cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of Soil Nitrogen Retention to the Interactive Effects of Soil Texture, Hydrology, and Organic Matter

concentrations sampled with lysimeters increased, while 15 NO3-N retention decreased. Landscape location (upland, hillslope, and toeslope) and soil type interacted to affect soil solution NO3 concentrations so that the downslope increase in NO3 was greater in sandy versus silty soils. These patterns manifest despite a downslope increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) and C/N ratios. A positive correlation between saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil solution NO3 sampled in zero-tension lysimeters during precipitation events suggested that high hydraulic conductivity promotes periodic rapid NO3 transport at rates that exceed retention kinetics. The downslope increase in soil solution NO3 in spite of a concomitant increase in SOC and C/N ratios provides an important contrast with previous N saturation research that highlights negative correlations between SOM C/N ratios and NO3 concentrations and suggests NO3 transport along connected hillslope flow paths may overwhelm stoichiometric sinks for inorganic N retention in SOM. Our results reveal important gaps in N retention theory based on SOM biogeochemistry alone and demonstrate how coupled biogeochemical and hydrological models can improve predictions of N saturation, particularly when considering periodic advective NO3 transport in the vadose zone. We show that in coarse-textured soils, low capacity for protection of SOM N by association with fine mineral particles interacts with rapid hydrological flushing of NO3 to enhance the expression of ecosystem N saturation symptoms.
World medical leaders declare that pain treatment is a human right … and it couldn't come at a worse time.

To be a pain specialist during these unpredictable changes in health care delivery is fraught with danger to one's professional existence. The medical management of pain has become so over-regulated by state and federal drug agencies that one step in the wrong direction can result in fines, loss of license, and even imprisonment. Attorneys now have the best possible scenario for suing physicians—if one prescribes too little pain medication or too much pain medication, one can be sued. Interventional pain specialists are constantly being challenged to produce double-blinded, randomized controlled study-equivalent data to justify their invasive procedures. Now, Centers for Medicaid & Medicaid Services (CMS) has teamed up with the Rand Corporation to examine outcome data on certain high-use, high-cost procedures to determine their cost-effectiveness. In some cases such as intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET) procedures for Medicare patients, CMS will not pay for the procedure based on lack of objective and positive outcome data. Thus, today's pain specialist must traverse the “Scylla and Charybdis” of multiple government agencies and aggressive attorneys in order to provide care for some of the most miserable and suffering patients in the world. In January 2011, I took part in a multinational, multidisciplinary summit in DeBilt, The Netherlands that addressed the concept of pain treatment being a human right. That's correct; a right to life, liberty, pursuit of happiness, and relief from pain and suffering. On the surface, one might think this group was a throwback to the Haight-Ashbury days of peace and love. On the contrary, world standards for effective pain relief are so varied that many terminally ill cancer patients in certain countries are denied basic opioid analgesics for palliative measures. This cause is appropriate and justified, yet also realistic as to the extent its impact may have …
Effect of heme and oxygen availability on hemA gene expression in Escherichia coli : role of the fnr, arcA, and himA gene products

While many organisms synthesize delta-aminolevulinate, the precursor of heme, by condensing succinyl-coenzyme A and glycine, others use a glutamate-dependent pathway in which glutamyl-tRNA dehydrogenase catalyzes the rate-determining step. The hemeA gene that encodes this latter enzyme in Escherichia coli has been cloned and sequenced. To examine how its expression is regulated, we constructed hemA-lacZ operon and gene fusions and inserted them into the chromosome in single copy. The effect of aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions and the availability of electron acceptors and various carbon substrates were documented. Use of different types of cell culture medium resulted in a fivefold variation in hemA-lacZ expression during aerobic cell growth. Anaerobic growth resulted in 2.5-fold-higher hemA-lacZ expression than aerobic growth. This control is mediated by the fnr and arcA gene products. Fnr functions as a repressor of hemA transcription during anaerobic cell growth only, whereas the arcA gene product activates hemA gene expression under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Integration host factor protein was also shown to be required for control of hemA gene regulation. To determine whether an intermediate or a product of the heme biosynthetic pathway is involved in hemA regulation, hemA-lacZ expression was analyzed in a hemA mutant. Expression was elevated by 20-fold compared with that in a wild-type strain, while the addition of the heme pathway intermediate delta-aminolevulinate to the culture medium restored expression to wild-type levels. These results suggest that the heme pathway is feedback regulated at the level of hemA gene expression, to supply heme as it is required during different modes of cell growth.
Effects of Fast-Neutron Irradiation on Tensile Properties and Swelling Behavior of Vanadium Alloys

Fast-neutron-induced void formation in commercial pure vanadium is dramatically reduced by additions of titanium and/or chromium. As little as 1 percent by weight titanium decreases the void number density and void volumefraction by factors of 30 and 100, respectively, compared with pure vanadium after exposure at 525 C (977 F) to a fluence of 1.1 x 10 2 2 n/cm 2 , E n > 0.1 MeV. Additions of 3 percent by weight titanium or greater suppress void formation entirely under the same exposure conditions. Alloys of 10 and 15 percent by weight chromium have also been found beneficial in limiting swelling. Internal-friction measurements show that the reduction in void formation in the vanadium-titanium alloys may be partly related to the removal of interstitial impurities, oxygen, and nitrogen by the titanium to form a coherent precipitate of Ti 3 O 2 or a complex oxynitride. Excess oxygen in the alloy after consumption of the available titanium as a precipitate results in increased void formation and also loss of precipitate coherency. The tensile properties of V-20Ti alloy are only slightly affected by in-reactor exposures as high as 5.4 x 10 2 2 n/cm 2 , E n > 0.1 MeV. Initial hardening is observed at low fluences and irradiation temperatures that are probably due to point-defect clusters or precipitates nucleating on interstitial impurities. However, the hardening effect saturates after low neutron exposures and is found to be independent of both fluence and temperature. Specimens of V-20Ti irradiated at ∼600 C (1112 F) to the highest fluence of ∼ 6 x 10 2 2 n/cm 2 , E n > 0.1 MeV showed a few voids and a dislocation network. However, under these conditions, swelling is negligible and is not sufficiently severe to cause any noticeable effect on the tensile properties.
Is appearance-based structure from motion viable?

Most structure from motion work assumes that tracking is a separate issue from recovery of structure and motion. This paper argues that in certain cases, it helps to use the original images to refine the tracking in the course of estimating structure and motion. We illustrate this by presenting two algorithms: one for appearance-based structure from complete rotation and another for 3-D face modeling from three images. We come to the following conclusion: use appearance prediction only if the gross shape or type of shape deformation is known. Otherwise, one is very likely better off just using the currently known tracks.
The Enthusiasm: Evidence Ratio for Comprehensive Chronic Disease Care?

There is widespread appreciation for the need to find better ways to address complex chronic disease and multimorbidity.
Abundance and Production of Fishes in a Small Appalachian Stream

Abstract Fish production was evaluated at three sites in Guys Run, Virginia, an 8-km, second-order Appalachian stream, from August 1979 through July 1980. Mean standing stock ranged from 21.4 kg˙hectare-1 upstream to 47.4 kg˙hectare-1 downstream. Annual production by the fish taxocene was estimated at 28.4, 31.6, and 39.6 kg˙hectare-1˙year-1 in the upper, middle, and lower sections, respectively. Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi, blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus, and bluehead chub Nocomis leptocephalus were the dominant species, accounting for 87 to 99% of total fish production in the stream. Annual production : biomass (P/B) ratios ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 and were consistent with previously determined values for the same or similar species in other small streams.
Sex-specific epigenetic disruption and behavioral changes following low-dose in utero bisphenol A exposure

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic endocrine disruptor widely used in the production of plastics. Increasing evidence indicates that in utero BPA exposure affects sexual differentiation and behavior; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. We hypothesized that BPA may disrupt epigenetic programming of gene expression in the brain. Here, we provide evidence that maternal exposure during pregnancy to environmentally relevant doses of BPA (2, 20, and 200 µg/kg/d) in mice induces sex-specific, dose-dependent (linear and curvilinear), and brain region-specific changes in expression of genes encoding estrogen receptors (ERs; ERα and ERβ) and estrogen-related receptor-γ in juvenile offspring. Concomitantly, BPA altered mRNA levels of epigenetic regulators DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and DNMT3A in the juvenile cortex and hypothalamus, paralleling changes in estrogen-related receptors. Importantly, changes in ERα and DNMT expression in the cortex (males) and hypothalamus (females) were associated with DNA methylation changes in the ERα gene. BPA exposure induced persistent, largely sex-specific effects on social and anxiety-like behavior, leading to disruption of sexually dimorphic behaviors. Although postnatal maternal care was altered in mothers treated with BPA during pregnancy, the effects of in utero BPA were not found to be mediated by maternal care. However, our data suggest that increased maternal care may partially attenuate the effects of in utero BPA on DNA methylation. Overall, we demonstrate that low-dose prenatal BPA exposure induces lasting epigenetic disruption in the brain that possibly underlie enduring effects of BPA on brain function and behavior, especially regarding sexually dimorphic phenotypes.
On Nash Equilibrium

Abstract Various sufficient conditions are given for a noncooperative game to have a Nash equilibrium. One hypothesis used is that of limiting the variables that a player′s payoff function depends on—this allows a weakening of the hypotheses imposed on the choice sets. Other conditions allow convexity to be dropped or replaced by contractibility. Approximate equilibrium results are given with some noncompactness of choice sets. The methods used for obtaining the equilibria are used to discuss the price-dependent excess-demand approach to classical economic equilibrium. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: C72, D50.
Nanoblinker: Brownian Motion Powered Bio-Nanomachine for FRET Detection of Phagocytic Phase of Apoptosis

We describe a new type of bio-nanomachine which runs on thermal noise. The machine is solely powered by the random motion of water molecules in its environment and does not ever require re-fuelling. The construct, which is made of DNA and vaccinia virus topoisomerase protein, can detect DNA damage by employing fluorescence. It uses Brownian motion as a cyclic motor to continually separate and bring together two types of fluorescent hairpins participating in FRET. This bio-molecular oscillator is a fast and specific sensor of 5′OH double-strand DNA breaks present in phagocytic phase of apoptosis. The detection takes 30 s in solution and 3 min in cell suspensions. The phagocytic phase is critical for the effective execution of apoptosis as it ensures complete degradation of the dying cells’ DNA, preventing release of pathological, viral and tumor DNA and self-immunization. The construct can be used as a smart FRET probe in studies of cell death and phagocytosis.
Measurements of sulfate production in natural clouds

Abstract Measurements are presented on sulfate production in wave clouds. Twenty eight cases are analyzed and an empirical rate equation for sulfate production in these clouds is derived. Some of the measured rates suggest higher oxidation rates in clouds than have previously been suggested. If the rate is assumed to be proportional to the concentration of sulfite in the drops, regression analysis of the data set shows the oxidation rate to be proportional to the first power of the explicit hydrogen ion concentration in the drops and to be relatively insensitive to temperature. Possible mechanisms for the sulfate production are discussed in light of the field measurements
Plasma steady‐state concentrations of hydroxylated metabolites of clomipramine

Plasma clomipramine, desmethylclomipramine, 8-hydroxyclomipramine, and 8-hydroxydesmethylclomipramine concentrations were measured in nine obsessive-compulsive outpatients. The mean dose of clomipramine at steady state was 237.5 ± 51.8 (SD) mg/24 hr. The mean concentrations at steady state were: clomipramine, 147.5 ± 57.5; de smethylclomipramine, 313.0 ± 170.0; 8-hydroxyclomipramine, 56.1 ± 20.9; and 8-hydroxydesmethylclomipramine, 152.7 ± 83.2 ng/ml. In vitro, the hydroxymetabolites of clomipramine and de smethylclomipramine exhibited serotonin reuptake potency of the same order as that of the parent compounds. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 208–211; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.149
A systematic review of prolotherapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Objective:Prolotherapy, an injection-based treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain, has grown in popularity and has received significant recent attention. The objective of this review is to determine the effectiveness of prolotherapy for treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain.Data Sources:We se
Evaluation of monoclonal gammopathies in the “well” elderly☆

The study of monoclonal gammopathies in the elderly provides an opportunity to define immunologic and neoplastic changes with aging. Previous reports using paper and cellulose acetate electrophoresis have documented an age-related increase in monoclonal gammopathies. In this study, the more sensitive techniques of high-resolution agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation were used, in conjunction with other protein studies, to further evaluate the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathies in 111 ambulatory residents (aged 62 to 95) of a retirement home. Eleven of the 111 residents (10 percent) were found to have a monoclonal gammopathy, ranging in concentration from 0.2 to 1.8 g/dl. All monoclonal gammopathies were confirmed by immunofixation, which also documented the presence of additional unsuspected monoclonal components in three of the 11 residents. The prevalence of monoclonal gammopathies by age ranged from 6 percent in the group younger than 80 years of age to 14 percent in the group older than 90 years of age. Only one of the 11 residents had any clinical or routine laboratory suggestion of a monoclonal gammopathy. The other 10 had normal ratios of total protein and albumin to globulin. Five of the 11 (45 percent) had an otherwise clinically unexplained erythrocyte sedimentation rate of more than 20 mm/hour, compared with only two of 100 in the group without monoclonal gammopathies. Follow-up studies one to three years after initial evaluation revealed that five of the 11 patients had died, two with evidence of disease progression. In the other six patients, monoclonal protein concentration and other protein values remained stable. An unexplained elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the elderly warrants investigation for the presence of a monoclonal gammopathy. Agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation identify a higher percent of monoclonal gammopathies in the elderly than has previously been recognized. Identification of monoclonal components in this population is useful for the subsequent study of plasma cell dyscrasias, neoplastic disease, or other immune dysfunction in the aged.
Remediating anger and aggression with violent offenders

Purpose. Interventions for problems of anger and aggression among violent offenders are in their nascency. An overview of existing studies on anger management with violent offenders is given, along with a discussion of the impediments to anger treatment interventions with such clientele. Articles comprising this Special Section are introduced. Argument. Conducting anger treatment with persons who are prone to violence is beset with special challenges, especially for patients who have serious clinical disorder and/or who are in secure settings. In part due to these difficulties of treatment implementation, anger treatment research with violent offenders is sparse and controlled clinical trials are virtually non-existent. Considerably more needs to be done regarding treatment protocol development for application to seriously disordered persons. Conclusions. Improvements in treatment protocol, the application of an integrated systems approach, and continued acquisition of knowledge concerning intervention implementation will move the field forward. Articles in this Special Section, which present evidence of treatment gains with treatment-resistant patients, provide direction and encouragement.
Advantages of Large Solid-Pole Brushless Synchronous Motors for Centrifugal Compressor Drives

There is an increasing requirement for self-starting electric motors to drive large centrifugal compressors. The solid-pole brushless synchronous motor meets these requirements with capabilities beyond the practical limitations of the laminated-pole motor. The solid-pole construction and the slip energy to be absorbed during starting are considered together with the loss and temperature distribution within the poleshoes. The uses of vendor data for equivalent circuits, reactances, and time constants are considered in relation to starting, and differences between solid-and laminated-pole motors are highlighted. An improved brushless excitation circuit is described.
Measurements of the diffusion coefficient of4He in liquid3He below 0.1 K

An apparatus has been built to study very dilute mixtures of4He in3He in the Fermi liquid regime. Below 0.1 K, where Fermi liquid theory applies to pure3He, the solubility of4He at zero pressure is less than ∼300 ppm and it decreases exponentially asT is reduced. In this regime, we have measured the mass diffusion coefficientD as a function of temperature and pressure up to 25 bar. AsT→0, Fermi liquid theory predictsDα1/T. The productDT is determined by the effective mass and partial volume of the dissolved4He. These can be found from the phase separation line, which we are also measuring with our apparatus.4He in3He is the only known application of Fermi liquid theory in which a transport property may be calculated solely from thermodynamic quantities. Preliminary data show thatD is slightly smaller than predicted by the theory.
Optical Nonlinearities in High Confinement SiC Waveguides

We demonstrate strong nonlinearities of n2 = 8 t 10-15 cm2 W-1 in single crystal silicon carbide at a wavelength of 2360nm. We use a high confinement SiC waveguide fabricated using a modified smart-cut process.
Localization, implications for function, and gene expression of chymotrypsin-like proteinases of cytotoxic RNK-16 lymphocytes.

Abstract Rat RNK-16 leukemia cells kill YAC-1, which are the cells lysed by rodent natural killer lymphocytes. We found chymotrypsin-like proteinase (‘chymase’) activity in the RNK-16 dense granules that also contain cytolytic activity. The chymase activity hydrolyzed the thiobenzyl peptide substrate Suc-Phe-Leu-Ohe-SBzl and, in comparison to RNK-16 tryptase activity, was selectively inhibited by three different types of serine proteinase inhibitors. The selective inhibitors were the fungal aldehyde chymostatin, the chloromethylketone Z-Gly-Leu-Phe-CH 2 Cl, and the mechanism-based or ‘suicide’ inhibitor 7-amino-4-chloro-3-(2-phenylethoxy)isocoumarin. These proteinase inhibitors also blocked RNK-16 granule-mediated cytolysis. Chymostatin, a reversible inhibitor, delayed granule-mediated cytolysis, whereas the irreversible chloromethylketone and isocoumarin proteinase inhibitors completely abrogated granule-mediated cytolysis. The two irreversible inhibitors displayed biphasic inhibition of the chymase activity, indicating that at least two chymases are present in the granules. By Northern blot analysis, we found that RNK-16 mRNA hybridized strongly with a cDNA probe of CCPI, a mouse cytotoxic T lymphocyte serine proteinase gene. These data imply that chymase activity in the cytotoxic granules is important for cytolytic function and is likely to belong to a new subfamily of serine proteinases.
Effects of an in-car augmented reality system on improving safety of younger and older drivers

We designed and tested the effects of an in-car augmented reality system (ARS) on younger and older drivers, with and without a secondary distraction task. When potential danger is detected, the ARS alerts the driver by progressively indicating the time to collision to the lead vehicle as well as merging vehicles from side lanes by an AR display that overlaps with the lead or merging vehicles. We tested the ARS with younger (18-30) and older (65-75) drivers in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Results showed that the ARS could significantly reduce collisions caused by hazard events such as sudden slowing of the lead vehicle or merging of vehicles from sides lanes. Consistent with previous results, older drivers, despite age-related decline in cognitive and motor abilities, could leverage their driving experience to avoid forward collisions with the lead vehicle as much as younger drivers. However, older drivers were poorer in avoiding collisions caused by sudden merging events than younger drivers. The ARS was found to be most useful in helping older adults to avoid collision caused by sudden hazard events, especially with the presence of a distraction task. The ARS was also more effective for older than younger drivers to encourage a safe driving distance with the lead vehicle. Interestingly, there seemed to be differential effects of the ARS on the general driving behavior of younger and older drivers. While older drivers in general became more careful and safer in how they drive with the ARS, younger drivers seemed to rely on the ARS to alert them to potential hazard events without adopting safer driving behavior.
Building an Applied Anthropology Career in Business and Industry

There is not one recipe for success as an anthropologist. Rather, careers in anthropology are built and shaped by a complex array of decisions and opportunities. I chose to follow a career in applied anthropology because it allowed me to see the world through the eyes of others and develop an understanding of how social life is organized and culturally patterned. I learned these skills and others primarily through experiential learning and projects outside of the classroom. In this article, I discuss what I have learned from my experiences in non-academic settings and how they have helped me to build my career in business. My goal is to paint a picture of what a career path might look like in the domain of business and industry by examining projects I developed in graduate school and the jobs I obtained as a result when I transitioned from academia to real-world employment.
Competing Market Discourses in Porfirian Mexico

At a recent meeting of the Group of Seven in Cochabamba, Bolivia, in September 1996, Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo contended that the "free market without limits" was the answer to poverty in Latin America. Zedillo, by using the term market as a rhetorical tool, was building upon a tradition that has a long history in Mexico, for during the Porfiriato the market was employed as a rhetorical device. Some Porfiristas worshipped the market as a deity that created social peace, political harmony, and material abundance, but contemporaries also demonized it as a source of social destruction. Thus, the market became the object of a kind of secular religion-albeit a controversial one-during the age of Diaz.' The market's rhetorical importance has, however, largely been ignored by scholars of Porfirian Mexico. This oversight has a touch of irony, for many specialists agree that the most profound and far-reaching development in Porfirian Mexico was the expansion of the market. The spread of a market economy seriously challenged traditional ways of life and marked the emergence of modern Mexico.2 Scholars have documented the impact of market expansion from a variety of perspectives,3 and some have suggested that market expansion was a principal cause of the 1910 Revolution (Tutino, 1986; Womack, 1968; Hart, 1987; Knight, 1990). Scholarly neglect of the market's symbolic importance is not surprising; modern scholars (particularly economists), following the precedents of classical political economy, treat the economy as divorced from politics, society, and culture. (Indeed, the creation of the market supposedly "freed" the economy from social constraints.) The effects of the market on the realms of politics, culture, and society have, however, been a central theme in Western economic discourse. Indeed, the researcher does not need to read between the lines to analyze the market from this vantage point. In the discourses of Quesnay and other precursors of modern political economy, commerce was lauded
Consider Clicking In: Using Audience Response Systems to Spark Discussion

Courses: Any large-lecture format, communication course. Objectives: Students will apply and evaluate course concepts through daily discussion activities and class dialogues supported by audience response systems (i.e., clickers).
The Strategic Orientations of US-Based NGOs

International studies theorists have sought to characterize the role of transnational NGOs in world affairs from a variety of bottom-up, top-down, and critical perspectives. Since transnational NGOs employ such a wide range of strategies in the pursuit of their missions, scholars often find it necessary to differentiate between different types of organizations and to predicate theoretical analyses on informal typologies. However, when these typologies are implicit or speculative scholarship risks mischaracterization and invalid generalization. This article contributes to NGO theory by deriving a formal typology of the strategies that US-based transnational NGOs employ in the pursuit of their missions. This typology provides an empirical basis for future theorization specifically accounting for heterogeneity in the strategic orientations of NGOs. Findings are based on a mixed-method analysis of in-depth interviews with more than 150 leaders of US-based transnational NGOs spanning all major sectors of NGO activity.
Feeding behavior of neonate Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Cry1Ab Bt corn: implications for resistance management.

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is an economically important insect pest of corn, Zea mays L., in the United States and Canada. The development of genetically modified corn expressing genes derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that encodes insecticidal crystalline (Cry) proteins has proven to be effective in controlling this insect. To assess the feeding behavior of neonate O. nubilalis on Bt corn, we examined differences in feeding behavior, based on presence of plant material in the gut, between Cry1Ab Bt corn and non-Bt near isoline corn for four intervals over a 48-h period. Feeding experiments revealed that there was significantly less feeding on Bt corn compared with non-Bt near isoline corn. The behavior of neonates on the plant corresponded with the differences in feeding on the two corn lines. The findings also showed that > 50% of the larvae initially left the plant before there was evidence in the gut of feeding regardless of whether the source was Bt or non-Bt corn. A higher quantity of plant material was found in the gut of larvae recovered from leaves of non-Bt compared with Bt corn. At the end of 48 h among the larvae that had left the plant, a greater proportion from Bt corn had plant material in the gut than did those from non-Bt corn.
DEMOGRAPHIC AND EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO SELECTIVE HARVESTING IN POPULATIONS WITH DISCRETE GENERATIONS

Mathematical models are used to explore the evolutionary and demographic consequences of size-selective harvesting and natural selection in populations with discrete, nonoverlapping generations. We specify the harvesting intensity and size selectivity in terms of both the phenotypic criterion for harvesting and the demographic goal of harvesting. The phenotypic criterion is defined by a threshold that specifies the minimum size of individuals harvested, while the demographic goal defines the desired catch or escapement from the harvest. Models use either a constant phenotypic threshold, or a variable phenotypic threshold that moves each year to remain a fixed distance from the mean size prior to harvest. Demographic goals are defined as a desired yield or escapement, measured in abundance or biomass. We find that all combinations of phenotypic criteria and demographic goals can produce evolutionary changes in equilibrium mean size and abundance when harvesting is size selective. Reductions in mean size are more severe under harvesting scenarios for which it is not possible to fully satisfy the demographic goals of harvesting at equilibrium. Models with a variable phenotypic threshold always produce a characteristic equilibrium for mean size and abundance for a given set of harvesting and natural selection parameters, regardless of the initial population characteristics. For some combinations of parameters, constant-threshold models produce alternative equilibria for the mean size and abundance. Our results suggest that the evolutionary effects of selective harvesting warrant consideration in long-term conservation and management planning.
Design and synthesis of boron containing 2,4-disubstituted-phthalazin-1(2H)-one and 3,7-disubstituted-2H-benzo[b][1,4] oxazine derivatives as potential HGF-mimetic agents

Abstract We synthesized boron containing 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioaborolan-2-yl)phenyl) phthalazin-1(2 H )-one 3 and 7-methyl-3-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-2 H -benzo [ b ] [1,4] oxazine 8. The reaction of compound 2 with B 2 pin 2 using potassium acetate as the base and Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 as the catalyst, produced the corresponding boron-containing derivative 3 as a white solid in 65% yield. Alternatively, we have synthesized compound 8 as a yellow solid in 59% yield using the Miyaura borylation reaction. The potassium trifluoro(4-(-methyl-2 H -benzo [ b ] [1,4]oxazine-3-yl)phenylborate 9 was then obtained after treatment of 8 with aqueous solution of KF 2 H in methanol as white solid product in 60% yield. The biological activities of the synthetic compounds are currently being evaluated.
Multiparametric optical mapping of the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart.

Optical imaging and fluorescent probes have significantly advanced research methodology in the field of cardiac electrophysiology in ways that could not have been accomplished by other approaches1. With the use of the calcium- and voltage-sensitive dyes, optical mapping allows measurement of transmembrane action potentials and calcium transients with high spatial resolution without the physical contact with the tissue. This makes measurements of the cardiac electrical activity possible under many conditions where the use of electrodes is inconvenient or impossible1. For example, optical recordings provide accurate morphological changes of membrane potential during and immediately after stimulation and defibrillation, while conventional electrode techniques suffer from stimulus-induced artifacts during and after stimuli due to electrode polarization1. The Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart is one of the most studied models of human heart physiology and pathophysiology. Many types of arrhythmias observed clinically could be recapitulated in the rabbit heart model. It was shown that wave patterns in the rabbit heart during ventricular arrhythmias, determined by effective size of the heart and the wavelength of reentry, are very similar to that in the human heart2. It was also shown that critical aspects of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in rabbit myocardium, such as the relative contribution of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), is very similar to human EC coupling3. Here we present the basic procedures of optical mapping experiments in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, including the Langendorff perfusion system setup, the optical mapping systems setup, the isolation and cannulation of the heart, perfusion and dye-staining of the heart, excitation-contraction uncoupling, and collection of optical signals. These methods could be also applied to the heart from species other than rabbit with adjustments to flow rates, optics, solutions, etc. Two optical mapping systems are described. The panoramic mapping system is used to map the entire epicardium of the rabbit heart4-7. This system provides a global view of the evolution of reentrant circuits during arrhythmogenesis and defibrillation, and has been used to study the mechanisms of arrhythmias and antiarrhythmia therapy8,9. The dual mapping system is used to map the action potential (AP) and calcium transient (CaT) simultaneously from the same field of view10-13. This approach has enhanced our understanding of the important role of calcium in the electrical alternans and the induction of arrhythmia14-16.
Fundamental solutions for a fluid-saturated porous solid

Abstract Inhomogeneous forcing functions, in the governing equations for linearized coupled deformation and pore-fluid diffusion, are characterized directly and via reciprocity theorem; inelastic straining or porosity changes, body-forces on fluid or solid and arbitrary fluid injection all elicit a response composed by appropriate distribution of point-force and fluid-source densities. The complete set of fundamental influence functions is established (via symmetry arguments) for an isotropic medium, so transparently that basic solutions for dipoles and point plasticity (slip or dilation) follow simply: the simulation of arbitrary anomalous zones of inelasticity is made rigorous in the process of proving dipole-equivalency for plasticity. Analytical and numerical implementation, for simulation of fracture phenomena in fluid-saturated porous media, is emphasized.
On nash implementation of social choice correspondences

Abstract In this paper, we extend Danilov's conditions for Nash implementation to weak preferences over an arbitrary set of alternatives. We show that a certain condition of “strong monotonicity” is necessary for Nash implementation if the domain of preferences is sufficiently large. Furthermore, in any preference domain of weak orders, it is also sufficient for Nash implementation if there are at least three agents.
Electrophoretic variants of aspartate aminotransferase of the bay mussel, Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus, 1758).

Abstract 1. 1. Thirteen phenotypes of aspartate aminotransferase were detected in extracts of Mytilus edulis by starch gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Evidence is presented of a six-allele system in this species.
Metabolic cost of lateral stabilization during walking in people with incomplete spinal cord injury

People with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) expend considerable energy to walk, which can lead to rapid fatigue and limit community ambulation. Selecting locomotor patterns that enhance lateral stability may contribute to this population's elevated cost of transport. The goal of the current study was to quantify the metabolic energy demands of maintaining lateral stability during gait in people with iSCI. To quantify this metabolic cost, we observed ten individuals with iSCI walking with and without external lateral stabilization. We hypothesized that with external lateral stabilization, people with iSCI would adapt their gait by decreasing step width, which would correspond with a substantial decrease in cost of transport. Our findings support this hypothesis. Subjects significantly (p<0.05) decreased step width by 22%, step width variability by 18%, and minimum lateral margin of stability by 25% when they walked with external lateral stabilization compared to unassisted walking. Metabolic cost of transport also decreased significantly (p<0.05) by 10% with external lateral stabilization. These findings suggest that this population is capable of adapting their gait to meet changing demands placed on balance. The percent reduction in cost of transport when walking with external lateral stabilization was strongly correlated with functional impairment level as assessed by subjects' scores on the Berg Balance Scale (r=0.778) and lower extremity motor score (r=0.728). These relationships suggest that as functional balance and strength decrease, the amount of metabolic energy used to maintain lateral stability during gait will increase.
Variation in flowering phenology and its consequences for lupines colonizing Mount St. Helens

Bishop, J.G. and D.W. Schemske. 1998. Variation in flowering phenology and its consequences for lupines colonizing Mount St. Helens. Ecology 79: 534-546.
Acid mucopolysaccharide metabolism, the cell surface, and primary mesenchyme cell activity in the sea urchin embryo

Abstract The relationship between 35 SO 4 incorporation into acid mucopolysaccharides and the appearance and activity of the primary mesenchyme cells has been studied in the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus . The ratio of the uptake of 35 SO 4 to its incorporation into cetylpyridinium chloride precipitable material varies over a wide range during early development, with the smallest ratio, therefore the greatest sulfation activity, being found at the early mesenchyme blastula stage. The types of mucopolysaccharides produced have not been identified, but are heterogeneous. At the mesenchyme blastula stage nearly 90% of the polysaccharides produced become sulfated. When embryos develop in sulfate-free sea water to the mesenchyme blastula stage there is a 70% decrease in the incorporation of 3 H-acetate into polysaccharides and a 13-fold decrease in the ratio of sulfated to nonsulfated polysaccharides produced. Embryos raised in sulfate-free sea water develop normally to the mesenchyme blastula stage at which time there is an accumulation in the blastocoel of primary mesenchyme cells that do not migrate. The surface of the primary mesenchyme cells of sulfate-deficient embryos has a smooth appearance in the scanning electron microscope, while the surface of these cells in control embryos is rough, possibly reflecting the presence of an extracellular coat. It is suggested that there is a correlation between sulfated polysaccharide synthesis, cell surface morphology and cell movement.
Continuing the search for cholinergic factors in cognitive dysfunction

The objective of the experiments reported here was to explore three hypotheses regarding cholinergic processes underlying the development of progressive degenerative dementia (PDD). One possibility involved the downregulation of muscarinic receptors (mAChR) with aging, thus reducing the capability of the cholinergic system to support normal memory and other cognitive functions. The results of downregulation to 10% of normal produced only a temporary effect, the system having the capability to repair the damage. A second hypothesis predicted that a chronic hypocholinergic state can produce structural changes that are reflected in persisting cognitive dysfunctions. Chronic administration of a false cholinergic transmitter in the diets of weanling rats mimicked such a state which, if maintained for a protracted period, produced many of the features of PDD in humans. When the diet was returned to normal, biochemical and physiological processes recovered fully. However, memory impairment continued. This suggested the possibility that the behavioral losses were mediated by persisting morphological changes in the CNS. The third hypothesis proposes that these changes may be due to cell loss resulting from impaired phospholipid metabolism. Changes in sphingomyelin, one of the two major Ch-containing lipids in cell membranes, could increase amounts of ceramide, an inducer of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Tests of this hypothesis are nearing completion.
The Effects of Interparental Divorce and Conflict on College Students' Romantic Relationships

Abstract The purpose of this research was to examine college students' trust and love styles in their current romantic relationships as a function of structural (i.e., parental marital status, gender, sexual activity), family environment (i.e., conflict, cohesion, and expressiveness while growing up), and current relationship (e.g., length of relationship) variables. In general, family environment variables did not contribute significantly to trust or love styles among respondents whose parents were married. However, among respondents whose parents had divorced, family environment variables (including time since parental divorce) explained significant and substantive portions of variance in respondents' levels of trust and altruistic love. For respondents from both intact and divorced families, current relationship variables explained significant amounts of variance in several of the love styles. Results contribute to our understanding of how parental divorce and conflict may affect children's subsequent ...
Isolation and characterization of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad3 gene, involved in the DNA damage and DNA synthesis checkpoints.

Abstract We have cloned the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad3 gene which is involved in G2 arrest following DNA damage, and in the dependence of mitosis on the completion of DNA replication. The gene was cloned by complementation of the sensitivity to UV light and γ rays of the rad3-136 mutant with an sz. pombe genomic library. Sublocalization of the complementing activity and sequencing of the clone identified an intronless 3210-bp open reading frame capable of encoding a 1070-amino acid protein with an Mr of 121974. The rad3 gene is a new gene with no homologs in existing sequence databases. The gene is poorly expressed, with a codon bias index of −0.01. A disruption mutant affecting the coding region was only slightly more sensitive to UV light than the original rad3-136 mutant. The rad3 gene was mapped to NotI fragment C on chromosome II.
Intrinsic signals in the sexually dimorphic circulating growth hormone profiles of the rat.

Abstract Male rats secrete growth hormone (GH) in episodic bursts every 3.5–4 h. Between the peaks, GH levels are undetectable. In females, GH secretory profiles are characterized as continuous because hormone concentrations are always measurable in the circulation. These gender differences in the circulating GH profiles are responsible, to varying degrees, for observed sexual dimorphisms ranging from body growth to the expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) isoforms. Using hypophysectomized rats in which restored gender-dependent plasma GH profiles were manipulated, we have investigated the importance of the interpulse period in the masculine episodic plasma GH profile in regulating expression (mRNA, protein and/or specific catalytic activity) of male-specific CYP2A2, 2C11, 2C13 and 3A2, female-specific CYP2C12 and female-predominant CYP2A1, 2C6 and 2C7. We observed that some isoforms were induced or suppressed by discerning the length of the GH-devoid interpulse period, others responded to the pulse amplitudes, still others recognized the mean circulating concentrations of GH and some were regulated by a combination of these signals. We conclude that concealed in the gender-dependent circulating GH profiles are numerous intrinsic signals, both inductive and repressive, individually “tailored” to be recognized by each isoform of P450. There would appear to be no one signal in each gender-dependent GH profile responsible, in toto, for the characteristic sexually dimorphic expression of some dozen hepatic P450s in male and female rats.
Constraints on the detection of cryovolcanic plumes on Europa

Abstract Surface venting is a common occurrence on several outer solar system satellites. Spacecraft have observed plumes erupting from the geologically young surfaces of Io, Triton and Enceladus. Europa also has a relatively young surface and previous studies have suggested that cryovolcanic eruptions may be responsible for the production of low-albedo deposits surrounding lenticulae and along triple band margins and lineae. Here, we have used the projected thicknesses of these deposits as constraints to determine the lifetimes of detectable cryovolcanic plumes that may have emplaced them. In an effort to explore the feasibility of detection of the particle component of plumes by spacecraft cameras operating at visible wavelengths, we present a conservative model to estimate plume characteristics such as height, eruption velocity, and optical depth under a variety of conditions. We find that cryovolcanic plumes on Europa are likely to be fairly small in stature with heights between 2.5 and 26 km, and eruption velocities between 81 and 261 m/s, respectively. Under these conditions and assuming that plumes are products of steady eruptions with particle radii of 0.5 μm, our model suggests that easily detectable plumes will have optical depths, τ, greater than or equal to 0.04, and that their lifetimes may be no more than 300,000 years. Plume detection may be possible if high phase angle limb observations and/or stereo imaging of the surface are undertaken in areas where eruptive activity is likely to occur. Cameras with imaging resolutions greater than 50 m/pixel should be used to make all observations. Future missions could employ the results of our model in searches for plume activity at Europa.
PSORIASIS PATIENT SUPPORT GROUP AND SELF-CARE EFFICACY AS AN ADJUNCT TO DAY CARE CENTER TREATMENT

Abstract: Patients treated with chronic disabling psoriasis often have psychosocial concerns that need to be addressed. The weekly patient support group at Stanford, led by a psychiatrist, is an integral part of the Psoriasis Day Care program. Although not considered group therapy in the traditional sense due to its self-selective nature, the support group aims to reduce feelings of isolation and to enhance coping skills and self-efficacy. In this setting, patients explore their feelings about psoriasis enabling them to better adapt to a visible disease. Common topics for discussion include lifestyle changes, stressful relationships, associated emotional reactions, occupational limitations, and treatment concerns. Components of the Psoriasis Day Care Center that enhance treatment response and responsibility for self-care include: health education, psychosocial support systems, stress reduction, and enhanced coping skills acquired through shared experiences with other patients and medical personnel.