cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Performance of Reflective Cracking Mitigation Techniques in Nevada:

Hot-mix asphalt (HMA) overlay is one of the commonly used methods for rehabilitating deteriorated pavements. The Nevada Department of Transportation (DOT) uses HMA overlays as a rehabilitation technique for the majority of the state's flexible pavements. One major type of distress influencing the life of an overlay is reflective cracking. In the past, Nevada DOT has experimented with a number of techniques-such as cold in-place recycling, reinforced fabrics, stress relief courses, and mill and overlay-to reduce the impact of reflective cracking on HMA overlays. Several projects were constructed under each category. The long-term field performance of various Nevada DOT reflective cracking mitigation techniques was evaluated; the techniques were used on flexible pavements at 33 field projects. Performances of the various projects were analyzed by fatigue, transverse, and block cracking measurements from Nevada DOT's pavement management system data. In addition, the statistical approach called principal comp...
The effect of tolbutamide on the diabetogenic action of somatotropin.

The administration of tolbutamide to dogs by mouth prevents the diabetogenic response which ordinarily occurs with the daily intramuscular injection of somatotropin.
A qualitative assessment of challenges to tuberculosis management and prevention in Northern Ethiopia.

Objective To elicit Ethiopian health care providers' understanding of challenges to effectively preventing, diagnosing and treating tuberculosis (TB). Design Qualitative data were collected via in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 73 providers, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists and laboratory technicians, in five hospitals in the Northern Ethiopian regions of Amhara and Tigray. There was no intervention. Results Focus groups and interviews shared a number of prominent common themes. Respondents identified numerous challenges associated with active case identification, infection control practices, diagnostics, including the absence of TB culture and drug susceptibility testing capacity, and the lack of infrastructure for diagnosing and treating multidrug-resistant TB. Pharmacists noted a need for improved procurement practices and pediatric dosages for TB medications. Providers shared concerns regarding isoniazid preventive therapy, health workforce challenges and the risk of contracting TB in the workplace. Conclusions Health care providers in the Northern Ethiopian regions of Tigray and Amhara identified many challenges to effectively preventing, diagnosing and treating TB. These challenges are complicated by severe resource constraints and challenges in attracting and retaining providers in government hospitals in centers outside Addis Ababa.
Measurement of 15N enrichment in multiple amino acids and urea in a single analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

A precise and accurate procedure to measure the 15N isotopic enrichment of 18 common plasma amino acids and singly (15N1) and doubly (15N2) labeled urea in a single analysis by selected ion monitoring electron impact ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis is presented. The choice of tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives allowed the enrichments in the amide and amino nitrogens of glutamine to be resolved. The ions monitored contained all the nitrogen atoms from the parent compounds except for arginine, which lost one guanidino nitrogen. Isotope ratios were determined with a coefficient of variation (within-assay precision) of 0.35% (range, 0.1-1.0%) on replicate measures averaged over all components; thus, the standard deviation associated with a nominal [m + 1]/[m + 0] isotope ratio of 0.2000 was 0.0007. The average error between measured and theoretical [m + 1]/[m + 0] isotope ratios was +0.0001 +/- 0.0086 for samples at natural abundance isotopic composition. The utility of the procedure is demonstrated by monitoring the incorporation of 15N into 18 plasma amino acids and urea during a 6 h oral administration of 15NH4Cl to a human volunteer. Highest levels of enrichment were achieved in arginine and urea, followed by glutamine. Approximately 80% of the label in glutamine was in the amino nitrogen. Excess 15N enrichment was observed in all plasma amino acids monitored with the exception of the essential amino acids phenylalanine, lysine and histidine. This method will facilitate the measurement of isotopic enrichment of multiple amino acids by a single analysis when it is necessary to monitor multiple stable-isotopically labeled amino acids in studies of amino acid and protein metabolic kinetics.
PULMONARY VASODILATION BY CYCLIC GUANOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (cGMP) IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCTION IN FETAL LUNG LIQUID PRODUCTION. † 1959

At birth, fetal lung liquid is rapidly removed and pulmonary blood flow dramatically increased. We have previously shown that nitric oxide, an important mediator of pulmonary vasodilation at birth, reduces lung liquid production (Pediatr Res 1994; 329A), but its mechanism of action is unknown. Since nitric oxide causes vasodilation via cGMP, and since other cyclic nucleotides have been shown to decrease lung liquid production (J Appl Physiol 1990; 2054), we studied the effects of cGMP on lung liquid production. Eleven chronically prepared fetal sheep were studied at 129 ± 3 d gestation. Net lung luminal liquid production (Jv) was measured by plotting the change in lung luminal liquid concentration of radiolabelled albumin, an impermeant tracer that was mixed into the lung liquid at the start of each study. Jv was measured during a 1-2 h baseline, then for 2-3 h during an infusion of 8-Br-cGMP (50-200 μg/min), a stable cGMP analog. Infusing 8-Br-cGMP increased left pulmonary artery blood flow from 46 ± 14 ml/min to 84 ± 36 ml/min (P=.001) but had no effect on Jv, which was 19 ± 8 ml/h during the baseline and 20 ± 5 ml/h during the infusion. In our previous studies, a similar increase in pulmonary blood flow induced by nitric oxide was associated with a 75% reduction in Jv. Pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures did not change significantly following the 8-Br-cGMP infusion, although heart rate increased from 159± 11 to 180 ± 22 (P=.007). Control (saline) instillations (n=6) caused no significant change in any variable.
Assymetric reduction of ketones using LiAlH4 modified with chiral 1,2-aminodiols.txt

Abstract Four chiral aminodiols from ring opening of ( S )-propylene oxide and ethylene oxide wiht n-butylamine and ( R ) or ( S )-α-methylbenzylamine were used to modify LiAlH4. Assymetric reduction of acetophenone and propiophenone gave the highest percent enantiomeric excess when the modifier was made from ( S )-oxide and ( S )-amine.
Algorithm for decomposition of additive strain from dense network of thin film sensors

The authors have developed a capacitive-based thin film sensor for monitoring strain on mesosurfaces. Arranged in a network configuration, the sensing system is analogous to a biological skin, where local strain can be monitored over a global area. The measurement principle is based on a measurable change in capacitance provoked by strain. In the case of bi-directional in-plane strain, the sensor output contains the additive measurement of both principal strain components. In this paper, we present an algorithm for retrieving the directional strain from measurements. The algorithm leverages the dense network application of the thin film sensor to reconstruct the surface strain map. A bi-directional shape function is assumed, and it is differentiated to obtain expressions for planar strain. A least square estimator (LSE) is used to reconstruct the planar strain map from the sensors measurement’s, after the system’s boundary conditions have been enforced in the model. The coefficients obtained by the LSE can be used to reconstruct the estimated strain map or the deflection shape directly. Results from numerical simulations and experimental investigations show good performance of the algorithm, in particular for monitoring surface strain on cantilever plates.
Nimbya and Embellisia revisited, with nov . comb for Alternaria celosiae and A. perpunctulata

Previous phylogenetic analyses revealed that species within the genera Nimbya and Embellisia reside within a large monophyletic clade that also includes the genera Alternaria, Ulocladium, Undifilum, Sinomyces, and Crivellia with Stemphylium as the sister taxon. This study expands upon previous work by including many contemporary species of each genus and utilizes molecular and morphological characters to further examine relationships. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis reveals that Nimbya is not a monophyletic genus but is split into two phylogenetically distant clades, which have different and distinct conidial morphologies. One of these clades resides completely within Alternaria. Phylogenetic analyses also reveals that Embellisia does not form a monophyletic genus but is split into four monophyletic lineages. Moreover, several species of Embellisia cluster individually with clades that are predominantly Alternaria, Ulocladium, or Stemphylium, yet these Embellisia spp. possess morphological characters that are diagnostically Embellisia. Thus, these data reveal that both Nimbya and Embellisia are polyphyletic as currently defined and taxonomic restructuring is necessary in order to resolve conflict between historical morphological and contemporary molecular-based phylogenies.
Mitochondrial recycling of ascorbic acid from dehydroascorbic acid: dependence on the electron transport chain

Mitochondria can regenerate ascorbic acid from its oxidized forms, which may help to maintain the vitamin both in mitochondria and in the cytoplasm. In this work, we sought to determine the site and mechanism of mitochondrial ascorbate recycling from dehydroascorbic acid. Rat skeletal muscle mitochondria incubated for 3 h at 37 degrees C with 500 microM dehydroascorbic acid and energy substrates maintained ascorbate concentrations more than twice those observed in the absence of substrate. Succinate-dependent mitochondrial reduction of dehydroascorbic acid was blocked by inhibitors of mitochondrial Complexes II and III. Neither cytochrome c nor the outer mitochondrial membrane were necessary for the effect. The ascorbate radical was generated by mitochondria during treatment with dehydroascorbic acid and was abolished by ferricyanide, which does not penetrate the mitochondrial inner membrane. Together, these results show that energy substrate-dependent ascorbate recycling from dehydroascorbic acid involves an externally exposed portion of mitochondrial complex III.
Brightness and size transposition by rhesus monkeys

Two experimentally naive adult rhesus monkeys were trained on a VR4 schedule to make brightness discriminations. Transposition tests showed that these monkeys discriminated on the basis of absolute rather than relative brightness. These monkeys and a third (naive) one were trained by the same method to make size discriminations. Size transposition tests showed that the monkeys responded to absolute rather than relative size. The monkey with no training on brightness discrimination had much broader generalization gradients, replicating the results of other investigations of size transposition.
ORGANIZATIONAL FORM AND PERFORMANCE IN URBAN MASS TRANSIT

Ownership and management for urban mass transit organizations have taken many forms over the years, with publicly‐owned and managed systems now dominant. In recent years, however, strong economic and political forces have increased pressures for privatizing urban mass transit services. This review analyses 20 studies from three countries (predominantly the U.S.A.) on the relationship between organizational form and fixed‐route bus transit performance. It concludes that previous research has not made a persuasive case for the whole‐scale privatization of either ownership or management of urban mass transit organization. Conclusions here are intended to apply to the U.S.A. as well as other countries with mixed enterprise systems in which choices about organizational form may have some consequence for performance.
Inhaled corticosteroids in children: effects on bone mineral density and growth

Potent, topically active corticosteroids with minimum systemic activity have fewer adverse effects than do systemic corticosteroids, and can control both asthma and allergic rhinitis when given in recommended doses. However, study findings show that children with asthma receiving budesonide and beclometasone dipropionate have decreased linear growth, and that children who receive long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy for asthma have height deficits 1-2 years after treatment initiation that persist into adulthood. The effects of inhaled corticosteroids on growth seem to be dependent on both dose and duration; the degree of systemic effects is dependent on pharmacokinetic properties (ie, absorption, distribution, and elimination), whereas the effective dose delivered is dependent on the delivery system and potency of the molecule. The effects of corticosteroids on bone mineral density in children seem to be more amenable to intervention; long-term therapy with inhaled corticosteroid therapy is safer than frequent bursts of oral corticosteroids on bone mineral accretion in this regard. Importantly, adequate nutrition (particularly sufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D) should prevent or blunt the effects of corticosteroids on bone mineral density. The potential adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids need to be weighed against the large and well established benefit of these drugs to control persistent asthma. To minimise any adverse effects, treatment with inhaled corticosteroids should always aim to reach the lowest effective dose that gives the patient good asthma control.
Cloning of the mouse gonadotropin beta-subunit-encoding genes, II. Structure of the luteinizing hormone beta-subunit-encoding genes.

Abstract A genomic clone encoding the mouse luteinizing hormone (LH) β-subunit was isolated. The nucleotide and the deduced amino-acid sequences show high identity to the rat, bovine and human homologues. This confirms an important role of LH, together with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in regulating several aspects of reproduction.
Differences in the Kinetics of Axonal Transport for Individual Lipid Classes in Rat Sciatic Nerve

Abstract: Lipid precursors ([2-3H]gIycerol for phospholipids and [3H]acetate for cholesterol) were injected into the L-5 dorsal root ganglion of adult rats. At various times, animals were killed, the ganglion and consecutive 5-mm segments of sciatic nerve were dissected, and lipids were extracted and analyzed by TLC. Individual lipid classes exhibited markedly different transport patterns. The crest of radioactive phosphatidylcholine moved as a sharply defined front at about 300 mm/day, with a relatively flat plateau behind the moving crest. Although some radioactive phosphatidylethanolamine also moved at the same rate, the crest was continually attenuated as it moved so that a gradient of radioactive phosphatidylethanolamine along the axon was maintained for several days. Transported diphosphatidylglycerol exhibited a defined crest, as did phosphatidylcholine, but moved at about half the rate. Labeled cholesterol was transported at a rapid rate similar to that for phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, but like phosphatidylethanolamine, the initial moving crest of radioactivity was continually attenuated. Relative to the phospholipids, cholesterol showed a more prolonged period of accumulation in the axons and was more metabolically stable. We propose that most labeled phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cholesterol is transported in similar (or the same) rapidly moving membranous particles. Once incorporated into these particles, molecules of phosphatidylcholine tend to remain associated with them during transport. In contrast, molecules of phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesterol in these transported particles exchange extensively with unlabeled molecules in stationary axonal structures. Diphosphatidylglycerol, localized in a specialized organelle, the mitochondrion, is transported at a slower rate than other phospholipids, and does not exchange with other structures.
Retardation of rabbit nictitating membrane conditioning by subseizure electrical stimulation of hippocampus.

Abstract The experiment involved classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of rabbits with subseizure, posttrial electrical stimulation of hippocampus. Hippocampal electrical activity was recorded before, during and after each trial to assure that no seizure activity was present. Stimulated animals, in comparison with unstimulated controls, showed a marked retardation of CR onset which paralleled that of previous research employing seizure producing stimulation. This implies that brain seizures are not the critical element in the disruption effect, but rather the anatomical locus of stimulation. Results are discussed in the context of recent lesion, recording and stimulation research employing the conditioned nictitating membrane response of rabbits as a model system.
DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder With Implications for School Psychologists

Changes to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) have important implications for school psychologists responsible for evaluating children with ASD, interpreting results to caregivers, and informing policy makers of needed revisions to eligibility criteria based on empirical understanding. The primary purpose of this review is to describe changes to the DSM-5 and the empirical evidence behind the modifications. A secondary goal is to describe implications for best practices in school evaluations for ASD. Given the concerns about the DSM-5 expressed by caregivers and individuals with ASD during the revision process, school psychologists who are aware of the rationale for and implications of the changes will be better positioned to assist local policy makers regarding diagnostic evaluations for ASD and address parental concerns regarding the evaluation process and service im...
Amplification of a gene encoding a p53-associated protein in human sarcomas

Despite extensive data linking mutations in the p53 gene to human tumorigenesis, little is known about the cellular regulators and mediators of p53 function. MDM2 is a strong candidate for one such cellular protein; the MDM2 gene was originally identified by virtue of its amplification in a spontaneously transformed derivative of mouse BALB/c cells and the MDM2 protein subsequently shown to bind to p53 in rat cells transfected with p53 genes. To determine whether MDM2 plays a role in human cancer, we have cloned the human MDM2 gene. Here we show that recombinant-derived human MDM2 protein binds human p53 in vitro, and we use MDM2 clones to localize the human MDM2 gene to chromosome 12q13-14. Because this chromosomal position appears to be altered in many sarcomas, we looked for changes in human MDM2 in such cancers. The gene was amplified in over a third of 47 sarcomas, including common bone and soft tissue forms. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that MDM2 binds to p53, and that amplification of MDM2 in sarcomas leads to escape from p53-regulated growth control. This mechanism of tumorigenesis parallels that for virally-induced tumours, in which viral oncogene products bind to and functionally inactivate p53.
The Lakota Ghost Dance of 1890

Rani‐Henrik Andersson Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008 Pp. 437, $50.00 (hbk), ISBN 978 0 8032 1073 8 Near the end of the nineteenth century, Lakota Sioux Indians, along with other native...
Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy in advanced prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is an androgen driven cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the standard first line therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. Medical castration with Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists and more recently LHRH antagonists has largely supplanted surgical castration. Key issues in optimizing ADT have been timing of ADT initiation in metastatic prostate cancer (early vs deferred), monotherapy with LHRH agonist alone vs combination therapy with an anti-androgen, and the schedule of medical castration (intermittent vs continuous). After numerous trials attempting to clarify the role of anti-androgens in initial therapy of metastatic prostate cancer with conflicting results on survival benefit with combination therapy, meta-analyses suggest a small but measurable prolongation in overall survival. The lower incidence of severe adverse events including cord compression in advanced prostate cancer with early ADT has established immediate initiation of ADT upon diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer as standard clinical practice. The schedule of ADT has been the subject of extensive investigation spurred by early preclinical work suggesting continuous pressure of castration promoted development of castration resistance. Trials testing intermittent ADT in several clinical contexts including in patients with biochemical recurrence, suggested intermittent ADT is comparable to continuous ADT. However, except for the JPR7, trials had mixed patient populations and/or were not powered for overall survival (OS). The only OS powered large phase 3 trial in metastatic disease (INT-0162/SWOG-9346) demonstrated that survival with intermittent ADT is not comparable to that with continuous therapy. Continuous ADT therefore continues to be the standard; however, therapy should be tailored to a patient’s individual needs with adequate counseling. Novel inhibitors of androgen synthesis including abiraterone and androgen receptor antagonists such as enzalutamide, and cytotoxic chemotherapy already proven to be effective in castration resistant prostate cancer are under investigation in hormone sensitive prostate cancer. If validated, they would represent a long overdue paradigm shift in advanced hormone sensitive prostate cancer management.
Ontogenetic Ritualization of Primate Gesture as a Case Study in Dyadic Brain Modeling

This paper introduces dyadic brain modeling – the simultaneous, computational modeling of the brains of two interacting agents – to explore ways in which our understanding of macaque brain circuitry can ground new models of brain mechanisms involved in ape interaction. Specifically, we assess a range of data on gestural communication of great apes as the basis for developing an account of the interactions of two primates engaged in ontogenetic ritualization, a proposed learning mechanism through which a functional action may become a communicative gesture over repeated interactions between two individuals (the ‘dyad’). The integration of behavioral, neural, and computational data in dyadic (or, more generally, social) brain modeling has broad application to comparative and evolutionary questions, particularly for the evolutionary origins of cognition and language in the human lineage. We relate this work to the neuroinformatics challenges of integrating and sharing data to support collaboration between primatologists, neuroscientists and modelers that will help speed the emergence of what may be called comparative neuro-primatology.
Ion conductance and ion selectivity of potassium channels in snail neurones

Delayed potassium channels were studied in internally perfused neurone somata from land snails. Relaxation and fluctuation analysis of this class of ion channels revealed Hodgkin-Huxley type K channels with an average single channel conductance (γ K) of 2.40±0.15 pS. The conductance of open channels is independent of voltage and virtually all K channels seem to be open at maximum K conductance (g K) of the membrane. Voltage dependent time constants of activation ofg K, calculated from K current relaxation and from cut-off frequencies of power spectra, are very similar indicating dominant first-order kinetics. Ion selectivity of K channels was studied by ion substitution in the external medium and exhibited the following sequence: T1+>K+>Rb+>Cs+>NH 4 + >Li+>Na+. The sequence of the alkali cations does not conform to any of the sequences predicted by Eisenman's theory. However, the data are well accommodated by a new theory assuming a single rate-limiting barrier that governs ion movement through the channel.
WHITE-TAILED DEER IMPACT ON THE VEGETATION DYNAMICS OF A NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST

Considerable controversy has arisen over the management of white-tailed deer in eastern landscapes where there is evidence of damage to forest vegetation, crops, and wildlife habitat attributable to deer. We examined the impact of 4, 8, 15, and 25 deer/ km 2 on herbaceous layer abundance and tree seedling density, height development, species composition, and diversity for 10 yr in a repeated-measures randomized-complete-block experiment at four replicate cherry-maple forest sites in northwestern Pennsylvania, USA. At each 65-ha site, deer were placed in 13- or 26-ha fenced enclosures in which the landscape composition and forage production of a forest managed on a 100-yr rotation was simulated by clear-cutting 10% of each area and thinning 30%. Vegetation was sampled 0-1, 3, 5, and 10 yr after treatment (YAT). We analyzed vegetative treatment responses separately in each silvicultural treatment. Time was an important factor mediating responses at all deer densities. Rubus spp. abundance in all silvicultural treatments and the density of striped maple (STM) in clearcuts and birch (BI), American beech (AB), and red maple (RM) in thinnings showed negative trends with increasing deer density. As deer density increased, we found negative linear trends in the height of BI, RM, and AB in clearcuts; in the height of AB, RM, and STM in thinnings; and in the height of AB and RM in uncut stands. Species richness showed a negative linear trend with increasing deer density in all silvicultural treatments. Conversely, species avoided by deer or resilient to deer browsing increased with in- creasing deer density. Percent cover of ferns, grasses, and sedges showed positive linear trends with deer density in clearcuts and in thinnings. The percentage of plots dominated by black cherry (BC) increased with increasing deer density in cut and uncut stands. The net result of increased deer impact was an altered trajectory of vegetation development dominated by species avoided by deer or resilient to deer browsing. Negative effects on vegetation became significant at deer impact levels well below those observed in many eastern forests. Moreover, species not browsed or resilient to browsing may have indirect effects on vegetation development through plant-plant interactions and on wildlife habitat quality for small mammals, birds, and deer. Managing these impacts is important as pressures to harvest and fragment eastern forests accelerate.
SelfImpedance and Mutual Impedance of Antenna Elements

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Current Distribution on an Antenna: General Formulation The Cylindrical Dipole: Arbitrary Cross Section The Cylindrical Dipole: Circular Cross Section, Hallen's Formulation The Method of Moments Solution of Hall��n's Integral Equation: Pulse Functions Solution of Hall��n's Integral Equation: Sinusoidal Basis Functions Self-Impedance of Center-Fed Cylindrical Dipoles: Induced EMF Method Self-Impedance of Center-Fed Cylindrical Dipoles: Storer's Variational Solution Self-Impedance of Center-Fed Cylindrical Dipoles: Zeroth and First Order Solutions to Hall��n's Integral Equation Self-Impedance of Center-Fed Cylindrical Dipoles: King-Middleton Second-Order Solution Self-Impedance of Center-Fed Strip Dipoles The Derivation of a Formula for the Mutual Impedance Between Slender Dipoles The Exact Field of a Dipole: Sinusoidal Current Distribution Computation of the Mutual Impedance Between Slender Dipoles The Self-Admittance of Center-Fed Slots in a Large Ground Plane: Booker's Relation Arrays of Center-Fed Slots in a Large Ground Plane: Self-Admittance and Mutual Admittance The Self-Impedance of a Patch Antenna This chapter contains sections titled: References Problems ]]>
Common loci underlie field resistance to soybean sudden death syndrome in Forrest, Pyramid, Essex, and Douglas.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines results in severe yield losses. Resistant cultivars offer the most-effective protection against yield losses but resistant cultivars such as ’Forrest’ and ’Pyramid’ vary in the nature of their response to SDS. Loci underlying SDS resistance in ’Essex’ × Forrest are well defined. Our objectives were to identify and characterize loci and alleles that underlie field resistance to SDS in Pyramid×’Douglas’. SDS disease incidence and disease severity were determined in replicated field trials in six environments over 4 years. One hundred and twelve polymorphic DNA markers were compared with SDS disease response among 90 recombinant inbred lines from the cross Pyramid×Douglas. Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to SDS derived their beneficial alleles from Pyramid, identified on linkage group G by BARC-Satt163 (261-bp allele, P=0.0005, R2=16.0%) and linkage group N by BARC-Satt080 (230-bp allele, P=0.0009, R2=15.6%). Beneficial alleles of both QTLs were previously identified in Forrest. A QTL for re- sistance to SDS on linkage group C2 identified by BARC-Satt307 (292-bp allele, P=0.0008, R2=13.6%) derived the beneficial allele from Douglas. A beneficial allele of this QTL was previously identified in Essex. Recombinant inbred lines that carry the beneficial alleles for all three QTLs for resistance to SDS were significantly (P≤0.05) more resistant than other recombinant inbred lines . Among these recombinant inbred lines resistance to SDS was environmentally stable. Therefore, gene pyramiding will be an effective method for developing cultivars with stable resistance to SDS.
Estimating the predatory impact of gelatinous zooplankton

We propose a new approach to assess the predatory impact of gelatinous zooplankton on their prey, in which information from field samples and laboratory experiments allows us to estimate predator ingestion rates from analyses of predator gut contents. The feasibility of this approach was tested in laboratory experiments with the ctenophore Pleurobrachia bachei feeding on adult stages of the copepods Pseudocalanus newmani and Acartia longiremis. We developed a simple model of predator ingestion-egestion dynamics. The model assumes that predator clearance rates, F, and instantaneous egestion rates, c, are constant over the range of prey concentrations appropriate to the field study. A series of experiments was designed to test the validity of these assumptions and to estimate values of the parameters F and E for Pleurobrachia feeding on Pseudocalanus and Acartia. Results from these experiments indicate that the above assumptions are reasonable for these predator-prey pairs until prey concentrations exceed 60,000 prey m- 3. Ingestion rates are shown to be proportional to predator gut contents, with the slope of the relationship providing an estimate of the instantaneous egestion rate. Provided that the model assumptions are met, this approach can be used to estimate the predatory impact of other planktivorous predators on more complex prey assemblages.
Reload Employee Stock Option Plans: Incentive Alignment or Rent Extraction:

A reload option awards a new option for every share tendered to exercise an existing option. We use a sample of 242 firms that adopted reload provisions to investigate claims that firms use reload options to encourage early exercise and increase share ownership (incentive alignment) against the competing claim that reloads transfer wealth from shareholders to managers. We find that CEOs of reload firms tend to have lower levels of ownership and less influence over the Board of Directors than CEOs of firms in a control group. Our results are generally more consistent with the incentive alignment hypothesis than the competing wealth transfer (rent extraction) hypothesis.
Volumetric change of human papillomavirus-related neck lymph nodes before, during, and shortly after intensity-modulated radiation therapy.

Background. To assess volumetric changes of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related lymph nodes (LN) before, during, and after a course of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) � chemotherapy. Methods. Each ''pathologic'' LN (� 1 cm) was contoured on the available diagnostic/planning CTs before, during each week, and after treatment. Results. Seventy-nine LNs in 50 patients were identified. Beyond the first week of treatment, 3 patterns of LN change were recorded: consistently shrinking LN (n ¼ 33; 41.8%), inconsistently shrinking LN with temporary enlargement limited to the first week (n ¼ 14; 17.7%), or also during the subsequent weeks (n ¼ 32; 40.5%). Nodal density at planning is highly predictive of group assignment, with a larger mean density for consistently over incon- sistently shrinking LNs (p ¼ .009). Also, this grouping predicts the response at the end of treatment. Conclusion. HPV-related LN behavior during IMRT is extremely variable but somewhat predictable on the basis of nodal density at planning. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 00: 000-000, 2012
A Dual-Monoclonal Sandwich ELISA Specific for Hepcidin-25

BACKGROUND: Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, binds to the iron transporter ferroportin to cause its degradation. In humans, hepcidin deficiency has been linked to hemochromatosis and iron overload, whereas increased concentrations have been reported in anemia of cancer and chronic disease. There is currently an unmet clinical need for a specific immunoassay with a low limit of quantification to measure serum concentrations of hepcidin-25, the active form of the protein. METHODS: We generated 2 antihepcidin-25 monoclonal antibodies and used them to build a sandwich ELISA. We correlated ELISA results to hepcidin-25 measurements by LC-MS and used ELISA to measure serum hepcidin-25 concentrations in normal individuals, cancer patients, and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS: The sandwich ELISA was highly specific for hepcidin-25, having a limit of quantification of 0.01 μg/L (10 pg/mL). Serum concentrations of hepcidin-25 measured by ELISA correlated with hepcidin-25 concentrations measured by using an independent LC-MS assay ( r = 0.98, P < 0.001). Hepcidin-25 concentrations were increased in patients with cancer (median 54.8 μg/L, 25%–75% range 23.2–93.5 μg/L, n = 34) and rheumatoid arthritis (median 10.6 μg/L, 25%–75% range 5.9–18.4 μg/L, n = 76) compared with healthy individuals (median 1.20 μg/L, 25%–75% range 0.42–3.07 μg/L, n = 100). CONCLUSIONS: The use of 2 monoclonal antibodies in a sandwich ELISA format provides a robust and convenient method for measuring concentrations of the active form of hepcidin. This ELISA should help to improve our understanding of the role of hepcidin in regulating iron metabolism.
Responses of cobia Rachycentron canadum larvae to abrupt or gradual changes in salinity

Abstract Cobia Rachycentron canadum has recently been recognized as a potential candidate for aquaculture because this species exhibits high growth rates during the larval and juvenile stages. A series of salinity tolerance tests were performed on larval cobia in order to identify the salinity requirements of this species during culture. The effect of spawning salinity on larval tolerance is also discussed. The 18-h survival of cobia larvae 3, 5, 7 and 9 days post-hatch (dph) following abrupt transfer to salinities ranging from 4 to 48 ppt was evaluated using logistic regression. The salinity range within which 90% of the larvae would be expected to survive appeared to be age-dependent and was narrowest at 3 dph (20.1–35.6 ppt) and wider at 7 and 9 dph (7.5–32.8 ppt). The 18-h tolerance of larvae to abrupt changes in salinity was unaltered by spawning salinities of 28.0 and 36.5 ppt. In the second part of the study, rearing salinities were dropped by 5 ppt day − 1 from 32–34 ppt (control) to 5, 10, 15 and/or 20 ppt beginning on 1, 4, 7, 10 or 13 dph. Larval survival from hatching through 10 days following the initial drop in salinity was significantly ( P
Regional variability in dust-on-snow processes and impacts in the Upper Colorado River Basin

Dust deposition onto mountain snow cover in the Upper Colorado River Basin frequently occurs in the spring when wind speeds and dust emission peaks on the nearby Colorado Plateau. Dust loading has increased since the intensive settlement in the western USA in the mid 1880s. The effects of dust-on-snow have been well studied at Senator Beck Basin Study Area (SBBSA) in the San Juan Mountains, CO, the first high-altitude area of contact for predominantly southwesterly winds transporting dust from the southern Colorado Plateau. To capture variability in dust transport from the broader Colorado Plateau and dust deposition across a larger area of the Colorado River water sources, an additional study plot was established in 2009 on Grand Mesa, 150 km to the north of SBBSA in west central, CO. Here, we compare the 4-year (2010–2013) dust source, deposition, and radiative forcing records at Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP) and Swamp Angel Study Plot (SASP), SBBSA's subalpine study plot. The study plots have similar site elevations/environments and differ mainly in the amount of dust deposited and ensuing impacts. At SASP, end of year dust concentrations ranged from 0.83 mg g−1 to 4.80 mg g−1, and daily mean spring dust radiative forcing ranged from 50–65 W m−2, advancing melt by 24–49 days. At GMSP, which received 1.0 mg g−1 less dust per season on average, spring radiative forcings of 32–50 W m−2 advanced melt by 15–30 days. Remote sensing imagery showed that observed dust events were frequently associated with dust emission from the southern Colorado Plateau. Dust from these sources generally passed south of GMSP, and back trajectory footprints modelled for observed dust events were commonly more westerly and northerly for GMSP relative to SASP. These factors suggest that although the southern Colorado Plateau contains important dust sources, dust contributions from other dust sources contribute to dust loading in this region, and likely account for the majority of dust loading at GMSP. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scheduling cyclic production on several identical machines

This paper considers problems that arise in scheduling cyclic production of different parts on several identical machines where the cycle times are of the form kiw, with i varying only with each part. First we derive a simple necessary and sufficient condition for scheduling one machine when the production times of all jobs are identical. Then we describe three conditions, any one of which ensures that if a feasible schedule on M machines exists, then a schedule also exists in which each part always executes on the same machine. These conditions can be used to motivate heuristics to address the scheduling problem.
Germinability of Teliospores of Tilletia indica after Hot Water and Sodium Hypochlorite Treatments.

ABSTRACT Hot water and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were evaluated to eradicate teliospores of the Karnal bunt fungus, Tilletia indica, for the purpose of decontaminating grain storage and handling equipment. The germinability of free teliospores and teliospores within the sori of infected wheat was assessed. Temperatures of 25, 60, and 80°C, NaOCl concentrations (wt/vol, pH 11.5) of 0, 0.53, and 1.60%, and immersion periods of 1, 5, 15, and 30 min were evaluated. In other tests, the influence of pH on NaOCl potency and of a delay between treatment and water rinsing were evaluated. Immersion at 80°C in water alone or with NaOCl killed both free teliospores and those within the sori of infected seeds within 1 min. NaOCl at 1.60% at 25°C killed teliospores suspended in water within 15 min, but some teliospores inside sori survived 30 min of this treatment. NaOCl adjusted to pH 8 before use was superior to NaOCl at pH 11.5. An application of 1.60% NaOCl at 25°C for 5 min followed by a 10-min delay before the ...
Discrete Steps in the Capacitance-Voltage Characteristics of GaInN/GaN Light Emitting Diode Structures

A detailed modeling of the electronic bandstructure of GaInN alloys and GaInN/GaN heterostructures typically used for high efficiency light emitting diodes is of high relevance for future improvements. Here we are exploring opportunities to accurately quantify the carrier dynamics under forward and reverse voltage bias. In GaInN/GaN LED-type heterostructures we observe distinct steps in the junction capacitance as a function of bias voltage within the depletion regime. Up to three individual steps can be identified that correspond to alternating ranges of capacitive and resistive impedances. Our analysis suggests that we are quantitatively monitoring the electron concentration in each individual quantum well. The pronounced clarity of the data reveals a high level of epitaxial perfection and spatial homogeneity across the entire area of the junction.
Duodenal Fluid pH in Cystic Fibrosis

Attention is directed here to the major discrepancies among duodenal fluid pH measurements in cystic fibrosis. A series of 9 cystic fibrosis and 9 control subjects were found to have duodenal fluid pH values of 4.8 ± 0.7 and 6.3 ± 0.2, respectively.
Higher order mode RE power extraction from polarized cavities with a single output coupler

An important step in simplifying superconducting accelerator structures is to reduce the number and complexity of the couplers. The use of azimuthal shaping to polarize the higher-order transverse modes in superconducting cavities has previously been proposed to couple both polarizations through a single output. Two questions remained: would such structures multipactor? and would both polarizations be adequately damped by a single coupler? To answer these questions, single-cell and multicell polarized S-band structures have been designed, constructed, and tested. Cold tests have shown that single-cell and three-cell structures do not multipactor. The highest surface field level achieved was 31 Mv/m, limited by field emission as with nonpolarized cavities. >
Clinical and investigative applications of Raman spectroscopy in Urology and Andrology

Raman spectroscopy (RS) is an optical technique that allows for real-time interrogation of biologic tissues with chemical specificity. Using a diode laser, incident photons are scattered on the tissue of interest and the spectral wavelength output is a reflection of the tissues’ molecular fingerprint. Naturally, this technology has come into clinical usage to evaluate benign versus malignant tissue. Within the field of Urology, RS has seen tremendous growth as an optical biopsy tool for the real-time evaluation of diseases of the bladder, prostate, kidney, and testis. With such growing fervor for this emerging spectroscopic modality, we present a current summary of clinical studies utilizing RS within Urology and Andrology to highlight its potential applications.
Text to sex: The impact of cell phones on hooking up and sexuality on campus

By centering attention on how students feel after casual sex, studies of the college social scene miss an extremely important phenomenon—namely, how hookups get started. This article argues that it...
A View from Aesthetic Education

My esteemed late colleague Harry S. Broudy often expressed curiosity about invitations he received to address subjects and topics about which he had little specialized knowledge. But the reason was quite apparent; as a philosopher he had the skill to detect issues that helped others to think more wisely about their ramifications. I occasionally find myself in a similar position. Although I have only general knowledge about music and do not follow developments in the field of music education as closely as in my own area of special interest, I often receive invitations from music educators to join in their deliberations. It is not, I think, because of any special knack for detecting and clarifying issues but rather because of my philosophy of aesthetic education that might be of some interest to music educators. The following then are a few notes about my thinking insofar as it centres on the arts and not broader conceptions of aesthetic education.
Calcium Urate Hexahydrate

As part of an ongoing study to investigate the diversity of uric acid salts associated with crystal deposition diseases, calcium diurate hexahydrate (CaUr2·6H2O) was prepared and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The Ca2+-urate interactions observed are discussed in relation to previous theoretical binding studies and other known urate salts.
Dynamic Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed Face: I. Electronic Control of Reinnervated Muscles from Intact Facial Musculature in the Rabbit

An entirely satisfactory solution to dynamic rehabilitation of the paralyzed facial musculature has not yet been found. Recent interest in selective reinnervation of the laryngeal musculature, synchronous with appropriate afferent information, has led us to propose that miniature strain gauges be placed on one or more muscles of facial expression on the intact side to channel electrical signals to the opposite corresponding facial musculature reinnervated via nerve-muscle pedicles. In order to avoid introducing extraneous factors related to facial motion, this principle was first studied on crossover ansa hypoglossi nerve-muscle pedicles in New Zealand white rabbits. Surgery was performed on a total of five animals that were under general anesthesia with xylazine and ketamine, through a midline neck incision. The animals were reexplored after 12 weeks, and after verification that reinnervation had taken place, a vertical incision was made under the external canthus, in order to expose the facial nerve. A ...
Restraints on Competition and Political Necessity as Explanations

There is reason to believe that an important reason for the legal separation of commercial and investment banking was a political demand or at least a willingness by both investment and commercial bankers to eliminate competition for a shrinking market and to secure other benefits and avoid more restrictive legislation. In particular, investment bankers not affiliated with commercial banks had incentives to bar their rivals from the investment banking business; many commercial bankers were no longer interested in securities operations; and by this ploy bankers could relatively inexpensively assuage demands by the public, legislators, and the Roosevelt administration for reform.
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: epidemiologic studies of its role as a human diarrhoeal pathogen.

Strains of Bactervides fragflis which produce enterotoxin(s) (ETBF) have been associated with diarrhoea] diseases in young domestic animals and have also been isolated from humans with diarrhoea. We. have determined epidemiologically that ETBF are significantly associated with diarrhoea in humans. We studied Apaches, primarily children, with diarrhoea attending an outpatient facility in Whiteriver, Arizona, from July 1986 through July, 1968. Stool cultures for isolation erf ETBF and other diarrhoeal pathogens were taken from these persons as well as from age and time matched control persons who did not have diarrhoea. ETBF were Isolated significantly mote often from persons with diarrhoea (12%) than from controls (6%), p=0.Q3. Isolation was highest (20-24% of stool cultures positive) during the second and third years of life. The diarrhoeal syndrome associated with ETBF was non - specific, and most characteristic of a secretory, rather than inflammatory, type of diarrhoea. ETBF are significantly associated with acute diarrhoea in Apache children, and may be an important newly described cause of diarrhoea in humans.
Design of artificial red blood cells using polymeric hydrogel microcapsules: hydrogel stability improvement and polymer selection.

PurposeTo improve the stability of pectin-oligochitosan hydrogel microcapsules under physiological conditions.MethodsTwo different approaches were examined: change of the cross-linker length and tr...