cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nurse-Sensitive Indicators in the Care of Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder.

ABSTRACT Patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) seek care in primary care settings where nurses support the provision of medication-assisted treatment. Office-based opioid treatment (OBOT) that includes buprenorphine hydrochloride administration under the supervision of a nurse for stabilization and maintenance therapy has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with OUD in primary care settings. However, the first step is to determine if OBOT nurses provide nurse-sensitive care, which consists of activities that have been shown to make a difference in patient outcomes. Content analysis of 368 nursing notes from 100 patients enrolled in an OBOT program in an urban hospital-based primary care clinic was conducted. Data were analyzed descriptively according to quantity and qualitatively according to the content. Entries indicative of care coordination and transition management were extracted. Seven content categories within care coordination were identified, including harm reduction, medication management, symptom management, communication between providers, promoting adherence, self-management goal setting, and patient education. Four areas within transition management were identified including supporting connections to resources, referrals for care, medication reconciliation, and communication with other facilities. Care coordination was documented more frequently than transition management. The presence of nurse-sensitive indicators provides evidence for and distinguishes the role of the nurse in OUD care.
Technique Corner: Cell-Based Cartilage Repair

Cartilage injuries of the knee are a complex problem for which there are many potential solutions. These injuries may be secondary to an acute traumatic event, osteochondritis dissecans, and repetitive micro-trauma or due to meniscal insufficiency or malalignment. Patients who may benefit from cartilage repair, specifically a cell-based technique such as membrane-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI), frequently have cartilage defects between 2 and 10 cm2, with normal BMI, and are less than 55 years in age. MACI is a two-staged procedure where healthy cartilage is biopsied in an initial diagnostic arthroscopy, grown in cell culture and then re-implanted in a second procedure. Post-operatively, patients are placed on a regimented post-operative protocol focused on protecting the graft while increasing strength and range of motion. Both short- and long-term studies show good to excellent results with respect to both subjective and functional outcomes.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDICATOR ORGANISMS AND SELECTED PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN URBAN WATERWAYS

Samples were collected from sewage, urban streams, and stormwater runoff over a thirteen month period and assayed for the levels of total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . Pathogenic microorganisms were consistently isolated from the urban water courses. P. aeruginosa was the most numerous, S. aureus was found at low levels, and Salmonella required concentration for enumeration. Positive correlations between the levels of indicator and pathogenic bacteria were observed when all the samples and the routine examined background samples from sewage, urban streams, and raw water reservoir were considered.
Double Exposure to Climate Change and Globalization in a Peruvian Highland Community

Livelihood strategies in the Peruvian Highlands are currently at risk as smallholder farmers are simultaneously confronted by two major disruptions: economic globalization and climate change. Results of interviews conducted in Langui, Peru, with 40 farming households show that agriculture in the region is undergoing a number of adaptations as households transition from planting traditional staple crops to planting improved varieties of grasses for livestock for dairy production. These adaptations are a response to increased extreme weather events and increased opportunity for participation in the formal market. There is a need for balanced development strategies in this region that promote market participation while allowing smallholder farmers to maintain food self-sufficiency and agrobiodiversity in the face of climate change and a changing global economy.
Anaerobic and Micro-Algal Process Kinetics for Swine Waste

Kinetic studies for anaerobic fermentation of swine waste with and without addition of algal biomass and growth of algal biomass by using raw and anaerobically digested swine waste are investigated. Design parameters for these two biological reactors are evalauted and analyzed. With these parameters, a proposed integrated swine waste management system can be developed. This interrated system offers advantages such as, small land requirement, possible biogas collection, further soluble chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and environmental acceptability.
An investigation of coded OFDM and OFDM-CDMA waveforms utilizing different modulation schemes on HF multipath/fading channels

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-code division multiple access (OFDM-CDMA) is a technique that has been used to improve the robustness of OFDM. For uncoded waveforms, OFDM-CDMA has been shown to offer some significant performance advantages over OFDM on multipath/fading channels (Nieto, 2004). A recent paper (Nieto, 2005) reported that this performance advantage was greatly reduced for coded and interleaved waveforms. However, the results presented were only for 2-ary phase shift keying (2-PSK) modulation. This paper extends this research by investigating the performance of coded OFDM and coded OFDM-CDMA waveforms utilizing higher-order modulation schemes on various HF multipath/fading channels.
Kinetics of induction by thyroid hormone of the two hepatic mRNAs coding for cytosolic malic enzyme in the hypothyroid and euthyroid states. Evidence against an obligatory role of S14 protein in malic enzyme gene expression.

Abstract In rat liver, triiodothyronine (T3) and dietary carbohydrate induce the expression of the genes coding for malic enzyme (ME) (EC 1.1.1.40) and S14 protein. The mRNAs for both ME and S14 are elevated under circumstances associated with augmented lipogenesis. Since the lag time in the induction of mRNA coding for S14 is short (20 min) and the lag time in the induction of the mRNA for ME is relatively long (2-6 h), the possibility arose that the induction of the ME gene by T3 was mediated by S14 protein. To test this hypothesis we examined the temporal relationship between the accumulation of the hepatic S14 protein and the mRNAs coding for ME. In confirmation of previous reports, we found that two mRNAs coded for ME, one 27 S and the other 21 S in size. The level of enzyme activity generated appeared to be determined by both mRNA species. Sequencing of the 27 S fragment established that this mRNA is generated as a consequence of the use of an alternate polyadenylation site downstream to that used in the 21 S mRNA. Unanticipated from the earlier descriptions was the finding of a markedly asynchronous response of these mRNAs to T3 in hypothyroid animals. The lag time following T3 administration was 90 min for the 27 S and fully 8-12 h for the smaller 21 S sequence. Despite the rapid rise of mRNA S14, the S14 protein could not be detected for approximately 12 h after T3 administration. This ruled out the possibility that S14 is an obligate mediator in the induction of the ME gene. A contrasting pattern was observed in the euthyroid state where both ME mRNAs had indistinguishable lag times of 2-3 h, and the S14 protein rose within the same time frame. The delayed response of the 21 S mRNA for malic enzyme in hypothyroid animals thus appears to be due to a reversible defect in the transcription of the ME gene.
Crossed‐Dipole Method of Measuring Wave Tilt

Techniques for measuring the wave tilt for parallel and perpendicular polarization are reviewed and an extensive bibliography is included. An additional measurement technique is proposed which should be useful for the HF, MF, and LF range, and has potential application in the VLF band. Measurement of the phase difference between the signals induced in crossed dipoles lying in the plane of incidence allows determination of the ground constants.
Capabilities-Based Engineering Analysis (CBEA)

This paper describes capabilities-based engineering analysis (CBEA) as a new analytical approach to support enterprise systems engineering (ESE). CBEA provides a framework for capabilities-based planning, programming, and acquisition analysis in a systemic approach to the purposeful evolution of a complex enterprise. This paper outlines the basic approach, guiding principles, and challenges of CBEA for researchers and practitioners of ESE.
Reply to Backes and Keller: Identification of novel tissue-specific and primate-specific human microRNAs

We thank Backes and Keller (1) for their comments on our recent publication (2). With regard to the first example in their cluster analysis point, it is great to see that Backes and Keller (1) uncovered more clusters among our reported data, as this provides further support for the nonaccidental nature of these molecules. With regard to the second example, where they did not find a direct overlap, it is indeed because of variations in individual samples, as Backes and Keller already speculated; there are a handful of … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: Isidore.Rigoutsos{at}jefferson.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The challenges of introducing nuclear power in the Gulf Cooperation Council states

Nuclear power is a mature industry with an incredible record of safety and reliability, without the emission of greenhouse gases, and one that is becoming economically attractive for private investment. The current interest in nuclear power for meeting future electricity and seawater desalination needs in the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) states and other countries in the Middle East is prudent, logical and timely. An achievable goal for the GCC states would be to secure 30% of their future needs of electricity and of process heat for industrial applications and seawater desalination from nuclear power by 2030. This is equivalent to completing the construction of two 1500 MWe nuclear power plants each year starting in 2016. Accomplishing this goal requires a multifaceted approach to addressing many challenges that include: 1) stimulating private investments in nuclear energy; 2) establishing specialised higher education and vocational training programmes; 3) maintaining close cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and countries with advanced nuclear capabilities; 4) establishing a viable heavy industry; 5) collaborating with other countries in the Middle East on the development of a common electric grid; 6) investing in the mining and exploration of uranium resources; 7) identifying and licensing suitable sites for construction of nuclear plants; 8) establishing a regulatory and safety board that has a government oversight and an effective technical and RD 9) considering standardisation versus diversification in nuclear reactor types.
Changes in change control

The customary change control procedure in software maintenance and some variations on this procedure are summarized. Links to life cycles, project management and configuration management are noted. The author highlights the major pressures for change in change control and points out some open issues which will affect the future of change control. >
Multiscale synthesis and analysis of fractal renewal processes

A novel multiscale framework is introduced for the representation of a class of fractal point processes. Using this framework, efficient algorithms are developed for the synthesis of fractal point processes from a mixture of Poisson processes. Multiscale analysis algorithms are also developed within this framework for computing Maximum-Likelihood fractal dimension estimates of such processes from corrupted observations. >
S‐Ethyl Trifluorothioacetate

[383-64-2] CF3COSC2H5 (MW 158.14) InChI = 1S/C4H5F3OS/c1-2-9-3(8)4(5,6)7/h2H2,1H3 InChIKey = VGGUKFAVHPGNBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (trifluoroacetylating agent for amines and amino acids due to the intense electrophilic property of the trifluoroacetyl group combined with the aminophilicity of the sulfur atom, also used as chemical cleavage reagent in its vapor state for peptides and proteins at the amino side chains of serine and threonine) Physical Data: bp 90.5 °C; d 1.234 gmL−1 at 25 °C; n20/D 1.376. Solubility: soluble in all common organic solvents (DCM, MeOH, DMSO, DMF). Form Supplied in: clear colorless to slightly yellow liquid; widely available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR, IR. Preparative Methods: the title reagent can be prepared by the reaction of ethyl mercaptan and trifluoroacetic anhydride1 or by reaction between trifluorothioacetic acid and ethylene (49% yield at rt in 10 min).2 Purification: the product can be fractionally distilled if no alcohols are visible by IR. If OH bands are present then the product should be diluted with dry Et2O, washed with 5% KOH and H2O, dried over MgSO4 and fractionally distilled through an efficient column.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: highly flammable and irritant reagent.
Effect of random antenna‐position errors on a least‐squares direct data domain approach for space‐time adaptive processing

The equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) degradation due to random position errors for space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is presented, based on the relationship between the EIRP degradation and the standard deviation or the uniform bound of the probability distribution of location of the antenna elements. We simulate a direct data domain least-squares (D3LS) approach for STAP. In this simulation, two situations are considered. In the first case, the antenna elements at every time instance are assumed to have different spatial positions from the previous time instance. For the other case, the antennas are assumed to be randomly located, but are assumed to be fixed in a coherent processing interval (CPI). It is demonstrated that whether the locations of the antenna are fixed or vary within a CPI with identical random errors, the output signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) are almost the same. When the antenna elements are moved randomly, the output SINR is less than the unperturbed case. We can develop a bound on the EIRP degradation due to the D3LS approach to STAP based on the random position errors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 388–393, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20832
What Works in Treating Reactive Attachment Disorder: Parents' Perspectives

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a relatively recent diagnosis that draws attention to the effects of early pathogenic caregiving. There is no evidence-based approach to treating RAD. Two different approaches, relationship-based attachment therapy and holding therapy, are widely mentioned in the literature. This qualitative study sought to identify a treatment package based on the views of parents whose children with RAD had made and sustained considerable progress. Parental commitment and availability, ability to find strengths, strong environmental structure, and emotional attunement are key sources of change, according to these parents. Findings also indicate children can make and sustain considerable progress in making attachments and improving social behavior without the use of therapeutic holding, the core feature of holding therapy.
A Method for Teaching an Integrated Sustainable Design Process for Post-Secondary Curricula and Programs

“Sustainable” and “Green” are everywhere. How do you think it? How do you teach it? How do you incorporate it into your design environment? This presentation is intended for any one who is interested in a technique that illustrates a proven method to teach someone how to think about and design environmentally friendly housing and small buildings. The methods discussed may also be of interest to other professionals or anyone who is in the sustainable building business and wants to educate their client base in sustainable/green building principles and benefits.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Pathogenesis of Aortopathy in Marfan Syndrome and Related Diseases

Marfan syndrome is a systemic connective tissue disorder that is inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern with variable penetrance. Although there are many clinical manifestations of this disease, the most life threatening are cardiovascular complications, including mitral valve prolapse and aortic root aneurysm. When the primary defect was discovered in the fibrillin-1 gene, it was hypothesized that mutations in fibrillin-1 resulted in a weakened and disordered elastic architecture. However, recent evidence has suggested that the Marfan syndrome is caused by more than just a disordered microfibril matrix. Interest was stimulated when it was discovered that fibrillin-1 mutations enhanced the release of sequestered latent transforming growth factor-β, a well-described mediator of vascular remodeling. This article focuses on the pathophysiology of aortopathy in the Marfan syndrome and related diseases, with special emphasis on the role of transforming growth factor-β in mediating the pathogenesis of this disease.
Axisymmetric static nets

Abstract A class of nets is studied which are statically indeterminate and may possess a unique configuration despite their high degree of kinematic indeterminacy. The intricately interrelated statical and geometric properties of such nets are revealed and investigated on the basis of closed-form solutions obtained for several main types of axisymmetric nets. A special emphasis is placed on the important case of torque-free nets. Together with a previously published paper [8] this study constitutes a compendium of results for axisymmetric static nets.
Interleukin 1β Regulation of FoxO1 Protein Content and Localization: EVIDENCE FOR A NOVEL CERAMIDE-DEPENDENT MECHANISM *

FoxO1 transcription factor controls the glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as cell proliferation and stress response. Akt, activated by insulin and other growth factors, phosphorylates FoxO1 causing its nuclear export and activity suppression. In this manuscript, we show that IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has the opposite effects on FoxO1. IL-1β stimulation of primary rat hepatocytes and HEK293 cells overexpressing the IL-1β receptor (293-IL-1RI) results in increased nuclear and cytosolic FoxO1 protein but not mRNA levels. IL-1β stimulation also elevates the levels of a mutant FoxO1 that is resistant to Akt phosphorylation. This suggests that an Akt-independent mechanism is involved. Co-stimulation with insulin does not affect the IL-1β induction of FoxO1. The IL-1β effects on FoxO1 are counteracted, however, by the silencing or inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase-2) using shRNAi, scyphostatin, or GW4869, as well as by the pharmacological inhibition of JNK and ERK. Reversely, the overexpression of nSMase-2 through adenovirus-mediated gene transfer potentiates, in a JNK- and ERK-dependent manner, the IL-1β effects. We also show that transcription of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 mRNA, which requires active FoxO1, is stimulated by IL-1β and is suppressed by the inhibition of nSMase-2 and JNK. In conclusion, we propose that IL-1β regulates FoxO1 activity through a novel nSMase-2-dependent pathway.
Single-subject research designs for group counselors studying their own groups

Abstract This article describes representative single-subject research designs and related statistical procedures for counselors to study the effects of interventions in their own groups.
FDG PET image quality during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp in ischemic cardiomyopathy with and without diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background: Positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) can be utilized to assess myocardial viability. The objective of this study was to assess FDG PET image quality during the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HE clamp) in patients with and without diabetes referred for myocardial viability assessment. Methods: Consecutive FDG PET viability scans at Mayo Clinic from June 2000Nov 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. Scans were performed using static acquisition. Image quality was visually assessed at the time of reading by two experienced observers. Image quality was also assessed by calculating the myocardium to blood pool (M/B) activity ratio (mean activity from regions of interest over normal myocardium and the LV cavity, averaged over three midventricular slices). Results: 81 of 82 FDG PET scans utilized the HE clamp; 39 Type 2 diabetics (DM2), 2 Type 1 diabetics, and 40 non-diabetics (Non-DM). By visual assessment, images were inadequate in 1 DM2 (M/B=1.6) and 1 Non-DM (M/B=1.8). All other patients (97%) had adequate images (M/B range 2.2–30.0). DM2 Non-DM P-Value Age, yrs 67.4 ± 10.3 64.8 ± 13.0 NS BM, kg/m 2 2 30.9 ± 5.9 27.7 ± 5.4 0.02 LVEF, % 27.3 ± 9.5 29.8 ± 11.0 NS Blood glucose before clamp, mg/dL 141.1 ± 34.6 101.7 ± 13.3 0.0001 Clamp start to FDG injection, min 155.7 ± 71.8 104.7 ± 35.1 0.0001 FDG injection to scan, min 39.8 ± 10.9 39.8 ± 16.1 NS Blood glucose during scan, mg/dL 91.6 ± 10.5 85.4 ± 13.3 0.03 Dextrose infusion during scan, mg/kg/min 3.1 ± 1.6 3.9 ± 1.6 0.02 M/B ratio 6.5 ± 4.6 8.1 ± 4.6 0.06 Conclusions: HE clamp yielded adequate image quality in >97% of both diabetic and non-diabetic patients referred for FDG PET myocardial viability assessment. HE clamp time was longer in diabetics, primarily due to higher baseline glucose and longer time until FDG injection.
A binary matrix for background suppression in MALDI-MS of small molecules

Application of matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to small-molecule detection is often limited, because of high matrix background signals in the low-mass region. We report here an approach in which a mixture of two conventional MALDI matrices with different proton affinity was used to suppress the formation of matrix clusters and fragments. Specifically, when acidic alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and basic 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) were used as the binary matrix, fewer background matrix peaks were observed in both positive and negative-mode detection of small molecules. In addition, the presence of CHCA substantially reduced the laser fluence needed for analyte desorption and ionization; thus better signal-to-background ratios were observed for negatively charged inositol phosphates in complex plant extracts.
The Impact of Regulation FD on Institutional Investor Informativeness

Although there is conflicting evidence and resulting skepticism regarding the value provided by professional investment management, Gibson, Safieddine, and Sonti (2004) document institutional investor informativeness relative to seasoned equity offering (SEO) purchases. We find that Regulation Fair Disclosure's significantly reduces institutional investors’ ability to identify mispriced SEO firms. Informativeness is diminished not by investors following analysts who have experienced a reduction in forecasting accuracy, but limiting investors’ direct access to private information. This information loss is replaced by reliance on a greater number of public information variables resulting in less consideration for prudence proxies and a liquidity motive and more for higher price momentum.
Bioinformatic, Genetic, and Biochemical Evidence that Some Glycoside Hydrolase Family 42 β-Galactosidases Are Arabinogalactan Type I Oligomer Hydrolases

Glycoside hydrolases are organized into glycoside hydrolase families (GHFs) and within this larger group, the β-galactosidases are members of four families: 1, 2, 35, and 42. Most genes encoding GHF 42 enzymes are from prokaryotes unlikely to encounter lactose, suggesting a different substrate for these enzymes. In search of this substrate, we analyzed genes neighboring GHF 42 genes in databases and detected an arrangement implying that these enzymes might hydrolyze oligosaccharides released by GHF 53 enzymes from arabinogalactan type I, a pectic plant polysaccharide. Because Bacillus subtilis has adjacent GHF 42 and GHF 53 genes, we used it to test the hypothesis that a GHF 42 enzyme (LacA) could act on the oligosaccharides released by a GHF 53 enzyme (GalA) from galactan. We cloned these genes, plus a second GHF 42 gene from B. subtilis, yesZ, into Escherichia coli and demonstrated that cells expressing LacA with GalA gained the ability to use galactan as a carbon source. We constructed B. subtilis mutants and showed that the increased β-galactosidase activity generated in response to the addition of galactan was eliminated by inactivating lacA or galA but unaffected by the inactivation of yesZ. As further demonstration, we overexpressed the LacA and GalA proteins in E. coli and demonstrated that these enzymes degrade galactan in vitro as assayed by thin-layer chromatography. Our work provides the first in vivo evidence for a function of some GHF 42 β-galactosidases. Similar functions for other β-galactosidases in both GHFs 2 and 42 are suggested by genomic data.
Modified VICAR/IBIS GIS: implementation and application

Modified VICARIIBIS GIS: Implementation and ApplicationLynne Norikane, Anthony Freeman, and Rob Casey*Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of Technology4800 Oak Grove DrivePasadena, California 91109*university of WashingtonDepartment of Electrical EngineeringSeattle, Washington 98105ABSTRACTThe analysis of multi-format, multi-parameter, and multi-temporal data sets can be very difficult. A system to effectivelyhandle data from different formats (vector, raster, tabular) and different sources (models, radar images, ground truth surveys,optical images) is being developed and tested as an extension to the VICAR/IBIS Geographical Information System (GIS)developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In its original implementation, all data is referenced to a single georeference plane inthe VICAR/IBIS GIS. Average or typical values for a parameter defined within a polygonal region are stored in unlabeledcolumns of a tabular file. We have replaced the tabular file format with an "info" file format. The info file format allows trackingof data in time, maintenance of links between component data sets and the georeference image, conversion of pixel values to"actual" values (e.g. radar cross-section, luminance, temperature), graph plotting, data manipulation, generation of training vectorsfor classification algorithms, and comparison between actual measurements and model predictions (with ground truth data asinput). We have successfully tested the GIS using multi-temporal, multi-sensor data sets from Flevoland in The Netherlands andBonanza Creek, in Alaska as part of a research study of applications of the GIS to remote sensing data under NASA's AppliedInformation Systems Program. Results will be presented at the conference.
Assessing the global meltwater spike

L. V. Worthington (1968, Meteorological Monographs 8, 63–67) hypothesized that a low-salinity lid covered the entire world ocean. By deconvolving isotopic curves from the western equatorial Pacific and equatorial Atlantic, W. H. Berger, R. F. Johnson, and J. S. Killingley (1977), Nature (London) 269, 661–663) and W. H. Berger (1978, Deep-Sea Research 25, 473–480) reconstructed “meltwater spikes” similar to those actually observed in the Gulf of Mexico and thus apparently confirmed the Worthington hypothesis. It is shown that this conclusion is unwarranted. The primary flaw in the reconstructed meltwater spikes is that the mixing intensity used in the deconvolution operation is overestimated. As a result, structure recorded in the mixed isotopic record becomes exaggerated in the attempt to restore the original unmixed record. This structure can be attributed to variable ice-volume decay during deglaciation, effects of differential solution on planktonic foraminifera, temporal changes in abundance of the foraminifera carrying the isotopic signal, and analytical error. An alternative geographic view to the global low-salinity lid is offered: a map showing portions of the ocean potentially affected by increased deglacial meltwater at middle and high latitudes and by increased precipitation-induced runoff at low and middle latitudes.
KELP ECOLOGY AND THE POINT LOMA KELP FOREST: A BLEND OF THE OLD AND THE NEW

The history of the Point Loma kelp forest parallels that of the earlier pioneers in Europe, with an early descriptive focus moving quickly toward mechanistic studies. At Point Loma, research was initiated because of large-scale loss of kelps, so from the beginning there was an urgency to restore the kelp forest with a concomitant focus on sea urchin grazing. We review the evolving relationships between new questions and long-term observations that emphasize both small and large-scale events in time and space. For example, the early descriptive work grew into small-scale experimental work that demonstrated problems of scaling up from experiments. As we repeated experiments over larger spatial and temporal scales we learned that the low frequency variation at both scales is extremely important and must be understood before small-scale results are generalized. Regime shifts in the physical environment and the increasing effects of fishing represent continuing challenges to the kelp community structure that make it critically important to consider scaling problems.
The effect of helical computed tomography on diagnostic and treatment strategies in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism

Abstract Background Helical computed tomography (CT) has been proposed as a first-line test for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. How the test affects the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism is unknown. Methods We examined a cohort of 360 patients evaluated for pulmonary embolism at a teaching hospital in the 4 years following the introduction of the helical CT scan. We collected patient demographic and clinical data to calculate the pretest likelihood of pulmonary embolism; we then read the test results and determined rates of further testing and treatment for pulmonary embolism. Results After the helical CT scan became available, the number of patients referred for pulmonary embolism testing increased markedly from 170 to 624 total evaluations during 1997 to 2000 ( P P P = 0.03) and pulmonary angiography (12% to P 0.01) fell. There was no change in the pre-test likelihood of disease over time, but the percentage of scans that were positive for pulmonary embolism rose (14% to 32%, P =0.02). Clinicians treated all patients who had a positive CT scan, but became less likely over time to order further testing for patients who had a negative scan (30% to 12%, P = 0.02). Conclusion At this academic medical center, introduction of the helical CT scan had a profound effect on the evaluation of pulmonary embolism, resulting in more frequent use of the CT scan, and more frequent diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism, despite no change in the pretest probability of disease. Future studies should confirm our findings and determine whether increased detection of pulmonary emboli results in improved outcomes.
Nusselt number of a sphere in creeping flow

Abstract Rates of heat or mass transfer from a spherical droplet translating in a field under creeping flow conditions are examined. The existing expressions for Nusselt numbers are evaluated via an independent numerical analysis.
Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) for astronomy

In recent years, many research groups in the world have demonstrated large format Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) focal plane arrays for various thermal imaging applications. QWIPs as opposed to conventional low bandgap infrared detectors, are limited by thermionic dark current and not tunneling currents down to 30K or less. As a result the performance of QWIPs can be substantially improved (orders of magnitude) by cooling from 70K to 30K. Cooling does not induce any nonuniformity or 1/f noise in QWIP focal plane arrays. In this paper, we discuss the development of highly uniform long- wavelength QWIPs for astronomical applications.
Self-generated attitude change: Some effects of thought and dogmatism on attitude polarization

Abstract Three predictions were made. First, dogmatic persons would be more likely than would nondogmatic persons to polarize their attitudes (i.e. feelings) as the opportunity for thought increases. Second, dogmatic persons would be more likely than would nondogmatic persons to hold attitude consistent beliefs as the opportunity for thought increases. Third, dogmatic persons would be less likely than would nondogmatic persons to hold attitude-inconsistent beliefs as the opportunity for thought increases. These ideas were evaluated by having participants complete a short form of the dogmatism scale. They later rated their initial attitudes toward a variety of issues, thought about some of the issues for either 45 or 90 sec, re-rated their attitudes, listed their beliefs about the issues, and indicated which beliefs agreed, disagreed, or were neutral with respect to the issues. Results were consistent with all three hypotheses. Possible mediating processes and alternative explanations were discussed.
Information ecology: open system environment for data, memories, and knowing

An information ecology provides a conceptual framework to consider data, the creation of knowledge, and the flow of information within a multidimensional context. This paper, reporting on a 1 year project to study the heterogeneity of information and its management within the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) community, presents some manifestations of traditionally unreported `invisible work' and associated elements of informal knowledge and unarticulated information. We draw from a range of ethnographic materials to understand ways in which data-information-knowledge are viewed within the community and consider some of the non-linear aspects of data-knowledge-information that relate to the development of a sustained, robust, persistent infrastructure for data collection in environmental science research. Taking data as the unit of study, the notion of long-term research and data holdings leads to consideration of types of memory and of knowledge important for design of cyberinfrastructures. Complexity, ambiguity, and nonlinearity are part of an information ecology and addressed today by exploring multiple types of knowledge, developing information system vocabularies, and recognizing the need for intermediation.
Effects of scopolamine, atropine, and d-amphetamine on internal and external control of responding on non-reinforced trials.

Rats learned not to respond on non-reinforced trials in a discrete trial situation in which trial responses were reinforced only if preceded by three or more non-response trials. Drug effects were measured: 1) when the same external stimuli were present on all trials and trial responding was therefore controlled by events that occurred prior to the trial (“internal control”); and 2) when the external stimuli on trials on which responding was reinforced were different from the external stimuli present on trials on which responding was not reinforced (“external control”). Scopolamine impaired performance (i.e. reduced the percentage of trial responses that were reinforced) to about the same extent under the internal and external control conditions. d-Amphetamine, on the other hand, impaired nonresponding on trials only under internal control conditions. Atropine affected both internally and externally controlled non-responding but had a greater effect on internally controlled non-responding.
Clinical indications for brachytherapy

Brachytherapy, or placing radioactive sources either temporarily or permanently into or near a malignant tumor, is a long-established cancer treatment method. During the past 25 years, brachytherapy has become safer and more versatile than earlier radium therapy, and its indications have increased dramatically during this period. One estimate is that at least 5-10% of all patients needing radiation therapy require brachytherapy. The site-specific clinical indications and methods for brachytherapy implementation are described.
Maximizing content learning for deaf students and English as a second language students (abstract only)

The introductory programming college course is usually difficult for many new students, as they struggle to master basic programming concepts and to develop logically correct programs. Surveys in college have estimated that around 30 percent of these students drop out or fail it. These tasks are even more difficult for Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) students, even when provided with accessible visual translations through sign language interpreters or real-time captions. We have extended the idea of traditional audio capture and transmission accessible technology devices by developing and testing use of smart phones as multimedia recording devices to record multiple videos and stream them to the deaf or hard of hearing student. We call this approach multiple video perspectives.
Quantifying spatial basis risk for weather index insurance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper to develop an empirical methodology for managing spatial basis risk in weather index insurance by studying the fundamental causes for differences in weather risk between distributed locations.Design/methodology/approach – The paper systematically compares insurance payouts at nearby locations based on differences in geographical characteristics. The geographic characteristics include distance between stations and differences in altitude, latitude, and longitude.Findings – Geographic differences are poor predictors of payouts. The strongest predictor of payout at a given location is payout at nearby location. However, altitude has a persistent effect on heat risk and distance between stations increases payout discrepancies for precipitation risk.Practical implications – Given that payouts in a given area are highly correlated, it may be possible to insure multiple weather stations in a single contract as a “risk portfolio” for any one location.Originality/value – Spatial...
Dementia family caregiver training: Affecting beliefs about caregiving and caregiver outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Family caregiving is an integral part of the care system for persons with dementing disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. This study tested role-training intervention as a way to help family caregivers appreciate and assume a more clinical belief set about caregiving and thereby ameliorate the adverse outcomes associated with caregiving. DESIGN: Training effectiveness was tested in a trial in which family care receiver dyads were randomly assigned to training beginning immediately or were placed in a wait-list control group and assigned to receive training in 5 to 6 months, following completion of data collection. SETTING: A community-based 14-hour training program provided in seven weekly 2-hour sessions. The training program curriculum was built on a stress and coping theory base. Recruitment and randomization were ongoing. Programs were begun every 2 months over a two and one half-year period for a total of 16 programs. PARTICIPANTS: Community health and social service agencies referred primary caregivers and at least one other family member of community-dwelling persons with dementia to participate. MEASUREMENTS: Data reported in this paper were gathered from each participating family at entry to the study and 5 months later. Standard measures of beliefs about caregiving, burden, depression, and reaction to care receiver behavior were administered to caregivers. A standard measure of mental status was administered to the person with dementia and standardized instruments were used to gather information from caregivers concerning care receivers' behavior and abilities to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). RESULTS: Data were analyzed from 94 caregiver/care receiver dyads with complete sets of data. Treatment and control caregivers and care receivers were similar at baseline, and care receivers in both groups declined similarly over the 5-month period. Significant within-group improvements occurred with treatment group caregivers on measures of beliefs about caregiving (P = .044) and reaction to behavior (P = .001). When outcomes were compared, treatment group caregivers were significantly different (in the expected direction) from those in the control group on measures of the stress mediator, beliefs (P = .025), and key outcomes, response to behavior (P = .019), depression (P = .040), and burden (P = .051). There was a significant positive association between the strengthened mediator, the caregivers' having less-emotionally enmeshed beliefs about caregiving roles and responsibilities, and the outcome, namely improvements in burden (P = .019) and depression (P = .007). CONCLUSION: A caregiver training intervention focused on the work of caregiving and targeted at knowledge, skills, and beliefs benefits caregivers in important outcome dimensions. The results suggest the benefits of providing information, linkage, and role coaching to dementia family caregivers.
The synthesis of thiaolivacine and related compounds

1,5-Dimethylbenzothieno[2,3-g]isoquinoline (thiaolivacine) has been prepared from the nitro-vinyl derivative of 4-methyl-3-dibenzothiophenecarboxaldehyde. Using the same aldehyde, 4-des-methylisothiaolivacine was prepared by formation of the Schiff's base with aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal followed by cyclization. Similar methods yielded the pyrido-N-isomer, 1-des-methylthiaolivacine, from 4-methyl-2-dibenzothiophenecarboxaldehyde. The thiaolivacine parent unsubstituted ring system, benzothieno[2,3-g]isoquinoline, was prepared from 2-dibenzothio-pheneearboxaldehyde by the aminoacetaldehyde approach, as was the corresponding oxygen analog, benzofuro[2,3-g]isoquinoline, from 2-dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde. The 100 MHz spectra of these fused isoquinolines are recorded and correlated.
Layered double hydroxides pillared by polyoxometalate anions: EXAFS studies and chemical synthesis

Abstract An EXAFS study of a [Zn2Al] layered double hydroxide (LDH) pillared by V10O286− is reported along with the synthesis of other pillared derivatives containing polyoxometalate anions, especially Keggin ions of the type XM12O40n−. The EXAFS results for [Zn2Al(OH)6] [V10O28]0.17, which were obtained at the K edge of Zn, indicate that little or no structural change occurs in the LDH host upon intercalation of the pillaring agent.
Spectra of Baroclinic Inertia-Gravity Wave Turbulence

Baroclinic inertia-gravity (IG) waves form a persistent background of thermocline depth and sea surface height oscillations. They also contribute to the kinetic energy of horizontal motions in the subsurface layer. Measured by the ratio of water particle velocity to wave phase speed, the wave nonlinearity may be rather high. Given a continuous supply of energy from external sources, nonlinear wave-wave interactions among IG waves would result in inertial cascades of energy, momentum, and wave action. Based on a recently developed theory of wave turbulence in scale-dependent systems, these cascades are investigated and IG wave spectra are derived for an arbitrary degree of wave nonlinearity. Comparisons with satellite-altimetry-based spectra of surface height variations and with energy spectra of horizontal velocity fluctuations show good agreement. The well-known spectral peak at the inertial frequency is thus explained as a result of the inverse cascade. Finally, we discuss a possibility of inferring the internal Rossby radius of deformation and other dynamical properties of the upper thermocline from the spectra of SSH (sea surface height) variations based on altimeter measurements.
Zebrafish Make a Big Splash

I thank my many Eugene colleagues for delightful and insightful conversations about this work, for access to unpublished studies, and for critical comments on versions of the manuscript. Work in my lab is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NS23915, HD22486).
Undergraduate course in environmental design and manufacturing

This paper is a progress report on the development of an undergraduate course in environmental design and manufacturing. The importance of the topic is clear from National Academy of Engineering statements regarding the need to incorporate content on sustainable technology. The multidisciplinary team includes academic faculty from engineering, science, liberal studies, and business in collaboration with industry partners. The team's approach is to create a case-based course by adapting existing educational modules from Ford Motor Company. The group has received National Science Foundation funding for this project (DUE-0511322), and the project is currently in its beginning phases.
Reconstruction of the midface and maxilla.

Purpose of review To review all pertinent topics related to midface and maxillary reconstruction including current classification schemes and reconstructive techniques. Recent findings The maxilla represents the functional and aesthetic cornerstone of the midface region. Defects in this area represent a unique challenge to the reconstructive surgeon as the complex anatomy of this area can be challenging to repair and reconstruct. The current indications as well as advantages and disadvantages of different reconstructive approaches are reviewed here in order to provide reconstructive surgeons with optimal information for surgical and clinical decision making in this challenging patient population. Recent developments in midface reconstruction options including near total facial transplant as well as tissue engineering techniques are also reviewed. Summary Multiple reconstructive pathways can be followed in restoring maxillary and midface defects. The surgeon and rest of the reconstructive team must make individualized decisions based on the nature of the defect as well as the specific needs and concerns of the patient when selecting the optimal reconstructive approach for each patient.
Use of Photorefractive Keratectomy in a Patient with a Corneal Scar Secondary to Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

Topic The use of LASIK surgery to correct vision in a patient with postzoster corneal scarring. Clinical Relevance The cornea is commonly involved in cases of herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and as a result, corneal scarring after a varicella-zoster virus corneal infection is common. Corneal scars can be treated by lamellar keratoplasty or keratectomy, which may be performed using a microkeratome or excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). However, articles on studies concerning the treatment of postherpetic scars by PTK have been published, offering conflicting results. LASIK surgery may offer an additional therapeutic approach to corneal scarring. Methods A patient seeking corrective surgery to improve vision was found to have corneal scarring. Results The patient experienced successful vision correction. Conclusion LASIK surgery can be conducted even in a patient with postzoster corneal scarring. No complications were apparent in this case.