cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free surface flow and heat transfer in conduction mode laser welding

Temperature profiles and fluid flow fields in a weld pool are simulated through numerical solutions of Navier-Stokes equation and the equation of conservation of energy for low power laser welding in conduction mode. Experimentally determined weld pool surface topography, peak temperature, and the secondary dendrite arm spacings are found to be in fair agreement with the corresponding theoretically calculated values.
Anxiety sensitivity and disgust sensitivity interact to predict contamination fears

Research has begun to demonstrate that contamination fears are comprised of both fear and disgust, but whether these emotions interact and how they may interact within the domain of contamination fears has not been researched. The present study investigated whether the fear of aversive sensations (i.e., anxiety sensitivity) interacts with the propensity to respond with disgust (i.e., disgust sensitivity) to predict contamination fear. In study 1, 377 participants completed the Disgust Scale, the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory, and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Results revealed that anxiety sensitivity and disgust sensitivity independently predict contamination fear, and these main effects were qualified by an interaction between these constructs. Study 2 replicated these findings in a smaller sample (N = 98) using the Padua inventory as the index of contamination fear. The authors discuss the results in terms of a possible functional role of disgust in contamination fear.
Segregating gas from melt: an experimental study of the Ostwald ripening of vapor bubbles in magmas

Diffusive coarsening (Ostwald ripening) of H2O and H2O-CO2 bubbles in rhyolite and basaltic andesite melts was studied with elevated temperature–pressure experiments to investigate the rates and time spans over which vapor bubbles may enlarge and attain sufficient buoyancy to segregate in magmatic systems. Bubble growth and segregation are also considered in terms of classical steady-state and transient (non-steady-state) ripening theory. Experimental results are consistent with diffusive coarsening as the dominant mechanism of bubble growth. Ripening is faster in experiments saturated with pure H2O than in those with a CO2-rich mixed vapor probably due to faster diffusion of H2O than CO2 through the melt. None of the experimental series followed the time1/3 increase in mean bubble radius and time−1 decrease in bubble number density predicted by classical steady-state ripening theory. Instead, products are interpreted as resulting from transient regime ripening. Application of transient regime theory suggests that bubbly magmas may require from days to 100 years to reach steady-state ripening conditions. Experimental results, as well as theory for steady-state ripening of bubbles that are immobile or undergoing buoyant ascent, indicate that diffusive coarsening efficiently eliminates micron-sized bubbles and would produce mm-sized bubbles in 102–104 years in crustal magma bodies. Once bubbles attain mm-sizes, their calculated ascent rates are sufficient that they could transit multiple kilometers over hundreds to thousands of years through mafic and silicic melt, respectively. These results show that diffusive coarsening can facilitate transfer of volatiles through, and from, magmatic systems by creating bubbles sufficiently large for rapid ascent.
The stereochemical course of the previtamin-vitamin conversion with C19-substituted 7-dehydrocholesteryl derivatives

The stereochemistry of intramolecular hydrogen transfer was determined for the title process using [19-pro-S-2H]-cholesta-5,7-dien-3β,19-diol acetate.
Multiphonon Raman scattering in graphene

We report on multiphonon Raman scattering in graphene samples. Higher-order combination modes involving three and four phonons are observed in single-layer, bilayer, and few-layer graphene samples prepared by mechanical exfoliation. The intensity of the higher-order phonon modes (relative to the G peak) is highest in single-layer graphene and decreases with increasing layers. In addition, all higher-order modes are observed to upshift in frequency almost linearly with increasing graphene layers, betraying the underlying interlayer van der Waals interactions.
Hydroxynitrile lyase adsorption at liquid/liquid interfaces

Abstract The adsorption behavior of hydroxynitrile lyase from Prunus amygdalus ( p -Hnl) at liquid/liquid interfaces has been investigated using dynamic-interfacial-tension measurements. Unfolding of proteins at organic/aqueous interfaces results in a decrease of interfacial tension due to an increasing number of interfacial contacts of hydrophobic parts of the protein molecule. Seven organic solvents with different physical properties, including hexadecane, heptane, diisopropyl ether (DIPE) and ethyl acetate, were studied. It is known that p -Hnl loses its activity very quickly in a variety of solvents, but not in DIPE and ethyl acetate. For these two organic solvents, dynamic interfacial tensions remain constant over a period of 20 h. However, slow decline in the dynamic interfacial tension is found for the less polar solvents suggesting that the protein adsorbs and denatures. Additionally, experiments have been carried out with the aqueous buffer phase at low pH values down to 3.5 with DIPE as the organic phase, simulating conditions that have been previously used for the synthesis of cyanohydrins. There, it is known that the enzyme loses its activity very quickly. Correspondingly, the interfacial tension decreases under these conditions indicating that the bulk enzyme denatures and adsorbs at the interface in an unfolded configuration.
Attitudes Toward Unionization in an Employee-Owned Firm in the Southwest

Attitudes toward unionization in an employee-owned firm with over 500 employees, located in the Southwest, are analyzed in relation to several hypotheses. Previous research has emphasized the primacy of dissatisfaction with economic versus noneconomic factors; on that point, the findings of this study are somewhat equivocal. Based on multiple regression analyses of a broader group of variables related to five hypotheses, the variables found to be most significant are (1) dissatisfaction with wages, (2) dissatisfaction with supervision, (3) low organizational identification, and (4) low participation in the stock ownership plan.
DNA as a template for reaction discovery

Biological tools enable researchers to discover new reactions from complex mixtures of different substrates.
Ultrastructure of Loa loa microfilaria.

Abstract The ultrastructure of Loa loa microfilaria was elucidated by the usc of scanning and transmission electron microscopy during the examination of microfiIariae for the presence of intracellular bacteria. In general, the structure of the sheath, body wall, nerve ring, amphids, phasmids, excretory and anal vesicles, central body, and the R cells of L. loa closely resembles that of other species of microfilaria. Characteristics which appear to be unique to L. loa include the external lateral cuticular ridges which extend throughout most of the body length, four sensory papillae around the buccal orifice and dense cytoplasmic inclusions in the intestinal cells which envelop the central body. A small cephalic hook is located near the amphids. Buccal orifice and capsule are present; primordial esophagus extends from the buccal capsule to the central body. These results support previous suggestions that the micro filariae of different species have not attained the same degree of maturity. The internal development of L. loa microfilariae is comparable to, or may be more advanced, than that of Brugia spp. The population of L. loa studied was probably free of intracellular bacteria since none were detected in any of the sections examined.
MEASUREMENT OF BETA ASYMMETRY IN THE DECAY OF POLARIZED NEUTRONS

The relative probability of beta emission by the neutron was measured in the directions respectively parallel and antiparallel to their spin. The angular distribution relative to the neutron spin direction is W( theta ) = 1- (0.37 plus or minus 0.11)(v/c) cos theta . (M.H.R.)
Evaluating job packing in warehouse-scale computing

One of the key factors in selecting a good scheduling algorithm is using an appropriate metric for comparing schedulers. But which metric should be used when evaluating schedulers for warehouse-scale (cloud) clusters, which have machines of different types and sizes, heterogeneous workloads with dependencies and constraints on task placement, and long-running services that consume a large fraction of the total resources? Traditional scheduler evaluations that focus on metrics such as queuing delay, makespan, and running time fail to capture important behaviors - and ones that rely on workload synthesis and scaling often ignore important factors such as constraints. This paper explains some of the complexities and issues in evaluating warehouse scale schedulers, focusing on what we find to be the single most important aspect in practice: how well they pack long-running services into a cluster. We describe and compare four metrics for evaluating the packing efficiency of schedulers in increasing order of sophistication: aggregate utilization, hole filling, workload inflation and cluster compaction.
Single-blastocyst transfer decreases twin gestation without affecting pregnancy outcome

Objective To compare the respective pregnancy outcomes of cycles undergoing fresh elective single-blastocyst transfer (eSBT) and double-blastocyst transfer (DBT) after IVF. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Couples undergoing fresh blastocyst transfer after IVF. Intervention(s) One thousand, four hundred, ninety-nine consecutive IVF cycles from January 1, 2002 through March 31, 2006 at the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center were reviewed. Patients undergoing fresh blastocyst transfer (eSBT, n=52; DBT, n=187) were identified. Main Outcome Measure(s) Respective pregnancy outcomes and the trend in twin gestations in all cycles undergoing blastocyst transfer, before and after the introduction of the eSBT program. Result(s) Statistically similar rates of biochemical pregnancy (76.9% vs. 77.6%), clinical pregnancy (61% vs. 63.4%), live birth (53.8% vs. 54.4%), and pregnancy loss (20% vs. 18.6%) per embryo transfer were observed for fresh eSBT and DBT cycles, respectively. Twin rates for eSBT were statistically significantly lower than for DBT cycles (3.1% vs. 51%). Fresh eSBT and DBT cryopreserved 2.8 vs. 1.7 blastocysts per cycle, respectively. Twenty-four months after the start of eSBT, the twin rate per transfer for all cycles undergoing blastocyst transfer (1, 2, or 3 blastocysts) was statistically significantly reduced from 47.2% to 22.9%, whereas the twin rate per transfer for all embryo transfers in women younger than 35 years of age was statistically significantly reduced from 28.8% to 15.6%. Conclusion(s) Given the promising potential of eSBT to markedly reduce the risk of twin gestation without a significant compromise to pregnancy outcomes, an active attempt should be made to consider and use eSBT in the young, favorable-prognosis patient who has good-quality embryos available for transfer and cryopreservation.
Surplus analysis for overlapping generations

Abstract I extend surplus analysis to overlapping generations. In the atemporal quasilinear model we have the `global equivalence principle': efficiency is equivalent to surplus maximization, provided that the numeraire is unbounded from below. If it is not, then only a `local equivalence principle’ obtains, requiring large holdings of numeraire. My extension covers finite and infinite time. The finite model has one numeraire per period, but it otherwise parallels the atemporal model. The infinite case is more subtle: the global equivalence principle is lost, but the local principle is recovered if numeraires are bounded and if consumers discount the old-age numeraire.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Bile Acid–Ribavirin Conjugates as Prodrugs to Target the Liver

Ribavirin is used to treat hepatitis C but causes serious hemolytic anemia. The objective of the study was to develop a ribavirin prodrug to achieve liver-specific drug delivery and to reduce its off-target effect in red blood cells (RBCs). The approach aimed to target the human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), which is a bile acid transporter predominately expressed in the liver. Six prodrugs with ribavirin conjugation at C-3 or C-24 of the bile acids were synthesized. In vitro uptake studies indicated that all six prodrugs were NTCP substrates. Metabolic studies in vitro indicated that ribavirin-l-Val-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) was able to release ribavirin in the mouse liver S9 fraction. Additionally, in vitro studies showed that ribavirin in RBC was reduced by 16.7-fold from prodrug compared with parent drug incubation. Moreover, almost no prodrug was present in RBC. In vivo study in mice also showed that ribavirin-l-Val-GCDCA could provide almost the same ribavirin exposure in the liver as ribavirin administration, but with about 1.8-fold less exposure of ribavirin in RBC, plasma, and kidney. Overall, the study suggested that ribavirin-l-Val-GCDCA has the potential to achieve ribavirin-specific liver delivery.
Morphology and emplacement of an unusual debris-avalanche deposit at Jocotitlán volcano, Central Mexico

A pre-historic collapse of the northeastern flank of Jocotitlan Volcano (3950 m), located in the central part of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt, produced a debris-avalanche deposit characterized by surficial hummocks of exceptional size and conical shape. The avalanche covered an area of 80 km2, had an apparent coefficient of friction (H/L)_of 0.11, a maximum runout distance of 12 km, and an estimated volume of 2.8 km3. The most remarkable features of the Jocotitlan debris avalanche deposit are: the several steep (29–32°) conical proximal hummocks (up to 165 m high), large tansverse ridges (up to 205 m high and 2.7 km long) situated at the base of the volcano, and the steep 15–50 m thick terminal scarp. Proximal conical hummocks and parallel ridges that can be visually fitted back to their pre-collapse position on the mountain resulted from a sliding mode of emplacement. Steep primary slopes developed as a result of the accumulation of coarse angular clasts at the angle of repose around core clasts that are decameters in size. Distal hummocks are commonly smaller, less conical, and clustered with more diffuse outlines. Field evidence indicates that the leading distal edge of the avalanche spilled around certain topographic barriers and that the distal moving mass had a yield strength prior to stopping. In the NE sector, the avalanche was suddenly confined by topographically higher lacustrine and volcaniclastic deposits which as a result were intensely thrust-faulted, folded, and impacted by large clasts that separated from the avalanche front. Post-emplacement loading also induced normal faulting of these soft, locally water-rich sediments. The regional tectonic pattern, N-NE direction of flank failure, and the presence of a major normal fault which intersects the volcano and is parallel to the orientation of the Acambay graben located 10 km to the N suggest a genetic relationship between the extensional tectonic stress regime and triggering of catastrophic slope failure. The presence of a 3-m-thick sequence of pumice and obsidian-rich pyroclastic surge and fall tephra directly overlying the debris-avalanche deposit indicates that magma must have been present within the edifice just prior to the catastrophic flank failure. The breached crater left by the avalanche has mostly been filled by dacitic domes and lava flows. The youngest pryroclastic surge deposits on the upper flanks of the volcano have an historical C14 age of 680±80 yearsBp (Ad 1270±80). Thus Jocotitlan volcano, formerly believed to be extinct, should be considered potentially active. Because of its close proximity to Mexico-City (60 km), the most populous city in the world, reactivation could engender severe hazards.
Infragravity Edge Wave Observations on Two California Beaches

Abstract Wavenumber-frequency spectra of the infragravity (periods 20-200 sec) wave velocity field in the surf zone of two California beaches are estimated. Because the longshore arrays of biaxial electromagnetic current meters are relatively short (comparable to the wavelengths of interest), high resolution spectrum estimators are required. Model testing provides insight into the limits, capabilities and reliability of the estimators used in this paper. On all 15 days analyzed, between 42% and 88% of the longshore current variance at the array is contributed by low mode (n≤2) edge waves. (Percentage estimates are not made at a few frequencies because the array is positioned near nodes.) The low mode signal in the cross-shore velocity at the arrays is usually masked by unresolvable high mode and/or leaky waves. The percentage of cross-shore current variance at the array estimated unresolvable high mode is less than 35%, with one exception for which approximately 50% of the variance is mode 0 across a subs...
Phosphoric Acid Systems, Part 8. An Improved Procedure for the Phenol-Dienone Rearrangement of Sterically Hindered Phenols

Abstract A ready entry into the field of polyfunctional cyclohexa-2,5-dienones involves the reaction of sterically hindered phenols with electrophilic reagents.2–6 Considerable effort has been expended in optimizing the conditions for this reaction5,6 but no general procedure exists. Furthermore, a difficulty commonly encountered is the displacement of a group sensitive to acid.5–7 For instance, loss of a t-butyl group during the bromination of t-butyl substituted phenols 1a and 1b to cyclohexadienones 2a and 2b, caused by the liberated hydrogen bromide, has been noted by a number of workers.5–7 Although methods exist to circumvent this difficulty,2–6 we have developed a general procedure for the decomposition of the hydrogen halide produced during the halogenation reaction particularly useful with substrates possessing an acid labile group. The method utilizes trimethyl phosphate (TMP) both as the halogenating medium and as the hydrogen halide acceptor and is based on the propensity of TMP to hydrolyze i...
Changes in the care of the diabetic foot: part two

This two-part paper (the first part is in the previous issue of Practical Diabetes International) describes how specialised foot care for people with diabetes has developed over the ages. Until the 1980s, uncontrolled infections, ‘salami’ procedures (where patients first lose a toe, then more toes, then a foot and then a leg), major amputations and deaths were alarmingly common. The last two decades of the 20th Century saw an uspsurge in interest in the management of the diabetic foot, and the development of new treatments delivered by multidisciplinary teams led to halving of major amputations in a number of centres. New approaches included the development of modern podiatry offering preventative foot care and also debridement, antibiotics to control infections, shoes, insoles and casts to relieve abnormal mechanical forces, preventative education and surgical and radiological procedures to re-perfuse the ischaemic limb. However, the new techniques are not universally applied and the diabetic foot remains a major public health problem. All over the world, public health systems have failed the diabetic foot and many patients have no rapid access to expert care from experienced teams. The incidence of diabetes is increasing epidemic proportions, and amputations are also on the increase. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-Temperature Morphological Evolution of Lithographically Introduced Cavities in Silicon Carbide

Internal cavities of controlled geometry and crystallography were introduced in 6H silicon carbide single crystals by combining lithographic methods, ion-beam etching, and solid-state diffusion bonding. The morphologic evolution of these internal cavities (negative crystals) in response to anneals of up to 128 h duration at 1900°C was examined using optical microscopy. Surface energy anisotropy and faceting had a strong influence on the geometric and kinetic characteristics of evolution. Decomposition of {1210} cavity edges into {101x} facets was observed after 16 h anneals, indicating that {1210} faces are not components of the Wulff shape. The shape evolution kinetics of penny-shaped cavities were also investigated. Experimentally observed evolution rates decreased much more rapidly with those predicted by a model in which surface diffusion was assumed to be rate limiting. This suggested that the development of facets and the associated loss of ledges and terraces during the initial stages of evolution resulted in an evolution process limited by the nucleation rate of attachment/detachment sites (ledges) on the facets.
Euler circuits and DNA sequencing by hybridization

Sequencing by hybridization is a method of reconstructing a long DNA string — that is, figuring out its nucleotide sequence — from knowledge of its short substrings. Unique reconstruction is not always possible, and the goal of this paper is to study the number of reconstructions of a random string. For a given string, the number of reconstructions is determined by the pattern of repeated substrings; in an appropriate limit substrings will occur at most twice, so the pattern of repeats is given by a pairing: a string of length 2n in which each symbol occurs twice. A pairing induces a 2-in, 2-out graph, whose directed edges are defined by successive symbols of the pairing — for example the pairing ABBCAC induces the graph with edges AB, BB, BC, and so forth — and the number of reconstructions is simply the number of Euler circuits in this 2-in, 2-out graph. The original problem is thus transformed into one about pairings: to find the number fk(n) of n-symbol pairings having k Euler circuits. We show how to compute this function, in closed form, for any fixed k, and we present the functions explicitly for k=1,…,9. The key is a decomposition theorem: the Euler “circuit number” of a pairing is the product of the circuit numbers of “component” sub-pairings. These components come from connected components of the “interlace graph”, which has the pairing's symbols as vertices, and edges when symbols are “interlaced”. (A and B are interlaced if the pairing has the form ABAB or BABA.) We carry these results back to the original question about DNA strings, and provide a total variation distance upper bound for the approximation error. We perform an asymptotic enumeration of 2-in, 2-out digraphs to show that, for a typical random n-pairing, the number of Euler circuits is of order no smaller than 2n/n, and the expected number is asymptotically at least e−1/22n−1/n. Since any n-pairing has at most 2n−1 Euler circuits, this pinpoints the exponential growth rate.
Particle-image velocimetry measurements of flow over interacting barchan dunes

Barchan dunes are crescentic planform-shaped dunes that are present in many natural environments, and may occur either in isolation or in groups. This study uses high-resolution particle-image velocimetry (PIV) experiments using fixed-bed models to examine the effects of barchan dune interaction upon the flow field structure. The barchan dune models were created from an idealized contour map, the shape and dimensions of which were based upon previous empirical studies of dune morphology. The experimental setup comprised two, co-axially aligned, barchan dune models that were spaced at different distances apart. In this paper, two volumetric ratios (Vr, upstream dune: downstream dune) of 1.0 and 0.175 were examined. Models were placed in a boundary-layer wind tunnel and flow quantification was achieved via PIV measurements of the mean and turbulent flow field in the streamwise–wall-normal plane, along the centerline of the barchan(s), at an average flow Reynolds number of 59,000. The presence of an upstream barchan dune induces a “sheltering effect” on the flow. Flow on the stoss side of the downstream dune is controlled by the developing internal boundary layer from the upstream dune, as well as by the turbulent flow structures shed from the free shear layer of the upstream dune leeside. At both volumetric ratios, enhanced turbulence is present over the downstream barchan dune leeside, which is proposed to be caused by the interaction of shear layers from the upstream and downstream dunes. Both the size and magnitude of the shear layer formed in the leeside of the upstream dune control this interaction, together with the proximity of this shear layer to the stoss side of the downstream dune. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis shows that the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy is shifted to higher modes (i.e., smaller spatial scales) over interacting barchan dunes, which also reflects the role of the leeside free shear layer in dominating the flow field by generation, or redistribution, of TKE to smaller scales.
The Effects of the “Flight Technique” of Teaching on Creativity Scores

(1966). The Effects of the “Flight Technique” of Teaching on Creativity Scores. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 32-37.
Does Dietary Intervention Change Fruit, Vegetable, Grain and Fat Scores in a Group of Older Women?

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe the impact of nine sessions of dietary intervention with an individualized fat gram goal on total fat, fruit, vegetable and grain intake among a group of older women. Long term dietary intervention (Dl) may improve women's hearth by lowering the risk of certain chronic diseases. Subjects in the Women's Hearth Initiative Study are encouraged to remain within an individualized fat gram goal and consume ≥5 servings of fruits and vegetables (F/V), and ≥ 6 servings of grains (G) per day. The first year of Dl consists of 18 sessions; 9 occur during the first 3 months, and subjects are encouraged to self-monitor using food records, and Fat Scans at least 3 days per week. This analysis examined the effect of the first 3 months of Dl at the Nevada Center. The study sample was 27 women, mean age (63.7 ± 6.9 years). Scores for fat gram intake, F/V servings, and G servings were calculated using "The Fat Counter." Scores were determined at Session 4 and 9 and compared to baseline values from 4 day food records.
Speculations on a model of prism adaptation.

Arguments and evidence are presented that prism adaptation results in a third end state in addition to the ‘traditional’ components of ‘proprioceptive shift’ and ‘visual shift’. That is, under certain conditions (most importantly, ones involving error-corrective feedback), exposure to prism-displaced vision induces a motor-learning component, referred to here as an ‘assimilated corrective response’. Thus the postexposure error in target pointing, the ‘negative aftereffect’, is postulated to be the algebraic sum of proprioceptive shift, visual shift, and an assimilated corrective response—at least in certain situations. Support for the existence of this third component as a form of learning is seen in the fact that it occurs primarily when prism exposure involves target-pointing experience, and that it is apparently subject to the effects of some ‘learning variables’.
Usage-based versus flat pricing for e-business services with differentiated QoS

Design of competitive e-commerce services, in such a quickly responding market, requires the analyses of prices and price structures. We present a general model of an e-commerce market that allows us to analyze optimal price structures, both flat and usage-based. Based on the price structure of a major Web hosting provider, we consider both single-tier and two-tier (burst-rate) pricing, and our result suggests that the more complex two-tier structure may not be worth the marketing effort, as the firm's equilibrium profits will not increase through the use of this structure. An essential feature of our approach is that we model explicitly the spread of price-QoS tradeoffs across the end-user population.
The Disciplining Effect of Concern for Referrals: Evidence from Real Estate Agents

Real estate agents rely on clients for referrals to generate future business; this article examines whether concern for referrals disciplines agents. We compare results for sellers who move to another area (and are less likely to provide referrals) with results for sellers who remain in the area (and are more likely to provide referrals). We find that moving-away sellers’ houses have a higher sale rate, sell faster and sell for less (even after controlling for moving-away sellers’ greater impatience). We also provide evidence that the disciplining effect of concern for referrals is stronger for agents who place a greater value on reputation. Finally, among sellers who are better at evaluating and monitoring agents, we see less of the high sell rate, low sale-price effect.
Two-degree-of-freedom robot neurocontroller

The performance of a two-degree-of-freedom robot neurocontroller is described. The main theorem suggests that global asymptotic stability is guaranteed despite the highly nonlinear nature of the closed-loop dynamics. Examples demonstrating the applicability of the neurocontroller are provided. It is concluded that a two-degree-of-freedom robot neurocontroller provides opportunities for noise filtering and disturbance rejection not available with a constant-gain servo neurocontroller. >
Anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Part III: general anesthesia.

Over the past 20 years there has been a marked decline in the use of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery; at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital we have witnessed a 4.6-fold decline in general anesthesia in favor of regional anesthetic techniques. Indications for general anesthesia for cesarean delivery include: maternal hypovolemia (for example massive third trimester bleeding placenta previa or abruption), maternal coagulopathy, severe fetal distress (for example prolapsed umbilical cord, persistent fetal bradycardia, shoulder dystocia), maternal sepsis, certain neurological diseases or active CNS infection, patient refusal of regional anesthetic technique or failed regional technique. The advantages of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery are the speed and reliability of induction techniques, controllability, reproducibility, and avoidance of hypotension associated with regional anesthetic techniques. The disadvantages of general anesthesia for the parturient are the risk of maternal aspiration and hypoxia during failed tracheal intubation or on emergence when airway reflexes may be blunted, maternal awareness during light anesthesia, and neonatal depression secondary to maternally administered anesthetics.
Advanced tracking loops to support low rate coded uplinks

Conventional second-order Doppler tracking loops impose a tradeoff between phase noise and tracking performance. In order to maintain adequate bit-error rate, the loop bandwidth must be narrow enough that phase noise is small. However, this limits the track range, track rate, and acquisition time of the loop. The tradeoff between bandwidth and tracking capabilities can prevent communication during intervals of strong Doppler dynamics. Furthermore, this tradeoff can also be problematic for deep-space scenarios in which carrier to noise ratio is poor and loop bandwidth must be extremely narrow. In such scenarios, tracking even modest Doppler is prohibitive. This limitation is one reason that coding has not been applied to emergency-mode uplinks. High-order loops can mitigate this tradeoff. Typically, high-order loops are typically only employed for downlink communications. The JHU/APL Frontier Software Defined Radio is capable of implementing both very narrow loops, as well as high-order loops, within the existing hardware and firmware architecture; only software changes are necessary. The present paper describes a case study and preliminary results for carrier tracking loops that can support coded emergency-mode uplinks.
Broad-Spectrum Antivirals against 3C or 3C-Like Proteases of Picornaviruses, Noroviruses, and Coronaviruses

Phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated that some positive-sense RNA viruses can be classified into the picornavirus-like supercluster, which includes picornaviruses, caliciviruses, and coronaviruses. These viruses possess 3C or 3C-like proteases (3Cpro or 3CLpro, respectively), which contain a typical chymotrypsin-like fold and a catalytic triad (or dyad) with a Cys residue as a nucleophile. The conserved key sites of 3Cpro or 3CLpro may serve as attractive targets for the design of broad-spectrum antivirals for multiple viruses in the supercluster. We previously reported the structure-based design and synthesis of potent protease inhibitors of Norwalk virus (NV), a member of the Caliciviridae family. We report herein the broad-spectrum antiviral activities of three compounds possessing a common dipeptidyl residue with different warheads, i.e., an aldehyde (GC373), a bisulfite adduct (GC376), and an α-ketoamide (GC375), against viruses that belong to the supercluster. All compounds were highly effective against the majority of tested viruses, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations in the high nanomolar or low micromolar range in enzyme- and/or cell-based assays and with high therapeutic indices. We also report the high-resolution X-ray cocrystal structures of NV 3CLpro-, poliovirus 3Cpro-, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus 3CLpro- GC376 inhibitor complexes, which show the compound covalently bound to a nucleophilic Cys residue in the catalytic site of the corresponding protease. We conclude that these compounds have the potential to be developed as antiviral therapeutics aimed at a single virus or multiple viruses in the picornavirus-like supercluster by targeting 3Cpro or 3CLpro.
Contrasting microclimates among clearcut, edge, and interior of old-growth Douglas-fir forest

Abstract Clearcut, remnant old-growth forest patch, and edge are the three primary landscape elements in northwestern North America. Microclimatic information on this forest landscape is needed for both research and resources management purposes. In this paper, seasonal summaries and diurnal changes in air temperature and moisture, soil temperature and moisture, short-wave radiation, and wind velocity are quantified for recent clearcut (10–15 years old), edge, and adjacent interior old-growth Douglas-fir forest environments in southern Washington state, USA, over two growing seasons. Influences of local weather condition and edge orientation (relationship of edge to the azimuth) are also assessed. Over the growing season, daily averages of air and soil temperatures, wind velocity, and short-wave radiation are consistently lower, and soil and air moisture are higher, inside the forest than in the clearcut or at the edge. Daily differences (i.e. maximums minus minimums) of all variables are consistently lower in the forest. The microclimates at the edge and the clearcut show a variable relationship with regard to averages and differences. Between the edge and the forest, greater differences occur under clear sky conditions for air temperature, but under partial cloudy conditions for relative humidity and soil temperature. Edge orientation is critical in assessing solar radiation, soil moisture, and relative humidity. The highest variability in microclimate exists at the edge, rather than in either clearcut or interior forest, primarily because of the influences related to edge orientation. The supposition that edge microclimates are intermediate between clearcut and interior forest is consistently true only for wind velocity and solar radiation, not for temperature and moisture.
Ammonium Limitation Results in the Loss of Ammonia-Oxidizing Activity in Nitrosomonas europaea

The effects of limiting concentrations of ammonium on the metabolic activity of Nitrosomonas europaea, an obligate ammonia-oxidizing soil bacterium, were investigated. Cells were harvested during late logarithmic growth and were incubated for 24 h in growth medium containing 0, 15, or 50 mM ammonium. The changes in nitrite production and the rates of ammonia- and hydroxylamine-dependent oxygen consumption were monitored. In incubations without ammonium, there was little change in the ammonia oxidation activity after 24 h. With 15 mM ammonium, an amount that was completely consumed, there was an 85% loss of the ammonia oxidation activity after 24 h. In contrast, there was only a 35% loss of the ammonia oxidation activity after 24 h in the presence of 50 mM ammonium, an amount that was not consumed to completion. There was little effect on the hydroxylamine oxidation activity in any of the incubations. The loss of ammonia oxidation activity was not due to differences in steady-state levels of ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) mRNA (amoA) or to degradation of the active site-containing subunit of AMO protein. The incubations were also conducted at a range of pH values to determine whether the loss of ammonia oxidation activity was correlated to the residual ammonium concentration. The loss of ammonia oxidation activity after 24 h was less at lower pH values (where the unoxidized ammonium concentration was higher). When added in conjunction with limiting ammonium, short-chain alkanes, which are alternative substrates for AMO, prevented the loss of ammonia oxidation activity at levels corresponding to their binding affinity for AMO. These results suggest that substrates of AMO can preserve the ammonia-oxidizing activity of N. europaea in batch incubations by protecting either AMO itself or other molecules associated with ammonia oxidation.
Impulsec Memory system support for scientific applications

Impulse is a new memory system architecture that adds two important features to a traditional memory controller. First, Impulse supports application-specific optimizations through configurable physical address remapping. By remapping physical addresses, applications control how their data is accessed and cached, improving their cache and bus utilization. Second, Impulse supports prefetching at the memory controller, which can hide much of the latency of DRAM accesses. Because it requires no modification to processor, cache, or bus designs, Impulse can be adopted in conventional systems. In this paper we describe the design of the Impulse architecture, and show how an Impulse memory system can improve the performance of memory-bound scientific applications. For instance, Impulse decreases the running time of the NAS conjugate gradient benchmark by 67%. We expect that Impulse will also benefit regularly strided, memory-bound applications of commercial importance, such as database and multimedia programs.
Towards Automated Termination Proofs through "Freezing"

We present a transformation technique called freezing to facilitate automatic termination proofs for left-linear term rewriting systems. The significant merits of this technique lie in its simplicity, its amenability to automation and its effectiveness, especially, when combined with other well-known methods such as recursive path orderings and polynomial interpretations. We prove that applying the freezing technique to a left-linear term rewriting system always terminates. We also show that many interesting TRSs in the literature can be handled with the help of freezing while they elude a lot of other approaches aiming for generating termination proofs automatically for term rewriting systems. We have mechanically verified all the left-linear examples presented in this paper.
Connecting proximate mechanisms and evolutionary patterns: pituitary gland size and mammalian life history

At the proximate level, hormones are known to play a critical role in influencing the life history of mammals, including humans. The pituitary gland is directly responsible for producing several hormones, including those related to growth and reproduction. Although we have a basic understanding of how hormones affect life history characteristics, we still have little knowledge of this relationship in an evolutionary context. We used data from 129 mammal species representing 14 orders to investigate the relationship between pituitary gland size and life history variation. Because pituitary gland size should be related to hormone production and action, we predicted that species with relatively large pituitaries should be associated with fast life histories, especially increased foetal and post-natal growth rates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that total pituitary size and the size of the anterior lobe of the pituitary significantly predicted a life history axis that was correlated with several traits including body mass, and foetal and post-natal growth rates. Additional models directly examining the association between relative pituitary size and growth rates produced concordant results. We also found that relative pituitary size variation across mammals was best explained by an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of evolution, suggesting an important role of stabilizing selection. Our results support the idea that the size of the pituitary is linked to life history variation through evolutionary time. This pattern is likely due to mediating hormone levels but additional work is needed. We suggest that future investigations incorporating endocrine gland size may be critical for understanding life history evolution.
Analytical reconstruction formula for one-dimensional Compton camera

The Compton camera has been proposed as an alternative to the Anger camera in SPECT. The advantage of the Compton camera is its high geometric efficiency due to electronic collimation. The Compton camera collects projections that are integrals over cone surfaces. Although some progress has been made toward image reconstruction from cone projections, at present no filtered backprojection algorithm exists. This paper investigates a simpler 2D version of the imaging problem. An analytical formula is developed for 2D reconstruction from data acquired by a 1D Compton camera that consists of two linear detectors, one behind the other. Coincidence photon detection allows the localization of the 2D source distribution to two lines in the shape of a "V" with the vertex on the front detector. A set of "V" projection data can be divided into subsets whose elements can be viewed as line-integrals of the original image added with its mirrored shear transformation. If the detector has infinite extent, reconstruction of the original image is possible using data from only one such subset. Computer simulations were performed to verify the newly developed algorithm.
Perceptions of Exploitation in Communal and Exchange Relationships

Using the distinction between communal and exchange relationships, it was hypothesized that failure to offer repayment for a favour would create perceptions of exploitativeness and decreases in attraction in exchange relationships but not in communal relationships. To test these hypotheses, subjects were led to expect a communal or an exchange relationship with a confederate. Shortly afterwards, the confederate asked the subject for a favour and subsequently either promised repayment or not. Finally, subjects indicated how exploitative and attractive they perceived the other to be. As predicted, failure to offer repayment increased perceived exploitativeness and decreased attraction when an exchange relationship was expected but not when a communal relationship was expected.
A More Scalable Approach to Content Centric Networking

On-demand Content Exchange with Adaptive Naming (OCEAN) is introduced as an alternative to content centric networking approaches (NDN and CCN) that require the maintenance of forwarding state of each Interest traversing a router in a Pending Interest Table (PIT). Content routers in OCEAN maintain data answer routing tables (DART) to support the correct forwarding of Interests and responses to such Interests (content or negative acknowledgments) without divulging the identities of consumers who originate Interests. The size of a DART is proportional to the number of routes used by Interests traversing a router, rather than the number of Interests traversing a router. It is shown that undetected Interest loops cannot occur in OCEAN, while the same is not true for CCN and NDN, and that Interests and responses to Interests are forwarded correctly in the absence of failures. OCEAN attains similar latencies than NDN and CCN but incurs orders of magnitude less storage overhead.
Determining Essential Statistics for Cost Based Optimization of an ETL Workflow

of the ETL products in the market today provide tools for design of ETL workflows, with very little or no support for opti- mization of such workflows. Optimization of ETL workflows pose several new challenges compared to traditional query optimization in database systems. There have been many attempts both in the industry and the research community to support cost-based opti- mization techniques for ETL Workflows, but with limited success. Non-availability of source statistics in ETL is one of the major chal- lenges that precludes the use of a cost based optimization strategy. However, the basic philosophy of ETL workflows of design once and execute repeatedly allows interesting possibilities for determin- ing the statistics of the input. In this paper, we propose a frame- work to determine various sets of statistics to collect for a given workflow, using which the optimizer can estimate the cost of any alternative plan for the workflow. The initial few runs of the work- flow are used to collect the statistics and future runs are optimized based on the learned statistics. Since there can be several alterna- tive sets of statistics that are sufficient, we propose an optimization framework to choose a set of statistics that can be measured with the least overhead. We experimentally demonstrate the effective- ness and efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
Imaging Complex Fluids Under Confinement and Flow: Development of Bragg-Fresnel Optics for X-ray Microdiffraction

We present results of simultaneous efforts to develop: 1.) Bragg-Fresnel Optics(BFO) to be used in X-ray microdiffraction methods, in particular as applied to structural studies of complex fluids and biomaterials under confinement and flow conditions; and 2.) Methodologies for confining complex fluids and biomaterials for in-situ structural studies. Using microelectronics process technology, we have fabricated linear and circular Bragg-Fresnel Lenses (BFL) in Si and III-V compound semiconductor substrates such as InP, GaAs and GaAs heterostructures with outermost zone width to 0.25 μm. X-ray characterization of linear BFLs were performed on a wiggler beamline at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) at x-ray energies of 8 keV and 16 keV. A ∼5 μm focal spot size was obtained with a 50 μm incident beam, which was determined by the partial coherence of the source. On the confinement techniques, we have developed the X-ray Surface Force Apparatus (XSFA) which allows in-situ x-ray diffraction measurements to be made on fluid thin films confined between two atomically smooth surfaces. A new approach is being pursued to study the effects of confinement and flow on complex fluids and biological materials using microchannels fabricated on glass substrates.