cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Service Enriched Housing and the Senior Living Enhancement Program

ABSTRACT The Senior Living Enhancement Program was an initiative designed to provide selected services to seniors, including nursing and health promotion, social service coordination, and social and recreational opportunities. The seniors were located at 12 high-rise buildings for the elderly. The main goal of the initiative was to improve the health of seniors in 10 areas called the 10-Keys to Healthy Aging. In general, the 10-Keys to Healthy Aging are strategies aimed at reducing preventable risk factors in the aging population. Over a period of 2 years, seniors showed improvements in a majority of the 10-Keys to Healthy Aging and, therefore, proved the health benefits for elders coming from this service-enriched housing initiative.
Relevant clinical information and tumor markers

The preoperative clinical assessment of patients with colorectal cancer provides the surgeon with sufficient information to allow an accurate assessment of operative risks, to plan the extent of resection needed to remove the primary and any associated synchronous lesions, to determine whether perioperative care should be modified to enhance the safety of the proposed surgery (bowel preparation, ureteral catheters, or ostomy placement), to determine operability and probable intent of surgery (curative or palliative), and to determine whether additional, more sophisticated testing is needed to better stage the disease to determine prognosis and ideal treatment. The surgeon, through the process of informed consent, must properly balance these patient and disease factors to select and plan the appropriate treatment that maximizes the potential for cure while minimizing morbidity and mortality.
Ab initio study of K adsorption on a Ag(100) surface

Ab initio Hartree–Fock calculations are reported for the chemisorption of K on Ag using three different types of clusters to model the system. Geometry optimization is done in 4 degrees of freedom. It is found that since there is an absence of complete charge transfer between the adsorbate and substrate, the interaction can be interpreted as being predominately covalent in nature.
A theoretical approach to the solvent extraction of metal chelates

Abstract A simplified theory for the solvent extraction of metal chelates is presented. Factors which are taken into account include the metal ion, the chelating reagent, aqueous complexing agents, adduct-forming substances, the organic solvent, temperature, rates of extraction, and other effects. Equations are developed for estimating the stoichiometries and the association constants of the involved species.
Suppression of scattering in electron transport in mesoscopic quantum Hall systems.

We show that both the elastic and the inelastic phonon-scattering rates among edge-state transport channels in mesoscopic two-dimensional electron-gas systems can be dramatically suppressed by a large magnetic field. This results in an increase in the carrier mean free path allowing the observation of anomalously quantized integer Hall conductance in macroscopic dimensions. Relations of theoretical results with recent experiments are discussed.
Risk factors for hysterectomy among Mexican-American women in the US southwest

The purpose of this study was to assess risk factors associated with a history of hysterectomy among Mexican-American women living in the United States Southwest. Mexican-American women ages 20-74 at time of interview were defined as a subpopulation among adults in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), 1982-1984. Language preference, reproductive history, level of education, poverty status, generation of immigration, marital status, and insurance coverage were examined in relation to risk of hysterectomy using weighted tabulation and logistic regression for data resulting from complex survey designs. Heretofore, language preference has not been a variable considered in relation to risk of hysterectomy. In the HHANES, over 60% of women who spoke English most often rather than Spanish reported a history of hysterectomy. Women who had previously been pregnant were almost four times as likely (odds ratio 3.972) to have had a hysterectomy compared to women who had never been pregnant. Women who expressed any preference for English were twice as likely (odds ratio 2.050) to have had a hysterectomy than were those who responded that they exclusively preferred Spanish. Age, higher levels of education, and higher economic status also increased the risk of hysterectomy. In contrast, reproductive history, marital status, prior tubal ligation, generation of immigration, and health insurance did not have substantial effects on the risk of hysterectomy. This study suggests that, in the future, the effect of language preference should not be overlooked when considering risk factors for hysterectomy.
To ICSI or Not to ICSI.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is the most effective assisted reproductive procedure enabling fertilization in severe forms of male factor indications and male gamete dysfunction. Reliability of ICSI has allowed the expansion of its application to other forms of infertility rendering it the most popular assisted reproduction technology (ART) insemination method worldwide. The concern related to the invasiveness of ICSI together with the arbitrary selection of the inseminating spermatozoon has induced the execution of studies to compare the performance of ICSI in non–male factor infertility with standard in vitro insemination approach. Not surprisingly, the outcome has evidenced that ICSI does not yield higher pregnancy rates than in vitro fertilization but functions invariably as a normalizer of fertilization mollifying the absent or low fertilization. The follow-up studies on ICSI children have evidenced that the procedure is safe and the slightly higher incidences of neonatal malformations or de novo gonosomal abnormalities are related to the genetics of the infertile couples. Furthermore, ICSI is accepted for some specific indications such as low number and poor morphology oocytes, thicker zona, excess polyspermia, PGD/PGS/PGT (preimplantation genetic diagnosis/preimplantation genetic screening/preimplantation genetic testing), discordant HCV/HIV (hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus) couples, in vitro maturation (IVM), and oocyte cryopreservation. Only the advent of new biomarkers in combination with routine semen analysis capable of identifying the fertilization competence of the spermatozoon can guide the reproductive physician toward the proper insemination method.
Toward a Sociology of Secrecy and Security Systems

Secrecy has become a major characteristic of most modern public and private organizations, partly as a result of bureaucratization and democratization and subsequent organizational dependence upon manipulation and persuasion. Though security and secrecy systems are seen as indispensable to the efficient functioning of modern organizations, they contain the seeds of their own destruction. Leaders utilize privileged information for self-enhancement purposes. Required information is denied within and between agencies. Secrecy systems take on latent functions leading to the protection of relatively useless and unreliable knowledge. The producers of such knowledge thereby maintain job security, and security systems become increasingly involved in matters of sensitivity. Analysis of these dysfunctions within the context of security conscious, military supported think-tanks suggests that secrecy functions to undermine the purposes for which it is utilized. Serious question, therefore, must be raised about the maintenance of secrecy systems in any form, and where they are necessary for obvious security purposes, about their modification and control.
Late radiation responses in man: Current evaluation from results from Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Abstract Among the late effects of exposure to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, none looms larger than radiation related malignancies. Indeed, the late effects of A-bomb radiation on mortality appear to be limited to an increase in malignant tumors. At present, it can be shown that cancers of the breast, colon, esophagus, lungs, stomach, thyroid, and urinary tract as well as leukemia and multiple myeloma increase in frequency with an increase in exposure. No significant relationship to radiation can as yet be established for malignant lymphoma, nor cancers of the rectum, pancreas or uterus. Radiation induced malignancies other than leukemia seem to develop proportionally to the natural cancer rate for the attained age. For specific age-at-death intervals, both relative and absolute risks tend to be higher for those of younger age at the time of bombing. Other late effects include radiation-related lenticular opacities, disturbances of growth among those survivors still growing at the time of exposure, and mental retardation and small head sizes among the in utero exposed. Chromosomal abnormalities too are more frequently encountered in the peripheral leucocytes of survivors, and this increase is functionally related to their exposure. Some uncertainty continues to surround both the quantity and quality of the radiation released by these two nuclear devices, particularly the Hiroshima bomb. A recent reassessment suggests that the gamma radiation estimates which have been used in the past may be too low at some distances and the neutron radiation estimates too high at all distances; moreover, the energies of the neutrons released now appear “softer” than previously conjectured. These uncertainties not sufficiently large, however, to compromise the reality of the increased frequency of malignancy, but make estimates of the dose response, particularly in terms of gamma and neutron exposures, tentative.
IV injection of air-filled human albumin microspheres to enhance arterial Doppler signal: a preliminary study in rabbits.

When air-filled human albumin microspheres are injected IV, they have been shown to traverse the pulmonary circulation and markedly influence the echogenicity of the left atrium and ventricle. We studied the possibility that the microspheres can be used to enhance the Doppler signal from systemic arteries and the portal vein. Doppler sonography of the aorta, renal artery, intrarenal branch, and portal vein was performed after the IV injection of saline or microspheres in doses of 1.0, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 ml in four rabbits. With appropriate blinding of the observers, subjective estimates of enhancement of the Doppler signal were made in each case. All injections of saline had no detectable effect. All four doses of microspheres enhanced the Doppler signal in the aorta in all rabbits. Signals from the renal artery enhanced in all rabbits after injections of 0.3 ml or greater, but in only two rabbits after 0.1 ml. Although the 1.0-ml dose enhanced the Doppler signal from the intrarenal arterial branch in all ...
On the nature of craze development and breakdown during fatigue

It is widely known that one mechanism of fatigue crack propagation in many amorphous (or essentMly amorphous) polymers involves a discontinuous crack growth process related to craze formation and subsequent breakdown ahead of the crack tip [1-3]. Examination of the resulting fatigue fracture surface reveals bands lying perpendicular to the direction of crack growth. The width of these discontinuous growth (DG) bands has been found to correspond to the width of the plastic zone at the crack tip as determined by the magnitude of the prevailing stress intensity factor, K, The number of loading cycles N* associated with the development of the craze and its gradual breakdown prior to final rupture can be determined by dividing the band width by the corresponding crack growth rate da/dN.
The validity of return address schemes

Abstract Suppose we are given a computer program together with a number of subroutines which it calls nonrecursively. We wish to prove that the program is correct, and we would like it to be sufficient to prove separately for each subroutine also for the main program, that it is correct provided that each statement in it which calls a subroutine is replaced by the effect which that subroutine is presumed to have. This decomposition of the correctness problem for programs is not always permissible; we state and prove conditions here under which it is permissible.
Long-term study of pulp capping in monkeys with three agents

The pulps of 40 permanent teeth of two monkeys were mechanically exposed and contaminated with adjacent saliva or plaque for 3 to 5 1/2 hours. The pulps were then capped with either Keflin (an antibiotic), Durelon (a polycarboxylate cement), or Dycal (a calcium hydroxide compound). Varnish and then amalgam were inserted. Each monkey received at least one dose of Procion red H-8BS vital dye. The teeth were extracted from one monkey 23 months after capping and from the other monkey 29 months after capping. Serial, decalcified, 7 mum-thick paraffin sections were prepared. Alternate slides were stained with hematoxylin ane eosin. Unstained sections were examined for Procion labeling, and selected slides were stained by the Brown-Brenn method for bacteria. Of 13 teeth capped with Keflin, only 4 responded satisfactorily. All of the Dycal and Durelon-capped pulps were successful at both time intervals. All of the Dycal-capped pulps showed complete bridging and no inflammation or pulp obliteration. Bridging was complete in only three of the Durelon-capped pulps. The findings of this study support the findings in our previous study3 and further substantiate the effectiveness of Dycal as a pulp-capping agent. The often-repeated claim that calcium hydroxide compounds exert a persistent stimulating effect on the pulp resulting in its eventual obliteration was not supported. Durelon is not recommended for pulp capping since the material apparently lacks an antibacterial effect and does not stimulate reparative dentinogenesis at the exposure site. The low rate of satisfactory responses of pulps capped with Keflin, as used, precludes its use of pulp capping.
Ultra-long period seismic signals and cyclic deflation coincident with eruptions at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala

Abstract Broadband seismic observations made near the active vent at Santiaguito provide constraints on changing pressures inside the edifice. During January 2009 we recorded episodic ultra-long period signals (ULPs, > 30 s) that were coincident with eruptive activity centered on the active El Caliente vent. These signals lasted 2–5 min and corresponded to depressurization of a volume beneath the dome. Coincident shorter-period seismic signals (> 0.5 Hz) appeared to be associated with shallow level pyroclastic emissions and dome surface motions. These shorter period signals varied significantly from event to event, unlike the ULP waveforms, which were self-similar. As opposed to the short period signals, which were recorded across the network, the ULPs were only recorded on the horizontal channels of 3 stations that were within 1.1 km of the vent. This and other factors suggest that they were a result of long period rotational motion rather than horizontal translation. ULP source locations derived from horizontal particle motions point to the northwestern part of El Caliente 150 m from the vent axis, the general locus of activity from 1967 until flank collapses in 1989/1990. We modeled the ULP signal as a Mogi source and solved for three dimensional location and equivalent source strength. Through analysis of 78 events, we identify a mean Mogi source that is 200 m west of and 250 m beneath the centre of the vent with the peak volume changes accompanying eruptions ranging from 125 to 1825 m3. These inferred volume losses coincide with the onset of gas venting and/or explosive eruptions at the surface of Caliente. Based upon these observations we develop a model to describe the pre-eruptive, eruptive and inter-eruptive physical processes occurring at the surface and inside Santiaguito.
Design and analysis of a Flow Corridor-based Traffic Management Initiative

Dynamic flow corridors are a Next Generation Air Transportation System Trajectorybased Operations concept designed to increase airspace capacity by enabling high density traffic flows and self-separation operations. In this research, we present a novel concept called the Flow Corridor-based Traffic Management Initiative (FC-TMI), which uses dynamic flow corridors as a new TMI to resolve demand-capacity imbalances. The FC-TMI forms and dissolves flow corridors based on demand, traffic patterns, dynamic weather and the necessity to resolve demand-capacity imbalances, thus providing structure only when needed without unnecessarily constraining traffic. The flow corridor network is redesigned at fixed intervals throughout the day in order to adapt to traffic patterns and also to be safe from weather hazards. The FC-TMI also takes into consideration delays and alternate routes when designing the structure of the flow corridor network. National Airspace Systemwide simulations were conducted using different flight patterns and weather conditions to evaluate the performance of the FC-TMI. It was found that the FC-TMI yield substantial reduction in delays (~5-13%) while using only a small number of flow corridors (15-27), with only ~300-600 aircraft in the flow corridors.
Hepatitis C virus with a naturally occurring single amino-acid substitution in the E2 envelope protein escapes neutralization by naturally-induced and vaccine-induced antibodies.

Mutations arising in neutralizing epitopes of hepatitis C virus may play a role in the ability of the virus to escape control by neutralizing antibodies and in the establishment of chronic infections. An amino-acid substitution, Q412H, within a major conserved neutralization epitope EP I (aa 412–426) in the E2 glycoprotein is observed in chronic HCV carriers. We found that naturally acquired polyclonal EP I-specific antibodies have an equivalent binding capacity toward either the wild type or the Q412H mutant peptide encompassing the EP I epitope. While EP I-specific antibodies neutralized J6/JFH1 virus in vitro, they did not neutralize J6/JFH1 virus containing the Q412H mutation. Furthermore, we found that plasma obtained from a chimpanzee that had anti-E1/E2 antibodies following experimental immunization, neutralized the wild type J6/JFH1 virus but failed to neutralize the mutant virus. Thus, mutation Q412H found in naturally occurring variants could represent an antibody escape mutation. These data may have important implications for vaccine design.
Best practices for improving college men's health

A sobering description of the state of college men's health is followed by discussion of the Six-Point HEALTH Plan and strategies for educational campaigns, marketing, and outreach efforts.
A pelagic ecosystem model calibrated with BATS and OWSI data

Abstract Ocean ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle. In this paper, we develop and calibrate a pelagic ocean ecosystem model by simultaneously fitting data from two sites in the North Atlantic: the site of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS, 32°N, 64°W) and Ocean Weather Ship Station “I” (OWSI, 59°N, 20°W). These sites differ dramatically in the magnitude and timing of primary production, chlorophyll concentrations, and light and nutrient availabilities. We find that a relatively simple model can be simultaneously fit to ecosystem data at both sites. As in the model of Hurtt and Armstrong (1996, Deep-Sea Research II 43(2–3): 653–683), the fit largely depends on the inclusion of multiple size classes of phytoplankton and detritus and a variable chlorophyll-to-biomass (nitrogen) ratio for phyto-plankton. The inclusion of these features in the model enables it to adjust to predict important biological differences temporally within sites and spatially between sites. In addition, the model also includes a phytoplankton self-shading parameter to capture differences in water clarity between sites, and the parameterization of iron limitation at OWSI as a hypothesis for the moderately HNLC condition there. Finally, we suggest that the model performs reasonably well at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT, 23°N, 158°W), a site where no model calibration was done.
The Specification, Verification, and Implementation of a High-Assurance Data Structure: An ACL2 Approach

We present a complete specification and formal verification of a high-assurance data structure, namely an array-based set (or alternatively, a multiset), of arbitrary size, using the ACL2 theorem prover. This particular data structure is a sanitized version of one that was used in a high-assurance development at Rockwell Collins. We additionally demonstrate how this high-assurance specification can be readily translated to an implementation in a traditional, imperative programming language. The specification is accomplished via the ACL2 single-threaded object (stobj) formulation, as the stobj yields the most straightforward translation to traditional programming language implementations, as well as high-performance, scalable executable specifications within the ACL2 system itself. Use of the stobj is known to present certain difficulties in proof development, but we describe a simple means to access the underlying representation of the stobj, which makes reasoning much more straightforward. We discuss characteristics of ACL2 that aided the proofs, as well as ones that presented challenges. We also compare the ACL2 proof results with other verification efforts previously attempted on this data structure using model checking and symbolic execution.
Induction of donor-specific tolerance in rat hind-limb allografts under antilymphocyte serum and cyclosporine A protocol

Abstract Composite tissue allograft (CTA) transplantation became a clinical reality despite major side effects associated with the administration of chronic immunosuppression. Development of new treatment modalities eliminating life-long immunosuppression is essential for the future of CTA transplantation. In this study, combined use of cyclosporine A (CsA) and antilymphocyte serum (ALS) was tested for the potential to induce tolerance in the rat hind-limb allograft recipients across a major histocompatibility (MHC) barrier (Lewis-Brown-Norway [LBN, RT1 l+n ] to Lewis [LEW, RT1 l ] rats). Thirty transplantations were performed in 5 experimental groups. Animals received CsA and ALS 12 hours before surgery for 21 days thereafter. Although the allograft controls rejected their limbs at day 7 combined treatment of CsA and ALS resulted in indefinite survival (over 420 d) in all allograft recipients. Long-term survivors showed 35% to 42% of donor-specific chimerism in the peripheral blood. Clinical tolerance was confirmed by acceptance of the donor-specific skin grafts and immunocompetence was confirmed by rejection of the third-party grafts. Mixed lymphocyte reaction revealed suppressed response against donor-type antigens and increased response to third-party antigens. Donor-specific tolerance across MHC barrier was induced in CTA allografts under 21 days protocol of ALS/CsA. (J Hand Surg 2002;27A:1095–1103. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Evaluation of Shoulder Stiffness

Shoulder-related pain in the general adult population has been estimated to be between 6.9 and 26% (potentially 1 in 4 people will experience shoulder dysfunction in their lifetime). Thirty age and gender matched subjects were tested using a specially designed device to measure torque during internal/external shoulder rotation. Subjects with shoulder pain had a decreased shoulder range of motion and increased torque at full internal and external rotation. This device was able to objectively distinguish the amount of stiffness between two populations of subjects.© 2013 ASME
Evaluation of a Doppler catheter probe to measure cardiac output.

Abstract Although the present study demonstrated that a nondirectional Doppler catheter probe accurately measures unidirectional pulsatile flow velocity, the in vivo evaluation reveals several significant discrepancies. When positioned in the ascending aorta of dogs, the Doppler transducer underestimated changes in blood flow velocity and the degree of underestimation varied significantly between animals. Under these conditions the Doppler-recorded signal indicated nearly continuous aortic flow and a zero-flow reference level was not present in late diastole. The extent of apparent diastolic flow was greater at higher flow rates. These findings indicate that the nondirectional Doppler catheter tip velocity transducer in its present form is not suitable for accurately measuring changes in aortic blood flow velocity.
Insular thyroid carcinoma in adolescents: a potentially lethal endocrine malignancy.

Background Insular thyroid carcinoma is intermediate in aggressiveness between well differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Methods The authors describe two children with insular thyroid carcinoma who had markedly different outcomes. In the first case, a girl age 15 years, 2 months presented with a large pulsatile mass in the right thyroid lobe. In the second case, a girl age 16 years, 3 months presented after total thyroidectomy was performed elsewhere for confirmed pTNM Stage I insular thyroid carcinoma. Results In Case 1, total thyroidectomy was performed, and histologic examination revealed insular thyroid carcinoma with lymph node involvement. Six weeks postoperatively, neck masses reappeared. There was significant radioactive iodine uptake in the thyroid bed and in a palpable right supraclavicular lymph node; this was associated with an increased serum thyroglobulin level. Ultrasound-guided biopsy of the lymph node confirmed recurrent insular carcinoma, and neck dissection was performed. Six weeks later, there was 0.35% iodine uptake in the neck, and the patient was treated with 300 mCi of (131)I. She had no signs of recurrence when last seen 22 months postoperatively. In Case 2, the patient was given 29.9 mCi of (131)I for remnant ablation. Four months postoperatively, fine-needle aspiration biopsy of a high jugular lymph node demonstrated recurrence. The patient was given 200 mCi of (131)I but had no significant response. Right modified neck dissection was performed, followed by external beam radiation. Despite aggressive treatment with a further 500 mCi of (131)I, progressive lung and mediastinal metastases developed, followed by brain metastasis. The patient died 31 months after the initial diagnosis. Conclusions Insular thyroid carcinoma may occur and behave aggressively in children. Vigorous initial surgical and radioactive iodine treatments are warranted.
Living Legends: students' responses to an intergenerational life review writing program

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of participation in the Living Legends program upon health science students' image of older adults and interest in working with older people. A multisite quasi-experimental control group design with a connected qualitative component was used. Program sites included three Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs) and one senior center. Health science students (n = 43) from two universities and two community colleges and community-dwelling seniors (n = 39) participated in the program. A baseline questionnaire was used to ascertain demographic characteristics and prior type and amount of contact with older adults. The Image of Aging Scale and Likert-style questions to measure interest in working with older adults were the primary outcome measures. Written responses to program experiences were also collected. Analysis of covariance was used to compare changes in Image of Aging subscale scores from pre- to posttest. Mean change in positive image of older adults subscale scores was 4.6 (SD = 4.4) for the intervention group and -0.6 (SD = 4.8) for the control group. The difference between groups was significant (F = 22.0, P < .001), and the effect size was large (Cohen's d = 1.07). Nine of the 22 students in the intervention group had a greater interest in working with seniors after the program. Qualitative themes that emerged included a positive and beneficial experience, life lessons, seeing the person beyond the visible, power of the written word, and shared lives. Living Legends is an effective program to enhance positive images of older adults in future healthcare professionals and may have a positive impact on some students with regard to interest in working with older adults.
Navigating one million tags

Web 2.0 users engage in collaborative tagging and associate words with the users' own and with other users' content. The result is an additional layer with descriptions of web resources. The information contained in the tag-resource associations can certainly be useful. However, we argue that current collaborative tagging systems do not support users well in navigating and exploring tag spaces, because tags are treated as independent. We suggest that different ways of displaying tags to users are needed and describe our approach to supporting users in navigating tag spaces. We illustrate our ideas with a prototype user interface.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is dependent upon feedback regulation by both triiodothyronine and thyroxine

The biosynthesis of TRH in hypophysiotropic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is inversely regulated by feedback effects of circulating levels of thyroid hormones. As the PVN contains little or no deiodinase activity, the enzyme necessary to convert T4 to biologically active T3, we determined whether feedback inhibition of pro-TRH mRNA in thyroid hormone-sensitive neurons of the PVN is mediated exclusively by circulating levels of T3. The concentration of pro-TRH mRNA in the PVN of hypothyroid male rats receiving constant infusions of T3 over 7 days from ip implanted osmotic minipumps was studied by in situ hybridization histochemistry using computerized image analysis. Pro-TRH mRNA could not be suppressed to euthyroid levels by an infusion of T3 that returned plasma T3 levels to normal and required the infusion of higher concentrations of T3 that elevated plasma T3 into the supranormal range. By regression analysis, the mean concentration of plasma T3 required to suppress pro-TRH mRNA to euthy...
No Random Walk: A Comment on ‘Why was England First’?

OME thirty years ago I allowed myself the following rather grandiose observaS tion: "On occasion it may be proper to regard the course of history as inevitable, expost; but not ex ante."' I was, therefore, pleased to see Mr Crafts try his hand at a stochastic explanation of the coming of the first Industrial Revolution.2 In exploring this hypothesis, however, he confronted two lions in his path. It is conceivable that further and deeper research might remove them. He chose to ignore them, rendering his essay unsatisfactory. The first lion is the marked acceleration in the scale of British relative to French inventions from the 176os onwards. The presently available statistical data are frail, but, taken at face value, make a powerful case.
Structural Basis for Progression Toward the Carbapenemase Activity in the GES Family of β-Lactamases

Carbapenem antibiotics have become therapeutics of last resort for the treatment of difficult infections. The emergence of class-A β-lactamases that have the ability to inactivate carbapenems in the past few years is a disconcerting clinical development in light of the diminished options for treatment of infections. A member of the GES-type β-lactamase family, GES-1, turns over imipenem poorly, but the GES-5 β-lactamase is an avid catalyst for turnover of this antibiotic. We report herein high-resolution X-ray structures of the apo GES-5 β-lactamase and the GES-1 and GES-5 β-lactamases in complex with imipenem. The latter are the first structures of native class-A carbapenemases with a clinically used carbapenem antibiotic in the active site. The structural information is supplemented by information from molecular dynamics simulations, which collectively for the first time discloses how the second step of catalysis by these enzymes, namely, hydrolytic deacylation of the acyl-enzyme species, takes place ef...
The Changing Color of Money: European Currency Iconography and Collective Identity

This article investigates currency iconography as an indicator of the content of collective identities in Europe. Using an original database of the human figures on European paper money since the 19th century, the article finds a combination of iconographic similarity across space and iconographic difference across time. This finding suggests that rather than using the currency to indoctrinate the public with a set of specifically national values, European state elites have traditionally tried to use the currency to enhance their public legitimacy by embracing the values currently fashionable in pan-European society. The article then draws out the implications of this argument for understanding the iconography of the euro and the prospects for a European ‘demos’.
Lip Service to Multiculturalism Docile Bodies of the Modern Organization

Troubled by the superficiality of most organizational efforts designed to embrace multi-culturalism, the author argues that despite the substantial allocation of resources, the quest for multicultu...
Seed Discharge in Arceuthobium: A Photographic Study

Photographs, made at a speed of 5 microseconds, of the ejection of the Arceuthobium seed from its fruit, show that tumbling in the vertical plane begins soon after discharge and that most seeds have turned 90 degrees when they have traveled about 6 centimeters. As the seeds leave the fruit they have a viscous sheath around the trailing end that disintegrates after the seeds have traveled about 2 to 3 centimeters. This viscous material does not act as a rudder as has been postulated.
Guided fluorescence diagnosis of childhood caries: preliminary measures correlate with depth of carious decay

The current rise in childhood caries worldwide has increased the demand for portable technologies that can quickly and accurately detect and diagnose early stage carious lesions. These lesions, if identified at an early stage, can be reversed with remineralization treatments, education, and improvements in home care. A multi-modal optical prototype for detecting and diagnosing occlusal caries demineralization in vivo has been developed and pilot tested. The device uses a 405-nm laser as a scanned illumination source to obtain high resolution and high surface contrast reflectance images, which allows the user to quickly image and screen for any signs of demineralized enamel. When a suspicious region is located, the device can be switched to perform dual laser fluorescence spectroscopy using 405-nm and 532-nm laser excitations. These spectra are used to compute an auto-fluorescence (AF) ratio of the suspicious region and the percent difference of AF ratios from a healthy region of the same tooth. The device was tested on 7 children’s teeth in vivo with clinically diagnosed carious lesions. Lesion depth was then visually estimated from the video image using the 405-nm scanned light source, and within a month the maximum drill depth was assessed by a clinician. The researcher and clinicians were masked from previous measurements in a blinded study protocol. Preliminary results show that the ratiometric percent difference measurement of the AF spectrum of the tooth correlates with the severity of the demineralization as assessed by the clinician after drilling.
Noncoded Amino Acid Replacement Probes of the Aspartate Aminotransferase Mechanism

The primary role of Tyr225 in the aspartate aminotransferase mechanism is to provide a hydrogen bond to stabilize the 3'O- functionality of bound pyridoxal phosphate. The strength of this hydrogen bond is perturbed by replacement of Tyr225 with 3-fluoro-L-tyrosine (FlTyr) by in vitro transcription/translation. This mutant enzyme exhibits kcat/values that are near to those of wild type enzyme; however, the kcat/vs pH profile is much sharper with similar pKas of approximately 7.5 for both the ascending and descending limbs. The pKas are assigned to the endocyclic proton of the internal aldimine and to the bridging hydrogen bond, respectively. The pKas in the kcat vs pH profile of 7.2 and 8.7 are assigned to the epsilon-NH3+ of lysine 258 and to the endocyclic protons of the ketimine complex, respectively. Arginine 292 forms a salt bridge with the beta-COOH of the substrate, aspartate. An improvement on the earlier attempt to invert the substrate charge specificity via R292D mutation-induced arginine transaminase activity [Cronin, C. N., & Kirsch, J. F. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 4572-4579] is described. Here Arg292 is replaced with homoglutamate (R292hoGlu). This construct exhibits 6.8 x 10(4)-fold greater activity for the cationic substrate D,L-[Calpha-3H]-alpha-amino-beta-guanidinopropionic acid (D,L-[Calpha-3H]AGPA) than does wild type enzyme. The gain in selectivity for this substrate is at least 4500-fold greater than that achieved in the 1988 experiment, i.e., [(kcat/KM)R292hoGlu/(kcat/KM)WT (D,L-[Calpha-3H]AGPA)] >/= 4500 x [(kcat/KM)R292D/(kcat/KM)WT (L-arginine)]. The value of (kcat/KM)R292D is 0.43 M-1 s-1 with L-Arg while (kcat/KM)R292hoGlu is 29 M-1 s-1 with D,L-[Calpha-3H]AGPA (it is assumed that the D-enantiomer is unreactive). The latter value is the lower limit because of the uncertain value of 3H kinetic isotope effect.
Secular Variation of the Earth's Magnetic Field

There have been many models of the secular variation (SV) of the Earth's magnetic field proposed over the past few decades. Most if not all of them are models of Earth's magnetic field during so-called normal times, in other words, times during which the field is not reversing or undergoing an excursion. However, in studying data from Icelandic lava flows and from other areas, it has become obvious that there is no real distinction between so-called normal SV and the larger deviations of the Earth's field which are classified as excursions and/or reversals, except by the magnitude of the deviation, in which there is a continuous variation. Recently, reversal patterns have been studied in more detail, and it has been found that the exact start or end of a reversal is frequently only fuzzily defined, there being precursors to reversals, or events following reversals, which cannot be described either as belonging to the reversal per se or being a part of the normal SV pattern. In this paper, information from spherical harmonic models of the field during the past three centuries will be used to show that the field today has an abnormally large latitudinal variation of virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) angular standard deviation, and should not be used to constrain SV models. Data for lava flows and other rock types from a number of different areas will be used to determine the scatter of the field at various observation latitudes, using VGPs from all latitudes, so that eventually a SV model may be produced which does not reject low latitude VGP information. Other factors will be described which any SV model should be able to produce.
Signal/noise performance of multiplier (or correlation) and addition (or integrating) types of detector

An analysis is made, and numerical results are tabulated, of the processes of addition and multiplication of signals (comprising tone or noise) in the presence of random-noise backgrounds. These processes may be carried out on the input signals, in which case coincidence in time and phase of the signals is required, or on the signals after they have been rectified and smoothed (i.e. on the envelopes), in which case coincidence is required only in time. If the backgrounds are uncorrelated with one another, then the addition or multiplication of two or more scans together results in an increase in detectability of the signal. It is shown that, in general, multiplication is not more advantageous than addition from the point of view of signal/noise ratios, and as it is more difficult to perform in practice, it cannot be universally recommended. But it is undoubtedly better than addition in certain cases, notably those in which long-term stability of adjustment is required and constant or predictable phase relationships permit multiplication of the inputs before rectification. Some subjective evidence is brought forward and discussed in relation to the difficult question of whether the better signal/noise performance given by a quadratic response as compared with a linear response is really indicative of a higher probability of detection. The conclusions are not clear, but it is possible that this is the case.
Urinary hesitancy and retention during treatment with sertraline

We report the cases of two women who began to experience urinary hesitancy and retention after starting treatment with sertraline for depression. Discontinuation of the drug resulted in complete symptom relief. Serotonergic neurons are involved at several levels in control of the lower urinary tract. Retention is apparently an uncommon complication of sertraline. Discontinuation should be considered for patients presenting with voiding difficulties.
A stopping rule for trainable signal detection

A stopping rule is developed for a class of threshold learning processes (TLPs) that includes the training procedures occurring in certain pattern classifiers, psycho-physical and neural models of perception and in stochastic approximation. The present work is restricted to one-dimensional pattern spaces. Of the published work on stopping rules, all but Farrell assume that the sequence of observations are independent and identically distributed. The TLP model discussed here gives rise to sequential samples from independent non-identical distributions. The stopping rule presented is a result of the technique developed here for obtaining a bounded length confidence interval for a parameter which varies from trial to trial in these distributions. Training is stopped when the interval falls within pre-specified limits, thereby assuring a specified performance at any desired confidence level. The rule is illustrated by a numerical example. In the example, both variable and small fixed increment training are considered. An expression is also given for the limit to which the probability of acquiring the stopping criterion converges in probability.
Cultural Competence: An Ethical Requirement

SUMMARY With the increasing diversity in America, it is not only crucial, but ethically imperative, that social workers understand and appreciate cultural norms and variations in their consideration of the whole person. This article defines cultural competence, details related ethical requirements, and examines its importance to social work practice.
A New Algorithm for Simulating a Correlation Matrix Based on Parameter Expansion and Reparameterization

The correlation matrix (denoted by R) plays an important role in many statistical models. Unfortunately, sampling the correlation matrix in Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms can be problematic. In addition to the positive definite constraint of covariance matrices, correlation matrices have diagonal elements fixed at one. In this article, we propose an efficient two-stage parameter expanded reparameterization and Metropolis-Hastings (PX-RPMH) algorithm for simulating R. Using this algorithm, we draw all elements of R simultaneously by first drawing a covariance matrix from an inverse Wishart distribution, and then translating it back to a correlation matrix through a reduction function and accepting it based on a Metropolis-Hastings acceptance probability. This algorithm is illustrated using multivariate probit (MVP) models and multivariate regression (MVR) models with a common correlation matrix across groups. Via both a simulation study and a real data example, the performance of the PX-RPMH al...
Comparison of optical data for sodium and potassium with interband-transition absorption theory

Abstract Smith's optical data for Na and K have been used to test the validity of the Wilson-Butcher interband- transition absorption theory and recent theoretical modifications. Values of “optical” pseudo-potential ( V 110 ) have been obtained which deviate qualitatively from the pseudopotentials derived from de Haas- van Alphen data in the manner predicted by Animalu. Good agreement is found between the derived values of interband conductivity for Na and Animalu's calculations but the derived values for K are about a factor of two smaller than Animalu's result.
Reflections on Wallace

An unpublished paper has recently come to light, which shows that even at an early age, Alfred Russel Wallace was bold enough to approach the scientific establishment with his ideas.
CO2 sorption and desorption performance of thermally cycled hollow fiber sorbents

Abstract We describe here the CO 2 sorption and desorption properties of hollow fiber sorbents—a polymer/zeolite hybrid sorbent that possesses a coated bore that allows for exceedingly fast heat transfer between the heat transfer fluid and the sorbent. The fiber sorbents are intended for use in post-combustion CO 2 . The fiber sorption properties are tested chromatographically with simulated flue gas in the absence of a heat transfer fluid and are found via in situ thermal measurements to be highly non-isothermal, which results in up to 40% losses in CO 2 breakthrough capacities. The thermal front moving through the fiber wall was found to progress approximately 30% faster than the propagating speed of the CO 2 sorption front. Upon the addition of a heat transfer fluid (water) in the bores of the fibers, breakthrough CO 2 capacities were maintained at all flue gas superficial velocities studied (up to 50 cm/s). The propagation speed of the CO 2 front was reduced by 38% by the addition of cooling water in the bores, and the in situ thermal measurements revealed that the fiber sorbents were nearly isothermal during the CO 2 sorption step. One of the main conceptual advantages of a fiber sorbent CO 2 capture platform is the ability to transfer the released sorption enthalpy to the bore-side cooling water, which can then be later used in a beneficial way. By varying the cooling water velocity, in situ thermal measurements showed that 22,000 J per mol of flowing CO 2 could be transferred to the cooling water out of a possible 36,000 J per mol. Finally, plug flow-mode desorption experiments were performed, and a 40.5 mol% CO 2 product was obtained. The small scales of the system prohibit sharper thermal fronts, which likely causes unwanted product CO 2 and interstitial N 2 mixing.
Bacterial β-glucuronidase inhibition protects mice against enteropathy induced by indomethacin, ketoprofen or diclofenac: mode of action and pharmacokinetics

Abstract1. We have previously demonstrated that a small molecule inhibitor of bacterial β-glucuronidase (Inh-1; [1-((6,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiourea]) protected mice against diclofenac (DCF)-induced enteropathy. Here we report that Inh-1 was equally protective against small intestinal injury induced by other carboxylic acid-containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin (10 mg/kg, ip) and ketoprofen (100 mg/kg, ip).2. Inh-1 provided complete protection if given prior to DCF (60 mg/kg, ip), and partial protection if administered 3-h post-DCF, suggesting that the temporal window of mucosal protection can be extended for drugs undergoing extensive enterohepatic circulation.3. Pharmacokinetic analysis of Inh-1 revealed an absolute bioavailability (F) of 21% and a short t1/2 of <1 h. This low F was shown to be due to hepatic first-pass metabolism, as confirmed with the pan-CYP inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole.4. Using the fluore...