cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative retention expressions in chromatography

Abstract Computers and data systems usually calculate relative retention as the ratio of two retention times and not adjusted retention times as it should be if theoretical relationships are considered. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that such relative retention data can directly be related to the true relative retention (separation factor) and to basic chromatographic relationships.
Emerging Insights on Implicit Emotion Regulation

The study of emotion regulation has received a lot of interest over the past two decades and, with it, an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the neurobiological processes involved. The primary focus of this literature has been on explicit (i.e., deliberate) emotion regulation, and only recently has there been greater investigation of implicit (i.e., nonconscious) emotion regulation. It is the latter type that is therefore most relevant to an understanding of the neurobiology of the dynamic unconscious, as presented in psychoanalytic theories. In this commentary I summarize the state of knowledge regarding implicit emotion regulation, primarily focusing on experimental paradigms for which neural data have been reported. It is hoped that this perspective will augment Heather Berlin’s article, covering other aspects of nonconscious processing relevant to the psychoanalytic concept of the dynamic unconscious.
Semivectorial Helmholtz beam propagation by Lanczos reduction

By using the finite-difference method to perform Lanczos reduction, a semivectorial Helmholtz beam propagation algorithm is demonstrated. The applicability of this algorithm is no longer limited to paraxial beams and scalar fields. Mode indices of rib waveguides are calculated and compared to previously published data. Losses of Y-branch for two orthogonal polarizations are also presented. This algorithm is more efficient than the conventional beam propagation method in determining the mode index. To calculate the radiation loss however, it requires much more computational effort. More than 30 Krylov vectors are needed to avoid numerical dissipation. >
Problem solving with well posedness analysis: Part 1

A problem is well posed if: (1) at least one solution exists, (2) at most one solution exists, and (3) the solution is stable. This paper advocates the use of well posedness analysis as a tool to use in problem solving. Well posedness analysis as a problem solving tool has seen too little use, especially in areas such as computer science, discrete mathematics, and software engineering. Here a simple graphics problem initiates illustration of what we mean by the use of well posedness in problem solving. Further, a more challenging problem involving composite grid data distribution is used to show how well posedness analysis can lead to new insights, deeper understanding, and better algorithms in problems of greater complexity.
Velocity fluctuations in a homogeneous 2D granular gas in steady state

We have measured the spectrum of velocity fluctuations in a granular system confined to a vertical plane and driven into a homogeneous, steady state by strong vertical vibration. The distribution of horizontal velocities is not Maxwell-Boltzmann and is given by $P(v)\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}C\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}(|v|/\ensuremath{\sigma}{)}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}]$ where $\ensuremath{\alpha}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ at all frequencies and amplitudes investigated, and also for varying boundary conditions. The deviation from Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics occurs in the absence of spatial clustering and does not result from an inhomogeneous average over regions of varying local density. Surprisingly, $P(v)$ has the same shape over a wide range of densities.
Proactive, dynamic and multi-criteria scheduling of maintenance activities

In maintenance services skills management is directly linked to the performance of the service. A good human resource management will have an effect on the performance of the plant. Each task which has to be performed is characterised by the level of competence required. For each skill, human resources have different levels. The issue of making a decision about assignment and scheduling leads to finding the best resource and the correct time to perform the task. To solve this problem, managers have to take into account the different criteria such as the number of late tasks, the workload or the disturbance when inserting a new task into an existing planning. As there is a lot of estimated data, the managers also have to anticipate these uncertainties. To solve this multi-criteria problem, we propose a dynamic approach based on the kangaroo methodology. To deal with uncertainties, estimated data is modelled with fuzzy logic. This approach then offers the maintenance expert a choice between a set of the mos...
Rate Constants are Variables in Almost all Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions are almost always analyzed using rate constants assumed to be constants. Rate constants are constant if reactants do not interact and have zero excess free energy of interaction, and if spatial gradients are insignificant. Reactants in biology almost always interact strongly because charges attract or repel. Biology occurs in mixtures of ions and organic acids and bases with large permanent charge. Large partial charges are found in carbonyl, amine, and peptide bonds of biomolecules and in the solvent water itself. The energy of one charged reactant depends on all charge in the ionic atmosphere around that reactant. The atmosphere contains all species and so the energy of reactants depends strongly on the concentrations of all species with significant charge. Measuring excess free energy of interactions has been the life's work of generations of physical chemists. Rate constants in life's solutions should not be assumed constant when physical measurements show important excess interaction energy. ‘Everything’ interacts with everything in those cases and rate constants are variables. When rate constants are assumed to be constant, interactions of reactants can be mistaken for conformational changes or complex reaction schemes of an enzyme. Physical models provide alternatives that reflect known properties of ions in confined spaces. Physical models of L-type Ca channels, DEKA Na channels, and most notably Ryanodine Receptors, account for experiments, over five orders of concentration, in mixtures of many species. Anomalous Mole Fraction Effects were predicted by Gillespie in Ryanodine Receptors before they were found experimentally by Meissner and Xu. The variational calculus provides an alternative description of interactions. The Energy Variational Approach of Chun Liu [Journal Chemical Physics (2010) 133:104104] is mathematically well-defined, even unique (for a given physical model). It includes interactions and spatial gradients that allow flow.
ORIGIN OF LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS IN THE IONOSPHERE

The threshold current for the ion-acoustic branch is shown to be significantly lower than the ion-cyclotron branch and insensitive to the ion/electron temperature ratio if there is a transverse gradient in the relative magnetic field aligned drift, ${V}_{d}$, and $|({k}_{y}{/k}_{z})(1/{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{i})({\mathrm{dV}}_{d}/dx)|$ is sufficiently large. The effect persists even when $|{\mathrm{dV}}_{d}/dx|\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ provided $({k}_{z}{/k}_{y})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, where ${k}_{z}$ and ${k}_{y}$ are wave vectors along and across the magnetic field and ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{i}$ is the ion gyrofrequency. Therefore, the ion-acoustic branch is more central to the plasma processes in the ionosphere than is currently believed.
Purification of gonadotropins in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens).

Abstract Two gonadotropic preparations having FSH-like and LH-like activity have been separated from pituitaries of the leopard frog Rana pipiens by the use of methods similar to those used for separating gonadotropins from the bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana ) and other tetrapod species. The R. pipiens hormones behaved much like those of the bullfrog in several chromatographic systems and showed a high degree of biological and immunochemical similarity to the bullfrog FSH and LH, respectively.
The structure of evaluative anxiety among children differing in socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and sex.

Abstract Following Anastasi and Thurstone, the factor structure of evaluative anxiety was examined among six groups of primary age boys and girls (N = 8064). A factor matching technique was used to study hypotheses about the effects of group differences in socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity, and sex on the pattern of the children's responses to the Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC). Hypotheses about the congruence of factor patterns were based on both demographic differences and results of developmental research. The hypothesis of an SES × ethnicity × sex interaction was strongly supported. Implications for comparing factor structures, measuring evaluative anxiety, and future research of evaluative anxiety are discussed.
Use of lipases in multiphasic systems solely composed of substrates

Three lipase-catalyzed reactions have been investigated in relation to specificity and water dependence. The reactions in question include: the synthetic reaction between oleic acid and glycerol; the enzymatic hydrolysis of triolein; and alcoholysis/glycerolysis transesterification reactions. All reactions were carried out under solventfree conditions. In each case, the medium composition and reaction conditions were optimized in order to work at elevated substrate concentrations and to minimize the production of by-products. Different lipase preparations have been tested in each reaction. In the synthetic reaction, the effective removal of produced water was found to be vital for the production of triolein. With water removal and glycerol amounts not higher than required by the stoichiometry of the reaction, 95% of the available oleic acid was converted to triolein in 48 hr. The production of triolein was also found to be dependent on the availability of the 1,2-diglyceride to react with oleic acid. In the hydrolysis reaction, best conversion yields of triolein towards monoolein, diolein and free fatty acid were obtained when water was considered simply as a substrate of the reaction. In glycerolysis reactions, the reaction of triolein to give monoolein and diolein followed much the same pattern as for hydrolysis, when water was replaced by glycerol. It was shown again that near stoichiometric amounts of substrates led to the best conversion to mono- and diglycerides. A small excess of glycerol was found to be very inhibitory to the reaction. All possible isomers were formed during the reaction. Conversely, in alcoholysis reactions between triolein and stearyl alcohol the specificity of the lipase was upheld. Excess alcohol in this instance was found to be beneficial.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of the Fuller Rose Beetle on Citrus in California

The Fuller rose beetle, Pantomorus godmani (Crotch), though not generally a serious pest of citrus, is found in groves in almost all the citrus-growing areas in California. Occasionally beetle populations become of economic importance, particularly on young trees. Field tests with insecticides known to be toxic to this beetle indicated a problem in timing and in persistence of residues, since chlordane, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, toxaphene, and cryolite eliminated populations of Fuller rose beetle for only part of the year. Studies on the evaluation of the relative persistence of residues for the control of this beetle were conducted in the greenhouse. Dieldrin and Guthion® ( O, O -dimethyl S -(4-oxo-3 H -1,2,3,-benzotriazine-3-methyl) phosphorodithioate) at all three dosage levels (1, 2, and 4 ounces of actual toxicant per 100 gallons of water) were the most effective materials tested.
Hygrothermal influence on mode I edge delamination in composites

Abstract A shear deformation theory is developed to calculate the interlaminar stresses and energy release rate associated with mid-plane edge delamination growth in graphite/epoxy laminates. The analysis includes the effect of residual thermal and moisture stresses. Results indicate that residual thermal stress increases the interlaminar stresses and strain energy release rate, while moisture content tends to alleviate thermal effects. Moreover, the value of moisture content at which the interlaminar stresses and strain energy release rate are totally alleviated is not affected by the stacking sequence.
Using Bézier curves to design self-adapting conformal phased-array antennas

A new technique for computing the location of each antenna element in a conformal array using general Bezier curves is presented here. More specifically, two cubic polynomial Bezier curves are used to compute the location of each antenna element in a conformal 1×4 phased-array antenna on a wedge- and cylindrical-shaped surface for various bend-angles and radius of curvature values, respectively. The accuracy of these location values are validated by comparison with analytical computations and published literature.
Erythropoiesis in the Rat: Differential Rates of DNA Synthesis and Cell Proliferation

Direct in vivo estimates of DNA synthesis time in early and late erythroblasts were obtained by using the H(3)- and C(14)-thymidine double-la-beling technique. A double-emulsion autoradiographic procedure was used to resolve the two isotopes. Early erythroblasts were found to proliferate at a rate about five times that of late cells. This results primarily from a shorter mean DNA synthesis time in early cells (2.5 hours) than in late cells (6.5 hours).
Odyssey: A knowledge-based assistant

Abstract We describe an investigation into the representation and use of task domain knowledge to assist with the acquisition of data in an office information system. In particular, a demonstration system called Odyssey is described which assists with the filling out of a collection of electronic forms in the preparation for a business trip. The system uses knowledge about trip planning to maintain consistency of the acquired data, infer additional values and data base records, reformat field entries on the forms, correct spelling errors, etc. We discuss the ‘frame oriented’ style of programming used to design and implement Odyssey that combines ‘frame-structured’ knowledge representation and ‘object oriented’ programming. We focus on the problems involved with allowing the user at any time to enter or change information in any of the forms. A dependency maintenance facility is described that deals with those problems by allowing the application of domain knowledge to data whenever it enters the data base, and the removal of derived results whenever the data used in the derivation is removed or changed.
Spatial configurations of polynucleotide chains. I. Steric interactions in polyribonucleotides: A virtual bond model

A simplified scheme for treating the spatial configurations of polynucleotide chains is developed using the rotational isomeric state approximation and statistical methods applicable to linear systems of interacting subunits. As a consequence of geometric constraints imposed by the skeletal structure and of the severity of certain steric interactions, it is possible to represent the repeat unit comprising six skeletal bonds by two virtual bonds of fixed length. The configuration of the polynucleotide chain as a whole may be conveniently described by an alternating succession of these two virtual bonds. Moreover, analysis of steric interactions suggests that bond rotations governing the mutual orientation of a given pair of successive virtual bonds should be sensibly independent of the rotations affecting the mutual orientation of other pairs. The statistical mechanical treatment of configuration-dependent properties is much simplified in consequence of this mutual independence. Mean-square dimensions calculated by giving equal weights to all sterically allowed conformations are much smaller than values determined by Felsenfeld and co-workers. The calculated dimensions are markedly increased, however, by placing certain arbitrary restrictions on the rotations about selected pairs of skeletal bonds. It is thus demonstrated that steric interactions alone are insufficient to account for the spatial characteristics of polynucleotide chains. The dimensions are also found to be sensitive to the conformation of the ribose ring of each nucleotide unit, but, insofar as the influences of steric interactions are concerned, the dimensions do not depend on the heterocyclic base attached to the ribose ring.
Monotone iterative technique and existence results for fractional differential equations

Abstract Using the method of upper and lower solutions, an existence result for IVP of Riemann–Liouville fractional differential equation is studied. Also, the monotone iterative technique is developed and the existence results for maximal and minimal solutions are obtained.
EEGLAB, SIFT, NFT, BCILAB, and ERICA: new tools for advanced EEG processing

We describe a set of complementary EEG data collection and processing tools recently developed at the Swartz Center for ComputationalNeuroscience (SCCN) that connect to and extend the EEGLAB software environment, a freely available and readily extensible processing environment running under Matlab. The new tools include (1) a new and flexible EEGLAB STUDY design facility for framing and performing statistical analyses on data from multiple subjects; (2) a neuroelectromagnetic forward head modeling toolbox (NFT) for building realistic electrical head models from available data; (3) a source information flow toolbox (SIFT) for modeling ongoing or event-related effective connectivity between cortical areas; (4) a BCILAB toolbox for building online brain-computer interface (BCI) models from available data, and (5) an experimental real-time interactive control and analysis (ERICA) environment for real-time production and coordination of interactive, multimodal experiments.
MicroRNA pathways in neural development and plasticity

MicroRNAs contribute significantly to the development, survival, function, and plasticity of neurons. They silence expression of target genes by reducing mRNA stability and translation. Production of microRNAs is controlled via developmental and environmental cues and these small molecules, in concert with classical transcriptional regulators, amplify changes in neuronal maturation, dendrite morphogenesis, and synaptogenesis. Neurons compartmentalize mRNAs and microRNAs within specific subcellular domains to facilitate control of local protein synthesis in response to neuronal stimuli and to modulate synaptic plasticity. This review addresses issues relevant to microRNA function in neurons, in particular, their ability to reinforce developmental decisions and promote synaptic plasticity.
Correction to "Spline-Based Cardiac Motion Tracking Using Velocity-Encoded Magnetic Resonance Imaging"

In the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1045-1053, Aug. 08), the equation on p. 1052 should be corrected as presented here.
A case of mediastinitis following botulinum toxin type A treatment for achalasia

Background A 62-year-old obese, diabetic female underwent endoscopic esophageal injection of botulinum toxin type A (Botox®; Allergan, Irvine, CA) for achalasia. The patient presented to her gastroenterologist with chest pain 4 days after the procedure, but no thoracic or gastrointestinal pathologies were identified and the patient was sent home. She presented again the next day with continuing chest pain and newly developed fever. Esophagoduodenoscopy revealed no esophageal leak and a CT scan revealed only mild paraesophageal inflammation. The patient was sent home the same day with antibiotics after a urinalysis suggested presence of a urinary tract infection. The patient presented again 9 days after the procedure with continuing chest pain and fever. Investigations Chest radiography, electrocardiography, complete blood count, cardiac enzyme levels, basic metabolic panel, urinalysis, Gastrografin® (Bracco Diagnostics Inc, Princeton, New Jersey) and barium swallow study, endoscopy, abdominal and chest CT scans, blood culture and wound culture. Diagnosis Ulceration without perforation of the esophageal mucosa in the area of Botox® injections. Unilateral pleural effusion and mediastinitis without abscess formation. Management Pantoprazole and clonazepam for suspected gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal spasm. Levofloxacin for urinary tract infection. Intravenous antibiotic therapy and acute surgical exploration for possible esophageal rupture. Paraesophageal drain placement, nasogastric tube placement, and parenteral and enteral feeding.
A knowledge revolution: Transnational feminist contributions to international development agendas and policies, 1965–1995

The article traces the impact of feminist activists and development experts from around the world who, from the 1960s to the 1990s, pushed for greater attention to women’s life situations in the emerging and increasingly contentious international debates about economic growth. Increasingly well-positioned within UN commissions, bureaus, and development agencies, these women used the statistical facts about policy impacts to redefine economic development agendas along feminist lines. This information ‘from below’ produced a ‘knowledge revolution’ that circulated widely within the UN system with far-reaching consequences for feminist advocacy. The new knowledge deepened understandings of rights claims even as its meanings, over time, led to competing responses among feminists to the continuing challenges of global inequality. The article is based on extensive published primary sources and relevant secondary interdisciplinary literature.
Voter ideology in Western Democracies, 1946– 1989

We propose a measure of voter ideology which combines party manifesto data compiled by Budge, Robertson, Heari, Klingemann, and Volkens (1992) and updated by Volkens (1995), with election return data. Assuming the comparability and relevance of left- right ideology, we estimate the median voter position in 15 Western democracies throughout most of the postwar period. The plausibility of our assumptions, and therefore the validity of our measure, is supported by the results of several validity tests. With this new measure we are able to make cross-national comparisons of voter ideology among these countries as well as cross- time comparisons within individual countries. We discuss the potential application of our measure to various debates in political science.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE EPA OIL SPILL RESEARCH PROGRAM

ABSTRACT The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 authorized an expanded oil pollution research and development program and mandated that the program be coordinated among the federal agencies involved, in cooperation with industry, academia, and international organizations. EPA is participating in the Interagency Coordinating Committee on Oil Pollution Research in the development of a comprehensive R&D plan, summarized here. Research to determine the effectiveness of chemical and biological processes for cleaning beaches and shorelines affected by a spill is a major component of EPA's research. This research includes the development of protocols for evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of a variety of chemical and biological agents designed to be used under various conditions to remove oil from the water, beaches, marshes, and shorelines. Research is also planned to develop and demonstrate effective techniques for controlling the spread of oil in streams moving at rates of more than one knot. Since the cleanup of a ...
Load transfer characteristics of the wrist. Part II. Perilunate instability.

An experimental model with a static positioning frame, pressure-sensitive film (Fuji), and a microcomputer-based video digitizing system, previously developed by the two senior authors, was used in this study to examine the effects of increasing perilunate instability on the load transfer characteristics of the wrist. These effects included a significant dorsal u1nar shift of the scaphoid centroid with increasing perilunate instability together with a less dramatic palmar ulnar shift of the Innate centroid. Overall, the scaphoid contact area was found to decrease as the stage of perilunate instability increased, even in ulnar deviation and/or extension, which in the normal wrist was found to be the positions that had the greatest scaphoid contact area. Average pressures in the high pressure zones were found to significantly increase in wrists with a stage III instability compared with normal wrists. An increase in the intercentroid (scaphoid/lunate) distance was most evident with the wrist in 20° extension, neutral radioulnar deviation, and 90° supination.
Specific dermatoses of pregnancy: an evidence-based systematic review.

Abstract Objective: We conducted an evidence-based systematic analysis of the literature on specific dermatoses of pregnancy. Study Design: The bibliographic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE were screened for studies and reports in all languages about herpes gestationis, pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy, and prurigo of pregnancy from January 1962 to January 2002. As main index terms, including analogs and derivatives, we used the names of specific dermatoses of pregnancy. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, not a primary dermatosis, was included herein because this disorder is associated with pregnancy and its secondary skin manifestations must be differentiated from specific dermatoses of pregnancy. Other sources were abstract books of symposia and congresses, theses, textbooks, monographs, reviews, editorials, letters to the editor, free or rapid communications, and the reference lists from all the articles that were retrieved. All articles selected for inclusion in this review were evaluated critically with regard to their impact factor and evidence-based contribution to this field, as measured by their citation index and impact factor of the journal in which they were published. Approximately 39% of articles met the selection criteria. Results: The clinical features and prognosis of the specific dermatoses of pregnancy have been delineated through a number of retrospective and cohort studies. The molecular biologic and immunogenetic properties of herpes gestationis, pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy have been further clarified. A meta-analysis in this review reveals a higher prevalence of multiple gestation pregnancy (11.7%) among patients with pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. Several investigations have unraveled the fetal complications in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and herpes gestationis. New treatment modalities in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (cholestyramine, ursodeoxycholic acid) and herpes gestationis (cyclosporin, intravenous immunoglobulin, and tetracyclines postpartum) have shown promise and warrant further evaluation. Conclusion: During the past few decades, a significant amount of new data has provided new insights into the classification, pathogenesis, treatment, prognosis, and fetal risks that are associated with the specific dermatoses of pregnancy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1083-92.)
Evaluating a Cross-Language Semantically Enriched Search Engine

This paper tackles the problem of a user who is capable of reading or using documents written in a specific language, but who is not fluent enough in this specific language to use the right query terms to find the document. The design of Cross-Language Information Retrieval systems started since 1969 by Gerard Salton who enhanced his SMART system to retrieve documents in multiple languages, English and Spanish; however, the translation process is still considered to be a challenging problem. This paper is devoted to the evaluation of a Cross-Language search engine that uses Natural Language Processing techniques as a means of improving the search process of documents provided by two languages, English and Spanish. The research is implemented and evaluated on a real platform HyperManyMedia at Western Kentucky University. The implementation of the Cross-Language search engine follows a synergistic approach between (1) A Thesaurus-based Approach and (2) A Corpus-based Approach. In the case of the Thesaurus-based Approach, we use a simple bilingual listing of terms, phrases, concepts, and subconcepts where the hierarchical structure of the ontology is used to define the relationship between concepts/subconcepts. Also, we use a specific terminology that captures the domain of E-learning; those terms are associated with college name, course name, and lecture name which is presented in two languages. In the case of the Corpus-based Approach, we use the Term Vector Translation approach; the goal is to find statistical information about term usage between the two languages using techniques which map sets of term weights from English to Spanish and vice-versa.
Mass transfer from swarms of bubbles or drops with chemical reactions in continuous phase

The problem of mass transfer from swarms of bubbles with chemical reactions is analyzed, and a bubble mass transfer system is investigated experimentally. (LCL)
Medical ideology as a double-edged sword: The politics of cure and care in the making of Alzheimer’s disease

This paper builds on our prior work concerning the emergence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a major social and health concern. Our study was conducted in two phases (1985-1987 and 2009-2011). We examined the historical evolution of the concept of AD and the emergence of the AD social movement in the U. S. Sources include interviews with movement leaders and scientists, historical documents of the Alzheimer's Association, Congressional records, and published literature. We identified recurrent themes and salient issues motivating those in the movement, its barriers and facilitators, and the roles of government and NGOs in the creation of an organizational structure to maintain it. The characterization of AD as a leading cause of death among the elderly was crucial to sustaining the movement, but also operated as a "double edged sword". By construing "senility" as a treatable, even curable biomedical entity, the movement substantively contributed to the notion of an impending "crisis" of the aging population to be avoided at all costs, compounding the effect of conservative federal policies that emphasized the treatment or cure of AD, and less so the long-term care service needs of sufferers and caregivers that had given rise to the movement. We also discuss how the continuing hegemony of the medical model establishes a race against the demographic clock, pitting advances in biomedical research against the needs of an aging population. We propose that alternative framings and sources of legitimization are critical to address the needs and preserve the humanity of people living with AD and their caregivers.
Interdisciplinary Engineering: Enabling student dreams, broadening participation in engineering, and increasing student retention

This paper presents the status of the Interdisciplinary Engineering (IDE) degree program at Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T), formerly the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR). The IDE degree was founded in 2005 at UMR to meet the emerging need to provide considerable flexibility to students allowing them to construct programs of study in areas of interest while maintaining a solid and rigorous foundation in mechanics, thermal science, electrical networks and linear systems. Students are able to pursue studying the latest technological fields through a collection of ldquotracksrdquo enabled by the flexibility of the curriculum. This modern degree program houses energetic motivated students interested in a variety of disciplines from product design and amusement park fundamentals to industrial automation and control. The first students graduated the IDE program in December 2007. This facilitated the evaluation of IDEpsilas current status, preparation of its future plans, and sharing these findings with other universities interested in increasing student retention and broadening their demographic of engineering students. This paper presents statistics detailing the students involved in the IDE program, their educational interests inside the program (i.e. track selection), IDEpsilas budding reputation with potential students as well as its recognition in corporate America and its plans to broaden the popularity of the program. Lessons learned from the curriculum development and implementation will be discussed.
Incomplete data reporting in studies of emergency department patients with potential acute coronary syndromes using troponins

OBJECTIVES A multidisciplinary panel of experts is developing standardized reporting criteria for risk stratification studies of emergency department (ED) patients with potential acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The authors assessed the need for such criteria by reviewing published studies to determine whether these core criteria currently are being reported. METHODS Studies published during 2000-2001 in eight journals representing emergency medicine, cardiology, and general medicine that evaluated the cardiac troponins for risk stratification of ED patients with chest pain were identified by a systematic MEDLINE review. Two raters independently analyzed each study with a structured tool. The presence or absence of 47 core criteria in eight major reporting categories, which were determined by expert consensus, was abstracted from the articles. When the two raters disagreed, discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Data are presented as percent frequency of occurrence with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Twenty-two articles met inclusion criteria. The two reviewers had a median of 7.5 initial discrepancies per article (interquartile range = 6 to 10) but achieved consensus on all. The median of the percent of articles reporting the core criteria within each major reporting category is shown [table: see text]. CONCLUSIONS Many of the 47 items considered core criteria by the expert committee writing standardized reporting guidelines for risk stratification studies of potential ACS patients were not reported often in major cardiology and emergency medicine journals. There seems to be a need for standardized reporting guidelines because important information is not currently being reported.
Morpheme learning of children with specific language impairment under controlled instructional conditions.

Three groups of children were exposed to instances of a novel morpheme under controlled experimental conditions. The performance of 32 children with specific language impairment (SLI), aged 5:0 to ...
Numerical Solution of Compressible Viscous Flows

The presented review is concerned with the problem of calculating compressible viscous flows. Basic numerical considerations and problems associated with calculating viscous flows are examined and current numerical approaches toward the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations are discussed. It is pointed out that the numerical solution of the full time-dependent equations for turbulent flow is not practical with present computers. Therefore, turbulence effects must be accounted for by modeling. Developments related to turbulence modeling are described. In connection with a discussion of numerical methods for solving viscous flow equations, attention is given to numerical domains of dependence of typical explicit and implicit methods, the diffusion problem, the convection-diffusion problem, and the split-hybrid method.
Moving horizon estimation for in situ monitoring of chemical vapor deposition process

A moving horizon estimation (MHE) technique was used to estimate thin film growth rate, thickness, and high temperature optical constants in situ from a normal reflectance measurement. The advantage of MHE over the virtual interface (VI) method is that it does not require the assumption of constant film growth rate and optical properties, and this allows in situ monitoring of more general dynamic film growth processes. MHE and VI methods were applied to a simulated film growth process in which film growth rate and extinction coefficient are changing with time. The result indicated that MHE gave a better estimate by capturing the change of film growth rate and extinction coefficient, while VI method only gave an averaged growth rate and extinction coefficient. The MHE and VI methods were also compared in an experimental CVD testbed where a polycrystalline yttria thin film was deposited on a silicon substrate by MOCVD. Although these two methods gave roughly the same estimate of film properties at the end point, MHE additionally estimated the dynamic change of film properties during the deposition. Finally the connection between the MHE and VI method was discussed and it was shown that a finite horizon implementation of VI is a special case of MHE when certain weighting matrices are discarded.
Investigation of BPSG profile and FAB size Cu stud bumping process by modeling and experiment

Flip chip technology is a widely used package for high-performance semiconductor devices. However, flip-chip growth in consumer electronics has been hampered because the technique has to face several challenges and is an expensive processes to implement. Stud-bump bonding (SBB) technology, which is based on wire-bonding technology, has been developed as a solution to lower the cost of the flip-chip process. The major Cu stud bumping process consists of two steps: one is a bonding process, the other is a shearing process after the bonding process is completed. During the Cu stud bumping process, wafer cratering may be induced by the large stress under the bondpad. Cratering means the copper stud comes off and creates a local deformed area in the silicon or dielectric layers at the site of the bond. A couple of factors may be related to the wafer cratering. In this paper, the impact of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) profile and size of Cu free air ball (FAB) are thoroughly investigated. Both 2-D and 3-D models are built for the simulations of Cu stud bonding and shearing process. Simulation results show that the smaller FAB induces significant less stress in silicon than the larger FAB case in bonding process. However, this is the opposite in shearing process. Experiments tests are also conducted to formulate different BPSG film profile. Then the ball cratering tests are conducted after Cu stud bumping and solder ball reflow. The experiment results indicate that the BPSG profile does not show any significant impact on Cu-stud related wafer cratering, which agrees with the simulation results.
Distribution of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate between Fabric and Liquor in Simulated Detergent Liquors

Adsorption characteristics of cotton, 65–35 polyester/cotton, and 100% polyester fabrics were measured by liquid scintillation counting using C14-labeled linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) as the surfactant. A detergent liquor composed of surfactant, builder, silicate, and hardness ions were used to simulate actual detergent formulations. The effects of water hardness, builder level, temperature, pH, and sulfate and silicate levels on the distribution of LAS between the fabric and the liquor phase were examined. A considerable portion of LAS was found to be adsorbed on the fabrics depending upon the kind of fabric.For a given fabric, hardness ion and builder level are determining factors for adsorption. Detergent builders influence the degree of surfactant adsorption depending on their ability to complex Ca++ and Mg++. Permanent-press finishes were found to cause LAS adsorption to increase relative to corresponding unfinished fabrics. The rate of LAS adsorption under agitation was determined. The amount ...
RHEOLOGY AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF WHEAT DOUGH DEVELOPED WITH CONTROLLED DEFORMATION

Undeveloped wheat dough samples were strained in shear and extensional flow between parallel plates to produce a controlled level of development. Dough made in a standard Farinograph, considered developed dough, was used for comparison. Scanning electron microscopy images of deformed dough were subjected to numerical image processing to characterize the protein matrix present. Results were compared to dynamic rheological properties to evaluate the influence of strain deformation on the formation of microstructure. Viscoelastic moduli of wheat dough showed that developed dough had the greatest amount of structure formation, followed by extensionally-strained and shear-strained samples, respectively. Undeveloped dough showed the lowest levels of structure development. Image analysis indicated statistically significant differences between protein matrices in developed and undeveloped samples; however, results were not significantly different between shear- and extensionally-strained samples.
Aspirin Resistance: Current Status and Role of Tailored Therapy

Aspirin is integral in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome. Given the high clinical importance of aspirin in the management of coronary artery disease, much attention has been directed towards the concept of "aspirin resistance." Unfortunately, the term aspirin resistance is ill-defined in the literature, leading to a large variance in the reported prevalence of this phenomenon. In this review, the current understanding of aspirin resistance is discussed. Commonly used functional and diagnostic tests of platelet function, including their strengths and weakness, are reviewed. We next discuss several proposed mechanisms of aspirin resistance and special high-risk groups at risk for aspirin treatment failure. We then discuss optimal dosing and diagnostic strategies for those populations at risk for aspirin resistance with a focus on tailored aspirin therapy for high-risk groups. Finally, future topics of interest in the field of aspirin resistance are considered.
Effect of wakefields on first order transport in the SLC linac

The limitation in increasing the beam current in the SLC linac comes from the emittance growth caused by wakefields. Simulations of the beam transport that model the wakefield dynamics are being done to study methods to control this growth. To verify the theoretical estimates of the wakefield strengths assumed in these simulations, data were taken which are sensitive to their effect on the first-order linac transport. Specifically, the dependence of single beam loading and betatron motion on beam current was measured in the range of 0.5*10/sup 10/ to 3.5*10/sup 10/ electrons per bunch. These data are presented along with comparisons to results from simulations. >
Isolation of paraquat-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli: lack of correlation between resistance and the activity of superoxide dismutase

Paraquat-resistant Escherichia coli mutants were isolated. The mutants were 10- to 50-fold more resistant to paraquat than the wild type. The wild type was more responsive to the presence of paraquat by inducing higher levels of the manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Thus, in minimal medium, 0.1 mM paraquat caused a 5-fold increase in MnSOD in the wild type while it had no effect on the level of MnSOD in the mutants. Yet, 50 mM paraquat exerted a dramatic induction of SOD in the mutant strains when grown in trypticase soy yeast extract (TSY) medium. In TSY medium, catalase was not significantly affected by paraquat in all the strains tested. Resistance to paraquat in these mutant strains is, therefore, unrelated to their capacity to detoxify superoxide or hydrogen peroxide.
Informed guessing of an eavesdropper's Renyi entropy

Users of a quantum cryptographic system face a problem of deciding on the ignorance of a maximally adroit eavesdropper concerning their key material. It is known that there can be no sure, positive, lower bound on any plausible measure of ignorance, and for this reason we characterize the problem as the making of an informed guess, meaning a guess that employs a rule that can be shown to work except in unlikely cases. As the measure of an eavesdropper's ignorance concerning n bits of sifted key material less some number k of bits found in error and discarded, we analyze Renyi entropy of arbitrary order R, for 1 ≤ R ≤ 2. We offer a rule for deciding on Renyi entropy based on a tighter bound on the relevant probability distributions than has been available. To this end, we employ a recently derived approximation to the cumulative binomial distribution which is uniformly accurate over a larger domain than previously available approximations. This results in a longer distilled key than that obtained from looser bounds, as well as generalizing the order R. Some numerical examples are presented.
Oxidation of Silicon Carbide

The rate of oxidation of silicon carbide was measured in an atmosphere of dry oxygen between 900° and 1600°C. The rate was studied by using a thermogravimetric apparatus and was found to be diffusion controlled. The products of oxidation were amorphous silica and cristobalite, depending on the temperature. The effect of surface area was determined, and a correlation between the various sizes was made with the aid of an equation derived on the assumptions that (1) the reaction was diffusion controlled, (2) the particles were essentially spherical, and (3) the interfacial area was constantly changing. The presence of water vapor in the gaseous atmosphere was found to be extremely critical.
Ocular side effects following intravitreal injection therapy for retinoblastoma: a systematic review.

Purpose To describe the ocular side effects in patients receiving intravitreal injection therapy (IViT) for retinoblastoma. Methods PubMed (1946–present), Scopus (all years), Science Citation Index (1900–present) and Conference Proceedings Citation Index—Science (1990–present) electronic databases were searched to identify all published reports of therapeutic intravitreal injections for retinoblastoma in humans. Results Ten studies with original IViT ocular side effect data were included in this systematic review. In these combined reports, a total of 1287 intravitreal injections were given to 306 eyes of 295 patients, with a mean follow-up of 74.1 months. Two hundred sixty-one (88.5%) patients received comparatively standard melphalan IViT doses (8–30 mcg). Ocular side effects occurred in 38 patients (17 significant, 21 minor). The proportion of patients experiencing potentially significant ocular side effects following standard melphalan IViT regimens was 0.031 (8/261; 95% CI 0.013 to 0.06). The side effects of these eight included iris atrophy in three, two each with chorioretinal atrophy and vitreous haemorrhage and one with retinal detachment. Of the other nine patients with significant complications, five experienced sight-threatening complications following dramatic dose escalations (four with melphalan, one with thiotepa), three experienced complications that are commonly associated with concurrent therapies given to these patients and one had a retinal detachment. Of the 61 patients receiving IViT via safety-enhancing injection techniques, all six significant side effects were either attributed to the therapeutic dose or confounded by concurrent treatments. Conclusions Significant ocular complications following IViT for retinoblastoma are uncommon, and this risk may be reduced further by the use of careful injection technique and standard dosing regimens. Care must be taken in the dosing of intravitreal treatments to avoid potentially irreversible vision loss.
Sequence and characterization of pvuIIR, the PvuII endonuclease gene, and of pvuIIC, its regulatory gene.

An open reading frame partially overlaps pvuIIR, and genetic evidence implies that this open reading frame, named pvuIIC, specifies a positive regulator of pvuIIR (T. Tao, J. C. Bourne, and R. M. Blumenthal, J. Bacteriol. 173:1367-1375, 1991). Inducible constructs of pvuIIC produced a protein of the expected size. The site of C.PvuII action appears to lie within pvuIIC itself; thus, pvuIIC may be a self-contained regulatory cassette.