cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age- and sex-associated differences in the relationship of serum hexosaminidase and T4 levels in human neonates.

N-Acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (HEX) activity (total, A and B) and serum thyroxine (T4) were determined in 22 cord serum samples, 240 serum samples from newborns up to 7 days of life, and 18 samples from infants one month of age, approximately equally divided by sex. Normal values for HEX activity in the neonatal period are given for both sexes. Cord serum values showed no significant sex differences in T4 levels, total HEX activity, and ratio of A:B isozymes. During the first week of life, highest levels of HEX activity (males: 1378 ± 337 U/ml; females: 1149 ± 178 U/ml; P < 0.01) occur between the first and second day, and coincide with peak serum T4 levels (males: 15.5 ± 2.9 μg/dl; females: 18.3 ± 3.3 μg/dl; P < 0.025). Although serum HEX activities in males are significantly elevated above female values throughout the first 7 days of life, no sex difference is seen in the (A:B) isozyme ratio (males = 51%:49%; females = 52%:48%). Sera from male infants at one month of age have a mean HEX level of 1734 ± 306 U/ml, which is significantly greater than that at one week of life (1231 ± 190 U/ml) (P < 0.0005). The ratio of A:B, however, remains constant (51%:49% at 1 week; 53%:47% at 1 month). Females show less-pronounced changes in total HEX values between one week (966 ± 155 U/ml) and one month (1174 ± 163 U/ml) (P < 0.005), but exhibit a marked alteration in the (A:B) isozyme ratio (52%:48% at 1 week to 61%:39% at 1 month, P < 0.0005). The percentage of HEX A in females at one month thus approaches prepubertal and adult values. The observed sex differences in HEX activity during the first month of life suggest that not only T4 but other sex-and/or developmentally related factors as well influence total HEX activity by specific regulation of its isozymes.
Voltage-Gated Proton Channels as Novel Drug Targets: From NADPH Oxidase Regulation to Sperm Biology

Abstract Significance: Voltage-gated proton channels are increasingly implicated in cellular proton homeostasis. Proton currents were originally identified in snail neurons less than 40 years ago, and subsequently shown to play an important auxiliary role in the functioning of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases. Molecular identification of voltage-gated proton channels was achieved less than 10 years ago. Interestingly, so far, only one gene coding for voltage-gated proton channels has been identified, namely hydrogen voltage-gated channel 1 (HVCN1), which codes for the HV1 proton channel protein. Over the last years, the first picture of putative physiological functions of HV1 has been emerging. Recent Advances: The best-studied role remains charge and pH compensation during the respiratory burst of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX). Strong evidence for a role of HV1 is also emerging in sperm biology, but the relationship with the sperm N...
An optimal replenishment policy for an inventory with decaying items and a ramp in demand

We present a model of an order-level inventory system that contains items that deteriorate over time while simultaneously reacting to a ramp in demand. An optimal analytical solution is found for the ordering policy that minimizes the inventory cost. The solution is in terms of the Lambert W function, adding to the list of applications for this recently rediscovered function. The exact solutions confirm numerical approximations derived previously. The analytical solutions allow a detailed sensitivity analysis to be performed, and we present some properties of the optimal solutions in which precision issues emerge.
Irrational beliefs, attitudes about competition, and splitting

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) theoretically promotes actualization of both individualistic and social-oriented potentials. In a test of this assumption, the Belief Scale and subscales from the Survey of Personal Beliefs served as measures of what REBT presumes to be pathogenic irrationalities. These measures were correlated with the Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale (HCAS), the Personal Development Competitive Attitude Scale (PDCAS), factors from the Splitting Index, and self-esteem. Results for the HCAS and Self-Splitting supported the REBT claim about individualistic self-actualization. Mostly nonsignificant and a few counterintuitive linkages were observed for irrational beliefs with the PDCAS, Family-Splitting, and Other-Splitting, and these data suggested that REBT may be less successful in capturing the "rationality" of a social-oriented self-actualization.
Design methodology for concurrent software systems employing modelling and simulation

There is no single attribute or characteristic which distinguishes a software system as complex - rather, software system complexity may be assessed only in terms of a complicated combination of a variety of quantitative and qualitative measurements. Typical quantitative measures are size, number of components and length of the construction period - generally these can be artificially increased by inexperienced or inept designers or programmers. Measures of a more qualitative nature are ones such as under-standability and modifiability - these are generally dependent upon the experience and ability of those trying to measure the system's complexity.
Comparison of H+ and H− ESD from hydrogen on platinum

Abstract Electron desorption of H − from H 2 adsorbed on platinum is observed and compared with the corresponding H + emission. The H − signal is observed to track closely with the thermal desorption signal indicating a possible correlation between production of molecular hydrogen prior to desorption and formation of H − from polar dissociation. The energy distribution and thresholds for H + and H − are observed to be significantly different. The H − threshold is shown to be 7–8 eV higher than for H + .
Perennial Constancy of the Monoterpene Synthesis in the Wood Oleoresin of Pinus ponderosa

THE monoterpene composition of wood oleoresin of young trees is reported1 to differ considerably from that of old trees in Pinus sylvestris L. The difference has been attributed to age; but it is more likely another instance of intraspecific variation which has been found in other pines: P. contorta Dougl.2, P. maritima and P. pinaster3;, P. muricata D. Don4, and P. radiata D. Don5. An intensive study of P. ponderosa Laws.6 has shown wide intraspecific variation in the quantitative oleoresin composition among trees on the same plots. Variation between plot averages was much less than intraspecific variation. No age relationship could be found among the trees, although they covered the age range of the pine.
Performance predictions in solid oxide fuel cells

The results of numerical calculations performed for planar solid oxide fuel cells are presented. Two different approaches are developed: (i) A detail numerical method and (ii) a presumed flow method. In the first approach, a commercial computational fluid dynamics code is employed, and user-defined-functions are developed to account for electro-chemical considerations. In the second approach, where the momentum equations do not require to be solved, an in-house code is developed and used to perform calculations. In both cases the following coupled physicochemical phenomena are modelled; heat and mass transfer, electrochemistry and electric potential. The polarisation curve is generally accepted as an important performance measure of the fuel cell. Performance predictions for this characteristic made by the two different approaches are compared. Results show voltage losses due activation, Ohmic resistance, and mass transfer in a typical solid oxide fuel cell, over a range of current density values. The results for the detailed numerical method are discussed in some detail with regard to the influence of different parameters on the overall performance of the device.
Delayed speech feedback and age.

The effects of delayed speech feedback on errors and rate of reading in persons of different age were measured by an audiotape technique of producing side-tone ' delay. The age ranges studied were ...
Treatment of intractable pruritus ani

The majority of patients with idiopathic pruritus ani respond favorably to conservative treatment. Moreover, response to specific medical therapy is almost always favorable in certain dermatologic diseases such as psoriasis, mycotic dermatitis, and contact dermatitis. When surgery is performed for anorectal disorders such as hemorrhoids and fistulas, or potentially malignant entities such as extramammary Paget's disease, the accompanying pruritus ani invariably improves as well. Only patients with chronic intractable pruritus ani are included in the current study. Methylene blue (methylthionine chloride) 0.5 percent is injected intracutaneously on the anodermal and perianal skin. With one treatment, long-term cure has been observed.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in the rat central nervous system: intracellular and regional distribution.

Abstract Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase were found to be localized in the soluble fraction of rat brain. They are clearly separated from serine hydroxymethyltransferase and the glycine cleavage complex which are localized in the mitochondria in this tissue. Hence, although the primary, if not the only, site of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate formation in brain appears to be the mitochondrion, the utilization of this compound for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate synthesis and utilization of the latter compound for methylation of homocysteine occurs in the cytosol. Parallel experiments with rat liver confirmed that the reductase and homocysteine methyltransferase of this tissue are also localized in the soluble fraction, while the hydroxymethyltransferase is about evenly divided between mitochondria and cytosol. However, in liver (but not in brain) the reductase activity of the supernatant fraction is only partially expressed unless the fraction is dialyzed. We have found that this phenomenon, which initially suggested the occurrence of an endogenous inhibitor in liver extracts [Ordonez and Wurtman (1973) J. Neurochem., 21, 1447–1455] , is due to loss of the product (5, 10-methyl-enetetrahydrofolate) of the reductase assay via its oxidation by methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, in combination with the NADP present in undialyzed extracts. All regions of the rat central nervous system tested contained methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity. Regional variations were observed however, with an almost threefold difference between the specific activities of the highest and lowest ranking regions Comparison of the rank order of 12 regions tested with respect to reductase specific activity (this study) and methyltetrahydrofolate-tryptamine N-methyltransferase specific activity [Mandell, Knapp, and Hsu (1974) Life Sci., 14, 1–17] shows a high positive correlation (r = 0.916) between these activities in the selected regions.
Changes in Mean Levels of Thinking in Grades 1-8 Through Use of an Interaction Analysis System Based on Bloom's Taxonomy.

This study sought to assess the relationship between levels of thinking used by a teacher and pupils to determine if the teacher’s level of thinking will be raised significantly with a correspondin...
REVERSIBILITY OF CELLULAR CHANGES IN IRON DEFICIENT POST-WEANING RATS

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent and the reversibility of cellular change occurring in rats made iron deficient during the post-weaning period. Two groups of 23 Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Group I was fed an iron deficient diet from 21 to 49 days and from 49 to 147 days received the same diet plus intramuscular iron whereas Group II were fed a control iron-sufficient diet from 21 to 147 days. At 21 days, 6 rats of each group were sacrificed and no significant difference was found in body weight, hemoglobin, serum iron, serum protein, organ weight, DNA, RNA, protein and organ iron in brain, liver, heart, spleen and kidney. At 49 days, 9 rats of each group were sacrificed and Group I had significantly lower body weight, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, brain weight, RNA, protein and iron; liver weight, DNA, RNA, protein and iron and kidney weight, DNA, RNA, protein and iron compared to Group it. At 147 days, 8 rats in each group were sacrificed and no significant differences were observed in any parameters. This work revealed that an iron deficient diet in rats from 21 to 49 days of age results in significant iron deficiency anemia and cellular changes in brain, liver and kidney and that by 147 days of age, these hematologic and cellular changes are corrected by iron administration and are not evidence of permanent cellular damage.
A Globular Substructure of the Retinal Receptor Outer Segment Membranes and some other Cell Membranes in the Tadpole

A TRIPLE-LAYERED structure of membranes after potassium permanganate fixation was discovered by Robertson1. A globular substructure of mouse kidney tubular cell mitochondrial membranes and smooth-surfaced cytomembranes after potassium permanganate fixation and section staining was demonstrated by Sjostrand2–4. A similar pattern was found in α-cyto-membranes of frozen-dried mouse pancreatic cells by Sjostrand and Elfvin5. Fernandez-Moran6 described an intermediate dense line in the disks of osmium-cryofixed retinal rod outer segments, in which the disk membranes were closely packed. With respect to the structure of potassium permanganate-fixed retinal receptor outer segment disks, the membranes are triple-layered when separated. In case they are closely packed, they form a five-layered structure, which was independently shown by Moody and Robertson7 and by Sjostrand8. The same structural pattern of the disks could also be obtained just as clearly and regularly after routine fixation in osmium tetroxide, if section staining were used9–11. In this communication, a globular substructure observed in cross-sectioned outer segment disk membranes of tadpole retinae will be described.
Coverage dependent adsorption site for sulfur on Ni(111)

Abstract Angular-resolved photoemission spectra have been observed from two ordered sulfur overlayers, p(2×2) and (√3 ×√3)R30°, representing different coverages on the Ni(111) surface. Utilization of selection rules applicable to photoemission along the sample normal permits an assignment of placement and composition of the adsorbate induced bands. The spectra show dramatic changes in peak positions between these two overlayers similar in magnitude to those observed on Ni(100). The shifts in peak positions are attributed to symmetry prescribed changes in the surface unit cell relating to the character of the bond. Arguments that these changes provide evidence that the bonding site of the adsorbate atom may change with coverage are presented.
Continentality in the Texas Coastal Zone

Abstract An analysis is presented of continentality in the Texas coastal zone, based on standard climatological data from the existing National Weather Service network. In spite of prevailing onshore winds throughout the year, Texas coastal zone stations (Gulf of Mexico to 150 mi inland) exhibit a substantial degree of continentality by any of the usual definitions. Continentality by the Conrad definition ranged from approximately 25% in the Brownsville area to about 38% inland, with a mean value of approximately 33% for the 1941–70 period in the entire coastal zone. Additionally, some measurements are presented of horizontal gradients of air temperature in summer and winter along a line perpendicular to the Gulf coast from near Port Aransas to near Sinton, Tex., approximately 30 mi inland. Mean daily temperature range and other statistical parameters for these stations underscored the continentality findings, and demonstrated substantial horizontal gradients of continentality in the immediate coastal zon...
SCF-Xα-SW MO Study of Fe-O and Fe-OH chemical bonds; applications to the mössbauer spectra and magnetochemistry of hydroxyl-bearing Fe3+ oxides and silicates

Results of SCF-Xα-SW molecular orbital calculations on (FeO4(OH)2)7− and (FeO6)9− clusters are used to investigate the differences between Fe-O and Fe-OH bonding in hydroxyl-bearing iron oxides and silicates. The Fe3+-OH− bond is more ionic, and has a smaller spinpolarization, then the Fe3+-O2− bond. The smaller spinpolarizability of OH− ligands explains why superexchange interactions between hydroxo-bridged Fe3+ cations are much weaker than those between oxo-bridged Fe3+ cations.
Electron-positron pair production in high temperature nuclear matter

The general features of electron-positron emission from high temperature nuclear matter are discussed. Estimates are made of the production rates arising from incoherent nucleon-nucleon scattering and from two pion annihilation. It may be possible to infer the pion dispersion relation in hot and dense nuclear matter by measuring the invariant mass distribution of back-to-back electrons and positrons in the center of mass frame in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.
Evaluation of micro-colorimetric lipid determination method with samples prepared using sonication and accelerated solvent extraction methods

Two common laboratory extraction techniques were evaluated for routine use with the micro-colorimetric lipid determination method developed by Van Handel (1985) [2] and recently validated for small samples by Inouye and Lotufo (2006) [1]. With the accelerated solvent extraction method using chloroform:methanol solvent and the colorimetric lipid determination method, 28 of 30 samples had significant proportional bias (α=1%, determined using standard additions) and 1 of 30 samples had significant constant bias (α=1%, determined using Youden Blank measurements). With sonic extraction, 0 of 6 samples had significant proportional bias (α=1%) and 1 of 6 samples had significant constant bias (α=1%). These demonstrate that the accelerated solvent extraction method with chloroform:methanol solvent system creates an interference with the colorimetric assay method, and without accounting for the bias in the analysis, inaccurate measurements would be obtained.
Coronary disease prediction using a new atherogenic index

This report demonstrates the utilization of a new serum factor, Toxicity Preventing Activity (TxPA) in the diagnosis of coronary disease prone individuals. Our laboratory has recently identified TxPA, which offsets the toxicity of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) upon arterial cells in vitro. In the present study, we measured TxPA activity and serum lipoprotein levels in 73 individuals undergoing coronary angiography. Serum from control subjects demonstrated 270% more TxPA than aged matched individuals with angiographically demonstrable coronary disease (CHD). When TxPA was combined with serum lipoprotein values, a new atherogenic index was generated which further distinguished these individuals with CHD from non-angiographed controls. These results demonstrate that TxPA is a new protective factor in coronary artery disease, and that the new atherogenic index provides for the first time an accurate classification of individuals with coronary artery disease.
The effects of massive doses of methylprednisolone on myocardial contractility and peripheral vascular resistance.

Eleven normal dogs, nine chronically cardiac denervated dogs (four after betablockade with propranolol), and five acutely adrenalectomized and cardiac denervated dogs were studied on cardiopulmonary by-pass, at constant coronary blood flow, by means of an isovolumic left heart preparation. Methylprednisolone, in a dose of 30 mg. per kilogram of body weight, was given intravenously, and changes in myocardial contractility were assessed by measurement of left ventricular peak pressure (LVP max), peak LV dPdt, and maximum measured LV contractile element velocity (max VCE). In the normal dogs, methylprednisolone caused a significant enhancement of myocardial contractility (LVP max + 21 per cent), dPdt max + 27 per cent, and max VCE + 22 per cent, P < 0.01 in all). Chronically cardiac denervated animals showed similar effects, but with significantly greater percentage responses than the normal dogs in LVP max (+ 33 per cent) and dPdt max (+ 53 per cent), P < 0.01 in both. These changes were greatly attenuated or abolished in the denervated, beta-blocked dogs, and in the acutely adrenalectomized and cardiac denervated animals. These results confirm an acute, positive inotropic effect of methylprednisolone in vivo, and suggest that this influence is mediated indirectly by the release and/or potentiation of endogenous catecholamines.
Marine bacteria produce compounds that modulate multixenobiotic transport activity in Urechis caupo embryos

Abstract Marine bacteria isolated from the intestine of the sediment-dwelling worm, Urechis caupo , produce compounds that are potential substrates of the multixenobiotic transport protein in Urechis embryos. Three strains isolated from the intestines of two worms were identified as Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio vulnificus and Shewanella putrefaciens . A fourth strain was not identified. Compounds extracted from V. harveyi were most effective at modulating dye transport in Urechis embryos. However, an extract of V. harveyi obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) did not affect dye accumulation in the embryos suggesting differences in the two isolates. This may be due to a difference in plasmids isolated from both strains (two plasmids were found in the Urechis isolate while no plasmids were found in the ATCC strain). Thus, the multixenobiotic defense mechanism may be important in Urechis adults and embryos to protect this organism from compounds produced by bacteria in the sediment to which the worm may be exposed or may ingest.
Contrasting primitive conceptions of Basic Income Guarantee

The aim of this paper is to outline and compare the Basic Income Guarantee (BIG) proposals by Thomas Paine and Thomas Spence. In assessing the two proposals using the current version of BIG criterion, each proposal has consistent and inconsistent elements. It can be argued that the two proposals are 'primitive' versions of BIG, as espoused today by the Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN) and the United States Basic Income Guarantee Network (USBIG Network). Nevertheless, beyond what would be perceived today as flaws in both proposals, Paine and Spence equally contributed to the historical development of BIG.
Conjunctival deposition of eosinophil granule major basic protein in vernal keratoconjunctivitis and contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis.

To investigate the role of the eosinophil in vernal keratoconjunctivitis and contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis, we assessed the presence of eosinophil granule major basic protein in conjunctival tissues by immunofluorescence. Biopsy specimens of conjunctiva were taken from nine patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, seven patients with giant papillary conjunctivitis, and five control subjects. We performed a masked semiquantitative assessment of immunofluorescence on sections from each specimen. The vernal keratoconjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis groups had significantly (P
In situ studies of pellicle formation on hydroxyapatite discs

The formation of acquired enamel pellicle on hydroxyapatite (HA) discs of known surface area carried in the mouth was studied; discs were carried in the mouth for 30 s, 1, 5, 10 and 20 min. Similar amounts of protein were found on the discs at each time-point, as determined by ninhydrin analyses. The amounts of amylase and lysozyme detected remained stable after 5 min of exposure of the discs to the mouth. Assay of the discs for fructosyl- and glucosyltransferase activities revealed that fructosyltransferase activity increased up to 1 min of exposure to the mouth and decreased when kept in the mouth for longer periods; glucosyltransferase activity, in contrast, increased the longer the discs were kept in the mouth. This in situ model provides insight into the activities of various enzymes during the first 20 min of pellicle formation. The effects of rinsing with sucrose and sugar alcohols on pellicle formation on the discs were also explored. The discs were placed in the mouth for 30 s, 1, 5, 10 and 20 min, preceded by rinsing with either distilled deionized water, sucrose, sorbitol, xylitol or phosphate-buffered saline. Western blot analyses of disc eluates with antiserum/antibody preparations to various salivary components revealed distinct patterns of deposition of bacterial and salivary components depending on the composition of the rinse. These studies confirm that salivary molecules and bacteria are deposited on apatitic surfaces in a selective manner and reveal that pellicle formation may be influenced by composition of diet. It is apparent that this in situ model could be used in screening potential antiplaque agents.
The helicone&#8212;A circularly polarized antenna with low sidelobe level

An axial mode helix in a conical horn produces a circularly polarized pencil beam of low sidelobe level over a 2-to-1 bandwidth. The gain of the combination or "helicone" is four times that of a simple helix of the same length and the sidelobes are 15 to 20 dB lower.
Recent advances and new avenues in hardware-level reliability support

Discussion on some of the recent advances in logic- and architectural-level techniques to deal with transient errors serves as a "springboard" to motivate the need for hardware-level application-aware runtime checks, which the application can invoke from within its instruction stream per its dependability requirements. In contrast with traditional approaches of software and hardware duplication, alternative techniques such as fine-grained application-aware runtime checking offer more efficient, low-overhead detection, correction, and recovery.
TWIST1-Induced miR-424 Reversibly Drives Mesenchymal Programming while Inhibiting Tumor Initiation

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process that relies on cellular plasticity. Recently, the process of an oncogenic EMT, followed by a reverse mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), has been implicated as critical in the metastatic colonization of carcinomas. Unlike governance of epithelial programming, regulation of mesenchymal programming is not well understood in EMT. Here, we describe and characterize the first microRNA that enhances exclusively mesenchymal programming. We demonstrate that microRNA-424 is upregulated early during a TWIST1 or SNAI1-induced EMT, and that it causes cells to express mesenchymal genes without affecting epithelial genes, resulting in a mixed/intermediate EMT. Furthermore, microRNA-424 increases motility, decreases adhesion and induces a growth arrest, changes associated with a complete EMT, that can be reversed when microRNA-424 expression is lowered, concomitant with an MET-like process. Breast cancer patient microRNA-424 levels positively associate with TWIST1/2 and EMT-like gene signatures, and miR-424 is increased in primary tumors versus matched normal breast. However, microRNA-424 is downregulated in patient metastases versus matched primary tumors. Correspondingly, microRNA-424 decreases tumor initiation and is post-transcriptionally downregulated in macrometastases in mice, suggesting the need for biphasic expression of miR-424 to transit the EMT-MET axis. Next-generation RNA sequencing revealed microRNA-424 regulates numerous EMT and cancer stemness-associated genes, including TGFBR3, whose downregulation promotes mesenchymal phenotypes, but not tumor-initiating phenotypes. Instead, we demonstrate that increased MAPK/ERK signaling is critical for miR-424-mediated decreases in tumor-initiating phenotypes. These findings suggest microRNA-424 plays distinct roles in tumor progression, potentially facilitating earlier, but repressing later, stages of metastasis by regulating an EMT-MET axis.
An evaluation of new gel matrices for the separation of PCR-amplified DNA fragments

It has been shown that the novel gel matrix, PCR Purity Plus which consists of a vinyl-polymer of polyacrylamide, provides a superior and rapid means of separating DNA fragments. As this product has been discontinued, the two new commercial versions of this matrix (MDE® and GeneAmp®) with PCR Purity Plus were compared. Optimal conditions for resolving DNA fingerprint profiles for both matrices were defined. Both MDE and GeneAmp gels provided a clear separation of DNA fragments. However, the profiles obtained on GeneAmp gel were closest to that of PCR Purity Plus. These results should be useful to DNA fingerprinting studies where it is critical to obtain a clear resolution of complex DNA profiles.
The netrins define a family of axon outgrowth-promoting proteins homologous to C. elegans UNC-6

In vertebrates, commissural axons pioneer a circumferential pathway to the floor plate at the ventral midline of the embryonic spinal cord. Floor plate cells secrete a diffusible factor that promotes the outgrowth of commissural axons in vitro. We have purified from embryonic chick brain two proteins, netrin-1 and netrin-2, that each possess commissural axon outgrowth-promoting activity, and we have also identified a distinct activity that potentiates their effects. Cloning of cDNAs encoding the two netrins shows that they are homologous to UNC-6, a laminin-related protein required for the circumferential migration of cells and axons in C. elegans. This homology suggests that growth cones in the vertebrate spinal cord and the nematode are responsive to similar molecular cues.
Dissociation of macrophage accumulation and local chemotactic activity in delayed inflammatory sites

Abstract A dissociation between the in situ generation of lymphocyte-dependent macrophage chemotactic activity (MCA) and the accumulation of macrophages in peritoneal inflammatory exudates was demonstrated in rats stimulated intraperitoneally with a saline suspension of killed Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Treatment of specifically immunized animals with cobra venom factor (CoVF) erased the hemolytic activity of serum complement (C) and the generation of peritoneal MCA. Such C-deficient rats nonetheless marshaled a substantial number of monocyte-derived macrophages into LM-induced exudates. The results suggest that MCA does not have an obligatory role in the attraction of macrophages into lesions in which there is a delayed inflammatory component. CoVF not only abrogated lymphocyte-dependent MCA in antigen-induced exudates but also decreased MCA of fresh and of heated normal rat serum. The serum of venom-treated animals could not be rendered chemotactic by C activation. It remains to be determined whether lymphocyte-dependent MCA is a product of antigen-stimulated T cells or is generated extracellularly by the interaction of T-cell factors with a humoral precursor. In any event, lymphocyte-dependent MCA differs from C-dependent MCA insofar as it is inactivated by heating (30 min at 56 °C).
Autoantibodies in healthy subjects of different age groups

Autoantibody determinations in 1284 healthy Caucasian subjects of various age groups were made by indirect immunofluorescence for anti-nuclear, anti-gastric, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. A sex-dependent relationship between age and prevalence of anti-gastric and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies was found. No association was found between age and anti-nuclear antibodies.
Transforming differential domains into sampled representations

The need often arises in dealing with sampled control mechanisms to transform physical system models into Z - domain representations. The technique discussed applies a dated, but powerful, matrix technique to form an effective algorithm for performing this transformation by computer.
Muscle-based perception: theory, research and implications for rehabilitation

BACKGROUND: Muscle-based perception of the spatial properties of limbs constrains the patterning, timing and magnitude of muscle forces while performing motor activities. The centrality of muscle-based perception to both ordinary and skilled actions warrants attention from the rehabilitation community, since deficits in its functioning would be related to important functional limitations. In this overview, we summarize a body of research that may be used to guide the development of effective assessment tools and rehabilitation programs that are specifically directed towards such deficits. OBJECTIVES: There were four specific aims: first, to present an information-based approach to muscle-based perception that is grounded in physical laws; second to identify central principles underlying muscle-based perception that have been revealed and supported by empirical work; third, to summarize reports that have investigated whether the principles identified can be generalized to muscle-based perception in individuals with sensory-motor impairments; and fourth to provide a preliminary discussion of the potential implications of the research presented here for issues relating to rehabilitation.
Two-fence concept for efficient trapping of vortices on airfoils

Previous work on the use of a vortex trapped above a wing in order to produce high lift at low angles of attack is extended here. It is first postulated that the optimum way to trap a vortex is to design the airfoil section and wing so that the flow along the vortex core is minimized. It is then shown that a vertical fence both in front of and behind the separation bubble generated by the trapped vortex is an effective way to reduce the mass flow removal and its associated drag to a negligible amount. In order to show that vertical surfaces upstream and downstream of the vortex separation bubble have an opposite effect on the source requirements for vortex trapping, conformal mapping methods are used to obtain the solutions for a variety of simple two-dimensional, inviscid, incompressible flow configurations. Trapped-vortex flowfield solutions for the flow over flat plate and Clark-Y airfoils are then used to demonstrate that the heights of the fences can be tailored to make the required mass withdrawal (and therefore, the drag due to trapping) to be vanishingly small.
A general formula for reactant conversion over a single catalyst particle in TAP pulse experiments

Abstract We obtain a general formula for reactant conversion in diffusion–reaction TAP systems over single non-porous catalyst particles as a product of two terms: α = P H × K . The first term, P H , is a purely geometric factor dependent only on the shape of the reactor and the shape and position of the catalyst particle, interpreted as the probability that an individual molecule of reactant will hit the catalyst before leaving the reactor. The second term, K = k τ H / ( 1 + k τ H ) , is a geometrical/chemical term involving the kinetic constant k and a transport characteristic (residence time in the catalyst zone, τ H ). Both P H and τ H can be effectively calculated for any given reactor-particle configuration. Our formula greatly extends the validity of a formula given in Shekhtman et al. [1999. Thin-zone TAP-reactor—theory and application. Chem. Eng. Sci. 54, 4371–4378] for thin-zone TAP-systems. It is derived by a probabilistic analysis of the residence time of individual molecular trajectories in chemically active regions. Our results are based on the theory previously developed in our paper [Feres, R., Yablonsky, G.S., Mueller, A., Baernstein, A., Zheng, X., Gleaves, J., 2009. Probabilistic analysis of transport-reaction processes over catalytic particles: theory and experimental testing. Chem. Eng. Sci. 64, 568–581].
Nanoporous spherical LiFePO4 for high performance cathodes

Micron sized, three dimensional (3D) nanoporous spherical LiFePO4/C synthesized by spray pyrolysis shows excellent cyclability and superior rate capability. The 3D conductive carbon coating and interconnected pore networks facilitate the kinetics of both electron transport and lithium ion diffusion within the particles.
Mandelstam representation for potential scattering

Abstract A proof of the Mandelstam representation for the scattering amplitude in the case of nonrelativistic potential scattering is given for a certain class of potentials. Fredholm theory and the Lehmann representation are employed in the proof. The unitarity condition is used to provide an iteration procedure for the exact determination of the weight function appearing in the Mandelstam representation, independent of the number of subtractions required in the latter. The analytic properties of the partial wave amplitudes can be easily read off from the Mandelstam representation. It is shown that in cases where the partial wave amplitudes can be represented by dispersion integrals without subtractions, they are uniquely determined, together with the energies of any bound states, in terms of the first Born approximation and the Mandelstam weight function, which is in principle known. In these circumstances, in effect, the Mandelstam representation and unitarity, together with the first Born approximation, completely define the nonrelativistic scattering problem in a way which replaces the Schrodinger equation. Some approximation methods are discussed and compared with exact solutions for s -wave amplitudes.
Radial diffusion in Saturn's radiation belts: A modeling analysis assuming satellite and ring E absorption

A modeling analysis is carried out of six experimental phase space density profiles for nearly equatorially mirroring protons using methods based on the approach of Thomsen et al. (1977). The form of the time-averaged radial diffusion coefficient D(L) that gives an optimal fit to the experimental profiles is determined under the assumption that simple satellite plus Ring E absorption of inwardly diffusing particles and steady-state radial diffusion are the dominant physical processes affecting the proton data in the L range that is modeled. An extension of the single-satellite model employed by Thomsen et al. to a model that includes multisatellite and ring absorption is described, and the procedures adopted for estimating characteristic satellite and ring absorption times are defined. The results obtained in applying three representative solid-body absorption models to evaluate D(L) in the range where L is between 4 and 16 are reported, and a study is made of the sensitivity of the preferred amplitude and L dependence for D(L) to the assumed model parameters. The inferred form of D(L) is then compared with that which would be predicted if various proposed physical mechanisms for driving magnetospheric radial diffusion are operative at Saturn.
The role of iodine in the pathogenesis of thyroid enlargement in rats with chronic renal failure.

In rats with mild renal failure produced by a ⅔ nephrectomy on one side followed by a total nephreetomy on the other, ingestion of a high (10 mg/kg) iodine diet for two months resulted in thyromegaly, high serum iodine levels and a good correlation between thyroid weight and serum iodine (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) or thyroid weight and blood urea nitrogen (r = 0.745, P < 0.01). Iodine may potentiate the effects of unidentified goitrogens that accumulate in rats with renal failure. Since the serum iodine levels were higher in the animals with renal failure, it is also possible that iodine alone may have been responsible for the observed differences in thyroid weight.
Concept mapping as an AID to lesson planning: A longitudinal study

Students in general and science-oriented curriculum courses used concept mapping as the basis for developing lesson plans, having first learned the technique through a “fast-track” approach developed by the author. Resulting lesson plans were high in quality with few, if any sequencing errors. Student attitude data showed general enthusiasm for using concept mapping as a lesson planning base, and mixed indications of likelihood of using concept mapping for lesson plan development in actual teaching situations.
Economic value of dairy herd improvement programs

Abstract Farm business records from 5,226 New York dairy farm-years during 1959 to 1968 were used to estimate the value of production testing records. There were 1,172 farm-year records with concurrent Dairy Herd Improvement records, 834 with Owner-Sampler records, and 3,220 without testing. Regression analysis using both quadratic and logarithmic production functions demonstrated a positive economic value for continuous production testing records for farms with either Dairy Herd Improvement or Owner-Sampler records. Economic return associated with production testing records increased as herd size increased and as the number of continuous years on test increased. Dairy Herd Improvement farms with 40 cows returned $50 profit after 1 yr of production testing records and $449 after 10 consecutive yr of production testing records. Owner-Sampler farms with 40 cows showed $160 to $1,602 profit with 1 to 10 yr of production testing records. Comparable values for a 70 cow Owner-Sampler farm were $418 to $4,181.
Exploring the relationship between cognitive effort exertion and regret in online vs. offline shopping

Modeled experienced regret as a function of cognitive effort and store location.Cognitive effort moderates the effect of store location on experienced regret.Modeled experienced regret as a function of information type and cognitive effort.Cognitive effort moderates the effect of information type on experienced regret. Decision making is a fundamental building block of people's lives. Each decision requires expenditure of cognitive effort, though to a varying degree, which is considered a valuable yet limited resource in the decision making literature. Though the importance of a cognitive effort minimization goal is well-established in the marketing literature, this paper examined how cognitive effort exertion can be useful to minimize negative emotions such as regret in the consumer decision making context. Study 1 explored the impact of cognitive effort on the experience of regret by conducting a 2 (Cognitive effort: High vs. Low)i?2 (Store type: Offline vs. Online) experiment and found higher cognitive effort exertion led to less regret after missing out on a lower price. This effect was most prominent in an offline purchase situation. Study 2 further examined the elements of online shopping that led to a higher regret by conducting a 2 (Cognitive effort: High vs. Low)i?2 (Type of Information: Touch vs. Visual) experiment. Study 2 confirmed the benefits of touch information in reducing experienced regret; but cognitive effort moderated this effect. Overall, the current studies contribute to the progression of knowledge between cognitive effort and experienced regret when shopping online and offline.
Joint confirmatory factor analyses of the DAS and WISC-R

This study investigated the joint factor structure of the Differential Abilities Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised for 115 children. Theoretically supportable models were compared to determine which model provided the best fit to the data. Competing theoretical models were Spearman's General factor, Wechsler's Verbal and Performance (and Freedom From Distractibility) factors, and Elliott's verbal, nonverbal, spatial, and diagnostic perspective. Elliott's model provided a significantly better fit to the data than the alternative models. Interestingly, the WISC-R Freedom From Distractibility factor was “pulled apart,” suggesting caution in interpreting it as a single entity.
Cold swim stress-induced changes in the levels of opioid peptides in the rat CNS and peripheral tissues.

Abstract Endogenous opioid peptides have been implicated in stress-induced analgesia and stress-induced feeding behavior. An earlier study from our laboratory showed that rats subjected to cold swim stress consumed significantly more food compared to controls [46]. The present study describes changes in the levels of various opioid peptides in the central nervous system and periphery due to cold swim stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cold swim stress (1°C for 5 min), then sacrificed by decapitation; brain, pituitary, adrenals and plasma were collected. Tissue extracts were assayed for opioid peptides by RIA. Cold swim stress resulted in analgesia which could be blocked by prior administration of naloxone, as observed by a tail-flick latency test. Cold swim stress caused a 42% decrease in pituitary β-endorphin, but increased the level of this peptide in the hypothalamus and plasma by 36% and 337%, respectively. Dynorphin level decreased by 62% in the hypothalamus, but was not affected in the pituitary. Levels of Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalin decreased in the adrenal gland by 37% and 18%, respectively, but were not significantly affected in the CNS. These results indicate that cold swim stress has a differential effect on the level of CNS and peripheral opioid peptides, and that both central and peripheral opioid peptides may be important in stress-induced analgesia and feeding behavior.
Instability phenomena during the RF heating and melting of ceramics

Abstract Solutions to the coupled nonlinear differential equations that govern the electromagnetic field and the temperature for the RF induction heating of infinitely long samples of poor electrical conductors whose electrical conductivity is an activated function of temperature can display multiple steady states. The surface temperature of the sample can be an S-shaped function of the applied RF power for certain values of the process parameters. For an RF skin depth that is large compared to the radius of a cylindrical sample, the relevant process parameters can be taken as measures of the applied RF power, the surface heat loss, and the ambient temperature. The low-temperature branch of the S represents a state in which there is hardly any electrical conduction while the high-temperature branch corresponds to a state in which the sample couples significantly to the RF field. The turning points of the S are characterized by critical values of temperature and applied RF field. The case of heat loss by radiation is analyzed in detail, but the instability phenomenon occurs for other loss mechanisms as well. For samples with sufficiently large thermal conductivities, the multiple steady states occur for ambient temperatures below a critical temperature equal to 0.134 times the temperature that characterizes the assumed activated increase of electrical conductivity. Samples with smaller values of thermal conductivity are nonisothermal and have S-curves that shift toward lower values of applied RF power as thermal conductivity is decreased. The case of skin depths comparable to or smaller than the sample radius can be analyzed by numerical methods and displays similar S-curves in the solid state as well as additional cusped S-curves related to the abrupt change, characteristic of ceramics, of electrical conductivity on melting. Experimental measurements on RF heating of silicon at 450 kHz confirm the existence of multiple steady states that correspond to the upper and lower branches of the S-curve; measurements place the upper knee of the S at 950 ± 50°C, in reasonable agreement with a calculated temperature of 850°C. Stable operation of crystal growth processes such as internal centrifugal zone growth and skull melting requires operation on the upper branch of the S-curve; this requires the use of high RF frequencies to attain small skin depths in most ceramic materials.