cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Archiving at NRAO's VLA and VLBA telescopes.

All raw data recorded by the Very Large Array (VLA) since it began operation in 1980 have been archived, test observations and calibrations as well as program observations. The reels of tape are kept in a vault in the control building of the VLA on the Plains of San Augustin in New Mexico; the vault was filled several years ago and so recordings for recent years are in a trailer parked outside the control building. The data are in the public domain, by policy, with a proprietary period of 18 months for program observations. A subset of the observation catalog (all non-calibrator observations with duration longer than one hour) is distributed as a set of floppy disks (MS-DOS format) with a search program (for MS-DOS); the full catalog is available on a computer at the Array Operations Center in Socorro, New Mexico. One technical problem is that the existing catalog doesn’t tabulate which reel of tape in the vault has which day’s data. Reel numbers must be obtained from a log book at the VLA site. But the data tapes can be located in the vault, they are coded in a modest set of reasonably self-documenting formats, and a portable program which is exported by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in all AIPS (Astronomical Image Processing System) kits can be used to read files copied from them.
Shock waves data for minerals

Shock compression of the materials of planetary interiors yields data which upon comparison with density-pressure and density-sound velocity profiles constrain internal composition and temperature. Other important applications of shock wave data and related properties are found in the impact mechanics of terrestrial planets and solid satellites. Shock wave equation of state, shock-induced dynamic yielding and phase transitions, and shock temperature are discussed. In regions where a substantial phase change in the material does not occur, the relationship between the particle velocity, U(sub p), and the shock velocity, U(sub s), is given by U(sub s) = C(sub 0) + S U(sub p), where C(sub 0) is the shock velocity at infinitesimally small particle velocity, or the ambient pressure bulk sound velocity. Numerical values for the shock wave equation of state for minerals and related materials of the solar system are provided.
Economic and Other Determinants of Political Trust

Political trust is important for the effective functioning of government. This paper uses cross country regression analysis to see whether three different measures of economic performance matter for political trust. The results lend support to the hypothesis that political trust is influenced by economic growth, the standard of living, and the appropriate use of government spending. In addition, the paper considers two institutional variables, perceived independence of the judiciary and the degree of democracy to assess their effect on political trust. It finds that perceived judicial independence has a positive effect on political trust, but democracy has a negative effect.
Telavancin: The Long and Winding Road From Discovery to Food and Drug Administration Approvals and Future Directions

Telavancin (TD-6424) was discovered in 2000 and became the first marketed semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide in 2009. This parenteral antibacterial agent has a dual mechanism of action and potent in vitro activity against gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and isolates with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses support the concentration-dependent activity and once-daily dosing regimen of telavancin. A changing regulatory approval process, manufacturing obstacles, and the termination of a commercialization partnership have challenged the development and marketing of telavancin. The commercial operations for telavancin have been restored, a new manufacturer has been secured, and reliable product supplies are available for clinical use. In addition, telavancin continues to be supported by ongoing clinical research with the recent launch of the Telavancin Observational Use Registry (TOUR; NCT02288234) in the United States and an international phase 3, randomized trial comparing telavancin with standard therapy for the treatment of patients with complicated S. aureus bacteremia, including endocarditis (NCT02208063).
Interband cascade lasers: progress and challenges

Abstract Interband cascade (IC) lasers take advantage of the broken-gap alignment in type-II InAs/Ga(In)Sb heterostructures to reuse electrons for sequential photon emissions from successively connected active regions; thus, they represent a new class of mid-IR light sources. In this work, we describe recent progress in IC lasers at emission wavelengths of 3.8–3.9 μm; these lasers have exhibited significantly higher differential quantum efficiencies and peak powers than previously reported. These InAs/GaInSb type-II IC lasers were able to operate at temperatures up to 217 K, which is higher than the previous record (182 K) for an IC laser at this wavelength. We observed from several devices at temperatures above 80 K a slope greater than 750 mW/A per facet, corresponding to a differential external quantum efficiency exceeding 460%. A peak optical output power exceeding 4 W/facet and peak power efficiency of ∼7% were observed from a device at 80 K. Also discussed are challenging issues related to the reduction of threshold currents and power dissipation to further advance this new class of lasers.
A magnetic lens spectrometer for electron-gamma and electron-electron directional correlation measurements

Abstract A magnetic lens spectrometer has been adapted for electron-gamma and electron-electron directional correlation measurements. One electron channel has magnetic momentum selection provided by a medium short magnetic lens spectrometer. The lens spectrometer is iron-free with the exception of two steel end plates which decouple the already weak magnetic field in the lens from the electron detector and from the movable gamma or electron detector. The source sits outside the magnetic field and is accessable through 180° to a movable detector. Directional correlations of electrons with gamma-rays or electrons have been carried out by using a NaI(Tl) detector or an anthracene scintillation detector, respectively. A special source holder was designed for the electron-electron work. Electron energies down to 20 keV have been measured in the lens. A proportional counter may be used to lower energies. The maximum lens energy is ≈ 5 MeV. The spectrometer mean emission angle was chosen to be 13.5°. The resolution can then be varied from 1 to 5 per cent with a corresponding transmission of 0.4 to 1.5 per cent.
A Technique for Identifying the Subgroup Membership of Certain Misarticulating Children.

Cluster analysis was used to identify two homogenous clusters of 8–9½-year-old children who misarticulated /s/, /r/, or both. The analysis was based on the children's scores on 40 measures of language, reading, auditory processing, and other variables. Discriminant function analysis was then used to identify a subset of five measures and a means of computing classification scores. These measures and the classification scores can be used to identify the cluster membership of new subjects. The use of classification scores for identifying cluster membership was cross-validated against cluster analysis of a second group of children. The two clusters are described in terms of their performance on language and reading measures.
133: Acid-base balance during the first 10 days of life in prematures

In 10 healthy male prematures (birth weight 1750-2270 g, gestional age 33-34 weeks) acid-base balance studies were performed, Meb, a formula adapted to human milk, was given. Urine was collected over the first 10 days of life and examined for net acid excretion (NAE) equivalent to titratable acidity (TA) + NH4 - HCO3, as well as for organic acids (OA), sulfate (SO4) and other electrolytes. Selected results are recorded below for 3 representative days of the following periods: period A (days 1+2), period B (days 3+4) period C (days 5-10). These results suggest, that the increasing NAE during the first 10 days of life is due to the change from the catabolic to the anabolic state and to the increasing electrolyte excretion concerning predominantly the anions. The high NAE observed on feeding the formula reflects an inadequate electrolyte composition in contrast to human milk.
Boundary Conditions Effects on Nonreacting and Reacting Flows in a Multiswirl Combustor

Detailed measurements of velocity statistics, temperature distribution, flame chemilnminescence, and emission characteristics in a lean direct fuel injection multiswirl gas turbine combustor are presented. The inlet and exit boundary conditions, including the mixing tube length and the exhaust nozzle contraction ratio, were modified to emphasize the effects of these boundary conditions on the characteristics of nonreacting and reacting flows. Velocity statistics, including mean and turbulence kinetics, were measured by using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry in a cylindrical combustor chamber for isothermal and reacting flow cases. The velocity spectra at different locations were measured using hot-wire anemometry. The temperature distribution along the combustor radial direction was measured using type-B fine thermocouple at different axial locations for a variety of multi-swirl configurations. The exhaust emissions of NO x and CO were measured as a function of fuel/air ratio. The data along with the detailed description of the experimental setup and operating conditions can be used to validate modeling approaches to swirling flows, the turbulence/chemistry interaction, and large-eddy simulation for multiswirl gas turbine combustors.
Agony in the Antipodes: The Generic Drug Provisions of the Australia-U.S. Free Trade Agreement

The Australia-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA), which entered into force on January 1, 2005, contains many remarkable provisions of interest to generic drug companies. The AUSFTA selectively exports U.S. generic drug laws of great import to generic drug manufacturers, and is uniquely intrusive into domestic pharmaceutical and political spheres. The AUSFTA is important both in its own right, and as a model for future U.S. free trade agreement negotiations. Beyond the generic drug industry, the provisions are of interest to consumers who pay higher prices when generic drug entry is delayed, and stands as an example of the lack of transparency and accountability in the negotiation of free trade agreements.
Determinants of Citizens’ Perceptions of Police–Community Cooperation in India: Implications for Community Policing

In this study, we examine citizens’ perceptions of police–community relationships in India. More specifically, in this exploratory study, we examine the extent to which factors such as general satisfaction with police services, police professionalism, feeling of safety, and perception of police integrity all explain the public confidence in police–citizen relationships. Those who are generally satisfied with police like to work with police and view police–community relationships positively. Further, we find that those who feel police are fair in dealing with citizens, irrespective of social status, and those who feel more safe in their communities are those who are most willing to work with police.
Computer-Aided Learning and the Microcomputer Revolution.

Abstract: The accelerating pace of development of computer hardware is reviewed briefly with an emphasis on microcomputer developments since 1975. The advantages of microcomputers over other kinds of computers are described. These include low cost, small size and weight, graphics, sound generation, and reliability. Descriptions are given of some innovative computer‐based activities in the United States, including Computer Town USA!, Dr Thomas Dwyer's multicomputer interactive environments, Dr Seymour Papert's LOGO project, Sesame Place, summer camps with microcomputers, Dr Alfred Bork's efforts to put microcomputers into public libraries, and word‐processing systems to develop writing skills. Finally, the principal inhibitors to effective use of computers in schools are identified. These are lack of adequate amounts of high‐quality courseware and the lack of trained teachers.
Electrical perturbation of cellular premixed propane / air flames

The phenomenon originally called polyhedral flame structure was first reported 100 years ago. Subsequent investigations showed that polyhedral structure was only one example of a more general phenomenon known now as cellular flame structure, and the range of combustion mixtures that produce them has been broadened to include lean mixtures of H[sub 2]/air, lean H[sub 2]/Br[sub 2], and rich mixtures of hydrocarbons from ethylene to octane with air. Of particular interest to the authors is the role of charged species in flames, and especially in flames that exhibit cellular structure. The electrical aspects of combustion has a long and distinguished history and this subject has been the subject of a classic monograph by Lawton and Weinberg. Electrical perturbation has been reported to affect the temperature of flames, to stabilize them at high flow rates and, in the absence of gravity, to change the speed of flame propagation, and to affect the amount of soot produced. The authors report here that premixed propane/air flames exhibiting cellular structure are quite susceptible to perturbation by electric fields. Since only charged species in the flame would be affected by the potential, and a small current would not modify transport properties of neutral species appreciably,more » this observation suggests that studies of this type may be useful in helping to further elucidate the role of charged species in flames.« less
Polyenoic fatty acid isomerase from the marine alga Ptilota filicina: protein characterization and functional expression of the cloned cDNA.

Abstract The recently described enzyme, polyenoic fatty acid isomerase (PFI), from the marine alga Ptilota filicina J. Argardh has been analyzed with respect to its protein structure and an associated cofactor. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity (as judged by SDS–PAGE and silver staining). By sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation the mass of the native enzyme was estimated to be 125 kDa. The N-terminal peptide sequence derived from this protein was used to isolate two very similar cDNA clones encoding novel 500-amino acid proteins, both with calculated molecular masses of 55.9 kDa and pIs of 4.87. The data predict translation of a preprotein containing a signal peptide of 21 amino acids that is removed during maturation. Deglycosylation assays demonstrate that native PFI from P. filicina is a glycoprotein. The purified protein is chromophoric with a flavin-like UV spectrum and sequence analysis reveals the presence of a flavin-binding motif near the mature N-terminus. Heterologous expression of active PFI in Arabidopsis, using one of the cDNA clones, was successful as evidenced by conversion of arachidonic acid to a conjugated triene in an in vitro assay of the transgenic plant tissues.
Studies on the galactose-binding site of ricin and the hybrid toxin man6P-ricin

N-acetylimidazole (NAI) was used to O-acetylate the plant seed toxin ricin. O-acetylation of one to two tyrosine residues per molecule of ricin inhibited ricin binding to Sepharose 4B and decreased toxicity by 90% in a protein synthesis inhibition assay in HeLa cells. Lactose, known to block the binding site on the ricin B subunit, protected ricin from NAI modification of binding or toxicity. Thus NAI, under these conditions, can be a lactose site-specific inhibitor. The lactose site-specific modification of the hybrid toxin, Man6P-ricin, performed under the same conditions, exhibited the same 90% inhibition of Man6P receptor-mediated toxicity as the galactose-containing receptor-mediated toxicity of either Man6P-ricin or ricin. Thus the ricin B chain lactose-binding site appears to be essential for the high potency of Man6P-ricin via the new cell type-specific Man6P receptor. Treatment of fibroblasts with neuraminidase exposes galactose residues, thus increasing the sensitivity to ricin eight fold. The Man6P receptor-mediated toxicity of Man6P-ricin is not affected by this treatment, although the galactose-inhibited route is potentiated eight fold. The Man6P-ricin hybrid appears to require the ricin B chain galactose-binding site to enter the cytosol after initially binding to the Man6P receptor. These data provide some insights into the proper design of hybrid toxins. We discuss a number of possible models for hybrid toxin entry.
Stability of choice in the honey bee nest-site selection process.

Abstract We introduce a pair of compartment models for the honey bee nest-site selection process that lend themselves to analytic methods. The first model represents a swarm of bees deciding whether a site is viable, and the second characterizes its ability to select between two viable sites. We find that the one-site assessment process has two equilibrium states: a disinterested equilibrium (DE) in which the bees show no interest in the site and an interested equilibrium (IE) in which bees show interest. In analogy with epidemic models, we define basic and absolute recruitment numbers ( R 0 and B 0 ) as measures of the swarm's sensitivity to dancing by a single bee. If R 0 is less than one then the DE is locally stable, and if B 0 is less than one then it is globally stable. If R 0 is greater than one then the DE is unstable and the IE is stable under realistic conditions. In addition, there exists a critical site quality threshold Q * above which the site can attract some interest (at equilibrium) and below which it cannot. We also find the existence of a second critical site quality threshold Q * * above which the site can attract a quorum (at equilibrium) and below which it cannot. The two-site discrimination process, in which we examine a swarm's ability to simultaneously consider two sites differing in both site quality and discovery time, has a stable DE if and only if both sites’ individual basic recruitment numbers are less than one. Numerical experiments are performed to study the influences of site quality on quorum time and the outcome of competition between a lower quality site discovered first and a higher quality site discovered second.
On the use of spectral filtering for privacy preserving data mining

Randomization has been a primary tool to hide sensitive private information during privacy preserving data mining. The previous work based on spectral filtering, show the noise may be separated from the perturbed data under some conditions and as a result privacy can be seriously compromised. In this paper, we explicitly assess the effects of perturbation on the accuracy of the estimated value and give the explicit relation on how the estimation error varies with perturbation. In particular, we derive one upper bound for the Frobenius norm of reconstruction error. This upper bound may be exploited by attackers to determine how close their estimates are from the original data using spectral filtering technique, which imposes a serious threat of privacy breaches.
Optimal quadratic control of jump linear systems with separately controlled transition probabilities

Abstract The optimal control of discrete-time jump systems that would be linear but for randomly jumping parameters are considered. These parameter jumps, which are indexed by a finite state form process, can be used to model systems subject to component failures or structural changes. The control of such systems when the jump probabilities can be controlled by choice of a finite-valued input is considered. This input (form control) can be thought of as corresponding to a maintenance or repair policy. The optimal control problem with quadratic costs (whose weighting matrices depend on the jumping parameters and form control) is formulated for such systems. The optimal solution for finite and infinite time horizon problems is developed. In addition, sufficient conditions for the existence of a steady-state, stabilizing solution to the infinite time problem are given in terms of appropriately defined controllability and observability properties.
Cold requirement for maximal activity of the bacterial ice nucleation protein INAZ in transgenic plants

The bacterial ice nucleation gene inaZ confers production of ice nuclei when transferred into transgenic plants. Conditioning of the transformed plant tissue at temperatures near 0 degrees C greatly increased the ice nucleation activity in plants, and maximum ice nucleation activity was achieved only after low-temperature conditioning for about 48 h. Although the transgenic plants contain similar amounts of inaZ mRNA at both normal and low temperatures, low temperatures are required for accumulation of INAZ protein. We propose that the stability of the INAZ protein and thus ice nucleation activity in the transgenic plants is enhanced by low-temperature conditioning.
The Effects of Hydrogen and Other Interstitials on the Low Temperature Relaxation of Deformed Vanadium

This investigation reports three damping peaks in V caused by dislocation motion constrained by several types of atmospheres. Deformed wires of pure V showed a well-known damping peak called the α-peak. This peak is presumed to be caused by depinning of dislocations by an oscillatory stress. Increases in immobile oxygen or nitrogen atoms gradually suppress the peak. Hydrogen, which forms a mobile atmosphere, produces two additional peaks of the Snoek-Koster type. These latter peaks can result from either externally imposed deformation or from internal deformation produced by misfit of precipitated hydrides.
Clival Encephalocele and 5q15 Deletion: A Case Report

A preterm neonate presenting with respiratory distress after birth was found to have a clival encephalocele, which is a variant of a basal encephalocele, and hypoplasia of the cerebellum. Genetic studies revealed a small deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5: 5q15 deletion. We report a rare variant of a basal encephalocele with a cerebellar malformation and 5q15 deletion.
American Indian household structure and income.

We use the 1980 Public-Use Microdata Sample to consider the relationship between household structure and economic well-being among American Indians. Wefocus on the total U.S. Indian population and on there sidents of 19 “Indian states” where there has been relatively little growth in the Indian population by means ofchanges in racial self-identification. Using Sweet’s (1984) scheme of household types, we find that the prevalence among Indians of female-headed households with children is intermediate between that among blacks and whites, but the prevalence of couple-headed households with children is highest among Indians. Racial differences in the distribution of household types and differences in average household size are important determinants of black-white and Indian-white differences in average household income.
Dynamic job shop scheduling: A survey of simulation research

Abstract Scheduling of job shops has been extensively researched over the last three decades and it continues to attract the interests of both academic researchers and practitioners. This paper provides a state-of-the-art survey of the simulation-based research on dynamic job shop scheduling with a distinct emphasis on two important aspects. First, job-shop simulation modeling and experimental considerations are discussed with a review of the different approaches taken in the literature. Second, a review of the different studies is provided with a focus on their findings on the job shop performance criteria of interest. This paper is aimed at both practicing managers and researchers in the area of job shop scheduling because of the following considerations: 1. (i) The number of factors that characterize a job shop is very large and there is considerable variation in modeling and experimentation across the vast number of studies reported. Important research findings relevant to these issues reviewed in this paper would facilitate comparison of the currently available research results and their extension or application to other situations. 2. (ii) A review of the various studies focusing on some of the more important performance criteria should help practitioners in the selection of scheduling rules to match the criterion particularly relevant to their shops. 3. (iii) Recent studies which have modeled job shops as dual-resource constrained systems and assembly shops have been included in this survey for a more comprehensive coverage. A detailed bibliography is included and every effort has been made to make the survey up-to-date.
Log‐Linear Model Analysis of the Disease‐Genotype Association Problem: Two‐Loci Case

The log-linear model is modified in order to adapt it to the disease-genotype association problem, where two loci are involved. By so doing, the structure of associations among the genetic variables can be determined, and sources of distortion can be identified in certain test statistics and coefficients of association.
Qualitative differences between actomyosin ATPase of slow and fast mammalian muscle

Abstract Cross-reinnervation of slow and fast muscles increases the contraction velocity of slow muscles and decreases that of fast ones. It, therefore, appears that the innervation regulates this physiological property of muscle. If actomyosin ATPase activity is, indeed, rate-limiting in the sequence of chemical events mediating contraction velocity, a comparison of the properties of this enzyme from slow and fast muscles should help elucidate the neural regulatory mechanism. Actomyosin, isolated from fast muscle of the cat, had threefold greater ATPase activity and was relatively more alkali-stabile and acid-labile than was actomyosin from slow muscle. These differences were demonstrable histochemically. Fibers having high ATPase activity predominate in fast muscles and fibers having low ATPase activity predominate in slow ones. By exposing frozen sections to acid or alkali before staining for ATPase, it was shown that the high-ATPase fibers are alkali-stabile and acid-labile, whereas as low-ATPase fibers are acid-stabile and alkali-labile. In addition, the fibers having high-ATPase activity could be further subdivided. The large-diameter fibers that predominate in the superficial parts of fast muscle are inhibited by formaldehyde, whereas the small-diameter fibers found mainly in the deeper parts of fast muscle (and in slow muscle of some species) are not. Preliminary observations indicate that under the influence of a foreign nerve, some acid-stabile fibers are converted to alkali-stabile ones. We conclude, on the basis of pH stability, that there are at least two qualitatively distinct actomyosin ATPases, and suggest that the nerve regulates the type of enzyme found in the muscle fiber.
The elastic energy of a straight dislocation in an infinite anisotropic elastic medium

An expression for the elastic energy per unit length of a straight dislocation in a medium of arbitrary anisotropy is derived in a form which is simply suited for numerical calculations. The expression utilizes laboratory coordinates throughout and, unlike previous analyses, its evaluation does not rely upon solving the roots of a sextic algebraic equation. Numerical results are presented for glide dislocations in three cubic metals of low, intermediate and large anisotropy — niobium: copper, and lithium. Ein Ausdruck fur die elastische Energie pro Einheitslange einer geraden Versetzung in einem Medium belicbiger Anisotropie wird in einer Form angcgeben, die einfach und geeignet fur numerische Berechnungen ist. Der Ausdruck benutzt durchweg Laboratoriums-koordinaten, wobei, im Gegensatz zu fruheren Analysen, seine Berechnung nicht auf der Losung der Wurzeln einer dgebraischen Gleichung sechsten Grades beruht. Numerische Ergebnisse werden fur Versetzungsgleiten in drei kubischen Metallen mit niedriger, mittlerer und groser Anisotropie — Niobium, Kupfer und Ihhium — angegeben.
When the Political Gets Personal: Social Foundations and University Politics in Hard Times

I've been thinking a lot lately about the ways that the current context of neoliberal educational policies affects day to day life and relationships in the academy. Of course, I'm interested for lo...
Effect of particle size distribution on the polarity of triboelectric charging in granular insulator systems

Triboelectric charging occurs in granular insulating systems even when all particles are composed of identical material. A simple model is used here to address triboelectric charging in such systems. The basis of the model is the existence of electrons trapped in high-energy states, which can be released during collisions with another particle and transferred to the other particle. This model shows that triboelectric charging in insulator systems composed of particles of identical material can be attributed to a distribution of particle sizes, such that smaller particles tend to charge negatively and larger particles tend to charge positively. This polarity of charging has been observed in field studies of sand storms, dust devils and volcanic plumes, and most laboratory experiments on triboelectric charging in granular systems.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis Reveals Putative Regions of Protein Interaction within the Transmembrane Domains of Connexins

Through cysteine-scanning mutagenesis, the authors have compared sites within the transmembrane domains of two connexins, one from the alpha-class (Cx50) and one from the beta-class (Cx32), where amino acid substitution disrupts the function of gap junction channels. In Cx32, 11 sites resulted in no channel function, or an aberrant voltage gating phenotype referred to as "reverse gating," whereas in Cx50, 7 such sites were identified. In both connexins, the sites lie along specific faces of transmembrane helices, suggesting that these may be sites of transmembrane domain interactions. In Cx32, one broad face of the M1 transmembrane domain and a narrower, polar face of M3 were identified, including one site that was shown to come into close apposition with M4 in the closed state. In Cx50, the same face of M3 was identified, but sensitive sites in M1 differed from Cx32. Many fewer sites in M1 disrupted channel function in Cx50, and those that did were on a different helical face to the sensitive sites in Cx32. A more in depth study of two sites in M1 and M2 of Cx32 showed that side-chain length or branching are important for maintenance of normal channel behavior, consistent with this being a site of transmembrane domain interaction.
Studies of heat-inducible λ phage IV. Conversion of host phenotype by a defective prophage

Abstract Escherichia coli lysogens containing λ prophage with mutation C1t2 are induced when heated to 41–45°, and subsequently release a burst of λt2. Mutation sus 53, in cistron N, prevents λ replication in a nonpermissive (pm−) host. The double mutant λt2-sus 53 lysogenizes pm− at low frequency, and is unable to form mature phage. When heated, pm (λt2-sus 53) lysogens lose their immunity to λ. However, most lysogens are not killed, but are converted to a variant that grows more slowly than the parent culture. The converted lysogens are, on the average, six times as long as the bacteria in unconverted cultures and produce small, irregular colonies. Within these small colonies, revertants occur which then produce colonies of normal size. The revertants are still lysogenic for λt2-sus 53 and retain the capacity to undergo conversion. Conversion was observed in a small fraction of pm− bacteria after infection of pm− with λt2-sus 53; however, over 99.9% of a lysogenic culture can be converted by heating to 43°. After superinfection with a high multiplicity of nondefective λ heated pm− (λt2-sus 53) bacteria produce phage. Over 80% of the λ in single bursts is of the prophage genotype. The properties of pm− (λt2-sus 53) suggest that, after induction, the defective prophage genome performs some prereplicative step that interferes with the cell division of the host.
Mankind's Future: An Ethical View Duties towards Our Descendants

AbstractAfter discussion of five differences in concern for the future between 'growthmen' and environmentalists, and of some accounting problems in the measurement of economic growth, it is argued that there is no case for a positive, or negative, time discount rate. Various arguments in its favor are subjected to a critique. In the next section, the notion that we have duties to future generations is subjected to criticism, and it is concluded that we do not have a basis in existing moral theory for perpetuating mankind. The apparent contradiction between the case for a zero time discount rate and the case against the continuation of humanity is cleared up. Finally, some specific problems of responsibilities to future generations are taken up. The principles previously discussed are applied to these cases.
Geomorphology-based artificial neural networks (GANNs) for estimation of direct runoff over watersheds

Abstract Focusing on the problem of estimating direct runoff over a watershed resulting from rainfall excess, the goal of this study is to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) that explicitly accounts within its architecture for the geomorphologic characteristics of the watershed. Such a geomorphology-based artificial neural network (GANN) is utilized to estimate runoff hydrographs from several storms over two Indiana watersheds. The architecture of the GANNs as well as a part of the network connection strengths are determined by watershed geomorphology, leading to a parsimonious ANN modeling tool. Comparisons of validation results from the GANN model with observed hydrographs over several events for two watersheds are presented. Results obtained by using the geomorphologic unit hydrograph theory (GIUH) are also included for illustration purposes. This study reveals GANNs to be promising tools for estimating direct runoff.
Preventing preterm birth: what works, what doesn't.

Preterm birth is one of the most important problems in medicine today with an alarming frequency and economic impact. This paper reviews recent research findings specifically addressing the following primary and secondary prevention interventions: cerclage placement, detection and treatment of infec
A case of developmental exposure to inorganic mercury

Abstract This case report describes behavioral and neuropsychological function in a young man who experienced chronic exposure to elemental mercury at home from age 4 through 9 years. Data are presented on school history, behavior, and performance on standardized tests during the developmental period, and from a full neuropsychological evaluation at age 19 years, several years after environmental exposure had ended. These data specify the course of a decline in function as development proceeds. The patient's progress appeared normal in the preschool period but pronounced academic difficulties and persistent emotional irritability emerged during the elementary school years. At age 19 years, neuropsychological testing revealed diminished executive function, difficulties with language, problems with visuospatial orientation, deficiencies in tine motor control, and manual tremor. Tension, irritability, and depressive affect were evident as well as marked problems with academic performance. These findings sugg...
Adolescence and sexual behavior: Trends and implications for STD

Teenage sexual activity became more common in the 1970s, and that trend may continue in this decade. Teenagers have thus established themselves as an important component of the population at risk of sexually transmitted disease (STD). Adolescents exhibit many of the same features of sexual behavior seen in the adult population. However, adolescents' abilities to recognize, evaluate symptoms of, and seek treatment for STD are generally limited. Many teenagers are hesitant to admit that they have begun sexual activity or that something like STD could happen to them. The combination of these factors with generally liberalizing trends in sexual behavior in the last decade has elevated the risk of STD for teenagers and made the job of adolescent health care providers more difficult.
Precautionary principle in international law.

AbstractThe deregulatory nature of trade rules frequently brings them into conflict with the precautionary principle. These rules dominate debate over the content and legal status of the precautionary principle at the international level. The World Trade Organization (WTO), because of its power in settling disputes, is a key player. Many States are concerned to define the precautionary principle consistent with WTO rules, which generally means defining it as simply a component of risk analysis. At the same time, many States, especially environmental and public health policymakers, see the principle as the legal basis for preserving domestic and public health measures in the face of deregulatory pressures from the WTO. The precautionary principle has begun to acquire greater content and to move into the operative articles of legally binding international agreements. It is important to continue this trend.
Elastic quantum transport calculations using auxiliary periodic boundary conditions

An efficient new method is presented to calculate the elastic (coherent) quantum transports using auxiliary periodic boundary conditions. This method allows the use of conventional ground state ab initio programs (e.g., planewave pseudopotential programs) with some small changes. The scattering states of the transport problem are solved exactly in a fast and numerically stable procedure. The total computational time of this method is similar to a conventional ground state calculation, which makes it possible to calculate the elastic quantum transports for large systems. Details of this method are presented so it can be implemented by the readers.
1 Tb/s Coherent Transceiver

CMOS DACs, spectral shaping of subcarriers, frequency selective optical switching, and polarization multiplexed (PM) 16-QAM allows 1 Tb/s to be transmitted within 200 GHz of optical spectrum alongside commercial 100 Gb/s WDM signals.
Activation status of the X chromosome in human micronucleated lymphocytes.

The frequency of X chromosome aneuploidy in human female peripheral blood lymphocytes has been reported by several investigators to be significantly higher than expected based upon chance alone. Studies in our laboratory showed that 72% of the micronuclei in the peripheral blood of human females contained the X chromosome. Such a high frequency of X chromosome loss suggests that some unique mechanism may be responsible for this phenomenon. The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the lost or micronucleated chromsome is the inactive and not the active X. Blood samples were obtained from two unrelated females, 36 and 33 years of age, each with a different X; 9 reciprocal translocation. In each, the normal X chromosome is inactive and the translocated X is active. Isolated lymphocytes were cultured according to standard techniques and blocked with cytochalasin B. Using a modified micronucleus assay, we scored 10,000 binucleated cells from the 36 year old, while 9,500 binucleated cells were scored from the 33 year old. The slides were first labeled and the kinetochore status of each micronucleus was determined. This was followed by simultaneous hybridization with a 2.0 kilobase centromeric X chromosome-specific probe and a chromosome 9 specific whole chromosome painting probe. All micronucleated cells were relocated and scored for their probe status. A total of 217 micronuclei were scored from the two subjects, of which 96 (44.2%) contained the X chromosome. Of these 96 micronuclei, 80 (83.3%) contained the inactive X, based on the absence of chromosome 9 material in the micronucleus. These results support our hypothesis that the inactive X chromosome is preferentially included in the micronuclei, and suggest that the X chromosome hypoploidy observed at metaphase in aging women is a related phenomenon.
The inhibition of 16α-hydroxytestosterone aromatization by carbon monoxide

Abstract The aromatization of 16α-hydroxytestosterone 1 by human placental microsomal preparations is inhibited by carbon monoxide. At a CO:O 2 ratio of 19:1, the extent of inhibition was 45–60%. In the same experiments, CO inhibition of androstenedione aromatization was negligible (0–7.8%). In contrast to 19-nortestosterone, a poor substrate whose aromatization is inhibited by CO, the rates of aromatization of 16α-hydroxytestosterone and androstenedione are similar. It is possible that different cytochrome P-450 species or binding sites are involved in the aromatization of different substrates.
Systems with logarithmic specific heat: finite-size scaling

A detailed study is presented of the finite-size scaling in systems with vanishing critical exponent, alpha , which usually have logarithmic specific heat singularity. The appropriate form of the finite-size hyperuniversality is established. Recent results on complex temperature plane zeros of the partition function are extended to the alpha =0 case.
Playing games in many possible worlds

In traditional game theory, players are typically endowed with exogenously given knowledge of the structure of the game--either full omniscient knowledge or partial but fixed information. In real life, however, people are often unaware of the utility of taking a particular action until they perform research into its consequences. In this paper, we model this phenomenon. We imagine a player engaged in a question and- answer session, asking questions both about his or her own preferences and about the state of reality; thus we call this setting "Socratic" game theory. In a Socratic game, players begin with an a priori probability distribution over many possible worlds, with a different utility function for each world. Players can make queries, at some cost, to learn partial information about which of the possible worlds is the actual world, before choosing an action. We consider two query models: (1) an unobservable-query model, in which players learn only the response to their own queries, and (2) an observable-query model, in which players also learn which queries their opponents made.The results in this paper consider cases in which the underlying worlds of a two-player Socratic game are either constant-sum games or strategically zero-sum games, a class that generalizes constant-sum games to include all games in which the sum of payoffs depends linearly on the interaction between the players. When the underlying worlds are constant sum, we give polynomial-time algorithms to find Nash equilibria in both the observable- and unobservable-query models. When the worlds are strategically zero sum, we give efficient algorithms to find Nash equilibria in unobservablequery Socratic games and correlated equilibria in observablequery Socratic games.
Values and Estimation of Word Frequencies

It was hypothesized that people scoring high on a value or need such as evaluative dependence (measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, M-C SD) would be more sensitive to words relevant to this need than would low scoring Ss and thus would tend to overestimate the frequency of occurrence of the need-relevant words. Words chosen for frequency ratings varied on a good-bad dimension pertaining to human characteristics or behaviors, and appropriate word classification was determined by the evaluative ratings of an initial sample of Ss. Words within each category were also matched for actual frequency of occurrence according to Thorndike-Lorge counts. The results did not support the hypothesis since high and low M-C SD scorers did not differ in their frequency ratings. The major finding, replicated in a second experiment, was that all Ss rated evaluative words as occurring more frequently than neutral words, even though the actual frequency of occurrence of the word types was the same.
Switching of alcohol oxidation mechanism on nickel surfaces by fluorine substitution.

A partial switch in mechanism for the partial oxidation of alcohols on nickel surfaces can be induced by substitution of γ-hydrogens with more electronegative fluorine atoms. While exclusive dehydrogenation to acetone via β-hydride elimination from 2-propoxide surface species is seen with 2-propanol, some dehydration to 3,3,3-trfluoropropene is observed with 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanol. The latter reaction involves a γ-hydride elimination rate-limiting step.
Induction of seizures by stimulation of the caudate nucleus.

Abstract 1. 1. After injection of eserine into the caudate nucleus, the spindle previously evoked by caudate stimulation disappeared and later electroconvulsive seizures appeared and spread throughout the brain. 2. 2. This seizure activity was prevented by the making of lesions unilaterally in the cortex and rostral extralaminar thalamus and bilaterally in the hypothalamus and posterior intralaminar thalamus. 3. 3. These phenomena are discussed in terms of the usual outputs from the caudate nucleus and its intrinsic inhibitory activity.
No room at the inn, or why population problems are not all economic

Among the conditions necessary for human well-being is an environment where human populations remain within the biological and cultural carrying capacity of their respective geographies. Overpopulation, although difficult to define precisely, produces serious environmental problems. It might be the case that no one ever died from overpopulation, but certainly many have experienced a diminished quality of life. This paper will argue first, and briefly, numbers do count; second, there are good familiar arguments for restricting the cherished rights to reproduce (and by parity of reasoning property ownership) when these rights conflict with “subsistence” rights; third, some type of government intervention is necessary and desirable if we are to efficiently currtail population growth. This is especially important if we view subsistence rights as positive rights that need official recognition and guidance.
Reversal properties of an EGTA-resistant late hyperpolarization that follows synaptic stimulation of hippocampal neurons

Abstract A late hyperpolarization (LH) which follows low level to moderate synaptic stimulation of neurons in the hippocampal formation neurons was previously shown to consist primarily of a potassium conductance. The present experiments showed that when extracellular cesium was present in order to reduce anamolous rectification, the relation between LH amplitude and membrane potential was linear over a range of negative membrane potentials between approximately −60 and −120 millivolts. In addition, the LH was resistant to blockade by the calcium chelator EGTA. Each of these results differ with those expected if the underlying conductance of the LH were similar to several known potassium conductances of vertebrate neurons, including presently known potassium conductances that are activated by calcium.
Membrane fouling in electrodialysis: a model and experiments

Abstract Membrane fouling is a common cause for poor performance in electrodialysis systems, usually because it reduces the limiting current. Fouling may be caused by deposits of either neutral matter or colloidal matter with ion exchange properties. In the present paper a model for membrane fouling is developed and expressions are derived for the reduction in limiting current caused by both neutral fouling films and films having ion exchange properties. The effect of fouling is shown to depend not only on the properties of the fouling film, but also on the hydrodynamic conditions in the channels and in the case of ion exchange fouling films on the salt concentration in the dialysate channel. Ion exchange fouling films are shown to be much more effective in reducing the limiting current than neutral films. Some experimental data are presented which confirm the trend of the theory for fouling with ion exchange films.
Acute cardiovascular effects of dimethyl sulfoxide.

Abstract : In this study, the authors measured acute cardiovascular changes in barbiturate-anesthetized, normovolemic dogs receiving i.v. DMSO in doses of 2 g/kg, which were reported to have protective effects in cerebral ischemia.