cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cu-Catalyzed Three-Component Carboamination of Alkenes

Copper-catalyzed intermolecular carboamination of alkenes with α-halocarbonyls and amines is presented with 42 examples. Electron rich, electron poor, and internal styrenes, as well as α-olefins, are functionalized with α-halocarbonyls and aryl or aliphatic amines. Mechanistic investigations suggest the reaction is proceeding through addition of a carbon-centered radical across an olefin followed by oxidation to form a 5-membered oxocarbenium intermediate and subsequent nucleophilic ring opening to forge the C–N bond.
Acute Coronary Syndrome in Octogenarians: Expect the Unexpected

Abstract Background Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and the world. Advanced age is the strongest risk factor for ischemic heart disease and the best independent predictor for poor outcomes after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Elderly patients are at high risk for ACS, and numerous studies have shown that octogenarians in particular experience increased morbidity and mortality compared to younger patients. Case Report We describe a case of an 83-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of sore throat and was found to have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and was treated successfully with primary coronary intervention (PCI). Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Chest pain is a common presenting symptom for ACS, but elderly patients with MI are more likely to present with other chief complaints. Only 40% of patients in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction database ≥ 85 years of age had chest pain on initial presentation. Recent studies comparing invasive therapy (PCI or coronary artery bypass graft) with optimal medical therapy for patients > 75 years of age diagnosed with NSTEMI have reported a reduced risk of death and major cardiac events with invasive therapy. Emergency physicians should have a high level of suspicion for ACS in octogenarians, even in those presenting without chest pain. Timely diagnosis and management can improve morbidity and mortality in these patients.
From Invisibility to Unwanted Spotlight: Arab Americans’ Perceptions of the Police

The terrorist attacks of 2001 have made almost all groups of immigrants living in the U.S., especially people who have an Arab ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage, more visible groups for law enforcement attention. This chapter summarizes the existing limited but growing literature on Arab Americans’ perceptions of the police in the U.S., and equally importantly discusses police-Arab American community relations in their broader historical, political, cultural and social context. Existing evidence encouragingly shows a stability of high levels of confidence in the local police among Arab Americans. Preliminary data also suggest that factors that affect Arab Americans’ perceptions of the police are not so distinct from those that affect the rest of American population. Age, education, victimization, social trust, and traditional values are some example variables that shape Arab American confidence in the police. Police performances in both effective crime control and procedurally just treatment are also key promoters of Arab American perceptions of police legitimacy and willingness to cooperate with the police.
Subisometric Dilations and the Commutant Lifting Theorem

A new class of dilations of contractions is introduced for which uniqueness and the commutant lifting theorem hold. The operator part added on is a uniform Jordan model.
The Entrepreneurial Actor: A Study of Training Programs in Anglophone Countries Abroad

Over the last decade entrepreneurialism has become a significant learning outcome for training actors. Institutions worldwide are exploring pedagogies that offer student actors the skills, knowledge, and empowerment to undertake entrepreneurial activities towards professional achievement and fulfillment. What methodologies are being deployed in this vein and who are the leaders in training the entrepreneurial actor? What is today’s marketplace for actors and how can trainers and teachers customize their pedagogies accordingly? In what ways can we forge a new direction towards training the twenty-first century actor?
The return-on-education gap between hispanics and non-hispanic whites

Este trabajo analiza las diferencias en los rendimientos a la educacion entre blancos no-hispanos y cuatro grupos de hispanos en Estados Unidos (E.U.) puertorriquenos, mexicanos, cubanos, y otros latinoamericanos. Para mexicanos, cubanos, y otros latinoamericanos, tambien se distingue entre los nacidos dentro y fuera de E.U. Usamos informacion de la American Community Survey 2008-2013 para estimar las diferencias en los rendimientos a la educacion al comparar los ingresos relativos al nivel educativo entre los varios grupos etnicos e inmigrantes. Los analisis toman en cuenta la edad, educacion, habilidad con el ingles, si se tiene ciudadania estadounidense, si se esta en union, ano de levantamiento, si se reside en area metropolitana, y region de residencia, ademas del tiempo que se ha vivido en E.U. para los nacidos fuera del pais. Los resultados muestran que los rendimientos a la educacion son mas bajos para los hispanos comparados con los blancos no-hispanos, pero ademas hay una brecha de ingresos entre hispanos nacidos dentro y fuera de E.U. La brecha salarial para los migrantes de origen hispano es mayor conforme aumenta el nivel de escolaridad, y para las mujeres en la muestra.
In-Phase T-Junction: Study and Application to Gysel Power Dividers for High Power-Division Ratios Requiring No High-Impedance Transmission-Line Section

A novel Gysel power divider, which can be fabricated without a need for any high-impedance transmission-line section (TL), even for the power-division ratios higher than 15 dB, is presented. To derive its design formulas, a new study on the conventional in-phase T-junctions is carried out, and two conditions are newly derived for the arbitrary power-division ratios and perfect matching at all the ports, which can be applied for any symmetric or asymmetric Gysel power divider without any additional effort to design the isolation circuit. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, two prototypes I and II at the design frequency of 1 GHz are fabricated for the power-division ratios of 17 and 20 dB, respectively. Such power-division ratios have never been tried before not only for the Gysel power dividers but also for generic planar power divider topologies without the use of high-impedance TLs for the wider bandwidths. The measured results are in good agreement with the predictions.
A global immune gene expression signature for human cancers

Background Except for a few, the immune gene signatures for most cancer types are not available. We sought to identify a global immune gene signature that is applicable to all human cancers. Results We identified an immune gene signature that was intimately correlated with tumor immune characteristics of human cancers and consisted of 382 genes indicative of different immune cell types. The T helper type 1 and 2 cell activation pathway was most significantly enriched in this global immune gene set, while transcription factors, such as SPI1 and STAT family members, were the top regulators of this gene signature. Skin cutaneous melanoma with higher expression of this immune gene signature had significantly longer survival than those with lower immune gene expression. Breast cancer patients with higher immune gene signature were significantly associated with advanced-stage. Methods We analyzed the gene expression profiles of 10,062 tumor samples from 32 cancer types in The Cancer Genome Atlas Pan-Cancer data set. Hierarchical clustering analysis of previously-defined immune genes was performed to identify a pan-cancer immune gene signature. Pathway and upstream regulator analyses were used to identify significantly enriched signaling pathways and transcription factors. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate the survival difference between dichotomic groups with different immune gene signatures. Correlation of immune gene signature with tumor stage was also examined. Conclusions Our identified immune gene signature is applicable in human cancers and can be used to characterize tumor immunogenicity within and across cancer types. Clinical implication of this immune gene set warrants future investigation.
Is Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Required for a Core Biopsy Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ with Microinvasion

Among patients with a core biopsy diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), approximately 10% have microinvasion (DCISM), which, like DCIS, is subject to upstaging by surgical excision, but for which the rates of T and N upstaging are unknown, as is the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), since current studies of SLNB for DCISM are based on the final pathologic report, not the core needle biopsy. In this study, we identified the rates of T and N upstaging following surgical excision in patients with a suspected versus definite core needle biopsy diagnosis of DCISM. Overall, 369 consecutive patients (2007–2017) with a core biopsy diagnosis of suspected versus definite DCISM and surgical excision were stratified by extent of DCISM on core biopsy: suspicious focus, single focus, multiple foci/single biopsy, and multiple foci/multiple biopsies. Within strata, we identified clinicopathologic features associated with T and N upstaging. Across core biopsy strata, there were no clear differences in imaging characteristics or median invasive tumor size (0.2 cm). Among 105 patients with a core biopsy suspicious for DCISM versus 264 with definite DCISM, 28% and 37%, respectively, were upstaged to at least pT1a, but only 1% and 6%, respectively, to pN1. Although 28% of patients with suspected DCISM on core biopsy were surgically upstaged to invasive cancer, the frequency of pN1 SLN metastasis (1%) was comparable with that of DCIS, and was insufficient to recommend SLNB at initial surgery. SLNB remains reasonable for patients with definite DCISM on core biopsy.
Evaluating sense of community in the residential environment from the perspectives of symbolic interactionism and architectural design

The paper fills the gap between the design and the actuality of how buildings, and its surroundings, urban design, and the built environment influence its occupants' behavior and interactions. We assess how the built environments can be influenced by humans and their control, both physical and symbolically, of the urban landscapes. In this regard, our paper merges symbolic interactionism, sense of community, and architectural design to aid our understanding of the man-environment relationship. Specifically, we assess qualitative data on Ekbatan Residential Complex in Tehran. We use Ekbatan as a case study to see how a sense of community among residents reflects both physical features of the complex and the symbolic meaning attached to these features by residents and those living outside the community. We conclude by suggesting that combining the interests of urban sociologist, community psychology, and architects via symbolic interactionist concepts may be a fruitful avenue for studying factors affecting sense of community and larger urban processes.
From the Street to the Tweet: Applying Task Technology Fit to Examine the Information Technology Role in Revolutionizing Social Movements.

The aim of this paper is to examine the role of social media technologies in revolutionizing consumer activism by applying the theory of Task Technology Fit (TTF) model. Due to the affordability of getting internet connection, there has been a surge in the use of social media platforms which simplify the communication and interaction between people around the world. People now are more enthusiastic to join and use social media platforms to exchange information with people who share same interests. Social media did not just change how people communicate with each other, but it changed how businesses and corporations communicate with their customers. Another common application of social media is activism. With the help of social media platforms, activists can start a social movement immediately and reach a global audience. In the case of activism, the Task Technology Fit is evaluating whether the technology’s functionality meets the task requirements or not. The technology in this context is social media platforms.
Relation between photon thermal Hall effect and persistent heat current in nonreciprocal radiative heat transfer

We study the photon thermal Hall effect and the persistent heat current in radiative heat transfer. We show that the photon thermal Hall effect is not a uniquely nonreciprocal effect; it can arise in some reciprocal systems with broken-mirror symmetry. This is in contrast with the persistent heat current, which is a uniquely nonreciprocal effect that cannot exist in any reciprocal system. Nevertheless, for a specific class of systems with ${C}_{4}$ rotational symmetry, we note that the photon thermal Hall effect is uniquely nonreciprocal, and moreover there is a direct connection between the persistent heat current and the photon thermal Hall effect. In the near-equilibrium regime, the magnitude of the photon thermal Hall effect is proportional to the temperature derivative of the persistent heat current in such systems. Therefore, the persistent heat current as predicted for the equilibrium situation can be probed by the photon thermal Hall effect away from equilibrium.
Astrocytic response to neural injury is larger during development than in adulthood and is not predicated upon the presence of microglia

Abstract While contributions of microglia and astrocytes are regularly studied in various injury models, how these contributions differ across development remains less clear. We previously demonstrated developmental differences in microglial profiles across development in an injury model of the gustatory system. Nerves of the rat gustatory system have limited capacity to regenerate if injured during neonatal ages but show robust recovery if the injury occurs in adulthood. Using this developmentally disparate model of regenerative capacity, we quantified microglia and astrocytes in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNTS) following transection of the gustatory chorda tympani nerve (CTX) of neonatal and adult rats. We found that neonatal CTX induced an attenuated microglia response but a larger astrocyte response compared to adult CTX. To elucidate the interplay between the microglia and astrocyte responses in the CTX model, we used our novel intraperitoneal injection protocol for the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete microglia in the neonatal and adult rat brain prior to and after CTX. PLX5622 depleted microglia by 80–90% within 3 days of treatment, which increased to > 90% by 7 days. After 14 days of PLX5622 treatment, microglia were depleted by > 96% in both neonates and adults while preserving baseline astrocyte quantity. Microglia depletion eliminated the adult astrocyte response to CTX, while the neonatal astrocyte response after injury remained robust. Our results show injecting PLX5622 is a viable means to deplete microglia in neonatal and adult rats and suggest developmentally distinct mechanisms for astrogliosis following neural injury.
Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex

Cortical gain regulation allows neurons to respond adaptively to changing inputs. Neural gain is modulated by internal and external influences, including attentional and arousal states, motor activity and neuromodulatory input. These influences converge to a common set of mechanisms for gain modulation, including GABAergic inhibition, synaptically driven fluctuations in membrane potential, changes in cellular conductance and changes in other biophysical neural properties. Recent work has identified GABAergic interneurons as targets of neuromodulatory input and mediators of state-dependent gain modulation. Here, we review the engagement and effects of gain modulation in the cortex. We highlight key recent findings that link phenomenological observations of gain modulation to underlying cellular and circuit-level mechanisms. Finally, we place these cellular and circuit interactions in the larger context of their impact on perception and cognition.
Enhancing Verification with High-Performance Computing and Data Analytics

Hidden within our rapidly growing global streams of business, scientific, and communications data, is information that can reduce the global danger of nuclear weapons proliferation and use. Significant advances in machine learning, the explosion of available data and the ability of high performance computing that can be used to process massive amounts of data has the potential to provide a leap-ahead in the ability to detect proliferation and verify treaty commitments.
Decay of Rh 102 --> Ru 102

The singles and coincident spectra of the gamma rays from the decay of ${\mathrm{Rh}}^{102}$, which was produced by the ($p, n$) reaction on ruthenium containing 97.2% ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{102}$, have been measured with scintillation spectrometers. The energies (in kev) of the gamma rays are: 415\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4, 475\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5, 630\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6, 695\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7, 745\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8, 765\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8, 1050\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10, 1105\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8, 1110\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}11, 1365\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10, 1565\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13, 1795\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15, 2040\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}14, and 511 (annihilation gamma rays). Spins of the levels in ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{102}$ which are consistent with the directional angular correlations of gamma-ray cascades are: 475(2+), 1105(2+ and 4+, doublet), 1525(3), 1840(0+), 1870(3, 4, 5, or 6), 2040(2+), 2220(3), and 2270(?). A value of $\frac{E2}{M1}g~225$ for the 630-kev transition (2+ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 2+) was deduced from the composite correlation of the 630-475 kev cascades. The branching ratio of cascade to crossover transitions from the decay of the second 2+ state is 1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3. The intensity of the annihilation gamma rays decays with a half-life of 205\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 days. Gamma-ray spectra have been measured as a function of time for 920 days and a change in the relative population of the states is observed. From this we infer the existence of a long-lived isomeric state in ${\mathrm{Rh}}^{102}$.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pediatric Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Illness.

OBJECTIVE: To describe current hospital guidelines and the opinions of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation leaders at U.S. children's hospitals concerning the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for coronavirus disease 2019-positive pediatric patients. DESIGN: Confidential, self-administered questionnaire. SETTING: One hundred twenty-seven U.S. pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centers. SUBJECTS: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center program directors and coordinators. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In March 2020, a survey was sent to 127 pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centers asking them to report their current hospital extracorporeal membrane oxygenation guidelines for coronavirus disease 2019-positive patients. Respondents were also asked their opinion on three ethical dilemmas including: prioritization of children over adults for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use, institution of do-not-resuscitate orders, and the use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for coronavirus disease 2019-positive patients. Forty-seven extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centers had enacted guidelines including 46 (100%) that offer venovenous-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and 42 (89%) that offer venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for coronavirus disease 2019-positive pediatric patients. Forty-four centers (94%) stated that the indications for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation candidacy in coronavirus disease 2019 disease were similar to those used in other viral illnesses, such as respiratory syncytial virus or influenza. Most program directors (98%) did not endorse that children hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 should be made do-not-resuscitate and had variable opinions on whether children should be given higher priority over adults when rationing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Over half of program directors (60%) did not support the use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for coronavirus disease 2019. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centers have proactively established guidelines for the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for coronavirus disease 2019-related illnesses. Further work is needed to help guide the fair allocation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resources and to determine the appropriateness of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Spinal meningioma in a patient with multiple sclerosis.

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Multiple brain and spinal tumors have been linked to MS, but a causal relationship between the two has not been determined. Here, we report a case of spinal meningioma in a patient with MS and review literature discussing the possible connection between these two disease entities. Case description A 58-year-old female with MS presented with a 1-year history of progressively worsening back pain in conjunction with worsening right upper and lower extremity weakness. The patient was diagnosed with MS 19 months prior and had multiple known demyelinating plaques in her cervical spine. New MRI revealed an intradural extramedullary thoracic tumor with characteristics consistent with meningioma. She underwent T6- T8 laminectomies for tumor resection and pathology confirmed the radiological diagnosis. At 3-month follow- up, the patient reported complete resolution of her back pain and persistence of weakness-related gait issues. Conclusion CNS neoplasms including meningioma should be considered in MS patients presenting with newly onset neurological symptoms not entirely consistent with demyelinating disease. Both disease processes should be addressed with appropriate long-term follow-up.
Radiology in Urologic Patients

Radiologic imaging serves many important functions in the evaluation and care of urology patients. Ordering the correct test for evaluation, while considering the need to expose a patient to radiation is a valuable skill. This chapter reviews the indications and goals of the many imaging studies available for evaluation of GU complaints and conditions. While providers may not always have immediate access to all form of imaging, many studies now offer the ability to obtain rapid results and 3D reconstructions.
Conditioned place preference following concurrent treatment with 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and methamphetamine in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract Synthetic cathinones gained initial popularity on the illicit drug market as a result of attempts to evade legal restrictions on other commonly abused psychostimulants. A body of published research has determined that the psychopharmacology of the synthetic cathinone 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is comparable to cocaine and methamphetamine (METH). Few preclinical studies have systematically investigated concurrent use of synthetic cathinones with other psychostimulant drugs. The present study utilized conditioned place preference (CPP), a rodent model of conditioned drug reward, to evaluate the effects of concurrent treatment with MDPV and METH. Male (N = 72) and female (N = 105) Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a two-compartment biased CPP procedure, with one trial per day for eight consecutive days. Subjects were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: saline, METH (1 mg/kg), MDPV (1, 3.2, 5.6 mg/kg) or a mixture consisting of METH (1 mg/kg) and MDPV (1, 3.2, 5.6 mg/kg). All treatments increased locomotor activity during drug conditioning trials, and most treatments produced higher activity increases in females compared to males. Although the level of CPP established by MDPV and MDPV + METH mixtures varied between males and females, sex differences were not statistically significant. Although none of the MDPV+METH mixtures produced stronger CPP than either substance alone, some mixtures of MDPV and METH produced higher increases in locomotor activity compared to either drug alone. Further studies with higher doses may be warranted to determine if concurrent use of MDPV and METH pose an enhanced risk for abuse.
Scripture, Culture, and Agriculture: An Agrarian Reading of the Bible

Introduction 1. Rupture and re-membering 2. Reading the Bible through agrarian eyes 3. Seeing with God: Israel's poem of creation 4. Leaving Egypt behind: embracing the wilderness economy 5. A wholesome materiality: reading Leviticus 6. Covenantal economics: the biblical case for a local economy 7. Running on poetry: the agrarian prophets 8. Wisdom or sloth? The character of work 9. The faithful city.
Electronic Interfacing with Living Cells

The direct interfacing of living cells with inorganic electronic materials, components or systems has led to the development of two broad categories of devices that can (1) transduce biochemical signals generated by biological components into electrical signals and (2) transduce electronically generated signals into biochemical signals. The first category of devices permits the monitoring of living cells, the second, enables control of cellular processes. This review will survey this exciting area with emphasis on the fundamental issues and obstacles faced by researchers. Devices and applications that use both prokaryotic (microbial) and eukaryotic (mammalian) cells will be covered. Individual devices described include microbial biofuel cells that produce electricity, bioelectrical reactors that enable electronic control of cellular metabolism, living cell biosensors for the detection of chemicals and devices that permit monitoring and control of mammalian physiology.
Coping Behavior in Children: Methods of Measurement for Research and Clinical Practice

The purpose of this critical analysis of children's coping measures (N = 22) was to determine the utility of the instruments for clinical nursing practice and nursing research. Criteria for utility were based on the instruments' theoretical basis, reliability, validity and costs related to time, personnel, money, and resources. The instruments that measure children's coping styles (n = 13) and coping strategies (n = 9) reflected seven different theoretical perspectives and included such methods as observation, interviews, projective techniques, self-report, and parent report. Ten of the 22 instruments were recommended for use in research or clinical practice. Armed with the appropriate instruments to measure coping, pediatric nurses can begin to examine the relationships among coping, illness, and outcomes in children, both in practice and through research.
Respiratory Mechanics During Anesthesia and Mechanical Ventilation

The sections in this article are: 1 Effects of Anesthesia on the Chest Wall 1.1 Anesthesia With Spontaneous Breathing 1.2 Anesthesia-Paralysis With Mechanical Ventilation of the Lungs 2 Effects of Anesthesia on FRC 3 Effects of Anesthesia on Pressure-Volume Relationships 3.1 Total Respiratory System 3.2 Lungs 3.3 Chest Wall 3.4 Mechanisms for Changes in Pressure- Volume Relationships 4 Effects of Anesthesia on Pressure-Flow Relationships 5 Effects of Anesthesia on Intrapulmonary Inspired-Gas Distribution 5.1 Anesthesia With Spontaneous Breathing 5.2 Anesthesia-Paralysis With Mechanical Ventilation of the Lungs 6 Conclusions
Getting p53 Out of the Nucleus

Why does the p53 tumor suppressor protein need two nuclear export signals? In their Perspective, Gottifredi and Prives set out to answer this question. They discuss new findings (Zhang and Xiong) suggesting that, in the unstressed cell, the two nuclear export signals may act together to promote the movement of p53 from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it is degraded.
On growth, feeding and reproduction in the chitonMopalia muscosa of Santa Monica Bay

1. InM. muscosa shell growth slows or stops during the winter months. 2.M. muscosa in Santa Monica Bay are herbivorous and eat red and green algae as their main foods. 3.M. muscosa exhibit two distinct spawning periods which occur mainly during winter and early spring.
Genocide as Contentious Politics

Despite a recent turn towards the study of political violence within the field of contentious politics, scholars have yet to focus their lens on genocide. This is puzzling, as the field of collective action and social movements was originally developed in reaction to fascism (Nazism in particular), while research on collective action and research on genocide has long shown parallel findings and shared insights. This paper reviews the history of this scholarly convergence and divergence, and suggests that recent findings of research on genocide can be improved by the consideration of concepts from social movements and collective action. It then details three theories of the micro-mechanisms that mobilize individuals for contention – framing, diffusion, and networks – and specifies how they refine existing explanations of civilian participation in genocide. In the conclusion, I suggest that a contentious politics approach to genocide would consider it one form of collective action among others, analyzable within the existing framework of collective action and social movement theory.
Statistical Modeling and Analysis of Static Leakage and Dynamic Switching Power

As the device size continues to shrink and circuit complexity continues to grow, power has become the limiting factor in today's microprocessor design. Since the power dissipation is a function of many variables with uncertainty, the most accurate representation of chip power or macro power is a statistical distribution subject to process and workload variation, instead of a single number for the average or worst-case power. Unlike statistical timing models that can be represented as a linear canonical form of Gaussian distributions, the exponential dependency of leakage power on process variables, as well as the complex relationship between switching power and workload fluctuations, present unique challenges in statistical power analysis. This paper presents a comprehensive case study on the statistical distribution of dynamic switching power and static leakage power to demonstrate the characterization and correlation methods for macro-level and chip-level power analysis.
The influence of temperature on muscle function in the fast swimming scup. I. Shortening velocity and muscle recruitment during swimming

In this study, electromyography showed that scup can swim to a maximum speed of 80 cm s-1 with their red muscle whereas previous results showed that carp can swim to only 45 cm s-1. Our aim was to evaluate the adaptations that enable scup to swim nearly twice as fast as carp. Although we anticipated that, at their respective maximum speeds, the red muscle of scup would be shortening at twice the velocity (V) of carp muscle, we found that the values of V were the same (2.04 muscle lengths s-1). At any given swimming speed, V was higher in carp than in scup because carp had a larger sarcomere length excursion and higher tail-beat frequency. The smaller sarcomere excursion in scup is primarily associated with using a less undulatory style of swimming (i.e. with a smaller backbone curvature). This less undulatory style of swimming may be an important adaptation that not only reduces V but may also reduce drag. At their respective maximum speeds, however, the 28% lower sarcomere length excursion in scup is balanced by a 26% higher tail-beat frequency, giving an equal V to that of carp. Although the scup in this study were somewhat longer than the carp in the previous one (19.7 vs 13.4 cm), we believe that many of the observed differences are species-related rather than size-related. We also found that scup swam in a kinematically similar fashion at 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C. However, at 10 degrees C, the scup could swim to only 54 cm s-1 before recruiting their white muscle whereas, at 20 degrees C, they could swim to 80 cm s-1. The difference in speed of initial white muscle recruitment, as well as information on muscle mechanics, suggests that the scup compress their recruitment order into a narrow speed range at low temperatures, thereby recruiting more muscle fibres. Quantitative analysis of red muscle electromyograms in this paper supports this hypothesis.
Marcus rhoades, preferential segregation and meiotic drive.

LONG before microarray biologists coined and promoted the term “discovery science,” maize geneticists were avid practitioners of this mode of investigation. In fact, one might say that for a number of years, the field of maize genetics basically operated as discovery science. Many have
Acceptance and expressed emotion in Mexican American caregivers of relatives with schizophrenia

The relation between Expressed Emotion (EE) and caregiver acceptance was tested with the use of video-recorded interactions between 31 Mexican American family caregivers and their relatives with schizophrenia. Borrowing the concept from Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy, acceptance was defined as caregiver's engagement with the ill relative along with low levels of expectations for behavioral change. Three aspects of caregiver acceptance were measured: global acceptance of the patient, unified detachment (i.e., nonblaming but engaged problem discussion), and low aversive responses to patient behavior (e.g., criticisms and demanding change). Relative to high EE caregivers, low EE caregivers were consistently more accepting of their ill relatives across the three measures of acceptance. Unified detachment was negatively associated with emotional overinvolvement and aversive responses were positively related to criticism. Warmth was not related to acceptance. The findings suggest that the study of acceptance in family caregivers is a heuristic avenue for future research due to its potential to shed light on specifically what family members do in caring for their ill relatives with schizophrenia.
Myocardial function in the newborn animal

The roles of hypoxia and hypercapnia in elevating pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance were evaluated in normal unanesthetized newborn lambs. Nineteen Iambs without ductus shunting were studied in room air 4 hours to 10 days after birth with blood gases, pH, pulmonary, systemic, and atrial pressures, and indicator dilution cardiac output determinations. Pulmonary and systemic resistance and "pulmonary blood volume" were calculated. Eleven lambs were exposed to 8 per cent 02, 13 to 100 per cent O.~, and 6 to 8 per cent CO2 inhalation. Pulmonary artery pressure and resistance on room air were highest in younger lambs, reaching near normal levels by 72 hours. All lambs on 8 per cent O5 showed striking elevation of pulmonary artery pressure and resistance unassociated with increased cardiac output. "Pulmonary blood volume" decreased. These changes were abolished by 100 per cent 02 inhalation. No other significant changes on 02 occurred. Eight per cent COs inhalation, producing an increase in Pace2 and fall in pH, was associated with increased cardiac output, slight fall in systemic resistance, and a moderate rise in pulmonary artery pressure. Pulmonary resistance remained unchanged. It appears that hypoxia is a powerful stimulus to maintain pulmonary pressure and resistance at fetal levels and would tend to maintain the fetal pattern of circulation in the newborn, contributing to further hypoxemia. This may be reversed by adequate pulmonary oxygenation.
Multilayer Hybrid Construct for Vascular Tissue Engineering

Vascular grafts are often used as blood vessel substitutes. Until now, synthetic materials have not matched the efficacy of native tissues, particularly in the applications of small-diameter vascular grafts (<6mm) such as bypass grafts for arthrosclerosis and vascular access graft for hemodialysis. There is a considerable need for alternatives to the autologous veins or arteries. Many patients do not have an autologous vessel suitable for use due to preexisting pathological conditions or previous surgical harvest. Recent developments in vascular tissue engineering demonstrate the possibility of a biodegradable graft material containing living cells to mimic the structure and function of native vessels. However, fabrication of biomimetic grafts is often time and labor intensive, and subsequently requires complicated storage. This demands technology advancements in producing vessel mimetic grafts, considering their availability in addition to efficacy. To this end, new approaches to constructing small-diameter grafts that are of immediate availability and capable of regenerating biomimetic blood vessels in vivo may address the unmet demand in this area. We have designed a novel multilayer vascular construct which is made up of a nanofibrous “intima-equivalent” with thrombus-resistant vessel lumen and a porous biopolymer matrix as “media-equivalent” to allow smooth muscle cells (SMC) from native artery to grow and remodel the tissue. In this study, various layering strategies have been explored. To evaluate the resultant multilayer construct, structural, biochemical and biomechanical characterizations, as well as cell assays and short-term animal studie have been performed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Gangs and gangsta rap in Chicago: A microscenes perspective

Abstract A microscene is a distinct component of a music scene, located in a delimited space of mutual social activity—where certain clusters of scene members assemble and generate socio-cultural cohesion through collective ideologies, attitudes, preferences, practices, customs, and memories that distinguish them from the larger scene. This article explores the relationship between active gang members and the gangsta-rap microscene in Chicago, Illinois. While gangs and gangsta rappers have been considered separately, this research examines cultural practices at the intersection of these groups. The participants of this study—gang members who rap—utilize gang affiliation as a resource, employing it strategically to advance their music careers. The relationship is symbiotic: The rappers use gang membership to generate revenue, promote and market their music, recruit band members, and provide security at live concerts. The gangs rely on the rappers as a source of income, for promotion and marketing, as recruitment tools, and as a means by which to wage rivalries and settle disputes. The article examines the physical, social, and economic ramifications for those at the intersection of street gangs and gangsta rap, and it offers an account of risk-management strategies designed to moderate potential violence, career limitations, and other challenges.
Critical Approach to Family Research: An Illustration

Jurgen Habermas' theory relating to systems of action was used in Brown and Paolucci's examination of the professional practice of home economics (1978). As a follow-up, the same critical theory basis was used in an attempt to analyze the dynamic focus of home economics-the family-as a means of exploring the potential of the theory to promote understanding of family activities. A tentative framework for characterizing family activities was derived from Habermas' writ ings. A case study of a family provided empirical data which were used interac tively with the framework to generate themes to be used as the basis for iden tifying systems of action in the family. The research illustrates that the theory was appropriate for reflecting on the nature of family activities in this case and that it offers scope for understanding the problems of “family” in a sociohistorical perspective, thus facilitating the addressing by professionals of real issues of families in their everyday lives.
Discovery of ions with nuclear charge Z >= 9 stably trapped in the earth's radiation belts

Abstract We report observations of MeV heavy ions made with Explorer 45 in the earth's radiation belts during the 7-month period June–December 1972 when four major magnetic storms occurred. Significant fluxes of ions heavier than fluorine (i.e. with nuclear charge Z ≳ 9) were observed stably trapped in the interior of the radiation belts at L ∼ 2–4. These energetic very heavy ions, were found to appear suddenly during the August 1972 magnetic storm period and their fluxes decayed during the following months on time scales typically several tens of days. Simultaneously, strong increases in the geomagnetically trapped MeV helium and CNO ion fluxes were observed, and the post-injection flux decay of these ions was found to be slower than that of the Z ≳ 9 ions. The relative enhancements in trapped fluxes during the storm increased with increasing ion mass and/or increasing ion energy.
Down to the bone: The essential thinking and productivity of Professor Phillip Tobias, eminent paleoanthropologist from South Africa

Eminent individuals have made significant contributions to their fields that have impacted on fundamental knowledge and practices around the world, a description that aptly describes the world-known South African paleoanthropologist and scientist, Professor Phillip Tobias. This article presents evidence from his early childhood and schooling that demonstrated his creative writing, extensive independent study, advanced achievement, autonomous research and leadership positions that characterized his range of gifted abilities. It also describes characteristics typical of the family backgrounds of research on eminent individuals and core aspects of his personality, including his humor and humility. As a core scientist who sought to uncover fossil evidence for human evolution, he was instrumental in early studies of Khoisan and Tonga ethnic communities, investigations and documentation of Australopithecus africanus and early hominids. His academic and cultural legacies are depicted in his wide interests: his l...
Mitochondrial DNA Damage and Dysfunction, and Oxidative Stress Are Associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Protein Degradation and Apoptosis in High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance Mice

Background Recent studies showed a link between a high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues, such as skeletal muscle and liver, and insulin resistance (IR). Although the mechanisms responsible for IR in those tissues are different, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the disease process. We tested the hypothesis that HFD induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and that this damage is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and induction of markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, protein degradation and apoptosis in skeletal muscle and liver in a mouse model of obesity-induced IR. Methodology/Principal Findings C57BL/6J male mice were fed either a HFD (60% fat) or normal chow (NC) (10% fat) for 16 weeks. We found that HFD-induced IR correlated with increased mtDNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and markers of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and liver. Also, a HFD causes a change in the expression level of DNA repair enzymes in both nuclei and mitochondria in skeletal muscle and liver. Furthermore, a HFD leads to activation of ER stress, protein degradation and apoptosis in skeletal muscle and liver, and significantly reduced the content of two major proteins involved in insulin signaling, Akt and IRS-1 in skeletal muscle, and Akt in liver. Basal p-Akt level was not significantly influenced by HFD feeding in skeletal muscle and liver. Conclusions/Significance This study provides new evidence that HFD-induced mtDNA damage correlates with mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and liver, which is associated with the induction of markers of ER stress, protein degradation and apoptosis.
Story in Oral History: Clues to Historical Consciousness

Historical researchers using oral history collections are usually looking for answers to specific questions about particular subjects. But the content of oral history-what people have said -is only part of its value to historians; the form that oral history takes how it is told can also be useful in addressing larger historical questions. Story, for instance, is one such form that affords rich interpretive potential for historians interested in how narrators perceive and construct historical experience. Fashioning stories about our experience is a process with which we are all familiar, in which we all participate on an everyday basis in conversations with family, friends, and colleagues. Because stories afford a natural means of describing experience and expressing its meaning, they often appear in oral history interviews. The historical meaning of stories, however, transcends the individual experiences they describe, for storytelling is necessarily communal in nature. In storytelling, whether in conversation or in an interview, narrators are involved not only in communicating experience but also in constructing a shared consciousness of that experience. Stories can therefore tell us something about the larger structures of historical consciousness within which individual narrators understand their own experiences. This is what makes them of value to historians, for stories of personal experiences told in oral history interviews can suggest larger, collectively constructed notions of experience. We come to know what stories are and learn how to tell them ourselves by hearing them from others, so our own stories about personal experiences are constructed both from ideas of what stories are and from communally understood notions of the kinds of experiences one can have, can talk about, can tell in story form. The stories that people tell in oral history interviews can thus suggest key elements or categories of experience around which their memories are organized and their historical consciousness is shaped. This is especially true in a corpus of interviews recorded from narrators who represent a community of experience and who have talked about the events or experiences in question among themselves. Using oral histories to get at these underlying structures of consciousness means developing a sensitivity to the occurrence of stories in interviews. Stories are not always easy to locate, for oral history collections are most often indexed only by subject. Searching for narratives can mean prospecting through whole transcripts
Tectonic consequences of the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates: Finite element models

Abstract The tectonic consequences of northward motion of the Arabian plate and its push against the Anatolian plate are modeled using a two-dimensional, plane-stress, finite element scheme. Interaction of four plates (African, Arabian, Anatolian and Eurasian) and rupture of major faults inside and around Anatolia are investigated by assigning northward motions to the Arabian (5 cm/yr) and the African (3 cm/yr) plates. A number of boundary conditions are used to match the known fault motions with theoretical models. The faults are modeled as “weak” zones which could fail by slip (strike-slip faulting) and/or separation (normal faulting). Numerical models show that northward convergence of the Arabian and African plates alone cannot explain movements on all known faults. An additional driving force that would produce about 2 cm/yr westward motion of the Anatolian plate is required. With such a boundary condition added, the finite element models produce movements along five major faults (North Anatolian, East Anatolian, Dead Sea or Levant fracture, Tuz Golu and Ecemis) with current magnitudes and directions.