cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Intramolecular Conjugate Additions of Aldehyde-Derived Enamines to α,β-Unsaturated Esters

We report a pairing of known catalysts that enables intramolecular conjugate additions of aldehyde-derived enamines to α,β-unsaturated esters. Despite extensive prior exploration of conjugate additions of aldehyde-derived enamines, catalytic conjugate additions to unactivated enoate esters are unprecedented. Achieving enantioselective and diastereoselective six-membered ring formation requires the coordinated action of a chiral pyrrolidine, for nucleophilic activation of the aldehyde via enamine formation, and a hydrogen bond donor, for electrophilic activation of the enoate ester. Proper selection of the hydrogen bond donor is essential for chemoselectivity, which requires minimizing competition from homoaldol reaction. Utility is demonstrated in a six-step synthesis of (-)-yohimbane from cycloheptene.
Anti-Realism and the Complementarity Model of Mind-Brain

We introduce the first steps towards advancing a new, anti-realistic, Complementarity Model of the mind-brain. We begin by discussing a very current debate within the philosophy of cognitive science, viz., the debate between Jerry Fodor and Paul and Patricia Churchland concerning the appropriate model of cognition, i.e., the computational model versus the neural net model. We suggest that this debate leads us back to the age-old question of the ontological status of mind and body. At this point we introduce another contemporary representative theory of mind-body, viz., that of Karl Popper. We then argue for the underdetermination and incommensurability of all theories of the mind/body and then present the first steps toward our instrumentalist, complementarity theory. We then identify the virtues of our model within philosophical psychology and suggest that our model may also be capable of helping to resolve the Fodor-Churchland debate.
Structural Insider Trading

This Essay identifies a new and important form of insider trading on U.S. securities markets: structural insider trading. As milliseconds assume outsized importance in securities trading, exchanges have responded by allowing traders, often for hefty fees, to “co-locate” their own servers next to those of an exchange. This accommodation shortens the distance that information and orders must travel between traders and exchanges, shaving precious milliseconds off the time it takes to execute a trade. Importantly, co-location brings meaningful economic gains. Early sight of exchange data can help co-located traders to systematically outrun and outfox the competition. Structural insider trading refers to transactions performed by high-speed traders co-located on or near public exchanges. Structural insider trading profoundly challenges the law and policy underpinning the prohibition against insider trading. For one, the prohibition appears to have little impact on structural insiders despite their consistently superior informational and bargaining advantages vis-a- vis other traders. Viewed as critical to efficient markets, co-location has flourished in open view of the public and regulators, negating taint of deception. However, structural insider trading exerts an enormous impact on the law and policy of insider trading. In allowing a select group of insiders to receive and trade on market-moving data ahead of other investors, structural insider trading weakens the ability of policymakers to impose expansive liability costs on corporate insiders under the prohibition. It also inverts the traditional deference given to investor protection over market efficiency as a guiding rationale for the prohibition. In the case of structural insider trading, market efficiency wins as a policy priority over investor protection. With these deep doctrinal and policy fissures, this Essay concludes by outlining implications for policy to reform the prohibition for modern markets.
Forward and Backward Discrete Systems

This chapter presents a Yin-Yang theory for nonlinear discrete systems with positive and negative iterations of discrete iterative maps. Based on the Yin-Yang theory, the complete dynamics of discrete dynamical systems are discussed. The critical dynamics of forward and backward discrete systems are discussed from the explicit expressions of discrete systems.
Intimate Partner Violence in Women’s Same-Sex Relationships

We need to consider a multitude of factors when considering an act of violence perpetrated by one individual against another. What are the motives, feelings, beliefs, and attitudes of the perpetrator and victim? What is the sociocultural context of the violence? What are the positions of perpetrator and victim within that context? What are their histories with family, society, and one another that influence this act? In this chapter, we take up these questions with our focus narrowed to one type of violent act: intimate partner violence (IPV) within female same-sex relationships. We present a model to help us understand IPV in female same-sex couples (SSIPV) and to help us organize our review of the research literature on female SSIPV, including studies on the individual, relationship, and sociocultural factors that are related to its occurrence, its consequences, and its treatment and prevention. We find that while a great deal has been written about IPV between opposite-sex partners, there is less research literature on IPV between same-sex partners and even less on prevention or treatment for this population (Winstead et al., 2017). Furthermore, a quick overview of peer-reviewed articles in the past 3 years found two and a half times more articles about IPV in male same-sex relationships compared to female same-sex relationships. Nevertheless, increasing attention to understanding sexual minority experiences and in particular the phenomenon of female same-sex IPV provides theory and research that can advance our knowledge and contribute to efforts at prevention and intervention.
Gravitational waves from orbiting binaries without general relativity

Using analogies with electromagnetic radiation, we present a calculation of the properties of gravitational radiation emitted by orbiting binary objects. The calculation produces results that have the same dependence on the masses of the orbiting objects, the orbital frequency, and the mass separation as do the results from the linear version of general relativity (GR). However, the calculation yields polarization, angular distributions, and overall power results that differ from those of GR. Nevertheless, the calculation produces waveforms that are very similar to those observed by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO-VIRGO) gravitational wave collaboration in 2015 up to the point at which the binary merger occurs. The details of the calculation should be understandable by upper-level physics students and physicists who are not experts in GR.
Effects of blast exposure on psychiatric and health symptoms in combat veterans.

Abstract Blast exposure is common among service members, but the chronic psychiatric effects associated with blast exposure are not well-characterized independent of a resulting mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). This analysis evaluated whether blast exposure severity was independently associated with or exacerbated symptom report beyond posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild TBI. Participants were Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans (N = 275; 86.55% male), 71.27% with history of blast exposure, 29.82% current diagnosis of PTSD, and 45.45% with mild TBI. All participants completed diagnostic interviews for PTSD, lifetime TBI, and lifetime blast exposure. Self-reported psychiatric and health outcomes included posttraumatic stress symptoms, depressive symptoms, neurobehavioral symptoms, sleep quality, pain interference, and quality of life. Blast severity was associated with PTSD (B = 2.00), depressive (B = 0.76), and neurobehavioral (B = 1.69) symptoms beyond PTSD diagnosis and mild TBI history. Further, blast severity accounted entirely (i.e., indirect/mediation effect) for the association between TBI and posttraumatic stress (B = 1.62), depressive (B = 0.61), and neurobehavioral (B = 1.38) symptoms. No interaction effects were present. Exposure to blast is an independent factor influencing psychiatric symptoms in veterans beyond PTSD and mild TBI. Results highlight that blast exposure severity may be a more relevant risk factor than deployment mild TBI in combat veterans and should be considered in the etiology of psychiatric symptom presentation and complaints. Further, severity of psychological distress due to the combat environment may be an explanatory mechanism by which blast exposure mediates the relationship between mild TBI and symptom outcomes.
Power System Stability and Control

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION Transformer Protection Alexander Apostolov, John Appleyard, Ahmed Elneweihi, Robert Haas, and Glenn W. Swift The Protection of Synchronous Generators Gabriel Benmouyal Transmission Line Protection Stanley H. Horowitz System Protection Miroslav Begovic Digital Relaying James S. Thorp Use of Oscillograph Records to Analyze System Performance John R. Boyle POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND STABILITY Power System Stability Prabha Kundur Transient Stability Kip Morison Small Signal Stability and Power System Oscillations John Paserba, Juan Sanchez-Gasca, Prabha Kundur, Einar Larsen, and Charles Concordia Voltage Stability Yakout Mansour and Claudio Canizares Direct Stability Methods Vijay Vittal Power System Stability Controls Carson W. Taylor Power System Dynamic Modeling William W. Price Integrated Dynamic Information for the Western Power System: WAMS Analysis in 2005 John F. Hauer, W.A. Mittelstadt, K.E. Martin, J.W. Burns, and Harry Lee Dynamic Security Assessment Peter W. Sauer, Kevin L. Tomsovic, and Vijay Vittal Power System Dynamic Interaction with Turbine-Generators Richard G. Farmer, Bajarang L. Agrawal, and Donald G. Ramey POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL Energy Management Neil K. Stanton, Jay C. Giri, and Anjan Bose Generation Control: Economic Dispatch and Unit Commitment Charles W. Richter, Jr. State Estimation Danny Julian Optimal Power Flow Mohamed E. El-Hawary Security Analysis Nouredine Hadjsaid INDEX
The glycogen index in the menopause

Abstract The iodine vapor method of staining vaginal smears is presented as a rapid and simple means for determining the specific glycogen response to estrogen activity in the human subject. This method of clinical investigation is based upon observations that normal vaginal glycogen content parallels estrogen sufficiency, whereas diminution of glycogen (glycopenia) is indicative of estrogen deficiency. To determine the incidence of glycogen poverty in postmenopausal women, vaginal smears from 130 climacteric women (after staining by the iodine vapor procedure) were graded according to glycogen content. The incidence of the four glycogen grades was calculated according to age, duration of the menopause, and the nature of the climacteric, whether spontaneous or artificially induced. The significance of the findings, in terms of other reports of postmenopausal estrogen elaboration, is discussed. The possible “anti-hormonal” effects of various systemic and local disorders (febrile states and vaginitis) upon estrogenic activity, are suggested by observations in tuberculous women. Experience to date has established the usefulness of the glycogen index in estimating therapeutic response of estrogen therapy in juvenile gonorrheal and senile atrophic vaginitis. Evidence of its further value as a simple and sensitive indicator of estrogen activity in human subjects is presented in potency determinations of several commercial products.
Opinion publique et immigration : les Marocains sont-ils xénophobes ?

Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser l’opinion publique marocaine a l’egard de l’immigration. Nos resultats montrent de facon non equivoque qu’une proportion significative des Marocains est hostile aux immigres. A titre d’exemple, selon les resultats de la derniere vague de l’enquete mondiale sur les valeurs (World value survey, WVS), pres d’un Marocain sur quatre (24 %) n’aimerait pas avoir comme voisins des immigres ou des travailleurs etrangers. Plus preoccupant, ils sont beaucoup plus nombreux (85 %) ceux qui declarent etre favorables a la discrimination a l’egard des travailleurs etrangers en matiere d’embauche. Nos resultats revelent egalement que cette hostilite traverse toutes les couches de la societe et que les Marocains sont relativement plus nombreux a partager certaines idees xenophobes, comparativement aux citoyens d’autres pays, notamment europeens.
The Interrelationship between Culture, Capital Structure, and Performance

Abstract Research has shown that capital structure influences firm performance. It is generally accepted that variables other than capital structure also influence corporate performance. While this line of research has been extended to an international setting, research on the influence of national culture on capital structure is rather sparse, an issue addressed in this article. Using data from retailers in 14 European countries, which are grouped into four cultural clusters, it is shown that capital structures for retailers vary by cultural clusters. This result holds in the presence of control variables. Using both financial and operational measures of performance, it is shown that capital structure influences financial performance, although not exclusively. A negative relationship between capital structure and performance suggests that agency issues may lead to use of higher than appropriate levels of debt in the capital structure, thereby producing lower performance.
Pseudorabies Virus Fast Axonal Transport Occurs by a pUS9-Independent Mechanism

Reactivation from latency results in transmission of neurotropic herpesviruses from the nervous system to body surfaces, referred to as anterograde axonal trafficking. The virus-encoded protein pUS9 promotes axonal dissemination by sorting virus particles into axons, but whether it is also an effector of fast axonal transport within axons is unknown. To determine the role of pUS9 in anterograde trafficking, we analyzed the axonal transport of pseudorabies virus in the presence and absence of pUS9.
Cognitive and Affective Aspects of Three Conceptions of Liberty

I pay careful attention to the visceral intuitions underlying each of the three conceptions of liberty, the negative, the positive, and the republican. I borrow from recent developments in embodied cognition, especially discoveries about preverbal infant cognition, Lakoff and Johnson's work on how metaphor emerges from bodily experience, and emotions research. I discover strong parallels between the three concepts of liberty, the different metaphors used to discuss them, different developmental experiences of the human child, and different sets of emotions. The bodily experiences and emotions underlying each metaphor are quite distinct, and count against reduction of negative and positive, or negative and republican liberty, to a single concept.
Serum Interleukin 6 Levels Are Elevated in Lymphoma Patients and Correlate with Survival in Advanced Hodgkin's Disease and with B Symptoms

Several cytokines including gamma-interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are pyrogenic and can inhibit lipogenic processes. Because patients with lymphoma often suffer from fever, weight loss, and night sweats (B symptoms), the etiology of which is unknown, the authors investigated serum levels of these cytokines in normal volunteers and in patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sixty serum samples from patients with Hodgkin's disease (28 patients) or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (32 patients), as well as 20 samples from normal volunteers, were collected. The majority of patients had advanced (Stage III or IV) or relapsed disease. The assay for gamma-interferon was a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay (lower limit of detection = 0.1 unit/ml); the assays for tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 were enzyme-linked immunoassays with lower limits of sensitivity of 10 pg/ml, 20 pg/ml, and 22 pg/ml, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in gamma-interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or IL-1 beta levels between lymphoma patients and normal subjects. In contrast, 20 of 57 patients (35%) with lymphoma as compared with 0 of 19 normal volunteers (0%) had detectable serum IL-6 levels (P or = 22 pg/ml) was 10 mo, whereas the median survival has not been reached at a median follow-up time of 37.5 mo in those patients with lower values (Wilcoxon P value = 0.0012). There were too few patients in each subset of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to determine the correlation between IL-6 and survival but, considered as a single group, a statistically significant correlation was not found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Neuromedin B and gastrin-releasing peptide mRNAs are differentially distributed in the rat nervous system

The bombesin-like peptides are a family of structurally related amidated peptide ligands that are known to have a variety of potent pharmacological actions on various cells, including neurons in the rat brain. Two mammalian representatives of the bombesin family of peptides have been identified, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and neuromedin B (NMB). Previously, we cloned the rat preproGRP gene and determined the locations of neurons expressing this gene using in situ hybridization. In this study, we describe the structure and sequence of the rat preproNMB gene, and the first detailed cellular localization of preproNMB mRNA in rat brain using in situ hybridization. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA and genomic clones reveals a 117 amino acid precursor whose overall structure is similar to that described for human preproNMB. Sequence similarity between the rat NMB and GRP genes is observed only over a limited 10 amino acid sequence encoding the carboxy termini of the GRP and NMB peptides, the region shown to be necessary and sufficient for high-affinity receptor binding. In situ hybridization studies performed with cRNA probes specific for NMB or GRP mRNA show that the distribution of cells expressing either mRNA in brain is very distinct. NMB mRNA is found most prominently in the olfactory bulb, dentate gyrus, and dorsal root ganglion. In contrast, the highest levels of GRP mRNA are observed in the forebrain (isocortex and hippocampal formation). This heterogeneity of mRNA distribution for these peptides suggests that these 2 structurally related peptides may have very distinct functions as neuropeptides in the rat nervous system.
DFT studies of Pt/Au bimetallic clusters and their interactions with the CO molecule.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to study Pt/Au clusters of different size, structure, and composition as well as their interactions with a CO molecule. Among the Pt/Au isomers studied here, the planar structure is the most stable structure in many Pt compositions, although three-dimensional structures become more stable with increasing Pt composition. Furthermore, structures with the Pt atoms surrounded by Au atoms are more stable among homotops. However, these conclusions will be altered if ligands are attached to the Pt/Au bimetallic clusters, as evidenced from the results of CO adsorption. When both Au and Pt sites are exposed, CO adsorption at the Pt site is stronger. If only a Au site is available for CO adsorption, the strongest adsorption occurs at ∼25% Pt composition, which may correlate with the experimentally observed reactivity of the core−shell structured Pt/Au nanoparticles.
African Words, Academic Choices: Re-Presenting Interviews and Oral Histories

There are many things that it is like, this storytelling business. One of them (so she says in one of the paragraphs she has not crossed out yet) is a bottle with a genie in it. When the storyteller opens the bottle, the genie is released into the world, and it costs all hell to get him back in again. Her position … better, on the whole, that the genie stay in the bottle.So says the narrator of the protagonist of J.M. Coetzee's novel, Elizabeth Costello. Costello, an aging novelist, philosophizes at a point in the book where Coetzee has conspired to provoke a moment of ethical reflection on the process of telling stories. Irony and paradox cleave to this paragraph's core—clearly, Coetzee, by continuing to write and to publish, does not really believe that the genie should stay bottled. But, while Costello intends to edit this reflection from her written work, both the narrator and Coetzee consider it worthy of inclusion in the novel, thus endorsing its importance.Costello's comment provokes consideration of the nature and effects of narration in other representations. One such site is academic writing that uses interviews and oral histories as source material. Such writing necessitates at least two levels of narration: first, re-presentation of the primary material and second, the author's analysis, synthesis, and commentary on it. As in other genres, this distils into two kinds of material: mimesis and diegesis. Here Elizabeth Tonkin's definitions of these terms are useful. She describes mimesis as “the representation of direct speech” and diegesis as “the description of nonverbal events.”
Immigrants and transport barriers to employment: The case of Southeast Asian welfare recipients in California

Increasing international migration has prompted public officials to develop policies to better integrate foreign-born residents. While scholars have shown the positive relationship between access to transport and economic outcomes among low-income adults, very little is known about this relationship with respect to immigrants. This study examines transport and employment rates among low-income adults focusing specifically on Southeast Asian refugees. The findings show the importance of automobiles across all racial and ethnic groups. Southeast Asians, however, report the greatest difficulty with their travel largely because they face auto-related problems including the age and unreliability of their vehicles. These findings suggest the need for both universal and group-specific policies for addressing the transport needs of the poor.
Price dynamics and quality in information markets

Abstract We explore the price dynamics of a vertically differentiated market in which two or more sellers compete to provide an information good or service to a population of buyers. Each seller offers the good or service at a fixed level of “quality”, and attempts to set its price in such a way that it maximizes its own profit. Five different seller pricing strategies, ranging widely from ones that require perfect knowledge and unlimited computational power to ones that require very little knowledge or computational capability, are employed in two different buyer populations. The resulting collective dynamics are studied using a combination of analysis and simulation. In a population of quality-sensitive buyers, all pricing strategies lead to a price equilibrium predicted by a game-theoretic analysis. However, in a population of price-sensitive buyers, most pricing strategies lead to large-amplitude cyclical price wars. The circumstances under which cyclical price wars occur can be explained in terms of the topology of an underlying “profit landscape” [J.O. Kephart, J.E. Hanson, J. Sairamesh, Price and niche wars in a free-market economy of software agents, Artificial Life Journal, 4(1), 1998, 1–23].
The incest controversy.

Natural selection theory may provide the basis for resolving the controversy which revolves around the role played by genetic and cultural determinants of incest and the frequency with which it is ...
Earnings, Book Values, and Dividends in Equity Valuation: An Empirical Perspective

This paper revisits Ohlson 1995 to make a number of points not generally appreciated in the literature. First, the residual income valuation (RIV) model does not serve as a crucial centerpiece in the analysis. Instead, RIV plays the role of condensing and streamlining the analysis, but without any effect on the substantive empirical conclusions. Second, the concept of “other information” in the model can be given concrete empirical content if one presumes that next-period expected earnings are observable.
A Fast and Efficient Compact Packing Algorithm for SAE and ISO Luggage Packing Problems

In this paper, a compact packing algorithm for the placement of objects inside a container is described. The proposed packing algorithm is designed to pack three-dimensional free-form objects inside an arbitrary enclosure such that the packing efficiency is maximized. The proposed packing algorithm can handle objects with holes or cavities, and its performance does not degrade significantly with the increase in complexity of the enclosure or the objects. The packing algorithm takes as input the tessellated geometry of the container and all the objects to be packed and outputs the list of objects that can be placed inside the enclosure. The packing algorithm also outputs the location and orientation of all the objects, the packing sequence, and the packed configuration. An improved layout algorithm that works with arbitrary container geometry is also proposed. Separate layout algorithms for the SAE and ISO luggage are developed. Several heuristics to improve the performance of the packing algorithm are also incorporated. Certain aspects that facilitate fast and efficient handling of the computer aided design (CAD) data are also discussed. A comprehensive benchmarking of the proposed packing algorithm on synthetic and hypothetical problems reflects its superior performance as compared with other similar approaches.
Holomorphic maps of Kähler manifolds with constrained energy density

We consider holomorphic and antiholomorphic maps of Kahler manifoldsM andN withM compact. In view of bounds on the Ricci curvature ofM and the holomorphic bisectional curvature ofN, the energy density of the map is constrained to satisfy certain inequalities. One inequality implies that the map is constant. Another specifies the image ofM as a totally geodesic real surface of constant Gaussian curvature inN.
Accelerating frequent itemset mining on graphics processing units

In this paper we describe a new parallel Frequent Itemset Mining algorithm called "Frontier Expansion." This implementation is optimized to achieve high performance on a heterogeneous platform consisting of a shared memory multiprocessor and multiple Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) coprocessors. Frontier Expansion is an improved data-parallel algorithm derived from the Equivalent Class Clustering (Eclat) method, in which a partial breadth-first search is utilized to exploit maximum parallelism while being constrained by the available memory capacity. In our approach, the vertical transaction lists are represented using a "bitset" representation and operated using wide bitwise operations across multiple threads on a GPU. We evaluate our approach using four NVIDIA Tesla GPUs and observed a 6---30× speedup relative to state-of-the-art sequential Eclat and FPGrowth implementations executed on a multicore CPU.
The effects of cesium equilibrium on H− ion beam production with LANSCE surface converter ion source

We present a theoretical and experimental study on the effects of the plasma chamber wall temperature on the performance of the LANSCE (Los Alamos Neutron Science Center) surface conversion H− ion source. It was observed that increasing the chamber wall temperature can increase the extracted beam currents by several tens of percent. This observation motivated our investigations of the underlying mechanism, and we came to the conclusion that the effect depends on enhanced sputtering of H− from the cesiated converter electrode due to increased cesium vapor pressure. After discussing these mechanisms in detail, we present a simple and cost-effective technique how to control the chamber wall temperature by increasing the temperature of the cooling water supply for the plasma chamber. This technique can be applied in the near-term future to boost the performance of the LANSCE H− ion source.
ENSO signal in continental temperature and precipitation records

Warm events in the tropical Pacific Ocean, associated with one extreme of the Southern Oscillation (generally known as El Nino–Southern Oscillation or ENSO events) are now known to be of global significance in perturbing the general circulation of the atmosphere1–8. It is also apparent that episodes of enhanced cold-water upwelling ('cold events') have an impact on large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns9–11. Here we examine the effect of warm and cold events on short-term fluctuations of continental surface air temperature and precipitation throughout the Northern Hemisphere using a newly compiled set of high-quality temperature and precipitation data12–13. The data were in the form of gridded anomalies from a 1951–70 reference mean for temperature and a 1921–60 reference mean for precipitation13–14.
Chronology of lead pollution contained in banded coral skeletons

Lead concentrations relative to calcium within dated subsamples of hermatypic (reef-building) coral skeletons from St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, record ambient pollution levels. Concentrations within a coral from a polluted reef (395 ng g-1) average five-fold higher than within a coral from a pristine site (87 ng g-1). The lead chronologies of both corals show a significant increase in concentration towards the present during the past 26 yr (1954–1980). The increase in lead concentration in the coral from the pristine site is suggested to represent the increase in lead availability from global pollution. Coral skeletons offer the probability of development into tools for longterm chemical recorders of levels of lead and possibly other metals or compounds in seawater.
The dorsomedial frontal cortex: eye and forelimb fields

Abstract This review yields three conclusions: first, the eye field as described using unit recording and electrical stimulation on behaving monkeys trained to fixate visual targets is much larger than the 4 mm 2 area originally described. Second, the eye field and forelimb field share a similar neural space within the dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC); thus the electrophysiological studies that have been conducted on visually guided and sensory-triggered forelimb movements must be re-evaluated, since none of these studies controlled eye movement and eye position independently. Third, a topographic map representing eye position in orbit has been discovered in the DMFC; it is proposed that this topographic map records the order of positions of the eyes and forelimbs during the acquisition of visually guided movement sequences.
Evaluation of the properties of 1-3 piezocomposites of a new lead titanate in epoxy resins

Abstract By using a new calcium-modified lead titanate ceramic with a near-zero planar coupling coefficient, a series of 1-3 piezocomposite samples was fabricated with a dice-and-fill technique. The ceramic rods were approximately 0.10 mm in size, and the percent of ceramic loading varied from 10 to 30%. Two epoxy resins with different glass transition temperatures and moduli were used. The dielectric properties and the piezoelectric dh and gh coefficients of the composites were measured as a function of pressure and temperature and were found to exhibit little variation, but 10-25% lower than theoretical predictions. A prototype hydrophone made from one of the piezocomposite samples was tested to show a constant free-field voltage sensitivity of -201 dB re V/μPa from 100 Hz to 6 kHz.
Multilayer and supermirror polarizers for neutrons

Abstract Thin-film multilayered structures can be constructed which polarize neutrons with high efficiency. Such devices are especially suited to longer neutron wavelengths and in recent years their use has become widespread. Most of what was presented on this subject in the corresponding talk at the Workshop on X-Ray and Neutron Scattering from Magnetic Materials has been included in a more comprehensive paper given at the International Conference on Neutron Scattering (held in July, 1988, at Grenoble) which has been published as a special issue [Physica B vols. 156 & 157 (1989)]. So as to avoid duplication, what follows here is a brief synopsis of the relevant material contained in the Grenoble article along with some additional references and information.
Snailtracks of the Corneal Endothelium

An unusual pattern of corneal endothelial cell alterations has been observed at the slitlamp in eyes following intraocular surgery. Because of their appearance, we have called these changes "snailtracks". We have commonly seen these snailtracks following extracapsular cataract extraction. Similar changes have been noted in cadaver corneas stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium. This study presents information which suggests that these changes represent corneal endothelial cell damage.
Information dynamics, learning and knowledge creation in organizations

Managers in a wide array of organizations are concentrating on knowledge creation as a way to achieve competitiveness. Organizational knowledge, they hope, enables them to bring innovative products/services continuously in the marketplace. However, many are finding it difficult to understand how organizations create knowledge. By using the concepts of individual learning capability and the learning culture of organizations, the present study shows how the sum of individual knowledge does not equate to organizational knowledge. This distinction between individual knowledge and organizational knowledge is an important one, as a majority of studies do not clearly show how individual knowledge is different from organizational knowledge. The study also offers a set of suggestions to managers to develop a learning culture in the organizations.
Two new coordination polymers differentiated by CH⋯O hydrogen bonding — synthesis and crystal structure of [(oxa)M(DPA)]

Abstract Two new coordination polymers, [(oxa)Fe(DPA)] (1) (DPA=2,2-dipyridylamine; oxa=oxalate) and [(oxa)Ni(DPA)] (2), were synthesized through a self-assembly chemical process under hydrothermal conditions, and characterized by single crystal structures. The CH⋯O hydrogen bonds in 1 and 2 play important roles in the crystal packing of the two new compounds.
Representation mixing for SU 3 and G 2

A theory whose exact invariance with respect to ${\mathrm{SU}}_{3}$ is broken by interactions transforming like the hypercharge generator of ${\mathrm{SU}}_{3}$ is studied in perturbation theory. Physical particle states corresponding to unperturbed ${\mathrm{SU}}_{3}$ multiplets are obtained by mixing into these multiplets possible impurities corresponding to other ${\mathrm{SU}}_{3}$ multiplets, these impurities being as general as the perturbation allows. The effect of symmetry breaking on various physical quantities like masses and magnetic moments can then be obtained in terms of mixing parameters, and interesting formulas follow various restrictions of their values. Similar considerations applied to ${G}_{2}$ show that many of the conclusions which made exact ${G}_{2}$ invariance unattractive remain for approximate ${G}_{2}$ invariance.
Comparison of perceived pain with different immobilization techniques

Objective. To compare the locations and severities of pain generated by a hard wooden spine board vs a soft vacuum mattress splint on immobilized volunteers. Methods. This was a prospective randomized crossover study conducted in an emergency medical services (EMS) classroom within a university teaching hospital. Participants were 18 healthy volunteers with no history of acute or chronic back pain, pregnancy, or recent analgesic use. The subjects were placed in one of three immobilization boards (hard spine board and two different vacuum splint models, identified as red and blue) for 60 minutes. At 0, 30, and 60 minutes the subjects rated their pain at multiple locations on their body using a visual analog scale (VAS). After a two-day washout period, this procedure was repeated on a different board and later a third board until all the subjects had been tested on all three boards. Results. Although many pressure point locations were studied, only three had results that appeared statistically significant: ...
Abstract C17: Diet‐mediated enhancement of tumorigenesis inDrosophila

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that increased cancer risk is associated with metabolic disease including obesity and diabetes, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. We have recently found that feeding Drosophila a high sugar‐containing diet leads to a series of metabolic dysfunctions seen in human diabetes including hyperglycemia, increased insulin levels, and accumulation of fat. Here we demonstrate that a high sugar diet enhanced cell migration and invasion within Src‐mediated tumor and massive overgrowth in multigenic Ras/Src‐based tumor models. These diet‐enhanced Ras/Src‐based tumors produced aggressive metastasis‐like behavior: transformed cells left the primary tumor to invade through the hemolymph to secondary sites that led to lethality of the animals. Genetic and inhibitor studies indicated that the insulin pathway plays a primary role in this diet‐induced enhanced overgrowth through regulation of dTor. We further show that tumors with insulin pathway activation are resistant to dietary effects. Moreover, utilizing the diet‐enhanced lethal phenotype, we developed a drug screening platform that relies on robotics as well as rescue‐from‐lethality. These studies should provide insights into mechanisms of the association between metabolic dysfunction and cancer progression and allow us to take the first steps towards identifying novel candidate therapeutic compounds. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):C17.
Milk ejection reflex and maintenance of lactation in the rabbit.

Lactating rabbits were deeply anesthetized once daily with barbiturate, suckled by their young only during the period of anesthesia, and injected with oxytocin to eject the otherwise unobtainable milk. The oxytocin-delivered daily milk yields of these animals, when suckled under anesthesia, were in the same range as those recorded prior to the regimen of anesthesia during a control period of once-daily suckling without anesthesia or exogenous oxytocin. Reflex discharge of milk in response to the suckling stimulus does not, therefore, appear to be essential for the secretion or release of those adenohypophysial hormones concerned with the maintenance of milk secretion in the rabbit.
Primary antral gastritis in young American children. Low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections.

AlthoughHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is considered by many to be the major cause of primary antral gastritis (PAG), several important questions concerning its pathogenetic role remain unanswered. The most basic unresolved issue relates to the low prevalence ofH. pylori in children in developed countries. IfH. pylori is the cause of PAG, the prevalence of PAG should also be low, but previous studies have not provided data on this issue. To answer this question, we prospectively studied 408 children who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and biopsy from January 1, 1988, to December 31, 1990, for symptoms consistent with peptic disease or immunocompromise. Although the prevalence of PAG was similar (about 20%) in the four age groups of patients studied (<5, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–20 years), the prevalence ofH. pylori infections was significantly greater in the oldest age group (67%,P<0.0001). Only four of 39 children <10 years old with PAG had evidence ofH. pylori. H. pylori is an uncommon finding in our population of young American children with PAG, indicating that it does not play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disorder in this age group.
Ion-specific effects in the colloid-colloid or protein-protein potential of mean force: Role of salt-macroion van der waals interactions

In an aqueous electrolyte solution, the potential of mean force (PMF) for two macroions is affected not only by the size and charge of each electrolyte ion but also by the ion's polarizability. The Lifshitz theory provides a basis for calculating the van der Waals interaction between cation−colloid, anion−colloid, cation−cation, and anion−anion pairs. Monte Carlo simulations are used to determine how salt identity affects the PMF between colloidal particles or globular proteins in a saline solution, a phenomenon observed experimentally by Hofmeister for aqueous proteins more than 100 years ago. The calculations show that the PMF and, hence, solution phase behavior are sensitive to the van der Waals interaction between an ion and a macroion. The calculations described here may be useful for interpretation of experimental phase diagrams and for guiding design of separation processes where a salt is used to induce colloid or protein precipitation.
Prevalence, patterns, and effects of shell damage on Geukensia demissa in South Carolina estuarine habitats

Shelled molluscs frequently exhibit a record of damage on exterior surfaces that can evidence past predation attempts and may affect survival and growth. In South Carolina populations of the ribbed marsh mussel, Geukensia demissa, >90% of the individuals and up to 60% of the total shell area are damaged. A trend toward greater amounts of damage occurred on mid-marsh compared to oyster reef mussels from the barrier beach side of inlets. Shell damage effects on survivorship and shell and tissue growth were assessed seasonally during multi- and single-season field experiments. Mussels from a common mid-marsh site were divided into size classes (~50 or 70 mm), treated to create two damage levels (undamaged and damaged), and replaced within mid-marsh exclusion cages to minimize additional shell damage. In both multi- and single-season experiments increased shell damage resulted in significantly greater mortality. Linear shell growth was unaffected by increased damage, but 50 mm mussels grew twice as fast. Shell mass increased 16–50% in the multi-season and single-season winter period, but decreased 7–12% during the single-season summer period. Tissue mass significantly decreased 31–43% in 50 mm damaged mussels, but increased by 33% for 70 mm mussels in both multi-season and the single-season winter period experiments. Shell damage did reduce tissue mass 43% in 70 mm single-season summer mussels. Experimental results indicate shell damage from a simulated increase in predation can affect negatively both survival and growth of marsh mussels. Seasonal timing of shell damage and initial mussel size also influenced the effects of sublethal predation on shell and tissue growth. The previously unrecognized importance of sublethal predation and the resultant significant negative effects of shell damage on survival and growth will affect the distribution and population dynamics of G. demissa in coastal marshes and will influence the overall contribution of ribbed mussels to estuarine ecosystems.
A new method for numerical evaluation of the Fourier transform

may encounter considerable difficulties due to the infinite interval of integration and the oscillatory integrand. In the absence of a universally accepted procedure for calculating j we are emboldened to suggest a new one. In what follows we simplify our work by imposing certain natural restrictions on the behavior of f andfi Thus (Aj) d eno es t an assumption about f and (&) denotes the same assumption about f. In Section 2 we give a simple and reasonable pair of restrictions on f sufficient to justify all the hypotheses of this section. For general Fourier integral background, see [2, 51. Denote by LP (p 2 l), as usual, the normed linear space of measurable functionsfon (---co, a) such that lifll; = syIf(x dx < co. L2 is a Hilbert space under the inner product (f / g) = l-“mf(~) g(x) dx. Assume first that f ELM n L2 (Al). Then 3(x) exists for all X, is continuous in x, vanishes at infinity, and 3~ L2. Moreover, the Fourier mapping F: f -3 of L1 n L2 into L2 is linear and [If/i, = jl f II2 . If we now assume that f is continuous (A2) and that ,f’eLl (A3), the inversion formula holds everywhere:
Reducing Spurious Response in a Field Survey.

Abstract Spurious response occurs when survey respondents claim to recognize or remember advertisements, names, institutions, or other stimuli that do not exist. Researchers fear that these same respondents may give invalid responses to genuine survey items as well, thereby distorting the findings and conclusions of survey research. In a field experiment to reduce spurious recall of bogus brand names without also reducing recall of genuine brand names, 300 grocery shoppers in a southern city were provided with a warning or disclaimer that some questionnaire items were fictitious along with a “don't-know” response option. The results showed that only the don't-know option reduced spurious response, and this by very little. Genuine brand response, however, was unaffected. The data also suggested that spurious response could bias the findings of a survey.
Is cytochrome c reactivity determined by dipole moment or by local charges

Abstract A criticism of a recent paper by M. Fragata and F. Bellemare (Biophys. Chem. 15 (1982) 111) is presented. These authors developed a model of polarity-dependent ferrocytochrome c oxidation which is shown to be incorrect. It fails to show that the use of the ‘overal dipole moment’ is likely to be unreliable, and that reactivity is best explained by a polarity effect on the dipole of the haem of cytochrome c.
Frovatriptan: a review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and clinical potential in the treatment of menstrual migraine

Frovatriptan is an orally active 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor agonist which binds with high affinity to 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors. Earlier clinical trials demonstrated that frovatriptan 2.5 mg is significantly more effective than placebo in the acute management of migraine and its associated symptoms. More recently, frovatriptan was shown to be effective in the management of menstrual migraine. The incidence of menstrual migraine in subjects receiving frovatriptan 2.5 mg twice daily during the six day perimenstrual period was 41% compared with 67% with placebo. Frovatriptan treatment is generally well tolerated. The most commonly reported adverse effects were dizziness, paresthesia, dry mouth, and fatigue. Pharmacologic studies demonstrated that frovatriptan is cerebroselective. Its selectivity for cerebral vessels lessens the potential for undesirable peripheral effects. Frovatriptan has a terminal deposition half-life of approximately 26 hours, which appears to be independent of age, gender, and renal function. This imparts that frovatriptan may be particularly well suited to patients with prolonged migraines and those who suffer migraine recurrence. Frovatriptan does not alter cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzymes, as such it is unlikely to affect the metabolism of other drugs. No dosage adjustments are necessary based on age, renal, or mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Apart from its efficacy in the acute management of migraine, frovatriptan is an effective agent when used as either acute therapy or as intermittent prophylaxis therapy of menstrual migraines, particularly in women who do not respond to conventional therapies.
Decreased glutathione in aging red cells

Abstract Glutathione levels were determined in red cells of different ages separated by centrifugation. Successive red cell populations of increasing age were shown to contain progressively decreasing quantities of reduced glutathione. Total glutathione was found to vary in a similar manner. Comparable changes were demonstrated in erythrocytes from patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Glutathione levels in the older cells from these patients were diminished to an even greater extent than in normal cells. It is suggested that these findings further implicate glutathione in the process of senescence.