cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Genetic Variation in the Lamin A/C Gene in the Etiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Objective: We performed this study to test the hypothesis that variation in the lamin a/c gene (LMNA) contributes to milder phenotypes of insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and/or metabolic syndrome associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Research Design and Methods: We resequenced the coding region, flanking intronic, and proximal promoter regions of the lamin a/c gene in 43 women with PCOS with evidence of upper-body obesity (waist circumference >88 cm) and identified 56 variants, two of which were nonsynonymous substitutions (lmna11 exon1 E98D; lmna24 exon 7 R455C). We genotyped 53 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (44 identified through resequencing and nine included to maximize informativeness of the entire gene) in 624 index (PCOS) cases and 544 controls of European ancestry. We tested for association between these variants and PCOS. In a subset of individuals, we also tested for association with metabolic syndrome and quantitative traits (body mass index, waist circumference, total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, fasting glucose and insulin, low-density lipoprotein, and total triglycerides). Results: After correction for multiple testing, none of the variants showed significant evidence for association with PCOS, the metabolic syndrome, or any of the quantitative traits tested. Conclusions: Whereas these studies cannot exclude the role of genetic variation in the lamin a/c gene in isolated cases of PCOS, we can conclude that common variation in the lamin a/c gene does not contribute to the etiology of PCOS in women of European ancestry.
On the Optimality of Beamforming for Multi-User MISO Interference Channels with Single-User Detection

For a multi-user interference channel with multi-antenna transmitters and single-antenna receivers, by restricting each receiver to a single-user detector, computing the largest achievable rate region amounts to solving a family of nonconvex optimization problems. Recognizing the intrinsic connection between the signal power at the intended receiver and the interference power at the unintended receiver, the original family of non-convex optimization problems is converted into a new family of convex optimization problems. It is shown that, for such interference channels with each receiver implementing single-user detection, transmitter beamforming can achieve all boundary points of the achievable rate region.
Double-layer no-flow underfill materials and process

The no-flow underfill has been invented and practiced in the industry for a few years. However, due to the interfering of silica fillers with solder joint formation, most no-flow underfills are not filled with silica fillers and hence have a high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), which is undesirable for high reliability. In a novel invention, a double-layer no-flow underfill is implemented to the flip-chip process and allows fillers to be incorporated into the no-flow underfill. The effects of bottom layer underfill thickness, bottom layer underfill viscosity, and reflow profile on the solder wetting properties are investigated in a design of experiment (DOE) using quartz chips. It is found that the thickness and viscosity of the bottom layer underfill are essential to the wetting of the solder bumps. Chip scale package (CSP) components are assembled using the double-layer no-flow underfill process. Silica fillers of different sizes and weight percentages are incorporated into the upper layer underfill. With a high viscosity bottom layer underfill, up to 40 wt% fillers can be added into the upper layer underfill and do not interfere with solder joint formation.
GRACE's spatial aliasing error

SUMMARY The GRACE satellite mission provides a near-continuous sequence of approximately 30-d gravity field solutions in the form of spherical harmonics (SH). Because SH functions are global while GRACE measurements are sensitive mainly to variations along the ground-track, undersampling (alias contamination) occurs. Here we investigate how geophysical signals are likely to cause alias error in GRACE gravity fields. We use actual GRACE orbits and systematically sample several types of time-varying signals that might represent either errors in geophysical models such as tide models, or unmodelled geophysical signals. We show how error in semi-diurnal tides like S 2 can alias into long period variations in particular harmonics, particularly as a possible error source in the degree 2, order 0 term (C 20) of GRACE fields. We also show that aliasing associated with non-tidal geophysical model errors is significant at order 15 or multiples of 15, due to the GRACE ground track spacing in longitude. This can be predicted from Kaula’s resonance formula and might be reduced by suppressing amplitudes of affected harmonics.
Success Factors in Mobile Viral Marketing: A Multi-Case Study Approach

A prior study showed that mobile viral marketing is an important issue of mobile marketing. Using a multi-case study research approach, we introduce a typology of four standard types of mobile viral marketing and extract eight success factors for this new form of marketing. As a final step, we structure the relationship between both, showing success factors' significance in different standard types and deriving a success factor framework. We conclude with a consideration of research implications.
On Real-oriented Johnson–Wilson cohomology

Answering a question of W. S. Wilson, I introduce a Z=2- equivariant Atiyah-Real analogue of Johnson-Wilson cohomology theory BPhni, whose coecient ring is the n-chromatic part of Landweber's Real cobordism ring. AMS Classication 55P42, 55P91; 55T25
An improved Reynolds-equation model for gas damping of microbeam motion

An improved gas-damping model for the out-of-plane motion of a near-substrate microbeam is developed based on the Reynolds equation (RE). A boundary condition for the RE is developed that relates the pressure at the beam edge to the beam motion. The coefficients in this boundary condition are determined from Navier-Stokes slip-jump (NSSJ) simulations for small slip lengths (relative to the gap height) and from direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) molecular gas dynamics simulations for larger slip lengths. This boundary condition significantly improves the accuracy of the RE when the microbeam width is only slightly greater than the gap height between the microbeam and the substrate. The improved RE model is applied to microbeams fabricated using the SUMMiT V process.
High Spatial Resolution Observations of Loops in the Solar Corona

Understanding how the solar corona is structured is of fundamental importance to determine how the Sun's upper atmosphere is heated to high temperatures. Recent spectroscopic studies have suggested that an instrument with a spatial resolution of 200 km or better is necessary to resolve coronal loops. The High Resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C) achieved this performance on a rocket flight in 2012 July. We use Hi-C data to measure the Gaussian widths of 91 loops observed in the solar corona and find a distribution that peaks at about 270 km. We also use Atmospheric Imaging Assembly data for a subset of these loops and find temperature distributions that are generally very narrow. These observations provide further evidence that loops in the solar corona are often structured at a scale of several hundred kilometers, well above the spatial scale of many proposed physical mechanisms.
Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Substituted Aldehydes by Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation−Alkene Isomerization−Claisen Rearrangement

Enantiospecific aliphatic Claisen rearrangement was realized with generally high chirality transfer. The requisite substrates were synthesized via Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) from easily obtained starting materials. After protection, the resultant bisallyl ethers underwent olefin isomerization and in situ Claisen rearrangement (ICR) to generate α-chiral aldehydes. Remarkable chemoselectivity in the olefin isomerization step was observed. An asymmetric synthesis of communiol A was accomplished applying this methodology.
Spirometry use in clinical practice following diagnosis of COPD.

Background Little is known about current use of pulmonary function testing in clinical practice. This study evaluated spirometry use in persons with COPD receiving care from the Veterans Health Administration health-care system. Methods Administrative data were used to identify a cohort of patients who were ≥ 40 years of age with recently diagnosed COPD. Spirometry was identified using administrative data. Spirometry use was characterized over a 12-month period, and the use of spirometry around acute exacerbations and surgical procedures was examined. Results A total of 197,878 patients met the inclusion criteria in 1999. The average age was 67.5 years (SD, 10.0), and 98.2% of patients were male. A total of 66,744 patients (33.7%) underwent spirometry. The use of spirometry for newly diagnosed COPD patients decreased with age and was 3.3 times higher for those visiting pulmonologists. Conclusions This study suggests that spirometry is inconsistently used in the diagnosis of COPD or the care of patients with COPD. This inconsistent pattern of use is seen even with the endorsement of spirometry use for patients with COPD by two national guidelines; however, the data predate the most recent version of the guidelines. It is unclear whether it is lack of physician knowledge of, attitudes about, or belief in the utility of spirometry that underlie the current patterns of physician use of this clinical tool.
Escher-a geometrical layout system for recursively defined circuits

An Escher circuit description is a hierarchical structure composed of cells, wires, connectors between wires, and pins that connect wires to cells. Cells may correspond to primitive circuit elements, or they may be defined in terms of lower level subcells. Unlike other geometrical layout systems, a subcell may be an instance of the cell being defined. When such a recursive cell definition is initiated, the recursion is unwound in a manner reminiscent of the procedure call copy rule in Algol-like programming languages. Cell specifications may have parameters that are used to control the unwinding of recursive cells and to provide for cell families with varying numbers of pins and other internal components. It is shown how the Escher layout system might be used with several nontrivial examples, including a parallel sorting network and a FFT (fast Fourier transform) implementation. The unwinding algorithm is also briefly described. >
Algebraic complexities and algebraic curves over finite fields

Abstract Algebraic schemes of computation of bilinear forms over various rings of scalars are examined. The problem of minimal complexity of these schemes is considered for computation of polynomial multiplication and multiplication in commutative algebras, and finite extensions of fields. While for infinite fields minimal complexities are known (Winograd, Fiduccia, Strassen), for finite fields precise minimal complexities are not yet determined. We prove lower and upper bounds on minimal complexities. Both are linear in the number of inputs. These results are obtained using the relationship with linear coding theory and the theory of algebraic curves over finite fields.
Behavior of apsidal orientations in planetary systems

A widely considered characteristic of extrasolar planetary systems has been a seeming tendency for major axes of adjacent orbits to librate in stable configurations. Based on a new catalog of extrasolar planets (Butler et al.) and our numerical integrations, we find that such small-amplitude oscillations are actually not common but in fact quite rare; most pairs of planets' major axes are consistent with circulating relative to one another. However, the new results are consistent with studies that find that two-planet systems tend to lie near a separatrix between libration and circulation. Similarly, in systems of more than two planets, many adjacent orbits lie near a separatrix that divides modes of circulation.
Peer Effects in Team Sports: Empirical Evidence From NCAA Relay Teams

This article investigates whether peer effects manifest in the performance of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) 4 × 400 m men’s relay teams. We test whether increasing the average quality of team members has a nonlinear and ultimately deleterious impact on team performance, measured by, relay time. Using both absolute and relative performance measures we find that increasing average team member quality improves team performance but at a decreasing rate. The authors attribute these diminishing returns to negative peer effects after finding that relay teams comprised of higher quality runners are more likely to underperform relative to their predicted quality.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: An Overview of Infection Risks and Epidemiology

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a treatment for multiple medical conditions that result in bone marrow failure and as an antineoplastic adoptive immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies. HSCT is associated with profound compromises in host barriers and all arms of innate and acquired immunity. The degree of immune compromise varies by type of transplant and over time. Immune reconstitution occurs within several months after autologous HSCT but takes up to a year or longer after allogeneic HSCT. In those patients who develop chronic graft-versus-host disease, immune reconstitution may take years or may never completely develop. Over time, with strengthening immune reconstitution and control of graft-versus-host disease, the risk for infection dissipates.
Synthesis of nonracemic allylic hydroxy phosphonates via alkene cross metathesis

Allylic hydroxy phosphonates and their derivatives can be interconverted by using cross metathesis with second generation Grubbs catalyst. The absolute stereochemistry of the starting phosphonate is conserved in the product. Cross metathesis reaction of the acrolein-derived phosphonate 2a yields a series of functionalized allylic hydroxy phosphonates. However, the cross metathesis reaction is often accompanied by competing dimerization and alkene migration reactions leading to a reduction in yield. The cinnamaldehyde- and crotonaldehyde-derived phosphonates 2b and 2c were also examined. In general, the metathesis reactions of phosphonates 2b and 2c are considerably slower than those for phosphonate 2a leading to mixtures. Several hydroxyl-protected derivatives of the phosphonate 2a (methyl carbonate 3a, acetate 4a, N-tosyl carbamate 5a, TBDMS 6a, and acetoacetate 7a) undergo metathesis without competing side reactions to give substituted allylic phosphonates in good to excellent yield.
Beam based alignment of the SLC final focus sextupoles

The strong demagnification inherent in final focus systems requires local cancellation of the resulting chromaticity. Strong sextupole pairs separated by a -I transform are positioned /spl pi2 in betatron phase away from the Interaction Point (IP) in order to cancel chromatic aberrations primarily due to the final quadrupoles. Sextupole alignment is critical in order to provide orthogonal tuning of the chromaticity and, in the case of the SLC, to limit the third and higher order optical aberrations generated from misaligned and 'nested' horizontal and vertical sextupole pairs. Reported here is a novel technique for aligning the beam centroid to the sextupole centers, which uses measurements of the critically dependent parameter-the beam size at the IP. Results for the SLC final focus sextupoles are presented, where a resolution of >
Impact of a Rigid Sphere on an Elastic Homogeneous Half-Space

The impact of a rigid sphere moving at constant velocity on elastic homogeneous half-space was analyzed by the finite element method. Frictionless dynamic contact was modeled with special contact elements at the half-space surface. A dimensionless parameter, β, was introduced to study the effect of wave propagation on the deformation behavior. For small surface interference (β≤1), the front of the faster propagating dilatational waves extends up to the contact edge, the real contact area is equal to the truncated area, and the contact pressure distribution is uniform. However, for large surface interference (β>1), the dilatation wave front extends beyond the contact edge, the real contact area is less than the truncated area, and the contact pressure exhibits a Hertzian-like distribution. The mean contact pressure increases abruptly at the instant of initial contact, remains constant for β≤1, and increases gradually for β>1. Based on finite element results for the subsurface stress, strain, and velocity fields, a simple theoretical model that yields approximate closed-form relationships for the mean contact pressure and kinetic and strain energies of the half-space was derived for small surface interference (β≤1), and its validity was confirmed by favorable comparisons with finite element results.
Protocols for large data transfers over local networks

In this paper we analyze protocols for transmitting large amounts of data over a local area network. The data transfers analyzed in this paper are different from most other forms of large-scale data transfer protocols for three reasons: (1) The definition of the protocol requires the recipient to have sufficient buffers available to receive the data before the transfer takes place; (2) We assume that the source and the destination machine are more or less matched in speed; (3) The protocol is implemented at the network interrupt level and therefore not slowed down by process scheduling delays.We consider three classes of protocols: stop-and-wait, sliding window and blast protocols. We show that the expected time of blast and sliding window protocols is significantly lower than the expected time for the stop-and-wait protocol, with blast outperforming sliding window by some small amount. Although the network error rate is sufficiently low for blast with full retransmission on error to be acceptable, the frequency of errors in the network interfaces makes it desirable to use a more sophisticated retransmission protocol. A go-back-n strategy is shown to be only marginally inferior to selective retransmission and is, given its simplicity, the retransmission strategy of choice.Our results are based on measurements collected on SUN workstations connected to a 10 megabit Ethernet network using 3-Com interfaces. The derivation of the elapsed time in terms of the network packet error rate is based on the assumption of statistically independent errors.
Markov random walk representations with continuous distributions

Representations based on random walks can exploit discrete data distributions for clustering and classification. We extend such representations from discrete to continuous distributions. Transition probabilities are now calculated using a diffusion equation with a diffusion coefficient that inversely depends on the data density. We relate this diffusion equation to a path integral and derive the corresponding path probability measure. The framework is useful for incorporating continuous data densities and prior knowledge.
Passive ranging using image expansion

This paper describes a passive-ranging technique based on image-plane object expansion as its distance to the moving camera decreases. The motion and shape of a small window, assumingly found inside the boundaries of some object, is approximated by an affine transformation. The parameters of the transformation matrix-expansion, rotation, and translation-are derived by comparing successive images, and progressively increasing the image time separation. The increased baseline results in a triangulation accuracy which is much improved compared to that currently achievable. The algorithm's performance on flight data is presented.
Multiplicity of the trivial representation in rank-selected homology of the partition lattice

Abstract We study the multiplicity bS(n) of the trivial representation in the symmetric group representations βS on the (top) homology of the rank-selected partition lattice ΠnS. We break the possible rank sets S into three cases: (1) 1∉S, (2) S=1,…,i for i⩾1, and (3) S=1,…,i,j1,…,jl for i,l⩾1, j1>i+1. It was previously shown by Hanlon that bS(n)=0 for S=1,…,i. We use a partitioning for Δ(Πn)/Sn due to Hersh to confirm a conjecture of Sundaram [S. Sundaram, The homology representations of the symmetric group on Cohen–Macaulay subposets of the partition lattice, Adv. Math. 104 (1994) 225–296] that bS(n)>0 for 1∉S. On the other hand, we use the spectral sequence of a filtered complex to show bS(n)=0 for S=1,…,i,j1,…,jl unless a certain type of chain of support S exists. The partitioning for Δ(Πn)/Sn allows us then to show that a large class of rank sets S=1,…,i,j1,…,jl for which such a chain exists do satisfy bS(n)>0. We also generalize the partitioning for Δ(Πn)/Sn to Δ(Πn)/Sλ; when λ=(n−1,1), this partitioning leads to a proof of a conjecture of Sundaram about (S1×Sn−1)-representations on the homology of the partition lattice.
Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention

Entrepreneurial intentions, entrepreneurs' states of mind that direct attention, experience, and action toward a business concept, set the form and direction of organizations at their inception. Subsequent organizational outcomes such as survival, development (including written plans), growth, and change are based on these intentions. The study of entrepreneurial intentions provides a way of advancing entrepreneurship research beyond descriptive studies and helps to distinguish entrepreneurial activity from strategic management.
Development of III-Sb Technology for p-Channel MOSFETs

Alternative channel materials with superior transport properties over conventional silicon based systems are required for supply voltage scaling in CMOS circuits. Group III-Sb's are a candidate for high mobility p-channel applications due to a low hole effective mass, large injection velocity in scaled devices and the ability to achieve enhanced hole mobility in strained quantum wells (QW). Multiple challenges in antimonide MOSFET development are assessed and developed technologies were implemented into p-channel MOSFET fabrication with a low thermal processing budget of 350°C. These challenges include growth of “bulk” GaSb and bi-axial compressively strained InxGa1-xSb QW channels on lattice mismatched GaAs substrates, reduction of interface trap state density (Dit) at the III-Sb/high-k oxide interface and avoiding ion implanted source and drain contacts with high temperature activation annealing. A “self-aligned” single mask p-channel MOSFET fabrication process was developed on buried In0.36Ga0.64Sb QW channels using intermetallic source and drain contacts. The first “gate-last” MOSFET process on In0.36Ga0.64Sb QW channels with pre-grown epitaxial p++-GaSb contacts is demonstrated. InAs has been proven to be an excellent etch stop layer when using an optimized tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) etch of p++-GaSb to prevent InGaSb QW damage.
Cadherin 6 promotes neural crest cell detachment via F-actin regulation and influences active Rho distribution during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex change in cell phenotype that is important for cell migration, morphogenesis and carcinoma metastasis. Loss of epithelial cell adhesion and tight regulation of cadherin adhesion proteins are crucial for EMT. Cells undergoing EMT often display cadherin switching, where they downregulate one cadherin and induce expression of another. However, the functions of the upregulated cadherins and their effects on cell motility are poorly understood. Neural crest cells (NCCs), which undergo EMT during development, lose N-cadherin and upregulate Cadherin 6 (Cdh6) prior to EMT. Cdh6 has been suggested to suppress EMT via cell adhesion, but also to promote EMT by mediating pro-EMT signals. Here, we determine novel roles for Cdh6 in generating cell motility during EMT. We use live imaging of NCC behavior in vivo to show that Cdh6 promotes detachment of apical NCC tails, an important early step of EMT. Furthermore, we show that Cdh6 affects spatiotemporal dynamics of F-actin and active Rho GTPase, and that Cdh6 is required for accumulation of F-actin in apical NCC tails during detachment. Moreover, Cdh6 knockdown alters the subcellular distribution of active Rho, which is known to promote localized actomyosin contraction that is crucial for apical NCC detachment. Together, these data suggest that Cdh6 is an important determinant of where subcellular actomyosin forces are generated during EMT. Our results also identify mechanisms by which an upregulated cadherin can generate cell motility during EMT.
Experimental evaluation of SUNOS IPC and TCP/IP protocol implementation

Results of a study that characterizes the performance of SunOS Inter-Process Communication (IPC) and TCP/IP protocol implementation for distributed high-bandwidth applications are presented. Components studied include queuing in different layers, protocol control mechanisms (such as flow and error control), per-packet processing, buffer requirements, and interaction with the operating system. The Unix kernel and two public-domain tools for IPC measurement are reviewed. >
Timing optimization of multi-phase sequential logic

An algorithm which improves the timing optimization of multiphase sequential logic is presented as a set of extensions to the combinational logic optimization tool, misII. The algorithms yield improvements that are 20% better than what is achievable using only combinational logic optimization tools that do not move logic across latches. Furthermore, 65% of the improvements possible are achieved in the most idealized case. Results on simple two-phase circuits show average input to output delay improvements of almost 20% with area penalties of less than 12%. For a four-phase controller used in a processor it yields an improvement in cycle time of 21% with an area penalty of 21%. >
AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION IN THE HUMAN SYNTACTIC PARSER" AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Models of the human syntactic parsing mechanism can be classified according to the ways in which they operate upon ambiguous input. Each mode of operation carries particular requirements concerning such basic computational characteristics of the parser as its storage capacities and the scheduling of its processes, and so specifying which mode is actually embodied in human parsing is a useful approach to determining the functional organization of the human parser. In Section 1, a preliminary taxonomy of parsing models is presented, based upon a consideration of modes of handling ambiguities; and then, in Section 2, psycholinguistic evidence is presented which indicates what type of model best describes the human parser.
Model-based 3-D reconstruction of branching vessels

An approach to the problem of reconstructing a 3-D arterial tree model from a few angiographic projections is described. A natural optimality criterion that defines the globally best reconstruction is defined, and then an algorithm that maximizes this criterion is outlined. The criterion is a compromise between the conflicting goals of measurement likelihood and object smoothness. The approach uses a parametric model for the arterial tree, with a more accurate model for bifurcations. The algorithm is demonstrated on simulated projections and on magnetic resonance (MR) images. >
Risk analysis in robust control - making the case for probabilistic robust control

This paper offers a critical view of the "worst-case" approach that is the cornerstone of robust control design. It is our contention that a blind acceptance of worst-case scenarios may lead to designs that are actually more dangerous than designs based on probabilistic techniques with a built-in risk factor. The real issue is one of modeling. If one accepts that no mathematical model of uncertainties is perfect then a probabilistic approach can lead to more reliable control even if it cannot guarantee stability for all possible cases. Our presentation is based on case analysts. We first establish that worst-case is not necessarily "all-encompassing". In fact, we show that for some uncertain control problems to have a conventional robust control solution it is necessary to make assumptions that leave out some feasible cases. Once we establish that point, we argue that it is not uncommon for the risk of unaccounted cases in worst-case design to be greater than that of the accepted risk in a probabilistic approach. With an example, we quantify the risks and show that worst-case can be significantly more risky. Finally, we argue that the deterministic worst-case analysis is not necessary more reliable than the probabilistic analysis.
Variable Rare Disasters: An Exactly Solved Framework for Ten Puzzles in Macro-Finance

This paper incorporates a time-varying intensity of disasters in the Rietz-Barro hypothesis that risk premia result from the possibility of rare, large disasters. During a disaster, an asset’s fundamental value falls by a time-varying amount. This in turn generates time-varying risk premia and thus volatile asset prices and return predictability. Using the recent technique of linearity-generating processes (Gabaix 2007), the model is tractable, and all prices are exactly solved in closed form. In the “variable rare disasters” framework, the following empirical regularities can be understood qualitatively: (i) equity premium puzzle (ii) risk-free rate-puzzle (iii) excess volatility puzzle (iv) predictability of aggregate stock market returns with price-dividend ratios (v) value premium (vi) often greater explanatory power of characteristics than covariances for asset returns (vii) upward sloping nominal yield curve (viiii) a steep yield curve predicts high bond excess returns and a fall in long term rates (ix) corporate bond spread puzzle (x) high price of deep out-of-the-money puts. I also provide a calibration in which those puzzles can be understood quantitatively as well. The fear of disaster can be interpreted literally, or can be viewed as a tractable way to model time-varying risk-aversion or investor sentiment. (JEL: E43, E44, G12)
The potential to mitigate global warming with no‐tillage management is only realized when practised in the long term

No-tillage (NT) management has been promoted as a practice capable of offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of its ability to sequester carbon in soils. However, true mitigation is only possible if the overall impact of NT adoption reduces the net global warming potential (GWP) determined by fluxes of the three major biogenic GHGs (i.e. CO2, N2O, and CH4). We compiled all available data of soil-derived GHG emission comparisons between conventional tilled (CT) and NT systems for humid and dry temperate climates. Newly converted NT systems increase GWP relative to CT practices, in both humid and dry climate regimes, and longer-term adoption (>10 years) only significantly reduces GWP in humid climates. Mean cumulative GWP over a 20-year period is also reduced under continuous NT in dry areas, but with a high degree of uncertainty. Emissions of N2O drive much of the trend in net GWP, suggesting improved nitrogen management is essential to realize the full benefit from carbon storage in the soil for purposes of global warming mitigation. Our results indicate a strong time dependency in the GHG mitigation potential of NT agriculture, demonstrating that GHG mitigation by adoption of NT is much more variable and complex than previously considered, and policy plans to reduce global warming through this land management practice need further scrutiny to ensure success.
Clustering with Instance-level Constraints

Clustering algorithms conduct a search through the space of possible organizations of a data set. In this paper, we propose two types of instance-level clustering constraints { must-link and cannot-link constraints { and show how they can be incorporated into a clustering algorithm to aid that search. For three of the four data sets tested, our results indicate that the incorporation of surprisingly few such constraints can increase clustering accuracy while decreasing runtime. We also investigate the relative eects of each type of constraint and nd that the type that contributes most to accuracy improvements depends on the behavior of the clustering algorithm without constraints.
Robustness in gene circuits: clustering of functional responses

In contrast to engineering applications, in which the structure of control laws are designed to satisfy prescribed function requirements, in biology it is often necessary to infer gene-circuit function from incomplete data on gene-circuit structure. By using the feed-forward loop as a model system, this paper introduces a technique for classifying gene-circuit function given gene-circuit structure. In simulations performed on a comprehensive set of models that span a broad range of parameter space, some designs are robust, producing one unique type of functional response regardless of parameter selection. Other designs may exhibit a variety of functional responses, depending upon parameter values. We conclude that, although some feed-forward loop models have designs that lend themselves to unique function inference, others have designs for which the function type may be uncertain.
Effect of leading edge jitter on MTI improvement factor

The effect of system disturbances on the improvement factor of moving target indicator (MTI) processors is discussed. The effects are determined analytically and are confirmed by a simulation of a generic MTI processor. The improvement factor for both point and distributed clutter is considered, with distributed clutter placing the more stringent requirements on system stability. Pulse risetime and different statistical models for the disturbances are considered. Equations and curves relating improvement factor to disturbance allow a system analyst to determine the allowable disturbance to achieve a given improvement factor. A useful rule of thumb for the effect of leading edge jitter on improvement factor, reasonably accurate over a wide range of conditions, is given. >
Artificial intelligence based cognitive routing for cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) are networks of nodes equipped with cognitive radios that can optimize performance by adapting to network conditions. Although various routing protocols incorporating varying degrees of adaptiveness and cognition have been proposed for CRNs, these works have mostly been limited by their system-level focus (that emphasizes optimization at the level of an individual cognitive radio system). The vision of CRNs as cognitive networks, however, requires that the research focus progresses from its current system-level fixation to the a network-wide optimization focus. This motivates the development of cognitive routing protocols envisioned as routing protocols that fully and seamlessly incorporate artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques into their design. In this paper, we provide a self-contained exposition of various decision-theoretic and learning techniques from the field of AI and machine-learning that are relevant to the problem of cognitive routing in CRNs. Apart from providing necessary background, we present for each technique discussed in this paper their application in the context of CRNs in general and for the routing problem in particular. We also highlight challenges associated with these techniques and common pitfalls. Finally, open research issues and future directions of work are identified.
The Economic Consequences of Dollar Appreciation for US Manufacturing Investment: A Time‐Series Analysis

Abstract This article analyses the effects of the real value of the dollar on investment in US domestic manufacturing using aggregate data for 1973–2004. Econometric estimation shows a negative effect that is much larger than has been found in any previous study. The exchange rate affects investment mainly, although not exclusively, through the channel of financial or liquidity constraints, rather than by affecting the desired stock of capital. Counterfactual simulations show that US manufacturing investment would have been 61% higher and the capital stock would have been 17% higher in 2004 if the dollar had not appreciated after 1995.
The first thermally-induced retro-oxy-cope rearrangement

Abstract The reversibility of the thermal oxy-Cope rearrangement is demonstrated with the specific example , and the pathway and energetics associated with this phenomenon are outlined.
Efficient Implementation of the Overlap Operator on Multi-GPUs

Lattice QCD calculations were one of the first applications to show the potential of GPUs in the area of high performance computing. Our interest is to find ways to effectively use GPUs for lattice calculations using the overlap operator. The large memory footprint of these codes requires the use of multiple GPUs in parallel. In this paper we show the methods we used to implement this operator efficiently. We run our codes both on a GPU cluster and a CPU cluster with similar interconnects. We find that to match performance the CPU cluster requires 20-30 times more CPU cores than GPUs.
Functionalized chiral ionic liquid as recyclable organocatalyst for asymmetric Michael addition to nitrostyrenes

A new type of pyrrolidine-based chiral ionic liquid has been developed. This chiral ionic liquid was found to catalyze the Michael addition reaction of aldehydes and nitrostyrenes to give moderate yields, good enantioselectivies, high diastereoselectivities, and recyclability.
LISTAR: Lincoln Information Storage and Associative Retrieval system

This paper describes an information storage and retrieval system called LISTAR (Lincoln Information Storage and Associative Retrieval) being implemented on Lincoln Laboratory's IBM 360/67 computer to run under the IBM CP/CMS time-sharing system. An experimental version of LISTAR designed to test its main features was implemented on the IBM 7094 under the MIT Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS). This version was described in some detail in Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report 377. Because of its experimental nature, the CTSS version of LISTAR limited the total space for data files to the non-program space available in core memory. The current version allows the file space to extend beyond core memory to auxiliary storage. The logical limit of this space is determined by the addressing capacity of the system. File space size is currently fixed at 230 (1000 million) bytes. This could be increased by relatively minor program changes. The current version also introduces new techniques in space management to deal with this extended file space.
Understanding and improving computational science storage access through continuous characterization

Computational science applications are driving a demand for increasingly powerful storage systems. While many techniques are available for capturing the I/O behavior of individual application trial runs and specific components of the storage system, continuous characterization of a production system remains a daunting challenge for systems with hundreds of thousands of compute cores and multiple petabytes of storage. As a result, these storage systems are often designed without a clear understanding of the diverse computational science workloads they will support.
Bifunctional alkylating agents derived from duocarmycin SA: Potent antitumor activity with altered sequence selectivity

The series of four dimers derived from head to tail coupling of the two enantiomers of the duocarmycin SA alkylation subunit are described.
A Robust System for Natural Spoken Dialogue

This paper describes a system that leads us to believe in the feasibility of constructing natural spoken dialogue systems in task-oriented domains. It specifically addresses the issue of robust interpretation of speech in the presence of recognition errors. Robustness is achieved by a combination of statistical error post-correction, syntactically- and semantically-driven robust parsing, and extensive use of the dialogue context. We present an evaluation of the system using time-to-completion and the quality of the final solution that suggests that most native speakers of English can use the system successfully with virtually no training.
Dynamic Pricing and Inventory Management Under Fluctuating Procurement Costs

We consider a periodic review joint pricing and inventory control model in which a firm faces both stochastic demand and fluctuating procurement costs. To address procurement cost fluctuation, the firm adopts a dual-sourcing strategy, under which it procures from a spot market with immediate delivery and through a forward-buying contract with postponed delivery. Our analysis offers the unique insight that a risk-neutral firm may earn higher expected profit under a more volatile procurement cost process. This is because the firm makes its pricing and sourcing decisions in response to the realized cost in each period. Moreover, we characterize how the firm should dynamically adjust its pricing and sourcing decisions in accordance to cost evolution. For example, if sourcing through the forward-buying contract is less expensive than sourcing directly from the spot market, the optimal safety stock is decreasing in the current spot market purchasing cost. However, the optimal order quantity through the forward-buying contract is, in general, not monotone in the current spot-purchasing cost. Finally, we conduct extensive numerical experiments to show that dynamic pricing and dual sourcing may be either strategic complements or substitutes in the presence of fluctuating procurement costs and uncertain demand. This is because dynamic pricing mitigates demand uncertainty risk and exploits procurement cost fluctuation, whereas dual sourcing may either intensify or dampen demand risk.
Performance and application of a double crystal monochromator in the energy region 800 ⪕ hv ⪕ 4500 eV

Abstract The performance and application of an ultrahigh vacuum compatible constant-deviation double-crystal monochromator (JUMBO) in operation at SSRL is demonstrated. The monochromator can be operated with any of four pairs of crystals interchangeable in situ. An electronic maximum search feedback loop optimizes the intensity of the spatially fixed outgoing beam as the photon energy is scanned. The monochromatic beam is focused (∼1.5 mm × 5 mm) onto the sample by a toroidal mirror. Monochromator crystals of beryl(10 1 0), InSb(111) and Ge(111) have been tested in the energy regions 800−1540 eV, 1690–4000 eV and 1930–4500 eV, respectively. The performance of these crystals with regard to the resolution, the intensity, the level of scattered light, and the contribution of higher orders have been determined. Various effects arising from a radiation-induced temperature gradient in the monochromator crystals are discussed. Novel studies of bulk and surface properties of materials by angle-resolved photoemission, X-ray induced Auger spectroscopy, photon-stimulated ion desorption, bulk and surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS and SEXAFS) measurements in this previously inaccessible energy region of the electromagnetic spectrum are also discussed.
Negative Externalities on Property Values Resulting from Water Impairment: The Case of the Pigeon River Watershed

The objective of this research was to determine whether willingness to bear the negative externality from water quality impairment differs between those who do and those who do not receive economic benefit from the impairment source. Differences were tested using a hedonic analysis of ambient water quality in two discrete housing markets in the Pigeon River Watershed, which have been polluted by the operation of a paper mill. The results suggest that North Carolina residents residing in subwatersheds with impaired portions of the Pigeon River, who experience economic benefit from the paper mill in addition to its harmful effects on water quality, do perceive the pollution as a negative externality. In contrast, the effects of both the degraded river and its contributing streams on property values are perceived as negative externalities by watershed residents in Tennessee who experience only harmful effects from the pollution. Differences in willingness to bear the water-impairment externality were not indicated by variables representing view of and proximity to impaired water bodies. The results suggest that the perception of water quality to which property owners implicitly apply value should be considered when establishing water-quality regulations.
Self-fulfilling risk predictions: an application to speculative attacks

Abstract We show that changing market beliefs about currency risk can generate a self-fulfilling speculative attack on a fixed exchange rate. The attack does not require a later change in policies to make it profitable. We illustrate this point by introducing an endogenous risk premium into a “first-generation model” of a speculative attack. The model is further modified to take account of sterilization, debt-financed fiscal deficits and anticipatory price-setting behavior. We use the model to interpret the 1994 Mexican peso crisis.
Computer‐Controlled Battery Pulse Charging

A Fortran language program system has been developed for computer‐controlled, square wave, constant current battery pulse charging. It provides complete experimental control and rapid, accurate data acquisition for a set of test cells with or without in situ reference electrodes. It incorporates automatic charge termination and individual cell cut‐out features, which may be brought into play for a variety of reasons. Multicell operational data is readily available for cell to cell comparison and interpretation. Examples of the use of the program for charging secondary alkaline battery systems are presented. Information regarding the charging behavior of the limiting mercury‐silver substrate positive electrode in the secondary mercury‐cadmium cell, not readily available when using conventional pulse charging techniques, has been obtained.
Laminar flame speeds and extinction limits of conventional and alternative jet fuels

*† § Atmospheric pressure laminar flame speeds are measured using a counterflow twinflame configuration for Jet-A/O2/N2 and S-8/O2/N2 mixtures at preheat temperatures of 400 and 470 K and equivalence ratios ranging from 0.8 to 1.4. The flow field is recorded using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry. Linear extrapolation is used to determine the unstretched laminar flame speed. Experimental data for the extinction stretch rates of the nitrogen diluted jet fuel/oxidizer mixtures as a function of equivalence ratio are also obtained. In addition, the experimental results for laminar flame speeds and extinction stretch rates for the conventional (Jet-A) and alternative (S-8) jet fuels are compared to the results from our earlier studies for neat hydrocarbon surrogate components, namely ndecane and n-dodecane. Furthermore, the experimental data of Jet-A are compared to the computed values using a chemical kinetic mechanism for a kerosene surrogate. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to identify the most sensitive reactions to laminar flame speed and extinction stretch rate.
Scenario Adjustment in Stated Preference Research

Poorly designed stated preference (SP) studies are subject to a number of well-known biases, but many of these biases can be minimized when they are anticipated ex ante and accommodated in the study's design or during data analysis. We identify another source of potential bias, which we call ―scenario adjustment,‖ where respondents assume that the substantive alternative(s) in an SP choice set, in their own particular case, will be different from what the survey instrument describes. We use an existing survey, developed to ascertain willingness to pay for private health-risk reduction programs, to demonstrate a strategy to control and correct for scenario adjustment in the estimation of willingness to pay. This strategy involves data from carefully worded follow-up questions, and ex post econometric controls, for each respondent's subjective departures from the intended choice scenario. Our research has important implications for the design of future SP surveys.