cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of class I histocompatibility antigens on human T-B lymphoblast hybrids.

Expression of class I histocompatibility antigens (HLA-A and B) on hybrids of human T and B lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) was examined. The T-LCL CEM expressed low levels of HLA-A and B antigens. CEMR and CEMR .3, two 8-azaguanine- and ouabain-resistant sublines of CEM used for fusion, expressed no detectable HLA-B antigens and expressed HLA-A antigens at a level below that of CEM. The three B-LCL studied expressed class I histocompatibility antigens at levels 50- to 80-fold in excess of that found on CEM as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Total levels of class I histocompatibility antigens on hybrids of CEMR and CEMR .3 with B-LCL were similar to those found on the B-LCL. CEM-encoded HLA-A and B antigens were expressed on the hybrids at levels much greater than those seen on CEM itself; expression by the hybrids of CEM-encoded and B-LCL-encoded class I antigens was comparable. By RNA-DNA filter hybridization, CEMR .3 was found to have extremely low levels of class I heavy-chain mRNA compared with two B-LCL and with HSB, a T-LCL that expresses high levels of class I histocompatibility antigens. Thus, the paucity of HLA-A and B expression by CEMR .3 (and by inference, CEMR and CEM), as well as the enhancement of CEM-encoded HLA-A and B antigen expression on B-LCL X T-LCL hybrids, must be due, at least in part, to modulation of the level of transcripts encoding HLA class I heavy chains.
Baroclinic solitary waves with radial symmetry

Abstract A model for the structure and motion of baroclinic solitary waves in the atmosphere or ocean is presented. Like gravity wave solitons, these planetary wave solutions are both weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive. The dispersion effects, induced by β, are small because the scale of the wave is large compared to the deformation radius. The steepening effects are provided by the interaction of the wave with exterior mean shear flow, which may be either barotropic or baroclinic. The solutions have two properties which suggest that such theories may be useful in modelling solitary disturbances in the atmosphere or ocean: radial symmetry and fluid speeds which exceed the phase speed of the wave itself. As an example, we apply the model to Gulf Stream Rings.
Generation of a dominant 8-MDa deletion at the left terminus of vaccinia virus DNA.

Abstract Vaccinia virus mutants were obtained in high frequency from mouse Friend erythroleukemia (FEL) cells persistently infected with this virus, which contains a large (122-MDa) DNA. During long-term cell passages viral particles with deletions of the DNA are generated in FEL cells. These mutants have a major 8-MDa deletion starting between 2.2 and 3.2 MDa from the left terminus of the viral genome. More than half of the left end terminal repetition is deleted. These mutants have reduced infectivity compared to wild-type virus. The ease with which vaccinia virus mutants are obtained in FEL cells should provide a suitable system for generating mutants with other poxvirus and permit study of the genetic basis of virulence for this group of viruses.
Rapid prototyping of mobile input devices using wireless sensor nodes

Many options exist for prototyping software-based human-computer interfaces, but there are few comparable technologies that allows application developers to create ad-hoc hardware interfaces with corresponding ease and flexibility. We present a system for rapidly constructing low cost prototypes of mobile input devices by leveraging wireless sensor nodes. We demonstrate two proof-of-concept applications: a conductor's baton and a scene navigation controller, that are prototyped using wireless sensor networks. These applications illustrate that wireless sensor technology can be used to quickly and inexpensively prototype diverse physical user interfaces. We believe that this technology will be of value in many areas, including the study of ergonomics, haptic interfaces, collaborative design, low-cost VR systems, and usability research.
Learning the ShamWow: Creating Infomercials to Teach the AIDA Model

The AIDA Model (Attention-Interest-Desire-Action) is one of the classical promotional theories in marketing. Through active-learning techniques and peer critiques, we use infomercials as an innovative educational tool to instruct the four components of the AIDA model. Student evaluations regarding this active-learning assignment reveal that the infomercial activity increases students’ creative input, engages participation, builds class enthusiasm, fosters peer relationships, and enhances topic knowledge. Benefits, constraints, and learning objectives relating to the activity are also discussed.
Accelerator mass spectrometry at the University of North Texas

An accelerator mass spectrometry system designed for analysis of electronic materials is being developed and installed on the University of North Texas 3 MV tandem accelerator (National Electrostatics Corporation 9-SDH). High-resolution magnetic (40° deflection, MΔM ≈ 350, maximum mass-energy product 69 MeVu) and electro static (45 ° deflection, E/q of 4.8 MeV, EΔE≈ 730) analysis, coupled with a 1.5 m time-of-flight path and total energy detection (surface barrier detector) forms the basis of the detection system. In order to provide stable element detection capability at the parts-per-trillion level in electronic materials (Si, GaAs, HgCdTe), a custom ion source, incorporating mass analysis of the sputtering beam, ultraclean slits, low cross-contamination and UHV capability, is being constructed.
Bone age and onset of puberty in normal boys.

Many conditions that delay skeletal maturation also delay the onset of puberty, whereas conditions that accelerate skeletal maturation often hasten the onset puberty, raising the possibility that skeletal maturation influences pubertal onset. To determine whether this concordance is also present in normal children, we analyzed data from 30 normal boys participating in a longitudinal study. Height, weight, and serum testosterone concentrations were assessed every 6 months and bone age (Fels method) every year. Pubertal onset was defined by serum testosterone ≥30 ng/dL. The variability in bone age at onset of puberty was not less than the variability in chronological age. In addition, there was no significant correlation between skeletal advancement and pubertal advancement (r = 0.01, P = 0.9). Similarly, there was not a significant correlation between pubertal advancement and height age advancement, weight age advancement, or BMI age advancement. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that skeletal maturation directly influences the age of pubertal onset in normal boys. © 2006 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Abstract 693: Inhibitory effect of the CDK4/6 inhibitor, PD 0332991, is enhanced by mTOR inhibition in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC).

The p16 protein plays a critical role in the regulation of the retinoblastoma (RB) pathway, which inhibits cell growth through cell cycle regulation. The p16 gene, CDKN2a, is inactivated in 70% of NSCLC tumors, resulting in unregulated activation of CDK 4/6, and consequently increased cell cycling. The drug PD 0332991 (PD) is a highly specific inhibitor of CDK4/6. Western blots of p16-deficient NSCLC cell lines have confirmed a decrease in phosphorylated RB with PD-treated cells compared to untreated cells. We have observed a 34% decrease in viability by an MTS assay, and a 30% increase in cell senescence by a β-galactosidase assay in PD-treated p16-deficient cell lines compared to untreated cells. Based on these data, we are currently conducting a single-arm phase II clinical trial of single-agent PD 0332991 in patients with advanced NSCLC who have failed at least one prior chemotherapy regimen. We hypothesized that a combination of PD with other targeted therapies, acting on the same and intersecting pathways, would result in increased tumor cell death. Using MTS viability assays, we tested PD with and without other inhibitors in p16-deficient NSCLC cell lines. These inhibitors were: 1) the demethylating agent, decitabine, since the p16 gene, CDKN2a, is most often inactivated by hypermethylation (PD 66.1%, decitabine 49.7%, combination 80.2% viability); 2) the MEK inhibitor, AZD 6244, based on a report of a potential synthetic lethal interaction between K-Ras and CDK4 (PD 66.1%, AZD 6244 90.1%, combination 72.0% viability); 3) the CDK1/2/9 inhibitor, AZD 5438, since CDK 1 and 2 are thought to play a role in resistance to CDK 4/6 inhibition (PD 66.1%, AZD 5438 76.3%, combination 96.6% viability), and 4) the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, since the mTOR pathway can upregulate cyclin D1, which complexes with CDK4/6 in the RB pathway (PD 67.3%, everolimus 65.1%, combination 46.4% viability, p Citation Format: Priya K. Gopalan, Andres Gordillo-Villegas, Maria Zajac-Kaye, Frederic J. Kaye. Inhibitory effect of the CDK4/6 inhibitor, PD 0332991, is enhanced by mTOR inhibition in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 693. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-693
System dynamics study of the Japanese automotive industry closed loop supply chain

Purpose – A major challenge the car industry currently faces worldwide is how to implement an effective reverse (also called closed loop) supply chain design while manufacturing environmental friendly cars from limited available resources. The purpose of this paper is to examine relationships between reduce, reuse and disposal in the Japanese car market with base scenario analysis using the car consumption data and forecast.Design/methodology/approach – The system dynamics (SD) modeling analyzes the closed loop supply chain design for the Japanese car industry. Relationships between reduce, reuse, recycle and disposal are explored with base scenario analysis using the car consumption data and forecast. The SD model is subjected to extreme conditions test for structural validity. Dynamic analysis of different market scenarios for the Japanese car industry's reverse supply chain is conducted.Findings – Japanese ELV regulation will trigger the growth of used car export rate to emerging countries. Without add...
Changes in first lactation dairy herd improvement records

Abstract Dairy Herd Improvement Association records for all first lactation Holstein and Jersey cows from Pennsylvania were analyzed for DHIA production years 1985 to 1990. A total of 504,411 Holstein and 15,847 Jersey records were used. Average age at first calving across all years was 26.64 mo for Holsteins and 25.36 mo for Jerseys. During the 6-yr period, age at first calving decreased .6 and .3 mo for Holsteins and Jerseys, respectively. Actual first lactation milk production and milk fat and milk protein yields increased by 661, 20, and 6 kg and 418, 19, and 7 kg for Holsteins and Jerseys, respectively. Average BW at first calving did not change during the 6-yr period for either breed. The distribution of age at first calving was skewed toward older calving ages for both breeds. The decrease in average age at first calving resulted in a greater percentage of the population calving at 24 mo of age in later years. In most cases, the difference in 305-d milk production by Holsteins calving for the first time at 24 versus 30 mo was less than 100 kg. Jerseys showed no advantage in 305-d milk production by calving later than 22 mo.
Pruning an Axon Piece by Piece: A New Mode of Synapse Elimination

The process by which excess axons are pruned during development has remained unclear. In this issue of Neuron, Bishop et al. use time-lapse imaging and serial electron microscopy of developing neuromuscular junctions to describe a novel cellular mechanism in which retracting axon branches shed fragments rich in normal synaptic organelles. These "axosomes" are engulfed by adjacent Schwann cells and may be assimilated into the glial cytoplasm. Shedding of axosomes and glial engulfment may represent a widespread mechanism of synapse elimination.
Design and zonal building energy modeling of a roof integrated solar chimney

Abstract Roof integrated solar chimneys use solar radiation to heat air and induce natural ventilation through a house. They can improve the performance of roof integrated photovoltaic arrays by removing heat absorbed by the panels, and enhance buoyant free cooling at night. This paper studies an unobtrusive, integrated solar chimney design in a detached single family home. A method for modeling it in the zonal building energy modeling program ESP-r is proposed, to assist in evaluating the design and predicting the thermal dynamics in changing ambient conditions. The model discretizes the solar chimney by dividing it into several zones to better resolve the airflow and heat transfer. Computational fluid dynamics is used to calibrate key model inputs. The results show that with the proposed rooftop design, the chimney airflow is induced mainly by buoyancy forces whenever the temperature difference from interior to ambient differs by more than a few degrees, so there is the potential to provide effective free cooling. A sensitivity analysis evaluates the model's sensitivity to several inputs and assumptions. It confirms that the inside to ambient temperature difference is the most important predictor of ventilation airflow. Solar insolation levels are less important, being significant for less than one third of the time-steps sampled. Sensitivity of modeling results to uncertainty in the calculation of the convection coefficient is explored, showing there is high sensitivity in the prediction of the heat transfer normal to the surface of the roof, but low sensitivity in the prediction of the rate of ventilation airflow through the house and the temperature of the roof surface. The amount of pressure loss in the flow through the vent at the entrance to the chimney is a significant factor for the ventilation flow rate.
On the thermodynamics of double-layer forces in open and closed systems

A thermodynamic treatment is developed to derive an expression for the double-layer repulsive force when the charging of the surface occurs either via preferential adsorption of ions or via dissociation of surface groups. The equation can be applied to both open and closed systems.
Agroforestry strategies to sequester carbon in temperate North America

Information on carbon (C) sequestration potential of agroforestry practices (AP) is needed to develop economically beneficial and ecologically and environmentally sustainable agriculture management plans. The synthesis will provide a review of C sequestration opportunities for AP in temperate North America and the estimated C sequestration potential in the US. We estimated carbon sequestration potential for silvopasture, alley cropping, and windbreaks in the US as 464, 52.4, and 8.6 Tg C yr−1, respectively. Riparian buffers could sequester an additional 4.7 Tg C yr−1 while protecting water quality. Thus, we estimate the potential for C sequestration under various AP in the US to be 530 Tg yr−1. The C sequestered by AP could help offset current US emission rate of 1,600 Tg C yr−1 from burning fossil fuel (coal, oil, and gas) by 33 %. Several assumptions about the area under different AP in the US were used to estimate C sequestration potential: 76 million ha under silvopasture (25 million ha or 10 % of pasture land and 51 million ha of grazed forests), 15.4 million ha (10 % of total cropland) under alley cropping, and 1.69 million ha under riparian buffers. Despite data limitation and uncertainty of land area, these estimates indicate the important role agroforestry could play as a promising CO2 mitigation strategy in the US and temperate North America. The analysis also emphasizes the need for long-term regional C sequestration research for all AP, standardized protocols for C quantification and monitoring, inventory of AP, models to understand long-term C sequestration, and site-specific agroforestry design criteria to optimize C sequestration.
How changes in computer technology are revolutionizing the practice of chemistry

During the early 1980s, two major developments in computer technology changed the way chemists approached their science. The advent of the micropressor and then the PC changed experimental chemistry, while the availability of two classes of computer, the superminicomputer and supercomputer, greatly influenced computational chemistry. In the past two years, graphics workstation computers have begun to affect the practice of chemistry by combining fast, high-resolution, multiwindow graphics with superminicomputer power. In 1988, the advent of a new class of computer--the graphics supercomputer--offers extraordinary promise to both theoretician and experimentalist. In these systems, near-Cray compute power is combined with ultrahigh-speed 3-dimensional graphics for unparalleled visualization of molecular processes and other complex events. This is made practical not just by computing and graphics power but by use of ultrahigh internal bandwidths inside the graphics supercomputers. Another major development in scientific computing is the evolving concept of the laboratory computer network. Current network designs include hierarchical configurations incorporating various levels of computers--through supercomputers--either locally or via national or regional networks. New software methods are also having impact on chemical research, allowing, for example, the scientist to better abstract information from noisy or incomplete experimental data. Use of parallelism (multiple CPUs) in new design workstation computers will extend their power, by the early 1990s, past that of current supercomputer mainframes. Within five years the chemist will have $10 million of 1985 computer power on his desk, for considerably less than $100,000, along with visualization tools and software only dreamed of in 1985.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Parallel Recursive Computations where Both Recombination and Partition Overheads are Problem-Dependent

Parallel recursive computations incorporating the unavoidable and significant parallel computing overheads, encompassing a wide variety of applications, can be modeled as T(n) = left{ {mathop {min }limits_{0 le r le n}^{t_{(),} } } right.left{ {max left{ {T(n - r),T(r) + k(r)} right} + mathop {mathop {lambda (n,r)}limits_{otherwise} }limits^{forn le n_{(),} } } right} where k(r) and X(n,r) represent the partition and recombination overheads respectively. The optimal partition size (solution to r of the above minmax recurrence relation) is nontrivial and is very different from the n/2 value conventionally used. Using the optimal partitions at every stage of the recursion enhances the performance greatly. In this paper we solve a challenging case of our parallel recursive model where the overhead functions are problem-dependent.
THE SECONDARY MARKET FOR URBAN RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGES

FOR MORE THAN thirty years, many proposals to establish a central mortgage bank, or a federal facility under any other label, have been recorded in the history of mortgage finance in the United States. Generally, the proposed facility is expected to overcome inadequacies in the secondary market for urban residential mortgages by endowing mortgages with marketability, providing reasonable stability in the flow of mortgage funds, and moving funds from capital-surplus to capital-deficit areas. And yet, an adequate secondary market has not been defined. As a result, the need for a central mortgage bank has not been firmly established or denied. In this study (1) the performance record of the secondary market is evaluated, (2) recommendations for improving its efficiency are proposed, and (3) the need for a central mortgage bank is established. As a first step, the secondary market was defined to include only transfers of existing mortgages where the purchaser had not provided a commitment to purchase the mortgage prior to its acquisition by the seller. Although this definition differs from common usage, it distinguishes between primaryand secondary-market transactions by including in the secondary market only transactions between principals who make separate decisions and take separate risks. A standard was then formulated for measuring the adequacy of the performance of the secondary market. The standard was drawn from the criteria of a perfectly competitive market, in order to obtain a conception of maximum, though not fully attainable, efficiency by abstracting from existing market imperfections and tracing the evolutionary development of an unfettered secondary market within the institutional setting in which it must operate. The functions of such a market include (1) providing primary lenders with a means for making portfolio adjustments by "making a market" for mortgages and (2) acquiring and processing mortgages for long-distance lenders. These functions, in turn, provide a basis for anticipating the economic consequences of adequate performance. By focusing the net balance of changes in supply and de-
Coding and generating complex periodic patterns

This paper presents a method of coding and generating infinite classes of comlex periodic geometric pattern found in various cultures. The method uses a pattern code for the known symmetry groups and is based on the infinite classes of subdivisions of the fundamental regions of each symmetry group. The subdivisions provide a skeletal grid from which selected point, line or polygonal sequences can be extracted to produce an infinite variety of geometric patternswithin a symmetry group. Surprisingly, many complex architectural patterns from different periods and cultures, notably those from historic Islamic buildings, and Chinese window lattices, can be systematically obtained by this method. The pattern-codes provide a basis for generation of simple and complex geometric patterns, and their transformation from one to another. Some directions for systematic transformations based on meta-structural principles are outlined.
Cholesterol Dependent and Independent Domain Formation in Mixed Phosphatidylinositol/Phosphoinositide Model Membranes

Phosphoinositides (PIPs) have been shown to mediate a large variety of membrane trafficking events. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is involved in these signaling events since it is a precursor for PIPs. In addition to this role, we hypothesize that the interaction of PI with PIPs affects the lateral distribution of PIPs and hence the spatial organization of the respective signaling event. The spatial organization of PI/PIPs is expected to be further modulated by the presence of cholesterol. To explore these questions, we studied the effect of PI on PIP domain formation in the absence/presence of cholesterol. While binary mixtures of PC/PI or PC/PIP2 did not reveal any macroscopically discernable domains, we observed in the presence of cholesterol the formation of PI and PI(4,5)P2 enriched domains. For cholesterol derivatives such as cholestenone or cholesterylester, we did not observe the formation of domains, indicating that the cholesterol hydroxyl group is an important factor for the observed interaction between the sterol and the lipid. We extended our studies to ternary mixtures of PC/PI/PI(4,5)P2, which showed also in the absence of cholesterol domain formation for physiologically relevant concentrations of the anionic lipids. We believe that the presence of PI “dilutes” the high negative charge found at the PI(4,5)P2 headgroup, allowing PI and PI(4,5)P2 to co-localize in domains. Using fluorescence microscopy measurements of GUVs and monolayers at the air/water interface, we extended this study further and investigated the effect of cholesterol on the morphology of these ternary lipid systems.
Relationship of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to fibril and triadic junction development in skeletal muscle fibers of fetal monkeys and humans

Examinations of stages of fibril development in muscle fibers of seven Rhesus monkey and six human fetuses reveal SR tubules encircling the Z lines at all stages of fibril development. The encircling SR tubules are continuous with the SR network of tubules which is found surrounding fibrils at all stages of development observed. The SR tubules encircling the Z lines show connections (electron-opaque strands) with the Z lines. The developing triadic junction shows a progressive increase in complexity of structures within the junction. First, membranes of T and SR become apposed with no visible structure between them- Second, tenuous connections are found traversing the space between apposed membranes. Third, well developed bridges are seen traversing the space. And finally, an intermediate density midway between the apposed membranes and parallel to them is found in favorable sections. Junctions between T tubule membranes were also observed and the structures in these junctions are somewhat similar to those found in junctions between T and SR membranes. The change in orientation of triads from predominantly longitudinal to predominantly transverse is complete in the 18-week monkey fetus and incomplete in the latest stage (28-week) of fetal development observed in humans.
Kinetics and Energetics of Light-enhanced Potassium Absorption by Corn Leaf Tissue

The effect of illumination on the absorption of K(+) by leaf tissue of Zea mays was investigated. The rate of K(+) absorption was enhanced by exposure of slices of corn leaf tissue to light, even of relatively low intensities. Potassium was transported inward, with virtually no efflux of previously accumulated K(+). The evidence indicates that the transport mechanism for absorption of K(+) is the same in the light as in the dark, but that the source of energy for absorption of K(+) is different in the light from that in the dark. Various anti-metabolites were used to establish that the energy utilized for active ion transport in the light came partly from ATP supplied by cyclic photophosphorylation. Expenditure of ATP was required in the dark too, but this ATP was formed by oxidative phosphorylation. Establishing the ultimate source of energy for active ion uptake by higher plants might be facilitated by demonstration of an ion-transport process that is not linked directly with the transfer of electrons in the mitochondrial cytochrome chain.
Contraception policies in the US are reactionary

Time to forget political posturing and focus on the evidence of gains from preventing unwanted pregnancies
Low-cost method of removing periodical duplicates using a collection growth formula at a medium-sized academic library

The authors detail a low-cost, two-phased formula-based approach to bound periodical weeding at a medium-sized academic library with the goal of opening space for five years' growth, while still meeting user needs. Phase I included weeding bound titles with overlapping microfilm holdings. Phase II used the following criteria to determine which titles to discard: (1) four or fewer items, (2) availability in the University of Wisconsin System, (3) usage statistics and online access, (4) department consultation. This article summarizes the design, implementation, and successful results of the project.
The patient-centered opioid treatment agreement.

Payne and colleagues (2010) raise important concerns in their paper, “A Rose by Any Other Name: Pain Contracts/Agreements.” Too often the language and content of opioid treatment agreements (OTAs) ...
Differential effects of removing the glucose or saccharin components of a glucose-saccharin mixture in a successive negative contrast paradigm

When rats experience an unexpected decrease in reward value, e.g., from 32% sucrose to 4% sucrose, consummatory behavior abruptly decreases to a level below control subjects that only experience the lesser reward, a phenomenon known as Successive Negative Contrast (SNC). In food deprived rats experiencing downshifts in sucrose concentration, SNC dissipates in 3-4 days, as consummatory behavior in shifted rats recovers to the level of unshifted controls. In Experiment 1 food deprived rats that were given 5 min daily access to a 2% glucose-0.15% saccharin mixture, and subsequently shifted to 2% glucose alone, displayed a dramatic SNC effect relative to rats that only received 2% glucose. This SNC effect was primarily manifested as a decrease in the number of consummatory bursts initiated. Interestingly, intake failed to recover to control levels during eight daily postshift sessions. However, in Experiment 2 subjects that were shifted from the same glucose-saccharin mixture to 0.15% saccharin alone failed to show SNC rather, intake fell to the level of control animals which only received 0.15% saccharin. The data from Experiment 1, in conjunction with previous studies utilizing non-deprived rats, quinine adulteration, or shifts from sucrose to saccharin, show that reductions in taste value can produce contrast effects, but suggest that a threshold caloric value is necessary for recovery. The data from Experiment 2 may suggest that saccharin and glucose do not contribute equally to the enhanced palatability of the mixture.
The role of phospholipase D in signaling cascades

Phospholipases hydrolyze phospholipids, which are the backbones of biological membranes. The activities of these enzymes not only have a profound impact on the structure and stability of cellular membranes but also play a pivotal role in regulating many critical cellular functions. The activation of
AN URBAN MIDDLE SCHOOL CASE STUDY OF MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT

What does it take to change a school’s mathematics achievement profile from low to one that is proficient and advanced? Is this transformed achievement profile sustainable? Such is the story presented here, in this three-phase case study of a K-8 urban charter school’s mathematics program. The first phase discusses the school’s mathematics program as it existed in 2006. The second phase discusses the contents and interventions implemented which transformed the student achievement scores over a period of 3 years (2006–2009) from low achieving to proficient and advanced. The third phase is a follow-up mixed-methods investigation that was conducted to determine whether the achievement was sustainable and how the program changed. The interventions designed and implemented over the initial 3-year period are discussed, as are the findings of the follow-up study. This is discussed with reference to impacting change in student achievement and its relative significance for future work.
Direct Analysis of Biological Tissue by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry

Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) is explored as a fast and convenient way for direct analysis of molecules in tissues with minimum sample pretreatment. This technique allows direct detection of different types of compounds such as hormones, lipids, and therapeutic drugs in short total analysis times (less than 1 min) using a small volume of tissue sample (typically 1 mm3 or less). The tissue sample could be obtained by needle aspiration biopsy, by punch biopsy, or by rubbing a thin tissue section across the paper. There exists potential for the application of paper spray mass spectrometry together with tissue biopsy for clinical diagnostics.
Cholinergic inhibition of urinary acidification by the turtle bladder.

Cholinergic inhibition of urinary acidification by the turtle bladder. The effect of carbachol on urinary acidification by the turtle bladder in vitro was studied. Carbachol inhibited urinary acidification in a dose-dependent fashion, with half maximal inhibition occurring at 4.5 × 10 -5 M. The effect of carbachol on urinary acidification could be totally prevented by atropine, indicating that the inhibition is mediated through a muscarinic receptor. Carbachol inhibited hydrogen ion secretion by decreasing the active proton conductance and not by altering the proton motive force. Carbachol failed to increase passive loss of hydrogen ion from the mucosa. Carbachol increased calcium uptake by the turtle bladder; this increase in calcium uptake could be prevented by pretreatment with atropine, pentobarbital, or lanthanum. Pentobarbital or lanthanum blunted the inhibitory effect of carbachol on hydrogen ion secretion. In the presence of low extracellular calcium (0.2 mM), carbachol failed to increase calcium uptake but caused a significant inhibition of hydrogen ion secretion. In the presence of normal calcium concentration, carbachol caused a significant efflux of calcium. These data demonstrate that carbachol inhibits urinary acidification and suggest that the mechanism of this inhibition may be related, at least in part, to changes in cytosolic calcium. Inhibition cholinergique de l'acidification urinaire par la vessie de tortue. L'effet du carbachol sur l'acidification urinaire par la vessie de tortue in vitro a ete etudie. Le carbachol inhibe l'acidification urinaire, l'inhibition est dose dependante et la demi-inhibition maximale est obtenue a 4,5 × 10 -5 M. L'effet du carbachol sur l'acidification urinaire peut etre completement empeche par l'atropine, ce qui indique que l'inhibition a pour mediateur un recepteur muscarinique. Le carbachol inhibe la secretion d'ions de hydrogene en diminuant la conductance et non en modifiant la force cinetique. Le carbachol n'a pas augmente la perte passive d'ions de hydrogene par la muqueuse. Le carbachol a augmente la captation de calcium par la vessie de tortue. Cette augmentation peut etre empechee par un pretraitement par l'atropine, le pentobarbital ou le lanthane. Le pentobarbital ou le lanthane masquent l'effet inhibiteur du carbachol sur la secretion d'ions de hydrogene. En presence d'une concentration extracellulaire de calcium faible (0,2 mM), le carbachol n'a pas augmente la captation de calcium, mais a determine une inhibition significative de la secretion d'ions de hydrogene. En presence d'une concentration normale de calcium le carbachol entraine un efflux significatif de calcium. Ces resultats demontrent que le carbachol inhibe l'acidification urinaire et suggere que le mecanisme de cette inhibition peut etre en rapport, au moins partiellement, avec des modifications du calcium cytosolique.
Inductive Problem Solving: Schema Inducement and Memory-Based Transfer.

Studies of delayed transfer have been infrequent in contemporary work. Studies of immediate transfer have identified a general schema and a procedural schema as the basis for the transfer of analogical reasoning skills. This study addresses the question of memory-based processing when transfer is delayed. Ss were 183 college students. The training-for-transfer paradigm used to study immediate transfer (Phye, 1989) was employed
Animal fatty acid synthase: Functional mapping and cloning and expression of the domain I constituent activities

Animal fatty acid synthase (FAS; EC 2.3.1.85) is a homodimer of a multifunctional subunit protein and catalyzes the synthesis of palmitate from acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and NADPH. The subunit (Mr ≈270,000) carries seven distinct component activities and a site for the prosthetic group 4′-phosphopantetheine (acyl carrier protein). Based on proteolytic mapping, the organization of the activity domains along the subunit polypeptide from the N terminus is as follows: β-ketoacyl synthase, acetyl and malonyl transacylases, β-hydroxyacyl dehydratase, enoyl reductase, β-ketoacyl reductase, acyl carrier protein, and thioesterase. By comparing the amino acid sequences of the chicken, rat, and human synthases, we found that kallikrein cleavage sites occur in the least conserved regions of the FAS polypeptide subunit. Determining the amino acid sequences of the N-terminal end of the major kallikrein cleavage peptides helped delineate the most likely boundaries of the component activities in the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence. To confirm this organization, we cloned the chicken FAS cDNA coding for domain I and expressed it in Escherichia coli as a maltose-binding fusion protein. The isolated recombinant protein contained the activities of the acetyl and malonyl transacylases and the β-hydroxyacyl dehydratase. Based on the boundaries of the acetyl and malonyl transacylases and the β-hydroxyacyl dehydratase, we also cloned the appropriate cDNA fragments encoding the domains that contain the transacylases and the dehydratase in pET vectors and expressed them in E. coli as thioredoxin-6xHis fusion proteins. The purified recombinant proteins contained, respectively, the activities of the acetyl and malonyl transacylases and the dehydratase. These results not only confirmed the order of the component activities in domain I, but also paved the way for successful expression and characterization of the remaining activities.
Free arrangements and relation spaces

Yuzvinsky [7] has shown that free arrangements are formal. In this note we define a more general class of arrangements which we callk-formal, and we show that free arrangements arek-formal. We close with an example which distinguishesk-formal arrangements from formal arrangements.
On the Annealed Large Deviation Rate Function for a Multi-Dimensional Random Walk in Random Environment

We derive properties of the rate function in Varadhan's (annealed) large deviation principle for multi-dimensional, ballistic random walk in random environ- ment, in a certain neighborhood of the zero set of the rate function. Our approach relates the LDP to that of regeneration times and distances. The analysis of the latter is possible due to the i.i.d. structure of regenerations.
CHLAMYDIAL ENVELOPE COMPONENTS AND PATHOGEN-HOST CELL INTERACTIONS

Summary Few bacterial pathogens are as widespread in nature or as capable of eliciting such a diversity of disease syndromes as are the chlamydiae. As obligate intra-cellular organisms, they pose a special research challenge in defining the molecular components and mechanisms for productive growth within host cells and the overall progress of infection throughout host tissue. Although a comprehensive view of chlamydial envelope composition and respective functions in pathogenesis is far from complete, ongoing investigations continue to expose new and intriguing avenues for exploration.
Exploring Predictive Factors for Substance Use in African American and Hispanic Youth Using an Ecological Approach

Abstract This cross sectional descriptive study used Hierarchical regression, with Bronfenbrenner's framework, to examine the ‘system’ factors that significantly predicted substance-using behavior in an African American/Hispanic, non-clinical, convenience sample of urban youth to move beyond individualistic explanations for youth substance use. Participants (N= 98), age 11–17, with self/parent written consent, completed, individually, a ten-page questionnaire. Regression analysis indicated that youth with higher depression scores, perceived primary caregiver problems, and violence exposure tended to report substance use. Parent/school/community prevention efforts might focus assessment/prevention on youth/caregiver depression and family relationships, as they may be crucial protective factors against violent environments, trauma response, and mood-altering substance use.
Synthesis and Characterization of Degradable Multivalent Cationic Lipids with Disulfide-Bond Spacers for Gene Delivery

Abstract Gene therapy provides powerful new approaches to curing a large variety of diseases, which are being explored in ongoing worldwide clinical trials. To overcome the limitations of viral gene delivery systems, synthetic nonviral vectors such as cationic liposomes (CLs) are desirable. However, improvements of their efficiency at reduced toxicity and a better understanding of their mechanism of action are required. We present the efficient synthesis of a series of degradable multivalent cationic lipids (CMVLn, n = 2 to 5) containing a disulfide bond spacer between headgroup and lipophilic tails. This spacer is designed to be cleaved in the reducing milieu of the cytoplasm and thus decrease lipid toxicity. Small angle X-ray scattering demonstrates that the initially formed lamellar phase of CMVLn–DNA complexes completely disappears when reducing agents such as DTT or the biologically relevant reducing peptide glutathione are added to mimic the intracellular milieu. The CMVLs (n = 3 to 5) exhibit reduced cytotoxicity and transfect mammalian cells with efficiencies comparable to those of highly efficient non-degradable analogs and benchmark commercial reagents such as Lipofectamine 2000. Thus, our results demonstrate that degradable disulfide spacers may be used to reduce the cytotoxicity of synthetic nonviral gene delivery carriers without compromising their transfection efficiency.
Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy using radiofrequency energy

Abstract Introduction The pancreatic remnant remains a significant source of morbidity during laparoscopic pancreatectomy. Previous series have relied heavily on the endoscopic stapler for transection. Our study is the first to report use of a laparoscopic radiofrequency device for pancreatic transection. Methods The laparoscopic Habib 4x delivers high-energy radio waves through a hand-held device consisting of 4 electrodes and allows for bloodless tissue transection. We retrospectively evaluated prospectively collected data. Fourteen patients were identified and used in our analysis. Results There were no conversions, blood transfusions, reoperations, or mortalities. Average length of stay was 4.6 days. There was 1 readmission. Clinically significant fistula occurred in 2 patients (14%), only one of which required an intervention. Conclusion Radiofrequency energy is safe and feasible for use during laparoscopic pancreatic transection. Moreover, it is technically simple to use.
On nonlinear wave envelopes of permanent form near a caustic

In the vicinity of a caustic of a dispersive wave system, where the group velocity is stationary and hence dispersive effects are relatively weak, the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) breaks down, and the propagation of the envelope of a finiteamplitude wavepacket is governed by a modified nonlinear Schrodinger equation (MNLS). On the basis of the MNLS, a search for wave envelopes of permanent form is made near a caustic. It is shown that possible solitary wave envelopes satisfy a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. Numerical evidence is presented of symmetric, double-hump solitary-wave solutions. Also, a variety of periodic envelopes are computed. These findings are discussed in connection with previous analytical and numerical work.
Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in scrapie-infected mice

The transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases are rare, neurodegenerative diseases that include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. There are no effective treatments available for clinical use in humans. We now demonstrate that, in 2 different rodent models of scrapie, multiple pretreatments with the cyclic tetrapyrrole phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (PcTS) were as effective at delaying disease as multiple treatments starting at the time of infection. At low doses of scrapie infectivity, PcTS also protected some mice from peripheral scrapie infection, even if treatment was initiated several weeks after infection. Furthermore, PcTS completely inactivated low levels of scrapie infectivity when incubated with the infectious inoculum. Thus, PcTS has a broad range of antiscrapie activities. These findings suggest that cyclic tetrapyrroles may be useful both prophylactically and therapeutically against TSE diseases in vivo, as well as for inactivation of TSE infectivity suspended in solution.
Declarative tracepoints: a programmable and application independent debugging system for wireless sensor networks

Effective debugging usually involves watching program state to diagnose bugs. When debugging sensor network applications, this approach is often time-consuming and errorprone, not only because of the lack of visibility into system state, but also because of the difficulty to watch the right variables at the right time. In this paper, we present declarative tracepoints, a debugging system that allows the user to insert a group of action-associated checkpoints, or tracepoints, to applications being debugged at runtime. Tracepoints do not require modifying application source code. Instead, they are written in a declarative, SQL-like language called TraceSQL independently. By triggering the associated actions when these checkpoints are reached, this system automates the debugging process by removing the human from the loop. We show that declarative tracepoints are able to express the core functionality of a range of previously isolated debugging techniques, such as EnviroLog, NodeMD, Sympathy, and StackGuard. We describe the design and implementation of the declarative tracepoints system, evaluate its overhead in terms of CPU slowdown, illustrate its expressiveness through the aforementioned debugging techniques, and finally demonstrate that it can be used to detect real bugs using case studies of three bugs based on the development of the LiteOS operating system.
Band-Aids and Bullhorns: Why California’s Drug Policy Is Failing and What We Can Do to Fix It

California voters had high hopes when they passed the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000 (SACPA, a.k.a. Proposition 36). The law, one of the most extensive diversion-to-treatment laws to date, was intended to divert and treat 36,000 drug offenders annually. Unfortunately the law has not lived up to voter or practitioner expectations. Insufficient funding derailed the legislation by making it impossible to provide offenders either appropriate substance abuse treatment or adequate probation supervision. Stakeholders expressed consternation with aspects of the legislation that, in their view, led to SACPA being less successful than it could have been. Specifically, the universal application of the treatment-in-lieu-of-incarceration law forced stakeholders to accommodate offenders unmotivated-to-change and unsuitable for many treatment settings; and prohibiting shock incarceration removed a deterrent to violating program rules. Based on information gathered through stakeholder surveys and interv...
Growth of Dielectric Thin Films by Irradiation of Condensed Molecular Precursors with Synchrotron Radiation

Spectroscopic evidence is presented that shows that boron nitride and aluminum oxide can be synthesized by exposing a condensed layer of molecular precursors to synchrotron radiation. In the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} circumstance a condensed layer of trimethylaluminum (TMA) and water at 78 K on a silver substrate produces pure layers of aluminum oxide. Using the same condensed layer technique boron nitride is produced by exposing a solid matrix of diborane and ammonia to synchrotron radiation. Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure and core level photoelectron spectroscopies are used to characterize the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and BN layers, which were typically 30{Angstrom} thick. During the formation of aluminum oxide the carbon component in the alkylaluminum precursor is completely removed during irradiation as a volatile methane product which was detected by mass spectrometry. In the absence of synchrotron radiation the molecular precursors in both the aluminum oxide and boron nitride systems show evidence of some interactions within the solid, but upon warming to near room temperature (260 K) the layers desorb from the substrate.
Cherish the good times: Relational savoring in parents of infants and toddlers

Savoring, or prolonging emotions associated with positive events, improves emotion and life satisfaction; little work, however, focuses on the savoring of interpersonal experiences, termed relational savoring. In a sample of 435 parents, the authors evaluated the impact of relational savoring on emotion and parent–child relationship satisfaction compared to a personal savoring and neutral control condition. Two years later, the authors reassessed parents' feelings of closeness with their children in a subsample of the original participants (n = 64). Both savoring conditions resulted in higher positive emotion for all parents, whereas the effects on negative emotion, relationship satisfaction, and closeness were only present for those higher in attachment avoidance. This study opens new avenues of investigation in both relational savoring and parent–child relationships.