cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depletion of brain norepinephrine : differential influence on anxiolyic treatment effects

Rationale: Previous studies have demonstrated that anxiolytic-like anticonflict effects can be produced by either (1) acute administration of traditional anti-anxiety compounds (benzodiazepines or barbiturates) or (2) chronic administration of tricyclic (TCA) or monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants. Objective: The present study determined the effects of noradrenergic neuronal depletion on these distinct anticonflict treatments. Methods: After 3 weeks of training in a repeated measures drink suppression conflict paradigm, water-restricted rats consumed 11–14 ml water/session (unpunished responding) and accepted 25–40 shocks/session (punished responding) during control (i.e., non-drug) 10-min test sessions. The noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP4 [N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride; 65 mg/kg, IP] or its vehicle (saline; 1 ml/kg) was administered after 3 weeks of conflict testing. Conflict behavior was then evaluated for 8 weeks post-treatment. In separate groups of DSP4- and vehicle-pretreated subjects, the effects of acute administration (10-min pretreatment) of phenobarbital (5–40 mg/kg) or alprazolam (0.3–2.5 mg/kg) were determined. In a third experiment, the effects of chronic treatment with the TCA desipramine (DMI; 5 mg/kg, twice daily for 8 weeks) or the non-selective MAOI phenelzine (4.0 mg/kg, twice daily for 8 weeks) on conflict behavior were determined in additional groups of DSP4- or vehicle-pretreated subjects. Results: DSP4 treatment produced a modest yet statistically significant decrease in punished responding (i.e., anxiogenic-like effect) relative to vehicle controls. DSP4 pretreatment did not alter the anticonflict effects of acute alprazolam or phenobarbital treatment. In contrast, DSP4 treatment completely abolished the anticonflict effects produced by chronic DMI or chronic phenelzine treatment. Conclusions: Thus, noradrenergic neuronal integrity appears to be required for the anxiolytic-like effects of chronic antidepressant treatment, but not for the anxiolytic-like effects of acute treatment with barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
Observations of quantized vorticity generated in superfluid 4 He flow through 2-Μm-diameter orifices

A beam of charged vortex rings is used to study the voricity present down-stream from an array of 2-..mu..m-diameter orifices through which a steady flow of superfluid /sup 4/He is driven at known velocity and pressure head ..delta..p. From the measured attentuation of the beam at low ..delta..p, we infer a density of vortex line less than predicted by the Feynman critical velocity model. Possible explanations are considered. We find evidence that an interconnected tangle of vortices is formed above a certain value of ..delta..p, which is in reasonable agreement with theory, at least for one orifice plate. Charge transfer and transient attenuation measurements indicate that this tangle decays in part into small vortex rings. These results are compared with an earlier experiment of Gamota.
Conventions for composition conversion

A convention is proposed for the reporting of significant digits of alloy compositions converted between atomic and weight percent scales for application to a phase diagram data base.
Influence of defects of welded joints of 17G1SU pipe steel on its resistance to hydrogen-sulfide cracking

We have studied the influence of defects in welded joints of 17G1SU pipe steel performed by manual electric arc method with UONII 13/55R, FOX EV 50 (Bohler), and Basic One (Lincoln) electrodes on the serviceability of welded structures in air and environments containing hydrogen sulfide. We have established that bulk defects, having a total area of up to 15% of the calculated cross section of a welded joint performed with UONII 13/55R electrode, do not affect its strength under slow deformation (10−5 sec−1). Defects reduce significantly the resistance of welded joints to hydrogen-sulfide corrosion cracking: in the presence of comparable defects, the threshold stresses of specimens welded with UONII 13/55R and FOX EV 50 electrodes are 60 MPa lower than for specimens without defects.
The dynamic response of carbon fiber-filled polymer composites

The dynamic (shock) responses of two carbon fiber-filled polymer composites have been quantified using gas gun-driven plate impact experimentation. The first composite is a filament-wound, highly unidirectional carbon fiber-filled epoxy with a high degree of porosity. The second composite is a chopped carbon fiber- and graphite-filled phenolic resin with little- to-no porosity. Hugoniot data are presented for the carbon fiber-epoxy (CE) composite to 18.6GPa in the through-thickness direction, in which the shock propagates normal to the fibers. The data are best represented by a linear Rankine-Hugoniot fit: Us = 2.87 + 1.17 × up(ρ0 = 1.536g/cm 3 ). The shock wave structures were found to be highly heterogeneous, both due to the anisotropic nature of the fiber-epoxy microstructure, and the high degree of void volume. Plate impact experiments were also performed on a carbon fiber-filled phenolic (CP) composite to much higher shock input pressures, exceeding the reactants-to- products transition common to polymers. The CP was found to be stiffer than the filament-wound CE in the unreacted Hugoniot regime, and transformed to products near the shock-driven reaction threshold on the principal Hugoniot previously shown for the phenolic binder itself. (19) On-going research is focused on interrogating the direction-dependent dyanamic response and dynamic failure strength (spall) for the CE composite in the TT and 0 ◦ (fiber) directions.
cis- and trans-2-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl) Cyclohexylamine

trans - and cis -2-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-cyclohexylamine have been prepared for evaluation of psychotropic activity. The synthesis and characterization by NMR spectroscopy are reported.
Automated Labeling of Materials in Hyperspectral Imagery

We present a technique for automatically labeling segmented hyperspectral imagery with semantically meaningful material labels. The technique compares the mean signatures of each image segment to a spectral library of known materials, and material labels are assigned to image segments according to the most similar library entry. The similarity between spectral signatures is evaluated using our recently proposed CICRd similarity measure designed specifically for hyperspectral imagery. This measure considers both the continuum-intact reflectance spectrum and its continuum-removed representation. We provide a thorough assessment of this measure by comparison to several commonly used similarity measures on a well-studied low-altitude Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer image of an urban area. We evaluate our results using both information-theoretic techniques and visual validation of the resulting spectral matches.
Classification model selection via bilevel programming

Support vector machines and related classification models require the solution of convex optimization problems that have one or more regularization hyper-parameters. Typically, the hyper-parameters are selected to minimize the cross-validated estimates of the out-of-sample classification error of the model. This cross-validation optimization problem can be formulated as a bilevel program in which the outer-level objective minimizes the average number of misclassified points across the cross-validation folds, subject to inner-level constraints such that the classification functions for each fold are (exactly or nearly) optimal for the selected hyper-parameters. Feature selection is included in the bilevel program in the form of bound constraints in the weights. The resulting bilevel problem is converted to a mathematical program with linear equilibrium constraints, which is solved using state-of-the-art optimization methods. This approach is significantly more versatile than commonly used grid search procedures, enabling, in particular, the use of models with many hyper-parameters. Numerical results demonstrate the practicality of this approach for model selection in machine learning.
Hydrogen bond containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes in polyurethane composites

Introduction of hydrogen bonding sites onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) included carboxylic acid, amide-amine, and novel amide-urea MWCNTs for the formation of homogenous polyurethane composites. Acid oxidation and subsequent derivatization introduced hydrogen bonding functionality onto MWCNTs to reveal the effect of surface functionalization on mechanical properties in a 45 wt% hard segment polyurethane matrix. Raman spectroscopy showed an increase in the D/G peak ratio, which indicated successful oxidation, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also revealed elemental compositions that supported each step of the functionalization strategy. Thermogravimetric analysis supported functionalization with an increase in percent weight loss for each functionalization, and the MWCNT surface functionalization determined pH-dependent dispersibility. The nonfunctionalized MWCNT composites showed poor dispersion with transmission electron microscopy, and in sharp contrast, the functionalized composites displayed homogenous dispersions. Tensile testing revealed improved stress at break in the functionalized MWCNT composites at low loadings due to homogenous dispersion. POLYM. COMPOS., 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
A fuzzy logic based approach to reliability improvement estimation during product development

Abstract During early stages of product development process, a vast amount of knowledge and information is generated. However, most of it is subjective (imprecise) in nature and remains unutilized. This paper presents a formal structure for capturing this information and knowledge and utilizing it in reliability improvement estimation. The information is extracted as improvement indices from various design tools, experiments, and design review records and treated as fuzzy numbers or linguistic variables. Fuzzy reasoning method is used to combine and quantify the subjective information to map their impact on product reliability. The crisp output of the fuzzy reasoning process is treated as new evidence and incorporated into a Bayesian framework to update the reliability estimates. A case example is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach.
Width and wavelength-tunable optical RZ pulse generation and RZ-to-NRZ format conversion at 10 GHz using spectral line-by-line control

We demonstrate a method for tunable optical return-to-zero (RZ) pulse generation with large tunable wavelength range (1532/spl sim/1562 nm) and pulsewidth range (/spl sim/3-50 ps) at 10 GHz based on spectral line-by-line pulse shaping of a wavelength-tunable mode-locked laser. All-optical RZ-to-nonreturn-to-zero format conversion is also demonstrated.
Programmed Death-1 (PD-1):PD-Ligand 1 Interactions Inhibit TCR-Mediated Positive Selection of Thymocytes

Positive selection during thymocyte development is driven by the affinity and avidity of the TCR for MHC-peptide complexes expressed in the thymus. In this study, we show that programmed death-1 (PD-1), a member of the B7/CD28 family of costimulatory receptors, inhibits TCR-mediated positive selection through PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1):PD-1 interactions. Transgenic mice that constitutively overexpress PD-1 on CD4+CD8+ thymocytes display defects in positive selection in vivo. Using an in vitro model system, we find that PD-1 is up-regulated following TCR engagement on CD4+CD8+ murine thymocytes. Coligation of TCR and PD-1 on CD4+CD8+ thymocytes with a novel PD-1 agonistic mAb inhibits the activation of ERK and up-regulation of bcl-2, both of which are downstream mediators essential for positive selection. Inhibitory signals through PD-1 can overcome the ability of positive costimulators, such as CD2 and CD28, to facilitate positive selection. Finally, defects in positive selection that result from PD-1 overexpression in thymocytes resolve upon elimination of PD-L1, but not PD-1 ligand 2, expression. PD-L1-deficient mice have increased numbers of CD4+CD8+ and CD4+ thymocytes, indicating that PD-L1 is involved in normal thymic selection. These data demonstrate that PD-1:PD-L1 interactions are critical to positive selection and play a role in shaping the T cell repertoire.
ISOLATION AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A MUTATION AFFECTING RIBOSOMAL RESISTANCE TO CYCLOHEXIMIDE IN TETRAHYMENA

A dominant mutation at a new locus affecting resistance to cycloheximide has been isolated by exploiting a synergistic relationship with a previously known mutation for cycloheximide resistance in Tetrahymena. The new mutation (ChxB) was induced in a line homozygous for ChxA and was recovered from that background by a new technique termed interrupted genomic exclusion. Segregation data from the interrupted genomic exclusion suggest that ChxA and ChxB are separate, linked loci showing 30% recombination. Minimal lethal doses of cycloheximide for the four possible combinations of the wild-type and mutant alleles of these two genes are: wild type 6 microgram/ml, ChxA 125 microgram/ml, ChxB 10 microgram/ml, ChxA-ChxB 175 microgram/ml.
Self-Protecting Bactericidal Titanium Alloy Surface Formed by Covalent Bonding of Daptomycin Bisphosphonates

Infections are a devastating complication of titanium alloy orthopedic implants. Current therapy includes antibiotic-impregnated bone cement and antibiotic-containing coatings. We hypothesized that daptomycin, a Gram-positive peptide antibiotic, could prevent bacterial colonization on titanium alloy surfaces if covalently bonded via a flexible, hydrophilic spacer. We designed and synthesized a series of daptomycin conjugates for bonding to the surface of 1.0 cm2 Ti6Al4V foils through bisphosphonate groups, reaching a maximum yield of 180 pmol/cm2. Daptomycin-bonded foils killed 53 ± 5% of a high challenge dose of 3 × 105 cfu Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213.
Microwave loss in low-magnetization polycrystalline garnets: A comparison of Ga and CA-V-In-substituted YIG

From available single-crystal data on YIG:Ga and YIG :Ca-V-In, a comparison has been made of anisotropy line broadening in each series for compositions with equivalent 4\piM_{s} and T c . The results indicate the latter materials have smaller anisotropies and should therefore have inherently lower magnetic loss when comparing ceramics with near perfect microstructures, i.e., where porosity line broadening is negligible.
Methodology of the Interventional Management of Stroke III Trial

RATIONALE The IMS I and II pilot trials demonstrated that the combined intravenous (IV) and intra-arterial (IA) approach to recanalization may be more effective than standard IV rt-PA (Activase®) alone for moderate-to-large (NIHSS ≥10) strokes, and with a similar safety profile.
Mapping whose reality? Geographic information systems (GIS) and “wild science”:

In taking the landscape-scale view increasingly demanded of natural resource management, scientific assessments make considerable use of geographic information systems (GIS) maps to convey the research findings they develop. Public interaction with scientists over natural resource management issues is therefore frequently mediated by such maps, which can directly influence how the landscape is viewed, and how science findings are communicated and understood. Analysis of the Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling Study (CLAMS) project in western Oregon reveals that GIS maps play a significant role in how we frame and address natural resource management issues. They can support the role of privileged knowledge as held by the map makers, typically scientists, and may reinforce it by the de facto “map tyranny” that gives primacy to scientific worldviews. But they can also enable broader kinds of inquiry through multiple frames of reference, enhancing story-making opportunities for stakeholders. Which of thes...
Memory-related deficits following selective hippocampal expression of Swedish mutation amyloid precursor protein in the rat.

Abstract The gene encoding for the Swedish double mutation (K595N/M596L) of amyloid precursor protein (APP695Swe) was expressed bilaterally in adult rat hippocampus to determine its long-term effects on memory-related behavior as well as amyloid deposition. Recombinant adeno-associated viral serotype 2 (rAAV2) vectors were injected that contained either non-expressing DNA or cDNA encoding for APP695Swe under control of a chicken beta actin/cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer. Immunolabeling human APP with the antibody 6E10 was observed throughout the cytoplasm of aspiny and, to a lesser extent, spine-bearing hippocampal neurons 6 and 12 months post-injection of the APP695Swe but not control vector. Aβ1–42 immunolabeling was identified in unusual immunoreactive objects within the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in the granule cell layer, proximal to the injection site. At 12 months post-transduction, rats that received the APP695Swe gene also demonstrated significant deficits in the acquisition and probe components of the spatial-memory-related Morris water task compared to control animals. These behavioral deficits occurred in the absence of any amyloid plaques, gliosis, or FluoroJade labeling of dying neurons. In conclusion, prolonged and localized APP695Swe expression in hippocampal neurons is sufficient to produce memory deficits without plaque formation or neuronal loss.
Vector Near-Field Measurements Using Optimized Electrical and Photonic Down-Conversion

A microwave vector-measurement technique based on electrooptic probing with a micro-resonator sensor and electrical down-mixing of a demodulated optical sideband is experimentally demonstrated. Detailed near-field distributions of the amplitude and phase of a radio-frequency-identification antenna are extracted and compared with field patterns obtained from an electrooptic measurement system that instead employs photonic down-conversion to create the baseband read-out signal. High-fidelity field scans with a > 35 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are obtained when using both the electrical and photonic down-conversion techniques in the measurement of a small, planar loop antenna intended for applications in mobile-reader instruments. In addition, the electrooptic-modulation sensitivity to the antenna radiation power is observed to increase by 5 dB when the optical wavelength employed with the resonant probe is shifted from the point of maximum reflected intensity to an optimized low-noise operating regime. Finally, a practical method to double the bandwidth of the electrooptic measurement during photonic down-conversion without any change in system components is introduced, enhancing the SNR to > 40 dB.
Machine-part family formation

Group technology is a organizational approach which justifies small and medium batch sized production systems. Group technology based manufacturing systems offer the advantages of flow production as well as the production flexibility of batch manufacturing. By employing clustering techniques, the part-machine spectrum of the manufacturing system and the relevant manufacturing process are analyzed, and arranged according to design, similarity of machining and product flow. This leads to an organization of the production system into self-contained and self-regulating groups of machines called machine cells. Each machine cell undertakes a maximal production of a family of parts having similar manufacturing characteristics. The principal advantages of a production system employing group technology lie in a substantially reduced work-in-process inventory and improved delivery performance because of reduced throughput time. The three general techniques of part family—machine group formation are: 1. by inspection, 2. classification and coding, and 3. production flow analysis (PFA).
Power electronic converters for microbial fuel cell energy extraction: Effects of inductance, duty ratio, and switching frequency

Power converter based microbial fuel cell (MFC) energy harvesting has been recently researched to replace the external resistors that have been utilized to show MFC output in many studies. The electronic circuit can operate as an equivalent external resistor, but the energy generated from MFC can be harvested in storage instead of being dissipated. However, there is limited information in the literature about the effects of operating configuration of power electronic circuits on MFC energy harvesting. In this study, a boost-converter based energy harvester circuit was examined in terms of inductance, duty ratio, and switching frequency. The results showed that all of these factors play important roles for the performance of MFC and energy harvesting, and their effects can be cross-linked. Current and voltage is generally proportional and inversely proportional to the inductance, respectively. The total harvested energy and efficiency vary significantly by combinations of duty ratio and switching frequency. For the MFC reactor tested in the study, the highest energy harvested was 3.48 J which was under the combination of 14 mH inductance, 75% duty ratio and 5000 Hz frequency, comparing to the highest efficiency of 67.7% happened at 130 mH inductance, 25% duty ratio and 4000 Hz frequency. When using the smallest inductance of 0.45 mH, the highest energy and efficiency were only 1.38 J (50% duty ratio and 5000 Hz frequency) and 19.9% (25% duty ratio and 5000 Hz frequency), respectively. Regardless of the voltages and currents produced in various operating configurations, anode potentials were stable, suggesting that there were enough electrons available to be utilized for current generation. An optimal operating configuration that provides ideal system performance can be found for different reactors and applications.
Verification and Validation of the k-kL Turbulence Model in FUN3D and CFL3D Codes

The implementation of the k-kL turbulence model using multiple computational uid dy- namics (CFD) codes is reported herein. The k-kL model is a two-equation turbulence model based on Abdol-Hamid's closure and Menter's modi cation to Rotta's two-equation model. Rotta shows that a reliable transport equation can be formed from the turbulent length scale L, and the turbulent kinetic energy k. Rotta's equation is well suited for term-by-term mod- eling and displays useful features compared to other two-equation models. An important di erence is that this formulation leads to the inclusion of higher-order velocity derivatives in the source terms of the scale equations. This can enhance the ability of the Reynolds- averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solvers to simulate unsteady ows. The present report documents the formulation of the model as implemented in the CFD codes Fun3D and CFL3D. Methodology, veri cation and validation examples are shown. Attached and sepa- rated ow cases are documented and compared with experimental data. The results show generally very good comparisons with canonical and experimental data, as well as matching results code-to-code. The results from this formulation are similar or better than results using the SST turbulence model.
Phase II trial of irinotecan plus cisplatin (IP) and etoposide plus cisplatin (EP) given weekly on alternating weeks with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support in the treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer

18119 Background: Irinotecan has significant activity in small-cell lung cancer. Randomized trials comparing IP to EP have yielded conflicting results. Our phase I study of alternating weekly thera...
Comparing the Gain of the Ne K-α Inner-Shell X-Ray Laser Using the XFEL to Drive the Kinetics with Photo-Ionization Versus Photo-Excitation

Over the last four decades many photo-pumped X-ray laser schemes have been proposed. However, demonstrating these schemes in the laboratory has proved to be elusive because of the difficulty of finding a strong resonant pump line or X-ray source. With the advent of the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) at the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) we now have a tunable X-ray laser source that can be used to replace the pump line or X-ray source in previously proposed laser schemes and allow researchers to study the physics and feasibility of photo-pumped laser schemes. Many of these photo-pumped schemes are driven by photo-excitation from a resonant line source but others are driven by photo-ionization from a strong non-resonant X-ray source. Three years ago an inner-shell X-ray laser was demonstrated at 849 eV (1.46 nm) in singly ionized neon gas using the XFEL at 960 eV to photo-ionize the 1s electron in neutral neon followed by lasing on the 2p—1s transition in singly-ionized neon. In this paper we model the neon inner shell X-ray laser under similar conditions to those used at LCLS. We investigate how we can improve the efficiency of the neon laser and reduce the drive requirements by tuning the XFEL to the 1s-3p transition in neutral neon in order to create gain on the 2p-1s line in neutral neon. We explore the sensitivity to the drive intensity, pulse duration, and line-width of the XFEL to better understand how to optimize this inner shell laser by understanding the trade-offs between using photo-ionization versus photo-excitation to drive gain in these systems. We also discuss how photo-ionization of L-shell electrons can be used to create lasing on n = 3 − 2 transitions in materials such as Ar and Cu.
Low-molecular-weight heparins in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), because of its efficacy and ease of use, is an attractive alternative to unfractionated heparin in treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. METHODS Using MEDLINE, I searched for relevant clinical trials using LMWH. I carefully reviewed these trials, allowing development of recommendations for use of LMWH in clinical practice. RESULTS A large amount of data is available for evaluating the use of LMWH in treatment of venous thromboembolism and in prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism. Less data are available concerning the utility of these agents in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. CONCLUSIONS Based on available literature, LMWH should be strongly considered as therapy for acute deep venous thrombosis, though Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for this indication is currently pending. These agents are also excellent pharmacologic prophylactic agents in orthopedic surgery patients. Recent data suggest use in unstable angina in place of heparin. Other indications for use are not as well defined at this time.
Sensory Disturbances after Focal Extirpations of the Human “Motor” Cortex

From the late 1800s until approximately the middle of the 20th century, neurosurgeons made discrete motor cortex lesions in humans in attempts to reduce or eliminate a variety of involuntary movements, resulting mainly from epilepsy. In some cases, the neurosurgeons tested and recorded their patients' ability to perform various movements and to perceive various types of sensory stimuli after the operation. Although these studies have been largely forgotten, they have an immense advantage over primate lesion studies for understanding the function of the motor cortex because the patients were able to attempt to perform complex movements upon request, and to describe their perceptions of cutaneous stimuli, including integrated sensations (e.g., recognition of objects by palpation alone). We provide here a table containing the results of these studies pertaining to sensory deficits. The most consistent and persistent sensory deficits reported relate to object recognition and position sense. This finding is in...
Abstract PL04-03: Working in innovative settings to enhance reach and improve population-based physical activity levels

Physically active individuals accrue a wide range of health benefits including reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, certain types of cancer; as well as improving mental health, mood, bone and muscular strength, and reduced risk of falls. However, less than half of US adults (age 18+) meet the national Surgeon General recommendations of at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity, including 2 days of strength training, each week. Certain subgroups of the population, Blacks, Hispanics, lower education and income levels, and those living in rural locations, are more likely to not meet the guidelines. In addition, 33.9% of the US population are considered “inactive” (e.g. less than 10 minutes of activity/week)….and inactive subgroups are also quite similar to those who do not meet physical activity guidelines. To address key health and cancer disparities, we must consider intervention strategies that improve reach and effectiveness within these subgroups. This presentation will share examples of working within innovative settings to improve physical activity levels, as well as decrease inactivity. We will introduce constructs of the RE-AIM framework to guide this discussion. Citation Format: Laura Linnan. Working in innovative settings to enhance reach and improve population-based physical activity levels. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr PL04-03.
The influence of mechanical strain on conductivity and diffusion in polymers

In almost every paper on the conductivity of polymers the term “activation energy” is used. Somewhat less frequently one encounters the terms activation volume and entropy. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these and related terms in a rather general way and to illustrate how mechanical strain and stress can be used, both to modify and to determine some of the important parameters of the rate theory of ionic conduction.
Social and Familial Contexts for Drinking Among Older Adults

As the older adult population increases in size, alcohol use issues in this cohort have become the focus of increased attention. This chapter is an exploration of how environmental factors such as familial and social influences either facilitate or hinder the use of alcohol among older adults. Specific contexts examined include experiences of retirement, residential context, and characteristics of social networks. Literature that explores these factors in relation to older adult drinking is reviewed and discussed. In addition, theoretical explanations for the etiology of older adult alcohol use are considered in the context of existing data.
Examination and Intervention for Sinus Tarsi Syndrome

Athletes with persistent anterolateral ankle discomfort may have developed sinus tarsi syndrome (STS). Sinus tarsi syndrome develops from excessive motions of the subtalar joint that results in subtalar joint synovitis and infiltration of fibrotic tissue into the sinus tarsi space. Physical therapists treating athletes with ankle conditions should examine the talocrural and subtalar joints for signs of hypermobility as injuries can affect both of these important articulations of the lower extremity. Localized ankle discomfort to the sinus tarsi space and feelings of instability with pronation and supination movements of the subtalar joint will help identify STS. Intervention for this condition will focus on enhancing subtalar joint stability and function of the lower extremities. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to discuss the etiologies and signs of STS and describe the components of an intervention plan appropriate for athletes with STS.
Effectiveness of a Clinically Oriented Motivational Interviewing Training Program in Increasing Skills & Changing Perceptions

Objective: This study assessed: 1) the effectiveness of a Motivational Interviewing (MI) training program to improve the skills of family practice residents, and 2) resident and Standardized Patient’s perception of the effectiveness of training and beliefs about MI in clinical practice.Methods: Seventeen family practice residents completed training over two months, followed by two months of reflection with peers and the researchers. Standardized Patient interactions were videotaped at baseline, post-intervention, and 3 months later, and were independently assessed using the Behavior Change Counseling Index (BECCI). Residents and Standardized Patients completed reflections at the end of each interaction, and residents completed a post-training survey.Results: Thirteen residents completed the intervention and assessments. Average BECCI scores increased from 0.74 to 2.26, indicating positive change in residents. All residents demonstrated an increase in knowledge and an increase in their perceived ability to use MI with patients.Comments: Adding individualized feedback is needed to maintain skills and confidence among trainees. Research on the effect of the use of MI on patient outcomes is also needed.Conclusion: Incorporating MI training into a medical school curriculum is a potentially feasible, efficient and effective way of improving patient outcomes related to lifestyle behaviors.
Progressive lentivirus infection induces natural killer cell receptor-expressing B cells in the gastrointestinal tract.

Objective:Recently, a seemingly novel innate immune cell subset bearing features of natural killer and B cells was identified in mice. So-called NKB cells appear as first responders to infections, but whether this cell population is truly novel or is in fact a subpopulation of B cells and exists in
Ultrasound-guided Placement of a Foley Catheter Using a Hydrophilic Guide Wire

Acute urinary retention is a common problem in the emergency department. Patients can present in significant distress, necessitating the placement of a urinary catheter. Foley catheter placement can be difficult to accomplish depending on the etiology of the retention and the degree of the obstruction. In the case presented here, we used ultrasound guidance, a guidewire, and a Foley catheter to successfully relieve a patient's urinary retention after multiple failed attempts.
NMR and Surface Structure

My students and postdoctoral students [14.1] have been using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to investigate a number of aspects of surfaces in collaboration with Dr. John Sinfelt of the Exxon Research and Development Laboratory. Although NMR has played an enormously important role in solid-state physics and in chemistry, it has been little used to study surfaces since the number of nuclei needed to observe a signal is large, but the number of atoms on a surface is typically small. Nevertheless, NMR is such a powerful spectroscopic technique that we have pursued its use for the study of surfaces.
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis: Case series of an under‐recognized entity

Chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CUS) is a mucocutaneous condition characterized by chronic relapsing and remitting oral ulcers and erosions. This condition remains under-recognized among dermatopathologists, possibly because of common misdiagnosis as oral erosive lichen planus (LP). We report five cases of CUS in order to raise awareness of this uncommon condition. All patients presented with desquamative gingivitis and/or oral erosions, with biopsies showing lichenoid mucositis and epithelial nuclear IgG deposition on direct immunofluorescence. Recognition of the characteristic direct immunofluorescence findings allows for distinction of chronic ulcerative stomatitis from oral LP and appropriate therapy.
Respiratory physiology of the desert grassland scorpion Paruroctonus utahensis

The influence of size, temperature, thermal acclimation and starvation on the respiratory metabolism of Paruroctonus utahensis scorpions was studied. Inverse weight : metabolism relationships were noted for scorpions above 24 °C. Below 24 °C live weight did not appreciably influence metabolic rate. Starvation lowered the slope of portions of metabolic rate : temperature (R : T) curves and depressed standard metabolic rates at 20 °C. R : T curves of 10 °C-acclimated scorpions were elevated over those of 24 °C-acclimated scorpions.
Homeostatic versus pathological functions of Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase in the adult mouse brain

Abstract Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase (DLK, Map3k12), is an injury-induced axonal protein that governs the balance between degeneration and regeneration through its downstream effectors c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphorylated c-jun (p-c-Jun). DLK is generally considered to be inactive in healthy neurons until induced by injury. However we report that DLK in the cerebellum appears constitutively active and drives nuclear p-c-Jun in cerebellar granule neurons in the absence of injury. In contrast the adult hippocampus expresses similar levels of apparently constitutively active DLK, but p-c-Jun is lower and does not accumulate in the nucleus. Injury is required there for p-c-jun nuclear expression, because in the rTg4510 model of tauopathy, where there is extensive hippocampal pathology, nuclear p-c-Jun is induced in a DLK-dependent manner. This context-specific regulation of DLK signaling could relate to availability of JNK scaffolding proteins, as the cerebellum preferentially expresses JNK-interacting protein-1 (JIP-1) whereas the hippocampus contains more JIP-3 and Plenty of SH3 (POSH). To understand how DLK signaling differs between the hippocampus and cerebellum, we selectively blocked DLK and measured changes in protein and mRNA expression. In the cerebellum, p-c-Jun levels correlated with synaptophysin, suggesting a link between DLK activity and synaptic maintenance. In rTg4510 mice, hippocampal p-c-Jun instead correlated with markers of neuronal injury and gliosis (Iba1 and GFAP). RNA sequencing revealed that in both brain regions DLK inhibition reduced expression of JNK/c-Jun pathway components and a novel set of co-regulated genes. In the cerebellum, Jun mRNA levels were co-regulated with genes mapping to metabolic pathways, while in the rTg4510 hippocampus, Jun-correlated mRNAs correspond primarily to neuroinflammation. These data suggest that in the uninjured cerebellum, DLK/p-c-Jun signaling is linked to synaptic regulation, but in the hippocampus, pathologically activated DLK/p-c-Jun signaling regulates genes associated with the injury response.
The Scribble Story Technique: An Arts-Based Supervision Process

Graduate counseling programs are currently utilizing both individual and group supervision formats so that supervisees (i.e., counselors-in-training) and supervisors (i.e., counselor educators) hav...
Disease Burden of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Global Perspective

Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality around the world. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary cancer of the liver, accounting for the majority of liver cancers. The risk factors associated with HCC include chronic infections with HBV and HCV, alcoholic liver disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, male patients have higher risk for than females, and the risk increases with older age. Mortality rates for HCC parallel its increasing incidence rates. In this context, incidence rate for HCC shows geographic variations in different parts of the world and is heavily affected by regional differences in risk factor for liver disease. The highest incidence rates for HCC are observed in Asia and Africa, while Europe and North America have lower rates. In fact, HBV is still regarded as the leading cause of HCC globally, while HCV is the most common cause of HCC in the USA. Recently, it has been suggested that HCC cases related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is on the rise, while the proportion of HCC attributed to alcoholic liver disease remains stable.
Electronic Health Record–Assisted Reflex Urine Culture Testing Improves Emergency Department Diagnostic Efficiency:

The authors evaluated the effectiveness of an electronic health record (EHR)-based reflex urine culture testing algorithm on urine test utilization and diagnostic yield in the emergency department (ED). The study implemented a reflex urine culture order with EHR decision support. The primary outcome was the number of urine culture orders per 100 ED visits. The secondary outcome was the diagnostic yield of urine cultures. After the intervention, the mean number of urine cultures ordered was 5.95 fewer per 100 ED visits (9.3 vs 15.2), and there was a decrease in normal, or negative, cultures by 2.42 per 100 ED visits. There also was a statistically significant decrease in urine culture utilization and an increase in the positive proportion of cultures. Simple EHR clinical decision-support tools along with reflex urine culture testing can significantly reduce the number of urine cultures performed while improving diagnostic yield in the ED.
Controlled Growth of Large-Area Bilayer Tungsten Diselenides with Lateral P-N Junctions.

Bilayer two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials are attracting increasing attention due to their predicted high quality electronic and optical properties. Here, we demonstrate dense, selective growth of WSe2 bilayer flakes by chemical vapor deposition with the use of a 1:10 molar mixture of sodium cholate and sodium chloride as the growth promoter to control the local diffusion of W-containing species. A large fraction of the bilayer WSe2 flakes showed a 0 (AB) and 60° (AA') twist between the two layers, whereas Moire 15 and 30° twist angles were also observed. Well-defined monolayer-bilayer junctions were formed in the as-grown bilayer WSe2 flakes, and these interfaces exhibited p-n diode rectification and an ambipolar transport characteristic. This work provides an efficient method for the layer-controlled growth of 2D materials, in particular, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, and promotes their applications in next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Best choices/optimization

Abstract Optimization, quantitative, aims for the most favorable options in process behavior as guided by optimal, that is, maximal and minimal values of a chosen performance measure. A wide spectrum of optimization infrastructure is represented here by four approaches. (1) Classical optimization employs the first derivative of a well-defined mathematical function as used in calculus. (2) Variational methods optimize the definite integral of a collection of admissible functions. The calculus of variations establishes first variation conditions that allow to approach the optimal curve most closely, notably via the Euler–Lagrange equation. (3) A Hamiltonian version equipped with Pontryagin’s maximum principle accommodates otherwise difficult constraints. (4) Linear programming mobilizes a geometrical approach to linear processes and constraints that places the optima at the corners of a feasible region between the coordinates and the constraining curves. Dynamic programming is a strategy for breaking down large, optimality computations into smaller, consecutive steps. Each optimal, and taking into account its predecessor, is embedded in the overall procedure making for an overall optimum.
Does Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Progress After Fusion

Starting in the 1960s, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) became more commonly diagnosed in Japan. The disease is characterized by a gradual increase in calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament with the eventual sequelae of cervical canal stenosis and myelopathy. Surgical interventions to relieve stenosis and neurologic symptoms are performed to decompress the cervical canal. Studies demonstrate continued ossification of the OPLL in both nonsurgical and surgically treated patients. In this review, the authors evaluate the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and literature regarding disease progression in OPLL after cervical fusion.
Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak After Lumbar Total Disc Replacement: A Diagnostic and Management Challenge.

Background Lumbar total disc replacement is increasingly becoming a more common treatment for discogenic low back pain refractory to conservative measures. Nevertheless, several complications have been reported, including, among others, wound infection, vascular injury, retrograde ejaculation, postsympathectomy syndrome, ileus, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Although CSF leakage is rare, we discuss a case of CSF leakage and the diagnosis and management of CSF leakage after lumbar total disc replacement. Case Description A 25-year-old man had presented with discogenic low back pain caused by degenerative disc disease of 9 years' duration. His symptoms were exacerbated by activity, worse with sitting, and relieved by ice baths. He developed a cerebrospinal fluid leak after L5-S1 lumbar total disc replacement. Conclusions Our patient ultimately required device removal, direct repair, and replacement with a different prosthesis to treat his CSF leak.
The Agency Costs of Private Equity: Why Do Limited Partners Still Invest?

This paper examines the private equity (PE) corporate governance model by bringing together insights from legal scholarship, management studies, finance economics, and government data. While the PE...
Gas ebullition from petroleum hydrocarbons in aquatic sediments: A review.

Gas ebullition in sediment results from biogenic gas production by mixtures of bacteria and archaea. It often occurs in organic-rich sediments that have been impacted by petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) and other anthropogenic pollution. Ebullition occurs under a relatively narrow set of biological, chemical, and sediment geomechanical conditions. This process occurs in three phases: I) biogenic production of primarily methane and dissolved phase transport of the gases in the pore water to a bubble nucleation site, II) bubble growth and sediment fracture, and III) bubble rise to the surface. The rate of biogenic gas production in phase I and the resistance of the sediment to gas fracture in phase II play the most significant roles in ebullition kinetics. What is less understood is the role that substrate structure plays in the rate of methanogenesis that drives gas ebullition. It is well established that methanogens have a very restricted set of compounds that can serve as substrates, so any complex organic molecule must first be broken down to fermentable compounds. Given that most ebullition-active sediments are completely anaerobic, the well-known difficulty in degrading PHCs under anaerobic conditions suggests potential limitations on PHC-derived gas ebullition. To date, there are no studies that conclusively demonstrate that weathered PHCs can alone drive gas ebullition. This review consists of an overview of the factors affecting gas ebullition and the biochemistry of anaerobic PHC biodegradation and methanogenesis in sediment systems. We next compile results from the scholarly literature on PHCs serving as a source of methanogenesis. We combine these results to assess the potential for PHC-driven gas ebullition using energetics, kinetics, and sediment geomechanics analyses. The results suggest that short chain <C10 alkanes are the only PHC class that alone may have the potential to drive ebullition, and that PHC-derived methanogenesis likely plays a minor part in driving gas ebullition in contaminated sediments compared to natural organic matter.
Low-Loss Thin Film Lithium Niobate Bonded on Silicon Nitride Waveguides

We demonstrate heterogeneous integration of thin film LiNbO 3 on Si 3 N 4 photonic integrated circuits with SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and direct bonding. We report record low losses in bonded ring resonators of 0.4 dB/cm (intrinsic Q = 8.19×105).