cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Premetastatic shifts of endogenous and exogenous mutational processes support consolidative therapy in EGFR-driven lung adenocarcinoma.

Abstract The progression of cancer is an evolutionary process that is challenging to assess between sampling timepoints. However, investigation of cancer evolution over specific time periods is crucial to the elucidation of key events such as the acquisition of therapeutic resistance and subsequent fatal metastatic spread of therapy-resistant cell populations. Here we apply mutational signature analyses within clinically annotated cancer chronograms to detect and describe the shifting mutational processes caused by both endogenous (e.g. mutator gene mutation) and exogenous (e.g. mutagenic therapeutics) factors between tumor sampling timepoints. In one patient, we find that cisplatin therapy can introduce mutations that confer genetic resistance to subsequent targeted therapy with Erlotinib. In another patient, we trace detection of defective mismatch-repair associated mutational signature SBS3 to the emergence of known driver mutation CTNNB1 S37C. In both of these patients, metastatic lineages emerged from a single ancestral lineage that arose during therapy—a finding that argues for the consideration of local consolidative therapy over other therapeutic approaches in EGFR-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Broadly, these results demonstrate the utility of phylogenetic analysis that incorporates clinical time course and mutational signature deconvolution to inform therapeutic decision making and retrospective assessment of disease etiology.
Bio-combustibles que llevan hidrógeno: Restringiendo combustibles fósiles en un mundo limitado en carbono

Debido a una amplia disponibilidad, el uso de recursos lignocelulosicos como materia prima para producir combustibles y otros productos quimicos es muy prometedor. Para hacer de esto una realidad, 18 anos de investigacion en la Universidad de Texas A&M han resultado en el desarrollo de un proceso novedoso denominado MixAlco. TM Este articulo compara este proceso con otras tecnologias y provee algunos detalles del proceso. Por ultimo, se presenta un breve analisis economico.
Is Auditory Neuropathy an Appropriate Diagnosis if There Is No Neuropathy

In the initial reports of auditory neuropathy, there was ample evidence that the patients did indeed have neuropathy—a disease or disorder of the auditory nerve or other peripheral nerves. In the years that followed, the diagnosis has been applied to all cases in which the cochlear microphonic potentials or otoacoustic emissions were present and the auditory brainstem response absent, whether or not the nerve was known to be affected. At one time an argument could have been made that the lesion could be presumed to be in the auditory nerve because it was not proven that selective inner hair cell impairment even existed as a clinical entity. It has become clear, however, that mutations of the OTOF gene, and perhaps other genes, can cause a defect of inner hair cell function that is quite different from a true neuropathy. These patients differ from those with neuropathy in age of onset, severity of loss, prognosis, and often in potential for benefit from cochlear implantation. The time has come to reserve the diagnosis of auditory neuropathy for those cases in which there is evidence of a disorder of the auditory nerve.
RoboCupJunior for promoting STEM education, 21st century skills, and technological advancement through robotics competition

RoboCupJunior is an international educational robotics initiative, aiming to promote STEM content and skill learning among participating youth through educational robotics competition inaugurated in 2000. What makes RoboCupJunior quite unique is its relationship with RoboCup which aims to promote robotics and AI research, by offering a publicly appealing, but formidable challenge including development of soccer robots, search and rescue robots, and robots functions at home and at work. This paper introduces a case of RoboCupJunior and the effectiveness of its practice for enhancing learning of STEM contents and skills for innovation and creativity among participating students. It presents the survey results from one of the World Championships held in 2012, the anecdotal and personal account of participating US students on their learning experience from their participation in 2013 World Championship, and participating students' technological and innovative contributions to highlight the impacts RoboCupJunior has had through over a decade of its practice.
Personalizing Interactions with Information Systems

Abstract Personalization constitutes the mechanisms and technologies necessary to customize information access to the end-user. It can be defined as the automatic adjustment of information content, structure, and presentation tailored to the individual. In this chapter, we study personalization from the viewpoint of personalizing interaction . The survey covers mechanisms for information-finding on the web, advanced information retrieval systems, dialog-based applications, and mobile access paradigms. Specific emphasis is placed on studying how users interact with an information system and how the system can encourage and foster interaction. This helps bring out the role of the personalization system as a facilitator which reconciles the user's mental model with the underlying information system's organization. Three tiers of personalization systems are presented, paying careful attention to interaction considerations. These tiers show how progressive levels of sophistication in interaction can be achieved. The chapter also surveys systems support technologies and niche application domains.
Modeling for determination of pre- and post remediation prediction of dissolved contaminant concentration downstream of NAPL source zones

Organic chemicals that are in the form of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) exhibit complex flow and entrapment behavior in the subsurface. Because of concerns for groundwater contamination and the long-term costs of pump-and-treat schemes, interest has increased in the application of aggressive free-phase removal technologies. However, these technologies cannot completely remove DNAPLs, especially in heterogeneous aquifers. In managing source zones, decision tools are needed for the assessment of suitability of specific technology to a site and design remediation operations to achieve desired end-points. This paper presents the evaluation of an existing numerical model of multiphase flow and transport for its ability to conduct analysis on the expected solute concentrations downstream of NAPL source zones undergoing remediation. To be used as decision tools, such models should be able to capture the complex processes of mass transfer and mixing from entrapped NAPL sources undergoing remediation. Results from intermediate-scale laboratory experiments are used to evaluate the model to make necessary future improvements. Specifically, the ability of the model to predict downstream solute concentrations resulting from source removal using surfactants is investigated. Partitioning tracer techniques are used to determine the pre and post treatment saturations in the source zone. The ability of the model to simulate the partitioning behavior of tracers is also evaluated.
Eugenics as an International Movement

Eugenics, the study of the social forces under human control that work to insure the best possible genetic future, was first coined as a term by Francis Galton in 1883. It became a widespread movement throughout Europe (England, France, Germany, and Scandinavia), North and South America (the United States, Canada, Cuba, and Brazil), Russia and the former Soviet Union, and Asia (China and Japan). Most supporters of eugenics were upper middle-class professionals and wealthy elites who saw the high birth rate of lower socioeconomic groups as a threat to social order and the progress of ‘civilization.’ Eugenicists in most countries sought to influence legislation on such reproductive issues as birth control and sterilization, and immigration restriction. Eugenics movements differed from country to country in terms of the theories of heredity on which they were based (Mendelian and Lamarckian) and local cultural influences such as religion and family structure.
Trigeminal nerve injury following accidental airbag deployment and assessment with quantitative sensory testing.

High velocity motor vehicle accidents are associated with an increase in mortality rates and a significant number of facial injuries. Accidental deployment of airbags and the associated release of hot gases can result in both thermal and mechanical injuries. The more commonly reported maxillofacial injuries include temporomandibular joint fractures and dislocations,1 dental trauma,2 facial nerve paralysis, 3 and other orofacial pain complaints. The following case report describes a patient with facial trauma from the accidental deployment of an airbag resulting in complaints consistent with a neurological injury for which quantitative sensory testing was used in confirming the diagnosis.
Observations on respiratory pigments in slices of avian salt gland and rat liver: II. Evidence for reversal of electron transfer

Summary 1. In slices of avian salt gland and rat liver, the extent of reduction of pyridine nucleotides and cytochromes ( c plus c 1 and ( a plus a 3 ) induced by intermediates of the citric acid cycle, was in the order, succinate > L -malate > citrate. 2. Malonate and dicoumarol completely inhibited the reduction of pyridine nucleotides induced by succinate, and partially inhibited the effect of L -malate. 3. Amytal inhibited the reduction of pyridine nucleotides by succinate, but did not prevent the reduction of cytochromes. 4. Pyruvate caused a rapid reduction of pyridine nucleotides in slices of salt gland, which was not inhibited by malonate and was only partially inhibited by high concentrations of dicoumarol. In slices of rat liver, pyruvate caused an oxidation of pyridine nucleotides. 5. In salt-gland and rat-liver slices utilising endogenous substrate only, malonate caused an oxidation of pyridine nucleotides. This effect of malonate was prevented by the presence of amytal. 6. The results suggest that pyridine nucleotides of the slices were reduced by reversal of electron transfer from both exogenous and endogenous succinate.
A context-aware data management system for ubiquitous computing applications

One of the factors that differentiates ubiquitous computing from traditional distributed computing is context. Context, such as time, location, and situation, allows a system to adapt to the current surroundings in order to facilitate the use of the computational environment. In this paper, we present a file system for ubiquitous computing applications that is context-aware. Context is used to support the types of applications and devices that are found in ubiquitous computing spaces. Novel features of the system include how the view of data adapts to the activity being currently performed and how user data is imported into the local environment. Our system is evaluated as part of a ubiquitous computing infrastructure deployed in a seminar room to investigate issues of performance, scalability, and usability.
Modeling and performance evaluation of FDDI ring

A computer characterization of the fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) is presented. The FDDI's first three sublayers, physical medium dependent (PMD), physical layer protocol (PHY), and media access control (MAC), are reviewed and simulated. Simulations for each sublayer are performed individually, and results from lower sublayers are incorporated at higher levels. Results are presented and discussed. >
Effects of Achieving Tendency, Gender, and Outcome on Causal Attributions Following Motor Performance.

Abstract A test of Weiner's propositions of the effects of achieving tendency on causal attributions was conducted using a stabilometer performance as the criterion task. The Achieving Tendency Scale and the Internal-External Control Scale were administered to 930 college students. From these, 120 subjects who had extreme scores on the ATS and moderate scores on the I-E Scale were selected for the experiment. Subjects performed one 30-second trial on either a spring-assisted or a non-spring-assisted stabilometer. The importance of the causal factors of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck as influences on performance were then rated. A 2 × 2 × 2 MANOVA was performed across the ratings of the four factors, with achieving tendency, gender, and outcome considered as independent variables. The only significant effect was a main effect for outcome (p < .001). Subsequent univariate analyses indicated that only effort attributions differed as a function of outcome (p < .001). Those who succeeded perceived ...
Prediction of atmospheric δ13CO2 using fossil plant tissues

[1] Reconstruction of the carbon isotope composition of atmospheric CO2 is critical to the understanding of long-term global carbon cycling. We have suggested that the δ13C value of land plant carbon (δ13Cp) preserved in the geologic record should reflect the δ13CO2 at the time during which the plants grew (δ13Ca), based on a meta-analysis of modern plant data. Here we present the results of laboratory experiments designed to quantify the relationship between plant tissue δ13C and δ13CO2 values under varying environmental conditions, including differential pCO2 ranging from 1 to 3 times today's levels. As predicted, plants grown under elevated pCO2 showed increased average biomass compared to controls grown at the same temperature. Across a very large range in δ13Ca (≈24‰) and pCO2 (≈740 ppmv) we observed a consistent correlation between δ13Ca and δ13Cp (p < 0.001). We show an average isotopic depletion of −25.4‰ for aboveground tissue and −23.2‰ for belowground tissue of Raphanussativus L. relative to the composition of the atmosphere under which it formed. For aboveground and belowground tissue, grown at both ∼23°C and ∼29°C, correlation was strong and significant (r2 ≥ 0.98 and p < 0.001); variation in pCO2 level had little or no effect on this relationship. These results validate our initial conclusion that in the absence of environmental stress, plant δ13C primarily reflects atmospheric δ13CO2 linearly across pCO2 levels; the demonstrated excellent correlation in δ13Ca and δ13Cp suggests a high level of predictive power across varying environmental conditions.
Ion Channel Structural Studies

Originally published in: Expression and Analysis of Recombinant Ions Channels. Edited by Jeffrey J. Clare and Derek J. Trezise. Copyright © 2006 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3-527-31209-2 The sections in this article are Introduction Expression of Membrane Proteins for Structural Studies Mammalian Expression Insect Expression Yeast Expression Bacterial Expression The Detergent Factor Purification Crystallization Use of Antibody Fragments Generation of First Diffraction Datasets Selenomethionine Phasing of Membrane Proteins MAD Phasing and Edge Scanning Negative B-factor Application (Structure Factor Sharpening) Conclusions Keywords: expression of recombinant ion channels; ion channel structural studies; expression of membrane proteins; detergent factor; purification; crystallization; antibody fragments; first diffraction datasets; selenomethionine phasing; MAD phasing; edge scanning; negative B-factor application
DNA transposons have colonized the genome of the giant virus Pandoravirus salinus

Transposable elements are mobile DNA sequences that are widely distributed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, where they represent a major force in genome evolution. However, transposable elements have rarely been documented in viruses, and their contribution to viral genome evolution remains largely unexplored. Pandoraviruses are recently described DNA viruses with genome sizes that exceed those of some prokaryotes, rivaling parasitic eukaryotes. These large genomes appear to include substantial noncoding intergenic spaces, which provide potential locations for transposable element insertions. However, no mobile genetic elements have yet been reported in pandoravirus genomes. Here, we report a family of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) in the Pandoravirus salinus genome, representing the first description of a virus populated with a canonical transposable element family that proliferated by transposition within the viral genome. The MITE family, which we name Submariner, includes 30 copies with all the hallmarks of MITEs: short length, terminal inverted repeats, TA target site duplication, and no coding capacity. Submariner elements show signs of transposition and are undetectable in the genome of Pandoravirus dulcis, the closest known relative Pandoravirus salinus. We identified a DNA transposon related to Submariner in the genome of Acanthamoeba castellanii, a species thought to host pandoraviruses, which contains remnants of coding sequence for a Tc1/mariner transposase. These observations suggest that the Submariner MITEs of P. salinus belong to the widespread Tc1/mariner superfamily and may have been mobilized by an amoebozoan host. Ten of the 30 MITEs in the P. salinus genome are located within coding regions of predicted genes, while others are close to genes, suggesting that these transposons may have contributed to viral genetic novelty. Our discovery highlights the remarkable ability of DNA transposons to colonize and shape genomes from all domains of life, as well as giant viruses. Our findings continue to blur the division between viral and cellular genomes, adhering to the emerging view that the content, dynamics, and evolution of the genomes of giant viruses do not substantially differ from those of cellular organisms.
Serum free fed batch production of IgM

Fed batch cultivation of a murine hybridoma secreting IgM in a serum free medium was successfully attempted. Cell growth and IgM productivity remained high for over a month, and compared well to a similar fed batch culture in medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. The average specific secretion rates of antibody in both media were the same. Sufficient inoculum cell density was crucial to the establishment of a viable culture in serum free medium for the cell line, NS6.3, used.
Progressing from initially ambiguous functional analyses: Three case examples

Most often functional analyses are initiated using a standard set of test conditions, similar to those described by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman [Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1994). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 197-209 (Reprinted from Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2, 3-20, 1982)]. These test conditions involve the careful manipulation of motivating operations, discriminative stimuli, and reinforcement contingencies to determine the events related to the occurrence and maintenance of problem behavior. Some individuals display problem behavior that is occasioned and reinforced by idiosyncratic or otherwise unique combinations of environmental antecedents and consequences of behavior, which are unlikely to be detected using these standard assessment conditions. For these individuals, modifications to the standard test conditions or the inclusion of novel test conditions may result in clearer assessment outcomes. The current study provides three case examples of individuals whose functional analyses were initially undifferentiated; however, modifications to the standard conditions resulted in the identification of behavioral functions and the implementation of effective function-based treatments.
Buckling, postbuckling, and crippling of materially nonlinear laminated composite plates

Abstract With advanced composite materials expected to appear to a greater and greater extent in aircraft primary structure, their inherent weight-savings attractiveness is enhanced by permitting relatively lightly loaded plate elements to operate in the postbuckled state. A theoretical development and analysis procedure is presented for prediction of buckling, postbuckling and crippling loads in laminated composite plates. Specific application is made to a number of simply supported, graphite epoxy plates with geometric and material properties corresponding to those included in several experimental programs, the results of which, in the form of load-shortening curves, have been reported in the literature. With the effects of transverse shear and material nonlinearity combined with the maximum-strain failure criterion included in the theoretical analysis, good agreement is obtained with the experimental results for initial buckling, postbuckling stiffness and failure (crippling). The theory and analysis described herein can be used as an aid in the design process, particularly in the isolation of candidate laminates without resorting to extensive and costly test programs.
Reactions of coordinated molecules XXI. The preparation of mixed-ligand paramagnetic complexes containing metalla-β-diketonate ligands☆

When tris(N,N-dimethyl-o-toluidyl)chromium or bis(acetylacetonato)copper are treated with metalla-β-diketones, a ligand exchange reaction occurs affording mixed-ligand transition metal complexes containing metalla-β-diketonate ligands. All of these complexes are polynuclear, paramagnetic molecules, and the chromium complexes possess either one or two chromium to carbon bonds.
Expressive Voting and Government Redistribution: Testing Tullock's `Charity of the Uncharitable'

Models of expressive voting postulate that voters will`consume' ideological stances on issues by voting for them,even when they are against the voter's own narrow selfinterest, if the probability of being a decisive voter is low.When a voter is unlikely to sway the outcome, the odds that avoter will incur any real personal cost (a higher tax burden,for example) from her own expressive vote is small. We testand find support for Tullock's straightforward empiricalimplication of this model, that government welfare (transfer)payments are inversely related to the probability of being thedecisive voter.
Enhanced coloration of Mg F 2 crystals by Fe 2 + ions acting as hole traps

A study is made of the growth of the $F$ band in Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ crystals irradiated with $^{60}\mathrm{Co}$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays as a function of irradiation time at room temperature. It is shown that a rapid initial-growth stage in the form of a saturating exponential occurs for crystals containing iron (up to 110 at. ppm), and that the saturation value increases monotonically with the Fe content. The initial growth rate, which corresponds to $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{2} \mathrm{eV}/(F \mathrm{center})$, is independent of the Fe concentration. Annealing experiments show that these first-stage $F$ centers anneal out at a relatively low temperature (\ensuremath{\sim} 110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C), while $F$ centers formed in later stages are more resistive to annealing. Electron-spin-resonance measurements show that during irradiation Fe is converted from ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ to ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$. It is therefore concluded that the enhancement of coloration is due to the role of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ as a hole trap. A simple model is developed in which hole trapping enables available anion vacancies to capture electrons and become $F$ centers. This model quantitatively accounts for the essential features of the first-stage coloration behavior. Nevertheless, evidence exists to show that other traps are also involved in the actual process.
Fracture toughness and thermal shock of tool and turbine ceramics

The behaviour of some commercial tool carbides and turbine ceramics has been investigated in regard to resistance to crack initiation, crack propagation and retained strength after thermal shock. New data are provided, particularly measurements of the fracture toughness of these materials at actual operating temperatures (up to 1200° C). Many of the materials did not follow the generally accepted Hasselman theory for thermal shock in ceramics, and instead of showing a discontinuity in retained strength at some critical quenching temperature difference, their residual strengths fell gradually at temperatures lower than their supposed critical quenching temperature. This behaviour is explicable when high temperature toughnesses, strengths and moduli are used in the damage resistance parameter (ER/gs f 2 ). It seems that materials not following the Hasselman model suffer cumulative damage with increasing number of shocks. Sub-critical crack growth occurs even if (KIC/gsf)2 values are constant, and such damage, which reduces the room temperature retained strength, is enhanced by (KIC/gsf)2 decreasing at temperatures below ΔTc. In contrast, materials obeying Hasselman's model appear to have a constant (KIC/gsf)2 below ΔTc and for some temperature range above. Only then are “one-shock“ characterizations of materials possible, otherwise, the retained strength depends upon the number of prior shocks. Experiments are also reported which describe the effects of rate of testing on the unshocked and shocked mechanical properties of ceramics. Oxidation is shown to influence the results in a manner not obvious from single shock tests.
Vitamins C and E Inhibit O2− Production in the Pig Coronary Artery

Background We previously found in a pig coronary balloon injury model that vitamins C and E as well as probucol had beneficial effects on the vessel response to injury measured by morphometry. These effects correlated with an inhibition in the ability to oxidize LDLs ex vivo, suggesting that the morphological response was due to the antioxidant effect of the treatments. Methods and Results In the present study, the production of O2− by vessels 14 days after balloon injury was determined and correlated with circulating and tissue levels of vitamins C and E. Twenty-five domestic pigs were divided into four groups: control (n=7), vitamin C (500 mg/d, group C, n=6), vitamin E (1000 IU/d, group E, n=6), and vitamins C and E (500 mg/d and 1000 IU/d, group C+E, n=6). Vitamins were administered 7 days before oversized balloon injury of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and continued for 14 days after injury. Vitamin C and E concentrations were determined in plasma and lymphocytes as an index for ...
Incorporating first-principles energetics in computational thermodynamics approaches

Abstract Computational thermodynamic approaches have become a valuable tool in the calculation of complex, multicomponent phase equilibria often found in industrial alloys. These methods rely on databases of free energies, obtained from an optimization process involving experimental thermodynamic and phase diagram data. However, many phases of practical interest (e.g., metastable precipitate phases) are absent from computational thermodynamics databases, due to insufficient information to perform the optimization process. We demonstrate that first-principles, density functional calculations provide a means to obtain thermodynamic functions of phases absent from current databases. Two examples illustrate this hybrid first-principles/computational-thermodynamics approach: (1) the famous metastable Cu-containing precipitate phase, Al2Cu-θ′, often found in age-hardened aluminum alloys, and (2) a new assessment of thermodynamic data in the Al–Sr system. We show how first-principles input may be used in both binary and multicomponent industrial systems.
Space-variant active vision: definition, overview and examples

Abstract The term space-variant vision was introduced in the late 1980s to refer to sensor architectures based on a smooth variation of resolution across the workspace, like that of the human visual system. The use of such sensor architectures is rapidly becoming an important factor in machine vision in which the constraints of size weight, cost and performance must be jointly optimized. The structure of this paper consists of four parts. A review of the four generic architectures for vision will be presented, providing a context for the term “ active vision”, and a justification for the importance, and the connection between, space-variant architectures and active vision methods. A brief quantitative review of the specific space-variant properties of primate visual cortex topography will be provided, in the cortex of sensor design. The engineering and algorithmic problems that are associated with exploiting space-variant systems will be stated. Examples of several recently constructed miniature space-variant active vision systems will be briefly reviewed, along with a brief discussion of solutions to the basic problem areas in space-variant vision.
Construction of a low speed flux focusing magnetic gear

The experimental results are presented for a low speed flux focusing magnetic gear utilizing ferrite magnets. The performance of this ferrite magnetic gear is compared with a hybrid magnet magnetic gear with NdFeB magnets on the inner rotor and ferrite magnets on the outer rotor. The peak torque and efficiency is measured.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of mediastinal non-hodgkin's nonlymphoblastic lymphoma

BACKGROUND The histologic features of primary mediastinal non-Hodgkin's nonlymphoblastic lymphoma (NHL) are well described in the surgical pathology literature. However, the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of these lesions has not been characterized thoroughly. METHODS FNA material from 12 patients with primary mediastinal NHL was reviewed. The series was comprised of 7 men and 5 women with a mean age of 42 years (age range, 26-65 years). All 12 patients underwent a mediastinal FNA as the initial step in their diagnostic evaluation. In some cases, flow cytometry or immunocytochemical studies were performed on the FNA material to render a definitive diagnosis. RESULTS On the basis of the cytomorphologic findings and ancillary studies performed on the FNA material, a diagnosis of malignant lymphoma (five cases), consistent with/suspicious for malignant lymphoma (four cases), or nondiagnostic/negative for lymphoma (three cases) was rendered for each case. In general, a definitive diagnosis of malignancy was established when there was cytomorphologic evidence of lymphoma and a monoclonal lymphoid population could be demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. Eleven of the 12 primary mediastinal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were large cell lymphomas (LCL), and 1 was a composite lymphoma (LCL and Hodgkin's disease). In three of the LCL cases the neoplastic cells exhibited prominent nuclear hyperlobation in association with sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS A diagnosis of primary mediastinal NHL can be established with a high degree of accuracy on the basis of FNA cytology. The FNA cytomorphology of primary mediastinal NHL correlates with the spectrum of morphologic diversity associated with this entity in the surgical pathology literature. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1998;84:26-35. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Phorbol esters and forskolin infused into midbrain central gray facilitate lordosis

Abstract Several peptides, when infused into the MCG, facilitate lordosis in estrogen-primed female rats. Since these peptides can act through cAMP and/or protein kinase C, and these second messenger systems have been implicated in neuromodulation, this study examined if pharmacological agents which stimulate these systems would facilitate lordosis. Ovariectomized female Fisher rats were given bilateral cranial cannulae targeted to the MCG, or cortex dorsal to MCG, and allowed at least a week to recover. Forty-eight hours after injection of 1.25 μg estradiol benzoate (EB), 1 μl of each of the following was infused into the MCG (n=8–12): 1) forskolin (5 μg/μl 50% DMSO); 2) phorbol-20-oxo-20-deoxy-12, 13-dibutyrate (PBu; 5 μg/μl 50% DMSO); 3) both forskolin and PBu (2.5 μg of each/μl); 4) vehicle (50% DMSO). In a separate study of identical design, 1 μl of another phorbol ester (12-myristate 13-acetate) was infused into the MCG of EB-primed rats. Forskolin and phorbol esters each facilitated lordosis maximally at 60–90 minutes after infusion. Combining both agents also facilitated lordosis and vehicle had no effect. These results suggest that infusing agents which stimulate cAMP and protein kinase C into the MCG can facilitate lordosis in estrogen-primed female rats.
Lunches Packed by Caregivers for Children in Pre‐School Day Care Centers

Child care is a major concern for parents. Day care centers are the practical solution. However, proper nutrition for the children can be a problem. Five pre‐school day care centers, where the caregiver had to furnish a lunch, was visited on three different ocassions. At each visit the content of the lunch was s'tudied. The lunches were found to be adequate in breads and most often protein. Milk products were found in 80 percent of the lunches, but an alarming few lunches included fruit and fewer included vegetables. In agreement with other studies lunches were found to be below the expected nutrient levels for growing children.
Is pentobarbital safe and efficacious in the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a cohort study

Seizures refractory to third-line therapy are also labeled super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE). These seizures are extremely difficult to control and associated with poor outcome. We aimed to characterize efficacy and side-effects of continuous infusions of pentobarbital (cIV-PTB) treating SRSE. We retrospectively reviewed continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) reports for all adults with RSE treated with cIV-PTB between May 1997 and April 2010 at our institution. Patients with post-anoxic SE and those receiving cIV-PTB for reasons other than RSE were excluded. We collected baseline information, cEEG findings, side-effects and functional outcome at discharge and one year. Thirty one SRSE patients treated with cIV-PTB for RSE were identified. Mean age was 48 years old (interquartile range (IQR) 28,63), 26% (N = 8) had a history of epilepsy. Median SE duration was 6.5 days (IQR 4,11) and the mean duration of cIV-PTB was 6 days (IQR 3,14). 74% (N = 23) presented with convulsive SE. Underlying etiology was acute symptomatic seizures in 52% (N = 16; 12/16 with encephalitis), remote 30% (N = 10), and unknown 16% (N = 5). cIV-PTB controlled seizures in 90% (N = 28) of patients but seizures recurred in 48% (N = 15) while weaning cIV-PTB, despite the fact that suppression-burst was attained in 90% (N = 28) of patients and persisted >72 hours in 56% (N = 17). Weaning was successful after adding phenobarbital in 80% (12/15 of the patients with withdrawal seizures). Complications during or after cIV-PTB included pneumonia (32%, N = 10), hypotension requiring pressors (29%, N = 9), urinary tract infection (13%, N = 4), and one patient each with propylene glycol toxicity and cardiac arrest. One-third (35%, N = 11) had no identified new complication after starting cIV-PTB. At one year after discharge, 74% (N = 23) were dead or in a state of unresponsive wakefulness, 16% (N = 5) severely disabled, and 10% (N = 3) had no or minimal disability. Death or unresponsive wakefulness was associated with catastrophic etiology (p = 0.03), but none of the other collected variables. cIV-PTB effectively aborts SRSE and complications are infrequent; outcome in this highly refractory cohort of patients with devastating underlying etiologies remains poor. Phenobarbital may be particularly helpful when weaning cIV-PTB.
At the sharp end of spines: anesthetic effects on synaptic remodeling in the developing brain.

Once considered unthinkable, the alarming possibility that general anesthetics might have lasting effects on the developing brain has gained traction with anesthesiologists, the Food and Drug Administration, the popular media, and parents. The basis for concern comes mainly from animal studies showing that exposure to a variety of commonly used intravenous and volatile anesthetics produces cognitive and social behavioral deficits that last into adulthood.1,2 Although cause:effect relationships have not been established, these cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions have been attributed to the transient suppression of neurogenesis or widespread neuroapoptosis that are well documented in animals following anesthetic exposure in the early postnatal period.1,3 At least in the case of neuroapoptosis, the developing brain is most vulnerable during the period of rapid synaptogenesis (i.e., the brain growth spurt)1,4 putting synapse development at center stage in the story of anesthetic neurotoxicity. In this issue of the Journal, Briner and colleagues5 take research in this area a step further. In a series of elegant in vitro and in vivo experiments, they demonstrate in rodents that synapse development itself is altered by exposure to volatile anesthetics during the early stage of postnatal brain development. As such, this work adds synaptic remodeling to the list of potential mechanisms by which anesthetics might produce long-lasting changes in the developing rodent brain.
A valved mask for respiratory studies in the neonate

B u G K A N D M c C o r m a c k 1 d e v i s e d a l o w dead-space nasal mask to link distressed premature infants to a mechanical ventilator. We have modified the mask in a way which has proved useful in respiratory studies of nose-breathing neonates. The device is shown in Fig. 1. A rigid acrylic shell fitted with a removable notched rod (not shown) serves as a mold in which methyl methaerylate liner material is placed to produce a cast of the infant's nose by the technique described by Buck and McCormack. The impression in the liner made by the nares is trimmed away with a scalpel. Disc mounted one-way flap valves are placed in housings on either side of the mask; inlet and outlet threaded couplings are screwed into the housings securing the valves; nylon straps (Ty-Rap) are slipped over both couplings; and light weight corrugated tubing leading to a spirometer is then attached to the outlet coupling completing the mask assembly. When the mask is placed over the infant's nose, his airway is effectively joined to the collection circuit. A bonnet made of rubber dental dam and
Evaluation of human herpesvirus type 8 infection in childhood langerhans cell histiocytosis.

The etiology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is unknown. Viral causes, including human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV6), have been suggested but remain unproved. The recently discovered human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV8), the cause of Kaposi's sarcoma, infects dendritic cells in the bone marrow associated with multiple myeloma. Evidence for an association of HHV8 infection with LCH in children was studied by two approaches: indirectly by HHV8-specific serologic assays and directly by detection of HHV8 sequences using polymerase chain reaction in affected bone marrow samples. Using three different assays specific for HHV8 antibodies, 3 of 10 (30%) children with LCH had detectable HHV8 antibodies, which was not different from the prevalence of 5 of 30 (17%) in healthy controls of similar age (P = 0.65). Of bone marrow samples from three additional children with LCH, all had amplifiable DNA but were negative for HHV8 sequences. These studies of a small number of patients do not demonstrate an increased prevalence of HHV8 infection in children with LCH, and they do not suggest a causal role for HHV8 in the etiology of LCH. Am. J. Hematol. 64:237–241, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling the effort to correct faults

Abstract An approach is proposed for analyzing the determinants of fault locality and fault correction effort during unit, system, and acceptance testing. The approach uses a Poisson analysis to model fault locality and a categorical multivariate regression analysis based on an ordered response model to model effort. Ordered response models are applicable when effort data are available on a categorical basis (e.g., 0–1 hour, 1 hour to 1 day, etc.) rather than on a continuous scale (e.g., measured in hours and fractions thereof). The usual ordinary least-squares regression assumptions of a continuous normally distributed dependent variable are not valid in the case of categorical dependent variables. Fault data from five Ada projects are analyzed to yield estimates for various fault locality variables and the probabilities for a fault to be in the various effort categories. The results are used to estimate the fault correction effort at the project level. These estimates are then compared with the actual fault correction efforts.
Have there been lasting effects associated with the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks among inner-city parents and children?

Should mental health practitioners expect lasting posttraumatic stress symptoms in the general population after future terrorist attacks or other disasters? Serendipitous random assignment of families allowed assessment of the effects of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on parent and child trauma-related symptoms and parenting. Surprisingly, there were no differences between pre- and post-September 11 groups on measures of parent and child anxiety, depression, and feelings of safety. However, levels of parental monitoring and beliefs about family were higher in the group assessed after September 11, 2001. Implications for practitioners' responses to terrorism and disaster are discussed.
Application of high-energy X-rays and Pair-Distribution-Function analysis to nano-scale structural studies in catalysis

Abstract We investigate the structure of supported Pt catalysts using high-energy X-ray scattering coupled with Pair-Distribution-Function (PDF) analysis. Recently, experimental approaches that enable the collection of PDF data in situ have been developed with time-resolution sufficient to study the structure of Pt nano-particles as they form. The differential PDF approach is utilized which allows the atom–atom correlations involving only Pt to be selectively recovered, enabling structural investigation of the supported particles and the mechanism of their formation. In parallel to the in situ analysis, we have examined samples prepared ex situ. Data collected on the ex situ samples show that the initial deposition of Pt4+ occurs as the PtCl62− species which are retained even when annealed in an oxygen atmosphere. The Pt differential PDFs of the samples reduced in hydrogen at 200 and 500 °C indicated nano-crystalline face-centered-cubic (fcc) metallic Pt particles. The ex situ reduced samples also contain a weak correlations at 2.1 A, which we assign to Pt–O interactions between the particles and the support surface. The in situ experiments, following the reduction of Pt4+ from 0 to 227 °C, indicate that the initial Pt nano-particles formed are ca. 1 nm in size, and become larger and more crystalline by 200 °C. The data suggest a particle growth mechanism where the initial particles that form are small (
Effect of estrogen given during various periods of prepuberal life on the sexual behavior of rats

Male and female rats gonadectomized on the day of birth received injections of estradiol benzoate (EB) every other day for 10 days beginning at 2, 12, 22, or 32 days of age, or they received no EB. Females were further divided as to whether, at 3 days of age, they were injected with oil vehicle, 5 micrograms testosterone propionate (TP), or 50 micrograms TP. Female behavior was evaluated in response to injected EB and progesterone beginning at 100 days of age, and male behavior was evaluated in response to TP injections beginning at 150 days of age. As frequently reported, TP and EB injected during neonatal life significantly suppressed female behavior in both females and neonatally castrated males. EB given later in prepuberal life was found to complexly influence sexual behavior at adulthood. The findings are discussed with respect to suggestions that ovarian tenancy during prepuberal life can affect the development of female sexual behavior. Also considered is the possibility that changes in the capacity of the developing brain to aromatize androgens into estrogens might account for the finding in that EB, unlike TP, injected after 10 days of age, could suppress female sexual behavior.
Metal-insulator transitions in anisotropic two-dimensional systems

Several phenomena related to the critical behavior of noninteracting electrons in a disordered two-dimensional tight-binding system with a magnetic field are studied. Localization lengths, critical exponents, and density of states are computed using transfer-matrix techniques. Scaling functions of isotropic systems are recovered once the dimension of the system in each direction is chosen proportional to the localization length. It is also found that the critical point is independent of the propagation direction, and that the critical exponents for the localization length for both propagating directions are equal to that of the isotropic system, $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\approx}\frac{7}{3}.$ We also calculate the critical value ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$ of the scaling function for both the isotropic and the anisotropic system. It is found that ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}^{\mathrm{iso}}=\sqrt{{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}^{x}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}^{y}}.$ Detailed numerical studies of the density of states $n(E)$ for the isotropic system reveal that for an appreciable amount of disorder, the critical energy is off the band center.
Controlled release formulations of atrazine in starch for potential reduction of groundwater pollution

Abstract The availability of the herbicide atrazine [2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino- s -triazine to a soil-water system was greatly diminished by entrapping the herbicide in starch granules. Factors influencing the preparation of and release from these granules were determined. The delivery of atrazine from the granules to a soil-water system was compared with delivery to water. Availability of atrazine from unentrapped commercially available atrazine was also determined. In 15 minute soil-water tests, the rate of delivery of atrazine at a constant level of active ingredient increased as the surface area available in the formulations increased, which was made possible by decreasing the loading, by making the granules smaller, and by improving the degree of atrazine dispersion during granule formulation. Aging of the starch formulations from one to nine days diminished atrazine release. When the soil-water tests were conducted over 20 days, the larger granules (14–20 mesh), as a result of the smaller sample size, released atrazine slower than smaller granules (20–40 mesh). The larger granules induced 35% of saturation in 6 days and the smaller induced 45% of saturation in 3 days. Controlled release over these intervals was proportional to the square root of time according to the theory for controlled matrix diffusion. The larger granules kept in water under these conditions showed release to cause over 70% of saturation in 4 days and indicated that over 60% of the available atrazine was adsorbed by the soil. Atrazine present in saturated aqueous solutions was about 80% recoverable under the conditions of filtration and extraction. No controlled release was observed in soil-water mixtures.
Microperforate hymen resulting in pelvic abscess.

The patient presenting with abdomino-pelvic pain during pubertal development requires a gynecological evaluation. The absence of menses or presence of cyclic pain and appropriate pubertal milestones does not preclude assessment for a gynecologic etiology. We report on a patient with a microperforate hymen who ultimately developed bilateral hydrosalpinges and a severe pelvic infection. This case report is designed to make clinicians dealing with this age group aware of hymen-related defects particularly microperforate hymen and to consider them in their differential diagnosis. (excerpt)
Size flucuations can explain anomalous mobility in field-inversion electrophoresis of DNA.

We extend the reptation model of DNA gel electrophoresis by replacing the tube by a chain of narrow "straits" connecting open "lakes." The DNA chain can accumulate easily in the lakes, thus allowing large fluctuations in the length of the chain. Unlike the standard model, this model, simulated on a computer, shows a sharp minimum in mobility as the period is varied with periodically reversing fields, similar to experiments.