cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Upper mantle velocities on the Northern Cocos Plate

Abstract Refraction lines on the Northern Cocos Plate between the Orozco and Clipperton Fracture Zones have been used to determine upper mantle velocities over the plate. The velocities range from 7.50 to 8.43 km/sec. Azimuthal variations are found near the rise crest with low velocities parallel to the rise crest. The low velocities increase with age, lessening the observed azimuthal dependence away from the rise crest. A low-velocity zone is found in the mantle and may extend over a considerable portion of the plate near the rise crest. A 7.1-km/sec basal crustal layer is also observed and makes up a substantial portion of the crustal thickness.
Behavioral case formulation: An experimental assessment study of transient tic disorder

A nine-year-old male, who met DSM III-R criteria for transient tic disorder, participated in an experimental assessment strategy to generate support for a case formulation. In addition to presenting motor disturbance, assessment procedures revealed six problem areas. All problems were formulated as manifestations of a hypersensitivity to evaluation, etiologically related to the boy's relationship with an insecure and critical father. It was hypothesized that the patient's tic disorder was a consequence of his hypersensitivity to father's excessive criticism, which then generalized to other evaluative situations. Using a controlled single-subject design, predictions derived from the formulation were tested by exposing the child to a planned combination of evaluative “observers” (e.g., father, mother, therapist, etc.) who watched him as he worked on a series of puzzles. The dependent measures included (1) behavioral recordings of tic frequency and (2) frontalis EMG responses. The results indicated significant differences in tic rate and EMG as a function of the type of observer. Consistent with the formulation, the patient displayed the highest levels of tic behavior and EMG response when his father was the observer and lowest in the presence of the mother. Predictions regarding other stimulus conditions were also confirmed. These results provided support for the case formulation that was used to design an effective treatment intervention. Findings suggest that the case formulation model offers a method whereby novel case hypotheses can be generated for poorly understood psychopathology and tested later in the experimental situation.
When I'm 75 years old: perceptions of social work students.

ABSTRACT Bachelor of Social Work and Master of Social Work students (N = 183) responded to items investigating their beliefs about what they would be like when they were age 75. From 27 items a principle component analysis identified seven factor variables that investigated perceptions of health concerns, health-related vulnerability, importance of spiritual/religious belief, social worth, cognitive capacity, fitness, and being old. Respondents believed that at age 75 they would have many health concerns, would be fit, have social worth, and would be somewhat religious/spiritual. Although most did not believe they would be as capable at 75 as they are now, most respondents did not believe that at 75 they would be vulnerable (a victim of crime, lonely, live in a nursing home, need assistance with bathing or dressing, or have Alzheimer's disease). The factor variables were entered in a standard multiple regression analysis with Perceptions of Health-Related Vulnerability as the dependent variable. The final...
Iterative schemes for broad-band and narrow-band population inversion in NMR

Abstract We derive iterative schemes for generating rf pulse sequences that invert nuclear spin populations over either broad or narrow ranges of resonance offsets and rf amplitudes. The schemes employ only phase shifting and concatenation operations. Iterative application of a scheme produces a series of pulse sequences with successive improvements in population inversion performance.
THE ACTION SPECTRUM OF SENSITIZATION TO HEAT WITH ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT.

1. Heat does not sensitize paramecia to ultraviolet light but ultraviolet light sensitizes them to heat. Paramecia of two species ( Paramecium caudatum and P. multimicronucleate ) are much more readily killed by heat at 42.3° C. if they are first exposed to ultraviolet light. 2. From studies on paramecia irradiated with a given dosage at various wave lengths before being killed by heat, an action spectrum of the compound in the protoplasm being sensitized to heat can be determined. Proteins with absorption similar to that of pseudoglobulin are suggested by these experiments. 3. The effect upon living things differs from that on pure protein systems in that paramecia are not rendered more sensitive to temperatures below the lethal temperature whereas proteins are. 4. Almost complete recovery from ultraviolet light as judged by heat sensitivity occurs within 4 to 5 days. 5. By a study of the rate of recovery from doses at different wave lengths evidence suggesting effects on nucleic acid is obtained. 6. The possible significance of the data and the action spectrum is discussed.
Sea Urchin Recruitment Patterns and Implications of Commercial Fishing

Coexisting sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus exhibit different recruitment patterns. Juveniles of the former species are found in a variety of habitats, whereas juveniles of the latter occur almost exclusively under the spine canopy of conspecific adults. The commercial harvest of S. franciscanus thus seems to affect nursery grounds as well as the reproductive potential of exploited populations.
Positive‐ion emission from a‐Agl films

Positive‐ion emission from evaporated films of AgI was observed when the films were heated to temperatures above 160 °C. A slow sublimation of AgI was also found to occur with the ion emission when the temperature was sufficiently high. The activation energy for positive‐ion emission from the surface of a‐AgI is estimated to be 1.7 eV.
Relationship between serum prostate specific antigen, needle biopsy findings, and histopathologic features of prostatic carcinoma in radical prostatectomy tissues

Background. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate exhibits a wide range of biologic behavior, from small, well differentiated tumors found at postmortem examination to large, poorly differentiated cancers that may cause mortality. The pretreatment prediction of those carcinomas of the prostate that are likely to be clinically aggressive is an important objective. Methods. The pretreatment parameters of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSA density (PSAD), and needle biopsy features of carcinoma, including number of positive biopsy results, percentage of positive biopsy results, millimeters of carcinoma, percentage of carcinoma in biopsy tissue, and histologic grade, were related to histopathologic features of prostate cancer in 50 completely embedded radical prostatectomy specimens. Stepwise multiple variable regression analysis was used to determine which of these parameters exhibited significant, independent value in the prediction of tumor grade, volume, and stage in the whole gland. Results. PSAD and histologic grade in needle biopsy were significantly related to histologic grade in the whole prostate gland. PSA, PSAD, and number of needle biopsies with carcinoma were significant predictors of tumor size (volume) in the whole gland. However, pretreatment parameters did not achieve significance in the prediction of pathologic stage, and it was not possible to predict potentially clinically insignificant tumor size of less than 0.5 cc based on these parameters. Conclusions. Significant pretreatment indicators of potentially aggressive prostate cancer include serum PSA, PSAD, histologic grade in needle biopsy, and number of needle biopsies with carcinoma. However, due to scatter of data points, it may be difficult to absolutely predict outcome for the individual patient based on pretreatment serum PSA, PSAD, and needle biopsy findings. Cancer 1995 ; 75 :1842-9.
Targeting cisplatin-resistant human tumor cells with metabolic inhibitors

Purpose Although cisplatin is the drug of choice in treating lung cancer patients, relapse and resistance is a common drawback to its clinical effectiveness. Based on cisplatin’s reported ability to interfere with numerous cellular components, including mitochondria, we probed alterations in metabolism in cisplatin-resistant tumor cell lines to reveal targets for overcoming this important form of resistance.
A note on information organization and storage

Since the logical structure of a data base can be represented by a tree or graph, it is quite natural for us to view the process of designing a data base as that of constructing a tree or a graph. A general method for constructing such a tree or graph is provided. There are three important elements in this general construction method; namely, a set of binary relations, an algorithm for constructing subsets of a set, and an algorithm for selecting an element from the given set of objects. The use of different relations and algorithms results in different information structures, as list, tree, ring, etc. Thus the problem of information organization and storage is reduced to that of defining relations and formulating algorithms under a given set of constraints. The results presented may be valuable to designers as useful design concepts, and may serve as a basis for developing a formal theory on the subject.
Nonparametric alternatives to the f statistic in analysis of variance

Populations are frequently nonnormally distributed in applied behavioral and social science research, affecting the properties of the F test in Analysis of Variance designs. The purpose of this study is to compare some of the most promising nonparametric alternatives to the F test for interaction:McSweeney (Marascuilo and McSweeney, 1977), Harwell and Serlin (1989; Harwell, 1991), and Blair and Sawilowsky (1990). The properties of the competing statistics were examined on data sampled from four theoretical distributions and two real data sets in the context of the balanced 2 × 2 × 2 design. Cell sample sizes of n= 7, 21, and 35 were obtained, and statistics were calculated at the nominal α = 0.05 and 0.01 levels. The number of repetitions was set at 20,000 per experiment. Results indicated that Harwell and Serlin's L test was conservatively and liberally nonrobust, and not a powerful competitor. Although robust, McSweeney's test was conservative when the effect size was large, and as the number of nonnull...
IBM small-system architecture and design: past, present, and future

Small computer systems have become widespread and important parts of the computer industry. In this paper, a selection of IBM's small-system architectures and design approaches are reviewed. Then c...
Acute Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Another Cause for Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia in Cirrhosis

Severe hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia developed in a 56-year-old man with Laennec's cirrhosis. Rather than having one or more of the expected causes for these problems associated with cirrhosis, he proved to have acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Treatment with platelet antiaggregant drugs and exchange plasmapheresis was ineffective in controlling the disease. The presence of advanced liver disease may precipitate or complicate this unusual syndrome. ( Arch Intern Med 139:711-712, 1979)
Suppression of the Hypersensitive Response in Potato by Acetyl Salicylic Acid

Increased salicylic acid has been correlated with systemic acquired resistance in several plants. Inoculation of potato plants with the pathogen Phytophthora Infestans or inducers from the fungus, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid also induce systemic acquired resistance in the plant. We now report that treatment of potato tuber slices with acetyl salicylic acid markedly reduces the resistant response of these tissues.
Anaplastic Myoepithelial Carcinoma of the Sinonasal Tract: an Underrecognized Salivary-Type Tumor Among the Sinonasal Small Round Blue Cell Malignancies? Report of One Case and a Review of the Literature

We present a 45 year old female patient with a nasal carcinoma showing high-grade/anaplastic histomorphological features and with a distinct myoepithelial immunohistochemical phenotype including positivity for smooth muscle actin, p63, S100 protein with no sustentacular pattern, calponin, cytokeratin 14, vimentin and cytokeratins (AE1-3 and CK5/6). A minority (<5%) of the cells showed focal and variable immunoreactivity for EMA with no cuticular/canalicular pattern. Bcl-2, CD99, CD117 and CD56 were variously positive, but chromogranin and synaptophysin were negative. Weak to moderate nuclear p53 immunoreactivity was seen in 50% of tumor cells. Mib-1/Ki-67 showed an average proliferation of 60–70%. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed no EWS-gene translocation. In situ hybridization for EBER was negative.
Defective protein folding as a cause of disease.

A defined, spontaneous protein folding defect can act as a common link between lung and liver diseases associated with the Z type of plasma α1-antitrypsin deficiency.
Therapeutic approaches and the role of calcium-sensitizing agents in end-stage congestive heart failure

Abstract Advanced heart failure is now one of the major causes of death worldwide, with a reputation for impairment, morbidity, and suffering before the terminal event. Most patients with ventricular dysfunction and heart failure eventually move into more advanced stages of the condition despite the best efforts of physicians and optimal use of available drugs. The development of calcium-sensitizing agents represents a recent pharmaceutical initiative to enlarge the therapeutic armamentarium for patients whose condition and symptoms are not adequately controlled by existing means. The potential role of this drug group in the treatment of advanced heart failure is discussed.
Direct Comparison of the Relationship Between Clinical Outcome and Change in CD4+ Lymphocytes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Positive Homosexual Men and Injecting Drug Users

Background and Methods: To compare rates of decline of CD4 + lymphocytes among human immunodeficiency virus—positive homosexual men and injecting drug users, we followed up prevalent human immunodeficiency virus—positive homosexual men and current or former injecting drug users from February 1988 through August 1991. Subjects were free of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at study entry and had semiannual clinical and laboratory evaluation, including measurement of T-cell subsets, under common protocols. Initial levels and rates of change of CD4 + lymphocyte counts were compared according to cohort membership and clinical progression, defined by the development of thrush or an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome—defining illness. Median follow-up was 30 months for both cohorts. Results: At study entry, homosexual men had lower absolute numbers of circulating CD4 + lymphocytes than did injecting drug users (459/μL [0.46×10 9 /L] vs 509/ μL, respectively). During follow-up, homosexual men exhibited a faster decline in CD4 + lymphocyte counts as well as more frequent development of HIV-related symptoms (thrush or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). In both cohorts, initial levels of CD4 + lymphocytes and rates of decline in these cells were strongly associated with progression of disease, defined as remaining asymptomatic, onset of thrush, or onset of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Once homosexual men and injecting drug users were stratified by disease progression, their initial levels and rates of decline of CD4 + lymphocyte counts were similar. Thus, crude differences between the two study groups largely resulted from differences in development of clinical symptoms. Conclusions: In these cohorts of homosexual men and injecting drug users, clinical outcome was much more important than risk group membership in determining changes in CD4 + lymphocyte numbers. The close similarity between the groups also suggests that drug use, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status play a minor role in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:869-875)
Machiavelli's Political Trials and “The Free Way of Life”

This essay examines the political trials through which, according to Machiavelli's Discourses, republics should punish magistrates and prominent citizens who threaten or violate popular liberty. Unlike modern constitutions, which assign indictments and appeals to small numbers of government officials, Machiavelli's neo-Roman model encourages individual citizens to accuse corrupt or usurping elites and promotes the entire citizenry as political jury and court of appeal. Machiavellian political justice requires, on the one hand, equitable, legal procedures that serve all citizens by punishing guilty parties and discouraging retaliatory reprisals, including foreign intervention. On the other hand, frankly acknowledging the power disparities that exist in every republic, Machiavelli outlines how political trials enable pro-plebeian magistrates and populist reformers to thwart patrician-generated smear campaigns and oligarchic conspiracies.
Root Distribution of Corn: The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization

Root growth and development can affect N uptake. In turn, N additions may affect corn (Zea mays L.) root growth. Prolific (multiple ear) hybrids may need a more active root system to satisfy ear demand. To determine the extent of the effect of N fertilization on root growth in the field, three corn hybrids (Pioneer 3320, and prolific hybrids 1202 × Mo177 and I117 × B73) were grown under fertilizer application rates of 56, 140, and 224 kg N ha −1 to determine (i) whether application of N fertilizer stimulated root growth of corn in the zone of application in the field 20 d before silking, at silking, and at physiological maturity and (ii) whether prolific hybrids have enhanced root development before silking compared with nonprolific hybrid. All three hybrids were grown at a uniformly low plant-population density. Root length density to a depth of 60 cm, averaged over hybrids, was 1302, 2238 and 1184 m plant −1 in 1987, and 2195, 2833, and 3317 m plant −1 in 1988 for the three sampling dates. There were few genotypic differences in root length density. Root weight averaged over hybrid was 20.4, 40.5, and 21.5 g plant −1 in 1987, and 44.6, 61.7, and 58.9 g plant −1 in 1988 for the three sampling times, respectively. Root weight at harvest declined as N application increased, but increased in response to N at two earlier sampling times. The second year of the study, when rainfall was more plentiful than in the first year, root growth continued after silking for all hybrids. This coincided with higher yields. The data suggest that N stimulated root length in the area of application, without affecting total root length
Regulation of bitter taste responses by tumor necrosis factor

Inflammatory cytokines are important regulators of metabolism and food intake. Over production of inflammatory cytokines during bacterial and viral infections leads to anorexia and reduced food intake. However, it remains unclear whether any inflammatory cytokines are involved in the regulation of taste reception, the sensory mechanism governing food intake. Previously, we showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a potent proinflammatory cytokine, is preferentially expressed in a subset of taste bud cells. The level of TNF in taste cells can be further induced by inflammatory stimuli. To investigate whether TNF plays a role in regulating taste responses, in this study, we performed taste behavioral tests and gustatory nerve recordings in TNF knockout mice. Behavioral tests showed that TNF-deficient mice are significantly less sensitive to the bitter compound quinine than wild-type mice, while their responses to sweet, umami, salty, and sour compounds are comparable to those of wild-type controls. Furthermore, nerve recording experiments showed that the chorda tympani nerve in TNF knockout mice is much less responsive to bitter compounds than that in wild-type mice. Chorda tympani nerve responses to sweet, umami, salty, and sour compounds are similar between TNF knockout and wild-type mice, consistent with the results from behavioral tests. We further showed that taste bud cells express the two known TNF receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 and, therefore, are potential targets of TNF. Together, our results suggest that TNF signaling preferentially modulates bitter taste responses. This mechanism may contribute to taste dysfunction, particularly taste distortion, associated with infections and some chronic inflammatory diseases.
Inter-session reliability of electrical impedance myography in children in a clinical trial setting

Abstract Objective High reliability is a prerequisite for any test to be useful as a biomarker in a clinical trial. Here we assessed the reproducibility of electrical impedance myography (EIM) in children by comparing data obtained by different evaluators on separate days. Methods Healthy boys and boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) aged 2–14 years underwent EIM of multiple muscles performed by two evaluators on two visits separated by 3–7 days. Single and multifrequency data were analyzed. Reliability was assessed via calculation of the percent relative standard deviation (% RSD), Bland–Altman analysis, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results For both individual muscle data and data averaged across muscles, intra-evaluator measurements showed high repeatability for both 50 kHz phase and 50/200 kHz phase ratio values, with ICCs generally above 0.90 and % RSD below 10%. Inter-evaluator results showed very similar ICC and % RSD values as those obtained by the same evaluator. Conclusions Both the 50 kHz phase and 50/200 kHz phase ratio are reliable measures both across time and evaluators and in both health and disease. Significance These results support the concept that EIM can serve as a reliable measure in clinical therapeutic trials in a pediatric population.
Coping and adjustment during childhood and adolescence

This paper reviews research published within the last 10 years on child and adolescent strategies for coping with commonly occurring stressors in nonclinical populations and the relationship of these strategies to adjustment. Current conceptual and classification schemes for children's coping strategies are analyzed and compared. Studies of child coping are reviewed in three clusters: (a) descriptive and taxonomic studies, (b) age-group comparisons, and (c) evaluations of coping-adjustment relationships. Developmental commonalities and changes are identified across studies and conceptual models. Conceptual models compatible with problem-focused/ emotion-focused and approach/avoidance frameworks have proven to be useful for descriptive purposes. However, it is of concern that categories in the current classification systems do not distinguish coping strategies that promote adjustment from ones that limit adjustment. Future directions for addressing this issue and developmental considerations are suggested, including an alternative model pertaining to coping competence.
Mixing Layer Dynamics in Separated Flow Over an Estuarine Sill with Variable Stratification

[1] We investigate the generation of a mixing layer in the separated flow behind an estuarine sill (height H ∼ 4 m) in the Snohomish River, Washington as part of a larger investigation of coherent structures using remote and in situ sensing. During increasing ebb flows the depth d and stratification decrease and a region of sheared flow characterized by elevated production of turbulent kinetic energy develops. Profiles of velocity and acoustic backscatter exhibit coherent fluctuations of order 0.1 Hz and are used to define the boundaries of the mixing layer. Variations in the mixing layer width and its embedded coherent structures are caused by changes to both the normalized sill height H/d and to a bulk Richardson number Rih defined using the depth of flow over the sill. Entrainment ET and the mixing layer expansion angle increase as stratification and the bulk Richardson number decrease; this relationship is parameterized as ET = 0.07Rih−0.5 and is valid for approximately 0.1 0.8 due to blocking of flow by the sill.
The Aggregate Demand Curve: A Defense.

In a recent article in this journal (fall 1985), Hansen, McCormick, and Rives (HMR) questioned the two explanations of a downward-sloping aggregate demand curve that dominate principles textbooks-the real-balance effect and the interest-rate effect. The real-balance effect suggests that an increase in price reduces aggregate demand by lowering that portion of individuals' wealth held in the form of money, whereas the interest-rate effect suggests that an increase in price reduces aggregate demand by raising the interest rate that equates the demand for and supply of money. With regard to the real-balance effect, HMR's discussion correctly highlighted an often-neglected topic in many principles textbooks: the role of "inside money" in mitigating the change in wealth associated with a change in the level of prices. Inside money is money (such as deposits at private depository institutions) that "is offset by a corresponding debt to the banking system" (Patinkin 1965, p. 296). As HMR noted, while a higher price level reduces the wealth of holders of money, the higher price level also reduces the real bond holdings of banks and thus increases the net wealth of debtors.' HMR also questioned the second often-cited explanation of the downward-sloping aggregate demand curve-the interest-rate effect. This led HMR to conclude that "it has not yet been demonstrated that the theoretical underpinnings of the aggregate demand curve are sound" (p. 287). However, there are a number of gaps in HMR's theoretical discussion that preclude them from arguing convincingly that the theoretical underpinnings of the aggregate demand curve are unsound. In this response, we argue that the interest-rate effect is a simple, sensible rationale for a downward-sloping aggregate demand curve. In addition, we suggest that HMR's linking of a downward-sloping aggregate demand curve to changes in relative prices indicates a failure to understand the important role played by money in macroeconomic analysis and that their preferred alternative to aggregate demand and supply analysis is fundamentally flawed. John M. Barron is a professor of economics at Purdue University. Gerald J. Lynch is an associate professor of economics and the associate director of the Centerfor Economic Education at Purdue. We wish to thank Michael Watts for comments on an earlier draft.
Methodological considerations in the use of salivary α-amylase as a stress marker in field research

Salivary α-amylase recently has been identified as a stress-related biomarker for autonomic nervous system activity. This study addresses sample collection and handling considerations for field researchers. Saliva was collected by unstimulated passive drool from 14 adults and pooled. Incubation of pooled saliva at 22 or 37°C for 21 days did not diminish amylase activity. However, sodium azide added at concentrations ≤1.12 mg/ml to pooled saliva artificially inflated activity. After dosing cotton rolls within Salivette saliva collection devices with 0.25 to 1.5 ml of unpooled passive drool saliva from six additional adults, recovery of amylase activity was significantly below 100% at all volumes, with increased variance in recovery when the cotton was incompletely saturated (≤1.0 ml). Hence, collection by passive drool instead of cotton-containing devices for amylase determinations is recommended, particularly whenever it is impossible to ensure full, uniform cotton saturation, and azide should be avoided as a preservative. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Structure of Religious Environmentalism: Movement Organizations, Interorganizational Networks, and Collective Action

Historically, religious groups have been absent from the American environmental movement, but since the late 1990s a host of new religious environmental movement organizations (REMOs) have emerged. Little is known about REMOs or how religion structures the nascent movement field. Drawing on interviews with leaders of 63 REMOs in the United States, we examined whether theological frames and religious affiliations, on the one hand, and environmental interests, on the other, shaped the formation of information exchange and joint action between REMOs. The results show that shared religious affiliations and theological frames are directly associated with joint action between REMOs. In contrast, shared environmental interests are associated directly with information exchange, but not joint action. The results suggest that cultural aspects of religion are linked to the structure of the religious environmental movement.
A Semi-Analytical Solution for Large-Scale Injection-Induced Pressure Perturbation and Leakage in a Laterally Bounded Aquifer–Aquitard System

A number of (semi-)analytical solutions are available to drawdown analysis and leakage estimation of shallow aquifer–aquitard systems. These solutions assume that the systems are laterally infinite. When a large-scale pumping from (or injection into) an aquifer–aquitard system of lower specific storativity occurs, induced pressure perturbation (or hydraulic head drawdown/rise) may reach the lateral boundary of the aquifer. We developed semi-analytical solutions to address the induced pressure perturbation and vertical leakage in a “laterally bounded” system consisting of an aquifer and an overlying/underlying aquitard. A one-dimensional radial flow equation for the aquifer was coupled with a one-dimensional vertical flow equation for the aquitard, with a no-flow condition imposed on the outer radial boundary. Analytical solutions were obtained for (1) the Laplace-transform hydraulic head drawdown/rise in the aquifer and in the aquitard, (2) the Laplace-transform rate and volume of leakage through the aquifer–aquitard interface integrated up to an arbitrary radial distance, (3) the transformed total leakage rate and volume for the entire interface, and (4) the transformed horizontal flux at any radius. The total leakage rate and volume depend only on the hydrogeologic properties and thicknesses of the aquifer and aquitard, as well as the duration of pumping or injection. It was proven that the total leakage rate and volume are independent of the aquifer’s radial extent and wellbore radius. The derived analytical solutions for bounded systems are the generalized solutions of infinite systems. Laplace-transform solutions were numerically inverted to obtain the hydraulic head drawdown/rise, leakage rate, leakage volume, and horizontal flux for given hydrogeologic and geometric conditions of the aquifer–aquitard system, as well as injection/pumping scenarios. Application to a large-scale injection-and-storage problem in a bounded system was demonstrated.
Screening rhizoma peanut for adaptation to calcareous soils 1

Abstract Iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis has been observed in rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) under field conditions in south Texas. Calcareous soils which can induce chlorosis occur in several regions of the world where this forage legume has the potential to be grown. Twenty‐five rhizoma peanut genotypes (23 Plant Introductions plus ‘Florigraze’ and ‘Arbrook') were evaluated for Fe‐deficiency chlorosis and other agronomic characteristics in 1989–90 on a pH 8.0 Parrita sandy clay loam (clayey, mixed, hyperthermic, shallow Petrocalcic Paleustolls) in the greenhouse. Genotypes differed in chlorosis expression and were scored (1 = no chlorosis to 5 = very chlorotic) on Mar. 19 and Apr. 16, 1990. On April 16, 1990, five genotypes showed resistance to chlorosis (score ≤1.5) that was equal to, or better than Florigraze (score = 1.63, LSD .05 = 0.44). Arbrook was intermediate in susceptibility (score = 2.38) while six lines were very susceptible (score ≥ 3.0). Genotypes also varied with respect to other...
Cloning, expression, purification and characterization of DNA topoisomerase I of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The complete gene encoding Topoisomerase 1 (Topo I) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb), Erdman strain, has been isolated and sequenced. The coding region of this gene is 2700 nt encoding a polypeptide of 900 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 99353 Da. The amino-acid sequence identity compared to E. coli and Synechococcus Topo I is 22 and 30%, respectively. The gene was expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) and purified to near homogeneity. Recombinant MTb Topo I is enzymatically active, relaxing negatively supercoiled DNA in a magnesium-dependent, ATP-independent reaction. Spermidine, a typical inhibitor of prokaryotic type I DNA topoisomerase, inhibits the activity. Unlike the more well-characterized E. coli Topo I, MTb Topo I does not contain a zinc-finger DNA-binding motif in the C-terminal domain of the protein.
Lessons of History Part II Coshaping Nursing’s Environment of Change

This column is an introduction to a manuscript depicting a story of historical change in nursing.
Neonatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Pulmonary hemorrhage in the newborn is an ominous condition that has a high neonatal mortality rate. Several risk factors have been associated with the development of pulmonary hemorrhage, but the exact pathogenesis remains obscure. As a consequence, no curative treatment exists. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of pulmonary hemorrhage: its pathogenesis, associated risk factors, up-to-date management, and prognosis.
A technique for controlling the radiation from dielectric rod waveguides

This paper describes a technique for controlling the radiation from a dielectric rod waveguide by placing obstacles or antenna elements at appropriate points along the waveguide. The HE_{11} mode on a dielectric rod was used to excite concentric rings and radial wires. The coupling of the obstacles to the HE_{11} mode was determined by constructing an image line with a slotted section for impedance measurements. This information was used to design several antenna arrays with different types of patterns. The measured patterns were very satisfactory.
Neural correlates of incidental and directed facial emotion processing in adolescents and adults

Our knowledge on the development of the affective and cognitive circuitries that underlie affect regulation is still limited. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined whether there is more efficient prefrontal modulation of affective circuits with development. Ten adolescents (mean age 14 +/- 2 years) and 10 adults (mean age 30 +/- 6 years) underwent two scanning conditions that required different levels of cognitive control over face emotion processing. A 'directed' emotion processing condition required judgment of facial expressions. An 'incidental' emotion processing condition required an age judgment. For the incidental emotion processing condition, adolescents, compared with adults, showed less activation in right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and greater activation in paralimbic regions, suggesting greater emotional reactivity and immature prefrontal circuitries for affect regulation. For the directed emotion processing condition, adolescents, compared with adults, showed decreased recruitment of both the dorsal and pregenual right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), suggesting immature modulatory functions of the ACC during directed face emotion processing. These results indicate that the neural circuitries for affect regulation are still developing in adolescence and have not yet reached the adult level.
Recent Advances in Ultrasonic Imaging

Ultrasonic imaging is the second most utilized diagnostic imaging modality today, next only to conventional x-ray radiography. It is an integral part of any modern diagnostic imaging facility. It possesses unique characteristics, which allow ultrasonic imaging to remain competitive against other newer modalities, such as x-ray computed tomography (CT), radionuclide emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Shung, Smith and Tsui 1991, Zagzebski, 1996). Its advantages are (1) ultrasound is a form of non-ionizing radiation, thus considered non-invasive, (2) it is less expensive than imaging modalities of similar capabilities, (3) it produces images in real time, unattainable at the present time by any other methods, (4) it has a resolution in the millimeter range for the frequencies being clinically used today, (5) it can yield blood flow information by applying the Doppler principle, and (6) it is portable and thus can be easily transported to the bedside of a patient.
Investigating the suboptimality and instability of pseudo-relevance feedback

Although Pseudo-Relevance Feedback (PRF) techniques improve average retrieval performance at the price of high variance, not much is known about their optimality and the reasons for their instability. In this work, we study more than 800 topics from several test collections including the TREC Robust Track and show that PRF techniques are highly suboptimal, i.e. they do not make the fullest utilization of pseudo-relevant documents and under-perform. A careful selection of expansion terms from the pseudo-relevant document with the help of an oracle can actually improve retrieval performance dramatically (by > 60%). Further, we show that instability in PRF techniques is mainly due to wrong selection of expansion terms from the pseudo-relevant documents. Our findings emphasize the need to revisit the problem of term selection to make a break through in PRF.
TIMING AND INTENSITY EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTMENTS

This paper examines the investment timing and intensity conditions under which advantages may exist for first movers in environmental investments. The potential advantages on which the paper focuses are timing and intensity of investments in recent pollution-reducing manufacturing technologies that produce salable product at the same time that they reduce pollution. The data come from 50 chemical bleached paper pulp manufacturers in eight countries. The model measures the impact of the independent variables on growth in profits from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, controlling for national differences in environmental regulations, among other variables. Results indicate a positive relationship between timing of investments and profit growth. There is also evidence that more intense investment patterns, when not tempered by sufficient time to absorb the investments, may lead to lower profit growth.
Titania Nanotubes by Electrochemical Anodization for Solar Energy Conversion

TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTs) are a promising platform for the conversion of sunlight to electricity in photovoltaic systems or to fuels in photoelectrochemical solar cells. We overview the properties and functionality of the various components of TiO2 NT-based devices, discuss their integration in the energy conversion system and summarize recent advances in the field. In particular, we discuss the electronic and charge transport properties of TiO2 NTs that govern the device performance and efficiency. Since the main challenge for the practical use of TiO2 is the inability to absorb visible light, particular attention is paid to available techniques for TiO2 sensitization, extending absorption beyond the UV portion of the solar spectrum. These techniques include doping to alter the bandgap and pairing TiO2 with dyes, inorganic narrow band-gap semiconductors, or metal nanoparticles that exhibit plasmonic behavior. Various catalysts have been successfully paired with TiO2 to accelerate the photocatalytic reactions of interest; materials, synthesis methods and catalytic mechanisms will also be discussed. Finally, we give a prospective outlook on the future of TiO2 nanotubes for photoelectrochemical applications and identify areas for future research. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/),
When the best appears to be saved for last: Serial position effects on choice

Decision-makers often evaluate options sequentially due to constraints on attention, timing, or physical location of the options. Choosing the best option will therefore often depend on people's memories of the options. Because imperfect recall introduces uncertainty in earlier options, judgments of those options should regress toward the category mean as memory decays over time. Relatively desirable options will therefore tend to seem less desirable with time, and relatively undesirable options will tend to seem less undesirable with time. We therefore predicted that people will tend to select the first option in a set when choosing between generally undesirable options, and will tend to select the last when choosing between generally desirable options. We demonstrate these serial position effects in choices among paintings, American Idol audition clips, jellybeans, and female faces, provide evidence of its underlying mechanism, and explain how these findings build on existing accounts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silk-elastin-like protein biomaterials for the controlled delivery of therapeutics.

Introduction: Genetically engineered biomaterials are useful for controlled delivery owing to their rational design, tunable structure–function, biocompatibility, degradability and target specificity. Silk-elastin-like proteins (SELPs), a family of genetically engineered recombinant protein polymers, possess these properties. Additionally, given the benefits of combining semi-crystalline silk-blocks and elastomeric elastin-blocks, SELPs possess multi-stimuli-responsive properties and tunability, thereby becoming promising candidates for targeted cancer therapeutics delivery and controlled gene release.Areas covered: An overview of SELP biomaterials for drug delivery and gene release is provided. Biosynthetic strategies used for SELP production, fundamental physicochemical properties and self-assembly mechanisms are discussed. The review focuses on sequence–structure–function relationships, stimuli-responsive features and current and potential drug delivery applications.Expert opinion: The tunable material...
Using Internet-Based Videos as Pedagogical Tools in the Social Work Policy Classroom

Students often feel disconnected from their introductory social welfare policy courses. Therefore, it is important that instructors employ engaging pedagogical methods in the classroom. A review of the literature reveals that a host of methods have been utilized to attempt to interest students in policy courses, but there is no mention of using internet-based videos in the social welfare policy classroom. This article describes how to select and use appropriate internet-based videos from websites such as YouTube and SnagFilms, to effectively engage students in social welfare policy courses. Four rules are offered for choosing videos based on emotional impact, brevity, and relevance to course topics. The selected videos should elicit students’ passions and stimulate critical thinking when used in concert with instructor-generated discussion questions, writing assignments, and small group dialogue. Examples of the process of choosing videos, discussion questions, and student reactions to the use of videos are provided.
Minimally Invasive Resection of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases Leads to an Earlier Initiation of Chemotherapy Compared to Open Surgery.

Introduction Previous studies have shown benefit not only from postoperative chemotherapy but also from a short interval to initiation of treatment after resection of primary colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to determine difference in timing to postoperative chemotherapy for minimally invasive resection (MIR) vs. open resection (OR) of colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM).
Relationship of Circulating Anti-C3b and Anti-C1q IgG to Lupus Nephritis and Its Flare

Background and objectives Autoantibodies to complement C1q (anti-C1q) are associated with the diagnosis of lupus nephritis. In this study, we compare anti-C1q IgG with another complement autoantibody, anti-C3b IgG, as a biomarker of lupus nephritis and lupus nephritis flare. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Our investigation involved the Ohio SLE Study, a prospective observational cohort of patients with recurrently active lupus who were followed bimonthly. Serum anti-C1q and anti-C3b IgG levels were assessed cross-sectionally by ELISA in 40 normal controls and 114 patients in the Ohio SLE Study (41 nonrenal and 73 lupus nephritis) at study entry, and longitudinally in a subset of patients in the Ohio SLE Study with anti-C1q–positive lupus nephritis in samples collected every 2 months for 8 months leading up to lupus nephritis flare ( n =16 patients). Results In the cross-sectional analysis, compared with anti-C1q IgG, anti-C3b IgG was less sensitive (36% versus 63%) but more specific (98% versus 71%) for lupus nephritis. Only anti-C3b IgG was associated with patients with lupus nephritis who experienced at least one lupus nephritis flare during the Ohio SLE Study period ( P P =0.02), with significant increases occurring from 6 (38% increase) and 4 months (41% increase) before flare. Anti-C3b IgG levels also trended up at lupus nephritis flare, although the change did not reach statistical significance ( P =0.07). Neither autoantibody increased 2 months before flare. Conclusions Although not as prevalent as anti-C1q IgG, anti-C3b IgG showed nearly complete specificity for lupus nephritis. The presence of anti-C3b IgG identified patients with lupus nephritis who were prone to flare and in whom serial measurements of markers associated with complement, such as anti-C1q IgG, may be useful to monitor lupus nephritis activity.
The Physician's Responsibility Concerning Firearms and Older Patients

The possibility of firearms ownership and possession by an older patient raises a number of issues with potential legal ramifications for the primary care physician. This article addresses some of the most salient of those law-related issues. It commences with a brief outline of gun regulation in the U.S. An enumeration of some of the specific aspects of gun ownership and possession by older persons ensues. I then comment on the collective role of the medical profession regarding firearms as a public health matter, followed by ideas about the individual physician’s appropriate role at the micro level regarding firearms within the context of the physician/older patient professional relationship. Specific attention is devoted to physicians’ rights in this arena and to policy arguments about converting those rights into legally enforceable obligations. The article concludes that it is undesirable for statutes to be enacted by state legislatures, but proper for common law to evolve through changes in professional practice and opinion in the direction of, imposing affirmative requirements on physicians to inquire about firearms ownership or possession by older patients and to counsel certain patients and their family members regarding associated dangers. Additionally, the law should recognize and encourage physician discretion to protect patients and third parties at foreseeable risk by intervening through notifications about suspected dangers to proper agencies and authorities, but such protective actions should not be mandated routinely by state statutes or judicial precedent.