cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel approach for in situ monitoring of Zn in citrus plants using two-step square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry

This study presents in situ detection of Zn2+ using a novel two-step square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV)-based needle-type microsensor for citrus plant applications. A double-barrel bismuth/platinum (Bi/Pt) microelectrode was fabricated with a solid metal tip (~110 urn), which was durable enough to penetrate the thick skin of the citrus leaves and sensitive enough to detect ppb changes in Zn2+ concentration using SWASV. The microelectrode tip size was also determined to reduce mass transport limitation and improve limit of detection. Overall, the developed Bi/Pt microelectrode successfully measured Zn2+ concentrations within the vascular bundle of citrus plants.
Acute Gastroenteritis Viruses

Infection of the gastrointestinal tract by viral pathogens is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in persons of all age groups. Gastroenteritis viruses replicate in the gastrointestinal mucosa and cause symptoms primarily at the site of replication. This chapter describes the biology of three enteric human viruses (rotaviruses, noroviruses, and astroviruses), the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and current knowledge of the immune mechanisms involved in response to infection and protection from disease in people. The development of vaccines to these agents is also described.
Work–Family Intersections in a Globalizing Context

The last several years have witnessed a burgeoning global interest in the ­relationship between the work and family spheres. This focus has been fueled by fundamental changes in the nature and structure of work, as well as sweeping transformations in gender and family roles. The worldwide influx of women into the formal and informal labor force, accompanied by significant adjustments in family arrangements have debunked more traditional approaches that work and family need to be conceptualized as separate spheres. Instead, more recent perspectives illustrate that work and family are closely interconnected, and that they are an integral aspect of globalization (Parasuraman and Greenhaus 2002). The relationship between work and family domains has extended beyond scholarly works to businesses and their employees. As organizations have increasingly gone global, work and its relationship to family life has come under scrutiny both in the West and in non-Western parts of the world, albeit for different reasons.
Evaluation of clorsulon against immature Fascioloides magna in cattle and sheep

Efficacy of clorsulon was evaluated against infection with immature Fascioloides magna in 24 cattle and 12 sheep. Infections were induced by oral administration of 600 metacercariae/host. In cattle, clorsulon at dosages of 7 and 21 mg/kg of body weight was 65 and 100% effective against 8-week-old flukes, and 20 and 74% effective against 16-week-old flukes, respectively. In sheep, clorsulon at a dosage of 21 mg/kg was 92% effective against 8-week-old flukes. Significantly (P less than 0.05) more F magna were recovered from untreated sheep than from untreated cattle.
The Human Kidney at Birth: Structure and Function in Transition

In the normal transition of the term infant from fetal to extrauterine life, nephrogenesis is complete and the number of functioning nephrons is not reduced. However, the range of nephron number in the human population varies by over tenfold, a function of normal inter-individual variation. Nephrogenesis may be impaired by fetal stress (malnutrition, ischemia, hypoxia, toxins, infection), maldevelopment, or preterm birth. Compensatory growth of remaining nephrons is maladaptive, leading to decreasing nephron function in adulthood. Serum creatinine concentration is a poor predictor of renal development or injury, and more accurate biomarkers are desperately needed. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is currently being developed to permit the identification of glomeruli in vivo, permitting serial measurement of glomerular number and size. Improved management of renal disease will depend on elucidation of factors mediating or modulating nephrogenesis and nephron loss, and on better tracking of individual nephrons throughout life.
Summer drought reduces the growth of invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) seedlings.

Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is an invasive species in North America that is becoming widespread in the eastern part of the continent. In the drier, western interior of North America, however, the spread of tree-of-heaven appears to be limited to areas where supplemental water is available such as in urban areas or in riparian environments. To explore the effect of summer drought on tree-of-heaven seedlings and to look for genetic variation for drought tolerance among half-sibling families, we collected samaras from 12 open-pollinated mother trees growing in Utah County, Utah, and measured the samaras' area, maximum width, length, and weight. We then planted 10 samaras per mother tree into 10-cm pots in the greenhouse, measured the height of each resulting seedling, and randomly assigned them to a watering treatment (well-watered or droughted) that lasted for 20 wk. We examined the relationship between tree-of-heaven samara size parameters and seedling height before we started our drought treatment and for additional growth parameters after our drought treatment. Several growth parameters (relative growth, final height, final dry mass, final stem dry mass, final dry root mass, and root-to-shoot ratios) were reduced significantly by drought but differed among seedlings from different mothers only for relative growth. There was no genetic variation for drought tolerance observed for any of the growth parameters. These results suggest that tree-of-heaven seedlings from this part of western North America are uniformly and negatively affected by drought and may explain the relative dearth of tree-of-heaven in the interior West.
Simulation of stellarator divertors

The nested magnetic surfaces that confine a fusion plasma can be designed to be bounded by a limiter or a divertor. For a limiter, confining surfaces extend until they intercept a part of the surrounding structure. For a divertor, an outermost confining magnetic surface exists, which is well separated from the surrounding structures. The only designs that are thought to be fusion relevant have divertors that direct field lines from the plasma edge into chambers where the particle exhaust can be pumped and the residual heat exhaust can be handled. The topological properties of magnetic field lines just outside the outermost confining surface determine much of the physics of divertors. Axisymmetric tokamak divertors are well-known, and the outermost confining surface is defined by a sharp separatrix. The topology of the magnetic field lines associated with a stellarator divertor is far more subtle. Related subtleties arise in tokamak divertors when subjected to sufficiently strong non-axisymmetric perturbations. An efficient simulation method for carrying out topological studies of non-axisymmetric divertors is developed and illustrative results are given.
Field and Ecology Approaches to Journalism Innovation: The Role of Ancillary Organizations

This study assesses the roles played by journalism support organizations or “ancillary” organizations – professional associations, training centers, foundations, labs – in the dynamics of journalis...
Toward a holistic networks approach to strategic third-party intervention: A literature review:

How do third parties decide to intervene in civil conflicts? The study of intervention has focused primarily on the conflict characteristics and dyadic linkages that make intervention more likely, or the conflict outcomes that interventions generate, while holding all else equal. To paint a more complete picture of what goes into the intervention decision, I advocate a shift in the way we conceive of interventions toward network analysis, which grants due agency to the multiple external actors and internal combatants that influence the decision to intervene. This review critically examines and synthesizes the recent literature on third-party interventions in civil conflict and, in so doing, identifies some areas for future research.
Enhancing entrepreneurial education: Developing competencies for success

Abstract In light of the changing entrepreneurial environment, educators must constantly be adjusting the educational process, procedures, and curriculum to ensure the best outcomes for future entrepreneurs. The competitive market in higher education provides an incentive to entice entrepreneurs through programs that are relevant and best ensure success of new ventures. As the entrepreneurial environment has changed, so did expectations of educational programs. This review paper identifies some of the entrepreneurial competencies that are needed to successfully launch a business endeavor and the current level of skills of recent graduates for business and entrepreneurial programs. This paper also provides suggestions for new approaches in teaching opportunities that adjust to the changes in the business environment of the U.S. Midwest.
The Burden of Cerebrovascular Disease in the United States.

INTRODUCTION Little is known about trends in the overall combined burden of fatal and nonfatal cerebrovascular disease events in the United States. Our objective was to describe the combined burden by age, sex, and region from 2006 through 2014. METHODS We used data on adults aged 35 and older from 2006 through 2014 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, National Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, and the National Vital Statistics System. We calculated age-standardized cerebrovascular disease event rates by using the 2010 US Census population. Trends in rates were assessed by calculating the relative percentage change (RPC) between 2006 and 2014, and by using Joinpoint to obtain P values for overall trends. RESULTS The age-standardized rate increased significantly for total cerebrovascular disease events (primary plus comorbid events) from 1,050 per 100,000 in 2006 to 1,147 per 100,000 in 2014 (P < .05 for trend). Treat-and-release emergency department visits with comorbid cerebrovascular disease events increased significantly, from 114 per 100,000 in 2006 to 213 per 100,000 in 2014 (RPC of 87%, P < .05 for trend). Significant rate increases were identified among adults aged 35 to 64 with an RPC of 19% in primary cerebrovascular disease events, 48% in comorbid cerebrovascular disease events, and 36% in total events. CONCLUSION Our findings have important implications for the increasing cerebrovascular disease burden among adults aged 35 to 64. Focused prevention strategies should be implemented, especially among young adults who may be unaware of existing modifiable risk factors.
The Right to Rule and the Rights of Women: Queen Victoria and the Women's Movement

Queen Victoria is often cast as a foe of the women's movement - the sovereign who famously declared women's rights to be a 'mad, wicked folly'. Yet these words weren't circulated publicly until after the Queen's death in 1901. Beginning with this insight, this book reveals Victoria as a ruler who captured the imaginations of nineteenth-century feminists. Women's rights activists routinely used Victoria to assert their own claims to citizenship. So popular was their strategy that it even motivated anti-suffragists to launch their own campaign to distance Queen Victoria from feminist initiatives. In highlighting these exchanges, this book draws attention to the intricate and often overlooked connections between the histories of women, the monarchy, and the state. In the process, it sheds light on the development of constitutional monarchy, concepts of female leadership, and the powerful role that the Crown - and queens specifically - have played in modern British culture and politics.
Respiratory-Correlated (RC) vs. Time-Resolved (TR) Four-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (4DMRI) for Radiotherapy of Thoracic and Abdominal Cancer

Recent technological and clinical advancements of both respiratory-correlated (RC) and time-resolved (TR) four-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (4DMRI) techniques are reviewed in light of tumor/organ motion simulation, monitoring, and assessment in radiotherapy. For radiotherapy of thoracic and abdominal cancer, respiratory-induced tumor motion, and motion variation due to breathing irregularities are the major uncertainties in treatment. RC-4DMRI is developed to assess tumor motion for treatment planning, whereas TR-4DMRI is developed to assess both motion and motion variation for treatment planning, delivery and assessment. RC-4DMRI is reconstructed to provide one-breathing-cycle motion, similar to 4D computed tomography (4DCT), the current clinical standard, but with higher soft-tissue contrast, no ionizing radiation, and less binning artifacts due to the use of an internal respiratory surrogate. Recent studies have shown that its spatial resolution has reached or exceeded that of 4DCT and scanning time becomes clinically acceptable. TR-4DMRI is recently developed with an adequate spatiotemporal resolution to assess tumor motion and motion variations for treatment simulation, delivery and assessment. The super-resolution approach is most promising since it can image any organ/body motion, whereas RC-4D MRI are limited to resolve only respiration-induced motion and some TR-4DMRI approaches may more or less depend on RC-4DMRI. TR-4DMRI provides multi-breath motion data that are useful not only in MR-guided radiotherapy but also for building a patient-specific motion model to guide radiotherapy treatment using an non-MR-equipped linear accelerator. Based on 4DMRI motion data, motion-corrected dynamic contrast imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging have also been reported, aiming to facilitate tumor delineation for more accurate radiotherapy targeting. Both RC- and TR-4DMRI have been evaluated for potential clinical applications, such as delineation of tumor volumes, where sufficiently high spatial resolution and large field-of-view are required. The 4DMRI techniques are promising to play a role in motion assessment in radiotherapy treatment planning, delivery, assessment, and adaptation.
The elephant in the lung: Integrating lineage-tracing, molecular markers, and single cell sequencing data to identify distinct fibroblast populations during lung development and regeneration

During lung development, the mesenchyme and epithelium are dependent on each other for instructive morphogenic cues that direct proliferation, cellular differentiation and organogenesis. Specification of epithelial and mesenchymal cell lineages occurs in parallel, forming cellular subtypes that guide the formation of both transitional developmental structures and the permanent architecture of the adult lung. While epithelial cell types and lineages have been relatively well-defined in recent years, the definition of mesenchymal cell types and lineage relationships has been more challenging. Transgenic mouse lines with permanent and inducible lineage tracers have been instrumental in identifying lineage relationships among epithelial progenitor cells and their differentiation into distinct airway and alveolar epithelial cells. Lineage tracing experiments with reporter mice used to identify fibroblast progenitors and their lineage trajectories have been limited by the number of cell specific genes and the developmental timepoint when the lineage trace was activated. In this review, we discuss major developmental mesenchymal lineages, focusing on time of origin, major cell type, and other lineage derivatives, as well as the transgenic tools used to find and define them. We describe lung fibroblasts using function, location, and molecular markers in order to compare and contrast cells with similar functions. The temporal and cell-type specific expression of fourteen "fibroblast lineage" genes were identified in single-cell RNA-sequencing data from LungMAP in the LGEA database. Using these lineage signature genes as guides, we clustered murine lung fibroblast populations from embryonic day 16.5 to postnatal day 28 (E16.5-PN28) and generated heatmaps to illustrate expression of transcription factors, signaling receptors and ligands in a temporal and population specific manner.
Genetic testing experiences and emotional reactions among individuals with variant of uncertain significance results from cancer multiplex genetic testing.

e13680Background: Multiplex genetic testing (MGT) simultaneously analyzes multiple cancer susceptibility genes and can reveal genetic variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that have unclear asso...
Fitness-maximizers employ pessimistic probability weighting for decisions under risk

The standard theory of rationality posits that agents order preferences according to average utilities associated with different choices. Expected utility theory has repeatedly failed as a predictive theory, as reflected in a growing literature in behavioural economics. Evolutionary theorists have suggested that seemingly irrational behaviours in contemporary contexts may have once served important functions, but existing work linking fitness and choice has not adequately addressed the challenges of constructing an evolutionary theory of decision making. In particular, fitness itself is not a reasonable metric for decision making since its timescale exceeds the lifespan of the decision-maker. Consequently, organisms use proximate systems that work on appropriate timescales and are amenable to feedback and learning. We develop an evolutionary principal–agent model in which individuals utilize a set of proximal choice variables to account for the non-linear dependence of these variables on consumption. While this is insufficient to maximize fitness in the presence of environmental stochasticity, maximum fitness can be achieved by adopting pessimistic probability weightings compatible with the rank-dependent expected utility family of choice models. In particular, pessimistic probability weighting emerges naturally in an evolutionary framework because of extreme intolerance to zeros in multiplicative growth processes.
Analysis of age and spatially dependent population model: Application to forest growth

Abstract In this paper, we consider an age-structured population model with diffusion. We first establish a comparison principle. We then apply the comparison principle to show the existence and uniqueness of solutions by constructing monotone sequences of weak upper and lower solutions. We also use the comparison principle to study the long-time behavior of the solution and present extinction and boundedness results under certain conditions on the parameters in the model. Additionally, as an example of its application, we apply the model to describe the dynamics of a forest population.
Yoga for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy and Fall Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common, debilitating side effect that worsens quality of life and increases the risk of falls in cancer survivors. Evidence of yoga's safety and efficacy in treating CIPN is lacking. Methods In a randomized controlled study, we assigned breast and gynecological cancer survivors with persistent moderate-to-severe CIPN pain, numbness, or tingling with a score of 4 or greater (0-10 numeric rating scale [NRS]) for at least 3 months after chemotherapy to 8 weeks of usual care or yoga focused on breathwork and musculoskeletal conditioning. Primary endpoint was treatment arm differences for NRS, and secondary endpoints were Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group-Neurotoxicity subscale (FACT/GOG-Ntx), and Functional Reach Test after week 8. We tested treatment arm differences for each outcome measure using linear mixed models with treatment-by-time interactions. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results We randomly assigned 41 participants into yoga (n = 21) or usual care (n = 20). At week 8, mean NRS pain decreased by 1.95 points (95% confidence interval [CI] = -3.20 to -0.70) in yoga vs 0.65 (95% CI = -1.81 to 0.51) in usual care (P = .14). FACT/GOG-Ntx improved by 4.25 (95% CI = 2.29 to 6.20) in yoga vs 1.36 (95% CI = -0.47 to 3.19) in usual care (P = .035). Functional reach, an objective functional measure predicting the risk of falls, improved by 7.14 cm (95% CI = 3.68 to 10.59) in yoga and decreased by 1.65 cm (95% CI = -5.00 to 1.72) in usual care (P = .001). Four grade 1 adverse events were observed in the yoga arm. Conclusion Among breast and gynecological cancer survivors with moderate-to-severe CIPN, yoga was safe and showed promising efficacy in improving CIPN symptoms.
Addressing Sphincter Dysfunction in the Female with Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction

Neurogenic sphincter dysfunction in females will be discussed with reference to both foundational and contemporary research with an emphasis on tools for urologic management. The article will focus on both conservative and surgical options for patients broadly characterized with underactive or overactive sphincter dysfunction. There is limited recently published prospective data to guide management; however, there exist several insightful retrospective studies to guide practice. The bulk of literature for the management of sphincter dysfunction for this complex patient population remains retrospective, and choice of intervention continues to rely upon individual patient characteristics and goals of care to maintain safety and quality of life.
Cosmic Ray in the Northern Hemisphere: Results from the Telescope Array Experiment

The Telescope Array Experiment the largest extensive air-shower cosmic-ray detector in the northern hemisphere. TA combines three fluorescence detectors and a scintillation counter surface detector. The physics goals of TA are to measure the spectrum, composition, and arrival direction anisotropy of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. We will present the latest results from Telescope Array.
Platform Civics: Facebook in the Local Information Infrastructure

Digital platforms are transforming practices of political information production and circulation in local communities. We develop the theoretical concept of local political information infrastructu...
Increased elastase sensitivity and decreased intramolecular interactions in the more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants’ spike protein: Analysis of the new UK and SA SARS-CoV-2 variants

Abstract Two SARS-CoV-2 variants showing increased transmissibility relative to the Wuhan virus have recently been identified. Although neither variant causes more severe illness or increased risk of death, the faster spread of the virus is a major threat. Using computational tools, we found that the new SARS-CoV-2 variants may acquire an increased transmissibility by increasing the propensity of its spike protein to expose the receptor binding domain. This information leads to the identification of potential treatments to avert the imminent threat of these more transmittable SARS-CoV-2 variants. Teaser The more infective SARS-CoV-2 variants may expose its Achilles Heel – an opportunity to reduce their spreading.
The key to leveraging AI at scale

With the explosive growth of AI and ML-driven processes, companies are under more pressure than ever to drive innovation. For many, adding a Data Science capability into their organization is the easy part. Deploying models into a large, complex enterprise that is operating at scale is new, unchartered territory and quickly becoming the technology challenge of this decade. This article takes an in-depth look at the primary organizational barriers that have not only hindered success but often prevented organizations from moving beyond just experimentation. These obstacles include challenges with fragmented and siloed enterprise data, rigid legacy systems that cannot easily be infused with AI processes, and insufficient skills needed for data science, engineering and the emerging field of AI-ops. Operationalizing AI is hard, especially at the fast pace at which the business operates today. This paper uses real-world examples to guide a discussion around each of these hurdles and will equip industry leaders with a better understanding of how to overcome the challenges they will face as they navigate their data and AI journey.
Diminishing Efficacy of Prone Positioning With Late Application in Evolving Lung Injury.

OBJECTIVES It is not known how lung injury progression during mechanical ventilation modifies pulmonary responses to prone positioning. We compared the effects of prone positioning on regional lung aeration in late versus early stages of lung injury. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal imaging study. SETTING Research imaging facility at The University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) and Medical and Surgical ICUs at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA). SUBJECTS Anesthetized swine and patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (acute respiratory distress syndrome). INTERVENTIONS Lung injury was induced by bronchial hydrochloric acid (3.5 mL/kg) in 10 ventilated Yorkshire pigs and worsened by supine nonprotective ventilation for 24 hours. Whole-lung CT was performed 2 hours after hydrochloric acid (Day 1) in both prone and supine positions and repeated at 24 hours (Day 2). Prone and supine images were registered (superimposed) in pairs to measure the effects of positioning on the aeration of each tissue unit. Two patients with early acute respiratory distress syndrome were compared with two patients with late acute respiratory distress syndrome, using electrical impedance tomography to measure the effects of body position on regional lung mechanics. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Gas exchange and respiratory mechanics worsened over 24 hours, indicating lung injury progression. On Day 1, prone positioning reinflated 18.9% ± 5.2% of lung mass in the posterior lung regions. On Day 2, position-associated dorsal reinflation was reduced to 7.3% ± 1.5% (p < 0.05 vs Day 1). Prone positioning decreased aeration in the anterior lungs on both days. Although prone positioning improved posterior lung compliance in the early acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, it had no effect in late acute respiratory distress syndrome subjects. CONCLUSIONS The effects of prone positioning on lung aeration may depend on the stage of lung injury and duration of prior ventilation; this may limit the clinical efficacy of this treatment if applied late.
Leveraging NeuroIS Tools to Understand Consumer Interactions with Social Media Content

Social media has risen as one of the leading budget allocations for advertising within many firms, demonstrating its increasing dominance of the marketing mix. As such, many corporate entities have increased their presence on social media platforms in recent years. We seek to better understand the impact of non-consumer generated content on the social media user experience. This study presents the application of electroencephalography to uncover mental activity by consumers when processing social media content. This research continues from a larger study exploring how consumers process content based on the author of social media content. While this extension focuses on understanding how consumers process social media content based on the author of the post, it has implications for further studies in human-computer interaction and content optimization.
Sox9EGFP Defines Biliary Epithelial Heterogeneity Downstream of Yap Activity.

Background & Aims Defining the genetic heterogeneity of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (BECs) is challenging, and tools for identifying BEC subpopulations are limited. Here, we characterize the expression of a Sox9EGFP transgene in the liver and demonstrate that green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression levels are associated with distinct cell types. Methods Sox9EGFP BAC transgenic mice were assayed by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and gene expression profiling to characterize in vivo characteristics of GFP populations. Single BECs from distinct GFP populations were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and functional analysis was conducted in organoid forming assays. Intrahepatic ductal epithelium was grown as organoids and treated with a Yes-associated protein (Yap) inhibitor or bile acids to determine upstream regulation of Sox9 in BECs. Sox9EGFP mice were subjected to bile duct ligation, and GFP expression was assessed by immunofluorescence. Results BECs express low or high levels of GFP, whereas periportal hepatocytes express sublow GFP. Sox9EGFP+ BECs are differentially distributed by duct size and demonstrate distinct gene expression signatures, with enrichment of Cyr61 and Hes1 in GFPhigh BECs. Single Sox9EGFP+ cells form organoids that exhibit heterogeneous survival, growth, and HNF4A activation dependent on culture conditions, suggesting that exogenous signaling impacts BEC heterogeneity. Yap is required to maintain Sox9 expression in biliary organoids, but bile acids are insufficient to induce BEC Yap activity or Sox9 in vivo and in vitro. Sox9EGFP remains restricted to BECs and periportal hepatocytes after bile duct ligation. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that Sox9EGFP levels provide readout of Yap activity and delineate BEC heterogeneity, providing a tool for assaying subpopulation-specific cellular function in the liver.
RETROFITTING BRIDGES TO INCREASE SEISMIC RESISTANCE

The 1971 San Fernando, Calif., earthquake was a turning point in the seismic design of bridges. It disclosed a number of deficiencies in the bridges designed according to AASHTO specifications and common practices at that time. California initiated a program of identifying seismically deficient bridges and retrofitting them to make them more seismically resistant. Retrofit philosophy, prioritizing systems, retrofitting details, concepts, hardware and costs are considered.
Reversible Covalent Bond Toolbox

In supramolecular chemistry, functional group interactions play a critical role. The use of covalent interactions, however, is not as common as noncovalent interactions mostly because of their irreversible nature. This chapter covers those covalent interactions that are readily reversible and are often used in the construction of supramolecular assemblies and sensor design. Especially important in such work are boronic acid interactions with diols and other nucleophiles/Lewis bases, anion–metal interactions, and aldehyde–amine/alcohol interactions because of their ready reversibility. Keywords: reversible covalent bond; supramolecular assembly; sensor design; boronic acid; anion–metal interactions; aldehyde–amine/alcohol interactions
Are NASDAQ Stocks More Costly to Trade than NYSE Stocks? Evidence after Decimalization

This paper examines execution costs and quote clustering on the NYSE and Nasdaq using 517 matching pairs of stocks after decimalization. We find that the average quoted, effective, and realized spreads of Nasdaq-listed stocks are 18%, 29%, and 58% larger, respectively, than those of NYSE-listed stocks. Stocks with a high proportion of even-sixteenth quotes prior to decimalization continue to show a high degree of quote clustering on nickel and dime quotes. Although quote clustering has a significant effect on both NYSE and Nasdaq spreads, the difference in spreads between the two markets is much larger than the level that can be accounted for by the differences in their stock attributes and quote clustering. Internalization and payment for order flow may still be responsible for the wider spreads of Nasdaq stocks.
Maximum product of spacings method: A unified formulation with illustration of strong consistency

A simple unified formulation for generating an estimator of a univariate distribution (not necessarily continuous) is proposed. It is a variant of the maximum likelihood method and also a generalization of the maximum product of spacings (MPS) method for estimating continuous univariate distributions. The general formulation is then applied to monotone hazard rate families which arise frequently in applications. It is shown that any asymptotic MPS estimator for any family of distributions with monotone hazard rate is always strongly consistent (whether the setting is parametric or not). The MPS estimator of a distribution function with a monotone hazard rate can be derived explicitly and is asymptotically minimax for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov type loss functions.
Biologically Inspired Approaches to Networks: The Bio-Networking Architecture and the Molecular Communication

This article describes two branches of biologically inspired approaches to networks; biologically inspired computer networks and biologically inspired nanoscale biological networks. The first branch, biologically inspired computer networks, applies techniques and algorithms from biological systems to design computer networks. The second branch, biologically inspired nanoscale biological networks, applies techniques and algorithms from biological systems to design nanoscale biological networks. This paper describes these two branches of approaches proposed by the authors of this paper; biologically inspired computer networks (i.e., the Bio-Networking Architecture) and biologically inspired nanoscale biological networks (i.e., the Molecular Communication).
Character Education: The Priority of Philosophy to Procedure

I begin by citing George Will, the conservative pundit and columnist, who, in a book whose title — Statecraft as Soulcraft — will raise many eyebrows, calls for “a politics that takes its bearings from what ought to be.” He states, “A purpose of politics is to facilitate, as much as is prudent, the existence of worthy passions and the achievement of worthy aims. It is to help persons want what they ought to want.” Will’s conception of politics is inspired as much by a concern for democratic government as it is by a concern for the individual: “Countries do not have residents: they have citizens. Democratic government must be a tutor as well as a servant to its citizens, because citizenship is a state of mind.” In the service of both morality and politics, then, it is the duty of government, and hence the public schools, to engage in the “cultivation of character.”
Paleomagnetic definition of crustal fragmentation and Quaternary block rotations in the east Ventura Basin and San Fernando valley, southern California

[1] Paleomagnetic studies of the Pliocene-Quaternary Saugus Formation in the eastern part of the western Transverse Ranges of California show that the crust is fragmented into small domains, tens of kilometers in linear dimension, identified by rotation of reverse-fault blocks. In an area approximately 35 × 25 km in the San Fernando valley and east Ventura Basin we identified four distinct domains. Two domains, southwest of and adjacent to the San Gabriel fault, are rotated clockwise: (1) The Magic Mountain domain, R = 30° ± 5° and (2) the Merrick syncline domain, R = 34° ± 6°. The Magic Mountain domain has rotated since 1 Ma. Both rotated sections occur in hanging walls of active reverse faults, the Santa Susana and San Fernando faults, respectively. Structural data suggest that the fault tip of the Santa Susana fault is the rotation pivot of the Magic Mountain domain. Two additional blocks are unrotated: (1) the Van Norman Lake domain, directly south of the Santa Susana fault, and (2) the Soledad Canyon domain, immediately across the San Gabriel fault from the Magic Mountain domain, suggesting that the San Gabriel fault might be a domain boundary. Our results suggest that part of the clockwise rotation of some Miocene and older rocks in this area might have occurred in the Quaternary. The Plio-Pleistocene fragmentation and clockwise rotations continue at present, based on geodetic data, and represent crustal response to diffuse, oblique dextral shearing within the San Andreas fault system.
Far-infrared spectroscopy of bipolar flows

We report observations of the far-infrared fine-structure emission lines of [O I] at 63 μm, [Si II] at 35 μm, and [C II] at 158 μm, and of the J=22−21 rotational line of CO at 119 μm from the region of massive star formation associated with the DR 21 H II region/molecular cloud core. We conclude that most, and possibly all, of the fine-structure line emission from DR 21 is produced in warm, dense, photoelectrically-heated atomic gas associated with a clumpy molecular medium.
Mice with targeted disruption of Hoxb-1 fail to form the motor nucleus of the VIIth nerve

Mice were generated with targeted disruptions in the hoxb-1 gene. Two separate mutations were created: the first disrupts only the homeodomain and the second inactivates the first exon as well as the homeodomain. The phenotypes associated with these two mutant alleles are indistinguishable in surviving adult mice. The predominant defect in these mutant mice is a failure to form the somatic motor component of the VIIth (facial) nerve, possibly through a failure to specify these neurons. The phenotype of hoxb-1 mutant homozygotes closely resembles features of the clinical profile associated with humans suffering from Bell's Palsy or Moebius Syndrome. These animals should therefore provide a useful animal model for these human diseases.
Endogenous Accounting Bias when Decision Making and Control Interact

This paper analyzes how accounting biases endogenously arise as firm owners’ optimal response to balance different stewardship uses of accounting information systems. Specifically, we identify conditions under which the nature of the stewardship use affects whether the accounting system exhibits conservative or liberal bias. We distinguish two types of stewardship uses of accounting information: one is to motivate the (standard) managerial efforts that affect the first moment (mean) of the firm output, and the other is to motivate the managerial efforts that facilitate the principal’s decision making by affecting the second moment of the firm output (we refer to such efforts as the decision-facilitating efforts). We find that, while conservative bias may be optimal when accounting information is used only to motivate mean-increasing efforts (Kwon, Newman, and Suh 2001; Kwon 2005), liberal bias is necessary when decision making and control interact in the sense that accounting information is also used to motivate decision-facilitating efforts. We illustrate the above idea in a simple model where an accounting system provides information relevant both for making decisions and for evaluating an agent. As a first benchmark, we demonstrate that, in the absence of evaluation considerations, an unbiased accounting (classification) system is preferred for providing useful decision-making information, thus establishing an endogenous need for an information system. As a second
Interactions between specific phytoplankton and bacteria affect lake bacterial community succession

Summary Time-series observations and a phytoplankton manipulation experiment were combined to test the hypothesis that phytoplankton succession effects changes in bacterial community composition. Three humic lakes were sampled weekly May–August and correlations between relative abundances of specific phytoplankton and bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in each time series were determined. To experimentally characterize the influence of phytoplankton, bacteria from each lake were incubated with phytoplankton from one of the three lakes or no phytoplankton. Following incubation, variation in bacterial community composition explained by phytoplankton treatment increased 65%, while the variation explained by bacterial source decreased 64%. Free-living bacteria explained, on average, over 60% of the difference between phytoplankton and corresponding no-phytoplankton control treatments. Fourteen out of the 101 bacterial OTUs that exhibited positively correlated patterns of abundance with specific algal populations in time-series observations were enriched in mesocosms following incubation with phytoplankton, and one out of 59 negatively correlated bacterial OTUs was depleted in phytoplankton treatments. Bacterial genera enriched in mesocosms containing specific phytoplankton assemblages included Limnohabitans (clade betI-A), Bdellovibrio and Mitsuaria. These results suggest that effects of phytoplankton on certain bacterial populations, including bacteria tracking seasonal changes in algal-derived organic matter, result in correlations between algal and bacterial community dynamics.
Relaxation Limit for Piecewise Smooth Solutions to Systems of Conservation Laws

Abstract In this paper we study the asymptotic equivalence of a general system of 1-D conservation laws and the corresponding relaxation model proposed by S. Jin and Z. Xin (1995, Comm. Pure Appl. Math.48, 235–277) in the limit of small relaxation rate. It is shown that if the relaxation system satisfies the subcharacteristic condition and the solution of the hyperbolic conservation laws is piecewise smooth with a finite number of noninteracting shocks satisfying the entropy condition, then there exist solutions of the relaxation systems that converge to the solution of the original conservation laws (“equilibrium” system) at a rate of order e as the rate of relaxation e goes to zero. The proof uses a matched asymptotic analysis and an energy estimate related to the nonlinear stability theory for viscous shock profiles.
X-ray observations of 20 3CR radio galaxies and their environs

X-ray observations of 20 3CR radio galaxies using the Imaging Proportional Counter on the Einstein Observatory are reported. Fourteen of the 18 galaxies, plus two sources without optical identification, are detected with soft X-ray luminosities (Lx) ranging from 10 to the 40.9th to 10 to the 44.4th ergs/s. In four of the galaxies there is evidence for extended X-ray structure. Lx is statistically correlated with the radio power of the core, the lobe radio power (especially below 1 GHz), and the steepness of the lobe radio spectrum at high frequencies. The complex interrelations between X-ray luminosities and radio core, radio lobe, optical nuclei, and galaxy clustering are examined; and it is found that a cluster origin of the X-rays provides the best explanation of these effects. Constraints on synchrotron and inverse Compton production of X-rays in radio lobes and on mechanisms of lobe confinement are also discussed.
Interaction between rheumatoid factor and antibody/DNA COMPLEXES

The influence of rheumatoid factor (RF) on the complement mediated binding of antibody/double-stranded DNA immune complexes to red blood cells has been investigated. Our results indicate that RF enhances this binding reaction, apparently by fixing complement via its own Fc region. These findings suggest that under certain circumstances, RF may play an exacerbating role in the antibody/DNA induced glomeru-lonephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Interferometric observations of Mars at 21-cm wavelength

Abstract Continuum observations of Mars at 21 cm with the NRAO interferometer during the 1971 opposition give an integrated brightness temperature of 179±11K, a value for the surface dielectric constant in agreement with those determined by radar, and lead to a flat microwave spectrum.
Asteroid Diversion Using Long Tether and Ballast

The threat of an asteroid or comet impacting the Earth has been receiving more attention in recent years, due in part to the discovery of the Apophis asteroid, which was at one time projected to have a significant probability of impacting the Earth in the year 2029. Although a later analysis of the Apophis trajectory precluded this impact, the threat has brought a lot of attention to the dangers posed by asteroids. Many ideas have been put forward for mitigating such threats. This paper presents one such technique: the attachment of a long tether and ballast mass to change the orbit of an Earth-threatening asteroid or comet. Specifically, for this paper, a parametric study was conducted to determine to what degree the trajectory of an asteroid or comet could be altered by attaching a tether and ballast for various values of orbital semimajor axis and eccentricity and for various tether lengths and ballast mass sizes. The results show that a long tether and ballast mass could be effective for such a diversion. It was found that the technique was most effective using longer tethers and larger ballast masses on asteroids or comets with smaller, more eccentric, orbits.
The parameterization of regional evaporation — Some directions and strategies

Abstract The success of currently available methods, for predicting runoff and other facets of watershed hydrology, depends critically on a knowledge of the water “losses” through evaporation. Also, general circulation models in climate dynamics appear to be quite sensitive to the statement of land surface processes in general, and of evaporation in particular. Several approaches dealing with this problem have resulted from advances in the description of turbulent transport phenomena in the atmospheric boundary layer. Issues under investigation are the dissimilarity between sensible and latent heat transport, the simple slab concept for budget calculations and the development of bulk transfer equations. A number of large-scale experiments, some just completed, others about to start or in the planning stage will improve present understanding and parameterization techniques for surface fluxes of water vapor and related land surface processes.
Interfacial micellar phase transfer using amphiphilic invertible polymers

Micelles formed from new amphiphilic invertible polymers (AIPs) can sequester hydrophobic molecules in water and transfer their payload to a non-polar phase. The amount of material transferred depends primarily on micellar loading capacity. Increasing the lipophilicity of the AIP composition increases the amount of material transferred. The obtained data indicate that AIPs have the potential to serve as an alternative for administration of polymer-based nanopharmaceuticals. Invertible polymeric micelles can potentially facilitate controlled release of poorly water-soluble agents incorporated within the micellar interior when compared to release by thermodynamically stable conventional (non-invertible) micelles.
Incorporating Mg into the Si sub-lattice of molybdenum disilicide

Abstract Theoretical analysis has identified Mg as the most promising element for this purpose, but its incorporation into MoSi2 has not been achieved. Through a combination of mechanical milling and field-activated synthesis, magnesium was successfully incorporated into the silicon sub-lattice of this silicide.
COST EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH IN FAMILY THERAPY

The authors attempt to demystify the process of conducting cost effectiveness research by defining relevant terms and decribing the necessary steps. Two provious cost-effectiveness studies of family based treatment are briefly described to illustrate cost-analysis procedures that may be used in future family therapy research.
Convective Downmixing of Plumes in a Coastal Environment

This paper describes the results of an atmospheric tracer study in which sulfur hexafluoride (SF_6) was used to investigate the transport and dispersion of effluent from a power plant located in a coastal environment. The field study demonstrated that material emitted into an elevated stable layer at night can be transported out over the ocean, fumigated to the surface, and then he returned at ground level by the sea breeze on the next day. At night when cool stable air from the land encounters the warmer ocean convective mixing erodes the stable layer forming an internal boundary layer. When the growing boundary layer encounters an elevated plume the pollutant material, entrained at the top of the mixed layer, can be rapidly transported in ∼20 min to the surface. Various expressions for the characteristic downmixing time (λ = Z_i/w_*) are developed utilizing the gradient Richardson number, the Monin-Obukhov length and turbulence intensifies. Calculations using these expressions and the field data are compared with similar studies of convective mixing over the land.
Time aberration in living organisms: stochastic effects

Abstract A mathematical model for the determination of the value of a time interval as sensed by a living organism is discussed. This model extends previous work to include the fact that sensing may be a Gaussian white noise function of age.