cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rat growth hormone gene introns stimulate nucleosome alignment in vitro and in transgenic mice.

Abstract Average hepatic expression (mRNA per cell per gene) of a metallothionein-rat growth hormone (rGH) gene with its natural introns was about 15-fold higher than an intronless version when tested in transgenic mice. We examined the idea that intron removal leads to an alteration in chromatin structure that might be responsible for this effect. Using an in vitro chromatin assembly system, we observed that nucleosomes were aligned in a characteristic ordered array over the gene and promoter when all introns were present. Linker histones were necessary for this alignment to occur. In contrast, nucleosome alignment was perturbed in constructs lacking some or all of the introns. A similar disruption of nucleosome alignment was observed when comparing chromatin from livers of transgenic mice carrying rGH transgenes with or without introns. In vitro, sequences at the 3' end of the rGH gene position nucleosomes and facilitate nucleosome alignment upstream; however, nucleosome alignment does not occur on the approximately 3 kb of downstream flanking rat sequence. These observations suggest that signals present in genomic rGH DNA may serve to establish appropriate nucleosome alignment during development and, possibly, to restore nucleosome alignment to the transcribed region after disruption incurred by the passage of an RNA polymerase molecule, thereby facilitating subsequent rounds of transcription.
Wettability effects in three-phase gravity drainage

We first analyze stable configurations of gas, oil and water in single pores with different wettabilities. The existence and stability of oil-layers in fractionally-wet systems is investigated for a triangular pore geometry. We find that for spreading systems there are always paths for oil to drain to low saturations, and that the final oil saturation increases as the fraction of oil-wet surface is increased. Water changes from being the most wetting phase to the most nonwetting phase as the fraction of oil-wet surfaces increases from 0 to 100%. We then describe experiments on sand columns with different fractions of water- and oil-wet sands. Percolation concepts are employed to relate the pore-level configurations of fluids to the measured residual water and oil saturations.
Solubility-activity relationships in the inorganic salt-induced precipitation of α-chymotrypsin

Abstract Inorganic salt-induced precipitation is a commonly employed protein separation/concentration technique that is potentially denaturing. The effects of precipitating environments on recoverable activity were investigated using α-chymotrypsin as a model protein. The following salts, in order of increasing denaturation potential and decreasing molal surface tension increment, were studied: Na 2 SO 4 , NaCl, NaBr, KBr, and KSCN. These salts span the lyotropic series. Solubility measurements gave salting-out constants that disagree with current salting-out theory. Salt-protein interactions and concomitant protein structural perturbations are the likely source of the discrepancies. Activity and active fraction measurements indicated that the fraction of precipitate that is active upon dissolution is a function of the salt molal surface tension increment, but not the salt concentration. The specific activity of soluble precipitate remained essentially constant regardless of salt concentration or type. A salting-out performance parameter was defined and calculations indicated that an optimum salt may exist for a particular protein. The recovered active fraction was not affected by varying the amount of salt added and, correspondingly, the amount of protein precipitated.
Defect of the aortic septum.

Abstract The recent literature on aortic septal defect is reviewed. A patient is reported whose clinical, roentgen, and cardiac catheterization findings were indicative of a high ventricular septal defect. At operation the subject was found to have an aortic septal defect. Surgical closure was attempted but the patient expired. At autopsy, in addition to the aortic septal defect, there were found marked changes in the pulmonary arterial system. Thoracic aortography is at present the method of choice for preoperative diagnosis.
Simulating Spatially Explicit Problems on High Performance Architectures

This paper addresses issues of implementation and performance optimization of simulations designed to model spatially explicit problems with the use of parallel discrete event simulation. A simulation system is presented that uses the optimistic protocol and runs on a distributed memory machine?the IBM SP. The efficiency of parallel discrete event simulations that use the optimistic protocol is strongly dependent on the overhead incurred by rollbacks. This paper introduces a novel approach to rollback processing which limits the number of events rolled back as a result of a straggler or antimessage. The method, called Breadth-First Rollback (BFR), is suitable for spatially explicit problems where the space is discretized and distributed among processes and simulation objects move freely in the space. The BFR uses incremental state saving, allowing the recovery of causal relationships between events during rollback. These relationships are then used to determine which events need to be rolled back. This paper presents an application of BFR to the simulation of Lyme disease. Our results demonstrate and almost linear speedup?a dramatic improvement over the traditional approach to rollback processing. Additionally, BFR is used as a basis of a dynamic load balancing algorithm that migrates load between the simulation processes. A brief outline of the algorithm and its potential performance are presented.
Atypical depression among psychiatric inpatients: clinical features and personality traits

Objective: This study investigates the frequency and characteristics of Atypical Depression (AD) among depressed inpatients. Method: Twenty-one depressed inpatients received DSM-IV diagnoses, were rated on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and assessed for AD using the Atypical Depressive Disorder Scale. AD was defined as the presence of mood reactivity and two of four associated features: hyperphagia, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis, rejection sensitivity. Mood reactivity was defined as the ability to reach 50% of a non-depressed mood. All subjects completed the SCL-90, MCMI-II, and a suicide survey. Results: Seven patients (33%) met criteria for AD. AD and non-AD patients did not differ in terms of severity of depression, history of suicide attempts, levels of clinical symptomatology, age of onset of depression, prior hospitalizations, and most personality characteristics. However, AD patients scored significantly higher than non-AD patients on the SCL-90 Interpersonal Sensitivity and MCMI-II Avoidant scales, and were morely likely to be single. Conclusion: AD is fairly prevalent on an inpatient service, comparable to the frequency found in outpatient settings. AD is not a milder form of depression. The only differences between AD and non-AD patients reflect the personality trait of rejection sensitivity which is a defining feature of AD.
Gamma-ray spectra resulting from the annihilation of positrons with selected core levels of Cu, Ag, and Au

The energy spectra of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays resulting from positron annihilation with selected core levels of Cu, Ag, and Au were obtained separately from the total annihilation spectra. The separation was accomplished by measuring the energy of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays detected in time coincidence with Auger electrons emitted consequent to the filling of holes resulting from the annihilation of core electrons. The results of these measurements are compared to the total annihilation spectra and with local-density approximation based theoretical calculations of the core contributions of the selected levels. Good agreement was found between calculated and measured values of the core momentum densities with no adjustable parameters outside of the overall normalization.
Cocaine levels in striatum and nucleus accumbens: Augmentation following challenge injection in rats withdrawn from repeated cocaine administration

Abstract There is general agreement that the brain level of cocaine achieved in response to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) cocaine challenge is higher in animals that have been treated repeatedly with cocaine. However, whether this change in drug disposition persists following withdrawal from repeated treatment is controversial. Rats received either single or repeated injections of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), and levels of cocaine were measured in dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens 20 min after the last injection. Cocaine levels were 60–70% higher in both brain regions of rats that had been treated with cocaine once daily for 7 days compared to rats that had received only a single injection. On the 7th day of withdrawal, similar elevations were observed after a challenge injection of cocaine in animals that had been treated repeatedly with cocaine but not in animals that had been treated repeatedly with saline. This persistent pharmacokinetic change should be taken into account in studies of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization.
The Nutrition of Tetrahymena setifera HZ-1; Sterol and Alcohol Requirements

SYNOPSIS. In a chemically-defined medium Tetrahymena setifera HZ-1 required a sterol, an alcohol, eleven amino acids, a purine, a pyrimidine, and six B-complex vitamins. The sterol requirement was met by a variety of 3β-OH, C27-C29 sterols including cholesterol and stigmasterol, but not by precursors of cholesterol which precede desmosterol or Δ7-cholestenol. Some combinations of long-chain fatty acids with a synthetic dipalmitoyl phosphorylethanolamine partly substituted for sterol. Ethyl and methyl alcohols (but not a variety of other alcohols and organic acids) satisfied the alcohol requirement.
First Report of Nematostoma artemisiae on Artemisia in the United States.

A fungus associated with leaf hairs of Silver King also known as Silver Wormwood (Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. albula (Wooton) Keck) from Missouri (Crawford County, near Bourbon) was identified as the loculoascomycete Nematostoma artemisiae Syd. and P. Syd. When the fungus is present, the leaf hairs become discolored due to the numerous dark ascocarps and eventually drop off and the living leaves lose their silvery appearance, detracting from the ornamental value of the plants. Undocumented observations suggest that the fungus occurred on this host in Ohio and other states of the Midwest in 1995. N. artemisiae was described from Japan on Artemisia indica Willd. and reported once from China on that host. The type specimen was recently redescribed and illustrated by Sivanesan (1) who provided an account of the genus of which this is the type species. The uniloculate fruiting bodies of N. artemisiae are solitary, superficial to basally immersed, dark brown, globose, 120 to 160 μm in diameter, with four to 10 black setae 125 to 175 (300) μm long extending from the thickened region around the ostiole. The bitunicate, cylindrical, 8-spored asci are 50 to 65 × 7 to 9 μm and contain pale brown, broadly fusiform, smooth ascospores, 14 to 18 × 4.5 to 5.0 μm, three-septate, slightly constricted at each septum. The anamorph pycnidia are similar in appearance to the ascomycete fruiting bodies and contain hyaline, broadly spherical conidia 3 to 5 μm in diameter. The specimen has been deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collection (BPI 749199). Reference: (1) A. Sivanesan. Syst. Ascomycetum 6:201, 1987.
Incident Response Planning for a Fortune-500 Consumer Products Manufacturer

As a means of improving the health of the Manufacturing sector in the United States, this paper explores specific considerations when drafting an Incident Response Plan for a Fortune-500 Consumer Products Manufacturer. The basic ideas are translatable to other companies that are similar in size, and are focused on Manufacturing. The company examined makes use of an ERP system, and EDI transactions, the advantages and disadvantages of which are discussed. These tools are an aid to the Incident Response Team in securing company data.
Pyrodoxal 5′-phosphate inhibition of lactate production in rat liver supernatant fluid

Abstract The inhibitory effect of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate was examined on lactate production in rat liver 100000 × g supernatant fluid. Inhibition by pyridoxal 5′-phosphate was dependent on the duration of preincubation with supernatant fluid; lactate production exhibited a half-life of 5.5 min in the presence of 25 μM pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. The concentration of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate for 50% inhibition of lactate production from glucose as substrate was 10 μM and from glucose 6-phosphate as substrate, 185 μM.
Phase II trial of gemcitabine as second-line chemotherapy of uterine leiomyosarcoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) Study

Abstract Objective . To determine the antitumor activity and toxicity profile of gemcitabine as second-line chemotherapy in patients with recurrent or persistent uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS). Methods . Intravenous gemcitabine was administered over 30 min at a dose of 1000 mg/m 2 on days 1, 8, 15, with cycles repeated every 28 days. Eligibility criteria included measurable disease, performance status 0–2, adequate bone marrow function, creatinine Results . Forty-eight patients were enrolled on the study. Three were deemed ineligible upon central pathology review, another received an inadequate course of protocol treatment, and two others were not reassessed for response; thus 44 patients were evaluable for toxicity and 42 for toxicity and response. The median age was 52.5 (range: 31–82) years. Thirty-five patients had received prior chemotherapy and 11 had undergone prior radiotherapy. Sites of measurable disease were pelvic ( n = 9) and extrapelvic ( n = 35). A median of two (range: 1–13) cycles was received. The schedule was well tolerated; there were no treatment-related deaths. The only grade 4 toxicities included neutropenia ( n = 7), nausea and vomiting ( n = 2), and dermatologic ( n = 1). One (2.3%) patient achieved a complete response and eight (18.2%) experienced a partial response, for an overall response rate of 20.5%. Conclusion . Gemcitabine demonstrates activity in patients with persistent or recurrent uterine LMS and should be considered in multiagent regimens treating this patient population.
Impact of HIPAA provisions on the stock market value of healthcare institutions, and information security and other information technology firms

Title 1 of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted to improve the portability of healthcare insurance coverage and Title II was intended to alleviate fraud and abuse. The development of a health information system was suggested in Title II of HIPAA as a means of promoting standardization to improve the efficiency of the healthcare system and ensure that electronic healthcare information is transferred securely and kept private. Since the legislation places the onus of providing the described improvements on healthcare institutions and part of these requirements relate to information technology (IT) and information security (IS), the process of complying with the legislation will necessitate acquiring products and services from IT/IS firms. From the viewpoint of stock market analysts, this increase in demand for IT/IS products and services has the potential to boost the profitability of public IT/IS firms, in turn positively enhancing their stock market valuation. Following the same logic, the legislation's compliance burdens shared by healthcare firms are expected to require hefty costs, thus potentially reducing the profitability of healthcare firms and reflecting negatively on their stock price. The intent of this paper is to evaluate the stock market reaction to the introduction of HIPAA legislation by evaluating the abnormal movement in the price of the stock of public healthcare institutions, IT, and IS firms. We conduct event-study analyses around the announcement dates of the various provisions of HIPAA. An event study is a standard statistical methodology used to determine whether the occurrence of a specific event or events results in a statistically significant reaction in financial markets. The advantage of the event study methodology for policy analysis is that it provides an anchor for determining value, which eliminates reliance on ad hoc judgments about the impact of specific events or policies on stock prices. While event studies have been conducted that examine the market effect of security and privacy breaches on firms, none has attempted to determine the impact, in terms of resulting market reaction, of the HIPAA legislation itself. The results of the study confirm the logic above, while also providing insight into specific stages of the legislative path of HIPAA.
Residual smallness relativized to congruence types, I

This paper contains a characterization of /nite algebras which generate a variety having a cardinal bound on its subdirectly irreducible algebras with non-Abelian monolith. The result shows that the property to not have such a bound is a recursively enumerable property of /nite algebras of /nite type. c 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. MSC: 08A05; 08A40; 08B05
The Influence of Biological Sex, Self-Esteem, and Communication Apprehension on Unwillingness to Communicate

Role identity influences communication behaviors, particularly unwillingness to communicate, or the tendency to avoid oral communication, a phenomenon that communication instructors observe in many of their students. This investigation explores the effect of biological sex, self-esteem, and communication apprehension on the reward and approach-avoidance dimensions of unwillingness to communicate. Multiple regression analyses revealed significant relationships between biological sex and self-esteem on the reward dimension and biological sex and communication apprehension on the approach-avoidance dimension. Results suggest that women and men view communication differently and may be socialized to behave differently during communication encounters. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed for communication instructors.
Partial biventricular repair for double-outlet right ventricle with left ventricular hypoplasia.

Abstract The presence of left ventricular hypoplasia in double-outlet right ventricle may increase the risk of biventricular repair and Fontan procedures. The hypoplastic left ventricle of an 11-year-old girl with complex doubleoutlet right ventricle was successfully incorporated in a modified biventricular repair by Dacron patch closure of the ventricular septal defect, diversion or venous return of the inferior vena cava to the mitral valve with an intraatrial baffle, insertion of a left ventricular apex to pulmonary artery valved aortic homograft, and diversion of residual systemic venous return directly to the lungs with a bidirectional superior vena cava to pulmonary artery shunt. Postoperatively, the systemic venous atrial pressure was 6 mm Hg and the pulmonary artery pressure was 14 mm Hg. This method is proposed as a partial biventricular repair hemodynamically superior to the Fontan procedure, although aortic homograft revision may be required in the future.
What I Think I May Have Learned—Reflections on 50 Years of Teaching: An Interview with Michael Wertheimer:

This is an interview with Michael Wertheimer, professor emeritus at the University of Colorado at Boulder, who has won awards for the teaching of psychology, for service, and for contributions to the history of psychology. After earning his BA (with high honors) from Swarthmore College and an MA in psychology from The Johns Hopkins University, he received his PhD in experimental psychology from Harvard University under the supervision of S. S. Stevens and Edwin G. Boring. He also worked for 1 semester as a full-time research assistant to social psychologist Solomon E. Asch. His career at the University of Colorado at Boulder (after teaching for 3 years at Wesleyan University) included decades of service as director or codirector of the departmental honors program in psychology (1956 to 1993) as well as the presidency of Divisions 1 (General), 2 (Society for the Teaching of Psychology), 24 (Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology—twice), and 26 (History) of the American Psychological Association (APA) and of Psi Chi and the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association. Among his scholarly endeavors in the history of psychology is the preservation of his father's (Max Wertheimer) contributions to the development of Gestalt theory (King & Wertheimer, 2005). He is the recipient of the Distinguished Teaching Award of the American Psychological Foundation and a Lifetime Achievement Award for Sustained, Outstanding, and Unusual Contributions to the History of Psychology from the APA's Division 26.
The Making of the “March Fallen”: March 4, 1919 and the Subversive Potential of Occupation

For more than eighty-five years, Sudeten German communities have gathered together to commemorate the so-called “March Fourth Massacre.” On this date in 1919, Czechoslovak troops opened fire on crowds of Germans who were demonstrating for national self-determination in thirty-five towns across Czechoslovakia's western frontier. By day's end, the violence in seven towns across the border region had claimed a total of fifty-four lives and had left hundreds wounded. The bloodiest altercation took place in the northwestern Bohemian town of Kadaň (Kaaden), which left twenty-two dead and ninety wounded. On that fateful day in Kadaň, this violence was precipitated by an altercation between unruly German students and anxious Czechoslovak guardsmen, who were stationed in front of the town hall. This altercation triggered two minutes of sustained and indiscriminate gunfire upon the crowd of nearly 10,000, who found themselves trapped by Czechoslovak machine gun nests at opposing ends of the market square.
Multispectral sensor fusion for ground-based target orientation estimation : FLIR, LADAR, HRR

In our earlier work, we focused on pose estimation of ground- based targets as viewed via forward-looking passive infrared (FLIR) systems and laser radar (LADAR) imaging sensors. In this paper, we will study individual and joint sensor performance to provide a more complete understanding of our sensor suite. We will also study the addition of a high range- resolution radar (HRR). Data from these three sensors are simulated using CAD models for the targets of interest in conjunction with XPATCH range radar simulation software, Silicon Graphics workstations and the PRISM infrared simulation package. Using a Lie Group representation of the orientation space and a Bayesian estimation framework, we quantitatively examine both pose-dependent variations in performance, and the relative performance of the aforementioned sensors via mean squared error analysis. Using the Hilbert-Schmidt norm as an error metric, the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimator is reviewed and mean squared error (MSE) performance analysis is presented. Results of simulations are presented and discussed. In our simulations, FLIR and HRR sensitivities were characterized by their respective signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and the LADAR by its carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR). These figures-of-merit can, in turn, be related to the sensor, atmosphere, and target parameters for scenarios of interest.
Deafferentation induces novel axonal projections in the auditory brainstem after hearing onset.

Deafferentation of neural tissue can result in cell death, morphological changes, and/or alterations in sources of innervation. These changes often occur during a limited period of development. In the auditory brainstem, the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) projects to the contralateral but not ipsilateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). This pathway is part of a circuit that computes interaural intensity differences used in sound localization. Previous studies have shown that, after the cochlea is removed early in postnatal development, cells in the VCN on the deafferented side die, and the intact VCN innervates MNTB on both sides of the brain. These changes after cochlea removal are limited to an early postnatal period that preceeds hearing onset. In this study, we lesioned the VCN directly to evaluate plasticity in axonal pathways after hearing onset. We found that novel projections from the intact VCN to ipsilateral MNTB emerge after lesions performed as late as postnatal day 25. The morphological sequence of events is similar to that seen during the initial development of this pathway. These data suggest that plasticity in the auditory brainstem is possible when pathways are challenged with denervation of target nuclei. The results show that the opportunity for plasticity in auditory brainstem circuitry is more prolonged than previously thought and that novel pathways can form after the normal pathways are fully mature and functional. Moreover, sensitive periods for changes in individual pathways are independently regulated. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:589–599, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effect of the Learning Disability Label on Classroom Teachers' Ability Objectively to Observe and Interpret Child Behaviors

The effect of teacher expectations on the school performance of children has been a topic of much interest and research. Recent findings have demonstrated that for certain children, school failure ...
Development of the immobility response (animal hypnosis) in two species of deermice (Peromyscus)

Immobility responses (animal hypnosis) to restraint were found in two species of deermice tested cross-sectionally at ages ranging from 11 to 22 days and as adults (60 days). Responses inPeromyscus maniculatus appeared at 13 days of age and, by 20 days, had increased to approximately adult levels of incidence. InP. leucopus, responses only occurred between 15 and 18 days and as adults. Response incidence is higher in juvenilemaniculatus than inleucopus, while adults of the two species were not different. The developmental pattern of the response inmaniculatus is similar to that in birds, but theleucopus pattern is different from others reported.
Sequence of the intron and flanking exons of the mitochondrial 21S rRNA gene of yeast strains having different alleles at the ω and rib-1 loci

The complete nucleotide sequence has been determined for the intron, its junctions and the flanking exon regions of the 21S rRNA gene in three genetically characterized strains differing by their omega alleles (omega+, omega- and omega n) and by their chloramphenicol-resistant mutations at the rib-1 locus. Comparison of these DNA sequences shows that: --omega+ differs from omega- and omega n by the presence of the intron (1143 bp), as well as by a second and unexpected mini-insert (66 bp) located 156 bp upstream within the exon, whose nature and functions are still unknown but whose striking palindromic structure may suggest a mitochondrial transposable element. --The two mutations C321R and C323R correspond to two different monosubstitutions, 56 bp apart in the omega- and omega n strains but separated by the intron in the omega+ strains. In relation to previous genetic results, a model is discussed assuming that the interactions of two different regions or genetic loci determine the chloramphenicol resistance, one of which contains the omega n mutations. --A long uninterrupted coding sequence able to specify a 235 amino acid polypeptide exists within the intron. This remarkable observation gives new insight into the origin of the mitochondrial introns and raises the question of the possible functions of intron-encoded polypeptides. Finally, sequence comparisons with evolutionarily distant organisms, showing that different rRNA introns are inserted at different positions of an otherwise highly conserved region of the gene, suggest a recent insertion of these introns and a mechanism for splicing after the assembly of the large ribosomal subunit.
Automatic segmentation of the optic tracts for computer assistance of deep brain stimulation procedures.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical treatment involving the implantation of a medical device called a brain pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses to specific regions of the brain for treatment of movement disorders. Because of the small size of the surgical target and possible shift of the deep brain structures due to air invasion when the dura is opened, intra-operative adjustment of the surgical approach is often necessary. Knowledge about the position of the optic tracts gained from intra-operative measurements is useful for placement guidance. Pre-operative knowledge of the location of the optic tracts may not only help the placement and programming of the DBS implant but also prove useful in estimating intra-operative brain shift. In this article we present an automatic method to localize the optic tracts in MR/CT.
Perspective taking is associated with specific facial responses during empathy for pain

Abstract Witnessing the distress of others can result both in empathy and personal distress. Perspective-taking has been assigned a major role in the elicitation and modulation of these vicarious responses. However, little is known about how perspective-taking affects the psychophysiological correlates of empathy vs. personal distress. We recorded facial electromyographic and electrocardiographic activity while participants watched videos of patients undergoing painful sonar treatment. These videos were watched using two distinct perspectives: a) imagining the patient's feelings (‘imagine other’), or b) imagining to be in the patient's place (‘imagine self’). The results revealed an unspecific frowning response as well as activity over the M. orbicularis oculi region which was specific to the ‘imagine self’ perspective. This indicates that the pain-related tightening of the patients orbits was matched by participants when adopting this perspective. Our findings provide a physiological explanation for the more direct personal involvement and higher levels of personal distress associated with putting oneself explicitly into someone elses shoes. They provide further evidence that empathy does not only rely on automatic processes, but is also strongly influenced by top-down control and cognitive processes.
Explicit filtering to obtain grid-spacing-independent and discretization-order-independent large-eddy simulation of two-phase volumetrically dilute flow with evaporation

Predictions from conventional large-eddy simulation (LES) are known to be grid-spacing and spatial-discretization-order dependent. In a previous article (Radhakrishnan & Bellan, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 697, 2012a, pp. 399–435), we reformulated LES for compressible single-phase flow by explicitly filtering the nonlinear terms in the governing equations so as to render the solution grid-spacing and discretization-order independent. Having shown in Radhakrishnan & Bellan (2012a) that the reformulated LES, which we call EFLES, yields grid-spacing-independent and discretization-order-independent solutions for compressible single-phase flow, we explore here the potential of EFLES for evaporating two-phase flow where the small scales have an additional origin compared to single-phase flow. Thus, we created a database through direct numerical simulation (DNS) that when filtered serves as a template for comparisons with both conventional LES and EFLES. Both conventional LES and EFLES are conducted with two gas-phase SGS models; the drop-field SGS model is the same in all these simulations. For EFLES, we also compared simulations performed with the same SGS model for the gas phase but two different drop-field SGS models. Moreover, to elucidate the influence of explicit filtering versus gas-phase SGS modelling, EFLES with two drop-field SGS models but no gas-phase SGS models were conducted. The results from all these simulations were compared to those from DNS and from the filtered DNS (FDNS). Similar to the single-phase flow findings, the conventional LES method yields solutions which are both grid-spacing and spatial-discretization-order dependent. The EFLES solutions are found to be grid-spacing independent for sufficiently large filter-width to grid-spacing ratio, although for the highest discretization order this ratio is larger in the two-phase flow compared to the single-phase flow. For a sufficiently fine grid, the results are also discretization-order independent. The absence of a gas-phase SGS model leads to build-up of energy near the filter cut-off indicating that while explicit filtering removes energy above the filter width, it does not provide the correct dissipation at the scales smaller than this width. A wider viewpoint leads to the conclusion that although the minimum filter-width to grid-spacing ratio necessary to obtain the unique grid-independent solution might be different for various discretization-order schemes, the grid-independent solution thus obtained is also discretization-order independent.
Association of interleukin-8 and neutrophils with nasal symptom severity during acute respiratory infection.

Using a large data set (n = 811), the relationship between acute respiratory infection illness severity and inflammatory biomarkers was investigated to determine whether certain symptoms are correlated more closely than others with the inflammatory biomarkers, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and nasal neutrophils. Participants with community acquired acute respiratory infection underwent nasal lavage for IL-8 and neutrophil testing, in addition to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for the detection and identification of respiratory viruses. Information about symptoms was obtained throughout the duration of the illness episode using the well-validated Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-21). Global symptom severity was calculated by the area under the curve (AUC) plotting duration versus WURSS total. Of the specimens tested, 56% were positively identified for one or more of nine different respiratory viruses. During acute respiratory infection illness, both IL-8 and neutrophils positively correlate with AUC (rs = 0.082, P = 0.022; rs = 0.080, P = 0.030). IL-8 and neutrophils correlate with nasal symptom severity: runny nose (r = 0.13, P = < 0.00001; r = 0.18, P = < 0.003), plugged nose (r = 0.045, P = 0.003; r = 0.14, P = 0.058), and sneezing (r = −0.02, P = < 0.0001; r = −0.0055, P = 0.31). Neutrophils correlate with some quality of life measures such as sleeping well (r = 0.15, P = 0.026). Thus, the study demonstrates that IL-8 and neutrophils are correlated with severity of nasal symptoms during acute respiratory infection. Further research is necessary to determine if the concentration of these or other biomarkers can predict the overall duration and severity of acute respiratory infection illness. J. Med. Virol. 87:330–337, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Responses of Shallow Cumulus Convection to Large-Scale Temperature and Moisture Perturbations: A Comparison of Large-Eddy Simulations and a Convective Parameterization Based on Stochastically Entraining Parcels

AbstractResponses of shallow cumuli to large-scale temperature/moisture perturbations are examined through diagnostics of large-eddy simulations (LESs) of the undisturbed Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) case and a stochastic parcel model. The perturbations are added instantaneously and allowed to evolve freely afterward. The parcel model reproduces most of the changes in the LES-simulated cloudy updraft statistics in response to the perturbations. Analyses of parcel histories show that a positive temperature perturbation forms a buoyancy barrier, which preferentially eliminates parcels that start with lower equivalent potential temperature or have experienced heavy entrainment. Besides the amount of entrainment, the height at which parcels entrain is also important in determining their fate. Parcels entraining at higher altitudes are more likely to overcome the buoyancy barrier than those entraining at lower altitudes. Stochastic entrainment is key for the parcel model to repr...
Impact of enhanced geothermal systems on US energy supply in the twenty-first century

Recent national focus on the value of increasing US supplies of indigenous renewable energy underscores the need for re-evaluating all alternatives, particularly those that are large and well distributed nationally. A panel was assembled in September 2005 to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of geothermal becoming a major supplier of primary energy for US base-load generation capacity by 2050. Primary energy produced from both conventional hydrothermal and enhanced (or engineered) geothermal systems (EGS) was considered on a national scale. This paper summarizes the work of the panel which appears in complete form in a 2006 MIT report, 'The future of geothermal energy' parts 1 and 2. In the analysis, a comprehensive national assessment of US geothermal resources, evaluation of drilling and reservoir technologies and economic modelling was carried out. The methodologies employed to estimate geologic heat flow for a range of geothermal resources were utilized to provide detailed quantitative projections of the EGS resource base for the USA. Thirty years of field testing worldwide was evaluated to identify the remaining technology needs with respect to drilling and completing wells, stimulating EGS reservoirs and converting geothermal heat to electricity in surface power and energy recovery systems. Economic modelling was used to develop long-term projections of EGS in the USA for supplying electricity and thermal energy. Sensitivities to capital costs for drilling, stimulation and power plant construction, and financial factors, learning curve estimates, and uncertainties and risks were considered.
Building capacity to reduce disparities in diabetes: training community health workers using an integrated distance learning model.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine whether an innovative interactive distance training program is an effective modality to train community health workers (CHWs) to become members of the diabetes health care team. The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center has developed a rigorous diabetes training program for CHWs involving both distance and hands-on learning as part of Project ECHO™ (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes).MethodsTwenty-three diverse CHW participants from across New Mexico were enrolled in the first training session. Participants completed surveys at baseline and at the end of the program. They attended a 3-day hands-on training session, followed by weekly participation in tele/video conferences for 6 months. Wilcoxon signed-rank statistics were used to compare pre- and posttest results.ResultsParticipants demonstrated significant improvements in diabetes knowledge (P = .002), diabetes attitudes (P = .04) and confidence in both clinical and nonclinical skills ...
Connected identifying codes for sensor network monitoring

Identifying codes have been proposed as an abstraction for implementing monitoring tasks such as indoor localization using wireless sensor networks. In this approach, sensors' radio coverage overlaps in unique ways over each identifiable region, according to the codewords of an identifying code. While connectivity of the underlying identifying code is necessary for routing data to a sink, existing algorithms that produce identifying codes do not guarantee such a property. As such, we propose a novel polynomial-time algorithm called ConnectID that transforms any identifying code into a connected version that is also an identifying code and is provably at most twice the size of the original. We evaluate the performance of ConnectID on various random graphs, and our simulations show that the connected codes generated are actually at most 25% larger than their non-connected counterparts.
Work-related asthma among health care workers: surveillance data from California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993-1997.

Background Asthma morbidity has increased, posing a public health burden. Work-related asthma (WRA) accounts for a significant proportion of adult asthma that causes serious personal and economic consequences. Methods Cases were identified using physician reports and hospital discharge data, as part of four state-based surveillance systems. We used structured interviews to confirm cases and identify occupations and exposures associated with WRA. Results Health care workers (HCWs) accounted for 16% (n = 305) of the 1,879 confirmed WRA cases, but only 8% of the states' workforce. Cases primarily were employed in hospitals and were nurses. The most commonly reported exposures were cleaning products, latex, and poor air quality. Conclusions Health care workers are at risk for work-related asthma. Health care providers need to recognize this risk of WRA, as early diagnosis will decrease the morbidity associated with WRA. Careful product purchasing and facility maintenance by health care institutions will decrease the risk. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:265–275, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
DOA-ALOHA: slotted ALOHA for ad hoc networking using smart antennas

This paper develops a novel slotted ALOHA protocol (direction-of-arrival ALOHA) for use in ad hoc networks where nodes are equipped with smart antennas. The protocol relies on the ability of the antenna and DOA algorithms to identify the direction of the desired signal and the direction of the interferers to maximize SINR (signal to interference and noise ratio) at the receiver. The performance of the protocol is evaluated using joint simulation in OPNET and Matlab. We compare the performance of our new protocol against recent directional MAC (medium access control) [R.R. Choudhury, et al., Sept. 2002] protocol. We show that DOA-ALOHA achieves significantly higher throughput than R.R. Choudhury, et al. (Sept. 2002) despite its simplicity. The impact of using different number of antenna elements is also studied for this environment.
Nitroglycerin attenuates vasoconstriction of HBOC-201 during hemorrhagic shock resuscitation

Abstract Background Vasoconstriction, an inherent property of Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOC) potentially due to nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, may increase cardiovascular complications in HBOC resuscitated trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if co-administration of a weak NO donor, intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG), with HBOC-201 during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock could safely attenuate HBOC-201 vasoconstriction. Methods and results Hemorrhagic shock was induced in 44 swine randomized to receive fluid resuscitation with HBOC, HBOC+NTG10mcg/kg/min, HBOC+NTG20mcg/kg/min, HBOC+NTG40mcg/kg/min, Hetastarch (HES), HES+NTG20mcg/kg/min, NTG20mcg/kg/min and Lactated Ringers (LR). HBOC resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock increased mean arterial pressure (MAP=94±33mmHg), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP=29±11mmHg) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR=2684±871dyns/cm 5 ) in comparison to HES. Co-administration of NTG during HBOC resuscitation attenuated vasoconstriction with HBOC+40mcg/kg/min demonstrating the most robust reduction in vasoconstriction (MAP=59±23mmHg, MPAP=18±7mmHg, and SVR=1827±511dyns/cm 5 ), although the effects were transient. Co-administration of NTG with HBOC did not alter base deficit, lactate, methemoglobin levels, nor cause profound hypotension during resuscitation. Conclusion Nitroglycerin attenuates vasoconstrictive properties of HBOC when co-administered during resuscitation in this swine model of hemorrhagic shock. Translational survival studies are required to determine if this strategy of attenuation of the vasoconstriction of HBOC-201 reduces cardiovascular complications and improves outcome with HBOC fluid resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock.
The International Law of Force and the Fight against Terrorism

This Article critically analyzes the principal legal arguments made to justify the use of force by the United States in Iraq and Afghanistan. The author argues that the revisions in the law of state responsibility as well as UN Security Council acceptance support the use of force in Afghanistan, but the use of force in Iraq was neither justified by existing doctrines of self-defense nor authorized or accepted by the UN Security Council.
Direct Biofluid Analysis Using Hydrophobic Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry

Ambient electrostatic paper spray ionization from a hydrophobic paper occurs when a DC potential is applied to the dry paper triangle. Online liquid/liquid extraction of small organic compounds from a drop of biological fluid present on the dry hydrophobic paper is achieved with an organic spray solvent in under 1 min and utilizes in situ electrostatic-spray ionization for more efficient detection of extracted molecules. Direct analysis of small volumes of biofluids with no sample pretreatment is possible, which is applicable in point-of-care analyses. High sensitivity and quantitative accuracy was achieved for the direct analysis of illicit drugs in 4 μL of raw blood, serum, and whole urine. The study was extended to monitor the activity of alanine transaminase enzyme, a key biomarker for the detection of liver injury in patients (with HIV and tuberculosis) who typically take several medications at once.
Plastic Bags, Pollution, and Identity: Women and the Gendering of Globalization and Environmental Responsibility in Mali

Research and policy interest in questions of environmental waste is growing, especially plastic bag pollution. Where trash disposal and recycling are not highly regulated, the proliferation of plastic bags has created dramatic social and environmental consequences. In this article, we draw on 30 interviews with women who sell goods in markets in Mali as an entry point into investigating this issue through the interrelated dimensions of identity, gender, globalization, and the environment. We find the choices of women become suspect and blamed for this environmental issue despite their having few socio-political options, while global and local political and economic elites have largely been responsible for implementing a series of policies and programs that have heightened the local effects of globalization while diminishing the services available to deal with the environmental and cultural dimensions of these changes. The issue of plastic bag pollution demonstrates the environmental consequences of develo...