cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The preclinical discovery and development of brexpiprazole for the treatment of major depressive disorder.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Brexpiprazole is the most recently approved second-generation antipsychotic, which is used as adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for treating major depressive disorder (MDD) with inadequate response. Brexpiprazole shares pharmacological similarities with other second-generation antipsychotics, especially aripiprazole.Area covered: This review provides a detailed overview of the pre-clinical studies of brexpiprazole, followed by a summary of its clinical studies, and a comparison with other antipsychotics in MDD. Brexpiprazole is superior to placebo in reducing depressive symptoms of patients who have had an inadequate response to a standard antidepressant treatment. The efficacy of brexpiprazole is comparable to aripiprazole and quetiapine-XR, but brexpiprazole has demonstrated a lower risk for akathisia than aripiprazole and a lower risk for somnolence than quetiapine-XR.Expert opinion: Given that different studies have used different criteria to define ‘treatment-resistance’ or ...
A Multiscale Morphological Insight into Graphene Based Coatings for Pool Boiling Applications

AbstractThe application of graphene for pool boiling is an attractive option to facilitate compaction and promote efficient heat removal from high power density devices. In this context, chemical characterization of the depositions achieved through commonly employed coating techniques are an important topic of discussion. A detailed structure-property relationship between the morphologies obtained on the mono and multilayered graphene coatings and their corresponding pool boiling performance quantified by the measured critical heat fluxes is presented. Three different types of graphene (G) and graphene oxide (GO) substrates are characterized: (i) nanoscale: mono and multilayer samples developed through chemical vapor deposition, (ii) Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT)-G/GO colloid generated through an oxygen embrittlement electrochemical process, and (iii) commercially available chemical vapor deposited (CVD)-G/GO colloid. The morphological features were characterized with scanning electron microscop...
Attempted Predation of Western Desert Tarantula By Sonoran Desert Toad

Sonoran Desert toads (Incilius alvarius) are known to consume invertebrates, small lizards, other toads, and mice. Here we report an attempt by a Sonoran Desert toad to consume a western desert tarantula (Aphonopelma chalcodes) at Sabino Canyon, Arizona. Despite nearly being completely swallowed, the tarantula was able to escape after a struggle lasting ≥50 s, likely due to defensive bites and urticating hairs.
Introduction: Considering Revisions

The Introduction considers the theater of revisions from the theoretical perspective of the archive, the palimpsest, and adaptations.
The Double-Edged Sword: Controversies in Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer

This review article seeks to summarize the existent literature regarding the use of anthracyclines (specifically doxorubicin) in the treatment of early-stage breast cancers, reviewing the clinically significant side effects of said therapy, and discussing new tools to risk stratify patients. The 2010 Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Cooperative Group meta-analysis again found anthracycline-containing regimens to improve outcomes, while the ABC Trials have shown the superiority of regimens including doxorubicin versus regimens with docetaxel and cyclophosphamide alone in early-stage breast cancer. New risk stratification tools—such as Oncotype DX®—are helping oncologists decide which patients may be able to avoid chemotherapy. Sequential doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide therapy, followed by treatment with docetaxel, improves outcomes in nearly all early-stage breast cancer, with the notable exception of Her2+ disease. Newer risk stratification tools allow better risk/reward calculations in which patients may be able to avoid anthracycline-based chemotherapy and its significant side effects.
Simulation in emergency medicine training

Simulation provides a range of educational tools that have increasingly been incorporated into emergency medicine (EM) curricula. Standardized patients and some partial task trainers, such as intubation heads, have been used for decades. More recently, a growing number of computer-screen simulations, high-fidelity mannequins, and virtual-reality simulators have expanded the number of procedures and conditions, which can be effectively simulated.The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education transitioned to a competency-based assessment of residency programs in 2001 and included simulation as a method for incorporating the 6 core competencies into graduate medical education curricula. Over the past decade, numerous peer-reviewed publications have promoted simulation as an effective educational tool for each of the core competencies.The advanced technology used to operate many current simulators can erroneously become the focus of efforts to create a simulation-based curriculum. Simulation can most effectively be incorporated into EM curricula through the use of time-proven concepts, which start with defining the targeted learners, assessing their general and specific educational needs, defining learning objectives, and selecting the best educational strategy for achieving each objective. In many, but not all, instances, simulation can be the best tool for achieving EM learning objectives.
Biosafety in Handling Gene Transfer Vectors

This unit is devoted to safety issues that must be considered when generating and working with the most common vectors under development for human gene therapy today. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Convergence of Information

When the magnitude of an external variable is signaled through photons, sound waves, or diffused chemicals, that magnitude must be transduced into a neural signal before the nervous system can act on the information that it represents. Information concerning remote objects is delivered by light as a distribution in space and time of photons that are individually insignificant to the recipient nervous system. Likewise, information delivered as sound is a temporally and spatially distributed pattern of individual molecular impacts that have significance only in the aggregate. Chemical communication is a distribution of specific molecules diffusing in air or water. In these and other inputs, the information delivered to the sensory impulse generators only statistically represents the sensed variable. Thus, for example, the average impact of individual air molecules, which constitutes sound pressure, accumulates at the tympanic membrane before there is any mechanical wave analysis and receptor stimulation. The external quantal elements must be combined as physical signals and then transduced into an equivalent neural impulse signal before they can report the remote condition.
Li+-Na+ BETA ALUMINA—A NOVEL Li+ SOLID ELECTROLYTE

Abstract —Li+ is one of several monovalent cations known to completely replace Na+ in Na+ beta alumina. The exchange occurs readily to approximately 50%, producing a physically stable Li+ solid electrolyte having a conductivity of approximately 10-3 (ω cm)-1 at 25°C. The Li+ transport number through Li+-Ni+ beta alumina is nearly 1 for compositions having Li+/Na+ greater than 1. Li+ ions migrate through the solid electrolyte lattice without significantly altering its Na+ content. This paper discusses our work examining ionic equilibrium, Li+ transport, ionic conductivity, and stability of Li+-Na+ beta alumina. The extraordinary preferential Na+ occupation of the beta alumina structure even in the presence of high Li+ activity is discussed and similar behavior predicted for another beta alumina composition
Leistungsorientierte Entlohnung von Verkaufsteams

Organisatorische Umstrukturierungen im Verkauf alleine reichen nicht aus, um die Leistungsfahigkeit, Motivation und Schlagkraft dauerhaft zu erhohen. Neben einer auf Partnerschaft ausgerichteten Fuhrungsphilosophie ist die Einfuhrung eines variablen Vergutungssystems notwendig, das jedem Verkaufsmitarbeiter im Innen- und Ausendienst die Chance eroffnet, durch hohere Eigenverantwortung und Leistung mehr Geld zu verdienen. Die ubliche starre Gehaltsmethodik mit nur Festgehalt im Innendienst und Provisionen fur den Ausendienst past nicht mehr in eine teamgesteuerte Verkaufsorganisation.
High performance blue-emitting organic light-emitting diodes from thermally activated delayed fluorescence: A guest/host ratio study

Emitters displaying thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) can lead to highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Such emitters are usually incorporated into the emissive layer (EML) at a relatively low concentration (<20 wt. %) with respect to a host material, a guest-host approach inherited from conventional fluorescent or phosphorescent OLEDs. Here, detailed studies on OLEDs, in which the concentration of oBFCzTrz (a blue-emitter displaying TADF) in a DPEPO host was varied from 8 to 100 wt. %, reveals that oBFCzTrz displays ambipolar transport and limited fluorescence-quenching due to aggregation. For instance, a neat film of oBFCzTrz maintains a photoluminescence quantum yield of 82%. We demonstrate that OLEDs with an EML having an oBFCzTrz concentration of 50 wt. % in DPEPO yield a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25.5% with an EQE roll-off of 10% in the range from 10 to 1000 cd/m2 and Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage color coordinates of (0.20, 0.44). OLEDs with smaller or larger oBFCzTrz concentrations display smaller maximum EQE values. OLEDs with a neat oBFCzTrz EML display a maximum EQE of 14.0%. Time-resolved electroluminescent decay studies, and analysis using a simple model, reveal significant differences in transport, trapping, and recombination in these devices.
A Heuristic Evaluation to Assess Use of After Visit Summaries for Supporting Continuity of Care.

Background Outpatient providers often do not receive discharge summaries from acute care providers prior to follow-up visits. These outpatient providers may use the after-visit summaries (AVS) that are given to patients to obtain clinical information. It is unclear how effectively AVS support care coordination between clinicians. Objectives Goals for this effort include: (1) developing usability heuristics that may be applied both for assessment and to guide generation of medical documents in general, (2) conducting a heuristic evaluation to assess the use of AVS for communication between clinicians, and (3) providing recommendations for generating AVS that effectively support both patient/caregiver use and care coordination. Methods We created a 17-item heuristic evaluation instrument for assessing usability of medical documents. Eight experts used the instrument to assess each of four simulated AVS. The simulations were created using examples from two hospitals and two pediatric patient cases developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Results Experts identified 224 unique usability problems ranging in severity from mild to catastrophic. Content issues (e.g., missing medical history, marital status of a 2-year-old) were rated as most severe, but widespread formatting and structural problems (e.g., inconsistent indentation, fonts, and headings; confusing ordering of information) were so distracting that they significantly reduced readers' ability to efficiently use the documents. Overall, issues in the AVS from Hospital 2 were more severe than those in the AVS from Hospital 1. Conclusion The new instrument allowed for quick, inexpensive evaluations of AVS. Usability issues such as unnecessary information, poor organization, missing information, and inconsistent formatting make it hard for patients, caregivers, and clinicians to use the AVS. The heuristics in the new instrument may be used as guidance to adapt electronic health record systems so that they generate more useful and usable medical documents.
THE ROLE OF EDUCATED LEADERS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AND SINGAPORE

This paper postulates that highly educated leaders matter in economic growth and development and that this is one of the fundamental causes of the differences in income between countries. To verify...
Medical and Endoscopic Management of Gastric Outlet Obstruction

This chapter discusses the evaluation, medical management, and diagnosis of GOO, as well as explores endoscopic management options for both benign and malignant disease. Endoscopic therapies discussed include through-the-scope balloon dilation, botulinum toxin injection, self-expandable metal stents, and decompressive percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement. Additionally, a brief overview of novel and developing therapies including peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy, gastrojejunostomy with lumen-apposing metal stents, and gastrojejunostomy formation with self-assembling magnets is provided.
Dust of the Zulu: Ngoma Aesthetics after Apartheid by Louise Meintjes (review)

Meintjes, Louise. Dust of the Zulu: Ngoma Aesthetics after Apartheid . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017.
Albuterol Delivery During Heated High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy in a Pediatric Model

Background: Nebulized albuterol and heated high flow nasal cannula systems (HHFNC) are commonly used to treat pediatric patients in respiratory distress. Data are available with adult and infant models but not with older pediatric models. Nebulization could be given in-line with HFNC circuit or via a face mask. We hypothesize that drug delivery will decrease with increasing flow through HFNC. Methods: An anatomically correct oronasotracheal model of a 5 year old child (average weight = 18 kg) was connected in series to a filter, and a breathing simulator (tidal volume 200 mL, respiratory rate 20, and inspiration time 0.9s). A Fisher Paykel Optiflow Junior 2 XL cannula with heated-wired circuit (ID=13mm) was used. A vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN) was placed on the dry side of the humidifier, and the HFNC was run at 5, 10, 15, and 20 L/min. A continuous output jet nebulizer (JN) (6 L/min) was connected to a tightly fit face mask with the HFNC was run at 0, 5, 8, 10, 15 L/min. Ten mg of albuterol were loaded in VMN (2ml) and the JN (4.5ml). 4 units of VMN and JN were used, and run till sputtering occurred. Albuterol mass was measured via spectrophotometer, and reported as percentage of loading dose. Results: See table. Conclusions: Albuterol deposition decreases with increasing flow through HFNC for both VMN and JN. Oronasal delivery of albuterol via face mask is impaired by concomitant use of HFNC.
Rapid screening for cardiac arrhythmias in competition draft horses

Cardiac arrhythmias may cause decreased performance and sudden death during exercise. Our objectives were: (1) to determine prevalence of unrecognised arrhythmias in a population of competition dra...
Particle moment canting in CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles

Polarization-analyzed small-angle neutron scattering methods are used to determine the spin morphology in high crystalline anisotropy, 11 nm diameter ${\mathrm{CoFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ nanoparticle assemblies with randomly oriented easy axes. In moderate to high magnetic fields, the nanoparticles adopt a uniformly canted structure, rather than forming domains, shells, or other arrangements. The observed canting angles agree quantitatively with those predicted from an energy model dominated by Zeeman and anisotropy competition, with implications for the technological use of such nanoparticles.
Immunomodulatory effects of dietary IMUNO-2865 in mice, pre-and post-vaccine challenge with parainfluenza virus 5.

Abstract Herbal remedies and nutraceuticals continue to be used as treatments for a variety of maladies ranging from joint disease to obesity. IMUNO-2865 is a natural nutraceutical supplement that has been advertised to modulate inflammation, boost cytokine activity promoting a robust immunity, but has yet to be evaluated as an adjuvant. In the present study, 4-week-old C57BL/6 female mice (n = 45) were fed 0, 5 or 50 mg/5 g tablet IMUNO-2865 (I-2865) in a tablet formulated feed. One group of mice (n = 15, 5 mice/diet) were placed on a feed diet for 14 days, while the other group of 30 mice (10 mice/diet) were placed on the diet for 28 days. Five mice from each diet group in the 28-day feeding trial were vaccinated on day 7 with a mouse recombinant parainfluenza virus to mimic viral challenge. On days 0, 14 and 28 blood samples were collected. Mice were humanely euthanized on days 14 and 28. Spleens were collected to analyze organ weight/body weight ratios, cell recovery, T cell and B cell phenotype, cell proliferation, antibody titers and cytokine production. Administration of dietary I-2865 for 14 days had no effect on murine immunity. In the 28-day dietary vaccine trial, I-2865 supplementation did not enhance vaccine response, based on vaccine antigen-specific IgG titers, nor did it alter T cell and B cell phenotype, function or cytokine response, but it did decrease splenocyte numbers in the vaccinated mice.
Developing State-Based Recommendation Systems for Golf Training

The NBA, MLB, NFL and other professional leagues utilize sports analytics, but the potential of professional golf analytics is largely untapped. Instead of using data-driven methods connecting practice to tournament performance, training regimens are often based on conventional wisdom. How can data be used to recommend training regimens for golfers to improve performance? We partnered with golf analytics company, GameForge, to develop tools and methods for golf analytics to capture these markets, including the development of a state-based training recommendation system. We used Gameforge, PGA, and LPGA data to build markov models using k-means clustering, and linear models. These two model types form the basis of our recommendation system. In the future, these methods can be used to inform training decisions, particularly as more data is collected.
Risk Factors for Healthcare Personnel Infection with Endemic Coronaviruses (HKU1, OC43, NL63, 229E): Results from the Respiratory Protection Effectiveness Clinical Trial (ResPECT).

Background SARS-CoV-2 presents a large risk to healthcare personnel. Quantifying the risk of coronavirus infection associated with workplace activities is an urgent need. Methods We assessed the association of worker characteristics, occupational roles and behaviors, and participation in procedures with the risk of endemic coronavirus infection among healthcare personnel who participated in the Respiratory Protection Effectiveness Trial (ResPECT), a cluster randomized trial to assess personal protective equipment to prevent respiratory infections and illness conducted from 2011 to 2016. Results Among 4,689 HCP-seasons, we detected coronavirus infection in 387 (8%). HCP who participated in an aerosol generation procedure (AGP) at least once during the viral respiratory season were 105% (95% CI 21%, 240%) more likely to be diagnosed with a laboratory-confirmed coronavirus infection. Younger individuals, those who saw pediatric patients and those with household members under the age of five were at increased risk of coronavirus infection. Conclusions Our analysis suggests the risk of HCP becoming infected with an endemic coronavirus increases approximately two-fold with exposures to AGP. Our findings may be relevant to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; however, SARS-COV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, may differ from endemic coronaviruses in important ways.
89. BEYOND SCREENING: USING ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE (ACE) SCREENING TO PILOT A WELLNESS PROGRAM

Background The AAP recommends ACE screening, but effective implementation and support for patients with high ACE scores is challenging. Many providers are hesitant to screen without intervention support. The second-year resident class worked sequentially to implement ACE screening and use the momentum from screening to pilot an integrated wellness program. Aim Statement 1. Screen for ACE in >80% of patients at annual preventative care visits by December 2019 2. Determine resources needed by patients with high ACE scores 3. Implement an integrated wellness program for patients with high ACE scores. Interventions Interventions addressed barriers for our primary drivers: medical assistants (MA), providers, and families. A MA champion taught best screening strategies and communicated updates. Providers received educational sessions and progress updates via email and monthly meetings. EHR was modified to simplify documentation. Intake forms were streamlined to combat form fatigue. Residents created a QI sign out to update the next resident team and share successes. The wellness nurse developed a menu of services including information about toxic stress and a strength's-based wellness assessment. Integrative techniques were provided to improve resilience, develop strengths, and connect patients to mental health services. Measures Monthly ACE screening rates were determined by measuring the number of screens compared to preventative care visits. Patients with a score of 3 with symptoms or 4-10 were referred to a wellness team. Secondary measures were ACE team referrals, wellness assessments, counseling sessions, integrative interventions, and resources provided. Results ACE screening improved from 2 to 89% in 18 months. During the first 5 months of the wellness program, there were 161 referrals, 80 full wellness assessments, 136 integrative appointments, and 92 in-office counseling sessions. Community resources (food, housing) were provided 617 times, and 2230 pieces of written education were distributed by the wellness team. Conclusions and Next Steps Interventions have shown a sustained increase in ACE screening rates. After establishing the wellness program, there was a marked increase in the number of screens, referrals and wellness appointments. The addition of dedicated staff allowed for better care coordination and resource distribution. Next steps are to decrease no show rates for wellness appointments and to monitor resilience scores and patient surveys for ongoing improvements to the program.
Abstract 3750: STEAP2 is upregulated and necessary for hepatocellular carcinoma progression via increased copper levels and stress-activated MAP kinase activity

To understand potential molecular mechanisms that drive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, we performed RNA sequencing from paired adjacent non-tumor liver and HCC tumor tissues of nine local HCC patients which revealed significant involvement of a gene coding for Six Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of Prostate 2 (STEAP2) protein. STEAP2 is a metalloreductase involved in the reduction and indirectly, uptake, of iron and copper ions. We found significantly higher levels of total copper in HCC tissues than those in paired adjacent non-tumor tissues. The upregulation of STEAP2 expression in HCC was confirmed at its protein level and in TCGA and other published HCC gene expression datasets. Hepatic copper overload is associated with Wilson9s disease and a known risk factor for HCC, therefore, we hypothesize that STEAP2 upregulation and copper accumulation contribute to HCC progression. Paired HCC and adjacent non-tumor tissues were collected for RNA sequencing, metal ion measurement, and measurements of STEAP2 levels with RT-qPCR and Western blot. Public HCC datasets were queried for STEAP2 expression in HCC and non-tumor tissues. HCC cell lines with knockdown (KD) and overexpression (OE) of STEAP2 were created to perform mechanistic studies including measurements of copper levels and MAP kinase activities, cell proliferation, migration, and anchorage independent growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. STEAP2 is significantly upregulated in various HCC gene expression datasets; its expression is positively associated with tumor grade. STEAP2 KD in HCC cell lines decreased cell growth, migration, invasion, and xenograft tumor growth, while STEAP2 OE showed opposite effects. STEAP2 KD in HCC cells also reduced intracellular copper levels and activation of stress-activated MAP kinases including p38 and JNK. Treatment with copper rescued the reduced HCC cell migration due to STEATP2 KD and activated p38 and JNK. Furthermore, treatment with p38 or JNK inhibitors significantly inhibited cell migration. Thus, STEAP2 appears to play a malignant-promoting role in HCC cells by driving migration/invasion via increased copper levels and MAP kinase activities. Our study uncovered a novel molecular mechanism contributing to HCC malignancy and a potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment. Citation Format: Carla R. Zeballos, Acarizia Easley, Hakim Bouamar, Guixi Zheng, Xiang Gu, Yang Junhua, Yidong Chen, Francisco Cigarroa, LuZhe Sun. STEAP2 is upregulated and necessary for hepatocellular carcinoma progression via increased copper levels and stress-activated MAP kinase activity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3750.
A home and rescue gene drive efficiently spreads and persists in populations

Homing based gene drives, engineered using CRISPR/Cas9, have been proposed to spread desirable genes into target populations. However, spread of such drives can be hindered by the accumulation of resistance alleles. To overcome this significant obstacle, we engineer an inherently confinable population modification Home-and-Rescue (HomeR) drive in Drosophila melanogaster that, by creative design, limits the accumulation of such alleles. We demonstrate that HomeR can achieve nearly ~100% transmission enabling it to spread and persist at genotypic fixation in several multi-generational population cage experiments, underscoring its long term stability and drive potential. Finally, we conduct mathematical modeling determining HomeR can outperform contemporary gene drive architectures for population modification over wide ranges of fitness and transmission rates. Given its straightforward design, HomeR could be universally adapted to a wide range of species.
Position-Invariant Truecasing with a Word-and-Character Hierarchical Recurrent Neural Network

Truecasing is the task of restoring the correct case (uppercase or lowercase) of noisy text generated either by an automatic system for speech recognition or machine translation or by humans. It improves the performance of downstream NLP tasks such as named entity recognition and language modeling. We propose a fast, accurate and compact two-level hierarchical word-and-character-based recurrent neural network model, the first of its kind for this problem. Using sequence distillation, we also address the problem of truecasing while ignoring token positions in the sentence, i.e. in a position-invariant manner.
Scale-up of high-pressure F-T synthesis in 3D printed stainless steel microchannel microreactors: Experiments and modeling

Abstract Scale-up of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis using microreactors is very important for a paradigm shift in the production of fuels and chemicals. The scalability of microreactors for F-T Synthesis was experimentally evaluated using 3D printed stainless steel microreactors, containing seven microchannels of dimensions 1000 µm × 1000 µm × 5cms. Mesoporous silica (KIT-6), with high surface area, containing ordered mesoporous structure was used to incorporate 10% cobalt and 5% ruthenium using a one-pot hydrothermal method. Bimetallic Co-Ru-KIT-6 catalyst was used for scale-up of F-T Synthesis. The performance of the catalysts was evaluated and examined for three different scale-up configurations (stand-alone, two, and four microreactors assembled in parallel) at both atmospheric pressure and 20 bar at F-T operating temperature of 240 °C using a syngas molar ratio (H2:CO) of 2. All three configurations of microreactors yielded not only comparable CO conversion (85.6–88.4%) and methane selectivity (~14%) but also similar selectivity towards lower gaseous hydrocarbons like ethane, propane, and butane (6.23–9.4%) observed in atmospheric F-T Synthesis. The overall selectivity to higher hydrocarbons, C5 + is in the range of 75–82% at 20 bars. A CFD model was used to investigate the effect of different design features and numbering up approaches on the performance of the microchannel reactor. The effect of the reactor inlet, the mixing internals and the channel designs on the dead zone %, the quality index factor, the cooling requirement and the maximum dimensionless temperature within the microreactor were quantified. There is no significant effect of increasing the channel width on the microreactor performance and operation of the microchannel reactor at lower Nusselt number that results in higher CO conversion. Increasing the channel width reduced the maximum temperature exhibited in the channel. Finally, the effect of increasing the y/x stacking ratio, i.e. having more reactor units in parallel compared to series, was investigated. Increasing the y/x ratio increased the cooling requirement and the maximum dimensionless temperature increase within the unit decreased the productivity. To minimize the productivity losses, numbering up in series is the better approach; however further analysis must be done to delineate heat removal requirements.
Bit Whisperer: Enabling Ad-hoc, Short-range, Walk-Up-and-Share Data Transmissions via Surface-restricted Acoustics

Bluetooth requires device pairing to ensure security in data transmission, encumbering a number of ad-hoc, transactional interactions that require both ease-of-use and “good enough” security: e.g., sharing contact information or secure links to people nearby. We introduce Bit Whisperer, an ad-hoc short-range wireless communication system that enables “walk up and share” data transmissions with “good enough” security. Bit Whisperer transmits data to proximate devices co-located on a solid surface through high frequency, inaudible acoustic signals. The physical surface has two benefits: it enhances acoustic signal transmission by reflecting sound waves as they propagate; and, it makes the domain of communication visible, helping users identify exactly with whom they are sharing data without prior pairing. Through a series of technical evaluations, we demonstrate that Bit Whisperer is robust for common use-cases and secure against likely threats. We also implement three example applications to demonstrate the utility of Whisperer: 1-to-1 local contact sharing, 1-to-N private link sharing to open a secure group chat, and 1-to-N local device authentication.
Chapter 8 – Commentary

Publisher Summary This chapter documents the written works by some of the most productive contributors to network exchange theory, provides sound examples for others who will be participating in what promises to be an exciting journey toward an increasingly adequate understanding of social structure and emotion. Network exchange theorists and researchers assume the possibility of cumulative theory development, in which a formulation increases in scope, rigor, precision, and empirical adequacy as work on the theory continues. Given this faith in theory growth, it seems a foregone conclusion that theorizing and research on network exchange processes and emotion will accelerate in the coming years, inspired in significant part by the papers that follow. Cognitive and emotional processes will be incorporated into the general NET framework. Perhaps the best strategy for insuring a cumulative development of knowledge about network exchange phenomena, including their cognitive and emotional components, is to develop falsifiable hypotheses about limited parts of the general model, test those limited hypotheses via careful research, and build incrementally upon the results of successive tests. Trying to do too much all at once, tempting as that might be, probably would not build the kind of solid foundation necessary for cumulative knowledge. This would require better measurements of emotion, otherwise statistical controls involving emotion are not going to be convincing. Even without major methodological improvements, however, if an area of theorizing and research has a sense of where it is headed, individual research studies have greater meaning than do research not guided by a meaningful framework.
Level of acid soil field stress for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) tolerance development: Comparison among locations

A dual-phase, sequential breeding program in the Southeastern United States has resulted in development of acid soil tolerant sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] germplasm (GPP4BR, PI 531231) containing source parental lines for hybrid development programs in tropical and subtropical environments. The first phase involved selection for Mn toxicity tolerance at soil pH-H2O 4.5–4.8 (pH-KCl 4.0–4.3) and 20% Al saturation of the soil CEC. The second phase involved selection for Al toxicity tolerance at soil pH-H2O 4.1–4.4 (pH-KCl 3.7–4.0) and 50% Al saturation. Four locations and 7 soil types are utilized in the breeding program. The Phase II program in Georgia is comparable to the acid soil stress levels found in Brazil and is apparently more stressful than the Colombia program. An Al saturation of 50% with soil organic matter contents less than 5% is evidently the maximum field stress level which the Sorghum genus can withstand.
Distributed stable matching problems

We consider the Stable Marriage Problem and the Stable Roommates Problem, two well-known types of the general class of Stable Matching Problems. They are combinatorial problems which can be solved by centralized algorithms in polynomial time. This requires to make public lists of preferences which agents would like to keep private. With this aim, we define the distributed version of these problems, and we provide a constraint-based approach that solves them keeping privacy. We give empirical results on the proposed approach. Supported by the Spanish REPLI project TIC-2002-04470-C03-03.
Cash Flow Productivity at PepsiCo: Communicating Value to Retailers

PepsiCo developed a new metric that better measured the value added by Pepsi products than did gross margin, the traditional metric used by retailers to determine shelf space and promotional activity. The new metric, cash flow productivity, captured the value of Pepsi's Direct-Store-Distribution (DSD) service and the strong attraction of its nationally advertised brands. Pepsi managers believed that their full service distribution service saved customers money and their strong brands generated more traffic and sales, but that most retailers, looking only at gross margins, missed this added value. Pepsi managers struggled to craft a strategy that would convince retailers to adopt cash flow productivity as a metric for making merchandising decisions in their stores.Learning Objective: Examine how various metrics can affect distribution systems and the relationships between suppliers and customers.
Functional organization of squirrel monkey primary auditory cortex: responses to pure tones.

The spatial organization of response parameters in squirrel monkey primary auditory cortex (AI) accessible on the temporal gyrus was determined with the excitatory receptive field to pure tone stim...
Marginal sinus fistula supplied exclusively by vertebral artery feeders

A 54-year-old woman is reported with severe pulsatile tinnitus. Digital subtraction angiography demonstrated dural arteriovenous fistula of the marginal sinus with feeders arising exclusively from bilateral vertebral arteries. Patient underwent successful transarterial Onyx embolization with complete angiographic and clinical cure.
Existence of globally attracting almost automorphic solutions to some nonautonomous higher-order difference equations

In this paper we introduce a new theory for asymptotically almost automorphic sequences on Z"+ which is a natural generalization of the concept of asymptotically almost periodicity for sequences due to Ky Fan. We next make extensive use of such a newly introduced concept as well as discrete dichotomy techniques to study and establish the existence of globally attracting almost automorphic solutions to some higher-order nonautonomous difference equations.
Arthritis beliefs and self-care in an urban American Indian population.

Objective To describe beliefs and self-care strategies of American Indians with chronic arthritis joint pain. Method In-depth interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of urban-dwelling American Indians (n = 56) concerning self-care and beliefs about arthritis; objective measures of arthritis disease activity were obtained through standardized interview protocols. Results Joint pain was not generally assumed to be arthritis nor directly related to aging. Belief that chronic pain affecting multiple joints was a serious and unexpected condition oriented American Indians' decisions to seek medical attention. However, verbal communications about pain may be subtle or under emphasized. Few coping strategies were used to control either chronic or episodic pain. Conclusions Chronic arthritis pain may not be optimally managed in this population. Cultural assessment should recognize that American Indian patients may understate serious symptoms. Community educational interventions should target this population to enhance self-care, pain management, and communication of arthritis symptoms to physicians.
The ionospheric effects of geomagnetic sudden commencements as measured with an HF Doppler sounder at Hawaii.

Abstract The effects of sudden commencements on the frequency shifts of an HF Doppler sounder have been investigated during the period from January 1967 to June 1970 using the Doppler frequency data obtained at the University of Hawaii and geomagnetic data obtained at Honolulu. It was found that if the ionospheric conditions are such that an F-layer reflected wave can be received, almost all the SC's cause Doppler frequency shifts. The effects can be classified into four types: SCF(+−), SCF(−), SCF(−+), and SCF(+). The amplitude of the positive spike scaled from SCF(+−) shows a linear frequency dependence and a positive correlation with the amplitude of the major impulse of the SC. A linear correlation also exists between the amplitude of the positive spike and the maximum negative frequency shift which follows it.
Methodology to optimize critical node separation in hardened flip-flops

Radiation hardening is a requirement for microelectronic circuits used in aerospace applications as they are prone to radiation induced upsets from high altitude neutrons and ions. The most common method to harden VLSI circuits is to use hardened flip-flops (FFs). The design of these FFs is made more difficult with increasing multi-node charge collection (MNCC) in advanced scaled fabrication processes, which requires that charge storage and other sensitive nodes be separated so that one impinging radiation particle does not affect redundant nodes simultaneously. In this paper we describe a correct by construction design methodology to determine a-priori which hardened FF nodes must be separated, as well as a general interleaving scheme to achieve this separation. We apply the methodology to radiation hardened flip-flops and demonstrate optimal circuit physical organization for protection against multi-node charge collection.
The identification of a tandem H-DNA structure in the c-MYC nuclease sensitive promoter element

Summary Previous studies have shown that the c- myc nuclease sensitive element (NSE) is capable of forming H-DNA in vitro . The NSE sequence exhibits strong purine/ pyrimidine strand asymmetry. To study the NSE further, we have isolated the element from other c- myc sequences and have shown that the NSE alone is sufficient for the formation of H-DNA in supercoiled plasmids. We also show that the NSE forms a complex structure containing both H-y3 and H-y5 H-DNA. We term this structure tandem H-DNA.
Differences in sediment organic matter composition and PAH weathering between non-vegetated and recently vegetated fuel oiled sediments.

We examined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) attenuation in contaminated field sediments after only 2 years of plant growth. We collected sediments from vegetated and non-vegetated areas at the Indiana Harbor Canal (IHC), an industrialized area with historic petroleum contamination of soils and sediments. PAH concentrations, PAH weathering indices, and organic matter composition in sediments colonized by Phragmites, cattails, or willow trees were compared to the same indices for non-vegetated sediments. We hypothesized that bulk sediment and humin fractions with measurable increases in plant organic matter content would show measurable changes to PAH attenuation as indicated by more weathered PAH diagnostic ratios or reduced PAH concentrations. Carbon-normalized PAH concentrations were lower in vegetated bulk sediments but higher in vegetated humin fractions relative to non-vegetated sediment fractions. Total organic carbon content was not indicative of more weathered N3/P2 ratios or reduced PAH conc...
Photonic detection of bacterial pathogens in living hosts

The study of pathogenic processes is often limited to ex vivo assays and cell-culture correlates. A greater understanding of infectious diseases would be facilitated by in vivo analyses. Therefore, we have developed a method for detecting bacterial pathogens in a living host and used this method to evaluate disease processes for strains of Salmonella typhimurlum that differ in their virulence for mice. Three strains of Salmonella were marked with bioluminescence through transformation with a plasmid conferring constitutive expression of bacterial luciferase. Detection of photons transmitted through tissues of animals infected with bioluminescent Salmonella allowed localization of the bacteria to specific tissues. In this manner progressive infections were distinguished from those that were persistent or abortive. We observed patterns of bioluminescence that suggested the caecum may play a pivotal role in Salmonella pathogenesis. In vivo efficacy of an antibiotic was monitored using this optical method. This study demonstrates that real time non-invasive analyses of pathogenic events and pharmacological monitoring can be performed in vivo.
High-frequency noise measurements on FET's with small dimensions

A low-noise high-frequency transresistance amplifier has been used to accurately measure broad-band noise in MOSFET's with small widths and submicrometer channel lengths. The technique allows noise characterization up to frequencies of 100 MHz of the small devices available as process test arrays from different fabrication lines. The noise in the different portions of the I-V characteristics of submicrometer MOSFET's has been characterized and shown to be greater by factors of 2 to 4 than the noise expected from long-channel noise theory.
Materials limitations of amorphous-Si:H transistors

Application of two-terminal (back-to-back diode) and three-terminal (FET) amorphous-Si:H devices to the matrix addressing of liquid-crystal displays (LCD) is discussed. a-Si:H back-to-back diodes appear to be suitable switching elements for displays of intermediate complexity. These devices are easy to fabricate and appear to have a high yield. A n analysis of matrix-addressed LCD's shows that FET's implemented in a low-mobility material, such as a-Si:H, are best suited for (medium) high-resolution capacitorless displays where competing technologies (CdSe, poly-Si) are likely to encounter difficulties in meeting the off requirements. Instabilities in a-Si:H-based devices were studied by fabricating inverted and noninverted FET's with a variety of gate dielectrics: SiO 2 , both thermally grown and sputtered; Si 3 N 4 , both by GD and LPCVD; and evaporated SiO x . Comparison of these devices, which are listed in decreasing order of stability, showed that a-Si:H FET's with thermal oxide were stable. In other devices, the decrease of the source-drain current I SD with time was mainly caused by trapping at the semiconductor-dielectric interface. Feasibility of a-Si:H FET-addressed LCD's was studied by fabricating experimental 26 × 26 G-H LCD's by photolithographic methods on soda-lime glass substrates, using either GD Si 3 N 4 or sputtered SiO 2 as a gate dielectric. FET's use a ring layout for the gate geometry to maximize the off resistance and a positive photoconductivity-feedback mechanism to maximize the on current and to minimize cumulative trapping. The Schottky contact inverted FET's ( L = 25 µm; W = 3800 µm) have a switching range > 106. In dc conditions, at a source-drain voltage V_{SD} = 10 V, the drain current I SD is typical V_{G} = 0 and > 1 µA at V_{G} = 10 V. The transistor characteristics are time dependent. The channel mobility, as derived from the linear (triode) regime is about µ eff = 0'02 cm2/V . s at quasi-dc and increases with decreasing pulse length until it saturates at µ eff = 0.2 cm2/V . s. I SD decreases with time to about \frac{1}{2} to \frac{1}{3} of its initial value in ambient light (operating devices) and to about \frac{1}{10} in the dark, mostly due to trapping in the gate dielectric. The time-dependent decrease in I SD has been studied under dc conditions for the plasma-deposited SiO 2 and Si 3 N 4 gate insulators and under pulse conditions for Si 3 N 4 . Auger depth-profile analysis shows that the properties of amorphous hydrogenated silicon FET's are not very sensitive to the incorporation of common residual gases (O 2 , N 2 ). Lifetime tests at room temperature and at 80°C for > 1 year have been carried out and the displays appear to be stable.
Three distinct types of dynamic behaviour shown by a single planktonic system

A wide range of dynamic behaviour has been uncovered by studying disparate predator–prey systems1, ranging over population stability, cycles and non-cyclic fluctuations. We know of no instance, however, in which qualitatively different dynamics have been found in the same natural predator–prey populations at different times, or in a given predator–prey system found in different but similar communities. Mathematical models of predator–prey systems, by contrast, predict that any particular system may exhibit the whole range of dynamics simply as a result of changes in rate parameters, such as those that might occur at different temperatures. Indeed, May raises the possibility that different Daphnia–algal dynamics in the laboratory are caused by differences in the relative values of time lags and rates of increase at different temperatures2. Therefore, to produce the different dynamics, the models need not undergo any change in structure, such as might occur in different systems or groups of organisms. Here we show that field populations of a predator, the zooplanktonic herbivore Daphnia, and its algal prey exhibit three qualitatively different types of dynamic behaviour. This finding supports the basic premise that different dynamics can result from quantitative differences within a constant structural framework, and hence the hypothesis that variations in dynamics between systems can be explained in the same way as differences within a single system.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultured rat alveolar type II cells.

Restoration of the alveolar epithelium after injury is thought to be dependent on the proliferation of alveolar type II cells. To understand the factors that may be involved in promoting type II cell proliferation in vivo, we determined the effect of potential mitogens and culture substrata on DNA synthesis in rat alveolar type 11 cells in primary culture. Type II cells cultured in basal medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) exhibited essentially no DNA synthesis. Factors that stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation included cholera toxin, epidermal growth factor, and rat serum. The greatest degree of stimulation was achieved by plating type II cells on an extracellular matrix prepared from bovine corneal endothelial cells and then by cul-turing the pneumocytes in medium containing rat serum, cholera toxin, insulin, and epidermal growth factor. Under conditions of stimulation of 3H-thymidine incorporation there was an increased DNA content per culture dish but no increase in cell number. The abilit...