cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prescribed burning and mastication effects on surface fuels in southern pine beetle-killed loblolly pine plantations

Abstract Surface fuels were characterized in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations severely impacted by southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Ehrh.) (SPB) outbreaks in the upper South Carolina Piedmont. Prescribed burning and mastication were then tested as fuel reduction treatments in these areas. Prescribed burning reduced fuelbed continuity by consuming litter (Oi layer), duff (Oe + Oa), and woody surface fuels (1-, 10-, and 100-h timelag size classes) immediately after the treatment. Total loading of 1- and 10-h fuels in burned stands (3.1 Mg ha−1) remained significantly lower than that in the control (no treatment) (5.6 Mg ha−1) in the 2nd year post-treatment. However, 100- and 1000-h fuels increased post-burn due to accelerated failure of remaining pine snags and totaled 14.5 Mg ha−1 in the 2nd year post-treatment which was not significantly different than the control (17.3 Mg ha−1). Mineral soil exposure averaged 73% of burned stands after consumption of the duff layer in many areas. Custom low, moderate, and high load fuel models were developed for SPB-killed stands and produced simulated fire behavior (flame length and rate of spread) similar to two standard slash-blowdown fuel models (SB2 and SB3) when input to the BehavePlus fire modeling system. Mastication resulted in a compacted (bulk density = 131.3 kg m−3) and continuous layer of woody debris that averaged 15.1 cm in depth. Equations were developed for estimating masticated debris load and utilize fuelbed depth as input. The masticated debris load averaged 192.4 Mg ha−1 in the 1st year post-treatment and was significantly higher than total fuel loading in burned (16.3 Mg ha−1) and control (24.3 Mg ha−1) stands. The treatments tested in this study provide different options for preparing SPB-killed areas for reforestation activities and may produce short-term reductions in fire hazard.
Symmetry factored embedding and distance

We introduce the Symmetry Factored Embedding (SFE) and the Symmetry Factored Distance (SFD) as new tools to analyze and represent symmetries in a point set. The SFE provides new coordinates in which symmetry is "factored out," and the SFD is the Euclidean distance in that space. These constructions characterize the space of symmetric correspondences between points -- i.e., orbits. A key observation is that a set of points in the same orbit appears as a clique in a correspondence graph induced by pairwise similarities. As a result, the problem of finding approximate and partial symmetries in a point set reduces to the problem of measuring connectedness in the correspondence graph, a well-studied problem for which spectral methods provide a robust solution. We provide methods for computing the SFE and SFD for extrinsic global symmetries and then extend them to consider partial extrinsic and intrinsic cases. During experiments with difficult examples, we find that the proposed methods can characterize symmetries in inputs with noise, missing data, non-rigid deformations, and complex symmetries, without a priori knowledge of the symmetry group. As such, we believe that it provides a useful tool for automatic shape analysis in applications such as segmentation and stationary point detection.
The ultraviolet circular dichroism of bovine insulin and desoctapeptide insulin

Abstract 1. 1. The circular dichroism spectrum of bovine insulin is similar to that noted for other helical polypeptides and proteins with a positive extremum at 194 mμ and negative extrema at 209 mμ and 222 mμ. The absolute circular dichroism peak values are 24% of those for completely helical polypeptides. 2. 2. The circular dichroism spectrum of desoctapeptide insulin has a positive extremum at 194 mμ and a negative extremum at 209 mμ but does not demonstrate a peak or shoulder at 222 mμ. A shoulder at 228 mμ was observed. 3. 3. The absorption spectra of insulin and desoctapeptide insulin are similar. Both demonstrate a shoulder centered near 228 mμ. Consequently, with desoctapeptide insulin no apparent decrease in absorption accompanied the decreased dichroism at 222 mμ. 4. 4. The kinetics of the action of trypsin have been studied by circular dichroism. When a zinc-free insulin is used as substrate the peak ratio of dichroism at 222 mμ to that at 209 mμ changes smoothly from 0.69 to 0.53 in 4 h. Under these conditions, the disappearance of the 222 mμ band was consistent with first-order kinetics. 5. 5.|It was concluded that the loss of absolute residual dichroism of desoctapeptide insulin near 222 mμ is a result of changes of insulin conformation afforded by the trypsin catalyzed removal of the C-terminal 8 amino acids of the B chain. 6. 6.|The effects of disaggregation of insulin caused by increased pH and removal of zinc on circular dichroism are discussed.
Training Grip Control with a Fitts' Paradigm: A Pilot Study in Chronic Stroke

Abstract Study Design A clinical measurement study. Purpose To test the applicability of Fitts' paradigm to grasping tasks in individuals with chronic stroke. Introduction Fitts' Law relates the time of target achievement to task difficulty in repetitive motor tasks. Methods Six male chronic stroke patients performed repetitive actuation of a grip force dynamometer with their affected hands for 12 sessions over four to six weeks. Results Movement times followed Fitts' behavior with correlations of R2 > 0.8 for all subjects. Grasp control improved during training, as indicated by an average decrease in Fitts' slope of 26% at high difficulty levels (p Conclusions The Fitts' grip force targeting protocol provides an objective standardized instrument for grasp proficiency quantification and a potentially efficacious platform for hand training for persons with stroke. Level of Evidence N/A.
Divalent cations directly affect the conductance of excised patches of rod photoreceptor membrane

Phototransduction in rod cells is likely to involve an intracellular messenger system that links the absorption of light by rhodopsin to a change in membrane conductance. The direct effect of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) on excised patches of rod outer segment membrane strongly supports a role for cGMP as an intracellular messenger in phototransduction. It is reported here that magnesium and calcium directly affect the conductance of excised patches of rod membrane in the absence of cGMP and that magnesium, applied to intact rod cells, blocks a component of the cellular light response. The divalent cation-suppressed conductance in excised patches showed outward rectification and cation-selective permeability resembling those of the light-suppressed conductance measured from the intact rod cell. The divalent cation-suppressed conductance was partly blocked by a concentration of the pharmacological agent L-cis-diltiazem that blocked all of the cGMP-activated conductance. Divalent cations may act, together with cGMP, as an intracellular messenger system that mediates the light response of the rod photoreceptor cell.
TGF-β1 Stimulates Expression of Keratinocyte Integrins During Re-Epithelialization of Cutaneous Wounds

Epidermal keratinocytes migrate over a provisional matrix during the re-epithelialization of cutaneous wounds. We have investigated the expression of integrins and of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) during re-epithelialization in a porcine model. Tissue specimens were collected at different times after injury and stained with antibodies against subunits of the fibronectin receptor, integrin alpha 5 beta 1, and the vitronectin receptor, integrin alpha v beta 5. Intense staining was observed in the migrating keratinocytes of 5-d wounds; basal and suprabasal cells were stained around the entire cell periphery. Staining returned toward normal levels in 14-d wounds. The appearance of the extracellular form of TGF-beta 1 seemed to be coordinated with the increased expression of integrin subunits: it was detected in migrating keratinocytes and in the adjacent epidermis of early wounds at 5 and 7 d. We also investigated the effect of TGF-beta 1 on cultured epidermal cells. Treating human keratinocytes with TGF-beta 1 increased the levels of mRNA for the integrin subunits alpha 5, alpha v, and beta 5, but had little effect on beta 1. The corresponding cell-surface expression of alpha 5 and alpha v was also increased after treatment. Thus, during wound repair, TGF-beta 1 may induce epidermal keratinocytes to express integrins that facilitate the migratory component of re-epithelialization.
33-Year-Old Woman With Epigastric Pain and Hematemesis

A 33-year-old woman with a history of depression was admitted to the Mayo Clinic for evaluation of epigastric pain. The pain, which the patient described as “severe,” began suddenly while sitting at work 1 week before admission. The pain was constant (although it had periods of worsening) and radiated to her back. It did not vary with position or dietary intake and was not responsive to acetaminophen, hydrocodone, or omeprazole, which had been prescribed by her local physician, who evaluated her 3 times for this symptom. On the day before admission, she had 2 episodes of vomiting “dark, maroon blood with clots,” which was not preceded by emesis without blood. She denied the former or current use of alcohol, tobacco, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or herbal supplements and also had experienced no early satiety or weight loss. There was no family history of gastrointestinal malignant tumors or ulcer disease. Results of a review of systems were otherwise negative. The only medication she was taking was citalopram.
Skin Effect in Solenoids

SKIN effect in long, single layer solenoids wound with solid round wire and used at very high frequencies has been treated by Sommerfeld,1 Lenz,2 and Abraham, L. Bloch, and E. Bloch.3 (The frequency is supposed so high that the Rayleigh approximation applies.)
Vacuum Electron Devices for Applications in " Big Science"

Vacuum electron devices (VEDs) are the most powerful and efficient sources of coherent radiation throughout the microwave and millimeter wave bands. Traditional applications of powerful VEDs are in such areas as defense, radar, communications, or industrial heating. This presentation will review prospects for new applications in scientific research, especially in large scale applications, sometimes referred to as " Big Science. " Opportunities are promising in at least three fields: plasma heating in the program of nuclear fusion energy research; particle acceleration; and Terahertz technology.
A Framework for Absolute QoS Guarantees in Optical Burst Switched Networks

We consider the problem of supporting absolute QoS guarantees in terms of the end-to-end burst loss in OBS networks. We present a parameterized model for wavelength sharing which provides for isolation among different traffic classes while also making efficient use of wavelength capacity through statistical multiplexing. We develop a heuristic to optimize the policy parameters for a single link of an OBS network. We also develop a methodology for translating the end-to-end QoS requirements into appropriate per-link parameters so as to provide network-wide guarantees. Our approach is easy to implement, it can support a wide variety of traffic classes, and is effective in meeting the QoS requirements and keeping the loss rate of best-effort and overall traffic low.
Parental meta-emotion structure predicts family and child outcomes

Abstract Fifty-six families with a preschool child whose parents varied widely in parental marital satisfaction were studied at two time points: at time-I when the children were 5 years old and again at time-2 when the children were 8 years old. At time-1 each parent was separately interviewed about their “meta-emotion structure”, that is, their feelings about their own emotions, and their attitudes, and responses to their children's anger and sadness. Their behaviour during this interview was coded with a meta-emotion coding system. Two meta-emotion variables were studied for each parent, awareness of the parent's own sadness, and parental “coaching” of the child's anger. We termed the high end of these variables an “emotion coaching” (EC) meta-emotion structure. Meta-emotion structure was found to relate to time-1 marital and parent-child interaction. EC-type parents had marriages that were less hostile and they were less negative and more positive during parent-child interaction. Their children showed ...
Genetic sex determination, gender identification and pseudohermaphroditism in the knobbed whelk, Busycon carica (Mollusca: Melongenidae)

We report perhaps the first genic-level molecular documentation of a mammalian-like 'X-linked' mode of sex determination in molluscs. From family inheritance data and observed associations between sex-phenotyped adults and genotypes in Busycon carica, we deduce that a polymorphic microsatellite locus (bc2.2) is diploid and usually heterozygous in females, hemizygous in males, and that its alleles are transmitted from mothers to sons and daughters but from fathers to daughters only. We also employ bc2.2 to estimate near-conception sex ratio in whelk embryos, where gender is indeterminable by visual inspection. Statistical corrections are suggested at both family and population levels to accommodate the presence of homozygous bc2.2 females that could otherwise be genetically mistaken for hemizygous males. Knobbed whelks were thought to be sequential hermaphrodites, but our evidence for genetic dioecy supports an earlier hypothesis that whelks are pseudohermaphroditic (falsely appear to switch functional sex when environmental conditions induce changes in sexual phenotype). These findings highlight the distinction between gender in a genetic versus phenotypic sense.
Psychological aspects of renal transplantation.

Renal transplantation offers the patient with end stage renal disease an alternative treatment to dialysis. A successful graft can lead to a greatly improved quality of life. Physicians, staff and ...
Transition Region and Coronal Explorer Mission

The Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) mission is the fourth mission in the Small Explorer (SMEX) program series at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center. The primary objective of the TRACE mission is to explore the connections between the fine scale magnetic fields in the solar surface and features in the solar photosphere, chromosphere, transition region, and corona. The TRACE spacecraft, including the instrument, weighs 250 kilograms, uses 200 watts of power, and will cost approximately 35 million dollars for the entire mission. It will launch into a Sun-synchronous Low Earth Orbit (LEO) in September 1997 and collect movie-like images of the Sun with one are second spatial and 1 second temporal resolution; these images will be made available on the Internet daily. This paper shows NASA's approach to small spacecraft development It discusses some trades in the design of each subsystem to accommodate instrument and spacecraft heritage as well as new mission requirements. Topics include: a solid state Command and Data Handling (CD a fully digital Attitude Control System (ACS); a guide telescope fine error sensor for spacecraft attitude and control as well as image motion compensation to better than are second levels. Adaptations in ground systems and operations are also included as well as the systems engineering approach.
Toward the Integrated Study of Political Communications, Public Opinion, and the Policy-making Process.

During five decades of research on political communications and democratic politics in the United States, scholars have offered different accounts regarding the impact of the mass media on public opinion. During the 1940s, the media were credited with controlling the public's thinking. After the Second World War and until the 1970s, however, the dominant view reversed course and argued that messages in the mass media, whether conveyed directly to individuals or indirectly to them through family or acquaintances, had at best a "minimal effect" on public attitudes (Klapper 1960; Kraus and Davis 1976; Iyengar and Lenart 1989). The pendulum has recently swung back toward recognizing the media's influence. But, in contrast to researchers in the 1940s, today's investigators have generally concluded that the mass media themselves do not exert direct control over the public. Instead, research has focused on more subtle forms of relationships between and among the mass media, elites, the public, and the policy-making process (Zaller 1992; Brody 1991; Page and Shapiro 1992). The media have been found to
Broad views of the urban past in Europe and its extensions

Readers of English can currently refer to only two works that offer synthetic overviews of the history of European cities from the period of classical antiquity into the twentieth century. We have long had the powerfully argued and highly readable book by the architectural critic, Louis Mumford, The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformation, and Its Prospects (1961). Beginning with the earliest settlements in the Near East and continuing through the rise of the suburbs in the United States, Mumford's volume tells a dramatic story in which urbanity at its best (as exemplified by such communities as Athens and Amsterdam) gave way to a succession of assaults, whether in the form of Baroque planning, rampant industrialization, oversized ‘megalopolises’ or automobiles. Continuing in the vein of many earlier critics, Mumford saw the modern big city as a depressing departure from earlier norms of urban beauty and human solidarity, and his view of the future was bleak indeed. Nearly four decades later, Sir Peter Hall offered a similarly large-scale but otherwise very different view of the broad sweep of the urban past, in his Cities in Civilization: Culture, Innovation, and Urban Order (1998). He constructed his book not as a narrative but instead as clusters of case studies, in which sixteen cities appear as scenes and agents of various types of exemplary achievement. Focusing on Europe, but not restricting himself to it, Hall presented not only Athens, Florence, Paris, Vienna, London, Manchester and Berlin but also New York, San Francisco and Tokyo as ‘places that [have] ignited the sacred flame of intelligence and human imagination’ (p. 7). It is primarily for this reason that, in Hall's view, the history of great metropolises is inseparable from the history of civilization itself.
Roles of multiple glucose transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TRK1 and TRK2 are required for high- and low-affinity K+ transport. Among suppressors of the K+ transport defect in trk1 delta trk2 delta cells, we have identified members of the sugar transporter gene superfamily. One suppressor encodes the previously identified glucose transporter HXT1, and another encodes a new member of this family, HXT3. The inferred amino acid sequence of HXT3 is 87% identical to that of HXT1, 64% identical to that of HXT2, and 32% identical to that of SNF3. Like HXT1 and HXT2, overexpression of HXT3 in snf3 delta cells confers growth on low-glucose or raffinose media. The function of another new member of the HXT superfamily, HXT4 (previously identified by its ability to suppress the snf3 delta phenotype; L. Bisson, personal communication), was revealed in experiments that deleted all possible combinations of the five members of the glucose transporter gene family. Neither SNF3, HXT1, HXT2, HXT3, nor HXT4 is essential for viability. snf3 delta hxt1 delta hxt2 delta hxt3 delta hxt4 delta cells are unable to grow on media containing high concentrations of glucose (5%) but can grow on low-glucose (0.5%) media, revealing the presence of a sixth transporter that is itself glucose repressible. This transporter may be negatively regulated by SNF3 since expression of SNF3 abolishes growth of hxt1 delta hxt2 delta hxt3 delta hxt4 delta cells on low-glucose medium. HXT1, HXT2, HXT3, and HXT4 can function independently: expression of any one of these genes is sufficient to confer growth on medium containing at least 1% glucose. A synergistic relationship between SNF3 and each of the HXT genes is suggested by the observation that SNF2 hxt1 delta hxt2 delta hxt3 delta hxt4 delta cells and snf3 delta HXT1 HXT2 HXT3 HXT4 cells are unable to grow on raffinose (low fructose) yet SNF3 in combination with any single HXT gene is sufficient for growth on raffinose. HXT1 and HXT3 are differentially regulated. HXT1::lacZ is maximally expressed during exponential growth whereas HXT3::lacZ is maximally expressed after entry into stationary phase.
Tourists and/as disasters: Rebuilding, remembering, and responsibility in New Orleans:

Although some have begun to study the relationships between national disasters and commercial tourism, practices of touring in the aftermath of disasters warrant closer examination. Marita Sturken ...
Arthroscopic evaluation of the popliteus: clues to posterolateral laxity.

Purpose: In cases of posterolateral laxity with abnormally increased external rotation of the tibia, the arthroscopically visualized portion of the popliteal tendon can have a different appearance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether laxity at the nonvisualized femoral insertion of the popliteus tendon or the popliteal fibular ligament caused the altered appearance. Type of Study: Fresh cadaveric selective cutting. Methods: Ten cadaveric specimens with normal appearing popliteal tendon were examined arthroscopically. In 5 specimens, partial and complete detachment of the femoral insertion was performed and the appearance visualized arthroscopically. In 5 specimens, the popliteal fibular ligament was detached and the popliteal tendon visualized arthroscopically. Results: Laxity at the nonvisualized femoral insertion of the popliteus tendon leads to a different appearance of the arthroscopic view of the popliteal tendon. This altered appearance was determined by an intact popliteal fibular ligament. A different alternation occurs when the popliteal fibular ligament is resected. Conclusions: Differences in the arthroscopic view of the popliteal tendon may be important clues to the cause of increased external rotation of the tibia. Clinical Relevance: This study presents a method for arthroscopists to observe and evaluate the popliteus tendon and the posterior lateral corner of the knee in relation to external rotation of the tibia in symptomatic and asymptomatic posterior lateral rotation.
On the Combinatorics of Tolerance Relations

Tolerance relations are useful in soft computing in the treatment of non-disjoint clusterings, in the study of fuzzy automata, etc. After a comparative review of tolerance and equivalences of a set, we evaluate the number of tolerances situated between two equivalences, certain combinatorial aspects of the lattice of tolerances on a finite set and the use of bipartite graphs in the study of tolerances.
Relationships between the history of thermal stress and the relative risk of diseases of Caribbean corals

The putative increase in coral diseases in the Caribbean has led to extensive declines in coral populations. Coral diseases are a consequence of the complex interactions among the coral hosts, the pathogens, and the environment. Yet, the relative influence that each of these components has on the prevalence of coral diseases is unclear. Also unknown is the extent to which historical thermal‐stress events have influenced the prevalence of contemporary coral diseases and the potential adjustment of coral populations to thermal stress. We used a Bayesian approach to test the hypothesis that in 2012 the relative risk of four signs of coral disease (white signs, dark spots, black bands, and yellow signs) differed at reef locations with different thermal histories. We undertook an extensive spatial study of coral diseases at four locations in the Caribbean region (10³ km), two with and two without a history of frequent thermal anomalies (∼4–6 years) over the last 143 years (1870–2012). Locations that historically experienced frequent thermal anomalies had a significantly higher risk of corals displaying white signs, and had a lower risk of corals displaying dark spots, than locations that did not historically experience frequent thermal anomalies. By contrast, there was no relationship between the history of thermal stress and the relative risk of corals displaying black bands and yellow signs, at least at the spatial scale of our observations.
VLSI cellular array of coupled delta-sigma modulators for random analog vector generation

Parallel VLSI generation of random analog vectors with controlled statistics from deterministic chaos is the key to applications such as analog encryption and secure communications, analog built-in self-test, stochastic neural networks, and simulated annealing optimization as well as perturbation learning in neural hardware. We present a class of analog additive cellular automata which generate parallel streams of statistically independent, uniformly distributed random analog values. The underlying noise-shaping mechanism is essentially that of a MASH cascade of delta-sigma modulators. We present theory on the noise-shaping properties, scalable parallel VLSI architectures, and include experimental results from an analog VLSI prototype with 65 channels. The cell for each channel implements a switched-capacitor delta-sigma modulator, and measures 100 /spl mu/m/spl times/120 /spl mu/m in 2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The 65 cells are connected in a chain on a 2-D grid, and can be rearranged for use in various VLSI applications that require a parallel supply of random analog vectors.
GAPIT: Genome Association and Prediction Integrated Tool

Summary: Software programs that conduct genome-wide association studies and genomic prediction and selection need to use methodologies that maximize statistical power, provide high prediction accuracy and run in a computationally efficient manner. We developed an R package called Genome Association and Prediction Integrated Tool (GAPIT) that implements advanced statistical methods including the compressed mixed linear model (CMLM) and CMLM-based genomic prediction and selection. The GAPIT package can handle large datasets in excess of 10 000 individuals and 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms with minimal computational time, while providing user-friendly access and concise tables and graphs to interpret
Milk reactivity of gum and milk protein solutions

Abstract Milk reactivity, defined as the ability of a gum to produce significantly higher viscosity in milk than in water, was determined for three gums—carrageenan, guar, and xanthan—at .05, .1, and .2% in both NDM and whey protein concentrate (reconstituted to 11% solids). Batch (69°C for 30min) and HTST (80°C for 25s) heat treatments were also studied. Milk reactivity was demonstrated in batch-heated solutions as follows. The apparent viscosities of carrageenan-NDM and carrageenan-whey protein concentrate solutions were higher than those of carrageenan-water solutions et all three gum concentrations. Guar at .1% was more viscous in whey protein concentrate than in water. For HTST, carrageenan exhibited milk reactivity with NDM and whey protein concentrate at .1 and 2%. Guar exhibited milk reactivity with NDM at .2% and with whey protein concentrate at all three gum concentrations. Xanthan exhibited milk reactivity with whey protein concentrate at .05%.
RMDP-a real-time CPU scheduling algorithm to provide QoS guarantees for protocol processing

We present the analysis of a real-time CPU scheduling algorithm specifically designed to provide processing guarantees for multimedia applications. It is motivated by the need to reduce the number of contest switch operations in protocol processing while being able to provide bandwidth and delay guarantees to each protocol session. We have implemented this scheme in the NetBSD operating system. Our experimental and simulation results show that there is substantial reduction in the number of context switch operations. We present the scheme and derive its schedulability test.
Viscous shock-layer flowfield analysis by an explicit-implicit method

The present work extends the recently reported implicit analogue of MacCormack's earlier widely-used explicit method to external axisymmetric laminar flows with strong entropy gradients. The details of the 'numerics' of the implicit part are provided in a body-oriented coordinate system with a moving outer (shock) boundary during the transient part of the solutions. The limiting values of the Courant number are obtained when the shock boundary is treated explicitly. The solution algorithm outlined includes the treatment of the source term associated with the equations in weak conservation form. From the results obtained for two sample problems, it becomes clear that accuracy of predictions is, indeed, very good at higher values of the Courant number. There is a significant saving in overall computing time, depending on the Courant number used and the flow Reynolds number. These properties combined with the simplicity of programming the implicit analogue may appeal to researchers for using it in the analysis of three-dimensional flow problems.
Chinese reforms, inflation and the allocation of investment in a socialist economy

Abstract This article explores the causes of China's recent inflationary experience, identifies the linkages between inflationary pressures and decentralization of investment decisions, discusses the problems of organizing “enterprise” investments in the absence of private risk capital and concludes with some thoughts on possible approaches to China's dilemma of creating a “socialist capital market.”
Concepts In Management Of Tree Crops Nematodes In Fruit Production Systems

The effects of irrigation and other techniques applied in intensive fruit crop productions in Chile are discussed, with emphasis on roots protection and nematode management strategies. Concepts on resistance and tolerance are given and the important role of the interactions among rootstocks, irrigation practices and nematodes is highlighted. Nematode management options include prevention, chemical treatments and use of plant resistance elicitors. Soil conditions and diagnosis are then reviewed focusing on plant vigor, root system analysis by means of test pits inspections, sampling, application of minirhizotrons and other management strategies.
Adult Scrotal Surgery

Scrotal operations are among the most common operations performed by urologists. Postoperative scrotal complications may have significant morbidity for the patient, with time to full resolution often measured in weeks to months. Therefore, it is important to adhere to surgical principles that minimize potential morbidity. These surgical principles include excellent hemostasis, sufficient debridement of inflammatory lesions, and drainage where indicated.
The Process of Normalization

The results from the performance of the national economy last year will soon be released. Many indicators that are important for analysis will become known later. But even on the basis of the information that the USSR State Committee for Statistics has at its disposal, it can be concluded that in a number of the most important areas of increasing effectiveness, the positive trends that were observed in 1986 continued. The intensive target for conserving energy resources was met. Production costs dropped sharply in industry (0.7 percent in 1987 compared with the annual average of 0.3 percent during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan) and in construction (0.8 percent in 1987; 0.25 percent in 1981-85). An absolute release of manpower was registered for the first time in the productive branches. Industry alone released 140,000 persons. Labor productivity rose at a rapid rate in this branch. Product modernization accelerated sharply in machine building. But it was not possible to maintain the high growth rates of nat...
The academic oncology hospitalist--a model for improved teaching and patient care

19630 Background: The care of hospitalized cancer patients in academic institutions is usually assigned to residents and fellows with supervision by a “rotating” attending oncologist. This approach...
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Vesicles Reverse Hematopoietic Radiation Damage

Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles, have been shown to epigenetically modulate cell fate (Aliotta et al JEV, 2013). We have evaluated the effect of murine or human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived vesicles on marrow from irradiated mice or on the marrow cell line, FDC-P1, irradiated in vitro. B6.SJL mice were exposed to 0 or 100 cGy whole body irradiation and 7 days later marrow was harvested, lineage depleted and then cultured with or without the addition of murine MSC-derived vesicles for 48 hours. The cells were then engrafted into 200 cGy exposed C57BL/6J mice and engraftment was analyzed at 3, 12, 24 and 36 weeks post-transplant. Vesicle exposure led to a statistically significant increase in engraftment by the irradiated cells at 24 and 36 weeks with the average percent donor engraftment equal to 8.8 ± 4% and 9.6 ± 5% for the vesicle treated group compared to 3.7 ± 2% and 3 ± 2% for the non-vesicle treated groups at 24 weeks and 36 weeks, respectively (Figure 1). In a similar experiment, murine marrow was harvested 24 hours after 100 cGy whole body irradiation, and cultured with and without vesicles for 24 hours. There was a statistically significant increase in donor engraftment by the Lineage negative cells incubated with MSC-derived vesicles at 3 and 6 months (Figure 2). The increase in engraftment potential with vesicle exposure persisted in serial transplantation. These studies indicate that MSC-derived vesicles can reverse radiation damage to marrow when administered either 1 or 7 days after irradiation. The in vivo effect of murine MSC-derived vesicles on post-radiation blood cell count recovery was tested. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 500 cGy total body irradiation. MSC-derived vesicles were then injected intravenously 6, 24 and 72 hours after irradiation. WBC recovery compared to non- irradiated mice was 17% in the non-vesicle group and 37% in the vesicle- injected group at 14 days; the values at 28 days were 61 and 89%, respectively, indicating that vesicle injection enhanced leukocyte recovery following radiation damage. Marrow cells from the non-irradiated, the irradiated and the irradiated plus vesicle-treated mice were then analyzed for gene expression. Twelve genes were elevated in the irradiated cells and the elevations were reversed by vesicle exposure while 17 genes were depressed in the irradiated cells and the depressions reversed by vesicle exposure. Studies with the marrow cell line, FDC-P1, showed that apoptosis in irradiated cells was reversed by exposure to MSC-derived vesicles and growth of irradiated cells was restored. Restoration of growth by in vitro exposure to MSC-derived vesicles is shown in Figure 3. In summary, these data indicate that MSC-derived vesicles have the capacity to ameliorate radiation-induced damage to marrow and may represent an important biologic for use in radiation exposures. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Local-in-time Adjoint-based Method for Design Optimization of Unsteady Compressible Flows

We develop a new local-in-time adjoint-based method for minimization of o w matching functionals subject to the 2-D unsteady compressible Euler equations. The new methodology is aimed at circumventing the memory requirements associated with conventional time-dependent adjoint-based optimization methods that require the o w solutions to be available at all time levels. These storage requirements quickly become prohibitive for large-scale applications. The key idea of the local-in-time method is to divide the entire time interval into several subintervals and approximate the solution of the global-in-time adjoint equations and the global sensitivity derivative as the combination of the corresponding local quantities computed on each subinterval. Since each subinterval contains relatively few time steps, the storage cost of the local-in-time method is much lower than that of the global adjoint formulation, thus making the time-dependent optimization feasible for practical applications. The paper presents a detailed comparison of the local- and global-in-time adjoint-based methods for design optimization of unsteady subsonic and supersonic o ws around a bump. Our numerical results show that the local-in-time method converges to the optimal solution obtained with the global counterpart, while drastically reducing the memory cost as compared to the global-in-time adjoint formulation.
Teardrop fracture following head-first impact in an ice hockey player: Case report and analysis of injury mechanisms

Background We report a case of a young male athlete who sustained a three column displaced teardrop fracture of the C5 vertebra due to a head-first impact in hockey, suffered neurapraxia, yet made full neurological recovery. This full recovery was in sharp contrast to multiple case series which reported permanent quadriplegia in the vast majority of teardrop fracture patients. We investigate the etiology and biomechanical mechanisms of injury. Methods Admission imaging revealed the teardrop fracture which consisted of: a frontal plane fracture which separated an anterior quadrilateral-shaped fragment from the posterior vertebral body; a vertical fracture of the posterior vertebral body in the sagittal plane; and incomplete fractures of the neural arch that initiated superiorly at the anterior aspect of the spinous process and left lamina adjacent to the superior facet. Epidural hematoma in the region of the C5 vertebra was observed in addition to disc and ligamentous disruptions at C4-5 and C5-6. Our patient was ultimately treated surgically with anterior fusion from C4 through C6 and subsequently with bilateral posterior fusion at C5-6. Results The injuries were caused by high-energy axial compression with the neck in a pre-flexed posture. The first fracture event consisted of the anterior vertebral body fragment being sheared off of the posterior fragment under the compression load due in part to the sagittal plane concavity of the C5 inferior endplate. The etiology of the vertical fracture of the posterior vertebral body fragment in the sagittal plane was consistent with a previously described hypothesis of the mechanistic injury events. First, the C4-5 disc height decreased under load which increased its hoop stress. Next, this increased hoop stress transferred lateral forces to the C5 uncinate processes which caused their outward expansion. Finally, the outward expansion of the uncinate processes caused the left and right sides of the vertebral body to split and spread. Evidence in support of this mechanistic event sequence was provided by the neural arch fractures which initiated superiorly, average angulation of the C5 uncinate processes, and similar well-established mechanisms causing vertical fractures at other spinal regions. Conclusions Our case study and analyses provide insight into the etiology of the specific teardrop fracture patterns observed clinically.
Eat there! Shop here! Visit that! Presenting the city in mass media travel writing

In contrast to travelogues, many mass media travel articles focus on providing usable content instead of literary value. This study investigated the content of three recurring travel features (or ‘visitlogues’) in mass media publications. A quantitative approach was used to find which aspects of a destination are mentioned in travel writing instead of how they are represented. Fifteen articles covering five cities were investigated. The articles were written in second person and were prescriptive (rather than descriptive) in nature, directing the reader what to experience. There was a focus on (often excessive) consumption of dining/drinking, shopping, and sightseeing experiences. However, the authors also featured experiences unique to each city. Interactions with the ‘Other’ were scarce, and the articles had little literary value. Arguments are presented that much mass media travel writing should be considered through different lenses than travelogues.
Affect and Sibling Relationships in Adulthood

Publisher Summary This chapter explores sibling relationships in adulthood. Sibling relationships may be the quintessential emotional relationship; they are highly emotional and largely irrational. All too often, laypeople and social scientists alike equate “sibling relationships” with “sibling rivalry” on the one hand, and to teary-eyed sentimentality associated with the terms “sisterhood” and “brotherhood” on the other. This chapter integrates the trends in affect development, particularly in adulthood and old age, with what is known about the quality of sibling relationships. This integration is achieved by locating sibling research with respect to affect concepts related to adult development. The chapter also reviews empirical studies about sibling affect, guided by concepts developed by adult affect researchers. The study of sibling relationships is a fertile arena for research on adult affect processes as adult sibling relationships, although varying in intensity and quality of feelings, and constitutes a consistent and typically important component in human life.
Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Spectrum of O 2 18

Fine-structure transitions in the millimeter wavelength region and the $n(J)=1(2)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3(2)$ submillimeter wavelength rotational transition have been measured with high precision. The submillimeter radiation was generated by a harmonic multiplier and detected by a silicon bolometer operated at 1.5 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The measured 1(2) \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 3(2) frequency of $^{18}\mathrm{O}_{2}$ is 378 831.51(20) MHz. A remeasurement of the 1(2) \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 3(2) frequency for $^{16}\mathrm{O}_{2}$ yielded the value 424 763.12(10) MHz. Analysis of the results yielded the following values of the molecular constants for $^{18}\mathrm{O}_{2}$: ${B}_{0}=38313.721(2)$ MHz, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}=59496.708(12)$ MHz, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{1}=0.0521(3)$ MHz, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}=\ensuremath{-}224.438(3)$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}0.00029(5)$ MHz, ${B}_{e}=38518.6(6.3)$ MHz, and ${r}_{e}=1.20743(10)$ \AA{}. The values agree well with those predicted from isotopic corrections of the $^{16}\mathrm{O}_{2}$ values. The equilibrium constants were obtained with the aid of vibration-rotation interaction constants from optical spectroscopy.
Impact of Monetary Policy on Heterogeneous Labor, under Limited Participation

This paper introduces skill heterogeneity in a limited participation model. The main finding is that an expansionary monetary policy redistributes risk between financial market participants and non participants, as well as increases the resources allocated for skill formation leading to increased human capital. In the face of a negative technology shock, monetary policy has redistributive effects in favor of traders and may not impact aggregate output and consumption. An expansionary fiscal policy, on the other hand, increases supply of both types of workers, as well as their consumption, thereby, affecting each type of household uniformly; and raises overall output in the economy, thereby, speeding recovery to the long run trend.
123-P: HLA DIVERSITY IN A CHILEAN POPULATION

Aim A hematopoietic stem cell transplantation program in Santiago, Chile affiliated with St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital referred 190 patients and their family members for HLA typing between 2000 and 2011. Methods These individuals were studied for HLA specificities by the use of sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers (SSP), sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (SSO) and DNA sequencing. Haplotype assignment could be made unambiguously in all cases from family studies. Results The expectation of the referring center was that this group consisted largely of those of western European origin. HLA typing of the large proportion of this referred group indicated that although 70 - 80 % was similar to populations found in western Europe, a substantial number demonstrated alleles not found in western Europeans and which were initially described in native South American populations. For example, of 35 patient samples positive for HLA-A ∗ 68, 34 (97%) were found to be HLA-A ∗ 68:01:02 by DNA sequencing, a variation described in native South American populations. HLA-A ∗ 68:23 was identified in 8 unrelated individuals in this group of 719 patients and family members. This would indicate that this unusual allele would meet the criteria for a common and well-documented allele in this population. Alleles of HLA-A ∗ 02, A ∗ 24, as well as other A ∗ 68 alleles not commonly seen in those of western European heritage were also found. Eleven HLA-B ∗ 35, six HLA-B ∗ 39 and five HLA-B ∗ 51 alleles first described in native South American populations were also found in HLA typing of this group from Chile. HLA-DRB1 ∗ 04:07 was shown in 87 and HLA-DRB1 ∗ 08:02 in 55 of these 719 individuals. Conclusions Unrelated donor registries in Argentina and Brazil have recently formed cooperative agreements with the National Marrow Donor Program and can be expected to be beneficial for those patients from South America requiring unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donors.
Ethics End-of-Life Cases

Nineteen cases of end-of-life patient stories are explored for common themes, issues, and problems. Clinicians can use these cases to extrapolate solutions in their day-to-day involvement with patients, using best-practice techniques. Based on the data explored in Chap. 2, these patients represent a broad spectrum of communication issues present between clinicians and their patients during end of life. As teachable moments for rising clinicians, there are questions following each of the cases for academicians to highlight in discussion.
Methadone: Maximizing Safety and Efficacy for Pain Control in Patients with Cancer.

Methadone is a valuable opioid in the management of patients who have cancer with pain. Methadone is a mu-, kappa-, and delta-opioid agonist, and an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. These mechanisms of action make methadone an attractive option for complex pain syndromes. It is critically important that providers consider a patient's risk status before beginning methadone. Careful consideration must be given to dosing methadone in both opioid-naive and opioid-tolerant patients, with vigilant monitoring for therapeutic effectiveness and potential toxicity until the patient achieves steady state.
Strategic Management and Situational Awareness in Academic Libraries

This special issue of College & Research Libraries addresses strategic management in academic libraries. Sounds impressive but what does this mean, really? The literature on strategic management in libraries or even in the management and business literature ranges broadly on this topic. It seems to be full of buzzwords and phrases—like stakeholders and competitive advantage—that are very relevant to a business environment but have no traction in an educational or public service setting. However, jargon aside, there are certainly lessons to be learned. There is no denying that these precepts from the business world are influencing what is going on in higher education and gaining a more strategic understanding of academic librarianship can only help.
P-wave electron-hydrogen scattering

A variational wave function incorporating short range correlations via Hylleraas type functions plus long-range polarization terms of the polarized orbital type but with smooth cut-off factors has been used to calculate P-wave phase shifts for electron-hydrogen scattering. This approach gives the direct r(exp -4) potential and a non-local optical potential which is definite. The resulting phase shifts have rigorous lower bounds and the convergence is much faster than those obtained without the modification of the target function. Final results will be presented at the conference.