cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leiomyoma of the Orbit

A 5-year-old boy had a one-year history of inability to adduct the left eye and redness. Examination showed a medial orbital mass indenting the globe without proptosis. A well-encapsulated mass was removed surgically. On light microscopy it seemed to be a neurofibroma. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the tumor was composed of cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, cytoplasmic and plasmalemmal densities, fine filaments, surface-connected vesicles, and basement membrane. These features were characteristic of leiomyoma.
Photoacoustic reconstruction using beamformed RF data: a synthetic aperture imaging approach

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is becoming an important tool for various clinical and pre-clinical applications. Acquiring pre-beamformed channel ultrasound data is essential to reconstruct PA images. Accessing these pre-beamformed channel data requires custom hardware to allow parallel beam-forming, and is available for only few research ultrasound platforms. However, post-beamformed radio frequency (RF) data is readily available in real-time and in several clinical and research ultrasound platforms. To broaden the impact of clinical PA imaging, our goal is to devise new PA reconstruction approach based on these post-beamformed RF data. In this paper, we propose to generate PA image by using a single receive focus beamformed RF data. These beamformed RF data are considered as pre-beamformed input data to a synthetic aperture beamforming algorithm, where the focal point per received RF line is a virtual element. The image resolution is determined by the fixed focusing depth as well as the aperture size used in fixed focusing. In addition, the signal-to-noise (SNR) improvement is expected because beamforming is performed twice with different noise distribution. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed through simulation, the practical feasibility is validated experimentally. The results indicate that the post-beamformed RF data has potential to be re-beamformed to a PA image using the proposed synthetic aperture beamformer.
Academic staff job change: Winning characteristics in organizational musical chairs

This study examined predictors of job change for academic staff administrators. Analyses of questionnaire data from 143 administrators who had been employed from 1971 through 1978 indicated that predictors of job mobility differ for diverse kinds of moves with two exceptions—age and gender. The four most important predictors for internal institutional change were age, mentor, president of a professional organization, and marital status (married). Planning to move, gender, and editorship, contributed most to external institutional change, whereas age, mentor, gender, and planning to move contributed most significantly to overall job change (adjustedR2=.439).
SU-FF-T-596: Dosimetric Impact of Anatomic Changes Due to Patient Weight Loss On TomoTherapy Plan

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric impact of anatomic changes due to patient weight loss on TomoTherapy plan used in IMRT of head‐neck cancers.Method: The Cheese phantom wrapped with 1.5cm‐bolus was scanned for planning. MVCT scans were done to minimize the dosimetric uncertainties by using different images (kVCT‐vs‐MVCT). Four plans of 2Gy/fraction were created with targets located around the anterior/lateral areas of the phantom with different sizes. Critical organs were contoured to simulate the spinal cord/brainstem. Phantom plans were delivered with the Hi‐Art 2.0 machine. The phantom was irradiated four times with varying bolus thickness (1.5cm and 1.0cm) and finally without any bolus. Dose distributions were measured with A1SL ion chambers and EDR2 films. Using TomoTherapy's Planned Adaptive software, dose distributions were recomputed for each of the irradiation scenarios. Each of the phantom treatment scenarios were also delivered with three clinical QA plans to measure dose distributions around the spinal cord region using EDR2 film. Results Relative difference in ion chamber measurements with respect to the 1.5cm bolus plan of 6%±1%(target) and 4%±2%(critical organ) were found for the 1cm‐bolus case. The differences of no‐bolus chamber measurements were 9%±2%(target) and 4%±1%(critical organ). Variation in the adaptive planning results indicated mean dose ratios between 1.5cm‐bolus and 1.0cm‐bolus treatments of 1.05±0.02(target) and 1.02±0.01(critical organ). Mean dose ratios between 1.5cm‐bolus and no‐bolus treatment were 1.07±0.02(target) and 1.05±0.02(critical organ), demonstrating that dose to critical organ was increased but in slightly lower than target regions. Review of three clinical plans also showed similar trends in dose to critical organs with decreasing bolus thickness. Conclusions Ratios of planned dose to delivered dose to critical organs were increased ∼7% by decreasing phantom radius by 1.5cm, however lower than target regions.
Synthesis of a chiral phospholipase-C and D insensitive membrane probe with excimer emission properties

Abstract A new cationic membrane probe bearing a trimethylammonium function in the head group and pyrenyl groups in the two acyl chains has been synthesized. The new probe will allow the measurement of membrane dynamics by excimer emission and should be more stable than similar ones containing phosphodiester linkages. These are degraded in systems where the levels of phospholipase-A, C and D activity are high. The synthesis utilizes the 4-carbon synthon (S)-3-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone to provide the chiral diacyl substructure.
Isolation of an oligogalacturonate hydrolase from a Bacillus specie

Abstract An oligogalacturonate hydrolase, free of transeliminase and unsaturated oligogalacturonate hydrolase activities, has been isolated from the cell extract of a Bacillus specie. This enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose columns. The pH optimum was 6–6.5. The hydrolase was highly specific for saturated oligogalacturonides and completely inactive toward unsaturated oligogalacturonides. In contrast to transeliminases and polygalacturonases, the hydrolase preferentially attacked the short-chain uronides and hydrolyzed the terminal glycosidic bond from the nonreducing end of the molecule. The hydrolase activity was greatest with trigalacturonic acid followed by tetramer, pentamer, dimer, and acid-soluble pectic acid.
Wisconsinan refugia and the glacial history of eastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada: Coupled evidence from cosmogenic isotopes and lake sediments

New data constrain the timing and character of glaciation of eastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. Lake sediments radiocarbon dated to between 14 and >52 ka, coupled to 10 Be and 26 Al exposure ages >35 ka from adjacent moraines and bedrock, demonstrate that some coastal uplands remained above the limits of continental glaciation throughout oxygen isotope stage 2. At lower elevations, exposure ages from a flight of distinct lateral moraines range from 10 to 35 ka, and imply that low-gradient outlet glaciers reached the outer coast during the late Wisconsinan. Collectively, these results reconcile terrestrial evidence for the presence of ice-free refugia through the late Wisconsinan with marine evidence for extensive outlet glaciers in the major fiords and bays of eastern Baffin Island.
An investigation of the solutal, thermal and flow fields in unidirectional alloy solidification

Abstract Unidirectional solidification of a dilute alloy (tin-bismuth) in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity is investigated using a uniform computational grid. The energy equation is solved for the temperature field, while the species equation is solved for the solute distribution. A vorticity-vector potential representation is used for the governing equations for the velocity field. The constitutive equations are solved using a true transient method. An Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) approximation is employed in the solution scheme for the vorticity while the conjugate gradient method is used for the vector potential equation. The results obtained from the numerical simulations compare very well with experimental and numerical results for directional solidification in the literature in terms of the propagation of the solidification front as well as the free convection flow patterns in the liquid
The Ties That Unbind Exploring the Contradictory Effects of Religious Guidance and Church Attendance on Black Partisanship

The goal of this scholarship is to uncover the nature of the relationship between religious guidance and church attendance and Black partisanship. Using the 1996 National Black Election Study, the author examines the effects of these very important Black politics variables on partisanship. The results of the ordinary least squares and logistic regressions indicate that religious guidance encourages Blacks to identify themselves as Democrats, but church attendance fosters identification with the Republican Party. Arguments are provided to explain the contradictory effects of the two influences.
Effects of hypothalamic peptide hormones on the electrical activity of Aplysia neurons

The effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the electrical activity of neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica was studied. Where tested, TRH had no effect. The neurosecretory white-cell neurons were the most responsive of the neurons tested with LHRH. Bath applications of 1 micro M LHRH increased firing rates in 4 of 5 white cells for extended periods of time. The increased rates persisted in an LHRH-deficient bath. A similar result was obtained with bath applications of the LHRH agonist analog D-Ala6, des-Gly10-LHRH-ethylamide. The iontophoresis of LHRH onto white-cell somata either produced no change in electrical activity or initiated an increase in firing rate and bursting patterns which outlasted the application period. Two types of white cells are suggested by the white-cell responsiveness to LHRH. The white cells responsive to the decapeptide are candidate model neurons for studying the membrane actions of LHRH.
Zero acquaintance benchmarking at travel destination websites: what is the first impression that national tourism organizations try to make?

This paper examines the marketing effectiveness of hospitality and tourism websites. An extensive review of literature on website effectiveness in hospitality and tourism revealed a total of 47 different instruments that have been used to evaluate hospitality and tourism websites. Using the grounded theory technique, a website evaluation tool called the online promotion evaluation instrument was developed with the aim of condensing the 47 existing tools into one benchmarked instrument with applicability across the various hospitality and tourism sectors. The developed online promotion evaluation instrument comprised three main features—aesthetics features (destination visualisation and Web design); informative features (uniqueness, monetary value and cultural promotion); and interactive features (e-travel planners and online communities). The instrument was tested using a random sample of 25 National Tourism Organization websites worldwide. The results of the instrument development and testing process are presented in this paper with directions for future research in website evaluation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diverse actions of ovarian steroids in the serotonin neural system.

All of the serotonin-producing neurons of the mammalian brain are located in 10 nuclei in the mid- and hindbrain regions. The cells of the rostal nuclei project to almost every area of the forebrain and regulate diverse neural processes from higher order functions in the prefrontal cortex such as integrative cognition and memory, to limbic system control of arousal and mood, to diencephalic functions such as pituitary hormone secretion, satiety, and sexual behavior. The more caudal serotonin neurons project to the spinal cord and interact with numerous autonomic and sensory systems. All of these neural functions are sensitive to the presence or absence of the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone. We have shown that serotonin neurons in nonhuman primates contain estrogen receptor β and progestin receptors. Thus, they are targets for ovarian steroids which in turn modify gene expression. Any change in serotoninergic neural function could be manifested by a change in any of the projection target systems and in this manner, serotonin neurons integrate steroid hormone information and partially transduce their action in the CNS. This article reviews the work conducted in this laboratory on the actions of estrogens and progestins in the serotonin neural system of nonhuman primates. Comparisons to results obtained in other laboratory animal models are made when available and limited clinical data are referenced. The ability of estrogens and progestins to alter the function of the serotonin neural system at various levels provides a cellular mechanism whereby ovarian hormones can impact cognition, mood or arousal, hormone secretion, pain, and other neural circuits.
Dryland maize development and yield resulting from tillage and nitrogen fertilization practices

Conservation tillage ( > 30% residue cover) has proven to be very effective in reducing runoff and erosion and in increasing soil water storage. In dryland cropping situations, the latter fact should result in a greater yield potential for conservation than for conventional tillage. In practice, however, this theoretical advantage has not consistently realized. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of tillage and N-fertilization management on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under dryland conditions in the western Corn Belt (U.S.A.). The experiment was conducted from 1977 through 1983 on a Crete-Butler silty clay loam (Pachic Arguistolls-Abruptic Argiaquolls). Whole-plot treatments were moldboard plow, disk, chisel plow, no-till, disk plus manure and no-till plus manure. Sub-plot treatments were N fertilization (NH4NO3) at 0, 70 or 140 kg ha−1N. Grain yield and yield components were not affected by the tillage × N-fertilization interaction. The response both to tillage and to N fertilization was influenced by yearly climatic variation. Generally, grain yield was maximum at 90 kg ha−1 N and, in dry years, yields usually declined at N rates > 90 kg ha−1 N. In only one year (1978) did tillage influence yield; the chisel plow treatment produced less grain than the moldboard plow or disk. The no-till treatment did not differ from the mean of the other 3 tillage practices in any year. The interaction of yearly weather variation with phenology and the development of the crop appeared to be a greater determinant of yield than tillage.
Evaluation of Capsule Permeability in the Equine Blastocyst

Recipient pregnancy rates following transfer of frozen-thawed blastocyst stage equine embryos remain low. To date, no protocol has been developed that would allow successful cryopreservation of this stage of embryos. These experiments characterized the amount of glycerol entering equine embryos after incubation in 1.4 M and 3.4 M glycerol solutions using tritiated glycerol and a liquid scintillation counter. Blastocyst stage equine embryos (n = 27) were collected and incubated for 15 minutes in either 1.4 M (n = 14) or 3.4 M (n = 13) tritiated glycerol solutions. Disintegrations per minute were then determined, and the percent glycerol uptake was calculated for each embryo. Percent glycerol uptake for 1.4 M or 3.4 M glycerol treatment groups was not different (P = .68). However, it was higher (P = .05) in embryos with a diameter of ≤600 μm (3.6%) compared with embryos with a diameter of >600 μm (0.4%). We concluded that glycerol more readily permeates into embryos with a diameter of ≤600 μm that do not possess a fully functional capsule compared with embryos with a diameter of >600 μm with a fully formed capsule.
Kin Selection and the Evolution of Monogamy

A two-locus genetic model is studied in which one locus controls the tendency of individuals to act altruistically toward siblings and the other locus controls the mating habits of females. It is demonstrated that genetic variation at the altruism locus is often sufficient to induce an increase in the frequency of genes that cause females to produce all of their offspring with a single mate. This occurs because of nonrandom associations that develop between genes that cause altruism and those that affect female mating behavior. The results provide a new explanation for the evolution of monogamy, and they suggest a previously unexplored mechanism for the evolution of a variety of other behavioral traits as well.
A scaling property of impulse and step-invariant digital filters

The similarity property of the Laplace transform is applied to develop and illustrate scaling formulas for impulse-invariant and step-invariant digital filters.
High throughput and large capacity pipelined dynamic search tree on FPGA

We propose a pipelined Dynamic Search Tree (pDST) on FPGA which offers high throughput for lookup, insert and delete operations as well as the capability to perform in-place incremental updates. Based on the pipelined 2-3 tree data structure, our pDST supports one lookup per clock cycle and maintains tree balance under continual insert and delete operations. A novel buffered update scheme together with a bi-directional linear pipeline allows the pDST to perform one insert or delete operation per O(log N) cycles (N being the tree capacity) without stalling the lookup operations. Nodes at each pipeline stage are allocated and freed by a free-node chaining mechanism which greatly simplifies the memory management circuit. Our prototype implementation of a 15-level, 32-bit key dual-port pDST requires 192 blocks of 36 Kb BRAMs (64%) and 12.8k LUTs (6.3%) on a Virtex 5 LX330 FPGA. The circuit has a maximum capacity of 96k 32-bit keys and clock rate of 135 MHz, supporting 242 million lookups and concurrently 3.97 million inserts or deletes per second.
Intravenous pentamidine-induced bronchospasm.

A 41-year-old man with AIDS developed a recurrence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and was treated with intravenous pentamidine. This was associated with a significant bronchospastic reaction requiring treatment with an antihistamine and an aerosolized β-agonist therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bronchospasm induced by intravenous pentamidine.
Roles of TGFβ in metastasis

The TGFbeta signaling pathway is conserved from flies to humans and has been shown to regulate such diverse processes as cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, adhesion, organization, and programmed cell death. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that TGFbeta can utilize these varied programs to promote cancer metastasis through its effects on the tumor microenvironment, enhanced invasive properties, and inhibition of immune cell function. Recent clinical evidence demonstrating a link between TGFbeta signaling and cancer progression is fostering interest in this signaling pathway as a therapeutic target. Anti-TGFbeta therapies are currently being developed and tested in pre-clinical studies. However, targeting TGFbeta carries a substantial risk as this pathway is implicated in multiple homeostatic processes and is also known to have tumor-suppressor functions. Additionally, clinical and experimental results show that TGFbeta has diverse and often conflicting roles in tumor progression even within the same tumor types. The development of TGFbeta inhibitors for clinical use will require a deeper understanding of TGFbeta signaling, its consequences, and the contexts in which it acts.
Multiscale considerations for interface engineering to improve fracture toughness of ductile fiber/thermoset matrix composites

Abstract Mechanical interlocking at both large-scale and fine-scale as well as continuous and intermittent chemical bonding were employed to engineer the friction during fiber pullout to improve toughness. Excellent toughening results have been achieved over a large range of typical fracture feature size in the large micro-/small meso-scale of 1–100 μm. Interphase engineered features for size scales below the microscale were smoothed over or subsumed during fracture. For mechanical interlocking at the large scale, the overall fiber shape is critical and there is little interfacial adhesion. For mechanical interlocking at the fine scale, a protruding “break-away” feature performs better than a concave, cavity-like feature. For chemical bonding, intermittent coating gives superior toughness. In all of the interface or interphase designs, it is found that there is an intermediate anchoring of the fiber to best utilize fiber plasticity to improve composite toughness.
Analysis of thermal stresses in metal interconnects with multilevel structures

Abstract The evolution of thermal stresses in aluminum interconnects was analyzed numerically. Particular attention was devoted to the effects of multilevel arrangement, which have been largely ignored in past studies. Two-dimensional models based on long metal lines with different aspect ratios and cross-sectional arrangements were employed. The metallization, taken to include thin refractory layers sandwiching the aluminum conductor, was embedded within silicon oxide dielectric on top of the silicon substrate. A thermal cooling process was simulated by recourse to the finite element method. It was found that the incorporation of refractory layers increases the stress in aluminum lines. The line aspect ratio, rather than the multilevel nature, plays the most important role in affecting the thermal stress. Issues related to interconnect stress modeling and reliability implications are discussed.
Problems in evaluating cardiac protein synthesis.

Abstract How significant are present measurements of cardiac protein synthesis? In the heart, alterations in protein synthesis have been reported to accompany changes in organ size and gross structure, but the mechanisms involved in altering the synthesis and the significance of these alterations in heart muscle in adaptation to stress (defined as an influence of an adverse force or strain) have not been easily clarified. The determination of cardiac protein synthesis presents many problems some of which are inherent in the methodologies used and others in the complexities of the protein synthetic process itself, and examination of these problems is necessary in any evaluation of synthesis.
Optically Driven Surfactant Coated Aqueous Droplets: A New Method to Develop Micro-reactors

We demonstrate laser driven optical motion of surfactant coated water drops immersed in decanol using the thermal Marangoni effect. The method is a promising new approach to study emulsions at the micrometer length scale.
Effective diffusivity of oxygen in microbial pellets.

Abstract In a typical submerged aerobic fermentation with microbial pellets, the effective diffusivity of oxygen in the pellets is probably the most important, yet most difficult transport property to characterize experimentally. Its values directly indicate the efficiency or deficiency of oxygen to individual cells, and thus the biological activity of the microorganisms. In the past, it was not possible to assess reliably the effective diffusivity of oxygen in pellets due to several reasons. Firstly, most oxygen electrodes available were coarse, and hence not suitable for in situ measurements. Secondly, there was a lack of methods rigorous enough to characterize the structure of the microbial pellets. A state-of-the-art review of the literature relating to the feature subject is presented. Emphasis is laid upon development and evolution of the means for quantitative characterization of the effective diffusivity of oxygen in microbial pellets.
Angiogenesis inhibition: the next frontier in multimodal therapy for glioblastoma multiforme

Angiogenesis inhibition: the next frontier in multimodal therapy for glioblastoma multiforme
Effects of mandibular distraction osteogenesis on three-dimensional airway anatomy in children with congenital micrognathia.

Purpose To assess the 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) changes in airway size and shape in children with congenital micrognathia treated by mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO). Patients and Methods This was a retrospective study of patients with congenital micrognathia, treated by mandibular DO, who had pre- and postoperative 3D maxillofacial CT scans from the hard palate to the hyoid bone. Digital 3D-CT reconstructions were made before and after distraction. Demographic (age, gender, and diagnosis) and anatomic (airway size and shape) variables were recorded and analyzed. The pre-distraction measures of size and shape were compared with the post-distraction measures. P ≤ .05 was considered significant. Results During the study period (1999 to 2010), 17 children with congenital micrognathia underwent mandibular DO. Of these patients, 11 (3 females) met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 6.8 years (range 1.3 to 20.6). All subjects had first and second pharyngeal arch deformities. Nine were tracheostomy dependent before distraction. Postdistraction increases in the anteroposterior diameter (153%), lateral airway diameter (70%), airway volume (76%), minimal retroglossal (162%) and retropalatal (77%), and minimal cross-sectional areas (282%) were obtained. The mean airway length decreased after distraction by 4 mm DO also affected the airway shape: the airway surface area and airway compactness increased after distraction. Six subjects were decannulated or had their tracheostomies capped. Three subjects remained tracheostomy dependent after distraction. The reasons for continued tracheostomy included copious secretions, muscle hypotonia, hypopharnygeal stenosis, and mandibular hypomobility. Conclusions DO for congenital micrognathia increases airway size, decreases airway length, and alters the shape as measured using 3D-CT.
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D-induced inhibition of 3H-25 hydroxyvitamin D production by the rachitic rat liver in vitro.

The effect of the vitamin D metabolites 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (100 pg/ml) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (30 ng/ml) on hepatic production of3H-25 hydroxyvitamin D was investigated using rachitic liver perfusions and homogenates. 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D inhibited hepatic3H-25 hydroxyvitamin D production in the liver perfusion (3.6 ± 0.4 vs 2.0 ± 0.5 pmol/liver,P<0.05) and in liver homogenates (11.9 ± 0.6 vs 10.1 ± 0.4 pmol/g liver protein/3 h,P<0.02). Inhibition was time and dose dependent. 25-hydroxyvitamin D inhibited production in liver homogenates (11.9 ± 0.6 vs 9.2 ± 0.1 pmol/g liver protein/3 h,P<0.05) but not in the intact liver (3.6 ± 0.4 vs 3.4 ± 0.5 pmol/liver). The data indicate that 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D is able to feedback regulate the production of its precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Although 25-hydroxyvitamin D also inhibits its own production in liver homogenates, it failed to alter total production in the intact liver, suggesting that this metabolite may require immediate access to the vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, located on the microsomes and mitochondria, to induce inhibition.
Summer to autumn changes in vegetation spectral indices of deciduous trees

The purpose of this work is to measure changes in deciduous tree reflectance spectra as a function of time from late summer to autumn senescence. Leaves were harvested from two maple trees growing in eastern Massachusetts. Reflectance in the 350-2500 nm range was measured in the laboratory on stacks of freshly-harvested leaves. We calculated a number of published spectral indices, finding that most of the indices varied remarkably little across the time period. In some case, the measurement uncertainty was small, although the measurements exhibited wide scatter over the time period. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index showed only a slight downward drift throughout the measurement period. The red edge wavelength was observed to decrease dramatically from the summer growth period (~725 nm) to autumn senescence (~700 nm).
Effects of cooperative grouping on stoichiometric problem solving in high school chemistry

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect that cooperative groups heterogeneously based on proportional reasoning ability have on problem solving in regular and honors high school chemistry. Students (n = 178) in three rural high schools solved stoichiometric problems either individually or in cooperative groups using a prescriptive problem-solving strategy. There was no statistically significant difference in posttest means between students of varying proportional reasoning abilities who had been problem solving individually or in cooperative groups whether in a regular or an honors chemistry class. Characteristics of successful and unsuccessful students problem solving individually and in groups were determined through videotape analyses, students' written work, and classroom observations. Successful problem solvers, both those in groups and those who solved problems individually, were characterized by confidence and persistence and exhibited a strong conceptual base.
Becoming Compatible: Curriculum and Environmental Thought

ABSTRACT:The author argues that the predominant reliance in environmental education (EE) on the traditional scientific or research, development, and diffusion (RD&D) model of curriculum development maintains the present emphasis in schools on factual or empirical questions about the environment and views curriculum change as training teachers to adopt ideas and behaviors determined by external authorities. As such, this model neither provides an appropriate framework for addressing the questions of definitions and values involved in environmental issues nor recognizes that curriculum construction is shaped by the relationships between teachers' own educational theories and practices and their school context. The author examines two alternative curriculum theories for addressing these concerns.
Statistical Circuit Simulation Modeling of CMOS VLSI

This paper describes a complete modeling approach for MOS VLSI circuit design which is highly automated and provides statistically relevant parameter files. A description of key model equations, which includes the effects of nonuniformly doped channels, charge sharing bulk-charge terms, and lateral and vertical field mobility reduction terms, will be given. A methodology of parameter extraction for both physical and "fitted" terms will be described. Appropriate distributions of these parameters are then generated and checked for correlations among these parameters. A statistical modeling routine has been developed that then generates device parameter bound files from transformed independent variables. Finally, simulations performed with statistical best-worst case parameter files were compared to data for many transistors from the same lot and process.
THE CHURCH AND REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE IN CENTRAL AMERICA

The class conflict that rages in Central American societies touches every institution in those societies. The Church increasingly speaks not with one voice but several, a reflection of the debate that goes on in the larger society over whose class interests will prevail and over who will do what to help them prevail. The contemporary conditions of most Central American societies are hostile to a social democratic alternative and the choices of Christians are increasingly reduced to two: defend the ruling class or join the revolutionary movement. The following perspective on the historical relationship between Church and imperialism and the Church and Central American revolutionary movements is particularly significant because it is the position of a key participant in the Cursillos de Capacitaci6n movement that he describes. [The Editors]
Energy expenditure and genotype of children with cystic fibrosis

Increased energy expenditure, poor dietary intake, and fat malabsorption in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) frequently lead to growth failure and malnutrition, which are associated with pulmonary failure and decreased survival. The study purpose was to understand better the energy expenditure and requirements in the mild pulmonary disease state in children. Resting and total energy expenditure were measured in 6- to 9-yr-old, pancreatic-insufficient children with CF (n = 25) and control children (n = 25) of similar age, gender, and weight. The effect of the most common genotype, homozygous delta F508, on energy expenditure was also investigated. Dietary intake, degree of fat malabsorption, body composition, physical activity, and clinical status were determined. The CF group had a 9% increase in resting energy expenditure, which was not related to genotype or severity of lung disease. Both CF genotype subgroups (delta F508 homozygous and all others) had a similar, modest resting energy expenditure increase. Total energy expenditure was increased by 12% in the entire CF group and by 23% in the delta F508 homozygous CF subgroup compared with controls. The total energy expenditure increase in delta F508 homozygous children may be related to increased voluntary physical activity, reflecting no activity reduction associated with lung disease, or to an unidentified genotype-related mechanism. The clinical implication is that a detailed physical activity assessment should be evaluated along with resting energy expenditure, either measured or estimated by equations, when daily energy needs are being determined for children with CF.
A Retrospective Chart Review of Lithium Side Effects in a Geriatric Outpatient Population

The charts of 114 elderly outpatients with mood disorders treated with lithium were reviewed to determine the incidence of side effects. Patients had been treated with lithium for an average of 7.5 years, with an average serum lithium level of 0.5. Overall, 61.4% of patients experienced side effects from lithium at some point in their treatment, but only 0.11 side effects occurred per patient per year. Two (1.8%) patients had to discontinue lithium because of side effects and four (3-5%) required hospitalization. Delirium was the most common side effect noted (19.3%). Side effects occurred both at low ("subtherapeutic") and higher serum lithium levels. Variables significantly associated with experiencing side effects included male sex and higher serum lithium level. Hypothyroidism was significantly associated with longer length of time in years treated with lithium.
If you've got it, flaunt it: Ingested alkaloids affect corematal display behavior in the salt marsh moth, Estigmene acrea

Abstract Plant-derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids play an important role in the biology of the salt marsh moth, Estigmene acrea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). They are phagostimulants for larvae and they stimulate the growth and development of adult male androconial organs called coremata. In this study, we have shown that the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline N-oxide (MNO) fed to larvae also affects the courtship behavior of adult males. Males fed a diet containing MNO display their coremata while males fed on the same diet without alkaloid rarely display. This explains why it has been difficult to replicate field observations of the “lekking” behavior of this species in the laboratory where animals are frequently raised on commercially available diets devoid of alkaloids. Corematal inflation was observed in isolated males and in laboratory leks. The effect of larvae feeding on pyrrolizidine alkaloid on the reproductive behavior of adults suggests that this substance may modify the development of the moth's n...
Factor Structure of the Dogmatism Scale

The factor structure of the Dogmatism Scale was studied. In separate analyses for males (N = 309) and females (N = 526) 5 factors emerged. The factors were rotated orthogonally and obliquely, resulting in very similar loadings for both rotations. Since a single common factor did not emerge and since the correlations among the 5 factors were low, with some near 0, the use of the Dogmatism Scale as a summated rating scale was questioned. The solutions for males and females, though similar, were sufficiently different to warrant treating them separately. In view of the findings, it was suggested that the measurement of a construct as complex as dogmatism may be enhanced by resorting to a multidimensional approach.
Is flavor fundamental

Abstract We show that a geometric sequence of constituent quark masses has a straightforward interpretation as the result of approximate scale invariance in models where flavor quantum numbers have a dynamical origin.
Axisymmetric, laminar, binary shear layer with thermal diffusion and diffusion-thermo effects

Abstract Consideration is given to the thermal separation of components across the shear layer between a cold jet mixture (of helium and nitrogen) and a hot ambient gas, both initially at the same concentration levels. An asymptotic steady state solution is obtained assuming the layer to be thin relative to the jet radius. As a consequence of small inhomogeneity the momentum equation may be decoupled from energy considerations and a priori known velocity profiles result with the customary assumption of constant product of density and viscosity. Iterative integration of the concentration and energy relations is completed on the basis of the steady state condition of zero mass transport across the dividing streamline using similarity co-ordinates. Reasonable agreement with available experimental data results from use of the modified hard sphere model for the thermal diffusion ratio.
Segregation of Mendelian markers in doubled haploid and F2 progeny of a barley cross

Forty-two doubled haploid (DH) barley lines, derived from the F, of a cross between a multiple marker stock (MMS) and the cultivar 'Apex' by the Hordeum bulbosum method, were tested for their segregation at 23 Mendelian marker loci. Protein, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and morphological markers were assayed. DH data were compared with data on 100 F1 plants from the same cross. Chi-square values showed excellent fit to hypothesized ratios for all 23 markers in the DH population. No preferential transmission of alleles from one parent was exhibited. DH lines from the cross MMS x 'Apex' were derived from a random sample of gametes. DH lines should provide a useful vehicle for gene mapping in barley.
Expanding the Realm of Furan-Based Conducting Polymers through Conjugation with 1,6-Methano[10]annulene

The synthesis of a new bisfuranyl monomer, 2,7-bis(2-furanyl)-1,6-methano[10]annulene, is presented. Its properties and those of its polymer, synthesized via electropolymerization, are compared to those of the known furan−arene−furan monomers and their respective polymers. Investigation using UV−vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and spectroelectrochemistry indicated that the 1,6-methano[10]annulene copolymer has properties rivaling those of the copolymers containing traditional aromatic cores. These results are rationalized in conjunction with DFT calculations, and they further the premise that 1,6-methano[10]annulene can be viewed as a viable building block for advanced π-conjugated electronic materials.
How well does the continuity experience prepare residents for practice

Background.— The goal of the continuity experience (CE) is to prepare graduates for pediatric practice. Objective.— To determine graduates' perceptions of how well CE prepared them for practice; to measure their satisfaction with CE; and to identify associations between patient and preceptor characteristics and the outcomes of satisfaction and preparation. Design and Methods.— Questionnaire mailed to pediatricians (N = 130) who had completed pediatric residency at the University of Utah between 1985 and 1996. Information was collected regarding current practice data and information regarding their CE site, the number and types of patients seen at that site, their evaluation of their preceptor, their satisfaction with their CE, and their opinion regarding how well their CE prepared them for practice. Results.— Of the 130 surveys, 58% were returned. Respondents reported degrees of preparedness as follows: 26% rated themselves "very well" prepared, and 56% rated themselves "pretty well" prepared. Satisfaction with CE was 32% "very satisfied" and 57% "satisfied." Graduates whose CE had been at a private practice (PP) reported higher degrees of preparedness than those whose CE had been at a university hospital clinic (UH) or a public health clinic (PH) (% reporting feeling "very well prepared": PP=53%, UH=16%, PH=19%). Seeing more patients per half day was associated with a higher rate of feeling well prepared. PP graduates reported seeing more patients than those at the other sites. Conclusion.— Though some differences were reported regarding the content of CE, the majority of graduates felt that their CE had prepared them well for practice.
Photographic Problems In Oceanography

Photography is demonstrated to be an effective tool in oceanographic investigation, especially for the study of water motions, marine biological organisms and sea-floor geological formations. However, the underwater environment presents many unique and difficult technological problems. A number of examples of how new photo-graphic techniques have been successfully used to record oceanographic phenomena are presented. These include studies of the movements of sea-surface slicks, surface waves, internal waves, turbulence, water turbidity, marine organisms, sea-floor relief, and the operation of equipment underwater. Still new photographic tech-niques are needed in these and other ocean-ographic studies.
Intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon allograft in the skeletally immature patient.

Purpose: Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are becoming more prevalent in the skeletally immature patient. We report our results with intra-articular transphyseal ACL reconstruction in this patient population. Type of Study: Retrospective analysis. Methods: Ten skeletally immature athletes underwent transphyseal intra-articular ACL reconstruction using patellar tendon allograft. The patients ranged from 9 to 15 years of age. Clinical outcomes were measured using the Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee scoring systems, follow-up radiographs, clinical examination, and KT-1000 testing. Results: Mean follow-up was 40 months. The average Lysholm score was 95, and 9 of 10 patients reported normal or nearly normal knee function. There was no clinical or objective evidence of instability, limb-length discrepancy, or early physeal arrest. Nine of 10 patients returned to their preinjury level of athletics. Conclusions: Skeletally immature athletes with symptomatic complete ACL tears who do not want to modify their athletic activity may benefit from intra-articular ACL reconstruction using patellar tendon allografts. Special attention to bone plug and interference screw placement will reduce the risk of early physeal arrest. Key Words: Arthroscopic—Pediatric—ACL—Transphyseal—Patellar tendon allograft—Intra-articular.
Standard Form Contracts and Contract Schemas: A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Exculpatory Clauses on Consumers' Propensity to Sue

This study investigated the extent to which exculpatory clauses deter consumers from pursuing their legal rights. Undergraduate participants (N=101) were presented with two written vignettes and asked to imagine themselves as a consumer harmed by a contracted for service. Participants then read a contract and responded to questions assessing their likelihood of seeking compensation and their perceptions of the contract. The presence of exculpatory clauses, the severity of the harm, and the nature of the harm were varied. The data suggest that exculpatory clauses, if read, have a deterrent effect on propensity to seek compensation. Development of a psychological definition of contract schemas and implications for legal policy are discussed. # 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adequacies and deficiencies of alpine and subalpine treeline studies in the national parks of the western USA

To mitigate the impact of direct human activity on treeline pattern and process, much alpine treeline research in the western USA has been conducted in nationally protected areas. The use of treeline as a proxy for climate change has been assessed in parks throughout the west but often at the expense of geology or geomorphology as controls of treeline variation. The dissimilar geology and geomorphic processes of the western national parks suggest that treeline may respond differently between national parks when subjected to disturbance. Therefore, predicted vegetation response to disturbance across the western USA may provide a limited assessment of change beyond fine-scale analysis due to data collection from a limited number of national parks containing alpine treeline. We performed a content analysis on previous research that examined alpine treeline in national parks and classified each treeline study as anthropogenic, orographic/edaphic, or climatic according to the primary factor attributed to treel...
Heterodyne Multifrequency Receiver for MST

Recently, a real-time and portable 2-D microwave imaging system operating at 24 GHz, incorporating modulation schemes similar to modulated scatterer technique and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging technique, was designed using a heterodyne receiver with superior performance compared with a homodyne receiver. Multifrequency SAR images have the added advantage of providing for: 1) coherent averaging of image data over frequency and hence increasing system signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and 2) enable volumetric (3-D) image production. This letter describes modifications to this receiver for enabling multifrequency operation through phase uncertainty (PU) analysis. These modifications show significant reduction in PU, thereby allowing the coherent addition of data necessary for SAR image formation with higher overall SNR.
Clarification on the generation of absolute and potential vorticity in mesoscale convective vortices

Abstract. In this paper, we clarify several outstanding issues concerning the predominant mechanism of vorticity generation in mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) in weak to modest baroclinic environments with nonzero Coriolis parameter. We examine also the corresponding diabatic heating profiles of the convective and stratiform components of the MCS and their effects on the concentration and dilution of PV substance.
Hermiticity of the Dirac Hamiltonian in curved spacetime

In previous work on the quantum mechanics of an atom freely falling in a general curved background spacetime, the metric was taken to be sufficiently slowly varying on time scales relevant to atomic transitions that time derivatives of the metric in the vicinity of the atom could be neglected. However, when the time dependence of the metric cannot be neglected, it was shown that the Hamiltonian used there was not Hermitian with respect to the conserved scalar product. This Hamiltonian was obtained directly from the Dirac equation in curved spacetime. This raises the paradox of how it is possible for this Hamiltonian to be non-Hermitian. Here, we show that this non-Hermiticity results from a time dependence of the position eigenstates that enter into the Schr\"odinger wave function, and we write the expression for the Hamiltonian that is Hermitian for a general metric when the time dependence of the metric is not neglected.