cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of human placental drug transporters in HCV infection and their influence on direct acting antiviral medications.

Abstract Introduction The objectives of this study were to determine how HCV infection affects placental drug transporters, and to determine the role of drug transporters on the cellular accumulation of direct-acting antiviral drugs in human trophoblasts. Methods Eighty-four ABC and SLC transporter genes were first screened in normal and HCV infected pregnant women using PCR profiler array. The changes in expression were confirmed by qPCR and Western blot. The impact of selected drug transporters on the cellular accumulation of radiolabeled antiviral drugs sofosbuvir, entecavir, and tenofovir was measured in primary human trophoblasts (PHT) and BeWo b30 cells in the presence or absence of transporter-specific inhibitors. PHT were then treated with CL097, ssRNA40, and imquimod to determine the impact of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 activation on drug transporter expression. Results The expression of the ABC efflux transporters ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP was increased in placenta of women with HCV, while the nucleoside transporters SLC29A1/ENT1 and SLC29A2/ENT2 remained unchanged. The accumulation of sofosbuvir and tenofovir was unaffected by inhibition of these transporters in trophoblast cells. Entecavir accumulation was decreased by the inhibition of ENT2. P-gp and BCRP inhibition enhanced entecavir accumulation in BeWo b30, but not PHT. Overall, there was little effect of TLR7/8 activation on these drug transporters, and the accumulation of entecavir in PHT. Discussion The data suggest that expression of placental drug transporters and selection of antiviral drug may impact fetal drug exposure in pregnancies complicated by HCV infections.
Interferon Research BC (Before Cloning)

As we approach the 50th anniversary of the publications describing the discovery of interferon, it is appropriate to look back at some of the trials and tribulations marking the early days of interferon research. This brief chapter, drawn largely from the author’s own experiences, relates how progress was achieved in some key areas of interferon research in the 1960s and 1970s despite the lack of analytical tools that had become available only after the successful cloning of interferon genes. One of the topics discussed concerns the evolution of the idea that interferon synthesis is controlled both at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. I also recount some of the early work that led to the identification of IFN-α and IFN-β as the two major type I interferon species.
How verified (or tested) is my code? Falsification-driven verification and testing

Formal verification has advanced to the point that developers can verify the correctness of small, critical modules. Unfortunately, despite considerable efforts, determining if a “verification” verifies what the author intends is still difficult. Previous approaches are difficult to understand and often limited in applicability. Developers need verification coverage in terms of the software they are verifying, not model checking diagnostics. We propose a methodology to allow developers to determine (and correct) what it is that they have verified, and tools to support that methodology. Our basic approach is based on a novel variation of mutation analysis and the idea of verification driven by falsification. We use the CBMC model checker to show that this approach is applicable not only to simple data structures and sorting routines, and verification of a routine in Mozilla’s JavaScript engine, but to understanding an ongoing effort to verify the Linux kernel read-copy-update mechanism. Moreover, we show that despite the probabilistic nature of random testing and the tendency to incompleteness of testing as opposed to verification, the same techniques, with suitable modifications, apply to automated test generation as well as to formal verification. In essence, it is the number of surviving mutants that drives the scalability of our methods, not the underlying method for detecting faults in a program. From the point of view of a Popperian analysis where an unkilled mutant is a weakness (in terms of its falsifiability) in a “scientific theory” of program behavior, it is only the number of weaknesses to be examined by a user that is important.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Dysphagia: Radiography

Multiple radiographic studies are used to diagnose aspiration and dysphagia in children. Imaging studies, such as chest radiographs and computed tomography of the chest, are not specifically used for diagnosis of aspiration, but can show evidence of damage suggestive of aspiration, and can also be useful in determining the extent of lung injury from chronic aspiration. Chest radiographic findings of aspiration include hyperinflation, peribronchial thickening, and localized infiltrates. Chest CT is more sensitive than chest x-ray for early changes from aspiration, and characteristic findings include bronchial wall thickening, air trapping, and eventually bronchiectasis, honeycombing, and diffuse ground-glass opacities. While videofluoroscopic swallowing study is the most commonly used radiographic modality for diagnosis of aspiration, other studies including gastroesophageal scintigraphy and the radionuclide salivagram may also be used for detecting aspiration. Poor sensitivity of these studies and poor agreement between tests have limited their clinical utility and point to the difficulty of establishing a gold standard radiographic study for diagnosis of aspiration.
Anisotropic finite hyper-elastoplasticity of geomaterials with Drucker-Prager/Cap type constitutive model formulation

Abstract The formulation of large strain anisotropic hyper-elastoplasticity of geomaterials is examined. Attention is given to the role of structure tensors (also called fabric tensors), especially in context of the Eshelby–Mandel stress and large inelastic volume changes attributable to porosity. Both (hyper-)elastic and inelastic orthotropic symmetry, reducing to the particular case of transverse isotropy, are considered. Specific material assumptions and constitutive choices are identified for the development of a novel Anisotropic Drucker–Prager/Cap (ADPC) model formulated within the intermediate configuration consistent with multiplicative split of the deformation gradient. The model is calibrated to existing experimental measurements, including high pressure large strain triaxial compression of lithographic (Solnhofen) limestone and triaxial compression measurements on Tournemire shale assessing elastoplastic anisotropy. Manifest implications of constitutive theory are investigated, including consequences of recognizing (or not) the Eshelby–Mandel stress as energy conjugate to the plastic velocity gradient and including (or not) contribution from the skew-symmetric parts of the Mandel stress to the plastic anisotropy. Numerical simple shear experiments and large deformation simulated indentation experiments are provided in order to investigate model predictions and demonstrate the overall robustness in finite element modeling.
Long term delay in onset of prevertebral hematoma following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A case report.

Abstract Post-operative hematoma following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is an uncommon but feared complication. Typically, these complications present in the immediate post-operative period. We present a case of a 51 year-old woman who underwent a C4-5 ACDF for left sided radicular pain. Her immediate post-operative course was uncomplicated, but she presented 6 weeks subsequently to the emergency department with neck swelling, difficulty swallowing, cough, and shortness of breath. She was found to have a 4.5 cm anterior neck hematoma with settling of the instrumentation and a new C4 vertebral fragment protruding anteriorly. She underwent evacuation of hematoma without clear evidence of a bleeding source. After several days of observation, she was discharged home and ultimately had resolution of her presenting symptoms. Most hematomas resulting in airway compromise appear in the immediate post-operative period, but a high index of suspicion must remain high in any patient with a prior anterior cervical surgery presenting with symptoms of pre-vertebral compression or respiratory compromise.
Peripheral artery reconstructions using cryopreserved arterial allografts in infected fields

Abstract Objective Cryopreserved human arterial allografts are a recognized acceptable alternative for vascular reconstruction when other traditional conduits are either unavailable or contraindicated. We reviewed our experience using cryopreserved arterial allografts for peripheral artery reconstructions in contaminated and infected surgical fields. Methods A single-center, retrospective review was conducted of 57 patients who underwent a peripheral vascular reconstruction using a cryopreserved arterial allograft from January 2002 through July 2017. Indications for repair included removal of infected prosthetic bypass (n = 29), revascularizations in contaminated fields (n = 11), primary arterial repair in the setting of infection (n = 10), and infected vascular closure devices (n = 7). Aorta-based repairs were excluded. Demographics, index procedural details, postoperative complications, and conduit patency were analyzed. Primary end points included conduit-related mortality and graft failure as measured by reinfection, hemorrhage, or aneurysmal degeneration. Mean follow-up for the study is 27.8 months (range, 2-125 months). Results A total of 57 peripheral vascular reconstructions using cryopreserved arterial allografts were performed during the 15-year period. Among the 22 women and 35 men treated, the mean age was 61 years. The vascular beds involved included iliofemoral (n = 39), femoropopliteal or femoral-distal (n = 10), axillosubclavian or brachial (n = 2), mesenteric (n = 3), and carotid (n = 3) arteries. Adjunctive muscle flap coverage of the allograft conduit was performed in the majority of cases (61%; n = 35). The 30-day mortality was 9%; one death was directly related to conduit insertion. The 30-day conduit-related complication rate was 14% and included hemorrhage from the graft requiring return to the operating room (n = 4) and graft infection (n = 4). The late conduit-related complication rate was 15.8% and included graft infection (n = 1), graft thrombosis (n = 3), major amputation resulting from conduit failure (n = 1), pseudoaneurysm degeneration requiring repair (n = 2), graft hemorrhage (n = 1), and symptomatic graft stenosis (n = 1). Conclusions A cryopreserved arterial allograft is a useful alternative conduit for peripheral vascular reconstruction in infected or contaminated surgical fields when other autologous or prosthetic conduits are either unavailable or contraindicated. In the immediate postoperative period, these repairs demonstrate acceptable resistance to graft failure and reinfection, particularly in conjunction with adjunctive rotational muscle flap coverage. Late conduit-related complications appear to be infrequent.
Density Functionals from the Multiple-Radii Approach: Analysis and Recovery of the Kinetic Correlation Energy.

Inspired by the exact form of the strongly interacting limit of density functional theory, Vuckovic and Gori-Giorgi have recently proposed [ J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 2799] the multiple radii f...
Infrared Matrix-Isolation and Theoretical Study of the Reactions of Ruthenocene with Ozone

The thermal and photochemical reactions of ozone with ruthenocene were studied in argon matrices at 10–15 K by infrared spectroscopy. Irradiation of freshly deposited matrices with near-infrared light (λ = 880 nm) from an LED resulted in new peaks in their infrared spectra that were assigned to three new ruthenocene oxide structures (4, 5, and 6) calculated by the density functional theory. It is proposed that the near-infrared light caused photodissociation of some ozone molecules and subsequent reactions of the atomic oxygen produced with adjacent ruthenocene molecules in the matrix. Structures 4 and 5 contain a Ru=O oxo group resulting from the attack of atomic oxygen on the ruthenium atom, and structure 6 contains a C=O aldehyde group resulting from the attack of atomic oxygen on a ring carbon atom. Subsequent irradiation of the matrix with red light (λ = 625 nm) from an LED resulted in a fourth new structure (7), and it also initiated a reversible photochemical conversion 4 ⇄ 5 + O2, with the forward...
Controlling CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing

Cracking Down on CRISPR-Cas9 Off-target DNA editing by the CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein nuclease in the experimental treatment of genetic disease is a safety concern. A recent study provides proof...
Complicating Jamaica’s Morant Bay Rebellion: Jewish radicalism, Asian indenture, and multi-ethnic histories of 1865:

The 1865 Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica has generally been interpreted as a struggle between the post-emancipation Black peasantry and the white colonial government, which led to a violent confron...
Development and Pilot Testing of the Snackability Smartphone Application to Identify Healthy and Unhealthy Snacks

Objectives Snacks contribute to the diet quality in youth, which is often poor. Although the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has guidelines for healthy snacks, this is lost in translation when youth are choosing snacks. To develop a user-friendly app to help identify healthy snacks based on the US Department of Agriculture guidelines and evaluate the app's feasibility, usability, satisfaction, and acceptability. Methods The 'Snackability' app was developed following the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) model. The app was pilot tested for 2 weeks among college-age students (18-24 years) using questionnaires and focus groups. Based on the feedback received, the app was improved, and pilot-tested again. Results The app had a simple score (-1 to 11) and feedback (the higher the score, the healthier the snack is). The 1st pilot test among 12 students showed that the app's feasibility and usability were >50% (p 50% (p < 0.05). Additional suggestions were to include images for serving size, snack alternatives, and barcode scanning, which were incorporated into the 3rd version. Conclusions Snackability app was feasible, usable, satisfactory, and acceptable, and several features were improved as suggested by participants.
The effect of the APPRISE mandate on use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and transfusion rates in ovarian cancer patients.

5060 Background: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) have long been used to support chemotherapy-induced anemia in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Recent studies have demonstrat...
Protein kinase D1 regulates metabolic switch in pancreatic cancer via modulation of mTORC1.

Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a serine–threonine kinase that regulates various functions within the cell. Herein, we report the significance of PKD1 expression in glucose metabolism resulting in pancreatic cancer (PanCa) progression and chemo-resistance. PKD1 expression in PanCa was investigated by using immunohistochemistry. Functional and metabolic assays were utilised to analyse the effect of PKD1 expression/knockdown on associated cellular/molecular changes. PKD1 expression was detected in human pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions (MCS = 12.9; P < 0.0001) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma samples (MCS = 15, P < 0.0001) as compared with faint or no expression in normal pancreatic tissues (MCS = 1.54; P < 0.0001). Our results determine that PKD1 enhances glucose metabolism in PanCa cells, by triggering enhanced tumorigenesis and chemo-resistance. We demonstrate that mTORC1 activation by PKD1 regulates metabolic alterations in PanCa cells. siRNA knockdown of Raptor or treatment with rapamycin inhibited PKD1-accelerated lactate production as well as glucose consumption in cells, which confirms the association of mTORC1 with PKD1-induced metabolic alterations. This study suggests a novel role of PKD1 as a key modulator of the glucose metabolism in PanCa cells accelerating tumorigenesis and chemo-resistance. The remodelling of PKD1-dysregulated glucose metabolism can be achieved by regulation of mTORC1 for development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deconstructing and Reconstructing Cheese Rind Microbiomes for Experiments in Microbial Ecology and Evolution

Cheese rind microbiomes are useful model systems for identifying the mechanisms that control microbiome diversity. Here, we describe the methods we have optimized to first deconstruct in situ cheese rind microbiome diversity and then reconstruct that diversity in laboratory environments to conduct controlled microbiome manipulations. Most cheese rind microbial species, including bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, can be easily cultured using standard lab media. Colony morphologies of taxa are diverse and can often be used to distinguish taxa at the phylum and sometimes even genus level. Through the use of cheese curd agar medium, thousands of unique community combinations or microbial interactions can be assessed. Transcriptomic experiments and transposon mutagenesis screens can pinpoint mechanisms of interactions between microbial species. Our general approach of creating a tractable synthetic microbial community from cheese can be easily applied to other fermented foods to develop other model microbiomes. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of cheese rind microbial communities Support Protocol 1: Preparation of plate count agar with milk and salt Basic Protocol 2: Identification of cheese rind bacterial and fungal isolates using 16S and ITS sequences Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of experimental glycerol stocks of yeasts and bacteria Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of experimental glycerol stocks of filamentous fungi Basic Protocol 5: Reconstruction of cheese rind microbial communities in vitro Support Protocol 2: Preparation of lyophilized and powdered cheese curd Support Protocol 3: Preparation of 10% cheese curd agar plates and tubes Basic Protocol 6: Interaction screens using responding lawns Support Protocol 4: Preparation of liquid 2% cheese curd Basic Protocol 7: Experimental evolution Basic Protocol 8: Measuring community function: pH/acidification Basic Protocol 9: Measuring community function: Pigment production Basic Protocol 10: RNA sequencing of cheese rind biofilms.
Association of Potentially Modifiable Diabetes Care Factors With Glycemic Control in Patients With Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes.

Importance Numerous factors are associated with the ability of patients with type 2 diabetes to achieve optimal glycemic control. However, many of these factors are not modifiable by quality improvement interventions. In contrast, the structure of how diabetes care is delivered, such as whether patients visit an endocrinologist or how prescriptions are filled, is potentially modifiable, yet its associations with glycemic control have not been rigorously evaluated. Objective To investigate the association of diabetes care delivery with glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used baseline claims and laboratory insurer data within a large pragmatic trial to identify individuals with type 2 diabetes using insulin with data for at least 1 hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) test result from before trial randomization (July 1, 2014, to October 5, 2016) and for key nonmodifiable patient factors as well as diabetes care delivery and behavioral factors measured before the HbA1ctest. Analyses were conducted from February 4, 2017, to November 13, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Multivariable modified Poisson regression was used to evaluate the independent associations of nonmodifiable patient factors and potentially modifiable diabetes care delivery and patient behavioral factors with achieving adequate diabetes control (ie, HbA1clevel Results Of 1423 patients included, 565 (39.7%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 56.4 (9.0) years. In total, 690 (48.5%) had HbA1clevels less than 8%. Age (relative risk [RR] per 1-unit increase, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.02), persistent use of basal insulin (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.00-1.43), more frequent filling of glucose self-testing supplies (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01-1.02), visiting an endocrinologist (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.19-1.67), and receipt of insulin prescriptions by mail order (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03-1.48) were all independently associated with adequate control. Measured potentially modifiable diabetes care factors explained more variation in adequate glycemic control than measured nonmodifiable patient factors (C statistic, 0.661 vs 0.598; pseudoR2 = 0.11 vs 0.04). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that for patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin, the way in which care is delivered may be more strongly associated with achieving adequate control of HbA1clevels than patient factors that cannot be altered are. Given the potential for intervention, these care delivery factors could be the focus of efforts to improve diabetes outcomes.
MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism augments thymic regulatory T cell production and prevents relapse of EAE (THER7P.960)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease in central nervous system with demyelination, axon damage, and paralysis. There is no yet curative therapy. Induction of MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism is proposed to be a potential cure for autoimmune diseases, but this has not yet been tested in animal models of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we report that MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism with C57BL/6 (H-2 b ) donor in SJL/J (H-2 s ) EAE recipients eliminates symptoms and prevents relapse. This cure is demonstrated by not only disappearance of clinical signs but also reversal of autoimmunity and elimination of infiltration of T, B and macrophage cells in the spinal cord, as judged by HE, immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry analysis. We also see regeneration of myelin as judged by fast-blue staining and prevention of axon damage as judged by electronic microcopy. The reversal of autoimmunity is associated with a marked reduction of autoreactivity of CD4 + T cells and significant increase of Foxp3 + regulatory T percentage among host-type CD4 + T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. We have also found a marked increase of Foxp3 + regulatory T percentage among host-type CD4 + and CD4 + CD8 + thymocytes in the thymus. Thymectomy leads to loss of prevention of EAE relapse by the mixed chimerism. These results indicate that induction of MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism can augment thymic production of Foxp3 + regulatory T cells and cure EAE.
Epidemiological characteristics of the first human avian influenza A(H7N9) case in Bozhou city

Objective To investigate the epidemiological feature of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza,to provide evidence for the prevention and control of the disease.Methods Epidemiological investigations were carri d out to the first case of H7N9 avian influenza,his close contacts,the exposed workplace and other exposed pop ulations.The appropriate specimens were also collected for testing.The unexplained pneumonia cases and expanded the scope of monitoring influenza-like illness were also searched.Results The pharyngeal swab of the case was re-checked by Chinese CDC,the nucleic acid of Flu A,H7 subtype and N9 subtype were positive.The nucleic acid of H7 subtype and N9 subtype avian influenza virus were positive in 5 live poultry throat swabs and 3 drinking water samples from the point where the patient purchased the live poultry.And the nucleic acid of H9 subtype were also found in 6 (on) the samples.No abnormality was found in close contacts and other workers by medical observation.Conclusions T he source of H7N9 avian influenza infection is the live chicken in circulation.It is no evidence to prove that H7N9 avian influenza can spread from person to person. Key words: Influenza A virus,H7N9 subtype; Epidemiology
Mayo Normative Studies: Regression-Based Normative Data for the Auditory Verbal Learning Test for Ages 30–91 Years and the Importance of Adjusting for Sex

Objective: Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) is a widely used word list memory test. We update normative data to include adjustment for verbal memory performance differences between men and women and illustrate the effect of this sex adjustment and the importance of excluding participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from normative samples. Method: This study advances the Mayo’s Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) by using a new population-based sample through the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, which randomly samples residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, from age- and sex-stratified groups. Regression-based normative T-score formulas were derived from 4428 cognitively unimpaired adults aged 30–91 years. Fully adjusted T-scores correct for age, sex, and education. We also derived T-scores that correct for (1) age or (2) age and sex. Test-retest reliability data are provided. Results: From raw score analyses, sex explained a significant amount of variance in performance above and beyond age (8–10%). Applying original age-adjusted MOANS norms to the current sample resulted in significantly fewer-than-expected participants with low delayed recall performance, particularly in women. After application of new T-scores adjusted only for age, even in normative data derived from this sample, these age-adjusted T-scores showed scores <40 T occurred more frequently among men and less frequently among women relative to T-scores that also adjusted for sex. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of using normative data that adjust for sex with measures of verbal memory and provide new normative data that allow for this adjustment for the AVLT.
Editors’ Choice—Perspective—Challenges in Moving to Multiscale Battery Models: Where Electrochemistry Meets and Demands More from Math

There has been significant recent interest in studying multiscale characteristics of current and next-generation batteries, including lithium-metal and lithium-sulfur batteries. Advances in computing power make researchers believe that the detailed multiscale models can be efficiently simulated to arrive at the insights for the degradation and performance loss; however, this is not true and special attention needs to be paid to local singularities, boundary layers, etc. This article presents 2D examples that illustrate the importance of grid convergence studies, provides well-defined detailed models to test the efficiency of numerical schemes, and discusses the associated simulation challenges.
Policing Norms: Respectability and the Politics of Punishment in Black America

This work considers the mechanisms that motivate Black Americans to punish members of their social group who confirm negative stereotypes or otherwise transgress dominant social norms. Using survey and experimental data, this project examines both identity-based, ego-centric motivations and instrumental motivations for in-group punishment among Black Americans. The findings not only advance our understanding of the role identity and threat play in minority group politics, but provides a useful framework to examine heterogeneity in opinion among members of other stigmatized groups.
Topographic Organization of Correlation Along the Longitudinal and Transverse Axes in Rat Hippocampal CA3 Due to Excitatory Afferents

The topographic organization of afferents to the hippocampal CA3 subfield are well-studied, but their role in influencing the spatiotemporal dynamics of population activity is not understood. Using a large-scale, computational neuronal network model of the entorhinal-dentate-CA3 system, the effects of the perforant path, mossy fibers, and associational system on the propagation and transformation of network spiking patterns were investigated. A correlation map was constructed to characterize the spatial structure and temporal evolution of pairwise correlations which underlie the emergent patterns found in the population activity. The topographic organization of the associational system gave rise to changes in the spatial correlation structure along the longitudinal and transverse axes of the CA3. The resulting gradients may provide a basis for the known functional organization observed in hippocampus.
Hybrid Behavior-Genetic Models of the Confounding Gene-Environment Correlations in the Development of Life History Strategy: Two Convergent Approaches

Traditional theories of development and evolutionary developmental psychology propose that early environmental experiences shape an individual’s developmental trajectory. According to the Adaptive Calibration Model (ACM), for example, calibration of speed of life history strategy to ecological cues encountered during development contributes to behavior that is conditionally adaptive to the organism’s environment. These theories emphasize the role of environmental influences and typically do not use designs that control potential genetic confounds. To address this methodological problem, the current study used a genetically informative design to test whether the phenotypic associations of parental instability and abuse with a slow life history factor were confounded by common genetic factors. We analyzed twin and singleton data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Survey using two convergent structural equation modeling approaches. Both approaches suggest that, when accounting for shared genetic variance across instability, abuse, and slow life history, some hypothesized environmental pathways between the early environmental measures and slow life history were not required. Once genetic factors were controlled, only parental instability was directly related to slow life history, while other hypothesized environmental pathways were non-significant. This suggests that developmental models that emphasize environmental and contextual pathways should control for possible genetic confounds.
Schellenberg's Noseeum Assumption about Nonresistant Nonbelief

In this article, I outline a strategy for challenging J.L. Schellenberg’s hiddenness argument, and specifically the premise within the argument that asserts the existence of what Schellenberg calls nonresistant nonbelief. Drawing on some of the philosophical resources of skeptical theism, I show how this premise is based on a particular “noseeum assumption”—what I call Schellenberg’s Noseeum Assumption—that underwrites a particular “noseeum argument.” This assumption is that, regarding putative nonresistant nonbelievers, more likely than not we’d detect these nonbelievers’ resistance toward God if there were any. I give reasons for thinking that it is not more reasonable to affirm than to refrain from affirming Schellenberg’s Noseeum Assumption, and so reason to think that the hiddenness argument is not a good argument for atheism. I also defend the strategy I outline against several objections.
ESTIMATING CRITICAL SPEEDS OF STEPPED SHAFTS WITH FLEXIBLE BEARINGS

This paper presents a semi-graphical approach for finding the first critical speed of a stepped shaft with finite bearing stiffness. The method is particularly applicable to high-speed turbine rotors with journal bearings. Using Rayleigh's Method and the exact solution for whirling of a uniform shaft with variable support stiffness, estimates of the lowest critical speed are easily obtained which are useful in the design stage. First critical speeds determined by this method show good agreement with values computed by the Prohl Method for the normal range of bearing stiffness. A criterion is also established for determining if the criticals are bearing critical speeds or bending critical speeds, which is of importance in design.
Taspase 1: A protease with many biological surprises.

Taspase 1 (TASP1) cleaves the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) and transcription factor (TF) IIA families of nuclear proteins to orchestrate various biological processes. TASP1 is not a classical oncogene, but assists in cell proliferation and permits oncogenic initiation through cleavage of MLL and TFIIA. TASP1 is thus better classified as a “non-oncogene addiction” protease, and targeting TASP1 offers a novel and attractive anticancer therapeutic strategy.
Organic thin film transistors: an analytical model for circuit simulation

In this paper a new DC and dynamic model for organic thin film transistors is presented. The model is based on the variable range hopping theory and the dynamic behavior of the organic thin film transistor has been derived following the charge control approach. The model accounts for all regions of operation via a single formulation, and it is suitable for the implementation in a circuit simulator as SPICE. Furthermore, a small-signal equivalent circuit is proposed.
A novel architecture for real-time sprite decoding

A fast method for computing the perspective transform is presented. The constant denominator method reduces the number of division operations required to O(N) while maintaining high accuracy. An MPEG-4 sprite warping architecture is described which uses the method.
Stress: Conceptualization in Medicine and Social Sciences

One of the challenges of research on stress has been its varied conceptualization across fields of study, from biology and medicine to fields in the behavioral and social sciences. This entry contrasts different approaches to conceptualizing stress in the social sciences and medicine, and highlights recent attempts to integrate these approaches into biopsychosocial models that can be translated across disciplines and into health disparities research and behavioral change interventions. Future progress to integrate the sociological environmental perspective into medical research will be facilitated by longitudinal studies of the population that utilize concepts from the social sciences, along with physiological biomarkers. Keywords: life course sociology; medical sociology; sociology of health and illness; sociology of mental health
Inhomogeneous shadowing effects on J / psi production in dA collisions

We study the effect of spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous shadowing on J/psi production in deuterium-nucleus collisions. We discuss how the shadowing and its spatial dependence can be measured by comparing central and peripheral dA collisions. These event classes may be selected by using gray protons from heavy ion breakup and events where the proton or neutron in the deuterium does not interact. We find that inhomogeneous shadowing has a significant effect on central dA collisions, larger than expected in central AA collisions. Results are presented for dAu collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV and dPb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=6.2 TeV.
Phenethylbiguanide and the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the guinea pig.

1. Phenethylbiguanide inhibits the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate from malate or 2-oxoglutarate by isolated guinea-pig liver mitochondria. This inhibition is time- and concentration-dependent, with the maximum decrease in the rate of phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis (80%) evident after 10min of incubation with 1mm-phenethylbiguanide. 2. The phosphorylation of ADP by these mitochondria is also inhibited at increasing concentrations of phenethylbiguanide and there is a progressive increase in AMP formation. Guinea-pig liver mitochondria are more sensitive to this inhibition in oxidative phosphorylation caused by phenethylbiguanide than are rat liver mitochondria. 3. Simultaneous measurements of O2 consumption and ADP phosphorylation with guinea-pig liver mitochondria oxidizing malate plus glutamate in State 3 indicated that phenethylbiguanide at low concentrations (0.1mm) inhibits respiration at Site 1. At higher phenethylbiguanide concentrations Site 2 is also inhibited. 4. Gluconeogenesis from lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol by isolated perfused guinea-pig liver is inhibited to various degrees by phenethylbiguanide. Alanine is the most sensitive to inhibition (60% inhibition of the maximum rate by 0.1mm-phenethylbiguanide), whereas glycerol is relatively insensitive (25% inhibition at 4mm). 5. Gluconeogenesis from lactate and pyruvate by perfused rat liver was also inhibited by phenethylbiguanide, but only at high concentrations (8mm). Unlike guinea-pig liver, the inhibitory effect of phenethylbiguanide on rat liver was reversible after the termination of phenethylbiguanide infusion. 6. The time-course of inhibition of gluconeogenesis from the various substrates used in this study indicated a time-dependency which was related in part to the concentration of infused phenethylbiguanidine. This time-course closely paralleled that noted for the inhibition by phenethylbiguanide of phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis in isolated guinea-pig liver mitochondria.
On Making Persons: Legal Constructions of Personhood and Their Nexus with Human Trafficking

This article identifies and analyzes the role of law in constructing personhood and the impact of such a construction on human trafficking. Who is a “person? Are all human beings “persons?” Are children, legal immigrants, undocumented migrants, ex-convicts, and/or individuals who have been trafficked “persons” or “quasi-persons” under contemporary law? The concept and term “person” is ubiquitous in the legal literature – in statutes, constitutions, and treaties. It is deployed and manipulated by courts and legislatures to give and withhold rights to groups, entities, and individuals within societies. However, where legal recognition and protection of personhood is withheld, it creates vulnerability and increases opportunities for exploitation, including human trafficking.
Optimal heat-induced expression of the Drosophila hsp26 gene requires a promoter sequence containing (CT)n.(GA)n repeats.

Abstract We report here the analysis of the sequence requirements for the heat-induced expression of the Drosophila melanogaster hsp26 gene using germline transformation. Heat-induced expression is augmented fivefold by a homopurine/homopyrimidine region from −85 to −134 that is devoid of heat-shock elements but contains numerous (dC-dT) · (dG-dA) repeats. Sequences within this interval have been shown to assume a nuclease S 1 -hypersensitive structure in vitro . In this paper, we extend those in vitro observations, demonstrating that the S 1 -hypersensitive structure is triple-helical H -DNA formed by a symmetric (dC-dT) · (dG-dA) sequence. Thus, the sequences that form H- DNA in vitro are also required in vivo for optimal hsp26 transcription. However, mutational analysis and diethylpyrocarbonate modification experiments in isolated nuclei suggest that the (dC-dT) · (dG-dA) sequence does not form H -DNA in vivo and argue against a role for H -DNA in the heat-induced expression of hsp26 .
High-resolution extended NIR camera

A High Resolution Near-Infrared (NIR) Camera has been developed and tested. This NIR camera uses a HgCdTe detector array which allows for imaging at high operating temperatures. The camera's format is 640x512 pixels with an 18 μm pitch. We have obtained high broadband spectral response from 0.9 to 2.0 micron with near 100% optical fill factor. The camera is designed as a turnkey system that uses the industry standard Camera Link digital interface. The electronics are located remotely from the sensor head allowing it to be adapted to existing optical systems. This compact camera has been targeted for military, scientific and telecommunication applications. This paper will detail the measured camera performance.
Single Particle Analysis of Liposome Leakage Induced by Islet Amyloid Polypeptide

Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) is a 37-residue peptide hormone co-secreated with insulin from pancreatic β-cells. In patients suffering from type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), IAPP forms amyloid fibers in the pancreas, which are associated with cell death and the progression of the disease. A possible mechanism of cytotoxicity in T2D is the permeablizing of membranes by oligomeric IAPP, followed by leakage of ions or other molecules. We are examining the IAPP-induced leakage of individual liposomes through the use of single particle methods. Individual fluorescently labeled liposomes are measured post-IAPP exposure through the use of single particle burst analysis to determine the distribution of leakage states. By determining the role of individual residues, solution conditions, and lipid composition in modulating leakage insights are made into the mechanism of oligomer-mediated membrane leakage.
Linking multi-temporal satellite imagery to coastal wetland dynamics and bird distribution

Abstract Ecosystems are characterized by dynamic ecological processes, such as flooding and fires, but spatial models are often limited to a single measurement in time. The characterization of direct, fine-scale processes affecting animals is potentially valuable for management applications, but these are difficult to quantify over broad extents. Direct predictors are also expected to improve transferability of models beyond the area of study. Here, we investigated the ability of non-static and multi-temporal habitat characteristics to predict marsh bird distributions, while testing model generality and transferability between two coastal habitats. Distribution models were developed for king rail ( Rallus elegans ), common gallinule ( Gallinula galeata ), least bittern ( Ixobrychus exilis ), and purple gallinule ( Porphyrio martinica ) in fresh and intermediate marsh types in the northern Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas, USA. For model development, repeated point count surveys of marsh birds were conducted from 2009 to 2011. Landsat satellite imagery was used to quantify both annual conditions and cumulative, multi-temporal habitat characteristics. We used multivariate adaptive regression splines to quantify bird–habitat relationships for fresh, intermediate, and combined marsh habitats. Multi-temporal habitat characteristics ranked as more important than single-date characteristics, as temporary water was most influential in six of eight models. Predictive power was greater for marsh type-specific models compared to general models and model transferability was poor. Birds in fresh marsh selected for annual habitat characterizations, while birds in intermediate marsh selected for cumulative wetness and heterogeneity. Our findings emphasize that dynamic ecological processes can affect species distribution and species–habitat relationships may differ with dominant landscape characteristics.
Erratum to: “A collaborative study on temperature diurnal tide in the midlatitude mesopause region (41°N, 105°W) with Na lidar and TIMED/SABER observations” [J. Atmos. Sol.-Terres. Phys. 72 (2010) 541-549]

Erratum to: ‘‘A collaborative study on temperature diurnal tide in the midlatitude mesopause region (411N, 1051W) with Na lidar and TIMED/ SABER observations’’ [J. Atmos. Sol.–Terres. Phys. 72 (2010) 541–549] Tao Yuan , Chiao-Yao She , David Krueger , Steven C. Reising , Xiaoli Zhang , Jeffrey M. Forbes b a Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1875, USA b University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0429, USA
Sex differences in the resistance of turkeys to Escherichia coli challenge after immunosuppression with dexamethasone

Five-week-old male and female commercial turkeys were immunosuppressed with two levels of dexamethasone (DEX) and challenged by airsac inoculation with 100 cfu of Escherichia coli. Mortality and airsacculitis (AS) scores were significantly higher in challenged birds treated with DEX and marginally higher in males than in females. Male mortalities had significantly higher AS scores than females. Recovery of E. coli from blood and tissues was significantly higher in challenged birds treated with DEX, marginally higher in males (P = 0.09), and significantly higher in male mortalities than in female mortalities. The low level of DEX seemed to have a protective effect against bacterial challenge in males, whereas the high level of DEX had a more adverse effect in males than in females. Body weights 2 wk postchallenge were significantly decreased by both DEX and E. coli, challenge. Relative liver and heart weights were increased by both DEX and E. coli, challenge, whereas bursal:spleen ratios were decreased by both treatments. Total leukocyte counts and relative heterophil counts from blood samples taken 24 h postinfection were significantly higher in DEX-treated birds and in unchallenged DEX-treated females than in males. The DEX treatment resulted in significantly higher heterophil:lymphocyte ratios, but there was no difference between sexes. Males had significantly lower serum levels of uric acid, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase than did females. Dexamethasone treatment also resulted in lower levels of total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase. These data suggest that male turkeys may be more susceptible to colisepticemia than female turkeys, especially when under severe stress.
Obsolescent Life: Goethe's Journals on Morphology

Goethe's late life science project, the journal On Morphology – and the living specimens it investigated – were unusually heterogeneous and decadent forms. This piece examines Goethe's neglected essay on the botany of “Dissipation” for the way it subverts vitalist and idealist discourses in biology to rethink living form under the aspect of its material dispersion. Here Goethe begins to substitute events that are non‐procreative, but perhaps communicative, for the questions of embryogenesis and organization that had been foundational to the early life sciences. What, the morphologist asks instead, might life look like from the perspective of the particulate losses that mediate between beings? What forms of representation would be adequate to this view?
Growth of AlGaAs and GaAs by atmospheric-pressure MOCVD on lenticular substrates

Abstract Critical orientation effects are well known in epitaxial layers grown by VPE and LPE. More recently, effects have been observed in rough growth in MBE-grown AlGaAs and as faceted morphology and terraces in MOCVD-grown AlGaAs and GaAs. For the case of growth by LPE and MBE, a critical misorientation unique to the growth conditions resulted in a smoothening of rough or terraced growth morphology. In addition, MBE-grown AlGaAs deposited on lens-shaped substrates at growth temperatures below 700 °C resulted in atomically smooth morphology and improved photoluminescence (PL) spectra for substrate areas having a critical misorientation toward the nearby (111)A planes, whereas the epitaxial films grown elsewhere (including the nominally (100)-oriented center of the substrate) were rough and had poor quality PL. This work describes a study of the growth by atmospheric-pressure MOCVD at 650–700 °C of AlGaAs and GaAs on lens-shaped substrates which sample surface misorientations up to 22° from the (100). Only visually smooth growth and no change in the band-edge PL wavelength were observed for small misorientations from the (100) plane under these growth conditions, in contrast to readily observed rough morphology patterns and PL band-edge shifts in MBE. Patterns of rough growth due to microscopic point defects associated with specific crystalline orientations were observed for both MOCVD-grown AlGaAs and GaAs films for surface misorientations greater than 10°.
Transverse lines in long bones of prehistoric California Indians.

Radiopaque transverse lines (lines of arrested growth, Harris's lines) were counted on X-rays of the distal end of 102 adult femurs from prehistoric California Indian populations representing three archaeological Horizons. The sample from Early Horizon has the highest frequency of lines, the Middle Horizon the next, and the sample from Late Horizon has the lowest frequency of lines. These differences are statistically significant. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Indians improved and broadened their subsistence economy from Early to Late Horizon. It is concluded that the differences in the frequency of lines among the three California Indian populations probably are associated with differences in morbidity and/or nutritional status of the people. If this hypothesis is correct, then frequency distribution of transverse lines represents a valuable tool for the paleopathologist and the archaeologist.