cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial dislocations in the X-ray topography of as-grown hexagonal silicon carbide crystals

Abstract Dislocations visible in X-ray topographs of as-grown hexagonal silicon carbide Lely platelets and physical vapor transport process wafers extinguished as if they had Burgers vectors of 1/3〈 11 2 0 〉. Under the electron microscope, beneath the resolution of X-ray topography, short lengths of these dislocations were shown to consist of pairs of 1/3〈 10 1 0 〉 Shockley partials spanning narrow ribbons of stacking fault. An unusual example of a b=1/3〈 11 2 0 〉 dislocation in a Lely platelet visibly separated into its partials in an X-ray topograph was presented.
Gene expression is altered in perfused arterial segments exposed to cyclic flexure ex vivo.

Certain regions of coronary and other arteries undergo cyclic flexure due to attachment to the heart or crossing of joints. Such motion gives rise to fluctuations in transmural stress and luminal shear stress. It is well known that cyclic variation of these biomechanical forces influences many aspects of vascular cell biology including gene expression. The purpose of this work was to investigate the hypothesis that cyclic flexure of arterial segments influences their gene expression. Bilateral porcine femoral arteries were obtained fresh from the abattoir. One vessel was mounted in an ex vivo perfusion system and subjected to an intraluminal pressure of 60 mm Hg and flow of 50 ml/min to serve as a control. The other vessel was mounted in a second perfusion system with similar hemodynamic conditions, but also subjected to controlled cyclic bending consistent with that found in coronary arteries in vivo. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that E-selectin and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) were consistently and significantly downregulated in the specimens subjected to 4 h of cyclic bending as compared to the control (n=8, p < 0.05). Our results show that cyclic flexure of arterial segments in vitro may influence their gene expression. Further investigation should follow this novel observation and focus on other known mediators to more carefully elucidate the consequence of cyclic flexure on arterial pathobiology. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8719Rr, 8719Uv, 8719Hh
Implications of a χ(3.86) state for theoretical models

Abstract Recent preliminary evidence for a D D state χ(3.86) raises extremely interesting implications for theoretical models, particularly those currently in vogue, e.g. the flux tube model and a molecular charmonium picture. We examine the experimental consequences as well as the possible unveiling of a strata of C-exotic states in heavy quarkonia systems by future facilities like BES Upgrade/Tau–Charm Factory and CLEO III/B-Factories.
Resilient and adaptive performance logic

As VLSI technology continues scaling, increasingly significant parametric variations and increasingly prevalent defects present unprecedented challenges to VLSI design at nanometer scale. Specifically, performance variability has hindered performance scaling, while soft errors become an emerging problem for logic computation at recent technology nodes. In this article, we leverage the existing Totally Self-Checking (TSC)/Strongly Fault-Secure (SFS) logic design techniques, and propose Resilient and Adaptive Performance (RAP) logic for maximum adaptive performance and soft error resilience in nanoscale computing. RAP logic clears all timing errors in the absence of external soft errors, albeit at a higher area/power cost compared with Razor logic. Our experimental results further show that dual-rail static (Domino) RAP logic outperforms alternative Delay-Insensitive (DI) code-based static (Domino) RAP logic with less area, higher performance, and lower power consumption for the large test cases, and achieves an average of 2.29(2.41)× performance boost, 2.12(1.91)× layout area, and 2.38(2.34)× power consumption compared with the traditional minimum area static logic based on the Nangate 45-nm open cell library.
II, Cold‐Setting Properties

Experimental data indicate that cold-setting bonds may be farmed from oxide-phosphoric acid reactions, from phosphate-phosphoric acid reactions, or by direct addition of liquid phosphate bond. In all cases acid phosphates are responsible for the bonding action. For optimum bonding, a weakly basic or amphoteric cation having a moderately small ionic radius is required so that a nonordered structure can be formed. The solidification process for a liquid phosphate bond has been determined. No weak temperature zone appears on heating these bonds because of the gradual loss of “combined” water and the gradual crystallization of the dehydration products.
A multiproxy environmental investigation of Holocene wood from a submerged conifer forest in Lake Huron, USA

Remains of a Holocene drowned forest in southern Lake Huron discovered in 12.5 m of water (164 m above sea level), 4.5 km east of Lexington, Michigan USA (Sanilac site), provided wood to investigate environment and lake history using several proxies. Macrofossil evidence indicates a forest comprised primarily of conifers equivalent to the modern “rich conifer swamp” community, despite generally low regional abundance of these species in pollen records. Ages range from 7095 ± 50 to 6420 ± 70 14C yr BP, but the clustering of stump dates and the development of 2 floating tree-ring chronologies suggest a briefer forest interval of no more than c. 400 years. Dendrochronological analysis indicates an environment with high inter-annual climate variability. Stable-carbon isotope composition falls within the range of modern trees from this region, but the stable-oxygen composition is consistent with warmer conditions than today. Both our tree-ring and isotope data provide support for a warmer environment in this region, consistent with a mid-Holocene thermal maximum. This drowned forest also provides a dated elevation in the Nipissing transgression at about 6420 14C yr BP (7350 cal yr BP) in the southern Lake Huron basin, a few hundred years before reopening of the St. Clair River drainage.
Pulsed Laser Deposition of Superhard Nitride Coatings

Abstract Nitrides coatings have a large number of applications in high-technology industries due to many unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Thin films of aluminum nitride (AIN), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and carbon nitride (CNx) were deposited on Si (100) substrates using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The seeding of titanium nitride (TiN) before the CNx deposition has promoted the growth of the predominantly crystalline CNx films. The laser deposition parameters and substrate temperature play an important role in fabricating high quality films. The structural and microstructural properties of these films have been characterized using x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope techniques. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to investigate the bonding properties in CNx films. The mechanical properties of the films were evaluated to correlate with the processing parameters of the deposited films. It has been sh...
Structured accidentalness: An argument in favour of liveable urban congestion

Structured accidentalness is proposed here as an urban design approach intended to generate congested, livable urban developments. The proposed approach is based on a compact superposition of a number of information layers structured according to human and territorial design criteria. The assumption is that such a congested environment becomes urban if it generates physical and community living conditions which encourage accidental encounters. The paper describes and discusses the application of structured accidentalness to the design of a new mixed‐income residential scheme in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Product Remanufacturing and Replacement Decisions Under Operations and Maintenance Cost Uncertainties

In recent years, there has been substantial interest in remanufacturing because it conserves new natural resources and reduces wastes. In this article, we aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of this remanufacturing in the context of maintenance and replacement policies. Specifically, we assume that a product consists of durable and nondurable parts with uncertain, yet different, operations and maintenance (O&M) costs, and we aim to determine the optimal remanufacturing and replacement policies for the nondurable parts and the product. The evolution of the O&M costs is assumed to follow a geometric Brownian motion process, and the corresponding modeling and analysis use a real options approach. Managerial insights and economic implications are obtained via mathematical and numerical analyses.
Complete Carbon and Nitrogen Budgets for the Carnivorous Amphipod, Calliopius laeviusculus (KRØYER)

The marine amphipod Calliopius laeviusculus was grown in the laboratory under maximum food levels at 8°C, 12°C, and 15°C. The effects of body size and temperature on all budget parameters were determined and equations describing each parameter as a function of body carbon and nitrogen content were used to construct and check the balance of the budgets. The energetics of the amphipod are discussed.
A 26.5-to-40-GHz Planar Balanced Mixer

The design and performance of a MIC 26.5-40 GHz mixer is described. The mixer utilizes GaAs beam lead Schottky barrier diodes with a cutoff frequency of 750 GHz in a balanced arrangement with slot-line and coplanar waveguide. Conversion loss for the full waveguide band is 7.6 ± 0.5 dB with + 6 dBm LO drive. VSWRs are less than 2:1 for the RF port and 3.4:1 for the LO port. The mixer exhibits excellent LO to RF isolation, typically 25 dB and handles IF frequencies up to 8 GHz.
The Parking Problem for Finite-State Robots

This paper is a step toward understanding the algorithmic concomitants of modeling robots as mobile nite-state machines (FSMs, for short) that travel within square two-dimensional meshes (which abstract the oors of laboratories or factories or warehouses). We study the ability of FSMs to scalably perform a simple path-planning task called parking, within xed square meshes of arbitrary sizes. This task: (1) has each FSM head for its nearest corner of the mesh and (2) has all FSMs within a corner organize into a maximally compact formation (one that minimizes a compactness-measuring potential function). The problem thus requires FSMs to know \where they are" within a mesh, specically which quadrant they reside in. Indeed, quadrant determination is the central technical issue in enabling FSMs to park. Many initial congurations of FSMs can park, including: (a) a single FSM situated initially along an edge of the mesh; (b) any assemblage of FSMs that begins with two designated adjacent FSMs. These congurations can park even without using (digital analogues of) pheromones, an algorithmic aid advocated by some who use FSMs to model ant-inspired robots. In contrast, a single FSM in the interior of (even a one-dimensional) mesh cannot park, even with the help of (volatile digital) pheromones.
Steroid-triggered death by autophagy.

Programmed cell death is a critical part of normal development, removing obsolete tissues or cells and sculpting body parts to assume their appropriate form and function. Most programmed cell death occurs by apoptosis of individual cells or autophagy of groups of cells. Although these pathways have distinct morphological characteristics, they also have a number of features in common, suggesting some overlap in their regulation. A recent paper by Lee and Baehrecke provides further support for this proposal.(1) These authors present, for the first time, a genetic analysis of autophagy, using the steroid-triggered metamorphosis of Drosophila as a model system. They demonstrate a remarkable degree of overlap between the control of apoptosis and autophagy as well as a key role for the steroid-inducible gene E93 in directing the autophagic death response. This paper also shows that E93 can direct cell death independently from the known death-inducer genes, defining a novel death pathway in Drosophila. BioEssays 23:677–682, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A formal model for sustainable vehicle-to-grid management

The Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G) technology allows plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to act like an energy provider besides being a consumer. A PEV, being connected to the smart grid, can either charge its battery by consuming electricity from the grid or discharge the stored electricity from the battery to the grid. It can also participate in the frequency regulation service of the grid. Executing the aforementioned operations in a non-controlled fashion may come with problems on the grid functionality. For safe and sustainable functioning of the grid, controlling the operations is very crucial. In this paper, we are offering an approach for vehicle-to-grid management using constraint-based formal modeling. The approach is centered around an aggregator that collects all the involved parties' constraints and preferences. The aggregator then finds a management plan, i.e., a schedule of V2G services for the PEVs by satisfying the given constraints besides its own requirements. We apply satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) to synthesize the schedule as a satisfaction of the constraints. Our evaluation results show that the formalization can be efficiently solved for problems with thousands of PEVs.
The current status of EHDI programs in the United States

The importance of identifying congenital hearing loss during the first few months of life has been recognized for almost 60 years. Unfortunately, until more effective newborn hearing screening equipment and procedures were developed in the late 1980s, it was not practical to implement programs for identifying hearing loss during the first few months of life. This paper reviews the activities implemented by the federal government in the last 15 years to promote more effective Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programs, and summarizes legislation passed by states related to universal newborn hearing screening. In surveys conducted in 1998 and 2001, State EHDI Coordinators were asked to rate the degree to which various issues were obstacles to implementing effective EHDI programs. The most serious obstacles are the shortage of qualified pediatric audiologists, inadequate reimbursement for screening and diagnosis, and lack of knowledge among primary health care providers about EHDI issues. Opposition to EHDI programs by hospital administrators was rated substantially lower in 2001 than in 1998. State EHDI Coordinators were also surveyed about how well their EHDI program is addressing issues related to screening, diagnosis, early intervention, linkages to medical home providers, tracking and data management, and family support programs. Although substantial progress has been made, many gaps remain with current EHDI programs.
In-basket exercises as a methodology for studying information processing

In-basket exercises have the potential to be an important research tool for examing how managers allocate attention and respond to information in their environment. This article describes the in-basket methodology outlines various issues in organizational information processing and decision making to which this methodology might be applicable, and discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of using in-baskets to examine information processing in a simulated organizational context.
Phytoplankton primary production and photosynthetic parameters in reservoirs along a gradient of watershed land use

We investigated how watershed land use (a gradient of agricultural vs. forested land) relates to phytoplankton primary production (PPr) and photosynthetic parameters in 12 reservoirs in Ohio and examined spatial variation in these parameters. Shallow sites near stream inflows had higher light attenuation, total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll, nonvolatile suspended solids (NVSS), light-saturated photosynthesis (P ), and volumetric PPr than deeper sites near B m dam outflows, but areal PPr and the initial slope of the photosynthesis‐irradiance curve ( a B ) were not significantly different between sites. Mean mixed layer irradiance and the severity of light limitation did not differ between sites because shallower depths compensated for higher light attenuation at inflow sites. Watershed land use (percent agriculture) was only weakly (but significantly) related to mean annual PPr, TP, and chlorophyll, but there was a well-defined upper limit to the effect of land use on all three of these parameters. Multiple regression showed that inclusion of additional watershed factors (the ratio of watershed land area to reservoir volume and the ratio of cropland area to number of livestock) greatly increased the variance explained compared to land use alone. TP and chlorophyll were highly correlated with each other and with PPr. Comparison of our TP‐chlorophyll, TP‐PPr, and chlorophyll‐PPr regressions with those of other studies suggests that reservoirs have lower PPr per unit TP than natural lakes, probably because of lower light intensity and higher concentrations of nonalgal P in reservoirs.
What’s in a name? Would that which we call death by any other name be less tragic?

Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:1454-1456 Jagat Narula and Ragavendra Baliga tragic? What’s in a name? Would that which we call death by any other name be lesshttp://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/72/5/1454 on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located
POPULATION GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA AMYLASE. I. GENETIC CONTROL OF TISSUE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION IN D. PSEUDOOBSCURA

Drosophila pseudoobscura is polymorphic for tissue-specific expression of α-amylase in adult midguts. This enzyme is encoded by a single locus, Amy, on the third chromosome. In this paper we show: (1) Up to about 12 days post-eclosion, the midgut activity patterns remain stable; after 12 days areas not showing activity previously begin to show activity. Thus, the genes controlling the expression of Amy are temporally acting. (2) Diet affects the quantitative, but not the qualitative, expression of Amy. (3) The expression of Amy in adult midguts is under genetic control. Selection for different frequencies of patterns is possible; realized heritabilities are 0.20 to 0.50. Partial linkage with third chromosome inversions has been demonstrated; the genes or elements controlling Amy expression are not, however, confined to the third chromosome. (4) The genetic elements controlling tissue-specific expression of amylase do not coordinately control the expression of five other "digestive-type" enzymes that were studied.—This polymophism appears to be analogous to that studied by Abraham and Doane (1978) in D. melanogaster, wherein they have mapped regulatory genes.
Quantitative measurements of thermodynamics and kinetics of polythiophene-DNA complex formation in DNA detection.

Cationic polythiophene derivatives have been used as unique optical probes for various biosensing applications with great success, because their optical responses are sensitive to the conformational changes from binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). It has long been suggested that the binding of cationic polymers to DNA has a major impact on the thermodynamics and kinetics of DNA hybridization; yet a quantitative assessment is lacking. We report here a systematic study to quantitatively measure the thermodynamic binding constants and hybridization rates of DNA duplexes in the presence/absence of cationic polythiophene. Our results show that the dissociation constant of dsDNA in the presence of polythiophene is three orders of magnitude smaller than that in the absence of polymers. The formation of the DNA/polymer triplex is also much slower than double helical DNA formation, suggesting a rate-limiting polymer–ssDNA dissociation step prior to DNA hybridization. The hybridization rate constant is further slowed down when polymer/DNA hybridization occurs on a solid surface due to steric hindrance. Having a means to quantitatively assess the DNA hybridization efficiency in the presence of cationic polymers, we were able to improve the DNA sensing performance through a combined tuning of reaction temperature and time.
Lipid synthesis in the bovine lens.

Lipid synthesis was investigated in bovine lens in organ culture for 9 hours using C acetate as a precursor. The greatest incorporation occurred in phospholipid fraction with phosphatidyl choline being the major phospholipid labeled. Considerable activity was incorporated in the free fatty acid fraction, cholesterol and cholesterol intermediates. A comparison of the lipid synthesis in bovine, mouse and rabbit lenses showed the rabbit lens to be the most active, the adult mouse lens to be the least active and the bovine and young mice to be intermediate in value.
The CATCH Kids Club: a pilot after-school study for improving elementary students’ nutrition and physical activity

Background Although many school-based diet and physical activity interventions have been designed and evaluated, relatively few have been tested for the after-school setting. After-school day-care programmes at either elementary schools or private locations provide a ready-made opportunity for health programmes that may be difficult to incorporate into an already-full school day. The purpose of this paper is to report on a pilot study of an after-school adaptation of the CATCH (Coordinated Approach To Child Health) elementary school programme called the CATCH Kids Club (CKC). Methods The CKC was pilot-tested and formatively evaluated in 16 Texas after-school programmes: eight in El Paso and eight in Austin (four intervention and four reference sites each). Evaluation consisted of direct observation of moderate to vigorous physical activity during play time, self-reported food intake and physical activity, and focus group interviews with after-school programme staff. Results Students responded well to the physical activity and snack components and were less interested in the five-module education component. Routine staff training was a key variable in achieving proper implementation; the ideal would be a full day with repeated follow-up model teaching visits. Staff turnover was a logistic issue, as was programme leader readiness and interest in conducting the programme. Strong and significant effects were observed for the physical activity but not for the education component. The results of the physical education component suggest it is feasible, effective and ready for larger-scale evaluation or dissemination.
Tropical and north Pacific teleconnections influence fire regimes in pine-dominated forests of north-eastern California, USA

Aim To assess the importance of drought and teleconnections from the tropical and north Pacific Ocean on historical fire regimes and vegetation dynamics in north-eastern California. Location The 700 km2 study area was on the leeward slope of the southern Cascade Mountains in north-eastern California. Open forests of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa Laws.) and Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi Grev. & Balf) surround a network of grass and shrub-dominated meadows that range in elevation from 1650 to 1750 m. Methods Fire regime characteristics (return interval, season and extent) were determined from crossdated fire scars and were compared with tree-ring based reconstructions of precipitation and temperature and teleconnections for the period 1700–1849. The effect of drought on fire regimes was determined using a tree-ring based proxy of climate from five published chronologies. The number of forest-meadow units that burned was compared with published reconstructions of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Results Landscape scale fires burned every 7–49 years in meadow-edge forests and were influenced by variation in drought, the PDO and ENSO. These widespread fires burned during years that were dryer and warmer than normal that followed wetter and cooler years. Less widespread fires were not associated with this wet, then dry climate pattern. Widespread fires occurred during El Nino years, but fire extent was mediated by the phase of the PDO. Fires were most widespread when the PDO was in a warm or normal phase. Fire return intervals, season and extent varied at decadal to multi-decadal time scales. In particular, an anomalously cool, wet period during the early 1800s resulted in widespread fires that occurred earlier in the year than fires before or after. Main conclusions Fire regimes in north-eastern California were strongly influenced by regional and hemispheric-scale climate variation. Fire regimes responded to variation that occurred in both the north and tropical Pacific. Near normal modes of the PDO may influence fire regimes more than extreme conditions. The prevalence of widespread teleconnection-driven fires in the historic record suggests that variation in the Pacific Ocean was a key regulator of fire regimes through its influence on local fuel production and successional dynamics in north-eastern California.
Epidemiology and Etiology of Multiple Sclerosis

The generally accepted view is that multiple sclerosis (MS) primarily is an autoimmune disease that is precipitated by undefined environmental factors in a genetically predisposed host. The author’s interpretation of the epidemiologic information, however, is that the ‘‘environmental factors’’ include the principal cause of this illness. Epidemiologic works are concerned with the frequency of diseases, and their characteristics by race, sex, geography, and other risk factors, as well as with the severity and course of the illness. Such information is needed and should be used by all aspects of the health care system, from government to clinician. The epidemiologic unit is a person who has a given disorder. After diagnosis, the basic question is ‘‘How common is the disease?’’ This frequency should be described by the best count of the number of cases as the numerator within the specific populations at risk as the denominator. These ratios, with the addition of the time period to which they pertain, are referred to as rates. The population-based rates that are in common use are the incidence rate, the mortality rate, and the prevalence ‘‘rate.’’ The incidence or attack rate is defined as the number of new cases of the disease beginning clinically in a unit of time within the specified population. Usually, this is given as an annual incidence rate in cases per 100,000 population per year. The mortality or death rate refers to the number of deaths with the disease as the (underlying) cause of death that occur within a unit of time and population, and thus, an annual death rate per 100,000 population. The point prevalence ‘‘rate’’ more properly is called a prevalence ratio, and it refers to the number of the affected within the community at one point in time, again expressed per unit of population. The Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease meets annually in New York to present a symposium on one specific topic. Their
Crystallization of the Oct-1/SNAP190 peptide/DNA complex

Crystals of the Oct-1 POU/SNAP190 peptide/DNA tertiary complex have been obtained by hanging-drop vapor diffusion at 293 K in 20% 2-propanol, 20% PEG 4000 and 0.1 M sodium citrate pH 5.6. The Oct-1 POU protein has two domains, one a homeodomain and the other a POU domain, which are connected by a flexible linker. The DNA used in the complex is slightly different in the octamer region compared with the two previously crystallized Oct-1 POU/DNA complexes. The DNA is 14 base pairs, with an octamer sequence of 5′-­ATGTAGAT-3′ and an overhang of one base on both strands. The SNAP190 peptide is 27 amino acids long (residues 884–910). The crystals diffract to 2.3 A (94.1% completeness) at the synchrotron under cryogenic (123 K) conditions. The crystals are triclinic, space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 36.4, b = 54.9, c = 77.6 A, α = 94.9, β = 99.6, γ = 109.2°. This structure will provide insight into how Oct-1 interacts with SNAP190, a critical component of the small nuclear RNA-activating protein complex (SNAPc). Transcription of human snRNA genes is activated by these direct protein–protein interactions.
Stability analysis of nonlinear neural network models

The problem of stability for nonlinear neural networks is addressed in this paper. By means of the Lyapunov function of Lurie type, new classes of stability conditions for general neural network models are presented. The stability analysis here is global in the space of neuronal activations. An illustrated example is given.
Cognitive Outcome and Reliable Change Indices Two Years Following Bilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation

Abstract Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) is currently the treatment of choice for medication-resistant levodopa-related motor complications in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). While STN-DBS often results in meaningful motor improvements, consensus regarding long-term neuropsychological outcome continues to be debated. We assessed the cognitive outcomes of 19 STN-DBS patients compared to a group of 18 medically-managed PD patients on a comprehensive neuropsychological battery at baseline and two years post-surgery. Patients did not demonstrate changes in global cognitive functioning on screening measures. However, neuropsychological results revealed impairments in nonverbal recall, oral information processing speed, and lexical and semantic fluency in STN-DBS patients compared to PD controls 2 years post-surgery in these preliminary analyses. Additionally, reliable change indices revealed that approximately 50% of STN-DBS patients demonstrated significant declines in nonverbal memory and oral information processing speed compared to 25–30% of PD controls, and 26% of STN-DBS patients declined on lexical fluency compared to 11% of PD patients. Approximately 30% of both groups declined on semantic fluency. The number of STN-DBS patients who converted to dementia 2 years following surgery was not significantly different from the PD participants (32% versus 16%, respectively). Our results suggest that neuropsychological evaluations may identify possible mild cognitive changes following surgery.
The shtetl in the museum: representing Jews in the eras of Stalin and Putin

This article considers the representation of the shtetl in two museum narratives devoted to Jews in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. The first, the state-funded 1939 exhibit “The Jews in Tsarist Russia and the USSR” was organized by the Jewish Section of the State Museum of Ethnography in Leningrad and remained on display to the Soviet public until the Nazi invasion in June 1941. The second is the privately funded Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow, which opened in 2012. Though conceived under radically different ideological and political circumstances, each exhibition conveys a significant message about the place of Jews in Soviet and post-Soviet society, respectively, and each positions the shtetl as a formative arena for Jewish civic identity vis-a-vis the Russian homeland. Across the chasm of over seventy years, these two museum projects raise strikingly similar questions about how and why cultural institutions are mobilized to define the relationship of Ashkenazi Jews and the state. In both c...
Ataxia-Telangiectasia with Hyper-IgM Syndrome

A group of eight children with ataxia-tengiectasia (A-T) who presented with serum Ig levels suggestive of hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM) are reported from the Department of Paediatrics, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, and other centers in the Netherlands, Iceland, and Belgium.
Altered sensitivity of osmotically stimulated vasopressin release in quadriplegic subjects.

Osmoregulation of vasopressin release was studied in 15 quadriplegic subjects (Quad) and 7 healthy control subjects (Con). Hypertonic NaCl (0.85 M) was infused intravenously (0.05 ml.kg-1.min-1) over 90 min in studies on supine subjects and in comparable studies on the same subjects erect (sitting). Erect posture in Quad, but not in Con, was accompanied by orthostatic reductions in arterial blood pressure and by significantly increased plasma aldosterone (P less than 0.001) and cortisol (P less than 0.001) concentrations and increased plasma renin activity (P less than 0.025). Changes in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration (PAVP) during hypertonic NaCl infusions were also greater in erect than in supine Quad (P less than 0.005), despite identical changes in plasma osmolality (Posm). Linear regression analysis of the PAVP/Posm relationship during hypertonic NaCl infusions showed highly significant correlations (P less than 0.0002) in both Quad and Con. Mean slope values for regression lines, however, were significantly higher in erect than in supine Quad (P less than 0.005) but did not differ in relation to posture in Con. Differences in posture were not associated with differences in abscissal intercepts in either Quad or Con. These studies show significant alterations in the sensitivity of osmotically stimulated vasopressin release related to differences in posture in Quad, characterized by enhanced sensitivity in erect posture due to nonosmotic stimuli not evident in Con.
Lithio­marsturite, LiCa2Mn2Si5O14(OH)

Lithio­marsturite, ideally LiCa2Mn2Si5O14(OH), is a member of the pectolite–pyroxene series of pyroxenoids (hydro­pyroxenoids) and belongs to the rhodonite group. A previous structure determination of this mineral based on triclinic symmetry in space group P\overline{1} by Peacor et al. [Am. Mineral. (1990), 75, 409–414] converged with R = 0.18 without reporting any information on atomic coordinates and displacement param­eters. The current study redetermines its structure from a natural specimen from the type locality (Foote mine, North Carolina) based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The crystal structure of lithio­marsturite is characterized by ribbons of edge-sharing CaO6 and two types of MnO6 octa­hedra as well as chains of corner-sharing SiO4 tetra­hedra, both extending along [110]. The octa­hedral ribbons are inter­connected by the rather irregular CaO8 and LiO6 polyhedra through sharing corners and edges, forming layers parallel to (\overline{1}1\overline{1}), which are linked together by the silicate chains. Whereas the coordination environments of the Mn and Li cations can be compared to those of the corresponding cations in nambulite, the bonding situations of the Ca cations are more similar to those in babingtonite. In contrast to the hydrogen-bonding scheme in babingtonite, which has one O atom as the hydrogen-bond donor and a second O atom as the hydrogen-bond acceptor, our study shows that the situation is reversed in lithio­marsturite for the same two O atoms, as a consequence of the differences in the bonding environments around O atoms in the two minerals.
Comment on a Standard Definition of Response Rates

The lack of a standard definition of response rates in surveys has resulted in problems in the marketing research community, including ambiguity in pricing and evaluating research proposals and in ...
Distribution of parasitized and nonparasitized potato aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on staked tomato

The distribution patterns of parasitized and nonparasitized potato aphids, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), were assessed on four plantings of staked tomatoes from 1988 to 1990. Within plant distribution of nonparasitized aphids changed through the season, with the highest percentage of aphids found on the middle plant stratum during the first ≈60 d and on the upper stratum after this time. Aphid parasitism was inversely density dependent (i.e., rates of parasitism were highest on plantings with low overall potato aphid populations). In addition, parasitism varied within plants, with higher parasitism rates in the middle compared with the upper plant strata. Taylor's power law described an aggregated distribution pattern for both nonparasitized and parasitized aphids, regardless of leaf sample site used for analysis. Analysis of covariance for homogeneity of slopes indicated that the index of aggregation ( b ) from Taylor's power law remained consistent among years and among sample leaves. The third most recently expanded leaf from the uppermost of the plant (leaf T3) provided the highest relative level of precision among all single-leaf sample units for mean estimates at low aphid densities and was similar in precision to a sample unit consisting of the three uppermost leaves. A binomial sampling plan is presented that uses leaf T3 as a sample unit.
Understanding and Applying a Human Rights Lens

Chapter 2 of “Applying a Human Rights Approach to Social Work Research and Evaluation: A ‘Rights’ Research Manifesto ,” presents the first theme-based strategy of a rights research approach, Understanding and Applying a Human Rights Lens. It reviews: (1) the values and principles of a human right framework (UN 2015), (2) relevant human rights instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , (3) familiarity with human rights implementation mechanisms, and (4) knowledge and application of the central constructs for research that advances human rights and the mission of social work. They are reviewed in that order, respectively. The chapter includes experiential exercises that assist rights research users to conceptualize and apply human rights with a diversity of research designs, populations, and settings.
319 INHIBITION OF HYPOTHALAMIC PROTEIN KINASE A SIGNALING ATTENUATES GHRELIN-INDUCED FEEDING IN RATS.

Background Ghrelin is a gut peptide that increases food intake, in part by activating NPY/Agrp neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, an area crucial for appetite regulation. The intracellular mechanisms mediating ghrelin9s orexigenic effects are not fully known, and elucidating these signaling pathways could identify new targets for anti-obesity medications. Because ghrelin and insulin exert opposing effects on feeding and hypothalamic neuronal activity, we hypothesized that these hormones antagonize one another9s cell signaling pathways. We have previously shown that ghrelin does not affect insulin-mediated activation of hypothalamic protein kinase B, a plausible consequence of ghrelin signaling via phospholipase C. Another possible point of competitive convergence for ghrelin and insulin is the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, which is activated by ghrelin in some non-neuronal tissues. If this also occurs in hypothalamus, it could induce npy gene expression and stimulate food intake. Moreover, insulin inhibits PKA in the hypothalamus via phosphodiesterase 3B and could therefore antagonize ghrelin signaling. In the current study, we addressed whether PKA signaling is required for ghrelin9s orexigenic actions. We sought to determine if the feeding effects of centrally administered ghrelin are attenuated by pretreatment with the PKA inhibitor H89. Methods Male Wistar rats were implanted with 3rd intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas 1 week prior to studies. Cannula placement was confirmed by angiotensin II testing. Animals were habituated to daily handling and food-intake measurement for 1 week. On the experimental day, ad libitum-fed rats were given a 1 μL ICV injection of either H89 (12.5 nmol) or DMSO vehicle; 30 minutes later, they received a 2 μL ICV injection of either ghrelin (60 pmol) or saline vehicle. Food intake was measured 1 and 2 h after the second injection. Results Pretreatment with H89 decreased ghrelin-induced feeding (1 hr: 2.6 ± 0.4 g [ghrelin] vs 1.5 ± 0.6 g [H89 + ghrelin], p = .11; 2 hr: 3.6 ± 0.4 g [ghrelin] vs 1.5 ± 0.4 g [H89 + ghrelin], p = .03). This dose of H89 alone did not significantly affect food intake at any time point (1 hr: 0.4 ± 0.1 g [vehicle] vs 1.2 ± 0.7 g [H89], p = .41; 2 hr: 0.4 ± 0.1 g (vehicle) vs 1.8 ± 0.8 [H89], p = .22). Conclusions Inhibition of central PKA signaling significantly attenuates ghrelin-induced feeding. This finding suggests that the ghrelin receptor signals via PKA in the hypothalamus and that this pathway is important for ghrelin9s orexigenic actions. Although the downstream consequences of hypothalamic PKA signaling are not known, a likely target of this pathway is CREB phosphorylation, which could induce npy gene expression and stimulate food intake.
Damming the Rivers — II: The Energy Imperative

This chapter continues our broadly focused consideration of the problem of reaching an amicable interstate agreement on water-resource exploitation among co-riparian states. Specifically, it explores the interstate political dynamics of the energy imperative. By energy imperative we mean the increasingly pressing realization of national leaders in Himalayan Asia that their countries’ indigenous hydrocarbon energy supplies, oil and natural gas in particular, fall far short of future requirements; that the presently heavy reliance on coal in some of these countries is environmentally unsustainable; and that the Himalayan region’s immense hydroelectric potential can be much more aggressively exploited to help close the widening energy supply-demand gap.
Uncertainty assessment in ecosystem services analyses: Seven challenges and practical responses

Abstract Ecosystem services (ES) analyses are increasingly used to address societal challenges, but too often are not accompanied by uncertainty assessment. This omission limits the validity of their findings and may undermine the ‘science-based’ decisions they inform. We summarize and analyze seven commonly perceived challenges to conducting uncertainty assessment that help explain why it often receives superficial treatment in ES studies. We connect these challenges to solutions in relevant scientific literature and guidance documents. Since ES science is based on a multiplicity of disciplines (e.g. ecology, hydrology, economics, environmental modeling, policy sciences), substantial knowledge already exists to identify, quantify, and communicate uncertainties. The integration of these disciplines for solution-oriented modeling has been the focus of the integrated assessment community for many years, and we argue that many insights and best practices from this field can be directly used to improve ES assessments. We also recognize a number of issues that hinder the adoption of uncertainty assessment as part of standard practice. Our synthesis provides a starting point for ES analysts and other applied modelers looking for further guidance on uncertainty assessment and helps scientists and decision-makers to set reasonable expectations for characterizing the level of confidence associated with an ES assessment.
Review: Henry Ives Cobb’s Chicago: Architecture, Institutions, and the Making of a Modern Metropolis by Edward W. Wolner

Edward W. Wolner Henry Ives Cobb’s Chicago: Architecture, Institutions, and the Making of a Modern Metropolis Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, x + 384 pp., 139 b/w illus. $45, ISBN 9780226905617 Henry Ives Cobb (1859–1931) was well-born and well-educated in Boston. Following European travel and his employment at the well-regarded Boston architecture firm of Peabody and Stearns, Cobb seemed set for a promising career in his hometown. Yet, instead Cobb moved to Chicago, where he developed an extensive practice and a large office. This period was followed by a move to Washington, D.C., and a diminished practice, and a final move to New York, with even less work. This reversal of the usual pattern of career development from modest beginnings to final successes plays a role in Cobb’s diminished place in the history of American architecture. However, Cobb suffers from two additional disadvantages. First, in 1896, when Montgomery Schuyler published the monograph A Critique of the Work of Adler & Sullivan, D. H. Burnham & Co., Henry Ives Cobb , drawn from his Great American Architects series in Architectural Record , Cobb suffered from Schuyler’s assessment that Cobb’s work, while fine, was not characteristic of the distinctive commercial and suburban work of Chicago. This drift into critical irrelevance was reinforced by the emergence of a canonical Chicago School. Second, compounding our ignorance of the architect whose career began in prominence and distinction but ended in obscurity, Cobb’s archive is lost. Cobb’s reputation only began to be reversed after 1976, when the exhibition and publication Chicago Architects , edited by Stuart Cohen, appeared as an explicit rejoinder to Chicago’s official bicentennial publication, 100 Years of Architecture in Chicago , edited by Oswald Grube and others. More importantly for Cobb’s status is the recent book Henry Ives Cobb’s Chicago, in which the author, Edward W. Wolner, …
Chapter 21 The structure of human anti-ganglioside antibodies

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the structure of antiganglioside autoantibodies to ascertain their genetic origins—whether there is a requirement for somatic mutation—and to identify the structural basis of their specificity. As a source of autoantibodies, peripheral blood B lymphocytes are immortalized from two normal individuals and from patients with neuropathy who have elevated titers of anti-GM1 antibodies. Data presented in the chapter provides the first information about the extent of this polymorphism and provide strong evidence that human immunoglobulin gene families are larger and more polymorphic than appreciated previously. These findings have two important implications for the study of autoimmunity. First, unless sequences of expressed antibodies are identical to a germline gene, it is not possible to be confident that the genetic origin of an autoantibody has been identified. Second, polymorphism of immunoglobulin genes probably makes a more significant contribution to the genetic predisposition to autoimmunity, and to hereditary variations in the immune response, than appreciated previously.
Capacity Building in Rural Communities Through Community-Based Collaborative Partnerships

The purpose of this chapter is to identify capacity building strategies with entities existing in rural communities to better serve persons with disabilities. Established partners such as the Cooperative Extension System, community leaders, and faith-based institutions are considered as viable and practical collaborators. In addition, this chapter will address both real and perceived barriers to collaboration. The roles of rehabilitation counselors and administrators will be used to suggest ways to circumvent barriers to collaboration.
Differential $E$ -Field Coupling to Shielded $H$ -Field Probe in Near-Field Measurements and a Suppression Approach

In near-field scanning using $H$ -field probes, $E$ -field coupling is a major concern. $E$ -field suppression performance must be characterized before an $H$ -field probe can be used for near-field scanning. Common method of measurement involves measuring the $E$ -field coupling in the same location where the strongest $H$ -field coupling occurs. In microstrip line traces, it is assumed that this occurs right above the center of the trace and less coupling at all other locations across the microstrip line. In this paper, we show that the maximum $E$ -field coupling occurs at a location slightly offset from the trace center. The $E$ -field coupling to a shielded $H$ -field probe at such a position leads to differential-mode coupling, which the standard shield of an $H$ -field probe is unable to suppress. The coupling mechanism is investigated and a differential $E$ -field coupling suppression approach is proposed. For the $H$ -field probe used in this paper, a proposed floating plate is shown to improve the measured $E$ -field suppression ratio by a factor of 18 dB compared to a similar probe without this modification.
Ray refraction in uniaxial crystals by Fermat's principle.

Fermat’s principle is used to study the refraction of extraordinary rays into and out of uniaxial crystals with arbitrary optic axis orientations. The method produces direct formulas for the direction cosines of the refracted rays without the need of calculating intermediate quantities. The formulas are validated by comparing them with previous ray-tracing methods.