cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ Screening Assay for Cell Viability Using a Dimeric Cyanine Nucleic Acid Stain

A rapid and sensitive assay is described for the determination of cell viability of adherent and nonadherent cells that can be performed in situ in 96-well microtiter plates using fluorescence plate scanners. The assay, based on dye exclusion, utilizes a plasma membrane-impermeable, dimeric cyanine dye (YOYO-1). YOYO-1 fluoresces brightly only when bound to nucleic acids. Cells are incubated with YOYO-1, and fluorescence is measured before and after the addition of detergent, which allows the dye to enter the cells. The fluorescence before detergent treatment originates from nonviable cells that have membrane damage and take up YOYO-1. The fluorescence after detergent treatment originates from all cells in the sample. The ratio of the two fluorescence values is used as an indicator of cell viability. The cell viability results of this microplate assay closely resemble those of dye exclusion studies by flow cytometry and are similar but not identical to those of the thiazolyl blue assay, which uses a metabolic indicator of cell death. Because the assay can be performed in situ, without removing the medium, disintegrated cells, cell aggregates, and cells that stick to culture vessel walls are all included in the measurement.
Effects of Secondary Task Processing Code on Human-Automation Interaction in a Cross-Modal Experimental Paradigm

We studied the effects of different processing codes of an auditory secondary task on aided and unaided visual search performance using a 2 (aid: aided vs. unaided) x 2 (secondary task: present vs. absent) x 2 (processing code: verbal vs. spatial) mixed design. Participants were measured for workload, system trust, criterion settings, and sensitivity. Overall, the introduction of a secondary task (music, in this case) increased arousal and helped performance. Results also revealed higher levels of system trust when secondary task processing code was verbal. Furthermore, when comparing the effect of processing codes, the spatial secondary task led to higher levels of sensitivity than the verbal secondary task. The similarity of spatial processing codes between primary and secondary task evidently did not lead to interference in this context; on the contrary, the verbal secondary task processing code resulted in greater interference due to the inclusion of a text-based automated aid.
Metabolic effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets

Weight-losing diets appeal to the growing population of overweight Americans. Fad diets promise rapid weight loss, easy weight loss, limited restrictions on portion sizes of favorite foods, and above all an enhanced sense of well being. The popularity of fad diets points out the honest promises of traditional weight loss diets. Traditional weight loss diets promise slow weight loss of 0.45 to 0.9 kg/week. The weight loss is nothing but easy, because portion sizes of nearly all foods except low-calorie “free foods” must be continuously evaluated and tracked. Claiming an enhanced sense of well being is hardly appropriate for a traditional diet—most patients report dissatisfaction from the constant vigilance over dietary intake. Through discipline and perseverance, traditional weight loss programs try to teach a patient a new lifestyle of healthy eating. Unfortunately, 70% of successful weight losers return to their old habits and within 2 years regain at least half of the weight lost. These patients typically have little insight into the reasons why the weight was regained, and consider themselves “failures” to traditional diet programs. They become prime targets for diets promising rapid and easy weight loss.
Configuring the 'body politic' : violence, political crimes, and justice in Ethiopia

Political differences in Ethiopia have historically led to violent confrontations. However, it is important to understand the motives behind the violence, how its perpetrators justified it and how future governments propose to deal with it. Africa Insight Vol.34(1) 2004: 32-42
Preclinical Targeting of the Type I Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor in Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Context: Drug therapy for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), a rare and lethal malignancy, is largely empirical and ineffective. New treatments directed at molecular targets critical to the pathophysiology of ACC may prove more efficacious. Objective: The objective of the study was to profile human adrenal tumors and ACC cell lines to assess activated IGF signaling and determine the efficacy of two IGF receptor (IGF-1R) antagonists alone and in combination with mitotane. Experimental Design: ACC cell lines that display or lack activated IGF signaling are used to assess the effects of two IGF-1R antagonists in cultured cells and ACC xenograft tumors. Results: Transcriptional profiling data derived from DNA microarray analysis of human adrenal tumors implicate IGF2 as the single highest up-regulated transcript in the vast majority of carcinomas. We show that the majority of ACC cell lines tested display constitutive IGF ligand production and activation of downstream effector pathways. Both IGF-1R antagonists cause significant dose-dependent growth inhibition in ACC cell lines. Furthermore, we observe that mitotane, the first-line adrenolytic drug used in patients with ACC, results in enhanced growth inhibition when used in combination with the IGF-1R antagonists. We next examined the activity of IGF-1R antagonists against ACC xenografts in athymic nude mice. IGF inhibition markedly reduced tumor growth greater than that observed with mitotane treatment, and combination therapy with mitotane significantly enhanced tumor growth suppression. Conclusion: These findings establish a critical role of IGF signaling in ACC pathophysiology and provide rationale for use of targeted IGF-1R antagonists to treat adrenocortical carcinoma in future clinical trials.
A new proof of the Brouwer plane translation theorem

Let f be an orientation-preserving homeomorphism of ℝ2 which is fixed point free. The Brouwer ‘plane translation theorem’ asserts that every x0 ∈ ℝ2 is contained in a domain of translation for f i.e. an open connected subset of ℝ2 whose boundary is L ∪ f(L) where L is the image of a proper embedding of ℝ in ℝ2, such that L separates f(L) and f−1(L). In addition to a short new proof of this result we show that there exists a smooth Morse function g: ℝ2 → ℝ such that g(f(x)) < g(x) for all x and the level set of g containing x0 is connected and non-compact (and hence the image of a properly embedded line).
WI – In eigener Sache

Die Herausgeber unserer Zeitschrift uben ihr Amt fur eine begrenzte Zeit aus. Endet eine Mitgliedschaft im Herausgeberkreis, bestimmt das Gremium neue Mitglieder durch geheime Wahl. Wir begrusen Herrn Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schwabe, Universitat Zurich, und freuen uns auf eine spannende und erfolgreiche gemeinsame Arbeit. Gleichzeitig danken wir Herrn Prof. Dr. Henk G. Sol, Universitat Groningen, der aus dem Herausgeberkreis ausgetreten ist, fur die vertrauensvolle Zusammenarbeit.
Urban Politics and the Production of Capital Mobility in the United States

In the quest to explain changing urban political economic conditions over the past thirty years urban researchers have naturalized capital mobility, to the point where challenging the mobility of capital appears either impossible, undesirable, or both. In this paper I aim to denaturalize capital mobility and to repoliticize the relationship between capital and place through a critical legal geographic investigation of corporate mobility rights in the United States. The overall goal is to help urban researchers to think critically about the politics of capital mobility and to ensure that the legal principles enabling capital mobility remain open to challenge from alternative political perspectives.
Unstable matrix equations and their relationship to measuring the emittance of an electron beam using beam position monitors

Abstract In general, the spatial distributions of electron beams from photoinjectors are unknown and are not well approximated by a Gaussian. Therefore, when measuring the emittance, it is important to make no assumptions about the beam's spatial distribution. An emittance diagnostic that fulfills this requirement uses beam position monitors to measure the second moment of the electron beam's image charge. This information, coupled with the beam line's transfer matrix, forms a set of linear equations. The least squares solution to these equations estimates the necessary beam parameters. More often than not, however, this solution is unstable and amplifies the errors in the second moment measurement. For this diagnostic to be viable, a stable implementation has to be found. Described here is an approach that accomplishes this task.
Notch Activation by Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Attenuates Its Inhibitory Effect on Prostate Cancer Cell Migration

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a promising cancer chemopreventive component of edible cruciferous vegetables with in vivo efficacy against prostate cancer in experimental rodents. Cancer chemopreventive response to PEITC is characterized by its ability to inhibit multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, including nuclear factor-κB, Akt, and androgen receptor. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that PEITC treatment activates Notch signaling in malignant as well as normal human prostate cells. Exposure of human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145) and a normal human prostate epithelial cell line (PrEC) to PEITC resulted in cleavage (active form) of Notch1 and Notch2, and increased transcriptional activity of Notch. In PC-3 and LNCaP cells, PEITC treatment caused induction of Notch ligands Jagged1 and Jagged2 (PC-3), overexpression of γ-secretase complex components Presenilin1 and Nicastrin (PC-3), nuclear enrichment of cleaved Notch2, and/or up-regulation of Notch1, Notch2, Jagged1, and/or Jagged2 mRNA. PEITC-induced apoptosis in LNCaP and PC-3 cells was significantly attenuated by RNA interference of Notch2, but not by pharmacological inhibition of Notch1. Inhibition of PC-3 and LNCaP cell migration resulting from PEITC exposure was significantly augmented by knockdown of Notch2 protein as well as pharmacological inhibition of Notch1 activation. Nuclear expression of cleaved Notch2 protein was significantly higher in PC-3 xenografts from PEITC-treated mice and dorsolateral prostates from PEITC-fed TRAMP mice compared with respective control. Because Notch signaling is implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, the present study suggests that anti-metastatic effect of PEITC may be augmented by a combination regimen involving a Notch inhibitor.
The copper chelator methanobactin from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b binds copper(I).

The oxidation state of copper bound to methanobactin, a small siderophore-like molecule from the methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, was investigated. Purified methanobactin loaded with Cu(II) exhibits a weak EPR signal probably due to adventitious Cu(II). The EPR signal intensity increases significantly upon addition of the strong oxidant nitric acid. Features of the X-ray absorption near edge spectrum, including a 1s → 4p transition at 8985 eV, further indicate the presence of Cu(I). EXAFS data were best fit using a multiple scattering model generated from previously reported crystallographic parameters. These results establish definitively that M. trichosporium OB3b methanobactin binds Cu(I) and suggest that methanobactin itself reduces Cu(II) to Cu(I).
Addition products of diphosphopyridine nucleotides with substrates of pyridine nucleotide-linked dehydrogenases

Abstract Preparation of the reduced and oxidized forms of addition compounds from diphosphopyridine nucleotide and a number of carbonyl compounds are described; these include pyruvate, pyruvic ethylester, oxaloacetate, α-ketoglutarate, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and α-ketobutyrate. The adducts are closely related to the DPN-acetone and the DPN-dihydroxyacetone adducts, both in their chemical and spectral properties. The chemical structures of the reduced and oxidized adducts have been determined and information concerning the mechanism of formation of the adducts is presented. The lactate, malate, glutamate, and alcohol dehydrogenases show a unique specificity for the reduced adducts; the specificity was found to be related to the normal oxidized substrate utilized by the various enzymes. The inhibition is competitive with DPNH and noncompetitive with the substrate. Oxidized adducts produce considerably less inhibitory effects than the reduced adducts. Evidence is presented showing that the reduced adducts bind to the enzymes in a manner similar to that of the reduced coenzyme. On the basis of the high selectivity of the dehydrogenases for the adducts, a model is proposed which shows the spatial relationship between the reduced coenzyme and the oxidized substrate on the enzyme in the transition state. From this model, a general reaction mechanism is postulated for the pyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases, which may explain the stereo-specificity of the hydrogen transfer with respect to the coenzyme as well as the substrate.
Epoxidation of cyclooctene over mesoporous Ga, Ga–Nb, and Ga–Mo oxide catalysts

Abstract We demonstrate the epoxidation of cyclooctene to epoxycyclooctane over mesoporous Ga and mixed Ga–Nb and Ga–Mo oxides synthesized via self-assembly hydrothermal-assisted approach. These mesoporous catalysts displayed high epoxide selectivities at moderate cyclooctene conversions. Mesoporous Ga oxides with average particle sizes between 2 and 3 μm exhibited higher cyclooctene conversions, while larger particle sizes between ~ 4.5–6.5 μm showed lower conversions. The incorporation of Nb led to an increase in the acidity of the resultant Ga–Nb mixed oxides. These mesoporous Ga–Nb mixed oxides displayed 80–100% selectivity for the epoxide at conversion levels of cyclooctene in the 17 to 30% range. Finally, a mesoporous Ga–Mo oxide with molar composition of 35% Mo displayed the highest cyclooctene conversion of all mesoporous samples at 60 °C. The conversion of this sample was 41% with 100% selectivity.
Single-particle tracking: the distribution of diffusion coefficients

In single-particle tracking experiments, the diffusion coefficient D may be measured from the trajectory of an individual particle in the cell membrane. The statistical distribution of single-trajectory diffusion coefficients is examined by Monte Carlo calculations. The width of this distribution may be useful as a measure of the heterogeneity of the membrane and as a test of models of hindered diffusion in the membrane. For some models, the distribution of the short-range diffusion coefficient is much narrower than the observed distribution for proteins diffusing in cell membranes. To aid in the analysis of single-particle tracking measurements, the distribution of D is examined for various definitions of D and for various trajectory lengths.
Influence of hydrogen on Fe–Mg interdiffusion in (Mg,Fe)O and implications for Earth’s lower mantle

Interdiffusion of Fe and Mg in (Mg,Fe)O has been investigated experimentally under hydrous conditions. Single crystals of MgO in contact with (Mg0.73Fe0.27)O were annealed hydrothermally at 300 MPa between 1,000 and 1,250°C and using a Ni–NiO buffer. After electron microprobe analyses, the dependence of the interdiffusivity on Fe concentration was determined using a Boltzmann–Matano analysis. For a water fugacity of ∼300 MPa, the Fe–Mg interdiffusion coefficient in FexMg1−xO with 0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.25 can be described by \({\tilde{D} = \tilde{D}_{0} x^{{{B}}} \exp ^{{- (Q + {{C}}x)/{{R}}T}}}\) with \({ \tilde{D}_{0}= (5\pm 1)\times 10^{-4}\,\hbox{m}^{2}\,\hbox{s}^{-1}, Q = 270\pm 20\,\hbox{kJ\,mol}^{-1}, {B} = 0.8\pm 0.1},\) and C = −80 ± 10 kJ mol−1. For x = 0.1 and at 1,000°C, Fe–Mg interdiffusion is a factor of ∼4 faster under hydrous than under anhydrous conditions. This enhanced rate of interdiffusion is attributed to an increased concentration of metal vacancies resulting from the incorporation of hydrogen. Such water-induced enhancement of kinetics may have important implications for the rheological properties of the lower mantle.
Family Day Care as an Integrated Early Intervention Setting

This paper describes a comprehensive inservice training program for family day care providers that allows them to give early intervention services to preschool children with handicaps. The model, Project Neighborcare, is based on an ecological framework and a consultative approach to training, on the basis that early intervention services ought to meet the needs of families as well as children. The services are designed for working parents of handicapped preschool children who need early intervention services in a child care setting. In keeping with the ecological framework, the form of child care targeted is that most frequently selected by parents of nonhandicapped children. The model is evaluated in terms of improvement in family day care quality, caregiver early intervention skills, and social validity of program outcomes.
Disarmament: A theoretical analysis

The disarmament of rival nations can only take place when all countries involved are made better off and a feasibility criterion is also satisfied. Disarmament is more probable when nations face a similar trade off in the acquisition of weapons, when developments in military capabilities can be speedily and accurately verified, and when the existing weapon systems are easily reproducible. A successful disarmament also requires that the speed of the disposition of arms be neither too fast nor too slow.
SU‐E‐J‐53: A Phantom Validation Study of a 3D Background Phase Model for MR Thermometry

Purpose: The protonresonance frequency (PRF) shift method is the most widely accepted method for magnetic resonancethermal imaging to provide real‐time treatment monitoring of thermal therapies. However, the PRF shift technique involves the subtraction of a reference phase map, which causes the technique to be easily perturbed by tissue motion and other background contaminations. In this study, a three‐dimensional background phase is estimated in order to create a phase reference for each time point. Methods: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) sphere was scanned within a 3T MRI scanner employing a 3D fast SPGR sequence. Real and imaginaryimages were acquired to obtain phase images as the control. The ability to predict the background phase was investigated by systematically removing phase information from the control data set. Data was initially removed from a spherical region of interest (ROI) to simulate a region where ablativeheating would take place. In a second case, the same spherical ROI was removed as well as every other slice to further reduce the amount of existing data. A 3D finite element model was implemented to solve the Dirichlet problem given a measured phase on the boundary of the simulated available data. Results: Line profiles taken through the phantom indicate phase estimates to compare well with actual phase measurements. The phase estimation still shows good agreement when reducing the amount of data to every other slice. Conclusions: The 3D multi‐slice temperature estimate potentially provides a robust technique that is not as susceptible to through‐plane or in‐plane motion‐induced temperature artifacts as compared to thecurrent PRF shift method. The research in this paper was supported in part through 1R21EB010196‐01
Pebbling in diameter two graphs and products of paths

Results regarding the pebbling number of various graphs are presented. We say a graph is of Class 0 if its pebbling number equals the number of its vertices. For diameter d we conjecture that every graph of sufficient connectivity is of Class 0. We verify the conjecture for d = 2 by characterizing those diameter two graphs of Class 0, extending results of Pachter, Snevily and Voxman. In fact we use this characterization to show that almost all graphs have Class 0. We also present a technical correction to Chung's alternate proof of a number theoretic result of Lemke and Kleitman via pebbling. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 25: 119–128, 1997
SOUTH DAKOTA AND ABORTION: A LOCAL STORY ABOUT HOW RELIGION, MEDICAL SCIENCE, AND CULTURE MEET

. Telling the tale about South Dakota's recent legislative ban on nearly all abortions gets messy, complicated, and dirty. There are no innocent subjects and no simple plot lines. The story reveals other stories underneath and over the top of the others. Stories counter stories, revealing who is in the know and who does the telling. To “tell the old, old story,” as the song goes, is not as simple as it may seem. Religion and medical science are caught in the politics and cultural wars about abortion.
Peptide growth factor cross-talk with the estrogen receptor requires the A/B domain and occurs independently of protein kinase C or estradiol

Modulation of steroid receptor-dependent transcription by extra- cellular ligands represents a novel mechanism of steroid receptor regulation. We have assessed the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha), and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on transcription from consensus estrogen response elements (ERE) in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BG-1 human ovarian adenocarcinoma calls. EGF, TGF alpha, IGF-I, and estradiol (E2) enhanced transcription in a dose-dependent manner using either a strong or a minimal promoter, and ICI 164,384, a specific ER antagonist, inhibited these responses. Combinations of E2 with TGF alpha or IGF-I induced synergistic activation of transcription from an ERE, whereas as additive response was observed with combinations of IGF-I and TGF alpha of EGF. Tetradecanoyl 12-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, stimulated ERE-mediated transcription, and this effect was inhibited by ICI 164,384. Bisindolylmaleimide,...
The English Only Movement: Revisiting Cultural Hegemony

Between national and state budget cuts in education and an ever increasing push toward the English Only movement, a rise in dropout rates for Hispanic students is imminent. National data show the percentage of Hispanic students who drop out of high school to be nearly 60% in some states including Michigan, South Dakota, West Virginia, Alabama, Connecticut, South Carolina, Nevada, and Ohio. While numerous studies have been conducted to find out why this is happening, the research findings indicate a complexity of issues surrounding Hispanic student achievement, ranging from a lack of linguistic ability in English to issues of self-esteem. While nearly 4.7 million students are being served in programs of language assistance, this article focuses on Hispanic students as an illustrative example of a larger phenomenon: Reproductive acculturation disguised as benevolence, carried out by linguistic hegemony.
Surface-Water Hydrodynamics and Regimes of a Small Mountain Stream-Lake Ecosystem

Summary The hydrology of streams and lakes has been well studied as separate ecosystems; however, the behavior and implications of hydrologic linkages between these ecosystems have been little considered. We analyzed the surface-water hydrodynamics of a stream–lake ecosystem for 3 years in the Sawtooth Mountains, Idaho, USA to understand how this coupled aquatic ecosystem behaved hydrologically. This analysis included quantifying streamflow regimes above and below the lake, the expansion and contraction of the lake, stream, and floodplain, and downstream responses to snowmelt and rainstorm events. Our results showed that flow regime metrics from both hydrology and ecology were similar between above and below-lake reaches, but analysis that considered channel capacity and overbank flooding showed 2× more frequent and >5× longer duration floods below the lake compared to upstream reaches. The lake surface area expanded by as much as 19% during snowmelt runoff because of a 0.5 m rise in the lake level, and the littoral zone expanded by an even greater proportion. The lake had little influence on peakflows during spring snowmelt, though the inlet stream in the delta had a reduced flood magnitude compared to upstream stations. However, during large summer rainstorms when potential storage capacity was maximized, the lake strongly attenuated peakflows downstream from the lake. Water level changes at seven other stream–lake ecosystems in the region showed a similar range of variation. Our results provide a case study of how coupled aquatic ecosystems behave hydrodynamically and underscore the need to consider the hydrologic connections and interactions that drive aquatic ecosystems.
A Review of Niaspan, an Extended-Release Niacin

Niacin is an effective lipid-lowering therapy that has been available for more than 40 years. Many studies have proven niacin's effectiveness in decreasing morbidity and mortality and improving the entire lipid profile. However, one of the major drawbacks to niacin therapy has been its side effects—most commonly, flushing and abdominal discomfort. Recently, however, newer formulations of niacin have become available, particularly Niaspan, an extended-release niacin preparation taken once daily, at bedtime, (as opposed to the controlled-release niacin taken twice a day). To date, 5 trials have evaluated Niaspan specifically. All have shown Niaspan to be effective in decreasing total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and apolipoprotein, and increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Flushing is still a major side effect with Niaspan therapy; however, taking aspirin 30 minutes prior to the dose and taking the dose at bedtime may alleviate this side effect. In a survey of patients who had taken both the controlled-release preparation of niacin (not Niaspan) and the immediate-acting niacin, the majority of the patients preferred the controlled-release formulation. The extended-release preparation should now be considered a realistic option in patients who have hypercholesterolemia.
Ecological and environmental factors constrain sprouting ability in tropical trees.

Most theories of forest biodiversity focus on the role of seed dispersal and seedling establishment in forest regeneration. In many ecosystems, however, sprouting by damaged stems determines which species occupies a site. Damaged trees can quickly recover from disturbance and out-compete seedlings. Links among species’ traits, environmental conditions and sprouting could offer insight into species’ resilience to changes in climate, land use, and disturbance. Using data for 25 Neotropical tree species at two sites with contrasting rainfall and soil, we tested hypotheses on how four functional traits (seed mass, leaf mass per area, wood density and nitrogen fixation) influence species’ sprouting responses to disturbance and how these relationships are mediated by a tree’s environmental context. Most species sprouted in response to cutting, and many species’ sprouting rates differed significantly between sites. Individual traits showed no direct correlation with sprouting. However, interactions among traits and site variables did affect sprouting rates. Many species showed increased sprouting in the higher-quality site. Most nitrogen-fixing species showed the opposite trend, sprouting more frequently where resources are scarce. This study highlights the use of functional traits as a proxy for life histories, and demonstrates the importance of environmental effects on demography.
Abstract B61: Targeting the ATM pathway through histone deacetylase inhibition.

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a major regulator of DNA double strand break repair. It is a member of the phosphatidyl inositol 39 kinase-related (PIKK) family of serine/threonine kinases, whose activation is promoted by the MRN complex (MRE11, Rad50, NBS1) in the presence of DNA damage. Mutations in ATM lead to increased susceptibility to developing lymphoid and breast cancers. Cells with mutated ATM often demonstrate enhanced chromatin decondensation, increased genomic instability, and greater sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) often results in many of these same traits. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been demonstrated to potentiate the effects of various DNA damaging therapies through regulation of chromatin structure and down-regulating DNA repair. The contribution of HDAC proteins to DNA repair have yet to be fully understood. Therefore, we examined the effect of HDACs on DNA damage signaling and repair. Treatment of cancer cells with HDAC inhibitors led to a significant decrease in ATM mRNA and protein levels. This caused attenuated induction of the DNA damage response signaling downstream of ATM in the presence of DNA damage. HDAC inhibition led ultimately to reduced DNA repair after therapeutic induction of DNA damage, and decreased overall cell survival. Select depletion of HDAC1 and HDAC2 was sufficient to reduce ATM expression, and potentiate the effects of DNA damaging agents. These results were recapitulated in vivo and demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of HDACs significantly reduced the activation of the ATM pathway in response to chemotherapeutic induction of DNA damage. Specifically, HDAC inhibition significantly reduced the levels of ATM and down-stream stabilized p53 after treatment of tumors with therapeutic DNA damaging agents. Taken together, these results suggest a contribution of histone deacetylase enzymes in regulating the ATM pathway in response to DNA damage. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B61.
Two Improved Algorithms for Envelope and Wavefront Reduction

Two algorithms for reordering sparse, symmetric matrices or undirected graphs to reduce envelope and wavefront are considered. The first is a combinatorial algorithm introduced by Sloan and further developed by Duff, Reid, and Scott; we describe enhancements to the Sloan algorithm that improve its quality and reduce its run time. Our test problems fall into two classes with differing asymptotic behavior of their envelope parameters as a function of the weights in the Sloan algorithm. We describe an efficient O n log n + m time implementation of the Sloan algorithm, where n is the number of rows (vertices), and m is the number of nonzeros (edges). On a collection of test problems, the improved Sloan algorithm required, on the average, only twice the time required by the simpler Reverse Cuthill-McKee algorithm while improving the mean square wavefront by a factor of three. The second algorithm is a hybrid that combines a spectral algorithm for envelope and wavefront reduction with a refinement step that uses a modified Sloan algorithm. The hybrid algorithm reduces the envelope size and mean square wavefront obtained from the Sloan algorithm at the cost of greater running times. We illustrate how these reductions translate into tangible benefits for frontal Cholesky factorization and incomplete factorization preconditioning.
The distribution of trypsin inhibitor proteins in bovine lens: A possible factor in preventing in vivo proteolysis

The presence of a non-dialyzable trypsin inhibitor has been demonstrated in lens extracts obtained from several different species. This trypsin inhibitor activity was found almost exclusively in the cortical region in both the bovine and the rabbit lens with little or no activity in either nucleus or capsule extracts. Agarose A-1·5 m gel filtration chromatography of rabbit lens soluble proteins showed one peak of trypsin inhibitor activity eluting at a molecular weight of about 50 000 daltons. Using the same technique, bovine lens extracts showed two peaks of trypsin inhibitor activity with molecular weights of about 3×10 5 daltons and 2×10 4 daltons. The presence of trypsin inhibitors in the cortical fiber cel's and their absence in the capsule epithelial cells of the bovine lens suggests that the differentiation of epithelial cells to fiber cells triggers the synthesis of these trypsin inhibitor proteins. Lens nuclear extracts, which did not contain active trypsin inhibitor, demonstrated trypsin-like proteolytic activity. This proteolytic activity was inhibited by the addition of lens extracts containing active trypsin inhibitor. These show that a binary system composed of a trypsin-like proteinase and an inhibitor exist in lens tissue.
Atrial fibrillation and acute myocardial infarction: antithrombotic therapy and outcomes.

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation guidelines recommend long-term use of warfarin according to a patient's predicted risk of stroke. After acute myocardial infarction, however, combining warfarin and antiplatelet medications poses challenges. Methods By using data from more than 69,255 patients with acute myocardial infarction who were enrolled in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry's Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With the Guidelines at 309 hospitals from July 1, 2008, to September 30, 2009, we describe the characteristics and outcomes of the population with myocardial infarction with atrial fibrillation diagnosed within 2 weeks before index myocardial infarction admission (7.1%, N=4947). Use of discharge antithrombotic therapy is described overall and across levels of predicted stroke and bleeding risks. Results Compared with patients without atrial fibrillation, those with atrial fibrillation before their index myocardial infarction were older and had more comorbidities and worse in-hospital outcomes. Only 32.5% of patients with atrial fibrillation were taking warfarin before their myocardial infarction admission. In these patients, use of warfarin at discharge increased with higher Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age, Diabetes, Stroke [Doubled] (CHADS 2 ) risk strata (28.5%, 34.6%, and 43.5% for CHADS 2 scores 0, 1, and ≥2; P P =.004). Triple therapy at discharge (aspirin plus clopidogrel plus warfarin) was used in a minority of this population (14.6%). Conclusions Use of warfarin at discharge in patients with atrial fibrillation is greater among those with higher stroke and bleeding risks, but despite higher-risk profiles, less than half received warfarin at discharge. These findings highlight that clarification is needed to guide choice of antithrombotic therapy for patients with both atrial fibrillation and acute myocardial infarction.
Augustine, Martyrs, and Misery

Augustine said that Rome fell frequently, all too often into "utter moral depravity," occasionally into the hands of the city's enemies. Maybe Aeneas was to blame. He had shown poor judgment, hauling to Italy the gods that failed to save Troy. Subsequently, when the Gauls came to Rome's gates, those divine and purportedly vigilant protectors did remarkably little protecting. They later offered no resistance when Nero reduced Rome to rubble. Augustine held Aeneas's eulogist responsible for the terribly inflated expectations that made the city's humiliations all the more demoralizing; Virgil misled citizens, suggesting that Rome would stand forever. Christians should have known better. They had it on higher authority that heaven and earth would pass away. Yet Christians expected Rome to prosper with their God. News of Rome's "passing" in 410 reached Jerome in Palestine as he was preparing his commentary on Ezechiel. He paused, momentarily waxed inconsolable ("the whole world is lost"), and returned to his project. When Augustine heard about Rome's fate, he started something new. More than fifteen years later, he completed his monumental and comprehensive City of God. To this day, it defies simplifiers, the most successful of whom ponder its political theology and generally conclude that the City was Augustine's effort to replace the infectious enthusiasm and triumphalism of the likes of Eusebius and Lactantius with a more modest and balanced assessment of the empire's place in God's plans for redemption. I want to discuss a related matter in this paper, to interrogate the pastoral effectiveness of the City's political theology.
Full-pupil versus divided-pupil confocal line-scanners for reflectance imaging of human skin in vivo

A full-pupil confocal line-scanning microscope is under development for imaging human skin in vivo in reflectance. The new design potentially offers an alternative to current point- and line-scanners that may simplify the optics, electronics and mechanics, and lead to simpler and smaller confocal microscopes. With a combination of a cylindrical lens and an objective lens, the line-scanner creates a focused line of laser light in the object plane within tissue. An oscillating galvanometric mirror scans the focused line transverse to its axis. The backscattered light from the tissue is de-scanned and focused onto a linear CMOS detector array. Preliminary measurements of the axial line-spread function, with a 30x, 0.9-NA water immersion objective lens and illumination wavelength of 633 nm, determined the optical sectioning to be 10 μm. The new design is simple, requiring only eight optical components. However, the disadvantage is non-confocality in one dimension that results in 20% weaker sectioning than with a point-scanner, and reduced contrast in scattering tissue. The images of standard reflective targets such as a mirror and grating as well as dermis-like scattering target such as paper offer a preliminary glimpse into the performance of the line-scanner. A similar alternative design is the divided-pupil (theta) line-scanner, which provides 50% weaker sectioning than with a point scanner, but better contrast and less speckle due to the theta configuration. Such line scanners may prove useful for routine imaging of humans in clinical settings.
Reply to Beachy et al. and Parrott: Study indicates Bt corn may affect caddisflies

The quantity of Cry1Ab protein actually consumed (in pollen or leaf tissue) by an individual insect could not be determined because of variation in feeding rates among individuals in any particular experiment. Our goals for the research did not include developing a traditional dose–response relationship because (i) the dose depended on individual feeding rates, and (ii) a dose–response relationship …
Studies on synthesis of 1,2-cis-D-galactosides with partially benzylated intermediates.

Abstract The 1-bromides of p -nitrobenzoylated 2- O -benzyl- ( 1 ) and 2,3- ( 8 ) and 2,6-di- O -benzyl- D -galactose ( 14 ) and 2- O -benzyl- D -glucose ( 20 ) were treated under Koenigs-Knorr conditions with 6-(trifluoroacetamido)-1-hexanol. Examination of the products by p.m.r. spectroscopy, g.l.c., and mass spectrometry revealed that, whereas the major product derived from 14 was the pyranoside ( 19 ) the glycosides derived from both 1 and 8 were mainly furanosides. The corresponding glycoside from 20 was entirely the pyranoside ( 23 ).
Bayesian Embedding of Co-occurrence Data for Query-Based Visualization

We propose a generative probabilistic model for visualizing co-occurrence data. In co-occurrence data, there are a number of entities and the data includes the frequency of two entities co-occurring. We propose a Bayesian approach to infer the latent variables. Given the intractability of inference for the posterior distribution, we use approximate inference via variational approaches. The proposed Bayesian approach enables accurate embedding in high-dimensional space which is not useful for visualization. Therefore, we propose a method to embed a filtered number of entities for a query -- query-based visualization. Our experiments show that our proposed models outperform co-occurrence data embedding, the state-of-the-art model for visualizing co-occurrence data.
The New York Jewish Student Syndrome: Stereotype and Facts.

Psychiatric professionals at a midwestern university outpatient clinic consistently describe certain symptom characteristics for New York Jewish (NY-J) students. All student applicants during 1966-67 completed pre-intake questionnaires, which included a previously validated 20-item symptom checklist. Neither NY-J male or female students could be distinguished on stated symptoms from urban non-Jews or other Jewish students more than expected by chance. Differences obtained were mainly in expressive style, including a search for “meaning” by the NY-J students; however, the forces inherent in “studenthood” appeared to make the various ethnic and demographic groups more similar than different.
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on copper hydrosols

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) allows the detection of trace quantities of molecular species adsorbed onto a surface. The potential use of silver colloids as substrates for analytical SERS measurements is demonstrated. Detection limits and other analytical figures of merit for pyridine, p-aminobenzoic acid and p-nitrobenzoic acid are presented.
Hypoxic Reptiles: Blood Gases, Body Temperature and Control of Breathing

Synopsis. Our contribution to this symposium is a review of recent models and exper? imental data on oxygen homeostasis in vertebrates with normal intracardiac shunts; i.e., amphibians and reptiles. We focus on the interactions among hemoglobin function, body temperature regulation, and cardiovascular shunts under normal conditions {i.e., breathing fresh air at or near sea level) and during external hypoxia {e.g., altitude, burrows) and internal hypoxia {e.g., anemia, hemorrhage). Mathematical models and experimental data suggest that animals with venous admixture from cardiovascular shunts will show biphasic arterial and mixed venous Po2 responses to warming; i.e., first increasing and then, as the dissociation curve shifts too far to the right, decreasing. This has implications for many physiological functions including oxygen consumption by tissues, control of breathing, as well as preferred body temperature and its regulation. We present some of the recent experiments that have explored these implications.
Bending-torsional flutter of a cantilevered wing containing a tip mass and subjected to a transverse follower force

Abstract This paper is a study of the bending-torsional flutter of a cantilevered wing subjected to a follower force, and containing a lumped mass, at the free end. In addition, a distributed aerodynamic loading is introduced along the wing. This results in a set of nonself-adjoint differential equations with variable, complex coefficients whose solutions are obtainable only in series form. Using the Frobenius method, a direct procedure is employed which retains the exact expression of the Theodorsen function and the unknown coefficients are evaluated on a computer which numerically converge to any prescribed accuracy. It is found that, as a result of the interaction of the two sources of non-conservative loadings, the follower force reduces considerably the critical speed of flows in all cases studied. An increase in the tip mass, however, has a stabilizing influence. The effect of structural damping is also examined and it is shown that internal damping forces may have pronounced influences on the flutter speed of the system.
Time-dependent fluctuation correlation in Heisenberg-like spin systems in the Weiss limit

Abstract The limitation imposed by truncation of the Weiss-limit kernel functional series in recent kinetic equations for the two spin correlations in Heisenberg-like spin systems is examined for a paramagnetic Ising system, for which the exact Weiss-limit correlation decay is gaussian.
Cranial and cervical nerve injuries after repeat carotid endarterectomy

Abstract Background and Purpose: The incidence of cranial and/or cervical nerve injuries after primary carotid endarterectomy (CEA) ranges from 3% to 48%; however, the clinical outcome of these injuries after repeat CEA has not been thoroughly analyzed in the English-language medical literature. This prospective study analyzes the incidence and outcome of cranial nerve injuries after repeat CEA. Patients And Methods: This study includes 89 consecutive patients who had repeat CEAs. Preoperative and postoperative cranial nerve evaluations were performed, including clinical examinations (neurologic) and direct laryngoscopy. Patients with vagal or glossopharyngeal nerve injuries also underwent comprehensive speech evaluations, video stroboscopy, fluoroscopy, and methylene blue testing for aspiration. Patients with postoperative cranial nerve injuries were followed up for a long time to assess their recovery. Results: Twenty-five cranial and/or cervical nerve injuries were identified in 19 patients (21%). They included 8 hypoglossal nerves (9%), 11 vagal nerves or branches (12%) (6 recurrent laryngeal nerves [7%], 3 superior laryngeal nerves [3%], and 2 complex vagal nerves (2%]), 3 marginal mandibular nerves (3%), 2 greater auricular nerves (2%), and 1 glossopharyngeal nerve (1%). Twenty-two (88%) of these injuries were transient with a complete healing time ranging from 2 weeks to 28 months (18 of 22 injuries healed within 12 months). The remaining three injuries (12%) were permanent (1 recurrent laryngeal nerve, 1 glossopharyngeal nerve, and 1 complex vagal nerve injury). The recurrent laryngeal nerve injury had a longer healing time than the other cranial nerve injuries. Conclusions: Repeat CEA is associated with a high incidence of cranial and/or cervical nerve injuries, most of which are transient. However, some of these have a long healing time, and a few can be permanent with significant disability. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:649-54.)
Biological detection of low radiation doses with integrated photothermal assay

The goal of this paper was to evaluate the diagnostic value of integrated photothermal (PT) assay with additional fluorescent and photoacoustic (PA) modules to assess both the "safety limit" of exposure to ionizing γ-radiation and optimal therapeutic doses for cancer treatment. With this assay, the influences of γ irradiation on cancer cells (pancreatic-AR42J and hepatocytes-hepG2) and healthy cells (mouse lymphocytes and erythrocytes) was examined as a function of exposure dose (0.6-5 Gy) and time after irradiation, in vitro and in vivo. Independent verification of data obtained with conventional assays revealed that integrated PT assay allowed us to detect the different stages of radiation impact, including changes in cell metabolism at low dose, or stages related to cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) at high doses with a threshold sensitivity of at least three orders of magnitude better than existing assays. Also, PT assay was capable of quantitatively differentiating the biological action of γ irradiation alone and in combination with drug and nicotine impact. Finally, we demonstrated on an animal model that IPT assay has the potential for use in routine rapid evaluation of biological consequences of low-dose exposure a few days after irradiation.