cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5247: Aspirin use and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer risk in African American women

Introduction: Use of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been hypothesized to be associated with reduced risk of breast cancer; however, results of epidemiological studies have been mixed. Further, few previous studies investigated these associations among African American women and no studies that included African Americans evaluated whether associations differ by estrogen receptor (ER) status. Methods: To assess the relation of aspirin use to risk of ER+ and ER- breast cancer in African American women, we conducted a prospective analysis within the Black Women9s Health Study, an ongoing nationwide cohort of 59,000 black women that began in 1995. On baseline and biennial follow-up questionnaires, women reported regular aspirin use (defined as use at least three days per week) and years of use. Acetaminophen use was queried similarly. Among women with available information on aspirin use, 1701 invasive breast cancers occurred during follow-up through 2015, including 962 ER+ and 492 ER- tumors. All cancers were confirmed through pathology reports or state cancer registry data. We used age-stratified Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations of aspirin use with risk of ER+ and ER- breast cancer. All models adjusted for age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, parity, age at first birth, estrogen plus progestin use, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and use of other NSAIDs. Results: Compared to never use, current regular use of aspirin was associated with lower risk of breast cancer overall (HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.76, 1.00). The association was driven by a statistically significant inverse association for ER- breast cancer (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.58, 0.99); for ER+ breast cancer, the corresponding HR was 0.92 (95% CI 0.77, 1.09). In contrast, we found no associations with acetaminophen use. Conclusions: Our observation of reduced risk of ER- breast cancer in relation to current regular use of aspirin is consistent with anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin, rather than hormone-dependent pathways. Aspirin may represent a potential opportunity for chemoprevention of ER- breast cancer; however, these findings require corroboration in additional studies. Citation Format: Kimberly A. Bertrand, Traci N. Bethea, Hanna Gerlovin, Patricia Coogan, Lucile L. Adams-Campbell, Lynn Rosenberg, Julie R. Palmer. Aspirin use and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer risk in African American women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5247.
Ethanol in Automotive Applications

Abstract Negative environmental consequences of fossil fuels and concerns about petroleum supplies have spurred the search for renewable transportation biofuels. Ethanol fuels, as a viable alternative, has been demonstrated to be able to provide a net energy gain, have environmental benefits, be economically competitive, and be producible in large quantities without reducing food supplies. Over the past 30 years, ethanol fuel technologies for automotive applications are already well established, especially in Brazil and the United States. This chapter concentrates on ethanol fuel and its properties, and current ethanol-blended fuels with varied ethanol volume and flex-fuel vehicles are summarized. The environmental impacts of ethanol fuel including energy balance, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions are discussed. In addition, emerging developments of ethanol fuel vehicles are introduced.
It takes two to tango: IDH mutation and glutaminase inhibition in glioma

IDH1 mutant gliomas show increased radiation sensitivity in combination with a glutaminase inhibitor.
The Rationale and Strategies for Undermining Xenophobia in the Classroom.

AbstractIn the last few years, xenophobic rhetoric and policies have sharply increased across the world and is especially apparent in the rise of far right political parties in Europe, the Brexit vote in Great Britain, and the election of Donald Trump in the United States. In these times, teachers have a responsibility to stand for values of inclusion and justice and be a voice of reason among the growing angst and fear-based policy decisions. This article explores the theoretical rationale for taking this position in the classroom in relation to the purpose of education, promoting the good of all students, and creating a classroom environment based on critical thinking and a strong analysis of current cultural and political trends. The article then looks at practical ways teachers can deconstruct this xenophobia in the classroom through instructional practices, creating a welcoming classroom environment, and curricular choices. Although these concepts are applicable in all subject areas, they are of spec...
Gene-Environment Interplay in Child Eating Behaviors: What the Role of "Nature" Means for the Effects of "Nurture".

This narrative review describes the evidence for both genetic and environmental influences on child appetitive traits and suggests ways of thinking about how these interact and correlate to influence how a child eats. Emerging evidence from social network analysis, and from longitudinal studies questioning the direction of association between parent feeding behaviors and child obesity risk, suggest that children’s genes may shape the environmental risk for obesity that they are exposed to. There is strong evidence that child appetitive traits are both heritable and shaped by the environment. Instead of thinking about how genetic and environmental factors operate independently on each appetitive trait, research needs to expand the current paradigm to examine how genes and environments interact and shape each other.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in an exogenous transgene and an endogenous sex determination gene in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa.

Abstract CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-editing, using injected Cas9 protein, was achieved in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa, by initially targeting an exogenous transgene, polyubiquitin-regulated EGFP (PUb-EGFP), for heritable non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) knock-outs using an individual sgRNA. Multiple deletion mutations, ranging from two to five nts proximal to the target site, were identified phenotypically by the loss of green fluorescence in transgenic flies that were also marked with PUb-DsRed. This represented a relatively high efficiency rate of 29% for germ-line mutations. Similar conditions were then used to target an endogenous sex-determination gene, As-transformer-2 (Astra-2), using two sgRNAs that targeted independent exon sequences 671 bp apart. Somatic mutations were identified phenotypically in G0 adult flies at a frequency of 81% based upon intersexual genital morphology, expected to occur only in XX females since Astra-2 knock-outs by dsRNA do not have a phenotypic effect in XY males. Consistent with this expectation, twelve types of short indels, ranging from −15 nts to +5 nts, were identified proximal to the 5′ sgRNA-1 target site in intersexual adults. However, the 3′ sgRNA-2 target was only associated with a single 774 bp deletion extending from the sgRNA-1 target site to 100 bp downstream of the sgRNA-2 target. This is encouraging for the eventual use of dual target sites for homology-directed repair (HDR) insertions, but suggests that the sgRNA-2 target site tested may not be optimal for Astra-2 HDR modification.
Sternal wound complications in patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation.

PURPOSE The incidence and management of sternal wound complications in patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is not well studied. We report outcomes in heart transplant patients who developed sternal infections requiring reoperations. METHODS From 2004 to 2013, 437 patients underwent OHT at a single institution. In a retrospective review, patients who developed sternal infections (Infection group, n = 27) were compared with those without (Control group, n = 410). RESULTS Sternal infection rate was 6.2% (n = 27). Demographics were similar (Table 1). Infection group had higher rates of COPD 25% vs 13%, P = 0.03, and previous cardiac surgery via median sternotomy 28% vs 15%, P = 0.03. Infection group had a greater incidence of prolonged ventilation, 44% vs 31%, P = 0.2, renal failure 56% vs 24%, P = 0.001, dialysis requirement 30% vs 10%, P = 0.006, permanent stroke 11% vs 2%, P = 0.02, perioperative myocardial infarction 4% vs 0.2%, P = 0.09. The infection group had a longer ICU stay (524 + 410 vs 187 + 355 hours, P = 0.001) and hospitalization (59 + 28 vs 0.29 + 43 days, P = 0.001). In-hospital/30-day mortality was 30% vs 19%, P = 0.2. The mean time for sternal reoperation at 44 + 50 days. Deep wound infection (41%) and sternal dehiscence (22%) were common presentations. Causative organisms were Enterobacter (22%), Klebsiella (15%), and Pseudomonas (15%). Vancomycin (44%), 4th generation cephalosporin (37%), and fluoroquinolones (30%) were the most commonly used antibiotics. Surgical treatment included sternal debridement with pectoralis muscle flap (52%), primary closure (18%), and omental flap (11%). CONCLUSION Sternal wound infections impart a significant burden on patients with OHT. Causative organisms are predominantly virulent gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, a high index of suspicion must be maintained for early detection and treatment.
Active Adversarial Evader Tracking with a Probabilistic Pursuer under the Pursuit-Evasion Game Framework.

Given a mapped environment, we formulate the problem of visually tracking and following an evader using a probabilistic framework. In this work, we consider a non-holonomic robot with a limited visibility depth sensor in an indoor environment with obstacles. The mobile robot that follows the target is considered a pursuer and the agent being followed is considered an evader. We propose a probabilistic framework for both the pursuer and evader to achieve their conflicting goals. We introduce a smart evader that has information about the location of the pursuer. The goal of this variant of the evader is to avoid being tracked by the pursuer by using the visibility region information obtained from the pursuer, to further challenge the proposed smart pursuer. To validate the efficiency of the framework, we conduct several experiments in simulation by using Gazebo and evaluate the success rate of tracking an evader in various environments with different pursuer to evader speed ratios. Through our experiments we validate our hypothesis that a smart pursuer tracks an evader more effectively than a pursuer that just navigates in the environment randomly. We also validate that an evader that is aware of the actions of the pursuer is more successful at avoiding getting tracked by a smart pursuer than a random evader. Finally, we empirically show that while a smart pursuer does increase it's average success rate of tracking compared to a random pursuer, there is an increased variance in its success rate distribution when the evader becomes aware of its actions.
Androgen receptor expression and steroid action in bone

Abstract Estrogen and androgen deficiency have been associated with the incidence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and elderly men over the last many decades. Estrogen and androgen function through signaling pathways that originate from binding to their cognate nuclear receptors, which collectively impact sexual function, growth and development, and skeletal health. These effects range from gain-of-function paradigms involving their cognate ligands that target these nuclear hormone receptor-mediated signaling pathways to loss-of-function paradigms that involve menopause/aging or rare allelic variants that abrogate ligand or receptor function. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the gain-of-function and loss-of-function attributes of these two steroid hormones with specific emphasis on androgens and male skeletal health.
Allostery and structural dynamics in protein evolution

The sequence-structure-function paradigm for proteins has been well accepted in the scientific community. However, with the emergence of the ensemble view of proteins, it has become clear that this fails to incorporate the importance of protein dynamics, which we now understand govern the underlying function of proteins. Here, we introduce two tools—the dynamic flexibility index (DFI) and the dynamic coupling index (DCI) which can quantify structural flexibility and dynamic coupling at a site-specific, single amino acid level. We show that it is possible to relate evolutionary conservation to amino acid flexibility and that disease-associated protein variants coincide with mutations at rigid positions within a protein. In combination with experimental data, we also capture important changes in structural conformation that coincide with the evolution of protein function through changes in structural dynamics. Finally, we discuss how nature can modulate change through allosteric mutations which alter the internal interaction network of proteins, and how changes in allosteric regulation can result in disease phenotypes.
TP63 isoform expression is linked with distinct clinical outcomes in cancer

BACKGROUND Half of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients will relapse with metastatic disease and molecular tests to predict relapse are needed. TP63 has been proposed as a prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer, but reports associating it with clinical outcomes are conflicting. Since TP63 is expressed as multiple isoforms, we hypothesized that these conflicting associations with clinical outcome may be explained by distinct opposing effects of differential TP63 isoform expression. METHODS Using RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), TP63 isoform-level expression was quantified and associated with clinical covariates (e.g. survival, stage) across 8,519 patients from 29 diseases. A comprehensive catalog of TP63 isoforms was assembled using gene annotation databases and de novo discovery in bladder cancer patients. Quantifications and un-annotated TP63 isoforms were validated using quantitative RT-PCR and a separate bladder cancer cohort. FINDINGS DNp63 isoform expression was associated with improved bladder cancer patient survival in patients with a luminal subtype (HR = 0.89, CI 0.80-0.99, Cox p = 0.034). Conversely, TAp63 isoform expression was associated with reduced bladder cancer patient survival in patients with a basal subtype (HR = 2.35, CI 1.64-3.37, Cox p < 0.0001). These associations were observed in multiple TCGA disease cohorts and correlated with epidermal differentiation (DNp63) and immune-related (TAp63) gene signatures. INTERPRETATION These results comprehensively define TP63 isoform expression in human cancer and suggest that TP63 isoforms are involved in distinct transcriptional programs with opposing effects on clinical outcome.
Over-Testing for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism in American Emergency Departments: The Continuing Epidemic.

Background: No recent data have investigated rates of diagnostic testing for pulmonary embolism (PE) in US emergency departments (EDs), and no data have examined computed tomographic pulmonary angi...
Fanconi anemia pathway as a prospective target for cancer intervention

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive genetic disorder caused by biallelic mutations in at least one of 22 FA genes. Beyond its pathological presentation of bone marrow failure and congenital abnormalities, FA is associated with chromosomal abnormality and genomic instability, and thus represents a genetic vulnerability for cancer predisposition. The cancer relevance of the FA pathway is further established with the pervasive occurrence of FA gene alterations in somatic cancers and observations of FA pathway activation-associated chemotherapy resistance. In this article we describe the role of the FA pathway in canonical interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair and possible contributions of FA gene alterations to cancer development. We also discuss the perspectives and potential of targeting the FA pathway for cancer intervention.
On Neglecting Regulatory Benefits

The administrative state faces a pervasive problem: “benefit neglect,” understood as insufficient attention to the benefits of regulation. In 2017, for example, President Donald Trump issued Executive Order 13771, calling for a regulatory budget of $0 and directing agencies to eliminate two regulations for every regulation that they issue. The order has two laudable ambitions: to reduce the stock of existing regulations and to stem the flow of new regulations. But because it entirely ignores the benefits of regulations and focuses only on costs, it is a singularly crude instrument for achieving those goals. In both theory and practice, it threatens to impose large net costs (including significant increases in mortality and morbidity). It would be much better to abandon the idea of a regulatory budget, focused solely on costs, and instead to engage in two sustained but independent efforts: (1) a continuing “look back” at existing regulations, with the goal of simplifying or eliminating those that are unwarranted, and (2) cost-benefit discipline for new regulations. A third goal, no less important than (1) and (2), should be a very high priority, which is to produce institutional mechanisms to promote issuance of regulations that would have high net benefits (including reductions in mortality and morbidity). Congress, courts, and the executive branch should take steps to combat benefit neglect.
Chapter 7 – Community Policing and Fear of Crime

Publisher Summary The fear of crime is a legitimate police concern. The police should understand the ways fear is distributed across populations and use this understanding to formulate programs to assure people that they are safe. Reducing fear of crime is just as legitimate as reducing crime itself. Fear may have more detrimental effects on larger numbers of people than crime itself. There are a number of causes of fear of crime. Fear emanates from past victimization, disorder, and community interactional processes. This shows that fear of crime is a complex social phenomenon that cannot be adequately addressed with simple programs. Police departments have attempted to reduce fear of crime through a variety of programs. These programs have centered around providing people with information about the police and crime, decentralized operations through storefronts and mini-police stations, and working more closely with people through walking and bicycle patrols, victim re-contact programs, and other programs that emphasize higher quality contacts with people. Community policing, as a direct result of its emphasis on people, ensures that the police reduce fear. Police managers must continue this trend by developing strategies that focus on specific problems and fear issues within the community and having more positive contacts with people. This brand of community policing will assist the police in their pursuit of crime reduction and enhancement of the quality of life.
How Often Does Active Learning Actually Occur? Perception versus Reality

Substantial evidence suggests active learning pedagogies are superior to lecturing, but little evidence exists on the prevalence of such methods. Watts and Schaur (2011) find, based on self-reported data, the median instructor lectures 83 percent of the time. We analyze audio recordings of 535 total classes from 30 different instructors to show instructors greatly underestimate how often they use passive learning pedagogies such as lecturing. Survey results show instructors estimate they lecture approximately 78.5 percent of class time; our data reveals the true average is 89 percent. This gap between perception and reality is statistically significant.
A Deterministic-Statistical Multiple-Defect Diagnosis Methodology

Software diagnosis is the process of locating and characterizing a defect in a failing chip. It is the cornerstone of failure analysis that consequently enables yield learning and monitoring. However, multiple-defect diagnosis is challenging due to error masking and unmasking effects, and exponential complexity of the solution search process. This paper describes a three-phase, physically-aware diagnosis methodology called MDLearnX to effectively diagnose multiple defects, and in turn, aid in accelerating the design and process development. The first phase identifies a defect that resembles traditional fault models. The second and the third phases utilize the X-fault model and machine learning to identify correct candidates. Results from a thorough fault injection and simulation experiment demonstrate that MD-LearnX returns an ideal diagnosis 2X more often than commercial diagnosis. Its effectiveness is further evidenced through a silicon experiment, where, on average, MD-LearnX returns 5.3 fewer candidates per diagnosis as compared to state-of-the-art commercial diagnosis without losing accuracy.
Teaching Load and Other Determinants of Research Output Among University Faculty

Do faculty who teach more produce less research? We revisit this question with a better measure of research productivity, eschewing simple publication counts in favor of the impact of research meas...
Hydrologic modeling to examine the influence of the forestry reclamation approach and climate change on mineland hydrology.

Abstract Forests in the Appalachian region of the U.S. are threatened by a variety of short- and long-term pressures, including climate change, invasive species, and resource extraction. Surface mining for coal is one of the most important drivers of land-use change in the region, reducing native forest cover, causing forest fragmentation, eliminating intact soil, and affecting water resources. The Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) has been demonstrated as a successful best practice for restoring forests on mine-impacted landscapes, but little information exists on how the practice will affect hydrologic processes. A study was initiated to examine soil-water movement, as in-situ saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), combined with soil porosity to quantify the potential influence on streamflow of reclaimed mines relative to an unmined, forested control site in eastern Kentucky. We compared different reclamation techniques and time since reclamation to determine the extent to which hydrologic function can be restored. We also simulated evapotranspiration at the watershed scale as a function of reclamation technique for both historical and projected (2050) climate. Results indicate that conventional grassland reclamation critically changes how soil water transitions to streamflow, primarily due to Ksat variability that exceeds that measured for intact and FRA soils. Sites reclaimed using FRA exhibited a soil-water environment that was more similar to the unmined control. However, all reclaimed mine soils were thinner, retained and stored less soil water, and thus could provide less plant-available water during the growing season. The plant-available water stored in reclaimed landscapes may not be sufficient to support forest health and this is exacerbated by projected climate conditions. However, soil development under a combination of FRA techniques has the potential to mitigate this limitation.
Nephrology and COVID-19.

In this Viewpoint, JAMA’s nephrology associate editor and colleagues review how COVID-19 has affected the practice of nephrology, including the rise in incidenc
Linking to the State: Hierarchical Statebuilding After Ethnic Conflict in the Western Balkans

Fighting in Kosovo, Serbia, and Macedonia ended with internationally-sponsored settlements aimed at constituting unified states, but participatory politics by ethnic groups differed afterwards. Thi...
Masked Uncontrolled Hypertension Is Accompanied by Increased Out-of-Clinic Aldosterone Secretion

Masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH) in treated patients is defined as controlled office blood pressure (BP) but uncontrolled out-of-clinic ambulatory BP. Previously, we have shown that patients with MUCH have evidence of heightened out-of-clinic sympathetic nervous system activity. The aim is to test the hypothesis that MUCH patients have higher aldosterone secretion compared with patients with true controlled hypertension. Two hundred twenty-two patients were recruited after having controlled office BP readings at ≥3 clinic visits. Patients taking MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) antagonists and epithelial sodium channel blockers were excluded. All patients were evaluated by clinic automated office BP and morning serum aldosterone and plasma renin activity. Out-of-clinic ambulatory BP monitoring and 24-hour urinary aldosterone, catecholamines, and metanephrines were also measured. Sixty-four patients had MUCH, and the remaining 48 patients had true controlled hypertension. MUCH patients had significantly higher out-of-clinic levels of 24-hour urinary aldosterone, catecholamines, and metanephrines compared with true controlled hypertension. The 2 groups did not differ in serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity, or aldosterone-renin ratio collected in clinic. In addition, 32.8% of MUCH patients had high out-of-clinic 24-hour urinary aldosterone (≥12 µg) but normal clinic serum aldosterone (<15 ng/dL) and aldosterone-renin ratio (<20). Further, in correlation matrix analysis, higher 24-hour urinary catecholamines and metanephrines were associated with higher 24-hour urinary aldosterone and plasma renin activity levels in MUCH patients. Patients with MUCH have higher out-of-clinic urinary aldosterone levels compared with patients with true controlled hypertension. This study suggests that patients with MUCH likely have higher out-of-clinic sympathetic nervous system tone increases aldosterone secretion mediated by increased renin release that may contribute to their higher out-of-clinic BP.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Career-Related Issues among Licensed Social Workers: A Qualitative Study

Studies of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have found that childhood maltreatment can have a negative impact during adulthood. Little is known about ACEs among social workers and how these exp...
Use of Rapid Thoracic Ultrasonography for Detection of Subclinical and Clinical Pneumonia in Dairy Calves

Detection of subclinical disease has become the focus of much research in the recent past, e.g. mastitis and ketosis in dairy cattle, and pneumonia secondary to Rhodococcus equi infection in foals. The purpose of this study was to assess, using thoracic ultrasonography, the prevalence of abnormal lungs in pre-weaned dairy calves. Subsequent objectives were to describe ultrasonographic changes within the lung, respiratory score, and treatment of respiratory disease.
Calculation and Analysis of Switching Overvoltage Front Time and Switching Impulse Insulation Coordination for UHV AC Transmission Line of Chinese Pilot Project and Double-circuit Project

The size of a tower on an ultra high voltage(UHV) AC transmission line relates to the air gap determined by a switching overvoltage. According to the results of air gap switching impulse(SI) tests, the longer is the time to crest of a switching impulse, the higher is the discharge voltage in the air gap. Five definitions were used to calculate the front time of the switching overvoltage(SOV) impulses either measured in the field test or calculated by the EMTP software, and to convert the impulses into the double exponential switching pulsed voltages for the air gap tests at the full scale UHV AC transmission line towers and other apparatus in a substation. The results show that the SI impulse with 1 000/5 000 μs can be specified as the test impulse. According to the results of gap clearance tests which adopted 1 000/5 000 μs SI impulses, with the assumption that the middle phase air gap of the UHV single-circuit tower is 7.7 m and the altitude for the whole lines is 1 500 m, the calculated flashover rates of energizing overvoltage and single phase faults are 1.23×10-10 per year and 8.63×10-4 per year, respectively; both of the rates are less than 0.01 per year and hence meet the requirements of the national standards in China.
FGF23—an established master regulator of phosphate metabolism

Abstract Relatively recently, FGF23 has been established as the main hormone regulating phosphate metabolism. FGF23, produced in skeletal osteocytes, regulates Pi metabolism through actions in the kidneys. The actions of FGF23 on phosphate balance are to inhibit sodium dependent Pi transport through the NaPi2a (Npt2a/SLC34A1) and NaPi2c (Npt2c/SLC34A3) transporters in the apical membranes of proximal convoluted tubule cells (PCT). This increases Pi excretion. FGF23 binds to FGF receptors (FGFRs) on the basolateral membranes in association with the co-receptor, αklotho. Receptor kinase activation produces a series of phosphorylation events culminating in NHERF-1 phosphorylation, leading to internalization and degradation of NaPi2a. FGF23 also inhibits calcitriol production by PCT cells. Decreased calcitriol inhibits NaPi2b mediated Pi absorption in the proximal small intestine. Other chapters in the book discuss the regulation of FGF23 secretion by osteocytes, but Pi and calcitriol are major factors. In end stage chronic kidney disease, loss of effective FGF23 inhibition of NaPi2a leads to hyperphosphatemia and spiraling but ineffective FGF23 levels.
Representation of professions in entertainment media: Insights into frequency and sentiment trends through computational text analysis.

Societal ideas and trends dictate media narratives and cinematic depictions which in turn influences people's beliefs and perceptions of the real world. Media portrayal of culture, education, government, religion, and family affect their function and evolution over time as people interpret and perceive these representations and incorporate them into their beliefs and actions. It is important to study media depictions of these social structures so that they do not propagate or reinforce negative stereotypes, or discriminate against any demographic section. In this work, we examine media representation of professions and provide computational insights into their incidence, and sentiment expressed, in entertainment media content. We create a searchable taxonomy of professional groups and titles to facilitate their retrieval from speaker-agnostic text passages like movie and television (TV) show subtitles. We leverage this taxonomy and relevant natural language processing (NLP) models to create a corpus of professional mentions in media content, spanning more than 136,000 IMDb titles over seven decades (1950-2017). We analyze the frequency and sentiment trends of different occupations, study the effect of media attributes like genre, country of production, and title type on these trends, and investigate if the incidence of professions in media subtitles correlate with their real-world employment statistics. We observe increased media mentions of STEM, arts, sports, and entertainment occupations in the analyzed subtitles, and a decreased frequency of manual labor jobs and military occupations. The sentiment expressed toward lawyers, police, and doctors is becoming negative over time, whereas astronauts, musicians, singers, and engineers are mentioned favorably. Professions that employ more people have increased media frequency, supporting our hypothesis that media acts as a mirror to society.
TH-CD-204-06: Diffusion MRI for Treatment Response Assessment of MRI-Guided Tri-Cobalt 60 Radiotherapy

Purpose: To develop a diffusion MRI pulse sequence on the 0.35T MRI in a commercially available MRI-guided tri-Cobalt 60 radiotherapy system (Viewray), and demonstrate the initial utility of this pulse sequence on a patient undergoing radiation therapy. Methods: The pulse sequence is a diffusion-weighted spin echo (SE) single-shot echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence. The pulse sequence parameters included: flip angle=90°, repetition time (TR) = 1500ms, echo time (TE) = 140ms, EPI factor = 128, b values = 0, 300, 500 s/mm2, 5 averages, and total scan time of 27sec. To assess the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) calculation accuracy, a uniform water phantom was scanned using the developed diffusion sequence on the Viewray system and on a 1.5T Siemens system at the same ambient temperature. The diffusion MRI sequence was further tested in a patient with sarcoma at the thigh who underwent a 25-fraction treatment regime. A single 2D slice diffusion images were acquired on the Viewray system immediately after her 20th fraction treatment while she remained on the treatment couch. Results: In the phantom, the calculated ADC value was 1.94×10−3 s/mm2 based on the Viewray images, which agreed well with the results based on the 1.5T Siemens images (2.03×10−3 s/mm2). The diffusion image acquired on the sarcoma patient had excellent image quality and showed heterogeneous structure within the gross tumor volume (GTV). The ADC was 2.36×10−3 s/mm2 at the bladder and 1.44×10−3 s/mm2 at the tumor. Conclusion: This is the first in vivo study of a diffusion MRI sequence on a hybrid MRI-Radiotherapy system. We demonstrate the feasibility of diffusion MRI on the hybrid MRI-60Co radiotherapy system with 0.35 Tesla magnet and it may be a powerful tool for assessing the longitudinal changes in tumor ADC, the tumor response to radiotherapy and for adaptive radiotherapy.
Scriptural Allusion and Metaphorical Marriage in Charles Chesnutt's 'The Wife of His Youth'

"There is," James Weldon Johnson observed in 1916, "a parallel between the condition of the Jewish race and of the Negro race, which is often re markably striking."1 This "remarkably striking" parallel that Johnson noted has rarely if ever been lost on black writers coming both before and after Johnson. For over two hundred years, in fact, one of the most recurrent parallels that African American writers have drawn to dramatize the black experience in America has been the plight of the Israelites chronicled in the Old Testament. On the one hand, the suffering that blacks endured during slavery is frequently compared to the misery that the Israelites suf fered under the Egyptians. Phillis Wheatley, for example, in her forthright letter to Samson Occum in 1774 compared white slavemasters to the scrip tural Egyptians and by implication America's black slaves to the captive Is raelites. On the other hand, the liberation of African Americans from the yoke of slavery after the Civil War, as well as the twentieth-century black hegira known as the Great Migration, is just as frequently compared to the biblical Exodus. From Paul Laurence Dunbar's The Sport of the Gods through Rudolph Fisher's "The City of Refuge" to Waters Turpin's 0, Canaan (and even down to contemporary works such as Toni Morrison's Jazz) historical black freedom and movement have been paralleled with scriptural Hebrew freedom and movement. Indeed, what Tracy Mishkin has pointed out re garding "the culture of black resistance"?that it was "constructed largely around the people and places of the Hebrew Bible"2?applies with equal validity to the works of many black writers. One black author who has made particularly effective use of the paral lel between the plight of African Americans and that of the scriptural Is
Heat transfer conditions in water-cooling of a fusion reactor divertor

The diverters of planned fusion reactors such as ITER require removal of heat fluxes that are large in magnitude and are spatially peaked. Single-side energy deposition on the plasma-facing surface is transferred by conduction and provides an axially and circumferentially non-uniform heat flux on the wall of the cooling channel. Promising candidate cooling systems are based on the use of highly subcooled water (subcooling more than 100/spl deg/C) flowing at very high velocities (more than 5 m/s). These conditions are quite different from those used to obtain existing correlations for single-phase convection and subcooled nucleate boiling. Through experimental assessments this paper suggests that existing correlations can be applied for single-phase convection. However, available data in the range of interest for the subcooled nucleate boiling show that extrapolations of existing correlations cannot be used. This is due to the suppression of nuclear boiling, resulting in high wall temperatures, sometimes far above expected and very close to the temperature of homogeneous nucleation (THN). Based on experimental data, a new correlation is proposed for subcooled nucleate boiling region. The range of application for the new correlation is defined as follows pressure 2-3 MPa, bulk water temperatures 19-25/spl deg/C, heat fluxes up to 25 MW/m/sup 2/, flow velocities from 3 to 15 m/s.
Causal Inference in the Social and Behavioral Sciences

The human propensity to think in causal terms is well known (Young 1978), and the manner in which judgments about causation are made in everyday life has been studied extensively by psychologists (Einhorn and Hogarth 1986; White 1990). No doubt this propensity contributes, for better or worse, to the persistence of causal language in scientific discourse, despite some influential attempts (for example, Russell 1913) to banish such talk to the prescientific era.
Doctors, documentation, and the professional obligation: Has everything changed?*

Technology, particularly medical technology, can seem both boon and bane. Certainly, there is no practitioner of the art of medicine that would want to do without it, and just as certainly, there e...
Chapter 40 Markets and Information Aggregation Mechanisms

Publisher Summary The experimental work demonstrates that markets have the capacity to collect information through a process of equilibration and that fact suggests the feasibility of creating a system of markets that have only a purpose of gathering information. The laboratory work suggests that theory and experiments can be turned to the design and implementation of Information Aggregation Mechanisms. The issue of whether or not laboratory methods are useful can now be brought into view. The idea of an information aggregation mechanism as a product of institutional design is a direct product of experimental work. Bubbles can be observed in experiments in which the wrong market emerges with a high price and strongly signals the wrong state. This can be seen in period six in which the wrong state emerges. However, it must be added that such events are rare, given strong underlying information and they are reduced with experience.
Provider error prevention: online total parenteral nutrition calculator.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: 1. To reduce errors in the ordering of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at the Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH). 2. To develop a pragmatic low-cost medical information system to achieve this goal. METHODS: We designed an online total parenteral nutrition order entry system (TPNCalculator) using Internet technologies. Total development time was three weeks. Utilization, impact on medical errors and user satisfaction were evaluated. RESULTS: During the control period, 0.39 orders per patient per day (N=557) were received compared to 0.35 orders per patient per day (N=471) in the intervention period (NS). There was no significant difference in the percentage of late (incomplete by order deadline) TPN orders. During the control period, an average of 10.8 errors were detected per 100 TPN orders compared to 4.2 per 100 orders in the intervention period (61% reduction of error rate; p < 0.01). We found a reduction in the following types of problems: Calculation errors (100%), osmolality issues (87%) and other knowledge problems (84%). There was a 35% increase in the number of incomplete forms. Users of the system were enthusiastic and supportive and compared it favorably to the prior paper based system. CONCLUSION: Low-cost, pragmatic approaches utilizing Internet technology in the design of medical information systems can reduce medical errors and might pose a viable option for the prevention of adverse drug events.
Ten years of cardiothoracic transplantation at Baylor University Medical Center and ten years of heart transplantation at the Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center

The following account of 20 years of thoracic organ transplantation was the subject of a talk given some time ago to the Little Brothers' Club after the kind invitation of an old friend and colleague, Dr. Harry Kourlis. It was an honor to see in the audience many of Baylor's elders, including our editor, who encouraged me to write this experience for Baylor University Medical Center (BUMC) Proceedings. I comply, using records and letters kept in my personal files (Figure ​(Figure11). Figure 1 Peter A. Alivizatos, MD.
Adolescents' Use of Medical Marijuana: A Secondary Analysis of Monitoring the Future Data.

Abstract Purpose To examine adolescents' annual use of medical marijuana and determine if legal medical marijuana users are at lower risk for frequent marijuana use and other substance use when compared to adolescents who use diverted medical marijuana or from an illicit source. Methods Public access Monitoring the Future data were used for this secondary analysis. The total weighted sample size was 4394 12th graders. Results Users of medical marijuana and diverted medical marijuana had notable odds of using daily, using prescription drugs, and using illicit drugs among other substance use behaviors. Medical marijuana users had much higher odds of using medical marijuana because of being "hooked" when compared to diverted medical users and illicit users. Conclusion This study is the first to provide nationally representative data on three groups of adolescent marijuana users. Although most adolescents use illicit sources, more adolescents appear to be using diverted medical marijuana, than using medical marijuana legally.
Diffusion of C and O in calcite from 0.1 to 200 MPa

We measured the diffusivity of C and O in calcite over the pressure range 0.1–200 MPa at 600–800 °C in a pure CO 2 atmosphere. The experiments were conducted on single, preannealed crystals of Chihuahuan calcite in an isotopically labeled atmosphere, and the diffusion profiles were measured by secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS). At 800 °C, D C and D O are identical at 0.1 MPa at a value of ~10 −13.5 cm 2 /s. The value of D C decreases to ~10 −16 cm 2 /s with an increase in pressure to ~50 MPa and remains at that value to 200 MPa, but D O remains nearly constant at a value of ~10 −14 cm 2 /s to 200 MPa. The identical values at low pressure indicate that C and O are migrating together as a carbonate anion. A simple model relates the diffusivity of carbonate anions to the formation of vacancies at the crystal surface, which predicts that D C ∝ 1/ f CO 2 . The prediction matches the observed decrease in D C with increasing pressure to 50 MPa. The shapes of the diffusion profiles for the low–pressure experiments indicate compositional dependence of D , which also suggests the influence of CO 2 sorption on the diffusivity. The value of D C at 0.1 MPa can be fitted to the relation D C = 0.62 exp[(−291 kJ/mol)/R T ]. The activation energy is nearly twice the value determined for D C at 100 MPa, ~166 kJ/mol. The change in slope for log D C vs. P and the change in E a between 0.1 and 100 MPa suggest that the migrating C species changes from carbonate anions at low pressure to carbon atoms at P ≥ 50 MPa. The values of D O at 0.1 MPa can be fitted to D O = 0.017 exp[(−261 kJ/mol)/R T ], approximately the same as for C at 0.1 MPa and similar to the relation for D O at 100 MPa: D O = 0.008 exp[(−242 kJ/mol)/R T ].
Influence of Nitrogen Source, Thiamine, and Light on Biosynthesis of Abscisic Acid by Cercospora rosicola Passerini

Abscisic acid production by Cercospora rosicola Passerini in liquid shake culture was measured with different amino acids in combination and singly as nitrogen sources and with different amounts of thiamine in the media. Production of abscisic acid was highest with aspartic acid-glutamic acid and aspartic acid-glutamic acid-serine mixtures as nitrogen sources. Single amino acids that supported the highest production of abscisic acid were asparagine and monosodium glutamate. Thiamine was important for abscisic acid production. Leucine inhibited abscisic acid production. C. rosicola produced abscisic acid in the dark, but production more than doubled in the presence of light.
Determination of the β ↔ αL′ transition in Ca2SiO4 to 7 KBAR

Abstract Differential thermal analysis in hydrostatic apparatus to 7 kbar shows that the β → α L ′ transition temperature in Ca 2 SiO 4 linearly increases from 701° ± 2°C at 1 bar at the rate of 10.5 ± 0.5 deg kbar −1 . The α L ′ → β transition temperature is observed some 20°–30° lower in temperature than the β → α L ′ transition and no variation in this hysteresis with pressure is indicated.
The analgesic effects of R(+)-WIN 55,212–2 mesylate, a high affinity cannabinoid agonist, in a rat model of neuropathic pain

The effects of a high affinity cannabinoid receptor agonist were evaluated in rats subjected to chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) or a sham operation. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the active, but not the inactive enantiomer, alleviated the pain behavior exhibited by CCI animals in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, at doses ranging from 0.43 to 4.3 mg/kg effects on sensitivity to a heat stimulus were observed neither in the paw contralateral to the sciatic ligation, nor in animals subjected to sham surgery. Animals subjected to CCI and treated with 4.3 mg/kg exhibited hypoalgesia in the paw ipsilateral to the ligated sciatic, i.e. heat hypoalgesia was completely reversed. The hypoalgesia is presumed to be the results of unmasking of a sensory deficit reflecting the known loss of C and A delta with CCI. Although side effects were present in some CCI animals subjected to the high dose (4.3 mg/kg), a moderate dose (2.14 mg/kg) completely alleviated the thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, and mechanical allodynia without side effects. In addition to identifying a potential drug treatment for painful neuropathy, this study suggests that changes in cannabinoid receptors occurs in nerve injured animals.
Auditory Processing of Polymorphemic Pseudowords

This study compared models of auditory word recognition as they relate to the processing of polymorphemic pseudowords. Semantic transparency ratings were obtained in a preliminary rating study. The effects of morphological structure, semantic transparency, prefix likelihood, and morphemic frequency measures were examined in a lexical decision experiment. Reaction times and errors were greater for pseudowords carrying a genuine prefix, and this effect was largest for pseudowords that also carried a genuine root. While results were grossly similar for bound and free root types, there were also some important differences. Regression analyses provided additional support for decompositional models: semantic transparency, prefix likelihood, prefix frequency, and root frequency all affected pseudoword rejection times. The results are most compatible with a modification of Taft's (1994) interactive-activation model or a dual-route model.
Three-Dimensional Silicon-Germanium Nanostructures for CMOS Compatible Light Emitters and Optical Interconnects

Three-dimensional SiGe nanostructures grown on Si (SiGe/Si) using molecular beam epitaxy or low-pressure chemical vapor deposition exhibit photoluminescence and electroluminescence in the important spectral range of 1.3–1.6 𝜇m. At a high level of photoexcitation or carrier injection, thermal quenching of the luminescence intensity is suppressed and the previously confirmed type-II energy band alignment at Si/SiGe cluster heterointerfaces no longer controls radiative carrier recombination. Instead, a recently proposed dynamic type-I energy band alignment is found to be responsible for the strong decrease in carrier radiative lifetime and further increase in the luminescence quantum efficiency.