cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FT-IR AND FT-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY STUDY OF THE CYCLIC ANHYDRIDE INTERMEDIATES FOR ESTERIFICATION OF CELLULOSE: I. FORMATION OF ANHYDRIDES WITHOUT A CATALYST

In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to find nonformaldehyde durable press finishes to replace the traditional formaldehyde-based reagents for producing wrinkle-free cotton fabrics. 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) has been the most effective nonformaldehyde crosslinking agent. Our previous research has indicated that a polycarboxylic acid esterifies cellulose in two steps: the formation of a 5-membered cyclic anhydride intermediate by the dehydration of two adjacent carboxyl groups, and the reaction between cellulose and the anhydride intermediate to form an ester linkage. In this research, we used Fourier transform infrared and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy to study the formation of cyclic anhydride intermediates by BTCA and other polycarboxylic acids without the presence of a catalyst. We found that BTCA and other polycarboxylic acids in a crystalline state start to form 5-membered cyclic carboxylic anhydrides when the temperature reaches the vicinity of their melting points with the exception of bifunctional acids, which form cyclic anhydrides at temperatures much higher than their melting points. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between carboxylic acid groups prevents the formation of the cyclic anhydride intermediates at lower temperatures. We also found that polycarboxylic acids in an amorphous state form cyclic anhydrides at much lower temperatures.
Large second-harmonic response of C60 thin films

Second harmonic generation measurements were performed using 1.064 μm pulses provided by a Nd:YAG laser. A bulk second‐order susceptibility χ(2) z, zz = 2.1 × 10 − 9 esu was observed at room temperature, which is about 1.5 times the χ(2) value of quartz. χ(2) values in a poling field were studied as a function of temperature; the largest value occurred at a nominal temperature of 140 °C where χ(2) is ten times larger than the room temperature value.
Assessment in Early Childhood Instruction-Focused Strategies to Support Response-to-Intervention Frameworks

The current emphasis on alignment of early learning guidelines, assessment, curricular practices, and accountability in early education and care systems has provided an opportunity to revisit and refine early childhood assessment practices. Practitioners, researchers, and policy makers are increasingly interested in developing instruction-focused assessment strategies that have instructional and intervention validity. In particular, progress is being made in the development and validation of universal screening assessments and progress-monitoring methods that can support the application of response-to-intervention models in early childhood settings. This article provides a brief review of select assessment tools in early childhood that demonstrate instructional validity. The authors suggest future directions for strengthening the instructional and intervention validity of early childhood assessments in the context of response-to-intervention frameworks.
Thermogravimetry of selected American and Australian oil shales in inert dynamic atmospheres

Abstract The pyrolysis profile for the U.S. Geological Survey SGR-1 Green River shale specimen is reported using computerized TG and DTG techniques. The thermal behavior of this specimen in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere is compared with that of a retort composite (spent shale) specimen obtained from one of the current thermal retorting processes. The quantitative differences between these two specimens are discussed in terms of the thermal retorting of shales from the Western United States. A carefully performed comparative study of the Australian Rundle, Glen Davis, and Alpha Deposits as well as the USGS-SGR-1 Green River specimen is also given here. Using the results of this study, the pyrolysis onset temperatures and temperatures at maximum pyrolysis rate were related to the type of organic maceral components of the shale specimens. These shales were also compared for total carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen content by elemental analysis. A drilled core specimen from Western Colorado of known oil yield versus depth of seam was used to correlate the DTG pyrolysis peak area to the Fisher assay oil yield assignments. A method of precise assignment of DTG peak areas which is often overlooked is also demonstrated.
Higher type categories

Higher types can readily be added to set theory, Bernays-Morse set theory being an example. A type for each ordinal is added in [2]. Adding higher types to set theory provides a neat solution to the problem of how to handle higher type categories. We give the basic definitions, and prove cocompleteness of some higher type categories. MSC: 14A15.
Molecular cloning, mapping and characterization of a novel mouse RING finger gene, Mrf1

With a combined approach of database search, heterologous polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription-PCR, rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends and genomic library screening, we have successfully cloned a mouse RING finger gene, mouse RING finger 1 (Mrf1). The Mrf1 gene has two exons of 63 and 2665 bp, respectively, and one intron of over 13 kb. An open reading frame was identified exclusively in exon 2, which encodes a putative protein of the RING-B box-coiled coil or the tripartite motif type of 403 amino acids. Mrf1 is moderately expressed in the spleen, brain and heart as a single 3.0 kb product and very highly expressed in the testis as two transcripts of 3.0 and 1.5 kb, respectively. The Mrf1 gene was mapped to mouse chromosome 3, between markers D3Mit70 and D3Mit277. Western blotting analysis indicated that an expected protein of approximately 44 kD was detected in the brain extracts of mouse, rat and human. The possible functions of Mrf1 are discussed in the contexts of protein-protein interactions, oncogenesis and ubiquitination.
Fixed Segmented LRU cache replacement scheme with selective caching

Cache replacement policies are an essential part of the memory hierarchy used to bridge the gap in speed between CPU and memory. Most of the cache replacement algorithms that can perform significantly better than LRU (Least Recently Used) replacement policy come at the cost of large hardware requirements [1][3]. With the rise of mobile computing and system-on-chip technology, these hardware costs are not acceptable. The goal of this research is to design a low cost cache replacement algorithm that achieves comparable performance to existing scheme. In this paper, we propose two enhancements to the SLRU (Segmented LRU) algorithm: (i) fixing the number of protected and probationary segments based on effective segmentation ratio with increasing the protected segments, and (ii) implementing selective caching, to achieve more effective eviction, based on preventing dead blocks from entering the cache. Our experiment results show that we achieve a speed up to 14.0% over LRU and up to 12.5% over standard SLRU.
Lubrication of Diffusion-Beryllided Titanium

The friction and lubrication characteristics of titanium which had been beryllided by a diffusion process were investigated. Tests were performed using flat surfaces in a modified 4-Ball wear tester. The apparatus is described and the results tabulated and discussed. Various combinations of titanium, beryllided titanium, 4140 steel, 1020 steel and silver-plated steel were studied rubbing under oil lubrication and also dry. Special bearing materials such as lead-PTFE dry bearing material and oiled and dry porous bronze were also investigated. This study confirms that 1020 steel, 4140 steel, and silver-plated steel when run against oil lubricated titanium gall and seize very rapidly. However, these same materials running against titanium which had been beryllided showed none of these poor sliding characteristics but instead had a low coefficient of friction and very low wear. Similar contrast in behavior was noted wizen rubbing titanium and beryllided titanium on porous bronze and the lead-PTFE dry bearing ...
Classification of the real infinite simple and real infinite primitive lie algebras.

Abstract In this paper the real infinite simple and real infinite primitive Lie algebras are classified.
Individual Learning in Normal Form Games: Some Laboratory Results☆☆☆

Abstract We propose and test a simple belief learning model. We find considerable heterogeneity across individual players; some players are well described by fictitious play (long memory) learning, other players by Cournot (short memory) learning, and some players are in between. Representative agent versions of the model fit significantly less well and sometimes point to incorrect inferences. The model tracks players' behavior well across a variety of payoff matrices and information conditions.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C72, C73, C92, D83.
Extended Geometric Supergravity on Group Manifolds with Spontaneous Fibration

We review and develop geometrical gauging involving the sequence: Lie group/Principal Bundle, for an Internal symmetry group/Soft Group Manifold, for Non-Internal groups. In the Internal case, we rederive the Ghost-fields and the BRS transformations and equations geometrically. In the case of a Soft Group Manifold, we study Spontaneous Fibration, rederive Gravity and Supergravity and then present Extended geometric Supergravity theories.
High temperature isothermal and cyclic oxidation behavior of a single crystal Ni base superalloy

High-temperature oxidation behavior of a Ni-base superalloy, PWA1480, developed for use as single-crystal blades and vanes in advanced gas turbines, has been assessed. Isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests up to 200 hours were conducted at 1323, 1410, and 1473 K. The alloy was evaluated as to sample weight change, type of scale formed, type and amount of spall, and microstructural changes. The oxidation attack was more severe in cyclic as compared with isothermal oxidation. Also, enormous growth of the gamma-prime precipitate was observed at 1423 K during cyclic oxidation.
An FE-FCT method with implicit functions for the study of shock wave propagation in solids

A finite element flux-corrected transport (FE-FCT) method is proposed for the study of shock wave propagation in solids. The FCT algorithm contains two stages: transport and antidiffusion. The total Lagrangian finite element method is used here and the FCT algorithm is only applied to correct the nodal velocities along the lines of the structured mesh. An implicit function is implemented into the finite element method so that the objective with arbitrary boundaries can be modeled with structured mesh. Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional examples show that the FE-FCT method can efficiently eliminate the oscillations behind the shock wave fronts.
A Review of “Electronic Resources Management in the Academic Library: A Professional Guide”

Academic librarians have standard acronyms, but initiates to DLF-ERMI, ERAMS, ERMS, KBART, SERU, SUSHI, and URM* will need a translator and navigation system, which this book provides. While intend...
The Wadsworth Center brain-computer interface (BCI) research and development program

Brain-computer interface (BCI) research at the Wadsworth Center has focused primarily on using electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms recorded from the scalp over sensorimotor cortex to control cursor movement in one or two dimensions. Recent and current studies seek to improve the speed and accuracy of this control by improving the selection of signal features and their translation into device commands, by incorporating additional signal features, and by optimizing the adaptive interaction between the user and system. In addition, to facilitate the evaluation, comparison, and combination of alternative BCI methods, we have developed a general-purpose BCI system called BCI-2000 and have made it available to other research groups. Finally, in collaboration with several other groups, we are developing simple BCI applications and are testing their practicality and long-term value for people with severe motor disabilities.
Intravascular ultrasound speckle statistics

A ridge based speckles segmentation algorithm is proposed for segmenting speckle images and its application in IVUS (intravascular ultrasound) images is studied. An IVUS image may be treated as a height map with ridges corresponding to the center of the speckles. The author proposes a ridge detection algorithm based on the calculation of the maximum ascent direction. The algorithm's running time is linear to the AOI (area of interest). It is robust with changes of the AOI and insensitive to changes of the image brightness and contrast. The output of the algorithm is a set of ridge pixels assembled in a natural hierarchy order. A group of characteristic parameters may be evaluated for the detected ridge. The parameters vary distinctly with different textures of the ultrasound speckles. This method may aid further segmentation of the IVUS image.
Reliability and utility of single nucleotide polymorphisms for genetic association studies

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation in the human genome. Significant efforts have been made to attempt to understand their association to common diseases and complex traits. Genetic association studies, however, have been plagued by inconsistent results. The reliability of SNP-based association studies is reviewed in the light of their limited success. The validity, comprehensiveness, and usefulness of the public SNP database (dbSNP) is evaluated, followed by a detailed discussion of why these studies have proven so difficult to replicate. Potential approaches to minimize the inconsistency across studies are considered. We show that while the coverage of the public SNP database is adequate to conduct comprehensive and meaningful association studies, methodological concerns must be taken into account. Keywords: single-nucleotide polymorphisms; genetic association studies; population substructure; linkage disequilibrium; multiple hypothesis testing
Thermoresponsive PNIPAAM bottlebrush polymers with tailored side-chain length and end-group structure.

We explore the phase behaviour, solution conformation, and interfacial properties of bottlebrush polymers with side-chains comprised of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM), a thermally responsive polymer that exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water. PNIPAAM bottlebrush polymers with controlled side-chain length and side-chain end-group structure are prepared using a “grafting-through” technique. Due to reduced flexibility of bottlebrush polymer side-chains, side-chain end-groups have a disproportionate effect on bottlebrush polymer solubility and phase behaviour. Bottlebrush polymers with a hydrophobic end-group have poor water solubilities and depressed LCSTs, whereas bottlebrush polymers with thiol-terminated side-chains are fully water-soluble and exhibit an LCST greater than that of PNIPAAM homopolymers. The temperature-dependent solution conformation of PNIPAAM bottlebrush polymers in D2O is analyzed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and data analysis using the Guinier–Porod model shows that the bottlebrush polymer radius decreases as the temperature increases towards the LCST for PNIPAAM bottlebrush polymers with relatively long 9 kg mol−1 side-chains. Above the LCST, PNIPAAM bottlebrush polymers can form a lyotropic liquid crystal phase in water. Interfacial tension measurements show that bottlebrush polymers reduce the interfacial tension between chloroform and water to levels comparable to PNIPAAM homopolymers without the formation of microemulsions, suggesting that bottlebrush polymers are unable to stabilize highly curved interfaces. These results demonstrate that bottlebrush polymer side-chain length and flexibility impact phase behavior, solubility, and interfacial properties.
Linear and nonlinear barotropic instability of geostrophic shear layers

The linear, weakly nonlinear and strongly nonlinear evolution of unstable waves in a geostrophic shear layer is examined. In all cases, the growth of initially small-amplitude waves in the periodic domain causes the shear layer to break up into a series of eddies or pools. Pooling tends to be associated with waves having a significant varicose structure. Although the linear instability sets the scale for the pooling, the wave growth and evolution at moderate and large amplitudes is due entirely to nonlinear dynamics. Weakly nonlinear theory provides a catastrophic time ts at which the wave amplitude is predicted to become infinite. This time gives a reasonable estimate of the time observed for pools to detach in numerical experiments with marginally unstable and rapidly growing waves.
Cell Surface-localized Nucleolin Is a Eukaryotic Receptor for the Adhesin Intimin-γ of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coliO157:H7 *

Intimin-γ is an outer membrane protein of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 that is required for the organism to adhere tightly to HEp-2 cells and to colonize experimental animals. Another EHEC O157:H7 protein, the Transferred intimin receptor (Tir), is considered the primary receptor for intimin-γ. Nevertheless, Tir-independent binding of intimin-γ to HEp-2 cells has been reported. This observation suggests the existence of a eukaryotic receptor(s) for intimin-γ. In this study, we sought to identify that receptor(s). First, we determined by equilibrium binding titration that the association of purified intimin-γ with HEp-2 cells was specific and consistent with a single host cell receptor. Second, we isolated a protein from lysates of HEp-2 cells that bound intimin-γ and subsequently identified this molecule as nucleolin, a protein involved in cell growth regulation that can be cell surface-expressed. Third, we established that purified intimin-γ and nucleolin were co-localized on the surface of HEp-2 cells and that the site of EHEC O157:H7 attachment was associated with regions of nucleolin expression. Finally, we demonstrated that mouse anti-nucleolin sera significantly decreased the adherence of EHEC O157:H7 to HEp-2 cells. From this, we conclude that nucleolin is the HEp-2 cell receptor for intimin-γ expressed by EHEC O157:H7.
Spatio-temporal focusing of ultrabroadband wireless signals through multipath scattering environments

We use photonic radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generation for the first experimental demonstration of space-time compression of ultra-broadband wireless signals distorted by highly scattering multipath channels over a three octave frequency range of 2 to 18 GHz.
Integrin Acts Upstream of Netrin Signaling to Regulate Formation of the Anchor Cell's Invasive Membrane in C. elegans

Integrin expression and activity have been strongly correlated with developmental and pathological processes involving cell invasion through basement membranes. The role of integrins in mediating these invasions, however, remains unclear. Utilizing the genetically and visually accessible model of anchor cell (AC) invasion in C. elegans, we have recently shown that netrin signaling orients a specialized invasive cell membrane domain toward the basement membrane. Here, we demonstrate that the integrin heterodimer INA-1/PAT-3 plays a crucial role in AC invasion, in part by targeting the netrin receptor UNC-40 (DCC) to the AC's plasma membrane. Analyses of the invasive membrane components phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, the Rac GTPase MIG-2, and F-actin further indicate that INA-1/PAT-3 plays a broad role in promoting the plasma membrane association of these molecules. Taken together, these studies reveal a role for integrin in regulating the plasma membrane targeting and netrin-dependent orientation of a specialized invasive membrane domain.
Experimental infection of tissue cultures with certain mycoplasma (PPLO).

SummaryInfection of FL tissue culture cells with M. gallisepticum, M. agalactiae and M. hominis was achieved, while the saprophytic PPLO M. laidlawii A could not be detected in such cells when cultivated for intervals longer than 2 days following infection. Parasitic PPLO remained in cell cultures for periods up to 3 weeks. After prolonged incubation, cytopathogenic effect could be demonstrated in cultures infected with M. gallisepticum. In addition, tissue cultures infected with M. gallisepticum showed an accumulation of acetate in growth fluids. The latter observation, supported by appropriate isotope data, strongly suggests that acetate appears as a product of lactate dissimilation by this PPLO.
A microRNA activity map of human mesenchymal tumors: connections to oncogenic pathways; an integrative transcriptomic study

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are nucleic acid regulators of many human mRNAs, and are associated with many tumorigenic processes. miRNA expression levels have been used in profiling studies, but some evidence suggests that expression levels do not fully capture miRNA regulatory activity. In this study we integrate multiple gene expression datasets to determine miRNA activity patterns associated with cancer phenotypes and oncogenic pathways in mesenchymal tumors – a very heterogeneous class of malignancies. Using a computational method, we identified differentially activated miRNAs between 77 normal tissue specimens and 135 sarcomas and we validated many of these findings with microarray interrogation of an independent, paraffin-based cohort of 18 tumors. We also showed that miRNA activity is imperfectly correlated with miRNA expression levels. Using next-generation miRNA sequencing we identified potential base sequence alterations which may explain differential activity. We then analyzed miRNA activity changes related to the RAS-pathway and found 21 miRNAs that switch from silenced to activated status in parallel with RAS activation. Importantly, nearly half of these 21 miRNAs were predicted to regulate integral parts of the miRNA processing machinery, and our gene expression analysis revealed significant reductions of these transcripts in RAS-active tumors. These results suggest an association between RAS signaling and miRNA processing in which miRNAs may attenuate their own biogenesis. Our study represents the first gene expression-based investigation of miRNA regulatory activity in human sarcomas, and our findings indicate that miRNA activity patterns derived from integrated transcriptomic data are reproducible and biologically informative in cancer. We identified an association between RAS signaling and miRNA processing, and demonstrated sequence alterations as plausible causes for differential miRNA activity. Finally, our study highlights the value of systems level integrative miRNA/mRNA assessment with high-throughput genomic data, and the applicability of paraffin-tissue-derived RNA for validation of novel findings.
A reliability and failure mode analysis of no flow underfill materials for low cost flip chip assembly

Development of new material systems will increase flip chip market growth provided they reduce manufacturing time and enhance reliability. Among these new materials are no flow underfills. Properly formulated, these underfills can significantly decrease manufacturing cost by eliminating the fluxing process, the underfill flow process, and the underfill cure process. This work evaluates the reliability of no-flow underfill materials and performs a critical failure mode analysis of flip chip structures using no flow underfills. Six test vehicles and four reliability tests were used to evaluate and analyze the reliability performance of several commercial no-flow underfill materials. Different test vehicles were used to evaluate the effect of varying chip size, interconnect density, pad surface finish metallization, and soldermask opening design. Accelerated reliability tests performed included liquid/liquid thermal shock (LLTS), air/air thermal cycling (AATC), moisture sensitivity preconditioning, and temperature humidity aging (TH). Materials tested in this work demonstrated the ability to survive 1000 cycles in LLTS and AATC without failure, 1000 hours of TH and level three preconditioning. A number of unique failure modes are identified including bulk underfill cracking, fillet cracking, solder interconnect fatigue cracking and underfill interfacial delamination.
A passion for knowledge? A comparative study of older and younger food service workers' desire for education.

Demographic trends will have a significant impact on the foodservice labor force. With fewer teenagers available, the commercial sector (that is, fast-food restaurants) is experiencing acute labor shortages. This trend will impact the institutional sector as commercial and institutional employers compete fora similar labor pool.The older worker will be a valuable resource in light of a shrinking laborpool and increased competition. Stereotypes regarding the training, education, and develop ment of older workers are pervasive. To achieve financial success in their food service operations, employee training, education, and development programs are necessary. Therefore, managers will have to overcome stereotype barriers and develop effective training and educational programs for older employees. Age- related stereotypes regarding education, training, and development of the older worker are explored.
Catabolism of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine by isolated rat intestinal epithelial cells.

The kinetics of conversion of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) to 5-fluorouracil (FUra) by isolated rat intestinal epithelial cells was investigated. Also, the effects of potential inhibitors of this reaction, which is catalyzed by uridine phosphorylase and thymidine phos- phorylase, were determined. A 2.5% suspension of isolated cells was incubated with FdUrd or FUra, and at specific times cells were lysed with perchloric acid and fluoropyrimidines were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. During a 25-min incubation with either FdUrd or FUra, the amount of drug in the incubation system (total volume 0.8 ml) fell by less than 5%. However, in the presence of FdUrd, the amount of FUra increased linearly over 25 min. The apparent V,,, and K, for FUra formation were 17-27 nmole/mg DNA/min and 1.6-2.5 mM, respectively. With each nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, the apparent K, increased but V,,, was unaffected. The apparent Ki values were as follows (in mM): 5-nitrour- acil (an inhibitor of both uridine phosphorylase and thymidine phosphorylase), 0.12; 4-thioth- ymine (a uridine phosphorylase-selective inhibitor), 1.52; and 6-benzyl-2-thiouraci1 (a thymi- dine phosphorylase-selective inhibitor), 0.73. It was concluded that intestinal epithelial cells are capable of degrading FdUrd to FUra and that the cells possess both uridine phosphorylase and thymidine phosphorylase activity. 0 1988 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 5-Fluorouracil (FUra) and its nucleoside analog 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) are used in the treatment of various solid tumors (1,2). Although FdUrd is much more potent than FUra against several tumors in vitro (3, 4), the two drugs are approximately equipo- tent after bolus iv administration in vivo (5, 6), presumably because of rapid conversion of FdUrd to FUra (7, 8, 9). Metabolism by opposing anabolic and catabolic pathways is important in the activation and elimina- tion of the fluoropyrimidines. Anabolic metabolism results in the formation of the principal cytotoxic nucleotides 5-fluoro-2'- deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine-5'-triphosphate (FUTP). FdUMP is a potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, and consequently of DNA synthe- sis (10). FUTP is incorporated into RNA (1 I), resulting in functional abnormalities ( 12, 13, 14). The relative contributions of the
Repeat radiosurgery for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia.

Abstract Purpose Although frequently performed, the efficacy and safety of repeat trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery is not well described. Methods and materials Between August 1997 and December 2002, 19 patients (9 men, 10 women) underwent repeat trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery. The median interval between procedures was 16 months. The median dose (based on an output factor of 0.87 for the 4-mm collimator) for repeat radiosurgery was 76.1 Gy; the median additive dose was 163.1 Gy. Outcomes were defined as excellent (no pain, no medications), good (no pain, reduced medications), fair (>50% pain reduction), and poor. Median follow-up was 24 months. Results Outcomes after repeat radiosurgery were excellent ( n = 14, 74%), good ( n = 1, 5%), fair ( n = 3, 16%), and poor ( n = 1, 5%). Two patients had recurrent pain at 7 and 22 months; 71% and 61% of patients had an excellent outcome at 1- and 2-years after radiosurgery, respectively. Eleven patients (58%) described facial parathesias ( n = 3), numbness ( n = 5) or dyesthesias ( n = 3). Two patients (11%) developed corneal numbness. Nine of 11 patients (82%) with new trigeminal deficits had excellent outcomes at last follow-up compared with 3 of 8 patients (38%) with unchanged facial sensation ( p = 0.07). Conclusions Repeat trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery at the dosage described has better facial pain outcomes than primary radiosurgery. However, because the procedure is nonselective and the rate of bothersome numbness was relatively high (16%), dose reduction is recommended to reduce the morbidity of repeat trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery.
Effect of High Voltage on the Structure and Electrochemistry of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study

A combination of neutron diffraction (ND), 6Li magic-angle spinning NMR, electrochemistry, and first principles calculations have been used to determine and rationalize the structural changes that occur during cycling of the layered material Lix(Ni0.5Mn0.5)O2 (x = 1), synthesized via the hydroxide route. ND and 6Li NMR experiments confirm that Li is lost from the transition metal (TM) layers, very early on in the charge process. On charging to higher voltages (above 4.5 V), the Li is lost from the tetrahedral and residual Li octahedral sites in the Li layers. This process is accompanied by a migration of more than 75% of the Ni ions originally present in the Li layers into the TM layers, to occupy the sites vacated by Li. Calculations suggest that (i) these Ni migrations occur via the tetrahedral sites, (ii) activation energies for migration depend strongly on the original position of the Ni ions in the Li layers though the driving force for migration is large (>1 eV), and (iii) because neither Ni3+ nor N...
Mammalian Use of a Buffer Zone Agroforestry System Bordering Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

One of the most common designs for nature reserves has a limited-access core reserve area surrounded by buffer zones or multiple-use areas (UNESCO 1974; Shafer 1990; Sayer 1991). MacKinnon et al. (1986) divide potential buffer zone functions into two categories, distinguishing between extension buffering that extends the core habitat of plants and animals and sociobuffering that provides goods and services for people. A current challenge is to identify existing land-use systems that can simultaneously fulfil both of these roles (McCauley 1991; Wind 1991). One potential candidate is the forest garden, a multispecies agroforestry system developed (among other places) in villages bordering Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. During a recent socioeconomic study of these forest gardens, I found that they appear to fulfil a socio-buffering function in that they provide a significant cash income to local villagers from various market crops (Salafsky, 1993a). As a part of this study, I also attempted to examine how effectively the forest gardens and associated habitats fulfill an extension-buffering function by looking at mammalian use of this agroforestry system. In this paper, I use
Interferometric study of stable salinity gradients heated from below or cooled from above

Mixing-layer development is investigated in laboratory experiments of salt-stratified solutions which are cooled from above or heated from below through the imposition of isothermal boundaries. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used to infer salt and density distributions within stable regions of the solution and to determine the extent of mixing-layer development. In both heating from below and cooling from above, this development differs significantly from that which has been observed for constant heating from below. Although the formation of a secondary mixed layer is observed, it does not lead to the development of additional mixed layers. Instead, the secondary layer eventually recedes, and the existence of a single mixed layer is restored. This behaviour is due to the isothermal boundary and the effect which it has no decreasing the heat transfer to or from the solution with increasing time. Once the condition of a single mixed layer is restored, extremely large (stable) density gradients develop in the boundary layer separating the mixed and stable regions, and subsequent growth of the mixed layer is slow. In cooling from above, mixing-layer development depends strongly on whether the isothermal boundary is in direct contact with the solution or separated by an air space.
Damage Diagnostics of Composite Fan Blades Using the Modified Time Reversal Method

This experimental study presents the Lamb wave based baseline-free diagnostics of damage in a carbon-fiber composite fan blade using the Modified Time Reversal Method (MTRM). A fan blade with delamination was selected as the test specimen and two piezoelectric transducers (PZT) were surface bonded using epoxy adhesive. The system (fan blade and transducers) was then waveform-tuned from which 5.5 cycle tone burst was selected as the optimum excitation waveform. The system was then mode-tuned in order to determine the optimum excitation center frequency. The 55 kHz, 5.5 cycle tone burst was used to generate fundamental asymmetric Lamb waves with high signal-to-noise ratio and low dispersion. Damage Index (DI) values for the fan blade was calculated at equidistant points on a line using both PZTs. Results show that magnitudes of the DI values have strong correlation with the severity of damage present in the fan blade. The procedure followed in this experimental study is directly applicable to the Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) conducted on composite fan blades. Additionally, this method can be extended to develop a real-time structural health monitoring system for composite fan blades which employs embedded PZTs for actuating and sensing waves.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Abstract 5130: Src and Caveolin-1 reciprocally regulate metastasis via Rho Kinase

In human bladder cancer, overexpression of Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and downregulation of Src expression and kinase activity correlate with aggressive behavior suggesting they may have causal and perhaps interactive roles in this process. Here we show that Cav-1 and Src are reciprocally expressed in the same tumors, suggesting they act on a similar pathway. RNAi mediated Cav-1 depletion or expression of constitutively active Src in invasive human urothelial cancer cells UMUC-3 and KU-7 resulted in loss of stress fibers and reduced capacity to migrate. Cav-1 depletion was associated with loss of pY14 Cav-1 while increased p190RhoGAP was seen with Src over-expression while both led to a significant reduction in RhoA and RhoC levels and activity. Conversely, expression of Cav-1 but not the non-phosphorylatable mutant of Cav-1 or suppression of Src using PP2 or Src RNAi in noninvasive human urothelial RT4 cancer cells, increased RhoA and RhoC GTP and cell migration. Use of ROCK inhibitor Y27632 in RT4 cells completely abolished enhanced migration induced by Cav-1 expression or that associated with Src inhibition. Furthermore, metastatic lung colonization of UMUC-3 cells expressing constitutively active Src or depleted of Cav-1 was significantly reduced while having marginal effect on subcutaneous tumor growth. Moreover, ROCK inhibitor prevented bladder cancer lung metastasis in vivo. Our findings indicate Src is metastasis suppressor protein in bladder cancer and describe a novel relationship between Cav-1 and Src in regulating RhoA and RhoC providing a unifying molecular mechanism for prior descriptive studies suggesting a role for these proteins in bladder cancer progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5130.
Unsaturated Triosmium Carbonyl Cluster Complexes with Bridging Aryl Ligands: Structures, Bonding, and Transformations

Reactions of Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2, 1, with the series of aryl-gold complexes ArylAu(PPh3) [Aryl = phenyl = Ph, 2-naphthyl = 2-Np (2-C10H7) and 1-pyryl (1-C16H10)] have provided the series of electronically unsaturated triosmium complexes Os3(CO)10(μ-η1-Ar)(μ-AuPPh3) [2, Ar = phenyl = Ph; 3, Ar = 2-naphthyl = 2-Np (2-C10H7); and Ar = 4 and 5, 2-pyryl and 4-pyryl], containing bridging η1-Ar ligands and a bridging Au(PPh3) group that bridges the same unsaturated Os–Os bond in the 46-electron cluster complex. All new compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. A DFT computational analysis of 2 has revealed that bonding of the bridging phenyl ligand to the metal atoms consists of a combination of delocalized σ-bonding between the ipso-carbon atom and the two proximate metal atoms and π-donation from the π-orbitals of the ring to those same metal atoms. There is no significant metal to ring π-back-bonding. Compound 3 exists as two isomers, 3a and 3b. Compound 3a contains a μ-η1-2-Np l...
Abstract 1940: Reg4 induces the expression of D-type cyclins and associated kinases to induce mitotic division of human colorectal cancer cells

Background: Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) are important component of the cell cycle machinery. D-type cyclins are positive regulators of cell cycle and a known target of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling. Cyclin D1 and cyclin D3 play a prominent role in differentiation and proliferation and is highly upregulated in many cancers. Recent studies also showed frequent upregulation of regenerating (Reg) gene 4 expression in many human gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies including colorectal cancer (CRC). We further observed a Reg4-mediated increase in β-Catenin expression and its subsequent nuclear translocation. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that Reg4 induces the expression of D-type cyclins and associated kinases to induce the mitotic division of human CRC cells. Methods: Real time RT-PCR and western blot analyses were performed to determine the effects of Reg4 treatments on the expression of D-type cyclins and associated kinases. Mitotic and MTT assays were performed to determine its association with regulation of mitotic division and proliferation of human CRC cells. Results: Following real-time RT-PCR and western blot analyses we observed a time-dependent increase in cyclin D1 and D3 expression following the addition of recombinant human Reg4 (rhR4) to the cultures of HCT116 and HT29 human CRC cells. Furthermore, addition of rhR4 to the cell cultures also led to an increased expression of CDK4 and CDK6, the known kinase partners of cyclin D. We previously observed the involvement of Akt kinase, GSK-3β, and β-Catenin activities in mediating Reg4-signaling. Therefore, in the present study we utilized a specific Akt inhibitor as an antagonist and SB216763, an inhibitor of GSK-3β as an agonist of Reg4-signaling and examined their effects on expression of D-type cyclins and mitotic index of human CRC cells. Treatments of specific Akt inhibitor (10 μM) to the human CRC cells significantly inhibited the expression of cyclin D1 and D3, and subsequently inhibited their mitotic index. Furthermore, an addition of rhR4 (200 nM) to the cultures of human CRC cells pretreated with specific Akt inhibitor (10 μM) did not increase the expression of these cyclins, hence the mitotic index of human CRC cells. In addition, the treatments of SB216763 (10 μM) positively modulated the Reg4-signaling and led to significant increases in the expression of D-type cyclins, hence mitotic index of human CRC cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that Reg4 is a potent regulator of mitotic division of human CRC cells and involves Akt kinase and GSK-3β as important mediators to induce the expression of D-type cyclins. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1940. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1940
HER2/Neu-mediated activation of the ETS transcription factor ER81 and its target gene MMP-1

In this study, we show that the ETS transcription factor ER81 directly binds to and activates the promoter of the matrix metalloproteinase gene, MMP-1. Further, the oncoprotein HER2/Neu synergizes with ER81 to stimulate MMP-1 transcription. The activation of ER81 by HER2/Neu is mediated by MAP kinases, which phosphorylate ER81 in its N-terminal activation domain. Four respective phosphorylation sites have been identified. Blocking phosphorylation at these sites decreases ER81 transcriptional activity, which can be further diminished by abolishment of phosphorylation at two non-MAP kinase sites. Altogether, our results reveal mechanisms of how phosphorylation of ER81 regulates the expression of target genes such as MMP-1, which may be important for many physiological processes from embryogenesis to adulthood as well as for tumor metastasis.
Immunity - Based Aircraft Failure Detection and Identification Using an Integrated Hierarchical Multi-Self Strategy

This paper presents the development and application of an integrated artificial immune system-based scheme for the detection and identification of a wide variety of aircraft sensor, actuator, propulsion, and structural failures/damages. The proposed approach is based on a hierarchical multi-self strategy where different self configurations are selected for the identification of specific abnormal conditions. Data collected using a motion-based flight simulator was used to define the self for a sub-region of the flight envelope. The aircraft model represents a supersonic fighter, including model-following adaptive control laws based on non-linear dynamic inversion and artificial neural network augmentation. The proposed detection scheme achieves low false alarm rates and high detection and identification rates for the four categories of failures considered.
Mean Field Analysis of the Exchange Coupling (J) for Two- and Three-Dimensional Structured Tetracyanoethenide (TCNE•–)-Based Magnets

Mean field expressions based on the simple Heisenberg model were derived to correlate the inter- and intralayer exchange couplings to the critical temperatures, Tc, for several tetracyanoethylene (TCNE)-based magnets with extended two- and three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) structure types. These expressions were used to estimate the exchange coupling, J, for 2-D ferrimagnetic [MII(TCNE)(NCMe)2]+ (M = Mn, Fe), 3-D antiferromagnetic MnII(TCNE)[C4(CN)8]1/2, and 3-D ferrimagnetic MnII(TCNE)3/2(I3)1/2. The type and magnitude of the exchange coupling are in accord with the previously reported magnetic data.
Characteristics and Working Conditions of Moonlighting Teachers: Evidence from the 2011-2012 Schools and Staffing Survey.

Educational research has long established moonlighting as a popular employment practice among public school teachers. Using data from the National Center for Education Statistics Schools and Staffing Survey, this study examined both the characteristics and motivations of public school teachers across moonlighting categories. Findings indicate that teacher characteristics, workplace perceptions, and professional outlook varied across moonlighting type. The likelihood of moonlighting outside of the education sector increased among single, male teachers with high reported burnout and lower salaries. Results have implications for how school leaders and policymakers should view moonlighting inside and outside the education sector.
Study on the Mechanism of Enhancing Oil Recovery by Molecular Film Displacement

Molecular film displacement is a new nanofilm EOR technique.A large number of experiments show that the mechanism of molecular film displacement is different from conventional chemical displacement(polymer,surfactant,alkali and ASP displacement etc).With water solution acting as transfer medium,molecules of the filming agent develop the force to form films through electrostatic interaction,with efficient molecules deposited on the negatively charged rock surface to form ultrathin films at nanometer scale.This change the properties of reservoir surface and the interaction condition with crude oil,making the oil easily be displaced as the pores swept by the injected fluid.Thus oil recovery is enhanced.The mechanism of molecular filming agent mainly includes absorption,wettability alteration,diffusion and capillary imbibition etc.
The Removal of High NH_3-N Concentration in Wastewater by Chemical Precipitation

A lab-scale study was conducted to precipitate the ammonia from high NH3-N concentration wastewater in the form of magnesium ammonium phosphate(MAP). The influences of p H value,reactive time and removal rate of ammonia nitrogen were tested. The result shows that the feasible p H values of crystallization and precipitation were from 8 to 10. The structure of structure crystallization was destroyed under high p H value condition that resulted in ammonia nitrogen dissociating from MAP,which reduced the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen. Results also demonstrated that ammonia nitrogen was effectively reduced from initial 1981 mg/L to final 5mg/L,which removal efficiency reached 99% with crystallization and precipitation method when the optimal p H, precipitation time mole ratio of Mg2 +,NH4+,PO43-were 8. 0,20 min and 1. 5∶ 1∶ 1. 5 respectively.
The Role of Rituals and Fantasy Themes in Teachers' Bargaining.

This study treats collective bargaining as a social construction of reality. Adopting the framework of symbolic convergence theory, this investigation examines the rituals and fantasy themes of bargainers and team members collected through observations of teachers’ negotiations and interviews with participants. Fantasy theme analysis reveals that both school districts develop symbolic convergence on common enemies and past negotiations. This convergence instills similar values and motives for the negotiation process. However, the two districts and the labor‐management teams differ in the meanings that they hold for the bargaining rite.
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Th is teacher story, submitted to a teacher resource website (pecentral.org), captures much of what this chapter is about. What do eff ective managers in physical education do, when do they do it, and how did they learn to do it? What happens when a teacher stands in front of the class to tell everyone what to do and some students do what was asked and others do not? Under what conditions are students most likely to do what is asked, and how can the teacher infl uence those conditions? Accordingly, the purpose of this chapter is to answer those questions and more about classroom management in physical education. Th e chapter starts with an overview of the unique conditions physical educators work in, recommended practices, and teacher knowledge and time use. Th e second section of the chapter focuses on the complexity of student behaviors in physical education, ways in which students can be off -task, why those behaviors might occur, and the eff ects of such behaviors. Discipline strategies and creating more positive student behaviors form the basis of the third section, and the chapter closes with a short discussion of some current issues and recommendations for future research.