cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Distal Oblique Bundle of the Distal Interosseous Membrane of the Forearm

The distal interosseous membrane (DIOM) of the forearm is on the distal side of the central band of the interosseous membrane, spanning the radius and ulna at the dorsal region of the pronator quadratus muscle. Recent anatomical studies have revealed that the thickness of the DIOM varies widely among specimens (0.5–2.6 mm), and an obvious thick fiber within the DIOM, called the distal oblique bundle (DOB), exists in 40% of specimens.1,2 The DOB originates from the distal ulna 54 mm (on average; range, 50–57 mm) proximal to the ulnar head and runs distally to insert on the dorsal inferior rim of the sigmoid notch of the radius (Fig. 1a,b). The DOB has an anatomical relationship with the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) (Fig. 2), both of which probably work as isometric collateral ligaments of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) because the ulnar insertions of the DOB and the deep limbs of the radioulnar ligament almost coincide with the course of the axis of forearm rotation.3 Fig. 1a,b Distal interosseous membrane of the right cadaver wrist. (a) Dorsal view of the distal oblique bundle (DOB) and the central band. (b) The distal radius with the distal interosseous membrane and TFCC viewed from the dorsoulnar side. The ulna has been ... Fig. 2 Anatomical relationship between DOB and TFCC, which comprises the ulnocarpal ligamentous complex (UCLC), disk, and palmar and dorsal radioulnar (RU) ligaments. UT, ulnotriquetral ligament; UC, ulnocapitate ligament; UL, ulnolunate ligament. The TFCC is the primary soft-tissue DRUJ stabilizer, and the DIOM acts as a secondary stabilizer of the DRUJ when the dorsal and palmar radioulnar ligaments of the TFCC are cut.4,5 In normal situations, the influence of the DIOM on DRUJ stability is relatively inconsequential. However, after a TFCC injury, an ulnar head resection, or a Sauve-Kapandji procedure, the DIOM has a more important role in the stability of the ulnar head or ulnar stump. The clinical relevance of the DIOM includes its stabilizing effect on the DRUJ in ulnar shortening procedures. Recent study has revealed that ulnar shortening with the osteotomy performed proximal to the attachment of the DIOM has a more favorable effect on stability of the DRUJ as compared to distal osteotomy, especially in the presence of a DOB.6 The longitudinal resistance to ulnar shortening is significantly greater in proximal shortening than in distal shortening. These results suggest that proximal ulnar shortening in the presence of a robust DIOM could be a risk factor for nonunion, and for patients with ulnocarpal abutment but no instability of the DRUJ, it may be advantageous to perform a distal osteotomy.
Macroscopic erosion of plasma facing and nearby components during plasma instabilities : the droplet shielding phenomenon.

Abstract Erosion losses due to ablation during a plasma disruption can be extremely high. This can severely limit divertor system lifetime to only a few disruptions. Ablation is mass loss in the form of macroscopic particles (MPs), i.e., droplets of liquid metals or large pieces (grains or crystallites) of non-melting materials such as carbon-based materials. Results of self-consistent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) calculations are obtained that couple the dynamics of both vapor cloud and MP interaction to incoming ions and electrons from the collisionless scrape-off layer during the disruption. The equation of motion of the MPs is solved inside the inhomogeneous vapor-cloud conditions. For a well-confined vapor cloud, the flight time of MPs in the vapor is short, and complete vaporization of the emitted MPs occurs. This will result in further reduction of net radiation power to the surface, i.e., `droplet shielding' effect. However, if the vapor cloud has a high velocity component along the divertor surface, the MPs are quickly removed from the hot vapor region. A shorter flight time of the MPs in the vapor cloud can result in significant mass losses and extremely short erosion lifetime of the divertor surface and nearby components.
Effects of spray of sucrose solution in a corn field on the populations of predatory insects and their prey

La pulverisation d'une solution de saccharose sur des pieds de Mais a concentre sur ces plantes les adultes de trois especes de Coccinellides ainsi que des Chrysopides. Il en est resulte une reduction correspondante de l'infestation deRhopalosiphum maidisFitch sur les plantes ainsi traitees. Les Coleopteres peuvent se deplacer rapidement du point de concentration vers les plantes ou les pucerons sont plus nombreux.
Phenotypic switching in Candida albicans is controlled by a SIR2 gene.

We report the cloning of a gene from the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans with sequence and functional similarity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SIR2 gene. Deletion of the gene in C. albicans produces a dramatic phenotype: variant colony morphologies arise at frequencies as high as 1 in 10. The morphologies resemble those described previously as part of a phenotypic switching system proposed to contribute to pathogenesis. Deletion of SIR2 also produces a high frequency of karyotypic changes. These and other results are consistent with a model whereby Sir2 controls phenotypic switching and chromosome stability in C.albicans by organizing chromatin structure.
The 3D CuO (tenorite) as copper-ion source afforded the first 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate bridged coordination dimmer linked via triple-hydrogen-bonding water molecule into a 2D network

Abstract The reaction of three-dimensional (3D) CuO (tenorite) with 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid and 2,2 ′ -dipyridylamine under hydrothermal conditions produced the first 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate bridged coordination dimmer linked via hydrogen-bonding water molecule into a two-dimensional (2D) network structure. Instead of using simple inorganic salts, the 3D solid-state CuO was used as the copper-ion source for the reaction. The hydrogen-bonding water molecules in the network structure were completely lost below 250 °C and the dimmer was decomposed from 250 to 310 °C.
Researchers’ Views of the Acceptability of Restrictive Provisions in Clinical Trial Agreements with Industry Sponsors

We conducted a mail survey of 884 U.S. medical school faculty active in clinical research to elicit their views about the acceptability of provisions in contracts for industry-sponsored clinical trials that would restrict investigators’ academic freedom and control over trials. We compared their responses to results from a similar survey of research administrators at 107 medical schools. There was substantial variation among clinical researchers in their acceptability judgments, with a relatively large proportion of clinical trial investigators willing to accept provisions that give industry sponsors considerable control over the dissemination of research results. There were significant differences in the perceptions of clinical trial investigators versus other recently published clinical researchers; investigators with a high versus low percentage of research support from industry; junior versus senior faculty; and investigators at institutions with high versus low National Institute of Health (NIH) fund...
Use of Ozone for Water Treatment in Recirculating-Water Raceway Systems

Abstract Ozone was tested for its effects on culture animals and on water quality in 230-L seawater tanks and recirculating-water raceway systems for the culture of warmwater marine fish (red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus) and shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Fish and shrimp were observed for their tolerance of residual ozone levels for 3, 6, and 24 h. Shrimp were able to tolerate residual ozone levels up to 2.5 mg/L for 3 h and 1.0 mg/L for 24 h. Fingerling fish were tolerant of residual ozone levels up to 0.1 mg/L for 24 h without damage to their gill membranes. Ozone had no noticeable effect on ammonia and nitrite levels in the raceway systems, although these variables did not fluctuate drastically as had been seen in previous work. Ozonation appeared to improve the clarity of the culture water. Final production was 11.7 kg/m3 (117 tonnes/hectare) for shrimp and 15.4 kg/m3 (154 tonnes/hectare) for fish with ozonation compared with 8.1 kg/m3 (81 tonnes/hectare) for shrimp and 12.9 kg/m3 (129 tonnes/hectare) for f...
Introducing Future Teachers to Science Beyond the Classroom

Informal science education institutions (ISEIs), such as museums, aquariums, and nature centers, offer more to teachers than just field trip destinations—they have the potential to provide ideas for pedagogy, as well as support deeper development of teachers’ science knowledge. Although there is extensive literature related to teacher/museum interactions within the context of the school field trip, there is limited research that examines other ways that such institutions might support classroom teachers. A growing number of studies, however, examine how incorporating such ideas of connections of ISEIs to pre-service teacher education might improve teacher perceptions and awareness. Pre-service elementary teachers enrolled in a science methods class participated in a semester-long assignment which required participation in their choice of activities and events (workshops, field trips, family day activities) conducted at local ISEIs. Students generally saw this embedded assignment as beneficial, despite the additional out-of-class time required for completion. Comparison of pre-/post-class responses suggested that teachers shifted their perceptions of ISEIs as first and foremost as places for field trips or hands-on experiences, to institutions that can help teachers with classroom science instruction. Although basic awareness of the existence of such opportunities was frequently cited, teachers also recognized these sites as places that could enhance their teaching, either by providing materials/resources for the classroom or by helping them learn (content and pedagogy) as teachers. Implications for practice, including the role of ISEIs in teacher preparation and indication, are also discussed.
Frequency-tunable patch array using highly anisotropic liquid crystal

A liquid crystal (LC) based microstrip patch antenna array with frequency tuning capabilities operating in the X-band is presented. Frequency tunable capabilities of the presented antenna array are shown to come from the dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystals at microwave frequencies. This array is fed by a single microstrip line, with individual control of each array element. The design thus offers total array tunability from a single unaltered RF source.
Rapid cation flux from Torpedo californica membrane vesicles: comparison of acetylcholine receptor enriched and selectively extracted preparations.

Abstract Rapid efflux of 22 Na from within closed vesicles derived from Torpedo californica electroplax membranes has been studied as an in vitro assay of acetylcholine receptor functionality. The most highly purified membrane preparations contained major polypeptides of M.W. 43 and 90 × 10 3 daltons in addition to the four peptides characteristic of the acetylcholine receptor (40, 50, 60, 65 × 10 3 daltons). Removal of these extra peptides by base extraction did not significantly alter the characteristics of carbamylcholine induced 22 Na efflux: the agonist dose response curve was similar, preequilibration with agonist caused desensitization, the irreversible antagonist α-Bungarotoxin blocked the efflux and the reversible blockade by the neurotoxin perhydrohistrionicotoxin was also retained. The dose response curve for perhydrohistrionicotoxin corresponded closely to its known binding characteristics for base extracted membranes.
Polymorphism of glycophorins in nonhuman primate erythrocytes

Using immunoblotting techniques and polyclonal antisera to human erythrocyte alpha glycophorin, we show that erythrocytes of several species of nonhuman primates, including representatives of anthropoid apes (19 chimpanzees, 3 gorillas, 6 orangutans, and 3 gibbons) and Old World monkeys (3 baboons, 5 rhesus monkeys, and 6 cynomolgus macaques), contain human alpha glycophorin-like molecules. Each species displays a unique glycophorin profile; in anthropoid apes the profile is more complex than in Old World monkeys and more similar to that seen in humans. The chimpanzee was the only species in which human delta-like glycophorin was detected but it differed from its human counterpart in electrophoretic mobility and reaction with M-specific monoclonal antibody. In contrast to humans, highly polymorphic glycophorin profiles were observed in each species of anthropoid apes and three distinct patterns were defined in each. No such polymorphism has been found so far among the Old World monkeys in the limited number of animals studied. The major glycophorins in all species but the chimpanzees failed to react with M- or N-specific monoclonal antibodies, suggesting structural differences from the human within the amino terminal regions. The reaction with the minor glycophorins showed inter- and intraspecies variability. All glycophorins, except delta-like glycophorin in the chimpanzee, reacted with the antiserum to the carboxyl terminal fragment of human alpha glycophorin, indicating a structural relation to the human in this region. An unexpected correlation was observed, in the chimpanzee, between the patterns of electrophoretically resolved glycophorins and the V-A-B-D blood-group phenotypes, allowing the assignment of each determinant to specific glycophorin bands. The basis for the differences observed between human and nonhuman primate glycophorins is not clear but the possibilities include a common nonpolymorphic ancestor and differences in selective pressures.
Effect of magnetic field on two-layered natural/thermocapillary convection☆

Abstract Heat transfer in a two-layered fluid system is of great importance in a variety of applications. Control and optimization of convective heat transfer of the immiscible fluids needs complete understanding of all phenomena, especially those induced by surface tension at the fluid interface. The present work is focused on rather complex convective flow and heat transfer phenomena in a cavity, which can be subject to both buoyancy and thermocapillary effects in addition to the influence of magnetic field applied for flow control. With the encapsulant liquid posing magnetic properties, a magnetic force can arise to either enhance or counterbalance the gravity effect when the cavity is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field. In our study, the velocity and temperature distribution of the system can be significantly altered to change the heat transfer by varying intensity and gradient of the applied magnetic field. Preliminary results of numerical computation presented here are for a two-layered liquid cavity MnCl 2 ·4H 2 O and Fluorinert FC40 under various magnetic fields intensities.
PREPARATION OF HALOMETHANEBORONATES

Abstract A facile preparation of iodomethaneboronic esters is described. The key step utilizes a tin hydride reduction of dichloromethaneboronic esters.
ENHANCING THE SOFTWARE LIFE CYCLE OF KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS USING A TASK-BASED SPECIFICATION METHODOLOGY

Several methodologies have been developed to enhance the software life cycle of knowledge-based systems by emphasizing on the use of both prototypes and specifications. However, these methodologies focus on the development phase of knowledge-based systems. The roles of prototypes and specifications in the maintenance phase has not been fully explored. Because a suitable problem specification for a knowledge-based system is often difficult to acquire, validating changes to non-executable solution specification during the maintenance phase can be a problem. To address this, we propose an alternative paradigm in which the prototype complements the specification throughout the life cycle. The traceability between them is facilitated by organizing both types of artifacts using a common functional decomposition structure. Based on our task-based specification methodology (TBSM), we have also developed a knowledge engineering tool (called TAME) to facilitate the acquisition and the organization of the specification and the prototype. The proposed methodology and the tool together can thus enhance the verification, validation, and the maintenance of knowledge-based systems through their life cycles.
Plant regeneration from protoplasts of cytoplasmic male sterile lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

This study compared plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from suspension cultures of threeJaponica rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines with different male sterile cytoplasms. More than 180 green plants were regenerated from protoplasts from 5–8 month old suspensions of IR58024A, a line with the WA type of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). About 40% of the calli recovered from protoplasts produced green plants. ShuangbaiA (BT type of CMS) and Tai2A (Dian I type of CMS), both from Zhejiang province of China, responded less well in culture. ShuangbaiA produced green plants from 6.6% of calli, although initial protoplast yield per gram fresh weight was higher than for IR58024A. Tai2A showed lower protoplast yield, and only 1.1% of the calli produced green plants. Flow cytometric analyses of nuclear DNA content indicated that many of the regenerated plants were tetraploid. The percentage of tetraploids varied in the different lines. The male sterile characteristics of the original lines were maintained in the regenerated plants. Pollen abortion occured earliest in IR58024A and latest in Tai2A. IR58024A is a promising rice genotype for use as a recipient in direct gene transfer experiments.
THE KEAUKAHA MODEL FOR MAINSTREAM DIALECT INSTRUCTION

This article is a detailed description of the procedures, together with some of the rationale underlying those procedures, that were designed into the treatment variable of a research project on language acquisition. The treatment variable to which the experimental Ss are being exposed is the pedagogical “model” mentioned in the title. This model for imparting proficiency in the target dialect to the Ss, although clearly an adaptation of audio-lingual methodology for second language teaching, is described for the most part from the standpoint of educational psychology. The article delineates the various aspects of language pedagogy which were determined to be essential to the most effective model; namely, teacher training, classroom dynamics, dialect analysis, contrastive analysis (between the nonstandard and standard dialects), and lesson writing. The research hypothesis states that the effect of the treatment, or model, will be a greater gain in the acquisition of proficiency in standard oral English by the experimental Ss than by the control Ss, who are exposed to only traditional procedures for teaching English. All of the Ss are youngsters who come to school with their native dialect only, commonly known as Pidgin English. The article characterizes the target dialect as mainstream English.
ONIOM study of the active species in Pd–phosphine catalyzed coupling reactions

Abstract This research employs the ONIOM scheme for hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations. Palladium–phosphine catalysts used in bond coupling reactions are investigated. These complexes are of the form Pd{PR2(biaryl)}n, where n=1 or 2, R=tert-butyl (tBu) or cyclohexyl (Cy). The tBu substituted phosphines prefer a ‘down’ geometry, i.e. that in which the biaryl pendant group is proximal to the phosphorus lone pair. However, the Cy-substituted phosphine is less sterically hindered, leading to a more stable ‘up’ (distal to the phosphorus lone pair) conformer. Mono-phosphine Pd complexes exclusively prefer the ‘down’ (proximal to Pd) conformers; electronic density maps show that Pd–π interactions further stabilize the down conformation. Palladium bis-phosphines, do not show a uniform choice of stable conformer. The steric contribution is more important in bis-phosphines, and is counteracted by the electronic preference. No Pd–π interaction is observed for Pd{PR2(biaryl)}2. The dissociation energy of Pd{PR2(biaryl)}n is calculated. Compared to the Pd(PtBu3)2 system, the bond dissociation energy of PdL2 does not change much, except for Pd(tBu3)2(terphenyl), which has a bond energy of 6 kcal/mol, and is thus expected to exist predominantly in the more active mono-phosphine form in solution.
Demographic contributions to marketing: An assessment

The use of demographics in marketing studies has a relatively long history. Given the proliferation of demographic data, and some of the concern over the shortcomings of demographic contributions to marketing, it is appropriate to assess the use of demographics in the marketing literature. This study examines the contribution of population data, methods, and models in six marketing journals from 1980 through 1988. The results show that even though demographics appear in over 15 percent of the studies, methodological and theoretical shortcomings limit their value. The findings are discussed with respect to application improvements that should be made.
T-cryptantigen exposure in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.

Sixty-two infants with necrotizing enterocolitis were prospectively evaluated for evidence of the Thomson-Friedenreich cryptantigen (TCA) on their red cell surfaces. The TCA is exposed when bacterially derived neuraminidase acts on the surface of the red cells, cleaving off the N-acetylneuraminic acid, which hides the antigen. Seventeen patients (27%) had red cell TCA exposure as demonstrated by agglutination of their red cells by peanut lectin. This test is a simple agglutination procedure, which can be easily performed and yields results in a matter of minutes. Patients with TCA exposure require surgery 76% of the time compared with 18% of the time of those who did not demonstrate this phenomenon, a highly significant difference (P less than .01). All patients strongly positive for TCA exposure had intestinal perforations found at laparotomy. Patients with TCA exposure had clostridia cultured from blood, peritoneal fluid, or stool in 88% of the cases. Isolation of Clostridium perfringens was highly associated with strong TCA exposure and advanced disease. Since naturally occurring anti-TCA is found in normal adult plasma, hemolysis was observed in TCA-exposed patients who received plasma-containing blood products. The presence of TCA exposure in babies with necrotizing enterocolitis had prognostic and therapeutic implications. It indicates the need for antibiotic coverage against anaerobic organisms, strict avoidance of plasma-containing blood products, and the use of washed blood products if the patient is to be transfused. It also alerts the surgeon to the possibility of early operative intervention.
An application of the equation-of-motion coupled cluster method to the excited states of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone

Abstract The equation-of-motion coupled cluster method is used to describe the electronic excitation spectra of the model carbonyl compounds, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone. For the first few valence states and for the n = 3 Rydberg states, the average error for the vertical excitation energies is 0.08 eV.
The MRB1 complex functions in kinetoplastid RNA processing

Mitochondrial (mt) gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei entails multiple types of RNA processing, including polycistronic transcript cleavage, mRNA editing, gRNA oligouridylation, and mRNA polyadenylation, which are catalyzed by various multiprotein complexes. We examined the novel mitochondrial RNA-binding 1 (MRB1) complex that has 16 associated proteins, four of which have motifs suggesting RNA interaction. RNase treatment or the lack of kDNA in mutants resulted in lower MRB1 complex sedimentation in gradients, indicating that MRB1 complex associates with kDNA transcripts. RNAi knockdowns of expression of the Tb10.406.0050 (TbRGGm, RGG motif), Tb927.6.1680 (C2H2 zinc finger), and Tb11.02.5390 (no known motif) MRB1 proteins each inhibited in vitro growth of procyclic form parasites and resulted in cells with abnormal numbers of nuclei. Knockdown of TbRGGm, but not the other two proteins, disrupted the MRB1 complex, indicating that it, but perhaps not the other two, is required for complex assembly and/or stability. The knockdowns resulted in similar but nonidentical patterns of altered in vivo abundances of edited, pre-edited, and preprocessed mt mRNAs, but did not appreciably affect the abundances of mRNAs that do not get edited. These results indicate that MRB1 complex is critical to the processing of mt RNAs, and although its specific function is unknown, it appears essential to parasite viability.
Nonvisual tool for navigating hierarchical structures

The hierarchical structure of a program can be quite complex. As such, many Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) provide graphical representations of program structure at different levels of abstraction. Such representations are not very accessible to non-sighted programmers, as screen readers are not able to portray the underlying hierarchical structure of the information. In this paper, we define a set of requirements for an accessible tree navigation strategy. An implementation of this strategy was developed as a plug-in to the Eclipse IDE and was tested by twelve student programmers. The evaluation of the tool shows the strategy to be an efficient and effective way for a non-sighted programmer to navigate hierarchical structures.
Extending Amdahl's Law for Energy-Efficient Computing in the Many-Core Era

An updated take on Amdahl's analytical model uses modern design constraints to analyze many-core design alternatives. The revised models provide computer architects with a better understanding of many-core design types, enabling them to make more informed tradeoffs.
Keeping the Outliers in Line? Judicial Review of State Laws by the U.S. Supreme Court

Objective Proponents of the “regime politics” approach argue that the U.S. Supreme Court tends to promote the interests of the dominant partisan coalition even while engaging in seemingly countermajoritarian behavior. These scholars suggest that the Court's invalidation of state laws is used to enforce a national consensus against outlier states. We argue this claim does not withstand empirical analysis. Method We employ logistic regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between the invalidation of state laws by the Court and the ideological distance between the sitting national government and the state government that enacted the law. Results Our analysis fails to find support for the regime enforcement hypothesis; in fact, we find evidence of a negative relationship between ideological distance and invalidation. Conclusions Our findings suggest that regime politics scholars have underestimated the Court's countermajoritarian role in reviewing state legislation.
Benzyl 4‐Nitrophenyl Carbonate

[13795-24-9] C14H11NO5 (MW 273.24) InChI = 1S/C14H11NO5/c16-14(19-10-11-4-2-1-3-5-11)20-13-8-6-12(7-9-13)15(17)18/h1-9H,10H2 InChIKey = QIXRWIVDBZJDGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for protection of tryptophan nucleus1) Physical Data: mp 78–80 °C. Solubility: sol ether, methanol, chloroform. Form Supplied in: fibrous powder.
Exciton absorption in semiconductor quantum wells driven by a strong intersubband pump field

Optical interband excitonic absorption of semiconductor quantum wells (QW's) driven by a coherent pump field is investigated based on semiconductor Bloch equations. The pump field has a photon energy close to the intersubband spacing between the first two conduction subbands in the QW's. An external weak optical field probes the interband transition. The excitonic effects and pump-induced population redistribution within the conduction subbands in the QW system are included. When the density of the electron-hole pairs in the QW structure is low, the pump field induces an Autler-Townes splitting of the exciton absorption spectrum. The split size and the peak positions of the absorption doublet depend not only on the pump frequency and intensity but also on the carrier density. As the density of the electron-hole pairs is increased, the split contrast (the ratio between the maximum and minimum values) is decreased because the exciton effect is suppressed at higher densities due to the many-body screening.
A physical model of the bidirectional reflectance of vegetation canopies: 2. Inversion and validation

A new physically based analytical model of the bidirectional reflectance of vegetation canopies is derived. The model expresses the bidirectional reflectance field of a semiinfinite canopy as a combination of functions describing (1) the optical properties of the leaves through their single-scattering albedo and their phase function, (2) the average distribution of leaf orientations, and (3) the architecture of the canopy. The model is validated against laboratory and ground-based measurements in the visible and IR spectral regions, taken over two vegetation covers. The intrinsic optical properties of leaves and the information on the geometrical canopy arrangements in space were obtained using an inversion procedure based on a nonlinear optimization technique. Model predictions of bidirectional reflectances obtained using the inversion procedure compare well with actual observations.
Upolu (Samoa): Perspective on Island Subsidence from Volcano Loading

From the present subsea elevation of the ferry berth Lapita archaeological site off Mulifanua at the western tip of Upolu in Samoa, Dickinson and Green (1998) inferred that the site has subsided ∼4...
Factor Market Distortions, Production, Distribution, and the Pure Theory of International Trade

I. The model, 624. — II. Nonreversed factor intensities, 627. — III. Reversed physical factor intensities, 640. — IV. Reversed value factor intensities, 641. — V. Concluding remarks, 641. — Mathematical appendix, 643.
STRUCTURES, VIBRATIONS, AND FORCE FIELDS OF DITHIOPHOSPHATE WEAR INHIBITORS FROM AB INITIO QUANTUM CHEMISTRY

Zinc dithiophosphates (ZnDTPs) are ubiquitous lubricating oil additives in today's passenger car motor oils, providing the important functions of wear and oxidation inhibition. However, the molecular-level mechanism by which these materials reduce wear is not understood. As a first step in developing an understanding of this mechanism, we used ab initio quantum chemical methods to examine the structures, vibrations, and energetics of these systems. The results show that the two phosphorus−sulfur bonds of the dithiophosphate of ZnDTPs are equivalent and have character intermediate between single and double bonds. This contrasts with the paradigm of one double bond (PS) and one single bond (P−S) often used. Vibrational studies of DTP systems lead to a strong IR transition at about 650 cm-1 and a weak transition at about 530 cm-1. We find modes in good agreement with experiment, where the high-frequency mode is antisymmetric PS stretch (not PS), while the lower mode is symmetric PS stretch (not P−S). On the ...
Charmonium Production in 800 GeV/c p-Si Interactions

Charmonium results are presented from Fermilab Experiment 771, proton-silicon interactions at with a fixed target spectrometer and dimuon trigger. Total and differential cross sections for J/ψ and ψ(2S) will be discussed, as well as a preliminary result on χ production.
The challenge of understanding complexity

Those who emphasize complexity must show how it can be studied productively. Laland et al.'s target article partially succeeds but at times gets lost in a sea of possibilities. I discuss the challenge of understanding complexity, especially with respect to multilevel evolution.
KNOX1 genes regulate lignin deposition and composition in monocots and dicots

Plant secondary cell walls are deposited mostly in vascular tissues such as xylem vessels, tracheids, and fibers. These cell walls are composed of a complex matrix of compounds including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignin functions primarily to maintain the structural and mechanical integrity of both the transport vessel and the entire plant itself. Since lignin has been identified as a major source of biomass for biofuels, regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis has been a topic of much recent investigation. Biosynthesis and patterning of lignin involves many developmental and environmental cues including evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulatory modules and hormonal signals. Here, we investigate the role of the class I KNOX genes and gibberellic acid in the lignin biosynthetic pathway in a representative monocot and a representative eudicot. Knotted1 overexpressing mutant plants showed a reduction in lignin content in both maize and tobacco. Expression of four key lignin biosynthesis genes was analyzed and revealed that KNOX1 genes regulate at least two steps in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. The negative regulation of lignin both in a monocot and a eudicot by the maize Kn1 gene suggests that lignin biosynthesis may be preserved across large phylogenetic distances. The evolutionary implications of regulation of lignification across divergent species are discussed.
A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test

This article reviews the reliability and the validity of the (10-, 20-, and 28-item) Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST). The reliability and the validity of the adolescent version of the DAST are also reviewed. An extensive literature review was conducted using the Medline and Psychinfo databases from the years 1982 to 2005. All articles that addressed the reliability and the validity of the DAST were examined. Publications in which the DAST was used as a screening tool but had no data on its psychometric properties were not included. Descriptive information about each version of the test, as well as discussion of the empirical literature that has explored measures of the reliability and the validity of the DAST, has been included. The DAST tended to have moderate to high levels of test-retest, interitem, and item-total reliabilities. The DAST also tended to have moderate to high levels of validity, sensitivity, and specificity. In general, all versions of the DAST yield satisfactory measures of reliability and validity for use as clinical or research tools. Furthermore, these tests are easy to administer and have been used in a variety of populations.
Formulation and Processing of Colloidal Dispersions

Colloidal dispersions are encountered during the processing of chemicals and materials in a number of contexts, generally requiring control of macroscopic properties such as the phase behavior and rheology through the manipulation of the chemistry. This paper surveys several applications, including the fabrication of advanced ceramics and the formulation of coatings, and attempts to identify the limiting science in each case.
Cut-corrected exchange degeneracy and the KN-\bar KN CEX cross-section inequalityCEX cross-section inequality

Consequences of cut-corrected exchange degeneracy are examined in the context of a model in which exchange-degenerate poles satisfying factorization andSU3 are « corrected » by multiple-scattering « unitarity » cuts. Satisfactory agreement with the unequal KN and KN CEX cross-sections is obtained above 2 GeV/c for moderatet-values. RR cuts, fixed by the pole terms, are essential. It is shown that, contrary to recent contentions, the energy dependence of the cross-section difference is easily accommodated in this cut scheme.
On generation of infrasound by large objects falling into water

A large range of geophysical processes can be detected at long range using the low-frequency sounds generated. Here we consider an important case: an object like a rock or ice shelf falls into water to generate an infrasound, which can be received at large distances. Neglecting the small-scale splash effects, which would generate a higher-frequency (audible) sound, we consider the water motions with scales of the order of that of the object (say, 100 m). It is shown that vertical displacements of water surface having the same scale are, along with surface waves, able to radiate infrasound with significant intensity both in air and water. Some characteristics of this radiation are considered. Also, parameters for projected laboratory modeling of such processes are estimated. Except for work on small drops and other small objects there has been little work on this question and almost no work including sound measurements in air as well as in water. We know of no research addressing large objects. The motivation for this study derives from possible potential value in remote sensing of ice break offs and meteorite impacts.
Relation of Blood Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels to Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation in Premenopausal Women

Exposures to cadmium, lead, and mercury are associated with adverse health effects, including cardiovascular disease, which may be promoted by lipid peroxidation. The authors examined cadmium, lead, and mercury in relation to plasma levels of F2-8a isoprostanes (isoprostane), 9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE), 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in 252 women from western New York State (2005–2007). Healthy premenopausal women were followed for � 2 menstrual cycles, with biomarkers of lipid peroxidation being assessed � 8 times per cycle. Metals were measured at baseline in whole blood. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the association between cadmium, lead, and mercury and lipid peroxidation biomarkers. Median cadmium, lead, and mercury levels were 0.30 lg/L, 0.86 lg/dL, and 1.10 lg/L, respectively. Blood cadmium, lead, and mercury were not associated with increases in isoprostane, TBARS, 9-HODE, or 13-HODE levels. Isoprostane levels decreased 6.80% (95% confidence interval: � 10.40, � 3.20) per 1% increase in mercury. However, after adjustment for a simulated strong confounding factor, such as precisely measured fish consumption, the observed association was attenuated, suggesting that this unexpected association could be attributable to unmeasured confounding. In this population of healthy premenopausal women with low exposure levels, cadmium, lead, and mercury were not associated with elevated lipid peroxidation biomarkers. cadmium; hydroxyl-octadecadienoic acid; isoprostane; lead; mercury; oxidative stress; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; women
Human Behavior in Fire

Human behavior in fire is at the core of all life safety projects completed by fire safety or fire protection engineers. A better understanding of how people respond to building emergencies can aid in safer building design; improved use or development of calculation tools used to ensure the level of safety afforded by these designs; and more effective emergency procedures, emergency communication systems, and pre-event emergency training for buildings and communities. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a basic understanding of human behavior in fire concepts and theory for use by engineers. The chapter contains the following aspects of human behavior in fire and other emergencies: a definition of human behavior in fire, including a discussion of the types of disciplines employed in the study of people in fires; a presentation on what human behavior in fire is not, including examples of disaster myths; an overview of the disaster-based decision-making process in fires and other emergencies; a discussion relating theory to practice (highlighting studies from fire events that support the decision-making theory); the identification of important factors that influence the decision-making process; and a conclusion highlighting what is missing in the field of human behavior in fire. Each section of this chapter will include an implications section that outlines the reasons why these ideas or theories are important for engineers to understand and incorporate.
Reparative approach for right-sided endocarditis: operative considerations and results of valvuloplasty

From 1981 to 1986, 12 patients were operated on for right-sided endocarditis after the failure of initial medical treatment (five staphylococcal, three streptococcal, two fungal, one gram-negative, and one mixed organism). The sources of infection were intravenous drugs in six patients, central catheters in two, and malformations in four. Preoperatively, 10 of 12 (83%) of these patients were in class III or IV. Reparative or reconstructive approaches, including valvuloplasty, were attempted for all these right-sided endocarditis lesions and were hemodynamically effective in 10 of 12 (83%) patients. The low right-sided intracardiac pressures and the three-leaflet configuration (one pulmonary and nine tricuspid valves) have lent themselves to this approach. Extensive annular invasion and multileaflet infections were technical limitations in the remaining patients. The overall outcome was favorable during the mean follow-up period of 25 months (hospital mortality 1/12, 8.3%; late death 1/11, 9%). Reparative or reconstructive approaches for right-sided infective endocarditis should be considered and can be successfully achieved. Their advantages include (1) improved hemodynamics, (2) low recurrence, and (3) favorable long-term results without staged or simultaneous prosthetic valve replacement.
Natural Frequencies of Continuous Flexural Members

A numerical method is presented for determining the natural frequencies of undamped flexural vibration of continuous beams on rigid supports and of rigid-jointed plane frameworks without sidesway. ...
Price spread in marketing channels of summer groundnut in Maharashtra.

Study was conducted for estimation of price spread in different channels of groundnut in Maharashtra. For the study, about 96 summer groundnut growers were randomly selected with area under groundnut and were stratified into two groups like TAG-24 and SB-11 groundnut grower from eight villages of Sengaon tehsil of Hingoli district. Five wholesalers, five village retailers and five town retailers were selected to investigate marketing cost and marketing margin in groundnut marketing. The data pertained for year 2011-12. The results revealed that, price paid by consumer was the highest as Rs. 6470.41 in channel-III (P-W-TR-TC) in which producer's share in consumer's rupee was 71.89 per cent and price spread was found to be Rs. 2119.12. In channel-II (P-VR-VC) price paid by consumer was found to be Rs. 6155.21 in which producer's share in consumer's rupee was 72.08 per cent and price spread was Rs. 1718.44. In channel-I (P-PW-OC) price paid by consumer was Rs. 5035.93 in which producer's share in consumer's rupee was 86.28 per cent and price spread was found to be Rs. 690.92. Thus, in absolute term, net price received by producer was the highest in channel-III followed by that of in channel-II and channel-I.
Mathematical Characterization of System-of-Systems Attributes

The practice of complex system engineering has been hampered by a lack of rigorous and consistent language across disciplines. Terms such as “complexity” and “system of systems” have been subject to various verbal definitions that are inconsistent from author to author, and from field to field. Rich literatures in philosophy, management and engineering have the promise of mutual reinforcement and support, but the lack of consistency makes correlation difficult. In this Chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature around the questions of system complexity and systems of systems (SoS). Extending previous work in this area, we offer a package of four set theoretic equations expressing the essential attributes used in constructing taxonomies of system types. They are consistent with the set of attributes evolved by system engineering researchers up to this point, and together they provide a complete description of the taxonomy of systems up to but not including complex SoS. Finally, we examine the attribute of emergence. It remains an open question whether emergence can actually exist in a system made up entirely of engineered components. This has eloquently been posed as the question of emergence versus ignorance—is an unpredictable result truly a feature of the complex system, or merely an artifact of our lack of understanding? We conclude by offering several mathematical approaches that may have promise in extending this system of definitions to include emergence as well.
Comparison of venous sinus manometry gradients obtained while awake and under general anesthesia before venous sinus stenting

Introduction Venous sinus stenting is a popular treatment strategy for patients with high venous sinus pressure gradients across a site of outflow obstruction. Little is known about the effect of anesthesia on venous sinus pressure measurements. Objective To compare venous manometry performed in patients under general anesthesia and while awake. Methods A prospective database was accessed to retrospectively identify patients who had undergone venous sinus stenting. Pressure gradients were compared between those patients who underwent manometry while awake and before stenting under general anesthesia. Results Thirty patients with both general anesthesia and awake pressure recordings were identified. Pressure measurements were highly variable but overall were higher under general anesthesia by an average of 5.8 mm Hg (1.7; p=0.002). A significant difference between awake and general anesthesia pressure measurements was detected in the sigmoid sinus (5.8 mm Hg (2.0); p=0.005) and the jugular vein (8.1 mm Hg (3.9); p=0.040). Only 11/30 (36.7%) pressure gradients remained within 5 mm Hg of the original awake gradient when repeated under general anesthesia; 9/30 (30%) patients had gradients that were at least 10 mm Hg different across procedures. Conclusions Calculated pressure gradients were markedly affected by anesthesia. These findings suggest that candidacy for stenting should be determined with venous manometry while patients are awake owing to the unpredictable and highly variable effect of general anesthesia on pressure measurements and an apparent tendency to underestimate the degree of venous outflow obstruction.
TGFβ signaling confers sorafenib resistance via induction of multiple RTKs in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a multifunctional cytokine which is importantly implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. The current study provides novel evidence that TGFβ upregulates the expression of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including IGF1R, EGFR, PDGFβR, and FGFR1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. This, in turn, sensitized HCC cells to individual cognate RTK ligands, leading to cell survival. Our data showed that the TGFβ-mediated increase in growth factor sensitivity led to evasion of apoptosis induced by the mutikinase inhibitor, sorafenib. Conversely, we observed that inhibition of the TGFβ signaling pathway by LY2157299, a TGFβRI kinase inhibitor, enhanced sorafenib-induced apoptosis, in vitro. Our findings disclose an important interplay between TGFβ and RTK signaling pathways, which is critical for hepatocellular cancer cell survival and resistance to therapy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms Whereby Macrophage-Derived Nitric Oxide is Involved in Morphine-Induced Immunomodulation

In vivo administration of morphine, whether acute or chronic, produces numerous alterations of immune status in both animals and humans. For instance, our laboratory and others demonstrated in rodent studies that morphine treatment produces a suppression of the mitogenic responsiveness of lymphocytes from the spleen and blood, a decrease in cytokine production by stimulated splenocytes, a depression of splenic natural killer cell activity, and a decrease in primary antibody responses.1,2,3 The means by which morphine produces immune alterations are unclear, but probably involve several systems within the organism, including the central nervous system, the autonomic nervous system and the neuroendocrine system, depending upon the immune compartment and immune measure being investigated and whether morphine is administered acutely or chronically.1,2,4