cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power system protection education and digital relay training based on a physical platform

This paper presents a physical teaching platform for digital relay operation educations. The objective of the platform is to provide opportunities for the users to practice on power protection and relaying systems. The laboratory equipment is installed on an experiment desk, which consists of four major parts: a three phase equivalent distribution network, a fault generating section, monitoring equipment systems and digital relay protection systems. The users are expected to learn the programming of digital relays, the circuit connections of the monitoring equipment systems, the operation of the fault generating section and the analysis of fault protections with assistance of relay-computer interface. The platform is capable of performing multi-type protection schemes, such as, directional overcurrent protection and pilot protection. In addition to traditional protection schemes, communication technology is also included in the experiments to equip students with adequate knowledge of automation operation in smart grid.
Hysteresis Compensation for Ground Contact Force Measurement With Shoe-Embedded Air Pressure Sensors

This paper reviews the design of smart shoes, a wearable device that measures ground contact forces (GCFs) for gait analysis. Smart shoes utilize four coils of silicone tubes adhered directly underneath the shoe insole at key points of interest. Air pressure sensors connect to each tube coil to measure pressure changes caused by compression. This paper presents static and dynamic calibration performed on each sensing coil to establish a model of internal pressure and the GCF. Based on the model, a phase lead filter is designed to account for the hysteresis effect and visco-elastic properties of the silicone tube in order to provide accurate GCF measurements. To design this filter, the air bladder is modeled using a standard linear solid (SLS) model. The prediction error minimization (PEM) algorithm is then implemented to identify the continuous-time transfer function of this SLS model, which is then transformed to discrete time domain to implement in a digital processor. Mechanical characterization and testing on a healthy subject are performed to validate the model and its capability to compensate for hysteresis in GCF measurement.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Enhancement of hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells with front-surface hexagonal plasmonic arrays from nanoscale lithography

The study first uses numerical simulations of hexagonal triangle and sphere arrays to optimize the performance of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) photovoltaic devices. The simulations indicated the potential for a sphere array to provide optical enhancement (OE) up to 7.4% compared to a standard cell using a nanosphere radius of 250 nm and silver film thickness of 50 nm. Next a detailed series of a-Si:H cells were fabricated and tested for quantum efficiency and characteristic and current–voltage (I–V) profiles using a solar simulator. Triangle and sphere array based cells, as well as the uncoated reference cells are analyzed and the results find that the simulation does not precisely predict the observed enhancement, but it forecasts a trend and can be used to guide fabrication. In general, the measured OE follows the simulated trend: (1) for triangular arrays no enhancement is observed and as the silver thickness increases the more degradation of the cell; (2) for annealed arrays both measured and simulated OE occur with the thinner silver thickness. Measured efficiency enhancement reached 20.2% and 10.9% for nanosphere diameter D = 500 nm, silver thicknesses h = 50 nm and 25 nm, respectively. These values, which surpass simulation results, indicate that this method is worth additional investigation.
Politikwissenschaft und Minderheitenschutz – Ein Streifzug über altes und neues Terrain

The relationship between Political Science in Germany and minority research is an ambiguous one. On the one hand, Political Science has in some respect neglected questions of national minorities. On the other hand, there is a rich tradition of political science analysis dealing with specific minority issues. The article surveys these widely spread different approaches of minority research in the field of German Political Science. By pointing out some of the academic voids, the author makes suggestions for further minority studies. But most importantly, he calls for a scientific integration of the different approaches to foster and enrich minority research in German Political Science and its application in policy consulting.
Toward a terahertz quasi-optical vector network analyzer

We propose the design of a quasi-optical directional coupler toward the implementation of the first quasi-optical terahertz (THz) vector network analyzer (VNA). With the proper use of lenses and splitters, we design a quasi-optical topology that isolates the reference from the measured signal. This configuration could pave the way for the first true THz VNA by implementing standard photonic-based THz sources and detectors. The quasi-optical topology is simulated at 300–400 GHz and the numerical results show a first proof of concept of the proposed system.
DETAILED BALANCING IN THE TIME-DEPENDENT IMPACT PARAMETER METHOD

For collisions of the form a + b →c + d, it is shown that detailed balance will be formally satisfied in the impact parameter coupled state approximation (as it is commonly employed in atomic collisions), and will have a believable physical interpretation, provided the coupled state expansion functions are properly chosen. The connections between microreversibility relations in the coupled state approximation, in the impact parameter method without the coupled state approximation, and in the original pre-impact-parameter description of the collision by a time-independent Hamiltonian, are elucidated. The discussion is valid for systems composed of spinless and/or spin 1/2 particles, distinguishable or indistinguishable, and takes into account the transformation properties of the spin functions under the time-reversal and reflection operations relevant to microreversibility in the impact parameter method; straight line constant speed motion of a relative to b is not assumed. The relationship – of the present more general treatment – to a proof of detailed balancing in the coupled state approximation previously given by Green, but valid only for spinless particles and relatively simply transforming expansion functions is clarified.
The Kinematic Logic of Relational Transfer: An Unwritten Chapter in the History of Cartesian Motion

While nearly every aspect of Descartes’ much-maligned theory of motion has been carefully scrutinized by commentators, there are a few hypotheses advanced in the Principles of Philosophy that have been, oddly enough, largely overlooked. Essentially, these criteria constitute an amendment to the Cartesian doctrine of relational motion: i.e., that motion is the reciprocal translation of a body and its contiguous neighborhood (of surrounding plenum bodies). In his neglected refinements to this view, Descartes argues that there is a way to determine which of the two reciprocally translating bodies is really in motion. When two smaller bodies move in opposite directions on the surface of a larger body, he explains, the kinematics of the scenario rule out the possibility that it is the larger body that is in motion. Moreover, a body is in motion if its whole surface, and not merely a portion of its surface, moves relative to its neighborhood. The importance of these “supplementary” criteria cannot be overestimated, for they would seem to compromise the “strong” form of relational motion normally attributed to Descartes; since, to be more specific, these criteria would appear to challenge Descartes’ principal judgment that motion is a purely reciprocal change of a body’s contiguous neighborhood.
Defects on TiO2 (110) surfaces.

We present self-consistent ab initio total-energy calculations on ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ (110) surfaces for which the atomic geometry has been relaxed to equilibrium. For stoichiometric supercells we find no surface states in the bulk band gap, in accord with experiment. Oxygen vacancies on the surface give rise to Ti 3d-like surface states at the edge of the bulk conduction band. The relaxations of the atoms at the surface were found to be substantial, and those induced by a vacancy were localized in its vicinity. Bulk vacancies introduce states about 0.3 eV below the edge of the bulk conduction band.
The Limbic System in Human Communication

Publisher Summary The limbic system plays an important role in human communication of all types. This chapter focuses on the role of limbic system in social and communicative behavior. The limbic system is responsible for the bulk of nonpropositional human communication. This forebrain network of cortical and subcortical structures has been thought of only in relation to its regulation of emotion and motivation, but in fact its range of functional responsibilities is large and includes major segments of social and communicative behavior. It is known that humans share these structures homologously with other mammals, and for nonhuman primates, the limbic system comprises the level of neural activity that controls species-wide communication interactions. The chapter discusses the evolution of the limbic system in human species, its development in human ontogeny, and several human clinical syndromes that have limbic etiologies. It also provides an overview of the relationship between limbic and linguistic communication. Moreover, limbic information processing is of interest not only as a nonverbal fringe to language but also because it lies at the heart of many theoretical issues currently under discussion in linguistics and psycholinguistics.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Its Association with Sleep Duration in Chinese Schoolchildren

Objective: To examine the association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and sleep duration among Chinese adolescents. Subjects and methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese adolescents in 2017. Data on a total of 800 adolescents aged 8–14 years was used for this study. Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight were measured by trained research staff. Serum 25(OH)D and lipids were measured in the laboratory. Sleep habits and other health-related behaviors were tested by questionnaire. Results: 25(OH)D levels were significantly positively correlated with sleep duration (r = 0.11, p < 0.05). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, insufficiency/deficiency of vitamin D (25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL) was significantly associated with increased probability of short sleep (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.14–2.43). Conclusions: Low 25(OH)D levels were independently associated with the risk of insufficient sleep in Chinese adolescents.
Magnetoelectric vibrational energy harvester utilizing a phase transitional approach

A broadband magnetoelectric energy harvester, consisting of Fe1−xGax (Galfenol) as the magnetostrictor and a relaxor ferroelectric single crystal as the piezoelectric, has been designed and optimized. Finite element analysis (FEA) has been employed to show that either a linear displacement or a 180° rotation of a magnet is sufficient to achieve maximum stroke from the Galfenol rod, which induces a rhombohedral to orthorhombic phase transition in Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 that produces a large jump in voltage. A rotational design based on a pendulum with an unbalanced mass was fabricated and used to confirm the validity of our FEA model.
Exceptions, Exclusions, and Discussion

This chapter presents three difficult cases for the theory of interstitial war advanced in the book more generally: filibusters, whose abrupt disappearance from world affairs challenges the idea that interstitial warfare displays cross-historical continuities; drones and targeted killing, whose lack of war-winning capacity challenges the idea that interstitial warfare is instrumental; and US-backed “proxy wars by proxy” in Somalia and elsewhere, which do not so much challenge the model as mandate an examination of its capacity to look forward to future developments in the use of interstitial war to sustain global security systems.
Association between mannose-binding lectin and the sensitivities of common infections in children

Objective To investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms and protein levels of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and the sensitivities of common infections in a pediatric Han population lived in Zhejiang Province.Methods MBL genetic polymorphisms of patients and controls were detected by PCR-based sequencing.MBL protein levels were measured using MBL ELISA Kit.Results No mutations at positions +223 and +239 of the exon 1 were detected in either patients or controls.No mutation at position +4 of the promoter was detected in controls.The frequencies of the three genotypes HH,HL,and LL at position-550 of the promoter were different between patients and controls(P＜0.05).The frequencies of genotypes "YA" and "XB" relevant to MBL protein levels were also different between patients and controls(P＜0.05).Comparing the frequencies of genotypes "YA" and "XB" in separate infectious disease with controls,significant differences were found in the group of RRI and CMV infection.The distributions of serum MBL level frequencies in patients and controls were both characterized by skewed distributions.MBL levels of patients with CMV infection were lower than those of controls(P＜0.05).Inversely,MBL levels of patients with acute respiratory infection and localized abscess were higher than those of controls (P＜O.05).Conclusion Genetic polymorphism of MBL gene is seemed to be relative to the sensitivity of common infections in children. Key words: Mannose/mannan-binding lectin ; Genetic polymorphism ; Children ; Infection
L’apport sémantique de à dans les alternances verbales

Cette contribution examine l’apport semantique de la preposition a dans les cas d’alternance des verbes contredire, parer, satisfaire, toucher et viser. Ces verbes peuvent se construire soit avec un objet direct soit avec un objet indirect introduit par la preposition a. S’inscrivant dans le cadre theorique de la Grammaire Cognitive definie par Langacker (2008), cette etude montre que la difference de sens observee entre la construction directe et indirecte du verbe peut etre attribuee au semantisme abstrait de la preposition a : l’expression d’un but abstrait pour parer et viser, l’expression d’une localisation abstraite pour contredire et satisfaire et les deux sens pour le verbe polysemique toucher.
Severity of emergency natural gas distribution pipeline incidents: Application of an integrated spatio-temporal approach fused with text mining

Abstract The transportation of natural gas often relies on pipelines which require constant monitoring and regular maintenance to prevent spills or leaks. Pipeline incidents could pose a huge adverse impact on people, the environment, and society. Numerous efforts have been invested to identify contributing factors to pipeline incidents so that countermeasures could be developed to proactively prevent some incidents and reduce incident severities or impacts. However, the countermeasures may need to vary for different incidents due to the potential heterogeneity between incidents, and such heterogeneity is likely related to the geology, weather, and built environment which vary across space and time domain. The objective of this study is to revisit the correlates of pipeline incidents, focusing on the spatial and temporal patterns of the correlations between natural gas pipeline incident severity and contributing factors. This study leveraged an integrated spatio-temporal modeling approach, namely the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Ordered Logistic Regression (GTWOLR) to model the natural gas pipeline incident report data (2010–2019) from the U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration. Text mining was performed to extract additional information from the narratives in reports. Results show several factors have significant spatiotemporally varying correlations with the pipeline incident severity, and these factors include excavation damage, gas explosion, iron pipes, longer incident response time, and longer pipe lifetime. Findings from this study are valuable for pipeline operators, end-users, responders to jointly develop localized strategies to maintain the natural gas distribution system. More implications are discussed in the paper.
Abstract 2873: Comparison of metastatic and nonmetastatic breast cancer cell survival in glutamine depleted extracellular matrix detached conditions

For women, breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer, with metastasis being the primary cause of most breast cancer-related deaths. During metastasis, cells detach from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to move to a secondary site. Unlike normal cells, metastatic cells are resistant to cell death upon ECM detachment. The amino acid glutamine is used as an energy source during metastatic progression via replenishing the TCA cycle. Breast cancer cells have decreased viability in the absence of glutamine, but the effect of glutamine in ECM detached conditions in metastatic cells is not known. We hypothesize that metastatic and non-metastatic cells have a decreased viability in ECM detachment in glutamine deprived conditions. In this study, metastatic MCF10CA1a cells and non-metastatic Harvey-ras oncogene transfected MCF10A-ras cells were employed. As expected, in ECM detached conditions, the MCF10A-ras cells had a greater decrease in viability (58.4%) in comparison to the MCF10CA1a cells (32.7%). However, in glutamine deprived conditions, the MCF10CA1a cells decrease in viability was 15.2% greater compared to the MCF10A-ras cells. mRNA expression of the major glutamine transporter, SLC1A5, was decreased in detached conditions in both cell lines, but to a greater extent in the MCF10A-ras cells (70.04%) compared to the MCF10CA1a cells (20.15%). Additionally, mRNA expression in detached conditions of glutamate dehydrogenase, the enzyme that metabolizes the downstream glutamine metabolite glutamate to α-ketoglutarate (αKG), was decreased by 77% in the non-metastatic cells, but increased by 23% in the metastatic cells. Additionally, mRNA expression of GOT1, a gene which encodes for the transaminase enzyme which synthesizes αKG and aspartate from glutamate and oxaloacetate, decreased 73% in detached conditions in the non-metastatic cells but was unchanged in the metastatic cells. Moreover, following detachment the glutamine synthesizing enzyme, glutamine synthetase mRNA expression was increased by 81.92% in the non-metastatic cells and 88.43% in the metastatic cells. In summary, the greater effect of glutamine depletion on viability, and the maintained expression of glutamine metabolizing enzymes in the metastatic cells suggest greater dependence on glutamine metabolism in ECM detached conditions compared to non-metastatic cells. Comparison of metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer cells will provide insights to direct the development of new targets for the prevention of breast cancer metastasis. Citation Format: Kanika K. Garg, Madeline Sheeley, Dorothy Teegarden. Comparison of metastatic and nonmetastatic breast cancer cell survival in glutamine depleted extracellular matrix detached conditions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2873.
Modeling and Control of Large-Scale Adversarial Swarm Engagements

We theoretically and numerically study the problem of optimal control of large-scale autonomous systems under explicitly adversarial conditions, including probabilistic destruction of agents during the simulation. Large-scale autonomous systems often include an adversarial component, where different agents or groups of agents explicitly compete with one another. An important component of these systems that is not included in current theory or modeling frameworks is random destruction of agents in time. In this case, the modeling and optimal control framework should consider the attrition of agents as well as their position. We propose and test three numerical modeling schemes, where survival probabilities of all agents are smoothly and continuously decreased in time, based on the relative positions of all agents during the simulation. In particular, we apply these schemes to the case of agents defending a high-value unit from an attacking swarm. We show that these models can be successfully used to model this situation, provided that attrition and spatial dynamics are coupled. Our results have relevance to an entire class of adversarial autonomy situations, where the positions of agents and their survival probabilities are both important.
Unsupervised Learning for 3D Ultrasonic Data Compression

Ultrasonic testing has been widely used for nondestructive applications because it is inexpensive and has high inspection accuracy. However, massive ultrasonic data generated from the signal acquisition platform limits the performance of ultrasonic applications. Therefore, ultrasonic data compression with high accuracy is significant. In this study, we propose to use unsupervised learning (UL) to compress 3D ultrasonic data. The UL learns principal latent patterns and removes redundant information in ultrasonic data. The latent patterns are used to compress the 3D ultrasonic data. In this study, we propose to use several UL methods: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Incremental-PCA, Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to learn latent patterns in acquired 3D ultrasonic data. An automatic ultrasonic testbed platform is assembled for ultrasonic data acquisition. By using UL, for high compression performance, we obtained the average 4.25% compression ratio; for high reconstruction performance, we obtained the average 9.67% compression ratio. The reconstruction accuracy is measured using the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM).
Sequential Don’t Cares

Interacting finite state machines (FSMs) are common in chips being designed today. The advantages of a hierarchical, distributed-style specification and realization are many. While the terminal behavior of any set of interconnected sequential circuits can be modeled and/or realized by a lumped circuit, i.e. a composite machine, the former can be considerably more compact, as well as being easy to understand and manipulate.
Assessing the impact of one aspect of globalization on economic growth in Africa

Using panel data, this paper explores the effects of openness to international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth. Fixed-effect and adjusted fixedeffect (regional-effect) estimations yield results consistent with the hypothesis of conditional convergence. FDI has a significant positive impact on economic growth in all specifications. However, openness to trade does not seem to enhance growth in poor countries. The empirical findings fail to substantiate the proposition that greater openness facilitates convergence to higher income levels. On the contrary, there is evidence that greater openness to international trade promotes economic growth primarily in higher-income African countries, implying that threshold effects may be crucial to the effectiveness of openness. Furthermore, the results from the adjusted fixed-effect estimation appear to validate the claim of convergence clubs within Africa.
Number of ganglion cells in glaucoma eyes compared with threshold visual field tests in the same persons.

PURPOSE. To compare the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) topographically mapped with specific visual field threshold test data in the same eyes among glaucoma patients. METHODS. Seventeen eyes of 13 persons with well-documented glaucoma histories and Humphrey threshold visual field tests (San Leandro, CA) were obtained from eye banks. RGC number was estimated by histologic counts of retinal sections and by counts of remaining axons in the optic nerves. The locations of the retinal samples corresponded to specific test points in the visual field. The data for glaucoma patients were compared with 17 eyes of 17 persons who were group matched for age, had no ocular history, and had normal eyes by histologic examination. RESULTS. The mean RGC loss for the entire retina averaged 10.2%, indicating that many eyes had early glaucoma damage. RGC body loss averaged 35.7% in eyes with corrected pattern SD probability less than 0.5%. When upper to lower retina RGC counts were compared with their corresponding visual field data within each eye, a 5-dB loss in sensitivity was associated with 25% RGC loss. For individual points that were abnormal at a probability less than 0.5%, the mean RGC loss was 29%. In control eyes, the loss of RGCs with age was estimated as 7205 cells per year in persons between 55 and 95 years of age. In optic nerves from glaucoma subjects, smaller axons were significantly more likely to be present than larger axons (R 2 = 0.78, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS. At least 25% to 35% RGC loss is associated with statistical abnormalities in automated visual field testing. In addition, these data corroborate previous findings that RGCs with larger diameter axons preferentially die in glaucoma.
Molecular biology of the HPA axis

Abstract: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a complex endocrine system. Its main role is maintainance of homeostasis following stress. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is the major regulator of the HPA axis, controling the release of pituitary adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). CRF is cosynthesized with vasopressin (AVP) in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and released into the portal0hypophyseal blood circulation, from whrer it is transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The binding of CRF to its specific receptor (CRF type 1 receptor) on pituitary corticotrophic cells results in stimulation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA synthesis and ACTH secretion. ACTH and other biologically active peptides (N-terminal glycopeptide, γ-melanotropin, joining peptide, α-melanotropin, CLIP, β-1ipotropin, β-melanotropin and β-endorphin) are generated by posttranslational cleavage of their precursor peptide POMC. POMC gene transcription is induced by CRF-stimulated elevation in cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-momophosphate (cAMP). Several mediators of CRF-induced POMC regulation and corticotroph differentiation have been identified, such as Nur factors, TPIT, leukaemia-inhibitory factor and interleukin 6. Upon stimulation, ACTH is released into the systemic circulation in a circadian rhythm, orchestrated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. ACTH stimulates steroidogenesis (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoid and, in humans, adrenal androgens) via the G s -coupled melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R). ACTH, via cAMP, promotes the synthesis of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), which in turn mediates the uptake of cholesterol into the mitochondria of adrenocortical cells. This is followed by coordinated action of cytochrome P 450 enzymes resulting in biosynthesis and secretion of adrenal steroids. Glucocorticoids in particular have wide-ranging effects on many organ systems, as well as a including negative feedback action at the pituitary and hypothalamic level.
Recession Segmentation: Simpler Online Word Segmentation Using Limited Resources

In this paper we present a cognitively plausible approach to word segmentation that segments in an online fashion using only local information and a lexicon of previously segmented words. Unlike popular statistical optimization techniques, the learner uses structural information of the input syllables rather than distributional cues to segment words. We develop a memory model for the learner that like a child learner does not recall previously hypothesized words perfectly. The learner attains an F-score of 86.69% in ideal conditions and 85.05% when word recall is unreliable and stress in the input is reduced. These results demonstrate the power that a simple learner can have when paired with appropriate structural constraints on its hypotheses.
Chapter 52 The Problem of Common Choice in Symmetric N-person Coordination Games

Publisher Summary Coordination problems are easily solved when there are clear and unambiguous signals. Institutional mechanisms that enhance the clarity of signals enables even cheap talk to work as a coordinating mechanism. On the other hand, learning about signals, especially if there is path-dependent noise in the environment, complicates the ability of subjects to settle on a common coordinating device. Coordination problems, such as the one facing our Cornhusker motorists, can be simply and easily solved provided an appropriate institutional remedy is at hand. Markets, for example, with frictionless transaction costs and complete information, constitute one way of quickly coordinating supply and demand. The evolution of social norms constitutes another way of coordinating human action. Central to both of these solutions is the presence of a clear, unambiguous signal about what actions individuals should take. Where such a signal is present, the problem of coordination is easily solved; where absent, the problem of coordination can be extraordinarily difficult.
Improved rounding for parallel repeated unique games

We show a tight relation between the behavior of unique games under parallel repetition and their semidefinite value. Let G be a unique game with alphabet size k. Suppose the semidefinite value of G, denoted sdp(G), is at least 1 - e. Then, we show that the optimal value opt(Gl) of the l-fold repetition of G is at least 1 - O(√le log k). This bound confirms a conjecture of Barak et al. (2008), who showed a lower bound that was worse by √le log(1/e). A consequence of our bound is the following tight relation between the semidefinite value of G and the amortized value opt(G) := supl∈IN opt(Gl)1/l, sdp(G)O(log k) ≤ opt(G) ≤ sdp(G). The proof closely follows the approach of Barak et al. (2008). Our technical contribution is a natural orthogonalization procedure for nonnegative functions. The procedure has the property that it preserves distances up to an absolute constant factor. In particular, our orthogonalization avoids the additive increase in distances caused by the truncation step of Barak et al. (2008).
Design of steel grounding system in a heavy industrial plant

Based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology statistical data on the corrosion of steel, an equation is developed to estimate the corrosion rate of underground steel that varies with resistivity, pH value, moisture content and aeration of the soil. This formula, together with the IEEE Standard No. 80-1986, is used in the design of steel grounding for a large heavy industrial plant. Formulas on how to design proper cathodic protection methods to minimize corrosion of steel grounding are discussed. A numerical example is presented to enhance the understanding. >
Corticosteroids and ACTH are not required for compensatory adrenal growth.

We have tested the hypothesis that unilateral adrenalectomy results in decreased glucocorticoid secretion, reflexly elevated ACTH secretion, and consequently, compensatory adrenal growth. Plasma AC...
Self reporting reduces corruption in law enforcement

We consider a model of law enforcement where homogenous, risk neutral, and corruptible inspectors are responsible for monitoring …rms’ adoption of pollution prevention technology. A welfare maximizing government can implement appropriate wage policies to prevent collusion, but we …nd that governments characterized by high administrative costs in administrating …nes, or by a low ability to spot and prosecute corruption, may prefer to let corruption happen. By allowing …rms to purchase pollution permits in lieu of the technology, the government is able to increase welfare by reducing red tape, keeping a leaner monitoring force, and eliminating rents to its force. The use of permits further bene…ts society by allowing the country to fully eliminate corruption. This theory can be applied in a variety of law enforcement situations.
Dynamic scheduling of DOACROSS loops for multiprocessors

The authors address the problem of parallel execution of DOACROSS loops with complex inter-iteration dependences. Rather than treat the scheduling of such loops and their synchronization as distinct and separable issues, the authors treat synchronization and scheduling in a unified framework. The resulting approach is referred to as presynchronized scheduling. The approach is illustrated in the context of DOACROSS loops with regular inter-iteration dependences, as well as with loops that have irregular dependence patterns determinable only at runtime. The scheme is evaluated by implementing a sparse triangular solver on an Encore Multimax shared-memory multiprocessor. >
Cleavage of the Capsid Protein Precursors of Encephalomyocarditis Virus in Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysates

Abstract The cleavage pathway of the three capsid protein precursors of encephalomyocarditis virus, proteins A1, A, and B, was studied in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Kinetic data suggested that the three proteins were cleaved through a sequential of A1 to A to B.
Variations in urinary steroid profiles after birth.

Abstract Quantitative steroid profiles were obtained in fifty-three newborn infants. The excretion of steroids (mg/24 h) did not correlate with birth weight, sex or gestational age. The steroid profiles of individual infants were followed for four months. During this period the profiles changed completely from a profile in which neonatal steroids predominate to a profile composed of metabolites of adrenocortical steroids.
Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration may improve survival from acute respiratory distress syndrome after bone marrow transplantation or chemotherapy.

PurposeAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may result from immunologic activity triggered by irradiation and/or chemotherapy. Hemofiltration removes plasma water and soluble components below 25 kilodaltons. The authors hypothesized that early hemofiltration might attenuate the inflammatory co
A Tale of Two Types: Rebel Goals and the Onset of Civil Wars

Previous research has implicitly assumed that civil wars represent a coherent category of events, but given the variety of rebel goals that supposition seems tenuous. We split civil wars into those where the rebels simply want to remove the government (replacement) from those where the rebels want to alter the relationship between the state and society (legitimacy). Theoretically, states are most at risk for a civil war of replacement when they extract substantial wealth from society and the government is weak. In contrast, civil wars of legitimacy are more likely to occur in states where the rebels have both grievances and a means to maintain their future viability. An empirical analysis of civil wars of replacement and legitimacy from 1960 to 1999 confirms both our argument about the different types of civil violence and their differing causes.
Incorporation and deposition of Mn and other trace metals by flocculent organic matter in a controlled marine ecosystem1

An experiment in large (13 m3) cylinders with and without sediment has shown that dissolved Mn can be rapidly transferred to the particulate phase following a Skeletonema costatum bloom. Flocculent organic particulate matter derived from the bloom is implicated in the transfer processes. The kinetics of the phase transition arc first order with a rate constant of 5 x lo+* s-l. Deposition of particulate Mn was slower than the transfer rate to the particulate phase. Particulate Cu and Pb also increased following the bloom. The results suggest that the removal of Mn and certain other metals from the water column of the nearshore and open ocean may be associated with flocculent organic particles derived from phytoplankton. Deposition of Mn was more rapid in the microcosm with sediments than in the one without sediment, indicating that resuspension of sediments acts to increase Mn deposition rates.
Sicily or the Sea of Tranquility? Mapping and naming the moon

In their race to provide the ultimate guide to the moon, two 17th-century astronomers proposed lunar maps and nomenclatures that they hoped would gain international currency. But the names we use today were those proposed by the Jesuit, a friend of Galileo's persecutors, in a book whose purpose was to refute the Copernican system once and for all. We now believe that Riccioli was wrong about the universe, but why do we still use his nomenclature? The keys to this foundational visual debate in astronomical image-making are the moon maps themselves.
Dynamics of the U.S. System of Cities, 1950 to 1980 The Impact of the Large Corporate Law Firm

Large law firms constitute integral components of the corporate complexes of cities. Analyses of data from 75 cities between 1950 and 1980 demonstrate that the increasing numbers, sizes, and branching of these corporate law firms correspond closely to the long-term processes of urban growth and change. The hierarchy of linked metropolises compose the key structure within which these firms operate. A governmental network headed by Washington, D.C., which also includes state capitals, overlaps it.
Identification and classification of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strains by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistical techniques.

There is a critical need for a rapid and sensitive means of detecting viruses. Recent reports from our laboratory have shown that surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can meet these needs. In this study, SERS was used to obtain the Raman spectra of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strains A/Long, B1, and A2. SERS-active substrates composed of silver nanorods were fabricated using an oblique angle vapor deposition method. The SERS spectra obtained for each virus were shown to posses a high degree of reproducibility. Based on their intrinsic SERS spectra, the four virus strains were readily detected and classified using the multivariate statistical methods principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The chemometric results show that PCA is able to separate the three virus strains unambiguously, whereas the HCA method was able to readily distinguish an A2 strain-related G gene mutant virus (ΔG) from the A2 strain. The results described here demonstrate that SERS, in combination with multivariate statistical methods, can be utilized as a highly sensitive and rapid viral identification and classification method.
Probability, danger, and coercion: A study of risk perception and decision making in mental health law.

Young adults were shown hypothetical stimulus vignettes describing mental patients and were asked to judge (a) the probability that the patient would harm someone else, (b) whether or not the patient should be categorized as “dangerous,” and (c) whether coercion should be used to ensure treatment. Probability and dangerousness judgments were systematically related and were predictive of the judged necessity for coercion. However, judged probability was strongly dependent on the form of the response scale, suggesting that probability was not represented consistently and quantitatively in participants' minds. Study 2 replicated these findings with forensic clinicians as participants. These results underscore the importance of violence to others in mental health law and have important implications for the manner in which risk assessments are formulated for use by the legal system.
Nonlinear H/sub /spl infin// control and its application to rigid spacecraft

The problem of H/sub /spl infin// control of a rigid spacecraft with three control torques and disturbances is addressed. The Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs inequality for H/sub /spl infin// feedback design is solved. An H/sub /spl infin// suboptimal feedback is given, and the stability properties of the closed-loop system are studied. >
The econometrics of labor supply on convex budget sets

Abstract A method to account for a convex tax system arising from progressive taxation is given for econometric estimation of labor supply models.
Abstract P1-08-37: Magee equations predict pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Introduction: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is used in locally advanced breast cancer to downstage the tumor, facilitating surgical management. Oncotype DX (ODX) is used to estimate the risk of distant recurrence for ER-positive breast cancers, allowing selected patients to avoid the toxicity of chemotherapy. ODX is often not possible on the small core biopsy samples. Klein et al. have shown that standard histological variables, combined with semiquantitative ER, PR, HER-2, and Ki-67 results, can provide information similar to that with ODX, using equations derived by linear regression analysis (Magee equations). We applied a modification of these equations to pretreatment core biopsies in women who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy to determine if the risk scores were predictive of pathologic response. Methods: 25 patients who received chemotherapy for receptor positive locally advanced(21), inflammatory(3), or metastatic(1) breast cancer followed by surgical treatment of the primary site were identified from a prospective breast cancer database. Pretreatment core biopsies were reviewed by a breast pathologist and Nottingham grade, ER and PR status (% of cells staining and intensity of staining), and Her-2 status by IHC and/or FISH were recorded. Clinical tumor size was defined as the average of sizes derived from mammogram, ultrasound, MRI, PET-CT and clinical breast examination. Using these data in a modified Magee equation, the patient9s recurrence score was calculated. 0-18 was considered low risk (LR), >18- Results: Magee scores ranged from 13.8-41.6 (mean 27.4) and were significantly lower in the poor responders (mean = 23, range 13.8-41.6) compared to the good responders (mean = 33, range 22-41.3, p = 0.003). Table 1 shows the distribution of response by Risk Group (p = 0.018). 73% of patients with high risk Magee scores had a good response to chemotherapy, compared to 21% of patient with low or intermediate scores (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Modified Magee equations applied to pretreatment core biopsies seem to predict pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Use of these equations to assign risk scores may be a useful tool in deciding which ER positive breast cancer patients are likely to benefit from preoperative chemotherapy for cytoreduction, and who should go directly to surgery. These findings need to be validated in larger studies. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-08-37.
Polyhedral sculpture: the path from computational artifact to real-world mathematical object

Mathematics educators often despair at the subject's austere, "abstract" reputation. This paper describes recent work in developing an application named HyperGami, whose purpose is to integrate both the abstract and "real-world" aspects of mathematics by allowing children to design and construct polyhedral models and sculptures. We describe a sample HyperGami sculpture, and present our observations during the past year of pilot studies with elementary and middle school students.
The B-cell repertoire for autoantibodies: Frequency of precursor cells for anti-DNA antibodies

Abstract To investigate the B-cell repertoire for autoantibodies, the frequency of precursor cells capable of expressing anti-DNA antibodies in normal and autoimmune mice was evaluated by in vitro limiting dilution analysis. Spleen cell preparations from BALB/c, CBA/J, and MRL- lpr/lpr mice were stimulated at graded cell numbers in microcultures with LPS at 50 μg/ml in the presence of rat thymus filler cells. Culture supernatants were then assayed for IgM antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; anti-DNA was measured as a model autoantibody response while the anti-TNP hapten response was determined as a control for an ordinary antibody response. The conditions for cell activation were found to be the same for the two responses and both demonstrated high precursor cell frequencies. Approximately 1 in 500 spleen cells was found committed to each response with similar frequencies in normal and autoimmune strains. These results indicate an abundant representation of some anti-DNA antibodies among normal B cells, without apparent augmentation by the autoimmune state. However, since not all anti-DNA antibodies may be pathogenic, it remains uncertain that the composition and disease potential of the B-cell repertoires of normal and autoimmune mice are comparable.
Pregnancy after age 50: defining risks for mother and child

Assisted reproductive technology using donor-egg in vitro fertilization (D-IVF) has enabled women 50 years and above to successfully achieve pregnancy. We examine the safety profile of these pregnancies through a large, single-center case series and retrospective cohort analysis in which all participants were carefully screened medically prior to conception. Consecutive women aged ≥ 50 years (n = 101) who achieved a viable pregnancy via D-IVF were identified and their perinatal outcomes were recorded. These data were compared with control data from younger (≤ 42 years) recipients of D-IVF (n = 41) who also achieved a viable pregnancy at our center during the same period. Compared with the younger women, older recipients had statistically similar rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (23% versus 14%, odds ratio [OR] 1.9 [0.65 to 5.4]), gestational diabetes (4.0% versus 3.0%, OR 1.4 [0.15 to 113.0]), preterm premature rupture of membranes/preterm labor (8.9% versus 14%, OR 0.59 [0.18 to 1.9]), and abnormal placentation (2.1% versus 0%). Cesarean delivery was high in women ≥ 50 (81% of singletons, 100% of multiples). There was one maternal death, which occurred before delivery in a 49-year-old woman who would have been 50 at term had she survived, presumably secondary to myocardial infarction. Primary neonatal outcomes of gestational age and birth weight were excellent and similar between groups. Women ≥ 50 years who achieve pregnancy via D-IVF are at high risk for maternal complications, particularly hypertensive disorders and cesarean section, but at rates similar to those seen in younger recipients.
Measuring From Lorop: Tweaking The System

Four sets of 66-inch Long Range Oblique Photography (LOROP) have been used for extensive image measuring tests. The geographic coordinates of 206 ground control points have been repeatedly determined from the imagery and compared with the true locations as determined from topographic maps. A method of predicting the accuracy of LOROP-derived ground coordinates for other users is presented.
Obesity: A Problem of Darwinian Proportions?

Obesity has been described as an abnormality arising from the evolution of man, who becomes fat during the time of perpetual plenty. From the perspective of "Darwinian Medicine," if famine is avoided, obesity will prevail. Problems regarding obesity arise within many disciplines, including socioeconomic environments, the educational system, science, law, and government. This article will discuss various ethical aspects of several disciplines regarding obesity, with a focus on scientific inquiry. We will discuss this within the categories: (1) chronic kidney disease predialysis, (2) dialysis, and (3) renal transplantation. This article aims to help nephrologists and their patients navigate through the ethical aspects of obesity and chronic kidney disease.
Current Problems in Magnetic Recording

The past decade has seen great advances in techniques and in applications of magnetic recording until, at present, many of the empirical methods have been forced to their limit. Important future developments depend on a better understanding of fundamental processes which, as yet, have hardly been explored. This paper discusses some of the explanations and theories that are of current interest with regards to the playback process, the recording process, the record medium, ac bias, and noise. Limitations of the theories and avenues for further exploration are suggested.