cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refocused turbo spin-echo for noncontrast peripheral MR angiography

Purpose To develop and assess a three-dimensional refocused turbo spin-echo (rTSE) sequence for generating peripheral angiograms. This sequence combines the rapid T2-weighting of TSE and the better flow performance of the fully-refocused gradients of balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP), along with bSSFP-style phase alternation of refocusing radiofrequency (RF) pulses. Materials and Methods The signal behavior generated by such a sequence was explored through Bloch equation simulations. The rTSE and TSE sequences were both used to generate peripheral angiograms in nine normal volunteers. The signal to noise ratio, contrast resolution, and vessel sharpness of the resulting images were used as bases for comparison. Additionally, the rTSE sequence was applied in four patients with peripheral artery disease to preliminarily assess its efficacy in a clinical setting through quality scoring by two experienced radiologists. Results The rTSE's RF phase alternation approach out-performs a simple balanced-gradient CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) -style TSE sequence in the presence of B0 and B1 inhomogeneities. In volunteers, the rTSE sequence yielded better arterial–venous contrast (0.378 ± 0.145 versus 0.155 ± 0.202; P < 0.01) and increased vessel sharpness (0.340 ± 0.034 versus 0.263 ± 0.034; P < 0.005) over TSE images. Stenoses visible in conventional angiographic images in patients were successfully imaged with the rTSE sequence; however, image quality scores in patients were lower than in volunteers (1.2 ± 0.38 versus 3.0 ± 1.0; P < 0.05). Conclusion The rTSE sequence generates nonsubtractive, flow-independent, peripheral MR angiograms with better arterial–venous contrast and vessel sharpness in normal volunteers than a conventional TSE sequence. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:1468–1476. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Equine insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression in digital lamellar tissue and insulin target tissues.

Summary Reasons for performing study Hyperinsulinaemia is implicated in the pathogenesis of endocrinopathic laminitis. Insulin can bind to different receptors: two insulin receptor isoforms (InsR-A and InsR-B), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and InsR/IGF-1R hybrid receptor (Hybrid). Currently, mRNA expression of these receptors in equine tissues and the influence of body type and dietary carbohydrate intake on expression of these receptors is not known. Objectives The study objectives were to characterise InsR-A, InsR-B, IGF-1R and Hybrid expression in lamellar tissue (LT) and insulin responsive tissues from horses and examine the effect of dietary nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) on mRNA expression of these receptors in LT, skeletal muscle, liver and two adipose tissue (AT) depots of lean and obese ponies. Study design In vivo experiment. Methods Lamellar tissue samples were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for receptor mRNA expression (n = 8) and immunoblotting for protein expression (n = 3). Archived LT, skeletal muscle, liver and AT from lean and obese mixed-breed ponies fed either a low (~7% NSC as dry matter; 5 lean, 5 obese) or high NSC diet (~42% NSC as dry matter; 6 lean, 6 obese) for 7 days were evaluated by RT-qPCR to determine the effect of body condition and diet on expression of the receptors in different tissues. Significance was set at P≤0.05. Results Lamellar tissue expresses both InsR isoforms, IGF-1R and Hybrid. LT IGF-1R gene expression was greater than either InsR isoform and InsR-A expression was greater than InsR-B (P≤0.05). Obesity significantly lowered IGF-1R, InsR-A and InsR-B mRNA expression in LT and InsR-A in tailhead AT. High NSC diet lowered expression of all three receptor types in liver; IGF-1R and InsR-A in LT and InsR-A in tailhead AT. Conclusions Lamellar tissue expresses IGF-1R, InsR isoforms and Hybrids. The functional characteristics of these receptors and their role in endocrinopathic laminitis warrants further investigation.
Amplifier predistortion using unscented Kalman filtering

Bandwidth efficient modulation schemes like M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) suffer from amplifier nonlinearities when operated near saturation. The high power amplifier (HPA) characteristics could be memoryless or with memory, as experienced in wideband CDMA (W-CDMA). Digital baseband predistortion is an efficient technique to compensate for the amplifier nonlinearities. In this paper, an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is used to design an adaptive predistorter (PD) for the general case of a nonlinear amplifier with memory. Simulation results are shown to verify the performance of the proposed method.
I-131 Dosimetry for patients with end-stage renal disease

2153 Objectives This study was conducted to calculate thyroid uptake of Iodine-131, visually establish the bio-distribution of Iodine-131, and determine the proper dose to be administered to a patient undergoing Iodine-131 therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma with end-stage renal disease. In patients with poorly functioning kidneys, it is important to be precise with the dosage of Iodine-131 in order to avoid overdosing other organs, bone marrow, or blood. Methods The patient was given 2 mCi of Iodine-131. The patient’s thyroid uptake counts were recorded using a thyroid uptake probe at set hours. The patient received a whole body scan to determine the bio-distribution of the Iodine-131 at set hours, and ROIs were drawn to further calculate counts. The patient’s blood was drawn at set hours to calculate the efficiency of the kidneys filtering Iodine-131. Results All results were recorded and the physicists and Nuclear Medicine physicians reviewed the data. Using the MIRD system for the calculations, it was determined that the patient could receive 150 mCi of Iodine-131 for therapy. Conclusions It is important to correctly calculate dosage of Iodine-131 for papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients with end-stage renal disease. To do correctly calculate dosage, nuclear medicine staff should visually establish the bio-distribution of Iodine-131 and determine the proper dose to be administered to a patient undergoing Iodine-131 therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma with end-stage renal disease. There is a high risk of overdosing other organs, blood, or bone marrow with Iodine-131 in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing treatment
Fringe analysis for automotive applications

Abstract The capabilities of Ford USA's Computer Aided Holometry (CAH) system for stepped phase interferometry are presented. Holographic test equipment and facilities are briefly reviewed. Fringe analysis algorithms and procedures for practical semi-automated processing of stepped phase interferograms of complex real life structures for quantitative measurement of deformation and shape are discussed. Several automative applications illustrating the fringe analysis technique are presented, including: (1) the use of CAH combined with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) methods to study frictional effects of the thermal insertion of a wrist pin into a connecting rod; (2) a study of engine deformation due to hydraulic loading of the cylinders; and (3) the computation of sound pressure from CAH measured vibration amplitude/phase and shape using the Rayleigh integral and SYSNOISE TM methods. In the past, holometry methods have been used primarily for problem solving in structures that were already in production, often where limited opportunities existed to make expensive modifications to existing tooling. Infrequently holometry was used by knowledgeable engineers to develop optimized components in the prototype stage even without the current CAE methods. The opportunity and challenge of our day is to closely couple CAE (FEM, EFA) methods and experimental methods (CAH, modal, etc.) to optimize structural performance in the upstream product development process where necessary tooling modifications can and will be made.
Orthogonal ham-sandwich theorem in R3

The ham-sandwich theorem states that, given d ≥ 2 measures in Rd, it is possible to divide all of them in half with a single (d - 1)-dimensional hyperplane. We study an orthogonal version of the ham-sandwich theorem and define an orthogonal cut using at most d hyperplanes orthogonal to coordinate axes. For example, a hyperplane orthogonal to a coordinate axis and the boundary of an orthant are orthogonal cuts. We prove that any three measures in R3 can be divided in half each with a single orthogonal cut. Applied to point measures, it implies that any three finite sets of points in R3 can be simultaneously bisected by an orthogonal cut. We present an algorithm for computing an orthogonal ham-sandwich cut in O(n log n) time.
Healing of Extraction Wounds after Use of Penicillin and Sulfathiazole: Comparative Clinical Study

T h e evaluation of the effects of drugs, which are applied in the sockets or in the mouth, on the healing of wounds after extraction of teeth is a difficult problem. The reaction of the patient to the operation and of the tissues to the trauma incident to the operation varies so greatly that any clinical study must necessarily be somewhat inaccurate. Other factors such as the age and condi­ tion of health of the patient, the condi­ tion of the tissue and bone surrounding the tooth, as well as the type of organism predominating in the mouth at the time of the extraction, undoubtedly play a part in the process of healing. Unfortu­ nately, accurate methods of measuring the effect on healing of each of these fac­ tors are not available. Claflin1 found in his work on the heal­ ing of extraction wounds in dogs that “ the formation of a blood clot was the beginning of tissue regeneration in un­ disturbed healing of extraction wounds in dogs.” Most of us feel that the proper healing o f a wound in the mouth begins with the preservation of a healthy blood clot. Whether or not final healing pro­ gresses at about the same rate regardless of the presence or absence of the blood clot, the fact remains that the patient is much more comfortable and the healing
Phenomenological theory of the underdoped phase of a high-Tc superconductor.

We model the Fermi surface of the cuprates by one-dimensional nested parts near (0, $\ensuremath{\pi}$) and ($\ensuremath{\pi}$, 0) and unnested parts near the zone diagonals. Fermions in the nested regions form 1D spin liquids and develop spectral gaps below some $\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{*}$, but superconducting order is prevented by 1D phase fluctuations. We show that the Josephson coupling between these order parameters locks their relative phase at $\ensuremath{\pi}$ at the crossover scale ${T}^{**}l{T}^{*}$. Below ${T}^{**}$, the system response becomes two dimensional, and the system displays Nernst effect. The remaining total phase gets locked at ${T}_{c}l{T}^{**}$, at which the system develops a (quasi-) long-range superconducting order.
Effects of Storage on CFU of Mouse Bone Marrow Cells

Mouse bone marrow cells were stored for 0.5, 16 and 24 hours under one of the following four conditions; saline G at room temperature, saline G at ice temperature, CMRL 1066 at room temperature and CMRL 1066 at ice temperature. Their viability was then examined by counting CFU in the spleen of irradiated recipient mice. 1) The CFU decreased rapidly with storage time under all four conditions. Among four storage conditions, the storage in saline G at ice temperature seemed to give slightly more favorable results than others. 2) Types of micro-colonies were not significantly different under the present storage conditions. 3) Since the size of endogenous colonies were relatively small compared to exogenous colonies, the observed colonies are likely to be resulted from injected bone marrow elements and some endogenous cells. 4) It is concluded that the storage conditions in the present paper are not suitable for the storage of bone marrow cells. This emphasizes the need of exploration of a better storage method.
RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTRA OF THE “BLUE” and THE REGENERATED “PURPLE” MEMBRANES OF Halobacterium halobium

— We have obtained the resonance Raman spectra of the deionized form of the purple membrane, the so called blue membrane, as well as the purple membrane regenerated by titrating the blue membrane with either Na+, Ca2+ or La3+. All types of regenerated purple membrane have identical Raman spectra which are virtually indistinguishable from the native light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin spectrum. On the other hand, Raman data for the blue membrane suggest that it consists of essentially two pigment forms with absorption maxima around 605 and 570 nm and containing 13-cis and all-trans isomeric configurations of the chromophore. This is consistent with our chromophore extraction results which reveal that the blue membrane consists of 30% 13-cir and 70%all-trans chromophore.
Considerations for Siting and Design of Underwater Test Ranges

This paper reviews the major scientific, economic and political considerations that must be addressed in the siting and design of underwater test ranges that are used for the evaluation of mission performance of ships, submarines, and weapons systems. The process of design and placement of such ranges involves compromises principally among the geographic, oceanographic and environmental characteristics of candidate sites while at the same time minimizing the costs associated with the installation and operation of the range(s). This process, with particular emphasis on the impacts of environmental characteristics and shipping densities on site selection and range design, is given special attention.
Behavioral measurement of benzodiazepine tolerance and GABAergic subsensitivity in the substantia nigra pars reticulata

Abstract Rotational behavior was elicited by unilateral microinjection of the benzodiazepine flurazepam, and the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist, muscimol, into the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr). This response was used to quantitate benzodiazepine tolerance and GABAergic subsensitivity after chronic benzodiazepine treatment. Studies in naive rats established the dose requirements for inducing contralateral circling and demonstrated the reproducibility of the behavioral response as a measure of SNpr function. There was a large difference in potency between the two drugs for causing dose-related rotation. The response to microinjected flurazepam could be blocked by 16 mg/kg of the benzodiazepine antagonist, Ro15-1788. Tolerance to intranigral flurazepam (50 μg) was measured by a reduction in the turning response after a 1- or 4-week chronic flurazepam treatment. The time course for the reversal of tolerance after a 4-week benzodiazepine treatment correlates with the time course of the reversal of benzodiazepine receptor down-regulation in the SNpr. Subsensitivity of the GABAergic system was demonstrated by the decreased rotational response to muscimol (10 ng), confirming the idea that the GABAergic system is also functionally altered by chronic benzodiazepine treatment. The time course of a decreased sensitivity to muscimol does not coincide with the development and reversal of tolerance to the turning produced by flurazepam or with benzodiazepine receptor down-regulation. These data suggest differential regulation of SNpr sensitivity to benzodiazepine and GABA agonists following chronic benzodiazepine treatment and may provide a basis for differential tolerance; the development of tolerance to some but not other benzodiazepine actions.
A Computerized Lecture Preparation and Delivery System

This paper documents a system designed to aid the in-class presentation of information. The system is an initial effort to provide a tool for contributing to both the in-class and out-of-class learning environment. The various components of the system are described and a description of several benefits afforded by such a system is presented. The conclusion identifies areas for further work.
Neuropharmacological tests with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone

Abstract The pituitary peptide hormone α-MSH was found to potentiate the behavioral effects of DOPA but not serotonin. It slightly reduced footshock-induced fighting and decreased audiogenic seizures in susceptible mice, but was inactive in reducing the tremors induced by oxotremorine. The pattern of activity of α-MSH in these neuropharmacological tests differed from that of several other peptides. The results support our concept that naturally occuring peptides exert direct actions on the central nervous system independent of endocrine effects.
Hydrogen Peroxide Formation During Iron Deposition in Horse Spleen Ferritin Using O2 as an Oxidant

The reaction of Fe2+ with O2 in the presence of horse spleen ferritin (HoSF) results in deposition of FeOH3 into the hollow interior of HoSF. This reaction was examined at low Fe2+/HoSF ratios (5-100) under saturating air at pH 6.5-8.0 to determine if H2O2 is a product of the iron deposition reaction. Three methods specific for H2O2 detection were used to assess H2O2 formation: (1) a fluorometric method with emission at 590 nm, (2) an optical absorbance method based on the reaction H2O2 + 3I- + 2H+ = I3- + 2H2O monitored at 340 nm for I3- formation, and (3) a differential pulsed electrochemical method that measures O2 and H2O2 concentrations simultaneously. Detection limits of 0.25, 2.5, and 5.0 microM H2O2 were determined for the three methods, respectively. Under constant air-saturation conditions (20% O2) and for a 5-100 Fe2+/HoSF ratio, Fe2+ was oxidized and the resulting Fe3+ was deposited within HoSF but no H2O2 was detected as predicted by the reaction 2Fe2+ + O2 + 6H2O = 2Fe(OH)3 + H2O2 + 4H+. Two other sets of conditions were also examined: one with excess but nonsaturating O2 and another with limiting O2. No H2O2 was detected in either case. The absence of H2O2 formation under these same conditions was confirmed by microcoulometric measurements. Taken together, the results show that under low iron loading conditions (5-100 Fe2+/HoSF ratio), H2O2 is not produced during iron deposition into HoSF using O2 as an oxidant. This conclusion is inconsistent with previous, carefully conducted stoichiometric and kinetic measurements [Xu, B., and Chasteen, N. D. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 19965], predicting that H2O2 is a quantitative product of the iron deposition reaction with O2 as an oxidant, even though it was not directly detected. Possible explanations for these conflicting results are considered.
Anxiety sensitivity, state anxiety and perceptions of facial emotions

We investigated relationships between anxiety sensitivity and perceptions of facial emotions following relaxation and hyperventilation. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index was administered to 606 female college undergraduates and samples of high (n = 30) and low (n = 25) scorers were obtained from the top and bottom 15% of the distribution. Following exposure to randomly counterbalanced 5-minute relaxation and hyperventilation instructions, participants rated the intensity of seven basic emotions in photographs of faces using a standardized test of affect-receiving ability. High ASI scorers perceived significantly more intense fear and anger than did low ASI respondents and reported relatively larger increases in ratings of sadness and fear following hyperventilation. ASI was significantly correlated with heightened state anxiety and vigilance prior to beginning the experiment, and these affects mediated interpersonal perceptions. Results suggest that high ASI scorers may manifest a chronic state of vigilance that triggers heightened anxiety in ambiguous situations. The combination of high anxiety sensitivity and state anxiety appears to foster greater sensitivity to interpersonal stimuli.
Solution structure and behavior of dimeric uranium(III) metallocene halides

The variable-temperature 1H NMR behavior of the uranium(III) dimers [Cp‘ ‘2UX]2 and [Cp⧧2UX]2, where X is F, Cl, Br, or I, Cp‘ ‘ is 1,3-(Me3Si)2C5H3, and Cp⧧ is 1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3, has been examined. At low temperature, the number of inequivalent CMe3 or SiMe3 groups implies that the solution structure is the same as the solid-state structure in all of these complexes. The barriers to ring rotation in the Cp‘ ‘ series are strongly dependent upon the U−X distance, but all of the barriers to ring rotation in the Cp⧧ series are the same. The trends in ring rotation barriers are explained by the different conformations of the Cp ligands in the dimers. In addition to the homo-halide dimers, the variable-temperature NMR behavior of the hetero-halide dimers Cp‘4U2(μ-X)(μ-Y), where Cp‘ is Cp‘ ‘ or Cp⧧ and X and Y are halides where X ≠ Y, was examined. Above room temperature, the halide atoms exchange sites rapidly on the NMR time scale.
Label-Retaining Cells in Human Embryonic and Fetal Epidermis

Abstract Human embryonic and fetal epidermis was examined and labeling indices (LIs) for basal, intermediate, and periderm cells were determined. The LI for fetal basal cells was 8–11% and the LI for fetal intermediate cells was 7.5–9%. The total fetal epidermal LI was 16–20%, which equaled the basal LI for embryonic epidermis. After 21 days in organ culture, only basal cells in the fetal epidermis labeled with tritiated thymidine, while both basal and intermediate cells in the embryonic epidermis labeled and the total LI for fetal and embryonic epidermal cells was the same as the adult epidermal LI (7%). The LI for periderm decreased with increasing estimated gestational age (EGA) from 9.5% at 49 days EGA to 0.4% at 85 days EGA. A subpopulation of epithelial cells that retained tritiated thymidine label and that have some of the attributes associated with stem cells has been previously demonstrated in rodents. In order to examine human embryonic and fetal epidermis for the presence of such cells, epidermis from various gestational ages were labeled and grown in organ culture for 21 days. The mean percent label-retaining cells (LRCs) for embryonic and fetal epidermis was determined. Approximately 4% of the embryonic and 2% of the fetal epidermal cells retained label for 21 days in organ culture. Embryonic LRCs were found in the basal and suprabasal layers, but fetal LRCs were found only in the basal layer. The presence of LRCs in human embryonic and fetal epidermis suggests that epithelial cell proliferation in these tissues may be regulated via a stem cell pattern of proliferation.
Rapid regulation of albumin transcription by insulin and phorbol esters in rat hepatoma cells

Abstract The short-term effects of insulin and phorbol esters on the regulation of the albumin gene in rat H4IIE (H4) hepatoma cells were investigated and compared to the expression of a gene known to be inhibited by these agents, phospho enol pyruvate car☐ykinase (PEPCK). Both insulin and phorbol esters inhibited transcription of the albumin gene in a rapid, dose-dependent manner. Within 15 min, albumin transcription was reduced by approx. 80%. The inhibitory effects of insulin were evident at concentrations of insulin as low as 5·10 −11 M, suggesting that these effects were mediated through insulin-specific pathways. The ability of both phorbol esters and insulin to inhibit albumin transcription suggests that the negative control of this gene is a stable feature in H4 cells. The effect of phorbol esters to mimic insulin action on the albumin gene, and on several other genes in this cell line, implies that a common pathway may be shared by both insulin and phorbol esters.
Avoidance Conditioning in Young Children with Interruption of a Positive Stimulus as the Aversive Event.

Abstract The present experiment investigated acquisition, maintenance, and extinction of a discrete trial instrumental avoidance response in young children. Interruption of recorded music served as the aversive event. High interest value (HIV) and low interest value (LIV) recordings and two conditioning procedures were investigated. Escape responses reinstated the recorded material for one group (AE) but not for a second group (AO). Acquisition performance of HIV Ss was significantly superior to that of LIV Ss in terms of the number of Ss meeting criterion and the number of avoidance responses. Extinction performance was not related to the independent variables employed.
Moribund English: The case of Gustavia English, St. Barthélemy

In this day of ever-expanding influence of English it is rare to find a people who are shifting away from the use of English. Such is the case of the speakers of a variety of English spoken in the port town of Gustavia, St. Barthelemy in the French West Indies. The varieties of French and French Creole on St. Barths have been well documented, but there has been only passing mention of the variety of English spoken on the island. While the presence of this English variety in the Caribbean may not seem to be an anomaly, there are interesting questions to investigate regarding its origin and the shift to French. I consider some historical and linguistic evidence that may help to explain the presence of an English variety on this French island. I also investigate the origins of some non-standard English features and whether or not there is evidence of creolization. Finally, I describe some of the sociolinguistic factors relevant to the remaining English speakers in Gustavia and factors involved in their shift from English to French.
Continental margin drilling program

The initial responses from OMB, Congress, and industry have been overwhelmingly positive in support of a proposed major drilling program along the U.S. offshore coastal areas in deep water. The extensive sedimentary deposits located along the U.S. continental slopes are, as yet, unexplored. There have been numerous suggestions that there is a significant potential for extensive reserves of hydrocarbons, but these suggestions are largely speculative. At the same time, there is a great amount of scientific interest in the geology of the continental margins, so it has been logical in recent months to propose a combined scientific and commercial study offshore. Such a proposal is being made to Congress by the National Science Foundation for the purpose of obtaining funds to convert the government-owned Glomar Explorer (the ship that was originally built for the use of the C.I.A.) into a vessel capable of performing deep drilling operations and for other costs of running the program over the next 10 years. Industry is being approached to contribute 50% of the costs.
Feedback in clinical education, part II: Approved clinical instructor and student perceptions of and influences on feedback.

Context: Approved Clinical Instructors (ACIs; now known as preceptors) are expected to provide feedback to athletic training students (ATSs) during clinical education experiences. Researchers in ot...
Visual culture and violence: inventing intimacy and citizenship in recent South Asian cinema

The 1947 Partition of India has recently re-emerged as a thematic concern of many South Asian films about nationalism in popular and parallel cinema. These films invoke the 1947 Partition in both productive and troubling ways: they connect it to the contemplation of the role of religion in the contemporary nation-state, and of the impact of religious ethnicity, terrorism and gender on the experience of citizenship in both India and Pakistan. Recent popular Bollywood cinema uses the Partition to invent new narratives of secularism and secular nationality for minority citizens; however, these narratives rely on the capture of intimacy and inter-ethnic coupledom for nationalist discourses about citizenship. In contrast, exilic or third cinema offers a postcolonial feminist critique of the terror of ethno-nationalisms in South Asia by representing their violent effects on intimacy in the minority female citizen's everyday life.
Site-directed mutagenesis of alpha II spectrin at codon 1175 modulates its mu-calpain susceptibility.

Intracellular proteolysis by the calpains, a family of Ca2+ activated cysteine proteases, is a ubiquitous yet poorly understood process. Their action is implicated in an array of cellular and pathologic processes, including long-term potentiation, synaptic remodeling, protein kinase C and steroid receptor activation, ischemic cellular injury, and apoptosis. Unlike most proteases, the calpains display unusually strict substrate specificity, often cleaving only one or two bonds in proteins with hundreds of potential sites. Studies of synthetic peptides have defined sequences that modulate their specificity, but little data exist in the context of a bona fide protein. A prominent substrate for μ-calpain is αII spectrin (fodrin, brain spectrin), which is cleaved between Tyr1176 and Gly1177 within spectrin's 11th structural repeat unit. We have cloned and characterized human fetal brain αII spectrin (GenBank no. U26396) and identified a new Thr1300 to Ile polymorphism. From this clone, recombinant GST−fusion p...
Affinity labeling of 3α, 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with a nucleoside analog

Abstract Incubation of 3α, 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α, 20β-HSD; E.C.1.1.1.53) with the nucleoside 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSA) caused a time-dependent and irreversible loss in enzyme activity. Both 3α- and 20β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities decreased at equal rates by a first order kinetic process (in 0.05 m phosphate buffer at pH 6.0 and 25°C, t 1 2 = 170 min). Incubation of 3α, 20β-HSD was quenched by addition of 2-mercaptoethanol which instantaneously reacts with the fluorosulfonyl group of FSA. The cofactor NADH protected 3α, 20β-HSD against inactivation by FSA, in a concentration-dependent manner. However, progesterone did not protect 3α, 20β-HSD against inactivation by FSA. Evidently, FSA causes inactivation of the enzyme by irreversibly binding to the NADH-binding region at the active site of 3α, 20β-HSD. Both 3α- and 20β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities disappeared at equal rates under a variety of enzyme-inactivating conditions. These results suggest that both 3α- and 20β-activites occur at the same active site of 3α, 20β-HSD.
Phonotactic cues for segmentation of fluent speech by infants.

There is growing evidence that infants become sensitive to the probabilistic phonotactics of their ambient language sometime during the second half of their first year. The present study investigates whether 9-month-olds make use of phonotactic cues to segment words from fluent speech. Using the Headturn Preference Procedure, we found that infants listened to a CVC stimulus longer when the stimulus previously appeared in a sentential context with good phonotactic cues than when it appeared in one without such cues. The goodness of the phonotactic cues was estimated from the frequency with which the C.C clusters at the onset and offset of a CVC test stimulus (i.e. C.CVC.C) are found within and between words in child-directed speech, with high between-word probability associated with good cues to word boundaries. A similar segmentation result emerged when good phonotactic cues occurred only at the onset (i.e. C.CVC.C) or the offset (i.e. C.CVC.C) of the target words in the utterances. Together, the results suggest that 9-month-olds use probabilistic phonotactics to segment speech into words and that high-probability between-word clusters are interpreted as both word onsets and word offsets.
Magnetoreflection experiments in graphite

Abstract An oscillatory magnetic field dependence of the optical reflectivity of pyrolytic graphite has been observed for photons with energies between 0.05 and 0.28 eV. The measurements have been carried out at 300°K, 77°K, and 4°K using fields up to 70 kG and for samples of different crystallinity. The amplitude of the observed oscillations ranges from ~0.1 to 5 per cent of the reflectivity, increasing as the field is increased and the photon energy is decreased. The magnitude and sharpness of the oscillations increases as the sample is more highly orientated and as the temperature is lowered. The application of the magnetoreflection experiments to the study of the electronic band structure of semimetals is reviewed in general terms. Specific application is made to graphite and an interpretation of the results of this experiment is made in terms of a simple two band model.
Ctivation Energies Of Interstitial Oxygen Diffusion In Silicon Containing Hydrogen

The activation energies of interstitial oxygen diffusion in silicon containing hydrogen were derived from the results obtained from thermal donor generation experiments using numerical fitting based upon the classical nucleation rate theory and the time-dependent reduction of interstitial oxygen concentration resulting from oxygen aggregation. By using a new thermal equilibrium concentration of hydrogen at a pressure of 1 atm of 2×10 21 exp(- 1.75 eV / kT ), and the expression for the dependence of hydrogen thermal equilibrium concentration on the partial pressure P given as P 0.65 times the hydrogen thermal equilibrium concentration at a pressure of 1 atm, the correlation between the activation energies of interstitial oxygen diffusion and hydrogen saturation is observed to be linearlogarithmic. In the hydrogen saturation range between 10 3 and 10 6 , the activation energies of interstitial oxygen diffusion are estimated to be between 0.03 and 0.21 eV lower than the normal value of 2.53 eV . This implies that enhanced oxygen diffusion may occur primarily under hydrogen saturation conditions.
The effect of porosity on shock interaction with a rigid, porous barrier

This work investigates the pressure amplification experienced behind a rigid, porous barrier that is exposed to a planar shock. Numerical simulations are performed in two dimensions using the full Navier–Stokes equations for a M = 1.3 incoming shock wave. An array of cylinders is positioned at some distance from a solid wall and the shock wave is allowed to propagate past the barrier and reflect off the wall. Pressure at the wall is recorded and the flowfield is examined using numerical schlieren images. This work is intended to provide insight into the interaction of a shock wave with a cloth barrier shielding a solid boundary, and therefore the Reynolds number is small (i.e., Re = 500 to 2000). Additionally, the effect of porosity of the barrier is examined. While the pressure plots display no distinct trend based on Reynolds number, the porosity has a marked effect on the flowfield structure and endwall pressure, with the pressure increasing as porosity decreases until a maximum value is reached.
Regional-scale boreal forest cover and change mapping using Landsat data composites for European Russia

Abstract Boreal forests are a critical component of the global carbon cycle, and timely monitoring allows for assessing forest cover change and its impacts on carbon dynamics. Earth observation data sets are an important source of information that allow for systematic monitoring of the entire biome. Landsat imagery, provided free of charge by the USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) enable consistent and timely forest cover updates. However, irregular image acquisition within parts of the boreal biome coupled with an absence of atmospherically corrected data hamper regional-scale monitoring efforts using Landsat imagery. A method of boreal forest cover and change mapping using Landsat imagery has been developed and tested within European Russia between circa year 2000 and 2005. The approach employs a multi-year compositing methodology adapted for incomplete annual data availability, within-region variation in growing season length and frequent cloud cover. Relative radiometric normalization and cloud/shadow data screening algorithms were employed to create seamless image composites with remaining cloud/shadow contamination of less than 0.5% of the total composite area. Supervised classification tree algorithms were applied to the time-sequential image composites to characterize forest cover and gross forest loss over the study period. Forest cover results when compared to independently-derived samples of Landsat data have high agreement (overall accuracy of 89%, Kappa of 0.78), and conform with official forest cover statistics of the Russian government. Gross forest cover loss regional-scale mapping results are comparable with individual Landsat image pair change detection (overall accuracy of 98%, Kappa of 0.71). The gross forest cover loss within European Russia 2000–2005 is estimated to be 2210 thousand hectares, and constitutes a 1.5% reduction of year 2000 forest cover. At the regional scale, the highest proportional forest cover loss is estimated for the most populated regions (Leningradskaya and Moskovskaya Oblast). Our results highlight the forest cover depletion around large industrial cities as the hotspot of forest cover change in European Russia.
CC and CH bond formation in the chemistry of triruthenium clusters

Abstract The, μ 3 -acetyl cluster [Ru 3 (CO) 9 (μ 3 -CO)(μ 3 -CC(O)CH 3 )] − ( 1 ), readily adds CO to produce the acylketene clusters [Ru 3 (CO) 7 (μ-CO) 3 (μ 2 -η 2 -CH 3 C(O)CCO)] − and under moderate CO pressures a mobile equilibrium is established between these two species. The phosphine-substituted acetyl cluster [Ru 3 (CO) 8 (μ-CO)(PPh 3 )(μ 3 -CC(O)CH 3 )] − does not add CO under conditions in which the parent cluster 1 does. The acetyl cluster 1 also reacts with H − or OH − , to produce the complex [Ru 3 (Co) 6 (μ-CO) 3 (μ 3 -η 2 -CHC(O)CH 3 )] 2− , which has been characterized spectroscopically. Mobile CC and CH formation is characteristic of these three-metal cluster systems and it is attributed to the variety of multi-site ligandmetal interactions that are possible with a three-metal ensemble.
A Compact Gas Jet for Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Significant improvement in reducing background build-up and a decrease in burn time have been achieved with a new compact gas jet developed by the U. S. Geological Survey. Moving-plate studies on geologic materials revealed a considerable increase in the rate of controlled vaporization of the elements as compared with other jets under the same excitation conditions. The use of the jet produces a stabilized arc, as well as the depression of the cyanogen bands, in a nitrogen-free atmosphere. The simplicity of the gas jet electrode holder simplifies the change of the electrodes between samples.
Fear of failure and rigidity in problem solving.

Birney, Burdick, and Teevan (1969) have presented some evidence that the person high in fear of failure performs poorly under achievement stress and after he experiences failure. They suggested that one possible reason, other than anxiety, for his poor performance is that he "rends to be rigid in his problem solving" ( 2 , p. 27; 5 ) . Others have also pointed out that for tasks on where performance was to be evaluated, the seeming "dogged determination" displayed by persons threatened with failure might more usefully be construed as "rigid, apathetic compliance" ( 1, p. 3 6 9 ) . To test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between rigidity in problem solving and fear of failure, 45 male students enrolled in introductory psychology wrote stories to modified T A T pictures in partial fulfillment of their experimental requirement. The stories were scored for fear of failure using the Hostile Press scoring system ( 2 ) . Approximately 3 mo. later, Ss completed the Luchins water jar problems (3 , 4 ) which were presented in class. The analysis of Ss' solutions to the problems followed the criteria set forth by Luchins ( 4 ) except for a slight modification. In order to come u p with a rigidity index for each S, an Einstellung solution to each critical problem was assigned a value of 2 as was the failure to solve the extinction problem. All other solutions and the successful resolution of the exrincrion problem were assigned a value of 0. A rigidity score was obtained for each S by summing the values for each test problem. A product-moment correlation of .OG indicated that there was no relationship between rigidity in problem solving and fear of failure. One possible reason for this may lie in the manner of administering Luchins' water jar problems. Instead of presenting each problem separately, as Luchins ( 3 ) and Luchins and Luchins ( 4 ) did, all problems were on a single sheet of paper, allowing Ss to see all of them and possibly survey them instead of solving each in order. Perhaps more importantly, the motive. fear of failure, was not adequately aroused by the water jar problems. The arousal of achievement stress and the possibility of performance evaluation may not have been present. Luchins ( 3 ) and Luchins and Luchins ( 4 ) have reported a multitude of studies investigating the effect of psychological stress on rigidity. Future research should determine i f there is a relationship between fear of failure and rigidity in problem solving when these stressful, anxiety-arousing conditions are created. Such conditions may be strong enough to arouse the fear of failure motive in Ss.
Effect of intensification of annoyance through unrelated residual excitation on substantially delayed hostile behavior

Abstract In a field-experimental setting, male and female subjects were provoked or not at a time when residual excitation from prior exposure to communication was of relatively low, intermediate, or high magnitude. Eight days later, subjects were provided with an opportunity to treat their annoyer or nonannoyer in a hostile or beneficial manner. It was found that excitatory residues had no appreciable effect on the behavior of unprovoked subjects. In contrast, excitatory residues prevailing at the time of provocation produced an intensification of delayed hostile behavior. Provoked subjects in the high and intermediate residue conditions retaliated more severely than those in the low residue condition. Retaliation in the high residue condition tended to be more severe than in the intermediate residue condition. No appreciable sex differences were observed. The findings were interpreted as supporting the proposal that the excitatory intensity of acute annoyance critically influences the magnitude of retaliation for considerable periods of time after the dissipation of excitation associated with the initial annoyance.
Teaching biophysics. Strategies for recruiting and retaining minorities in physics and biophysics

Several strategies directed toward increasing the participation of minority students in physics and biophysics are presented. Since the number of minority students entering college with an interest in science and mathematics must be increased if we expect to see more students graduating in science, several programs aimed at increasing the level of instruction of physics and biology in urban middle schools and high schools are outlined. We also describe approaches designed to increase the retention of science major during the freshman core physics course where many potential science majors are lost. Increasing the number of minority students at the PhD level will rely increasingly on partnerships between research universities and historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and several programs already in effect are given as examples of such linkages.
SU‐FF‐T‐190: Dosimetric Impacts of Smaller Pencil Beam Utilizing in Smaller Intracranial Lesions On Intensity Modulation Serial Tomotherapy

Purpose: To test the dosimetric feasibility of using a smaller size circular pencil beam on small intracranial lesions in serial tomotherapy based radiosurgery.Method and Materials: An in‐house post collimation device (Gizz) was developed to refine the NOMOS Peacock pencil beams to an array of 5 mm diameter circular pencil beams. Beam characteristics were investigated and implemented into the treatment planning system. Eighteen patients with small irregular intracranial lesions (0.19 to 3.21c.c, mean 1.21c.c) were selected in groups of arteriovenous malformation (n = 6), acoustic neuroma (n = 6), and metastatic lesion (n = 6). Plans were calculated with the refined smaller size circular pencil beam and a 4 mm x 10 mm rectangular pencil beam in Corvus 6.0. A novel strategy of normalizing plans to 97% target volume covered by 100% prescription line was adopted. Plan quality was characterized, for the purposes of the study, by conformity and homogeneity indices, mean, maximum and minimum does to target and critical structures, and volume of healthy tissue receiving various dose levels. Results: This new pencil beam provided a better two‐dimensional resolution than three available commercial rectangular pencil beams. Due to adjacent gap spaces from this new physical design, a new couch indexing approach was proposed. Clinical selected cases experienced an average 15% conformity improvement utilizing this smaller pencil beam associated with better normal tissue avoidance. Results reflected that the performance of this device is dependent on target coverage, target volume, and beam displacement location. Conclusion: Smaller pencil beam is an option to improve the target comformality for small irregular lesions in serial tomotherapy based radiosurgery. Future works on optimized pencil beam size, shape, isocenter shift should be accomplished.
The Relationship Between Skin Tone and School Suspension for African Americans

This study contributes to the research literature on colorism–discrimination based on skin tone—by examining whether skin darkness affects the likelihood that African Americans will experience school suspension. Using data from The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, logistic regression analyses indicated that darker skin tone significantly increased the odds of suspension for African American adolescents. Closer inspection of the data revealed that this overall result was disproportionately driven by the experiences of African American females. The odds of suspension were about 3 times greater for young African American women with the darkest skin tone compared to those with the lightest skin. This finding was robust to the inclusion of controls for parental SES, delinquent behavior, academic performance, and several other variables. Furthermore, this finding was replicated using similar measures in a different sample of African Americans from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The results suggest that discrimination in school discipline goes beyond broad categories of race to include additional distinctions in skin tone.
Effects of wetting of insulation of bird and mammal coats

Abstract 1. 1.|To determine the effects of wetting on the insulation of endotherms, we placed 60 samples from 12 birds and mammals on a heat flux plate and determined total thermal resistances with and without wetting. 2. 2.|Wetting of the insulation reduced the thermal resistance to about one-half of its dry value. 3. 3.|We estimate that most of this reduction results from heat transfer processes involving the water in the coat, but that a significant proportion is due to mechanical disruption of the pelage structure in mammals.
Performance characteristics of a real-time direct deposition supercritical fluid chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry system

Abstract In this paper, real-time, on-line measurements of direct deposition capillary supercritical fluid chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectra of subnanogram quantities of analytes is demonstrated for the first time. The minimum identifiable quantity for caffeine (a strong infrared absorber) obtained with this interface was 600 pg (injected) and 1–10 ng for weaker absorbers. Spectra over the entire mid-infrared region of compounds separated with a mobile phase of carbon dioxide modified with two percent methanol were able to be measured. The interface shows linear behavior over two orders of magnitude for both the area under a strong absorption band in the infrared spectra versus injected quantity and for the area under a peak from the functional group chromatogram versus injected quantity.