cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malrotation—The ubiquitous anomaly

Although anomalies of rotation and fixation of the gastrointestinal tract are recognized to be associated frequently with anomalies of the abdominal wall and diaphragmatic hernia, the frequency with which these common anomalies are associated with other congenital and acquired lesions of the gastrointestinal tract has not been sufficiently emphasized. Sixty-two percent of our series of 34 patients were associated with such lesions as upper gastrointestinal atresias and stenoses, intussusception, and Hirschsprung's disease. The embryologic and anatomic features of rotational anomalies, their clinical presentation, and radiologic features are presented with the suggestion that knowledge of this information, along with the appreciation of the frequent association of malrotation with other common congenital and acquired abnormalities, will help to prevent the devastating morbidity and mortality of undiagnosed midgut volvulus.
A wellness program for individuals with disabilities: Using a student wellness coach approach.

Abstract Background Individuals with disabilities are at higher risk of health conditions; thus, there is a need to provide hands-on opportunities for pre-healthcare professionals to interact with individual with disabilities as well as deliver wellness services to this population. Objective Examine the feasibility and effectiveness of a student-led wellness program for individuals with disabilities. Methods Thirty-two undergraduate student wellness coaches between the ages of 19–23 years, and fifteen participants with disabilities, ranging in ages from 28 to 74 years were included in this study. Every participant was assigned to at least 1 student wellness coach with the purpose of establishing an individualized wellness plan. Results After 3 months (fall 2013 academic semester), all wellness coaches demonstrated improved clinical interaction and confidence toward working with the participants. The participants had an average weight loss of 2.0 ± 2.9 kg, ranging from 0.0 to 9.0 kg. All participants had improved functionality and fitness and reported high satisfaction toward the program. Conclusions This study demonstrated the impact of a unique program on the education of pre-healthcare professionals and the overall wellness of participants with disabilities. The program model has the potential to provide clinical health education among pre-healthcare professionals through interacting with individuals with disabilities.
Stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of isosakuranetin in rat urine.

Abstract A stereospecific method of analysis of racemic isosakuranetin (5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavanone) in biological fluids is necessary to study pharmacokinetics. A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of isosakuranetin enantiomers. Separation was achieved on a Chiralpak® AD™-RH column with ultraviolet (UV)-detection at 286 nm. The standard curves in urine were linear ranging from 0.5 to 100.0 μg/ml for each enantiomer. The mean extraction efficiency was >88.0%. Precision of the assay was
Spectral analysis of plasma drift measurements from the AE-E satellite: evidence of an inertial subrange in equatorial spread F

Abstract Plasma drift data from the AE-E satellite are spectrally analyzed to investigate the characteristics of the flow in the topside equatorial F region ionosphere during strong spread F conditions. Plasma flow around rapidly rising depletions is thought to exhibit behavior similar to two-dimensional Kolmogorov turbulence, but only on flux tubes with sufficiently small integrated ion–neutral collision frequencies. We find that one-dimensional spectra computed from vertical plasma drift measurements made in such depletions on such flux tubes tend to display a −5/3 spectral index over scale sizes from about 1 to 100 km , suggesting the operation of an inverse energy cascade. This universal spectral form is evidence of an inertial regime of the underlying ionospheric interchange instability.
Sustainable development, engineering and multinational corporations: Ethical and public policy implications

This paper explores the concept of sustainable development and its ethical and public policy implications for engineering and multinational corporations. Sustainable development involves achieving objectives in three realms: ecological (sustainable scale), economic (efficient allocation) and social (just distribution). While movement toward a sustainable society is dependent upon satisfying all three objectives, questions of just distribution and other questions of equity are often left off the table or downplayed when engineers and corporate leaders consider sustainable development issues. Indeed, almost all the effort of engineers and engineering organizations on the issue of sustainable development has been focused on striking a balance between economic development and environmental protection. Similarly, corporate approaches rely on technological fixes to the challenges posed by sustainable development. While there have been some efforts aimed at incorporating environmental and social equity concepts into engineering codes of ethics, social concerns have been secondary to environmental issues. The incongruity between the ideal of sustainable development and the way in which it is typically characterized by the engineering and business communities has significant implications for engineering and public policy, engineering ethics, and the potential roles of engineers and multinational corporations as facilitators of a transition to a sustainable society.
Facilitation of Corticostriatal Transmission following Pharmacological Inhibition of Striatal Phosphodiesterase 10A: Role of Nitric Oxide-Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase-cGMP Signaling Pathways

The striatum contains a rich variety of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which play a critical role in the regulation of cAMP and cGMP signaling. The dual-substrate enzyme PDE10A is the most highly expressed PDE in striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) with low micromolar affinity for both cyclic nucleotides. Previously, we have shown that systemic and local administration of the selective PDE10A inhibitor TP-10 potently increased the responsiveness of MSNs to cortical stimulation. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying PDE10A inhibitor-induced changes in corticostriatal transmission are only partially understood. The current studies assessed the respective roles of cAMP and cGMP in the above effects using soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) or adenylate cyclase (AC) specific inhibitors. Cortically evoked spike activity was monitored in urethane-anesthetized rats using in vivo extracellular recordings performed proximal to a microdialysis probe during local infusion of vehicle, the selective sGC inhibitor ODQ, or the selective AC inhibitor SQ 22536. Systemic administration of TP-10 (3.2 mg/kg) robustly increased cortically evoked spike activity in a manner that was blocked following intrastriatal infusion of ODQ (50 μm). The effects of TP-10 on evoked activity were due to accumulation of cGMP, rather than cAMP, as the AC inhibitor SQ was without effect. Consistent with these observations, studies in neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) knock-out (KO) mice confirmed that PDE10A operates downstream of nNOS to limit cGMP production and excitatory corticostriatal transmission. Thus, stimulation of PDE10A acts to attenuate corticostriatal transmission in a manner largely dependent on effects directed at the NO-sGC-cGMP signaling cascade.
Microtubules Are Required for Completion of Cytokinesis in Sea Urchin Eggs

Completion of cytokinesis, abscission, has been studied little despite the intensive studies of the onset and contractile mechanism of the earlier phases of division. It has been well documented that microtubule (MT) disruption before furrow stimulation prevents furrowing, while MT disruption after furrow stimulation allows division to proceed. We have confirmed those findings using the MT inhibitors, nocodazole and demecolcine. In addition, we have found that MT disruption after furrow stimulation but before completion of division prevents abscission as evidenced by the observation that prospective daughter cells in MT-disrupted eggs maintain electrical continuity. Continued observation of eggs revealed that the furrow in MT-disrupted eggs did not result in abscission, but rather held steady until the time when controls underwent second cleavage, at which point the furrows regressed. These findings extend the recent reports that MTs are required for completion of division in mammalian tissue culture cells and frog eggs, to invertebrates, suggesting a common mechanism of abscission for animal cells.
Cadmium resistance in A549 cells correlates with elevated glutathione content but not antioxidant enzymatic activities

Glutathione has been implicated to function in cytoprotection against cadmium toxicity. The mechanism by which glutathione plays this role has not been well understood. Because glutathione is an important antioxidant and several studies have shown that cadmium induces oxidative stress, this study was undertaken to determine whether development of cadmium resistance is linked to enhanced antioxidant activities. A cadmium-resistant subpopulation of human lung carcinoma A549 cells, which was developed by repeatedly exposing the cells to step-wise increased cadmium concentrations, was compared to a cadmium-sensitive one. The acquired cadmium resistance resulted from neither decreased cadmium uptake nor enhanced cellular metallothionein synthesis. Glutathione content, however, was markedly elevated in the cadmium-resistant cells. In contrast, the activities of the glutathione redox cycle related enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and reductase, were unchanged. Two other antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, were also not altered. The results suggest that the development of cadmium resistance in A549 cells unlikely results from enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, although it is associated with elevated cellular glutathione levels. In addition, measurement of the mRNA and DNA levels for gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme for glutathione biosynthesis, revealed that enhanced expression of the enzyme but not gene amplification is likely responsible for the elevation of cellular glutathione levels.
Mercury Transport in Stream Sediments of the Colorado Plateau

Field, documentary, and laboratory analyses show that geomorphic processes are a central component in explaining the origins and transportation of the 2,200 kg of mercury annually deposited in Lake Powell in Arizona and Utah. Almost all the mercury in the lake is derived from weathering of natural source rocks in the lake's 279,000 km2 drainage area and delivered in fluvial sediments. Of the mean annual mercury input to the lake, 40 percent comes from a single tributary, the Green River. The Colorado River contributes 40 percent of the water to the lake, but only 6 percent of the mercury. Local Canyon Lands streams contribute only 9 percent of the lake's water but 36 percent of the mercury and 40 percent of the sediment. Downstream distribution of mercury in fluvial sediments of ephemeral streams is directly related to exposures of geologic units in the contributing drainage area. In the arid and semi-arid Colorado Plateau, mercury is not generally associated with fine particles, enrichment does not occur in the transition from host rock to stream sediments, and organic materials are largely absent from stream sediments and so do not play a significant role in concentrating mercury. The regional mercury budget shows a definite spatial structure: streams contributing large amounts of mercury to the lake either discharge large quantities of sediment or have extensive outcrops of particular geologic formations (Chinle or Morrison) in their drainage areas. Mercury in the Colorado Plateau streams demonstrates that understanding of chemical cycles in the natural environment depends in part on an appreciation of the spatial characteristics of the physical processes involved.
YouTube and inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Background and aims Nearly half of all patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) use the Internet as a source of information for their disease. We analyzed the source, content and accuracy of IBD videos found on YouTube® – one of the most popular websites in the United States – and assessed the demographic variables of the viewers. Methods The 100 most viewed videos with relevant information on IBD were analyzed. We included only English language videos that were less than 20 min in length and primarily focused on IBD. Those with no sound/poor sound quality were excluded. More than 30 variables were analyzed. Results Adults of 45–54 years old (95.1%) comprised the most common age group of viewers. Forty-eight percent of videos focused on Crohn's disease (CD), 32.0% on ulcerative colitis (UC), and 20.0% on both. Overall content for patient education was poor. Videos discussing alternative treatment options were more likely to depict patients' personal experience (73.9% vs. 2.4%) (p Conclusions YouTube® videos on IBD are popular but a poor source of patient education. Healthcare providers and professional societies should provide more educational materials using this powerful Internet tool to counteract the misleading information, especially for the targeted age group (45–54 years).
Nitric oxide ventilation of rat lungs from non-heart-beating donors improves posttransplant function.

Lungs from non-heart-beating donors (NHBDs) would enhance the donor pool. Ex vivo perfusion and ventilation of NHBD lungs allows functional assessment and treatment. Ventilation of rat NHBD lungs with nitric oxide (NO) during ischemia, ex vivo perfusion and after transplant reduced ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and improved lung function posttransplant. One hour after death, Sprague-Dawley rats were ventilated for another hour with either 60% O2 or 60% O2/40 ppm NO. Lungs were then flushed with 20-mL cold Perfadex, stored cold for 1 h, perfused in an ex vivo circuit with Steen solution and warmed to 37°C, ventilated 15 min, perfusion-cooled to 20°C, then flushed with cold Perfadex and stored cold. The left lung was transplanted and ventilated separately. Recipients were sacrificed after 1 h. NO-ventilation was associated with significantly reduced wet:dry weight ratio in the ex vivo circuit, better oxygenation, reduced pulmonary vascular resistance, increased lung tissue levels of cGMP, maintained endothelial NOS eNOS, and reduced increases in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). NO-ventilation had no effect on MAP kinases or NF-κB activation. NO administration to NHBDs before and after lung retrieval may improve function of lungs from NHBDs.
A case of an atypically large proximal 15q deletion as cause for Prader–Willi syndrome arising from a de novo unbalanced translocation

Abstract We describe an 11 month old female with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) resulting from an atypically large deletion of proximal 15q due to a de novo 3;15 unbalanced translocation. The 10.6 Mb deletion extends from the chromosome 15 short arm and is not situated in a region previously reported as a common distal breakpoint for unbalanced translocations. There was no deletion of the reciprocal chromosome 3q subtelomeric region detected by either chromosomal microarray or FISH. The patient has hypotonia, failure to thrive, and typical dysmorphic facial features for PWS. The patient also has profound global developmental delay consistent with an expanded, more severe, phenotype.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms concordant with the horned/polled trait in Holsteins

Cattle that naturally do not grow horns are referred to as polled, a trait inherited in a dominant Mendelian fashion. Previous studies have localized the polled mutation (which is unknown) to the proximal end of bovine chromosome 1 in a region approximately 3 Mb in size. While a polled genetic test, Tru-Polled™, is commercially available from MetaMorphix Inc., Holsteins are not a validated breed for this test. Approximately 160 kb were sequenced within the known polled region from 12 polled and 12 horned Holsteins. Analysis of the polymorphisms identified 13 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are concordant with the horned/polled trait. Three of the 13 SNPs are located in gene coding or regulatory regions (e.g., the untranslated region, or UTR) where one is located in the 3'UTR of a gene and the other two are located in the 5'UTR and coding region (synonymous SNP) of another gene. The 3'UTR of genes have been shown to be targets of microRNAs regulating gene expression. In silico analysis indicates the 3'UTR SNP may disrupt a microRNA target site. These 13 novel SNPs concordant with the horned/polled trait in Holsteins represent a test panel for the breed and this is the first report to the authors' knowledge of SNPs within gene coding or regulatory regions concordant with the horned/polled trait in cattle. These SNPs will require further testing for verification and further study to determine if the 3'UTR SNP may have a functional effect on the polled trait in Holsteins.
Regularization approach for signal extrapolation with wavelets

We propose a scale-limited signal model based on wavelet representation and study the reconstructability of scale-limited signals via extrapolation in this research. In analogy with the band-limited case, we define a scale-limited time-concentrated operator, and examine various vector spaces associated with such an operator. It is proved that the scale-limited signal space can be decomposed into the direct sum of two subspaces and only the component in one subspace can be exactly reconstructed, where the reconstructable subspace can be interpreted as a space consisting of scale/time-limited signals. Due to the ill-posedness of scale-limited extrapolation, a regularization process is introduced for noisy data extrapolation.
Silver(I) complexes of tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands bearing six trifluoromethyl and three additional electron-withdrawing substituents

Sodium salts of two new tris(pyrazolyl)borates [HB(4-Cl-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]− and [HB(4-(NO2)-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]−, which are not only highly fluorinated, but also loaded with additional electron-withdrawing substituents, have been synthesized by reacting 4-Cl-3,5-(CF3)2PzH or 4-(NO2)-3,5-(CF3)2PzH with NaBH4 under nitrogen in a solventless process, and isolated after a work up in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or diethyl ether (Et2O), as their THF or Et2O adducts. Metathesis of these sodium salts with AgOTf in THF leads to [HB(4-Cl-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF) and [HB(4-(NO2)-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF). The corresponding cis-cyclooctene (c-COE) complexes [HB(4-Cl-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE) and [HB(4-(NO2)-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE) were obtained by displacing THF with cis-cyclooctene. The related [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE) can also be obtained via a similar process. X-ray crystal structures show that [HB(4-(R)-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE) (R = H, Cl, NO2) feature pseudo-tetrahedral silver sites supported by κ3-bound tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands. [HB(4-(NO2)-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE) displays the smallest upfield shift of the alkene carbon peak (versus free alkene) followed by [HB(4-Cl-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE) and [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE). Experimental and computational data indicate very electron poor silver(I) sites in all three [HB(4-(R)-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE) adducts with minimal Ag → (cis-cyclooctene) backbonding. Although the impact of R (H, Cl, NO2) on the alkene carbon chemical shift of these adducts and the olefin π/π* populations is small, the 13C NMR chemical shifts and NBO analysis suggest that [HB(4-(NO2)-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE) possesses the most electrophilic metal site, which correlates with the pKa values of the free pyrazoles. [HB(4-(R)-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE) adducts effectively catalyze the insertion of the carbene moiety of ethyl diazoacetate into C–H bonds of 2,3-dimethylbutane. The [HB(4-(NO2)-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE) catalyst shows a higher selectivity for primary C–H bonds compared to the reactions catalyzed by [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(c-COE).
Effects of Nitrate and Nitrite in the Drinking Water on Chicks, Poults and Laying Hens

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE effect of high levels of dietary nitrate and nitrite on various mammalian species has been the subject of numerous investigations. In several of these studies dietary nitrate and nitrite have been reported to depress growth in swine, Tollet et al. (1960); rats, Smith et al. (1961); and cattle, Weichenthal et al. (1963). On the other hand, Seerley et al. (1965) found that drinking water containing up to 100 p.p.m. sodium nitrite nitrogen and 300 p.p.m. of sodium nitrate nitrogen had no significant effect on the performance of growing and finishing swine. They also found in these same studies that 1000 p.p.m. sodium nitrate nitrogen had no effect on the daily gain of fattening lambs. Interference with normal vitamin A metabolism by either nitrate or nitrite has been reported with cattle, Muhrer et al. (1955); rats, Emerick and Olson (1962); and sheep, Goodrich et al. (1964). Several workers, among …
Pediatric Fireworks-Related Injuries in the United States: 1990–2003

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to describe the epidemiology of pediatric fireworks-related injuries among children aged 19 years and younger by using a nationally representative sample. DESIGN. We performed a retrospective analysis of data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from 1990-2003. RESULTS. An estimated 85800 pediatric fireworks-related injuries were treated in US emergency departments during the 14-year study period. Injured children had a mean age of 10.8 years, and 77.9% were male. Fireworks users accounted for 49.5% of the injuries, whereas 22.2% of the injuries were to bystanders; however, user status could not be determined in 28.3% of cases. The overall fireworks-related injury rate decreased significantly during the study period, but subgroup analysis did not indicate consistent declines among all ages and types of fireworks. Injuries were most commonly caused by firecrackers (29.6%), sparklers/novelty devices (20.5%), and aerial devices (17.6%). The most commonly injured body sites were the eyeball (20.8%), face (20.0%), and hands (19.8%), and the most common injury type was burns (60.3%). Approximately 91.6% of all children with fireworks-related injuries were treated and released from hospital emergency departments, 5.3% were admitted, and 2.3% were transferred to another institution. Bystanders accounted for 13.3% of admitted cases and 20.6% of transferred cases. CONCLUSIONS. Consumer fireworks cause serious preventable injuries among pediatric fireworks users and bystanders in the United States. Parents should be advised to take their children to safer public fireworks displays rather than allowing consumer fireworks to be used by or near their children. A national restriction of consumer fireworks, in accordance with the policy recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics, should be implemented to reduce the burden of fireworks-related injuries among children. Language: en
Laboratory rearing of Peridesmia discus on irradiated alfalfa weevil eggs

A method for the rearing ofPeridesmia discus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on eggs of alfalfa weevil,Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with 5.0 Krads of gamma radiation is described. Using this procedure 21 P1 P. discus produced an F1 of 129 individuals and a group of F1 adults yielded 172 F1 P. discus. Depending on temperature the range of developmental times average from 12.5 to 28.8 days. Productivity of the technique was limited by the egg output of the alfalfa weevil culture and the original number ofP. discus available.
131I-Lym-1 in mice implanted with human Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) tumors: loss of tumor specificity due to radiolysis.

Preliminary evaluations of 125I-labeled Lytn-1, an anti-lymphoma mouse IgG2a monoclonal antibody, demonstrated favorable tumor uptake in mice bearing human Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) tumors. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of 125I- and 131I-Lym-1, and the dosimetry, efficacy, and toxicity of 131I-Lym-1 in Raji-tumored mice were evaluated. Methods Lym-1 was radioiodinated by the chloramine-T method and analyzed for monomeric fraction and immunoreactivity (antigen cell binding, relative to unmodified Lym-1). Nude mice bearing Raji tumors (20-500 mm3) received 1.5 MBq (40 μCi) 125I-Lym-1, or 1.5, 7.4, 14.8, or 18.5 MBq (40, 200, 400, or 500 μCi) 131I-Lym-1. Pharmacokinetic data (total body and blood clearance and biodistribution) were used to estimate radiation dosimetry. Mini-thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) was also used to measure radiation dosimetry directly for 7 days after injection of 131I-Lym-1. Tumor size, survival, body weight, and blood counts were monitored for 60 days to evaluate therapeutic...
The Role of Narratorship and Expertise in Social Remembering

Are individuals more likely to serve as a vehicle for social contagion because they are perceived as experts or because they talk a lot? This study parses the contribution of expertise and narratorship by asking groups of three or four individuals to study variants of a curriculum vitae (CV) and then to recall the CV individually, as a group, and once again individually, with a recognition test following the final recall. The group was falsely led to believe that one member had expertise. Narratorship was also determined. Expertise and Narratorship contributed independently to critical false recollections, with Narratorship contributing more than Expertise. The way a conversation unfolds and the emergence of a narrator can reshape memories.
Treatment of postvitrectomy fibrin pupillary block with tissue plasminogen activator.

We injected 25 μg of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator into the anterior chamber or the vitreous cavity in seven aphakic patients for pupillary block caused by a complete fibrin pupillary membrane that formed after vitrectomy with fluid-gas exchange. Progressive fibrin deposition resulted in pupillary block by three days after vitrectomy surgery in six patients, and seven days after vitrectomy in one patient. The pupillary block was associated with increased intraocular pressure in six patients. Tissue plasminogen activator was injected via the corneoscleral limbus in five patients and via the pars plana in two patients. In all patients, injection of tissue plasminogen activator resulted in complete fibrinolysis of the fibrin pupillary membrane within four hours, associated with a deepening of the anterior chamber. In the six patients with increased intraocular pressure at the time of tissue plasminogen activator injection, dissolution of the fibrin membrane was associated with a decrease in pressure. In all patients, intraocular pressure had returned to normal by three days after the injection. No complications were associated with the injection.
Regional, reversible ultrastructural changes in rat brain with chronic neuroleptic treatment

Administration of the dopamine receptor antagonist (neuroleptic, antipsychotic), haloperidol, resulting in an increase in the number of dopamine binding sites in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, has been well established. These increases disappear following withdrawal of treatment. Ultrastructurally, we found an increase in the number of synapses containing perforated postsynaptic densities (PSDs) following haloperidol administration within the caudate nucleus but not within the nucleus accumbens. The effect in the caudate reversed following cessation of treatment. We speculate that the terminals undergoing the change are not dopaminergic but may originate from the cerebral cortex. This reversible morphological increase associated with dopamine antagonist drug therapy may be reflective of the tolerance developed to neuroleptic drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes and/or may be associated with abnormal motor movements of tardive dyskinesia that occur following long-term treatment.
Hydrogen effects on the age hardening behavior of 2024 aluminum

It has been found that the fatigue crack growth rate in aluminum alloys increases significantly in the presence of moisture. This phenomenon along with a moisture effect observed in another context has been attributed to 'embrittlement' of the aluminum by absorbed hydrogen generated by the reaction of moisture with freshly exposed aluminum. A description is given of a number of age hardening experiments involving 2024 aluminum. These experiments show that a mechanism related to the segregation of absorbed hydrogen to the coherent theta-double-prime interfaces may account for the observed reduction in fatigue life. It is pointed out that this segregation promotes a loss of coherency in the hydrogen rich region at a fatigue crack tip. Subsequently, the loss of coherency causes local softening and reduces fatigue life.
Hemodynamic diagnosis of mitral valve obstruction by left atrial myxoma with transesophageal continuous wave Doppler

1. Sahasakul Y, Chaithiraphan S, Sriyoschati S. Diagnosis of a right coronary artery-left ventricular fistula by cross-sectional and Doppler echocardiography. Br Heart J 1988;59:593-5. 2. Miyatake K, Okamoto M, Kinoshita N, Fusejima K, Sakakibara H, Nimura Y. Doppler echocardiographic features of coronary arteriovenous fistula. Complementary roles of crosssectional echocardiography and the Doppler technique. Br Heart J 1984;51:508-18. 3. Velvis H, Schmidt KG, Silverman NH, Turley K. Diagnosis of coronary artery fistula by two-dimensional echocardiography, pulsed Doppler ultrasound and color flow imaging. J Am Co11 Cardiol 1989;14:968-76. 4. Sapin P, Frantz E, Jain A, Nichols TC, Dehmer GJ. Coronary artery fistula: an abnormality affecting all age groups. Medicine 1990;69:101-13. 5. Liberthson RR, Sagar K, Berkoben JP, Weintraub RM, Levine FH. Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula. Report of 13 patients, review of the literature and delineation of management. Circulation 1979;59:849-54. 6. Calafiore PA, Raymond R, Schiavone WA, Rosenkranz ER. Precise evaluation of a complex coronary arteriovenous fistula: the utility of transesophageal color Doppler. J Am Sot Echocardiogr 1989;2:337-41.
The Statistical Theory of Nuclear Reactions

It is pointed out that the discrepancies between experimental results and the predictions of the statistical theory of nuclear reactions can be traced to peculiarities in the energy distribution of particles emitted in the breakup of the compound nucleus. Experimental energy distributions are analyzed, and it is shown that very strange assumptions---susceptible to experimental check---are necessary to explain them in any way without the introduction of a new selection rule in nuclear transitions. Experiments are suggested to clarify these problems.
Transverse Leukonychia (Mees' Lines) Due to aunorubidn Chemotherapy

Transverse bands of leukonychia are reported in a 7-year-old boy following a 10-day course of daunorubicin given for the treatment of lymphoblastic leukemia. A variety of other chemotherapies did not induce any nail changes in this patient.
Observations of Temperature in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere of Tropical Weather Disturbances

AbstractMicrowave temperature profiler (MTP) data are analyzed to document temperature signatures in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere that accompany Atlantic tropical weather disturbances. The MTP was deployed on the National Science Foundation–National Center for Atmospheric Research Gulfstream V (GV) aircraft during the Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) in August and September 2010.Temporal variations in cold-point temperature compared with infrared cloud-top temperature reveal that organized deep convection penetrated to near or beyond the cold point for each of the four disturbances that developed into a tropical cyclone. Relative to the lower-tropospheric circulation center, MTP and dropsonde data confirmed a stronger negative radial gradient of temperature in the upper troposphere (10–13 km) of developing disturbances prior to genesis compared with nondeveloping disturbances. The MTP data revealed a somewhat higher and shallower area of relative warmt...
An interdisciplinary, interagency, primary care approach to case management of the dually diagnosed patient with HIV disease

The epidemic of dually diagnosed patients with HIV disease (HIV disease coexisting with substance abuse and/or mental illness) has become increasingly recognized. This phenomenon poses potential threats to the effectiveness of HIV primary care, even when delivered by expert clinicians. This article describes implementation strategies for the provision, documentation, and third-party billing of interdisciplinary, interagency HIV primary care case management within the context of an academic medical center. Our approach, which is specific to our setting, has evolved as we have attempted to define an active role for the primary care physician as a member of the case management team.
Subjectively and objectively measured sleep with and without posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma exposure.

Study objectives Although reports of sleep disturbances are common among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), results of polysomnographic (PSG) studies have inconsistently documented abnormalities and have therefore suggested "sleep state misperception." The authors' study objectives were to compare sleep parameters measured objectively and subjectively in the laboratory and at home in civilians with and without trauma exposure and PTSD. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting PSG recordings in a sleep laboratory and actigraphic recordings in participants' homes. Participants One hundred three urban-residing African Americans with and without trauma exposure and PTSD who participated in a larger study. Interventions N/A. Measurements Sleep parameters (total sleep time [TST], sleep onset latency [SOL], and wake after sleep onset [WASO]) were assessed using laboratory PSG and home actigraphy. A sleep diary was completed in the morning after PSG and actigraphy recordings. Habitual TST, SOL, and WASO were assessed using a sleep questionnaire. The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale was administered to assess participants' trauma exposure and PTSD diagnostic status. Results Participants, regardless of their trauma exposure/PTSD status, underestimated WASO in the diary and questionnaire relative to actigraphy and overestimated SOL in the diary relative to PSG. Among participants with current PTSD, TST diary estimates did not differ from the actigraphy measure in contrast with those without current PTSD who overestimated TST. No other significant group differences in discrepancies between subjective and objective sleep measures were found. Conclusions Discrepancies between subjectively and objectively measured sleep parameters were not associated with trauma exposure or PTSD. This challenges prior assertions that individuals with PTSD overreport their sleep disturbances.
High-affinity, peptide-specific T cell receptors can be generated by mutations in CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3.

The third complementarity-determining regions (CDR3s) of antibodies and T cell receptors (TCRs) have been shown to play a major role in antigen binding and specificity. Consistent with this notion, we demonstrated previously that high-affinity, peptide-specific TCRs could be generated in vitro by mutations in the CDR3α region of the 2C TCR. In contrast, it has been argued that CDR1 and CDR2 are involved to a greater extent than CDR3s in the process of MHC restriction, due to their engagement of MHC helices. Based on this premise, we initiated the present study to explore whether higher affinity TCRs generated through mutations in these CDRs or other regions would lead to significant reductions in peptide specificity (i.e. the result of greater binding energy gained through interactions with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) helices). Yeast-display technology and flow sorting were used to select high-affinity TCRs from libraries of CDR mutants or random mutants. High-affinity TCRs with mutations in the first residue of the Vα, CDR1, CDR2, or CDR3 were isolated. Unexpectedly, every TCR mutant, including those in CDR1 and CDR2, retained remarkable peptide specificity. Molecular modeling of various mutants suggested that such exquisite specificity may be due to: (1) enhanced electrostatic interactions with key peptide or MHC residues; or (2) stabilization of CDRs in specific conformations. The results indicate that the TCR is positioned so that virtually every CDR can contribute to the antigen-specificity of a T cell. The conserved diagonal docking of TCRs could thus orient each CDR loop to sense the peptide directly or indirectly through peptide-induced effects on the MHC.
External Tangents and Closedness of Cone + Subspace

Abstract When X and Y are convex subsets of a topological vector space E , an external tangent of the ordered pair ( X , Y ) is defined as an open ray T that issues from a point of X ∩ Y , is disjoint from X ∪ Y , and is such that X intersects each open halfspace containing T . It is shown that if E is a separable normed space, C is a closed convex cone in E , and L is a line through the origin in E , then the vector sum C + L = { c + l: c ∈ C , l ∈ L } is closed if and only if the pair ( C , L ) does not admit any external tangent. When S is a subspace of finite dimension greater than 1, closedness of C + S is shown to be equivalent to the nonexistence of external tangents of a certain pair ( C ′, L ,), where L is a line through the origin and C ′ is a second closed convex cone constructed from ( C , S ). Questions about the closedness of sets of the form cone + subspace arise from Various optimization problems, from problems concerning the extension of positive linear functions, and from certain problems in matrix theory.
Nanoscale Strontium Titanate Photocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting

SrTiO3 (STO) is a large band gap (3.2 eV) semiconductor that catalyzes the overall water splitting reaction under UV light irradiation in the presence of a NiO cocatalyst. As we show here, the reactivity persists in nanoscale particles of the material, although the process is less effective at the nanoscale. To reach these conclusions, Bulk STO, 30 ± 5 nm STO, and 6.5 ± 1 nm STO were synthesized by three different methods, their crystal structures verified with XRD and their morphology observed with HRTEM before and after NiO deposition. In connection with NiO, all samples split water into stoichiometric mixtures of H2 and O2, but the activity is decreasing from 28 μmol H2 g–1 h–1 (bulk STO), to 19.4 μmol H2 g–1 h–1 (30 nm STO), and 3.0 μmol H2 g–1 h–1 (6.5 nm STO). The reasons for this decrease are an increase of the water oxidation overpotential for the smaller particles and reduced light absorption due to a quantum size effect. Overall, these findings establish the first nanoscale titanate photocatalys...
Prevention of HIV Among Older Adults A Literature Review and Recommendations for Future Research

Objective:This study reviews the existing literature on the prevention of HIV among older adults, including universal and indicated prevention programs and prevention strategies.Method:A literature...
Measuring fatigue: The politics of innovation and standardization in a South African lab

Recent studies of postcolonial science and technology have emphasized relationships – competitive, collaborative or otherwise – between scientists and other kinds of knowledge producers or stakeholders. This article explores the transnational connections and debates of scientists who are themselves positioned differently in the world. Combining methods from intellectual history and multi-sited ethnography, the article documents the case of a team of exercise physiologists working in South Africa. The South Africans must balance, on the one hand, standardizing laboratory practice to produce credible scientific claims with, on the other hand, innovating new techniques to deal with the everyday circumstances of experiment. Although a tension between standardization and innovation is to be expected in laboratory practice, the ‘technical tightrope’ scientists from the global South must walk is both more fragile and more politicized than in the North. Interestingly, these acts of standardization and innovation are designed to intervene in a century-old debate over the causes of human fatigue: whether or not fatigue begins in ‘the center’, the mind, or ‘the periphery’, the muscles. In exercise physiology, then, a ‘center-periphery dynamic’ emerges in two entangled registers: one in terms of the geopolitical landscape of science and the other in terms of models of human physiology.
Fuzzy generators and fuzzy direct sums of Abelian groups

Abstract We define the concept of a fuzzy generating set and describe the fuzzy subgroup which it generates. We introduce the notion of a minimal fuzzy generating set and we show that any fuzzy subgroup whose support is cyclic has a minimal fuzzy generating set. We show by examples that this result breaks down if the support of A is a direct sum of two or more cyclic groups. These examples also show that a fuzzy subgroup of a group G need not be a fuzzy direct sum of subgroups whose supports are cyclic even if G is a direct sum of cyclic groups. We show that every fuzzy subgroup is a fuzzy direct sum of p-primary fuzzy subgroups.
Extensions of “thickened” Verma modules of the Virasoro algebra

Abstract Let g denote the Virasoro Lie algebra, h its Cartan subalgebra, and S( h ) the symmetric algebra on h . In this paper we consider “thickened” Verma modules M (λ) which are (U( g ),S( h )) -bimodules satisfying M (λ)⊗ S( h ) C ≅M(λ) where M(λ) is the usual Verma module with highest weight λ∈ h ∗ . We determine Ext 1 ( M (μ), M (λ)) to be S( h )/φ μ,λ S( h ) where φμ,λ is, up to a C -algebra automorphism of S( h ) , a product of irreducible factors of the determinant of the Shapovalov matrix. This result provides a conceptual explanation of the factorization of the Shapovalov determinant and implies that the inverse of the Shapovalov matrix has only simple poles.
Geography, Space, and Science: Perspectives from Studies of Migration and Geographical Sorting

For the past four decades a significant subset of geographers have had a strong interest in using scientific methods and tools to answer questions about society and societal change. The scientific endeavor, learning and verifying new knowledge, has been at the heart of this project. Even though the discipline as a whole seems currently less interested in the classic science project, that project continues within geography and is a part of the wider social science community's attempt to provide verifiable and useful knowledge to a wide range of stakeholders. The findings from studies of migration and the life course, and segregation and geographical sorting reemphasize the very real contribution of spatial science to understanding societal change. Recent work on the geography of neighborhoods and mobility with the context of legal contestation goes beyond academic research per se to show the continuing relevance of an informed scientific approach and the contributions of geography beyond narrow disciplinary boundaries.
Kinetic studies of the electrocatalytic oxidation of arsenious acid at a platinum rotating disk electrode

Abstract The previously proposed EC mechanism for As(III) oxidation in 1 M sulfuric acid was studied by rotating disk voltammetry. The results of the study were consistent with the proposed mechanism that suggested the involvement of platinum oxides in the catalytic oxidation of As(III), as well as in the subsequent deactivation. The maximum turnover rate for As(III) was attained in the potential region of 0.92 V to 1.00 V vs Ag/AgCl, although slow deactivation seemed to be unavoidable, irrespective of the applied potential for As(III) oxidation. As a trade-off between catalysis and deactivation, the optimal potential for As(III) oxidation at a Pt electrode appeared to be in the potential range of 0.85 V to 0.92 V. The rate constants for PtOH formation and the chemical reaction between PtO and As(III) were estimated to be 0.57 ± 0.02 s−1 and (2.2 ± 0.9) × 104 M−1 s−1, respectively.
Astronomical near-neighbor detection with a four-quadrant phase mask (FQPM) coronagraph

Direct detection of planets around nearby stars requires the development of high-contrast imaging techniques, because of their very different respective fluxes. We thus investigated the innovative coronagraphic approach based on the use of a four-quadrant phase mask (FQPM). Simulations showed that, combined with high-level wavefront correction on an unobscured off-axis section of a large telescope, this method allows high-contrast imaging very close to stars, with detection capability superior to that of a traditional coronagraph. A FQPM instrument was thus built to test the feasibility of near-neighbor observations with our new off-axis approach on a ground-based telescope. In June 2005, we deployed our instrument to the Palomar 200-inch telescope, using existing facilities as much as possible for rapid implementation. In these initial observations, using data processing techniques specific to FQPM coronagraphs, we reached extinction levels of the order of 200:1. Here we discuss our simulations and on-sky results obtained so far.
Roles of Long and Short Replication Initiation Proteins in the Fate of IncP-1 Plasmids

Broad-host-range IncP-1 plasmids generally encode two replication initiation proteins, TrfA1 and TrfA2. TrfA2 is produced from an internal translational start site within trfA1. While TrfA1 was previously shown to be essential for replication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, its role in other bacteria within its broad host range has not been established. To address the role of TrfA1 and TrfA2 in other hosts, efficiency of transformation, plasmid copy number (PCN), and plasmid stability were first compared between a mini-IncP-1β plasmid and its trfA1 frameshift variant in four phylogenetically distant hosts: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, Sphingobium japonicum, and Cupriavidus necator. TrfA2 was sufficient for replication in these hosts, but the presence of TrfA1 enhanced transformation efficiency and PCN. However, TrfA1 did not contribute to, and even negatively affected, long-term plasmid persistence. When trfA genes were cloned under a constitutive promoter in the chromosomes of the four hosts, strains expressing either both TrfA1 and TrfA2 or TrfA1 alone, again, generally elicited a higher PCN of an IncP1-β replicon than strains expressing TrfA2 alone. When a single species of TrfA was produced at different concentrations in E. coli cells, TrfA1 maintained a 3- to 4-fold higher PCN than TrfA2 at the same TrfA concentrations, indicating that replication mediated by TrfA1 is more efficient than that by TrfA2. These results suggest that the broad-host-range properties of IncP-1 plasmids are essentially conferred by TrfA2 and the intact replication origin alone but that TrfA1 is nonetheless important to efficiently establish plasmid replication upon transfer into a broad range of hosts.
Hydrogen Bond Strength and Acidity. Structural and Energetic Correlations for Acetylides and Alcohols

Ion−molecule complexes of acetylide anions, RCC- (R = tert-butyl, H, phenyl, p-tolyl), and methanol have been studied using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The RCC- complexation energies with HOCH3 were measured relative to CH3O-·H2O and CH3O-·HOCH3. These complexes, RCC-·HOCH3, all have complexation energies of −21 kcal/mol and are, therefore, hydrogen-bonded. The acetylides vary in basicity over an 8 kcal/mol range, but all have the same complexation energy with methanol. These results show that the frequently observed relationship between acid−base energetics and complexation energy is a property of the specific system and not a general one. Thus, the existence, and magnitude, of these correlations cannot be used to infer structural information about the complexes. The stability of hydrogen-bonded complexes appears to be related to the charge distributions of the separated ion and neutral.