cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MUC1-C confers EMT and KRAS independence in mutant KRAS lung cancer cells

Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) that harbor an oncogenic KRAS mutation are often associated with resistance to targeted therapies. The MUC1-C transmembrane protein is aberrantly overexpressed in NSCLCs and confers a poor outcome; however, the functional role for MUC1-C in mutant KRAS NSCLC cells has remained unclear. The present studies demonstrate that silencing MUC1-C in A549/KRAS(G12S) and H460/KRAS(Q61H) NSCLC cells is associated with downregulation of AKT signaling and inhibition of growth. Overexpression of a MUC1-C(CQC→AQA) mutant, which inhibits MUC1-C homodimerization and function, suppressed both AKT and MEK activation. Moreover, treatment with GO-203, an inhibitor of MUC1-C homodimerization, blocked AKT and MEK signaling and decreased cell survival. The results further demonstrate that targeting MUC1-C suppresses expression of the ZEB1 transcriptional repressor by an AKT-mediated mechanism, and in turn induces miR-200c. In concert with these effects on the ZEB1/miR-200c regulatory loop, targeting MUC1-C was associated with reversal of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inhibition of self-renewal capacity. Loss of MUC1-C function also attenuated KRAS independence and inhibited growth of KRAS mutant NSCLC cells as tumors in mice. These findings support a model in which targeting MUC1-C inhibits mutant KRAS signaling in NSCLC cells and thereby reverses the EMT phenotype and decreases self-renewal.
Sex Steroid Receptors and Non-Receptor Binding Proteins

Steroid hormones are primary regulators in many systems. Estrogens, androgens and progestogens regulate reproduction and attendant functions; corticosteroids control protein, water and ion balance; and the secosteroids are responsible for calcium homeostasis. Reviews of interest to comparative endocrinologists have described the physiological aspects of steroid actions in each of these subject areas.30,51,62,82,100a Although this paper is intended primarily to review sex steroid receptors in subavian vertebrates, reference is made to birds and mammals for purposes of orientation.
Associative memory comparison for target identification

This paper presents the execution speed comparison of two associative memory organizations used to identify weapon platforms from intercepted radar emanations. The two associative memory organizations were chosen because of their fundamentally different levels of processing granularity. The CAM was chosen because its processing is performed within the memory cell, while the bit-serial word-parallel associative memory was chosen because its processing is performed at the memory word level. Both organizations were designed, modelled and simulated to determine which was the faster in comparing 8-bit, and 32-bit target parameters. The associative memories were designed to store the parameters of at least 72 weapon platforms, with each platform consisting of six parameters, and each parameter consisting of an upper and lower limit. The number of bits per word and the number of words within the memory were varied to accommodate the target parameters and to enhance the comparison speed. The comparison speed was calculated by summing the critical path delays through each memory. The comparison speed results indicate which associative memory organization is the more appropriate for identifying the weapon platform. >
Dynamic programming for partially observable stochastic games

We develop an exact dynamic programming algorithm for partially observable stochastic games (POSGs). The algorithm is a synthesis of dynamic programming for partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) and iterated elimination or dominated strategies in normal form games. We prove that when applied to finite-horizon POSGs, the algorithm iteratively eliminates very weakly dominated strategies without first forming a normal form representation of the game. For the special case in which agents share the same payoffs, the algorithm can be used to find an optimal solution. We present preliminary empirical results and discuss ways to further exploit POMDP theory in solving POSGs.
A computer simulation approach to enrollment projection in higher education

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to report on the development and evaluation of a simulation model for the projection of enrollment in any system of higher education. A model of the movement of students through an educational system was designed and programmed for on-line usage by non-mathematically oriented planning personnel. The computer model offers the planner the opportunity to incorporate alternative sets of assumptions regarding the future by changing the original set of projections. These assumptions, formulated in numbers and proportions of students and the distribution of these students throughout the educational system, may be incorporated in one of two ways: (1) changed projections can be utilized as “pseudo-historical data” that contribute to the computation of new regression coefficients describing the relationship between the variables of the model and the independent variables relevant to them; or (2) the changed projections may be incorporated as one-time perturbations whose effects ultimately dampen and desist as the educational system regains its equilibrium. Evaluation of the model was conducted in depth at a private, technological university, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. In addition, it was evaluated in a public city university, a community college and a statewide planning activity.
Colorimetric method for rapid determination of arginase activity.

SummaryA method has been presented for the rapid determination of arginase with a minimum of operations and equipment. The activity of as low as 20 γ of whole liver can be determined. The arginine remaining after enzymatic hydrolysis is estimated by a quantitative modification(9) of the Sakaguchi reaction. Additional studies are presented indicating the necessary substrate concentration, the pH optimum, and linearity of the enzyme concentration curve for these experimental conditions.
Reading performance and visual comfort on a high-resolution large monitor compared to a VGA monitor

Reading performance, measured by lines of text read during 30-mm sessions, and visual comfort, measured with a questionnaire at the end of each trial, were compared for a group of 15 subjects, with four trials on each of three monitor conditions: a VGA monitor where a mouse and scroll bar were used to advance the text (VGA Scroll), an experimental VGA condition in which a single keystroke was used to advance the text (VGA Page), and a higher resolution dual-page (HiRes DP) monitor with a single-keystroke text advance. Luminance and text size were matched between the VGA and HiRes DP. Font types were selected based on the most similar pair available on the two monitors. The primary visual differences in the displays were two pages of text displayed on the HiRes DP compared to one on the VGA, more frequent line wrapping on the HiRes DP compared to the VGA, a higher dot density on the HiRes DP, a higher refresh rate on the HiRes DP, a difference in the font type, and the VGA was three phosphor, while the HiRes DP was monochrome—both appeared white. Significantly more lines were read with VGA Page compared to VGA Scroll (13.9%, p p p < 0.02) on the HiRes DP monitor.
DDT: Participation in Ultraviolet-Detectable, Charge-Transfer Complexation

The chlorophenyl groups of DDT and several of its metabolites are capable of participating in a charge-transfer interaction with tetracyanoethylene detectable in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. In addition, during a change of state DDT undergoes ultraviolet spectral alterations that closely resemble those previously claimed to support the hypothesis suggesting charge-transfer interaction between this pesticide and a component of insect nerve tissue. The pesticide DDT possesses structural characteristics that would permit it to participate in several types of molecular association.
A Developmental Approach to the Supervision of Therapists in Training

Supervision is considered essential to therapeutic effectiveness yet trainees frequently report negative supervisory experiences. Although such experiences may be due to inadequate or poor supervision, more often they result from differing needs or expectations among trainees. Thus, supervisors must struggle to determine how to best conduct supervision. We propose that many negative experiences result from a supervisor’s inattention to the trainee’s development as a mature individual. By examining the cognitive and emotional development of trainees supervisors are offered a framework from which to select interventions and strategies that encourage rather than discourage trainees.
Stability of Flows in a T-Junction Microfluidic Device

In recent years, microfluidic devices that generate micron sized droplets/bubbles have found widespread applications in drug delivery, microanalysis, tumor destruction, as ultrasound agents and in chemical reactions at the micron level. In the current work, simulations results are being presented for a T-junction device for the formation of micron-sized droplets using the lattice Boltzmann method. Flow regimes obtained as a consequence of two immiscible fluids interacting at a T-junction are presented for a range of Capillary numbers and different flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phases. Through lattice Boltzmann based simulations, regime maps are presented that distinguish parallel flows from droplet flows. It is shown that as the Capillary number increases, the transition zone which separates parallel and droplet flows shrinks, and is influenced by the viscosity ratio as well.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Does position sense at the elbow reflect a sense of elbow joint angle or one of limb orientation

Abstract The question is addressed of whether position sense at the elbow joint is best described as a sense of the elbow joint angle or as a sense of the orientation of the limb, limb orientation being defined as the angle the forearm makes with the vertical. When the upper arm is vertical, these two measures are equivalent; however, in the more general case of non-zero angles of forward flexion at the shoulder, they differ. Subjects were asked to match either joint angles or limb orientation of their two arms. It was found that the error in matching limb orientation was significantly smaller and that it was unaffected by an inequality in the loading on the two arms.
Decomposition of quenched Al-29 at.% Zn

Abstract Decomposition of quenched Al-29 at.% Zn (50 wt.% Zn) has been studied both kinetically and microstructurally. Electrical resistivity measurements have revealed three stages of decomposition which are broadly distinguishable according to temperature: (I) At aging temperatures below 25°C, spherical Guinier-Preston (G. P.) zones form, which may be preceded by a spinodal transient; (II) Aging at temperatures of 25°C and above gives rise to further development of G. P. zones and their direct transformation to transition structures, with the subsequent formation of hexagonal zinc; (III) Concurrent with the formation of continuous zinc, but more important at later aging times, is decomposition by a cellular mode at grain boundaries. Electron microscopy has revealed that a high degree of connectivity exists within the aluminum and zinc constituents comprising the cellular phase. Possible sequences of decomposition are proposed which are based upon this research, as well as upon the studies of others.
Polypropylene Resin Flowability Improvement Through Catalyst Morphology

The phenomenon of replication of morphology from Zeigler-Natta catalyst to polypropylene resin has been established leading to enhanced resin flowability with the use of spherical morphology catalyst. PP resin obtained using catalyst with varying morphological characteristics in terms of particle shape and size distribution was subjected to flowability analysis. Flowability aspects of PP resin have been quantified and correlated with the catalyst circularity. Morphology controlled spherical catalyst yields better polypropylene resin in terms of uniformity in shape and size distribution. The same gets reflected in the form of low angle of repose and better flowability of the resin.
Activation of a Reserve Pool of Photosystem II in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Counteracts Photoinhibition

Photoinhibition is a phenomenon of damage to the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center that occurs during exposure of plants (1) or algae (2) to very high irradiances. Measurements of the photoreduction of the primary acceptor pheophytin (Pheo) in PSII have shown that photoinhibition coincides with a loss of the activity of the PSII primary charge separation (3). PSII exists in several forms and the so-called PSII heterogeneity has been described both in terms of functional size (4) and ability to reduce plastoquinone (5). The large and small size antenna centers have been termed PSIIα and PSIIβ, respectively. Under normal growth conditions in spinach, the PSIIα centers perform electron-transport (QB-reducing) whereas the PSIIβ are unable to transfer electrons to plastoquinone (QB-nonreducing) even though they can perform a normal charge separation and electron-transfer to QA (5). Here we show that a strong-irradiance treatment causes PSIIβ to become active in electron transport. This phenomenon appears to be a mechanism to compensate for photoinhibition damage to the PSIIα.
Seers and Craftspeople

Columnist Steve Bellovin discusses the need to judge new ideas more by their potential, and less by what they leave unsolved.
Influence of territoriality on adult density in two rockfishes of the genus Sebastes

Nonterritorial Sebastes carnatus and S. chrysomelas existed, along with territorial individuals, at 3 tagging sites off southern California, USA, which were monitored for nearly 1 yr. To test the hypothesis that territoriality affected adult density in these species, territorial fish were removed and the subsequent utilization of vacated territories by other fish was monitored. Intrusion of other fish into vacated territories increased significantly in 90% of the removals. Other fish colonized both the feeding and sheltering parts of the vacated territories, indicating that the previous owners had successfully defended both parts of their territories. Many of the colonizers had already possessed territories; they expanded their territories or moved into presumably better havitat. Several previously-nonterritorial fish also moved into vacated areas, and at least some of them appeared to establish territories. These fish, then, had previously been capable of establishing territories, but were prevented from doing so by resident territory holders. Thus territoriality, rather than such other factors as predation or low recruitment, limited the number of territorial fish at each site. However, territorial fish did not inhibit the settlement of larval recruits, and the relative mortality rates of older territorial vs nonterritorial fish were not determined. Thus the question of whether territoriality was a major factor controlling total density remains unresolved.
Clinical impact of obesity on stability following revision total hip arthroplasty

Similar outcomes have been reported for obese and nonobese patients after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), indicating obesity is not a contraindication to total hip arthroplasty. However, obese patients may develop implant failure and require revision THA. We compared the outcomes of revision THA in a matched cohort of obese and nonobese patients. Patients were stratified into two groups according to BMI (body mass index, kg/m2): Group 1 included 31 obese patients (BMI > 35), and Group 2 included 62 nonobese patients (BMI < 30) matched on age, gender, and type of revision procedure. Obese patients had increased total operating room time, a higher rate of discharge to a skilled nursing facility, and a higher dislocation rate (p < 0.05). Seven patients in the obese group underwent revision surgery, six of whom underwent additional reoperations to treat recurrent postoperative dislocation. Obese patients should be counseled about the increased risk of dislocation that can occur after revision THA.
Inter-cell spectrum efficiency improvement technology☆

Abstract Improvement in inter-cell spectrum efficiency is a valuable research topic in mobile communication system, which affects cell edge user experience especially. According to current research results, there are three methods to deal with inter-cell interference to improve inter-cell spectrum efficiency, including inter-cell interference randomization, inter-cell interference cancellation and inter-cell interference coordination. This paper analyzes three important inter-cell spectrum efficiency improvement technologies, soft frequency reuse (SFR), uplink power control, and downlink coordinated multi-point transmission/reception (CoMP), and relative research progress.
Integration of optical I/O with organic chip packages

With the ongoing progress in chip scaling, the data flow to and from chip packages is increasing accordingly. The simultaneous increase of channel count and channel speed in an essentially constant form factor becomes a more and more demanding challenge. The resulting I/O-bottleneck is considered to be a major limiting factor for the overall performance of future chip packages and computing systems. Optical interconnects offer both increased channel density as well as longer link reach at high frequencies. Our current work focuses on integrating optical I/O with standard organic packages in order to maximize the aggregate data flow to and from such packages. We present a novel approach for attaching an electro-optical conversion module directly on top of the organic chip package, together with experimental results of a first prototype implementation.
Effects of Individual and Team Competitive Rewards on Collaboration and Productivity of Team

In the modern system development approach, engineers with diverse discipline form teams and work together in engineering projects. An example is a cross functional team in concurrent engineering. It is important to design incentive systems that maximize team achievements; however, there is a tradeoff between rewarding individual vs. team achievements. Rewarding solely on individual achievements may hinder the overall team achievements, while rewarding solely on team achievements may lead to the phenomenon called social loafing or free riding in which individuals tend to perform worse or contribute less in group. This paper studied the effects of competitive rewards based on individual and team’s achievements by conducting experiments using prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG) in which participants face tradeoff between working more or less in hypothetical individual and team assignments. The unique approach in this paper is to decompose the overall PDG payoff matrix into payoff matrix for individual achievements and that for team achievements to test the effects of individual and team competitive rewards. The experiment results suggested that introduction of team competitive rewards resulted in higher cooperation among team members and overall productivity, compared to when individual competitive rewards were introduced.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Malawi's agricultural input subsidy: study of a Green Revolution-style strategy for food security

Development scholarship and policy have recently returned to endorsing a ‘new’ Green Revolution (NGR) in Africa for the promotion of food security and economic development. The attention received by such programmes as the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa and the Millennium Village Projects are some prominent examples of this. Meanwhile, the government of Malawi has been lauded internationally for having averted widespread hunger within its borders through a subsidy that provides discounted chemical fertilizers and improved seeds to smallholder farmers. Many view the increased use of chemical fertilizer in Malawi agriculture and the resultant rise in maize yields – described by such publications as the New York Times as the ‘Malawi Miracle’ – as evidence that the prescribed NGR is indeed a recipe for success. Based on household-level surveys from the Zomba District of southern Malawi, this paper argues that although this subsidy programme seems to have filled the national ‘food gap’ in Malawi, sho...
Geography's Profile in Public Debate “Inside the Beltway” and the National Academies*

Abstract Geographers continue to engage in public debate “inside the Beltway” by participation within and through federal agencies and through the National Research Council. Several examples illustrate the level and kind of this engagement, which has been concentrated on environmental and spatial data and analysis themes. Most professional geographers have the opportunity to engage in this form of public debate through participation in the activities of the National Research Council. The level of this participation has been surprisingly strong, given the small size of the community of professional geographers, and has helped to shape both U.S. and international research agendas relevant to geographic research. Participation, however, is concentrated in a few programs and individuals, raising questions about the sustainability of geography's voice in this public activity. *This article was prepared for the plenary session “Raising Geography's Profile in Public Debate,” Annual Meeting of the Association of ...
Evaluation of non-enteric sources of non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions from dairies

Abstract Dairies are believed to be a major source of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in Central California, but few studies have characterized VOC emissions from these facilities. In this work, samples were collected from six sources of VOCs (Silage, Total Mixed Rations, Lagoons, Flushing Lanes, Open Lots and Bedding) at six dairies in Central California during 2006–2007 using emission isolation flux chambers and polished stainless steel canisters. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection. Forty-eight VOCs were identified and quantified in the samples, including alcohols, carbonyls, alkanes and aromatics. Silage and Total Mixed Rations are the dominant sources of VOCs tested, with ethanol as the major VOC present. Emissions from the remaining sources are two to three orders of magnitude smaller, with carbonyls and aromatics as the main components. The data suggest that animal feed rather than animal waste are the main source of non-enteric VOC emissions from dairies.
Integrating media asset collections and production workflow

The video production industry is currently working through an intermediate period between videotape-based and digital production methodologies. This confluence of old and new technologies presents numerous challenges both in the management and retrieval of media content assets. This paper summarizes theoretical issues and examines how the Media Content Management Group at Microsoft Studios has integrated the timely and accurate collection of metadata into the larger video production workflow.
Beyond Library Walls: Embedding Librarians in Academic Departments

Today's academic library provides resources that users can access both physically in the library and virtually from academic offices. This increasing availability of online access means that information resources are no longer confined within library walls and librarians need to rethink how their constituents' information needs are being met. Embedding librarians in academic departments and programs is one way to expand library services within this new information landscape. This article describes the background and process for embedding librarians and provides case studies from three librarians who successfully embedded themselves in academic departments.
Probabilistic risk, neuroeconomic ambiguity, and Keynesian uncertainty

The relative importance of agent confidence and rational expectations has fluctuated in the course of economic thought, and remains an important issue in the discipline today. Positions on the formations of expectations and types of considerations made by agents when facing economic decisions are relevant to economists' assumptions, models, and policy suggestions. Economists appear unaware of current work in neuroeconomics that addresses these exact concerns. This paper considers the historical construction of such ideas in economics from a neuroeconomics perspective so as to locate an old controversy in a new intellectual framework.
A Digital Printer for Use with the Cary Model II Spectrophotometer

This paper describes an attachment for the Cary model 11 spectrophotometer that will print out the absorbance and wavelength at any number of preselected wavelengths, while the instrument is drawing the usual absorbance—wavelength curve. Bidirectional revolution counters with electrical readout are used to digitize the wavelength and absorbance data; the digitized data are used to operate a parallel entry printer. The program, i.e., wavelengths at which data are to be printed, is controlled by the data from the wavelength digitizer. The printer will give absorbance data precise to 0.01 absorbance units when the spectrophotometer is scanning at the rate of 2 ½ millimicrons/sec.
A Novel Approach to Testing for Average Bioequivalence Based on Modeling the Within-Period Dependence Structure

Bioequivalence trials are commonly conducted to assess therapeutic equivalence between a generic and an innovator brand formulations. In such trials, drug concentrations are obtained repeatedly over time and are summarized using a metric such as the area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) for each subject. The usual practice is to then conduct two one-sided tests using these areas to evaluate for average bioequivalence. A major disadvantage of this approach is the loss of information encountered when ignoring the correlation structure between repeated measurements in the computation of areas. In this article, we propose a general linear model approach that incorporates the within-subject covariance structure for making inferences on mean areas. The model-based method can be seen to arise naturally from the reparameterization of the AUC as a linear combination of outcome means. We investigate and compare the inferential properties of our proposed method with the traditional two one-sided tests ap...
Intersystem Crossing and Nonadiabatic Product Channels in the Photodissociation of N2O4 at 193 nm

This paper presents velocity and angular distribution measurements of the products of N2O4 photodissociated at 193 nm. The data show evidence for only N−N bond fission, with no significant branching to N−O bond fission or NO elimination products. The translational energy distribution of the N−N bond fission products is bimodal, indicating that at least two different NO2 + NO2 product channels contribute significantly to the observed products. Both product channels have an anisotropy parameter of β = 1.7 ± 0.2. Using a Franck−Condon-like sudden analysis, we tentatively assign the two fragmentation channels observed as NO2(X2A1) + NO2(14B2/14A2) and NO2(X2A1) + NO2(22B2). To further characterize the system we present ab initio calculations (at the level of configuration interaction with single excitations) of the relevant excited states of N2O4. The data considered together with the calculations suggest a model for the product branching in which there is spin−orbit coupling in the Franck−Condon region bet...
The Quantitative Analysis of Glucosinolates in Cruciferous Vegetables, Oilseeds and Forage Crops Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography

An hplc method of glucosinolate analysis is described which allows the quantitative determination of these compounds in cruciferous oilseeds, vegetables and forage crops. The method compares favourably with a gas chromatographic technique for individual glucosinolate analysis and has several advantages which are particularly useful for the analysis of seed and leaf material. Whilst no attempt has been made to optimise the analytical procedures to allow the rapid screening of breeding programmes, this would not appear to be limiting.
Contralateral incidence after repair of unilateral inguinal hernia in infants and children

The parents of 206 patients with unilateral inguinal hernia who underwent hernia repair at Kobe Children's Hospital in 1985 were interviewed by telephone to determine the incidence of contralateral occurence. There were 129 males and 77 females. The side of the initial hernia was the right in 120 patients and the left in 86. The age at presentation of the initial hernia ranged from 11 days to 13 years. There were 12 contralateral occurences (5.8%) These were seen in 8 males (6.6%) and 4 females (4.6%), in 6 after repair on the right side (5.0%) and 6 after repair on the left (6.9%). There was no preponderance of contralateral incidence in relation to age, sex, or original side in our series. Contralateral exploration is recommended only under circumstances in which abdominal pressure is increased by such conditions as ascites or a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
Hierarchical architecture of active knits

Nature eloquently utilizes hierarchical structures to form the world around us. Applying the hierarchical architecture paradigm to smart materials can provide a basis for a new genre of actuators which produce complex actuation motions. One promising example of cellular architecture?active knits?provides complex three-dimensional distributed actuation motions with expanded operational performance through a hierarchically organized structure. The hierarchical structure arranges a single fiber of active material, such as shape memory alloys (SMAs), into a cellular network of interlacing adjacent loops according to a knitting grid. This paper defines a four-level hierarchical classification of knit structures: the basic knit loop, knit patterns, grid patterns, and restructured grids. Each level of the hierarchy provides increased architectural complexity, resulting in expanded kinematic actuation motions of active knits. The range of kinematic actuation motions are displayed through experimental examples of different SMA active knits. The results from this paper illustrate and classify the ways in which each level of the hierarchical knit architecture leverages the performance of the base smart material to generate unique actuation motions, providing necessary insight to best exploit this new actuation paradigm.
Lung cancer with skin and breast metastasis: a case report and literature review

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in America. Frequent sites of metastasis include the Hilar lymph nodes, adrenal glands, liver, brain, and bone. The following case report is of a primary lung cancer with metastases to the breast and skin. Case. A 48-year-old African American male with a past medical history of poorly differentiated left breast cancer status after modified radical mastectomy (MRM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and smoking (20 pack-years) presents to the ER with progressive shortness of breath on exertion, upper back pain, and weight loss for 2 months in duration. On physical examination he is found to have a MRM scar on his left breast and a left periumbilical cutaneous mass. Chest X-ray and chest CT reveal a right upper lobe mass and biopsies from the breast, lung, and the periumbilical mass indicate a poorly differentiated carcinoma of unclear etiology; all tumor markers are negative. The patient is male and a chronic smoker; therefore the diagnosis is made as lung carcinoma with metastases to the breast and skin. Conclusion. A high index of suspicion for cutaneous metastases should be cast when investigating cutaneous pathologies in patients at risk for primary lung malignancy.
The influence of angiogenesis research on management of patients with breast cancer

The diagnosis and treatment of patients with breast cancer is beginning to be influenced by new ideas and discoveries emerging from the field of angiogenesis research. This field, pursued in the laboratory for more than 20 years, has in the past 5 years generated clinical applications. Some of these applications have begun to change current thinking about cancer patients and especially about those with breast cancer. I here discuss how an understanding of the process of angiogenesis may contribute to improved management of patients with breast cancer.
An inexpensive method for evaluating the localization performance of a mobile robot navigation system

We propose a method for evaluating the localization accuracy of an indoor navigation system in arbitrarily large environments. Instead of using externally mounted sensors, as required by most ground-truth systems, our approach involves mounting only landmarks consisting of distinct patterns printed on inexpensive foam boards. A pose estimation algorithm computes the pose of the robot with respect to the landmark using the image obtained by an on-board camera. We demonstrate that such an approach is capable of providing accurate metric estimates of a mobile robot’s position and orientation with respect to the landmarks in arbitrarily-sized environments over arbitrarily-long trials. Furthermore, because the approach involves minimal outfitting of the environment, we show that only a small amount of setup time is needed to apply the method to a new environment. Experiments involving a state-of-the-art navigation system demonstrate the ability of the method to facilitate accurate localization measurements over arbitrarily long periods of time.
CFD calculations of S809 aerodynamic characteristics

Steady-state, two-dimensional CFD calculations were made for the S809 laminar-flow, wind-turbine airfoil using the commercial code CFD-ACE. Comparisons of the computed pressure and aerodynamic coefficients were made with wind tunnel data from the Delft University 1.8 m x 1.25 m low-turbulence wind tunnel. This work highlights two areas in CFD that require further investigation and development in order to enable accurate numerical simulations of flow about current generation wind-turbine airfoils: transition prediction and turbulence modeling. The results show that the laminar-to-turbulent transition point must be modeled correctly to get accurate simulations for attached flow. Calculations also show that the standard turbulence model used in most commercial CFD codes, the k-{epsilon} model, is not appropriate at angles of attack with flow separation.
Origins and evolution of eukaryotic RNA interference

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and genome-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) silence genes via complementary interactions with mRNAs. With thousands of miRNA genes identified and genome sequences of diverse eukaryotes available for comparison, the opportunity emerges for insights into the origin and evolution of RNA interference (RNAi). The miRNA repertoires of plants and animals appear to have evolved independently. However, conservation of the key proteins involved in RNAi suggests that the last common ancestor of modern eukaryotes possessed siRNA-based mechanisms. Prokaryotes have an RNAi-like defense system that is functionally analogous but not homologous to eukaryotic RNAi. The protein machinery of eukaryotic RNAi seems to have been pieced together from ancestral archaeal, bacterial and phage proteins that are involved in DNA repair and RNA processing.
Kikuchi rings from polycrystalline platinum films with a 〈111〉 fiber axis

Abstract Platinum films were grown on mica substrates in ultrahigh vacuum. These films have a strong 〈111〉 fiber axis orientation as found by low energy electron diffraction, reflection high energy electron diffraction and transmission electron diffraction studies. A new form of Kikuchi pattern, namely Kikuchi rings, was found in the diffraction pattern of these oriented polycrystalline films. This is the first time that a Kikuchi pattern has been reported from a polycrystalline film with a fiber axis.
High-throughput Image Analysis of Tumor Spheroids: A User-friendly Software Application to Measure the Size of Spheroids Automatically and Accurately

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to large-scale screening formats in every step of a drug screen, including large-scale image analysis. Currently there is no ready-to-use and free image analysis software to meet this large-scale format. Most existing methods involve manually drawing the length and width of the imaged 3D spheroids, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. This study presents a high-throughput image analysis software application – SpheroidSizer, which measures the major and minor axial length of the imaged 3D tumor spheroids automatically and accurately; calculates the volume of each individual 3D tumor spheroid; then outputs the results in two different forms in spreadsheets for easy manipulations in the subsequent data analysis. The main advantage of this software is its powerful image analysis application that is adapted for large numbers of images. It provides high-throughput computation and quality-control workflow. The estimated time to process 1,000 images is about 15 min on a minimally configured laptop, or around 1 min on a multi-core performance workstation. The graphical user interface (GUI) is also designed for easy quality control, and users can manually override the computer results. The key method used in this software is adapted from the active contour algorithm, also known as Snakes, which is especially suitable for images with uneven illumination and noisy background that often plagues automated imaging processing in high-throughput screens. The complimentary “Manual Initialize” and “Hand Draw” tools provide the flexibility to SpheroidSizer in dealing with various types of spheroids and diverse quality images. This high-throughput image analysis software remarkably reduces labor and speeds up the analysis process. Implementing this software is beneficial for 3D tumor spheroids to become a routine in vitro model for drug screens in industry and academia.
Growth of the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima, from Georges Bank to the Delmarva Peninsula, USA

Age/shell length data for offshore surfclam, Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817), populations were used to estimate the parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth model by time period and region, from Georges Bank in the north to the Delmarva Peninsula in the south. Randomization tests were used to compare curves. We tested the a priori hypothesis that growth curves would change over time in the “south” (i.e., New Jersey and Delmarva) but remain constant in the “north” (i.e., Long Island and South New England). This hypothesis was proposed because surfclam population structure in the “south” had been altered by the hypoxic event of 1976, and possibly by intense, long-term commercial harvesting. Northern regions, unaffected by these factors, served as natural controls. Based on a comparison of data collected in 1980 with pooled data from 1989 and 1992, the hypothesis was supported. Both the growth coefficient (k) and maximum shell length (L ∞) declined between two time periods in the two “southern” regions, while during the same time interval, no change occurred in the two “northern” regions. Differences in growth between regions were often statistically significant. For example, compared with the “southern” regions, the growth coefficient on Georges Bank was larger, and those clams attained a smaller maximum length. In a comparison of adjacent regions from Delmarva to S. New England, k increased from south to north. This could imply faster growth in cooler water, as well as no relationship between growth and primary productivity. Alternatively, size-selective mortality, imposed by the commercial fishery, was discussed as a mechanism that might account for this unexpected pattern.
The Meaning of Miscarriage to Others: Is it an Unrecognized Loss?

Miscarriage is a relatively prevalent occurrence in our society. The reported incidence of this event indicates that 20% of all women experience a miscarriage. Women who have miscarried report frie...
Premature maternal separation and lymphocyte function.

Abstract Premature separation of rat pups from their mothers, on postnatal Day 15, produced a decreased response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutnin (PHA) at 40 days of age. A significant lymphopenia was also found in the early weaned animals at 40 days of age although this was accounted for statistically by their lower body weight. These consequences of early maternal separation may have been mediated through the effects of early separation on nutritional state, hypothalamic function, or maturation of the immune system.
DYSTROPHIA MYOTONICA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENDOCRINE FUNCTION (KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME)*

Introduction DYSTROPHIA myotonica is an heredodegenerative disease with protean manifestations. Among the most frequently encountered ofthese are myotonia, muscle atrophy, cataracts, premature senility andhypofunction of the endocrine glands. The many aspects of the diseasehave been thoroughly reviewed in recent years by Waring (1, 2, 3, 4). The nature of the endocrine disturbance has not been clearly established,however, and there are various theories as to the actual site of thepathologic changes. Three cases of dystrophia myotonica, 1 with a necropsy,are here presented, with a discussion of the endocrine features inrelation to the existing theories. Two of these cases present also thesymptom complex of gynecomastia, aspermatogenesis, high urinarygonadotropins, small testes and low urinary 17-ketosteroid level, describedby Klinefelter et al. (5). Case Reports Case 1: A 56-year-old white male gave a typical history of myotonia and muscleatrophy since the age of 20. He married and apparently had a normal ...
Lateral Connectivity at the Margins: Ritual Communication and Liminality on Aboriginal Networks

In the so–called twilight of hierarchy, networks have been celebrated for their lateral linkages, which often lead to the development of lateral discursive spaces, especially in industries where the premium is on innovation and creativity. However, the two lateralities—technological and social—do not readily come together at the margins, and require considerable work. This article examines the efforts to translate lateral connectivity into lateral discursive space—the Tanami Network in Australia and Tribal Digital Village in the US—by native peoples, communities especially motivated to generate such spaces. These two grassroots efforts highlight facets of development such as ritual communication and liminality which are important for the intended beneficiaries, but are rarely seen in the projects designed by external experts that focus on economic development and delivery of services.
Comparison of breast and cervical cancer screening utilization among rural and urban Hispanic and American Indian women in the Southwestern United States

Objective Rural Hispanic and American Indian (AI) women are at risk of non-participation in cancer screening programs. The objective of this study was to compare breast and cervical cancer screening utilization among Hispanic and AI women that reside in rural areas of the Southwestern United States to their urban counterparts and to assess characteristics that influence cancer screening.
Hereditary hemolytic disease with increased red blood cell phosphatidylcholine and dehydration: one, two, or many disorders?

We have compared characteristics of red cells from patients who were originally diagnosed as having two different disorders, high phosphatidyl choline hemolytic anemia (HPCHA) and hereditary xerocytosis (HX). Both types of cells had reduced intracellular potassium, with attendant cell dehydration and an increase in the relative amount of membrane phosphatidyl choline. Neither these observations nor a review of previous studies of HX and HPCHA revealed any means of distinguishing between the two disorders. Measurements of chloride-dependent potassium transport revealed flux characteristics in both HX and HPCHA red cells that were different from those in simultaneously run control samples. HX and HPCHA red cells did not show the same kinds of deviations from the normal pattern. However, extensive characterization of transport behavior under a variety of controlled conditions will be required to determine whether these differences represent intrinsic differences in chloride-dependent transport properties. It appears likely that HX and HPCHA both represent a spectrum of disorders resulting from a variety of defects that produce the same general pattern of abnormalities in cation content and membrane phospholipid composition © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Theoretical single-domain grain size range in magnetite and titanomagnetite

A theoretical model of single-domain (SD) grain sizes is applied to magnetite and titanomagnetite. In this model, transition to a two-domain configuration takes place at the SD threshold d0. This two-domain configuration is shown to be more applicable to fine-grained magnetites in igneous rocks than previous models involving transition to a circular spin configuration at d0. Calculations of the stable SD grain size range were accomplished by calculating the superparamagnetic threshold size ds by Neel's relaxation equation and calculating the SD threshold d0 at which SD to two-domain transition occurs. For cubic magnetite particles the SD range is extremely narrow and occurs at very small grain size. At room temperature, ds ≃ 0.05 μm, and d0 ≃ 0.076 μm. For cubic magnetite particles just above d0 a two-domain configuration is predicted in which a 180° domain wall occupies ∼60% of the particle volume. No SD range exists for cubic magnetites at T > 450°K. These results are in good agreement with experimental determinations of SD limits in equant magnetites and also agree with experimental observations of thermoremanent magnetization in submicron pseudo-single-domain (PSD) magnetites. The SD range increases rapidly with particle elongation. For a length : width ratio of 5 : 1, SD limits of ds ≃ 0.05 μm and d0 ≃ 1.4 μm are calculated. Both d0 and the SD range for titanomagnetites (Fe3−x Tix04) increase with Ti content. For cubic titanomagnetites of x = 0.6, ds ≃ 0.08 μm, and d0 ≃ 0.3 μm. Comparison of the calculated SD range with the available high-resolution grain size distributions of opaque grains in igneous rocks suggests that elongated SD grains or submicron PSD grains are the major carriers of stable natural remanence in igneous rocks.
Communicative Characteristics of Dogmatism and Authoritarianism in Written Messages.

Subjects were grouped into thirds according to Rokeach D and California F scores. Their efforts at written persuasion were analyzed thematically, locially, and stylistically to ascertain the differential effects of authoritarianism on communicative behavior. In light of previous research, the results suggest that despite the high correlation between these two measures D relates to communicative behavior while F does not.
Effects of prolactin and estrogen deficiency in amenorrheic bone loss.

To determine whether hyperprolactinemic women with menses are at risk for the development of osteopenia and to define the effects of PRL excess and estrogen deficiency on bone mass in amenorrheic women, spinal and radial bone densities were measured in 25 hyperprolactinemic women (13 with amenorrhea and 12 with regular menstrual periods) and 11 women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. The degree of hyperprolactinemia was comparable in the hyperprolactinemic women with and without menstrual periods [mean, 55 ± 18 (±sd) and 57 ± 16 μg/L, respectively]. The mean spinal bone density in the hyperprolactinemic amenorrheic women (148 ± 26 mg/ K2HPO4·cm3) was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that in 19 normal women (178 ± 21 mg/K2HPO4·cm3), and 6 of the former group had values greater than 2 sd below normal. However, the mean spinal bone density in the eumenorrheic hyperprolactinemic women (171 ± 22 mg/K2HPO4 · cm3) was similar to that in the normal women and was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that in the hy...