cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Henry V, the English Chancery, and Chancery English

For the past twenty years evidence has been accumulating which indicates that the origins of Standard Written English are to be found in Chancery English, the written dialect standardized during the reign of Henry VI (1422-1461) by the Chancery, then primarily the great secretariat of the English government.' After centuries of using French and Latin exclusively, the Chancery gradually began to adopt the vernacular as an acceptable language for many of its official documents, a change reflected in the increasing number of English entries in the rolls (official records) of Parliament, the Rotuli Parliamentorum,2 during the 1420s. For nearly a decade after the death of Henry V in 1422, the English documents coming out of the Chancery drifted linguistically toward what has been called Chancery Standard, but still frequently showed the kind of dialectical confusion which might be expected in early fifteenth-century documents composed and copied by several hands. By the early 1430s, however, the Chancery had developed a distinctive language, a coherent, standardized written dialect which in its linguistic forms closely resembles modern Standard English. Bolstered and sustained by the prestige and authority of any documents issued by the Chancery, by the need for a standardized form of English among lawyers, government officials, legal scribes, and the eternally litigious English gentry, and by the increasing patriotic and practical goodwill toward the formerly despised vernacular, Chancery English slowly spread throughout England during the middle years of the fifteenth century to the point where it became the most commonly accepted written dialect and, in turn, the ancestor of modern Standard. Thus current theory runs. Although Chancery English has been described by M. L. Samuels and by
Structural basis for nick recognition by a minimal pluripotent DNA ligase

Chlorella virus DNA ligase, the smallest eukaryotic ligase known, has pluripotent biological activity and an intrinsic nick-sensing function, despite having none of the accessory domains found in cellular ligases. A 2.3-A crystal structure of the Chlorella virus ligase-AMP intermediate bound to duplex DNA containing a 3'-OH-5'-PO4 nick reveals a new mode of DNA envelopment, in which a short surface loop emanating from the OB domain forms a beta-hairpin 'latch' that inserts into the DNA major groove flanking the nick. A network of interactions with the 3'-OH and 5'-PO4 termini in the active site illuminates the DNA adenylylation mechanism and the crucial roles of AMP in nick sensing and catalysis. Addition of a divalent cation triggered nick sealing in crystallo, establishing that the nick complex is a bona fide intermediate in the DNA repair pathway.
Antagonistic Effects of β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-cleaving Enzymes 1 and 2 on β-Amyloid Peptide Production in Cells

The deposition of extracellular β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain is a pathologic feature of Alzheimer's disease. The β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), an integral membrane aspartyl protease responsible for cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the β-site, promotes Aβ production. A second integral membrane aspartyl protease related to BACE1, referred to as β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 2 (BACE2) has also been demonstrated to cleave APP at the β-cleavage site in transfected cells. The role of endogenous BACE2 in Aβ production remains unresolved. We investigated the role of endogenous BACE2 in Aβ production in cells by selective inactivation of its transcripts using RNA interference. We are able to reduce steady state levels for mRNA for each enzyme by >85%, and protein amounts by 88–94% in cells. Selective inactivation of BACE1 by RNA interference results in decreased β-cleaved secreted APP and Aβ peptide secretion from cells, as expected. Selective inactivation of BACE2 by RNAi results in increased β-cleaved secreted APP and Aβ peptide secretion from cells. Simultaneous targeting of both enzymes by RNA interference does not have any net effect on Aβ released from cells. Our observations of changes in APP metabolism and Aβ are consistent with a role of BACE2 in suppressing Aβ production in cells that co-express both enzymes.
MODULES WITH CYCLIC SUPPORT

In this paper we define a class of modules which we call modules with cyclic support 1 and show tha t it has the double centralizer property (DCP). A similar problem has been studied by Snapper [,10] and Feller [J6]. Snapper found a class of completely indecomposable modules over commutative rings and showed it has the DCP and Feller [6] extended this in the non-commutative case. In Section 4 an example is given to exhibit the fact tha t a module with cyclic support is not necessarily completely indecomposable. Besides this, we have proved the following results in Section 3. (i) Every module M R with cyclic support has the DCP. (ii) Indecomposable R-modules with cyclic support are essential Rextensions of the support xR. (iii) I f M R is a right R-module with cyclic support and if x R = x R ' _ N ~ M, where N is a sub-bimodule of MR,R,, and N R is essential in MR, then N~ has cyclic support. Section 1 consists of definitions and some of the known results essential for the understanding of the material of this paper. In Section 2 we show tha t cyclic bimodules have the DCP. More generally, it is shown tha t the external direct sum x R ~N has the DCP, where x R ~ x R ' is an R R ' bimodule and N R is a module such tha t (0 : x)R ~ (0 : N)R. In Section 4 we consider the algebra A of n × n matrices over a field F. We denote by M its n-dimensional representation space. I f R is a subalgebra of A and if E ---EndR(M), then Endg(M) ~ R iff R is equal to its bicommutants in A. Thus the main theorems of the paper apply to the problem of determining when a subring of the n × n matrix ring over a field is equal to its bicommutants. This enables us to obtain in Section 4 some examples and counterexamples. In Example 4.1
Unsteady convective diffusion in an annular catalytic reactor

Abstract A theoretical treatment of transient dispersion in an annular reactor with catalytic walls is developed. From fundamental considerations, a dispersion equation with time-variable coefficients is derived for the average solute concentration. These coefficients reach asymptotic constant values for large time and results are derived to show their explicit dependence on the system parameters, especially, the kinetic ones. The results show that, in general, in interphase transport systems such as the present one, all the three coefficients in the dispersion equation should be fitted simultaneously to experimental data. However, in contrast to the tubular geometry, it is found that for certain ranges of radius ratios, the dispersion coefficient in the annulus is insensitive to wide variations in the reaction rate parameter; the exchange and convection coefficients still remain sensitive under these conditions thereby making the annulus an attractive geometry for the experimental determination of kinetic parameters. A procedure is suggested for such determination.
Evaluation of tuned-aperture computed tomography in the detection of simulated periodontal defects * **

Objective. The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic efficacy of tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) and conventional film for the detection of simulated periodontal defects. Study Design. Periodontal defects were created in 15 premolar-molar interproximal sites selected from 8 cadaver jaw segments. Ten observers viewed 45 image pairs (baseline and follow up) in 4 TACT modalities and film to assess the presence of defect. The TACT modalities were 1st and 2nd generation prototype systems (TACT-1 and TACT-2) with circular (C) and random (R) distribution patterns of source projection (TACT-1C, TACT-1R, TACT-2C, TACT-2R). Observer performance and related factors were analyzed by using receiver operating characteristic and analysis of variance. Results. Mean Az values were 0.64 for film, 0.74 for TACT-1C, 0.82 for TACT-1R, 0.64 for TACT-2C, and 0.69 for TACT-2R. TACT-1R was significantly better than film (P <.001), TACT-2C (P <.001) and TACT-2R (P =.007). Conclusion. TACT-1R provided the best diagnostic performance in the detection of simulated periodontal defects among the 5 modalities compared in this study. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;93:341-9)
Concentration and solvent dependence of 33S nuclear magnetic relaxation in benzenesulfonic acid

Abstract The first 33 S NMR relaxation study of an organic ion in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolyte solution is reported. The 33 S NMR spectra were determined as a function of benzenesulfonic acid concentration in water, formamide, N -methylformamide, and a binary mixture of formamide plus 18 mol% water. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate relaxation times at infinite dilution. The 33 S relaxation data are discussed in terms of ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions. The data indicate that solvation of benzenesulfonate in water and formamide is very similar, while solvation in N -methylformamide is different.
Consideration of drug load on the swelling kinetics of glassy gelatin matrices.

The effect of drug load on water transport into glassy gelatin beads and on the dynamic swelling behavior of the hydrated gel was studied through microscopic measurements of moving boundaries. Isoniazid was found to alter the glassy structure of gelatin, resulting in an increase in water penetration rates with a lowering of the apparent activation energy for water front movement. Differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed a decrease in the glass transition temperature with drug load, further indicating plasticization of the gelatin glass. The presence of drug also accelerated the outer swelling gelatin front, but, in contrast to the water front, the apparent activation energy for matrix expansion rose substantially with higher drug loads for temperatures > 20 °C. This observation may be rationalized as an increasing osmotic stress on the matrix induced by greater loading with hydrophilic drug. The osmotic stress, in turn, forces the gelatin matrix to expand outward, resulting in a higher apparent activation energy (Eact). Furthermore, the enhanced expansion was especially pronounced at higher temperatures where physical bonds, which are associated with gel structure and needed to resist swelling, are presumably weaker and fewer in number.
A Principal Determinant in Cathodic Protection Design of Offshore Structures The Mean Current Density

Abstract The historical development of marine cathodic protection design, along with the recently developed, first-principles-based slope parameter method, is reviewed briefly. It was projected that the remaining issues that require resolution before cathodic protection design can be optimized are improved methods for representing the slope parameter, anode current capacity, and mean current density. The present paper focuses on the last of these and, in so doing, evaluates data from a variety of field structures for which such information exists and from laboratory and field test programs. An analytical model for current density decay with time, as a consequence of calcareous deposit formation, is presented; and a new method is proposed for specifying mean current density in cathodic protection design of offshore structures.
Effect of Particle Size of Corn Silage on Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation

Abstract Corn in early dent stage, of three theoretical cuts of .62, 1.27, and 1.91cm was ensiled. Diets from each silage were balanced with other ingredients and fed to four mature sheep per diet in a completely randomized experiment to measure digestibility. In addition, each diet was fed to two mature fistulated dairy steers to determine effects on rumen fermentation. Digestibilities of dry matter were 71.8, 72.3, and 67.7% for the .62, 1.27, and 1.91cm silage diets. There were no significant differences in any digestibilities due to cut of silage except digestion of nitrogen-free extract was reduced on the 1.91cm cut diet. Volatile fatty acid concentrations ( μ moles/ml of rumen fluid) for the same diets were 51, 80, 44 for acetate; 18, 23, 12 for propionate; and 10, 14, 7 for butyrate. For each acid the concentration on the 1.27cm cut silage was highest, followed by the .62cm and 1.91cm cut diets.
On the Insecurity of Proactive RSA in the URSA Mobile Ad Hoc Network Access Control Protocol

Access control is the fundamental security service in ad hoc groups. It is needed not only to prevent unauthorized entities from joining the group, but also to bootstrap other security services. Luo, proposed a set of protocols for providing ubiquitous and robust access control (called URSA) in mobile ad hoc networks without relying on a centralized authority. The URSA protocol relies on the new proactive RSA signature scheme, which allows members in an ad hoc group to make access control decisions in a distributed manner. The proposed proactive RSA signature scheme is assumed secure as long as no more than an allowed threshold of participating members is simultaneously corrupted at any point in the lifetime of the scheme. In this paper, we show an attack on this proposed proactive RSA scheme, in which an admissible threshold of malicious group members can completely recover the group RSA secret key in the course of the lifetime of this scheme. Our attack stems from the fact that the threshold signature protocol which is a part of this proactive RSA scheme leaks some seemingly innocuous information about the secret signature key. We show how the corrupted members can influence the execution of the scheme in such a way so that the slowly leaked information is used to reconstruct the entire shared secret.
Two-Stage Controlled Fractional Factorial Screening for Simulation Experiments

Factor screening with statistical control is well suited to the discrete-event simulations common in the operations research field. In this study, two methods of factor screening with control of Type I error and power are compared. Both methods are robu..
Influence of nanosilica on composite underfill properties in flip chip packaging

The nanosilica filled composite is a promising material as the no-flow underfill in flip-chip application. However, as the filler size decreases into the nano level, the rheological, mechanical, dielectric and thermal mechanical properties of the composite change significantly. The filler-filler and filler-polymer interactions have a profound impact on the material properties. The purpose of this paper is to achieve an in-depth understanding in the effect of the filler size and surface on material properties and therefore to provide guidance for the design of nanocomposite in no-flow underfill applications. Mono-dispersed nanosilica fillers of 100 nm in size were used in this study. An epoxy/anhydride mixture was used as the base resin formulation. Control samples with micron-size silica fillers were also formulated and characterized for comparison.
Bifurcations and complex dynamics in adaptive control systems

In this paper it is shown how a simple adaptive control system can undergo a series of Hopfbifurcations and period doublings before it goes chaotic and eventually unstable. It is also shown that constant output disturbances can give rise to complex dynamics and complex stability boundaries in simple model reference systems.
Multiprocessor join scheduling

A practical join processing strategy that allows effective utilization of arbitrary degrees of parallelism in both the I/O subsystem and join processing subsystems is presented. Analytic bounds on the minimum execution time, minimum number of processors, and processor utilization are presented along with bounds on the execution time, given a fixed number of processors. These bounds assume that sufficient buffers are available. An analytic lower bound on buffer requirements as well as a practical heuristic for use in limited buffer environments are also presented. A sampling of corroborative simulation results are included. >
The N-terminal fragment of GRP94 is sufficient for peptide presentation via professional antigen-presenting cells.

The chaperone glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) has long been used to augment peptide presentation to T cells. This chaperone binds antigenic peptides, binds to receptors on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), activates these cells and after internalization, transfers the peptides to MHC class I for activation of T cells. Here we show that all these activities reside within amino acids 1‐355 of GRP94. This small fragment is sufficient to bind peptides, to bind and be taken up by the receptors CD91 and scavenger receptor type A on either dendritic cells or macrophages. The minimal construct can augment peptide presentation in culture and induce antigen-specific CTL in naive mice only because it loads APCs with the relevant peptide. Thus, the sequence 1‐355 is the immunologically sufficient module of GRP94 and we propose that this ‘mini-chaperone’ can be used in immunotherapy of tumors and vaccine development.
Rheological Properties of Tomato Concentrates as Affected by Particle Size and Methods of Concentration

Shear rate-shear stress data were obtained on tomato concentrates made from juices that were produced using finisher screen openings (FSO): 0.020, 0.027, 0.033, and 0.045 in. In general, the apparent viscosity of the concentrates at a shear rate of 100 set-’ increased with increase in FSO. However, concentrates made from juice using a 0.027 in FSO had the highest apparent viscosity. Magnitudes of yield stress of concentrates increased in direct proportion to FSO. Apparent viscosities of concentrates made by evaporating tomato juice were lower than those obtained either by evaporating the serum or by reverse osmosis concentration of the serum.
Agricultural Biotechnology, Law, and Food Biotechnology Regulation

Introduction Food Biotech's Venerable Past and Promising Future FDA's Oversight of New Crop Varieties The 1992 Policy FDA's Volte-face on Biotech Food Policy OECD's Biotech Food Policy Other International and Supranational Approaches The European Union Japan Keywords: agricultural biotechnology
Cycloaddition reactions of dimethyl maleate and fumarate with cyclopentadiene on γ-alumina. Competing mechanisms for epimerization of the Diels-Alder adducts

Abstract The Diels-Alder adducts, formed in the reaction of cyclopentadiene and dimethyl maleate and fumarate, epimerize on γ-alumina by competing mechanisms involving the retro-Diels-Alder reaction and enolates.
A novel approach for determining the effective tunneling mass of electrons in HfO 2 and other high- K alternative gate dielectrics for advanced CMOS devices

There has been a search for alternative dielectrics with significantly increased dielectric constants. K, which increases physical thickness in proportion to K, and therefore would significantly reduce direct tunneling. However, increases in K to values of 15-25 in transition metal and rare earth oxides are generally accompanied by decreases in the conduction band offset energy with respect to Si, EB, and the effective electron tunneling mass, meff, which mitigate gains from increased thickness. A novel technique, based on stacked dielectrics, is used to obtain the tunneling mass-conduction band offset energy product. When combined with optical measurements of tunneling barriers, this yields direct estimates of the tunneling mass.
On Millgram on Mill

In a recent article in Ethics, Elijah Millgram presents a novel reconstruction of J. S. Mill's â€˜proofâ€™ of the principle of utility. Millgram's larger purpose is to critique instrumentalist approaches to practical reasoning. His reading of the proof makes Mill out to be an instrumentalist, and Millgram thinks that the ultimate failure of Mill's argument usefully illustrates an inconsistency inherent in instrumentalism. Yet Millgram's interpretation of the proof does not succeed. Mill is not an instrumentalist. Millgram may be right that instrumentalism is incoherent, but he has chosen the wrong figure to illustrate the point.
On the flow generated on the leeward face of a rotating flat plate

We experimentally investigate the flow generated on the leeward face of a rotating trapezoidal flat plate of low-aspect-ratio; the motion is an advancing stroke from rest at 90° angle of attack with Reynolds numbers of O(103). The objectives are to characterize the fluid velocity near the tip of the plate for different plate kinematics. The experiments are conducted in a water tank facility, and digital particle image velocimetry is performed to obtain planar velocity measurements. The flow in the region near the tip is relatively insensitive to Reynolds number over the range studied. The component normal to the plate is unaffected by total rotational amplitude, while the tangential component has dependence on this angle. Also, an estimate of the first tip vortex pinch-off time is obtained from the near-tip velocity data and agrees very well with values estimated using circulation. The angle of incidence of the bulk root-to-tip flow relative to the plate normal becomes more oblique with increasing rotational amplitude. Accordingly, the peak magnitude of the tangential velocity is also increased and as a result advects fluid momentum away from the plate at a higher rate. The more oblique impingement of the root-to-tip flow for increasing rotational amplitude is shown to have a distinct effect on the associated fluid dynamic force normal to the plate. For impulsive plate deceleration the time that a nonnegligible force exists decreases, while for nonimpulsive plate deceleration both this time and the relative force magnitude decrease for larger rotational amplitudes.
Quantum yields of O(¹D) in the photolysis of ozone between 289 and 329 nm as a function of temperature

The quantum yields for O(¹D) production in O3 photolysis between 203 and 320 K, and 289 to 329 nm were measured. A portion of the observed O(¹D) quantum yields at wavelengths greater than 310 nm is attributed to a spin-forbidden channel and the variation of quantum yield with temperature is ascribed to photodissociation of vibrationally (or rotationally) excited ozone. Our results yield atmospheric O(¹D) production rates larger than those obtained from current recommendations, especially at high solar zenith angles, low temperatures, and large overhead ozone columns.
U-Pb Ages of Detrital Zircons in Relation to Paleogeography: Triassic Paleodrainage Networks and Sediment Dispersal Across Southwest Laurentia

Abstract Integration of detrital zircon studies with data on biostratigraphy, isopachs, facies, and paleocurrents can improve reconstructions of paleogeography for ancient fluvial systems. U-Pb ages for 1808 individual detrital zircon grains in 20 samples of Triassic fluvial sandstone on the Colorado Plateau and High Plains, U.S.A., help constrain paleodrainage paths and patterns of sediment dispersal across southwest Laurentia. The dominant paleoflow was from southeast to northwest from sources as distant as the Ouachita orogen, and segments of Mesoamerica beyond it, to the Cordilleran margin in the Great Basin. Detrital zircons in Middle Triassic Moenkopi strata deposited along the distal eastern flank of the Sonoma foreland basin were derived from varied sources to the south and southeast, as were similar populations of detrital zircons in Upper Triassic Chinle strata exposed along the southern margin of the Colorado Plateau. Basal Chinle (-Dockum) strata of the High Plains to the east contain detrital zircon populations dominated by Cambrian grains derived from the nearby Amarillo–Wichita uplift, as do Gartra strata of northeast Utah to which the Cambrian grains were transported across eroded roots of Ancestral Rocky Mountains uplifts along upstream reaches of the Eagle paleoriver of northwest Colorado. The central locus of the Chinle–Dockum fluvial system lay along the tectonic furrow of an elongate backarc basin formed by dynamic subsidence inland from the Cordilleran magmatic arc. A lower Chinle–Dockum trunk paleoriver and the upper Chinle–Dockum Cottonwood paleovalley document longitudinal paleoflow parallel to the axis of the basin. Detrital zircon populations show that headwaters of both paleodrainages tapped the Ouachita orogen, the Permian–Triassic East Mexico arc, and associated rock assemblages of southwest Laurentia and adjacent Mesoamerica. Sediment sources in the Mesozoic Cordilleran arc became increasingly more prominent during Late Triassic time.
Simulated Lumbar Minimally Invasive Surgery Educational Model With Didactic and Technical Components

BACKGROUND: The learning and development of technical skills are paramount for neurosurgical trainees. External influences and a need for maximizing efficiency and proficiency have encouraged advancements in simulator-based learning models. OBJECTIVE: To confirm the importance of establishing an educational curriculum for teaching minimally invasive techniques of pedicle screw placement using a computerenhanced physical model of percutaneous pedicle screw placement with simultaneous didactic and technical components. METHODS: A 2-hour educational curriculum was created to educate neurosurgical residents on anatomy, pathophysiology, and technical aspects associated with imageguided pedicle screw placement. Predidactic and postdidactic practical and written scores were analyzed and compared. Scores were calculated for each participant on the basis of the optimal pedicle screw starting point and trajectory for both fluoroscopy and computed tomographic navigation. RESULTS: Eight trainees participated in this module. Average mean scores on the written didactic test improved from 78% to 100%. The technical component scores for fluoroscopic guidance improved from 58.8 to 52.9. Technical score for computed tomography—navigated guidance also improved from 28.3 to 26.6. CONCLUSION: Didactic and technical quantitative scores with a simulator-based educational curriculum improved objectively measured resident performance. A minimally invasive spine simulation model and curriculum may serve a valuable function in the education of neurosurgical residents and outcomes for patients.
Discipline and Seduction

Rather than lifting women out of poverty, welfare reform channels them into the burgeoning low-wage labor force. At best, Piven argues, some women leaving welfare for full-time work barely eke out enough income to support the most basic needs of their families. Other women leaving the welfare rolls find jobs in the contingent economy or, more often, find only part-time and temporary jobs or no work at all. Piven asserts that welfare reform is shaped by a comprehensive national campaign by business to expand profitability and competitiveness by pressing government to impose labor market discipline on public-relief recipients and low-wage workers.
Tailored Synthetic Surfaces to Control Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Self-Renewal

The ability to grow human cells ex vivo is the basis for remarkable advances in fields ranging from cell biology to medicine. From Gey’s demonstration that human cancer cells can be cultured in vitro [1] to Thomson’s derivation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells [2] to Yamanaka’s reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells [3], new opportunities have emerged with access to renewable supplies of human cells. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPS cells, which consist of hES and iPS cells) have the notable capacity to both self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into many different cell types [2–4]. These attributes of hPS cells have engendered excitement because of the cell’s potential applications. For example, they could advance regenerative medicine by serving as renewable sources of specialized human cell types for repair of damaged tissue or organs. In addition, they could be used in drug discovery to identify drug leads and to evaluate lead metabolism and toxicity [5, 6]. Moreover, patient-derived iPS cell lines provide the means to understand disease progression and devise new therapies [7]. Finally, the study of hPS cells can reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying human development.
Bioleaching of Complex Refractory Gold Ore Concentrate of China: Comparison of Shake Flask and Continuous Bioreactor

The laboratory tests of biooxidation and cyanidation were carried out by using samples of the complex refractory gold ore from China. The elemental composition was 16.8 % iron, 18.6 % sulfur, 4.88 % arsenic，2.30 % carbon and 3.49 % antimony. Gold is assayed at 46 g/t. The arsenic oxidation of 88.11 %，carbon removal rate of 32.34 % and antimony oxidation of 23.92 % over 16d was achieved in shake flasks in the presence of the mixed culture (HQ0211: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans). The continuous bioreactor tests resulted in greater dissolution rates for arsenic, carbon and antimony, which led to a greater extent of sulphide oxidation within a shorter period of time. The maximum oxidation of arsenic and antimony was 90.72 % and 40.09 % respectively and the removal rate of carbon is 63.48% after 8d in the continuous bioreactor tests. After bioleaching, the gold recovery of the oxidation residue was 98.02 % with the cyanidation method, which was showed the biological pretreatment was applicable to the complex refractory gold ore.
The Dark Side of College (Un)Affordability: Food and Housing Insecurity in Higher Education

Some students from low-income families are unable to pay their college costs without experiencing material hardship. What they do to make ends meet (e.g., go hungry and homeless) inhibits learning ...
Evaluation Of Job Analysis Methods By Experienced Job Analysts

The article discusses a research on job analysis methods being used by experienced job analysts. Job analysis is a process wherein jobs are subdivided into elements through the application of a for...
The Impact of the Extrinsic Device on HFET Performance

The extrinsic device is known to degrade the performance of heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFET's) through the introduction of a parasitic source resistance (R s). To date, however, there has been no recognition of the fact that carrier velocity saturation (vsat) can occur in both the extrinsic source and drain, setting the ultimate limit on maximum drain current (I,D,max ) and on the useful VGS swing in HFET's. In this study, we demonstrate the mechanisms through which v sat in the extrinsic device limits device performance, using AlGaAs/n +-InGaAs Metal-Insulator-Doped-channel FET's (MIDFET's) as a vehicle. These devices show that gm falls at a lower VGSthan does f T , by as much as 1 V. This reveals that there are two mechanisms at work. The approach of vsat in the extrinsic source first causes the small-signal source resistance (Ts)to rise rapidly, leading gm to decline but leaving f T unaffected. As the carrier velocity in the extrinsic device approaches V sat more closely, there is an actual decline of the carrier velocity in the intrinsic device. This process degrades velocity-related figures of merit such as and f T .
Interpretative Reporting Using Decision Science Techniques

In this article I review bayesian approaches to interpretative reporting of laboratory tests. Extensions to Galen and Gambino’s four-cell predictive value matrix are discussed, in terms of the types of analytical results they engender. The article concludes with relative operating characteristic analysis, a global method of test performance measurement. Throughout the article an example problem in iron deficiency anemia diagnosis is maintained.
The Use of Hebrew to a Minister

In its bearings on the preparation for the work of the ministry the question, Is Hebrew worth while? is a live one. Like most questions, it has more than one side. I may declare at the outset my own conviction. In the practical work of the ministry Hebrew is not only worth while, but in these times comes near being essential if the work is to be done in a thorough way. Hebrew should, therefore, not only be a part of every seminary curriculum, but should be required for graduation.
Spatially Resolved Sources of Dark Current from TiO2 Nanoparticle Electrodes

The properties of TiO(2) and polyphenyl oxide (PPO) blocking layers were compared using a highly positive redox shuttle in dye-sensitized solar cells. The dark current versus applied potential curve was found to be composed of two separate current features. Cyclic voltammetric and impedance measurements were performed to identify the source of the two features. The first feature results from electron transfer from the TiO(2) blocking layer and the first layer of the TiO(2) nanoparticle film contacting the substrate. The second onset of dark current results from the transport resistance in the nanoparticle film decreasing, thus allowing electron transfer to occur throughout the film. It is further demonstrated that PPO prevents back electron transfer from the conductive substrate to the redox shuttle across the entire potential range studied; however, the TiO(2) blocking layer is active and participates in electron transfer at rates similar to those of the TiO(2) nanoparticle film.
Analysis of iodine deficiency disorders surveillance in Xinyang in 2012

Objective To analyze iodized salt laboratory results in Xinyang in 2012,and to understand the focus level of iodine nutrition in order to provide the basis for scientific adjustment of intervention strategies.Methods Sampling of resident's edible salt and newly married women of childbearing age,pregnant women,lactating women,infants aged 0 to 2 years and students urinary iodine levels were measured.Results 3 013 iodized salt samples were detected,qualified 2 943;the coverage rate of iodized salt was 99.67%,the rate of qualified iodized salt was 97.68%;A total of 992 urinary iodine samples from newly married women of childbearing age,pregnant women,nursing mothers,and 0 to 2 years old infants and young children and students were detected,urinary median iodine values were 288.7 μg / L,278.9 μg / L,249.2 μg / L,247.7 μg / L,297.4 μg / L.Conclusions The rate of qualified iodized salt was better in Xinyang.The overall level of iodine nutrition from five types of focus groups maintained proper state,the iodine status of recommendations of all kinds of people was better.We should strengthen the monitoring of different population and supplement iodine scientifically.
Ontogeny of the renal response to natriuretic peptide in sheep.

The ontogeny of the renal response to continuous systemic infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was studied in chronically instrumented fetal, newborn, and adult nonpregnant sheep. Plasma immunoreactive ANP (ANPir) concentrations during low (0.025 microgram.kg-1.min-1) and high rate (0.1 microgram.kg-1.min-1) ANP infusion were similar between each group of animals. Decrease in renal blood flow velocity (RBFV) and rise in renal vascular resistance (RVR) were observed in fetal and newborn lambs during ANP infusion. The percent changes in RBFV and RVR were of significantly (P less than 0.05) greater magnitude during high ANP infusion rate in fetuses (-28.5 +/- 8.5 and 93 +/- 6.4%) than in adult sheep (-6.6 +/- 3.2 and -4.4 +/- 4.9%). ANP produced no changes in urine flow (V) in fetuses but increased V significantly in newborn lambs and adult sheep. Glomerular filtration rate increased significantly during ANP infusion in adult sheep but not in fetal and newborn lambs. Percentage changes in urinary exc...
Primula contact dermatitis : an easily overlooked diagnosis

Contact dermatitis to Primula obconica is not uncommon in the United States, yet it is scarcely mentioned in current North American dermatologic textbooks and literature. Affecting mainly women, primula contact dermatitis is often misdiagnosed since its nondescript pattern suggests an endogenous dermatitis. The author summarizes his experience with nine patients encountered in his practice during two years. Patch testing is important since a positive patch test reaction confirms the diagnosis and helps to convince the patient to discard the offending plant(s). A simple technique of patch testing with the primula leaf is described.
Role of TRPC Channels in Store-Operated Calcium Entry.

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous Ca2+ entry pathway that is activated in response to depletion of Ca2+ stores within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and contributes to the control of various physiological functions in a wide variety of cell types. The transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels (TRPCs 1–7), that are activated by stimuli leading to PIP2 hydrolysis, were first identified as molecular components of SOCE channels. TRPC channels show a miscellany of tissue expression, physiological functions and channel properties. However, none of the TRPC members display currents that resemble ICRAC. Intensive search for the CRAC channel component led to identification of Orai1 and STIM1, now established as being the primary constituents of the CRAC channel. There is now considerable evidence that STIM1 activates both Orai1 and TRPC1 via distinct domains in its C-terminus. Intriguingly, TRPC1 function is not only dependent on STIM1 but also requires Orai1. The critical functional interaction between TRPC1 and Orai1, which determines the activation of TRPC1, has also been identified. In this review, we will discuss current concepts regarding the role of TRPC channels in SOCE, the physiological functions regulated by TRPC-mediated SOCE, and the complex mechanisms underlying the regulation of TRPCs, including the functional interactions with Orai1 and STIM1.
The relationship between sexual preferences and political orientations: Do positions in the bedroom affect positions in the ballot box?

Abstract Sex provides a strong and enduring drive in humans, infusing attitudes and influencing behavior far beyond its immediate activity. Issues involving sex are among the most prevalent and divisive in modern political discourse. However, little is known about whether the actual sexual behaviors of the public align with their political values. Using a web-based US sample, we assess the relationship between individual sexual practices and political preferences. We find that those who engage in more traditional sexual behaviors, such as missionary position sex and kissing, generally have more socially conservative attitudes, ideologies, and partisan leanings, while those who engage in more masturbation, more adventurous sex, such as using sex toys, and those who engage in more risky sex, such as having sex with someone they met on the same day, and who have more lifetime partners, generally hold more liberal positions. Though they engage in a narrower band of activities, those with more conservative orientations tend be more satisfied with their sex life. We also find substantial heterogeneity across political attitudinal dimensions. For example, individuals who hold more conservative outgroup/punishment attitudes appear similar to those who hold liberal social attitudes when it comes to risky sex behaviors.
An Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis‐Like Illness in the Elderly: Neuroimaging and Neuropathology Findings

INTRODUCTION Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that classically occurs in children and adolescents. It characteristically presents with acute inflammation, resulting in demyelination, often following an infectious disease. ADEM has been described in adult patients, but the incidence in the adult and especially elderly population is low. CASES We describe five older adults (age 57 to 85) who presented with acute neurological symptoms. Three patients presented with an infectious illness preceding the event, 4 patients were encephalopathic, and oligoclonal bands (OCBs) were negative in all tested cases. The clinical scenario and imaging studies suggested alternative diagnoses, such as metastasis, primary CNS tumor, or stroke. Two patients had contrast enhancing lesions, two other patients had lesions with restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging. Neuropathologic diagnostic from biopsy or autopsy was eventually conclusive, showing perivascular zones of myelin loss with relative axonal sparing in all five cases. CONCLUSION Each of these patients was found to have pathological findings of acute demyelination on tissue diagnosis, suggesting ADEM or ADEM-like disease. The initial presentation and imaging was pointing toward other diagnoses. Broad differential diagnosis is important, especially for older patients, and pathological proof might be warranted for a conclusive diagnosis.
De Novo Protein Structure Prediction by Big Data and Deep Learning

Recently ab initio protein folding using predicted contacts as restraints has made some progress, but it requires accurate contact prediction, which by existing methods can only be achieved on some large-sized protein families with thousands of sequence homologs. To improve contact prediction for small-sized protein families, we employ the emerging deep learning technique from Computer Science, a powerful technique that can learn complex patterns from large datasets and has revolutionized object and speech recognition, machine translation and the GO game. Our deep learning model for contact prediction is formed by two deep residual neural networks. The first one learns relationship between contacts and sequential features (residue conservation and predicted secondary structure) from thousands of protein families, while the second one learns the occurring patterns of contacts and their relationship with pairwise features such as contact potential, residue co-evolution strength and the output of the first network. Experimental results suggest that our deep learning method greatly improves contact prediction and contact-assisted folding, especially for small-sized protein families. Tested on 579 proteins dissimilar to training proteins, the average top L (L is sequence length) long-range prediction accuracy of our method, the representative direct evolutionary coupling method CCMpred and the CASP11 winner MetaPSICOV is 0.47, 0.21 and 0.30, respectively; their average top L/10 long-range accuracy is 0.77, 0.47 and 0.59, respectively. Even without using force fields, our predicted contacts allow us to correctly fold 203 test proteins, while MetaPSICOV and CCMpred contacts can do only 79 and 62 proteins, respectively. In the three weeks of blind test with the weekly benchmark CAMEO (http://www.cameo3d.org/), our method successfully folded three large hard targets with a new fold and only 1.3L-2.3L sequence homologs while all template-based methods failed.
Persistence: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of African-American Foster Care Youths Who Aged Out and Made the Transition to College

The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to document the college experiences of 10 African-Americans who aged out of foster care. The participants’ narratives detail how their cir...
Confirmation of SSR Markers and QTL for Seed Calcium Content and Hardness of Soybean

Seed calcium content and hardness constitute determining characteristics of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] texture affecting soyfood quality. Molecular markers linked to these traits will accelerate breeding of soybeans for the soyfood market through the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS). Confirmation of linked markers and validation of quantitative trait loci (QTL), prior to their application through MAS, are the keys. The objectives of this study were to confirm previously reported QTL for calcium content and seed hardness and investigate the relationship between these traits. Evaluation of seven recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations with different genetic backgrounds, grown in two Arkansas locations for 2 years, showed inconsistent correlations between these traits. In general, a positive correlation was found in most of the populations and correlation was significant in six populations. Combined data showed a positive correlation between calcium content and seed hardness (r = 0.23 –...
Electrotrophic activity and electrosynthetic acetate production by Desulfobacterium autotrophicum HRM2

Abstract Electroautotrophic microorganisms accept electrons from a cathode as source of reducing equivalents to drive CO2 fixation by poorly understood mechanisms. Acetogenic bacteria were the first group found to possess the capability for electroautotrophic metabolism in pure culture with associated electrosynthesis of acetate as primary metabolite. Identification of additional electrotrophic species can contribute to our understanding of this unusual form of metabolism. Here, bioelectrochemical techniques, chemical analysis and microscopy were used to determine electrotrophic metabolism of Desulfobacterium autotrophicum HRM2. Chronoamperometry showed increasing current uptake over 21 days of incubation in duplicate bioelectrochemical system sets. Linear sweep voltammetry indicated peak current uptake at −243 mV. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis quantified acetate accumulation in anaerobic minimal media containing inorganic carbon as sole carbon source, consistent with electrosynthesis. Scanning electron microscopy and live/dead staining by epifluorescence microscopy analysis indicated viable 1–2 μm cells after 76 days of cultivation under electroautotrophic conditions. The genome of Db. autotrophicum HRM2 is fully sequenced and, thus, could provide insight into the biochemical and physiological mechanisms by which electrotrophic cells utilize cathode-derived electrons. This research expands the diversity of facultative autotrophs capable of electrotrophic metabolism to include the sulfate-reducing marine bacterium Db. autotrophicum HRM2.