cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geologic Setting, Geochemistry of Alteration, and U-Pb Age of Hydrothermal Zircon from the Silurian Stog’er Tight Gold Prospect, Newfoundland Appalachians, Canada

The early Paleozoic accretionary tectonic regime that was established along the Laurentian margin of the Newfoundland Appalachians provided a favorable setting for shear-hosted gold mineralization along a major terrane suture, the Baie Verte-Brompton Line. The Stog’er Tight prospect is one of several mesothermal-style gold occurrences hosted by shear zones within accreted ophiolites and oceanic arc terranes on the Baie Verte Peninsula. It is an epigenetic, stratabound deposit that is confined to shallow-level gabbro sills within the volcanic cover sequence of the allochthonous Point Rousse ophiolite complex. Gold mineralization at Stog’er Tight is associated with hydrothermal mineral assemblages represented by chlorite-calcite, sericite-ankerite, red albite-pyrite (±Au) and chlorite-magnetite alteration zones. Gold occurs with pyrite within the intensely altered gabbro, along the margins of syn- to late-shear, quartz-rich, replacement veins. The Stog’er Tight gabbro served as a rigid body conducive to shear deformation and fluid penetration, whereas, its high Fe-Ti oxide content induced fluid oxidation and gold-pyrite precipitation. Hydrothermal alteration involved progressive CO 2 , S, Na, and LILE metasomatism, along with significant enrichments in the REE, HFSE, and Th in the high-grade ore zone. Temperatures of vein formation and alteration are constrained by oxygen isotope thermometry to be between 250°C and 480°C. Isotopic compositions of vein quartz from the Stog’er Tight prospect are uniform (δ 18 O = +12.5 ± 1‰) and fall within the range cited for many shear-hosted, auriferous quartz veins. A U-Pb zircon igneous age of 483 +3/−2 Ma for the Stog’er Tight gabbro is consistent with its stratigraphic correlation with other Ordovician ophiolitic and volcanic arc/back-arc assemblages in Newfoundland. The U-Pb age of a rare variety of hydrothermal zircon recovered from the high-grade ore zone directly constrains the timing of gold mineralization to 420 ±5 Ma, in accord with a major orogenic episode of Silurian age that produced many of the magmatic and metamorphic rock suites in north-central Newfoundland. Our results are consistent with a post-peak metamorphic, late-magmatic model for gold mineralization that occurred during the waning stages of Silurian orogenesis, driven by emplacement of I-type granitoid intrusions into the crust.
Use of lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination in immunochemical studies.

Abstract The iodination of proteins catalyzed by lactoperoxidase has been studied employing a potentiometric procedure. By use of an iodide specific electrode it has been possible to follow the kinetics and the extent of protein iodination. Lactoperoxide has a very high turnover number for proteins and catalyzed the incorporation into bovine serum albumin (BSA) of 6.5 × 103 moles of iodide per min per mole of LP at pH 7·4. By the use of an automatic titrator the amount of iodide incorporated into proteins is easily followed and controlled. The extent of iodination can be calculated at any time during the course of the reaction and samples withdrawn. Very low concentrations of oxidant and iodide, 1 × 10−6M, may be used in enzymatic iodination. This is a great advantage in minimizing changes in the protein and producing compounds with high specific activity. With this technique, little effect on the antigenicity of BSA was observed, although 13 moles of iodine were incorporated per mole of BSA. A similar observations was made with highly iodinated X-7 influenza virus. In contrast to the extensive iodination of lipid usually found with chemical iodination procedures, the enzymatic method resulted in very little iodine incorporation into lipid of X-7 virus. Specific antibody to viral hemmagglutinin antigen was labelled with a varying number of iodines per mole. The antihemmaglutinin activity was unaffected by incorporation of two iodines per mole. However, when more than three iodines per mole were incorporated, 50 per cent of the activity was lost.
Avalanches and the Distribution of Solar Flares

The solar coronal magnetic field is proposed to be in a self-organized critical state, thus explaining the observed power-law dependence of solar-flare-occurrence rate on flare size which extends over more than five orders of magnitude in peak flux. The physical picture that arises is that solar flares are avalanches of many small reconnection events, analogous to avalanches of sand in the models published by Bak and colleagues in 1987 and 1988. Flares of all sizes are manifestations of the same physical processes, where the size of a given flare is determined by the number of elementary reconnection events. The relation between small-scale processes and the statistics of global-flare properties which follows from the self-organized magnetic-field configuration provides a way to learn about the physics of the unobservable small-scale reconnection processes. A simple lattice-reconnection model is presented which is consistent with the observed flare statistics. The implications for coronal heating are discussed and some observational tests of this picture are given.
Electromagnetic current instabilities

Abstract We consider linear electromagnetic waves in a current-carrying Vlasov plasma with ion β ⪆ 1 and wavenumbers greater than the reciprocal ion Larmor radius. The resultant instabilities have substantially lower thresholds than the electrostatic ion acoustic instability.
Heidegger's phenomenology of boredom, and the scientific investigation of conscious experience

This paper argues that Heidegger's phenomenology of boredom in The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude (1983) could be a promising addition to the ‘toolbox’ of scientists investigating conscious experience. We describe Heidegger's methodological principles and show how he applies these in describing three forms of boredom. Each form is shown to have two structural moments – being held in limbo and being left empty – as well as a characteristic relation to passing the time. In our conclusion, we suggest specific ways in which Heidegger's phenomenological description can be used in scientific investigations of boredom.
Preparation and characterization of model humic polymers containing organic phosphorus

The nature of organic P in soil organic matter was studied by evaluating the incorporation of serine, phosphoserine, ethanolamine, phosphoethanolamine and glycerophosphate into model humic polymers prepared by chemical oxidation of polyphenols. Elemental and functional group analysis indicated that the composition of model humic polymers ranged as follows: organic C, 50.6–56.8%; total acidity, 7.86–11.87m-equiv g−1; carboxyl, 1.42–2.00 m-equiv g−1; total hydroxyl, 6.79-10.0 m-equiv g−1; ash, 6.4–13.9%; E4/E6 ratio, 5.34–6.19; organic N, 0.70–1.65% and organic P, 0.254–0.942%. These values are within the ranges reported for soil humic substances. The only non-phenolic compounds incorporated into model humic polymers were those containing free amino groups. The P content of model polymers was not increased by the presence of KH2PO4, glycerophosphate, serine or ethanolamine whereas phosphoserine and phosphoethanolamine resulted in model polymers containing 0.254 and 0.942% P, respectively. Further characterization studies of the model polymer containing phosphoethanolamine (HA-PE) showed that most of the C (83.2%), N (79.8%) and P (75.3%) was in the humic acid fraction. Gel filtration of HA-PE showed that 0.5% of the polymer was present in high molecular weight (mol. wt) components (mol. wt > 100,000) and 74.8% of the polymer was in two components of mol. wt 10,000–50,000. The majority of the organic P in HA-PE was associated with the medium molecular weight fractions (79.2%) while 16.8% of the P was associated with materials possessing mol. wt < 10,000. Attempts to demonstrate the presence of organic P functional groups contained in HA-PE by infrared spectroscopy was limited by the relatively small amounts of organic P incorporated into the model humic polymers. The results obtained show that a portion of the unidentified organic P in soil humic substances may arise from the incorporation of organic compounds containing both amino and phosphate ester functional groups during oxidative polymerization of polyphenols.
Viewer-centered temporal biasing of 3-D rotation percepts.

The perceived direction of rotation of a 3-D cloud of dots can be biased by a prior rotation (Jiang, Pantle, and Mark, 1998 Perception & Psychophysics 60 275–286). In a series of experiments, it is shown that the temporal rotation bias is reversed by a 180° change of head orientation between two rotation sequences; ie the perceived direction of rotation reverses for the second of two sequences when head orientation is changed. The bias is, therefore, viewer-centered. Perceptual reversals are not obtained when the orientation of the head is changed and returned to its original position between rotation sequences. It was also found that the viewer-centered bias combined additively with viewer-independent near-far luminance information. Finally, the bias was manifest when 3-D depth was re-established, but not maintained, between rotation sequences. A model, in descriptive and flowchart forms, is used to explain the integration of world-centered information and a viewer-centered temporal bias on the presence/...
The Similarity of Individual Directed and Group Directed Leader Behavior Descriptions

The similarity between individual directed and group directed leadership descriptions of subordinates was examined among 308 public utility employees. The correlations among the variables revealed ...
The Determination of Trace Transition Elements in Biological Tissues Using Flameless Atom Reservoir Atomic Absorption

Abstract The development of an analytical technique generally applicable to the determination of Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in all biological tissues is described. All of these elements may readily be determined in tissue samples of less than 0.5 g using flameless atom reservoir atomic absorption with a Perkin-Elmer heated graphite atomizer. Some of the operational characteristics of this atomizer system are discussed. The utility of the method is illustrated by analyses of selected marine biota and of NBS standard orchard leaves.
Vesicoscopic Ureteral Reimplant: Is There a Role in the Age of Robotics?

Vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation is a challenging procedure to learn but does have outcomes equivalent to standard open repair. Children objectively have less pain than after an open cross-trigonal repair. Operative times compare favorably to other forms of minimally invasive surgery.
Optimal Networks of NOR-OR Gates for Functions of Three Variables

Optimal networks consisting of NOR-OR gates (each gate produces the NOR and/or the OR of its inputs) are tabulated for all Boolean functions of three variables. Optimality is defined as minimizing first the number of gates and then the number of interconnections. The optimal networks were synthesized for each Boolean function by using an integer programming synthesis technique.
Minors’ Right to Confidentiality: Addressing the Issue of Bullying and the Ethical Obligation to Prevent Harm

This article explores the research and studies being conducted on the phenomenon of classic and cyberbullying and how it has grown into an international issue. To address this growing issue, intervention and support may be necessary for both the bully and the victim. The impact of long-term victimization can be very detrimental to the health and psychological welfare of those who experience it. Victims have retaliated and killed innocent people out of anger and rage at their circumstances. This has brought what was once considered a schoolyard problem directly into the middle of the community at large. Bullies themselves are often victims, usually in other realms of their lives. Family has an enormous impact on bullying behavior. Many bullies come from homes where discipline is physical, members are hostile, and parents are permissive when dealing with the child’s aggressive or arrogant behaviors. It has become apparent that supports beyond the home and school setting must become engaged to address the va...
The influence of increased jet airline traffic on the amountof high level cloudiness in Alaska

The high level cloudiness has increased over Alaska during the second half of this century, a period for which reliable data exist. This increase is most pronounced in areas close to the much traveled air routes from Europe to Anchorage which could be demonstrated by a comparison with two remote stations in western Alaska. This might be taken as an indication that the observed high cloudiness increase is caused by jet contrails. Seasonally, summer and spring give the greatest increases. Cloudiness is, of course, an important parameter for climatic change, and increased high level cloud amount in arctic and subarctic areas would lead to warmer temperature; these have been observed in Alaska.
Transmission of group B streptococci among parturient women and their neonates

An investigation was performed to establish the rate of group B streptococcal colonization among third-trimester parturients, their neonates, and nursery personnel. No significant differences in colonization rate (or distribution of serologic types) were found among parturients (25.4 per cent), neonates (26.2 per cent), or nursery personnel (32.2 per cent). Although race, ses, birth weight, and maternal obstetrical complications did not influence the prevalence of asymptomatic colonization with group B streptococci, low birth weight and prolonged rupture of membranes were significantly increased among neonates with proved infection of early onset type. Type III strains were common among asymptomatically colonized neonates (36 per cent) but appeared particularly virulent, accounting for 75 per cent of cerebral spinal fluid isolates from infants with early onset meningitis and 94 per cent from neonates with late onset meningitis. The high incidence of group B streptococcal colonization among parturients and neonates in our population (254/1,000 and 262/1,000, respectively) and the relatively low attack rate for proved neonatal infection (2.9/1,000) would seem to make the antibiotic prophylaxis of gravid female carriers rather impractical. Please note the following usage throughout the paper: " Colonized "-group B streptococci isolated from culture(s) in a patient without clinical or cultural evidence of invasive or disseminated disease; " noncolonized "—no group B streptococci detected in culture(s) from a patient with no evidence of group B streptococcal disease.
Affective reactions to stimuli and infants' preferences for novelty and familiarity.

A paired comparison paradigm was used to explore 7-month-old infants' affective reactions to stimuli and their visual preferences for novelty and familiarity. Ninety-two infants were pretested for baseline looking preferences with two hand puppets. Following a familiarization period with one of the puppets, posttests were given after a 2-minute delay and a 1-week delay. The familiarization period consisted of two conditions designed to evoke (1) positive or (2) neutral affect by playing peekaboo with one of the two puppets. Results indicated that infants who responded with positive affect to the familiarizing stimulus displayed significant familiarity preferences during both the immediate and delayed posttests. Infants who responded with neutral affect during familiarization displayed significant novelty preferences during both posttests. This study indicates that infant visual preferences cannot be considered independent of the affective value that the stimulus situation holds for the infant. These results are discussed in terms of the information processing hypothesis that the speed of processing is the basis of shifts in visual preferences.
Determination of Electron and Positron Helicity with Møller and Bhabha Scattering

The determination of the helicity of electrons and positrons from beta decay by means of electron-electron (M\o{}ller) and positron-electron (Bhabha) scattering is discussed. The theoretical background, the apparatus, and the experimental procedure are treated in detail. The apparatus included, in addition to the conventional parts, a beta monochromator with a momentum resolution of 16% for the investigation of the energy dependence of the helicity. Experiments were performed with ${\mathrm{P}}^{32}$, ${\mathrm{Au}}^{198}$, RaE, and ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{68}$. In all cases, the helicities $P$ were found to be proportional to $\frac{v}{c}$. The measured helicities, in units of $\frac{v}{c}$ and averaged over the observed range of energies, are summarized as follows. (The errors given are statistical only; systematic errors are estimated to be less than \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3%).
The satellite arthritis clinic

For nine years an Arthritis Consultation Clinic has served a large community that did not have a rheumatologist. A university-based rheumatology section from another city, a local hospital, the United Way, a chapter of the Arthritis Foundation, and the County Medical Society have all contributed to the operation of the clinic. Such a clinic may be viewed as a stage in the regional development of rheumatologic care. Although primarily intended as a community service program, the clinic may also be useful in professional education on several levels.
Local Cardiac Hypothermia for Myocardial Protection During Correction of Congenital Heart Disease

Eighty-eight operations for correction of intracardiac congenital heart defects were performed using local cardiac hypothermia for protection of the ischemic myocardium. Twenty-six patients underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot, 23 had patch closure of ventricular septal defect, 24 had correction of various types of congenital aortic stenosis, and 15 were operated upon for other complex lesions. The overall operative mortality was 5.6%. Ischemia times ranged from 9 to 119 minutes (mean, 48 minutes). Ischemic arrest protected by local cardiac hypothermia provides an optimal operative field, permitting repair of uncomplicated intracardiac defects in a precise, unhurried manner. No hemodynamic abnormalities attributable to the technique were encountered.
Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus

Generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) is a medical emergency that may be associated with severe neuronal injury. The mortality attributable to GCSE ranges from 3 to 35%. The disorder occurs most frequently in the young and the old extremes of the population. GCSE commonly occurs in patients with no history of seizures or epilepsy. The morbidity associated with status epilepticus is related to the underlying precipitating factors, age of the patient, and duration of seizure activity. Morbidity and mortality are highest in elderly patients and those with acute symptomatic seizures–for example, GCSE related to anoxia or cerebral infarction. Mortality is lowest among pediatric patients and patients with unprovoked seizures or GCSE related to low antiepileptic drug levels. Intravenously administered diazepam or lorazepam and phenytoin remain the first-line therapy for GCSE. More than half the patients will respond to initial treatment. Patients with refractory status epilepticus require a physician with expertise in epilepsy. Treatment options include pentobarbital, high-dose phenobarbital, or inhalation anesthetic agents.
AuthorSynth: a collaboration network and behaviorally-based visualization tool of activation reports from the neuroscience literature.

Targeted collaboration is becoming more challenging with the ever-increasing number of publications, conferences, and academic responsibilities that the modern-day researcher must synthesize. Specifically, the field of neuroimaging had roughly 10,000 new papers in PubMed for the year 2013, presenting tens of thousands of international authors, each a potential collaborator working on some sub-domain in the field. To remove the burden of synthesizing an entire corpus of publications, talks, and conference interactions to find and assess collaborations, we combine meta-analytical neuroimaging informatics methods with machine learning and network analysis toward this goal. We present “AuthorSynth,” (http://www.vbmis.com/bmi/authorSynth) a novel application prototype that includes 1) a collaboration network to identify researchers with similar results reported in the literature, and 2) a 2D plot - “brain lattice” - to visually summarize a single author’s contribution to the field, and allow for searching of authors based on behavioral terms. This method capitalizes on intelligent synthesis of the neuroimaging literature, and demonstrates that data-driven approaches can be used to confirm existing collaborations, reveal potential ones, and identify gaps in published knowledge. We believe this tool exemplifies how methods from neuroimaging informatics can better inform researchers about progress and knowledge in the field, and enhance the modern workflow of finding collaborations.
Capabilities and potentialities of transverse pore gradient gel electrophoresis.

Transverse pore gradient gel electrophoresis is important as a tool for obtaining nonlinear Ferguson plots [log(mobility) vs. gel concentration], e.g. in application to DNA in polyacrylamide gels or to agarose gels, with the purpose of evaluating molecular properties (size, conformation, malleability) and gel fiber properties (fiber radius and length per unit volume). To date, it is capable of (i) yielding gel patterns ("Ferguson curves") of migration distance vs. predicted % T-range of the pore gradient, assuming its linearity; (ii) yielding information regarding molecular conformation from the intersection of Ferguson curves of unknowns (e.g. bent DNA) with those of standards; (iii) acquisition of Ferguson curves by computer, using prototype instrumentation; (iv) mathematical manipulation of acquired Ferguson curves to yielding Ferguson plots, providing that mobility in free solution has been assessed by capillary zone electrophoresis. The potentialities of the method remain unfulfilled to date due to (i) the unavailability, with a single exception, of an accurate and precise way to produce pore gradients of known shape; (ii) unavailability of a routinely applicable analysis for % T; (iii) unavailability of optimized, user-friendly and foolproof instrumentation for computer acquisition of Ferguson curves, including the present inapplicability of a commercially available electrophoresis apparatus with intermittent optical detection to transverse pore gradient gels; and (iv) unresolved problems in the statistical evaluation of Ferguson curves.
AFM Nanoindentation as a Method to Determine Microhardness of Hard Thin Films

This paper presents experimental and analytical studies of AFM nanoindentation as a method to determine microhardness of hard thin films. Indentations are performed on Au, Si, and DLC using triangular pyramidal diamond probes to determine microhardness. We examined the effects of indentation force and three different methods to measure the indentation area (direct area measurement for a triangular indentation, size analysis of an inverted AFM image of the indentation, and prediction of area from indentation depth based on a tip shape function). The responses are indentation depth, projection area, and microhardness. Relationship of responses with indentation force is examined. At a low depth range, microhardness based on pyramidal shape function is erroneously higher than the other two methods. However, all three methods generally agree with each other when indentation force exceeds 16μN. Size analysis of inverted images gives more consistent microhardness with the least variability over the whole force (4∼30μN) or depth (0.5∼70 nm) range. Tip shape models are developed to predict microhardness. The ellipsoidal tip model is a good approximation at low depth ranges, while the pyramidal model works better for deeper indentations. The force vs area curves are also significantly nonlinear which can distort the hardness measurements.
Bayesian Inference of Multiple Gaussian Graphical Models

In this article, we propose a Bayesian approach to inference on multiple Gaussian graphical models. Specifically, we address the problem of inferring multiple undirected networks in situations where some of the networks may be unrelated, while others share common features. We link the estimation of the graph structures via a Markov random field (MRF) prior, which encourages common edges. We learn which sample groups have a shared graph structure by placing a spike-and-slab prior on the parameters that measure network relatedness. This approach allows us to share information between sample groups, when appropriate, as well as to obtain a measure of relative network similarity across groups. Our modeling framework incorporates relevant prior knowledge through an edge-specific informative prior and can encourage similarity to an established network. Through simulations, we demonstrate the utility of our method in summarizing relative network similarity and compare its performance against related methods. We ...
Spinal EP receptors mediating prostaglandin E2–induced mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, and touch-evoked allodynia in rats

Intrathecal administration of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) produces mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, and touch-evoked allodynia in rats. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of intrathecal administration of relatively selective PGE(2) receptor (EP receptor) agonists to establish which spinal EP receptors mediate these behavioral effects of spinally administered PGE(2). Administration of either sulprostone (EP(3) receptor agonist) or PGE(1) alcohol (EP(4) receptor agonist) produced marked mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and touch-evoked allodynia. Neither 17-phenyl trinor PGE(2) (EP(1) receptor agonist) nor butaprost (EP(2) receptor agonist) produced any significant changes in behavioral response thresholds to mechanical or thermal stimuli. However, 17-phenyl trinor PGE(2) (EP(1) receptor agonist) did produce marked touch-evoked allodynia. These data suggest that in rats activation of spinal EP(3) and EP(4) receptors by PGE(2) is important for development of both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia as well as for touch-evoked allodynia. PGE(2)-induced allodynia also appears to involve activation of spinal EP(1) receptors.
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Lightning Strikes in California in Relation to Large-Scale Weather Patterns

The temporal and spatial distribution of lightning strikes varies across California and has a differential effect on lightning fire ignitions. We analyzed 16 years of lightning strike data obtained from the National Lightning Detection Network to determine how the distribution of lightning strikes was affected by geography, topography, and large-scale weather patterns. Although there were significant differences in the number and density of strikes among bioregions, the annual, monthly, and hourly patterns were similar. The number of strikes increased with elevation. Strike polarity varied by month, and mean peak positive current, mean peak negative current, and number of return strokes per strike varied by bioregion. Weather patterns associated with lightning included strengthened high pressure cells stationed over the western United States that deploy moist monsoonlike air masses and promote rising motions, especially over mountain features. Understanding the variation in lightning strike distributions provides insight into the role of fire in different bioregions of the state and aids in the prediction of wildland fire occurrence.
Neuropathic and nociceptive pain in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy

Background Pain is common in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients and may be attributed to the malignancy and/or cancer treatment. Pain mechanisms and patient report of pain in HNC are expected to include both nociceptive and neuropathic components. The purpose of this study was to assess the trajectory of orofacial and other pain during and following treatment, using patient reports of neuropathic pain and nociceptive pain and pain impact.
Receptor noise limitations on chemotactic sensing

Chemotactic eukaryotic cells are able to detect chemoattractant gradients that are both shallow and have a low background concentration. Under these conditions, the noise in the number of bound receptors can be significant and needs to be taken into account in determining the directional sensing process. Here, we quantify numerically the number of bound receptors on the membrane of a disk-shaped cell by using a numerical Monte Carlo tool. The obtained time traces of the receptor occupancy can be used as inputs for any directional sensing model. We investigate the response of the local excitation global inhibition model and a recently developed balanced inactivation model. We determine a measure for the motility of the cell for each model, based on the relevant output variable, as a function of experimental parameters, resulting in several experimentally testable predictions. Furthermore, we show that these two models behave in a qualitatively different fashion when the background concentration is varied. Thus, to properly characterize the sensitivity of cells to receptor occupancy, it is not sufficient to examine the input signal. Rather, one needs to take into account the response of the second messenger pathway.
Die Elektronenleitfähigkeit des festen Ionenleiters Calciumfluorid

Die Elektronenteilleitfahigkeit des Fluorionen leitenden festen Elektrolyten (CaF2)0.995(NaF)0.005 wurde an einer polykristallinen Probe im Temperaturbereich 490 bis 550°C nach der Hebb Wagnerschen Polarisationstechnik gemessen. Im Gleichgewicht mit metallischem Calcium betragt die Elektronenuberfuhrungszahl bei 494°C 0,15; sie wird bei etwas hoheren Fluorpartialdrucken aber vernachlassigbar klein. The electronic partial conductivity of the fluorine-ion-conducting solid electrolyte (CaF2)0.995(NaF)0.005 has been measured in a polycrystalline specimen in the temperature range from 490 to 550°C using the Hebb-Wagner polarisation technique. At fluorine partial pressures corresponding to equilibrium with metallic calcium the electronic transference number amounts to 0.15 at 494°C, but it becomes negligible at slightly higher partial pressures.
Patterns in the Payoffs of Structured Equity Derivatives

Structured equity products (SEP's) are medium-term notes with payoffs based on the prices of common stocks, baskets of stocks, or stock indices. This paper documents striking patterns in the payoff profiles of SEPs. Products based on the prices of individual equities predominantly have concave payoff profiles, while those based on equity indices predominantly have convex payoffs. Given SEP markups, it seems unlikely that these patterns can be explained by any plausible normative model of the behavior of rational investors. Thus, the payoff patterns suggest the existence of different cognitive or other behavioral biases, depending upon the underlying asset.
Comparing Indicators of Knowledge within and between Cultural Domains

This article examines the use of the cultural consensus model to estimate individual informants’ knowledge of cultural domains. The author compares informants’ knowledge scores generated by the cultural consensus model derived from triad data and rating data with each other and with free list lengths in two closely related domains—brands of bicycles and the greatest cyclists of all time. Results indicate that individual informant competency scores correlated at highly variable levels (.11–.75). These results raise questions concerning the model’s validity related to individual informant competency scores. More research is needed concerning the range of domain consensus and interinformant variability in genuine knowledge that produces valid informant competency scores and the impact that different research instruments have on competency scores.
Testing the standard model by precise determinations of W ± and Z masses

We analyze the standard model's predictions for ${m}_{W}$, ${m}_{Z}$, and their interdependence. Simple formulas are given. Criteria for testing the theory at the tree and loop levels via precise mass measurements are proposed. Effects due to large Higgs-boson and top-quark masses as well as additional generations are illustrated. Constraints from neutral-current phenomenology are discussed. Present experimental values of ${m}_{W}$ and ${m}_{Z}$ are compared with theoretical expectations.
Studies in the Radical Reformation (1517–1618): A Bibliographical Survey of Research Since 1939

In a current issue of The Library of Christian Classics1 the present reporter distinguished between a “radical Reformation” and the “magisterial Reformation” of the normative Protestant Reformers, Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Cranmer, and their associates. Common to all groupings within this Radical Reformation was the unwillingness to depend upon or tarry for the magistracy to reform the Church in root and branch, be the magistrate emperor, king, prince, or collectively the town council.
Reconsidering the diagnostic and prognostic utility of LN-2 for undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and atypical fibroxanthoma.

The topic of distinguishing atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) from undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), formerly malig- nant fibrous histiocytoma, is highly controversial. Although their clinical behavior is disparate, AFX and UPS commonly appear nearly identical on routine histopathologic examination. Although conceptu- ally useful, subcategorization of UPS into superficial (confined to the dermis and subcutaneous tissue) and deep (involvement of fascia and deeper structures) types has not improved our ability to differentiate UPS from AFX. Numerous authors have purported LN-2 (CD74) immunopositivity as able to distinguish UPS from AFX and to predict those rare AFX likely to behave aggressively, although only a single prior study has been dedicated to evaluating this marker. We performed LN-2 staining of 14 AFX, 8 superficial UPS, and 65 deep UPS specimens using an identical protocol as described by prior authors. Of the 73 total UPS specimens, only 1 (1.4%) stained strongly with LN-2, as compared with 3 of 14 (21%) AFX (P = 0.012). One of 2 (50%) clinically aggressive AFX tumors that later exhibited both local recurrence and metastasis stained strongly for LN-2, whereas 2 of 12 (17%) of the more indolent tumors stained strongly with this marker (P = 0.40). Our data do not replicate prior reports of LN-2 as a sensitive and specific marker for UPS, or as indicative of prognosis for AFX, and therefore does not support the use of LN-2 as either a diagnostic or prognostic marker.
TESTING FORMULA PLANS

RECOGNITION OF THE FACT that marked fluctuations occur periodically in stock prices and dividends is fundamental to any investment program. In an effort to provide for these cyclical risks, "stock-market timing" has been widely adopted. Specifically, most investors seek to time entry into the market so that stock holdings will be increased in periods of undervaluation and decreased in periods of overvaluation. In other words, they endeavor to "buy bear markets and sell bull markets." There is general agreement as to the difficulties of timing satisfactorily the purchase and sale of common stocks but much controversy exists as to the method for overcoming them. Many systems have been created and have been employed with varying degrees of success. One of the most significant recent developments has been timing by formula plan. Within the past ten years investment managers of a constantly growing number of insurance companies, banks, investment trusts, and educational institutions-as well as individual investors-have adopted the formula plan method of stock-market timing. This marked growth has created widespread interest in the formula technique among all types of investors and students of finance.
Primary symptomless colonisation by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea

Summary Background Little is known about whether patients who develop Clostridium-difficile -associated diarrhoea (CDAD) are culture-positive or culture-negative before illness. The most important risk factor is antibiotic exposure. We aimed to find out whether patients identified as primary symptom-free C difficile carriers are at higher risk of developing CDAD than patients who are culture-negative. Method We reviewed four longitudinal studies in which 810 patients admitted to hospital were followed up by prospective rectal-swab culture. At least two consecutive weekly cultures were obtained. We calculated the difference in risk of CDAD between colonised and non-colonised patients in each study and combined the results of the four studies in a random-effects model. Findings Of 618 non-colonised patients (mean follow-up 1·7 weeks [SD 1·3]), 22 (3·6%) developed CDAD, whereas only two (1·0%) of 192 primary symptom-free carriers (1·5 [1·5]) developed CDAD (pooled risk difference -2·3% [95% CI 0·3–4·3], p=0·021). Of patients who received antibiotics, the risk difference was increased: 22 (4·5%) of 491 noncolonised patients compared with two (1·1%) of 176 colonised patients developed CDAD (-3·2% [0·4–6·0], p=0·024). Of the primary symptom-free C difficile carriers, 95 were colonised with toxigenic strains, 76 with nontoxigenic strains, 12 with both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains (non-concurrently), and nine with strains of undetermined toxigenicity. Nine of the 12 toxogenic strains of C difficile isolates that cause CDAD were also recovered from stools of symptom-free patients. Interpretation Primary symptomless C difficile colonisation is associated with a decreased risk of CDAD. Although the mechanism is unknown, risk reduction is found in colonisation with non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains.
ADVERSE DRUG EXPERIENCE COMMUNICATIONS AND REPORTING INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE: REGULATIONS AND PRACTICE

Adverse drug experience (ADE) reporting and communications are a critical responsi­ bility of the pharmaceutical industry. This process can directly affect health care, but it has important regulatory implications. This paper briefly describes the regulatory responsibilities of the industry, how the regulations impact the type of information available from company databases, and how pharmaceutical companies communicate with health professionals about adverse drug events.
Space power technology

The trends today are toward smaller satellites with increased capability. These two trends place enormous demands on the technology used to power such space systems. Typical power sources are nuclear, photovoltaic, and chemical. As the power available on a typical satellite decreases, the use of long pulsed power sources becomes more attractive. Technologies such as electrochemical capacitors, pulsed batteries and flywheels offer the possibility of employing high power subsystems for limited times without undue burden on the spacecraft power train. The state of the art in each of the pulsed storage devices is discussed and preliminary experiments described which use an electrochemical power source to power a spacecraft propulsion unit such as an arc-jet or Hall effect thruster.
Dynamic and inherent B0 correction for DTI using stimulated echo spiral imaging.

Purpose: To present a novel technique for high-resolution stimulated echo diffusion tensor imaging with self-navigated interleaved spirals readout trajectories that can inherently and dynamically correct for image artifacts due to spatial and temporal variations in the static magnetic field (B0) resulting from eddy currents, tissue susceptibilities, subject/physiological motion, and hardware instabilities. Methods: The Hahn spin echo formed by the first two 90 � radiofrequency pulses is balanced to consecutively acquire two additional images with different echo times and generate an inherent field map, while the diffusion-prepared stimulated echo signal remains unaffected. For every diffusion-encoding direction, an intrinsically registered field map is estimated dynamically and used to effectively and inherently correct for off-resonance artifacts in the reconstruction of the corresponding diffusion-weighted image. Results: After correction with the dynamically acquired field maps, local blurring artifacts are specifically removed from individual stimulated echo diffusion-weighted images and the estimated diffusion tensors have significantly improved spatial accuracy and larger fractional anisotropy. Conclusion: Combined with the self-navigated interleaved spirals acquisition scheme, our new method provides an integrated high-resolution short-echo time diffusion tensor imaging solution with inherent and dynamic correction for both motioninduced phase errors and off-resonance effects. Magn Reson Med 71:1044–1053, 2014. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stories that Count: Influence of News Narratives on Issue Attitudes

This paper examines the impact of using narratives to frame a political issue on individuals’ attitudes. In an experiment, we asked participants to read either narrative or informational news articles that emphasized the potential economic benefits or environmental consequences associated with shale gas drilling. Results indicated both news formats (narrative vs. informational) and frames (environmental vs. economic) had significant immediate effects on issue attitudes and other responses; narrative environmental news had a significantly greater impact than informational environmental news. Cognitive responses and empathy were significant partial mediators of narrative impact. Environmental narratives also had a more significant impact on individuals’ delayed issue attitudes.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Promoting Cognitive Health in Diverse Populations of Older Adults

This special issue of The Gerontologist , “ Promoting Cognitive Health in Diverse Populations of Older Adults, ” is devoted to cognitive health, a major factor in ensuring quality of life and preserving independence. Cognitive health has been identifi ed as a priority area for aging and public health through national efforts such as the National Institutes of Health’s Cognitive and Emotional Health Project ( Hendrie et al., 2006 ) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Healthy Brain Initiative ( Anderson & McConnell, 2007 ). This increased recognition also aligns with growing awareness of the signifi cant health, social, and economic burden associated with cognitive impairments; rising concerns and fears about potential loss of cognitive functions with age; and increasing demands of family and professional caregivers. As the readers of The Gerontologist are well aware, the U.S. population as a whole is aging at an unprecedented rate, and with that change comes an increasing incidence of cognitive impairments, such as Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias ( Administration on Aging, 2005 ). Alzheimer’s disease is now the sixth leading cause of death among U.S. adults aged 18 years or older and the fi fth leading cause of death among those aged 65 years or older ( Heron, Hoyert, Xu, Scott, & Tejada
GENOTYPE-DEPENDENT SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND PRODUCTION IN CULTURED BLUE MUSSELS, MYTILUS SPP.: RESULTS OF A RECIPROCAL SEED TRANSFER EXPERIMENT

Abstract A reciprocal mussel seed transfer experiment was conducted involving two farm sites (Charles Arm and Thwart Island) whose seedstocks differed significantly in their respective compositions of Mytilus edulis L., M. trossulus Gould and hybrids. Electrophoretic variation at the mannose phosphate isomerase (Mpi) enzyme locus was used to classify the two species and their hybrids. Survival and growth in shell length, wet weight, shell weight and flesh weight were monitored over a 14-mo period. Both stock groups originating from Thwart Island seed (TI reared on its native site and the transferred TI-X stock) and the transferred stock group originating from Charles Arm seed (CA-X) showed no evidence of genotype-dependent variability in survival whereas, in the Charles Arm seed reared on its native site (CA), the proportion of M. edulis declined in relation to M. trossulus. There was no evidence of either a survival advantage or disadvantage in hybrids. After 14 mo, both transferred stocks (CA-X and TI-X...
Coupled GCM Simulation of Atmosphere-Ocean Variability Associated with Zonally Asymmetric SST Changes in the Tropical Indian Ocean

Abstract The nature of a recurrent pattern of variability in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) during the boreal autumn has been investigated using a 900-yr experiment with a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model. This Indian Ocean Pattern (IOP) is characterized by zonal surface wind perturbations along the equator, as well as east–west contrasts in the anomalous sea surface temperature (SST), surface pressure, and precipitation fields. The IOP is seen to be linked to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in the tropical Pacific. By constructing composite charts and analyzing the heat budget for the top ocean layer, it is illustrated that the ENSO-related changes in the surface wind modify the intensity of oceanic upwelling, horizontal temperature advection, and surface heat fluxes in various parts of the IO basin. These processes lead to SST perturbations with opposite signs in the eastern and western equatorial IO. Further diagnosis of the model output reveals that some strong IOP...
Mechanical Revascularization with Embolectomy Devices

Mechanical thrombectomy devices have been in rapid evolution over the past 10 years from their early inception as memory-shaped, nitinol wires to a new generation of devices, utilizing a multi-modal tool box of aspiration catheters, complex stent-shaped retrievers, adjunctive distal access intermediate catheters and proximal balloon occlusion catheters to swiftly and safely revascularize acutely occluded cerebral arteries. These second and third generation devices have improved the acute endovascular revascularization rates from the 40 to 50 % successful revascularization rate of the early devices to 80–90 % with the current iterations in acute ischemic stroke, and have greatly reduced the groin puncture to revascularization times. The clinical trials of these latter generation devices have demonstrated improved clinical outcomes compared to the first generation technology that have been statistically significant.
Pollination services for apple are dependent on diverse wild bee communities

Abstract Understanding the importance of biodiversity in applied settings is a central theme for ecologists. Pollination is an essential ecosystem service, which may rely on biodiversity for effectiveness and stability. Empirical examples which link functional outcomes of increased biodiversity to pollination services are rare. To investigate the importance of wild and managed pollinator communities to apple production, we assessed the effect of wild and managed bee abundance and diversity on pollen limitation and seed set on commercial farms in New York State. Seed set increased and pollen limitation decreased with increasing wild bee species richness, functional group diversity (based on nesting, sociality, and size traits), and abundance, but not with honey bee abundance. Functional group diversity explained more variation in apple seed set than species richness. Our findings demonstrate the important role of functional complementarity of wild bees, defined here as functional group diversity, to crop pollination even in the presence of large populations of managed honey bees. Therefore, our results suggest that management of diverse pollinator communities may decrease reliance on managed honey bees for pollination services and enhance crop yields.