cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhizobium meliloti mutants unable to synthesize anthranilate display a novel symbiotic phenotype.

Analyses of Rhizobium meliloti trp auxotrophs suggest that anthranilate biosynthesis by the R. meliloti trpE(G) gene product is necessary during nodule development for establishment of an effective symbiosis. trpE(G) mutants, as well as mutants blocked earlier along this pathway in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, form nodules on alfalfa that have novel defects. In contrast, R. meliloti trp mutants blocked later in the tryptophan-biosynthetic pathway form normal, pink, nitrogen-fixing nodules. trpE(G) mutants form two types of elongated, defective nodules containing unusually extended invasion zones on alfalfa. One type contains bacteroids in its base and is capable of nitrogen fixation, while the other lacks bacteroids and cannot fix nitrogen. The trpE(G) gene is expressed in normal nodules. Models are discussed to account for these observations, including one in which anthranilate is postulated to act as an in planta siderophore. Images
A circuit technique for accurately measuring coupling capacitance

A technique for accurately measuring coupling capacitance is presented in this paper. The proposed on-chip test circuit can accurately and efficiently measure the line coupling capacitance and noise voltage. A simple on-chip analog-to-digital converter converts the measured analog signal into a digital signal. The I/O pads, bounding wires, package frame, external cables, and external test circuit do not affect the accuracy of the measurement. On-chip calibration is also included to further extend the test accuracy. Less than 1% error as compared to SPICE is achieved with this circuit. The circuit provides an effective and accurate technique for evaluating a variety of existing capacitance coupling models.
A supressão do tráfico de escravos em Angola (ca. 1830-ca. 1860)

Th is article deals with the process of abolishing the transatlantic slave trade in Angola in the fi rst half of the nineteenth century. It breaks down the Angolan slave trade into three macro-regions: Luanda, Benguela, and “northern Angola” (Cabinda and Ambriz). It argues that in order to understand the impact of abolitionism on the ground, scholars need to take into account local conditions, such as the supply of slaves to the coast, the participation of local elites in the business of slaving, and Angola’s close ties to Brazil. Th e article demonstrates that abolitionism policies only became eff ective with the participation of Portugal in the 1840s and the naval operations that ended shipments of slaves from Luanda, the largest slave port in Angola. Th is development signifi cantly increased risks associated with the Angolan slave trade and provided further momentum to the process of spread of shipments of slaves to other parts of the Angolan coast. Key words: Angola, Slave Trade, Abolitionism, Atlantic.
A standardized simulation and real time hardware in the loop simulation procedure for power electronics and power systems research

This paper proposes an algorithm development and test procedure for power electronics and power system research using simulation, hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation, and electrical experiments. A flexible and reconfigurable experimental setup is introduced in this paper first and the related problems of power electronics and power system research are identified. The importance of the simulation, especially the real time HIL simulation is emphasized, and a complete design procedure is proposed and analyzed in detail. Using the proposed procedure, the research and test cycle can be greatly reduced. The algorithm development can also be standardized according to design requirements. A converter control case study demonstrates the entire design procedure and verifies the effectiveness of the proposed design procedure.
Accuracy of a continuous glucose monitoring system in dogs and cats with diabetic ketoacidosis

Objective – (1) To determine the ability of a continuous interstitial glucose monitoring system (CGMS) to accurately estimate blood glucose (BG) in dogs and cats with diabetic ketoacidosis. (2) To determine the effect of perfusion, hydration, body condition score, severity of ketosis, and frequency of calibration on the accuracy of the CGMS. Design – Prospective study. Setting – University Teaching Hospital. Animals – Thirteen dogs and 11 cats diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis were enrolled in the study within 24 hours of presentation. Interventions – Once BG dropped below 22.2 mmol/L (400 mg/dL), a sterile flexible glucose sensor was placed aseptically in the interstitial space and attached to the continuous glucose monitoring device for estimation of the interstitial glucose every 5 minutes. Measurements and Main Results – BG measurements were taken with a portable BG meter every 2–4 hours at the discretion of the primary clinician and compared with CGMS glucose measurements. The CGMS estimates of BG and BG measured on the glucometer were strongly associated regardless of calibration frequency (calibration every 8 h: r=0.86, P<0.001; calibration every 12 h: r=0.85, P<0.001). Evaluation of this data using both the Clarke and Consensus error grids showed that 96.7% and 99% of the CGMS readings, respectively, were deemed clinically acceptable (Zones A and B errors). Interpatient variability in the accuracy of the CGMS glucose measurements was found but was not associated with body condition, perfusion, or degree of ketosis. A weak association between hydration status of the patient as assessed with the visual analog scale and absolute percent error (Spearman's rank correlation, ρ=−0.079, 95% CI=−0.15 to −0.01, P=0.03) was found, with the device being more accurate in the more hydrated patients. Conclusions – The CGMS provides clinically accurate estimates of BG in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.
Rethinking the Undergraduate Music History Sequence in the Information Age

This essay presents a case study of the new undergraduate music history curriculum at Vanderbilt University’s Blair School of Music. While one course in the sequence is a chronological survey, the other courses adopt a variety of approaches. The result is a flexible curriculum that addresses a multiplicity of learning and teaching styles. Recognizing the ease with which students can access vast oceans of information, it also places greater value on the acquisition of musicological skills than on the absorption of music historical information.
Design methodologies for the synthesis of high speed multiprocessor digital signal processing systems

Novel, efficient design methodologies are presented for the implementation of dedicated, multiprocessor digital signal processing (DSP) systems for high-speed, real-time applications. Specifically, a design process model consisting of three design phases is described. The first design phase is algorithm transformation, in which the DSP computing algorithms are reformulated and made suitable for parallel implementation. The second design phase is algorithm mapping and array configuration. During this phase, the parallel DSP algorithm is mapped to a systolic array. A multistage mapping procedure is presented. In the third design phase, the individual processing unit is designed. An optimal code-generation method for programming a multiple-DSP array is discussed. >
Approaches on multi-sensor fusion under time-evolving conditions

A paradigm for optimum estimation of fused multiple sensor data is developed in order to best use the sensor information in the time evolving environment. Two basic approaches have been developed: dynamic moving quadratic curve fitting and weighted least mean square error. These two approaches are shown to be advantageous in terms of accuracy, speed, and versatility. The theoretical frameworks presented are supported by sets of simulation data. >
Recent developments in oceanographic research vessel law

Research vessel operators face virtually all of the liability problems experienced by commercial vessel operators, plus a few unique to oceanographic research. This paper will discuss those liability issues, and some additional changes in national and international law that affect research vessel operations.
On-chip decoupling capacitor optimization for noise and leakage reduction

The on-chip decoupling capacitors are widely used in today's high-performance microprocessor design to mitigate the power supply noise problem. The continued reduction of oxide thickness in advanced nanotechnology, however, also significantly increases the tunneling current and leakage power of thin-oxide capacitors. This paper describes the modeling and simulation of a complete chip and package power supply distribution network, and the optimization of the placement of thin-oxide and thick-oxide capacitors to reduce the tunneling current, leakage power, and burn-in cost, while limiting the power supply noise within noise margin.
Presence & placement: exploring the benefits of multiple shared displays on an intellective sensemaking task

Relatively little is known about how the presence and location of multiple shared displays changes the performance and dynamics of teams collaborating. We conducted a case study evaluating several shared display configurations with groups collaborating on a data-intensive, sense-making task. Teams completed the same task using either a single display, side-by-side dual, or opposing dual shared displays. The location of the second shared display significantly impacted the ability for teams to make logical connections amongst the data. Users were also significantly more satisfied with the collaboration process using the side-by-side dual display condition than those using a single display.
Increased sexual behavior in the male rat following lesions in the mammillary region.

Copulatory output of the mature male rat was measured over an eight week period under conditions of each male having free access to a constant stimulus female. Of 71 males tested 31 of these (44%) had to be discarded as they did not reach our arbitrary minimum criterion of producing copulation plugs on 4 out of 14 nights during the initial (control) observation period. An extreme individual variability in sex drive was noted among the animals used for further testing. Employing equal sized groups of about ten animals and using a two week interval as the basic unit of time; the mean sexual activity for the group measured as number of copulation plugs found and mean percentage of nights on which copulation occurred indicated an extreme similarity of all groups. Maximum sexual response occurred during the initial 14 day test period and both measures of activity used (copulation plugs and days on which copulation occurred) declined by approximately 50% over the eight week test period. A similar 50% decline in response occurred following lesions in the middle hypothalamus dorsal to the arcuate nucleus or lesions dorsal to the hypothalamus involving the habenula and surrounding cortex. It was concluded these areas are not involved in regulation of copulatory behavior in the male rat. Lesions in the mammillary region (mostly medial) resulted in 50% of the animals showing a sustained constant copulatory output during the eight week test, while the remaining 50% (mostly with lateral lesions) showed marked increases which expressed as the mean of the group amounted to 90% copulation plugs and 50% in nights on which copulation occurred. Thus it was concluded that structures in the mammillary region at the junction of the diencephalon and mesencephalon normally exert a regulatory (inhibitory) influence on the sex drive in the male rat.
Laparoscopic Mesh Incisional Hernioplasty in Five Horses

Objective— To report a technique for incisional hernioplasty in horses using laparoscopic placement of a prosthetic mesh. Study Design— Case series. Animals— Horses (n=5) with ventral median abdominal incisional hernia. Methods— A telescope and 2 instrument portals were established bilaterally, lateral to and distant from the hernia margins. After exposure of the internal rectus sheath by removal of retroperitoneal fat with endoscopic scissors and monopolar cautery, a prosthetic mesh was introduced into the abdomen and secured intraperitoneally using transfascial sutures with or without supplemental endoscopic hernia fixation devices. Results— Successful placement of the prostheses was achieved without major intra- or postoperative complications. Repairs were intact in all horses (follow-up range: 6–23 months) without evidence of adhesion formation. Cosmetic results compared favorably with those typically achieved using conventional, open hernioplasty techniques. Conclusion— Incisional hernia repair in horses can be successfully achieved with a laparoscopic intraperitoneal mesh onlay technique. Clinical Relevance— Laparoscopic mesh hernioplasty has promise as a safe and effective method for repair of incisional hernias in horses.
Modular Order-Preserving Encryption, Revisited

Order-preserving encryption (OPE) schemes, whose ciphertexts preserve the natural ordering of the plaintexts, allow efficient range query processing over outsourced encrypted databases without giving the server access to the decryption key. Such schemes have recently received increased interest in both the database and the cryptographic communities. In particular, modular order-preserving encryption (MOPE), due to Boldyreva et al., is a promising extension that increases the security of the basic OPE by introducing a secret modular offset to each data value prior to encrypting it. However, executing range queries via MOPE in a naive way allows the adversary to learn this offset, negating any potential security gains of this approach. In this paper, we systematically address this vulnerability and show that MOPE can be used to build a practical system for executing range queries on encrypted data while providing a significant security improvement over the basic OPE. We introduce two new query execution algorithms for MOPE: our first algorithm is efficient if the user's query distribution is well-spread, while the second scheme is efficient even for skewed query distributions. Interestingly, our second algorithm achieves this efficiency by leaking the least-important bits of the data, whereas OPE is known to leak the most-important bits of the data. We also show that our algorithms can be extended to the case where the query distribution is adaptively learned online. We present new, appropriate security models for MOPE and use them to rigorously analyze the security of our proposed schemes. Finally, we design a system prototype that integrates our schemes on top of an existing database system and apply query optimization methods to execute SQL queries with range predicates efficiently. We provide a performance evaluation of our prototype under a number of different database and query distributions, using both synthetic and real datasets
Day 1 care in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

In 2007, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology updated their guidelines for the management of patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Based on evidence from recent clinical studies, both 2007 guidelines recommend early risk stratification, administration of appropriate pharmacologic therapy, and selective use of percutaneous coronary intervention in order to reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients. In this article, we focus on management of patients with NSTEMI during the first 24 h of presentation and present a clinical scenario to illustrate the current guidelines-based management strategy.
Indolizidine, antiinfective and antiparasitic compounds from Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa.

A new potent antiinfective and antiparasitic 2,3-dihydro-1H-indolizinium chloride (1) was isolated from Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa. Three additional new (2−4) and one known (5) indolizidines were also isolated, and the dihydrochloride salts of 1−3 (compounds 6, 7, and 8) were prepared. Structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectra. Compound 1 showed potent in vitro antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus (IC50 values = 0.4 and 3.0 μg/mL, respectively) and antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium intracellulare (IC50 values of 0.35 and 0.9 μg/mL, respectively). The remarkable in vitro fungicidal activity of 1−4 against C. neoformans (MFCs = 0.63−1.25 μg/mL) and 2, 3, and 5 against A. fumigatus (MFCs = 0.63−2.5 μg/mL) were similar to amphotericin B, but >2−4-fold more potent than 6−8. Prosopilosidine (1) showed potent in vivo activity at 0.0625 mg/kg/day/ip for 5 days in a murine model of crypto...
The ear of the chameleon: the round window problem.

An examination of serial sections of the ears of several specimens of Chamaeleo senegalensis and Chamaeleo quilensis gives support to an earlier suggestion that these ears function by means of a substitute round window. The usual type of round window is absent, but there is a tortuous pathway leading from the scala tympani through the perilymphatic recess and then along the foramen of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the air cavity of the middle ear. This pathway makes possible a mobilization of the cochlear fluids in response to sound pressures exerted at the oval window by the columellar footplate. However, the mechanism is somewhat inefficient; the frictional resistance along the pathway reduces the amplitude of cochlear motion. The relatively poor sensitivity of these chameleon ears is thus largely accounted for.
Consumer Choice Strategies for Comparing Noncomparable Alternatives

Research on consumer choice has focused on easily comparable alternatives, a subset of the choices consumers regularly face. This paper outlines the problem and two general strategies for comparing noncomparable alternatives, a subset of choices that has been overlooked in the literature. Experiments are reported that support use of the strategies.
Neural damage from continuous microstimulation in the cochlear nucleus; correlation with stimulus parameters

Seven hours of continuous stimulation in the cochlear nucleus with chronically implanted activated iridium microelectrodes resulted in neural injury characterized primarily by a localized zone of severe extracellular edema accompanied by abnormal cellular elements. The severity of the damage was correlated positively with the stimulus frequency and charge per phase, but a correlation with the geometric charge density was not obvious.
Infant eye movement asymmetries: Stationary counterphase gratings elicit temporal-to-nasal optokinetic nystagmus in two-month-old infants under monocular test conditions

Tested monocularly, young infants classically show directional eye movement asymmetries, with optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) being more readily elicited by stimuli moving in the temporal-to-nasal (T-N) than in the nasal-to-temporal (N-T) direction. Since a counterphase grating is physically identical to two superimposed sinusoidal components moving in opposite directions, we wondered whether or not a counterphase grating would elicit T-N OKN in monocularly tested infants. Two-month-old infants were tested in a motion nulling paradigm. Under monocular test conditions, all infants showed T-N OKN in response to the counterphase grating. The results suggest that the young infant's visual system represents the counterphase grating in terms of its T-N and N-T components, and reduces the effective contrast of the N-T component prior to the generation of OKN. The results are discussed in relation to models of OKN asymmetries and the responses of direction-selective neurons to counterphase gratings.
A load profile management integrated power dispatch using a Newton-like particle swarm optimization method ☆

Abstract Load profile management (LPM) is an effective demand side management (DSM) tool for power system operation and management. This paper introduces an LPM integrated electric power dispatch algorithm to minimize the overall production cost over a given period under study by considering both fuel cost and emission factors. A Newton-like particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm has been developed to implement the LPM integrated optimal power dispatch. The proposed Newton-like method is embedded into the PSO algorithm to help handle equality constraints while penalty/fitness functions are used to deal with inequality constraints. In addition to illustrative example applications of the proposed Newton-like PSO technique, the optimization method has been used to realize the LPM integrated optimal power dispatch for the IEEE RTS 96 system. Simulation studies have been carried out for different scenarios with different levels of load management. The simulation results show that the LPM can help reduce generation costs and emissions. The results also verify the effectiveness of the proposed Newton-like PSO method.
Virus-induced autoimmunity: Monoclonal antibodies that react with endocrine tissues

Mice infected with reovirus type 1 develop an autoimmune polyendocrine disease. Spleen cells from these mice were fused with myeloma cells and the culture fluids were screened by indirect immunofluorescence for autoantibodies reactive with normal mouse tissues. A large panel of cloned, stable antibody-producing hybridomas has been obtained. Fourteen of the hybridomas make autoantibodies that react with cells in the islets of Langerhans, 24 with cells in the anterior pituitary, 11 with cells in gastric mucosa, and 5 with nuclei. Except for the antibodies to nuclei, the monoclonal autoantibodies are organ-specific. Some, however, show broad cross-species reactivity, recognizing similar antigenic determinants in mouse, rat, pig, and human organs, whereas other recognize determinants only in rodent tissues. Several of the antigens recognized by these monoclonal autoantibodies have been identified as hormones (for example, glucagon, growth hormone, and insulin).
Interrelated effects of dilantin and electroconvulsive shock upon one-trial reversal learning in white rats.

Summary.-The purpose of this study was to isolate the effect of convulsions from electroconvulsive shock and to study the differential effects upon learning by white rats of 20 successive reversal problems. Convulsion is effectively controlled and prevented by the pharmacological pretreatment with Dilantin. Analysis indicates that convulsions and nor the cranial electroshock of 35 Ma at 0.2-sec. durations are responsible for the learning decrement that ensues. Also. Dilantin, if not followed by electroconvulsive shock may produce some slight detrimental effect on subsequent learning as well. To separate the effect of convulsions from that of electroconvulsive shock on learning 20 successive reversal problems, 38 young adult female albino rats were divided into four groups. Each animal weighed about 200 grams when the experiment began. ns were 10 in a saline control group and one group given Dilantin; ns were 9 each in both groups which experienced shock. To all 38 rats were given two weeks of preliminary training in a straight runway for water after 23 hr. of deprivation. Six (once every other day) intraperitoneal injections of saline or Dilantin (70 mg/kg) were given around noon-time and/or cranial electroshock (35 Ma for 0.2 sec.) five hours later. No runway training was provided, but another week of preliminary training without shod or drug treatments followed. Learning to go to one side of an enclosed E-maze for water to meet a criterion of 9 correct out of 10 daily trials was required before the habit was reversed. Rats achieved mastery of 20 successive problems. Noncorrection method was used. Comparisons of mean differences in maze performance were based on the cumulative mean number of errors made and mean days required to perform 5, 10, 15, and 20 reversal problems, as well as on mean number of errors made and mean days required before reaching the criterion of three consecutive daily one-trial reversals. Analysis of data shown in Tables 1 and 2 and in Fig. 1 permits three statements. (1) The electroconvulsive shock group is consistently inferior to the other groups in learning successive reversal maze problems. Differences in performance between ECS and control groups after learning 10 or 20 reversal problems are significant at the 1% level. (2 )The Dilantin group is slightly inferior to control and Dilantin-shock groups. The differences are
Predictive models for the photopolymerization of ceramic suspensions

The photopolymerization of suspensions of ceramic powders in monomer solutions is the fundamental step in several rapid prototyping forming techniques based on photocuring. Exposure to an UV dose of energy E causes the monomer to be polymerized to a certain cure depth, with the relation between cure depth and energy dose dependant on two properties of the photosuspension, the sensitivity and the critical energy dose. We present simple models for sensitivity in terms of the attenuation of the UV beam by absorption and scattering, and demonstrate the applicability of the model with experimental data for a UV laser, UV lamps and direct spectrophotometry. We also present a model for the critical energy dose in terms of the relative number of photo-generated radicals and the concentration of inhibitors.
Impacts of Charging Choices for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles in 2030 Scenario

This study systematically examined the potential impacts of recharging scenarios for multiple plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in the western United States—in particular, the service area of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC)—in 2030. The goal of the study was twofold: to examine the impact of scenarios for market penetration and charging of PHEVs on the electric utilities and transmission grid and to estimate the potential reductions in petroleum use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributable to PHEV miles traveled on primarily grid electricity. Three charging scenarios for PHEVS were examined: (a) begin recharging upon arrival at home at the end of the last daily trip, (b) complete recharging of batteries just before the start of the first daily trip, and (c) any additional charging opportunity during the daytime. The three charging scenarios produced distinct hourly electric load profiles, with the opportunity-charging scenario resulting in a significant increase in load d...
Gas chromatography positive chemical ionization and tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of organic high explosives

Abstract The characteristic ions or the parent ion resulting from ionization can be isolated in an ion trap and subjected to further fragmentation during a gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) experiment. This approach can improve the selectivity and sensitivity of explosive compounds over gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) by improving the differentiation of the target compounds from interfering and co-eluting compounds and reducing the background noise within an explosive debris sample. The optimization of the operating parameters for GC/MS and GC/MS/MS experiments with an ion trap mass spectrometer were conducted using a mixture of explosive compounds and 3,4-dinitrotoluene as an internal standard. The level of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for these compounds was determined by GC/MS with electron ionization, GC/MS with positive chemical ionization, and GC/MS/MS with positive chemical ionization. The LOD range was found to be 3.6 pg for 2,4-dinitrotoluene to 2.23 ng for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (RDX) using GC/EI/MS; 0.4 pg for 2,4-dinitroltoluene to 19.0 pg for 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene using GC/PCI/MS; and 0.5 pg for 4-nitrotoluene to 41.4 pg for RDX using GC/PCI/MS/MS. The LOD results for GC/PCI/MS and for GC/PCI/MS/MS are very similar for most of the compounds except the GC/PCI/MS LOD results are lower for RDX and 1,3-dinitrobenzene while the GC/PCI/MS/MS LOD results are lower for 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene. The GC/PCI/MS/MS method offers improved selectivity when analyzing real world samples containing interfering products and matrix noise thereby improving sensitivity for complex samples.
Mechanical Properties of Conjugated Polymers and Polymer‐Fullerene Composites as a Function of Molecular Structure

Despite the importance of mechanical compliance in most applications of semiconducting polymers, the effects of structural parameters of these materials on their mechanical properties are typically not emphasized. This paper examines the effect of length of the pendant group on the tensile modulus and brittleness for a series of regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophenes) (P3ATs) and their blends with a soluble fullerene derivative, PCBM. The tensile modulus decreases with increasing length of the alkyl side-chain, from 1.87 GPa for butyl side chains to 0.16 GPa for dodecyl chains. The moduli of P3AT:PCBM blends films are greater than those of the pure polymers by factors of 2–4. A theoretical model produces a trend in the effect of alkyl side chain on tensile modulus that follows closely to the experimental measurements. Tensile modulus correlates with brittleness, as the strain at which cracks appear is 6% for P3BT and >60% for P3OT. Adhesion of the P3AT film to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate is believed to play a role in an apparent increase in brittleness from P3OT to P3DDT. The additive 1,8-Diiodooctane (DIO) reduces the modulus of P3HT:PCBM blend by a factor of 3. These results could enable mechanically robust, flexible, and stretchable electronics.
Advances in LIGA-Based Post-Mold Fabrication

The establishment of a process to allow planarization of deep x-ray lithography based microfabricated metal components via diamond lapping has enabled examination of three additional microfabrication issues. The areas of improvement that are discussed include materials, microassembly and packaging, and multilevel fabrication. New materials work has centered on magnetic materials including precision micromagnets and surface treatments of electrodeposited materials. Assembly and packaging has been aided by deep silicon etch processing and the use of conventional precision milling equipment combined with press-fit assembly. Diffusion bonding is shown to be a particularly important approach to achieving multilevel metal mechanisms and furthermore shows promise for achieving batch assembled and packaged high aspect-ratio metal micromechanics.
Diurnal intraocular pressure patterns are not repeatable in the short term in healthy individuals.

Purpose To evaluate the short-term repeatability of diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) patterns in eyes of subjects without glaucoma. Design Observational cohort study. Participants Forty healthy subjects without glaucoma. Methods Subjects underwent 12-hour diurnal IOP assessment sessions from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm on 2 visits 1 week apart. Intraocular pressure was assessed by Goldmann applanation tonometry. An analysis was performed to determine the agreement of individual diurnal IOP patterns from the first visit to the second visit. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze both agreement of IOP values at each time point between visits and IOP change over periods between time points between visits. Main Outcome Measures Diurnal IOP patterns. Results Between-visit agreement of IOP values at each time point generally was fair to good, with ICCs ranging from 0.37 to 0.62 in right eyes and from 0.35 to 0.71 in left eyes. Between-visit agreement of IOP change over time between time points was uniformly poor and often below that expected by chance alone, with ICCs ranging from −0.25 to 0.15 in right eyes and from −0.40 to 0.22 in left eyes. Conclusions Eyes of healthy individuals do not manifest a sustained and reproducible diurnal IOP pattern when measured by Goldmann tonometry. A single-day assessment of IOP incompletely characterizes the diurnal IOP pattern. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
MCore: A non-hydrostatic atmospheric dynamical core utilizing high-order finite-volume methods

This paper presents a new atmospheric dynamical core which uses a high-order upwind finite-volume scheme of Godunov type for discretizing the non-hydrostatic equations of motion on the sphere under the shallow-atmosphere approximation. The model is formulated on the cubed-sphere in order to avoid polar singularities. An operator-split Runge-Kutta-Rosenbrock scheme is used to couple the horizontally explicit and vertically implicit discretizations so as to maintain accuracy in time and space and enforce a global CFL condition which is only restricted by the horizontal grid spacing and wave speed. The Rosenbrock approach is linearly implicit and so requires only one matrix solve per column per time step. Using a modified version of the low-speed AUSM^+-up Riemann solver allows us to construct the vertical Jacobian matrix analytically, and so significantly improve the model efficiency. This model is tested against a series of typical atmospheric flow problems to verify accuracy and consistency. The test results reveal that this approach is stable, accurate and effective at maintaining sharp gradients in the flow.
How shirking can help productivity: A critique of Carlin and the “Shirking as Harm” theory

Abstract Paul Carlin's article on shirking ( Journal of Behavioral Economics , 18[2], 1989) continues a tradition of assuming that shirking, which is defined as a minor form of improper behavior, is a form of employee behavior that is always counterproductive. In this note, the author argues that tolerance of selective shirking must be understood as both an employee benefit that may be less costly than higher wages and as a mechanism for actually increasing productivity.
Selective incorporation of 14C-arachidonic acid into the phospholipids of intact tissues and subsequent metabolism to 14C-prostaglandins.

Abstract A method is described for the efficient incorporation of radioactive arachidonic acid into the lipids of rabbit hearts and kidneys. Infusion of 14 C-arachidonate through perfused tissues resulted in the quantitative removel of label from the media. Analysis of the lipids from tissues labeled by this procedure revealed that the majority of the 14 C-arachidonate was incorporated into phospholipids. Essentially all of the radioactivity in phosphatidylcholine was found in the 2-position. Subsequent to the 14 C-arachidonate infusion, stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis (e.g. by bradykinin) resulted in the release of radioactive prostaglandins. This suggests that the 14 C-arachidonate is incorporated in a manner such that it is available for homone-stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis. The method described allows both qualitative and quantitative analysis of arachidonate metabolism in intact tissues and offers significant advantages over other presently used methods.
Perfect Disruption: The Paradigm Shift from Mental Agents to ORGs

This paper examines how a "perfect disruption", brought on by changes to hardware, software, and applications, is causing a paradigm shift from mental agents to organizations of restricted generality (ORGs) as the foundation for implementing large-scale Internet applications.
Scheduling multiple vehicle mobility allowance shuttle transit (m-MAST) services

The mobility allowance shuttle transit (MAST) system is an innovative hybrid transit system in which vehicles are allowed to deviate from a fixed route to serve flexible demand. In this paper, we develop an insertion heuristic that economically inserts the deviation requests into the schedule for multiple-vehicle MAST system, which has never been addressed in the literature. The proposed heuristic is validated and evaluated by a set of simulations performed at different demand levels and with different control parameters. By comparing its performance versus the optimal solutions, the effectiveness and quality of the heuristic is confirmed. Compared to its single-vehicle counterpart, the multiple-vehicle MAST prevails in terms of rejection rate, passenger waiting time and overall objective function, among other performance indices.
The Horizontality Principle in Young Men and Women

The Water Level Test is a cognitive-perceptual measure of the understanding of the horizontality principle, the idea that the surface of still water is always horizontal. In that test, the subject draws a line representing the water level in several drawings of tilted containers. The tilt of the containers influenced the performance of both sexes, but women made significantly greater errors than men. For both sexes, the scores correlated with those of the Concealed Figures Test. On the U-rube Test, which is designed to assess knowledge of a simple hydrostatic principle, there was no significant sex difference. A gender-related Adjective Checklist was also administered, and all measures were intercorrelated.
THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR TELESCOPE GUIDANCE: A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR LYMAN FUSE

Since the fine error sensor camera of the Lyman Far Ultraviolet Spectrographic Explorer (FUSE) has significant residual field curvature aberration, the star images over the field of view have a wide variety of shapes. A search for appropriate backup guiding techniques led to the investigation of artificial neural networks (ANN). Such a technique is shown to be capable of learning the image shapes of stars if they are sufficiently differnet. This study investigates the feasibility of using image patterns as positional references for telescope guidance to satisfy redundancy requirements for the mission. For this initial simulation, the ANN was trained to categorize images according to how far they were from the center of the field of view (radius). We found that a non-linear, single hidden layer ANN learned 90 percent of the training patterns, then correctly classified 89 percent of a set of patterns randomly spread over the field of view. This indicates that the network interpolates between training images. Half of the misclassifications are attributed to the image pattern degradation caused by the secondary support structure spider.
Drugs: personality:: personality: drugs.

The concepts, drug and personality, are conceptually similar, fulfill similar functions, and are defined by similar operations in their respective domains. Usual studies of drug-personality interaction imply mind-body dualism. A monistic concept is set forth and some implications of extending methods from personality psychology to pharmacology and from pharmacology to personality psychology are set forth.
Cranial anatomy and diagnosis of Stygimoloch spinifer (Ornithischia: Pachycephalosauria) with comments on cranial display structures in agonistic behavior

ABSTRACT A new skull of Stygimoloch spinifer (MPM 8111) from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota is the most complete specimen discovered to date. It allows much of the skull and braincase of this unusual pachycephalosaurid to be described for the first time and confirms a suite of diagnostic characters for the species. The skull is long with a vaulted, transversely narrow frontoparietal dome and a robust squamosal forming a prominent posterior shelf. The shelf is ornamented by three to four large, low-angle horns and multiple clusters of smaller bony nodes. The orientation of the squamosal is preserved along an unambiguous contact with the frontoparietal suture, allowing definitive determination of the orientation of the squamosal horns. These cranial features indicate a different mode of agonistic behavior than previously suggested for Stegoceras and Pachycephalosaurus. The high, narrow dome of S. spinifer is not suited for head-butting, and the orientation of its squamosal horns a...
Bicyclohexyl Interference in the Quantitation of Environmental Alkanes by Gas Chromatography

Abstract Cyclohexane is the solvent of choice for the extraction of n-alkanes from environmental matrices. This solvent contains traces of bicyclohexyl. This impurity does not interfere with analyses at the ppm level, but is a potential problem at the ppb∗ level. Erroneous concentrations of n-tridecane could be obtained using conventional packed gas chromatographic columns. However, this problem is obviated by using capillary columns or combined gas chromatography - mass spectrometry.
Oil market power and United States national security

It is widely believed that an oil weapon could impose scarcity upon the United States. Impending resource exhaustion is thought to exacerbate this threat. However, threat seems implausible when we consider strategic deficits of prospective weapon users and the improbability of impending resource exhaustion. Here, we explore a hypothesis relating oil to national security under a different assumption, abundance. We suggest that an oil cartel exerts market power to keep abundance at bay, commanding monopoly rents [or wealth transfers (wt)] that underwrite security threats. We then compare security threats attributed to the oil weapon to those that may arise from market power. We first reexamine whether oil is abundant or scarce by reviewing current development data, then we estimate a competitive price for oil. From this, we derive wt2004 collections by Persian Gulf states ≈ $132-178 × 109. We find that wt and the behavior of states collecting it interact to actuate security threats. Threats underwritten by wt are (i) the potential for emergence of a Persian Gulf superpower and (ii) terrorism. It is therefore oil market power, not oil per se, that actuates threats. We also describe a paradox in the relation of market power to the United States' defense doctrine of force projection to preempt a Gulf superpower. Because the superpower threat derives from wt, force alone cannot preempt it. A further paradox is that because foreign policy is premised on oil weapon fear, market power is appeased. Threats thereby grow unimpeded.
OPTIMIZATION OF BUS STOP LOCATIONS FOR IMPROVING TRANSIT ACCESSIBILITY

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.
Considerations in patients receiving oral antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention.

Purpose Adverse events that can occur in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and with the use of oral antiplatelet agents are discussed. Summary Disruption of the vascular endothelium routinely occurs during PCI and stent placement, resulting in vascular injury. This injury can increase the risk of intracoronary thrombosis and subsequent ACS after PCI. Appropriate antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of intracoronary thrombosis after PCI; however, health care providers should be aware of the possible limitations associated with specific antiplatelet agents and how to tailor therapy to improve outcomes. Platelet response after a clopidogrel loading dose is highly variable, and platelet hyporesponsiveness to clopidogrel may result in a variety of ischemic complications. A number of methods are available for assessing the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. However, none of these tests has been standardized as a measurement for clopidogrel responsiveness. Several polymorphic CYP enzymes are involved in the activation of clopidogrel, and genetic polymorphisms may affect the activity of these enzymes. Genetic variants, particularly the presence of the CYP2C19*2 allele, are associated with poor clinical outcomes after stent placement, along with increased ischemic events in clopidogrel-treated patients. Health care providers should also be aware that drug-drug interactions can occur in patients receiving clopidogrel and other CYP2C19 inhibitors. Conclusion Prevention and proper management of adverse events can help to optimize outcomes in patients with ACS who have undergone PCI with stent placement.
A novel approach to maintaining cardiovascular stability after hemorrhagic shock: Beneficial effects of adrenomedullin and its binding protein

Background Vascular responsiveness to adrenomedullin (AM), a recently discovered vasodilator peptide, is depressed after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Downregulation of AM binding protein-1 (ie, AMBP-1) appears to be responsible for this hyporesponsiveness. Therefore, we hypothesize that administration of AM/AMBP-1 improves cardiovascular responses after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Methods Male rats were bled to and maintained at a mean blood pressure of 40 mm Hg for 90 minutes. The animals were then resuscitated with 4 times the volume of shed blood with Ringer's lactate over 60 minutes. At 15 minutes after the beginning of resuscitation in hemorrhaged animals, AM alone, AMBP-1 alone, AM in combination with AMBP-1, or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline solution) was administered intravenously over 45 minutes. At 4-hour postresuscitation, in vivo left ventricular contractility parameters, maximal rates of ventricular pressure increase (+dP/dtmax) and decrease (−dP/dtmax), were determined. Cardiac output and organ blood flow were measured with the use of radioactive microspheres. In an additional group of animals, cardiac tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Four hours after resuscitation, +dP/dtmax, −dP/dtmax, cardiac output, and organ blood flow in the liver, small intestine, and kidneys were decreased while treatment with AM/AMBP-1 increased these parameters (P Conclusions Administration of AM/AMBP-1 appears to be a useful approach for restoring and maintaining cardiovascular stability after severe hemorrhagic shock and crystalloid resuscitation.
Sick and Healthy: Benatar on the Logic of Value

David Benatar, in Better Never to Have Been , sets out two arguments in support of the view that coming into existence is always a net harm. Remarkably, the first argument seems to imply that coming into existence would be a net harm even if the only bad we experienced in our lives were a ‘single pin-prick’. This argument hinges on a purported asymmetry: that whereas the absence of pains in non-existence is good, the absence of pleasures in non-existence is not bad (rather than bad ). It also hinges on the non-badness at issue here being relative (no worse than the presence of pleasures in existence) rather than intrinsic (value neutral). To establish the crucial claim that the non-badness of absent pleasures in non-existence is relative rather than intrinsic, Benatar constructs an analogy involving two people, Sick and Healthy. In this paper, I show the inaptness of the analogy and also provide positive reason to doubt the soundness of the argument as it stands. What emerges from this critical analysis of the analogy is a plausible theory of value at odds with Benatar’s argument as a whole.
Effect of adhesion energy on the contact stiffness in nanoindentation

The effect of surface interaction on nanoindentation testing using a rigid conical indenter is analyzed. A relation between the indentation depth and the indentation load is established as a function of the adhesion energy between the indenter and the surface of an elastic material. A closed-form solution of the contact stiffness for adhesive contact is obtained. The contact stiffness in the presence of surface interaction is always less than that for contact without surface interaction at the same indentation depth, while it is always larger than that for adhesion-less contact subjected to the same indentation load. A lower bound is established, which determines the working zone to operate to avoid the effect of surface interaction in the characterization of the contact modulus.