cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon Nanotube Sheet: Processing, Characterization and Applications

Abstract Individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have exceptional mechanical and electrical properties. However, the transfer of these extraordinary qualities into CNT products, without compromising performance, remains a challenge. This chapter presents an overview of the manufacturing of CNT sheets and buckypaper and also describes research performed at the University of Cincinnati in this field. CNT arrays were grown using the chemical vapor deposition method. Sheets were drawn from the spinnable CNT arrays and characterized using scanning electron microscopy to show the highly unidirectional alignment of the nanotubes in the sheet. The anisotropic morphology of the sheet provides superior properties along one material axis as observed by measuring the tensile strength, electrical resistivity, optical transmittance, and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of the material. Surface modification of aligned multiwall nanotube sheets was carried out via incorporation of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet in the sheet posttreatment process. Helium/oxygen plasma was utilized to produce carboxyl (–COO−) functionality on the surface of the nanotubes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the functional groups on the nanotube surface. The sheet was further characterized using Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle testing. Composite laminates made from functionalized CNT sheets showed higher strength than those made with pristine sheets. The effects of plasma power and oxygen concentration were studied in order to determine the best possible parameters for functionalization. Plasma treatment is a useful tool for fast, clean and dry functionalization of CNTs. This study demonstrates the ease of incorporating the plasma tool in the manufacturing process of sheets leading to the production of CNT/polymer composites. Macroscopic structures of nanotubes such as threads and sheets are leading to novel applications.
Chinese Supermom: re-domesticating women in reality TV shows

This study engages in feminist media scholarship, analyzing post-millennial Chinese reality shows that center on motherhood against the social backdrop of the termination of the one-child policy an...
Conductive mixed-order generalized dispersion model for noble metals in the optical regime.

Various dispersion models can be expressed as special cases of the Generalized Dispersion Model (GDM), which is composed of a series of Pade polynomials. While important for its broad applicability, we found that some materials with Drude dispersive terms can be accurately modeled by mixing a 1st order Pade polynomial with an extra conductivity term. This conductivity term can be separated from the auxiliary differential equation (ADE). Therefore, the proposed mixed-order model can achieve the same accuracy with fewer unknowns, thus realizing higher computational efficiency and lower memory consumption. For examples, we derive the model parameters and corresponding numerical errors for noble metals including Au, Ag, and Al in the optical regime. Finally, the proposed model’s efficiency improvements are validated through implementation within a Discontinuous Galerkin Time Domain (DGTD) framework. The proposed model can achieve up to 12.5% efficiency improvement in theory compared to the conventional GDM with the same accuracy. A numerical example validates that, in practice, 9% memory reduction and 11% acceleration can be realized.
Continuous ultrasound-guided sacral intervertebral block for postoperative analgesia in neonates

A sacrococcygeal teratoma and a sacral agenesis represent a contraindication to a caudal block. We report two cases where the optimal use of ultrasound helped place a sacral intervertebral catheter in two neonates. Radiological and ultrasound studies of the sacrum and spine should be available before performing the procedure.
Transient electrical-thermal co-simulation in the design of on-chip and 3-D interconnects

The electrical-thermal co-simulation in the transient regime is developed for the design of on-chip and 3-D interconnects. The co-simulation is based on the finite element method, of which the capability is further extended to efficiently handle large-scale problems by employing the finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI) method and the FETI-enabled parallel computing.
Purification and characterization of a primary-secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from two strains of Clostridium beijerinckii.

Abstract Two primary alcohols (1-butanol and ethanol) are major fermentation products of several clostridial species. In addition to these two alcohols, the secondary alcohol 2-propanol is produced to a concentration of about 100 mM by some strains of Clostridium beijerinckii. An alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) has been purified to homogeneity from two strains (NRRL B593 and NESTE 255) of 2-propanol-producing C. beijerinckii. When exposed to air, the purified ADH was stable, whereas the partially purified ADH was inactivated. The ADHs from the two strains had similar structural and kinetic properties. Each had a native M(r) of between 90,000 and 100,000 and a subunit M(r) of between 38,000 and 40,000. The ADHs were NADP(H) dependent, but a low level of NAD(+)-linked activity was detected. They were equally active in reducing aldehydes and 2-ketones, but a much lower oxidizing activity was obtained with primary alcohols than with secondary alcohols. The kcat/Km value for the alcohol-forming reaction appears to be a function of the size of the larger alkyl substituent on the carbonyl group. ADH activities measured in the presence of both acetone and butyraldehyde did not exceed activities measured with either substrate present alone, indicating a common active site for both substrates. There was no similarity in the N-terminal amino acid sequence between that of the ADH and those of fungi and several other bacteria. However, the N-terminal sequence had 67% identity with those of two other anaerobes, Thermoanaerobium brockii and Methanobacterium palustre. Furthermore, conserved glycine and tryptophan residues are present in ADHs of these three anaerobic bacteria and ADHs of mammals and green plants.
Long-run optimal scale and adjustment processes: Are labor-managers perverse in the long run?

Abstract When natural attrition from membership makes dividend-maximization a reasonable goal, are labor managers perverse? For homogeneous technologies, we demonstrate that improving product market conditions always lead the competitive dividend maximizer to substitute capital for labor if optimal scale is determinate.
Quantum Superposition State Scattering in Ytterbium

Collisions of atoms in superpositions of dissimilar states have special significance in that, classically, each state follows a different trajectory. Hence the scattering of such a system as a unit has no classical analog and is of fundamental interest. We report studies of velocity-changing collision kernels in 174Yb for two types of superposition states: optical radiators, consisting of a ground S state and an excited P state, and P-state multipole moments, involving magnetic substate superpositions.
Transcription initiation from the dihydrofolate reductase promoter is positioned by HIP1 binding at the initiation site.

Abstract We have identified a sequence element that specifies the position of transcription initiation for the dihydrofolate reductase gene. Unlike the functionally analogous TATA box that directs RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription 30 nucleotides downstream, the positioning element of the dihydrofolate reductase promoter is located directly at the site of transcription initiation. By using DNase I footprint analysis, we have shown that a protein binds to this initiator element. Transcription initiated at the dihydrofolate reductase initiator element when 28 nucleotides were inserted between it and all other upstream sequences, or when it was placed on either side of the DNA helix, suggesting that there is no strict spatial requirement between the initiator and an upstream element. Although neither a single Sp1-binding site nor a single initiator element was sufficient for transcriptional activity, the combination of one Sp1-binding site and the dihydrofolate reductase initiator element cloned into a plasmid vector resulted in transcription starting at the initiator element. We have also shown that the simian virus 40 late major initiation site has striking sequence homology to the dihydrofolate reductase initiation site and that the same, or a similar, protein binds to both sites. Examination of the sequences at other RNA polymerase II initiation sites suggests that we have identified an element that is important in the transcription of other housekeeping genes. We have thus named the protein that binds to the initiator element HIP1 (Housekeeping Initiator Protein 1).
MRI in Susac's Syndrome: A Propos of the Barkhof-Tintore Criteria (P5.163)

Objectives: 1) To show how the MRI of patients with SS can fulfill the Barkhof-Tintore (B-T). 2) To show a case of SS with a spinal leptomeningeal enhancement. Background: SS is a rare disorder that mimics multiple sclerosis (MS) by MRI. Indeed, a number of patients with SS would likely fulfill 3 out of 4 of the B-T criteria used in MS for dissemination in space. Design/methods: Retrospective review of medical records of 4 patients with SS. Results: While all 4 patients described have > 9 lesions, including >3 periventricular and > 1 infratentorial in the cerebellar peduncle and cerebellum, these were punctate or snowball and not ovoid. All of them demonstrated some leptomeningeal enhancement including one in the cervical spinal cord. None of the cases had juxtacortical lesions. Conclusions: Without looking at lesion morphology, patterns of contrast enhancement, lesion location in the corpus callosum, Susac’s lesions by MRI are likely to fulfill 3/4 of the B-T criteria. The current B-T criteria were developed to provide the best combination of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to diagnose MS and in principle should not be applied in non-MS cases; nevertheless, the incorporation of lesion morphology in the criteria can enhance the ability to differentiate MS from other mimics like SS. Contrast enhancement in SS is more leptomeningeal. We present a case of SS with such leptomeningeal enhancement in the cervical spinal cord. Although conceptually possible, why leptomeningeal enhancement is not seen more often in the spinal cord is unknown. Disclosure: Dr. Koneru has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jouvenat has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Healey has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Healey has received research support from Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Zabad has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience, Biogen Idec, Serono, and Bayer.
Power Optimization Techniques

This chapter contains sections titled: Technology Mapping for Low Power POSE: Power Optimization and Synthesis Environment Transformation and Synthesis of FSMs for Low-Power Gated-Clock Implementation Precomputation-Based Sequential Logic Optimization for Low Power Glitch Analysis and Reduction in Register Transfer Level Power Optimization Exploiting Locality for Low-Power Design HYPER-LP: A System for Power Minimization Using Architectural Transformations Scheduling with Multiple Voltages System-Level Transformations for Low Power Data Transfer and Storage
Computational and experimental analysis reveals a requirement for eosinophil-derived IL-13 for the development of allergic airway responses in C57BL/6 mice

Eosinophils are found in the lungs of humans with allergic asthma, as well as in the lungs of animals in models of this disease. Increasing evidence suggests that these cells are integral to the development of allergic asthma in C57BL/6 mice. However, the specific function of eosinophils that is required for this event is not known. In this study, we experimentally validate a dynamic computational model and perform follow-up experimental observations to determine the mechanism of eosinophil modulation of T cell recruitment to the lung during development of allergic asthma. We find that eosinophils deficient in IL-13 were unable to rescue airway hyperresponsiveness, T cell recruitment to the lungs, and Th2 cytokine/chemokine production in ΔdblGATA eosinophil-deficient mice, even if Th2 cells were present. However, eosinophil-derived IL-13 alone was unable to rescue allergic asthma responses in the absence of competence of other IL-13-producing cells. We further computationally investigate the role of other cell types in the production of IL-13, which led to the various predictions including early and late pulses of IL-13 during airway hyperresponsiveness. These experiments suggest that eosinophils and T cells have an interdependent relationship, centered on IL-13, which regulates T cell recruitment to the lung and development of allergic asthma.
The LIM protein LIMD1 Influences Osteoblast Differentiation and Function

Abstract The balance between bone resorption and bone formation involves the coordinated activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Communication between these two cell types is essential for maintenance of normal bone homeostasis; however, the mechanisms regulating this cross talk are not completely understood. Many factors that mediate differentiation and function of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts have been identified. The LIM protein Limd1 has been implicated in the regulation of stress osteoclastogenesis through an interaction with the p62/sequestosome protein. Here we show that Limd1 also influences osteoblast progenitor numbers, differentiation, and function. Limd1−/− calvarial osteoblasts display increased mineralization and accelerated differentiation. While no significant differences in osteoblast number or function were detected in vivo, bone marrow stromal cells isolated from Limd1−/− mice contain significantly more osteoblast progenitors compared to wild type controls when cultured ex vivo. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in nuclear β-catenin staining in differentiating Limd1−/− calvarial osteoblasts suggesting that Limd1 is a negative regulator of canonical Wnt signaling in osteoblasts. These results demonstrate that Limd1 influences not only stress osteoclastogenesis but also osteoblast function and osteoblast progenitor commitment. Together, these data identify Limd1 as a novel regulator of both bone osetoclast and bone osteoblast development and function.
Carcinoembryonic antigen release from colorectal cancer cells in tissue culture

Abstract Limited data are available concerning the physicochemical and immunological characteristics of carcinoembryonic antigen spontaneously released from cancer cells in tissue culture. The Hoffman—LaRoche Z-gel assay for the detection of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum was modified for the detection of CEA in tissue culture supernatants. A number of mycoplasma free epithelial lines established from colorectal cancer specimens were evaluated for cell-bound and spontaneously released CEA. Further studies were performed using tissue culture supernatants from colon cancer line SW480, which spontaneously released microgram quantities of CEA into the cell culture supernatant. By competitive inhibition analysis this CEA appeared identical with the Roche CEA standard. Gel filtration studies on Sephadex G-200 and affinity chromatography with concanavalin A sepharose-4B revealed the supernatant CEA and the Roche standard to be similar. These data suggest that this system offers potential for further characterization of this oncofetal protein and for study of its biosynthesis and “spontaneous” release from cancer cell surface. The molecular basis of such activity on the genetic level would have significant importance in basic biological studies of malignant transformation.
A Body in Motion A Conversation With Frank Gresham

Dr. Frank Gresham provides his reflections on a long and productive career in providing support to children with significant challenges. Dr. Gresham also provides his thoughts on the future of the field.
Bifunctional Coordinating Polymers: Auxiliary Groups as a Means of Tuning the Ionic Affinity of Immobilized Phosphate Ligands

A series of coordinating polymers are synthesized by immobilizing polyols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane, pentaerythritol, and pentaerythritol triethoxylate) onto cross...
Study of Ionizing Radiation Damage in MOS Structures Using Internal Photoemission

The effects of ionizing radiation in large-geometry MOS structures were studied by use of internal photoemission techniques. Barrier heights at both the silicon-silicon dioxide and the silicon dioxide-metal (chromium and aluminum) interfaces were measured before and after irradiation in a Co60 gamma cell. It was determined that the measured barrier energy heights may be considerably reduced by radiation-induced oxide charge. The internal photoemission technique also provided significant information concerning the effects of impurities in the oxide and the related radiation hardness of the oxide layer. Oxide layers doped with chromium ions showed significant electron trapping at two discrete energy levels (3.4 and 3.8 eV). Samples exhibiting the 3.4 eV level showed great radiation hardness, while those with only the 3.8 eV peak were very radiation soft. The information obtained, using the internal photoemission technique, has provided considerable insight into the mechanisms and fabrication processes associated with radiation-hardened MOS devices.
Structure of collective bands in deformed nuclei from the microscopic point of view

Abstract Many body calculations with two nucleon residual interactions show that properties of rotational bands up to moderate spins can be explained by a microscopic theory consistent with many low energy nuclear properties. The prospects are good for explaining very high spin bands on the same basis.
Troops to Teachers: Future Implications for Teacher Educators

Teacher educators will soon be confronted with the prospect of a relatively large number of former members of the United States Armed Forces seeking to make a transition to the profession of education. With support from the federal government in the form of the Troops-to-Teachers program as well as various state supplements, America's colleges and universities will be charged with ensuring that these aspiring teachers will be trained properly. It will soon be imperative that teacher education professionals recognize and effectively deal with the unique challenges related to this coming reality.
Toeholds, rejected offers, and bidder gains: Do rebuffed bidders put targets in play to profit from their toeholds?

Abstract Previous research shows that on average acquirers who buy shares in the pre-bid market gain because the average price of the acquisition is reduced. This study addresses a different question, one that relies on the withdrawal of the bidder rather than the successful completion of the acquisition. Do some firms with toeholds bid for the target to entice other bidders into the contest for the gain that they make when they sell their shares in the target to another bidder? This paper argues that holding a toehold makes hostile bidders more likely to withdraw from the contest if another bidder enters. The evidence is consistent with our hypothesis: hostile bidders that have a toehold, on average, earn significant abnormal returns of 4.98%, with a mean toehold of 13.81%. Those without a toehold, on average, earn a significantly lower 0.06% return.
Nucleotide sequence of the region of the origin of replication of the broad host range plasmid RK2.

A DNA sequence consisting of 617 base pairs (bp) from the region of the origin of replication of the broad-host range plasmid RK2 has been determined. Included within this sequence is a 393 bp HpaII restriction fragment that provides a functional origin or replication when other essential RK2 specified functions are provided in trans. Also contained in this sequence is a region, distinguished functionally from the replication origin, which is involved in the expression of inc2 incompatibility, i.e., the ability of derivatives of RK2 to eliminate a resident RK2 plasmid. The 617 bp sequence includes eight 17 base pair direct repeats with 5 located within the region required for a functional replication origin and 3 within the region involved in inc2 incompatibility. In addition, a 40 bp region rich in A-T followed by a 60 bp stretch having a high G + C content is present. Deletion evidence indicates that the A-T rich and possibly the G + C regions are required for a functional replication origin. Based on the evidence contained in this and the preceding paper (Thomas et al. 1980 b) a model will be presented for the involvement of these specific sequences in the initiation of RK2 DNA replication, plasmid maintenance and plasmid incompatibility.
Aspects of advanced foreign language proficiency: Internet-mediated German language play

Adult foreign language play has been an under-explored phenomenon in the field of applied linguistics, despite the fact that strong claims have been made about its importance in instructed foreign language learning. This article documents the nature of adult foreign language play in the electronic medium and examines the ways in which computer-mediated communication may afford opportunities for its occurrence. It is further argued that examination of this phenomenon provides insights into issues of advanced foreign language proficiency. The article presents a case study of a 19-year-old American college student who was a participant in a telecollaborative course between the United States and Germany in the fall of 2002. Data are drawn from (a) his course web site, (b) his in-class electronic correspondence with his German keypals, (c) his out-of-class correspondence with these same keypals and his German-speaking girlfriend, (d) his cumulative course portfolio, and (e) focus group interviews.
Ion secretion into the posterior aqueous humor of dogs and monkeys

Initial rates of the entry of ions from plasma to the posterior aqueous humor of dogs and monkeys was measured with isotopes. The rate constant of sodium entry was the same as the rate constant for new fluid formation. In contrast to previous reports, inhibition of carbonic anhydrase decreased sodium entry. HCO3- entry matched 40% of Na+ entry; the source of HCO3- was the carbonic anhydrase catalyzed reaction CO2+OH-. Acetazolamide had no effect (dog) or caused modest reduction (monkey) in the rate of Cl- entry. The drug caused approximately equal reduction in Na+ and HCO3- accession, showing the linkage between these ions in aqueous humor formation.
Nursery engineering for Nori aquaculture

Abstract The nursery stage of the Nori seaweed production process requires simulated conditions of wave action and tidal fluctuations acting on the plant. A net frame, suspended in a shallow tank, was reciprocated in the horizontal plane by hydraulic rams acting on a cable/quadrant beam system. The nets were raised clear of the water periodically to simulate tidal action. Nori seaweed is currently being produced commercially in Hawaii using this equipment.
Stress Analyses of CBN Insert in Hybrid Machining of RBSN Ceramic

This article investigates the significant improvement in cutting tool life in machining of Reaction Bonded Silicone Nitride (RBSN), using cryogenic coolant. A finite element model is developed to analyze stress distributions in the Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) cutting inserts used in a hybrid turning process. The analysis reveals that the decrease in cutting tool temperature caused by cryogenic cooling leads to a decrease of stresses in the cutting tool, especially when micro-cracks are present. It is found that a decrease in temperature from 1740 to 788°C leads to approximately 56% stress reduction at the flank face of the cutting tool.
Development of pemphigus vulgaris-like lesions in severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice reconstituted with lymphocytes from patients.

Abstract Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune blistering disease that is induced by binding of antibodies to a 130/85-kD protein complex on epidermal keratinocytes. An in vivo experimental model of this disease was developed by reconstituting severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice with 1-10 x 10(7) PBL from patients with naturally occurring pemphigus vulgaris. Of 49 reconstituted mice, 34 (69%) produced human IgG levels of > 0.1 mg/ml. Circulating anti-pemphigus antibodies were found in 20 of the 34 successfully reconstituted mice; 44% of these animals had deposits of human IgG in their own skin after it was traumatized by either heat or cold. Spontaneous pemphigus vulgaris-like blisters associated with human IgG deposits were rarely found in mouse skin. By contrast, allogeneic human skin grafted to 10 to 12 mice before reconstitution with patients' PBL developed pemphigus vulgaris-like lesions containing human IgG deposits. These results demonstrate that SCID mice can serve as a model of an antibody-mediated human autoimmune skin disease.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Selected Apoptotic Genes and BPDE-Induced Apoptotic Capacity in Apparently Normal Primary Lymphocytes: A Genotype-Phenotype Correlation Analysis.

Apoptotic capacity (AC) in primary lymphocytes may be a marker for cancer susceptibility, and functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in apoptotic pathways may modulate cellular AC in response to DNA damage. To further examine the correlation between apoptotic genotypes and phenotype, we genotyped 14 published SNPs in 11 apoptosis-related genes (i.e., p53, Bcl-2, BAX, CASP9, DR4, Fas, FasL, CASP8, CASP10, CASP3, and CASP7) and assessed the AC in response to benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-9,10-diol epoxide (BPDE) in cultured primary lymphocytes from 172 cancer-free subjects. We found that among these 14 SNPs, R72P, intron 3 16-bp del/ins, and intron 6 G>A in p53, −938C>A in Bcl-2, and I522L in CASP10 were significant predictors of the BPDE-induced lymphocytic AC in single-locus analysis. In the combined analysis of the three p53 variants, we found that the individuals with the diplotypes carrying 0-1 copy of the common p53 R-del-G haplotype had higher AC values compared to other genotypes. Although the study size may not have the statistical power to detect the role of other SNPs in AC, our findings suggest that some SNPs in genes involved in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway may modulate lymphocytic AC in response to BPDE exposure in the general population. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings for further studying individual susceptibility to cancer and other apoptosis-related diseases.
The scapulocoracoid of flightless birds: a primitive avian character similar to that of theropods

The scapula and coracoid of the first bird Archaeopteryx represents a highly specialized morphology approaching that of modern carinate birds, with the scapula meeting the coracoid at an angle of approximately 90o. The primitive condition of the avian scapula and coracoid is exhibited by the flightless ratites, birds exhibiting many other primitive characters of the skeleton, either retained from primitive ancestors or derived through neoteny. The fact that the scapulocoracoid of ratites is the primitive condition is confirmed by its presence in the embryos of certain birds, and its presence through neoteny in other unrelated birds that have secondarily evolved Sightlessness. This morphology of the primitive avian scapulocoracoid closely approaches that of theropod dinosaurs, such as Deinonychits, and may well indicate relationship between the two groups.
Ultrashort TE spectroscopic imaging (UTESI) using complex highly-constrained backprojection with local reconstruction (HYPR LR).

Recently, the Highly Constrained BackPRojection (HYPR) and HYPR with Local Reconstruction (HYPR LR) methods have been introduced to reconstruct magnitude images from a series of highly undersampled data while preserving high spatial and temporal resolution and high SNR in applications with spatiotemporal correlations. However, these conventional HYPR algorithms are limited to the generation of magnitude images and, therefore, have limitations in their potential applications. In this work, the HYPR LR algorithm has been modified to extend the use of algorithms in the HYPR family to applications that require processing of complex data, such as MR chemical shift imaging (CSI), or spectroscopic imaging. The proposed method processes the magnitude information the same way as in original HYPR LR processing. In addition, it improves the phase images by subtracting the phase map of a synthesized composite image. The feasibility and efficiency of this algorithm has been demonstrated on CSI of cortical bone, Achilles tendon and a healthy volunteer on a clinical 3T scanner.
Increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels after heart transplant: Relation to ventricular expression and severity of rejection

To determine whether elevated plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels observed after cardiac transplant are related to ventricular ANP expression and/or the severity of rejection, 59 ambulatory patients with cardiac transplant underwent hemodynamic evaluation, endomyocardial biopsy, and plasma ANP sampling. Forty-two of the 59 patients had right ventricular (RV) biopsy specimens immunohistochemically stained for the presence of ANP. Plasma ANP levels were elevated (p < 0.0001) in transplant patients (172 ± 12 pg/ml) compared to normal subjects (36 ± 4 pg/ml). Sixty-four percent of transplant patients showed stainable RV ANP on endomyocardial biopsy. There was no significant difference in plasma ANP levels between patients with or without RV ANP. The degree of RV staining did not correlate with plasma ANP levels, degree of rejection, mean atrial or systemic pressures, or specific immunosuppressive regimen. Plasma ANP levels were higher in patients with moderate or severe rejection (237 ± 17 pg/ml) compared to patients with mild or no rejection (163 ± 12 pg/ml; p 0.03), but there was significant overlap of values. These data suggest that ventricular ANP secretion may account for some of the increase in plasma ANP levels in cardiac transplant patients. However, increased plasma ANP levels in some transplant patients who have no RV ANP and the lack of correlation between the amount of stainable RV ANP and plasma ANP levels suggest that other mechanisms are also likely responsible for plasma ANP elevations in this setting.
Withdrawal from alcohol in withdrawal seizure-prone and -resistant mice: evidence for enkephalin resistance

Methionine enkephalin (Met-enkephalin) functions as an endogenous anticonvulsant. Peptide transport system-1 (PTS-1) is an important regulator of Met-enkephalin levels in brain and transports the peptide from brain to blood. In outbred mice, alcohol dependence is associated with decreased PTS-1 activity and increased levels of Met-enkephalin. In contrast, alcohol withdrawal is associated with recovery of PTS-1 activity, decreased levels of Met-enkephalin, and seizures. In this study, we examined the PTS-1/Met-enkephalin system in two replicates of withdrawal seizure-resistant (WSR) and withdrawal seizure-prone (WSP) mouse lines. We measured levels of preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA and Met-enkephalin peptide in brain and the activity of PTS-1 during alcohol-naive, -dependent, and -withdrawal states. In alcohol-naive animals, Met-enkephalin levels were higher in WSP than in WSR mice. In alcohol-withdrawal animals, Met-enkephalin levels remained elevated in WSP mice, whereas they increased in WSR mice. Peptide levels were unrelated to levels of PPE mRNA or activity of PTS-1. Factorial analysis showed that proneness to seizures was genetically linked to Met-enkephalin levels in alcohol-naive, -dependent, and -withdrawing mice but not to mRNA levels or PTS-1 activity. Overall, these results may be explained by resistance to enkephalin in WSP mice and suggest that the dysregulation of the PTS-1/Met-enkephalin system contributes to susceptibility to seizures in WSP mice.
Structural and Resonance Raman Studies of an Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst. Crystal Structure of [(bpy)2(H2O)RuIIIORuIV(OH)(bpy)2](ClO4)4

The oxidized form of the blue dimer water oxidation catalyst [(bpy){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)Ru{sup III}ORu{sup IV}(OH)(bpy){sub 2}](ClO{sub 4}){sub 4} (bpy is 2,2{prime}-bipyridine) has been characterized structurally by X-ray crystallography. Comparisons with [(bpy){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)Ru{sup III}-ORu{sup III}(OH{sub 2})(bpy){sub 2}](ClO{sub 4}){sub 4}{center_dot}2H{sub 2}O, [(bpy){sub 2}ClRu{sup III}ORu{sup IV}Cl(bpy){sub 2}](ClO{sub 4}){sub 3}{center_dot}H{sub 2}O, and [(tpy)(bpy)Os{sup III}OOs{sup IV}(bpy)-(tpy)]Na(ClO{sub 4}){sub 6}{center_dot}3H{sub 2}O (tpy is 2,2{prime}:6{prime},2{double_prime}-terpyridine) reveal that oxidation of Ru{sup III}-O-Ru{sup III} to Ru{sup III}-O-Ru{sup IV} results in significant structural changes at the {mu}-oxo bridge. There is an increase toward linearity along M-O-M, a decrease in the M-O bond distances at the bridge, and an increase in the H{sub 2}O-Ru-O bridge angle. These changes are discussed in the context of the structural requirements for O...O coupling and O{sub 2} evolution in higher oxidation states. Resonance Raman spectra of these and related complexes reveal that internal ligand vibrations as well as overtone and combination bands of an intense, symmetrical M-O-M stretch at 360-400 cm{sup {minus}1} contribute significantly to the Raman spectra. Additional M-O-M bands are identified near 800 cm{sup {minus}1} and, tentatively, near 130 cm{sup {minus}1}. It is not possible to assign bands to Ru-OH{sub 2} or Ru-OH stretches; bands at low energy appear to originate from modesmore » that are highly mixed.« less
Spinal dynorphin immunoreactivity increases bilaterally in a neuropathic pain model

Increased spinal levels of dynorphin, an endogenous opioid kappa agonist, are seen in models of both chronic and acute hyperalgesia. This study determined the extent and localization of spinal immunoreactive dynorphin following sciatic cryoneurolysis (SCN), a neuropathic pain model produced by a peripheral nerve freeze lesion. SCN results in behaviors associated with neuropathic pain such as autotomy (the gnawing and scratching of the affected limb), touch-evoked and mechanical allodynia, and spontaneous nociceptive behavior. Following SCN, 4 rats that displayed autotomy and 3 rats that did not were randomly chosen for immunohistochemical staining of dynorphin-like immunoreactivity (DLIR). The area of DLIR above a standardized threshold level was quantified in both dorsal horns of each spinal cord section using a computer-assisted image analyzer to express DLIR in pixels. DLIR was observed both ipsilateral and contralateral to the injured peripheral nerve. In addition, the area of DLIR was significantly greater (P = 0.05) in rats that showed autotomy behavior (mean = 52.6 x 10(3) +/- 25.6) compared to rats with no autotomy (mean = 13.8 x 10(3) +/- 4.78). In sharp contrast to the ipsilateral dynorphin increases observed in other neuropathic pain models, we observe a bilateral increase at 21 days following SCN.
Embracing Locality in Local Economic Development

Scholarly research in urban and regional economic development has been heading unwittingly toward a postmodern embrace of locality. The literature on global economic restructuring, inuenced by regulation theory, has produced a wealth of case studies that exemplify the importance of the local. The public policy literature, having docu- mented the decreasing inuence of the nation state, demonstrates the importance of local initiative in economic development. Attention has turned, in particular, to the importance of local civil society, from busi- ness coalitions to grassroots organisations. The collective questioning of grand theory and deterministic constructs leaves the research community open for building a new sense of purpose and process. To treat these main themes, this paper draws on scholarship from North America, Latin America and Europe.
Assessing nanoparticle size effects on metal hydride thermodynamics using the Wulff construction

The reaction thermodynamics of metal hydrides are crucial to the use of these materials for reversible hydrogen storage. In addition to altering the kinetics of metal hydride reactions, the use of nanoparticles can also change the overall reaction thermodynamics. We use density functional theory to predict the equilibrium crystal shapes of seven metals and their hydrides via the Wulff construction. These calculations allow the impact of nanoparticle size on the thermodynamics of hydrogen release from these metal hydrides to be predicted. Specifically, we study the temperature required for the hydride to generate a H(2) pressure of 1 bar as a function of the radius of the nanoparticle. In most, but not all, cases the hydrogen release temperature increases slightly as the particle size is reduced.
The impact of unsuspected serial correlations on model selection in linear regression

Abstract We obtain the asymptotic distributions of the linear regression models selected by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Schwarz Information Criterion (BIC), in the presence of unsuspected serial correlations. We assume that the models are fitted by ordinary least squares to a data set observed at equally spaced intervals of time, and that the errors are a stationary Gaussian process. We also assume that the true model is of finite dimension, and that the set of candidate models is held fixed as the sample size increases. We will show that, for AIC, the asymptotic probability of underfitting is zero, regardless of the error correlation structure, while the asymptotic probability of overfitting depends on the error correlations. Furthermore, we will show that BIC is consistent. Our results generalize those of Nishii (1984), who assumed an i.i.d. Gaussian error structure. Finally, we will present the results of a simulation study, which provides support for the applicability in moderate sample sizes of our asymptotic theorems.
Free thyroxine concentrations by equilibrium dialysis and chemiluminescent immunoassays in 13 hypothyroid dogs positive for thyroglobulin antibody.

Objective To determine if concentrations of free thyroxine (FT4) measured by semi-automated chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) correspond to FT4 determined by equilibrium dialysis (ED) in hypothyroid dogs positive for thyroglobulin antibody (TGA). Animals Thirteen TGA-positive dogs classified as hypothyroid based on subnormal FT4 concentrations by ED. Methods Qualitative assessment of canine TGA was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum FT4 concentration was determined by ED, and also by semi-automated CLIA for human FT4 (FT4h) and veterinary FT4 (FT4v). Canine thyroid stimulating hormone concentration was measured by semi-automated CLIA. Results Each dog's comprehensive thyroid profile supported a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. For detection of hypothyroidism, sensitivities of CLIA for FT4h and FT4v were 62% (95% CI, 32–85%) and 75% (95% CI, 36–96%), respectively, compared to FT4 by ED. Five of 13 (38%) dogs had FT4h and 2 of 8 (25%) dogs had FT4v concentrations by CLIA that were increased or within the reference range. Percentage of false-negative test results for FT4 by CLIA compared to ED was significantly (P < .0001 for FT4h and P < .001for FT4v) higher than the hypothesized false-negative rate of 0%. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Caution should be exercised in screening dogs for hypothyroidism using FT4 measured by CLIA alone. Some (25–38%) TGA-positive hypothyroid dogs had FT4 concentrations determined by CLIA that did not support a diagnosis of hypothyroidism.
Compiler-directed data prefetching in multiprocessors with memory hierarchies

Memory hierarchies are used by multiprocessor systems to reduce large memory access times. It is necessary to automatically manage such a hierarchy, to obtain effective memory utilization. In this paper, we discuss the various issues involved in obtaining an optimal memory management strategy for a memory hierarchy. We present an algorithm for finding the earliest point in a program that a block of data can be prefetched. This determination is based on the control and data dependencies in the program. Such a method is an integral part of more general memory management algorithms. We demonstrate our method's potential by using static analysis to estimate the performance improvement afforded by our prefetching strategy and to analyze the reference patterns in a set of Fortran benchmarks. We also study the effectiveness of prefetching in a realistic shared-memory system using an RTL-level simulator and real codes. This differs from previous studies by considering prefetching benefits in the presence of network contention.
Supercritical fluid fractionation of copolymers based on chemical composition and molecular weight

Poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) copolymers of 30, 40, 60, and 70 wt % acrylate in the backbone have been fractionated with supercritical (SCF) propane, propylene, butane, 1-butene, and chlorodifluoromethane. The fractionations were performed isothermally using an increasing pressure profile that provided gram-sized fractions with molecular weight distributions of ∼ 1.2 to 2.2 as compared to those of the parent copolymers, which were ∼ 2.6 to 3.5. If the chemical composition distribution of the copolymer is greater than ±2%, it is possible to fractionate with respect to chemical composition by chosing solvents that preferentially dissolve the nonpolar ethylene-rich or the polar acylate-rich oligomers. Cloud-point curves were determined for each copolymer in the SCF solvents to provide an indication of whether the solvent would dissolve the copolymer at temperatures and pressures within the range of the fractionation apparatus. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of refractive error on size constancy and shape constancy.

The effect of refractive error was determined for both size constancy and shape constancy. Although an error of 1·5 diopters reduces shape constancy, 3·0 diopters of blur had no effect on size constancy. The results are discussed in terms of the multiple mechanisms subserving the perceptual constancies. The importance of cues from the peripheral visual fields for size constancy and the role of foveally mediated texture and stereopsis cues for shape constancy are emphasized.
Simulation support: prototyping the automation-based paradigm

This paper describes our research efforts in prototyping the automation-based software paradigm to provide automated support for discrete-event simulation model development. The automation-based paradigm has been suggested as the software technology in the 1990's. The technology needed to support this paradigm does not yet exist. However, the benefits to be gained are so significant that, if achieved, it could profoundly change the way that simulation models are developed. We have been working to achieve this paradigm in the form of an environment composed of an integrated and comprehensive collection of computer-based tools. Our prototyping efforts have focused on the Model Generator, Model Analyzer, and Assistance Manager tools. The Model Generator tool is crucial for the realization of the paradigm and three prototypes have been developed. Our experimentations with the prototypes indicate that the paradigm can be achieved if a small problem domain is chosen. The problem becomes quite complex in the domain-independent case; nevertheless, we believe that the challenge can be met by way of an evolutionary development of prototypes.
Pulsed laser deposition, characterization and thermochemical stability of SrFeyCo1-yOx thin films

SrFeyCo1−yOx (y=0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.90 and 1.0) thin films on sapphire substrates were prepared by laser deposition, and characterized by elemental analysis using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, particle-induced X-ray emission and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. In order to determine the relative stability of the films at 500 °C, the films were subjected to both thermochemical oxidizing and reducing treatments in 100% O2 and 2% H2/argon gas mixtures, respectively. Thermochemical oxidizing treatments of the SrFeyCo1−yOx films resulted in dark-colored oxygen-rich films. Thermochemical reduction resulted in transparent yellow–brown films for the more iron-rich films, but not for the Co-rich films, which remained dark-colored. Fe-rich SrFeyCo1−yOx (y=0.50, 0.75 and 1.0) films exhibited the greatest degree of structural variation, resulting from the cubic perovskite→brownmillerite phase change upon reduction. Films with higher Co substitution showed smaller variations in the unit cell parameters. The SrCoOx film was unstable under reducing conditions, with a Sr-enriched carbonate layer forming at the interface after exposure to ambient atmosphere. XRD measurements conducted in situ at 500 °C in both air and nitrogen gases confirmed that reversible structural changes occur in the film solely as a consequence of changing the surrounding gas composition, with the largest changes in lattice spacing occurring for the SrFe0.75Co0.25Ox and SrFe0.5Co0.5Ox films.
Longitudinal changes in energy expenditure and body composition in obese women with normal and impaired glucose tolerance

Our primary objective was to evaluate changes in energy expenditure and body composition in women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A secondary objective ...
α‐Trifluoromethyl vinyl acetate. II

Low conversion, low molecular weight homopolymers of α-trifluoromethyl vinyl acetate have been obtained by pyridine initiation and also by employing very large amounts of benzoyl peroxide. Since allylic hydrogens are not present, it appears that the limiting factor in the polymerization of isopropenyl esters is a slow rate of chain growth rather than degradative chain transfer. Copolymerization of the fluoromonomer (M2) with vinyl acetate (M1) yields values of r1 = 0.25 and r2 = 0.20, and for the fluoromonomer values of 0.069 and 1.51, respectively, for Q and e. Whereas ultraviolet initiation of equimolar mixtures of α-trifluoromethyl vinyl acetate and vinyl acetate yields low molecular weight copolymers, diisopropyl percarbonate-initiated room temperature bulk copolymerizations and emulsion copolymerizations yield polymers of high DP. Differential thermal analysis of an equimolar copolymer of vinyl acetate and the fluoromonomer surprisingly yields a sharp endotherm reminiscent of crystalline polymers. The unhydrolyzed copolymers in acetone and the alcoholyzed copolymers in 0.1N alkali exhibit Huggins k′ values of 0.3–0.4. Like ordinary poly(vinyl alcohol), the polyfluoroalcohols lose viscosity in dilute alkali due to retrograde aldol condensations. The solubilities of the polyfluoroalcohols, together with their thermal behavior, NMR spectrum, polarized infrared spectrum, refractive index, abilities to form visible polarizers, and other properties are also described.