the recovery of each analyte was evaluated in each negative sample.
USE OF COTTONSEED MEATS IN MOLTING PROGRAMS

Abstract A variety of methods have been investigated to induce laying hens to molt and thereby rejuvenate the reproductive system so that the rates of lay and quality of eggs produced improve. In the present research, we investigated whether addition of ground, delinted, whole cottonseed to a laying hen diet could promote molting. Hens voluntarily reduced intake of a feed containing 50% finely ground, delinted, whole cottonseed to such an extent that the birds molted. The molt induced by feeding a ground cottonseed diet was determined to be equivalent in effectiveness to one produced by a complete feed withdrawal.
Draft Genome Sequences of the Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Strains M4163 and 4608-58

We report here the draft genome sequences of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) O124:H30 strain M4163 isolated from imported French cheese and EIEC O143:H26 strain 4608-58. The assembled data determined that both strains contain multiple copies of the ipaH gene, as well as the pINV A form of the invasion plasmid.
Protonation of Glyn Homologues in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization

Protonation reactions of Glyn homologues were studied in order to elucidate the effect of peptide chain length and matrix materials on the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mechanism. At 337 nm nitrogen laser excitation the relative ion yield−chain length relationship showed considerable variability in 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (SA), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), 6-aza-2-thiothymine (ATT), and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), the four matrices studied. For SA and ATT, a monotonic increase of relative ion yields (RIYs) was observed with increasing peptide length. Similar increasing pattern and significantly higher RIYs were found for the homologues of the Glyn series in the CHCA matrix with the exception of Gly. The particularly high MALDI ion yield of this amino acid in CHCA may be attributed to preferential embedding and/or more efficient condensed-phase proton transfer. To unveil the nature of the proton-transfer reactions in MALDI, the peptide length dependence of ...
Perfectionists: Study of a Criterion Group

The literature on perfectionism was reviewed and was found to be primarily based on a biased sample of perfectionists in treatment and a negative perception of perfectionism related to common definitions. This negative set also influenced the empirical attempts to measure the construct. Based on these conclusions, the present study was designed to examine perfectionism by locating and interviewing a sample of participants who either considered themselves to be perfectionists or were considered to be perfectionists by others who knew them well. Results are presented and discussed along with suggestions for further research and the implications for counseling.
Defining and Achieving Normative Democratic Values in Participatory Budgeting Processes

Achieving public participation often is a goal for public budgeting entities, but it is difficult to accomplish in practice. This study examines three questions: How do public representatives interpret and define their democratic responsibilities? What are their insights regarding opportunities for and barriers to participatory budgeting processes? To what extent are these goals met? To address these questions, this research employs a qualitative research strategy with a case study design of a public university budgeting committee. The findings reveal that respondents (1) define their mission structurally and procedurally, (2) identify a need for ethical behavior and leadership, and (3) recognize that democratic values such as participation and efficiency are in tension with one another. Being open and inclusive comes in the form of the citizen–public administrator dialectic and requires intellectual, ethical, and practical engagement with competing democratic values.
Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals distinct brain activity in heavy cannabis users – a multi-voxel pattern analysis

Chronic cannabis use can cause cognitive, perceptual and personality alterations, which are believed to be associated with regional brain changes and possible changes in connectivity between functi...
Turning T cells on: epigenetically enhanced expression of effector T-cell costimulatory molecules on irradiated human tumor cells

Sub-lethal doses of radiation can alter the phenotype of target tissue by modulating gene expression and making tumor cells more susceptible to T-cell-mediated immune attack. We have previously shown that sub-lethal tumor cell irradiation enhances killing of colorectal carcinoma cells by tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells by unknown mechanisms. Recent data from our lab indicates that irradiation of tumor cells results in the upregulation of OX40L and 41BBL, and that T cells incubated with irradiated tumor cells displayed improved CTL survival, activation and effector activity. The objective of this current study was to determine the mechanism of enhanced OX40L and 41BBL expression in human colorectal tumor cells. Two colorectal carcinoma cell lines, HCT116 and SW620, were examined for changes in the expression of 41BBL and OX40L in response to inhibition of histone deacetylases (using TSA) and DNA methyltransferases (using 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine) to evaluate if epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression can modulate these genes. Tumor cells were treated with radiation, TSA, or 5-Aza-dC, and subsequently evaluated for changes in gene expression using RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. Moreover, we assessed levels of histone acetylation at the 41BBL promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in irradiated HCT116 cells. Our data indicate that expression of 41BBL and OX40L can indeed be epigenetically regulated, as inhibition of histone deacetylases and of DNA methyltransferases results in increased OX40L and 41BBL mRNA and protein expression. Treatment of tumor cells with TSA enhanced the expression of these genes more than treatment with 5-Aza-dC, and co-incubation of T cells with TSA-treated tumor cells enhanced T-cell survival and activation, similar to radiation. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed significantly increased histone H3 acetylation of 41BBL promoters specifically following irradiation. Full understanding of specific mechanisms of immunogenic modulation (altered expression of immune relevant genes) of irradiated tumor cells will be required to determine how to best utilize radiation as a tool to enhance cancer immunotherapy approaches. Overall, our results suggest that radiation can be used to make human tumors more immunogenic through epigenetic modulation of genes stimulatory to effector T-cells.
Dysfunctional Attitudes, Coping, and Depression Among HIV-Seropositive Men Who Have Sex with Men

Several studies have documented elevated levels of psychological distress among HIV-seropositive (HIV+) symptomatic men who have sex with men (MSM). However, very little is known about the role of dysfunctional attitudes and coping strategies in maintaining and ameliorating distress levels in ways that can inform those developing psychosocial interventions for HIV+ persons. This study evaluated relations between dysfunctional attitudes and depression and examined the role of coping as a mediator of this relationship among 115 HIV+ symptomatic MSM. Higher Dysfunctional Attitude Scale scores were associated with more reported depressive symptoms. The use of adaptive coping strategies such as active coping was associated with lower depression, whereas use of maladaptive strategies such as denial was related to higher levels of depression. Both adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies mediated the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and depression. Findings suggest that interventions aiming at reducing psychological distress in this population using cognitive restructuring and related techniques may achieve their effects by enhancing adaptive coping strategies on the one hand and reducing maladaptive strategies on the other.
Tuning Properties of MT and MSTd and Divisive Interactions for Eye-Movement Compensation

The primate brain intelligently processes visual information from the world as the eyes move constantly. The brain must take into account visual motion induced by eye movements, so that visual information about the outside world can be recovered. Certain neurons in the dorsal part of monkey medial superior temporal area (MSTd) play an important role in integrating information about eye movements and visual motion. When a monkey tracks a moving target with its eyes, these neurons respond to visual motion as well as to smooth pursuit eye movements. Furthermore, the responses of some MSTd neurons to the motion of objects in the world are very similar during pursuit and during fixation, even though the visual information on the retina is altered by the pursuit eye movement. We call these neurons compensatory pursuit neurons. In this study we develop a computational model of MSTd compensatory pursuit neurons based on physiological data from single unit studies. Our model MSTd neurons can simulate the velocity tuning of monkey MSTd neurons. The model MSTd neurons also show the pursuit compensation property. We find that pursuit compensation can be achieved by divisive interaction between signals coding eye movements and signals coding visual motion. The model generates two implications that can be tested in future experiments: (1) compensatory pursuit neurons in MSTd should have the same direction preference for pursuit and retinal visual motion; (2) there should be non-compensatory pursuit neurons that show opposite preferred directions of pursuit and retinal visual motion.
Abstract 5337: MicroRNA-30c targets cytoskeleton genes involved in breast cancer cell invasion.

Metastasis remains a significant challenge in treating cancer. MicroRNAs have emerged as important epigenetic regulators of various cellular processes during cancer development and progression. The goal of this study was to characterize signaling pathways for miRNA biomarkers that regulate breast cancer metastasis. Here we show that human breast tumor biomarker miR-30c regulates invasion by targeting the cytoskeleton network genes encoding Twinfilin 1 (TWF1) and Vimentin (VIM). Both VIM and TWF1 have been shown to regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Similar to TWF1, VIM also regulates F-actin formation, a key component of cellular transition to a more invasive mesenchymal phenotype. To further characterize the role of the TWF1 pathway in breast cancer, we found that IL-11 is an important target of TWF1 that regulates breast cancer cell invasion and STAT3 phosphorylation. This miR-30c VIM/TWF1-IL11-pSTAT3 pathway will expedite the development of targeting strategies to prevent and treat breast tumor progression. Citation Format: Jessica Bockhorn, Kathy Yee, Ya-Fang Chang, Aleix Prat, Dezheng Huo, Chika Nwachukwu, Rachel Dalton, Simo Huang, Kaitlin E. Swanson, Charles M. Perou, Olufunmilayo I. Olufunmilayo, Michael F. Clarke, Huiping Liu, Geoffrey Greene. MicroRNA-30c targets cytoskeleton genes involved in breast cancer cell invasion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5337. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5337
Synthetic fiber insulating papers for class B and F systems

Research and development in synthetic fiber papers, started by the authors' company in 1955, has been directed for the past four years toward flexible sheet insulation for use in electrical equipment. This paper is a progress report on the work done to date.
Interpretations on China Dream

Chinese dream is the country dream,the national dream and every Chinese person's dream.The dream of China has its unique connotation,value and profound historical background.This is the requirement of China's development since modern times.We should not only be confined to its own understanding on Chinese dream,but also need contrast with the American dream and the European dream so that we can deepen our understanding of the Chinese dream.Chinese dream as a kind of ideal and belief has its theoretical foundation.It takes individual as its starting pointwith the basic point of realism and idealism in accordance with the Marxism.
Neurogenic Factors in Hypertension

The neurogenic component appears to be an integral part of the “mosaic” of factors underlying chronic hypertension. Studies in many animal models have shown a critical interaction between the renin-angiotensin and the sympathetic nervous systems and have demonstrated the presence of an angiotensin-sensitive neural structure in the brain. The implications of these findings for human essential hypertension are discussed.
Preparation of Botulinum Toxin

Botulinum toxin is an extremely labile lyophilized albumin and neurotoxin cryoprecipitate that should be reconstituted without agitation in order to prevent inactivation. Preserved (bacteriostatic) saline may be used for its mild anesthetic properties.
Effects of antioxidants on the D.C. conductivity of ethylene propylene rubber

The D.C. electrical conductivity of a number of samples of ethylene propylene rubber has been measured between 20° and 120° using a three terminal (guarded electrode) cell. Measurements were made with copper electrodes either pressed directly onto the polymer or placed on lead films evaporated on the samples A typical sample, 4×10−2 cm thick, was prepared by milling the resin with dicumyl peroxide, clay filler and an antioxidant, then pressing and curing the material at 190°C. Before any measurements were made the samples were devolatilized at 90°C for a week. In a previous publication1 the effects of varying the clay concentrates were described and discussed. Here the effects of varying the antioxidant concentrations are reported. The antioxidants used were Topanol and the Ethyl antioxidants numbers 330 and 702. Concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 4 wt% were studied. The current-electric field (I-E) characteristics were measured for fields as large as 8×106 V/m over a range of temperatures from 20° to 120°C. With the exception of samples containing high clay concentrations the I-E characteristics were very nonlinear. At high clay concentrations (∼40wt%) the charge transport was more nearly ohmic. In general, the addition of the antioxidants in concentrations of 1wt% or more increases the conductivity at all temperatures. The effect is especially large at the higher temperatures (over 100°C) where the increase may be by more than a factor of ten. Between 1 and 4 wt% of antioxidant a monotonic increase of conductivity with antioxidant concentration was found. Below 1 wt% antioxidant the variation of the conductivity is irregular. All three antioxidants produced roughly the same increase. The increase was found to be approximately the same in samples containing 0, 20 at 40 wt% clay. An increase of the dicumyl peroxide concentration from 2 to 8 wt% did not affect conductivity.
Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation are Related to Habituation of Nociceptive Flexion Reflex, but Not Pain Ratings.

Abstract Habituation (ie, decreases in responding) and sensitization (ie, increases in responding) after prolonged or repeated exposures to a fixed stimulus have been identified as important in adaptation to repeated or prolonged noxious stimulation. Determinants of habituation or sensitization are poorly understood, and experimental investigation of habituation of pain ratings have generally relied on pain reports and statistical techniques that average responses across a group of participants. Using a cross-sectional design, the current study used multilevel growth curve analyses to examine changes in the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR), a spinal nociceptive withdrawal reflex, and pain ratings in response to 12 repeated, constant intensity, noxious electrocutaneous stimuli. Unconditional growth curve models indicated that, on average, participants evidenced habituation of the NFR and sensitization of pain ratings. However, a substantial subgroup of participants exhibited the opposite pattern of change. In conditional models, behavioral inhibition, b = .10, P = .003, and behavioral activation, b = −.07, P = .07, independently interacted with the growth curve to predict changes in NFR, but not pain ratings, across the 12 stimuli. These findings provide preliminary experimental support for Jensen and colleagues' 2-factor model of pain experience and implicate a role for approach and avoidance motivations in descending modulation of NFR. Perspective Using repeated NFR stimulation, this study showed that most participants exhibited NFR habituation and pain sensitization; however, a substantial subgroup showed an opposite pattern of pain habituation (25.0%) and NFR sensitization (31.4%). Further, NFR habituation was moderated by individual differences in behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition.
Quantifying Covertness in the Presence of Primary Networks

Wireless covert systems use low probability of detection (LPD) techniques to hide transmission and protect the transmitter. Traditionally, spread spectrum has been used to hide the covert signal in noise. Recently, research has focused on covert systems that sense the RF channel and hide their transmission in the RF band of a primary network (PN). A widely used metric to quantify covertness is the ratio of the signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR) of the covert signal at the intended receiver to that at an intercept receiver (IR). Analyzing this metric is challenging in the presence of PNs and, hence, has been studied in the literature for simple specific cases using simulation only. In this paper, we use stochastic geometry to provide a comprehensive analysis of this metric for three main cases: noise-limited, interference-limited with perfect sensing of the environment, and interference-limited with imperfect sensing. We compute a lower bound on the system's achievable covertness, and demonstrate the advantages of using interference, instead of noise, to increase covertness. The effect of the system parameters on the covert system are discussed. Finally, simulation results confirm the theoretical analysis and the tightness of the proposed bound.
Taxonomic remarks on some genera of Lixini Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Types of forty-six species of Lixini of the genera Broconius Desbrochers, 1904, and Lixus Fabricius, 1801 were examined to evaluate their status, and lectotypes were designated [or holotypes recognized] when necessary. New synonyms, homonyms, combinations and new names were established as follows: Lixus Fabricius, 1801 [= Broconius Desbrochers, 1904 syn. n.], Lixus rectirostris Faust, 1890 [= Lixus rectirostris Desbrochers, 1904 hom et syn. n. = Broconius helenae Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999 syn. n. = Lixus rectirostris Faust subsp. infrequens Hoffmann, 1954 syn. n.], Lixus kraatzi Capiomont, 1875 [= Lixus confinis Petri, 1904 syn. n. ], Lixus isfahanensis nom. n. [= Larinus cylindrus (Hoffmann, 1963) not Lixus cylindrus (Fabricius, 1781) comb. et hom. n.], Lixus scolopax Boheman, 1835 [= Lixus lutescens Capiomont, 1875 syn. n. = Lixus operculifer Petri, 1904 syn. n. = Lixus ewaldi Alziar, 1978 syn. n.], Conorhynchus mixtus (Fabricius, 1792) [= Lixus semilunatus Petri, 1904 comb. et syn. n.], Lixus elegantulus Boheman, 1842 [= Lixus amplirostris Petri, 1904 syn. n. = Lixus colchicus Petri, 1904 syn. n. = Lixus convexicollis Petri, 1904 syn. n.], and Lixus nordmanni Hochhuth, 1847 [= Lixus iridis v. levantinus Petri, 1904 syn. n.].
The chemical basis for electrical signaling

Electrical signals generated by minute currents of ions moving across cell membranes are central to all rapid processes in biology. Initiation and propagation of electrical signals requires voltage-gated sodium (NaV) and calcium (CaV) channels. These channels contain a tetramer of membrane-bound subunits or domains comprising a voltage sensor and a pore module. Voltage-dependent activation occurs as membrane depolarization drives outward movements of positive gating changes in the voltage sensor via a sliding-helix mechanism, which leads to a conformational change in the pore module that opens its intracellular activation gate. A unique negatively charged site in the selectivity filter conducts hydrated Na+ or Ca2+ rapidly and selectively. Ion conductance is terminated by voltage-dependent inactivation, which causes asymmetric pore collapse. This Review focuses on recent advances in structure and function of NaV and CaV channels that expand our current understanding of the chemical basis for electrical signaling mechanisms conserved from bacteria to humans.
A Comparison of Participants in Two Community-Based Programs: Assisted Outpatient Treatment and a Mental Health Court.

Objective:Mental health courts and assisted outpatient treatment (AOT) are tools to help people with serious mental illness engage in treatment and avoid or reduce institutionalization. As both pro...
Cellular Automata Models of Cardiac Conduction

The application of cellular automata models of cardiac conduction (CAMCC) to cardiac arrhythmias is examined. We define the relation between simple two- and three-state CAMCC and contrast them with models of continuous variables. Of interest for the analysis of reentrant arrhythmias is the presence of stable vortex or spiral patterns of activity in CAMCC with uniform parameters of conduction. Such organizing patterns are also observed in other nonlinear, nonequilibrium systems; the cellular automata models preserve the large-scale features of these patterns while collapsing the core of the vortex to a line discontinuity whose length is a reflection of an intrinsic length constant, the conduction velocity multiplied by the refractory period. A discussion is made of the interpretation of the discrete spatial lattice used in CAMCC; the proper interpretation for scaling is that of spatially sampling activity at points, not averaging over local volumes. We also consider the interpretation of the assignment of spatial (dispersion vs. gradients) and temporal inhomogeneities in the parameters of conduction of a CAMCC.
Foundations for Design Education: Continuing the Bauhaus Vorkurs Vision.

The Bauhaus Vorkurs (Foundation Course) is discussed as a versatile, enduring prototype for combining art, design, and architectural studio education in the American K-12 curriculum. The history of the Vorkurs is reviewed, from its pedagogical roots in Froebelian ideas, to its esrablishment and modifications between 1919 and 1933, to the continuing visions of present-day theorists. When Gropius and Moholy-Nagy came to America, they introduced their ideas about Vorkurs-style education and spatial studies for American K-12 education in two little known articles, both published in 1937. This article argues that a re-examination of Vorkurs art and design education theory for K-12 students in the context of subsequent theory, can bring to light a wealth of information about the teaching of creative space and form mastery.
Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters

Novelist and lawyer Louis Begley, author of Wartime Lies, About Schmidt, and Matters of Honor, presents his book Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters (Yale University Press, 2009). Begley investigates the abuses of judicial and military power that led to the persecution of Dreyfus for treason in 1894 and caused bitter divisions in French society for years afterward. His study sheds new light on the Affair and makes clear its continuing significance for contemporary American legal and political debates. To download a podcast of the lecture, choose one of the additional files below. To view the event poster, select the Download button at upper right. Disciplines European History | Legal | Legal History, Theory and Process Comments Lecture presented 22 April 2010 in the Rosenwald Gallery, 6th floor, Van Pelt-Dietrich Library, 3420 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Co-sponsored by the Penn Libraries and the American Jewish Committee (Philadelphia/Southern New Jersey office), in collaboration with the Alliance Francaise of Philadelphia. This presentation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/beitler/4 Followed by comments by Kristen Stromberg Childers, Department of History, University of Pennsylvania Thursday, April 22, 2010, 5:30 PM Rosenwald Gallery, 6th floor, Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center 3420 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA University of Pennsylvania Free and open to the public (please bring photo ID) RSVP / Questions: 215.898.7088 Co-sponsored by the Penn Libraries and the American Jewish Committee (Philadelphia/Southern New Jersey office), in collaboration with the Alliance Francaise of Philadelphia. “. . . a clear introduction to the historical, legal, cultural and literary ramifications of the Dreyfus Affair . . .a call to arms to contemporary creative writers.” --The New York Times Louis Begley Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters Lecture & Book Signing
Educators' Perspectives of Collaboration With Pediatricians to Support Low‐Income Children

Background Educational and healthcare systems operate in silos. Few studies explore educators' perspectives of collaboration with pediatricians or cross-system solutions for school-identified concerns. We sought to investigate educators' viewpoints of collaboration with pediatricians. Methods We conducted semistructured, qualitative interviews with full-time teachers, vice-principals, and principals, who worked with low-income first- or second-grade students. Interviews explored which students were concerning to educators, educators' experiences with collaboration, and barriers and facilitators of collaboration. Interview transcripts were analyzed with modified grounded theory. Results We interviewed 12 teachers and 3 principals/vice-principals. Students' socioemotional problems were a foremost concern. Effective collaboration with pediatricians was not typical. Participants described not knowing they could communicate with pediatricians or that collaboration was often limited or unidirectional. Respecting boundaries of parental privacy and maintaining parental trust emerged as potential barriers. Some participants described negative experiences with pediatricians and reflected on societal perceptions of doctors and teachers, which could affect the development of relationships. Participants recognized potential benefits to collaboration, including gaining a holistic understanding of a child's health and home life. Conclusions Educators perceived collaboration with pediatricians as inadequate. More developed and tested programs that foster collaboration between schools and pediatricians are needed to support low-income youth.
Centromeric alphoid DNA heteromorphisms of chromosome 21 revealed by FISH-technique.

The centromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 21 has been evaluated by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. It was found that the alphoid DNA sequences of pericentromeric regions of chromosome 21 were highly heteromorphic when a centromeric specific probe was hybridized to these sequences. The variations were so extreme that they could even be arbitrarily classified into at least five sizes by comparison with the length of the short arm (p) of chromosome 18. They are: negative (1); small (2); medium (3); large (4); and very large (5). We used 15 normal cases and 12 individuals with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), and the incidences for these five classes were 3.0%, 22.7%, 59.2%), 13.6% and 1.5%, respectively. At least 3% of the chromosomes no. 21 did not show any trace of hybridization signals, which apparently escape detection at interphase level as well. Although, the variations observed in the present study are continuous, the proposed classification may yield some implications for future investigations.
Regio- and stereoselective oxidation of unsaturated bicyclo[2.2.2]octanones with selenium dioxide

The selenium dioxide oxidation of several unsaturated bicyclo [2.2.2] octanones has been examined in connection with the projected utility of properly functionalized products in tandem oxyanionic Cope rearrangement-S N' transformations. The oxidations studied proved to be regioselective, with attack in the olefinic sector of each molecule occurring to the exclusion of chemical reaction α to the carbonyl. Stereoselectivity was also often encountered, with steric factors appearing to contribute heavily to establishing the particular configuration of the newly introduced stereogenic center
Connecting Glass-Forming Fragility to Network Topology

Glass fragility is a byproduct of early attempts to apply law of corresponding states scaling to the temperature dependent thickening of glass forming liquids. Efforts to plot the logarithm of the viscosity versus inverse temperature scaled to the glass transition point (T_g) fail to collapse data to a common, universal curve but instead display an informative pattern: at one extreme, many "strong" oxide glasses exhibit a single Arrhenius dependence, and at the other extreme, many "fragile" molecular liquids display a highly non-Arrhenius pattern in which the viscosity increases far more rapidly just in advance of T_g. In this regard, network-forming glasses composed of 3D networks of covalently bonded atoms are of interest as they undergo systematic changes in both T_g and fragility depending on the topology of the network and display variations of the fragility index spanning from strong (m ≈ 17) to fragile (m ≈ 90) depending on the level of network connectivity. Here we review the merits of a special, coarse-grained definition for the topological connectivity of network-forming glasses that differs from conventional constraint-counting approaches but which allows the fragility of over 150 different network-forming glasses (both oxides and chalcogenides) to be collapsed onto a single function of the average network connectivity. We also speculate on what role this coarse-grained connectivity might play in determining the glass transition temperature.
Financial knowledge among Iranian investors

This research is the first to describe financial knowledge in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Data were collected from a convenience sample of investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The data were used to examine objective and subjective knowledge as well as overconfidence in one's financial knowledge. The results indicated that compared with other populations, Iranians did not perform well on either basic or advanced financial knowledge questions, especially when the questions dealt with interest rates. This is likely related to the Islamic law ban on usury‐based investing. Regression analysis indicated that demographic charactristics related to basic financial knowledge were income, labour force status and being a student. Demographic characteristics related to advanced financial knowledge were education, labour force status and age. Higher income and education reduced the odds of being overconfident about one's financial knowledge, while being a student and male increased the odds. The article concludes with recommendations about future research as well as building a national financial education strategy.
Some remarks on hydrogen-assisted electrical conductivity in olivine and other minerals

Electrical conductivity in minerals is sensitive to hydrogen content, and therefore, it is a potentially important property from which one can infer hydrogen (water) distribution in the mantle. However, there has been much confusion in the reported results on hydrogen-assisted conductivity. In this paper, I review the existing experimental observations on hydrogen-enhanced electrical conductivity in olivine and other minerals to identify the causes of confusion. Hydrogen loss as well as hydrogen gain could occur during a conductivity measurement at high pressures and temperatures. Particularly important is the unrecognized hydrogen gain during an experiment that could lead to a large degree of error. Many experiments were conducted under the conditions where specimens were super-saturated with hydrogen making the validity of those results unclear. A model for hydrogen loss is developed showing a strategy by which hydrogen loss can be minimized. When one selects the experimental results in which the influence of hydrogen loss/gain are carefully examined, there is no major discrepancy among the results from different laboratories except differences between the results from low and high temperatures. Differences between low-temperature and high-temperature results are caused by the change in conduction mechanism. At low temperatures, conduction is due to the migration of interstitial (“free”) proton and is nearly isotropic, whereas conduction at high temperatures is due to the migration of two protons at M-site that is highly anisotropic. There is no evidence for substantial concentration dependence of activation enthalpy. Observed exceptionally large concentration dependence reported by Poe et al. (Phys Earth Planet Inter 181:103-111, 2010) is inconsistent with all other reports and is likely caused by some experimental artifact. Experimental results in the high-temperature regime explain a majority of geophysical observations on the conductivity of the oceanic asthenosphere: partial melting is not needed in most regions and is rather inconsistent with the observations on the matured oceanic mantle. Exception is the asthenosphere near the ridge and/or near the trench where very high conductivity (~ 0.1 S/m) is reported at the top of the asthenosphere. Partial melting might play some role in these regions. Electrical conductivity in the continental lithosphere cannot be attributed entirely to olivine. An important role of orthopyroxene and/or other minor materials (graphite, sulfide) is needed to explain high conductivity reported in some regions such as Bushveld in South Africa. The largest remaining uncertainty is the degree to which hydrogen affects electrical conductivity in the lower mantle minerals. Determining the influence of hydrogen on electrical conductivity in lower mantle minerals is critical to make progress in understanding the global water circulation.
What are Effective Strategies of Handling Harassment on Twitch?: Users' Perspectives

Harassment is an issue in online communities with the live streaming platform Twitch being no exception. In this study, we surveyed 375 Twitch users in person at TwitchCon, asking them about who should be responsible for deciding what should be allowed and what strategies they perceived to be effective in handling harassment. We found that users thought that streamers should be most responsible for enforcing rules and that either blocking bad actors, ignoring them, or trying to educate them were the most effective strategies.
Effects of environmental factors on protein content and composition in buckwheat flour

The effects of environmental conditions (year, growing site) on protein compounds in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) were studied. Small-plot experiments with four buckwheat cultivars (tetraploid Emka and diploid Kora, Pyra, and Krupinka) were established in two growing sites in 1999 and 2000. Crude and pure protein content, proportion of protein solubility fractions, SDS-PAGE of protein fractions, and immunoassay of gluten-like proteins were determined in buckwheat flour. The growing site had the most significant effect on variability of crude protein content. On the contrary, pure protein content was most of all affected by year. Apparently a higher occurrence of later developed buckwheat seeds in 1999 harvest (as a consequence of weather abnormalities) could generally cause lower content of pure protein in this year (7.32 %) than in 2000 (9.10 %). Alcohol-soluble protein fraction (prolamins like proteins, PLP), considered as inconvenient for gluten-free diet, was generally found at low level, but at the average of experiment, significant differences (P < 0.05) between years 1999 and 2000 were recorded, 2.12 and 5.37 % of crude protein, respectively. On the other hand, specific determination of harmful gluten-like proteins (GLP) by immunochemical assay (ELISA) revealed, that in the all tested samples their contents were below the detection limit of the method 12.5 mg.kg-1. Obtained SDS-PAGE subunit profile of AGLP was divided into four groups with range of molecular weight 5-51 kDa. PLP profile was only represented by a double-band with 17 kDa and by a band with molecular weight of about 8 kDa.
Abstract WMP96: Industry Payments to Vascular Neurologists, a Six-Year Analysis of the Open Payments Program From 2013 to 2018

Objective: To analyze and characterize industry payment to vascular neurologists from 2013 to 2018 using open Payments Database. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of open payments database,...
S3F: A Multi-View Slow-Fast Network For Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. As early detection and diagnosis is imperative for the intervention and prevention of its progression into more detrimental stages, pioneering works have been proposed that use the resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) to identify early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI) based on various convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However the accuracy is not satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a multi-view model based on the SlowFast network, a recently proposed model for video recognition. The rs-fMRI data are treated as videos from three perspectives (i.e. coronal, horizontal and sagittal, corresponding to three anatomical planes in human body) and the jointly learned hierarchical representations are fused in the fully connected layer. We examine our model on a publicly accessible Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Our method significantly outperforms other competing methods and achieves state-of-the-art accuracy. Besides, we also provide a baseline on the classification task over all clinical phases of AD.