cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ethanol on the metabolism of free fatty acids in isolated liver cells

Ethanol inhibited the oxidation and enhanced the esterification of albumin-bound [1-(14)C]palmitate incubated with isolated rat liver cells. Ethanol decreased the conversion of [1-(14)C]palmitate to (14)CO(2) and (14)C-labeled ketone bodies and enhanced the incorporation of [1-(14)C]palmitate into glycerolipids, especially triglyceride; cholesteryl ester synthesis was unaffected. The half-maximal effective ethanol concentration for each of these processes was 6-10 micro g/ml and a maximum effect was produced by about 50 micro g/ml. Ethanol oxidation was required for each of these alterations, since the effects were completely abolished by pyrazole. The energy obtainable from ethanol oxidation was in excess of the energy deficit from decreased fatty acid oxidation. However, ethanol did not affect O(2) consumption, indicating that ethanol oxidation replaced the oxidation of both fatty acids and other substrates. Ethanol inhibited the citric acid cycle in the intact liver cells by 20-30%. The major site of inhibition was alpha-ketoglutarate oxidation. Results suggest that ethanol inhibited alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the mitochondria of hepatocytes by elevating the mitochondrial NADH:NAD ratio. A minor site of inhibition of ethanol oxidation was detected between succinate and citrate. It is suggested that ethanol inhibits fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes by competitive substrate oxidation, resulting in an increased availability of long-chain free fatty acids; this thereby enhances esterification, leading to accumulation of liver triglyceride.
Looking for Indicators of Media Richness Theory in Distance Education

Distance learning is becoming a popular option for education. Course management platforms (CMP) are used to deliver distance learning courses. These include an abundance of channels by which to communicate and run a distance class. As such, CMP provide an excellent environment to test the implications of Media Richness Theory. Based upon a review of "interaction" theories, conjectures are formulated outlining anticipated differences based upon the richness used in the CMP. These conjectures are tested with a set of data from an established distance education program. The results show significant differences, in the direction predicted by Media Richness Theory, for satisfaction, communication and interaction, and perceived technology effectiveness.
V. Long-term Maintenance of Two Strains on Synthetic and on Stock Diets.∗:

SummaryTwo strains of highly inbred mice, one tumor-susceptible and the other tumor-resistant, were maintained for a period of about one year on a stock diet or on a synthetic ration adequate for good growth performance. The tumor-susceptible A strain on synthetic diet showed numerous deficiency symptoms not seen on stock rations and not shown to any great extent by C57 mice on either stock or synthetic diets.
Powers of the Secular Modern: Talal Asad and His Interlocutors

Powers of the Secular Modern: Talal Asad and His Interlocutors. David Scott and Charles Hirschkind, eds. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. 355 pp.
Designing stable finite state machine behaviours using phase plane analysis and variable structure control

This paper discusses how phase plane analysis can be used to describe the overall behaviour of single and multiple autonomous robotic vehicles with finite state machine rules. The importance of this result is that we can begin to design provably asymptotically stable group behaviours from a set of simple control laws and appropriate switching points with decentralized variable structure control. The ability to prove asymptotically stable group behaviour is especially important for applications such as locating military targets or land mines.
Building Local Safety Maps for a Wheelchair Robot using Vision and Lasers

To be useful as a mobility assistant for a human driver, an intelligent robotic wheelchair must be able to distinguish between safe and hazardous regions in its immediate environment. We present a hybrid method using laser rangefinders and vision for building local 2D metrical maps that incorporate safety information (called local safety maps). Laser range-finders are used for localization and mapping of obstacles in the 2D laser plane, and vision is used for detection of hazards and other obstacles in 3D space. The hazards and obstacles identified by vision are projected into the travel plane of the robot and combined with the laser map to construct the local 2D safety map. The main contributions of this work are (i) the definition of a local 2D safety map, (ii) a hybrid method for building the safety map, and (iii) a method for removing noise from dense stereo data using motion.
Materials used for seed storage containers: response to Gómez-Campo [ Seed Science Research 16 , 291–294 (2006)]

Efficient seed storage is a shared concern among the growing number of seed banks established for crop improvement or ex situ conservation. Container properties greatly affect seed interactions with the environment and the overall cost and success of seed banking operations. Several material properties contribute to their suitability as seed containers. This paper provides a consolidated list of water vapour permeability properties of thermal plastics commonly used for packaging. Composite packages with layers of film with different properties provide distinct advantages to seed banks. Different seed banks must rank the importance of the various factors depending on their mission and resources. Once the risks, costs and benefits are weighed, an appropriate strategy can be developed that addresses a seed bank's specific needs. Because there are many problems and several solutions, it is likely that strategies will vary among seed banks. This response details variables to consider when selecting seed storage packages, and focuses on water diffusion rates of packages with different compositions. A ‘moisture audit’ will help seed bank operators make informed decisions about packaging.
Abstract C183: Inhibition of CSF1 receptor signaling targets tumor associated macrophages in a murine ovarian cancer model.

Rationale: CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) mediated signaling is important for the recruitment of CD11b + F4/80 + tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs support tumor growth by several mechanisms including suppressing anti-tumor immune responses via the M2 macrophage subpopulation. Macrophages are found in the ascites and tumor tissue of patients with ovarian cancer and therefore present a suitable target for therapy. This study evaluates the effect of pharmacologic CSF1R inhibition on the profile of intraperitoneal macrophages in a murine model of ovarian cancer. In addition, we assessed the direct effect of CSF1R inhibition on several established human ovarian cancer cell lines. Methods: To establish an orthotopic ovarian cancer model, we injected murine ID8 epithelial ovarian cancer cells into the ovarian bursa of immuno-competent C57BL6 mice. ID8 cells were labeled with the luciferase gene for bioluminescence. Upon establishment of tumor disease and ascites, mice were treated with daily oral doses of the selective CSF-1R inhibitor GW2580. Ascites and tumor tissue was assessed for the presence of CD11b + Gr-1 lo Ly6C hi mononuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and CD11b + F4/80 + tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The human ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR5, IGROV1 and SKOV3 were treated with CSF1R inhibitors and cell proliferation assessed. Results: In vivo gene imaging showed ID8 tumor growth initially confined to the ovary with subsequent metastatic spread to the peritoneal cavity closely mimicking the growth pattern of human ovarian cancer. In animals with established metastatic tumor disease and ascites, GW2580 treatment caused a significant reduction in the ascites volume to about 25% of the level in untreated animals. GW2580 induced a drastic reduction in TAMs and MDSCs in ascites and intraperitoneal tumor tissue. Both MHCII+ and MHCII- TAM subpopulations were reduced equally. OVCAR5, IGROV1 and SKOV3 showed a decrease in cell proliferation when treated with CSF1R inhibitors albeit at higher doses (>10 M). Conclusion: Inhibition of CSF1R signaling in vivo reduces immune-suppressive TAMs and MDSCs in an intraperitoneal murine ovarian cancer model. In addition, CSF1 decreases ovarian cancer cell proliferation. This suggests that CSF1R inhibition might have dual therapeutic effects by modulating the intraperitoneal microenvironment and directly targeting ovarian cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C183.
A preliminary assessment of low level arsenic exposure and diabetes mellitus in Cyprus

A preliminary study was undertaken in a community of Cyprus where low-level arsenic (As) concentrations were recently detected in the groundwater that was chronically used to satisfy potable needs of the community. The main objective of the study was to assess the degree of association between orally-ingested As and self-reported type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in 317 adult (≥18 years old) volunteers. Cumulative lifetime As exposure (CLAEX) (mg As) was calculated using the median As concentrations in water, individual reported daily water consumption rates, and lifetime exposure duration. Logistic regression models were used to model the probability of self-reported DM and calculate odds ratios (OR) in univariate and multivariate models. Significantly higher (p < 0.02) CLAEX values were reported for the diabetics (median = 999 mg As) versus non-diabetics (median = 573 mg As), suggesting that As exposure could perhaps be related to the prevalence of DM in the study area, which was 6.6%. The OR for DM, comparing participants in the 80th versus the 20th percentiles of low-level As CLAEX index values, was 5.0 (1.03, 24.17), but after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, education, and fish consumption, the As exposure effect on DM was not significant. Further research is needed to improve As exposure assessment for the entire Cypriot population while assessing the exact relationship between low-level As exposure and DM.
Longitudinal impedance of skinned frog muscle fibers.

Longitudinal impedance of skinned muscle fibers was measured with extracellular electrodes and an oil gap method in which a central longitudinal section of fiber is insulated by oil while the ends of the fiber are bathed in conducting pools of relaxing solution. Intact single fibers were isolated from frog semitendinosus muscle and the sarcolemma removed either by mechanical or chemical methods. Stray capacitance across the oil gap was measured after each experiment and its admittance subtracted from the admittance of the fiber and oil gap. Effects of impedance at the ends of the fiber were eliminated by measuring the impedance with two lengths of fiber in the oil gap and subtracting the impedance at the shorter length from that at the longer length. Longitudinal impedance so determined for mechanically and chemically skinned fibers exhibited zero phase shift from 1 to 10,000 Hz, i.e., the longitudinal impedance of skinned fibers is purely resistive. If we assume that our skinned fibers are a model of the sarcoplasm of muscle, we conclude that the equivalent circuit of the sarcoplasm is a resistor.
Accelerated three-dimensional free-breathing first pass cardiac perfusion at 1.5T

Background Perfusion CMR provides an important diagnostic tool for the detection of myocardial ischemia in patients with known or suspected CAD [1]. Conventionally, 2D multislice imaging with 2-4 short-axis slices is often used for evaluation of left ventricular perfusion. 3D CMR perfusion has been proposed for its superior coverage and higher SNR [2]. However, accelerated imaging is required for adequate spatio-temporal resolution. Recent studies in accelerated CMR have shown that utilizing local information in the imaging volume significantly improves reconstruction quality [3,4]. However, such highly accelerated k-t based techniques used for 3D perfusion [3] require breath-hold acquisitions, which may be difficult following physical stress or for some patients. In this study, we sought to develop a compressed-sensing (CS) based image reconstruction technique utilizing local imaging features for highly-accelerated 3D free-breathing perfusion CMR.
Mupirocin resistance in patients colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a surgical intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND Nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be a precursor to serious infection, and decolonization with topical mupirocin has been studied as a means of preventing clinical infection. Mupirocin resistance in patients with MRSA has been reported, usually in the context of widespread mupirocin use. METHODS Patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit (SICU) had nasal swab cultures for MRSA performed at admission, weekly, and at discharge in an active surveillance program. Collected MRSA isolates were tested for mupirocin resistance, and molecular analysis was performed. Clinical data on the characteristics and outcomes of the patients who stayed in the SICU for >48 h were collected prospectively. RESULTS Of the 302 MRSA isolates available for testing, 13.2% were resistant to mupirocin, with 8.6% having high-level resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration, >or=512 microg/mL) and 4.6% having low-level resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration, 8-256 microg/mL). Patients admitted to the SICU for >48 h who were colonized with mupirocin-resistant MRSA were more likely to have been admitted to our hospital during the previous year (P=.016), were older (P=.009), and had higher in-hospital mortality (16% vs. 33%; P=.027), compared with patients colonized with mupirocin-susceptible MRSA. Molecular analysis of the mupirocin-resistant isolates revealed that 72.5% of isolates contained staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec II. Repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction typing revealed that high-level mupirocin resistance was present in multiple clonal groups. The rate of mupirocin use hospital-wide during the study period was 6.08 treatment-days per 1000 patient-days. CONCLUSIONS We documented a high rate of mupirocin resistance in MRSA isolates from SICU patients, despite low levels of in-hospital mupirocin use.
On the generation of non-Gaussian noise using the discrete-Fourier transform method

In this paper, specific time-domain noise signals with predetermined statistical characteristics, are synthesized by means of phase spectrum manipulations in the frequency domain. Each signal maintains a constant magnitude frequency response. However, different phase response distributions have been used to manipulate the phase spectrum in order to obtain tailored statistical characteristics in the time-domain. The sought characteristics include: kurtosis, skewness, and crest factor. Simulation results are presented
Using Mother Tongues as Building Blocks in Childhood Education

“The limits of my language mean the limits of my world.” —Ludwig Wittgenstein “The world is richer than it is possible to express in any one language.” —Ilya Prigogine, Nobel Prize-winning scientis...
ECL: a specification environment for system-level design

We propose a new specification environment for system-level design called ECL. It combines the Esterel and C languages to provide a more versatile means for specifying heterogeneous designs. It can be viewed as the addition to C of explicit constructs from Esterel for waiting, concurrency and pre-emption, and thus makes these operations easier to specify and more apparent. An ECL specification is compiled into a reactive part (an extended finite state machine representing most of the ECL program), and a pure data looping part, thus nicely supporting a mix of control and data. The reactive part can be robustly estimated and synthesized to hardware or software, while the data looping part is implemented in software as specified.
The Evolution of General Intelligence

When studying different species in the wild, field biologists can see enormous variation in their behaviors and learning abilities. For example, spotted hyenas and baboons share the same habitat and have similar levels of complexity in their social interactions, but differ widely in how specific vs. general their behaviors are. This paper analyzes two potential factors that lead to this difference: the density of connections in the brain, and the number of generations in prolonged evolution (i.e. after a solution has been found). Using neuroevolution with the NEAT algorithm, network structures with different connectivities were evaluated in recognizing digits and their mirror images. These experiments show that general intelligence, i.e. recognition of previously unseen examples, increases with increase in connectivity, up to a point. General intelligence also increases with the number of generations in prolonged evolution, even when performance no longer improves in the known examples. This outcome suggests that general intelligence depends on specific anatomical and environmental factors. The results from this paper can be used to gain insight into differences in animal behaviors, as well as a guideline for constructing complex general behaviors in artificial agents such as video game bots and physical robots.
Minimax correlation between a line segment and a beamlet

The minimax correlation between a line segment and a beamlet is proved to be 2 � 3=4 : The result is useful
A Dynamic Thermodynamic Sea Ice Model

Abstract A numerical model for the simulation of sea ice circulation and thickness over a seasonal cycle is presented. This model is used to investigate the effects of ice dynamics on Arctic ice thickness and air-sea heat flux characteristics by carrying out several numerical simulations over the entire Arctic Ocean region. The essential idea in the model is to couple the dynamics to the ice thickness characteristics by allowing the ice interaction to become stronger as the ice becomes thicker and/or contains a lower areas percentage of thin ice. The dynamics in turn causes high oceanic heat losses in regions of ice divergence and reduced heat losses in regions of convergence. TO model these effects consistently the ice is considered to interact in a plastic manner with the plastic strength chosen to depend on the ice thickness and concentration. The thickness and concentration, in turn, evolve according to continuity equations which include changes in ice mass and percent of open water due to advection, ...
On the Taxonomic Status of Oryzomys curasoae McFarlane and Debrot, 2001, (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) with Remarks on the Phylogenetic Relationships of O. gorgasi Hershkovitz, 1971

A BSTRACT. — The type material of Oryzomys curasoae McFarlane and Debrot, 2001, an allegedly extinct species from the island of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles, is morphologically indistinguishable from O. gorgasi Hershkovitz, 1971, a Recent mangrove-inhabiting species from mainland Venezuela. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that the latter belongs to the genus Oryzomys in its strictest sense, and that “ curasoae ” is not close to Oecomys (formerly ranked as a subgenus of Oryzomys ) as previously suggested. Evidence that Rattus rattus may now be displacing O. gorgasi from coastal habitats in Venezuela suggests that black rats might have been directly responsible for the extinction of the insular population of O. gorgasi on Curacao. K EYWORDS. — extinct , oryzomyines , rodents , Curacao , Venezuela
Artists as Scholars: The Research Behavior of Dance Faculty

The research behaviors and library use of dance scholars are widely unknown, particularly in regard to issues of access to historical materials and new technology preferences. In the past thirty years, college and university dance departments in the United States have developed into independent, research-based programs. Despite the lack of current research examining the information needs of dance scholars, academic librarians must support the performance, research, and pedagogy of these programs. Interviews with dance faculty from three diverse institutions of higher education provide exploratory data about these scholars’ research needs. This qualitative study provides context for dance faculty experiences as both artists and teachers.
Filtration chromatography on substituted Sephadex in the purification of the hypothalamic hormone TRF (TSH-releasing factor).

SummaryPurification of the TRF concentrate prepared by gel filtration of acetic acid extracts of hypothalamic tissues on Sephadex G-25 can be achieved following gel chromatography on carboxymethyl-Sephadex C-50 equilibrated in 0.001M pyridine acetate. The TRF activity is quantitatively eluted upon stepwise application of 0.09M pyridine acetate buffer. The method described can be used with small columns (4 × 15 cm) with charges ≤ 1 g TRF concentrate and also with large size preparative columns (15 × 33 cm) with charges up to 25 g of the TRF concentrate.
Ellis, Francis Whyte (ca. 1778–1819)

Among British civil servants of the colonial period in India who performed services to linguistics, few names are more prominent than that of Francis Whyte Ellis (c. 1778–1819). As a pioneering European scholar Ellis occupies a place in Dravidian studies analogous to that of Sir William Jones in Indo-European. He had published a study marking the birth of comparative Dravidian linguistics, somewhat obscurely entitled as ‘Note to the Introduction’ to Campbell's Grammar of … Teloogoo (1816). It was on this firm foundation that later scholars, such as Caldwell, Burrow, Emeneau, Krishnamurti, and others, were able to build so successfully.
An Introduction to Model Theory

For the remainder of the text we turn our attention to that branch of logic called model theory. Here we consider formal languages with enough expressive power to formulate a large class of notions that arise in many diverse areas of mathematics. Within our idealized language we shall be able to describe different kinds of orderings, groups, rings, fields, and other commonly studied mathematical notions.
Hemispheric Asymmetry of Function in Children

One of the many intriguing characteristics of the human brain is that it functions asymmetrically. This, of course, does not necessarily imply that one side is “dominant”-which, as Ornstein (1972) so keenly points out, is basically a societal distinction-but, instead, that the two hemispheres are not alike with respect to their abilities to handle different cognitive and perceptual functions. It is by now fairly well established that the right hemisphere is involved, primarily, in nonverbal, visuospatial, holistic processing, and the left in sequential, propositional, logical, and verbal—or linguistic—activities. This is a well-documented fact in the pathological literature and there are several excellent sources dealing with it (Mountcastle, 1962; Kinsbourne and Smith, 1974; Dimond and Beaumont, 1974), so this material need not be reviewed here. Additionally, data from work with normals using dichotic listening techniques (Cannon and Nachson, 1973; Bever and Chiarello, 1974; Kimura, 1961), and brief, lateralized visual presentations (Cohen, 1972; Kimura, 1966; Gross, 1972; Geffen, Brad-shaw, and Wallace, 1971; Filbey and Gazzaniga, 1969; Durnford and Kimura, 1971) have confirmed and expanded the pathological findings.
Home-Delivered Meals and Risk of Self-Reported Falls: Results From a Randomized Trial:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether home-delivered meals, and the frequency of delivery, reduces self-reported falls among homebound older adults. Data come from a randomized parallel three-arm study of 371 older adults on seven Meals on Wheels programs' waiting lists. Participants were randomly assigned to receive (a) daily meal delivery ( n = 139); (b) once weekly, frozen meal delivery ( n = 106); or (c) control, remain on the waiting list for meals ( n = 126). Participants were surveyed at baseline and 15 weeks post randomization. At follow-up, 36 (28.6%) in the control group, 29 (27.4%) receiving once weekly delivered meals, and 33 (23.7%) receiving daily delivered meals reported a fall (compared with control, daily meal risk ratio [RR] = 0.83, 95% confidence limits [CL] = [0.55, 1.25]; frozen meal RR = 0.96, 95%CL = [0.63, 1.45]). Our study suggests that daily delivered meals may reduce the risk of falls. Additional work is needed to understand the effect of meals on falls, particularly among previous fallers, a high-risk subgroup.
Long-term cost effects of collaborative care for late-life depression.

Objective To determine the long-term effects on total healthcare costs of the Improving Mood: Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) program for late-life depression compared with usual care.
Response by Heydari et al to Letter Regarding Article, "Effect of Omega-3 Acid Ethyl Esters on Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction: The OMEGA-REMODEL Randomized Clinical Trial".

We thank Dr Nagele for his Letter to the Editor and his interest in our work.1 Dr Nagele expressed concern regarding the safety of omega-3 fatty acids based on the numbers of mortality cases in the omega-3 fatty acid and placebo treatment arms. Dr Nagele postulated that the long-term cumulative effect of exposure to omega-3 fatty acids may be harmful because of “lipid peroxidation” following “gradual accumulation within biological membranes.” Although, at the present time, the effects of …
Refraction at metamaterial interface in terms of induced phase at resonant frequency

Phase shift in reflection and transmission coefficients is critical to understand the constitutive effective parameters of metamaterial. In this paper, we study the phase of S 11 (reflection coefficients) and S 21 (transmission coefficients) for a plane wave incident normally on a slab of metamaterial. This study can help to predict the resonant frequency band and whether the permittivity, e r , is negative or the permeability, μ r , is negative.
How We do it

A systematic approach to paraplegia risk in the surgical treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms based on effective strategies identified from the experimental literature is discussed. With this approach, collateral blood flow, rather than direct intercostal reimplantation, moderate hypothermia and endorphin receptor, is emphasized blockade. The result has been a 10-fold reduction in paraplegia risk in elective patients and a 5-fold reduction in acute patients. This reduction in paralysis risk has resulted in improved short- and long-term survival.
PR Interval Prolongation and Cryptogenic Stroke: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

Background Atrial dysfunction or “cardiopathy” has been recently proposed as a mechanism in cryptogenic stroke. A prolonged PR interval may reflect impaired atrial conduction and thus may be a biomarker of atrial cardiopathy. We aim to compare the prevalence of PR interval prolongation in patients with cryptogenic stroke (CS) when compared with known non-cryptogenic non-cardioembolic stroke (NCNCS) subtypes. Methods We used prospective ischemic stroke databases of 3 comprehensive stroke centers to identify patients 18 years or older with a discharge diagnosis of ischemic non-cardioembolic stroke between December 1, 2013 and August 31, 2015. The main outcome was ischemic stroke subtype (CS versus NCNCS). We compared PR intervals as a continuous and categorical variable ( Results We identified 644 patients with ischemic non-cardioembolic stroke (224 CS and 420 NCNCS). Patients with CS were more likely to have a PR of 200 milliseconds or greater when compared with those with NCNCS (23.2% versus 13.8%, P = .009). After adjusting for factors that were significant in univariate analyses, a PR of 200 milliseconds or greater was independently associated with CS (odds ratio [OR] 1.70, 95% CI 1.08-2.70). The association was more pronounced when excluding patients on atrioventricular nodal blocking agents (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.44-4.83). Conclusions A PR of 200 milliseconds or greater is associated with CS and may be a biomarker of atrial cardiopathy in the absence of atrial fibrillation. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this association.
A Dimensional Analysis of College Student Satisfaction.

The present paper reports findings regarding dimensions of college student satisfaction, based on undergraduates' responses to the College Student Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSSQ) (Betz, Klingensm...
Nationwide survival after inhospital cardiac arrest before and after 2010 cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines: 2007–2014

Abstract Background American Heart Association has been revising the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines quinquennially. We sought to study the influence of 2010 CPR guidelines on nationwide survival after inhospital cardiac arrest. Methods Healthcare Utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample 20007-2014, was used to identify 799,741 adults aged ≥15years, who underwent inhospital CPR. We compared inhospital survival trends during period before (2007–2010) and after (2011–2014) American Heart Association 2010 CPR guidelines. Results Mean age of the study population was 66.5years. Females constituted 44% of the study cohort. There was a significant improvement in survival after inhospital CPR from 24.1% in 2007 to 31.1% in 2014 ( P trend Conclusions We noted a significant improvement in inhospital survival rate after CPR from 2007 through 2014 in the United States, though there was no statistically significant improvement in survival trends after 2010 CPR guidelines during period 2011–2014, in comparison to period 2007–2010.
Consumer acceptability of gluten-free cookies containing raw cooked and germinated pinto bean flours.

Beany and grassy flavors in raw edible bean flours reduce consumer acceptability of bean-based baked products. In order to improve consumer acceptability, beans may be further processed by cooking and germination. However, these operations drive up the cost of end-products. Therefore, it is necessary to develop formulations, using raw edible bean flours that have acceptable sensory attributes. In this study, cooked, germinated, and germinated/steam-blanched (GSB) pinto bean flours were used to make gluten-free cookies, and their sensory characteristics evaluated to determine how their consumer acceptability scores compared. Taste panelists (31) graded cookies made from raw pinto beans with an overall value of 6 on a 9-point hedonic scale (p < .05). This rating was not significantly different from cookies formulated with germinated and GSB flours. Therefore, gluten-free cookies can be made using raw pinto bean flours at a 40% inclusion level, with similar sensory characteristics as those prepared with flours treated by cooking and germination. Instrumental measurement of cookie hardness and color showed no significant difference in hardness, but significant differences in color. The germinated bean flour produced cookies with a significantly lower L* value and significantly higher a*, b*, Chroma and hue values compared to the other treatments. There was no significant difference in the cookie spread ratio. Proximate composition, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and gelatinization properties of the flour treatments were characterized.
Brush border membrane phosphate transport effects of volume expansion.

Volume expansion reproducibly results in the development of phosphaturia both in the experimental animal1–4 and in man.5, 6 Although there is evidence that the expansion procedure reduces phosphate reabsorption at more than one site within the nephron,7 the proximal tubule is considered to be a major source of the excreted phosphate, based largely upon micropuncture experi-ments.3, 8–10 This would be expected, since the majority of filtered phosphate appears to be reabsorbed in the proximal nephron,11 at least in animals with intact parathyroid glands.12, 13 When the parathyroid glands are removed however, phosphate transport in later nephron segments appears to be enhanced such that volume expansion is less phosphaturic in parathyroidectomized than in intact animals. 1, 13, 14
Passive Compensation for Improved Settling and Large Signal Stabilization of Ring Amplifiers

In this paper, passive compensation techniques are proposed: to improve the settling performance of a ring amplifier and to minimize the power consumption of ring amplifiers in high speed applications. The ring amplifier is an efficient solution for high accuracy amplification in sub-micron CMOS process. However, due to the multi stage structure of the ring amplifier, the need for stabilization increases the static power consumption of the amplifier in high speed and high accuracy applications. The proposed technique utilizes LHP zeros obtained from the switches in a switched capacitor feedback network to stabilize the large signal and small signal response of a ring amplifier. Transistor level simulations are used to validate the effect of passive compensation in a 65nm CMOS process. The ring amplifier is designed for an output settling accuracy of ≤0.02% and operated at 150MHz sampling rate. Using the proposed technique, transistor level simulation shows a 72% reduction in static power in comparison to the traditional compensation methods.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is mental health treatment with strong scientific evidence supporting its use with adolescents for a variety of problems. This article provides a broad overview of CBT with adolescents divided into three main sections. In the first section, the theories underlying the CBT approach are described. Specifically, behavior theory and cognitive theory are reviewed. Further, how the two theories have been integrated into what is called cognitive-behavior theory is discussed. In the second section, a description of specific interventions found in CBT and which modalities are used to deliver CBT is provided. Finally, in the third section, scientific evidence on the use of CBT for four common problem areas for adolescents is described: (a) anxiety disorders, (b) depression, (c) externalizing behavior problems, and (d) eating disorders.
Looking for Information Literacy: Syllabus Analysis for Data-Driven Curriculum Integration

The purpose of this syllabus analysis study was to establish a method of gathering data to strategically embed information literacy instruction within a curriculum. In this pilot study, 79 syllabi from the School of Business were evaluated for information literacy learning outcomes and library use requirements. The authors normed the rubric-based content analysis questions prior to coding to ensure reliability. At the conclusion of coding, the authors established interrater reliability using two measures: the percent agreement method and Krippendorff’s alpha. The results revealed the most critical points for scalable, curriculum-integrated instruction in the School of Business: a group of 28 courses that could be targeted for in-depth instruction, and eight courses whose outcomes could be met with less time-intensive instruction focused on information access. Since the completion of the study, the authors have used the data to strategically expand instruction in the School of Business.
Radioisotope Micropower Generation: Integrated Radioisotope Actuated Electro-Mechanical Power Generators

The radioisotope actuated electro-mechanical power generators (REMPG) presented in the previous chapter convert radioisotope emitted kinetic energy to stored electromechanical energy using radioisotope actuation of piezoelectric unimorph cantilevers. The stored electromechanical energy is efficiently integrated over a reciprocation period, and discharged to generate pulsed electrical power through the piezoelectric with energy conversion efficiencies as high as 3.97%. The corresponding radioisotope kinetic to electromechanical energy conversion and electromechanical to electrical energy conversion efficiencies are ≈ 4.6% and ≈ 85% respectively.
LCSH in the Southern Levant

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thi...
Boiling Histotripsy Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Eker Rat Promotes a Systemic Inflammatory Response

Abstract Boiling histotripsy (BH) is an experimental focused ultrasound technique that produces non-thermal mechanical ablation. We evaluated the feasibility, short-term histologic effects and the resulting acute inflammatory response to BH ablation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the Eker rat. Genotyped Eker rats were monitored for de novo RCCs with serial ultrasound (US) imaging. When tumors were ≥8 mm, rats underwent ultrasound-guided extracorporeal ablation of the tumor with BH, a pulsed focused US technique that produces non-thermal mechanical ablation of targeted tissues, or a sham US procedure. Treatments targeted approximately 50% of the largest RCC with a margin of normal kidney. BH treated rats were euthanized at 1 (n = 4) or 48 (n = 4) h, and sham patients (n = 4) at 48 h. Circulating plasma cytokine levels were assessed with multiplex assays before and at 0.25, 1, 4, 24 and 48 h following treatment. Kidneys were collected and processed for histologic assessment, immunohistochemistry and intrarenal cytokine concentration measurements. For statistical analysis Student's t-test was used. US-guided BH treatment was successful in all animals, producing hypoechoic regions within the targeted volume consistent with BH treatment effect. Grossly, regions of homogenized tissue were apparent with evidence of focal intra-parenchymal hemorrhage. Histologically, BH produced a sharply demarcated region of homogenized tumor and non-tumor tissue containing acellular debris. BH treatment was associated with significantly increased relative concentration of plasma TNF versus sham treatment (p
A banner year for immunotherapy and targeted therapy

In 2018, advances in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been observed both in trials of immunotherapies and targeted agents, leading to dramatically improved options for patients with metastatic and stage III NSCLC.
Isoforms of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor GRIK2 Induce Senescence of Carcinoma Cells

Background The aberrant regulation of growth and proliferation is a key feature of carcinoma cells. In order to use molecular strategies to correct these defects toward therapeutic purposes, it is important to characterize the entire spectrum of causative molecules. Materials and methods By using gene transfer technique, SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells were transduced with an expression construct of glutamate receptor 6 (glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 2, GRIK2) in retroviral vector PQCXIP. The senescence of transduced cells was subsequently characterized. Results Our results demonstrated that retroviral transduction occurs with high frequency and transduced cells continue to proliferate, albeit at a significantly reduced rate, up to 39 days. Some transduced colonies stopped proliferating after 12 days, and none of the clones proliferated beyond 37 days. The doubling time for these transduced cells increased progressively until they reached a complete cell-cycle arrest. The proliferating cells were distinguished by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The growth and cell cycle arrest in transduced cells accompanied activation of senescence-associated β-galactosidase. Furthermore, we have demonstrated a decrease in the levels of active protein kinase B and increase in the abundance of inactive cyclin-dependent kinase 1. Conclusion These results indicate involvement of GRIK2 in senescence and suggests GRIK2 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention of cancer cells.
MICROSCOPY | Scanning Electron Microscopy

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by U.J. Potter, G. Love, volume 2, pp 1397–1406, © 1999, Elsevier Ltd.
Communication channels for air quality alerts in the United States.

Abstract Short-term exposure to air pollution can result in acute health effects, particularly for individuals with respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Air quality alert programs that notify the public about high air pollution days are critical for susceptible populations. We assessed how U.S. adults receive air quality alerts and whether it varies by demographic or health characteristics. We analyzed data from the summer 2014 wave of ConsumerStyles, a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults (n = 4269). We calculated the weighted proportion of individuals who received air quality alerts from seven communication channels, combining all individuals and stratifying by demographics. To assess whether the reach of communication channels varied by respiratory and cardiovascular disease status, we computed weighted prevalence ratios adjusted for sex, age, race, and education. Forty-eight percent of U.S. adults had heard about air quality alerts. Within every demographic category, television was the most common communication channel (76% among individuals aware of air quality alerts). Other common communication modes were radio (30%), newspaper (24%), and internet (20%). Less common communication modes were friend or family member, mobile phone or device app, and electronic highway sign. The reach of communication channels varied by demographic factors, such as age, but not by respiratory or cardiovascular disease status. Television is the most common communication channel for receiving air quality alerts. Expanding use of other communication channels might increase awareness of air quality alerts. These results can help decision-makers target communication channels that reach susceptible populations and will achieve the greatest impact.
Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants: An Underestimated Workforce for Older Adults with Cancer

OBJECTIVES To describe the composition of the US provider workforce for adults with cancer older than 65 years and to determine whether there were differences in patients who received care from different providers (eg, nurse practitioners [NPs], physician assistants [PAs], and specialty physicians). DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional study. SETTING Adults within the 2013 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries linked to the Medicare claims database. PARTICIPANTS Medicare beneficiaries who received ambulatory care for any solid or hematologic malignancies. MEASUREMENTS International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), diagnosis codes were used to identify Medicare patient claims for malignancies in older adults. Providers for those ambulatory claims were identified using taxonomy codes associated with their National Provider Identifier number. RESULTS A total of 2.5 million malignancy claims were identified for 201, 237 patients, with 15, 227 providers linked to claims. NPs comprised the largest group (31.5%; n = 4,806), followed by hematology/oncology physicians (27.7%; n = 4,222), PAs (24.7%; n = 3767), medical oncologists (10.9%; n = 661), gynecological oncologists (2.6%; n = 403), and hematologists (2.4%; n = 368). Rural cancer patients were more likely to receive care from NPs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.65-2.05) or PAs (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.40-1.77) than from physicians. Patients in the South were more likely to receive care from NPs (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.24-1.49). CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of older adults with cancer receive care from NPs and PAs, particularly those who reside in rural settings and in the southern United States. Workforce strategies need to integrate these provider groups to effectively respond to the rising need for cancer care within the older adult population.
Developmental and Life-Course Theories of Crime and Deviance

Developmental and life-course theories of crime and deviance seek to provide explanations of stability and change in behavior over the lifespan. This chapter reviews seven of the most well-known and longest-standing developmental and life-course theories of crime and deviance: dual taxonomy theory, general age-graded theory, integrated cognitive antisocial potential theory, interactional theory, developmental pathways model, social development model, and situational action theory. These theories move beyond accounts of between-individual differences in offending to include accounts of within-individual differences over time. As a collection, developmental and life-course theories have led to numerous innovations in theorizing by emphasizing age-graded behavioral causes and consequences, reciprocal influences, person-environment interactions, distinct etiologies for offender types, and alternative views of intervention success, among several other advances. Following a review of each theory’s key constructs and predictions, as well as select studies and policy implications, the chapter concludes by noting where developmental and life-course theorizing leaves criminology in the larger disciplinary pursuit of developing a unifying theoretical statement.
Characterization of micelle-templated silica nanotubes and nanotube bundles using tilt-series transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Pluronic-surfactant-templated silica and organosilica nanotubes, silica nanotube bundles and silicas with small ordered domains of cylindrical mesopores were characterized by using tilt-series transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In as-synthesized nanotube samples, three-dimensional (3-D) arrangements of long nanotubes, likely involving local cross-linking of nanotube pairs, were uncovered. As-synthesized silica nanotubes tended to be unstable during TEM observation, which appeared to stem from stretching and breaking of nanotubes whose parts belonged to two different nanotube aggregates, the latter undergoing shrinkage under TEM conditions. However, silica nanotubes hydrothermally treated at a sufficiently high temperature and methylene-bridged organosilica nanotubes did not undergo this kind of changes to any appreciable extent. Despite the observed instability of as-synthesized nanotubes, the calcined sample exhibited narrow pore size distribution, suggesting that if a similar degradation occurs during drying and calcination, it may merely fragment the nanotubes. Nanotube bundles were observed to exhibit 3-D structures with often curved bundle segments locally meeting one another and potentially forming loops. A junction within a seemingly continuous nanotube bundle was observed, where ends of two groups of nanotubes met. This feature is likely to have its counterparts in particles of materials with much larger ordered domain sizes. The imaging of a large-pore silica with 2-D hexagonal domains of small size revealed the presence of an impurity consisting of spheres encircled by nanotubes. These results demonstrate that the tilt-series TEM imaging is a powerful method for characterization of not only complicated 3-D morphologies of surfactant-templated materials, but also their softness and possible degradation modes.