cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Traffic Assignment with Elastic Demands: A Review Part II. Algorithmic Approaches

Part I of this study reviewed the formulation of the traffic assignment problem TAP in a network and identified its underlying rationale. This part examines algorithmic approaches for calculating the flow patterns resulting from the different modes of assignment. An efficient methodology for solving the elastic-demand TAP is based on remodeling it as an equivalent assignment problem in an expanded network. The variable-demand TAP is then tranformed into a fixed-demand TAP, with a trip table consisting of the potential demands, and can be solved by available fixed-demand assignment algorithms. Three alternative transformations are described.
Volumetric Mri Analysis Of Dyslexic Subjects Using A Level Set Framework

The minicolumn is considered as an elementary unit of the neocortex in all mammalian brains. It is believed that enlargement of the cortical surface occurs as a result of the addition of minicolumns, not a single neuron. Hence, a modern trend to analyze developmental disorders such as dyslexia and autism is to investigate how the minicolumns in the brains of dyslexic and autistic patients vary from the minicolumns in normal brains mapping this variation into a noninvasive imaging framework such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This chapter provides the status of an investigation of the differences between the brains of normal control cases and dyslexic patients through an analysis of brain Magnetic Resonance Images. It will be shown that there exists a discriminant difference in the total volume of the white matter between the normal control cases and the dyslexic ones. The major objective of this study is to investigate the correlation between the pathological findings represented by the number of minicolumns, their widths, their arrangements, etc., and the MRI findings that may be represented by volumetric measures of the white and gray matter in different brain compartments. Since the pathological findings found a smaller number of minicolumns in patients with dyslexia, we hypothesize that the volume of the whole white matter in the
Copyrights: Fair Use in the Film Industry

This paper, presented at a symposium at the University of Baltimore School of Law, begins by setting forth pertinent statutory provisions and the holdings of the leading U.S. Supreme Court regarding the defense of “fair use” under copyright law. It then presents extensive lower court case law research regarding questions of fair use by filmmakers of others’ copyrighted materials – in publicity, set design, footage, and music.
Lessons from Alpine Fungi

Problemes generaux d'adaptation de Champignons au milieu des zones alpines, exemples pris aux Etats-Unis
Optimal realizations of simplified Toffoli gates

A simplified Toffoli gate coincides with the Toffoli gate except that the result is allowed to differ on one computational basis state by a phase factor. We prove that the simplified Toffoli gate implementation by Margolus is optimal, in the sense that it attains a lower bound of three controlled-not gates, and subject to that, a sharp lower bound of four single-qubit gates. We also discuss optimal implementations of other simplified Toffoli gates, and explain why the phase factor -1 invariably occurs in such implementations.
Neuromechanical synergies in single-leg landing reveal changes in movement control

Our purpose was to examine changes in single-leg landing biomechanics and movement control following alterations in mechanical task demands via external load and landing height. We examined lower-extremity kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic (EMG) adjustments, as well as changes in movement control from neuromechanical synergies using separate principal component analyses (PCA). Nineteen healthy volunteers (15M, 4F, age: 24.3±4.9y, mass: 78.5±14.7kg, height: 1.73±0.08m) were analyzed among 9 single-leg drop landing trials in each of 6 experimental conditions (3 load and 2 landing height) computed as percentages of subject bodyweight (BW, BW+12.5%, BW+25%) and height (H12.5% & H25%). Condition order was counterbalanced, including: 1.) BW·H12.5, 2.) BW+12.5·H12.5, 3.) BW+25·H12.5, 4.) BW·H25, 5.) BW+12.5·H25, 6.) BW+25·H25. Lower-extremity sagittal joint angles and moments (hip, knee, & ankle), vertical ground reaction force (GRFz), and electrical muscle activity (gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus medialis, medial gastrocnemius, & tibialis anterior muscles), were analyzed in each trial. Biomechanical adjustments and neuromechanical synergies were assessed using PCA. Subjects reduced effective landing height through segmental configuration adjustments at ground contact, extending at the hip and ankle joints with greater load and landing height (p⩽0.028 and p⩽0.013, respectively), while using greater medial gastrocnemius pre-activation with greater load (p⩽0.006). Dimension reduction was observed under greater mechanical task demands, compressing and restructuring synergies among patterns of muscle activation, applied loads, and segmental configurations. These results provide insight into movement control and potential injury mechanisms in landing activities.
Flour acidity comparisons as related to fat acidity methods of the association of official analytical chemists and the international organization for standardization

Acidity data were compared of selected flour samples obtained by methods of the International Organization for Standardization and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists with and without toluene as a part of the titration medium. Based on the data and the potential toxicity of toluene, a collaborative study is recommended to determine the influence of its removal from the official AOAC method
Backstop Stimulates Indoor Archery

(1956). Backstop Stimulates Indoor Archery. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 48-48.
Building a living atlas of the Earth in the cloud

The recent computing performance revolution has driven improvements in sensor, communication, and storage technology. Multi-decadal remote sensing datasets at the petabyte scale are now available in commercial clouds, with new satellite constellations generating petabytes/year of daily high-resolution global coverage imagery. Cloud computing and storage, combined with recent advances in machine learning, are enabling understanding of the world at a scale and at a level of detail never before feasible. We show data processing at terabyte rates in the cloud using multi-modal sensor data and use the calibrated, georeferenced imagery to build videos of the Earth at varying temporal and spatial resolutions. Such temporal-spectral-spatial views of the world enable a range of climate monitoring and change-detection applications. Here we demonstrate one application by using MODIS satellite imagery temporal stacks to classify land cover over North America, and explore the use of synthetic aperture imagery (SAR) to enhance the resulting category mask.
Simulation exploration through immersive parallel planes

We present a visualization-driven simulation system that tightly couples systems dynamics simulations with an immersive virtual environment to allow analysts to rapidly develop and test hypotheses in a high-dimensional parameter space. To accomplish this, we generalize the two-dimensional parallel-coordinates statistical graphic as an immersive "parallel-planes" visualization for multivariate time series emitted by simulations running in parallel with the visualization. In contrast to traditional parallel coordinate's mapping the multivariate dimensions onto coordinate axes represented by a series of parallel lines, we map pairs of the multivariate dimensions onto a series of parallel rectangles. As in the case of parallel coordinates, each individual observation in the dataset is mapped to a polyline whose vertices coincide with its coordinate values. Regions of the rectangles can be "brushed" to highlight and select observations of interest: a "slider" control allows the user to filter the observations by their time coordinate. In an immersive virtual environment, users interact with the parallel planes using a joystick that can select regions on the planes, manipulate selection, and filter time. The brushing and selection actions are used to both explore existing data as well as to launch additional simulations corresponding to the visually selected portions of the input parameter space. As soon as the new simulations complete, their resulting observations are displayed in the virtual environment. This tight feedback loop between simulation and immersive analytics accelerates users' realization of insights about the simulation and its output.
Functional Groups of Dissolved Organic Carbon

This chapter discusses the important functional groups of dissolved organic carbon, a basic introduction to the organic chemistry of dissolved organic carbon, and how functional groups of natural organic carbon interact with water. This chapter will be most useful for those just entering the field of organic geochemistry. The initiated may wish to browse the chapter and continue reading in Chapter 4.
Randomly Disordered Glass-Air Optical Fiber Imaging Based on Deep Learning

We demonstrate that images can be reconstructed for objects away from the imaging plane without any distal optics by combining deep neural networks with meter-long glass-air disordered optical fibers. This imaging system is bending-independent.
A New Automatic Food Dispenser

Abstract An easily constructed and reliable automatic seed dispenser is described. Various small radio tagged and unmarked animals have learned to obtain seeds from it in the wild. Precise measurements of feeding and hoarding behavior can be made using this device.
On the diameter of the symplectomorphism group of the ball

It is shown that the diameter of the symplectomorphism group of the ball in ℝ2n is infinite.
Wound bed preparation: future approaches.

After studying this article, the reader should be able to: Differentiate acute and chronic wounds. Link wound physiological changes with failure to heal. Integrate infection as part of wound bed preparation into a systematic approach to local wound care.
Recent Results from PETRA

Major successes in high energy physics recently have come in the searches for basic constituents of matter and in the attempts to understand their interactions. Electron-positron collisions provide a particularly clean way to study the nature of the fundamental constituents of matter and their interactions because of the point-like nature of leptons. Experiments here are free of the complications that arise in studies of hadron-hadron or lepton-hadron collisions, where the hadrons themselves have a complex internal structure which must be understood in detail before new information on the large q2 interactions of the constituents can be extracted. Therefore e+e− collisions at high CM energies can be directly used to probe the very fundamental questions — e.g., what are the evidences for gluons? What is the spin and the coupling constant? How many quarks and leptons are there? Are there additional weak bosons with mass below that predicted by the standard models? How large are the weak interaction coupling constants for neutral leptonic currents?
How Do Judges Decide

It all began in December 1990, but few Americans were aware of it until the spring of 1996, when the issue leapt into our national consciousness and initiated an intense debate. At issue: the legality of same-sex marriages. In Hawaii three same-sex couples (a pair of men and two pairs of women) had applied for marriage licenses, based on their reading of that state’s Equal Rights Amendment. Their requests were quickly rejected by a judge. (The denial of the application was not a surprise, as detailed below). When the couples appealed the decision, the supreme court of the state of Hawaii ruled in May of 1993 (in the case of Baehr v. Lewin, later retitled Baehr v. Miike) that the denial of marriage licenses to these couples conflicted with provisions against sex discrimination in Hawaii’s state constitution. But rather than summarily proclaiming that the state must honor same-sex marriages, the court remanded the case to the trial judge “to undertake a strict-scrutiny review to determine whether a compelling state interest justifies the discriminatory effects of not recognizing same-sex marriages” (Greenberg & Gasman, 1996, p. B8). Unless such a “compelling” interest could be demonstrated, such requests would henceforth be honored by the courts.
II-08 Complement receptors 1 and 2 on B cell subsets are negatively associated with lupus disease activity

Background B cell complement receptor 1 (CR1) and complement receptor 2 (CR2) levels are decreased by ∼50% in subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CR2 but not CR1 levels have been negatively correlated with lupus disease activity. However, increased CR1 expression on B cells is associated with a protective polymorphism in the CR2 gene. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of B cell CR1 and CR2 to further evaluate an association with lupus disease activity and to determine whether it is driven by specific cell subsets. Methods Thirty-six subjects meeting the revised 1982 ACR criteria for SLE were enrolled. Each subject had a baseline visit and 1 to 4 follow up visits, with additional visits for flares. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stained with a dead cell marker and antibodies to CD19, CD27, and IgD. Antibody binding capacity (ABC) of CR1 and CR2 on live bulk and gated B cells was determined using quantitative flow cytometry (Bang Labs). The frequency of live gated B cells was determined. Disease activity was measured using SLEDAI. Statistical analyses were performed using R. To determine associations between the SLEDAI scores and gate/quadrant signals, negative binomial mixed effect models were fitted using the glmmADMB package. A random effect intercept was included to account for different individual baseline SLEDAI scores. The gate/quadrant signals, in terms of ABC and percentages, were the independent variables. Adjustments were made for age, prednisone dose, and, where relevant, bead lot. To account for multiple testing in bulk B cells, a conservative Bonferroni adjustment was used, whereas in gated cells, the p-values were adjusted to control the false discovery rate according to Benjamini-Hochberg. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results CR1 and CR2 ABC on bulk B cells and on IgD +CD27-, IgD +CD27+, and IgD-/CD27 +gated B cells was negatively associated with lupus disease activity, whereas there was no association between CR1 and CR2 ABC on IgD-/CD27- B cells or frequency of any of these gated populations and disease activity (table 1 and data not shown). Conclusions Both CR1 and CR2 levels are negatively associated with lupus disease activity in defined B cell subsets. Although this study does not prove causality, these data suggest that altered levels of these receptors on specific B cell subsets may predict disease flare or be associated with disease remission. Acknowledgements This work was supported by R01AI070304, K24AI078004, and the Lupus Research Institute.
The aging physician: A practical approach to protect our patients

As the median age of practicing physicians increases, ethical dilemmas due to age-related cognitive decline among clinicians will become ever more pressing. Compelling data show that despite acknow...
The role of marketing capability in linking CSR to corporate financial performance: When CSR gives positive signals to stakeholders

The authors use signaling theory in proposing a conceptual framework that simultaneously incorporates both the mediating effects of corporate reputation (CR) and the moderating effects of marketing capability (MC) into the corporate social responsibility (CSR)–corporate financial performance (CFP) link and theorize a single moderated mediation model. The empirical results of the research confirm the theorized moderated mediation model among the four variables, where a firm’s CR plays a mediating role in the relationship between CSR and CFP, and a firm’s MC moderates the effect of CSR on CR exclusively in the first link. Both theoretical and practical implications of the moderated mediation model are discussed.,This study uses structural equation model estimations with the relevant secondary datasets collected from publicly available databases.,The empirical results confirm the theorized moderated mediation model in the conceptual framework that uses signaling theory. Specifically, the results identify the moderating role of MC in only the CSR- CR link (but not in the CR and CFP link), such that CR plays a moderated mediation role in the CSR–CFP link.,The current research is not without limitations. These limitations mainly stem from data sets used in the empirical analyses. More details are discussed in the limitations and future research directions section.,The empirical findings suggest that a firm needs to develop a consolidated CSR-marketing program, simultaneously satisfying stakeholders’ needs for both the firm’s socially desirable business practices and value-creating marketing programs to increase its CR, which will, in turn, lead to better profitability for the firm.,To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the current research is the first to use signaling theory in building a conceptual framework that theorizes a moderated mediation model regarding the simultaneous effects of CR and MC on the relationship between CSR and CFP and to empirically test this conceptual framework of the single moderated mediation model. By doing so, the current research clarifies an unanswered question in the literature of whether the underlying mechanism in the CSR–CFP link is based on a mediated moderation or moderated mediation of CR and MC.
Social Problems in Children: Exploring the Contribution of Triarchic Traits and Parenting

Social problems are transdiagnostically relevant in the development of various forms of psychopathology. It is thus important to consider contributing factors both at the individual and contextual level. Among 110 children (Mage = 8.85 years), we examined the contribution of triarchic trait dimensions (boldness, meanness, disinhibition) and parenting to the explanation of social problems. Using existing parent-report scales, triarchic scale-level representations were developed and validated. Significant main effects emerged for all three trait dimensions; meanness and disinhibition positively, boldness negatively, associated with social problems. Higher levels of disinhibition and meanness were associated with increased social problems in the context of higher levels of negative, or decreased levels of positive parenting; boldness acted as a protective factor in these contexts. Results suggest that the triarchic trait dimensions (1) can be studied in children, (2) act as risk and protective factors, and (3) interact with parenting to contribute to social problems.
E-Cigarette Use and Subclinical Cardiac Effects

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Electronic (e-) cigarettes are marketed as a safer alternative to conventional tobacco cigarettes. Although e-cigarettes contain a lower level of nicotine, the delivery method involves delivering an aerosolized bolus of poorly-characterized ultrafine particles that have unknown cardiovascular effects. METHODS We studied apparently adult volunteers, free of any chronic disease, including: non-smoking controls, chronic e-cigarette users, and chronic tobacco cigarette smokers. After overnight abstinence, we used myocardial contrast echocardiography to measure acute increases in myocardial blood flow (MBF)induced by ischemic rhythmic handgrip stress, which causes sympathetically-mediated increases in myocardial work and oxygen demand and, in turn, shear stress, nitric oxide production, and coronary endothelial-dependent vasodilation. RESULTS In non-smoking controls, handgrip stress increased myocardial blood flow, reflecting normal endothelial function. Chronic tobacco cigarette smokers demonstrated stress-induced blunting in myocardial blood flow change, when compared to non-smoking controls. Chronic e-cigarette smokers demonstrated a decrease, rather than increase, in myocardial blood flow change. CONCLUSION Chronic e-cigarette users demonstrated substantially impaired coronary microvascular endothelial function, even more pronounced than that seen in chronic tobacco cigarette users. These findings suggest that chronic e-cigarette use leads to measurable and persistent adverse vascular effects that are not directly related to nicotine.
A Literature Review of Racial Disparities in Overall Survival of Black Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Compared With White Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Despite major advances in acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL] treatment, poorer overall survival (OS) persists for Black children with ALL compared with White children with ALL. The purpose of this literature review was to examine the racial disparities on OS in Black versus White children with ALL. The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline, PubMed, and Academic Search Complete databases were searched using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms: survival or mortality or outcome AND black or African-American or AA or minority AND racial disparities or race or racial/ethnic disparities AND cancer in children or pediatric cancer or children with leukemia or children with ALL for articles published in English between January 2009 and July 2019. Exclusion criteria were non-research articles, systematic reviews, conference abstracts, editorials, commentaries, correspondence, and case reports. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, data were extracted, appraised, and synthesized. Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Sample sizes across studies ranged from 184 to 31,866 participants. The factors most associated with disparities in OS included: age at diagnosis (e.g., 10 years old), differences in clinical prognosticators (e.g., white blood cell count at diagnosis, T-cell vs. precursor B-cell immunophenotype, central nervous system disease status, cytogenetic profile) and lower socioeconomic status. Future prospective studies are needed to elucidate the role of these factors in OS of Black children with ALL.
LeafMachine: Using machine learning to automate leaf trait extraction from digitized herbarium specimens

Premise Obtaining phenotypic data from herbarium specimens can provide important insights into plant evolution and ecology but requires significant manual effort and time. Here, we present LeafMachine, an application designed to autonomously measure leaves from digitized herbarium specimens or leaf images using an ensemble of machine learning algorithms. Methods and Results We trained LeafMachine on 2685 randomly sampled specimens from 138 herbaria and evaluated its performance on specimens spanning 20 diverse families and varying widely in resolution, quality, and layout. LeafMachine successfully extracted at least one leaf measurement from 82.0% and 60.8% of high- and low-resolution images, respectively. Of the unmeasured specimens, only 0.9% and 2.1% of high- and low-resolution images, respectively, were visually judged to have measurable leaves. Conclusions This flexible autonomous tool has the potential to vastly increase available trait information from herbarium specimens, and inform a multitude of evolutionary and ecological studies.
Undertreatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in a privately insured US population: Decreasing utilization of parathyroidectomy despite expanding surgical guidelines.

Abstract Background Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with substantial morbidity, including osteoporosis, nephrolithiasis, and chronic kidney disease. Parathyroidectomy can prevent these sequelae but is poorly utilized in many practice settings. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study using the national Optum de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart Database. We identified patients aged ≥35 with a first observed primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosis from 2004 to 2016. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine patient/provider characteristics associated with parathyroidectomy. Results Of 26,522 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, 10,101 (38.1%) underwent parathyroidectomy. Of the 14,896 patients with any operative indication, 5,791 (38.9%) underwent parathyroidectomy. Over time, there was a decreasing trend in the rate of parathyroidectomy overall (2004: 54.4% to 2016: 32.4%, P Conclusion The majority of US privately insured patients with primary hyperparathyroidism are not treated with parathyroidectomy. Having an operative indication only modestly increases the likelihood of parathyroidectomy. Further research is needed to address barriers to treatment and the gap between guidelines and clinical care in primary hyperparathyroidism.
Detecting Bursts in Water Distribution System via Penalized Functional Decomposition

Detecting bursts in water distribution systems, as anomalies from normal daily usage, is of critical importance for urban infrastructure maintenance. Existing methods based on conventional statistical process control fall short of accurate estimations of burst magnitude and starting time. This research combines a functional basis expansion of water flow data stream and a penalized decomposition to parameterize and estimate the normal water usage profile and detect spars burst with a comparatively small magnitude. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a high-fidelity simulation case study.
Fibroblasts treated with macrophage conditioned medium results in phenotypic shifts and changes in collagen organization

In tissue regeneration, the goal is to regenerate tissue similar to what was damaged or missing while preventing fibrotic scarring, which may lead to decreased mechanical strength and dissimilar tissue characteristics compared to native tissue. We believe collagen orientation plays a critical role in wound contraction and scarring and that it is modulated by myofibroblasts. We used macrophage conditioned medium to simulate complex events that can influence the fibroblast phenotype during the wound healing process. In addition to examining the effect of macrophage phenotype on fibroblasts, we inhibited focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), and myosin II for fibroblasts cultured on both tissue culture plastic and methacrylated gellan gum to understand how different pathways and materials influence fibroblast responses. Collagen orientation, α-SMA expression, focal adhesion area, and cell migration were altered by inhibition of FAK, ROCK, or myosin II and macrophage phenotype, along with the substrate. An increase in either focal adhesion area or α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression correlated with an aligned collagen orientation. Gellan gum hydrogels upregulated α-SMA expression in ROCK inhibited conditioned media and downregulated the FAK area in FAK and ROCK inhibited conditioned media. Myosin II had no impact on the α-SMA expression on the substrate compared to coverslip except for M2 conditioned medium. Gellan gum hydrogel significantly increased cell migration under FAK and Myosin II mediated conditioned media and unconditioned media. Collectively, our study examined how macrophage phenotype influences fibroblast response, which would be beneficial in controlling scar tissue formation.
Developing Actionable Survey Questions to Improve Patient Experience.

Patient experience surveys should be concise, with questions that give us the most insight into our patients’ needs and how successfully they were addressed during visits. Survey questions are most...
Social determinants of health and their impact on rates of postoperative complications among patients undergoing vertical sleeve gastrectomy.

Abstract Background Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is one of the most common bariatric procedures worldwide, but the impact of social determinants of health on postoperative outcomes for this procedure has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact that social determinants of health have on postoperative outcomes after vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Method This was a population-based study using the MARINER-15 database, an all-payer claims database. The primary endpoint of this study was the development of any complication, including cardiac complication, acute kidney injury, deep vein thrombosis, wound complication, hematoma, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, transfusion, or urinary tract infection within 60 days, 30- and 90-day all-cause mortality, or readmission within 30 or 90 days in patients undergoing vertical sleeve gastrectomy procedures. Results Individuals in the social determinants of health cohort had a significantly longer length of stay when compared with those without social determinants of health (3.07 days vs 1.582 days, P Conclusion Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is an effective treatment for morbid obesity and its associated comorbidities. Although patients with social determinants of health are more likely to develop any of the analyzed postoperative complications within 60 days, they are less likely to return for readmission, highlighting the importance of focused follow-up and other measures to avoid lapses in care and eliminate further barriers to care in this population.
Structural Knowledge Transfer of Panoptic Kidney Segmentation to Other Stains, Organs, and Species

BackgroundPanoptic segmentation networks are a newer class of image segmentation algorithms that are constrained to understand the difference between instance-type objects (objects that are discrete countable entities, such as renal tubules) and group-type objects (uncountable, amorphous regions of texture such as renal interstitium). This class of deep networks has unique advantages for biological datasets, particularly in computational pathology. MethodsWe collected 126 periodic acid Schiff whole slide images of native diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and transplant surveillance kidney biopsies, and fully annotated them for the following micro-compartments: interstitium, glomeruli, globally sclerotic glomeruli, tubules, and arterial tree (arteries/arterioles). Using this data, we trained a panoptic feature pyramid network. We compared performance of the network against a renal pathologists annotations, and the methods transferability to other computational pathology domain tasks was investigated. ResultsThe panoptic feature pyramid networks showed high performance as compared to renal pathologist for all of the annotated classes in a testing set of transplant kidney biopsies. The network was not only able to generalize its object understanding across different stains and species of kidney data, but also across several organ types. ConclusionsPanoptic networks have unique advantages for computational pathology; namely, these networks internally model structural morphology, which aids bootstrapping of annotations for new computational pathology tasks.
Rescue of the CHED Mouse Model by AAV-mediated Slc4a11 Replacement

Abstract Purpose Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED) is a rare condition that manifests at early age showing corneal edema, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and eventually apoptosis of the endothelium due to loss of function of the membrane transport protein SLC4A11. This project tested whether replacing Slc4a11 into the Slc4a11-/- CHED mouse model can reverse the disease-associated phenotypes. Design – Experimental Study Subjects – 5 week old or 11 week old Slc4a11-/- mice. Age and gender matched Slc4a11+/+ animals were used as controls. A total of 124 animals (62 female, and 62 male) were used in this study. Fifty-three animals of the genotype Slc4a11+/+ were used as age/gender matched non-injected controls. Seventy-one Slc4a11-/- were subjected to anterior chamber injections of AAV. Methods – Anterior chambers of young (5 weeks old) or older (11 weeks old) Slc4a11-/- mice were injected once with Adeno associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) mouse Slc4a11 or AAV9-Null vectors. Corneal thickness was measured using Optical Coherence Tomography. End point analysis included corneal endothelial cell density, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and corneal lactate concentration. Main Outcome Measures – Corneal thickness, endothelial cell loss, lactate levels, and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Results – In the young animals, AAV9-Slc4a11 reversed corneal edema, endothelial cell loss, mitochondrial oxidative stress, lactate transporter expression, and corneal lactate concentration to the levels observed in wild-type animals. In the older animals, gene replacement did not reverse the phenotype but prevented progression. Conclusions – Functional rescue of CHED phenotypes in the Slc4a11-/- mouse is possible, however early intervention is critical.
Physiological biorhythm as a correlate of pilot error accidents and incidents

Aircraft accidents and incidents attributed to pilot error were hypothesized to have occurred while the pilot was in a critical phase for one or more biorhythms. From screening accident and incident reports for a large military unit, two groups of 25 pilots who had been involved in pilot error accidents and one group of 50 pilots who had been involved in pilot error incidents were identified. 13 of the accident validation group and 12 of the cross validation group were found to have been in a critical physiological phase at the time of accident, or twice the number expected by chance. For the incident group, 20 of the 50 pilots were in a critical physiological phase at the time of incident. Results for all three groups exceeded chance at the .025 level. Results for emotional and intellectual biorhythms, and for double critical phases were found not significant. Language: en
Identification and characterization of RB-orthologous genes from the late blight resistant wild potato species Solanum verrucosum

Abstract Late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potatoes and tomatoes. A key long-term management strategy for combating this disease is to develop potato cultivars with high levels of durable resistance through identification and integration of major resistance genes. The RB gene, cloned from the Mexican diploid potato species Solanum bulbocastanum, confers broad-spectrum resistance to potato late blight. Here, we have determined the late blight resistance phenotypes of eight accessions of Solanum verrucosum, another wild diploid potato species, using greenhouse inoculations and discovered variability among the accessions. While most accessions were resistant, one accession was notably more susceptible. Transcribed orthologs of the RB gene from the eight S. verrucosum accessions were cloned using a homology-based PCR approach. Sequence analysis revealed that the RBver orthologs share up to 83.5% nucleotide identity with RBblb. Stable introduction of the RB ortholog from late blight resistant S. verrucosum PI275260 into susceptible S. tuberosum confers resistance to P. infestans. Interestingly, this functional RBver ortholog contains an insertion of a complete leucine rich repeat when compared to RBblb, and differs from the RBver ortholog from a susceptible accession at only four amino acid residues.
Milk A1 and A2 peptides and diabetes.

Food-derived peptides, specifically those derived from milk, may adversely affect health by increasing the risk of insulin-dependent diabetes. This position is based on the relationship of type 1 diab
Do taxes level the playing field?: How U.S. tax policy affects the investment decisions of foreign affiliates in the United States☆

Abstract Recent research has suggested that tax reforms in the United States in the last decade have increased taxes on U.S. investors, but left foreign investors unscathed, fueling a boom in foreign investment. Other researchers claim that uneven enforcement of U.S. corporate tax laws and the opportunity to shift income to artificially lower tax locations give foreign investors yet another advantage over U.S. domestic firms. Willard examines these theories and shows how reforms can create competitive advantages—or disadvantages—for foreign firms relative to domestic firms.
Justice in This World

There is a good case to be made that the American criminal justice system is itself criminal. Up until around 1980, all statistics we have suggest that the incarceration rate varied at around 100 inmates per 100 000 people. After about 1977, and especially after about 1982, the rate began to rise; in 2008 it was over 700 prisoners per 100 000, and while it seems to have begun a modest decline in the past few years, it remains over 700. In this context, “American exceptionalism” is not an overstatement; the United States is effectively the largest incarcerator in the world; the only states near us are Cuba and North Korea. Furthermore, this imprisonment system is hugely racially discriminate: an African-American boy born today in the US has a 1 in 3 chance of going to prison. More African-American men were in prison or on parole in 2013 than were enslaved in 1850. Finally, the criminal justice system is fundamentally punitive, not at all reformative. We incarcerate, but we do not correct. US prisons are factories of criminality—the best predictor of whether a person will be arrested in the future is whether that person has been in prison before. An observer from another planet would be well within her rights to say that, while this system bears some relationship to criminality, it produces criminality at least as much as removes it. Considered in itself, the above is terrible enough. But the cruel irony is that this situation has arisen in the face of a huge decline in actual crime rates. From 1993 to 2012, the violent crime rate across the United States dropped by 48 per cent. (And not, by theway, because the criminals have all been lockedup—better policing and changes in demographics have contributed farmore substantively to this change.) The last time violent crimewas at the levels it is at todaywas1963. Still, poll after poll shows that the US population believes crime continues to rise; hardly anyone cares that the system itself is so massively horrific. This makes the moral outrage of American criminal justice also an acute political problem: for how didwe come to be somisled about our situation, and about what we are doing collectively in response to it? Answering this question is not easy. The causes of this condition are many. As the work of scholars such as Marie Gottschalk and Derek Jeffreys makes clear, the United States has long had a troubled history with criminal justice, but recent decades have concocted a new combination of superficial moralism and legalism
Two energetically disparate folding pathways of alpha-lytic protease share a single transition state.

Two energetically disparate folding pathways of α-lytic protease share a single transition state
A Survey of Mnemonic Techniques Used by College Students in Free-Recall Learning.

In a survey of memory aids that college students would employ in free-recall learning, Ss reported the following devices ordered by frequency of occurrence: first-letter, simple-repetition, cluster...
Observations on a Vesicular Particle Associated with the Chromatin of the Nuclei of Tradescantia Staminate-Hair Cells

SUMMARYA particle of about 500 A in diameter has been shown to be associated with the peripheral chromatin of chromosomes. This particle thought to be vesicular in nature, has been named « perichromatin vesicle » (PV). These particles change in number during the different phases of the mitotic cycle (Fig. 1), with the maximum number present in early telophase. It is suggested that these perichromatin vesicles may be involved in establishing connections between the chromosomes and the nuclear membrane.
Monitoring therapeutic response of human ovarian cancer to 17-DMAG by noninvasive PET imaging with 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab

17-Dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), a heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor, has been intensively investigated for cancer therapy and is undergoing clinical trials. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) is one of the client proteins of Hsp90 and its expression is decreased upon 17-DMAG treatment. In this study, we aimed to noninvasively monitor the HER-2 response to 17-DMAG treatment in xenografted mice. The sensitivity of human ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells to 17-DMAG in vitro was measured by MTT assay. HER-2 expression in SKOV-3 cells was determined by flow cytometry. Nude mice bearing SKOV-3 tumors were treated with 17-DMAG and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by tumor size measurement. Both treated and control mice were imaged with microPET using 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab and 18F-FDG. Biodistribution studies and immunofluorescence staining were performed to validate the microPET results. SKOV-3 cells are sensitive to 17-DMAG treatment, in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 24.72 nM after 72 h incubation. The tumor growth curve supported the inhibition effect of 17-DMAG on SKOV-3 tumors. Quantitative microPET imaging showed that 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab had prominent tumor accumulation in untreated SKOV-3 tumors, which was significantly reduced in 17-DMAG-treated tumors. There was no uptake difference detected by FDG PET. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed the significant reduction in tumor HER-2 level upon 17-DMAG treatment. The early response to anti-Hsp90 therapy was successfully monitored by quantitative PET using 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab. This approach may be valuable in monitoring the therapeutic response in HER-2-positive cancer patients under 17-DMAG treatment.
Bread Compressibility as Affected by Slice Thickness

White bread (pup loaves and 1-lb loaves) were wrapped in moisture-proof bags, which were sealed, and stored at 10°, 25°, and 50°C for 1 and 3 days, respectively. Compressibility measurements were made on 1, 1.5, and 2.5 cm thick slices of these bread with the Baker compressimeter. The temperature of storage and slice thickness affected compressibility values.
Productivity estimates of the strategic airlift system by the use of simulation

Although the strategic airlift system is under continuous analysis, C-5A problems provided impetus to analyze the airlift system productivity function by using a large-scale simulation model. Development of the simulation model (Simulation of Airlift Resources - SOAR) was initiated by the Office of Secretary of Defense (Systems Analysis) in 1966. SOAR had barely become operational in time for the study in November 1968. Since limited verification and validation tests had been performed on the simulation model, the design of experiments was of critical importance. The experimental design had to be flexible enough to salvage the maximum amount of information possible upon the discovery of either a verification or validation error. In addition, the experimental design was required to accommodate the estimation of a large number of possibly changing independent variables. The experimental design developed for the analysis was full factorial design sets for a finite number of factors. Initial analysis began with aggregated sets of factors at two levels, and information gained from experiment execution was used to parse the sets. The process was sequential and parsing continued until the major explanatory independent variables were identified or enough information was obtained to eliminate the factor from further direct analysis. This design permitted the overlapping of simulation runs to fill out the factorial design sets. In addition to estimating the airlift productivity function, several other findings are reported which tended to disprove previous assumptions about the nature of the strategic airlift system.
Progesterone and dexamethasone inhibition of uterine epithelial proliferation in two models of estrogen-independent growth

It is believed that progestins and glucocorticoids block estrogen-induced growth of the uterus by perturbing the mechanism of estrogen stimulation. We have examined the effect of progesterone or dexamethasone on two rodent models of estrogen-independent proliferation of uterine epithelium. Tissues of the neonatal mouse uterus exhibit high rates of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the absence of endogenous steroids. Progesterone and dexamethasone inhibit deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the uterine epithelium of 4-day-old mice. When grafted beneath the kidney capsule of an ovariectomized adult, the tissues of the neonatal uterus continue to grow without the addition of estrogen. Both progesterone and dexamethasone blocked uterine epithelial mitotic activity in these allografts. A true growth response can be stimulated in the uterus of an ovariectomized rat by intraluminal instillation of cholera toxin. In the present study, autoradiographic analysis showed that cholera toxin stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was confined to the epithelial compartment in ovariectomized, vehicle-treated rats. When ovariectomized rats were pretreated with progesterone, cholera toxin induced deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the stroma but not in the epithelium. Thus progesterone and dexamethasone inhibit uterine epithelial proliferation that is not driven by estrogen stimulation. Therefore in these estrogen-independent model systems, the inhibitory effects of these steroids cannot be due to antagonism of estrogen receptor--mediated events. These observations suggest that inhibition in estrogen-induced uterine epithelial proliferation may also work through a mechanism unrelated to antagonism of estrogen receptor action.
Demonstrating the social construction of race

THE IDEA THAT race is socially constructed is widely accepted within social science disciplines (Haney Lopez 1996; Omi and Winant 1986; Waters 1990). Relating this concept to students, however, can present a serious challenge. Students, like most people, tend to view their world as an objective reality divorced, in many ways, from interpretation or constructed meaning. This is also true of the racial categories that are presented and reified throughout society, but which are nonetheless, socially defined. Through the use of an abstract exercise, removed from ingrained notions of race, the absence of natural groupings and the social construction of such categories can be more clearly presented. In this paper, I describe such an exercise and demonstrate how the insights achieved can then be easily applied to concepts of race, offering students a better understanding of race as a social construct. Most social scientists recognize that existing racial categories developed due toparticular historical circumstances (Haney Lopez 1996; Omi and Winant 1986; Waters 1990). Yet, students often think of race as a given biological fact based on established scientific distinctions, ideas that are strongly reified throughout society by the media, through government policy and by individuals who often embrace a racial identity. According to Omi and Winant (1986), "Everyone learns some combination, some version, of the rules of racial classification...often without
Epizootic Diarrhea of Infant Mice: Identification of the Etiologic Agent

Electron micrographs of intestinal epithelium of infant mice infected with epizootic diarrhea virus have demonstrated intracellular spherical structures measuring 65 to 75 m(micro) in diameter which have a complex morphology resembling several virus particles. They have ben interpreted as being the etiologic agent of this disease. The particles were present in association with, in some cases within, vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum of intestinal epithelial cells. They were never seen in the nucleus.
Memoryless detection of time-varying deterministic signals in dependent non-Gaussian noise (Corresp.)

Memoryless discrete-time detection of a known time-varying signal in dependent non-Gaussian noise is considered. Optimal detectors are specified for cases where the detector nonlinearity is time-invariant and time-varying. A performance comparison is provided by way of examples.