cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective Surveillance of High-Risk Women.

Abstract Background This study addresses the effectiveness of risk models and screening breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in women who have atypical hyperplasia (AH), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), or a family history of breast cancer, but not a genetic mutation. Patients and Methods A retrospective review of 444 women who had 458 breast screening MRIs at a community teaching hospital over a 12-month period between 3/25/2014 and 3/31/2015 was performed. The patients underwent high risk screening with breast MRIs alternating with mammograms every six months. After excluding patients with prior breast or ovarian cancer, genetic mutations, and chest wall radiation, 200 remaining patients constituted the study cohort. Over the following 5 years, the patients were screened with MRIs alternating with mammograms every 6 months. A total of 961 total MRI screenings were performed over the entire 5 year period of the study. Results A total of 200 women fit the study criteria. Of these 103 had a prior history of AH or LCIS. Over the 5-year period, 60 women dropped out of the screening regimen, 6 patients were diagnosed with breast cancer on screening MRIs, and 2 additional patients were diagnosed with breast cancer on screening mammograms. Surprisingly, the highest Tyrer-Cuzick (T-C) scores did not correlate with increased development of breast cancers in our population. Conclusions This study shows that there is wide variation in the results of risk assessment models. Risk models may overestimate breast cancer risk, suggesting that re-evaluation of current risk assessment and screening protocols is warranted. MicroAbstract 200 women identified as high risk were followed with intensified screening for 5 years for a prior history of AH, LCIS, or a family history of breast cancer. Over the 5-year period, 60 women dropped out of the screening regimen and 7 patients were diagnosed with 8 breast cancers. Six of the breast cancers were diagnosed on screening MRIs, and 2 were diagnosed on screening mammograms. The calculated risk assessment scores did not correlate with increased development of breast cancers in our population, indicating that re-evaluation of risk assessment and screening protocols is warranted.
Antibody-Based Therapy in AML: Antibody–Drug Conjugates and Bispecific Agents

Introduction Remissions following therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are often not durable, and conventional treatments can have substantial toxicity. The last few years have witnessed an emergence of promising therapies for patients with AML. Antibody-based therapies can target leukemic cells via a variety of mechanisms. Conjugation of antibodies with cytotoxic agents or alteration of antibody segments to allow concurrent activation of T cells have transformed and expanded the therapeutic potential of antibody-based treatment. Identification and characterization of antigens specific to AML cells have helped to identify targets for antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapy. In addition, bispecific T cell engagers (BiTE) and dual-affinity retargeting (DART) therapies are emerging as therapeutically effective targeted immune-based treatment for patients with AML. Incorporating the target antigen-binding domain of an antibody, these molecules then engage and active the human immune system against leukemic cells expressing that target.
Tribute: Evan Weissman

First paragraph: It is very difficult for me to write this tribute to Evan. It is easy to find wonderful things to say about his life and work, but it still does not seem possible or right that someone as young, vital, and excep­tional should no longer be with us. I will say that I had the great fortune to know Evan, serving as his Ph.D. supervisor in the Department of Geography and the Environment at Syracuse University from August 2006 until his successful defense of his dissertation “Cultivating the City: Urban Agriculture and the Agrarian Question in Brooklyn, New York” in January 2012. He entered our program having recently completed his MA in sociology at the University of Tennessee, and it was clear early on to me that he was a gifted, dedicated student. However, what really stood out for me was not just Evan’s self-evident intellectual and scholarly abilities, but his dedication to community activism, combined with his genuine enthusiasm, generosity, and good-naturedness. . . .
Giant topological Hall effect in centrosymmetric tetragonal Mn 2 − x Zn x Sb

Topological magnetism typically appears in noncentrosymmetric compounds or compounds with geometric frustration. Here, we report the effective tuning of magnetism in centrosymmetric tetragonal ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{x}\mathrm{Sb}$ by Zn substitution. The magnetism is found to be closely coupled to the transport properties, giving rise to a very large topological Hall effect with fine-tuning of Zn content, which even persists to high temperature $(\ensuremath{\sim}250\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$. The further magnetoentropic analysis suggests that the topological Hall effect is possibly associated with topological magnetism. Our finding suggests ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{x}\mathrm{Sb}$ is a candidate material for a centrosymmetric tetragonal topological magnetic system, offering opportunities for studying and tuning spin textures and developing near room temperature spin-based devices.
Making Citizens: Transforming Civic Learning for Diverse Social Studies Classrooms

1. Introduction: Transforming Social Studies Education throughMeaningful Civic Learning 2. Essentially Different: Using Essential Questions and Themes for Civic Learning 3. Talking Civics: Open Discussion in the Social Studies Classroom 4. Civic Communications: Writing and Expression for Civic Learning 5. Beyond "Current Events Fridays": Connecting Past to Present All Year Long 6. What's the Problem? Civic Action Research in the Social Studies Classroom
Failure Recovery in Automated Manufacturing Cells through Opportunistic Reasoning

Failure recovery in automated manufacturing cells has been attempted through a simple repetition of the previous operation, a finite state table look-up, and rule-based expert systems; however, failure recovery requires various sources of knowledge as well as a flexible and powerful control strategy. Further, the cause of failure should be identified lest the same failure occur over and over again. This article describes an opportunistic failure recovery approach adopting a multiple-blackboard architecture. A cause-based recovery strategy is proposed to demonstrate the opportunistic control aspects of the approach. The system has been implemented in the object-oriented language Smalltalk-80.
Regulation of Bacterial Toxin Synthesis by Iron

Iron availability is one of the regulators of catalase and superoxide dismutase gene expression, and the oxidative stress-response regulators OxyR and SoxRS influence expression of the iron regulator gene fur in Escherichia coli. The discussion of three iron-regulated toxins, diphtheria toxin, Shiga toxin, and Pseudomonas exotoxin A, in this chapter illustrates the similarities and differences in the control mechanisms using bacterial toxin regulation. Pseudomonas exotoxin A has the most complex regulation of the three; regulation by an iron-binding repressor is one step in a cascade of positive and negative regulators that act in concert to control toxin expression. The functions of some of these iron-regulated promoter (irp) genes have not been determined as yet. Like for diphtheria toxin, iron was shown to be the component of media that reduced production of the S. dysenteriae Shiga toxin. The fur mutation resulted in loss of repression in high iron. Studies were done with the cloned toxin genes, and the construct lacked phage sequences that could influence regulation. Thus, the effect of iron and Fur, independent of potential prophage regulators, was determined in the studies. The S. dysenteriae Shiga toxin gene appears to have identical iron regulation as stx1. Repression of toxin synthesis by iron is observed in a number of unrelated pathogens. In each case, an iron-binding repressor protein provides the link between elevated iron levels in the environment and repression of toxin synthesis.
The Fishery as a Watery Commons: Lessons from the Experiences of Other Public Policy Areas for U.S. Fisheries Policy

Open access, combined with modern technologies of fishing, has created serious problems of overfishing and threatens the sustainability of many U.S. fisheries. The common pool problem - the ocean version of the tragedy of the commons - is the root cause of the overfishing. The major regulatory policies of the past few decades that have tried to address overfishing - restrictions on fishing methods and inputs (in essence, command and control regulation) - have largely been failures. Indeed, they have often perversely exacerbated fisheries' overfishing problems by encouraging fishing derbies or races for the fish. Fisheries are not alone in facing a common pool problem. Other areas of the U.S. economy have confronted similar problems, and public policies have developed to deal with them. This paper discusses seven of these other areas: the use of the electromagnetic spectrum, the control of sulfur dioxide emissions by electric utilities, grazing on public lands, forest logging on public lands, oil-gas-coal extraction from public lands and offshore waters, hard rock mineral (metal) mining, and surface water usage. Important lessons can be gleaned from the policies that have been developed in these other areas, and this paper applies those lessons to the design of U.S. fisheries policy.
Shared Peptides in Mass Spectrometry Based Protein Quantification

In analyzing the proteome using mass spectrometry, the mass values help identify the molecules, and the intensities help quantify them, relative to their abundance in other samples. Peptides that are shared across different protein sequences are typically discarded as being uninformative w.r.t each of the parent proteins. In this paper, we investigate the use of shared peptides which are ubiquitous (~50% of peptides) in mass spectrometric data-sets. In many cases, shared peptides can help compute the relative amounts of different proteins that share the same peptide. Also, proteins with no unique peptide in the sample can still be analyzed for relative abundance. Our paper is the first attempt to use shared peptides in protein quantification, and makes use of combinatorial optimization to reduce the error in relative abundance measurements. We describe the topological and numerical properties required for robust estimates, and use them to improve our estimates for ill-conditioned systems. Extensive simulations validate our approach even in the presence of experimental error. We apply our method to a model of Arabidopsis root knot nematode infection, and elucidate the differential role of many protein family members in mediating host response to the pathogen.
Spatial and temporal stream temperature prediction: Modeling nonstationary temporal covariance structures

[1] Stream temperature is a measure of water quality and directly influences both the biotic and abiotic dynamics within the aquatic system. Because of its importance, there is a need to find better methods of monitoring and modeling stream temperatures. Gardner et al. [2003] derived a networked geostatistical model to explain the spatial patterns of stream temperatures based on 72 temperature loggers recording stream temperatures hourly throughout the Beaverkill watershed network, New York, for a single time period. Because temperatures and temperature relationships between stream sections change over the season, the covariance structure of the system is likely also to change with time. The covariance structure of stream temperature data collected throughout the month of July was examined and found to be nonstationary temporally. However, the observed changes in the covariance structure were found to be highly dependent on main stem stream temperatures over time. Five nested correlation models were created and compared using Mallow's Cp. One model representing large-scale variation in the sill as a linear function of the main stem temperature for each day was selected as the most parsimonious model.
Adaptation in some linear inverse problems

We consider the linear inverse problem of estimating an unknown signal f from noisy measurements on Kf where the linear operator K admits a wavelet–vaguelette decomposition. We formulate the problem in the Gaussian sequence model and propose estimation based on complexity penalized regression on a level-by-level basis. We adopt squared error loss and show that the estimator achieves exact rate-adaptive optimality as f varies over a wide range of the Besov function classes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the Valence‐Framing Effect: Negative Framing Enhances Attitude Strength

In his now-classic research on inoculation theory, McGuire (1964) demonstrated that exposing people to an initial weak counterattitudinal message could lead to enhanced resistance to a subsequent stronger counterattitudinal message. More recently, research on the valence-framing effect (Bizer & Petty, 2005) demonstrated an alternative way to make attitudes more resistant. Simply framing a person's attitude negatively (i.e., in terms of a rejected position such as anti-Democrat) led to more resistance to an attack on that attitude than did framing the same attitude positively (i.e., in terms of a preferred position such as pro-Republican). Using an election context, the current research tested whether valence framing influences attitude resistance specifically or attitude strength more generally, providing insight into the effect's mechanism and generalizability. In two experiments, attitude valence was manipulated by framing a position either negatively or positively. Experiment 1 showed that negatively framed attitudes were held with more certainty than were positively framed attitudes. In Experiment 2, conducted among a representative sample of residents of two U.S. states during political campaigns, negatively framed attitudes demonstrated higher levels of attitude certainty and attitude-consistent behavioral intentions than did attitudes that were framed positively. Furthermore, the effect of valence framing on behavioral intentions was mediated by attitude certainty. Valence framing thus appears to be a relatively low-effort way to impact multiple features associated with strong attitudes.
The general utility problem in machine learning

Abstract Experiments have revealed that uncontrolled application of the analytical learning paradigm results in knowledge having low utility. Because the performance element must consider low utility knowledge along with high utility knowledge, the proliferation of low utility knowledge eventually defeats the goal of improved performance. Experiments in empirical learning have demonstrated a similar phenomenon. Uncontrolled application of an empirical learning paradigm may result in inaccurate knowledge, and a post-processing stage is typically needed to repair the degradation in performance. The results from experimentation in both analytical and empirical learning imply a general utility problem in machine learning. This paper presents evidence for such a perspective and recommends a closer dependence between the learning paradigm and the performance goals for which it is designed. A new approach is presented along with experimentation that illustrates the applicability of the approach to the general utility problem.
The nitric oxide/cGMP pathway couples muscarinic receptors to the activation of Ca2+ influx

Inward currents activated by 8-bromc-cGMP and by muscarinic agonist were compared in N1E-115 mouse neuroblastoma cells using perforated- patch voltage clamp and Fura-2 imaging. The cGMP analog activates a voltage-independent inward current that is carried at least in part by Ca2+ because it persists in Na(+)-free saline when Ca2+ is present and is blocked by external Mn2+ and Ba2+. The current is similar to the inward current that develops during stimulation of M1 muscarinic receptors, and the currents activated by agonist and by 8-bromo-cGMP are not additive, indicating that the same pathway is involved. Inhibition of cGMP production with NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO)-synthase, prevents activation of Ca2+ current by agonist without affecting the content of intracellular Ca2+ stores or the ability of agonist to mobilize Ca2+. The inhibition is overcome by 8-bromo-cGMP. LY83583, a competitive inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, reversibly blocks activation of Ca2+ current by agonist, again without affecting the content of Ca2+ stores or Ca2+ release. Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, an inhibitory analog of cGMP, also reduces the Ca2+ current and reduces Ca2+ influx during muscarinic activation. It is concluded that cGMP is the necessary and sufficient intermediate in the pathway linking muscarinic receptor occupancy to the activation of voltage-independent Ca2+ current. The pathway involves positive feedback. Calcium entering via voltage-independent channels preferentially stimulates NO-synthase, which leads to enhanced cGMP production and greater Ca2+ influx. Positive feedback may explain the rapid increase in cGMP that occurs during muscarinic receptor activation.
B-lymphocyte targeted therapy for patients with progressive fibrosing mediastinitis

Background: Fibrosing Mediastinitis (FM) is an idiosyncratic fibro-inflammatory syndrome characterized by the progressive proliferation of fibrous tissue in the mediastinum. In North America it is most commonly associated with Histoplasma infection. Clinical disease manifestations of FM are directly related to the compression and compromise of vital mediastinal structures. Patients with progressive bilateral FM face high morbidity and mortality. There are currently no effective medical treatment options. We previously demonstrated prominent B-lymphocyte infiltration in FM. Hypothesis:B-lymphocytes may promote the fibro-inflammatory response in FM and their depletion using rituximab may represent a novel therapeutic alternative. Methods: Prospective off label therapy of 3 patients with progressive and/or bilateral metabolically active (FDG-PET/CT positive) FM with rituximab. Patient 1 received 375 mg/m2 of rituximab for 4 weekly doses, and patients 2 and 3 were treated with 1000 mg of rituximab twice 15 days apart. All patients received a 2 months taper of Prednisone and Bactrim for pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis. Clinical, radiological and metabolic responses were recorded. Results: Circulating B-lymphocytes were depleted. There were no severe side effects. All patients had favorable therapeutic responses. The lesion resolved in patient 1 and steroids were tapered successfully. Patients 2 and 3 experienced a dramatic symptomatic improvement and resolution of pleural effusion (Patient 2). Patients 2 and 3 had significant metabolic responses by FDG-PET/CT and lesions size decreased in Patient 3 by CT. Conclusion:B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab may be the first effective therapy for FM.
Halometyl-metal compounds

Abstract Phenyl(dichloromethy)mercury and phenyl(bromochloromethy)mercury were found to transfer CHCl to olefins when these reagents were heated together at temperatures ranging from 84–140°. Phenyl(dichloromethy)mercury was the less reactive of the two mercurials. Product yields were variable and the applications of these reagents in chlorocyclopropane synthesis seems limited. The evidence obtained suggests that free monochlorocarbene is not an intermediate in this CHCl transfer reaction, rather than a direct reaction between the organomercury reagent and the olefin is involved.
What Agents and Peers Have to Offer Each Other: A Partial History of the AP2PC Workshop

This paper reviews all the different contributions to the 2007 proceedings of the Agents and Peer to Peer workshop and categorizes them in terms of their relationship to Multi-Agent and Peer to Peer Systems. The paper also looks back through the author's experience of helping run the AP2PC workshop and considers how to most effectively build on the hard work that everyone puts in to create a successful workshop.
JCAHO Patient Safety Goal 7b: Nosocomial Infections as a Sentinel Event

Abstract ISSUE: The 2004 National Patient Safety Goal 7b as published by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) requires the organization “to manage as a sentinel event (SE) any unanticipated death or major permanent loss of function which results from a nosocomial infection.” PROJECT: We sought to develop a process to evaluate nosocomial infections as potential SEs given the severity of illness and underlying co-morbidities of patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU). The initial assessment of a potential nosocomial SE is made by the infection control practitioners (ICPs). This is followed by discussion of the specific issues related to the case with the medical director of the department, a board certified infectious disease physician. If the case meets the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance criteria for defining the relationship of an infection to the patient's death, it is referred forward to the medical center medical director for evaluation as a nosocomial SE. RESULTS: The ICPs have learned to evaluate each death critically based on the natural course of illness or underlying conditions and the likelihood of survival of that hospitalization. This has resulted in a number of referrals of nosocomial infections for further review. LESSONS LEARNED: Evaluation of potential nosocomial SEs is extremely labor-intensive and should be evaluated using specific criteria before being referred forward as an SE. Sentinel events can result in positive outcomes such as improvements in communication, better educational tools, and improved patient outcomes.
Cocaine-induced cortical microischemia in the rodent brain: clinical implications.

Cocaine-induced stroke is among the most serious medical complications associated with its abuse. However, the extent to which acute cocaine may induce silent microischemia predisposing the cerebral tissue to neurotoxicity has not been investigated; in part, because of limitations of current neuroimaging tools, that is, lack of high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity to simultaneously measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) in vessels of different calibers (including capillaries) quantitatively and over a large field of view. Here we combine ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography to enable tracker-free three-dimensional (3D) microvascular angiography and a new phase-intensity-mapping algorithm to enhance the sensitivity of 3D optical Doppler tomography for simultaneous capillary CBF quantization. We apply the technique to study the responses of cerebral microvascular networks to single and repeated cocaine administration in the mouse somatosensory cortex. We show that within 2–3 min after cocaine administration CBF markedly decreased (for example, ∼70%), but the magnitude and recovery differed for the various types of vessels; arterioles had the fastest recovery (∼5 min), capillaries varied drastically (from 4–20 min) and venules showed relatively slower recovery (∼12 min). More importantly, we showed that cocaine interrupted CBF in some arteriolar branches for over 45 min and this effect was exacerbated with repeated cocaine administration. These results provide evidence that cocaine doses within the range administered by drug abusers induces cerebral microischemia and that these effects are exacerbated with repeated use. Thus, cocaine-induced microischemia is likely to be a contributor to its neurotoxic effects.
The development of tolerance to morphine under discrete-trial fixed-ratio, automaintenance, and negative automaintenance procedures

The development of tolerance to morphine was examined under discrete-trial procedures in which (1) keypecks produced food delivery (fixed ratio 1), (2) keypecks had no effect on food delivery (automaintenance), and (3) keypecks prevented food delivery (negative auto- maintenance). Morphine at doses of 8 and 16 mg/kg initially decreased pecking under each procedure. Tolerance to morphine rapidly developed in all birds under the fixed-ratio procedure and in three of four birds under the automaintenance procedure. However, under the negative automaintenance procedure, tolerance failed to develop in all birds. These findings generally are in keeping with an analysis of tolerance that emphasizes drug-induced reinforcement loss and gain as determinants of tolerance development.
Women's empowerment and generalized anxiety in Minya, Egypt.

Gender disparities in mental health are global, with women experiencing higher rates than men of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and attempted suicide. Women's low social status may partly explain these disparities, yet evidence from Arab and Middle Eastern settings is limited. We assessed whether women's empowerment - or acquisition of enabling resources, and in turn, enhanced agency - was associated with their lower generalized anxiety. For 539 ever-married women 22-65 years who participated in the 2005 Egypt Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) and a 2012 follow-up survey in rural Minya, we estimated linear reduced-form and mediation regression models to assess the associations of women's premarital enabling resources with their generalized anxiety in 2012, overall and through measures of their marital agency in 2005. Women's higher schooling attainment, premarital economic activity, later age at first marriage, and greater proximity to natal (or birth) family had significant, adjusted associations with lower generalized anxiety. Measures of women's agency in marriage had mixed associations with generalized anxiety, but their inclusion modestly reduced the coefficients for premarital resources. Parallel qualitative findings confirmed nuanced associations between women's exclusive decision-making and their mental health. Efforts to enhance women's education and premarital economic activity might be combined with efforts to delay first marriage and ensure women's extra-marital social support to maximize their empowerment and its mental-health benefits. Language: en
An investigation of the gas-phase reaction of n-pentane with oxygen in the low-temperature region using a chemical shock tube

The gas-phase oxidation of n-pentane was investigated in a chemical shock tube and the formation of peroxidic products was determined as a function of time, reaction temperature and mixture composition. The effects of added acetaldehyde and t-butylhydroperoxide on product formation were also determined. Gas chromatographic analyses for nonperoxidic products were made at each reaction temperature; crotonaldehyde and acetaldehyde were identified. Peroxide formation at all experimental conditions was found to be independent of mixture composition and as a function of time at any temperature was found to exhibit maxima.
G-Ham Sandwich Theorems: Balancing measures by finite subgroups of spheres

Abstract Equivariant Ham Sandwich Theorems are obtained for the classical algebras F = R , C , and H and the finite subgroups G of their unit spheres. Given any n F -valued Borel measures on F n and any n-dimensional free F -unitary representation of G, it is shown that there exists a Voronoi partition of F n naturally determined by G which “G-balances” each measure, as realized by the simultaneous vanishing of each “G-average” of the measures of the partitionʼs isometric fundamental domains. Applications for real measures follow, among them that any n signed mass distributions on C ( p − 1 ) n / 2 can be equipartitioned by a single complex regular p-fan if p is an odd prime.
Analysis of Advanced Flight Management Systems (FMSS), Flight Management Computer (FMC) Field Observations Trials: Standard Terminal Arrival / Optimized Profile Descent

The differences in performance of various manufacturers' Flight Management Systems (FMSs) and their associated Flight Management Computers (FMCs) have the potential for significant impact on the air traffic control system and as such need to be examined and reexamined. While Performance-Based Navigation (PBN), Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) procedures and routes are designed according to criteria contained in Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) orders, FMC manufacturers build their systems in accordance with Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) and Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for area navigation systems, Technical Standard Orders (TSOs) and Advisory Circulars (ACs). With the exception of some minor differences, it has been shown in previous research on this subject that the resulting performance of the aircraft FMC will generally meet the procedure design requirements identified in the FAA criteria.
A comparison of the cardiovascular responses to stimulation of the aortic and carotid sinus nerves of the dog.

SummaryThe maximum decrease in blood pressure and heart rate in response to electrical stimulation of the aortic (AN) and carotid sinus nerves (CSN) of the dog was essentially the same in both cases. Thus, reported difference in the effectiveness of the reflexes served by these nerves must be due to the baroreceptor discharge characteristics in response to a rise in pressure in the respective regions. Both nerves consist of at least two groups of depressor afferents and one fiber group which appears to arise from chemoreceptors. These fiber groups are distinguishable by their threshold to electrical stimulation. The major group of depressor fibers in the AN have a low threshold to stimulation while the major group of depressor fibers in the CSN are of higher threshold and presumably smaller in diameter. Maximal depressor effects to stimulation of the CSN are attained at lower stimulus frequencies (10-20 Hz) than is the case during AN stimulation (60-80 Hz). The chemosensory fibers in both nerves have a hi...
Alternative to particle dark matter

We propose an alternative to particle dark matter that borrows ingredients of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) while adding new key components. The first new feature is a dark matter fluid, in the form of a scalar field with small equation of state and sound speed. This component is critical in reproducing the success of cold dark matter for the expansion history and the growth of linear perturbations, but does not cluster significantly on nonlinear scales. Instead, the missing mass problem on nonlinear scales is addressed by a modification of the gravitational force law. The force law approximates MOND at large and intermediate accelerations, and therefore reproduces the empirical success of MOND at fitting galactic rotation curves. At ultralow accelerations, the force law reverts to an inverse-square law, albeit with a larger Newton’s constant. This latter regime is important in galaxy clusters and is consistent with their observed isothermal profiles, provided the characteristic acceleration scale of MOND is mildly varying with scale or mass, such that it is 12 times higher in clusters than in galaxies. We present an explicit relativistic theory in terms of two scalar fields. The first scalar field is governed by a Dirac-Born-Infeld action and behaves as a dark matter fluid on large scales. The second scalar field also has single-derivative interactions and mediates a fifth force that modifies gravity on nonlinear scales. Both scalars are coupled to matter via an effective metric that depends locally on the fields. The form of this effective metric implies the equality of the two scalar gravitational potentials, which ensures that lensing and dynamical mass estimates agree. Further work is needed in order to make both the acceleration scale of MOND and the fraction at which gravity reverts to an inverse-square law explicitly dynamical quantities, varying with scale or mass.
The Use of Potential Refractive Index in Synoptic-Scale Radio Meteorology.

Abstract The concept of potential refractive index is examined in the light of earlier work and of the present emphasis on synoptic-scale radio meteorology. A new potential refractive index is defined and illustrated. It is concluded that the new parameter has operational utility in long-range microwave radio and radar transmission as well as in refractive index mapping.
Fast communication: Successive frequency domain minimization for time delay estimation

Estimating time delays for signal alignment is important for many applications. This paper extends a successful frequency domain cost function minimization algorithm capable of estimating time delays to within a fraction of sampling periods. Since the function has a narrow basin of attraction around the global minimum, this method often diverges when initial time delay estimates are not sufficiently close to the desired optimal time delays. We propose a second order successive minimization method with reduced sensitivity to initial guesses. Both an analytic expression for the cost function Hessian matrix and a condition guaranteeing positive-definiteness are presented. This condition facilitates the construction of sequentially modified cost functions whose nested minimization increases the basin of attraction around the global minimum. This successive minimization technique is more robust and yields higher accuracy when compared to the original method and the well-known method of Cross Correlator (CC).
A 265-year reconstruction of Lake Erie water levels based on North Pacific tree rings

[1] A dendroclimatic reconstruction based on tree ring chronologies from the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) explains 50% of the variance in annual Lake Erie levels. Temperature-sensitive ring-width series from the GOA are strongly and negatively correlated with annual lake levels, reflecting the Pacific North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern. Phases of the PNA are linked to variable circulation patterns that provide moisture to the Lake Erie basin, determining lake levels. The reconstruction extends back 265 years and shows that annual lake levels were high during the mid 1700s, the mid to late 1800s and the late 1900s. Relative low stands occurred during the late 1700s and early 1900s. The highest lake levels in the reconstruction are found over the past few decades, as seen in the observed record. Multidecadal-scale fluctuations in the Lake Erie reconstruction underscore the importance of Pacific Decadal Variability in determining levels in the Great Lakes.
Abstract B13: Development of culturally tailored breast cancer brochures for the American Indian community in Kansas and Missouri.

The Center for American Indian Community Health (CAICH) conducted focus groups (n=48) to better understand screening attitudes and behaviors concerning breast cancer among American Indians (AI) living in Kansas and Missouri. Data revealed that study participants desire brochures that target AI needs, with an emphasis on local resources. CAICH is in the process of completing brochures that detail breast cancer knowledge and screening. Using principles of community-based participatory research, AI and non-AI research team members created a set of culturally targeted brochures for our local community. Team members came to a consensus concerning appropriate information, local resources, images, and literacy levels to include. CAICH presented the brochures at four cultural events during the summer of 2012 to solicit community feedback. Our Susan G. Komen for the Cure Scholars designed a method for interpreting comments and feedback from community members. The majority of brochures had several constructive comments, meaning that community members took time during cultural events to read, consider, and critique the content provided. Citation Format: Joseph Pacheco, Tara Hammer, Ruth Buffalo, Melissa K. Filippi, K. Allen Greiner, Christine M. Daley. Development of culturally tailored breast cancer brochures for the American Indian community in Kansas and Missouri. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B13.
Laser Annealed and Thermal Annealed Refractory Ohmic Contacts to GaAs

Ohmic contacts to n-type GaAs have been developed for high-temperature device applications up to 300°C. Refractory metallizations were used with epitaxial Ge layers to form the contacts TiW/Ge/GaAs, Ta/Ge/GaAs, Mo/Ge/GaAs, and Ni/Ge/GaAs. Contacts with high dose Si or Se ion implantation (10 12 to 10 14 /cm 2 ) of the Ge/GaAs interface were also investigated. The purpose of this work was to develop refractory ohmic contacts with low specific-contact resistance (~10 -6 ?cm 2 on 1 x 10 17 cm -3 GaAs) which are free of imperfections, resulting in a uniform n + doping layer. The contacts were fabricated on epitaxial GaAs layers (n = 2 x 10 16 to 2 x 10 17 cm -3 ) grown on n + ( 2 x 10 18 cm -3 ) or semi-insulating GaAs (at strates. Ohmic contact was formed by both thermal annealing ( at temperatures up to 700°C) and laser annealing (pulsed Ruby). Examination of the Ge/GaAs interface revealed Ge migration into GaAs to form an n + layer. Under optimum laser anneal conditions, the specific contact resistance was in the range 1-5 x 10 -6 ?-cm 2 (on 2 x 10 17 cm -3 GaAs). Thermally annealed TiW/Ge had a contact resitivity of 1 x 10 -6 ? cm 2 on 1 x 10 17 cm -3 GaAs under optimum anneal conditions. The contacts also showed improved thermal stability over conventional Ni/AuGe contacts at temperatures above 300°C.
Modeling of Mirex Loadings to the Bottom Sediments of Lake Ontario within the Niagara River Plume

Abstract A mathematical model was used to reproduce the observed Mirex concentrations in the bottom sediment within the Niagara River plume in Lake Ontario. Mirex inputs to the sediments were estimated with an optimization technique using historical concentration records; two bottom sediment scenarios were explored, one with no resuspension of sediments, and one with sediment resuspension. Results show that over 34 years a minimum of 8.74 mg of Mirex were deposited over a square metre, but that as much as 12.3–18.7 mg of Mirex might have sedimented before being partially resuspended. This analysis permits an estimation of past Mirex loadings to Lake Ontario, assuming that a constant amount of Mirex in the water column sedimented in the plume. The computed loadings are 28 kg for 1980, compared with a previous estimate of 5–25 kg to a maximum of about 200 kg per year in 1960–1962. Knowledge of the inputs, followed by a good in-lake data base including contaminant concentrations in sediments at different stations, are key factors in the success of models dealing with trace contaminants.
The Pinwheel Experiment Re-revisited

Virtual electrode induced phase singularity hypothesis explains the origin of cardiac arrhythmias caused by artificial electrical induction of rotors, i.e. vortex-like self-sustained sources of activity. This mechanism is thought to underlie both stimulus-induced arrhythmias and shock defibrillation therapy. In this paper, we extend this hypothesis to three dimensions using the bidomain model of cardiac tissue. We predict that virtual electrode polarization can produce three topologically distinct types of rotors anchored to: (1) transmural I-shaped scroll wave filaments; (2) near-surface U-shaped scroll wave filaments; and (3) intramural O-shaped scroll wave filaments.
Immunosuppressive therapies in myasthenia gravis

Immunosuppression is the mainstay of treatment for myasthenia gravis (MG). In this paper, we review the mechanisms of action and clinical application of corticosteroids and different classes of immunosuppressive drugs that are currently used in MG patients, and present the results of their use in more than 1000 patients with MG seen at our two centers. Immunosuppressive treatment was considered along with, or as an alternative to thymectomy in MG patients with disabling weakness, not adequately controlled with anticholinesterase drugs. Overall, 82% of our patients received immunosuppressants for at least 1 year, with frequencies varying according to disease severity, from 93-95% of those with thymoma or MuSK antibodies to 72% in ocular myasthenia. Prednisone was used in the great majority of patients, azathioprine was the first-choice immunosuppressant; mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine were used as second-choice agents. All clinical forms of MG benefited from immunosuppression: the rate of remission or minimal manifestations ranged from 85% in ocular myasthenia to 47% in thymoma-associated disease. Treatment was ultimately withdrawn in nearly 20% of anti-AChR positive early-onset patients, but in only 7% of thymoma cases. The risk of complications appears to depend on drug dosage, treatment duration, and patient characteristics, the highest rate of serious side effects (20%) having been found in late-onset MG and the lowest (4%) in early-onset disease. Although nonspecific, current immunosuppressive treatment is highly effective in most MG patients. Lack of randomized evidence, the need for prolonged administration, and unwanted effects are still relevant limitations to its use.
The initiation of crack growth in linear polyethylene

The initiation of crack growth was observed in single edge notched tensile specimens under plane strain conditions. The shape of the deformation zone varied from being balloon-like above 12 MPa and nearly planar below but neither shape conformed to that predicted by the conventional shear type yield criteria. The initial damaged zone grew at a constant velocity with a stress dependence ofV=V0σ n . The spectrum of damage morphologies that preceed crack growth consists of a leading edge of crack-like pores followed by a region of increasing fibrillation which is terminated by a region of increasing fibril fracture.
Art Galleries with Interior Walls

Consider an art gallery formed by a polygon on n vertices with m pairs of vertices joined by interior diagonals, the interior walls. Each interior wall has an arbi- trarily placed, arbitrarily small doorway. We show that the minimum number of guards that suffice to guard all art galleries with n vertices and m interior walls is \(\min\{ \lfloor (2n-3)/3\rfloor\) , \(\lfloor (2n+m-2)/4\rfloor, \lfloor (2m+n)/3\rfloor\}.\) If we restrict ourselves to galleries with convex rooms of size at least r , the answer improves to \(\min\{m,\lfloor{(n+m)/r}\rfloor.\}\) The proofs lead to linear time guard placement algorithms in most cases.
Cross-linking Chemistry of Squid Beak

In stark contrast to most aggressive predators, Dosidicus gigas (jumbo squids) do not use minerals in their powerful mouthparts known as beaks. Their beaks instead consist of a highly sclerotized chitinous composite with incremental hydration from the tip to the base. We previously reported l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)-histidine (dopa-His) as an important covalent cross-link providing mechanical strengthening to the beak material. Here, we present a more complete characterization of the sclerotization chemistry and describe additional cross-links from D. gigas beak. All cross-links presented in this report share common building blocks, a family of di-, tri-, and tetra-histidine-catecholic adducts, that were separated by affinity chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by tandem mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The data provide additional insights into the unusually high cross-link density found in mature beaks. Furthermore, we propose both a low molecular weight catechol, and peptidyl-dopa, to be sclerotization agents of squid beak. This appears to represent a new strategy for forming hard tissue in animals. The interplay between covalent cross-linking and dehydration on the graded properties of the beaks is discussed.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PATTERNS IN SUBCORTICAL REINFORCEMENT BEHAVIOR.

Abstract By means of intercurrent hypothalamic positive reinforcement and tegmental negative reinforcement tests, drug actions on two different brain-stimulated behaviors were assessed simultaneously. Chlorpromazine at 2 mg/kg was effective in antagonizing both hypothalamic positive reinforcement behavior; however, it did produce sustained reduction of tegmental negative but it regularly caused a greater percentage deficit in hypothalamic positive behavior. Meprobamate at 100 mg/kg did not regularly produce lasting reduction of hypothalamic positive reinforcement behavior; however, it did produce sustained reduction of tegmental negative reinforcement behavior. In the case of meprobamate, therefore, there was regularly a greater percentage deficit in tegmental negative behavior. While the imbalanced action of chlorpromazine against positive reinforcement may be explained by aspects of the testing procedure (such as the widely different speeds of the two behaviors) and have no relation to the difference in emotional sign, the opposite imbalanced action of meprobamate makes it quite clear that the two chemicals have quite different modes of action in relation to these brain and behavior tests. The findings with LSD and amphetamine were less informative; LSD had regularly a brief suppressing effect on hypothalamic behavior; amphetamine augmented the slow tegmental negative behavior but often slowed the rapid hypothalamic positive behavior.
Theory and design of t-error correcting/d-error detecting (d>t) and all unidirectional error detecting codes

The fundamental theory of t-error correcting/d-error-detecting (d>t) and all-unidirectional-error-detecting (t-EC/d-ED/AUED) codes is given. A method for the construction of systematic t-EC/d-ED/AUED codes is presented. The encoding/decoding algorithms for these codes and their implementation are described. >
Stimulation of bacterial cytokinesis by bacteriophage predation

Bacteriophage (phage) are ubiquitous in the water column and in the sediments of most natural water. Because of their colloidal nature, they can either aggregate into clumps large enough to settle into the sediment or departing upon the physiochemical conditions or disassociate and reenter the water column. About 80% of the bacterial strains isolated from New River sediment have a virulent phage that can be isolated with them.
One-phonon spectra in absorption and fluorescence spectra of molecular impurities: breakdown of mirror symmetry

Abstract Conditions for breakdown of the structural and intensity mirror symmetry relationship between the one-phonon spectra in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of molecular impurities are established. A criterion is given for determining when the contribution of quadratic coupling to the zero-phonon bandwidth, for a given linear electron— phonon coupling strength, is expected to be minimal.
Resource sharing among ARL libraries in the US: 35 years of growth

Purpose – This paper aims to identify the factors that have led the USA to be one of the few countries in the world that has seen interlending and document supply continue to increase.Design/methodology/approach – The factors are identified, reviewed and assessed.Findings – It was found that the effectiveness of resource sharing facilitated by intra‐ and inter‐state cooperatives using OCLC as a framework is a major factor, others being the improvement in discovery tools, requesting processes and the more recent improvements in the delivery process. Finally, the widespread subsidizing of access and delivery enables cheap or even free use of document supply.Originality/value – This paper is the only study so far that addresses the current puzzle of US “exceptionalism” for interlending and document supply.
Marketing Science---Eating and Drinking Things

An essay discussing new product opportunities that arise from a cursory analysis of people's eating habits at social occasions at work.
Preassigning the shape of projections of convex polytopes

Etant donne un circuit C de longueur n dans un 3-polytope P et un n-gone A, il n'existe pas toujours un 3-polytope isomorphe P' pour lequel le circuit correspondant se projette orthogonalement sur A. On le montre par un contre-exemple