cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lettuce and Other Composite Vegetables

The Asteraceae is a widely distributed and very large family of about 800 genera and possibly 20,000 species, of which relatively few are cultivated. The previous family name of Compositae was representative of the composite of many florets typically found in the compact involucrate head. What may appear as a single flower is actually the composite of many individual flowers. Another characteristic of many Asteraceae species is the milklike latex contained in stems and other tissues. Dried latex has some narcotic properties and has been used as a sedative. Lactucarium, the dried latex produced from Lactuca virosa has drug use.
Land Dispute Settlements and Their Breakdown: Preferences, Credibility, and Preferences in Ethno-Territorial Conflicts

In bargaining models of internal ethno-territorial conflicts, variation in leadership preferences has a significant impact on expected conflict outcomes. Relative power has an impact conditional on leadership preferences. Conflict among cost-conscious narrow nationalists is expected to be relatively peaceful and episodic - in a manner that is weakly but not perfectly correlated with variation in relative power. Conflict involving cost-flouting extremists is likely to be protracted, irrespective of relative power. Conflict involving power-seekers that care only about internal political effects of conflict may mimic either or both of the other two outcomes. Bargaining outcomes are further constrained by the relative indivisibility of contested homeland territory. A resulting four-fold typology of conflicts is then applied to case studies from Russia and the former Yugoslavia. The case studies illustrate the expected variation in conflict types - including the conditional effects of relative power differences.
Therapy with Minority Families

Clinicians increasingly are convinced of the central contribution of healthy, well integrated families to the life and identity of society and its members. A family is not merely a collection of people or aggregate of individual psyches occupying a particular physical and temporal space. Nor is it just a social group characterized by a common residence, economic cooperation, and reproduction. A family is a natural social system with a structure, development, and function that builds into a vast network of interpersonal relationships. It involves conscious and unconscious processes that provide its members with an identity and a historical continuity. Family systems provide the primary environment for growth, development of identity, and sense of belonging in the world. All its members, including adults, move in an evolutionary process, which challenges each member to new and different developmental tasks and roles. Family norms function to bind this unit in a common culture and boundary.
School Discipline Policies, Perceptions of Justice, and In-School Delinquency:

School crime has been a national issue for nearly 40 years and remains a concern for students, administrators, parents, and the public. Schools engage in numerous strategies aimed at curbing crime, ranging from harsh disciplinary practices to proactive strategies focused on gaining student compliance. This study examines the impact of disciplinary practices on in-school delinquency, while also considering the influence of students’ perceptions of injustice. Using student- and school-level data from the Rural Substance Abuse and Violence Project and hierarchical Poisson regression analyses, findings reveal that students’ perceptions of injustice were significantly related to in-school delinquency, while proactive and reactive discipline practices, spanning the punitiveness continuum, were not. The findings provide tentative guidance for school-based discipline management policies and practices.
Operative Management of Spinal Infection Among Intravenous Drug Abusers.

Objective Recent population-level increases in intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) may contribute to incidence of spinal infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate national trends of spinal infections and evaluate effect of IVDA on outcomes in operative management of spinal infection. Methods Using the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample database for 2002–2014, all patients undergoing spinal decompression or fusion for treatment of spinal infection were evaluated. Inpatient outcomes included length of stay, total cost, complications, discharge to facility, reoperations, and inpatient mortality. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to compare patients with IVDA and patients without IVDA. Results A total of 60,964 patients undergoing surgical management of spinal infection were identified. Number of surgically managed spine infections increased from 2002 to 2014 (P Conclusions From 2002 to 2014 in the United States, the incidence of operatively treated spine infections increased 227.9%, and the proportion of cases associated with IVDA significantly increased. Patients with IVDA had a longer mean length of stay and increased inpatient cost of care but were not at increased risk for complication, reoperation, or mortality. These findings are important for surgeons, internists, hospitals, and insurers to ensure proper resource allocation in treating these at-risk patients.
Myxoid Myofibroblastoma of the Breast With Atypical Cells

The differential diagnosis of myxoid lesions in the breast is broad and includes both benign and malignant entities. Assessment is particularly challenging on core biopsy specimens. Myofibroblastoma, initially thought to be more common in the adult male breast, is being recognized with increasing frequency in the female breast. The wider anatomic distribution of mammary-type myofibroblastoma has also become known, and many new morphological variants have been described. Though focal myxoid stroma may be noted in myofibroblastomas and occasional myofibroblastomas may contain atypical cells, there have been only 3 reports in the literature of myofibroblastomas with exclusive or predominantly myxoid stroma, and 2 of these contained atypical cells. We report another case of mammary myxoid myofibroblastoma with atypical cells in a 40-year-old woman and discuss the differential diagnoses of myxoid lesions in the breast.
Automatic Detection of Mind Wandering from Video in the Lab and in the Classroom

We report two studies that used facial features to automatically detect mind wandering, a ubiquitous phenomenon whereby attention drifts from the current task to unrelated thoughts. In a laboratory study, university students $(N = 152)$ read a scientific text, whereas in a classroom study high school students $(N = 135)$ learned biology from an intelligent tutoring system. Mind wandering was measured using validated self-report methods. In the lab, we recorded face videos and analyzed these at six levels of granularity: (1) upper-body movement; (2) head pose; (3) facial textures; (4) facial action units (AUs); (5) co-occurring AUs; and (6) temporal dynamics of AUs. Due to privacy constraints, videos were not recorded in the classroom. Instead, we extracted head pose, AUs, and AU co-occurrences in real-time. Machine learning models, consisting of support vector machines (SVM) and deep neural networks, achieved $F_{1}$ scores of .478 and .414 (25.4 and 20.9 percent above-chance improvements, both with SVMs) for detecting mind wandering in the lab and classroom, respectively. The lab-based detectors achieved 8.4 percent improvement over the previous state-of-the-art; no comparison is available for classroom detectors. We discuss how the detectors can integrate into intelligent interfaces to increase engagement and learning by responding to wandering minds.
Control of Self-Assembly with Dynamic Programming

Abstract This conference paper updates a previously-reported methodology for establishing feedback control of self-assembly (Griffin et al. (2016b)). The methodology combines dimension reduction, supervised learning, and dynamic programming to obtain an optimal feedback control policy for reaching a desired assembled state. The strategy is further demonstrated, with both simulation and experimental results, for two applications: control of colloidal assembly (to produce perfect colloidal crystals) and control of crystallization from solution (to produce crystals of desired average size).
Commodification and Heroic Masculinity: Interrogating Race and the NFL Quarterback in Super Bowl Commercials

Framed in understandings of sport hero as celebrity and in an increasingly commodified celebrity culture and the commodity context of Super Bowl advertising, this chapter is reliant on critical analysis set broadly at the intersection of consumer culture theory, a dirt theory of narrative ethics, the mediasport interpellation, and critical race theory. The analysis interrogates representative narratives drawn from a sample of Super Bowl commercial advertising broadcast since 2000. Focused on are a group of advertising narratives that featured U.S. National Football League quarterbacks known for their heroic on-field exploits. The analysis provides understandings about those attributes of heroic sporting masculinity that are deemed desirable for showcasing in one of the most expensive advertising venues in the world and sheds light about the intersections of race and the articulation of heroic masculinity in commodity narratives.
“You’re going to burn some bridges if you come at it the wrong way”: Reflecting on the realities of research-practice partnerships

Collaborations between researchers and practitioners are valuable for community development but are challenging to implement. This study aimed to assess how researchers and practitioners perceive s...
Acute Obstructive Choledocholithiasis: A Case of Elusive Gallstones on Imaging

Acute choledocholithiasis results when stones form in the gallbladder and then pass into the common bile duct, where they may become lodged and cause obstruction. To our knowledge, very few cases are reported in which multiple imaging techniques had failed to detect the presence of gallstones, as per current literature review. We report a case of a 73-year-old woman with nausea, vomiting, and jaundice who was found to have choledocholithiasis with negative imaging on abdominal ultrasound (US), CT, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).
Pharmacological clearance of misfolded rhodopsin for the treatment of RHO-associated retinitis pigmentosa.

Rhodopsin mutation and misfolding is a common cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Using a luciferase reporter assay, we undertook a small-molecule high-throughput screening (HTS) of 68, 979 compounds and identified nine compounds that selectively reduced the misfolded P23H rhodopsin without an effect on the wild type (WT) rhodopsin protein. Further, we found five of these compounds, including methotrexate (MTX), promoted P23H rhodopsin degradation that also cleared out other misfolded rhodopsin mutant proteins. We showed MTX increased P23H rhodopsin degradation via the lysosomal but not the proteasomal pathway. Importantly, one intravitreal injection (IVI) of 25 pmol MTX increased electroretinogram (ERG) response and rhodopsin level in the retinae of RhoP23H/+ knock-in mice at 1 month of age. Additionally, four weekly IVIs increased the photoreceptor cell number in the retinae of RhoP23H/+ mice compared to vehicle control. Our study indicates a therapeutic potential of repurposing MTX for the treatment of rhodopsin-associated RP.
Detecting approximate replicate components of a high-dimensional random vector with latent structure

High-dimensional feature vectors are likely to contain sets of measurements that are approximate replicates of one another. In complex applications, or automated data collection, these feature sets are not known a priori, and need to be determined. This work proposes a class of latent factor models on the observed high-dimensional random vector $X \in \mathbb{R}^p$, for defining, identifying and estimating the index set of its approximately replicate components. The model class is parametrized by a $p \times K$ loading matrix $A$ that contains a hidden sub-matrix whose rows can be partitioned into groups of parallel vectors. Under this model class, a set of approximate replicate components of $X$ corresponds to a set of parallel rows in $A$: these entries of $X$ are, up to scale and additive error, the same linear combination of the $K$ latent factors; the value of $K$ is itself unknown. The problem of finding approximate replicates in $X$ reduces to identifying, and estimating, the location of the hidden sub-matrix within $A$, and of the partition of its row index set $H$. Both $H$ and its partiton can be fully characterized in terms of a new family of criteria based on the correlation matrix of $X$, and their identifiability, as well as that of the unknown latent dimension $K$, are obtained as consequences. The constructive nature of the identifiability arguments enables computationally efficient procedures, with consistency guarantees. When $A$ has the errors-in-variable parametrization, the difficulty of the problem is elevated. The task becomes that of separating out groups of parallel rows that are proportional to canonical basis vectors from other dense parallel rows in $A$. This is met under a scale assumption, via a principled way of selecting the target row indices, guided by the succesive maximization of Schur complements of appropriate covariance matrices.
Is genetic ancestry a tool to combat health disparities

The use of race and ethnicity in medicine has become a matter of intense debate. Currently the social construct of race and ethnicity is far from precise, serving as a poor proxy for ancestry. In this issue of Cell, Belbin et al. provide an interesting framework for better characterizing population substructure in a diverse urban environment.
Homeward bound: canopy cover and species identity influence non-breeding season homing success and speed in forest birds

Efficient and safe movement is fundamental for wild birds to thrive in their environments. For arboreal forest animals, especially birds, canopy cover has a large impact on birds’ daily movements and is a crucial component of conservation strategies seeking to retain avian population in disturbed or urban habitats. We translocated woodland bird species utilizing different forest strata during two non-breeding seasons in Gainesville, FL, USA. We used linear model and generalized linear model to examine the effects of canopy cover and species identity on homing success and speed. Among our study species of Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor), Carolina Chickadee (Poecile carolinensis), and Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), we found that Carolina Chickadees and Tufted Titmice were more likely to return than Northern Cardinals. Among birds that successfully returned, homing speed is significantly affected by forest canopy cover and species identity (titmice had higher homing speed than cardinals). Birds return much faster in landscape with higher canopy cover. This study presented evidence of species identity’s effect on homing success and speed in common feeder bird species in Southeast US and provided further evidence that bird movements in the suburban land cover are constrained by low canopy cover.
The Capitol breach: perspective from the Sociology of Collective Action

The breach of the Capitol Building on 6 January 2021 was an unprecedented event in United States history, but the behaviour of the people on the Capitol grounds and inside the Capitol Building was ...
Fighting Child Pornography: A Review of Legal and Technological Developments

In our digitally connected world, the law is arguably behind the technological developments of the Internet age. While this causes many issues for law enforcement, it is of particular concern in the area of child pornography in the United States. With the wide availability of technologies such as digital cameras, peer-to-peer file sharing, strong encryption, Internet anonymizers and cloud computing, the creation and distribution of child pornography has become more widespread. Simultaneously, fighting the growth of this crime has become more difficult. This paper explores the development of both the legal and technological environments surrounding digital child pornography. In doing so, we cover the complications that court decisions have given law enforcement who are trying to investigate and prosecute child pornographers. We then provide a review of the technologies used in this crime and the forensic challenges that cloud computing creates for law enforcement. We note that both legal and technological developments since the 1990s seem to be working to the advantage of users and sellers of child pornography. Before concluding, we provide a discussion and offer observations regarding this subject.
The Nutrition Transition and Its Relationship to Demographic Change

Scientists have long recognized the importance of the demographic and epidemiological transitions in higher-income countries and more recently have understood that similar sets of broad-based changes are occurring in lower-income countries. What has not been recognized is that concurrent changes are occurring in nutrition with equally important resource allocation implications for many low-income countries. This chapter provides a heuristic framework that accommodates the dynamic nature of nutrition.1
Gate Control Theory Reconsidered

It has been 35 years since the publicationMelzack and Wall's Gate Control Theory whichhypothesized that nociceptive information wassubject to dynamic regulation by mechanismslocated in the spinal cord dorsal horn thatcould ultimately lead to hyperalgesic orhypoalgesic states. This paper examines GateControl Theory in light of our currentunderstanding of the neuroanatomical,neurophysiological and neurochemical substratesof nociception and antinociception. Despiteits initial controversies, no one has proposeda more comprehensive overall theory of painmodulation or has successfully refuted most ofthe basic tenets of this theory.
Current State of Classification and Staging of Bladder Cancer

Summary The most important determinant for treatment as well as prognosis is the presence or absence of muscle invasion as determined by the histopathological material obtained by a properly performed biopsy. Histological grade of the tumor is also important inasmuch as high-grade tumors are usually always associated with invasion, whereas low-grade tumors are usually superficial. The presence or absence of carcinoma in situ is also an important histological feature and may be diagnosed with increasing accuracy by improved cytopathological techniques. The TNM system, although useful in the accurate staging of definitive cystectomy specimens, offers little to clinical management. The inherent and significant problems of clinical staging and difficulties in attempting to correlate presenting pathology with correct management planning persist. What is needed, in my opinion, is simplification of clinical staging, elimination of stages that cannot be accurately determined by existing methods, and better identification of criteria for treatment planning.
Modified printed bow-tie antenna for C and X bands wideband phased array systems

The paper presents a modified printed bow-tie antenna for wideband phased array systems. The operating band of the proposed antenna simultaneously covers operations in the C and X-bands from 5.5 to 12.5 GHz. The antenna provides end fire radiation patterns, which makes it suitable for integration in single and dual polarized phased array systems.
Pathology by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy

The sections in this article are Introduction Historical Perspective IR Raman Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Pathology Sample Preparation Representative Examples Analysis of Biological Fluids Analysis of Cells Analysis of Tissues Microscopic Techniques Point Spectroscopy Mapping/Imaging Spatial Resolution, Spectral Resolution, Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Acquisition Time Summary and Prospects for the Future
Disposable polymer "smart" lab-on-a-chip for point-of-care testing (POCT) in clinical diagnostics

The recent development of an innovative disposable polymer smart lab-on-a-chip, which includes smart passive microfluidics, embedded on-chip power sources, and integrated biosensor array, has opened a new era for the point-of-care testing in clinical diagnostics. Several challenging issues in the development of the disposable polymer smart lab-on-a-chip have been explored and addressed in this work. A new disposable polymer "smart" lab-on-a-chip developed for measuring metabolic parameters from whole blood is presented in this paper.
Sperm Mass Longevity and Sperm Storage in the Female Reproductive Tract of Plethodon shermani (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Abstract: In salamanders in the seven families composing the Salamandroidea, sperm storage allows a female to obtain male sperm months before oviposition. This study reveals the ability of captive female Red-legged Salamanders, Plethodon shermani (Plethodontidae), to store and retain viable sperm for long periods of time. By staging male–female courtship trials, we found that a female’s retention of the male sperm mass is visible in her cloaca for up to 4 d (X = 2.8 d). Given the prolonged breeding season exhibited by this species (>10 wk), it is unlikely that the sperm mass functions efficiently to prevent female remating in that season. In addition, oviposition and egg-rearing in the laboratory revealed that P. shermani females can store viable sperm in their sperm storage organs (spermathecae) for ≥9 mo. Histology and microscopy showed that a subset of females even retained sperm in their spermathecae after oviposition, but significantly less of their lumina were occupied by sperm compared with the...
Incorporating the Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 Trial into Clinical Practice

The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial revealed that for women who have clinically node-negative breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy and found to have metastases in one or two sentinel lymph nodes, sentinel lymph node dissection alone results in local-regional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival similar to those achieved with axillary lymph node dissection. Use of these data to guide treatment has the potential to spare a substantial number of women with early-stage breast cancer the morbidity associated with axillary lymph node dissection. In this article, we review the trial data, discuss the applicability of the results, and identify strategies for implementing the findings of the study in clinical practice.
Growth of Chondromyces crocatus in pure culture.

THE genus Chondromyces was named and illustrated, but not described, by Berkeley and Curtis in 1857 in Berkeley's1 “Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany”. It was apparently next seen by Thaxter2, who reported that he grew it in pure culture. In 1913, this species was stated by Pinoy3 to grow only in the presence of Micrococcus. Beebe4 reported the presence of C. crocatus; but attempts to purify the organism failed completely though it grew readily with various bacteria in mixed culture. Kuhlwein5 stated that C. crocatus could not be grown in pure culture and that it was a symbiotic form. Oetker6, recently, has shown that several species in the genera Myxococcus and Podangium can grow upon yeast and algae.
New fluorometric method for the determination of cortisol in serum

Abstract A simple, rapid serum cortisol method having the specificity and precision of lengthier chromatographic purification procedures is described. It uses a metaperiodate oxidation of cortisol and corticosterone to their corresponding 17β-carboxylic acids. Only the cortisol derivative is fluorescent. Forty samples may be processed in eight hours with minimal equipment and glassware. The method is easily adaptable to micro techniques.
ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS (EFE): MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF MUMPS VIRUS AS AN ETIOLOGICAL AGENT. • 124

EFE, once a common disease of young children, often resulted in congestive heart failure and death. During the past two decades a significant decline in the incidence of EFE occurred. Virus-induced myocarditis had been suspected as the first step in the pathogenesis of the disease; enteroviruses and mumps virus were considered potential etiological agents. Direct evidence for their involvement was limited, however. Recently we demonstrated, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), that adenoviral DNA sequences could be detected in the myocardium of about 30% of patients with myocarditis; enteroviral sequences were also commonly detected. In this study, myocardial samples from 29 patients with EFE were analyzed for viral genome (i.e., adenovirus, enterovirus, CMV, parvovirus, and mumps) using PCR or reverse transcriptase-PCR. Only adenovirus genome (8/29: 28%) and mumps genome (21/29: 72%) were amplified in these patients samples. In contrast, only 1 of 65 control samples (1.5%) was positive for any of the viruses tested(enterovirus). Two different regions of mumps virus were amplified, the nucleocapsid gene and the polymerase-associated protein gene. Interestingly only 3 of the 21 samples positive for mumps RNA were positive with both sets of primers, indicating that the persistence of mumps virus in the myocardium may be related to the selection of defective virus mutants. These data provide strong evidence for a viral etiology of EFE, supporting the hypothesis that it is a sequela of a viral myocarditis, particularly due to mumps virus. Eradication of mumps virus using vaccination is probably the cause of the decline in the incidence of EFE.
Fetal-maternal secretion of prostaglandins in the cow

Abstract A study was conducted to measure the blood plasma concentrations of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F (PGFM), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and thromboxane B2 (TBX2) in the ovarian vein, uterine artery, uterine vein, umbilical artery and umbilical vein in 24 cows from days 80 to 260 of pregnancy. Blood was collected during surgery and all prostaglandins were measured using specific radioimmunoassay procedures. Results indicate that PGF2α blood levels are higher in the umbilical vessels and uterine vein than in the ovarian vein and uterine artery. PGFM and PGE2 showed a trend towards higher values in the umbilical than in the maternal vessels, but the levels of 6-keto and TBX2 were not different among the vessels studied. No differences across time couls be observed in any of the prostaglandins measured, partly due to the great variability in blood levels among animals during the same stage of pregnancy.
An L-arabinose binding protein and arabinose permeation in Escherichia coli.

Abstract A search was made for proteins of the arabinose system which bind arabinose, as it is expected that the permease and possibly the C protein could be identified by arabinose binding. One protein was found and this is most probably part of the arabinose permease. It is inducible, can be removed from cells by osmotic shock and easily purified, and consists of one polypeptide of molecular weight 35,000. In these respects it is closely similar to proteins binding sulfate, leucine, and galactose (Pardee, Prestidge, Whipple & Dreyfuss, 1966; Anraku, 1968; Penrose, Nichoalds, Piperno & Oxender, 1968). Mutants were found with reduced ability to concentrate arabinose intracellularly but which still possessed the arabinose binding proteins. One mutant was found with a lowered level of binding protein. This strain is unable to concentrate any detectable amount of arabinose. None of the mutations affecting permeation of arabinose mapped in the threonine-leucine region where the arabinose genes A , B , C and D are located.
The effect of wall temperature on the low Reynolds number hypersonic stagnation region shock layer

The effect of wall temperature on the behavior of the hypersonic stagnation region shock layer in incipient merged layer flow is described. The enthalpy function profile across the shock layer is obtained. The shock detachment distance is shown to be subjected to the compensating corrections of an “inflow” effect due to velocity slip and an “outflow” effect due to temperature jump, with the main contribution coming from the over-all density decrease due to wall heating. The net corrections render the shock detachment distance to remain relatively constant with K2 for a fixed wall temperature, where K2 is the rarefaction parameter. The ratio of heat flux behind the shock wave to that at the wall is shown to be independent of the wall temperature and is essentially the same as the corresponding ratio when slip effects are absent.
Medium and supplement effects on the antimicrobial activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin tested by agar dilution and etest methods

Abstract Quinupristin/dalfopristin (also known as RP-59500 and Synercid), a streptogramin combination has been documented as active against a wide variety of Gram-positive species. Broad ranges of MIC results have been observed with some species using acceptable susceptibility testing methods. To address the contribution of testing medium and supplements to this disagreement, 15 medium or supplement alterations were studied in a reference agar dilution format and three variations of Mueller-Hinton agar were used for Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden). One-third of the agar dilution variations produced a consistent elevation (twofold) in the quinupristin/dalfopristin MIC. The greatest changes were secondary to additions of serum and blood, pH increases, and possibly charcoal. Similarly, the Etest MICs for quinupristin/dalfopristin were 0.5 to 2.5 log 2 dilutions higher with media supplemented with 5% sheep erythrocytes or when chocolated. Additional quinupristin/dalfopristin stability experiments in three agars indicate a two- to fourfold decline in potency over 21 days of storage at 2 to 5°C. These variations in the streptogramin MIC results would be observed most frequently when testing fastidious species or in laboratories routinely testing all Gram-positive bacteria in or on blood-supplemented media.
The time course of the verbal prediction effect

Choice reaction times following correct verbal predictions of the presented stimulus are faster than after incorrect predictions. Two experiments examined the influence of the time interval (PSI) between the prediction and the stimulus on the magnitude of the prediction effect. Experiment 1 used equiprobable stimuli and showed a smaller prediction effect at a 2-sec PSI than at a 0- or .5-sec PSI. Experiment 2 used unequal-probability stimuli and showed that the prediction effect was independent of PSI when the more frequent stimulus was predicted. When the less frequent stimulus was predicted, however, the magnitude of the prediction effect was smaller at .75- and 2-sec PSIs than at a O-sec PSI. These resu1ts were discussed in terms of a prediction substitution hypothesis. In recent years, studies concerned with selective preparation in information processing have made extensive use of the verbal prediction paradigm. A verbal prediction task superimposes the subject's hypothesis of a to-be-presented stimulus on a choice reaction time (RT) task. These hypotheses, or verbal predictions, are assumed to correspond to the subject's covert expecta­ tion for one of several stimuli (Bernstein & Reese, 1965; Hinrichs, 1970). The usual finding when such a proeedure is employed is that RTs to correetly predicted stimuli are faster than RTs to incorrectly predicted stimuli (e.g., Bernstein & Reese, 1965). The early research using verbal predictions concentrated on the concept of expectancy (and its inference through verbal predietions) as an explanatory eonstruet of empirical phenomena such as stimulus probability effects (Geller, Whitman, & Post, 1973; Hinrichs, 1970) and repetition effects (Geller & Pitz, 1970; Keele, 1969) on choice RT tasks. In the case of stimulus probability , Hinrichs (1970)
Recommendations for software engineering education

The increasing emphasis on software engineering in the computer science curricula directly correlates with the expansion of the area of software engineering. The increased occurrence of software engineering courses has produced significant discrepancies in the content of the courses at the undergraduate level. These discrepancies have percipitated the need for recommendations for the inclusion of software engineering in the curriculum. The recommendations presented in this paper include both the integration of software engineering principles throughout the undergraduate curriculum and the content of a separate software engineering course. The recommendations for course content are based on a survey of the contents of recently published software engineering textbooks.
Thermal-hydraulic and neutronic analyses of the submersion-subcritical, safe space (S4) reactor

Abstract The solid-core Submersion-Subcritical Safe Space (S 4 ) reactor is cooled with He-28% Xe gas (molecular weight of 40 g/mole) and nominally generates 471 kWth for at least 7 years. To avoid single point failures in reactor cooling and energy conversion, the S 4 reactor core is divided into three hydraulically independent, but neutronically and thermally coupled sectors. Each sector feeds a separate Closed Brayton Cycle (CBC) power conversion loop with separate heat rejection radiator panels. Detailed thermal-hydraulic analyses of the S 4 reactor core are performed to ensure that the maximum fuel temperature during nominal operation stays below 1300 K. In addition, a neutronics analysis performed using MCNP 5 confirms that the S 4 reactor satisfies the design reactivity requirements. These are at least $ 4 of cold clean excess reactivity, at least $ 2.25 of shutdown margin, and at least $ 1 subcritical in the worst-case of submersion and flooding, following a launch abort accident. Mass estimates of the S 4 reactor design that meets both the thermal and the reactivity requirements are provided.
Knowing How to Learn: The ″Neglected″ Management Ability

Managers are, whether they realise it or not, the architects of their own development: this is often overlooked or avoided in many executive development programmes. Self‐directed learning, the primary learning strategy employed by managers during periods of non‐formal learning, is discussed.
Children with cardiomyopathy: complications after noncardiac procedures with general anesthesia

Summary Background: Children with cardiomyopathy (CM) often undergoprocedures that require general anesthesia (GA) but little is knownabout anesthesia-related adverse events or postprocedural outcomes.Methods: After approval, all children with CM who underwentnonopen heart surgical procedures and⁄or diagnostic imaging underGA at a tertiary children’s hospital during January 2002 to May 2005were identiﬁed from a clinical database. Based on their preprocedurefractional shortening (FS) on echocardiogram, systemic ventriculardysfunction was categorized as mild (FS 23–28%), moderate (FS 16–22%), or severe (FS 28%)wereexcluded from review.Results: Twenty-six patients underwent 34 procedures under GA, ofwhom 13 (38%) had mild or moderate ventricular dysfunction and 21(62%) had severe dysfunction. Common procedures includedpacer⁄deﬁbrillator placement (43%) and imaging studies (18%).Eighteen complications were noted in 12 patients. Fifteen (83%)complications occurred in patients with severe ventricular dysfunc-tion. One patient with severe ventricular dysfunction died (3%mortality). Hypotension requiring inotropic support was the mostfrequent complication (61%). Children with severe ventricular dys-function often required hospital support pre- and postprocedure with67% requiring intensive care. Hospital stay was longer for patientswith severe ventricular dysfunction compared with children withmild or moderate ventricular dysfunction (P = 0.006).Conclusions: The 30-day mortality rate was low but complicationswere common, especially in patients with severe ventricular dys-function. For these patients, we recommend early consideration ofperioperative intensive care support to optimize cardiovasculartherapy and monitoring.Keywords: children; cardiomyopathies; general anesthesia;complications; postoperative
Right conclusion, wrong method.

Dear Sir,I take issue with the article by Ferreira et al.[1]. The authors' conclusion that ‘there was no evidence indicating that contraceptive counselling is effective in increasing acceptance and...
On systolic murmurs and cardiovascular physiological maneuvers

Physiological principles that directly apply to physical diagnosis provide opportune occasions to bring basic science to the bedside. In this article, we describe the effect of cardiac maneuvers on systolic murmurs and how physiological principles apply to the explanation of the changes noted at the bedside. We discuss the effect of Valsalva, squatting, and hand grip maneuvers on different physiological parameters influencing preload, afterload, chamber dimensions, and pressure gradients. The clinical manifestations noted during the aforementioned maneuvers are described in common cardiac conditions responsible for the production of certain systolic murmurs.
Further Studies on Species Differences in Follicle Stimulating Hormone as Revealed by the Slope in the Steelman-Pohley Assay

Follicle stimulating hormone from bovine and canine pituitaries and human postmenopausal urine was tested by the HCG-augmentation bio-assay of Steelman and Pohley. When 2 daily injections were used, the slopes for FSH from any source were not significantly different. Decreasing the number of daily injectionsfrom 2 to 1 did not significantly affect the slope for urinary FSH, but did significantly decrease the slope for canine pituitary FSH. Bovine pituitary FSH was unique in that a similar decrease effectively abolished the slope of its dose-response curve. (Endocrinology 80: 1180, 1967)
Expected indoor 222Rn levels in counties with very high and very low lung cancer rates.

Counties in the US with high lung cancer rates should have higher average {sup 222}Rn levels than counties with low lung cancer rates, assuming the average {sup 222}Rn level in a county is not correlated with other factors that cause lung cancer. The magnitude of this effect was calculated, using the absolute risk model, the relative risk model, and an intermediate model, for females who died in 1950-1969. The results were similar for all three models. We concluded that, ignoring migration, the average Rn level in the highest lung cancer counties should be about three times higher than in the lowest lung cancer counties according to the theory. Preliminary data are presented indicating that the situation is quite the opposite: The average Rn level in the highest lung cancer counties was only about one-half that in the lowest lung cancer counties.
Visual servoing-based approach for efficient autofocusing in scanning electron microscope

Fast and reliable autofocusing methods are essential for performing automatic nano-objects positioning tasks using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). So far in the literature, various autofocusing algorithms have been proposed utilizing a sharpness measure to compute the best focus. Most of them are based on iterative search approaches; applying the sharpness function over the total range of focus to find an image in-focus. In this paper, a new, fast and direct method of autofocusing has been presented based on the idea of traditional visual servoing to control the focus step using an adaptive gain. The visual control law is validated using a normalized variance sharpness function. The obtained experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed autofocusing method in terms of accuracy, speed and robustness.
Aerial flux of particulate hydrocarbons to the Chesapeake Bay Estuary

Abstract Bulk hydrocarbon deposition rates have been measured over a 15 month period at four stations in south-eastern Virginia surrounding the lower Chesapeake Bay. A nearly linear trend of atmospheric particulate deposition was recorded. Deposition rates at the urban station (195 μg m−2 day−1) were aproximately three times greater than those recorded for nonurban and coastal locations (mean value 69 μg m−2 day−1). The increased levels at the urban location were attributed to localized source inputs. Anthropogenic hydrocarbons accounted for approximately 50% of the total deposition at all stations. Significant biogenic inputs were indicated by the odd/even n-alkane distribution. A minimum flux to the water surface, based on mean nonurban deposition rates (24 mg yr−1), indicated an annual particulate hydrocarbon flux of +275 metric tons. Little information is available for the comparison of additional source inputs; however, the data reported here indicate that the aerial deposition of hydrocarbons is of the same order of magnitude as the input from municipal wastewater facilities and accidental discharge and is a potentially significant source of hydrocarbon pollution to the Chesapeake Bay Estuary.
Comparison of suberythemogenic and maximally aggressive ultraviolet B therapy for psoriasis

Abstract We prospectively compared the maximally aggressive erythemogenic ultraviolet B (UVB) schedule (Le Vine et al, 1979) and a suberythemogenic UVB schedule (Frost et al, 1979) in the treatment of psoriasis. Patients were treated with either the maximally aggressive erythemogenic UVB (MAEUVB) schedule or the suberythemogenic UVB (SEUVB) schedule. Each patient received daily topical treatment with 2% crude coal tar ointment on half of the body and the ointment vehicle on the other half of the body. All patients were hospitalized and treated 7 days a week. The treatment results were determined daily by grading preselected reference lesions for erythema, scaling, and thickness. With both UV schedules, no difference in response could be detected between the ointment vehicle side and the tar ointment side. In a comparison of the two UV schedules, patients treated with MAEUVB had no statistically significant difference in the resolution of their psoriasis, and the length of remission was similar. The average energy needed for the SEUVB-treated patients was 189 mjoules/cm 2 , whereas the average for the MAEUVB-treated patients was 984 mjoules/cm 2 . Our findings suggest that neither crude coal tar nor MAEUVB is needed for the optimal UVB treatment of psoriasis in the hospital.
Agrobacterium radiobacter and CDC Group Ve-2 bacteremia

Agrobacterium radiobacter and CDC Group Ve-2 are rare human pathogens. The simultaneous infection with both of these bacteria in an immunocompromised host is reported. Review of the UCLA microbiology laboratory records revealed one additional case of A. radiobacter bacteremia and two additional cases of CDC Group Ve-2 bacteremia over a 3-year period. The clinical experience with these organisms is reviewed. Both organisms are opportunistic pathogens with a predilection for patients with foreign bodies in place. Although CDC Group Ve-2 bacteremia may respond to antibiotic therapy alone, the cure of A. radiobacter infections often requires foreign body removal.
Degradation of Cdt1 during S phase is Skp2-independent and is required for efficient progression of mammalian cells through S phase.

Previous reports have shown that the N terminus of Cdt1 is required for its degradation during S phase (Li, X., Zhao, Q., Liao, R., Sun, P., and Wu, X. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 30854–30858; Nishitani, H., Lygerou, Z., and Nishimoto, T. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 30807–30816). The stabilization was attributed to deletion of the cyclin binding motif (Cy motif), which is required for its phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases. Phosphorylated Cdt1 is subsequently recognized by the F-box protein Skp2 and targeted for proteasomal mediated degradation. Using phosphopeptide mapping and mutagenesis studies, we found that threonine 29 within the N terminus of Cdt1 is phosphorylated by Cdk2 and required for interaction with Skp2. However, threonine 29 and the Cy motif are not necessary for proteolysis of Cdt1 during S phase. Mutants of Cdt1 that do not stably associate with Skp2 or cyclins are still degraded in S phase to the same extent as wild type Cdt1, indicating that other determinants within the N terminus of Cdt1 are required for degrading Cdt1. We localized the region necessary for Cdt1 degradation to the first 32 residues. Overexpression of stable forms of Cdt1 significantly delayed entry into and completion of S phase, suggesting that failure to degrade Cdt1 prevents normal progression through S phase. In contrast, Cdt1 mutants that fail to interact with Skp2 and cyclins progress through S phase with similar kinetics as wild type Cdt1 but stimulate the re-replication caused by overexpressing Cdt1. Therefore, a Skp2-independent pathway that requires the N-terminal 32 residues of Cdt1 is critical for the degradation of Cdt1 in S phase, and this degradation is necessary for the optimum progression of cells through S phase.
A method for the teaching of interviewing skills.

Every pediatrician encounters vexing interview situations such as confronting parents with child abuse, conveying news of a child's impending death, discussing noncompliance with a chronically ill adolescent, and suggesting a psychosocial explanation for an illness perceived to be organic by the patient and family. In these situations the experienced interviewer will employ specific techniques and address certain focal points to enhance effective communication. How do physicians develop these skills? The model of "See one, do one, teach one" pervades in medicine. However, students and residents see (and perform) far more lumbar punctures and neurologic examinations than they do interviews regarding child abuse, dying children, and psychosomatic illness. Apparently, it is expected that trainees will perform competently in complex interview situations without the same exposure to models and practice under observation that they receive in more "purely medical" or procedural situations. We believe this expectation is erroneous. Werner and Schneider 1
Gravitational radiation from realistic cosmic string loops

We examine the rates at which energy and momentum are radiated into gravitational waves by a large set of realistic cosmic string loops. The string loops are generated by numerically evolving parent loops with different initial conditions forward in time until they self-intersect, fragmenting into two child loops. The fragmentation of the child loops is followed recursively until only non-self-intersecting loops remain. The properties of the final non-self-intersecting loops are found to be independent of the initial conditions of the parent loops. We have calculated the radiated energy and momentum for a total of 11,625 stable child loops. We find that the majority of the final loops do not radiate significant amounts of spatial momentum. The velocity gained due to the rocket effect is typically small compared to the center-of-mass velocity of the fragmented loops. The distribution of gravitational radiation rates in the center of mass frame of the loops, $\gamma^0 \equiv (G\mu^2)^{-1} \Delta E/\Delta \tau$, is strongly peaked in the range $\gamma^0=45-55$, however there are no loops found with $\gamma^0 0$ for the radiation rate from cosmic string loops. In a second conjecture, we identify a candidate for the loop with the minimal radiation rate and suggest that $\gamma^0_{\rm min}\cong 39.003$.