cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UFGE 7031 and UFGE 7080 Gerbera Cultivars

Cultivated gerbera (Gerbera hybrida, Asteraceae Dumont) is one of the most important floricultural crops in the United States and worldwide (Behnke, 1984; Rogers and Tjia, 1990). It is well accepted in the cut flower and potted plant markets and can also be grown as a patio, garden, or landscape plant. Gerbera breeding over the past several decades has been focused primarily on developing cultivars for cut flower production or for small flowering pot plants to be used in flower beds (Behnke, 1984; Rogers and Tjia, 1990). Cut flower cultivars require gerbera flowers with long peduncles (greater than 50 cm). The majority of the pot gerbera cultivars have been developed for production in 15-cm-diameter or smaller containers; thus, these cultivars produce compact plants and flowers with short peduncles (less than 30 cm) (Dole and Wilkins, 1999). Recently, interest in producing gerberas in large (20-cm-diamter or larger) containers for indoor or outdoor use has increased [O. Nissen (Sunshine Carnations State, Inc.) and J. Mazat (Ball Horticultural Company), personal communication]. There has been a severe shortage of cultivars suitable for such uses (Channel, 2005). Greenhouse growers and nurseries often rely on two strategies to produce gerberas for this emerging market. One method uses cut flower cultivars and growth retardants to shorten the flower peduncles. However, finished plants often have few flowers and peduncles are still too tall for the pot size. Other growers have tried to use small cultivars, but finished gerbera plants tend to be too small and do not satisfactorily fill up the containers. Previously we developed and released six gerbera cultivars for use in large containers (Deng and Harbaugh, 2010). These cultivars are marketed under the Funtastic series (Ball Horticultural Company) and have displayed exceptional heat tolerance in industry and/or university trials (Siktberg, 2012). Some of these cultivars were selected as ‘‘Best of the Best’’ in the University of Georgia garden trials ( ) and as top performers in the Ohio State University garden trials (Anonymous, 2011). The current series consists of five flower colors (white, light pink, yellow, orange, and orange–red). Additional cultivars are needed to expand the plant palette in this series. Like in other flower crops, continuous introduction of new cultivars with improved or novel horticultural characteristics may serve as a driving force for commercial production and consumer consumption (Behnke, 1984; Rogers and Tjia, 1990). UFGE 7031 and UFGE 7080 were selected and tested specifically for the largecontainer flower market. These cultivars produce large plants with large attractive flowers and appropriate peduncle heights for use in larger containers. These gerberas also express moderate to high levels of resistance to powdery mildew, the most common and important disease in gerbera production and gardening (Chase, 2001; Moyer and Peres, 2008).
Soluble adenylyl cyclase is an acid-base sensor in epithelial base-secreting cells

Blood acid-base regulation by specialized epithelia, such as gills and kidney, requires the ability to sense blood acid-base status. Here, we developed primary cultures of ray (Urolophus halleri) g...
A Group Empowerment Model with Alienated, Middle Class Eighth Grade Boys

Middle school students who feel alienated from the educational process often engage in interactions with teachers and peers that interfere with optimal functioning in the school environment. Models of intervention focusing solely on changing the students' behaviors fail to engage this group who avidly deny that they have a problem. This article demonstrates the successful use of the empowerment model of activity based, group work with alienated, middle class eighth grade boys in a suburban middle school. Through the planning, organization and final production of a musical event, the “Battle of the Bands”, the boys increased their feelings of selfconfidence and self-efficacy, improved their interpersonal skills with teachers and peers and received recognition for their positive contributions to a school event.
Representation of Uncertainty in Self-Organizing Neural Networks

The ability to represent multiple hypotheses about the classification of an ambiguous input pattern is an extremely useful network property. Yet typically, self-organizing neural networks are designed to make only winner-take-all pattern classification decisions. The winner-take-all decisions may often turn out to be wrong when they are based on insufficient or ambiguous input data. In a self-organizing neural network, incorrect decisions can impair or prevent the development of efficient codes for classifying the input environment. A new method is described which allows a neural network to maintain a representation of its own uncertainty. A key benefit of the new technique is that incorrect learning is avoided and efficient representation structures can thereby self-organize. A new anti-Hebbian inhibitory learning rule is combined with a variant of a Hebbian excitatory learning rule. Inhibitory learning permits the superposition of multiple simultaneous partial neural activations, under strictly regulated circumstances. An ambiguous input pattern then partially activates a set of neurons, each of which represents a hypothesis about the pattern’s likely classification. If disambiguating pattern information is subsequently added, only the neuron that codes the most likely hypothesis becomes fully active; the activations of other neurons are suppressed. Efficient pattern codes can then self-organize in neural networks exposed to input environments which, like our own perceptual world, contain a great deal of ambiguity.
Catheter Drainage of Lung Abscess

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for catheter drainage of lung abscess procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications, and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Localization Algorithm for Large Scale Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Fast-SVM

Sensor node localization is one of research hotspots in the applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) field. In recent years, many scholars proposed some localization algorithms based on machine learning, especially support vector machine (SVM). Localization algorithms based on SVM have good performance without pairwise distance measurements and special assisting devices. But if detection area is too wide and the scale of wireless sensor network is too large, the each sensor node needs to be classified many times to locate by SVMs, and the location time is too long. It is not suitable for the places of high real-time requirements. To solve this problem, a localization algorithm based on fast-SVM for large scale WSNs is proposed in this paper. The proposed fast-SVM constructs the minimum spanning by introducing the similarity measure and divided the support vectors into groups according to the maximum similarity in feature space. Each group support vectors is replaced by linear combination of “determinant factor” and “adjusting factor” which are decided by similarity. Because the support vectors are simplified by the fast-SVM, the speed of classification is evidently improved. Through the simulations, the performance of localization based on fast-SVM is evaluated. The results prove that the localization time is reduce about 48 % than existing localization algorithm based on SVM, and loss of the localization precision is very small. Moreover, fast-SVM localization algorithm also addresses the border problem and coverage hole problem effectively. Finally, the limitation of the proposed localization algorithm is discussed and future work is present.
DNA Polymerase θ: Duct Tape and Zip Ties for a Fragile Genome

Using a combination of genetics and cellular DNA rejoining assays, in this issue of Molecular Cell, Wyatt et al. (2016) demonstrate a critical role for mammalian DNA polymerase θ in the rejoining of DNA ends that are poor substrates for classical non-homologous end joining.
Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience Then and Now

The 16th International Conference on Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience (MMiN) was held in Gothenburg, Sweden in late spring 2016. This conference originated as a methods meeting focused on in vivo voltammetric techniques and microdialysis. Over time, however, the scope has evolved to include a number of other methods for neurochemical detection that range from single-cell fluorescence in vitro and in vivo in animal models to whole-brain imaging in humans. Overall, MMiN provides a unique forum for introducing new developments in neurochemical detection, as well as for reporting exciting neurobiological insights provided by established and novel methods. This Viewpoint includes a brief history of the meeting, factors that have contributed its evolution, and some highlights of MMiN 2016.
Investigations of tri-t-butyl tin hydride complexes of transition metals in small molecule activation and catalysis

Abstract Transition metal complexes containing the sterically encumbered SnBut3 group are the focus of this brief review. The ability of tin compounds to modify both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts has been known for some time. Our recent efforts center on utilizing the reagent But3SnH to investigate the influence of this ligand, which combines a steric profile similar to that of PBut3, with functional reactivity at the Sn-H bond. These properties of the SnBut3 ligand allow preparation of new complexes and comparison of their structures and reactivities with less encumbered trialkyl stannanes. This has allowed fine-tuning of the strained molecular geometry at the coordinatively unsaturated site and study of how that influences small molecule activation. Reversible H2 binding and activation, H2–D2 scrambling to form HD, C-H activation of bound ligands and solvents, catalytic hydrogenation, and catalytic hydrostannylation have all been observed for select complexes. In addition, a range of metal cluster complexes incorporating stannane moieties have been prepared and structurally characterized. The But3SnH ligand provides a new dimension for preparation of new molecular architectures with potential applications in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
Urinary Incontinence and Associated Female Sexual Dysfunction.

Abstract Introduction Urinary incontinence (UI) and sexual dysfunction are common conditions often undiagnosed and untreated in women and are associated with decreased quality of life. Aim To evaluate the relation between UI and female sexual dysfunction (FSD), considering incontinence type and the psychosocial and physiologic aspects of sexual function. Methods PubMed search of terms related to UI and FSD from 1979 to 2016 generated 603 published references, of which 26 were included. Nine additional studies came from bibliographic review. Main Outcome Measure Rates and types of sexual dysfunction. Results In cross-sectional and case-control studies, UI was associated with increased rates and severity of FSD. Coital UI occurred in 24% to 66% of women with UI. Impaired body image, fear of coital UI, avoidance of sex, and complete abstinence were more common in women with UI. Deficits in desire, lubrication, satisfaction, and increased pain were found across numerous studies. Mixed UI was associated with more FSD than urgency UI and stress UI. Multiple studies suggest urgent UI is more bothersome than stress UI. Coital UI was associated with a urodynamic diagnosis other than genuine stress incontinence in 25% to 50%. Leakage at penetration was associated with stress UI; leakage at orgasm was associated more often with detrusor overactivity. Conclusion Women's UI is associated with increased rates of sexual dysfunction, suggesting concurrent screening is warranted. Clarifying timing of coital leakage would facilitate targeted treatment. Standardization of FSD measurements could better elucidate the relation between UI and FSD. Duralde ER, Rowen TS. Urinary Incontinence and Associated Female Sexual Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev 2017;5:470–485.
Environmental Complexity: Information For Human-Environment Well-Being

We investigate the importance of environmental complexity as a factor influencing cognitive function and well-being of the elderly. Environmental complexity was calculated based upon an estimate of the number of visually distinct environments characteristic of the objects in five photographs of each elderly subject’s home. It was found that more complex environments correlated with the higher cognitive function and more robust locomotor activity of those living in the community. Complexity was found to be a quality of the environment independent of aesthetics.
Identification of Fitness Determinants during Energy-Limited Growth Arrest in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Microbial growth arrest can be triggered by diverse factors, one of which is energy limitation due to scarcity of electron donors or acceptors. Genes that govern fitness during energy-limited growth arrest and the extent to which they overlap between different types of energy limitation are poorly defined. In this study, we exploited the fact that Pseudomonas aeruginosa can remain viable over several weeks when limited for organic carbon (pyruvate) as an electron donor or oxygen as an electron acceptor. ATP values were reduced under both types of limitation, yet more severely in the absence of oxygen. Using transposon-insertion sequencing (Tn-seq), we identified fitness determinants in these two energy-limited states. Multiple genes encoding general functions like transcriptional regulation and energy generation were required for fitness during carbon or oxygen limitation, yet many specific genes, and thus specific activities, differed in their relevance between these states. For instance, the global regulator RpoS was required during both types of energy limitation, while other global regulators such as DksA and LasR were required only during carbon or oxygen limitation, respectively. Similarly, certain ribosomal and tRNA modifications were specifically required during oxygen limitation. We validated fitness defects during energy limitation using independently generated mutants of genes detected in our screen. Mutants in distinct functional categories exhibited different fitness dynamics: regulatory genes generally manifested a phenotype early, whereas genes involved in cell wall metabolism were required later. Together, these results provide a new window into how P. aeruginosa survives growth arrest.
Dengue viruses cleave STING in humans but not in nonhuman primates, their presumed natural reservoir

Dengue viruses are found in over 100 countries and cause the tropical disease known as dengue fever. Dengue viruses affect around 100 million people per year and can – in severe cases – lead to death. Unlike many other deadly diseases, there is currently no vaccine that completely prevents dengue fever. It is thought that dengue viruses that circulate in human populations were derived from monkey versions of that same virus. However, research suggests that both human and primate variations of dengue viruses appear to multiply much better in humans than in other species. Scientists believe that this is because some animals, including primates, have defense mechanisms that are ineffective in humans. To explore this idea, Stabell et al. looked at a protein called STING in humans and in three different primates: the chimpanzee, the rhesus macaque, and the common marmoset. STING plays an important role in the immune system and helps to fight infections caused by viruses and other microbes. During replication – the process by which a virus spreads through an organism’s cells – the dengue virus cuts and inactivates the human STING protein, and so helps the virus spread. Stabell et al. discovered that in most primates, dengue viruses cannot inactivate STING. This was found to be reliant on a small region in the STING protein that differed between humans and primates. This small difference may, in part, explain why dengue viruses replicate better in humans than other primates. Stabell et al. then searched for other animals whose STING protein would be susceptible to dengue virus inactivation. Using a database with genetic information of over 5,000 mammals, Stabell et al. identified STING proteins of three types of apes and three types of rodents that could also be deactivated by dengue viruses. To develop a vaccine or antiviral drug scientists generally need to study the disease in living animals. Since dengue viruses replicate more successfully in humans than they do in other animal models, it makes it more challenging to find an effective treatment. The results from Stabell et al. may help to identify animals that could be strong candidates for future research into dengue viruses, potentially paving the way for further therapeutic development.
A randomized controlled trial of a gender-focused addiction model versus 12-step facilitation for women veterans.

Background and objectives Substance use disorder (SUD) has increased among women, including military veterans, yet SUD treatment was historically designed for males. This randomized controlled trial compared 12 individual sessions of a gender-focused SUD recovery model, A Woman's Path to Recovery (WPR) to an evidence-based, non-gender-focused SUD model, 12-Step Facilitation (TSF) for 66 women veterans with current severe SUD. Methods The primary outcome was substance use; secondary outcomes were associated problems (e.g., psychological); coping skills, and 12-step attendance, with assessment at baseline, end-of-treatment, and 3-month followup. Results Substance use decreased over time, with no difference between conditions. Decreases occurred from baseline to end-of-treatment and baseline to followup and, for drug severity, also from end-of-treatment to followup. Effect sizes were large for alcohol and medium otherwise. Secondary outcomes were largely consistent with this pattern of improvement. Urinalysis/breathalyzer supported self-report. Treatment attendance was 62% for WPR and 57% for TSF (not significantly different). Twelve-step group attendance, surprisingly, did not increase in either condition. Discussion and conclusions WPR provides a useful addition to women's SUD treatment options, with outcomes no different than an established evidence-based model, TSF. Both showed positive impact on substance use and related areas. Our lack of differences based on gender-focus may reflect women veterans being acculturated to a male military environment. Limitations include lack of an untreated control, a sample limited to veterans, and use of a large effect size for power assumptions. Scientific significance This is the first RCT of a gender-focused approach for women veterans with SUD. (Am J Addict 2018;27:210-216).
Regionalism in Southeast Asia

The term “Southeast Asia” is coming steadily into greater use. The termis a convenient geographic expression, but is it anything more? Do the countries of this region have very much in common? Do they have enough in common to suggest the possibility of fruitful cooperation? These questions take on added significance because of the present political upheavals and unrest in nearly all of the countries of this region.
The Effects of Immobilization on the Skin

One of the major hazards to face immobilized patients is the breakdown of the skin and underlying tissues. Those areas that are exposed to prolonged and excessive pressures are vulnerable, especially wherever bony prominences are close to the surface. Under normal conditions the skin is protected by frequent movements which shift the body weight from one area to the other. The immobilized patient is incapable of performing these weight shifts, and the same skin area remains under pressure for long periods of time.
The use of radiolabelled T1 ribonuclease to monitor the efficiency of Edman degradations (Short Communication)

A simple radiolabel tracer method is presented for monitoring the efficiency of the first ten cycles of an Edman degradation. This method consists of adding a very small amount of radiolabelled S-carboxymethylated T1 ribonuclease to the protein to be sequenced, and counting the radioactivity of a small sample from each of the degradative cycles.
On Life-Span Developmental Research Paradigms: Retrospects and Prospects

ABSTRACT Some model characteristics of a life-span approach to the study of psychological development are reviewed and discussed. Focusing on a selected set of model attributes related to the tasks of describing, explaining, and modifying intraindividual and interindividual patterns of development (continuity versus discontinuity of antecedent-consequent relationships, concurrent versus historical paradigms, time-lag relationships, treatment by history interactions, etc.), it is maintained that the usefulness of a life-span view of development has been demonstrated with regard to the task of description, with developmental change in most behavior classes occurring throughout the human life course. As to explanation and modification objectives, the power of a life-span perspective is primarily dependent upon the significance of long-term historical (time-lag) relationships as they interact with immediate antecedents and the joint significance of an ontogenetic discontinuity-continuity model. It is asserted, however, that a life-span developmental orientation is mandatory and immediately useful if the task is one of optimization of human development in a changing societal context . The various contributions to this volume are reviewed in light of the paradigm framework outlined. It is shown how a life-span approach to the study of development modifies the substance and methodology of age-specific developmental models and contributes to a reorientation of existing developmental research. Although the general conclusion of this review is that life-span paradigms are not yet shown to be of great empirical precision and scope, particularly when explanation is at stake, it is also argued that a life-span view of development explicates, in its extreme form, some of the general pitfalls inherent in any developmental approach. In fact, it is contended that such theoretical and methodological constraints may easily be overlooked if an age-specific rather than a life-span view is applied to the study of development .
Functional Outcomes and Accuracy of Patient-Specific Instruments for Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND Patient-specific instruments (PSIs) were developed to improve mechanical axis alignment for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) as neutral alignment (180°) is a predictor of long-term success. This study examines alignment accuracy and functional outcomes of PSI as compared with standard instruments (SIs). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of TKA procedures using PSI. A total of 85 PSI procedures were identified, and these were compared with a matched cohort of 85 TKAs using SI. Intraoperative decision-making, estimated blood loss, efficiency, Knee Society Scores, and postoperative radiographs were evaluated. RESULTS One hundred and seventy patients with comparable patient demographics were reviewed. Eighty-one percent of the PSI procedures were within target (180 ± 3°) mechanical alignment, while the SI group had 70% of cases within the target plane ( P = .132). Mean target alignment (2.0° PSI vs 2.2° SI, P = .477) was similar between groups. Twenty-seven percent of patients in the PSI group had surgeon-directed intraoperative recuts to improve the perceived coronal alignment. The change in hematocrit was reduced in the PSI group (8.89 vs 7.21, P = .000). Procedure time and total operating room time were equivalent. Knee Society Scores did not differ between groups at 6 months or at 1 year. CONCLUSION Patient-specific instrumentation decreased change in hematocrit, though coronal alignment and efficiency were equivalent between groups. Surgeons must evaluate cuts intraoperatively to confirm alignment. Functional outcomes are equivalent for PSI and SI groups.
Comparison of Epidural Lidocaine and Bupivacaine-Fentanyl Mixture for Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

Epidural opiates alone do not provide sufficient anesthesia for most surgical procedures. Combined with local anesthetics, however, they are valuable in treating postoperative and labor pain. Two groups of patients were compared (n = 21) who underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). One group was given a local anesthetic, lidocaine, and the other was given a local anesthetic-opiate combination, bupivacaine-fentanyl. In each group, adequate levels of analgesia were obtained. The bupivacaine-fentanyl mixture produced significantly less motor block. Its disadvantages were a longer onset time and occasional itching. This small series confirms the clinical value of a low-dose epidural bupivacaine-fentanyl mixture as an alternative to lidocaine for use in ESWL, and suggests that greater use be made of this mixture.
Accelerating Clustering using Approximate Spanning Tree and Prime Number Based Filter

Motivation: Clustering genomic data, including those generated via high-throughput sequencing, is an important preliminary step for assembly and analysis. However, clustering a large number of sequences is time-consuming. Methods: In this paper, we discuss algorithmic performance improvements to our existing clustering system called PEACE via the following two new approaches: (1) using Approximate Spanning Tree (AST) that is computed much faster than the currently used Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) approach, and (2) a novel Prime Numbers based Heuristic (PNH) for generating features and comparing them to further reduce comparison overheads. Results: Experiments conducted using a variety of data sets show that the proposed method significantly improves performance for datasets with large clusters with only minimal degradation in clustering quality. We also compare our methods against wcd-kaboom, a state-of-the-art clustering software. Our experiments show that with AST and PNH underperform wcd-kaboom for datasets that have many small clusters. However, they significantly outperform wcd-kaboom for datasets with large clusters by a conspicuous ~550x with comparable clustering quality. The results indicate that the proposed methods hold considerable promise for accelerating clustering of genomic data with large clusters.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as the Initial Presentation of Anti-neutrophillic Cytoplasmic Auto-antibody Positive Vasculitis.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening inflammatory state of lung injury that can require acute interventions including mechanical ventilation as well as emergent veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) for management. Etiologies of ARDS are not clearly discernible in certain cases and can vary from sepsis, pneumonia, trauma and intoxication. Anti-nuclear cytoplasmic auto-antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of several conditions that can have pulmonary complications including ARDS. We present a case where the primary manifestation of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA positive vasculitis was ARDS, in order to highlight the importance of investigating rare vasculitides as the underlying cause of ARDS and the importance of ECMO as an early life-saving intervention for the management of ARDS.
Enlarging smaller images before inputting into convolutional neural network: zero-padding vs. interpolation

The input to a machine learning model is a one-dimensional feature vector. However, in recent learning models, such as convolutional and recurrent neural networks, two- and three-dimensional feature tensors can also be inputted to the model. During training, the machine adjusts its internal parameters to project each feature tensor close to its target. After training, the machine can be used to predict the target for previously unseen feature tensors. What this study focuses on is the requirement that feature tensors must be of the same size. In other words, the same number of features must be present for each sample. This creates a barrier in processing images and texts, as they usually have different sizes, and thus different numbers of features. In classifying an image using a convolutional neural network (CNN), the input is a three-dimensional tensor, where the value of each pixel in each channel is one feature. The three-dimensional feature tensor must be the same size for all images. However, images are not usually of the same size and so are not their corresponding feature tensors. Resizing images to the same size without deforming patterns contained therein is a major challenge. This study proposes zero-padding for resizing images to the same size and compares it with the conventional approach of scaling images up (zooming in) using interpolation. Our study showed that zero-padding had no effect on the classification accuracy but considerably reduced the training time. The reason is that neighboring zero input units (pixels) will not activate their corresponding convolutional unit in the next layer. Therefore, the synaptic weights on outgoing links from input units do not need to be updated if they contain a zero value. Theoretical justification along with experimental endorsements are provided in this paper.
Capturing temporal dynamics of fear behaviors on a moment‐to‐moment basis

Identifying patterns of fearful behaviors early and accurately is essential to identify children who may be at increased risk for psychopathology. Previous work focused on the total amount of fear by using composites across time. However, considering the temporal dynamics of fear expression might offer novel insights into the identification of children at risk. One hundred and twenty-five toddlers participated in high- and low-fear tasks. Data were modeled using a novel two-step approach. First, a hidden Markov model estimated latent fear states and transitions across states over time. Results revealed children's behavior was best represented by six behavioral states. Next, these states were analyzed using sequence clustering to identify groups of children with similar dynamic trajectories through the states. A four-cluster solution found groups of children varied in fear response and regulation process: "external regulators" (using the caregiver as a regulation tool), "low reactive" (low reaction to stimulus), "fearful explorers" (managing their own internal state with minimal assistance from the caregiver), and "high fear" (fearful/at-caregiver state regardless of task). The combination of analytic tools enabled fine-grained examination of the processes of fearful temperament. These insights may help prevention programs target behaviors that perpetuate anxious behavior in the moment.
HgTe colloidal quantum dot photodiodes for extended short-wave infrared detection

HgTe colloidal quantum dots are investigated as the active material in photodiodes for extended short-wave infrared up to 2.6 μm. The HgTe colloidal quantum dots photodiodes achieve external quantum efficiencies above 50% and specific detectivities of 1 × 1011 at 2.2 μm at room temperature with a microsecond response time and compete with commercial extended InGaAs photodiodes.
Reference target with synthesized A2E for visible-light OCT quantitative fundus autofluorescence imaging

Retinal lipofuscin was quantified with respect to a customized fluorescent reference target consisting of synthesized A2E. The target was implemented into VIS-OCT-FAF as a reference for both OCT and FAF and successfully tested in vivo.
Ultimate Limits to Resource Efficiency in Photonic Communication

We review resource-efficiency metrics for transferring classical information with photon, present an overview of the ultimate limits to photon and dimensional efficiency permitted by quantum mechanics, as well as that acheived with structured transmitter-receiver pairs.
Preliminary ReportsRegional EMS experience with etomidate for facilitated intubation

Objective. To report the preliminary experience of the Central New York emergency medical services (EMS) region with etomidate for prehospital facilitated intubation. Methods. Prospective recording of all intubations (facilitated and nonfacilitated) was completed during the first six months of the etomidate protocol, from January 1 to June 30, 2000. These results were compared with retrospective comparison data obtained for an 18-month period from stored documented prehospital care reports (PCRs), a period when diazepam was used for facilitated intubation. Results. During the study period, 343 (84%) of 409 attempted intubations were successful. Of these, 24 facilitated intubations (using etomidate) were attempted (all on breathing, agitated patients), and 19 (79%, CI 63%-95%) were successful. Eighteen of these (95%) were intubated successfully on the first attempt. The median age of the patients requiring intubation was 70 years (range 14-90), and 60% were female. There were no reported incidences of vomiting, broken teeth, or bleeding. The region's prior 18-month experience using diazepam for facilitated intubation resulted in ten (23%, CI 11%-36%) successful intubations of 43 facilitated intubation attempts. Conclusions. Preliminary data suggest increased rates of success for facilitated intubation using etomidate, when compared with diazepam, with most intubations successful on the first attempt. Limitations of this study include a small sample size and self-reporting of airway data by paramedics. PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE 2002;6:50-53
Neural Activation Patterns Associated with Maternal Mouthbrooding and Energetic State in an African Cichlid Fish

Abstract Parental care is widespread in the animal kingdom, but for many species, provisioning energetic resources must be balanced with trade-offs between self-promoting and offspring-promoting behaviors. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying these motivational decisions. Mouthbrooding is an extreme form of parental care most common in fishes that provides an ideal opportunity to examine which brain regions are involved in parenting and energetics. The African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni is a maternal mouthbrooder in which females hold developing young inside their mouths for 2 weeks. This brood care makes feeding impossible, so females undergo obligatory starvation. We used immunohistochemistry for the neural activation marker pS6 to examine which brain regions were involved in processing salient information in mouthbrooding, starved, and fed females. We identified brain regions more associated with maternal brood care (TPp, Dc-4/-5), and others reflective of energetic state (Dl-v, NLTi). Most nuclei examined, however, were involved in both maternal care and energetic status. Placement of each of the 16 examined nuclei into these functional categories was supported by node by node comparisons, co-activity networks, hierarchical clustering, and discriminant function analysis. These results reveal which brain regions are involved in parental care and food intake in a species where provisioning is skewed towards the offspring when parental feeding is not possible. This study provides support for both distinct and shared circuitry involved in regulation of maternal care, food intake, and energy balance, and helps put the extreme parental case of mouthbrooding into a comparative and evolutionary context.
Teleophthalmology for age-related macular degeneration during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

IntroductionCOVID-19 has disrupted how ophthalmic practice is conducted worldwide. One patient population that may suffer from poor outcomes during the pandemic are those with age-related macular d...
Reply to Comment on ‘Assessing ExxonMobil’s climate change communications (1977–2014)’ Supran and Oreskes (2017 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 084019)

ExxonMobil Corp Vice President Vijay Swarup's criticisms of our 2017 study (2017 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 084019), which demonstrated that ExxonMobil misled the public about climate change, are misleading and incorrect. Thanks in part to his feedback, we can now conclude with even greater confidence that Exxon, Mobil, and ExxonMobil Corp have all, variously, misled the public. We introduce new evidence that by the early 1980s, more than a decade before Mobil launched a vast advertising campaign to attack climate science and its implications, they were already explicitly aware of the potential for their products to cause dangerous global warming. We also observe that part of the comment is based on material provided by a contributor recruited and paid by ExxonMobil Corp, in our opinion as part of a product defense strategy. The comment does not disclose that. This is a case in point of what we argue is misleading behavior documented in our original study.
Fuel-Supply-Limited Stellar Relaxation Oscillations: Application to Multiple Rings around AGB Stars and Planetary Nebulae

We describe a new mechanism for pulsations in evolved stars: relaxation oscillations driven by a coupling between the luminosity-dependent mass-loss rate and the H fuel abundance in a nuclear-burning shell. When mass loss is included, the outward flow of matter can modulate the flow of fuel into the shell when the stellar luminosity is close to the Eddington luminosity $L_{\rm Edd}$. When the luminosity drops below $L_{\rm Edd}$, the mass outflow declines and the shell is re-supplied with fuel. This process can be repetitive. We demonstrate the existence of such oscillations and discuss the dependence of the results on the stellar parameters. In particular, we show that the oscillation period scales specifically with the mass of the H-burning relaxation shell (HBRS), defined as the part of the H-burning shell above the minimum radius at which the luminosity from below first exceeds the Eddington threshold at the onset of the mass loss phase. For a stellar mass $M_*\sim 0.7\Msun$, luminosity $L_*\sim 10^4\Lsun$, and mass loss rate $|\dot M|\sim 10^{-5}\Msun$ yr$^{-1}$, the oscillations have a recurrence time $\sim 1400$ years $\sim 57\tau_{\rm fsm}$, where $\tau_{\rm fsm}$ is the timescale for modulation of the fuel supply in the HBRS by the varying mass-loss rate. This period agrees with the $\sim$ 1400-year period inferred for the spacings between the shells surrounding some planetary nebulae, and the the predictied shell thickness, of order 0.4 times the spacing, also agrees reasonably well.
Thermal energy regulation with 3D printed polymer-phase change material composites

Summary Phase change materials (PCMs) are an attractive option to passively control building heating and cooling. We present a facile method to produce and print PCM-filled inks by a direct ink writing (DIW) technique that leverages spherical PCM particles as viscosity modifiers in a matrix of photocurable resin. We successfully print inks with up to 63 wt% PCM, which have excellent thermal regulation capacity and nearly no leakage over 200 melting/solidifying cycles. A hollow house printed with PCM-filled ink maintained a 40% lower temperature than the external environment when heated. PCMs with different melting points can be simultaneously integrated into resin and printed without detriment to the structure or integrity. Our approach uses PCM particles as both viscosity modifiers for 3DP and passive thermal management to produce effective thermal buffers and is compatible with a wide range of photopolymer matrices and PCMs, without requiring prior microencapsulation of the PCMs.
Deep fake geography? When geospatial data encounter Artificial Intelligence

The developing convergence of Artificial Intelligence and GIScience has raised a concern on the emergence of deep fake geography and its potentials in transforming human perception of the geographi...
Vulvovaginal involvement in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: management and techniques used to reduce gynecologic sequelae.

Background Vulvovaginal involvement in Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is common, likely underdiagnosed, and can result in severe sequelae if not managed acutely. There are few studies on acute management of vulvovaginal SJS/TEN. Current recommendations are predominantly based on expert opinion. We aimed to determine the frequency of vulvovaginal involvement in SJS/TEN at a single institution, identify treatment modalities, and assess outcomes at a tertiary care burn center. Methods This is a retrospective review of vulvovaginal SJS/TEN cases between 2009 and 2019. Demographic and clinical data including exam findings, treatment regimens, and outpatient follow-up were collected from the electronic medical record. Results Vulvovaginal involvement was observed in 12.7% (19/149) of cases of female patients with SJS/TEN. The mean age was 38.7 years (SD 23.6), and 21% (4/19) of patients were pediatric (age 9-18). Vulvar involvement was seen in 47.3% (9/19), and vulvar plus vaginal involvement was reported in 42.1% (8/19). Treatment regimens were variable until 2017, at which time institutional guidelines were implemented including application of ultrapotent topical steroid, vaginal estrogen, and menstrual suppression. Gynecology follow-up occurred in 15.7% (3/19) of cases. One complication of superficial vaginal agglutination was noted and was successfully treated in the office with blunt dissection. Conclusion The most common treatment modalities employed at our institution included application of ultrapotent topical steroid, vaginal estrogen, and menstrual suppression. While follow-up was limited for our patient population, we propose an algorithm to prevent long-term sequalae of vulvovaginal SJS/TEN. Gynecologic surveillance is recommended to reduce urogynecologic sequelae.
Prognostic Significance of Urinary Biomarkers in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19.

Abstract Rationale and Objective Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in patients with COVID-19 and associated with poor outcomes. Urinary biomarkers have been associated with adverse kidney outcomes in other settings and may provide additional prognostic information in patients with COVID-19. We investigated the association between urinary biomarkers with adverse kidney outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Setting and Participants Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (n=153) at 2 academic medical centers between April and June 2020. Exposures 19 urinary biomarkers of injury, inflammation, and repair. Outcomes Composite of KDIGO stage 3 AKI, requirement for dialysis, or death within 60 days of hospital admission. We also compared various kidney biomarker levels in the setting of COVID-19 versus other common AKI settings. Analytic Approach Time-varying Cox proportional hazards regression to associate biomarker level with composite outcome. Results Out of 153 patients, 24 (15.7%) experienced the primary outcome. Two-fold higher levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) (HR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.14-1.57), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.09-1.84), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) (HR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.38-2.99) were associated with highest risk of sustaining primary composite outcome. Higher epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels were associated with a lower risk of the primary outcome (HR 0.61; 95% CI: 0.47-0.79). Individual biomarkers provided moderate discrimination and biomarker combinations improved discrimination for the primary outcome. The degree of kidney injury by biomarker level in COVID-19 was comparable to other settings of clinical AKI. There was evidence of subclinical AKI in COVID-19 patients based on elevated injury biomarker level in patients without clinical AKI defined by serum creatinine. Limitations Small sample size with low number of composite outcome events. Conclusion Urinary biomarkers are associated with adverse kidney outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and may provide valuable information to monitor kidney disease progression and recovery.
“Weaponizing” the Commodity Chain: Sport Anthropology and Globalization

Looking at the commodity chain through a lens that underscores the ways in which developing nations are struggling against domination by global sporting giants is relatively rare. This chapter has a distinctly anthropological orientation to it. Having done ethnographic research for decades, I have been able to chronicle the efforts of Dominicans to seize control of strategic points of the commodity chain in order to negotiate more equitable deals with Major League Baseball. In doing so, I have also discovered that the commodity chain is not a one-way street, that talent that has been ejected from the labor flow, has found ways to reenter the chain. This is an example of “Theory from the South.”
Free energy perturbation calculations on binding and catalysis after mutating threonine 220 in subtilisin.

Abstract We present the results of free energy perturbation calculations on binding and catalysis of a tetrapeptide substrate, acetyl-Phe-Ala-Ala-Phe-NMe, by native subtilisin BPN' and a subtilisin BPN' mutant (Thr220----Ala220). The calculated difference in the free energy of binding was 0.70 +/- 0.72 kcal/mol. The calculated difference in the free energy of catalysis was 1.48 +/- 0.89 kcal/mol. These calculated values compare well with the experimental values in which another substrate, succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide, was used. These findings suggest that Thr220 is more important for catalysis than substrate binding.
THE CASE FOR RENEWED HUMAN EXPLORATION OF THE MOON

A human return to the Moon will be a boon to science. On the Moon, we can learn about the geological processes that have shaped all of the terrestrial planets by studying the well-preserved record of the Moon. The Moon is a superb platform for the observation of the universe and sensitive instruments designed to take advantage of its unique environment will allow us to see more of the universe more clearly. Both of these objectives require the guiding presence of human intelligence, flexibility, decision-making, and adaptation. Human field work is required to solve many scientific problems. Experience has shown that human installation and maintenance of complex equipment in space is often required. No one has yet built a robot that duplicates or comes close to human judgement and flexibility. Beyond the sheer adventure of human spaceflight, people are needed to carry out the complex, second-generation scientific exploration of the planets.