cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Collection from the User’s Perspective

This study explores the concept and functions of collection from the perspective of the user. In‐depth interviews with ten professors from a social science discipline and a natural science department provided descriptions of their information seeking involving material sources and their perceptions of the library collection. Participants used the following parameters in perceiving the library collection: instant availability, selectivity, physical collocation, catalog representation, user privilege, material stability, and further parameters for subcollections, including subject and format. Additional components that were important in the users’ information environment were personal collections, the Internet, and other institutions’ collections. Analysis revealed that collections provided valuable functions, such as collocating sources for convenience and saving time and money, selectivity, narrowing the search scope to increase precision and ease of use, presenting choices, and assisting in clarification...
Can male white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia) detect female reproductive state?

For mammalian males, copulating with females during ovulation is critical to reproductive success. However male knowledge of ovulation may not always be advantageous for females, as it could hinder mate choice or promote harassment. White-faced saki monkeys live in variably monogamous and polygamous social groups and hence females may have multiple motivations to conceal ovulatory timing. White-faced sakis further show no obvious physical or behavioral signs of ovulation, although they do use scent in a variety of contexts, including sexual behavior. We collected data on three wild groups of white-faced sakis at Brownsberg Naturepark, Suriname in order to assess whether male copulations are coordinated with female ovulatory timing. We recorded all occurrences of copulations and genital inspections, and collected fecal samples from females which were radioimmunoassayed to obtain estradiol and progesterone levels. We found that males copulated throughout the female reproductive cycle, although the association between copulation and reproductive state varied between dyads. Only one male–female dyad showed significantly more copulations than expected during ovulation. However four of five dyads copulated less than expected with pregnant females, suggesting that males may be able to differentiate cycling from non-cycling females. While genital inspections were distributed randomly with regard to female reproductive state, the decision to copulate was not: males were more likely to mate with both ovulating and cycling females than with non-cycling females after genital inspection. Regardless, males were not more likely to copulate with an ovulating vs. a cycling (non-ovulating) female. These data indicate that while males may receive olfactory information on female hormonal status, they do not make entirely accurate decisions with regard to copulation timing. This inaccuracy may be due to males' inability to detect ovulation, or alternately a lack of motivation to limit copulations solely to conceptive periods. Pair familiarity and sexual experience may also play a role in copulation accuracy.
Sound isolation and giant linear nonreciprocity in a compact acoustic circulator.

Acoustic isolation and nonreciprocal sound transmission are highly desirable in many practical scenarios. They may be realized with nonlinear or magneto-acoustic effects, but only at the price of high power levels and impractically large volumes. In contrast, nonreciprocal electromagnetic propagation is commonly achieved based on the Zeeman effect, or modal splitting in ferromagnetic atoms induced by a magnetic bias. Here, we introduce the acoustic analog of this phenomenon in a subwavelength meta-atom consisting of a resonant ring cavity biased by a circulating fluid. The resulting angular momentum bias splits the ring’s azimuthal resonant modes, producing giant acoustic nonreciprocity in a compact device. We applied this concept to build a linear, magnetic-free circulator for airborne sound waves, observing up to 40-decibel nonreciprocal isolation at audible frequencies.
Methods for measuring vascular and nonvascular α-receptor sensitivity in humans

Since increased alpha-adrenergic reactivity may participate in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension, methods for accurately assessing in vivo alpha-receptor sensitivity in humans might be useful. The goals of this study were to employ previously used methods, namely pupillometry and local forearm intraarterial infusions, to assess alpha-receptor sensitivity, create an in vivo environment of decreased sympathetic drive (plasma norepinephrine) and increased alpha-receptor number (platelet alpha 2), in which increased alpha-receptor sensitivity to exogenous agonists might occur. Five patients with minimally elevated blood pressure (139 +/- 5/90 +/- 4 mm Hg) while on diuretic monotherapy completed assessment of biochemical and physiologic variables on diuretic alone and again on diuretic and guanadrel. Guanadrel plus diuretic compared with diuretic alone lowered the seated diastolic and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Heart rate was decreased about 10 beats/min. Baseline supine norepinephrine was reduced an average of 40% (from 281 +/- 23 to 168 +/- 16 pg/ml, p = 0.03), and platelet alpha 2-receptors were increased roughly 40% (from 178 +/- 34 to 250 +/- 54 fmol/micrograms, p = 0.07). Despite the expected decrease in sympathetic drive and increase in alpha-receptors (platelet alpha 2), the pupillary mydriatic response to phenylephrine and the forearm vasoconstrictor response to intraarterial norepinephrine were not augmented. The failure to detect increased physiologic responsiveness in the presence of decreased norepinephrine and increased alpha 2-receptor number lends itself to multiple explanations which need to be tested in future research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Relationship of Self-Reported Alcohol Consumption to Ambulatory Blood Pressure in a Sample of Healthy Adults

Background Habitual alcohol consumption has shown positive associations with office blood pressure (BP). Less well established, however, is alcohol consumption's relationship to various measures of ambulatory BP (ABP) in healthy, normotensive persons. Methods We investigated alcohol consumption's relationship to mean ABP, ABP variability, and the ABP arterial stiffness index in a sample of nonsmoking adults who were free of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD; n = 157). Total alcohol consumption, intake of specific alcoholic beverages, and binge drinking were assessed by self-report. ABP was measured every 30 min for 24 h. Results In multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, higher levels of total weekly alcohol consumption were associated with higher ABP. For those consuming 0, 1-2, and 3 or more alcoholic drinks per week, mean 24-h systolic ABP values were 112.2, 115.2, and 116.6 mm Hg, respectively (P = 0.05), and mean 24-h diastolic ABP values were 70.6, 71.9, and 74.2 mm Hg, respectively (P = 0.02). Beer and liquor consumption showed stronger positive associations with ABP than did wine consumption. Among nonbinge drinkers and binge drinkers, mean 24-h systolic ABP values were 113.3 and 118.6 mm Hg, respectively (P = 0.04) and mean 24-h diastolic ABP values were 71.3 and 75.0 mm Hg, respectively (P = 0.04). Alcohol consumption was not significantly related to ABP variability or the ABP arterial stiffness index. Conclusion Total habitual alcohol consumption, consumption of specific alcoholic drinks, and binge drinking are associated with higher mean ABP in healthy, normotensive adults.
Blood pressure variability, prehypertension, and hypertension in adolescents

Medical conditions diagnosed during adolescence may have long term impacts on the health of an individual. As a result, identifying cardiovascular risk factors earlier in life such as prehypertension (pre-HTN) and hypertension (HTN) can have significant benefits across an individual’s lifespan. Diagnosing elevated blood pressure (BP) during adolescence can be difficult, partially due to the natural variability that occurs during this period of life. Levels of BP that define adolescent prehypertension/hypertension are provided as well as an abridged review of BP variability across research groups. Strategies for BP management of adolescents are considered, with the primary focus on nonpharmacologic interventions.
Purification and some physicochemical properties of sonchus yellow net virus.

Abstract Sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV) was purified from a Nicotiana hybrid by Celite filtration and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Infectious preparations sedimented at 1044 S in linear-log gradients and banded at 1.183 g/ml in sucrose equilibrium gradients. Electron microscopy of purified preparations revealed bacilliform particles (94 × 248 nm). The virions had internal cross striations with a periodicity of about 4.1 nm and surface projections about 6 nm long. The molecular weight of the virion, estimated from size and density, was about 9 × 10 8 . Nucleic acid from sodium dodecyl sulfate-disrupted virions was susceptible to RNase, sedimented in sucrose gradients at 44 S, and had a molecular weight of 4.42 × 10 6 as estimated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Four major polypeptides with average molecular weights of 76,800, 63,800, 45,500, and 39,500 were detected by gel electrophoresis. SYNV preparations reacted in gel diffusion tests with a homologous antiserum but not with antisera to broccoli necrotic yellows virus, lettuce nectrotic yellows virus, or sow thistle yellow vein virus.
Astronomical Applications Of Digital Image Processing

A comparison is made of a number of techniques that have been used for the enhancement of atmospherically degraded astronomical images. These include simple deconvolution or inverse filtering, speckle interferometry with and without phase information, and adaptive optical systems. Each approach has its range of applicability in terms of object brightness, angular extent, and structure. The role of the exposure time has been emphasized, and it is pointed out that simple deconvolution has greater potential than has previously been recognized.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Selective CVD-W for capping damascene Cu lines

The use of selective chemical vapor deposited tungsten (CVD-W) to cap Cu lines in polyimide is shown to be compatible with planarization by chemical-mechanical polishing (damascene), minimal Cu is removed during the preclean, and selective CVD-W results in no significant yield loss and nearly complete oxidation protection. The W cap also suppresses Cu hillock formation during subsequent thermal cycling. The best results were achieved by a wet-etch removal of the chemical-mechanical polish stop layer and a wet etch of the Cu as a preclean.
Mycobacterium kansaii: Colonization and disease

Mycobacterium kansasii has a wide range of virulence from fatal disease to infection and colonization. The laboratory report of growth of M. kansasii is often a problem for the clinician and an encumberance for the patient. To determine the difference between patients who had disease from M. kansasii and those from whom it was isolated without causing disease, we compared the records of 70 patients from whom this mycobacterium was isolated. The group with disease was defined as those patients with more than one culture with luxuriant growth and new, compatible symptoms, signs or radiographic changes. Age, sex, occupation, place of birth and residence, past medical history, skin testing, radiographic changes, in vitro antibiotic sensitivities, and the time and source of the isolation were tabulated. The group without compatible disease had only a single isolate and almost never had any new symptom or sign. Patients with disease from M. kansasii were more often male (P less than 0.02) and had more chronic obstructive lung disease (P less than 0.001). Patients without disease more frequently had isolations from laryngeal swabs (P less than 0.001). The cultures of these swabs had less stringent laboratory decontamination. M. kansasii may be a more frequent colonizer of the upper airway than previously thought. Clinicians should use the same rigorous definition of disease caused by M. kansasii as clinical investigators, namely repeated isolations with luxuriant growth in an appropriate host. The laboratory, instead of the clinician, should investigate positive cultures in patients without disease.
Amthor's solution of Archimedes' cattle problem

Archimedes' problem for his colleagues in Alexandria, as stated in this Bulletin [1], amounts to solving the system (1)-(9) for positive integers W, X, Y, Z and w, x, y, z.
Performance tuning of candidate determination methods for computer aided detection of colon polyps

We introduce an intuitive measure of computer aided detection (CAD) system performance that can handle simultaneous variation of multiple parameters. On the example of CAD of colon polyps we demonstrate how this measure was used to find the optimal parameters and make improvements to the "water-plane" algorithm that finds initial polyp candidates on the colon wall. In particular, we improved the merging of overlapping clusters to only create fused clusters if they shared at least 50% of their vertices and adjusted size and thickness filter criteria to retain more true positive detections. The system, containing all optimizations, improved significantly over the original system that found initial detections based only on colon surface curvature. This improvement was measured by both free response operating curve (FROC) analysis and our new performance measure.
Numerical modeling of an RF argon-silane plasma with dust particle nucleation and growth

A one-dimensional numerical model and simulation results are presented for a capacitively-coupled radio frequency parallel-plate argon-silane dusty plasma. The model includes self-consistently coupled numerical modules, including a plasma fluid model, a sectional aerosol model, and a simple chemistry model to predict rates of particle nucle- ation and surface growth. Operating conditions considered include 13.56 MHz frequency, 100 mTorr pressure, a 4-cm electrode gap, gas flow through the top electrode with a 30:1 ratio of argon to silane, and applied radio frequency voltage amplitude of either 100 or 250 V. In the higher voltage case two lobes of relatively large particles are formed by ion drag, while fresh nucleation occurs in the void between these lobes. It is shown that the reason that fresh nucleation occurs in the void involves an interplay among several coupled phenomena, including nanoparticle transport, the plasma potential profile, and trapping of silicon hydride anions that drive nucleation in this system.
Software configuration—an NP-complete problem

Configuration Control File (CCF) production is very complex, thousands of code packages, data blocks and parameter values must be linked under many constraints including: Common data and code less than 8192 bytesMaximum of 5 registers per taskAll systems data must have common capabilitiesNP-complete problems are commonly known as knapsack or bin packing problems. They have no known algorithm which solves them in a time period bounded by a polynomial function of the number of inputs. Rules-of-thumb, or heuristics are the only practical approach to their solution. CCF segmentation to meet constraints discussed above is an example of Expert System technology applied to a classic NP-complete problem.Heuristics developed with traditional data processing techniques initially performed satisfactorily. However, as program development proceeded, Central Processor Unit (CPU) time for CCF production became a concern, both from a commitment of CPU resources and lost productivity. Traditional techniques failed to improve the heuristics and the project began to slip. Projected time to produce the CCF for a fully developed program was totally unacceptable, jeopardizing the project.Clearly another approach was required. Because existing heuristics were based on a concept of rules, research indicated an expert system using rules and a knowledge based approach had the highest probability of success.The paper emphasizes the development process of a knowledge based system from the perspective of the responsible project manager. The methodology is also applicable to common business problems.
Cortisol and sodium lactate-induced panic.

• Sodium lactate infusions induce panic attacks in patients with panic disorder, but not in normal controls, by an unknown mechanism. We studied the plasma cortisol response to infusion of O.5 mol/L of sodium lactate in 103 patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks, and 32 normal controls. Baseline cortisol levels did not distinguish early panickers from nonpanickers and controls, but late panickers had significantly elevated baseline cortisol levels. In addition, a higher percentage of late panickers manifested an increase in cortisol during the baseline period compared with the other groups. Despite the fact that late panickers manifested elevated baseline cortisol levels, early panickers had significantly greater somatic distress as measured by the Acute Panic Inventory. There was no increase in cortisol with lactate-induced panic, and cortisol levels fell significantly during the lactate infusion in all groups. Cortisol elevation occurred with moderate anxiety but not with severe panic anxiety. These results suggest different pathophysiologic mechanisms of early and late panic, and differences between anticipatory anxiety and panic anxiety.
A Parallel 2-D Explicit-Implicit Compressible Navier-Stokes Solver

In this paper we present a 2-D compressible Navicr-Stokes solver which is based on a predictor-corrector methodology. The predictor part of the scheme consists of a. half time step explicit, forward Etiler time integration of the Euler equations followed by a full time step implicit backward Euler time integration of the complete Navier Stokes equations. Fairly standard numerical techniques have been used to develop an algorithm that is easily parallelizable. We validate the solver for a supersonic flow scenario; in particular we use a shock tube problem with a pressure ratio of 100. We further explicitly show that the solver is capable of capturing boundary layer effects. Finally we present speedups obtained by parallelization using the OpenMP programming paradigm.
Thermal effects in high density polyethylene and low density polyethylene at high hydrostatic pressures

The temperature changes as a result of rapid hydrostatic pressure applications are reported for high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) in the reference temperature range from 298 to 423 K and in the pressure range from 13.8 to 200 MN m−2. The adiabatic temperature changes were found to be a function of pressure and temperature. A curve fitting analysis showed that the empirical curve (∂/∂P) =ab(ΔP)b−1 described the experimental thermoelastic coefficients obtained from the experiments. The data were analyzed by determining the predicted thermoelastic coefficients derived from the Thomson equation (∂/∂P)θ = αT0/ϱCp. The experimental and predicted Gruneisen parameter γT were also determined.
Vortex Detection Through the Visualization Toolkit

Automatic vortex detection for turbo-machinery models is a complex problem but is a useful and needed tool for modelers and researchers. We have developed a suite of tools that provide access to several popular methods for vortex detection by implementing the techniques outlined in The "Parallel Vectors " Operator A Vector Field Visualization Primitive[1] by Ronald Peikert and Martin Roth. Our software was developed using the Visualization Toolkit (VTK) to provide these vortex detection capabilities to a wider range of researchers and to several existing visualization software packages, such as ParaView[2]. We added support for both unstructured and structured datasets and can take advantage of high performance computing (HPC) resources by utilizing VTK's multi-threading capabilities.
Adipose tissue infiltration of skeletal muscle in children with cerebral palsy.

Objective To determine whether children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy (QCP) have a greater adipose tissue (AT) infiltration of skeletal muscle than typically developing children (12/group and 5-14 years). Study design Cross-sectional area (CSA) of AT and muscle in the midthigh were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging. Physical activity was assessed with an activity monitor. Results Children with QCP had 2.3-fold higher intermuscular AT CSA and 51% lower muscle CSA in the midthigh than control subjects. Midthigh intermuscular, subfascial, and subcutaneous AT CSA adjusted for midthigh muscle CSA were higher in children with QCP (all P P P Conclusion Children with QCP have a greater AT infiltration of skeletal muscle than typically developing children, which is related to their low level of physical activity.
A pilot study examining the effects of consuming a high-protein vs normal-protein breakfast on free-living glycemic control in overweight/obese ‘breakfast skipping’ adolescents

To examine whether the daily consumption of normal-protein (NP) vs higher-protein (HP) breakfasts improve free-living glycemic control in overweight/obese, ‘breakfast skipping’ adolescents. Twenty-eight healthy, but overweight, teens (age: 19±1 year; BMI: 29.9±0.8 kg m−2) completed a 12-week randomized parallel-arm study in which the adolescents consumed either a 350 kcal NP breakfast (13 g protein) or HP breakfast (35 g protein). Pre- and post-study 24-h blood glucose measures were assessed using continuous glucose monitoring. Although no main effects of time or group were detected, time by group interactions were observed. Post hoc pairwise comparisons assessing the post–pre changes revealed that the daily consumption of the HP breakfasts tended to reduce the 24-h glucose variability (s.d.) vs NP (−0.17±0.09 vs +0.09±0.10 s.d.; P=0.06) and tended to reduce the time spent above the high glucose limit (−292±118 vs −24±80 min; P=0.09). The consumption of the HP breakfasts also reduced the 24-h maximal (peak) glucose response (−0.94±0.36 vs +0.30±0.18 mmol l−1; P<0.01) and reduced postprandial glucose fluctuations (−0.88±0.44 vs +0.49±0.34 mmol l−1; P<0.03) vs NP. These data suggest that the daily addition of a HP breakfast, containing 35 g of high-quality protein, has better efficacy at improving free-living glycemic control compared with a NP breakfast in overweight/obese, but otherwise healthy, ‘breakfast skipping’ adolescents.
Interaction with grp58 increases activity of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter

The thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) is expressed by distal convoluted tubule cells of the mammalian kidney. We used yeast two-hybrid screening to identify that glucose-regulated protein 58 (grp58), a protein induced by glucose deprivation, binds to the COOH terminus of the NCC. Immunoprecipitation of rat kidney cortex homogenates using a guinea pig anti-NCC antibody confirmed that grp58 associates with the NCC in vivo. Northern blots indicated that grp58 is highly expressed in rat kidney cortex. Immunofluorescence showed that grp58 protein abundance in kidney is highest in epithelial cells of the distal nephron, where it colocalizes with NCC near the apical membrane. To determine whether this interaction has a functional significance, NCC and grp58 cRNA were coexpressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In oocytes overexpressing grp58, sodium uptake was increased compared with control. Because oocytes express endogenous grp58, antisense experiments were performed to evaluate whether endogenous grp58 affected NCC activity in oocytes. Sodium uptake was lower in oocytes injected with both antisense grp58 cRNA and sense NCC compared with sense NCC oocytes. Western blot analysis did not show any effect of grp58 expression on processing of the NCC. These data indicate a novel, functionally important interaction between grp58 and the NCC in rat kidney cortex.
Frozen thin sections of fresh tissue for electron microscopy, with a description of pancreas and liver.

A simple method has been developed that allows frozen thin sections of fresh-frozen tissue to be cut on a virtually unmodified ultramicrotome kept at room temperature. A bowl-shaped Dewar flask with a knifeholder in its depths replaces the stage of the microtome; a bar extends down into the bowl from the microtome's cutting arm and bears the frozen tissue near its lower end. When the microtome is operated, the tissue passes a glass or diamond knife in the depths of the bowl as in normal cutting. The cutting temperature is maintained by flushing the bowl with cold nitrogen gas, and can be set anywhere from about -160°C up to about -30°C. The microtome is set for a cutting thickness of 540–1000 A. Sections are picked up from the dry knife edge, and are placed on membrane-coated grids, flattened with the polished end of a copper rod, and either dried in nitrogen gas or freeze-dried. Throughout the entire process the tissue is kept cold and does not come in contact with any solvent. The morphology seen in frozen thin sections of rat pancreas and liver generally resembles that in conventional preparations, although freezing damage and low contrast limit the detail that can be discerned. Among unusual findings is a frequent abundance of mitochondrial granules in material prepared by this method.
Ethanol Intoxication in Drosophila: Genetic and Pharmacological Evidence for Regulation by the cAMP Signaling Pathway

Upon exposure to ethanol, Drosophila display behaviors that are similar to ethanol intoxication in rodents and humans. Using an inebriometer to measure ethanol-induced loss of postural control, we identified cheapdate, a mutant with enhanced sensitivity to ethanol. Genetic and molecular analyses revealed that cheapdate is an allele of the memory mutant amnesiac. amnesiac has been postulated to encode a neuropeptide that activates the cAMP pathway. Consistent with this, we find that enhanced ethanol sensitivity of cheapdate can be reversed by treatment with agents that increase cAMP levels or PKA activity. Conversely, genetic or pharmacological reduction in PKA activity results in increased sensitivity to ethanol. Taken together, our results provide functional evidence for the involvement of the cAMP signal transduction pathway in the behavioral response to intoxicating levels of ethanol.
Linking neurodevelopmental and synaptic theories of mental illness through DISC1

Recent advances in our understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders has blown away the diagnostic boundaries that are defined by currently used diagnostic manuals. The disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene was originally discovered at the breakpoint of an inherited chromosomal translocation, which segregates with major mental illnesses. In addition, many biological studies have indicated a role for DISC1 in early neurodevelopment and synaptic regulation. Given that DISC1 is thought to drive a range of endophenotypes that underlie major mental conditions, elucidating the biology of DISC1 may enable the construction of new diagnostic categories for mental illnesses with a more meaningful biological foundation.
Conversion of CD4+ CD25- cells into CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in vivo requires B7 costimulation, but not the thymus.

The CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells play a critical role in controlling autoimmunity, but little is known about their development and maintenance. In this study, we investigated whether CD4+ CD25− cells can convert to CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in vivo under natural conditions. CD4+ CD25− cells from CD45.1+ mice were sorted and transferred into congenic CD45.2+ mice. Converted CD4+ CD25+ cells could be detected in lymphoid organs as early as 1 wk after transfer and by 6 wk after transfer, 5–12% of transferred CD4+ cells expressed CD25. Converted CD4+ CD25+ cells themselves failed to proliferate after stimulation, but could suppress proliferation of responder cells in vitro, and also expressed high levels of Foxp3 mRNA. In addition, CD4+ CD25− cells transferred into thymectomized congenic mice converted to CD4+ CD25+ cells that also suppressed responder cell proliferation in vitro, and expressed high levels of Foxp3 mRNA. Finally, CD4+ CD25− cells transferred into B7−/− mice failed to convert into CD4+ CD25+ cells that exhibit the regulatory phenotype. These data indicate that CD4+ CD25− cells convert into CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells spontaneously in vivo and suggest that this conversion process could contribute significantly to the maintenance of the peripheral CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cell population.
A novel approach to characterizing the surface topography of niobium superconducting radio frequency (SRF) accelerator cavities

As superconducting niobium radio-frequency (SRF) cavities approach fundamental material limits, there is increased interest in understanding the details of topographical influences on realized performance limitations. Micro- and nano-roughness are implicated in both direct geometrical field enhancements as well as complications of the composition of the 50 nm surface layer in which the super-currents typically flow. Interior surface chemical treatments such as buffered chemical polishing (BCP) and electropolishing (EP) used to remove mechanical damage leave surface topography, including pits and protrusions of varying sharpness. These may promote RF magnetic field entry, locally quenching superconductivity, so as to degrade cavity performance. A more incisive analysis of surface topography than the widely used average roughness is needed. In this study, a power spectral density (PSD) approach based on Fourier analysis of surface topography data acquired by both stylus profilometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) is introduced to distinguish the scale-dependent smoothing effects, resulting in a novel qualitative and quantitative description of Nb surface topography. The topographical evolution of the Nb surface as a function of different steps of well-controlled EP is discussed. This study will greatly help to identify optimum EP parameter sets for controlled and reproducible surface levelling of Nb for cavity production.
The Cellular Protein Complex Associated with a Transforming Region of E1A Contains c-MYC

ABSTRACT The cell-transforming activity of human adenovirus 5 (hAd5) E1A is mediated by the N-terminal half of E1A, which interacts with three different major cellular protein complexes, p300/CBP, TRRAP/p400, and pRb family members. Among these protein interactions, the interaction of pRb family proteins with conserved region 2 (CR2) of E1A is known to promote cell proliferation by deregulating the activities of E2F family transcription factors. The functional consequences of interaction with the other two protein complexes in regulating the transforming activity of E1A are not well defined. Here, we report that the E1A N-terminal region also interacted with the cellular proto-oncoprotein c-MYC and the homolog of enhancer of yellow 2 (ENY2). Our results suggested that these proteins interacted with an essential E1A transforming domain spanning amino acid residues 26 to 35 which also interacted with TRRAP and p400. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of TRRAP reduced c-MYC interaction with E1A, while p400 depletion did not. In contrast, depletion of TRRAP enhanced ENY2 interaction with E1A, suggesting that ENY2 and TRRAP may interact with E1A in a competitive manner. The same E1A region additionally interacted with the constituents of a deubiquitinase complex consisting of USP22, ATXN7, and ATXN7L3 via TRRAP. Acute short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated depletion of c-MYC reduced the E1A transforming activity, while depletion of ENY2 and MAX did not. These results suggested that the association of c-MYC with E1A may, at least partially, play a role in the E1A transformation activity, independently of MAX. IMPORTANCE The transforming region of adenovirus E1A consists of three short modules which complex with different cellular protein complexes. The mechanism by which one of the transforming modules, CR2, promotes cell proliferation, through inactivating the activities of the pRb family proteins, is better understood than the activities of the other domains. Our analysis of the E1A proteome revealed the presence of the proto-oncoprotein c-MYC and of ENY2. We mapped these interactions to a critical transforming module of E1A that was previously known to interact with the scaffolding molecule TRRAP and the E1A-binding protein p400. We showed that c-MYC interacted with E1A through TRRAP, while ENY2 interacted with it independently. The data reported here indicated that depletion of c-MYC in normal human cells reduced the transforming activity of E1A. Our result raises a novel paradigm in oncogenic transformation by a DNA viral oncogene, the E1A gene, that may exploit the activity of a cellular oncogene, the c-MYC gene, in addition to inactivation of the tumor suppressors, such as pRb.
Unintended Return: U.S. Deportations and the Fractious Politics of Mobility for Latinos

A record-breaking 4.2 million people have been removed from the United States since 2000, with migrants from Latin America accounting for over 93 percent of all removals. The U.S. policy shift towa...
Laser densification of channel waveguides in gel-silica substrates

Channel waveguides are important components in optical signal processing. A new method is described for producing such waveguides with high design flexibility. The channel waveguides are produced using CO2 laser densification of partially densified gel-silica matrices (Type VI optical silica). Critical processing conditions include pore size and initial density of the matrix, laser power, translational speed of the sample, distance between sample and focusing lens, and ambient humidity.
Responses of above- and below-ground carbon stocks to environmental drivers in Tibetan Alpine grasslands

AbstractPaucity in the knowledge of responses of grassland carbon dynamics to environmental variables constrains our ability to predict future ecosystem productivity. The aim of this study was to investigate differential responses of above- and below-ground carbon stocks to environmental drivers in Tibetan alpine Plateau at both regional and local scales. Variance partitioning and non-linear regression between carbon stocks and environmental driving variables suggested that both above- and below-ground carbon stocks showed a significant negative relationship with temperature and a positive relationship with soil moisture. Annual accumulated temperature constrained above-ground carbon at regional scale (r2=0.50, P<0.0001), while soil moisture controlled below-ground carbon at local scale (r2=0.48, P<0.0001). Scale-specific responses of above- and belowground carbon storage to temperature and soil moisture complicated the influences of abiotic environmental variables on ecosystem productivity. Soil carbon h...
Report on the ALSC National Conference

(1974). Report on the ALSC National Conference. The Black Scholar: Vol. 5, The Sixth Pan-African Congress, pp. 48-53.
Interior Carbonization Patterns as Evidence of Ritual Drink Preparation in Powell Plain and Ramey Incised Vessels

Powell Plain and Ramey Incised jars are considered to be hallmarks of the Mississippian period at Cahokia, but the actual function of the vessels has not been adequately addressed. This study sought to determine the typical use of both vessel types as indicated by carbonization present on the interior and exterior of the vessel surfaces. Traces of carbonization were identified, and distinct patterns were correlated with cooking behavior. Interior carbonization patterns were the most telling, indicating the preparation of beverages or medicines using a cooking process called “decoction.” In combination with the ceremonial nature of the vessels, the jars with discernible use-alteration evidence indicate that both vessel types were employed almost exclusively for the purpose of ritual drink preparation.
The international standard organization calibration of the pure tone audiometer.

This article is a detailed discussion of the American Standards Association 1951 calibration of the audiometer and the events that led up to the adoption in the United States of the International Standard Organization 1964 standard. Basic review is allocated to the physics of sound as it relates to audiometer calibration. A conversion table is provided to shift from one scale to the other. The clinical implications of the two scales are discussed.
Array based passive radar target localization

In this paper, a procedure for target localization with digital television based passive radar is developed. Considerations for beamforming, including array calibration and range-Doppler processing are presented, which establish a comprehensive framework for determining the 3D position of a target in space. Experimental validation of these concepts using a 6 element linear array demonstrates angular localization accuracy far exceeding the resolution capabilities of the array itself. These results were verified with air truth provided by an automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) system on board a commercial flight. Assuming knowledge of the target's elevation angle, location accuracies within 100 m were obtained for an Airbus A320 air target at a range of 6 km.
Gluon Saturation and EIC

Abstract The fundamental structure of nucleons and nuclear matter is described by the properties and dynamics of quarks and gluons in quantum chromodynamics. Electron-nucleon collisions are a powerful method to study this structure. As one increases the energy of the collisions, the interaction process probes regions of progressively higher gluon density. This density must eventually saturate. An high-energy polarized Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) has been proposed to observe and study the saturated gluon density regime. Selected measurements will be discussed, following a brief introduction.
Accuracy assessment and characterization of x-ray coded aperture coherent scatter spectral imaging for breast cancer classification.

Although transmission-based x-ray imaging is the most commonly used imaging approach for breast cancer detection, it exhibits false negative rates higher than 15%. To improve cancer detection accuracy, x-ray coherent scatter computed tomography (CSCT) has been explored to potentially detect cancer with greater consistency. However, the 10-min scan duration of CSCT limits its possible clinical applications. The coded aperture coherent scatter spectral imaging (CACSSI) technique has been shown to reduce scan time through enabling single-angle imaging while providing high detection accuracy. Here, we use Monte Carlo simulations to test analytical optimization studies of the CACSSI technique, specifically for detecting cancer in ex vivo breast samples. An anthropomorphic breast tissue phantom was modeled, a CACSSI imaging system was virtually simulated to image the phantom, a diagnostic voxel classification algorithm was applied to all reconstructed voxels in the phantom, and receiver-operator characteristics analysis of the voxel classification was used to evaluate and characterize the imaging system for a range of parameters that have been optimized in a prior analytical study. The results indicate that CACSSI is able to identify the distribution of cancerous and healthy tissues (i.e., fibroglandular, adipose, or a mix of the two) in tissue samples with a cancerous voxel identification area-under-the-curve of 0.94 through a scan lasting less than 10 s per slice. These results show that coded aperture scatter imaging has the potential to provide scatter images that automatically differentiate cancerous and healthy tissue within ex vivo samples. Furthermore, the results indicate potential CACSSI imaging system configurations for implementation in subsequent imaging development studies.
Ten-year follow up of patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase treated with 400 mg or 800 mg of imatinib daily.

7024 Background: The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib is standard therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP). It has been suggested that higher-dose imatinib (HD-IM) may offer faster and deeper responses. The purpose of this study was to assess long-term follow-up data of patients treated with HD-IM (minimum follow-up 8 years). Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed CML-CP received daily imatinib 400 mg (IM400; 70 patients) or 800 mg (IM800; 201 patients) in consecutive clinical trials. Patients were assessed for cytogenetic and molecular response, overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS), transformation-free survival (TFS), and failure-free survival (FFS). Results: The 271 patients’ median follow-up time was 118 months. The median age was 48.3 years (range, 15.1-84.8 years). Sokal risk scores, rates of best response, FFS, TFS, EFS, and OS are given in Table 1. The response rates at 3, 6, and 12 months in IM800 patients were significantly higher than those of th...
Cortisol inhibits CSF2 and CSF3 via DNA methylation and inhibits invasion in first-trimester trophoblast cells.

Problem Heightened maternal stress affects trophoblast function and increases risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods of Study Studies were performed using the first-trimester trophoblast cell line, Sw.71. Cytokines were quantified using qPCR and ELISA. Epigenetic regulation of cytokines was characterized by inhibiting histone deacetylation (1 μmol/L suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA]) or methylation (5 μmol/L 5-azacytidine), or with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with a pan-acetyl histone-3 antibody. Invasion assays used Matrigel chambers. Results Cortisol inhibited expression of CSF2 (GM-CSF) and CSF3 (G-CSF) in trophoblast cells. Cortisol-associated inhibition was dependent on DNA methylation and was not affected by acetylation. There was also a modest decrease in trophoblast invasion, not dependent on loss of CSFs. Conclusion In first-trimester trophoblast cells, the physiological glucocorticoid, cortisol, inhibited two cytokines with roles in placental development and decreased trophoblast invasion. Cortisol-associated changes in trophoblast function could increase the risk for immune-mediated abortion or other adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Interrelations among dimensions of ethnic-racial identity during adolescence

Two approaches to conceptualizing ethnic-racial identity development dominate the literature within developmental psychology-1 focused on the process of ethnic-racial identity development, including exploration and commitment, and another focused on the evaluative components of identity, including private and public regard. In this study, we examined the interrelations among exploration, commitment, private regard, and public regard across three years in an ethnically diverse sample of Black, Dominican, Chinese, and White early adolescents. To examine the temporal precedence of multiple identity components, we used autoregressive latent trajectory analysis, which estimated time specific relationships, as well as covariation between latent factors. Findings indicated significant cross-time relationships among all identity components. For the most part, exploration predicted commitment, private regard, and public regard but not the reverse. Relationships between commitment and regard were reciprocal. Findings varied across ethnic-racial groups. We discuss the implications of our work for understanding identity processes. (PsycINFO Database Record
Prograding muddy shelves in the Paleogene Wilcox deltas, south Texas Gulf Coast

Abstract Core facies analysis integrated with subsurface well-log correlations and seismic horizon mapping document two thick mudstone-dominated deltaic successions in the Wilcox Group along the south Texas Gulf Coast. Meters to tens of meter-thick upper slope to outer shelf mudstones form units that lie at the base of upward-coarsening successions which are interpreted as fluvial or storm/wave dominated shelf deltas. The muddy character of the deposits is observed in cores and inferred from well logs, whereas the larger depositional architecture is interpreted from well log correlations and seismic data. Physical sedimentary structures described from a lower Wilcox core reflect deposition on a mud dominated prodelta controlled by hyperpycnal processes. Normally and inversely graded beds are present indicating sustained flows that waxed and waned. Upward-coarsening facies successions contain current ripples, organic matter, and siderite cemented bands, low trace fossil abundance and low diversity, which suggest deposition in a fluvial prodelta to shelf environment. Centimeter-thick interbeds of normal and inversely graded mudstones, siltstones and very fine-grained sandstones with low intensities of bioturbation, reflect the high physical and chemical stresses of hyperpycnal environments. Heterolithic stratification with lenticular, wavy and flaser bedding indicates some tidal influence. On the other hand cores of the middle Wilcox reflect deposition on a muddy wave-storm dominated shelf. Bioturbation intensities tend to be high, with unstressed, fully marine ichnological suites. Pervasively bioturbated sandy mudstones and muddy sandstones with Cruziana ichnofacies, wavy parallel and low angle lamination, and structureless sandstones with Ophiomorpha record deposition in a wave-influenced prodelta to shelf environment. Hyperpycnal flows associated with river floods might have transported mud across the shelf to the outer shelf where prevailing wave and storm conditions facilitated suspension and transport of mud beyond the shelf edge. Previous studies have shown that Wilcox delta sandstones are largely trapped on the shelf by contemporaneous growth faults. However, this paper illustrates that at times the Wilcox shelf margin prograded through mud accretion.
Employment among Patients on Dialysis: An Unfulfilled Promise

Dialysis is a life-changing event for patients at multiple levels. Employment is one of several challenges faced by individuals with progressive CKD transitioning to ESRD. Such patients face multiple disincentives to employment, including medical, logistical, and financial disincentives. The 1972
Making Two Vietnams: War and Youth Identities, 1965–1975

North and South Vietnamese youths had very different experiences of growing up during the Vietnamese War. The book gives a unique perspective on the conflict through the prism of adult-youth relations. By studying these relations, including educational systems, social organizations, and texts created by and for children during the war, Olga Dror analyzes how the two societies dealt with their wartime experience and strove to shape their futures. She examines the socialization and politicization of Vietnamese children and teenagers, contrasting the North's highly centralized agenda of indoctrination with the South, which had no such policy, and explores the results of these varied approaches. By considering the influence of Western culture on the youth of the South and of socialist culture on the youth of the North, we learn how the youth cultures of both Vietnams diverged from their prewar paths and from each other.
Merleau-Ponty's three intertwinings

Mesurant la contribution de Merleau-Ponty a la formulation d'une nouvelle philosophie morale, l'A. etudie l'interconnexion que le philosophe etablit entre les principes de reversibilite, d'entrecroisement et d'intercoporeite, au fondement de sa conception de la subjectivite incarnee.