cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wide area augmentation of the Global Positioning System

The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) is being deployed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to augment the Global Positioning System (GPS). The WAAS will aid GPS with the following three services. First, it will broadcast spread-spectrum ranging signals from communication satellites. The airborne WAAS receiver will add these new ranging signals to the GPS constellation of measurements. By so doing, the augmented position fix will be less sensitive to the failure of individual system components, thus improving time availability and continuity of service. Second, the WAAS will use a nationwide ground network to monitor the health of all satellites over our airspace and flag situations which threaten flight safety. This data will be modulated on to the WAAS ranging signals and broadcast to the users, thereby guaranteeing the integrity of the airborne position fix. Third, the WAAS will use the ground network to develop corrections for the errors which currently limit the accuracy of unaugmented GPS. This data will also be included on the WAAS broadcast and will improve position accuracy from approximately 100 m to 8 m. When complete, the augmented system will provide an accurate position fix from satellites to an unlimited number of aircraft across the nation. It will be the primary navigation system for aircraft in oceanic routes, enroute over our domestic airspace, in crowded metropolitan airspaces, and on airport approach.
Synthesis of Hepatic Protein During Pregnancy in the Rat

The accumulation of hepatic protein during pregnancy in the rat could be the result of a decrease in rate of degradation, an increase in rate of synthesis or both. The purpose of the study was to determine relative rates of synthesis of hepatic protein for pregnant and nonpreg- nant rats. Pregnant and nonpregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a 20% casein, purified diet from the first day of gestation. On d 19 of gestation the rats were killed. Livers were weighed and assayed for RNA. Relative synthesis rates of hepatic protein were assessed by homologous in vitro cell-free translation. RNA per liver and per g liver and in corporation of labeled leucine into protein per liver and per unit of RNA were greater for the pregnant rats than the nonpregnant rats. In conclusion, accumulation of hepatic protein during pregnancy is at least partially the result of an increase in rate of synthesis. J. Nutr. 118: 1319â€" 1324, 1988.
The Court Impact Scale: A Tool for Evaluating IPV Victims’ Experience in Court

The court system is a central part of the societal response to intimate partner violence (IPV), and is a frequently used source of help for victims. The concept of therapeutic jurisprudence suggests that the court should be evaluated not just for its potential effect on recidivism, but for its impact on the well-being of all those who participate in it, and IPV scholars suggest that empowerment is a key component of any therapeutic intervention for victims. Research in these areas is limited by the lack of a standard method for examining victim experience in the court system. This article describes the development and piloting of a 23-item measure designed to address this gap. The pilot sample included 157 victims of IPV seeking civil protection orders (CPOs). Exploratory factor analysis yielded 5 factors: Negative Impact, Positive Impact, Fear, Validation, and Network Impact. Validation was most strongly correlated with global satisfaction with the court process. Implications and applications for work in therapeutic jurisprudence and empowerment are discussed.
Screening freshmen computer science majors

Ten factors were studied to determine their relationship to success in the first computer science course (Programming Concepts and Problem Solving) for majors. The ten factors studied were the following: high school grade point average, ACT scores (English, math, social science, natural science, and composite), Nelson Denny Reading scores (vocabulary, comprehension, and total grade equivalent), and the UTM Math Placement Test score. Of these placement factors, only the ACT English score and the UTM math placement test were significant in reducing the failure rate in the first course in computer science for majors. The ACT English score was the single best predictor of success.
Improved arousal and initiation following tricyclic antidepressant use in severe brain injury

Abstract Three patients with severe traumatic brain injury demonstrated significant improvement in arousal and initiation after administration of tricyclic antidepressants. The first patient showed improved motor and speech initiation in response to amitriptyline following several months of functional plateau. The second patient was minimally responsive 2 months after injury and demonstrated improved arousal following the use of desipramine. Both patients deteriorated when the medications were discontinued and improved again when they were restarted. These two cases provide strong evidence for a medication effect. The third patient began to verbalize following desipramine administration, despite being mute for more than a year after injury. Previous case reports describe cognitive-enhancing effects, such as improved arousal, attention, memory, and initiation, of dopaminergic agents, and in the caes of tricyclic antidepressants, effects on agitation. The role of norepinephrine in promoting neurological recovery after brain lesions has been demonstrated in animals. The cases presented here provide some of the first data to show similar efficacy in humans and underscore the need for controlled trials to better determine which patients will benefits.
Process Control of Epi-Layers for SiGe:C Hetero-Structure Bipolar Transistors

The SiGe:C hetero-structure bipolar transistor (HBT) has turned into a key technology for wireless communication. This paper describes the metrology tools for SiGe epitaxy process control. Two types of analysis are critical, (1) routine control of SiGe base and Si cap thicknesses, location and thickness of the doping layer, doping dose, Ge composition profile, and their uniformity across the wafer; and (2) root-cause analysis on non-routine problems. This is achieved by developing a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique allowing a thickness measurement with a reproducibility better than 3 A. Charge-compensated low-energy secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) using an optical conductivity enhancement (OCE) allows a Ge composition measurement to a required precision of 0.5 at. %.
Toxicity and pharmacology of bolus vindesine injection and prolonged vindesine infusion

Vindes ine is a chemica l ly der ived, s t ruc tura l ana log of vinblas t ine sulfate. I t has been shown to be active against a w ide range of exper imenta l an ima l tumors (3). Phase I trials of vindesine in m a n have ind ica ted that a weekly dose of 2 -4 m g / m 2 given by in t ravenous bolus is well to lera ted (1, 2). A l though weekly in t ravenous bolus vindesine infusion has been the most f requen t ly used schedule of d r u g admin i s t ra t ion , p re l imina ry s t u d i e s b y Mathd et al. (4) have suggested tha t a 48-h infusion o fv indes ine m a y be more effective than a weekly bolus inject ion schedule in cer ta in clinical situations. We have adrnmlstered~ v~r!desme to 26 pat ients wl th various m a h g n a n c l e s using e i ther the weekly bolus injection schedule or a 48-h infusion schedule . This pape r presents the p re l imina ry results of our clinical studies using these t~4o d r u g admin i s t r a t ion schedules. T h e results o f pha rmaco log ic studies c o m p a r i n g seriam vindesine levels ach ieved wi th a 48-h d r u g infusion a re c o m p a r e d with those of bolus d rug admin is t ra t ion . M e a s u r e m e n t s o f rena l and bi l iary excre t ion of vindesine are also presented.
Imaging of the Explosive Emission Cathode Plasma in a Vircator High-Power Microwave Source

Most pulsed high-power microwave sources use explosive electron emission cathodes to generate high current electron beams. In the explosive emission process, the current emitted through small field emission points becomes high enough to cause the cathode material to vaporize and form a plasma. Plasma characteristics, such as uniformity and expansion rate, will affect the performance of the microwave source. High-speed optical imaging can be used to resolve some characteristics of the plasma in time. The images of the cathode plasma during the operation of a triode-geometry virtual cathode oscillator high-power microwave source are presented for three different cathode materials.
Reply to Cohen

tical, mathematical, simulation, geometric, or what have you, must in the end submit themselves to a test, or must generate statements about reality that can be challenged by known, or obtainable, observations. Korn's book on Levi-Strauss's kinship theories does just this. It is a destructive job; science survives by such. For the history of anthropology the most important point made by Korn is the last sentence of her book, in which she says that the real problem of L6vi-Strauss's work is not its brilliance, its method, or one's ability to understand it, rather it is how
Mutations in components of antiviral or microbial defense as a basis for breast cancer

In-depth functional analyses of thousands of breast cancer gene mutations reveals vastly different sets of mutated genes in each of 21 different breast cancer genomes. Despite differences in which genes are mutated, innate immunity pathways and metabolic reactions supporting them are always damaged. These functions depend on many different genes. Mutations may be rare individually but each set of mutations affects some aspect of pathogen recognition and defense, especially those involving viruses. Some mutations cause a dysregulated immune response, which can also increase cancer risks. The frequency of an individual mutation may be less important than its effect on function. This work demonstrates that acquired immune deficiencies and immune dysregulation in cancer can occur because of mutations. Abnormal immune responses represent a hidden variable in breast cancer–viral association studies. Compensating for these abnormalities may open many new opportunities for cancer prevention and therapy.
Spreading behaviour of the Pacific-Farallon ridge system since 83 Ma

We present improved rotations, complete with uncertainties, for the Pacific-Farallon Ridge (PFR) between geomagnetic chrons 34y (83 Ma) and 10y (28.28 Ma). Despite substantial shortening since ∼55 Ma, this ridge system and its remnants (e.g. the East Pacific Rise) have produced as much as 45per cent of all oceanic lithosphere created since the Late Cretaceous, but reconstructions face the twin challenges of extensive subduction of Farallon crust—which precludes reconstruction by fitting conjugate magnetic anomaly and fracture zone (FZ) traces—and asymmetric spreading behaviour for at least the past 51 Myr. We have calculated best-fit ‘half’-angle stage rotations between nine geomagnetic chron boundaries (34y, 33y, 29o, 24.3o, 20o, 18.2o, 17.1y, 13y and 10y) using combined anomaly and FZ data from both the northern and southern Pacific Plate. For rotations younger than chron 24.3o, estimates for spreading asymmetry, derived using anomaly picks from yet-to-be subducted Farallon/Nazca crust in the south Pacific, allow full stage rotations to be calculated. Between 50 and 83 Ma, where no direct constraints on spreading asymmetry are possible, a ‘best-fit’ full stage rotation was calculated based on the net Nazca:Pacific spreading asymmetry (Pacific spreading fraction f PAC =0.44) over the past 50 Myr, with conservative lower and upper bounds, based on variability in the degree of spreading asymmetry over periods of<15 Myr, assuming f PAC s of 0.5 and 0.36, respectively. Synthetic flowlines generated from our new stage rotation produce a better match to Pacific FZ trends than previously published rotations. With the exception of the chron 18o–20o rotation, the six stage poles for rotations between chrons 33y and 13y (74–33 Ma) all cluster tightly at 60–75°E, 60–68°N, consistent with the relatively constant trend of the major Pacific FZs. This stability spans at least one episode of Farallon Plate fragmentation caused by subduction of PFR segments beneath the Americas, at 55–48 Ma, which appears to have greatly accelerated divergence on the surviving ridge without significantly affecting the location of the instantaneous rotation pole. Together with quasi-periodic 15–20 Myr variations in the degree of spreading asymmetry that also appear to correlate with changes in spreading rate, this indicates that forces other than slab pull may be a factor in determining Pacific-Farallon Plate motions.
Picturing Rural America: An Analysis of the Representation of Contemporary Rural America in Picture Books for Children

A quiet but persistent dialog about the importance of place is happening in educational research. This study contributes to that conversation by offering a critical analysis of how picture books show a “placed,” rural America. To increase understanding of the social constructions of rurality, 24 picture books were analyzed using qualitative content analysis to determine how contemporary rural life is represented in picture books for children. Results indicated images falling into six categories: Rural people are self-reliant; rural people are connected; rural people are satisfied and happy; rural people are diverse; rural areas are expendable and, rural people are ‘Other’.
Multiresolution path planning with wavelets: A local replanning approach

A path planning algorithm based on multiresolution cell decomposition of the environment using wavelets is proposed. The environment is assumed to be given by an occupancy grid at fine resolution. The algorithm constructs a cell decomposition at several levels of resolution (cell sizes) and constructs an optimal path to the destination from the current location of the agent. At each step the algorithm iteratively refines a coarse approximation to the path through local replanning. The replanning process uses previous information to refine the original cell channel in the immediate area of the path. This is done efficiently using the wavelet coefficients. Numerical tests show a speed-up of an order of magnitude over the baseline algorithm with minimal impact on the overall optimality of the resulting path. A comparative study with the well-known D* algorithm is also provided.
Jet and Lepton Pair Production in High-Energy Lepton-Hadron and Hadron-Hadron Scattering

Cross sections for jet and lepton-pair production at large transverse momenta are studied in a class of renormalizable field theories including quantum chromodynamics. To all orders in perturbation theory, appropriate moments are seen to factorize short-distance from long-distance dependence in leptoproduction. Scale breaking is governed by the anomalous dimensions of twist-two operators. These results are extended to hadron-hadron scattering for theories where infrared divergences cancel in the sum over soft particle emissions, even in the limit that all particle masses vanish. This cancellation is explicitly demonstrated for totally massless QED.
Evaluation of the relationship between opioid exposure in extremely low birth weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit and neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years.

Abstract Background Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are exposed to many painful procedures while in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), such as catheter insertion and endotracheal intubation. Exposure of ELBW infants to repetitive pain and stress in the NICU can lead to cardiovascular instability and may alter neuronal and synaptic organization. Opioid analgesics are administered to reduce pain, stress and to potentially reduce poor neurologic outcomes. They may also be utilized as sedation for mechanically ventilated ELBW infants. There is limited data in regards to neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants exposed to opioids, and available studies have conflicting results. Objective To examine the relationship between cumulative opioid dose in ELBW infants in the NICU and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 20months corrected age (CA). Study design 100 ELBW infants who had complete neurodevelopmental assessments at 20months CA were categorized by cumulative opioid exposure during the NICU stay (high vs. low/no opioid). Outcome measures included cognitive, motor and language scores from the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (BSITD-III). Multiple regression analyses adjusted for the impact of social and neonatal risk factors on outcome. Results There were 60 patients with high and 40 with low/no opioid exposure. Infants in the high dose group had a higher number of median ventilator days (53.5 vs. 45.6days, p=0.046) and a higher incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (5% vs. 21.7%, p=0.022). There were no significant differences in BSITD-III scores between the two opiate groups. In multivariate analysis cumulative opioid dose was associated with lower cognitive scores on the BSITD-III even after adjusting for social and neonatal risk factors (β=−0.247, p=0.012). Conclusion Cumulative opioid dose is associated with worse cognitive scores at 20months CA even after adjusting for social and neonatal risk factors.
Trans -1,2-Dichloroethylene

Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, also known as 1,2-DCE, trans- 1,2-DCE, acetylene dichloride, and 1,2-dichloroethene, is used in a mixture with the cis-1,2-isomer as a captive intermediate in the production of other chlorinated solvents. Its structure and properties are shown in Table 1.
Role of alcohol in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Chronic, heavy ethanol consumption is a major risk for developing the worsening liver pathologies that culminate in hepatic cirrhosis, the leading risk factor for developing HCC. A significant body of work reports the biochemical and pathological consequences of ethanol consumption and metabolism during hepatocarcinogeneis. The systemic effects of ethanol means organ system interactions are equally important in understanding the initiation and progression of HCC within the alcoholic liver. This review aims to summarize the effects of ethanol-ethanol metabolism during the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, the progression toward HCC and the importance of ethanol as a comorbid factor for HCC development.
Price-Based Empirical Test of the Reciprocal Dumping Model

In this paper we provide direct price-based empirical tests of the Brander-Krugman basic reciprocal dumping model as well as a test for the N-firm version of the model as discussed in Helpman and Krugman (1985). We first explicitly derive testable hypotheses from the basic model concerning how international price differences are generated. We then utilize a data set that provides us with prices of individual identical goods in different markets. Hypothesis testing indicates that there is evidence in support of the duopolistic Brander-Krugman (B-K) model. Further empirical tests also show some support (though weaker) to the N-firm version of the Brander-Krugman-Helpman model. Overall, we find that the Brander-Krugman-Helpman approach is not only theoretically interesting, but it is also empirically relevant.
Invasive species induced food web disruption, alternative regimes, and cyanobacteria dominance in a pelagic food web: a case history

An ordination approach using chemical and biological measures was employed to evaluate and identify alternative phases of a large, stratified, eutrophic lake as well as the correlated causes associ...
Out in the woods

Mutti lives a mile from me ‘out in the woods', as they say in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. He lives on the old Ketola family place. The homestead shows no signs of having ever been farmed, but ...
Test and evaluation of data association algorithms in hard+soft data fusion

The information gathered by sources during counter insurgency (COIN) operations can be classified into two types. The data gathered by humans and recorded in the textual format such as field reports is referred to as soft data. Data gathered with the help of physical sensors such as video cameras, LIDAR, acoustic sensors, etc. is referred to as hard data. To process this information, various hard and soft processing techniques are used, which convert these data into relational graphs. Many times this hard and soft data contains duplicate references of the same entities, events and relationships, caused by multiple sources reporting on the same entity, event or relationship or due to successive reports on an entity, event or relationship. The role of data association is to identify these duplicate references across the different observations and merge them into fused (cumulative) evidence. This cumulative evidence will contain more information about the real world than offered by any single observation. We want the cumulative evidence to describe the real world as accurately as possible, so as to draw satisfactory conclusions on the state of the real world. This calls for development of an objective strategy for evaluating the performance of data association processes. In this paper, we describe in detail the testing and evaluation strategy developed for this task. This strategy was deployed for the evaluation of three different data association algorithms on the Sunni Criminal (SUN) Thread of the Synthetic Counterinsurgency (SYNCOIN) dataset. The SUN thread consists of 114 soft messages and 13 hard messages. This test and evaluation strategy can also help in selecting the best data association algorithm to deploy based on the different properties of the input dataset and processing time permissible.
SEX RATIO CONSTANCY IN THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.

The mean primary sex ratio (proportion of zygotes that are male) in most organisms with genetic sex determination is generally found to be very near 50%. Although phenotypic variance about the mean is generally small and masked by the large sampling variance due to the binomial distribution of the sexes (Edwards, 1958, 1970), the existence of loci modifying the sex ratio has been demonstrated in some organisms (Weir, 1953; Feinberg and Pimentel, 1966; Myers and Krebs, 1971; Beckenbach, 1978; others reviewed by Edwards, 1962a), and patterns of variation in the sex ratio of other organisms have occasionally been noted (see Parkes, 1926, for an early review). Trivers and Willard (1973), reviewing more recent mammalian data, proposed that facultative sex ratio variation is adaptive and is compatible with Fisher's (1958) hypothesis of evolution of the mean sex ratio. On the assumptions that (1) condition of young at the end of parental care will tend to be correlated with the condition of the mother during parental care, (2) differences in condition of the young at the end of parental care will tend to endure into adulthood, and (3) in polygynous species adult males are more greatly benefited by slight advantages in condition than are adult females, they hypothesized that mothers should bias their sex ratio in favor of males if they are in better than average condition for their population, and in favor of females if they are in poorer than average condition. Although Trivers and Willard considered only maternal condition, the logic of the argument applies to
The “Shakespearean” Portrait of Richard III In Edward Alleyn’s Picture Collection

On Tuesday last [29 June 1613] there was acted at the Globe a new play called All is Triewe, which had been acted not passing 2 or 3 times before. There came many people to see it insomuch that the house was very full, and as the play was almost ended the house was fired with shooting off a chamber which was stopped with towe [straw] which was blown up into the thatch of the house and so burnt down to the ground. But the people escaped all without hurt except one man who was scalded with the fire by adventuring in to save a child which otherwise had been burnt.2
Evaluation of Automated Reticulocyte Counts and Their Reliability in the Presence of Howell-Jolly Bodies

An automated reticulocyte procedure using a flow cytometer and the fluorescent dye thiazole orange was evaluated for clinical use. The mean reticulocyte count on 118 hematologically healthy adults was 1.56% (standard deviation |SD] 0.54), with virtually no difference in percentage between women and men. The mean absolute values were 68.4 × 109/L (SD 24.6) and 75.7 × 109/L (SD 27.2), respectively. When compared with the standard microscopic technique, the automated method showed excellent correlation ( r = 0.98) and greatly improved precision (coefficient of variation [CV] 4.1%) over the manual method (CV 22.8%). Preanalytic storage of blood samples at 4 °C for up to 48 hours did not significantly affect results, nor did varying the incubation time of diluted samples from ½ to 2 hours. In a group of patients with appreciable numbers of Howell-Jolly bodies, automated reticulocyte counts were spuriously elevated. The difference between the manual and automated counts on these patients approximated the percentage of Howell-Jolly bodies observed on their Wright-Giemsa stained blood smears.
Analysis on Sanitary Condition of Drinking Water in Star Hotels in Futian District of Shenzhen City

[Objective]To learn the sanitary condition of drinking water in hotels in Futian district of Shenzhen city,ensure drinking water safety,and provide the basis for sanitary management of drinking water in hotels. [Methods]The sanitary condition of drinking water in 16 hotels was detected with hygienic investigation.The detection results of the terminal tap water,the secondary water and the filtered water were analyzed,and the analysis and evaluation was conducted according to the Standards for drinking water quality(GB/T5749-2006). [Results]The qualified rate of drinking water in hotels was 95.1%.The qualified rate of the terminal tap water,the secondary water and the filtered water was 96.1%,96.0% and 93.6% respectively,and the difference was not significant(χ2=0.372,P0.05).The toxicological examination showed that the unqualified indexes which included heavy metal(lead) and metal(aluminum) had been detected in the filtered water. [Conclusion]The qualified rates of drinking water in hotels Futian district of Shenzhen city were good,but there were sanitary problems in some drinking water samples,which mainly included the heavy metal and metal indexes.
Comprehensive assessment of plague surveillance in Qinghai province, China

Objective To establish a comprehensive assessment model for plague surveillance for Qinghai province, China, andto evaluate the national- level surveillance stations in the natural focus of Himalayan marmot plague for improvement ofperformance and quality of plague surveillance.MethodsA total of 25 comprehensive assessment indicators reflecting thesurveillance quality were selected, which included the population survey of marmots and other small rodents, the flea index andburrow track fleas from the primary host of plague, marmots, and the plague bacteriological and serological measurements. Theanalytic hierarchy process(AHP) was used to establish a comprehensive assessment model for plague surveillance and to evaluatethe plague surveillance in 4 national- level surveillance stations in the natural focus of Himalayan marmot plague in Qinghai.ResultsAccording to the scores obtained from the AHP model, the 4 national- level surveillance stations were in the order ofUlam county(1.9286), Gonghe county(1.3174), Golmud city(1.0692), and Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture(0.9477).ConclusionThe results of plague surveillance evaluation based on AHP are reasonable and reliable. It provides strongevidence for the management and improvement of plague surveillance.
Caregiver and Adolescent Discrepancies in Perceptions of Violence and Their Associations with Early Adolescent Aggression

This article examined the role of caregiver messages about violence and exposure to neighborhood violence on adolescent aggression in light of research regarding discrepancies between parents and their children. Drawing upon data from an urban African American sample of 144 caregiver/early adolescent dyads (M = 12.99; SD = 0.93; 58.7 % female) we examined covariates of discrepancies between caregiver and adolescent reports of perceptions of violence as well as their association with adolescent aggression. Analyses suggested that concordance in perceptions of violence was associated with children's attitudes about violence and caregivers' perceptions of family communication. Structural equation modeling indicated a unique role for individual perceptions and suggested that agreement in awareness of neighborhood violence could be protective for early adolescent involvement in aggression.
Stimulation of P(i) transport in opossum kidney cells by hyposmotic media

Exposure of various cells to hyposmotic media (Hypo) results in a rapid inhibition of both receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis. We used this maneuver to investigate the role of endocytosis in regulation of Pi transport in opossum kidney (OK) cells. Following exposure to Hypo, Na(+)-dependent Pi uptake increased rapidly, reaching a maximum within 5 min, and remained elevated up to 30 min. This was associated with a simultaneous reduction of horseradish peroxidase uptake. Kinetic studies showed increased apparent Vmax for Pi (9.38 +/- 0.93 vs. 13.08 +/- 1.04 nmol.mg-1.5 min-1 for control and Hypo, respectively; P < 0.05, n = 6) with no change in apparent Km. The effect was specific for Pi with no change in the Na(+)-dependent or -independent uptake of L-proline, L-glutamine, or methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Stimulation of Pi transport persisted when control and Hypo had identical ionic compositions. Stimulation of Pi transport was rapidly reversed when cells were returned to an isosmotic medium....
Removal of Convexity, Parasagittal, and Falcine Meningiomas

Convex, parasagittal, and falcine meningiomas represent a group of tumors that naturally fall together in terms of symptoms, surgical technique, and potential problems related to their anterior-posterior location. There are significant differences in the technical aspects of the surgical approaches to these three supratentorial meningiomas, which are reviewed separately in this article.
A Coupled Scanning and Optimization Scheme for Analyzing Molecular Interactions

The past decade has brought major advances in the quality and variety of methods for computerized drug design and molecular docking, making the area ripe for the implementation of hybrid algorithms. Hybrid methods create improved algorithms from existing ones by mixing techniques in a way that maximizes advantages and minimizes disadvantages. Here, we outline a hybrid method for molecular docking which couples the rapid-scanning algorithm DOT with the global optimization algorithm CGU.
Strategies of Resistance and Disengagement in an Ethnic Enclave: EI Barrio in Aurora, Illinois

This paper is a case study of a small city undergoing a process of demographic and ethnic change in community, empowerment, and political participation. For the dominant ethnic group these changes are threatening, but resisting the Latino community that they fear tends to set in motion the very conditions that exacerbate the growing prevalence of poverty and the attendant problems of gangs, domestic violence, and school drop-out rates. For the Latino community the challenge to such resistance is through community organizing and bringing pressure upon the city for inclusion in the political structure to influence policy regarding these problems.
Hypofractionated external beam radiation therapy in combination with HDR boost for localized prostate cancer: Quality of life outcomes.

62Background: There is limited data to support the use of hypofractionated external beam radiation (HypoF) in combination with high dose rate brachytherapy (HDR). We report our quality of life (QOL) outcomes when treating intermediate (IR) and high risk (HR) prostate cancer patients with external beam radiation (EBRT) plus HDR. Methods: The charts of 54 patients with localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with standard fractionation (SF) or HypoF EBRT plus HDR boost at a single institution between 2012 and 2015 were reviewed. All patients completed the American Urological Association Symptom Score (AUASS) and Expanded Prostate Index for Prostate Cancer – Clinical Practice (EPIC-CP) quality of life assessments prior to treatment and completed at least one follow-up survey. Linear mixed models were performed to test whether there was any significant change over time for each outcome and to detect whether there was any significant difference in each outcome between the different treatments. Results...
A comparison of phonetic convergence in conversational interaction and speech shadowing

Abstract Phonetic convergence is a form of variation in speech production in which a talker adopts aspects of another talker’s acoustic–phonetic repertoire. To date, this phenomenon has been investigated in non-interactive laboratory tasks extensively and in conversational interaction to a lesser degree. The present study directly compares phonetic convergence in conversational interaction and in a non-interactive speech shadowing task among a large set of talkers who completed both tasks, using a holistic AXB perceptual similarity measure. Phonetic convergence occurred in a new role-neutral conversational task, exhibiting a subtle effect with high variability across talkers that is typical of findings reported in previous research. Conversational phonetic convergence did not differ by talker sex on average, but relationships between speech shadowing and conversational convergence differed according to talker sex, with female talkers showing no consistency across settings in their relative levels of convergence and male talkers showing a modest relationship. These findings indicate that phonetic convergence is not directly compatible across different settings, and that phonetic convergence of female talkers in particular is sensitive to differences across different settings. Overall, patterns of acoustic–phonetic variation and convergence observed both within and between different settings of language use are inconsistent with accounts of automatic perception-production integration.
Project EPISTLE: a system for the automatic analysis of business correspondence

The developing system described here is planned to provide the business executive with useful applications for the computer processing of correspondence in the office environment. Applications will include the synopsis and abstraction of incoming mail and a variety of critiques of newly-generated letters, all based upon the capability of understanding the natural language text at least to a level corresponding to customary business communication. Successive sections of the paper describe the Background and Prior Work, the planned System Output, and Implementation.
The Mixed State of Thin Films in Parallel Fields

Many interesting phenomena and regimes occur when the magnetic field B is oriented parallel to a superconducting film of thickness d much less than the penetration depth λ. The negligible demagnetization effects, together with the nearly complete field penetration, lead to a very large threshold field B c1 ∥ for vortex entry, which is much larger than the bulk B c1. Furthermore, orbital pair breaking is suppressed in parallel fields so that overlap of vortex cores is not the determining condition for the parallel upper critical field B c2 ∥ , but Pauli paramagnetic pair breaking is. In this case B c2 becomes very large and you have novel possibilities such as the Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov phase (FFLO). Finally, when the cross section facing the magnetic field is reduced below a threshold value, Abrikosov vortex cores cease to exist. These features make the determination of the coherence length in the direction of the film thickness problematic. This work demonstrates transport techniques that allow a determination of this important fundamental length through experimental confirmation of the condition when Abrikosov vortices cease to exist.
Use of cortical buttons for the fixation of the distal biceps tendon in combination with the double-incision technique-the relationship between the drill trajectory and the proximity to the posterior interosseous nerve: a cadaveric study.

Background The aim of this cadaveric study was to investigate different defined drill trajectories through the radial tuberosity for the placement of a cortical button and their proximity to the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) by using the double-incision technique. Methods A total of 10 elbows from 5 fresh entire cadavers were used in this study. Detachment of the distal biceps tendon was performed to simulate its rupture. A standardized double-incision approach was performed, and the radial tuberosity was exposed in full pronation. A drill hole was applied perpendicular through the center of the tuberosity. Another 8 drill holes were applied with the same starting point at the tuberosity with defined trajectories. A cortical button was then placed through the center hole. The distances between the PIN and the exit holes of the different trajectories were measured. The cortical button was analyzed regarding muscle entrapment as well as its closest distance to the PIN. Results Contact of the PIN and the drill hole was observed for 6 of the 9 trajectories; only the proximal-ulnar, ulnar, and ulnar-distal trajectories had no contact with the PIN in any of the experiments. No contact of the cortical button and the PIN was observed for the ulnar and distal-ulnar drill trajectories only. The minimal distance to the PIN was 1.6 mm for both. Conclusion Because of the potential risk of PIN injuries, the use of cortical button fixation in combination with the double-incision approach cannot be recommended.
Examination of the processability of 16MnCr5 by means of laser powder bed fusion

Abstract Additive manufacturing, especially Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), allows the build-up of complex parts. Therefore, LPBF is already used in multiple fields, such as automotive or aerospace industry. To promote the wide spread use of AM within the automotive sector materials such as case hardening steels have to be available due to their use in drivetrain parts e.g. gears and shift forks. In this contribution, the processing capability of case hardening steel 16MnCr5 (1.7131) via LPBF is examined. Results of parameter variations are presented. Analyses show that relative densities of above 99.5 % are achievable. The interlayer bonding of specimen manufactured with varied laser power at a constant energy density and with varied scan patterns was investigated. Occurring surface roughness was derived from tilted specimen and contour exposure variants were compared.
Poe, Egypt, and “Egyptomania”

“Poe and Egypt, and ‘Egyptomania’” by Emily James Hansen examines Poe’s inclusion of Ancient Egypt in selected works and his incorporation of “Egyptomania,” the fascination with Ancient Egypt that influenced art, literature, architecture, fashion, and burial customs in the nineteenth century. Poe’s incorporation of Egypt and “Egyptomania” in many works—including some of his most famous tales, “Ligeia” and “The Fall of the House of Usher”—not only reveals his deep awareness of popular culture but also hints at an attempt to preserve this place, Egypt, in literature.
Analysis Validation Has Been Neglected in the Age of Reproducibility

Increasingly complex statistical models are being used for the analysis of biological data. Recent commentary has focused on the ability to compute the same outcome for a given dataset (reproducibility). We argue that a reproducible statistical analysis is not necessarily valid because of unique patterns of nonindependence in every biological dataset. We advocate that analyses should be evaluated with known-truth simulations that capture biological reality, a process we call “analysis validation.” We review the process of validation and suggest criteria that a validation project should meet. We find that different fields of science have historically failed to meet all criteria, and we suggest ways to implement meaningful validation in training and practice.
Assessing Wind Data from Reanalyses for the Upper Midwest

AbstractWind is an important atmospheric variable that is receiving increased attention as the world seeks to shift from carbon-based fuels in order to mitigate climate change. This has resulted in...
Disclosure of Pathology Error to Treating Clinicians and Patients

Despite our best efforts to mitigate pathology error, harmful pathology error will inevitably occur. Disclosure of error to patients is encouraged and even mandated by regulatory bodies and advocacy groups. Many pathologists are interested in participating in disclosure of serious error but are ill-equipped to do so. Error disclosure by pathologists requires not only a better understanding of how errors occur in pathology, but the relationship between pathologists and treating clinicians in reducing error, and barriers pathologists’ face when disclosing error. This chapter examines the current state of error disclosure as it pertains to pathology and provides a practical guide for who, when, and how to disclose serious pathology error to patients. The authors discuss the rationale and principles behind effective disclosure. Related topics including the management of adverse events, barriers to disclosure, and additional resources for the implementation of disclosure programs in pathology are explored.
Surgical Resection of Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas is Associated with Lower Cholesterol Levels.

Catecholamine excess in patients with pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas (PPGLs) can lead to hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. The aim was to investigate the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and the effect of surgical resection. One hundred and thirty-two patients with PPGLs underwent an operation at the National Institutes of Health from 2009 to 2016, of which 54 patients met the inclusion criteria. Clinical demographics, BMI, genetic mutations, tumor size, perioperative catecholamine levels and perioperative lipid panels were retrospectively reviewed. Spearman correlation between catecholamines and lipid levels was evaluated. Paired Wilcoxon and paired t test were used to analyze differences in pre- and postoperative lipid levels. Preoperatively, 51 patients (94.4%) had elevated catecholamines, thirteen (24.1%) had elevated total cholesterol (TC) (>200 mg/dL), nine (16.6%) had elevated LDL (>130 mg/dL) and ten (18.5%) had elevated triglycerides (>150 mg/dL). Serum and urinary metanephrine levels were positively associated with TC (r = 0.2792, p = 0.0372 and r = 0.4146, p = 0.0031, respectively) and LDL levels (r = 0.2977, p = 0.0259 and r = 0.4434, p = 0.0014, respectively). Mean TC decreased from 176.4 to 166.3 mg/dL (p = 0.0064) and mean HDL decreased from 56.7 to 53.2 mg/dL (p = 0.0253) after PPGL resection (median 3.1 months (range 1.3–50.2) between lipid panels). Most patients with elevated TC (76.9%) had improvement with mean TC decreasing from 225 to 200.2 mg/dL (p = 0.0230). Of patients with elevated LDL, 66.7% had improvement with mean LDL decreasing from 149 to 131.1 mg/dL (p = 0.0313). The prevalence of hyperlipidemia in patients with PPGLs is 46%. Future prospective studies are needed to determine whether surgical resection improves TC and/or LDL levels.
Secure Trust Evaluation Using Multipath and Referral Chain Methods

The notions of trust and reputation have been well studied and integrated into computer networks and internet-based services, e.g., Amazon and eBay websites. Using trust and reputation as social mechanisms can enhance the quality, reliability and trustworthiness of networks or services. These social mechanisms can also be used to provide better security measures. Indeed, trust and reputation can be considered as soft security methods that compliment hard security techniques. However, data security and privacy are among the primary challenges in trust and reputation systems. We therefore propose a secure trust evaluation (STE) method in which privacy of trust values and corresponding weights are preserved. Our proposed method is constructed based on an information theoretic framework for modeling trust and two approaches that propagate trust in a network, i.e., multipath and referral chain techniques. In other words, we utilize secure multiparty computation to provide protocols by which the nodes in a network will be able to evaluate their trust values in a secure fashion. We also provide a fascinating application of our STE method in the context of network routing protocols.
Touch preparation for rapid onsite evaluations of renal mass biopsies: concordance rate, pearls, and pitfalls.

Introduction Core needle biopsy (CNB) of renal masses has not been commonly performed because of the perceived low sensitivity until recent years. Rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) using touch preparations (TPs) has the potential to improve the yield of CNB, although it can be challenging because of the diverse morphology of various types of renal tumors and native cells. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed percutaneous CNBs of renal masses with ROSE using TPs. ROSE findings were correlated with diagnoses on CNBs. Results Among the 165 cases identified between August 2016 and August 2019, CNB led to definitive diagnoses in 82.4% (136 of 165) cases. These included renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) (n = 113, 68.5%), benign neoplasms (n = 14, 8.5%), urothelial carcinomas (n = 6, 3.6%), metastatic carcinomas (n = 2, 1.2%) and 1 case of lymphoma (0.6%). Eight cases were indeterminate, including 2 cases positive for oncocytic neoplasm, 2 cases suspicious for RCC, and 4 cases with atypical features. Twenty-one (12.7%) CNBs were negative for tumor. ROSE interpretations for these cases were: malignant (n = 18, 10.8%); positive for neoplasm (n = 6, 3.6%); atypical/lesional/adequate not otherwise specified (n = 113, 68.5%); negative (n = 19, 11.5.0%); and unsatisfactory (n = 9, 5.5%). The overall concordance rate between ROSE and the final CNB diagnoses was 87.3%. Conclusions Renal mass CNBs revealed a subset of non-surgical conditions in addition to RCCs. ROSE using TPs showed a high concordance rate with CNB results. Proximal tubular cells, macrophages, and angiomyolipomas are common pitfalls, whereas vacuolated cytoplasm and background are helpful features to confirm low-grade RCCs.
Unified Absolute Differential Cross Sections for Neutron Production by the Hydrogen Isotopes for Charged-Particle Energies Between 6 and 17 MeV

An absolute scale for the differential cross sections of the reactions 3H(p, n)3He, 2H(d, n)3He, and 3H(d, n)4He, measured for incident energies between 6 and 17 MeV, was established using a calibr...
Microfoundations and macroeconomics at 20: some reflections

In this short contribution, I summarize the four papers that comprise the symposium on Microfoundations and Macroeconomics: An Austrian Perspective and then address several themes that they raise. Specifically, I discuss the roles of capital and capital goods, human capital, adjustment costs after monetary shocks, W. H. Hutt’s understanding of idleness in the labor market, and the ways in which Austrian macroeconomic concepts can be deployed in doing economic history. I argue that intertemporal discoordination remains the key concept in Austrian macroeconomics and encourage present and future scholars to explore the coordinating role of capital and to challenge the institutional and historical contingencies that have defined the canonical Austrian business cycle theory story.
TRACE Analysis of a Loss of Alternating-Current Power Without Rod Insertion for the NuScale Power Module—II: Sensitivity to Varying Initial Temperature

In a companion paper, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff has described analyses performed using the TRAC/RELAP Advanced Computational Engine (TRACE) code to study the transient syst...