cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Labor Leverage, Equity Risk, and Corporate Policy Choice

This paper investigates the role of labor utilization in assessing equity investment risk and corporate financial policy choices. Several existing models of the firm predict that labor utilization is costly to adjust in the short run. I argue that this leads to a relatively fixed obligation to pay cash to labor, in effect creating an off-balance-sheet intangible liability similar to a lease. The liability creates 'labor leverage' risk, analogous to financial leverage risk. Labor leverage is hypothesized to be positively correlated with equity investment risk as measured by characteristics of stock returns. Managers recognize this risk and adjust financial policies including debt financing and dividend policy accordingly. The main empirical results are that labor leverage is positively correlated with equity investment risk, and it plays the predicted role in regressions explaining financial structure and dividend policy. Proxies for labor leverage are simple measures based on existing disclosure. The results are consistent with the conjectures that market participants use labor disclosures to assess risk, and that managers take actions to mitigate this risk. The results are consistent across most sectors of the economy, and consistent over time.
Some Hypothetical Allotropes of Carbon

We are so used to diamond and graphite that it is difficult for us to think that there might exist different allotropes of carbon. But there are many reasons to ponder this problem, among them the following:
Chronic-Binge Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Injury and Inflammation Were Ameliorated in Mice Deficient for Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Gene

Introduction: Experimental alcohol-induced liver injury is exacerbated by a high polyunsaturated fat diet rich in linoleic acid (LA). The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of bioactive oxid...
The philosophical discourse of modernity: Twelve lectures: By Jürgen Habermas. Translated by Frederick Lawrence. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press, 1987, 430 pp., $27.50 (cloth).

(1989). The philosophical discourse of modernity: Twelve lectures. The Social Science Journal: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 485-489.
Securities Regulation as Gap-Filler: The Example of Hydraulic Fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing is a controversial well stimulation process used to maximize the extraction of underground resources like oil and gas. There has been a significant public and scholarly outcry for a federal regulatory response to hydraulic fracturing. Despite the perception of a slow federal regulatory response to hydraulic fracturing, one area of federal regulation has dealt extensively with hydraulic fracturing: securities regulation. In particular, public companies that are engaged in hydraulic fracturing operations must (1) make extensive periodic disclosures under Securities Exchange Act regulations; and (2) comply with the Exchange Act’s regulations regarding shareholder access to company proxy statements. After explaining how the securities laws regulate hydraulic fracturing, albeit indirectly, this Essay concludes with a broader discussion about the gap-filling role of securities regulation within the federal regulatory scheme.Copyright 2013 by Thomson Reuters. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission of Thomson Reuters/West from Securities Regulation Law Journal.
Ryszard S. Michalski: The Vision and Evolution of Machine Learning

Ryszard S. Michalski was an outstanding scientist who dedicated his life to research and discovery. He pioneered so many areas and methods of machine learning that it is not possible to describe them properly in one chapter. Thus, we present a brief summary of what we believe are the most important aspects of his research, and present the vision of machine learning that he communicated to us on multiple occasions. The most important topics mentioned in this chapter are: natural induction, knowledge mining, AQ learning, conceptual clustering, VL1 and attributional calculus, constructive induction, the learnable evolution model, inductive databases, methods of plausible reasoning, and the inferential theory of learning.
The Theme of the Three Caskets

One gold, one silver, one lead: who thinks this test easy has already flunked. Or, you have three daughters, two humming birds and the youngest, Cordelia, a grackle. And here's Cinderella, the ash-princess. Three guesses, three wishes, three strikes and you're out. You've been practicing for this for years, jumping rope, counting out, learning to waltz, games and puzzles, tests and chores. And work, in which strain and ease fill and drain the body like air having its way with the lungs. And now? Your palms are mossy with sweat. The more you think the less you understand. It's your only life you must choose, daily.
β-Hemolytic Gram-Negative Hemophilic Bacillus Isolated from the Genitalia of Rabbits

Muraschi, Thelma F. (Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany), John K. Miller, Victor N. Tompkins, and Dorothy M. Bolles. beta-Hemolytic gram-negative hemophilic bacillus isolated from the genitalia of rabbits. J. Bacteriol. 91:356-366. 1966.-An unidentified beta-hemolytic gram-negative hemophilic bacillus was encountered during experiments for recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from rabbits after vaginal instillation. Cultural, morphological, biochemical, and serological properties of the isolate were studied, and comparisons were made with members of the genus Haemophilus and L. monocytogenes. Identity of the microorganism was not established.
Factors Associated with CVD

We have considered already the equivocal relationship between the occurrence of CVD and sex or race. The very striking effects of age upon its frequency (except for SAH) have also been noted, and stroke in young adults would best seem to represent the tail expected in any frequency distribution. We might now inquire into those factors which have been claimed to be causative or precipitating in CVD. This necessarily entails speaking to the point of the associated disorders themselves, at least in sketchy outline. Only disorders recently considered related entities will be under review. Older claims, such as an inverse relationship of CVD and CA, especially in women, seem not to have attracted the interest of current workers.
Implantation of D and He in W-Coated Refractory Carbides

The effect of high temperature (700-1200°C) implantation of deuterium and helium in candidate fusion first wall materials was studied in the University of Wisconsin Inertial Electrostatic Confineme...
Hydrochlorothiazide Interference with Urinary Estriol Determination

The commonly used diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide, interferes with the determination of urinary estriol, by destroying the latter during acid hydrolysis. Urine specimens from pregnant patients taking this diuretic may therefore show falsely low estriol values.
Network Configuration and Management via Two-Phase Online Optimization

Automated configuration and management of highly dynamic networks is a challenging problem for network practitioners. Such online optimization of systems can be performed in two ways: (i) using a separate model of the system for experimenting new configurations, (ii) using the system itself for experimentation without a separate system model. The former approach fails for dynamic networks with high failure rates or variable demand profile. In this paper, we take the latter approach and perform in- situ trials in a network to find better configurations of IGP link weights giving result to higher network throughput. Our approach follows a two-phase model where the online optimization process periodically goes into a "search" phase followed by network operation with the parameters found in the latest search phase. We use a black-box optimization algorithm, called Probabilistic Trans- Algorithmic Search (PTAS), to search for better IGP link weights and evaluate our approach in terms of key parameters such as search phase frequency and length.
A multi-lens framework explaining structural differences across foodservice and culinary education

Abstract This study considers differences in control processes and degree content requirements in foodservice and culinary programs. Hypotheses utilize an integrated framework of resource dependence, institutional and efficiency perspectives. Results provide support for the contention that private institutions are more likely to establish processes that have tendencies toward market or efficiency considerations while public institutions are more likely to create processes with a more institutionalized structure. Significant differences in degree content were found in culinary specific and general education requirements between public and private institutions offering 4-year culinary degrees. Hypothesized differences between 2-year and 4-year institutions received little support.
Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Vasculitis—It’s Time To Reclassify

Based on the lack of knowledge of pathophysiologic mechanisms, there has not been a clear and consistent classification of vasculitides. During the past few years, our understanding of these disorders has been enhanced by an appreciation of the role of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. These antibodies exist in two types, a c-ANCA, which corresponds to anti-proteinase 3 antibodies, and a p-ANCA, which corresponds mostly with anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies. Treatment has improved prognosis markedly in these diseases. Most patients can be successfully treated with combinations of treatments including steroids, pulse steroids, cytotoxic agents, and plasmapheresis. Based on antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and response to treatment, a classification is proposed. This classification includes all necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis as vasculitis. The vasculitides are divided according to whether they involve large arteries, medium arteries, or small vessels, which include arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Small vessel vasculitides frequently are associated with necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis and are divided into three categories: ANCA-associated, anti-GBM associated, and immune complex-associated. Renal biopsy is extremely useful in providing pathologic confirmation of small vessel vasculitis.
Therapeutic neuroprotective agents for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal chronic neurodegenerative disease whose hallmark is proteinaceous, ubiquitinated, cytoplasmic inclusions in motor neurons and surrounding cells. Multiple mechanisms proposed as responsible for ALS pathogenesis include dysfunction of protein degradation, glutamate excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. It is therefore essential to gain a better understanding of the underlying disease etiology and search for neuroprotective agents that might delay disease onset, slow progression, prolong survival, and ultimately reduce the burden of disease. Because riluzole, the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment, prolongs the ALS patient’s life by only 3 months, new therapeutic agents are urgently needed. In this review, we focus on studies of various small pharmacological compounds targeting the proposed pathogenic mechanisms of ALS and discuss their impact on disease progression.
Toxicity of Aquatic Herbicides to Daphnia magna

Accurate determination of the acute toxicities of a series of 16 aquatic herbicides to Daphnia magna reveals that several of them may present a hazard to food-chain microfauna whether the compounds are environmentally destroyed or not.
Developing and Validating a Science Notebook Rubric for Fifth-Grade Non-Mainstream Students.

We present the development and validation of a science notebook rubric intended to measure the academic language and conceptual understanding of non-mainstream students, specifically fifth-grade male and female economically disadvantaged Hispanic English language learner (ELL) and African-American or Hispanic native English-speaking students. The science notebook rubric is based on two main constructs: academic language and conceptual understanding. The constructs are grounded in second-language acquisition theory and theories of writing and conceptual understanding. We established content validity and calculated reliability measures using G theory and percent agreement (for comparison) with a sample of approximately 144 unique science notebook entries and 432 data points. Results reveal sufficient reliability estimates, indicating that the instrument is promising for use in future research studies including science notebooks in classrooms with populations of economically disadvantaged Hispanic ELL and Af...
Income transfers and income inequality

This paper examines two hypotheses dealing with the level of income inequality in the United States: the inequality stability and inequality reduction arguments. It shows that when data on the impact of income transfers to the nonpoor population are taken into account, the inequality stability hypothesis appears to be the most accurate.
HAS-BLED and CHA2DS2-VASc Scores as Predictors of Bleeding and Thrombotic Risk after HeartMate II Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Purpose Bleeding and thromboembolic (TE) events are feared complications following continuous-flow ventricular assist device (CF-VAD) implant. Risk stratification may guide individualization of care and improve outcomes. The HAS-BLED scoring system has been shown to predict bleeding events in patients on chronic anticoagulation, while the CHA2DS2-VASc score has been shown to quantify stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. We hypothesized that these widely used scores would be predictive of bleeding and TE complications after CF-VADs. Methods and Materials HAS-BLED and CHA2DS2-VASc scores were determined retrospectively for 171 consecutive patients who received HeartMate II (HMII) CF-VAD at a single center between 6/20/05 and 9/15/11. We excluded events occurring within 1 week and deaths occurring within 30 days of implant. Bleeding was defined as any systemic bleeding that required hospital admission or blood transfusion. TE events included ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, systemic emboli, or pump thrombosis. Results We observed 28 bleeding (16.3%) and 13 TE (7.6%) events in follow-up. The mean (±SD) HAS-BLED score was 2.1±1.0 vs 1.6±0.7 (p=0.01) in patients with bleeding versus those without, respectively. The mean (±SD) CHA2DS2-VASc scores were 3.4±1.2 vs 2.6±1.2 (p=0.03) in patients with TE events versus those without, respectively. HAS-BLED score ≥ 3 had a significantly higher risk for bleeding events compared to a score Conclusions A HAS-BLED or CHA2DS2-VASc score of 3 or more conferred significantly higher risks of bleeding or TE, respectively, following HMII implant. These scores may help clinicians construct individualized anticoagulation regimens for this high-risk group. [ Figure 1 ][ Figure 2 ]
The ethical scientist: An old-fashioned view.

My personal view of ethical behavior as a scientific researcher in an academic environment is presented. I discuss the behavior of a graduate student, a postdoctoral, and a professor. Ethical behavior in teaching, choosing a research project, publishing papers, and obtaining a job is discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 424–431, 2015.
Experimental study of spray cooling with Freon-113

Abstract Spray cooling heat transfer data for horizontal sprays on vertical constant heat flux surfaces with subcooled Freon-113 are presented. Using both full cone circular and square hydraulic spray nozzles, with three different orifice diameters, the flow rates are varied from 5.0 to 126.0 cm3 s−1. The effects of mass flux, spray droplet velocity, droplet diameter, and distance between nozzle and heat source are investigated. Heat fluxes in excess of 60 W cm−2 are achieved in the process. A non-dimensional generalized correlation for heat flux data applied to Freon-113 is successfully developed as qx μh fg = 10.55(We)0.6( c ' ΔT h fg 1.46 The results of the study show that the Weber number defined as the ratio of inertial force to surface tension force has a large effect on the spray cooling process.
Effects of pH probe lag on bioreactor mixing time estimation

Abstract Mixing time is one of the most important characteristics of bioreactors used to validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models in bioprocess. The pH tracer based method is commonly used to estimate mixing time by monitoring the pH change after perturbation to the system. However, pH probe lag is known to introduce errors in the test results. To determine the impact of probe lag on the measurement, pH probe response times were investigated. A second order mathematical model was established to describe the probe response profile and calculate the probe transfer function which was used to correct the empirical results. The corrected mixing time was used to validate the CFD models and also showed that the impact of pH probe response time on mixing time measurement is significant even in larger (pilot and manufacturing) scales. In addition, comparison with a conductance based tracer method is also discussed in this paper.
Interfacial cracks in adhesively bonded scarf joints

The interfacial crack behavior in adhesively bonded scarf joints is investigated. The study is conducted by using a method of analysis formulated on the basis of conservation laws of elasticity for nonhomogeneous solids and fundamental relationships in fracture mechanics of interfacial cracks. Solutions for interfacial crack-tip responses are determined for the joints with various adherend and adhesive properties, interface crack lengths, and adhesive-layer thicknesses. Also studied is the change of structural stiffness due to the presence of interfacial debonding. Of particular interests are the effects of geometric and material variables on the crack-tip response. Results are presented in terms of mixed-mode stress intensity factor solutions and energy release rates to illustrate the fundamental nature of fracture in adhesively bonded scarf joints.
Natural Geometry of Nonzero Quaternions

It is shown that the group of nonzero quaternions carries a family of natural closed Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metrics.
X-Ray pair distribution function analysis of a metakaolin-based, KAlSi2O6·5.5H2O inorganic polymer (geopolymer)

The atomic structure of geopolymers is often described as amorphous with a local structure that is equivalent to that of crystalline zeolites. However, this structural relationship has never been quantified beyond a first-nearest-neighbor bonding environment. In this study, the short to medium range (∼1 nm) structural order of metakaolin-based KAlSi2O6·5.5H2O geopolymer was quantified and compared to zeolitic tetragonal leucite (KAlSi2O6) using the X-ray atomic pair distribution function technique. Unheated KAlSi2O6·5.5H2O was found to be structurally similar to leucite out to a length of ∼8 A, but had increased medium range disorder over the 4.5 A 300 °C, changes in the short to medium range structure were observed due to dehydration and removal of chemically bound water. Crystallization of leucite occurred in samples heated beyond 1050 °C. Refinements of a leucite model against the PDF data for geopolymer heated to 1100 °C for 24 h yielded a good fit.
Control System Diagnosis Algorithm Optimization - the Combinatorial Entropy Approach

Abstract This paper presents combinatorial measures of the system condition uncertainty (diagnostic entropy) and the diagnostic symptoms information. The multi-valued diagnostic model has been assumed. Proposed measures can be used for the diagnostic model analysis and the diagnosis algorithm optimization. Optimization method exploits indispensable symptoms at every stage of the optimization process providing minimum number of symptoms in diagnosis algorithm.
Application of infrared microspectroscopy and multivariate analysis for monitoring the effect of adjunct cultures during Swiss cheese ripening

Abstract Improved cheese flavor has been attributed to the addition of adjunct cultures, which provide certain key enzymes for proteolysis and affect the dynamics of starter and nonstarter cultures. Infrared microspectroscopy provides unique fingerprint-like spectra for cheese samples and allows for rapid monitoring of cheese composition during ripening. The objective was to use infrared microspectroscopy and multivariate analysis to evaluate the effect of adjunct cultures on Swiss cheeses during ripening. Swiss cheeses, manufactured using a commercial starter culture combination and 1 of 3 adjunct Lactobacillus spp., were evaluated at d 1, 6, 30, 60, and 90 of ripening. Cheese samples (approximately 20 g) were powdered with liquid nitrogen and homogenized using water and organic solvents, and the water-soluble components were separated. A 3-μL aliquot of the extract was applied onto a reflective microscope slide, vacuum-dried, and analyzed by infrared microspectroscopy. The infrared spectra (900 to 1,800 cm −1 ) produced specific absorption profiles that allowed for discrimination among different cheese samples. Cheeses manufactured with adjunct cultures showed more uniform and consistent spectral profiles, leading to the formation of tight clusters by pattern-recognition analysis (soft independent modeling of class analogy) as compared with cheeses with no adjuncts, which exhibited more spectral variability among replicated samples. In addition, the soft independent modeling of class analogy discriminating power indicated that cheeses were differentiated predominantly based on the band at 1,122 cm −1 , which was associated with S–O vibrations. The greatest changes in the chemical profile of each cheese occurred between d 6 and 30 of warm-room ripening. The band at 1,412 cm −1 , which was associated with acidic AA, had the greatest contribution to differentiation, indicating substantial changes in levels of proteolysis during warm-room ripening in addition to propionic acid, acetic acid, and eye formation. A high-throughput infrared microspectroscopy technique was developed that can further the understanding of biochemical changes occurring during the ripening process and provide insight into the role of adjunct nonstarter lactic acid bacteria on the complex process of flavor development in cheeses.
Vertical ocean loading amplitudes from VLBI measurements

Vertical ocean loading amplitudes are determined by analysis of IRIS geodetic Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) data. The 4 nearly diurnal (K(sub 1), P(sub 1), O(sub 1), Q(sub 1)) and 4 nearly semidiurnal (K(sub 2), S(sub 2), M(sub 2), and N(sub 2)) component amplitudes can be inferred from the data with accuracies of 1-2 mm. Uncertainties of total displacements can approach 1 cm. Empirically determined total displacements are considerably larger than the values calculated from two geophysical models. The Scherneck model is found to give a better representation of VLBI delay data than the model of Pagiatakis by about 3 mm in residuals at 6 sites. Empirical estimation of the ocean loading amplitudes reduces Chi squared by 3067 for the 96 additional degrees of freedom in a fit to 273,000 IRIS VLBI observations, and reduces the RMS residuals by 3 mm relative to a fit using the fixed Scherneck model. Vertical ocean loading amplitudes can thus be inferred from VLBI data at a level which improves the overall model, but detailed assessment of individual tidal components is presently obscured by incomplete modeling at the tidal frequencies.
Assessments of Lodging Service Unit Performance for Repeat Business

Abstract Generating repeat business has been one of the greatest challenges to lodging marketers. This study explores a new approach to predicting customers' repatronization intention from the performance of key service units in lodging organizations. Repeat and first-time customers are studied separately in order to draw effective strategic implications for lodging operators. The results of this study show that repeat and first-time customers have different reasons for their continuous patronization to a particular lodging company. Practical implications and future directions for this line of research are discussed.
Analysis of recreational off-road vehicle accidents resulting in spinal cord injury

Twelve cases of spinal cord injury (SCI) resulting from recreational off-road vehicle (ORV) accidents seen during a three-year period at a spinal cord injury center were analyzed using structured interviews and record reviews. Seven accidents involved three-wheel all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), one involved a four-wheel ATV and four involved two-wheel trailbikes. The analysis of accident victim characteristics showed that all age groups are at risk, and that most victims were young adult men vehicle drivers with experience and wearing helmets. Spinal injury levels were cervical, three; thoracic, three; and thoracolumbar, six. Categorized accident hazard patterns were loss of control, six; tipover, four; and hidden obstacle, two. Contributing causative factors to the accident occurrence were poor driver judgment, seven, and vehicle instability, eight. Speeding was the most frequent primary cause of ORV accidents. We discuss vehicle and driver performance characteristics as they relate to risk of accident occurrence. The frequency of ORV accidents as an etiology of traumatic SCI at our center was 8%, compared to 8% for diving accidents and 11% for motorcycle accidents. We recommend, in view of the high risk of severe injury, widespread public education about ORV accident prevention.
Water-soluble copolymers. XXXII, Macromolecular drag reduction. A review of predictive theories and the effects of polymer structure

Revue des 1eres theories (Pfenninger), des modeles d'echelle de longueur (Visk), de temps (Lumley) et d'energie (Walsh, Kohn). Les polymeres reduisant la trainee (polyoside, polyacrylamides): effet de la masse moleculaire, des associations, de la flexibilite des chaines, du solvant, sur leurs proprietes
Parts and wholes in person recognition: developmental trends.

Abstract This study's aim is the investigation of short-term visual person recognition in 8- and 10-year-olds and adults, within the part–whole paradigm introduced by Tanaka and Farah (1993) . Natural unfamiliar whole persons were contrasted with natural unfamiliar faces to test for differences between person processing and face processing. Two experiments showed advantages of whole face recognition over isolated face feature recognition. Also, these was a complete over part probe advantage (CPA, Donnelly & Davidov, 1999 ) for person recognition in all age groups. Thus, recognition became more accurate between 8 years and adulthood, but no developmental shift in visual information processing was observable with face and whole person recognition. I conclude that person recognition does not rely on processes completely different from those of face recognition and that this holds for 8- and 10-year-olds as well as for adults.
Comparing Donor Segments to a Cause-Based Charity: The Case of the American Lung Association

ABSTRACT A slowing economy coupled with new political initiative to rely on faith-based organizations to deal with social ills is raising concerns for cause-based organizations about the level of future donations. In this study, 1,414 survey respondents permitted comparisons between current, lapsed and non-donors to the American Lung Association (ALA) in terms of donation motives and their satisfaction via donating, concern about health issues, perceptions of ALA and demographics. Analyses consisted of analysis of variance, chi-square tests and use of the importance/performance technique. Similarities and differences among the three groups are noted and discussed. Implications for the ALA's fundraising activities are drawn.
Low temperature GaAs grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Low temperature growth of GaAs by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE) is investigated. Reflection high energy electron diffraction is used to monitor the low temperature buffer (LTB) growth and anneal conditions. Growth at low temperatures with dimeric arsenic is more sensitive to the V/III flux ratios and substrate temperatures than with As 4 used in solid source MBE. Temperature dependent conductivity and deep level transient spectroscopy measurements are presented to observe trap outdiffusion from the LTB into subsequently grown FET channels. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra show degradation of quantum well properties when LTBs are grown with increasing V/III flux ratios.
Juxtaglomerular body abnormalities in youth-onset diabetic subjects

Juxtaglomerular body abnormalities in youth-onset diabetic subjects. Abnormal microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects (IDDS) is significantly associated with pre-clinical nephropathy. In youth-onset IDDS declining plasma renin activity is significantly associated with improved albumin excretion, while persistently elevated renin activity is associated with continued abnormal microalbuminuria. To determine if these changes are reflected in changes in cell count in the juxtaglomerular body and if biopsy findings correlate with abnormal microalbuminuria, renal tissue of 20 IDDS (Study IDDS) ages 16 to 31 years, evaluated concurrently for plasma renin activity and microalbuminuria, were examined by light microscopy. Biopsy or autopsy specimens from 21 normal subjects and 32 IDDS (Non-Study IDDS), ages 2 to 25, were also examined. Specimens from the majority of prepubertal and all pubertal and postpubertal Non-Study IDDS and all Study IDDS independently of status of microalbuminuria had morphologic abnormalities. Normal or mesangially expanded glomeruli were found in association with expanded juxtagomerular bodies and increased cell number, or with sclerotic bodies and decreased cell number. Sclerosis of juxtaglomerular bodies occurred independently of glomerular sclerosis. The highest percentage of glomeruli with expanded juxtaglomerular bodies and high cell count was present in specimens of Study IDDS with the most abnormal levels of microalbuminuria. T lymphocytes, noted within juxtaglomerular bodies, were present in specimens of 62% of the 52 Study and Non-Study IDDS. Abnormalities of the juxtaglomerular body are distinctive features of renal pathology in IDDS. T lymphocytes in the endocrine juxtaglomerular body suggest the presence of an autoimmune process. Confirmatory studies are necessary.
Deep into dinosaur bones

Dinosaurs range in size from the tiny hummingbird dining at your backyard birdfeeder to the monolithic sauropods (such as Brachiosaurus), which were the largest animals ever to walk the planet. Given their fantastic potential for enormity, it is not at all surprising that many of the analyses treating dinosaur paleobiology have explored the intricacies and difficulties associated with life at large body size (for summaries, see [1]). This myopic view has fortunately broadened in recent years and, today, scientists and the public alike view dinosaurs in a much more comprehensive light.
A cross-layer approach for IP network protection

Backup paths are widely used to protect IP links from failures. Existing solutions such as the commonly used independent and Shared Risk Link Group models do not accurately reflect the correlation between IP link failures, and thus may not choose reliable backup paths. We propose a cross-layer approach for IP link protection. We develop a correlated failure probability (CFP) model to quantify the impact of an IP link failure on the reliability of backup paths. With the CFP model, we propose two algorithms for selecting backup paths. The first algorithm focuses on choosing the backup paths with minimum failure probability. The second algorithm further considers the bandwidth constraint and aims at minimizing the traffic disruption caused by failures. It also ensures that the rerouted traffic load on each IP link does not exceed the usable bandwidth to avoid interfering with the normal traffic. Simulations based on real ISP networks show that our approach can choose backup paths that are more reliable and achieve better protection.
BACTERIA FOUND ON AMERICAN CHESTNUT BARK AND THEIR POTENTIAL IN BIOCONTROL OF CHESTNUT BLIGHT

Summary The American chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.) became susceptible to a blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica [Murr.] Bar, in the 1870s. This was imported on seedings from Asia, and American chestnut had no resistance to it. Since then, all attempts to eradicate or control the disease have met with very limited success or failure. This paper briefly reviews the history of the biocontrol of chestnut blight, from the use of ‘hypovirulent’ strains of C. parasitica to the use of a bacterium of Castanea spp. that are (1) antagonistic to C. parasitica and (2) can survive for an extensive time period on the bark of C. dentata. The study reveals that some Bacillus megaterium isolates from C. dentata bark may have potential in biological control. The results also provide an explanation for the success of mud packs in ‘healing’ cankers.
The Role of Fatigue in NBA Wagering Markets: The Surprising ‘‘Home Disadvantage Situation’’

Factors related to the margin of victory in the National Basketball Association (NBA), in terms of both the actual margin of victory and the projected margin of victory as reflected in point spreads, have been analyzed in many studies. This study investigates whether the NBA wagering market appropriately accounts for the differences in team fatigue when setting point spreads. Prior studies have found that a key component of the well-documented home court advantage is rest. We find that, over a 19-year period, the home team performed poorly against the spread when playing the second of back-to-back games, while the visiting team had 1 or 2 days rest. This poor performance was magnified when the home team had traveled one or two time zones in an easterly direction between the back-to-back games.
Quantitative, steady-state properties of Catania's computational model of the operant reserve

Catania (2005) found that a computational model of the operant reserve (Skinner, 1938) produced realistic behavior in initial, exploratory analyses. Although Catania's operant reserve computational model demonstrated potential to simulate varied behavioral phenomena, the model was not systematically tested. The current project replicated and extended the Catania model, clarified its capabilities through systematic testing, and determined the extent to which it produces behavior corresponding to matching theory. Significant departures from both classic and modern matching theory were found in behavior generated by the model across all conditions. The results suggest that a simple, dynamic operant model of the reflex reserve does not simulate realistic steady state behavior.
On Evaluating the Einthoven Triangle Theory

The authors have attempted to treat a controversial subject in a different way by introducing a known potential into the cavity of the living human heart and determining the magnitude of this potential at the extremities. While the data may be subject to various interpretations it is suggested that this technic may be a valuable tool for further analysis of the spread of potentials in the body.
Time-series estimation of the effects of natural experiments

This paper builds on the labor econometrics and classical treatment effects literatures to provide a framework supporting causal concepts and methods for estimating effects of natural experiments operating over time in an explicitly dynamic time-series context. We examine conditions for the construction of covariates instrumental in identifying effects of interest that lead to new tests for unconfoundedness, a key condition for the identification of causal effects that we link to the concept of Granger non-causality. Our new tests for unconfoundedness are useful in both cross-section and dynamic time-series settings.
Introduction to Focus Issue: Synchronization and Cascading Processes in Complex Networks

The study of collective dynamics in complex networks has emerged as a next frontier in the science of networks. This Focus Issue presents the latest developments on this exciting front, focusing in particular on synchronous and cascading dynamics, which are ubiquitous forms of network dynamics found in a wide range of physical, biological, social, and technological systems.
η Carinae across the 2003.5 Minimum: Spectroscopic Evidence for Massive Binary Interactions

We have analyzed high spatial, moderate spectral resolution observations of η Carinae (η Car) obtained with the STIS from 1998.0 to 2004.3. The data were obtained at discrete times covering an entire 2024 day spectroscopic cycle, with focus on the X-ray/ionization low state that began in 2003 June. The spectra show prominent P Cygni lines in H I, Fe II, and He I, which are complicated by blends and contamination by nebular emission and absorption. All lines show phase- and species-dependent variations in emission and absorption. For most of the cycle the He I emission is blueshifted relative to the H I and Fe II P Cygni emission lines, which are centered at approximately system velocity. The blueshifted He I absorption components vary in intensity and velocity throughout the 2024 day period. We construct radial velocity curves for the absorption component of the He I and H I lines. The He I absorption shows significant radial velocity variations throughout the cycle, with a rapid change of over 200 km s-1 near the 2003.5 event. The H I velocity curve is similar to that of the He I absorption, although offset in phase and reduced in amplitude. We interpret the complex line profile variations in He I, H I, and Fe II to be a consequence of the dynamic interaction of the dense wind of η Car A with the less dense, faster wind plus the radiation field of a hot companion star, η Car B. We use the variations seen in He I and the other P Cygni lines to constrain the geometry of the orbit and the character of η Car B.
Virtual Simulation for Lighting & Design Education

The study of lighting in architectural and interior design education is diverse and difficult. It has been shown that static computer-generated imagery can adequately represent real-world environments for subjective lighting analysis as long as the software accurately reproduces certain light distributions. This paper describes a prototype environment that explores an alternative education tool for studying interior lighting environments through the use of global illumination simulations in a virtual environment. Modern virtual reality technology affords us the luxury of not only achieving a high quality visual experience but also allowing the student to navigate through a space and interactively adjust lighting parameters. We describe our experience creating such an environment as well as the subjective interpretation of student users.
Nonisothermal Single- and Two-Phase Flow Through Consolidated Sandstones

This study concerns nonisothermal single and 2-phase flow of a single component fluid (water) in consolidated porous media. To the authors' knowledge, the only similar study involved nonisothermal boiling flow of propane in an unconsolidated sand pack, although much previous work on thermal oil recovery by hot fluid injection presents useful information. Linear flow experiments through cylindrical consolidated cores were performed. Both natural (Berea), and synthetic, cement-consolidated sand cores were used. Fabrication of the synthetic sandstones was important to permit reproducible fabrication of high porosity, low permeability sandstones with thermowells, pressure ports, and glass-tube capacitance probe guides cast in place. One unique system considered in this study was injection of cold fluid into an initially hot porous medium. This is analogous to heat scavenging on condensate reinjection in geothermal fluid production. (21 refs.)
The natural history of stargardt disease with specific sequence mutation in the ABCA4 gene.

PURPOSE. To determine longitudinal changes in fundus appearance and visual function in patients with Stargardt with at least one allelic mutation (Glyl961Glu) in the ABCA4 gene. METHODS. Sixteen patients with a diagnosis of Stargardt disease and a Gly1961Glu mutation were enrolled. All patients underwent a complete ocular examination including best corrected visual acuity, Goldmann visual field (GVF), and full-field ERG examinations. The percentage of patients who showed at least a doubling in the log of the minimum angle of visual resolution (logMAR) between their initial and most recent visits was determined, as was the percentage of patients who showed a doubling in the size of the central scotoma over this duration. RESULTS. Nine patients had at least a doubling of the logMAR visual acuity in their right eyes and 10 patients in their left eyes, over a mean follow-up (FU) period of 18.6 years. Of 15 patients, 46.7% had equal to or more than a doubling of the central scotoma area in response to a II2e test stimulus in the right eye and 60.0% in the left eyes. Among 10 patients whose ERGs were initially normal for rod and cone responses, 8 remained normal at their most recent FU visit. CONCLUSIONS. In these patients with Stargardt disease and a Gly1961Glu mutation, most showed a clinical phenotype characterized by fundus changes localized to the foveal and parafoveal regions, normal ERG amplitudes, absence of a silent or masked choroid, and a mean age at initial presentation in the third decade.
Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living African mammals

Twelve species of free-living African mammals from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the indirect hemagglutination test. Of 157 animals sampled, 20 (13%) were seropositive. T. gondii antibodies were detected in Burchell's zebra, (Equus burchelli), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), African elephant (Loxodonta africana), defassa waterbuck (Kobus defassa), lion (Panthera leo), and rock hyrax (Procavia capensis). The highest titers were found in elephants, two having titers of 1:4096 and one of 1:8192. These results are discussed in relation to the maintenance of T. gondii among African wildlife.
Subclavian vein thrombosis following IVF and ovarian hyperstimulation: a case report

Thromboembolic phenomena are a serious consequence of assisted reproductive technology. We present a case of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) at 7 weeks gestation following ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and IVF. Three weeks after recovering from OHSS, the patient presented with left neck pain and swelling. Ultrasound revealed a thrombus in the left jugular vein and left subclavian vein. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was initiated with symptom resolution within 1 week. The patient remained on LWMH throughout her pregnancy and delivered at term. A literature review showed 97 published cases of thromboembolism following ovulation induction. A majority of these cases was associated with OHSS and pregnancy and the site of involvement was predominantly in the upper extremity and neck. Infertility physicians and obstetricians should be aware of this complication and keep in mind that it may occur weeks after resolution of OHSS symptoms.
Laser-cooling limits and single-ion spectroscopy

The limitations to the achievement of low kinetic energies for laser cooling of single ions confined in electromagnetic traps are discussed. Sideband cooling of an ion in an rf (Paul) trap is reexamined including the effects of finite laser bandwidth and the energy of the rf micromotion. The micromotion is the oscillatory motion of the ion at the same frequency as the rf voltage applied to the trap electrodes. Sideband cooling of ions in a Penning trap is examined for the first time. In both cases, cooling to the zero-point energy of the ion in the trap should be possible and a method for verifying this condition is suggested. The implications for high-resolution, high-accuracy spectroscopy are investigated. Under certain conditions, the uncertainty in the second-order Doppler shift may be significantly less than 1 part in ${10}^{18}$. .AE
Separation of multiple functions in ventilatory control of pneumotaxic mechanisms

Abstract Multiple functions have been ascribed to the pontile pneumotaxic center. We hypothesized that these functions might be separable among neurons in different regions. In decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated cats, activities of the phrenic and triangularis sterni nerves were recorded. Microinjections of kainic acid were used to destroy neurons. Neurons in the rostrolateral tegmentum at the ponto-mesencephalic border controlled the duration of neural inspiration. Expiratory duration was controlled by neurons in the more caudal nucleus parabranchialis medialis and Kolliker-Fuse nucleus. Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia were depressed following injections of kainic acid into regions controlling either inspiratory or expiratory durations. The phases of expiration were regulated by two groups and neurons, located medial and lateral in the rostral pons. We conclude that rostral pontile and mesencephalic mechanisms control multiple aspects of the eupneic ventilatory cycle. There mechanisms are served by neurons in separable anatomical regions.
Recent developments in vitamin E nutrition of turkeys

Research and field observations have shown that vitamin E status of poults is often inadequate during the 5 to 21-day posthatching period. Although overt consequences of this inadequacy may not be evident and clear-cut, subtle adverse effects on health and metabolic efficiency are probable. These latter effects can result in uneconomical performance of turkeys. It therefore seems advisable to supplement the first diet (starter or prestarter) of poults with 100 to 150 IU of vitamin E. The cost of doing so will contribute little to the total cost of production and may facilitate more efficient turkey production. In the meantime, other alternatives that may be effective and economical need to be evaluated.
Propagating uncertainty through individual tree volume model predictions to large-area volume estimates

The effects on large-area volume estimates of uncertainty in individual tree volume model predictions were negligible when using simple random sampling estimators for large-area estimation, but non-negligible when using stratified estimators which reduced the effects of sampling variability. Forest inventory estimates of tree volume for large areas are typically calculated by adding model predictions of volumes for individual trees at the plot level and calculating the per unit area mean over plots. The uncertainty in the model predictions is generally ignored with the result that the precision of the large-area volume estimate is optimistic. The primary objective was to estimate the effects on large-area volume estimates of volume model prediction uncertainty due to diameter and height measurement error, parameter uncertainty, and model residual variance. Monte Carlo simulation approaches were used because of the complexities associated with multiple sources of uncertainty, the non-linear nature of the models, and heteroskedasticity. The effects of model prediction uncertainty on large-area volume estimates of growing stock volume were negligible when using simple random sampling estimators. However, with stratified estimators that reduce the effects of sampling variability, the effects of model prediction uncertainty were not necessarily negligible. The adverse effects of parameter uncertainty and residual variance were greater than the effects of diameter and height measurement errors. The uncertainty of large-area volume estimates that do not account for model prediction uncertainty should be regarded with caution.