cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated high throughput scalable green nanomanufacturing for naturally occurring nanoparticles using English ivy

The discovery of novel nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles and nanofibers, is crucial to the expansion of the nanotechnology field. Of even greater importance, is the identification of nanomaterials that exist in nature and have low environmental toxicity when compared to man-made nanomaterials. In 2008, our group first discovered that ivy secretes nanoparticles for surface affixing. It was further demonstrated that these nanoparticles could be used for biomedical applications. This paper proposes an automated framework for high throughput scalable green nanomanufacturing of these naturally occurring nanoparticles. Several parameters necessary to optimize the growth of the ivy, including temperature, humidity, and light level, were regulated using feedback controls. Since the contact of ivy rootlets with a substrate is necessary to initiate the secretion of ivy adhesive, an electromechanical system was designed to automatically stimulate the rootlets to start the nanoparticle secretion process. The contact of ivy rootlets with a surface was formulated as a linear viscoelastic model and a speed control law was proposed for the actuator of the automated system. The proposed framework was verified through prototype experiments, and demonstrated promise for high throughput production of ivy nanoparticles.
Frequency and significance of schistocytes in TTP/HUS patients at the discontinuation of plasma exchange therapy.

Introduction: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS) is characterized by thrombocytopenia, a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (presence of schistocytes) and elevated LDH without another likely explanation. Standard of care is daily plasma exchange, which is typically discontinued when the platelet count exceeds 100–150 × 109/L for 2 days. However, residual schistocytosis, the presence of schistocytes at the time of discontinuation of plasma exchange therapy, is often disconcerting. We evaluated the frequency and significance of residual schistocytosis in TTP/HUS patients when the patients' platelet counts returned to normal levels (e.g., 100−150 × 109/L). Methods: Retrospective review in our institution from 01/1999-03/2004 of all patients treated with plasma exchange for TTP/HUS with at least 2 months of follow-up for relapse was completed. Patients were excluded if the clinical course was complicated by HIV, stem cell/bone marrow and solid organ transplant, pregnancy and auto-immune disease. Schistocytes were documented on day of presentation and on the day the platelet count reached 150 × 109/L. Grading scale (using 100 × objective-a high power field, with approximately 100 red blood cells per field) for schistocytes was as follows: rare for 1 schistocyte per every other other field, 1+ for 1–5%, 2+ for 6–15%, and 3+ for >15%. The frequency of schistocytes was compared to frequency of relapse within 2 months, using Fisher's exact test. Results: We identified 57 patients with TTP/HUS who received plasma exchange therapy. Of these patients, 12 did not have a follow-up microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear at discontinuation of plasma exchange therapy and were excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 45 patients, 16 had residual schistocytosis (35.6%). There was no statistically significant difference in relapse rate with or without residual schistocytosis (P = 1.00, Fisher's Exact test, 2 sided). Conclusions: In this study, we found that the presence of residual schistocytosis is common (35.6%). The presence of residual schistocytosis, however, was not predictive of relapse. J. Clin. Apheresis 19:165–167, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A review of theories of human amnesia

Six theories of human amnesia are examined. Each is categorized according to the processing ability that is conceived to underlie the amnesic deficit. The theories fall into one of four categories: consolidation, retrieval, semantic encoding, and context encoding deficit theories. The recently proposed context encoding deficit theories are found to offer the most satisfactory account of the human amnesic syndrome. It is suggested that the other theoretical approaches are best viewed as special cases of these context encoding deficit theories.
Gas-Lubricated Porous Bearings—Infinitely Long Journal Bearings, Steady-State Solution

Abstract : The general governing equations for finite porous journal bearings with compressible lubricants and slip-flow are derived. A mass content rule is developed for infinitely-long porous bearings; an exact solution is established for a gas-lubricated porous bearing with very large bearing number consistent with the mass content rule. An analytic-numerical technique which takes advantage of the linearity of the pressure equation in the porous medium is developed to solve the problem for finite values of compressibility. The results approach those for the solid bearing case as the defined poro-slip parameter beta becomes very large.
Calcium binding sites in the vesicles of the carotid and aortic body chief cells.

Chief cells of the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors possess numerous cytoplasmic dense-core vesicles which are known to contain primarily dopamine. Following fixation in solutions containing 50 mM CaCl2, a 20–30 nm electron-dense particle (EDP) is often observed eccentrically located in many of the vesicles. Approximately 44 % of the carotid body and 16 % of the aortic body vesicles contain an EDP. The EDP probably represents the Ca+ + binding site critical to the stimulus-secretion coupling events culminating in exocytosis of these vesicles. The presence of Ca+ + in the cytoplasmic vesicles was verified by electron probe X-ray microanalysis.
Interference Channel With Generalized Feedback (a.k.a. With Source Cooperation): Part I: Achievable Region

An Interference Channel with Generalized Feedback (IFC-GF) models a wireless network where the sources can sense the channel activity. The signal overheard from the channel provides information about the activity of the other sources and thus furnishes the basis for cooperation. This two-part paper studies achievable strategies (Part I) and outer bounds (Part II) for the general discrete memoryless IFC-GF with two source-destination pairs. In Part I, the generalized feedback is used to gain knowledge about the message sent by the other source and then exploited in two ways: a) to relay the messages that can be decoded at both destinations, thus realizing the gains of beam-forming of a distributed multiantenna system, and b) to hide the messages that can not be decoded at the nonintended destination, thus leveraging the interference “precancellation” property of dirty-paper coding. We show that our achievable region generalizes several known achievable regions for the IFC-GF and that it reduces to known achievable regions for the channels subsumed by the IFC-GF model. For the Gaussian channel, it is shown that source cooperation enlarges the achievable rate region of the corresponding IFC without generalized feedback/cooperation.
The role of myocardial perfusion imaging in patient assessment after acute myocardial infarction

Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a useful noninvasive test for the evaluation of patients following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Early (2‐3 days postadmission) pharmacological stress or pre-discharge exercise MPI in patients with uncomplicated AMI is safe and provides important prognostic information of the risk of subsequent cardiac events. The most powerful predictors of prognosis (total defect size, extent of reversibility and resting left ventricular ejection fraction) can be assessed with a single non-invasive test employing gated single photon emission computed tomography (gated-SPECT) technology. (Eur Heart J Supplements 2001; 3 (Suppl F): F8‐F10)
Tv, Peer, and Parent Models for pro- and Antisocial Conflict Behaviors

This study focused on the influence of mediated and unmediated models on the decision of adolescents to employ both pro- and antisocial modes of conflict resolution. Adolescents indicated how likely they would use four antisocial modes (verbal aggression, physical aggression, regression, and revenge) and one prosocial mode to resolve two conflicts. Their responses were correlated with four television viewing clusters (ABC crime/adventure, CBS crime/adventure, situation comedy, and nonpolice/adventure), the perceived likelihood that peers would employ the modes and the perceived likelihood that parents would employ the modes to discipline them. The television viewing clusters were inconsistent predictors of the adolescent use of the modes. The best predictor of adolescent use of the modes was perceived peer use followed by perceived parental use. Both mediated and unmediated influences produced significant multiple correlations and explained 34% to 48% of the variance in the adolescent use of the modes.
Frequency-Scaled UWB Inverted-Hat Antenna

A novel ultrawideband (UWB) antenna referred to as the inverted-hat antenna (IHA) is described. Specifically, the paper provides a systematic approach to generate a frequency-scaled IHA structure subject to aperture width and height constraints. An experimental verification is also given. The proposed compact wideband antenna exhibits frequency-independent behavior by introducing a moderate number of appropriately scaled elliptical segments and by controlling the outer surface growth profile. A modified seven-ellipse IHA is demonstrated in this paper to provide a 10:1 impedance bandwidth with satisfactory radiation properties. The simulation and measurement results are in reasonably good agreement.
MORNING AND NIGHT COUPLES: THE EFFECT OF WAKE AND SLEEP PATTERNS ON MARITAL ADJUSTMENT*

This study explored the effects of spouses' wake and sleep patterns on marital adjustment. A total of 150 couples from three states completed questions on wake/sleep patterns, marital interaction, marital adjustment, and problem solving. Couples whose wake and sleep patterns were mismatched (e.g., an evening person married to a morning person) reported significantly less marital adjustment, more marital conflict, less time spent in serious conversation, less time spent in shared activities and less frequent sexual intercourse than matched couples. Contrary to expectations for matched couples, night couples did not report more involvement in extra-familial social activities than morning couples. Morning couples engaged in sexual intercourse more frequently in the morning than night couples; night couples had sex more often in the evening than morning couples. There were no significant differences in the intercourse rates for morning couples and night couples. Compared to matched couples, mismatched couples with high marital adjustment reported more flexibility and adaptability in their marital problem solving. The implications of these findings for premarital counseling and marital therapy are discussed.
The head module of Mediator directs activation of preloaded RNAPII in vivo

The successful synthesis of a transcript by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is a multistage process with distinct rate-limiting steps that can vary depending on the particular gene. A growing number of genes in a variety of organisms are regulated at steps after the recruitment of RNAPII. The best-characterized Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene regulated in this manner is CYC1. This gene has high occupancy of RNAPII under non-inducing conditions, defining it as a poised gene. Here, we find that subunits of the head module of Mediator, Med18 and Med20, and Med19 are required for activation of transcription at the CYC1 promoter in response to environmental cues. These subunits of Mediator are required at the preloaded promoter for normal levels of recruitment and activity of the general transcription factor TFIIH. Strikingly, these Mediator components are dispensable for activation by the same activator at a different gene, which lacks a preloaded polymerase in the promoter region. Based on these results and other studies, we speculate that Mediator plays an essential role in triggering an inactive polymerase at CYC1 into a productively elongating form.
YopJ-Promoted Cytotoxicity and Systemic Colonization Are Associated with High Levels of Murine Interleukin-18, Gamma Interferon, and Neutrophils in a Live Vaccine Model of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection

Several Yersinia species have been utilized as live attenuated vaccines to prime protective immunity against yersiniae and other pathogens. A type III secretion system effector known as YopJ in Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis and YopP in Y. enterocolitica has been shown to regulate host immune responses to live Yersinia vaccines. YopJ/P kills macrophages and dendritic cells, reduces their production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), and promotes systemic colonization in mouse models of intestinal Yersinia infection. Furthermore, YopP activity decreases antigen presentation by dendritic cells, and a yopP mutant of a live Y. enterocolitica carrier vaccine elicited effective priming of CD8 T cells to a heterologous antigen in mice. These results suggest that YopJ/P activity suppresses both innate and adaptive immune responses to live Yersinia vaccines. Here, a sublethal intragastric mouse infection model using wild-type and catalytically inactive yopJ mutant strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis was developed to further investigate how YopJ action impacts innate and adaptive immune responses to a live vaccine. Surprisingly, YopJ-promoted cytotoxicity and systemic colonization were associated with significant increases in neutrophils in spleens and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-18 and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in serum samples of mice vaccinated with Y. pseudotuberculosis. Secretion of IL-18 accompanied YopJ-mediated killing of macrophages infected ex vivo with Y. pseudotuberculosis, suggesting a mechanism by which this effector directly increases proinflammatory cytokine levels in vivo. Mice vaccinated with the wild-type strain or the yopJ mutant produced similar levels of antibodies to Y. pseudotuberculosis antigens and were equally resistant to lethal intravenous challenge with Y. pestis. The findings indicate that a proinflammatory, rather than anti-inflammatory, process accompanies YopJ-promoted cytotoxicity, leading to increased systemic colonization by Y. pseudotuberculosis and potentially enhancing adaptive immunity to a live vaccine.
Pseudohypopyon in unilateral acute idiopathic maculopathy.

Abstract: Unilateral acute idiopathic maculopathy (UAIM) is a recently described condition in young adults consisting of rapidly progressive central visual loss, gray-white opacification of the outer retina, and serous detachment of the macula. Bull's eye pattern pigmentary changes may occur in the macula after resolution of the acute phase of the disease. A case of UAIM in which a shifting of subretinal inflammatory infiltrate was observed is reported. This is the tenth reported case of UAIM, and represents a variation in the clinical presentation of this disease. The appearance and the shifting of the subretinal infiltrate seen in this patient support an inflammatory etiology of UAIM.
State dependent behavior and the Marginal Value Theorem

The Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) is the dominant paradigm in predicting patch use and numerous tests support its qualitative predictions. Quantitative tests under complex foraging situations could be expected to be more variable in their support because the MVT assumes behavior maximizes only net energy-intake rate. However across a survey of 26 studies, foragers rather consistently ‘‘erred’’ in staying too long in patches. Such a consistent direction to the errors suggests that the simplifying assumptions of the MVT introduce a systematic bias rather than just imprecision. Therefore, I simulated patch use as a statedependent response to physiological state, travel cost, predation risk, prey densities, and fitness currencies other than net-rate maximization (e.g., maximizing survival, reproductive investment, or mating opportunities). State-dependent behavior consistently results in longer patch residence times than predicted by the MVT or another foraging model, the minimize /g rule, and these rules fail to closely approximate the best behavioral strategy over a wide range of conditions. Because patch residence times increase with state-dependent behavior, this also predicts mass regulation below maximum energy capacities without direct mass-specific costs. Finally, qualitative behavioral predictions from the MVT about giving-up densities in patches and the effects of travel costs are often inconsistent with state-dependent behavior. Thus in order to accurately predict patch exploitation patterns, the model highlights the need to: (1) consider predator behavior (sit-and-wait versus actively foraging); (2) identify activities that can occur simultaneously to foraging (i.e., mate search or parental care); and (3) specify the range of nutritional states likely in foraging animals. Future predictive models of patch use should explicitly consider these parameters.
Design of Sextupole Magnet for 200 GeV Line

Sextupole magnets of 4 inch aperture, 2 kG/in2 strength have been designed for use in the NAL Meson Area beam line. Pole shapes have been determined by conformal mapping to give continuous contours which are approximated by short straight line segments to facilitate machining. The resulting field quality is within .17 percent of a pure sextupole over a 3 inch "Good Field Width". The excitation is provided by a monolithic coil on each pole wound from .230 inch solid square copper. Four water-cooled flattened tubes provide heat sinks for conduction cooling with a maximum temperature rise of 20° C in the winding. Magnetic field measurements are presented.
Evaluation of Modified R-B System for Identification of Members of the Family Enterobacteriaceae

Abstract In a paired, double-blind study, the modified (“Beckford tube”) R-B system was compared with conventional bacteriological procedures for the identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae from clinical isolates and stock cultures. The tests in the R-B system yielding positive reactions comparable to those predicted by Ewing's taxonomic classification of Enterobacteriaceae were production of hydrogen sulfide and presence of lysine and ornithine decarboxylase activities. The test reactions in the R-B system found to be comparable to those in the conventional method were fermentation of glucose, hydrogen sulfide production, and lysine and ornithine decarboxylase activities. The production of gas from glucose was positive in the R-B system more often than in the conventional method; however, the motility test and the production of indole were positive less often in the R-B system. Adequate preliminary identification of the Enterobacteriaceae with the R-B system is enhanced if Simmons' citrate and Christensen's urea tests are used concomitantly. These findings emphasize the manufacturer's instructions that, in interpretation of results, colonial morphology and biochemical reactions must be used concurrently to make an accurate identification.
Electrophysiological correlates of spatial orienting towards angry faces: A source localization study

The goal of this study was to examine behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of involuntary orienting toward rapidly presented angry faces in non-anxious, healthy adults using a dot-probe task in conjunction with high-density event-related potentials and a distributed source localization technique. Consistent with previous studies, participants showed hypervigilance toward angry faces, as indexed by facilitated response time for validly cued probes following angry faces and an enhanced P1 component. An opposite pattern was found for happy faces suggesting that attention was directed toward the relatively more threatening stimuli within the visual field (neutral faces). Source localization of the P1 effect for angry faces indicated increased activity within the anterior cingulate cortex, possibly reflecting conflict experienced during invalidly cued trials. No modulation of the early C1 component was found for affect or spatial attention. Furthermore, the face-sensitive N170 was not modulated by emotional expression. Results suggest that the earliest modulation of spatial attention by face stimuli is manifested in the P1 component, and provide insights about mechanisms underlying attentional orienting toward cues of threat and social disapproval.
Massive Osteolysis Due to Failure of a Unipolar Endoprosthesis

Unipolar endoprostheses are commonly used for the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly. Failure due to polyethylene wear, which has been well documented in bipolar endoprostheses, is not a commonly reported problem with unipolar prostheses. We present 2 cases of a particular unipolar design that failed due to polyethylene wear. We report these cases to promote awareness of this particular reason for failure in this design. We also question the need for polyethylene in any prosthetic, when it is not indicated for the bearing surface.
White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier

Namias shows that visual, literary, and historical accounts of the capture of Euro-Americans by Indians are commentaries on the uncertain boundaries of gender, race, and culture during the colonial Indian Wars, the American Revolution, and the Civil War. She compares the experiences and representations of male and female captives over time and on successive frontiers and examines the narratives of captives Jane McCrea, Mary Jemison, and Sarah Wakefield.
Functional impacts of ocean acidification in an ecologically critical foundation species

SUMMARY Anthropogenic CO 2 is reducing the pH and altering the carbonate chemistry of seawater, with repercussions for marine organisms and ecosystems. Current research suggests that calcification will decrease in many species, but compelling evidence of impaired functional performance of calcium carbonate structures is sparse, particularly in key species. Here we demonstrate that ocean acidification markedly degrades the mechanical integrity of larval shells in the mussel Mytilus californianus , a critical community member on rocky shores throughout the northeastern Pacific. Larvae cultured in seawater containing CO 2 concentrations expected by the year 2100 (540 or 970 ppm) precipitated weaker, thinner and smaller shells than individuals raised under present-day seawater conditions (380 ppm), and also exhibited lower tissue mass. Under a scenario where mussel larvae exposed to different CO 2 levels develop at similar rates, these trends suggest a suite of potential consequences, including an exacerbated vulnerability of new settlers to crushing and drilling attacks by predators; poorer larval condition, causing increased energetic stress during metamorphosis; and greater risks from desiccation at low tide due to shifts in shell area to body mass ratios. Under an alternative scenario where responses derive exclusively from slowed development, with impacted individuals reaching identical milestones in shell strength and size by settlement, a lengthened larval phase could increase exposure to high planktonic mortality rates. In either case, because early life stages operate as population bottlenecks, driving general patterns of distribution and abundance, the ecological success of this vital species may be tied to how ocean acidification proceeds in coming decades.
Type I interferon signaling is required for activation of the inflammasome during Francisella infection

Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic bacterium whose virulence is linked to its ability to replicate within the host cell cytosol. Entry into the macrophage cytosol activates a host-protective multimolecular complex called the inflammasome to release the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and -18 and trigger caspase-1–dependent cell death. In this study, we show that cytosolic F. tularensis subspecies novicida (F. novicida) induces a type I interferon (IFN) response that is essential for caspase-1 activation, inflammasome-mediated cell death, and release of IL-1β and -18. Extensive type I IFN–dependent cell death resulting in macrophage depletion occurs in vivo during F. novicida infection. Type I IFN is also necessary for inflammasome activation in response to cytosolic Listeria monocytogenes but not vacuole-localized Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or extracellular adenosine triphosphate. These results show the specific connection between type I IFN signaling and inflammasome activation, which are two sequential events triggered by the recognition of cytosolic bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first example of the positive regulation of inflammasome activation. This connection underscores the importance of the cytosolic recognition of pathogens and highlights how multiple innate immunity pathways interact before commitment to critical host responses.
Isolation of germ line-dependent female-sterile mutation that affects yolk specific sequestration and chorion formation in Drosophila☆

Abstract Two loci on the X chromosome have been implicated in choriogenesis by in situ hybridization of poly A-containing RNA from choriogenic eggchambers to Drosophila polytene chromosomes (A. C. Spradling and A. P. Mahowald (1979). Cell 16, 589–598) : 7E and 12E. At least two genes coding for major eggshell proteins map to region 7E (A. C. Spradling, M. E. Digan, A. P. Mahowald, M. Scott, and E. A. Craig (1980). Cell 19, 905–914) . In an effort to elucidate the functional role of the 12E gene product, 3600 EMS-treated X chromosomes were screened for recessive female-sterile mutations that mapped within the region 11F10-12F1. Four independent female-sterile mutations were recovered, three of which fell into one complementation group (fs29, fs117, and fs445). Mapping by analysis of recombinant progeny as well as of trans heterozygotes utilizing other deficiency chromosomes showed that the three noncomplementing mutations all mapped to region 12E1-12F1. Studies comparing chorion morphology and protein synthesis indicate localized perturbations in the extracellular assembly of eggshell components in mutant eggchambers. The germ line dependence of the mutations was established using germ line mosaics constructed by pole cell transplantation. Analysis of eggchamber protein accumulation patterns showed reduced amounts of yolk polypeptides (YPs) in the mutants. The elevated concentrations of YPs found in mutant hemolymph coupled with the normal YP biosynthetic patterns and active uptake of trypan blue by mutant oocytes suggest that 12E sequences play a role in yolk-specific sequestration.
Cumulation of Knowledge

To the Editor: Valma Robertson's conclusion that published research reports in our profession show little evidence of cumulation of knowledge, within the areas of literature she studied,1 helps cast a harsh and embarrassing light on a continuing intellectual deficit in physical therapy, namely, the lack of theory required to direct research efforts and make sense out of research results. As the “So what?” of research, theory is the sine qua non for creating and expanding knowledge and for developing a science of physical therapy. A decade ago, the American Physical Therapy Association's Committee on Research (COR) identified the need for a major effort to promote the development of theory in physical therapy. In 1986, the COR issued its first call for theory papers to be presented at the Association's 1987 Annual Conference.… [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/75/223?iss=3
On the Limits of Information Retrieval in Quantum Mechanics

The widely considered assertion is that the unitarity of quantum mechanical evolution assures the preservation of information. It is even promoted in popular literature as an established fact. (Susskind, 2008) Yet, a simple chain of reasoning demonstrates that: 1) almost any evolutionary operator can be well approximated by a degenerate (finite-rank) operator and 2) one needs an eternity to retrieve information exactly from a nonstationary quantum state and to distinguish between arbitrary unitary operator and its finite-dimensional approximations.
Experiments in Underactuated In-Hand Manipulation

This paper shows conceptually and experimentally that underactuated robotic hands can stably grasp and manipulate objects placed between the fingertips. Small objects grasped between a planar pair of two-link underactuated fingers having one tendon each are shown to be manipulable over a range of in-hand configurations that can be predicted analytically. The manifold of predicted stable configurations is found by seeking the minimum energy configuration of the elastic fingers under constraints from the actuator tendons and the contact constraints with the grasped objects. Experimental results are shown from HANDLE, a novel underactuated hand capable of a variety of dexterous in-hand tasks.
The Allocation of Risk

The allocation of risk function pervades the financial system. Risk-averse individuals are made better-off by expanded risk-sharing opportunities that allow them to shed unwanted risks and to acquire preferred risks. Welfare is enhanced by the fact that individuals can fashion preferred contingent patterns of consumption and can better manage risks associated with real investments that may not otherwise be made (in the absence of risk sharing). The risk allocation function also allows for, according to the principle of comparative advantage, the separation of funding from risk-bearing in investments. Given these real benefits, economic organizational and arrangements will naturally evolve to facilitate the efficient allocation of risk bearing. And while a wide variety of risk allocation mechanisms have developed, all approaches to risk management are in fact based on the concepts of either hedging, diversification, or insurance. Firms are large and growing users of risk management instruments, such as derivatives, even though in theory firm-level risk management is irrelevant in a perfect economy. And government is an important element in the financial system's overall risk allocation function, but it is it's potentially larger role as regulator of the rapidly growing global over-the-counter derivatives market that has received attention lately. Indeed, the debate on the over-the-counter derivatives market is emblematic of the general concerns about the impact of financial innovation on the stability of the financial system. One of the objectives of this chapter is to inform this debate through a description and discussion of the risk allocation function.
Infections in Radiation Accidents

Although the radiation-injured patient may develop cellular immune deficiency or humoral immune deficiency, the major predisposing factor to infection, especially in the short term, is granulocytopenia. Infections associated with intravascular devices and as a consequence of blood product infusions occur too. As a result, most infections are caused by the aerobic gram-negative rods Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, along with the gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus species. The sites of infection are principally the oral cavity and associated structures (for example, sinusitis, periodontitis, pharyngitis, and local mucositis); the distal third of the esophagus; the lungs (pneumonitis); the colon (bacteremia related to translocation); perianal lesions; and sites of skin damage, such as vascular catheter exit sites. Other infections, especially bacteremias, are associated with the catheter itself. Most infections are caused by organisms colonizing the patient, and more than half of these are acquired during hospitalization. Treatment of infections during granulocytopenia has been discussed in detail.1,2
Data-driven health management: reasoning about personally generated data in diabetes with information technologies

Objective To investigate how individuals with diabetes and diabetes educators reason about data collected through self-monitoring and to draw implications for the design of data-driven self-management technologies. Materials and Methods Ten individuals with diabetes (six type 1 and four type 2) and 2 experienced diabetes educators were presented with a set of self-monitoring data captured by an individual with type 2 diabetes. The set included digital images of meals and their textual descriptions, and blood glucose (BG) readings captured before and after these meals. The participants were asked to review a set of meals and associated BG readings, explain differences in postprandial BG levels for these meals, and predict postprandial BG levels for the same individual for a different set of meals. Researchers compared conclusions and predictions reached by the participants with those arrived at by quantitative analysis of the collected data. Results The participants used both macronutrient composition of meals, most notably the inclusion of carbohydrates, and names of dishes and ingredients to reason about changes in postprandial BG levels. Both individuals with diabetes and diabetes educators reported difficulties in generating predictions of postprandial BG; their predictions varied in their correlations with the actual captured readings from r = 0.008 to r = 0.75. Conclusion Overall, the study showed that identifying trends in the data collected with self-monitoring is a complex process, and that conclusions reached by both individuals with diabetes and diabetes educators are not always reliable. This suggests the need for new ways to facilitate individuals’ reasoning with informatics interventions.
Highly active Pt3Pb and core-shell Pt3Pb-Pt electrocatalysts for formic acid oxidation.

Formic acid is a promising chemical fuel for fuel cell applications. However, due to the dominance of the indirect reaction pathway and strong poisoning effects, the development of direct formic acid fuel cells has been impeded by the low activity of existing electrocatalysts at desirable operating voltage. We report the first synthesis of Pt3Pb nanocrystals through solution phase synthesis and show they are highly efficient formic acid oxidation electrocatalysts. The activity can be further improved by manipulating the Pt3Pb–Pt core–shell structure. Combined experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the high activity from Pt3Pb and the Pt–Pb core–shell nanocrystals results from the elimination of CO poisoning and decreased barriers for the dehydrogenation steps. Therefore, the Pt3Pb and Pt–Pb core–shell nanocrystals can improve the performance of direct formic acid fuel cells at desired operating voltage to enable their practical application.
Characterization of MEMS Resonator Nonlinearities Using the Ringdown Response

We present a technique for estimation of the model parameters for a single-mode vibration of symmetric micromechanical resonators, including the coefficients of conservative and dissipative nonlinearities. The nonlinearities result in an amplitude-dependent frequency and a nonexponential decay, which are characterized from the ringdown response. An analysis of the amplitude of the ringdown response allows one to estimate the linear damping constant and the dissipative nonlinearity, and the zero-crossing points in the ringdown measurement can be used for characterization of the linear natural frequency and the Duffing and quintic nonlinearities of the vibrational mode, which arise from a combination of mechanical and electrostatic effects. [2015-0263]
Monitoring channel head erosion processes in response to an artificially induced abrupt base level change using time-lapse photography

Abstract Gullies that terminate at a vertical-wall are ubiquitous throughout arid and semiarid regions. Multi-year assessments of gully evolution and headcut advance are typically accomplished using traditional ground surveys and aerial photographs, with much recent research focused on integrating data collected at very high spatial resolutions using new techniques such as aerial surveys with blimps or kites and ground surveys with LiDar scanners. However, knowledge of specific processes that drive headcut advance is limited due to inadequate observation and documentation of flash floods and subsequent erosion that can occur at temporal resolutions not captured through repeat surveys. This paper presents a method for using very-high temporal resolution ground-based time-lapse photography to capture short-duration flash floods and gully head evolution in response. In 2004, a base level controlling concrete weir was removed from the outlet of a 1.29 ha semiarid headwater drainage on the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in southeastern Arizona, USA. During the ten year period from 2004 to 2014 the headcut migrated upchannel a total of 14.5 m reducing the contributing area at the headwall by 9.5%. Beginning in July 2012, time-lapse photography was employed to observe event scale channel evolution dynamics. The most frequent erosion processes observed during three seasons of time-lapse photography were plunge pool erosion and mass wasting through sidewall or channel headwall slumping that occurred during summer months. Geomorphic change during the ten year period was dominated by a single piping event in August 2014 that advanced the channel head 7.4 m (51% of the overall advance) and removed 11.3 m 3 of sediment. High temporal resolution time-lapse photography was critical for identifying subsurface erosion processes, in the absence of time-lapse images piping would not have been identified as an erosion mechanism responsible for advancing the gully headwall at this site.
Investigation on Tempered Microstructure and Toughness of P92 Steel

Microstructure and toughness of P92 steel treated with different tempering temperature after being normalized at 1050 ℃ was studied by OM,SEM,XRD and impact test.The results show that normalized P92 steel consists of typical martensite lath,remaining austenite and M23C6 precipitates.Microstructure and toughness change slightly at relatively lower tempering temperature.The phenomena of martensite lath breaking,dissociation of remaining austenite and tempering brittleness are found between 500 ℃ and 600 ℃.With the increase of tempering temperature,the amount of sub-structure increases and blocky ferrite is also observed,resulting in the rapid increase of impact energy.
A Path to Designing Inquiry Activities in Mathematics.

This paper aims to illustrate a design cycle of inquiry-based mathematics activities. We highlight a series of questions that we use when creating inquiry-based materials, testing and evaluating th...
Rett Syndrome: Clinical Aspects

Rett syndrome (RTT) affects 1:10,000 females, causing psychomotor regression and stereotypical hand movements. In the past half century, many clinical, neurobiological, and genetic aspects of RTT have been clarified, including identification of methyl CpG binding protein 2 gene mutations in most. Although loss of language and hand function and problems with ambulation are core disabilities in the disorder, a host of comorbidities affect girls and women with RTT. A Rett specialist typically works closely with other medical professionals, including therapists, nutritionists, social workers, and medical consultants related to the various systems affected. Most girls have problems that require the help of a neurologist or epileptologist, a gastroenterologist, and an orthopedic surgeon, and many require endocrinology and cardiology consultation. Within the past few years, an explosion in the investigation of disease-specific treatments has occurred, and targeted drugs will soon be available to help girls and women with RTT.
High resolution depth sounding in noisy environments

Application of a coherent Correlation Echo Sounder Processor (CESP) to high resolution depth sounding in particularly noisy environments is discussed. Comparisons made with standard and correlation receivers under similar environmental and system conditions are presented. A brief description of the technique is included. Based on a demonstrated performance, it is concluded that the Correlator provides a valuable tool for improving depth sounder performance under noisy conditions.
Complexity Analysis of Decision-Making in the Critically Ill:

Rationale:Despite multiple trials of interventions to improve end-of-life care of the critically ill, there is a persistent lack of understanding of factors associated with barriers to decision-mak...
Illumination Aesthetics: Light as a Creative Material within Computational Design

Recent digital fabrication tools have enabled new form-giving using a wide range of physical materials. However, light as a first class creative material has been largely ignored within the design of our electronic objects. Our work expands the illumination design space by treating light as a physical material. We introduce a digital design tool that simulates and visualizes physical light interactions with a variety of materials for creating custom luminaires. We further develop a computational design and fabrication process for creating custom secondary optics elements (SOEs), which provides additional handles for users to physically shape and redirect light to compose, fill, and evenly diffuse planar and volumetric geometries. Through a workshop study with novice electronic designers, we show how incorporating physical techniques to shape light alters how users view the role and function of LEDs and electronics. We produce example pieces that showcase how our approach expands the electronics aesthetic and discuss how viewing light as material can engender novel, expressive artifacts.
Dynamic Modeling and Feasibility Analysis of a Solid-State Transformer-Based Power Distribution System

This paper presents a comprehensive state-space dynamic model of a future power distribution system for plug-and-play interface of distributed renewable energy resources and distributed energy storage devices. The system, called the future renewable electric energy delivery and management (FREEDM) system, comprises of multiple solid-state transformers (SSTs), and load, generation, and storage connected to each SST in a distributed network. The system allows for high penetration of renewable generation with energy storage at the distribution level. A physics-based 70th-order state-space average model is first developed considering the physical and controller properties of a single-SST FREEDM system along with its distribution components. This fundamental model is then extended to build a multi-SST FREEDM system for feasibility and dynamics behavior analysis of the entire system, which is essential to ensure system power balance. The full average model with multiple SSTs has been incorporated in an IEEE 34 bus distribution testbed for a scaled analysis of the system.
Diagnostic imaging in the management of patients with metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the constellation of metabolic risk factors that might foster development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Abdominal obesity and insulin resistance play a prominent role among all metabolic traits of MetS. Because intervention including weight loss can reduce these morbidity and mortality in MetS, early detection of the severity and complications of MetS could be useful. Recent advances in imaging modalities have provided significant insight into the development and progression of abdominal obesity and insulin resistance, as well as target organ injuries. The purpose of this review is to summarize advances in diagnostic imaging modalities in MetS that can be applied for evaluating each components and target organs. This may help in early detection, monitoring target organ injury, and in turn developing novel therapeutic target to alleviate and avert them.
Exploring the energy landscape of resistive switching in antiferromagnetic S r 3 I r 2 O 7

We study the resistive switching triggered by an applied electrical bias in the antiferromagnetic Mott insulator $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{3}\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{r}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. The switching was previously associated with an electric-field-driven structural transition. Here we use time-resolved measurements to probe the thermal activation behavior of the switching process and acquire information about the energy barrier associated with the transition. We quantify the changes in the energy-barrier height with respect to the applied bias and find a linear decrease of the barrier with increasing bias. Our observations support the potential of antiferromagnetic transition-metal oxides for spintronic applications.
Consumption and emotions among college students toward chocolate product

This study examined college students’ consumption frequency of different amounts of chocolate. It measured emotions related to consumption including guilt, craving, hunger, mindfulness and investigated how these are related to demographics including age, race, education, body mass index, and exercise frequency. A total of 89 college students complete a 53-item questionnaire. The survey was administered online through Qualtrics Survey Software. Of the 89 participants, ages ranged from 18–64, 72 participants (82%) were white. The mean (SD) mindfulness score was 36.3 (13.2), craving score was 25.0 (7.1), guilt score 28.4 (18.8) and hunger score 8.1 (2.4). There was a significant association between age and guilt (p = 0.012) and age (p = 0.002) and education (p = 0.006) and hunger. In conclusion, age was found to be the most significant factor related to chocolate consumption and the emotions associated including hunger and guilt.
Intelligentsia and cynicism: political metamorphoses of postmodernism

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia explained, and the internet dictionaries blithely repeated after it, that Cynicism has a dual origin as a social phenomenon. Firstly, it is ‘C. of power’ typical of th...
Cultural (Ac)counting: The rise of formal organization in social and cultural domains

A host of recent studies indicate that social and cultural concerns are increasingly being pursued through the structures of formal organizations. Examples include the incorporation of ‘fuzzy’ elements like corporate social responsibility (CSR) into for-profit firms, the establishment of new ‘hybrid’ companies that pursue a double-bottom line, and the elaboration of models for evaluating outcomes and effectiveness in nonprofit organizations and other areas that were previously beyond the realm of measurement. Together, these trends indicate a dramatic, but poorly understood, shift in the purposes and standing of formal organization in society, from technical structures for facilitating mainly economic transactions to corporate citizens endowed with a broadened scope of actorhood. This trend also reflects a shift in the cultural logic around the most appropriate way to pursue social and cultural goals, from a more charitable to a more scientific logic. This symposium brings together scholars seeking to dev...
Magnetic Properties of Proton Irradiated Mn3Si2Te6 van der Waals Single Crystals

The bulk van der Waals crystal Mn3Si2Te6 (MST) has been irradiated with a proton beam of 2 MeV at a fluence of 1×1018 H+ cm-2. The temperature dependent magnetization measurements show a drastic decrease in the magnetization of 49.2% in the H//c direction observed in ferrimagnetic state. This decrease in magnetization is also reflected in the isothermal magnetization curves. No significant change in the ferrimagnetic transition temperature (75 K) was reflected after irradiation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy shows no magnetically active defects present after irradiation. Here, experimental findings gathered from MST bulk crystals via magnetic measurements, magnetocaloric effect, and heat capacity are discussed.