cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reannotation of the Ribonucleotide Reductase in a Cyanophage Reveals Life History Strategies Within the Virioplankton.

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are ancient enzymes that catalyze the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. They are required for virtually all cellular life and are prominent within viral genomes. RNRs share a common ancestor and must generate a protein radical for direct ribonucleotide reduction. The mechanisms by which RNRs produce radicals are diverse and divide RNRs into three major classes and several subclasses. The diversity of radical generation methods means that cellular organisms and viruses typically contain the RNR best-suited to the environmental conditions surrounding DNA replication. However, such diversity has also fostered high rates of RNR misannotation within subject sequence databases. These misannotations have resulted in incorrect translative presumptions of RNR biochemistry and have diminished the utility of this marker gene for ecological studies of viruses. We discovered a misannotation of the RNR gene within the Prochlorococcus phage P-SSP7 genome, which caused a chain of misannotations within commonly observed RNR genes from marine virioplankton communities. These RNRs are found in marine cyanopodo- and cyanosiphoviruses and are currently misannotated as Class II RNRs, which are O2-independent and require cofactor B12. In fact, these cyanoviral RNRs are Class I enzymes that are O2¬-dependent and may require a di-metal cofactor made of Fe, Mn, or a combination of the two metals. The discovery of an overlooked Class I β subunit in the P-SSP7 genome, together with phylogenetic analysis of the α and β subunits confirms that the RNR from P-SSP7 is a Class I RNR. Phylogenetic and conserved residue analyses also suggest that the P-SSP7 RNR may constitute a novel Class I subclass. The reannotation of the RNR clade represented by P-SSP7 means that most lytic cyanophage contain Class I RNRs, while their hosts, B12-producing Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, contain Class II RNRs. By using a Class I RNR, cyanophage avoid a dependence on host-produced B12, a more effective strategy for a lytic virus. The discovery of a novel RNR β subunit within cyanopodoviruses also implies that some unknown viral genes may be familiar cellular genes that are too divergent for homology-based annotation methods to identify.
Toward quality discourse: Measuring the effect of user identity in commenting forums:

Via a content analysis of 4,800 comments from online commenting forums of top news sites, this research examines the overall quality of the comments. Expanding the scope of previous research in thi...
Dual-Task Gait Assessment in a Clinical Sample: Implications for Improved Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment.

OBJECTIVES Research has longitudinally linked dual-task gait dysfunction to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia risk. Our group previously demonstrated that dual-task gait speed assessment distinguished between subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) and MCI in a memory clinic setting, and also found that differences in dual-task gait speed were largely attributable to executive attention processes. This study aimed to reproduce these findings in a larger diverse sample and to extend them by examining whether there were group differences in single- versus dual-task cognitive performance (number of letters correctly sequenced backward). METHOD Two-hundred fifty-two patients (M age = 66.01 years, SD = 10.46; 119 MCI, 133 SCC) presenting with cognitive complaints in an academic medical setting underwent comprehensive neuropsychological and gait assessment (single- and dual-task conditions). RESULTS Patients with MCI walked slower and showed greater decrement in cognitive performance than those with SCC during dual-task conditions. Neuropsychological measures of executive attention accounted for significant variance in dual-task gait performance across diagnostic groups beyond demographic and health risk factors. DISCUSSION Reproduction of our results within a sample over four times the previous size provides support for the use of dual-task gait assessment as a marker of MCI risk in clinical settings.
Nanoscale x-ray and electron tomography

Three-dimensional (3D) tomographic imaging of the structural, chemical, and physical properties of a material provides key knowledge that links the structure of a material to both its processing and structure that is central to studies across a broad spectrum of materials. For many decades, tomography using x-rays or electrons has proven to be an essential 3D characterization tool. In recent years, advances in technology have significantly pushed the envelope of these techniques in many respects, enabling new imaging capabilities at the nanometer and atomic scale. This article highlights several such developments in nanoscale x-ray and electron tomography. The five articles that appear in this issue of MRS Bulletin discuss research frontiers that include multimodal x-ray tomography at the nanoscale, x-ray spectroscopic tomography, dark-field x-ray microscopy, electron nanotomography for functional nanomaterials, and atomistic imaging by electron tomography. These articles give a holistic view of the status of these techniques and promising future directions, as well highlighting their applications for scientific problems.
Influence of nutrients on ploidy‐specific performance in an invasive, haplodiplontic red macroalga

Worldwide, macroalgae have invaded near-shore marine ecosystems. However, their haplodiplontic life cycles have complicated efforts to predict patterns of growth and spread, particularly since most theoretical predictions are derived from diplontic taxa (i.e., animals). To complete one revolution of the life cycle, two separate ploidy stages, often including separate haploid sexes, must pass through development and reproduction. In the case of the invasive, red macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum, during the invasion of soft-sediment estuaries throughout the Northern Hemisphere, diploid tetrasporophytes came to dominate all free-floating populations and haploid gametophytes were consistently lost. The ecological hypothesis of nutrient limitation might contribute to an explanation of this pattern of tetrasporophytic dominance in free-floating populations. Under this hypothesis, gametophytes should outperform tetrasporophytes under nutrient limited conditions, but tetrasporophytes should be better able to exploit optimal or even abundant nutrient conditions, such as in eutrophic estuaries. We sampled tetrasporophytes, male gametophytes, and female gametophytes from two sites each located on either side of the Delmarva Peninsula that separates the Chesapeake Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. We subjected apices excised from multiple thalli from each life cycle stage to a nutrient-enriched and a nutrient-poor seawater treatment and assessed growth and survival. While nutrient addition increased growth rates, there was no significant difference among ploidies or sexes. Gametophytes did, however, suffer higher mortality than tetrasporophytes. We discuss how nutrient-dependent differences in growth and survival may contribute to observed patterns of tetrasporophytic dominance in soft-sediment A. vermiculophyllum populations.
Feasibility and acceptability of a remotely-delivered behavioural health coaching intervention to limit gestational weight gain.

Introduction Gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum weight retention (PPWR) are significant, potentially modifiable, contributors to women's future weight and health trajectories. There is a need for feasible and patient-centered (i.e., convenient, remotely-delivered, technology-enhanced, and accessible through the prenatal care setting) behavioural interventions that limit GWG and PPWR. This study tests the feasibility and acceptability of a remotely-delivered behavioural health coaching intervention to limit gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention. Methods Pregnant women (11-16 weeks gestation) were recruited from two prenatal clinics and randomized to the active intervention or health education comparison group. Completion of the program was monitored and perceived helpfulness was rated (0-100). Results Twenty-six women were randomized (n = 13 per arm; mean age = 31.6 years, SD = 3.6; mean BMI = 26.7 kg/m2, SD = 7.4). Participants completed a median of 18 coaching calls and 16/19 learning activities during pregnancy, and a median of 6 calls and 5/6 learning activities postpartum. They logged weights at least once/week for a median of 36/38 expected weeks and tracked daily calories and exercise for a median of 154/266 days and 72/266 days, respectively. Median (Q1, Q3) helpfulness ratings of the program during pregnancy were 80 (64, 91) and 62 (50, 81) postpartum; helpfulness ratings of coaching calls were 85 (58, 98). At 37 weeks gestation, 77% of participants achieved IOM weight gain recommendations compared to 54% in the comparison group. Conclusions This study provides evidence for the feasibility and acceptability of a remotely-delivered behavioural weight control intervention in pregnancy and postpartum.
Booker T. Washington and Experiential Pedagogy

In this chapter, I pair excerpts from Booker T. Washington’s autobiographies Up from Slavery with My Greater Education as a strategy for teaching study abroad in Denmark. By analyzing Washington’s works, I argue that a foundational component of his pedagogical style is the incorporation of experiential praxis. For Washington, hands on learning rivals the importance of classroom-based instruction for encouraging student development.
PatrIoT: Policy Assisted Resilient Programmable IoT System

This paper presents PatrIoT, which efficiently monitors the behavior of a programmable IoT system at runtime and suppresses contemplated actions that violate a given declarative policy. Policies in PatrIoT are specified in effectively propositional, past metric temporal logic and capture the system’s expected temporal invariants whose violation can break its desired security, privacy, and safety guarantees. PatrIoT has been instantiated for not only an industrial IoT system (EVA ICS) but also for two home representative automation platforms: one proprietary (SmartThings) and another open-source (OpenHAB). Our empirical evaluation shows that, while imposing only a moderate runtime overhead, PatrIoT can effectively detect policy violations.
Predicting the Academic Success of Minority Male Students in a Public 4-Year Institution in the USA

Several studies have shown that nationally, retention and graduation rates of minority male students in higher education remains comparatively low. While most studies focus on factors accounting for low academic performance and achievement, and low retention and graduation rates of minority students, this study investigated the factors that contribute to minority male students’ success in a 4-year public institution. One hundred sixty successful minority male students took the College Student Experience Questionnaire (CSEQ). Using cumulative GPA (cGPA) as the criterion variable, three sets of explanatory variables (active learning index, cooperation among students, and college environment index) were regressed to determine the set of variables that best predict student success. The multiple linear regression result shows that the amount of time per week of studies toward academic work best predicts student success.
THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL REVITALIZATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ON INDUSTRIAL EXPORTS OF CHINA

This study analyzes the effects of industrial revitalization in developed countries on China’s industrial exports. Using a rich panel dataset and a difference-in-difference method, I find empirical...
Mobilizing Developmental Education: The Causal Effect of Mobile App Courseware on the College Outcomes of Developmental Education Students

Developmental education, in which college students deemed unprepared for college-level coursework enroll in non-credit-bearing courses, is widespread in American higher education. This study evalua...
A pilot randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement as an adjunct to methadone treatment for people with opioid use disorder and chronic pain: Impact on illicit drug use, health, and well-being.

Abstract Background Chronic pain is highly prevalent among people in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) for opioid use disorder and is known to be an important contributor to treatment discontinuation and opioid relapse. Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) is one of the few interventions developed and tested as an integrated treatment to simultaneously address both pain and illicit opioid use; however, this study is the first to evaluate MORE as an adjunct to MMT. Methods Randomized individuals in MMT (N = 30) received MORE plus methadone TAU (n = 15) or methadone TAU, only (n = 15). Participants in the MORE arm received their MMT, as usual, and attended eight, weekly, two-hour MORE groups at their MMT clinics. Participants in the TAU arm received their MMT, as usual, and group or individual counseling, as required by the clinic. TAU counseling consisted of relapse prevention, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and supportive treatment. TAU participants did not receive any mindfulness-based intervention. Participants completed assessments at baseline, post-treatment (i.e., 8-weeks post-baseline), and follow-up (i.e., 16-weeks post-baseline). Results Participants in MORE evidenced significantly fewer baseline adjusted days of illicit drug use and significantly lower levels of craving through 16-week follow-up compared to TAU. Also, Participants in MORE reported significantly lower levels of pain, physical and emotional limitations, depression, and anxiety through 16-week follow-up compared to TAU. Conversely, participants in MORE reported significantly higher levels of well-being, vitality, and social functioning through 16-week follow-up compared to TAU. Conclusion MORE could be an effective adjunct to MMT, and larger trials are warranted.
Sibling Topic Avoidance in Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Sibling Communication Patterns, Interference/Facilitation, and Topic Avoidance Motivations

Sibling topic avoidance was examined from the perspective of family communication patterns, relational turbulence theory, and topic avoidance. Respondents (n = 291) completed a survey on sibling co...
Unique Microglial Transcriptomic Signature within the Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche

Abstract Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are crucial in the development of the nervous system. Recent evidence demonstrates that microglia modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis by inhibiting cell proliferation of neural precursors and survival both in vitro and in vivo, thus maintaining a balance between cell division and cell death in the neural stem cell pool. There are increasing reports suggesting these microglia found in neurogenic niches differ from their counterparts in non-neurogenic areas. Here, we present evidence that microglia in the hippocampal neurogenic niche are a specialized population that express genes known to regulate neurogenesis. By comprehensively profiling myeloid lineage cells in the hippocampus using single cell RNA-sequencing, we resolve transcriptomic differences in microglia originating from the subgranular zone. These cells have lower expression of genes associated with homeostatic microglia and increased expression of genes associated with phagocytosis. Intriguingly, this small yet distinct population expresses a gene signature with substantial overlap with previously characterized phenotypes, including disease associated microglia (DAM), a particularly unique and compelling microglial state.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Acute weakness is a neurologic emergency, and one of the most frequent causes is Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). GBS is a syndrome encompassing multiple different forms of acute polyradiculoneuropathies. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and management of this classic neuromuscular condition by focusing on an understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. The epidemiology, clinical features/variants, and differential diagnosis of GBS will be summarized, as will differentiation of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) (the most common form of GBS) from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). The pathogenesis behind the disease will be discussed, followed by an evidence-based review of approved immunomodulatory therapy and treatment options still in clinical trials. Associated systemic complications are covered, as well as prognosis of patients presenting with various forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Classifying Liganded States in Heterogeneous Single-Particle Cryo-EM Datasets.

A powerful aspect of single particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is its ability to determine high-resolution structures from samples containing heterogeneous mixtures of the same macromolecule in different conformational or compositional states. Beyond determining structures at higher resolutions, one outstanding question is if macromolecules with only subtle conformation differences, such as the same protein bound with different ligands in the same binding pocket, can be separated reliably, and if information concerning binding kinetics can be derived from the particle distributions of different conformations obtained in classification. In this study, we address these questions by assessing the classification of synthetic heterogeneous datasets of TRPV1 generated by combining different homogeneous experimental datasets. Our results indicate that classification can isolate highly homogeneous subsets of particle for calculating high-resolution structures containing individual ligands, but with limitations.
The Modern Prison Paradox: The Culture and Consequence of Prison

Paranoia is an illness I contracted in institutions. It is not the reason for my sentences to reform school and prison. It is the effect, not the cause. Jack Henry Abbott, In the Belly of the Beast (1981) In the previous chapters, I have provided a wide-ranging overview of the changing landscape of corrections in the United States. This is important, I have argued, because variation in the culture of institutions can play a significant role in shaping the way individuals interact, both within and beyond the prison walls. In the remainder of this book, I turn from this broad historical and theoretical background toward a narrower empirical investigation of the book’s central premise. My aim in this chapter is twofold. First, I outline the case of California corrections. In the United States, nearly half of all prisoners are released to just five states, and California alone accounts for about a quarter of all people released from prison. As in the nation as a whole, California’s incarceration rates steadily increased over past decades, with the number of prison inmates growing from 22,632 in 1979 to 168,350 as of 2006. In that year, there was about one state prison inmate for roughly every 168 adult Californians. Using three sources of data, in this chapter I examine the culture of California’s state prison institutions, with an emphasis on systematic variation in formal and informal dimensions of prison culture across different security levels.
Interactions of acetylenic diol surfactants with polymers: Part 1. Maleic anhydride co-polymers

Abstract Interactions of acetylenic diol surfactants (Surfynol 104 and Surfynol 440) with maleic anhydride co-polymers (SMA 1000H; SMA 3000H and SMA 1440H) have been studied by dynamic surface tension method. Surfynol 104 (HLB value about 3) contained no ethylene oxide in its molecule while Surfynol 440 (HLB value about 8) contained 3.5 mol (40% by weight) of ethylene oxide. SMA 1000H and SMA 3000H were unmodified co-polymers of styrene and maleic anhydride with styrene/maleic anhydride ratios of 1/1 and 3/1, respectively, while SMA 1440H was a half ester (butoxyethanol) of SMA 1000H polymer. Polymer solutions of four different concentrations were used (0.3, 1, 3 and 10% w/w). It was found that acetylenic diol surfactants interacted with maleic anhydride co-polymers forming simple complexes and complex structures in the bulk that dramatically increased solution viscosity for high polymer concentrations and surfactant doses. The extent of interactions increased with increasing polymer hydrophobicity and the amount of ethylene oxide in the surfactant molecular structure. Both hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds seem to be involved in the polymer/surfactant interactions. For low surfactant concentrations polymer/surfactant interactions can be described as simple surfactant adsorption on the “adsorption sites” of the polymer chain.
Misalignment-Mediated Mutations and Genetic Rearrangements at Repetitive DNA Sequences

Strand mispairing interactions between repeated DNA sequences provoke a host of mutations and genetic rearrangements in bacteria. Repeated DNA sequences in either direct or inverted orientation can promote misalignment-mediated mutations and rearrangements by very similar mechanisms. This chapter catalogs several types of misalignment-mediated genetic changes in bacteria, with an emphasis on the mechanisms by which they occur. Systematic study of misalignment-mediated mutation and genetic rearrangements has revealed many elements of the mechanisms of these processes, including the integral role for DNA replication. The impact of these misalignment processes on bacterial physiology and genomic evolution is also discussed in this chapter. Sister chromosome exchange (SCE)-associated misalignment has been studied only on plasmid replicons. When recA-independent deletions or expansions between tandem repeats are selected on plasmids, concomitant replicon dimerization is often seen. Single-strand annealing (SSA) contributes as a major pathway to rearrangements in eukaryotes and in bacteriophage-infected Escherichia coli but may occur efficiently only under restricted circumstances in normal bacterial growth. Short spurious repeats can be sites for deletion, duplication, or inversion; these processes create larger repeats that can lead to even higher rates of rearrangements. These rearrangements can occur independently of the bacterial homologous recombination pathways and are dependent on the length and perfection of the repeats, as well as their proximity.
Born foreign firms in Cambodia

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the mode of entry decisions of firms owned by individuals from a developing country, Thailand, when establishing business operations into a lesser developed country, Cambodia.Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a case study method, using interviews which were held with owners, managers and employees of eight Thai‐owned companies operating in Cambodia.Findings – The paper funds that existing internationalization theory and mode of entry frameworks were useful for classifying the two largest firms in the study, however the smaller entrepreneurial firms could not be accurately categorized according to the existing classifications and therefore an additional category, the born foreign firm, was identified.Practical implications – As small enterprises are responsible for the vast majority of business activities in lesser developed economies, understanding the nature of born foreign firms can provide policy makers and educators with information to build...
Implementing the impairment of assets requirements of SFAS No. 144

The provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long‐lived Assets, have raised many implementation issues for entities adhering to its increased requirements to recognize and measure the costs associated with the impairment of assets. After outlining these new requirements and some general implementation issues, the paper discusses how members of key groups view the new standard, using the responses to a mail survey. It was found that user‐oriented groups expressed significantly different viewpoints than did preparer‐oriented groups. The survey results also found many respondents stating that the new standard provides improved guidance for many complex situations, while others do not believe that the standard is cost justified.
Modeling Deposit Feeding

Models are simplifications of reality. An important goal of modeling is to determine how sensitive the results of the model are to variations in the input terms. Models of the feeding and behavior of deposit feeders are a recent addition to benthic ecology (e.g., Calow, 1975; Jumars et al., 1982; Levinton and Lopez, 1977; Taghon et al., 1978; Taghon, 1981). This chapter discusses models that fall under the general heading of optimal foraging theory.
Diagnosis and Acute Management of Tachyarrhythmias in Children

Tachyarrhythmias form a significant majority of the cardiac emergencies encountered in the pediatric age group. While the initial management often depends on the hemodynamic status of the patient at presentation, a systematic approach that follows the stabilization of the patient with the tools available at bedside, specifically the surface electrocardiogram often results in optimal treatment response that is tailored towards the mechanism and severity of the arrhythmia. The goal of this review is to provide the pediatric cardiologist with such an approach based on clinical history and analysis of the electrocardiogram (ECG). Illustrative examples are used to explain this approach towards the more common tachyarrhythmias. A general overview of the initial anti-arrhythmic interventions will be provided.
The Local Atomic Arrangement in Amorphous Sixc1−x:H By Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Electron Diffraction

We have used electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and electron diffraction to study the local atomic arrangement in amorphous Si/sub x/C/sub 1-x/ : H in the composition range 0.37 < x < 1. In the thin films, which were prepared by radio-frequency glow discharge from a mixture of methane and silane, the * at the K-edge of C does not show up even for the highest C-content, i.e., Si/sub 0.37/C/sub 0.63/, consistent with fourfold coordinated C in the whole composition range studied. Also the electron diffraction results suggest a tetrahedral network. Models where the minority element is surrounded by four atoms of the majority element, fit the experimental data better than models based on a random distribution of Si and C on the tetrahedral network.
Neuroleukemiosis: case report of leukemic nerve infiltration in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We describe a patient in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed a painless common peroneal neuropathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed nerve thickening and enhancement, while a positron emission tomography (PET) scan demonstrated increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in a large segment of the neurovascular bundle, suggesting peripheral nerve infiltration. Both findings resolved following treatment with chemotherapy that crossed the blood-nerve barrier. In selected patients presenting with peripheral neuropathy, MRI and PET scan can be helpful in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve infiltration.
Ontogeny of lateral preoptic unit activity in rats.

Abstract Extracellular single unit recordings were made from units within the lateral preoptic area (LPO) of infant rats from 1 day of age through 31 days of age (postweaning). The rats were anesthetized with dial-urethane and basal (spontaneous) spike rates were recorded for 10–20 min. The rats also received pain-arousal stimulation (tail-pinch and sc injection of formalin solution), and osmotic stimulation (sc or ip injection of hyperosmotic NaCl or sucrose solutions). LPO units were spontaneously active in neonatal rats; however, basal spike rates increased during development. Also increasing during development was the percentage of LPO units which displayed alteration of spike rate in response to hyperosmotic injections (osmosensitive). However, LPO units were found that were responsive to severe pain-arousal stimulation at all ages tested. The developmental changes in LPO unit activity characteristics paralleled the morphological development of LPO neurons and the development of osmotically induced drinking behaviors.
Solvent molecules undergo homolytic cleavage and radical recombination processes during negative-mode electrospray ionization: adduct formation with antimony(III)-tartrate dianion.

Negative-ionization mode electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of antimony(III)-tartrate in frequently used solvent systems, ACN/H2O and MeOH/H2O, revealed that the antimony(III)-tartrate dianion associates to solvent reaction products generated by radical formation and their subsequent recombination during the negative-mode electrospray process. A systematic increase and decrease in negative spray capillary voltage (SCV) from normal operational voltage ranges of a conventional quadrupole ion trap instrument during these analyses showed initially unobserved adduct ions to correspondingly increase and diminish in relative ion intensity. The identity of the adducted species, including products such as H2O2, NCCH2CH2CN, and CH2(OH)2, were confirmed by performing similar experiments with deuterated and nondeuterated solvent mixtures. Relative intensity dependence of these adducted ions was monitored as the volume composition of each solvent system was changed. It was clearly observed tha...
Active involvement, familiarity, framing, and the illusion of control during decision support system use

Abstract Results of a laboratory experiment on Decision Support System (DSS) use indicated that (a) active involvement in model building and data entry, (b) familiarity with model execution and the decision situation, and (c) consistency between a normative solution and the alternative encouraged by the problem frame led to an illusion of control, defined as an unwarranted inflation in expectations of success. Furthermore, higher expectations of success were associated with greater user satisfaction, better mood, and lower preference for thinking more before making the final decision. Higher expectations of success were less likely to be associated with preference for creating another model but were more likely to be associated with preference for further refinements to the existing DSS model before making the final decision. However, variations in expectations of success induced by sources of illusion of control were not associated with variations in decision performance. Implications for practice and research are presented.
Effects of Vowel Context on the Articulatory Closure Postures of Deaf Speakers

Using cinefluorography, this investigation evaluated how the bilabial and dorsal stop closure postures of 2 hearing and 5 deaf speakers varied with vowel context. The jaw and tongue body postures o...
Operating Experience with the HEUB Superconducting Dipoles

Four large aperture superconducting dipole magnets have been installed in the High Energy Unseparated Beam at the Brookhaven AGS. This beam services the Multiparticle Spectrometer (MPS) facility. The upstream two magnets are mounted on a sliding base so that they can also be used as part of beam A3. These two magnets have been in use since the fall of 1976 and all four magnets were in operation by the end of that year. The magnet power supplies are computer controlled by the same system that operates the conventional beam line magnets. In this paper the operating experience with these magnets, their refrigeration system and the associated instrumentation is summarized.
Platelet regeneration during therapy of acute leukemia with folic acid antagonists.

ConclusionsIn 48 human subjects with acute leukemia treated with folic acid antagonists, there were 9 of the 25 subjects who responded to therapy who had an initial thrombocytopenia. In 8 cases of acute leukemia there was a return of the blood platelets to normal levels and the megakaryocytes became more numerous in the bone marrow. In one other patient the platelets became elevated to slightly less than normal. The rise in platelets was usually followed by an increase in neutrophilic leukocytes. The regeneration of the red cells and hemoglobin then gradually responded. The periods of remission varied from 21 to 240 days.
Aggregation Using the Linguistic Weighted Average and Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

The focus of this paper is the linguistic weighted average (LWA), where the weights are always words modeled as interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2 FSs), and the attributes may also (but do not have to) be words modeled as IT2 FSs; consequently, the output of the LWA is an IT2 FS. The LWA can be viewed as a generalization of the fuzzy weighted average (FWA) where the type-1 fuzzy inputs are replaced by IT2 FSs. This paper presents the theory, algorithms, and an application of the LWA. It is shown that finding the LWA can be decomposed into finding two FWAs. Since the LWA can model more uncertainties, it should have wide applications in distributed and hierarchical decision-making.
Dichromatic color perception: a fast alternative for machine vision systems

Abstract This paper describes algorithms that discern chromaticity and luminosity in sensed images. The algorithms are inspired by the Guassian-like responsivity curves of biological photoreceptors. The algorithms work with pairs of tuned sensors, and color information extracted by the algorithms is dichromatic, not tri-chromatic as in human color perception. Over 50,000 simulations were performed. The simulations tested the effects of varying target images and several detector performance parameters including the means, variances, and absolute difference of the means of the photoreceptor responsivity. The principle conclusions drawn concern the algorithms’ requirements for photoreceptor responsivity. After a brief introduction, a mathematical analysis of the algorithms is presented, simulation procedures are outlined, simulation results are analyzed, and conclusions are drawn.
Access denied: Improving federal policy on Web accessibility

This paper presents initial findings related to the dissertation study by the author. The problem addressed is the observed low levels of compliance with federal policy on Web site accessibility. The study examines the two key federal policies that promote Web site accessibility, using a side-by-side policy analysis technique. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 together have the intent of establishing a legal mandate for equality regarding accessibility. In comparing key aspects of these two policies, the findings indicate several areas were the policies were inconsistent or unclear in providing guidance on attaining accessible Web sites. Recommendations call for the establishment of federal programs that would provide federal Web managers with additional training in Web site accessibility, and provide support for ongoing research towards developing guidance and tools that would serve to promote more accessible Web sites.
Do young colon cancer patients have worse outcomes

Previous studies on colon cancer have noted rising incidence rates among young individuals and suggest that they may have more aggressive disease and worse 5-year survivals than their older counterparts. Our study uses a nationwide population-based cancer registry to analyze colon cancer presentations and outcomes in a young versus an older population. The records of patients with colon carcinoma were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) national cancer database (1991-1999). Two cohorts based on age at diagnosis (20-40 years, n = 1334 vs. 60-80 years, n = 46,457) were compared for patient and tumor characteristics, treatment, and 5-year cancer-specific survival. A multivariate Cox regression was performed to identify predictors of survival. The young group had a higher proportion of black and Hispanic patients than did the older group (p < 0.001). Young patients had less stage I or II disease, more stage III or IV disease (p < 0.001), and worse-grade (poorly differentiated or anaplastic) tumors (p < 0.001). The 5-year stage-specific survival was similar for stage I and III disease (p = NS) but was significantly better for young patients with stage II and IV disease (p < 0.01). Using a nationally representative cancer registry, we found that young colon cancer patients tend to have later-stage and higher-grade tumors. However, they have equivalent or better 5-year cancer-specific survival compared to older patients. This population-based finding contradicts prior single-institution reports.
Sexual counseling—A new role for speech pathologists?

Abstract Sexual intercourse is discussed as a form of nonverbal human communication. During periods of good health, sexual intercourse contributes to the sense of personal worth and to the integrity of marriage. Following episodes of ill health, unresolved sexual difficulties contribe to loss of self-esteem, constitute barriers to clinical progress, and enhance marital discord. Speech pathologists are advised to give more attention to the sexuality of their patients, especially to those who are aphasic. With proper training, selected speech pathologists may find themselves ideally suited to incorporate sexual counseling in their clinical armamentarium.
Obesity and depression in adolescence and beyond: reciprocal risks

Obesity and major depressive disorder (MDD) are associated, but evidence about how they relate over time is conflicting. The goal of this study was to examine prospective associations between depression and obesity from early adolescence through early adulthood. Participants were drawn from a statewide, community-based, Minnesota sample. MDD and obesity with onsets by early adolescence (by age 14), late adolescence (between 14 and 20) and early adulthood (ages 20–24) were assessed via structured interview (depression) and study-measured height and weight. Cross-sectional results indicated that depression and obesity with onsets by early adolescence were concurrently associated, but the same was not true later in development. Prospective results indicated that depression by early adolescence predicted the onset of obesity (odds ratio (OR)=3.76, confidence interval =1.33–10.59) during late adolescence among female individuals. Obesity that developed during late adolescence predicted the onset of depression (OR=5.89, confidence interval=2.31–15.01) during early adulthood among female individuals. For girls, adolescence is a high-risk period for the development of this comorbidity, with the nature of the risk varying over the course of adolescence. Early adolescent-onset depression is associated with elevated risk of later onset obesity, and obesity, particularly in late adolescence, is associated with increased odds of later depression. Further investigation into the mechanisms of these effects and the reasons for the observed gender and developmental differences is needed. Prevention programs focused on early-onset cases of depression and adolescent-onset cases of obesity, particularly among female individuals, may help in reducing risk for this form of comorbidity.
The Bronchodilator Terbutaline Enhances Digitalis-Induced Arrhythmia

The hypothesis that β2-sympatho-mimetics augment digitalis-induced arrhythmias and antagonize its positive inotropic action was tested in isolated, electrically driven guinea-pig left atria. Alone, 0.3 mM terbutaline enhanced myocardial force generation but did not induce dysrhythmia. Terbutaline shortened the time to the onset of 3 μM ouabain-induced arrhythmia by approximately 75% from 19.7 ± 3.2 minutes to 5.7 ± 1.2 minutes (P < 0.005). The enhancement of arrhythmias appeared to be the result of triggering ouabain-induced delayed afterdepolarizations (DAD) into overt arrhythmia. The effect of terbutaline was antagonized by blocking cardiac β-adrenoceptors with propranolol. Terbutaline did not affect the ability of ouabain to increase myocardial contractility.
Efficient testing of hierarchical core-based SOCs

As chip design sizes continue to increase and they contain multiple instances of large and small cores, there is a need for a chip test architecture that allows efficient chip-level tests to be created while also reducing the memory and CPU time needed to create the tests. We define a hierarchical and core-based architecture for generating tests for cores and migrating them to the chip. This architecture allows testing multiple instances of the same core for the same cost as testing a single instance. The architecture also allows testing multiple instances of different cores as well. Memory use is kept low by generating tests for cores out of context and migrating them to the chip. We never have to build a full gate-level chip ATPG model. We show results of pattern count reduction possible when targeting multiple cores simultaneously.
Testing and Analysis Validation of a Metallic Repair Applied to a PRSEUS Tension Panel

A design and analysis of a repair concept applicable to a stiffened composite panel based on the Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure was recently completed. The damage scenario considered was a midbay-to-midbay saw-cut with a severed stiffener, flange and skin. Advanced modeling techniques such as mesh-independent definition of compliant fasteners and elastic-plastic material properties for metal parts were utilized in the finite element analysis supporting the design effort. A bolted metallic repair was selected so that it could be easily applied in the operational environment. The present work describes results obtained from a tension panel test conducted to validate both the repair concept and finite element analysis techniques used in the design effort. The test proved that the proposed repair concept is capable of sustaining load levels that are higher than those resulting from the current working stress allowables. This conclusion enables upward revision of the stress allowables that had been kept at an overly-conservative level due to concerns associated with repairability of the panels. Correlation of test data with finite element analysis results is also presented and assessed.
Concave liquid metal divertor for spherical tokamaks

Summary form only given. Several new innovative ideas are being considered for tokamak divertors in magnetic fusion devices. One of such concepts is the use of liquid metals as the plasma-facing component. One of main problem for the use of liquid metal divertors is the MHD problem associated with a liquid metal being in the strong tokamak magnetic field. This is particularly important for the conventional tokamaks such as ITER and DEMO that have relatively large aspect ratio. As a result, the magnetic filed lines have small inclination angle to the divertor plate, thus liquid metal flows practically normally to magnetic field and therefore, results in many problems with MHD features (pressure drops, JtimesB splashing effects, etc.). The second problem is related to helium and particle pumping due to high diffusivity of gas in liquid metal. For current existing design concepts of large tokamak aspect ratios, artificially excited fluctuations are needed for sufficient pumping. In this study the possibility of avoiding these problems are considered for spherical tokamaks such as NSTX. Due to small aspect ratio, the inclination of magnetic filed lines nearby the separatrix to the divertor plate is much larger (about 200 or higher). This will permit to use liquid metal flow moving along magnetic filed lines in spaceconcaved trays. Flow parallel to magnetic field lines has no pressure drop except some (small) influence nearby the trays walls. Excitation of the Taylor-Couette vortexes instabilities make possible to sink of He particles deeper in bulk due to liquid metal rotation along velocity direction parallel to magnetic field lines
Conformational reorganization viewed by the raman spectrum of aromatic polyesters

Analysis is made of the asymmetry of the carbonyl stretching vibration of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(propylene terephthalate) as a function of annealing frrom amorphous to crystalline polymer. An apparently anomalous behavior of carbonyl band half-width as a function of density for PPT is shown to be due to this asymmetry. The results are interpreted in terms of the conformational redistribution which occurs upon annealing.
The Quintessential Christians: Judging His Books by Their Covers and Leitmotifs

The primary aspects of Clifford Christians's ethical theory may be identified or contextualized in several ways, three of which are employed in this article: 1) a content analysis of his self-reported book, article, and chapter titles; 2) a narrative summary of the themes of his self-selected representative ethical theory essays; and 3) the author's contextualization of Christians' ideas within both intellectual history and communication studies. Although Christians and his work are valued as apex contributions to and leadership within the field of media ethics, three questions are posed to Dr. Christians to which he responded both at the August 2009 AEJMC conference panel in Boston about his intellectual legacy and again in this journal.
Sexual Discrimination in Acquiring Credit.

(1978). Sexual Discrimination in Acquiring Credit. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 106, No. 1, pp. 135-136.
Pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia: current clinicopathological and molecular considerations

Summary Based on clinical and molecular studies, pancreatic ductal carcinoma seems to follow a multistep progression sequence from low-grade dysplasia to high-grade dysplasia and eventually to invasive carcinoma; however, until recently, it was difficult to compare studies investigating dysplasia in pancreatic ducts due to the lack of consensus regarding the terminology and criteria for grading. In 2001, the term pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (PanIN) was proposed for these lesions, and the criteria were established. Accordingly, grading of PanINs follows a progressive increase of cytological and architectural atypia from PanIN/L-1A that are characterized by lack of cytological atypia to PanIN-1B characterized by increased crowding of cells with early papillary projections, to PanIN-2 characterized by similar architectural appearance with PanIN-1B but with mild to moderate nuclear atypia, and to PanIN-3 which resemble carcinoma, at a cytological level, demonstrating severe atypia, necrosis, tufting and mitotic activity. Molecular evidence also supports that this progression is characterized by gradual accumulation of genetic alterations in cancer-associated genes that translates into inactivation of tumour suppressor genes and overexpression or aberrant activation of oncoproteins. These alterations can be categorized as ‘early' such as k-ras mutation, HER-2/neu, prostate stem cell antigen, MUC5 and fascin overexpression; ‘intermediate' such as p16 inactivation, MUC1 and cyclin D1 overexpression; and finally as ‘late' such as p53 and deleted in pancreatic carcinoma locus 4 inactivation, BRCA2 mutation, and overexpression of ki-67, 14-3-3 σ and mesothelin. In terms of current pathology practice, it should be mentioned that PanINs-1 and -2 are common incidental findings and are generally not reported. If they are reported, this is followed by a note indicating their ‘inconsequential' nature. PanIN-3, on the other hand, is strongly suspected to be a significant process that may require therapy. It is generally recommended that PanIN-3 should be documented in the surgical pathology report, especially in the absence of invasive carcinoma, keeping in mind that there are such cases on record that developed invasive carcinoma in follow-up. Histopathologically, PanINs may be mimicked, on the one hand, by other incidental and significant ductal changes (reactive atypia, transitional/squamous metaplasia) and on the other hand by colonization/cancerization of native ducts by invasive carcinoma. It is also important to distinguish PanINs, both conceptually and diagnostically, from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasias; the latter involve ducts >1cm, typically form a cystic or nodular (intraductal papillary) mass and may have a different biology. The recognition of PanIN is becoming increasingly important for cancer researchers and for clinical practice.