cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early rheumatoid arthritis: Pitfalls in diagnosis and review of recent clinical trials

The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has changed dramatically in the past decade as advancements in the understanding of the pathobiology of the disease have led to novel therapeutic agents. The recognition that early diagnosis and treatment leads to improvements in morbidity and mortality has altered the therapeutic strategy such that early therapy is now considered the standard of care. This review focuses on the challenges in making the diagnosis of early RA, including a broad differential diagnosis for inflammatory polyarthritis, poor performance of the standard classification criteria, difficulty in clinical assessment of synovitis, absence of absolute laboratory tests, inability of conventional radiography to detect bony changes early, and barriers to rheumatology care. Additionally, the pathogenesis of RA is highlighted, with particular emphasis on cytokine biology as it relates to therapeutic regimens. Relevant clinical trials in early RA are reviewed and discussed, including trials of combination disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biological therapy. The role of induction therapy as a novel therapeutic approach is highlighted. The search for predictors of response is reviewed and the external validity of the trials is analysed. Finally, the trials in early RA therapy suggest that swift intervention with combinations of medications is required for patients with severe RA. However, further research is needed to determine which regimen is appropriate for the individual patient with RA.
Mutant LRRK2 Elicits Calcium Imbalance and Depletion of Dendritic Mitochondria in Neurons

Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been associated with familial and sporadic cases of Parkinson disease. Mutant LRRK2 causes in vitro and in vivo neurite shortening, mediated in part by autophagy, and a parkinsonian phenotype in transgenic mice; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Because mitochondrial content/function is essential for dendritic morphogenesis and maintenance, we investigated whether mutant LRRK2 affects mitochondrial homeostasis in neurons. Mouse cortical neurons expressing either LRRK2 G2019S or R1441C mutations exhibited autophagic degradation of mitochondria and dendrite shortening. In addition, mutant LRRK2 altered the ability of the neurons to buffer intracellular calcium levels. Either calcium chelators or inhibitors of voltage-gated L-type calcium channels prevented mitochondrial degradation and dendrite shortening. These data suggest that mutant LRRK2 causes a deficit in calcium homeostasis, leading to enhanced mitophagy and dendrite shortening.
New diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities for diastolic heart failure

Despite the fact that up to half of all heart failure occurs in patients without evidence of systolic cardiac dysfunction, there are no universally accepted diagnostic markers and no approved therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HFpEF, otherwise known as diastolic heart failure, has nearly the same grim prognosis as systolic heart failure, and diastolic heart failure is increasing in incidence and prevalence. Major trials have shown that many of the treatments that are salutary in systolic heart failure have no beneficial effects in diastolic heart failure, suggesting different underlying mechanisms for these two disorders. Even criteria for diagnosis of HFpEF are still debated, and there is still no gold standard marker to detect diastolic dysfunction. Here, we will review some promising new insights into the pathogenesis of diastolic dysfunction that may lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
An Evangelical Anomaly: Religious Observance and Intertemporal Choice

Educational achievement is positively correlated with religious devotion. However, those religious sects which are more devoted have, on average, lower levels of education. Evangelical Protestants, for example, have the highest level of religious devotion but the lowest level of educational achievement. Previous research explains this by proposing that education enhances the gains to social interaction while substituting for religious belief. We examine an alternative hypothesis, where religion is a moderator of time preference across potential investments, including: savings, social capital, and human capital. We use the COPPS and wealth supplements of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to observe household investments of time and money for various religious groups. Consistent discounting across a range of investments by the religious would indicate that differences in time preferences, rather than idiosyncratic attitudes toward education, account for differential investments across religious groups. Our results suggest that education is the anomaly, and that Evangelical Protestants do not behave differently than other religious groups in areas of altruism or saving. Instead, we find that differences in the level of devotion to religious activities provides the sharpest differences in investment behavior.
Electrons and Phonons in C60-Based Materials

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the properties of C 60 -based materials. The C 60 molecule is characterized by 12 regular pentagons and 20 hexagons. There are two distinct types of bonds, one that separates two hexagons and one that separates a pentagon and a hexagon. The symmetry of the C 60 molecule is independent of whether these two lengths are equal. The chapter also discusses the interaction energy of two electrons on the actual C 60 molecule. It also discusses the spectral properties of the C 60 molecule and solids in the lowest approximation in terms of the one-electron eigenvalues of Hiickel, Hartree–Fock, or local density approximation (LDA) calculations. The linear electric polarizability and the hyperpolarizability of the C 60 molecule are properties of widespread interest. The C 60 solid is a collection of van der Waals-bonded molecules (a molecular solid), thus it is reasonable to consider the polarizability of the solid to arise from to a lattice of point dipoles and use the Clausius–Mossotti relationship between the crystal dielectric constant and the molecular polarizability. The size and carbon bonding of the C 60 molecule suggest the possibility of unusual nonlinear optical response.
Axonal transport: a cell-biological method for studying proteins that associate with the cytoskeleton.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the general principles and experimental methods of axonal transport. Axons extend from the postmitotic cell body during embryonic development, representing a major step in the full expression of neuronal differentiation. Once established in connection with a target cell, the axon is effectively maintained for the duration of the organism's life. Cytoskeletal elements have important roles both in the initial elongation process and in the maintenance of the mature axon. The membranous structures of the axon include several different types of membranous organelles. Electron micrographs of axons show a broad range of membrane-delimited organelles, including an anastomotic smooth endoplasmic reticulum, small tubules and vesicles, dense core granules, and prelysosomal structures. The axoplasmic matrix includes actin and clathrin. In addition, many other polypeptides are part of the SCb complex, and these may also be an integral part of the structure of the matrix. The value in having a specific means of blocking axonal transport led to the use of pharmacological agents to produce a damming of axonal transport. Another approach to the damming of axonal transport involves the use of low temperatures applied locally to the nerve, resulting in a reversible cold block of transport.
Teaching the principles of the hacker curriculum to undergraduates

The "Hacker Curriculum" exists as a mostly undocumented set of principles and methods for learning about information security. Hacking, in our view, is defined by the ability to question the trust assumptions in the design and implementation of computer systems rather than any negative use of such skills.Chief among these principles and methods are two useful pedagogical techniques: (1) developing a cross-layer view of systems (one unconstrained by API definitions or traditional subject matter boundaries) and (2) understanding systems by analyzing their failure modes (this approach works well with learning networking concepts and assessing software vulnerabilities). Both techniques provide a rich contrast to traditional teaching approaches, particularly for information security topics.We relate our experience applying Hacker Curriculum principles to education and training programs for undergraduates, including the Secure Information Systems Mentoring and Training (SISMAT) program and the Cyber Security Initiative at Dartmouth College, which allows undergraduates to perform supervised red team activities on Dartmouth's production systems.
Teaching Tools: A Common Property Experiment with a Renewable Resource

This series of three classroom experiments demonstrates the tragedy of the commons and suggests two possible solutions: communication and individual property rights. In the first and second experiments, students jointly own a renewable resource in the form of a plate of M&Ms. Communication is not allowed in the first experiment, whereas in the second experiment students may try to influence each other's desired harvest. The third experiment divides the plate to establish individual property rights.
Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Xe-Implanted Uranium Dioxide Thick Films using Multilayer Laser Flash Analysis

The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program's Advanced Fuels campaign is currently pursuing use of ion beam assisted deposition to produce uranium dioxide thick films containing xenon in various morphologies. To date, this technique has provided materials of interest for validation of predictive fuel performance codes and to provide insight into the behavior of xenon and other fission gasses under extreme conditions. In addition to the structural data provided by such thick films, it may be possible to couple these materials with multilayer laser flash analysis in order to measure the impact of xenon on thermal transport in uranium dioxide. A number of substrate materials (single crystal silicon carbide, molybdenum, and quartz) containing uranium dioxide films ranging from one to eight microns in thickness were evaluated using multilayer laser flash analysis in order to provide recommendations on the most promising substrates and geometries for further investigation. In general, the uranium dioxide films grown to date using ion beam assisted deposition were all found too thin for accurate measurement. Of the substrates tested, molybdenum performed the best and looks to be the best candidate for further development. Results obtained within this study suggest that the technique does possess the necessary resolutionmore » for measurement of uranium dioxide thick films, provided the films are grown in excess of fifty microns. This requirement is congruent with the material needs when viewed from a fundamental standpoint, as this length scale of material is required to adequately sample grain boundaries and possible second phases present in ceramic nuclear fuel.« less
Implications for the Sports Program for Boys and Men

(1942). Implications for the Sports Program for Boys and Men. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 345-345.
Relationship between Personal Technology Use and the Donor/Volunteer: A Parasocial Approach

ABSTRACTAn online questionnaire completed by 660 nonprofit stakeholders supported the idea that having a social media based personal connection to the nonprofit, resembling a parasocial friendship, had a significant impact on the stakeholder's intentions to support the organization in the offline community (e.g., volunteer, donate). Findings also indicate that when a stakeholder has a higher level of social connections and time spent online, there is a decrease in the intention to behaviorally support the organization.
Hired gardens and the question of transgression: lawns, food gardens and the business of ‘alternative’ food practice:

As increased awareness of the industrial-capitalist food system draws consumers into ‘alternative’ food networks, a variety of approaches are being taken to access fresh, local foods. A growing tre...
Expectations, Task Persistence, and Attributions in Children with Mental Retardation During Integrated Physical Education.

The purpose was to study expectations, persistence, and posttask attributions in 33 children (ages 9 to 15 years) with mental retardation (MR) and 40 children (ages 10 to 13 years) without disabilities during integrated physical education classes. Each of the participants (34 male and 39 females) viewed a video of another child successfully completing a game, responded to a question about expectations, and engaged in this same game alongside a peer. Results indicated that expectations did not differ between children with and without MR, χ2(1) = .35, p > .05. Following each child's request to stop playing, a video of individual performance was displayed and an interview was conducted to determine posttask attributions. Learners with MR were less persistent than peers without disabilities, F(1, 68) = 4.60, p .05; χ2(2) = 1.74, p > .05.
Studies on the Thermal Polymerization of Methyl Linoleate. III

The mechanism of thermal dimerization of methyl linoleate has been studied by a kinetic method. Based on the results of analysis of kinetic data obtained, the following reaction mechanism is proposed : This involves three steps. The first is the draw off of an isolated α-methylenic hydrogen atom from the methyl linoleate molecule by a second molecule, where the linoleate reacts in both as a hydrogen donor and as a hydrogen accepter. This will give rise to two radicals, octadecadienoate radicals R·1 and octadecenoate radicals (R·2). The second step is the formation of cis, trans-conjugated isomers of methyl linoleate and the isomerization of the cis, trans-isomers into the trans, trans-form. The cis, trans-isomers are formed by a chain reaction in which R·1 of the conjugated form draws off a hydrogen atom from the linoleate molecule to form the conjugated isomer and a new R·1 radical. The final step is the dimer-formation by (1) addition reactions between R·1 and R·2 and by (2) the Diels-Alder reactions of the conjugated isomers and the linoleate, where the trans, trans-isomer acts as diene and the trans, trans-, the cis, trans-isomer or the linoleate act as dienophile. Besides these reactions, the formation of octadecenoate by the interaction of R·2 with the linoleate also occurs.
The effects of guanidinosuccinic acid and methylguanidine on erythrocyte cation transport.

SummaryCellular abnormalities observed in uremic patients, have been ascribed to toxins, hormones, or malnutrition. Guanidine derivatives, which accumulate in uremia, possess some toxic properties for platelets and erythrocytes. Accordingly in vitro effects of several guanidine compounds on cation transport in human erythrocytes were studied. Guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) and methylguanidine (MGUA), in varying concentrations were incubated with normal human red blood cells. After incubations of 48 hr, the sodium and potassium content of erythrocytes exposed to these compounds did not differ from control cells. Sodium outflux and influx rate constants, determined with sodium 22, were unaffected by GSA and MGUA. We conclude that, under the conditions of these experiments, GSA and MGUA did not alter the steady state intracellular sodium and potassium content or the bidirectional sodium fluxes of human erythrocytes.
Adolescents’ Perceptions of Their School Counselors’ Impact

School counselors focus on students’ academic, career, and social/emotional needs in addition to fulfilling various administrative expectations. In this article, we explored adolescents’ perceptions of their school counselors’ impact. We used thematic analysis to analyze 273 students’ essays about how their school counselors affected them and identified eight themes: (a) College and Career Readiness, (b) Life Skills, (c) Multiple Roles, (d) Individual Attention, (e) Emotional/Social Support, (f) Therapeutic Relationship, (g) Advocacy, and (h) Academic Achievement. We discuss implications and suggestions for future research.
Interannual Effects of Early Season Growing Degree Day Accumulation and Frost in the Cool Climate Viticulture of Michigan

Michigan daily climatic data and seasonal vine performance and phenological data (budburst timing) were analyzed to establish relationships between temperature (e.g., growing degree days or GDD) and juice grape yield and quality in Vitis labrusca grapevines. In viticultural regions such as Michigan, early season vine growth is highly important: Vines coming out of their winter dormancy need to withstand any potential bud-killing frosts after budburst. The temperatures during the months of March, April, and May are highly variable from year to year in Michigan, however. The average GDD accumulation at the time of budburst (average date is 27 April) from 1971 to 2011 was 158 (base 10°C) with a coefficient of variation of 45 percent. Seasonal GDD deficit or surplus at the midpoint of a growing season (as compared to an average year) was correlated to grapevine performance and the accumulation of GDD on a yearly basis was found to occur at a highly variable rate. Early season GDD accumulation was found to be ...
Determination of Flavonoids and Lactone in Shuxuening Injection by HPLC

To establish a method for determining the flavonoids and terpene lactones in Shuxuening injection by HPLC.HPLC,column: Hypersil ODS(150 nm × 4.6 nm,5 μm);mobile phase was methanol-0.4% phosphoric acid(47∶53),tetrahydrofuran-methanol-water(3∶7∶17);flow rate was 0.8 mL·min-1,0.5 mL·min-1;the detector were UV detector(detection wavelength was set at 360nm),the differential detector;the column temperature were 45 ℃.RESULTS: The three kinds of flavonoids and four kinds of lactone were able to achieve better separation efficiency,good linearity,the average recoveries were 98.68%,99.14%,97.82%,98.99%,98.30%,99.37%,98.10%,RSD were 0.87%,1.21%,0.94%,0.55%,0.83%,0.88%,1.22%,were also good.CONCLUSION: The method is sensitive,accurate,specific,and can be used for the quality control for the injection.
Evaluation of calcium Vitapex as root canal filling material in primary teeth

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Vitapex iodoform paste used for root canal filling of primary teeth.Methods: To fill the root canals of the primary teeth using two different material,one group was filled with Vitapex iodoform paste and the other was filled with ZOE iodoform paste.Results:The research group got the even effective rate of 83.33 %,and the control group 81.03%,therewas no significant difference between the two groups(P0.05).Conclusion:Vitapex iodofrom paste is a good material for root canal filling of primary teeth.
Reduction of the Effect of Estimation Error on In‐control Performance for Risk‐adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM Chart with Dynamic Probability Control Limits

The in-control performance of any control chart is highly associated with the accuracy of estimation for the in-control parameter(s). For the risk-adjusted Bernoulli cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart with a constant control limit, it had been shown that the estimation error could have a substantial effect on the in-control performance. In our study, we examine the effect of estimation error on the in-control performance of the risk-adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM chart with dynamic probability control limits (DPCLs). Our simulation results show that the in-control performance of risk-adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM chart with DPCLs is also affected by the estimation error. The most important factors affecting estimation error are the specified desired in-control average run length, the Phase I sample size, and the adverse event rate. However, the effect of estimation error is uniformly smaller for the risk-adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM chart with DPCLs than for the corresponding chart with a constant control limit under various realistic scenarios. In addition, we found a substantial reduction in the mean and variation of the standard deviation of the in-control run length when DPCLs are used. Therefore, use of DPCLs has yet another advantage when designing a risk-adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM chart. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transmission of Neurotropic Viruses by Transplantation

Despite efforts to screen donors of organs and tissues, neurotropic viruses have been transmitted through solid organ transplantation. Transplanted viruses vary as to family and character but have certain traits in common. West Nile virus, a species in the genus Flavivirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, the type species in the genus Arenavirus, are both zoonotic viruses for which humans are incidental hosts. Both result most commonly in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic infections in immunocompetent humans. Thus donor screening dependent upon a history of recent symptomatic disease will be inadequate to detect risk of these infections. Rabies, the type species in the genus Lyssavirus, is also zoonotic. Human rabies infections lead almost invariably to fatal central nervous system disease. Human rabies infections are rare in North America and Europe, and suspicion of rabies depends on a history of animal bite. Infected humans may present late in the disease course and distant in time from the animal bite that provided the source of infection. A high suspicion for rabies should be maintained for any potential donor who exhibited signs or symptoms of central nervous system disease prior to death. Human infection with polyomavirus hominis 2 (JC) virus or polyomavirus hominis 1 (BK) virus, two species in the genus Polyomavirus, leads to silent latent infection that is virtually ubiquitous by early adulthood. Although both can be associated with neurologic disease in immunocompromised hosts, disease associated with either virus is more likely to result from reactivation of virus already latently infecting the transplant recipient. Nonetheless since human infection is not universal, the possibility of transmission via transplanted organs or tissues exists.
Sexual rights in Uganda and the struggle for meaning in community

Drawing on lessons from the experiences of women who exchange same-sex erotic energies, this article suggests that advocates of same-sex human rights should take into account epistemic erasures colonized people experience when activism and policies regarding sexual freedom ignore various linguistic and community structures that create spaces for diverse ways of knowing and being. Since the late 1990s, the discourse on homosexuality in Uganda has motivated important debates concerning human values of sovereignty, rights, and family, and has expanded freedoms of sexual expression while at the same time conditioning these freedoms to be experienced in colonial ways of self-knowledge. The language that frames these debates continues to locate human rights for Ugandans who exchange same-sex erotic energies outside the locales-family, history, and language-of intelligible episteme for them. To make sense of this claim, I draw "exchange of same-sex erotic energies" from a saying in Rukiga language spoken by Bakiga in southwestern Uganda, okugira omukago mukika nikwokunywaana oruganda, to think about family and community in which same-sex erotic energies are lived and experienced. This article attempts to redirect attention from colonial constructions of homosexuality to indigenous and decolonial perspectives in relation to women in Uganda who exchange same-sex erotic energies in their struggle for meaning in community. I argue for pedagogies and epistemologies of place and memory in the struggle for human rights and sexual rights.
Using Practice-Based Evidence to Improve Supportive Care Practices to Reduce Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in a Pediatric Oncology Unit :

Children with cancer are a subset of patients with central lines with distinct risk factors for infection including periods of prolonged neutropenia and compromised mucous membrane integrity. This article relates the implementation of principles of practice-based evidence to identify interventions in addition to best practice maintenance care bundles to reduce central line-associated bloodstream infections involving viridans group streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci on an inpatient pediatric oncology unit. Review of individual events combined with review of current clinical practice guided the development of structured protocols emphasizing routine oral care and general supportive cares. Key principles of the protocols emphasized a 1-2-3 mnemonic and included daily bathing, twice daily oral care, and out-of-bed activity 3 times daily. Poisson regression identified a significant main effect for time period for central line-associated bloodstream infection rates involving both viridans group streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Significant differences were present between the preintervention baseline and implementation of the supportive care protocols. Project outcomes demonstrate the added value of using principles of practice-based evidence to guide the development of interventions to improve clinical care when evidence-based sources are limited.
Poliovirus: three-dimensional structure of a viral antigen.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the antigenic structure of poliovirus with the focus on the location and nature of the antigenic sites. The structures of two different strains of poliovirus are determined, the Mahoney (neurovirulent) strain of type 1 and the Sabin (attenuated vaccine) strain of type 3 polio virus. Although the structures of the two strains differ in detail, overall the two structures are very similar. The molecular structures of the three large capsid proteins are generally similar to one another. Each is comprised of a conserved core; an eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel with flanking helices. Where it is relevant, the results with poliovirus are compared in the chapter with those of rhino virus 14 and the influenza antigens to identify general properties that these antigenic sites have in common, and which may be the properties of other viral antigens as well. Moreover, the three-dimensional distribution of antigenic sites is discussed, insofar as it is relevant to understanding the mechanisms of viral escape from neutralization.
Deletion of a Distal RANKL Gene Enhancer Delays Progression of Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification in Hypercholesterolemic Mice.

Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) is a TNF-like cytokine which mediates diverse physiological functions including bone remodeling and immune regulation. RANKL has been identified in atherosclerotic lesions; however, its role in atherosclerotic plaque development remains elusive. An enhancer located 75 kb upstream of the murine Rankl gene's transcription start site designated D5 is important for its calciotropic hormone- and cytokine-mediated expression. Here, we determined the impact of RANKL levels in atherosclerotic plaque development in the D5 enhancer-null (D5-/- ) mice in an atherogenic Apoe-/- background fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Rankl mRNA transcripts were increased in aortic arches and thoracic aortae of Apoe-/- mice; however, this increase was blunted in Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice. Similarly, higher Rankl transcripts were identified in splenic T lymphocytes in Apoe-/- mice, and their levels were reduced in Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice. When analyzed by micro-computed tomography (µCT), atherosclerotic plaque calcification was identified in six out of eight Apoe-/- mice, whereas only one out of eight Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice developed plaque calcification after 12 weeks of HFD. However, following 18 weeks of HFD challenge, all of Apoe-/- and Apoe-/- ;D5-/- animals developed atherosclerotic plaque calcification. Likewise, atherosclerotic lesion sizes were site-specifically reduced in the aortic arch of Apoe-/- ;D5-/- mice at initial stage of atherosclerosis and this effect was diminished as atherosclerosis proceeded to a more advanced stage. Our data suggest that deletion of the RANKL D5 enhancer delays the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development and plaque calcification in hypercholesterolemic mice. This work provides important insight into RANKL's regulatory role in atherosclerosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4240-4253, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brazilian Tensile Strength Testing of Compacted Clay

Laboratory tests were conducted to examine the applicability of the Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) method (ASTM D3967-16) for measuring tensile strength of compacted clay. A correction function obtained from tests using disk-shaped kaolinite specimens compacted over wide range of void ratio was developed to account for variability in void ratio among replicate specimens. Tests using specimens prehydrated with water vapor in humidity-controlled chambers and then oven-dried revealed that tensile strength increased with increasing prehydration, an observation attributed to increasing cementation during the drying process. Specimens compacted with thickness-to-diameter (t/d) ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.67 revealed a decreasing trend in tensile strength with t/d for ratios less than 0.42 and essentially constant tensile strength for larger ratios. Tests using loading rates ranging from 0.10 mm/min to 1.0 mm/min revealed no significant effect on measured tensile strength. Recommendations for BTS testing of compacted clay are provided.
Pricing Conflict: Legal Regimes, Uncertainty, and Price in Medical Marijuana Markets

How do sellers set prices in legally contested markets, which are rife with uncertainty engendered by conflicting legal regimes created by different levels of the federalist state? Although much re...
ALOHA From the Edge: Reconciling Three Decades of in Situ Eulerian Observations and Geographic Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Global analyses of satellite-and modeled data suggest decreased phytoplankton abundance and primary productivity in oligotrophic gyres as they expand in response to increased surface temperatures, shoaling of surface mixed layers, and decreased supply of subsurface macronutrients. However, concomitant changes have not been evident in situ at Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) Station ALOHA, suggesting physiological or structural reorganization not observed from space, uncharacterized spatiotemporal variability, or uncorrected sensor drift. To address the spatiotemporal variability hypothesis, we compared interannual patterns of in situ data to gyre geography based on multiple metrics including dynamic topography, satellite surface chlorophyll (chl a), and multivariate seascapes using modelled or satellite data. There was only weak evidence of secular increases in the extent of the subtropical gyre; rather, interannual oscillations were evident in physical, biological, and multivariate biophysical definitions of the gyre. Modelled and satellite-based multivariate seascapes agreed well in terms of expansion (surface area of seascapes) and isolation of Station ALOHA (distance to seascape boundary) resulting in combined data record of nearly three decades. Isolation was associated positively with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), and negatively with Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO); the converse was true for the gyre’s expansion. This expansion followed a shoaling and freshening of the surface mixed layer and declines in in situ 14C assimilation rates measured over 12 hours in ambient light suggesting that Station ALOHA may serve as an leading indicator of gyre biogeographic patterns. Lags between geographic indicators and in situ conditions appear to partially explain past observed discrepancies between patterns from satellite remote sensing and those from in situ conditions at Station ALOHA appear to be partially explained by lags between geographic indicators and in situ conditions as well as satellite sensor drift and data record length.
Dietary Nutrient Intake and Obesity Prevalence among Native American Adolescents

The prevalence of obesity among adolescent minority populations has been long recognized, but little research has been done on Native Americans adolescents. Using anthropometric measurements and dietary assessments, the findings within each study have shown to obtain baseline measures to determine the prevalence of obesity within the Sherman Indian High School’s Native American adolescent population. Data of each assessment appear to be of use for predicting obesity and creating effective future interventions. Compiling data using the Harvard School of Public Health Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire (HSPH YAQ), a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire allowed significant data to be found between normal and obese weight students. Utilizing each finding allows more effective ways of targeting and reversing the inclining rate of obesity among Native American adolescents. Results show that antioxidants being examined on such as vitamin E and lycopene are beneficial in lowering the obesity rate among Native American adolescents. Levels of fiber, thiamin and folate consumption was significantly lower among the obese population in Sherman Indian High School’s Native American adolescents. Moreover, dietary mineral intake was shown to be lower among obese Native American adolescents comparing with the normal weight group. The results suggested that dietary consumption of these nutrients might correlate and predict obesity and lead to the development of effective interventions for Native Americans. This study also found the effects of total fiber and vitamin B in diets with lifestyle intervention in prediabetic adults, showing that total fiber intake among the normal weight students is significantly higher than obese students, indicating that fiber and vitamin profile could be important determinants of the effect of dietary intervention.
BODY IMPEDANCE FOR TRANSIENT HIGH VOLTAGE CURRENTS

ABSTRACT High voltage, short duration capacitive discharge measurements of human body impedance have been accomplished for different paths through the body. Skin contact impedance and internal body impedance between various locations on the body were examined. Impedance measurement instrumentation capable of measuring impedance once every 0.05 μs was used. Voltages of 100 to 2000 V were applied giving peak currents of 0.2 to 5.0 A. The voltage and current waveforms had time constants ranging from 0.2 to 5.0 μs. These short time constants are consistent with safety requirements, allowing testing with people. However, these impedance measurements can be interpreted as limiting values for shocks of longer, possibly lethal duration. The initial total body impedance between the palm of the hand and the sole of the foot was found to be about 500 to 530 Ω. The internal body impedance for the same current path was found to be about 430 Ω. The internal body impedance between the wrist and the calf was found to be about 50% of the internal body impedance measured between the palm and the sole of the foot.
Simulation of the Energy Crisis Hit to the Japan Economics Structure

The first energy crisis happened in 1973. From that time, the interest to various aspects of the influence of the energy factor on an economic system has been considerably increased. Based on general considerations, the economics structure changes when the energy-producing industry output decreases. Many questions arise when attempting to estimate these changes. For example, How to estimate vulnerability of whole economics or an industry; Which industries are the most vulnerable; How to forecast the vulnerability. The article answers these questions partially for the Japan economics system of 2011.
Applying Classical Theory in a Comparative Study of the Information Revolution in the Less Developed World

This article evaluates the salience of classical theory in explaining societal transformation in the digital era. Functionalism, Marxism, and Weberian traditions are first summarized and then appli...
From Cross-Cultural Economic Experiments to Experimental Indigenous Management Research – A Suggestion

This study provides an overview, categorization, and integration of what has been achieved in the niche of cross-culture experimental economics (CCEE) so far, aiming to inspire indigenous management researchers to extend their methodological toolbox by including experimental methods. As a result of the review, I find that most of the early studies lack depth and contextualization as well as detailed explanation about why human behavior differs. Hence, a better understanding about the influence of culture on economic decision-making is rather limited if it cannot be explained in more detail. In contrast, deep contextualization is a principle in indigenous management research (IMR). Both have so far not benefited from each other in the study of how culture affects human behavior, as both currently develop in parallel. Following the call for high-quality IMR (Tsui, 2004), this paper argues that an experimental methodology can make a contribution to IMR in the future by drawing on the strengths of both IMR (i.e., contextualization) and CCEE (i.e., methodology).
La Claudia Jerónima del Quijote : de virgo bellatrix de libro de caballerías a nyerra catalana

The interpolated story of Claudia Jeronima possesses all the ingredients of a book of chivalry. Miguel de Cervantes employed the resources used by Feliciano de Silva in the Amadis de Grecia: the love triangle, jealousy, transvestism, death, and the retreat to a monastery. Cervantes’ task will be to transform a virgo bellatrix —or a female warrior— from a book of chivalry into a Catalan nyerra. The result of the mixture: Claudia Jeronima.
Chapter 5 – Binocular Vision

Publisher Summary Under binocular viewing conditions, a single view of the world as though seen by a single cyclopean eye is perceived. Singleness results from a mapping of the two visual fields onto a common binocular space. The topography of this map is described subsequently as the horopter, which is an analytical tool that provides a reference for quantifying retinal image disparity. Stimulation of binocularly corresponding points by targets on the horopter results in percepts by each eye in identical visual directions. This eye-referenced description of direction (oculocentric) can be transformed to a head-referenced description (egocentric direction) by including information about eye position as well as a reference point in the head from which the two eyes can judge direction. Because the eye is displaced from the head center, information about eye position and retinal image location for one eye is insufficient to specify direction with respect to the head. In the utrocular system, additional information about target distance is also needed to compute head-centric direction. In the absence of binocular disparity or convergence cues, utrocular animals use accommodation to specify target distance. Accommodation, combined with eye position and retinal image locus, could provide sufficient information to compute head-centric direction.
Gynecologic Care in Women With Down Syndrome: Findings From a National Registry.

Objective To estimate receipt of recommended gynecologic care, including cancer screening and menstrual care, among women with Down syndrome in the United States. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women participating in DS-Connect, the National Institute of Health's registry of women with Down syndrome. Using 2013-2019 survey data, we estimated the proportion of women receiving recommended age-appropriate well-woman care (Pap tests, mammogram, breast examination, pelvic examination) and compared receipt of gynecologic care to receipt of other preventive health care. We also estimated proportion receiving care for menstrual regulation. Results Of 70 participants with Down syndrome, 23% (95% CI 13-33) of women received all recommended gynecologic components of a well-woman examination. Forty-four percent (95% CI 32-56) of women aged 18 years and older reported ever having a gynecologic examination, and 26% (95% CI 15-37) reported ever having a Pap test. Of women aged 40 years or older, 50% (95% CI 22-78) had had a mammogram. Fifty-two percent (95% CI 41-65) had tried medication for menstrual regulation, and 89% (95% CI 81-96) received all recommended components of nongynecologic routine health care. Conclusion Women with Down syndrome received gynecologic care, including cancer screening, at lower-than-recommended rates and at substantially lower rates than other forms of health care. Efforts to improve gynecologic care in this vulnerable population are needed.
Challenges and New Directions for AI and Hardware Security

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques have found use in many fields, including hardware-based security defenses and novel threats to hardware security. In this paper, we briefly examine the growing overlap between AI/ML and hardware for security, where AI/ML techniques provide practitioners with new ways to monitor runtime behavior but also provide new tools for attackers to steal secret information. We also explore how AI/ML is reshaping concerns for improving the security of hardware, particularly as AI/ML appear throughout the design flow. While AI/ML techniques contribute towards better hardware Trojan detection, improved design turnaround time, and design space exploration, such techniques may also introduce new threat vectors into the supply chain. With these in mind, we present some potential challenges and new directions at these intersections, giving new insights into how hardware security, alongside AI/M,L advances.
Switchgrass as oil and water-spill sorbent: Effect of particle size, torrefaction, and regeneration methods.

Abstract Switchgrass, both raw and torrefied, was tested for its ability to sorb water or oil. The cyclic performance was also examined, utilizing centrifugal extraction as the regeneration method. Both oil and water sorption capacity increase with the decreasing size of raw switchgrass particles. Results indicate that 3 mm raw switchgrass can sorb water at a capacity of about 6 times its mass and can sorb oil at a capacity of about 3 times its mass, which makes it a suitable biodegradable sorbent. Torrefaction at 220 °C for 30 min reduces water sorption capacity by an average of 55% but does not have a statistically significant impact on oil sorption. Sorption of liquid is negatively correlated to particle size. Centrifugation is able to partially desorb either liquid from the sorbent, and subsequent sorption cycles do not display lower sorption capacity than the first cycle when calculated on a dry mass basis.
Learning-Enabled Residential Demand Response: Automation and Security of Cyberphysical Demand Response Systems

Residential Demand Response (DR) Programs have been validated as a viable technology to improve energy efficiency and the reliability of electric power distribution. However, various technical and organizational challenges hinder their full techno-economic potential. In practice, these challenges are related to the small-scale, distributed, heterogeneous, and stochastic nature of residential DR resources. This article investigates state-of-the-art online and reinforcement learning methods that are capable of overcoming these challenges in the context of DR pricing, scheduling, and cybersecurity.
Sirtuin signaling in hematologic malignancies

Abstract The sirtuins are a class of NAD+-dependent enzymes that are critical mediators of health maintenance and aging. Interestingly, sirtuins regulate many processes that are hijacked by cancer cells, including genomic stability and metabolism. This chapter summarizes each of the seven human sirtuins and their functions, particularly as it relates to signaling in hematologic malignancies. The chapter ends by discussing therapeutic strategies to exploit sirtuin signaling to better treat hematologic malignancies. Throughout, the chapter highlights interesting unanswered questions involving sirtuin biology in hematologic malignancies.
Absorptiometrie

Die vorliegende Ubersicht gibt eine Einfuhrung zur Zweispektren-Rontgenabsorptiometrie oder DXA (dual X-ray absorptiometry), der erfolgreichsten und am weitesten verbreiteten Methode in der Osteoporosediagnostik. DXA-Untersuchungen dienen zur Messung der projektiven Knochendichte der Wirbelsaule, des Huftknochens, des gesamten Skeletts und zur Erfassung morphometrischer Parameter an der Hufte und Wirbelsaule sowie an der Skelettperipherie am Unterarm, an der Hand und der Ferse. Hauptsachliche klinische Anwendungsbereiche sind Diagnose und Verlaufskontrolle der Osteoporose und ihre Therapie. Aufgrund der hohen Genauigkeit, Prazision und guten Einschatzung des osteoporotischen Frakturrisikos sowie der relativ kostengunstigen Anwendbarkeit hat sich die DXA gegenuber alternativen Methoden weitgehend durchgesetzt. Im Folgenden werden physikalische und technische Grundlagen behandelt sowie die verschiedenen Aufnahmeprotokolle, Qualitatsmerkmale, Fehlerquellen und ihre Bedeutung. Verschiedene Messregionen mit Angaben von Prazision, nominalen Messwerten und Nutzen zur Vorhersage des Frakturrisikos sowie die Ergebnisse groser klinischer Studien werden ebenfalls beschrieben.
The growth and expansion of meningeal lymphatic networks are affected in craniosynostosis

Abstract Congenital skull malformations are associated with vascular anomalies that can impair fluid balance in the central nervous system. We previously reported that humans with craniosynostosis and mutations in TWIST1 have dural venous sinus malformations. It is still unknown whether meningeal lymphatic networks, which are patterned alongside the venous sinuses, are also affected. Using a novel skull flat mounting technique, we show that the growth and expansion of meningeal lymphatics are perturbed in Twist1 craniosynostosis models. Changes to the local meningeal environment, including hypoplastic dura and venous malformations, affect the ability of lymphatic networks to sprout and remodel. Dorsal networks along the transverse sinus are hypoplastic with reduced branching. By contrast, basal networks closer to the skull base are more variably affected, showing exuberant growth in some animals suggesting they are compensating for vessel loss in dorsal networks. Injecting molecular tracers into cerebrospinal fluid reveals significantly less drainage to the deep cervical lymph nodes, indicative of impaired lymphatic function. Collectively, our results show that meningeal lymphatic development is hindered in craniosynostosis, suggesting central nervous system waste clearance may be impeded.