cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of spectrin expression in B-cell lymphomas: loss of spectrin isoforms is associated with nodule-forming and germinal center-related lymphomas

Spectrins are a family of cytoskeletal proteins that organize and link membranes to subcellular motors and filaments. Although traditionally divided into erythroid and non-erythroid forms, the discovery of new spectrin isoforms in various tissues indicates that their distribution is not yet fully characterized. To our knowledge, there is no comprehensive analysis of spectrins in lymphoid malignancies. Using tumor microarrays of paraffin blocks, we immunohistochemically studied 10 lymph nodes with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and 94 lymph nodes involved by B-cell malignant lymphoma. Expression of spectrins alphaI, alphaII, betaI, betaII, and betaIII was scored using a 20% cutoff for positive immunoperoxidase staining. All spectrin isoforms, except erythroid-specific alphaI spectrin, were detected in lymph nodes with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. In contrast, various spectrins were lost in particular B-cell malignant lymphomas. Based on the absence of staining for one or more spectrin isoforms in at least 50% of cases, we identified three patterns: (1) loss of alphaII and betaII in follicular lymphoma, grades 2/3 and 3/3; nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's lymphoma; nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma; (2) loss of betaI only in Burkitt lymphoma; and (3) loss of alphaII and betaI in mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma. In contrast, follicular lymphoma, grade 1/3 and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma retained spectrin in 67-100% of cases. The other lymphoma subtypes retained spectrin in greater than 50% of cases. We identified the loss of particular spectrin isoforms in B-cell malignant lymphomas that have a nodular growth pattern and/or are believed to arise from germinal center B-cells, that is follicular lymphoma, grades 2/3 and 3/3; Burkitt lymphoma; nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma; mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma; and nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's lymphoma. The absence of particular spectrin isoforms may correlate with transformation or aggressive biologic behavior for some lymphoma subtypes.
An Analog Solution for the Static London Equations of Superconductivity

Growing interest in the theoretical as well as applied aspects of superconductivity has focused considerable attention upon the static London equations. These macroscopic relationships describe the spatial distribution of magnetic fields and currents in superconductors. In this paper a novel analog method of obtaining solutions in complicated geometries is discussed. The method makes use of the similarity in form of the static London equations and the dynamic skin-effect equations of normal conduction under exponentially-growing steady-state conditions. Conveniently scaled copper models of superconducting geometries of interest can be constructed and excited from a growing-exponential function generator. Field distributions measured in the space around the normal conductors of the model correspond with the desired distributions in the analogous superconductor geometry. Fields within conductors themselves cannot be determined directly by this method, but the surface fields are generally most important. The method is particularly useful in studying thin films which are appreciably penetrated by magnetic fields. The experimental setup and the measurement technique are discussed. Illustrative results from a copper model of a long rectangular superconducting strip, 1830 penetration depths wide and 3.81 penetration depths thick are presented.
Use of laurdan fluorescence intensity and polarization to distinguish between changes in membrane fluidity and phospholipid order.

Abstract Laurdan is a fluorescent probe that detects changes in membrane phase properties through its sensitivity to the polarity of its environment in the bilayer. Variations in membrane water content cause shifts in the laurdan emission spectrum, which are quantified by calculating the generalized polarization (GP). We tested whether laurdan fluorescence could be used to distinguish differences in phospholipid order from changes in membrane fluidity by examining the temperature dependence of laurdan GP and fluorescence anisotropy in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles. The phase transition from the solid ordered phase to the liquid disordered phase was observed as a decrease in laurdan GP values from 0.7 to −0.14 and a reduction in anisotropy from 0.25 to 0.12. Inclusion of various amounts of cholesterol in the membranes to generate a liquid ordered phase caused an increase in the apparent melting temperature detected by laurdan GP. In contrast, cholesterol decreased the apparent melting temperature estimated from anisotropy measurements. Based on these results, it appeared that laurdan anisotropy detected changes in membrane fluidity while laurdan GP sensed changes in phospholipid order. Thus, the same fluorescent probe can be used to distinguish effects of perturbations on membrane order and fluidity by comparing the results of fluorescence emission and anisotropy measurements.
Genetic and biochemical characterization of the birA gene and its product: Evidence for a direct role of biotin holoenzyme synthetase in repression of the biotin operon in Escherichia coli☆

Lesions at the birA locus of Escherichia coli produce, in varying degrees, derepression of the biotin operon and an increased minimum biotin growth requirement (Barker & Campbell, 1980) as well as diminished biotin uptake and defective biotin holoenzyme synthetase activity (Campbell et al., 1972, 1980). In the accompanying paper, we showed that three birA mutants produce biotin holoenzyme synthetase with altered in vitro properties and that they carry lesions in the structural gene for this enzyme. The pleiotropic birA defect was attributed to structural interactions between a protein domain which includes the holoenzyme synthetase active site and a second protein domain, possibly part of the same polypeptide, which functions as the bio repressor. To determine if one or more genes reside at birA, we tested pairwise combinations of nine mutations with representative phenotypes for their ability to establish repression of bio expression. The mutations define a single complementation group. Instances of partial complementation appear to be intracistronic, suggesting that the birA product forms a multimer active as both biotin holoenzyme synthetase and repressor. DNA segments that include and express the birA gene have been cloned into multicopy plasmids. Plasmid-mediated expression of birA can produce a state of superrepression of the bio operon and a concomitant increase in holoenzyme synthetase specific activity. The complementation properties of derivative plasmids, with insertions of Tn5 or small deletions in the bacterial DNA segment, define a 1.6 × 103 base region that includes the birA gene and a 0.9 × 103 base segment essential to biotin holoenzyme synthetase and repressor function. The region is flanked by the thrT and tufB genes in a previously unassigned region of the bacterial DNA carried by λdrifd18. A preparation of holoenzyme synthetase, purified nearly 10,000-fold, contains a protein that binds specifically to biotin operator DNA as determined by its ability to protect a TaqI endonuclease site that borders the imperfect inverted repeat where the bio repressor is presumed to bind. Biotinyl 5′-adenylate or biotin plus ATP are more effective corepressors than biotin alone, suggesting that biotinyl 5′-adenylate, a presumed intermediate in the holoenzyme synthetase reaction, is the true corepressor.
Hexadecanol Reverses Ethanol Induced Tadpole Anesthesia and Raises Critical Temperatures in Isolated Plasma Membrane Vesicles

Many small molecules induce general anesthesia in animals ranging from insects to mammals. Although their mechanism of action remains controversial, it is known that a compound's efficacy as an anesthetic is strongly predicted by both its hydrophobicity and its potency in inhibiting certain ligand gated ion channels. We recently published experiments showing that n-alcohol anesthetics (n≤10) take plasma membrane derived vesicles away from a biologically tuned, two dimensional (2D) liquid-liquid critical point [1]. Here, we present one line of investigation into our working hypothesis that anesthetics exert at least some of their effects by interfering with native regulation by the nearly critical plasma membrane. While most compounds, including the n≤10-alcohol anesthetics, lower critical temperatures in membranes, certain compounds raise critical temperatures counteracting the effects of anesthetics on membrane criticality. These compounds should specifically reverse effects mediated through membrane criticality. We demonstrate that hexadecanol (n=16) is such a compound, raising critical temperatures in cell-derived vesicles in a dose-dependent manner. We also present evidence that hexadecanol reverses ethanol's anesthetic effects on the tadpole righting response, in a manner quantitatively predicted by its effects on membrane criticality.1. Gray, E.; Karslake, J.; Machta, B.B.; Veatch, S.L.; Biophys. J. 105(12): 2751-9 (2013).
Acute temporal regulation of vascular endothelial growth/permeability factor expression and endothelial morphology in the baboon endometrium by ovarian steroids.

We recently showed that endometrial vascular endothelial growth/permeability factor (VEG/PF) mRNA expression was decreased by ovariectomy of baboons and restored by chronic administration of estrogen. However, it remains to be determined whether this effect of estrogen reflects genomic up-regulation of VEG/PF and leads to an increase in microvascular permeability, an early physiological event in angiogenesis. Therefore, we determined the temporal expression of VEG/PF mRNA in glandular epithelial and stromal cells isolated by laser capture microdissection from and width of microvascular paracellular clefts that regulate vessel permeability in the endometrium of ovariectomized baboons after acute estradiol and/or progesterone administration. Endometrial VEG/PF mRNA levels were increased in five of five animals within 2 h of estradiol administration and remained elevated at 4 and 6 h. The net increase in glandular epithelial (7.31 ± 2.72 attomol/fmol 18S ribosomal rRNA) and stromal (3.13 ± 0.36) cell VEG/PF ...
The effect of in situ seed burial on dormancy break in three woody-fruited species (Ericaceae and Proteaceae) endemic to Western Australia

The woody-fruited species Leucopogon propinquus R.Br., Styphelia tenuiflora Lindl. (Ericaceae) and Persoonia longifolia R.Br. (Proteaceae) need to be returned to restored mines in Western Australia. All species have physiological seed dormancy, however germination has been observed following the application of smoke to native habitats. We recorded seed viability, permeability to water, endocarp strength, morphology and germination ± gibberellic acid (GA3) every 3 months for 24 months of in-situ burial in the jarrah forest to determine the time of dormancy release and corresponding seed changes. The term ‘seed’ refers to the woody endocarp, plus the true seed. Persoonia longifolia reached 37% germination after burial in soil for 21 months, followed by chipping the endocarp and GA3 application. A minimum of 15 months soil burial was necessary for unchipped seeds to germinate; 22% germination was achieved after 18 months burial in soil followed by GA3 application. Viability of fresh seeds of all three species was 96–100% and remained unchanged for P. longifolia, but declined to 5 and 0% following 24 months of soil burial for L. propinquus and S. tenuiflora, respectively. Germination of the two Ericaceae species was negligible, despite the presence of viable seeds (30–63%, depending on the species) after 12 months of soil burial and substantial deterioration of the endocarp. To germinate large quantities of P. longifolia, for use in land restoration, drupes should be buried in-situ in forest soil for 18 months immediately following seed fall (early spring) and GA3 treated, following exhumation.
EXPLORATORY STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF PHRENOTROPIC DRUGS ON COMPETITIVE PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING

In the development of current methods of modifying abnormal behavior, much has been said concerning the alleviation and alteration of anxiety states through the use of drugs (6, 17). The concept of human anxiety has also been studied intensively in recent years in academic experimental psychology (3, lo) , and some observations of its effects upon competitive response learning and conditioning have been made (14). The study to be described here was part of a larger experiment in which an#attempt was made to outline the actions of three phrenotropic agents in psychological, physiological, and psychodynamic dimensions (2, 7 ) . In this report we wish to provide a detailed description of our method for assessing the effects of phrenotropic drugs upon competitive verbal learning. Verbal learning was chosen as an area of study because clinical reports have consistently remarked upon changes in verbal behavior in Ss under the effects of phrenotropic agents ( 5 ) . In addition, work has been done on the relationship of anxiety to verbal learning (8, 9, 11, 13, 15 ). For various theoretical reasons, Spence predicted poorer performance for highly anxious Ss in a competitive response situation (13) which he defined as one in which two or more stimuli have the ability to evoke the same response from an S. He evolved a verbal learning model utilizing common words and their synonyms. Where S1, S2, and S3 are stimulus words synonymous with one another (from judges' ratings), and only one response word is associated on the basis of previous learning with S1, S2, and S3, there exists a situation in which two or more stimuli may evoke the same response. In diagram form the model looks like this:
Measuring the Benefits of Policy Research

Public decision makers increasingly request information on the impacts of agricultural research. Economists have made important contributions to our understanding of such impacts, but seldom have they quantitatively evaluated the effects of social science, particularly policy research. This paper addresses important issues associated with policy research (PR) evaluation. It discusses alternative PR evaluation approaches, suggests what appears to be the most practical method, and provides a brief example.
Aggregating uncertain access risk estimations from different sources invited paper

Risk-based access control raises some novel problems that have not yet been investigated. In particular, the ability to aggregate uncertain risk estimations from different experts is crucial to the success of risk-based access control systems. A K-Algebra is proposed in this paper for this purpose. The algebra is not only able to support the specification of existing aggregation rules but also makes it possible to generalize these rules based on their logical explanations.
Rhizosphere bacterial communities associated with long-lived perennial prairie plants vary in diversity, composition, and structure

The goal of this research was to investigate the variation in rhizosphere microbial community composition, diversity, and structure among individual Andropogon gerardii Vitman (big bluestem) and Le...
An analysis of bias in supervisor narrative comments in performance appraisal

This study explored supervisors’ explanations for performance ratings assigned to subordinates. It was suggested that supervisors may emphasize a different set of factors across groups in arriving at an overall evaluation that would reflect different implicit theories of performance for different ethnic groups. Operationally, these differences were predicted to be reflected as differences across groups in the factors cited by supervisors in justifying their performance ratings of subordinates. The study also examined the consistency between these assigned ratings and the written justifications. Using a sample of bank staff, supervisors’ written summaries of subordinate performance were content analyzed to identify the types of comments made across groups and the match or mismatch with overall ratings. Hypotheses received partial support.The results are interpreted in light of the literature on group differences in performance ratings, and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
North Atlantic climate c.ad 1000: Millennial reflections on the Viking discoveries of Iceland, Greenland and North America

“The country seemed to them so kind that no winter fodder would be needed for the livestock: There was never any frost all winter and the grass hardly withered at all.” (A description of Vinland from Granlendinga saga.) It has been suggested that the North Atlantic region experienced a relatively mild climate around the time of the Vikmg expansion (c. AD 800-1 100) and thus during the Norse settlement of Iceland (LAD 870) and Greenland (CAD 985) and during the voyages of the
Human cytomegalovirus UL37 immediate-early regulatory proteins traffic through the secretory apparatus and to mitochondria.

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL36–38 immediate-early (IE) locus encodes the UL37 exon 1 (pUL37x1) and UL37 (gpUL37) regulatory proteins, which have anti-apoptotic activities. pUL37x1 shares its entire sequence, including a hydrophobic leader and an acidic domain, with the exception of one residue, with the amino terminus of gpUL37. gpUL37 has, in addition, unique N-linked glycosylation, transmembrane and cytosolic domains. A rabbit polyvalent antiserum was generated against residues 27–40 in the shared amino-terminal domain and a mouse polyvalent antiserum was generated against the full-length protein to study trafficking of individual UL37 proteins in human cells that transiently expressed gpUL37 or pUL37x1. Co-localization studies by confocal laser scanning microscopy detected trafficking of gpUL37 and pUL37x1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in permissive U373 cells and in human diploid fibroblasts (HFF). Trafficking of gpUL37 to the cellular plasma membrane was detected in unfixed HFF cells. FLAG-tagged gpUL37 trafficked similarly through the secretory apparatus to the plasma membrane. By using confocal microscopy and immunoblotting of fractionated cells, gpUL37 and pUL37x1 were found to co-localize with mitochondria in human cells. This unconventional dual trafficking pattern through the secretory apparatus and to mitochondria is novel for herpesvirus IE regulatory proteins.
The Anencephalic Infant as a Possible Donor for Cardiac Transplantation

The hearts of 79 anencephalic infants have been evaluated as possible donors for ortho. topic homotransplantation in man. These hearts tended to be small. Severe and complex congenital cardiac malformations were present in four cases. Minor defects, some probably within normal limits, were present in 12 others. Electrocardiograms in four anencephalic infants were normal during periods of clinical well being. Thirty-four of the 79 infants were born live and survived from a few minutes to 27 days.
Contemporary abortion patterns: a life history approach.

Abstract This paper applies an ecological model of reproductive choice, life history theory, to humans. It models a tension among further investment in self, in present offspring, and later investment in future offspring. Some reproductive decisions for men and women in modern societies may fit this type of “now vs later” analysis; we model the decision of a woman to have an elective abortion. This theory assumes a knowledge of the returns from parental investment (in terms of the child's future mating) and somatic investment (in terms of one's own future mating). Predictions about this decision can be made if the relevant parameters can be estimated: the probability of a child's future reproduction when reared by one or two parents and the probabilities for each of the parents of mating again. We find evidence that abortion decisions are affected by age and previous parity of the mother, and by expectations of available investment by the father or other sources. Still, researchers are left with determining the shape of the trade-off curve between allocations to one's own mating or to a given child's, and with better specifying the effects of variations in resource parameters.
Determining olivine composition of basaltic dunes in Gale Crater, Mars, from orbit: Awaiting ground truth from Curiosity

[1] The successful landing of the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover in Gale Crater, Mars, presents a rare opportunity for validation of a spectral index developed for determining olivine chemistry from orbital midinfrared remote-sensing data. Here, a spectral index is developed using laboratory emissivity data of 13 synthetic Mg-Fe olivines. Utilizing this spectral index, a prediction of olivine composition (~Fo55 ± 5) is made from orbital data for a NE-SW trending dune field near the Curiosity rover. This dune field will be crossed during the mission as the rover travels toward a ~5 km-high sediment stack (Mount Sharp) that contains orbitally detected clays and sulfates. Curiosity can use its instrument suite (ChemMin, Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer, ChemCam) when it reaches the dunes to verify or refute the olivine-chemistry prediction presented here. The ability to validate the developed spectral index using the rover's ground-truth instruments will strengthen olivine-chemistry mapping across the Martian surface using this spectral index.
Behavioral approach in ADHD: testing a motivational dysfunction hypothesis.

Objective: Etiological models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increasingly support the role of a motivational dysfunction pathway, particularly for hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Overactive behavioral approach tendencies are implicated among these motivational accounts. However, other externalizing disorder symptoms, such as the psychopathy dimension, are also associated with behavioral approach and frequently co-occur with ADHD. The current study tested the hypothesis that behavioral approach is differentially associated with hyperactive-impulsive ADHD and psychopathy symptoms. Method: A sample of young adults ( n = 220) completed self-report measures assessing behavioral approach and inhibition, ADHD symptoms, and psychopathy symptoms. Results: Structural equation analyses supported the hypothesis that behavioral approach predicts hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms while considering symptom overlap with psychopathy symptoms. Conclusion: These findings support motivational accounts t...
Elastic computing: a framework for transparent, portable, and adaptive multi-core heterogeneous computing

Over the past decade, system architectures have started on a clear trend towards increased parallelism and heterogeneity, often resulting in speedups of 10x to 100x. Despite numerous compiler and high-level synthesis studies, usage of such systems has largely been limited to device experts, due to significantly increased application design complexity. To reduce application design complexity, we introduce elastic computing - a framework that separates functionality from implementation details by enabling designers to use specialized functions, called elastic functions, which enable an optimization framework to explore thousands of possible implementations, even ones using different algorithms. Elastic functions allow designers to execute the same application code efficiently on potentially any architecture and for different runtime parameters such as input size, battery life, etc. In this paper, we present an initial elastic computing framework that transparently optimizes application code onto diverse systems, achieving significant speedups ranging from 1.3x to 46x on a hyper-threaded Xeon system with an FPGA accelerator, a 16-CPU Opteron system, and a quad-core Xeon system.
Meta-analysis of Cephalosporins versus Penicillin for Treatment of Group A Streptococcal Tonsillopharyngitis in Adults

We conducted a meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials (involving 2113 patients) comparing cephalosporins with penicillin for treatment of group A beta -hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) tonsillopharyngitis in adults. The summary odds ratio (OR) for bacteriologic cure rate significantly favored cephalosporins, compared with penicillin (OR,1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-2.44); the bacteriologic failure rate was nearly 2 times higher for penicillin therapy than it was for cephalosporin therapy (P=.00004). The summary OR for clinical cure rate was 2.29 (95% CI, 1.61-3.28), significantly favoring cephalosporins (P<.00001). Sensitivity analyses for bacterial cure significantly favored cephalosporins over penicillin in trials that were double-blinded and of high quality, trials that had a well-defined clinical status, trials that performed GABHS serotyping, trials that eliminated carriers from analysis, and trials that had a test-of-cure culture performed 3-14 days after treatment. This meta-analysis indicates that the likelihood of bacteriologic and clinical failure in the treatment of GABHS tonsillopharyngitis is 2 times higher for oral penicillin than for oral cephalosporins.
Axially-symmetric eddies embedded in a rotational stream

Eddies structure embedded in swirling incompressible fluid assuming laminar motion and flow field axial symmetry
Limb apraxia and motor performance

Abstract This study was desinged to determine if motor deficits in limb apraxia are task specific. Non-brain-damaged patients and apraxic and nonapraxic patients with left hemisphere damage performed language and limb apraxia tests and six motor tasks with the left hand. Contrary to previous data, no significant group differences occurred on a finger tapping task. Although task complexity or sequencing requirements affected group differences, greatest apraxic impairment was noted on a task of precise steadiness, but only when its response inhibition requirements were increased. This pattern of deficits appears to be associated with greater involvement of the premotor area in the apraxic group.
Inappropriate Shock: A Failure of SVT Discriminators in a Dual Chamber ICD?

Inappropriate shock remains a major issue in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. We examine an inappropriate shock delivered in a patient with atrial tachycardia that conducted 1:1. We reconstruct the device algorithms that led to therapy delivery and discuss programming changes that could be considered.
Causes and Costs for ED Visits after Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy

Objective(1) Review the reasons, timing, and costs for children presenting to the emergency department (ED) after adenotonsillectomy (TA 28 (0.8%) were unrelated to the T&A and excluded. Mean postoperative day at the ti...
Adoption of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

On December 19, 2007, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 was signed by President Bush. This law mandates upgraded electric motor efficiency beginning in 2010. Canada is expected to follow with a similar requirement beginning January 2011. Other countries are also mandating MEPS (Minimum Efficiency Performance Standards) for electric motors.
Diagnosis of Three-Dimensional Water Vapor Using a GPS Network

Abstract In recent years techniques have been developed to obtain integrated water vapor along slant paths between ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and the GPS satellites. Results are presented of an observing system simulation (OSS) to determine whether three-dimensional water vapor fields could be recovered from a high-resolution network (e.g., with 40-km spacing) of GPS receivers, in combination with surface moisture observations and a limited number of moisture soundings. The paper describes a three-dimensional variational analysis (3DVAR) that recovers the moisture field from the slant integrated water vapor and other observations. Comparisons between “nature” moisture fields taken from mesoscale models and fields recovered using 3DVAR are presented. It is concluded that a high-resolution network of GPS receivers may allow diagnosis of three-dimensional water vapor, with applications for both positioning and mesoscale weather prediction.
Engineering anastomosis between living capillary networks and endothelial cell-lined microfluidic channels

This paper reports a method for generating an intact and perfusable microvascular network that connects to microfluidic channels without appreciable leakage. This platform incorporates different stages of vascular development including vasculogenesis, endothelial cell (EC) lining, sprouting angiogenesis, and anastomosis in sequential order. After formation of a capillary network inside the tissue chamber via vasculogenesis, the adjacent microfluidic channels are lined with a monolayer of ECs, which then serve as the high-pressure input ("artery") and low pressure output ("vein") conduits. To promote a tight interconnection between the artery/vein and the capillary network, sprouting angiogenesis is induced, which promotes anastomosis of the vasculature inside the tissue chamber with the EC lining along the microfluidic channels. Flow of fluorescent microparticles confirms the perfusability of the lumenized microvascular network, and minimal leakage of 70 kDa FITC-dextran confirms physiologic tightness of the EC junctions and completeness of the interconnections between artery/vein and the capillary network. This versatile device design and its robust construction methodology establish a physiological transport model of interconnected perfused vessels from artery to vascularized tissue to vein. The system has utility in a wide range of organ-on-a-chip applications as it enables the physiological vascular interconnection of multiple on-chip tissue constructs that can serve as disease models for drug screening.
Peculiar Reactivity of Isothiocyanates with Pentaphenylborole

The reactions of isothiocyanates with the antiaromatic pentaphenylborole were investigated, revealing significantly different outcomes than the analogous reactions with isocyanates. The 1:1 stoichiometric reaction products isolated include a seven-membered BNC5 heterocycle and a fused bicyclic 4/5-ring system. Studies suggest that the seven-membered ring undergoes an intramolecular [2 + 2] electrocyclic ring closure to produce the bicyclic system. The only derivative for which stoichiometry influenced the reaction outcome was 4-methoxyphenylisothiocyanate. The reaction of borole with an excess of 4-methoxyphenylisothiocyanate resulted in the formation of a fused tetracyclic species with two equivalents of isothiocyanate incorporated into the product. Rational pathways for these unusual transformations are presented.
Fundamentals of Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry Part II: Fluid Dynamics

Trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) is a new high resolution (R up to ~300) separation technique that utilizes an electric field to hold ions stationary against a moving gas. Recently, an analytical model for TIMS was derived and, in part, experimentally verified. A central, but not yet fully explored, component of the model involves the fluid dynamics at work. The present study characterizes the fluid dynamics in TIMS using simulations and ion mobility experiments. Results indicate that subsonic laminar flow develops in the analyzer, with pressure-dependent gas velocities between ~120 and 170 m/s measured at the position of ion elution. One of the key philosophical questions addressed is: how can mobility be measured in a dynamic system wherein the gas is expanding and its velocity is changing? We noted previously that the analytically useful work is primarily done on ions as they traverse the electric field gradient plateau in the analyzer. In the present work, we show that the position-dependent change in gas velocity on the plateau is balanced by a change in pressure and temperature, ultimately resulting in near position-independent drag force. That the drag force, and related variables, are nearly constant allows for the use of relatively simple equations to describe TIMS behavior. Nonetheless, we derive a more comprehensive model, which accounts for the spatial dependence of the flow variables. Experimental resolving power trends were found to be in close agreement with the theoretical dependence of the drag force, thus validating another principal component of TIMS theory.
Photo-double-ionization mechanisms in aromatic hydrocarbons

We have measured the ratios of doubly to singly charged molecular parent ions of benzene (partially deuterated), naphthalene, anthracene, pentacene, pyrrole, furan, selenophene, and coronene for photon energies ranging from threshold to the carbon $K$ shell. The photon-energy dependence of the ratio curves has been analyzed and compared to each other for the above molecules. We conclude that two---and in some cases three---different photo-double-ionization mechanisms exist for aromatic hydrocarbons. One of the mechanisms is the formation of a two-electron pseudoparticle. This finding may be useful in the quest for understanding high-temperature superconductivity.
NIMG-24HIGH SPATIOTEMPORAL DYNAMIC SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST (DSC) PERFUSION MRI USING MULTIBAND ECHOPLANAR IMAGING (MB-EPI)

NIMG-24. HIGH SPATIOTEMPORAL DYNAMIC SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST (DSC) PERFUSION MRI USING MULTIBAND ECHOPLANAR IMAGING (MB-EPI) Benjamin Ellingson, Kevin Leu, Whitney Pope, Albert Lai, Phioanh Nghiemphu, Linda Liau, and Timothy Cloughesy; University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA BACKGROUND: Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI is a commonlyusedperfusion imaging techniqueused toassessbrain tumorvascularity and angiogenesis by estimation of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV). Despite widespread use, technical limitations lead to compromises in terms of resolution, slice coverage, and temporal resolution when acquiring dynamic data using the current single-shot echoplanar (EPI) imaging approach. In the current study we demonstrate the use of a new “multiband” (MB)-EPI sequence for multislice excitation, originally developed for fMRI as part of the Human Connectome Project, to obtain DSC perfusion MRI with whole brain coverage, higher spatial resolution, and twice the temporal resolution of current strategies. METHODS: DSC data collected using standard EPI were compared with DSC obtained using MB-EPI in 20 prospective GBM patients. Standard DSC-MRI were collected on conventional 1.5T or 3T MR scanners using a temporal resolution of 1250-1900ms, matrix size 1⁄4 96x96–128x128, and 5-20 slices with 5mm slice thickness. High spatiotemporalDSC-MRI datawere collectedona3TSiemensPrismawith temporal resolution of 600-750ms, matrix size 1⁄4 100x100–200x200, and 30-32 slices with 4mm slice thickness. Both DSC-MRI datasets were post-processed using standard leakage correction and deconvolution techniques to calculate rCBV and rCBF. RESULTS: Data collected using standard and MB-EPI showed similar dynamic contrast-to-noise, although MB-EPI showed more T1-weighting and leakage effects. RCBV maps obtained using both techniques provided similar information regarding the extent of hypervascularity within the tumor after leakage correction; however, rCBV maps calculated from MB-EPI data had more brain coverage and higher spatial resolution. Parametric maps of blood flow differed slightly due to higher temporal resolution MB-EPI data. CONCLUSION: High spatiotemporal DSC perfusion MRI is desirable and clinically feasible using MB-EPI. DSC using MB-EPI provides comparablequantitativedataand dataqualitywith betteraccuracyandspatial resolution. Neuro-Oncology 17:v153–v171, 2015. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nov225.24 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology 2015.
Status of Occupational Exposure to AIDS among Medical Staff on The Post in Pukou District of Nanjing City

[Objective]To understand the awareness and application of AIDS prevention knowledge among medical staff on the post in Pukou District.[Methods]In accordance with the method of cluster sampling,a self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate all the medical staff on the post of the whole region on knowledge about AIDS protection,accidental damage and treatment.The results were formed into a database and statistically analyzed by software SPSS 13.0.[Results]The total awareness rate of knowledge about AIDS prevention and application among medical staff was 80.2%,69.7% could correctly grasp the knowledge about exposure protection classification,the source of knowledge is diversified.78.1% had the history of accidental injury,among which 63.0% had taken disinfection.The differences of accidental injury degree and prevention attitude and behavior between different medical institutions and different professionals were significant.[Conclusion]The knowledge training about AIDS prevention among medical staff on the post of the whole region should be further strengthened.It is necessary to standardize the operation to reduce the rate of accidental injury,and to regulate the handling and accident-related injury prevention behavior.
Spun-wrapped aligned nanofiber (SWAN) lithography for fabrication of micro/nano-structures on 3D objects

Fabrication of micro/nano-structures on irregularly shaped substrates and three-dimensional (3D) objects is of significant interest in diverse technological fields. However, it remains a formidable challenge thwarted by limited adaptability of the state-of-the-art nanolithography techniques for nanofabrication on non-planar surfaces. In this work, we introduce Spun-Wrapped Aligned Nanofiber (SWAN) lithography, a versatile, scalable, and cost-effective technique for fabrication of multiscale (nano to microscale) structures on 3D objects without restriction on substrate material and geometry. SWAN lithography combines precise deposition of polymeric nanofiber masks, in aligned single or multilayer configurations, with well-controlled solvent vapor treatment and etching processes to enable high throughput (>10−7 m2 s−1) and large-area fabrication of sub-50 nm to several micron features with high pattern fidelity. Using this technique, we demonstrate whole-surface nanopatterning of bulk and thin film surfaces of cubes, cylinders, and hyperbola-shaped objects that would be difficult, if not impossible to achieve with existing methods. We demonstrate that the fabricated feature size (b) scales with the fiber mask diameter (D) as b1.5 ∝ D. This scaling law is in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions using the Johnson, Kendall, and Roberts (JKR) contact theory, thus providing a rational design framework for fabrication of systems and devices that require precisely designed multiscale features.
Direct introduction of R-SO2F moieties into proteins and protein-polymer conjugation using SuFEx chemistry

Abstract The modification of proteins with reactive handles has facilitated the use of these biomolecules in diverse fields including drug delivery, diagnostics, environmental remediation, and cell culture matrices. Recently, a new “click” type reaction, sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx), was reported between sulfuryl fluoride and various organic moieties (e.g. hydroxyl, amine) to yield a sulfamoyl fluoride ( NSO 2 F) or fluorosulfate ( OSO 2 F) moiety under biphasic conditions. The model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) was reacted with SO 2 F 2 gas under biphasic conditions to yield SO 2 F functionalized protein. The resultant BSA-SO 2 F was characterized using gel electrophoresis, mass spectroscopy and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy to confirm the addition of SO 2 F functional group. SuFEx modification of BSA caused a marked change in the pH dependent size and zeta potential of the protein as well as increased the protein’s denaturation temperature. Crucially, BSA-SO 2 F was demonstrated to be biocompatible after 72 h incubation with A549 lung endothelial cells. Due to the unique and elective reactivity of the SO 2 F group with amines, BSA-SO 2 F could be self-condensed to form a biocompatible hydrogel that was used in co-culture with HEK 293 cells. In addition, polyethylene glycol (PEG) with reactive OSO 2 F groups at chain end was conjugated with BSA under various pH conditions through SuFEx chemistry. This communication, to our knowledge, is the first report of the application of the SuFEx in the field of bioconjugates.
Pregnancy eating attributes study (PEAS): a cohort study examining behavioral and environmental influences on diet and weight change in pregnancy and postpartum.

The rising prevalence of maternal overweight/obesity and excessive gestational weight gain poses a serious public health concern due to the contribution of these factors to increased risk of negative health outcomes for both mother and child. Scant intervention research has indicated moderate short-term improvement in maternal diet and gestational weight gain, with little evidence of long-term behavior change, in parallel with findings from interventions outside of pregnancy. Recent laboratory-based findings from neuroscience implicate aberrant reward processing of food at the brain level (“food reward sensitivity,” the between-individual variation in the response to food stimuli) as a contributor to eating beyond energy needs. However, scant research has examined the influence of these processes on weight change in population-based settings, and the relevance of these processes to pregnancy-related weight change has not been explored. The purpose of the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS) is to examine the role of food reward sensitivity in maternal diet and weight change during pregnancy and postpartum. The study examines the interplay of food reward sensitivity with behavioral control, home food environment, and related aspects of eating behavior in the context of weight-related biomedical, psychosocial, genetic and behavioral factors including physical activity, stress, sleep and depression. Women of varying baseline weight status (n = 450) are enrolled early in pregnancy and followed, along with their infants, until 1 year postpartum. Assessments occur during each trimester of pregnancy, and postpartum at approximately 2 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months. Maternal food reward, self-control, home food environment, eating behaviors, dietary intake, health behaviors, and anthropometrics are assessed along with maternal and infant clinical and biological data, infant anthropometrics, and feeding practices. Primary exposures of interest include food reward sensitivity, behavioral control, and home food environment. Primary outcomes include gestational weight gain, postpartum weight retention and maternal diet quality. With increasing evidence suggesting the relevance of food reward sensitivity for understanding eating behavior, PEAS aims to advance understanding of the determinants of eating behavior during pregnancy, informing future interventions for improving maternal diet and weight change, and leading to improved maternal and child health and weight trajectories. Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02217462 . Date of registration: August 13, 2014
(De)contaminating product preferences: A multi-method investigation into pathogen threat's influence on used product preferences

Abstract How does being motivated to avoid infectious disease affect the kinds of products people value and buy? Using population-level and experimental data, six studies converge to indicate that infectious disease cues can negatively impact evaluation of secondhand, but not new, products. Studies 1–2 demonstrate that used merchandise retailer revenues are lower in states with elevated pathogen prevalence. Studies 3a–3b echo this relation on an individual level, showing that experimental manipulation of infectious disease threat weakens interest in used products. Such effects are eliminated when sellers are known to buyers and when buyers engage in a behavior (hand-washing) associated with infection prevention (Studies 4–5). Internal meta-analyses reveal that disease threat consistently decreased used goods preferences and elevated valuation of new products across our experimental studies. This research advances our understanding of how disease avoidance motivation changes reactions to everyday objects, thereby highlighting how infectious disease psychology influences important domains of individual and societal life.
Jetting of a shear banding fluid in rectangular ducts.

An experimental investigation shows, and elaborates the conditions for, jetting flow of a shear banding solution through rectangular channels. Viscoelastic modeling replicates the observed flow transitions and elucidates the role of local stresses.
Impact of insurance coverage on utilization of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can reduce U.S. HIV incidence. We assessed insurance coverage and its association with PrEP utilization. We reviewed patient data at three PrEP clinics (Jackson, Mississippi; St. Louis, Missouri; Providence, Rhode Island) from 2014–2015. The outcome, PrEP utilization, was defined as patient PrEP use at three months. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the association between insurance coverage and PrEP utilization. Of 201 patients (Jackson: 34%; St. Louis: 28%; Providence: 28%), 91% were male, 51% were White, median age was 29 years, and 21% were uninsured; 82% of patients reported taking PrEP at three months. Insurance coverage was significantly associated with PrEP utilization. After adjusting for Medicaid-expansion and individual socio-demographics, insured patients were four times as likely to use PrEP services compared to the uninsured (OR: 4.49, 95% CI: 1.68–12.01; p = 0.003). Disparities in insurance coverage are important considerations in implementation programs and may impede PrEP utilization.
An Examination of PAI Clinical Descriptors and Correlates in an Outpatient Sample: Tailoring of Interpretive Statements

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey 1991, 2007) was designed to evaluate patterns of psychopathology utilizing validity, clinical, treatment, and interpersonal scales. Its psychometric strengths include easily read items, gradations of responses, and extensive validation. The primary focus of the current study is to examine item-level clinical correlates to inform interpretation. For external validity, the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ; Zimmerman 2002) was utilized by examining individual items and subscales. The investigation used archival data from 192 outpatients. The most specific and detailed clinical correlates were found for PAI mood disorder scales. Several other clinical scales, such as Schizophrenia (SCZ), had comparatively few clinical correlates. The current findings underscore the need to further validate PAI external correlates in order to augment PAI statements.
Chapter 30 The neuropsychology of vascular dementia

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews several features of vascular dementia, including diagnostic criteria, prevalence, underlying mechanisms and subtypes, comorbidity with other disorders, and neuropsychological and neurobehavioral characteristics. Vascular dementia is considered one of the most common types of dementia in the elderly. Cerebrovascular disease can be either hemorrhagic or ischemic. Hemorrhage most often refers to a rupture of small arteries that are damaged from hypertension. Though not as common as ischemia, hemorrhage can have both profound and subtle affects on cognition, and makes up roughly 20% of all strokes. The importance of understanding vascular dementia is undermined by the difficulties in its diagnosis. Several different diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia have been proposed over the years and are summarized. The DSM-IV is one of the most widely used nosologies, requiring the presence of multiple cognitive deficits, and at minimum includes memory impairment and either aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or executive impairment. Subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD) is the most common type of vascular dementia, and the neuropsychology and behavior of this disease is the primary focus of the chapter.