cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MSCS: Multi-hop Segmented Circuit Switching

NoCs (networks-on-chip) are commonly proposed as scalable on-chip interconnects for current and future CMPs (chip multi-processors) and many-core systems. While scalable, the lack of global control can create routing inefficiencies detrimental to the overall network latency. Recently, NoCs have been proposed that allow flits to traverse multiple network switches in a single cycle. This requires a more global view of control to allow routers along the path of a packet to configure their switches collectively. In this paper, we propose a reservation based circuit-switching design, MSCS, which provides simplified global control and multi-hop traversal while reducing latency. MSCS performs network control once per network dimension for the lifetime of a packet, while the leading methods require multiple arbitration steps depending on contention in the network. Furthermore, MSCS can perform control for a packet prior to the availability of resources through reservations, while previous schemes only perform control on-demand. Overall, MSCS can reduce the buffer size by 50% over the leading multi-hop scheme while maintaining a nominal latency improvement (1.4%). With the same buffer resources per port, MSCS achieves a 12.7% latency improvement.
Exploration of factors affecting mammography behaviors

Of an estimated pool of 1,700 potential participants, only 382 (22%) eligible women participated in a low-cost breast cancer screening program offered to university and medical center employees. Because most women were still available and data were needed to understand why the opportunity to participate was refused by so many, a survey was done to determine factors related to mammography behavior. Three distinct groups of women were identified according to health beliefs, mammography behaviors, and modifying factors. Women who participated in the mammogram program were predominantly well-educated working women who were aware of mammography and its relationship to the breast cancer trajectory; they were affected by cost and convenience issues. One group of women did not participate in the program offered because they had had a recent mammogram; these women were at high risk for breast cancer and perceived mammography to be beneficial. The women who did not participate for other reasons were in nonprofessional jobs, had lower levels of education, and tended not to participate in the health care system as readily as women in the other groups; they perceived themselves less susceptible to breast cancer, valued mammography less, and knew less about breast cancer.
Fever of Unknown Origin: Review of 86 Patients Treated in Community Hospitals

This study describes the clinical features of fever of unknown origin (FUO) in 86 patients in a community setting from 1984 to 1990. Infectious diseases remain the most common category of illnesses causing FUO; in this study, infectious diseases including recently described diseases--such as AIDS (three cases) and Lyme disease (one case)--caused FUO in 28 patients. Although percutaneous computed tomography-guided procedures were useful for obtaining diagnostic specimens (15 cases), a noninvasive approach established the diagnosis in many instances (37 cases). In all but nine cases, diagnostic testing was guided by abnormalities detected during the physical examination or routine laboratory tests.
Molecular cloning of the mouse Ltbp-1 gene reveals tissue specific expression of alternatively spliced forms.

Abstract Latent transforming growth factor binding proteins (Ltbp-1, -2, -3 and -4) and fibrillins (Fbn-1 and -2) are structurally related cysteine-rich extracellular matrix proteins that localize to the 10 nm microfibrils. Ltbp-1 is thought to promote the secretion and proper folding of the small latent transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) complex (TGF-β plus its propeptide) and is implicated in sequestering it in the extracellular matrix. Here we report the isolation of the mouse Ltbp-1 complementary DNA (cDNA) and gene. The longer form of the Ltbp-1 cDNA encodes a predicted 1713 amino acid protein containing 18 epidermal growth factor-like repeats, four 8-cysteine domains and several motifs that suggest interactions with αIVβ1 and α9β1 integrins. Northern blotting analyses indicate that long and short Ltbp-1 transcripts are widely expressed in adult mouse tissues and most abundantly expressed in heart. Ltbp-1 is a single copy gene that maps to chromosome 17, band E (1–3) and encompasses more than 212 kb. The Ltbp-1 gene contains 34 exons and shows a similar organization to the LTBP-2 gene, suggesting that these genes originated from a common ancestral gene.
A statistical test of Anderson localization

Abstract Numerical demonstrations of localization in random systems are difficult to obtain and interpret because of statistical fluctuations in the electron probability density. This difficulty can be avoided through the use of correlation functions defined in terms of the electron probability density. The fluctuations can then be eliminated by averaging over a large number of Anderson Hamiltonians. The resulting averaged correlation functions clearly show that electrons are exponentially localized. The localization demonstrated here is sufficient to insure a zero dc conductivity in the limit of large systems.
Are Reports of Discrimination Valid? Considering the Moral Hazard Effect

Antidiscrimination laws are designed to prompt employers to stop excluding black workers from jobs they offer and from treating them unequally with respect to promotion and salaries once on the job. However, a moral hazard effect can arise if the existence of the laws leads black employees to bring unjustified claims of discri- mination against employers. It has been argued that employers may become more reluctant to hire black workers for fear of being subjected to frivolous lawsuits. Using the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality (MCSUI), we find that male and female black workers are far more likely than whites to report racial discrimination at work. This is the case even when a host of human capital and labor market factors are controlled for. Further, nearly all black workers who report they have been discriminated against on the job in the MCSUI Surveys also show statistical evidence of wage discrimination. This is not the case for white males or females. We find little evidence to support a moral hazard effect.
Longitudinal study of tuberculosis outcomes among immunologically naive Aché natives of Paraguay

This study documents the course of a tuberculosis epidemic in an immunologically naive group of South American Indians within fewer than 20 years after first sustained contact with outsiders. Groups of Northern Ache (ah-CHAY) of eastern Paraguay were contacted and settled on reservations between 1971-1979. Not surprisingly, the Ache are very susceptible to tuberculosis, and the epidemiological characteristics of the disease are quite different from those of populations that have had tuberculosis for centuries. Within 6 years of the first detected case of tuberculosis among the Ache, the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis cases reached 18.2%, and of infected cases among adults, 64.6%, some of the highest rates ever reported for any human group. Remarkably, males and females are equally likely to have been diagnosed with active tuberculosis, Ache children between birth and 5 years of age are least vulnerable to tuberculosis, high nutritional and socioeconomic status do not decrease the risk of disease or infection, and children immunized with BCG are less responsive to tuberculin challenge than are other children. Moreover, similar to the Yanomamo, but unlike populations of European or African descent, a high percentage of Ache with active disease test negative on tuberculin challenge tests (purified protein derivative; PPD). These differences may be due to a high prevalence of diminished cell-mediated immunity, and T-helper 2 dominance. We also hypothesize that these immunological characteristics, low genetic diversity, hostile intergroup interactions, and behavioral noncompliance to treatment protocols together contribute to the high rates of active disease observed. Existing tuberculosis control programs are poorly equipped to handle the impact of these causal complexities on the course of recent tuberculosis epidemics that have quickly spread throughout native communities of Latin America during the last decade.
Uniform boundedness and convergence of solutions to the systems with a single nonzero cross-diffusion

Uniform boundedness and convergence of global solutions are proved for quasilinear parabolic systems with a single nonzero cross-diffusion in population dynamics. Gagliardo–Nirenberg type inequalities are used in the estimates of solutions in order to establish W12-bounds uniform in time. By using the uniform bound, convergence of solutions are established for systems with large diffusion coefficients in the weak competition case.
Allergic reactions to Triatoma bites

Background Triatoma bugs are best known in the medical community as vectors of trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). However, bites of Triatoma bugs are a cause of local cutaneous reactions and anaphylaxis, mainly in the western and southwestern United States. The reactions typically occur at night during sleep, and the bite may not be recognized. There is continuing public interest in medical complications of bites of these bugs, although the scope of the problem remains undefined. Objective To review the relevant medical literature, identify present knowledge, and determine future research goals for allergy to Triatoma . Data Sources Computerized databases were used to search the medical literature for articles in the English language on Triatoma bites, allergy and entomology, and Chagas disease. Study Selection Almost all identified articles on Triatoma allergy were used. Only selected articles on Triatoma bites and entomology were pertinent to the objectives. Articles on Chagas disease were limited to cases in the United States. Results Bites of Triatoma bugs have been known to cause anaphylaxis for more than a century. These insects inhabit a large area of the United States, but to date most reports of allergic reactions to their bites have originated in the West and Southwest. The reactions typically occur at night during sleep following a bite on uncovered skin and may be unrecognized. Procalin has been identified as the major salivary allergen of Triatoma protracta and was recently cloned and expressed through recombinant technique. Allergenic reactivity has been demonstrated to salivary gland extracts of 2 species. The extracts of these 2 species have not shown immunologic cross-reactivity. Immunotherapy using a salivary gland extract appeared to be beneficial in a small number of patients; however, no commercial testing or treatment allergen is available. Conclusions Triatoma bites appear to be an important cause of anaphylaxis, especially in the western and southwestern United States. Because exposure to these insects often occurs during sleep, the incidence of allergic reactions to them is unclear. An epidemiologic study should be performed to determine the incidence, prevalence, and range of allergic responses to the bites of these insects. The lack of commercial antigen limits diagnostic and treatment capabilities. The development of an allergen under the Orphan Drug Act should be encouraged.
Routh, Hurwitz, Bieler and Kharitonov: A unified approach using the Schwarz form

The equivalence of the well known Routh and Hurwitz criteria and the conditions derived using a quadratic Lyapunov function, were established by Patrick Parks. In this paper it is shown that the basic mathematical framework used by him involving the Schwarz form can be used to derive the same stability conditions in a simple form, and that results due to Bieler and Kharitonov can also be derived in a unified fashion.
Theory of synchronously pumped dye lasers

An analysis of cw synchronously pumped dye lasers is presented. Under the assumption that the cavity (tuning element) bandwidth is much wider than the bandwidth of the transform limited pulses generated, the pulse forming dynamics is rigorously treated. It is shown that for a finite mismatch between the lengths of the dye and the pump lasers, a steady-state pulse develops in the dye laser cavity with a conserved pulseshape. The characteristics (energy, shape, peak power, duration) of these pulses of ultimate width are quantitatively determined as a function of cavity mismatch. An analytical solution for the pulse envelope is determined, which yieldsI(t)∝Sech2(t/tp) to a good approximation.
Existence and Characterization of Optimal Employment Contracts on a Continuous State Space

Abstract This paper characterizes the class of incentive compatible contracts and establishes existence and absolute continuity of an optimal wage-employment contract in an environment where private information can take on a continuum of values. Unlike previous work on optimal contracting, our results use neither an assumption that utility is additively separable in income and leisure nor prior assumptions of continuity or differentiability of the contract. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D82, C61, J41.
A Disulfide Bond at Cys 190 of Tropomyosin Alters Tryptic Cleavage Pattern

Native tropomyosin (Tm), an α-helical coiled-coil, possesses a charged acidic amino acid (Asp 137) that occurs in a hydrophobic position which destabilizes the coiled-coil. This region is sensitive to tryptic cleavage and is important in the proper regulation of the myosin activate ATPase, (Sumida, John P., Wu, Eleanor, Lehrer, Sherwin S, JBC 283, 2008). Thermal stability measurements of Tm suggest a long-range interaction between the Asp 137 position and the Cys 190 position. In the current work, we present further evidence of long-range interactions along the length of tropomyosin.Native frog Tm was cross-linked with DTNB at Cys 190. Tryptic cleavage patterns of this cross-linked species were compared to a control Tm in which the Cys 190 groups were maintained reduced state using DTT. The course of tryptic cleavage of the cross-linked molecule was altered compared to the fully reduced molecule. Proteolysis of the cross-linked molecule produced new tryptic fragments seen in a reduced SDS gel at 30kDa and 20kDa. Trypsin cleaves reduced tropomyosin at Arg 133 to produce two new tryptic fragments (17kDa and 15kDa). The observation that cross-linked Tm exhibits a change in the cleavage rate, and affects the cleavage pattern, demonstrates a long-range effect of the cross-link at Cys 190 on the site of trypsin cleavage, Arg 133.This finding adds evidence to the idea that “flexibility” is associated with a locally fluctuating region in the middle of the molecule which has implications on our understanding of how Tm moves on the actin surface, and provides insight into understanding how single point mutations in Tm may result in dysfunction and disease associated with various myopathies.
How Will Bilingual/ESL Programs in Literacy Change in the Next Millennium?

Several literacy researchers share their thoughts about bilingual education and English language learning in the context of demographic shifts anticipated in the current millennium.
The Role of Kinds in the Semantics of Ceteris Paribus Laws

This paper investigates the interaction between semantic theories for cp-laws (roughly, laws that hold “all things equal”) and metaphysical theories of kinds in the special sciences. Its central conclusion is that cp-laws concerning kinds behave differently from cp-laws concerning non-kinds: “ravens are black” which concerns the kind corvus corax, behaves differently from from “albino ravens are white” which concerns the non-kind grouping of albino ravens. I argue that this difference is in the first instance logical: the two sorts of cp-laws give rise to different inferential patterns. I draw two further conclusions. The difference in logical behavior poses a severe problem for extant semantic theories of cp-laws, and: we cannot elucidate the distinction between kinds and non-kinds by suggesting that only kinds can appear in laws.
H − formation in laser-excited molecular hydrogen

Experimental evidence is reported for the efficient ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ formation in UV laser irradiated ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$.
Gandhi and Mao as Mass Communicators

The “mass line” theory, stress on multiple channels, and non-charismatic leadership style characterize both leaders’ strategies.
ROLE OF CONFORMAL THREE-GEOMETRY IN THE DYNAMICS OF GRAVITATION.

The unconstrained dynamical degrees of freedom of the gravitational field are identified with the conformally invariant three-geometries of spacelike hypersurfaces. New results concerning the action principle, choice of canonical variables, and initial-value equations strengthen this identification. One of the new canonical variables is shown to play the role of "time" in the formalism.
Strategies to optimize analgesia and sedation

Achieving adequate but not excessive sedation in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients is a complex process. Analgesics and sedatives employed in this context are extremely potent, and drug requirements and metabolism are unpredictable. Clinicians must have heightened awareness of the potential for enduring effects and are encouraged to employ strategies that maximize benefit while minimizing risk. Successful sedation protocols have three basic components: frequent assessments for pain, anxiety, and agitation using a reproducible scale; combination therapy coupling opioids and sedatives; and, most importantly, careful communication between team members, with a particular recognition that the bedside nurse must be empowered to pair assessments with drug manipulation. In recent years, two broad categories of sedation protocols have achieved clinical success in terms of decreasing duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit length of stay by minimizing drug accumulation. Patient-targeted sedation protocols (the first category) rely on structured assessments to guide a careful schema of titrated drug escalation and withdrawal. Variation exists in the assessment tool utilized, but the optimal goal in all strategies is a patient who is awake and can be readily examined. Alternatively, daily interruption of continuous sedative infusions (the second category) may be employed to focus care providers on the goal of achieving a period of awakening in the earliest phases of critical illness possible. Newer literature has focused on the safety of this strategy and its comparison with intermittent drug administration. Ongoing investigations are evaluating the broad applicability of these types of protocols, and currently one may only speculate on whether one strategy is superior to another.
Cathodic electrodeposition in the ternary Zn–Cd–O system: mixed (ZnO)x(CdO)1−x film formation versus Cd-doping of ZnO films

Abstract Cathodic electrodeposition was used to prepare thin films of ZnO, either admixed with CdO or doped with Cd, from oxygenated KCl electrolyte containing ZnCl2 and CdCl2 in various molar ratios ranging from 0 mM to 5.0 mM each. Whether mixed or doped films were obtained crucially depended on the electrosynthesis potential. Evidence for doping was obtained from X-ray powder diffraction, optical transmission, chronopotentiometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. The Cd-doped ZnO samples showed superior photoresponse relative to undoped ZnO.
Direct Torque Control of Brushless DC Motor with Non-sinusoidal Back-EMF

In this paper, a direct torque control (DTC) technique for brushless dc (BLDC) motors with non-sinusoidal back-EMF operating in the constant torque region is presented. This approach introduces a two-phase conduction mode as opposed to the conventional three-phase DTC drives. In this control scheme, only two phases conduct at any instant of time. Unlike conventional six-step PWM current control, by properly selecting the inverter voltage space vectors of the two-phase conduction mode from a simple look-up table at a predefined sampling time, the desired quasi-square wave current is obtained. Therefore, a much faster torque response is achieved compared to conventional PWM current control. In this paper, it is also shown that in the constant torque region under the two-phase conduction DTC scheme, the amplitude of the stator flux linkage cannot easily be controlled due to the sharp changes and the curved shape of the flux vector between two consecutive commutation points in the stator flux linkage locus. Furthermore, to eliminate the low- frequency torque oscillations caused by the non-ideal trapezoidal shape of the actual back-EMF waveform of the BLDC motor, a pre-stored back-EMF versus position look-up table is designed. As a result, it is possible to achieve DTC of a BLDC motor drive with faster torque response due to the fact that the voltage space vectors are directly controlled while the stator flux linkage amplitude is deliberately kept almost constant by ignoring the flux control in the constant torque region. Since the flux control along with PWM generation is removed, fewer algorithms are required for the proposed control scheme. A theoretical concept is developed and the validity and effectiveness of the proposed DTC scheme are verified through the simulations and experimental results.
Nanoscale photonics: Nanoshells: gifts in a gold wrapper.

Researchers in the field of 'nanophotonics' are attempting to fabricate the smallest possible structures with optical functionality. The ability to engineer silica–gold nanoshell particles may increase the importance of metals in a range of nanophotonic and biological applications.
Characterization of human brain pharmacokinetics using a two-compartment model.

Abstract We developed a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model to systematically characterize 19 F magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 19 F MRS) data on the concentration time course of psychotropic compounds measured in human brain. Using this model, brain volume of distribution and clearance were calculated for fluvoxamine as an index compound. Our interest in formalizing a multicompartment model was motivated by recent advances in the field of brain spectroscopy that allow the noninvasive characterization of brain uptake and elimination half-lives of fluorinated psychotropic compounds. Differences between central compartment single-dose and steady-state half-lives and the peripheral elimination half-life at steady state were used to formulate the model. Application of the model is illustrated using previously published data on the elimination half-lives of fluvoxamine from plasma and brain at steady state, along with the literature values for single-dose plasma elimination half-life. Applying the model, brain volume of distribution (1.12 L/kg ± 0.2 SEM) and clearance (1.01 L/hour ± 0.12 SEM) were calculated for fluvoxamine. The bioavailability of fluvoxamine to the brain from plasma was 1.85 ± 0.23 SEM. The underlying multicompartment pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine were reflected by the difference between brain and plasma elimination half-lives from steady state. This method to derive pharmacokinetic parameters using 19 F MRS measurements of drug concentration in brain can be applied to characterize the pharmacokinetics of other fluorinated psychotropic compounds.
Gapped Pulses for Frequency-Swept MRI

Abstract A recently introduced method called SWIFT (SWeep Imaging with Fourier Transform) is a fundamentally different approach to MRI which is particularly well suited to imaging objects with extremely fast spin–spin relaxation rates. The method exploits a frequency-swept excitation pulse and virtually simultaneous signal acquisition in a time-shared mode. Correlation of the spin system response with the excitation pulse function is used to extract the signals of interest. With SWIFT, image quality is highly dependent on producing uniform and broadband spin excitation. These requirements are satisfied by using frequency-modulated pulses belonging to the hyperbolic secant family (HS n pulses). This article describes the experimental steps needed to properly implement HS n pulses in SWIFT. In addition, properties of HS n pulses in the rapid passage, linear region are investigated, followed by an analysis of the pulses after inserting the “gaps” needed for time-shared excitation and acquisition. Finally, compact expressions are presented to estimate the amplitude and flip angle of the HS n pulses, as well as the relative energy deposited by the SWIFT sequence.
To the heart of the matter...

Long-term survival can now be expected in a majority of newly diagnosed pediatric cancer patients. Improvement in cure rates can be, at least in part, attributed to better diagnostic/predictive tools and advances in supportive care, the latter allowing more aggressive therapy to be used. With ever-increasing numbers of cancer survivors entering adulthood, the current focus of pediatric oncologists must take into consideration the notion of awhat price is the cure?o Decreasing the long-term effects of therapy without sacri® cing short-term tumor reduction and the curative intent of treatment is the goal. The usefulness of anthracyclines is an illustration of this double-edged therapeutic sword. Anthracyclines are major components of various chemotherapeutic regimens for solid tumors such as sarcomas and both Hodgkin and nonHodgkin lymphoma. These drugs are also a major component of many leukemia protocols. Cardiotoxicity secondary to use of these agents is a welldocumented cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors. While de® nitive risk factors such as combined modality therapy, hypertension, and prior cardiac disease can be identi® ed in selected patients, the majority of identi® ed and clinically signi® cant acute anthracycline cardiotoxicity appears to be secondary to a cumulative dose of greater than 500 mg/m 2 of anthracycline (reviewed in [1]). The risk of cardiac toxicity is less well de® ned when patients receive smaller cumulative amounts of drug. In the current issue of this journal Li and colleagues demonstrate that a signi® cant portion of patients who receive anthracyclines in a cumulative dose of less than 500 mg/m 2 will have
High quality MOSFETs fabrication with HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric and tan gate electrode

MOSFETs with high gate dielectric such as HfOz, ZrOz and LazOl have been studied intensively. Among these materials, HfOz seems to be promising because of its compatibility with the polysilicon gate process and relatively superior scalability.
Developmental changes in postural sway in children at high and low risk for developing alcohol-related disorders.

Abstract Background: To utilize the power of latent growth analysis to evaluate changes in postural sway during development in children who are either at high or low risk for developing alcoholism. Methods: A total of 629 assessments of postural sway have been performed in children and adolescents ( n = 126) who were evaluated annually over a 7-year period. Results: Latent curve models indicated that these children/adolescents show a linear decrease in sway with age. Moreover, significantly different rates of change in the amount of sway between high- and low-risk offspring were seen. With the exception of one of the four stances tested, high-risk boys consistently showed a slower rate of improvement with respect to the amount of sway exhibited compared to low-risk boys. In girls, similar rates of improvement with age were seen in high- and low-risk individuals, though in one stance the high-risk girls showed a deterioration (greater sway with increasing age). Conclusions: Previous reports of increased postural sway in high-risk offspring most likely reflect a developmental delay (high-risk children have greater sway than is appropriate for their age based on normative values by age).
Current trends in the planning and development of Northern European collections

Current planning and development of collections in the social sciences and humanities for German-speaking Europe, the Netherlands and Scandinavia reflect the changing needs of research, strict budgetary limits, the prevailing publishing market in those countries, and certain innovations in library automation. Librarians responsible for supporting an area study of Northern Europe may shape the trends to their advantage by careful policy planning, by informed financial choices, by the use of data bases and resource sharing, by privately-nurtured channels of acquisition and support and by a continuing self-education program that might include participation in the activities of the CES and WESS.
Demand and Supply Dynamics for Sequentially Released Products in International Markets: The Case of Motion Pictures

We develop an econometric model to study a setting in which a new product is launched first in its domestic market and only at a later stage in foreign markets, and where the product's performance ("demand") and availability ("supply") are highly interdependent over time within and across markets. Integrating literature on international diffusion, "success-breeds-success" trends, and the theatrical motion picture industry--the focus of the empirical analysis--we develop a dynamic simultanenous-equations model of the drivers and interrelationship of the behavior of consumers ("audiences") and retailers ("exhibitors"). Our findings emphasize the importance of considering the endogeneity and simultaneity of audience and exhibitor behavior, and challenge conventional wisdom on the determinants of box office performance (which is predominantly based on modeling frameworks that fail to account for the interdependence of performance and availability). Specifically, we find that variables such as movie attributes and advertising expenditures, which are usually assumed to influence audiences directly, mostly influence revenuesindirectly, namely through their impact on exhibitors' screen allocations. In addition, consistent with the idea that the "buzz" for a movie is perishable, we find that the longer is the time lag between releases, the weaker is the relationship between domestic and foreign market performance--an effect mostly driven by foreign exhibitors' screen allocations.
Does Being Male Help? An Investigation of the Effects of Candidate Gender and Campaign Coverage on Evaluations of U.S. Senate Candidates

This study examines the possibility that the news media, by covering male and female candidates differently, may influence the success of female candidates. A content analysis of newspaper coverage of U.S. Senate campaigns shows that male and female Senate candidates are covered differently in the news. An experiment was conducted to explore the consequences of these differences in coverage, as well as the significance of the candidates' gender, for evaluations of Senate candidates. The experimental results suggest that gender differences in coverage tend to advantage male candidates. For instance, candidates who are covered like male candidates in the news are considered more viable than candidates who are covered like female candidates. Sex stereotypes, on the other hand, can advantage female candidates. Female candidates are viewed as more compassionate and more honest than identical male candidates. The findings from this study support the hypothesis that the mass media may influence a woman's chances...
Litigation, Reputation, and Vilification: How Gun Activists Cannot Lose for Winning

Based on a purposive sample of 773 articles in U. S. newspapers 1985-2005, we find that even as lawsuits against firearms manufacturers have failed in courtrooms they have tended to succeed in print. Content analyses reveal how frames and characterizations that predominate in newspapers redound against manufacturers and contradict themes on which corporate defendants have relied. We distinguish articles that were mostly about specific suits from articles not at all about specific suits to reveal that coverage of specific suits disadvantages manufacturers most but even articles that raise no specific suits disparage manufacturers. We complete the paper with a narrative of how firearms activists have been surprised by our results. They dwelled on losing battles and missed the battles that they have been winning.
An adaptive nonlinear control strategy derived from a biological control system

A nonlinear adaptive control strategy is derived from the biological control system that regulates arterial blood pressure. The parallel control system consists of a linear controller and a nonlinear controller that interact via a reciprocal lateral inhibitory mechanism. The linear controller design is based on an empirical linear model, while the nonlinear controller is constructed from locally supported radial basis functions that are updated on-line using a model reference adaptive control technique. The control strategy is evaluated using a simple model of a pH neutralization system.
The Effect of Elevated Pressure on the Rate of Soot Production in Laminar Diffusion Flames

Abstract In this paper, measurements of the axial and transverse components of velocity in two-dimensional, sooting laminar diffusion flames are presented. Laser-Doppler anemometry was used to obtain these measurements in flames which, except for the addition of alumina seed particles, were identical to 1- and 2-atmosphere flames for which comprehensive measurements of the soot volume fraction, particle size, and number density, as well as temperature, have been reported previously. The combination of the velocity results with the previous set of measurements allows us to determine the local volumetric rate of soot production, which is observed to increase with pressure.
Utility of multimodal analgesia with fascia iliaca blockade for acute pain management following hip arthroscopy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of multimodal analgesia with fascia iliaca blockade and for acute pain control in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. Thirty consecutive patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy were prospectively studied. All patients were treated preoperatively with ultrasound-guided single injection fascia iliaca blockade and multimodal analgesia. Data collected included post-operative nausea, numeric rating scale (NRS) pain scores during rest and activity, opioid consumption during the first five days (recorded as tablets of 5 mg hydrocodone/500 mg acetaminophen) and overall patient satisfaction with analgesia. This study included 23 female and 7 male patients with a median age of 35 years (range 14–58). No patient required medication for post-operative nausea. The overall NRS scores were an average of 3.9 on day 0, 3.6 on day 1, 3.4 on day 2, 2.9 on day 3, 3.0 on day 4 and 2.7 on day 5. The average tablets of opioid taken were 1.5 on day 0, 1.2 on day 1, 1.3 on day 2, 1.0 on day 3, 1.1 on day 4 and 0.9 on day 5. Overall, 20 patients rated their post-operative pain control as very satisfied (67 %), and 10 patients as satisfied (33 %). There were no complications or side effects from the fascia iliaca blockade. In this prospective study, multimodal analgesia with fascia iliaca blockade following hip arthroscopy was safe and effective. The quality of early post-operative analgesia provided by the fascia iliaca blockade was excellent and resulted in low opioid consumption, high quality of pain relief and high overall patient satisfaction. Prospective case series, Level II.
Age-related variation in contractility estimate in patients ≤20 years of age☆

The relation between velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) and wall stress (WS) is being used to estimate contractile state in a variety of disease states and patient ages more frequently. However, its relation to age has not been established. To determine reproducibility and age and sex dependence of this relation, 204 normal children (113 boys, 91 girls) underwent echographic determination of VCF and WS. The children were enrolled in 3 groups: group 1 less than 6 months old (n = 27); group 2 greater than 6 months and less than 3 years old (n = 38); and group 3 greater than 3 and less than 20 years old (n = 139). Twenty-five children also underwent serial echocardiography (n = 44) to determine reproducibility of the relation. Only 1 of the 44 repeat data pairs of VCF and WS was outside the 95% confidence limits of that relation. In all 3 groups, VCF was significantly inversely and linearly related to WS (p less than 0.001). The regression equation in the oldest group was very similar to previous reports (VCF = -0.0031 [WS] + 1.21). The regression lines in the 2 younger groups were significantly steeper and had a significantly higher y-intercept (p less than 0.01). Group 1 had the steepest slope and highest y-intercept. There was no difference in the regression lines of different sexes in any of the patient groups. It is concluded that the relation of VCF to WS is reproducible over time. It is age-dependent but has no relation to gender. VCF in patients less than 6 months old is more highly dependent on WS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Changes of the Secondary Structure of the 5′ End of the Sindbis Virus Genome Inhibit Virus Growth in Mosquito Cells and Lead to Accumulation of Adaptive Mutations

Both the 5' end of the Sindbis virus (SIN) genome and its complement in the 3' end of the minus-strand RNA synthesized during virus replication serve as parts of the promoters recognized by the enzymes that comprise the replication complex (RdRp). In addition to the 5' untranslated region (UTR), which was shown to be critical for the initiation of replication, another 5' sequence element, the 51-nucleotide (nt) conserved sequence element (CSE), was postulated to be important for virus replication. It is located in the nsP1-encoding sequence and is highly conserved among all members of the Alphavirus genus. Studies with viruses containing clustered mutations in this sequence demonstrated that this RNA element is dispensable for SIN replication in cells of vertebrate origin, but its integrity can enhance the replication of SIN-specific RNAs. However, we showed that the same mutations had a deleterious effect on virus replication in mosquito cells. SIN with a mutated 51-nt CSE rapidly accumulated adaptive mutations in the nonstructural proteins nsP2 and nsP3 and the 5' UTR. These mutations functioned synergistically in a cell-specific manner and had a stimulatory effect only on the replication of viruses with a mutated 51-nt CSE. Taken together, the results suggest the complex nature of interactions between nsP2, nsP3, the 5' UTR, and host-specific protein factors binding to the 51-nt CSE and involved in RdRp formation. The data also demonstrate an outstanding potential of alphaviruses for adaptation. Within one passage, SIN can adapt to replication in cells of a vertebrate or invertebrate origin.
New Methods for Chicken Embryo Manipulations

The capacity to image a growing embryo while simultaneously studying the developmental function of specific molecules provides invaluable information on embryogenesis. However, until recently, this approach was accomplished with difficulty both because of the advanced technology needed and because an easy method of minimizing damage to the embryo was unavailable. Here, we present a novel way of adapting the well-known EC culture of whole chick embryos to time-lapse imaging and to functional molecular studies using blocking agents. The novelty of our method stems from the ability to apply blocking agents ex ovo as well as in ovo. We were able to study the function of a set of molecules by culturing developing embryos ex ovo in tissue culture media containing these molecules or by injecting them underneath the live embryo in ovo. The in ovo preparation is particularly valuable, because it extends the period of time during which the developmental function of the molecule can be studied and it provides an easy, reproducible method for screening a batch of molecules. These new techniques will prove very helpful in visualizing and understanding the role of specific molecules during embryonic morphogenesis, including blood vessel formation.
Wafer-scale microdevice transfer/interconnect: its application in an AFM-based data-storage system

We have developed a robust, CMOS back end of the line (BEOL) compatible, wafer-scale device transfer, and interconnect method for batch fabricating systems on chip that are especially suitable for MEMS or VLSI-MEMS applications. We have applied this method to transfer arrays of 4096 free-standing cantilevers with good cantilever flatness control and high-density vertical electrical interconnects to the receiver wafer (typically CMOS). Such an array is used in a highly parallel, scanning-probe-based data-storage system, which we internally call "millipede." A very high-integration density has been achieved, even for wafer-scale transfer, thanks to the interlocking nature of the interconnect structure, which provides easy alignment with an accuracy of 2 /spl mu/m. The typical integration density is 100 cantilevers/mm/sup 2/ and 300 electrical interconnects/mm/sup 2/. Note that only the cantilevers, not a chip with cantilevers, are transferred and, unlike flip-chip technology, our method preserves the device orientation, which is crucial for MEMS applications, where often the MEMS device should have access to its environment (in our case, the cantilever tips are in contact with the storage medium). After device transfer, the system is mechanically and electrically stable up to at least 500/spl deg/C, allowing post-transfer wafer processing.
Placental Parameters in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat and Control Strain Wlstar-Kyoto Rat

At 15 days of gestation, placentas of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have significantly lower wet and dry weights and less DNA/placenta than placentas of control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). At 18 and 20 days gestation, all parameters are essentially equal. These data indicate that maternal hypertension in the SHR has a deleterious effect in early gestation when maternal pressures are high. However, near term, when maternal blood pressures drop, the SHR placenta appears to “catch up” with the WKY placenta and any effects of maternal hypertension on the placenta are no longer evident.
Engineering Functionalization in a Supramolecular Polymer: Hierarchical Self-Organization of Triply Orthogonal Non-covalent Interactions on a Supramolecular Coordination Complex Platform

Here we present a method for the construction of functionalizable supramolecular polymers by controlling three orthogonal interactions within a single system: (i) coordination-driven self-assembly; (ii) H-bonding; and (iii) host–guest interactions between crown ether and dialkylammonium substrates. Three unique molecules constitute the supramolecular construct, including a 2-ureido-4-pyrimidinone (UPy)-functionalized rigid dipyridyl donor and a complementary organoplatinum(II) acceptor decorated with a crown ether moiety that provide the basis for self-assembly and polymerization. The final host–guest interaction is demonstrated by using one of two dialkylammonium molecules containing fluorophores that bind to the benzo-21-crown-7 (B21C7) groups of the acceptors, providing a spectroscopic handle to evaluate the functionalization. An initial coordination-driven self-assembly yields hexagonal metallacycles with alternating UPy and B21C7 groups at their vertices. The assembly does not interfere with H-bondin...
Epoetin-alpha compared to standard of care decreases number of packed red blood cell transfusions in patients receiving hyper-CVAD for acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoblastic lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma

7075 Background: Anemia is common in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL), and Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) treated with chemotherapy and is associated with poor c...
GPS/LEO Rapid Orbit Determination in Support of GPS Meteorology: Status and Future Plans

GPS meteorology has a potential of seamless sounding of refractivity from LEO (low earth orbit) orbit altitude to near Earth surface, and vertically above the land-based receivers. In GPS occultation technique, the LEO position and velocity are required with accuracy of 10 cm and 0.1 mm/s RMS, respectively [Rocken et al., 1997; Zhao, 1998] to retrieve temperature profile with accuracy of 1 K or better for higher altitudes. Even more stringent, from the operational standpoint, might be the need for nearreal time retrieval of atmospheric profiles for potential contribution of GPS/LEO data to operational weather forecasting.
Regional T1 relaxation time constants in Ex vivo human brain: Longitudinal effects of formalin exposure

Purpose Relaxation time constants are useful as markers of tissue properties. Imaging ex vivo tissue is done for research purposes; however, T1 relaxation time constants are altered by tissue fixation in a time-dependent manner. This study investigates regional changes in T1 relaxation time constants in ex vivo brain tissue over 6 months of fixation. Methods Five ex vivo human brain hemispheres in 10% formalin were scanned over 6 months. Mean T1 relaxation time constants were measured in regions of interest (ROIs) representing gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) regions and analyzed as a function of fixation time. Results Cortical GM ROIs had longer T1 relaxation time constants than WM ROIs; the thalamus had T1 relaxation time constants similar to those of WM ROIs. T1 relaxation time constants showed rapid shortening within the first 6 weeks after fixation followed by a slower rate of decline. Conclusion Both GM and WM T1 relaxation time constants of fixed brain tissue show rapid decline within the first 6 weeks after autopsy and slow by 6 months. This information is useful for optimizing MR imaging acquisition parameters according to fixation time for ex vivo brain imaging studies. Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Duarte Coelho Pereira, First Lord-Proprietor of Pernambuco: The Beginning of a Dynasty *

In the early 1620s, D. Luis de Sousa, a former governor-general of Brazil, complained to the Crown about the inhabitants of Pernambuco and their unreliability as witnesses in matters affecting the Albuquerque Coelho family. The colony’s population, he charged, “consists of relatives, friends, followers, and dependents of Duarte de Albuquerque [the fourth donatario or lord-proprietor] and justice officials nominated by him; and because of their land grants and the quitrents they pay to him, they are all his subjects.”
Inhibition of Lipemia Clearing Activity by Serum of Patients with Hyperlipemia

Summary1. Serum from patients with primary and secondary hyperlipemia was found to inhibit the clearing activity present in normal serum after intravenous administration of heparin. 2. The degree of inhibition exerted by the hyperlipemic sera varied among the patients, but at appropriate concentrations of hyperlipemic serum complete inhibition could be attained in every case. 3. Intravenous administration of heparin caused considerably less clearing activity in hyperlipemic patients than in the control subjects.