cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Krüppel‐Like Zinc Finger Protein Glis3 Promotes Osteoblast Differentiation by Regulating FGF18 Expression

The zinc finger protein Glis3 is highly expressed in human osteoblasts and acts synergistically with BMP2 and Shh in enhancing osteoblast differentiation in multipotent C3H10T1/2 cells. This induction of osteoblast differentiation is at least in part caused by the induction of FGF18 expression. This study supports a regulatory role for Glis3 in osteoblast differentiation. Introduction: Gli-similar 3 (Glis3) is closely related to members of the Gli subfamily of Kruppel-like zinc finger proteins, transcription factors that act downstream of sonic hedgehog (Shh). In this study, we analyzed the expression of Glis3 in human osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Moreover, we examined the regulatory role of Glis3 in the differentiation of multipotent C3H10T1/2 cells into osteoblasts and adipo- cytes. Materials and Methods: Microarray analysis was performed to identify genes regulated by Glis3 in multipotent C3H10T1/2 cells. Reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed to analyze the regulation of fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) by Glis3. Results: Glis3 promotes osteoblast differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells as indicated by the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity and increased expression of osteopontin, osteocalcin, and Runx2. In contrast, Glis3 expression inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Glis3 acts synergistically with BMP2 and Shh in inducing osteo- blast differentiation. Deletion analysis indicated that the carboxyl-terminal activation function of Glis3 is needed for its stimulation of osteoblast differentiation. Glis3 is highly expressed in human osteoblasts and induced in MSCs during differentiation along the osteoblast lineage. Microarray analysis identified FGF18 as one of the genes induced by Glis3 in C3H10T1/2 cells. Promoter analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that a Glis3 binding site in the FGF18 promoter flanking region is important in its regulation by Glis3. Conclusions: Our study showed that Glis3 positively regulates differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells into osteo- blasts and inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Glis3 acts synergistically with BMP2 and Shh in inducing osteo- blast differentiation. The promotion of osteoblast differentiation by Glis3 involves increased expression of FGF18, a positive regulator of osteogenesis. This, in conjunction with the induction of Glis3 expression during osteoblast differentiation in MSCs and its expression in osteoblasts, suggests that Glis3 is an important modulator of MSC differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22:1234-1244. Published online on May 7, 2007; doi: 10.1359/JBMR.070503
Blogging from the Labor Perspective: Lessons for Media Managers

This study focused on the implementation of new media technology from a journalist perspective by applying a theoretical model of change management to blogging. A convenience sample of journalist-bloggers was conducted at the local media level (newspaper, radio, and television). Data indicated negative and pessimistic views on the part of journalist respondents in terms of the value of blogging, its practice, its contribution to their professional development, and its contribution to the success of the media outlet. These attitudes suggested a high level of resistance that could have consequences for blogging implementation and success. Implications in terms of the effectiveness of implementation and proactive managerial strategies were discussed. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Eighteenth century optics: the Cartesian-Newtonian conflict.

The eighteenth century is often regarded as a period when optics was stultified by Newton's dominant influence and the controversy of two rival hypotheses: the wave theory and the corpuscular theory of light. However, a study of the controversial development of achromatic lenses reveals a deeper underlying conflict between two different types of mechanistic philosophy—one Newtonian and the other Cartesian. This conflict, both methodological and cosmological, pitted inductivism against deductivism. Two pivotal issues were the role of mathematics and the nature of experimentation. Here we have a clear example of the interaction of science and philosophy.
On arbitrage possibilities via linear feedback in an idealized Brownian Motion stock market

This paper extends the so-called Simultaneous Long-Short (SLS) linear feedback stock trading analysis given in [2]. Whereas the previous work addresses a class of idealized markets involving continuously differentiable stock prices, this work concentrates on markets governed by Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM). For this class of stock price variations, the main results in this paper address the extent to which a positive trading gain g(t) > 0 can be guaranteed. We prove that the SLS feedback controller possesses a remarkable robustness property that guarantees a positive expected trading gain E[g(t)] > 0 in all idealized GBM markets with non-zero drift. Additionally, the main results of this paper include closed form expressions for both g(t) and its probability density function. Finally, the use of the SLS controller is illustrated via a detailed numerical example involving a large number of simulations.
X-ray tests of a Pixel Array Detector for coherent x-ray imaging at the Linac Coherent Light Source

Test results are presented of a pixel array detector (PAD) developed for x-ray imaging at the Stanford Linear Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The basic module of the PAD consists of two bump-bonded chips: a reverse-biased silicon diode chip of 185 ? 194 pixels, each of which is coupled by bump-bonds to a charge integrating CMOS ASIC with digitization in each pixel. The LCLS experiment requires a high signal-to-noise ratio for detection of single 8?keV x-rays, a pixel full-well exceeding 1,000 8?keV x-rays, a frame-rate of 120?Hz, and the ability to handle the arrival of thousands of x-rays per pixel in tens of femtoseconds. Measurements have verified a pixel full-well value of 2,700 8?keV x-rays. Single 8?keV photon detection has been shown with a signal-to-noise ratio of 6$>>6. Line-spread response measurements confirmed charge spreading to be limited to nearest neighbor pixels. Modules still functioned after dosages up to 75?Mrad(Si) at the detector face. Work is proceeding to incorporate an array of modules into a large-area detector.
The Development of a Reduced-Item Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS)

Effort assessment is a relevant area in neuropsychological assessment. There are well-established self-report measures, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) FBS Symptom Validity Scale (FBS; Lees-Haley, English & Glenn, Psychological Reports 68: 203-210, 1991) and MMPI-2 Response Bias Scale (RBS; Gervais, Ben-Porath, Wygant & Green, Assessment 14: 196, 2007). However, there is also a need for brief measures of symptom exaggeration. The Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) appears to be a promising self-report measure of symptom validity (e.g., Smith & Burger, Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 25: 183-189, 1997). In order to understand the psychometric properties of the SIMS, a comprehensive item analysis was performed with the questionnaire. Items were removed due to invariable response or lack of relationship with the total SIMS. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses were completed using RBS and FBS Symptom Validity Scale (FBS) of the MMPI-2 with items grouping from the SIMS indices. The results found that limiting the number of items did not affect overall utility. The abbreviated indices on the SIMS had excellent discrimination with the neurologic impairment (NI) and affective disorder (AF) scales and good discrimination with psychosis (P) and amnesic disorder (AM) scales of the SIMS. The briefer measure allows for less time required to administer the measure, while still maintaining the integrity of the SIMS.
Study of the Effect of Near-Source Vertical Ground Motion on Seismic Design of Precast Concrete Cladding Panels

This paper is an attempt to determine the effect of vertical ground motion on design of precast concrete cladding panels in seismic regions, particularly in near-source areas. A spandrel-type precast concrete cladding panel is chosen for detailed study and assumed attached to a building in San Francisco. The seismic provisions of International Building Code 2000 and Uniform Building Code 1997 are used to determine the design forces on the cladding panel, which was originally designed as an example in a PCI publication. The provisions of the two codes are compared in light of their requirements related to vertical ground motion consideration and near-source effects. Results of recent research on the relation between vertical and horizontal ground acceleration components as a function of source-to-site distance are also used to illustrate an example of incorporating vertical spectral acceleration effects directly in load combinations. Finally, finite-element modeling and frequency analysis results of the sp...
PRENATAL DETECTION OF TWO DIFFERENT MONOSOMIC CELL LINES BY CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING

We present a prenatal case of mosaicism with at least two monosomy cell lines : one with monosomy 21 (45,XY, - 21) and one missing the Y (45,X) and a possible third 46,XY in chorionic villus cell culture. Cytogenetic studies were initiated following the ultrasound detection at 11 weeks of a large cystic hygroma and in utero growth retardation. Spontaneous fetal demise occurred at 12 weeks and the pregnancy was terminated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of two different monosomic cell lines found in chorionic villus cells.
Effect of Site Amplification and Basin Response on Strong Motion in Las Vegas, Nevada

Abstract The June 29, 1992, Little Skull Mountain earthquake (M=5.6) was recorded at nine strong‐motion stations in Las Vegas, Nevada. Ground motion on alluvial sites is much greater than on rock sites, especially at low frequencies, and had a longer duration than expected. Five of the seven stations on sediment have Fourier spectral amplifications that average at least a factor of five greater than the rock reference sites from 0.5 to 2 Hz. Thus, large earthquakes at moderate distances, that would excite strong long‐period waves, are a concern. We generated synthetic seismograms, including the site amplification, for magnitude 7.4 earthquakes on the Death Valley fault system 150km from Las Vegas. The synthetics have average peak accelerations ranging from 0.058 to 0.13g at the rock and from 0.051 to 0.22g at the sediment sites. The average peak velocity and displacement is 49 cm/sec and 33 cm, respectively, on the larger component of a sediment site.
Passion, Preference, and Predictability in Judgmental Forecasting

A study of 81 football fans showed that the strength of the wishful thinking bias was related to the desirability of outcome, an effect moderated by environmental uncertainty.
An Evidence Review of Gender-Integrated Interventions in Reproductive and Maternal-Child Health

Evidence-based behavior change interventions addressing gender dynamics must be identified and disseminated to improve child health outcomes. Interventions were identified from systematic searches of the published literature and a web-based search (Google and implementer's websites). Studies were eligible if an intervention addressed gender dynamics (i.e., norms, unequal access to resources), measured relevant behavioral outcomes (e.g., family planning, antenatal care, nutrition), used at least a moderate evaluation design, and were implemented in low- or middle-income countries. Of the 23 interventions identified, 22 addressed reproductive and maternal-child health behaviors (e.g., birth spacing, antenatal care, breastfeeding) that improve child health. Eight interventions were accommodating (i.e., acknowledged, but did not seek to change gender dynamics), and 15 were transformative (i.e., sought to change gender dynamics). The majority of evaluations (n = 12), including interventions that engaged men and women to modify gender norms, had mixed effects. Evidence was most compelling for empowerment approaches (i.e., participatory action for maternal-child health; increase educational and economic resources, and modify norms to reduce child marriage). Two empowerment approaches had sufficient evidence to warrant scaling-up. Research is needed to assess promising approaches, particularly those that engage men and women to modify gender norms around communication and decision making between spouses.
Detection of Reovirus Type 3 in the Porta Hepatis of an Infant with Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia: Ultrastructural and Immunocytochemical Study

This report describes immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods which led to the identification of Reovirus type 3 (Reo-3) in the porta hepatis of a patient with extrahepatic biliary atresia. The study indicates that Reo-3 antigenic sites are demonstrable by the avidin-biotinylated complex peroxidase method following formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, but are destroyed by freezing and thawing prior to fixation. Deparaffinization of the block and subsequent rembedding in epon-araldite did not alter immunoperoxidase staining. This procedure offered the advantage of higher light microscopic resolution of semithin (1 micron) sections and assisted in the selection of specific areas for ultrastructural studies. Localization of Reo-3 in extrahepatic biliary atresia was confined to a biliary remnant in which there were acutely inflammed, partially necrotic microscopic ducts. Electron microscopic examination of the immunoreactive sites revealed virus-like particles similar in appearance to Reo-3 particles in infected tissue culture cells. The observations presented here support previously reported serologic data which have shown an association between Reo-3 infection and extrahepatic biliary atresia.
Sex differences in the rapid and acute effects of estrogen on striatal D2 dopamine receptor binding

Regional changes in striatal D2 dopamine (DA) receptor binding in castrated (CAST) or ovariectomized (OVX) rats were investigated following administration of a low dose of estradiol benzoate (EB), repeated treatment with EB followed by progesterone, or vehicle. In two separate experiments, there was a significant decrease in striatal D2 DA receptor binding in caudal striatum from OVX, but not CAST rats 30 min after a single injection of EB. In CAST rats, there was a significant increase in striatal D2 DA receptor binding in rostral striatum 4 h after injection of EB. There was no effect of EB plus progesterone treatment in either OVX or CAST rats. In addition, CAST rats had significantly lower D2 DA receptor binding in the lateral region of the rostral striatum than did OVX rats. These results show sexually dimorphic and regionally specific effects of estrogen on striatal D2 DA receptor binding, and a significant sex difference in striatal D2 DA receptor binding in the absence of circulating gonadal hormones. The present findings are discussed in light of previous reports of sex differences in gonadal hormone influences on striatal DA mediated behaviors.
Nocturnal feeding behavior in the neonatal rat

Abstract The possibility that neonatal rats (5 days old) exhibit independent feeding rhythms has been examined by studying nipple attachment latencies on anesthetized dams during the day and during the night. Latencies were found to be significantly shorter at night. The results were not affected by the lighting cycle of the dam used for latency testing, nor by the degree of fullness of her mammary glands. We conclude that 5 day-old rats are capable of independent rhythmic behavior and that their feeding preference is intrinsically nocturnal. A corrolary of these findings is that the usual pattern of suckling during the day must be imposed on the pups by the mother.
The WldS protein protects against axonal degeneration: a model of gene therapy for peripheral neuropathy.

The Wld s mouse is a spontaneous mutant that is characterized by the phenotype of delayed degeneration of transected nerves (slow Wallerian degeneration). Molecular genetic analysis identified a mutation in this animal that codes for a unique protein expressed in brain tissue of Wld s mice. We asked whether the Wld s phenotype, in addition to delaying axonal degeneration after axotomy, might provide neuroprotection against toxic neuropathy. In dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures, neurites from Wld s transiently exposed to vincristine not only resisted axonal degeneration but resumed growth after withdrawal of the toxin. Neurites from wild type mice died rapidly and did not recover. To prove that the identified mutation and its protein product are responsible for the Wld s phenotype, we used an adenoviral gene transfer system to deliver the Wld s to rat DRG neurons. Rat neurons expressing the Wld s protein were resistant to vincristine-induced axonal degeneration, confirming the functional significance of the identified gene mutation. These data provide evidence that the Wld s protein can be neuroprotective against vincristine neuropathy, and possibly other disorders characterized by axonal degeneration. In addition, delivery of this gene to wild type cells can transfer the Wld s phenotype, providing the possibility of gene therapy for peripheral neuropathy.
Cross‐Functional Integration Revisited: Exploring the Conceptual Elephant

Despite multiple decades of previous research, cross-functional integration (CFI) remains a poorly understood concept. We argue for definitional clarity to differentiate CFI from other related concepts, such as interfirm integration or supply chain integration. We also argue for theoretical grounding to provide context for understanding the role of CFI within a firm as well as between firms. This article provides a foundation for researchers to move forward in creating a broader understanding of CFI as a focal construct of interest within the supply chain domain.
Dynamics of Electrochemical Lithiation/Delithiation of Graphene-Encapsulated Silicon Nanoparticles Studied by In-situ TEM

The incorporation of nanostructured carbon has been recently reported as an effective approach to improve the cycling stability when Si is used as high-capacity anodes for the next generation Li-ion battery. However, the mechanism of such notable improvement remains unclear. Herein, we report in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies to directly observe the dynamic electrochemical lithiation/delithiation processes of crumpled graphene-encapsulated Si nanoparticles to understand their physical and chemical transformations. Unexpectedly, in the first lithiation process, crystalline Si nanoparticles undergo an isotropic to anisotropic transition, which is not observed in pure crystalline and amorphous Si nanoparticles. Such a surprising phenomenon arises from the uniformly distributed localized voltage around the Si nanoparticles due to the highly conductive graphene sheets. It is observed that the intimate contact between graphene and Si is maintained during volume expansion/contraction. Electrochemical sintering process where small Si nanoparticles react and merge together to form large agglomerates following spikes in localized electric current is another problem for batteries. In-situ TEM shows that graphene sheets help maintain the capacity even in the course of electrochemical sintering. Such in-situ TEM observations provide valuable phenomenological insights into electrochemical phenomena, which may help optimize the configuration for further improved performance.
Computer implementation aspects for fluid-structure interaction problems

Abstract In this paper the computer implementation aspects for fluid-structure interaction problems are presented. Special attention is placed on finite element fluid modelling, implicit-explicit transient algorithms and finite rotation effects in numerical integration of rate constitutive equations arising in large-deformation analysis. All these methodologies have been integrated into a working finite element computer code.
Synthesis, structure, and physical properties of the new layered ternary telluride TaPtTe5

Abstract The new ternary telluride TaPtTe5 has been prepared. It is a metallic, layered material whose structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. TaPtTe5 is isostructural with NbNiTe5 and TaNiTe5. It crystallizes in space group D172h-Cmcm of the orthorhombic system with four formula units in a cell of dimensions a = 3.729(4), b = 13.231(11), c = 15.452(10) A. The layers consist of bicapped trigonal prismatic Ta atoms and octahedral Pt atoms coordinated by Te atoms. TaPtTe5 displays good metallic conductivity along the a axis (σ298 = 9.7 × 104 Ω−1cm−1) and is Pauli-paramagnetic (χ = 2.1 × 10−4 emu mol−1). The electrical and magnetic properties of TaPtTe5 are compared with those of NbNiTe5 and TaNiTe5, as well as with the related compound NbPdTe5. NbPdTe5 contains layers identical with those of the present series of compounds but stacked differently; it is a relatively poor metallic conductor.
Honeybee colonies achieve fitness through dancing

The honeybee dance language, in which foragers perform dances containing information about the distance and direction to food sources, is the quintessential example of symbolic communication in non-primates1,2. The dance language has been the subject of controversy3,4, and of extensive research into the mechanisms of acquiring1,5,6, decoding7,8 and evaluating9 the information in the dance. The dance language has been hypothesized, but not shown, to increase colony food collection1,9,10. Here we show that colonies with disoriented dances (lacking direction information) recruit less effectively to syrup feeders than do colonies with oriented dances. For colonies foraging at natural sources, the direction information sometimes increases food collected, but at other times it makes no difference. The food-location information in the dance is presumably important when food sources are hard to find, variable in richness and ephemeral. Recruitment based simply on arousal of foragers and communication of floral odour, as occurs in honeybees1, bumble bees11 and some stingless bees12, can be equally effective under other circumstances. Clarifying the condition-dependent payoffs of the dance language provides new insight into its function in honeybee ecology.
Fully developed flow of a modified second grade fluid with temperature dependent viscosity

In this paper we will study the fully developed flow of a modified (and sometimes referred to as the generalized) second grade fluid down an inclined plane. The reasons for using such a model for the flow of non-Newtonian fluids are (i) the capability of predicting the normal stress differences and (ii) allowing for the possibility of shear dependent viscosity. The boundary value problem is solved numerically, and the special case of constant viscosity amends itself an exact solution (as previously reported in the literature) which serves as a test case to check the accuracy of our numerical scheme. The velocity and temperature profiles are obtained for various dimensionless numbers, for the case where the viscosity is also a function of temperature.
Ground-state characterizations of systems predicted to exhibit L11 or L13 crystal structures

Despite their geometric simplicity, the crystal structures $L{1}_{1}$ (CuPt) and $L{1}_{3}$ (CdPt${}_{3}$) do not appear as ground states experimentally, except in Cu-Pt. We investigate the possibility that these phases are ground states in other binary intermetallic systems, but overlooked experimentally. Via the synergy between high-throughput and cluster-expansion computational methods, we conduct a thorough search for systems that may exhibit these phases and calculate order-disorder transition temperatures when they are predicted. High-throughput calculations predict $L{1}_{1}$ ground states in the systems Ag-Pd, Ag-Pt, Cu-Pt, Pd-Pt, Li-Pd, Li-Pt, and $L{1}_{3}$ ground states in the systems Cd-Pt, Cu-Pt, Pd-Pt, Li-Pd, Li-Pt. Cluster expansions confirm the appearance of these ground states in some cases. In the other cases, cluster expansion predicts unsuspected derivative superstructures as ground states. The order-disorder transition temperatures for all $L{1}_{1}$/$L{1}_{3}$ ground states were found to be sufficiently high that their physical manifestation may be possible.
Plasma ghrelin and leptin in adult cystic fibrosis patients

Abstract Background Weight loss in cystic fibrosis (CF) may be associated with altered levels of appetite stimulating peptide ghrelin and the appetite decreasing peptide leptin. However, prior data on leptin in CF are conflicting, while the data on ghrelin are scarce. We hypothesized that weight loss in CF is associated with low levels ghrelin and elevated levels of leptin. Methods Plasma ghrelin, leptin, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6, BMI, fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM) were measured in 74 CF adults and 20 controls. CF subjects were divided into 3 groups based on lung disease: mild ( n =19), moderate ( n =30) and severe ( n =25). Results Severe CF patients (% predicted FEV1 27±7; median BMI 21 kg/m 2 ) had significantly elevated ghrelin and decreased leptin compared to controls and other CF subjects. Ghrelin correlated ( r value, p value) with BMI (−0.35, r value, p value) with BMI (0.40, Conclusions Elevated ghrelin and decreased leptin levels are a consequence rather than a cause of weight loss in advanced CF.
Rootstock influence (1965-1980) on yield, yield efficiency and tree size of 'Bartlett' and 'd'Anjou' pear

Abstract Cumulative yield, yield efficiency, and trunk cross-sectional area were measured between 1965 and 1980 in an experimental planting of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d'Anjou’ pear on 8 rootstocks: seedlings of ‘Bartlett’; imported French; Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge.; P. calleryana Decne.; P. usurriensis Maxim.; ‘Winter Nelis’; clonal ‘Old Home’; ‘Old Home’ × ‘Farmingdale’ (un-numbered). Considering only cumulative yield and yield efficiency, the best rootstocks were P. betulaefolia , ‘Old Home’ × ‘Farmingdale’, ‘Bartlett’ and imported French for ‘Bartlett’ scions, and ‘Old Home’ × ‘Farmingdale’, ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Winter Nelis’ for ‘d'Anjou’.
Influence of serum protein on determination of nutritional requirements of cells in culture

Abstract An effort was made to compare the nutritional requirements of long-term clones of mouse cells that differed in neoplastic properties. The cells used were low and high tumor-producing lines and strain 2071 cells, all of C3H mouse fibroblast origin. Strain 2071 cells differed from the other lines in not requiring inositol. Under the conditions of these experiments, only one other vitamin requirement, pantothenate, could be clearly demonstrated and this only in protein-free medium. The addition of serum protein to an otherwise chemically defined medium was found to prevent the development and manifestation of several vitamin and amino acid deficiencies. For example, raising the serum protein concentration from 0.8 to 1.2 per cent in a medium lacking arginine prevented development of the arginine deficiency syndrome. From the data of these studies, it appears that serum protein contributes appreciable amounts of vitamins and amino acids to the cells, which at higher protein concentrations may reach threshold levels sufficient for cell survival and growth in an otherwise deficient medium.
A comparison of neutron and gamma damage effects on silica glass in a nuclear reactor radiation environment

Abstract A study of the relative damage effects of neutrons and gamma rays on silica glass in a nuclear reactor radiation environment is reported. The neutron and gamma energy spectra of the Ohio State University Research Reactor beam port #1 were applied to silica glass to obtain primary knock-on charged particle energy spectra. The resultant charged particle spectra were then applied to the polyatomic forms of the Lindhard et al. integrodifferential equation for damage energy and the Parkin and Coulter integrodifferential equation for net atomic displacement. The results show that near a nuclear reactor core the vast majority of the dose to silica is due to gamma rays (factor of roughly 40) and that neutrons cause much more displacement damage than gamma rays (35 times the oxygen displacement rate and 500 times the silicon displacement rate). However, pure silica core optical fibers irradiated in a nuclear reactor's mixed neutron/gamma environment exhibit little difference in transmission loss on an equal dose basis compared to fibers irradiated in a gamma only environment, indicating that atomic displacement is not a significant damage mechanism.
Disease modifying therapy for AD

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in industrialized nations. If more effective therapies are not developed that either prevent AD or block progression of the disease in its very early stages, the economic and societal cost of caring for AD patients will be devastating. Only two types of drugs are currently approved for the treatment of AD: inhibitors of acetyl cholinesterase, which symptomatically enhance cognitive state to some degree but are not disease modifying; and the adamantane derivative, memantine. Memantine preferentially blocks excessive NMDA receptor activity without disrupting normal receptor activity and is thought to be a neuroprotective agent that blocks excitotoxicty. Memantine therefore may have a potentially disease modifying effect in multiple neurodegenerative conditions. An improved understanding of the pathogeneses of AD has now led to the identification of numerous therapeutic targets designed to alter amyloid beta protein (Abeta) or tau accumulation. Therapies that alter Abeta and tau through these various targets are likely to have significant disease modifying effects. Many of these targets have been validated in proof of concept studies in preclinical animal models, and some potentially disease modifying therapies targeting Abeta or tau are being tested in the clinic. This review will highlight both the promise of and the obstacles to developing such disease modifying AD therapies.
Original Mechanochemical Synthesis of Non-Platinum Group Metals Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts Assisted by Sacrificial Support Method

A B S T R A C T Mechanochemical synthesis of non-platinum group metal catalysts for fuel cells is shifting the synthesis paradigm away from liquid chemistry to materials processing that is more benign and scalable for manufacturing. Mechanochemical synthesis is practiced in conjunction with the sacrificial support method for the preparation of Fe- Methylenediantipyrine (Fe-DAAPyr) cathode catalysts. This is a new catalyst from the transition Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon family, which is viewed as the most promising for practical applications and technology introduction. Detailed characterization using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and rotating ring disk electrode reveals correlations between activity and structural properties defining the differences in the mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid and alkaline media. In an alkaline environment, an outer-sphere electron transfer is facilitated by the presence of hydroxyls rather than the contribution of active centers established from structure-to-property correlations found in acid. In acid, an increase in the numbers of defect sites, manifested by the presence of carbon oxides, leads to the increase in ORR activity.
Is there declining interest in general surgery training

Abstract Purpose To monitor and report the quality of categorical first-year surgery residents matched to U.S. general surgery training programs from 1996 to 2001. Methods A survey was sent to 258 program directors of accredited general surgery training programs. In this survey, data were requested regarding United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 and 2 scores, matched residents' rank list position, Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) status, number of applications received, and interviews granted pertaining to all National Residency Matching Program (NRMP) residents matched. In addition, the USMLE and NRMP were petitioned for national data regarding Step 1 and 2 scores in all entering surgery residents and first-time USMLE takers. Results Usable survey data were received on 1241 residents. The number for each year (and percent of total matched PGY-1 residents) was as follows: 1996-196 (20.0), 1997-206 (20.4), 1998-204 (19.9), 1999-212 (21.0), 2000-212 (20.7), and 2001-211 (21.7). The mean Step 1 scores increased over time (p Conclusions Over the 6 years of our study, USMLE Step 1 scores increased and the results of our survey are in agreement with the national data. However, the proportion of AOA students declined, implying the top 10% of the medical school class found general surgery training less attractive. Also, programs went deeper into their rank lists to fill, implying a shrinking pool of candidates.
Mass transfer in gas-fluidized beds: measurement of actual driving forces

Abstract Concentration profiles of naphthalene vapors were measured in the flow of air through fluidized beds of naphthalene spheres. Seven different sizes of spheres were used in this study and ranged from 0.02480 to 0.2000 cm. To avoid saturation conditions in the air leaving the bed, the naphthalene spheres were diluted in a matrix of inert beads (styrene divinylbenzene copolymer) of the same size and density as the naphthalene spheres. The established concentration profiles were graphically integrated to produce from them actual mass transfer coefficients. These transfer coefficients were then used to calculate j d , mass transfer factors, for this fluidized bed system and also the product j d Re f which has been found to depend on Re mf , the corresponding Reynolds number at minimum fluidization conditions. Actual driving forces, (Δ p ) a were normalized with the corresponding log-mean values, (Δ p ) m , to produce the driving force factor, F = (Δ p ) a /(Δ p ) m . This factor has been correlated with the parameters of the system and can be predicted with a certainty of 10.5%.
Cell volumes of lymphoblasts in patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia

Cell volumes of lymphoblasts from 75 cases of acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) and lymphocytes from 33 normal individuals were determined using a Coulter Counter Model H4 Channelyzer. The average mean cell volume (MCV) and the model volume (MV) of lymphoblasts were larger than the MCV and MV of normal lymphocytes (P less than 0.01). In addition, the cell volumes of lymphoblasts from patients with ALL were more heterogeneous than normal lymphocytes. When the volumes of lymphoblasts were compared to the FAB classification, lymphoblasts from cases of L3 were larger than those from L2 and the latter were larger than lymphoblasts from the L1 subtype. When the volumes of lymphoblasts were compared to an immunological classification, lymphoblasts from cases of B cell ALL were larger than those from non-B, non-T and T cell ALL. The volume of lymphoblasts, however, showed no significant predictive value in the determination of complete remission, duration of first remission, or survival.
Human and murine glycerol kinase: influence of exon 18 alternative splicing on function.

Abstract Glycerol kinase (GK) is a key enzyme in glycerol metabolism with two alternatively spliced forms—one with an 87 bp insertion corresponding to exon 18 (GK+EX18), and one lacking exon 18 (GK−EX18). We report the expression of GK±EX18 in various tissues and cell lines, as well as their enzymatic characteristics and subcellular localization. RT-PCR revealed differential expression in tissues and cell lines. Northern blot analysis revealed that both forms of the murine ortholog, Gyk, were highly expressed in murine heart and increased during embryonic development. Km values for glycerol for GK±EX18 were not significantly different, although GK−EX18 had a higher Vmax for glycerol. GK−EX18 had a lower Km and Vmax for ATP than GK+EX18. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that GK+EX18 co-localized to the mitochondria and the perinuclear region while GK−EX18 had a diffuse expression pattern. These data suggest specific and divergent roles for GK+EX18 and GK−EX18 in cellular metabolism and development.
Validation of the Lollipop Test: A Diagnostic Screening Test of School Readiness:

The validity of the Lollipop Test: A Diagnostic Screening Test of School Readiness was examined by using the Metropolitan Readiness Test (MRT), Level I, Form Q, as the criterion. The sample of 293 kindergarten pupils was administered the MRT by their teachers in classroom groups; the Lollipop Test was individually administered by qualified examiners. The statistical significance of all correlations (p < .001) demonstrated appreciable concurrent validity across the test batteries. Further, a canonical correlation indicated a high degree of multivariate relationship between the tests. Implications of these results were discussed with respect to school readiness screening and the use of the Lollipop Test.
The 70 kDa peroxisomal membrane protein: an ATP-binding cassette transporter protein involved in peroxisome biogenesis

Abstract The 70 kDa peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP70) is a major component of peroxisomal membranes. cDNAs for human and rat PMP70 have been cloned and sequenced and the gene mapped to the human chromosome 1p21-22. The predicted amino acid sequence showed homology to members of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family. In humans, mutations in the PMP70 gene have been found in a subset of patients with Zellweger syndrome, a lethal inborn error of peroxisome biogenesis. These results suggest that PMP70 functions in transporting molecules or possibility peptides across the peroxisomal membrane and has an important role in peroxisome assembly.
Kinetic theory description of electron stimulated desorption

Abstract A first principles kinetic theory is developed, applicable to angular dependent emission in Electron Stimulated Desorption. Expressions for the ionic and neutral atom ESD cross sections are formulated and applied in a model calculation of O+ emission from W(111). Strong focussing of the outgoing ions was found, with the use of a model ion-solid potential in which the substrate was free of excitation. Off-axis spot groups were simulated. The peak ion energies obtained with this model are, however, small compared to experimental energies for the high coverage case. The need to introduce substrate excitations to describe this case is discussed.
Attempted Suicide as a Hostile Act

(1968). Attempted Suicide as a Hostile Act. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 243-248.
Challenges and opportunities for preventing depression in the workplace: a review of the evidence supporting workplace factors and interventions.

Objective:To explore the literature regarding prevention of depression in the workplace.Method:Literature review of what the author believes are seminal articles highlighting workplace factors and interventions in preventing depression in the workplace.Results:Employees can help prevent depression b
Solvent reorganization controls the rate of proton transfer from neat alcohol solvents to singlet diphenylcarbene.

Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy was used to study singlet diphenylcarbene generated by photodissociation of diphenyldiazomethane with a UV pulse at 266 nm. Absorption by singlet diphenylcarbene was detected and characterized for the first time. Similar band shapes were observed in acetonitrile and in cyclohexane with λmax ≈ 370 nm. The singlet absorption decays by intersystem crossing to triplet diphenylcarbene at rates that agree with previous measurements. The singlet absorption band is completely formed 1 ps after the pump pulse. It is preceded by a strong and broad absorption band, which is tentatively assigned to excited-state absorption by a singlet diazo excited state. In neat alcohol solvents the growth and decay of the diphenylmethyl cation was observed. This species is formed by proton transfer from an alcohol molecule to singlet diphenylcarbene. Since a shell of solvent molecules surrounds each nascent carbene, the intrinsic rate of protonation in the absence of diffusion could be measured. In methanol, proton transfer occurs with a time constant of 9.0 ps, making this the fastest known intermolecular proton-transfer reaction to carbon. In O-deuterated methanol proton transfer occurs in 15.0 ps. Slower rates were observed in the longer alcohols. The protonation times correlate reasonably well with solvation times in these alcohols, suggesting that solvent fluctuations are the rate-limiting step. In all alcohols studied, the carbocations decay on a somewhat slower time scale to yield diphenylalkyl ethers. In methanol and ethanol the rate of decay is determined by reaction with neutral solvent nucleophiles. There is evidence in 2-propanol that geminate reaction within the initial ion pair is faster than reaction with solvent. No isotope effect was observed for the reaction of the diphenylmethyl carbocation in methanol. Using comparative actinometry the quantum yield of protonation was measured. In methanol, the quantum yield of carbocations reaches a maximum value of 0.18 approximately 18 ps after the pump pulse. According to our analysis, 30% of the photoexcited diazo precursor molecules are eventually protonated. Somewhat lower protonation efficiencies are observed in the other alcohols. Because the primary quantum yield for formation of singlet diphenylcarbene is still unknown, the importance of reaction channels that might exist in addition to protonation cannot be determined at present. Singlet carbenes are powerful, photogenerated bases that open new possibilities for fundamental studies of proton transfer in solution.
A Cam-Controlled, Single Actuator-Driven Leg Mechanism for Legged Vehicles

Leg design is crucial to the performance of a legged vehicle. To achieve good walking efficiency, a leg should be able to generate a horizontal straight line by a single actuator in the walking phase. In the return phase, additional actuator(s) is used to lift and place the foot. In this paper, a study of a cam-controlled, single-actuator-driven leg is presented. It does not require additional actuator for the return motion. In addition, the legs are driven by continuous, constant speed rotary input and they move in a constant speed. Therefore, it is conceivable that the legged vehicle can be driven by a traditional rotary engine. The cam curve is designed to have connectivity of third derivative (jerk). The driving torque is analyzed. The gait and stability related to such leg mechanism are discussed. This leg mechanism has the potential to be the leg of a practical and affordable walking machine.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Mapping of the Syndecan Genes in the Mouse: Linkage with Members of the Myc Gene Family

Abstract The syndecans are a family of four cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans in vertebrates that mediate a variety of cell behaviors, including cell adhesion and the action of growth factors. Their core proteins contain conserved transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains but divergent extracellular regions in which only the glycosaminoglycan attachment sites are conserved. By extensive PCR analyses based on the conserved sequences, we find only four syndecan-related sequences in the mouse. These correspond to the previously described core proteins of syndecan proteoglycans from other vertebrates. We have mapped the genes for syndecan-2 to chromosome 15, syndecan-3 to chromosome 4, and syndecan-4 to chromosome 2 in the mouse. Together with the previous localization of the gene for syndecan-1 to chromosome 12, these data establish that the four syndecan genes are dispersed on different chromosomes and that each syndecan gene is located near a member of the myc gene family. Synd1 is next to Nmyc, Synd2 close to myc, Synd3 near Lmyc, and Synd4 on the same chromosome as Bmyc . The physical relationship between the members of these two gene families appears to be ancient and conserved after the two genome duplications thought to have occurred during vertebrate evolution.
Reutilization of accessories in gastrointestinal endoscopic practice.

The key issues that determine the decision between reusable versus disposable accessories are cost and functionality. In most health-care systems the availability and dissemination of endoscopic services relates directly to the resources (i.e. budget) of that system. Given the limitations of health-care budgets, access to endoscopic services will depend upon the cost efficiency of endoscopic practice. The onus on endoscopists and health-care providers, therefore, is to meticulously evaluate the necessary steps for safe reutilization of accessories. This paper addresses the principles of reuse, quality assurance and particularly disinfection practices. Any change to a more costly disposable accessory policy must bear the responsibility of denied access to endoscopic services in a system with finite resources.
Relationships among Knowledge Structures: Vocabulary Integration within a Subject Domain

The structure of terminology systems can be seen as one way to organize knowledge. This paper focuses on three types of relationships among terms: synonymy, hierarchical relationships, and explicit mapping relationships. Examples drawn from various medical vocabularies illustrate each type of relationship. The integration of disparate terminological knowledge structures in the Unified Medical Language System is presented and discussed.
Efficient Synthesis and Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of Unsaturated Diazoacetic Esters

Abstract New and efficient procedures are described for the conversion of homoallylic alcohols to esters of diazoacetic acid and for the further intramolecular cyclopropanation of those esters.
Experimental r-θ density profiles of compact, copper wire-array Z-pinches on cobra

Calibrated r-θ density profiles from wire-array experiments on COBRA will be presented. Profiles are axially averaged over the height of the array. The data was gathered using an axial X pinch backlighter1. Images have better than 5-micron resolution with calibrated ion densities from 1018 to 1020 cm-3. The experimental data showing ion density and timing of ablation streams and precursor formation will be compared with simulation results.
Regulation of floral patterning and organ identity by Arabidopsis ERECTA-family receptor kinase genes

Due to the lack of cell migration, plant organogenesis relies on coordinated cell proliferation, cell growth, and differentiation. A flower possesses a complex structure, with sepals and petals constituting the perianth, and stamens and pistils where male and female gametophytes differentiate. While advances have been made in our understanding of gene regulatory networks controlling flower development, relatively little is known of how cell-cell coordination influences floral organ specification. The Arabidopsis ERECTA (ER)-family receptor kinases, ER, ER-LIKE1 (ERL1), and ERL2, regulate inflorescence architecture, organ shape, and epidermal stomatal patterning. Here it is reported that ER-family genes together regulate floral meristem organization and floral organ identity. The stem cell marker CLAVATA3 exhibits misplaced expression in the floral meristems of the er erl1 erl2 mutant. Strikingly, homeotic conversion of sepals to carpels was observed in er erl1 erl2 flowers. Consistently, ectopic expression of AGAMOUS, which determines carpel identity, was detected in er erl1 erl2 flower primordia. Among the known downstream components of ER-family receptor kinases in stomatal patterning, YODA (YDA) is also required for proper floral patterning. YDA and the ER-family show complex, synergistic genetic interactions: er erl1 erl2 yda quadruple mutant plants become extremely small, callus-like masses. While a constitutively active YDA fully rescues stomatal clustering in er erl1 erl2, it only partially rescues er erl1 erl2 flower defects. The study suggests that ER-family signalling is crucial for ensuring proper expression domains of floral meristem and floral organ identity determinants, and further implies the existence of a non-canonical downstream pathway.