cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rice-induced enterocolitis in an infant: TH1/TH2 cellular hypersensitivity and absent IgE reactivity.

Background Although food allergy is common in children, rice allergy is unusual in Western cultures. Objective To report a case of T-cell-mediated rice intolerance in an 11-month-old girl. Methods To evaluate the intolerance to rice in this patient, a graded rice food challenge was performed. To examine the immunologic reactivity to rice, in vitro lymphoproliferative responses and cytokine synthesis of rice-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was performed. Subsequently, skin patch testing to rice and other foods was performed. Results Allergy skin prick test results were negative for rice and positive for egg, milk, and soy. Specific IgE antibodies to rice, egg, peanut, wheat, walnut, codfish, milk, soybean, corn, shrimp, scallops, and clams were undetectable. Results of a single-blind rice food challenge were positive, manifested by emesis that persisted for more than an hour and required intravenous hydration. In vitro lymphoproliferation by the patient's PBLs to rice stimulation was positive. In addition, cytokine synthesis of interferon-γ, interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-5 by the patient's rice-stimulated PBLs was elevated, indicating a T H 1/T H 2 cell response to rice. Endoscopy revealed normal esophageal, gastric, and duodenal mucosa; a biopsy specimen revealed mild esophagitis. Duodenal explant T cells were initially established by stimulation with rice and IL-2. After a 2-day rest, the lymphocytes were restimulated with rice for 7 days and revealed increased interferon-γ and IL-5 synthesis. Twenty billion colony forming units of Lactobacillus GG were added to the patient's diet twice daily. After 6 weeks, rice rechallenge resulted in emesis within 1 hour. Results of patch testing were positive to rice, wheat, and barley but negative to soy, which the patient tolerated on food challenge. Conclusions Although this patient did not demonstrate IgE antibody to rice, T H 1/T H 2 cell-mediated responses to rice were detected, and the patient experienced significant morbidity. Patch testing for gastrointestinal food allergies may be useful when the food specific IgE antibody is negative. Probiotic therapy in this patient did not ameliorate her sensitivity to rice, and food elimination remains the only reliable treatment for T H 1/T H 2-mediated food hypersensitivity.
Image processing technique for measurement of solids holdup in near wake behind a single bubble in a liquid—solid fluidized bed

We apply the imaging technique to the study of the behavior of the solids concentration distribution in the bubble wake. Experiments are conducted in a two-dimensional system. The boundaries of the primary wake and the liquid wake and the average solids concentration in the primary wake are examined
In-situ measurement of the channel stop structure in AXAF CCDs

We present results from recent measurements of the channel stop structures in AXAF CCDs. We discuss refinements of a technique that uses a thin metal film with small, periodically spaced holes to restrict incident photons to well-defined regions of the pixel, providing a way to probe sub-pixel structure. By making monochromatic measurements at different energies, we can reliably determine the width and thickness of the channel stop pPLU-type silicon implant and its insulating oxide layer.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Triumph and irony&#8212;The TVA

In the years since 1933, the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA's) electric power operations have passed through three phases. The first, lasting from the early days until 1941, was characterized by the construction of multiple-purpose dams, a quest for power markets and consequent battle with private companies, and innovative experiments with utility rate structures. The gamble of very low rates paid off, and well served both the goal of raising the standard of living in the Tennessee Valley and of demonstrating the possibilities inherent in sliding-scale prices. The TVA's second phase, lasting roughly from 1941 to 1961, witnessed immense growth of its power program, in response to demands imposed on the system by external conditions. WorldWar II created an emergency situation, with the Tennessee Valley an important area because of the presence of such aluminum firms as Alcoa and Reynolds, whose production facilities were largely turned over to the fabrication of aluminum for warplanes. After the war, the demands of the Cold War prompted the Atomic Energy Commission, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and elsewhere, to expand its uranium plants, and with them its demands on the TVA. The Authority thus turned to coal, and ultimately to nuclear generation, which brought about criticism from environmentalists and successive problems involving the cost of fuel. The entire story demonstrates how an institution is inevitably a volitional actor in history, and a prisoner or victim of it, as the TVA has been in its third phase, which began in 1961.
The general circulation in a steady rotating-dishpan experiment

This is the continuation of a previous paper (Q.J., 83, 1957) in which the structure of the steady rotating-dishpan experiment was described. The present article begins with a calculation of the heat balance and a determination of the mechanisms that transport heat from heat to cold source. Of particular interest is the question whether the heat transport is effected by quasi-geostrophic horizontal or by non-geostrophic vertical circulations. Calculations were performed in the conventional polar coordinate system and also in a curvilinear coordinate system following the jet-stream axis. In polar coordinates the heat transport is accomplished largely by horizontal circulations, and in the curvilinear coordinate system by an ageostrophic vertical mass circulation. Thus the ‘mechanism’ of heat transfer that is found depends largely on the framework of reference in which calculations are made. When the vertical circulations are averaged with respect to longitude in the two coordinate systems, a three-cell structure with direct equatorial and polar branches and an indirect middle-latitude branch is found in polar coordinates. In contrast, the calculations yield a single direct cell for the curvilinear system. Computation of the transport of absolute angular momentum in the two coordinate systems produces corresponding results. Calculations of kinetic and potential energy balance were performed in curvilinear coordinates. Production of kinetic energy by the mass circulation far exceeds actual net generation of kinetic energy, so that ‘eddies’ with respect to the jet-stream axis convert kinetic energy to work done across the boundaries of the volume considered. Similarly, the potential energy release is achieved by means of the mass circulation while the eddies store potential energy poleward of the jet-stream axis. An attempt was made to determine whether the velocity distribution near the top surface, especially the jet-stream core, could be derived using only the mass circulation and the theorem of conservation of potential vorticity. The result showed that the velocity profile on the anticyclonic side of the jet stream is well reproduced by the calculation, but that the computed jet-stream axis is situated far poleward of the observed position and that the computed strength of the jet centre exceeds the actual strength by 50 per cent. In conclusion, the result of the computations shows that at least two, and possibly a much greater number of general circulation ‘mechanisms’ can be found, depending upon the reference frame chosen. Mathematically, these solutions are all equally correct and yield the same total transports. From the physical viewpoint, the general circulation is represented as a simple heat engine in the curvilinear coordinate system. Considering the energy balance, the solution indicates that the kinetic energy of the general circulation is produced and maintained by the largest cell, the single direct circulation extending from heat to cold source, and that this kinetic energy is then converted to kinetic energy of smaller circulations.
The Learning Curve in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

Minimally invasive spine surgery has evolved dramatically during the past 15 years. Technological advances have enabled the spine surgeon to perform a wide range of spinal procedures effectively while reducing approach-related morbidity and improving patient outcomes. For these reasons, minimally invasive spine surgery is becoming increasingly popular not only among spine surgeons but also with their patients. The time and effort involved in incorporating a new technique into one's practice depends on several factors. This “learning curve” will be the focus of this article.
Effect of the membrane biocompatibility on nutritional parameters in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Effect of the membrane biocompatibility on nutritional parameters in chronic hemodialysis patients. Malnutrition is highly prevalent in chronic hemodialysis patients and is an important determinant of their morbidity and mortality. Several recent studies have suggested that the inflammatory response associated with the biocompatibility of the dialysis membranes is a potential contributing factor. In a prospective study of 159 new hemodialysis patients from two centers randomized to either a low-flux biocompatible (BCM) membrane or a low-flux bioincompatible (BICM) membrane, we measured the long-term effects of biocompatibility on several nutritional parameters, including estimated dry weight, serum albumin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and prealbumin over 18 months. Our results show that the BCM group had a mean (± SD) increase in their dry weight of 2.96 ± 6.88kg at month 12 and 4.36 ± 8.57kg at month 18 ( P P P P = NS). In a further analysis, changes in IGF-1 levels, but not prealbumin, predicted the subsequent changes in serum albumin. We conclude that biocompatible hemodialysis membranes favorably impact on the nutritional status of chronic hemodialysis patients, independently of the flux characteristics of the membranes, and that IGF-1 may be an early marker of nutritional status.
Fusion of two F-prime factors in Escherichia coli studied by electron microscope heteroduplex analysis.

A fused F prime factor was obtained from a mating of arecA donor carrying an F' factor containing the genesmetBJF, ppc andargECBH (KLF5) with arecA recipient carrying an F' factor containingatt80, trp andlac (F155). Lysogenization of this fused F-prime factor with λcI857 hϕ80 phage followed by thermoinduction produced the transducing phages ϕ80dmetBJF and ϕ80dppcargECBH. This kind of fusion provides a general procedure for the construction of transducing phages carrying genes from different regions of theE. coli genome. To understand the mechanism of this fusion, the parental F prime factors (F155 and KLF5) were analyzed by the electron microscope heteroduplex technique.
Force regulation in multiple-manipulator systems

Despite the recent progress in the motion and force control of multiple manipulators, there has been a continuing question about which physical force should be and can be controlled. The frequently used orthogonal decomposition is plagued by a unit inconsistency problem, rendering its physical interpretation difficult if not impossible. This paper introduces a new and intuitively appealing concept of internal force, and shows how its regulation can be handled by the existing approaches.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enhancing the hospital treatment of dissociative disorder patients by developing nursing expertise in the application of hypnotic techniques without formal trance induction.

Abstract Many symptoms suffered by dissociative disorder patients are unresponsive or incompletely responsive to medications. This poses a unique challenge to the staff of specialized dissociative disorder units, in which many such patients who require hospital care suffer serious distress that may not respond predictably to the pharmacological interventions that are available. However, the majority of their symptoms are dissociative in nature, and dissociative disorder patients generally are quite hypnotizable. Anticipating the need for nonpsychopharmacological interventions that we could use in the absence of the treating psychiatrist, we taught the unit's nursing and social work staff to rely on the inherent trance-proneness of these patients to utilize hypnotic techniques without the formal induction of hypnosis. Their implementation facilitated crisis resolution, led to a greater sense of safety on the part of the patients, enhanced the staff's sense of mastery, and minimized the need for emergency s...
Leakage current enhancement in impatt oscillators by photoexcitation

A technique for investigating the role of dynamic or effective leakage current in the r.f. performance of an impatt diode is described. The technique involves the design of a device structure and microwave cavity which permits the leakage current to be varied externally by photogeneration of carriers, and is compatible with c.w. operation. Typical results for flat-profile single-drift X-band silicon are a 10% reduction in power and a 10 MHz increase in frequency at a photo/bias-current ration of 0.005.
Treatment with an Estrogen Receptor α Ligand Is Neuroprotective in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease for which experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model. Treatments with estrogens have been shown to decrease the severity of EAE through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Here we investigated whether treatment with an estrogen receptor α (ERα) ligand could recapitulate the estrogen-mediated protection in clinical EAE. We then went on to examine both anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms. EAE was induced in wild-type, ERα-, or ERβ-deficient mice, and each was treated with the highly selective ERα agonist, propyl pyrazole triol, to determine the effect on clinical outcomes, as well as on inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes. ERα ligand treatment ameliorated clinical disease in both wild-type and ERβ knock-out mice, but not in ERα knock-out mice, thereby demonstrating that the ERα ligand maintained ERα selectivity in vivo during disease. ERα ligand treatment also induced favorable changes in autoantigen-specific cytokine production in the peripheral immune system [decreased TNFα, interferon-γ, and interleukin-6, with increased interleukin-5] and decreased CNS white matter inflammation and demyelination. Interestingly, decreased neuronal staining [NeuN+ (neuronal-specific nuclear protein)/β3-tubulin+/Nissl], accompanied by increased immunolabeling of microglial/monocyte (Mac 3+) cells surrounding these abnormal neurons, was observed in gray matter of spinal cords of EAE mice at the earliest stage of clinical disease, 1–2 d after the onset of clinical signs. Treatment with either estradiol or the ERα ligand significantly reduced this gray matter pathology. In conclusion, treatment with an ERα ligand is highly selective in vivo , mediating both anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in EAE.
Word-Type Effects in Word-Stem Priming: Evidence for Semantic Processing in the Perceptual Representation System?

While a presemantic Perceptual Representation System is believed to mediate implicit memory tasks such as word-stem priming, clinical studies suggest semantic information can be processed during priming. To clarify the nature of this system, we investigated word-type effects in word-stem priming in a nonclinical sample of 41 undergraduates who rated the pleasantness of threatening and nonthreatening words, performed implicit and explicit memory tasks, and completed measures of mood state. More nonthreatening words were primed and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were negatively correlated with production of nonthreatening words. During cued recall, more threatening than nonthreatening words were remembered and ratings of state anxiety were negatively correlated with recall of nonthreatening words. Our findings support the contention that semantic information is processed during priming and that mood congruent biases also operate. These results may call for a reconceptualization of the Perceptual Representation System.
Examining the performance effects of post spin-off links to parent firms: should the apron strings be cut?

Little research has examined the performance implications of the parent-child relationship post spin-off. Although the parent provided oversight of the child prior to the spin-off, effects of post spin-off links to the child remain unclear. Applying transaction cost and agency theories, our study of 142 firms spun-off between 1986 and 1997 examines how oversight and ownership by the parent firm influence stock market performance post spin-off. We find that while child firms benefit from some links to the parent, having too many links is negatively related to performance. The findings suggest that there is a balance between having too much parental involvement and not enough. Our study extends understanding of post spin-off child firm performance and provides valuable insights for both parent and child firms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of non-contingent free bus tickets and personal commitment on urban bus ridership

Abstract To compare the effects of free rides and commitment to a performance goal on increasing bus ridership in an urban setting, 83 non-bus riding automobile drivers were exposed to one of the following conditions. (1) Control where route and schedule information were provided. (2) Commitment, where subjects agreed to ride the bus twice a week during the treatment period. (3) Free Tickets, where an unlimited supply of free bus tickets were provided. (4) Free Tickets Plus Commitment, where the free transit and commitment conditions were combined. While there were no systematic differences between the experimental conditions, each of them produced significantly higher levels of ridership than the no-treatment control group during the 4 week treatment period and two subsequent follow-up periods. These results suggest that both free rides and agreement to a specific performance goal can overcome many of the obstacles which prevent individuals from initiating and maintaining regular patterns of bus ridership.
Optimizing management of Crohn's disease within a project management framework: results of a pilot study.

Background Psychotherapy for CD has focused on patients w/psychological distress. Another approach to optimize management of CD is to target patients who do not exhibit psychological distress but engage in behaviors that undermine treatment efficacy/increase risk for flare. We sought to determine the feasibility/acceptability and estimate the effects of a program framed around Project Management (PM) principles on CD outcomes.
Libyan Date Syrup (Rub Al-Tamr)

Representative samples of date syrup were obtained from the local market and analysed. The chemical composition and some characteristics of these samples were investigated. The reducing sugars of the syrup comprised about 95% of its total sugars content. The major sugars present were glucose—48.70%, fructose-45.21%, and sucrose—6.09%. Furthermore, the coloring matters of date syrup were isolated, separated and further investigated. It was concluded that the color groups, degradation products of reducing sugars, melanoidines, and iron-polyphenolic complexes, contributed to the color of date syrup. The melanoidine-type compounds, which comprised the major part of syrup colorants, showed a low selective adsorption tendency on both charcoal and anion resins. An efficient clarification of date syrup has been achieved by the use of calcium phosphate precipitation. The results obtained may be of help in devising industrial processes for the utilization of dates, abundantly grown in Libya, in the production of “Total invert liquid sugar” with multiple commercial uses of its own.
Overcoming Ethnic Barriers in Mass-Media Employment

The qualitative and quantitative deficiencies in mass-media hiring of ethnic minority members can be traced largely to the lack of special training. Motivation toward the college education required for many jobs in mass communication has been lacking in the South.The University of Central Florida started a summer workshop in 1977 designed to acquaint minority high school students with the variety of occupations in the media and the kinds of training required for them.The goal of encouraging college training is being fulfilled so far, and the participants in the Minority Auxiliary Summer Session in Communication responded in highly favorable terms to surveys of opinion on the program.
P-965 - High-k reproductive strategy and posttraumatic stress disorder

This study examined the associations between a high-K fitness strategy (i.e., a Darwinian reproductive strategy where the individual invests significantly in a smaller number of offspring) and PTSD on a sample of 1400 disaster workers who had exposure to a singular traumatic event (the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York City). The participants underwent psychological evaluations consisting of 1) Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and 2) PTSD Checklist (PCL). The participants were also administered the 3) High-K Strategy Scale (HKSS) (Giosan, 2006). Other factors, such as demographics, prior trauma, prior psychiatric history, and the severity of exposure to 9/11 were also captured. The results showed that HKSS score was an important negative predictor of PTSD, accounting for 10% of the variance in the PCL and 5% of the variance in the CAPS, after controlling for demographics, prior trauma, prior psychiatric history and the severity of exposure to 9/11. The findings speak against the evolutionary view that PTSD symptoms are adaptive while strengthening the evolutionary view that PTSD is the expression of an overlearned survival response in vulnerable individuals (Silove, 1998), which, when activated, can have significant negative effects on fitness.
Buoyant-Thermocapillary Flow with Nonuniform Supra-Heating: II. Two-Phase Behavior

A computational study has been made of transient heat transfer and fluid flow in a cylindrical enclosure containing a two-layer gas-liquid system heated nonuniformly from above. The effects of gas-liquid phase coupling, variable density and thermophysical properties, and vaporization have been considered. At all gravity levels investigated (0-1 gn), the presence of the gas has little effect on the liquid phase. Fuel vapor is transported more quickly to the heat source at higher gravity levels, which indicates that ignition delay should decrease with increasing gravity level. At reduced gravity, diffusion is dominant and surface tension significantly affects the flow pattern in the gas phase. The variation of density and thermal conductivity are important in the gas phase, whereas in the liquid phase, variable viscosity is most important.
Table-top transient collisional excitation x-ray laser research at LLNL

We describe recent experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to produce a table-top x-ray laser. Using a combination of long 800 ps and short approximately 1 ps high power laser pulses with approximately 6 J in each beam, a transient collisionally excited Ne-like ion x-ray laser scheme has been investigated. We present results of high x-ray laser gain for the Ne-like Ti 3p - 3s J equals 0 - 1 transition at 326 angstrom and have achieved gL product of 15 for target lengths up to 1 cm. We have extended the transient collisional scheme to shorter wavelengths using the Ni-like analog, specifically the 4d - 4p J equals 0 - 1 of Ni-like Pd at 147 angstrom.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Some comments on flares after many years of observation

Ground based observations of flares are reviewed to seek implications for a flare build-up on either a long or a short time scale. Plots of flare frequency and importance for certain individual centers of activity suggest a possible crescendo in flare occurrence days and hours before the development of large and significant flares. The X-ray records follow the same pattern of apparent build-up. A possible dependence between successive major flares, as phases one and two of a single complex flare event, suggests that the time scale in which the total flare event takes place may show extreme variation.
Primary malignant lymphomas of the salivary glands

Primary malignant lymphomas of the salivary glands are rare, and only 43 possible cases have been reported. Four new cases from the Johns Hopkins Hospital are described, including clinical presentation, histologic findings, and subsequent course. The literature on this subject is reviewed, including cases arising in preexisting benign lymphoepithelial lesion with or without Sjogren's syndrome. Although the number of reported cases with complete documentation and follow-up information is too small for significant statistical analysis, these patients appear to have a better prognosis than the usual lymphoma patient. The possible reasons for this are discussed.
Constant RMS versus constant peak modulation for the perceptual equivalence of sinusoidal amplitude modulated signals

Neuroprosthetics using intracortical microstimulation can potentially alleviate sensory deprivation due to injury or disease. However the information bandwidth of a single microstimulation channel remains largely unanswered. This paper presents three experiments that examine the importance of Peak Power/Charge and RMS Power/Charge for detection of acoustic and electrical Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulated stimuli by the auditory system. While the peripheral auditory system is sensitive to RMS power cues for the detection of acoustic stimuli, here we provide results that suggest that the auditory cortex is sensitive to peak charge cues for electrical stimuli. Varying the modulation frequency and depth do not change this effect for detection of modulated electrical stimuli.
A Hybrid Cloud Architecture for a Social Science Research Computing Data Center

Research computing in the social sciences requires access to statistical software and quantitative tools that perform embarrassingly parallel computation at moderate scale, large memory to fit entire data sets, and secure storage for potentially confidential data. The Research Computing Environment (RCE) was designed as a three-tier system to satisfy these requirements in a transparent manner. We extend the RCE to use cloud resources while maintaining the transparency of the resources from the user. This paper describes this use case and highlights the significant resource management and networking decisions made when designing and implementing a hybrid cloud architecture for a research computing environment to support the social sciences.
Social treatment through an ecological approach

An ecological approach to social work practice is presented. This approach is based on an ecosystems-oriented assessment-intervention model. Strengths and limitations of the ecological perspective for practice are emphasized. A case study is presented.
A Characteristics-Based Approach to the Numerical Solution of the Two-Fluid Model

This paper is concerned with numerical solutions of the two-fluid models of two-phase flow. The two-fluid modeling approach is based on the effective-field description of inter-penetrating continua and uses constitutive laws to account for the inter-field interactions. The effective-field balance equations are derived by a homogenization procedure and known to be non-hyperbolic. Despite their importance and widespread application, predictions by such models have been hampered by numerical pitfalls manifested in the formidable challenge to obtain convergent numerical solutions under computational grid refinement. At the root of the problem is the absence of hyperbolicity in the field equations and the resulting ill-posedness. The aim of the present work is to develop a high-order-accurate numerical scheme that is not subject to such limitations. The main idea is to separate conservative and non-conservative parts, by implementing the latter as part of the source term. The conservative part, being effectively hyperbolic, is treated by a characteristics-based method. The scheme performance is examined on a compressible-incompressible two-fluid model. Convergence of numerical solutions to the analytical one is demonstrated on a benchmark (water faucet) problem.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
PSYCHOSOCIAL INFLUENCES ON IMMUNE RESPONSES TO HSV-1 INFECTION IN BALB/C MICE

Abstract The effects of differential housing (one or four mice/cage) on T-helper (Th) cell markers of cellular and humoral immune responses were examined. Differentially housed male BALB/cJ mice were infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 (Patton strain), and in vitro cytokine production [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ] by splenocytes and popliteal lymph node cells and serum antibody titers (IgM and IgG) were evaluated. Differential housing of male BALB/c mice influenced the magnitude, but not the kinetics, of some, but not all, immune responses to HSV-1. Splenocytes from individually housed mice produced more IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 than splenocytes from group-housed mice; in popliteal lymph node cells, only IFN-γ and IL-10 production was influenced by housing. Although the social environment influenced cytokine production, there were no concomitant changes in circulating IgM or IgG antibody titers. These results do not support the hypothesis that dominant Th cell responses are the primary targets of this psychosocial manipulation, or that a reciprocal relationship exists between Th1 and Th2 cell-derived cytokines.
Processing emotional pictures and words: Effects of valence and arousal.

There is considerable debate regarding the extent to which limbic regions respond differentially to items with different valences (positive or negative) or to different stimulus types (pictures or words). In the present event-related fMRI study, 21 participants viewed words and pictures that were neutral, negative, or positive. Negative and positive items were equated on arousal. The participants rated each item for whether it depicted or described something animate or inanimate or something common or uncommon. For both pictures and words, the amygdala, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), and ventromedial PFC responded equally to all high-arousal items, regardless of valence. Laterality effects in the amygdala were based on the stimulus type (word 5 left, picture 5 bilateral). Valence effects were most apparent when the individuals processed pictures, and the results revealed a lateral/medial distinction within the PFC: The lateral PFC responded differentially to negative items, whereas the medial PFC was more engaged during the processing of positive pictures.
Improving branch prediction accuracy with parallel conservative correctors

In this paper we discuss how a confidence mechanism is integrated into the branch prediction correctors to improve the accuracy of a primary predictor in the prediction process. A corrector reverses the decision of the primary predictor when it is confident that the primary predictor may be wrong. Using correctors to improve prediction accuracy is efficient because correctors only need to remember the information on branches that the primary predictor has problems with. Each corrector maintains its own "confidence" value. In our proposed design, these confidence values are judged conservatively so that a corrector will only reverse the predicted direction of the primary predictor when it is confident about the reversal. Moreover, to further increase the accuracy of the prediction, we use multiple correctors working together, each having a particular "expertise". In this paper we present three correctors: the interval corrector, the bimodal corrector, and the two-level corrector. Simulation experiments on a common evaluation framework show that correctors with an additional 2 KB (i.e., 8 KB totally) of storage can reduce mis-predicted branches by 18% over a primary predictor that has only 6 KB of storage. The total prediction accuracy of this 8 KB predictor is 28.4% better than a Gshare predictor with the same size. We also discuss some design issues such as the critical path and show how correctors can be easily implemented into these designs
Blood Level Studies of All-trans- and 13-cis-Retinoic Acids in Rats Using Different Formulations

Studies to determine the bioavailability of all-trans-retinoic acid from a microencapsulated product were carried out using rats as test animals. The microcapsules were tableted in rat food and individual rats given a tablet containing the equivalent of 10 mg of all-trans-retinoic acid. Comparisons were made with bioavailability data obtained after intravenous and oral administrations of a solution and a suspension. The elimination of all-trans-retinoic acid following intravenous administration of 1- to 5-mg doses occurred by dose-dependent kinetics. The half-lives for the terminal linear portion of the elimination phase after the plateau level were 0.78, 0.74, and 0.93 hr for the 1-, 2.5-, and 5-mg doses, respectively. Based on the doses administered and the relative area under the serum level curves, the all-trans-retinoic acid microcapsules were found to be approximately 34% as bioavailable as the solution dosage form and the microfine suspension 93% as bioavailable. The bioavailability of all-trans-retinoic acid in oral solution was approximately 40% of the intravenous dose. For comparison, rats were also dosed intravenously with 13-cis-retinoic acid, and this compound was found not to follow dose-dependent kinetics at similar dosage levels used for all-trans-retinoic acid.
Fermions on one or fewer kinks

We find the full spectrum of fermion bound states on a ${Z}_{2}$ kink. In addition to the zero mode, there are $\mathrm{int}[2{m}_{f}/{m}_{s}]$ bound states, where ${m}_{f}$ is the fermion and ${m}_{s}$ the scalar mass. We also study fermion modes on the background of a well-separated kink-antikink pair. Using a variational argument, we prove that there is at least one bound state in this background, and that the energy of this bound state goes to zero with increasing kink-antikink separation, $2L$, and faster than ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}a2L}$ where $a=\mathrm{min}﻿({m}_{s},2{m}_{f})$. By numerical evaluation, we find some of the low lying bound states explicitly.
Adiabatic corrections for thei 3? g state of the hydrogen molecule

The adiabatic corrections of thei3Πg state of H2 are calculated for a wide range of internuclear distances using an explicitly correlated wavefunction. The vibrational structure of this state is calculated in the adiabatic approximation. It is shown that forN=1 levels of the “−” substate, for which the nonadiabatic corrections are negligible, the agreement between theory and experiment is excellent; the small mass independent discrepancy of the order of 0.5–3 cm−1 is due to the convergence error in the Born-Oppenheimer calculations. For higherN the discrepancy is much larger. However, it is mass andN-dependent and it is almost entirely due to the nonadiabatic effects caused by3Πg-3Δg interactions. The still larger discrepancy for the “+” substate of thei state is evidently caused by additional interactions of thei state with close-lying states of3Σg+ symmetry.
Invited Paper Rotation-Invariant Pattern Recognition and Some of Its Limitations

Rotation-invariant pattern recognition is shown to have intrinsic limitations determined by the set of patterns to be recognized and by the specific optical setup. Within these limitations, a general procedure is proposed for the generation of bipolar filters that do not require the sensitive alignment procedures involved in holographic filters and are suitable for superposition synthesis to achieve rotation invariance.
The Coding of Internal States of Sequential Circuits

This paper considers the problem of economical assignment of codes to the internal states of sequential circuits. The only restriction placed on these circuits is the fact that they are assumed to be clocked. The internal logic is realized with two-level diode or transistor circuitry, and the methods given here minimize both the number of gates and of gate inputs (diodes) required to realize a given sequential circuit. Methods are first developed for the coding of small fully specified state tables for which only the internal logic is to be minimized. These methods are then successively extended to cover the situations where it is desired to minimize simultaneously both the internal logic and the output logic of a sequential circuit, where the state tables are not fully specified, and where the size of the state tables is arbitrarily large. A method for dealing with the special class of ``counter-like'' state tables is also given. All the procedures presented here are designed to be easily programmable on a digital computer, and several of these methods have been so programmed. Our methods are discussed and compared with other existing procedures.
Raman spectra of monomeric and polymeric allyl diglycol carbonate

The Raman spectra of monomeric and polymeric allyl diglycol carbonate (CR-39) have been photographed. A partial frequency assignment has been made on the basis of a comparison of the two spectra, depolarization measurements, and reference to published spectra of related compounds. The spectrum of the polymer indicated almost complete polymerization of the unsaturated aliphatic double bonds. A channelled comparison spectrum was used, and its advantages noted.
Marine Mineral Exploration

This book is the forty-first in the Elsevier Oceanography Series, and with it the series has come full circle. Its first title, published in 1964, was John Mero's landmark study The Mineral Resources of the Sea [Mero, 1964]. Looking back at that first major treatise and comparing it with this and other recent books on the topic [e.g., Teleki et al., 1987] one cannot help but be impressed with how well Mero used the sparse data and studies that had been put together by his time. Twenty-two years and many millions of dollars later a substantial mining-oriented base of knowledge has been built — we know much more about the economics and the engineering — yet the basic premises and conclusions that Mero assembled are still intact, and answers to the fundamental questions (e.g., formation processes for manganese nodules) are not in much better condition than they were then.
Contact values of highly asymmetric hard sphere mixtures from Fundamental Measure Density Functional Theory

The White Bear version of Fundamental Measure Theory (FMT-WB) has been tested in binary mixtures of hard spheres in the vicinity of the colloidal limit, where the size ratio of the two species is exceedingly large and the large sphere mole fraction is infinitely low. Contact values of large–large sphere radial distribution functions have been calculated and compared with molecular dynamics simulations and previously proposed theoretical formulas. In contrast to the failure of BMCSL (Boublik, Mansoori, Carnahan, Starling, Leland equation of state) predictions, FMT-WB gives good agreement with simulation for a range of species size ratios and mole fractions. The performance of BMCSL is qualitatively related to one of its model parameters, which could indicate the reliability of the BMCSL result. Our results confirm the accuracy of FMT-WB in the colloidal limit for the first time and suggest that BMCSL contact values must be applied carefully to account for chain connectivity when studying certain cases with...
Multidimensional Signaling and Coding Enabling Multi-Tb\/s Optical Transport and Networking: Multidimensional aspects of coded modulation

The design of next-generation optical transmission systems and networks should address the concerns with respect to a limited bandwidth of information infrastructure, high energy consumption, as well as the need to support the network heterogeneity and demand for an elastic and dynamic bandwidth allocation. To address these concerns simultaneously, we propose an adaptive, software-defined, low-density parity check (LDPC)-coded multiband approach that involves spatial-multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) and an all-optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme since it can enable energy efficient high-bandwidth delivery with fine granularity and elastic model of bandwidth utilization. The modulation is based on multidimensional signaling to improve the tolerance to fiber nonlinearities and imperfect compensation of channel impairments and has a hybrid nature with both electrical and optical degrees of freedom employed. Optical degrees of freedom include spatial and polarization modes in optical fibers supporting spatial-division multiplexing (SDM), while electrical degrees of freedom are based on 2M orthogonal basis functions. The adaptive coding has been performed by partial reconfiguration of the corresponding parity-check matrix. The proposed scheme is suitable for the conveyance of the information over optical fibers with bit rates exceeding 10 Tb/s. At the same time, the multitude of degrees of freedom will enable finer granularity and elasticity of the bandwidth, the features essential for next generation networking.
Radionuclide-induced evolution of DNA and the origin of life

Artesian groundwaters of high radionuclide concentration are ubiquitous and may have provided the large, sustained energy sources that were required to drive the multistage process of DNA and primordial cell evolution. The rapid, early development of the genetic code as well as its degeneracy can be attributed to exceptionally high radiation-induced mutation rates in this unique environment. The ability of double-strand DNA to direct enzymatic repair of radiation damage to single strands contributed importantly to its selective evolution. It is postulated that the polymerization of nucleotides took place at elevated temperatures within α-particle tracks of high ion and free-radical density, followed by rapid quenching to ambient conditions. It also is evident that radiation resistance and ploidy were important selection factors in cellular evolution.
Far-sighted equilibria in 2 × 2, non-cooperative, repeated games

Consider a two-person simultaneous-move game in strategic form. Suppose this game is played over and over at discrete points in time. Suppose, furthermore, that communication is not possible, but nevertheless we observe some regularity in the sequence of outcomes. The aim of this paper is to provide an explanation for the question why such regularity might persist for many (i.e., infinite) periods.
THE FLORAL ANATOMY OF THE URTICALES

In the search for natural relationships in the seed plants, the morphologist and the anatomist have contributed much to the subject from work on the reproductive mechanism and on the structure of the vegetative organs. During recent years the breeder and the geneticist have presented theories based on experimental evidence which the taxonomist can not ignore. The subject of flower anatomy, however, has been limited in workers and in material studied. This subject shduld have contributions of value to offer for principles that are to be the guides in determining relationships within the angiosperms, as well as casting more light on the floral characters of the ancestors of the angiosperms. There is as yet no definite knowledge of the ancestry of the various divisions of the angiosperms. Here hypotheses must be made from the study of external form upon which the classification has been mainly based, and these hypotheses must be strengthened or weakened by evidence from internal structure. Different views have been held as to what the primitive flower was like. De Candolle (6) looked upon the primitive flower as hermaphroditic with all parts free. Engler (g) considered the simple, naked, unisexual flower as the primitive type. Bower proposed a bisexual flower with many sporophylls surrounded by one whorl of floral envelopes. The types of flowers known to us have been derived from ancestors, undoubtedly, like unto one or more of those above described, by the processes of amplification and reduction, which processes students of natural history accept as the great factors in molding our present forms of life. Two cautions are suggested by Engler and Gilg (io) for students of phylogenetic relationships to heed: first, the consideration of a simple structure as primitive when it is reduced; second, the placing of reduced forms because of their reduction, too high in rank. There is a guide in this matter of interpreting reduced forms in Bower's (4) definitions: Where the developnient of the natural organism, either in whole or in part, in external form or internal structure, falls short of that of the ancestry, that condition wouild be described as reduced.
ResultsSpace: An experimental collaborative search environment

In this demonstration, we present a system called ResultsSpace to support collaborative information seeking by small groups. ResultsSpace is designed to help groups who are collaborating on searches asynchronously, and includes specific user interface features to increase awareness of collaborators' prior actions and progress. We present the main features of ResultsSpace including collaborative ratings and displays embedded into search results, a peripheral display of collaborators' previous queries, and a results filtering mechanism. We conclude with a summary of our current work to evaluate the system and describe scenarios of use that motivate our future work.
Rapid chemically induced changes of PtdIns(4,5)P2 gate KCNQ ion channels.

To resolve the controversy about messengers regulating KCNQ ion channels during phospholipase C–mediated suppression of current, we designed translocatable enzymes that quickly alter the phosphoinositide composition of the plasma membrane after application of a chemical cue. The KCNQ current falls rapidly to zero when phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PI(4,5)P2] is depleted without changing Ca2+, diacylglycerol, or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Current rises by 30% when PI(4,5)P2 is overproduced and does not change when phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate is raised. Hence, the depletion of PI(4,5)P2 suffices to suppress current fully, and other second messengers are not needed. Our approach is ideally suited to study biological signaling networks involving membrane phosphoinositides.