cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Bender-Gestalt test as an indicator of neurological impairment in young inner-city children.

The black and white, 7- and 8-yr.-old “inner-city” children in the Johns Hopkins Collaborative Perinatal Study obtained generally higher error scores on the Bender-Gestalt test than Koppitz's norms...
Steric effects of carboxylic capping ligands on the growth of the CdSe quantum dots

Abstract Cadmium selenide quantum dots were grown using different carboxylic capping ligands in order to study the steric effects of the ligand chain length and chain branching. Straight chain and branched saturated carboxylic acids (fatty acids) were used as capping ligands. Hot injection synthesis was performed in 1-octadecene via the reaction between Cd carboxylates and trioctylphosphine selenide. At specific times, samples were withdrawn from reaction mixtures. For straight chain carboxylic acids, namely stearic, hexadecanoic, dodecanoic, decanoic, and octanoic, the decrease of the chain length leads to the increase of the CdSe particle sizes due to the faster transport of the monomers through the capping layer. For decanoic and octanoic acids, fast diffusion through the capping layer leads to the reaction-controlled kinetics, and the particles grow as tetrapods instead of dots. α-Branched double chain acids, 2-butyloctanoic and especially 2-hexyldecanoic, create more steric hindrance compared to the straight chain acids of comparable length and produce smaller quantum dots. α-Branched triple chain acids, neodecanoic and 1-adamantanecarboxylic, were expected to show superior steric hindrance during the synthesis. Neodecanoic acid, compared to 2-butyloctanoic acid, the closest to it in length, created less hindrance for the monomer diffusion, probably because two of its three branches are very short. 1-Adamantanecarboxylic acid performed comparable to 2-butyloctanoic acid, despite a much shorter length. This is attributed to the bulky rigid adamantane cages forming a dense capping layer. Straight chain and branched chain ligands lead to different photoluminescence patterns. When capped with straight chain carboxylates, CdSe quantum dots exhibit only sharp bandgap fluorescence, consistent with a high degree of surface site coverage. All of the α-branched ligands enabled intense surface trap emission, likely because of incomplete passivation of the surface atoms due to the nearest neighbor steric repulsion.
Improved Methodology for Using Embedded Markov Chains to Describe Cyclical Sediments

ABSTRACT Embedded Markov chains may be used to describe rock sequences in which a lithology is not or cannot be observed following itself. Such chains lead to a transition matrix with zeros on the main diagonal. To test the hypothesis of randomness in an embedded Markov chain, we apply Goodman's (1968) model of quasi-independence and compare it to previously used methods (which we now believe are invalid) in the geological literature. Data in the literature show quite different results (depending on the original method) when reanalyzed in this way. We present tests for homogeneity, a spatial analogue to stationarity, of multiple embedded chains and for symmetry and Markov chain order. Matrices from vertical or laterally spaced sequences can be tested for homogeneity and conclusions drawn regar ing variations of processes over space. A normalized difference is proposed as an aid in interpreting the difference between observed transition frequencies and transition probabilities estimated with a model of independence or quasi-independence.
THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH GED CERTIFICATES: A LONGITUDINAL PERSPECTIVE

A General Educational Development (GED) certificate opens community college doors to people who would not otherwise enter them. However, a question is sometimes raised concerning GED holders’ achievements in higher education: Are they comparable to those of high school graduates? The records of 5,616 GED holders who had enrolled in a large, midwestern community college over a 23‐year period were examined to respond to the question. Although one fourth of the GED holders failed to earn any college credits, those who did do so achieved passing grades on the average. The GED holders enrolled in a variety of courses and graduated in proportions similar to the college as a whole, with women generally outperforming men. The academic work of GED holders was thus found to be comparable to that of high school graduates in this college setting.
The present status of serum treatment in acute poliomyelitis

Summary 1. Although we have tangible proof of the presence of specific immune bodies in the serum of convalescent poliomyelitis cases and in a high percentage of the sera obtained from normal adults as evideced from laboratory experiments, there is no positive proof from this compilation of statistics or from controlled clinical experiments that such sera are efficacious after the preparalytic stage is once manifested. 2. The question of dosage and the question of administration of the dose cannot be answered until we have positive proof that the serum is efficacious. 3. The absence of positive proof from the material at hand should not deter us from further attempts to benefit cases by the use of antisera, merely because this material is as yet unsatisfactory owing to a variety of known and unknown factors which cannot be introduced with the figures.
Regional Variations of Bone Quantity and Quality Impact Femoral Head Collapse

Osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head causes the bone to deteriorate, buckle, and collapse. As the vasculature is reportedly uniform in the femoral head, one would expect uniform susceptibility to ON; however, collapse typically occurs in the anterior region. We asked whether regional variations in bone quantity and/or quality could explain the bone's anterior susceptibility despite uniform vascularity. We examined seven femoral heads resected for primary osteoarthritis and three removed after femoral neck fracture. Each was cut into 4-mm-thick, 1.5 cm x 1.5-cm bone squares, processed for light microscopy, and sectioned twice. One section was stained with Gomori's trichrome and assessed by a computer-assisted microscope, which calculated trabecular area, a measure of bone quantity. The other was stained with hematoxylin and eosin and assessed by light microscopy to identify trabecular microfractures, a measure of bone quality. Bone quantity and quality were reduced in the fracture group as a whole; bone quantity was uniform in each femoral head, but the quality was reduced in the anterior portion. The quality was further reduced in the superior region of arthritic bone and in the lateral-inferior regions of the fractured bones. Our findings suggest the anterior susceptibility is the result of bone loading and, as such, reinforcement of the femoral head in ON should focus on the anterior hemisphere.
Hollow iron cathode discharge as source for wavelength and intensity standards

A sealed-off hollow cathode discharge tube with iron electrodes and rare gas filling is described which will give an iron spectrum with very sharp lines and intensities of high reproducibility. Extensive data are given of the dependence of the iron intensities on the character of the rare gas, its pressure, and the discharge current. For most purposes a neon filling at about 3 mm pressure is recommended. The lines of such a tube are recommended for wavelength standards. They may serve as intensity standards with the proper precautions.
Brong Midwives and Women in Childbirth: Management of Uncertainty in a Division of Labor

This study is based on interviews conducted in 1977 with a dozen Brong women living around New Drobo, Ghana, who have knowledge of midwives' practices in childbirth. Through a description of midwives' work handling ordinary childbirth and referring the extraordinary to other kinds of attendants in both traditional and modern service deliveries, I suggest how the management of uncertainty structures relations between segments in a division of labor that includes various kinds of expertise. In the case of Brong midwives, their resolution of uncertainty accounts for how they define their proper jurisdiction vis-a-vis female relatives, herbalists, shrine priests, and modern facilities, and their referral patterns demonstrate how they recognize limits to their participation by knowledge in its breach. Systematic acceptance of possible Type-II error protects them from facing "real trouble" that they are not equipped to handle. In conclusion, I assess to what extent this analysis may apply to other practitioners...
Purification and characterization of an inhibitor protein with cytochalasin-like acitvity from bovine adrenal medulla

Abstract A protein preparation with cytochalasin-like activity has been obtained from bovine adrenal medulla. Analysis by electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels and chromatography in a Sephacryl S-200 column indicated that the inhibitor activity coincided with a 90 000 dalton polypeptide. The inhibitor decreased high-affinity binding of [3H]cytochalasin B to actin nuclei, apparently by competing with the drug for thesame binding site. At substoichometric levels, the inhibitor had a potent effect on actin filament elongation and on actin-dependent gelation of cell extracts in vitro. These results suggest that the inhibitor may be involved in the control of actin filament assembly and interaction in the adrenal medulla.
Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction on Pt in Acidic Media: Adsorption Isotherm and Activation Free Energies

We present a method for quantifying the kinetic current of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) on Pt in acidic media using the adsorption and activation free energies as the intrinsic kinetic parameters. Our approach involves deriving the HOR intermediate's adsorption isotherm based on the same dual-pathway reaction model as for the kinetic equation. Coupled with density functional theory calculations of the coverage- and site-dependent hydrogen dissociation free energies, we analyzed the adsorption isotherms for H on atop (HAtop) sites and in hollow/bridge (HH/B) sites obtained respectively from infrared spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements. Although the hydrogen dissociative adsorption energy is not site-sensitive on Pt, HAtop has an order of magnitude lower coverage and higher activity than HH/B. We attributed this distinction to their different entropies; HH/B is less accessible to water than HAtop, and the formation of a hydrogen bond is essential in the oxidative generation of H3O+. Usin...
Antiferromagnetic Phase Diagram and Magnetic Band Gap Shift of NaCr S 2

The magnetization and differential susceptibility of the layer-structured compound NaCr${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ have been measured parallel and perpendicular to the $c$ axis in pulsed magnetic fields up to 200 kOe as a function of temperature. Antiferromagnetic ordering was observed below 18\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. For fields applied parallel to the Cr layers, a spin-flop-type transition was observed at 20 kOe and a transition to the paramagnetic phase observed at higher fields. The temperature dependence of the latter transition is found to vary as the sublattice magnetization computed from the parallel susceptibility. The in-plane and out-of-plane anisotropies are due to intraplane dipolar interactions and are of comparable magnitude, \ensuremath{\sim}3 kOe. The optical absorption spectrum has been measured in the range 1-2.4 eV where the charge-transfer band gap occurs. Measurements as a function of temperature show that the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ crystal-field transitions observed between 1.5 and 1.9 eV, are only slightly affected on passing through the N\'eel temperature, whereas the band gap shows an anomalously large blue-shift. This is thought to be evidence against the recent theory that these magnetic shifts are due to deformation potentials and magnetoelastic coupling. An alternative explanation is presented in which the band gap shift is due to the different exchange interactions in the ground and excited states.
The Benefits of and Challenges to the Use of Occupation in Hand Therapy

ABSTRACT This mixed methods survey examines the perceptions of occupational therapists working in hand therapy in the United States regarding the benefits of and barriers to occupation-based hand therapy. Electronic questionnaires containing open- and closed-ended questions were answered by 105 occupational therapists working in hand therapy and analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitatively according to themes. Participants reported that occupation-based interventions benefit clients by facilitating functional activity, meaningful therapeutic experiences, and holistic approach to treatment. Reported barriers to occupation-based interventions include logistic issues, reimbursement issues, the limitations imposed by the client's medical condition or the treatment protocol, and credibility of occupation-based interventions. Overcoming the challenges to occupation-based practice in hand therapy requires research in the efficiacy of occupation-based hand therapy and education of the public as well as health professionals and occupational therapists working in hand therapy.
High aspect ratio TSVs in micropin-fin heat sinks for 3D ICs

Future high performance 3D systems require a systematic co-design of their electrical interconnect network and their heat removal mechanism. This paper presents fine pitch (35 µm) and high aspect ratio (20∶1) TSVs integrated in a benchmarked micropin-fin heat sink capable of removing power density of 100 W/cm2/tier at a junction temperature below 50 °C.
Partial widths for the decay of T = 32 nucleon states into Σ+K+∗☆

Reduced partial widths, and branching fractions for the decay of T = 32 nucleon resonances into Σ+K+ have been determined by fitting differential cross section and average polarization data between threshold and 2 GeV c.m. energy in the process π+p → Σ+K+. Resonance contributions were taken to have the Breit-Wigner form and pole terms in the crossed channels were used to represent the non-resonant background. The resonances S31(1635), P31(1934), P33(1236), P33(1688), D33(1691), D35(1954), F35(1913) and F37(1946) were included in the model. Fits to the data are obtained by varying the pole and resonance strengths. The partial widht of the F37(1946) into the ΣK channel is compared with values calculated by several models.
A Review of Environmental and Genetic Factors That Affect Height in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (Salt Marsh Cord Grass)

The salt marsh cord grass, Spartina alternifora Loisel., occurs in markedly distinct short and tall growth forms. Both forms have the same number of chromosomes, although polyploidy is well established in the genus. Previous studies have shown that height is primarily affected by nitrate availability and environmental stresses such as increased soluble salt concentrations. These studies have shown that, within a marsh, height differences cannot be attributed to genetic, chromosomal differences or electrophoretic banding. However, more subtle genetic differences may be involved. Other studies suggest that between marshes, S. alterniflora, in response to a latitudinal gradient on the Atlantic coast, has evolved ecotypes differing in height, color and flowering period. This review paper points out that plant height in S. alterniflora may be determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors.
Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy – A Tool for the Study of Defects and Diffusion at the Atomic Scale

This paper provides an introduction to perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy in the context of its application in the study of point defects and diffusion. It emphasizes what we anticipate to be of interest to non-PAC specialists who are interested in understanding variations in how PAC results are presented by different research groups and in how physical quantities such as defect formation energies, association energies, and migration barriers can be extracted from analysis of PAC spectra. Numerous citations are included to emphasize the universality of the analysis methods across different classes of materials including metallic, ceramic, and semiconducting compounds.
Integration of modeling with experimental and clinical findings synthesizes and refines the central role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 in spinocerebellar ataxia

A suite of models was developed to study the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Several SCAs are linked to reduced abundance of IP3R1 or to supranormal sensitivity of the receptor to activation by its ligand inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Detailed multidimensional models have been created to simulate biochemical calcium signaling and membrane electrophysiology in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. In these models, IP3R1-mediated calcium release is allowed to interact with ion channel response on the cell membrane. Experimental findings in mice and clinical observations in humans provide data input for the models. The SCA modeling suite helps interpret experimental results and provides suggestions to guide experiments. The models predict IP3R1 supersensitivity in SCA1 and compensatory mechanisms in SCA1, SCA2, and SCA3. Simulations explain the impact of calcium buffer proteins. Results show that IP3R1-mediated calcium release activates voltage-gated calcium-activated potassium channels in the plasma membrane. The SCA modeling suite unifies observations from experiments in a number of SCAs. The cadre of simulations demonstrates the central role of IP3R1.
Recent Developments in US Industrial Relations

The persistence of economic pressures that first challenged American industry in the 1970s continues to reshape US industrial relations. In an effort to maintain their competitiveness, US firms have developed a panoply of strategies ranging from confrontation and labour control to collaboration and employee empowerment. This essay reviews evidence relating to the development and diffusion of these alternative strategies and their implications for long-term US competitiveness. In this context, the recent work of Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations is discussed as well as a number of public policy options intended to facilitate the implementation of high value-added production systems. The essay concludes with a discussion of the implications of recent trends for industrial relations research.
Institutions, Identity and Unity: The Anomaly of Australian Nationalism†

Why has Australia not produced a viable separatist movement? This non-event is all the more striking compared to the separatism experienced by the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada, among others. Individually or combined, the major paradigms cannot explain separatism or its absence. This paper advances an elite persuasion argument and contends that success of separatist movements depends on the conditions in which elites appeal for autonomy. Specifically, five conditions are necessary for a viable separatist movement: 1) cultural differences, 2) economic incentives, 3) security, 4) concentrated minority settlement patterns, and 5) favourable domestic institutions. The analysis focuses on a comparison between Australia and Canada, but has implications for other separatist and potentially separatist areas.
Development of a tunable polarimetric scatterometry system in the MWIR and LWIR

A unique tunable polarimetric scatterometry system has been developed by upgrading a Schmitt Measurement Systems Complete Angle Scatter Instrument (CASI) to produce a Dual-Rotating-Retarder full-Mueller-matrix polarimeter. The system has been enhanced by automation, addition of multiple, tunable, laser light sources, an improved sample positioning and orientation interface, and enhanced data-analysis software. A primary application of this system is the characterization of novel nano- and micro-structured materials, such as photonic crystals, plasmonic structures and optical meta-materials, which often display very narrow-band performance. The ability to characterize these materials both at and away-from their resonances is a clear advantage. The specific project goals are to demonstrate (1) a novel nano- and micro-structured-material-characterization full-polarimetric-diffuse-ellipsometry technique suitable to measure desired material properties with stated uncertainty limits for novel optical material structures of interest, and (2) the incorporation of predictive computational codes that estimate the electro-magnetic property values for novel nano- and micro-structured-material designs and concepts of interest.
Evaluation of Current Nebulizers and Nebulizer Characterization Techniques

The operating characteristics of a number of recent, commercially available inductively coupled plasma (ICP) nebulizer designs have been compared. The operating characteristics studied included bulk efficiency, primary and tertiary aerosol production, and analyte response by ICPAES. Several concentric glass nebulizers along with a slurry and a dual-platinum-grid nebulizer were investigated. In all cases, tertiary aerosol production was found to be the best indicator of the analytical performance of the nebulizer. Of the nebulizers studied, the dual-platinum-grid nebulizer was found to generate the largest quantity of aerosol and to possess the most compatible droplet-size distribution for use with an ICP.
From Mice to Maize

The recent exchange of letters between David S. Block and Daniel J. Curran and Rebecca S. Eisenberg and Michael Heller ( Science 's Compass, 20 Nov. p. [1420][1]) about the use of Cre-loxP mouse technology for biomedical research reveals many analogies with plant biotechnology. Proprietary research tools such as promoters and transformation systems have found popular use among the global plant biotechnology community in the last decade or more, and many research projects that used these tools are now in a position for commercial exploitation. Academic institutions such as Michigan State University are now exploring the options open to us and approaching the patent holders of some of these technologies to determine how we can proceed to commercialization. To our surprise and dismay, the initial response has been very different from the Cre-loxP agreement described by Block and Curran and has resulted in a scenario where transgenic plants developed with obvious commercial value are effectively vetoed by the patent holders of these “upstream” technologies. This is an undesirable situation for agricultural biotechnology (in particular, of transgenic plants), in that the holders of these proprietary “upstream” technologies have effective veto power over whom universities can and cannot approach with their technologies for commercial development. By inhibiting fair competition and innovation, the development of this sector may well be stifled by a select number of companies holding key basic research tool patents. So while Block and Curran present a favorable picture for the mouse in the laboratory, the situation for maize in the field looks very different to us at present. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.282.5393.1419d
Interactions between the termini of lumen enzymes and shell proteins mediate enzyme encapsulation into bacterial microcompartments

Bacterial microcompartments (MCPs) are a widespread family of proteinaceous organelles that consist of metabolic enzymes encapsulated within a protein shell. For MCPs to function specific enzymes must be encapsulated. We recently reported that a short N-terminal targeting sequence of propionaldehyde dehydrogenase (PduP) is necessary and sufficient for the packaging of enzymes into a MCP that functions in 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) utilization (Pdu) by Salmonella enterica. Here we show that encapsulation is mediated by binding of the PduP targeting sequence to a short C-terminal helix of the PduA shell protein. In vitro studies indicated binding between PduP and PduA (and PduJ) but not other MCP shell proteins. Alanine scanning mutagenesis determined that the key residues involved in binding are E7, I10, and L14 of PduP and H81, V84, and L88 of PduA. In vivo targeting studies indicated that the binding between the N terminus of PduP and the C terminus of PduA is critical for encapsulation of PduP within the Pdu MCP. Structural models suggest that the N terminus of PduP and C terminus of PduA both form helical structures that bind one another via the key residues identified by mutagenesis. Cumulatively, these results show that the N-terminal targeting sequence of PduP promotes its encapsulation by binding to MCP shell proteins. This is a unique report determining the mechanism by which a MCP targeting sequence functions. We propose that specific interactions between the termini of shell proteins and lumen enzymes have general importance for guiding the assembly and the higher level organization of bacterial MCPs.
Agriculture and working-class political culture: A lesson from The Grapes of Wrath

John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel can be given a reading that links events and the mentality of characters to mainstream schools of liberal and neo-liberal political theory: libertarianism, egalitarianism, and utilitarianism. Each of these schools is sketched in outline and applied to topics in rural political culture. While it is likely that Steinbeck himself would have identified with an egalitarian or utilitarian view, he resists the temptation to deny his Okie characters an authentic voice that matches none of these schools so well as it articulates an agrarian mentality once associated with Thomas Jefferson and today articulated by Wendell Berry. This reading of The Grapes of Wrath, in turn, can be interpreted as both a rebuke to contemporary social theorists who continue to impose an ill-fitting left-right dichotomy on working class political culture in rural America and as a roadmap suggesting ways that philosophy and rural sociology might engage one another more directly and productively with respect to contemporary rural development and environmental quality issues.
Broadening the Scope of Statistics and Statistical Education

Abstract The profession of statistics has adopted too narrow a definition of itself. As a consequence, both statistics and statisticians play too narrow a role in policy formation and execution. Broadening that role will require statisticians to change the curriculum they use to train and develop their own professionals and what they teach nonstatisticians about statistics. Playing a proper role will require new research from statisticians that combines our skills in methods with other techniques of social scientists.
N-nitrosomrpholine and N-nitrosobutylamine-stimulated DNA synthesis in BHK-21/C13 cells

Non-semiconservative DNA synthesis was examined in BHK-21/C13 cells after treatment with the aliphatic N-nitrosobutylamine (NB) and the heterocyclic N-nitrosomorpholine (NM). The extent of repair synthesis after alkylation was compared quentitatively and calculations were made of the amount of DNA damage per cell and number of bases inserted per damaged site. Of the chromosome aberrations caused by NM the most predominant were dicentrics. Other aberrations included fragments, gaps, breaks and exchanges of both the chromatid and chromosome type. Unlike NM, NB elicted a higher frequency of chromatid breaks.
Mescaline-induced changes of brain-cortex ribosomes

The pretreatment of brain-cortex slices with mescaline does not affect tRNA or aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, nor have the latter any role in the decreased amino acid incorporating ability of ribosomes of the drug-treated slices.
IBD: Activity of IBD during pregnancy

Women worry that their IBD will flare during pregnancy. A prospective multicentre study from Europe has now demonstrated that although women with Crohn's disease do not have an increased risk of relapse during pregnancy, women with ulcerative colitis are at increased risk of relapse, both during pregnancy and postpartum.
Phase-resolved IUE observations of AM Herculis system E1405-451

The first phase-resolved IUE observations of the AM Herculis system E1405-451 is reported. The spectra show bright emission lines from N V, C IV, and He II, whose centroids vary drastically during the 101.5 minute period. The radial velocities measured from the line centroids show a sinusoidal variation with a semiamplitude of 300 km/s. An explanation for the observed emission line velocities is considered using a model for the system having inclination i = 60 deg and magnetic colatitude Delta = 20 deg.
Why Has Bioethics Become So Boring

La bioethique est devenue ennuyeuse car a present trop familiere; l'ethique traditionnelle philosophique et theologique nee aux Etats-Unis devrait etre associee a des pensees multiculturelles et feministes d'autres nations et franchir ainsi les frontieres
Copying, paraphrasing, and academic writing development: A re-examination of L1 and L2 summarization practices

Abstract Recently, a number of scholars (e.g., Leask, 2006 , Liu, 2005 ) have raised concerns about the discourse of plagiarism, arguing that an emphasis on cultural difference has served to reinforce stereotypes of particular L2 groups and perpetuate deficit views of L2 learners. In an effort to address these concerns, the present study revisits Keck's own (2006) comparison of L1 and L2 summarization practices and investigates (1) why both L1 and L2 writers might choose to copy or Paraphrase source text language while composing a written summary and (2) whether the strategy use of novice writers differed from that of their more experienced peers. The study found that L1 and L2 writers identified many of the same excerpts to include in their summaries, excerpts which allowed them to introduce the problem in focus and to explain the author's thesis. The study also found that the higher rate of copying observed for the L2 group as a whole could be explained by a small number of students who copied source text language extensively. In both the L1 and L2 groups, novice writers tended to rely more on source text excerpts than their more experienced peers.
Genetic relationships in Arceuthobium monticola and A. siskiyouense (Viscaceae): new dwarf mistletoe species from California and Oregon

Key Word Index--Arceuthobium siskiyouense; A. monticola; Viscaceae; electrophoresis; allozymes. Abstract--Genetic among eight populations of two new species of Arceuthobium from the Klamath and Siskiyou Mountains of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon were determined. The principal host of A. siskiyouense is Pinus attenuata (knobcone pine) whereas A. monticola is parasitic primar- ily on R mondcola (western white pine). Arceuthobium siskiyouense is most closely related to A. campylo- podum and A. littorum whereas A. monticola is related to A. californicum. The genetic distinctiveness of both of these species (from A. campylopodum and A. californicum, respectively) is supported by results of an electrophoretic analysis of isozymes. Genetic distances for within-species comparisons were below 0.26 (mean 0.24) in contrast to between-species distances which were greater than 0.28 (mean 0.33). UPGMA cluster analysis from genetic distances resulted in five groups corresponding to the five mistletoe species. These two new dwarf mistletoe species augment the growing list of plant species endemic to the Siskiyou Mountain region. These results also highlight the utility of isozyme electrophoresis in establishing genetically coherent groups, thus aiding the process of species circumscription within Arceuthobium.
Synthesis of delta crystallin from embryonic chick lens messenger ribonucleoprotein complex.

A single, major 21 S messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP complex) was isolated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation after EDTA treatment of high salt washed polysomes from 15 day embryonic chick lenses. A 17 S mRNA was released from the 21 S mRNP. The 21 S mRNP complex coded for a 50 000 molecular weight protein identical to the subunit of delta crystallin. Similar results were obtained with the 17 S mRNA released from the 21 S mRNP complex.
Sex and the Single Cell. II. There Is a Time and Place for Sex

The Drosophila melanogaster sex hierarchy controls sexual differentiation of somatic cells via the activities of the terminal genes in the hierarchy, doublesex (dsx) and fruitless (fru). We have targeted an insertion of GAL4 into the dsx gene, allowing us to visualize dsx-expressing cells in both sexes. Developmentally and as adults, we find that both XX and XY individuals are fine mosaics of cells and tissues that express dsx and/or fruitless (fruM), and hence have the potential to sexually differentiate, and those that don't. Evolutionary considerations suggest such a mosaic expression of sexuality is likely to be a property of other animal species having two sexes. These results have also led to a major revision of our view of how sex-specific functions are regulated by the sex hierarchy in flies. Rather than there being a single regulatory event that governs the activities of all downstream sex determination regulatory genes—turning on Sex lethal (Sxl) RNA splicing activity in females while leaving it turned off in males—there are, in addition, elaborate temporal and spatial transcriptional controls on the expression of the terminal regulatory genes, dsx and fru. Thus tissue-specific aspects of sexual development are jointly specified by post-transcriptional control by Sxl and by the transcriptional controls of dsx and fru expression.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as novel targets in lung disease.

Inflammatory diseases of the lung such as asthma and COPD represent a major worldwide health problem. There are potent antiinflammatory drugs available to treat asthma, such as the glucocorticoids, but these produce unwanted side effects and exhibit limited efficacy in the treatment of COPD. The identification of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) PPARγ, PPARα, and PPARδ opened up a new avenue of research as it was discovered that they exhibited antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. In animal models of allergic and occupational asthma, COPD and pulmonary fibrosis PPARs are involved in the inflammatory cascade, and treatment with PPAR agonists reduces inflammation and results in beneficial outcomes. The actions of PPARγ and PPARα activation are thought to be due to their ability to down-regulate proinflammatory gene expression and inflammatory cell functions, and as such makes them an attractive target for novel drug intervention. PPARδ has been shown to be involved in wound healing, and its activation may enhance the effects of PPARγ agonists. The only fly in the ointment is the observation of an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients treated with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone. However, a clinical trial is underway to examine the effect of rosiglitazone in asthma patients, and the outcome of this trial is awaited with much anticipation. PPARs are novel targets for lung disease, and the continued work with PPAR agonists may result in a potential new treatment for these chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
Mitigating interference via spatial and spectral nulling

Phase-only transmit nulling may help the next generation of radar systems operate in an over-crowded radio frequency spectrum. The reiterative uniform weight optimisation (RUWO) algorithm generates constant modulus radar waveforms with spatial, frequency or space-frequency nulls for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmit arrays by utilising the maximum signal-to-interference plus noise ratio framework in a reiterative fashion. This study presents loop-back and open air experimental results, obtained using an eight-channel X-band coherent MIMO radar test bed, that demonstrate the use of RUWO to generate constant modulus waveforms that possess spatial and/or frequency nulls. The RUWO algorithm is first used to deterministically generate phase-only weights that produce spatial, frequency or space-frequency nulls at baseband in a loop-back configuration. The algorithm is then utilised to generate weights to produce spatial nulls, both deterministically and adaptively, for the full eight-channel test bed in an open air configuration. The deterministic and adaptive strategies are compared; results demonstrate that RUWO can be used to create spatial nulls and highlight the need for careful calibration of both the transmitter and the receiver.
Design of the UHVDC corona cage of China

The function, shape, structure and the parameters of the UHVDC corona cage of China are presented in this paper. The corona loss measurement system, radio interference measuring system and the audible noise measuring system are also detailed, including the measurement theory, connection with the cage, the parameters and the designing basis.
Just passing through: the risky mobilities of hazardous materials transport

The scientific construction of risk is usually based on the probability of an event occurring in a specific location from a specific hazard. Hazardous waste transport is an example of a risk source that is fixed in neither time nor space, with materials traveling through the landscape. Residents living along fixed trans- portation routes likely to experience an increase in the amount and potency of hazardous materials traveling through their communities draw on distant places and spaces in order to define the risk they face as they try to make absent places and materials present. However, because those places and spaces are distant and absent, regulatory o cials can resist their inclusion by arguing that only what is on site matters. This site of struggle over sources and construction of risks can best be understood through Law and Mol's spatiality of fire space. Using two North American case studies, this paper draws on the concepts of fire space and mobilities to ex- plain the nature of the risk that mobile materials pose, including the disconnect between citizens' objections to increased hazardous materials transport and the environmental review and regulatory processes meant to prevent catastrophes from occurring.
Force driven separation of drops by deterministic lateral displacement

We investigate the separation of drops in force-driven deterministic lateral displacement (f-DLD), a promising high-throughput continuous separation method in microfluidics. We perform scaled-up macroscopic experiments in which drops settle through a square array of cylindrical obstacles. These experiments demonstrate the separation capabilities—and provide insight for the design—of f-DLD for drops of multiple sizes, including drops that are larger than the gaps between cylinders and exhibit substantial deformation as they move through the array. We show that for any orientation of the driving force relative to the array of obstacles, the trajectories of the drops follow selected locking directions in the lattice. We also found that a simple collision model accurately describes the average migration angles of the drops for the entire range of sizes investigated here, and for all forcing directions. In addition, we found a difference of approximately 20° between the critical angles at which the smallest and largest drops first move across a line of obstacles (column) in the array, a promising result in terms of potential size resolution of this method. Finally, we demonstrate that a single line of cylindrical obstacles rotated with respect to the driving force is capable of performing binary separations. The critical angles obtained in such single line experiments, moreover, agree with those obtained using the full array, thus validating the assumption in which the trajectory (and average migration angle) of the drops is calculated from individual obstacle-drop collisions.
The Implicit Association Test as a Class Assignment: Student Affective and Attitudinal Reactions.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a popular means of examining “hidden” biases. However, some express concerns about classroom use of the IAT, citing students' potentially negative affective reactions to taking the IAT and discovering their implicit biases. To investigate the validity of this criticism, 35 social psychology students completed affect measures after taking and discussing the Race IAT. Students reported more positive than negative affect both immediately after taking the IAT and 1 week later. They also reported greater awareness of their own and others' implicit racial biases, knowledge of implicit processes, and perceived value of the IAT demonstration.
A new method of measuring facial geometry.

Summary A method has been developed to more accurately reposition the patient, consequently record facial contours, and quantitatively measure changes in facial contours than has previously existed. This technique will be an adjunct to the professional endeavors of all those interested in changes of facial contours (i.e., dentists, physicians, and anthropologists).
Role of Anatomists in Building an Integrated Medical Curriculum

The anatomical sciences have traditionally included a range of related disciplines and variety of approaches to instruction. Together, they provide a unique opportunity for laying the groundwork for medical curricular integration. Finding a place for regional dissection in a systems-based curriculum-integration scheme has been challenging. However, incorporating regional human dissection into systems-based approaches to histology and embryology can provide a foundation for an integrated basic-science curriculum that preserves medical student exposure to the team-based learning and discovery, and the lessons in professionalism, that traditionally accompany human dissection. This chapter describes steps in curricular development and integration that have led to a unique blend of regional anatomy and organ system structure and function that provides a foundation for the effective practice of medicine from physical examination through diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment. The approach described was initiated by anatomy faculty and involved extensive contributions of the teaching faculty from other basic science disciplines throughout the process. It valued faculty contributions to the pre-existing curriculum and provided a framework for ongoing integration and improvement of student performance.
Towards a Query Language for Multihierarchical XML: Revisiting XPath

In recent years it has been argued that when XML encodings be- come complex, DOM trees are no longer adequate for query pro- cessing. Alternative representations of XML documents, such as multi-colored trees (7) have been proposed as a replacement for DOM trees for complex markup. In this paper we consider the use of Generalized Ordered-Descendant Directed Acyclic Graphs (GODDAGs) for the purpose of storing and querying complex do- cument-centric XML. GODDAGs are designed to store multihier- archical XML markup over the shared PCDATA content. They sup- port representation of overlapping markup, which otherwise can- not be represented easily in DOM. We describe how the seman- tics of XPath axes can be modified to define path expressions over GODDAG, and enhance it with the facilities to traverse and query overlapping markup. We provide efficient algorithms for axis eval- uation over GODDAG and describe the implementation of the query processor based on our definitions and algorithms.
Contributions of Children's Temperament to Teachers' Judgments of Social Competence from Kindergarten through Second Grade.

Research Findings: Children's social competence has been linked to successful transition to formal school. The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of children's temperament to teachers' ratings of their social competence from kindergarten through 2nd grade. Children (N = 1,364) from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network participated in this study. Mothers rated children's shyness, attentional focusing, and inhibitory control with the Children's Behavior Questionnaire at 4½ years, and teachers rated children's social competence with three subscales (cooperation, assertion, and self-control) of the Social Skills Rating System at kindergarten, 1st, and 2nd grade. Latent growth curve analysis indicated that both shyness and effortful control contributed to children's social competence. Bolder children were likely to have higher assertion ratings, and shyer children with greater attentional focusing were likely to have higher assertion...
Determination of chlorine distribution in chlorosulfonated polyethylenes by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy

High-resolution proton magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the sequence distribution of chlorines in elastomeric chlorosulfonated polyethylenes. The determination is based on measuring the relative amounts of methylene groups that are α, β, and γ (or greater) from chlorine containing groups (CHCl groups) in chlorosulfonated polyethylenes. The results obtained from the NMR examination at 220 MHz were compared with the theoretical predictions based on the statistics of substitution polymers. The comparison showed that polyethylenes chlorosulfonated by a solution reaction with gaseous chlorine and sulfur dioxide show a random chlorine distribution.
Phonological characteristics of words young children try to say

To examine the possible persistence of phonological selectional constraints on young children's lexical choices, the words attempted in the conversational speech of a longitudinal sample of 12 normally-developing preschoolers from age 2;0 to 5;0 were scored for syllabic length, presence of consonant clusters, and distribution of constituent phonemes. Except at the youngest ages, few developmental changes in target word characteristics were seen, and the observed differences were largely accounted for by syntactic, lexical, and pragmatic factors. The results suggest that selectional constraints persist only briefly in the course of language acquisition.
A Simple Technique To Determine the Unknown Constant in y or x for Producing y vs. x as a Straight Line in Reservoir Engineering Problems

It is common practice in some reservoir engineering and well-testing problems to plot a certain function A vs. another function B such that a straight line results. One well-known example is the graphical interpretation of the material-balance equation as a straight line. However, most of the time there is an unknown factor in either A or B. A trial-and-error procedure for estimating this factor until a straight line results is the method usually mentioned in the literature. This study presents a simple technique for computing the unknown factor directly. 6 refs.
AFM-Enhanced Single-Molecule Spectroscopy Studies of Intermittent Coherence and Time Bunching Effect of Enzyme Dynamics

Enzymatic reactions are traditionally studied at the ensemble level, despite significant static and dynamic inhomogeneities. Subtle conformational changes play a crucial role in protein functions, especially in enzymatic reactions involving complex substrate-enzyme interactions and chemical reactions. We applied AFM-enhanced single-molecule spectroscopy to study the mechanisms and dynamics of enzymatic reactions involved with kinase and lysozyme proteins. Enzymatic reaction turnovers and the associated structure changes of individual protein molecules were observed simultaneously in real-time by single-molecule FRET detections. Our single-molecule spectroscopy measurements of enzymatic conformational dynamics have revealed time bunching effect and intermittent coherence in conformational state change dynamics involving in enzymatic reaction cycles. The coherent conformational state dynamics suggests that the enzymatic catalysis involves a multi-step conformational motion along the coordinates of substrate-enzyme complex formation and product releasing, presenting as an extreme dynamic behavior intrinsically related to the time bunching effect that we have reported previously. Our results support a multiple-conformational state model, being consistent with a complementary conformation selection and induced-fit enzymatic loop-gated conformational change mechanism in substrate-enzyme active complex formation. Our new approach is applicable to a wide range of single-molecule FRET measurements for protein conformational changes under enzymatic reactions.