cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-scale micromorphic theory for hierarchical materials

Abstract For the design of materials, it is important to faithfully model macroscopic materials response together with mechanisms and interactions occurring at the microstructural scales. While brute-force modeling of all the details of the microstructure is too costly, many of the current homogenized continuum models suffer from their inability to capture the correct underlying deformation mechanisms—especially when localization and failure are concerned. To overcome this limitation, a multi-scale continuum theory is proposed so that kinematic variables representing the deformation at various scales are incorporated. The method of virtual power is then used to derive a system of coupled governing equations, each representing a particular scale and its interactions with the macro-scale. A constitutive relation is then introduced to preserve the underlying physics associated with each scale. The inelastic behavior is represented by multiple yield functions, each representing a particular scale of microstructure, but collectively coupled through the same set of internal variables. The theory is illustrated by two applications. First, a one-dimensional example of a three-scale material is presented. After the onset of softening, the model shows that the localization zone is distributed according to two distinct length scale determined by the model. Second, a two-scale continuum model is introduced for the failure of porous metals. By comparing the theory to a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the microstructure for a specimen in tension, we show that the model capture the main physics, and at the same time, remains computationally affordable.
Keystone effects of the endangered Stephens' kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi)

Abstract Kangaroo rats ( Dipodomys ) have been argued to exert keystone effects because they interact strongly with other species, and their removal results in major changes in community structure. We evaluated the nature and magnitude of such impacts by the endangered Stephens' kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys stephensi ), employing an exclosure experiment to determine how the removal of this species impacted relative cover by vegetation, plant species diversity, abundance of a dominant annual plant genus ( Erodium ), and predation of seeds from artificial trays. Fifteen months of D. stephensi removal resulted in significant increases in herb cover and Erodium abundance, and significant declines in bare ground and in seed predation. These results support the hypothesis that D. stephensi has major impacts on plant community structure and seems to function as a keystone species. It remains to be seen how the loss of this species from much of its range will influence local community composition and dynamics.
Observing the Quantum Limit of an Electron Cyclotron: QND Measurements of Quantum Jumps between Fock States

Quantum jumps between Fock states of a one-electron oscillator reveal the quantum limit of a cyclotron. With a surrounding cavity inhibiting synchrotron radiation 140-fold, the jumps show a 13 s Fock state lifetime and a cyclotron in thermal equilibrium with 1.6 to 4.2 K blackbody photons. These disappear by 80 mK, a temperature 50 times lower than previously achieved with an isolated elementary particle. The cyclotron stays in its ground state until a resonant photon is injected. A quantum cyclotron offers a new route to measuring the electron magnetic moment and the fine structure constant.
Differential Expression of the Two Duplicated Insecticyanin Genes,ins-aandins-b,in theBlackMutant ofManduca sexta

Abstract Theblack(bl) mutant larvae ofManduca sextaproduces no detectable juvenile hormone (JH) during the molt to the 5th instar. To investigate the JH control of expression of the two insecticyanin genes,ins-aandins-b,developmental changes of the two mRNAs were examined in this mutant. In the epidermis of the freshly ecdysed larvae, the two mRNAs were hardly detectable. Twelve hours after ecdysis, the two mRNAs appeared in low levels and were then gradually increased withins-amRNA rising to a plateau from Day 1 to Day 2 morning andins-bmRNA in Day 2. During these early developmental stages, the epidermal level of the two mRNAs in theblmutant was substantially lower than that observed in the wild-type larvae. On Day 3 of the 5th instar when the larval epidermis becomes pupally committed, the two mRNAs in bothblmutant and wild-type larvae show a similar differential expression pattern. In the fat body, the level of bothins-aandins-bmRNAs was higher than that found in the wild-type larvae. Exogenous JH almost restores the level of the two mRNAs in both epidermis and fat body of the Day 0 5th-instarblmutant larvae to that observed in wild-type animals of the same stage. These results suggest that JH may enhance expression of the two insecticyanin genes in the epidermis but partially repress their expression in the fat body during early development of the wild-type 5th-instar larvae.
The Ladies' Diary or Woman's Almanack, 1704–1841

Abstract The existence of the Ladies' Diary or the Woman's Almanack, an 18th century English magazine devoted largely to problems and puzzles in mathematics, indicates that stereotypes about the inability of women to understand and enjoy mathematics were less strongly believed in the 18th century than they are today. The beginning of the Ladies' Diary coincides with the popularization of mathematics and the growth of mathematical literacy. However, as mathematical literacy spread in response to developing technology's requirements for more mathematically sophisticated workers, women, not part of this need, were left behind. This effect is reflected in the decline in the number of women contributors over the life of the publication.
Foreword: promoting the use of registry-based national cancer surveillance data for colorectal cancer prevention and control.

This supplement on colorectal cancer represents the diligentefforts of over 60 investigators from the Centers for Disease Controland Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), popula-tion-based cancer registries, academic institutions, ORC Macro, andthe American Cancer Society. The articles are based mainly on can-cer incidence data from population-based cancer registries thatparticipate in the CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries(NPCR) and/or the NCI’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and EndResults (SEER) Program.
Thermodynamics Performance Analysis of Solar Stirling Engines

This paper provides numerical simulation and thermodynamic analysis of SOLO 161 Solar Stirling engine. Some imperfect working conditions, pistons' dead volumes, and work losses are considered in the simulation process. Considering an imperfect regeneration, an isothermal model is developed to calculate heat transfer. Hot and cold pistons dead volumes are accounted in the work diagram calculations. Regenerator effectiveness, heater and cooler temperatures, working gas, phase difference, average engine pressure, and dead volumes are considered as effective parameters. By variations in the effective parameters, Stirling engine performance is estimated. Results of this study indicate that the increase in the heater and cooler temperature difference and the decrease in the dead volumes will lead to an increase in thermal efficiency. Moreover, net work has its maximum value when the angle between two pistons shaft equal to 90 degrees while efficiency is maximum in 110 degrees.
Attraction, credibility, perceived similarity, and the image of public figures

This study investigated the relationship between the communication source variables of attraction, credibility, and perceived similarity and the overall image of public figures. The arrangement of 15 public figures in a multidimensional space was compared to their arrangement on measures of attraction, credibility, and similarity. The arrangement of public figures in the multidimensional space was based on respondents' paired comparisons among all public figures. Results indicated that most of the theoretic concepts were used by respondents to construct their iamge of public figures. However, the concepts did not emerge as major determinants of that image. It was suggested that these concepts might be part of a latent structure which emerges whenever public figures are viewed as communicative sources.
A note on the performance of genetic algorithms on zero-one knapsack problems

For small zero-one knapsack problems, simple branch-and-bound and depth-first methods generate solutions much faster than our genetic algorithms. For large problems, branch-and-bound and depth-first methods outperform the genetic algorithms both for finding optimal solutions and for finding approximate solutions quickly. The simple methods perform much better than genetic algorithms on this class of problem in spite of the existence of a genetic encoding scheme which exploits useful local information. The results highlight the need for a better understanding of which problems are suitable for genetic algorithms and which problems are not.
Brownian and Néel relaxation times in magnetic particle dynamics

The equations for the well-known Brownian and Neel relaxation times TB and TN (given in the Introduction) are not sufficient to determine whether or not the Neel relaxation mechanism may be neglected. In fact, for a sufficiently large magnetic field strength, the Neel relaxation time can change by many orders of magnitude, whereas the Brownian relaxation time is comparatively insensitive to the magnetic field strength. Therefore, even if τN >> τB, the Neel relaxation mechanism can still be important and even dominate.
Preliminary curarization in electric convulsive shock therapy

1. The treatment of affective disorders particularly the depressions, by the induction of grand mal seizures is an established, highly-effective procedure. 2. The introduction of the electric shock method has been a material improvement over previous methods. 3. Trauma is still an important but neglected factor in convulsive shock therapy, and the traumatic hazards have not been eliminated by the adoption of electric shock. 4. The traumatic complications are not confined to the vertebrae and the long bones; and sufficient attention has not been given to visceral complications in the form of petechial hemorrhages, increased incidence of tuberculosis, etc. 5. The writers believe that a direct, safe and effective means of eliminating trauma incident to convulsive shock therapy is available in curare and that straight, unmodified electric shock is unjustified. 6. Preliminary curarization increases the scope of usefulness of convulsive therapy and makes the treatment available in cases where it might otherwise be contraindicated. 7. Results obtained in 139 cases treated by the combined curare-electric shock method are reported. The best results were seen in the depressions with an increased percentage of complete recoveries in the older age groups. 8. One death incident to electric shock therapy is reported.
The View from the Tower of Crossing Sails: Ji Yun's Female Informants

This paper explores the role of women as alleged sources for Qing dynasty zhiguai (tales of the strange) collections, particularly Ji Yun's (1724-1805) Yuewei caotang biji (Jottings from the Cottage of Close Scrutiny). Tracing circulation of narratives across both single-sex and mixed-sex networks sheds light on those networks, and on shared or divergent lore and interpretations as tales are cooperatively assembled. The absence or presence of female narrators or listeners in tales focused on women's behavior also reveals differing articulations of vice and virtue.
Are patient expectations still relevant for psychotherapy process and outcome

Patient expectations have been regarded as a variable affecting the course of psychotherapy for more than 50 years. Yet, even though expectations are often considered a factor common to most psychotherapy systems, their importance may be undervalued. This paper places the expectancy issue in a historical context, discusses the varied definitions of expectancy, and reviews the extant expectancy research literature. Discussion of results affirms the continuing relevance of patient expectations, suggests that they may be even more vital to the psychotherapy process than is often acknowledged, highlights research strengths and weaknesses, and calls attention to areas on which clinicians and researchers might focus to improve treatment effectiveness.
Enhanced analgesia and suppression of plasma β-endorphin by the S(+)-isomer of ibuprofen

Background Peripheral nociceptive barrage after tissue injury results in acute pain and a variety of physiologic responses, including pituitary secretion of β-endorphin. This study evaluated whether administration of the pharmacologically active S(+)-isomer of ibuprofen suppresses acute pain and plasma β-endorphin levels in the oral surgery model of acute pain. Methods Subjects in a single-dose, double-blind, parallel-group study received either 200 mg S(+)-ibuprofen, 400 mg S(+)-ibuprofen, 400 mg racemic ibuprofen, or placebo. Both doses of S(+)-ibuprofen resulted in significantly greater analgesia over the first 60 minutes in comparison to racemic ibuprofen and placebo; the 400 mg dose of S(+)-ibuprofen also produced greater analgesia at 2 and 3 hours. Plasma levels of immunoreactive β-endorphin decreased over time coincident with the onset of analgesia in all groups but were significantly less than placebo after both doses of S(+)-ibuprofen from 30 to 120 minutes. Conclusions These findings show that, compared with racemic ibuprofen, administration of the S(+)-isomer of ibuprofen results in faster analgesic onset, greater peak analgesia, similar duration of action, and a low incidence of adverse effects, while suppressing nociceptive activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1998) 63, 694–701; doi:
Controller Design for Nonlinear Multi-Input/Multi-Output Systems Using the Contoured Robust Controller Bode Plot

In this paper, a novel approach to controller design for non-linear multi–input/multi–output (MIMO) systems is presented based on the Contoured Robust Controller Bode (CRCBode) plot. CRCBode plots show level–sets of a robust metric and identify certain “forbidden regions” on the controller Bode magnitude and phase plots such that intersections of the controller frequency response with these forbidden regions indicate that a robust stability and performance criterion is violated. Nonlinear system dynamics are included as a structured uncertainty set consisting of linearizations about several operating points. To demonstrate this approach, we design a controller for a MIMO high–speed, low–tension magnetic tape drive memory system. A preliminary approximate inverse step is described, followed by several loop–shaping design iterations to eliminate all intersections with the forbidden regions on the CRCBode diagrams. Finally, the CRCBode compensator is compared to one generated using an automated H∞ synthesis algorithm.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Representation: Formal Development and Computational Recognition of Localized Requirement Change Types

Requirement change propagation, the process in which a change to one requirement results in additional requirement changes when otherwise this change would not have been needed, occurs frequently and must be managed. Multiple approaches exist, and have been readily published, for predicting requirement change propagation, analyzing change how a change to one requirement may propagate forward to other, related requirements (global level). However, the type of change encountered within a single requirement (localized level) has not been thoroughly studied and could be used to assist in the global analysis of requirement change propagation. This paper seeks to begin to fill this gap by identifying types of change requirements may encounter. By surveying research performed in the realm of requirement change, a taxonomy of change types is developed. To computationally analyze the changes, the localized requirement changes are represented through syntactical elements to identify which requirements’ parts of speech is affected. Using part of speech language rules, the identification of requirement change type is automatically identified. Further, the automatic identification of requirement change type is used to assist in predicting change propagation, a process currently automated. This bridges the gap between localized and global requirement change in an automated, systematic manner.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
DFT TECHNIQUES FOR SIZE ESTIMATION OF DATABASE JOIN OPERATIONS

Novel algorithms based on the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) are proposed to estimate the size of relations resulting from join operations. We start with an approach in which the frequency distribution values are transformed using the DFT and the Fourier coefficients are used to construct histograms. Our main contribution is a direct approach which uses the amplitudes of the DFT coefficients iteratively. The proposed algorithm gives the exact join size using logarithmic space for the special case of self join. A generalization to compute the join of arbitrary relations is then used to develop two tree-based techniques that provide a spectrum of algorithms which interpolate storage requirements versus accuracy of the estimation obtained. Finally, we present experimental results to exhibit the effectiveness of our approach.
Inhibition of reactivity in square planar complexes of Ni(II) with 2,6-disubstituted pyridines. A novel effect in steric hindrance

Abstract The reaction of Ni(II) halides or thiocyanate with doubly hindered substituted (2,6-dimethyl, 2,3,6-trimethyl-, 2,4,6-trimethyl-) pyridines, when carried out under controlled conditions to prevent hydrolysis, yields a series of crystalline complexes of the general formula [NiX2L2] (X = Cl, Br, I, NCS), having a trans-planar geometry. These complexes are unique among the many known Ni(II)-pyridine derivatives in that they are inert to exchange with other potential ligands, including water, and are not attacked even by strong mineral acids. The reasons for this inertness are discussed in terms of the electronic and steric properties of the complexes.
Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis due to the use of valproic acid in a child.

Abstract Acute pancreatitis is rarely seen in children, and it is often drug induced. Valproic acid (VPA) is one of the most widely used anticonvulsants for children all over the world. We present 11-year-old boy developing pancreatitis after 6 months of therapy with VPA. The symptoms of pancreatitis subsided within 2 weeks after discontinuation of VPA. It seems that the prognosis of VPA-associated acute pancreatitis depends on early diagnosis, timely withdrawal of the offending agent and the treatment.
Tumors of the Peripheral Nerves

The individual fiber of a peripheral nerve is composed of an axon or neurite, which is usually encased in a myelin sheath. Surrounding this is a protoplasmic envelope, the sheath of Schwann. These elements, the neurite, the myelin sheath, and sheath of Schwann, are neurogenic in origin (Fig. 1). The neurite is a prolongation of an individual nerve cell, while the sheath of Schwann is composed of a syncytium of cells which migrate out from the neural crest in early embryonic life (Harrison). The myelin sheath is supposedly a product of the nerve cell. The individual nerve fibers are embedded in connective tissue, the endoneurium, and are gathered into bundles enclosed by fibrous tissue, the perineurium. The entire nerve, consisting of these bundles of individual fibers, is overlaid by connective tissue, referred to as epineurium (Fig. 2). Tumors of the peripheral nerves were divided by Virchow, in 1863, into false neuromas, which include tumors of the nerve sheath, and true neuromas including growths arising from nerve fibers or nerve cells. Among the true neuromas are ganglioneuromas of the peripheral, spinal, and sympathetic nerves, and amputation neuromas, which are a combination of nerve fiber and sheath regeneration following the severing of a nerve trunk. Sporadic examples of neuro-epitheliomas of the peripheral nerves have been reported.
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from ages 9 to 15 years.

Context Decreased physical activity plays a critical role in the increase in childhood obesity. Although at least 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is recommended, few longitudinal studies have determined the recent patterns of physical activity of youth. Objective To determine the patterns and determinants of MVPA of youth followed from ages 9 to 15 years. Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal descriptive analyses of the 1032 participants in the 1991-2007 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development birth cohort from 10 study sites who had accelerometer-determined minutes of MVPA at ages 9 (year 2000), 11 (2002), 12 (2003), and 15 (2006) years. Participants included boys (517 [50.1%]) and girls (515 [49.9%]); 76.6% white (n = 791); and 24.5% (n = 231) lived in low-income families. Main Outcome Measure Mean MVPA minutes per day, determined by 4 to 7 days of monitored activity. Results At age 9 years, children engaged in MVPA approximately 3 hours per day on both weekends and weekdays. Weekday MVPA decreased by 38 minutes per year, while weekend MVPA decreased by 41 minutes per year. By age 15 years, adolescents were only engaging in MVPA for 49 minutes per weekday and 35 minutes per weekend day. Boys were more active than girls, spending 18 and 13 more minutes per day in MVPA on the weekdays and weekends, respectively. The rate of decrease in MVPA was the same for boys and girls. The estimated age at which girls crossed below the recommended 60 minutes of MVPA per day was approximately 13.1 years for weekday activity compared with boys at 14.7 years, and for weekend activity, girls crossed below the recommended 60 minutes of MVPA at 12.6 years compared with boys at 13.4 years. Conclusion In this study cohort, measured physical activity decreased significantly between ages 9 and 15 years.
The Potential Overreliance on Break‐Even Analysis

The creation of value for shareholders, the central theme of contemporary financial theory, is generally regarded as the ultimate goal for management. The uncertain outlook for the remainder of this decade indicates that a management that does not concern itself with the creation of value for shareholders may be jeopardizing its own existence. The recent and continuing popularity of takeover activity, proxy fights, and existence of stock options suggests it is important for management to be cognizant of shareholders' desire for wealth.
Effects of levodopa on attention deficit disorder, residual type

Abstract In an open, uncontrolled study, levodopa was administered to a carefully selected group of adult patients with Attention Deficit Disorder, Residual Type. Most of the patients showed an initial positive response to levodopa, which rapidly disappeared. Ultimately, none of the patients showed a sustained response, although 88% demonstrated a long-lasting positive response to standard stimulant treatment.
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 (eIF2) signaling regulates proinflammatory cytokine expression and bacterial invasion

In eukaryotic cells, there are two well characterized pathways that regulate translation initiation in response to stress, and each have been shown to be targeted by various viruses. We recently showed in a yeast-based model that the bacterial virulence factor YopJ disrupts one of these pathways, which is centered on the α-subunit of the translation factor eIF2. Here, we show in mammalian cells that induction of the eIF2 signaling pathway occurs following infection with bacterial pathogens and that, consistent with our yeast-based findings, YopJ reduces eIF2 signaling in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, heavy metal toxicity, dsRNA, and bacterial infection. We demonstrate that the well documented activities of YopJ, inhibition of NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression, are both dependent on an intact eIF2 signaling pathway. Unexpectedly, we found that cells with defective eIF2 signaling were more susceptible to bacterial invasion. This was true for pathogenic Yersinia, a facultative intracellular pathogen, as well as for the intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Chlamydia trachomatis. Collectively, our data indicate that the highly conserved eIF2 signaling pathway, which is vitally important for antiviral responses, plays a variety of heretofore unrecognized roles in antibacterial responses.
Generalized gradient adaptive step sizes for stochastic gradient adaptive filters

We derive new adaptive step size algorithms for two general classes of modified stochastic gradient adaptive filters that include the sign-error, sign-data, sign-sign, and normalized gradient adaptive filters as specific cases. These computationally-simple parameter adjustment algorithms are based on stochastic gradient approximations of steepest descent procedures for the unknown parameters. Analyses of the algorithms show that the stationary points of the steepest descent procedures yield the optimum step size values at each time instant as obtained from statistical analyses of the adaptive filter updates. Simulations verify the theoretical results and indicate that near-optimal tracking performance can be obtained from each of the adaptive step size algorithms without any knowledge of the rate of change of the unknown system.
Linearization of Microphysical Parameterization Uncertainty Using Multiplicative Process Perturbation Parameters

AbstractRecent studies have shown the importance of accounting for model physics uncertainty within probabilistic forecasts. Attempts have been made at quantifying this uncertainty in terms of microphysical parameters such as fall speed coefficients, moments of hydrometeor particle size distributions, and hydrometeor densities. It has been found that uncertainty in terms of these “traditional” microphysical parameters is highly non-Gaussian, calling into question the possibility of estimating and propagating this error using Gaussian statistical techniques such as ensemble Kalman methods. Here, a new choice of uncertain control variables is proposed that instead considers uncertainty in individual modeled microphysical processes. These “process parameters” are multiplicative perturbations on contributions of individual modeled microphysical processes to hydrometeor time tendency. The new process parameters provide a natural and appealing choice for the quantification of aleatory microphysical parameteriza...
Recent advances in the cannabinoids

This review highlights advances made in cannabinoid chemistry over the time period August 2002 – June 2004. Particular emphasis is placed on new ligands for the CB1 and CB2 receptors. CB1 receptor antagonists have been a prominent area of research for many pharmaceutical companies. Sanofi’s CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant has now generated clinical data demonstrating its efficacy for both obesity and smoking cessation in human subjects. Recent data showing the effects of CB2 agonists for pain in preclinical animal models has been accompanied by the reports from many laboratories disclosing selective CB2 agonists for the treatment of pain and other indications. The further progression of cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists into clinical trials will serve to determine the effectiveness of such compounds as therapeutics in the treatment of human diseases and disorders.
Mechanisms of nanoindentation on single-walled carbon nanotubes: The effect of nanotube length

The mechanisms of nanoindentation on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been studied by using molecular dynamics simulation and continuum analysis during which a flat layer of diamond atoms is pressed down incrementally on a vertically aligned SWCNT. SWCNTs are divided into three distinct categories based on their aspect ratios, such that the nanotube behavior transits from a shell (short tube) to a beam (long tube). Molecular dynamics simulations are used to explore the diverse indentation characteristics in each domain, where the relationships between the strain energy and indentation depth during loading, unloading, and reloading are continuously recorded. The nanoindentation mechanisms are characterized by the critical indentation depth, maximum strain energy and force associated with buckling, as well as with the evolution of carbon bond length and morphology of the SWCNTs. Bifurcation behaviors are explored by investigating the loading-unloading-reloading behaviors of the nanotubes. Parallel finite element simulations are also used to study the pre- and post-buckling behaviors of SWCNT by incorporating the van der Waals interaction into the continuum code. It is found that, for the most part, continuum analysis can effectively capture the overall indentation characteristics, yet some details related to the atomic characteristics of nanoindentation may only be revealed by molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, an indentation mechanism map is derived by comparing behaviors of SWCNTs with different aspect and section ratios. Focusing on the effects of nanotube length, this paper is the first of a series of numerical studies on the indentation mechanisms of carbon nanotubes, which may be used to determine the intrinsic mechanical properties of SWCNTs by means of nanoindentation.
Inferential Equivalence and Natural Deduction

There are axiomatizations of the sentential calculus which, in effect, assert the inferential equivalence (mutual deducibility) of classes of sentences. A well known axiomatization of this sort consists of Another one, closely connected with A1–A3, is comprised of B1–B3 jointly assert the inferential equivalence of a sentence of the form ( p ⊃ q ) ⊃ r and two sentences of the forms q ⊃ r and ∼ p ⊃ r respectively. This axiomatization requires the rule of substitution and the rule of detachment for conditionals. The existence of such axiomatizations suggests a possibility of formulating natural deduction by means of inferential equivalence instead of the usual one-sided inference, customarily represented by ‘⊦’. ‘ H ’ will stand here for inferential equivalence. It may be looked upon as a combination of signs ‘⊦’ and ‘⊣’. ‘ H ’ is thought of as a metasystematic constant functor of two arguments each of which is a class of names of sentences. For purposes of this paper the first argument may be just a single name of a sentence, the second a pair (not necessarily ordered) of names of sentences. The role ‘ H ’ plays is determined by **1 –*5 below. Besides that ‘ H ’ remains here uninterpreted. In particular, it is not directly postulated that it is an identity relation.
Of Methods and Metaphors: Theater and Self-Exploration in the Laboratory:

This article examines the metaphor of laboratory experimentation as theater After a brief review of the purpose, problems, and sources of metaphor in the social sciences, the authors describe the s...
Mapping architectural decay instances to dependency models

The architectures of software systems tend to drift or erode as they are maintained and evolved. These systems often develop architectural decay instances, which are instances of design decisions that negatively impact a system's lifecycle properties and are the analog to code-level decay instances that are potential targets for refactoring. While code-level decay instances are based on source-level constructs, architectural decay instances are based on higher levels of abstractions, such as components and connectors, and related concepts, such as concerns. Unlike code-level decay instances, architectural decay usually has more significant consequences. Not being able to detect or address architectural decay in time incurs architecture debt that may result in a higher penalty in terms of quality and maintainability (interest) over time. To facilitate architecture debt detection, in this paper, we demonstrate the possibility of transforming architectural models and concerns into an extended augmented constraint network (EACN), which can uniformly model the constraints among design decisions and environmental conditions. From an ACN, a pairwise-dependency relation (PWDR) can be derived, which, in turn, can be used to automatically and uniformly detect architectural decay instances.
Disruption of Higher-Order Folding by Core Histone Acetylation Dramatically Enhances Transcription of Nucleosomal Arrays by RNA Polymerase III

We have examined the effects of core histone acetylation on the transcriptional activity and higher-order folding of defined 12-mer nucleosomal arrays. Purified HeLa core histone octamers containing an average of 2, 6, or 12 acetates per octamer (8, 23, or 46% maximal site occupancy, respectively) were assembled onto a DNA template consisting of 12 tandem repeats of a 208-bp Lytechinus 5S rRNA gene fragment. Reconstituted nucleosomal arrays were transcribed in a Xenopus oocyte nuclear extract and analyzed by analytical hydrodynamic and electrophoretic approaches to determine the extent of array compaction. Results indicated that in buffer containing 5 mM free Mg2+ and 50 mM KCl, high levels of acetylation (12 acetates/octamer) completely inhibited higher-order folding and concurrently led to a 15-fold enhancement of transcription by RNA polymerase III. The molecular mechanisms underlying the acetylation effects on chromatin condensation were investigated by analyzing the ability of differentially acetylated nucleosomal arrays to fold and oligomerize. In MgCl2-containing buffer the folding of 12-mer nucleosomal arrays containing an average of two or six acetates per histone octamer was indistinguishable, while a level of 12 acetates per octamer completely disrupted the ability of nucleosomal arrays to form higher-order folded structures at all ionic conditions tested. In contrast, there was a linear relationship between the extent of histone octamer acetylation and the extent of disruption of Mg2+-dependent oligomerization. These results have yielded new insight into the molecular basis of acetylation effects on both transcription and higher-order compaction of nucleosomal arrays.
An improved InP solar cell designed with an increased open circuit voltage

A high-open-circuit voltage P/N InP solar cell has been designed to yield a V/sub oc/=0.970 V. By using a two-step solar cell growth sequence and an internal oxide layer with selective LPE growth, the contact area may be limited such that a low J/sub 0/ value may be obtained. This low J/sub 0/ significantly increases the device open circuit voltage. >
Circuit and Measurement Technique for Radiation Induced Drift in Precision Capacitance Matching

In the design of radiation tolerant precision ADCs targeted for space market, a matched capacitor array is crucial. The drift of capacitance ratios due to radiation should be small enough not to cause linearity errors. Conventional methods for measuring capacitor matching may not achieve the desired level of accuracy due to radiation induced gain errors in the measurement circuits. In this work, we present a circuit and method for measuring capacitance ratio drift to a very high accuracy (<; 1 ppm) unaffected by radiation levels up to 150 krad.
Variational problems with inequality constraints

In an earlier paper [I] we showed how the local characterization of optimality of dynamic programming led to simple derivations of many of the results of the calculus of variations. Except for one brief section, we restricted our attention to the Problem of Lagrange. In that section, we considered a minimum time problem of the Mayer type and derived the multiplier rule for the problem. In this paper we shall reconsider the Problem of Mayer. We shall state the problem in a more general way than in [l]. After deducing the appropriate form of the multiplier rule we shall consider variational problems restricted by inequality constraints. We first show, as we did in [I], that no further theory is required if the constraint explicitly involves what we shall call the decision variable. We shall then derive the considerably more complex conditions necessary for optimality for curves constrained to lie in a region of the state variable space. In a forthcoming third paper we shall consider the computational solution of variational problems. We shall present a practical function-space gradient technique. While this technique is known to a few practioners of the art [2,3], we feel that the simplicity of our derivation is of interest. In that paper we shall illustrate both the contents of this paper and the computational technique by discussing the numerical solution of a problem with state variable inequality constraints. Much of the content of this paper is the result of research conducted in applied mathematics at Harvard University and will appear as part of the author’s forthcoming dissertation,
Calibration of new high dose rate 192Ir sources.

The increased popularity of high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy in the treatment of neoplastic disease has resulted in the introduction of new or redesigned 192 Ir sources by various manufacturers. In order to provide accurate clinical dosimetry, accurate calibration of these sources is required. In this work, two new sources are calibrated with the standard, NIST traceable, in-air calibration technique. These sources are the Varian VariSource (VS2000) and the newly redesigned Nucletron MicroSelectron source. An uncertainty budget was performed to determine the overall uncertainty of the measurement, and a total relative expanded uncertainty (k=2) of 2.15% was calculated. The results of the sourcecalibration using the in-air technique and that obtained based upon the 1991 standard calibration all lie well within this uncertainty. In addition to the in-air calibration, contact autoradiographs of the sources were made with International Specialty Products model HD810 radiochromic film to demonstrate the sources relative dose distributions.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Elicits Aberration in Cardiomyocyte Contractile Function and Intracellular Ca2+ Transients

Background and Purpose— The sequelae of intracerebral hemorrhage involve multiple organ damage including electrocardiographic alteration, although the mechanism(s) behind myocardial dysfunction is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of intracerebral hemorrhage on cardiomyocyte contractile function, intracellular Ca2+ handling, Ca2+ cycling proteins, I kappa B beta protein (IκB) phosphorylation, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), and nitrosative damage within 48 hours of injury. Methods— Mechanical and intracellular Ca2+ properties were evaluated including peak shortening (PS), maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (±dL/dt), time-to-PS (TPS), time-to-90% relengthening (TR90), fura-2 fluorescence intensity (FFI), and intracellular Ca2+ decay. Results— Myocytes from intracerebral hemorrhage rats exhibited depressed PS, ±dL/dt, prolonged TPS and TR90, as well as declined baseline FFI and slowed intracellular Ca2+ decay between 12 and 24 hours after injury. Most of these aberrati...
Planning for Cooperation in Environmental Dilemmas

Environmental planners must often attempt to manage participatory forums in which the policy issues pit individuals' selfinterests against the needfor collective cooperation. Psychologists investig...
The social brain paradigm and social norm puzzles

The use of neuroscience in political science inquiry has steadily increased over the last decade, yet many remain skeptical regarding its usefulness in explaining outcomes and solving puzzles. In t...
Meritocracy Voting: Measuring the Unmeasurable

This article is a set of comments on “Meritocracy Voting: Measuring the Unmeasurable” by Peter C. B. Phillips.
Comparison of the effects of contraceptive steroid formulations containing two doses of estrogen on pituitary function.

A pituitary stimulation test with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was undertaken to determine (1) whether pituitary responses to GnRH vary in individual women taking oral contraceptive steroids over time, (2) whether a less suppressive pituitary gonadotropin effect is produced by formulations containing less than 50 μg of estrogen, and (3) to obtain more information concerning prolactin secretion in users of oral contraceptive steroids. The same subjects who had had a suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) response 6 to 9 months previously also had a suppressed response, indicating that this effect persists over time. Contraceptive formulations containing less than 50 μg of estrogen have a lesser suppressive effect on LH release than do formulations containing 50 μg of estrogen or more. The basal prolactin (PRL) response as well as the maximal PRL response to TRH were found to be significantly greater in subjects using oral contraceptives than in the control subjects. However, no difference in PRL response was found between the subjects using low or high doses of estrogen fomulations.
Effect of the Semi-Synchronous Orbit Protected Region on the MEO Debris Environment (Invited)

A protected region about semi-synchronous orbit (SSO) is included in United States (U.S.) Government orbital debris mitigation policy. SSO is the mission orbit of the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) in medium Earth orbit (MEO). In contrast, international debris mitigation guidelines do not contain protected regions about any MEO navigation constellations. A study was performed to assess the effect of the U.S. SSO protected region on the future MEO debris environment. The study used a simulation process developed by The Aerospace Corporation (Aerospace) called the Aerospace Debris Environment Projection Tool (ADEPT). The study results indicate that the primary mitigation effect of the SSO protected region is not in keeping objects out of the SSO protected region itself, but rather in reducing usage of long-term stable MEO storage disposal orbits. While the U.S. SSO protected region indirectly reduces collisional debris in MEO from U.S. satellites and rocket bodies, the reduction is small compared to the amount of collisional debris resulting from non-U.S. usage of long-term stable MEO storage disposal orbits. Reducing world-wide usage of long-term stable MEO storage disposal orbits and configuring MEO constellation disposal orbits to decay via Sun-Moon perturbations may be more effective approaches at reducing MEO debris risk than the U.S. SSO protected region.
Secretion of pancreatic enzymes. I. Response to secretin and pancreozymin.

Pancreatic function was evaluated by measurement of the amount of amylase, lipase, phospholipase A, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase activity secreted into the duodenum during a half-hour period following the simultaneous infusion of secretin and pancreozymin. In normal subjects, all but a few resting values for enzyme secretion were less than the lowest value following stimulation with the hormones. The procedure was highly effective in detecting known cases of chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas, in demonstrating pancreatic dyfunction in a variety of parapancreatic diseases, and in excluding pancreatic disease when suspected but not present. A significant but not a high correlation was observed among the enzymes secreted, the best correlations being among patients with known chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas. Many discrepancies in individual cases with other primary diagnoses exemplify the usefulness of more than one enzyme determination.
Changes of Biochemistry Indexes in SD Rats after Anesthesia

Objective To observe the changes of biochemistry indexes in SD rats after anesthesia.Methods 50 SPF SD rats aged 2 months,28 males and 22 females were collected blood in 0、5、10、20min after anesthesia,and serum ALT、AST、GLU、BUN、TP、ALB、AKP、CREA、CHOL、TG were detected after fasting of 12 hours.Results The biochemistry indexes in SD rats varied as anaesthetic time increases.Conclusion Standaring the blood collecting operation,and reducing the time to wait for collecting blood in postanesthesia SD rats can decrease the changes of biochemistry indexes.
Neurotoxicant-Induced Oxidative Events and Antioxidative Interventions in the Central Nervous System

Exposure to some environmental neurotoxicants produces an increased concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain. These reactive molecules form macromolecular adducts, subsequently deplete the cell of endogenous antioxidative factors, and precipitate oxidative injury in the central nervous system (CNS). However, this mechanism of action is not limited to neurotoxicants exposure. In fact, oxidative injury is common in the etiology and progression of neurodegenerative disease as well. A reduction in the intracellular ROS through the use of direct antioxidants is one strategy used in the clinical management of neurodegeneration and may also be beneficial in response to acute and chronic exposure to neurotoxicants. Alternatively, indirect antioxidative therapy might be achieved through the enhancement of expression of antioxidative genes. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is an inducible transcription factor that controls the expression of a battery of such genes. Animal models provide evidence that the induction of the Nrf2 pathway is protective against multiple models of oxidative damage in the CNS. Activation of Nrf2 shows promise as a neurotherapeutic and may be a useful pharmacological target in future studies in humans with CNS oxidative damage.
Coherent laser excitation of Ba 137 and Ba 138

Computations are carried out for the 1S(6s2)-1P(6s,6p) coherent laser excitation of Ba-137 and Ba-138 in a magnetic field. Results are presented for both the steady-state and time-dependent excited-state populations of the Zeeman-split magnetic sublevels. The quantum-statistical Liouville-equation approach (for the reduced density matrix) is compared to the rate-equations approach. Significant differences are found between these, due to the interference between strongly overlapping lines (especially for Ba-137). The time-evolution profiles indicate that the Ba-137 transient time is much longer than that of Ba-138.
Informed consent: for whose benefit?

The relationship of social work ideology to the ideological conflict between informed consent and medical technology relates directly to patient rights and self-determination. The struggle between ...
Physiological, Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Roles of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate

Publisher Summary Heparin and heparan sulfate belong to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family of carbohydrates. They are linear acidic complex polysaccharides found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Heparin and heparan sulfate GAGs are biosynthesized as proteoglycans (PGs) with multiple GAG chains linked to a variety of core proteins. Heparin PGs are found exclusively in the granules of subsets of mast cells, whereas heparan sulfate PGs have a much greater distribution in the body, being associated with stromal matrices, basement membranes, and almost all cell surfaces. Heparin and heparan sulfate PGs interact with cell surface binding proteins and are internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis through their GAG chains. Heparin and heparan sulfate are the most intensively studied GAGs as a result of their anticoagulant properties. However, it has become obvious that heparin and heparan sulfate not only have anticoagulant activities but also exhibit a number of diverse biological functions including ones regulating cell growth and differentiation, inflammatory processes, host defense and viral infection mechanisms, cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, lipid transport, and clearance/metabolism. These functions result from the direct interactions between heparin and heparan sulfate and heparin-binding proteins.