cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time monitoring of particles, PAH, and CO in an occupied townhouse.

Beginning in October 1996, indoor and sometimes outdoor air at an occupied house in a suburban area of Virginia has been monitored continuously for particles, PAH, and CO. Two Climet monitors have been used to count particles in six size ranges between 0.3 and > 10 mu m, with 1-minute averages being collected every 5 minutes. Two Ecochem PAH monitors have been used to sample for particle-bound PAHs once every minute. Also, two Langan CO monitor-data loggers have measured CO once each minute while logging the PAH data. Two Aethalometers measure black carbon. A single Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) measures ultrafine particles. The pairs of monitors are set up either to provide an indoor/outdoor or an upstairs office/downstairs kitchen comparison. Air exchange is occasionally measured using a Bruel & Kjaer 1302 SF6 monitor, as a parameter necessary for estimating deposition rates for particles and PAH. Results from the first 16 months of monitoring (10M observations) include: neighborhood woodburni...
Work in progress — A feedback system for peer evaluation of engineering student teams to enhance team effectiveness

Developing students teaming skills has become common place in engineering education as a pedagogical tool to facilitate learning of technical content as well as to prepare students for professional practice. Engineering faculty typically determine the degree to which students have had an effective team experience by indirect methods such as homework or project grades along with self report team member peer-evaluations. Such methods tend to place a greater emphasis on the outcome (or product) of teaming rather than on the process of teaming itself. The use of standalone peer-evaluations to indirectly determine team effectiveness has also been shown to be problematic, since students are not typically taught how to properly evaluate their peers. This lack of training generally results in a significant amount evaluation bias. This research presents a theoretical framework to indirectly measure team effectiveness using a calibrated peer evaluation system The system provides students feedback on their rating ability as well as quantifies (as a 1st order approximation) their evaluation bias. The system can be used by faculty for early identification of dysfunctional teams as well as to determine the degree to which students are engaged in effective team behaviors.
Application of polyimide sacrificial layers for the manufacturing of uncooled double-cantilever microbolometers

In this paper, a low-temperature surface micromachining module with two sacrificial layers of polyimide is developed for the manufacturing of double-cantilever microbolometer focal plane arrays. The use of spin-on polyimide allows an all-dry final release step overcoming stiction problems often encountered in wet sacrificial etching processes. For the patterning of the polyimide, a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon oxide is employed as a mask layer. Anisotropic etching of both the mask film and the polyimide layer is accomplished by reactive ion etching. After patterning structural layers, sacrificial etching of the polyimide is conducted using an isotropic dry etch process in high-density oxygen plasma.
Efficient parallel algorithms for series parallel graphs

Abstract We present efficient parallel algorithms for solving three problems for series parallel graphs: 3-coloring, depth-first spanning tree, and breadth-first spanning tree. If the input is given by the decomposition tree, the first two problems can be solved in O(log n) time with O( n log n ) processors, the last problem can be solved in O(log n log log n) time with O(n) processors. We also present a parallel algorithm for recognizing series parallel graphs and constructing decomposition trees. This algorithm takes O(log2 n + log m) time with O(n + m) processors, where n (m) is the number of vertices (edges) in the graph.
Modeling of RDX/GAP/BTTN pseudo-propellant combustion

A comprehensive numerical analysis has been developed to predict the burning characteristics and detailed combustion wave structure of RDX/GAP/BTTN pseudo-propellant over a broad range of pressures. The present work extends an existing model for the steady-state combustion of RDX/GAP pseudo-propellant to include the salient features of BTTN, a commonly used plasticizer for practical solid propellants. The entire combustion zone is divided into the solid-phase, subsurface multiphase, and gas-phase regions. In the solid-phase region, the constituent ingredients are physically linked together and heated by conduction. Five global decomposition reactions, as well as subsequent reactions of RDX, GAP, and BTTN, are considered in the near-surface multiphase region. The overall gas-phase kinetics considers 72 species and 429 reactions in describing the heat-release mechanism. Good agreement is obtained with measured burning rates in the pressure range of 1–100 atm. The propellant surface temperature matches closely with the measured value and depends strongly on the RDX evaporation. The burning rate of RDX/GAP/BTTN is in general higher than that of RDX/GAP, a phenomenon that may be attributed to the stoichiometrically balanced nature of BTTN.
Surveys of Police Chiefs and Sheriffs and of Police Officers About CIT Programs.

Objective:Two surveys were conducted on the crisis intervention team (CIT) model, a police-based program designed to improve responses to individuals with mental illnesses.Methods:Data were collect...
Produce consumption in the United States: an analysis of consumption frequencies, serving sizes, processing forms, and high-consuming population subgroups for microbial risk assessments.

A great variety of fruits and vegetables are available in the United States. These items are produced in various geographic regions by a diverse industry. Produce has been increasingly identified as a vehicle for disease outbreaks. Changes in consumption may explain this increase, but analyses of produce consumption are limited. Comprehensive assessments of the public health risks associated with produce depend on quantitative consumption data, including the population fractions and subgroups of consumers, the quantities consumed by these individuals, and the processing that occurs before consumption. Here, we provide an analysis of nationally representative consumption estimates by estimating consumption frequencies, serving sizes, and processing forms for a variety of produce commodities based on 1999 through 2006 data from “What We Eat in America,” the dietary interview component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed by the National Center for Health Statistics. Consumption ...
Competitive Electrostatic Binding of Charged Ligands to Polyelectrolytes: Planar and Cylindrical Geometries

The strong salt dependence of the binding of multivalent ligands to DNA indicates the predominantly electrostatic nature of that binding. To a good first approximation, the salt dependence can be expressed as a competition between two point counterion species in screening the highly charged macroion surface. This basic problem is solved in terms of the Poisson−Boltzmann (P−B) equation for a macroion of arbitrary shape and charge, in a solution of arbitrary salt composition and ionic strength. Various binding regimes are defined by the relative magnitudes of a, the radius of curvature of the macroion; rd, the Debye-Huckel screening length, which characterizes exponential decay in the linear screening regime; and λ, the decay length of the counterion distribution close to the macroion surface in the nonlinear screening regime. Only the nonlinear regime (λ ≪ rd) produces relatively high free energy of ligand binding (>kBT per ion). This regime is very similar in planar and cylindrical geometries. For this ca...
S proteins control rejection of incompatible pollen in Petunia inflata

Flowering plants have evolved various stratagems to prevent inbreeding and promote outcrosses. One such mechanism, gametophytic self-incompatibility, provides a genetic barrier to self-fertilization, and in the simplest cases is controlled by the highly polymorphic S locus. Growth of a pollen tube in the style is arrested when the S allele carried by the pollen matches one of the two S alleles carried by the pistil. Putative S allele proteins of the pistil have been identified in several solanaceous species based on their co-segregation with S alleles, and they have been shown to be ribonucleases. So far, there has been only correlative or indirect evidence for the claim that these S allele-associated proteins (S proteins) are involved in recognition and rejection of self pollen. Here we show that inhibition of synthesis of S3 and S2 proteins in Petunia inflata plants of S2S3 genotype by the antisense S3 gene resulted in failure of the transgenic plants to reject S3 and S2 pollen. We further show that expression of the transgene encoding S3 protein in P. inflata plants of S1S2 genotype confers on the transgenic plants the ability to reject S3 pollen. The self-incompatibility behaviour of the pollen was not affected by the transgene in either set of experiments. Taken together, these findings provide direct in vivo evidence that S proteins control the self-incompatibility behaviour of the pistil.
The Korean evidential marker - te - revisited: Its semantic constraints and distancing effects in Mental Spaces Theory

Since the Korean firsthand evidential marker -te- shows unexpected semantics such as implicating psychological distance and restricted deictic accessibility as well as standard evidential semantics, Korean linguists have disagreed considerably about the analysis of the marker, each citing evidence for distinct analyses. The aim of this paper is to argue that the marker -te- can be given a unified treatment as an evidential marker. The alleged incompatibility between the functions of -te- is a consequence of the combination of semantic primes encoding firsthand evidentiality and past tense at the same time. To better explain the marker’s multiple functions and its subjective semantics, I employ Mental Spaces Theory (Fauconnier 1997; Fauconnier & Sweetser 1996; Dancygier & Sweetser 2005): the marker sets up a subjective experience mental space, where the speaker can have access from the Base space to his/her firsthand perception space. Specifically, I propose a notion of backgrounded information accommodation to represent a situation where the addressee immediately accesses backgrounded knowledge that the speaker has obtained information of the linguistic content, when the marker is used. Furthermore, we can explain why the -te- construction does not allow direct attribution of another person’s mental state, exploring how the marker restricts (non-)1st person subjects’ co-occurrence with particular types of predicates (i.e. action and experiential).
Estrogen Up-regulates ATBF1 Transcription but Causes Its Protein Degradation in Estrogen Receptor-α-positive Breast Cancer Cells

The proper level of estrogen-estrogen receptor (ER) signaling is important for the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis in the breast. In a previous study we demonstrated that ATBF1, which has been suggested as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, inhibited estrogen-mediated cell proliferation by selectively competing with AIB1 for binding to the ER. However, the expression of ATBF1 mRNA was shown to positively correlate with ER in breast cancer specimens. We, therefore, examined whether estrogen regulates ATBF1. We demonstrated that estrogen up-regulated the transcription of ATBF1, which was mediated by the direct binding of the ER onto the ATBF1 promoter, and that a half-estrogen-responsive element in the ATBF1 promoter was essential for ER direct binding. Furthermore, we found that estrogen at lower levels increased, but at higher levels decreased the expression of ATBF1 protein, which involved the degradation of ATBF1 protein by the estrogen-responsive proteasome system. ATBF1 protein levels fluctuate with estrogen levels. Although lower levels of estrogen increased ATBF1 protein expression, ATBF1 still inhibited cell proliferation caused by lower levels of estrogen. These findings not only reveal an autoregulatory feedback loop between ATBF1 and estrogen-ER signaling but also suggest that ATBF1 plays a role in both the maintenance of breast epithelial homeostasis and breast tumorigenesis caused by elevated estrogen levels.
The leukemia-associated cytoplasmic nucleophosmin mutant is an oncogene with paradoxical functions: Arf inactivation and induction of cellular senescence.

The leukemia-associated cytoplasmic nucleophosmin mutant is an oncogene with paradoxical functions: Arf inactivation and induction of cellular senescence
Toward a More Perfect Union: Evolution of the European Currency Unit

Abstract The European community has been making a diligent effort to establish a common currency to enhance its position in the world marketplace. Though efforts have been quite exhaustive, few outside the continent have a clear understanding of what will ultimately occur and how. The Treaty of Maastricht has developed a blueprint for participating nations that, if followed, will ultimately result in a common currency referred to as the European Monetary Unit (EMU). This article outlines the process by which this critically important currency will evolve.
Structural Analysis of Combined Footing on Piles

Combined footings on piles are commonly used in bridges and buildings. However, there are very few references available regarding the structural analysis of these footings. This paper discusses three methods for analyzing combined footings on piles. The first approach consists of modeling the combined footing as a beam simply supported by the columns with pile loads represented by concentrated loads. The second approach is similar to the first one with the only difference being that column moments are applied at the supports. The third approach analyzes the footing as a statically determinate beam where the pile loads and moments, shears and axial loads from the columns are applied on the beam. The last approach is more accurate than the first two approaches.
Postembryonic RNAi in Heterorhabditis bacteriophora: a nematode insect parasite and host for insect pathogenic symbionts

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is applied throughout the world for the biological control of insects and is an animal model to study interspecies interactions, e.g. mutualism, parasitism and vector-borne disease. H. bacteriophora nematodes are mutually associated with the insect pathogen, Photorhabdus luminescens. The developmentally arrested infective juvenile (IJ) stage nematode (vector) specifically transmits Photorhabdus luminescens bacteria (pathogen) in its gut mucosa to the haemocoel of insects (host). The nematode vector and pathogen alone are not known to cause insect disease. RNA interference is an excellent reverse genetic tool to study gene function in C. elegans, and it would be useful in H. bacteriophora to exploit the H. bacteriophora genome project, currently in progress. Soaking L1 stage H. bacteriophora with seven dsRNAs of genes whose C. elegans orthologs had severe RNAi phenotypes resulted in highly penetrant and obvious developmental and reproductive abnormalities. The efficacy of postembryonic double strand RNA interference (RNAi) was evident by abnormal gonad morphology and sterility of adult H. bacteriophora and C. elegans presumable due to defects in germ cell proliferation and gonad development. The penetrance of RNAi phenotypes in H. bacteriophora was high for five genes (87–100%; Hba-cct-2, Hba-daf-21, Hba-icd-1; Hba-nol-5, and Hba-W01G7.3) and moderate for two genes (usually 30–50%; Hba-rack-1 and Hba-arf-1). RNAi of three additional C. elegans orthologs for which RNAi phenotypes were not previously detected in C. elegans, also did not result in any apparent phenotypes in H. bacteriophora. Specific and severe reduction in transcript levels in RNAi treated L1s was determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. These results suggest that postembryonic RNAi by soaking is potent and specific. Although RNAi is conserved in animals and plants, RNAi using long dsRNA is not. These results demonstrate that RNAi can be used effectively in H. bacteriophora and can be applied for analyses of nematode genes involved in symbiosis and parasitism. It is likely that RNAi will be an important tool for functional genomics utilizing the high quality draft H. bacteriophora genome sequence.
Geometrical Derivation of Lagrange’s Equations for a System of Rigid Bodies

A geometrical derivation is given for Lagrange’s equations for a system of rigid bodies subject to general holonomic and non-holonomic constraints. As in the case of a similar derivation for a system of particles, the entire system is represented by an abstract particle P moving in a higher-dimensional Euclidean space, called Hertzian space, the metric of which is determined by the radius of gyration of the physical system. The holonomic constraints confine P to move in a Riemannian manifold - the configuration manifold of the constrained system - embedded in Hertzian space. Euler’s laws of linear and angular momenta are expressed as a single balance equation in Hertzian space and Lagrange’s equations emerge as covariant components of this equation taken along the coordinate directions in the configuration manifold. No appeal is made to variational principles or to notions of virtual work.
Information systems success in free and open source software development: theory and measures

Information systems success is one of the most widely used dependent variables in information systems (IS) research, but research on free/libre and open source software (FLOSS) often fails to appropriately conceptualize this important concept. In this article, we reconsider what success means within a FLOSS context. We first review existing models of IS success and success variables used in FLOSS research and assess them for their usefulness, practicality and fit to the FLOSS context. Then, drawing on a theoretical model of group effectiveness in the FLOSS development process, as well as an on-line discussion with developers, we present additional concepts that are central to an appropriate understanding of success for FLOSS. In order to examine the practicality and validity of this conceptual scheme, the second half of our article presents an empirical study that demonstrates operationalizations of the chosen measures and assesses their internal validity. We use data from SourceForge to measure the project's effectiveness in team building, the speed of the project at responding to bug reports and the project's popularity. We conclude by discussing the implications of this study for our proposed extension of IS success in the context of FLOSS development and highlight future directions for research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type 1 Diabetes Through the Life Span: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an immune-mediated depletion of β-cells that results in lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin. While both type 1 and type 2 diabetes result in hyperglycemia, the pathophysiology and etiology of the diseases are distinct and require us to consider each type of diabetes independently. As such, this position statement summarizes available data specific to the comprehensive care of individuals with type 1 diabetes. The goal is to enhance our ability to recognize and manage type 1 diabetes, to prevent its associated complications, and to eventually cure and prevent this disease. The exact number of individuals with type 1 diabetes around the world is not known, but in the U.S., there are estimated to be up to 3 million (1). Although it has long been called “juvenile diabetes” due to the more frequent and relatively straightforward diagnosis in children, the majority of individuals with type 1 diabetes are adults. Most children are referred and treated in tertiary centers, where clinical data are more readily captured. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study estimated that, in 2009, 18,436 U.S. youth were newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (12,945 non-Hispanic white, 3,098 Hispanic, 2,070 non-Hispanic black, 276 Asian-Pacific Islander, and 47 American Indian) (2). Worldwide, ∼78,000 youth are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes annually. Incidence varies tremendously among countries: East Asians and American Indians have the lowest incidence rates (0.1–8 per 100,000/year) as compared with the Finnish who have the highest rates (>64.2 per 100,000/year) (3). In the U.S., the number of youth with type 1 diabetes was estimated to be 166,984 (4). The precise incidence of new-onset type 1 diabetes in those over 20 years of age is unknown. This may be due to the prolonged phase of onset and the subtleties in distinguishing the different …
Psoriasis prevalence among adults in the United States

Background Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Up-to-date prevalence data on psoriasis provide the foundation for informing population research, education, and health policy. Objective We sought to determine the prevalence of psoriasis among US adults. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 through 2010 data to determine psoriasis prevalence rates. Results From 6218 participants older than 20 years of age, 6216 respondents provided complete information regarding a psoriasis diagnosis. The prevalence of psoriasis among US adults ages 20 years and older is 3.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.6%-3.7%). A total of 7.2 million US adults had psoriasis in 2010; an estimated 7.4 million US adults were affected in 2013. When stratifying the sample by race among those between ages 20 and 59 years, the psoriasis prevalence was highest in Caucasians at 3.6% (95% CI 2.7%-4.4%), followed by African Americans (1.9%; 95% CI 1.0%-2.8%), Hispanics (1.6%; 95% CI 0.5%-2.8%), and others (1.4%; 95% CI 0.3%-2.6%). The prevalence of psoriasis among US adults has not changed significantly since 2003 to 2004 ( P > .05). Limitations Dermatologist evaluation and skin photographs were unavailable for the 2009 through 2010 surveys. Conclusions In the United States, psoriasis remains a common, immune-mediated disease, affecting 7.4 million adults. Its prevalence has remained stable since the mid-2000s.
A modified radiosurgery-based arteriovenous malformation grading scale and its correlation with outcomes.

Purpose The Pittsburgh radiosurgery-based arteriovenous malformation (AVM) grading scale was developed to predict patient outcomes after radiosurgery and was later modified with location as a two-tiered variable (deep vs. other). The purpose of this study was to test the modified radiosurgery-based AVM score in a separate set of AVM patients managed with radiosurgery. Methods and Materials The AVM score is calculated as follows: AVM score=(0.1)(volume, cc) + (0.02)(age, years) + (0.5)(location; frontal/temporal/parietal/occipital/intraventricular/corpus callosum/cerebellar = 0, basal ganglia/thalamus/brainstem = 1). Testing of the modified system was performed on 293 patients having AVM radiosurgery from 1992 to 2004 at the University of Pittsburgh with dose planning based on a combination of stereotactic angiography and MRI. The median patient age was 38 years, the median AVM volume was 3.3 cc, and 57 patients (19%) had deep AVMs. The median modified AVM score was 1.25. The median patient follow-up was 39 months. Results The modified AVM scale correlated with the percentage of patients with AVM obliteration without new deficits (≤1.00, 62%; 1.01–1.50, 51%; 1.51–2.00, 53%; and >2.00, 32%; F = 11.002, R 2 = 0.8117, p = 0.001). Linear regression also showed a statistically significant correlation between outcome and dose prescribed to the margin ( F = 25.815, p Conclusions The modified radiosurgery-based AVM grading scale using location as a two-tiered variable correlated with outcomes when tested on a cohort of patients who underwent both angiography and MRI for dose planning. This system can be used to guide choices among observation, endovascular, surgical, and radiosurgical management strategies for individual AVM patients.
Testing of Low-Cost Digital Microfluidic Biochips with Non-regular Array Layouts

Digital micro fluidic biochips with non-regular arrays are of interest for clinical diagnostic applications in a cost-sensitive market segment. Previous techniques for biochip testing are limited to regular micro fluidic arrays. We present an automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) method for non-regular digital micro fluidic chips. The ATPG method can generate test patterns to detect catastrophic defects in non-regular arrays where the full reconfigurability of the digital micro fluidic platform is not utilized. It automates test-stimulus design and test-resource selection, in order to minimize the test application time. We also present an integer linear programming model for the compaction of test patterns, while maintaining the desired fault coverage. We utilize a fabricated biochip with non-regular micro fluidic arrays to evaluate the proposed ATPG method.
Privacy-preserving Naïve Bayes classification

Privacy-preserving data mining--developing models without seeing the data --- is receiving growing attention. This paper assumes a privacy-preserving distributed data mining scenario: data sources collaborate to develop a global model, but must not disclose their data to others. The problem of secure distributed classification is an important one. In many situations, data is split between multiple organizations. These organizations may want to utilize all of the data to create more accurate predictive models while revealing neither their training data/databases nor the instances to be classified. Naive Bayes is often used as a baseline classifier, consistently providing reasonable classification performance. This paper brings privacy-preservation to that baseline, presenting protocols to develop a Naive Bayes classifier on both vertically as well as horizontally partitioned data.
Transcriptional activation and repression by Ultrabithorax proteins in cultured Drosophila cells

Homeotic genes of Drosophila melanogaster such as Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and Antennapedia (Antp) have long been thought to select metameric identity during development by controlling the expression of various target genes. Here we describe a cotransfection assay in cultured D. melanogaster cells that is used to demonstrate that Ubx proteins (UBX) can repress an Antp promoter fusion and activate a Ubx promoter fusion, activities predicted from genetic studies. We show (a) that UBX proteins regulated the level of accurately initiated Antp P1 and Ubx transcripts, (b) that activation of the Ubx promoter required a downstream cluster of UBX binding sites, and (c) that binding site sequences were sufficient to confer regulation on a heterologous promoter, regardless of their orientation or precise position. We conclude that UBX proteins are transcriptional repressors and activators, and that their actions are mediated by binding to promoter region sequences. Each member of the UBX protein family has similar regulatory abilities, but the properties of synthetic mutant forms suggest that UBX proteins may have a modular design similar to other transcriptional regulators.
Longitudinal adoption rates of complex decision support tools in primary care

Translating research findings into practice promises to standardise care. Translation includes the integration of evidence-based guidelines at the point of care, discerning the best methods to disseminate research findings and models to sustain the implementation of best practices.By applying usability testing to clinical decision support(CDS) design, overall adoption rates of 60% can be realised.What has not been examined is how long adoption rates are sustained and the characteristics associated with long-term use. We conducted secondary analysis to decipher the factors impacting sustained use of CD Stools. This study was a secondary data analysis from a clinical trial conducted at an academic institution in New York City. Study data was identified patients electronic health records (EHR). The trial was to test the implementation of an integrated clinical prediction rule(iCPR) into the EHR. The primary outcome variable was iCPR tool acceptance of the tool. iCPR tool completion and iCPR smartest completion were additional outcome variables of interest. The secondary aim was to examine user characteristics associated with iCPR tool use in later time periods. Characteristics of interest included age, resident year, use of electronic health records (yes/no) and use of best practice alerts (BPA) (yes/no). Generalised linear mixed models (GLiMM) were used to compare iCPR use over time for each outcome of interest: namely, iCPR acceptance, iCPR completion and iCPR smartset completion.GLiMM was also used to examine resident characteristics associated with iCPR tool use in later time periods; specifically, intermediate and long-term (ie, 90+days). The tool was accepted, on average, 82.18% in the first 90 days (short-term period). The use decreases to 56.07% and 45.61% in intermediate and long-term time periods, respectively. There was a significant association between iCPR tool completion and time periods(p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in iCPR tool completion between resident encounters in the intermediate and long-term periods (p<0.6627). There was a significant association between iCPR smartset completion and time periods (p<0.0021). There were no significant associations between iCPR smartest completion and any of the four predictors of interest. We examined the frequencies of components of the iCPR tool being accepted over time by individual clinicians. Rates of adoption of the different components of the tool decreased substantially over time. The data suggest that over time and prolonged exposure to CDS tools, providers are less likely to utilise the tool. It is not clear if it is fatigue with the CDS tool, acquired knowledge of the clinical prediction rule, or gained clinical experience and gestalt that are influencing adoption rates. Further analysis of individual adoption rates over time and the impact it has on clinical outcomes should be conducted.
A group of type I keratin genes on human chromosome 17: characterization and expression.

Abstract The human type I keratins K16 and K14 are coexpressed in a number of epithelial tissues, including esophagus, tongue, and hair follicles. We determined that two genes encoding K16 and three genes encoding K14 were clustered in two distinct segments of chromosome 17. The genes within each cluster were tightly linked, and large parts of the genome containing these genes have been recently duplicated. The sequences of the two K16 genes showed striking homology not only within the coding sequences, but also within the intron positions and sequences and extending at least 400 base pairs 5' upstream and 850 base pairs 3' downstream from these genes. Despite the strong homologies between these two genes, only one of the genes encoded a protein which assembled into keratin filaments when introduced into simple epithelial cells. While there were no obvious abnormalities in the sequence of the other gene, its promoter seemed to be significantly weaker, and even a hybrid gene with the other gene's promoter gave rise to a much reduced mRNA level after gene transfection. To demonstrate that the functional K16 gene that we identified was in fact responsible for the K16 expressed in human tissues, we made a polyclonal antiserum which recognized our functional K16 gene product in both denatured and filamentous form and which was specific for bona fide human K16.
Timely Septation Requires SNAD-dependent Spindle Pole Body Localization of the Septation Initiation Network Components in the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus nidulans

In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, cytokinesis/septation is triggered by the septation initiation network (SIN), which first appears at the spindle pole body (SPB) during mitosis. The coiled-coil protein SNAD is associated with the SPB and is required for timely septation and conidiation. We have determined that SNAD acted as a scaffold protein that is required for the localization of the SIN proteins of SIDB and MOBA to the SPB. Another scaffold protein SEPK, whose localization at the SPB was dependent on SNAD, was also required for SIDB and MOBA localization to the SPB. In the absence of either SEPK or SNAD, SIDB/MOBA successfully localized to the septation site, indicating that their earlier localization at SPB was not essential for their later appearance at the division site. Unlike their functional counterparts in fission yeast, SEPK and SNAD were not required for vegetative growth but only for timely septation. Furthermore, down-regulation of negative regulators of the SIN suppressed the septation and conidiation phenotypes due to the loss of SNAD. Therefore, we conclude that SPB localization of SIN components is not essential for septation per se, but critical for septation to take place in a timely manner in A. nidulans.
Inflammation and cancer: How hot is the link?

Although inflammation has long been known as a localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function, there has been a new realization about its role in a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. While acute inflammation is a part of the defense response, chronic inflammation can lead to cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurological diseases. Several pro-inflammatory gene products have been identified that mediate a critical role in suppression of apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Among these gene products are TNF and members of its superfamily, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, chemokines, MMP-9, VEGF, COX-2, and 5-LOX. The expression of all these genes are mainly regulated by the transcription factor NF-kappaB, which is constitutively active in most tumors and is induced by carcinogens (such as cigarette smoke), tumor promoters, carcinogenic viral proteins (HIV-tat, HIV-nef, HIV-vpr, KHSV, EBV-LMP1, HTLV1-tax, HPV, HCV, and HBV), chemotherapeutic agents, and gamma-irradiation. These observations imply that anti-inflammatory agents that suppress NF-kappaB or NF-kappaB-regulated products should have a potential in both the prevention and treatment of cancer. The current review describes in detail the critical link between inflammation and cancer.
Testosterone Therapy in Men With Prostate Cancer: Scientific and Ethical Considerations

Purpose: Pertinent literature regarding the potential use of testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer is reviewed and synthesized.Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed of English language publications on testosterone administration in men with a known history of prostate cancer and investigation of the effects of androgen concentrations on prostate parameters, especially prostate specific antigen.Results: The prohibition against the use of testosterone therapy in men with a history of prostate cancer is based on a model that assumes the androgen sensitivity of prostate cancer extends throughout the range of testosterone concentrations. Although it is clear that prostate cancer is exquisitely sensitive to changes in serum testosterone at low concentrations, there is considerable evidence that prostate cancer growth becomes androgen indifferent at higher concentrations. The most likely mechanism for this loss of androgen sensitivity at higher testosterone concentrations is the fin...
Radiographic and Scintigraphic Evaluation of Bone Tumors and Diseases.

A primary bone tumor is a neoplasia that originates within the skeletal tissue. Primary musculoskeletal tumors are rare and account for <1% of all cancers. Approximately 2500 new cases of primary bone malignancy are diagnosed each year in the United States1,2. The vast majority of bone tumors are benign and asymptomatic and therefore are likely to remain undetected or are diagnosed incidentally1,2. In turn, the true incidence of benign bone tumors is difficult to estimate1,2. In one study, the prevalence of metastatic bone disease was estimated to be approximately 280,000 cases in the U.S. in 20083. Primary bone tumors can be benign or malignant and can vary in terms of aggressiveness and activity. While some benign and indolent lesions may be asymptomatic, aggressive malignant lesions may present with pain, pathologic fractures, and metastasis. Appropriate characterization and diagnosis of bone tumors is necessary for determining therapeutic strategies1,2. Conventional radiography is the first diagnostic tool that is used for the assessment of suspected bone tumors and is considered to be the most important initial imaging modality4-9. Conventional radiography can …
Health scorecard of spacecraft platforms: Track record of on-orbit anomalies and failures and preliminary comparative analysis

Abstract Choosing the “right” satellite platform for a given market and mission requirements is a major investment decision for a satellite operator. With a variety of platforms available on the market from different manufacturers, and multiple offerings from the same manufacturer, the down-selection process can be quite involved. In addition, because data for on-obit failures and anomalies per platform is unavailable, incomplete, or fragmented, it is difficult to compare options and make an informed choice with respect to the critical attribute of field reliability of different platforms. In this work, we first survey a large number of geosynchronous satellite platforms by the major satellite manufacturers, and we provide a brief overview of their technical characteristics, timeline of introduction, and number of units launched. We then analyze an extensive database of satellite failures and anomalies, and develop for each platform a “health scorecard” that includes all the minor and major anomalies, and complete failures—that is failure events of different severities—observed on-orbit for each platform. We identify the subsystems that drive these failure events and how much each subsystem contributes to these events for each platform. In addition, we provide the percentage of units in each platform which have experienced failure events, and, after calculating the total number of years logged on-orbit by each platform, we compute its corresponding average failure and anomaly rate. We conclude this work with a preliminary comparative analysis of the health scorecards of different platforms. The concept of a “health scorecard” here introduced provides a useful snapshot of the failure and anomaly track record of a spacecraft platform on orbit. As such, it constitutes a useful and transparent benchmark that can be used by satellite operators to inform their acquisition choices (“inform” not “base” as other considerations are factored in when comparing different spacecraft platforms), and by satellite manufacturers to guide their testing and reliability improvement programs. Finally, it is important to keep in mind that these health scorecards should be considered dynamic documents to be updated on a regular basis if they are to remain accurate and relevant for comparative analysis purposes, as new information will impact their content.
Wide Operational Speed Range of Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Machines by Using Different Stator Winding Configurations

The winding changeover technique is an effective method for extending the operational speed range of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). Unlike three-phase machines which could be wound in wye or delta connections, there are three possible connections, i.e., star, pentagon, and pentacle for five-phase electric machines. In this work, the effects of these three winding connections on a five-phase PMSM performance are studied. First, based on the mathematical model and finite-element analysis, the effects of different stator winding connections on torque-speed and efficiency characteristics are investigated. Then, the complete electric machine drive system including the winding changeover mechanism is simulated to present its dynamic performance. Finally, experimental results are provided to show the transient and steady-state operation of a five-phase PMSM with star, pentagon, and pentacle winding connections.
Using GOMS for user interface design and evaluation: which technique?

Since the seminal book, The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction, the GOMS model has been one of the few widely known theoretical concepts in human-computer interaction. This concept has spawned much research to verify and extend the original work and has been used in real-world design and evaluation situations. This article synthesizes the previous work on GOMS to provide an integrated view of GOMS models and how they can be used in design. We briefly describe the major variants of GOMS that have matured sufficiently to be used in actual design. We then provide guidance to practitioners about which GOMS variant to use for different design situations. Finally, we present examples of the application of GOMS to practical design problems and then summarize the lessons learned.
Vertebrate Behavior: Integration of Proximate and Ultimate Causation

Events during the past decade both within animal behavior and in other, related disciplines suggest that the time may be right for a more formal synthesis of what we know about proximate and ultimate causation of behavior. To that end, the papers gathered here provide some insights into how this process of integrating approaches to the study of behavior is proceeding and will evolve. My goals in this introduction are to (a) provide an historical perspective on the conceptualization of proximate and ultimate causation, (b) summarize the events that suggest an integration is now in order, and (c) provide a short synopsis of the flow of the symposium.
Noether Settings of Some Groups with an Unexpected Property

Let p be an odd prime, and let G be the symmetric group on p letters. Let F be a field of characteristic zero containing a primitive p 2th root of 1. Let H be a p-Sylow subgroup of G, and let be a nontrivial ZH-module of order p 2, cyclic as an abelian group. Let be its character group. We show that the invariant subfields of the Noether settings of the groups and are stably rational over F. We also show that there is a set of quotient groups and subgroups of G′ and of G″, whose Noether settings have stably rational invariant subfields over F. The group G′ arose in the study of the center of the generic division algebra of degree p, and we exhibit a subgroup of G′ with the unexpected property that the invariant subfield of its Noether setting is stably isomorphic to this center.
The Dual Estrogen Receptor α Inhibitory Effects of the Tissue-Selective Estrogen Complex for Endometrial and Breast Safety

The conjugated estrogen /: bazedoxifene tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC) is designed to minimize the undesirable effects of estrogen in the uterus and breast tissues and to allow the beneficial effects of estrogen in other estrogen-target tissues, such as the bone and brain. However, the molecular mechanism underlying endometrial and breast safety during TSEC use is not fully understood. Estrogen receptor α (ERα)-estrogen response element (ERE)-DNA pull-down assays using HeLa nuclear extracts followed by mass spectrometry-immunoblotting analyses revealed that, upon TSEC treatment, ERα interacted with transcriptional repressors rather than coactivators. Therefore, the TSEC-mediated recruitment of transcriptional repressors suppresses ERα-mediated transcription in the breast and uterus. In addition, TSEC treatment also degraded ERα protein in uterine tissue and breast cancer cells, but not in bone cells. Interestingly, ERα-ERE-DNA pull-down assays also revealed that, upon TSEC treatment, ERα interacted with the F-box protein 45 (FBXO45) E3 ubiquitin ligase. The loss-of- and gain-of-FBXO45 function analyses indicated that FBXO45 is involved in TSEC-mediated degradation of the ERα protein in endometrial and breast cells. In preclinical studies, these synergistic effects of TSEC on ERα inhibition also suppressed the estrogen-dependent progression of endometriosis. Therefore, the endometrial and breast safety effects of TSEC are associated with synergy between the selective recruitment of transcriptional repressors to ERα and FBXO45-mediated degradation of the ERα protein.
Functional Diversification after Gene Duplication: Paralog Specific Regions of Structural Disorder and Phosphorylation in p53, p63, and p73.

Conformational and functional flexibility promote protein evolvability. High evolvability allows related proteins to functionally diverge and perhaps to neostructuralize. p53 is a multifunctional protein frequently referred to as the Guardian of the Genome–a hub for e.g. incoming and outgoing signals in apoptosis and DNA repair. p53 has been found to be structurally disordered, an extreme form of conformational flexibility. Here, p53, and its paralogs p63 and p73, were studied for further insights into the evolutionary dynamics of structural disorder, secondary structure, and phosphorylation. This study is focused on the post gene duplication phase for the p53 family in vertebrates, but also visits the origin of the protein family and the early domain loss and gain events. Functional divergence, measured by rapid evolutionary dynamics of protein domains, structural properties, and phosphorylation propensity, is inferred across vertebrate p53 proteins, in p63 and p73 from fish, and between the three paralogs. In particular, structurally disordered regions are redistributed among paralogs, but within clades redistribution of structural disorder also appears to be an ongoing process. Despite its deemed importance as the Guardian of the Genome, p53 is indeed a protein with high evolvability as seen not only in rearranged structural disorder, but also in fluctuating domain sequence signatures among lineages.
Reproduction in the Woodroach Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae): Mating, Oviposition, and Hatch

Observations and data on the reproductive biology of Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder are presented. Females have a single oviposition period in which they produce from one to four oothecae. Oothecae are embedded in the ceiling of the log galleries of the woodroaches. Brood size (pooled oothecae of a single female) is 73 ± 24 eggs (x± SD, n = 78). The number of eggs per ootheca ranges from 12 to 41, with 32 as the mode. The hatching of eggs within a single ootheca is extended in time, taking up to 4 d for completion. Copulation occurs before, during, and after a pair's sole breeding period. The spermatophore is described. Postcopulatory behavior includes sequences described in termites.
The United States and the Reconstruction of Germany in the 1920s

The foreign economic policy of the United States in the aftermath of World War I was not isolationist, but selectively interventionist. With a group of very able American businessmen-diplomats in the lead, the nation pressured the French to accept the Dawes Plan, which, it was hoped, would solve the reparations problem, encourage healthy economic recovery and growth (which would embrace large sales of American capital goods to Germany), and ensure peaceful contentment in two nations that were more bitter enemies than ever. But, Professor Costigliola shows, a plan to rebuild Germany that was half private business and half foreign policy, and that was manipulated to both ends, could not succeed in the marketplace, where it had to live or die.