cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green synthesis of halogenated thiophenes, selenophenes and benzo[b]selenophenes using sodium halides as a source of electrophilic halogens

Herein, we report the first synthesis of chlorinated benzo[b]selenophenes via environmentally friendly electrophilic chlorocyclization reaction using "table salt" as a source of "electrophilic chlorine" and ethanol as a solvent. In addition, the synthesis of diverse halogenated heterocycles, including 3-chloro, 3-bromo and 3-iodo thiophenes, selenophenes, and benzo[b]selenophenes was successfully accomplished under the same environmentally benign reaction conditions. This methodology has several advantages over other previously reported reactions as it employs simple starting compounds, an environmentally friendly solvent, ethanol, and non-toxic inorganic reagents under mild reaction conditions, resulting in the high product yields.
Breast Cancer Metastatic to the Urinary Bladder

Breast cancer is common and has the potential to spread to multiple organs. This article describes metastasis to the urinary bladder. In most instances, breast cancer metastatic to the bladder is associated with other pelvic organ metastasis. In patients with known metastatic breast cancer, bladder screening is not warranted. However, if lower urinary tract symptoms persist, an evaluation of the bladder should be considered to rule out metastatic involvement.
Mosaicism in Cutaneous Disorders

Genetic mosaicism arises when a zygote harbors two or more distinct genotypes, typically due to de novo, somatic mutation during embryogenesis. The clinical manifestations largely depend on the differentiation status of the mutated cell; earlier mutations target pluripotent cells and generate more widespread disease affecting multiple organ systems. If gonadal tissue is spared-as in somatic genomic mosaicism-the mutation and its effects are limited to the proband, whereas mosaicism also affecting the gametes, such as germline or gonosomal mosaicism, is transmissible. Mosaicism is easily appreciated in cutaneous disorders, as phenotypically distinct mutant cells often give rise to lesions in patterns determined by the affected cell type. Genetic investigation of cutaneous mosaic disorders has identified pathways central to disease pathogenesis, revealing novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss examples of cutaneous mosaicism, approaches to gene discovery in these disorders, and insights into molecular pathobiology that have potential for clinical translation.
An Investigation of the Relationship between Workplace Isolation and Engagement Among Teleworkers

Teleworking is an alternate work arrangement that has transformed the workplace that allows workers to fulfill their job assignment from any location away from the traditional office. Although this work arrangement has been growing in popularity due to various factors such as concerns for the environment, advances in communication technologies, and the globalization of the workforce, there are growing concerns that frequent use of teleworking may cause increase perceptions of feeling isolated (Golden et al., 2008; Marshall et al., 2007;Golden & Veiga, 2006; Copper & Kurland, 2002). Additionally little or no research has been conducted on how feeling isolated influence engagement among teleworkers. The purpose of this quantitative research study was to investigate the relationship between workplace isolation and engagement and to determine to what extend there is a relationship between workplace isolation and gender among teleworkers. An online survey consisting of the Workplace Isolation Scale (Marshall, et al., 2007), Employee Engagement Scale (DDI, 2005) and demographic factors was used to investigate the relationship between workplace isolation and engagement and used to determine the relationship between workplace isolation and gender among 472 teleworkers. Using a correlational research design, the survey data was analyzed and showed a statistically significant relationship between workplace isolation and employee engagement. Workplace isolation scores were shown to have a strong negative correlation with employee engagement scores. A regression analysis was conducted with employee engagement as the dependent variable and workplace isolation as the independent variable. The result of the regression analysis was significant in that workplace isolation scores predicted employee engagement scores. Additionally, a two- independent-sample t test was conducted to determine if there was enough evidence to suggest the mean workplace isolation scores were related to gender. The results of the t test were inconclusive. However using descriptive statistics techniques the researcher discovered respondents who teleworked 3 to 5 days a week had lower workplace isolation means scores than those who teleworked 1, 2, and 4 days a week. Leaders of organizations could use the result of this study to assist in the development of teleworking strategies that not only target reducing workplace isolation perceptions to enhance engagement for teleworkers, but also to address possible issues related to increased perceptions of isolation across gender.
Carmen Bernis Madrazao, Indumentaria medieval española. C. S. I. C., Instituto Diego Velázquez, 1956; 55 pp. + 184 láms. + 87 pp. / "Indumentaria española del siglo xv. La camisa de mujer". Archivo Español de Arte, 30 (1957), 187-209, con 41 reproducciones.

Se resenaron: Indumentaria medieval espanola e "Indumentaria espanola del siglo xv. La camisa de mujer".
Achieving Functionally Graded Material Composition Through Bicontinuous Mesostructural Geometry in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) gradually change composition throughout their volume, allowing for areas of a part to be optimized for specific performance requirements. While additive manufacturing (AM) process types such as material jetting and directed energy deposition are capable of creating FGMs, design guidelines for varying the material composition in an FGM do not exist. This article presents a novel design solution for FGMs: creating the material gradient by varying the mesostructural size and thickness of bicontinuous, multi-material geometries. By using a bicontinuous structure, such as Schoen’s gyroid surface or Schwarz’s P and D surfaces, each component material exists as a continuous discrete structure, which allows FGMs to be fabricated by a wider range of AM processes. The gradient is created by varying the volume fraction occupied by the surface structure inside the part volume. This article explores the use of this technique to create FGMs with material extrusion AM. Properties of these bicontinuous structures are experimentally characterized and shown to outperform typical material extrusion FGMs.
ASSOCIATION OF RARE FUNCTIONAL VARIANTS IN TRIGLYCERIDE RELATED GENES WITH CIRCULATING TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS

Hypertriglyceridemia increases the risk of coronary heart disease. We investigated the association between rare functional variants in candidate genes involved in triglyceride (TG) metabolism with circulating TG levels. We performed targeted sequencing in 2533 individuals recruited from Mayo Clinic
Towards the use of phonological markedness and extraprosodicity in accounting for morphological errors in Specific Language Impairment

Certain grammatical morphemes are variably produced in the speech of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Previous research tends to view this as a consequence of either a deficit in linguistic knowledge or a limitation in processing capacity; however, both approaches raise problems. For example, linguistic accounts are unable to explain why these children’s problems are mostly with production rather than comprehension. Processing accounts, on the other hand, have difficulty explaining why affected children have differing levels of problems with grammatical morphemes that are similar on the surface (e.g. English plural -s vs. third person singular -s). In this paper, a new, phonological account is proposed which avoids these problems, and better captures the wide array of data presented in the literature. It is proposed that children with SLI have problems with organizing segmental data into prosodic structures that are linguistically highly marked, in particular those that involve various forms of extraprosodicity.
A bi-memristor synapse with spike-timing-dependent plasticity for on-chip learning in memristive neuromorphic systems

Memristors are nanoscale devices that have recently been proposed for use as a synapse in brain-inspired computing systems. In this paper, we present a synapse architecture that utilizes two memristors to implement a non-volatile synaptic weight that can be configured as both positive and negative. The weight of the proposed synapse has an inherent exponential-like dependence on the change in the memristance of the devices, a property that we have capitalized to implement spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) for on-chip learning in spiking neural networks. We discretize the neuron's spike in time and voltage and show that learning rate can be controlled by the clock frequency used. We show that by modulating the duty cycle of the clock, we can alleviate the detrimental effects of switching rate mismatch in the devices. We also simulated a 3 × 3 crossbar structure and presented the weight updates observed therein, hence demonstrating the feasibility of a crossbar with our synapse. We evaluated the energy consumption per spike of our approach and compared it with those in literature.
A HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE TRANSPLUTONIUM ELEMENTS

ABSTRACT The discoveries of elements 95 through 106 were made in the thirty-year period between 1944 and 1974. This seemingly short time span, when the number of known elements was increased by about 12%, encompassed a radical change in research techniques from the first intuitive gropings, when elements 96 and then 95 were found, to recent years when, under favorable conditions, almost every atom can be characterized in great detail. The paper describes the discovery of each element in turn, with special emphasis on the detection methods used. Since considerable discussion is devoted to the pros and cons of the “controversial” elements, there is a concluding section on the criteria for the discovery of chemical elements with a brief remark on the very recent discovery of element 107.
IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYMES ON PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS

Enzymes attached to insoluble supports offer some particularly attractive advantages for many purposes including their use in the food processing industry. These advantages include repeated reuse of the enzyme, ease of removal from the reaction mixture, good or improved enzyme stability and properties which permit use in columns and large continuous reactors. In order to be successful an application must meet these criteria; in addition the costs for the support, the enzyme, the process for attachment, the equipment, and the operating costs must all be low. Previously we have reported on the use of phenol-formaldehyde resins as supports for immobilizing enzymes (1). This paper presents some of the most recent findings with this method of immobilization from pilot scale runs using a β-galactosidase from Aspergillus niger as the model enzyme for the hydrolysis of lactose in milk, whey, and deproteinized whey. Some examples of the variations possible with this method of enzyme immobilization are also discussed.
Comparison of manual, automated, and "kit" methods for the measurement of glucose and urea in plasma.

An evaluation of a commercial kit for determination of plasma urea nitrogen and glucose is presented. Close correlations were found among manual, automated, and kit urea methods. The kit and manual glucose methods also correlated closely, and both gave values significantly lower than the values given by the automated glucose procedure. The precision of every method is better than 6%.
Mechanisms and Policies for Controlling Distributed Solar Capacity

The rapid expansion of intermittent grid-tied solar capacity is making the job of balancing electricity’s real-time supply and demand increasingly challenging. Recent work proposes mechanisms for actively controlling solar power in the grid at individual sites by enabling software to cap it as a fraction of its time-varying maximum output. However, while enforcing an equal fraction of each solar site’s time-varying maximum output results in “fair” short-term contributions of solar power across all sites, it does not result in “fair” long-term contributions of solar energy. Enforcing fair long-term energy access is important when controlling distributed solar capacity, since limits on solar output impact the compensation users receive for net metering and the battery capacity required to store excess solar energy. This discrepancy arises from fundamental differences in enforcing “fair” access to the grid to contribute solar energy, compared to analogous fair sharing in networks and processors. To address the problem, we first present both a centralized and distributed algorithm to enable control of distributed solar capacity that enforces fair grid energy access. We then present multiple policies that show how utilities can leverage this new distributed rate-limiting mechanism to reduce variations in grid demand from intermittent solar generation.
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Cost-of-Care Conversations.

Given the financial burdens that can result from medical care, health care providers should talk to their patients about out-of-pocket costs. However, these conversations do not routinely take plac...
Hierarchical computation in the SPMD programming model

Large-scale parallel machines are programmed mainly with the single program, multiple data (SPMD) model of parallelism. While this model has advantages of scalability and simplicity, it does not fit well with divide-and-conquer parallelism or hierarchical machines that mix shared and distributed memory. In this paper, we define the recursive single program, multiple data model (RSPMD) that extends SPMD with a hierarchical team mechanism to support hierarchical algorithms and machines. We implement this model in the Titanium language and describe how to eliminate a class of deadlocks by ensuring alignment of collective operations. We present application case studies evaluating the RSPMD model, showing that it enables divide-and-conquer algorithms such as sorting to be elegantly expressed and that team collective operations increase performance of conjugate gradient by up to a factor of two. The model also facilitates optimizations for hierarchical machines, improving scalability of particle in cell by 8x and performance of sorting and a stencil code by up to 40 % and 14 %, respectively.
Identifying Adhesion Properties at Si/Polymer Interfaces with ReaxFF

High capacity lithium-ion battery anodes based on silicon (Si) undergo large volume fluctuations during operation that can compromise the structural integrity of the electrode. This issue can be mi...
The National Gene Vector Biorepository: Eleven Years of Providing Resources to the Gene Therapy Community.

The National Gene Vector Biorepository (NGVB) program has been highly accessed by gene therapy investigators. The reagent repository has distributed over 1,000 reagents to 397 investigators. The Ph...
Defining Stage-Specific Activity of Potent New Inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum Growth In Vitro.

ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis have emerged as major enteric pathogens of infants in the developing world, in addition to their known importance in immunocompromised adults. Although there has been recent progress in identifying new small molecules that inhibit Cryptosporidium sp. growth in vitro or in animal models, we lack information about their mechanism of action, potency across the life cycle, and cidal versus static activities. Here, we explored four potent classes of compounds that include inhibitors that likely target phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase (PI4K), phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase (PheRS), and several potent inhibitors with unknown mechanisms of action. We utilized monoclonal antibodies and gene expression probes for staging life cycle development to define the timing of when inhibitors were active during the life cycle of Cryptosporidium parvum grown in vitro. These different classes of inhibitors targeted different stages of the life cycle, including compounds that blocked replication (PheRS inhibitors), prevented the segmentation of daughter cells and thus blocked egress (PI4K inhibitors), or affected sexual-stage development (a piperazine compound of unknown mechanism). Long-term cultivation of C. parvum in epithelial cell monolayers derived from intestinal stem cells was used to distinguish between cidal and static activities based on the ability of parasites to recover from treatment. Collectively, these approaches should aid in identifying mechanisms of action and for designing in vivo efficacy studies based on time-dependent concentrations needed to achieve cidal activity. IMPORTANCE Currently, nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved treatment for cryptosporidiosis; unfortunately, it is ineffective in immunocompromised patients, has varied efficacy in immunocompetent individuals, and is not approved in infants under 1 year of age. Identifying new inhibitors for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis requires standardized and quantifiable in vitro assays for assessing potency, selectivity, timing of activity, and reversibility. Here, we provide new protocols for defining which stages of the life cycle are susceptible to four highly active compound classes that likely inhibit different targets in the parasite. We also utilize a newly developed long-term culture system to define assays for monitoring reversibility as a means of defining cidal activity as a function of concentration and time of treatment. These assays should provide valuable in vitro parameters to establish conditions for efficacious in vivo treatment.
Telomere length in patients with unclassifiable interstitial lung disease: a cohort study.

Up to 15% of patients with chronic interstitial lung disease (cILD) will remain clinically unclassifiable ( I.e. unclassifiable ILD [uILD]) despite thorough clinical evaluation and multidisciplinary team discussion (MDT) [1, 2]. This diagnostic uncertainty translates into uncertainty in expected prognosis and initial treatment approach ( e.g. immunosuppression versus anti-fibrotic medications) for patients with uILD, and it often precludes enrollment into clinical trials. Peripheral blood telomere length (TL) is a genomic biomarker that has been associated with prognosis and harm from immunosuppression in IPF [3, 4]. TL has recently been associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)-like morphologic features ( i.e. features of usual interstitial pneumonia, UIP) and reduced survival in other forms of cILD [5–7]. Whether TL demonstrates similar associations in patients with uILD is unknown, but if so, its clinical measurement could reduce diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainty by determining which patients with uILD will have an IPF-like course. The aim of this study was to determine whether TL is associated with clinical features and outcomes in a cohort of patients with uILD. Footnotes This manuscript has recently been accepted for publication in the European Respiratory Journal . It is published here in its accepted form prior to copyediting and typesetting by our production team. After these production processes are complete and the authors have approved the resulting proofs, the article will move to the latest issue of the ERJ online. Please open or download the PDF to view this article. Conflict of interest: Dr. Ley has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Liu has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Elicker has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Henry has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Vittinghoff has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Golden has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Jones has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Wolters reports grants from Genentech, grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Blade Pharmaceuticals, grants and personal fees from Pliant, outside the submitted work.
Higher Grit Scores Associated With Less Burnout in a Cohort of Internal Medicine Residents.

Abstract Background The association between grit, defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, and professional burnout has not been studied in internal medicine residents. Our objective was to examine whether internal medicine residents’ scores on a grit scale were associated with various measures of burnout. Methods All residents from a single internal medicine program were invited to participate in a study of grit and burnout. Grit and burnout were measured using the Short Grit Scale and modified Maslach Burnout Inventory, respectively. In addition, demographics, last In-Training Examination (ITE) score, and interest in a subspecialty were captured. Results A total of 139 of 168 eligible residents (83%) participated. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization (i.e., burn out) were identified in 63% and 42% of residents, respectively. Endorsement of emotional exhaustion was higher for residents living with family members, postgraduate year (PGY)1 and PGY2 compared with PGY3 residents, and residents scoring above the 50th percentile on the last ITE. Grit scores were higher for residents not reporting emotional exhaustion. As grit score increases, the odds of reporting emotional exhaustion significantly decreased, after adjustments for demographics, ITE scores, type of medical school, PGY level, and interest in a subspecialty (odds ratio = 0.36, 95% CI 0.15-0.84). Conclusions Grit appeared to be an independent predictor of burnout in internal medicine residents in this sample, with lower grit scores associated with higher burnout scores. By measuring grit early in residency, programs can potentially identify residents at risk for symptoms of burnout, specifically emotional exhaustion, and implement targeted interventions.
A missed research opportunity for effective prevention: Clery Act Timely Warning Notices.

The Clery Act was created to provide transparency around campus safety, including sexual assault. This includes making timely warnings to the campus community about safety threats on campus. While ...
Cholangiocarcinoma Surveillance in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis

Cholangiocarcinoma is a lethal cancer of the bile ducts with median survival of only 5–12 months after diagnosis. Surgical resection and liver transplantation are the only available curative options. Many patients with cholangiocarcinoma are not eligible for these therapies due to advanced stage of cholangiocarcinoma at the time of diagnosis. Thus, it is imperative to diagnose cholangiocarcinoma as early as possible. Certain conditions are known to be risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. In this chapter, we discuss in detail primary sclerosing cholangitis, which is the most important risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma in Western society. We also discuss immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis, a recently identified manifestation of immunoglobulin G4-related disease, and its putative association with cholangiocarcinoma.
Rich Buyers and Rental Spillovers: Evidence from Chinese Buyers in US Housing Markets

The influx of rich real-estate buyers into local housing markets would increase house prices, but the spillover effect onto rental prices is theoretically ambiguous. I estimate rich buyers’ impact during the Chinese buying boom in US residential housing markets, with $200 billion of purchases made between 2010 and 2019. I identify Chinese holdings using housing deed records and names, and estimate their causal impact by instrumenting for Chinese buyers’ demand using flight time from China due to flight route changes. I find a large positive house price impact. Consistent with investment q-theory, rents fall as constructions rise, especially in areas with elastic housing supply.
A longitudinal study on the psychological and physiological predictors of burnout in NCAA collegiate swimmers

The purpose of the current study was to examine the ability of psychosocial constructs and biomarker measures of overtraining and stress to predict athlete burnout, as mediated by training distress...
London: A Social and Cultural History, 1550–1750

Between 1550 and 1750 London became the greatest city in Europe and one of the most vibrant economic and cultural centres in the world. This book is a history of London during this crucial period of its rise to world-wide prominence, during which it dominated the economic, political, social and cultural life of the British Isles, as never before nor since. London incorporates the best recent work in urban history, contemporary accounts from Londoners and tourists, and fictional works featuring the city in order to trace London's rise and explore its role as a harbinger of modernity, while examining how its citizens coped with those achievements. London covers the full range of life in London, from the splendid galleries of Whitehall to the damp and sooty alleyways of the East End. Readers will brave the dangers of plague and fire, witness the spectacles of the Lord Mayor's Pageant and the hangings at Tyburn, and take refreshment in the city's pleasure-gardens, coffee-houses and taverns.
Social Skill Interventions

Social skill intervention strategies have been created from a number of conceptual frameworks, including applied behavior analysis, cognitive behavioral, and social learning theory. Research on social skill interventions have demonstrated that there is strong evidence for the efficacy of specific social skill interventions for youth on the autism spectrum. Social skill interventions are important to the successful outcomes of youth on the autism spectrum, who are inundated with increased social demands throughout their development, and the need for such interventions is amplified by few children receiving social skill interventions as part of their early intervention programming. Keywords: autism spectrum disorders; early intervention; social cognition perspective taking; social competence; social skill interventions
Promoting Informed Decision Making for Comparative Effectiveness Randomized Trials

The US Code of Federal Regulations governing human participants research requires that investigators disclose reasonably foreseeable risks of a research study to prospective participants during the informed consent process. Although this mandate appears straightforward, controversy surrounds how investigators should define and describe risks of comparative effectiveness randomized clinical trials (CE-RCTs) that compare treatments within accepted standards of care. The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) has published draft guidance prompted by the controversy of the Surfactant, Positive Pressure, and Pulse Oximetry (SUPPORT) trial of oxygenation targets in premature infants to address this question. The draft guidance concludes that “if a research study examining standards of care includes as a purpose evaluating identified risks associated with those standards of care, the identified risks associated with the standards of care being evaluated that are different from the risks of standards of care at least some of the subjects would be exposed to outside of the research study are generally considered…to be reasonably foreseeable risks of research.” 1 Given the often subtle ways in which participation in a CE-RCT alters risk compared with treatment outside the trial, accurately framing disclosures is challenging. Unfortunately, if implemented, the OHRP’s draft guidance will impede rather than promote informed decisions. Investigators and institutional review boards that follow the guidance are likely to formulate consent documents that mischaracterize the disadvantages of the study treatments compared with one another as foreseeable risks of participation, unnecessarily dissuading patients from enrolling. The OHRP should reconsider its guidance and instead support disclosures aimed at the following simple goal: to provide patients with information, including about risks, that they need to decide whether to join the trial, request one of the study treatments outside the trial, or select another available treatment. Organizing disclosure around 4 core questions can effectively accomplish this goal (Table).
A 10 GHz operational amplifier in GaAs MESFET technology

Previous implementations of high-performance op amps in GaAs technology have been hindered by low transistor g/sub m/r/sub ds/, light sensitivity, and excessive backgating, which have limited gain and bandwidth. These limitations are overcome in the circuit reported here by the use of improved processing technologies and circuit design approaches. The GaAs MESFET depletion-mode n-channel technology employs 0.2- mu m e-beam defined gates, air-bridge interconnects for low capacitance, and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to grow the channel layers. The average threshold voltage of the resulting FETs is -0.6 V, and the extrinsic transconductance is approximately 500 mS/mm. H/sub 21/ measurements on individual devices yield an extrapolated f/sub T/ of approximately 8 GHz. The small-signal equivalent circuit model of a 50- mu m-wide device, derived from the measured S-parameters, is shown, and the resulting element values are presented. >
How Women are Succeeding as Entrepreneurial Leaders in Agriculture: Ten Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America

This collection of case studies compares the strategies of ten women in eight sub-Saharan African and Latin American countries to successfully start an agri-business, finance growth, develop new sales, manage employees, manage familial responsibilities while running a business, and achieve industry leadership positions. Whereas many institutions have documented the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and farmers in low-income countries, little research has documented the strategies women business owners have successfully employed to succeed in the traditionally, male managed, agriculture and agribusiness sectors. This collection of savvy entrepreneurs’ stories shares how they are profitably ensuring a supply of safe, nutritional foods farmed in a sustainable way that benefits growers’ communities’ food security, health, water, and land.
Induction and exacerbation of psoriasis with Interferon-alpha therapy for hepatitis C: A review and analysis of 36 cases

Background Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) therapy is used to treat hepatitis C infection. The exacerbation and occurrence of psoriasis in hepatitis C patients treated with IFN-α is increasingly recognized, but the distinct associated features, aetiology and management have not been reviewed. Objective To review all published cases of hepatitis C patients who developed psoriasis while receiving IFN-α therapy. Methods The review was conducted by searching the PubMed database using the keywords ‘hepatitis C’ AND ‘psoriasis.’ In addition, references to additional publications not indexed for PubMed were followed to obtain a complete record of published data. Results We identified 32 publications describing 36 subjects who developed a psoriatic eruption while receiving IFN-α therapy for hepatitis C. Topical therapies were a commonly employed treatment modality, but led to resolution in only 30% of cases in which they were employed solely. Cessation of IFN-α therapy led to resolution in 93% of cases. Hundred per cent of those who developed psoriasis while on IFN-α therapy responded to systemic therapy and were able to continue the drug. Conclusion Further studies and analysis of IFN-α-induced lesions are necessary to clarify the role of IFN-α and the hepatitis C virus in the development of psoriatic lesions.
Numerical plane stress elastic–perfectly plastic crack analysis under Tresca yield condition with comparison to Dugdale plastic strip model

Abstract A number of plane stress numerical analyses of the mode I elastoplastic fracture mechanics problem have been performed in the past using the Huber–Mises yield criterion. This study employs instead the Tresca yield condition using an incremental theory of plasticity for a stationary crack. A commercial finite element program is used to solve the opening mode of fracture problem (mode I) for a square plate containing a central crack under generalized plane stress loading conditions. A biaxial uniform tensile traction is applied to the edges of a thin plate composed of a linear elastic non-work hardening material under small strain assumptions. The finite element results are compared with the analytical predictions of the Dugdale plastic strip model for a crack in an infinite plate subject to a biaxial uniform load at infinity.
Comparative neutral composition instrumentation and new results

The atmospheres associated with a number of planets and moons have been studied by remote sensing. Direct in-situ measurements have been possible for the earth, moon, Mars, and Venus. Both remote sensing and in-situ instruments are under development for missions to Halley's Comet and Jupiter. Brief descriptions are provided of the more recently employed mass spectrometer systems used in missions to Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. Upper atmosphere instruments are discussed, taking into account the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer, Dynamics Explorer-B Wind and Temperature Spectrometer, and the Pioneer Venus Bus Neutral Mass Spectrometer. Lower atmospshere instruments are also considered, giving attention to a double focusing mass spectrometer of the Nier-Johnson design used in the Viking Lander, Venera instruments, the Pioneer Venus Large Probe Mass spectrometer, and the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer.
Effects of dietary calcium and vitamin D3 on weight gain and mineral composition of the blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) in low-calcium water

Influences of dietary calcium and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) were evaluated with fingerling blue tilapia using a 2×2 factorial design. Four purified diets were formulated to contain 34% crude protein from egg albumin and casein with 3.20 kcal available energy/g. The basal diet (0.2 g Ca/kg) was supplemented with either 0 or 7.5 g Ca/kg (from CaCl2·2H2O) and 0 or 2000 IU vitamin D3/kg. Experimental diets were fed in triplicate to groups of blue tilapia initially averaging 2.30±0.09 g in 38-liter aquaria receiving water with <0.1 mg Ca/l for a period of 24 weeks. Significantly (P<0.05) greater weight gain and concentrations of ash, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in bone and scale tissues were observed for fish fed the calcium-supplemented diets compared to those fed diets without supplemental calcium regardless of vitamin D3 supplementation. Fish fed the diet without supplemental vitamin D3 but with supplemental calcium had a significant reduction in weight gain at the end of 12 weeks compared to those fed the diet supplemented with both nutrients; this trend continued in subsequent weeks although differences were not significant. Effects of vitamin D3 on mineralization of hard tissues were negligible at all sampling periods. Dietary supplementation of vitamin D3 was not required for tilapia to utilize dietary calcium for growth and tissue mineralization. Based on these results, dietary calcium had the most profound effects on growth and mineral composition of blue tilapia reared in low-calcium water and effects of vitamin D3 were more subtle.
Orbit/deorbit analysis for a Mars rover and sample return mission

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA Johnson Space Center recently engaged in the study of a combined Mars rover and surface sample return robotic mission with a projected start in the early 1990s. During the time of this effort, several possible scenarios were considered, the most ambitious being the delivery of a very capable rover to the Mars surface to analyze and collect samples, perhaps beyond 100 km from its landing site. The samples, about 5 kg worth, would be transported into orbit via an independent ascent vehicle, which would then rendezvous with and transfer the sample to an orbiting Earth return vehicle. At Earth, the samples could reach the surface with a direct atmospheric entry or be placed in orbit to be recovered by the Shuttle or a space stationbased vehicle. This mission provides many interesting and challenging astrodynamic problems. Four of these problems have been investigated here. Two of them relate to satisfying specific mission requirements at Mars with a highly eccentric orbit having a very low periapsis altitude. One of them concerns the placing of an areosynchronous (similar to geosynchronous) communication s satellite in orbit about Mars. The last investigates the problem of deorbiting to a specified landing site from a highly eccentric orbit.
The styles of management inventory: A methodological analysis of a training and research instrument

In recent years several theoretical ideas have been advanced in the area of problem-solving and decision-making in administration, with a focus on “leadership” styles. Instruments have been designed to operationalize the theory and for purposes of training and research. However, there has been little systematic testing of such instruments.
The what, where, when, and why of magnetospheric substorm triggers

Over the past three decades, terrestrial magnetospheric physics has had a unifying and hotly debated focus: the magnetospheric substorm. A magnetospheric substorm is a three-phase phenomenon [McPherron, 1979] in which energy is first extracted from the solar wind flow, transported, and stored within the Earth's magnetospheric magnetic fields (growth phase). The stored magnetic energy is then converted and released explosively within the magnetosphere and auroral ionosphere (expansion phase). Then the magnetosphere and auroral ionosphere relax, entering a quiescent state (recovery phase). Understanding of this global process has unified the magnetospheric and auroral communities by providing the “big picture” of magnetospheric dynamics as a backdrop against which unrelated areas of more focused research may be put in context. The topic debated in the accompanying articles centers on one aspect of magnetospheric substorms, namely what triggers the expansion phase. The companion papers present two perspectives on substorm triggers: one advocates a trigger that is driven by an external change in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), while the other argues that external triggers are just one of many mechanisms that lead to the expansion phase, including internal instabilities.
Global Health Diplomacy

A variety of shifts emergent with globalization, which are reflected in part by nascent programs in "Global Public Health," "Global Health Sciences," and "Global Health," are redefining international public health. We explore three of these shifts as a critical discourse and intervention in global health diplomacy: the expansion in non-governmental organization participation in international health programs, the globalization of science and pharmaceutical research, and the use of militarized languages of biosecurity to recast public health programs. Using contemporary anthropological and international health literature, we offer a critical yet hopeful exploration of the implications of these shifts for critical inquiry, health, and the health professions.
Heat conduction in nuclear fuel rods

Abstract The numerical solution of the transient heat conduction in the fuel rods of light water reactors is studied in this paper, for the purpose of selecting an efficient, economic and accurate solution procedure to be used in fast running codes. The radial heat conduction equations are presented in terms of ordinary time dependent differential equations that are subsequently integrated. Comparisons were carried out using the lumped capacitance method, the method of lines, and the integral method with parabolic temperature profiles. The temperature-time history of the fuel pellet and cladding, predicted by the various methods, is shown for slow and fast transients representing the uncovery and reflood phases of a loss of coolant accident. It was found that the integral method, with parabolic temperature profiles in both the fuel pellet and cladding, was the most economic and gave sufficiently accurate predictions.
New Configuration for T/R Switches Used in RF Transmitters

Maty RF simplex transceivers employ a T/R switch configuration to switch between receive and transmit modes of operation. These switches usually employ a series switching diode on the transmit path. This diode is problematic; it introduces additional loss on the transmit path which can stress the final power stage of the transmitter; it presents a potential hot spot, the series configuration making it difficult to heat sink and it is also expensive since it is by definition a higher power diode. In addition it usually requires a high biasing current when in transmit mode. These problems are especially pronounced in higher power applications. The following paper presents a new T/R switch configuration which solves all the above problems.
Use of an Infrared Laser to Determine Separated Flow

This experiment used an infrared laser technique to determine where flow separation and reattachment occurred on a backward facing step. The step size was 6.35 cm, and the overall length of the model was 60.96 cm, with 30.48 cm for the bottom step. Two types of tufts were used in this experiment to define the flow field: string tufts and thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) tufts. In this experiment, the string tuft was attached to the end of a wand that was placed in the flow path. String tufts are intrusive to the flow and give a less accurate surface visualization because the weight of the string affects the results. Consequently, string tufts do not respond well to low flow velocities. In contrast, TLC tufts do not have these limitations. Thermochromic liquid crystals do not impede the flow and they give accurate surface visualizations. They respond to changing temperature by reflecting light at different wavelengths, resulting in a changing observable color as the temperature changes. An infrared laser heated the surface of the model in a circular spot resulting in crystal color change. Airflow over the heated surface convected energy in the direction of the flow. This resulted in a visible TLC "tail" pointing in the direction of the flow. With this technique, both forward and reverse flow can be detected. Images of these tufts were recorded with a digital video camera. Eccentricity of the tufts indicated the direction of flow. Two velocities of upstream flow were tested: 100% of the blower's voltage, a velocity of 1.13 m/s, and 80% of the blower's voltage, a velocity of 1.07 m/s. For both velocities, reattachment occurred using the TLC tuft method at approximately 17.145 cm from the step. Using the string tuft attached to a wand, these results were verified as the reattachment region was between 16.51 cm and 17.78 cm.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Hospitable Justice: Law and Selfhood in Shakespeare’s Sonnets:

This article is concerned with the uses to which Shakespeare put legal subject matter. I focus on three sonnets in which the speaker acknowledges himself as the victim of a crime committed by the young man, but pledges to testify against himself on the young man’s behalf. This strange justice, I argue, belongs to the philosophical tradition of hospitality, exemplified in a range of writings from St. Paul’s Epistles to work by Derrida and Levinas. Returning Shakespeare’s sonnets to this strand of intellectual history equips us with a set of concepts ideally suited to making sense of the way Shakespeare uses law to reflect upon the nature of selfhood.
Silver in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean

Vertical profiles of total silver concentrations in the northeast and southeast Atlantic are oceanographically consistent with total dissolved ( 20 pM). This nutrient-type distribution is further evidenced by the highly significant (p < 0.01, simple linear regression) correlation (R ≥ 0.916) of silver and silicate concentrations in both the North Pacific and eastern Atlantic.
Alienation and the Radical Right

T HE TASK OF conducting empirical, and particularly quantitative, inquiry into the characteristics and implications of contemporary rightwing extremism has hardly begun. Of such work that is now available, little reflects systematic attention to the conceptual grounds on the basis of which data accumulated will serve to test interpretive hypotheses. This paper is a conceptual elaboration of the hypothesis that the ideology and operational style of the contemporary radical rightist "movement"' reflect antecedent conditions of political alienation. Observations relating to rightwing manifestations of ideology, style and alienation are considered separately, followed by consideration of their interrelations as these in turn help to clarify the major hypothesis. Development of the hypothesis will necessitate the identification and analysis of several categories. These categories Will be central to the conceptual grounds upon which refined quantitative analysis of rightwing extremism may be investigated in separate studies. The sample of rightist literature selected for thematic identification and analysis was drawn from a large universe of rightist senti-
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is phosphorylated in vitro and in a cellular system☆

Phosphorylation modulates the activity of many proteins that interact with nucleic acids including DNA and RNA polymerases. The HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) is essential during the replicative cycle of the HIV-1 virus. HIV-1 RT has several potential sites for phosphorylation that could regulate its activities. In this work, the phosphorylation of HIV-1 RT is examined in vitro and in vivo, to evaluate any role for this modification in regulating RT metabolism. Recombinant unphosphorylated HIV-1 RT heterodimer expressed in bacteria can be phosphorylated in vitro by several purified mammalian protein kinases. Seven kinases were tested, and five of these enzymes phosphorylated HIV-1 RT. Using an insect baculovirus expression system, the 66 kDa HIV-1 RT was also phosphorylated in vivo. However, HIV-1 RT immunoprecipitated from H9-lymphoma cells infected with HIV-1 showed negligible phosphorylation. Our results indicate that purified HIV-1 RT can be phosphorylated by several mammalian protein kinases in vitro and during expression in baculovirus infected insect cells.
Motion of a sphere oscillating at low Reynolds numbers in a viscoelastic-fluid-filled cylindrical tube

Abstract The motion at low Reynolds numbers of a sphere oscillating with a small amplitude inside a cylindrical tube containing a viscous fluid (Newtonian or viscoelastic) is investigated. The linear Jeffreys model is used to describe the constitutive relation for the viscoelastic fluid. The governing equations are transformed to, and solved in, the frequency domain where the Fourier components for the flow and drag are obtained using a finite difference method. The numerical results for the Newtonian fluid velocity agree well with those given by a high frequency asymptotic solution. The effects of the Stokes number, ϵ, on the unsteady drag, D R + iD I , are discussed. At small ϵ, the real component of the unsteady drag, D R , is dominated by the quasi-steady term for both Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids. For a Newtonian fluid, the acceleration-dependent terms of D R and D I are proportional to ϵ 4 and ϵ 2 respectively. Whereas D R increases monotonically with ϵ for a Newtonian fluid, it reaches a minimum for a Jeffreys fluid when ϵ ≈ O (1). The difference observed is caused by the shear-thinning property of the viscoelastic fluid. At large ϵ, D R becomes proportional to ϵ, and the imaginary component of the unsteady drag, D I , for both Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids, is dominated by the added-mass force. However, as opposed to a Newtonian fluid, D I changes sign near ϵ ≈ O (1) for a viscoelastic fluid due to shear thinning. Finally, a method for determining the rheological properties of a general viscoelastic fluid from measurements of the unsteady drag in a ball rheometer is presented.