cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lower synaptic density is associated with psychiatric and cognitive alterations in obesity.

Obesity is a serious medical condition that often co-occurs with stress-related psychiatric disorders. It is recognized that the brain plays a key role in the (patho)physiology of obesity and that there is a bidirectional relationship between obesity and psychopathology, yet molecular mechanisms altered in obesity have not been fully elucidated. Thus, we investigated relationships between obesity and synaptic density in vivo using the radioligand [11C]UCB-J (which binds to synaptic glycoprotein SV2A) and positron emission tomography in individuals with obesity, and with or without stress-related psychiatric disorders. Regions of interest were the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Forty individuals with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 (overweight/obese), with (n = 28) or without (n = 12) psychiatric diagnosis, were compared to 30 age- and sex-matched normal weight individuals (BMI < 25), with (n = 14) or without (n = 16) psychiatric diagnosis. Overall, significantly lower synaptic density was observed in overweight/obese relative to normal weight participants (ηp2 = 0.193, F = 2.35, p = 0.042). Importantly, in participants with stress-related psychiatric diagnoses, we found BMI to be negatively correlated with synaptic density in all regions of interest (p ≤ 0.03), but no such relationship observed for mentally healthy controls (p ≥ 0.68). In the stress-related psychiatric groups, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex synaptic density was negatively associated with measures of worry (r = -0.46, p = 0.01), tension/anxiety (r = -0.38, p = 0.04), fatigue (r = -0.44, p = 0.02), and attentional difficulties (r = -0.44, p = 0.02). In summary, the findings of this novel in vivo experiment suggest compounding effects of obesity and stress-related psychopathology on the brain and the associated symptomatology that may impact functioning. This offers a novel biological mechanism for the relationship between overweight/obesity and stress-related psychiatric disorders that may guide future intervention development efforts.
Readmission and Complications for Catheter and Injection Femoral Nerve Block Administration After Total Knee Arthroplasty in the Medicare Population

There is general agreement that femoral nerve blocks (FNB) provide adequate immediate postoperative analgesia after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), although the effect of this technique on hospital readmission and other complications has not been quantified in a large sample. The Medicare 5% sample was used to identify TKA patients who were grouped according to postoperative FNB administration: FNB via injection; FNB via pain pump; and no FNB. Multivariate Cox regressions were used to evaluate risk factors for the postoperative outcomes. Both FNB groups were associated with a lower risk of readmission (30, 90 and 365 days, P<0.001). Future clinical studies may help elucidate whether the lower hospital readmissions may be associated with more effective pain control with the use of FNB.
How to do multi-way classification with two-way classifiers

A new principle for performing polychotomous classification with pairwise classifiers is introduced: if pairwise classifier Nij, trained to discriminate between classes i and j, responds "i" for an input x from an unknown class (not necessarily i or j), one can at best conclude that x ∉ j. Thus, the output of pairwise classifier Nij can be interpreted as a vote against the losing class j, and not, as existing methods propose, as a vote for the winning class i. Both a discrete and a continuous classification model derived from this principle are introduced.
Aortic allografts for left ventricular outflow tract replacement in children

Abstract Aortic allografts provide many advantages in children requiring left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) reconstruction. The low risk of thromboembolic events and freedom from the requirement for anticoagulation are primary benefits. Additionally, excellent hemodynamic results are possible even in the presence of multilevel obstruction. The pulmonary autograft has become the favored approach in most pediatric centers, as the limited longevity of the aortic allograft has now become apparent. However, some children are not candidates for the pulmonary autograft. Thus, the aortic allograft remains a useful aortic valve substitute in children. Using standard aortic root replacement (ARR) or extended aortic root replacement (EARR) techniques, aortic allografts can be used in any circumstance. Young age and small size are predictive of shortened valve longevity and higher operative mortality compared with older children. Reoperation to replace a degenerated aortic allograft can be accomplished safely. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Tensile Creep Rupture Behavior of Alumina‐Based Polycrystalline Oxide Fibers

Creep rupture tests have been performed on single filaments of 'Fiber FP' Al2O3 at 1150-1250 C and 'PRD-166' Al2O3-ZrO2 at 1150-1300 C. It is noted that, under similar conditions of applied stress and temperature, Al2O3 fiber creep rates were up to four times greater than those of Al2O3-ZrO2. Experimental creep rates were found to be slower than those calculated via Coble's (1963) constitutive relationship and faster than the rate calculated with the interface reaction-controlled relation of Burton (1972). The creep of these fibers therefore appears to be controlled by an interface reaction-limited grain-boundary diffusional process. 12 refs.
ECONOMIC DESIGN OF ATTRIBUTE CONTROL CHARTS FOR MULTIPLE ASSIGNABLE CAUSES

Two production models are presented for maintaining current control of an industrial process subject to a multiplicity of assignable causes. The formulated cost function includes the cost of inspection, charting, downtime, search for assignable cause, r..
Spectroscopy of traceroute delays

We analyze delays of traceroute probes, i.e. packets that elicit ICMP TimeExceeded messages, for a full range of probe sizes up to 9000 bytes as observed on unloaded high-end routers. Our ultimate motivation is to use traceroute RTTs for Internet mapping of router and PoP (ISP point-of-presence) level nodes, including potentially gleaning information on equipment models, link technologies, capacities, latencies, and spatial positions. To our knowledge it is the first study to examine in a reliable testbed setting the detailed statistics of ICMP response generation. We find that two fundamental assumptions about ICMP often do not hold in modern routers, namely that ICMP delays are a linear function of packet size and that ICMP generation rate is equal to the capacity of the inteface on which probes are received. The primary causes of these violations appear to be optimizations that suppress size dependence, e.g. buffer carving, and rate-limiting of internal ICMP packet and bit rates. Our results suggest that the linear model of packet delay as a function of packet size merits revisiting for many situations, especially for packets over 1500 bytes. Our findings also suggest possibilities of developing new techniques for bandwidth estimation and router fingerprinting.
Prevalence of periconceptional folic acid use and perceived barriers to the postgestation continuance of supplemental folic acid: survey results from a Teratogen Information Service.

BACKGROUND Fewer than 40% of U.S. women are taking folic acid supplements periconceptionally at a time when the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) can be reduced by supplementation. A better understanding of the vitamin-taking habits of childbearing-age women and effective methods for improving periconceptional supplement use are needed. METHODS A telephone survey conducted through the California Teratogen Information Service (TIS) between August 2003 and January 2004 assessed the prevalence and characteristics of pregnant callers who did not use folic acid supplements in the periconceptional period, and explored attitudes toward advice to continue vitamin use following pregnancy in order to be protected in a future pregnancy. RESULTS A total of 327 pregnant women who called the TIS for information agreed to participate in the survey. More than half (53.2%) were not taking folic acid–containing supplements in the periconceptional period. Predictors of lack of use included a higher prepregnancy body mass index, younger maternal age, non-white race/ethnicity, lower education level, and unplanned pregnancy. One-quarter of the women said they would be willing to continue taking vitamins after the pregnancy if advised to do so by a physician. The remainder identified obstacles to following that advice—notably, not planning to become pregnant again and the belief that enough folate is derived from diet alone. CONCLUSIONS More than half of the callers to the TIS were not compliant with recommendations regarding periconceptional folic acid supplementation. This represents an opportunity for TIS specialists and physicians to intervene in a current pregnancy to encourage maintenance of supplement use in the subsequent interpregnancy interval. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social vigilantism and reported use of strategies to resist persuasion

Abstract We assessed the unique contribution of social vigilantism (SV; the tendency to impress and propagate one’s “superior” beliefs onto others to correct others’ more “ignorant” opinions) in predicting participants’ reported use of strategies to resist persuasion. Consistent with hypotheses, SV was uniquely and positively associated with reported use of several resistance strategies (including counterarguing, impressing views, social validation, negative affect, and source derogation) in response to challenges above and beyond the effects of argumentativeness, attitude strength, and topic (in Study 1, the issue was abortion; in Study 2, the war in Iraq or the constitutional rights of pornographers). These studies indicate that social vigilantism is an important individual difference variable in the process of attitude resistance.
Air contaminant exposures during the operation of lawn and garden equipment.

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated the Small Engine Exposure Study (SEES) to evaluate potential exposures among users of small, gasoline-powered, non-road spark-ignition (SI) lawn and garden engines. Equipment tested included riding tractors, walk-behind lawn mowers, string trimmers, and chainsaws. Personal and background air quality measurements were collected on equipment operators for carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter ⩽2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and aldehydes. PM2.5 measurements included continuous and integrated mass, elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), and trace metals. Aldehyde measurements included speciation for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The results demonstrated that equipment operators can experience elevated exposures to CO, PM2.5 and air toxics while operating these engines. Ten-second average CO personal exposures spanned over two orders of magnitude, with short-term concentrations exceeding 120 p.p.m. for some engine applications tested. PM2.5 concentrations averaged over each engine test period also spanned two orders of magnitude. The results also suggest that health standards, such as the CO and PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), may be exceeded for certain equipment types under certain operating scenarios. Aldehyde measurements suggested exposures from primary engine emissions that exceed typical ambient concentrations, but do not exceed occupational health standards. Continuous exposure measurements illustrated the important role of the operator's activity and environmental conditions in affecting exposure levels.
Applying Learner-Centered Principles to Teaching Human Behavior in the Social Environment in a Baccalaureate Program

Changes in the demographics of American undergraduate students must be addressed by changes in delivery of the curriculum. The learner-centered approach to education helps to recognize and integrate student diversity with class exercises and assignments designed to help students meet course learning outcomes. This article applies the American Psychological Association's Learner-Centered Psychological Principles to a BSW course in human behavior in the social environment. The learner-centered environment incorporates students' individual learning styles and promotes critical thinking necessary for students to satisfy both the CSWE standards for accredited social work programs and those of the social work profession.
Thunderstorm Runoff in Southeastern Arizona

Air-mass thunderstorm rainfall produces the major floods on small [100 sq mile (259 km² or less)] rangeland watersheds in the southwest. The intense central volume of thunderstorm rainfall, referred to as the core of runoff-producing rainfall, is correlated to peak discharge. The core was represented by the maximum 30-min. depth of rainfall at each gage as estimated from a dense rain gage network on the ARS Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed. Physical limits are considered for thunderstorm rainfall and runoff in the southwest. These limits are important because of the scarcity of records and the uncertainties involved in extrapolating short records to longer recurrence intervals. Some upper limits for peak discharges are suggested for different sized Walnut Gulch watersheds, and the variances of the individual predictions are estimated through least squares fitting of the sample data.
Choosing among two-dimensional smoothers in practice

Abstract Seven smoothers representing two general classes of smoothers are evaluated in terms of their ability to capture patterns and ignore random fluctuations in two-dimensional structures. Two patterns are generated as responses at locations representing the coordinates of 86 counties within 500 miles of San Francisco: a null pattern, having a constant level surface, and a structured pattern, having a ridge, peak, and a depression in the surface. Three levels of Gaussian noise are assessed as typical of the sizes of variation that arise in connection with measurement error models or with disease mortality rates. Two criteria used to evaluate the smoothers suggest that weighted averages (weights inversely proportional to the square of the distance) and a nonlinear smoother proposed by Tukey (headbanging) are likely to be the most successful in practice.
Critical Moments as “Change” in Negotiation

The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0748-4526.2004.00000.x
What's Wrong with Access Control in the Real World?

This article enumerates some simplifying assumptions the security community has made in its effort to gain traction with the access control problem. For many environments, a dramatic and painful mismatch seems to exist between these simplifying assumptions and reality. The authors argue that effective security in these environments might therefore require rethinking these assumptions.
The Public Policy of Motherhood

Parents seeking to balance their work lives with family responsibilities often find the challenge made more difficult by outdated images of the ideal worker, the good mother, and the good father. Social and legal constraints on mothers' choices exacerbate the problem. While other countries have implemented national work/family policies, the climate in the United States seems unreceptive to federal government mandates for meaningful changes in employees' work hours, schedules, and paid leave, or for sweeping new child care subsidies. As a viable interim measure, we propose a statute forbidding discrimination based on family responsibilities, which would tap deeply-felt values about the importance of family caregiving, serve as an important symbolic statement, and be useful to courts.
Noma: A disease of poverty presenting at an urban hospital in the United States

Noma, also known as cancrum oris or the face of poverty, is a rapidly progressive polymicrobial opportunistic infection resulting in orofacial gangrene and eventually death if untreated. The etiopathogenesis of the disease has been attributed to extreme malnutrition, dehydration, and inadequate oral hygiene.1, 2 Noma is primarily observed among children younger than 6 years in countries with a low human development index, with the highest incidence occurring in the noma belt, which extends from sub-Saharan West Africa to central Sudan.3 Cases in adults and citizens of high income countries are exceedingly rare and have been limited to those with immunodysfunction.4, 5, 6 We report a case of noma in an immunocompetent man who presented to an urban hospital in the United States.
Alternative Education Strategies: Reducing Violence in School and the Community

Alternative education programs are expanding in the United States due to zero-tolerance policies, changes in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, increases in youth violence and school failure, and knowledge of the developmental trajectories leading to antisocial behavior. At the same time, there is little research evidence of the efficacy of these programs due to great diversity in approaches, populations served, and locations of the programs. In this article we provide a review of teaching strategies expected to be effective in alternative education programs for students who are at risk for school failure, dropout, delinquency, and violence. We discuss the need for alternative educational programs for students in both special and general education, describe research-based and recommended alternative education strategies, and offer suggestions for program development.
Managing international high technology cooperative projects

The recent attention given to Strategic Alliances and Technological Partnering, in a variety of commercial and governmental contexts, has grown much faster than our detailed understanding of how such arrangements work. For some time, however, military agencies in the NATO countries have been involved in a number of high-technology cooperative projects, resulting in the co-development of new weapon systems. This paper examines fourteen such case studies (six that were relatively successful and eight that were less successful) and attempts to draw lessons from the experiences of these projects. Among the lessons which are strongly represented in this set of projects are: the importance of insulating the projects from the vagaries of international politics, the need to provide strong project leadership and a forum for partners to work out their differences, and the bestowal of significant authority in the hands of the project manager.
Energy Dissipation and Upwelling in a Western Boundary Current

Abstract Energy dissipation in a western boundary current begins with the conversion of mean potential energy into kinetic energy of “primary” eddies. The rate of this energy conversion is taken to equal the total energy dissipation rate, in analogy with the energy cascade of laboratory turbulence. The growth of primary eddies is due to baroclinic instability, and implies the rising of relatively light fluid, sinking of heavy fluid. An inviscid, nondiffusive model adequately describes this process and yields a quantitative relationship between the dissipation rate and upward-downward motions. In statistically steady flow, an eddy mass transport arises from the correlation of cross-stream velocity and isentropic layer thickness which is proportional to the energy dissipation rate. In this manner, the rate of upwelling of upper thermocline fluid and/or the downwelling of heavier fluid comes to determine the energy dissipation rate. Conversely, a given energy dissipation rate implies upwelling or downwelling...
Effect of γ-Al2O3 substrate on NO2 interaction with supported BaO clusters

BaO oxide is the main storage component of the NOx storage and reduction catalysts. Herein, the interactions between the NO2 molecule and the unsupported as well as γ-Al2O3 supported BaO clusters have been studied using the first principle density functional theory calculation. Our results indicated that there is a strong synergetic effect involving both the BaO clusters and the surface of the γ-Al2O3 substrate toward NO2 adsorption. The interfacial region between the monodispersed BaO cluster and the substrate surface that allows NO2 to bond with the cluster and the surface simultaneously was shown to be optimal for NO2 adsorption.
Pressure dependence of the longitudinal resonance frequency of 3He superfluid phases in aerogel

Pulsed NMR measurements have been performed on superfluid 3He within a 98% porosity aerogel over a pressure range of 8 to 26 bar. The aerogel sample is homogeneous and isotropic as indicated by in situ optical birefringence and, on similarly prepared samples, using SAXS characterization [1]. Two different superfluid phases are observed at low temperature. The two phases are identified as the same as the A and B-phases in pure 3He, from tip angle measurement and the NMR equations of Leggett [2]. The pressure and temperature dependence of the longitudinal resonance frequency of each phase is reported in this article.
A Geography Undergraduate Course in Multiculturalism

Abstract Increasing multicultural course offerings in the undergraduate curriculum is a challenge for geography programs. Effective approaches to teaching multicultural geography of the United States include emphasizing institutional affects on minority populations and the life experiences and geographic expressions of minority groups. This article shares teaching and learning strategies and specific content for an undergraduate course that may serve as a guide in developing classes on American pluralism. This type of course highlights the richness of American cultural diversity.
Interference-aware routing for multi-hop Wireless Mesh Networks

Interference is a major factor that limits the performance of wireless networks. In this work, we present a practical IEEE-802.11-based routing model that captures the dynamic effects of interference in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN). This is achieved by accurately modeling wireless link capacities in the presence of any number of interferers in a WMN. Our goal is to maximize the network throughput by routing the traffic of all source-destination pairs over the best possible set of routes. We study our methods on two sample networks: a grid WMN and a practical WMN (the Kemper Hall wireless network). In each example, we compare the performance of the proposed routing model with the standard Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), a popular routing protocol. The aggregate network throughput achieved by our model is significantly higher than that achieved by OSPF.
Signalling the molecular stress response to nephrotoxic and mutagenic cysteine conjugates: differential roles for protein synthesis and calcium in the induction of c-fos and c-myc mRNA in LLC-PK1 cells

Nephrotoxic and mutagenic cysteine conjugates (NCC) are activated by the enzyme cysteine conjugate, beta-lyase, to reactive acylating species which bind covalently to cellular macromolecules. We now show that an early event after treatment of LLC-PK1 cells with NCC is the induction of mRNA for both c-fos and c-myc. Treatment with S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) induced c-fos (53-fold) and c-myc mRNA (20-fold) and increased transcription about 3-fold for both genes. Covalent binding was required for induction of both mRNAs. Dithiothreitol partially prevented induction of both c-fos and c-myc RNA. Buffering the DCVC-induced increase in cytosolic free calcium had no effect on c-fos mRNA, but partially blocked c-myc mRNA induction. Cycloheximide blocked the induction of c-myc mRNA in the absence of an effect on c-fos induction. The data suggest that the increase in c-fos mRNA is a primary response to DCVC toxicity and occurs without a requirement for protein synthesis or an increase in intracellular free calcium. In contrast, c-myc induction requires protein synthesis, suggesting that the presence of another primary response factor may regulate induction either transcriptionally or posttranscriptionally. The data suggest that different signalling pathways regulate induction of c-fos and c-myc mRNA in response to stress caused by reactive acylating species.
The Semi-Formal Sector and the Turkish Political Economy

The general dichotomy in developing economies between the ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ economic sectors needs to be refined to account for the ‘semi‐formal’ sector: one whose activities appear to be governed by formal rules and procedures but are, in fact, largely unregulated and unrecorded by the state. Using Turkey as an example of a transitional, developing economy, the paper situates the semi‐formal sector in relation to the other two. Also important to examine is the level of autonomy which the semi‐formal sector enjoys in relation to the state and other economic sectors. Autonomy depends on access to resources, and the use of these resources in pursuit of economic, political, or socio‐cultural agendas. Three comparative lessons can be drawn: 1) despite state endeavours, a sizeable portion of seemingly formal economic activities go unreported and unregulated; 2) the semi‐formal sector helps the perpetuation of a mutually beneficial relationship of mutual neglect between state and society; and, 3) the sect...
ALTERNATIVES TO HAVING A BATNA IN DYADIC NEGOTIATION: THE INFLUENCE OF GOALS, SELF‐EFFICACY, AND ALTERNATIVES ON NEGOTIATED OUTCOMES

Negotiators with a BATNA (best alternative to the negotiated agreement) obtain higher individual outcomes and a larger percentage of the dyadic outcomes than individuals without a BATNA. This study examined if three mechanisms related to a BATNA, an alternative, a specific goal, and self‐efficacy, independently or in combination, influence outcomes. Six of the eight combinations resulted in higher individual outcomes. An alternative coupled with a goal or self‐efficacy resulted in a higher percent of dyadic outcomes and higher impasse rates.
Impurity diffusion through Nafion and ceramic separators used for electrolytic purification of spent chromium plating solutions

Abstract In this study, diffusion coefficients of cations (Cu(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III)) through a Nafion membrane were measured with a two-compartment cell and using a technique that monitored pH change during ion exchange. In the cell experiments the single ion diffusion coefficients of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III) were 1.04×10 −6 , 8.36×10 −7 , and 4.24×10 −7 cm 2 /s, respectively. In the pH monitoring experiments they were similar (1.26×10 −6 and 6.23×10 −7 cm 2 /s for Cu(II) and Ni(II), respectively). As expected, the trivalent cations diffused slower than the divalent cations through the membrane. Diffusion coefficients increased with decreasing pH especially when pH was below 1. The Arrhenius equation well characterized the variations in the diffusion coefficients through the Nafion membrane measured at different temperatures. In the presence of other ions the measured diffusion coefficients increased slightly. In the ceramic membrane diffusion coefficients were larger than in the Nafion membrane (3.64×10 −6 , 3.04×10 −6 , and 1.68×10 −6 cm 2 /s for Cu(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III), respectively). The approximate tortuosity factors of the Nafion membrane and ceramic membrane were 5 and 1.6 for Cu(II), respectively. The species concentration variation in the system was accurately predicted using a model based on Fick’s second law.
Hypertextbooks and a Hypertextbook authoring environment

An ITiCSE 2006 working group explored the prospect of deploying educational visualizations (e.g., algorithm visualizations) in hypertextbooks [10]. In this paper we present our continuing work on a hypertextbook project that demonstrates the viability of many of the issues raised in that workshop. The project has two thrusts: (1) the authoring of hypertextbooks for specific academic subjects, and (2) the creation of an authoring environment for prospective hypertextbook authors. The status of both is discussed in detail. It is anticipated that the success of the project as well as access to the authoring environment will inspire the creation of more active-learning hypertextbooks covering many academic subjects.
Electrowetting and electrowetting-on-dielectric for microscale liquid handling

This paper deals with electrowetting (EW) and electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) principles applied to microfluidic devices. EW and EWOD are principles that can control wettability of liquids on solid surfaces using electric potential. While EW is controlling wettability of a certain electrolyte on a metal electrode by varying electric energy across the electrical double layer (EDL), EWOD applies to virtually any aqueous liquid by varying electric energy across the thin dielectric film between the liquid and conducting substrate. These driving mechanisms have many advantages. By electrically changing the wettability of each of the electrode patterns on a surface, a liquid on these electrodes can be shaped and driven along the active electrodes, making microfluidics extremely simple both for device fabrication and operation. It is also worth noting that, driven by surface tension, the mechanism becomes more effective as the size of the device becomes smaller. This paper describes fundamental concepts and the proof-of-concept experiments, modeling and design, microfabrication processes, and initial testing results for the microfluidic devices based on the EW and EWOD principles.
499 IMPACT OF POLICY CHANGES ON INPATIENT CARE

Between Oct., ′75 & Feb., ′76, policies were changed to reduce unnecessary hospitalizations, decrease unnecessary hospital days and improve care on the pediatric service of a municipal hospital. These included screening of all admissions by a senior resident, elimination of part-time attendings, increasing ward time of full-time attendings and frequent review of reasons for continued hospitalization. To assess the effect of these changes, approximately 100 records each from March ′75, ′76, and ′77 were examined retrospectively by the authors (cf. Table): Utilization of service was improved as evidenced by significant decreases in the number of admissions per ER visit, in the percent of patients inappropriately hospitalized, in the overall length of stay, and in the percent of unnecessary days spent in the hospital. Patient care was improved as demonstrated by significant decreases in the percent of patients with a delay in diagnosis or inappropriate treatment. We conclude that changes in policy can significantly improve hospital utilization and the quality of patient care even in a large municipal hospital.
A GDP/GTP Exchange Factor Involved in Linking a Spatial Landmark to Cell Polarity

In both animal and yeast cells, signaling pathways involving small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) regulate polarized organization of the actin cytoskeleton. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Ras-like GTPase Bud1/Rsr1 and its guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP)/guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) exchange factor Bud5 are involved in the selection of a specific site for growth, thus determining cell polarity. We found that Bud5 is localized at the cell division site and the presumptive bud site. Its localization is dependent on potential cellular landmarks, such as Bud3 and Axl2/Bud10 in haploid cells and Bud8 and Bud9 in diploid cells. Bud5 also physically interacts with Axl2/Bud10, a transmembrane glycoprotein, suggesting that a receptor-like transmembrane protein recruits a GDP/GTP exchange factor to connect an intrinsic spatial signal to oriented cell growth.
Stress intensity factors in a fully interacting, multicracked, isotropic plate

An essential part of describing the damage state and predicting the damage growth in a multicracked plate is the accurate calculation of stress intensity factors (SIF's). Analytical derivations of these SIF's for a multicraked plate can be complex and tedious. Recent advances, however, in intelligent application of symbolic computation can overcome these difficulties and provide the means to rigorously and efficiently analyze this class of problems. Here, the symbolic algorithm required to implement the methodology for the rigorous solution of the system of singular integral equations for SIF's is presented. The special problem-oriented symbolic functions to derive the fundamental kernels are described, and the associated automatically generated FORTRAN subroutines are given. As a result, a symbolic/FORTRAN package named SYMFRAC, capable of providing accurate SIF's at each crack tip, has been developed and validated.
On Interorganizational Dependence and Social Power: A Follow-up of Zemanek and McIntyre:

Lingering conceptual, theoretical, and operational issues contained in the Zemanek and McIntyre (1998) study of social power and dependence are addressed. Suggestions for refinement and possible qualification of the referent implications for research include (1) clarification of the role of interdependence in mutual power levels, (2) distinction between underlying dependence and resulting power in a social dyad, and (3) discussion of problems with existing methods of measuring power and dependence. A new direction for measurement of social power is also proposed.
Aquifer/aquitard interfaces: Mixing zones that enhance biogeochemical reactions

Several important biogeochemical reactions are known to occur near the interface between aquifer and aquitard sediments. These reactions include O2 reduction; denitrification; and Fe3+, SO4 2–, and CO2 (methanogenesis) reduction. In some settings, these reactions occur on the aquitard side of the interface as electron acceptors move from the aquifer into the electron-donor-enriched aquitard. In other settings, these reactions occur on the aquifer side of the interface as electron donors move from the aquitard into the electron-acceptor-enriched, or microorganism-enriched, aquifer. Thus, the aquifer/aquitard interface represents a mixing zone capable of supporting greater microbial activity than either hydrogeologic unit alone. The extent to which biogeochemical reactions proceed in the mixing zone and the width of the mixing zone depend on several factors, including the abundance and solubility of electron acceptors and donors on either side of the interface and the rate at which electron acceptors and donors react and move across the interface. Biogeochemical reactions near the aquifer/aquitard interface can have a substantial influence on the chemistry of water in aquifers and on the chemistry of sediments near the interface.
The Use of Isozymes in Distinguishing the Sexual and Somatic Hybrids in Callus Cultures Derived from Nicotiana

Summary Callus from Nicotiana glauca GRAH., N. langsdorfii WEINM. and from their sexual (amphiploid) and somatic hybrids were examined for isozymes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques. Zymograms were obtained for three dehydrogenases (lactate, glutamate and alcohol) for aminopeptidase and for esterase. Each enzyme exhibit distinct and consistent bands. Somatic hybrids as well as the amphiploid could be distinguished from the parents when the combined zymogram of lactate and alcohol dehydrogenase was used. The zymograms obtained for the aminopeptidase clearly demonstrated differences between hybrids and the parents. The growth, flowering habits and the tendency for tumorization of the plants derived from the somatic hybrid all were similar to those of the amphiploid.
A Phenomenology of Emotional Trauma: Around and About the Things Themselves

This paper seeks to provide a noetic analysis of emotional trauma. It highlights three essential features of trauma, as well as one non-essential feature, and attempts to make sense of them phenomenologically. The first essential feature of trauma that the paper considers is the disbelief that pervades traumatic experience. When traumatized, we cannot believe that the traumatic event has taken place. This is because we will, not for the event not to have happened—we cannot will something that is in the past—but to believe that it did not happen so as to shield ourselves from our painful emotional response to it. The second essential feature of trauma is our inability to distinctly categorially intuit the central state of affairs around which our trauma revolves. The traumatic situation is literally unthinkable by us, for it is incongruent with both our expectations regarding the subject of the trauma and our horizon of sense more generally. The third essential feature of trauma is the temporal disorientation that it brings about. Such disorientation arises from our prolonged and single-minded attention to an increasingly complex categorial object: the traumatic situation. Finally, the paper considers a non-essential feature of trauma, namely, how traumatic experience can motivate phenomenological and scientific reactions.
Ontogeny of territoriality in the desert clicker Ligurotettix coquilletti (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Field observations and experiments showed that settlement prior to reproductive maturation strongly influenced territorial success in the desert clicker(Ligurotettix coquilletti), an acridid grasshopper in which males defend individual host plants (Larrea tridentata bushes) as mating arenas. High tendencies to move and reposition among the host plants were displayed in two distinct episodes. The first occurred during early nymphal development, and it resulted in many individuals settling on “high-quality”Larrea bushes. Prior work showed thatL. coquilletti that fed on foliage from these specific bushes exhibited higher relative growth rates and therefore were expected to eclose sooner. Early-eclosing males enjoyed a “priority” advantage in defending high-quality bushes as mating territories, and they consequently encountered more females and mated more frequently. Despite the distribution of most insects on high-quality bushes at the time of eclosion, though, a second movement episode occurred shortly thereafter. This reshuffling contrasts markedly with the site fidelity of mature adult males, most of which settle on mating territories, and it may function as a means of examining an enlarged sample of potential sites. The above results imply that territorial success of maleL. coquilletti does not result from retaining sites defended by the parents. This point is also supported by the finding that females do not oviposit particularly close to theLarrea bushes in which they reside regardless of their quality; most egg pods are deposited in bare soil midway between the bushes. Nonetheless, certain oviposition sites may be conducive to earlier hatch, and this can lead to earlier eclosion and ultimately to defense of a valuable territory. Therefore, the parental generation, through selective oviposition, may yet influence the success of their male offspring.
A systematic comparison of instructional techniques for parents

Instructions in time out procedures were given to 77 mothers of young children. Subjects were trained in accordance with one of four instructional techniques: Written Presentation; Lecture Presentation; Videotaped Modeling Presentation; Modeling Coupled with Roleplaying of Each Aspect of Time Out. A No Treatment control group was also employed. Following treatment, no significant difference was found between the four instructional techniques when a questionnaire assessment of knowledge of time out was evaluated; however, all instructional techniques were superior to no treatment. Assessment of subject's ability to apply time out to a child in simulated situations presented on audiotape showed modeling coupled with roleplaying to be superior to either written presentation or lecture but not to modeling alone.
A Dynamic Model of Microscale Contact Breaking in RF MEMS Switches

For many applications, radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switches require very fast switching times so that they are capable of switching thousands of times each second. Contact adhesion tends to slow switches by increasing the time required to break the contact and open the switch. Previous work showed that typical switches have a contact opening time exceeding 1 ms, which is far too slow for many applications. This paper presents a dynamic, transient model to predict the time required to break the contact. The model considers both the motion of the switch body and the adhesion at the contact. The model has been validated by comparing it to experimental data. The model shows that vibrations in the switch body can be instrumental in dramatically reducing contact opening time by a factor of nearly 1000, leading to acceptable switch speeds.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Estradiol regulation of secretory component in the female reproductive tract

Abstract Secretions of the female reproductive tract during the estrous cycle and following steroid treatment of ovariectomized rats were analyzed to determine whether the female sex hormones had a regulatory role on the presence of secretory component. Examination of uterine flushings by Ouchterlony analysis indicated that secretory component appears in secretions primarily at the proestrous stage of the estrous cycle. Few positive reactions were observed at estrus, while none were found at day 2 of diestrus. Changes in secretory component in vaginal flushings were also observed. Unlike the uterus, however, secretory component was present at estrus, but not at proestrus or diestrus. When uteri were surgically separated from vaginae, secretory component could not be detected in vaginal flushings indicating that vaginal secretory component is probably of uterine origin. The changes in secretory component during the estrous cycle are most likely due to estradiol. Of those hormones tested, only estradiol administration to ovariectomized rats resulted in the appearance of secretory component in the uterine lumen. Secretory component was detected initially at 24 h after the second daily injection of estradiol. This response was not present in saline-injected controls and coincided with the accumulation of polymeric IgA in uterine fluid. Secretory component was not detected after 3 days of treatment with progesterone or cortisol. Nafoxidine, however, an antiestrogen that at higher doses has an estrogenic effect on uterine epithelial cells, increased free secretory component in the uterine lumen. Immunoelectrophoresis of proestrous uterine fluid demonstrated that secretory component is present as both free and bound to IgA (secretory IgA). The results of this study indicate that estradiol plays an important role in the regulation of the uterine secretory component. Further, it suggests that secretory component mediates the movement of IgA from tissue into the lumen of the rat uterus.
Quantum-classical Electrodynamic Field Correspondence in Quantum Optics

Abstract It is shown that causality is not violated in the classical electrodynamic description of radiation reaction provided a physically appropriate form of the classical field is used. As a consequence the classical and quantum electrodynamic theories of a bound electron have a similar mathematical structure.
GSK-3 Promotes Conditional Association of CREB and Its Coactivators with MEIS1 to Facilitate HOX-Mediated Transcription and Oncogenesis

Acute leukemias induced by MLL chimeric oncoproteins are among the subset of cancers distinguished by a paradoxical dependence on GSK-3 kinase activity for sustained proliferation. We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias.
Shape estimation of a circular antenna from observations on the boundary

A smoothing algorithm for estimating the shape of a circular antenna from boundary observations is described. We consider a homogenized static antenna model, consisting of a single partial differential equation with mixed boundary conditions. An exact expression is derived for the smoother, and a suitable approximation is calculated. An FFT based implementation is found to be computationally efficient. Simulation results for 8, 16, 32 and 64 sensors are given, indicating a point of diminishing returns in adding more sensors.
The future of radiology.

It has been my good fortune to live and practice radiology during a long period of momentous change – to see the transformation of the discipline from a supportive service into a mainstream, essential branch of clinical medicine. I remember wearing red goggles to adapt my vision before performing fluoroscopy; observing the horrible, now thankfully obsolete, practice of ventriculography, which was considered advanced neuroradiology; and performing other, now rarely prescribed procedures, such as double-contrast barium enemas and intravenous pyelography. Witnessing the beginnings of interventional radiology, I suggested its name in an editorial.1 I also had the good fortune to see the introduction of computed tomography (CT) and a technology first known as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Together with fellow members of a committee of the American College of Radiology and editors of prestigious radiological journals, I took part in changing the name of the latter modality to MRI, freeing it from threatening implications. Looking back on these experiences, one lesson stands out above all: Innovation and transformation never cease. Looking forward, it is clear that radiology, along with the rest of medicine, is now undergoing further momentous changes that will affect the future of all those already practicing as well as those yet to start their careers.2
The logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia.

Purpose The aim of this review is to explore the evolution of the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia as a distinct clinical entity and to outline recent advances that have clarified its clinical characteristics, neural underpinnings and potential genetic and pathological bases. This is particularly relevant as researchers attempt to identify clinico-pathological relationships in subtypes of primary progressive aphasia in hopes of utilizing language phenotype as a marker of underlying disease.
Variation and share-weighted variation swaps on time-changed Lévy processes

For a family of functions G, we define the G-variation, which generalizes power variation; G-variation swaps, which pay the G-variation of the returns on an underlying share price F; and share-weighted G-variation swaps, which pay the integral of F with respect to G-variation. For instance, the case G(x)=x 2 reduces these notions to, respectively, quadratic variation, variance swaps, and gamma swaps. We prove that a multiple of a log contract prices a G-variation swap, and a multiple of an FlogF contract prices a share-weighted G-variation swap, under arbitrary exponential Levy dynamics, stochastically time-changed by an arbitrary continuous clock having arbitrary correlation with the Levy driver, under integrability conditions. We solve for the multipliers, which depend only on the Levy process, not on the clock. In the case of quadratic G and continuity of the underlying paths, each valuation multiplier is 2, recovering the standard no-jump variance and gamma-swap pricing results. In the presence of jump risk, however, we show that the valuation multiplier differs from 2, in a way that relates (positively or negatively, depending on the specified G) to the Levy measure’s skewness. In three directions this work extends Carr–Lee–Wu, which priced only variance swaps. First, we generalize from quadratic variation to G-variation; second, we solve for not only unweighted but also share-weighted payoffs; and third, we apply these tools to analyze and minimize the risk in a family of hedging strategies for G-variation.