cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-F-T-164: Investigation of PRESAGE Formulation On Signal Quenching in a Proton Beam

Purpose: The radiochromic polyurethane PRESAGE by Heuris Pharma has had limited applications with protons because of a dose response dependence on LET resulting in signal quenching in the Bragg peak. This is due to the radical initiator, a halocarbon, radically recombining in high-LET irradiations. This study investigated the use of alternative halocarbons at various chemical concentrations to determine their significance in signal quenching. Methods: PRESAGE was manufactured in-house and cast in small volume cuvettes (1×1×4cm^3). Several compositions were evaluated to determine the influence of the radical initiator component. Mixtures contained one of two halocarbons, chloroform or bromoform, at concentrations of 5%/10%/15%(w/w). A large volume, cylindrical PRESAGE dosimeter made following the mixture described by Heuris Pharma, 4cm(D)×8.5cm(H), was irradiated with 200-MeV protons to study regions of low- and high-LET along a 10cm spread out Bragg peak isodose profile. Depths corresponding to regions of low quenching ( 20%) were determined. These depths were used for cuvette placement in a solid water phantom. Samples of each formulation were placed at each depth and irradiated to doses between 0 and 10Gy. Results: The cuvettes indicated different levels of quenching for different radical initiator types, concentrations, and total doses. Chloroform formulations showed reduced quenching from 29%(5%-w/w) to 21%(15%-w/w) while bromoform reduced quenching from 27%(5%-w/w) to 17%(15%-w/w). The reduction in quenching was found to be non-linear with concentration of radical initiator. A quenching dose-dependency was also found that changed with formulation. In all cases, quenching was relatively consistent from 0–5Gy but increased at 10Gy. The quenching decreased as concentrations of radical initiator increased. Conclusion: The radical initiator component in PRESAGE is correlated with the signal quenching observed in proton irradiations and formulation adjustments show promise as a method of reducing this quenching. Future work will further investigate concentration limits and optimize the formulation. Grant number 5RO1CA100835
Nonlinear Systems: Local Theory

In this chapter we state and prove the basic existence and uniqueness theorems (in Sections 3.2 and 3.3, respectively) for the initial value problem (IVP) for systems of nonlinear ODEs. For the moment we consider only autonomous systems, say $$\displaystyle{\mathbf{x}^{{\prime}} = \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x})\; =\; \left [\begin{array}{c} F_{1}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{d}) \\ F_{2}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{d})\\ \vdots \\ F_{d}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{d}) \end{array} \right ]}$$ where \(\mathbf{F}: \mathbb{R}^{d} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{d}\); or more generally, we may assume that F is defined only on an open subset \(\mathcal{U}\subset \mathbb{R}^{d}\). In Section 3.4, we discuss extensions of the theory to nonautonomous systems.
Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test for identification of new therapeutics and drug combinations against multidrug-resistant bacteria

Current antimicrobial susceptibility testing has limited screening capability for identifying empirical antibiotic combinations to treat severe bacterial infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. We developed a new antimicrobial susceptibility assay using automated ultra-high-throughput screen technology in combination with a simple bacterial growth assay. A rapid screening of 5170 approved drugs and other compounds identified 25 compounds with activities against MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae. To further improve the efficacy and reduce the effective drug concentrations, we applied a targeted drug combination approach that integrates drugs' clinical antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints, achievable plasma concentrations, clinical toxicities and mechanisms of action to identify optimal drug combinations. Three sets of three-drug combinations were identified with broad-spectrum activities against 10 MDR clinical isolates including K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli. Colistin-auranofin-ceftazidime and colistin-auranofin-rifabutin suppressed >80% growth of all 10 MDR strains; while rifabutin-colistin-imipenem inhibited >75% of these strains except two Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. The results demonstrate this new assay has potential as a real-time method to identify new drugs and effective drug combinations to combat severe clinical infections with MDR organisms.
Learning deterministic spiking neuron feedback controllers

We consider the problem of feedback control when the controller is constructed solely of deterministic spiking neurons. Although spiking neurons and networks have been the subject of several previous studies, analysis has primarily been restricted to a firing rate model. In contrast, we construct a deterministic spiking neuron controller whose control output is one or multiple sparse spike trains. We model the problem formally as a hybrid dynamical system comprised of a closed loop between a plant and a spiking neuron network controller. The construction differs from classical controllers owing to the fact that the control feedback to the plant is generated by convolving the spike trains with a fixed kernel, resulting in a highly constrained and stereotyped control signal. We derive a novel synaptic weight update rule via which the spiking neuron controller learns to hold process variables at desired set points. We demonstrate the efficacy of the rule by applying it to the classical problem of the cart-pole (inverted pendulum). Experiments demonstrate that the proposed controller has a larger region of stability as compared to the traditional PID controller and its trajectories differ from those of the PID controller.
Novel Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction

When people talk about the frontal lobes, they often mean prefrontal cortex, which is conventionally composed of Brodmann cytoarchitectonic areas 8, 9, 46, 10, 44, 45, 47, 11, and 12. Other definitions of the prefrontal cortex are based on its subcortical projections: the prefrontal cortex is that which receives projections from dorsomedial thalamic nucleus. Yet other definitions are based on its biochemical projections: the prefrontal cortex is that which receives dopamine (DA) through mesocortical projections.
Left ventricular strain rate is reduced during voluntary apnea in healthy humans

Transient increases in arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance occur during sleep apnea events and may contribute to the associated daytime hypertension and risk of overt cardiovas...
Viral cyclin control of infection and associated disease (VIR1P.1135)

Gammaherpesviruses (gHV), including Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus, are lymphotropic viruses, distinctive in their ability to exploit the lymphocytes as their lifelong reservoir. gHV infection is ubiquitous, and can result multiple pathologies in immune-compromised individuals. Murine gHV68 is homologous to the human viruses, and serves as a small animal model. Previously, our lab demonstrated that a conserved virally encoded homolog of host cyclins, (v-cyclin), is critical for specific aspects of gHV68 infection. A virus lacking the v-cyclin is is dramatically defective in reactivation from latency, viral persistence, and progression of disease. Using an enzymatically marked virus, we now identify infected cells during latent infection with v-cyclin sufficient or deficient viruses. We found that cells infected with or without the v-cyclin are not significantly different in infected B cell subset distribution. However, we found the number of cells with detectable levels of gene expression was significantly depressed in the absence of the v-cyclin. These data suggest that the v-cyclin supports active gene expression during latency, likely corresponding to increased reactivation capacity. This system parallels the complex gene expression programs of Epstein Barr virus, and may permit us to distinguish the specific features of infected cells poised for reactivation and virus propagation, along with their relative roles in virus induced pathology.
The irrelevant mystery, the involuntary detective, the melting clue: notes on La pista de hielo, a neopolicial by Roberto Bolaño

This article analyzes La pista de hielo ( The Skating Rink , 1993), the third novel by Roberto Bolano, as an exponent of the Ibero-American neopolicial , focusing on how two of the main dramatic elements of the detective tale, the enigma and the detective figure, are decentralized through a series of narrative mechanisms that eventually dismantle traditional genre conventions. Furthermore, we will link La pista de hielo and its narrative key elements with the rest of the novelistic of the Chilean author, as well as with the main exponents of the neopolicial , such as Paco Ignacio Taibo II, Leonardo Padura or Ramon Diaz Eterovic.
Ethical Research in a Fraught Environment

No matter what type of sex work researchers study and the depth of their efforts to protect their research participants, sex work researchers operate in a politically and ideologically charged environment in which they must remain constantly attuned to the legal and public policy implications of their work. The passage of U.S. federal anti-trafficking legislation as well as its numerous international counterparts in the past decade has created a legislative and public policy environment that frequently conflates all forms of sex work with trafficking, broadly defined as the use of force, fraud, or coercion to induce one’s participation in sexual labor.
Increasing the concentration of linolenic acid in diets fed to Jersey cows in late lactation does not affect methane production

Although the inclusion of fat has reduced methane production in ruminants, relatively little research has been conducted comparing the effects of source and profile of fatty acids on methane production in lactating dairy cows. A study using 8 multiparous (325 ± 17 DIM; mean ± SD) lactating Jersey cows was conducted to determine effects of feeding canola meal and lard versus extruded byproduct containing flaxseed as a high-C18:3 fat source on methane production and diet digestibility in late-lactation dairy cows. A crossover design with 32-d periods (28-d adaptation and 4-d collections) was used to compare 2 different fat sources. Diets contained approximately 50% forage mixture of corn silage, alfalfa hay, and brome hay; the concentrate mixture changed between diets to include either (1) a conventional diet of corn, soybean meal, and canola meal with lard (control) or (2) a conventional diet of corn and soybean meal with an extruded byproduct containing flaxseed (EXF) as the fat source. Diets were balanced to decrease corn, lard, and canola meal and replace them with soybean mean and EXF to increase the concentration of C18:3 (0.14 vs. 1.20% of DM). Methane production was measured using headbox-style indirect calorimeters. Cattle were restricted to 95% ad libitum feed intake during collections. Milk production (17.4 ± 1.04 kg/d) and dry matter intake (15.4 ± 0.71 kg/d) were similar among treatments. Milk fat (5.88 ± 0.25%) and protein (4.08 ± 0.14%) were not affected by treatment. For methane production, no difference was observed for total production (352.0 vs. 349.8 ± 16.43 L/d for control vs. EXF, respectively). Methane production per unit of dry matter intake was not affected and averaged 23.1 ± 0.57 L/kg. Similarly, methane production per unit of energy-corrected milk was not affected by fat source and averaged 15.5 ± 0.68 L/kg. Heat production was similar, averaging 21.1 ± 1.02 Mcal/d. Digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein was not affected by diet and averaged 69.9, 53.6, and 73.3%, respectively. Results indicated that increasing C18:3 may not affect methane production or digestibility of the diet in lactating dairy cows.
Wafting incense and heavenly foods: the importance of smell in Chinese religion

The most notable impressions of religious sites and festivals in China often relate to how smells of burning incense and cooking foods help to create their special atmospheres. This may be because the Chinese word for ‘worship’ includes the order to light incense to the gods. By examining the importance of smells to a Chinese religious experience, this article analyses how scents heighten and shape people’s memories and emotions, as well as helping to foster the ‘hot and lively’ social aspects of China’s temples and religious festivals.
Rod-cone signal interference in the retina shapes perception in primates

Abstract Linking the activity of neurons, circuits and synapses to human behavior is a fundamental goal of neuroscience. Meeting this goal is challenging, in part because behavior, particularly perception, often masks the complexity of the underlying neural circuits, and in part because of the significant behavioral differences between primates and animals like mice and flies in which genetic manipulations are relatively common. Here we relate circuit-level processing of rod and cone signals in the non-human primate retina to a known break in the normal seamlessness of human vision – a surprising inability to see high contrast flickering lights under specific conditions. We use electrophysiological recordings and perceptual experiments to identify key mechanisms that shape the retinal integration of rod- and cone-generated retinal signals. We incorporate these mechanistic insights into a predictive model that accurately captures the cancellation of rod- and cone-mediated responses and can explain the perceptual insensitivity to flicker.
In reply to Shi et al.

To the Editor We wish to thank Drs Shi and colleagues[1][1] for their interest in our study.[2][2] The use of ultrasound-guided pectoral nerve blocks for the management of postoperative analgesia for breast surgery has become increasingly popular among clinicians due to its easy identifiable
Intrinsic orbital moment and prediction of a large orbital Hall effect in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

Carrying information using generation and detection of the orbital current, instead of the spin current, is an emerging field of research, where the orbital Hall effect (OHE) is an important ingredient. Here, we propose a mechanism of the OHE that occurs in noncentrosymmetric materials. We show that the broken inversion symmetry in the two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) causes a robust orbital moment, which flows in different directions due to the opposite Berry curvatures under an applied electric field, leading to a large OHE. This is in complete contrast to the inversion-symmetric systems, where the orbital moment is induced only by the external electric field. We show that the valley-orbital locking as well as the OHE both appear even in the absence of the spin-orbit coupling. The nonzero spin-orbit coupling leads to the well-known valley-spin locking and the spin Hall effect, which we find to be weak, making the TMDCs particularly suitable for direct observation of the OHE, with potential application in orbitronics.
Health and Wellness Coaching and Psychiatric Care Collaboration in a Multimodal Intervention for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case Report.

Introduction Stimulant medications are the most common treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, a multimodal approach that includes behavioral interventions may yield better outcomes. Coaching is gaining recognition as a client-centered behavioral intervention for the management of ADHD. Objective To examine the collaboration between ADHD-focused health and wellness coaching and psychiatric care to support a client's improved self-management of ADHD. Methods Using the internationally developed CARE (CAse REport) guidelines designed to improve transparency and accuracy in health research reporting, this case report is based on a systematic review of data collected from the point of care. Results An 8-week collaboration between a psychiatrist and a health and wellness coach both expanded what the psychiatrist had been able to achieve alone in working with a client with ADHD and resulted in client improvement in self-efficacy and various functional impairments, including organizational skills and academic achievement. The client achieved her goal of resuming graduate studies and both integrated and maintained her behavioral changes for more than 6 months, successfully graduating from her program. Discussion This is the first case report, to our knowledge, describing the process of coaching for ADHD and exploring its integration with psychiatric care. It illustrates beneficial outcomes and the promising role of health and wellness coaching in assisting individuals with ADHD in achieving successful behavior change. The client in this case report made progress that was sustained beyond the 6-month mark, an important milestone in the trajectory of behavior change. Conclusion This case report suggests that health and wellness coaching can be effective in supporting beneficial outcomes and can be useful in the multimodal management of ADHD.
To explore the characteristics of measles epidemic and countermeasures in central district of vaccine era

上海市消除麻疹行动方案明确提出到2012年麻疹发病率控制在1/100万以下,无本土麻疹病毒传播的目标.我国在20世纪80年代初实施计划免疫后,麻疹发病得到有效控制,在其流行病学诸多方面也发生了改变,认识疫苗时代麻疹的流行特征,对于采取针对性强的防制策略至关重要.分析上海市中心城区(黄浦区)5年麻疹发病以及流行病学状况,研究城区预防控制乃至消除麻疹的有效策略,确保达到消除麻疹的工作目标。
Anhedonia and Increased Evoked Immune Response.

Abstract There is a growing body of evidence supporting the association between immune processes and psychopathology, including major depressive disorder (MDD). However, lack of diagnostic specificity has given rise to a search for specific symptom types, as opposed to more heterogeneous categorical diagnoses, linked to increased inflammation. One such symptom could be anhedonia, which is not only a key feature of MDD, but also a pervasive and persistent transdiagnostic symptom. To evaluate the specific role of anhedonia as well as categorical MDD diagnoses, we examined endotoxin-evoked immune responses in vitro in relation to current levels of anhedonia and history of recurrent MDD (rMDD) in a sample of adults recruited from the community. A total of 39 participants either had a history of rMDD (n ​= ​20) or no lifetime history of any MDD episodes (n ​= ​19). The average age of participants was 36.81 years and the majority were women (87.2%) and Caucasian (76.3%). We found that higher levels of current anhedonia, but not history of rMDD, were associated with increased lipopolysaccharide-stimulated levels of inflammatory markers even after we statistically adjusted for the potential influence of participants’ demographic (age, sex, ethnicity, income) and physiological (body temperature, BMI) characteristics, current symptoms of depression and anxiety, and the time of day of the sample collection. These findings highlight the relation of anhedonia specifically, rather than rMDD more generally, with inflammatory processes and identify endotoxin-stimulated cytokine production as a plausible biological marker of current anhedonia.
Introduction: Climate Ethics and International Energy Justice

In the recent past, multiple discourses on sustainability appeared, shedding light on urgent problems of human-caused climate change and clean energy advancements. The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development have become popular among local communities, international policymakers, and researchers.
Bears Ears National Monument and Outdoor Recreation in San Juan County, Utah

This policy analysis provides a focused look at the influence of the creation, and subsequent downsizing, of Bears Ears National Monument on outdoor recreation and industries related to outdoor rec...
A mini DNA–RNA hybrid origami nanobrick

DNA origami is typically used to fold a long single-stranded DNA scaffold into nanostructures with complex geometries using many short DNA staple strands. Integration of RNA into nucleic acid nanostructures is also possible, but has been less studied. In this research, we designed and characterized a hybrid RNA-scaffolded origami nanostructure with dimensions of ∼12 nm. We used 12 DNA staple strands to fold a 401 nt RNA scaffold into a ten-helix bundle with a honeycomb cross section. We verified the construction of the nanostructure using gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy. The DNA–RNA hybrid origami showed higher resistance to ribonuclease compared to a DNA–RNA duplex control. Our work shows potential use in folding long RNA, such as messenger RNA, into origami nanostructures that can be delivered into targeted cells as medicine or a vaccine.
COMMUNICATED KNOWLEDGE AS A LEARNING FOUNDATION

Organizational learning capabilities are embedded in organizational communication systems and processes related to knowledge creation and articulation. The emergence of new organizational forms (such as horizontal organizations) in rapidly‐changing environments and hyper‐competitive markets underscores the need to better understand these foundational sources of learning. In fact, the reason horizontal organizations may find success is that their structure is intended to promote communications systems and processes which enhance a knowledge‐response sequence similar to a stimulus‐response sequence associated with learning. These systems permit managers to quickly gather information, respond with agility in making decisions, and continue to make ongoing adjustments. Firms which understand the need to build their communications capabilities may be characterized as meta‐learning organizations. Resource‐based theory suggests that communications systems and processes are thus sources of competitive advantage. Future empirical research on organizational learning may progress by evaluating specific measures of communication process as proxies for learning processes.
Food 2050: More Mouths to Feed—Food Availability and Access

Food production and food security depend primarily on cropland under cultivation in nutrient/micro-nutrient sufficient soil, water to support agriculture (food crops, livestock), and daily hours of sunlight exposure (warmth and photosynthesis). Second, food production and food security are enhanced by crops that are or can be made pest resistant, disease resistant, and less affected by the use of herbicides for weed control. Third, biodiversity of agricultural land supports food productive soils and should be protected and preserved. Fourth, cropland should not be increased by encroaching into forest terrain or other viable ecosystems housing natural resources that support societal needs other than food. The aim should be to increase yield and quality of food products to the maximum on existing farmland and arable land approved for cropping. Improved management can achieve that end. This includes monitoring critical factors and advising how achievable improvements for a given environment can increase crop yield and quality for production and delivery to consumers. The chapter further considers how to slow and stop global warming by reducing CO2 emissions with capture at sources, and use or storage, by reducing emissions at others, and by direct air capture and extraction of CO2 for use or storage.
Prolylcarboxypeptidase in Biological Fluids

Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PCP) was discovered in the kidney by Yang, Erdos, and associates (1–3). Because the enzyme cleaved the Pro7-Phe8 bond in angiotensin II, it was called angiotensinase C. PCP was soon found, however, to hydrolyze many other peptide substrates with a general structure of R1-Pro-R2-OH. Here R1 can be either a blocking group, a dansyl group, another amino acid, or a peptide. R2 is an aromatic or aliphatic amino acid with a free carboxyl group. Substrates in which proline is replaced by another amino acid are not cleaved. The enzyme is most active at an acid pH. It is inhibited by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP), and it differs from catheptic enzymes. In the body (2, 4), PCP occurs in lysosomal fractions of the kidney and of human leukocytes, and elsewhere.
Disruption of LptA oligomerization and affinity of the LptA–LptC interaction

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-rich outer membrane (OM) is a unique feature of Gram-negative bacteria, and LPS transport across the inner membrane (IM) and through the periplasm is essential to the biogenesis and maintenance of the OM. LPS is transported across the periplasm to the outer leaflet of the OM by the LPS transport (Lpt) system, which in Escherichia coli is comprised of seven recently identified proteins, including LptA, LptC, LptDE, and LptFGB2. Structures of the periplasmic protein LptA and the soluble portion of the membrane-associated protein LptC have been solved and show these two proteins to be highly structurally homologous with unique folds. LptA has been shown to form concentration dependent oligomers that stack end-to-end. LptA and LptC have been shown to associate in vivo and are expected to form a similar protein–protein interface to that found in the LptA dimer. In these studies, we disrupted LptA oligomerization by introducing two point mutations that removed a lysine and glutamine side chain from the C-terminal β-strand of LptA. This loss of oligomerization was characterized using EPR spectroscopy techniques and the affinity of the interaction between the mutant LptA protein and WT LptC was determined using EPR spectroscopy (Kd = 15 µM) and isothermal titration calorimetry (Kd = 14 µM). Kd values were also measured by EPR spectroscopy for the interaction between LptC and WT LptA (4 µM) and for WT LptA oligomerization (29 µM). These data suggest that the affinity between LptA and LptC is stronger than the affinity for LptA oligomerization.
Stamped features: creation of engineered structures in conceptual models

Applying numerical modelling techniques to surface water bodies often requires the addition of man-made structures such as embankments or dredged shipping lanes to the natural bathymetric conditions. The application of the model may be to determine the specifications of these structures, such as size and location. Therefore, multiple variations of the structure must be evaluated. Interactive methods to easily create these structures in grids used by numerical models are presented that show great promise in reducing the time and effort required to consider multiple scenarios for modelling and management. The methods presented utilize a conceptual representation of the domain. Features in this conceptual model are used to derive grid elements for the numerical model. The resulting numerical models provide information for decision support based on multiple design considerations.
EN/IEC 61000-3-2 harmonic analyzer evaluations

In the process of evaluating replacement equipment that meets the requirements of IEC 61000-3-2:2000/IEC61000-4-7:2002 and IEC 61000-3-3+A1/IEC 61000-4-15+A1, we put together an electronic load based on an old HP/Agilent verification process (HPET) and measured three vendors' harmonic analyzers. We saw significant and unacceptable variation in fluctuating harmonic emissions. To assist in getting a better understanding of the situation, we put together a round robin to evaluate multiple vendors' equipment using the HPET and a York EMC HFG01 (harmonics flicker generator). The HPET was tested at 120 V/60 Hz, the HFG01 at 230 V/50 Hz. Round robin participants were HP Roseville, CA; HP, Cupertino, CA; TUV Rhineland, Pleasanton, CA; UL, Santa Clara, CA; Intertek, Menlo Park, CA; Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA; Austrian Research Center, Seibersdorf, Austria.. The paper reports on measurements made by multiple harmonic analyzers, seven were at other laboratories; the remaining were HP units or demonstration harmonic analyzers evaluated at HP Roseville. Two of the vendors' harmonic analyzers were used twice in the evaluations; their measurements' were similar.
In the Service of Writing and Race.

For the past five years, I have taught basic writing to students who enter Bentley, a four-year business college, through the Contractual Admissions Program (CAP), a program designed for students whose academic profile might otherwise impede their access to higher education. The majority of students who enter Bentley through CAP are students of color from predominantly underprivileged socioeconomic backgrounds. I set out with the same goals in CAP sections as I would in any section of writing: I want students to strengthen their writing skills by improving their reading skills and their critical thinking skills, and I hope that by developing these skills, students will develop self-confidence as both writers and members of an intellectual community. However, the material conditions of CAP students’ lives may impede their progress toward achieving these goals. I have found that incorporating service learning, which integrates academic study with community service, into the curriculum has helped CAP students develop their reading and writing skills, recognize the contributions they make to the community and college, and understand how looking critically at issues of race, class, and gender can play a significant role in their intellectual growth. This article explains the benefits of incorporating service learning into a composition course and describes how I have integrated a service-learning component into the CAP writing course.
Immunoreactivity of the α-and α(+)-Subunits of Na,K-ATPase in Different Organs and Species

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immunoreactivity of the α- and α(+)-subunits of Na,K–ATPase in different organs and species. It has been reported that brain contains two forms of the large subunit of the Na,K–ATPase [designated α and α (+)], whereas kidney and other tissues contain only a single form (α). Antisera to the lamb kidney Na,K-ATPase for enzyme localization studies in kidney and brain are used. It becomes essential to establish that anti-lamb kidney Na,K-ATPase antibodies react with both forms of the brain Na,K-ATPase large subunit. Rabbits were immunized using a purified lamb kidney Na,K-ATPase. The antiserum obtained inhibited Na,K-ATPase enzyme activity from several sources including lamb kidney, dog kidney, dog brain, and rat brain. To investigate the immunologic cross-reactivity of the Na,K-ATPase subunits in crude membranes and purified preparations of enzyme, the polypeptides were first resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The separated polypeptides were transferred to unmodified nitrocellular paper and reacted with rabbit anti-lamb kidney Na,K-ATPase. The β-subunit of dog and rat brain also cross-reacted with the lamb kidney Na,K-ATPase antiserum.
Encoding neural networks to compute the atmospheric point spread function

Images of the Earth's surface acquired by a high-altitude aircraft or satellites are degraded by the intervening atmosphere. The imaging instrument records not only the signal of the targeted viewing area but also the radiance scattered into the field of view in the near by area. This effect can be characterized by an atmospheric point spread function (PSF). There are many parameters that may affect the PSF. To restore noisy-blurred images, one must understand which parameters influence the PSF and to what degree. This is very important for scientific applications that seek to extract information about environmental systems. In this paper, a design and implementation of a distributed representation scheme and neural networks are presented in order to estimate the atmospheric PSF. The representation scheme exemplifies the conjunctive coding and coarse coding techniques. Neural networks trained using such an appropriately structured representation generate a desired approximation of the PSF with satisfactory processing time.
Abstract 2777: Suppression of multiple myeloma via non-canonical inhibition of NF-κB

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Multiple myeloma is a deadly disease for which treatment has significantly improved with the introduction of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. The mechanism of cell death invoked by proteasome inhibition is unknown, but likely involves multiple pathways, including downregulation of NF-κB activity, stabilization of pro-apoptotic factors, and induction of the unfolded protein response, which may be especially critical for apoptosis of B-cell tumors. However, most patients ultimately experience disease relapse, and novel treatments are clearly necessary. We have developed a novel class of proteasome inhibitors called trans-imidazolines that target the proteasome differently from bortezomib and exhibit substantial anti-inflammatory properties when tested in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis. The purpose of the current studies was to determine the efficacy of these small molecule anti-inflammatory agents for inhibition of multiple myeloma proliferation and survival. For these studies, trans-imidazoline efficacy was initially determined in vitro against a panel of multiple myeloma cell lines with effects on apoptotic induction determined by fluorescent activated cell sorting analysis. Subsequent studies were expanded to examine multiple myeloma tumor growth in mouse xenograft assays. Component levels of the NF-κB pathway were examined by Western blot analyses and immunofluorescent staining after challenge with exogenous cytokines. The biochemical mechanism of trans-imidazoline function was further explored in vitro using proteasome assays of fluorescently tagged peptide substrates. Our data indicates that trans-imidazolines impede IαBβ turnover in response to TNFα treatment and are consequently effective inhibitors of NF-κB activity for transcriptional activation. As NF-κB mediates key pro-survival roles in multiple myeloma, these compounds were found to induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells as rapidly as bortezomib, and demonstrated impressive inhibition of RPMI-8226 tumor growth in mice. Importantly, trans-imidazolines are equally effective inhibitors of bortezomib-resistant tumor cell proliferation. Consistent with these observations, we found that trans-imidazolines inhibit proteasome activity via a non-competitive mechanism that is distinct from the active site competitive inhibition mechanism displayed by bortezomib. As acquired resistance to bortezomib often occurs via increased expression of its proteasome target, trans-imidazolines thus offer an alternative treatment option for recurrent disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2777. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2777
Combined time-resolved and high-spatial-resolution 3D MRA using an extended adaptive acquisition

Purpose To combine the benefits of time-resolved dynamic imaging and single elliptical centric acquisitions in a reasonable scan time. Materials and Methods A time series of images with moderate spatial resolution was acquired using the 3D Time-Resolved Imaging of Contrast KineticS (3D TRICKS) technique with elliptical centric encoding during contrast arrival. Following venous opacification, a complete large centrically encoded k-space volume was acquired. The high-spatial-frequency portions of this volume were combined with a 3D TRICKS time frame to form a high-resolution image. An additional single image is formed by suppressing background and signal averaging all acquired data, including post-venous low-spatial-frequency data. For this image, 2D temporal correlation analysis is used to suppress low-spatial-frequency vein contributions. Arrival time and spatial correlations are used to suppress background. Results The 3D TRICKS time frame may be selected to ensure a combined high-resolution image that has optimal central k-space sampling for any vascular region. The single image formed by signal averaging all acquired data has increased contrast-to-noise (CNR) and signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios. Conclusion The advantages of time-resolved and high-spatial-resolution imaging were combined using an extended dual-phase acquisition. Some SNR and CNR gain was achieved by signal averaging. This process is facilitated by background and vein suppression. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:291–301. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Automatic Planning Research Applied To Orbital Construction

Artificial intelligence research on automatic planning could result in a new class of management aids to reduce the cost of constructing the Space Station, and would have economically important spinoffs to terrestrial industry as well. Automatic planning programs could be used to plan and schedule launch activities, material deliveries to orbit, construction procedures, and the use of machinery and tools. Numerous automatic planning programs have been written since the 1050's. We describe PARPLAN, a recently-developed experimental automatic planning program written in the AI language Prolog, that can generate plans with parallel activities.
General space-time structure of the neutral-current interactions

We present a general analysis of the neutral-current inclusive cross section taking into account all the covariants (scalar, pseudoscalar, tensor, vector, and axial-vector) in the interaction. We derive the model-independent formula for the inclusive cross section and we also discuss the consequences of various models. We deduce bounds on the ratio R equivalent sigma (nu-barN)/sigma ($nu$N) in the case in which scaling is true, i.e., the inclusive cross section at high energies is proportional to the incident neutrino energy E. The scaling violations arising from spin not-equal 1/2 partons and the bounds of R in that case are also discussed.
The ontogeny of greeting, grooming, and sexual motor patterns in captive baboons (superspecies Papio cynocephalus).

During the summers of 1964 and 1965, a group of approximately 85 baboons (superspecies Papio cynocephalus) was observed at close range on an island of artificial rock-work in the Chicago Zoological Park (Brookfield). The group was unusual in that it contained no adult males. Data were collected on the ontogenetic relationships of several motor patterns used in greeting, grooming, and sexual behaviors. i. Lip-smacking, a motor pattern common to all baboons on the island, probably consists of rapidly repeated sucking movements. In the newborn the lip-smacking pattern is associated with nursing and soon becomes associated with sexual arousal as well. As the infant grows older, his responses to lip-smacking adult females guide his learning of mature greeting and sexual behaviors. Several objects are associated with lip-smacking; all are pink like the female nipple, and some also resemble it in shape. These objects- the nipples and sexual skin of the female, the penis of the male, and the face and perineum of the black infant (0-6 mo. old) - are attractive to other baboons and probably contribute to group cohesion. 2. The embrace and mounting use essentially the same motor patterns. Both are derived from the grasping reflex of the infant. Which appears in a given situation depends primarily on the posture of the recipient. 3. Grooming first acquires significance for the infant when he becomes weaned from the breast. Although he may not nurse, his mother usually tolerates his attempts to groom her. Thus, whenever he is frightened or otherwise needs security, the weaned infant comes to groom instead of seeking his mother's breast. Although the usual grooming patterns are only abstracted remnants of the patterns originally displayed by the infant as he nursed and was weaned, some less common grooming patterns- saliva-licking, oral-grooming, plucking, and hair-pulling - retain more detail and thus show more clearly their infantile derivation.
6-(γ,γ-Dimethylallylamino)Purine As A Precursor of Zeatin

A 6-(gamma,gamma-dimethylallylamino) purine-like compound was found in the culture medium of Rhizopogon roseolus, which had been shown earlier to synthesize zeatin. The role of 6-(gamma,gamma-dimethylallylamino) purine as a precursor of zeatin was studied. Rhizopogon was furnished with 6-(gamma,gamma-dimethylallylamino) purine-8-(14)C. Cochromatography, oxidation studies with potassium permanganate, and bromination indicated that labeled zeatin ribonucleoside was isolated from the medium. The fungus also incorporated labeled adenine, hypoxanthine, and 4-amino-5-imidazole carboxamide into zeatin ribonucleoside.
Phytoplankton colonization and seasonal succession in new experimental ponds

Following the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's specifications for pesticide registration tests, 12 experimental ponds were constructed. Colonization and succession of the pond phytoplankton communities were investigated during the first year after filling. Taxon richness and densities and biomass as chlorophyll-a were measured. In addition, water-quality data were collected and analyzed. The dominant taxonomic groups were the Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae (with Desmidiaceae dominating), Dinobryon (in the Chrysophyceae), Dinophyceae, and Bacillariophyceae. Similar successional patterns in all 12 ponds occurred; however, the community structure between ponds was not similar at any time. Although the ponds had statistically similar environmental characteristics, they varied in their community structure, indicating that after one year they were not mature enough for use as replicate test systems. The heterogeneity of the pond phytoplankton communities indicates that meso-cosms need to be managed to produce replicate experimental units.
Peer-reviewed Article The Voice in Heightened Affective States

(2001). Peer-reviewed Article The Voice in Heightened Affective States. Voice and Speech Review: Vol. 2, Voice and Violence, pp. 50-65.
The application of trophic structure of fossil communities in paleoenvironmental reconstruction

The relative abundance of suspension- and deposit-feeding organisms in fossil communities has been used to interpret water turbulence in ancient environments. Trophic analysis of modern molluscan communities of San Francisco Bay and of Pliocene macroinvertebrate communities of the Kettleman Hills, California, suggests that the method is only partly valid for inshore environments, which may be more complex than those previously studied. Factors other than water turbulence must explain some differences in trophic proportions. Epifaunal communities consist largely of suspension-feeding organisms regardless of other environmental factors, and relict sediments or sediments out of equilibrium with the normal hydrologic conditions in the area may lead to erroneous interpretations. Analysis of the total benthic macroinvertebrate communities of the southern California shelf indicates that the trophic proportions of the potentially fossilizable part of each community are not the same as the total community and is not always diagnostic of the environment.
On the Use of Linearized Langmuir Equations

One of the most commonly used models for describing solute sorption to soils is the Langmuir model. Because the Langmuir model is nonlinear, fitting the model to sorption data requires that the model be solved iteratively using an optimization program. To avoid the use of optimization programs, a linearized version of the Langmuir model is often used so that model parameters can be obtained by linear regression. Although the linear and nonlinear Langmuir equations are mathematically equivalent, there are several limitations to using linearized Langmuir equations. We examined the limitations of using linearized Langmuir equations by fitting P sorption data collected on eight different soils with four linearized versions of the Langmuir equation and comparing goodness-of-fit measures and fitted parameter values with those obtained with the nonlinear Langmuir equation. We then fit the sorption data with two modified versions of the Langmuir model and assessed whether the fits were statistically superior to the original Langmuir equation. Our results demonstrate that the use of linearized Langmuir equations needlessly limits the ability to model sorption data with good accuracy. To encourage the testing of additional nonlinear sorption models, we have made available an easily used Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (ars.usda.gov/msa/awmru/ bolster/Sorption_spreadsheets) capable of generating best-fit parameters and their standard errors and confidence intervals, correlations between fitted parameters, and goodness-of-fit measures. The results of our study should promote more critical evaluation of model fits to sorption data and encourage the testing of more sophisticated sorption models.
Effect of annealing on the optical properties of plasma deposited amorphous hydrogenated silicon

Abstract Amorphous silicon films prepared by radiofrequency plasma decomposition of silane contain between 10 and 25 at % hydrogen depending on the potential and temperature of the substrate and plasma parameters. The way hydrogen is bonded in these films has been determined from the infrared stretching, bending, and rocking or wagging modes of the Si-H complexes. Monohydrides SiH, dihydrides SiH2 and short chains of polysilane ( SiH 2 ) n an be identified. The potential of the substrate with respect to the plasma and to a lesser degree the substrate temperature determine the prevalent Si-H complex. At substrate potentials close to that of the plasma ( SiH 2 )n complexes are favored whereas isolated SiH and SiH2 groups are found in films prepared on strongly negative potential substrates. The films can be dehydrogenated by annealing. Substrate potential and temperature influence strongly the refractive index and the onset of interband optical transitions. The optical gap of these films lies between 1.6 and 1.85 eV which is appreciably higher than the values 1.2–1.5 eV of sputtered and evaporated amorphous Si films. As the hydrogen is driven out by annealing the optical gap decreases to 1.6–1.7 eV. At photon energies below the optical gap one observes a preparation sensitive absorption tail between α=10 2 and10 3 cm −1 which cannot be removed by annealing. The films crystallize between 700 and 780°C with a crystallization energy of (2±0.3) kcal/mol.
Simulation of thermal response and ion deposition in the HAPL target chamber 1 mm tungsten armor layer using the improved BUCKY code

Abstract Improved radiation hydrodynamics 1-D simulations were performed with the BUCKY code using new models for the plasma–wall interface and for ion source term transport. The new models were used to investigate the thermal response and ion implantation in a tungsten armor shell at a radius of 10.5 m with a thickness of 1 mm, which correspond to the nominal parameters for the high average power laser (HAPL) reactor target chamber. The simulations were performed using a chamber buffer gas of xenon at pressures of 8 μTorr and 8 mTorr. Two direct-drive target explosions were simulated: a 343 MJ empty foam target and a 365 MJ Pd–Au coated target. The simulations were run to 12.5 μs to ensure that all of the simulated ions were stopped in the tungsten armor. Surface temperature peaks due to X-rays, debris ions and kinetic ions were found for both the empty foam and the Pd–Au coated targets. Ion implantation results from the BUCKY simulations were compared to SRIM simulations of the same ion spectra to assess the validity of using BUCKY to estimate ion stopping in the tungsten armor. Parametric calculations were performed to ascertain the effect of buffer gas pressure on surface temperature rise in the tungsten armor.
The Role of the Access Services Manager in the Virtual Library

This article updates a previous article published in 1992 that described the role of the access services manager in policy formation. Since that time, the access services department and mission has matured and evolved to a prominent position within the library organization. Technological changes and innovation in the marketplace of wired and wireless electronic products that provide access to the Internet pushed libraries to respond to higher user expectations. The role of the access services manager expanded to encompass management of many of these technology-driven services. This article discusses the multiple roles of the access services manager in the virtual environment.