cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and properties of the coated vesicle (H + )-ATPase

Clathrin-coated vesicles play an important role in both receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular membrane traffic in eukaryotic cells. The coated vesicle (H+)-ATPase functions to provide the acidic environment within endosomes and other intracellular compartments necessary for receptor recycling and intracellular membrane traffic. The coated vesicle (H+)-ATPase is composed of nine different subunits which are divided into two distinct domains. The peripheral V1 domain, which has the structure 733:583:401:341:331, possesses the nucleotide binding sites of the (H+)-ATPase. The integral V0 domain, which has the composition 1001:381:191:176, contains the pathway for proton conduction across the membrane. Topographical analysis indicates a structure for the coated vesicle (H+)-ATPase very similar to that of the F-type ATPases. Reassembly studies have allowed us to probe the function of particular subunits in this complex and the activity properties of the separate domains. These studies have led to insights into possible mechanisms of regulating vacuolar acidification.
Thermal characterization and microstructure change of cobalt oxides

A series of cobalt oxides with different oxidation states have been prepared by using a precipitation-oxidation method and a controlled reduction method (in situ thermogravimetry-temperature programmed reduction, STG-TPR). The gradual change in microstructure with different oxides is studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that high-valence cobalt oxide is hexagonal with an elongated shape, Co3O4 is spinel with hollow spheroidal shape and CoO is a face-centered cubic structure, respectively.
Analysis of thin-walled structures by finite strip and finite layer methods

Abstract The finite strip and finite layer methods are powerful tools for the analysis of thin-walled structures. In this paper, the finite strip method is applied to study the behavior of cold-formed steel beams including webs with longitudinal stiffeners. Comparisons are made with AISI specifications and published data. The finite layer method is used to investigate the buckling behavior of sandwich panels with thin facings and rigid foam cores. Effects of variable core stiffnesses (due to uneven curing, etc.) on the buckling strength are quantified and presented.
Mathematical model for simulating axisymmetric rod growth with kinetically limited and mass transport limited rates

Laser-induced Chemical Vapor Deposition (LCVD) is an emerging technique in freeform fabrication of high aspect ratio microstructures with many practical applications. The LCVD process is kinetically limited at low temperatures and pressure. The growth rate rises exponentially with temperature and becomes mass transport limited beyond a certain threshold. While the surface temperature drives the deposition rate of a heterogeneous pyrolytic reaction, the rate obtained depends on the reaction activation energy and the ability of the precursor reactants and by-products to transport to and from the surface. To achieve precise control of the thermal deposition near the focus of a laser beam, a mathematical model for 3-D LCVD is developed taking into account both kinetically limited and mass transport limited reactions. The model describes heat transport in the substrate and deposit as well as the gas-phase mass transport and temperature in the reaction zone in order to determine growth rate. A finite difference method is developed for solving the governing equations and an iterative algorithm is presented for simulating the process. The applicability of the model is demonstrated by growing a rod from silicon deposited on a graphite substrate.
Glycosylation influences voltage-dependent gating of cardiac and skeletal muscle sodium channels.

The role of glycosylation on voltage-dependent channel gating for the cloned human cardiac sodium channel (hH1a) and the adult rat skeletal muscle isoform (μl) was investigated in HEK293 cells transiently transfected with either hH1a or μl cDNA. The contribution of sugar residues to channel gating was examined in transfected cells pretreated with various glycosidase and enzyme inhibitors to deglycosylate channel proteins. Pretreating transfected cells with enzyme inhibitors castanospermine and swainsonine, or exo-glycosidase neuroaminidase caused 7 to 9 mV depolarizing shifts of V 1/2 for steady-state activation of hH1a, while deglycosylation with corresponding drugs elicited about the same amount of depolarizing shifts (8 to 9 mV) of V 1/2 for steady-state activation of μl. Elevated concentrations of extracellular Mg2+ significantly masked the castanospermine-elicited depolarizing shifts of V 1/2 for steady-state activation in both transfected hH1a and μl. For steady-state activation, deglycosylation induced depolarizing shifts of V 1/2 for hH1a (10.6 to 12 mV), but hyperpolarizing shifts for μl (3.6 to 4.4 mV). Pretreatment with neuraminidase had no significant effects on single-channel conductance, the mean open time, and the open probability. These data suggest that glycosylation differentially regulates Na channel function in heart and skeletal muscle myocytes.
Exposing organizational buyers to consumer magazine advertisements

Abstract The feasibility of using consumer magazines in support of more traditional industrial media in marketing programs designed to create awareness and goodwill among industrial buyers and purchasing influentials is examined. Specifically, magazines delivering at least 10 percent of those individuals influencing organizational purchases of $1000 or more are compared with trade publications. Exposure patterns are examined in total and by segments based on company size. Consumer magazines are found more cost efficient than industry-trade publications and should be considered for exposing purchasing influentials to institutional advertisement containing general appeals designed to build firm awareness among industrial buyers and influentials in different industries.
Multiple-Read Single-Write Memory and Its Applications

A multiple-read single-write (MRSW) memory is proposed as a hardware solution to the memory and bus conflict problem in distributed and multiprocessing computing systems. Each memory module is assigned to a host processor which is hardwired to its read–write channel. Its read-only channels are shared by a few closely coupled processors, I/O devices, and/or a data bus which provides access to all other processors. The exact processor-memory organization is determined by a module correlation criteria, which also yields a quantitative measure of the effectiveness of the solution. In a class of scientific computing problems where module correlation is limited to neighboring modules, the memory conflict problem is completely eliminated. The processors may operate as array processors controlled by a CPU, or they may operate autonomously with capabilities of originating programs or transactions. The location conflict problem of multiaccess memories is resolved without additional hardware or delay.
TOLERANCE DESIGN BY BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS FOR REDUCING VARIATION AND COST

Tolerance design technique balances the expected quality loss due to variations of the system performance and the cost due to controlling these variations. Measures of quality are discussed and quality loss function is used for tolerance design. The goal is to minimize the total loss that consists of the quality loss to the customer and the cost increase to the producer. The design methodologies are presented for the tolerances of products before shipping to the customer and the tolerances of lower-level characteristics. The approaches to tolerance design for components and subsystems are also demonstrated using the variation transfer function. Examples are given as illustrations of the methodology.
Increasing the clinical yield of computerized tomography for psychiatric patients

Computerized tomography (CT) continues to be extensively utilized to exclude intracranial pathology in psychiatric practice, but little is known about clinical risk factors, which might predict those patients most likely to benefit from the procedure. We reviewed 150 cases of psychiatric patients who received CT scans to exclude intracranial pathology. We assessed the relationships of patient age, psychiatric diagnosis, and findings from neurologic and cognitive examinations to CT results that influenced patient care, and overall normal and abnormal CT results. Fifty-three percent of the CT scans were abnormal, 11% influenced patient care, and only 2% identified potentially reversible lesions. Cognitive exam results and, to a lesser extent, neurologic exam results, were sensitive predictors of CT findings that influenced patient care. All patients with clinically influential CT results had cognitive deficits and all but one had neurologic deficits. Patients older than 60 years of age and those with organic mental syndromes were most likely to have clinically influential CT findings. Our results suggest that utilizing specific clinical risk factors such as findings from clinical examinations, patient age, and psychiatric diagnosis, to guide the ordering of CT scans, can greatly increase the yield of the procedure for psychiatric patients, without excess medical morbidity.
Women are more sensitive than men to prior trial events on the Stop-signal task

Sexual dimorphism in the brain and cognition is a topic of widespread interest. Many studies of sex differences have focused on visuospatial and verbal abilities, but few studies have investigated sex differences in executive functions. We examined two key components of executive function – response inhibition and response monitoring – in healthy men (n = 285) and women (n = 346) performing the Stop-signal task. In this task, participants are required to make a key press to a stimulus, unless a tone is presented at some delay following the initial stimulus presentation; on these infrequent trials, participants are instructed to inhibit their planned response. Response inhibition was assessed with an estimate of the latency needed to inhibit a response (stop-signal reaction time), and response monitoring was measured by calculating the degree to which participants adjusted their reaction times based on the immediately preceding trial (e.g., speeding following correct trials and slowing following errors). There were no sex differences in overall accuracy or response inhibition, but women showed greater sensitivity to trial history. Women sped up more than men following correct ‘Go’ trials, and slowed down more than men following errors. These small but statistically significant effects (Cohen's d = 0.25–0.3) suggest more flexible adjustments in speed–accuracy trade-offs in women and greater cognitive flexibility associated with the responsive control of action.
Evaluation of similarity measures for use in the intensity-based rigid 2D-3D registration for patient positioning in radiotherapy.

Purpose: Rigid 2D-3D registration is an alternative to 3D-3D registration for cases where largely bony anatomy can be used for patient positioning in external beam radiation therapy. In this article, the authors evaluated seven similarity measures for use in the intensity-based rigid 2D-3D registration using a variation in Skerl's similarity measure evaluation protocol. Methods: The seven similarity measures are partitioned intensity uniformity, normalized mutual information (NMI), normalized cross correlation (NCC), entropy of the difference image, pattern intensity (PI), gradient correlation (GC), and gradient difference (GD). In contrast to traditional evaluation methods that rely on visual inspection or registration outcomes, the similarity measure evaluation protocol probes the transform parameter space and computes a number of similarity measure properties, which is objective and optimization method independent. The variation in protocol offers an improved property in the quantification of the capture range. The authors used this protocol to investigate the effects of the downsampling ratio, the region of interest, and the method of the digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) calculation [i.e., the incremental ray-tracing method implemented on a central processing unit (CPU) or the 3D texture rendering method implemented on a graphics processing unit (GPU)] on the performance of the similarity measures. The studiesmore » were carried out using both the kilovoltage (kV) and the megavoltage (MV) images of an anthropomorphic cranial phantom and the MV images of a head-and-neck cancer patient. Results: Both the phantom and the patient studies showed the 2D-3D registration using the GPU-based DRR calculation yielded better robustness, while providing similar accuracy compared to the CPU-based calculation. The phantom study using kV imaging suggested that NCC has the best accuracy and robustness, but its slow function value change near the global maximum requires a stricter termination condition for an optimization method. The phantom study using MV imaging indicated that PI, GD, and GC have the best accuracy, while NCC and NMI have the best robustness. The clinical study using MV imaging showed that NCC and NMI have the best robustness. Conclusions: The authors evaluated the performance of seven similarity measures for use in 2D-3D image registration using the variation in Skerl's similarity measure evaluation protocol. The generalized methodology can be used to select the best similarity measures, determine the optimal or near optimal choice of parameter, and choose the appropriate registration strategy for the end user in his specific registration applications in medical imaging.« less
Biofilms and Inflammation in Chronic Wounds.

Significance: The incidence, cost, morbidity, and mortality associated with non-healing of chronic skin wounds are dramatic. With the increasing numbers of people with obesity, chronic medical conditions, and an increasing life expectancy, the healthcare cost of non-healing ulcers has recently been estimated at $25 billion annually in the United States. The role played by bacterial biofilm in chronic wounds has been emphasized in recent years, particularly in the context of the prolongation of the inflammatory phase of repair. Recent Advances: Rapid high-throughput genomic approaches have revolutionized the ability to identify and quantify microbial organisms from wounds. Defining bacterial genomes and using genetic approaches to knock out specific bacterial functions, then studying bacterial survival on cutaneous wounds is a promising strategy for understanding which genes are essential for pathogenicity. Critical Issues: When an animal sustains a cutaneous wound, understanding mechanisms involved in ada...
X-band RF power performance of GaAs FET's

The design and development of high RF power GaAs FET's is the subject of this paper. A mature planar fabrication process developed for small signal FET's having: gate lengths ≃ 2µ is described. Very respectable Pf2X values at X-band have been achieved with these 300 µ gate width devices. One approach to higher power devices is simply to extend this established planar device technology to larger gate widths. We have fabricated FET structures with 1000 µ and 2000 µ gate widths and multiple source pads and their RF performance is presented here. A potential scheme for interconnecting the source pads to ground with minimum parasitlcs is discussed along with a novel FET device structure utilizing the fabrication techniques of the GaAs IMPATT technology.
Maize leaf inorganic pyrophosphatase: isozymes, specificity for substrates, inhibitors, and divalent metal ions, and pH optima.

1. 1. Maize leaf inorganic pyrophosphatase (pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.1) exists as two major isozyme forms which are readily separable on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis but are difficult to resolve by ion-exchange chromatography or isoelectric focusing. All 25 mutants examined had the same isozyme set; in 20 of these Isozyme 2 predominated and in the remaining five approximately equal amounts of Isozymes 1 and 2 were present. 2. 2. Only Isozyme 2 is present in extracts of very young etiolated plants. Isozyme 1 could be obtained free of Isozyme 2 from light-grown seedlings treated with cycloheximide. 3. 3. Isozymes 1 and 2 appeared to be similar in size and enzymatic properties, but thermal denaturation and immunological studies indicated that they have significant differences in structure. 4. 4. These maize leaf pyrophosphatase isozymes and analogous enzymes from other plants have potent activity at pH 6.2 using Zn2+ as the activating metal ion, as well as their previously reported high activity at pH 9.0 with Mg2+. 5. 5. Although leaf pyrophosphatase appears to be an integral part of the C4 pathway of CO2 fixation, metabolites of that pathway apparently have no regulatory effect upon the enzyme.
A simplified radioenzymatic assay for dihydrofolate reductase using [3H]dihydrofolate.

Abstract This report describes a simple method to measure the activity of dihydrofolate reductase using the substrate [ 3 H]dihydrofolate, which is generated by preincubation of [ 3 H]folic acid for 10 min with dithionite before the enzymatic reaction. The procedure then measures the direct reduction of [ 3 H]dihydrofolate to [ 3 H]tetrahydrofolate by coprecipitating the unreduced substrate with excess unlabeled folic acid and acidified zinc sulfate. The advantage of this method is that [ 3 H]dihydrofolate, which is not commercially available, can be generated from high specific activity [ 3 H]folic acid, which is commercially available, immediately before initiating the enzymatic reaction. By this modification, the two important advantages of radioenzymatic assays for dihydrofolate reductase can be more easily exploited; namely, increased sensitivity because much less substrate need be used, and the ability to measure enzyme activity in crude tissue preparations without interference by precipitating proteins or nucleotide oxidases.
Stock structure of rainbow smelt in Western Lake Superior: population characteristics

Abstract Significant differences in length-frequency distributions, fecundity, and growth of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax were found among collections from three zones along the Minnesota shoreline of Lake Superior. These differences were consistent with genetic evidence suggesting three discrete stocks of rainbow smelt. Geographic separation, possibly in combination with predation, may have been responsible for the isolation of stocks to the extent that local adaptations resulted in the observed differences. Although statistically significant, the actual differences in traditional population characters appeared small, potentially a result of weak or recently applied selective pressures. Future changes in predatory or competitive pressures or changes in exploitation rates may alter selective pressures and thus may have important influences on dynamics and condition of rainbow smelt stocks in Lake Superior. Received August 30, 1983 Accepted August 24, 1984
Do Parental Influences Matter? A Reply to Halverson

Halverson (1988) raises many objections to the retrospective method, but only some of them are applicable to our study (McCrae & Costa, 1988), further, Halverson fails to distinguish between random error and bias in retrospective data We argue that retrospective accounts can provide one useful source of evidence when the probable effects of biases are taken into account The small associations between recalled parent-child relations and adult personality that we reported were probably exaggerated rather than masked by retrospective bias, we took this into account in reaching our conclusions Rather than dismiss the method, psychologists should question the entrenched belief that child-rearing is a major determinant of adult personality Tram up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old, he will not depart from it—Proverbs 22 6
A probabilistic theory of second order causation

Larry Wright and others have advanced causal accounts of functional explanation, designed to alleviate fears about the legitimacy of such explanations. These analyses take functional explanations to describe second order causal relations. These second order relations are conceptually puzzling. I present an account of second order causation from within the framework of Eells' probabilistic theory of causation; the account makes use of the population-relativity of causation that is built into this theory.
The effect of aldosterone on glucose metabolism in toad bladder.

Abstract Adolesterone has been shown to reduce 14 CO 2 release from [1- 14 C]glucose in the urinary bladder of the toad in vitro . This effect occurs at a time when 14 CO 2 released from [6- 14 C]glucose is enhanced, as is the metabolism of the tissue. However, in the absence of sodium, which abolishes the hormonal stimulation of metabolism, the effect of aldosterone to decrease 14 CO 2 from [1- 14 C]glucose is still demonstrable. The effects on glucose metabolism and on sodium transport appear to have the same time course of onset and dependence on the concentration of the hormone. Like the effect on sodium transport, it is abolished by actinomycin D at a concentration of 1.4·10 −6 M. Dexamethasone and deoxycorticosterone (5·10 −7 M) like aldosterone, stimulate sodium transport and decrease the 14 CO 2 from [1- 14 C]glucose whereas progesterone (5·10 −7 M) fails to affect sodium transport and has no effect on glucose metabolism in this tissue. It is concluded, therefore, that this effect could stand in a cuasal relation to stimulation of sodium transport or that both could result from a common precursor affected by the hormone in the tissue. A third possibility is that this effect is an independent glucocorticoid effect of aldosterone. However, this would require that the similarities between the stimulation of sodium transport and the effect on glucose metabolism be coincidental.
Quantitative electron channeling measurement of ion implantation damage in aluminum

Abstract Electron channeling information comes from a surface layer closely comparable in depth to that affected by a typical ion implantation. Direct measurement of channeling linewidth and contrast gives a convenient and rapid measure of lattice distortion caused by implantation. Aluminum single crystals close to a (111) surface orientation have been implanted with aluminum, zinc. silicon, and nitrogen ions at energies which give comparable damage depths. The width of the 220 line is found to vary linearly with dose up to approximately 2 × 1017 ions cm 2 for self implantation. Contrast amplitude decreases to this dose. then remains constant. The presence of an amorphous layer with silicon implantation, and AIN with nitrogen implantation, observed by TEM, strongly reduces the contrast amplitude.
Interferometric current sensors using optical fibres

Two types of fibre-optic current sensor have been developed and successfully tested in the laboratory: magnetostrictive jacketing materials and a heating effect, to produce a phase shift in the optical fibre. A ruggedised all-fibre interferometer powered by a diode laser was used to detect the phase changes induced by the electrical current.
The help-seeking of women violent crime victims: Findings from the Canadian violence against women survey

We use Canadian data to examine the help‐seeking strategies of women dealing with the consequences of violent victimization. Consideration of the help‐seeking strategies of victimsmay provide insight into other decision‐making processes. The analytic framework integrates research on police reporting and intimate partner violence with the wider help‐seeking literature. This integration allows for an examination of the effect of the victim’s relationship to her offender on decisions to seek help from family, friends, doctors, social service agencies and the police. The research has two objectives. First, we aim to determine whether help‐seeking exists as isolated choices or whether there is a discernable set of help‐seeking strategies used by crime victims. Although many victims do not call the police, they often rely on family, friends, social service and mental health interventions.We find that those victims who report their victimizations to the police also seek support from family and friends. Second, we examine the correlates of these help‐seeking decisions. In doing so, we explore the effects of the offender relationship on decisions to seek help. We explore differences in help‐seeking across attacks by strangers, spousal offenders, dating offenders, and other known offenders. Our findings suggest that women victimized by a spousal offender are more likely than others to use a substantial help‐seeking strategy that includes disclosure to the police, doctors and social service agencies.
At the margins of humanity: fetal positions in science and medicine.

This article offers a comparative analysis of experimental fetal surgery and fetal tissue research. The author argues that fetuses are positioned differently across each set of practices, with sign...
AN ANALYSIS OF HETEROCHROMATIN IN MAIZE ROOT TIPS

The B chromosomes of maize are condensed in appearance during interphase and are relatively inert genetically; therefore they fulfill the definition of heterochromatin. This heterochromatin was studied in root meristem cells by radioautography following administration of tritiated thymidine and cytidine, and was found to behave in a characteristic way, i.e. it showed asynchronous DNA synthesis and very low, if any, RNA synthesis. A cytochemical comparison of normal maize nuclei with nuclei from isogenic maize stock containing approximately 15–20 B-chromosomes in addition to the normal complement has revealed the following: (a) the DNA and histone contents are greater in nuclei with B chromosomes; (b) the proportion of DNA to histone is identical with that of nuclei containing only normal chromosomes; (c) the amount of nonhistone protein in proportion to DNA in interphase is less in nuclei with B chromosomes than in normal nuclei. In condensed B chromosomes the ratio of nonhistone protein to DNA is similar to that in other condensed chromatin, such as metaphase chromosomes and degenerating nuclei. The B chromosomes appear to have no effect on nucleolar RNA and protein. Replication of B chromosomes is precisely controlled and is comparable to that of the ordinary chromosomes not only in synthesis for mitosis but also in formation of polyploid nuclei of root cap and protoxylem cells.
Endogenous opioid effects on motoneuron pool excitability: potential analgesic effect of acute exercise.

Background: Metabolic and thermal stresses of exercise mediate the release of endogenous opioids depressing motoneuron activation (MNA). Although exercise is routinely presented as a coequal treatment for management of acute and chronic low back pain (LBP), it is not clear that exercise-induced endogenous opioid release can play a role in the analgesic and treatment outcomes for patients with LBP. Furthermore, if opioid involvement is present, it is not clear what level of exercise might be beneficial in the suppression of MNA and possibly LBP. Objective: To determine whether exercise-induced endogenous opioid release can play a role in the analgesic and treatment outcomes for patients with LBP and to determine what level of exercise might be beneficial in the suppression of MNA and possibly LBP. Methods: To test this hypothesis, male (n = 3) and female (n = 3) healthy volunteers were tested 6 times over a 4-week period. The 6 trials included high-intensity treadmill exercise at 75% O2max with placebo or naloxone, low-intensity exercise at 40% O2max (placebo or naloxone) and no exercise control (placebo or naloxone). The evoked spinal Hoffmann H-reflex (soleus muscle) was measured as the criterion for MNA before and after exercise and expressed with the maximal M-wave as the maximal Hmax/Mmax percent ratio. Naloxone (10 mg) or isovolumic saline solution was administered double-blind (1 mL bolus) after recovery from exercise and before H-reflex measurement. Results: The results show a significant reduction in the Hmax/Mmax percent ratio for both exercise conditions (40.0 ± 7.1 to 33.9 ± 9.1% for 75% O2max and 37.4 ± 4.8 to 33.0 ± 5.3% for 40% O2max; P < .01). Naloxone treatment did not attenuate the exercise-induced Hmax/Mmax percent ratio suppression. Conclusion: Endogenous opioids do not appear to modulate motoneuron responses to exercise under these experimental conditions. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2002;25:209-15)
Particle-hole symmetry in the interacting-boson model: Fermion and boson aspects.

We show that the S-D subspaces, which are used in the Otsuka-Arima-Iachello microscopic derivation of the interacting-boson model, form a particle-hole-symmetric family. Consequently, there exist particle-hole-symmetric prescriptions for determining the structure of the S and D pairs. This result holds independently of whether the Hamiltonian conserves generalized seniority. Nevertheless, there are deviations from particle-hole symmetry when boson matrix elements involving more than two d bosons are calculated in lowest order using the boson mapping procedure of Otsuka, Arima, and Iachello. These deviations are used to estimate the inaccuracies introduced by the lowest-order mapping.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LOCUS OF CONTROL, ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, AND PERCEPTION OF AUTOKINETIC MOVEMENT

L'niversity of Northern Iowa Summary.-The relationships among scores on locus of control (Rotter's I-E Scale), autokinetic movement, and the American Collcge Test were investigated. I-E scores and ACT composite scores were obra~ned for 90 university students (45 males and 45 females) in introductory psychology. All subjects were tested for 5 min. in an autokinetic test situation. It was predicted that subjects with an external locus of control would be more associated to lower scores on the ACT and perceive more autokinetic movement than subjects with an internal locus of control. Partial support was obtained for this prediction. Perception of autokinetic movement was significantly more associated with externally oriented subjects than internally oriented subjects. Externalicy was not more associated with lower scores on the ACT than internaliry. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationships among locus of control, academic achievement, and performance in an autokinetic test situation. Relationships between locus of control scores and various indices of academic achievement have been reported in a number of studies. Foster and Gade (1973) used the W. James I-E scale to classify male university freshmen as internal or external subjects on locus of control. American College Test (ACT) scores were used to control for ability differences between the two groups. Internal subjects had a significantly higher grade point average than external subjects. Otten (1977) found that graduate students classified as internal subjects on the basis of Rotter's I-E scale (Rotter, 1966) were significantly more likely to earn the doitorate within a 5-yr. period than external subjects. He concluded that the locus of control personality measures were better predictors of degree attainment than conventional ability scales. Phares ( 1976), after summarizing research on academic achievement and locus of control, concluded that the data support the hypothesis that internal beliefs are significantly related to greater performance of academic achievement than external beliefs. While there appears to. be adequate evidence for using Rotter's I-E scale as a predictor of academic achievement, there is less support for using the scale as a predictor of performance in the autokinetic test situation. Rotter ( 1966) and Phares ( 1976) attribute characteristics to internal and external persons which seem to provide a basis for predicting that external
Effect of torus wall flexibility on hydro-structure interaction in BWR containment system☆

Abstract This paper describes an analytical project that employs the finite element method to investigate the influence of torus wall flexibility on hydrodynamically induced pressure and the resultant force on the torus shell surface in a Mark I BWR containment system. The shell flexibility is characterized by the diameter-to-thickness ratio, which is varied from the perfectly rigid case to the nominal plant condition. The general conclusion reached is that torus wall flexibility decreases both the maximum pressure seen by the shell wall and the total vertical load that results from the hydrodynamically induced pressure. This conclusion is based on results of a comprehensive two-dimensional investigation and a more sophisticated three-dimensional confirmatory study of the hydro-structural interaction problem.
Patellofemoral problems after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Between 1982 and 1986, 126 patients who had under gone ACL reconstruction were followed in a prospec tive manner. One year follow-up statistics were re viewed for the presence of 13 different complications. The most prevalent complications were quadriceps weakness, flexion contracture, and patellofemoral pain. Quadriceps weakness (strength less than 80% of the normal side) was present in 65% of patients and cor related positively with flexion contracture, patellar irrit ability, and ACL reconstructions using patellar tendon grafts. Flexion contracture of 5° or more was present in 24% of patients and correlated positively with in creased age and patellar irritability. Patellofemoral pain was present in 19% of patients and correlated positively with flexion contracture.Clinical relevance: The three most common compli cations of knee ligament surgery are shown to be strongly interrelated. It is likely that a causal relationship is present in which flexion contracture causes patello femoral irritability, and ...
Neuronal mapping with kainic acid

Abstract Kainic acid, found naturally-occurring in sea-weed, is a substance which is structurally-related to the putative neurotransmitter, glutamate. Kainic acid has now entered the neuroscientists armoury of equipment as a potent and selective neurotoxin which will cause the fast degeneration of neurones with cell bodies in the area of injection, but, unlike classical knife-cut or thermal coagulation lesioning techniques, does not affect the axons of passage or termination in the same area. In this article, the use of the local injection of kainic acid as a new technique for studying neuronal connections in the brain is described, together with an insight into the way this compound carries out its actions.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the diagnosis and management of limbal dermoid

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy in the diagnosis and management of limbal dermoid. METHOD: We used ultrasound biomicroscopy to examine an 18-month-old Asian girl with a congenital limbal mass with corneal extension. A biopsy of the mass was obtained. RESULTS: Clinical examination, ultrasound biomicroscopy, and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of limbal dermoid. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound biomicroscopy may serve as a useful diagnostic adjunct for limbal dermoids. Additionally, it may be helpful in delineating the extent of these lesions.
Induction of Severe Depression by Physostigmine in Marijuana Intoxicated Individuals

Summary Marijuana intoxication and the effects of centrally acting anticholinergic agents show a number of common behavioral properties in man. We have recently administered physostigmine, a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor to two marijuana intoxicated patients. In both cases physostigmine antagonized the marijuana “high” and induced a profound clinical depressive reaction. This depressive reaction was antagonized by administration of 1.0 mg atropine.
Couples treatment of agoraphobia: A two-year follow-up

Agoraphobics treated in a self-paced exposure-based program either with their spouse directly involved in all aspects of treatment (n=28) or without their spouses (n=14) were followed up for two years. The results indicate that agoraphobics treated with their spouse maintain an improving trend over the two-year period, and do significantly better on most measures than agoraphobics treated without their spouse. Nonspouse group members do not show continued improvement at one-year follow-up and even deteriorate slightly, although their improving trend resumes at the two-year follow-up. Involvement of the spouse also seems to produce less disruption in work and leisure activities during the year following treatment. No differences were evident on more general measures of psychopathology between groups. Marital satisfaction generally improved in both groups and was correlated with improvements in phobic behavior. These data would seem to confirm the importance of attending to the interpersonal context of behavior change, in this case, by including the spouse directly in the behavior change process.
Selenium‐regulated translation control of heterologous gene expression: Normal function of selenocysteine‐substituted gene products

In eukaryotes, the synthesis of selenoproteins depends on an exogenous supply of selenium, required for synthesis of the novel amino acid, selenocysteine, and on the presence of a "selenium translation element" in the 3' untranslated region of mRNA. The selenium translation element is required to re-interpret the stop codon, UGA, as coding for selenocysteine incorporation and chain elongation. Messenger RNA lacking the selenium translation element and/or an inadequate selenium supply lead to chain termination at the UGA codon. We exploited these properties to provide direct translational control of protein(s) encoded by transfected cDNAs. Selenium-dependent translation of mRNA transcribed from target cDNA was conferred by mutation of an in-frame UGU, coding for cysteine, to UGA, coding for either selenocysteine or termination, then fusing the mutated coding region to a 3' untranslated region containing the selenium translation element of the human cellular glutathione peroxidase gene. In this study, the biological consequences of placing this novel amino acid in the polypeptide chain was examined with two proteins of known function: the rat growth hormone receptor and human thyroid hormone receptor beta 1. UGA (opal) mutant-STE fusion constructs of the cDNAs encoding these two polypeptides showed selenium-dependent expression and their selenoprotein products maintained normal ligand binding and signal transduction. Thus, integration of selenocysteine had little or no consequence on the functional activity of the opal mutants; however, opal mutants were expressed at lower levels than their wild-type counterparts in transient expression assays. The ability to integrate this novel amino acid at predetermined positions in a polypeptide chain provides selenium-dependent translational control to the expression of a wide variety of target genes, allows facile 75Se radioisotopic labeling of the heterologous proteins, and permits site-specific heavy atom substitution.
There is no Silicon-based Life in the Solar System

In this article, silicon is discussed as a possible building block for life within the solar system. Using NASA’s definition of life: ‘chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution’, a narrow description is obtained and analyzed. The possibilities of silicon life are then explored by describing its bonding characteristics, ability to withstand extreme temperatures, and abundance. Titan is investigated as a possible location where silicon-based life would seem possible. Its extremely cold temperatures and lack of liquid water appear to be ideal for silicon-based life to form. After further investigation though, the presence of carbon and rarity of silicon on Titan lead to the planet not being as ideal as first thought. It is also explained that silicon simply does not have the advantages in bonding, chirality, and universal abundance that carbon has. In the end, silicon is ruled out as a possible basis for life in this solar system.
Ledge Fluctuations on Si(100) Stepped Surfaces

A fluctuation model for Si(100) monolayer ledges is constructed based on a simple lattice model with ledge, corner and elastic energies obtained from atomistic simulations. SB ledge profiles at various temperatures are generated by Monte Carlo simulation and compared with experiments. The calculated phase diagram of the single- and double-stepped Si(100) surfaces under various temperatures and miscut angles is in agreement with experiments that show the crossover angle is between 1° to 3.5°.
SU‐CC‐ValA‐01: Automatic Comparison Between Reference and On Board Digital Tomosynthesis for Target Localization

Purpose: Digital tomosynthesis (DTS) is a method for reconstructing 3D images from cone‐beam projection data acquired with limited angulation (e.g., 40°) of an x‐ray source, and is much faster and lower dose than full cone‐beam CT(CBCT). We previously developed a method for generating reference DTS images from a planning CT for registration with actual on‐board DTS images. This study examines the accuracy of 3D‐3D registration of reference and on‐board DTS images to assess the potential of DTS for image‐guidedradiation therapy(IGRT).Method and Materials: We simulated the online positioning of an anthropomorphic chest phantom with 6 noncoplanar reference BBs attached. Planning CT data of the phantom were acquired with a G.E. Lightspeed RT scanner. On‐board CBCT projection data were acquired with a Varian 21EX Clinac, equipped with a kV on‐board imager. On‐board DTS images were reconstructed from a subset of the CBCT projection data (81 projections, 44°). True alignment of planning and on‐board image data was achieved according to a 3D point‐based registration of the 6 reference BBs in the CT and CBCTimages. Single‐axis rotations up to +/− 10° and 3‐axis translations up to +/− 10 mm were simulated in the planning CT, prior to the generation of reference DTS images. A 67.5mm × 162.5mm × 20.8mm region of interest surrounding the spinal cord was extracted for registration. Mutual information‐based 3D‐3D registration of reference and on‐board DTS images was performed, and residual registration error was recorded. Results: Registration errors are within 0.7mm and 0.1 degree in all cases. The average registration error was 30% less for translations along the dimension of tomographic motion than for the other two dimensions. Conclusions: 3D‐3D rigid‐body registration of reference and on‐board DTS images is highly accurate, suggesting that DTS may be an effective IGRT technique. Partially supported by a Varian research grant.
Composition of honey. IV. Identification of the disaccharides

Abstract Six disaccharides have been isolated from honey and identified by their infrared spectra and those of their β-octaacetates as isomaltose, maltulose, turanose, nigerose, maltose, and sucrose. The first four have not previously been identified in honey.
Socially stable territories: the negotiation of space by interacting foragers.

Abstract: This article presents a theory of territoriality that integrates optimal foraging and conflict resolution through negotiation. Using a spatially explicit model of a sit‐and‐wait forager, we show that when resources are scarce, there is a conflict between foragers: there is not enough space for all individuals to have optimal home ranges. We propose that a division of space that solves this conflict over resources is the outcome of a negotiation between foragers. We name this outcome the socially stable territories (SST). Using game theory we show that in a homogenous patch occupied by two interacting foragers, both individuals receive identical energy yields at the socially stable territories; that is, there is economic equity. Economic inequity can arise in a heterogeneous patch or from asymmetries in fighting abilities between the foragers. Opportunity costs play a role in reducing economic inequity. When the asymmetry in fighting abilities is very large, a negotiated division of space is not ...
Drug-Resistant Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase: Guidance for the Preemptive Strike

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Zunder et al. (2008) describe surprising findings from investigating inhibitor-resistant mutations in the affinity pocket of p110 alpha of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Information on these critical residues provides a road map for generating novel PI3K inhibitors that can overcome the anticipated resistance mutations.
An endovascular system for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Purpose:To describe a stent-graft system for endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) that preserves side branch perfusion.Technique:The modular endograft system includes 3 components. The primary stent-graft is custom-made from conventional graft fabric and Gianturco Z-stents. Covered nitinol Smart Stents are used for the visceral and renal extensions, and the distal extension is made from a modified Zenith system. With the supine patient under general anesthesia, the components are delivered sequentially through surgically exposed femoral and right brachial arteries in an operation that requires prolonged periods of magnified high-resolution imaging.This system was first used in a 76-year-old man with a contained rupture of a supraceliac ulcer and a large abdominal aortic aneurysm ending proximally at the celiac artery. The endograft was implanted successfully, but the patient developed paraplegia on day 2; imaging documented an excluded aneurysm and excellent flow through the endo...
Motivation for a new formal framework for agent-oriented software engineering

Agent-Oriented Software Engineering (AOSE) poses several challenges to the traditional theory and practice of software engineering with the emergence of a variety of theories and tools proposed to deal with this challenge. Agent frameworks with formal foundations have an important role to play in this scenario by allowing analysis based on a mathematical model. It is our contention that the available frameworks and languages do not fulfil all aspects of agent-based system analysis and development. We perform a survey of the available formal theories and tools for Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) and derive a strong motivation for a new formal framework to support AOSE. Several aspects of agent behaviour in this framework have been inspired by the popular Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) model of cognitive agents. The new framework introduced concisely in the second half tackles the issues raised in the first half, including those regarding mobility, proactive behaviour, organisation and inter-agent communication.
Passive synthetic aperture imaging using an achromatic grating interferometer.

Synthetic aperture imaging with active systems is relatively well developed. The implementation of passive systems, on the other hand, is being hindered by a low SNR and the difficulty in achieving 2-D aperture fill. The achromaticity of the grating interferometer permits the use of a wider instantaneous spectral bandwidth to produce better SNR, and it provides a simple means to synthesize a 2-D aperture. A passive synthetic aperture imaging approach implemented with an achromatic grating interferometer is described, and laboratory experimental results are presented to demonstrate the proposed concept.
A Factor-Analytic Study of the Articulation of Selected English Consonants

This study obtained the results of a factor analysis of speech articulation data for a sample of elementary school children with functional articulation disorders. A principal components type facto...
Testing for human papillomavirus: data driven implications for cervical neoplasia management

The results of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored ASCUS-LSIL Triage Study (ALTS), the only randomized longitudinal trial in cytopathology, have provided a wealth of data to benchmark practice and stimulate discussion regarding the usefulness of human papillomavirus testing. These landmarks aided the American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology's broad-based consensus conference in integrating the Bethesda deliberations and ALTS data into clinical management. The outcomes of these open- and wide-ranging discussions have a direct impact on all who practice in this area. This article highlights the impact of these data on the contemporary practice of cytopathology and emphasizes the interaction between pathologists and clinicians.