cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicted Extreme-Ultraviolet and X-Ray Spectrum of a Microflare-heated Corona

Sturrock et al. (1990) have proposed that a distribution of microflares produces the solar coronal and transition-region emission. This paper presents computed EUV and X-ray emission spectra from that distribution, including the effects of time-dependent ionization. The overall agreement of the predicted spectrum with observations is fairly good, although the predicted emission from the upper transition region is high by a factor of 2. Time-dependent ionization greatly enhances the He II 304-A line, improving the agreement with observation compared with ionization equilibrium models. The predicted effects on temperature-sensitive line ratios of other ions cannot yet be tested against observations due to uncertainties in instrumental calibration and atomic rates.
Surgical and prosthodontic consequences of inadequate treatment planning for fixed implant-supported prosthesis in the edentulous mandible

Treatment planning for mandibular fixed implant-supported prostheses requires close communication between surgeons and restorative dentists. Improper implant positioning can result in significant difficulty for patient comfort and fabrication of a functional prosthesis. This case report describes the consequences of placing implants with no preoperative planning with regard to the implant position based on the final restorative plan. A 46-year-old male had all of his remaining maxillary and mandibular teeth extracted, and had 5 implants placed immediately in the interforaminal region of the mandible with the intent of providing a fixed prosthesis. Six weeks later, the patient was referred for prosthodontic care. The patient had no prostheses at that time and was in severe pain due to impingement of the lower lip by one of the implants. The implants were deemed to be in unfavorable positions and angulations. Thereafter, the case was treatment-planned systematically, requiring 2 additional surgical procedures---removal of one of the implants and alveoloplasty of posterior mandible for creation of space for prosthetic components. The remaining 4 implants with unfavorable angulations posed a prosthodontic challenge for fabrication of a prosthesis. The situation was eventually managed by fabrication of a screw-retained metal-resin fixed prosthesis over the remaining 4 implants. Although the situation was managed successfully, it resulted in increased time and treatment expenses, additional appointments, and elaborative steps for correction. Prosthodontics-driven treatment planning concepts and guidelines for prevention of such situations are described in this article.
Personality and Attitude Determinants of Voting Behavior.

Measures of racial attitude, conceptual style, commitment to candidate and to the electoral process, social-political orientation, candidate evaluation, and voting intentions, were administered to white college students in 7 geographical areas shortly before the 1972 Presidential election. Persons intending to vote for Nixon showed significantly more negative racial attitudes, more concrete conceptual functioning, greater commitment to the electoral process, more conservative social-political orientations, and more positive evaluations of Nixon, than did McGovern voters. Subsequent regression and path analyses indicated that only racial attitude and candidate evaluation were strong, direct predictors of voting intentions; the effects of the remaining independent variables appeared to be indirect. These results suggest that the prediction of behavioral intentions becomes more powerful as the attitudinal measures are made more directly relevant to the behavioral act.
Analysis of fuel management in the KIPT neutron source facility

Abstract Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) of USA and Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology (KIPT) of Ukraine have been collaborating on the conceptual design development of an experimental neutron source facility consisting of an electron accelerator driven sub-critical assembly. The neutron source driving the sub-critical assembly is generated from the interaction of 100 KW electron beam with a natural uranium target. The sub-critical assembly surrounding the target is fueled with low enriched WWR-M2 type hexagonal fuel assemblies. The U-235 enrichment of the fuel material is
Deception in intimate relationships: a comparison of heterosexuals and homosexuals/bisexuals

This study attempted to determine (a) if there is a difference in the degree to which deception occurs in heterosexual versus homosexual/bisexual intimate relationships and (b) if the degree to which homosexuals/bisexuals are open about their sexual orientation affects the degree to which they engage in deceptive behavior with their intimate partners. A group of 41 heterosexual males, 52 heterosexual females, 32 gay and bisexual males, and 34 lesbian and bisexual females completed a survey consisting of three scenarios describing ordinary situations which might arise in an intimate relationship. Findings support the hypothesis that heterosexuals engage in deceptive behavior more than homosexuals/bisexuals. However, the degree of openness about their homosexuality is unrelated to deceptive behavior among homosexuals/bisexuals. The less normative nature of homosexual/bisexual intimate relationships and the degree to which individuals have control over situations and are willing to accept responsibility for their behavior are discussed. It is suggested that future research focus further on these factors as well as on attempting to replicate these findings in non-intimate relationship contexts.
Biofortified and bioavailable: The gold standard for plant-based diets

Much of the world's population relies on a few staple foods (rice, maize, wheat, and cassava) that are poor sources of essential nutrients. Biofortification, the process of enriching the nutrient content of crops as they grow, provides a sustainable solution to malnutrition worldwide, because other methods, such as diversifying people's diets or providing dietary supplements, have proved impractical, especially in developing countries (1). One of the first biofortified crops was golden rice, which was engineered to produce beta-carotene or provitamin A in the edible portion of the grain (2). Since then, there have been similar successes with other crops, giving us a variety of carotenoid-enriched foods (1) as well as crops enriched with other micronutrients such as vitamin E (3) and folate (4). However, in each of these cases, assumptions about whether the nutrients are bioavailable—i.e., whether the nutrients can be readily absorbed by humans—remain untested. In a recent issue of PNAS, Morris et al. (5), using feeding studies with both mice and humans, report that carrots genetically engineered to accumulate twice as much calcium as control carrots are indeed a good source of this essential nutrient, resulting in a ≈50% increase in calcium absorption.
Sans subjectivity - ergonomics is engineering.

(2002). Sans subjectivity - ergonomics is engineering. Ergonomics: Vol. 45, No. 14, pp. 991-994.
The relationship between airway carbon dioxide excretion and cardiac output during cardiopulmonary resuscitation

There is currently no practical method for determining cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) efficacy in the field. We investigated the relationship between the volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) excreted in the airway (CO2EX) when tidal volume and respiratory rate are controlled, and cardiac output (CO), an indicator of CPR efficacy, to determine the potential of CO2EX as a practical noninvasive field monitor of CPR efficacy. Thirteen mongrel dogs were anesthetized, instrumented and ventilated 13 times/min at a fixed tidal volume with an infrared airway CO2 sensor. CO2EX = (PCO2/bar. press) x (tidal vol) x (breaths/min), and expressed in ml/min per kg. Sequences of control, CPR with 3-4 different compression forces, and recovery measurements were recorded 10-15 times/animal. CO2EX and CO fell simultaneously with ventricular fibrillation. CPR immediately increased CO2EX and CO. Both changed consistently and in the same direction as compression force. Return of spontaneous circulation immediately increased CO2EX and CO above controls, with a gradual return to control levels. CO2EX was always below 8 ml-CO2/min/kg during CPR and above this during spontaneous circulation. With alveolar ventilation controlled, CO2 movement is regulated by CO, CO distribution and CO2 stores shifts. Normally, CO accounts for 15% of CO2EX variability. In this study CO accounted for > or = 65% of CO2EX variability during CPR, indicating CO2EX changes were primarily due to CO changes. When ventilation is controlled, CO2EX during CPR reliably tracks changes in CO. Therefore, CO2EX may provide a practical noninvasive method of determining CPR efficacy as the CPR is being performed.
Affective Influences on Startle in Five‐Month‐Old Infants: Reactions to Facial Expressions of Emotion

Convergent methodologies from studies of fear-potentiated startle in animals and studies of affective modulation of reflex blinks in humans were adapted in order to investigate infants' sensitivity to affective information conveyed by facial expressions of emotion. While 5-month-old infants viewed photographic slides of faces posed in happy, neutral, or angry expressions, a brief acoustic noise burst was presented to elicit the blink component of human startle. Blink size was augmented during the viewing of angry expressions and reduced during happy expressions. Infants did not show marked changes in behavioral reactions to the positive, neutral, and negative slides, although motor activity was slightly reduced during negative slides. Results suggest that, by 5 months, infants react to affective information conveyed by unfamiliar human faces. Potential mechanisms mediating the influence of affective stimuli on reflex excitability are considered.
Convergence and Constraints Revealed in a Qualitative Model Comparison

We contrasted and compared independently developed computational models of human performance in a common dynamic decision-making task. The task, called dynamic stocks and flows, is simple and tractable enough for laboratory experiments yet exhibits many characteristics of macrocognition. A macrocognitive model was developed using a computational instantiation of recognition-primed decision making. A microcognitive model was developed using the Adaptive Control of Thought – Rational (ACT-R) cognitive architecture. Both models followed an instance-based learning paradigm and displayed striking similarities, including their constraints, limitations, and the key breakthrough that enabled satisfactory (though still short of human-like) performance, suggesting the emergence of a general design pattern. On the basis of this comparison we argue that although some substantive differences remain, microcognitive and macrocognitive approaches provide complementary rather than contradictory accounts of human behavior.
Criteria for Predicting Hydroplaning Potential

Two independent state-of-the-art equations for incipient hydroplaning speeds, which were regressed from experimental data for different ranges of magnitudes of water film thicknesses, are investigated relative to merging them into a single criterion. One equation was developed for water film thicknesses above 0.10 in. (2.54 mm), and the other below 0.10 in. The strengths and weaknesses of both equations are examined. It is concluded that more experimental data are necessary in the range of water film thicknesses less than 0.10 in. (2.54 mm) because of data scatter.
Projection-slice synthetic discriminant functions for optical pattern recognition

The projection-slice synthetic discriminant function (PSDF) filter is introduced and proposed for distortion-invariant pattern-recognition applications. The projection-slice theorem, often used in tomographic applications for medical imaging, is utilized to implement a distortion-invariant filter. Taking M projections from one training image and combining them with (N - 1) M projections taken from another N - 1 training image accomplishes this. With the projection-slice theorem, each set of these M projections can be represented as M one-dimensional slices of the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the particular training image. Therefore, the PSDF filter has the advantage of matching each of the training images with at least M slices of their respective Fourier transforms. This filter is theoretically analyzed, numerically simulated, and experimentally implemented and tested to verify the simulation results. These tests show that the PSDF filter significantly outperforms the matched-filter and the basic synthetic discriminant function technique for the particular images used.
Dermal Delivery of Topically Applied Oligonucleotides via Follicular Transport in Mouse Skin

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides formulated in cream preparations are being examined in the clinic as topical therapy for psoriasis. To produce their intended anti-inflammatory effects, these large anionic molecules must penetrate the stratum corneum and reach the living epidermis and dermis. A topically applied phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 recently was shown to modulate cytokine-inducible target gene expression in engrafted human skin. In this study, we examined the route of entry into mouse skin of fluorochrome-tagged or naked second-generation 2'-O-methoxyethyl-modified oligonucleotides that react specifically with an antibody, using topical cream-based formulations. In hairless mouse skin, immunohistochemical analysis and fluorescence microscopy were unable to detect the presence of oligonucleotide in the epidermis or dermis following topical application although immunostaining was associated with the stratum corneum and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled oligonucleotide was observed in hair follicles. Kinetic analysis of oligonucleotide topically applied to hair-clipped BALB/c mouse skin showed early follicular localization, diffusion of oligonucleotide from the mid-follicle, and subsequent dermal accumulation. Saline formulation resulted in oligonucleotide remaining within the hair follicle. These results suggest that oligonucleotide penetration in skin involves a follicular route and further, that topical oligonucleotide therapy may be particularly well suited for altering physiology within the hair follicle and related structures.
SYNTHESIS OF TWO PHOTOLABILE BENZYL MANGANESE DERIVATIVES INCORPORATING A GEOMETRICALLY INACCESSIBLE RADICAL TRAP

(1989). SYNTHESIS OF TWO PHOTOLABILE BENZYL MANGANESE DERIVATIVES INCORPORATING A GEOMETRICALLY INACCESSIBLE RADICAL TRAP. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 303-308.
Self-efficacy, industry experience, and the self-directed learning readiness of hospitality industry college students.

This study investigated if industry experience and self-efficacy could significantly predict the self-directed learning readiness of hospitality, also known as Travel Industry Management (TIM), in college students in Hawaii. One hundred and nine hospitality industry college students who worked in the hospitality industry, from two major institutions of higher education on the island of Oahu, formed the sample group. The significant predictor using stepwise linear regression was self-efficacy. Industry experience was not found to be a significant predictor based on the sample in this study. The findings that indicate self-efficacy is a significant predictor of self-directed learning readiness are consistent with self-efficacy theories involving adult learners.
A non-iterative algorithm for Loran-C position determination

This paper presents a non-iterative algorithm for Loran-C position determination (from Loran-C stations in triplet configuration) that can be programmed for a handheld calculator or small computer. The algorithm can incorporate the Additional Secondary Factor (ASF) Correction, if known. Algorithms for computing the spheroid earth heading and distance between a fix and destination, for predicting the indicated time delays (ITD's) at a geographic position and for calibrating the fixing algorithm to a known position and ITD's are also presented.
Structure of the human Nkx2.1 gene.

Abstract NKX2.1 is a member of the NK2 family of homeodomain-containing transcriptional factors which binds to and activates the promoters of thyroid and pulmonary epithelial genes. We have cloned and sequenced twelve human lung Nkx2.1 cDNAs. To elucidate the origin of Nkx2.1 transcripts, we also cloned and sequenced a 12 kb human Nkx2.1 genomic clone. Alignment of cDNA sequences with the genomic clone showed that contrary to previous reports, the human Nkx2.1 gene is organized into three exons and two introns. The newly discovered exon I contains an ATG codon that falls in frame with the previously identified Nkx2.1 initiator ATG codon on one of the cDNAs, designated 5E . Northern blot analysis shows that an mRNA of approximately 2.5 kb in size, homologous to 5E , is expressed in both lung and thyroid. The deduced amino acid sequence of the longest open reading frame on 5E is identical to NKX2.1 with the exception of a 30 amino acid N-terminal extension. Coupled in vitro transcription/translation of the 5E cDNA confirms that the open reading frame is translated into a contiguous polypeptide of 44 kDa. Analysis of Nkx2.1 genomic DNA fragments suggest that at least two independent regions, one within the first intron and the other 5′ of the first exon may mediate the basal promoter activity of the Nkx2.1 gene in lung epithelial cells.
A Retrospective Study of Pemoline Toxicosis in Dogs: 101 Cases (1987–1997)

Summary Pemoline is a central nervous system stimulant commonly used for Attension Deficit Disorder in humans. This study describes the clinical syndrome associated with pemoline ingestion as well as its treatment. Ten years worth (1987–1997) of records from the ASPCa National Animal Poison Control Center involving pemoline ingestion in dogs were reviewed. The data suggests that most dogs ingesting pemoline show signs of central nervous system and cardiovascular stimulation including hyperactivity, tremors, ataxia, seizure, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and mydriasis. Blood chemistry alterations included electrolyte imbalances in some dogs. The minimum dose reported to cause clinical signs was 2.8 mg/kg and the minimum dose reported to have caused death was 10 mg/kg. Dogs generally showed clinical signs within 30 minutes to 24 hours of ingestion. The duration of clinical signs ranged from 15 hours to four days. Ninety-four percent of the dogs recovered with supportive treatment. (Vet. Emerg. & Crit. Care, 9:203–207, 1999)
Assessment of Student Learning in a Hybrid PBL Capstone Seminar

Assessment is a key component of the learning process. In order to maximize student learning, instructors need to provide students with appropriate, explicit and timely assessment. Despite the potential benefits of problem-based learning, some instructors may be reluctant to adopt this approach because it will require them to modify their current assessment practices. In problem-based learning curricula, assessment should be used to encourage and reward student participation throughout the course. This paper presents an analytical rubric developed for diagnosis of student learning via formative assessment in a capstone environmental impact analysis course. The use and role of the analytical rubric in student grading is also explained. This rubric provides a template for how student learning could be assessed in other courses in geography curricula that employ a similar student-centred approach to learning.
Preparation and characterization of bis-(trimethylsilyl) aminoalanes [H2AlN(SiMe3)2] · NMe3 and {HAl[N(SiMe3) 2]2}n crystal structure determination for tris-(trimethylsilyl) alane trimethylamine adduct (Me3Si) 3Al · NMe3

Abstract The adduct [H 2 AlN(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] · NMe 3 ( 1 ) is obtained in high yield from the reaction between H 3 Al · NMe 3 and HN(SiMe 3 ) 2 . Thermal decomposition of 1 results in disproportionation with formation of hydrogen, free NMe 3 , elemental aluminum, and {HAl[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 } n ( 2 ). Attempted synthesis of a copolymer from the reaction of [H 2 AlN(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] · NMe 3 ( 1 ) with [(Me 3 Si) 2 AlNH 2 ] 2 results in the unexpected formation of tris-(trimethylsilyl)alane trimethylamine adduct, (Me 3 Si) 3 Al · NMe 3 ( 3 ), for which the crystal structure was determined: monoclinic, space group P 2 1 / n , a = 8.9770(10)A, b = 15.930(3)A, c = 15.980(3)A, V = 2285.1(10)A 3 , Z = 8, D = 0.888 gcm −3 , R = 7.07%.
The effect of shape on the hydrodynamics of a hemispheroid projecting from a plate in irrotational fluid

In this paper, we examine the problem of hemispheroid that is compliantly hinged to a plate oscillating with infinitesimal motions in fluid that can be modeled as irrotational. We use this model to understand the effect of the size and shape of hair bundles of sensory cells in the inner ear on hair bundle hydrodynamics at high frequencies. In response to the oscillating plate, the hemispheroid translates and rotates in the plane of the oscillation. Since the equations of motion are linear, the solution can be described as the superposition of the response due to translation of the hemispheroid and the plate, and the response due to rotation of the hemispheroid. The solution can be found by solving Laplace’s equation in prolate and oblate spheroidal coordinates. The response due to translational motion is the same as that derived in Hydrodynamics, 6th ed. (Dover, New York, 1945) for a full spheroid undergoing translational motion. The response due to rotational motion of the hemispheroid about its hinge has not been previously derived. The hydrodynamic pressure, torque, and drag on the hemispheroid as a function of hemispheroidal shape are presented. A good match was obtained for results of the model and measurements of a neural tuning curve of the alligator lizard.
Attitudes toward policies to protect open space: A comparative study of government planning officials and the general public

The goals of this research were to identify factors that influence local decisions to protect open spaces and the associated natural resources and to better understand the context in which local government officials and citizens express support for additional policies to protect these resources. In order to determine community opinions related to land use and natural resources, a mail survey was administered to a random sample of adult residents and all local planning commission officials in the 22 counties in Indiana's Upper Wabash River Basin. A comparative analysis was done to determine the relationship between attitudes of citizens and planning officials and how this can inform policy. This information can aid in determining public willingness to incorporate natural resources into land use plans as it compares to local government official's willingness to protect natural resources and open spaces. Results of this research will assist communities as they cope with balancing issues of community growth, environmental protection, and quality of life.
Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using inorganic and organic species as tracers

Abstract Source apportionment is typically performed on chemical composition data derived from particulate matter (PM) samples. However, many common sources no longer emit significant amounts of characteristic trace elements requiring the use of more comprehensive chemical characterization in order to fully resolve the PM sources. Positive matrix factorization (EPA PMF, version 4.1) was used to analyze 24-hr integrated molecular marker (MM), secondary inorganic ions, trace elements, carbonaceous species and light absorption data to investigate sources of PM2.5 in Rochester, New York between October 2009 and October 2010 to explore the role of specific MMs. An eight-factor solution was found for which the factors were identified as isoprene secondary organic aerosol (SOA), airborne soil, other SOA, diesel emissions, secondary sulfate, wood combustion, gasoline vehicle, and secondary nitrate contributing 6.9%, 12.8%, 3.7%, 7.8%, 45.5%, 9.1%, 7.9%, and 6.3% to the average PM2.5 concentration, respectively Concentrations of pentacosane, hexacosane, heptacosane, and octacosane in the gasoline vehicles factor were larger compared to diesel emissions. Aethalometer Delta-C was strongly associated with wood combustion. The compounds, n-heptacosanoic acid and n-octacosanoic acid, occasionally used in the past as tracers for road dust, were found to largely associate with SOA in this study. In comparison with a standard PMF analyses without MM, inclusion of them was necessary to resolve SOA and wood combustion factors in urban areas.
Distributed classifier chain optimization for real-time multimedia stream mining systems

We consider the problem of optimally configuring classifier chains for real-time multimedia stream mining systems. Jointly maximizing the performance over several classifiers under minimal end-to-end processing delay is a difficult task due to the distributed nature of analytics (e.g. utilized models or stored data sets), where changing the filtering process at a single classifier can have an unpredictable effect on both the feature values of data arriving at classifiers further downstream, as well as the end-to-end processing delay. While the utility function can not be accurately modeled, in this paper we propose a randomized distributed algorithm that guarantees almost sure convergence to the optimal solution. We also provide results using speech data showing that the algorithm can perform well under highly dynamic environments.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tumor hemorrhagic properties of surface components of Salmonella typhimurium mutants.

A number of bacterial components were tested for their ability to cause hemorrhagic necrosis of Sarcoma 37 in mice. These components included the common antigen found in the Enterobacteriaceae, a high molecular weight glucan composed of alpha and beta glucose, and LPS preparation of varying structural complexity. Common antigen and glucan were found to be inactive. All LPS preparations prepared by phenol water extraction were found to cause necrosis to approximately the same extent. The simplest LPS (chemotype Re) contains only 2 keto-3-deoxyoctonate and a lipid moiety. Isolation of these 2 components resulted in a loss of activity, suggesting the necessity of a specific molecular configuration to elicit the tumor hemorrhagic response. LPS extracted from Re mutants by EDTA showed no tumor hemorrhagic activity, while similar extracts of wild type organisms did show activity. These results suggest that the LPS of Re organisms is not a surface component.
LADIES AGAINST WOMEN: Explaining the Political Participation of Traditional- and Modern-Role Females

Data from the 1980 National Election Study are used to examine how well participation theory variables and group consciousness variables account for the nonvoting political activity of traditional-role women. Of the little variance in this activity that is explained by a regression analysis among these women (.070 after adjustments for number of respondents and variables, compared to .240 among modern-role women), most is due to two participation theory variables: party identification and efficacy. However, a discriminant function analysis emphasizes two group consciousness variables (gender consciousness and religious consciousness) and only one participation theory variable (political ideology) as the main forces that distinguish active traditional-role from active modern-role women. These findings indicate the need to make clear which comparison group — other traditional-role women or politically active modern-role women — is being used in efforts to understand traditional-role women's political conduct. The findings also call for new theoretical directions about traditional-role women's nonvoting participation, because of the weak explanatory ability exhibited by all fourteen variables together.
Architecting the Communication and Navigation Networks for NASA's Space Exploration Systems

NASA is planning a series of short and long duration human and robotic missions to explore the Moon and then Mars. A key objective of the missions is to grow, through a series of launches, a system of systems communication, navigation, and timing infrastructure at minimum cost while providing a network-centric infrastructure that maximizes the exploration capabilities and science return. There is a strong need to use architecting processes in the mission pre-formulation stage, to describe the systems, interfaces, and interoperability needed to implement multiple space communication systems that are deployed over time, yet support interoperability with each deployment phase and with 20 years of legacy systems. In this paper we present a process for defining the architecture of the communications, navigation, and networks needed to support future, space explorers with the best adaptable and evolable network-centric space exploration infrastructure. The process steps presented are: 1) architecture decomposition, 2) defining mission systems and their interfaces, 3) developing the communication, navigation, networking architecture, and 4) integrating systems, operational and technical views and viewpoints. We demonstrate the process through the architecture development of the communication network for upcoming NASA space exploration missions.
State-Space Modeling to Simplify Soil Phosphorus Fractionation

Soil P can be fractionated by methods such as the Hedley extraction method to help identify and quantify soil P. Measuring the increases in soil P fractions from P fertilizer does not indicate whether external P can control a P fraction because of transfers among P fractions. Similarly, correlations between soil P fractions and plant P uptake do not directly indicate whether a P fraction affects plant P uptake. The objectives of this research were to describe the transformation among fractions, the effect of P fertilizer on P fractions, and the relationship between plant P uptake and P fractions by a state-space modeling approach, and to minimize the dimension of the state-space model by introducing concepts of controllability and observability and by implementing the General Decomposition Theorem. A P fraction was said to be controllable if its size can be controlled directly by the amount of external P fertilizer, or indirectly through transformations among P fractions. A P fraction was considered observable if it contributed to plant P uptake directly, or indirectly through transformations among P fractions. The jointly controllable and observable P fractions identified by the General Decomposition Theorem were minimum to describe the measured soil P dynamics in selected soil-plant systems, while other fractions were redundant in the cases described. Results showed that only strip-P, inorganic NaHCO 3 -Pi, organic NaHCO 3 -Po, and inorganic NaOH-Pi of the seven fractions were necessary and sufficient to describe the P dynamics in example Mollisol, Vertisol, Ultisol, and Oxisol.
Actions of plant cytokinins on dog thyroid follicular cells in vitro.

Abstract The effect of the N6-substituted derivatives of adenine, especially zeatin [trans-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl)-aminopurine] and kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine) on structure, ultrastructure, cyclic AMP levels, and on the in vitro response to thyrotropin (TSH), were studied in dog thyroid follicular cells. After N6-adenine derivatives, the cells adopted a concave from at the apical border, which showed a thin belt-like area apparently composed of compacted microfilaments. These changes were not associated with alterations in cyclic AMP levels. These effects of N6-adenine derivatives were not observed when vinblastine, vincristine, or cytochalasin b were added, and were unaffected by actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Pseudopod formation after TSH or 8Br-cyclic AMP is inhibited by N6-adenine derivatives but cyclic AMP response to TSH is intact. N6-adenine derivatives may induce their actions by acting directly or indirectly upon microfilaments.
A dynamic insertion approach for multi-dimensional data using index structures

Nowadays large volumes of data with high dimensionality are being generated in many fields. Most existing indexing techniques degrade rapidly when dimensionality goes higher. A large amount of data sets are time related, and the existence of the obsolete data in the data sets may seriously degrade the data processing. In our previous work[7], we proposed ClusterTree+, a new indexing approach representing clusters generated by any existing clustering approach. It is a hierarchy of clusters and subclusters which incorporates the cluster representation into the index structure to achieve effective and efficient retrieval. It also has features from the time perspective. Each new data item is added to the ClusterTree+ with the time information which can be used later in the data update process for the acquisition of the new cluster structure. To improve the performance of this index structure, we propose a dynamic insertion approach for time-related multi-dimensional data based on a modified ClusterTree+, keeping the index structure always in the most updated status which can further promote the efficiency and effectiveness of data query, data update, etc. This approach is highly adaptive to any kind of clusters.
Antibiotic resistant gram-negative bacteria in rural groundwater supplies

Abstract More than 250 coliform and noncoliform bacteria, isolated by standard membrane filtration methods from rural, untreated groundwater supplies, were examined for resistance to 16 antibiotics. All of the noncoliforms and 87% of the coliforms were resistant to at least one antibiotic, with resistance most commonly directed toward novobiocin, cephalothin, and ampicillin. The frequency of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) within each species was also determined. Approximately 60% of the coliforms were MAR, including 14, 64, and 94% of Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, and Enterobacter cloacae isolates, respectively. In comparison, MAR was demonstrated by more than 95% of the noncoliforms and included isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Serratia marcescens. Ampicillin-resistant environmental isolates were assayed for ability to transfer resistance to ampicillin-sensitive strains of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Environmental E. coli isolates were capable of in vitro transfer to both recipients in a nutrient-rich environment (trypticase soy broth) at frequencies ranging from 1.1 × 10−5 to 1.0 × 10−4. Isolates of C. freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibited resistance transfer to the E. coli recipient under similar conditions at reduced rates. None of the environmental isolates demonstrated transfer of ampicillin resistance when placed in an environment containing filter-sterilized well water. The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, and particularly MAR bacteria, in rural groundwater supplies used as drinking water sources may have important public health implications.
Tumor cell apoptosis induced by nanoparticle conjugate in combination with radiation therapy

Semiconductor nanoparticles conjugated to photosensitizers have been shown to increase tumor cell death with ionizing radiation but the mechanism, particularly the role of photodynamic therapy in the process, was unknown. We used a molecular probe to measure production of (1)O(2) to quantify the component of photodynamic cell-killing in an in vitro system. The intracellular distribution of the nanoparticle conjugate (NC) was determined by the co-localization of nanoparticles and the lysotracker. Induction of apoptosis was measured by the TUNEL assay and western blot analysis of the cleaved caspase-3. As a result, dose-dependent (1)O(2) production was observed with 48 nm NC after irradiating with 6 MV x-rays. A high geometrical coincidence between the fluorescence emission of the nanoparticle and lysotracker was observed using confocal microscopy. Finally, apoptosis, as indicated by the TUNEL stain and cleavage of the caspase-3, was observed in cells treated by both the NC and 6 Gy of radiation but not in cells treated with radiation alone. In conclusion, the cell death induced by the NC in combination with radiation is consistent with a supra-additive effect to radiation-or NC-alone-killing and is mediated by an NC-induced photodynamic therapy mechanism, which is distinctly different from that for radiation-killing alone. By providing a second distinct cell-killing mechanism, this nanoparticle conjugate has great promise as a targeted physical radiosensitizer aimed at overcoming radioresistant tumor clonogens or/and reducing normal tissue toxicity by using a lower ionizing radiation dose.
Comments on "Energy Flux Along High Voltage Transmission Lines"

This communication is a critique of the above paper1 by Hart and Manno. The interpretation of their calculated Poynting vector as energy flux is disputed. ITe conclusion presented in their paper, based upon a comparison of their calculated Poynting vector induced by transmission line fields to microwave exposure standards, is examined.
Identification and Functional Characterization of a Voltage-gated Chloride Channel and Its Novel Splice Variant in Taste Bud Cells

Taste bud cells are epithelial cells with neuronal properties. Voltage-dependent ion channels have been physiologically described in these cells. Here, we report the molecular identification and functional characterization of a voltage-gated chloride channel (ClC-4) and its novel splice variant (ClC-4A) from taste bud cells. ClC-4A skipped an exon near its 5′-end, incurring the loss of 60 amino acids at the N terminus. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry localized these two channels' transcripts and proteins to a subset of taste bud cells. Electrophysiological recordings of the heterologously expressed channels in Xenopus oocytes showed that ClC-4 and ClC-4A have opposite sensitivity to pH and unique ion selectivity. The chloride channel blockers niflumic acid and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid had a slight or no inhibitory effect on the conductance of ClC-4, but both blockers inhibited ClC-4A, suggesting that ClC-4A is a candidate channel for an acid-induced 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid-sensitive current. Furthermore, these two channels may play a role in bitter-, sweet-, and umami-mediated taste transmission by regulating transmitter uptake into synaptic vesicles.
PS2-10: Predictors of Depression and Poor Physical Health among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection: Results from the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study

Background/Aims Our objective was to assess risk factors for depression and poor physical health among patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
A temporal comparison of a benthic infaunal community southwest of St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea between 2006 and 1970–1974

Benthic infaunal biomass and abundance may be changing in Bering Sea communities. This study compared benthic infaunal biomass, abundance, and community composition southwest of St. Lawrence Island in an important forage area for benthic-feeding birds and mammals between 1970–1974 and 2006. Invertebrate biomass and abundance were significantly greater in 2006 than in 1970–1974 primarily due to high nuculid (Bivalvia) biomass and abundance that contributed 13.2% (biomass) and 8.5% (abundance) to differences in community structure between the sampling periods. This is in contrast to St. Lawrence Island Polynya studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s that documented decreases in benthic biomass and abundance. Spatial scale of sampling, selective predation, a strong recruitment event, and/or sampling design may account for the difference in trends among the studies.
A level set approach to model directed nanocrack patterns

Recent experiments revealed an exciting possibility of making nanowires by filling nanosacle cracks in a thin film. Exploration and practical application of the method would rely on the modeling capability to predict complex nanocracks and their geometries in heterogeneous films. This paper proposes a level set approach to investigate the formation of nanocrack patterns, which allows precise prediction of the direction of crack extension, geometry of the crack tip, and interaction between crack and other phases. The approach does not require explicit front tracking and allows for the simulation of complex crack patterns and crack intersection. An efficient iterative Fourier spectral method is applied to solve the elastic field. The propagation of the crack interface is determined by the competition between the elastic and interfacial energies. This paper investigates the cracking process in a thin film with etched spaces and stiff phases. Numerical simulations reveal that designed pre-patterns can effectively direct crack extension and suggest a significant degree of experimental control in the formation of nanocrack patterns.
Highly crosslinked polymeric monoliths for reversed-phase capillary liquid chromatography of small molecules

Abstract Seven crosslinking monomers, i.e., 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate (1,3-BDDMA), 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate (1,4-BDDMA), neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate (NPGDMA), 1,5-pentanediol dimethacrylate (1,5-PDDMA), 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (1,6-HDDMA), 1,10-decanediol dimethacrylate (1,10-DDDMA), and 1,12-dodecanediol dimethacrylate (1,12-DoDDMA), were used to synthesize highly cross-linked monolithic capillary columns for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) of small molecules. Dodecanol and methanol were chosen as “good” and “poor” porogenic solvents, respectively, for these monoliths, and were investigated in detail to provide insight into the selection of porogen concentration using 1,12-DoDDMA. Isocratic elution of alkylbenzenes at a flow rate of 300 nL/min was conducted for all of the monoliths. Gradient elution of alkylbenzenes and alkylparabens provided high resolution separations. Optimized monoliths synthesized from all seven crosslinking monomers showed high permeability. Several of the monoliths demonstrated column efficiencies in excess of 50,000 plates/m. Monoliths with longer alkyl-bridging chains showed very little shrinking or swelling in solvents of different polarities. Column preparation was highly reproducible; the relative standard deviation (RSD) values ( n = 3) for run-to-run and column-to-column were less than 0.25% and 1.20%, respectively, based on retention times of alkylbenzenes.
510 DIFFERENCES IN NEONATAL (NB)MORTALITY OUTCOME IN NB CARED FOR AT LEVEL I HOSPITALS

In studying the effectiveness of NB transport (NCHSR #5-R18-H S03832), an evaluation was done on NB ( 7) T. 3) sick (Ap. .05 NS ** P<.025 SIG.
Tree dynamics in an old-growth, deciduous forest

Abstract In 1926, all trees (⩾ 10.2 cm dbh) were measured, tagged and mapped in a 20.6 ha, old-growth oak forest within the extensively farmed Tipton Till Plain of Indiana. All trees (⩾ 10.0 cm dbh) within the central 8.5 ha of this forest were measured, tagged and mapped again in 1976. Stand density and basal area increased by 93.9 and 30.8%, respectively, to 320 stems ha−1 and 31.0 m2 ha−1. Density of Ulmus americana and Acer saccharum increased most; the largest density decreases were of Quercus rubra and Fraxinus americana. Basal area increases were greatest for Q. rubra, A. saccharum, and Q. alba. The most important species in 1926 were (in order of decreasing importance value, IV) [IV = (relative density + relative basal area)/2] Q. rubra, F. americana, Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa and U. americana. In 1976, Q. rubra, U. americana, A. saccharum, Q. alba and F. americana were the most important. Nearly half (46.9%) of those trees measured in 1926 had died by 1976; however, mortality varied by species, size-class and size-class within a species. Species with low mortality (⩽ 25%) included A. saccharum, Aesculus glabra, Carya spp. (except C. cordiformis), Celtis occidentalis and Quercus spp. (except Q. rubra). Species with high mortality (⩾ 75%) included Fagus grandifolia, Ulmus americana, U. rubra, and Fraxinus nigra. The majority of ingrowth trees within a 5 m radius gap of dead dominant or codominant trees were U. americana (30% of total), followed by A. saccharum (20%). No species had greater than 50% of its ingrowth within a 5 m radius of the dead trees. Diameter growth of surviving trees varied greatly among species, size-class and size-class within a species. Q. rubra and F. americana had greatest average diameter increases after 50 years (21.8 and 18.4 cm dbh, respectively). Mortality was relatively low and diameter growth high in the 50.0–69.9 cm diameter class for all species combined. The rotated-sigmoid curve, rather than the negative exponential, appears to best describe the size-class distributions of all species in 1976. An analysis of the size-class distribution of all species suggests that early and mid-seral species such as Gleditsia triacanthos, Juglans nigra, and Quercus spp. are gradually being replaced by more tolerant, late seral and climax species such as Acer saccharum, Aesculus glabra, Carya ovata and others. Despite the old-growth appearance of this forest much structural and compositional changes have been taking place.
Structural heterogeneity of hepatocyte "tight" junctions: a quantitative analysis.

Freeze fracture analyses of hepatocyte tight junctions reveal interconnecting strands which represent a semipermeable blood-bile barrier. In epithelia, strand number can be correlated with transepithelial resistance and junctional permeability, but a functional relationship is not always seen. We have devised an analytical method to measure accurately strand number as well as junction depth over a large area of junction. Measurements were obtained in five bile fistula rats and two marine elasmobranchs (little skates). In addition, choleretic infusions of 120 μmoles of taurodehydrocholate were administered to four additional rats over 1 hr to determine if functional changes in ion and fluid movement are associated with alternations in junctional structure. Using a microcomputer with a sonic digitizer, strand number and junction depth were obtained at intervals of 0.1 to 0.2 μ from transmission electron micrographs of fractures of rat and skate liver. Strand number averaged 4.1 ± 1.1 in control rats (798 measurements) and 4.1 ± 1.3 in the taurodehydrocholate-stimulated animals (296 measurements). Junction depths averaged 0.148 ± 0.092 μm in controls and increased to 0.167 ± 0.121 μm in taurodehydrocholate-stimulated rats, a difference which reached significance at the p < 0.06 level. Similarly, values were obtained in skate livers where central zone pigment granules facilitated dissection of portal and central portions of lobule. Central zone strand number and junction depth averaged 5.1 ± 1.6 and 0.178 ± 0.100 μm, respectively (439 measurements), and were indistinguishable from values obtained from portal regions −5.0 ± 1.9 and 0.182 ± 0.099 μm, respectively (217 measurements). Although no quantitative differences in junction structure was observed in these studies, considerable variation was noted in junction depth (0.013 to 0.670 μm in the rat and 0.008 to 0.600 μm in skates) and number. We conclude that the anatomical barrier which forms the normal hepatocyte tight junction is a highly varied structure. If junctional structure as revealed by freeze fracture analysis correlates with changes in permeability, then permeability should vary considerably at multiple points along the surface of individual hepatocytes and would not be detected by present quantitative approaches which average junctional strand number and depth. Alternatively, regulation of junctional permeability may be more dependent on structural elements which are beyond the resolution provided by freeze fracture technique.