cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Freezing water at constant volume and under confinement

Water expands upon freezing. What happens when water is cooled below 0 °C in an undeformable, constant-volume container? This is a fundamental question in materials thermodynamics, and is also relevant in biological, geological, and technological applications in which ice forms under nano-, meso-, or macroscale confinement. Here, we analyze the phase-equilibria and kinetic behaviors of water and ice-1h in an isochoric (constant-volume) system. By making use of the Helmholtz potential F(temperature, volume), in contrast to the Gibbs potential G(temperature, pressure), we demonstrate significant changes in phase behavior when the specific volume of the container is constrained below that of ice-1h. We construct a T–V (temperature–volume) phase diagram for water and ice that features a broad two-phase equilibrium region, and we further derive an isochoric nucleation theory that reveals the existence of a critical confinement volume, on the order of microns, below which ice-1h is kinetically prohibited from forming. Water expands upon freezing, so what happens when it is brought below 0 °C in an undeformable, constant-volume container? Here, the authors use classical thermodynamics and kinetics to derive the phenomenology of freezing in an isochoric chamber, developing a framework therefrom to study the origin of the limiting effects of confinement on ice formation.
Multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation Using Wikipedia

Ambiguity is inherent to human language. In particular, word sense ambiguity is prevalent in all natural languages, with a large number of the words in any given language carrying more than one meaning. Word sense disambiguation is the task of automatically assigning the most appropriate meaning to a polysemous word within a given context. Generally the problem of resolving ambiguity in literature has revolved around the famous quote “you shall know the meaning of the word by the company it keeps.” In this thesis, we investigate the role of context for resolving ambiguity through three different approaches. Instead of using a predefined monolingual sense inventory such as WordNet, we use a language-independent framework where the word senses and sense-tagged data are derived automatically from Wikipedia. Using Wikipedia as a source of sense-annotations provides the much needed solution for knowledge acquisition bottleneck. In order to evaluate the viability of Wikipedia based sense-annotations, we cast the task of disambiguating polysemous nouns as a monolingual classification task and experimented on lexical samples from four different languages (viz. English, German, Italian and Spanish). The experiments confirm that the Wikipedia based sense annotations are reliable and can be used to construct accurate monolingual sense classifiers. It is a long belief that exploiting multiple languages helps in building accurate word sense disambiguation systems. Subsequently, we developed two approaches that recast the task of disambiguating polysemous nouns as a multilingual classification task. The first approach for multilingual word sense disambiguation attempts to effectively use a machine translation system to leverage two relevant multilingual aspects of the semantics of text. First, the various senses of a target word may be translated into different words, which constitute unique, yet highly salient signal that effectively expand the target word’s feature space. Second, the translated context words themselves embed co-occurrence information that a translation engine gathers from very large parallel corpora. The second approach for multlingual word sense disambiguation attempts to reduce the reliance on the machine translation system during training by using the multilingual knowledge available in Wikipedia through its interlingual links. Finally, the experiments on a lexical sample from four different languages confirm that the multilingual systems perform better than the monolingual system and significantly improve the disambiguation accuracy.
Reprogramming of Non-myocytes into Cardiomyocyte-like Cells: Challenges and Opportunities

The high global incidence of heart disease drives the need for methods of mending damaged hearts. Direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells (called iCMs) has been successful in the creation of new muscle cells, in the repair of hearts post-myocardial injury, and therefore has great promise for the clinic. The purpose of this paper is to review and highlight the approaches for and underlying molecular mechanisms of direct cardiac reprogramming. Single-cell genomics and mechanistic studies have elucidated the stepwise transition of fibroblasts to iCMs as well as the molecular roadblocks that hinder reprogramming. Cardiac fibroblasts are able to be directly reprogrammed, in vitro and in vivo, into induced cardiomyocyte-like cells by the ectopic expression of a combination of transcription factors, microRNAs or small molecules. Recent works have illustrated methods that improve the efficiency of iCM generation and delivery of reprogramming cocktails as well as have revealed the molecular networks governing the reprogramming process. Current studies have also begun to identify and address the additional hurdles in human iCM reprogramming.
A multiscale cohesive zone model for rate-dependent fracture of interfaces

Abstract Rate-dependent fracture has been observed for a silicon/epoxy interface as well as other polymer interfaces, where both the interfacial strength and toughness increase with the separation rate. Motivated by this observation, we propose a multiscale approach to modeling a polymer interface, from atomic bonds to the macroscopic specimen, considering the energetics of bond stretching, the entropic effect of long molecular chains, the kinetics of thermally activated chain scission, and statistical distributions of the chain lengths. These multiscale features are seamlessly assembled to formulate a rate-dependent cohesive zone model, which is then implemented within a standard finite element package for numerical simulations. This model relates the macroscopically measurable interfacial properties (toughness, strength, and traction-separation relations) to molecular structures of the interface, and the rate dependence results naturally from the kinetics of damage evolution as a thermally activated process. The finite element simulations with the cohesive zone model are directly compared to double cantilever beam experiments for the rate-dependent fracture of a silicon/epoxy interface, yielding reasonable agreement with just a few parameters for the molecular structures of the interface. Such a multiscale, mechanism-based cohesive zone model offers a promising approach for modeling and understanding the rate-dependent fracture of polymer interfaces.
The Relationship between Parks and Protected Areas and Gateway Communities in the United States and Canada: A Scoping Review

Individuals engaged in protected area (PPA) management are increasingly interested in the relationships between PPAs and nearby communities. Research suggests that these communities, or gateway communities, share a variety of socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural ties with PPAs. However, these relationships can vary substantially based on contextual factors, including geographic location and national development. Additionally, the absence of a comprehensive literature synthesis on this topic hinders the ability to make meaningful recommendations for policy, practice, and future research. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to: (a) review the existing primary, peer-reviewed research on the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural relationships between gateway communities and PPAs in the United States and Canada; (b) identify thematic patterns within the reported research; and (c) discuss the resulting implications for scholars and practitioners. This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR protocol and yielded 37 peerreviewed research articles that examined at least one relationship between PPAs and gateway communities in the United States and Canada. The majority of studies (n = 21, 57%) were performed in and around national parks, and approximately half employed qualitative methods (n = 18, 49%). Thematic analysis of research topics resulted in 14 themes in five categories, including public participation and collaboration, resident perceptions, community dynamics, policy impacts, and the impacts of PPA establishment. Relationships examined were organized into socioeconomic, environmental, and sociocultural categories. While a few articles examined relationships that fit neatly into one category, most examined relationships in more than one category (n = 30, 81%). Collectively, these studies highlight a range of relationships between PPAs and gateway communities. This synthesis illustrates that even within the same geographic region, relationships may differ. Therefore, the same policies and management actions may not yield the same results in every PPA-gateway community context. This review also reveals patterns, such as the positive effect of public participation and collaborative management on PPA-gateway community relationships and barriers associated with traditional and science-based public engagement strategies. Additionally, this review highlights the potential for theory-based and interdisciplinary research to expand the body of knowledge on this critical topic. Subscribe to JPRA
Design, fabrication, test, and analysis of an out-of-plane plasmonic optical metasurface

Plasmonic metasurfaces with in-plane phase elements have a limit in transmission because they only affect the electric field of incident EM radiation. Recently, a set of out-of-plane plasmonic phase elements was designed using a genetic algorithm to work in the infrared as a Huygens metasurface with significantly improved transmission efficiency. A beam-steering metasurface (i.e., blazed transmissive diffraction grating) was fabricated from this design using membrane projection lithography (MPL) and characterized for its bidirectional transmittance distribution function as a function of scatter angle for normally incident light, and linear incident and transmitted polarizations. Measurements were compared with the designed behavior as predicted by finite element method (FEM) simulations that generated near fields for each phase element and propagated them to the far field as a metasurface using a Stratton–Chu formulation, but measurements showed strong zero-order diffraction not present in the simulation along with the designed +1-diffraction order. We analyze this disagreement between measured and ideal results. Further FEM modeling included the introduction of defects into the phase elements consistent with defects expected from the fabrication process and identified lateral displacement of the plasmonic decoration in the MPL structure as a potential cause for the reduced performance of the fabricated device.
The Musical Playground: Global Tradition and Change in Children's Songs and Games

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Kathryn Marsh Year: 2008 Pages: 448 Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780195308976 (hard cover). Prices: $99.00 USD(hard cover).
Synthesis of colloidal cobalt nanoparticles with controlled size and shapes

A method of producing high quality magnetic colloidal dispersions by the rapid pyrolysis of cobalt carbonyl in an inert atmosphere was employed to produce monodispersed, stabilized, defect-free e-cobalt nanocrystals with spherical shapes and sizes ranging from 3 to 17 nm, as well as cubic and rod-like shaped particles. The size distribution and the shape of the nanocrystals were controlled by varying the surfactant composition (oleic acid, phosphonic oxides and acids), its concentration and the reaction temperature. These particles have been observed to produce 2D self-assemblies when evaporated at low rates in a controlled atmosphere. A combination of X-ray powder diffraction; transmission electron microscopy; and SQUID magnetometry has been used to characterize both the dispersed nanocrystals and the assembled superlattices.
Use of focus groups in multi-site, multi-ethnic research projects for women's health: a Study of Women Across the Nation (swan) example.

Objective To outline the lessons learned about the use of focus groups for the multisite, multi-ethnic longitudinal Study of Women Across the Nation (SWAN). Focus groups were designed to identify potential cultural differences in the incidence of symptoms and the meaning of transmenopause among women of diverse cultures, and to identify effective recruitment and retention strategies. Design Inductive and deductive focus groups for a multi-ethnic study. Setting Seven community research sites across the United States conducted focus groups with six ethnic populations: African American, Chinese American, Japanese American, Mexican American, non-Hispanic white, and Puerto Rican. Patients or participants Community women from each ethnic group of color. Interventions A set of four/five focus groups in each ethnic group as the formative stage of the deductive, quantitative SWAN survey. Main outcome measures Identification of methodological advantages and challenges to the successful implementation of formative focus groups in a multi-ethnic, multi-site population-based epidemiologic study. Results We provide recommendations from our lessons learned to improve the use of focus groups in future studies with multi-ethnic populations. Conclusions Mixed methods using inductive and deductive approaches require the scientific integrity of both research paradigms. Adequate resources and time must be budgeted as essential parts of the overall strategy from the outset of study. Inductive cross-cultural researchers should be key team members, beginning with inception through each subsequent design phase to increase the scientific validity, generalizability, and comparability of the results across diverse ethnic groups, to assure the relevance, validity and applicability of the findings to the multicultural population of focus.
Simulation of nonlinear microwave circuits-an historical perspective and comparisons

The author presents a historical perspective of microwave circuit simulation, highlighting some of the major advances. It is noted that, by assuming that only a finite number of sinusoids are present in a nonlinear circuit, the computational burden of computing the transient response of the circuit is avoided and only the steady state response, given by the amplitudes and phases of the sinusoids, is required. Methods for computing this response are examined. An historical perspective is presented. Quantitative comparisons of limitations, errors, and dynamic ranges of the various methods are made for the simulation of single-tone and two-tone excitation of microwave amplifiers. >
Abstract 4003: Clinical and biological significance of CXCR6 in lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide in both men and women. Metastasis is responsible for most lung cancer related deaths; therefore, a better understanding of the metastatic processes and therapies designed to prevent the spread of cancer cells are greatly needed. The specific mechanisms that promote metastases have not been fully elucidated. Among all known chemokine receptors involved in cancer progression, most cancer cells including lung cancer express CXCR4. Furthermore, involvement of CXCR4 and CCR7 in breast cancer and CXCR4, CCR9 and CX3CR1 in prostate cancer progression further indicates that multiple chemokine receptors are involved in dictating the multi-step process of metastasis. In this study, we show significantly higher expression of CXCR6 and CXCL16 in lung cancer tissues compared to normal matched tissues. Expression of CXCR6 was significantly higher in adeno- carcinoma compared to squamous cell carcinoma. It addition to these, serum levels of CXCL16, the only natural ligand for CXCR6, was also significantly higher in lung cancer patients compared to normal healthy donor. Furthermore, serum CXCL16 was also significantly higher in patients with adenocarcinoma compared to patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Impact of this chemokines-receptor axis was determined in lung cancer cell lines in vitro, which express CXCR6 and CXCL16. Like tissues, lung cancer cells showed higher expression of CXCR6 and CXCL16 compared to normal lung epithelial cells (NuLi-1). Interestingly, expression of CXCR6 was highest in cell lines derived form adenocarcinoma followed by cell lines from squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CXCR6 and soluble CXCL16 interaction plays a crucial role in lung cancer cells migration and invasion. The mechanism underlying these clinically and biologically important findings need to be further explored. Increased serum CXCL16 in lung cancer patients with metastatic disease required further validation as a potential therapeutic target and/or diagnostic marker for lung cancer. Citation Format: Hina Mir, Pranav Gupta, Rajesh Singh, Praveen K. Sharma, Gurpreet Kaur, Ashley B. Ward, William E. Grizzle, James W. Lillard, Shailesh Singh. Clinical and biological significance of CXCR6 in lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4003. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4003
Na+-glycine cotransport in canalicular liver plasma membrane vesicles.

By use of purified rat canalicular liver plasma membrane (cLPM) vesicles, the present study determined the driving forces for glycine transport across this membrane domain. Initial rates of [3H]glycine uptake (10 microM) in cLPM vesicles were stimulated by an inwardly directed Na+ gradient but not by a K+ gradient. Na+ gradient-dependent uptake of glycine demonstrated cation specificity for Na+, dependence on extravesicular Cl-, stimulation by an intravesicular-negative membrane potential, and inhibition by dissipation of the Na+ gradient with gramicidin D. Na+ gradient-dependent glycine cotransport also demonstrated greater sensitivity to inhibition by sarcosine than 2-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid. Accelerated exchange diffusion of [3H]glycine was demonstrated in the presence of Na+ when cLPM vesicles were preloaded with glycine but not with L-alanine or L-proline. Substrate velocity analysis of net Na+-dependent [3H]glycine uptake over the range of amino acid concentrations from 5 microM to 5 mM demonstrated two saturable transport systems, one of high capacity (2.2 +/- 0.2 nmol.mg protein-1.15 s-1) and low affinity (11.2 +/- 1.7 mM) and one of low capacity (51 +/- 14 pmol.mg protein.15 s-1) and comparatively high affinity (66 +/- 12 microM). These results indicate that, in addition to previously described neutral and anionic amino acid transport systems, Na+ gradient-dependent glycine transport mechanisms are present on the canalicular domain of the liver plasma membrane. These canalicular reabsorptive mechanisms may serve to reclaim some of the glycine generated within the canalicular lumen from the intrabiliary hydrolysis of glutathione.
Blood Metabolites and Glucose Metabolism in the Fed and Fasted Chicken

The effect of fasting on blood metabolites and glucose metabolism in the chicken was studied. Parameters of glucose metabolism were estimated in vivo using a single injection of [2-3H]-glucose or [6-3H]-glucose in combination with [U-14C]-glucose. Plasma glucose, blood lactate and blood acetoacetate levels were not significantly changed in chickens fasted for 72 hours. Pyruvate levels in chickens fasted for 24 hours were higher than those observed in blood from birds fasted 0 to 72 hours. Further, the lactate to pyruvate ratio was lower in chickens fasted for 24 to 72 hours than in fed chickens. Fasting chickens for 24 or 72 hours resulted in three- to fivefold increase in blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels and a significant increase in beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratio. Plasma levels of alanine and serine were increased after a 24 hour fast but were not further changed when fasting was extended to 72 hours. Plasma aspartate and glutamate levels were not significantly changed in chickens fasted for 24 hours but were markedly decreased in chickens fasted for 72 hours. Plasma levels of glycine were significantly lower in chickens fasted 24 or 72 hours than in fed birds. Glucose replacement rates estimated with [2-3H]-glucose in chickens fasted 0,24 and 72 hours were 14.3, 9.1 and 9.4 mg glucose/minute/kg body weight, respectively. Fasting up to 72 hours did not influence the total body glucose mass in the chickens. The degree of glucose-carbon recycling in 24-hour fasted chickens estimated by using [2-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose or [6-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose averaged 42% to 52% and 27% to 30%, respectively. These observations indicate that rate of glucose utilization in the chicken is rapid and that substantial recycling of glucose carbon occurs in fasted chickens.
A second golden age of aeroacoustics

In 1992, Sir James Lighthill foresaw the dawn of a second golden age in aeroacoustics enabled by computer simulations (Hardin JC, Hussaini MY (eds) 1993 Computational aeroacoustics , New York, NY: Springer (doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8342-0)). This review traces the progress in large-scale computations to resolve the noise-source processes and the methods devised to predict the far-field radiated sound using this information. Keeping focus on aviation-related noise sources a brief account of the progress in simulations of jet noise, fan noise and airframe noise is given highlighting the key technical issues and challenges. The complex geometry of nozzle elements and airframe components as well as the high Reynolds number of target applications require careful assessment of the discretization algorithms on unstructured grids and modelling compromises. High-fidelity simulations with 200–500 million points are not uncommon today and are used to improve scientific understanding of the noise generation process in specific situations. We attempt to discern where the future might take us, especially if exascale computing becomes a reality in 10 years. A pressing question in this context concerns the role of modelling in the coming era. While the sheer scale of the data generated by large-scale simulations will require new methods for data analysis and data visualization, it is our view that suitable theoretical formulations and reduced models will be even more important in future.
The After Discharge Care Management of Low Income Frail Elderly (AD-LIFE) Randomized Trial: Theoretical Framework and Study Design

Interdisciplinary care management is advocated for optimal care of patients with many types of chronic illnesses; however, few models exist that have been tested using randomized trials. The purpose of this report is to describe the theoretical basis for the After Discharge Management of Low Income Frail Elderly (AD-LIFE) trial, which is an ongoing 2-group randomized trial (total n = 530) to test a chronic illness management and transitional care intervention. The intervention is based on Wagner's chronic illness care model and involves comprehensive posthospitalization nurse-led interdisciplinary care management for low income frail elders with chronic illnesses, employs evidence-based protocols that were developed using the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE) guidelines, emphasizes patient activation, and integrates with community-based long-term care and other community agencies. The primary aim of the AD-LIFE trial is to test a chronic illness management intervention in vulnerable patients who are eligible for Medicare and Medicaid. This model, with its standardized, evidence-based medical and psychosocial intervention protocols, will be easily transportable to other sites interested in optimizing outcomes for chronically ill older adults. If the results of the AD-LIFE trial demonstrate the superiority of the intervention, then this data will be important for health care policy makers.
Considerations in the Internal Force Analysis of Slider-Crank Machines

In the analysis of internal forces for a slider–crank machine, writing the equations of motion is just the beginning. There are many engineering analysis decisions to be made regarding the handling of the crank angular acceleration, modeling of the connecting rod mass moment of inertia, and the approach to the solution of the resulting system of equations. Over the years, each of these have been handled in various ways, not all of then entirely correct. This paper looks at the various options and makes a critical review of the various practices. The intent is to encourage all engineering analysts to review the assumptions and methods of the software that they routinely use.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Toward a Model of Scientists’ Public Communication Activity: The Case of Biomedical Researchers

This study aims to contribute to our empirical understanding of the factors and processes that lead scientists to engage in public communication. Using a national sample, this study identifies key ...
Deracializing Social Statistics: Problems in the Quantification of Race

Race is usually defined as an individual attribute fixed at birth and is employed by researchers as a variable with potential for causing change in some other aspect of that same individual. When an individual's race can change (as in Brazil), race is not an attribute but a dynamic characteristic dependent on other social circumstances. In the United States, an individual's race cannot change and thus is considered an individual attribute. As such, social statisticians may have measured racial classification correctly. The major error is in how race has been interpreted. The author suggests a new language to express things that our current language handles inadequately. This new language attempts to increase the efficiency of communication about the statistical analysis of race.
Cytotoxic peripheral T cell lymphoma arising in a patient with nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: a case report

In this paper, we describe a case of nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma with the subsequent development of a peripheral T cell lymphoma. This case is unusual in that the sheets of atypical and small to intermediate-sized T cells in the diffuse component were CD8 positive and expressed cytotoxic proteins. The diagnosis of peripheral T cell lymphoma was supported by the demonstration of a clonal T cell receptor beta chain gene rearrangement by Southern blot analysis. Peripheral T cell lymphoma with a cytotoxic phenotype is a rare entity with an aggressive clinical behavior. As such, this report emphasizes the need to consider a diagnosis of coexisting peripheral T cell lymphoma in cases of nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma with atypical features, such as few or poorly defined B cell macronodules and diffuse T cell areas. The examination of both T cell receptor gamma and beta chain gene rearrangements should be performed to confirm such cases.
Cloning of the DMD Gene

I must start by thanking Jane Gitschier for that very kind and thorough introduction. Would you believe I have tears in my eyes? At the onset, I must say that I am extremely honored to have received the 2004 William Allan Award from the American Society of Human Genetics. This honor was beyond my wildest dreams when I started my career in human genetics.
Sendai Virus Antibody in Acute Respiratory Infections and Infectious Mononucleosis

SummaryMeasurement of antibodies in acute and convalescent serums from college students hospitalized because of acute, nonbacterial respiratory infections revealed 5 cases of influenza-like illness and 6 cases of viral pneumonia with 4-fold or greater increases in reactivity with Sendai virus measurable by hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization in ovo. Thirteen of 110 patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis were found to develop increases in serum reactivity with Sendai virus during their illnesses. Efforts to isolate a virus from throat washings of 17 of these patients were unsuccessful. The possible role of Sendai virus in the etiology of these illnesses and the significance of the antibody responses were discussed.
Three-dimensional imaging of dislocations in a nanoparticle at atomic resolution

Dislocations and their interactions strongly influence many material properties, ranging from the strength of metals and alloys to the efficiency of light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. Several experimental methods can be used to visualize dislocations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has long been used to image dislocations in materials, and high-resolution electron microscopy can reveal dislocation core structures in high detail, particularly in annular dark-field mode. A TEM image, however, represents a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional (3D) object (although stereo TEM provides limited information about 3D dislocations). X-ray topography can image dislocations in three dimensions, but with reduced resolution. Using weak-beam dark-field TEM and scanning TEM, electron tomography has been used to image 3D dislocations at a resolution of about five nanometres (refs 15, 16). Atom probe tomography can offer higher-resolution 3D characterization of dislocations, but requires needle-shaped samples and can detect only about 60 per cent of the atoms in a sample. Here we report 3D imaging of dislocations in materials at atomic resolution by electron tomography. By applying 3D Fourier filtering together with equal-slope tomographic reconstruction, we observe nearly all the atoms in a multiply twinned platinum nanoparticle. We observed atomic steps at 3D twin boundaries and imaged the 3D core structure of edge and screw dislocations at atomic resolution. These dislocations and the atomic steps at the twin boundaries, which appear to be stress-relief mechanisms, are not visible in conventional two-dimensional projections. The ability to image 3D disordered structures such as dislocations at atomic resolution is expected to find applications in materials science, nanoscience, solid-state physics and chemistry.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CREEP OF HARDENED PORTLAND CEMENT PASTE AT VARIABLE WATER CONTENT

Tests of creep under axial load and torque have been made using tubular specimens of extremely small wall thickness (0.7 mm) in order to achieve sufficiently rapid moisture exchange with the environment. The changes of relative humidity and temperature in a program-controlled environmental chamber have been gradual, so as to minimize the differences in pore humidity throughout the specimen wall and the accompanying residual stresses and microcracking. A number of different humidity and temperature histories, including the drying before and during the creep test, and the humidity changes during the creep test and during the recovery, have been tested. The measurements have revealed a decline of the slope of creep curve in log-time after a sufficiently long drying period; acceleration of creep as well as recovery by both drying and wetting; a smaller and more delayed acceleration at lower humidities; a delay of this acceleration with respect to the weight loss; a similarity of these effects in axial and torsional creep; a higher recovery as well as creep at higher humidities when moisture equilibrium has been approached before loading; a higher creep acceleration by temperature increases or decreases when the humidity is below saturation, but a smaller acceleration at nearly dry state; and other effects.
A televised lipreading series

A discussion of the experiences encountered in presenting a television series designed to teach lipreading. Also included is a description of the basic program format.
Inverse of a Matrix of Relationships Due to Sires and Maternal Grandsires

Abstract The most important identifiable relationships among sires used in artificial insemination are due to common sires and maternal grandsires. A rapid method for finding the inverse of a numerator relationship matrix resulting from use of these two points in the pedigree has been developed. As a consequence, relationships among all sires to be evaluated can be incorporated easily into best linear unbiased prediction of future progeny of these sires.
Alginate Immobilization of Banana Pulp Enzymes for Starch Hydrolysis and Sucrose Interconversion

A model system has been established that utilizes the entrapment of whole banana pulp homogenates within a calcium alginate matrix in the form of bead that is effective in assaying for enzyme activity in the pulp of the ripe banana fruit. This medium retained enzyme activity for amylase, maltase and invertase and provided indirect evidence of sucrose synthetase activity. A cyclic pathway has been proposed for the biosynthesis and hydrolysis of sucrose in the pulp of ripening banana fruit.
Demographic and Social Trends Affecting the Health of Children in the United States

This article provides information on key demographic, social, and economic characteristics of children in the United States that affect the child's health and access to health insurance. The data, drawn principally from the March 1999 supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS), focus on racial/ethnic groups and generational categories (i.e., immigrants, US natives with foreign-born parents, and US natives with native parents). The article investigates the relationship of socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and generation to self-reported health status, health insurance coverage, and use of Medicaid. In general, racial/ethnic minority children and children of immigrants report being in worse health and are less likely to have health insurance than are white, non-Hispanic children and children of US natives. However, much of the difference can be explained by income differences across the racial/ethnic and generation groups. Citizenship of a child's parents is also a key factor in health insurance coverage. The article closes with a discussion of how likely demographic trends over the next 10-25 years may affect these factors, especially noting the competing demands of children and the elderly on the future working-age population.
Iodination of plasma membrane proteins of BHK cells in different growth states

Abstract The surfaces of BHK cells in confluent monolayers, immediately after mechanical dispersal and in logarithmically growing suspension cultures have been iodinated with 125I using the lactoperoxidase technique. Electrophoretic resolution of the labeled proteins revealed that the representation of plasma membrane proteins varies with the growth state. Trypsinization of the cells produced a drastic revision of the surfaces leaving behind root fragments of membrane components and exposing additional proteins for iodination. The rapid turnover of membrane proteins in growing BHK cells restored the plasma membrane to a state characteristic of the replicating cell within 10 h.
The effects of poor sleep on cognitive, affective, and physiological responses to a laboratory stressor.

Background Recent research suggests that poor sleep may be associated with altered stress regulation.
Laboratory Evaluation of the Immune Response of Young Broiler Chickens Vaccinated Against Newcastle Disease Under Field Conditions

Four experiments were conducted to examine the efficiency of 4 different Newcastle disease (ND) field vaccination programs. For all experiments young broiler chickens were obtained from breeder flocks regularly vaccinated against ND. The following vaccination programs were tested: 1) vaccination at 1 day of age; 2) vaccination at 1 and 20 days of age; 3) vaccination at 7 days, and 4) vaccination at 12 days of age. In all experiments, 10 randomly chosen birds from each of 6 farms that were commercially vaccinated plus 10 nonvaccinated control birds were bled just prior to vaccination and the farms separated into 2 groups based on the birds' mean NDV hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers. At various times after vaccination, sera from 10 different birds from each of the 6 farms and 10 nonvaccinated birds were assayed for HI titers and then challenged with virulent NDV to establish disease resistance. Serologic and challenge data indicated that the majority of chickens from any one of the 4 vaccination programs produced measurable HI titers and were refractory to challenge. However, the greatest serologic response and best resistance to clinical ND were found in birds with relatively low levels of maternal immunity at the time of initial vaccination and in birds receiving a booster vaccination at 20 days of age.
Healthy Family Functioning: What Therapists Say and What Families Want.

The findings from a questionnaire survey of 208 non-clinical family members about their views of the nature of a healthy family are presented. These results are compared to the results of a previous study of family therapists' perceptions of healthy family functioning. Differences and similarities between these two samples are discussed, and the results are considered in light of the findings of another major independent study of healthy family functioning.
Lubrication theory in highly compressible porous media: the mechanics of skiing, from red cells to humans

A generalized lubrication theory that is applicable to highly deformable porous layers is developed using an effective-medium approach (Brinkman equation). This theory is valid in the limit where the structure is so compressible that the normal forces generated by elastic compression of the fibres comprising the solid phase are negligible compared to the pressure forces generated within the porous layer. We assume that the deformation of the solid phase is primarily due to boundary compression as opposed to the motion of the fluid phase. A generalized Reynolds equation is derived in which the spatial variation of the Darcy permeability parameter, α = H/√K p , due to the matrix compression is determined by new local hydrodynamic solutions for the flow through a simplified periodic fibre model for the deformed matrix. Here H is the undeformed layer thickness and K p the Darcy permeability. This simplified model assumes that the fibres compress linearly with the deformed gap height in the vertical direction, but the fibre spacing in the horizontal plane remains unchanged. The model is thus able to capture the essential nonlinearity that results from large-amplitude deformations of the matrix layer. The new theory shows that there is an unexpected striking similarity between the gliding motion of a red cell moving over the endothelial glycocalyx that lines our microvessels and a human skier or snowboarder skiing on compressed powder. In both cases one observes an order-of-magnitude compression of the matrix layer when the motion is arrested and predicts values of α that are of order 100. In this large-α limit one finds that the pressure and lift forces generated within the compressed matrix are four orders-of-magnitude greater than classical lubrication theory. In the case of the red cell these repulsive forces may explain why red cells do not experience constant adhesive molecular interactions with the endothelial plasmalemma, whereas in the case of the skier or snowboarder the theory explains why a 70 kg human can glide through compressed powder without sinking to the base as would occur if the motion is arrested. The principal difference between the tightly fitting red cell and the snowboarder is the lateral leakage of the excess pressure at the edges of the snowboard which greatly diminishes the lift force. A simplified axisymmetric model is presented for the red cell to explain the striking pop out phenomenon in which a red cell that starts from rest will quickly lift off the surface and then glide near the edge of the glycocalyx and also for the unexpectedly large apparent viscosity measured by Pries et al. (1994) in vivo.
A note on the size of the avian olfactory bulb.

SUMMARY Measurements of the longest diameters of the olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres of 46 species of birds are presented. These are compared in each species so that the relative size of the bulb is expressed in per cent of the diameter of the hemisphere. The relatively smallest bulbs are found in Passeriformes, Psittaciformes and Piciformes. The largest are in the Podicipediformes and Procellariiformes. Relatively large bulbs appear to be positively correlated with large hippocampal areas in the brain and aquatic habitat. Relatively small bulbs correlate with small hippocampal areas and tree living. RESUME Rapport sur les mensurations du plus long diametre des bulbes olfactifs et des hemispheres cerebraux de 46 especes d'oiseaux. Ces mensurations sont comparees dans chaque espece de facon a ce que la dimension relative du bulbe soit exprimee en pour-cent du diametre de l'hemisphere. Les bulbes relativement les plus petits se trouvent chez les Passeriformes, les Psittaciformes et les Piciformes; les plus grands, chez les Podicipediformes et les Procellariiformes. Des bulbes relativement grands se revelent positivement en correlation avec de grandes regions hippocampales du cerveau et l'habitat aquatique. Les bulbes relativement petits le sont avec de petites regions hippocampales et chez les animaux vivant dans les arbres.
Examining the Relationships among Coping with Change, Demographic Dissimilarity and Championing Behaviour

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effects of coping with change on the relationship between demographic dissimilarity and championing behaviour. Data were gathered from 299 employees from NCAA Division 1-A athletic departments. Moderated regression showed that the demographic dissimilarity × coping behaviour interaction term accounted for significant variance beyond the controls and first order effects. Simple slope analysis showed that persons who were demographically different but who effectively coped with change were more likely to champion the change than were their counterparts. However, for persons who were demographically different and did not effectively cope, championing behaviour was low. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the change literature and practical implications for sport managers.
The Kidney and Hypertension: Causes and Treatment

Chronic kidney disease is both a cause and a consequence of hypertension. Extracellular volume expansion is an important, if not the most important, contributing factor to hypertension seen in chronic kidney disease. Beyond volume expansion, chronic kidney disease-related hypertension is without truly defining characteristics. Consequently, the sequencing of antihypertensive medications for the patient with chronic kidney disease and hypertension becomes arbitrary. Prescription practice in such patients should be mindful of the need for multiple drug classes with at least one of them being a diuretic. Blood pressure goals in the patient with chronic kidney disease and hypertension are set at lower levels than those for patients with essential hypertension alone. It remains to be determined to what level blood pressure should be lowered in the patient with chronic kidney disease, however.
Inhibition of cholesterol conversion to pregnenolone in submitochondrial particles from bovine adrenal cortex and bovine and human placenta by benzidine derivatives

Abstract Mitochondrial membrane preparations isolated from bovine adrenal cortex and from bovine and human term placentas were used to determine the effects of benzidine derivatives on the side chain cleavage of cholesterol to pregnenolone. All assays were carried out in the presence of 0.3% Tween 20 to disrupt membrane structure and were supplemented with sufficient amounts of purified bovine adrenocortical adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase in order to make cytochrome P-450scc the rate-determining component. For bovine adrenocorlical and placental mitoehondria 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine was found to cause similar inhibition, having an IC 50 value of 2.5 μM: the dose dependence of inhibition was consistent with reversible, non-cooperative binding of inhibitor to P-450scc. The potency of d- p -aminoglutethimide was also similar for these tissues, exhibiting an IC 50 value of 45 μM. The similarity in sensitivity to inhibition by these arylamines suggests that the same form of P-450scc exists in bovine adrenal cortex and placenta. For human placental mitochondria. 3.3'-dimethoxybenzidine and d- p -aminoglutcthimide were found to have IC 50 values of 8 and 14 μM. respectively, indicating differences between the human and bovine forms of P-450scc. Comparison of the potency of a methoxy-substituted benzidine series on the human placental mitochondria. however, showed that the same structure and inhibitory activity correlation exists as found for bovine P-450scc.
Optical Instrumentation for the Biologist: Microscopy

A great variety of optical instruments has been developed for use in biology. The microscope and its many special types are part of them. In this article, a survey is given of the history, development, current status, and future outlook of general microscopy, microspectroscopy, interference microscopy, and electron and x-ray microscopy.
More on Grossly Bloody Urine of Runners

The first report of hematuria in runners appeared in these pages nearly 70 years ago.1Since then, the subject has received more attention in locker rooms than in scientific journals. Now, with the current quest for physical fitness, physicians are encountering an increasing number of runners with grossly bloody urine. Failure to appreciate the nature of this disorder can lead to diagnostic confusion and inappropriate management. Until lately, investigators believed that hematuria in runners stemmed from the kidneys. But, in 1976, at the American Medical Joggers' Association Fourth Annual Honolulu Symposium, my colleague and I presented circumstantial evidence incriminating thelowerurinary tract as the site of blood loss. Our final report2encompassed 13 men whose weekly mileage at the onset of gross hematuria ranged from 15 to 140 (24 to 224 km). Each runner had at least several bouts of frankly bloody urine, and two had countless
Increasing Nurse Certification Rates Using a Multimodal Approach

The attainment of specialty nursing certification can be beneficial for nurses, patients, and the healthcare organization alike. Barriers may prevent nurses from seeking specialty certification, which may impede healthcare organizations from increasing certification rates among nursing staff. The purpose of this article is to share the process and outcomes of 1 medical center's multimodal plan designed to prepare and support nurses seeking specialty certification in pediatric nursing practice.
Identification of a goblet cell-specific enhancer element in the rat intestinal trefoil factor gene promoter bound by a goblet cell nuclear protein

Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) is selectively expressed in goblet cells of the small and large intestinal mucosa. Detailed analysis of the rat ITF (RITF) promoter was undertaken by transient transfection and gel mobility shift assays (GMSAs) using the goblet cell-like LS174T colon cancer-derived cell line. Various lengths of wild-type or mutant constructs of the 5′-flanking region were linked to the pXP2 reporter gene luciferase. Expression of −118 RITF was significantly decreased compared with −154 RITF, and transfection with an 18-base pair construct (−141 to −124) resulted in more than 5-fold greater expression than transfection with the promoterless pXP2 gene construct alone. Using various synthetic oligonucleotide mutants, GMSAs revealed that only a 9-base pair sequence (CCCCTCCCC) in this element was required for specific binding, overlapping but distinct from a Sp1-like element. GMSA demonstrated that this element was specifically bound by nuclear proteins from intestinal cells with a goblet cell-like phenotype. These studies demonstrate that a 9-base pair element (goblet cell response element) between −154 and −118 in the RITF promoter gene is a cis-active element bound by a distinct nuclear transcription factor and is capable of directing intestine and goblet cell-specific expression.