cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of bioluminescence imaging to detect enhanced hepatic and systemic tumor growth following partial hepatectomy in mice.

Abstract Background The impact of partial hepatectomy on intra-hepatic and distant tumor growth is a matter of controversy. Utilizing a highly sensitive tumor imaging strategy, we sought to demonstrate whether this growth-acceleration occurs, and to develop an animal model with which to investigate potential therapeutic strategies. Methods Mice bearing constitutively-active luciferase-expressing tumor cells were subjected to either 70% partial hepatectomy (PH; n = 10) or a sham operation (n = 11). Mice were sacrificed 14 days later and remnant livers (or anatomic equivalents in the control group) and lungs harvested for bioluminescence detection. Results Remnant liver weights were significantly increased in PH compared to equivalent lobes in sham-operated animals (t-test; p = 0.005). Tumor burden as measured by bioluminescence was significantly higher in both liver and lung specimens in the PH group (Wilcoxon's Rank Sum test; p = 0.01 and 0.004, respectively). Conclusions Following PH, enhanced metastatic growth was depicted regionally and systemically with bioluminescence imaging providing an objective measure of tumor burden. This preclinical model can help to identify adjuvant therapies that can influence both tumor growth and liver regeneration.
Medicines for children.

Following your Editorial on the new European Directive on Drugs for Children (June 17, p 1953), we thought it would be worth alerting readers to the UK’s approach to this issue. In 2004, the Department of Health announced the establishment of a national Medicines for Children Research Network and, after a competitive tender, appointed a consortium including the University of Liverpool, Imperial College London, the National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, and the National Children’s Bureau to establish and coordinate this network. Six local research networks have now been established and staff are being appointed within them. By the end of 2006, we expect to have a fully functional research network that will provide the infrastructure within the National Health Service, in collaboration with academia, industry and other partners, to do high quality research into medicines for children. We fully agree with the Editorial’s view that children deserve the highest standards of research and ethical protection, and the Medicines for Children Research Network is committed to providing this, and to creating the environment needed for signifi cant progress in this previously neglected but very important area of health care.
The History and Evolution of Gaussian Basis Sets

The history and evolution of Gaussian basis sets in molecular electronic structure calculations are reviewed, from the original proposals by McWeeny and Boys to the current high-quality generally-contracted basis sets of the atomic natural orbital and correlation-consistent types. Various explorations of modified forms, generalizations, and alternatives are mentioned, but the focus is on the mainstream developments whose origin can largely be traced to the work of Reeves and his students. The introduction of various standard sequences of basis sets, such as those of Pople and coworkers, with well-documented and extensive test results, and the wide distribution of easy-to-use computer codes, such as the GAUSSIAN series, have contributed greatly to the explosion in the use of ab initio calculations of molecular structure in the chemistry research community.
Use of oral contraceptives and risk of breast cancer in young women

Many studies have shown that oral contraceptive (OC) use increases a young woman's risk of breast cancer, although some studies suggest that the risk may be limited to recent use. The objective of this study was to determine what particular aspects of OC use could be important for breast cancer development at an early age in the cohort of women who had the opportunity to use OCs all of their reproductive life. The cases were first diagnosed with breast cancer at age 40 or younger between 1983 and 1988, and identified by the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program. Control subjects were individually matched to participating cases on birth date (within 36 months), race (white), parity (nulliparous versus parous), and neighborhood of residence. Detailed OC histories were obtained during in-person interviews with subjects. In general the risk estimates were small, and not statistically significant. Compared to no use, having used OCs for 12 years or more was associated with a modest non-significant elevated breast cancer risk with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.8-2.4). Long-term (12 years or more) users of high-dose estrogen pills had a non-significant 60% higher breast cancer risk than never users (CI = 0.9-3.2). Early use was associated with slightly higher ORs among young women (age < or =35), and among parous women. Recent use was associated with somewhat higher ORs among parous women and women above age 36. Analyses by stage, body weight, and family history yielded similar results. This study is consistent with a modest effect of early OC use on breast cancer risk in young women.
Mechanism and evaluation in electroinitiated copolymerization coatings of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid

Adherent films of copolymers on different metal surfaces were formed by an electrolytically initiated polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and acrylic acid (AA) in 0.05N H2SO4 aqueous solution. The electrolysis was carried out under a constant current. Hydrogen overvoltages for five different metals used as the cathode were measured in order to interpret the nature and quality of the coating. Solutions containing varying volume fractions of AN and containing different electrolytes gave rise to coatings of varying film thickness. Based on the analyses of copolymer compositions, it is believed that the polymer was formed at the cathode by a free-radical propagation mechanism. The film hardness and the adhesion between the polymer and the metal surface were measured with an Arco microknife. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the structure of the film surface and cross section. The corrosion rates of the coated and uncoated metals in substitute ocean water were also measured for purposes of evaluation of the coatings.
Clinical Features and Management of Postoperative Pouch Bleeding after Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis (IPAA)

Aim The clinical features of postoperative bleeding from the ileal pouch–anal anastomosis(IPAA) vary and its management can be difficult. There is no published literature regarding pouch bleeding and its treatment.
Discontinuity of seen motion reduces the visual motion aftereffect

Would a motion-picture film of a rotating spiral induce a spiral aftereffect? This question was studied in two experiments in which Ss viewed an animated film of circles collapsing to a point. The rate of apparent motion of the collapsing circles and the discontinuity of motion—the length of jump between successively projected circles—were varied independently. A visual aftereffect like the spiral aftereffect was created. The aftereffect increased in strength and duration with the rate of motion, but at all rates of motion it declined as discontinuity of motion increased. The results are taken as evidence that motion aftereffects are caused by selective fatigue of small, directionally sensitive motion-receptive fields.
Direct determination of scattering time delays using the S-matrix version of the Kohn variation method

Abstract A direct method for determining time delays for scattering processes is developed using the S -matrix version of the Kohn variation method recently reported by Miller. In this paper we develop a procedure for simultaneously determining both the S matrix and its energy derivative. Since only a small number of additional terms are needed to generate the energy derivative of the S matrix, this yields a direct method for determining scattering time delays that should be more attractive than the traditional methods based on numerical differentiation of #S#-matrix elements calculated at many closely spaced energies.
Expression of direct anger and hostility predict depression symptoms in formerly depressed women

The focus of this two-part study was on distinguishing maladaptive expressions of anger (hostility) from adaptive forms (direct anger). Observational codes assessing the dimensions of hostility and direct anger were developed and applied to a videotaped task in which women discussed a conflictual topic with their romantic partners. Scales showed acceptable interrater reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. In a preliminary test of the predictive validity of these scales, their distinct roles in predicting psychological outcome were supported: Direct anger was negatively related and hostility was positively related to subsequent depressive symptoms in 23 formerly depressed women across a 6–18 month follow-up period. Results support the importance of further theoretical and empirical work to delineate adaptive and maladaptive expressions of anger.
The concept of res communis in international law

(1990). The concept of res communis in international law. History of European Ideas: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 459-477.
Scale-Up Investigation of the Continuous Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Hypochlorite Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes

The use of bleach to oxidize alcohols with the aid of a phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) offers several benefits over traditional oxidants: low material cost, mild reaction conditions, and no metallic waste. Mass transport limitations often dictate overall reaction rates of such PTC reactions, and continuous-flow reactors with superior mass and heat transport performance are consequently used to enhance their rates. Three PTC hypochlorite oxidation reactions are chosen to illustrate scaling of PTC reactions from microfluidic to mesoscale systems [Corning Low Flow Reactor (LFR) and Advanced Flow Reactor (AFR)]. The successful scaling from microliters per hour in microreactors to intermediate milliliters per minute without sacrificing mass transport performance leads to significant increases in production rate and constitutes an efficient flow reactor scaling approach. The production rate increases up to 700 times in the scaling process from a spiral microreactor to the LFR and then to the AFR.
Special feature: Two-phase cryptographic key recovery system

A two-phase method of key recovery which will be referred to as Secure Key Recovery (SKR) is presented. The proposed key recovery system permits a portion of the key recovery information to be generated once and then used for multiple encrypted data communications sessions and encrypted file applications. In particular, the portion of the key recovery information that is generated just once is the only portion that requires public key encryption operations. We also describe a verification mode in which the communicating parties each produce SKR recovery information independently, without checking the other's so produced information. In this mode, if at least one side is correctly configured, all required recovery information is correctly produced. In addition, the communicating parties are free to include any optional recovery fields without causing a false invalidation of what the other parties sent. Further, we present a method of verification of key recovery information within a key recovery system, based on a variation of the three-party Diffie-Hellman key agreement procedure. Without communication with a trustee, the sender is able to encrypt recovery information in such a way that both the receiver and the respective trustee can decrypt it. This reduces the number of encryptions, and inherently validates the recovery information when the receiver decrypts it. The method allows full caching of all public key operations, thus further reducing computational overhead.
Cancer and Obesity: Effect of Bariatric Surgery

Recent international cancer prevention guidelines recommend weight loss, where appropriate, for the purpose of cancer risk reduction. However, limited research associates voluntary weight loss to subsequent cancer incidence because of the difficulty of achieving long-term weight loss maintenance among large participant groups. Bariatric surgery has demonstrated long-term sustained weight loss, and as a result, patients after bariatric surgery represent an ideal population to explore the relationship between long-term, voluntary weight loss and cancer incidence. This paper briefly reviews cancers that have shown to be associated with overweight and obesity and looks at studies that demonstrate reduced total mortality after bariatric surgery. Reduced cancer mortality and incidence as well as reduced cancer-related physician visits after bariatric surgery are presented. Study limitations and future research questions related to cancer and bariatric surgery are briefly discussed.
Hill reaction site in chloroplast membranes: non-participation of the quantasome particle in photoreduction.

Abstract The site of the Hill reaction in spinach chloroplast membranes has been studied, primarily by electron microscopy. Evidence is presented that the membrane-bound particles, known as quantasomes, in salt-extracted preparations are not Hill reaction sites. The membrane-bound particles failed to deposit locally an electron-dense tetrazolium salt, INT, used as a Hill oxidant. Rather, entire membranes appeared to participate uniformly in INT deposition. It was found that specific INT deposition on chloroplast membranes results from photo-reduction. Competition experiments with Hill reaction substrates suggest that INT is reduced at the same site as DCPIP. EDTA extraction yielded particle-free membranes fully active in photoreduction. A non-chlorophyllous protein species is recoverable from the EDTA extracts.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS OF ANTIBODIES IN MONKEYS INFECTED WITH TOXOCARA CANIS

Abstract Sera of monkeys ( Macaca sinica ), experimentally infected with multiple doses of eggs of Toxocara canis , were subjected to Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The distribution of antibodies in the various serum fractions was determined by the conglutinating complement absorption test (CCAT) and the agar-gel diffusion precipitin test using antigens prepared from the adult and the embryonated eggs of T. canis and by the formation of precipitates at the oral orifice of artificially hatched living 2nd stage larvae of T. canis . In serum samples taken 1 and 2 weeks after initial infection, CCAT antibodies were located mainly in the macroglobulin fractions of serum. By 1 to 4 weeks after a third dose of eggs such antibodies were located mainly in the 7S fraction of immunoglobulins. Antibodies detected by gel precipitation were located in the macroglobulin fraction of serum, while those that produced oral precipitates on 2nd stage larvae occurred in the 7S fractions.
Preoperative Valproate Administration Does Not Increase Blood Loss During Temporal Lobectomy

Summary: Surgical treatment is increasingly used for patients with medically refractory seizures. Valproate (VPA) is an effective, widely used anticonvulsant in this patient population, but believed by some researchers to increase surgical bleeding because of quantitative thrombocytopenia and functional defects in platelet aggregation. Because we have observed no clinical evidence that perioperative administration of VPA increases blood loss or complications related to postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing temporal lobectomy at our institution, we sought to test this hypothesis. We made a retrospective review of the medical records of all patients who underwent epilepsy surgery at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, from September 1986 through January 1993. Patients who had a temporal lobectomy and whose medical records documented preoperative platelet counts and pre- and postoperative hematocrit and hemoglobin values were included. We excluded patients who had cranial surgery before temporal lobectomy and those with intracranial neoplasms or vascular malformations. Patients were divided into two groups: those who received VPA in the immediate preoperative period and those who had not received VPA recently. We compared the estimated surgical blood loss and the estimated change in red blood cell (RBC) volume between groups by unpaired t tests. The charts of 87 consecutive patients qualified for inclusion in the study. Patients in the VPA group had relative (but not absolute) thrombocytopenia preoperatively (235 ± 64 vs. 277 ± 69 k in the No-VPA group). There were no differences in the estimated blood loss, RBC volume, or in the incidence of postoperative transfusion. VPA apparently does not increase complications of hemostasis during therapeutic surgical resections for epilepsy. Therefore, we do not recommend routinely discontinuing VPA before craniotomy.
Cholesterol crystals piercing the arterial plaque and intima trigger local and systemic inflammation

Abstract The response to arterial wall injury is an inflammatory process, which over time becomes integral to the development of atherosclerosis and subsequent plaque instability. However, the underlying injurious agent, critical to this process, has not received much attention. In this review, a model of plaque rupture is hypothesized with two stages of inflammatory activity. In stage I (cholesterol crystal-induced cell injury and apoptosis), intracellular cholesterol crystals induce foam cell apoptosis, setting up a vicious cycle by signaling more macrophages, resulting in accumulation of extra cellular lipids. This local inflammation eventually leads to the formation of a semi-liquid, lipid-rich necrotic core of a vulnerable plaque. In stage II (cholesterol crystal-induced arterial wall injury), the saturated lipid core is now primed for crystallization, which can manifest as a clinical syndrome with a systemic inflammation response. Cholesterol crystallization is the trigger that causes core expansion, leading to intimal injury. We recently demonstrated that when cholesterol crystallizes from a liquid to a solid state, it undergoes volume expansion, which can tear the plaque cap. This observation of cholesterol crystals perforating the cap and intimal surface was made in the plaques of patients who died with acute coronary syndrome. We have also demonstrated that several agents (ie, statins, aspirin, and ethanol) can dissolve cholesterol crystals and may be exerting their immediate benefits by this direct mechanism. Also, because recent studies have demonstrated that high-sensitivity C-reactive protein may be a reliable marker in selecting patients for statin therapy, it could reflect the presence of intimal injury by cholesterol crystals. This was demonstrated in an atherosclerotic rabbit model. Therefore, we propose that cholesterol crystallization could help explain in part both local and systemic inflammation associated with atherosclerosis.
Pyrolysis of diisopropylantimony hydride: a new precursor for organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

The pyrolysis of diisopropylantimony hydride (DIPSbH), (C3H7)2SbH, has been studied in an isothermal flow-tube reactor. The reaction products in H2, D2, and He carrier gases were studied using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. T50 for this compound (200‡C) is significantly lower than that of other antimony sources, such as trimethylantimony (450‡C). In addition to the hydride, the decomposition of diisopropylantimony deuteride (DIPSbD), (C3H7)2SbD, was studied to provide insight into the pyrolysis mechanism. The rate limiting step was found to be first-order and is believed to be a reductive elimination reaction which produces C3H8 in the case of DIPSbH and C3H7D in the case of DIPSbD. An increase in the ratio of [C3H6] to [C3H8] was observed as the temperature was increased from 200 to 275‡C, indicating that other reactions, possibly Β-hydrogen elimination, are important as well. The reaction rate and the products produced were not affected by changing the carrier gas. The temperature dependence of the vapor pressure was determined and is described by the equation log (P)(Torr) = 7.948-2100/T(l/K).
A critical examination of social media adoption in government: Introducing omnipresence

Abstract As government agencies at every level are adopting social media tools, scholarship is emerging that indicates dialogic potentials meant to increase citizen engagement might not be met. With that premise, we take a critical examination of the way social media can increase capacity for engagement rather encourage collaboration, depending upon the way the tools are constructed. To do so, we expand Lippmann's notion of the phantom public to introduce the theoretical constructs of Omnipresent Citizens and Omnipresent Administrators. These people are everywhere but nowhere and embody characteristics of accessibility, desire to participate, and the possibility of remaining anonymous. Each has implications for citizen participation.
Localization of choline acetyltransferase at neuromuscular junctions

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) was localized at the neuromuscular junctions of rabbit diaphragm with immunohistochemical staining, which produced a brown color, in combination with histochemical staining for cholinesterase, which produced a blue color, in the same section. The innervations of nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junctions were comparable when a silver impregnation was substituted for the immunohistochemical staining of ChAc.
Pharmacologic Therapy of Chronic Heart Failure

Over the past 2 decades, investigators have learned more about the pathophysiologic changes that occur in systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Ironically, in some cases, the biologic pathways that have protected the heart during acute dysfunction are the same pathways that cause progressive deleterious effects with chronic activation. In particular, it is the activation of the neurohormonal system that has a significant impact on disease progression. As a result, the neurohormonal system has provided a key target for pharmacologic therapy in patients with heart failure secondary to systolic dysfunction. These targets include the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as well as the sympathetic nervous system. Neurohormonal manipulation, however, is often ineffective in the pharmacologic therapy of patients with endstage heart failure, therefore other treatment strategies - including the use of inotropic agents to improve pump function and diuretics to control fluid balance are needed.
An android-controlled direction of arrival system using polarization-reconfigurable antennas

Summary form only given. GPS is very powerful and provides variety of positioning services for both GPS is very powerful and provides variety of positioning services for both civilian and military purposes. Unfortunately GPS cannot reliably be used inside, because the GPS signal is seriously attenuated by many structures. Increasing demands for indoor positioning require the development of a new type of indoor GPS. Our system was developed to realize such functionality. The indoor GPS is based on the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. The Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) is utilized to perform DOA. Providing estimation for DOA has been studied in signal processing for several decades.
Nasal Mucociliary Transport after Exposure to Swimming Pool Water

Swimmers often complain of nasal dryness, and reports have suggested that swimmers may have an increased incidence of chronic rhinosinusitis (“Swimmer's Sinusitis”). To assess the affect of swimmin...
Surgical repair of a leaking double postinfarction left ventricular pseudoaneurysm

the effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for these aggressive tumors. The role of adjuvant radiation therapy is not well defined but is generally advocated because it might decrease the incidence of recurrent tumor. Primary PA sarcoma has a predilection to result in metastatic disease because of its tendency to embolize into the pulmonary arterial tree. Chemotherapy might be effective against microscopic metastatic disease and might decrease the burden of recurrent pulmonary and other systemic disease; however, there has been limited experience with this in the past. In summary, we present 2 cases of primary PA sarcoma that mimicked pulmonary thromboembolic disease. In both patients the diagnosis of PA sarcoma was made only after pathology was reviewed postoperatively. Despite diagnostic, operative, and oncologic advances over the last few decades, PA sarcoma still remains a diagnostic dilemma associated with a dismal prognosis.
Effect of transmembrane potential on the manifestations of ouabain toxicity in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres

The effect of membrane potential on the manifestations of ouabain-induced alterations in the electrical activity of shortened sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres was studied by a microelectrode technique. The level of membrane potential was modulated by passing intracellular polarizing current. It was found that the toxic electrical effects induced by exposure to ouabain vary according to the level of membrane potential.
Network localization from relative bearing measurements

We present an approach for 2D sensor network localization when only bearing measurements are available and no global coordinate frame is known. Our work builds off of the linear constraint given in Kennedy et al. (2012) for sets of nodes that form triangles. We extend that constraint to general networks and present methods for locally optimizing the resulting cost function. We also show how these methods can be used for 3D network localization when the vertical axis is known. The algorithms are evaluated on both synthetic and real datasets, and we also show how they can be applied to the “structure from motion” problem in the field of computer vision.
R&D evaluation at the Italian National Research Council: The agricultural sector

The principles and methodology of intra-mural and extra-mural research assessment developed at the Italian National Research Council are critically described. Information is given about the organisation of agricultural research system.
Intercalary Allograft Reconstructions Using a Compressible Intramedullary Nail: A Preliminary Report

Background Although intercalary allograft reconstructions are commonly performed using intramedullary devices, they cannot generate compression across host-allograft junctions. Therefore, they sometimes are associated with gap formation and suboptimal healing conditions.
Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Content of Raw and Cooked Turkey Muscle

Abstract Raw and cooked turkey pectoralis major muscle was assayed for vitamin B12 and folic acid. Total cooking loss was greater for meat roasted at 93 C than for other cooking treatments. Moisture content of raw meat was higher than for cooked and braised meat contained more moisture than roasted meat. Meat roasted at 93 C had more vitamin B12 on an edible weight basis than when roasted at 177 C. On a moisture-free and fat-free basis, meat cooked at 177 C had less vitamin B12 than raw meat and that cooked at 93 C. Folic acid content was not affected by the cooking treatment.
On the role of interphase barrier and substructural strengthening in deformation processed composite materials

Abstract Deformation processed composites are complex materials, and it is unlikely that any single strengthening mechanism/model can account for all aspects of their behavior. The work hardening model is consistent with some aspects of microstructural evolution and can be used to predict composite strengths as they depend on interphase spacing, phase volume fraction and deformation strain. In addition, the model predicts other important qualitative aspects of DPCM behavior. The work hardening model, however, can not be relied on to provide a detailed picture of dislocation substructure. Recent attempts to model DPCM strengths solely in terms of interphase barrier strengthening appear implausible. This is a consequence of disregarding substructural development and the importance of substructure in determining composite strengths. Nor is such a mechanism able to explain many other aspects of DPCM behavior. The interphase barrier mechanism is most plausible when processing produces a composite without strong substructural obstacles.
Process development for the fabrication of high-quality composite tubes

Abstract With the increasing technological importance of advanced composite tubes, both for material properties evaluation and as structural members, effective fabrication and processing techniques are of great importance. This paper presents guidelines for the fabrication of high-quality thin- and thick-walled tubes that have proved successful in making tubes of glass, boron and graphite/epoxies. Following a description of the general fabrication technique, the paper discusses tube moulds and associated fixturing. Next, problems encountered in the manufacture of thin- and thick-walled tubes are outlined, and techniques to be followed in overcoming these problems described, The paper closes with a discussion of the process development for producing a 3 in diameter, long graphite/epoxy tube.
Net radiation calculated from remote multispectral and ground station meteorological data

Of the four terms that comprise net radiation, the incoming solar and the longwave radiation from the atmosphere are essentially independent of surface conditions (e.g., bare soil, vegetation). These terms can be measured at a single location using groundbased instruments and extrapolated over relatively large areas. The reflected solar and the emitted longwave terms are surface dependent, but are amenable to measurement by remote means. A method is described whereby net radiation is evaluated by combining ground-based meteorological and remote multispectral measurements. Net radiation values obtained using the remote method were compared to values obtained using minature net radiometers. The net radiometers were positioned near the center of 18 wheat plots and the multispectral measurements were made over a 6-m transect on each plot. Although the two methods used instruments having different fields-of-view, good agreement was obtained. The results imply that, by combining ground-based and remote measurements, net radiation maps of relatively large areas can be constructed at the level of detail determined by the resolution element of the multispectral radiometer.
The role of psychotherapy in chronic depressions: a proposal.

Abstract Chronic depressions which account for about 15% of depressive disorders, have been recently subdivided into early-onset characterologic and late-onset unipolar depressions. In both conditions chronic mild depressive symptoms become ingrained in the personality and impair social functioning; the treating physician may easily overlook the underlying affective disturbance and consider these patients as having anxiety or personality disorder. The late onset group of patients with unresolved, partially remitted acute depression, appears most promising for clinical trials testing the efficacy of brief psychotherapies aimed at symptom reduction and improved social functioning. The indirect evidence that psychotherapy may be useful for such patients is reviewed. Psychotherapeutic strategies are outlined.
The crystal structure of strontium tetraiododiargentate octahydrate, SrAg2I4 · 8H2O

Abstract Crystals of strontium tetraiododiargentate octahydrate, SrAg2I4 · 8H2O belong to the tetragonal space group I422(D94), with a = 12.86 ± 0.03, c = 5.56 ± 0.02A, and Z = 2. The structure may be described as having, in one-to-one ratio, columns formed by [Sr(H2O)8]2+ entities centered at (0, 0) and ( 1 2 , 1 2 ) and chains of edge-sharing AgI4 tetrahedra centered at ( 1 2 , 0) and (0, 1 2 ), the chains being linked to each other through water molecules by hydrogen bonding and through van der Waals forces between iodide ions. The crystals are obtained from a saturated aqueous solution of SrI2 which is then saturated with AgI; dilution of this solution or addition of water to the crystals precipitates β-AgI. This demonstrates the ease with which the three-dimensional corner-sharing tetrahedra of the β-AgI transform to the edge-sharing chain arrangement of tetrahedra and vice versa. It is probable that the saturated solution itself contains [Sr(H2O)8]2+ and AgI4-chain entities. Anhydrous compounds of strontium and barium halides with silver and copper halides appear to be unattainable at atmospheric pressure. It is speculated that this is associated with the particular coordination requirements of the alkaline earth ions.
Equilibrium allocations of Walrasian preference games

Following Hurwicz (1972) we think of an allocation mechanism as a set of rules governing the behavior of economic agents. Given the economic environment (initial allocations, consumer preferences and the technology), the behavior prescribed by the allocation mechanism determines future allocations. Thus we may think of an allocation mechanism as a mapping from a set of economic environments to a set of allocations. A question which often comes up in discussions of allocation mechanisms is whether or not there are incentives for the economic agents to follow the prescribed rules. Is the mechanism “incentive compatible”? This question has received considerable attention in the public finance literature where the concern has been primarily with whether or not consumers will reveal their true prefrences as prescribed by mechanisms designed for the allocation of public goods. (See, for example, Samuelson (1969).) Hurwicz (1972) presented a game theoretic structure for the analysis of incentive compatibility. The economic agents are the players and their reported characteristics (preferences, endowments or technologies) are the strategy variables. When the strategies are “played” a reported environment is characterized and the allocation mechanism under consideration determines the resulting allocation. This allocation, as evaluated by the true consumer preferences, is the “payoff” to the strategies played. Hurwicz calls the mechanism “individually incentive compatible” if the vector of true characteristics is a Nash equilibrium strategy vector for this game. Hurwicz (1972) first used this structure to investigate the incentive compatibility of the Walrasian mechanism. He considered pure exchange economies with finitely many consumers in which initial endowments were taken to be known by all and thus not subject to misreporting. Thus preferences were the only characteristics reported strategically. He found that
Determinants of citizen complaints against police abuse of power

At the macro level, little quantitative research exists about organizational determinants of the citizen complaint rate against police abuse of power regarding unlawful arrest/detention, illegal search or seizure, harassment and intimidation, misuse of authority, and improper language. The current study tested Wilson's professionalism control thesis and Lundman's organizational product thesis. Variables were identified and created from the data of Pate and Fridell. Tobit regression analyses of the data revealed the important correlates of citizen complaints and organizational characteristics. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed within the limitations of the data.
Pre- and postnatal development of differentiated functions in rat intestinal epithelial cells.

Abstract A panel of monoclonal antibodies to intestinal cell surface components has been used to compare the expression of differentiation-specific antigens in the epithelial cells of fetal, suckling, and adult rat small intestine. Indirect immunofluorescence staining, and immunopurification of detergent-solubilized membrane proteins, followed by single- and two-dimensional slab gel electrophoretic analysis, have demonstrated that fetal intestinal cells (at day 21 of gestation) express most differentiation-specific markers typical of adult absorptive villus cells. A marked heterogeneity in antigen expression was observed among different villus cell populations in suckling rat intestine, and three cell surface components were identified which are exclusively present during this period of intestinal development. STriking changes in the patterns of antigen expression in crypt and villus cells, and variations in the apparent isoelectric points for most luminal membrane components, were associated with the maturation of the intestinal mucosa at weaning. These changes could not be prematurely induced by cortisone injection in newborn rats, suggesting that factors other than glucocorticoids are responsible for the postnatal development of the intestinal epithelium. These results suggest that basic differences in biological properties and regulatory mechanisms exist among intestinal epithelial cells at different stages of pre- and postnatal maturation.
Intraperitoneal 1.5% Delflex improves intestinal blood flow in necrotizing enterocolitis.

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) alters intestinal microvascular control mechanisms causing significant vasoconstriction. Our prior work with intraperitoneal 2.5% dextrose solution demonstrated increased intestinal perfusion in experimentally induced NEC. In the current study, we examine whether a buffered solution with lower glucose and osmolar loads similarly increases intestinal blood flow. We hypothesized that buffered 1.5% dextrose solution would increase ileal blood flow compared with baseline in NEC. Methods: We randomly assigned pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to control (n ¼ 103) or NEC (n ¼ 123) groups, by litter. We induced NEC by previously published methods. Control pups were vaginally delivered and dam-fed. We used laser Doppler flowmetry to evaluate perfusion in the terminal ileum at 12, 24, 48, 72, or 96 h after delivery at baseline and after application of topical 1.5% dextrose solution. We evaluated differences between groups and time points by analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. Results: Baseline blood flow in the terminal ileum increased with gestational age in both groups (P < 0.05). Control groups had significantly greater baseline blood flow than NEC groups (P < 0.05), and topical application of buffered 1.5% dextrose solution increased blood
Temperature effects on the radiation stability and ion exchange capacity of smectites

Abstract Radiation stability of montmorillonite, nontronite, and saponite as a function of temperature has been investigated by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with 200 keV electrons. All three phases underwent a crystalline-to-amorphous transformation when exposed to electron beam irradiation over the temperature range of 25–750°C. At room temperature, the amorphization doses of montmorillonite, nontronite and saponite are 1.3×1024, 6.2×1024 and 1.7×10 24 e − / m 2 , which correspond to energy depositions of 3.0×1010, 3.4×1011 and 6.0×1010 Gy, respectively. In the low-temperature region (25–400°C), the amorphization doses of all three types of smectite increase with the increase of temperature. Further increase of temperature to above 400°C leads to a decrease in the amorphization dose. The temperature effect on the ion exchange capacity for Cs has been studied using thermally treated smectites at temperatures between 25°C and 900°C. No change in ion exchange capacity was found at temperatures below 400°C, for which dehydration is the dominant process during the heat treatment. Above this temperature, dehydroxylation, amorphization and phase transformation occur depending on temperature. The ion exchange capacity decreases with the increase in temperature, as a result of the loss of exchangeable cations in the crystalline structure.
A technical review of emerging technologies for energy and water efficiency and pollution reduction in the textile industry

The textile industry uses large amounts of electricity, fuel, and water, with corresponding greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and contaminated effluent. Emerging energy-efficiency, greenhouse gas (GHG), and pollution mitigation technologies will be crucial for the textile industry as it responds to population and economic growth that is expected to spur a rapid increase in textile consumption over the coming decades and a corresponding increase in the industry's absolute energy use and GHG and other pollutant emissions. This paper gives an overview of textile industry processes and compiles available information on the energy savings, environmental and other benefits, costs, commercialization status, and references for 18 emerging technologies to reduce the industry's energy use and environmental emissions. Although studies from around the world identify a variety of sector-specific and cross-cutting energy-efficiency technologies that have already been commercialized for the textile industry, information is scarce and/or scattered regarding emerging or advanced energy-efficiency and low-carbon technologies that are not yet commercialized or at the very early stage of adoption. This paper is intended to be a resource on these emerging technologies for engineers, researchers, investors, textile manufacturers, policy makers, and other interested parties.
The Asian Ascent: Opportunity for Peace or Precondition for War?

Demographic and social scientific research suggests, with near certainty, that by the end of this century, the two Asian giants, China and India, will have surpassed the United States on certain key indicators of national power. The implications for the future of world politics are profound, but the outcomes are not predetermined. If the coming power transition is managed wisely, there is an opportunity for continued peace among the Great Powers. If the transition proceeds confrontationally, as many have in the past, a serious global conflict is in the offing. There is much that policy makers can do to avoid the most threatening potential outcomes.
The Pre-mRNA Splicing Machinery of Trypanosomes: Complex or Simplified?

Trypanosomatids are early-diverged, protistan parasites of which Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and several species of Leishmania cause severe, often lethal diseases in humans. To better combat these parasites, their molecular biology has been a research focus for more than 3 decades, and the discovery of spliced leader (SL) trans splicing in T. brucei established a key difference between parasites and hosts. In SL trans splicing, the capped 5′-terminal region of the small nuclear SL RNA is fused onto the 5′ end of each mRNA. This process, in conjunction with polyadenylation, generates individual mRNAs from polycistronic precursors and creates functional mRNA by providing the cap structure. The reaction is a two-step transesterification process analogous to intron removal by cis splicing which, in trypanosomatids, is confined to very few pre-mRNAs. Both types of pre-mRNA splicing are carried out by the spliceosome, consisting of five U-rich small nuclear RNAs (U snRNAs) and, in humans, up to ∼170 different proteins. While trypanosomatids possess a full set of spliceosomal U snRNAs, only a few splicing factors were identified by standard genome annotation because trypanosomatid amino acid sequences are among the most divergent in the eukaryotic kingdom. This review focuses on recent progress made in the characterization of the splicing factor repertoire in T. brucei, achieved by tandem affinity purification of splicing complexes, by systematic analysis of proteins containing RNA recognition motifs, and by mining the genome database. In addition, recent findings about functional differences between trypanosome and human pre-mRNA splicing factors are discussed.
A Stem Cell Niche for Intermediate Progenitor Cells of the Embryonic Cortex

The excitatory neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex arise from asymmetric divisions of radial glial cells in the ventricular zone and symmetric division of intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the embryonic cortex. Little is known about the microenvironment in which IPCs divide or whether a stem cell niche exists in the SVZ of the embryonic cortex. Recent evidence suggests that vasculature may provide a niche for adult stem cells but its role in development is less clear. We have investigated the vasculature in the embryonic cortex during neurogenesis and find that IPCs are spatially and temporally associated with blood vessels during cortical development. Intermediate progenitors mimic the pattern of capillaries suggesting patterns of angiogenesis and neurogenesis are coordinated during development. More importantly, we find that IPCs divide near blood vessel branch points suggesting that cerebral vasculature establishes a stem cell niche for intermediate progenitors in the SVZ. These data provide novel evidence for the presence of a neurogenic niche for intermediate progenitors in the embryonic SVZ and suggest blood vessels are important for proper patterning of neurogenesis.
RGS1 and RGS13 mRNA silencing in a human B lymphoma line enhances responsiveness to chemoattractants and impairs desensitization

Chemokines bind receptors that are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. Chemokine receptors transduce intracellular signals by activating heterotrimeric G-proteins. Acting to limit and modulate heterotrimeric G-protein signaling is a family of proteins, termed regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS). Two of these proteins, RGS1 and RGS13, are well-expressed in germinal center B cells and many Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Reducing RGS13 and to a lesser extent RGS1 expression in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line enhances responsiveness to two chemokines, CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and CXCL13, and reducing both mRNAs augments the responses more dramatically. The double knock-down (KD) cells respond better to restimulation with CXCL12 or CXCL13 after a primary stimulation with CXCL12 than do the control cells. The double-KD cells also exhibit a greater propensity to polarize and to develop multiple small lamellipodia. These results indicate that RGS1 and RGS13 act together to regulate chemokine receptor signaling in human germinal center B lymphocytes and provide evidence that they contribute significantly to the rapid desensitization of the signaling pathway.
Multisite Phosphorylation of the Sum1 Transcriptional Repressor by S-Phase Kinases Controls Exit from Meiotic Prophase in Yeast

Activation of the meiotic transcription factor Ndt80 is a key regulatory transition in the life cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae because it triggers exit from pachytene and entry into meiosis. The NDT80 promoter is held inactive by a complex containing the DNA-binding protein Sum1 and the histone deacetylase Hst1. Meiosis-specific phosphorylation of Sum1 by the protein kinases Cdk1, Ime2, and Cdc7 is required for NDT80 expression. Here, we show that the S-phase-promoting cyclin Clb5 activates Cdk1 to phosphorylate most, and perhaps all, of the 11 minimal cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) phospho-consensus sites (S/T-P) in Sum1. Nine of these sites can individually promote modest levels of meiosis, yet these sites function in a quasiadditive manner to promote substantial levels of meiosis. Two Cdk1 sites and an Ime2 site individually promote high levels of meiosis, likely by preparing Sum1 for phosphorylation by Cdc7. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that the phosphorylation sites are required for removal of Sum1 from the NDT80 promoter. We also find that Sum1, but not its partner protein Hst1, is required to repress NDT80 transcription. Thus, while the phosphorylation of Sum1 may lead to dissociation from DNA by influencing Hst1, it is the presence of Sum1 on DNA that determines whether NDT80 will be expressed.