cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Hair Cell Regeneration Is Prevented by Increased Notch Signaling in Supporting Cells.

During embryonic development, differentiation of cochlear progenitor cells into hair cells (HCs) or supporting cells (SCs) is partially controlled through Notch signaling. Many studies have shown that inhibition of Notch signaling allows SCs to convert into HCs in both normal and drug damaged neonatal mouse cochleae. This mechanism is also implicated during HC regeneration in non-mammalian vertebrates; however, the mechanism of spontaneous HC regeneration in the neonatal mouse cochlea is less understood. While inhibition of Notch signaling can force SCs to convert into HCs and increase the number of regenerated HCs, it is currently unknown whether this pathway is involved in spontaneous HC regeneration observed in vivo. Therefore, we investigated the role of Notch signaling during the spontaneous HC regeneration process using Atoh1-CreERTM::Rosa26loxP-stop-loxP-DTA/+ mice injected with tamoxifen at postnatal day (P) 0 and P1 to ablate HCs and stimulate spontaneous HC regeneration. Expression changes of genes in the Notch pathway were measured using immunostaining and in situ hybridization, with most changes observed in the apical one-third of the cochlea where the majority of HC regeneration occurs. Expression of the Notch target genes Hes1, Hes5, Hey1, HeyL, and Jagged1 were decreased. To investigate whether reduction of Notch signaling is involved in the spontaneous HC regeneration process, we overexpressed the Notch1 intracellular fragment (N1ICD) in cochlear SCs and other non-sensory epithelial cells in the context of HC damage. Specifically, Atoh1-CreERTM::Rosa26loxP-stop-loxP-DTA/+::Sox10rtTA::TetO-LacZ::TetO-N1ICD mice were injected with tamoxifen at P0/P1 to stimulate spontaneous HC regeneration and given doxycycline from P0-P7 to induce expression of N1ICD as well as LacZ for fate-mapping. We observed a 92% reduction in the number of fate-mapped regenerated HCs in mice with N1ICD overexpression compared to controls with HC damage but no manipulation of Notch signaling. Therefore, we conclude that increased Notch signaling prevents spontaneous HC regeneration from occurring in the neonatal mouse cochlea. Understanding which components of the Notch pathway regulates regenerative plasticity in the neonatal mouse cochlea will inform investigations focused on stimulating HC regeneration in mature cochlea and eventually in humans to treat hearing loss.
Gyne—Lotrimin® (Schering)

Clotrimazole, an antibiotic vaginal preparation, has a broad spectrum antifungal action that inhibits the growth of pathogenic yeasts.
Hyaluronic Acid: A Key Facilitator of Cancer Evolution

Otto Warburg made a seminal speculation in the 1960s that the switch in cellular energy metabolism from aerobic respiration to glycolytic fermentation is the driving force for cancer development. While increasingly more cancer researchers tend to agree with Warburg, it remains unknown, even five decades after his hypothesis, how this switch is linked to cell proliferation. We have discussed in Chap. 5 how chronic hypoxia and mitochondrial ROS accumulation will lead to continual accumulation of glucose metabolites, possibly resulting in cell death if not removed. This buildup imposes a persistent pressure on the host cells to evolve in order to survive, and cell proliferation represents a most feasible way for these cells to remove the accumulation of metabolites in a sustained manner. We will discuss in this chapter how this pressure can trigger a cellular program to facilitate cell proliferation, hence providing an exit for the accumulated glucose metabolites and a pathway to survival through proliferation.
Generation of amplified shaped pulses for highly adiabatic excitation

Complex amplified pulses, including al ps, 100 µJ tanh-swept sech pulse for adiabatic inversion, are generated experimentally. STRUT detection verifies the modulation and follows the dynamics induced by such pulses in Rb vapor. Applications to production of spin-polarized gases for medical imaging are discussed.
DISTRIBUTION OF GALANIN-LIKE PEPTIDE IN VARIOUS TISSUES OF NECTURUS MACULOSUS : A BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Galanin is a biologically active peptide which has a wide pattern of distribution in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. However, the distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in amphibian species has not been well elucidated. In the present study, biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine the relative concentrations, biochemical nature, and cellular localization of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain, heart, urinary bladder, and small intestine of Necturus maculosus (common name: mudpuppy). The results of this study indicate that each of these types of tissue contain a galanin-like peptide which is similar to porcine galanin. Brain and heart concentrations of galanin-like immuno-reactivity were particularly high, although substantial amounts were also present in the small intestine and urinary bladder. Galanin immunoreactivity was observed in ascending fiber tracts of the brainstem and in fibers in the hypothalamus. In addition, galanin immunoreactivity was observed in autonomic neurons and processes in the heart, bladder, and small intestine. The pattern of distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in many tissues of this amphibian species is similar to the previously described mammalian pattern; however, galanin-immunoreactive innervation of cardiac tissue has not been reported in mammals. We suggest that galanin-like immunoreactivity in the heart may be more extensive in amphibian species than in mammals.
Trends Associated with Open Versus Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

BackgroundRotator cuff (RTC) repair is performed using open/mini-open or arthroscopic procedures, and the use of arthroscopic techniques is increasing. The extent to which surgery has transitioned ...
Race and the Politics of Educational Exclusion: Explaining the Persistence of Disproportionate Disciplinary Practices in an Urban School District.

Educational research has established a link between zero tolerance disciplinary policies and increases in racial disproportionality in suspensions and expulsions of students of color. This article ...
Why Is the Vegan Line in the Dining Hall Always the Shortest? Understanding Vegan Stigma

Two studies investigated why vegan stigma occurs and why people who eat meat are often unaccepting of vegans. Study 1 measured vegan stigma based on Link and Phelan’s (2001) model and proposed that the communal food hypothesis provides a partial explanation for vegan stigma. Study 1 revealed that la
THE CHANGING COMMODITY AND INVESTMENT PROSPECTS FOR GOLD

ABSTRACT The major commodity uses of gold explain a long-term real price increase and restrain purely panic-speculative deviations from a trend.
EPID-29. THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND CANCER CARE RECEIVED AT DIFFERENT FACILITIES ON OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH GLIOBLASTOMA

BACKGROUND Younger age and higher performance status are strong positive predictors of longer survival in patients with high-grade gliomas. In many cancers, disparities in race, gender, socioeconomic background, and immigration status were shown to influence outcome. Only few studies have investigated the impact of healthcare disparities in patients with glioblastoma, with conflicting results. We hypothesized that patient-specific and healthcare system-related factors influence the utilization of healthcare and impact outcome in glioblastoma patients.
Satisfying Social Preferences in Ridesharing Services

Dynamic ridesharing services (DRS) play a major role in improving the efficiency of urban transportation. User satisfaction in dynamic ridesharing is determined by multiple factors such as travel time, cost, and social compatibility with co-passengers. Existing DRS optimize profit by maximizing the operational value for service providers or minimizing the travel time for users but they neglect the social experience of riders, which significantly influences the total value of the service to users. We propose DROPS, a dynamic ridesharing framework that factors the riders’ social preferences in the matching process so as to improve the quality of the trips formed. The trip formation is a multi-objective optimization that aims to maximize the operational value for the service provider, while simultaneously maximizing the value of the trip for the users. The user value is estimated based on compatibility between co-passengers and the ride time. We also present a real-time matching algorithm for trip formation. Finally, we evaluate our approach empirically using real-world taxi trips data, and a population model including social preferences based on user surveys. Our approach improves the user value and users’ social compatibility, without significantly affecting the vehicle miles for the service provider and travel time for users.
Landau Levels of Topologically-Protected Surface States Probed by Dual-Gated Quantum Capacitance

Spectroscopy of discrete Landau levels (LLs) in bulk-insulating three-dimensional topological insulators (3D TIs) in perpendicular magnetic field characterizes the Dirac nature of their surface sta...
HIV in Pregnancy

The management of patients with HIV represents a significant success of modern medicine. A disease that was once nearly universally fatal has now become a disease that is chronically managed. The advent of widespread screening, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and highly active antiretroviral therapy has fundamentally altered medical management landscape for all patients with HIV.
Exploring interprofessional collaboration and attitudes of health sciences librarians

Objective: This study assessed health sciences librarians’ attitudes toward interprofessional collaboration using the Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale (IEPS) and gathered information on their involvement with interprofessional activities. Methods: The authors sent a survey to librarians in the Medical Library Association’s (MLA’s) Interprofessional Education Special Interest Group and Research Section consisting of the IEPS and questions about their prior and current experiences with interprofessional practice and education (IPE). We compared mean IEPS scores between each MLA group and several other demographic factors to assess differences in attitudes. We also compared librarians’ IEPS scores with those of previously published health professional students’ IEPS scores and thematically analyzed two open-ended questions. Results: Health sciences librarians’ scores on the IEPS indicated positive attitudes toward IPE. There were no statistically significant differences between any group. Health sciences librarians’ mean IEPS score was similar to the mean score of health professions students from a prior study. The most commonly reported interprofessional activity was teaching or facilitating learning activities for health professions students; fewer served on committees or engaged in non-curricular activities such as grand rounds and book clubs. Conclusion: Health sciences librarians in this study reported positive attitudes toward IPE, in line with the majority of other previously studied health professionals. Years of experience, previous health professional careers, and experience supporting IPE as a librarian had little bearing on the responses to the survey. This suggests that health sciences librarians have positive attitudes toward IPE, regardless of whether they directly support IPE programs or participate in interprofessional activities. This article has been approved for the Medical Library Association’s Independent Reading Program .
The effect of impulsivity and drinking motives on alcohol outcomes in college students: a 3-year longitudinal analysis.

OBJECTIVE Substance use is a public health concern and cross-sectional studies have found that impulsivity and drinking motives influence substance use in emerging adults. Despite these findings, longitudinal studies with nuanced measures of impulsivity and drinking motives are needed. Participants: The current study investigated the three-year relationship between impulsivity-related traits, drinking motives, sex, and drinking outcomes in a sample of 509 college students (47.47% male; 81% White). Methods: The effects of impulsivity traits and drinking motives on problematic drinking outcomes were evaluated using linear mixed effects models. Results: The results confirmed the hypothesized relationship between traits of impulsivity, drinking motives, and alcohol outcomes over time. Further, sex significantly interacted with drinking motives longitudinally in its relationship with alcohol use outcomes. Conclusions: These results indicate that intervention efforts may need to be tailored to specific individual attributes to target direct correlates of alcohol use behavior to increase effectiveness.
Characterizing octagonal and rectangular fibers for MAROON-X

We report on the scrambling performance and focal-ratio-degradation (FRD) of various octagonal and rectangular fibers considered for MAROON-X. Our measurements demonstrate the detrimental effect of thin claddings on the FRD of octagonal and rectangular fibers and that stress induced at the connectors can further increase the FRD. We find that fibers with a thick, round cladding show low FRD. We further demonstrate that the scrambling behavior of non-circular fibers is often complex and introduce a new metric to fully capture non-linear scrambling performance, leading to much lower scrambling gain values than are typically reported in the literature (≤1000 compared to 10,000 or more). We find that scrambling gain measurements for small-core, non-circular fibers are often speckle dominated if the fiber is not agitated.
Benefits of Low Carbohydrate Diets: a Settled Question or Still Controversial?

The purpose of this review was to provide an update on the available data on the benefits of low-carbohydrate (low-carb) diets for weight management and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and determine if low-carb diets were a settled question or still controversial. Most of the recent published literature in this area consists of reviews of past trials, with a relatively smaller number of recent trials. Low-carb is most commonly compared to low-fat, with problematically inconsistent definitions of both. There are numerous challenges in trying to draw clear conclusions about efficacy and effectiveness. Short-term vs. long-term effects can differ, which is likely impacted by adherence. Adherence is very different between metabolic chamber or feeding studies vs. free-living. Body weight alone is a crude measure that fails to capture potentially important differences in lean-mass, fat-mass, and body water. Benefits for glycemic control need to be balanced with impacts on non-glycemic outcomes such as LDL-cholesterol, the microbiome, and inflammation. It is important to differentiate between low-carb and very-low carbohydrate diets (VLCD). To date no large-scale long-term clinical trials have been conducted testing whether low-carb diets can prevent T2DM. Many issues regarding benefits and risks of low-carb diets remain controversial or unresolved, particularly for VLCD. Some of the recent, better studies highlighted in this review suggest strategies for resolving these controversies.
Respiratory pulsations affect fontan connection power loss: using real time velocity mapping to improve the accuracy of computational simulations

Background Total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) hemodynamics has been hypothesized to be associated with long-term complications in single ventricle heart defect patients. Breath-holding or averaged free-breathing segmented phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) has been commonly used for the boundary conditions in numerical simulations to evaluate TCPC hemodynamics. However, the impact of ignoring respiration in the evaluation is not fully understood. Methods Nine patients with TCPC were included. Real-time PCMRI images were acquired under resting free-breathing (FB) and breath-holding (BH) conditions at superior and inferior vena cava (SVC and IVC). Patient specific 3D TCPC anatomies were reconstructed from transverse CMR images. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using caval flow waveforms derived from real-time PC-MRI as inlet boundary conditions. A Windkessel three-element model was applied at the outlets to model the downstream vasculature. Average flow rates and pulsatility indices ([maximum-minimum]/average flow rate) under these two conditions throughout the duration of one respiratory cycle were compared. TCPC power loss was quantified and qualitative flow structure within the TCPC was compared between FB and BH conditions. Lagrangian particle tracking was performed for both conditions to quantify particle washout time. Results
Multiple retinal circuits mediate local motion detection

Multiple retinal circuits mediate local motion detection Juliana M. Rosa, Hans C. Baertsch and Marla Feller Purpose: In the mouse retina, visual stimulation is encoded by two photoreceptor types, rods and cones. Rods mediate vision in dim light, however in the mouse retina, there is growing evidence that they also encode information at bright light. The majority of mouse photoreceptors contain two opsins with peak sensitivity in the UV (360 nm, s-opsin) and green (508 nm, M-opsin). The ratio of these two opsins varies across the retina such that in ventral retina, cone photoreceptors are dominated by s-opsin while dorsal cone photoreceptors are dominated by M-opsin. Here was compare the organization and development of rod and s-cone mediated contributions to direction selectivity. Methods: Using two-photon targeted patching, we assessed the directional tuning of GFP+ On-Off DSGCs using cell-attached and whole-cell voltage clamp recordings. Recordings were confined to the ventral half of the retina, where cones were selectively stimulated with 385 nm light and rods with 520 nm light. Results: In adult retina, both On and Off spiking responses were directionally selective (DS) to both cone and rod stimulation. Interestingly, we found that the Off responses for s-cone mediated DS were more poorly tuned than On responses, while the Off responses for rod mediate DS were similarly tuned to the On responses. Voltage clamp recordings showed also that inhibitory inputs to DSGCs were also directionally tuned, with the strongest inhibitory currents detected for motion in the null direction, while excitatory inputs had equal amplitude for motion in all directions. The rod and cone mediated pathways had different developmental time courses. Prior to eye opening (postnatal day, P11), while the ON responses were tuned for both rod and cone stimulation, there was a significant difference in tuning for Off pathways. Notably only 20% of the DSGCs exhibited directional tuning in their Off response to cone stimulation while 80% of the DSGCs exhibited directional tuning in their Off response to rod stimulation. The decreased DS tuning in the cone pathway was due to an increased action potential firing to null-side stimulation. Conclusions: Our data indicates that direction selectivity is computed for both rod and cone pathways, albeit via distinct circuits. The Off channel represents an important point of divergence between cone and rod-pathway both in its strength of tuning and developmental time course. These data indicate that the retina uses multiple strategies for computing direction-selective responses across different stimulus conditions.
Writing Scientific Software: Grabbing memory when you need it

Dynamic memory allocation In the middle of a routine you realize that you need some scratch space n floating point numbers long, and n is a complicated function of the inputs to the routine. What do you do? Do you add another scratch space argument to your routine along with its length as an argument and check that it is big enough (stopping the program immediately if it is not)? Often a better idea is to allocate the memory needed. In Fortran 90 this is done using the allocate command; in C you use the malloc function; in C++ and Java the new operator will do this task; in Pascal the allocation is done by the new operator, but the syntax is different from C++ or Java. These can be used to dynamically allocate memory. All of these commands return, or set, a pointer to the allocated block of memory. The allocated block of memory is taken from a global list of available memory which is ultimately controlled by the operating system. This block of memory remains allocated until it is no longer accessible (if garbage collection is used), explicitly de-allocated, or the program terminates. So dynamically allocated memory can be used to hold return values or returned data structures. Dynamically allocated memory can be passed to other routines, and treated like memory that has been statically allocated, or allocated on a stack in most respects. The data structure that controls the allocation and de-allocation of memory is called a memory heap . A memory heap may contain a pair of linked lists of pointers to blocks of memory.
Anthocyanidins and related compounds—VIII : Condensation reactions of flavylium salts with 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione in acid solutions

Abstract 4′-Hydroxyflavylium salts, unsubstituted at position 3, react with 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione in acid solutions to yield para -hydroxyphenacyl-5-keto-tetrahydroxanthene derivatives, e.g., Va, isomeric with the flavan derivatives, e.g., IIa, formed at pH 5·8. These flavans isomerize to the tetrahydroxanthenes in both acid and alkaline media. 7-Hydroxy- and 3-methyl-4′-hydroxyflavylium salts yield flavan derivatives, eq. IIIa, IId, when condensed either in acid solutions or at pH 5·8. Isomerization of these flavans to corresponding tetrahydroxyanthenes has not been detected.
Purification and properties of an ommochrome-binding protein from the hemolymph of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.

A yellow-colored protein (YCP) was isolated from the hemolymph (i.e. blood) of fifth instar wandering stage larvae of Manduca sexta. The molecular mass of YCP was 31 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel filtration chromatography suggested that native YCP was a monomer. The absorbance spectrum of YCP revealed maxima at 278 and 405 nm. Chromophore was released from YCP through denaturation of the protein with methanol and chloroform. In neutral solution and in acid, the released chromophore showed the absorbance characteristics of an ommochrome: ommatin D. In addition, the chromophore was sensitive to treatment with arylsulfatase as would be expected for ommatin D. The amino acid composition and the N-terminal sequence of YCP were determined. The YCP polypeptide chain was found to be glycosylated. Carbohydrate analysis suggested that Man and GlcNAc were present in a 3:1 ratio. Circular dichroism indicated that YCP consisted of 68% beta-pleated sheet with no alpha-helices being detected. An in vitro incubation of larval fat body in the presence of [35S]methionine indicated that this organ was the site of synthesis. Ommochromes arise in insects as end products of the metabolism of tryptophan. It is well-documented that ommochromes occur in both the tissues and the excreta of insects. We propose that in M. sexta, one such tryptophan metabolite is found in the hemolymph associated with a specific protein.
Gum Arabic surface-modified magnetic nanoparticles for cancer therapy

The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of Gum Arabic-modified magnetic nanoparticles on cellular uptake. The ultimate goal is to develop a technique to promote the selective uptake of magnetic nanoparticles by cancer cells for cancer treatment. A novel use of magnetic fields and magnetic particles is to deliver therapeutic drugs at the desired time in the correct dosage to the correct site in the human body. Other experiments have included using the complex polymer to control nanoparticle size during synthesis as well as growth studies to test whether GA-coated nanoparticles inhibit the proliferation of E. coli. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) indicate that E. coli sustains growth and interacts with the treated nanoparticles at the membrane, but it is unclear whether there is any internalization. Continued studies include characterizing the surface interactions between GA and magnetic nanoparticles, as well as fundamentally understanding the influence GA-coated nanoparticles have on cellular growth. In order to enhance the utilization of inorganic nanoparticles in biological systems, it is important to develop a fundamental understanding of the influence they have on cellular health and function. Experiments were conducted to test silica, silica/iron oxide, and gold nanoparticles for their affects on the growth and activity of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the morphology and quantify size distribution of the nanoparticles, respectively. TEM was also used to verify the interactions between composite iron oxide nanoparticles and E. coli. The results from DLS indicated that the inorganic nanoparticles formed small aggregates in the growth media. Growth studies were also performed to measure the influence of the nanoparticles on cell proliferation at varying concentrations. The growth curves of E. coli in media containing the nanoparticles indicated no overt signs of toxicity.
Echocardiographic features of aortic ball valve prosthesis malfunction

A case of aortic ball valve prosthesis malfunction is described in which the poppet became alternately stuck in the open and closed position. The patient experienced chest pain followed by pulmonary edema and cardiac arrest. Malfunction of prosthetic valve was diagnosed on echocardiogram and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was carried out until a Bjork-Shiley valve could be inserted in place of the faulty prosthesis. At the time of the operation, poppet migration had occurred and the poppet could not be found. Subsequent Bjork-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis dysfunction was suggested by variation in the intensity of the aortic opening sound and in the duration of the systolic ejection period. Fluoroscopy revealed the missing poppet in the left ventricle. Following surgical removal of the poppet, "normal" Bjork-Shiley valve function was restored.
Synapse-Assembly Proteins Maintain Synaptic Vesicle Cluster Stability and Regulate Synaptic Vesicle Transport in Caenorhabditis Elegans

The functional integrity of neurons requires the bidirectional active transport of synaptic vesicles (SVs) in axons. The kinesin motor KIF1A transports SVs from somas to stable SV clusters at synapses, while dynein moves them in the opposite direction. However, it is unclear how SV transport is regulated and how SVs at clusters interact with motor proteins. We addressed these questions by isolating a rare temperature-sensitive allele of Caenorhabditis elegans unc-104 (KIF1A) that allowed us to manipulate SV levels in axons and dendrites. Growth at 20° and 14° resulted in locomotion rates that were ∼3 and 50% of wild type, respectively, with similar effects on axonal SV levels. Corresponding with the loss of SVs from axons, mutants grown at 14° and 20° showed a 10- and 24-fold dynein-dependent accumulation of SVs in their dendrites. Mutants grown at 14° and switched to 25° showed an abrupt irreversible 50% decrease in locomotion and a 50% loss of SVs from the synaptic region 12-hr post-shift, with no further decreases at later time points, suggesting that the remaining clustered SVs are stable and resistant to retrograde removal by dynein. The data further showed that the synapse-assembly proteins SYD-1, SYD-2, and SAD-1 protected SV clusters from degradation by motor proteins. In syd-1, syd-2, and sad-1 mutants, SVs accumulate in an UNC-104-dependent manner in the distal axon region that normally lacks SVs. In addition to their roles in SV cluster stability, all three proteins also regulate SV transport.
A general class of self-scalable and self-similar arrays

There has been considerable interest in the radiation characteristics of self-scalable and self-similar planar arrays. For instance, array configurations based on Sierpinski carpets have been considered. The properties of self-scalable concentric circular Weierstrass arrays and self-similar concentric circular Cantor arrays have also been investigated. We present an alternative design methodology for the mathematical construction of self-scalable and self-similar planar arrays. The technique is very general and consequently provides much more flexibility in the design of fractal and related arrays when compared to other approaches previously considered in the literature. This is primarily due to the fact that the generator in this case is based on a concentric circular ring array.
Venous bullet embolism and subsequent endovascular retrieval – A case report and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION Vascular bullet embolism is a rare phenomenon with fewer than 200 cases reported in the literature.
Reliability of the WAYTE method of investigating self-perceptions.

The Who-Are-You-Time-Extension (WAYTE) method was administered twice to 68 introductory psychology students. The split-half reliability estimates were low and the retest estimates variable and satisfactory only for the combined categories. The interscorer consistency among three judges was in the high .80s and the .90s for four categories and generally moderate to high for the remainder.
Physical chemical properties of uncharged water clusters and one-dimensional ice based on quantal calculations

Abstract Progress on a variety of atmospheric problems requires a successful first-principles treatment of water cluster behavior. Here a systematic study is reported on the physical and chemical properties of finite water clusters as a function of size and on an infinite-sized cluster, i.e. ice, by modeling a one-dimensional crystal. A modified version of the semi-empirical quantum chemical technique MNDO, particularly well suited for hydrogen bonding, is used. The stability of the water clusters is examined at 0 K through binding energy considerations and a finite temperatures through free energy of formation information as given by statistical mechanical techniques. The effects of entropy are included. Information on these thermodynamics parameters for water clusters of large size is needed for an understanding of the atmospherically relevant heterogeneous nucleation process.
LUBRICATION FLOWS IN VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS: 2. Effect of Slip on Squeezing Flow between Approaching Parallel Rigid Planes

(1982). LUBRICATION FLOWS IN VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS: 2. Effect of Slip on Squeezing Flow between Approaching Parallel Rigid Planes. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 14, No. 3-6, pp. 151-175.
Partial purification of β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase A by affinity chromatography

Abstract A glycopeptide derived from bovine nasal septum by sequential treatment with trypsin, chymotrypsin, 0.05N HCl in dry methanol (desulfation), testicular hyaluronidase and β-glucuronidase, was coupled to Sepharose-4B in the presence of cyanogen bromide. β- N -Acetylhexosaminidase A was selectively retarded when crude extracts of human skin fibroblasts or liver were applied to the affinity column and was subsequently eluted with 0.1% Triton X-100 in 0.1M citrate-phosphate buffer pH 4.4, providing a simple method for purification.
Occupational health nursing in the driver's seat for health promotion.

Occupational health nurses must take the lead in developing, implementing, and evaluating appropriate health screening and promotion activities.
Laser Angioplasty With Contact Sapphire Probe

Previous attempts to recanalize obstructed arteries in humans, using laser angioplasty techniques have shown the technique to be feasible but the tunnels created through the arterial obstructions and occlusions were too small, thus facilitating early or late re-occlusion.1-4 Therefore, regardless of the technique used, laser emission through bare fibers shielded by a balloon catheter or thermal angioplasty with a heat metal cap,5,6 a complementary procedure using conventional balloon angioplasty was required to widen the narrow channel left after laser angioplasty.
Active Air Control System Development Using Charge Air Integrated Manifold Engine Numerical Simulation (CAIMENS)

The natural gas transmission industry integrates turbochargers into the engine system to strategically increase airflow for the purpose of decreasing pollutant emissions, such as Nitrogen Oxide (NOX ). Regulations are expected to be tightened in the coming years, forcing transmission companies to look past turbochargers for compliance. The solution to further decreasing emissions lies not in further retrofit, but focusing on the physics of the current system. The flow rate physics of the intake and exhaust manifolds impede equal distribution of air from the turbocharger to each cylinder. Imbalance in airflow creates a discontinuity in the trapped equivalence ratio from cylinder to cylinder. The trapped equivalence ratio is directly proportional to NOX production and a function of the fuel flow rate, airflow rate, and, in two-stroke cycle engines, the scavenging efficiency. Only when these three characteristics are balanced cylinder to cylinder will the combustion and the NOX production in each cylinder be equal. The engine NOX production will be disproportionately high if even one cylinder operates less lean relative to the other cylinders. Balancing the NOX production between cylinders can lower the overall NOX production of the engine. This paper reports on an investigation into the transient, compressible flow physics that impact the trapped equivalence ratio. A comprehensive, variable geometry, multi-cylinder Turbocharger-Reciprocating Engine Computer Simulation (T-RECS) has been developed to illustrate the effect of airflow imbalance on an engine. A new model, the Charge Air Integrated Manifold Engine Numerical Simulation (CAIMENS), is a manifold flow model coupled with the T-RECS engine processor that uses an integrated set of fundamental principles to determine the crank angle-resolved pressure, temperature, burned and unburned mass fractions, and gas exchange rates for the cylinder. CAIMENS has the ability to show the transient impact of one cylinder firing on each successive cylinder. The pulsation model also describes the impact of manifold pressure drop on in-cylinder peak pressure and the pressure wave introduced to the intake manifold by uncovering the intake ports. CAIMENS provides the information necessary to quantify the impact of airflow imbalance, and allows for the visualization of the engine system before and after airflow correction. The model shows that not only does the manifold pressure drop have a significant impact on the in-cylinder peak pressure, but it also has an impact on the pressure wave introduced to the intake manifold as the ports are opened. Also, each cylinder has a considerable impact on the airflow into each successive cylinder.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
An Assessment of Spatial Context on Eye Movement During a Visual Search Task

Contextual cueing is the implicit association of objects (or ‘cues’) in a visual scene due to repeated exposure, either spatially or semantically. These associations can aid people in detecting a s...
Scattering of antiplane shear waves by a submerged crack

Abstract The scattering of time harmonic antiplane shear waves by a crack situated parallel to the surface of a homogenious elastic half-space is considered. The problem is investigated for both clamped and stress-free conditions at the surface of the half-space. Singular integral equations are derived for each case and treated numerically by the Gauss-Chebyshev technique. Harmonic stress intensity factors and crack opening displacements are computed as functions of dimensionless frequency, submerged depth-to-crack width ratio, and angle of incidence. Results are obtained for a moderately wide range of frequencies and are set out in graphical form.
Physician gender effects on preventive screening and counseling: An analysis of male and female patients' health care experiences

Background. Studies have documented that patients of female physicians receive higher levels of preventive services. However, most studies include patients of only one gender, examine mainly gender-specific screening services, and do not examine patient education and counseling.Objectives. This stud
Specificity of cell-mediated lympholysis for public and private H-2 determinants.

The specificity of cell-mediated lympholysis in the mouse was investigated by studying the cross-reactivity of in vitro-generated effector cells against targets carrying H-2 haplotypes different from that of the stimulator. Congenic resistant partners of the C57BL/10 strain carrying ten different, independently derived haplotypes were tested in more than 600 combinations. Strong cytotoxicity was observed when stimulator and target cells shared a private determinant, but considerable cross-killing was also seen in combinations where stimulator and target cells shared only public determinants. Cross-killing is specific and can be blocked only by unlabeled cells of the stimulator or target strain. Although cross-killing does not correlate with the number of stimulating public determinants carried by the target individual determinants 5, 15. 25, and 27 + 28 + 29 are associated with increased cross-killing. Cross-killing can occur both at the K and the D end of H-2 and is not explained by antigens determined by the I region. We conclude that the serologically defined H-2K and H-2D molecules are the primary targets for cytotoxic T lymphocytes but that they may be perceived differently by T and B lymphocytes.
What spectroscopy can still tell us about the secondary structure of bacteriorhodopsin

The recently published model of the structure of bacteriorhodopsin (bR), developed by fitting the peptide chain to a high-resolution, three-dimensional density map, rules out the existence of transmembrane beta-sheet and provides an accurate estimate of the helix content. The precise geometry of the dihedral angles in the helical regions of the polypeptide cannot yet be specified from the diffraction data, however. Published data on the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum between 190 and 240 nm, and the infrared (IR) spectrum in the amide I band suggest that the helical conformation in bR may be, for the most part, a rather unusual one. The precise structural model, which specifies the number of residues in transmembrane helices, can now be used as an additional constraint in seeking models of the helical conformation that are in quantitative agreement with the CD and IR spectroscopic data. Further spectroscopic measurements can also be used to determine whether there are changes in the unusual dihedral-angle conformation within the helices during the photocycle.
Merleau-Ponty and the Mystery of Perception

This article offers an overview of the structure and significance of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology. Neither a psychological nor an epistemological theory, Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception is instead an attempt to describe perceptual experience as we experience it. Although he was influenced heavily by Husserl, Heidegger, and Gestalt psychology, his work departs significantly from all three. Particularly original is his account of our bodily, precognitive experience of other persons, which he argues is essentially more primitive than any belief or doubt we can raise concerning the contents or even the existence of their minds. I conclude with a discussion of the differences between Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology and Alva Noe's more recent ‘enactive’ theory of perception.
Anticipatory responses in a linear maze

The findings of Sprow (1947) and Gladstone (1948) for a four-unit linear maze with homogeneous choices (LLLL or RRRR) and those of Carpenter (1952) with all choices homogeneous except for the last unit (LLLR or RRRL) were replicated within a single experiment.
Developmental Programming: Prenatal and Postnatal Contribution of Androgens and Insulin in the Reprogramming of Estradiol Positive Feedback Disruptions in Prenatal Testosterone-Treated Sheep

Prenatal testosterone (T) excess compromises the estradiol (E2) positive feedback. This study tested the hypothesis that antagonizing androgen action or improving insulin sensitivity prenatally would prevent positive feedback disruptions from developing, whereas postnatal intervention with androgen antagonist or insulin sensitizer would ameliorate the severity of disruptions in prenatal T-treated females. The E2 positive feedback response was tested at 16 wk of age in the following groups of animals: 1) control, 2) prenatal T, 3) prenatal T plus the androgen antagonist, flutamide, 4) prenatal T plus insulin sensitizer, rosiglitazone, 5) prenatal T and postnatal androgen antagonist, and 6) prenatal T and postnatal insulin sensitizer (n = 7–21 animals/group). Prenatal T treatment involved the administration of T propionate (100 mg, im) twice weekly from d 30 to 90 of gestation. Prenatal interventions involved daily sc administration of androgen antagonist (15 mg/kg) or oral administration of insulin sensiti...
The role of Ca(2+) and Na (+) membrane transport in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) spermatozoa motility.

The role of environmental ion composition and osmolality in Ca2+ signaled activation was assessed in spermatozoa of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Milt from ten mature males was obtained by abdominal massage. Spermatozoa motility was evaluated in 0, 100, and 300 mOsm/kg NaCl or sucrose solutions, buffered by 10 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.5. For investigation of spermatozoa reaction to external Ca2+ concentration, 2 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) was added to the activation media as a calcium ions chelator. For investigation of the effect of external Na+ concentration in conditions of low external Ca2+, 100 µM amiloride was added to the EGTA-containing solutions as a Na+ transport blocker. Low motility was observed in sucrose (Na+ free) solutions containing 2 mM EGTA but not in Na+ solutions containing 2 mM EGTA. Addition of amiloride led to significantly increased motility (P < 0.05) compared with sucrose (Na+ free) solutions containing 2 mM EGTA. We conclude that Na+ transport in Ca2+-free solutions plays a regulatory role in brook trout spermatozoa activation. The influence of competitive Na+ and Ca2+ transport on the control of spermatozoa activation requires further study with respect to its application for improvement of artificial activation and storage media.
Comparison of Two Independent Sr Optical Clocks with 1×10-17 Stability at 10^3 s

Many-particle optical lattice clocks have the potential for unprecedented measurement precision and stability due to their low quantum projection noise. However, this potential has so far never been realized because clock stability has been limited by frequency noise of optical local oscillators. By synchronously probing two ^{87}Sr lattice systems using a laser with a thermal noise floor of 1×10(-15), we remove classically correlated laser noise from the intercomparison, but this does not demonstrate independent clock performance. With an improved optical oscillator that has a 1×10(-16) thermal noise floor, we demonstrate an order of magnitude improvement over the best reported stability of any independent clock, achieving a fractional instability of 1×10(-17) in 1000 s of averaging time for synchronous or asynchronous comparisons. This result is within a factor of 2 of the combined quantum projection noise limit for a 160 ms probe time with ~10(3) atoms in each clock. We further demonstrate that even at this high precision, the overall systematic uncertainty of our clock is not limited by atomic interactions. For the second Sr clock, which has a cavity-enhanced lattice, the atomic-density-dependent frequency shift is evaluated to be -3.11×10(-17) with an uncertainty of 8.2×10(-19).
A fatigue loading model for investigation of iatrogenic subtrochanteric fractures of the femur.

Abstract Background Biomechanics of iatrogenic subtrochanteric femur fractures have been examined. Previously-described loading models employed monotonic loading on the femoral head, which is limited in emulating physiological features. We hypothesize that cyclic loading combined with the engagement of abductor forces will reliably cause iatrogenic subtrochanteric fractures. Methods Finite element analysis determined the effects of adding the abductor muscle forces to the hip contact force around holes located in the lateral femoral cortex. Finite element analysis predictions were validated by strain gage measurements using Sawbones TM femurs (Pacific Research Laboratories, Inc., Vashon, Washington, USA) with or without abductor muscle forces. The newly developed physiologically-relevant loading model was tested on cadaveric femurs (N = 8) under cyclic loading until failure. Findings Finite element analysis showed the addition of the abductor muscle forces increased the maximum surface cortical strain by 107% and the strain energy density by 332% at the lateral femoral cortex. Strain gages detected a 72.9% increase in lateral cortical strain using the combined loading model. The cyclic, combined loading led to subtrochanteric fractures through the drill hole in all cadaveric femurs. Interpretation Finite element analysis simulations, strain gage measurements, and cyclic loading of fresh-frozen femurs indicate the inclusion of abductor forces increases the stress and strain at the proximal-lateral femoral cortex. Furthermore, a cyclic loading model that incorporates a hip contact force and abductor muscles force creates the clinically encountered subtrochanteric fractures in vitro . This physiologically-relevant loading model may be used to further study iatrogenic subtrochanteric femur fractures.
Watershed-Scale Response to Climate Change through the Twenty-First Century for Selected Basins across the United States

AbstractThe hydrologic response of different climate-change emission scenarios for the twenty-first century were evaluated in 14 basins from different hydroclimatic regions across the United States using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), a process-based, distributed-parameter watershed model. This study involves four major steps: 1) setup and calibration of the PRMS model in 14 basins across the United States by local U.S. Geological Survey personnel; 2) statistical downscaling of the World Climate Research Programme’s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 climate-change emission scenarios to create PRMS input files that reflect these emission scenarios; 3) run PRMS for the climate-change emission scenarios for the 14 basins; and 4) evaluation of the PRMS output.This paper presents an overview of this project, details of the methodology, results from the 14 basin simulations, and interpretation of these results. A key finding is that the hydrological response of the different geogra...
Newtonian gravitational field theory: Two-body problem

The effects of a dual force which appears in a consistent field theory of Newtonian gravitation are explored by a study of the motion of two bodies which interact with each other through the gravitational field. The equations of motion are solved exactly. Among the results obtained, we find that the present theory formulated in accordance with the Special Theory of Relativity leads to the same analytical result for the precession of the perihelion of the orbit as does Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. Another result is that classical particles are endowed with an intrinsic angular momentum of constant magnitude—a helicity of classical origin. Other results, such as the period of revolution, are similar to Kepler's law, except for relativistic corrections. A slight deviation from the planar orbit of classical theory results, and may be observable. This deviation is related to the magnitude of the precession of the perihelion of the orbit. The significance of these results for charged particles, viewed classically or quantum mechanically, are discussed.