cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Status Influence on Stigma Towards Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorder in the United States

We describe the relationship between socio-demographic membership and stigma towards any mental illness (AMI) and substance use disorder (SUD) in the United States using a national survey (N = 2512). We hypothesize that participants from higher status socio-demographic groups may be more likely to report stigmatizing attitudes than participants from lower status socio-demographic groups. We find support for our hypothesis using multiple linear regression. Participants who were college-educated, male, or had household incomes above the national median were more likely to report stigmatizing attitudes toward both AMI and SUD in comparison to participants that were not college-educated, were female, or had household incomes below the national median. In contrast to our hypothesis, we find that participants who identified as Hispanic were more likely to report stigmatizing attitudes toward AMI than non-Hispanic whites. Younger and urban participants were more likely to report stigmatizing attitudes than their older and non-urban counterparts.
Abstract P049: Diabetes And The Risk Of Hospitalization With Infection

Introduction: Mechanistic research suggests that diabetes may increase susceptibility to infection. However, few epidemiologic studies have examined this association. Hypothesis: We hypothesize tha...
Growth of Global Corporate Debt: Main Facts and Policy Challenges

This paper surveys the literature to document the main stylized facts, risks, and policy challenges related to the expansion of global nonfinancial corporate debt after the 2008–09 global financial crisis. Nonfinancial corporate debt steadily increased after the crisis, especially in emerging economies. Between 2008 and 2018, corporate debt increased from 56 to 96 percent of gross domestic product in emerging economies, whereas this ratio remained stable in developed economies. Nonfinancial corporate debt was mainly issued through bond markets, and its growth can be largely attributed to accommodative monetary policies in developed economies. Whereas increased debt financing has some positive aspects, it has also amplified firms’ solvency risks and exposure to changes in market conditions, such as the economic downturn triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. Because capital markets have a larger role in firm financing, policy makers have limited tools to mitigate the risks of growing firm debt.
Understanding empathy training with virtual patients

Early stage medical students are able to practice empathy with virtual patients.Responses rated by coders were more empathetic with virtual patients than standardized patients.The level of empathetic response positively correlates to response length.Virtual patients provide a low-pressure environment for medical students to practice empathy. While the use of virtual characters in medical education is becoming more and more commonplace, an understanding of the role they can play in empathetic communication skills training is still lacking. This paper presents a study aimed at building this understanding by determining if students can respond to a virtual patient's statement of concern with an empathetic response. A user study was conducted at the University of Florida College of Medicine in which early stage medical students interacted with virtual patients in one session and real humans trained to portray real patients (i.e., standardized patients) in a separate session about a week apart. During the interactions, the virtual and 'real' patients presented the students with empathetic opportunities which were later rated by outside observers. The results of pairwise comparisons indicate that empathetic responses made to virtual patients were rated as significantly more empathetic than responses made to standardized patients. Even though virtual patients may be perceived as artificial, the educational benefit of employing them for training medical students' empathetic communications skills is that virtual patients offer a low pressure interaction which allows students to reflect on their responses.
Deriving Lifetime Maps in the Time/Frequency Domain of Coherent Structures in the Turbulent Boundary Layer

The lifetimes of coherent structures are derived from data correlated over a 3 sensor array sampling streamwise sidewall pressure at high Reynolds number (> 10(exp 8)). The data were acquired at subsonic, transonic and supersonic speeds aboard a Tupolev Tu-144. The lifetimes are computed from a variant of the correlation length termed the lifelength. Characteristic lifelengths are estimated by fitting a Gaussian distribution to the sensors cross spectra and are shown to compare favorably with Efimtsov s prediction of correlation space scales. Lifelength distributions are computed in the time/frequency domain using an interval correlation technique on the continuous wavelet transform of the original time data. The median values of the lifelength distributions are found to be very close to the frequency averaged result. The interval correlation technique is shown to allow the retrieval and inspection of the original time data of each event in the lifelength distributions, thus providing a means to locate and study the nature of the coherent structure in the turbulent boundary layer. The lifelength data are converted to lifetimes using the convection velocity. The lifetime of events in the time/frequency domain are displayed in Lifetime Maps. The primary purpose of the paper is to validate these new analysis techniques so that they can be used with confidence to further characterize the behavior of coherent structures in the turbulent boundary layer.
A schema based approach to dialog control.

Frame-based approaches to spoken language interaction work well for limited tasks such as information access, given that the goal of the interaction is to construct a correct query then execute it. More complex tasks, however, can benefit from more active system participation. We describe two mechanisms that provide this, a modified stack that allows the system to track multiple topics, and form-specific schema that allow the system to deal with tasks that involve completion of multiple forms. Domain-dependent schema specify system behavior and are executed by a domain-independent engine. We describe implementations for a personal calendar system and for an air travel planning system.
Athletes as Blood Donors

(1942). Athletes as Blood Donors. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 166-168.
Cellulose crystallinity--a key predictor of the enzymatic hydrolysis rate

The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose encounters various limitations that are both substrate- and enzyme-related. Although the crystallinity of pure cellulosic Avicel plays a major role in determining the rate of hydrolysis by cellulases from Trichoderma reesei, we show that it stays constant during enzymatic conversion. The mode of action of cellulases was investigated by studying their kinetics on cellulose samples. A convenient method for reaching intermediate degrees of crystallinity with Avicel was therefore developed and the initial rate of the cellulase-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose was demonstrated to be linearly proportional to the crystallinity index of Avicel. Despite correlation with the adsorption capacity of cellulases onto cellulose, at a given enzyme loading, the initial enzymatic rate continued to increase with a decreasing crystallinity index, even though the bound enzyme concentration stayed constant. This finding supports the determinant role of crystallinity rather than adsorption on the enzymatic rate. Thus, the cellulase activity and initial rate data obtained from various samples may provide valuable information about the details of the mechanistic action of cellulase and the hydrolysable/reactive fractions of cellulose chains. X-ray diffraction provides insight into the mode of action of Cel7A from T. reesei. In the conversion of cellulose, the (021) face of the cellulose crystal was shown to be preferentially attacked by Cel7A from T. reesei.
Radiation leukemia virus-induced thymic lymphomas express a restricted repertoire of T-cell receptor V beta gene products.

Abstract We have investigated the phenotypic changes that take place during the process of neoplastic transformation in the thymocytes of C57BL/Ka mice infected by the radiation leukemia virus (RadLV). By the combined use of antibodies against the envelope glycoprotein gp70 of RadLV, the transformation-associated cell surface marker 1C11, and the CD3-T-cell receptor (TCR) complex, we found that in the RadLV-infected thymus, the earliest expression of viral gp70 is in 1C11hi cells; a small but significant percentage of these cells also express CD3. A first wave of viral replication, manifested by the expression of high levels of gp70 in thymocytes (over 70% positive), reaches a peak at 2 weeks; during this period, no significant changes are observed in the expression of 1C11 or CD3. The population of gp70+ cells is drastically reduced at 3 to 4 weeks after infection. However, a second cohort of gp70+ cells appears after 4 weeks, and these cells express high levels of 1C11 and TCR determinants as well. RadLV-induced lymphomas differ from normal thymocytes in their CD4 CD8 phenotype, with domination by one or more subsets. Characterization of TCR gene rearrangements in RadLV-induced lymphomas shows that most of these tumors are clonal or oligoclonal with respect to the J beta 2 TCR gene, while the J beta 1 TCR gene is rearranged in a minority (4 of 11) of lymphomas. TCR V beta repertoire analysis of 12 tumors reveals that 6 (50%) express exclusively the V beta 6 gene product, 2 (17%) are V beta 5+, and 1 (8%) each are V beta 8+ and V beta 9+. In normal C57BL/Ka mice, V beta 6 is expressed on 12%, V beta 5 is expressed on 9%, V beta 8 is expressed on 22%, and V beta 9 is expressed on 4% of TCRhi thymocytes. Thus, it appears that RadLV-induced thymic lymphomas are not randomly selected with respect to expressed TCR V beta type.
Antigenic Heterology Between Flagellin and Flagella of Bacillus subtilis

The antigenic properties of Bacillus subtilis flagella and periodate-treated flagellin were compared by using immobilization-inhibition and diethylaminoethyl cellulose binding assay. The results suggest that there are both unique and cross-reactive antibodies elicited by B. subtilis flagella and flagellin.
Identification of (+)-Hydroxyputrescine (1,4-Diaminobutan-2-ol) from a Pseudomonas Species

Abstract (+)-Hydroxyputrescine (1,4-diaminobutan-2-ol) has been isolated and identified from a Pseudomonas species and shown to be biosynthesized from putrescine. The total polyamine content (putrescine and hydroxyputrescine) is in dependent of the growth media but the content of hydroxyputrescine is reduced when putrescine is present in the medium.
Skin lesions in association with β-hemolytic Streptococcus group B.

A full-term male infant delivered by caesarean section following a prolonged rupture of the amniotic membranes of 30 hours9 duration manifested peculiar skin lesions at the time of birth consistent with the healing phase of bullous impetigo. He was colonized with β-hemolytic Streptococcus group B that was also cultured from the mother9s cervix. It is possible this infant became infected in utero since the healing stage of the lesions suggest that they were present sometime before birth.
Examining biological vulnerability in environmental context: Parenting moderates effects of low resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia on adolescent depressive symptoms.

Polyvagal theory suggests that parasympathetic regulation of cardiac function, indexed by resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), may be a marker of emotion regulatory capacity and associated with youth psychopathology. Contemporary models of psychopathology suggest that the effects of biological vulnerability may be moderated by developmental context. The aim of the present study was to examine whether parenting, particularly parental responses to youth's negative emotions, moderated the effects of resting RSA on depressive symptoms among early adolescents. We examined resting RSA, depressive symptoms, and parental responses to youth negative emotions among 120 adolescents aged 11-14 years (M = 12.86, SD = .85; 52.5% female). Resting RSA and lack of supportive parenting interacted to predict youth depressive symptoms, such that low resting RSA predicted more depressive symptoms only in the context of low levels of supportive parental responses to youth's negative emotions. By contrast, high resting RSA buffered the effects of low supportive parenting on youth depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of understanding joint contributions of biological vulnerability and developmental context on youth depression outcomes.
The role of cooling in creep feed grinding

This paper concerns the thermal aspects of creep feed grinding, as contrasted to conventional grinding. The importance of adequate cooling in creep feed grinding is well known. Without cooling, the grinding temperature in creep feed grinding would be higher than in conventional grinding. Fortunately, coolant application has been seen to be very effective in reducing the grinding temperature in creep feed grinding. In fact, while cooling is more crucial in creep feed than in conventional grinding, it is also more effective in creep feed grinding.
The new Gettysburg Address: fusing history and memory

Abstract Different observers, according to Karl Mannheim, encircle the same event from different locations, see it from different perspectives, arrive at different insights. Yet, Mannheim never asks whether there are standpoints that lead to unique distortions as well as unique understandings. To answer this question few sources of evidence are more useful than the changing meaning of the Gettysburg Address. Lincoln's and succeeding generations believed that the Gettysburg Address consoled, inspired the people to continue their fight, and, above all, celebrated democracy and Union. Many contemporary historians and artists, however, believe that Lincoln at Gettysburg spoke about emancipation and racial justice. Their fusing of history, the objective recording of the past, and commemoration, the idealization of the past in terms of present concerns, occurs amid the rise of egalitarian and minority rights movements. Far from history's pulverizing commemoration, as the conventional wisdom of collective memory scholarship, from Maurice Halbwachs to Pierre Nora, asserts, commemoration often insinuates itself into and distorts history. Karl Mannheim's synthetic method-integrating the partial insights of separate generations—awaits a future generation of ideologically detached scholars.
Pancreatic Beta Cell Replication: Effects of Hexose Sugars

Neonatal rat pancreatic monolayer cultures were utilized to investigate the effects of various hexose sugars on insulin release and beta cell replication. Sugars tested were D-glucose, L-glucose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-mannose and D-fructose. These agents were added at varying concentrations to a control medium containing a baseline level of 5.5 mM D-glucose. Replication was estimated by incubating cultures with [3H]thymidine and determining the frequency of beta cell labelling in aldehyde-thionin stained radioautographs. Although the addition of D-glucose to the control medium resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in both insulin release and beta cell replication, the sensitivity of these two processes to glucose differed. Insulin release was stimulated by a 2.75 mM elevation in the D-glucose concentration of the control medium, while an elevation of 11 mM D-glucose was required to increase the frequency of beta cell replication. Moreover, while insulin release was maximally stimulated by an 11 mM elevation in the concentration of D-glucose, the frequency of replication continued to rise as the concentration of D-glucose was further increased. The specificity of these responses to D-glucose was demonstrated by the inability of 11 mM L-glucose or 11 mM 3-O-methyl-D-glucose to stimulate beta cell replication. D-mannose and D-fructose were less potent insulin secretagogues than D-glucose on an equimolar basis and neither compound enhanced beta cell replication at a concentration of 11 mM. However, higher concentrations of D-mannose (16.5 and 22 mM) enhanced beta cell replication, while comparable concentrations of D-fructose did not. These results indicate that the sensitivity of insulin release and beta cell replication to D-glucose differ, and that in addition to D-glucose, D-mannose is also capable of stimulating beta cell replication.
Active relay ramps and normal fault propagation on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

Individual segments of the Koae Fault System, Hawaii, show four patterns of structures around fault tips, and these are inferred to represent four evolutionary stages of fault growth. These are: (1) monoclinal bending occurs, probably above a steeply dipping fault at depth, (2) cracks develop in the hinges of the monocline, (3) throw starts to develop on the cracks when they reach a width of about 3 m, which is probably when they link downwards to the normal fault, and (4) rollover and related cracks develops in the hanging wall as throw increases. Widths of monocline- and fault-related cracks obey a power-law distribution, with a 3 m upper cut-off, beyond which the monocline- and fault-related cracks develop a throw and become faults. Relay ramps are common within the highly segmented Koae and Hilina active normal fault systems. Three distinct geometries of relay ramps can be identified at Kilauea Volcano, and these are inferred to represent the following three evolutionary stages of relay ramps. (1) Where the bounding faults understep, the relay ramps have a gentle dip, and a set of en echelon cracks may cut across the relay ramp; these cracks suggest that the two understepping faults connect into a single fault at depth. (2) The dip of the relay ramp increases as the faults overstep. Connecting faults start to cut across the relay ramp. (3) When the relay ramp is breached by the connecting fault, a single, irregular fault is produced. Cracks or small breaching faults across a relay ramp suggest the bounding faults are connected at depth, and suggest that the bounding faults may both slip during an earthquake event.
Consistency of Interpersonal Themes for Patients In PsYchotherapy

In this study the extent to which patients in psychotherapy display similar interpersonal themes across multiple narratives of their interactions with others was investigated. Interpersonal themes were measured using a new instrument entitled the Quantitative Assessment of Interpersonal Themes (QUAINT) method, which assesses the wishes, responses from others, and responses of self that occur in narratives about interactions with others. For 60 patients in psychotherapy, evidence for repetitiveness of themes was found; the effect was relatively small but was highly statistically significant. Individual differences in the degree of repetitiveness of themes were not related to type of treatment (dynamic vs. cognitive), but they were related to length of time in treatment. The limitations of the study are reviewed and future research directions are outlined.
Myoepithelium of the rat submaxillary gland.

Myoepithelium in the rat submaxillary gland is associated exclusively with acini and intercalated ducts. Acinar myoepithelial cells (MEC) arborize in a stellate pattern and constitute 12% of the acinar volume. Intercalated duct MEC are longitudinally arranged over the ductal epithelium and constitute 40% of the duct wall volume. Myoepithelium makes up 9% of the total intralobular parenchyma. MEC lie within the periparenchymal basement membrane and are “attached” to acinar or ductal epithelium by a small number of desmosomes. MEC plasma membranes have relatively smooth contours, and no substantial interfolding with the membranes of neighboring cells occurs. Mitochondria, ergastoplasm, and other organelles are sparse and mainly are concentrated within circumscribed juxtanuclear zones. Minute vesicles and surface caveoli occur on the stromal side of the cell but are essentially absent from the parenchymal side. Streams of parallel filaments traverse a large portion of the cytoplasm. Because of close packing they form dense zones in many areas. These filaments have a mean diameter of 64 A (SE ±3). Nerves do not contact these MEC, but unmyelinated axons skirt within 0.1 μ of their plasma membranes. It is concluded that rat submaxillary gland MEC are similar to visceral smooth muscle cells and could efficiently serve as an adjunctive mechanism in the egestive phase of secretion.
EPRI report-amorphous core transformers show promise

A joint project to develop amorphous steel core distribution transformers was begun in 1983. The initial effort was to construct 25-kVA pad-mounted pre-prototype transformers using a continuous-wound core of cruciform cross section made of one-inch-wide Metglas material. A pilot manufacturing facility was designed and construction completed in the fall of 1985. One thousand 25-kVA pole-mounted, 7620/13200-Y-120/240 V, 60-Hz units were produced. The transformers were placed in field trial on the distribution systems of 90 different EPRI member utilities. These field trials are described, and the results are presented. There have been no failures that can be attributed to the amorphous cores. While not all test data have been received, all development testing and field data confirm that the transformers are reliable and the losses stable. >
Inhibition of glycogenolysis by 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol in isolated rat hepatocytes.

Abstract 2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol, an analog of D-fructofuranose, inhibited basal and glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis and glucose production in hepatocytes isolated from fed rats. Glucose formation from galactose was unaffected by the inhibitor. 2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol-1-phosphate inhibits phosphorylase a with a K i value of 2.4mM. This same phosphorylated metabolite accumulates to the extent of 9.2 μmol/g wet wt in treated hepatocytes suggesting that phosphorolysis is the locus of the inhibition of glucose production from glycogen. Our results suggest that 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol can be used to produce a model of hereditary fructose intolerance and that it merits further study as a hypoglycemic agent.
Relationship of depressive symptoms and mental health functioning to repeat detoxification

Abstract To better understand residential detoxification use, we assessed the roles of depressive symptoms (DS) and mental health functioning (MHF) on repeat detoxification. A prospective cohort of residential detoxification patients ( N = 400) without primary medical care was followed over 2 years at 6-month intervals. Subsequent detoxification admissions were examined using a statewide administrative database and DS (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) and MHF (SF-36 mental component summary subscale) measurements at follow-up. Incidence rate ratios of return to detoxification were estimated using multivariable longitudinal Poisson regression. In separate analyses, greater DS and worse MHF predicted higher detoxification use rates. Clinically significant worsening (10 points) of DS and MHF on objective scales predicted a 20% increased rate of detoxification readmission. Male sex, heroin as a problem substance, and race/ethnicity each predicted detoxification use. These data suggest that identifying individuals with DS or worse MHF after detoxification may provide opportunities for clinical intervention to reduce recurrent residential detoxification.
Pathology and FDG PET correlation of residual lymph nodes in head and neck cancer after radiation treatment.

Background:This study determines if postradiotherapy [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) can predict the pathology status of residual cervical lymph nodes in patients undergoing definitive radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Methods:Patients with
Understanding and literal meaning

The debate on literal meaning in theories of natural language processing has focused on two main issues: (1) Are there conditions by which the literal meaning of a sentence can be appropriately identified?; and (2) Is there some evaluation of literal meaning during the interpretation of natural language utterances? My article, “Literal meaning and psychological theory,” (Gibbs, 1984) attempted to provide responses to these important questions from the perspective of contemporary psycholinguistic research. I argued that there is not a well-defined set of conditions for specifying the literal meaning of sentences in terms of compositional analysis and that the experimental evidence speaks negatively as to whether people must analyze the literal meanings of sentences as part of the process of understanding speakers’ utterances. From these observations, I suggested that the widely accepted distinctions between literal and metaphoric meanings, and between semantics and pragmatics, have little utility for psychological theories of meaning and language use. Dascal’s (1987) recent defense of literal meaning raises some questions for my thesis. Although Dascal agrees with my essential point that literal meaning should not be equated with compositional meaning, he alleges that the concept of literal meaning can be profitably redefined as the conventional interpretation for a sentence. Contrary to my earlier position, Dascal states that with this revised definition of literal meaning one can,easily see that some analysis of literal meaning plays a role, no matter how minor, in guiding understanders to the contextually appropriate interpretations of speakers’ messages. There are important implications for the resolution of the literal meaning debate. Virtually all theories of meaning in philosophy, linguistics, psychology, literary theory, and AI presuppose some, mostly implicit, view of what’s literal and what’s not. In this response to Dascal, I attempt to clarify
Role of sp-C−H---N Hydrogen Bonding in Crystal Engineering

Evidence supporting the central role of alkynyl sp-C−H---N hydrogen bonds in the formation of discrete molecular complexes as well as one- and two-dimensional bimolecular sp-C−H---N hydrogen bonded networks is presented. The crystal structures of seven bimolecular complexes formed between nitrogen-containing aromatics and compounds containing terminal alkynes are reported. The average N---H distance in these structures is 2.35 A, well below the sum of the van der Waals’ radii of 2.80 A, and the average N---H−C bond angle is 173.2°.
Gravity Effect of Downgoing Lithospheric Slabs beneath Island Arcs

Recent geophysical data from the northwestern Pacific suggest that the total gravity effect of a downgoing slab beneath island arcs is small and limited in extent to the region of the island arc and trench. The total effect is small either because the density contrast associated with the downgoing slab is small or because the slab is in some manner compensated. The small total effect suggests that it is not possible to obtain details of the configuration of the slab from gravity data alone. The small total effect also suggests that the large positive gravity anomaly associated with some island arcs from satellite data must originate from sources other than the downgoing slab.
Probing Excited-State Electron Transfer by Resonance Stark Spectroscopy: 4. Mutations near BL in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers Perturb Multiple Factors that Affect →

Stark spectra have been obtained in the region of absorption by the accessory bacteriochlorophylls (the B-band region around 800 nm) in Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers. The Stark spectra in this region are dominated by the resonance Stark effect of BL, the accessory bacteriochlorophyll on the functional side; results in Part 1 of this series demonstrated that these effects are associated with the alternative electron-transfer pathway → , where HL is the bacteriopheophytin acceptor on the functional side. Low-temperature absorption and Stark spectra for unmodified, QA-reduced and P-oxidized samples of wild-type and three mutant reaction centers (M203GD, M210YF, and M210YW) are presented. This combination samples many perturbations to the state that can be quantified by fitting the data using the theory of resonance Stark effects developed in Parts 2 and 3 of this series. It is found that the mutations perturb not only the energy of relative to that of but also the electronic coupling between these...
Elliptical Core Two-Mode Fiber Strain Gauge with Heterodyne Detection

Detection of strains using modal interferometry in elliptical core two-mode optical fibers is becoming practical. We report two methods of heterodyning this type of strain sensor in order to obtain an rf output signal whose phase is linearly proportional to the axial strain applied to the fiber. Heterodyning the strain gauge greatly improves its sensitivity and overcomes the signal fading problem encountered when directly analyzing the interference pattern.
The Present Role of Hypothermia in Cardiac Surgery

A survey of the current use of hypothermia during cardiac surgery has been presented. Hypothermia remains a simple and safe method to permit the surgical correction of uncomplicated atrial septal defects, although it is gradually being displaced by pump-oxygenators as they become better understood. In conjunction with extracorporeal circulation moderate and extreme ("deep") hypothermia has been employed. Moderate hypothermia is without any known deleterious effects and may be of benefit by lowering perfusion rates and decreasing intracardiac aspiration of blood. The role of deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest remains uncertain. It is a condition associated with extreme physiologic alterations, many of which are poorly understood, and the safe limits are not yet clearly defined. Finally, hypothermia remains a beneficial technic for neurologic injury following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Recent evidence indicates that the mechanism of benefit involves considerably more than simple reduction of c...
Differential algebraic systems anew

It is proposed to figure out the leading term in differential algebraic systems more precisely. Low index linear systems with those properly stated leading terms are considered in detail. In particular, it is asked whether a numerical integration method applied to the original system reaches the inherent regular ODE without conservation, i.e., whether the discretization and the decoupling commute in some sense. In general one cannot expect this commutativity so that additional difficulties like strong stepsize restrictions may arise. Moreover, abstract differential algebraic equations in infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces are introduced, and the index notion is generalized to those equations. In particular, partial differential algebraic equations are considered in this abstract formulation.
Meptazinol: unusual in vivo opioid receptor activity at supraspinal and spinal sites.

Abstract Systemic (1–10 mg kg , s.c.), intracerebroventricular (i.c.v. 20–80 μg) and spinal intrathecal (i.t., 5–20 μg,) administration of meptazinol hydrochloride produced dose-related inhibition of reflex contractions of the urinary bladder, recorded isometrically in urethane-anesthetized rats. The effects of meptazinol were reversed by naloxone administered by the same route. Indeed, this was achieved with intracerebroventricular or intrathecal administration of naloxone (2 μg), which also selectively antagonized the μ-receptor ligand [ d -Ala 2 , MePhe 4 , Gly(ol) 5 ]enkephalin (DAGO). However ICI 174,864 (3 μg, i.c.v. or i.t.), a δ-opioid receptor antagonist, did not affect the actions of meptazinol given intra-cerebroventricularly or intrathecally though it consistently abolished the equieffective actions of a selective (δ-receptor ligand (2- d -penicillamine, 5- l -penicillamine) enkephalin (DPLPE). Naloxonazine (5 μg, i.c.v. or i.t.), an irreversible μ 1 -opioid receptor antagonist, produced prolonged antagonism of the effects of DPLPE and meptazinol. The effects of DPLPE partially or completely recovered by 24 hr, indicating that naloxonazine produced prolonged antagonism of δ-opioid receptors. The effects of maptazinol however only recovered after 72 hr, suggesting that antagonism by naloxonazine of this ligand was irreversible and was mediated through a unique opioid receptor interaction. Subthreshold doses of meptazinol (10 μg, i.c.v.; 3 μg, i.t.) consistently antagonized the effects of morphine given intracerebroventricularly or intrathecally but not the equieffective doses of DPLPE or DAGO. These observations suggest that meptazinol inhibited reflex contractions of the bladder by supraspinal and spinal μ-opioid receptor activation. Furthermore, its agonistic effect and its antagonistic actions were compatible with interactions at a subpopulation of opioid receptors, possibly μ 1 -receptors. These observations support the view that meptazinol is an opioid with an unusual profile of activity.
Synthesis of nanostructured chromium nitrides through mechanical activation process

Abstract High energy milling prior to nitriding chromium metals has led to the formation of nanostructured CrN. Furthermore, high energy milling has substantially enhanced the chromium nitridation process. Under the same nitridation condition, nearly 100% CrN is formed for Cr powder milled in NH 3 for 24 hours prior to nitridation, whereas little CrN is produced for Cr powder without milling. More nitrides are formed as milling time increases. The enhanced nitridation process is believed to be primarily related to the enhanced reaction kinetic of the milled powder due to the presence of the sorbed nitrogen (when milled in NH 3 ), the reduced crystallite size, large grain boundary areas associated with ultrafine grains, the reduced correlation length of ordered stacking, and possibly the increased defect concentration induced by high energy milling.
NILPOTENT GROUPS AND ABELIANIZATION

We study the question of what properties of nilpotent groups are shared by their abelianizations. We identify two such properties—that of being a π-torsion group, where π is a family of primes, and that of having qth roots, for some prime q. We use these properties to provide simplified proofs of the following theorems in the localization of nilpotent groups. Let H, K be subgroups of the nilpotent group N and let P be a family of primes. Then [H, K] P = [HP, Kp] Let the group G act on the nilpotent group N. Then G acts compatibly on Np and (ΓG i N)P = ΓG i(Np). The second theorem above is then applied to the study of the localization of relative groups, in the sense of [4].
A comparison of phlorizin and phloretin adsorption by the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta.

Abstract 1. 1. Phloretin and phlorizin adsorb to the tegument surface of Hymenolepis diminuta , with K D s of 2.39 mM and 14.7 μM, respectively, and V max S of 1446 and 12.54 nmoles/g tissue per 2 min, respectively. 2. 2. Phloretin adsorption is not inhibited by phlorizin or glucose. Glucose partially inhibits phlorizin adsorption. 3. 3. Phlorizin, but not phloretin, adsorption to isolated tegument brush border membrane preparations is partially inhibited by N -ethylmaleimide. 4. 4. No indications of phlorizin hydrolysis to phloretin during incubation with H. diminuta were obtained. 5. 5. The data are supportive of spatially separate and distinct binding sites for phloretin and phlorizin in the tegument brush border.
Experimental conditions affecting coherent bremsstrahlung in X-ray microanalysis

SUMMARY Coherent bremsstrahlung (CB) peaks from several metallic crystals have been observed in X-ray spectra obtained in the analytical electron microscope. The dependence of CB peaks on certain microscope and specimen parameters was studied with the aim of being able to distinguish CB peaks from small elemental peaks in the X-ray spectra. It was found that although CB generation is unavoidable in thin crystals, careful choice of experimental conditions allows the detection of CB to be controlled and minimized.
P3E-9 Ultrasound Speckle Detection Using Low Order Moments

Speckle detection is essential in many areas of quantitative ultrasound. In this work, speckle is characterized with R = SNR and S = skewness of the amplitude of the ultrasound signal data A. Different powers of A can be used to calculate R and S. Prager et al. [2002] proposed a method for finding the optimum power value, which then was further scrutinized [Martin-Fernandez, M and Alberola-Lopez, C, 2005]. We propose using two different powers of A in R and S, and perform a large number of computer simulations to find these optimal values
A Capital Idea: A Centennial Celebration Endowment Campaign

Following nearly three years of planning and negotiation, an endowment fund‐raising campaign was launched on behalf of the chemistry library at the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign (UIUC). The campaign, tied to the 100th Anniversary of the chemistry library, was directed at UIUC School of Chemical Sciences (SCS) alumni and SCS faculty. Contributions were sought to create a $200,000 “birthday endowment,” a continuing fund to purchase books for the chemistry library, and endow the library monograph budget with at least $10,000 per year.
Stabilized flavin radical in chloroplast NADP+ reductase

Abstract Quantitative EPR data on frozen reaction mixtures of NADPH with free FAD and with chloroplast NADP+ reductase respectively show that the fraction of the flavin moiety of the enzyme which exists in the radical form is at least 100 times larger than that of free FAD under identical conditions. It is concluded that the apoenzyme stabilize the radical form of the bound flavin and thereby facilitate electron transfer from chlorophyll to NADP+.
Microcantilever suspension using hard masks and a two phase RIE method

This study presents the application of simple and efficient Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) methods to suspend microcantilevers using a two electrode plasma reactor. The process consists of two steps and poses a viable, robust, and cost effective alternative to other methods such as XeF"2 vapor etching. Aluminum hard mask was employed for general purpose use in processes where materials other than silicon are used to form the microcantilever. Successive etching steps of silicon substrate with SF"6/O"2 and CF"4/O"2 plasmas were applied sequentially in a two phase configuration where the first phase is relatively anisotropic and the second phase is more isotropic. This allowed for suspension of microcantilevers while maintaining well-defined undercut characteristics. Etch characteristics were measured for different process parameters, and the effect of O"2 concentration, power, and pressure on etch rate and isotropy was presented. The selectivity to aluminum mask was measured to be larger than 250:1 in the used recipes. It was also shown on the test structures that the amount of undercut is observable as contrast differentials using simple SEM imaging techniques on metal film hard mask. During individual characterization of etch profiles, isotropy parameters varying between approximately 0.4-0.95 were obtained under different etch conditions. The maximum etch rates of SF"6 based and CF"4 based etch recipes were found to be [email protected]/min and [email protected]/min, respectively, for varying conditions. Aluminum microcantilevers with dimensions of [email protected]@mm were successfully released after 90min of processing with [email protected] of travel distance to the underlying notch.
Novel point mutations in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome with incomplete müllerian regression: two Taiwanese patients

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is a relatively rare X-linked disorder caused by androgen receptor gene (AR) mutations that result in complete impairment of genital virilisation. In these individuals, no mullerian derivatives are usually found; however, several sporadic cases of CAIS with mullerian remnants have been reported. In this paper, we report two novel point mutations of the AR gene resulting in two cases of CAIS with incomplete mullerian regression. Molecular studies of cases 1 and 2 showed novel missense mutations of the AR gene, with a methionine to threonine substitution at codon 749 (base 2608 T→C) in exon 5 and a methionine to lysine substitution at codon 787 (base 2722 T→A) in exon 6. Both patients received bilateral gonadectomy and inguinal hernia repair. The excised gonads proved to be testes with incomplete regression of the mullerian structures. Conclusion:mullerian structures can be present in androgen insensitivity syndrome and the presence of a uterus therefore does not exclude this disorder. Further study of these patients may promote a better understanding of the pathogenesis.
Superoxide dismutase: enhanced small intestinal preservation

Injury from oxygen free radicals has been suggested to be of greater significance in the preservation of small intestine than of other organs. To determine if using the free radical scavenger, superoxide dismutase (SOD), with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution would improve preservation of small intestine, acute and chronic studies were conducted. Thirty-centimeter segments of small intestine from Lewis rats were flushed with and stored in Collins, UW, or SOD-modified (8000 U/ml) UW solution at 4 degrees C for 18 hr. For the acute study, small intestine segments were subsequently reperfused using support rats. The support rats in the UW/SOD group also received SOD (1750 U, iv) at the onset of reperfusion of small intestine. After 2 hr of reperfusion, maltose absorption and weight gain of small intestine were determined. For the chronic study, small intestine segments were transplanted as isografts. SOD (1750 U, iv) was also given to recipients prior to reperfusion of grafts in the UW/SOD group. Long-term effects were determined by recipient survival for at least 17 days. Results showed the small intestine in the UW/SOD group had the best recovery of mucosal absorption (256 +/- 39 versus 202 +/- 21 in the Collins group, P less than 0.01), the least percentage weight gain (19 +/- 3% versus 25 +/- 5% in the UW group and 38 +/- 5% in the Collins group, P less than 0.01), and the best 17-day survival rate (9/12 versus 2/9 in the UW group, P less than 0.025, and 0/8 in the Collins group, P less than 0.01) among the three groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Histologic evaluation of fetal brains following maternal pneumoperitoneum

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine if maternal pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide (CO2) produces evidence of central nervous system (CNS) injury in preterm fetal guinea pigs. Methods: Thirty pregnant guinea pigs at gestational day (GD) 45 were assigned at random to one of three treatment groups: anesthesia only, CO2 pneumoperitoneum (5 mmHg), or laparotomy. Dams were killed 3 or 5 days postprocedure and fetal brains (83 total) harvested and fixed for subsequent histopathologic evaluation. For comparative purposes, histologic features of fetal guinea pig brain injury were defined from examination of fetal brains harvested from an additional dam that underwent laparotomy with 20 min of uterine arterial occlusion. Results: Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum did not increase maternal/fetal morbidity. No evidence of brain injury was found in fetuses from any of the treatment groups. Conclusion: Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum at 5 mmHg for 40 min in the pregnant guinea pig does not produce evidence of fetal brain injury.
Effective wall heat transfer coefficients and thermal resistances in mathematical models of packed beds

Expressions are derived for an effective wall heat transfer coefficient useful in one-dimensional representations of heat transport in packed beds. These expressions are obtained with two mathematical models of a cylindrical packed bed: a partial differential model and a finite stage model. These expressions relate the effective wall heat transfer coefficient, which is a local coefficient, to the actual wall heat transfer coefficient and the bed diameter (and the radial Peclet number in the partial differential model) in regions of the bed where similar temperature profiles obtain. These relations involve a single dominant root of an equation characteristic of the heat balance equations of each model. From these relations, expressions for an effetive thermal resistance of the bed are obtained. For each model, this bed resistance is found to be an approximately linear function of the bed diameter and to be rather insensitive to the actual wall heat transfer coefficient. For each model, an approximate bed resistance is found that is not dependent upon the actual wall heat transfer coeficient and with which the effective wall heat transfer coefficient can be estiamted with an error of less than 7%.
The Gene for a T Lymphocyte Triggering Factor from African Trypanosomes

An early and essential event in the protective immune response against most viruses and protozoa is the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In contrast, during infection with African trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause human sleeping sickness, the increased levels of IFN-γ do not correlate with a protective response. We showed previously that African trypanosomes express a protein called T lymphocyte triggering factor (TLTF), which triggers CD8+ T lymphocytes to proliferate and to secrete IFN-γ. Here, we isolate the gene for TLTF and demonstrate that the recombinant version of TLTF specifically induces CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells to secrete IFN-γ. Studies with TLTF fused to the green fluorescent protein show that TLTF is localized to small vesicles that are found primarily at or near the flagellar pocket, the site of secretion in trypanosomes. TLTF is likely to be only the first example of a class of proteins that we designate as trypanokines, i.e., factors secreted by trypanosomes that modulate the cytokine network of the host immune system for the benefit of the parasite.
Stability of coalition governments in Western Europe: 1945–1986

Abstract The duration and type of coalition governments in twelve European countries in the period 1945–1986 are considered. It is argued that the distribution of party size, on a one-dimensional policy dimension, gives an indication of the qualitative features of the bargaining process between parties and that this determines the type of coalition that forms and the average duration of government. On this basis the twelve countries are divided into four groups (namely unipolar, bipolar, multipolar and fragmented systems).
Lexical agraphia from focal lesion of the left precentral gyrus

Lexical agraphia reflects a dysfunction of the lexical spelling system and is characterized by better spelling of non words and regular words than irregular words. All previously reported cases with documented focal lesions had involvement of temporo-parieto-occipital regions. We now report a case of lexical agraphia following a discrete lesion of the left precentral gyrus. Our case complements previous neuroanatomical accounts of agraphia and provides further support for the independence of neuronal systems that mediate spelling from those involved in spoken language and reading.
The treatment of behavioral characteristics of depression in the mentally retarded

Four mentally retarded adults in the mild to moderate range were treated in a multiple baseline design for behaviors associated with depression. Treatment which was provided in individual therapy sessions at a local mental health clinic consisted of information, performance feedback, and token reinforcement of correct responses. Treatment was provided for number of words spoken, somatic complaints, irritability, grooming, negative self-statements, flat affect, eye contact, and speech latency. Treatment varied from 10 to 35 sessions because of the multiple baseline format. All four subjects improved significantly on the target behaviors and effects were maintained at follow-up (4 to 6 months later) using social validation criteria.