cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Melt Pond Volume on the Surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet

[1] The presence of surface meltwater on ice caps and ice sheets is an important glaciological and climatological characteristic. We describe an algorithm for estimating the depth and hence volume of surface melt ponds using multispectral ASTER satellite imagery. The method relies on reasonable assumptions about the albedo of the bottom surface of the ponds and the optical attenuation characteristics of the ponded meltwater. We apply the technique to sequences of satellite imagery acquired over the western margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet to derive changes in melt pond extent and volume during the period 2001–2004. Results show large intra- and interannual changes in ponded water volumes, and large volumes of liquid water stored in extensive slush zones.
Spherical Cap Adaptive Antennas for GPS

The capability of non-planar adaptive antennas for suppressing interference in GPS applications is addressed. An optimization problem based on power minimization of incident signals is formulated, resulting in a solution that maximizes the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio at the output of the antenna array and subsequently the carrier-to-noise-ratio of a GPS satellite signal. Spherical adaptations of a planar seven element controlled reception pattern antenna array are presented for various low-horizon interference environments.
P‐wave velocities in rocks at high pressure and temperature and the constitution of the central California crust

Summary. Velocities of compressional waves are determined for central California rocks at pressures up to 0.7 GPa (7 kb) and temperatures up to 450°C. These data are used to interpret the seismic velocity structure of the crust in the California Coast Ranges. The seismic data on both sides of the San Andreas fault are consistent with the following model; besides some patches of surface sediments the upper 10-15 km of the crust on the northeast side consists predominantly of sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks of the Franciscan assemblage; the lower crust, of a thickness of 15-20 km, may be composed of gabbroic or other mafic rocks. Across the fault on the south-west side, the entire crustal section is probably a granitic complex similar to that exposed on the surface. The proposed model is shown to be consistent with the observed gravity anomaly.
Live three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of thrombus in the innominate veins and superior vena cava utilizing right parasternal and supraclavicular approaches

We report the usefulness of right parasternal and supraclavicular live three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in the delineation and follow-up of a thrombus involving a catheter placed in superior vena cava for dialysis in an adult patient with chronic renal disease.
Convergence of Singular Vectors toward Lyapunov Vectors

The rate at which the leading singular vectors converge toward a single pattern for increasing optimization times is examined within the context of a T21 L3 quasigeostrophic model. As expected, the final-time backward singular vectors converge toward the backward Lyapunov vector, while the initial-time forward singular vectors converge toward the forward Lyapunov vector. Although there is significant case-to-case variability, in general this convergence does not occur over timescales for which the tangent approximation is valid (i.e., less than 5 days). However, a significant portion of the leading Lyapunov vector is contained within the subspace spanned by an ensemble composed of the first 30 singular vectors optimized over 2 or 3 days. Also as expected, the final-time leading singular vectors become independent of metric as optimization time is increased. Given an initial perturbation that has a white spectrum with respect to the initial-time singular vectors, the percent of the final-time perturbation explained by the leading singular vector is significant and increases as optimization time increases. However, even for 10-day optimization times, the leading singular vector accounts for, on average, only 23% to 28% of the total evolved global perturbation variance depending on the metric and trajectory.
Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba: Match Made in Heaven or Strange Bedfellows? Black Radicals in Castro's Cuba

In September 1960, after being snubbed by the staff members of a posh Manhattan hotel while visiting the U.N., Fidel Castro and his entourage made their way to Harlem to stay at the venerable Hotel Theresa. There, Castro was greeted by people shouting, “Fidel, free American Negroes too!” “Fidel, turn Harlem into another Sierra Maestra!” and “Fidel si, Ku Klux Klan no!” (quoted in C. Moore 1991, 80). The crowd's warm reception was matched by the respect and interest with which the Cuban leader was received by a broad spectrum of black leaders. A few days after Nikita Khrushchev visited Castro in Harlem, Malcolm X paid Fidel a call. Later, Castro delivered a now-legendary speech before the U.N. General Assembly in which he stated his friendship and closeness with black America. He proclaimed: “Before coming to the United States we already enjoyed great sympathy, but now it has increased even more. American Negroes have grasped one great human truth: that everyone is happy in Cuba” (82). While the mainstream media in the United States was suspicious and condemnatory of the Cuban Revolution, the U.S. black media followed the revolution closely and generally supported it (Gosse 1998). To blacks in the United States, the revolution appeared to have created a far more fluid system of race and class than the system that existed in the United States, or, for that matter, anywhere in Latin America.
Quantum Phase Transitions in Bosonic Systems

The physics of bosons has found a fascinating rebirth in recent years, sometimes in systems far removed from superfluid helium. In this article I will review some of the theoretical advances and indicate some of the experiments that motivated them.
An optomechanical accelerometer with a high-finesse hemispherical optical cavity

A new design for an optomechanical accelerometer is presented. The design includes a hemispherical optical cavity that can achieve high finesse and a proof mass that is well-constrained by silicon nitride beams. Based on previous work and analysis, the resolution of the accelerometer will be below 1 µg/rt-Hz. Novel MEMS fabrication processes have been developed for the accelerometer that provide optimized optical and mechanical elements. The optical cavity in the accelerometer has been characterized and a tunable laser has been locked to the cavity, thereby demonstrating the possibility for closed-loop operation of the accelerometer.
Gastrointestinal: Adult presentation of intestinal malrotation

We present an interesting case of congenital malrotation that was not discovered until adulthood. The patient presented with chronic, non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms which were subsequently alleviated with surgical correction of the congenital malrotation. Malrotation is less often considered in the adult patient and the associated presentation and imaging abnormalities of this case offer a valuable opportunity for thought and brief review.
Land-Use Spatial Analysis for Bayan County Based on Optimal Grain Size

It is very important that an appropriate grain size is selected to accurately analyze land-use landscape patterns.We used Bayan County as the study area and RS,GIS and Fragstats3.3 to explore landscape index characteristics with grain size change and the area loss,ultimately determined the optimal grain size for analyzing land-use landscape pattern.We considered four aspects of landscape elements: spatial pattern,spatial form,spatial relations and spatial configuration.The results showed that some landscape indices and grain size could be fitted to a mathematical relationship,and determined the optimal grain size for 100m.Dry land and woodland were the main land-use landscape types across the study area,especially dry land had a clear advantage.Water was the most complex spatial form;woodland and dry land and other agricultural landscape of irregular shape,construction land and garden plots were the simplest shaped due to human interference.Dry land and construction land were evenly distributed;paddy field and other land of a more reasonable distribution,woodland,grassland and water in each township had a large distribution difference.The whole landscape was of small heterogeneity and composed of large patches.The shape complexity was moderate,the degree of fragmentation not serious and landscape stability poor.
Diagnosis of CT for intraductal papillary neoplasm of bile ducts in 13 cases

Objective To analyze the manifestation of CT for intraductal papillary neoplasm of bile ducts(IPNB),and explore the diagnostic value of CT.Methods Thirteen cases' of CT and clinical data proved to be IPNB by surgery and pathology were analyzed retrospectively.Results Among 13 cases,6 cases located in the bile ducts of right lobe and 4 located in left lobe,3 located in the bile ducts near the hepatic port.Eleven cases showed nodes or mass with various shapes of expansile intrahepatic bile ducts,3 were single focus while 8 were multi-focus.On unenhanced CT scan,11 cases showed tumors of bile ducts with asymmetrical low density and unclear boundary,and showed mild to moderate enhancement on dynamic enhanced scan,the enhancement were asymmetrical and the boundary became clear,the wall of bile ducts near the tumors were uninjured.The other 2cases showed the inner side of bile ducts coarse as floss and slightly high density than bile on unenhanced CT scan while mild enhancement on dynamic enhanced scan.All 13 cases showed the diffuse or local dilatation of bile ducts and with different degree,5 cases showed the dilatation of bile ducts near the tumor as "aneurism".Conclusion CT can show certain characteristic manifestations for IPNB and which is useful for the diagnosis.
A patient seeking disability.

The frustration of the physician who wrote this case scenario is real, and many physicians experience this frustration in their practices. Physicians receive forms from various disability-granting agencies requesting information regarding the initiation or perpetuation of disability claims.
Text and Countertext: The Golden Bowl

The Golden Bowl, James’s last completed novel, represents the apparent triumph in his art of form as content. It is a dominion achieved, for the most part, by style. Yet both James and his heroine face at the end the painful irony that even so highly wrought a form may not be adequate to what it seeks to contain.
Impact of aging on leaching characteristics of recycled concrete aggregate

The focus of this study was to evaluate the effects of stockpiling (aging) on leaching of elements in recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) that may contribute to tufaceous constituent formation. Speciation and leaching controlling mechanisms of these elements were identified via geochemical modeling. The effects of stockpiling were simulated by comparing freshly produced RCA with RCA aged as part of this study for 1 year both in the laboratory and in the field. Leachate samples were generated following batch water leach test (WLT) and US Geological Survey leach test (USGSLT) methods. USGSLTs were conducted both on the laboratory and field samples while WLT was only conducted on laboratory samples. During the laboratory aging, it is observed that the carbonate content of RCA, measured as calcite equivalent, increased 20 % (i.e., from ∼100 to 120 mg/g) within a year time frame. The leachate extracted from RCA showed minor changes in pH and more significant decreases in electrical conductivity (i.e., ∼300 to 100 μS/cm). A comparison between laboratory and field samples revealed that the RCA aged much slower in the field than in the laboratory within a year. Comparisons between two leach extraction methods on the laboratory conditions showed that the total leached concentrations (TLCs) of most of the constituents from USGSLT were appreciably lower than the ones measured via WLT method. The results of geochemical modeling analyses showed that Al, Si, Fe, Ca, Mg, and Cu exist in their oxidized forms as Al3+, Fe3+, Si4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+ and results revealed that these elements are primarily controlled by the solubility of gibbsite, hematite, silica gel, calcite, magnesite, and tenorite solid phases, respectively. One of the significant findings of the study was to identify the changes in leaching behavior of Ca, Si, Mg, Al, Fe, and Cu due to carbonation.
Proteinuria causes dysfunctional autophagy in the proximal tubule

Proteinuria is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease progression. Furthermore, exposure of proximal tubular epithelial cells to excess albumin promotes tubular atrophy and fibrosis, key predictors of progressive organ dysfunction. However, the link between proteinuria and tubular damage is unclear. We propose that pathological albumin exposure impairs proximal tubular autophagy, an essential process for recycling damaged organelles and toxic intracellular macromolecules. In both mouse primary proximal tubule and immortalized human kidney cells, albumin exposure decreased the number of autophagosomes, visualized by the autophagosome-specific fluorescent markers monodansylcadaverine and GFP-LC3, respectively. Similarly, renal cortical tissue harvested from proteinuric mice contained reduced numbers of autophagosomes on electron micrographs, and immunoblots showed reduced steady-state LC3-II content. Albumin exposure decreased autophagic flux in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner as assessed by LC3-II accumulation rate in the presence of bafilomycin, an H+-ATPase inhibitor that prevents lysosomal LC3-II degradation. In addition, albumin treatment significantly increased the half-life of radiolabeled long-lived proteins, indicating that the primary mechanism of degradation, autophagy, is dysfunctional. In vitro, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, a potent autophagy inhibitor, suppressed autophagy as a result of intracellular amino acid accumulation from lysosomal albumin degradation. mTOR activation was demonstrated by the increased phosphorylation of its downstream target, S6K, with free amino acid or albumin exposure. We propose that excess albumin uptake and degradation inhibit proximal tubule autophagy via an mTOR-mediated mechanism and contribute to progressive tubular injury.
Collecting Tax Liabilities from Third Parties

Creditors call it fraud. Debtors call it asset protection. I call it the “asset shuffle.” Whatever you call it, it is an age-old dance done by debtors trying to keep their assets from creditors they don’t like. Debtors either transfer assets to favored parties or else try to disguise their true interests in assets. From the creditor’s point of view, the wrong people have the money.Debtors do the asset shuffle with the IRS. I have come across more than one taxpayer who thinks they will “win” if they die with unpaid tax debts. What they do not realize is that their death does not end the dance. Sure, they may pass assets to their beneficiaries. But those beneficiaries often unwittingly inherit what Burgess and William Raby aptly called “the cloud inside the silver lining.” Over time, the IRS has developed three counter-moves to the asset shuffle. This article explains how the IRS uses those counter-moves to collect from third parties, parties who may become your clients and who are at risk for such collection actions. The key to helping such clients---including knowing even what questions to ask them---is to understand how the IRS takes property from third parties to satisfy the tax liability of a taxpayer. The names for the IRS counter-moves are “Transferee,” “Nominee,” and “Alter Ego” liability. The three names describe the three types of special relationships that might allow the IRS to collect the taxpayer’s tax liabilities from those types of third parties. They are legally distinct doctrines and have different legal process, although they often end up mushed together in a single proceeding. Part I gives a couple of background points of law. Part II compares and contrasts the substantive law of these three theories. Part III compares and contrasts the procedural rules of the three theories and gives thoughts on possible actions to defend your clients.
Data Structures: Cell Arrays and Structures

Data structures are variables that store more than one value. There are many different kinds of data structures. We have already been working with one kind, arrays (e.g., vectors and matrices). We use vectors and matrices when we want to be able to loop through them (or, essentially, have this done for us using vectorized code). A cell array is a kind of data structure that stores values of different types. Cell arrays can be vectors or matrices; the different values are referred to as the elements of the array. One very common use of a cell array is to store strings of different lengths. Structures are data structures that group together values that are logically related, but are not the same thing and not necessarily the same type. The different values are stored in separate fields of the structure. One use of structures is to set up a database of information. In many programming languages and database programs the terminology is that within a database file there would be one record of information; each separate piece of information would be called a field of the record. In the MATLAB ® software these records are called structs. Both cell arrays and structures can be used to store values that are different types in a single variable. The main difference between them is that cell arrays are indexed, and can therefore be used with loops or vectorized code. Structures, however, are not indexed; the values are referenced using the names of the fields, which can be more mnemonic than indexing.
Adherence to Guidelines for Screening and Medication Use: Mortality and Onset of Major Macrovascular Complications in Elderly Persons With Diabetes Mellitus.

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate relationships between adherence to recommended screening and medication use and severe macrovascular complications and all-cause mortality among persons aged above 68 years with diabetes mellitus (DM). Method: Data came from a 5% Medicare claims sample of beneficiaries initially diagnosed with DM during 2006-2008; follow-up was up to 7 years. Results: Adherence to screening guidelines led to reduced mortality—hazard ratio (HR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.56, 0.58]; congestive heart failure [CHF], HR = 0.89, CI = [0.87, 0.91]; acute myocardial infarction [AMI], HR = 0.90, CI = [0.85, 0.95]; and stroke/transient ischemic attack [Stroke/TIA], HR = 0.92, CI = [0.87, 0.97]—during follow-up. Recommended medication use led to lower mortality: HR = 0.72, CI = [0.70, 0.73]; CHF, HR = 0.67, CI = [0.66, 0.69]; AMI, HR = 0.68, CI = [0.65, 0.71]; and Stroke/TIA, HR = 0.79, CI = [0.76, 0.83]. Discussion: Elderly persons newly diagnosed with diabetes...
Eating disorders in children: is avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder a feeding disorder or an eating disorder and what are the implications for treatment?

Avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a current diagnosis in the “Feeding and Eating Disorders” section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) and captures a heterogeneous presentation of eating disturbances. In recent years, ARFID has been studied primarily within the context of eating disorders despite having historical roots as a feeding disorder. The following review examines ARFID’s similarities with and differences from feeding disorders and eating disorders, focusing on research published within the last three years. Implications of this differentiation for treatment are discussed.
Progressives Need a Balanced Budget

Progressives need a balanced federal budget more than Conservatives, both to provide room for new government action when needed as well as to protect the key programs of Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security. For this reason, developing a long-term plan to balance the federal budget should be at the top of the Progressive agenda, because without doing so, the ability to address Progressive priorities via government action will be rendered moot.
Exodus from the Babylonian Captivity: The Jews of Modern Iraq

The “solving of the Eastern Question” during the twentieth century ended the existence of the oldest Jewish Diaspora community; modern political, social, and economic phenomenon marginalized a significant ethnic minority that resided in Iraq for over two millennia. Much of this breakdown of relations with the Muslim majority, and the further marginalization of the Iraqi Jewish community can be traced to several events after the turn of the century that occurred during the inter-war period and extending to the creation of Israel in 1948. A rise in Arab nationalism, Germanophilia, British colonialism, and more importantly the answering of the Palestine Question effectively marginalized, and subsequently lead to the expulsion of the Iraqi Jewish community. The Iraqi Jews were marginalized in part by religio-cultural differences in language, which were exacerbated by Jewish economic preeminence in international commerce, which had expanded since the European Capitulations in the 1800s. Furthermore, Jews were denied full cultural inclusion by their exclusion from the military, which served as a cultural and political force in the period of Iraqi state-formation. Coupled with Zionism's rise in Palestine, and Europe, and its regional impact, the Iraqi Jews became viewed as a fifth column and a Trojan horse of European and Zionist imperialism by the Iraqi Muslim majority. Tensions came to a head in the Farhud of June 1941, an anti-Jewish uprising, which followed a pro-Nazi coup lead by Rashid Ali al-Gaylani. The Farhud came to symbolize the breaking point for the Iraqi Jewish community; because of a disproportionately privileged socio-economic status that was based on a “different cultural” existence, and regional political factors, the Jews of Iraq had been rejected by their host society of two millennia.
Development of Studies in Creativity

Broadly speaking, creativity is the ability to create meaningful new ideas, forms, sounds, methods, performances, and interpretations. It implies that the creator’s mind is non-conformist with the freedom of action. It also is a phenomenon that shows that some people can generate more beautiful, usable, and effective new things and marvelous new ideas than others. Such a phenomenon could be fine-tuned into aspects of invention and innovation, which have been broadly discussed in the field of engineering. Invention is the “creation” of a product or introduction of a process for the first time that has never been made before. Such a product or process is new, novel, and without precedent. For example, the original phonograph created by Thomas Edison in 1877 was a big invention that had not been seen before (see Fig. 7.1).
Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia/ Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

Although HES and CEL are indeed rare clinical entities, interest in these disorders has been reborn due to a renaissance in uncovering the biologic basis of previously idiopathic cases. Unmasking the molecular basis for such cases has, in turn, led to the development of semimolecular classification schemes for categorizing patients based on recurrent genetic alterations, usually related to constitutively activated tyrosine kinases. In turn, increasing sophistication in unmasking the molecular underpinnings of eosinophilia in patients heretofore classified as idiopathic HES now permits the rationale use biologically targeted therapies such as imatinib mesylate and recombinant anti-IL-5 antibody. The WHO convenes in 2007 to review prior diagnostic criteria for both HES and CEL. It will be of interest to see how the new genetic information becomes integrated with traditional histopathologic criteria in establishing a practical road map for clinicians who treat these diseases.
Culture, Ethnicity, and Drug Therapy

This chapter elaborates how drug treatments for patients are influenced by various psychophamarcological and cultural factors. While drug therapy for mental disorders involves pharmacology, it also includes the psychology of prescribing and receiving medication. There has also been speculation on the effect of race on drug treatment such as the therapeutic dose required and the severity of side effects manifested by patients. Through variations in both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, different drug reactions occur in different persons (interindividual variations) as well as among peoples of different ethnic or racial backgrounds (cross-ethnic/racial variations). Genetic factors, associated with individual and ethnic background, also contribute greatly toresponses to medications. Numerous nongenetic biological factors significantly influence the expression of genes in the process of drug metabolization. Many of these nongenetic factors, even though they are biological in nature, are indirectly influenced by lifestyle, which in turn is closely related to social and cultural factors. This is particularly true regarding smoking, diet intake, or usage of herb medicines. In many societies, it is generally viewed that injectable agents, in contrast to oral, are more potent and have more immediate effects. For patients who need the assurance of immediate effects, injections are the mode of choice.
Accelerating AutoDock Vina with Containerization

Molecular docking is an important step in the drug discovery process and uses computing resources to simulate how molecules bind together. While searching for potential drugs, often millions of molecules are tested, requiring hundreds of thousands of CPU hours. AutoDock Vina is a frequently-used, open-source molecular docking program. In addition to the source code being available, a precompiled binary is also available. The precompiled version of AutoDock Vina runs significantly slower than the program runs if it is compiled on the target hardware. However, because the current version of AutoDock Vina requires outdated compilers to compile some of the equally outdated libraries it depends upon, it is difficult and time-consuming to compile. Thus, most users of AutoDock Vina likely run the precompiled version and require a great deal of extra computational time to get their results. We attempted to fix this issue by creating a Singularity container with an environment where AutoDock Vina is easily compiled, allowing it to gain the performance benefits of being compiled without the significant effort required to compile it from source. We tested our container on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's cluster, Comet, and found the version of AutoDock Vina in the Singularity container required 33% less (user + system) time and 33% less real time than the precompiled version of AutoDock Vina to screen a set of molecules.
TCF7L2 Regulation of GATA6-dependent and -Independent Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity and Intimal Hyperplasia

Genetic variations in Wnt-coreceptor LRP6 and Wnt-regulated transcription factor TCF7L2 have been among the strongest genetic signals for type2 diabetes (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Mice with a CAD-linked LRP6 mutation exhibit obstructive coronary artery disease characterized by reduced TCF7L2 expression and dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). While TCF7L2 maintains stemness and promotes proliferation in embryonic tissues and adult stem cells, its role and mechanisms of action in VSMC differentiation is not understood. Using multiple mouse models, we demonstrate here that TCF7L2 promotes differentiation and inhibits proliferation of VSMCs. TCF7L2 accomplishes these effects by stabilization of GATA6 and upregulation of SM-MHC and cell cycle inhibitors. Accordingly, TCF7L2 haploinsufficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility to, while mice overexpressing TCF7L2 were protected against injury-induced intimal hyperplasia compared to wildtype littermates. Consequently, the overexpression of TCF7L2 in LRP6 mutant mice rescued the injury induced intimal hyperplasia. These novel findings imply cell type-specific functional role of TCF7L2 and provide critical insight into poorly understood mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of intimal hyperplasia.
Dissecting the effect of age on immune response in melanoma patients.

9058 Background: Older ageat diagnosis has been shown to be an independent negative prognostic factor in melanoma. Nevertheless, no biological basis for the impact of age on melanoma has been defin...
From the playing field to the classroom: the academic challenges for NCAA division I athletes.

Student-athlete graduation rates have significantly increased in recent years, with the NCAA believing their retention and graduation rates now outpace the general college student population. Even ...
Intravenous compared with oral iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To assess the effect of intravenous versus oral iron on hematologic indices and clinical outcomes for iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnancy. Searches in Ovid Medline, Embase, SCOPUS, Cochrane Database, and ClinicalTrials.gov identified randomized-controlled trials comparing intravenous to oral iron for treating IDA in pregnancy. Primary outcomes were maternal hematologic indices at delivery. Secondary outcomes were blood transfusion, cesarean delivery, neonatal outcomes, and medication reactions. Of 15,637 studies, 20 randomized trials met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Mean hemoglobin at delivery (9 studies: WMD 0.66 g/dL (95% confidence Interval 0.31 –1.02 g/dL)) was significantly higher after intravenous iron therapy. Intravenous iron was associated with higher birthweight (8 studies: WMD 58.25 g (95% CI: 5.57–110.94 g)) but no significant differences in blood transfusion, cesarean delivery, or neonatal hemoglobin. There were fewer medication reactions with intravenous iron (21 studies: RR 0.34% (95% CI: 0.20–0.57)). Intravenous iron therapy is associated with higher maternal hemoglobin at delivery with no difference in blood transfusion and fewer mild medication reactions.
Antimicrobials and Antiepileptics Are the Leading Causes of Idiosyncratic Drug-induced Liver Injury in American Children.

Objectives The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the presenting features, etiologies, and outcomes of children enrolled in the Drug-induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) prospective and retrospective studies. Methods Consecutive definite, highly likely, or probable cases in children enrolled into the ongoing DILIN prospective and retrospective studies between September 2004 and February 2017 were reviewed. Results Fifty-seven cases were adjudicated as definite (14), highly likely (30), or probable (13) DILI. Median age was 14.3 years (1.7-17.9), 67% female, and 82% Caucasian. At DILI onset, 82% had hepatocellular injury with a median alanine aminotransferase of 411 U/L (33-4185), alkaline phosphatase 203 U/L (62-1177), and total bilirubin 3.3 mg/dL (0.2-33.9). The median duration of suspect medication use was 55 days (1-2789) and the most frequently implicated individual agents were minocycline (n = 11) and valproate (n = 6). Sixty-three percent were hospitalized and 3 (5%) underwent liver transplant within 1 month of DILI onset. Among 46 children followed for at least 6 months, 8 (17%) met criteria for chronic DILI with 6 of them having persistent liver injury at 24 months of follow-up. A genome-wide association study in 39 Caucasian children focusing on regions associated with pediatric cholestatic liver disease failed to demonstrate any single nucleotide polymorphism associated with DILI susceptibility or outcome. Conclusions Antimicrobials (51%) and antiepileptic drugs (21%) are the most frequently implicated agents in pediatric DILI patients. Although the majority of cases are self-limited, there is potential for serious morbidity including acute liver failure, chronic liver injury, and death.
The synthesis and biological activity of two analogs of the anti‐HIV alkaloid michellamine B

Two simplified analogs of the dimeric naphthalenyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid michellamine B [4′,4″-didesmethoxy-2′,2″-didesmethylmichellamine B and 6,8-dihydroxy-5-(1′,1″-dihydroxy-2′,2″-binaphthalen-4′-yl)-1R,3R-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline] were synthesized using Suzuki palladiumcatalyzed biaryl cross-coupling of 4-(2-benzyl-6,8-dibenzyloxy-1R,3R-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-5-yl)-1-benzyloxy-2-bromonaphthalene to its corresponding atropisomeric 2-naphthaleneboronic acid and 1-benzyloxy-2-naphthaleneboronic acid, respectively. These analogs inhibited recombinant HIV reverse transcriptase with IC5() values of 62 μM and 1000 μM, respectively, whereas the IC5() value for michellamine B was 33 μM. Both michellamine B and the analogs inhibited the phosphorylation of histories by rat brain protein kinase C. The analogs were more active (IC50 values of 36 μM and 30 μM, respectively) than michellamine B (IC50 = 130 μM).
A Comparison of General Case in Vivo and General Case Simulation plus in Vivo Training

This study examined the relative effectiveness and efficiency of general case in vivo and general case simulation plus in vivo training in teaching six students with moderate and severe disabilities to purchase drink and food items in fast-food restaurants. General case in vivo training consisted of instruction in three fast-food restaurants located near the students' school. General case simulation plus in vivo training alternated classroom training with training in a single restaurant. Generalization was assessed in three novel restaurants. Results indicated that both strategies led to reliable performance in nontrained settings. However, students who received general case in vivo instruction required fewer training trials to criterion, made fewer errors to criterion, and required less training time to criterion than students who received general case simulation plus in vivo training. In addition, the overall costs of general case in vivo instruction were lower than the costs of the general case simulat...
Fundamentals of Discretization

In solving an engineering problem with the finite element method (FEM), the domain is discretized by employing elements. The characteristics of the problem dictate the dimensionality of the problem, i.e., one, two, or three dimensional.
The coincidence problem and the Swampland conjectures in the Ijjas-Steinhardt cyclic model of the universe

Abstract In the Ijjas-Steinhardt cyclic model, the universe passes through phases dominated by radiation, matter, and a dark energy scalar field, with the value of the scale factor increasing with each cycle. Since each cycle terminates in a finite time, it is straightforward to calculate the fraction of time that the universe spends in a state for which the matter and dark energy densities have comparable magnitudes; when this fraction is large, it can be taken as a solution of the coincidence problem. This solution of the coincidence problem requires a relatively short lifetime for each cycle, but unlike in the case of phantom models, there is no fixed upper bound on this lifetime. However, scalar field models satisfying the Swampland conjectures yield sufficiently short lifetimes to provide a satisfactory resolution of the coincidence problem.
Parents of Pediatric Radiology Patients Prefer Timely Reporting and Discussing Results with Referring Providers.

Rationale and Objectives With the introduction of new communication channels, such as encrypted messaging and online electronic medical record patient portals, there are ever-increasing ways for patients and their families to access their medical information. While patient preferences regarding how they receive the results of their radiology examinations have been assessed in the adult population, there is limited data on parent preferences for pediatric radiology patients. Materials and Methods The aim of this study was to determine how the parents of pediatric radiology patients prefer to receive the results of their child's imaging studies. The study design was an institutional review board-approved anonymous voluntary survey distributed to parents in a pediatric radiology waiting room. Results Of the current possible ways to receive radiology results, most parents preferred to receive their child's radiology results from the referring doctor (65%). A minority of parents preferred to receive the results from a radiologist in-person (16%) or via the radiology report (16%). In multiple hypothetical scenarios, parents also preferred to receive radiology results from the referring doctor rather than the radiologist, with the single exception being when no subsequent appointment with the referring doctor was planned. When asked to prioritize the most important aspect of receiving radiology test results, most parents prefer having results available quickly (65%). Conclusion This survey suggests that in the pediatric radiology realm, efforts toward timely reporting will likely have a greater impact on patient satisfaction than prioritizing more in-person radiologist-patient communication.
Strategies and Resources for Increasing the PhD Pipeline and Producing Independent Nurse Scientists

Nurse scientists play an indispensable role in developing new knowledge to advance the health of patients, families, and communities. Yet PhD nurse enrollment has significantly dropped, and many later career nurse scientists are nearing retirement. The purpose of this article is to outline potential strategies to enhance the PhD nurse pipeline. Potential strategies are identified at three distinct time points along the PhD trajectory: (a) prior to a PhD program (increasing the pipeline), (b) during a PhD program (enhancing graduation rates and transitioning into research-focused careers), and (c) in the postdoctoral or early career period (establishing scholarly independence and an active program of research). Talented students should be approached early on in their education to ascertain interest in a scientific research-based career, and all students could be engaged in research opportunities while in undergraduate programs. During a PhD program, supportive mentors are a key component for student success and may provide assistance in obtaining ongoing funding and scholarship support. Throughout doctoral study and into early career, less structured opportunities can be influential, including conference support, online and face-to-face training, and ongoing funding and scholarship support for postdoctoral study or fellowships. At each career stage, there should be a focus on designing scientifically sound nursing research that will impact outcomes in measurable and sustainable ways. We must not focus our attention only on student recruitment. Public messaging efforts are needed to raise awareness of the role of nurse researchers. In addition, several stakeholders play a role in increasing the PhD pipeline and producing independent nurse scientists, and they should be acknowledged in these efforts. The strategies described may be beneficial for any nurse contemplating a research career as well as for those who may serve as mentors to these individuals. More broadly, these strategies may be employed by colleges and universities, funding bodies, professional nursing societies, and healthcare organizations in the United States and abroad. Increasing the PhD pipeline, and fostering a more robust field of independent nurse scientists, will translate into improved patient outcomes.
Quantum Kinetic Equation for spin polarization of massive quarks from pQCD

Abstract We review the recent progress in formulating a quantum kinetic theory for the polarization of spin- 1 2 massive quarks from the leading-log order of perturbative QCD (pQCD).
A Nonlinear Coordinated Approach to Enhance the Transient Stability of Wind Energy-Based Power Systems

This paper proposes an adaptive super twisting sliding mode-based zero dynamics (ZD) approach to coordinate synchronous generators (SGs) and doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). Its main objective is to enhance the transient stability of power systems with wind energy penetration. The proposed approach takes into consideration the interactions among the SGs and DFIGs along with system’s nonlinearities. Assessment was performed on a modified four-machine two area Kundur power system subject to a symmetrical three phase fault. The obtained results were also compared to those achieved using a conventional uncoordinated power system stabilizer/power oscillation (PSS/POD) technique and exact feedback linearization (EFL). Improving power system’s transient stability margin and enhancing damping while reducing the order of the feedback linearized power system are among the positive features of the proposed coordinated design.
Reactions of translationally cold trapped CCl+ with acetylene (C2H2)

Ion–neutral chemical reactions are important in several areas of chemistry, including in some regions of the interstellar medium, planetary atmospheres, and comets. Reactions of CCl+ with C2H2 are measured, and the main products include C3H2+ and C3H+, both relevant in extraterrestrial environments. Accurate branching ratios are obtained, which favor the formation of C3H2+ over C3H+ by a factor of four. The measured rate constants are on the order of Langevin, and complementary electronic structure calculations are used to aid in the interpretation of experimental results.
Ethical and Methodological Considerations for Evaluating Participant Views on Alzheimer’s and Dementia Research:

The urgent need to expand enrollment in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD) research has synergized calls for an empiric science of research recruitment, yet, progress in this area is h...
Cultivating empathic listening in democratic education

Grounded in theories that establish connections among democratic listening, relational dimensions of citizenship, and civic engagement, this mixed methods case study takes up preliminary findings f...
Optimized Power Grid Planning for Enabling Low Power Features for Leakage Power Reduction in SOC

Leakage power reduction and Power Delivery Network (PDN) are amongst the most challenging areas in modern VLSI design. The focus is on reducing leakage power by using more leakage saving techniques and Multiple power pins (commonly known as MPP) standard cell libraries in the SOC. MPP cells can retain data even when logic modules in the design are in the power off state. But extensive usage of MPP cells comes with an overhead of backup supply power grid which eats up the routing resources thereby increasing the routing congestion, physical design and layout convergence challenges in high utilization designs. The backup supply power grid needs to meet the voltage IR drop requirements. So the problem statement is not only restricted to saving leakage, it is more of saving leakage while targeting high frequency and high utilization with a power grid meeting IR drop limits and without causing timing and layout convergence challenges. To solve this problem, optimized and robust backup supply power grid planning along with its verification is proposed in this paper which enables the extensive use of MPP cell addition while achieving high utilization. As an application of the proposed approach, around 20% of leakage power reduction is achieved due to the addition of auto power gating features without increasing layout convergence challenges and the IR drop issues. The proposed technique can be used during the ECO mode as well if some MPP cells are added during ECO phase.
Frequency of serious bacterial infections in young infants with and without viral respiratory infections

Abstract Background The goal of our investigation was to describe the incidence of serious bacterial infection (SBI, defined as bacteremia, urinary tract infection (UTI), or meningitis) in young infants with and without documented viral pathogens. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study (1/2016–12/2017) in 3 emergency departments (EDs). Previously healthy 0–60-day-old infants were included if at least respiratory viral testing and a blood culture was obtained. The frequency of SBI, the primary outcome, was compared among infants with/without respiratory viral infections using the Pearson Chi-square test (or Fisher's Exact Test) and unadjusted odds ratios (OR). Results The median age of the 597-infant cohort was 32 days (interquartile range: 20–45 days); 42% were female. Eighty-three percent were well appearing in the ED and 72% were admitted. ED triage vitals commonly revealed tachypnea (68%), pyrexia (45%), and tachycardia (28%); hypoxemia (5%) was uncommon. Twenty-eight percent had positive viral testing, most commonly RSV (93/169, 55%), parainfluenza (29, 17%), and influenza A (23, 14%). Eighty-three infants (13.9%) had SBI: 8.4% (n = 50) had UTI alone, 2.8% (n = 17) had bacteremia alone, 1.2% (n = 7) had bacteremia + UTI, 1.0% (n = 6) had bacteremia + meningitis, and 0.5% (n = 3) had meningitis alone. Infants with documented respiratory viral pathogens were less likely to have any SBI (OR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11–0.50), UTI (OR 0.22, 95% CI: 0.09–0.56), or bacteremia (OR 0.27, 95% CI: 0.08–0.9) than infants with negative viral testing. There was no difference in meningitis frequency based on viral status (OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.008–2.25). Conclusions The frequency of bacteremia and UTI was lower in young infants with respiratory viral infections compared to infants with negative respiratory viral testing.
RZiMM-scRNA: A regularized zero-inflated mixture model framework for single-cell RNA-seq data

Applications of single-cell RNA sequencing in various biomedical research areas have been blooming. This new technology provides unprecedented opportunities to study disease heterogeneity at the cellular level. However, unique characteristics of scRNA-seq data, including large dimensionality, high dropout rates, and possibly batch effects, bring great difficulty into the analysis of such data. Not appropriately addressing these issues obstructs true scientific discovery. Herein, we propose a unified Regularized Zero-inflated Mixture Model framework designed for scRNA-seq data (RZiMM-scRNA) to simultaneously detect cell subgroups and identify gene differential expression based on a developed importance score, accounting for both dropouts and batch effects. We conduct extensive simulation studies in which we evaluate the performance of RZiMM-scRNA and compare it with several popular methods, including Seurat, SC3, K-Means, and Hierarchical Clustering. Simulation results show that RZiMM-scRNA demonstrates superior clustering performance and enhanced biomarker detection accuracy compared to alternative methods, especially when cell subgroups are less distinct, verifying the robustness of our method. Our empirical investigations focus on two brain tumor studies dealing with astrocytoma of various grades, including the most malignant of all brain tumors, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Our goal is to delineate cell heterogeneity and identify driving biomarkers associated with these tumors. Notably, RZiMM-scNRA successfully identifies a small group of oligodendrocyte cells which has drawn much attention in biomedical literature on brain cancers.