cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tectonics of short-offset, slow-slipping transform zones in the FAMOUS area, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

ANGUS photographs and ALVIN observational data from Fracture Zones A and B on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 37°N were examined for structural and sedimentological indications of the area's tectonics. Both transform fault zones are characterized by volcanic rubble, breccias, chalks, and undisturbed sediments typical of slow-slipping transforms. The photographic data consist of 16 camera-sled traverses from the FAMOUS Expedition using the ANGUS deep-towed camera system. These data cover several different morphotectonic provinces along the strike of both slow-slipping (2 cm yr-1) fracture zones. ALVIN data come from two dives in the central part of Fracture Zone B. The two fracture zones differ in their distribution of fractured and sheared chalks which indicate regions of strike-slip deformation along the transform. Evidence of shearing is confined to a very narrow region in the center of FZ A, whereas the zone of shear deformation is as much as 6 km wide across FZ B. Other differences include the morphology and depth of the transform valleys and their contiguous nodal basins and the extent of exposures of fresh-looking volcanic ridges in the nodal basin.
Translational and rotational diffusion of a small globular protein under crowded conditions.

Protein protein interaction is the fundamental step of biological signal transduction. Interacting proteins find each other by diffusion. To gain insight into diffusion under the crowded conditions found in cells, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to measure the effects of solvent additives on the translational and rotational diffusion of the 7.4 kDa globular protein, chymotrypsin inhibitor 2. The additives were glycerol and the macromolecular crowding agent, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Both translational diffusion and rotational diffusion decrease with increasing solution viscosity. For glycerol, the decrease obeys the Stokes Einstein and Stokes Einstein Debye laws. Three types of deviation are observed for PVP: the decrease in diffusion with increased viscosity is less than predicted, this negative deviation is greater for rotational diffusion, and the negative deviation increases with increasing PVP molecular weight. We discuss our results in terms of other studies on the effects of macromolecules on globular protein diffusion.
Diverse Flow Patterns in the Aquifers of the Amargosa Desert and Vicinity, Southern Nevada and California

Diverse flow patterns in aquifer systems located in geologically and topographically complex terrains, including locating and qualitatively characterizing vertical and lateral flow paths, areas of large vertical and lateral transmissivity, regional recharge and discharge zones, and areas of ground-water mixing, may be predicted and conceptualized from a specified procedure involving geomorphic, geologic, and hydrologic analyses. The general method for evaluating the interrelations between regional structural discontinuities and ground-water flow system response includes the integration of lineament and anomalous drainage patterns and segments, hydrogeologic units and geologic structure (including stress-strain relations), topography, geobotany, hydrochemistry, and hydrology (including modeling) analyses. This method, applied to the Amargosa Desert and vicinity in southern Nevada and adjacent Death Valley, California, showed that there are four major structural zones that may control regional, confined and intermontane, unconfined ground-water flow. The four structural zones identified and characterized for ground-water hydrology are: (a) Pahrump fault zone; (b) Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault zone; (c) Kawich-Greenwater rift zone; and (d) Spotted Range-Mine Mountain fault zone.
Attaining and Measuring Physical Fitness in Dairy Cattle

Research with dairy cows was to determine whether dairy cows in confinement are in poor physical condition, if programmed exercise improves physical fitness, and which physiological measures are most useful indicators of physical fitness. If maintenance of physiologic homeostasis when an animal is under a work load is a valid criterion of physical fitness, dairy cows in confinement are in poor physical condition, and physical fitness can be improved by programmed exercise. Walking cows at 4 km/h for a distance of 8 km daily for 5 days per wk for 8 wk prepartum improved their physical fitness. Useful hemic indicators of improved fitness were less increase in erythrocyte numbers and hemoglobin concentration and less decrease in oxygen tension, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid contents, and base excess than in poorly conditioned cattle under work load. Venous blood was satisfactory for these measurements. Also valued were heart and respiratory rates, except these rates being sensitive to extraneous disturbances may be less reliable.
Effect of theory-based feature correlations on typicality judgments.

In the present study, we examine what types of feature correlations are salient in our conceptual representations. It was hypothesized that of all possible feature pairs, those that are explicitly recognized as correlated (i.e., explicit pairs) and affect typicality judgments are the ones that are more likely theory based than are those that are not explicitly recognized (i.e., implicit pairs). Real-world categories and their properties, taken from Malt and Smith (1984), were examined. We found that explicit pairs had a greater number of asymmetric dependency relations (i.e., one feature depends on the other feature, but not vice versa) and stronger dependency relations than did implicit pairs, which were statistically correlated in the environment but were not recognized as such. In addition, people more often provided specific relation labels for explicit pairs than for implicit pairs; these labels were most often causal relations. Finally, typicality judgments were more affected when explicit correlations were broken than when implicit correlations were broken. It is concluded that in natural categories, feature correlations that are explicitly represented and affect typicality judgments are the ones about which people have theories.
Isolation of cobalamin and cobalamin analogs by reverse affinity chromatography.

Abstract A method is described for adsorbing cobalamin and a number of cobalamin analogs from bacterial lysates to columns of Sepharose containing a covalently bound cobalamin-binding protein. After multiple elutions to remove impurities, cobalamin and cobalamin analogs are eluted in highly purified form with liquified phenol with recoveries in excess of 70%.
Factors Influencing the Growth of Integumentary Pigment in Fishes. I. The Role of Light.

Summary1. In addition to a favorable internal environment in the cell, light is necessary for the development of melanin in melanophores of intact scales.2. Light passing directly through glass bottomed tanks onto the lower surface of the flounders was the most effective in producing melanophores. This means of illumination delivered the most intense light to the ventral surface of the fish and could be most accurately measured.3. The use of opaque masks indicates that light affects the cell directly to produce melanin.4. The melanination of regenerating scales is apparently not dependent upon the presence of light. Investigation of this special problem is being continued.
Effect of TH-lines and clones on the growth and differentiation of B cell clones in microculture

Antibody isotype expression by B cell clones was analyzed using in vitro microcultures containing low numbers of hapten-gelatin-enriched B cells and higher numbers of hemocyanin-specific helper T cell lines or clones. Twenty-eight to sixty-three percent of clones grown in microculture with haptenated hemocyanin and T cells from established lines expressed IgG and/or IgA isotypes in random mixtures, almost always accompanied by IgM. Helper T cells from hemocyanin-specific clones also supported the expression of non-IgM isotypes by the B cell clones, suggesting that a single specificity of T cell can provide sufficient growth and differentiation factors for the display of isotype switching. A positive correlation between the antibody output of clones and the expression of non-IgM isotypes indicated that the switching process may be associated with cell division. Although memory B cells that give clones expressing IgG and/or IgA in the absence of IgM are also enriched on haptenated gelatin, they are not stimulable under conditions of this microculture assay.
A Shifting Circannual Rhythm in Serum Testosterone Concentration in Male Laboratory Rats

The serum testosterone concentrations of 3-month-old male laboratory rats, maintained under controlled environmental conditions, demonstrated a shifting circannual rhythm with a period of about 11.5months. Thiscircannual rhythm appears to be the result of an altered maturational patternof serum testosterone.
HELICOBACTER FELIS INFECTION IN DOGS : EFFECT ON GASTRIC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

The relationship of Helicobacter felis, an organism that is observed in the stomachs of dogs, to gastric disease in dogs is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if Helicobacter felis infection alters gastric morphology and gastric secretory function in dogs. Five specific-pathogen-free (SPF), Helicobacter-free Beagle dogs were examined before and for 26 weeks after inoculation with H. felis (ATCC 49179). Three SPF uninfected dogs served as controls. All five dogs became colonized by H. felis as determined by urease activity, histopathology, polymerase chain reaction, and transmission electron microscopic examination of serial gastric biopsies. The degree of colonization ranged from 10 organisms/400 x field. The fundus, body, and cardia were most heavily colonized. Evaluation of gastric biopsies showed mild gastric inflammation and lymphoid follicles in both infected and uninfected dogs. There was no correlation between the number of organisms observed and the degree of gastric inflammation or number of lymphoid follicles. The gastric secretory axis, assessed by fasting and meal-stimulated plasma gastrin, mucosal gastrin and somatostatin immunoreactivity, fasting gastric pH, and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion, was similar in both infected and uninfected dogs. Fasting gastric pH was not a reliable indicator of gastric secretory function. These findings suggest that H. felis may not be a gastric pathogen in dogs. However, the density of colonization and limited duration of infection should be considered when interpreting these findings.
DNA Mismatch Repair and Genetic Instability

■ Abstract Mismatch repair (MMR) systems play a central role in promoting genetic stability by repairing DNA replication errors, inhibiting recombination between non-identical DNA sequences and participating in responses to DNA damage. The discovery of a link between human cancer and MMR defects has led to an explosion of research on eukaryotic MMR. The key proteins in MMR are highly conserved from bacteria to mammals, and this conservation has been critical for defining the components of eukaryotic MMR systems. In eukaryotes, there are multiple homologs of the key bacterial MutS and MutL MMR proteins, and these homologs form heterodimers that have discrete roles in MMR-related processes. This review describes the genetic and biochemical approaches used to study MMR, and summarizes the diverse roles that MMR proteins play in maintaining genetic stability.
Does the biomedical revolution spell the end of sport

Many professional and amateur sports including track and field, weight-lifting, boxing, canoeing, professional baseball and professional cycling have suffered scandals involving steroids and human growth hormone (HGH) and have done so for many years.1–4 It seems self-evident that the use of steroids and HGH is a problem. The amount of media and political attention paid to steroids and other pharmacological forms of enhancement in sports, such as the use of blood doping and stimulants, suggest that biochemical enhancement is one of the greatest moral problems the world faces. Well, OK, upon deeper reflection, the challenge of getting the steroids out of bicycle racing is not on the same moral plane as eliminating poverty or AIDS. Still, many people all over the world seem to think that the latest generation of performance-enhancing substances threatens the very integrity of sport. There has been a burst of writing in recent years making precisely this case and the budget and clout of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and similar policing agencies are growing, reflecting the view that chemical enhancement and fair competition cannot coexist. In one sense, the argument that the current techniques for enhancing sports performance threaten sport is irrefutable. Synthetic steroids are dangerous. HGH in large amounts can be too. There is a real need to protect children who admire athletes, so as to prevent them from taking serious risks with their health in imitating what their idols do or, in a few instances, from being forced by their own parents to engage in risky behaviour in order to succeed in athletics. But, what if biomedical science could put the safety issue aside? Someday, probably soon, there will be drugs that do what steroids do without any real risk of harm to the user. Forms of gene therapy are …
Generating a requirements specifications knowledge-base

The requirements specifications phase of the software life cycle plays a vital role within the overall development process. Existing methodologies provide a formalized specification document for use by the design phase. However, such methods generally rely on heuristic or ad-hoc methods for their initial conversion from the English requirements document to the formalized system specification.A methodology is under development by which the English requirements document is converted into a reliable set of knowledge for use within the specification process. Such a method would be utilized to help improve the overall quality and reliability of the resulting specification document. This method provides a three-phase conversion from the initial English document into a knowledge-based tool for use by the system specification group.The initial phase in the methodology uses as input a standard English requirements document and produces a structured parse of this text. This step utilizes the concept of Augmented Transition Networks [1] for the conversion. The grammar used in constructing the ATN is based on Chomsky's transformational English grammar [2]. Inherent ambiguities within the document are resolved interactively with the user/analyst.The second phase converts this structured parse into a set of Prolog-based facts and rules that encapsulate the knowledge within the initial document. These facts can be divided into three major classifications: hierarchies, properties and events. Hierarchy facts detail the relationships that exist between the entities themselves, as described within the requirements document. Property facts specify the specific characteristics (physical and logical) of an individual entity. Finally, event facts provide information regarding the actual actions that take place within the proposed system. The specific action being performed, the entity invoking this action, and all other entities in this event are detailed.In addition to these facts, other relevant information is stored within the knowledge base. Rules exist for the definition of the specific actions and entities referenced within the requirements specification document. The quantification of all abstract modifiers used within the document is performed interactively with the user/analyst. In addition, the method links the origin of all knowledge-base information back to the original requirements specification document itself. A final set of rules permits restrictions to be placed on specific entity characteristics (properties) or upon events themselves.The final phase checks the accumulated knowledge for reliability, understandability and traceability [3]. Reliability checking includes examining the aspects of correctness, completeness, consistency and necessity. Testability relates to the overall quantification, structure, conciseness and self-description within the document. Traceable information augments the user's ability to track the correspondence of the entities and actions within the generated knowledge base back to the initial requirements document.
Right ventricular dysfunction is a strong predictor of developing atrial fibrillation in acutely decompensated heart failure patients, ACAP-HF data analysis.

Abstract Background Heart failure and atrial fibrillation (AFib) are the twin epidemics of modern cardiovascular disease. The incidence of new-onset AFib in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients is difficult to predict and the short- and long-term outcomes of AFib in a cohort of patients admitted with ADHF are unknown. Methods and Results A total of 904 patients admitted with ADHF were studied. Incidence of AFib on admission was recorded and a multivariate analysis was performed using echocardiographic parameters to specify the predictors of AFib incidence in this cohort. In 904 ADHF patients (57% male, mean age 69 ± 14 years), 81% had history of hypertension, 40% were diabetics, and 51% were smokers. A total of 63% of the patients had known heart failure (HF) with mean ejection fraction of 34% ± 21%, and 33% of the patients had ischemic cardiomyopathy as the etiology of HF. Echocardiographic parameters were: left atrial (LA) diameter 4.5 ± 0.8 cm, left ventricular end-systolic 4.1 ± 1.3 cm, left ventricular end-diastolic 5.3 ± 1.1 cm. Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) was present in 34% of the patients. A total of 191 (21%) patients subsequently developed AFib with two thirds of the cases occurring in patients with RVD. Using a univariate analysis, older age (OR 1.02; P Conclusion RV dysfunction is a strong predictor for developing AFib in acutely decompensated systolic failure patients. Patients with AFib and RVD have the worse outcome specially when is combined with LV dysfunction, therefore; evaluation of RV function may substantiate the difference in HF prognosis.
Gender Differences in the Hetero-Sexual Relationship Rules Embedded in Break-Up Accounts

Rules theory is the framework for this study's analysis of ordinary language contained in break-up accounts. It attempts to understand the relationship expectations which parties have for their opposite-sex romantic relationships. Break-up accounts from 157 respondents produced eight primary reasons/rules relevant to this relationship type: the obligation to grant autonomy beyond the relationship; the expectation of similarity; the obligations to be supportive, loyal and open; the expectation of shared time between relationship parties; the expectation of equity; and the expectation that a romantic relationship will be characterized by an inexplicable `magic' quality. Females were significantly more likely to mention autonomy, openness, and equity reasons in their break-up accounts than males were; males, in turn, more frequently mentioned the lack of the magical quality as a reason for break-up. Overall, females mentioned significantly more reasons/rules for break-up than did the male respondents in the ...
Dynamic multi-sensor data fusion system for intelligent robots

The objective of the authors is to develop an intelligent robot workstation capable of integrating data from multiple sensors. The investigation is based on a Unimation PUMA 560 robot and various external sensors. These include overhead vision, eye-in-hand vision, proximity, tactile array, position, force/torque, cross-fire, overload, and slip-sensing devices. The efficient fusion of data from different sources will enable the machine to respond promptly in dealing with the 'real world'. Towards this goal, the general paradigm of a sensor data fusion system has been developed, and some simulation results, as well as results from the actual implementation of certain concepts of sensor data fusion, have been demonstrated. >
Whole-grain intake is associated with body mass index in college students.

Abstract Objective To measure whole-grain intake in college students and determine the association with body mass index (BMI). Design Cross-sectional convenience sample of college students enrolled in an introductory nutrition course. Setting Large state university. Participants 159 college students, mean age: 19.9. Main outcome measures Intake of whole grains, refined grains, calories, and fiber from food records; BMI determined from height and weight measurements. Analysis Analysis of variance with linear contrasts; participants grouped by BMI category ( P Results Average intake of cereal grains was 5.4 servings per day, of which whole-grain intake accounted for an average of 0.7 servings per day. Whole-grain intake was significantly higher in normal weight students than in overweight and obese students (based on BMI). Conclusions and Implications The low intake of whole grains in this population of college students indicates the need for interventions aiming to increase whole-grain intake to the recommended minimum of 3 servings per day. College students who are concerned about their body weight may be motivated to increase their intake of whole-grain foods; however, their intake of whole grains is likely to be influenced by the availability of these food items in campus dining halls and other locations around the college campus.
Processing Optimization of Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate Thin Films for Piezoelectric MEMS Application

We report processing conditions and electromechanical properties of highly textured, 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) films, processed via chemical solution deposition on platinized silicon substrates. Textured perovskite seed layers, optimization of heat treatment conditions and Pb content control were studied to obtain pure perovskite PMN–PT films with dense, columnar grains. Highly (100)- and (111)-oriented films, with Lotgering factors between 91% and 97%, and average grain size up to ~430 nm were synthesized on thin PbTiO3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 seed layers. Overall, (100)-textured films showed higher dielectric permittivity and saturated d33,f piezoelectric coefficients. Dense, submicron-thick, (100)-oriented films showed low-field, relative dielectric permittivity of up to ~2850 (tan δ = 0.02) at 1 kHz, and remnant polarization values up to 17.5 μC/cm2. The films showed saturated d33,f piezoelectric coefficients as high as 210 pm/V.
Activation of the Pi3k/Akt Pathway and Modulation of Phosphodiesterase Activity via Membrane Progestin Receptor-Alpha (mPRalpha) Regulate Progestin-Initiated Sperm Hypermotility in Atlantic Croaker

Rapid progestin stimulation of sperm motility is a widely observed phenomenon in vertebrates, but the mechanisms governing these effects are still poorly understood, especially in teleosts, amphibians, and birds, which do not express CatSper. Here we show that progestin-stimulated sperm hypermotility in a teleost, Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), is initiated though membrane progestin receptor-alpha (mPRalpha, also known as Paqr7b) and involves activation of the Pi3k/Akt pathway and increased phosphodiesterase (Pde) activity. The specific mPRalpha agonist 10-ethenyl-19-norprogesterone (Org OD 02-0) mimicked the stimulatory actions of the endogenous progestin in this species, 17, 20beta, 21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20beta-S), on sperm motility. Inhibition of Pi3k (1 nM Wortmannin; 25 μM LY294002) and Akt (25 μM ML-9) effectively abolished progestin-initiated sperm hypermotility. Surprisingly, treatment with the PDE inhibitors Cilostamide (100 nM) and Rolipram (1 μM) also blocked progestin stimulation of sperm motility. Whereas treatment with 20beta-S increased sperm Pde activity, pretreatment with Wortmannin eliminated this response to the progestin and also resulted in elevated cAMP levels, indicating that Pdes are at least partially under Pi3k/Akt control. The results suggest that mPRalpha-mediated progestin stimulation of sperm motility in croaker through Pi3k/Akt is dependent on maintenance of Pde activity and a reduction in internal cAMP concentrations. However, a previous study showed that progestin stimulation of sperm hypermotility in this species is also dependent on membrane adenylyl cyclase (Acy) activation and increased intrasperm cAMP concentrations. Collectively, these findings indicate that progestin-mediated hypermotility through mPRalpha in teleost sperm involves modulation of intracellular cAMP concentrations through multiple signaling pathways.
Pathways for degradation of connexins and gap junctions

Gap junctional proteins, connexins, and gap junctional plaques are short-lived. Three pathways for their degradation have been proposed: (1) misfolded/abnormally oligomerized connexins are retrogradely translocated and degraded by the proteasome through endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation; (2) connexins (as monomers or oligomers) may traffic directly from an early secretory compartment to the lysosome for degradation without reaching the plasma membrane; (3) connexins within gap junction plaques are degraded by the lysosome after endocytotic internalization. Degradation of gap junction plaques is proteasome-dependent in some cell types. Degradation may be regulated by ubiquitinylation, phosphorylation, or polypeptide domains that act as sorting signals.
Investigating pulmonary arterial hypertension from "stem" to stern. Focus on "Identification of a common Wnt-associated genetic signature across multiple cell types in pulmonary arterial hypertension".

FOR DECADES, PRIMARY CELL culture in vitro and animal models in vivo have remained the cornerstones of functional modeling and drug discovery in the context of human disease. While both have proved to be invaluable tools, they are inherently limited in their ability to replicate human pathology. Primary cells are often difficult to maintain for long periods in culture, and animal models often provide little insight into speciesspecific facets of disease. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have earned tremendous attention in the last decade as a novel model system for the study of human pathobiology. In 2006, seminal work by Takahashi and Yamanaka (8) revealed that the retroviral gene transfer of four transcription factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) was sufficient to induce a pluripotent state in fibroblasts from both embryonic and adult mice. These findings were later replicated using human fibroblasts and blood lymphocytes (2). The resulting cells can be
The future of non‐metropolitan areas

The recent literature is replete with studies of cities and city-regions, citing their various advantages in innovation, production, and consumption. So what sort of future can a non-metropolitan place expect? This paper argues that these places are surpris- ingly heterogeneous and, as such, their futures will be highly mixed. Those small communi- ties and rural areas blessed with ample land-based or energy resources, or easy access to bountiful natural amenities, should continue to enjoy bright prospects. Most micropolitan centres, especially those having substantial urban cores and enjoying nearness to larger cities, should continue to prosper. Some smaller centres might even benefit from innovation that happens to thrive on local knowledge or social proximity. But those small places and rural areas lacking in resources, amenities, and metropolitan proximity will likely continue to decline.
Beyond Organizational Boundaries Exploring the Managerial Myth

Many of the meanings of organizational symbols, rituals, stories and roles are ultimately given by the larger social context in which all organizations operate, so to understand the symbolic properties of an organization fully it is important to look beyond any individual system. This paper examines a set of beliefs called the managerial metamyth, a portion of the belief system that underlies much organizational symbolic activity. Examples are given of the metamyth `s presence in the macroculture, in the academic subculture, and in the managerial subculture.
Ethnicity and Mental Health Treatment Utilization by Patients with Personality Disorders.

The authors examined the relationship between ethnicity and treatment utilization by individuals with personality disorders (PDs). Lifetime and prospectively determined rates and amounts of mental health treatments received were compared in over 500 White, African American, and Hispanic participants with PDs in a naturalistic longitudinal study. Minority, especially Hispanic, participants were significantly less likely than White participants to receive a range of outpatient and inpatient psychosocial treatments and psychotropic medications. This pattern was especially pronounced for minority participants with more severe PDs. A positive support alliance factor significantly predicted the amount of individual psychotherapy used by African American and Hispanic but not White participants, underscoring the importance of special attention to the treatment relationship with minority patients. These treatment use differences raise complex questions about treatment assessment and delivery, cultural biases of the current diagnostic system, and possible variation in PD manifestation across racial/ethnic groups. Future studies need to assess specific barriers to adequate and appropriate treatments for minority individuals with PDs.
THERMOCHEMISTRY AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF THE CHLORINATED DISILANES (SI2HNCL6-N, N = 0-6) STUDIED BY AB INITIO MOLECULAR ORBITAL METHODS

The thermochemistry and thermal unimolecular decomposition reactions of the chlorinated disilanes have been characterized using ab initio molecular orbital techniques. Silylene, chlorosilylene, dichlorosilylene, and hydrogen elimination reactions and their reverse insertions were considered. Reactant, product, and transition-state geometries and vibrational frequencies were calculated at the MP2/6-31G(d,p) level. Energetics were obtained at the MP2/6-31+G(2df,p), MP4/6-31+G(2df,p), G2(MP2), and/or G2 levels of theory, depending on the number of chlorine atoms in the molecule. In addition to the expected insertion reactions, direct reaction paths for SiHCl + SiHnCl4-n h SiH2 + SiHn-1Cl5-n and SiHCl + SiHnCl4-n h SiCl2 + SiHn+1Cl3-n were observed, with energetic barriers lying a few kcal/mol above the insertion reactions. To our knowledge, these concerted, two-atom exchange reactions have not previously been observed or predicted. They appear to represent a new type of elementary reaction for these compounds. Heats of formation for the chlorinated disilane reactants and chlorinated silylsilylene products of hydrogen elimination were calculated using isodesmic reactions. Energy barriers and conventional transition state theory rate constants for all of the reactions are presented. These can provide a basis for the construction of a detailed mechanism for the multistep thermal decomposition of the chlorinated silanes, which plays an important role in the chemical vapor deposition of epitaxial silicon from the chlorinated silanes.
A Locality-Aware Cooperative Cache Management Protocol to Improve Network File System Performance

In a distributed environment the utilization of file buffer caches in different clients may vary greatly. Cooperative caching is used to increase cache utilization by coordinating the usage of distributed caches. Existing cooperative caching protocols mainly address organizational issues, paying little attention to exploiting locality of file access patterns. We propose a locality-aware cooperative caching protocol, called LAC, that is based on analysis and manipulation of data block reuse distance to effectively predict cache utilization and the probability of data reuse. Using a dynamically controlled synchronization technique, we make local information consistently comparable among clients. The system is highly scalable in the sense that global coordination is achieved without centralized control.
Two new fresh-water crabs from Nicaragua

(1964). Two new fresh-water crabs from Nicaragua. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 7, No. 83, pp. 651-656.
Vector-meson contributions to N-N OBEP

We discuss the various forms of one-vector-meson exchange contributions to the N-N interaction which have been used within the Schrodinger-Pauli equation or within a two-particle Dirac equation. These are the Kemmer interaction, the unconstrained four-vector interaction and the Breit-Green interaction. If one postulates that the limit asm goes to zero gives Breit’s interaction of electrodynamics, then the 3rd is the appropriate potential. The transition to the co-ordinate space is discussed for potentials calculated in momentum space and a simpler approximation in co-ordinate space is given. Generalized or regularized Yukawa functions are found to improve the convergence of the approximations.
Commentary: driving and psychiatric illness.

The article by Snyder and Bloom highlights the importance of physicians’ actively participating in the legislative process when medicolegal issues are involved. The specific forensic questions addressed by the authors focus on physician reporting of potentially impaired drivers—a problem that has been precipitated by the complexities involved in determining fitness to drive in the elderly. It is no surprise to forensic psychiatrists, especially those in Oregon, that litigation involving motor vehicle accidents continues to lead to novel legal theories within tort law. The Oregon case of Cain v. Rijken initially resulted in Oregon psychiatrists’ being obligated to assess their patients’ competency to drive, until Oregon psychiatrists were able to work with the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to establish a more reasonable process. This process (now superseded by the legislation referenced by Snyder and Bloom) required, under certain circumstances, that physicians provide relevant information to the DMV, which makes the ultimate decision about licensure. Legal precedents in other jurisdictions demonstrate that in some cases, physicians can be held liable for a patient’s car crash and for thirdparty injuries caused by the patient. Several cases have found physicians liable for third-party injuries because they failed to advise their patients about a medication’s side effects, medical conditions, and medical apparati that may impair driving performance (Ref. 14, pp 69–73). There is no mystery to why physicians nationwide have been wrestling with these matters for many years. Deaths and injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death in persons aged 2 through 33 years (based on 2000 data). Motor vehicle injuries are the leading cause of injuryrelated deaths among 65to 74-year-olds and are the second leading cause after falls in the 75-year and older age group (Ref. 14, pp 9–13). The combination of alcohol and speeding is established as a cause of many traffic accidents. Certain medical conditions can also contribute to motor vehicle accidents. A significant, although often flawed, body of literature is available concerning motor vehicle accidents and mental disorders. What is the role of psychiatrists, who, like other physicians, often assess and treat persons who may be impaired in their ability to drive? The American Psychiatric Association’s 1993 Position Statement on the role of psychiatrists in assessing driving ability recognized that persons who have mental disorders may experience symptoms that can interfere with their ability to operate a motor vehicle safely. The APA position statement further states:
The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti

Sacco and Vanzetti: for a generation of Americans, the names of the two Italian anarchists are forever linked. Questions surrounding their 1921 trial for the murders of a paymaster and his guard bitterly divided a nation. As the two convicted men and their supporters struggled on through appellate courts and clemency petitions to avoid the electric chair, public interest in their case continued to grow. As the end drew near, in August 1927, hundreds of thousands of people - from Boston and New York to London and Buenos Aires - took to the streets in protest of what they perceived to be a massive miscarriage of justice. From the time of their conviction until decades after their deaths, people lined up in one of two camps: one camp of those believing that Sacco and Vanzetti were the innocent victims of political and economic interests determined to send a message about the rising tide of anarchist violence and another camp of those believing that the trial was fair and that the two murderers got what they deserved. A third possibility, that one of the two men might have been guilty and the other innocent, received little or no attention until a ballistics test in 1961 provided strong evidence that Sacco did indeed fire a fatal bullet on that April day long ago in South Braintree, Massachusetts.
Resident fatigue in otolaryngology residents: a Web based survey.

Abstract Importance Resident fatigue has become a point of emphasis in medical education and its effects on otolaryngology residents and their patients require further study. Objective The purpose of our study was to evaluate the prevalence and nature of fatigue in otolaryngology residents, evaluate various quality of life measures, and investigate associations of increased fatigue with resident safety. Study design Anonymous survey. Setting Internet based. Participants United States allopathic otolaryngology residents. Intervention None. Main outcome(s) and measures The survey topics included demographics, residency structure, sleep habits and perceived stress. Responses were correlated with a concurrent Epworth Sleep Scale questionnaire to evaluate effects of fatigue on resident training and quality of life. Results 190 residents responded to the survey with 178 completing the Epworth Sleep Scale questionnaire. Results revealed a mean Epworth Sleep Scale score of 9.9 ± 5.1 with a median of 10.0 indicating a significant number of otolaryngology residents are excessively sleepy. Statistically significant correlations between Epworth Sleep Scale and sex, region, hours of sleep, and work hours were found. Residents taking in-house call had significantly fewer hours of sleep compared to home call (p = 0.01). Residents on “head and neck” (typically consisting of a large proportion of head and neck oncologic surgery) rotations tended to have higher Epworth Sleep Scale and had significantly fewer hours of sleep (p = .003) and greater work hours (p Conclusion and relevance A substantial number of otolaryngology residents are excessively sleepy. Our data suggest that the effects of fatigue play a role in resident well-being and resident safety.
Explaining the 'Big Picture': Why Students Should Know Why They Read Cases in Law School

We ask our students to read cases in law school for a purpose other than simply learning the doctrine. We want them to learn how to analyze legal problems. By reading cases, they learn to see patterns in how courts resolve like problems and develop rules from those patterns that can be applied to future scenarios. Because many students do not read cases with this broad goal in mind, law faculty, particularly first-year professors, need to be explicit about the purpose of reading cases in law school. Students might then approach their reading in a more deliberate and efficient way.
The regulatory element 3' to the A gamma-globin gene binds to the nuclear matrix and interacts with special A-T-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1), an SAR/MAR-associating region DNA binding protein.

A cis-acting DNA regulatory element 3′ to the A gamma-globin gene contains eight distinct regions of DNA-protein interaction distributed over 750 bp of DNA. The sequences of two foot-printed regions (sites I and IV) are A-T rich and generate a highly retarded complex on gel shift analysis with nuclear extract from human erythroleukemia (K562) cells. We have purified a 98-kD protein that reproduces this gel shift. Tryptic cleavage and peptide sequence analysis demonstrated that the 98- kD protein is identical to a recently cloned protein, special A-T-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1), that binds selectively to nuclear matrix/scaffold-associated regions of DNA (MARs/SARs). We have shown by functional analysis that the 3′ A gamma regulatory element associates with the nuclear matrix. SATB1 mRNA was identified in K562 cells, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated its transcript in several other hematopoietic lines. Antisera to SATB1 caused ablation of the gel shift complex generated by both the crude nuclear extract and the purified 98-kD protein with the site I oligonucleotide. Furthermore, oligonucleotides that bind SATB1 inhibited formation of the site I gel shift complex when added as excess unlabeled competitor. An immunoblot analysis of the site I gel shift complex documented the presence of SATB1. Binding of SATB1 to two sites within the 3′ A gamma regulatory element and its MAR/SAR activity suggests that this element may influence gene expression through interaction with the nuclear matrix.
Structural Energetics of Thin Coherently Strained Metallic Overlayers

Understanding of the growth, stability, and structural properties of coherently strained metal overlayers has achieved considerable importance because of the recent discovery of unique interfacial electronic states and catalytic properties of such systems. The structural stability of coherently strained metal films grown on a substrate composed of a different and lattice-mismatched metal is determined via atomistic calculations. An equilibrium energy balance criterion is used, which is evaluated with a Monte Carlo annealing optimization procedure in which the structural energy of the bimetallic system is obtained using the embedded atom method. The stability of coherently strained (100) bimetallic structures chosen from combinati ons of the fcc metals Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, and Pt has been studied. The predicted critical thicknesses agree remarkably well with experimental results, but disagree quantitatively with the continuum models.
Reference No Longer Is a "P" Word: The Reference Archivist as Marketer.

From the beginning of reference service in archives, the job has been defined as pointing users to potentially useful sources. Changes in the archival environment and in information require that the reference archivist become a front-line marketer of archives. This in turn requires that the reference archivist understand and utilize the concepts of marketing-customer-centered, exchange, and product-which are discussed in this article. Personality traits of archivists mitigate in favor of and against archivists' adoption of marketing as a strategy for advancing the archival service to society, but the reference archivist must use character strengths to overcome the weaknesses.
Efficacy, durability, and response predictors of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy for chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is associated with inadequate reconstitution of tolerogenic CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Previous phase 1 studies identified a low daily dose of interleukin-2 (IL-2) that was well tolerated, did not exacerbate alloimmunity, augmented Treg in vivo, and was associated with improvement of active cGVHD. In the current phase 2 study, 35 adults with steroid-refractory cGVHD received daily IL-2 (1 × 10(6) IU/m(2)) for 12 weeks. Median time from transplantation and cGVHD onset was 616 days (range, 270-2145 days) and 317 days (range, 28-1880 days), respectively. Two patients withdrew and 5 required IL-2 dose reductions due to side effects. Twenty of 33 evaluable patients (61%) had clinical responses at multiple cGVHD sites (liver, skin, gastrointestinal tract, lung, joint/muscle/fascia). Three patients (9%) had progressive cGVHD. Compared with pretreatment levels, Treg and natural killer cell counts rose >fivefold (P fourfold (P fivefold (P < .001). Clinical responders initiated IL-2 earlier (508 vs 917 days after transplantation, P = .005; 249 vs 461 days after cGVHD onset; P = .03). Treg:Tcon ratios ≥0.07 at baseline and ≥0.2 at week 1 also predicted clinical response (P = .003; P = .0003, respectively). After a 4-week treatment hiatus, clinical responders were eligible to continue IL-2 therapy indefinitely. During 2 years of extended IL-2 therapy, clinical and Treg immune responses persisted, while Tcon count and Treg:Tcon ratio gradually normalized. Low-dose IL-2 provides durable clinical improvement in active cGVHD and extended therapy is well-tolerated.
ANALYSIS OF DISTORTION POWER AND POWER FACTOR IN FREQUENCY VARIATION SPEED-REGULATION SYSTEM

In the frequency variation speed-regulation system, the high frequency harmonic current leads to distortion power N,and the power factor of the system, the input power factor of the invertor,is calculated by the ratio of the active power to the apparent power or by the consine of the angle included between fudamental harmonic current and source voltage. The calculation usually results in a deviation from the actual power factor. This paper gives a new concept of the power quadrangle made up of S,P,Q and N,presenting the formula to calculate the actual power factor,demonstrating the numerical value relation among actual,total and displacement power factor. The conclusion in this paper has been proved by the field data measured from the oil transferring system with frequency variation speed-regulation in Daqing No. 2 Oil Plant.
Superfluid wind tunnels

William F Vinen, Professor of Physics at Birmingham University, UK, and a pioneer in the study of superfluidity, gave a review talk on the history of superfluidity research at the Cryogenic Engineering Conference at UCLA last July. He concluded by noting that apart from the scholarly interest in superfluidity, the only practical application of helium, the sole liquid to remain liquid to absolute zero, is to cool things: magnets, resonant cavities and other superconducting apparatus. He challenged his colleagues to find other applications. It now appears that an important new application may be in sight: the use of liquid helium in the place of air in a wind tunnel. Such an arrangement could produce Reynolds numbers as high as have ever been realised, yet the scale of the apparatus is of laboratory size. To see how this comes about, one needs to appreciate the principle of dynamical similarity. For example, if two different size bodies have the same geometrical shape, their fluid dynamical behaviour is the same in an incompressible flow if the Reynolds numbers are the same. The Reynolds number can be written as Re = UL/ν = ULρ/η where U is a characteristic velocity (say the velocity of flow over a wing), L is some characteristic dimension, and ν is the kinematic viscosity: the ratio of viscosity η to density ρ.
An Objective Method of Evaluating Labor

A typical sigmoid curve of dilatation and an exponential curve of descent are obtained in all normal labors when time is plotted against estimates of cervical dilatation and station of descent. This simple graphic method permits differentiation of the latent and active phases of the first stage, and, by characterizing the case at hand, helps the physician determine whether, when, and how to intervene.