cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter in liquid water up to 250°C and 14 MPa

This work reports, for the first time, the direct measurement of sound speed in liquid water at temperatures up to 250°C and pressures up to 14 MPa. These measurements enabled the determination of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter, B/A, an important property of liquids. From an applications perspective, B/A determines the efficiency of devices that are based on acoustic nonlinear mixing. The objective of the present work was to use a specialized measurement cell for sound speed measurements and the determination of B/A in liquid water as a function of temperature and pressure. Sound speed was measured using Swept Frequency Acoustic Interferometry, while B/A was determined from the derivatives of the sound speed with respect to pressure and temperature. B/A at ambient pressure and temperature was determined to be 4.8, in good agreement with literature values. At 250°C and 14 MPa, B/A was found to be roughly twice its ambient temperature value.
Electron Microscopy of Solitary Cilia in Human Gingiva and Rat Oral Mucosa

An electron microscopic investigation of human gingiva and rat oral mucosa revealed the presence of solitary cilia primarily in the germinative layer of the epithelium. The cilia were infrequently found in the stromal cells of the lamina propria. These cilia were associated with the diplosome but lacked the central fibrils normally found in motile cilia.
Sweet carbon: An analysis of sugar industry carbon market opportunities under the clean development mechanism

Abstract Bagasse power generation projects provide a useful framework for evaluating several key aspects of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. On the positive side, our analysis, which draws in part from a data set of 204 bagasse electricity generation projects at sugar mills, indicates that these projects provide Annex I country investors with a cost-effective means to achieve greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Our analysis also confirms that the marketplace for Clean Development Mechanism-derived offsets is robust and competitive. Moreover, bagasse projects appear to provide a positive example in a “new wave” of clean energy investment that has replaced the earlier industrial gas projects. At the same time, we also identify two aspects of the CDM that demand improvement. First, the additionality standard needs to be tightened and made more transparent and consistent. Financial additionality should be required for all projects; however, any financial additionality test applied by the Clean Development Mechanism's Executive Board must be informed by the significant barriers faced by many projects. Second, the administrative processes for registration and verification of offsets need to be streamlined in order to prevent long registration time lags from chilling clean energy investment.
Computer science education and the ideal of liberal arts

With the watchword, slogan, and panacea of today being “Back to Basics”, it is especially appropriate that the ACM conference should look at the relationship of computers, computer science education, and the liberal arts. In keeping with realistic, pragmatic program learning, it is necessary that we define the terms to be used and the nature of the problem; that we review the budding efforts toward the solution; and finally, that we offer our own suggestions for the future. In order to avoid the inevitable conflict involved in defining what comprises liberal arts, we shall deal with the more global issue of describing the concept of liberal arts education.
The Crossroads of Interpretation: Administration in Professional Organization

In his theory of bureaucratic organization, Max Weber distinguished bureaucratic authority from the anti-authoritarian nature of collegial organization which historically preceded it. This distinction is essential for understanding organizations which are characterized by a large number of professional workers. These organizations tend to limit bureaucratic or hierarchical authority by exercising collegial control because of the unusual degree of autonomy professionals demand for their work. The literature on professional organization, however, has ignored the role of authority, obscured it, or posited the misconceived idea of a dual-authority structure. In this essay, the administrative process of a law school is analyzed in terms of the role hierarchical authority plays in collegial organization. Two major points are developed conceptually and demonstrated empirically. First, since two different kinds of decision-making structures are involved in professional organization—collegial and hierarchical—the ...
Transcriptional analysis of the xylose ABC transport operons in the thermophilic anaerobe Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus.

Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus is a Gram-positive thermophile that converts xylose to ethanol. A portion of the T. ethanolicus xylose transport permease gene (xylH) was cloned, and the deduced protein exhibited greater than 60% similarity to homologs in enterobacteria. Xylose-binding protein (xylF) and (xylH) transcripts were quantitated and compared from cells grown in batch or continuous cultures grown on xylose, glucose, or a mixture of both sugars. In contrast to the strong repression of xyl operons by glucose in other bacteria, both xylF and xylH expression were detected in the presence of this hexose sugar. Expression of xylF and xylH generally increased with dilution rate (3- and 1.5-fold, respectively) and seemed to be growth rate rather than substrate dependent. Overall, these unusual sugar utilization patterns in batch and continuous culture seem to result from a basal expression level of xyl genes in the absence of xylose. T. ethanolicus is unique in possessing a triumvirate of xylose transport and catabolism operons and, given its extensive hemicellulolytic capabilities, may have evolved to constitutively express xyl genes.
"Ictal" Alien Hand Syndrome.

The alien hand syndrome is rare, occurring with lesions in the mesial frontal lobe area and corpus callosum. We report an unusual presentation of seizures in a 65-year-old woman with a presumed low-grade glioma involving the mesial frontal lobe region, with the "alien hand" seen only during a seizure. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed lateralized cognitive dysfunction consistent with the location of the lesion. There were no interictal indications of disconnection syndrome. The mechanism postulated is disruption of transcallosal motor connections due to the propagating seizure across nondominant motor regions.
Efficient fault-tolerant algorithms for distributed resource allocation

Solutions to resource allocation problems and other related synchronization problems in distributed systems are examined with respect to the measures of response time, message complexity, and failure locality. Response time measures the time it takes for an algorithm to respond to the requests of a process; message complexity measures the number of messages sent and received by a process; and failure locality characterizes the size of the network that is affected by the failure of a single process. An algorithm for the resource allocation problem that achieves a constant failure locality of four along with a quadratic response time and a quadratic message complexity is presented. Applications of the algorithm to other process synchronization problems in distributed systems are also demonstrated.
Early and Late Repair of Lateral Ligament of the Ankle

Utilizing an apparatus for separately testing the status of the anterior talofibular and the calaneofibular ligaments of the ankle in 25 healthy, 15 to 30-year-old adults, it became apparent that t...
Long-wavelength Ge/GaAs Heterostructure Avalanche Photodiodes For Monolithic Integration

A novel photodetector for long-wavelength fiber optical communication systems is presented and analyzed. The Ge/GaAs Heterostructure Avalanche Photodiode (HAPD) consists of a thin epitaxial p+-n-n+ or p+-n-v-n+ Ge structure grown on either semi-insulating or n-GaAs substrates. The use of a Ge/GaAs heterostructure improves the performance of the HAPD relative to conventional Ge avalanche photodiodes. The ease of fabrication and projected low cost make this photodiode particularly attractive for monolithic integration. Several methods for integrating the HAPD with other electronic and optoelectronic devices are described.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Challenging “Islamic Fundamentalism”

The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder, Bassam Tibi. Comparative Studies in Religion and Society Series #9, Mark Juergensmeyer, editor. Against Islamic Extremism: The Writings of Muhammad Sacid al-cAshmawy. Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, editor. Qur'an, Liberation & Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Inter-religious Solidarity Against Oppression, Farid Esack.
Defective Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I-associated Antigen Presentation Caused by a Novel β2-Microglobulin Loss-of-function in Melanoma Cells

The major histocompatibility complex class I molecules consist of three subunits, the 45-kDa heavy chain, the 12-kDa β2-microglobulin (β2m), and an ∼8-9-residue antigenic peptide. Without β2m, the major histocompatibility complex class I molecules cannot assemble, thereby abolishing their transport to the cell membrane and the subsequent recognition by antigen-specific T cells. Here we report a case of defective antigen presentation caused by the expression of a β2m with a Cys-to-Trp substitution at position 25 (β2mC25W). This substitution causes misfolding and degradation of β2mC25W but does not result in complete lack of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule expression on the surface of melanoma VMM5B cells. Despite HLA class I expression, VMM5B cells are not recognized by HLA class I-restricted, melanoma antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes even following loading with exogenous peptides or transduction with melanoma antigen-expressing viruses. Lysis of VMM5B cells is restored only following reconstitution with exogenous or endogenous wild-type β2m protein. Together, our results indicate impairment of antigenic peptide presentation because of a dysfunctional β2m and provide a mechanism for the lack of close association between HLA class I expression and susceptibility of tumor cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes-mediated lysis in malignant diseases.
Lymphoid hyperplasia and malignant lymphoma occurring in the ocular adnexa (orbit, conjunctiva, and eyelids): A prospective multiparametric analysis of 108 cases during 1977 to 1987

Abstract We performed a prospective multiparametric correlative clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic analysis of 117 ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferations developing in 108 patients between October 1977 and July 1987. The ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferations were distributed among the 108 patients as follows: orbit 69 (64%), conjunctiva 30 (28%), and eyelids nine (8%). The 117 ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferations were classified as follows: polyclonal lymphoid hyperplasia, 32 (22 orbit, nine conjunctiva, one eyelid) (27%); monoclonal B cell lymphoma, 81 (48 orbit, 25 conjunctiva, eight eyelid) (69%); null cell lymphoma, one (orbit) (1%); and histologically indeterminate, three (one each: orbit, conjunctiva, eyelid) (3%). Patients presenting with ocular adnexal polyclonal lymphoid hyperplasia and monoclonal B cell lymphoma, and patients developing unilateral and bilateral ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferations did not differ significantly with respect to age, sex, presenting complaints, duration of symptoms, or ophthalmic findings. Classifying ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferations into benign and malignant categories by histopathologic criteria and into polyclonal and monoclonal B cell categories by immunophenotypic criteria was not useful in predicting eventual outcome, including the occurrence of extra-ocular lymphoma. However, the clinicopathologic characteristics did differ according to the anatomic site of involvement and histopathology of the ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferations. Lymphoid infiltrates of the conjunctiva were associated with a lower incidence of extra-ocular lymphoma (20%) than were those of the orbit and eyelid, 35% and 67%, respectively (statistically significant, P P P
Radiation Field Limitation of Spherical Reflectors Using Gregorian Correctors

Use is made of the Fourier integral to derive an expression for the radiation field of spherical reflectors which are corrected for spherical aberration with the use of a subreflector. Calculations for some cases of interest show the sidelobe radiation to be 5.6 dB higher than in a uniformly illuminated aperture.
Nuclear Crisis Relocation: Issues for a Host Community the Case of Greenfield, Massachusetts, USA

US civil defense planning for nuclear attack since 1974 has emphasized the doctrine of “crisis relocation.” Under this doctrine, some 150 million people would evacuate from urban areas and other probable targets to rural “host communities.” The population of the latter would “stay put” to assist the relocatees. Local communities would be responsible for the welfare of up to ten times their normal population for an indefinite period of time. This study examined certain implications of crisis relocation for the town of Greenfield, Massachusetts, USA, a typical host community. Various assumptions were articulated regarding the timing of events, the season of year, weather, and social behavior. Assumptions were favorable to the success of crisis relocation. Nevertheless, Greenfield would face impossible burdens in attempting to provide fallout protection, water, food, medical care, and civil order. Additional pressures would arise from adjoining communities which are functionally dependent upon Greenfield for normal goods and services, but which would receive their own allotment of relocatees. Crisis relocation is not taken seriously in Greenfield and virtually no preparations have been made to implement it.
Probabilistic equilibria for evolutionarily stable strategies

This commentary suggests that an equilibrium framework may be retained, in an evolutionary model such as Gintis's and with more satisfactory results, if rationality is relaxed in a slightly different way than he proposes: that is, if decisions are assumed to be related to rewards probabilistically, rather than with certainty. This relaxed concept of rationality gives rise to probabilistic equilibria.
Supporting the structured development of complex PL/I software systems

The methodology of top-down (structured) programming has emerged in the last few years as a practical approach to the problem of developing reliable software systems. The methodology, however, places certain demands on the language used for actual system implementation. In this paper we discuss the implications of these demands on a specific language, PL/I. From this discussion the basic objectives of a PL/I support system are deduced. These objectives deal primarily with: (1) specifying intermodule relationships; (2) propagating module modifications; and (3) maintaining consistency in the realization of abstractions. Finally, the essential elements of a system that realizes these objectives are described.
Expression of nucleotide pyrophosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase I activities of PC-1, the murine plasma cell antigen

Nucleotide pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.9) is a membrane enzyme purified from a number of mammalian sources that may have alkaline phosphodiesterase I (EC 3.1.4.1) activity as well. The mol. wt and subunit structure of this membrane glycoprotein are similar to that of the murine plasma cell alloantigen, PC-1. The PC-1 protein is a disulfide-bonded dimer of identical 115 kDa polypeptides that is selectively expressed on B lineage cells that have reached the degree of maturation associated with immunoglobulin secretion. It also has restricted expression in certain non-lymphoid tissues. In this report, we show that alkaline phosphodiesterase I activity parallels PC-1 mRNA expression in a number of B lineage cell lines at different stages of differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate increases in both nucleotide pyrophosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase I enzymatic activities in transiently transfected COS-7 cells expressing a cloned PC-1 cDNA construction. These results extend our previous immunological and correlative studies and directly ascribe an enzymatic activity to this cell surface differentiation antigen. These experiments also demonstrate that a single protein is responsible for both alkaline phosphodiesterase I and nucleotide pyrophosphatase activities.
Instructional models for children with special needs

emphasis, however, on a systematic approach to content analysis, curriculum, and the process of education for handicapped students. Bruner (1968), in his book Toward a Theory of Instruction, defines instruction as "leading the learner through a sequence of statements and restatements of a problem or body of knowledge that increases the learner's ability to grasp, transform, and transfer what he is learning" (p. 45). Thus, from this perspective, instruction entails more than the mere transmission of skills and knowledge from teacher to student. The organization and transformation of information to be taught is a complex arrangement that we refer to as an instructional model.
Transparent Magnetic Glass‐Ceramics

Transparent magnetic glass-ceramics were produced by infiltrating nano-porous glass with nitrate salts and firing. The resultant glass-ceramics contained spinel ferrite nanocrystals that exhibited ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic behavior depending on composition and firing temperature. Transparency in the near infrared was obtained when oxidizing conditions were used to prevent Fe2+ formation, while the porous matrix ensured nano-sized crystallites to limit scattering losses. MnFe2O4 glass-ceramics treated at 1000°C offered the best combination of magnetic and optical properties with a saturation magnetization of 5.6 emu/g, a Verdet constant of 16.5°/cm, and losses below 3 dB/mm at 1550 nm.
The relationship of ectopic lipid accumulation to cardiac and vascular function in obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Storage of lipid in ectopic depots outside of abdominal visceral and subcutaneous stores, including within the pericardium and liver, has been associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk. We sought to determine whether anatomically distinct ectopic depots were physiologically correlated and site-specific effects upon cardiovascular function could be identified. Obese subjects (n = 28) with metabolic syndrome but without known atherosclerotic disease and healthy controls (n = 18) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify pericardial and periaortic lipid volumes, cardiac function, aortic compliance, and intrahepatic lipid content. Fasting plasma lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, and free-fatty acids were measured. Pericardial and intrahepatic (P < 0.01) and periaortic (P < 0.05) lipid volumes were increased in obese subjects vs. controls and were strongly and positively correlated (P ≤ 0.01) but independent of BMI (P = NS) among obese subjects. Intrahepatic lipid was associated with insulin resistance (P < 0.01) and triglycerides (P < 0.05), whereas pericardial and periaortic lipid were not (P = NS). Periaortic and pericardial lipid positively correlated to free-fatty acids (P ≤ 0.01) and negatively correlated to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P < 0.05). Pericardial lipid negatively correlated to cardiac output (P = 0.03) and stroke volume (P = 0.01) but not to left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.46). None of the ectopic depots correlated to aortic compliance. In conclusion, ectopic storage of lipid in anatomically distinct depots appeared tightly correlated but independent of body size. Site-specific functional abnormalities were observed for pericardial but not periaortic lipid. These findings underscore the utility of MRI to assess individual differences in ectopic lipid that are not predictable from BMI.
Binary fluids in planar nanopores: Adsorptive selectivity, heat capacity and self-diffusivity

Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study fluid adsorption of a two component fluid in slit pores of nanoscopic dimensions. The slit pores are immersed in a binary fluid bath, which is comprised of spherical molecules having a size ratio of 1.43, at constant temperature and composition. Pore width is varied to determine how the heat capacity and self-diffusion coefficient are linked to the composition and structure of the adsorbed fluid. In pores where the fluid structure is most pronounced, we observe: perfect (or near perfect) exclusion of one component by the other component, a heat capacity that rapidly oscillates and is of greater magnitude than in the fluid bath, and self-diffusion coefficients on the order of 10−8 cm2/s. The behavior of the heat capacity and diffusion coefficients appears to arise from a near solid-like layering of OMCTS that occurs at certain favorable pore widths.
Three Educational Orientations: A Peircean Perspective on Education and the Growth of the Self

The theme of growth is amongst the most important and pervasive themes in the philosophy of Charles Peirce. This paper offers a synthesized account of the Peircean self drawn from his various discussions of the growth of ideas and then presents three educational orientations which, in turn, tend to foster or frustrate this growth. It concludes that the growth of the student depends significantly upon the ends or intent of the educator and upon an appropriate mean between freedom and constraint in the educational context. A commitment to such an orientation is taken to be a form of resistance to the narrowing ends of business-minded educational institutions
Risks and benefits of oral contraceptive use in women over 35

The majority of epidemiological studies on the benefits and risks of oral contraceptive (OC) use have been conducted during the late 1960s and early 1970s when OCs had >50 mcg of estrogen. Based on these studies the risk of death due to OC use for nonsmokers 35-39 years old was lower than using no contraceptive at all (14.1 deaths/100000 women/year vs. 25.7 deaths/100000 women/year). In addition to smoking other contraindications include women with a history of angina myocardial infarction blood clots or stroke estrogen dependent cancer hypertension a known lipid disorder and women with hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver. Suitable > 35 year old candidates for OC use would be nonsmokers with blood group O at low risk for cardiovascular disease and who might receive additional benefits including those with severe dysmenorrhea or hypermenorrhea and possibly those who have a strong family history of osteoporosis early menopause or ovarian cancer. Practitioners should take a thorough history of these women and give a physical examination with a blood pressure check. They should also administer screening tests such as a PAP test mammograms a lipoprotein profile and a glucose test. After the practitioners have deemed these women to be healthy based on the examination and the results of the screening test they then should prescribe only a low dose OC containing < 50 mcg of estrogen. Today most estrogen based OCs contain 35 mcg and research on their effects have not yet begun. Scientists expect to find that the dose response effects for risks for thromboembolism myocardial infarction stroke and gallbladder disease to be lower in users of the low dose preparations.
Scripting practices in complex systems management

System administrators are end-users too. And as end-users, they develop tools, create web pages, write command-line scripts, use spreadsheets, and repurpose existing tools. In short, they engage in end-user programming activities in support of their systems management work. We examined system administrator practices in software tool development, operations, and maintenance based on ethnographic field studies at service delivery centers and data centers across the United States. Our findings suggest that software practices were mostly informal and collaborative and mixed within formal change processes; tool development and debugging were interleaved with tool use and maintenance as they interacted with live systems; and the complexity of large-scale systems and the risks involved in changing live and critical systems put increased demands on system administrators. We argue that system administrators might benefit from certain software engineering methodologies such as agile software development and software modeling.
The human pre-saccadic spike potential: influences of a visual target, saccade direction, electrode laterality and instructions to perform saccades.

Three components of pre-saccadic evoked potentials have been identified in humans: a slow negative shift (SNS), a positive antecedent potential (AP) and a spike potential (SP). This study examined the influences of: (1) instructions to the subject to make saccades; (2) the presence of a visual target: and (3) the direction of the saccades on the amplitude of the averaged SP, which was recorded from P3 and P4 (International 10/20 System) in 20 normal, right-handed subjects. Recordings were made for spontaneous saccades prior to receiving instructions in six subjects. Twenty subjects performed self-paced saccades in the presence of a 10° visual target (two red LEDs) and while blindfolded in a dark room. The SP was either absent or grossly altered (broadened) for spontaneous saccades in an illuminated room; it was robust for self-paced saccades in light or darkness. Three-way analysis of variance revealed a highly significant cortical laterality (P3 vs P4) × saccade direction interaction (P < 0.001), relecting that for a given saccade direction, the SP was larger over the contralateral recording site for the self-paced light (SPL) paradigm (Newman-Keuls test). In the self-paced dark (SPD) paradigm, though, this was only true for saccades to the right. By contrast, scatter plots of the directional indices (D.I.= [(SP for collateral) ± (SP for ipsilateral)]/[SP for contalateral) + (SP for ipsilateral saccades)] for left (P3) and right (P4) recording sites from individual subjects revealed a significant negative correlation for both SPL (r = 0.74) paradigms. This implies that the SP for an individual subject tends to be larger at P3 and P4 for saccades in one direction rather than for contralateral saccades. Thus, instructions to perform saccades, saccade direction and left vs right electrode sites all affect the pre-saccadic SP in humans.
Late Pancreaticojejunostomy Stent Migration and Hepatic Abscess after Whipple Procedure

A previously unreported late complication of a transanastomotic stent across a pancreaticotojejunostomy is described. The stent migrated distally into the jejunal lumen, through the biliary anastomis into the bile duct and proximally into the liver where it served as a nidus for infection with abscess formation. A percutaneous transhepatic interventional radiologic approach both drained the abscess and pushed the stent out of the liver and biliary tree and into the bowel, with complete recovery. The decision by the surgeon to use a stent in these patients is discussed, and the complications associated with stenting a pancreaticojejunostomy are reviewed.
The psycho-heresy of Rom Harré

Abstract The elaboration of Harre's “ethogenic approach” in his various works is discussed. This approach hinges on the notion of rationality as expressive self-display in the context of discourse, and entails the primacy of the social over the individual order and the moral sciences over psychology. Harre's critique of individual psychology, particularly that of the cognitive developmental tradition, is examined critically.
Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior

ABSTRACT Latest Cretaceous (Lancian) mammalian faunas of the Western Interior of North America are mostly known from the northern Great Plains and coastal lowland paleoenvironments. Here, we describe a sample of 143 multituberculate mammal teeth from the Lance Formation of southwestern Wyoming. The specimens, which are from two independent collections made in the 1970s by the University of California Museum of Paleontology and the University of Wyoming Geological Museum, are part of the best-sampled local fauna from the central part of the Western Interior. Deposits of the Lance Formation in this region are on the eastern flank of the Rock Springs Uplift near Black Butte Station. The Black Butte Station local fauna was farther west and possibly paleoenvironmentally distinct from most other Lancian local faunas known. The fossil assemblage preserves eight genera and 11 species of multituberculates. There are many common Lancian taxa, a high relative abundance of Cimexomys, the second published occurrences ...
Localization of Unique Functional Determinants in the Calmodulin Lobes to Individual EF Hands

We have investigated the functional interchangeability of EF hands I and III or II and IV, which occupy structurally analogous positions in the native I-II and III-IV EF hand pairs of calmodulin. Our approach was to functionally characterize four engineered proteins, made by replacing in turn each EF hand in one pair by a duplicate of its structural analog in the other. In this way functional determinants we define as unique were localized to the component EF hands in each pair. Replacement of EF hand I by III reduces calmodulin-dependent activation of cerebellar nitric oxide synthase activity by 50%. Replacement of EF hand IV by II reduces by 60% activation of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase activity. There appear to be no major unique determinants for activation of these enzyme activities in the other EF hands. Replacement of EF hand III by I or IV by II reduces by 50-80% activation of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase activity, and replacement of EF hand I by III or II by IV reduces by 90% activation of this enzyme activity. Thus, calmodulin-dependent activation of each of the enzyme activities examined, even the closely related kinases, is dependent upon a distinct pattern of unique determinants in the four EF hands of calmodulin. All the engineered proteins examined bind four Ca2+ ions with high affinity. Comparison of the Ca2+-binding properties of native and engineered CaMs indicates that the Ca2+-binding affinity of an engineered I-IV EF hand pair and a native I-II pair are similar, but an engineered III-II EF hand pair is intermediate in affinity to the native III-IV and I-II pairs, minimally suggesting that EF hands I and III contain unique determinants for the formation and function of EF hand pairs. The residues directly coordinating Ca2+ ion appear to play little or no role in establishing the different Ca2+-binding properties of the EF hand pairs in calmodulin.
A Novel Solution for the High Defibrillation Threshold in Patients with a DF-4 Lead: Adding a High Voltage Adaptor/Splitter

A high defibrillation threshold occurs in approximately 6% of implants. The defibrillation threshold can be improved by addition of a defibrillation lead. However, the DF-4 high energy ICD header precludes the addition of a defibrillation lead. Here we report on use of a new high voltage adaptor/splitter that enables the addition of an extra defibrillation lead.
Many-body perturbation theory for atoms

The application of many-body perturbation theory to atoms is discussed. The diagrammatic representation is reviewed and methods for evaluating and summing diagrams are presented. Applications to calculations of correlation energies, polarizabilities, and scattering phase shifts are given.
Design and Diversity in Bacterial Chemotaxis: A Comparative Study in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

Comparable processes in different species often involve homologous genes. One question is whether the network structure, in particular the feedback control structure, is also conserved. The bacterial chemotaxis pathways in E. coli and B. subtilis both regulate the same task, namely, excitation and adaptation to environmental signals. Both pathways employ many orthologous genes. Yet how these orthologs contribute to network function in each organism is different. To investigate this problem, we propose what is to our knowledge the first computational model for B. subtilis chemotaxis and compare it to previously published models for chemotaxis in E. coli. The models reveal that the core control strategy for signal processing is the same in both organisms, though in B. subtilis there are two additional feedback loops that provide an additional layer of regulation and robustness. Furthermore, the network structures are different despite the similarity of the proteins in each organism. These results demonstrate the limitations of pathway inferences based solely on homology and suggest that the control strategy is an evolutionarily conserved property.
Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention: A systematic comparative effectiveness review

Background Pressure ulcers are associated with substantial health burdens but may be preventable. Purpose To review the clinical utility of pressure ulcer risk assessment instruments and the comparative effectiveness of preventive interventions in persons at higher risk. Data sources MEDLINE (1946 through November 2012), CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, grant databases, clinical trial registries, and reference lists. Study selection Randomized trials and observational studies on effects of using risk assessment on clinical outcomes and randomized trials of preventive interventions on clinical outcomes. Data extraction Multiple investigators abstracted and checked study details and quality using predefined criteria. Data synthesis One good-quality trial found no evidence that use of a pressure ulcer risk assessment instrument, with or without a protocolized intervention strategy based on assessed risk, reduces risk for incident pressure ulcers compared with less standardized risk assessment based on nurses' clinical judgment. In higher-risk populations, 1 good-quality and 4 fair-quality randomized trials found that more advanced static support surfaces were associated with lower risk for pressure ulcers compared with standard mattresses (relative risk range, 0.20 to 0.60). Evidence on the effectiveness of low-air-loss and alternating-air mattresses was limited, with some trials showing no clear differences from advanced static support surfaces. Evidence on the effectiveness of nutritional supplementation, repositioning, and skin care interventions versus usual care was limited and had methodological shortcomings, precluding strong conclusions. Limitation Only English-language articles were included, publication bias could not be formally assessed, and most studies had methodological shortcomings. Conclusion More advanced static support surfaces are more effective than standard mattresses for preventing ulcers in higher-risk populations. The effectiveness of formal risk assessment instruments and associated intervention protocols compared with less standardized assessment methods and the effectiveness of other preventive interventions compared with usual care have not been clearly established.
Essence: Advertising and editorial content

This article examines the relationship between cigarette advertising and editorial content in Essence magazine, which targets the African American female market. Magazines generate a large percentage of their revenue from advertising. Because many magazines compete for limited advertising dollars, advertisers have the power to exert both explicit and implicit influence on editorial content. Therefore, I hypothesize that (a) Essence magazine's level of cigarette advertising is negatively correlated with the amount of coverage of health issues associated with the hazards of tobacco use, and that (b) cigarette‐smoking‐related diseases discussed in Essence will not be linked to tobacco use more often than they will. Content analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Results support both hypotheses. As occurs with mainstream women's magazines, Essence magazine's acceptance of cigarette advertising is negatively correlated with publication of information about health hazards associated with tobacco use.
The relationship of the cell surface to metabolism. X. The location and function of invertase in the yeast cell.

Abstract 1. 1. The invertase activity of the living yeast cell is 300 times the fermentative capacity. 2. 2. The uranyl ion reversibly inhibits the invertase activity of living yeast cells by a noncompetitive mechanism probably involving a combination of the ion with carboxyl groups. Invertase activity is only 1 10 th as sensitive to uranium as the fermentation of glucose. 3. 3. The addition of orthophosphate to the medium reverses the uranium inhibition in both cases, even though the concentration required is only 1 100 th the concentration of intracellular orthophosphate. 4. 4. From distribution studies it was found that sucrose and the hydrolysis products, glucose and fructose, are located almost exclusively in the extracellular water. 5. 5. No invertase was secreted into the medium. 6. 6. It is concluded that invertase is located on the surface of the cell and that it functions as a hydrolytic enzyme. Hydrolysis by surface-bound invertase accounts for essentially all of the sucrose utilization by the cell.
The effect of fatigue on associating hydrogels for nucleus pulposus replacement

We have proposed a replacement of the nucleus pulposus with a hydrogel blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). These hydrogels have been shown to be stable in physiological fluid due to physical crosslinks consisting of intramolecular hydrogen bonds within PVA crystallites and intermolecular hydrogen bonds between PVA and PVP. Much research involving hydrogels has focused on their ability to serve as drug delivery devices, releasing therapeutic agents at controlled release rates. However for a structural application, such as a nucleus pulposus replacement, the hydrogel must be able to withstand repeated loading cycles. Few studies have been conducted that investigate the fatigue behavior of hydrogel materials. Bagga et al. designed a pressurization chamber and compressed PVA hydrogels up to 40 million cycles and observed no changes in the water content or crystallinity of the gels as a result of the fatigue cycling. In this study we examine the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of cylindrical PVA/PVP hydrogels as a result of compressive fatigue cycling.
Non-double-couple microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California, provide evidence for hydraulic fracturing

Abstract Most of 26 small (0.4≲ M ≲3.1) microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera in mid-1997, analyzed using data from a dense temporary network of 69 digital three-component seismometers, have significantly non-double-couple focal mechanisms, inconsistent with simple shear faulting. We determined their mechanisms by inverting P - and S -wave polarities and amplitude ratios using linear-programming methods, and tracing rays through a three-dimensional Earth model derived using tomography. More than 80% of the mechanisms have positive (volume increase) isotropic components and most have compensated linear-vector dipole components with outward-directed major dipoles. The simplest interpretation of these mechanisms is combined shear and extensional faulting with a volume-compensating process, such as rapid flow of water, steam, or CO 2 into opening tensile cracks. Source orientations of earthquakes in the south moat suggest extensional faulting on ESE-striking subvertical planes, an orientation consistent with planes defined by earthquake hypocenters. The focal mechanisms show that clearly defined hypocentral planes in different locations result from different source processes. One such plane in the eastern south moat is consistent with extensional faulting, while one near Casa Diablo Hot Springs reflects en echelon right-lateral shear faulting. Source orientations at Mammoth Mountain vary systematically with location, indicating that the volcano influences the local stress field. Events in a ‘spasmodic burst’ at Mammoth Mountain have practically identical mechanisms that indicate nearly pure compensated tensile failure and high fluid mobility. Five earthquakes had mechanisms involving small volume decreases, but these may not be significant. No mechanisms have volumetric moment fractions larger than that of a force dipole, but the reason for this fact is unknown.
Diagnostic imaging for acute appendicitis: interfacility differences in practice patterns

To evaluate trends and factors associated with interfacility differences in imaging modality selection in the diagnosis and management of children with suspected acute appendicitis. We conducted a retrospective review of diagnostic imaging selection and outcomes in patients <20 years of age who underwent appendectomy at a single Children’s Hospital from June 2008 to June 2013. These results were then compared with those of referring hospitals. A total of 232 children underwent appendectomy during the study period. Imaging results contributed to diagnostic and management decisions in 95.3 % of cases. CT scan was utilized as first-line imaging in 50 % of cases. CTs were preferentially performed at referring institutions (78 vs. 46 %, p < 0.001). Children were five times more likely to undergo CT at referring institutions (OR = 5.5, CI 3.0–10.2). Adjusting for demographics and Alvarado score, diagnostic imaging choice was independent of patient’s clinical status. This study demonstrates that initial presentation to a referring hospital independently predicts the use of CT scan for suspected acute appendicitis. Further efforts should be undertaken to develop a clinical pathway that minimizes radiation exposure in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, with focus on access to pediatric abdominal ultrasound.
Who Benefits from Economic Development? - A Reexamination of Brazilian Growth in the 1960's

[Excerpt] The purpose of this paper is to reexamine one of these two challenges, namely, the distributional impact of Brazilian economic growth during the 1960's. My results lead to a quite different interpretation from the conventional one. I will show that the poor in Brazil did participate in the rapid economic growth of the decade. Estimates presented below indicate that average real incomes among families defined as poor by Brazilian standards increased by as much as 60 percent while the comparable figure for nonpoor families is around 25 percent. However, since nonpoor families receive incomes which are much greater than those of poor families, the bulk of the growth of national income over the decade was received by families whose incomes placed them above the official poverty standard. Thus, it would be incorrect to say either that 1) in achieving a high rate of economic growth in Brazil the rich got absolutely richer while the poor got absolutely poorer, or 2) the incomes of poor families increased more slowly (percentagewise) than those of nonpoor families. These and other findings are presented below in Section II, and some of the reasons for the observed changes are discussed in Section III. In assessing the distributional consequences of Brazilian economic growth, this study explicitly adopts an absolute poverty approach. In so doing, it is at odds with the bulk of the economic development literature, which while urging a poverty focus, has long relied on measures of relative income inequality and Lorenz curves. Thus, this paper does not merely offer "one more measure"; it is, rather, the use of a different type of measure that causes the divergent results. The paper concludes in Section IV by reviewing the principal findings and exploring some further questions of more general applicability raised by the Brazilian debate.
Freelib: peer-to-peer-based digital libraries

In this paper, we propose a P2P digital library that takes advantage of P2P networks and digital libraries. The key problem with P2P network searches is the low recall value, time to completion and its high use of network bandwidth. In this paper we introduce Freelib a universal client that once installed on a user's machine will connect itself to a P2P network and after a few searches will become aware of the community the user belongs to. The architecture of Freelib is such that a Web of connections is created automatically for people who share common interests, i.e., have similar searches. We report in this paper on the first prototype client the design changes made in the architecture as we actually built the client and the development of an emulator that can validate the working of the client in a real P2P network.
In situ tensile testing of nanoscale freestanding thin films inside a transmission electron microscope

The unique capability of rendering opaque specimens transparent with atomic resolution makes transmission electron microscopy (TEM) an indispensable tool for microstructural and crystallographic analysis of materials. Conventional TEM specimens are placed on grids about 3 mm in diameter and 10–100 µm thick. Such stringent size restriction has precluded mechanical testing inside the TEM chamber. So far, in situ testing of nanoscale thin foils has been mostly qualitative. Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) offer an unprecedented level of miniaturization to realize sensors and actuators that can add TEM visualization to nano-mechanical characterization. We present a MEMS-based uniaxial tensile experiment setup that integrates nanoscale freestanding specimens with force and displacement sensors, which can be accommodated by a conventional TEM straining stage. In situ TEM testing on 100-nm-thick freestanding aluminum specimens (with simultaneous stress measurement) show limited dislocation activity in the grain interior and consequent brittle mode of fracture. Plasticity at this size scale is contributed by grain boundary dislocations and partial dislocations.
Factors influencing maternal perception of uterine contractions

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess factors associated with perception of uterine contractions. Study design A database of ambulatory uterine activity monitoring was examined. All patients having singleton pregnancies evaluated between March 1997 and March 2002 were eligible for analysis. Data were divided into 4 groups by maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI): lean ( 2 ), normal (≥20 to 2 ), overweight (≥25 to 2 ), and obese (≥30 kg/m 2 ). The percentage of contractions perceived during observation was compared between groups. Variables interrogated included maternal weight and parity. Statistical analysis included t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear regression. Results Data from 7808 patients (556,382 hr) were analyzed. A significant reduction in perception of contractions occurred with increasing BMI between each classification, P P Conclusion Obese, nulliparous patients have the greatest difficulty perceiving contractions. Such data may help explain unattended birth or late presentation for care in this group.
Albuminuria and cognitive impairment.

There is a high prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in individuals with ESRD. It has been proposed that the high prevalence of cognitive impairment is related to cerebrovascular disease, and the pattern of cognitive impairment is consistent with vascular dementia ([1][1]). Individuals