cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creep behavior of austenitic stainless steel weld metals as a function of ferrite content

Abstract Four types of modified and commercial E308H and E316H weld deposits with Ferrite Number (FN) in the range of 0–5.7 were investigated for creep behavior at stress levels between 70 and 240 MPa, with a range of temperature 550–700 °C. After creep testing, sigma phase was found in commercial E308H and E316H creep samples, significant carbide evolution from modified E308H and E316H with 0 FN creep samples distribute in a random and a chain along the substructures and grain boundaries, respectively. The creep results show that, for E316H weld deposits, modified samples with 0 FN, even though containing microfissures, have a higher creep strength than the fissure-free commercial samples with a higher ferrite content. This can be attributed to the beneficial effect from the carbides on dislocation barriers and the detrimental effect on hard and brittle sigma formed in commercial E316H. Fissure-containing modified E308H has a lower creep strength than fissure-free commercial sample because of the propagation paths provided by fissures and the minimal effect on the randomly distributed carbides.
Modification of a double focusing mass spectrometer for angular resolution

Abstract An angle-resolving slit has been used in a double-focusing mass spectrometer to obtain energy loss spectra over a range of scattering angles. The performance of the system is defined.
Bimetallic cluster complexes: the synthesis, structures, and bonding of ruthenium carbonyl cluster complexes containing palladium and platinum with the bulky tri-tert-butyl-phosphine ligand.

The bis-phosphine compounds M(PBu t 3) 2 , M = Pd and Pt, readily eliminate one PBu t 3 ligand and transfer MPBu t 3 groups to the ruthenium-ruthenium bonds in the compounds Ru 3 (CO) 12 , Ru 6 (CO) 17 -(μ 6 -C), and Ru 6 (CO) 14 (η 6 -C 6 H 6 )(μ 6 -C) without displacement of any of the ligands on the ruthenium complexes. The new compounds, Ru 3 (CO) 12 [Pd(PBu t 3)] 3 , 10, and Ru 6 (CO) 17 (μ 6 -C)[Pd(PBu t 3)] 2 , 11, Ru 6 (CO) 17 (μ 6 -C)-[Pt(PBu t 3)] n , n = 1 (12), n = 2 (13), and Ru 6 (CO) 14 (η 6 -C 6 H 6 )(μ 6 -C)[Pd(PBu t 3)] n , n = 1 (15), n = 2 (16), have been prepared and structurally characterized. In most cases the MPBu t 3 groups bridge a pair of mutually bonded ruthenium atoms, and the associated Ru-Ru bond distance increases in length. Fenske-Hall calculations were performed on 10 and 11 to develop an understanding of the electron deficient metal-metal bonding. 10 undergoes a Jahn-Teller distortion to increase bonding interactions between neighboring Ru(CO) 4 and Pd(PBu t 3) fragments. 11 has seven molecular orbitals important to cluster bonding in accord with cluster electron-counting rules.
DECAY OF THE FIVE-QUASIPARTICLE ISOMERIC STATES IN $sup 177$Hf.

The decay of 51.4-min $^{177{m}_{2}}\mathrm{Hf}$ has been studied in detail by means of Ge(Li) detectors and a Si(Li) detector. The $L$-subshell conversion-electron ratios for the 214.0-keV isomeric transition were measured with a double-focusing $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray spectrometer. An $E3$ multipolarity was deduced for the isomeric transition, and thus a spin-parity of ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={\frac{37}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ was established for the isomeric state. Coincidence measurements identify the ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={\frac{23}{2}}^{+}$ rotational band up to the $I=\frac{31}{2}$ member. The rotational-model quantity $\frac{{({g}_{K}\ensuremath{-}{g}_{R})}^{2}}{Q_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}$, derived from the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray intensities of the cascade and crossover transitions, was used to deduce the gyromagnetic ratios for this band.
Bladder epithelial neoplasms metastatic to glans penis

A rare case of bladder tumor metastatic to the glans penis is presented. It is the fifth such case in the literature. Clinical aspects and review of the literature are presented.
Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer cells is enhanced by castanospermine-induced alterations of IgG glycosylation

Inhibitors of glycosylation and carbohydrate processing were used to probe the functional consequences of specific, differential alterations in glycosylation of monoclonal IgG secreted by hybridoma clones. Neither the absence of glycosylation nor the presence of atypical oligosaccharides significantly influenced binding of the monoclonal antibody to the cell surface antigen recognized. However, lymphocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity was enhanced significantly, as compared to native (unmodified) IgG-sensitized target cells, when target cells were sensitized with IgG bearing the atypical oligosaccharides induced metabolically by castanospermine, N-methyldeoxynojirimycin, deoxymannojirimycin or monesin, but not by swainsonine. The enhanced cytotoxicity was mediated by natural killer cells but not by monocytes or interferon-activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. By contrast, antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes against target cells sensitized with the IgG glycosylation phenotypes induced by swainsonine and tunicamycin, but not by castanospermine, was decreased in comparison to cytotoxicity against target cells sensitized with native IgG. The enhanced lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was Fc receptor-dependent. A panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against different human tumor target cells was used to demonstrate that the castanospermine-induced IgG phenotype generally enhanced antibody-dependent tumoricidal activity mediated by natural killer cells. However, differences in lymphocyte response to an alteration in IgG glycosylation were observed.
Effects of information type and level of orientation on consensus‐achievement in substantive and affective small‐group conflict

The purpose of this experiment was to test the effects of type of informational message behavior and type of orientation message behavior on the resolution of substantive and affective small‐group conflict. We found that expression of personal opinions was more effective than giving evidential information in assisting achievement of perceived consensus in affective conflict groups. Evidential information was not found more effective than personal opinions in assisting groups in substantive conflict to achieve consensus. Low orientation conditions were found to have a greater affect on consensus‐achievement for groups in affective than substantive conflict. A theoretical approach to the study of conflict in decision‐making groups was presented as well as proposals for continued research.
Process optimization and characterization of thin films of SrFeO3-x by the pechini method

Nanostructured coatings have recently attracted increasing interest because of the possibilities of synthesizing materials with unique physical-chemical properties. Highly sophisticated surface related properties, such as optical, magnetic, electronic, catalytic, mechanical, chemical and tribological properties can be obtained by advanced nanostructured coatings, making them attractive for various industrial applications. In this report we describe our efforts at developing methodology for the fabrication of SrFeO3-x based thin films using a modified Pechini method. Thin films of SrFeO3-x were fabricated using spin coating and a drop coating method developed in-house on Al2O3 and Si- substrates. The films annealed at 600°C for one hour show a perovskite phase. The grain size increases with increase in annealing temperature. The influence of various variables such as metal to chelant ratio, drying control reagents, calcination conditions, substrate type and mode of film formation were studied using XRD, optical microscopy, SEM and AFM.
Dynamic Inhalation System for Individual Whole-Body Exposure of Mice to Volatile Organic Chemicals

AbstractThe in vivo rate of metabolism of gases and vapors can be quantitated from the uptake of a chemical by animals exposed in either a closed inhalation system or a dynamic inhalation system. Chemicals that are highly extracted by the animal due to solubility are best studied in a dynamic inhalation system, where the rate of metabolism is quantitated from the steady-state uptake of the chemical. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was used to design a dynamic inhalation system for exposing individual male B6C3F1 mice to butadiene and styrene. The system volume and flow rate were identified as important system parameters for using the dynamic system to quantitate the rate of metabolism. The constructed system had a total volume of 0.324 L and was operated at an overall flow rate of 0.97 L/h. The small volume and low flow rate maximized the difference between the inlet and outlet concentration of the chemicals when a mouse was present in the inhalation system. Because of the low overall flow r...
Pensee 2: Sectarianism as Imagined Sociological Concept and as Imagined Social Formation

In 1978 Barbara Pillsbury and I dedicated our coedited book, Muslim–Christian Conflicts: Economic, Political and Social Origins (Westview), with these words: “To those who struggle to demystify religion and to those who suffer and die because the struggle is yet unfinished.” Charles Issawi observes in his preface that the contributors to the volume tend to interpret the conflicts more in economic and political terms than in “religious” terms. In an effort to develop analytical tools, my introduction distinguishes between “religion/religious identity and consciousness” (as theology/theological consciousness) and “sect/sectarianism” (as social organization, relationships, dynamics/group identity, and consciousness). I argue that sectarianism is about how “differences” are constructed; because people can believe they are very different when they are not, the task of the scholar is to describe what differences do exist, how they emerged, and why people believe they are different. Differentiation is a process, I suggest, that operates through the everyday—through socialization, through family systems, and through various other aspects of social organization in both systematic and erratic or contradictory ways.
Optical-fibre sensor technology: a challenge to microelectronic sensors?

Abstract In this paper a review of optical-fibre sensor technology in the light of actual and potential competition from microelectronic sensor technology is presented. The advantages and characteristics of optical-fibre sensors are presented, together with examples of the use of the technology, and its application is discussed for a number of areas of technology where microelectronic sensors represent a significant alternative. A view of potential markets and sensor production will be discussed and an assessment of the future direction of this technology considered.
Feasibility and acceptability of esophageal-directed hypnotherapy for functional heartburn

Functional heartburn (FH) is a benign but burdensome condition characterized by painful, burning epigastric sensations in the absence of acid reflux or symptom-reflux correlation. Esophageal hypersensitivity and its psychological counterpart, esophageal hypervigilance (EHv) drive symptom experience. Hypnotherapy (HYP) is an established and preferred intervention for refractory symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and could be applied to FH. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical utility of 7 weekly sessions of esophageal-directed HYP (EHYP) on heartburn symptoms, quality of life, and EHv. Similar to other work in FGIDs and regardless of hypnotizability, there were consistent and significant changes in heartburn symptoms, visceral anxiety, and quality of life and a trend for improvement in catastrophizing. We would recommend EHYP in FH patients who are either non-responsive to medications or who would prefer a lifestyle intervention.
Bridging Nitrate Groups in [Mn4O3(NO3)(O2CMe)3(R2dbm)3] (R = H, Et) and [Mn4O2(NO3)(O2CEt)6(bpy)2](ClO4): Acidolysis Routes to Tetranuclear Manganese Carboxylate Complexes

New synthesis procedures are described to tetranuclear manganese carboxylate complexes containing the [Mn4O2]8+ or [Mn4O3X]6+ (X- = MeCO2-, F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-) core. These involve acidolysis reactions of [Mn4O3(O2CMe)4(dbm)3] (1; dbm is the anion of dibenzoylmethane) or [Mn4O2(O2CEt)6(dbm)2] (8) with HX (X- = F-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-); high-yield routes to 1 and 8 are also described. The X- = NO3- complexes [Mn4O3(NO3)(O2CR)3(R‘2dbm)3] (R = Me, R‘ = H (6); R = Me, R‘ = Et (7); R = Et, R‘ = H (12)) represent the first synthesis of the [Mn4O3(NO3)]6+ core, which contains an unusual η1:μ3-NO3- group. Treatment of known [Mn4O2(O2CEt)7(bpy)2](ClO4) with HNO3 gives [Mn4O2(NO3)(O2CEt)6(bpy)2](ClO4) (15) containing a η1:η1:μ-NO3- group bridging the two body MnIII ions of the [Mn4O2]8+ butterfly core. Complex 7·4CH2Cl2 crystallizes in space group P212121 with (at −168 °C) a = 21.110(3) A, b = 22.183(3) A, c = 15.958(2) A, Z = 4, and V = 7472.4(3) A3. Complex 15· 3/2CH2Cl2 crystallizes in space group P21/c with (at −165 ...
Preparation of Hydrazones: Acetophenone Hydrazone

Preparation of hydrazones: acetophenone hydrazone intermediate: acetophenone N,N-dimethylhydrazone product: acetophenone hydrazone Keywords: enamine or imine formation; reduction, miscellaneous; hydrazines
Using layered video to provide incentives in P2P live streaming

In this paper, we design a distributed incentive mechanism for mesh-pull P2P live streaming networks. In our system, a video is encoded into layers with lower layers having more importance. The system is heterogeneous with peers having different uplink bandwidths. We design a distributed protocol in which a peer contributing more uplink bandwidth receives more layers and consequently better video quality. Previous approaches consider single-layer video, where each peer receives the same video quality no matter how much bandwidth it contributes to the system. The simulation results show that our approach can provide differentiated video quality commensurate with a peer's contribution to other peers, and can also discourage free-riders. Furthermore, we also compare our layered approach with a multiple description coding (MDC) approach, and conclude that the layered approach is more promising, primarily due to its higher coding efficiency.
Expert nursing knowledge in the care of patients at risk of impaired swallowing.

Purpose: To describe the practical knowledge of expert nurses when they assess and feed patients at risk of impaired swallowing. Observation uncovered a lack of well-developed nursing practices in assessing patients' swallowing and eating, and a wide range of inter ventions in the care of difficult-to-feed-patients. Finding little previous nursing research to guide practice for patients with impaired swallowing, the authors undertook a study to identify and describe the knowledge embedded in the everyday practice of nurses. Design: Descriptive, exploratory using purposive sampling. Twelve nurses were identified in 1994 as expert in the care of patients at risk of impaired swallowing in one Boston, Massachusetts teaching hospital. Methods: Data were collected using written narratives by each participant; group interviews in which nurses discussed the written narratives; nonparticipant observations and individual interviews of the expert nurses; and patients' chart review. Data were analyzed using interpretive phenomenology. Findings: Most nurses in the study did not perform a complete assessment of swallowing before feeding their patients. Yet, through feeding patients, they were able to describe several components of the swaliowing assessment used in their practice. Conclusions: The areas of assessment described by the nurses can serve as a template for the development of educational content and assessment tools for swallowing.
Conformational Equilibrium Isotope Effects in Glucose by 13C NMR Spectroscopy and Computational Studies

Anomeric equilibrium isotope effects for dissolved sugars are required preludes to understanding isotope effects for these molecules bound to enzymes. This paper presents a full molecule study of the α- and β-anomeric forms of d-glucopyranose in water using deuterium conformational equilibrium isotope effects (CEIE). Using 1D 13C NMR, we have found deuterium isotope effects of 1.043 ± 0.004, 1.027 ± 0.005, 1.027 ± 0.004, 1.001 ± 0.003, 1.036 ± 0.004, and 0.998 ± 0.004 on the equilibrium constant, H/DKβ/α, in [1-2H]-, [2-2H]-, [3-2H]-, [4-2H]-, [5-2H]-, and [6,6‘-2H2]-labeled sugars, respectively. A computational study of the anomeric equilibrium in glucose using semiempirical and ab initio methods yields values that correlate well with experiment. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of glucose and dihedral rotational equilibrium isotope effects in 2-propanol strongly imply a hyperconjugative mechanism for the isotope effects at H1 and H2. We conclude that the isotope effect at H1 is due to np → σ* hyperco...
Analyzing Conductance of Mixed Carbon-Nanotube Bundles for Interconnect Applications

The carbon-nanotube (CNT) bundle is a potential candidate for deep-nanometer-interconnect applications due to its superior conductivity and current-carrying capabilities. A CNT bundle is generally a mixture of single-wall and multiwall CNTs (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) and has not been fully explored in previous studies. This letter introduces a diameter-dependent model to analyze the conductance of both SWCNTs and MWCNTs. Using this model, the conductance performance of the mixed CNT bundles is analyzed, and the estimation is consistent with the corresponding experimental result. This letter also demonstrates that the mixed CNT bundles can provide two to five times conductance improvement over copper by selecting the suitable parameters such as bundle width, tube density, and metallic tube ratio.
Mean and variance CFAR performance via fiber integration

A closed-form analysis of the performance of two-parameter (mean and variance) CFAR normalizers is described. Typically, CFAR normalizers remove the background mean, then display and/or detect using a fixed threshold. If the background variance is varying and unknown, as is oftentimes the case across frequency or beamformer bins, a different threshold must be set for each bin independently, and human operators must view displays with large dynamic ranges. To avoid these problems, the variance may also be normalized. However, in contrast to the case of mean-level normalizers, the output distributions of mean and variance normalizers was previously unknown due to the complicated dependence of their outputs on the mutually dependent sample mean and variance. This paper describes the approach of fiber integration to obtain the distributions of these normalizers. This approach is very general, and can be used to obtain the output statistics of a very wide class of CFAR normalizers and input statistics. An analysis is presented for the case of chi-squared background statistics input to three different two-parameter normalizers: the so-called deflection ratio (z - /spl mu/)//spl sigma/, the log deflection ratio (log z - /spl mu//sub log/)//spl sigma//sub log/, and a new power domain method, called the log-gamma CFAR normalizer, -log/spl Gamma/(v,vz//spl mu/)//spl mu///spl Gamma/(v), where z is the input data, /spl mu/ and /spl sigma//sup 2/ are the sample estimates of the background mean and variance, and v = /spl mu//sup 2///spl sigma//sup 2/. Compared to mean level CFAR, it is shown that the deflection ratios has the least amount of CFAR loss (typically less than 1 dB) of these three, the log-gamma method has slightly more (typically 1 to 2 dB), and that the log-deflection ratio has by far the greatest (typically 4 dB or more).
Harmonic mean approach to unbalanced mixed effects models under heteroscedastic variances

In this paper we consider unbalanced mixed models (Scheffe's model) under heteroscedastic variances. By using the harmonic mean approach, It is shown that the problems appear to be anologous to those problems from balanced mixed models under homoscedastic variance. Thus, by using harmonic mean approach, statistical inferences about fixed effects and variance components are derived by using those from balanced models under homoscedastic variance. Laguerre polynomial expansion is used Lo approximate sampling distributions of relevant statistics.
Submillimeter-Wave Detection with Submicron-Size Schottky-Barrier Diodes

Schottky-barrier diode detection has been extended to 7.2 THz (42 mu m) using 0.5-mu m-diam diodes. The diodes were fabricated on bulk-doped n-type GaAs using electron lithographic techniques; diameters as small as 1000 /spl Aring/ have been achieved. A new approach in Schottky-barrier design, the contact array diode, is proposed. The diode is fabricated from readily available bulk doped material, and a performance is indicated that is competitive to the conventional epitaxial Schottky-barrier mixer well into the submillimeter wavelength region. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of diode array structures is shown.
Neem extract as an inhibitor for biocorrosion influenced by sulfate reducing bacteria: A preliminary investigation

Abstract This work investigates the inhibition effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) extract on microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of API 5L X80 linepipe steel by a sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) consortium. The SRB consortium used in this study included three phylotypes; Desulfovibrio africanus, Desulfovibrio alaskensis and Desulfomicrobium sp. Steel coupons were incubated in the presence of the SRB consortium without and with 4 wt.% Neem extracts for different periods of time. The morphology, compositions of the interfaces and subsequent corrosive pitting were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR) and open circuit potential (OCP) were used to investigate the in situ corrosion behavior under the two different conditions. The results revealed that Neem extract has the capability to reduce the biocorrosion rate by approximately 50%. Neem has significantly reduced the propensity of linepipe steel to SRB caused MIC by minimizing the cell growth and has subsequently suppressed the sulfide productions, sessile cell density and biofilm development.
Effect of Tamoxifen on the Multidrug-resistant Phenotype in Human Breast Cancer Cells: Isobologram, Drug Accumulation, and Mr 170,000 Glycoprotein (gp170) Binding Studies

Abstract We have performed isobologram analyses of the ability of tamoxifen (TAM) to alter the response to Adriamycin (ADR) and vinblastine (VBL) in human breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells express functional receptors for estrogen and progesterone but do not express detectable levels of M r 170,000 glycoprotein (gp170). CL 10.3 and MCF-7 ADR cells are MCF-7 variants which express gp170. CL 10.3 but not MCF-7 ADR cells express functional steroid hormone receptors. Tamoxifen (1–2.5 µ m) interacts synergistically with ADR and VBL in CL 10.3 and MCF-7 ADR cells. TAM increases the cytotoxicity of VBL and ADR and the intracellular levels of [ 3 H]VBL by approximately 2–3-fold. TAM also prevents the binding of [ 3 H]azidopine to gp170. The ability of TAM to concurrently increase the cytotoxic effects of ADR and VBL, increase VBL accumulation, and inhibit the binding of azidopine to gp170 strongly implies that the synergistic effects of TAM are mediated through its effects on gp170. TAM produces an antagonistic to additive interaction with ADR and VBL in MCF-7 cells, and at high concentrations (5 µ m) the synergy apparent in CL 10.3 and MCF-7 ADR cells is lost. While TAM clearly has a significant potential for use as a chemosensitizing agent, the design of clinical trials may require careful consideration. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Stability Error Budget for an Aggressive Coronagraph on a 3.8 m Telescope

We evaluate in detail the stability requirements for a band-limited coronagraph with an inner working angle as small as 2 λ/D coupled to an off-axis, 3.8-m diameter telescope. We have updated our methodologies since presenting a stability error budget for the Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph mission that worked at 4 λ/D and employed an 8th-order mask to reduce aberration sensitivities. In the previous work, we determined the tolerances relative to the total light leaking through the coronagraph. Now, we separate the light into a radial component, which is readily separable from a planet signal, and an azimuthal component, which is easily confused with a planet signal. In the current study, throughput considerations require a 4th-order coronagraph. This, combined with the more aggressive working angle, places extraordinarily tight requirements on wavefront stability and opto-mechanical stability. We find that the requirements are driven mainly by coma that leaks around the coronagraph mask and mimics the localized signal of a planet, and pointing errors that scatter light into the background, decreasing SNR. We also show how the requirements would be relaxed if a low-order aberration detection system could be employed.
Variation in moisture duration as a driver of coexistence by the storage effect in desert annual plants

a b s t r a c t Temporal environmental variation is a leading hypothesis for the coexistence of desert annual plants. Environmental variation is hypothesized to cause species-specific patterns of variation in germination, which then generates the storage effect coexistence mechanism. However, it has never been shown how sufficient species differences in germination patterns for multispecies coexistence can arise from a shared fluctuating environment. Here we show that nonlinear germination responses to a single fluctuating physical environmental factor can lead to sufficient differences between species in germination pattern for the storage effect to yield coexistence of multiple species. We derive these nonlinear germination responses from experimental data on the effects of varying soil moisture duration. Although these nonlinearities lead to strong species asymmetries in germination patterns, the relative nonlinearity coexistence mechanism is minor compared with the storage effect. However, these asymmetries mean that the storage effect can be negative for some species, which then only persist in the face of interspecific competition through average fitness advantages. This work shows how a low dimensional physical environment can nevertheless stabilize multispecies coexistence when the species have different nonlinear responses to common conditions, as supported by our experimental data.
Are the distinctions drawn in the debate about end-of-life decision making "principled"? If not, how much does it matter?

The current ethical-legal consensus — prohibiting assisted suicide and euthanasia, but (1) allowing patients to forgo all life-saving treatment, and (2) permitting pain relief that increases the risk of death — is a means of having it both ways. This is how we often make “tragic choices.”
Ultrasonic monitoring of the dynamic properties of composites during manufacture

Ultrasonic techniques were used to directly monitor the changes in the rheological properties of polymer matrix composites throughout the cure cycle. These measurements were performed during processing using piezoelectric transducers designed to operate at elevated temperatures inside the autoclave. Measurements of the amplitude and velocity of the longitudinal were made periodically throughout the cure cycle. Dynamic properties of the composite were determined from these measurements. Results are compared with mechanical property measurements using conventional rheological characterization techniques to establish the validity of the approach. >
Selective evaporation of focusing fluid in two-fluid hydrodynamic print head.

The work performed in this project has demonstrated the feasibility to use hydrodynamic focusing of two fluid steams to create a novel micro printing technology for electronics and other high performance applications. Initial efforts focused solely on selective evaporation of the sheath fluid from print stream provided insight in developing a unique print head geometry allowing excess sheath fluid to be separated from the print flow stream for recycling/reuse. Fluid flow models suggest that more than 81 percent of the sheath fluid can be removed without affecting the print stream. Further development and optimization is required to demonstrate this capability in operation. Print results using two-fluid hydrodynamic focusing yielded a 30 micrometers wide by 0.5 micrometers tall line that suggests that the cross-section of the printed feature from the print head was approximately 2 micrometers in diameter. Printing results also demonstrated that complete removal of the sheath fluid is not necessary for all material systems. The two-fluid printing technology could enable printing of insulated conductors and clad optical interconnects. Further development of this concept should be pursued.
Reduced Ascorbic Acid Content of Blood Plasma in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

SummaryThe blood plasma ascorbic acid (reduced form) in active cases of rheumatoid arthritis is regularly low if the individuals have not been maintained on a high vitamin C supplement. Unadvised cases were found to show uniformly lowered levels. The reduction is striking. Such levels rise in response to extra supplements of vitamin C. In many this rise is refractory. Our studies indicate that in some cases the intake required to maintain adequate vitamin C levels in the plasma are much above the average requirement for normal individuals. The mechanism involved is unexplained.
Large Scale Simulations of a Ship Power System with Energy Storage and Multiple Directed Energy Loads

A large scale Simulink simulation model of the electrical power system of a ship is described. The model includes the major systems onboard, from prime movers to the actual loads, and incorporates several intermittent duty loads along with continuous duty loads. Three types of energy storage systems have been modeled: flywheels, batteries, and capacitors. Therefore, critical issues like stability, reconfigurability, fault management, and minimum rating of energy storage units can be studied. The presence of energy storage has also allowed the study of how these systems can be used to improve the overall performance of the ship. Typical functions, for example, would include load leveling of the power bus, an uninterruptible power supply function for sections of the ship, and the potential for fuel efficiency improvement by reducing the number of turbines being run at fractional loads to fewer being run closer to their optimal specific fuel efficiency point. Typical outputs of the simulations are presented and discussed. In addition, several challenges presented by the scale of the simulations, the software platform used, and the underlying modeling philosophy are discussed with an outlook toward future improvements both in the computing hardware and in the programming methods.
Visible Light Metasurfaces Based on Single-Crystal Silicon

Semiconducting nanostructures are promising as components in high-performance metasurfaces. We show that single-crystal silicon can be used to realize efficient metasurface devices across the entire visible spectrum, ranging from 480 to 700 nm. Alternative forms of silicon, such as polycrystalline and amorphous silicon, suffer from higher absorption losses and do not yield efficient metasurfaces across this wavelength range. To demonstrate, we theoretically and experimentally characterize the resonant scattering peaks of individual single-crystal silicon nanoridges. In addition, we design high-efficiency metagratings and lenses based on nanoridge arrays, operating at visible wavelengths, using a stochastic optimization approach. We find that at wavelengths where single-crystal silicon is effectively lossless, devices based on high aspect ratio nanostructures are optimal. These devices possess efficiencies similar to those made of titanium oxide, which is an established material for high-efficiency visible...
Multiple Cutaneous Leiomyomas

Cutaneous leiomyomas are uncommon tumors that arise from arrector pili (pilar leiomyoma), genital smooth muscle (genital leiomyoma), or vascular smooth muscle (angioleiomyoma). As multiple lesions, they may occur in association with uterine leiomyomas and, rarely, leiomyosarcomas, in the multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis (MCUL) syndrome. More recently, cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas have been reported to occur in association with renal cell carcinoma in the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome. MCUL and HLRCC likely represent part of a spectrum of one disease.
The operation of a megawatt gyrotron in the submillimeter wave region

The operation of a high-power, tunable gyrotron oscillator at wavelengths extending into the submillimeter-wave regime is reported. Using a 14-T Bitter magnet, frequencies from 141 GHz (TE/sub 15,2,1/ mode) up to 328 GHz (TE/sub 27,6,1/ mode) have been measured. As in earlier experiments, it was possible to step tune through a sequence of TE/sub m,p1/ modes over this range. From 198 GHz to 328 GHz, these modes corresponded to p=4, 5, and 6. Even though the cavity is highly overmoded at 328 GHz, output powers remain quite high, with a peak output power of 430 kW at 80 kV and 35 A. This corresponds to an efficiency of 15%. This is the highest power generated by a gyrotron in the submillimeter region. Even better results were obtained in the TE/sub 22,5,1/ mode at 267 GHz. A peak power of 600 kW was produced when operating at 80 kV and 35 A, for an efficiency of 21%. A detailed study of the TE/sub 16,2,1/ mode at 148 GHz has been made, and the beam parallel velocity was measured with a capacitive probe. >
Sources of Social Capital for Malawi People Living With HIV

With one of the highest rates of poverty and HIV in the world, Malawi faith-based organizations (FBOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and community-based organizations (CBOs) are expected to provide tangible and emotional support to people living with HIV (PLWH). Using Lin's social capital theoretical approach, we examine the perspective of PLWH regarding the adequacy of support responses. Forty-six rural Malawi HIV+ adults provided interviews that were recorded digitally, translated, and transcribed by Malawi research assistants. Atlas.ti was used to organize the data and to aid in the analytic process. Participants expressed disappointment in the lack of resources that could be accessed through the FBOs although their expectations may have been unrealistic. Outcomes from accessing and mobilizing the FBO network were negative in terms of stigmatization by FBO leaders and members, whereas outcomes related to CBOs and NGOs were generally positive in terms of empowerment through HIV information and attendance at support groups.
Laws of nature for forces: the discovery of Cubal laws and constant

Calculating the net optical force on particles that are enclosed by a sphere, requires rigorous mathematical steps and consumes more time. Also it is complex to compute the total force on particles that are on a sphere. As a result, the easy approximate way of calculating the net force is by assuming the sphere as a cube, which reduces the complexity. One disadvantage with this method is that the net force is not the actual force, but the approximated force. Interestingly, this research has discovered a universal constant that relates the sphere and cube called "Cubal Constant." Based on this constant, two laws have been discovered: Cubal Volume Law and Cubal Surface Law. Cubal Volume Law can be used for determining the net force on particles in the sphere, whereas Cubal Surface Law is used to compute the force on particles which are on the sphere. Using these two laws, the exact net force on particles which are in/on the sphere can be calculated by just calculating the force on particles which are in/on the cube. These two laws are force laws, so this can be extended to many other applications that involve forces. The constant and laws are theoretically and experimentally verified.
Laboratory and clinical predictors of 30-day survival for patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO): 8-Year experience at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center

Abstract Purpose Survival of patients on ECMO has remained stable in every population. Laboratory values predictors of survival are required to improve patient care. Materials and methods Clinical Looking Glass software was used to assess Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) of patients at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center (2007–2014). Results Our population comprises of 166 adults and was divided in survivors and non-survivors, within 30days. Indications for ECMO were cardiac (65%), respiratory (25%) and infectious diseases ( vs 55yo, p =0.0001) and higher systolic blood pressure (115mmHg vs 103mmHg, p =0.025) have favorable outcome. Univariate analysis shows that pre-cannulation values for creatinine ( p =0.019), chloride ( p =0.0026), and bicarbonate ( p =0.026) have prognostic value. Post-cannulation aPTT, pH, platelet and lymphocyte counts also have discriminative power. Notably, multiple logistic regressions for Multivariate Analysis identified chloride (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02–1.13; p =0.004), pH (OR 3.35; 95% CI 1.89–5.9; p p =0.024) as independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. These results imply that pre-existing renal conditions and hemostatic dysregulation contribute to poor outcome. Finally, patients on VV-ECMO have increase odds of survival (OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.06–3.34; p =0.029). Conclusions Laboratory markers identified herein may guide the management of patients on ECMO.
Skilled Nursing Facility Use and Hospitalizations in Heart Failure: A Community Linkage Study.

Abstract Objectives To examine the effect of skilled nursing facility (SNF) use on hospitalizations in patients with heart failure (HF) and to examine predictors of hospitalization in patients with HF admitted to a SNF. Patients and Methods Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with first-ever HF from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2010, were identified, and clinical data were linked to SNF utilization data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Andersen-Gill models were used to determine the association between SNF use and hospitalizations and to determine predictors of hospitalization. Results Of 1498 patients with incident HF (mean ± SD age, 75±14 years; 45% male), 605 (40.4%) were admitted to a SNF after HF diagnosis (median follow-up, 3.6 years; range, 0-13.0 years). Of those with a SNF admission, 225 (37%) had 2 or more admissions. After adjustment for age, sex, ejection fraction, and comorbidities, SNF use was associated with a 50% increased risk of hospitalization compared with no SNF use (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.31-1.76). In SNF users, arrhythmia, asthma, chronic kidney disease, and the number of activities of daily living requiring assistance were independently associated with an increased risk of hospitalization. Conclusion Approximately 40% of patients with HF were admitted to a SNF at some point after diagnosis. Compared with SNF nonusers, SNF users were more likely to be hospitalized. Characteristics associated with hospitalization in SNF users were mostly noncardiovascular, including reduced ability to perform activities of daily living. These findings underscore the effect of physical functioning on hospitalizations in patients with HF in SNFs and the importance of strategies to improve physical functioning.
Risk Factors for Problem Gambling in California: Demographics, Comorbidities and Gambling Participation

While population surveys have been carried out in numerous jurisdictions internationally, little has been done to assess the relative strength of different risk factors that may contribute to the development of problem gambling. This is an important preparatory step for future research on the etiology of problem gambling. Using data from the 2006 California Problem Gambling Prevalence Survey, a telephone survey of adult California residents that used the NODS to assess respondents for gambling problems, binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify demographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and gambling participation variables that statistically predicted the odds of being a problem or pathological gambler. In a separate approach, linear regression analysis was used to assess the impact of changes in these variables on the severity of the disorder. In both of the final models, the greatest statistical predictor of problem gambling status was past year Internet gambling. Furthermore, the unique finding of a significant interaction between physical or mental disability, Internet gambling, and problem gambling highlights the importance of exploring the interactions between different forms of gambling, the experience of mental and physical health issues, and the development of problem gambling using a longitudinal lens.
Association between Arthralgia and Imaging Findings of Effusion in the Temporomandibular Joints: A Systematic Review

Aims nbsp A systematic review was conducted to determine if there is an association between joint effusion and self reported TMJ pain during examination and between joint effusion and arthralgia as defined by the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders RDC TMD Methods nbsp Four reviewers separately identified observational studies evaluating a possible association between ipsilateral joint effusion identified by MRI T weighted images and TMJ pain by systematically searching three databases Results nbsp A total of articles were identified with the search strategy However met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review Conclusion nbsp Based on the review of articles published on this topic body of literature was unable to provide evidence to support or refute the association between joint effusion and self reported TMJ pain and between joint effusion and arthralgia as defined by RDC TMD
Acoustic emission studies on the lubrication of a fibrous collagen material-leather

For thousands of years, collagen materials, such as leather, have been among the most dominant natural fibrous materials used by humans. Fatliquoring is one of the critical steps in the leather-making process, wherein oil or a lubricant is added to the leather to prevent the leather fibers from sticking together, thereby providing sufficient pliability to the leather. We have examined the feasibility of using the acoustic emission (AE) technique to characterize the degree of lubrication of leather produced with various fatliquor concentrations. In a tensile test, an acoustic transducer was contacted with the leather samples to collect their AE quantities and properties. The samples lubricated with a fatliquor concentration less than 10% showed twin peaks on the plot of hits rate versus time. This implied that a non-uniform fracture occurred in a leather structure that was not sufficiently lubricated. In contrast, a sufficiently lubricated leather structure showed a steady increase in hits rate with time until it fractured. Traditional stress-strain tests did not reflect these behaviors. Observations also showed a direct correlation between the cumulative hits and fatliquor concentration. The results of this work may provide a route to identify an adequate degree of lubrication in the leather.
Reasons and doubt in Dharmottara and his critics

This paper examines the role of doubt in the classification of inferential reasons in Dharmottara’s Nyāyabinduṭīkā, and in the works of his Nyāya rivals Keśavamiśra and Jayantabhaṭṭa. As deeply sys...
Nanocrystalline nickel-graphene nanoplatelets composite: Superior mechanical properties and mechanics of properties enhancement at the atomistic level

A relatively easy-to-fabricate nanolayered metal composite with superior mechanical properties is introduced. The matrix is a nanocrystalline nickel in which the grain size is engineered to optimize the strength, and monolayer particles of graphene are embedded into the matrix as reinforcing interlayers. Atomistic-scale deformation mechanisms, and mechanics of hindering the dislocations propagation by graphene nanoplatelets with different configurations in the nanocrystalline metallic matrix, are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular dynamics findings are utilized to engineer the nanostructure of a metal matrix composite. Nanocrystalline nickel-graphene nanolayered systems with optimum mechanical properties are identified and fabricated with a cost-efficient method. The nanostructure of the fabricated composites is examined via electron microscopy, and their mechanical performance is inspected via nanoindentation tests. The experimental results show that a nickel-graphene nanolayered system with 14% areal coverage of graphene particles at the interlayers has improved the hardness of the nanocrystalline nickel by almost 40%.
Sinning in the Rain: Weather Shocks, Church Attendance and Crime

This paper provides evidence of the causal effect of church attendance on petty crime by using quasi-random variation in the number of Sundays when it precipitated at the specific time of most religious services. Using a novel strategy, I find a narrow time window when most individuals attend church. Based on a panel between 1980 and 2016, I find that one more Sunday with precipitation at the time of church increases yearly drug-related, alcohol-related and white-collar crimes. I do not find an effect for violent or property crimes. These effects are driven by more religious counties. Previous evidence showing negative effects of church attendance on the demand for alcohol and drugs is consistent with a demand-driven interpretation of the results here presented.
Skill-Biased Technical Change

Skill-Biased Technical Change is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand. Traditionally, technical change is viewed as factor-neutral. However, the observed rapid rise in the relative wage of skilled workers in conjunction with an upward trend in their relative supply means that recent technological change has been skill-biased. Theories and data suggest that new information technologies are complementary with skilled labor, at least in their adoption phase. The direction of technical change–i.e., whether new capital complements skilled or unskilled labor– may be determined endogenously by innovators’ economic incentives shaped by relative prices, the size of the market, and institutions. The “factor-bias” attribute puts technological change at the centerstage of the income distribution debate.