cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders in an aluminum smelter

A cross-sectional study of selected jobs in an aluminum smelter was conducted to assess the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMDs), and to estimate their association with physical and psychosocial characteristics of the jobs. A structured interview and physical exam were used to assess the musculoskeletal health status of the participants, and a self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the psychosocial factors. Observational job analysis was conducted to evaluate 37 potential physical risk factors. Complete data were available for 104 subjects. The prevalence of WMDs on interview and physical exam were 0.8%, 14.9%, 11.6%, 14.9%, and 17.4% for the neck, shoulder, elbow/forearm, hand/wrist, and low back regions, respectively. Unconditional multiple logistic regression was used to model the relationship between physical and psychosocial factors and health status. Years of forearm twisting were found to be a significant predictor for hand/wrist disorders on interview (OR = 17, 95% CI = 2.9–106); for elbow/foream disorders on physical exam and interview (OR = 37, 95% CI = 3.0–470); and for shoulder disorders on interview (OR = 92, 95% CI = 7.3–∞) and on interview and physical exam (OR = 46, 95% CI = 3.8–550). Low decision latitude was also found to be significant for the shoulder on interview (OR = 4.5, 95% CI = 1.3–16). High job satisfaction (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 1.4–25) and low social support (OR = 5.3, 95% CI = 1.3–22) were associated with low back pain report on interview; only high job satisfaction (OR = 5.3, 95% CI = 1.1–26) was associated with low back pain on both interview and physical exam. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32:66-75, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments: a 22-year record of sulphur dioxide and ash emissions

* Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology (NASA/UMBC), University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. Email: scarn@umbc.edu † Department of Geological Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA. ‡ Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology (GEST) Center, Code 916, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
Infinite conical well: An analytic model for quantum mechanical hindered rotors

The rotational quantum mechanics of a new analytic model for a hindered rotor is presented, and rotational-state distributions of the hindered rotor are given in terms of unhindered rotor states.
Caring in a technology-mediated online high school context

The objective of this study was to describe how caring is experienced in the technology-mediated context of the Open High School in Utah, an online charter high school. Two female teachers, two male students, and two female students were interviewed three times over 9 months regarding their experience of caring teacher–student interactions. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Discovered themes were then organized into three superordinate themes: engrossment, motivational displacement, and reciprocity. Results suggest not only that caring interactions are possible in the online context, but also that specific caring pedagogies can strengthen the teacher–student relationship online. Additionally, evidence indicates that student reactions play an important role in caring in the online medium.
“Ye Shall Be As Gods Knowing Good and Evil”: Using the Bible to Teach Conflict

Abstract Theology courses can offer perspective on a multitude of other disciplines. The course described in this article is one model of how theology and other courses might be integrated to provide a theological perspective on a topic. For our purposes, biblical studies and conflict were combined. The model, however, may serve as impetus and inspiration for other disciplines to provide an opportunity for integrated learning. This article describes how the case study method was used with biblical studies to explore another discipline, conflict and negotiation.
The Prospects of a Sapir Renaissance in Linguistics

SUMMARYThis brief presentation reconstructed on the basis of a tape recording a quarter-century after the date of its original delivery is hardly more than an informal causerie, which the speaker never expected to see in print some day. However, it represents an interesting document in the history of American linguistics in that it mirrors the mood of the late 1950s, a decade marked by first attempts to revive interest in certain characteristic aspects of Sapir's oeuvre. In addition, it exemplifies the particular appeal of Sapir's thinking and style of scientific argumentation to younger intellectuals born, raised, and educated in Europe, whose careers later unfolded on New World campuses.RESUMECette breve allocution reconstruite a la base d'un enregistrement magne-tophonique au bout de 25 ans n'aspirait pas a etre plus qu'une causerie;le con-ferencier ne pouvait nullement prevoir sa publication et, d'ailleurs, n'y visait pas. Tout au plus peut-on dire qu'elle represente un petit document pour l'his-toire de la linguistique americaine parce qu'elle reflate assez exactement l'at-mosphere qui regnait aux Etats Unis vers la fin des annees cinquante, une decennie marque'e par les premieres tentatives de rehabilitation de certains aspects caracteristiques de l'oeuvre de Sapir. En plus, elle exemplifie la fascination toute speciale qu'exergait la pensee de Sapir ainsi que son style sur la jeune generation des Europeens qui se voyaient transplantes au Nouveau Monde.
Multivariate time series modelling of strong motion accelerograms recorded in Mexico and Taiwan

The application of the Autoregressive-Moving Average (ARMA) process is an efficient method to model strong motion accelerograms, after processing by variance and frequency stabilizing transformations. A multivariate procedure has been developed to model the three acceleration components as a group. From this modelling procedure, parameters describing the change in variance, the change in the dominant frequency, the change in the angle of the ground motion, and the correlation structure of the stabilized series are estimated. This multivariate procedure is used to calculate modelling parameters from accelerograms recorded in Mexico and Taiwan, with particular emphasis placed on the accelerograms recorded from the 1985 Michoacan earthquake. By relating the modelling parameters to physical variables, it is possible to generate realistic three-dimensional simulations for sites in these regions.
Cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine methionine responses to feeding in anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a syndrome of unknown cause characterized by voluntary starvation. Cholecystokinin has been implicated as a neuroendocrine regulatory factor in control of satiety. Relatively little information is known about gastrointestinal hormone responses to feeding in subjects with anorexia nervosa. In the present studies, we examine fasting and postprandial levels of cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine methionine (PHM) in anorexia nervosa subjects and in control individuals. Results of these studies indicate that plasma CCK response to a liquid meal (Ensure Plus) in untreated AN subjects was distinctly different from that observed in healthy controls, both in terms of temporal pattern of peptide released and the amount of CCK secreted into the circulation. Peak levels of CCK release occurred at 30 min following meal ingestion in AN patients and at 60 min in control subjects. Integrated CCK release in untreated AN patients was approximately twice that measured in control individuals. Renutrition therapy was associated with reversion of the pattern of CCK release to that observed in control subjects. Plasma VIP levels were unchanged following meal ingestion in both control and anorexic subjects. In contrast, PHM levels in AN subjects were significantly greater than that observed in control individuals. The pattern of PHM release following liquid meal ingestion was similar to that observed with plasma CCK; namely, peak release of peptide was observed at 30 min which was significantly greater than corresponding control values (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, these results demonstrate distinctive differences in plasma CCK and PHM levels in response to feeding in AN subjects when compared to control individuals. These findings suggest that the earlier and greater rise in plasma CCK levels in AN subjects following meal ingestion may contribute to the abnormal sensation of satiety in this condition.
The multiplicative complexity of the Discrete Fourier Transform

We show how to compute the multiplicative complexity of the Discrete Fourier Transform on any set of data points.
Parametric determinants in pre-stimulus modification of acoustic startle: interaction with ketamine.

Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response is a form of reflex modification known to be sensitive to drugs and to subtle procedural manipulations. The present study examined the importance of prepulse length and prepulse-pulse interval in the expression of prepulse inhibition and its modification by the noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist, ketamine. In contrast to a previous report, ketamine disrupted prepulse inhibition at doses of 5.6 and 10 mg/kg when its short time course was taken into consideration. In a second experiment, the amount of prepulse inhibition was found to be directly related to prepulse length, with prepulse inhibition produced by shorter prepulse durations slightly more sensitive to disruption by ketamine. A third experiment examined prepulse-pulse time intervals (30–2000 ms). While prepulse inhibition produced by prepulses occurring 60–500 ms before the startle stimulus was disrupted by 10 mg/kg of ketamine, prepulses preceding the startle stimulus by only 30 ms produced either no effect or slight prepulse facilitation under control conditions, and significant prepulse facilitation when ketamine was administered. A fourth experiment examined the time course of prestimulus modification by continuous lead stimuli, ranging in onset from 15 to 75 ms before the startle stimulus. Prepulse facilitation, when observed, tended to occur in earlier portions of the session and was enhanced by ketamine. These results suggest that prestimulus modification of the startle reflex has important parametric and experiential determinants that may influence the effects of drugs. Some of these temporal determinants may have relevance to sensorimotor function in schizophrenia.
Formal Groups and Zeta-Functions of Elliptic Curves.

The author shows that the isomorphism class of a formal group overZ/pZ (resp. overZ p ) of finite height (resp. having reduction modp of finite height) is determined by its characteristic polynomial. It is then proved that the formal groups associated to a large class of Dirichlet series with integer coefficients are defined overZ. Finally, these results are used to extend a theorem of Honda (Osaka J. Math.5, 199–213 (1968), Theorem 5) to include the case of supersingular reduction at the primes 2 and 3. LetE be an elliptic curve defined overQ, andF(x, y) be a formal minimal model forE. LetG(x, y) be the formal group associated to the globalL-seriesL(E, s) ofE overQ. Honda's theorem now becomes:G(x, y) is defined over Z and is isomorphic over Z to F(x, y).
Computational Complexity of Geodetic Set

For two vertices u and v of a graph G , the set H (u,v) consists of all vertices lying on some u m geodesic in G . If S is a set of vertices of G , then H(S) is the union of all sets H(u,v) for u,v ] S . If H(S) = V(G) , then S is a geodetic set for G . GEODETIC SET decision problem is defined and it is shown to be NP-Complete.
Resolution limits in annular dark field STEM

Abstract Recent experiments have provided high-resolution annular dark field atom structure images of zone axis crystalline samples. This paper reviews steps towards assessment of such images using simulation and quantitative experiments. Work reviewed includes a power spectral analysis of thin amorphous carbon film images to determine the spherical aberration coefficient C s and to calibrate the defocus Δ f . Agreement with experiment provides evidence of the validity of a “frozen phonon” algorithm for simulation of energy-filtered convergent beam electron diffraction that is then extended to image simulation. For both silicon and indium phosphide the simulations are in good agreement with the incoherent imaging model. Experiments with indium phosphide also support the validity of the incoherent imaging model for zone-axis crystals. Limits of resolution in ADF-STEM for zone-axis-oriented crystals are therefore given by the contrast transfer function of the incoherent imaging model. For a polepiece with C s =0.7 mm at 100 kV, this corresponds to a resolution limit of 1.8 A at a contrast level of 5% at Scherzer settings. A somewhat larger aperture at larger defocus settings enhances the contrast spatial frequencies close to the resolution limit while decreasing contrast for spatial frequencies further away.
Late holocene climate changes in eastern North America estimated from pollen data

Well-dated pollen profiles from six sites from Maine to Minnesota record vegetation changes indicative of summer temperature and annual precipitation variations over the past 2000 yr. Laminations in the sediment provide accurate time control. Multiple regression techniques were used to calculate calibration functions from a spatial network of modern pollen and climate data. When applied to the six pollen diagrams, these calibration functions yielded estimates that show a long-term trend toward lower summer temperature. Superimposed on this long-term trend are short-term fluctuations that are frequently in phase at the sites. Departures from the long-term cooling trend are positive around 1500 yr ago (indicating relative warmth) and negative between 200 and 500 yr ago (indicating relative cold). Annual precipitation showed a slight increase at several sites during the past 1000 yr relative to the previous 1000 yr.
Two Different Forms of Arousal in Drosophila Are Oppositely Regulated by the Dopamine D1 Receptor Ortholog DopR via Distinct Neural Circuits

Arousal is fundamental to many behaviors, but whether it is unitary or whether there are different types of behavior-specific arousal has not been clear. In Drosophila, dopamine promotes sleep-wake arousal. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding its influence on environmentally stimulated arousal. Here we show that loss-of-function mutations in the D1 dopamine receptor DopR enhance repetitive startle-induced arousal while decreasing sleep-wake arousal (i.e., increasing sleep). These two types of arousal are also inversely influenced by cocaine, whose effects in each case are opposite to, and abrogated by, the DopR mutation. Selective restoration of DopR function in the central complex rescues the enhanced stimulated arousal but not the increased sleep phenotype of DopR mutants. These data provide evidence for at least two different forms of arousal, which are independently regulated by dopamine in opposite directions, via distinct neural circuits.
Synthesis of tritium labelled (–)–U50,488, a selective kappa opioid agonist

The preparation of 3H labelled (-)-trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide (U50,488) in four steps from N-methylcyclohexylaziridine is described. The synthesis of the pharmacologically active (-) isomer of U50,488 was accomplished through the resolution of the intermediate 2-[1-(3-pyrrolinyl)]-N-methylcyclohexylamine using (+)-mandelic acid.
Substitution Between Prescribed and Over-the-Counter Medications

Using data from the Health Insurance Experiment (HIE), this article examines use of over-the-counter drugs (OTC) in a general, nonelderly population. Families from six areas of the country were assigned to health insurance plans that varied in the amount of medical care cost sharing. Thus, the out-o
Sonic Boom Prediction Using Euler / Full Potential Methodology

Sonic Booms of two different bodies, a double cone configuration and a modified F5E aircraft are predicted using Euler solvers for the near field, and a Full Potential Propagation method for the far field. Shock fitting and grid adaptation are used to enhance accuracy of computations. The far field propagation code using the full potential equation is the first three-dimensional CFD code in literature that can march the solution with atmospheric changes in temperature and pressure taken into account. The non-linearity and non-axisymmetry of the Full Potential propagation code are its superiorities against the available “state-of-the-art” prediction methods that utilize the linear “ray-tracing” approach. The following work presents a new sonic boom prediction methodology using three dimensional CFD, with comparisons to experimental results for the double cone and for the modified F-5E aircraft. There is excellent agreement between computational and experimental results. Nomencalture � = density 123 ,, uu u = cartesian velocity components e = energy per unit mass p = static pressure � = velocity potential � = gas index, taken to be 1.4 for air h = distance from aircraft
Synthesis and Tribological Properties of Carbon Nitride as a Novel Superhard Coating and Solid Lubricant

This paper reports the discovery of a new crystalline thin-film material suitable for tribological applications. Carbon nitride thin films were synthesized using DC magnetron sputtering of a high-purity graphite target in an argon/nitrogen plasma using various substrates held at ambient temperatures. These thin films consist of mixed amorphous and crystalline phases. Unlike previous work, a significant amount of nitrogen, the NIC ratio exceeding 0.4 in the bulk, was incorporated. Infra-red studies showed that nitrogen was bonded to carbon in the film. These films appeared to be very wear-resistant under lubricated sliding conditions. In dry sliding, carbon nitride gave friction coefficients as low as 0.16, comparable to diamond. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference In San Diego, California, October 19–21, 1992
Human oligodendroglial development: Relationship to periventricular leukomalacia

Periventricular leukomalacia in the premature infant is a lesion of cerebral white matter with its greatest period of risk when white matter is immature, that is, when oligodendrocyte precursors are prollferating and differentiating, and before myelin sheaths are actively synthesized. Although the pathogenesis of perinatal cerebral white matter damage involves multiple factors, the correlation of the timing of the lesion with dominance of oligodendrocyte precursors in cerebral white matter suggests that intrinsic factors related to oligodendrocyte precursors are critical. Ischemia and infection have both been implicated as causes of perinatal white matter damage. Major mechanisms underlying oligodendrocyte injury in ischemia include glutamate toxicity, free-radical injury, and cytokine damage mediated by macrophages accompanying ischemia-induced inflammation. Factors related to a vulnerability of immature oligodendrocytes to ischemia potentially include a developmental lack of antioxidant enzymes to mediate oxidative stress. Cytokine-mediated injury to oligodendrocytes is also potentially important. A complete understanding of the role of immature white matter in the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia is essential for developing strategies to prevent it.
CART: from gene to function

CART was identified as a novel mRNA regulated by psychostimulant drugs. CART peptides appear to be neurotransmitters involved in a variety of functions such as feeding. The mouse gene has been characterized and localized to Chromosome 13. The processing of CART peptides is evident in Western blotting studies.
Drawing conclusions on the efficacy of ‘drawing’ as a treatment option for persons with severe aphasia

Abstract Lyon has outlined and discussed the most obvious theoretical underpinnings and clinical merits of ‘drawing’ as a communication aid of adults with aphasia. However, its clinical application is limited to persons with severe aphasia. The less impaired do not need it and the more impaired cannot use it. That leaves us with 10–30% of aphasic patients, which would translate into a present US prevalence of 40 000-120 OOO persons (Collins 1990). According to Beukelman (19931, the goals of aphasia intervention are to: improve comprehension and expression, improve communication, improve participation and maintain and retain social membership. Certainly effective drawing as an adjunct to communication can assist in meeting all four of the goals of treatment. The purpose of this paper is to react to and to discuss Dr Lyon's paper from a rehabilitation perspective.
Parallel algorithms for moving Lagrangian data on block structured Eulerian meshes

We present a suite of algorithms for migrating Lagrangian data between processors in a parallel environment when the underlying mesh is Eulerian. The collection of algorithms applies to both uniform and adaptive meshes. The algorithms are implemented in, and distributed with, FLASH, a publicly available multiphysics simulation code. Migrating Lagrangian data on an Eulerian mesh is non-trivial because the Eulerian grid points are spatially fixed whereas Lagrangian entities move with the flow of a simulation. Thus, the movement of Lagrangian data cannot use the data migration methods associated with the Eulerian mesh. Additionally, when the mesh is adaptive, as the simulation progresses the grid resolution changes. The resulting regridding process can cause complex Lagrangian data migration. The algorithms presented in this paper describe Lagrangian data movement on a static uniform mesh and on an adaptive octree based block-structured mesh. Some of the algorithms are general enough to be applicable to any block structured mesh, while some others exploit the meta-data and structure of PARAMESH, the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) package used in FLASH. We also present an analysis of the algorithms' comparative performances in different parallel environments, and different flow characteristics.
The Conservation Reserve Program as a Least-Cost Land Retirement Mechanism

Mechanism design theory is used to characterize the properties of a least-cost CRP. If marginal land rents decrease with acres farmed then a least-cost CRP is a set of nonlinear price schedules. If marginal land rents are independent of acres farmed then an offer system constitutes a least-cost CRP. The least-cost offer system gives a useful estimate of the upper bound of a least-cost CRP. Empirical results suggest that a 34-million-acre CRP should have cost no more than $1 billion per year.
Integrated morphodynamic signalling of the mammary gland

The mammary gland undergoes a spectacular series of changes as it develops, and maintains a remarkable capacity to remodel and regenerate for several decades. Mammary morphogenesis has been investigated for over 100 years, motivated by the dairy industry and cancer biologists. Over the past decade, the gland has emerged as a major model system in its own right for understanding the cell biology of tissue morphogenesis. Multiple signalling pathways from several cell types are orchestrated together with mechanical cues and cell rearrangements to establish the pattern of the mammary gland. The integrated mechanical and molecular pathways that control mammary morphogenesis have implications for the developmental regulation of other epithelial organs.
HOW DO BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS AND LIFE STRESS EFFECT ILLICIT DRUG USE IN URBAN ADOLESCENT MOTHERS? † 27

The purpose of the present study was to determine how problem behaviors and contextual variables differentially predict illicit drug use among a sample of low-income, urban adolescent mothers. Illicit drug use by adolescent mothers is an important area of study since adolescent mothers in general are at risk for poor parenting and their children are at risk for cognitive and behavior problems. The present study was conducted with cooperation from the Henry A. Murray Research Center. Data were obtained from the Adolescent Health Care Evaluation, a one year longitudinal study initiated by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation of 2,788 adolescents attending one of ten urban adolescent health care clinics in the U.S. in 1985. For the current study a subsample of 424 adolescent females were selected who were pregnant at Wave 1; gave birth by Wave 2; and did not give-up the baby to adoption or foster care. To assess illicit drug use, and internalizing and externalizing behavior, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule was administered at Wave 1 and Wave 2. Items assessing school problems and legal problems were also utilized. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the impact of drug use, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and life stress at Wave 1 on adolescent mothers' drug use at Wave 2. Results indicated that after controlling for sociodemographic variables (age, race, school status, and employment of teen's mother), illicit drug use at Wave 1 accounted for the greatest portion of variance in illicit drug use at Wave 2 (Rsqr =.38, p<.001). A significant increase in Rsqr was found for Wave 1 externalizing behaviors including conduct disorder, legal problems, and school problems(Rsqr =.43, p <.001), internalizing behaviors including depressive symptomatology, suicidality, and anxiety at Wave 1 (Rsqr =.46, p <.001), and life stress (Rsqr =.47, p <.001). Results indicate that illicit drug use during pregnancy is the single best predictor of illegal drug use after delivery.
Arrhythmias after cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: Comparison of epicardial and transvenous systems

Abstract Surgery for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators can cause postoperative exacerbation of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. It is not known whether the techniques of electrode implantation (epicardial vs transvenous) influence the incidence of arrhythmia exacerbation. We reviewed the postoperative course of 229 consecutive patients who received either epicardial (n = 119) or transvenous (n = 110) implantations from 1984 to 1994. Exacerbation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) was defined as an increase in the number of sustained VTs during the postoperative versus the preoperative 2 weeks. Of the entire cohort, 18 patients (8%) developed exacerbation of VT after operation, which was more frequent in patients with epicardial than with transvenous implantations (12% vs 4%, p
Hormonal responses differ when playing violent video games against an ingroup and outgroup

Abstract For 14 teams of three young men, salivary testosterone and cortisol were assessed twice before and twice after competing in within-group and between-group video games that simulated violent male–male competition. Men who contributed the most to their teams' between-group victory showed testosterone increases immediately after the competition, but only if this competition was played before the within-group tournament. High-scoring men on losing teams did not show this immediate effect, but they did show a delayed increase in testosterone. In contrast, high-ranking men tended to have lower testosterone and higher cortisol during within-group tournaments. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that men's competitive testosterone response varies across ingroup and outgroup competitions and is muted during the former. The testosterone response during the between-group competition also suggests that violent multiplayer video games may be appealing to young men because they simulate male–male coalitional competition.
HF data link protocol RF simulator performance based on STANAG 4538 and STANAG 4539

STANAG 4538 (S4538) defines a pair of ARQ protocols that provide error free data transfer between HF terminals or nodes. These protocols utilize a form of code combining to automatically adapt to the conditions of the HF channel. The achievable throughput of these data link protocols is limited by the choice of the underlying waveform. STANAG 4539 (S4539) defines a set of high data rate HF modem waveforms that provide on-air data rates up to 12,800 bps. The data link protocols developed by Harris Corporation and discussed in this paper, HDL+, apply the code combining concepts to the higher capacity data waveforms of S4539. HDL+ is currently being considered by the NATO HF radio ad hoc working group as an enhancement to S4538. The paper begins with an overview of the current definition of HDL+ highlighting several waveform level improvements that provide better throughput and lower latency than existing standard approaches, when channel conditions allow. The paper continues by presenting throughput performance measured on the AN/PRC-150C HF tactical radio using a hardware RF channel simulator setup comparing HDL+ with the data link protocol defined in S4538. The paper also presents comparison data of IP message load versus message delivered for a simple mesh network using the same RF simulator setup.
Proteus: Power Proportional Memory Cache Cluster in Data Centers

In this paper, we describe the design, implementation and evaluation of Proteus, a power-proportional cache cluster which eliminates the delay penalty during server provisioning dynamics. To speed up data center services, a cache cluster is used in front of the database tier, providing fast in-cache data access. Since the number of cache servers is large, building power-proportional cache clusters can lead to considerable monetary savings. Dynamic server provisioning, one common methodology for realizing power proportionality in data centers, calls for agile load balancing schemes and smart in-cache data migration algorithms when applied to cache clusters. Otherwise, it induces unacceptable delay spikes due to data re-allocation among cache servers. Proteus addresses both challenges by using a specifically designed virtual nodes placement algorithm and an amortized data migration policy. We implement Proteus, and evaluate it on a 40-server cluster using real Wikipedia data and workload traces. The results show that, with Proteus, the load distribution is much more evenly balanced compared to the case of applying unmodified consistent hashing. At the same time, Proteus induces almost no extra delay during provisioning transitions, which is a significant advantage over other state-of-the-art solutions.
Item factor analysis: Current approaches and future directions

The rationale underlying factor analysis applies to continuous and categorical variables alike; however, the models and estimation methods for continuous (i.e., interval or ratio scale) data are not appropriate for item-level data that are categorical in nature. The authors provide a targeted review and synthesis of the item factor analysis (IFA) estimation literature for ordered-categorical data (e.g., Likert-type response scales) with specific attention paid to the problems of estimating models with many items and many factors. Popular IFA models and estimation methods found in the structural equation modeling and item response theory literatures are presented. Following this presentation, recent developments in the estimation of IFA parameters (e.g., Markov chain Monte Carlo) are discussed. The authors conclude with considerations for future research on IFA, simulated examples, and advice for applied researchers.
Applied restorative justice as a complement to systemic family therapy: Theory and practice implications for families experiencing intra-familial adolescent sibling incest.

This article considers the impact on and therapeutic responses to families where there has been intra-familial sexual assault (IFSA) by an adolescent member of the family against another younger member of the family. In doing so, the article will specifically highlight the nexus between systemic family therapy ideas and an applied restorative justice response in the form of Youth Justice Conferencing (YJC), as experienced through working as a family therapist in the area of adolescent sexual offending.
Proteolytic Processing of Ovalbumin and β-galactosidase by the Proteasome to Yield Antigenic Peptides

The identification of genes in the class II region of the MHC that are homologous to genes encoding subunits of the proteasome has led to intense interest in the possible role of this enzyme in the proteolytic processing of polypeptide Ags. We have tested the ability of the 20S proteasome to produce peptides that can be presented by class I molecules as targets for killing by OVA-specific and beta-galactosidase-specific CTL clones. Samples of intact OVA and beta-galactosidase were subjected to digestion in vitro by 20S proteasome purified from bovine red cells and the resulting peptide mixtures were fractionated by reverse-phase HPLC. The fractions were tested for their ability to sensitize appropriate mouse target cells for lysis by specific CTL clones. In both cases, components that under all chromatographic conditions eluted with retention times indistinguishable from synthetic peptides representing known epitopes of the naturally processed proteins were found to be able to sensitize the target cells. Moreover, in the case of OVA, the presence of the expected target peptides was demonstrated directly by amino acid sequence and mass spectrometric analysis. The results demonstrate that the pure 20S proteasome is capable of generating antigenic peptides from two proteins for presentation by class I molecules without the participation of additional components of the protein degradation system. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis of proteasome involvement in Ag processing in vivo.
The thalamic connectivity of the primary motor cortex (MI) in the raccoon

The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of thalamic projections of the primary motor cortex (MI) in the raccoon, a carnivore species noted for neural specialization of sensorimotor function. Following electrophysiological identification of circumscribed regions of MI, injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or HRP combined with tritiated amino acids were made in 15 animals. Labeled thalamic cells were found predominantly in the ventral lateral nucleus (VL). For a given cortical injection site within MI, labeled neurons in VL formed a crescent-shaped band which extended in a dorsoventral direction when viewed in coronal sections. These bands were topographically organized. Following an injection of the MI hindlimb area in the medial part of the posterior cruciate gyrus, both retrogradely labeled neurons and anterograde label formed a thin band at the lateral edge of VL while an injection of the MI face area in the lateral part of the anterior cruciate gyrus resulted in both anterograde and retrograde label in medial VL and the principal division of the ventromedial nucleus (VMp). An injection of the MI forepaw area localized to the rostral and central part of the posterior cruciate gyrus resulted in a band of labeled neurons occupying the dorsal extent of VL and continuing into the ventrolateral aspect of the ventral anterior nucleus (VA). In contrast, an injection of the MI forepaw area which was localized to the caudal extent of the posterior cruciate gyrus resulted in a wide and diffuse band of labeled neurons and anterograde label in the ventral portion of VL. All injections of MI produced cell labeling in the paracentral nucleus (PC) and the central lateral nucleus (CL) of the intralaminar group. These results demonstrate that VL is the primary thalamic dependency of MI in the raccoon. Labeled cells were not observed in the ventrobasal complex. The MI pattern of thalamic connectivity observed in the present study suggests that while differences exist in the regional specialization of sensorimotor structures among species, there appears to be little variation in the overall organization of thalamocortical relations.
Bioengineering activities at the New York Orthopaedic Hospital Research Laboratory.

An outline is given of the history of the New York Orthopaedic Hospital and a description of the bioengineering activities carried out at the Research Laboratory there.
Public Attitudes Toward Social Spending in the United States: The Differences Between Direct Spending and Tax Expenditures

This paper uses a survey experiment to examine differences in public attitudes toward ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ government spending. Federal social welfare spending in the USA has two components: the federal government spends money to directly provide social benefits to citizens, and also indirectly subsidizes the private provision of social benefits through tax expenditures. Though benefits provided through tax expenditures are considered spending for budgetary purposes, they differ from direct spending in several ways: in the mechanisms through which benefits are delivered to citizens, in how they distribute wealth across the income spectrum, and in the visibility of their policy consequences to the mass public. We develop and test a model explaining how these differences will affect public attitudes toward spending conducted through direct and indirect means. We find that support for otherwise identical social programs is generally higher when such programs are portrayed as being delivered through tax expenditures than when they are portrayed as being delivered by direct spending. In addition, support for tax expenditure programs which redistribute wealth upward drops when citizens are provided information about the redistributive effects. Both of these results are conditioned by partisanship, with the opinions of Republicans more sensitive to the mechanism through which benefits are delivered, and the opinions of Democrats more sensitive to information about their redistributive effects.
Finding the best fit: a grounded theory of contraceptive decision making in women.

PROBLEM. Half of the pregnancies in the United States that occur annually are unintended, and of these, half occur among women using contraceptives. METHODS. Interviews with 16 women, field notes, and memos were analyzed using constant comparative analysis and the methods of open, axial, and selective coding were used until saturation occurred. FINDINGS. The core category that describes the process of contraceptive decision making in women is “finding the best fit.” Women choose a method or methods to prevent pregnancy based on their knowledge, experience, and evaluation of what would be the best fit within the context of their current life situation. CONCLUSIONS. It is important that nurses obtain a thorough contraceptive history, and realize that women may have different perceptions and knowledge level of methods.
Coexistence and interference between a native perennial grass and non-native annual grasses in California

Little is known about the potential for coexistence between native and non-native plants after large-scale biological invasions. Using the example of native perennial bunchgrasses and non-native annual grasses in California grasslands, we sought to determine the effects of interference from non-native grasses on the different life stages of the native perennial bunchgrass Nassella pulchra. Further, we asked whether N. pulchra interferes with non-native annual grasses, and whether competition for water is an important component of these interspecific interactions in this water-limited system. In a series of field and greenhouse experiments employing neighbor removals and additions of water, we found that seedling recruitment of N. pulchra was strongly seed-limited. In both field and greenhouse, natural recruitment of N. pulchra seedlings from grassland soil was extremely low. In field plots where we added seeds, addition of water to field plots increased density of N. pulchra seedlings by 88% and increased total aboveground N. pulchra seedling biomass by almost 90%, suggesting that water was the primary limiting resource. In the greenhouse, simulated drought early in the growing season had a greater negative effect on the biomass of annual seedlings than on the seedlings of N. pulchra. In the field, presence of annuals reduced growth and seed production of all sizes of N. pulchra, and these effects did not decrease as N. pulchra individuals increased in size. These negative effects appeared to be due to competition for water, because N. pulchra plants showed less negative pre-dawn leaf water potentials when annual neighbors were removed. Also, simply adding water caused the same increases in aboveground biomass and seed production of N. pulchra plants as removing all annual neighbors. We found no evidence that established N. pulchra plants were able to suppress non-native annual grasses. Removing large N. pulchra individuals did not affect peak biomass per unit area of annuals. We conclude that effects of interference from non native annuals are important through all life stages of the native perennial N. pulchra. Our results suggest that persistence of native bunchgrasses may be enhanced by greater mortality of annual than perennial seedlings during drought, and possibly by reduced competition for water in wet years because of increased resource availability.
CASE and Automated Techniques

We have mentioned CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) in previous chapters. Although its meanings can vary, CASE is traditionally defined as “a comprehensive label for software designed to use computers in all phases of computer development, from planning and modeling through coding and documentation. CASE represents a working environment consisting of programs and other development tools that help managers, systems analysts, programmers, and others automate the design and implementation of programs and procedures for business, engineering, and scientific computer systems.”20 CASE became popular during the late 1970s as a way of automating and integrating modeling tools. It also allows for the creation and maintenance of data repositories which provide organizations with a tool to establish a central place to store all of their data elements. Figure 8.1 shows the common components of most integrated CASE products.
Does osteocyte formation cause the nonlinear refilling of osteons

Abstract Marotti (Ital J Anat Embryol 101:25–79, 1996) described a theory of osteocyte differentiation from osteoblasts during bone formation. This theory postulates that, when a previously formed osteocyte is sufficiently covered by new bone and osteoid, it sends an inhibitory signal through its dendritic processes to the neighboring osteoblasts that reduces their individual apposition rates. The osteoblast most affected by this inhibition becomes buried by its neighbors, and becomes one of the next layer of osteocytes. By pursuing this concept, the present study develops a mathematical theory that predicts another observation about bone remodeling: the diminishment of the apposition rate during the refilling of basic multicellular units (BMUs). This decrease in apposition rate is different in osteonal and surface (e.g., trabecular) BMUs, and the theory shows that this result is consistent with the accrual of osteocyte inhibition throughout the refilling period, with the different ratios of bone volume to surface area in these two types of BMUs.
Neuropsychological Assessment in Clinical Evaluation of Children and Adolescents with Complex Trauma

Complex trauma (i.e., exposure to chronic, interpersonal trauma in childhood) has been associated with structural and functional alterations in brain development, which in turn can result in cognitive and neuropsychological deficits. The goal of combining neuropsychological assessment with standard trauma specialty evaluation is to gain a comprehensive understanding of each child’s unique set of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and associated behavioral manifestations within a trauma-informed framework. This process can be a vital aide in diagnosing, conceptualizing, and designing effective interventions for traumatized youth and avoiding the common misdiagnoses that lead to ineffective treatment. This paper presents a trauma-informed approach to neuropsychological assessment, using two case studies to illustrate the process of integrating neuropsychological testing with trauma specialty evaluation.
Research Note: Effect of Biosynthetic Chicken Growth Hormone on Egg Production in White Leghorn Hens

Two studies were conducted to determine if injection of recombinant chicken growth hormone (cGH) influences egg production parameters in older laying hens. In both experiments, hens were subjected to consecutive 3-wk periods consisting of 1) a preinjection period, 2) an injection period, and 3) a postinjection period. During the 3-wk injection period, hens were injected once daily with either 5, 50 or 500 micrograms/kg BW of cGH or physiological saline (vehicle) alone (control group). In both experiments, injection of cGH did not affect (P greater than .05) percentage of daily egg production per hen, Haugh units, or BW during the injection period compared with preinjection hens. In Experiment 1, but not Experiment 2, control hens had reduced shell thickness and feed consumption during the injection and postinjection periods when compared with the preinjection controls. These reductions were not observed in hens receiving injections of cGH (all doses).
Some studies of annular extrudate swell phenomena

As a part of continuous study, annular extrudate swell phenomena was investigated using a finite element method. For a Newtonian fluid, gravitational force and surface tension effects are considered. For non-Newtonian fluids, power-law fluid and second-order fluid were considered. Some interesting results were found for non-Newtonian fluids. For highly shear thinning fluid, thickness was contracted instead of swelling. For second-order fluid, the analysis was confined only to weak elastic fluid. Explanations are presented for high Weisenberg number problems.
Interpersonal distance and impression formation.

Summary Impression formation was examined as a function of interpersonal physical distance in an interview. It was predicted that a confederate would be rated less socially active as the distance between him and the subject increased. The hypothesis was supported by a significant negative linear trend in the composite ratings of friendliness, aggressiveness, extraversion, and dominance A variation in this trend, indicating that confederates seated closest to the subject were seen as less socially active, was explained in terms of compensatory behaviors minimizing the effect of close physical proximity
Reexamination of a canonical model for plant organ biomass partitioning.

A previously proposed ‘‘canonical’’ model for the scaling relations among leaf, stem, and root biomass ( ML, MS, and MR, respectively) asserts that the proportional relations ML } MS 3/4 } MR 3/4 and MS } MR hold across seed plant species. This model is scrutinized by determining whether the scaling relations between ML, MS, and MR vs. basal stem diameter DS and between ML, MS, and MR vs. plant height h are logically consistent with previously predicted scaling exponents. For example, if ML is observed to scale as the 2-power of DS and the model asserts that ML } MS 3/4 , then MS must scale as the 8/3-power of DS if the model is valid. Using a large data base for species with self-supporting stems, statistical support was found for most such comparisons between predicted and observed scaling relationships. However, this judgement is predicated on (1) the assertion that the scaling exponents for MR with respect to DS (or h) are numerically ‘‘deflated’’ due to a systematic underestimate of fine and small root biomass and (2) the stringent protocol used to calculate the 95% confidence intervals of scaling exponents, which favors rejection of the model. In light of these features, the ‘‘canonical’’ model is logically consistent with the new scaling relations reported here. Therefore, the model is judged valid within the context of this evaluation.