cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculator tool for determining greenhouse gas emissions for biosolids processing and end use

A greenhouse gas (GHG) calculator tool (Biosolids Emissions Assessment Model, BEAM) was developed for the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment to allow municipalities to estimate GHG emissions from biosolids management. The tool was developed using data from peer reviewed literature and municipalities. GHG emissions from biosolids processing through final end use/disposal were modeled. Emissions from nine existing programs in Canada were estimated using the model. The program that involved dewatering followed by combustion resulted in the highest GHG emissions (Mg CO2e 100 Mg−1 biosolids (dry wt.). The programs that had digestion followed by land application resulted in the lowest emissions (−26 and −23 Mg CO2e 100 Mg−1 biosolids (dry wt.). Transportation had relatively minor effects on overall emissions. The greatest areas of uncertainty in the model include N2O emissions from land application and biosolids processing. The model suggests that targeted use of biosolids and optimizing processes...
The future of specialized languages

The prediction of the future, like the review of the past, has as its sole usefulness, the organization and purposeful direction of the present. Thus, in situations where there is rapid change, as there certainly is in the field of computing, prediction---though more difficult---is all the more necessary. Suppose that you, as a computer specialist, are considering whether to design and implement a language for your own special application area or to consolidate your programming within the framework of a single, general language. You will certainly want your decision to be responsive to, though perhaps not dictated by, your perception of the directions computers and computing will be taking.
POWER LASER BEAMING AND APPLICATIONS IN SPACE

The concept of power-laser beaming in space is described with reference to particular technologies for such systems and their potential applications. A power-beaming system comprises a laser transmitter and receiver, beam-directing optics, and a laser-to-electric power converter, and the system can be used to: (1) extend a lunar rover's excursion range; (2) boost power levels onboard the Space Station Freedom; and (3) to realize laser propulsion. Attention is also given to the potential pump power available from the strongest solar-pumped iodine photodissociation lasers which, when used with a t-C4F9I lasant, is a suitable laser power transmitter.
Pd(0)-catalyzed sequential C-N bond formation via allylic and aromatic C-H amination of α-methylstyrenes with diaziridinone.

A novel Pd(0)-catalyzed sequential C–N bond formation process via allylic and aromatic C–H amination of α-methylstyrenes with di-tert-butyldiaziridinone, giving spirocyclic indolines in good yields, is described. Four C–N bonds and one spiro quaternary carbon are generated in a single operation.
Antiferromagnetism in Narrow-Band Solids

The existence of antiferromagnetism is investigated in the single‐band Hubbard Hamiltonian in the limit of bandwidth much less than intra‐atomic Coulomb interaction of electrons. We make use of the canonical transformation and ``spectral decomposition'' of the electron creation operators proposed by Harris and Lange, to write down a Green's function which describes electrons in the lower of the split bands of Hubbard's solution. The equation of motion is solved using the moment‐conserving decoupling approximation of Tahir‐Kheli and Jarrett [R. Tahir‐Kheli and H. S. Jarrett, Phys. Rev. 180, 544 (1968)]. We find within our approximation that it is impossible to have an antiferromagnetic state for other than one electron per site. To remedy this defect of the single‐band model we investigate a simplified two‐band model in the limit of intra‐atomic Coulomb and exchange interaction much greater than the bandwidth, and find that antiferromagnetism is possible for the two nearly half‐filled bands. We also discuss effects of the antiferromagnetic ordering on the conductivity in our simplified model, and discuss applicability of the theory to real transition metals and transition‐metal oxides.
Renormalizing rectangles and other topics in random matrix theory

We consider random Hermitian matrices made of complex or realM×N rectangular blocks, where the blocks are drawn from various ensembles. These matrices haveN pairs of opposite real nonvanishing eigenvalues, as well asM−N zero eigenvalues (forM>N). These zero eigenvalues are “kinematical” in the sense that they are independent of randomness. We study the eigenvalue distribution of these matrices to leading order in the large-N, M limit in which the “rectangularity”r=M/N is held fixed. We apply a variety of methods in our study. We study Gaussian ensembles by a simple diagrammatic method, by the Dyson gas approach, and by a generalization of the Kazakov method. These methods make use of the invariance of such ensembles under the action of symmetry groups. The more complicated Wigner ensemble, which does not enjoy such symmetry properties, is studied by large-N renormalization techniques. In addition to the kinematical δ-function spike in the eigenvalue density which corresponds to zero eigenvalues, we find for both types of ensembles that if |r−1| is held fixed asN→∞, theN nonzero eigenvalues give rise to two separated lobes that are located symmetrically with respect to the origin. This separation arises because the nonzero eigenvalues are repelled macroscopically from the origin. Finally, we study the oscillatory behavior of the eigenvalue distribution near the endpoints of the lobes, a behavior governed by Airy functions. Asr→1 the lobes come closer, and the Airy oscillatory behavior near the endpoints that are close to zero breaks down. We interpret this breakdown as a signal thatr→1 drives a crossover to the oscillation governed by Bessel functions near the origin for matrices made of square blocks.
Analyzing Students' Conversations In Chat Room Discussion Groups

When I turned to asynchronous delivery of content for a recent educational research and evaluation course, I wanted to supplement threaded discussions with social interactions to better support meaningful learning and allow students to make knowledge their own. I incorporated synchronous small group discussions among peers to replace some of what was lost by not meeting face-to-face. These discussions were to be opportunities for students to better understand the material by hearing others' interpretations while sharing their own. In this article, I provide a qualitative content analysis of students' conversations in these chat room discussions.
Singular gauge transformations in string field theory

We show that the existence of a tachyon vacuum puts tight restrictions on the form of solutions to the equations of motion of string field theory. In particular, we demonstrate that every solution can be written as a — formal — gauge transformation of the tachyon vacuum. In order for a solution to be non-trivial, this gauge transformation must be singular and we argue that this will happen when the gauge transformation annihilates a projector of the star-algebra. We comment on possible applications of the formalism to finding new solutions.
Corrective and reinforcement learning for speaker-independent continuous speech recognition

Abstract This paper addresses the issue of learning hidden Markov model (HMM) parameters for speaker-independent continuous speech recognition. Bahl et al. (IEEE conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing, April 1988a) introduced the corrective training algorithm for speaker-dependent isolated-word recognition. Their algorithm attempted to improve the recognition accuracy on the training data. In this work, we extend this algorithm to speaker-independent continjous speech recognition. We use cross-validation to increase the effective training size. We also introduce a near-miss sentence hypothesization algorithm for continuous speech training. The combination of these two approaches resulted in over 20% error reductions both with and without grammar.
Suzuki—miyaura cross-coupling reactions mediated by palladium/imidazolium salt systems.

Nucleophilic N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have been used as ancillary ligands in palladium-mediated Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling reactions involving aryl chlorides or aryl triflates with arylboronic acids. The scope of the coupling process using Pd(0) or Pd(II) sources and an imidazolium salt in the presence of a base, Cs2CO3, was tested using various substrates. The Pd(OAc)2 or Pd2(dba)3/IMes·HCl (2, IMes = 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) system presents very high activity with respect to electron-neutral and electron-rich aryl chlorides. The ligand IPr·HCl (3, IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) is also effective for the Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling involving a wide spectrum of aryl chlorides and aryl triflates. The general protocol developed has been applied successfully to the synthesis of an antiinflammatory drug (Fenbufen) and to a key intermediate in the synthesis of sartans. Mechanistically, palladium-to-ligand ratio studies support an active palladium spec...
Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Dearomatization of Naphthalene Derivatives

An intramolecular enantioselective metal-catalyzed dearomatization reaction is described. This procedure allows the dearomatization of naphthalene derivatives through an electrophilic aromatic substitution-type reaction on a Pd(II) intermediate. The high yields and enantioselectivities achieved make this procedure a valuable method for synthetic chemists.
FINDING THE FIRST COSMIC EXPLOSIONS. II. CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

Understanding the properties of Population III (Pop III) stars is prerequisite to elucidating the nature of primeval galaxies, the chemical enrichment and reionization of the early intergalactic medium, and the origin of supermassive black holes. While the primordial initial mass function (IMF) remains unknown, recent evidence from numerical simulations and stellar archaeology suggests that some Pop III stars may have had lower masses than previously thought, 15-50 M ☉ in addition to 50-500 M ☉. The detection of Pop III supernovae (SNe) by JWST, WFIRST, or the TMT could directly probe the primordial IMF for the first time. We present numerical simulations of 15-40 M ☉ Pop III core-collapse SNe performed with the Los Alamos radiation hydrodynamics code RAGE. We find that they will be visible in the earliest galaxies out to z ~ 10-15, tracing their star formation rates and in some cases revealing their positions on the sky. Since the central engines of Pop III and solar-metallicity core-collapse SNe are quite similar, future detection of any Type II SNe by next-generation NIR instruments will in general be limited to this epoch.
The crystal and molecular structure of an unexpected product from an attempted Hantzsch pyridine synthesis. Imine-enamine tautomerism

Hantzsch conditions with N-benzylamine gave carbocycle 3 rather than a dihydropyridine when isoxazolealdehyde 2 was employed.
Albedos and Glitter Patterns of a Wind-Roughened Sea Surface

Abstract The downward albedo (irradiance reflectance) r− and the upward albedo r+ of a random air–water surface, formed by capillary waves, are computed as a function of lighting conditions and wind speed by Monte Carlo means for incident unpolarized radiant flux. The possibility of multiple scattering of light rays and of ray-shielding of waves by other waves is included in the calculations. The effects on r± of multiple scattering and wave shielding are found to be important for higher speeds (≳10 m s−1) and nearly horizontal light ray angles of incidence (≳70°). The Monte Carlo procedure is used to generate reflected and transmitted glitter patterns as functions of wind speed and sun position. These results are used to check the procedure's patterns against observed patterns. A simple analytic first-order model of glitter patterns and irradiance reflectance, which assumes a binormal distribution of water facet slopes, is tested against the relatively exact Monte Carlo results. Regions are defined in wi...
Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of new carbon-11 labeled tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives as SERM radioligands for PET imaging of ER expression in breast cancer.

Abstract The estrogen receptors (ERs) are attractive targets in the treatment of breast cancer and the development of receptor-based breast cancer imaging agents for diagnostic use in biomedical imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET). Tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives are a class of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) with high binding affinity and specificity exhibiting up to 50 folds for ERα over ERβ. New carbon-11 labeled tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives, [11C]methyl 1-(2-(4-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate ([11C]10a) and [11C]methyl 1-(2-(4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate ([11C]10b), have been first designed, synthesized and evaluated. The target tracers were prepared by O-[11C]methylation of their corresponding precursors using [11C]CH3OTf and isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification procedure in 40–60% radiochemical yields, which were decay corrected to the end of bombardment (EOB), based on [11C]CO2. The overall synthesis time was 15–20 min from EOB. The radiochemical purity was >99%, and specific activity was in a range of 74–111 GBq/μmol at the end of synthesis (EOS). Preliminary findings from in vitro biological assay indicate that the synthesized derivatives displayed similar potencies in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line in comparison with 4-hydroxytamoxifen, a well-known potent SERM. These results encourage further in vivo evaluation of carbon-11 labeled tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives as new potential SERM radioligands for PET imaging of ER expression in breast cancer.
Viscous isoamyl 2‐cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive in the repair of osteochondral osteotomies in rabbits

An in vivo study of viscous isoamyl 2-cyanoacrylate used in limited amounts as an osseous adhesive was performed to evaluate the ability of the monomer to maintain the reduction of an unstable intra-articular osteochondral osteotomy as well as to allow for healing around the sites of adhesive placement. A histologic evaluation of any inflammatory reaction involving adjacent bone, cartilage, or synovium was also performed. Osteochondral fragments were created in 48 rabbit knees. In 24 knees, reduction of the fragment was secured with one small drop of adhesive at either end of the osteotomy surface. In 24 control knees, no adhesive was used. Ninety-six percent of the osteotomies in the adhesive treated group healed versus 50% of the control group. This difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Osseous and cartilaginous healing was noted to proceed in an apparently unimpaired fashion around the sites of adhesive placement, and no inflammatory reaction involving adjacent viable tissue was evident.
Performance Studies of Prototype Microchannel Plate Photomultipliers

The characteristics of prototype photomultipliers having high gain microchannel plates for electron multiplication have been investigated. Measurements are given of the dark current, quantum efficiency, anode pulse amplitude, electron transit time, single photoelectron time spread, and pulse height resolution of LEP HR 350 and HR 400 photomultipliers. The gain, the collection efficiency, and the single electron pulse amplitude as functions of the ambient axial and transverse magnetic fields have been measured and are discussed. Measurement techniques and descriptions of the measuring systems are given in detail.
Correlations of Power-law Spectral and QPO Features In Black Hole Candidate Sources

Recent studies have shown that strong correlations are observed between low frequency QPO s and the spectral power law index for a number of black hole candidate sources (BHCs), when these sources exhibit quasi-steady hard x-ray emission states. The dominant long standing interpretation of QPO's is that they are produced in and are the signature of the thermal accretion disk. Paradoxically, strong QPO's are present even in the cases where the thermal component is negligible. We present a model which identifies the origin of the QPO's and relates them directly to the properties of a compact coronal region which is bounded by the adjustment from Kepleriaa to sub-Kelperian inflow into the BH, and is primarily responsible for the observed power law spectrum. The model also predicts the relationship between high and low frequency QPO's and shows how BH's can be unique identified from observations of the soft states of NS's and BHC's.
Neutron spectroscopic factors from transfer reactions

In the present paper, we examine past measurements of ground state to ground state ($d,p$) and ($p,d$) transfers that were performed on targets with $Z=3--24$. We describe a procedure that we utilized to extract a consistent set of spectroscopic factors. Most of the 80 spectroscopic factors that we extracted are in good agreement with large-basis shell model predictions. We evaluate the consistency of this method by comparing the spectroscopic factors obtained separately in ($p,d$) and ($d,p$) reactions. For nuclei for which Endt has compiled values, our results and those of Endt are strongly correlated. We apply our method to more reactions and more nuclei than Endt had, and our comparisons between spectroscopic factors obtained in ($d,p$) and ($p,d$) reactions display more consistency than the corresponding comparisons in Endt.
A Photometricity and Extinction Monitor at the Apache Point Observatory

An unsupervised software robot that automatically and robustly reduces and analyzes CCD observations of photometric standard stars is described. The robot measures extinction coefficients and other photometric parameters in real time and, more carefully, on the next day. It also reduces and analyzes data from an all-sky 10 μm camera to detect clouds; photometric data taken during cloudy periods are automatically rejected. The robot reports its findings to observers and data analysts via the World Wide Web. It can be used to assess photometricity and to build data on site conditions. The robot's automated and uniform site monitoring represents a minimum standard for any observing site with queue scheduling, a public data archive, or likely participation in any future National Virtual Observatory.
Wage and Technology Dispersion.

This paper explains why firms with identical opportunities may use different technologies and offer different wages. Our key assumption is that workers must engage in costly search in order to gather information about jobs (Stigler (1961)). In equilibrium, some firms adopt high fixed cost, high productivity technologies, offer high wages, and fill job openings quickly. Other firms adopt less capital-intensive technologies and offer low wages, hiring mostly uninformed workers. In equilibrium, the amount of wage dispersion leaves workers indifferent about whether to gather information, and the fraction of informed workers leaves firms indifferent about their wage and technology choice. We show that worker search, which would appear to be a rent-seeking activity in partial equilibrium, may be efficiency-enhancing in general equilibrium.
Microstructure and composition in rapidly quenched NdFeB‐based hard magnet alloys

A detailed study of the microstructure and composition in hot‐pressed (MQ‐2) and die‐upset (MQ‐3) magnet alloys based on the Nd2Fe14B composition, utilizing high resolution and analytical transmission electron microscopy, is reported. The initial magnetic properties of the two samples show different behaviors, which are attributed to the difference in the anisotropy of the grain structure and the grain boundaries. The hot‐pressed sample shows faceted grains of the 2‐14‐1 phase, while die‐upset sample shows plate‐like grains, together with larger equiaxed grains that contain a speckling of precipitates in the grain interior. The grain structure and composition remain rather similar in the two samples. The grain boundary phase averages ∼1–≳10 nm in width. The thicker grain boundaries are Nd‐rich, while the thinner grain boundaries in the hot‐pressed sample exhibit an Fe‐rich composition near that of the NdFe3 phase. Nd‐rich phases are found at the grain boundary junctions of both samples, with the Nd:Fe ratio near 7:3 in the die‐upset sample, and up to 3:2 in the hot‐pressed sample. The significance of the microstructure and the grain boundary phases on the magnetic behavior in the two samples is discussed.
Recent Developments in Catalytic, Asymmetric α-Halogenation: A New Frontier in Asymmetric Catalysis

The development of milder and more sophisticated halogenating reagents that offer significantly greater chemoselectivity and stereocontrol than diatomic halides has been critical to the realization of asymmetric α-halogenation. Within the past few years several groups have reported catalytic, enantioselective methods for α-halogenation achieved by utilizing the catalytic generation of either enolates (zwitterionic or metal-based charge delocalized) or enamines. Most importantly, this recent work has greatly enhanced the synthetic utility of organic halogenations and, in doing so, opened up a promising new frontier in organic synthesis. This microreview presents recent advances in the area of catalytic, asymmetric α-halogenations of carbonyl compounds. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Finite depth and Jacobson-Bourbaki correspondence

We introduce a notion of depth three tower CBA with depth two ring extension AB being the case B=C. If and BC is a Frobenius extension with ABC depth three, then AC is depth two. If A, B and C correspond to a tower G>H>K via group algebras over a base ring F, the depth three condition is the condition that K has normal closure KG contained in H. For a depth three tower of rings, a pre-Galois theory for the ring and coring (ABA)C involving Morita context bimodules and left coideal subrings is applied to specialize a Jacobson�Bourbaki correspondence theorem for augmented rings to depth two extensions with depth three intermediate division rings.
Fixing Numbers for Matroids

Motivated by work in graph theory, we define the fixing number for a matroid. We give upper and lower bounds for fixing numbers for a general matroid in terms of the size and maximum orbit size (under the action of the matroid automorphism group). We prove the fixing numbers for the cycle matroid and bicircular matroid associated with 3-connected graphs are identical. Many of these results have interpretations through permutation groups, and we make this connection explicit.
FROM THE TYPE I STRING TO M-THEORY : A CONTINUOUS CONNECTION

It is well known that the SO(32) and E8 × E8 heterotic strings can be continuously connected to each other in nine dimensions. Since the strong-coupling duals of these theories are respectively the SO(32) Type I theory and M-theory compactified on a line segment, there should be a corresponding continuous connection between the Type I string and M-theory. In this paper, we give an explicit construction of this dual connecting theory. Our construction also enables us to realize the E8 × E8 × E8 heterotic string as a D-string soliton of the Type I theory. This provides a useful alternative description of the D-brane bound states previously discussed from a Type I′ point of view.
Facile Pd(II)- and Ni(II)-catalyzed isomerization of terminal alkenes into 2-alkenes

Mono- and 2,2'-disubstituted terminal alkenes can be isomerized into the more stable internal (Z)- and (E)-alkenes by treating them with catalytic amounts of [(allyl)PdCl](2) or [(allyl)NiBr](2), a triarylphosphine, and silver triflate at room temperature. The isomeric ratio (E:Z) depends on the alkenes, the E-isomer being the major one. The reaction is tolerant to a wide variety of functional groups including other reactive olefins. Unlike the more reactive Ir catalysts, monosubstituted alkenes give almost exclusively the 2-alkenes. Direct comparison to two of the best-known catalysts for this process {[Ir(PCy(3))(3)](+)[BPh(4)](-) and Grubbs generation II metathesis catalyst} is also described.
Conflict Between Religion and Science Among Academic Scientists

Using new survey data (N= 1,646), we examine the attitudes academic scientists at 21 elite U.S. research universities have about the perceived conflict between religion and science. In contrast to public opinion and scholarly discourse, most scientists do not perceive a conflict between science and religion. Different from what other studies would indicate, this belief does not vary between social and natural scientists. We argue that maintaining plausibility frameworks for religion is an important correlate of whether scientists will reject the conflict paradigm, with such frameworks taking surprising forms. When scientists do not attend religious services they are more likely to accept the conflict paradigm. When scientists think their peers have a positive view of religion, they are less likely to agree there is a conflict between science and religion. Religious upbringing is associated with scientists adopting the conflict paradigm. Spirituality is much more important in this population than other research would lead us to believe. Results reformulate widely cited earlier research, offer new insights about how scientists view the connection between religion and science, and expand public discussion about religious challenges to science.
Considering individual physiological differences in a human thermal model

Abstract Physiological differences between individuals can significantly affect human thermal response to the environment. In practice, most thermal models use a single set of physiological data to represent an average person. We have developed a model to translate descriptive data about an individual into a set of physiological parameters which may be used in thermal models. We have incorporated these parameters into a model of human thermoregulation and comfort, which may be used to predict variations in thermal response between individuals. This paper presents this model and examples of its use in thermal simulation.
High-speed store separation - Correlation between wind-tunnel and flight-test data.

The problems associated with separation of stores from high-speed aircraft can be studied by the use of several wind-tunnel test techniques. Attention is given to the three most useful of these techniques: 1) dynamically scaled drop-model testing, 2) flowfield survey testing, and 3) captive trajectory testing. A description of each method is given, and data obtained are shown to approximate full-scale flight-test data within acceptable limits.
The college double major and subsequent earnings

In this study I examine the relationship between graduating from college with two majors rather than one and labor market earnings using the 2003 National Survey of College Graduates. Because institutions are heterogeneous both in terms of overall quality and in the availability of opportunities to double major, I attempt to control for such overarching institutional differences and explore their effects on premiums to completing a double major. On average, I find a double major to earn 3.2% more than his/her single major counterpart. I also find evidence that premiums to double majoring differ across types of institutions: ranging from a near 4% premium at Research and Comprehensive universities to no effect at Liberal Arts colleges. Finally, I investigate the degree to which choices of first and second major academic disciplines affect earnings premiums.
EMERGING EQUITY MARKETS: ARE THEY FOR REAL?

Using the methodology developed by Fama (1990) and Schwert (1990), we measure the degree to which six of the largest emerging equity markets in Latin America and Asia are rational in the sense that they incorporate domestic and global shocks to future expected cash flows and time variation in the discount rates that price these flows. The Chilean, Mexican, and, to a lesser extent, Malaysian markets appear more rational than either the Korean and Taiwanese markets or the base case U.S. and Japanese markets. However, we argue that numerous factors make the methodology unable to rank markets by relative efficiency. We also find evidence of the influence of real global variables on the Taiwanese and Korean markets.
Rain and cloud effects on a satellite dual-frequency radar altimeter system operating at 13.5 and 35 GHz

The influence of clouds and rain on the return waveform signatures from satellite borne radar altimeters operating at 13.5 and 35 GHz are examined. It is specifically demonstrated that spatial nonuniformity in the cloud liquid water content or variations of the rain rate may result in significant distortions of the altimeter signature. The distorted signal is produced as a result of nonuniform attenuation occurring at the different range bins associated with the reflected signal. Determination of the mean sea height by employing tracking algorithms on these distorted echoes may result in gross errors. Although the influence of clouds on the altimeter signature and hence tracking precision is minimal at 13.5 GHz (e.g., less than 4 cm for a 1-s average), it may produce unacceptable mean sea level uncertainties at 35 GHz (e.g., 20 cm for a 1-s average) assuming a significant waveheight of 4 m. On the other hand, the signatures at both 13.5 GHz and 35 GHz become grossly distorted for rain rates of 10 mm/h and higher resulting in mean sea height errors of 46 and 65 cm, respectively, for significant wave heights of 2 m.
The Retractile Testis Can be a Cause of Adult Infertility

Abstract Objective: To determine the functional state of the testes of young adults treated for small and hypotrophic retractile testis at prepubertal age by orchiopexy and/or hormonal therapy and the functional state of the testes of adults with retractile testis. Design: Spermiogram and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of the semen. Light microscopic and TEM studies of semen and testicular biopsies of adults with retractile testis were performed. Setting: Division of Pediatric Surgery in an academic environment. Patient(s): Thirty-eight young adults (mean age, 18 years) treated for retractile testis at prepubertal age and seven adults (mean age, 28 years) with retractile testis. Intervention(s): Two cycles of hCG, followed by surgical therapy (orchiopexy) when unsuccessful. Main Outcome Measure(s): Fertility of young adults treated for retractile testis at prepubertal age. Result(s): Only 8 of 38 (21%) young adults had normal spermiograms. Five of 38 (13%) were azoospermic and 25 of 38 (66%) were oligoasthenozoospermic with ultrastructural signs of altered maturation of the sperm and a higher number of atypical forms. Of the adults with retractile testis, 2 of 7 (28.5%) were normal, 3 of 7 (43%) were oligoasthenozoospermic, and 2 of 7 (28%) were azoospermic. Conclusion(s): Our data support the hypothesis that prepubertal retractile testis showing signs of reduced consistency and size is a risk factor for adult infertility and requires treatment.
Studies of copper corrosion inhibition using electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance and quartz crystal immittance techniques

Abstract Several copper corrosion inhibitors were tested including benzotriazole (BTA), thiourea, potassium ethyl xanthate (KEtX), octadecyl mercaptan, and Bricorr-288®. The corrosion breakdown potentials were evaluated using the electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (EQCN) technique, by recording linear potential scan voltammetric ( i – E ) and piezogravimetric ( m – E ) characteristics. Effects of single inhibitors and their mixtures on the value of the breakdown potential were investigated. Previously found synergistic effects for a mixture of BTA+KEtX and a mixture of TU+KEtX inhibitors were confirmed. The most effective among the copper corrosion inhibitors tested appeared to be Bricorr-288. The representative inhibitor films were subsequently tested using the quartz crystal immittance (QCI) technique. New equations based on experimental admittance data were derived to characterize the film acoustic resistance and the resonator parallel capacitance. On the basis of these equations, a new procedure to evaluate passive elements of the equivalent BVD electrical circuit, has been proposed. A decrease in the admittance maximum, appearing near the resonance frequency, was observed for octadecyl mercaptan and Bricorr-288 films on copper.
A Compromise Decision Support Problem for Axiomatic and Robust Design

Compromise Decision Support Problems (DSPs) are used to model engineering decisions involving multiple trade-offs. In this paper, we focus on how to use such decision models to perform both axiomatic and robust design simultaneously. A compromise DSP is presented and solved for the concurrent achievement of the functional requirements, Suh's independence axiom and his information content axiom. A model for the selection of the principal design parameters from a set of design parameters is included in this compromise DSP. Taguchi's signal-to-noise ratio is used as a metric for the reduction of the information content and increasing the robustness of the design. As an example, a compromise DSP for designing an electrical network is presented
MAGNESIUM ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCE RATIOS IN COOL STARS

From high-resolution spectra of 61 cool dwarfs and giants, Mg isotopic abundance ratios 24Mg : 25Mg : 26Mg are derived from spectral synthesis of the MgH A-X lines near 5140 A. Our sample spans the range -2.5 ≤ ≤ 0.1, including the first measurements of Mg isotope ratios in stars with metallicities below = -2.0. We confirm the decrease in 25Mg/24Mg and 26Mg/24Mg with decreasing [Fe/H], as predicted by recent models of Galactic chemical evolution in which the Mg isotopes are produced in massive stars. A subset of kinematically identified thin-disk stars have Mg isotope ratios in excellent agreement with the predictions. Within the measurement uncertainties, these thin-disk stars show no scatter about the predictions. Several of our stars are likely members of the thick disk, and their high Mg isotopic ratios may reflect the nucleosynthetic history of the thick disk, which is distinct from the predictions for, and observations of, the thin disk. For thick-disk and halo stars we find a scatter in 25Mg/24Mg and 26Mg/24Mg exceeding our measurement uncertainties and increasing with increasing metallicity. Our data suggest that an additional source of 25Mg and 26Mg is required. Intermediate-mass asymptotic giant branch stars are likely candidates.
Catalytic tandem oxy-palladation and vinylation

Abstract Intramolecular oxy-palladation of hydroxy-alkenes leads to organo-Pd(II) intermediates which can be trapped by alkenes in chain extension by vinyl substitution; catalysis is efficient using a reoxidation system but the process is limited to substrates which cannot undergo β-hydride elimination from the organo-Pd(II) intermediate.
Stabilization and H∞ control of discrete-time symmetric systems

Abstract We examine the H ∞ control analysis, the output feedback stabilization, and the output feedback H ∞ control synthesis problems for discrete-time state-space symmetric systems. We obtain explicit analytical solutions for the H ∞ norm of such systems, and an explicit parametrization of the output feedback stabilizing controllers and H ∞ controllers. Extensions to robust and positive real control of such systems are also examined. These results are obtained from the linear matrix inequality formulations of the stabilization and the H ∞ control synthesis problems for discrete-time systems using simple matrix algebraic tools. The results have obvious computational advantages, especially for large scale symmetric systems.
Unusual Tethering Effects in the Schmidt Reaction of Hydroxyalkyl Azides with Ketones: Cation−π and Steric Stabilization of a Pseudoaxial Phenyl Group

The Lewis acid-promoted reactions of chiral 2-aryl-3-azido-1-propanols with 4-substituted cyclohexanones lead to iminium ethers and ultimately caprolactams (following a hydrolysis step). In this study, it is shown that these reactions afford variable ratios of products, depending on the electronic nature of the phenyl group. These results are interpreted in the context of a cation−π stabilizing effect in the product-determining reaction intermediate. Remarkably, the best selectivity was obtained when an azidopropanol reagent containing a quaternary center was used; a control experiment showed that the high selectivity observed in this result depended upon the free rotation of the pseudoaxial aromatic group in the intermediate that affords the major product.
Dynamical mass generation in BRS invariant theories

Abstract The problem of the origin of the gauge particle's mass is considered in the framework of the BRS symmetry. A new approach is suggested where the global gauge group symmetry of the quantum theory is hidden by the condensation of bound states of the ghost fields in the perturbative vacuum. Dynamical mass generation for the gauge fields follows the Schwinger mechanism.
Asymptotic growth and least common multiples in groups

In this article, we relate word and normal subgroup growth to certain functions that arise in the quantification of residual finiteness. One consequence of this endeavor is a pair of results that equate the virtual nilpotency of a finitely generated group with the asymptotic behavior of these functions. The second half of this article investigates the asymptotic behavior of two of these functions. Our main result in this area resolves a question of Bogopolski from the Kourovka notebook concerning lower bounds of one of these functions for non-abelian free groups.
Unsteady mass transfer in a long composite cylinder with interfacial resistances

A solution is given for unsteady state concentration profiles in an infinitely long composite cylinder resulting from a step-change in concentration in a large reservoir surrounding the cylinder. The composite cylinder consists of an inner cylinder with diffusivity D1 surrounded by a permeable tube with diffusivity D2 and has interfacial mass transfer resistances at the cylinder-tube and tube-reservoir interfaces. Numerical values are given for the first eight roots and various coefficients of the solution for physical properties typical of tubular (hollow fiber) membranes. These results can be used in the analysis of data from unsteady state mass transfer experiments to determine the permeability of homogeneous tubular membranes. A simple, approximate method for data analysis is suggested for the rapid estimation of the permeability of both homogeneous and asymmetric (skinned) tubular membranes.
Interior structure of Uranus

Critical measurements relative to interior structure which can be made during a spacecraft mission to Uranus are discussed. Models of atmospheric composition, possible magnetic moment, and gravitational harmonics are described, and it is shown that high quality imaging of the atmospheric rotation and determination of the possible magnetic field rotation will facilitate construction of an accurate model of the interior structure of the planet.
Ion current densities produced by energetic electrons in electrostatic precipitator geometries

A new laboratory test system for electron beam ionization in electrostatic precipitator geometries has been constructed to measure ion current density as a function of voltage difference for clean plate (no dust contamination) conditions. The new system incorporates improved electrodes which withstand an applied voltage of ± 55 kV, a factor of 5 increase over the previous test system. A 3 MeV Van de Graaff accelerator produced ionizing electron beams of 1.2 and 2 MeV energy with beam currents of 10.5 and 21 μA in place of corona wire ionization. Ion current densities of up to 130 mA/m2 were measured before breakdown between the plates, and no ion current saturation was observed. A comparison of I-V curves and sparkover voltages for various beam energies, currents, and types of collimation is discussed and the need for measurements with good beam geometry is addressed.
A simple synthesis of allylsilanes via tris[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]borane

Abstract Allylsilanes were prepared by protonation or alkylation of lithium 1-alkynyltris[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]borates followed by protonolysis or treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide and iodine.
Wormholes Supported by a Combination of Normal and Quintessential Matter in Einstein and Einstein-Maxwell Gravity

It is shown in the first part of this paper that a combined model comprising ordinary and quintessential matter can support a traversable wormhole in Einstein-Maxwell gravity. Since the solution allows zero tidal forces, the wormhole is suitable for a humanoid traveler. The second part of the paper shows that the electric field can be eliminated (Einstein gravity), but only by tolerating enormous tidal forces. Such a wormhole would still be capable of transmitting signals.
Aerobrake plasmadynamics - Macroscopic effects

The flow around an aerobraking spacecraft (such as the Aeroassist Flight Experiment reentry vehicle) will contain a region of partially ionized gas, that is, a plasma. It is shown here by numerical simulation that macroscopic plasmadynamic effects (which are not included in standard aerothermodynamic simulations) will have a noticeable effect on the reentry flow field. In particular, there are thermoelectric phenomena which can have a major influence in flow dynamics at the front of an ionizing bowshock. These thermoelectric phenomena arise because of the presence of large density and temperature gradients at the front of a reentry bowshock, and they include strong local magnetic fields, electric currents, and ohmic heating. One important result is the dramatic increase in temperature (over the case where plasma effects are neglected) at a reentry shock front; the implication is that macroscopic plasmadynamic effects can no longer be neglected in simulations of hypersonic reentry flow fields.
Active Control of Combustion for Optimal Performance

Combustion-zone stoichiometry and fuel-air premixing were actively controlled to optimize the combustor performance over a range of operating conditions. The objective was to maximize the combustion temperature, while maintaining NO{sub x} within a specified limit. The combustion system consisted of a premixer located coaxially near the inlet of a water-cooled shroud. The equivalence ratio was controlled by a variable-speed suction fan located downstream. The split between the premixing air and diffusion air was governed by the distance between the premixer and shroud. The combustor performance was characterized by a cost function evaluated from time-averaged measurements of NO{sub x} and oxygen concentrations in products. The cost function was minimized by downhill simplex algorithm employing closed-loop feedback. Experiments were conducted at different fuel flow rates to demonstrate that the controller optimized the performance without prior knowledge of the combustor behavior.
Total Synthesis of Macrolactin A with Versatile Catalytic, Enantioselective Dienolate Aldol Addition Reactions.

A highly convergent total synthesis of macrolactin A (1) utilizes modern asymmetric catalytic C–C coupling methods. The longest linear sequence in the route is 16 steps with an average yield of 86% per step. This total synthesis is valuable, because 1, which has been shown to possess activity against HIV, is not readily accessible from its natural source, a taxonomically unclassified deep-sea bacterium.
Seasonal changes in the testis of the musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus L.†

The spermatogenetic cycle of the testis of the musk turtle is limited to the summer months of the year, and closely parallels that of the anuran Amphibia. Spermatozoa are present in the testis from September to May, and breeding may occur in either fall or spring. A pronounced increase in the size of the epididymis and a corresponding decrease in the size of the testis occurs at the end of the cycle (September). During the months of March, April and May, all spermatozoa are eliminated from the seminal tubules, and the germinal epithelium is built up in preparation for spermatogenesis. Spermatogonial divisions occur in small numbers in May, and the division tempo increases during June. Primary spermatocytes and maturation divisions appear after the middle of June, and continue through July and August. Spermiogenesis begins in late July, is in full progress in August, and is practically completed by October. Laboratory specimens usually show an active spermatogenesis in winter, but it is not probable that a second spermatogenetic cycle occurs in specimens under normal hibernating conditions. No seasonal changes are observed in the interstitial cells of the testis, and no seasonally variable secondary sex characters are known for turtles. Special studies of the problem are being conducted.
The Internet and the ability to innovate in Latin America

Abstract In this paper we provide an overview of the situation of the Internet in Latin America and argue that although latecomers, Latin American countries could in principle catch up at a faster pace and a lower cost. But that will depend on the environment for innovation in the countries—in that respect, the adoption of the Internet may prove to be no different than other technological changes. The paper also discusses how the degree of innovativeness in a country helps explain the extent to which new technologies may be more effectively absorbed. What is surprising about this relationship is that it is valid even when isolating the fact that countries with better telephone infrastructure are also the ones with more Internet hosts. We found that the capacity to innovate and assimilate new technologies is not just a matter of income or infrastructure endowment.
Self-administration of midazolam for postoperative anxiety: a double blinded study.

Abstract Anxiety is almost inevitably present in patients facing surgery. The optimal management of postoperative pain requires the acknowledgement of perioperative anxiety and the inclusion of pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological means of alleviating the fear and worry inherent in the surgical experience. In a double-blind randomized design, 39 patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomies were given postoperative access to a standard patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine pump for pain and a PCA pump dispensing either low-dose midazolam or saline for anxiety. Measures of anxiety and pain were completed pre-operatively and for 2 days postoperatively. Utilization of morphine and ‘anxiolytic agent’ were recorded. Analysis of covariance was applied to the data to control for the imbalance of cancer patients between the 2 groups. While both groups of patients chose to utilize their ‘anxiety pump’ throughout the study, those patients receiving midazolam had significantly lower postoperative Spielberger State Anxiety scores and visual analogue scale anxiety scores. Patient-controlled midazolam in doses used in this study were safe and effective in managing anxiety but did not influence pain scores or the amount of PCA morphine patients used. Pre-operative levels of depression were significantly associated with postoperative pain levels independent of treatment group or cancer diagnosis.
Ligandless palladium chloride-catalyzed homo-coupling of arylboronic acids in aqueous media

In the presence of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, ligandless palladium chloride catalyzes the homo-coupling of arylboronic acids to afford symmetrical biaryls in excellent yields.
2,2′-Bipyridinium chlorochromate/m-chloroperbenzoic acid-mediated cleavage of cyclic acetals to hydroxyesters☆

Abstract Benzylidene acetals are cleaved to hydroxyesters by means of a reagent system composed of 2,2′-bipyridinium chlorochromate (BPCC) and m -chloroperbenzoic acid. Oxidative cleavage of a 4,6-O-benzylidene glucose derivative affords a 6-O-benzoyl derivative.