cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diabetes mellitus—Dental implants and periodontal disease

Abstract Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic plaque biofilms initiating host immuno-inflammatory response and further destroying soft and hard tissues that support teeth. Scientific studies confirmed that diabetes is a risk factor for developing periodontitis, and the level of glycemic control appears to be an important determinant in this relationship. Diabetes mellitus is associated with periodontitis mainly from impairing the host immuno-inflammatory response and wound healing, resulting in more tissue breakdown. Therefore, patients with diabetes should be educated that they are at increased risk for periodontitis and be advised to comply with strict oral home and professional care. Dental implant treatment is a standardized treatment modality performed on a daily basis to replace edentulous areas with fixed partial dentures or to support removable prostheses. Despite high dental implant survival rates (> 90%), peri-implant diseases including peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis may occur. In general, well-controlled diabetes mellitus patients do not pose a higher risk of implant failure or developing peri-implantitis. However, poorly controlled diabetes patients might have a potential to develop implant-related complications and should be monitored closely during and after implant therapy. Hence, when patients with diabetes mellitus are seeking dental implant therapy, it is crucial to have good glycemic control and oral hygiene with regular professional care to succeed and maintain the health of peri-implant tissues.
Optical and Electrical Properties of Plasmonic Electrodes for Inverted Fabrication of Organic Semiconductor Devices

Metal electrodes are playing an increasingly important role in controlling photon absorption and in promoting optimal light management in thin film semiconductor devices. In organic optoelectronics, the conventional fabrication approach is to build the device on top of a transparent electrode, with metal electrode deposition as the last step. This makes it challenging to control the surface of the metal electrode to promote good light management properties. An inverted fabrication approach that builds the device on top of a metal electrode, makes it possible to control the morphology of the metal surface to achieve a variety of photonic and plasmonic behavior in optoelectronic devices. Silver (Ag) is the most suitable metal for fabrication of nanostructured electrodes with plasmonic behavior (i.e. plasmonic electrodes) because of its low parasitic absorption loss and high reflectivity. In this project, we describe the facile fabrication of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) plasmonic electrodes and study their physical and optical characteristics. Then, we investigate the photonic and electrical behavior of the plasmonic electrodes when interfaced with poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) organic semiconducting polymer thin films. According to the current-voltage characteristics of hole-only devices with and without plasmonic electrodes, we conclude that AgNP plasmonic electrodes have comparable electrical behavior to planar metal electrodes while having superior light management capability.
Corneal Neurotization in the Setting of Facial Paralysis: A Comprehensive Review of Surgical Techniques.

ABSTRACT Neurotrophic keratopathy is characterized by decreased corneal sensitivity, decreased reflex tearing, and poor corneal healing resulting in corneal injury. Without proper sensory innervation, the cornea undergoes continuous epithelial injury, ulceration, infection and eventually results in vision loss. In situations where patients have concomitant facial paralysis, such as after resection of a large vestibular schwannoma, the ocular health is further impaired by paralytic lagophthalmos with decreased eye closure and blink reflex, decreased tearing, and potential lower eyelid malposition. In patients with a dual nerve injury, the ocular surface is in significant danger, as there is increased environmental exposure in conjunction with the inability to sense damage when it occurs. Immediate recognition and care of the eye are critical for maintaining ocular health and preventing irreversible vision loss. The first modern corneal neurotization procedure was described in 2009. The ultimate goal in corneal neurotization is to establish sub-basal plexus regeneration via transferring a healthy nerve to the corneo-limbal region. Corneal neurotization can be achieved either via a direct transfer of healthy nerve (direct approach) or via nerve graft interpositions (indirect approach). This is an emerging concept in the treatment of neurotrophic/exposure keratitis and over the past decade multiple direct and indirect approaches have been described in the attempt to restore corneal sensation and to prevent the devastating outcomes of neurotrophic keratitis. Knowledge of these techniques, their advantages, and disadvantages is required for proper management of patients suffering from neurotrophic keratitis in the setting of facial paralysis.
Demonstration of an Analytic Process using Home Health Care Electronic Health Records: A Case Example Exploring the Prevalence of Patients with a Substance Use History and a Venous Access Device:

Electronic health records (EHR) are an important, but underutilized source for home health care research and practice improvement. Although the use of EHR is more efficient than prospective data co...
Prolonged cadmium exposure alters benign uterine fibroid cell behavior, extracellular matrix components, and TGFB signaling.

The heavy metal Cadmium (Cd), a widespread environmental contaminant, poses serious hazards to human health and is considered a metallohormone and carcinogen. In women with uterine fibroids, there is a significant association between blood Cd levels and increased fibroid tumor size. The aim of this study was to determine if benign human uterine leiomyoma (fibroid) cells could be malignantly transformed in vitro by continuous Cd exposure and, if so, explore a molecular mechanism by which this could occur. We found when fibroid cells were exposed to 10 µM CdCl2 for 8 weeks, a robust and fast-growing Cd-Resistant Leiomyoma (CR-LM) cell culture was established. The CR-LM cells formed viable colonies in soft agar and had increased cytoplasmic glycogen aggregates, enhanced cell motility, a higher percentage of cells in G2/M phase, and increased expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. NanoString analysis showed downregulation of genes encoding for extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as collagens, fibronectins, laminins, and SLRP family proteins, whereas genes involved in ECM degradation (MMP1, MMP3, and MMP10) were significantly upregulated. A volcano plot showed that the top differentially genes favored cancer progression. Functional analysis by ingenuity pathway analysis predicted a significant inhibition of TGFB1 signaling, leading to enhanced proliferation and attenuated fibrosis. Prolonged Cd exposure altered phenotypic characteristics and dysregulated genes in fibroid cells predicative of progression towards a cancer phenotype. Therefore, continuous Cd exposure alters the benign characteristics of fibroid cells in vitro, and Cd exposure could possibly pose a health hazard for women with uterine fibroids.
Optimizing Quantum Variational Circuits with Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is considered to be one of the most promising applications of near term quantum devices. However, the optimization of quantum machine learning models presents numerous challenges arising from the imperfections of hardware and the fundamental obstacles in navigating an exponentially scaling Hilbert space. In this work, we evaluate the potential of contemporary methods in deep reinforcement learning to augment gradient based optimization routines in quantum variational circuits. We find that reinforcement learning augmented optimizers consistently outperform gradient descent in noisy environments. All code and pretrained weights are available to replicate the results or deploy the models at this https URL.
Job burnout and affective wellbeing: A longitudinal study of burnout and job satisfaction among public child welfare workers

Abstract Workplace experiences that threaten the affective well-being of child welfare workers pose a hazard to child protection organizations as a whole. This study tests a series of proposed interrelationships of workplace demands and resources as predictors of burnout development and the subsequent impact of burnout on affective worker well-being (e.g. job satisfaction) using longitudinal data collected from a sample of public child welfare workers. This study uses multi-group path models to test hypotheses about the temporal order of the relationships between work demands and resources, burnout, and job satisfaction. The hypothesized models were tested individually by social support in the workplace and specialized child welfare training. The overall theory-driven conceptual model tested performed as was hypothesized with some noteworthy exceptions. Findings from the multi-group path models suggest that the type and level of job resource moderate the relationship between job demands, burnout and job satisfaction. Job demands had diverging effects on several relationships in the model with the exception of two relationships. The relationships between emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction were consistent across all groups and models. This finding suggests that regardless of social support and specialized training, emotional exhaustion is positively related to depersonalization and negatively related to job satisfaction. All models demonstrated good model fit. This article describes the implications of study findings on future research and workforce management practices in child welfare organizations.
Considerations of Source, Transport, Acceleration/Heating and Loss Processes Responsible for Geomagnetic Tail Particle Populations

The relative importance of the two known substantive sources of magnetospheric particles, the solar wind and the ionosphere, remains largely undetermined throughout much of the magnetosphere. For the specific case of the geomagnetic tail however, the development of a remarkable family of models incorporating the kinetics of charged particle motion, has opened the possibility of determining relative strengths and geometries of the solar wind and ionospheric sources that are responsible for observed tail particle populations. Once source strengths and geometries are determined, transport paths and mechanisms can be identified, in turn leading to a determination of acceleration/heating mechanisms and locations. Loss processes then determine the quasi-equilibrium particle distributions in the tail. A quantitative understanding of the tail and its dynamics requires extensive, detailed comparisons of data and model results. Data obtained over the past two decades have led to the result that for energies at least above ~1 eV, both sources are well mixed throughout the tail and that the solar wind is the dominant source. New, unique data sets have provided the initial data comparisons with the models and show great promise in deconvolving source strengths and geometries and ultimately understanding the formation and behavior of the tail.
An Infrared Test of AGN Unification Theories

Infrared spectroscopy of Paα in a complete sample of 3C radio galaxies has revealed broad line regions in three objects that were previously classified as narrow-line radio galaxies. Half of the complete sample are found to have broad lines, which are typically more reddened than the narrow lines in the same objects. Thus a significant amount of dust lies between the broad- and narrow-line regions or is mixed with the narrow-line region. These results lend strong support to models which aim to unify radio galaxies with radio loud quasars through obscuration effects.
Construct validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale: II. Its relationship to hypnotizability.

Undergraduates (n = 311) who volunteered to participate in an experiment on "Hypnotizability and Personality" filled out several personality questionnaires (including the Dissociative Experiences Scale; DES), were administered the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS), and completed a self-rating of hypnotizability. The DES overall score correlated significantly with the HGSHS summary score (r(309) = .12, p < .05, two-tailed) and with subject's self-rating of hypnotizability (r(309) = .13, p < .05, two-tailed). The magnitude of these correlations was similar to that observed in a previous study (.14 & .18) and is also similar in magnitude to the correlations typically observed between the HGSHS and the Tellegen Absorption Scale. The potential clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Hydrocarbon Migration and Accumulation as Influenced by Growth-Fault Building Mechanism: ABSTRACT

End_Page 637------------------------------It is generally believed that growth faults act as primary conduit to the migration of hydrocarbon from the source to the reservoir rock. These faults and their associated structures often provide closures for hydrocarbon traps as exemplified in the Niger delta and Gulf Coast region. However, the relation of the growth-fault building mechanism to the migration and entrapment of hydrocarbon has not been fully understood. A model of the influence of growth-fault building mechanism on the distribution and accumulation of hydrocarbon is presented. Fundamental to the model is a quantitative analysis of the criteria for failure. This failure is shown to occur in the so-called "plane of weakness" of the rock. When sliding accompanies the failure, the plane is commonly referred to as the slip plane. The criteria for failure in the presence of pore pressure and cracks have been studied and used to model the source rock. Hydrocarbon, which is "squeezed" out from the source rock as a result of the failure criteria, follows the plane of weakness in migrating to the reservoir region. Therefore, an understanding of these directions and a knowledge of the geology of the reservoir region will be helpful in identifying new possible targets within a growth-fault zone and in reexamining areas within the zone that were thought to be barren. End_of_Article - Last_Page 638------------
Diet and nutrition in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias of late life.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common dementia of late life. AD affects approximately 10% of persons over age 65, and the prevalence rises markedly with age. Some studies suggest that almost half of people age 85 and above suffer from some degree of dementia. As American societal demographicsshifttowardalargerproportion of people in the elderly age group, AD and other late-life dementias emerge as a major public health concern. 1 Societal, family, and personal costs of dementia involve not only poorer quality of life and severe financial demands (for assisted living and institutional care), but also depression and other health problems in
Self-assembling multidomain peptides tailor biological responses through biphasic release.

Abstract Delivery of small molecules and drugs to tissues is a mainstay of several tissue engineering strategies. Next generation treatments focused on localized drug delivery offer a more effective means in dealing with refractory healing when compared to systemic approaches. Here we describe a novel multidomain peptide hydrogel that capitalizes on synthetic peptide chemistry, supramolecular self-assembly and cytokine delivery to tailor biological responses. This material is biomimetic, shows shear stress recovery and offers a nanofibrous matrix that sequesters cytokines. The biphasic pattern of cytokine release results in the spatio-temporal activation of THP-1 monocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, macrophage–material interactions are promoted without generation of a proinflammatory environment. Subcutaneous implantation of injectable scaffolds showed a marked increase in macrophage infiltration and polarization dictated by cytokine loading as early as 3 days, with complete scaffold resorption by day 14. Macrophage interaction and response to the peptide composite facilitated the (i) recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, (ii) sustained residence of immune cells until degradation, and (iii) promotion of a pro-resolution M2 environment. Our results suggest the potential use of this injectable cytokine loaded hydrogel scaffold in a variety of tissue engineering applications.
Comparison of Oocyte-Activating Agents for Mouse Cloning

Since somatic cell components are unable to activate oocytes following injection or fusion, enucleated oocytes receiving adult somatic cells during the cloning process must be activated artificially for their development. We compared the efficiency of four types of oocyte-activating agents: strontium, ethanol, single electric pulse, and spermatozoa. Although strontium was the best in supporting preimplantation development of reconstructed mouse oocytes, there was no significant difference among the four agents with respect to the rate of postimplantation embryo development and the birth of live offspring.
Perceptions of Connectedness: Public Access Computing and Social Inclusion in Colombia

Of all the benefits public access computers (PAC) offer users, one stands apart: stronger personal connections with friends and family. A closer look at the results of a qualitative study among users of libraries, telecenters, and cybercafes in Colombia, South America, shows that social media and personal relationships can also have an important community and sociopolitical dimension. By fostering a sense of belonging and connectedness to community and to a larger world, PAC usage often leads to feelings of empowerment and development of social capital, two intangible factors that are critical for community development. This study used a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys and interviews in five regions of the country, to uncover the benefits of PAC for underserved communities. Its findings contribute new insight about the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on community development and social inclusion.
Perceived empathy: Its relationship to selected interpersonal variables and student's interpersonal laboratory performance

This study investigated the relationship between selected interpersonal variables and the perceived empathic ability of peer facilitators by students in a basic interpersonal communication course. Previous research found that the perceived empathy of the facilitators related positively to student performance in the experiential learning portion of the course. The present study was designed to determine which interpersonal variables might be important in predicting perceived empathy. Attraction and teaching effectiveness were found to be the major predictors of perceived empathy, and perceived empathy was again found to be the best predictor of a student's success at experiential learning.
Fast- and slow-twitch isoforms (SERCA1 and SERCA2a) of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase are expressed simultaneously in chronically stimulated muscle fibers.

Using an immunohistochemical double-labeling technique, we observed that different isoforms of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase are co-expressed in single fibers of canine fast-twitch skeletal muscles stimulated chronically at low frequency. By 7 days of neuromuscular stimulation, the population of hybrid fibers expressing both SERCA1 and SERCA2a [fast- and slow-twitch isoforms of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase] had increased from 1.5% to 9.2% of fibers. By 14 days of stimulation 90% of the pure fast-twitch fibers (expressing only SERCA1) were replaced by hybrid fibers. An additional 28 days of stimulation caused all fast-twitch fibers to express SERCA2a at the same level as found in nonstimulated slow-twitch fibers (expressing only SERCA2a). At this time, one-half of the previously hybrid fibers had become pure slow-twitch fibers. The remaining one-half of the hybrid fibers expressed SERCA1 at a very low level. Extending stimulation to 70 days did not further change the percentage of fibers that were slow-twitch or hybrid. Immunoblot studies at the whole-muscle level confirmed that changes in SERCA expression at 42 days of neuromuscular stimulation were complete. Immunohistochemical analysis of longitudinal sections of muscle showed that the changes in SERCA protein were uniform along the length of the muscle fiber, indicating that nuclei along its length responded equally to chronic stimulation.
Precision Measurement of the Casimir Force from 0.1 to 0.9 μ m

We have used an atomic force microscope to make precision measurements of the Casimir force between a metallized sphere of diameter 196 \ensuremath{\mu}m and flat plate. The force was measured for plate-sphere surface separations from 0.1 to 0.9 \ensuremath{\mu}m. The experimental results are consistent with present theoretical calculations including the finite conductivity, roughness, and temperature corrections. The root mean square average deviation of 1.6 pN between theory and experiment corresponds to a $1%$ deviation at the smallest separation.
Some observations on the mechanism of corrosion to be encountered in nuclear waste repositories located in tuffaceous rock

Abstract Potentiostatic anodic polarization studies have been conducted in a J-13 simulated nuclear waste repository environment, where the environment was allowed to evaporate to dryness followed by rehydration prior to polarization. The behavior noted for Type 316L stainless steel, AISI 1020 carbon steel, Hastelloy C22 and platinum was compared with that noted previously for a non-baked simulate. The anodic dissolution characteristics of Type 316L stainless steel in environments containing 1000X Cl − J-13 depend markedly on whether the solution is merely a mixture of virgin chemicals or a mixture that has been evaporated to dryness, baked and rehydrated to the same volume. In the non-evaporated environment Type 316L stainless steel pitted severely, and in the evaporated/rehydrated environment a non-corroding type of behavior was observed along with the precipitation of a dense scale. The same differing behavior was observed for Hastelloy C22 along with scale formation in the evaporated solution. The polarization curves for carbon steel and platinum were the same as those noted for 316L and Hastelloy C22 (including the deposition of scale), when conducted in the evaporated/rehydrated environment. X-Ray diffraction studies indicated that the scale produced in all tests conducted on evaporated/rehydrated solutions was calcium carbonate. Based on the qualitatively similar polarization characteristics of materials having such widely differing corrosion properties, it is concluded that the major factor controlling the anodic charge transfer reaction under these conditions is the formation of a calcium carbonate scale. These observations make it clear that future studies in Tuff type environments should, at least in part, be focussed on material performance in solutions produced by an evaporation/rehydration cycle similar to that anticipated in practice on the walls of buried canisters.
Uterine denervation by culdotomy; a preliminary report.

1. The technique of culdotomy is described for visualisation of the pelvic viscera. 2. The relief of dysmenorrhaea, dyspareunia and pelvic pain by uterosacral resection of Frankenhauser’s plexus is reported. 3. Vaginal bleeding may mean ovarian cancer. 4. Ovarian cancer can be detected in its earliest stage by culdotomy.
Adaptation of intestinal calcium absorption: parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolism.

Abstract It has already been demonstrated that the adaptation of intestinal calcium absorption of rats on a low calcium diet can be eliminated by thyroparathyroidectomy plus parathyroid hormone administration. This treatment elevates intestinal and plasma levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rats on a high calcium diet while producing no change in rats on a low calcium diet. It therefore appears likely that the modulation of intestinal calcium absorption by dietary calcium is mediated by the parathyroid glands and the renal biogenesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Changes in the other unknown vitamin D metabolite levels as a result of dietary calcium are also modified by thyroparathyroidectomy and parathyroid hormone administration, but the effect of these metabolites on intestinal calcium transport is unknown.
Photo-Removable Protecting Groups for in Situ DNA Microarray Synthesis

High-density DNA probe arrays are finding widespread use in biomedical research and diagnostics because of their ability to simultaneously address large numbers of genes. GeneChip® probe arrays are manufactured by use of photolithography techniques (1)(2)(3)(4). At the base of the current Affymetrix process of synthesis of oligo-DNA probes is the use of nucleoside monomers protected with photo-removable groups (Fig. 1A⇓ ). Irradiation of the partially built oligomer with near-ultraviolet wavelengths (mainly 365 nm) deprotects the terminal hydroxyl group, and the use of appropriate masks allows for control of the sequence of the probe and the size of the features. The sensitivity of DNA to ultraviolet radiation limits the range of wavelengths usable for the photolitographic step to mainly the Hg atomic emission at 365 nm. Therefore, the choice of photo-removable hydroxyl protecting groups depends on the absorbance at this wavelength (4). Our ongoing investigations concerning the fabrication of DNA microarrays have several goals, including increasing the rate and the efficiency of photo-deprotection. The rate of deprotection, or photospeed (PS), is a function of the molar absorptivity of the chromophore at the wavelength of irradiation and the quantum yield of the desired photochemical product formation process. Increasing …
Role of appendectomy at the time of primary surgery in patients with early-stage ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective. To determine whether appendectomy is warranted in patients with apparent early-stage ovarian cancer who undergo surgery for staging and cytoreduction and to determine the complication rate associated with appendectomy in such patients. Methods. We reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent appendectomy at the time of primary surgery for ovarian cancer at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between January 1992 and December 2004 and who did not meet any of the following exclusion criteria: stage III or IV ovarian cancer, appendectomy as part of a second-look procedure or secondary tumor-reductive surgery, primary appendiceal cancer, primary gastrointestinal malignancy with metastasis to the appendix, incomplete clinicopathologic data, appendicitis as a preoperative diagnosis, primary fallopian tube cancer, primary peritoneal cancer, or documented dual primary tumors. Results. Fifty-seven patients were included in this analysis. The median age was 47 years (range, 13–75). Median follow-up was 53 months (range, 3–147). Histologic diagnoses were as follows: invasive epithelial carcinoma, 35 patients (61%); tumor of low malignant potential, 15 patients (26%); malignant germ cell tumor, 4 patients (7%); and other, 3 patients (5%). Twenty-three patients (40%) had pure mucinous tumors. Forty-six patients (81%) had stage I and 11 patients (19%) had stage II disease. The median CA-125 level was 36.2 U/mL (range, 7–7900). No patient had evidence of appendiceal involvement. No patient suffered an intraoperative or postoperative complication directly related to appendectomy. Conclusions. Appendectomy at the time of surgery for apparent early-stage ovarian cancer is not associated with complications but should not be routinely recommended.
Mechanism of heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus infection

Abstract Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) is defined as protective cross-reactive immune responses to lethal infection with influenza A virus of a different serotype than the virus initially encountered, and is thought to be mediated by serotype cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). These CTL recognize conserved epitopes of internal proteins, such as nucleoprotein (NP) or matrix (M) protein shared by influenza A virus subtypes. Despite extensive studies, the precise effector mechanism for HSI remains elusive. For example, our recent studies and those of others reported HSI in T cell-depleted, β2-microglobulin-deficient, and CD8 cell-deficient mice. The role for humoral immune responses in HSI is also unclear. Passive transfer of heterosubtypic immune serum did not provide protection against lethal heterosubtypic challenge, while B cell-deficient mice failed to develop HSI. Our recent findings and those of others now allow us to suggest a two-tiered HSI. Early after heterosubtypic challenge, a number of factors including subtype-specific CTL as well as antibody (Ab) responses and other as yet not well characterized host factors are able to minimize temporarily the virus spread, but are unable to clear the infection. In the later phase, the development of virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies is important for virus clearance resulting in complete host recovery.
Reformulating the definition of compensatory strategies in aphasia

Abstract Based on authentic data from an ethnographic study of compensatory strategies in adults with aphasia, an operational definition of compensatory strategies has been formulated. By employing seven characteristics derived from the data, this definition provides a perspective on compensation that is different from previous definitions and examples. Several assessment and treatment implications are discussed.
Factors impacting equine sperm recovery rate and quality following cushioned centrifugation.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate modifications in cushioned centrifugation of stallion semen. Specifically, the effects of tube type, centrifugation medium, cushion type, and centrifugation force on post-centrifugation sperm recovery rate and quality were evaluated. In Experiment 1, sperm recovery rate was higher (P 0.05), and no resulting differences in semen quality were detected between these treatment groups (P > 0.05). The type of iodixanol cushion medium used (i.e., OptiPrep™, Eqcellsire® Component B, or Cushion Fluid™) did not impact post-centrifugation semen quality, based on the laboratory values measured (P > 0.05). In conclusion, cushioned centrifugation of stallion semen in either conical-bottom or nipple-bottom tubes yielded a high sperm harvest, while maintaining sperm function. An optically opaque extender, commonly used in the equine breeding industry, can be used to achieve this goal.
The Schooling of Women: Maternal Behavior and Child Environments

Beatrice Whiting was a member of the first generation of graduate students to be trained in psychological anthropology, and she has always presumed a broad range of connections between psychological and social processes. She salvaged the Six Cultures Study through an ecological analysis of its child-observation material, and she stimulated further studies, using quantitative and qualitative methods, of the ways in which broad categories like sex, age, and education influence child development. This article presents in overview a crosscultural research program on the effects of women's schooling that was influenced by her ideas.
Effects of pH and temperature on the acute toxicity and uptake of carbaryl in the midge, Chironomus riparius

Abstract The simultaneous effects of pH and temperature upon the aquatic toxicity of carbaryl were determined in acute toxicity tests, uptake studies, and residue studies. Toxicity tests were conducted with fourth instar midge larvae, Chironomus riparius , in water held at pH values 4, 6 and 8 and at temperatures of 10°C, 20°C and 30°C. The toxicity of carbaryl varied significantly with changing pH and temperature. An increase in temperature from 10°C to 30°C at pH 4 resulted in a 2-fold increase in toxicity and a corresponding decrease in EC 50 values (133 μg/l to 61 μg/l). The same increase in temperature at pH 6 resulted in a similar increase in toxicity (133 μg/l to 71 μg/l). Increasing temperature at pH 8 caused first a decrease (96 μg/l to 128 μg/l), then an increase (128 μg/l to 107 μg/l) in toxicity. Toxicity was highest at pH 4, 30° C and lowest at pH values 4 and 6, 10°C. There was no significant difference in toxicity at pH 4 and 6 at any tested temperature. Uptake of 14 C-carbaryl by midge larvae was generally correlated with toxicity although exceptions were noted. Significantly more total radioactivity was absorbed by the midge larvae at pH 8 than at pH 6 or 4 at both 20°C and 30°C. The stability of carbaryl in water was enhanced by low pH and low temperature with 94% remaining after 24 h at pH 4, 10°C. Only 23% remained after 24 h at pH 8, 30°C. As water chemistry parameters changed, so too did the biological manifestations of carbaryl bioavailability such as acute toxicity and uptake by aquatic organisms. These manifestations are different than results based upon the individual influences of water chemistry parameters.
Young fish distribution in backwaters and main‐channel borders of the Kanawha River, West Virginia

Fish in the Kanawha River were collected with a 0.5-m plankton net in main-channel borders and in open areas of backwaters and with a 1-m2 enclosed dropbox in shallow backwater habitats. Larval emerald shiners, Notropis atherinoides, were twice as dense, and gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, 2.5 times as dense in main-channel borders as in backwaters; larval Lepomis spp. were 20 times as dense in backwaters as in main-channel borders. Smaller Lepomis larvae used open-water backwater areas primarily; larger larvae migrated to vegetated backwater habitats later in the summer. Backwaters appear crucial for the maintenance of nest-building fish species in temperate rivers, just as floodplains are necessary for the maintenance of high species diversity in tropical rivers.
Predictors of left ventricular dilatation in young adults (from the Bogalusa Heart Study).

Left ventricular (LV) dilatation may be an early sign of cardiac decompensation progressing to LV dysfunction. Determinants of LV dilatation in young asymptomatic adults are unknown. Five hundred six asymptomatic subjects (mean age 32 ± 3 years) enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study underwent echocardiographic examination. LV dilatation (LV end-diastolic diameter >5.5 cm) as measured by M-mode echocardiography was found in 31 subjects (6%). Subjects with LV dilatation had greater body mass indexes (32 ± 9 vs 27 ± 6 kg/m 2 , p 30 kg/m 2 ) was associated with a threefold odds ratio (2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 6.1), and hypertension (defined as per the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure) was also associated with a threefold odds ratio (3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 7.1) for an increased incidence of LV dilatation. There was an incremental increase in LV end-diastolic dimension depending on the presence of hypertension or obesity, and subjects with obesity and hypertension in adulthood had the greatest degree of LV end-diastolic dimensions. In multiple regression analyses, body mass index in childhood was the only significant predictor of LV dilatation in adulthood (odds ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 2.09). In conclusion, obesity beginning in childhood and obesity and hypertension in young adulthood are predictors of LV dilatation in an otherwise healthy young adult population.
Photoluminescence Associated with Multivalley Resonant States of the N Isoelectronic Trap in In 1 − x Ga x P

Line emission above the direct interband threshold is observed at 77 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in ${\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}\mathrm{P}$: N for $0.59\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.71$. This emission is identified with a resonance state of the N isoelectronic trap whose properties are evaluated by standard solid-state scattering theory. For $x\ensuremath{\ge}0.71$ the nitrogen trap state lies below both the direct and indirect interband thresholds. In this case the sharp, fast, nitrogen $A$ line can be distinguished clearly from the slower, broad N-N pair spectra.
Academic self-efficacy: from educational theory to instructional practice

Self-efficacy is a personal belief in one’s capability to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances. Often described as task-specific self-confidence, self-efficacy has been a key component in theories of motivation and learning in varied contexts. Furthermore, over the last 34 years, educational researchers from diverse fields of inquiry have used the notion of self-efficacy to predict and explain a wide range of human functioning, from athletic skill to academic achievement. This article is not a systematic review of the empirical research on self-efficacy; instead, its purpose is to describe the nature and structure of self-efficacy and provide a brief overview of several instructional implications for medical education. In doing so, this article is meant to encourage medical educators to consider and explicitly address their students’ academic self-efficacy beliefs in an effort to provide more engaging and effective instruction.
The analysis of eigenstrains outside of an ellipsoidal inclusion

The stress and displacement fields due to an eigenstrain outside of an ellipsoid are analyzed both inside and outside the ellipsoid and are given in terms of nonsingular surface integrals. Constant and inverse power eigenstrains are discussed as examples.
Effects of cigarette smoking on bilateral skin conductance.

Bilateral skin conductance was recorded from 8 male and 8 female cigarette smokers and from 8 male and 8 female nonsmoker control subjects on two different days. On one day smokers smoked a cigarette prior to the recording session and on the other they remained abstinent. Subjects also engaged in tasks designed to differentially involve the cerebral hemispheres. SCR asymmetry was measured using two different indices. During both the resting and task periods smokers had larger SCRs in their right than left hands following smoking. Unlike control subjects during the first recording session, smokers did not show task related changes in SCR asymmetry. During tasks smokers showed smaller SCRs in both hands following smoking than following abstinence. Changes in SCR asymmetry associated with smoking were seen in subjects who smoked more cigarettes, reported more subjective craving, were more introverted, and indicated a preference for cognitive processes and strategies associated with the left hemisphere. Results are discussed in terms of relative involvement of the cerebral hemispheres following smoking and smoking abstinence.
Analysis of gene expression during development: lessons from the Apicomplexa

Apicomplexans are responsible for significant human and animal disease worldwide, including malaria and toxoplasmosis. Herein we summarize recent advances in gene expression analysis in these eukaryotic pathogens, especially with respect to their developmental biology, and discuss the impact this work may have on the development of new vaccines and chemotherapeutics.
Simmel's dynamic social medicine: new questions for studying medical institutions?

Abstract Over the last half century, changes in the structure of medicine have shifted the relationship between the profession of medicine and social institutions. In this paper, I uncover ideas for retheorizing this relationship by analyzing a review by Georg Simmel that has been previously overlooked. In an analytical overview and critical appraisal of Simmel's text, I argue that he considered preventative medical knowledge more influential when this knowledge is located outside the physician–patient relationship. Simmel suggests we need to identify how such knowledge is injected into medical and non-medical settings by the mixtures of professional-, market-, and state-based institutions governing medicine, and pay attention to how these institutions shift. His goals show continuity with a social medicine movement in Germany previously thought to be stalled, and are unique too in their focus on targeting institutions over individuals. Through a close analysis of Simmel's ideas, we can see the relationship of public health with social structural studies of medicine in theoretically innovative ways.
A versatile apparatus for membrane transport studies.

Abstract An instrument is described for transport studies in a short-circuited system which can be easily and inexpensively adapted to accommodate the physical limitations of size and shape imposed by a variety of biological membranes.
Does type of gatekeeping model affect access to outpatient specialty mental health services

Objective To measure how a change in gatekeeping model affects utilization of specialty mental health services.
The Teacher of Gifted Students

This paper discusses the competencies and understanding which will enable teachers to serve gifted students more effectively. The focus is on: personal and psychological characteristics of the teacher of the gifted,competencies which the teacher ought to possess,the design of in-service training,the professional education of teachers andthe professional capabilities of teacher trainers. The writer succinctly surveys the relevant research and also focuses on the specific programme for teacher training at Purdue University.
Distributed optimistic concurrency control methods for high performance transaction processing

There is an ever-increasing demand for more complex transactions and higher throughputs in transaction processing systems leading to higher degrees of transaction concurrency and, hence, higher data contention. The conventional two-phase locking (2PL) Concurrency Control (CC) method may, therefore, restrict system throughput to levels inconsistent with the available processing capacity. This is especially a concern in shared-nothing or data-partitioned systems due to the extra latencies for internode communication and a reliable commit protocol. The optimistic CC (OCC) is a possible solution, but currently proposed methods have the disadvantage of repeated transaction restarts. We present a distributed OCC method followed by locking, such that locking is an integral part of distributed validation and two-phase commit. This method ensures at most one re-execution, if the validation for the optimistic phase fails. Deadlocks, which are possible with 2PL, are prevented by preclaiming locks for the second execution phase. This is done in the same order at all nodes. We outline implementation details and compare the performance of the new OCC method with distributed 2PL through a detailed simulation that incorporates queueing effects at the devices of the computer systems, buffer management, concurrency control, and commit processing. It is shown that for higher data contention levels, the hybrid OCC method allows a much higher maximum transaction throughput than distributed 2PL in systems with high processing capacities. In addition to the comparison of CC methods, the simulation study is used to study the effect of varying the number of computer systems with a fixed total processing capacity and the effect of locality of access in each case. We also describe several interesting variants of the proposed OCC method, including methods for handling access variance, i.e., when rerunning a transaction results in accesses to a different set of objects.
Anticipating Meals with Behavioral Profiles: Towards Stochastic Model Predictive Control of T1DM

Abstract The delay associated with subcutaneous glucose sensing and insulin infusion actuation significantly complicates the design of control algorithms for regulating blood glucose in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Model predictive control (MPC) is one strategy for mitigating delay, where optimal insulin infusions can be given in anticipation of future meal disturbances. Unfortunately, exact prior knowledge of meals can only be assured in a clinical environment, and uncertainty about when and if meals will arrive could lead to catastrophic outcomes. In this paper we develop an MPC-like control law that can anticipate meals given a probabilistic description of the patient's eating behavior in the form of a random meal (behavioral) profile. Preclinical in silico trials using the oral glucose meal model of Dalla Man et al. show that the control strategy provides a convenient means to account for uncertain prior knowledge of meals without compromising patient safety, even in the event that anticipated meals are skipped.
Toxicokinetics of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in female Sprague-Dawley rats including placental and lactational transfer to fetuses and neonates.

The toxicokinetics of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in virgin female Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats, the effects of pregnancy, parturition, and lactation on the distribution and/or redistribution of TCDD, and placental and lactational transfer to fetuses and neonates were investigated. Doses of 5.6 micrograms/kg of 14C-labeled TCDD were given i.v. either to virgin rats or to pregnant rats on Day 18 of gestation and 1 day postparturition, respectively. Virgin females were terminated on Day 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32, pregnant rats on Day 1, 2, 4, or 8, after dosing to collect tissues. Two groups of neonates, which were born either to TCDD-treated or nontreated dams were cross-fostered beginning on the first day after birth to simulate exposure to TCDD either by lactational transfer only or by both placental and lactational transfer. Serum and 18 different tissues were collected from virgin rats to evaluate the kinetic profile of TCDD. Serum and tissue samples from liver, kidney, brown, and white adipose tissue were collected from pregnant and postparturition rats. Liver samples from fetuses and neonates were obtained on Gestational Days 19 and 20, or postnatally on Days 1 and 5. TCDD equivalents were calculated from measurement of radioactivity. The results show that the profile of TCDD distribution in virgin female rats was similar to that in male rats but that the concentration of TCDD in most tissues was higher in females than in males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thermosyphon Flooding in Reduced Gravity Environments

An innovative experiment to study the thermosyphon flooding limits was designed and flown on aparabolic flight campaign to achieve the Reduced Gravity Environments (RGE) needed to obtainempirical data for analysis. Current correlation models of Faghri and Tien and Chung do not agreewith the data. A new model is presented that predicts the flooding limits for thermosyphons inearths gravity and lunar gravity with a 95 confidence level of +- 5W.
‘Like a “fish in water”’: swim club membership and the construction of the upper-middle-class family habitus

Cultural theorist Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus has been widely operationalised in relation to sport, yet there has been little scholarship considering the notion of family habitus. Through ethnographic methods, this research offers an empirically based analysis delineating the way in which the Valley View Swim and Tennis Club is a constitutive element of members’ upper-middle-class family habitus. Specifically, I argue that swim club membership is anchored in a distinct family tradition and offers members an important cultural field facilitating their experience of family time. However, members’ routine trips to the pool are naturalised, taken-for-granted elements of their summer lifestyles emblematic of their class privilege, and thus club membership operates as a valuable, yet subtle technique to reproduce their upper-middle-class family habitus.