cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genistein Inhibits Growth of Estrogen-Independent Human Breast Cancer Cells in Culture but Not in Athymic Mice

The studies presented were conducted to assess the effect of the soy isoflavone genistein on proliferation of estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in vitro and in vivo. Genistein (20 mcmol/L) inhibited cell proliferation in vitro by approximately 50%. Cell cycle progression was blocked in G(2)/M with 40 and 80 mcmol/L genistein. To evaluate the effect of dietary genistein on tumor growth in vivo, genistein was fed to female athymic mice inoculated with MDA-MB-231 cells. After solid tumor masses had formed, mice were fed genistein at a dose (750 mcg/g AIN-93G diet), shown to produce a total plasma genistein concentration of approximately 1 mcmol/L. This dose of genistein did not significantly (P > 0.05) alter tumor growth. Studies were then conducted to assess the effect of dietary genistein on initial tumor development and growth. Genistein (750 mcg/g AIN-93G diet), fed 3 d before cells were inoculated into mice, did not significantly (P > 0.05) inhibit tumor formation or growth. The plasma concentration of genistein in mice fed this dose of dietary genistein (750 mcg/g AIN-93G diet) does not appear sufficient to inhibit tumor formation or growth. Dietary genistein at 750 mcg/g AIN-93G diet does not inhibit tumor formation or growth. Additional studies were conducted to determine the effect of dietary dosages ranging from 0 to 6000 mcg/g AIN-93G diet on plasma genistein concentration. Plasma genistein concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner up to 7 mcmol/L at 6000 mcg/g AIN-93G diet. These data suggest that although genistein inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro, it is unlikely that the plasma concentration required to inhibit cancer cell growth in vivo can be achieved from a dietary dosage of genistein.
Bringing quality electronic information to the health care consumer: Library collaborations that work!

As the need for electronic consumer health information services becomes more evident, librarians are seeking ways to cooperate with each other to provide timely and high quality health information. Collaborative projects between public, academic, and health sciences libraries take commitment, resources, and dedication, but provide a unique method of providing this information to a public whose need for high quality health information is growing exponentially. This article explores the efforts that have been made by public, academic, and medical libraries to bring information to the health care consumer and suggests ways to make collaborative efforts work to provide electronic access to up-to-date and quality health information.
A theoretical framework for problems requiring robust behavior

This paper develops a generalized Cauchy density (GCD) based theoretical approach that allows the formulation of challenging problems in a robust fashion. The proposed framework subsumes the generalized Gaussian distribution (GGD) family based developments, thereby guaranteeing performance improvements over traditional problem formulation techniques. This robust framework can be adapted to a variety of applications in signal processing. We formulate two particular applications under this framework in this paper: 1) Robust reconstruction methods for compressed sensing and 2) robust estimation in sensor networks with noisy channels.
Multiplexer Channel-Separating Units Using Interdigital and Parallel-Coupled Filters

Design theory is presented for strip-line multiplexer channel-separating units which have constant-resistance input impedances so that many units can be cascaded without reflection effects. Each channel unit consists of an interdigital band-pass filter and a band-stop filter which uses parallel-coupled resonators. In order to obtain the desired constant-resistance input impedance, both filters are designed from singly loaded, maximally flat, low-pass prototype filters. A trial design was worked out and constructed so as to have five per cent bandwidth for the separated channel. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment was obtained.
Reading Comprehension and Perception of Sequentially Organized Patterns: Intramodal and Cross-Modal Comparisons

The ability to make sameness or difference judgments of pairs of Morse code-like patterns was measured when stimuli were presented intramodally or crossmodally. Visual, auditory, and tactual modalities were compared. Performance was compared in three groups of children — (1) a group poor in Reading Comprehension (group PR), grade levels 3 to 6; (2) a group matched with group PR on Vocabulary, sex, and age but at grade level on Comprehension; and (3) a group approximately two years younger than Group PR but matched with it on Comprehension scores. The younger group showed poorest overall performance on the experimental task. Overall, as a main effect, accuracy in the intramodal conditions was better than in the cross-modal conditions. When the first pattern of a pair was auditory, performance was better than when it was visual or tactual, while tactual performance was better than visual. Any comparison, however, in which the first pattern was auditory discriminated between the group poor in Reading Compreh...
Membrane reactor for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellobiose

A pressurized, stirred vessel attached with an ultrafiltration membrane was used as a membrane reactor. Cellobiose hydrolysis by cellobiase was carried out and theoretically analyzed in terms of steady-state conversion and flow rate through the membrane. When the flow rate exceeds a critical value, a significant fraction of the enzyme inside the reactor is localized in the concentration polarization layer where shear from stirring is high. Consequently, enzyme deactivation inside the concentration polarization layer is accelerated and the conversion decreased due to an exchange of active enzyme in bulk with deactivated enzyme in the polarization layer via convection and back diffusion. Successful operation can be obtained at flow rates lower than the critical point to avoid the polarization and thus the deactivation. It is shown that 6.5 L of 2mg/mL of cellobiose solution is hydrolyzed to glucose with a conversion of 91% in 20 hours with 1.617 mg of cellobiase enzyme in a reactor attached with a PM 10 membrane of an effective surface area of 39.2 sq.cm. (Refs. 17).
Evaluating the impacts of land management and climate variability on crop production and nitrate export across the Upper Mississippi Basin

[1] The increased use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in the Mississippi Basin since the 1950s is partially responsible for an increase in crop production, but also a massive increase in nitrate export by the Mississippi River. We used the IBIS terrestrial ecosystem model, including new maize and soybean submodels, and the HYDRA hydrological transport model to investigate the role of climate variability, land cover and N-fertilizer application on crop yield, N cycling and nitrate export in the Upper Mississippi Basin from 1974– 1994. Simulated annual mean maize and soybean yields were both within 20% of USDA historical estimates in over 80% of the crop-growing counties. There was also strong agreement between simulated and USGS estimated annual nitrate export for the Mississippi River at Clinton, Iowa (r 2 = 0.81), the outlet of the basin, and the Minnesota River at Jordan, Minnesota (r 2 = 0.78). The model also indicated a 30% increase in N-fertilizer application across the basin would have caused only a 4% increase in mean maize yield, but a 53% increase in mean dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) leaching, while a 30% decrease in N-fertilizer application would have caused a 10% decrease in maize yield, but a 37% decrease in DIN leaching. At higher levels of N-fertilizer usage, nitrate export becomes increasingly sensitive to the hydrologic conditions, particularly when there is ample residual N in the soil. Therefore any effort to reduce nitrate export without significantly affecting crop yields would have to account for previous soil-N conditions and climate variability. INDEX TERMS: 1871 Hydrology: Surface water quality; 4805 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Biogeochemical cycles (1615); 4842 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Modeling; 4845 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Nutrients and nutrient cycling;
The learning stable analysis pattern

Learning is an important aspect of every life. This paper proposes a stable analysis pattern for learning independent of a specific domain. This learning model can be reused instead of developing it from scratch for each new application by using the software stability concepts. Identified the core of a system in terms of enduring business themes (EBT) and business objects (BO). The stable and reusable nature of these EBTs and BOs allow the learning pattern to be applied to all applications. A detailed documentation of the learning analysis pattern is provided.
Biasing factors in diagnosis and disposition.

Abstract A study of 500 consecutive applicants for care at the Walk-In Service of the Massachusetts Mental Health Center focused on the role of social class, interviewer-attitudes toward applicants, and diagnosis in determining initial plans for applicants and the actual disposition received by the end of six months. Social class and attitudes were significantly related to disposition patterns and to diagnosis. Of particular interest was the differential fate of upper and lower class applicants who received a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Combining field epidemiological information and genetic data to comprehensively reconstruct the invasion history and the microevolution of the sudden oak death agent Phytophthora ramorum (Stramenopila: Oomycetes) in California

Understanding the migration patterns of invasive organisms is of paramount importance to predict and prevent their further spread. Previous attempts at reconstructing the entire history of the sudden oak death (SOD) epidemic in California were limited by: (1) incomplete sampling; (2) the inability to include infestations caused by a single genotype of the pathogen; (3) collapsing of non-spatially contiguous yet genetically similar samples into large meta-samples that confounded the coalescent analyses. Here, we employ an intensive sampling coverage of 832 isolates of Phytopthora ramorum (the causative agent of SOD) from 60 California forests, genotyped at nine microsatellite loci, to reconstruct its invasion. By using age of infestation as a constraint on coalescent analyses, by dividing genetically indistinguishable meta-populations into highly-resolved sets of spatially contiguous populations, and by using Bruvo genetic distances for most analyses, we reconstruct the entire history of the epidemic and convincingly show infected nursery plants are the original source for the entire California epidemic. Results indicate that multiple human-mediated introductions occurred in most counties and that further disease sources were represented by large wild infestations. The study also identifies minor introductions, some of them relatively recent, linked to infected ornamental plants. Finally, using archival isolates collected soon after the discovery of the pathogen in California, we corroborate that the epidemic is likely to have resulted form 3 to 4 core founder individuals evolved from a single genotype. This is probably the most complete reconstruction ever completed for an invasion by an exotic forest pathogen, and the approach here described may be useful for the reconstruction of invasions by any clonally reproducing organism with a relatively limited natural dispersal range.
IMPLIED VOLATILITY SKEWS AND STOCK INDEX SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS IMPLIED BY S&P 500 INDEX OPTION PRICES

The Black-Scholes (1973) option pricing model is used to value a wide range of option contracts. However, the model often inconsistently prices deep in-themoney and deep out-of-the-money options. Options’ professionals refer to this phenomenon as a volatility ‘skew’ or ‘smile.’ In this paper, we apply an extension of the Black-Scholes model developed by Jarrow and Rudd (1982) to an investigation of S&P 500 index option prices. We find that non-normal skewness and kurtosis in option-implied distributions of index returns contribute significantly to the phenomenon of volatility skews.
Are Seeds Consumed by Crocodilians Viable? A Test of the Crocodilian Saurochory Hypothesis

Abstract Many animal species are important dispersers of seeds; however, relatively little attention has been paid to the seed-dispersal capabilities of reptiles, and almost nothing is known about the seed-dispersal capabilities of crocodilians. This lack of information is surprising given that seeds have been found in the stomach contents of a majority of crocodilian species. Here we present the first experimental investigation of the seed-dispersal potential of a crocodilian. Using a comparative germination experiment, we tested the viability of Annona glabra (Pond-apple Tree) seeds recovered from the stomach of an Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator [Alligator]) captured in the Florida Coastal Everglades. We found that seeds from the Alligator's stomach were nonviable under ideal germination conditions and that fresh, non-digested Pond-apple seeds exposed to the same germination conditions were highly viable. The seeds recovered from the Alligator’s stomach were nonviable because they were l...
Continuities and Discontinuities in Human Rights Violations: Historically Situating the Psychosocial Effects of Migration

Despite recent interest in the psychosocial effects of deportation, psychologists have rarely investigated the multiple forms of violence that compelled many undocumented migrants now living in the United States to “leave home.” This thematic narrative analysis of interviews with four Maya from Guatemala, part of a larger participatory and action research project, particularizes the experiences of Maya in the United States who are frequently subsumed under homogenizing constructs (e.g., “illegal aliens”) and labeled with universal psychological diagnoses that fail to reflect their complex histories, through which they give meaning to their lived experiences. Analyses focus on three major themes: violence and violation, multiple migrations, and suffering and survival. We illustrate how participants situate contemporary effects of deportation within the collective story of their people, connecting contemporary violations of human rights to earlier migrations due to extreme poverty and experiences of violence during and after 36 years of armed conflict.
Genomic Insights into Syntrophy: The Paradigm for Anaerobic Metabolic Cooperation

Syntrophy is a tightly coupled mutualistic interaction between hydrogen-/formate-producing and hydrogen-/formate-using microorganisms that occurs throughout the microbial world. Syntrophy is essential for global carbon cycling, waste decomposition, and biofuel production. Reverse electron transfer, e.g., the input of energy to drive critical redox reactions, is a defining feature of syntrophy. Genomic analyses indicate multiple systems for reverse electron transfer, including ion-translocating ferredoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase and hydrogenases, two types of electron transfer flavoprotein:quinone oxidoreductases, and other quinone reactive complexes. Confurcating hydrogenases that couple the favorable production of hydrogen from reduced ferredoxin with the unfavorable production of hydrogen from NADH are present in almost all syntrophic metabolizers, implicating their critical role in syntrophy. Transcriptomic analysis shows upregulation of many genes without assigned functions in the syntrophic lifestyle. Hi...
Chemical Exposure-Induced Cutaneous Fibrosis: Lessons From 'Experiments of Nature'

FIBROSIS OF prominent feature of a wide spectrum of clinical disorders. These syndromes are characterized by discrete or diffuse fibrosis of the skin, with or without associated systemic involvement. Whereas a majority of these conditions are currently considered to be idiopathic, others are believed to be associated with specific triggering agents ( Table 1 ). Several chemical and environmental exposures have been linked to the development of cutaneous fibrosis. The cause-and-effect relationship for some of these exposures has been established, based on epidemiologic findings, studies with animal models, and biological plausibility. For other environmental and chemical triggers, the relationship between the exposure and subsequent fibrosis is only tentative at this time. These exposure-associated fibrosing syndromes are particularly important for those interested in the study of cutaneous fibrosis, because they may provide clues regarding the cause and pathogenesis of the more common idiopathic fibrosing diseases such as scleroderma (systemic sclerosis). Furthermore, careful analysis
3-D semiconductor's: more from Moore

Over the past 40 years, the semiconductor industry has exponentially driven cost per function down following the oft stated Moores Law. It is becoming increasingly difficult to scale as we move into the 32 nm and beyond process nodes due both to physics and economics. A lower cost alternative method of scaling is becoming more available in the form of vertical chip integration. Many manufacturers now offer a range of package level integration solutions from traditional planar approaches to commonly used die stacking and recently introduced die level 3-D integration. With the introduction of 3-D integration, designers and system integrators can now consider physical design optimizations which include functional stacking, through silicon interconnect to reduce power and signal latency, and optimized manufacturing cost. To enable design teams to take advantage of the benefits available with this technology, new capabilities must be developed to support the design and implementation process. This support must start at the architectural level where issues of robustness, reliability, testability and power must be thoroughly studied. Support must continue through to manufacturing, packaging, and final test development. In this presentation we will explore how existing design technology and methods can be practically evolved to support the powerful scaling capabilities inherent in 3-D integration technology. Specifically we will cover Architectural design space exploration, functional partitioning, physical planning, and timing/SI/thermal/yield analysis for 3-D structures.
Effect of Tick Removal on Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia phagocytophila by Ixodes scapularis Nymphs

The effect of feeding duration on pathogen transmission was studied for individual ticks infected with either laboratory or field strains of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and field strains of Ehrlichia phagocytophila, an agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Infected nymphal Ixodes scapularis were allowed to feed individually on mice, and equal numbers were removed at 24-h intervals for < or =96 h. Mice were assayed for infection by culture, serologic testing, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Fed ticks were assayed by culture or PCR analysis. Transmission of B. burgdorferi did not occur during the first 24 h among 66 attempts, with maximum transmission occurring between 48 and 72 h. A model estimating the probability of infection from individual ticks removed by patients in a Lyme disease-endemic area yielded an overall probability of 4.6%. Infected I. scapularis nymphs transmitted E. phagocytophila within 24 h in 2 of 3 attempts, which indicates that daily tick removal may not be adequate to prevent human infection with this agent.
Ion-implanted GaAs X-band power f.e.t.s

Active layers for GaAs power f.e.t.s have been produced by Si implantation into Cr-doped substrates followed by a simple proximity-annealing technique. Devices fabricated on these layers have up to 1.05 W/mm gate width at 10 GHz. This performance is equal to that of epitaxial devices.
Circuit morphologies and ontogenies

Evolvable hardware circuits and algorithms rarely take inspiration from biology beyond the idea of the genetic algorithm. I have applied key concepts of self-organization and complexity theory (primarily Stuart Kauffman's "auto-catalytic sets") to the problem of circuit ontogeny, in which a genotype becomes a phenotype through a process of growth rather than a direct mapping. I present two novel hardware architectures, one analog and one digital, as well as a biologically-inspired method of encoding the genome of a circuit, and processes for circuit growth. Among the findings are the remarkable result that "adult-hood" is simply a stable basin of attraction reached by iterating the (nonlinear) growth process, and that the same process continued past circuit maturity implements a form of fault-tolerance.
Endovenous ablation of incompetent perforating veins is effective treatment for recalcitrant venous ulcers.

Objectives Endovenous closure of incompetent saphenous veins has been reported to facilitate venous ulcer healing; however, there is little information about the effectiveness of perforator ablation (PA) in healing recalcitrant venous ulcers. We report our experience with PA with venous ulcers unresponsive to prolonged compression therapy. Methods Patients with nonhealing venous ulcers of >3 months' duration underwent duplex ultrasound to assess their lower extremity venous system for incompetence of superficial, perforating, and deep veins. Patients who had either no saphenous incompetence or persistent ulcers after saphenous ablation underwent PA of incompetent perforating veins >3 mm that demonstrated reflux; initial treatment was performed on the perforator vein adjacent to the ulcer with additional incompetent veins treated if ulcer healing failed. Results Seventy-five ulcers with 86 associated incompetent perforating veins were treated with PA in 45 patients with CEAP 6 recalcitrant venous ulcers. Treated incompetent perforator veins were located in the medial ankle (61%), calf (37%), and lateral ankle (2%). Initial success of PA, assessed by postprocedure duplex ultrasound, was 58%; repeat ablation was 90% successful and 71% had eventual successful perforator closure. No complications (skin necrosis, infection, or nerve injury) occurred. Failure of ulcer healing with successful perforator closure occurred in 10% and was due to intercurrent illness, patient noncompliance, and patient death due to unrelated causes. Of patients who healed their ulcers, the healing occurred at a mean of 138 days; an average PA of 1.5 incompetent veins per ulcer was required for healing. Ninety percent of ulcers healed when at least one perforator was closed; no ulcer healed without at least one perforator being closed. Conclusions This experience demonstrates both the feasibility and effectiveness of PA for a selected group of patients with venous ulcers who fail conventional therapy with compression.
Xenopus laevis serum albumin: sequence of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acids encoding the 68- and 74-kilodalton peptides and the regulation of albumin gene expression by thyroid hormone during development.

In adult Xenopus serum, albumin gene expression is regulated by estrogen through the selective destabilization of its mRNA during the vitellogenic response. The present study reports the cDNA sequence of both the 68K and 74K Xenopus albumin mRNAs, their derived amino acid sequence, and the regulation of albumin gene expression during embryogenesis. Albumin mRNA has a 39 nucleotide 5′ untranslated region terminating in a consensus translation initiation site. The derived amino acid sequence yields a 24-amino acid hydrophobic leader sequence (terminating in Lys-Arg) that shares significant homology with the leader peptide of rat albumin. Overall there is 37% sequence identity between rat and frog albumin, with exact conservation of all but one Cys residue and the Pro residues responsible for the three domain structure of the mature protein. The 74K albumin (unlike the 68K albumin) is glycosylated; a point mutation converting Lys256 to Asn introduces an N-linked glycosylation site that is similar to one foun...
The use of IVIG in neurological disease.

Gamma-globulin therapy has been practiced since the turn of the century, when clinicians used heterologous protein preparations to provide passive immunity to exposed unimmunized hosts. The need for ay-globulin preparation capable of transferring broad-based humoral immunity was recognized in the early 1950s following the description of agammaglobulinemia by Bruton. Since that time, tremendous progress has been made in the manufacturing of safe and efficacious γ-globulin products, culminating in the development of agents that can be administered intravenously. Such preparations contain a large array of antibody specificities, having been prepared from the blood of thousands of healthy donors.
Ontology Refactoring

This paper presents a rule based approach to ontology refactoring. Our method supports large scale instance relationships for support of translation to an improved, functionally equivalent design. By generating new ontology versions on-the-fly we can verify potential updates to our requirements. An example of this technique is presented utilizing a subset of the OWL-DL specification through the implementation of the Jena API. Advantages of this approach include rapid prototyping, versioning support, querying and tool development to support the automated engineering of instance data.
Protesting Putinism: The Election Protests of 2011-2012 in Broader Perspective

The recent election-related protests in Russia are neither a radical break with the past nor a flicker of unrest but a continuation of longer-term trends on the Russian protest scene. Looking at the December-May protest cycle in the context of these trends both changes how we understand the causes of the protests and has implications for the expected consequences.
Supersymmetric left-right E6 gauge model: Flavor-changing interactions.

In extensions of the standard model with particle content given by the 27 representation of ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$, flavor-changing interactions generally exist. We examine such interactions in a supersymmetric left-right model distinguished by its unconventional particle assignments. With the help of a discrete symmetry, we are able to get rid of all direct flavor-changing quark couplings to neutral particles as well as lepton couplings in the e-\ensuremath{\mu} sector. We discuss various phenomenological consequences, especially those involving the \ensuremath{\tau} lepton and its neutrino.
Abstract 4766: The use of deuterium isotope effects to shift the partitioning of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide among competing, P450-dependent, oxidative pathways

Prodrugs cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide are each ‘activated’ through a P450 oxidation at the C-4 position of the oxazaphosphorine ring. This reaction triggers a series of spontaneous (non-enzymatic) steps resulting in the formation of the ultimate DNA crosslinking agents, phosphoramide mustard and isophosphoramide mustard. Competing with reaction at C-4 are P450-catalyzed oxidations at the alpha positions of the chloroethyl side-chains; reactions at the side chains result in the production of the neurotoxic chloroacetaldehyde. Predominance of one pathway over another is isozyme-dependent and of greatest impact in ifosfamide therapy where about 50% of this drug is lost to side-chain oxidation (relative to an average of 10% for cyclophosphamide) and dose-limiting neurotoxicity. In this project, deuterium isotope effects are being explored as a means to effect ‘metabolic switching’ in the oxidations of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide; that is, favoring oxidation at the C-4 position by disfavoring oxidations at the side chains. Cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide were synthesized with deuterium at the alpha and alpha’ positions of the chloroethyl chains. After optimizing reaction times, drug and enzyme concentrations, cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide (unlabeled and labeled) were incubated (20 min) with three, relevant, cDNA-expressed supersomes (human CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5). The concentration of each metabolite produced by C-4 and the two possible side-chain oxidations was measured quantitatively using LC-MS-MS techniques developed for this project. For unlabeled cyclophosphamide, the fraction of products derived from C-4 oxidation was 73% (3A4), 90% (3A5) and 100% (2B6). Use of deuterium labeled cyclophosphamide gave 89% (3A4), 94% (3A5) and 100% (2B6); the amount of product produced by 2B6 and labeled drug was more than twice that given by unlabeled drug (56 micromoles versus 23 micromoles, respectively). For unlabeled ifosfamide, the fraction of products given by C-4 oxidation was 63% (3A4), 55% (3A5) and 36% (2B6). Use of deuterium labeled ifosfamide gave 82% (3A4), 75% (3A5) and 88% (2B6). Aside from the initial oxidation, the metabolic steps most likely to be impacted by deuterium isotope effects are those of the alkylation sequence by the metabolites phosphoramide mustard and isophosphoramide mustard. To determine the effect, if any, phosphoramide mustard and isophosphoramide mustard are being synthesized with deuterium at the alpha and alpha’ positions of the chloroethyl chains and their alkylation kinetics, relative to unlabeled compounds are being determined using 31 P NMR spectroscopy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4766. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4766
Northeastern Plains Village Complex Timelines and Relations

Research in eastern North Dakota over the past three decades has brought to light considerable new information on what has come to be known as the Northeastern Plains Village complex. It is suggested that the Northeastern Plains Village complex is an extension of the Cambria complex of southwestern Minnesota, and that its culmination lies in the Scattered Village complex of the Knife River region on the Missouri River in western North Dakota. A new archaeological taxonomic unit, the Northeastern Plains Village tradition, is proposed to facilitate further study and verification of these hypothesized relationships. The Northeastern Plains Village tradition, as a whole, is tentatively linked to the larger Hidatsa nation.
Detection of increased coronary microvascular permeability with MRI T1 mapping and gadolinium-labeled albumin

Background Conditions such as obesity and diabetes lead to coronary microvascular disease and, subsequently, an increased risk of adverse cardiac events. Increased microvascular permeability is thought to be an early biomarker of coronary microvascular disease. While prior studies have used MRI with gadolinium-labeled albumin, a macromolecular contrast agent, to detect myocardial infarction, we hypothesized that MRI T1 mapping with gadolinium-labeled albumin could detect more subtle changes in coronary microvascular permeability such as those induced by noninjurious pharmacological methods.
The (dis)-engendering of violence: Towards an eschatological understanding of being male and female

Violence against women is a theological problem. The history of interpretation of the narratives of creation and fall, and thus the development of Christian theology, has often assumed a hierarchic...
Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation for the multisample Wicksell corpuscle problem

We study nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation for the distribution of spherical radii using samples containing a mixture of one-dimensional, two-dimensional biased and three-dimensional unbiased observations. Since direct maximization of the likelihood function is intractable, we propose an expectation-maximization algorithm for implementing the estimator, which handles an indirect measurement problem and a sampling bias problem separately in the E- and M-steps, and circumvents the need to solve an Abel-type integral equation, which creates numerical instability in the one-sample problem. Extensions to ellipsoids are studied and connections to multiplicative censoring are discussed.
Energy-Efficient Adaptive Hardware Accelerator for Text Mining Application Kernels

Text mining is a growing field of applications, which enables the analysis of large text data sets using statistical methods. In recent years, exponential increase in the size of these data sets has strained existing systems, requiring more computing power, server hardware, networking interconnects, and power consumption. For practical reasons, this trend cannot continue in the future. Instead, we propose a reconfigurable hardware accelerator designed for text analytics systems, which can simultaneously improve performance and reduce power consumption. Situated near the last level of memory, it mitigates the need for high-bandwidth processor-to-memory connections, instead capitalizing on close data proximity, massively parallel operation, and analytic-inspired functional units to maximize energy efficiency, while remaining flexible to easily map common text analytic kernels. A field-programmable gate array-based emulation framework demonstrates the functional correctness of the system, and a full eight-core accelerator is synthesized for power, area, and delay estimates. The accelerator can achieve two to three orders of magnitude improvement in energy efficiency versus CPU and general-purpose graphics processing unit (GPU) for various text mining kernels. As a case study, we demonstrate how indexing performance of Lucene, a popular text search and analytics platform, can be improved by an average of 70% over CPU and GPU while significantly reducing data transfer energy and latency.
Effect of propofol on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats

Objective To investigate the effect of propofol on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction(HPV)and assess the underlying mechanism in rats.Methods Twenty male SD rats weighing 300-400 g were.anesthetizedwith intraperitoneal phenobarbital.Heart and lungs were removed after thoracotomy.Pulmonary.arterial rings 4 mmin length and 1.0-1.4 mm in diameter were prepared and suspended in Earl solution maintained at 37℃ with a pHof 7.40 and aerated with 20% O_2-5% CO_2-25% N_2.The rings were stimulated with phenylephrine(PE)10~(-6)mol·L~(-1) with different preloads(300,500,700,900,1 100 mg).The isometric tension of the arterial rings wasmeasured.The optimal preload was determined to be 900 mg which allowed best contractility.Hypoxia was inducedby aerating the solution with 95% N_2-5% CO_2 and the flow rate was adjusted to maintain PO_2 of the solution at40-20 mm Hg and pH at 7.40.HPV of the rings were recorded.Then propofol was added to achieve a finalconcentration of 1,3,10,30,100 μmol·L~(-1) and HPV was again induced and the changes in HPV wererecorded.In addition the effects of propofol(10,30 μmol·L~(-1))on vasoconstriction produced by KCI and PE werealso measured.Results The lower doses of propofol(10 μmol·L~(-1))had no significant effect on HPV whileincreased doses(10 μmol·L~(-1))significantly inhibited HPV(P0.05).The vasoconstriction produced by PEand KCI was also significantly inhibited by propofol in a dose-dependent manner.The sensitivity of pulmonaryarterial ring to PE was also decreased by propofol.Conclusion Propofol inhibits HPV in a dose-dependentmanner.It's inhibitory effects on sensitivity and release of intracellular calcium and calcium channels may beinvolved in the underlying mechanism.
An integrated design approach for evaluating the effectiveness and cost of a fleet

This work presents a new method for designing and evaluating different fleet paradigms to determine an effective and cost efficient solution. The method requires the user to define a set of functio...
Diffusion and recrystallization of B implanted in crystalline and pre-amorphized Ge in the presence of F

Although the diffusion control and dopant activation of Ge p-type junctions are straightforward when using B+ implantation, the use of the heavier BF2+ ions or even BF+ is still favored in terms of shallow junction formation and throughput—because implants can be done at higher energies, which can give higher beam currents and beam stability—and thus the understanding of the effect of F co-doping becomes important. In this work, we have investigated diffusion and end-of-range (EOR) defect formation for B+, BF+, and BF2+ implants in crystalline and pre-amorphized Ge, employing rapid thermal annealing at 600 °C and 800 °C for 10 s. It is demonstrated that the diffusion of B is strongly influenced by the temperature, the presence of F, and the depth of amorphous/crystalline interface. The B and F diffusion profiles suggest the formation of B–F complexes and enhanced diffusion by interaction with point defects. In addition, the strong chemical effect of F is found only for B in Ge, while such an effect is van...
Progress in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy at the University of Chicago

The purpose of this article is to inform the reader, in general terms, of the progress in scanning transmission electron microscopy at our institution. It is not our intent that this be a critically technical paper but, rather, one in which we summarize some of the developments in electron microscopy at the University of Chicago over the past few years. For more detailed discussion, the interested reader can refer to the cited literature.
Math anxiety in the science classroom

This article discusses mathematics anxiety in a science classroom and offers suggestions and insights for best-practice teaching and learning.
Cost to serve of large scale online systems

Online systems typically provide a variety of different service offerings. For example, an internet search engine provides the service of searching web pages, videos, images, news, maps etc. Each offering can utilize different physical and/or virtual systems, networks, data centers, and so forth. Thus, a request to search videos may use some, but not all, of the resources used by a request to search images. Also, each video query will not use the same number of resources due to caching and ranking algorithms. Due to this it can become extremely difficult to ascertain the Cost to Serve (CTS) of an offering. CTS is required to understand cost of the product offerings for request per second (RPS), create rate card for partner deals, target efficiency areas and decide ROI of services. In this paper, we define the CTS methodology for Bing. In this methodology, CTS is calculated by determining operational RPS of each platform in Bing and the average number of times a type of request touches those platforms. Prior to this work, CTS was calculated by manually tagging capacity used by each offering and number of observed queries. The methodology described here can be applied to any other large scale online distributed system.
Detecting potential deadlocks through change impact analysis

This paper presents a static analysis-based regression analysis for multithreaded Java applications to help detect changes that may introduce potential deadlocks. Our approach leverages the correct/intended ordering of lock acquires and proposes to keep a watch list of lock type pairs that the developers may want to keep an eye on as the software evolves. The idea is to filter code changes that may employ the locks in the wrong order. We also present a heuristic that can automatically infer the intended order most of the time. Our experiments on several case studies with large code bases show that our approach is effective in pinpointing code changes that may introduce deadlocks and a cost-effective way of utilizing static analysis.
The Management of Locally Advanced Nonmetastatic Pancreas Cancer

At the time of diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, greater than half of patients have metastatic disease, and less than 20% of patients are resectable. The remaining 30–40% of patients present with borderline resectable (BR) or locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Recently endorsed by the NCCN, the Intergroup definition of BR and LAPC has been developed to promote multicenter collaboration and to standardize future clinical trials.
Open Relation Extraction and Grounding

Previous open Relation Extraction (open RE) approaches mainly rely on linguistic patterns and constraints to extract important relational triples from large-scale corpora. However, they lack of abilities to cover diverse relation expressions or measure the relative importance of candidate triples within a sentence. It is also challenging to name the relation type of a relational triple merely based on context words, which could limit the usefulness of open RE in downstream applications. We propose a novel importance-based open RE approach by exploiting the global structure of a dependency tree to extract salient triples. We design an unsupervised relation type naming method by grounding relational triples to a large-scale Knowledge Base (KB) schema, leveraging KB triples and weighted context words associated with relational triples. Experiments on the English Slot Filling 2013 dataset demonstrate that our approach achieves 8.1% higher F-score over state-of-the-art open RE methods.
How long does it take? An exploration of the time between case assignment and a detective’s first investigative activity

Citizens and victims perceive the criminal justice system to be protracted. Blame for lengthy delays has disproportionately fallen on detective work. To that end, these analyses explore how long it...
MicroRNA-152 represses VEGF and TGFβ1 expressions through post-transcriptional inhibition of (Pro)renin receptor in human retinal endothelial cells.

PURPOSE The (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), plays an important role in the physiologic and pathophysiological regulation of blood pressure and fluid/electrolyte homeostasis. The RAS including the PRR has been identified in retinal endothelial cells and other ocular tissues. In this study, the potential involvement of miRNAs in the posttranscriptional regulation of PRR was investigated in human retinal endothelial cells (hRECs) under high glucose (HG) conditions. METHODS miRNA-152 (miR-152) was identified in silico as a potential regulator of PRR, and this was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and PRR 3'-untranslated region (UTR) reporter assays. Using RNA interference, both AT1R and PRR were implicated in the HG-mediated induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). RESULTS The downregulation of miR-152 was observed in hRECs and rat retinal tissues under HG conditions. In parallel, PRR (target of miR-152), VEGF, VEGFR-2, and TGFβ1 at mRNA levels were elevated. However, the transfection of hRECs with miR-152 mimics in HG conditions resulted in the suppression of the PRR expression, as well as reduced VEGF, VEGFR-2, and TGFβ1 production. This was reversed by transfecting cells with the antisense (antagomir) of miR-152, suggesting the glucose-induced upregulation of VEGF, VEGFR-2, and TGFβ1 is mediated through PRR, and this regulation is likely achieved through the HG-mediated modulation of miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that miR-152 interacting with PRR regulates downstream VEGF, VRGFR-2, and TGFβ1 expressions in hRECs in HG conditions. These studies suggest miR-152 and PRR may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Female house wrens value the nest cavity more than exclusive access to males during conflicts with female intruders

Individuals should fight hardest when they stand to lose the most. Whereas males frequently compete for fertile females, females more often compete for high quality males, male care, or resources required to breed. We asked whether established, territorial female house wrens ( Troglodytes aedon ) challenged by simulated female intruders fight as if they place more value on retaining (1) their nesting cavity or (2) exclusive access to other benefits offered by males. We randomly assigned house wren pairs to receive one or three nest boxes and then assayed female aggression. The relative costs to losing differed between box treatments. For one-box females, the risk of losing the cavity and territory was higher. For three-box females, the risk of losing the cavity may be lower because intruders may be able to settle as secondary females in the supplemental boxes. In this situation, females would lose exclusive access to males and their territories but would still retain the male’s assistance rearing offspring since male house wrens favour their oldest brood. We found that one-box females were significantly more aggressive. This response may be adaptive, as females that switched territories between broods were significantly more likely to lose their entire nest prior to hatching than females that retained the same territory. We interpret our results to mean that female house wrens value the nest cavity more than other benefits from exclusive access to males and their territories. This work contributes to a body of evidence that females often compete for resources required to breed.
Qualitative Assessment of Smoke-Free Policy Implementation in Low-Income Housing: Enhancing Resident Compliance:

Purpose:As public housing agencies and other low-income housing providers adopt smoke-free policies, data are needed to inform implementation approaches that support compliance.Design:Focused ethno...
Infectious Diseases Facts and Formulas

Sepsis and its complications is one of the leading diagnosis encountered in the critical care setting. The following formulas, facts, and laboratory values are presented as a complement to the practitioner’s decisions on diagnosis and management of infectious diseases in this setting.
Bandwidth and Power Management in Broadband Wireless Networks

Bandwidth and power are considered as two important resources in wireless networks. Therefore, how to management these resources becomes a critical issue. In this thesis, we investigate this issue majorally in IEEE 802.16 networks. We first perform performance analysis on two bandwidth request mechanisms defined in IEEE 802.16 networks. We also propose two practical performance objectives. Based on the analysis, we design two scheduling algorithm to achieve the objectives. Due to the characteristics of popular variable bit rate (VBR) traffic, it is very difficult for subscriber stations (SSs) to make appropriate bandwidth reservation. Therefore, the bandwidth may not be utilized all the time. We propose a new protocol, named bandwidth recycling, to utilized unused bandwidth. Our simulation shows that the proposed scheme can improve system utilization averagely by 40%. We also propose a more aggressive solution to reduce the gap between bandwidth reservation and real usage. We first design a centralized approach by linear programming to obtain the optimal solution. Further, we design a fully distributed scheme based on game theory, named bandwidth reservation (BR) game. Due to different quality of service (QoS) requirements, we customize the utility function for each scheduling class. Our numerical and simulation show that the gap between BR game and optimal solution is limited. Due to the advantage of dynamical fractional frequency reuse (DFFR), the base station (BS) can dynamically adjust transmission power on each frequency partition. We emphasis on power allocation issue in DFFR to achieve most ecomicical data transmission. We first formulate the problem by integer linear programming (ILP). Due to high computation complexity, we further design a greedy algorithm. Our simulation shows that the results of the greedy algorithm is very close to the ILP results.