cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instructor Feedback for College Writing Assignments in Introductory Classes

We compared three instructor feedback protocols to determine whether minimal instructor feedback could improve undergraduate students' writing skills in large introductory classes. The three feedback conditions were specific feedback, nonspecific feedback, and grade only. Sixty community college students participated in the study. Sections of an Introduction to Human Services course were randomly assigned to the three feedback conditions. Students wrote 9 timed essays during the semester. Pretest data were collected from the first essay at the beginning of the semester. Posttest data were taken from the final essay. Data for each student's essays consisted of the number of words written, the number of spelling errors, and the number of syntax grammar errors. Between the pretest and the posttest, students wrote 7 timed essays during class periods. Students in the specific feedback condition received a tally of spelling and grammar errors on grade criteria sheets and the location of the errors marked on their essays. In the nonspecific feedback condition, students received a tally of the errors on their grade criteria sheets but the locations of the errors were not marked on the essays. In the grade only condition, students received feedback on the number of points they had earned for each essay. Significant differences were found for pretest–posttest difference (gain) scores for the proportion of errors to the number of words written between the specific feedback condition and the grade only condition. Specific feedback decreased the proportion of errors to words written. The grade only condition maintained the same proportion of errors to words written from pretest to posttest. Significant differences were also found between difference (gain) scores for total errors between the specific feedback condition and the grade only condition and between the nonspecific feedback condition and the grade only condition.
Extractive and abstractive event summarization over streaming web text

During crises, information is critical for responders and victims. When the event is significant, as in the case of hurricane Sandy, the amount of content produced by traditional news outlets, relief organizations, and social media vastly overwhelms those trying to monitor the situation. The ensuing digital overload that accompanies large scale disasters suggests an opportunity for automatic summarization --the implied task here is to monitor an event as it unfolds over time by processing an associated stream of documents and producing a rolling update summary containing the most salient information with respect to the event (which we also refer to as the query).
Thermodynamic cycle optimization for pyroelectric energy conversion in the thin film regime

Summary Pyroelectric energy conversion is both simulated and realized on thin film lead zirconate titanate capacitors. The thermodynamics of the energy conversion cycle were explored, and the performance of the Brayton cycle was compared with the conventional Ericsson pyroelectric cycle. Cycle performance was examined using coefficients extracted from measured isothermal polarization hysteresis loops. It was found that the Brayton cycle is slightly more efficient than the Ericsson cycle over the range of temperatures tested and has significant efficiency improvements with increasing pyroelectric coefficients. The results from actual energy conversion cycles differed slightly from simulated performance, confirming the known challenges with synchronizing pyroelectric cycles with realistic thermal excitation. Finally, a one-dimensional thermal transient model is used to explore the power conversion potential of thin film pyroelectrics. It is shown that the Brayton cycle has a significant performance advantage over the Ericsson cycle at higher operating frequencies. A power density of 8 mW/cm3 was obtained using the Brayton cycle for a thin film system at about 60 °C with an applied field of 5 V and stimulation frequency of 0.2 Hz. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testosterone Supplementation Increases Lean Mass in Men Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial:

Objectives:Surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is essential for those who wish to resume athletic activity following ACL rupture. However, the trauma of surgical repair ...
Kinds of process and the levels of selection

Most attempts to answer the question of whether populations of groups can undergo natural selection focus on properties of the groups themselves rather than the dynamics of the population of groups. Those approaches to group selection that do emphasize dynamics lack an account of the relevant notion of equivalent dynamics. I show that the theory of ‘dynamical kinds’ I proposed in Jantzen (Synthese 192(11):3617–3646, 2014) can be used as a framework for assessing dynamical equivalence. That theory is based upon the notion of a dynamical symmetry, a transformation of a system that commutes with its evolution through time. In the proposed framework, structured sets of dynamical symmetries are used to pick out equivalence classes of systems. These classes are large enough to encompass the range of phenomena we associate with natural selection, yet restrictive enough to guarantee a sort of causal homogeneity. By characterizing dynamical kinds via symmetry structures in this way, the question of levels of selection becomes a precise question about which populations respect the dynamical symmetries of Darwinian evolution. Standard population genetic models suggest that populations undergoing evolution by natural selection are partially characterized by a group of fitness-scaling symmetries. I demonstrate conditions under which these symmetries may be satisfied by populations of individuals, populations of groups of individuals, or both simultaneously.
Induction of the LH Surge in Premenarchal Girls Confirms Early Maturation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis.

To determine whether premenarchal girls exhibit positive estradiol feedback similar to regularly cycling adult women when given exogenous estradiol. This was a prospective clinical cohort study at 2 institutions. Nine girls and 6 women received a 7-day course of transdermal estradiol designed to produce physiologic, mid-cycle circulating estradiol levels. Participants collected daily morning urine for luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol metabolites (E1c), and progesterone metabolites (Pdg), corrected for creatinine. Main outcomes were percentage increase in LH from nadir to peak and the absolute value of peak LH between the 2 groups, using t testing and linear mixed-effects modeling. All participants exhibited a positive feedback response to estradiol. Adult women had a 532.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 253.7–1119) increase in LH after estradiol exposure; premenarchal girls had a 497.9% increase (95% CI: 274.5–903.2; P =.86). The absolute value of the LH surge in women was 9.50 mLU/mgCr (95% CI: 2.59–43 34.90) and in premenarchal girls was 2.57 mLU/mgCr (95% CI: 0.53–12.49; P =.15). Premenarchal girls can mount an LH surge proportionally similar to regularly cycling adults. This occurs earlier in puberty than previously believed, in contrast to current dogma that maturation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis occurs after menarche and is the rate-limiting step for the establishment of regular, ovulatory cycles. Failure to achieve regular cycles may instead be due to nutritional or ovarian factors. Young girls who fail to ovulate shortly after menarche may warrant further evaluation for endocrinopathies.
Phase II trial of palbociclib (PD-0332991) in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer (UC) after failure of first-line chemotherapy.

500Background: UC is a common malignancy with poor outcomes in patients with metastatic disease. The majority of urothelial cancers harbor alterations in key retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway genes with ...
Multi-metric Graph Query Performance Prediction

We propose a general framework for predicting graph query performance with respect to three performance metrics: execution time, query answer quality, and memory consumption. The learning framework generates and makes use of informative statistics from data and query structure and employs a multi-label regression model to predict the multi-metric query performance. We apply the framework to study two common graph query classes—reachability and graph pattern matching; the two classes differ significantly in their query complexity. For both query classes, we develop suitable performance models and learning algorithms to predict the performance. We demonstrate the efficacy of our framework via experiments on real-world information and social networks. Furthermore, by leveraging the framework, we propose a novel workload optimization algorithm and show that it improves the efficiency of workload management by 54% on average.
Solvent Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion (NMRD) in Solutions of Paramagnetic Proteins

Measurements of the magnetic relaxation rate of solvent protons in protein solutions, first at a single magnetic field and later at a small number of fields over a limited range, have been used by many investigators in attempts to determine the accessibility of solvent to the paramagnetic sites of solute protein. The data were generally interpreted as changes in the hydration of paramagnetic ions as they formed progressively larger complexes with enzymes, substrates, and cofactors. Because of the potential power of these techniques, and because theory showed clearly that the relaxation should be strongly magnetic field-dependent, we started, about a decade ago, to develop and refine the instrumentation, the theory, and the applications of NMRD, i.e., the magnetic field-dependence of solvent relaxation. As we studied NMRD in greater depth, we become progressively convinced of the futility of obtaining hydration numbers from the data. For demonstrable, but as yet poorly understood, reasons, the observed magnitude of paramagnetic NMRD rates cannot be accounted for theoretically. On the other hand, we find that the use of NMRD measurements as an indicator, much as with any other spectroscopic tool, is a powerful technique for investigating many macromolecular processes.
ASPECTS OF THE METEOROLOGY OF THE SEASONAL SEA ICE ZONE

The hemispheric seasonal sea ice zones (SSIZ) are delineated in Figures 1 and 2 showing the range between the average seasonal maximum and seasonal minimum limits for ≥ 1/8 ice concentration. A marginal ice zone (MIZ) contiguous with the open ocean represents one general type of SSIZ and in Antarctica this is circumglobal, extending more or less concentrically around the continent between latitudes 60° and 70°S. The area of ice-covered waters varies between September and March from about 4 × 106 to 20 × 106 km2. In the northern hemisphere, in contrast, there is a marked longitudinal asymmetry relating to the land-sea distribution and the seasonal range is much less, from 7.8 × 106 to 14.8 × 106 km2 (Parkinson et al., in press), due to the land-locked Arctic Ocean. While the maximum limit of the MIZ extends to south of 50°N in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Labrador Sea, there is open water to the north of 75°N in the Norwegian-Barents Sea. From a meteorological standpoint, these MIZs are not subject to an unlimited fetch of wind and currents such as occurs around Antarctica and should, therefore, be regarded as a second type. A third type of SSIZ is represented in the essentially closed Arctic Ocean where the winter extension of the pack ice is constrained by land and shorefast ice, creating shear zones. These are prominent features from the Queen Elizabeth Islands to the Beaufort Sea coast of Alaska. The most extensive SSIZs in the Arctic occur in the Barents-Laptev and Chukchi-Bering “shelf seas.”
Computational Complexity, Random Sequences, and Probability

This chapter discusses computational complexity, random sequences, and probability. Computational complexity has been proposed as a basis for the recognition or definition of random sequences and the definition or measurement of probability. To some degree, this approach is an outgrowth of von Mises' idea of a collective and the role of place selection functions. Kolmogorov reformulated the use of place-selection functions so that they could be applied to finite sequences. There remained the problem of the choice of an appropriate family of such functions. The chapter explores a form of Kolmogorov's approach to the complexity of a sequence through the shortest programs needed to compute the sequence. The chapter also presents complexity-based definitions of random and exchangeable finite sequences, and independent exchangeable sequences. The problem of random infinite sequences is also briefly discussed in the chapter.
Estimating visitor use-value of arboreta: the case of the University of Tennessee Arboretum.

Abstract Many studies have estimated demand functions for visits to recreation sites. Several included commonly defined recreation-based areas such as beaches, parks, lakes and rivers, but excluded examination of horticulturally significant sites such as botanic gardens and arboreta. This study estimates user-demand and consumer surplus for visits to the University of Tennessee Arboretum by the travel cost method. Results suggest that travel cost and income of consumers are important determinants of demand, at least in the case of visits to the University of Tennessee Arboretum, and that consumer-use value may be derived from this demand. Consumer-use value is estimated to be $20.43 per person.
Healthcare utilization and costs with fixed-source versus variable-source tacrolimus in patients receiving a kidney transplant.

Aims: Switching drug manufacturers in transplant patients may require an increased intensity of therapeutic monitoring, leading to additional healthcare visits, associated laboratory tests, and per...
Superinfection and cell regeneration can lead to chronic viral coinfections

Molecular diagnostic techniques have revealed that approximately 43% of the patients hospitalized with influenza-like illness are infected by more than one viral pathogen, sometimes leading to long-lasting infections. It is not clear how the heterologous viruses interact within the respiratory tract of the infected host to lengthen the duration of what are usually short, self-limiting infections. We develop a mathematical model which allows for single cells to be infected simultaneously with two different respiratory viruses (superinfection) to investigate the possibility of chronic coinfections. We find that a model with superinfection and cell regeneration has a stable chronic coinfection fixed point, while superinfection without cell regeneration produces only acute infections. This analysis suggests that both superinfection and cell regeneration are required to sustain chronic coinfection via this mechanism since coinfection is maintained by superinfected cells that allow slow-growing infections a chance to infect cells and continue replicating. This model provides a possible mechanism for chronic coinfection independent of any viral interactions via the immune response.
Tumor-induced hypophosphatemic osteomalacia caused by a mesenchymal tumor of the mandible managed by a segmental mandibulectomy and microvascular reconstruction with a free fibula flap.

Background Tumor-induced osteomalacia is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome in which patients develop hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. Methods and results Here, we report a unique case of a 42-year-old man who presented to our institution with a 1-year history of pain in his ribs, hips, lower back, and feet. Radiologic examination revealed a decrease in bone density and multiple insufficiency fractures. Laboratory evaluation revealed hypophosphatemia, low serum 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 , and elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). A positron emission tomography/CT scan showed increased uptake in the right mandibular third molar region. Panoramic radiography and CT scanning showed a lytic expansile bone lesion. A mandibular bone biopsy revealed a mixed connective tissue tumor. A right segmental mandibulectomy was performed, followed by microvascular reconstruction. The resection was confirmed by normalization of serum phosphate and FGF23. Conclusion Successful management of this condition was achieved, with complete surgical resection of the tumor and reconstructive surgery.
Legal Liminalities: Conflicting Jurisdictional Claims in the Transition from British Mandate Palestine to the State of Israel

This article explores the legal and temporal dimensions of the transition from British Mandate Palestine to the State of Israel on 15 May 1948. I examine the paradoxical character of Israeli jurisdictional claims during this period and argue that it reveals the Israeli state's uncertainty as to whether the Mandate had truly passed into the past. On one hand, Israel recognized the validity of the Mandate administration's jurisdiction until 15 May; I employ the Israeli trial of the British citizen Frederick William Sylvester to demonstrate how Israel even predicated its own jurisdictional claims on their being continuous with those of its predecessor. In this case, the Mandate administration was cast as having entered the realm of the past. Conversely, the Israeli state contested Mandate laws and legal decisions made prior to 15 May to assert its own jurisdictional claims. In the process, Israeli officials belied their efforts to bury their predecessors in the past and implicitly questioned whether the past was in fact behind them. By simultaneously relying upon and disavowing past British legal decisions, the Israeli state staked a claim on being a “completely different political creature” from its British predecessor while retaining its colonial legal structures as the “ultimate standards of reference.” Israel's complex attitude toward its Mandate past directs our attention to how it was created against the backdrop of the receding British Empire and underscores the importance of studying Israel alongside other post-imperial states that emerged from the First World War and the mid-century decolonizing world.
Situating space: using a discipline-focused lens to examine spatial thinking skills.

Spatial skills are an important component of success in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. A majority of what we know about spatial skills today is a result of more than 100 years of research focused on understanding and identifying the kinds of skills that make up this skill set. Over the last two decades, the field has recognized that, unlike the spatial skills measured by psychometric tests developed by psychology researchers, the spatial problems faced by STEM experts vary widely and are multifaceted. Thus, many psychological researchers have embraced an interdisciplinary approach to studying spatial thinking with the aim of understanding the nature of this skill set as it occurs within STEM disciplines. In a parallel effort, discipline-based education researchers specializing in STEM domains have focused much of their research on understanding how to bolster students’ skills in completing domain-specific spatial tasks. In this paper, we discuss four lessons learned from these two programs of research to enhance the field’s understanding of spatial thinking in STEM domains. We demonstrate each contribution by aligning findings from research on three distinct STEM disciplines: structural geology, surgery, and organic chemistry. Lastly, we discuss the potential implications of these contributions to STEM education.
Chapter 13 – Financing Transactions: Private Equity, Hedge Funds, and Leveraged Buyout Structures and Valuation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how transactions are financed, with an emphasis on the financing, structuring, and valuation of highly leveraged transactions. In a leveraged buyout (LBO), borrowed funds are used to pay for most of the purchase price, with the remainder provided by a financial sponsor, such as a private equity investor group or hedge fund. LBOs can be of an entire company or divisions of a company. LBO targets can be private or public firms. Typically, the tangible assets of the firm to be acquired are used as collateral for the loans. The most highly liquid assets often are used as collateral for obtaining bank financing. This chapter begins with a discussion of the changing face of LBOs and then explains how such transactions often are financed, alternative LBO structures, the risks associated with poorly constructed deals, how to take a company private, how to develop viable exit strategies, and how to estimate a firm's financing capacity. The terms buyout firm and financial sponsor are used interchangeably, as they are in the literature on the subject, throughout the chapter to include the variety of investor groups, such as private equity investors and hedge funds, that commonly engage in LBO transactions. Empirical studies of pre- and postbuyout returns to shareholders also are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to analyze and value highly leveraged transactions and to construct LBO models.
Lack of susceptibility of poultry to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV

Chickens, turkeys, ducks, quail and geese were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV. No disease was observed, no virus replication was detected and antibodies were not detected in serum. Neither virus replicated in embryonating chickens eggs. Poultry are unlikely to serve a role in the maintenance of either virus.
Body Composition and Structural Comparisons of Female and Male Athletes

This article compares the body composition and physical structure of female and male athletes. A brief review of laboratory and field techniques used to assess body composition and structure is given. The contribution of body composition and physical structure to sex differences in performance and physiology is discussed.
Automation and New Capabilities in the University of Florida NHERI Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel

The Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) experimental facility at the University of Florida provides a diverse suite of experimental resources to support wind hazard research. The 40-m long Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel (BLWT) simulates boundary layer flows to characterize wind loading on rigid structural models and assess the response of aeroelastic structures. The use of experimental automation tools provides researchers unparalleled flexibility in their test configurations while supporting high throughput testing and data collection. The Terraformer, an array of 1116 roughness elements, can be rapidly reconfigured to generate terrain conditions in less than 90 seconds, the test section turntable can move automatically through a range of wind approach angles, and the instrumentation gantry can traverse preset paths to collect wind field measurements anywhere in the tunnel cross-section. These test automation tools, along with mechatronic structural models and real-time data transfer and processing, provide new opportunities in experimental wind tunnel testing. Recent cyber-physical wind tunnel testing projects highlight the benefits of these experimental automation tools. This paper will also discuss the most recent addition to the BLWT, the Flow Field Modulator (FFM). It consists of a 2D array of 319 individually controlled ducted fans driven by electronic speed controllers. The FFM expands the BLWT capabilities by supporting the simulation of non-monotonic profiles and nonstationary events such as gust fronts and downbursts, where mean velocity and turbulence distributions change over short spatial scales. The ability to simulate these flow conditions in a wind tunnel enables the investigation of a wide range of damaging conditions and the solutions for mitigating their impact on structures.
Paper plans and possibility: A critical analysis of landscape conservation policy in the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor

Abstract In a move toward the integration of social and ecological goals in land management, landscape approaches are now a part of mainstream conservation and development policy discourses worldwide. Policies for integrated landscape management in Mesoamerica have long promoted biological corridors as a way to enhance biodiversity conservation and habitat connectivity while improving livelihoods in the surrounding landscape matrix. Recently, though, the policy focus throughout the region has shifted toward landscape restoration, which subsumes and expands upon the former approach to respond more explicitly to concerns about climate change. However, the limited success and challenges of translating corridors from paper into practice raise questions about the potential of landscape restoration policies to achieve intended outcomes. Centering on the experience of El Salvador, this paper draws on policy and document analysis and interviews with professionals to compare the two approaches and explore the implications of the transition toward landscape restoration based on lessons learned from past corridor implementation challenges. The paper argues that while the two approaches share many core components and objectives, landscape restoration has different spatial and distributional implications in terms of priority-setting, distribution of resources and benefits, and the promotion of conservation management strategies and alternatives. Nevertheless, unresolved challenges of integrated landscape management revealed by decades of unsuccessful corridor implementation must be addressed if restoration policies are to make headway. Through a critical analysis of shifting policy frameworks in El Salvador, the research offers crucial insight into the limitations and possibilities of integrated landscape management in Mesoamerica and globally.
Clinical impact of respiratory syncytial virus infection on children hospitalized for pertussis.

Although Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the common pathogens in children with pertussis and viral coinfection, the clinical impact of RSV infection on pertussis remains unclear. We compared clinical characteristics and sought differences between infants with single Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) infection and those with RSV coinfection. We enrolled 80 patients with pertussis who were hospitalized in Shenzhen Children’s Hospital from January 2017 to December 2019. Respiratory tract samples were tested for B. pertussis with real-time polymerase chain reaction and respiratory viruses with immunofluorescence assay. Clinical data were obtained from hospital records and collected using a structured questionnaire. Thirty-seven of 80 patients had B. pertussis infection alone (pertussis group) and 43 had RSV-pertussis coinfection (coinfection group). No significant differences were found with regard to sex, body weight, preterm birth history, pertussis vaccination, symptoms, presence of pneumonia, or lymphocyte count between the 2 groups. Univariate analysis showed patients with RSV coinfection were older (median, 4.57 months vs 4.03 months, p = 0.048); more commonly treated with β-lactam antibiotics (21% vs 5%, p = 0.044); had higher rates of wheezes (40% vs 14%, p = 0.009) and rales (35% vs 14%, p = 0.028) on chest auscultation, a higher rate of readmission (40% vs 11%, p = 0.004), and a longer hospital stay (median, 10 days vs 7 days, p = 0.002). In the further binary logistic regression analysis, patients with RSV coinfection had higher rates of wheezes (OR = 3.802; 95% CI: 1.106 to 13.072; p = 0.034) and readmission (OR = 5.835; 95% CI: 1.280 to 26.610; p = 0.023). RSV coinfection increases readmission rate in children hospitalized for pertussis. RSV infection should be suspected when wheezes are present on auscultation of the chest in these patients. Early detection of RSV may avoid unnecessary antibiotic use.
Genome-wide simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers discovered from whole-genome sequence comparisons of multiple spinach accessions

The availability of well-assembled genome sequences and reduced sequencing costs have enabled the resequencing of many additional accessions in several crops, thus facilitating the rapid discovery and development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Although the genome sequence of inbred spinach line Sp75 is available, previous efforts have resulted in a limited number of useful SSR markers. Identification of additional polymorphic SSR markers will support genetics and breeding research in spinach. This study aimed to use the available genomic resources to mine and catalog a large number of polymorphic SSR markers. A search for SSR loci on six chromosome sequences of spinach line Sp75 using GMATA identified a total of 42,155 loci with repeat motifs of two to six nucleotides in the Sp75 reference genome. Whole-genome sequences (30x) of additional 21 accessions were aligned against the chromosome sequences of the reference genome and in silico genotyped using the HipSTR program by comparing and counting repeat numbers variation across the SSR loci among the accessions. The HipSTR program generated SSR genotype data were filtered for monomorphic and high missing loci, and a final set of the 5986 polymorphic SSR loci were identified. The polymorphic SSR loci were present at a density of 12.9 SSRs/Mb and were physically mapped. Out of 36 randomly selected SSR loci for validation, two failed to amplify, while the remaining were all polymorphic in a set of 48 spinach accessions from 34 countries. Genetic diversity analysis performed using the SSRs allele score data on the 48 spinach accessions showed three main population groups. This strategy to mine and develop polymorphic SSR markers by a comparative analysis of the genome sequences of multiple accessions and computational genotyping of the candidate SSR loci eliminates the need for laborious experimental screening. Our approach increased the efficiency of discovering a large set of novel polymorphic SSR markers, as demonstrated in this report.
Does a Common Mechanism Engender Common Results? Sustainable Development Tradeoffs in the Global Carbon Offset Market

We investigate whether a common mechanism to achieve global sustainability goals produces uniform results in the world’s largest carbon offset market, the United Nations Clean Development Mechanism. Conventional wisdom suggests that an international regulatory accord designed to stimulate investment in activities to achieve sustainability objectives would yield similar impacts across institutional contexts. But our results illustrate that consideration of various dimensions of sustainability entails inherent tradeoffs among local priorities that can contribute to uneven global outcomes. We show that broader country-level sustainability institutions, and the ministerial offices in which sustainability assessments are made, affect preferences for different types of sustainable development. We discuss the implications for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and offer suggestions to regulators and policymakers who design and implement market-based sustainable development systems.
Predictive Clinical and Surgical Factors Associated with Recurrent Apoplexy in Pituitary Adenomas

Introduction Pituitary apoplexy is an uncommon clinical condition that can require urgent surgical intervention, but the factors resulting in recurrent apoplexy remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine the risks of a recurrent apoplexy and better understand the goals of surgical treatment. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for all consecutive patients diagnosed and surgically treated for pituitary apoplexy from 2004 to 2021. Univariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with recurrent apoplexy. Results A total of 115 patients were diagnosed with pituitary apoplexy with 11 patients showing recurrent apoplexy. This occurred at a rate of 2.2 cases per 100 patient-years of follow-up. There were no major differences in demographic factors, such as hypertension or anticoagulation use. There were no differences in tumor locations, cavernous sinus invasion, or tumor volumes (6.84 ± 4.61 vs. 9.15 ± 8.45 cm, p = 0.5). Patients with recurrent apoplexy were less likely to present with headache (27.3%) or ophthalmoplegia (9.1%). Recurrent apoplexy was associated with prior radiation (0.0 vs. 27.3%, p = 0.0001) and prior subtotal resection (10.6 vs. 90.9%, p = 0.0001) compared with first time apoplexy. The mean time to recurrent apoplexy was 48.3 ± 76.9 months and no differences in overall follow-up were seen in this group. Conclusion Recurrent pituitary apoplexy represents a rare event with limited understanding of pathophysiology. Prior STR and radiation treatment are associated with an increased risk. The relatively long time from the first apoplectic event to a recurrence suggests long-term patient follow-up is necessary.
A non‐paradoxical dose response to 17α‐methyltestosterone by Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.): effects on the sex ratio, growth and gonadal development

Commercial tilapia production is dependent on monosex culture, commonly obtained through the inclusion of an androgen in the diet for a brief period soon after hatch. To determine a minimum effective dose and identify the problems associated with over-dosing, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fry were fed diets containing methyltestosterone (MT) at rates up to 1200 mg kg⁻¹ of diet for 28 days. The minimum effective dose for ≥95% males was 14 mg MT kg⁻¹ diet. Percent phenotypic males increased as the rate increased from 3.75 (80%) to 30 mg kg⁻¹ MT (99%). Methyltestosterone given at rates of 120 mg kg⁻¹ or more reduced efficacy but did not result in a reduced frequency of males relative to that of non-treated fish. The term ‘paradoxical feminization' does not adequately describe the observed sex ratios, where no fish were feminized but the efficacy of MT at high doses to masculinize females was reduced. At 1200 mg MT kg⁻¹, the frequency of females (48 ± 1%) was not different from that in the non-treated population. The mechanism for the reduced efficacy is not clear and is not adequately explained as an aromatization of androgen to oestrogen response.
A decade of research in club management: a review of the literature in academic journals.

Club management has traditionally been an under researched area, especially when compared with other segments of the leisure industry. Most of the research to date has been conducted in areas concerning the marketing of private clubs as well as legal and government issues which affect clubs. The purpose of this study will be to review the relevant club management literature, as it has appeared in academic journals over the last ten years, concentrating on what are collectively known as private social clubs-that is, clubs which have selection criteria for prospective members. A secondary purpose will be to identify the key issues that need to be explored in future research with a specific emphasis upon marketing in private clubs. The overriding intention of this paper is to argue that club management is deserving of a unique stature in hospitality and that to date it has not received the attention it warrants.
A Study of the Controller Tuning for Stabilizing Nonlinear Feedback Systems based on Generalized Models

This paper focusses on the control of nonlinear processes and presents a transformation that approximates a nonlinear model via polynomial expansions. The method helps developing successively more accurate models and also provides a means to quantify the uncertainty associated with the approximation. A stability analysis can be performed in a straightforward fashion to identify stable operating regions as well as stable directions for the output variable moves. Various controller schemes are tested to demonstrate the practicality of the method and a case study of heat-exchanger control is discussed.
Hybrid Vehicle Systems Analysis

A technique has been developed for deriving the optimal operating strategy including engine calibration for a hybrid vehicle given the vehicle hardware description, the operating cycle, emission constraints, and the relative costs of the two energy sources carried on the vehicle. This report describes the technique and presents the results of applying it to a set of electric/ICE hybrid vehicles which attempt to encompass a very wide range of powertrain choices for a 2000 lb base vehicle. Results are presented for city driving where the battery is required to end the cycle at the same state of charge as at the beginning, as well as a 100-mile mission over which it was possible to fully discharge the battery at no cost. The study indicates, for the assumptions and constraints of this particular study, the powertrain combinations which have the highest potential both for liquid fuel and for combined energy saving.
A prediction method of the ZVS condition of class E amplifier at any duty ratio

A method that predicts the ZVS condition before the switch turns on is presented for the class E amplifier operating at any duty ratio. The prediction is obtained in real-time by observing the switch and shunt capacitor current waveforms with a simple analog-digital circuit. Using this method, a control circuit that ensures the ZVS condition can be realized.
CHILDHOOD NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS—AN EVALUATION OF THE ASSOCIATION WITH PATERNAL OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO HYDROCARBONS

Paternal occupational exposures to hydrocarbons have been associated with childhood nervous system cancer, but study results have not been consistent. This population-based case-control study was designed to examine this association using a large sample size to increase the precision of risk estimates. The birth certificates of 499 children who died in Texas from intracranial and spinal cord tumors were compared with 998 control certificates randomly selected from all Texas live births. Information on parental job title and industry at the time of birth was obtained from the birth certificates. No significant associations were identified for the dichotomized variable of all hydrocarbon-related occupations combined, as variously defined in previous studies, or for most of the specific jobs affiliated with exposures to hydrocarbons. Significant, relatively stable odds ratios (OR) were found for printers and graphics arts workers (OR = 4.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-14.7) and chemical and petroleum workers with high exposure levels (OR = 3.0; CI = 1.1-8.5). A discussion of the biases involved in this type of study design is presented.
Can Simultaneous Interpretation Help Machine Translation

It is well known that Machine Translation (MT) has not approached the quality of human translations. It has also been noted that MT research has largely ignored the work of professionals and researchers in the field of translation, and that MT might benefit from collaboration with this field. In this paper, I look at a specialized type of translation, Simultaneous Interpretation (SI), in the light of possible applications to MT. I survey the research and practice of SI, and note that explanatory analyses of SI do not yet exist. However, descriptive analyses do, arrived at through anecdotal, empirical, and model-based methods. These descriptive analyses include "techniques" humans use for interpreting, and I suggest possible ways MT might use these techniques. I conclude by noting further questions which must be answered before we can fully understand SI, and how it might help MT.
Proposed reference method for iron in serum used to evaluate two automated iron methods

The manual Reference Method of the Centers for Disease Control for serum iron (CDC/RM/Fe) and a semiautomated adaptation of it were used to evaluate two working methods: one, a detergent solubilization procedure for the Roche Cobas-Bio analyzer, the other, the Kodak Ektachem 700 procedure, based on dry-film technology. The CDC/RM/Fe and its semiautomated version gave essentially the same results for 40 sera from hospital patients. This semiautomated version was in turn compared with the two working procedures in a study involving 200 patients. Each of the working methods correlated well with the semiautomated CDC/RM/Fe method. Separate recovery and interference studies indicated satisfactory analytical recovery of iron in all cases, but the detergent solubilization method was found to be susceptible to interference by hemoglobin, lipemia, and bilirubin.
ANISOTROPIC ELASTOPLASTIC BOUNDING SURFACE MODEL FOR COHESIVE SOILS

This paper presents an improved soil model based on anisotropic critical state theory (ACST) and bounding surface plasticity. The ACST of Dafalias was extended into 3-D stress space. In addition to the isotropic hardening rule, rotational and distortional hardening rules were incorporated into the bounding surface formulation with an associated flow rule. The projection center that is used to map the actual stress point to the imaginary stress point was specified along the K-sub-0 line instead of the hydrostatic line or at the origin of the stress space. A simplified form of plastic modulus was used and the proposed model requires a total of 12 material parameters, the same number as that of the single-ellipse time-independent version of the Kaliakin--Dafalias model. The model was validated against the undrained isotropic and anisotropic triaxial test results under compression and extension shearing modes for Kaolin Clay, San Francisco Bay Mud, and Boston Blue Clay. The effects of stress anisotropy and overconsolidation were well captured by the model. The time effect was not included in formulations presented here.
A technique using analytical hierarchy process in multiobjective planning models

Abstract Social and economic planning usually includes the need to consider and reconcile multiple, conflicting objectives. A number of multiple objective planning models have been proposed, using goal programming as well as other multiple objective techniques. Goal programming provides a useful tool which quickly provides a solution matching the set of ranked objective targets provided, but does not provide much exploratory analysis of planning problems. Other techniques have been used which provide generation of new alternatives for consideration, but these other techniques often are limited to original model extreme points. This paper presents an alternative means of generating planning alternatives, utilizing Analytic Hierarchy Process as a means of obtaining a good starting point, and imposition of objective attainment levels through constraints. The proposed process provides a means of decision maker learning, easily allows adjustment of objective attainment levels and is not limited to the original model extreme points.
The effect of change in sequential visual stimuli on GSR adaptation: II, the novel stimulus as a disinhibiting stimulus

GSR records were obtained for 20 Ss presented with a series of 80 stimuli (four lights alternating in apparent random sequence). Records were obtained, also, for 20 Ss in each of two groups, using the same procedure: in Group 1, a tone was substituted for one of the lights, early in the sequence, and in Group 2, it was substituted later in the sequence. The tone, the novel stimulus, produced significant changes in the GSR adaptation patterns of the two groups.
Sequences of predictive eye movements form a fractional Brownian series – implications for self-organized criticality in the oculomotor system

When human subjects are presented with a pair of visual targets that alternate periodically, they track the targets with rapid eye movements known as saccades. In previous work we demonstrated that at low pacing rates ( 0.6 Hz), latencies are much shorter: subjects make predictive saccades that anticipate target motion. The predictive latencies are correlated and appear to form a fractional Brownian motion. Here we confirm this finding by examining the rate of decay of nonlinear forecasting of predictive latencies. We further characterize the nature of predictive saccade latencies through the use of detrended fluctuation analysis and surrogate data. These results lead us to conclude that predictive saccades may exhibit a form of self-organized criticality, which enables rapid response to changes in stimulus timing. We provide an experimental demonstration of this.
Urinary basic fibroblast growth factor: a noninvasive marker of progressive cystic renal disease in a child.

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a hereditary condition with an estimated incidence of 1 in 20,000 live births. Various growth factors have been implicated in the causation of this disease. We describe a child with ARPKD whose levels of urinary basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were markedly elevated. The concentrations of bFGF increased further following right nephrectomy, in response to the compensatory growth of the remaining kidney. We hypothesize that measurement of urinary bFGF may be useful as a noninvasive marker to assess progression of cystic renal development.
Simulation of droplet heating and desolvation in an inductively coupled plasma — Part I

Abstract The total desolvation rate of sample droplets in an argon inductively coupled plasma (Ar ICP) is investigated through the development of a two-phase continuum flow computer model. The desolvation model is supplemented by equations used to determine the trajectories of particles through the plasma. The model is used to calculate the behavior of aerosol droplets from a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN), a micronebulizer used to inject microliter quantities of samples that are toxic, expensive, or of limited volume. We use the combination of desolvation and transport models to present the first predicted spatial distribution of droplet concentrations and evaporation rates in an ICP flow. These data are compared with the behavior of a DIHEN spray in an environment with no net argon gas flow to determine the importance of gas flow rates to overall droplet concentration profiles in the ICP. In addition, two separate techniques (Stokes’ equation and the direct simulation Monte Carlo treatment) for determining droplet trajectories are contrasted.
Breast Cancer and the "Unnatural" Woman in Edgeworth's Belinda

(2009). Breast Cancer and the 'Unnatural' Woman in Edgeworth's Belinda. The Explicator: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 195-198.
Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis: the immune response

An increased understanding of host immune responses to Cryptosporidium parvum which are responsible for clearance of primary infection and resistance to reinfection, and characterization of the parasite molecules to which they are directed, are essential for discovery of effective active and passive immunization strategies against cryptosporidiosis. In this article, recent advances in knowledge of humoral and cellular immune responses to C. parvum, their antigen specificities, and mechanisms of protection are briefly reviewed.
Experiments in the laboratory and the real world

Abstract The age—old question of the generalizability of the results of experiments that are conducted in artificial laboratory settings to more realistic inferential and decision-making situations is considered in this paper. Conservatism in probability revision provides an example of a result that (1) has received wide attention, including attention in terms of implications for real-world decision making, on the basis of experiments conducted in artificial settings and (2) is now apparently thought by many to be highly situational and not at all a ubiquitous phenomenon, in which case its implications for real-world decision making are not as extensive as originally claimed. In this paper conservatism is considered in some detail within the context of the generalizability question. In a more general vein, we discuss some of the difficulties inherent in experimentation in realistic settings, suggest possible procedures for avoiding or at least alleviating such difficulties, and make a plea for more realistic experiments.