cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Detection of Unnatural DNA Nucleotides dNaM and d5SICS using the MspA Nanopore

Malyshev et al. showed that the four-letter genetic code within a living organism could be expanded to include the unnatural DNA bases dNaM and d5SICS. However, verification and detection of these unnatural bases in DNA requires new sequencing techniques. Here we provide proof of concept detection of dNaM and d5SICS in DNA oligomers via nanopore sequencing using the nanopore MspA. We find that both phi29 DNA polymerase and Hel308 helicase are capable of controlling the motion of DNA containing dNaM and d5SICS through the pore and that single reads are sufficient to detect the presence and location of dNaM and d5SICS within single molecules.
ECM Signaling Regulates Collective Cellular Dynamics to Control Pancreas Branching Morphogenesis

During pancreas development, epithelial buds undergo branching morphogenesis to form an exocrine and endocrine gland. Proper morphogenesis is necessary for correct lineage allocation of pancreatic progenitors; however, the cellular events underlying pancreas morphogenesis are unknown. Here, we employed time-lapse microscopy and fluorescent labeling of cells to analyze cell behaviors associated with pancreas morphogenesis. We observed that outer bud cells adjacent to the basement membrane are pleomorphic and rearrange frequently; additionally, they largely remain in the outer cell compartment even after mitosis. These cell behaviors and pancreas branching depend on cell contacts with the basement membrane, which induce actomyosin cytoskeleton remodeling via integrin-mediated activation of FAK/Src signaling. We show that integrin signaling reduces E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion in outer cells and provide genetic evidence that this regulation is necessary for initiation of branching. Our study suggests that regulation of cell motility and adhesion by local niche cues initiates pancreas branching morphogenesis.
The erythrocyte as a regulator of vascular tone

Local regulation of microvascular blood flow is a complex process in which the needs of the tissue must be communicated to the vasculature, enabling the appropriate matching of O2 supply to demand....
Loosely Coupled Transformer Coil Design to Minimize EMF Radiation in Concerned Areas

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology as a convenient and reliable charging method, its electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation, and its compliance with human electromagnetic exposure limits have recently been studied. Different from the current research, which validates the EMF radiation level of a predesigned WPT system, this paper presents the loosely coupled transformer design method to minimize the EMF in the concerned area. The energy storage in the primary and secondary coils is studied for all popular compensation topologies in recently reported research. The coil of the loosely coupled transformer is designed with the S-S compensation topology as an example. The EMF radiation level is optimized to below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guideline in the concerned area. A 3.3-kW WPT system for electric vehicle wireless charging with an LCC-LCC compensation topology is designed with detailed process and experiment results, verifying that the EMF radiation is controlled as designed. The numerical analysis of human exposure is performed with the finite-element method, and the results show compliance as expected.
Use of microarrays in the clinical practice of pediatric rheumatology: the future is now?

Purpose of reviewSystems immunology is an integrative approach that leverages high throughput technologies as well as mathematical and computational tools to investigate complex immunologic diseases by looking at the state of a system on a comprehensive scale. Gene expression profiling, also known a
Role of oxygen vacancies in room-temperature ferromagnetism in cobalt-substituted SrTiO 3

Ferromagnetic insulating behavior has recently been demonstrated in cobalt-substituted ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ at room temperature [Posadas et al., Phys. Rev. B 87, 144422 (2013)]. Experimentally it was found that a well-defined hysteresis loop only occurs at high Co concentrations of 30%--40%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also indicated that Co substitutes for Ti with Co being in high-spin +2 oxidation state. In this work we employ density-functional theory to explain the experimentally observed properties of cobalt-substituted ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$. We examine in detail the role of oxygen vacancy (OV) defects and their formation of defect complexes with the Co ions as the origin of the ferromagnetic insulating behavior. Our first-principles thermodynamic calculations indicate that OV defects are much more likely to occur next to Co atoms where their formation energies could be reduced by as much as 1.28 eV compared to that in bulk ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$. We also find that Co in these Co-OV complexes occurs in the high-spin state in agreement with core level spectroscopy, and identify a linear arrangement of the Co-OV defect complexes to be the most energetically favorable structure. These defect complexes are also shown to interact ferromagnetically and that their magnetic interaction is found to be short ranged, consistent with the relatively high Co concentrations needed experimentally for ferromagnetism to be observed in cobalt-substituted ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$.
STUDY ON APPLICATION OF DISPLACEMENT VECTOR ORIENTATION TREND LINE TO WUSHAOLING TUNNEL

With the three-dimensional deformation survey system composed of the high accuracy lightwave electronic tachometer combined with reflecting film,the three-dimensional displacements at fault F7 and slate with sandwiched Phyllis section of Silurian have been tested and analyzed in Wushaoling tunnel.Meanwhile,the response characteristics and deformation character of excavated strata of tunnel are presented through three-dimensional deformation revelation that is developed by European scholars.Result shows that the displacement vector orientation trend line at the place,which is 1.0 time of the tunnel diameter or less from working face,can be used to reveal the distribution and change trend of rock mass stiffness at certain region,and it can predict the change trend of soft and hard rocks or unfavorable geological structure at excavated strata.At present timei,t is still under its initialization for underground construction engineering,and the information related to displacement is analyzed,which is obtained by exaction with that of the practical geological condition of surrounding rock.With the help of other geological forecast facilities or methods,the geological conditions of the unexcavated ground around cavern can be properly predicted.
New literacies and the learning sciences: a framework for understanding youths' media arts practices

This paper turns our attention to the arts and New Literacy Studies as an understudied area in the learning sciences. Our study documents, describes, and analyzes urban youths' Media Arts Practices within a Computer Clubhouse, drawing on the New Literacy Studies movement and work on authentic practices. Results indicated that youth engaged in at least eight literate practices aligned with professional communities in the arts, media, and new technologies. We organize these practices into the technical, creative, and critical practices of Media Arts production and offer a new conceptual framework for this emergent field. Media Arts are particularly relevant to the learning sciences because of the shared focus on new technologies and computation. The new field of Media Arts is not well understood in the research literature but has the potential to teach us about learning and literacy in the age of multimedia.
The Pathology of Cornea in Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Deficiency

Deficiency of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, LCAT disease, is one of the dyslipoproteinemias with characteristic lipid deposits in the cornea. The present report documents the clinicopathologic abnormalities of one case in which a full-thickness corneal specimen was …
Overview of the Research Process

Scientific research is the process of (1) developing an empirically answerable question, (2) deriving a falsifiable hypothesis derived from a theory that purports to answer the question, (3) collecting (or finding) and analyzing empirical data to test the hypothesis, (4) rejecting or failing to reject the hypothesis, and (5) relating the results of the analyses back to the theory from which the question was drawn. This last step usually involves revising the original theory to handle discrepancies between what the empirical data show and what the original theory posited, although the findings of only a single study usually are not sufficient to warrant major revisions of a theory. Nonetheless, a scientific research study, no matter how small the contribution, must make a new contribution to be considered original scientific research. In other words, a research study adds to our knowledge base. This requirement distinguishes a research paper from a report.
Characterization of Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te schottky diodes for high resolution nuclear radiation detectors

High barrier cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) Schottky diodes with very low reverse leakage current have been fabricated and characterized for high resolution gamma ray detectors. The diodes were made using Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te detector grade crystals grown from zone refined Cd, Zn, and Te (7N) precursor materials using low temperature tellurium solvent method. Various crystallographic defects due to Te-inclusions/precipitates were identified and characterized using electron beam induced current (EBIC) measurement technique for the first time. The EBIC images were correlated very well with transmission infrared (TIR) images of CZT crystals and the EBIC contrast was attributed to the nonuniformities in spatial distribution of Te inclusions. Further characterization by the thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy revealed shallow and deep level centers with activation energies 0.25– 0.4 eV and 0.65 – 0.8 eV respectively, which was attributed to intrinsic defects associated with Te inclusions. Pulse height spectra (PHS) measurements were carried out using 137Cs (662 keV) radiation source and energy resolution of ∼1.51% FWHM was obtained from the as-grown boule.
Congressional and Presidential War Powers as a Dialogue Analysis of the Syrian and Isis Conflicts

Much of the scholarship on war powers looks back on whether U.S. military interventions were authorized, examining the President’s powers under Article II of the Constitution and congressional enactments. That legal question is important, but it does not capture the interactive nature of the dynamic between Congress and the President. This article instead focuses on the process of dialogue through which Congress and the President interact in the run-up to the exercise of war powers. We examine in detail how that dialogue operates in two recent episodes: the U.S. responses to Syrian President Assad’s use of chemical weapons in 2013, and the rise of ISIS since 2014. By immersing ourselves in the specifics of how the political branches interact, we can assess whether the exercise of war powers is democratic and legitimate. We see that Congress and the President take part in substantive consultation and dialogue, and through that dialogue, Congress and the public become more informed about the interests at stake and the available options. The nation benefits from such war powers dialogue between the two political branches.
Roles of Neutrophils in Stroke

Neutrophils are of interest in stroke for their roles in acute ischemic brain injury and roles in thrombosis and atherosclerosis that cause stroke. When ischemic brain injury occurs, neutrophils rapidly respond promoting blood brain barrier disruption, cerebral edema, and brain injury. They release reactive oxygen species, proteases, and cytokines through interactions with the cerebral endothelium. Neutrophils also are involved in the major causes of ischemic stroke, thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Thrombosis is promoted through interactions with platelets, releasing elastase that degrades Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) and releasing NETs (DNA based neutrophil extracellular traps). In atherosclerosis neutrophils promote plaque formation and rupture by generating oxidized-LDL, enhancing monocyte infiltration, and degrading the fibrous cap. In animal stroke models targeting neutrophils has resulted in improved behavioral outcomes and reduced infarct volumes. However, early human studies including the anti-ICAM-1 trial have not been successful. Potentially a more neutrophil specific strategy may be required. Neutrophil has beneficial properties which may be important to preserve in patients with stroke including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective functions. Recent work pointing to neutrophils only invading the neurovascular unit and not brain following ischemic stroke suggests blood brain barrier interactions and thrombosis are the most likely targets for neutrophil-directed therapies in the future to preventing and treating stroke.
A Nonparametric Regression Approach to Control for Population Stratification in Rare Variant Association Studies.

Recently, there is increasing interest to detect associations between rare variants and complex traits. Rare variant association studies usually need large sample sizes due to the rarity of the variants, and large sample sizes typically require combining information from different geographic locations within and across countries. Although several statistical methods have been developed to control for population stratification in common variant association studies, these methods are not necessarily controlling for population stratification in rare variant association studies. Thus, new statistical methods that can control for population stratification in rare variant association studies are needed. In this article, we propose a principal component based nonparametric regression (PC-nonp) approach to control for population stratification in rare variant association studies. Our simulations show that the proposed PC-nonp can control for population stratification well in all scenarios, while existing methods cannot control for population stratification at least in some scenarios. Simulations also show that PC-nonp’s robustness to population stratification will not reduce power. Furthermore, we illustrate our proposed method by using whole genome sequencing data from genetic analysis workshop 18 (GAW18).
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS II. THROMBUS FORMATION IN NORMAL BLOOD IN THE EXTRACORPOREAL VASCULAR LOOP.

Thrombus formation has been studied in normal rabbits with an experimental method of establishing extracorporeal circulation. In the normal animal circulation in the extracorporeal loop usually ceases in from 6 to 10 minutes, or at most, in very large and vigorous animals, in 25 minutes.(1) Cessation of the circulation is due most frequently to obstruction of the venous cannula (sometimes of the arterial cannula) by a mass of white thrombi and secondary fibrin formation around it. The site of the clot is determined somewhat by the swiftness of the blood stream. In the collodion tube red mural thrombi are obtainable as a rule. They are flat and present a wide base resting on tiny white thrombi. After the complete obstruction of the circulation, the blood in the apparatus clots very rapidly. When the obstruction occurs very quickly either in the arterial or venous cannula, or when the blood stream is very slow, the clotting in the loop may occur before platelets are laid down in large numbers or before the formation of the white thrombi is evident. Mixed thrombi are found in the jugular vein, and have their inception in the white thrombi, in the cannula or from the injured intima. They extend in the direction of the blood flow.
Three-Dimensional Ultrafast Laser Scanner

Laser scanners are essential for scientific research, manufacturing, defense, and medical practice. Unfortunately, often times the speed of conventional laser scanners (e.g., galvanometric mirrors and acousto-optic deflectors) falls short for many applications, resulting in motion blur and failure to capture fast transient information. Here, we present a novel type of laser scanner that offers roughly three orders of magnitude higher scan rates than conventional methods. Our laser scanner, which we refer to as the hybrid dispersion laser scanner, performs inertia-free laser scanning by dispersing a train of broadband pulses both temporally and spatially. More specifically, each broadband pulse is temporally processed by time stretch dispersive Fourier transform and further dispersed into space by one or more diffractive elements such as prisms and gratings. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we perform 1D line scans at a record high scan rate of 91 MHz and 2D raster scans and 3D volumetric scans at an unprecedented scan rate of 105 kHz. The method holds promise for a broad range of scientific, industrial, and biomedical applications. To show the utility of our method, we demonstrate imaging, nanometer-resolved surface vibrometry, and high-precision flow cytometry with real-time throughput that conventional laser scanners cannot offer due to their low scan rates.
Increasing rates of surgical treatment for paediatric diaphyseal forearm fractures: a National Database Study from 2000 to 2012

AbstractForearmPurpose fractures are one of the most commonly sustained injuries in children and are often treated non-operatively. The purpose of this study was to estimate the rate of inpatient surgical treatment of paediatric forearm fractures over time using a large, publicly available, national database.MethodsThe Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) was evaluated between 2000 and 2012. Forearm fractures and surgeries were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9 CM) diagnosis and procedure codes. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine variables associated with greater proportion of surgical treatment. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software v.9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsThe database identified 30 936 forearm fracture admissions. Overall, 19 837 of these patients were trea...
Anticoagulant Drug-Drug Interactions with CYP 3A4 Inhibitors

Cytochrome P450 is a group of enzymes that metabolize many medications; understanding which CYP P450 isoenzyme(s) a particular medication may inhibit will help the clinician recognize the potential implications the drug interaction may have with anticoagulants. Warfarin is particularly affected by the CYP2C9, 3A4, and 1A2 isoenzymes; however, DOACs are relatively new to market so all possible drug interactions have not been identified. Using appropriate drug information resources is a valuable tool for the clinician to look up possible interactions.
Observed psychotherapy: What the patients say about it.

While educators generally consider demonstration psychotherapy to be useful, its effect on patients has been insufficiently studied. Several years of experience suggests that observation through a one-way mirror only minimally influences the process of dynamic, insight-oriented psychotherapy. This was confirmed by a survey of the attitudes and evaluations of 18 former demonstration patients obtained by semistructured follow-up interviews. Seventeen of these 18 neurotic or character-disordered patients believed their observed therapy had been valuable. Five thought observation significantly altered therapy, one negatively. Questions of treatment outcome, alteration of process, projection, elaboration of affect-laden material, withholding, exhibitionism, and other related topics were surveyed and are discussed as they relate to observed psychotherapy. Precautions regarding structure and professionalism are recommended for implementing this effective teaching method. Therapists and observers are more concerned about the negative effects of observation than are patients, and, in general, more than is warranted.
Migration and Cultural Contact in the Emergence of Rus’-land, Sixth to Nineteenth Centuries

Migrations in the intercontinental macro-region have been studied as proto-Slavic early settlement; as transit zone for Varangian-Arab trade and Byzantine-Kiev interactions; as space of Mongolian intrusion and as a territorially integrated Muscovite state with rural populations immobilised as serfs. This article integrates migrations from and to the neighbouring Scandinavian, East Roman, and Steppe macro-regions up to the fifteenth century and, more briefly, from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. In these poly-ethnic worlds, resident and in-migrant cultural groups adapted in frames of intercultural contact, migration, hierarchies, processes of power imposition and of exchange. An important facet is the ‘small numbers-large impact’ character of many migrations before the advance of Mongol/Tatar armies. From the fifteenth century, elites of the new Muscovite state such as traders and colonisers moved east into Siberia’s societies and attracted technical and administrative personnel from German-language societies. The traditional historiographical narrative, centred on an east-west perspective, is expanded to include the north-south axes of migration and cultural contact.
“Not merely wifely devotion”: Collaborating in the Construction of Science at Terling Place

In this chapter I critique the literary construction of the scientific practice of John Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh as a solitary pursuit within a domain separated from family life, and I analyze, instead, the science of his home, Terling Place, as a collaboration with his wife Evelyn Strutt, Baroness Rayleigh. As opposed to judging the character of their marital collaboration anachronistically through a professional lens, I analyze Terling science within the context of late-Victorian country-house society characterized by an aristocratic, evangelical-Anglican orientation. This case demonstrates how collaboration can be an unstable construct reliant upon the meanings imbued by the historical subjects and their discursive representations.
Debt and Stabilization Policy: Evidence from a Euro Area FAVAR

The Euro-area poses a unique problem in evaluating policy: a currency union with a shared monetary policy and country-specific fiscal policy. Analysis can be further complicated if high levels of public debt affect the performance of stabilization policy. We construct a framework capable of handling these issues with an application to Euro-Area data. In order to incorporate multiple macroeconomic series from each country but, simultaneously, treat country-specific fiscal policy, we develop a hierarchical factor-augmented VAR with zero restrictions on the loadings that yield country-level factors. Monetary policy, then, responds to area-wide conditions but fiscal policy responds only to its country level conditions. We find that there is broad quantitative variation in different countries'' responses to area-wide monetary policy and both qualitative and quantitative variation in responses to country-specific fiscal policy. Moreover, we find that debt conditions do not diminish the effectiveness of policy in a significant manner, suggesting that any negative effects must come through other channels.
Gene expression in retinal ischemic post-conditioning

The pathophysiology of retinal ischemia involves mechanisms including inflammation and apoptosis. Ischemic post-conditioning (Post-C), a brief non-lethal ischemia, induces a long-term ischemic tolerance, but the mechanisms of ischemic post-conditioning in the retina have only been described on a limited basis. Accordingly, we conducted this study to determine the molecular events in retinal ischemic post-conditioning and to identify targets for therapeutic strategies for retinal ischemia. To determine global molecular events in ischemic post-conditioning, a comprehensive study of the transcriptome of whole retina was performed. We utilized RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), a recently developed, deep sequencing technique enabling quantitative gene expression, with low background noise, dynamic detection range, and discovery of novel genes. Rat retina was subjected to ischemia in vivo by elevation of intraocular pressure above systolic blood pressure. At 24 h after ischemia, Post-C or sham Post-C was performed by another, briefer period of ischemia, and 24 h later, retinas were collected and RNA processed. There were 71 significantly affected pathways in post-conditioned/ischemic vs. normals and 43 in sham post conditioned/ischemic vs. normals. Of these, 28 were unique to Post-C and ischemia. Seven biological pathways relevant to ischemic injury, in Post-C as opposed to sham Post-C, were examined in detail. Apoptosis, p53, cell cycle, JAK-STAT, HIF-1, MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways significantly differed in the number as well as degree of fold change in genes between conditions. Post-C is a complex molecular signaling process with a multitude of altered molecular pathways. We identified potential gene candidates in Post-C. Studying the impact of altering expression of these factors may yield insight into new methods for treating or preventing damage from retinal ischemic disorders.
Biogenic amine formation in fresh vacuum-packaged beef stored at -2°C and 2°C for 100 days

When fresh, vacuum-packaged, meat products are stored for extended periods of time, undesirable changes, due to naturally occurring microbial flora present during packaging occur. Lactobacillus spp. are known to form amines through the decarboxylation of free amino acids. Tyramine and histamine can cause intoxication in individuals taking monoamine oxidase-inhibiting drugs. This study determined 1) the effect of storage temperature on bacterial growth and biogenic amine production in vacuum-packaged beef subprimals, 2) the effect of washing subprimals with water to remove tyramine contamination, and 3) the penetration of tyramine from the surface of the subprimal. Inside rounds were vacuum packaged and stored at -2°C or 2°C. Samples were evaluated over 100 days for amine concentrations, total psychrotrophic counts and lactic acid bacteria. Tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine were detected in this study. Significant levels (15 μg/g) of tyramine were detected at 20 days of storage at 2°C and 40 days of storage at -2°C. Putrescine and cadaverine were detected first at 40 days of storage at 2°C and 60 days of storage at -2°C. Both treatment groups contained about 130 μg/g of tyramine at 100 days of storage. Psychrotrophic plate counts and lactic acid bacteria counts were initially 103 colony forming units (CFU)/cm2 and ranged from 106-107 CFU/cm2 at 100 days of storage. Even though tyramine was evident at a depth of 6 mm from the surface of the cut, one-third of the amine was removed by washing the subprimal with tap water.
Building and Using Mental Models in a Sensory-Motor Domain: A Connectionist Approach

Abstract MURPHY consists of a camera looking at a robot arm, with a connectionist network architecture situated in between. By moving its arm through a small, representative sample of the 1 billion possible joint configurations, MURPHY learns the relationships between the positions of its joints and the state of its visual field. MURPHY can use its internal model to “envision” sequences of actions for planning purposes, such as in grabbing a visually presented object.
Methylome of human senescent hematopoietic progenitors

Senescence, a state of permanent cell cycle arrest, can be induced by DNA damage. This process, which was initially described in fibroblasts, is now recognized to occur in stem cells. It has been well characterized in cell lines, but there is currently very limited data available on human senescence in vivo. We recently reported that the expression of transposable elements (TE), including endogenous retroviruses, was up-regulated along with inflammatory genes in human senescent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vivo. The mechanism of regulation of TE expression is not completely understood, but changes in DNA methylation and chromatin modifications are known to alter their expression. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for TE up-regulation after senescence of HSPCs, we employed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing in paired senescent and active human HSPCs in vivo from healthy subjects. We found that the senescent HSPCs exhibited hypomethylated regions in the genome, which were enriched for TEs. This is the first report characterizing the methylome of senescent human HSPCs.
Interfacial Assembly of Tunable Anisotropic Nanoparticle Architectures.

We propose a strategy for assembling spherical nanoparticles (NPs) into anisotropic architectures in a polymer matrix. The approach takes advantage of the interfacial tension between two mutually immiscible polymers forming a bilayer and differences in the compatibility of the two polymer layers with polymer grafts on particles to trap NPs within two-dimensional planes parallel to the interface. The ability to precisely tune the location of the entrapment planes via the NP grafting density, and to trap multiple interacting particles within distinct planes, can then be used to assemble NPs into unconventional arrangements near the interface. We carry out molecular dynamics simulations of polymer-grafted NPs in a polymer bilayer to demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach in both trapping NPs at tunable distances from the interface and assembling them into a variety of unusual nanostructures. We illustrate the assembly of NP clusters, such as dimers with tunable tilt relative to the interface and ...
Real-world Strategies for Management of Gastrointestinal Events in Patients Treated with Delayed-release Dimethyl Fumarate: EFFECT Gastrointestinal Sub-study Results

Introduction Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) associated with DMF can result in premature treatment discontinuation. Objectives To characterize effective real-world patient education and management strategies at sites initiating treatment with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF), as well as the impact of GI events on treatment persistence. Patients and methods EFFECT ( NCT02776072 ) is a retrospective study of patients age ≥ 18 treated with DMF in the clinical practice setting. Data were captured via retrospective medical record review at a single time point. Sites completed a structured questionnaire regarding typical GI management practices at the center using a scale of 0%, > 0–25%, > 25%–75%, and > 75%–100%. Results Overall, 826 DMF-treated patients were enrolled at 65 sites; 809 were eligible for analysis. Over Year 1, incidence of GI events was 27% (216/809). Sites reporting that counseling was likely to occur by both the prescriber and an additional health care provider had lower discontinuation rates vs. sites that did not (2% [6/286] vs. 7% [33/495]). Discussion Sites with lower vs. higher discontinuation rates were also likely to provide patients specific details regarding GI events (5% [33/693] vs. 10% [11/116]), recommend taking DMF with food (5% [39/750] vs. 9% [5/59]), or recommend using symptomatic GI therapies (3% [15/469] vs. 9% [29/340]). Conclusion Overall, treatment persistence was high in this study, potentially due to most sites reporting a high likelihood of counseling and mitigation strategy recommendations for potential DMF-related GI events.
Art Education and the Aesthetics of Land Use in the Age of Ecology

The pedagogy of landscape art is represented by five dominant art education metaphors: pictorial space, the system of linear perspective, the sublime landscape, the mapping impulse, and the machine. Each of these metaphors is used to illustrate the historical objectification and stereotyping of the environment through landscape art. A sixth metaphor of art teaching, ecological pedagogy, is proposed as a means by which to critique stereotypes and to promote compassionate and caring representations of the environment. Art education is considered to be vital to students' awareness and understanding of how visual images influence their interaction with the environment.
Carbon Monoxide Levels and Indoor Cooking Practices Among Participants Living in Rural Nicaragua

Background: Indoor cooking practices have been associated with high levels of carbon monoxide. Furthermore, smoking is known to compound these risks. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between indoor cooking practices and carbon monoxide levels in rural Nicaragua. Methods: Participants were randomly sampled from a village in rural northwestern Nicaragua. This study was approved by the ethical board. Individuals were given a quick survey and vital signs were measured. Faculty members and health science students collected the data and vital signs. Descriptive statistics were computed among predictors for carbon monoxide levels, and linear regression was used to determine the association between predictors (age, gender, cooking stove practices, health-seeking behaviors and smoking behaviors) with the outcome of measured carbon monoxide levels. Results: Among the total participants (n=76), 88% reported cooking with a stove only, while 12% reported using a stove with a pipe. The smoking prevalence among participants was 9%. The majority of participants visited a health clinic or outpost within the past year (65%). The mean carbon monoxide level was 3.5% (SD= 2.8). In the multivariable model, carbon monoxide levels were associated with age (B= 0.05; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.07) and gender (B=-1.44; 95% CI: -2.70, -0.17). On average, females had a lower carbon monoxide level by 1.44% compared to males, after adjusting for the other covariates. Additionally, each year of age was associated with a 0.05 positive difference in carbon monoxide levels, after adjusting for all covariates. Having a stove with a pipe compared to a stove without a pipe as well as smoking cigarettes were not statistically significantly associated with carbon monoxide levels. Conclusions: Future research should investigate other environmental factors associated with high carbon monoxide levels in this population, in addition to ameliorating high-risk cooking practices that are known to increase carbon monoxide levels. Disclosures: None; Sponsored Research-None.
Hand Motor Actions of Children With Cerebral Palsy Are Associated With Abnormal Sensorimotor Cortical Oscillations

Background. The neuroimaging literature on cerebral palsy (CP) has predominantly focused on identifying the structural aberrations (eg, fiber track integrity), with very few studies examining neural activity within the key networks that serve the production of hand movements. Objective. We aimed to start to fill this knowledge gap by using magnetoencephalographic brain imaging to quantify the temporal dynamics of the sensorimotor oscillations during a hand motor action. Methods: Children with CP (n = 12; MACS [Manual Abilities Classification System] levels I-III) and typically developing (TD) children (n = 26) performed an arrow-based version of the Eriksen flanker task where a button press was performed with either the second or third digit of the right hand depending on the arrow's direction. Results: Overall, the children with CP were less accurate and had slower reaction times compared with the TD children. These behavioral differences were closely linked with aberrant sensorimotor cortical oscillations seen in the children with CP. Compared with the TD children, the children with CP had a weaker gamma (68-82 Hz) response during motor execution and a weaker post-movement beta rebound (PMBR; 14-26 Hz) response on movement termination. Moreover, we observed a significant correlation between the amplitude of the gamma and PMBR with reaction time, with weaker gamma and PMBR responses being linked with slower reaction times. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that aberrations in motor-related gamma and beta cortical oscillations are associated with the impaired hand motor actions seen in children with CP.
Relationship between the structural and magnetic properties of Co-doped Sn O 2 nanoparticles

In this paper, we present the results of a detailed investigation of the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of chemically synthesized pure and Co-doped $\mathrm{Sn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ powders using x-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and magnetometry. In ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ samples prepared at $600\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ with low doping concentrations of Co $(\ensuremath{\leqslant}1%)$, the $\mathrm{Sn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ lattice contracts, band gap energy decreases, and a ferromagnetic behavior is developed. Increasing the Co doping concentration to $g1%$ leads to a rapid expansion of the lattice and significant structural disorder evidenced by changes in the XRD and Raman spectra presumably due to additional interstitial incorporation of Co. This higher Co doping completely destroys the ferromagnetism. The striking similarity between the changes in the lattice parameters and the magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ indicates a structure-magnetic property relationship.
Advances in Sports Medicine and Care of the Adolescent Athlete.

Over the past several decades there has been a dramatic change in the landscape of youth sports. This article provides an overview of sport-related injuries in the child and adolescent populations, looking at changes over the past 10 to 15 years. A closer look at frequently seen injuries, including assessment, diagnosis, and management in osteochondritis dissecans, sprains, fractures, anterior cruciate ligament, and meniscus tears, is provided. Current protocols and screening tools for this population are discussed, including preparticipation screening. The nursing implications in the clinical and community setting are identified, with ways to incorporate this information into practice.
AN EXPERIMENT FOR MEASURING HEAVY COSMIC RAY SPECTRA

ABSTRACT A balloon borne experiment consisting of 1 m2 passive detector array has been designed in order to measure charge and energy spectra of primary cosmic rays and isotopic composition in the region of Fe peak. The stack profile consists of 65 sheets of CR-39 plastic track detector, three layers of 600 micron thick G5 emulsions at appropriate depth in the stack and twenty layers of Lexan polycarbonate plastic. The payload was flown successfully in June 1979 from Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. The flight description and calibration of CR-39 track detector will be discussed.
Molecular Virology of KSHV in the Lymphocyte Compartment-Insights From Patient Samples and De Novo Infection Models.

The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated Kaposi Sarcoma has declined precipitously in the present era of effective HIV treatment. However, KSHV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders although rare, have not seen a similar decline. Lymphoma is now a leading cause of death in people living with HIV (PLWH), indicating that the immune reconstitution provided by antiretroviral therapy is not sufficient to fully correct the lymphomagenic immune dysregulation perpetrated by HIV infection. As such, novel insights into the mechanisms of KSHV-mediated pathogenesis in the immune compartment are urgently needed in order to develop novel therapeutics aimed at prevention and treatment of KSHV-associated lymphoproliferations. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of KSHV molecular virology in the lymphocyte compartment, concentrating on studies which explore mechanisms unique to infection in B lymphocytes.
Gradient Projection, Karush-Khun-Tucker Method for Economic Dispatch and DC Optimal Power Flow System

The Economic Dispatch and Direct Current Optimal Power Flow (DCOPF) are significant functions in the modern energy system. It consists in programming the electric production correctly with minimum operational cost. In the current study, methods of Karush-Kuhn-Tucker and Gradient Projection are applied to optimize the economic dispatch and DCOPF systems. In addition, the algorithms deliver the optimization results for economic dispatch and DCOPF problem and the influence of constraints is compared and discussed. Also, the convergence rate and calculation accuracy of each method are compared and discussed regarding the complexity of the system.
β3-Adrenergic receptors regulate human brown/beige adipocyte lipolysis and thermogenesis

β3-Adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) are the predominant regulators of rodent brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. However, in humans, the physiological relevance of BAT and β3-AR remains controversial. Herein, using primary human adipocytes from supraclavicular neck fat and immortalized brown/beige adipocytes from deep neck fat from 2 subjects, we demonstrate that the β3-AR plays a critical role in regulating lipolysis, glycolysis, and thermogenesis. Silencing of the β3-AR compromised genes essential for thermogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and mitochondrial mass. Functionally, reduction of β3-AR lowered agonist-mediated increases in intracellular cAMP, lipolysis, and lipolysis-activated, uncoupling protein 1-mediated thermogenic capacity. Furthermore, mirabegron, a selective human β3-AR agonist, stimulated BAT lipolysis and thermogenesis, and both processes were lost after silencing β3-AR expression. This study highlights that β3-ARs in human brown/beige adipocytes are required to maintain multiple components of the lipolytic and thermogenic cellular machinery and that β3-AR agonists could be used to achieve metabolic benefit in humans.
Synaptic and membrane conductance underlie phase transition in a simple half-center oscillator

Rhythmically active neural circuits often contain reciprocally inhibitory modules that act as half-center oscillators. In half-center oscillators, alternating burst discharges require a mechanism to transition activity from one phase to the next, which requires particular synaptic and membrane properties. Here we found that active membrane properties of specific neurons and the temporal dynamics of particular synapses both contribute to the production of a stable rhythmic motor pattern in the swim central pattern generator (CPG) of the nudibranch mollusc, Dendronotus iris. This CPG is composed of only four neurons that are organized into two competing modules of a half-center oscillator. Each module is composed of a Swim Interneuron 2 (Si2) and the contralateral Swim Interneuron 3 (Si3). Si2 and Si3 each inhibit their own contralateral counterparts; however, the S2 contralateral synapses have a more negative reversal potential, making them more effective at hyperpolarizing the Si2 and the electrically coupled Si3 of the other module. Si3 rebounds first from inhibition due to a hyperpolarization-activated slow inward current. Si3 excites the Si2 in its module through both chemical and electrical synapses. An Si2-evoked slow inhibitory synaptic potential in Si3 suppresses its firing, terminating the burst generated by the module. Using dynamic clamping, we showed that the magnitude of the slow inhibition sets the periodicity of the oscillator. Thus, the network-driven oscillation is produced by each module rebounding from inhibition, maintaining the burst through self-excitation, and then terminating its burst through a buildup of slow synaptic inhibition, thereby releasing the other module from inhibition.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage should be admitted to an intensive care unit for experienced neurologic nursing care and close attention to vital signs. We recommend gentle reduction in blood pressure in individuals who present with elevated readings and in whom hemorrhage is felt to be secondary to hypertension. For the vast majority of nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhages, the indications for surgery and use of intracranial pressure monitoring devices remain unproven. Surgery is indicated for notable exceptions, such as for patients with cerebellar hematomas (3 mL or larger) and for patients with temporal lobe hematoma and impending brain stem compression. In general, intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is advised to help guide treatment with hyperosmolar agents and hyperventilation when increased ICP is suspected. For patients with smaller supratentorial hematomas who are alert or somnolent, conservative treatment is optimal. Similarly, we support conservative management in patients older than 70 years of age who present with a hemorrhage of more than 50 mL and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of less than 8. Insufficient data exist from large randomized and controlled studies to recommend surgical intervention as definitive treatment for the group between these two extremes.
RESULTS FROM A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF TEAM DECISION-MAKING

Abstract A particularly difficult task for child protection workers is deciding whether to separate a child from their family due to safety concerns. Team Decision Making (TDM) is a collaborative practice created by the Annie E. Casey Foundation (Casey) that child welfare agencies use to include family members for all decisions involving child removal, change of placement, reunification or other permanency plans. TDM is comprised of six elements, of which the key component is a meeting held to make safety-based decisions every time a safety assessment suggests a child may need to leave their home, regardless of court involvement. Prior evaluation established TDM as a promising practice. In this article, we present findings from a process and outcome evaluation of the initial removal TDM model in two implementation sites in Missouri from 2015 to 2019. The sample included 1,423 children clustered within 709 cases (268 control; 441 treatment). Analyses focused on workers’ perceptions included 459 cases (172 Control; 287 Treatment). Treatment group cases were more likely than those in the control group to have their worker report having sufficient information to make a decision. Treatment group children were less likely to experience a custody episode within two weeks related to the initial TDM referral, and within one year related to any allegation (i.e., if there was a subsequent allegation after the initial TDM referral). There was no evidence that children receiving an initial TDM meeting were more likely to experience maltreatment than children who received standard investigation services. TDM was implemented with fidelity to the model, with some exceptions. Overall, the study found TDM to be a practice in which: (1) children experienced better child welfare outcomes on some, but not all measures examined; (2) workers expressed appreciation for the process and reported being better informed about the child and family; and (3) parents, family members, and community supports expressed satisfaction with the experience. This study provides needed evidence that TDM is a useful and helpful practice and one that is of benefit to the child welfare field.