cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of freezing on toxicity of sediments contaminated with ddt and endrin

Two freshwater sediments containing 3 and 11% total organic carbon (TOC) were spiked with DDT and endrin to compare the effects of cold (4°C) and frozen (−20°C) storage of the sediment on toxicity to the amphipod Hyalella azteca in 10-d tests. Toxicity of the DDT-spiked sediment was reduced when it was frozen for 14 d. LC50 values for cold-stored and frozen-stored sediments were 4.2 and 7.3 μg/g DDT (calculated on dry solids basis) at 3% sediment TOC and 11.1 and 23.2 μg/g DDT at 11% sediment TOC, respectively. Toxicity of the 3% TOC endrin-spiked sediment was reduced by freezing; it exhibited LC50s of 5.1 and 7.7 μg/g endrin, respectively, for cold and frozen storage. Toxicity of endrin in two tests in the 11% TOC sediment remained essentially unchanged by freezing. LC50s were 19.6 and 21.7 μg/g endrin for cold and frozen sediments in one test and 10.3 and 9.8 μg/g endrin in the second test. Decreased toxicity was assumed to be related to the release of soluble organic carbon from the sediments during freezing and thawing. Relative differences in toxicity between DDT and endrin for cold and frozen sediments appear to be related to the different adsorptions of the chemicals onto the released carbon.
Gas Flows near Solids Coated with Thin Water Films

We determined the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC) of nitrogen gas at glass surfaces that were coated in thin water films produced by controlling the humidity. The accommodation coefficients were determined by measuring the damping of a spherical particle which was separated from a flat plate by a distance of 10 nm to 10 μm. We examined two solids: hydrophilic glass terminated in hydroxyl groups and hydrophobic glass terminated in methyl groups. At the same relative humidity, thicker films of water form on the hydroxyl-terminated films than on the methyl-terminated films, consistent with formation of hydrogen bonds on the hydroxyl-terminated solid and not on the methyl-terminated solid. The TMACs are surprisingly interesting functions of the humidity. For the hydroxyl-terminated silica, the TMAC is 0.5 at 0% relative humidity and increases almost to 1 when the humidity increases to a few percent. The TMAC decreases to 0.25 at around 87% humidity before rising to 0.9 at 100% humidity. W...
A comparison of DSM-III personality disorders in panic/agoraphobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Abstract One hundred eight-seven patients meeting DSM-III criteria for panic disorder (161 with agoraphobia) and 51 patients meeting DSM-III criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were assessed with the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ), a self-rating scale designed to assess axis II personality disorders and traits. The results showed that the personality profiles were similar between the two diagnostic groups and that the major personality characteristics identified in panic/agoraphobic patients, e.g., avoidant, dependent, histrionic, and borderline, were more pronounced in patients with OCD. These findings support our earlier suggestion of a nonspecific link between panic disorder/agoraphobia and personality disorder (PD)/traits.
Parallel studies of clonogenic leukaemia cells and the leukaemia cell population as a whole in acute myelogenous leukaemia.

Abstract The clonogenic cells in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) were evaluated with respect to the relationship between primary and secondary cloning capacity and the proliferative and molecular biological characteristics of the leukaemia cell population as a whole. Secondary cloning capacity was correlated with primary cloning efficiency, and with the ability of the clonogenic cells to produce large sized clones. The cloning capacity of AML cells was unrelated to the cell cycle characteristics of the leukaemia cell population in vivo or to the level of myc, myb, fms, or interleukin (IL)1β expression. The sensitivities of the clonogenic cells to cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin were inversely correlated with the ability of the leukaemia cells to produce large sized clones in vitro . This latter observation may explain the reported relationships between the clonogenic capacity of AML cells and response to chemotherapy.
Simultaneous reconstruction of continuous hand movements from primary motor and posterior parietal cortex.

Primary motor cortex (MI) and parietal area PE both participate in cortical control of reaching actions, but few studies have been able to directly compare the form of kinematic encoding in the two areas simultaneously during hand tracking movements. To directly compare kinematic coding properties in these two areas under identical behavioral conditions, we recorded simultaneously from two chronically implanted multielectrode arrays in areas MI and PE (or areas 2/5) during performance of a continuous manual tracking task. Monkeys manually pursued a continuously moving target that followed a series of straight-line movement segments, arranged in a sequence where the direction (but not length) of the upcoming segment varied unpredictably as each new segment appeared. Based on recordings from populations of MI (31–143 units) and PE (22–87 units), we compared hand position and velocity reconstructions based on linear filters. We successfully reconstructed hand position and velocity from area PE (mean r 2 = 0.751 for position reconstruction, r 2 = 0.614 for velocity), demonstrating trajectory reconstruction from each area. Combing these populations provided no reconstruction improvements, suggesting that kinematic representations in MI and PE encode overlapping hand movement information, rather than complementary or unique representations. These overlapping representations may reflect the areas’ common engagement in a sensorimotor feedback loop for error signals and movement goals, as required by a task with continuous, time-evolving demands and feedback. The similarity of information in both areas suggests that either area might provide a suitable target to obtain control signals for brain computer interface applications.
Image tracing: An analysis of its effectiveness in children's pictorial discrimination learning

Abstract Previous research has shown that requiring children to trace from memory the correct member of a pictorial discrimination pair markedly facilitates performance. The experiment reported here offers support for a presumed component of this learning strategy, namely, “memory imagery.” In particular, subjects who traced directly on top of the correct picture did not perform as well as those who traced it from memory. Various theoretical explanations of the image-tracing phenomenon are considered, including depth of processing, dual coding , and frequency .
DNAase I hypersensitive sites may be correlated with genomic regions of large structural variation.

Abstract Helical-twist, roll and torsion-angle variations calculated by the Calladine (1982)-Dickerson (1983) rules were scanned along several nucleotide sequences for which DNAase I cleavage data are available. It has been shown that for short synthetic oligomers DNAase I cuts preferentially at positions of high helical twist (Dickerson & Drew, 1981; Lomonossoff et al. , 1981). Our calculations indicate that DNAase I sensitive and hypersensitive sites in chromatin are correlated with regions of successive, large, helical-twist angle variations from regular B -DNA. In many cases these regions exhibit large variations in base-pair roll and backbone torsion angles as well. It has been suggested that DNAase I cuts in the vicinity of cruciforms. However, it was recently demonstrated by Courey & Wang (1983) and Gellert et al. (1983) that such cruciform formation in a negatively supercoiled DNA is kinetically forbidden under physiological conditions. We thus propose that clustering of large twist-angle (and/or roll and backbone torsion angle) variations may be among the conformational features recognized by the enzyme. Specific cuts can then preferentially occur at base-pair steps with high helical twists.
A method for the dynamic and thermal stress analysis of space shuttle surface insulation

The thermal protection system of the space shuttle consists of thousands of separate insulation tiles bonded to the orbiter's surface through a soft strain-isolation layer. The individual tiles are relatively thick and possess nonuniform properties. Therefore, each is idealized by finite-element assemblages containing up to 2500 degrees of freedom. Since the tiles affixed to a given structural panel will, in general, interact with one another, application of the standard direct-stiffness method would require equation systems involving excessive numbers of unknowns. This paper presents a method which overcomes this problem through an efficient iterative procedure which requires treatment of only a single tile at any given time. Results of associated static, dynamic, and thermal stress analyses and sufficient conditions for convergence of the iterative solution method are given.
LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION LAWS OF INTERACTING RADIATION-GAUGE FIELDS.

We consider interacting quantum electrodynamics with the electric current ${j}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ unspecified and compute the homogeneous Lorentz group transformation laws of the "vector" potential ${A}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ in the radiation gauge. We show that ${A}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ decomposes uniquely into a direct sum of an infinite number of linear, infinite-dimensional, nonunitary, indecomposable representations of the homogeneous Lorentz group. One of these representations has spin-multiplicity 2, belongs to a class of representations recently analyzed by Gel'fand and Ponomarev, and may be the first recognized physical example of this class of representations. Finally, the noninteracting limit is shown to reduce correctly to the free-field case in which the transformation properties of the "vector" potential are already known.
Ocular toxicity and distribution of subconjunctival and intravitreal rapamycin in horses

In vitro photosensitivity of rapamycin (RAPA) and ocular toxicity and distribution of intravitreal and subconjunctival RAPA was evaluated in normal horses. RAPA (2.5 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg) was placed in 10 mL of PBS and maintained in a water bath at 37 degrees C, kept in the dark or subjected to room light, and sampled for up to 3 months for RAPA levels. Six normal adult horses received either 5 mg (n = 2) or 10 mg (n = 2) of RAPA intravitreally or 10 mg (n = 2) subconjunctivally. Ophthalmic exams and electroretinography (ERG) were performed prior to injection and on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 post-injection. Eyes were enucleated and samples were collected for RAPA concentrations and histopathology. No difference in light vs. dark RAPA concentrations was observed, suggesting a lack of RAPA phototoxicity. No evidence of ocular toxicity was noted on ophthalmic examination or histopathology. RAPA was not detected intraocularly 7 days post-injection in eyes receiving subconjunctival RAPA, but was detected in the vitreous at 21 days post-injection. Drug could be detected in both the aqueous and vitreous humor after intravitreal injection. Further study is needed to determine the efficacy of intravitreal RAPA.
A warfarin-induced subconjunctival hemorrhage.

Abstract Background Patients who are on warfarin therapy may present with a variety of ocular side effects, particularly hemorrhages. These ocular events may be the only indication that the patient is at risk for serious sequelae, including hemorrhagic stoke. Case report A 76-year-old patient, taking warfarin, presented with a subconjunctival hemorrhage. Four days later the hemorrhage worsened, and the patient developed a headache. Blood testing revealed an elevated International Normalization Ratio (INR) and prothrombin time (PT). The patient’s primary care physician adjusted the patient’s medication dosage, and the patient’s signs and symptoms improved. Conclusions Patients on warfarin therapy who present with ocular bleeding require immediate blood work and consultation with their primary care provider or cardiologist. The optometrist should be aware of the ocular and systemic sequelae of warfarin, its possible drug interactions, and potential controversies regarding cataract surgery in these patients.
Union compensation following intrastate deregulation: Evidence from the US trucking industry

This study contributes to the analysis of union pay compensation patterns in the trucking industry by considering the effect of intrastate deregulation on wage and nonwage compensation in the US trucking industry. Providing such an analysis contributes to gaining greater understanding of the persistence of relatively high union premiums in the for-hire sector following federal legislation promoting interstate competition. For-hire trucking still faced intrastate rate and entry regulation following interstate deregulation within this trucking sector. Hence, intrastate service could still generate rent to be shared with drivers. The passage of the Airport Improvement Act (AIA) of 1995 created a business environment that placed additional competitive pressure on rates by eliminating intrastate regulation. Given the stepped-up competition following this act, this study hypothesizes that for-hire union premiums should continue to decline if union drivers were the beneficiaries of regulatory rent. Findings using individual worker information support this study's hypothesis.
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: A Discovery-Based Activity for the General Chemistry Curriculum.

A discovery-based method is described for incorporating the concepts of IR and Raman spectroscopy into the general chemistry curriculum. Students use three sets of springs to model the properties of single, double, and triple covalent bonds. Then, Gaussian 03W molecular modeling software is used to illustrate the relationship between bond vibrations and both IR and Raman spectroscopy. Students view the characteristic vibrations of C–C, C═C, and C≡C bonds in propane, propene, and propyne molecules. Finally, students collect IR and Raman spectra of hexane, 1-hexene, and 1-heptyne. This series of activities is completed in the first semester of the general chemistry sequence following the development of Lewis structures and before the discussion of electronegativity and bond polarity.
Enrollment of Tennessee beef herds in the National Animal Health Monitoring System.

Abstract This paper describes a modified area frame approach to selecting beef cow-calf operations randomly which will provide reasonable estimates of population parameters. The methodology of herd selection is probabilistic, is designed to represent the geographic distribution of cattle in the state, and is stratified by herd size. Approximately 72 work days were required and 13 587 miles were travelled to enroll 60 beef herds in Tennessee. The enrollment phase was spread over approximately 3 months and involved 10 veterinarians. The participation refusal rate increased from 23.1% in 1983 to 28.6% in the current study. An important reason for non-participation in the current study was the necessity of handling and bleeding animals.
Dynamic Regulation of Estrogen Receptor-β Expression by DNA Methylation During Prostate Cancer Development and Metastasis

Estrogen receptor (ER)-beta is thought to exert anti-proliferative effects in the normal prostate but supports prostate cancer (PCa) cell survival. We previously reported that the receptor's expression declined as PCa developed in the gland but reappeared in lymph node and bone metastases. To investigate whether hypermethylation was the underlying mechanism for these phenomena, we first identified two CpG islands (CGIs) encompassing 41 CpG dinucleotides, located separately in the untranslated exon 0N and the promoter region of ER-beta. Using immunostained, laser capture-microdissected samples from 56 clinical specimens, we demonstrated an inverse relationship exists between the extent of ER-beta CGI methylation and receptor expression in normal, hyperplastic, premalignant, and malignant foci of the prostate and in lymph node and bone metastases. Treatment of PCa cell lines (LNCaP and DU145), that express little ER-beta mRNA, with a demethylating agent increased levels of receptor expression thus corroborating our in vivo findings that methylation is involved in ER-beta silencing. Methylation centers in the promoter region and exon 0N were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis of bisulfite sequencing data obtained from 710 alleles. Methylation at these centers was insignificant in normal epithelium, reached 80 to 90% in grade 4/5 PCa, but declined to less than 20% in bone metastases. In addition, progressive methylation spreading from the exonic CGI to the promoter CGI, which correlated with loss of ER-beta expression, was detected in microdissected samples and in cell cultures. Using a new class of methylated oligonucleotides that mediate sequence-specific methylation in cellulo, we demonstrated that methylation of the promoter CGI, but not the exonic CGIs, led to transcriptional inactivation of ER-beta. Our results present the first evidence that epigenetic regulation of ER-beta is a reversible and tumor stage-specific process and that gene silencing via methylated oligonucleotides may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of advanced PCa.
Qualitative Cowboy or Qualitative Dude: An Impasse of Validity, Politics, and Ethics?

Sociological theorists' recent critique of foundationalism, the notion that observers can accurately represent a single, objective reality, has led to calls for sociology to abandon its claim to epistemic privilege. A related debate has ensued among qualitative sociologists over ethnography's claim to produce objective, authoritative accounts of field realities. This debate over “the crisis of representation” has apparently reached an epistemological impasse, as both “modernist” and “postmodernist” participants draw on a conceptual dichotomy inherited from correspondence models of science. The impasse is ethical as well, as participants “talk past one another” as they debate the appropriate responsibilities of sociologists. A pragmatist solution to this dilemma has been offered, but gives insufficient attention to the politics that shape the criteria to be used in judging the validity of accounts in local contexts. Drawing upon “modernist” discussions of field methods and an empirical case of “studying up” in Mondragon, Spain, this paper argues that a more politically attentive pragmatism could contribute to research practice that is both epistemologically and empirically defensible.
Duplex ultrasound findings in men with Peyronie's disease

Peyronie’s disease is a fibrotic process involving the penis, which presents with painful erections, penile chordee, and, less frequently, impotence. Duplex Doppler ultrasound is particularly well suited to the evaluation of these patients, since it can provide information about Peyronie’s plaque and the penile vasculature noninvasively. Duplex ultrasound examinations were performed on 30 impotent and three potent men with Peyronie’s disease. Presenting symptoms included painful erections in 30% and abnormal curvature in 93%. A plaque was palpable in 31 (94%) of the patients. Ultrasound evaluation revealed evidence of a plaque in only 13 (39%) patients. The majority of these plaques were visualized as hyperechoic areas with or without shadowing. Some isoechoic plaques were identified due to significant thickening of the dorsal tissues. Doppler analysis of cavernosal artery blood flow revealed evidence of arterial disease in eight (27%) of the impotent patients. Although ultrasonography was not as sensitive as palpation in identifying Peyronie’s plaques, ultrasonography was better able to determine the depth of fibrosis extension into the corpora.
Improved atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy for rapid nanometer-scale chemical identification.

Atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) can perform IR spectroscopic chemical identification with sub-100 nm spatial resolution, but is relatively slow due to its low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In AFM-IR, tunable IR laser light is incident upon a sample, which results in a rise in temperature and thermomechanical expansion of the sample. An AFM tip in contact with the sample senses this nanometer-scale photothermal expansion. The tip motion induces cantilever vibrations, which are measured either in terms of the peak-to-peak amplitude of time-domain data or the integrated magnitude of frequency-domain data. Using a continuous Morlet wavelet transform to the cantilever dynamic response, we show that the cantilever dynamics during AFM-IR vary as a function of both time and frequency. Based on the observed cantilever response, we tailor a time–frequency-domain filter to identify the region of highest vibrational energy. This approach can increase the SNR of the AFM cantilever signal, such that the throughput is increased 32-fold compared to state-of-the art procedures. We further demonstrate significant increases in AFM-IR imaging speed and chemical identification of nanometer-scale domains in polymer films.
Chitosan cross-linking with a water-soluble, blocked diisocyanate. 2. Solvates and hydrogels.

A water-soluble, blocked diisocyante was used to cross-link chitosan under various degrees of solvation, including hydration to form hydrogels. Thermal cross-linking of films cast from various amounts of organic cosolvents was found to increase with increased level of cosolvent up to a solvation level of 17% (w/w) and to be more efficient than for films prepared without cosolvent. Rheological studies revealed that gel modulus increased and gel time decreased with increasing cross-linker content and that gelation kinetics were consistent with a process having an activation energy of 103 kJ/mol. Swelling of hydrogels indicated that, even at high levels of hydration, the increased molecular mobility of reactants allowed for efficient network formation in a concentration-dependent manner. The extent of solvation via equilibrium swelling correlated well with degradative properties of chitosan networks in the presence of Chitinase (E. C. 3.2.1.14) from Streptomyces griseus with stability increasing with decreasing swelling (i.e., increased cross-linking).
Synthesis of Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films by an electrodeposition technique

Superconducting thin films of Y-Ba-Cu-O have been synthesized on silver coated copper foils. Precursor films of Y-Ba-Cu were deposited potentiostatically, then heat treated in O2/air. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction were conducted to characterize the thin film deposits. The onset critical temperature of the superconducting films was found to be around 75 to 91 K, depending upon the processing conditions. This paper describes the experimental procedures and results obtained from preliminary experiments.
A new chemical synthesis of D-tartronic acid semialdehyde phosphate and D-glyceric acid 2-phosphate

Abstract A short synthetic route for the preparation of D -tartronic acid semialdehyde phosphate and D -glyceric acid 2-phosphate from the readily available starting material, D -gluconolactone, is described. Enzymic tests of the two phosphate esters as inhibitor and substrate, of enolase, respectively, are reported.
Speaking for the Chief: Okyeame and the Politics of Akan Royal Oratory

Speaking for the Chief: Okyeame and the Politics of Akan Royal Oratory. KWESI YANKAH. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. +194 pp., index, references, glossary, photographs.
Nonlinear optical characterizations of metal-organic complexes with a wavelength tunable color center laser

We have studied the third-order nonlinearities of Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal-organic complexes in solution using wavelength tunable DFWM experiments in the 550 - 600 nm spectral region associated with d-d transitions introduced by the metal atoms. A room temperature, frequency doubled LiF:F2- color center laser was used as the tunable laser source for these experiments. Additional resonant enhancement over thermally induced nonlinearities is observed for the Cu-based metal-organic complexes in these DFWM studies. Information about the sign of the nonlinearity and relative roles of nonlinear refraction and absorption was obtained with Z-scan experiments. Energy transmission measurements indicated that nonlinear absorption occurs in all samples. Relationships between the nonlinear response and the spectral absorption features of these metal-organics are discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Equivalence of Two Screens of Cognitive Functioning: The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire and the Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test

OBJECTIVE: To determine the equivalence of two screens of cognitive functioning: the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) and the Orientation-Memory-Concentration (OMC) test. DESIGN: The design was cross-sectional and longitudinal. SETTING: Four rural and one urban county in the Piedmont region of North Carolina (n = 3210). PARTICIPANTS: A stratified random cluster sample (n = 3210) of people 68 years of age and older. MEASUREMENTS: SPMSQ and OMC at the fourth wave of the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE); disability, depression, and death measurements from the fourth through seventh waves of EPESE; demographic characteristics. RESULTS: On the SPMSQ and the OMC (r = .80), 15.3% and 38.4%, respectively, of those tested were rated cognitively impaired. Poorer scores were associated with older age, black race, and less education. These associations were attenuated on the dichotomized SPMSQ but not on the OMC. Both measures predicted disability and depressive symptomatology currently and 3 years hence and death. CONCLUSIONS: The SPMSQ and OMC, although highly correlated, are not equivalent. Association with race and education are greater for the OMC, whereas an association with age exists for both measures. The milder level of impairment identified by the OMC increases predictive capacity.
Time–frequency analysis of flat-plate oscillating heat pipes

Abstract Time-varying surface temperatures of two flat-plate oscillating heat pipes (OHPs), one with Tesla valves and one without, were analyzed in the time–frequency domain using the short-time Fourier and Hilbert–Huang transforms. Tesla valves were installed along the channel structure of the OHP for the purpose of rectifying the oscillatory internal flow field, thereby enhancing heat transfer. Spatial-averaged surface temperatures in the evaporator region of both OHPs were investigated in the time–frequency domain at three separate heat inputs in order to detect salient effects of the Tesla valves. In all cases, the temperature signals from both OHPs were found to contain intermittent, aperiodic oscillations with most energy concentrated at frequencies in the 0–200 mHz range. The energies of oscillations in both OHPs were found to decrease with increases in the heat input, suggesting more consistent inter-channel flow circulation at these heat inputs heat inputs. The non-valved OHP temperature signals contained oscillations of larger amplitude and over a broader frequency range than the valved OHP temperature signals, indicating that the Tesla valves reduced the occurrence of intermittent high-energy oscillations in the OHP evaporator surface temperature.
Ideal 0,1 matrices

Abstract We define a 0, 1 matrix M to be ideal if all vertices of the polyhedron { x : Mx ≥ 1, x ≥ 0 } have only 0, 1 components. We expand the list of known minor minimal nonideal matrices by several thousand. Many of these examples are obtainedpolyhedrally, by constructing new minimally nonideal matrices from old ones. We present a conjecture that might be viewed as the counterpart for ideal matrices of Berge′s strong perfect graph conjecture. We provide evidence for the conjecture bycompletely characterizing all minimally nonideal circulants.
Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism

Introduction 1. In the beginning 2. Islam, the West and the rest 3. Orientalism and empire 4. The American century 5. Turmoil in the field 6. Said's Orientalism: a book and its aftermath 7. After Orientalism? Afterword.
Phosphorylation of the IgE receptor from ionophore A23187 stimulated intact rat mast cells.

Abstract Purified rat serosal mast cells were labeled either with [32P]orthophosphate or [35S]methionine and their receptors for immunoglobulin E were isolated by repetitive affinity chromatography. In 35S-labeled receptor preparations SDS polyacrylamide gels revealed a broad receptor band, Mr 45,000 to 53,000, and two other bands, Mr 30,000 and 16,000, which apparently represent receptor-associated proteins. Only the receptor band was labeled by 32P. Phosphorylation of receptor was markedly stimulated by the divalent cation ionophore A23187, a known stimulator of histamine release, with changes occuring as early as 15 seconds. This early increase in receptor phosphorylation may be involved in the control of mediator secretion.
High dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate predicts breast cancer progression during new aromatase inhibitor therapy and stimulates breast cancer cell growth in tissue culture: a renewed role for adrenalectomy

Background Stage IV hormone-sensitive breast cancer is often treated with aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole, letrozole, exemestane), which block the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to estrone and estradiol. This is intended to obviate the need for steroid replacement and antiquate adrenalectomy. Methods Patients who underwent oophorectomy and were being treated with new aromatase inhibitor therapy received serial measurements of serum estrone, estradiol, and DHEA-sulfate (DHEA-S). Steroid values during responsive and progressive phases of disease were compared. In vitro, human breast cancer cell lines T-47D (estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor positive) and HCC 1937 (estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor negative) were treated with DHEA-S. Proliferation rates were measured by colorimetric assay. Results Disease in 12 of the 19 patients progressed. DHEA-S was less than 89 microg/dL in patients during the responsive phase and more than or equal to 89 microg/dL during disease progression, with 1 exception (P Conclusions DHEA-S levels more than or equal to 89 microg/dL predicted disease progression in states of low estrogen. Tissue culture results supported the role of DHEA-S as an estrogenic agent. Oophorectomies with either aminoglutethimide therapy or adrenalectomy were effective remedies for breast cancer progression due to high DHEA-S.
Characterization of a 3G EV-DO network - A measurement study

The growth of mobile streaming applications has increased the importance of a better understanding of 3G EV-DO performance. This paper provides performance measurements for a series of experiments that offer an in-depth, cross-layer understanding of EV-DO. Insights are provided for data rate control, packet encapsulation/combination, early completion, packet interarrival time, packet loss pattern and queue management. Key results are: data rates for non-mobile EV-DO users are more stable than previously reported with little variance over short time scales and more random behavior over long time scales; low-level packet encapsulation/combination happens frequently; and custom service provider configurations (e.g., advanced queue management), and operating system differences (e.g., clock granularity for device drivers) can obfuscate network behavior relative to EV-DO specifications.
The application of security policy to role-based access control and the common data security architecture

In this paper, the approaches to introducing security policy into Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and the Common Data Security Architecture (CDSA) are proposed. We apply security policy to a role's privileges in RBAC. An extended RBAC using PKI and role-assignment policy is described. The improved CDSA supports user-definable trust policy enforcement using trust policy description files. A policy-based CDSA is also presented. Furthermore, a role definition language is given, and a policy representation language is discussed.
Opioid receptor subtype control of galanin-induced feeding

Abstract This study examined the effects of specific antagonists to κ- and μ-opioid receptors on the feeding induced by injecting galanin into the lateral cerebral ventricle (LCV). Galanin injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of sated rats stimulated the consumption of high-fat diet when compared to controls injected with saline vehicle. The μ-opioid receptor antagonist, CTOP, completely abolished galanin-induced feeding in sated rats whereas the κ-opioid receptor antagonist, nor-BNI, had no effect on galanin-induced feeding. Neither CTOP nor nor-BNI alone produced any change in food consumption in sated rats. In fasted rats, on the other hand, nor-BNI significantly decreased consumption of a high-fat diet (>83%) when compared to animals treated with the saline vehicle, whereas CTOP had no significant effect. These findings suggest that galanin-induced feeding of a high-fat diet is selectively modulated by a pathway involving μ-opioid receptors whereas feeding induced by fasting is dependent on a pathway mediated by κ-opioid receptors. These data also suggest that galanin does not mediate the feeding response after fasting.
SU‐GG‐T‐118: Fast Multicriteria IMRT Beam‐Fluence Map Optimization Using CVaR Linear Programming Methods

Purpose: We design and implement linear programming based IMRT treatment plan generation technology that effectively and efficiently optimizes beam geometry as well as beamlet intensities. Method and Materials: To overcome the limitations of nonlinear and/or mixed integer programs associated with dose‐volume constraints, we adapted the conditional value‐at‐risk constraints (C‐VaR constraints) which are popular and commonly used in financial engineering. The use of C‐Var constraints has significant computational advantages as they can be handled using linear programming models, which are easily and efficiently solved. However, the parameters controlling the C‐Var constraints have to be chosen carefully to get an accurate approximation of the dose‐volume constraints. The treatment plan generation technology, which is based on an optimizationmodel using C‐Var constraints, embeds an effective and efficient parameter search scheme to ensure high‐quality approximations of the dose‐volume constraints. We will report on application of the system to three patient cases: head‐and‐neck cancer, prostate cancer and pediatric braintumor.Results: The utilization of our system returned optimal treatment plans for a variety of cases. Optimal beam selection, as created by our software, generally improves the coverage and conformity of the treatment plan without sacrificing normal tissue sparing. There are generally limits to how much the solution is improved by adding additional beams which vary from case to case. Calculational time was generally a fraction of the time that mixed‐integer solutions would take. Conclusion: Developed treatment plan generation technology optimizes both beam geometry and beamlet intensities in a short amount of time. The technology is fully automated and generates several high‐quality treatment plans satisfying the provided minimum requirements in a single invocation and without human guidance.
Paper chromatography of saturated, unsaturated and hydroxy fatty acids.

Abstract 1. 1. Methods are presented for separating straight-chain saturated, unsaturated, and 2-hydroxy fatty acids from C 14 to C 24 by paper chromatography and for detecting the acids as bismuth sulfides. 2. 2. These methods are applied to the analysis of fatty acids isolated from bovine spleen glucocerebroside and bovine spinal cord galactocerebroside.
Presentism and the Myth of Passage

Presentism is held by most to be the intuitive theory of time, due in large part to the view's supposed preservation of time's passage. In this paper, I strike a blow against presentism's intuitive pull by showing how the presentist, contrary to overwhelming popular belief, is unable to establish temporal change upon which the passage of time is based. I begin by arguing that the presentist's two central ontological commitments, the Present Thesis and the Change Thesis, are incompatible. The main problem is that satisfying the Change Thesis to establish passage requires the existence of more than one moment. This conflicts with the Present Thesis that only the present moment exists. The presentist's response is to appeal to surrogates to stand proxy for the past, so as to account for the difference between what does exist and what did exist. I argue that, for this surrogate strategy to be successful, the proposed surrogates must track what actually happened. I demonstrate that there is no guarantee that t...
On training of artificial neural networks

A theory and methodology are presented for training artificial neural networks in a general setting. Starting with defining general concepts, and analyzing associated properties of artificial neural networks, the authors formalize, categorize, and characterize artificial neural networks from a system point of view. They focus on the analysis aspect of artificial neural nets to address and investigate trainability and representability; on the synthesis aspect of artificial neural nets to provide design principles to the systems; and on the algorithmic aspect of the artificial neural nets to develop an effective and efficient learning paradigm. >
Microenvironmental controls on mineralogy and habit of CaCO3 precipitates: an example from an active travertine system

Analysis of water and associated carbonate precipitates from a small, warm-spring travertine system in SW Colorado, USA, provide an example of the: (i) great variability of the geochemical parameters within these dynamic systems, and (ii) significance of the microenvironment in controlling mineralogy and morphology of carbonate precipitates. Waters emerged from the springs highly charged in CO2, with an initial pCO2 of 1.2 × 105 Pa. Degassing of the CO2 from the waters decreased the pH from 6.1 to 8.0, resulting in an increase of 8%‰ in δ13C values downflow in the total CO2 in solution and an increase in the ISAT from 2.1 to as high as 63 times supersaturation with respect to calcite. Due to changes in the stable isotopic composition of the waters downflow as well as changes in the degree of supersaturation, stable isotopic analyses range greatly from locale to locale within this small system. Near the spring vents, at relatively low ISAT levels, well-developed rhombohedra of calcite formed as biotically induced precipitates around diatom stalks and other algae as well as abiotic crusts. In contrast, near the distal end of the system, very high ISAT levels were reached and resulted in the precipitation of skeletal-dendritic crystals of calcite on copper substrates, floating rafts of laterally linked hemispheres of aragonite crystals, and bimineralic carbonate-encrusted bubbles. Microenvironmental parameters control the mineralogy and habit of these precipitates.
Optimizing Pushback Decisions to Valuate Airport Surface Surveillance Information

As airport surface surveillance technologies develop, aircraft ground position information becomes more easily available and accurate. This paper provides a better understanding of the value of future surface surveillance systems where departures, and more specifically pushback times, will be optimized. It analytically quantifies the potential benefits yielded by providing surveillance information to the agent or system that is entrusted with tactically optimizing pushback clearances under nominal conditions. A stochastic model of surface operations is developed for single-ramp surface operations and calibrated to emulate departure surface operations at LaGuardia Airport. Two levels of information are examined within a tactically optimized collaborative decision-making framework. For each level, emissions, number of taxiing aircraft, and runway utilization rate are analyzed and compared with a simple threshold policy to evaluate surface surveillance information. Safety benefits, however, are not considered in this paper. It is estimated that optimally controlling pushback clearances from a single-ramp area using detailed surface surveillance information does not provide significant benefits when compared with controlling pushback clearances using a gate-holding policy based on the number of aircraft currently taxiing. However, when the runway is functioning at intermediate capacity (50%-72% runway utilization rates), e.g., under adverse weather conditions, surveillance information may improve optimization of departure operations. In such case, emissions and the number of taxiing aircraft are reduced by up to 6% when compared with the gate-holding policy and by up to 3% when compared with the performance of an intelligent operator with limited information.
Prenatal evaluation and in utero platelet transfusion for thrombocytopenia absent radii syndrome

A fetus with absent radii in both forearms was discovered on routine ultrasound examination performed at 18 weeks of pregnancy. No other significant abnormalities were found, and no signs of haemorrhage were detected. Serial ultrasound examinations revealed no evidence of fetal internal bleeding. At 37 weeks of pregnancy, a CBC obtained by cordocentesis under ultrasound guidance confirmed the diagnosis of thrombocytopenia absent radii (TAR) syndrome. Apheresis platelets were transfused into the umbilical vein to correct the thrombocytopenia and was followed by an uncomplicated delivery. No bleeding was encountered during the remainder of the baby's neonatal course. We conclude that TAR syndrome can be readily identified prenatally on sonogram, and if severe thrombocytopenia is confirmed by cordocentesis, platelets should be transfused to diminish the risk of serious internal bleeding during and immediately after delivery.
Tree-ring C–H–O isotope variability and sampling

Abstract In light of the proliferation of tree-ring isotope studies, the magnitude and cause of variability of tree-ring δ 13 C, δ 18 O and δ 2 H within individual trees (circumferential) and among trees at a site is examined in reference to field and laboratory sampling requirements and strategies. Within this framework, this paper provides a state-of-knowledge summary of the influence of “juvenile” isotope effects, ageing effects, and genetic effects, as well as the interchangeability of species, choice of ring segment to analyze (whole ring, earlywood or latewood), and the option of sample pooling. The range of isotopic composition of the same ring among trees at a site is ca. 1–3‰ for δ 13 C, 1–4‰ δ 18 O, and 5–30‰ for δ 2 H, whereas the circumferential variability within a tree is lower. A standard prescription for sampling and analysis does not exist because of differences in field environmental circumstances and mixed findings represented in relevant published literature. Decisions in this regard will usually be tightly constrained by goals of the study and project resources. Sampling 4–6 trees at a site while avoiding juvenile effects in rings near the pith seems to be the most commonly used methodology, and although there are some reasoned arguments for analyzing only latewood and developing separate isotope records from each tree, the existence of some contradictory findings together with efforts to reduce cost and effort have prompted alternate strategies (e.g., most years pooled with occasional analysis of rings in the sequence separately for each tree) that have produced useful results in many studies.
INDIRECT EXCHANGE COUPLING OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC MOMENTS BY CONDUCTION ELECTRONS

A calculation is given of the indirect exchange ${\mathrm{I}}_{i}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{I}}_{j}$ type coupling of nuclear magnetic moments in a metal by means of the hyperfine interaction with the conduction electrons. The interaction appears to account qualitatively for the broad nuclear spin resonance lines observed in natural metallic silver. It is expected that the interaction may sharpen the resonances in pure isotopic specimens. The line shape of the minority isotope in a binary mixture may tend to be Gaussian, while that of the majority isotope may tend to be Lorentzian, if the indirect exchange interaction is dominant.
Versal Deformations and Algebraic Stacks

1. Basic Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 2. A Review of Schlessinger's Conditions . . . . . . 167 3. Existence of Versal Deformations at a Point . . . . 169 4. Formal Versality in a Neighborhood . . . . . . . 172 5. Representation of Algebraic Stacks . . . . . . . . 180 6. Reduction of a Flat Groupoid to an Algebraic Stack 184 Appendix : Corrections to "'Algebraization of Formal Moduli I'" 186
Post-Occultation Reception of Lunar Ship America Radio Transmission

THE reception of radio signals from the orbiting lunar spaceship America after its occultation behind the lunar limb is a confirmation of results reported for the Apollo 15 ship Endeavour1. Similar observations arranged with the lunar command module during the Apollo 16 mission were unsuccessful because transmissions from the command module did not occur while the Moon was above our horizon.
Soils and subsurface rock-weathering features of Sherwin and pre-Sherwin glacial deposits, eastern Sierra Nevada, California

Soils and subsurface rock-weathering features developed in Sherwin and pre-Sherwin tills were studied in the Sherwin Till type locality and in Bridgeport Basin to determine those characteristics useful (1) in distinguishing these deposits from those of Tahoe age, and (2) in subdividing and correlating pre-Tahoe deposits along the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada. To aid in these two goals, laboratory data were obtained on pH, particle-size distribution, two fractions each of free Fe and free Al, and two P fractions, but only data on particle size and one Fe fraction proved to be useful. If stable surface sites are compared, soils formed in Sherwin Till have much better developed Bt horizons, as indicated by clay content, clay films, and redness, than those in Tahoe Till. Grusification of granitic clasts is about the same in both Tahoe and pre-Tahoe tills, but metamorphic and volcanic rocks are much more weathered in pre-Tahoe deposits. The best developed soils thought to be of Sherwin age are those in Bridgeport Basin, but the correlation with the type locality of the Sherwin Till is uncertain. Soils formed in type Sherwin Till are less well developed than those formed in Bridgeport Basin deposits, probably either because the former soils are younger, having formed on an exhumed surface following the removal of the overlying Bishop Tuff, or because of climatic and lithologic differences. Data on a weakly developed soil in the uppermost part of the type Sherwin Till, buried by the Bishop Tuff, help to confirm Sharp's (1968) estimate of the date of the Sherwin Glaciation at about 0.75 m.y. B.P. Type Sherwin Till buries a soil formed in still older till in Rock Creek gorge, and a minimum time for the formation of that soil is about 100,000 yr.
Information content and the identification of human faces

The identifiability of men’s faces was predicted from their information contents. A sample of 12 photographs of college men’s faces with similar hair colors, eye colors, and complexions was obtained. Student judges, who received systematically varied instructions, determined the information contents of these faces and their interior features by counting the number of times their contours changed direction (e.g., made an angle or arc). Other students tried independently to identify the faces when they were presented in a tachistoscope for durations of 300, 600, or 900 msec. Errors were negatively correlated with the information contents of the faces, especially the information content of the mouth. Presentation times and instruction effects were also observed.