cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytolytic T lymphocytes from human renal allograft biopsies are tissue specific

Abstract The cytolytic activity of T lymphocytes infiltrating renal allografts from recipients undergoing episodes of acute cellular rejection was studied. These T-cell populations, composed of both CD4 + and CD8 + cells, demonstrated significant cytolytic activity against both donor-derived KCLs and B-LCLs. In five of 21 biopsy-derived lines greater cytolytic activity was measured against donor KCLs compared to donor B-LCLs, suggesting the presence of kidney antigen-specific, MHC-restricted clones. Clones developed by stimulation with donor B-LCLs lysed both donor B-LCLs and KCLs while clones developed on donor KCLs as stimulator cells showed tissue specificity. Three of 26 clones recognized tissue-specific antigens in the context of donor MHC class I antigens lysing donor KCLs but not B-LCLs. These data demonstrate that a subpopulation of T cells recognizing kidney-specific antigens are present in biopsies of renal allograft recipients undergoing acute cellular rejection. This subpopulation of tissue-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes may prove to contribute significantly to the pathology of allograft rejection.
Dexamethasone pre-treatment protects brain against hypoxic-ischemic injury partially through up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A in neonatal rats

Dexamethasone (Dex) provides neuroprotection against subsequent hypoxia ischemia (HI) in newborn rats, but the mechanism of this neuroprotection is not well understood. It is known that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) has neuroprotective effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the VEGF signaling pathway in the Dex-induced neuroprotection in newborn rats. Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid artery permanently ligated followed by 140 or 160 min of hypoxia (8% oxygen). Rat pups received two i.p. injections of either saline or Dex (0.25 mg/kg) at 24 and 4 h before HI exposure. To quantify the effects of a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) blocker, on postnatal day (PD) 6 and 15 min prior to Dex treatment rat pups received s.c. vehicle or RU486 (GR blocker, 60 mg/kg). After 24 h at PD 7, all rat pups had HI as described earlier. To quantify the effects of a VEGFR 2 blocker, at 24 h after Dex/Veh treatment (PD7), SU5416, a VEGFR 2 inhibitor or vehicle was injected intracerebroventricularly in the right hemisphere at 30 min before and 2 h after HI. Dex pre-treatment reduced brain injury and enhanced the HI-induced brain VEGF protein while a GR blocker inhibited these effects. Treatment with VEGFR 2 blocker decreased Dex-induced neuroprotection also. Dex pre-treatment enhanced the HI-induced increase in mRNA expression of VEGF splice variants and decreased the HI-induced reduction of Akt phosphorylation. Additionally, it also decreased HI-induced increase of caspase-3 activity and DNA fragments in neonatal rat brain. We conclude that Dex provides robust neuroprotection against subsequent HI in newborn rats via GR likely with the partial involvement of VEGF signaling pathway.
Comparative effectiveness of bariatric surgery and nonsurgical therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index <35 kg/m2

Background Outcomes of bariatric surgery in patients with a body mass index (BMI) Methods We identified patients undergoing RYGB (N = 17) with both class I obesity and T2DM and compared them to similar NSC (N = 17) treated in the Primary Care Center. Data were collected at baseline and 1 year for systolic blood pressure (SBP), as well as blood levels for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Results After RYGB, BMI decreased from 34.6 ± 0.8 kg/m2 to 25.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2 (P Conclusion RYGB can be performed in patients with both a BMI
Hydrogen motion in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)

Abstract Dipolar spin lattice relaxation time, T 1D , measurements of 1 H in a-Si:H have been used to probe the local motion of hydrogen in a-Si:H. Variations of T 1D with doping level reveal a trend similar to the changes in hydrogen diffusion constants measured in similar samples using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The temperature variations of T 1D indicate that, if the local motion is thermally activated, the activation energies are at least an order of magnitude smaller than those measured using SIMS. The ‘diffusion constants’ for local hydrogen motion inferred from T 1D measurements are many orders of magnitude faster than the diffusion constants obtained from SIMS. The T 1D measurements are made on the timescale of milliseconds while the SIMS measurements are performed on a scale of several hours to days. A phenomenological model provides a plausible connection between these two measurements, which are made on very different timescales.
Geochemistry and source waters of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range

We characterize the seasonal variation in the geochemical and isotopic content of the outflow of the Green Lake 5 rock glacier (RG5), located in the Green Lakes Valley of the Colorado Front Range, USA. Between June and August, the geochemical content of rock glacier outflow does not appear to differ substantially from that of other surface waters in the Green Lakes Valley. Thus, for this alpine ecosystem at this time of year there does not appear to be large differences in water quality among rock glacier outflow, glacier and blockslope discharge, and discharge from small alpine catchments. However, in September concentrations of Mg2+ in the outflow of the rock glacier increased to more than 900 µeq L−1 compared to values of less than 40 µeq L−1 at all the other sites, concentrations of Ca2+ were greater than 4,000 µeq L−1 compared to maximum values of less than 200 µeq L−1 at all other sites, and concentrations of SO reached 7,000 µeq L−1, compared to maximum concentrations below 120 µeq L−1 at the other sites. Inverse geochemical modelling suggests that dissolution of pyrite, epidote, chlorite and minor calcite as well as the precipitation of silica and goethite best explain these elevated concentrations of solutes in the outflow of the rock glacier. Three component hydrograph separation using end–member mixing analysis shows that melted snow comprised an average of 30% of RG5 outflow, soil water 32%, and base flow 38%. Snow was the dominant source water in June, soil water was the dominant water source in July, and base flow was the dominant source in September. Enrichment of δ18O from −10‰ in the outflow of the rock glacier compared to −20‰ in snow and enrichment of deuterium excess from + 17.5‰ in rock glacier outflow compared to + 11‰ in snow, suggests that melt of internal ice that had undergone multiple melt/freeze episodes was the dominant source of base flow. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Drill to Quill: The Dentist-Writers

I n th e s ta c k s o f th e A m e r ic a n D e n ta l A s s o c i­ a t io n l ib r a r y , b e tw e e n th e d e n ta l y e a rb o o k s and th e theses , th e re a re a fe w she lve s w h o s e c o n ­ te n ts m ig h t m y s t ify an u n s u s p e c tin g s tu d e n t o r re s e a rc h e r. C o n s id e r t it le s l ik e T h e H a s h K n i fe O u t f i t , K n ig h ts o f th e R a n g e , P r is o n e r on the K w a i, M y E y e I s in L o v e , W h ite C l i f fs to C o ra l R e e f, T h e N a tu r e o f M a t te r a n d E n e rg y , T h e Z o l l ie T re e . O r su ch a u th o rs as G ra h a m G re e n e , G u n th e r G ra s s , an d R . G . S te rn e . W h a t a re th e y d o in g in a d e n ta l lib ra ry ? A s i t h a pp en s , th e y a re p a r t o f a u n iq u e A D A c o l le c t io n in it ia te d b y D o n a ld A . W a s h ­ b u rn , d ire c to r o f th e B u re a u o f L ib r a r y S e rv ice s . T h e f i r s t g ro u p , ca ta lo g u e d u n d e r th e c o d e D 0 4 1 (B la c k D e n ta l C la s s if ic a tio n ) in c lu d e s n o n s c ie n t if ic b o o k s b y d e n tis ts . T h e second g ro u p ( D 0 4 2 ) in c lu d e s b o o k s b y n o n d e n tis ts p o r tra y in g d e n tis ts o r d e n t is try .
Almost-exact parametric bootstrap calculation via the saddlepoint approximation

Abstract One impediment to wider use of bootstrap methods is the large amount of computer time often required to compute bootstrap estimates. This paper shows how the saddlepoint approximation method can be used in certain situations to give very accurate parametric bootstrap statistics with a much smaller amount of calculation. Essentially, the problem of computing an n -dimentional integral (where n is the sample size) by Monte Carlo is reduced to an integral whose dimension is that of the parameter space, which is usually much smaller. This allows accurate numerical integration techniques to be used in place of simulation. The method should be especially effective for maximum likelihood in linear exponential family problems; it is illustrated by application to a problem in reliability.
The effect of polymethyl methacrylate on latex-free surgical gloves***

In the current medical environment of increased awareness about latex sensitivity, more patients are presenting with known latex allergy. One such patient presented to us for total knee arthroplasty. During this procedure, we noticed holes in our latex-free surgical gloves when polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was being handled. Through subsequent testing of different brands of latex-free surgical gloves with various brands of bone-cement, we found that Allergard latex-free surgical gloves are destroyed by contact with PMMA. Biogel Neotech and Duraprene latex-free gloves show no such destruction. These results indicate that Allergard gloves should not be used in procedures in which bone-cement is employed. Biogel Neotech and Duraprene latex-free gloves are an acceptable alternative.
A Continuous Fast-Response Dual-Tracer Analyzer for Halogenated Atmospheric Tracer Studies

An apparatus for the simultaneous measurement of two tracers, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and a perfluorocarbon compound, is introduced. The new instrument is a modification of a commercially available fast-response, continuous analyzer for single halogenated atmospheric tracer studies. A two-channel flow system was implemented consisting of an alumina cartridge in one channel and a glass beads cartridge of equal flow resistance in the second channel. The alumina passes only sulfur hexafluoride, while the glass beads pass both SF6 and the perfluoroarbon tracer. The SF6 is quantified directly from the electron capture detector (ECD) signal in the alumina channel, and the perfluorocarbon concentration is obtained from the difference of the ECD responses in the two channels. The dual-tracer analyzer is field portable for mobile operations or fixed-location monitoring, has a response time of 1.2 s, and has limits of detection of about 15 pptv for SF6 and 10 pptv for perfluoro-methylcyclohexane, which was the principal perfluorocarbon tracer used in this study. The present instrument configuration, which requires periodic purging of the adsorbent trap, can obtain continuous measurements for a 10-15-min segment in every half hour of operation. Dual-tracer data from a field demonstration test are presented.
Serum Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Pancreatic Cancer

Background/Aims. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has etiological association with chronic inflammation. Elevated circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), are found in obese individuals. We hypothesized that serum MCP-1 levels are elevated in obese PDA patients. Methods. ELISA was used to analyze MCP-1 serum levels in PDA () and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) (). Recursive partitioning statistical analysis investigated the relationship between log MCP-1 and clinicopathological parameters. Results. Log MCP-1 values were significantly () elevated in patients with BMI ≥ 37.5. In patients with BMI < 37.5, average log MCP-1 values were significantly elevated in PDA patients when compared to IPMN patients. Within the IPMN group, higher log MCP-1 levels correlated with increased age. Recursive partitioning analysis of IPMN versus PDA revealed a strategy of predicting characteristics of patients who are more likely to have cancer. This strategy utilizes log MCP-1 as the primary factor and also utilizes smoking status, gender, and age. Conclusion. MCP-1 is a promising biomarker in pancreatic cancer. The potential of using MCP-1 to distinguish PDA from IPMN patients must be studied in larger populations to validate and demonstrate its eventual clinical utility.
Geometry and seismic properties of the subducting Cocos plate in central Mexico

The geometry and properties of the interface of the Cocos plate beneath central Mexico are determined from the receiver functions (RFs) utilizing data from the Meso America Subduction Experiment (MASE). The RF image shows that the subducting oceanic crust is shallowly dipping to the north at 15° for 80 km from Acapulco and then horizontally underplates the continental crust for approximately 200 km to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB). The crustal image also shows that there is no continental root associated with the TMVB. The migrated image of the RFs shows that the slab is steeply dipping into the mantle at about 75° beneath the TMVB. Both the continental and oceanic Moho are clearly seen in both images, and modeling of the RF conversion amplitudes and timings of the underplated features reveals a thin low-velocity zone between the plate and the continental crust that appears to absorb nearly all of the strain between the upper plate and the slab. By inverting RF amplitudes of the converted phases and their time separations, we produce detailed maps of the seismic properties of the upper and lower oceanic crust of the subducting Cocos plate and its thickness. High Poisson's and Vp/Vs ratios due to anomalously low S wave velocity at the upper oceanic crust in the flat slab region may indicate the presence of water and hydrous minerals or high pore pressure. The evidence of high water content within the oceanic crust explains the flat subduction geometry without strong coupling of two plates. This may also explain the nonvolcanic tremor activity and slow slip events occurring in the subducting plate and the overlying crust.
Vertical profiles of ozone at McMurdo Station, Antarctica; Spring 1991

Forty-three vertical profiles of ozone and temperature were measured at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, from 23 August to 1 November 1991. The data showed severe ozone depletion, during the springtime, for the third consecutive year. The lowest total column ozone, 146 DU on 10 October, was equal to the minimum measured in 1990, while the 18±1 km ozone mixing ratio on this day was 0.1 ppmv, a factor of 2 below the previous minimum observed at this altitude. Most of the ozone depletion was once again confined to the 12-20 km layer, where an 83% reduction (105 DU to 18 DU) was observed, although there were also signs of depletion occurring in the 24-30 km region and below 12 km
Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitors

The emergence of drug resistance complicating anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) therapy remains a significant limitation in the clinical utility of inhibitors directed against specific HIV enzymatic targets. Viral resistance is a direct consequence of genetic diversity. The inherent
Combined microwave and hyperspectral infrared retrievals of atmospheric profiles in the presence of clouds using nonlinear stochastic methods

A nonlinear stochastic method for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles has been developed and evaluated with sounding data from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), and is presently being adapted for use with the NPOESS Cross-track Infrared Microwave Sounding Suite (CrIMSS) consisting of the hyperspectral Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS). The algorithm is implemented in three sequential stages: 1) stochastic cloud clearing (SCC), 2) eigenvector radiance compression and denoising, and 3) neural network (NN) estimation. First, the infrared radiance perturbations due to clouds are estimated and corrected by combined processing of the infrared and microwave data. Second, a Projected Principal Components (PPC) transform is used to reduce the dimensionality of and optimally extract geophysical profile information from the cloud-cleared infrared radiance data. Third, a feedforward neural network is used to estimate the desired geophysical parameters from the projected principal components. The performance of the algorithm (henceforth referred to as SCC/NN) was evaluated using global (ascending and descending) EOS-Aqua orbits co-located with ECMWF forecasts (generated every three hours on a 0.5-degree lat/lon grid) and radiosonde observations (RAOBs) for a variety of days throughout 2003 and 2004. Over 500,000 fields of regard (3times3 arrays of footprints) over ocean and land were used in the study. The performance of the SCC/NN algorithm exceeded that of the AIRS Level 2 (Version 4) algorithm throughout most of the troposphere while achieving approximately four times the yield. Furthermore, the SCC/NN performance in the lowest 1 km of the atmosphere greatly exceeds that of the AIRS Level 2 algorithm as the level of cloudiness increases. The SCC/NN algorithm requires significantly less computation than traditional variational retrieval methods while achieving comparable performance, thus the algorithm is particularly suitable for quick-look retrieval generation for post-launch CrIMSS performance validation.
““Another Form of Her Genius””: Lee Miller in the Kitchen

Lee Miller was a Vogue cover girl in New York in the mid-to-late 1920s. In the early thirties she was Man Ray9s muse, student, and lover in Paris, where she also worked as both photographer and model for Paris Vogue , as well as for numerous courtiers, including Patou and Scheperelli. The mid-thirties found her with her own successful photographic studio back in Manhattan. In WWII she served as British Vogue 9s official war correspondent and was one of the first photographers to enter liberated Dachau and Buchenwald. In 1957 Miller passed the Cordon Bleu course at their Paris school. Generally overlooked, if not overtly dismissed, Lee Miller9s gourmet phase in the 1950s and 1960s is discussed in this article as ““another form of her genius.”” Always ahead of her time, Miller was a mezza maven and a tapas enthusiast. The home she shared with her husband, Roland Penrose, in the English countryside was frequently filled with weekend guests drawn from the international modern art world. For many of them she created ““food pictures,”” some inspired by their own works of art. She collected and invented recipes, often based on her extensive travels and sometimes as practical jokes and rebukes.
The formation of TGN-to-plasma-membrane transport carriers.

AbstractIn the trans-Golgi network (TGN), proteins are sorted for transport to the endosomes, plasma membrane, preceding Golgi cisternae, and endoplasmic reticulum. The formation of clathrin-coated vesicles for transport to the endosomes and of COP-I-coated vesicles for retrograde trafficking is fairly well characterized at the molecular level. We describe our current understanding of the TGN-to-cell-surface carriers, with a specific focus on the components involved in membrane fission. Inhibiting the fission machinery promotes growth of transport carriers into large tubules that remain attached to the TGN. Overactivating this machinery, on the other hand, vesiculates the TGN. To understand how membrane fission is regulated by cargo to form transport carriers yet prevents complete vesiculation of the TGN remains a daunting challenge. We discuss these issues with regard to TGN-to-cell-surface transport carriers.
Rabies Exposure—Implications for Wilderness Travelers

Rabies is a preventable, fatal infectious disease. Successful vaccination programs for domestic animals in developed countries have drastically decreased the risk of exposure to rabies. Yet awareness of rabies needs to remain high as important reservoirs still exist in our backyards, the wilderness, and abroad. Recognizing the risk before and after a potential exposure, so that appropriate medical care can be sought, is critical to preventing a fatal complication. This case report involves an exposure of a medical student to an ill-appearing and likely rabid gray fox in the Gila Wilderness Area of New Mexico. The student was a member of a 28-day wilderness medicine course taught by the National Outdoor Leadership School/Wilderness Medicine Institute in collaboration with the Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency. On the first night in the field, the student awoke to a gray fox biting his foot through his sleeping bag in the early morning hours. Subsequently the student was evacuated for medical evaluation. Further care consisted of rabies postexposure prophylaxis, including thorough wound cleansing, injection of human rabies immunoglobulin, and initiation of a rabies vaccination schedule. Immediate wound care with soap and water and a viricidal agent is of utmost importance for any animal bite, but especially so in the prevention of rabies. Indications for rabies prophylaxis are complex and require prompt evaluation by a medical professional and consultation with local epidemiology to guide treatment.
Throughput formulation and WLAN optimization in mixed data rates for IEEE 802.11 DCF mode

An analytical formula is derived for the throughput of IEEE 802.11 WLAN in which stations may have different data rates or SNR. The throughput is significantly reduced from the presence of even one station with low data rate. This reduction is a consequence of the DCF mode which guarantees equal packet transmission probability to all stations. The throughput can be increased if stations with low data rates transmit shorter packets. The analysis is based on a semi-Markov model and the theoretical predictions are verified by simulation.
Optical generation of the Wigner distribution of 2-D real signals.

New techniques as well as extensions to existing techniques for the optical production of 2-D Wigner distributions are presented. Our investigation starts with a straightforward technique involving a pair of relay lenses and a Fourier transform lens. Then we explore a second technique requiring only one lens and a rotational capability. We also present a technique for display of a single frequency variable vs a single spatial variable. Finally, we discuss a dual-channel display technique in which two different sections of the Wigner distribution are displayed simultaneously.
Experience with bidding ancillary services in ERCOT: A modeler's perspective

ERCOT offers its market participants the simultaneous opportunity to increase the value of their assets and reduce operating costs to meet customer load and ancillary obligations. ERCOT has enabled its participants to do this through the facilitation of a day-ahead market for ancillary services in combination with a zonal real-time energy market. The market for ancillary services is comprised of four standard products that can be hedged and are actively traded. These products include Responsive Reserve Service (RRS), Non Spinning Reserve Service (NSRS), Up Regulation Service (URS) and Down Regulation Service (DRS). With the addition of substantial amounts of new wind generating capacity in Texas, the need for ancillary services have increased.
Self-Control in Global Perspective An Empirical Assessment of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory Within and Across 32 National Settings

Research concerning Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) General Theory of Crime has paid inadequate attention to the reliability and validity of self-control measures in non-Western settings, to the relationship between parenting and self-control in non-Western settings, and to Gottfredson and Hirschi's assertion that macro-level cultural forces have little or no influence on criminal behavior. The present study addresses each of these issues using a six-item self-control scale and two separate crime measures among young adult respondents from 32 Western and non-Western settings on all six humanly habitable continents. Across Western and non-Western settings, results suggest that (1) the six-item self-control scale demonstrates reliability comparable to that of prior self-control scales in the existing criminological literature; (2) the scale is associated significantly with both violence and property crime, and (3) an eight-item parental neglect scale is associated with self-control in both Western and non-...
Summoning Prior Knowledge through Metaphorical Graphics: An Example in Chemistry Instruction

The present investigation was designed to de- termine if the learning benefits of metaphors and graphics couldbecombinedintooneinstructionaldevice—ametaphor- ical graphic—to aid in the acquisition of difficult concepts of chemistry. The authors further sought to determine if metaphorical graphics could foster greater retention of the ba- sic properties of chemical elements when compared to verbal descriptions of those properties or traditional graphical repre- sentations of elements commonly seen as orbital diagrams in chemistry textbooks. The findings revealed that metaphorical graphics helped learners to develop a deeper understanding of the behavior and reactivity, but not physical properties, of the features of fifteen selected chemical elements.
Sensitive detection of transgenic plant marker gene persistence in soil microcosms

Genetic engineering offers the opportunity to generate plants with useful new traits conferred by genes originating from a variety of organisms. The objectives of this study were to establish methods for investigating persistence of recombinant plant marker DNA after introduction into soil and to collect data from controlled laboratory test systems. As a model system, we studied the stability of DNA encoding recombinant neomycin phosphotransferase II (rNPT-II), a neomycin/kanamycin resistance marker, used in plant genetic engineering. The recombinant nature of the target (i.e. fusion of nopaline synthase promoter and NPT-II coding region) allowed us to design a rNPT-II-specific PCR primer pair. DNA preparation and quantitative PCR protocols were established. Effects of temperature and moisture, on DNA persistence in soil were determined in two laboratory test systems. In the first system, purified plasmid DNA was added to soil and incubated under controlled conditions. Up to 0.08% of the rNPT-II target sequences were detectable after 40 days. In the second system, fresh leaf tissue of transgenic tobacco was ground, added to soil, and incubated under controlled conditions. After 120 days, up to 0.14% of leaf tissue-derived genomic rNPT-II sequences were detectable. Under most experimental conditions, leaf tissue-derived and plasmid DNA were initially degraded at a high rate. A small proportion of the added DNA resisted degradation and was detectable for several months. We hypothesize that this DNA may have been adsorbed to soil particles and was protected from complete degradation.
Atpg and dft algorithms for delay fault testing

With ever shrinking geometries, growing metal density and increasing clock rate on chips, delay testing is becoming a necessity in industry to maintain test quality for speed-related failures. The purpose of delay testing is to verify that the circuit operates correctly at the rated speed. However, functional tests for delay defects are usually unacceptable for large scale designs due to the prohibitive cost of functional test patterns and the difficulty in achieving very high fault coverage. Scan-based delay testing, which could ensure a high delay fault coverage at reasonable development cost, provides a good alternative to the at-speed functional test. This dissertation addresses several key challenges in scan-based delay testing and develops efficient Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) and Design-for-testability (DFT) algorithms for delay testing. In the dissertation, two algorithms are first proposed for computing and applying transition test patterns using stuck-at test vectors, thus avoiding the need for a transition fault test generator. The experimental results show that we can improve both test data volume and test application time by 46.5% over a commercial transition ATPG tool. Secondly, we propose a hybrid scan-based delay testing technique for compact and high fault coverage test set, which combines the advantages of both the skewed-load and broadside test application methods. On an average, about 4.5% improvement in fault coverage is obtained by the hybrid approach over the broad-side approach, with very little hardware overhead. Thirdly, we propose and develop a constrained ATPG algorithm for scan-based delay testing, which addresses the overtesting problem due to the possible detection of functionally untestable faults in scan-based testing. The experimental results show that our method efficiently generates a test set for functionally testable transition faults and reduces the yield loss due to overtesting of functionally untestable transition faults. Finally, a new approach on identifying functionally untestable transition faults in non-scan sequential circuits is presented. We formulate a new dominance relationship for transition faults and use it to help identify more untestable transition faults on top of a fault-independent method based on static implications. The experimental results for ISCAS89 sequential benchmark circuits show that our approach can identify many more functionally untestable transition faults than previously reported.
Measurement of Adherence in Pharmacy Administrative Databases: A Proposal for Standard Definitions and Preferred Measures

Background:A variety of measures have been developed to calculate refill adherence from administrative data such as pharmacy claims databases. These measures have focused on improving the accuracy of adherence measures or clarifying the evaluation time frame. As a result, there are many measures used to assess adherence that may or may not be comparable or accurate.Objective:To compare available refill adherence measures.Methods:A systematic literature review was conducted to identify current or recently used measures of calculating adherence from administrative data. A MEDLINE search (January 1990–March 2006) was undertaken using the search terms adherence or compliance in the title combined with administrative, pharmacy, or records in any field, including subheadings medical, nursing, and hospital records. Non-English articles were excluded. Seven hundred fifteen articles were available for review. Review articles and letters were excluded from measure selection, but were included in the search terms an...
The influence of parents' level of general education on the efficiency of childhood asthma educational program

Aim: To investigate how important parent9s level of general education was for the success of organized Asthma Educational Intervention (AEI) program. Methodology: We assessed parents9 knowledge of asthma by questionnaire before, immediately after and 12 months after AEI in hospital settings. The Intervention I group of parents (N 231) received full AEI (audiovisual education about all the aspects of asthma and proper use of asthma medications, and workshop/panel discussions with the hand-on book “Meet your asthma”). The Control C group of parents (N 171) received instructions for proper medications inhalation technique and the hand-on book. Results: There was no difference in the knowledge of asthma between I and C groups at the beginning of the study. The knowledge of asthma in I group significantly increased immediately after the AEI (χ2=144.14, p 0.05) during 12 months period after the AEI. The knowledge of asthma in C group did not improve during the study (Z=0.73, p=0.17). According to their level of general education, we had four groups in I group of parents: with low ( 15 years of education). The final knowledge of asthma was significantly higher in I group (t=7.79, p=0.01) compared to C group, and did not differ between parents according to the parent9s level of general education (p>0.05). Conclusion: Parent9s level of general education was not relevant for the AEI. The C group of parents did not read hand-on book and did not improve asthma knowledge. Audiovisual education/workshop/discussion was successful way to transfer knowledge of asthma to I group of parents.
Synthesis of carbon nanotubes on metal alloy substrates with voltage bias in methane inverse diffusion flames

Abstract Vertically well-aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with uniform diameters (∼15 nm) were grown on catalytic probes at high yield rates in an inverse diffusion flame (IDF) of a co-flow jet configuration using methane as fuel. Varied parameters investigated included: alloy composition (e.g. Fe, Ni/Cu, Ni/Cr/Fe), sampling positions within the flame structure, and voltage bias applied to the probe substrate. Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy was utilized to determine the local gas-phase temperature, as well as the concentrations of carbon-based precursor species (e.g. CO, C 2 H 2 ) within the flame structure at specific locations of carbon nanotube (CNT) growth during synthesis. The variation of the aforementioned parameters strongly affects CNT formation, diameter, growth rate, and morphology.
Characterization of chitinase activity and gene expression in muskmelon seeds

Chitinase is often produced in higher plants as a general defence response after wounding or pathogenic attack. Since germinating seeds are exposed to soil pathogens, the activity and expression of chitinase in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds was investigated. One acidic and three basic chitinase isoforms were detected, beginning 40 d after anthesis in developing and fully mature seeds. Both acidic and basic chitinase isoforms were found in endosperm tissue during imbibition and after radicle emergence. Basic chitinase isoforms, but not acidic isoforms, were detected in the embryonic axes of imbibed seeds and in seeds before germination, indicating that chitinases are developmentally regulated in specific seed tissues. Two complete cDNAs, Cmchi1 and Cmchi2, were cloned from germinated muskmelon seeds and are predicted to encode chitinases that show 95% identity to a class III chitinase from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and 61% identity to a class II chitinase from soybean (Glycine max L.), respectively. Southern blotting indicated that Cmchi2 was present only once in the muskmelon genome, while Cmchi1 may be present in one or two copies. Cmchi1 and Cmchi2 mRNAs were only detected in radicles of germinating seeds and in roots of mature plants, so additional genes other than Cmchi1 and Cmchi2 must be responsible for the chitinase activity in developing seeds. Salicylic acid and benzothiadiazole stimulated the expression of Cmchi1, but not Cmchi2, after radicle emergence. A putative role for chitinase in muskmelon seeds is defence against fungal pathogens.
Translation Series: The Tea Board v. Mr. Jean-Luc Dusong

THE TEA BOARD v. Mr. Jean-Luc DUSONG is a November 22, 2006 decision of the Paris Court of Appeals reversing a lower court ruling that a semi-figurative trademark consisting of the word DARJEELING and the picture of a teapot for books, magazines, and consulting services was lawful and did not constitute consumer deception. Reasoning that the Indian Tea Board had protectable rights to DARJEELING under the Paris Convention and the TRIPS Agreement, the Court of Appeals found that the defendant’s trademark was a “parasitic use” and wrongful conduct under article 1382 of the Civil Code. The Court ordered that defendant’s trademark be cancelled.
Metabolic rate and directional nucleotide substitution in animal mitochondrial DNA

There is marked heterogeneity of nucleotide composition in mitochondrial DNA across divergent animals. Differences in nucleotide composition presumably reflect differences in directional nucleotide substitution for A+T or G+C nucleotides. In mitochondrial DNA, there is A+T directional nucleotide substitution in most (if not all) animals surveyed, and the magnitude of directional A+T nucleotide substitution differs greatly within and among groups. Differences in directional nucleotide substitution among lineages of mammals can be explained by changes in metabolic physiology. This relationship is thought to be mediated by the effect of oxygen radicals because these toxic compounds are by-products of aerobic metabolism and are known mutagens. Association between metabolism and nucleotide composition provides additional evidence in favor of the hypothesis that rates and patterns of nucleotide substitution in mitochondrial DNA can be influenced by factors that impinge on rates of endogenous DNA damage.
Role of 32P-chromic phosphate colloids in the treatment of Askin tumors, Ewing’s sarcoma

1079 Learning Objectives 1. Discuss the role of 32P-chromic phosphate colloids in the treatment of Askin tumors, Ewing’s sarcoma. 2. Discuss the detailed logistical issues and proposed solutions related: how to obtain the tracer, intrapleural administration of 32P-chromic phosphate colloid solutions, and its handling, during and the post therapy phases of patient care. The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors includes Ewing sarcoma, peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, neuroepithelioma, atypical Ewing sarcoma, and Askin tumor (tumor of the chest wall). The patient often presents with pain due to the effect of the primary tumor. Diagnosis is made via imaging of a bone followed by biopsy. These tumors are treated similarly and on the basis of whether they are metastatic or localized rather than their histologic subtype. The treatment for Askin9s tumor consist, whenever possible, of radical resection, which is supplemented with radiotherapy and aggressive chemotherapy. The average life expectancy is 8 months, and occasionally as long as 96 months. Suspected residual local chest, chest wall disease might be treated by intrapleural administration of 32P-chromic phosphate colloids. The commercially available P32 chromic phosphate colloid was removed from the US market in mid 2009. Now however, in US market, compounded chromic phosphate P32 colloid/microaggragate suspensions are available. These compounded chromic phosphate P32 colloid/microaggragate suspensions are reported to be comparable to the commercial Phosphocol P 32 suspensions in all critical quality attributes. Examples of P32 chromic phosphate colloid applications are illustrated as two pediatric case presentations
Hay que Sufrir: The meaning of suffering among former Mexican American migrant farmworkers

This interpretive essay examines the meaning of suffering among former Mexican American migrant farmworkers in Michigan. Sufrimiento/suffering is presented as a sociological concept that has material, spiritual and collective dimensions, and aligns with the concept of social suffering. The concept of suffering mediates the experiences of farmworkers by providing meaning to the harsh realities of their lives. Suffering is understood by participants in one of several ways: (i) as necessary for personal growth and learning, (ii) as a pathway to God, (iii) as a source of resiliency and (iv) as necessary sacrifice for the future of their children. Suffering points to multidimensional aspects of the lives of former migrants and serves as a sign used by them to interpret and re-interpret hardships endured and to justify their actions through the anguish and resilience embedded in social suffering.
Identification of sequences responsible for transcriptional activation of the allantoate permease gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract DAL5 is a constitutively expressed allantoin system gene whose product is required for allantoate transport. Its simple pattern of expression prompted us to use this gene for identifying the element(s) that mediates transcriptional activation of allantoin system genes. Deletion analysis of the DAL5 5'-flanking sequences resulted in identification of two small regions required for DAL5 expression. Analysis of these two regions with synthetic oligonucleotides localized the sequences supporting transcriptional activation to two DNA fragments of 10 to 12 base pairs, each containing one copy of the pentanucleotide 5'-GATAA-3'. The 5'-flanking region of DAL5 contained eight copies of this sequence. Synthetic constructions containing single copies of these fragments were unable to support transcriptional activation, while those containing two or more copies supported high-level activation. The 5'-GATAA-3' sequence was also found beneath the footprint of a DNA-binding protein. These observations are consistent with the suggestion that DNA fragments containing the sequence 5'-GATAA-3' play an important role in DAL5 gene expression, probably representing a portion of the binding site for a transcriptional activation factor.
Arms, politics, and the economy : historical and contemporary perspectives

A hard-hitting analysis that explores whether military spending is too high or too low and how special interests exploit the system.
Experimental investigation of three-dimensional flow development by pitching low-aspect-ratio wing

This paper reports stereo flow evolution and aerodynamics of a pitching wing in water channel from zero to 45-degree pitch angle in still water and reduced pitch rate of 0.39, and earlier stage of transition flow at maximum angle of attack. The wing is a rectangular flat plate with aspect ratio of four at leading-edge pivot. Wall effect on the pitching wing and stationary wing in test environment is examined by means of direct force measurement. The stereo image is captured through two cameras together with PIV system; comparisons among two camera images and stereo images are provided. We ascertain that twodimensional flow features significant aerodynamic forces during the pitching maneuver, and therefore encourages lift generation, which mechanism includes the formation of Starting vortex and Leading-edge vortex together with Pivot vortex. However, the formations of Secondary vortex and Stopping vortex apparently are malignant to the lift generation at high angle of attack. Also revealed in the paper is that the formation of Tip vortex causes a promising drag, and induces detrimental spanwise flow to Leading-edge vortex on span locations other than wingtip, transiting aerodynamic forces decreasingly to steady state. Moreover, the trajectory of vortexes is documented.
Diverging dividends, diverging futures: Nativity, citizenship status, legal status, and the non-housing asset accumulation of Latinos:

Holding assets other than a primary residence are important for surviving economic downturns and providing opportunities for wealth creation. However, prior research shows that US Latinos are unlikely to own assets aside from a home; when they do, they have relatively little non-housing wealth. This study uses Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey data to examine variation in ownership of bank accounts, retirement accounts, and the value of non-housing assets among four Latino groups: the US-born, naturalized citizens, authorized non-citizens, and unauthorized non-citizens. All four groups display relatively low levels of asset ownership and value. However, multivariate results reveal that only unauthorized immigrants are persistently disadvantaged in non-asset ownership and value, net of socio-demographic and migration-related characteristics. These results have implications for prominent theoretical perspectives of immigrant mobility and contribute to scholarship identifying legal status as a signi...
Beyond Respectability: New Principles for Immigration Reform

Current pro-immigrant reform efforts focus on legalization. Proposals seek to place as many of the eleven million undocumented people in the United States as possible on a “path to earned citizenship.” However, these reform efforts suffer from a significant and underappreciated blind spot: the strategies used to advocate legalization harm those to whom the path to citizenship is barred — such as those with prior deportation orders, prior criminal convictions, and those who have yet to arrive. The problem begins with rhetoric: in making the push for legalization, immigrant rights groups have deployed imagery of the undocumented as law-abiding, hard-working, and family-oriented — the ideal respectable candidates for an invitation into the protected sphere of citizenship. The flaw in this approach is evident in the comprehensive immigration reform bill passed by the Senate in 2013. While the bill would have provided additional safeguards for those who qualify for the path to legalization, it would have simultaneously rendered more vulnerable the millions of immigrants who do not qualify. For that latter group, the bill would have meant further criminalization of employment, increased border enforcement and deaths, and a cemented pipeline between local law enforcement, detention, and deportation.This Article proposes that the push for legalization is responsible for the legislative bait-and-switch, which appears to fix a broken system by offering legalization to some, but in fact makes the system worse for many. To avoid that result, advocates should avoid prioritizing legalization, and instead address the systemic harms related to the category of “illegality.” Pro-immigrant advocacy and scholarship should be guided by the question, “Will this intervention increase or decrease the harms related to living without lawful status?” Such a strategy would move the focus away from an individual’s eligibility for citizenship and towards issues that confront the most vulnerable among the undocumented. By addressing those most harmed by “illegality,” new opportunities emerge for crafting reforms that dismantle immigrant vulnerability.
Lung Cancer Staging and Prognosis

The seventh edition of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) TNM staging system was developed by the International Association for the Staging of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Lung Cancer Staging Project by a coordinated international effort to develop data-derived TNM classifications with significant survival differences. Based on these TNM groupings, current 5-year survival estimates in NSLCC range from 73 % in stage IA disease to 13 % in stage IV disease. TNM stage remains the most important prognostic factor in predicting recurrence rates and survival times, followed by tumor histologic grade, and patient sex, age, and performance status. Molecular prognostication in lung cancer is an exploding area of research where interest has moved beyond TNM stage and into individualized genetic tumor analysis with immunohistochemistry, microarray, and mutation profiles. However, despite intense research efforts and countless publications, no molecular prognostic marker has been adopted into clinical use since most fail in subsequent cross-validation with few exceptions. The recent interest in immunotherapy for NSCLC has identified new biomarkers with early evidence that suggests that PD-L1 is a predictive marker of a good response to new immunotherapy drugs but a poor prognostic indicator of overall survival. Future prognostication of outcomes in NSCLC will likely be based on a combination of TNM stage and molecular tumor profiling and yield more precise, individualized survival estimates and treatment algorithms.