cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FTIR study of the nitrogen isotopic exchange between adsorbed15NO2 complexes and 14NO over Cu/ZSM-5 and Co/ZSM-5

Abstract The dynamics of the nitrogen isotopic exchange between adsorption complexes of 15 NO 2 and gaseous 14 NO has been studied by FTIR spectroscopy for Cu/ZSM-5 and Co/ZSM-5. In Co/ZSM-5 the prevailing adsorption complex is a nitrito group ligated to CO 2+ ions, Co ONO; it exchanges its nitrogen atom spontaneously with gaseous NO. In Cu/ZSM-5 nitro groups and nitrate ions prevail that are ligated to Cu 2+ ions. The isotope exchange with gaseous NO at room temperature is initially slow, but later autocatalytic. The data suggest that in this case formation of physisorbed NO 2 is rate limiting. It rapidly transfers an oxygen atom to impinging gaseous NO. The NO 2,phys is formed over pre-calcined Cu/ZSM-5 by oxygen transfer from [Cu O Cu] 2+ ions to NO, which is also the first step in the decomposition of NO into NO 2 + N 2 O, as was shown previously. Once Cu ligating 15 N-nitrate ions are present inside the zeolite, they exchange their 15 NO 2 moeity with either 14 NO 2,phys or 14 NO phys . The latter process is limited to the monodentate form, Cu O NO 2 , of the nitrate, and it results in the formation of Cu ligating 14 N-nitrite ions and 15 NO 2,phys .
G protein-coupled receptor systems involved in cell growth and oncogenesis

I. Introduction THE family of heterotrimeric G proteins, referred to as G proteins, functions by coupling specific cell surface receptors to the control of intracellular signal transduction pathways. G protein-coupled receptors have a characteristic seven transmembrane (STM) structure, often leading to their description as serpentine. The extracellular and membrane domains of serpentine receptors vary significantly in sequence to allow selective binding of a variety of ligands including photons, ions, odorants, small molecules such as acetylcholine and catecholamines, peptides, and proteases (thrombin). The array of serpentine receptors couples to members of the G protein family. The known G proteins can be broadly categorized into four families based on sequence and/or functional homologies of the a-subunits (Table 1). Known effectors for G proteins include adenylyl cyclases, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PLC) isof orms, novel phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases, cGMP phosphodiesterase, and selected i...
CHARACTERIZATION OF AN IL-2 DEPENDENT HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA-VIRUS TYPE-I (HTLV-I) INFECTED CELL-LINE - A SYSTEM FOR STUDYING HTLV-I MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION

The retrovirus Human T cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-I) is the causative agent of Adult T cell Leukemia Lymphoma (ATLL) and is associated with HTLV-I Myelopathy. HTLV-I mediated transformation of CD4(+) T cells, during the course of ATLL, is poorly understood. It has been suggested that HTLV-I is responsible for the immortalization of infected cells, but transformation is dependent on secondary events. To investigate this hypothesis, we have isolated an HTLV-I infected T cell line that is dependent on IL-2 for growth in tissue culture. Further, a subclone of this cell line that is able to grow in the absence of IL-2 has been isolated. Both cell lines have identical TCR chain rearrangements and cell surface markers. Each,cell line produces viral mRNAs and proteins. Finally, both of these cell lines are sensitive to rapamycin and cyclosporin A regardless of the presence of IL-2. We propose that this system will provide a unique opportunity to study transformation to IL-2 independence in HTLV-I infected cells.
Covalent modification as the cause of the anomalous kinetics of aryl sulfatase A

Abstract Mammalian aryl sulfatase A enzymes are known to exhibit an anomalous kinetic behavior in which the enzyme becomes inactivated as it catalyzes the hydrolysis of substrate. Part of the activity of this inactive, turnover-modified form of the enzyme can apparently be restored by the simultaneous presence of substrate and sulfate ion. The present experiments, conducted with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl [ 35 S]sulfate (nitrocatechol sulfate), establish that the turnover-modified enzyme is covalently labeled. The stoichiometry of the incorporation of radioactivity corresponds to 2 g atom of 35 S per mole of enzyme monomer (each monomer of rabbit liver aryl sulfatase consists of two equivalent subunits). It is also shown that isolated, turnover-modified enzyme has lost 80% of its secondary structure when compared to the native enzyme. A commonly used sulfating agent, pyridine-sulfur trioxide complex brings about a similar loss of activity and of secondary structure.
Source apportionment of exposures to volatile organic compounds. I. Evaluation of receptor models using simulated exposure data

Four receptor-oriented source apportionment models were evaluated by applying them to simulated personal exposure data for select volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were generated by Monte Carlo sampling from known source contributions and profiles. The exposure sources modeled are environmental tobacco smoke, paint emissions, cleaning and/or pesticide products, gasoline vapors, automobile exhaust, and wastewater treatment plant emissions. The receptor models analyzed are chemical mass balance, principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores, positive matrix factorization (PMF), and graphical ratio analysis for composition estimates/source apportionment by factors with explicit restriction, incorporated in the UNMIX model. All models identified only the major contributors to total exposure concentrations. PMF extracted factor profiles that most closely represented the major sources used to generate the simulated data. None of the models were able to distinguish between sources with similar chemical profiles. Sources that contributed <5% to the average total VOC exposure were not identified.
Experiential Learning and Research Ethics Enhancing Knowledge through Action

How can instructors use experiential learning strategies to enhance student understanding of research ethics and responsible research conduct? In this article, the authors review literature on using experiential learning to teach research ethics and responsible research conduct. They present a three-step exercise for teaching research ethics and responsible research conduct using experiential learning strategies. Their primary teaching and learning objective is to broaden student understanding of ethical behavior beyond notions of “right” and “wrong” to a conception of ethical behavior involving thinking critically about all stages of the research process. The authors present assessment data that suggest that participation in the exercise increased knowledge about ethical guidelines and broadened understandings of ethical behavior.
Feasibility and Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycles to Solar Thermal Power Generation

This paper focuses on unconventional thermodynamic cycles and their applications in alternative energy. It looks into these promising advancements, beginning with the exploration of trends in cost, efficiency, and the adoption of various sources of power. By studying historical trends, conventional means of obtaining energy are seen to be currently increasing in efficiency in smaller and smaller increments.The second part of our study is the application of alternative configurations of the Brayton cycle. In particular, this paper analyzes a closed-cycle turbine with supercritical carbon dioxide as the working fluid. Beginning with a simple cycle calculation, this study adapts the cycle and explores the benefit of recuperated and combined cycle systems. A parametric study was also created, comparing the efficiency versus the specific power of each cycle. Consideration of supercritical carbon dioxide as the working fluid in turbomachine cycles may demonstrate an economic advantage in the global market.This paper provides a perspective on the feasibility of these developments for realistic applications in industry. Also important to feasibility, it assesses trends in the cost of power generated by each cycle and energy source. With this information, choices may be made on which cycle is more economically promising in today’s market. The results of this study provide a clear indication of relative efficiencies. These efficiencies, in turn, determines the optimal design direction for a particular supercritical carbon dioxide cycle. In addition, the results provide insight into the effect of this technology on the cost and efficiency of concentrated solar power production.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Promoting optic nerve regeneration in adult mice with pharmaceutical approach.

Our previous research has suggested that lack of Bcl-2-supported axonal growth mechanisms and the presence of glial scarring following injury are major impediments of optic nerve regeneration in postnatal mice. Mice overexpressing Bcl-2 and simultaneously carrying impairment in glial scar formation supported robust optic nerve regeneration in the postnatal stage. To develop a therapeutic strategy for optic nerve damage, the combined effects of chemicals that induce Bcl-2 expression and selectively eliminate mature astrocytes—scar forming cells—were examined in mice. Mood-stabilizer, lithium, has been shown to induce Bcl-2 expression and stimulate axonal outgrowth in retinal ganglion cells in culture and in vivo. Moreover, astrotoxin (alpha-aminoadipate), a glutamate analogue, selectively kills astrocytes while has minimal effects on surrounding neurons. In the present study, we sought to determine whether concurrent applications of lithium and astrotoxin were sufficient to induce optic nerve regeneration in mice. Induction of Bcl-2 expression was detected in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of mice that received a lithium diet in compared with control-treated group. Moreover, efficient elimination of astrocytes and glial scarring was observed in the optic nerve of mice treated with astrotoxin. Simultaneous application of lithium and astrotoxin, but not any of the drugs alone, induced robust optic nerve regeneration in adult mice. These findings further support that a combinatorial approach of concurrent activation of Bcl-2-supported growth mechanism and suppression of glial scarring is required for successful regeneration of the severed optic nerve in adult mice. They suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for treating optic nerve and CNS damage.
Dephasing of Electromagnetic Fields in Scattering from an Isolated Slit in a Gold Film

Herein we perform three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain calculations on an isolated micron size slit in a thin gold film to study the behavior of confined electromagnetic fields for TM, TE, and circular incident polarizations. It is found that the electric and magnetic fields exhibit well defined standing wave patterns inside the slit. Moreover, the electric and magnetic fields are seen to be out of phase, and the power flow through the slit is governed mainly by the magnetic field for TM polarization and the electric field for TE and circular polarizations. To understand these results a theoretical modal expansion of the fields in the presence of the slit is done. It is found that the standing wave patterns and dephasing can be attributed to a superposition of propagating and evanescent waveguide modes.
Comparing PROMIS computer-adaptive tests to the Brief Symptom Inventory in patients with prostate cancer.

This study assessed whether the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computer-adaptive tests (CATs) provided results similar to those of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) with a low patient burden. Secondary data analysis of 136 prostate cancer patients who completed the 53-item BSI and the PROMIS CATs assessing depression, anxiety, and hostility. The PROMIS CATs and BSI correlated significantly in measures of depression (.85), anxiety (.76), and anger/hostility (.66; p < .001 for all). Using our BSI cutoff points for depression, anxiety, and anger/hostility, ROC analysis yielded areas under the curve of .966 [standard error (SE) = .014, p < .001], .975 (SE = .012, p < .001), and .952 (SE = .027, p < .001), respectively. PROMIS CATs were highly correlated with the BSI subscales, indicating that the CATs performed well compared with the BSI, a widely used psychosocial measure.
Lipids of the pawpaw fruit: Asimina triloba.

The fatty acid composition and structure of pawpaw fruit (Asimina triloba) triglycerides were examined and found to contain fatty acids ranging from C6 to C20. Octanoate represented 20% of the fatty acids while other medium-chain fatty acids were present in low amounts. Analysis of the intact triglycerides by high-temperature gas-liquid chromatography gave an unusual three-cycle carbon number distribution. Analysis of triglyceride fractions separated according to degree of unsaturation suggested that one octanoate was paired with diglyceride species containing long-chain fatty acids. Determination of the double-bond positions of monoene fatty acids revealed cis Δ9 and cis Δ11 hexadecenoate and cis Δ9, cis Δ11, and cis Δ13 octadecenoate isomers were present in significant quantities. Octanoate and positional monoene fatty acid isomers were found only in the fruit lipids and not in the seed lipids. Phenacyl esters of fatty acids were found to be useful derivatives for structure determination using multiple types of analyses.
Cognitive Radio Transmission under Interference Limitations and QoS Constraints

In this paper, cognitive transmission under quality of service (QoS) constraints is studied. In the cognitive radio channel model, it is assumed that the secondary transmitter sends the data with two different transmission and power policies, depending on the activity of the primary users and the probability of detection, which is determined by channel sensing performed by the secondary users. A state transition model with three states is constructed to model this cognitive transmission channel. Statistical limitations on the buffer lengths are imposed to take into account the QoS constraints. The transmission and power policies are determined through the constraint to provide a minimum-rate transmission to the primary users for a certain percentage of the time. The maximum throughput under these statistical QoS constraints is identified by finding the effective capacity of the cognitive radio channel. The impact upon the effective capacity of several system parameters, including the channel sensing duration, detection threshold, detection and false alarm probabilities, QoS parameters, and data transmission and power policies are investigated.
Release of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH) from rat hypothalamus-pars tuberalis explants

A luteinizing hormone (LH)-like molecule has been described in the rodent central nervous system and has been shown to have immunologic, chromatographic, and biologic activity similar to that of pituitary LH. In this communication we report that a depolarizing stimulus, high potassium concentration in the presence of calcium, causes in vitro release of LH from hypothalamic explants containing the pars tuberalis. Release from other brain areas containing LH was not seen nor was release of LH, in vitro, significantly provoked from dorsal segments of the hypothalamus, thus suggesting that most, if not all, of the releasable LH from intact hypothalamic explants may come from cells of the pars tuberalis.
Conversion of lytic to persistent alphavirus infection by the bcl-2 cellular oncogene

Little is known about virus-host cell interactions that regulate the lytic potential of viruses during productive replication. Sindbis virus (SV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus in the alphavirus genus (family Togaviridae), results in lytic infection in most vertebrate cell lines, but persistent productive infection in post-mitotic neurons. The cellular oncogene bcl-2, which encodes an inner mitochondrial membrane protein of M(r) 26,000 (ref. 2), blocks programmed cell death (apoptosis) in neurons. We therefore investigated whether SV infection induces programmed cell death in non-neuronal cells, and if so, whether virus-induced programmed cell death can be blocked by transfection with bcl-2. We demonstrate that SV infection of baby hamster kidney (BHK-2), mouse neuroblastoma (N18), and rat prostatic adenocarcinoma (AT-3) cells results in programmed cell death, whereas SV infection of bcl-2-transfected AT-3 cells results in long-term persistent productive infection. Thus cellular bcl-2 oncogene expression plays a role in the establishment of persistent viral infection by blocking virus-induced programmed cell death.
Electronic structure of non-stoichiometric Ga-As compounds

Abstract Calculations of the electronic properties of model Ga-As systems with varying stoichiometry are presented. The five systems studied are zinc blende GaAs, Ga and As in the diamond structure, and two intermediate compounds. Except for GaAs thee systems are hypothetical and can be shown to be metallic with fairly large densities of states at the Fermi level. The charge densities of the two intermediate compounds suggest that they are good models for metal-semiconductor superlattices. The structural parameters are assumed to be ideal and have not been optimized.
Comparative effectiveness of treatments for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: trends in nationwide outcomes from 2000 to 2009.

Object The development of multimodality approaches for the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), including microsurgery, endovascular therapy, and radiosurgery, has shifted modern treatment paradigms in the last 10 years. This study examines these changes in detail from a nationwide perspective. Methods The authors examined data from 2001 to 2009 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, and they assessed the safety, quality, and cost-effectiveness, including the total number of discharges, discharge proportion, length of stay, and hospital charges. The authors also examined patient demographics (including age, sex, income level, and insurance), hemorrhage status at presentation, and trends in open surgical and endovascular treatment. Results A total of 33,997 inpatient admissions for patients with a primary diagnosis of intracranial AVM were identified, with a mean of 4191 patients admitted annually. The mean hospital charges increased 2-fold over the study period without sig...
On a definition of connected sets of a matroid

Abstract In this note a definition of connected sets of a matroid is given. Several natural results concerning connected sets are proved with this definition.
Spinal origins of preganglionic B and C neurons that innervate paravertebral sympathetic ganglia nine and ten of the bullfrog.

These experiments were designed to characterize the distribution, morphology, and number of spinal preganglionic neurons that selectively innervate the B- and C-type sympathetic neurons in paravertebral ganglia 9 and 10 of the bullfrog. For this purpose, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the anterior end of the sectioned sympathetic chain between ganglia 8 and 9. Subsequent retrograde axonal transport of the HRP labeled ipsilateral spinal neurons whose cell bodies form a column having rostral and caudal boundaries that are, respectively, just caudal to the level of spinal nerve 4 and midway between the entry zones of spinal nerves 7 and 8. In all segments, the labeled preganglionic somata were found in the lateral half of the spinal gray and slightly dorsal to the central canal; a position analogous to that of the intermediolateral cell column in mammals. Most labeled preganglionic neurons were multipolar in shape, and the cell bodies lying between spinal nerves 4 and 5 were, on average, larger than those found between spinal nerves 7 and 8. In transverse sections that were cut near spinal nerve 5, the axons of preganglionic neurons could be seen to exit the cord through ventral roots. Counts of labeled preganglionic neurons indicate that an average +/- S.D. of 338 +/- 89 cells innervate ganglia 9 and 10. Selective labeling of preganglionic B neurons, by cutting spinal nerves 7 and 8 central to their rami communicantes at the time of HRP application, revealed an average +/- S.D. of 137 +/- 31 cells that lie exclusively between spinal nerves 4 and 6. By contrast, selective labeling of preganglionic C neurons, by cutting the sympathetic chain rostral to ganglion 7 at the time of HRP application, revealed an average +/- S.D. of 187 +/- 77 cells in an adjacent portion of the preganglionic column that is bounded by spinal nerve 6 and by a point midway between spinal nerves 7 and 8. These results thus demonstrate a clear segmental segregation between the preganglionic B and C neurons that innervate ganglia 9 and 10.
Oxidation and reduction of zinc oxide surfaces: monitored by measuring the losses in guided optical modes

Abstract Reduction and oxidation of the surface of a ZnO planar optical waveguide can be detected by measuring the losses in the guided waves. Reduction occurs when the film is heated to 100°C under UHV conditions or in a reducing atmosphere, and the optical losses increase by 6.0, 12.9 to 15.7 dBcm-1forTE0, TE1andTE2 modes, respectively. Subsequent oxidation under 10-2to 0.1 TorrofO2at 230°C completely eliminates the defects and yields losses lower than the original values. These effects are analyzed in terms of the change in absorption coefficient of only the surface layer as the stoichiometry changes.
Engagement with Toys in Two-Year-Old Children with Autism: Teacher Selection versus Child Choice:

This article compared two conditions (teacher selection of toys and child choice of toys) on the amount of time children were engaged appropriately with toys. An alternating treatment design was used, and three 2-year-old boys with autism participated. In the teacher-selected condition, the teacher gave the child a toy; and in the child-choice condition, the teacher gave the child a choice between two toys. The toys were selected from a pool of toys based on each child's frequency of contact with the toys from measures taken before the study started. A 5-second momentary time sampling procedure was used during daily 10-min sessions to measure the child's engagement with toys, nonengagement, and problematic behaviors. The teacher's behaviors (physical prompt, modeling, talking, silent observation, and other) also were measured. The data suggest the child-choice condition resulted in more engaged time for each participant and fewer problematic behaviors for two of the three boys. The results are discussed i...
Religious Attendance and Biological Functioning A Multiple Specification Approach

Objective: This study explores the role of religious attendance across a wide range of biological markers. Method: The data are drawn from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project to assess continuous and categorical biomarker specifications. Results: Across specifications, higher levels of attendance are associated with lower levels of pulse rate and overall allostatic load. Depending on the specification, higher levels of attendance are also associated with lower levels of body mass, diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, and Epstein–Barr virus. Attendance is unrelated to dehydroepiandrosterone, systolic blood pressure, and glycosylated hemoglobin across specifications. Discussion: The study confirms that religious attendance is associated with healthier biological functioning in later life. Additional research is needed to verify these patterns with other data sources and to test viable mediators of the association between religious attendance and biological risk.
Treatment of material discontinuity in two meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) formulations of axisymmetric transient heat conduction

SUMMARY We use two meshless local Petrov–Galerkin (MLPG) formulations to analyse heat conduction in a bimetallic circular disk. The continuity of the normal component of the heat flux at the interface between two materials is satisfied either by the method of Lagrange multipliers or by using a jump function. The convergence of the H 0 and H 1 error norms for the four numerical solutions with an increase in the number of equally spaced nodes and in the number of quadrature points is scrutinized. With an increase in the number of uniformly spaced nodes, the two error norms decrease monotonically for the MLPG5 formulation but are essentially unchanged for the MLPG1 formulation. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the performance of the two methods of modelling a discontinuity in the gradient of a field variable at the interface between two different materials. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review of Wastewater Recycling Research Performed at the Sterling Processing Co., Oakland, Maryland

Abstract A wastewater treatment and reclamation system has been constructed and studied to determine whether the product water could be recycled safely in processing poultry. No evidence of health risks or excessive exposures to specific constituents in the renovated water were found. It is concluded that a trial period of reuse, with particular attention to organic chemical quality, would not pose an undue risk.
What Explains the Rapid Growth in Transition Economies

This paper analytically explores and empirically tests a number of hypotheses to explain the rapid growth in transition economies. Using the latest panel data, the paper finds that growth in transition economies has been higher because of the recovery of lost output, progress in market reforms, and favorable external conditions. These results are consistent with estimates from the global sample that includes 123 countries, and are robust to instrumental variable estimations and other robustness tests. A general implication of the findings is that some of the factors behind the rapid growth are unlikely to continue for a very long time and that the challenge would be to further improve the investment climate, which will require broadening the scope of macroeconomic reform into a second generation of reforms encompassing structural and institutional areas.
Fenfluramine binds 5-hydroxytryptophan

Fenfluramine, an anorexigenic drug, lowers serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in brain, spinal fluid, and blood, and has been used as a treatment for autism. Fenfluramine's mode of action is unknown. We present evidence from chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that fenfluramine selectively binds the serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan. The mode of binding may have general applications for the understanding of drug activity, receptor binding, and for the design of specific antagonists to aromatic compounds.
MBE growth optimization of Sb-based interband cascade lasers

Abstract Antimonide-based type-II interband cascade diode lasers are rapidly becoming a viable technology for both in situ sensing and high-power laser applications in the 3– 5 μ m range. Recently, this type of electrically pumped diode laser has been shown at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to operate in continuous wave mode at heat-sink temperatures as high as 212 K near 3.3 μ m and 165 K at 5.4 μ m . In pulsed operation, lasers with emission wavelengths near 3.3 μ m can be operated at temperatures up to the 325 K limit of the measurement cryostat. Careful optimization of the growth conditions of the laser cascade and optical cladding regions must take place in order to achieve the high degree of crystalline quality necessary for optimum device performance.
BIOPHYSICAL LIMITATIONS ON DEEP DIVING: SOME LIMITING PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS.

Decompression is treated according to the conventional Haldane model, but with continuously varying gas mixture, and continuous ascent.
Stimulated Raman scattering measurements of V–V transfer in oxygen

Abstract We present new sets of V–V energy transfer rates for vibrational levels 0–5 in O2 at 300 K, using a stimulated Raman – spontaneous Raman pump/probe apparatus. Inferred rate coefficients, k 0 , 1 v , v - 1 , equal to 2.6 ± .5, 4.3 ± 1.1 × 10−13 cm3 s−1 for levels v = 2 and 3 are found to agree, within the combined quoted uncertainty, with the recent data of Kalogerakis. For v = 4 and 5, k 0 , 1 v , v - 1 is found to equal 7.1 × 10−13 cm3 s−1 and 2.0 × 10−13 cm3 s−1±, respectively. In agreement with earlier observations by Diskin, it is found that previous semi-classical trajectory calculations underestimate O2 V–V kinetics by approximately one order of magnitude. New calculations, invoking the same semi-classical formalism, require an increase in the attractive part of the intermolecular potential by a factor of approximately 1.75, in order to replicate the experimental data, a result which is considered non-physical. The purely repulsive Forced Harmonic Oscillator – Free Rotator model of Adamovich is found to under predict the absolute rates by a factor of approximately eight, but to predict the relative rates with reasonable accuracy.
Attidues of youth corrections professionals toward juvenile justice reform and policy alternatives— a Utah survey

Abstract This study examined the attitudes of publicly employed youth corrections professionals toward the juvenile crime problem and how best to deal with it. Three hypotheses were tested. The findings revealed that the respondents believed the juvenile crime problem was serious and was becoming increasingly serious over time. In addition, the respondents perceived the major correlates of youth crime to be variables related to family dysfunction. Finally, there was strong sentiment among these respondents to abandon least restrictive and deinstitutionalization policies in favor of more punitive measures.
“With the Stroke of a Pen”: Designation of the Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument and the Impact on Trust

In September of 1996, without prior warning to Utah residents, the Clinton Administration announced the creation of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM) in southern Utah. Reactions by residents in neighboring gateway communities were both swift and intense. Lack of citizen input in the process drew ire among Utah citizens living near the monument and statewide. In this article we examine how the designation process has impacted residents’ trust in the federal agency managing the monument—the Bureau of Land Management. Research on trust in federal resource management agencies is important for successful natural resource planning and management. We extend the research by incorporating the manner in which the designation of the GSENM occurred as an additional factor in the analyses on trust. We find the manner of designation matters, and discuss implications of this finding for both research and policy makers.
Determining the clinical significance of alloantibodies

The detection and identification of red cell alloantibodies are important processes familiar to all laboratory professionals. A term frequently utilized to describe an alloantibody likely to cause an adverse event is ‘clinically significant’. The laboratory usually assesses the clinical significance of alloantibodies based upon specificity, serologic phases of reactivity and cross-match results and make transfusion recommendations accordingly. However, using specificity, reactivity patterns and cross-match results alone cannot always distinguish between clinically significant and nonsignificant alloantibodies. Searches for ‘compatible’ blood can occur when alloantibodies are identified and ‘incompatible’ cross-matches occur, leading to inappropriate delays in transfusion and potentially causing patient harm. Cellular assays, such as the monocyte monolayer assay, can be used as an adjunct to predict transfusion outcome. Current routine serology assays will not predict with absolute certainty whether ‘incompatible’ red cells transfused to a recipient with an alloantibody will be destroyed or whether that recipient will suffer the devastating clinical consequences of a hemolytic transfusion reaction. The monocyte monolayer assay can be of particular assistance when the antibody specificity is of ‘variable’ clinical significance or the antibody specificity is to a high incidence antigen and rare blood is requested. Finally, it is important to remember that laboratory professionals will be called upon for advice and information by clinicians and patients regarding transfusion recommendations. We are all partners working together to determine the optimal transfusion option. And we must reaffirm to all that transfusion should never be withheld from a patient whose life depends on urgent transfusion.
A paradigm shift in neurorehabilitation

Summary The practice of neurorehabilitation in the clinic has undergone a paradigm shift as a result of influences from basic and clinical research. I have identified six areas of knowledge that by advancing so rapidly have brought about this paradigm shift: first, the increased understanding of how the CNS is reorganised after training or injury; second, the knowledge of how declarative and procedural memory operates and how this can influence rehabilitation therapy; third, a greater appreciation of the chemical factors that promote learning and neural remodelling; fourth, the fact that computational neuroscience can teach us how complex behaviour can emerge from the interaction of thousands of neurons; fifth, the influence of evidence-based medicine on neurorehabilitation; and sixth, the importance of reliable outcome measures for both injury and treatment. These are young scientific disciplines that offer great opportunities for further research. The complexity of neurorehabilitation will also require greater attention to a substantially neglected problem, the incorporation of techniques that have been proven effective in clinical trials into routine and effective clinical practice.
Frederick F. Wherry 2011: The Philadelphia Barrio: The Arts, Branding, and Neighborhood Transformation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

A review of the book "The Philadelphia Barrio: The Arts, Branding, and Neighborhood Transformation," by Frederick F. Wherry is presented.
On the Relationship Between Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer in Nucleate Boiling

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine whether any relationship exists between the friction and the heat-transfer coefficients in the region of nucleate boiling wi th forced convection. The tests were carried out with distilled water flowing through a 3 / 8 in . -diam tube. The water was heated by passing an electric current through the tube wall. The experimentally determined values of the friction and heat-transfer coefficients were given approximately by the equat ion CF/2 = CH. This is the relation that one would expect on the basis of Reynolds' analogy for turbulent flow either wi thout a laminar boundary layer or wi th the laminar boundary layer when the Prandtl number is uni ty . It appears therefore that the effect of the bubbles is a hydrodynamic one, leading to an increase in heat exchange as well as in m o m e n t u m exchange.
Inflammation-related neutrophil proteases, cathepsin G and elastase, function as insulin-like growth factor binding protein proteases

Over the past few years, several proteolytic enzymes have been identified as insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) proteases. It has been suggested that proteolytic cleavage of IGFBPs is associated with regulation of the proliferative effects of IGFs on their target cells. In this study, we have demonstrated that two neutrophil proteases, cathepsin G and elastase, effectively cleave IGFBPs in vitro and in vivo at concentrations lower than previous described IGFBP proteases. Purified leukocyte cathepsin G and elastase cleaved all six well-characterized IGFBPs into distinct fragments in a concentration-dependent manner. Under similar experimental conditions, cathepsin G preferentially cleaved IGFBP-5, followed by BP-2, BP-3, BP-4, BP-1, and BP-6. In comparison, elastase equally preferred IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4, followed by BP-1, BP-5, BP-6, and BP-2. Proteolysis of rh(125)I-IGFBP-3 by cathepsin G was blocked by alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin, while elastase proteolytic activity was blocked by alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor as expected. Elastase, but not cathepsin G, cleaved free IGF-I into a smaller molecular weight fragment in vitro, possibly designating unique functions for each protease within the IGF axis. Sequence analysis of IGFBP-3 fragments produced by cathepsin G and elastase demonstrated that each protease cleaved IGFBP-3 at unique sites within its midregion. More importantly, extracts from purified neutrophils have demonstrated significant proteolytic cleavage of IGFBP-3 that resembles elastase proteolysis of IGFBP-3. Recent studies using a monocyte-like cell model have also shown significant cleavage of IGFBP-3. These in vitro and in vivo data suggest that the neutrophil proteases, cathepsin G and elastase, in addition to their previously described functions as extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, may potentially act as IGFBP proteases involved in regulation of IGFs and IGFBPs during inflammation and wound healing.
TOEFL FROM A COMMUNICATIVE VIEWPOINT ON LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY: A WORKING PAPER

This report examines the content characteristics of the Test of English as Foreign Language (TOEFL) from a communicative viewpoint based on current theory in applied linguistics and language proficiency assessment. After a review of relevant literature, the authors developed and applied a four-part operational framework for analyzing the communicative characteristics of a language proficiency test. The first component of this framework consists of the grammatical, sociolinguistic, and discourse competencies required by test tasks. The second component consists of eight factors that could influence test performance. The third component consists of judgements of the relevance of the content of test items to academic and social language use. The final component relates the langauge and language tasks appearing in TOEFL items and sections to a criterion-referenced scale of language proficiency. In this case, the Interagency Language Roundtable scale was used. Finally, the report discusses test design features that might improve the quality of language proficiency tests.
Behavioral intervention for reducing chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in adolescents with cancer

Eight adolescents (10–17 years, x 12.1) with cancer received behavioral intervention for chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting. Within 3–5 days after the administration of each course of chemotherapy, patients rated (1–10 scale; 1=none, 10=maximum) their nausea and vomiting and the extent to which chemotherapy bothered them and disrupted their daily routine. After a baseline (preintervention) assessment of 2–3 courses of chemotherapy, patients received intervention during another 2–3 courses. While no significant reduction of symptoms were found prior to intervention, with intervention there were reductions in nausea (Z=2.37, p p p p
Isoxazolinoisoquinoline Heterocycles via Solid-Phase Reissert and Suzuki Reactions

A traceless solid-phase synthesis strategy has been developed that delivers novel isoxazolinoisoquinoline heterocycles. The process consists of solid-phase Reissert formation (isoquinoline → I), Suzuki coupling lithiation, and subsequent C1-alkylation (I → II), and exo-olefin selective 1,3-dipolar nitrile oxide cycloaddition followed by Reissert hydrolysis (II → III) to liberate the targeted heterocycle.
Experimental response of understory plants to mechanized disturbance in an oak-pine forest

Abstract Resource managers at Fort Benning, Georgia, must maintain environmental conditions necessary for military training as well as promote longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris ) habitat. Understory vegetation controls the eventual species composition of these forests but is also sensitive to military activity. Past research from an observational study at this site suggests that impacts from military activity are best indicated by understory plant families and Raunkiaer life forms – specifically an increase in cryptophytes (plants with underground buds) and therophytes (annual plants). Our study tests that conclusion experimentally using a tracked vehicle to manipulate an oak-pine forest occurring on an upland-riparian gradient. In May 2003, a D7 bulldozer removed extant vegetation and surface soil organic matter along three treatment transects. Braun-Blanquet vegetation surveys were conducted within plots in mid and late summer during 2003 and 2004. The response of total understory cover, bare ground cover, litter cover, species richness, family richness, Fabaceae cover and life-form cover was analyzed using repeated measures analyses of variance. Total understory cover, bare ground cover, species richness, family richness and cryptophyte cover showed a significant treatment × time interaction reflecting the transient response of these metrics to this isolated disturbance as most metrics returned to control values within two growing seasons. Although therophyte cover did not display significant interactions in this experiment, the increase in cryptophyte cover supports the use of life forms as indicators of mechanized disturbance to understory structure. While further experimental testing is needed across ecosystems and training activities, Raunkiaer life forms show potential to serve as part of a suite of indicators of understory structure and diversity in forest environments subject to military training.
Field forms of the layered electromagnetic Green's functions by TE and TM potentials

[1] A complete set of 3D layered electromagnetic Green's functions in the spatial domain is derived by way of transverse electric and transverse magnetic potentials, featuring a “direct” formulation for the field forms of the spectral Green's functions. The improper integrals underpinning the computation of the corresponding point-load solutions in the spatial domain are evaluated via the method of asymptotic decomposition, wherein the singular behaviors are entirely extracted and integrated analytically—so that the remaining residual components can be computed effectively and accurately via adaptive numerical quadrature over a suitable contour path. It is also found that, in the spectral domain, the decay of the (numerically-integrated) residual field forms is commensurate with that of their potential-form counterparts, which eliminates the perceived gap between the computation of the field forms and respective potential forms of the Green's functions in the spatial domain. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed methodology is evaluated via comparison with relevant examples in the literature.
Assessing Content Validity of the Patient Generated Index Using Cognitive Interviews

The effects of cancer and its treatment on quality of life contribute to patient and clinician decisions. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is a subjective concept, leading to variation in its definition. This presents challenges when measuring HRQL and evaluating interventions. The designers of the Patient Generated Index (PGI) addressed these challenges by having individuals identify areas of their lives affected by illness and treatment, then report on these self-defined areas. We used cognitive interviews to collect information about patient understanding of the PGI, the response processes used to complete the PGI, and how well the PGI reflected participant HRQL. Interview data support the content validity of the PGI in comprehensively defining and adequately sampling participant HRQL as an individualized construct. Findings also support our recommendation to revise PGI formatting to reduce response errors. We make recommendations to reduce the cognitive demands the PGI places on respondents.
Treatment of refractory and relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia

Refractory and relapsed disease occurs in most acute myelogenous leukemia patients. Salvage chemotherapy offers a 30–70% chance of a second complete remission. Unfortunately, this second remission is usually short lived and salvage chemotherapy is rarely curative. Allogeneic bone marrow transplant, either human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-sibling matched or matched unrelated donor, is the only treatment to offer long-term disease-free survival and possible cure. Many patients will be ineligible for allogeneic bone marrow transplant. A conjugated antiCD33 monoclonal antibody, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, has recently been approved for use in relapsed and refractory acute myelogenous leukemia patients. New and novel agents are also undergoing trials in an attempt to improve on the overall poor outcomes.
Is there a causal relationship of anxiety, stress or cardiovascular reactivity to hypertension?

Cardiovascular responses constantly occur in the waking state, whether or not associated with perceived stress, and any type of emotional arousal similarly raises the blood pressure. Differences during all types of emotions are largely quantitative, and there does not appear to be any specificity of sympathoadrenal response to emotional stress. These responses may be physiological and homeostatic, rather than psychologically reactive and do not provide evidence to support causal roles for anxiety, stress and cardiovascular reactivity in the pathogenesis of sustained hypertension.
An extended BDI model for human behaviors: decision-making, learning, interactions, and applications

Modeling human decision-making behaviors under a complex and uncertain environment is quite challenging. The goal of this tutorial is to discuss an extended Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) framework that the authors' research group has been developing last decade to meet such a challenge, integrating models and techniques (e.g. Bayesian Belief Network, Decision Field Theory, Depth First Search) available in the fields of engineering, psychology, computational science, and statistics. First, major modules of the extended BDI framework are discussed, where those modules represent cognitive functions (i.e. perception, goal seeking, planning, decision-making, execution) of an individual. Then, two extensions are considered, where the first one involves dynamic evolution of underlying modules over time (i.e. learning and forgetting), and the second one involves human interactions (e.g. competition, collaboration, compromise, accommodation, avoidance). To illustrate the proposed approach, various applications are used, such as emergency evacuation during bomb attack, driver and pedestrian behaviors, and cyber social network.
Promoting attitude change and expressed willingness to take action toward climate change in college students

This study examined the relationship among cognitive and motivational vari- ables impacting college students' willingness to take mitigative action to reduce the impacts of human-induced climate change. One hundred and forty college students were asked to read a persuasive text about human-induced climate change and were pre and post tested on their attitudes about climate change and their willingness to take action to mitigate its effects. Students showed statistically significant changes in their attitudes about climate change and their willingness to commit to take action. A path model demonstrated that openness to change and a willingness to think deeply about issues predicted both change in attitudes and expressed willingness to take action. This research demonstrates that a persuasive text has the potential to promote change around complex socio-scientific issues.
High voltage processing of the SLC polarized electron gun

The SLC polarized electron gun operates at 120 kV with very low dark current to maintain the ultra high vacuum (UHV). This strict requirement protects the extremely sensitive photocathode from contaminants caused by high voltage (HV) activity. Thorough HV processing thus required. An X-ray sensitive photographic film, a nanoammeter in series with the gun power supply, a radiation meter, a sensitive residual gas analyzer and surface X-ray spectrometry were used to study areas in the gun where HV activity occurred. By reducing the electric field gradients, carefully preparing the HV surfaces and adhering to very strict clean assembly procedures, we found it possible to process the gun so as to reduce both the dark current at the operating voltage and the probability of HV discharge. These HV preparation and processing techniques are described. >