cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum control of the hyperfine spin of a Cs atom ensemble.

We demonstrate quantum control of a large spin angular momentum associated with the $F=3$ hyperfine ground state of $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$. Time-dependent magnetic fields and a static tensor light shift are used to implement near-optimal controls and map a fiducial state to a broad range of target states, with yields in the range 0.8--0.9. Squeezed states are produced also by an adiabatic scheme that is more robust against errors. Universal control facilitates the encoding and manipulation of qubits and qudits in atomic ground states and may lead to the improvement of some precision measurements.
Investigation of Molten Salt Nanomaterial as Thermal Energy Storage in Concentrated Solar Power

It is a known fact that the solar energy is the most abundant form of renewable source of energy available abundantly in most of the areas. It is relatively the most promising form of renewable energy through which many developed countries like US, Spain are generating electricity using CSP, PV, and other forms of solar cells. This paper mainly focuses on the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and about the method of enhancing the Thermal Energy Storage (TES) capacity. Here, we use molten salt as the Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) as an alternative to mineral oils and other commonly used HTF. The reasons behind using molten salts have also been listed in the paper. The major disadvantage in molten salts as a HTF is their low specific heat capacity compared to mineral oils. The low specific heat capacity of molten salt can be enhanced by dispersing oxide nanoparticles. In this paper, we synthesized molten salt nanomaterials by dispersing oxide nanoparticles in to selcte4d molten salts. Specific heat capacity measurement was performed using a modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC). Hence, we evaluated the use of molten salt nanomaterials as HTF in CSP.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Participation and cardiovascular risk reduction in a voluntary worksite nutrition and physical activity program.

Objective In a cohort of employees participating in a worksite nutrition and physical activity program, we compared program completion and changes in cardiovascular risk factors by baseline body mass index.
ATF3 plays a protective role against toxicity by N-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin in stable PC12 cell line

Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion near the N-terminus of huntingtin. The mechanisms of polyglutamine neurotoxicity, and cellular responses are not fully understood. We have studied gene expression profiles by short oligo array using an inducible PC12 cell model expressing an N-terminal huntingtin fragment with expanded polyglutamine (Htt-N63-148Q). Mutant huntingtin Htt-N63 induced cell death and increased the mRNA and protein levels of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). Mutant Htt-N63 also significantly enhanced ATF3 transcriptional activity by a promoter-based reporter assay. Overexpression of ATF3 protects against mutant Htt-N63 toxicity and knocking down ATF3 expression reduced Htt-N63 toxicity in a stable PC12 cell line. These results indicated that ATF3 plays a critical role in toxicity induced by mutant Htt-N63 and may lead to a useful therapeutic target.
Recent insights into paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia--an integrated approach to diagnosis and therapy.

Summary: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia may result from re-entrance in the AV node, the norma/ A-V pathway with an accessory AV connection, in the sino-atrial node, in the atria, or else reflect ectopic impulse formation in a spontaneously automatic supraventricular focus. Electrocardiographic criteria which are helpful in differentiating these mechanisms involve an analysis of cycle length, changes in cycle length with intermittent bundle branch block, P wave morphology and the relationship of P wave to QRS complex, P-R interval, the presence of A-V block during tachycardia and the influence of autonomic tone on the tachycardia. Electrophysiologic studies further elucidate mechanism by demonstrating the mode of induction and termination of the tachycardia, the characteristics of antegrade and retrograde A-V conduction curves and refractory periods, atrial activation sequence of echo beats and the influence of premature beats introduced during tachycardia. These features are summarised in Table 1. Therapy can be accurately planned according to the results of experimental administration of antiarrhythmic agents and of pacing sequences upon induction and termination of tachycardia in the catheterisation laboratory.
Notes toward a rhetoric of animation: The Road Runner as cultural critique

–Recent studies have suggested the need to broaden our approaches to violence in children's programming. This paper uses the violence of “The Road Runner” cartoon series as a starting point for a mythico-rhetorical analysis of the message system contained in the cartoon. It explores how the animated short re-enacts the myth of Sisyphus in the context of the post-World War II technological boom in the United States. Technology is the source of most of the violence in the cartoon, and the violence is created by failures of technology. The use of a “children's” medium to critique our reliance on technology offers substantial freedom to the animator, and, in turn, to the viewer and the critic. Examination of “The Road Runner” yields insights into the meanings of cartoon violence, into how media reproduce mythic structures, and into the potentially rich message systems of children's media.
Identification of the C(6)-S-conjugate of leukotriene a with cysteine as a naturally occurring slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Importance of the 11-cis-geometry for biological activity

Abstract A third major chemical constituent of slow reacting substance (SRS-A) has been shown to possess the chemical structure 5(S)-hydroxy-6(R) S -cysteinyl-7,9- trans -11,14- cis -eicosatetraenoic acid (leukotriene E). Comparison of the biological activities of leukotriene E and the 11- trans stereoisomer on guinea pig airways, ileum, and cutaneous microvasculature has revealed a noteworthy dependence of activity on stereochemistry with leukotriene E being much more potent in each system.
The Optical Memory-Electric Computer Interface as a Parallel Processing Architecture

The output of parallel optical memories is a two-dimensional set of data which propagates along the third dimension. Based on this characteristic we define a memory?computer optoelectronic interface and we analyze its functionality with respect to its degree of parallelism. Single-instruction multiple-data processing paradigms based on such interfaces are also discussed.
Intermolecular ground and excited state potential energy surfaces and charge-transfer spectrum of benzene: TCNE electron donor—acceptor complex

Abstract The six-dimensional intermolecular potential energy surface of the benzene:tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) electron donor—acceptor (EDA) complex has been explored, using a combination of ab initio and semiempirical quantum mechanical calculations, at 4732 discrete intermolecular geometries. Spectroscopic INDO calculations were also performed at a subset of the total sampled configurations. The charge-transfer absorption lineshape was then calculated according to a previously described semiclassical approach, using the improved ab initio potential to average the spectrum over the donor—acceptor distance coordinate, R, in place of the previously employed harmonic approximation. The calculated lineshape was found to be in good agreement with the experimental gas phase optical absorption spectrum.
Androstenedione metabolism by human lymphocytes

Abstract Intact human lymphocytes were incubated with tritium-labeled androstenedione; after extraction and appropriate chromatographic separation, followed by crystallization to constant tritium to carbon-14 ratio to establish radiochemical homogeneity, the following metabolites were identified: testosterone, 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, androsterone and isoandrosterone. Neither estrogen nor 5β-reduced metabolites were found as products. The major androstenedione metabolizing activities in human lymphocytes were 5α-reductase and 17β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase; in addition, 3α- and 3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities also were present in these cells. The rates of metabolite formation were linear with incubation time up to 4 h, and with cell number up to 2 × 107 lymphocytes per ml for the 5α-reduced products and up to 1.6 × 107 lymphocytes per ml for testosterone. These findings are suggestive that, in the human, lymphocytes are a potential site of peripheral metabolism of androstenedione to potent androgens.
Social support and barriers to family involvement in caregiving for persons with AIDS: implications for patient education

If efforts to promote family involvement in patient education and other caregiving activities for people with AIDS (PWAs) are to be successful, clinicians need information concerning PWAs' family network and the barriers PWAs face in obtaining support. Using data from interviews with 224 PWAs in New York City, we assessed the size and composition of their family network and the self-identified barriers to support. Overall, respondents mentioned having an average of less than two sources of close support. Women relied on children for support more than men did. Male injection drug users and men reporting sex with men relied on friends and traditional family almost equally, while men at risk for HIV via heterosexual contact relied more on traditional family sources. Barriers to support included interpersonal costs, lack of access, lack of acceptance, lack of intimacy, negative interactions and fear of disclosure. Health professionals need to conduct comprehensive network assessments with PWAs in order to determine the full scope of support resources available to each patient. Educational initiatives that provide information about family conflict resolution and the course and transmission of HIV may assist in alleviating these barriers. Clinicians can facilitate family involvement in patient education by addressing the informational needs that are salient to both PWAs' and their family caregivers.
Vibrational spectra, structure, and theoretical calculations of 2-fluoro- and 3-fluoropyridine

The infrared and Raman spectra of liquid and vapor-phase 2-fluoropyridine and 3-fluoropyridine have been recorded and assigned. Ab initio and DFT calculations were carried out to compute the molecular structures and to verify the vibrational assignments. The observed and calculated spectra agree extremely well. The ring bond distances of the fluoropyridines are very similar to those of pyridine except for a shortening of the C-N(F) bond in 2-fluoropyridine. The C-F bond stretching frequencies are similar to that in fluorobenzene reflecting the influence of the ring π bonding.
The Automated Text Adaptation Tool

Text adaptation is a teacher practice used to help with reading comprehension and English language skills development for English language learners (ELLs) (Carlo, August, McLaughlin, Snow, Dressler, Lippman, Lively, & White, 2004; Echevarria, Vogt and Short, 2004; Yano, Long and Ross, 1994). The practice of text adaptation involves a teacher's modification of texts to make them more understandable, given a student's reading level. Teacher adaptations include text summaries, vocabulary support (e.g., providing synonyms), and translation. It is a time-consuming, but critical practice for K-12 teachers who teach ELLs, since reading-level appropriate texts are often hard to find. To this end, we have implemented the Automated Text Adaptation Tool v. 1.0 (ATA v. 1.0): an innovative, educational tool that automatically generates text adaptations similar to those teachers might create. We have also completed a teacher pilot study. Schwarm and Ostendorf (2005), and Heilman, Collins-Thompson, Callan, and Eskenazi (2006) describe related research addressing the development of NLP-based reading support tools.
Understanding combat casualty care statistics

Maintaining good hospital records during military conflicts can provide medical personnel and researchers with feedback to rapidly adjust treatment strategies and improve outcomes. But to convert the resulting raw data into meaningful conclusions requires clear terminology and well thought out equations, utilizing consistent numerators and denominators. Our objective was to arrive at terminology and equations that would produce the best insight into the effectiveness of care at different stages of treatment, either pre or post medical treatment facility care. We first clarified three essential terms: 1) the case fatality rate (CFR) as percentage of fatalities among all wounded; 2) killed in action (KIA) as percentage of immediate deaths among all seriously injured (not returning to duty); and 3) died of wounds (DOW) as percentage of deaths following admission to a medical treatment facility among all seriously injured (not returning to duty). These equations were then applied consistently across data from the WWII, Vietnam and the current Global War on Terrorism. Using this clear set of definitions we used the equations to ask two basic questions: What is the overall lethality of the battlefield? How effective is combat casualty care? To answer these questions with current data, the three services have collaboratively created a joint theater trauma registry (JTTR), cataloging all the serious injuries, procedures, and outcomes for the current war. These definitions and equations, consistently applied to the JTTR, will allow meaningful comparisons and help direct future research and appropriate application of personnel.
Micromechanics and ultrastructure of actin filament networks crosslinked by human fascin: A comparison with α-actinin

Fascin is an actin crosslinking protein that organizes actin filaments into tightly packed bundles believed to mediate the formation of cellular protrusions and to provide mechanical support to stress fibers. Using quantitative rheological methods, we studied the evolution of the mechanical behavior of filamentous actin (F-actin) networks assembled in the presence of human fascin. The mechanical properties of F-actin/fascin networks were directly compared with those formed by α-actinin, a prototypical actin filament crosslinking/bundling protein. Gelation of F-actin networks in the presence of fascin (fascin to actin molar ratio >1:50) exhibits a non-monotonic behavior characterized by a burst of elasticity followed by a slow decline over time. Moreover, the rate of gelation shows a non-monotonic dependence on fascin concentration. In contrast, α-actinin increased the F-actin network elasticity and the rate of gelation monotonically. Time-resolved multiple-angle light scattering and confocal and electron microscopies suggest that this unique behavior is due to competition between fascin-mediated crosslinking and side-branching of actin filaments and bundles, on the one hand, and delayed actin assembly and enhanced network micro-heterogeneity, on the other hand. The behavior of F-actin/fascin solutions under oscillatory shear of different frequencies, which mimics the cell’s response to forces applied at different rates, supports a key role for fascin-mediated F-actin side-branching. F-actin side-branching promotes the formation of interconnected networks, which completely inhibits the motion of actin filaments and bundles. Our results therefore show that despite sharing seemingly similar F-actin crosslinking/bundling activity, α-actinin and fascin display completely different mechanical behavior. When viewed in the context of recent microrheological measurements in living cells, these results provide the basis for understanding the synergy between multiple crosslinking proteins, and in particular the complementary mechanical roles of fascin and α-actinin in vivo.
Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies

Archeologists' dissatisfaction with Service's band-tribe-chiefdom-state model of sociocultural complexity has resulted in the epistemological reexamination of hierarchy, the exploration of heterarchy, and the historical and contextual flux between them. This calculus of power relations within and between polities aids understanding of how power shifts occur and under what conditions various power distributions constitute stable and unstable configurations. Power relations, while predicated on systems of values, leave physical evidence when their importance is ranked and reranked by individuals, groups, and organizations as conditions change. The hierarchy-heterarchy relation offers a new approach to the study of agency, conflict, and cooperation.
A GC-rich sequence within the 5' untranslated region of human basonuclin mRNA inhibits its translation.

Abstract By the method of RNase protection, the 5′ ends of the basonuclin mRNA were mapped to four sites distributed over 400 bases of the genomic sequence, a result implying four different basonuclin transcripts within the cell. Despite the heterogeneity at the 5′ end, all four basonuclin mRNA shared the same translation initiation codon. However, only two transcripts contained, in their 5′ untranslated region (UTR), a GC-rich sequence of approx. 180 bases. The ability of this GC-rich sequence to form a large and stable secondary structure was suggested by experimental results from primer extension, RNase resistance, and computer analysis of the sequence. In vitro study showed that translation of basonuclin RNA containing this putative structure could not be initiated efficiently from the first two AUGs, whereas those that lacked it could.
Mesostructured Silica/Block Copolymer Composites as Hosts for Optically Limiting Tetraphenylporphyrin Dye Molecules

Transparent silica-block copolymer composites have been used as host matrices for optically limiting dye molecules to increase dye solubility and photophysical stability. For a given concentration, tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP)-doped mesostructured EO106PO70EO106−silica composites exhibited improved optical limiting properties compared to wholely inorganic TPP-doped silica hosts. Increased TPP solubility within the PPO−PEO block copolymer allows higher concentrations of TPP to be incorporated without dye aggregation, enhancing optical absorption of incident laser light. In addition, the silica framework provides increased damage resistance to a series of intense laser pulses compared to wholely organic host matrices.
Highly stripped ions in everyday astrophysics

Abstract The quality and quantity of X-ray spectroscopic observations of celestial objects have improved immensely in the last few years with solar observations by the Solar Maximum Mission and P78-1 satellites and observations of other objects by the Einstein satellite. Here we review some recent work on density and temperature diagnostic line ratios with the implications for the ionization state of solar flare plasma and the elemental abundances in supernova remnants.
Spatial stability of the magnetized slab jet

A spatial stability analysis of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of a magnetized slab jet is performed and compared to results of numerical simulations. Provided the jet is super-Alfvenic the dispersion relation describing the propagation and growth of Fourier components of some initial perturbation admits the same type of solutions as for a purely fluid jet. A growing fundamental sinusoidal mode at long wavelengths can be identified with an Alfven wave-like disturbance of the jet. Growing internal reflection modes at shorter wavelengths can be identified with fast magnetosonic waves reflecting of the jet's boundaries
Immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat adrenal medulla by the peroxidase labeled antibody method: effects of enzyme activation on ultrastructural distribution of the enzyme

Abstract A monospecific antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), purified from a transplantable rat pheochromocytoma, was produced in rabbits. Immunohistochemical techniques were employed in order to determine if a relationship exists between the subcellular distribution of TH and the level of activation of the enzyme in the rat adrenal medulla. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in adrenals removed from non-stressed rats following pentobarbital anesthesia was found to be12.9 ± 1.0nmol DOPA formed × mg protein−1. The use of ether anesthesia (17.9 ± 2.0nmol DOPA formed × mg protein−1), and the administration of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) followed by decapitation (35.9 ± 2.0nmol DOPA formed × mg protein−1) was associated with an acute activation of adrenal TH. The subcellular distribution of TH within the cytosol of chromaffin cells from animals subjected to anesthesia or ECS, as determined by immunocytochemical techniques, was similar. In all treatment groups chromaffin cells were found which had TH associated with some chromaffin granules. The percentage of chromaffin granules which appeared to contain TH was lower in animals subjected to ECS plus decapitation as compared with anesthetized animals. These observations suggest that the activation of adrenal medullary TH is not associated with a shift in the subcellular distribution of the enzyme from the cytosol to membranous structures.
The Human Genome Project

The information derived from the Human Genome Project, an international effort to decode the information embedded in the human genome, will revolutionize the practice of medicine in the 21st century by providing the tools to determine the hereditary component of virtually all diseases. This will lead to improved approaches to predict increased risk, provide early detection, and promote more effective treatment strategies. To be ultimately successful, these improvements in research and health care must reach everyone. This success will depend on participation from a broad spectrum of the population. such as scientists, clinicians, research participants, and active discussants, in deliberations of ethics and public policy. The Human Genome Project has helped to inform us about how remarkably similar all human beings are—99.9% at the DNA level. Those who wish to draw precise racial boundaries around certain groups will not be able to use science as a legitimate justification. However, studying the 0.1% of human genetic variations, particularly the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms, between affected and nonaffected individuals will significantly inform biomedical researchers about the genetic contributions to complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and mental illness. We must all work together to ensure that the risks of such research are considered carefully and that the medical benefits are made available to all. Cancer 2001;91:221–225. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Structural evolution of the schist belt, south-central Brooks Range fold and thrust belt, Alaska

Abstract The schist belt is a HP-LT metamorphic belt derived from Lower Paleozoic and Proterozoic (?) continental protoliths, exposed in the hinterland of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt, Alaska. Polyphase structures in the schist belt provide a record of deep-crustal processes during arc-continent collision and subsequent intracontinental contraction. The oldest structures are poorly preserved isoclines and sheath folds that formed under glaucophane-stable metamorphic conditions ( D 1a ); geometries of D 1a structures are consistent with formation during S-directed subduction of continental crust beneath the Yukon-Koyukuk island-arc (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous). D 1b and D 1c structures formed within thrust sheets of previously subducted material as HP-LT metamorphics were uplifted along S-dipping thrust faults (Early Cretaceous); minor N-S extension in the schist belt (recorded by ductile shear bands) probably occurred at shallow structural levels within the uplifting metamorphic welt (late Early Cretaceous). South-vergent D 2 folds may be related to N-directed underthrusting of the Yukon-Koyukuk arc beneath previously imbricated continental rocks, or to formation of the Doonerak Window duplex. D 3 folds resulted from E-W compression, possibly related to differential movement between the Siberian and Arctic Alaskan portions of the North American (Late Cretaceous ?).
Effect of epidural analgesia on fundal dominance during spontaneous active-phase nulliparous labor

Background : The purpose of this investigation was to determine if epidural analgesia, established during active phase labor, results in elimination or reversal of fundal dominance (lower uterine segment pressure equal to or greater than fundal pressure). Methods : Upper and lower uterine segment intrauterine pressures were prospectively evaluated for 50 min before and 50 min after epidural analgesia using 0.25% bupivacaine in 11 nulliparous women in spontaneous active labor. A total of 958 contractions were evaluated. Results : No significant differences were found in the number of contractions in the interval before epidural analgesia compared to after epidural analgesia. Significantly greater pressure readings were recorded in the upper segment than in the lower segment (consistent with fundal dominance) both before and after epidural analgesia (P < 0.01). In addition, fundal dominance increased after epidural analgesia when compared to the preanalgesia period (P < 0.01). Conclusions : Fundal dominance is present both before and after active phase epidural analgesia and is increased during the immediate 50-min postanalgesia period.
Rotational excitations in solids D2

Abstract From measurements of (∂P/∂T)V in the cubic phase of solid D2, the average energy Δ of the rotational excitation is determined as a function of para D2 concentration. Extrapolation leads to Δ k = 18° for pure para D2. The quadrupole coupling constant Γ = Δ 19 so obtained is smaller than that theoretically predicted for the rigid lattice of D2.
Detection of LiI enhancement during a long-duration flare in the recenltly discovered X-ray/EUV selected, chromospherically active binary 2RE J0743+224

We report the detection of a long-duration optical flare in the recenltly discovered, X-ray selected, chromospherically binary 2RE J0743+224. The high resolution echelle spectroscopic observations taken in 12-21th January 1998 exhibit a dramatic increase in the chromospheric emissions (H_alpha and CaII IRT lines) that we interpret as a flare based on: the temporal evolution of the event, the broad component observed in the H_alpha line profile, the detection of the HeI D_3 in emission and a filled-in HeI 6678 A. During these obsevations we detect a LiI 6708 A line enhancement which is clearly related with the temporal evolution of the flare. The maximum LiI enhancement occurs just after the maximum chromospheric emission observed in the flare. A significant increase of the 6Li/7Li isotopic ratio is also detected. From all this we suggest that this LiI enhancement is produced by spallation reactions during the flare. This is the first time that such LiI enhancement associate with a stellar flare is reported, and probably the long-duration of this flare is a key factor for this detection. A large fraction of the stellar surface seems to be covered by starspots during the event, as we deduce for the analysis of the TiO 7055 A band. Thus taking into account that LiI line is very temperature sensitive, we can not discard that the LiI variations are related the presence of starspots. However, the correlation with the temporal evolution of the flare, lack of detection of changes in the other photospheric absorption lines, and the large changes observed in the core of the LiI, as predict the models, argue in favour of the hypothesis that the LiI is produced during the flare.
Forces in Machine End Windings [includes discussion]

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES experienced by the end windings of machines during the surge currents of a sudden short circuit can be large enough to cause serious trouble if the windings are not properly supported. Knowledge of these forces is particularly important in turbine-generators, where the increased loading associated with operation at elevated hydrogen pressures and with larger ratings tends to raise the machine forces to ever greater magnitudes. A step-by-step approach to the evaluation of force on any desired portion of the end windings of a machine, with sufficient accuracy for an engineering study, can be made using a method based on the following differential vector equation1, expressed as a triple cross product:
Thermoelectric Anomaly Near a Critical Point

New measurements on $\ensuremath{\beta}$-brass reveal an anomaly in the thermopower in the vicinity of the order-disorder phase transition. A simple analysis, which is applicable to a wide class of phase transitions, suggests that the anomaly arises from the scattering of conduction electrons from short-range critical fluctuations and that the thermopower can, in principle, provide a direct measure of correlation functions.
Nose Tip Shape Optimization for Minimum Transpiration Coolant Requirements.

Abstract : Expressions for the total heat transfer to a nose tip for a realistic reentry trajectory have been obtained by using local laminar and turbulent convective heat transfer relationships and extending the trajectory integration procedures of earlier investigators. Then, employing approximate relationships for the boundary layer edge properties along the nose tip surface, a variational calculus approach to determine nose tip shapes which minimize the total trajectory heat transfer (coolant requirements) for fixed fineness ratio and reentry parameters is utilized. The calculated minimum heat transfer shapes found have a flat nose with an expansion corner followed by an afterbody with monotonically decreasing slope. The height of the flat nose relative to the base radius decreases as the fineness ratio decreases. However, for fineness ratios greater than 0.2, the laminar and turbulent solution shapes were found to be very similar to one another. For fineness ratios approaching zero (i.e., slender bodies), the laminar and turbulent minimum heat transfer shapes are 1/2 and 8/13 power law bodies, respectively. The relative heat transfer rate to a particular one of the minimum heat transfer shapes was found to be a factor of up to three times lower than that for other body shapes having the same fineness ratio.
‘Abnormal fixations’ and ‘learned helplessness’: Inescapable shock as a weanling impairs adult discrimination learning in rats

Summary Weanling rats received escapable, yoked inescapable, or no electric shock. Tested as adults, the inescapable groups were poor at appetitive discrimination learning in either a parallel arm maze (Experiment 1) or a Lashley jumping stand (Experiment 2). They were slower to respond, slower to reach criterion, made fewer correct responses and more non-responses than the escapable or no shock groups. We suggest that rats retain learned helplessness from weaning to adulthood, that such learning generalizes widely and that learned helplessness may explain the abnormal fixation results of Maier (1949).
PROTEIN ISOLATE FROM HIGH-PROTEIN OATS: PREPARATION, COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES

An alkaline extraction process was developed to produce protein isolates and starch from defatted flour or defatted groats of high-protein oats. Optimum extraction was at pH 9.2 in 0.02N sodium hydroxide with a solid:solvent ratio of 1:6. The defatted flour was extracted with sodium hydroxide solution, and bran was removed by screening the alkaline dispersion. After centrifuging the slurry that passed through the screen, the alkaline supernatant was adjusted to pH 5.0 to yield a precipitate (protein isolate) and supernatant. The defatted groats were first extracted with water followed by two sodium hydroxide extractions. Bran was removed by screening the second alkaline dispersion, and protein isolate was precipitated from the first alkaline extract at pH 5.7. Protein content (nitrogen × 6.25) of the isolate varied between 94 and 103% and accounted for 53–67% of total protein from defatted flour or groats. The isolate contained from 3.4–4.0g lysine and 2.2–4.2g total sulfur amino acids per 16g nitrogen. Minimum nitrogen solubility of the isolates was 3–4% near pH 5.5, and solubility was 78–83% near pH 2.2. All protein isolates had good hydration capacity (2.9–3.9) and two of the isolates had good emulsifying activity (around 50%) and good emulsion stability (near 50%).
From triplex to B-form duplex stabilization: reversal of target selectivity by aminoglycoside dimers.

Abstract Aminoglycosides have been shown to target A-form nucleic acids. Our work has previously shown that neomycin (and other aminoglycosides) bind and stabilize DNA/RNA triplexes and other A-form nucleic acids. We report herein the unexpected B-form duplex stabilization shown by aminoglycoside dimers (neomycin–neomycin and neomycin–tobramycin). The dimers are highly selective for AT rich duplexes and show high affinity (Ka∼108 M−1) as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry.
An unusual variant of familial preexcitation.

Abstract Variants of the preexcitation syndromes including accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome), nodoventricular and fasciculoventricular fibers (Mahaim) and atrio-Hisian fibers (Brechenmacher) are well established in the literature. 1 Familial occurrence of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome has been reported and autosomal dominant inheritance has been proposed.2 We report a family whose unusual features included a unique combination of accessory pathways causing preexcitation and associated findings of excessive lentiginosis and sudden cardiac death.
Educational Conditions Related to Successful Full Inclusion Programs Involving Deaf/Hard of Hearing Children

Educators involved in full inclusion programs for deaf or hard of hearing children were asked to rate the impact of these programs on both D/HH and hearing children. Three criteria were used: academic achievement, social adjustment, and self-confidence/esteem. Raters also described the degree to which each of 27 educational conditions were present in their school. These conditions were combined into five categories and scales were constructed for assessing each. chi 2 was employed to discover relationships between educational conditions and the three criteria. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict student outcomes on the basis of the five scales. The impact of full inclusion was more favorable if D/HH children received social encouragement, if a full range of placement options were available, and if teachers and parents supported the program.
Purification of catechol-O-methyltransferase by affinity chromatography

Summary An affinity chromatographic system has been developed to purify catechol-O-methyltransferase. This system consists of a 3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenylthylamine-agarose conjugate in which the ligand is coupled through a 30-A hydrocarbon side chain. Partial purification of the enzyme (approx. 40 fold) can be achieved by passing the 100,000 × G supernatant obtained from homogenized rat liver through a column containing this conjugate and eluting with buffers of increasing ionic strength. Further purification of the enzyme (approx. 900 fold) has been achieved by using this affinity column in conjunction with several of the more classical enzyme purification techniques.
A comparison of lower-extremity skeletal kinematics measured using skin- and pin-mounted markers

Abstract Measurement of three-dimensional, skeletal kinematics is important for clinicians and engineers alike. Most in vivo motion data are acquired using skin-mounted markers or marker arrays. Experiments were carried out to quantitatively evaluate the validity of using skin-mounted markers to measure the three-dimensional kinematics of the underlying bone. Kinematic data for marker arrays mounted on skeletal pins screwed directly into the bone were compared with data for markers, and arrays of markers, mounted on the skin. Findings included: (1) Task-dependent soft tissue motion relative to the underlying bone of up to twenty millimeters was measured; (2) The accuracy of segmental rigid body velocity estimates was inadequate for determining instantaneous helical axis (IHA) parameters; (3) Power spectra for skin- and pin-mounted arrays cover similar frequency bands and there was no evidence of a distinct, frequency domain soft tissue artifact; (4) Joint angles calculated from the relative rotation of skin-mounted arrays had significant differences compared to the expected values due to soft tissue effects; and (5) Skin-mounted marker data exhibited a transient response to heel strike in gait, but for low-mass markers the transient was well-damped and could be removed with optimal smoothing.
An extended parton model for the effective w and z approximation

Abstract Exact expressions for the effective off-shell IVB distributions of fermions and for fermion decay widths to fermion plus IVB are developed. We consider the simple example of heavy fermion production to one loop in order to display the method and to check the results against an exact Feynman diagram calculation. The correct handling of energy conservation is shown to yield results identical to that of the appropriate Feynman diagram result. The off-shell widths derived are related to observed widths, so that the later may be used in such a calculation. The methods is valid for all angles and all energies. It can be extended to find the off-shell corrections for any other vertices as well. The utilization of these structure functions with appropriate off-shell correction factors at vertices and exact energy conservation will yield results with a much wider range of validity than is obtained from the usual parton model. Furthermore one can use the results of this work to explore the range of validity of the usual parton model calculation. In some cases the procedure may be modified less drastically than is necessary to obtain the usual parton calculation and the validity of the modification will be more clearly understood. The modified procedure will be simpler than the Feynman diagram calculation with a range of validity in energy and angle which is much larger than that of the simple parton model.
A Prospective Study of the Effects of Acyclovir Treatment on the HSV-2 Lymphoproliferative Response of Persons with Frequently Recurring HSV-2 Genital Infections

In a randomized double-blinded fashion, herpes simplex virus type 2 specific lymphocyte proliferation (HSV-2-LP) was studied in patients with frequently recurring genital HSV-2 who were administered daily suppressive oral acyclovir (S-ACV) or placebo and acyclovir for 5 d (PLC/ACV) with recurrences. The pretreatment HSV-2-LP of subjects was low compared with that of controls with infrequently recurring genital HSV-2 (54,000 vs. 110,000 cpm). The HSV-2-LP increased with both S-ACV and PLC/ACV (101,000 and 94,000 cpm, respectively). After treatment was stopped, the HSV-2-LP decreased in both groups (59,000 cpm). Similar data were seen in a subpopulation given a second year of S-ACV. HSV recurrences were reduced in the S-ACV but not in the PLC/ACV group. These data suggest that a low HSV-2-LP in untreated patients is associated with frequent recurrences of genital HSV; a reduction of viral antigens by suppression with ACV or early treatment of HSV recurrences augments the HSV-2-LP response; and the recurrence pattern is not modulated by the HSV-2-LP response.
In vivo studies on the mechanism of action of 6-dehydro-16-methylene-hydrocortisone (STC 407) on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats.

The mechanism of action of a new synthetic steroid, 6-dehydro-16-methylene-hydrocortisone (STC 407), which has been found useful in the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenal hyperplasia, was
Predictive model for the combined effect of temperature, pH, sodium chloride, and sodium pyrophosphate on the heat resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7

The effects and interactions of heating temperature (55 - 62.5C), pH (4 - 8), NaCl (0 - 6%, w/v), and sodium pyrophosphate (0 - 0.3%, w/v) on the heat resistance of a a four strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef gravy were examined. Thermal death times were determined using a submerged coil heating apparatus. The recovery medium was plate count agar supplemented with 1% sodium pyruvate. Decimal reduction times (D-values) were calculated by fitting a survival model to the data with a curve fitting program. The D-values were analyzed by second order response surface regression for temperature, pH, NaCl and sodium pyrophosphate levels. The four variables interacted to affect the inactivation of the pathogen. Thermal resistance of E. coli O157:H7 can be lowered by combining these intrinsic factors. A mathematical model describing the combined effect of temperature, pH, NaCl and sodium pyrophosphate levels on the thermal inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 was developed. The model can predict D-values for any combinations of temperature, pH, NaCl and sodium pyrophosphate that are within the range of those tested.
Ring-shaped light illumination ultrasound-modulated optical tomography and its application for sentinel lymph node mapping ex vivo

We have succeeded in implementing ring-shaped light illumination ultrasound-modulated optical tomography (UOT) in both transmission and reflection modes. These systems used intense acoustic bursts and a charge-coupled device camera-based speckle contrast detection method. By mounting an ultrasound transducer into an optical condenser, we can combine the illuminating light component with the ultrasound transducer. Thus, the UOT system is more clinically applicable than previous orthogonal mode systems. Furthermore, we have successfully imaged an ex vivo methyleneblue-dyed sentinel lymph node (SLN) embedded deeper than 12 mm, the mean depth of human sentinel lymph nodes, in chicken breast tissue. These UOT systems offer several advantages: noninvasiveness, nonionizing radiation, portability, cost-effectiveness, and possibility of combination with ultrasound pulse-echo imaging and photoacoustic imaging. One potential application of the UOT systems is mapping SLNs in axillary staging for breast cancer patients.
Genetic adaptation of White Leghorn hens to life in single cages.

Synopsis Specific adaptations of selected lines to their conditions of management were found for egg production, but not for several other traits, when hens of different selection histories were tested under both conditions. Floor selected sublines were superior to cage selected sublines in floor pens but inferior when both were tested in individual cages. The study involved three populations of two sublines in each of which selection for egg production had been practised over seven generations. Under one management birds from the three populations were intermingled in large floor pens; under the other, among individual cages. The role of social dominance as expressed in competition for food was explored. Floor selected hens were the more dominant in floor pens as well as in paired tests in cages.
Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, on luteininizing hormone release in ovariectomized lambs.

To determine whether endogenous glutamate and aspartate control LH secretion via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the sheep, we evaluated the effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5) on secretion of LH in ovariectomized lambs. Twelve lambs were ovariectomized and surgically implanted with lateral cerebroventricular cannulae. At the time of the experiment, (38 wk of age) they received intracerebrally 4 injections of either 50 (n = 4), 100 (n = 4), or 200 micrograms (n = 4) of AP5. Blood samples were collected every 10 min for 8 h with animals receiving AP5 at hours 4, 5, 6, and 7. Patterns of LH during the preinjection period were compared to those during the period encompassing AP5 injections. Mean concentrations of LH were lower during AP5 injections than during the preinjection periods, a response that was not influenced by dose (0.87 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.69 +/- .07 ng/ml; p 0.10). A second experiment was done to evaluate a higher dose of AP5. Four animals were chosen to receive 4 injections of 2 mg of AP5 in a design identical to that used in the first experiment.
Copidosoma truncatellum , a Polyembryonic Parasite of Trichoplusia ni : Age of Host Eggs Parasitized, Searching, Fecundity, and Effectiveness

In laboratory studies, Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman), a polyembryonic encyrtid that is an egg-larval parasite of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), was found to parasitize any age of egg. Although C. truncatellum was not an effective searcher of host eggs, even in a confined area, freshly emerged parasites showed a greater rate of parasitization than older (24-h) parasites even though both had a full complement of eggs. The parasite usually injects more than 1 egg into the host at a single insertion of the ovipositor. Temperature affects the rate of parasitization, the time taken for oviposition, and the percentage of brood that will oviposit. The parasite contains a full complement of eggs at adult emergence, which diminishes only with use; eggs are not reabsorbed. Not all individual females in a single brood are functionally fecund; many never oviposit even though they contain eggs. Those that will oviposit, oviposit most eggs early; by the middle of the adult lifespan, they have laid the final egg, and the last half of the adult lifespan is essentially nonfunctional. At certain temperatures, the parasite causes some mortality of host eggs and larvae before the 5th stage; such deaths also kill the contained parasites.
D-Aspartate and D-aspartate oxidase show selective and developmentally dynamic localization in mouse retina.

Abstract d -Enantiomer amino acids, endogenously synthesized and degraded in mammals, participate in multiple developmental and physiological processes. We characterize both d -aspartate and its degradative enzyme ( d -aspartate oxidase) in post-natal mouse retina. d -Aspartate attains a developmental peak of 886 nmol/g dry weight at 1–2 weeks post-natal while l -aspartate transiently declines, consistent with the de novo synthesis of d -aspartate. d -Aspartate is localized in many cell-types in different retinal layers, with a notable shift from outer retina to inner retina with time. d -Aspartate oxidase is localized to horizontal cells by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and histochemical staining methods. Given that final cell specification, differentiation, and synaptogenesis occur during the immediate 2-week post-natal period in the rodent retina and the dynamic appearance of d -aspartate and d -aspartate oxidase, we propose that d -aspartate plays a role in mammalian retinal development.
Polarity and proliferation are controlled by distinct signaling pathways downstream of PI3-kinase in breast epithelial tumor cells

Loss of tissue polarity and increased proliferation are the characteristic alterations of the breast tumor phenotype. To investigate these processes, we used a three-dimensional (3D) culture system in which malignant human breast cells can be reverted to a normal phenotype by exposure to inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Using this assay, we find that Akt and Rac1 act as downstream effectors of PI3K and function as control points of cellular proliferation and tissue polarity, respectively. Our results also demonstrate that the PI3K signaling pathway is an integral component of the overall signaling network induced by growth in 3D, as reversion affected by inhibition of PI3K signaling also down-modulates the endogenous levels of β1 integrin and epidermal growth factor receptor, the upstream modulators of PI3K, and up-regulates PTEN, the antagonist of PI3K. These findings reveal key events of the PI3K pathway that play distinct roles to maintain tissue polarity and that when disrupted are instrumental in the malignant phenotype.