cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ethic of Community and Incorporating Undocumented Immigrant Concerns Into Ethical School Leadership

Purpose: If Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) takes place in a community near school property, maintaining a school environment conducive to learning can be difficult. This article examines (a) how a school leader and personnel perceived the impact that ICE activity in their community had on students and families and (b) whether school personnel incorporated community concerns in their response, and if they exhibited an “ethic of community.” Research Methods/Approach: Data come from an embedded case study of 14 educators in a school that experienced ICE activity close to school grounds in 2008. Findings: The principal and other school personnel tried to minimize the impact that uncertainty over ICE’s presence in the neighborhood could have on the school environment, and took steps to limit the short-term and long-term effects on the community. Personnel demonstrated that prioritizing relationships, dialogue, and collaboration with undocumented community members was central to their decision-making...
Transfer of discriminative control during stimulus fading conducted without reinforcement

Using trial-and-error training, eight pigeons did not learn to discriminate between 45° and 135° lines, but did learn to discriminate between red and green colors. Control by line tilt was induced by stimulus fading that did not include reinforcement while fading out the colors. After establishing the red–green discrimination, low-intensity lines were superimposed on colors and were gradually faded in. All of this was done using reinforcement. At the end of the line fade-in, the lines had not acquired control of responding. Finally, color intensity was gradually faded out in the absence of reinforcement, and the lines acquired discriminative control by six of the eight pigeons. Thus, reinforcement during the color fade-out was not necessary for the acquisition of discriminative control by the lines during fading. Acquisition of control by lines was attributed to overshadowing, the reduction of stimulus blocking by generalization, and the evocation of correct responding by the colors while the participants were attending to the lines. This last process was also responsible for the induction of discriminative control during sensory preconditioning, higher order conditioning, and response transfer in equivalence classes. Errors, however, were not correlated with discrimination learning during stimulus fading. Finally, transfer of control occurred very quickly with or without errors.
Chesapeake Bay's water quality condition has been recovering: Insights from a multimetric indicator assessment of thirty years of tidal monitoring data.

To protect the aquatic living resources of Chesapeake Bay, the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership has developed guidance for state water quality standards, which include ambient water quality criteria to protect designated uses (DUs), and associated assessment procedures for dissolved oxygen (DO), water clarity/underwater bay grasses, and chlorophyll-a. For measuring progress toward meeting the respective states' water quality standards, a multimetric attainment indicator approach was developed to estimate combined standards attainment. We applied this approach to three decades of monitoring data of DO, water clarity/underwater bay grasses, and chlorophyll-a data on annually updated moving 3-year periods to track the progress in all 92 management segments of tidal waters in Chesapeake Bay. In 2014-2016, 40% of tidal water segment-DU-criterion combinations in the Bay (n = 291) are estimated to meet thresholds for attainment of their water quality criteria. This index score marks the best 3-year status in the entire record. Since 1985-1987, the indicator has followed a nonlinear trajectory, consistent with impacts from extreme weather events and subsequent recoveries. Over the period of record (1985-2016), the indicator exhibited a positive and statistically significant trend (p < 0.05), indicating that the Bay has been recovering since 1985. Patterns of attainment of individual DUs are variable, but improvements in open water DO, deep channel DO, and water clarity/submerged aquatic vegetation have combined to drive the improvement in the Baywide indicator in 2014-2016 relative to its long-term median. Finally, the improvement in estimated Baywide attainment was statistically linked to the decline of total nitrogen, indicating responsiveness of attainment status to the reduction of nutrient load through various management actions since at least the 1980s.
The Minne-Loppet Motivation Study: An Intervention to Increase Motivation for Outdoor Winter Physical Activity in Ethnically and Racially Diverse Elementary Schools

Purpose:To test the effectiveness of an intervention to increase motivation for physical activity in racially diverse third- through fifth-grade students.Design:Natural experiment.Setting:Elementar...
The Effect of CO2 Pressure on Chromia Scale Microstructure at 750°C

To understand and model performance in supercritical CO2 (sCO2) for high-efficiency, concentrating solar power (CSP) and fossil energy power cycles, reaction rates are compared at 750°C in 0.1 MPa CO2 and 30 MPa sCO2 as well as laboratory air as a baseline on structural materials such as Ni-based alloy 625. Due to the thin reaction products formed even after 5000 h, scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to study the Cr-rich surface oxide scale. The scales formed in CO2 and sCO2 had a much finer grain size with more voids observed in CO2. However, the observations on alloy 625 were complicated by Mo and Nb-rich precipitates in the adjacent substrate and Al internal oxidation. To simplify the system, a binary Ni-22Cr alloy was exposed for 1000 h in similar environments. After exposure in sCO2, there was an indication of carbon segregation detected on the Cr2O3 grain boundaries. After exposure in air, metallic Ni precipitates were observed in the scale that were not observed in the scale formed on alloy 625. The scale formed in air on a second Ni-22Cr model alloy with Mn and Si additions did not contain Ni precipitates, suggesting caution when drawing conclusions from model alloys.
Extended Named Entity Ontology with Attribute Information

Named Entities (NE) are regarded as an important type of semantic knowledge in many natural language processing (NLP) applications. Originally, a limited number of NE categories were proposed. In MUC, it was 7 categories - people, organization, location, time, date, money and percentage expressions. However, it was noticed that such a limited number of NE categories is too small for many applications. The author has proposed Extended Named Entity (ENE), which has about 200 categories (Sekine and Nobata 04). During the development of ENE, we noticed that many ENE categories have specific attributes, and those provide very important information for the entities. For example, rivers have attributes like source location, outflow, and length. Some such information is essential to knowing about the river, while the name is only a label which can be used to refer to the river. Also, such attributes are important information for many NLP applications. In this paper, we report on the design of a set of attributes for ENE categories. We used a bottom up approach to creating the knowledge using a Japanese encyclopedia, which contains abundant descriptions of ENE instances.
Principles of Psychophysiology

As discussed in Chapter 2, psychophysiological concepts and techniques have played an important role in the development of health psychology. The field of psychophysiology has contributed much to the understanding and treatment of a variety of health problems. Therefore, an understanding of the field is essential for an in-depth appreciation of health psychology. The purpose of this chapter is to review basic psychophysiological concepts and techniques. A review of principles of the nervous and endocrine systems is followed by an overview of the physiological response systems that are often the focus of study in the field. Finally, theoretical considerations in the field will be presented and their implications for understanding psychological mechanisms of health and illness discussed. Psychophysiological research relevant to health and illness will be discussed throughout this book. The material covered in this chapter will provide a basis for understanding such research.
The Pathogenic Lifestyle of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Model Systems of Virulence

It is a constant challenge for the microbiologist not to let a human’s-eye view of the world occlude a bacterium’s-eye view71. From a human perspective, Pseudomonas aeruginosa seizes the opportunity to proliferate and cause acute disease10. Any breach of external barriers provides such an opportunity and includes tissue damage (burned skin or a scratched cornea) and procedures that allow contamination of the blood or urinary tract. Inborn mutation of the human CFTR gene results in a lung environment where P. aeruginosa can persist and cause chronic disease. Other organisms, when weakened, are also at risk. P. aeruginosa can kill waterlogged plants30 and overcrowded grasshoppers12. Because of its potential for harm, P. aeruginosa is classified as an opportunistic pathogen (Figure 1).
Appreciation (Including Gratitude) and Affective Well-Being: Appreciation Predicts Positive and Negative Affect Above the Big Five Personality Factors and Demographics:

This study investigated the relation between appreciation and positive and negative affect, controlling for gender, age, ethnicity, and Big Five personality factors. Appreciation consists of severa...
Are opioids indispensable for general anaesthesia

Abstract The drug-induced, reversible coma of anaesthesia requires three clinical outcomes: unconsciousness, immobility, and the control of autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses to surgical stimulation. Producing the anaesthetised state with a single anaesthetic agent, such as an inhaled vapour or propofol, is challenging, primarily because suppressing ANS responses requires very high anaesthetic concentrations, resulting in haemodynamic depression and prolonged recovery. The antinociceptive effects of opioids (i.e. minimum alveolar concentration reduction) are thus central to the well-entrenched ‘balanced anaesthesia' concept. In recent years, the notion of ‘multimodal general anaesthesia' has extended the concept of balanced anaesthesia to include more drugs that target different neuroanatomical circuits and multiple neurophysiologic mechanisms. The opioid epidemic has provided some of the motivation to move away from opioids toward other adjunct drugs. Persistent opioid use after surgery is a component of the opioid epidemic and is a major concern for perioperative physicians. Potential solutions to the problem of persistent opioid use after surgery have focused on proper ‘opioid stewardship' after operation, wherein opioids are used conservatively in combination with other analgesic adjuncts, and excessive opioid prescribing for home use is avoided. But there is a paucity of data on how intraoperative opioid usage patterns may be contributing to persistent opioid use after surgery. There are cogent reasons to moderate perioperative opioid use, including intraoperative opioids, but whether these changes in practice integral to the multimodal general anaesthesia concept will improve anaesthesia outcomes, including persistent opioid use after surgery, is unknown. Studies investigating these issues are an important research priority.
The Institutional Context of Incubation: The Case of Academic Incubators in India

We introduce incubators as an organizational form intended to facilitate entrepreneurship. The theorizing and research on incubators have been primarily anchored in market failure perspective and carry over the assumptions about a free market economy, mostly implicitly into the empirical work. This ignores the influence of the institutional context and obscures processes that may come into play in emerging economies like India. Using Scott's model (2008) of institutional context, we argue how the institutional context provides a complementary perspective that may reveal a richer picture of incubator operation in emerging economies. We illustrate this in the case of academic incubators in India.
What Is Stroke Certification and Does It Matter

Many academic and community hospitals have obtained, or are considering obtaining, stroke center certification. Participation in structured quality improvement programs that also incorporate an objective assessment has been shown to improve outcomes and foster team building. Although obtaining certification can be challenging and costly, it can provide a framework to ensure hospitals deliver high- level, evidence-based stroke care. For the intensive care unit nurse, awareness and participation in the certification programs process is an important part of professional nursing practice.
Comparison of alternative models of human movement and the spread of disease

Predictive models for the spatial spread of infectious diseases has received much attention in recent years as tools for the management of infectious diseas outbreaks. Prominently, various versions of the so-called gravity model, borrowed from transportation theory, have been used. However, the original literature suggests that the model has some potential misspecifications inasmuch as it fails to capture higher-order interactions among population centers. The fields of economics, geography and network sciences holds alternative formulations for the spatial coupling within and among conurbations. These includes Stouffer9s rank model, Fotheringham9s competing destinations model and the radiation model of Simini et al. Since the spread of infectious disease reflects mobility through the filter of age-specific susceptibility and infectivity and since, moreover, disease may alter spatial behavior, it is essential to confront with epidemiological data on spread. To study their relative merit we, accordingly, fit variants of these models to the uniquely detailed dataset of prevaccination measles in the 954 cities and towns of England and Wales over the years 1944--65 and compare them using a consistent likelihood framework. We find that while the gravity model is a reasonable first approximation, both Stouffer9s rank model, an extended version of the radiation model and the Fotheringham competing destinations model provide significantly better fits, Stouffer9s model being the best. Through a new method of spatially disaggregated likelihoods we identify areas of relatively poorer fit, and show that it is indeed in densely-populated conurbations that higher order spatial interactions are most important. Our main conclusion is that it is premature to narrow in on a single class of models for predicting spatial spread of infectious disease. The supplemental materials contain all code for reproducing the results and applying the methods to other data sets.
Infrared transmission spectra of hot ammonia in the 4800–9000 cm−1 region

Abstract Line lists of ammonia (NH3) are presented at elevated temperatures (293–900 K at 100 K intervals) for the 4800–9000 cm−1 region at pressures of 10 Torr and 100 Torr. This region includes a number of overtone, combination and related hot bands. The line lists were obtained by Fourier transform transmission spectroscopy and include calibrated line positions and intensities as well as estimates of empirical lower state energies by comparison of line intensities at different temperatures. These line lists are relevant to the study of the atmospheres of exoplanets and brown dwarfs.
Association of the Duration of Ideal Cardiovascular Health Through Adulthood With Cardiometabolic Outcomes and Mortality in the Framingham Offspring Study

Importance The American Heart Association ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) score is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. However, it is unclear whether the number of years spent in ideal CVH is associated with morbidity or with mortality. Objective To evaluate whether living longer with a higher CVH score in midlife is associated with lower risk of hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, CVD and its subtypes (coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, and peripheral artery disease), or all-cause mortality in later life. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study used data from 1445 participants from 1991 to 2015 who participated in the community-based Framingham Heart Study Offspring investigation conducted in Massachusetts. The CVH scores of participants were assessed at examination cycles 5, 6, and 7 (1991-1995; 1995-1998; and 1998-2001, respectively). Individuals were excluded from analyses of the association between duration of CVH score and outcomes if they had the outcome of interest at the seventh examination. The median follow-up was approximately 16 years. Data were analyzed from April 2018 to October 2019. The CVH score categories were poor for scores 0 to 7, intermediate for scores 8 to 11, and ideal for scores 12 to 14. A composite score was derived based on smoking status, diet, physical activity, resting blood pressure levels, body mass index, fasting blood glucose levels, and total serum cholesterol levels. Main Outcomes and Measures Number of events and number at risk for each main outcome, including incident hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, CVD, and all-cause mortality, after the seventh examination. Results Of 1445 eligible participants, the mean (SD) age was 60 (9) years, and 751 (52%) were women. Number of events/number at risk for each main outcome after the seventh examination were 348/795 for incident hypertension, 104/1304 for diabetes, 198/918 for chronic kidney disease, 210/1285 for CVD, and 300/1445 for all-cause mortality. At the seventh examination, participants mostly had poor (568 [39%]) or intermediate (782 [54%]) CVH scores. For each antecedent (before examination cycle 7) 5-year duration that participants had intermediate or ideal CVH, they were less likely to develop adverse outcomes (hazards ratios of 0.67 [95% CI, 0.56-0.80] for incident hypertension, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.57-0.93] for diabetes, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.63-0.89] for chronic kidney disease, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.63-0.85] for CVD, and 0.86 [95% CI, 0.76-0.97] for all-cause mortality) relative to living the same amount of time in poor CVH (referent group). No effect modification was observed by age or by sex. Conclusions and Relevance These results suggest that more time spent in better CVH in midlife may have salutary cardiometabolic benefits and may be associated with lower mortality later in life.
Clinical Spectrum of KCNA1 Mutations: New Insights into Episodic Ataxia and Epilepsy Comorbidity

Mutations in the KCNA1 gene, which encodes voltage-gated Kv1.1 potassium channel α-subunits, cause a variety of human diseases, complicating simple genotype-phenotype correlations in patients. KCNA1 mutations are primarily associated with a rare neurological movement disorder known as episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1). However, some patients have EA1 in combination with epilepsy, whereas others have epilepsy alone. KCNA1 mutations can also cause hypomagnesemia and paroxysmal dyskinesia in rare cases. Why KCNA1 variants are associated with such phenotypic heterogeneity in patients is not yet understood. In this review, literature databases (PubMed) and public genetic archives (dbSNP and ClinVar) were mined for known pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations in KCNA1 to examine whether patterns exist between mutation type and disease manifestation. Analyses of the 47 deleterious KCNA1 mutations that were identified revealed that epilepsy or seizure-related variants tend to cluster in the S1/S2 transmembrane domains and in the pore region of Kv1.1, whereas EA1-associated variants occur along the whole length of the protein. In addition, insights from animal models of KCNA1 channelopathy were considered, as well as the possible influence of genetic modifiers on disease expressivity and severity. Elucidation of the complex relationship between KCNA1 variants and disease will enable better diagnostic risk assessment and more personalized therapeutic strategies for KCNA1 channelopathy.
The effect of everolimus on adipose tissue in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

e13026Background: Obesity has been associated with negative outcomes in early breast cancer. Addition of everolimus (Eve) to endocrine therapy improves progression-free survival (PFS) in patients w...
Reluctant Cold Warriors: Economists and National Security: by Vladimir Kontorovich, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019, 280 pp., £47.99 (hardback), ISBN 9780190868123

After the Soviet Union collapsed, Western economists attributed its failure to the fact that it was a war economy centered around the military sector. Oddly, the economists who studied the Soviet U...
Data-Driven Stabilization of Periodic Orbits

Periodic orbits are among the simplest non-equilibrium solutions to dynamical systems, and they play a significant role in our modern understanding of the rich structures observed in many systems. For example, it is known that embedded within any chaotic attractor are infinitely many unstable periodic orbits (UPOs) and so a chaotic trajectory can be thought of as ‘jumping’ from one UPO to another in a seemingly unpredictable manner. A number of studies have sought to exploit the existence of these UPOs to control a chaotic system. These methods rely on introducing small, precise parameter manipulations each time the trajectory crosses a transverse section to the flow. Typically these methods suffer from the fact that they require a precise description of the Poincare mapping for the flow, which is a difficult task since there is no systematic way of producing such a mapping associated to a given system. Here we employ recent model discovery methods for producing accurate and parsimonious parameter-dependent Poincare mappings to stabilize UPOs in nonlinear dynamical systems. Specifically, we use the sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy) method to frame model discovery as a sparse regression problem, which can be implemented in a computationally efficient manner. This approach provides an explicit Poincare mapping that faithfully describes the dynamics of the flow in the Poincare section and can be used to identify UPOs. For each UPO, we then determine the parameter manipulations that stabilize this orbit. The utility of these methods are demonstrated on a variety of differential equations, including the Rossler system in a chaotic parameter regime.
Smartphone accelerometry to assess postural control in individuals with multiple sclerosis

Abstract Background Falls are a major health concern for people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS), and impaired postural control is an important predictor of falls. Lab-based technology to measure posture is precise but expensive, and clinical tests may not capture underlying impairments. An alternative solution is to leverage smartphone accelerometry as it is affordable, ubiquitous, and portable. Research question : Can smartphone accelerometry measure postural control compared to a force plate and research grade accelerometer in pwMS, and can smartphone accelerometry discriminate between assisted device and non-assisted device users? Methods 27 pwMS (12 assisted device users, 15 non-assisted device users) stood on a force plate while holding a smartphone with an attached research grade accelerometer against their chest. Participants performed two, 30 s trials of: eyes open, eyes closed, semi-tandem, tandem, and single leg. Acceleration and center of pressure were extracted, and Root Mean Square (RMS) and 95 % confidence ellipse were calculated. Spearman’s correlations were performed, and receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) were calculated. Results There were moderate to high correlations between the smartphone and accelerometer for RMS (ρ = 0.85 – 1.0; p = 0.001 – Significance There is potential to leverage smartphone accelerometery to measure postural control in pwMS. These finding provide preliminary results to support the development of a mobile health application to measure fall risk for pwMS.
The STAT3 inhibitor Stattic acts independently of STAT3 to decrease histone acetylation and modulate gene expression.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important transcription factor involved in many physiological functions including embryonic development and immune responses and is often activated under pathological conditions such as cancer. Strategies to inactivate STAT3 are being pursued as potential anticancer therapies and have led to the identification of Stattic (6-nitrobenzo[b]thiophene-1,1-dioxide) as a "specific" STAT3 inhibitor that is often used to interrogate STAT3-mediated gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that Stattic exerts many STAT3-independent effects on cancer cells, calling for reassessment of results previously ascribed to STAT3 functions. Studies of the STAT3-deficient prostate cancer cell line PC-3 (PC3) along with STAT3-proficient breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SUM149) revealed that Stattic attenuated histone acetylation and neutralized effects of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor romidepsin. In PC3 cells, Stattic alone inhibited gene expression of CCL20 and CCL2, but activated expression of TNFA, CEBPD, SOX2, and MYC. In addition, we found that Stattic promoted autophagy and caused cell death. These data point to profound epigenetic effects of Stattic that are independent of its function as a STAT3 inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that Stattic directly or indirectly reduces histone acetylation and suggest reevaluation of Stattic and related compounds as polypharmacological agents through multipronged cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.
The Ultra Girder: A Design Concept for a 300-foot Single Span Prestressed Ultra-High Performance Concrete Bridge Girder

The longest current pretensioned bridge girders are approximately 200 ft (61.0 m) long, with this limit being controlled by concrete mechanical properties, prestressing strand capabilities, and shipping/handling considerations. With compressive strength greater than 21.7 ksi (150 MPa) and sustained post-cracking direct tensile capacity exceeding 1.0 ksi (6.9 MPa), ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has emerged as new class of cementitious composites, unlocking opportunities for longer spans and structural optimization of bridge girders. This study builds on extensive research completed at the Federal Highway Administration’s Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center to explore the viability of a 300 ft (91.4 m) single span pretensioned prestressed girder made with UHPC. The paper outlines the material modeling approaches, directly derived from experimental data, and utilizes the concept of strain compatibility to determine the flexural capacity and possible failure modes of the girder. The shear design approach is based on principal tensile stress trajectories to address the shear failure mode caused by a diagonal field of tensile forces in web of the girder. The shear capacity is then related to the tension strength of UHPC and the expected failure plane angles. By investigating these primary demands on the girder, this work demonstrates that the proposed cross section is a viable solution. The paper constitutes a discussion of UHPC bridge girder behavior and provides designers with insight on key aspects of the design procedure.
Electronics in Industry

The science of electronics is considered one of the hopeful influences to help in maintaining a high rate of industrial activity in the postwar era. To do this requires that new electronic applications for industry be developed rapidly. A review of such applications in the past indicates a period of transition from initial laboratory work to extended commercial use that is too slow to be helpful in any immediate postwar period. The reasons for this are considered. Under the impetus of war, this period of time required for development has been cut drastically in the case of electronic devices for military use. The reasons for this speeding up are also considered. In conclusion, there is reason to believe that some of the wartime speeding-up influences will continue on into the postwar era. These, in combination with previous experience and background, give encouragement to the belief that electronics in industry will be of real help in creating new postwar business activity.
'Indispensable Treasures': Misrepresenting Indigenous Design as Inspiration for American Fashion in Illustrated Lectures

In this paper, we critically examine the creation of lantern slides for a lecture series on the design and construction of ethnological clothing and textiles organized by Morris de Camp Crawford and Dr. Clark Wissler of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in 1916. Since the late nineteenth century, museums of art, history, design, and anthropology have shaped the way we view, value, and experience fashion. Critical readings of fashion in the museum, however, tend to focus on the ways in which curators have collected and displayed extant objects within museum exhibitions. By contrast, we investigate another way curators produced culturally recognizable meanings of fashion: through photography and its circulation. Drawing upon primary sources found within the archives of the AMNH, this paper brings to light how several of the museum's curators chose to represent their anthropological collections as primary sources for design research within illustrated lectures. We argue that lantern slides not only became an important technology used to demonstrate the value of their collections, but also led to the normalization of cultural appropriation within the American fashion industry. @font-face{font-family:Calibri;panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:auto;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal{mso-style-parent:"";margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.Section1{page:Section1;}
STEP UP! LESS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AFTER CONCUSSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROLONGED CLINICAL RECOVERY AMONG ADOLESCENTS:

Background:While many adolescent athletes recover from concussion within one month, some will not recover within this timeframe. Concussion management guidelines have evolved to de-emphasize rest a...
Urban rat exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides and zoonotic infection risk.

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) deployed to control rodent pest populations can increase the risk of pathogen infection for some wildlife. However, it is unknown whether ARs also increase infectio...
Novel Antibiotic-Irrigating Wound Protector Reduces Infectious Complications in Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy with Extracorporeal Urinary Diversion.

Abstract Objective To determine whether use of an antibiotic-irrigating wound protector (AWP) reduces infectious complications after robotic radical cystectomy with extracorporeal urinary diversion (RCUD). Methods A prospectively maintained bladder cancer database was queried for patients undergoing robotic RCUD at a tertiary referral center one year prior to implementing an AWP and one year after (2018–2020). All diversions were performed extra-corporally. 92 patients total. 46 consecutive patients using a traditional wound protector (TWP) and 46 consecutive with an AWP. Infections were classified as symptomatic urinary tract infection, blood stream infection, and surgical site infection. The incidence of infectious complications at 30- and 90-days were compared. Results Baseline patient characteristics between the 2 groups showed no statistically significant differences. The overall complication rate was 65.2% in the TWP group and 26.1% in the AWP group at 30-days, and 67.4% vs 30.4% at 90-days. Focusing on infections, the 30-day complication rate was 30.4% in the TWP group compared to 6.5% in the AWP group (P =.003). This pattern persisted at 90-days with 37.0% in the TWP group compared to 6.5% in the AWP group (P =.004). Most complications were symptomatic UTI and blood stream infections, 14/24 (58%), requiring parenteral antibiotic treatment. Conclusion We provide preliminary data showing use of an AWP can reduce infectious complications after RCUD. While larger prospective studies are warranted, our findings are a significant step towards decreasing morbidity of an already highly morbid procedure.
Ultra-supercontinuum generation with high intense femtosecond pulses

Abstract Extreme spectral broadening has been theoretically simulated from the index of refraction changes from the envelope response to the fifth- and third-order susceptibilities from self-phase modulation (SPM) under the influence of an extremely high-intensity femtosecond laser pulse to potentially produce spectral broadening changes extending from extreme X-rays, UV, visible, THz down to DC. The theoretical results show that an extremely high-intensity pulse as high as on the order of 1014~1016 W/m2 can influence the fourth-order refractive index arising from fifth-order susceptibility large enough that the nonlinear n4I02 term to overtakes the n2I0 term from the third-order susceptibility to produce the ultra-supercontinuum broadening in the liquids such as CS2 and rare gas liquids and solids such as calcite, ZnO, Si, Argon, and Krypton. There has been experimental verification at lower intensities that the SC is symmetrical in frequency about laser frequency for say a Gaussian pulse extends from, UV visible, NIR, to MIR by many researchers using various states of matter. This paper provides an opportunity to extend the SPM model from X-rays to DC to form Ultra Supercontinuum Generation (USCG) using extreme intensity fs pulses in the four states of matter: gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas. At the highest intensity, a continuum with weaker intensity goes towards the X-ray region on the anti-Stokes side.
Reverse Bennett’s Fracture

The fracture-dislocation at the base of the fifth metacarpal is analogous to Bennett's fracture of the thumb (Fig. 13-1 A). Because of the obliquity of the fracture line, the obliquity of the metacarpal hamate joint, and the pull of the extensor carpi ulnaris, this fracture-dislocation tends to be unstable and to displace, much in the same fashion as the first metacarpal in a Bennett's fracture and with similar functional impairment.
A Comprehensive Result on Stochastic Comparison for Parallel Systems in Terms of Hazard Rate Order

In this paper, we investigate ordering properties of lifetimes of parallel systems consisting of two components with respect to hazard rate order. By a uniform method, we provide a relatively comprehensive sufficient condition for hazard rate ordering between the lifetimes of two parallel systems. The result established in this paper extends most results known in the literature this far.
What Went Wrong? An Initial Inquiry Into the Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis

The 2008 financial crisis was the direct product of a supply-driven bubble in which a new financial technology (asset-backed securitization) failed. In the US, this failure seems attributable in large measure to two under-recognized causes: (a) excessive reliance on a gatekeeper—the credit rating agency—which became increasingly subject to client pressure as competition increased in its market; and (b) a shift toward more self-regulatory rules that permitted US investment banks to increase leverage and reduce diversification under the pressure of competition. The policy lesson seems clear: competition is not a substitute for regulation, and the case for prudential regulatory supervision of financial institutions becomes stronger as the relevant market becomes more competitive.
Challenges for copyright in a digital age

The act of breaching copyright is probably the most common civil offence, and is often not considered as being unlawful by the perpetrator. The revenue that is lost by a copyright owner when illegal copying takes place can be significant. Losses may become unacceptably large in the future given the expected explosion of computerised, multimedia services. This paper discusses the problems copyright owners face when trying to maintain cost-effective control of their copyright in a digital age. It then proposes an initial model of a software-based system that provides copyright protection of multimedia information when delivered by Internet-based services.
The STEM Gender Gap: The Case for Spatial Interventions

This paper begins with a brief documentation of the narrowing but still persistent STEM gender gap in the United States. Arguments are then presented for the role of spatial thinking in STEM. Included are brief reviews of early work establishing spatial intelligence as a distinct human capacity and later work aimed at identifying component spatial skills. Despite continuing disagreements about how sub-skills should be categorized and labeled, there is growing consensus that spatial thinking is entailed in STEM disciplines, and that individuals with better spatial skills are more likely to enter, remain, and excel in STEM. Also reviewed are data showing male advantages on spatial skills. Combining the need for spatial thinking in STEM with gender differences in spatial skills generates the suggestion that spatial interventions may help reduce the STEM gender gap. Arguments and empirical findings from spatial intervention studies are then reviewed. Extant work permits the conclusion that spatial interventions can advance performance on spatial tasks, but is not yet conclusive about their impact on STEM outcomes in general or on the STEM gender gap in particular. The paper ends by highlighting some remaining questions and recommending approaches for future research. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Cambria","serif";}
The Human Menstrual Cycle

Regular menstrual cycles are the result of predictable cyclic changes in reproductive hormones produced by the pituitary and ovary. A few neurons at the base of the brain in the hypothalamus provide the ongoing stimulus, GnRH pulses, for the synthesis and secretion of LH and FSH which, in turn, stimulate the ovaries to produce the steroids estrogen and progesterone and the small peptides inhibin and activin. It is the feedback relationships between the pituitary and ovarian hormones that provide the basis for the cyclic function of the reproductive system. If fertilization occurs, there is the possibility of a pregnancy which will suppress menstrual cycles for the duration of the pregnancy. Nursing or lactation can also suppress the ovarian cycles, but should not be relied on for birth control. The negative feedback relationship between the ovarian steroids and pituitary gonadotropins is the basis by which hormonal birth control works. Synthetic steroid hormones that can be administered orally suppress the secretion of LH and FSH and thus interrupt the growth and development of ovarian follicles.
Molecular Fragmentation in Heavy Ion Collisions

Time-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy has been applied to the identification and study of ionic species produced in fast ion-molecule collisions. By optimizing the resolution of the TOF spectrometer employed, kinetic energies have been determined for the dissociation products of simple diatomic molecules ranging in charge from 1+ to 5+. Various spectral features are compared for monatomic and diatomic targets, and the characteristics of the fragmentation patterns for the complex molecule SF6 produced in He+ and Ar13+ collisions are examined.
Diseases of the Placenta

The placenta, unfortunately, is often ignored, not only by gynecologists and pediatricians but by pathologists as well. The evaluation of a diseased or dead fetus is really incomplete without the examination of its most accessible organ, the placenta. During intrauterine life, the mother, fetus, umbilical cord, membranes, and placenta are all components of a single system, and disease in any one part may profoundly affect the others. Opportunities for examination of the maternal component are limited, since maternal tissue is scant, consisting only of a small amount of decidua adherent to the fetal membranes or basal plate. The placenta, however, is readily available for study, and its examination may provide significant information relating to intrauterine or perinatal death, intrauterine growth retardation, malformations, infections, and the effects of maternal disease on fetal growth and development. As in any organ, appreciation of pathologic changes demands a sound knowledge of normal structure and development. Unlike more static tissues, the placenta undergoes a series of profound morphologic changes during its short life span, making an understanding of the normal somewhat more difficult.
The Personal Epistemologies of Civil Engineering Faculty

Background The personal epistemologies of engineering faculty are an important and as yet underinvestigated aspect of engineering education. In this study, personal epistemology is defined as the stances an individual takes on issues related to knowledge and knowing, such as what it means to know, what counts as knowledge, and what makes some knowledge true. Purpose (Hypothesis) This research characterizes the personal epistemologies of engineering faculty members with particular emphasis on contributing to the development of a theoretical framework to support and guide future research. Design/Method Semistructured interviews explored broad epistemological issues but were individually tailored to ensure open discourse. The interviews were situated in the domain of the participants' own research in civil engineering; this domain provided a familiar and rich research site in which to explore their epistemologies and allowed for richer interpretations through reference to other research linking research practice with epistemology. Results The participants expressed a stance that assumed an objective reality and verified the truth of their knowledge through observation, which assumes access to that objective reality. Participants simultaneously evaluated their knowledge based on its truth and usefulness. The participants' discussions reflected their perceptions of the complexity and wide scope of the “real” world – thereby moving beyond simplified categorizations such as positivist, into new and unexplored epistemologies. Conclusions The participants' epistemologies are discussed in terms of their implications for engineering education practice and research, as well as personal epistemology research.
Productivity optimization techniques for the proactive semiconductor manufacturer

Summary form only given. The experienced semiconductor manufacturer is often confronted by apparently similar products that yield drastically different productivities. The same processes are used to fabricate these chips, yet the manufacturer's costs are clearly different. The customers expect similar pricing and a deviation must be accompanied by a credible explanation. Design for manufacturability (DFM) has become a popular industry term, yet many chip designers are uncertain where to start and what to implement. The semiconductor manufacturer possesses knowledge or suspicions of potential barriers and improvement opportunities. This information must be proactively fed forward to the design shops, which must also budget resources and time to address these items. This presentation describes how this process works, illustrated with examples from IBM Microelectronics' Vermont facility. Before focusing on productivity optimization, a recommended set of metrics is identified, and the concept of physical design characterization is overviewed. Past and existing designs provide excellent historical insight into a large number of issues that are often independent of technology node. While robust technology development objectives strive to minimize the potential manufacturing stumbling blocks, competitive pressures will balance these with other constraints. Ultimately, it is decisions made by a designer that will determine the level of productivity achievable. Much of this presentation is devoted to describing a number of these decisions. In addition, the manufacturer may deploy complex algorithms to adjust the design to process constraints. Another, but more costly solution is for the manufacturer to tailor the process to a specific product, compensating for identified product-technology gaps. Lastly, this presentation ties these concepts together into a recommended business process.
Review of the Experience with Oil Stabilization and Savings Funds in Selected Countries

The main purposes of this paper are to review the operational modalities and experience of oil funds currently in place in Norway, Chile (copper), the State of Alaska, Venezuela, Kuwait, and Oman, and to draw some preliminary conclusions on their contribution to enhance fiscal management. The outcome so far of their experience has been mixed, with differences among countries reflecting the variety of objectives attached to the funds, the challenges in adhering to established rules, the institutional set-up, and the soundness of the overall fiscal discipline in each country (or state).
Predicting Neighborhood Decline within a Large Central City: An Application of Discriminant Analysis

This paper investigates the use of discriminant analysis as an empirical technique for assisting the urban planner in predicting patterns of neighborhood change. A discriminant model estimated for ninety low-income census tracts within the city of Pittsburgh predicts 97% of upgrading income paths and 92% of downgrading paths over the period 1960 to 1970. Some form of the discriminant model would appear to be a useful guide to policymakers and a reasonable technique for limiting the areas of immediate policy concern.
Innovation‐driven learning in new product development: a conceptual model

This paper develops a conceptual framework that incorporates three innovation strategies and three learning activities through the mechanism of four conversion processes in new product development. Also included is the impact of the three learning activities on performance. The framework can provide a tool for systematically examining the effectiveness of product innovation efforts.
Laboratory culture of gametophytic stages of the marine macroalgae champia parvula (rhodophyta) and laminaria saccharina (phaeophyta)

Methods to help characterize the toxicity of effluent discharges within the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System have been developed for the marine red alga Champia parvula and are currently being developed for the brown alga Laminaria saccharina. These methods require maintaining male and female gametophytes in laboratory cultures. Aseptic techniques are recommended even though the cultures are not intended to be axenic; the purpose is to guard against microalgal contamination. C. parvula can be grown at room temperature, but L. saccharina requires a controlled temperature chamber (12–15°C). Both species can be cultured successfully in either natural or artificial seawater.