cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Empirical Ethical Decision-Making Literature: 2004–2011

This review summarizes the research on ethical decision-making from 2004 to 2011. Eighty-four articles were published during this period, resulting in 357 findings. Individual findings are categorized by their application to individual variables, organizational variables, or the concept of moral intensity as developed by Jones (Acad Manag Rev 16(2):366–395, 1991). Rest’s (Moral development: advances in research and theory, Praeger, New York, 1986) four-step model for ethical decision-making is used to summarize findings by dependent variable—awareness, intent, judgment, and behavior. A discussion of findings in each category is provided in order to uncover trends in the ethical decision-making literature. A summary of areas of suggested future research is provided.
Detecting Deception: The Relationship of Available Information to Judgmental Accuracy in Initial Encounters.

The research examined the relationship of available and used nonverbal and total information when observers make deception attributions during initial exposure. Twelve interviewees underwent a procedure designed to induce deception; this yielded six deceitful and six truthful interviewees, as reflected in behavior exhibited during a postprocedure interview. Eight coders estimated the amount of available nonverbal and total information. Eighty observers made judgments as to the veracity of the interviewees and reported the amount of nonverbal and total information used in making these judgments. Comparison of available information and used information models indicates inconsistencies in total information estimates and an inability to predict accuracy of judgments based on these estimates.
Texts, Contexts, and Shared Understandings: Accounting for Language Interaction in Student Writing.

Abstract This article outlines a text-based, interactionist approach toward writing and written communication. Writing and reading are described as processes of negotiation: Writers and readers communicate successfully when they utilize their textual resources to negotiate the mutually oriented interactional work that sustains writing and reading as sense-making social practices. A brief analysis of the introductory paragraphs of the working drafts and revisions of one college freshman writer's essay is offered to illustrate how key textual features function reflexively to establish and sustain—to account for—the evolving but mutually held rational grounds (i.e., the generative interactional contexts) of school writing and reading processes. The study offers implications for an integrated theory of writing and written communication by showing some of the ways textual processes function both privately and publicly to mediate context and cognition in written discourse. The study problematizes current product-focused orientations toward written texts and challenges prevailing conceptions of the nature of writing contexts and revision processes.
Mortality after spinal cord injury: An 11-year prospective study☆☆☆★

Abstract Objective: To identify the relative risk of mortality after spinal cord injury (SCI) as a function of level of psychosocial, vocational, and medical adjustment. Design: A prospective design was used: data on life adjustment was obtained at one time (1985), with subsequent survival status ascertained 11 years later (1996). Logistic regression was used to identify the relative risk of mortality given the level of adjustment on a number of predictor variables. Setting: All participants were selected from outpatient files of a Midwestern university hospital. Participants: A total of 345 participants with SCI completed study materials in 1985 (a 78% response rate), 330 of whom could be definitively classified in 1996 as either survivor or deceased. Of these 330 participants, 84% were alive in 1996 ( n = 278) and the other 16% were deceased ( n = 52). Main Outcome Measurements: The Life Situation Questionnaire (LSQ) was used to measure nine primary predictors related to life adjustment after SCI, including employment status and eight predictor scales: Medical Instability, Adjustment, General Satisfaction, Emotional Distress, Dependency, and Poor Health. The LSQ was also used to generate data on 34 individual items that were used in exploratory predictive analyses. Results: All but one of the 8 primary adjustment predictors from 1985 significantly predicted 1996 mortality status. Dependency and low overall satisfaction were among the most significant predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Overall quality of life is important to the longevity of people with SCI, and comprehensive rehabilitation programs are needed to promote a level of life adjustment that maximizes longevity after SCI.
Increasing Dietary Levels of Cracked Pima Cottonseed Increase Plasma Gossypol but do not Influence Productive Performance of Lactating Holstein Cows

Abstract Lactating Holstein cows were fed diets with increasing levels of cracked Pima cottonseed to determine its effects on plasma gossypol concentrations as well as milk yield and composition and dry matter (DM) intake in a short-term study. All diets contained 12.8% cottonseed, 43.5% concentrate, and 43.7% chopped alfalfa hay on a DM basis. The proportion of whole Upland cottonseed to cracked Pima cottonseed in the four diets was 100:0, 67:33, 33:67, and 0:100. Four primiparous cows were fed the diets in a 4×4 Latin square design, and three multiparous cows were fed the diets in a Youden square design with five periods. All periods were 35 d. Upland and cracked Pima cottonseed contained 0.64 and 1.00% total gossypol (DM) with 41 and 52% of gossypol as the (−) isomer, respectively. Gossypol is a natural defense compound in the plant that protects it against pests and diseases, but can have antinutritional quality effects when consumed by dairy cattle. Total plasma gossypol concentrations increased linearly with increasing proportions (100:0, 67:33, 33:67, and 0:100) of cracked Pima cottonseed in the diet for primiparous (4.4, 6.0, 7.7, and 8.9μg/ml) and multiparous (4.3, 7.3, 9.7, and 11.4μg/ml) cows, respectively. While primiparous cows responded similarly to gossypol intake, the response of plasma gossypol intake in multiparous cows differed among cows. This indicates the importance of animal variation when relating plasma gossypol levels with gossypol intake. Milk yield, as well as its components and DM intake, were not affected by increasing dietary inclusion levels of cracked Pima cottonseed up to 8.6% of DM intake for either primiparous or multiparous cows, even though plasma gossypol concentrations increased sharply over this dietary inclusion range. Although the highest dietary inclusion level of Pima cottonseed (i.e., 12.8%) numerically depressed performance of cows of both parities, these differences failed to reach statistical significance in these short-term trials with few cows.
QUANTITATIVE REDOX SCANNING OF TISSUE SAMPLES USING A CALIBRATION PROCEDURE

The fluorescence properties of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp) including flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the respiratory chain are sensitive indicators of intracellular metabolic states and have been applied to the studies of mitochondrial function with energy-linked processes. The redox scanner, a three-dimensional (3D) low temperature imager previously developed by Chance et al., measures the in vivo metabolic properties of tissue samples by acquiring fluorescence images of NADH and Fp. The redox ratios, i.e. Fp/(Fp+NADH) and NADH/(Fp+NADH), provided a sensitive index of the mitochondrial redox state and were determined based on relative signal intensity ratios. Here we report the further development of the redox scanning technique by using a calibration method to quantify the nominal concentration of the fluorophores in tissues. The redox scanner exhibited very good linear response in the range of NADH concentration between 165-1318μM and Fp between 90-720 μM using snap-frozen solution standards. Tissue samples such as human tumor mouse xenografts and various mouse organs were redox-scanned together with adjacent NADH and Fp standards of known concentration at liquid nitrogen temperature. The nominal NADH and Fp concentrations as well as the redox ratios in the tissue samples were quantified by normalizing the tissue NADH and Fp fluorescence signal to that of the snap-frozen solution standards. This calibration procedure allows comparing redox images obtained at different time, independent of instrument settings. The quantitative multi-slice redox images revealed heterogeneity in mitochondrial redox state in the tissues.
Crystal structure and mutational analysis of the DaaE adhesin of Escherichia coli.

DaaE is a member of the Dr adhesin family of Escherichia coli, members of which are associated with diarrhea and urinary tract infections. A receptor for Dr adhesins is the cell surface protein, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). We have carried out a functional analysis of Dr adhesins, as well as mutagenesis and crystallographic studies of DaaE, to obtain detailed molecular information about interactions of Dr adhesins with their receptors. The crystal structure of DaaE has been solved at 1.48A resolution. Trimers of the protein are found in the crystal, as has been the case for other Dr adhesins. Naturally occurring variants and directed mutations in DaaE have been generated and analyzed for their ability to bind DAF. Mapping of the mutation sites onto the DaaE molecular structure shows that several of them contribute to a contiguous surface that is likely the primary DAF-binding site. The DAF-binding properties of purified fimbriae and adhesin proteins from mutants and variants correlated with the ability of bacteria expressing these proteins to bind to human epithelial cells in culture. DaaE, DraE, AfaE-III, and AfaE-V interact with complement control protein (CCP) domains 2-4 of DAF, and analysis of the ionic strength dependence of their binding indicates that the intermolecular interactions are highly electrostatic in nature. The adhesins AfaE-I and NfaE-2 bind to CCP-3 and CCP-4 of DAF, and electrostatic interactions contribute significantly less to these interactions. These observations are consistent with structural predictions for these Dr variants and also suggest a role for the positively charged region linking CCP-2 and CCP-3 of DAF in electrostatic Dr adhesin-DAF interactions.
Regime Similarity and Rivalry

Explanations for the democratic peace have developed along two broad lines: those that focus on democratic-specific mechanisms and those that focus on institutional similarity mechanisms. We test these competing mechanisms against each other by examining a range of regime types and a variety of institutional mechanisms, and for the first time, test them in logistic multiple regression models of rivalry onset using three rivalry datasets. Our comparative test of the two approaches largely justifies democratic-specific explanations for the democratic peace. That is, more than any other regime pairing, two democracies are less likely to engage in a rivalry. We also find some evidence that socialist single-party dyads are less likely to experience rivalry than other dyads, but overall the support for a broader institutional similarity peace is quite limited.
Recurrence of type 1 diabetes after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, despite immunosuppression, is associated with autoantibodies and pathogenic autoreactive CD4 T-cells

OBJECTIVE To investigate if recurrent autoimmunity explained hyperglycemia and C-peptide loss in three immunosuppressed simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplant recipients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We monitored autoantibodies and autoreactive T-cells (using tetramers) and performed biopsy. The function of autoreactive T-cells was studied with in vitro and in vivo assays. RESULTS Autoantibodies were present pretransplant and persisted on follow-up in one patient. They appeared years after transplantation but before the development of hyperglycemia in the remaining patients. Pancreas transplant biopsies were taken within ∼1 year from hyperglycemia recurrence and revealed β-cell loss and insulitis. We studied autoreactive T-cells from the time of biopsy and repeatedly demonstrated their presence on further follow-up, together with autoantibodies. Treatment with T-cell–directed therapies (thymoglobulin and daclizumab, all patients), alone or with the addition of B-cell–directed therapy (rituximab, two patients), nonspecifically depleted T-cells and was associated with C-peptide secretion for >1 year. Autoreactive T-cells with the same autoantigen specificity and conserved T-cell receptor later reappeared with further C-peptide loss over the next 2 years. Purified autoreactive CD4 T-cells from two patients were cotransplanted with HLA-mismatched human islets into immunodeficient mice. Grafts showed β-cell loss in mice receiving autoreactive T-cells but not control T-cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the cardinal features of recurrent autoimmunity in three such patients, including the reappearance of CD4 T-cells capable of mediating β-cell destruction. Markers of autoimmunity can help diagnose this underappreciated cause of graft loss. Immune monitoring during therapy showed that autoimmunity was not resolved by the immunosuppressive agents used.
Near-term technology review of electronic office equipment

The authors examine the electrical power and energy requirements of electronic office equipment and explore options for improved energy efficiency. Comparisons are made of the electrical power and energy used by computers, displays, copiers, printers, and facsimile machines, both while operating and while idle. The embodied energy of paper is noted as strongly influencing the total energy required to print a page of information. Typically, office equipment is not in use for much of the time it is turned on. Duty cycles often range from about 5 to 15%. Use of power management in office equipment can considerably decrease overall energy consumption. Computers and displays are just beginning to utilize this technology with reported power reduction of up to 97%. Many copiers have an energy saver mode, but copiers are often shipped with this mode disabled and may never utilize it. While energy saver modes are more prevalent in copiers, those printers that have incorporated this feature achieve more dramatic power reductions. Fax machines do not seem to utilize this technology at all, even though many have high power consumption when they are idle. >
Entering the education arcade

Responding to social, economic, and technological trends which make games the most powerful medium for reaching young learners, The Education Arcade project, based in the MIT Comparative Media Studies Program, seeks to prototype games that teach, develop curricular materials which support existing commercial titles, and help prepare teachers to use games in the classroom. This article reports on the first three prototypes that are producing -- Supercharged! (electromagnetism), Environmental Detectives (environmental science) and Revolution (American History).
“After Genres”: A Biography That Illuminates Ethnography

Roy Richard Grinker. In the Arms of Africa: The Life of Colin M. Turnbull. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. xii. 354 pp.
Decision-Making and Dissensus: Policy Uncertainty, the Media, and the Iraq Surge Debate

This paper examines national security policymaking under conditions of elite dissensus and how this policy uncertainty is reflected in the mass media. Previous research suggests that the American mass media tends to index the range of voices and viewpoints according to the views expressed in the mainstream government debate; much of this scholarship focuses on times of elite consensus. Policy uncertainty, however, provides the opportunity for other voices from outside of government to come into the mainstream debate. The often conflicting goals of political and bureaucratic actors, in conjunction with the immediacy associated with national security decisions, tend to exacerbate policy uncertainty. We evaluate the 2007 Iraq troop surge to explore policymaking and media sourcing during a period of elite dissensus, moving toward a better understanding of the interaction between policy entrepreneurs and the media. Examining congressional testimony and mass media accounts, we find that the composition of policy entrepreneurs in national security debates changes as elite consensus dissolves. The media reflects this dissensus, enriching the debate over foreign policy by giving space to non-governmental sources. From these findings, we derive broader implications regarding the role of policy entrepreneurs and the media in national security policymaking.
Potassium-evoked directionally selective responses from rabbit retinal ganglion cells

Previous studies have shown that directionally selective (DS) retinal ganglion cells cannot only discriminate the direction of a moving object but they can also discriminate the sequence of two flashes of light at neighboring locations in the visual field: that is, the cells elicit a DS response to both real and apparent motion. This study examines whether a DS response can be elicited in DS ganglion cells by simply stimulating two neighboring areas of the retina with high external K+. Extracellular recordings were made from ON-OFF DS ganglion cells in superfused rabbit retinas, and the responses of these cells to focal applications of 100 mM KCl to the vitreal surface of the retina were measured. All cells produced a burst of spikes (typically lasting 50-200 ms) when a short pulse (10-50 ms duration) of KCl was ejected from the tip of a micropipette that was placed within the cell's receptive field. When KCl was ejected successively from the tips of two micropipettes that were aligned along the preferred-null axis of a cell, sequence-dependent responses were observed. The response to the second micropipette was suppressed when mimicking motion in the cell's null direction, whereas an enhancement during apparent motion in the opposite direction frequently occurred. Sequence discrimination in these cells was eliminated by the GABA antagonist picrotoxin and by the Ca(2+)-channel blocker omega-conotoxin MVIIC, two drugs that are known to abolish directional selectivity in these ganglion cells. The spatiotemporal properties of the K(+)-evoked sequence-dependent responses are described and compared with previous findings on apparent motion responses of ON-OFF DS ganglion cells.
Supernumerary digital flexion creases: an additional clinical manifestation of Alagille syndrome.

Alagille syndrome (AGS; OMIM 118450) is a complex dominantly inherited multisystem disorder involving the liver, heart, eyes, facies, skeleton, and other systems. Criteria for the clinical diagnosis have been established as the presence of bile duct paucity on liver biopsy in association with three of five major clinical findings (cholestasis, butterfly vertebrae, posterior embryotoxon, congenital heart disease, and facial features). Jagged1 has been identified as the AGS disease gene. Jagged1 is a large gene, with no mutational hot spots, making molecular testing difficult at this time. Other clinical features would prove helpful in establishing the diagnosis in the absence of molecular confirmation. Supernumerary digital flexion creases have been identified in 16/46 (35%) of AGS probands examined through the Alagille Syndrome Diagnostic Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Although digital abnormalities have been noted in AGS in the past, including short distal phalanges and fifth finger clinodactyly, digital crease abnormalities have never before been reported. Supernumerary digital creases have been reported in less than 1% of the general population. The presence of extra and missing digital creases in individuals with normal joint anatomy, their occurrence in several syndromes, and mouse in situ expression studies indicate that genetic factors contribute to digital crease formation. However, these factors are poorly understood. Hypotheses regarding the origin of flexion creases are discussed. The identification of supernumerary digital creases in one-third of AGS probands provides another diagnostic aid and allows for speculation of the role of Jagged1 in the molecular development of digital crease patterns.
Anti-proliferative Effects of Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) Involve Ceramide and Cell Cycle Inhibition

Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) inhibits phosphatidylcholine (PC)-phospholipase C (PLC) and/or sphingomyelin (SM) synthase (SMS). Inhibiting SMS can increase ceramide levels, which can inhibit cell proliferation. Here, we examined how individual inflammatory and glia cell proliferation is altered by D609. Treatment with 100-μM D609 significantly attenuated the proliferation of RAW 264.7 macrophages, N9 and BV-2 microglia, and DITNC1 astrocytes, without affecting cell viability. D609 significantly inhibited BrdU incorporation in BV-2 microglia and caused accumulation of cells in G1 phase with decreased number of cells in the S phase. D609 treatment for 2 h significantly increased ceramide levels in BV-2 microglia, which, following a media change, returned to control levels 22 h later. This suggests that the effect of D609 may be mediated, at least in part, through ceramide increase via SMS inhibition. Western blots demonstrated that 2-h treatment of BV-2 microglia with D609 increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 and down-regulated phospho-retinoblastoma (Rb), both of which returned to basal levels 22 h after removal of D609. Exogenous C8-ceramide also inhibited BV-2 microglia proliferation without loss of viability and decreased BrdU incorporation, supporting the involvement of ceramide in D609-mediated cell cycle arrest. Our current data suggest that D609 may offer benefit after stroke (Adibhatla and Hatcher, Mol Neurobiol 41:206–217, 2010) through ceramide-mediated cell cycle arrest, thus restricting glial cell proliferation.
Self-injurious behaviour in intellectual disability syndromes: evidence for aberrant pain signalling as a contributing factor.

Despite the prevalence of self-injurious behavior (SIB) in many genetic developmental disorders associated with severe intellectual impairment, very little is known about the neurobiological underpinnings of this comorbidity. SIB occurs in different sectors of the normal population, but its frequency is much higher among individuals with developmental disorders that negatively influence brain function. Several recent advances in preclinical models of such disorders have led to a greater understanding of how mutations in genes that cause these diseases lead to changes in the structure and function of the central nervous system (CNS). At the same time, a greater appreciation of plasticity in the CNS as it pertains to chronic pain conditions has led to the recognition that molecular mechanisms of pain amplification are remarkably similar to those of learning and memory ( Ji et al. 2003). Here we will summarise recent evidence for aberrant pain processing in humans affected by developmental disorders that cause intellectual disability (ID) and in preclinical models of these diseases. We will place these findings into the context of what is currently known about the initiation and persistence of SIB and discuss possible molecular mechanisms and anatomic pathways that may be disrupted in these diseases. We will outline an experimental framework for further work in this area to test the role of defective pain amplification in SIB that can potentially point to new therapeutic avenues. We will also discuss chronic pain as a potential contributing factor in SIB, which is a complex behaviour. Understanding the role of the nociceptive system in SIB may improve therapeutic outcomes.
Dynamics and Control of a Ground Effect Transportation System

An aerodynamic property of lifting bodies called "ground effect", is used in the design of vehicles for a futuristic transportation system. Fundamental design issues associated with such a vehicle are discussed from first principles with a special emphasis on dynamics and control. Mathematical models of the dynamics of such a vehicle are presented and the inherent stability of the concept is evaluated through simulations. The desired self-stabilizing effect is shown to be weak when simple ground effect models are used. However, the complex analytical and numerical models for the extreme ground effect case discussed in the literature, offer optimism and form a basis for this self stabilization based vehicle design. Subsequent steps present a control surface selection and design process with a naive approach. A nonlinear adaptive state feedback control law for tracking of the position and velocity states of the model and regulation of the attitude of the vehicle in the presence of parametric uncertainty and external disturbances is utilized to obtain worst case control magnitudes. Design and dimensioning of control surfaces is done based on these control computations.
Should We Salvage the Scaffolding Metaphor

In response to the six commentaries on my analysis of the value of the scaffolding metaphor, I attempt to highlight common themes and revisit arguments for and against the utility of the metaphor.
Surface functionalization of metal–organic polyhedron for homogeneous cyclopropanation catalysis

A super-paddlewheel (comprised of two paddlewheels) metal–organic polyhedron (MOP) containing surface hydroxyl groups was synthesized and characterized. Condensation reactions with linear alkyl anhydrides lead to new MOPs with enhanced solubility. As a result, the surface-modified MOP 4 was demonstrated as a homogeneous Lewis-acid catalyst.
Dynamics of GCN4 facilitate DNA interaction: a model-free analysis of an intrinsically disordered region

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are known to play important roles in regulatory and signaling pathways. A critical aspect of these functions is the ability of IDP/IDRs to form highly specific complexes with target molecules. However, elucidation of the contributions of conformational dynamics to function has been limited by challenges associated with structural heterogeneity of IDP/IDRs. Using NMR spin relaxation parameters (15N R1, 15N R2, and {1H}–15N heteronuclear NOE) collected at four static magnetic fields ranging from 14.1 to 21.1 T, we have analyzed the backbone dynamics of the basic leucine-zipper (bZip) domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor GCN4, whose DNA binding domain is intrinsically disordered in the absence of DNA substrate. We demonstrate that the extended model-free analysis can be applied to proteins with IDRs such as apo GCN4 and that these results significantly extend previous NMR studies of GCN4 dynamics performed using a single static magnetic field of 11.74 T [Bracken, et al., J. Mol. Biol., 1999, 285, 2133–2146] and correlate well with molecular dynamics simulations [Robustelli, et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2013, 9, 5190–5200]. In contrast to the earlier work, data at multiple static fields allows the time scales of internal dynamics of GCN4 to be reliably quantified. Large amplitude dynamic fluctuations in the DNA-binding region have correlation times (τs ≈ 1.4–2.5 ns) consistent with a two-step mechanism in which partially ordered bZip conformations of GCN4 form initial encounter complexes with DNA and then rapidly rearrange to the high affinity state with fully formed basic region recognition helices.
Effects of hyperthermia on radiation-induced chromosome breakage and loss in excision repair deficient Drosophila melanogaster.

SummaryHyperthermia increased radiosensitivity with respect to γ-ray induced chromosome loss and breakage in all stages of spermatogenesis in the wild type Oregon R strain of Drosophila melanogaster, whereas hyperthermia increased radiosensitivity to a lesser extent in cn mus (2) 201D 1, an excision repair mutant with 0 per cent excision capacity and in mus (3) 308D 1, a strain with 24 per cent excision capacity. The differences in hyperthermia-induced radiation sensitivity between the excision repair mutants and the wild strain may be due to the hyperthermia affecting the excision repair mechanism, suggesting that one of the possible mechanisms involved in hyperthermia-increased radiosensitivity is an effect on excision repair.
Role of Wholesale Trade in the Economy Of Franklin (PA) & Washington (MD) Counties

The wholesale trade industry is an important part of the history and economy of Lackawanna and Luzerne counties in Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers throughout these counties and influences tax revenues in the counties.
Effects of Victimization and Violence on Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors Among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Adolescents

Abstract Purpose: Sexual minority youth (SMY) are at higher risk for victimization and suicide than are heterosexual youth (HY). Relatively little research has examined which types of victimization are most closely linked to suicide, which is necessary to develop targeted prevention interventions. The present study was conducted to address this deficit. Methods: The data come from the 2011 Chicago Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n = 1,907). Structural equation modeling (SEM) in Mplus evaluated the direct, indirect, and total effects of sexual orientation on a latent indicator of suicidal ideation and behaviors via seven types of victimization. Four indicators of victimization were school-specific (e.g., harassment due to sexual orientation or gender identity (SO/GID), bullying, threatened or injured with a weapon, and skipping school due to safety concerns), and three indicators assessed other types of victimization (e.g., electronic bullying, intimate partner violence, and sexual abuse). Results: Thirteen pe...
Measurement of effective refraction index from multichannel insertion loss spectra for a folded AWG multiplexer

Measurement of effective refractive index of grating and slab areas of AWG multiplexer from multi-channel polarization-dependent insertion loss measurements has been proposed. This technique of process control provides significant time-saving in large-scale AWG production.
Development of Larvae of the Golden King Crab Lithodes Aequispinus (Anomura: Lithodidae) Reared at Different Temperatures

Unfed lecithotrophic larvae of the golden king crab Lithodes aequispinus were reared at 3, 6, and 9?C in darkness and 33-34 ppt salinity. This study was done to improve our understanding of larval development time and the ability of the larvae to survive under different seasonal thermal conditions. The survival rates and intermolt duration was observed for the first zoeal molt (ZI), second molt (ZII), third molt (ZIII), and glaucothoe (G). The duration from hatching to the start of the first nonlarval stage (crab I) averaged 148, 94, and 75 days at 3, 6, and 9?C, respectively. Development rate for ZI to Crab I versus the rearing temperature was described by the equation: Development period (days) = -35.82 (Rearing Temperature ?C) + 1.96 (0C2) + 238.6; r2 = 0.99. Regardless of stage, every degree increase in temperature reduced the length of the development period by approximately 9%. Survival rates of ZI larvae were typically >97% regardless of temperature. By the completion of the ZII molt 83-87% were still surviving. Survival rates to the end of the ZIII molt at 3? and 6?C were 77% and 75%, but only 65% at 9?C. Within stages there was no significant difference in survival rates for ZI, ZII, or ZIII at the 3 test temperatures. The survival rate through the glaucothoe stage was 47% and 51% for larvae reared at 3? and 6?C, respectively, while only 16% of those at 9?C survived to Crab I. There was no significant difference in the percentage of glaucothoe surviving at 3, 6, and 9?C. The golden king crab Lithodes aequispinus Benedict accounts for about 50% of all king crab landings in western Alaska (Otto, 1990) and because of its value there is interest in developing a sound biological basis for management (Shirley and Zhou, 1997; Adams and Paul, 1999). The larvae are large (ZI = 7 mm) nonfeeding organisms that in captivity exhibit both planktonic and benthic habits (Shirley and Zhou, 1997; Adams and Paul, 1999). Since juveniles are found geographically separated from adults, it has been hypothesized that the larvae are planktonic (Hiramoto, 1985; Sloan, 1985; Blau et al., 1996). Much of their habitat is in remote sites where temperatures of the water column are not monitored. In the bays of the North Pacific, juveniles live at 30 ZI were present. A total of 240 larvae were used in the study, 30 collected from each of the 8 females. The 30 larvae from each female were divided into 3 lots of 10 each. Each lot of 10 larvae was
X-Ray Microscopy of Single Neurons in the Central Nervous System

Since the original application of light microscopic techniques to analyses of the nervous system over 100 years ago, neurobiologists have believed that a detailed examination of the structure of neurons will provide a foundation for understanding the elaboration of neuronal function. More recently, with the advent of high resolution electron microscopic methods, this logic has been carried to an ultrastructural level where the goal has been to define the organization of synaptic connections onto the postsynaptic dendrites of neurons in order to determine the circuitry underlying various physiological responses. To date, studies utilizing the electron microscope have provided few insights into the origins of these responses and have largely confirmed the synaptic nature of connections that cannot be resolved with the light microscope.
The prevalence and importance of sexual concerns among female military beneficiaries.

Background: Sexuality is an important part of health, quality of life, and general well-being, yet studies suggest that less than half of patients' sexual concerns are known by their physicians and that physicians are unaware of how common sexual concerns are among patients. The objective of this study was to determine the type and prevalence of sexual concerns among a randomly selected sample of women enrolled for health care at a military community hospital. Methods: A randomized mail survey was used. Of 593 eligible participants, 232 responded (39%). Main outcome measures were self-reported sexual concerns and sociodemographic data. Results: A total of 90.9% of women reported one or more sexual concerns. Most frequently reported sexual concerns were lack of interest (88.6%), difficulty with orgasm (81.2%), body image concerns (80.4%), inadequate lubrication (76.1%), dyspareunia (75.1%), needing information about sexual issues (75.1%), and unmet sexual needs (63.4%). More than half (65.2%) reported concerns of physical or sexual abuse, and more than half (53.1%) reported sexual coercion at some point in their lives. Conclusions: The results demonstrate a high prevalence of sexual health concerns for women enrolled for health care in a military community hospital. The implication for clinical practice is that sexual health inquiry should be a regular and important part of health care maintenance.
Restriction of cell lysis by homologous complement: I. An analysis of membrane attack complex formation on target membranes.

The hemolytic efficiency and binding of C9 to homologous and heterologous erythrocytes was evaluated by using a standardized passive sensitization procedure to prepare antigen- and antibody-coated erythrocytes (EA) and human serum for lysis. Heterologous bovine EA were readily lysed by human serum, whereas human EA were quite resistant to lysis. Human EA bound as many C8 and C9 molecules per cell as bovine EA when incubated under identical conditions, but four times as much bound C9 was required to lyse an equal number of human EA compared with bovine EA. The susceptibility of human erythrocytes did not increase when increased volumes of undiluted human serum were used although C9 binding increased to as much as 100,000 molecules per cell. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant polymerized C9 (poly(C9)) was detected on both lysed ghosts and unlysed EA bearing complement proteins C1 through C9 (EAC1–9) after incubation with undiluted human serum; however, the ratio of poly(C9) to monomeric C9 was higher on unlysed cells than on ghosts. Although bovine and human EA bound equal amounts of human C9 at the end point, the rate of lysis and C9 uptake was slower on homologous cells. The rate-limiting step occurred before C9 binding and lysis because the rates of lysis and C9 binding were equal on homologous and heterologous EAC1–8 targets, but the extent of lysis of homologous cells was still lower than lysis of heterologous cells. Human erythrocytes lose restriction against homologous hemolysis during storage in autologous plasma or in isotonic buffers.
NB1-C16-insulin: site-specific synthesis, purification, and biological activity.

Purpose. To develop a simple and efficient method for the synthesis and purification of NB1-lipid-modified-insulin without the use of protecting agents.
The Elton-Odell (1 + ε)-Separation Theorem

In this concluding chapter we prove the following separation theorem, due to J. Elton and E. Odell.
Elevation Changes due to Tides, Long Beach, Calif.

Daily changes in elevation due to compaction and expansion of the upper 400 ft to 700 ft (122m-214m) of the earth have been recorded. It is suggested that changes in intergranular pressure due to the daily tidal cycle apply and relax elastic stress to sand grains resulting in surface elevation changes ranging from 0.002 ft to 0.010 ft (0.6 mm - 3.0 mm). Variations in rates of water withdrawal from nearby water wells on drilling Island Chaffee substantially increase elevation changes at that location.
Factors Influencing Achievement in Undergraduate Social Science Research Methods Courses: A Mixed Methods Analysis.

Undergraduate social science research methods courses tend to have higher than average rates of failure and withdrawal. Lack of success in these courses impedes students’ progression through their degree programs and negatively impacts institutional retention and graduation rates. Grounded in adult learning theory, this mixed methods study examines the factors that influence student achievement in these courses among a sample of 724 social science students. Quantitative results indicate math self-concept, the belief that being good at math is necessary for success in the course; anxiety; attributions of course utility; learning approach; and GPA predict perceived learning. Qualitative results suggest students’ research self-concepts shape whether they take a deep learning approach (leaning in) or a surface learning approach (resistance) to the course. Course instructors also impact students’ perceptions of learning.
Clonal Marking of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem and Lymphoid Progenitor Cell Populations.

Abstract We have developed a method to clonally mark hematopoietic stem and lymphoid progenitor cell populations using a novel sequence tag approach. A library containing an 11-base random sequence tag is cloned into a lentivirus vector, packaged using the VSV-G glycoprotein and HIV-1 capsid, and transduced into freshly isolated mouse hematopoietic stem cell (Thy-1.1lowc-kithigh) or progenitor cell (Thy-1.1negc-kithigh) populations. To minimize artifacts introduced by prolonged culture, we have utilized a 3-hour spinoculation protocol performed in the absence of cytokines. Transduction efficiency was evaluated in vitro by methylcellulose colony assay and liquid cultures, and in vivo by transplanting the transduced cells into lethally irradiated mice. A bicistronic lentivirus vector with a CMV promoter driving expression of a transcript encoding Thy-1.2-IRES-GFP was used to optimize the transduction protocol. Liquid culture assays demonstrated 57% transduction efficiency after 5 days of growth, based on expression of the Thy-1.2 and GFP reporter proteins. Mice transplanted with transduced Thy-1.1negc-kithigh progenitor cells were sacrificed after 16 days, a time at which we have previously observed robust progenitor cell engraftment in the thymus while progeny of Thy-1.1lowc-kithigh HSC have not yet appeared. In 4 of 4 transplanted mice, we observed donor-derived cells in the bone marrow, lymph nodes and thymus. The percentage of total cells expressing the lentivirus-derived transgene ranged from 1.6% of bone marrow cells to 20% of thymocytes. Peripheral blood from mice transplanted with transduced HSC were analyzed and monitored every 4 weeks for transgene expression. We observed that although the Thy-1.2 marker was expressed and maintained up to 14 weeks after HSC transplant, GFP transgene expression was minimal. Based on these preliminary results, we have engineered a new lentivirus vector containing random sequence tags and the Thy-1.2 marker. This strategy provides a simple and efficient way of tracking the progeny of individual cells within a transplanted population, using PCR amplification of the random tags found within mature cell populations derived from the transduced cells. Sequence analysis of individual clones derived from different lineages of cells will enable us to better define the lineage potentials of specific progenitor cell subpopulations.
Condoms, Culture, and Conviction: The Effect of Acculturation and Religiosity on Latina Condom Use during First Sex with New Partners.

Latinas in the United States are less likely than their non-Hispanic peers to use condoms. Previous research has identified acculturation and religiosity as two key determinants of Latina condom us...
Effective Use of Personal Assistants for Students with Disabilities: Lessons Learned from the 2014 Accessible Geoscience Field Trip.

In 2014, the Geological Society of America sponsored an Accessible Field Trip, designed to demonstrate best practices in accommodating a wide variety of participants with disabilities during a fiel...
A New Conceptual Model for Understanding International Students’ College Needs

This study concerns the theory and practice of international marketing in higher education with the purpose of exploring a conceptual model for understanding international students’ needs in the context of a four-year college in the United States. A transcendental phenomenological design was employed to investigate the essence of international students’ needs within their study experiences and explore a conceptual model that can explain these needs. Qualitative data were collected from 12 undergraduate and graduate international students through semi-structured interviews. Using thematic analysis, findings expand typical marketing mix frameworks and advance an eight-dimensional international student needs model: Program, Place, Price, Promotion, Process, People, Physical Facility, and Peace.
Unser Wissen von der Zukunft

Die symbolische Logik, von der wir im vorangehenden Kapitel gesprochen haben, ist eine deduktive Logik; sie behandelt nur solche Gedankenoperationen, die durch logische Notwendigkeit ausgezeichnet sind. Die Erfahrungswissenschaft macht zwar weitgehenden Gebrauch von deduktiven Operationen, verlangt jedoch auserdem noch nach einer zweiten Art von Logik, die wegen der darin benutzten induktiven Operationen induktive Logik heist.
Modification of the association between high ambient temperature and health by urban microclimate indicators: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Landscape characteristics, including vegetation and impervious surfaces, influence urban microclimates and may lead to within-city differences in the adverse health effects of high ambient temperatures. Objective Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the epidemiologic literature that assessed microclimate indicators as effect measure modifiers (EMM) of the association between ambient temperature and mortality or morbidity. Methods We systematically identified papers and abstracted relative risk estimates for hot and cool microclimate indicator strata. We calculated the ratio of the relative risks (RRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess differences in health effects across strata, and pooled the RRR estimates using random effects meta-analyses. Results Eleven papers were retained. In the pooled analyses, people living in hotter areas within cities (based on land surface temperature or modeled estimates of air temperature) had 6% higher risk of mortality/morbidity compared to those in cooler areas (95% CI: 1.03–1.09). Those living in less vegetated areas had 5% higher risk compared to those living in more vegetated areas (95% CI: 1.00–1.11). Discussion There is epidemiologic evidence that those living in hotter, and less vegetated areas of cities have higher risk of morbidity or mortality from higher ambient temperature. Further research with improved assessment of landscape characteristics and investigation of the joint effects of physiologic adaptation and landscape will advance the current understanding. Conclusion This review provides quantitative evidence that intra-urban differences in landscape characteristics and micro-urban heat islands contribute to within-city variability in the health effects of high ambient temperatures.
Exploratory Application of Augmented Reality/Mixed Reality Devices for Acute Care Procedure Training.

Author(s): Kobayashi, Leo; Zhang, Xiao Chi; Collins, Scott A.; Karim, Naz; Merck, Derek L. | Abstract: Introduction: Augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality devices are enabling technologies that may facilitate effective communication in healthcare between those with information and knowledge (clinician/specialist; expert; educator) and those seeking understanding and insight (patient/family; non-expert; learner). Investigators initiated an exploratory program to enable the study of AR/MR use-cases in acute care clinical and instructional settings.Methods: Academic clinician educators, computer scientists, and diagnostic imaging specialists conducted a proof-of-concept project to 1) implement a core holoimaging pipeline infrastructure and open-access repository at the study institution, and 2) use novel AR/MR techniques on off-the-shelf devices with holoimages generated by the infrastructure to demonstrate their potential role in the instructive communication of complex medical information.Results: The study team successfully developed a medical holoimaging infrastructure methodology to identify, retrieve, and manipulate real patients’ de-identified computed tomography and magnetic resonance imagesets for rendering, packaging, transfer, and display of modular holoimages onto AR/MR headset devices and connected displays. Holoimages containing key segmentations of cervical and thoracic anatomic structures and pathology were overlaid and registered onto physical task trainers for simulation-based “blind insertion” invasive procedural training. During the session, learners experienced and used task-relevant anatomic holoimages for central venous catheter and tube thoracostomy insertion training with enhanced visual cues and haptic feedback. Direct instructor access into the learner’s AR/MR headset view of the task trainer was achieved for visual-axis interactive instructional guidance.Conclusion: Investigators implemented a core holoimaging pipeline infrastructure and modular open-access repository to generate and enable access to modular holoimages during exploratory pilot stage applications for invasive procedure training that featured innovative AR/MR techniques on off-the-shelf headset devices.