cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adapting to Climate Change: The Potential Role of State Common Law Public Trust Doctrines

Climate change is already altering historical expectations regarding water supply and aquatic ecosystems. In turn, changes in water supply may call into question the continued utility of existing water law rules in many areas of the country, unsettling private rights and expectations in water allocations in favor of more public interests and values in water, including protections for ecosystems and their services. Water law is already more sensitive than many other kinds of law to the ecological conditions that dominate in an area. As a result, water law is a likely legal mechanism for effectuating climate change adaptation, at least as relates to water resources. In particular, and far more than most fields of property law, water law is almost uniquely potentially available to support some of the adaptive management regimes that climate change adaptation will require. This Article argues that, within water law, state public trust doctrines can be particularly well-suited to providing legal support for adaptive management-based climate change adaptation regimes. In particular, it notes that courts have long adapted public trust doctrines in the United States to local needs and circumstances, and several states now explicitly characterize their public trust doctrines as evolutionary. With respect to water resources, therefore, these common-law public trust doctrines give willing states a means of (1) acknowledging climate change as a threat to public resources; (2) continually reassessing the cumulative impacts climate change is causing; (3) supporting fledgling adaptive management efforts by state agencies; and, at the extreme, (4) engaging in judicial adaptive management, in the sense of rebalancing private rights and public values in impacted aquatic resources, ecosystems, and ecosystem services.
Structural embeddedness, uncertainty, and international trade

We examine the impact of structural embeddedness, operationalized as a third-party effect, on bilateral trade of two goods (apparel and grain) with different levels of product differentiation and t...
The role of extracellular matrix in transperitoneal transport of water and solutes.

" Objective: To define the extracellular matrix (ECM), to discuss the physical properties of its components and their impact on transport, and to review data in humans and in animals on the importance of hyaluronan to peritoneal dialysis. " Methods: Literature survey. " Results: The ECM fills the interstitium between parenchyma! cells and blood vessels in the subperitoneal interstitium. It is responsible for the interstitial resistance to solute and water transfer through the peritoneal barrier. Major components are collagen and hyaluronan, which are synthesized locally in the peritoneal tissue. Synthesis and deposition of these components increase with inflammation, and concentrations of the components influence the mechanical properties of the tissue and the interstitial Starling forces as well as transport. Removal of hyaluronan appears to increase the rates of water and large-solute transport. Addition of hyaluronan to dialysate appears to enhance fluid recovery and to reduce protein loss. " Conclusion: Many of the physicochemical properties of ECM components are well described, but a large knowledge gap remains concerning the in vivo consequences of specific alterations in the interstitial components. More research is needed.
Uncertainty, Real Options, and Firm Inaction: Evidence from Monthly Plant-Level Data

Using monthly plant-level data on Brazilian manufacturing, I examine how firms open, close and adjust the size of their existing plants around political events expected to significantly reduce political uncertainty. The analysis uses the fact that this resolution of political uncertainty leads to a drop in exchange rate volatility. I combine within-industry variation in the firm-level importance of both exports and imports to estimate how uncertainty affects firms’ decisions while controlling for first-moment effects. I find that uncertainty leads firms to significantly reduce both plant expansions and contractions. These effects are mostly important for large discrete decisions which are plausibly harder to reverse. The results also suggest that firms’ decisions to expand and contract their plants are less responsive to changes in business conditions in the presence of higher uncertainty. Overall, the evidence broadly supports the predictions of real-options effects where higher uncertainty creates an incentive for firms to wait and become inactive.
ENTREPRENEURIAL TENDENCIES: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA AND INDIA

Discussed in this paper is the entrepreneurial intent of two cultures, China and India. The dichotomy exhibited in these two societies is vast--the history of the Chinese mores is of order and harmony with a defined hierarchy whereas the proud tradition of India exhibits a culture of pluralism, debate and dissent. Recent emerging markets have encouraged the people of both these cultures to proactively seek new opportunities, convert resources into marketable goods, and bear the risk associated with achieving profits. The risk-loving attitude of these entrepreneurs correlates with internal locus of control. JEL: M1; M2; M3; N2
Daily Activity and Nest Occupation Patterns of Fox Squirrels (Sciurus niger) throughout the Year

The authors investigated the general activity and nest occupation patterns of fox squirrels in a natural setting using temperature-sensitive data loggers that measure activity as changes in the microenvironment of the animal. Data were obtained from 25 distinct preparations, upon 14 unique squirrels, totaling 1385 recording days. The animals were clearly diurnal, with a predominantly unimodal activity pattern, although individual squirrels occasionally exhibited bimodal patterns, particularly in the spring and summer. Even during the short days of winter (9 hours of light), the squirrels typically left the nest after dawn and returned before dusk, spending only about 7 hours out of the nest each day. Although the duration of the daily active phase did not change with the seasons, the squirrels exited the nest earlier in the day when the days became longer in the summer and exited the nest later in the day when the days became shorter in the winter, thus tracking dawn along the seasons. During the few hours spent outside the nest each day, fox squirrels seemed to spend most of the time sitting or lying. These findings suggest that fox squirrels may have adopted a slow life history strategy that involves long periods of rest on trees and short periods of ground activity each day.
Medicare Utilization and Expenditures Around Incident Dementia in a Multiethnic Cohort

Background. F ew studies have examined patterns of health care utilization and costs during the period around incident dementia. Methods. P articipants were drawn from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project, a multiethnic, population-based, prospective study of cognitive aging of Medicare beneficiaries in a geographically defined area of northern Manhattan. Medicare utilization and expenditure were examined in individuals with clinically diagnosed dementia from 2 years before until 2 years after the initial diagnosis. A sample of non-demented individuals who were matched on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics at study enrollment was used as controls. Multivariable regression analysis estimated effects on Medicare utilization and expenditures associated with incident dementia. Results. During the 2 years before incident dementia, rates of inpatient admissions and outpatient visits were similar between dementia patients and non-demented controls, but use of home health and skilled nursing care and durable medical equipment were already higher in dementia patients. Results showed a small but significant excess increase associated with incident dementia in inpatient admissions but not in other areas of care. In the 2 years before incident dementia, total Medicare expenditures were already higher in dementia patients than in non-demented controls. But we found no excess increases in Medicare expenditures associated with incident dementia. Conclusions. Demand for medical care already is increasing and costs are higher at the time of incident dementia. There was a small but significant excess risk of inpatient admission associated with incident dementia.
Inhibition of estradiol-induced pituitary hypertrophy in rats.

SummaryEqui-potent doses of estradiol caused greater pituitary enlargement in rats than stilbestrol. A third estrogen, TACE, caused no enlargement whatsoever. When two estrogens were given concurrently there was a competitive, rather than an additive, action. Hence, with each combination the average pituitary weight was between averages obtained when each substance was administered individually. With all estrogens there was evidence for ACTH-stimulated adrenal hyperactivity, determined by increase in adrenal weight and thymus gland involution. The observations that (1) TACE causes adrenal stimulation without pituitary enlargement and (2) combinations of estrogens can bring about an inhibition of the usual pituitary enlargement without a corresponding inhibition of adrenal stimulation suggest that the estrogen-induced hyper-production of ACTH does not depend upon pituitary hypertrophy.
pH-dependent modulation of the cloned renal K+ channel, ROMK.

pH is an important modulator of the low-conductance ATP-sensitive K+ channel of the distal nephron. To examine the mechanism of interaction of protons with the channel-forming protein, we expressed...
Common errors in evaluating chest radiographs

PreviewInterpretive pitfalls are common in chest radiography. The author discusses and illustrates several frequent errors of radiographic analysis and offers helpful tips to identify obscure or equivocal radiographic abnormalities.
Kurta, A., and J. Kennedy (eds.). 2002. The Indiana Bat, Biology and Management of an Endangered Species. Bat Conservation International, Austin, Texas, 253 pp. ISBN not available, price (paper) $17

A. Kurta, J. Kennedy (eds.). 2002. The Indiana Bat, Biology and Management of an Endangered Species. Bat Conservation International Austin, Texas 253 pp. ISBN not available, price (paper) $17. This volume compiles 27 papers that followed from presentations at the spring 2001 symposium The Indiana Bat: Biology and Management of an Endangered Species . The Northeast Bat Working Group organized the symposium to synthesize and disseminate research information gathered on the ecology and behavior of the Indiana bat since release of the 1983 recovery plan. The editors divided the volume into 6 topic areas. The 1st section ( Status , Distribution , and Policy ) provides an overview of Indiana bat natural history, progress and …
Emerging Concepts in the Treatment of Ureteral Stones

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has become the therapy of first choice in the treatment of most ureteral stones. Parameters for the selection of the optimal procedure (ESWL in situ, stone manipulation and consecutive ESWL, ureteroscopic or open surgical stone removal) have been recently established and proven in a larger series of patients. Controversy as to whether ESWL should be done in an “in situ” fashion or whether it should be preceded by ureteral stone manipulation, however, has persisted. In this regard, we basically have noticed a continental shift reflecting the peculiarities of different health systems in Europe and the USA. In the United States, most centers prefer stone manipulation by ureteral stents in a retrograde fashion. This is done in order to dislodge the stone from its confinement in the edematous stone bed. Ideally, the stone is repositioned into the renal collecting system, the natural expansion chamber. If this can not be accomplished, creation of an artificial expansion chamber by passing ureteral stents alongside the stone is attempted. At UCLA, a differentiated approach is utilized which is as follows: based on the radiographic appearance of an existing natural expansion chamber (gross ureteral dilatation above the stone, no complete obstruction), approximately 10% of stones above the iliac crest, and 25% of stones located in the pelvic window (for example, in the true pelvis) below the pelvic brim are eligible for in situ ESWL treatment. All other stones which do not qualify for in situ treatment still undergo ureteral stone manipulation utilizing stents. This approach has advantages over our previously-described combined approach in that it does not change the success rate (97%) and overall hospital stay (1.2 days), but it does save ureteral manipulation for approximately 30% of patients (Tables 1 and 2).
The simmering debate over supplemental jurisdiction

In this essay, Professor Pfander revisits the debate surrounding supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367, specifically, § 1367’s effect on Zahn v. International Paper Co. The Supreme Court held in Zahn that a federal court, sitting in diversity, may not exercise supplemental jurisdiction over claims by unnamed members of a plaintiff class that fail to satisfy the amount-in-controversy requirement. One account of § 1367 is that the statute overruled Zahn’s restrictive view of supplemental jurisdiction. An alternative account, adopted by the Tenth Circuit in Leonhardt v. Western Sugar Co., is that the statute preserves Zahn’s prohibition. Recent decisions by the Fourth and Ninth Circuits deepen a circuit split on the question, perhaps increasing the likelihood that the Supreme Court will address the question. Professor Pfander defends the Leonhardt account. After providing a brief overview of the interpretive issues, Professor Pfander considers and rejects a variety of criticisms of the Tenth Circuit’s approach that have appeared in recent decisions. This thoughtful essay offers the reader a textually credible account of § 1367 that squares with what Congress expected the statute to accomplish and refrains from unsettling the many jurisdictional distinctions that had emerged before the codification of supplemental jurisdiction.
Michelangelo: LATE WORK, LONG LIFE

The Florentine community of Rome resided near the Tiber, in a trio of short streets that branched from Ponte Sant'Angelo. The most important of these was the Via Banco Santo Spirito, so named for the Zecca or Mint prominently situated at the head of the street. A newer street, named after Pope Paul III, the Via Paola, connected Ponte Sant'Angelo to the older Via Giulia (laid out under Julius II), which ran parallel to the Tiber River to Ponte Sisto. At the intersection of Via Giulia and Via Paola was an irregular plot of land near the Tiber, which, before the modern embankments were built, was flooded with seasonal regularity. There was limited space to build a church; however, the site was perfectly suited for a compact, centrally planned building. SAN GIOVANNI DEI FIORENTINI Construction of a new church in Rome for the Florentine nation, aptly named San Giovanni dei Fiorentini after the community's patron saint, had been decided upon as early as 1518, during the pontificate of Leo X. Virtually every Florentine architect (and some foreign) showed interest in the project, with the predictable result that nothing much was accomplished. Antonio da Sangallo was the most prolific in providing plans for a new church – some ten designs of his are preserved in the Uffizi.
Exploring the Boundaries of Career Calling: The Moderating Roles of Procedural Justice and Psychological Safety

The purpose of this research was to examine how the relation between an individual’s calling and his or her job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and career success is affected by two dimensions o...
Code-switching musicians: an exploratory study

ABSTRACTThere are populations of musicians who demonstrate considerable success-making music in formal school music ensembles and also in their own rock, digital, and ethnic groups in the larger musical community. We suggest helpful insights into the phenomenon of switching between various ways of being musical can be gleaned from the linguistic theory of code-switching. Although authors have identified a disconnect between the narrowly categorised music taught in schools and the wider variety of music in society, we have identified musical ‘code-switchers:’ people adept at navigating multiple musical worlds. The purpose of this study is to examine the experiences and perceptions of these musicians who have demonstrated skill and comfort switching between formal ensembles in a school of music and informal ensembles of multiple genres outside of the school and to examine the viability of using code-switching to better understand flexible, comprehensive musicianship. Participants indicated both musical and ...
Simulated annealing-based placement for microfluidic large scale integration (mLSI) chips

Microfluidic large-scale integration (mLSI) chips comprise hundreds or thousands of microvalves integrated into a chemically inert elastomeric substrate. The design of these chips is time-consuming, error-prone, and presently performed by hand. To enhance design automation, a routability-oriented placement algorithm based on simulated annealing is introduced. This paper investigates relevant issues including: (1) grid representation; (2) perturbation operations; (3) objective function; (4) uniform vs. heterogeneous component sizes; (5) spacing rules and their effect on routability; and (6) random vs. directed initial placement. Our results show how the above issues affect both the pre-routing estimate on the routability of the chips, the number of flow channel intersections (each of which requires the insertion of several microvalves), and total channel distance as reported by our router.
Cry wolf and inflate medical urgency to expedite consult resolution through gastrointestinal endoscopy

Background and aims To expedite a consult resolution, referring physicians sometimes inflate the urgency and need for endoscopic workup. The aim of the present decision analysis was to study the impact of inflationary indication on the expected benefits to gastroenterologists and referring physicians. Methods The study aims were pursued in terms of game theory and medical decision analysis using decision trees. Different outcomes associated with true versus false urgent indication in immediate versus delayed endoscopy were ranked according to different preference schemes of gastroenterologists versus referring physicians. Results The decision analysis shows that inflating the urgency of indication for endoscopy reduces the benefit from the perspective of gastroenterologists and referring physicians alike. Raising the level of false urgent indications results in a lost opportunity for immediate endoscopy among patients with true urgent indications and, thus, diminishes the overall benefit of endoscopy. By comparison, all other influences play only a marginal role. For referring physicians, the small benefit of expediting nonurgent endoscopies by exaggerated claims does not compensate for the concomitant loss of truly needed endoscopy slots. For gastroenterologists, a small benefit derived from delaying endoscopies in patients with false urgent endoscopies rapidly wears off as inflationary indications become common practice. Conclusion An underlying communication problem between referring physicians and gastroenterologists needs to be resolved by educating referring physicians about the operative exigencies of endoscopy units and about the true appearance of alarm symptoms in common digestive diseases.
Availability of tobacco cessation services in substance use disorder treatment programs: Impact of state tobacco control policy.

Abstract Objective Given the high prevalence of smoking among substance use disorder (SUD) patients, the specialty SUD treatment system is an important target for adoption and implementation of tobacco cessation (TC) services. While research has addressed the impact of tobacco control on individual tobacco consumption, largely overlooked in the literature is the potential impact of state tobacco control policies on availability of services for tobacco cessation. This paper examines the association between state tobacco control policy and availability of TC services in SUD treatment programs in the United States. Methods State tobacco control and state demographic data (n = 51) were merged with treatment program data from the 2012 National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (n = 10.413) to examine availability of TC screening, counseling and pharmacotherapy services in SUD treatment programs using multivariate logistic regression models clustered at the state-level. Results Approximately 60% of SUD treatment programs offered TC screening services, 41% offered TC counseling services and 26% offered TC pharmacotherapy services. Results of multivariate logistic regression showed the odds of offering TC services were greater for SUD treatment programs located in states with higher cigarette excise taxes and greater spending on tobacco prevention and control. Conclusions Findings indicate cigarette excise taxes and recommended funding levels may be effective policy tools for increasing access to TC services in SUD treatment programs. Coupled with changes to insurance coverage for TC under the Affordable Care Act, state tobacco control policy tools may further reduce tobacco use in the United States.
Management of Calcium Channel Blocker Poisoning

Calcium channel blocker poisonings are the leading cause of death from cardiovascular medication-related overdoses (Mowry et al. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 52(10):1032–1283, 2014; Shenoy et al. J Hosp Med 9(10):663–668, 2014). Clinical effects in the poisoned patient may include hypotension, bradycardia, atrioventricular conduction disturbances, pulmonary edema, stroke, bowel ischemia, altered mental status, and cardiac arrest. Many immediate and sustained-release preparations exist, hence pharmacokinetics are highly variable. Calcium channel blockers are generally lipophilic and highly-protein bound, rendering traditional extracorporeal elimination methods such as hemodialysis largely ineffective.
Current views on carotenoids: biology, epidemiology and trials

There have been well over 600 carotenoids described in nature with the vast majority having colors ranging from pale yellow to deep red [1]. We find them not only in our fruits and vegetables, but in the flowers and foliage decorating our environment. In addition, many animal species contain visible coloration due to the ingestion of carotenoid-containing plant material. The pinkish tone of many fish species, some of the color in the skin and plumage of birds, and even the yellow color in the fat associated with meat products represents the transfer of carotenoids from plants to animals. The human is not exempt from this process, for we absorb numerous carotenoids from our diet, and then deposit them in our tissues [2]. Figure 1 represents the structures of the most common carotenoids found in humans, with relative levels depending on regional differences in diet. It should be noted that some of the naturally occurring carotenoids are found in the cis-configuration, which can significantly alter their physical properties and may impact on their biological properties. An example of this phenomenon relates to β-carotene. In our usual plant sources of β-carotene, the predominant isomeric form is the all-trans-β-carotene. In some algal sources, such as Dunaliella, there is a 50:50 mixture of the all-trans-β-carotene and 9-cis-β-carotene [3]. The latter isomer is much more soluble, presumably due to an inability to form tightly structured crystals. This change in solubility has been suggested as one reason for differences in the biological properties of these two isomers [4].
A comparison of frequency-domain equalization techniques in aeronautical telemetry

The frequency-domain equalization techniques described by Tan & Stuber, Pancaldi & Vitetta, Van Thillo et al, and Williams & Saquib are applied to SOQPSK-TG and its PAM approximation using two principal pulses. A simple representative channel from aeronautical telemetry was used in computer simulations. For weak multipath (measured by a shallow spectral null) the equalizers displayed nearly equal bit error rate performance. As the multipath intensity increased (deeper spectral null) the Pancaldi & Vitetta and Van Thillo equalizers achieved consistently superior performance, but operate at a loss of 8 dB at a bit error rate of 10−5.
Müller Cell Biological Processes Associated with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Expression.

Muller cells provide support to photoreceptors under many conditions of stress and degeneration. Leukemia inhibitory factor is known to be expressed in Muller cells, which is necessary to promote photoreceptor survival in stress. We hypothesize that Muller cells that express LIF are undergoing other biological processes or functions which may benefit photoreceptors in disease. In this study, we analyze an existing single Muller cell microarray dataset to determine which processes are upregulated in Muller cells that express LIF, by correlating LIF expression to the expression of other genes using a robust correlation method. Some enriched processes include divalent inorganic cation homeostasis, negative regulation of stem cell proliferation, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity.
Pediatric facial injuries: Hitting close to home

Abstract Purpose The aims of this study were as follows: To determine the national incidence of facial fractures among infants, toddlers, and children; to evaluate the types of facial fractures; and to analyze common products/activities associated with the fractures. Materials and methods A retrospective review was conducted to explore patterns of facial fractures among infants ( Results A total of 1507 ED visits for facial fractures among infants, toddlers, and children were obtained and extrapolated to an estimated total of 39,388 ED visits, averaging 3030 annually. The majority of these ED visits were for facial fractures that occurred at home. Most facial fractures sustained at the age period of 1 month–5 years old were nasal fractures. Facial fractures in infants were caused most commonly by floors or flooring materials, likely due to falls, while household items/furniture-related injuries were the most common cause of facial fractures in both toddlers and children. Facial fractures from playground equipment and riding toys were more common in children than in the other age groups. Conclusion The reported trends in the incidence by age group and types of fracture can assist physicians by serving as supplement for clinical history and examination when encountering this challenging patient population. Our findings highlight preventative opportunities, particularly in baby care items and beds for reducing facial fractures in infants. Similarly, preventative opportunities are highlighted in household items and furniture for lowering the incidence of facial fractures in toddlers and children. Our study also suggests ensuring safe handling of playground equipment and riding toys for the prevention of facial fractures in children.
The Federalist Papers As a Case Study

When two statisticians, both flanks unguarded, blunder into an historical and literary controversy, merciless slaughter is imminent. Our persistence needs explanation.
Physical Changes of the Aging Brain

Of course, one must either grow old or die young. The implicit choice would seem more obvious than it really is or might be in our society. Realistically viewed today, the late decades of human life are hazardous in their course and have but a single outcome. One can perhaps accept with some equanimity most aspects of aging, such as decreased agility or muscle strength, or lessened acuity of hearing. It is not possible, however, for most of us to regard impassively our own prospects in regard to significant loss of mental ability.
Epoxy Adhesion to Copper

To improve the water resistance of copper-epoxy bonds, chemical bonding between the resin and the copper surface is being studied. Several coupling agents, capable of bonding with both copper and the epoxy adhesive, have been prepared and evaluated by a torsional joint testing method. After boiling in water for over 800 hours, the joints treated with 5-amino-benzotriazole showed a more than 500% better breaking strength than a similarly prepared control. Several additional experiments have been performed to understand the mechanism of failure.
Ratiometric Phosphorescent Silver Sensor: Detection and Quantification of Free Silver Ions within Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have well-known antibacterial properties that have stimulated their widespread production and usage, which nonetheless concomitantly raises concerns regarding their release into the environment. Understanding the toxicity of AgNPs to biological systems, the environment, and the role that each silver species (Ag+ ions vs AgNPs) plays in that toxicity has received significant attention. One of the critical objectives of this research is the development of a reliable method that can sense and differentiate free silver ions from AgNPs and is able to characterize silver ions leaching from nanosilver. A number of analytical methods described in the literature that are available for sensing silver ions are costly, time consuming, tedious, and, more importantly, destroy the AgNP sample. To address these issues, a phosphorescent gold(I)-pyrazolate cyclic trinuclear complex (AuT) known to detect free silver ions was employed to detect and differentiate silver ions from AgNPs within an AgNP sample. The advantage of the proposed silver sensor is its ratiometric emission capability that undermines any background interference. The sensor exhibits a strong red emission (λmax = ∼690 nm) that, in the presence of Ag+ ions, will form a bright-green emissive adduct with a blue-shifted peak maximum near 475 nm yet red-shifted excitation peak. The presence of AgNPs did not inhibit the silver detection and quantification ability of the phosphorescent silver sensor. To understand the chemical transformation of nanosilver, the leaching of silver ions from AgNPs over a period of 35 days was monitored and quantified by measuring the I/ Io changes of the sensor. Furthermore, through adduct formation, the AuT molecular system was able to remediate free silver ions from the solution. The stronger affinity of the AuT complex to "sandwich" free silver ions than AgNPs was demonstrated in the presence of KCl salt that is well documented to form AgCl in the presence of silver ions. To our knowledge, this is the only ratiometric luminescence-based silver sensor able to successfully differentiate between Ag+ ions and AgNPs, sense the silver leakage from AgNPs, and remediate toxic silver ions from an aqueous solution. The synthesis and characterization of this sensor is a simple, single-step process-anticipating its viability for various applications.
The role of patient beliefs in open-label placebo effects.

OBJECTIVE Recent research on open-label placebos, or placebos administered without deception or concealment, suggests that they can be effective in a variety of conditions. The current research sought to unpack the mechanisms underlying the treatment efficacy of open-label placebos. METHOD A health care provider induced an allergic reaction in 148 participants via a histamine skin prick test. Participants were then exposed to 1 of 4 conditions additively leveraging various mechanisms of open-label placebo treatments: a supportive patient-provider relationship, a medical ritual, positive expectations, and a rationale about the power of placebos. RESULTS There were no main effects of condition on allergic responses. However, participant beliefs about placebos moderated the effect of open-label placebo treatment condition on physiological allergic reactions: the condition including all 4 components of open-label placebos (a supportive patient-provider relationship, a medical ritual, positive expectations, and a rationale about the power of placebos) significantly reduced physiological allergic reaction among participants with a strong belief in placebos compared with participants in the control group. CONCLUSION Participants' beliefs about placebos interact with information from the provider to reduce physiological allergic reactions in response to an open-label placebo treatment. This study underscores the importance of measuring and understanding how participants' beliefs influence outcomes of treatment, and furthers our understanding of when and how open-label placebo treatments work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Differential Privacy for Network Identification

We consider a multiagent linear time-invariant system whose dynamical model may change from one disturbance event to another. The system is monitored by a control center that collects output measurements from the agents after every event and estimates the eigenvalues of the model to keep track of any adverse impact of the disturbance on its spectral characteristics. Sharing measurements in this way, however, can be susceptible to privacy breaches. If an intruder gains access to these measurements, she may estimate the values of sensitive model parameters and launch more severe attacks. To prevent this, we employ a differential privacy framework by which agents can add synthetic noise to their measurements before sending them to the control center. The noise is designed carefully by characterizing the sensitivity of the system so that it limits the intruder from inferring any incremental change in the sensitive parameters, thereby protecting their privacy. Our numerical results show that the proposed design results in marginal degradation in eigenvalue estimation when compared to the error incurred by the intruder in identifying the sensitive parameters.
Neuroendocrine Control of Food Intake

With the rising prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance syndrome, the need for understanding how humans regulate body weight has grown considerably. The interaction between peripheral signals of energy status from the gut or adipose tissue with neural signals in order to maintain energy homeostasis is enormously complex. Here we have described several, but by no means all, of the molecules involved in this process and how we think they function. Clearly some of these molecules, such as insulin and leptin, are extremely important for normal human health whereas the roles of others may be less critical although still important. For instance, despite the significant role of leptin in physiology, only a handful of obese people have been reported to have defective leptin signaling. So despite its key role as an adipokine leptin, it is unlikely to be the major cause of common human obesity. As insulin resistance syndrome and obesity are likely to be polygenic disorders, it is possible that still more molecules await discovery. The more important task for the future, perhaps, will be to decipher the underlying interactions between all of these signals in order to form a clear picture of the neuroendocrine regulation of food intake.
BEHAVIORAL (FEEDING) RESPONSES OF THE CRAYFISH, Procambarus clarkii, TO NATURAL DIETARY ITEMS AND COMMON COMPONENTS OF FORMULATED CRUSTACEAN FEEDS

We have examined the behavioral (feeding) response of Procambarus clarkii to natural dietary items (zooplankton, live fishes, dead fishes, and fish eggs) and common components of formulated feeds used in the aquaculture industry (soybean meal, fish meal, corn meal, alfalfa meal, and vitamin C). The feeding response by P. clarkii was determined using an ordinally ranked, whole-animal bioassay that included the following behaviors: (1) movement of the maxillipeds for longer than three seconds, (2) increased movement of the walking legs with dactyl “probing,” (3) movement of walking legs to the mouth, and (4) orientation of the entire body towards the odor source. Feeding behavior was determined in response to intact items, bathwater containing aqueous leachates from intact items, water and methanol fractions of bathwater eluted through a C18 resin flash chromatography column, and size fractions of bathwater containing either molecules ≤10,000 Da or molecules >10,000 Da. All fractions tested were significantly stimulatory. Zooplankton was the most stimulatory of the natural dietary items tested. However, the C18 water fraction of the soybean meal bathwater before size fractionation (containing molecules both 10,000 Da) was the most stimulatory of the common feed components and more stimulatory than the zooplankton. Proximate analysis indicated that the compounds present in this fraction were ca. 51% soluble carbohydrate, 4% soluble protein, and 45% unknown (assumed to be insoluble carbohydrates, insoluble proteins, and ash). We hypothesize that the primary compounds in soybean meal responsible for eliciting a feeding response in P. clarkii are soluble carbohydrates and/or glycoproteins.
Transcriptomic analyses of Aedes aegypti cultured cells and ex vivo midguts in response to an excess or deficiency of heme: a quest for transcriptionally-regulated heme transporters

Aedes aegypti is the principle vector of many arboviruses, including dengue virus and Zika virus, which are transmitted when an infected female mosquito takes a blood meal in order to initiate vitellogenesis. During blood digestion, ~ 10 mM heme-iron is ingested into the midgut lumen. While heme acts as both a nutrient and signaling molecule during blood digestion, it can also be highly toxic if left unchaperoned. Both signaling by, and degradation of, heme are intracellular processes, occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively. However, the precise mechanism of heme uptake into the midgut epithelium is not currently known. We used next generation RNA sequencing with the goal to identify genes that code for membrane bound heme import protein(s) responsible for heme uptake into the midgut epithelium. Heme deprivation increased uptake of a heme fluorescent analog in cultured cells, while treatment of midguts with an excess of heme decreased uptake, confirming physiological changes were occurring in these heme-sensitive cells/tissues prior to sequencing. A list of candidate genes was assembled for each of the experimental sample sets, which included Aag2 and A20 cultured cells as well as midgut tissue, based on the results of a differential expression analysis, soft cluster analysis and number of predicted transmembrane domains. Lastly, the functions related to heme transport were examined through RNAi knockdown. Despite a large number of transmembrane domain containing genes differentially expressed in response to heme, very few were highly differentially expressed in any of the datasets examined. RNAi knockdown of a subset of candidates resulted in subtle changes in heme uptake, but minimal overall disruption to blood digestion/egg production. These results could indicate that heme import in Ae. aegypti may be controlled by a redundant system of multiple distinct transport proteins. Alternatively, heme membrane bound transport in Ae. aegypti could be regulated post-translationally.
Covariate Adaptive Family-wise Error Rate Control for Genome-Wide Association Studies

The family-wise error rate (FWER) has been widely used in genome-wide association studies. With the increasing availability of functional genomics data, it is possible to increase the detection power by leveraging these genomic functional annotations. Previous efforts to accommodate covariates in multiple testing focus on the false discovery rate control while covariate-adaptive FWER-controlling procedures remain under-developed. Here we propose a novel covariate-adaptive FWER-controlling procedure that incorporates external covariates which are potentially informative of either the statistical power or the prior null probability. An efficient algorithm is developed to implement the proposed method. We prove its asymptotic validity and obtain the rate of convergence through a perturbation-type argument. Our numerical studies show that the new procedure is more powerful than competing methods and maintains robustness across different settings. We apply the proposed approach to the UK Biobank data and analyze 27 traits with 9 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms tested for associations. Seventy-five genomic annotations are used as covariates. Our approach detects more genome-wide significant loci than other methods in 21 out of the 27 traits.
An examination of the NYSE’s retail liquidity program

Abstract The NYSE's Retail Liquidity Program (RLP) is a novel, restricted-access venue, in which orders cannot originate from a trading algorithm or any other computer methodology, designed to attract retail orders by offering price improvement. The mean price improvement in the RLP is about $0.0038 per share. RLP trades occur on 50.2 % of days, and on these days, the spread is one-cent 42 % of the time compared with a little less than 33 % of the time for other days. Greater tick-size constraint leads to more RLP trades, and the quoted spread is lower on days with RLP trading. Thus, the RLP sorting mechanism appears to reduce lit market liquidity suppliers' adverse selection concerns and enables them to provide better sub-penny prices to retail traders on lit markets.
Timely and Non-Disruptive Response of Emergency Vehicles: A Real-Time Approach

Facilitating timely traversal of emergency response vehicles (ERVs), especially through an urban road network remains a challenging task. ERV preemption is a technique commonly used to facilitate prioritized ERV traversal. Unplanned deployment of ERV preemption can induce network-wide traffic delays. This paper presents an ERV preemption strategy (considering ERV urgency levels) that proactively manages the traffic before, during and after ERV traversal by leveraging connected infrastructure to guarantee timely ERV travel while minimizing traffic delays. We also provide worst-case wait time bounds for non-emergency vehicles during ERV preemption. Our proposed approach does not introduce any additional delay in ERV traversal over existing approaches while also showing up to 43% reduction in average non-emergency traffic delays.
Psychological Stress and Age-Related Memory decline (P2.172)

Objective. To assess the effect of stress vulnerability ascertained by the NEO Five Factor Model on age-related memory decline in a well characterized younger cognitively normal cohort enriched for the APOE e4 allele. Background. Chronic stress has been associated with hippocampal neuronal loss in rodent models but findings in primates and humans have been less convincing. The Religious Orders Study previously showed that elderly clergy with neuroticism levels above the 90 th percentile (based on the NEO Five Factor Model) have greater cognitive decline than those below the 10 th percentile, although findings in a biracial community were less clear cut, and not all studies have demonstrated such an association. Methods. 510 neuropsychiatrically normal residents of Maricopa County recruited through media ads (mean age 57.6+/-10.6 years, 70[percnt] women, mean education 15.8+/-2.4 years) had neuropsychological testing every two years (mean duration followup 9.1+/-4.4 years), as well as the complete NEO Five Factor Personality Inventory. The primary outcome measure was the long term memory score of the auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) with secondary measures including the mini-mental status (MMSE), controlled oral word association (COWA), and judgement of line orientation (JLO) tests to assess non-memory domains. Quadratic and linear models were constructed correlating changes in test performance with age in each of three tertiles based upon the NEO Neuroticism factor T score. Results. Neuroticism tertiles were as follows: first 45. With quadratic modeling, AVLT declined more rapidly in the highest tertile (p=.03) but there were no differences in MMSE (p=.09), COWA (p=.12) or JLO (p=.98). With linear models, AVLT (p=.002), COWAT (p=.04), and MMSE (p=.01) all declined more rapidly in the highest tertile.Conclusions. Higher neuroticism correlated with more rapid age-related cognitive decline. Disclosure: Dr. Caselli has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Elsevier Clinical Neurology News. Dr. Dueck has nothing to disclose. Dr. Locke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Woodruff has received research support from Genentech Inc. and Avid Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Hoffman-Snyder has nothing to disclose. Dr. Geda has nothing to disclose.
Interfacial shear stress measurement using high spatial resolution multiphase PIV

In multiphase flows, form drag and viscous shear stress transfer momentum between phases. For numerous environmental and man-made flows, it is of primary importance to predict this transfer at a liquid–gas interface. In its general expression, interfacial shear stress involves local velocity gradients as well as surface velocity, curvature, and surface tension gradients. It is therefore a challenging quantity to measure experimentally or compute numerically. In fact, no experimental work to date has been able to directly resolve all the terms contributing to the shear stress in the case of curved and moving surfaces. In an attempt to fully resolve the interface shear stress when surface tension gradients are negligible, high-resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) data are acquired simultaneously on both sides of a water–air interface. The flow consists of a well-conditioned uniform and homogeneous water jet discharging in quiescent air, which exhibits two-dimensional surface waves as a result of a shear layer instability below the surface. PIV provides velocity fields in both phases, while planar laser-induced fluorescence is used to track the interface and obtain its curvature. To compute the interfacial shear stress from the data, several processing schemes are proposed and compared, using liquid and/or gas phase data. Vorticity at the surface, which relates to the shear stress through the dynamic boundary condition at the surface, is also computed and provides additional strategies for estimating the shear. The various schemes are in agreement within the experimental uncertainties, validating the methodology for experimentally resolving this demanding quantity.
The Cell Kinetics of Mammary Cancers

The cell kinetics of mammary cancers are not dissimilar from those of other cancers, except perhaps as they are influenced by the hormonal milieu. This chapter will review the available literature of unperturbed breast cancer cell kinetics in both transplantable and spontaneous animal models, as well as the available material on human breast cancers. The data reported here originated from in vivo and short-term in vitro studies performed directly with the tumor tissue. The reason for this restriction is that tissue cultured breast tumor cells, while they perhaps retain some of the biochemical characteristics of the original specimen, do not necessarily have the same cell kinetic patterns as the primary or metastatic tumors from which they were derived.
On the Distribution of the Sample Correlation Coefficient

This article includes a study of some results obtained by Olkin and Pratt (1958). They derived an unbiased estimator r* of the population correlation ρ in a form of a convergent hypergeometric function.
Information Literacy Instruction that Works: A Guide to Teaching By Discipline and Student Population

The goal of making student informaton literate through effective library instruction sits at the core of our mission as academic librarians.