cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast radar power amplifier optimization for bandwidth, efficiency, and spectral confinement using the Smith Tube

The Smith Tube, a three-dimensional cylindrical extension of the Smith Chart, provides a mechanism to simultaneously optimize power amplifier circuit and waveform parameters for radar transmitters. A direct, vector-based search algorithm is presented to find the optimum combination of bandwidth and load impedance for a power amplifier to maximize the waveform bandwidth while meeting requirements on the power-added efficiency and the adjacent-channel power ratio. For this optimization, waveform bandwidth is represented on the vertical axis of the Smith Tube, with the complex load reflection coefficient represented in the horizontal plane. Excellent correspondence is obtained in measurement testing of the algorithm from multiple starting combinations of load reflection coefficient and bandwidth. The results of this work are expected to be useful in real-time optimization of power amplifiers for radar and communications. The algorithm is expected to be useful in optimizing the range resolution of radar transmissions.
Fifteen Curious Facts about The Federalist Papers

Associate Dean for Faculty Development, University Professor and Harmon W. Caldwell Chair in Constitutional Law, Dan Coenen, shares 15 interesting facts about The Federalist Papers.
Perspectives on chronic nonspecific diarrhea: dietary management.

Chronic nonspecific diarrhea (CNSD) of childhood, originally thought to be part of the celiac syndrome, was described as a separate clinical entity by Cohian1 in 1956. In the ensuing years, CNSD has been appreciated to represent one of the most common causes of prolonged diarrhea in the infant and toddler. Yet confusion remains regarding its cause and treatment. Drs. Davidson and Wasserman2 have described consistent diagnostic criteria further characterizing CNSD as a recognizable syndrome. The onset of symptoms occurs classically between 6 and 30 months of age with the development of three to six loose and often mucousy stools per day.
Who Succeeds In The Murky Middle

This exploratory study examines technically educated middle managers performing ad hoc projects in flat organizations and develops a typology for examining the behavioral patterns associated with their effectiveness. Initial findings indicate the greatest success was achieved by “Type 1” managers (the Leaders) who were able to integrate collaborative selling skills and technical expertise within a web of both formal and informal interactions. Moderate success accrued to “Type 2” managers (the Learners) who used collaborative selling skills to develop social networks that allowed them to expand their own technical expertise. “Type 3” managers (the Leapers) primarily relied upon technical expertise as the tool for interacting with others and enjoyed only modest success. Although “Type 4” managers (the Laggards) had the requisite technical knowledge base, they were the least successful because their lack of collaborative selling skills made it difficult to utilize a compensatory social network. Suggestions are provided for leaders seeking to leverage and direct the abilities of key staff.
Drinking Behavior and Risk Factors Related to the Work Place: Implications for Research and Prevention*

This article presents a review of the literature addressing employees' alcohol abuse and dependence. Based on this review, the authors identify four perspectives adopted by social scientists studying drinking behavior and the work place. The work culture perspective postulates that administrative and occupational subcultures establish norms for alcohol use. The social control perspective postulates that an organization's disciplinary structure may either inhibit or create opportunities for the development of drinking problems. The alienation perspective and the work stress perspective postulate that various work place conditions (e.g., boring tasks, work overload) cause distress, which employees may seek to relieve with alcohol. The authors recommend that these four perspectives guide future research and current efforts to reduce risk factors in the work place that are associated with drinking behavior.
Estimating nanoparticle growth rates from size-dependent charged fractions: Analysis of new particle formation events in Mexico City

[1] A method to estimate nanoparticle diameter growth rates (GR) during new particle formation (NPF) events from the measured dependence of charged fraction, f, on size, Dp, is introduced. The method is especially useful for observations during intense particle production rates, when the mode in the distribution of newly formed particles does not grow monotonically with time. This method assumes that the observed profile of f versus Dp during the nucleation and growth period is controlled by condensational growth, ion-particle combination/recombination, scavenging by preexisting particles, and coagulation among growing nanoparticles. Values of growth rates obtained by this method (GRf) agree well with independently obtained particle growth rates due to gas-to-particle conversion processes (GRPSD) during regional NPF events. The method was then applied to characterize the NPF events observed at Tecamac, Mexico. These growth rates were found to range from 15–40 nm/h, which is significantly higher than values reported for other urban areas. The production rates for 1 nm particles calculated from the estimated growth rates and measured Fuchs surface area (J1nm = 1900–3000 particles/cm3 s) are comparable to those recently observed in New Delhi. Because critical nuclei are likely close to 1 nm in size, J1nm should provide a reasonable estimate for nucleation rates.
Micro measurement of milk fat

Abstract Fleet and Linzell have reported that total fat is 0.74 × percent cream (measured with a microhematocrit tube) in fresh milk. In homogenized milk the correlation factor has been found to be 0.61 because the fat globules are smaller in homogenized than in fresh milk. A modification of the Babcock method for the determination of fat in homogenized milk is presented. This includes the use of diluted sulfuric acid to prevent charring, and of iso-amyl alcohol to facilitate the rice of the fat in the neck of the Babcock bottle.
Keloid formation in a simple syndactyly release: A case report☆

Keloid formation on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is rare. A keloid developed 2 months after release of simple syndactyly in a young black child. The process of keloid formation is not completely understood, and surgical correction is not effective.
A quantitative risk assessment for Bacillus cereus emetic disease associated with the consumption of Chinese-style rice

A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was undertaken to model the risk of the Bacillus cereus emetic foodborne disease syndrome associated with the consumption of contaminated Chinese-style boiled or fried rice. Using Monte Carlo simulation, exposure variables were modeled for four different food storage scenarios, including holding at room temperature (20C), under optimal growth conditions (30C) under legal holding conditions (60C), and over a range of holding temperatures. Because human or animal feeding studies are not available for the B. cereus emetic syndrome, epidemiological data was substituted for more conventional dose-response data. Exposure and dose-response assessments were combined, predicting a cumulative estimate for the risk of emetic illness associated with the consumption of B. cereus-contaminated Chinese-style rice of 2.13 x 10(-3), 5.50 x 10(-2), 6.80 x 10(-2), and 6.11 x 10(-3) for the 60, 20, 30C, and overall handling scenarios, respectively. The QMRA revealed that the risk of illness was highly correlated with temperature abuse of cooked rice.
Further investigation on a comparative study of simulated annealing and genetic algorithm for wavelength selection

A recent publication compared the abilities of simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithm, and stepwise elimination to determine optimal combinations of wavelengths for quantitative analysis of a chemical system. Using their implementation of SA, the authors were unable to identify the global optimum solution in the experiments they performed with three optimization criteria. However, using a different approach with SA, this paper shows that SA can indeed locate the best solution for the addressed problem and optimization criteria. The importance of wavelength searching in a close neighborhood of the previously evaluated wavelength subset for successful implementation of SA is demonstrated. A procedure is described that identifies optimal wavelength combinations exactly. This paper also addresses the assumed need to determine optimal wavelength combinations and the suitability of the used optimization criteria to establish calibrations with increased prediction accuracy and precision. Some general problems inherent to the standard SA algorithm are discussed.
Sisomicin Versus Netilmicin: In Vitro Susceptibility Testing

Abstract Antimicrobial susceptibility to sisomicin and netilmicin (Sch 20569) was determined on 164 clinical isolates using a broth microdilution method. Sisomicin was active against 86.1%, and netilmicin against 96.4%, of the isolates. In addition, netilmicin was active against 93.7% of the strains that were resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and sisomicin.
Augmentation and depression of estriol-induced growth of the uterus by progesterone.

Conclusions1. Whereas progesterone inhibits the growth promoting action of estrone on the uterus of hypophysectomized rats, its effects on estriol-induced growth are biphasic. 2. Progesterone depresses uterine growth evoked by large quantities of estriol but enhances growth promoting action of small quantities of this impeded estrogen.
Remarkable rate acceleration of [4 + 2] cyclodimerization of an ethynylanthracene derivative on the product crystal surfaces

Slow evaporation of a chloroform–n-hexane solution of 2-(anthracene-9-ylethynyl)-1-methylbenzimidazole (BzIm–An) yields cyclodimer (BzIm–An)2 as crystals; the cyclodimerization is then dramatically accelerated on the product crystal faces.
CaMKII locally encodes L-type channel activity to signal to nuclear CREB in excitation–transcription coupling

Communication between cell surface proteins and the nucleus is integral to many cellular adaptations. In the case of ion channels in excitable cells, the dynamics of signaling to the nucleus are particularly important because the natural stimulus, surface membrane depolarization, is rapidly pulsatile. To better understand excitation–transcription coupling we characterized the dependence of cAMP response element–binding protein phosphorylation, a critical step in neuronal plasticity, on the level and duration of membrane depolarization. We find that signaling strength is steeply dependent on depolarization, with sensitivity far greater than hitherto recognized. In contrast, graded blockade of the Ca2+ channel pore has a remarkably mild effect, although some Ca2+ entry is absolutely required. Our data indicate that Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II acting near the channel couples local Ca2+ rises to signal transduction, encoding the frequency of Ca2+ channel openings rather than integrated Ca2+ flux—a form of digital logic.
Idiosyncratic profiles of collinearity error using segments and dot pairs

It is well known that judgments of oblique line segments are more variable and less accurate than are judgments of horizontal or vertical segments, i.e., the “oblique effect.” A prior study from our laboratories confirmed these differentials for a task in which the collinearity of segments at various angular positions was judged. Further, that study found that each observer manifests a distinct, idiosyncratic profile of errors across the 360° range. These error tendencies are conspicuous in models derived by harmonic analysis, and we describe significant excursions of a given model as “delta errors.” The present experiments found complex profiles of delta error with various stimulus and test conditions. A given subject manifested similar models of delta error when judging collinearity of dot pairs versus line segments. In the prior work the segments to be judged were asymmetrically positioned upon the test sheet. However, the asymmetric positioning is not responsible for the errors, as the present work found errors excursions with a round display field. Similar profiles of delta error were found when subjects were allowed to mark an open space, versus being required to respond at a specific distance (indicated by a target circle). This addresses questions of whether the error should be measured as an angle. In the two final experiments, we present evidence that the source of delta error within the nervous system is at the point of binocular synthesis of the information from the two eyes, or beyond, and the effects are not due to errors of reaching. Potential neural substrates for these complex, idiosyncratic error tendencies are discussed.
Driven to Change: The Social Context of Reducing Tailpipe Emissions

Our analysis of focus groups conducted in Chittenden County, Vermont suggests an understanding of vehicle emissions and their effect on human health and the environment is not a good predictor of individual behavior that might reduce emissions output. Instead, those who practiced low-emissions behavior such as walking, biking, carpooling, and riding the bus, indicated other motivations for doing so, including lower costs, health and exercise, ideological opposition to motor vehicles, and public and private incentive programs for using shared or public transportation. Further empirical work is necessary regarding potential social network solutions and the socially stratified limitations to reducing tailpipe emissions.
Evaluation of cleaning activities on respiratory symptoms in asthmatic female homemakers

Background Asthma among professional cleaners is recognized as a common cause of new-onset and aggravated occupational asthma. Women are usually the primary persons responsible for cleaning their homes, but little information is available regarding the health impact of cleaning in the nonoccupational setting. Objectives To compare health effects of cleaning among asthmatic and nonasthmatic women who are the primary cleaners in their homes. Methods A 12-week, prospective, parallel-group study assessing the effects of cleaning on peak expiratory flow rates and upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms in women with and without asthma. Results Twenty-five women with asthma and 19 without asthma, ages 18 to 65 years, completed the study. No effect was observed on peak expiratory flow rates after cleaning between groups. Upper respiratory tract symptoms increased after cleaning for both groups, adjusted for chemical severity exposure index and duration of cleaning. However, the change in the number of lower respiratory tract symptoms (after cleaning minus before cleaning) was statistically significant for asthmatic patients compared with nonasthmatic patients ( P = .01). Conclusions The study suggests that cleaning activities are associated with increased lower respiratory tract symptoms in asthmatic patients independent of chemical severity exposure index and cleaning duration. Women with asthma should be routinely interviewed as to whether they clean their home and cautioned about the potential respiratory health effects of these activities.
Trans-axial ligation in coordination complexes of oxovanadium(IV)

Abstract The coordination of 4-substituted pyridine 1-oxide molecules trans to the vanadyl oxygen in several oxovanadium(IV) chelates has been investigated. Variations in the vanadium-vanadyl oxygen stretching frequencies (νv-o) confirm adduct formation for bis-(2,4-pentanedionato)oxovanadium(IV), bis(1-phenyl-1,3-butanedionato)oxovanadium(IV), and bis(1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedionato)-N,N′-ethylenediaminooxovanadium(IV). For each chelate, and in a variety of solvents, a linear correlation was established between the displacements of νv-oupon adduct formation and a set of substituent parameters defined in terms of ligand pKBH+values. Bis(1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedionato)-oxovanadium(IV) apparently forms adducts with the N-oxides, but the complex was insufficiently soluble to adequately study the variations in νv-o. Little, if any, adduct formation was discernable for bis(2,4-pentane-dionato)-N,N′-ethylenediaminooxovanadium(IV) and bis(2,4-pentanedionato)-N,N′-1,2-propanediaminooxovanadium(IV).
Topology of Riemannian submanifolds with prescribed boundary

We prove that a smooth compact submanifold of codimension 2 immersed in Rn,n≥3, bounds at most finitely many topologically distinct, compact, nonnegatively curved hypersurfaces. This settles a question of Guan and Spruck related to a problem of Yau. Analogous results for complete fillings of arbitrary Riemannian submanifolds are obtained as well. On the other hand, we show that these finiteness theorems may not hold if the codimension is too high or the prescribed boundary is not sufficiently regular. Our proofs employ, among other methods, a relative version of Nash's isometric embedding theorem and the theory of Alexandrov spaces with curvature bounded below, including the compactness and stability theorems of Gromov and Perelman
Motion of Spin-Labeled Side Chains in T4 Lysozyme: Effect of Side Chain Structure†

Previous studies have shown that the mobility of nitroxide side chains in a protein, inferred from the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, can be used to classify particular sites as helix surface sites, tertiary contact sites, buried sites, or loop sites. In addition, the sequence dependence of mobility can identify regular secondary structure. However, in the most widely used side chain, an apparent interaction of the nitroxide ring with the protein at some helix surface sites gives rise to EPR spectra degenerate with those at tertiary contact sites. In the present study, we use selected sites in T4 lysozyme to evaluate novel nitroxide side chains designed to resolve this degeneracy. The results indicate that the reagent 3-(methanesulfonylthiomethyl)-2,2, 5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-1-yloxy reacts with cysteine to give a nitroxide side chain that has a high contrast in mobility between helix surface and tertiary contact sites, effectively resolving the degeneracy. The reagent 3-(iodomercuriomethyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2, 5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yloxy reacts with cysteine to provide a mercury-linked nitroxide that also shows reduced interaction with the protein at most helix surface sites. Thus, these new side chains may be the preferred choices for structure determination using site-directed spin labeling.
a Method for Incorporating Nested Finite Grids in the Solution of Systems of Geophysical Equations.

Abstract A numerical technique with simultaneous time integration of a meshed grid system is proposed, in which the fine-mesh region is able to move within the coarse-mesh grid. The interface boundary conditions employed are shown analytically to be the only stable specification of those tested for a simple linear case. Numerical experiments with linear and nonlinear systems in one dimension are used to demonstrate the method by which the fine-mesh region is kept centered over a specified disturbance. Forecast results using the meshed system are compared with those from uniform coarse and fine grids. One important criterion is that the solution within the fine-mesh region of the meshed grid must have nearly the same accuracy as in a system which uses a fine mesh everywhere. The technique is applied to a two-dimensional (y, p), ten-level, primitive equation model. Behavior of the meshed model is examined in experiments in which a small-scale heat source is imbedded within an undisturbed zonal flow pattern....
Accuracy of curve approximation by harmonically related vectors with elliptical loci

Closed contours in two dimensions are approximated by harmonioally related rotating vectors with elliptical loci. Aa easy to use method for determining the number of vectors needed in the approximation is given. Specification of bandwidth requirements for transmission of a contour, either continuous or quantized, can then be made in terms of the desired accuracy of reproduction. The technique has application to graphics and pattern recognition problems.
The effects of ambulation training on the self-stimulatory behavior of a multiply handicapped child*

In a within subjects repeated reversal design, the effectiveness of physical therapy ambulation training to reduce the self-stimulation of a multiply handicapped child was assessed. Specifically, the effects of antecedent ambulation training on subsequent classroom behavior were examined employing direct observation methods. The procedure resulted in decreases in the child's overall level of self-stimulation in comparison to a control procedure. Detailed analyses indicated that the procedure differentially affected topographically distinct forms of self-stimulatory responding. The benefits of the procedure are discussed.
Oxidant lung injury: Intervention with sulfhydryl reagents

Intracellular pools of reduced sulfhydryl compounds are taxed in protective and repair processes during oxidant lung injury. To determine the efficacy of exogenous sulfhydryl compounds in preventing the toxic effects of high oxygen exposure on lung, the cell permeable sulfhydryl compounds, cysteamine (CYS) or N-acetylcysteine (NaC), were infused continuously in rats during exposure to 1 atm O2. CYS caused a reduction in mortality compared to vehicle treated-oxygen exposed rats at seven days (56% vs 78% respectively). At 48 hours, CYS reduced oxidant-induced pulmonary edema, measured by wet to dry weight ratios, and prevented oxidation of lung nonprotein sulfhydryls. NaC was even more effective in reducing mortality compared to vehicle treated-oxygen exposed rats (28% vs 78% respectively). In contrast to this beneficial effect of sulfhydryl compounds in oxygen toxicity, oxidant injury due to paraquat poisoning was exacerbated. Mortality increased in mice and rats given paraquat and treated with CYS. We speculate that this effect may be due to the ability of paraquat to accept reducing equivalents directly from CYS, thereby increasing reactive oxygen generated from reduced paraquat.
Carbon Atom-Initiated Degradation of Carbon Tetrachloride in the Presence of Molecular Oxygen: A Product and Mechanistic Study

This paper reports an investigation of the gas-phase reaction of atomic carbon with carbon tetrachloride in the presence of molecular oxygen. It is demonstrated that carbon tetrachloride can be oxidatively degraded by this method. Results from FT-IR and GC/MS studies suggest that the major products from the reaction are phosgene and carbon dioxide. The initial step involves breaking the carbon−chlorine bond as a result of the reaction of atomic carbon with carbon tetrachloride. Laser-induced fluorescence studies have shown the presence of CCl as an intermediate produced from this reaction. A tentative mechanism is proposed to describe the details of the chemistry.
General treatment of mean residence time, clearance, and volume parameters in linear mammillary models with elimination from any compartment

A general treatment for mean residence time, clearance, and volume parameters in linear mammillary models which includes the possibility of first-order elimination from compartments other than the central compartment is presented. The interrelationship between noncompartmentally derived parameters and compartmentally derived pharmacokinetic microconstants is described. The concept of exit site dependent and exit site independent parameters is introduced in the development of these treatments. Explications of mean residence time in terms of elimination rate, amount eliminated, and amount in the body are presented together with demonstrations of their utility.
Design of a constant force clamp and estimation of molecular motor motion using modern control approach

Since its inception, optical traps have become an important tool for single molecule investigation because of its precise ability to manipulate microparticles and probe systems with a force resolution of the order of fN. Its use as a constant force clamp is of particular importance in the study of molecular motors and DNA. The highly nonlinear nature (specially the presence of hysteresis) of the force-extension relationships in such biomolecules is traditionally modelled as a linear Hookean spring for small force perturbations. For these linear models to hold, high disturbance rejection bandwidths are required so that the perturbations from the regulated values remain small. The absence of systematic design and performance quantification in the current literature is addressed by designing an optimized PI and a H∞ controller, that significantly improve the force regulation and its bandwidth. A major application of constant force clamps is in step detection of biomolecules, where due to the presence of thermal noise, one has to extract the stepping data via postprocessing. In this paper, a real time step-detection scheme, currently lacking in literature, is achieved via a mixed objective H2/H∞ synthesis. In the design, the H∞ norm for force regulation and stepping estimation error is minimized while keeping the H2 norm of the thermal noise on the stepping estimate is kept bounded.Since its inception, optical traps have become an important tool for single molecule investigation because of its precise ability to manipulate microparticles and probe systems with a force resolution of the order of fN. Its use as a constant force clamp is of particular importance in the study of molecular motors and DNA. The highly nonlinear nature (specially the presence of hysteresis) of the force-extension relationships in such biomolecules is traditionally modelled as a linear Hookean spring for small force perturbations. For these linear models to hold, high disturbance rejection bandwidths are required so that the perturbations from the regulated values remain small. The absence of systematic design and performance quantification in the current literature is addressed by designing an optimized PI and a H∞ controller, that significantly improve the force regulation and its bandwidth. A major application of constant force clamps is in step detection of biomolecules, where due to the presence of thermal noise, one has to extract the stepping data via postprocessing. In this paper, a real time step-detection scheme, currently lacking in literature, is achieved via a mixed objective H2/H∞ synthesis. In the design, the H∞ norm for force regulation and stepping estimation error is minimized while keeping the H2 norm of the thermal noise on the stepping estimate is kept bounded.
Loss of hydrazine-induced mutability in wild-type and excision-repair-defective yeast during post-treatment inhibition of cell division

Abstract The fate of presumed premutational DNA lesions induced by hydrazine was studied under a variety of post-treatment conditions in wild-type and in excision repair-defective ( rad2-1 ) strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . In all strains the full extent of hydrazine-induced, forward mutability from CAN1 to can1 (canavanine resistance) was dependent upon post-treatment cell division in mutagen-free synthetic or complex growth medium before plating on canavanine-containing selective agar and could be blocked by inhibitors of DNA synthesis (hydroxyurea) or protein synthesis (cycloheximide) contained in the growth medium. Following the growth-inhibitory period, cells were permitted to grow in fresh medium lacking inhibitors to determine the level of induced mutation remaining. Nearly all induced mutability was lost after a one-day growth inhibition, compared with mutagen-treated control samples subsequently grown twice in medium lacking inhibitor. In the wild type, half the induced mutability was lost after 3 h. The data suggest that premutational DNA lesions induced by hydrazine were removed, or possibly rendered non-mutagenic, by some error-free repair process that acted before mutation fixation by base mispairing during DNA replication. Since rad2-1 and RAD strains both exhibited loss of mutability, this process is not dependent upon the activity of an intact pyrimidine dimer excision-repair system.
An Experimental Study on the Impact of Interface Temperature on Thermally Induced Wear Transitions in Dry Sliding

Premature failure of materials in sliding contact is often a result of the buildup of frictional heat at the contact interface. The interface temperature is an important parameter affecting the friction and wear process, and it is a function of the operating conditions as well as the heat that is dissipated through the material pair and the nearby surroundings. Possible solutions to alleviate thermal wear mechanisms include using more thermally robust materials and providing better cooling or heat dissipation to reduce the elevated temperatures. The latter is the subject of this paper. The micro heat sink ring (μHSR) is a patented approach to interface cooling in which a micro heat sink is constructed within millimeters of the contact interface. The ramifications of this are that temperature can be treated during wear testing as an independent variable and is only a very small function of speed and load. Using this approach, this work investigates the impact of the μHSR on the wear behavior of a tungsten carbide and carbon graphite material pair under dry running conditions at various rotational speeds and face pressures. Ring-on-ring experiments are performed using a thrust washer rotary tribometer within and in excess of the PV limit of the material pair (17.5 MPa*m/s). Results show the potential of the μHSR to allow for reliable operation of materials in sliding contact in harsh operating conditions. The ability to reduce the interface temperature shows a shift in the region of acceptable operating parameters normally defined for the material pair. This shift is attributed to the prevention of the onset of thermally induced wear transitions and thermal failures otherwise prone to occur under certain operating conditions.
The Effect of Leader-Member Exchange Differentiation Within Work Units on Coworker Exchange and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors

The concept of leader-member exchange (LMX) is predicated on the notion that leaders have differing quality relationships with each subordinate, leading to the formation of an ingroup and an outgroup. This suggests that for a sophisticated understanding of the impact of LMX relationships on individuals’ sentiments and behaviors, followers’ perceptions of the collective set of workgroup LMX relationships may be as important as their individual LMX relationships. This research examines employee perceptions of LMX across 67 work units, and investigates how these perceptions relate to coworker exchange (CWX) relationships and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Results indicate that CWX is strongly, positively related to the LMX of the participant and their colleagues. A significant, positive relationship between measures of CWX and OCBs directed toward the work unit, but not the organization, was also observed.
Wavelet analysis of multiscale permeabilities in the subsurface

Wavelet analysis is a new mathematical theory and calculation method for separating and sorting structures on different time scales at different times, and on different spatial scales at different locations. This method has been used to identify spatial heterogeneity of geologic structures and to estimate spatial scales of geophysical parameters in the subsurface. We used the integral wavelet transform to analyze the spatial variability of permeability in the alluvial fan deposits in Radioactive Waste Management Site Area 5 of Nevada. The mother wavelet which we used is the “Mexican Hat” function. A wavelet variance is defined to detect the characteristic scales of non-periodically spaced spatial structures. Results showed heterogeneity of spatial structure in permeability at hierarchical scales and difference of scales between transects in spatially distributed permeability. These multiscale features of spatial variability of permeability provide an explanation for the strong quasi-periodic behavior in the horizontal and vertical semivariograms. A comparison among wavelets, fractals, and traditional geostatistics is also given.
Structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of laminin

This investigation describes the isolation and characterization of oligosaccharides of the basement membrane glycoprotein, laminin. Pronase-released glycopeptides of isolated laminin, from a mouse Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm tumor, were fractionated using a combination of gel permeation chromatography and Con A-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The glycopeptides were analyzed for sugar linkage patterns by methylation analysis. Glycopeptides and hydrazine-released oligosaccharides were further analyzed using endo-beta-galactosidase, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H and specific exoglycosidases in conjunction with calibrated gel permeation chromatography. Based on these experiments, murine tumor laminin was shown to contain asparagine-linked oligosaccharides with the following structures: bi-, tri- and tetraantennary complex-type oligosaccharides; polylactosaminyl side chains containing Gal(beta 1----4)GlcNAc(beta 1----3) repeating units attached to the trimannose core portion of the bi-, tri- and tetraantennary complex-type oligosaccharides; unusual complex-type oligosaccharides terminated at the nonreducing end with sialic acid, alpha-galactose, beta-galactose and beta-N-acetylglucosamine; alpha-galactosyl residues linked to N-acetyllactosamine sequences; high-mannose-type oligosaccharides. These results, in conjunction with analytical data, indicate that most of the carbohydrate of this laminin is N-linked to asparagine and that there are about 43 such N-linked oligosaccharides per laminin molecule.
Key technology for airbreathing hypersonic aircraft.

This paper reviews recent progress in the key hypersonic technologies, which has been good despite a relatively low priority. Successful hypersonic research engine tests have been made. Active cooling system analyses have shown potential for weight savings, alleviation of structural design problems, and long airframe life. Maturing computerized flow field theories permit optimizing engine-airframe performance. Adequate progress in the future requires an expanded technology program emphasizing hydrogen usage. A hydrogen fueled hypersonic research airplane is essential, providing critical flight data and operational experience.
Cell fate and cell morphogenesis in higher plants

The differentiation of plant cells depends on the regulation of cell fate and cell morphogenesis. Recent studies have led to the identification of mutants and the cloning of genes that influence these processes. In several instances, the genes encode products with homeodomains or Myb or Myc DNA-binding domains.
Abstract 2986: Partial inhibition of Plk1 is cytotoxic despite normal spindle structure

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a multifunctional mitotic kinase that has emerged as an attractive target for cancer chemotherapy. Frequently over-expressed in tumors, Plk1 is absent in the surrounding non-proliferating tissue. Furthermore, Plk1 depletion in tumor cell lines produces monopolar spindles and mitotic arrest that ultimately leads to cell death. However, it is unclear whether monopolar spindles mediate cytotoxicity at physiologic drug concentrations. We used a chemical genetic system to test the effect of partial inhibition of Plk1 in human cells. We discovered that partial inhibition of Plk1 produces a cytotoxic response in the absence of a prolonged mitotic delay. We hypothesized that partial inhibition disrupts mitosis via alternate mechanisms from the archetypal monopolar spindle-induced prometaphase arrest. We performed time-lapse microscopy experiments after exposure to low (0-1 μM) and high (10 μM) concentrations of the ATP analog, 3-MBPP1. As expected, 90% (53/60) of untreated cells successfully completed mitosis, whereas all cells (28/28) treated with 10 μM exhibited a monopolar-spindle induced prometaphase arrest. Surprisingly, 29-40% of cells treated with 3-MBPP1 exhibited a transient prometaphase delay, followed by impaired anaphase segregation and frequent cytokinesis failure. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrates aberrations in chromosome and microtubule dynamics, which we are further characterizing. Partial inhibition of Plk1 leads to cytotoxicity by a spindle-independent mechanism. These results are important for developing Plk1-targeted therapies. First, they demonstrate that continuous dosing of an oral Plk1 inhibitor is likely to act by a different mechanism from intermittent high doses of an intravenous drug. Second, partial inhibition may provide a more physiologically relevant background to study function of kinase inhibitor activity in the treatment of cancer. Finally, identification of the responsible substrate may reveal the most sensitive biomarker for kinase inhibition in patient samples. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2986. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2986
Stress-Resistance Resources and Coping in Pregnancy

Stress-resistance research focuses on resources that facilitate adaptation during stressful circumstances. This study examined the value of three stress-resistance resources (optimism, social support, and socioeconomic status) in 163 pregnant women. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypothesis that resources are beneficial by promoting the use of adaptive coping. Cross-sectionally, optimism was associated with less frequent use of avoidance and lower emotional distress. Greater social support was associated with more frequent use of avoidance and preparation coping and with higher levels of emotional distress. Positive appraisal was the only way of coping associated with less distress. However, prospective analyses showed that resources are associated with coping and distress in early pregnancy only and that coping was not associated with distress over time. Results suggest that there are high levels of stability in coping and distress throughout pregnancy.
P-technique demonstrated in determining psycho-physiological source traits in a normal individual.

P-technique, a method employing intra-individual correlation, is tried out for the first time. As part of the general design it uses some variables the same as those in a coordinatedR-technique study and a second, parallelP-technique study with a clinical case. Definite factors are obtained among the psychological and physiological variables, which can be mutually matched. One is a fatigue factor, but the rest are general personality factors readily identifiable with those obtained in pastR-technique researches.
Systemic Autoimmunity and Lymphoproliferation Are Associated with Excess IL-7 and Inhibited by IL-7Rα Blockade

Lupus is characterized by disturbances in lymphocyte homeostasis, as demonstrated by the marked accumulation of activated/memory T cells. Here, we provide evidence that proliferation of the CD8+ precursors for the accumulating CD4–CD8– T cells in MRL-Faslpr lupus-predisposed mice is, in part, driven by commensal antigens. The ensuing lymphadenopathy is associated with increased production of IL-7 due to expansion of fibroblastic reticular cells, the primary source of this cytokine. The excess IL-7 is not, however, consumed by CD4–CD8– T cells due to permanent down-regulation of IL-7Rα (CD127), but instead supports proliferation of autoreactive T cells and progression of autoimmunity. Accordingly, IL-7R blockade reduced T cell activation and autoimmune manifestations even when applied at advanced disease stage. These findings indicate that an imbalance favoring production over consumption of IL-7 may contribute to systemic autoimmunity, and correction of this imbalance may be a novel therapeutic approach in lymphoproliferative and autoimmune syndromes.
The Prognostic Inflammatory and Nutritional Index in Traumatized Patients Receiving Enteral Nutrition Support K. L. VEHE, R. O. BROWN, D. A. KUHL, ET AL Journal of The American College of Nutrition 10:355-363, 1991

This study examines the value of the Prognostic Inflammatory and Nutritional Index (PINI), first proposed by Ingenbleek and Carpentier in 1985,1 as a clinical assessment tool in critically ill traumatized patients. The PINI combines measurements of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), prealbumin (PA), and albumin (ALB) concentrations to produce a single score. The hypothesis is that this assessment system will be more complete because it takes into account changes in inflammatory response markers and, therefore, may be superior to other predictive indices.This study included 15 critically ill trauma patients receiving enteral nutrition support. Patients were placed on a nutritionally complete formula providing 1.4 g of protein/kg per day and 32 kcal/kg per day 8 ± 3 days after injury and were maintained on this diet for 19 ± 8 days. The PINI decreased significantly (p < .05) from 186 ± 202 at baseline to 116 ± 86 on day 4 and 27 ± 40 on day 14. Nitrogen balance increased significant...
Testing the conformational hypothesis of passive membrane permeability using synthetic cyclic peptide diastereomers.

Little is known about the effect of conformation on passive membrane diffusion rates in small molecules. Evidence suggests that intramolecular hydrogen bonding may play a role by reducing the energetic cost of desolvating hydrogen bond donors, especially amide N−H groups. We set out to test this hypothesis by investigating the passive membrane diffusion characteristics of a series of cyclic peptide diastereomers based on the sequence cyclo[Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Pro-Tyr]. We identified two cyclic hexapeptide diastereomers based on this sequence, whose membrane diffusion rates differed by nearly two log units. Results of solution NMR studies and hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange experiments showed that membrane diffusion rates correlated with the degree of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and H/D exchange rates. The most permeable diastereomer, cyclo[d-Leu-d-Leu-Leu-d-Leu-Pro-Tyr] (1), exhibited a passive membrane diffusion rate comparable to that of the orally available drug cyclosporine A.
Developmental aspects of pharmacokinetics

: The absorption, apparent volumes of distribution, serum concentrations, serum half-lives, and urinary excretion of several antibiotics were studied in premature infants by means of a micro-diffusion assay technique. Serum half-lives of all drugs investigated (except colistin) were markedly prolonged during the first days and weeks of life and approached adult values by three weeks of age. These changes were paralleled by an increase in urinary excretion rate which was independent of birth weight and gestational age. Colistin had a mean serum half-life in premature infants of 2.4 hours, comparable to that noted in adults and thus is a notable exception. Studies of hepatic microsomal suspensions derived from human foetuses have revealed the presence of the component members of both the NADPH- and the NADH-linked electron transport systems. Exogenous substrates such as aminopyrine and benzpyrene were not significantly metabolized by human foetal liver suspensions but the endogenous compounds, testosterone and laurate, were hydroxylated at substantial rates. The binding of these substrates to cytochrome P-450 was investigated by studying the spectral changes that occur when they were added to microsomal suspensions. Laurate and testosterone exhibited type I changes, whereas aminopyrine gave rise to a type II spectral change correlating with the low or absent demethylating activity in foetal liver. These findings in the human foetus stand in marked contrast to results obtained in animals and emphasize again the marked species differences which exist in drug metabolism.
Parallel Repetition from Fortification

The Parallel Repetition Theorem upper-bounds the value of a repeated (tensored) two prover game in terms of the value of the base game and the number of repetitions. In this work we give a simple transformation on games--"fortification"--and show that for fortified games, the value of the repeated game decreases perfectly exponentially with the number of repetitions, up to an arbitrarily small additive error. Our proof is combinatorial and short. As corollaries, we obtain: (1) Starting from a PCP Theorem with soundness error bounded away from 1, we get a PCP with arbitrarily small constant soundness error. In particular, starting with the combinatorial PCP of Dinur, we get a combinatorial PCP with low error. The latter can be used for hardness of approximation as in the work of Hastad. (2) Starting from the work of the author and Raz, we get a projection PCP theorem with the smallest soundness error known today. The theorem yields nearly a quadratic improvement in the size compared to previous work. We then discuss the problem of derandomizing parallel repetition, and the limitations of the fortification idea in this setting. We point out a connection between the problem of derandomizing parallel repetition and the problem of composition. This connection could shed light on the so-called Projection Games Conjecture, which asks for projection PCP with minimal error.
The Purchase of Medicare Supplements: A Cost Saving Mechanism in the Purchase of Physician Services

The recent concern about Medicare's limited coverage of health care costs has led many elderly to purchase Medicare supplemental policies to reduce the risk of large financial losses if a condition of debilitating health occurs. This paper examines the extent to which the purchase of supplemental policies reduces the risk of losses when physician services are purchased.
Stochastic stability for piecewise expanding maps in ℝd

We give conditions which guarantee that a piecewise expanding map T of a domain in d has an invariant density of bounded variation, that random perturbations of T by nearby maps also have invariant densities of bounded variation and that these converge to invariant densities of T as the size of the perturbation tends to zero.
Right Ventricular Function at Rest and during Exercise in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), a measure of systolic pump performance of the right ventricle, is frequently depressed at rest or during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The most common cause of reduced RVEF in COPD is augmentation of right ventricular afterload, namely an increase in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Therapy with agents that decrease the afterload on the right ventricle have the potential to improve the systolic performance of this chamber. Oxygen, vasodilators such as hydralazine and nifedipine, theophylline, and sympathomimetics all may augment RVEF in part by reducing pulmonary vascular resistance and, in some cases, pulmonary artery pressures in patients with COPD and cor pulmonale. However, only oxygen therapy has been shown to improve survival.