cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-photon polarization dependent spectroscopy in chirality: a novel experimental-theoretical approach to study optically active systems.

Many phenomena, including life itself and its biochemical foundations are fundamentally rooted in chirality. Combinatorial methodologies for catalyst discovery and optimization remain an invaluable tool for gaining access to enantiomerically pure compounds in the development of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and flavors. Some exotic metamaterials exhibiting negative refractive index at optical frequencies are based on chiral structures. Chiroptical activity is commonly quantified in terms of circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD). However, the linear nature of these effects limits their application in the far and near-UV region in highly absorbing and scattering biological systems. In order to surmount this barrier, in recent years we made important advancements on a novel non linear, low-scatter, long-wavelength CD approach called two-photon absorption circular dichroism (TPACD). Herein we present a descriptive analysis of the optics principles behind the experimental measurement of TPACD, i.e., the double L-scan technique, and its significance using pulsed lasers. We also make an instructive examination and discuss the reliability of our theoretical-computational approach, which uses modern analytical response theory, within a Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) approach. In order to illustrate the potential of this novel spectroscopic tool, we first present the experimental and theoretical results obtained in C2-symmetric, axially chiral R-(+)-1,1'-bi(2-naphthol), R-BINOL, a molecule studied at the beginning of our investigation in this field. Next, we reveal some preliminary results obtained for (R)-3,3′-diphenyl-2,2′-bi-1-naphthol, R-VANOL, and (R)-2,2′-diphenyl-3,3′-(4-biphenanthrol), R-VAPOL. This family of optically active compounds has been proven to be a suitable model for the structure-property relationship study of TPACD, because its members are highly conjugated yet photo-stable, and easily derivatized at the 5- and 6-positions. With the publication of these outcomes we hope to motivate more members of the scientist community to engage in state-of-the-art TPACD spectroscopy.
Where the Sum of Our Expectation Fails Us: The Exchange Paradox

In the exchange paradox, two players receive envelopes containing different amounts of money. The assignment of the amounts ensures each player has the same probability of receiving each possible amount. Nonetheless, for each specific amount a player may find in his envelope, there is a positive expectation of gain if the player swaps envelopes with the other player, in apparent contradiction with the symmetry of the game. I consider a variant form of the paradox that avoids problems with improper probabilities and I argue that in it these expectations give no grounds for a decision to swap since that decision must be based on a summation of all the expectations. But this sum yields a non-convergent series that has no meaningful value. The conflicting recommendations - that it is to one or the other player's advantage to swap - arise from different ways of grouping terms in the sum that yield an illusion of convergence. I describe a generalized exchange paradox, explore some of its properties and display another example. © 1998 University of Southern California and Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Monocular Testing of the Color-Blind

Unilateral color-blindness, or a distinct difference as to color vision between the two eyes, is rather infrequently mentioned in the literature, and apparently it is the general custom to test both eyes together for color vision. One case of monocular color-blindness was discovered by the authors in the testing of twenty-three persons. The Ishihara plates for testing color vision are particularly valuable, and give lower ratings than the Stilling plates because the former contain hidden numbers. From the psychology laboratories of Stanford University.
Predictions of Condylar Contact During Normal and Medial Thrust Gait

The medial compartment of the knee is the joint most often affected in those with osteoarthritis (OA). The knee adduction moment is a widely used surrogate measure of joint loading as direct measures are not possible except for a few individuals fitted with a force sensing prosthesis. A reduction in the frontal plane moment is believed to be associated with reduced joint compression. As such, treatments and/or gait alterations to reduce the magnitude of the adduction moment have been sought for those with knee OA. Walking with a medial thrust gait has been shown to reduce the magnitude of the knee adduction moment. The purpose of this paper is to apply our EMG-driven musculoskeletal model of the knee to predict muscle forces and condylar loading during normal and medial thrust gait for an individual fitted with an instrumented knee. It was anticipated that walking with a medial thrust gait would produce a reduced knee adduction moment. We propose however that a reduced knee adduction moment may not necessarily be associated with a decrease in medial compartment loading, and importantly, one must consider how the knee extensor moment changes before making inferences about joint loading.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Association of UV Index and Sunscreen Use Among White High School Students in the United States

BACKGROUND When used appropriately, sunscreen decreases the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure to the skin and is recommended to prevent skin cancer. This study examined the association between annual average UV index and sunscreen use among White, non-Hispanic youth. METHODS The 2007 and 2009 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data were analyzed. The YRBS is a school-based, cross-sectional study that uses a 3-stage cluster sample design to obtain a nationally representative sample of public and private high school students in the United States. Overall response rates were 68% and 72% (N = 14,041 and 16,410, respectively). Logistic regression analyzes, controlling for grade, examined whether annual average (mean) UV index where students attend school, a proxy measure of potential sunlight exposure, was associated with sunscreen use. RESULTS Among White male students, as the mean UV index increased, the adjusted odds of never wearing sunscreen increased (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 1.15 [95% CI = 1.04, 1.27], p < .01) and the adjusted odds of most of the time or always wearing sunscreen decreased (AOR = 0.85 [0.78, 0.94], p < .01). There was no association between sunscreen use and mean UV index among White female students. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a need for renewed public health efforts among school, clinical, and public health professionals to promote sunscreen use as part of a comprehensive approach to prevent skin cancer. School and community approaches that passively protect young people from the sun should be considered as a complement to efforts to increase sunscreen use.
On holomorphically similar matrices

It is easy to verify, however, that no matrix function satisfying (1) and nonsingular can be holomorphic at z = 0. Thus there arises the question: Given that two matrix functions A(z), B(x), holomorphic at z = 0, are pointwise similar in a neighborhood of z = 0, when are they holomorphically similar at z = 0, i.e., when can the relation (1) be satisfied by a nonsingular matrix P(z) holomorphic at z = 0 ? The theorems proved in this note give a partial answer to this question. Theorem 1 is a byproduct of the author’s work on systems of differential equations.
Aquaculture wastewater treatment and reuse by wind-driven reverse osmosis membrane technology: a pilot study on Coconut Island, Hawaii

Abstract Nitrogen in aquaculture wastewater may cause many environmental problems to the receiving water. To protect its pristine coastal water, the State of Hawaii established stringent water quality limits for aquaculture wastewater. Effluents from aquaculture facilities in Hawaii generally exceed these limits—sometimes by one to two orders of magnitude. Development of cost-effective treatment technology would be one of the most important factors for a profitable aquaculture industry in Hawaii. Furthermore, recirculating of aquaculture wastewater is highly desirable for environmental protection and resource conservation. To achieve these goals, a wind-driven reverse osmosis (RO) technology was developed and applied for the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the culture water of tilapia on Coconut Island, the home of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa. A conventional multi-blade windmill is used to convert wind energy directly to hydraulic pressure for RO membrane operation. Aquaculture wastewater passing through the RO membrane is separated into permeate (freshwater) and brine (concentrated wastewater). The permeate is recirculated to the fish tanks, while the brine is collected for possible treatment or reuse. As a result, no wastewater discharge is made to the ambient coastal water. Testing results indicated that the prototype wind-driven RO system can process and recycle freshwater at a flux of 228–366 L/h, depending on wind speed. The nitrogen removal rate ranges from 90% to 97%, and the recovery rate of the RO membrane is about 40–56%. A preliminary cost analysis shows that the production of 1.0 m 3 permeate from aquaculture wastewater would cost US$ 4.00. Further study will focus on the reuse of concentrates and on further enhancement of cost-effectiveness.
On structured programming in FORTRAN

A modification is suggested to improve Hull's format of structured programming in FORTRAN. In addition a FORTRAN versions of Dijkstra's IF-FI and DO-OD constructs is presented, with examples of program segments written in this form.
High-pressure synthesis of β-W-type Nb3Te

Abstract High-pressure, high-temperature techniques were used to synthesize β-W-type Nb 3 Te with a lattice parameter a = 5·261. This compound represents the first reported β-W-type chalcogenide. The superconducting transition is no higher than 2·5°K.
Associations between Climate and IQ in the United States of America

Relations between average temperature of each of the 48 contiguous states and estimates of state IQ were inspected. Additional state variables were controlled in the correlational analyses, namely gross state product, percent Hispanic, Black, and Asian in the state population, and the pupil-to-teacher ratio for each state. A significant correlation between average temperature and state IQ was found (r = -.70, p < .001). Possible explanations are discussed.
Mating behavior and mate recognition pheromone blocking of male receptors in Brachionus plicatilis Müller (Rotifera)

Copulatory behavior of three S and three L type B. plicatilis strains from different geographic areas was analyzed. A 29 KD surface glycoprotein on females, characterized as a Mate Recognition Pheromone (MRP), binds to receptors in the corona of males and blocks mate recognition. Blocking was observed in all S and L strains even though the MRP was isolated from a single L-type strain. Binding was quantified using image analysis and a 20-fold difference was observed among strains. A direct relationship between the male discrimination of females and the intensity of MRP binding to male receptors was found. This relationship might be useful as a tool to examine variation in the mate recognition systems of other rotifer species.
Mars Global Surveyor radio science electron density profiles : Neutral atmosphere implications

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Radio Sci- ence (RS) experiment permits retrieval of electron density prof iles versus height (∼90-200 km) from occultation mea- surements. An initial set of electron profiles is examined spanning high northern latitudes, early morning solar local times and high solar zenith angles (78 to 81 ◦ ) near aphelion. Sampling for these 32-profiles is well distributed over longi- tude. The height of the photochemically driven ionospheric peak is observed to respond to the background neutral den- sity structure, with a mean height during this season at this location of ∼134.4 km. Strong wave-3 oscillations about this mean are clearly observed as a function of longitude, and correspond to neutral density variations measured by the MGS Accelerometer (ACC) experiment. The wave-3 tidal pattern implicated by both the RS and ACC datasets is consistent with a semi-diurnal wave frequency. Clearly, the height of the martian dayside ionospheric peak is a sensitive indicator of the state of the underlying Mars atmosphere. This ionospheric peak height can be used as a proxy of the longitude specific non-migrating tidal variations present in the Mars lower thermosphere.
Occurrence of Schistocephalus solidus in Anadromous Threespine Stickleback

Abstract: Plerocercoids of the cestode Schistocephalus solidus are reported for the first time from the body cavity of anadromous threespine stickleback inhabiting Mud Lake, Alaska. Most infected stickleback harbored a single large plerocerciod (mean weight = 0.447 g, range = 0.228–0.716 g). The overall prevalence of plerocercoids across genders and 2 yr of samples was 1.4%, but prevalence was significantly greater in males than in females. Because of the large size of the plerocercoids, anadromous stickleback were probably infected as juveniles before leaving the lake, suggesting that plerocercoids can live in the body cavity of oceanic stickleback for several years.
CORR Insights: Locking buttons increase fatigue life of locking plates in a segmental bone defect model.

This CORR Insights™ is a commentary on the article “Locking Buttons Increase Fatigue Life of Locking Plates in a Segmental Bone Defect Model” by Tompkins et al. available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-012-2664-1.
Admixture Mapping of an Allele Affecting Interleukin 6 Soluble Receptor and Interleukin 6 Levels

Circulating levels of inflammatory markers can predict cardiovascular disease risk. To identify genes influencing the levels of these markers, we genotyped 1,343 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1,184 African Americans from the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Using admixture mapping, we found a significant association of interleukin 6 soluble receptor (IL-6 SR) with European ancestry on chromosome 1 (LOD 4.59), in a region that includes the gene for this receptor ( IL-6R ). Genotyping 19 SNPs showed that the effect is largely explained by an allele at 4% frequency in West Africans and at 35% frequency in European Americans, first described as associated with IL-6 SR in a Japanese cohort. We replicate this association ( P ≪1.0×10 −12 ) and also demonstrate a new association with circulating levels of a different molecule, IL-6 ( P −5 ). After replication in 1,674 European Americans from Health ABC, the combined result is even more significant: P ≪1.0×10 −12 for IL-6 SR, and P −9 for IL-6. These results also serve as an important proof of principle, showing that admixture mapping can not only coarsely localize but can also fine map a phenotypically important variant.
Quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) as biomonitors of metal contamination: A case study in the upper St. Lawrence River

In this study, the utility of quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) as biomonitors was investigated by measuring total concentrations of three trace metals, cadmium, copper, and zinc, in soft tissues. Quagga mussels were sampled from five sites along the upper St. Lawrence River, including one industrially influenced site, from 1999 through 2007. Mussels were collected from near-shore areas, divided into 5 size classes based on maximum shell length, and tissues were pooled for analysis of each size group. Two-way analysis of variance and a posteriori range tests were used to test for differences among sites along a distance gradient from the outflow of Lake Ontario and to examine inter-annual variability within and among sites. Cadmium concentrations were higher nearer the outflow of the lake. Copper concentrations varied among sites and years, but were generally highest near the industrial site. Zinc concentrations were relatively uniform, possibly reflecting internal regulation. Animal size measured as shell length was not an important factor in this section of the river, but warrants further consideration in a wider range of ecosystems and contaminant exposure levels. In general, concentrations of the three metals were not high compared to reports in the published literature for dreissenid mussels in contaminated environments. However, few studies have utilized quagga mussels rather than zebra mussels. The two species may differ in bioaccumulation patterns and may not be interchangeable as biomonitors. Further studies of bioaccumulation of contaminants by quagga mussels in a wider range of contaminant exposures would be useful particularly as quagga mussels displace zebra mussels in the Laurentian Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.
A procedure for obtaining Impact of Cancer Version 2 scores using Version 1 responses

Purpose Psychometric scales often change over time, complicating comparison of scores across different versions. The Impact of Cancer (IOC) scale was developed to measure quality of life of long-term cancer survivors. We sought to develop a method for scoring the earlier version, IOCv1, to obtain scores comparable to IOCv2, which is the recommended version.
Toward a Theory of Learning How to Learn.

Analysis of the literature suggests that adult educators and adult learners have much to gain from a clearer conceptualization of a theory of the nature and implications of learning how to learn—a ...
Substance Use by Surgical Residents and Students Entering Surgery

We studied the use of alcohol, tobacco, and nine unprescribed or illegal substances by surgical residents and medical students accepted into surgical programs. With the exception of alcohol, surgical residents had less lifetime experience and used less than other residents or nonmedical college graduates. Students entering surgery had used these substances more frequently and were more likely to be using them regularly than were residents. Residency directors need to be aware of the change in attitude and use patterns of present residents as compared with those of the past.
PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF HYPOGAMMAGLOBULTNEMIA

Ten boys with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia from 4 families have been followed for 7-18 years. Five were diagnosed in infancy. Serum IgG was below 1 mg/ml in all but one (2.1 mg/ml after therapy), IgA below 0.05 mg/ml in all and IgM below 0.1 mg/ml in all but one (0.2 mg/ml). All received gammaglobulin from diagnosis and 5 plasma for ½ to 4 years. All had multiple episodes of acute bronchitis and pneumonia beginning early. H.influenzae (non-typeable) and Staph.aureus were the major pathogens, viruses were not found. One child age 10, died of bronchopneumonia and sepsis complicating adrenocorticosteroid treated chronic myositis. He and 3 of the 7 surviving children aged 7, 9 and 13 years, have no definite chronic pulmonary disease, though acute infections were often followed by a persistent cough in spite of intensive antibiotic therapy. This phenomenon led to bronchiectasis in the other 6. Two died of pulmonary insufficiency at ages 15 and 20. Among those surviving with bronchiectasis, 2 have severe restrictive and obstructive patterns in pulmonary function and 3 aged 16-21 had lobectomy. Pathological examination revealed severe bronchiectasis and sclerosis of bronchial arteries. The severity of pulmonary disease could not be correlated with initial serum immunoglobulin levels, proportion of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, age at onset of gammaglobulin therapy, serum immunoglobulin levels during therapy or antibiotic therapy.
Critical tests of the theory of magnetoconductance in two dimensions

The magnetoconductance of a two-dimensional electron gas has been studied under varying magnetic fields, temperature, and substrate bias. It is found that the predictions by Ando and Uemura of quantum transport in the high and intermediate magnetic field region failed to adequately describe the dependence on magnetic field and substrate bias. Further, the supposition of additive conductivity appears to be invalid.
All-terrain vehicle injury risks and the effects of regulation☆

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission initiated a formal regulatory proceeding in 1985 to evaluate the hazards associated with all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and to consider a range of regulatory alternatives. In December 1987, the government and ATV industry filed preliminary consent decrees in U.S. District Court that contained provisions intended to satisfy the Commission's concerns about ATVs. Final consent decrees were approved by the Court in April 1988. This study examines the effectiveness of the consent decrees and concomitant publicity in reducing ATV-related injuries by evaluating changes in driver and market behavior following the consent decrees. Changes in driver behavior are evaluated by comparing the results of risk analyses conducted in the pre- and postconsent decree time periods; the risk analyses are based on logit probability models estimated from cross-section survey data. Changes in market behavior are evaluated by analyzing the impact of the consent decrees on ATV sales patterns. The results suggest that CPSC actions have had a positive impact in reducing ATV injuries.
Period and amplitude analysis of 0.5–3c/sec activity in NREM sleep of young adults

Abstract A computer program (PANV35) for modified period and amplitude analysis of the sleep EEG is described. This analysis requires prior visual classification of the polygraph record into REM, NREM and waking. Analysis of magnetic tape segments corresponding to NREM sleep is then carried out on a small digital computer. Baseline crossings, wave durations, integrated amplitude and curve length are obtained for specifiable frequency bands. These data are then processed on an IBM 360 system; a number of secondary measures are computed and the data are presented for all NREM sleep, by NREMPs, and for the average 20-sec NREM epoch. PANV35 was employed to analyze delta (0.5–3 c/sec) activity in NREM sleep in 20 young normal males aged 18–22.5 years, half of whom were long-distance runners in training. Measurement was carried out on 2 successive nights of recording which followed one adaptation night. Visually obtained sleep stage scores were also presented. Computer measures of delta showed excellent night-to-night reliability. Internight correlations for mean frequency within 0.5–3 c/sec were exceptionally high, indicating that this measure is an extremely stable individual characteristic. All delta measures showed highly reliable (P Stage 4 showed a significant negative correlation with age. Computer analysis revealed that this change in visually scored delta was associated with a variety of alterations in 0.5–3 c/sec activity: amplitude, total duration, number and density of delta waves declined significantly with age and mean frequency increased. These findings indicate that period and amplitude analysis of NREM sleep yields measures which are both sensitive and stable.
Oxygen atom transfer reactivity from a dioxo-Mo(VI) complex to tertiary phosphines: synthesis, characterization, and structure of phosphoryl intermediate complexes.

The oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactivity of Tp*MoO 2 Cl with PMe 3 , PEt 3 , and PPhMe 2 (where Tp* = hydrotris-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate) has been investigated. The OAT reactions proceed through a diamagnetic Mo(IV)phosphoryl intermediate complex of general formula Tp*MoOCI(OPR 3 ) (OPR 3 = OPMe 3 , OPEt 3 , OPPhMe 2 ), which have been isolated and characterized by 1 H and 3 1 P NMR, UV-visible, and infrared spectroscopies and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Solid-state crystal structures of Tp*MoOCl(OPMe 3 ) and Tp*MoOCl(OPPhMe 2 ) are also reported, the oxygen-to-phosphorus distances agree with a double-bond formulation and a single bond between the metal and the phosphoryl oxygen atom. The stability of the phosphoryl intermediate complexes depends on the steric properties of the coordinated phosphine-oxides. These intermediate complexes have been converted to solvent-coordinated species, Tp*MoOCl(solv) (solv = acetonitrile or dmf), and the coordinated solvents exchange with the bulk solvent.
The role of individual motivations in information source use and knowledge concerning divergent topics

A survey (n=280) was conducted to examine the motivational nature of enduring involvement in terms of its relationship to information source usefulness and knowledge. The results of the study indicate that enduring, or personal, involvement is associated with perceptions of greater information source usefulness and high topic knowledge. High involvement also is linked to the use of a smaller group—or repertoire—of information sources that are topic dependent. These findings suggest that highly involved audiences are active information seekers and help to clarify conflicting findings from the media reliance literature concerning the impact of reliance on knowledge.
Timing strategies in the call option market

THIS STUDY investigates the problem faced by the risk averse call option-holder of when to exercise the option contract. An optimal exercising strategy model is developed using the recursive maximization techniques of dynamic programming. The model involves six parameters-the length and exercise price of the option contract, the mean and standard deviation of the lognormal distribution of stock price changes, and the utility function and alternative investment opportunity rate of the investor. A simulation of the model is performed, using randomly generated stock prices, to test the effect of alternative parameter values on the return and utility of return of the optimal exercising strategy. The results indicate that the return and utility are highly sensitive to all of the above mentioned parameters except the investment opportunity rate. These results imply that, if the model is to be used in practice, then methods must be devised for accurately measuring the unknown values of some of the parameters of the model. Otherwise, heuristic option timing strategies must be devised. Using a random sample of option contract offerings, the return and utility of return of the model are compared with the return and utility of several alternative timing strategies, namely (a) exercising the option on the expiration date (buy-and-hold policy), (b) exercising the option at the most profitable price (perfect information), and (c) exercising the option whenever an exercise signal is indicated by a trading rule known as the filter technique. For the sample of options studied, the average utility of the model is not significantly different from that of the buy-and-hold rule and the filter technique. Subject to further testing of the dynamic programming model, these results suggest that the option-holder can do as well using one of the simpler timing strategies such as the buy-and-hold policy in timing the execution of option contracts. Also, given these results, the model builder may want to concentrate his efforts in the future on the development of heuristic timing rules rather than on optimization techniques. Although the result is not statistically significant, the buyand-hold rule yields a higher average return than the dynamic programming model and the filter technique. This finding is shown to be consistent with the random walk theory of price changes. Another finding is that all of the strategies tested yield returns well below the average return that could be obtained with perfect information. This suggests that there are sizeable gains to be made if improved timing strategies can be devised. Suggestions for further research include the incorporation of the returns from other assets (portfolio effects) and the wealth position of the investor in the utility function, finding techniques for accurately measuring the parameters of the model, possibly blending optimization techniques and heuristic rules in the development of timing strategies, and solving the problem of finding an optimal option selection strategy given an optimal exercising strategy.
Attitude control of a satellite using the SDRE method

Examines the use of nonlinear regulation for attitude control of a satellite controlled by internal momentum rotors. Specifically, the nonlinear method using the state dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) developed by Cloutier, D'Souza, and Mracek (1996) is applied and examined under numerical simulations.
The Coulomb Dissociation of 8 B and a Critical Assessment of the Seattle 17 (0) Result

The Coulomb dissociation of 8B, measured with high precision by the GSI group, is in excellent agreement with the astrophysical cross section factor (S 17) measured by the Weizmann group with a 7Be target. The GSI and Weizmann data are in good agreement with the Seattle data at high energies, but at low energies we observe a slight systematic (up to 2σ) deviation, yet the Seattle group repeatedly rejects the CD method. We show that when plotting the slopes, they mis plotted one CD data point and exclude measured slopes that contradict their claim. Indeed, the measured slope is essential to elucidate the d-wave correction to S17(0) that could be as large as 15%, and is the last open question that needs to be resolved before S17(0) can be quoted with an accuracy of 5% or better. We show that this goal has not been achieved (in spite of the strong claim of the Seattle group), since currently there is no agreement among experiments as well as among theoretical models on the value of the slope. In addition, currently there is no theoretical framework within which (for example the Seattle) data can be analyzed and S17(0) extrapolated with the claimed high precision of 2.5%. This (last) issue of the slope and the d-wave correction must be resolved (by future measurements) so as to allow quoting S17(0) with an accuracy of 5% or better.
Experimental Data from the Benchmark SuperCritical Wing Wind Tunnel Test on an Oscillating Turntable

The Benchmark SuperCritical Wing (BSCW) wind tunnel model served as a semi-blind testcase for the 2012 AIAA Aeroelastic Prediction Workshop (AePW). The BSCW was chosen as a testcase due to its geometric simplicity and flow physics complexity. The data sets examined include unforced system information and forced pitching oscillations. The aerodynamic challenges presented by this AePW testcase include a strong shock that was observed to be unsteady for even the unforced system cases, shock-induced separation and trailing edge separation. The current paper quantifies these characteristics at the AePW test condition and at a suggested benchmarking test condition. General characteristics of the model's behavior are examined for the entire available data set.
Pi - -p Elastic Scattering in the Energy Region 500-1500 Mev

A survey is presented of elastic scattering data for the p- pi - system in the energy region of the 600- and 900-Mev peaks. The principal emphasis in the presentation is on recent data secured by Wocd et al. (Bull. Ana. Phys. Soc.,
Can methylene blue only be used in sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become an accepted standard of care to stage the axilla for clinically node-negative early stage breast cancer. In experienced hands, studies have shown an acceptable rate of identification of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) with blue dye only. Lymphazurin is occasionally associated with severe allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis and death. The use of methylene blue alone as a method of identifying the SLN in breast cancer has been reported once previously in the literature. Methylene blue may be an acceptable alternative with fewer deleterious side effects. Medical records of patients, who underwent sentinel node mapping between September 2003 and March 2005 by two surgeons at an academic medical center were reviewed. SLN mapping was performed by periareolar injection of 5 cc of 1% methylene blue. All patients with positive SLNs underwent completion axillary node dissection. During the study period, 141 consecutive patients with clinically node-negative axillas and without evidence of inflammatory breast cancer underwent SLNB with injection of methylene blue only. A SLN was identified in 136 of 141 patients (96.5%). Thirty-three of 136 SLNs (24%) harbored metastatic disease. No cases of anaphylaxis were noted. In experienced hands, methylene blue alone is a highly sensitive method of detecting SLNs. Avoiding the greater frequency of allergic reactions seen with lymphazurin is an important advantage of methylene blue.
The role of fluctuations in tRNA selection by the ribosome

The detailed mechanism of how the ribosome decodes protein sequence information with an abnormally high accuracy, after 40 years of study, remains elusive. A critical element in selecting correct transfer RNA (tRNA) transferring correct amino acid is “induced fit” between the ribosome and tRNA. By using single-molecule methods, the induced fit mechanism is shown to position favorably the correct tRNA after initial codon recognition. We provide evidence that this difference in positioning and thermal fluctuations constitutes the primary mechanism for the initial selection of tRNA. This work demonstrates thermal fluctuations playing a critical role in the substrate selection by an enzyme.
Are EMS call volume predictions based on demand pattern analysis accurate

Most EMS systems determine the number of crews they will deploy in their communities andwhen those crews will be scheduled based on anticipated call volumes. Many systems use historical data to calculate their anticipated call volumes, a method of prediction known as demand pattern analysis. Objective. To evaluate the accuracy of call volume predictions calculated using demand pattern analysis. Methods. Seven EMS systems provided 73 consecutive weeks of hourly call volume data. The first 20 weeks of data were used to calculate three common demand pattern analysis constructs for call volume prediction: average peak demand (AP), smoothed average peak demand (SAP), and90th percentile rank (90%R). The 21st week served as a buffer. Actual call volumes in the last 52 weeks were then compared to the predicted call volumes by using descriptive statistics. Results. There were 61,152 hourly observations in the test period. All three constructs accurately predicted peaks andtroughs in call volume but not exact call ...
The kinetics of the reaction of O(3P) and D atoms with cyclohexane

The kinetics of the reactions of O(3P) and D atoms with cyclohexane have been investigated using fast-flow techniques. The rates of reaction were computed by monitoring changes in both atom and cyclohexane concentrations using electron spin resonance and mass spectrometric methods, respectively. The O(3P) + C6H12 reaction was studied over a temperature range of 344 to 513°K and we obtain a specific rate constant of (3.2±0.6) × 1014 exp (−4400±400/RT) cm3/mole˙sec for this reaction. The only reaction product detectable mass spectrometrically under flow conditions of excess oxygen atoms is formaldehyde. The D + C6H12 reaction was studied over a temperature range of 297 to 596°K. A specific rate constant of (4.1±1.0) × 1013 exp (−4000±300/RT) cm3/mole˙sec was obtained for this reaction. On the basis of the results obtained in these studies, the important primary process in both the O(3P) and D atom reactions is concluded to be abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the cyclohexane molecule.
Biosystematics of Draba cuneifolia and D. platycarpa (cruciferae) with emphasis on volatile and flavonoid constituents

Droba platycarpa Torrey & Gray has been frequently treated as a variety ofD. cuneijolia Nutt. ex Torrey & Gray, but our data indicate that it is sufficiently distinct morphologically to warrant specific recognition. Additionally, the flavonoid profiles and the volatile constituents of the two taxa are markedly different. The major steam distillates inD. platycarpa are 2-methylpropane nitrile, isopentane nitrile, butyl isothiocyanate, and propyl isothiocyanate, whereas those ofD. cuneijolia include pentadecane, 4-methyl-4-pentenal, 3-hexen-l-ol, and two sesquiterpenes. The former contains both diploid and tetraploid races (x = 8), but only tetraploid plants are known forD. cuneifolia.
A Preliminary Phytochemical Study of Tillandsia usneoides L. (Spanish Moss)

A phytochemical study of Tillandsia usneoides L. (Spanish moss) was made. A flavonol type of glycoside having weak antibacterial (M. aureus) action was isolated. Attempts to obtain it in crystalline form were unsuccessful. Chromatographic separation by means of activated alumina proved to be a satisfactory method for the processing of large quantities of plant material. The presence of the glycoside appeared to vary greatly with changes in seasons and humidity.
"Sluggers", a new class of morphogenetic mutants of D. discoideum.

Abstract Two representatives of a newly recognized class of D. discoideum mutants termed “sluggers” are described. They display the following properties: 1. 1. The newly formed mutant aggregates invariably transform into migrating slugs even under conditions which lead their wild-type counterparts to eschew the slug mode completely and to construct fruiting bodies directly in place. Depending on environmental conditions, the mutant aggregates may remain indefinitely as migrating slugs or may, after a lapse of 10–12 h, re-enter the fruiting mode and construct normal fruiting bodies. 2. 2. The patterns of accumulation and disappearance of three enzymes previously shown to be under morphogenetic feedback control in the wild type [3] were found to be profoundly disturbed in the mutants but in ways at least partly comparable to the performance of wild-type aggregates when the latter are caused to vacillate between the alternative morphogenetic pathways of slug migration and fruit construction. 3. 3. Both morphogenetic lesions can be completely or partially suppressed by synergistic development in mixed aggregates with wild-type cells. A small proportion of wild-type cells is required. In the case of JC-2, as little as 2.5–10% was effective. Moreover, the presence of the wild type in the mixtures was not needed prior to the actual time at which the morphogenetic lesion is expressed in order to have suppressed it. 4. 4. In neither case does the initiation of the slug stage or its duration appear to be due to the over-production of NH3 or enhanced sensitivity to it. 5. 5. The capacity of the mutant slugs to abandon that mode and initiate fruit construction is lost by removal of a diffusible metabolite(s) released into the extracellular milieu during prior morphogenesis and the capacity can be restored by its replacement. The metabolite appears to trigger fruit construction and is not required for its completion. 6. 6. The inducer accumulates during morphogenesis of both mutants and the wild type apparently in comparable amounts. It appears to be a small anionic species, dialysable and volatile at acid but not alkaline pH. Of many known compounds tested for inductive activity only sodium propionate and 2-methyl propionate were active but the concentrations required rule them out as the metabolite in question. 7. 7. Slight but significant differences in their morphogenetic sequences, patterns of enzyme accumulation and disappearance, differing sensitivities to synergistic interaction with wild type and the fruit-inducing metabolite suggest that JC-2 and JC-4, though phenotypically similar, may represent independent mutational events. However, synergistic complementation was not observed thereby raising the possibility that the morphogenetic lesions stem from the same metabolic defect.
Are human neurodegenerative disorders linked to environmental chemicals with excitotoxic properties

At the present time, it seems unlikely that progressive neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS, Parkinson's disease, and dementia of the Alzheimer type, are triggered by environmental agents with excitotoxic potential. These include excitotoxic agents that behave as glutamate agonists or disrupt energy metabolism: both types elicit permanent but self-limiting neuronal diseases with patterns of neuronal deficit that reflect selective chemical exposure (MPP+ and parkinsonism), differential susceptibility to energy dysmetabolism (NPA and dystonia), or the distribution of glutamate-receptors (domoic acid and memory loss). If environmental agents play an etiologic role in progressive neurodegenerative diseases, they are likely to target a critical, irreplaceable neuronal molecule that is required to maintain long-term neuronal integrity.41 references.
Telerehabilitation and Clinical Applications: Research, Opportunities, and Challenges

Rehabilitation service providers in rural or underserved areas are often challenged in meeting the needs of their complex patients due to limited resources in their geographical area. Recruitment and retention of the rural clinical workforce are beset by the ongoing problems associated with limited continuing education opportunities, professional isolation, and the challenges inherent to coordinating rural community healthcare. People with disabilities who live in rural communities also face challenges accessing healthcare. Traveling long distances to a specialty clinic for necessary expertise is troublesome due to inadequate or unavailable transportation, disability specific limitations, and financial limitations. Distance and lack of access are just two threats to quality of care that now being addressed by the use of videoconferencing, information exchange, and other telecommunication technologies that facilitate telerehabilitation.This white paper illustrates and summarizes clinical and vocational applications of telerehabilitation. We provide definitions related to the fields of telemedicine, telehealth, and telerehabilitation, and consider the impetus for telerehabilitation. We review the telerehabilitation literature for assistive technology applications; pressure ulcer prevention; virtual reality applications; speech-language pathology applications; seating and wheeled mobility applications; vocational rehabilitation applications; and cost-effectiveness. We then discuss external telerehabilitation influencers, such as the positions of professional organizations. Finally, we summarize clinical and policy issues in a limited context appropriate to the scope of this paper.Keywords: Telerehabilitation; Telehealth; Telemedicine; Telepractice
Keynote paper: Large-scale entry deterrence of a low-cost competitor: an early success of airline revenue management

In both entry deterrence theory and practice, customer sorting in response to stockouts determines the best reply responses of incumbents threatened by entry. People Express (PE) chose the right strategy but for the wrong entry game and ended up being deterred in the Southeast region by the incumbent Piedmont Airlines (PI). Piedmont had recently developed the second earliest full-scale implementation of a real-time inventory management optimisation tool. By employing optimal capacity controls in segmented fare classes, Piedmont was able to increase the service quality to its higher-yield loyal business customers on the congested flights precipitated by the price war with PE. When prices returned to substantially higher cost-covering target price levels, Piedmont's revenue tripled while PE's revenue actually declined. Soon thereafter, it became clear that Piedmont had successfully deterred a low-cost discounter.
Novel sub-micron highly multi-layered polymer films formed by continuous flow chaotic mixing

Multi-layer (lms are commonly produced by coextrusion where two or more melt streams of di5erent polymers are combined and shaped within dies. The (lms typically consist of fewer than six layers in order to balance material performance with manufacturing complexity (Finch, 1999). The number of layers has been increased to several hundreds in manufacturing settings with multi-layering dies, although (lms with up to 4096 layers have been reported in laboratory devices (Mueller et al., 1997). In this work, we report a new simple and e5ective method to produce extrusions with many thousands of unbroken sub-micron layers. Extrusions have been produced with more than 10,000 layers and layer thicknesses less than 200 nm. The layers are formed in situ within melts containing two or more components by recursive stretching and folding mechanisms that characterize chaotic mixing. Chaotic mixing serves not only to re(ne and structure the melt, but also distribute components. The multi-layer morphology may serve as a parent morphology to other useful blends consisting of platelets, (bers, droplets and co-continuous phases (Zumbrunnen, 2000; Kwon & Zumbrunnen, 2001). Fibers and droplets formed in this manner may have diameters of tens of nanometers. Multi-layer polymer (lms are widely used as barrier materials and also as precursor structures for selective membranes (Bierenbaum, Isaacson, Druin, & Plovan,
Identification and characterization of gonococcal iron transport systems as potential vaccine antigens

Gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported infectious disease in the USA, and incidence has been increasing in recent years. Antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates has reached a critical point at which the CDC currently recommends only a single class of antibiotic for treatment. These developments have hastened the search for a vaccine to protect against gonococcal infections. Vaccine efforts have been thwarted by the ability of the gonococcus to antigenically vary most surface structures. The transferrin-iron transport system is not subject to high-frequency phase or antigenic variation and is expressed by all pathogenic Neisseria. Vaccine formulations comprised of epitopes of the transferrin-binding proteins complexed with inactivated cholera toxin generated antibodies with potentially protective characteristics. These antigens, and others predicted from genome sequence data, could be developed into a vaccine that protects against neisserial infections.
Regulation of Estrogen Receptor α Function in Breast Cancer

Estrogen receptor alpha (ER) plays a key role in the development and progression of breast cancer as well as the treatment and outcome of breast cancer patients. In normal mammary epithelial cells, the level of ER fluctuates during the menstrual cycle in response to cyclical changes in estrogen. However, in breast cancer normal control of ER gene expression and/or function is lost. Of particular interest, the absence of ER in mammary carcinomas is associated with a less-differentiated phenotype and resistance to endocrine therapies. This review focuses on our current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate ER alpha gene expression and function in breast cancer. These include alteration of the ER gene, loss of gene expression, alternative splicing of ER RNA, posttranslational modification of the protein, and interaction of ER with other proteins that can modify its function.