cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Channel Flow of a Mixture of Granular Materials and a Fluid

In this paper, we consider the three dimensional flow of granular materials and a viscous fluid in a channel. We use Mixture Theory to treat this problem as a two-component system [1]: One component is the solid particles (granular materials), such as sand, coal particles or red blood cells; the solid particles are modeled as a generalized Reiner-Rivlin type fluid derived by Massoudi [2], which not only considers the effects of volume fraction but also has a viscosity which is shear rate dependent. The other component, the host fluid, is assumed to behave as a linear viscous fluid, such as water, oil or plasma. For the interaction forces, the effect of different hindrance functions for the drag force is studied; moreover a generalized form of the expression for the hindrance function is suggested. For studying this two-component system numerically, a three dimensional CFD solver based on OpenFOAM® has been developed. Applying this solver, a specific problem (blood flow) has been studied for which our numerical results and experimental data [3] show good agreement.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Mysticism and Marxism: A.S. Eddington, Chapman Cohen, and Political Engagement Through Science Popularization

This paper argues that that political context of British science popularization in the inter-war period was intimately tied to contemporary debates about religion and science. A leading science popularizer, the Quaker astronomer A.S. Eddington, and one of his opponents, the materialist Chapman Cohen, are examined in detail to show the intertwined nature of science, philosophy, religion, and politics.
Concurrent anti-glomerular basement membrane disease and membranous glomerulonephritis: a case report and literature review.

Background Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (anti-GBM) is a relatively rare entity characterized by antibodies to collagen type IV of glomerular and alveolar basement membranes. The sequential or simultaneous presentation of anti-glomerular basement membrane disease with membranous glomerulonephritis has been infrequently described. Case We present the case of a 49-year-old man who had fatigue, flank pain, hematuria and renal failure. Serology was positive for anti-GBM antibodies; crescentic glomerulonephritis was seen on renal biopsy. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy demonstrated evidence of both anti-GBM glomerulonephritis and membranous deposits. Discussion Simultaneous anti-GBM disease and membranous glomerulonephritis is the most common temporal presentation of this rare entity. However, cases of membranous glomerulonephritis preceding or following recovery from anti-GBM disease have been described. Study of such cases provides insight into pathophysiologic mechanisms, including the possibility of increased antigen synthesis, exposure of cryptic epitopes, and/or capping and shedding of antigen-antibody complexes, in analogy to Heymann nephritis.
Lattice gauge fixing and the violation of spectral positivity

Abstract Spectral positivity is known to be violated by some forms of lattice gauge fixing. The most notable example is lattice Landau gauge, where the effective gluon mass is observed to rise rather than fall with increasing distance. We trace this violation to the use of quenched auxiliary fields in the lattice gauge fixing process, and show that violation of spectral positivity is a general feature of quenching. We illustrate this with a simple quenched mass-mixing model in continuum field theory, and with a quenched form of the Ising model. For lattice gauge fixing associated with Abelian projection and lattice Landau gauge, we show that spectral positivity is violated by processes similar to those found in quenched QCD. For covariant gauges parametrized by a gauge-fixing parameter α , the SU (2) gluon propagator is well described by a simple quenched mass-mixing formula. The gluon mass parameter appears to be independent of α for sufficiently large α .
Affinity relation discovery in image database clustering and content-based retrieval

In this paper, we propose a unified framework, called Markov Model Mediator (MMM), to facilitate image database clustering and to improve the query performance. The structure of the MMM framework consists of two hierarchical levels: local MMMs and integrated MMMs, which model the affinity relations among the images within a single image database and within a set of image databases, respectively, via an effective data mining process. The effectiveness and efficiency of the MMM framework for database clustering and image retrieval are demonstrated over a set of image databases which contain various numbers of images with different dimensions and concept categories.
EL CURIOSO IMPERTINENTE AND DON QUIJOTE'S SYMBOLIC STRUGGLE AGAINST CURIOSITAS

The interpolated story of El curioso impertinente has been the crux interpretum of the Quijote ever since its original publication. Evidently Cervantes himself was aware of this fact, for whereas in his discussion of the inserted tales in Part II he praises their aesthetic value, he nonetheless omits them in the sequel, admitting that in doing so he is yielding to the adverse opinions of his reading public. He knew that the average reader simply ignored these episodios sueltos in order to follow the main plot of the novel. As for the educated reader we note the opinion of the bachiller, who finds El curioso impertinente quite out of place, though he is willing to admit that in spite of its irrelevance it possesses an aesthetic artificio of its own, ‘el cual se mostrara bien al descubierto, cuando por si solas, sin arrimarse a las locuras de Don Quijote, ni a las sandeces de Sancho, [las novelas] salieran a luz.’ To Cervantes these opinions seemed surprisingly critical of his intention, for he meant to inc...
Radionuclide angiocardiographic assessment of pulmonary vascular reactivity in patients with left to right shunt and pulmonary hypertension

Radionuclide angiocardiography was used to assess pulmonary vascular reactivity in eight patients (nine studies) with a large, relatively unrestrictive intracardiac defect and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Radionuclide angiocardiograms, using technetium-99m pertechnetate, were performed first with the patient breathing room air and then after 10 minutes of breathing a mixture containing 90 percent or more of oxygen. The pulmonary to systemic flow ratios obtained by gamma variate analysis of the radionuclide time-activity curves were compared with those calculated with the Fick principle at the time of cardiac catheterization. There was a good correlation between the two methods both in room air studies (r = 0.88) and in those obtained with 90 percent or more of oxygen (r = 0.94). All six studies (in five patients) with a reactive pulmonary vasculature (judged by a pulmonary vascular resistance at cardiac catheterization of less than 6 units/m2 with oxygen or after tolazoline) had a radionuclide pulmonary to systemic flow ratio of 3.0 or greater with oxygen. The three patients with a nonreactive pulmonary vasculature had a radionuclide pulmonary to systemic flow ratio of 2.3 or less with oxygen, a value that was unchanged from the room air value. These data suggest that radionuclide angiocardiography may be a useful, relatively noninvasive method of assessing pulmonary vascular reactivity in patients with a large, relatively unrestrictive intracardiac defect.
Design considerations for a dual-etalon seed-light pre-filter for high-energy LCLS applications

Abstract A flexible seed-light generation and coherence filtering scheme is considered for a 1.5 A FEL operating at 15 GeV. For R&D applications the configuration allows the FEL to be operated in a combination of Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) and Coherent Amplifier (CA) modes. Selected design and performance parameters are discussed.
Medicare and communicative therapy for the aged.

The academic and clinical training of speech pathologists and audiologists must include working with the geriatric population, especially if these clinicians anticipate private practice with Medicare patients. The course of study should include a review of the literature, and training in observation, diagnosis, direct therapy, supportive therapy, and research projects. Such a comprehensive experience will demonstrate to the students that the communicative problems of the aged are unique and require treatment by specially trained personnel using special procedures, and that it is detrimental to the clinician and to his profession if he attempts to treat geriatric patients without previous training or experience in this area.
The clinical grading of lens opacities

A simple system has been developed for the clinical grading of the presence and severity of lens opacities. The densities of nuclear opacities as seen on clinical slit-lamp examination are graded in comparison with a set of standard photographs. The extent of cortical opacities seen on retroillumination is estimated in terms of segments involved. The dimensions of posterior subcapsular opacities are measured using the slit beam. Inter- and intraobserver trials were conducted with three observers. Twenty subjects were selected to provide a range of lens opacities. Weighted Kappa statistics for intraobserver agreement for these three types of opacities range between 0.58 and 1.00 and for interobserver agreement between 0.41 and 0.71. This clinical grading system shows good reproducibility and compares well with the grading of lens opacities in photographs. It should prove to be of considerable use in clinical and epidemiological studies of cataract.
Immunology Taught by Darwin

Letters from: [ Kurt A. McKean, et al. ][1] [ R. M. Zinkernagel ][2] We read with interest the recent article by Rolf M. Zinkernagel ([12 Jan., p. 173][3]) reexamining the idea that the function of the immune system is the recognition of the distinction between self and nonself. We applaud
Physiological and yield responses of field-grown cotton to application of urea with the urease inhibitor NBPT and the nitrification inhibitor DCD

Abstract Nitrogen deficiency and poor N use efficiency adversely affect cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the urease inhibitor NBPT and the nitrification inhibitor DCD with urea fertilizer on the physiology and yield of irrigated cotton. Field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 with the following treatments: untreated control, full recommended N rate with urea, 75% recommended N rate with urea, 75% recommended N rate with urea + NBPT, and 75% recommended N rate with urea + NBPT + DCD. The treatment Urea-75% plus NBPT improved cotton N uptake by 17% and N use efficiency by 41% when compared to the Urea-75% alone. NBPT addition to urea also positively affected leaf chlorophyll content, plant growth and fiber quality. The use of NBPT improved cotton lint yield by 14% compared to a similar urea application rate without NBPT. However, addition of DCD to urea fertilizer limited NBPT performance. The use of DCD resulted in decreased N uptake, N use efficiency, leaf chlorophyll, plant growth and yields. Under the field conditions of the current study, it is concluded that addition of NBPT to urea, but not DCD in combination with NBPT, improved N fertilization in cotton.
Management of iatrogenic ureteral injury

Iatrogenic injury to the ureter is a potentially devastating complication of modern surgery. The ureters are most often injured in gynecologic, colorectal, and vascular pelvic surgery. There is also potential for considerable ureteral injury during endoscopic procedures for ureteric pathology such as tumor or lithiasis. While maneuvers such as perioperative stenting have been touted as a means to avoid ureteral injury, these techniques have not been adopted universally, and the available literature does not make a case for their routine use. Distal ureteral injuries are best managed with ureteroneocystostomy with or without a vesico-psoas hitch. Mid-ureteral and proximal ureteral injuries can potentially be managed with ureteroureterostomy. If the distal segment is unsuitable for anastomosis then a number of techniques are available for repair including a Boari tubularized bladder flap, transureteroureterostomy, or renal autotransplantation. In rare cases renal autotransplantation or ureteral substitution with gastrointestinal segments may be warranted to re-establish urinary tract continuity. Laparoscopic and minimally invasive techniques have been employed to remedy iatrogenic ureteral injuries.
Chromatographic separation of tryptophan metabolites.

Abstract Separation of tryptophan and 15 metabolites by ion-exchange chromatography using Sephadex QAE-A25 and carboxymethyleellulose in a continuous system is reported. The system employs a complex NaCl gradient to elute the QAE-A25 column, and a simple linear NaCl gradient to elute the CMC column. Detection was achieved by a dual-beam UV analyzer or a flowthrough filter fluorometer. The UV unit allows sample detection on the order of 10 μg and the fluorometer allows the detection of 1 μg or less depending on the compound. Ultraviolet spectra at 3 pH valves and extinction coefficients are given for 16 compounds. UV absorption and fluorometric determinations of recovery from chromatographic separation of a mixture of tryptophan metabolites showed recovery to be 100 ± 5%.
Exogenous reinfection in experimental airborne tuberculosis

This study of experimental airborne tuberculosis in which guinea pigs were infected with tubercle bacilli of low and high virulence, provides no support for hypotheses suggesting that a second or third exposure to tubercle bacilli leads to an adverse effect on host response to the first infecting strain or to the reinfecting strain. The principal influence of the first infection was to protect against a subsequent infection. This protection was most evident as inhibition of the spread of bacilli from the lungs to the spleen. The first infection appeared to exert less influence on events at the site of reimplantation of organisms in the lungs.
How did we get to here from there

Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States, 1940–1980. By Gerard H. Clarfield and William M. Wiecek. Harper & Row: 1985. Pp.518. 19.95, 20.95. Controlling the Atom: The Beginnings of Nuclear Regulation, 1946-1962. By George T. Mazuzan and J. Samuel Walker. University of California Press: 1985. Pp.530. 28.95, 24.50. Radiant Science, Dark Politics: A Memoir of the Nuclear Age. By Martin D. Kamen. University of California Press: 1985. Pp.348. 19.95, 16.95.
Eight novel families of miniature inverted repeat transposable elements in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae

Abstract Eight novel families of miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs) were discovered in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, by using new software designed to rapidly identify MITE-like sequences based on their structural characteristics. Divergent subfamilies have been found in two families. Past mobility was demonstrated by evidence of MITE insertions that resulted in the duplication of specific TA, TAA, or 8-bp targets. Some of these MITEs share the same target duplications and similar terminal sequences with MITEs and other DNA transposons in human and other organisms. MITEs in A. gambiae range from 40 to 1340 copies per genome, much less abundant than MITEs in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Statistical analyses suggest that most A. gambiae MITEs are in highly AT-rich regions, many of which are closely associated with each other. The analyses of these novel MITEs underscored interesting questions regarding their diversity, origin, evolution, and relationships to the host genomes. The discovery of diverse families of MITEs in A. gambiae has important practical implications in light of current efforts to control malaria by replacing vector mosquitoes with genetically modified refractory mosquitoes. Finally, the systematic approach to rapidly identify novel MITEs should have broad applications for the analysis of the ever-growing sequence databases of a wide range of organisms.
Temperature effects on the aggregation state and activity of Amphotericin B

Amphotericin B (AmB) in aqueous solution becomes less aggregated as temperature is increased as measured by CD spectroscopy. Concomitantly, AmB's ability to induce K+ leakage from cholesterol-containing large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) decreases 4-fold per 10 degrees C increase. In contrast, ergosterol-containing vesicles show no clear trend in their temperature sensitivity to AmB action. These data strongly support a model of AmB action where drug aggregates and not monomers are the major channel-inducing species against cholesterol- but not ergosterol-containing membranes.
A Technique for Tensile Fatigue and Creep Testing of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramics

An experimental technique for the elevated temperature tensile fatigue and creep testing of fiber-reinforced ceramics is discussed. The experimental approach utilizes edge-loaded specimens with rectangular gage-sections. Novel furnace and grip designs which allow testing in air to 1500 C are provided. The specimen, furnace, and grip designs discussed in the paper have been successfully used to test unidirectional and cross-ply SiC(f)/Si3N4, SiC(f)/SiC, C(f)/SiC, and SiC(f)/calcium-aluminosilicate composites. 24 refs.
A Method for Detecting Structure in Sociometric Data

The authors focus on developing standardized measures for models of structure in interpersonal relations. A theorem is presented which yields expectations and variances for measures based on triads. Random models for these measures are discussed and the procedure is carried out for a model of a partial order. This model contains as special cases a number of previously suggested models, including the structural balance model of Cartwright and Harary, Davis's clustering model, and the ranked-clusters model of Davis and Leinhardt. In an illustrative exmaple, eight sociograms are analyzed and the general model is compared with the special case of ranked clusters.
The effects of dietary selenium on growth and selected reproductive parameters in young boars

Thirty-three crossbred boars, 47 to 58 days of age, were randomly allocated to receive maize-soya bean meal diets containing 0·05, 0·15 or 0·30 mg selenium per kg. Body weights, testicular widths, and blood samples from vena cava puncture were taken at regular intervals. Libido was subjectively scored upon exposure to ovariectomized-oestrogenized gilts. Seven animals from each group were slaughtered at 9 months of age and selected reproductive structures were retrieved. Analysis of the relationships among body weight, libido and plasma testosterone levels indicated that differences (P < 0·01) existed between treatments, as analyzed over time, but that the overall treatment effect was not significant. Testicular widths were also found to be different (P < 0·05) over time. Values for all four criteria as measured over time were greater for boars fed 0·05 mg selenium per kg than for those fed 0·15 which were in turn greater than those fed 0·30. Post-mortem examination showed no treatment differences (1) in testis weights; (2) spermatozoan concentrations within the capita, corporea or caudae segments of the epididymis and (3) spermatozoan morphology examined within the caudae epididymis. Also testis lengths, weights, circumferences and spermatozoan concentrations were not significantly different between treatments. These results suggest that boars fed selenium at 0·15 or 0·30 mg/kg may exhibit some signs of retarded sexual development for a short period preceding the onset of sexual maturity
A kinetic model of pulsed sheaths

The ion distribution function is calculated as a function of time, self‐consistently with the electrostatic potential in two spatial coordinates for a pulsed sheath experiment. Such pulsed sheaths are used for a variety of purposes, including modification of material surfaces. The accuracy of the model is established by comparing the time varying ion density with experimental measurements. Additionally, the first reported prediction of the ion velocity distribution in this kind of pulsed sheath is given. This is important because the velocity distribution of the ions striking the surface determines how the surface material is modified.
Macaque intra‐arterial trophoblast and extravillous trophoblast of the cell columns and cytotrophoblastic shell express neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)

Background During placental development in higher primates trophoblast cells originating in the cell columns migrate along endometrial surfaces to form the cytotrophoblastic shell. A subpopulation of these cells invades uterine arteries, where they migrate on the surface of endothelium, against the flow of blood. These intra-arterial cells become sequestered in the walls of the arteries where they are referred to as intramural trophoblast. Because migration depends upon binding the cell surface to other cells or to extracellular matrix, we investigated the potential role of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM, CD56) in arterial invasion by trophoblast cells. Methods Tissues from macaque placentas and endometrium were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Standard immunoperoxidase methods were used to identify NCAM. Results NCAM labeled cells were present within spiral arteries of the decidua basalis. Trophoblast cells within or adjacent to the arterial lumen were distinctly NCAM positive, whereas most intramural trophoblast cells revealed reduced or no reactivity for NCAM. Maternal endothelial cells and villous trophoblast cells were negative. Uterine veins were tapped by trophoblast but did not contain migratory cells. The cell columns of early pregnancy contained cells outlined by rims of reactivity for NCAM. Labeled cells were also seen in the cytotrophoblastic shell, arranged as discontinuous groups. These groups variably occupied the entire thickness of the shell, or only the proximal (adjacent to the intervillous space) or distal layers of the shell. Later in gestation, the cytotrophoblastic shell developed a different pattern of staining, such that only cells located nearer to the intervillous space or near the tips of the anchoring villi were positive. Conclusions We conclude that NCAM is one of a group of cell adhesion molecules that participates in trophoblast cell adhesion during migration within maternal arteries. NCAM appears to be active in trophoblast-trophoblast cell interactions. It may also contribute to binding trophoblast cells to the surfaces of arterial endothelium as well as extracellular matrix molecules of the arterial wall. After secondary invasion into the arterial walls NCAM is down-regulated, possibly in response to the appearance of extracellular matrix capsules, where other cell adhesion molecules may appear. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inclusion of Symmetry as a Shape Attribute in Kappa Index Analysis

The molecular shape attribute of symmetry is introduced as a supplement to the shape attributes encoded by the kappa values. This attribute is indexed by the Shannon equation for information content and is designated as 0κ within the framework of multiple path, path and atom counts to derive the kappa values. A new procedure is introduced to calculate a label characterizing the uniqueness or equivalence of atoms in a molecule using the connection matrix. This label, called the relative topological state, is used in the Shannon equation to calculate the information content or 0κ. Two examples illustrate the utility of 0κ along with other kappa values to encode attributes of molecular shape influencing physical and biological properties.
A model and implementation of a universal time delay simulator for large digital nets

Although simulation of logic circuits has been attempted in the past, only those which simulate completely combinational circuits have performed with any degree of success for various types of logic. This is primarily due to the number of simplifying assumptions that can be made for combinational circuits. For example, in combinational circuits, one need not consider timing of the signals, since any given input vector will always propagate to a stable state value. Also, since purely combinational circuits do not contain internal states, the user need not define or initialize these values, as must be done (and done meaningfully) for sequential circuits. A systems study of simulation and diagnosis for large digital computing systems has been performed. The results of that study have led to the implementation to be described. The model, which has been adopted, permits the user to select the level of detail most appropriate to his requirements, and thus not hamper him with overly restrictive assumptions. The advantages of this model are the following:1. It does not require the specification of feedback loops in sequential circuits.2. The ability to reset all feedback lines to any value at any time is not required.3. It provides for the detection of hazards and races.4. Simulation is not restricted to particular types of circuits.5. Besides having the capability of simulating gate level circuits, it can also simulate at a functional level. This results in a savings of time and storage, permitting the simulation of large circuits.
The impact of community-based groups to help persons reduce HIV infection risk behaviours.

Abstract In addition to widescale AIDS education campaigns, interventions are also needed which can directly assist in the development of skills to reduce HIV infection. Cognitivebehavioural and skills training approaches have long been used to help individuals learn to change other behaviour patterns related to health and can be applied to AIDS. Several approaches (self-management skills training, assertiveness training, and problem-solving) are discussed in relation to HIV risk reduction counselling. Examples and outcome data from prior risk reduction groups for gay men are summarised. Involvement in multiple-session group intervention can produce rapid and clinically meaningful changes in high-risk behaviour patterns. Issues pertinent to the field implementation of such interventions are discussed.
Formation of Alkoxyhydroperoxy Aldehydes and Cyclic Peroxyhemiacetals from Reactions of Cyclic Alkenes with O3 in the Presence of Alcohols

A thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer has been used to investigate the products and mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol formation from reactions of O3 with cyclohexene, cyclohept...
A decomposition technique for mixed integer programming problems

Abstract A technique for decomposing mixed integer programming problems, having block angular structure, is presented in this paper. Applying Lagrangean relaxation to the set of coupling constraints permits a decomposition of the mixed integer programming problem into several smaller mixed integer subproblems. Consequently, each subproblem contains variables and constraints pertaining to only the subproblem. The subproblems can be solved independently and simultaneously. Rather than obtaining only the optimal solutions to the subproblems, their several suboptimal solutions are also recorded. Then, an integer master program is constructed and solved by subgradient optimization and/or by an enumeration method. Optimality conditions are specified. Also discussed is a criterion which helps disqualify suboptimal solutions that cannot become part of the optimal solution to the original problem. The decomposition technique is independent of the method used to solve the subproblems. This technique is demonstrated by solving an airline routing problem.
Bioavailability of α-tocopherol fed with retinol and relative bioavailability of D-α-tocopherol or DL-α-tocopherol acetate

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the form of alpha-tocopherol or interactions of alpha-tocopherol with vitamin A on its bioavailability. In Experiment 1, Holstein steers were fed a diet that was low in vitamins A and E for 1 mo; then, steers were blocked by body weight (X = 97.5 kg) and assigned randomly to one of four oral treatments: 1) no added vitamins, 2) 442 mg of retinyl acetate, 3) 1342 mg of D-alpha-tocopherol, or 4) 442 mg of retinyl acetate and 1342 mg of D-alpha-tocopherol. Each treatment was given as a pulse dose. Blood was sampled over a 36-h period. Concentrations of plasma retinyl palmitate peaked at 2 to 6 h postsupplementation for all calves and then peaked again at 22 to 28 h for calves receiving vitamin supplements. Concentrations of plasma alpha-tocopherol peaked earliest with D-alpha-tocopherol supplementation alone at 12 to 20 h after supplementation, but simultaneous supplementation with retinyl acetate resulted in lower plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Plasma retinyl palmitate decreased during peak alpha-tocopherol concentrations. In Experiment 2, blood and tissue were analyzed after a single gastric tube administration of a powder (DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) or a liquid (D-alpha-tocopherol) form of vitamin E to Holstein calves. Plasma and kidney concentrations of alpha-tocopherol were higher when calves were fed D-alpha-tocopherol than when calves were fed the DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate form. Concentrations in the liver, spleen, adipose tissue, heart, muscle, cellular blood fraction, and gut did not differ between the two forms.
Breadth of Program and Outcome Effectiveness in Drug Abuse Prevention

The most popular school programs for tobacco and other drug abuse prevention address a variety of substances from tobacco to alcohol to other drugs. It is not uncommon for the same school program to address an even broader range of health and social objectives including exercise and nutrition promotion, pregnancy and HIV prevention, and violence prevention. In this article, the authors address the question of whether it is more effective to target a narrow range of objectives (e.g., smoking prevention) or a wider range of related behaviors (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse). First, they consider a range of assumptions about effectiveness including definition of program effectiveness, issues regarding program acceptance and maintenance, and the objectives of sponsoring agencies. Next, they present the arguments for broad and narrowly focused programs and present comparative data from broadly and narrowly targeted programs. Finally, they suggest strategies for program developers and implementers...
Searching for smart durable coatings to promote bone marrow stromal cell growth while preventing biofilm formation

There is a great need to develop methods to regulate cellular growth in order to enhance or prevent cell proliferation, as needed, to either improve health or prevent disease. In this work we evaluated the adhesion, survival and growth of bone marrow stromal cells on the surface of several new ion beam engineered nano-crystals of ceramic hard coatings such as zirconium, titanium, tantalum and cerium oxides. Cell adhesion and growth on the ceramic coatings were compared to adhesion and growth on a nano-crystalline silver coating which is known to possess antibacterial properties. The initial results of a study to determine the effect of nanocrystalline titanium and silver coating on staphylococcus aureus biofilm growth is also discussed.
Catheter Tip Orientation Affects Radiofrequency Ablation Lesion Size in the Canine Left Ventricle

While some factors influencing size of RF lesions in ventricular tissue have been characterized, the effects of catheter electrode-endocardial surface orientation on lesion generation have not been investigated. Therefore, the effects of parallel versus perpendicular catheter electrode-endocardial surface orientation on dimensions of RF lesion produced with 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-mm distal electrode lengths were studied in 20 closed-chested dogs. Orientation was established by biplane fluoroscopy and confirmed by intracardiac echocardiography for the majority of energy deliveries (71%). RF voltage was titrated to maintain constant catheter electrode temperature of 75 degrees C for 60 seconds. In the perpendicular orientation, lesion size did not change significantly with increasing electrode lengths. There was a statistically significant interaction between electrode orientation and maximum lesion length (analysis of variance [ANOVA] P = 0.04], lesion width (ANOVA P = 0.01), lesion area (ANOVA P = 0.02), and estimated lesion volume (ANOVA P < 0.005) over all electrode lengths. With parallel tip-tissue orientation, lesion size was a function of increasing electrode length. For 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-mm electrodes, maximum lesion surface areas were 95 +/- 38, 97 +/- 38, 119 +/- 29, 147 +/- 52, and 147 +/- 67 mm2, respectively. For electrode lengths 8, 10, and 12 mm, estimated lesion volumes were significantly greater with parallel orientation (P < 0.05 for all). Thus, ventricular lesion size is dependent on catheter electrode length, but only when the catheter is oriented parallel to the endocardial surface. This information may be helpful in increasing lesion dimensions for RF ablation of ventricular tachycardias.
Enhancing the robot service experience through social media

The development of effective robot servers has been an intensely studied research area for many years. Their operation in a dynamic environment presents multiple challenges in navigation, recognition, human-robot interaction, and manipulation. This paper addresses the challenges presented by recognition and human-robot interaction by utilizing Twitter and Facebook to potentially mitigate some of the long known issues in these areas. Specifically, we will address the problems of reliable human-robot communications and efficiency of service delivery. An online scenario study is administered to participants to evaluate the performance of a social media enabled robot as compared to a traditional speech synthesis and recognition enabled robot. The potential for the robot to learn and build long-term relationships through access to these social mediums is also discussed as a future work.
Supervisory control of hybrid systems

In this paper, the supervisory control of hybrid systems is introduced and discussed at length. Such control systems typically arise in the computer control of continuous processes, for example, in manufacturing and chemical processes, in transportation systems, and in communication networks. A functional architecture of hybrid control systems consisting of a continuous plant, a discrete-event controller, and an interface is used to introduce and describe analysis and synthesis concepts and approaches. Our approach highlights the interaction between the continuous and discrete dynamics, which is the cornerstone of any hybrid system study. Discrete abstractions are used to approximate the continuous plant. Properties of the discrete abstractions to be appropriate representations of the continuous plant are presented, and important concepts such as determinism and controllability are discussed. Supervisory control design methodologies are presented to satisfy control specifications described by formal languages. Several examples are used throughout the paper to illustrate our approach.
Benign hereditary chorea: a case report and brief review of inherited choreas.

Abstract Background Chorea as a nonprogressive abnormality is often associated with Sydenham chorea in the pediatric population. Benign hereditary chorea is a condition where chorea presents before age 5 years and runs a very slowly progressive course. Patients We present a family that was thought to have a variant of Huntington disease but on genetic testing was confirmed to have benign hereditary chorea. We describe a 7-year-old girl in this family who presented with involuntary movements and hyperactivity. Results Our family was determined to have benign hereditary chorea after extensive genetic testing and follow-up. Conclusions When chorea presents as a familial entity, the differential diagnosis is limited and is often misdiagnosed as Huntington disease. In this family benign hereditary chorea was found to be the cause.
Tone-dependent coronary arterial-venous pressure differences at the cessation of venous outflow during long diastoles.

BACKGROUND The origin and magnitude of the back pressure opposing diastolic coronary inflow remain controversial. The arterial pressure at which coronary inflow stops during a prolonged diastole, ie, "zero-flow pressure," is higher than coronary venous pressure. However, because of capacitive discharge as distending pressure falls, flow at the microcirculatory level exceeds inflow, and coronary outflow ceases later than inflow. If coronary arterial pressure continues to exceed venous pressure at the point of venous flow cessation, zero-flow pressure cannot be an artifact of capacitive discharge. METHODS AND RESULTS Coronary inflow and outflow, arterial pressure, and right atrial pressure have been measured during long diastoles in closed-chest dogs chronically instrumented with volumetric flow probes on the great cardiac vein or coronary sinus as well as the circumflex artery. Although venous outflow continued for 1 to 4 seconds after arterial inflow ceased, coronary artery pressure at the point of venous flow cessation (Pfv = 0) always exceeded right atrial pressure (13 +/- 1.3 mm Hg [SEM] vs 6 +/- 0.7 mm Hg, P CONCLUSIONS Transcoronary pressure differences persist when venous outflow stops and are larger when vasomotor tone is augmented. Measurements of zero-flow pressure that exceed venous pressure cannot be considered an artifact of continuing capacitive discharge after the cessation of arterial inflow. Diastolic coronary back pressure exceeds right atrial pressure and is tone dependent.
The design of an audit trail analysis tool

Discusses the design of a tool that automatically removes security-sensitive information from intruder activity log files collected at a compromised site. The sanitization of sensitive information enables researchers to study the log files without further compromising the security of the affected sites. This paper begins with a brief discussion of the importance of such a tool and a description of the complete sanitization process. This is followed by an examination of the important design issues of the sanitizer. The paper concludes with the final design of a sanitizer for SunOS-based intruder activity logs. >
Desire for Control and the Perception of Crowding

The role that individual differences in the general desire to control events play in the perception of crowding was examined. Male undergraduates worked on tasks requiring a great deal of movement in a small room with either two or five other subjects. It was found that subjects scoring high on a measure of general desire for control reported higher levels of discomfort and perceived the room as more crowded that did subjects scoring low on desire for control at both levels of density. The results are interpreted in support of the hypothesis that perceptions of crowding result from a perception that one's control over the situation has been restricted.
Dispositional Optimism, Role-Specific Stress, and the Well-Being of Adult Daughter Caregivers

The present investigation examined the effects of role stress and dispositional optimism on the well-being of 296 adult daughter caregivers who simultaneously occupied mother, wife, and employee ro...
Early Childhood Teachers Reconstruct Beliefs and Practices Through Reflexive Action

Professional development, which results in sustained transformative change, requires that teachers engage in critical reflection regarding teaching practices. In this study, a group of five bilingual and generalist early childhood teachers engaged in a journey in which they elected to try to reconstruct their beliefs and practices about teaching and learning. In response to a school district's needs, these teachers were enrolled as a cohort in an early childhood graduate program that served as part of their professional development endeavor. The teachers used reflection and ongoing dialogue that bridged theory and practice as they raised questions about their daily practices in relation to theoretical perspectives. We provide a glimpse of these teachers' ongoing transformative journeys and provide suggestions for early childhood teachers to engage in sustained professional development.
Objectively measured sleep and β-amyloid burden in older adults: A pilot study

Background/aims:Although disturbed sleep is associated with cognitive deficits, the association between sleep disturbance and Alzheimer’s disease pathology is unclear. In this pilot study, we examined the extent to which sleep duration, sleep quality, and sleep-disordered breathing are associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brains of living humans.Methods:We studied 13 older adults (8 with normal cognition and 5 with mild cognitive impairment). Participants completed neuropsychological testing, polysomnography, and Aβ imaging with [11C]-Pittsburgh compound B.Results:Among participants with mild cognitive impairment, higher apnea–hypopnea index and oxygen desaturation index were associated with greater Aβ deposition, globally and regionally in the precuneus. There were no significant associations between sleep-disordered breathing and Aβ deposition among cognitively normal participants. There were no significant associations between sleep duration or sleep fragmentation and Aβ deposition.Conclusi...
Competing Visions of Parental Roles and Ideological Constraint

This paper explores the etiology of ideological constraint in the United States. In an effort to gain understanding of the ideational elements of political socialization, we concentrate on a provocative new theory put forward by cognitive linguist George Lakoff. Lakoff argues that many people reflexively envision proper power relations between citizens and government based on their understanding of proper power relations between children and parents: “nurturant” visions of parental roles engender egalitarian and humanitarian political values, whereas “disciplinarian” visions of proper parenting predict political individualism and traditionalism. Using data obtained from the 2000 National Election Study, we consider the empirical mettle of this account.
The Effectiveness of Complementary Therapies on the Pain Experience of Hospitalized Children

Pain is a complex phenomenon for children, and the concepts of hospitalization and pain are often linked in the minds of children. Despite best-practice guidelines and standards related to pain management, many hospitalized children continue to have unrelieved pain. This suggests that analgesics alone do not sufficiently relieve their discomfort. Complementary therapies may have an important role in holistic pediatric pain management. This review of literature evaluates available evidence related to the use and effectiveness of complementary therapies on the pain experience of children in hospital settings. Thirteen recent research articles relative to this topic were located and included in this review. A variety of complementary therapies, including relaxation, distraction, hypnosis, art therapies, and imagery, are included. Results of the research are mixed, and further investigation is required.
Murine epidermal cell antigen (Skn)-directed autoimmunity induced by transfer of CD4+ T cells.

While pathogenic T cells have been identified for several diseases with epithelial cell damage, an autoimmune T cell-mediated response targeted against a known keratinocyte antigen has not been reported. Previously we described an autoimmune response directed to the mouse epidermal cell antigens, Skn. For our murine model, primed Skn-immune lymphocytes are adoptively transferred to recipients, which develop lesions at the site of mild skin trauma. In this study we investigated the nature of the autoimmune component of the Skn response. A time-course study demonstrated a relationship between the number of primed Skn- immune cells injected and the severity of skin lesions in the recipients. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in lesional skin, with a predominance of CD4 + T cells. To support a role for CD4 + T cells in the initiation of the autoimmune response, Skn-immune donor cells were either enriched or depleted of various subsets prior to transfer into recipients, which showed that CD4 + , but not CD8 + , T cells were essential for induction of lesions. Analysis of mRNA for T-helper (Th) cell cytokines in lesional skin displayed a Th1 bias, and treatment with cyclosporin A (CsA) or anti-interleukin (IL)-2 antibody controlled the development of lesions. Overall the results clearly show an immunopathogenic profile consistent with a T cell-mediated mechanism. (received 13 October 2002, accepted 22 December 2002)
Enhanced mitogenic responsiveness to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells upon induction of differentiation.

Abstract Treatment of HL-60 leukemia cells with the inducers of differentiation dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 6-thioguanine (TG) reduces the proliferative capacity of the cells. DMSO acted in a serum-independent manner and reversibly inhibited competence to enter S phase after 24 h of treatment. Purified human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) but not human CSF-1, restored S phase competence and growth of DMSO-treated cells over a 7-day period. GM-CSF had no effect on the saturation density of control cells, even under conditions of reduced growth. Furthermore, GM-CSF antagonized the growth inhibitory actions of TG associated with cytodifferentiation but not those associated solely with TG cytotoxicity. The number of high affinity, cell surface GM-CSF receptors doubled after treatment of HL-60 cells with DMSO for 24 h and reached a maximum 4- to 5-fold increase within 72 h of exposure. The K d of GM-CSF binding, 240 pm, was comparable to the concentration required to elicit a mitogenic response in DMSO-treated cells. An HL-60 variant that had been selected for resistance to TG-induced growth inhibition and differentiation (R. E. Gallagher et al. , Cancer Res., 44 : 2642–2653, 1984) was found to have less than 20% of the cell surface GM-CSF receptors when compared to either wild type cells, or a variant line selected for resistance to TG cytotoxicity. These studies demonstrate that HL-60 cells undergoing differentiation simultaneously lose autonomous growth properties and acquire cell surface growth factor receptors and mitogenic responsiveness.
Estimating giant foxtail cohort productivity in soybean based on weed density, leaf area, or volume

Abstract Understanding weed–crop interactions is critical in predicting crop yield loss, but it is also important to understand how these interactions affect weed productivity. Therefore, research was conducted to characterize the weed relative leaf area and weed relative volume of several giant foxtail cohorts in soybean, and to assess weed density and cohort emergence time, weed relative leaf area, and weed relative volume as predictors of giant foxtail shoot biomass and fecundity. Giant foxtail cohorts emerged at VE (emergence), VC (cotyledon), V1 (first node), and V3 (third node) soybean growth stages and were thinned to densities of 0, 4, 16, 36, and 64 plants m−2. Based on weed density and cohort emergence time, the maximum shoot biomass per square meter or the maximum fecundity per square meter differed between years. In contrast, shoot biomass or fecundity per plant, as weed density approached zero, and the rate at which shoot biomass or fecundity decreased exponentially, as time increased, were s...
Cumulative Damage Models for Failure with Several Accelerating Variables

In this paper, we present a method for incorporating several accelerating variables into accelerated test models for failure of materials. We propose a hyper-cuboidal volume approach as an overall accelerating measure, which enables one to extend existing models for one accelerating variable to the case of several. In particular, we extend a general cumulative damage model and the power-law Weibull model for materials failure to the several accelerating variables case. A real-data example is presented, which illustrates the improvement of the proposed methods over existing models.