cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety sensitivity and the pathogenesis of anxiety and depression: evidence for symptom specificity

Expectancy theory posits that anxiety sensitivity (AS) acts as a specific risk factor for the development of anxiety pathology (Reiss, 1991). Previous work suggests that AS is a risk factor for anxiety but several reports have found that AS is also related to depression. The principal aim of the present study was to determine whether anxiety sensitivity acts as a specific vulnerability factor in the pathogenesis of anxiety and depression in both a large nonclinical sample (N = 1401) as well as a patient sample (N = 53). A covariance analytic strategy indicated that AS possesses symptom specificity with respect to anxiety but is not predictive of depression when accounting for changes in anxiety symptoms. Component analyses suggest, however, that one first-order factor (phrenophobia) is likely to account for the association between AS and depression because it is non-specific (i.e. associated with unique aspects of both anxiety and depression). It is concluded that much of the general association noted between anxiety sensitivity and depression is likely to be due to covariation among symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Techniques for incorporating longitudinal measurements into analyses of survival data from clinical trials

This article reviews existing approaches for joint analysis of longitudinal measurements, possibly measured with error or incompletely observed, and event-time data, possibly censored. The models take the form of selection or pattern-mixture models; estimation proceeds via the EM algorithm or Bayesian sampling techniques. The models are compared, their estimation and inferential procedures described, and advantages and disadvantages noted. Examples are discussed from several disease areas, including cancer and AIDS.
Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering: From Discovery to Applications

The application of nanotechnology in medicine, referred to as nanomedicine, is offering numerous exciting possibilities in healthcare. Herein, we discuss two important aspects of nanomedicine, drug delivery and tissue engineering, highlighting the advances we have recently experienced, the challenges we are currently facing, and what we are likely to witness in the near future.
Energy transfer between colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals in an optical microcavity

The authors have studied nonradiative energy transfer between semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) placed in a Fabry-Perot microcavity. The spectrally integrated fluorescence from a monolayer of single sized NCs in the cavity is enhanced by a factor of 4.8 compared to free space. For a monolayer of mixed sized NCs, the acceptor NC fluorescence intensity is enhanced by an additional factor of 2.7 due to energy transfer processes. When the cavity mode is resonant with the acceptor NC fluorescence emission maximum, donor NC emission is completely suppressed, providing a narrow spectral output.
Deformation analysis of tuffaceous sediments in the Volcanic Tableland near Bishop, California

Small-scale brittle faults and fractures that cut bedded tuffaceous sediments of variable textures and grain sizes were studied in a 110-m-long cutbank exposure of poorly consolidated sediments at the southern erosional boundary of the Volcanic Tableland, Owens Valley, California. This study was motivated by the need to evaluate potential length scales for lateral flow in nonwelded bedded tuffs and tuffaceous sediments at Yucca Mountain, Nevada—the site of a potential high-level radioactive waste repository. Small-displacement ( 20 cm). Vertical fractures are present throughout the exposure, but fracture frequency is generally highest in the vicinity of larger faults. Fault zones are characterized by grain-size reduction and discrete slip surfaces, the number of which increases with increasing displacement. A semiquantitative stress field interpretation, based on tectonic constraints and reconstruction of overburden thicknesses, yields a simple history of burial, deformation, and exhumation under continuous tectonic extension. We interpret the deformation to include shear (faults), hybrid (faults, nonvertical fractures), and tensile (vertical fractures) failure of the tuffaceous sediments under conditions of low overburden stress (<2.5 MPa). The intersecting network of faults and fractures is characterized by grain comminution, cementation, and fracture dilation. These features, in conjunction with stratigraphic layering, likely produce anisotropic permeability, where maximum permeability is parallel to fault and fracture strike.
The Voice of Wisdom

In most circumstances, computing has faded into the background of our lives as part of the global infrastructure. However, it still has the ability to remind of us its presence.
Pediatric head and neck trauma from all-terrain vehicle accidents.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize pediatric head and neck trauma from all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) at a single institution. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective case series at a level I pediatric trauma center. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were admitted: average age was 12 years, with 68% between 12 and 16 years and 32% under 12 years. The patient was the driver in 74% of cases and the passenger in 17% of cases. Driver average age was 12.7 years and passenger average age was 10.5 years. Seventy-six percent of children were not wearing helmets. Average hospital stay was 6 days, with 81% of cases discharged home. Central nervous system injuries were most common, followed by soft tissue injuries. Soft tissue repair was the most frequent procedure, and most maxillofacial fractures required operative intervention. CONCLUSIONS: ATV-related morbidity and mortality in children are significant public health issues amenable to primary prevention by prohibiting passengers on ATVs and requiring helmet use. SIGNIFICANCE: National trends indicate increasing ATV-related injuries in children. Language: en
113 CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS DURING RECOVERY FROM CHRONIC NEONATAL ASPHYXIA IN PIGLETS

Prolonged, repeated episodes of asphyxia were induced in newborn piglets to, determine cardiovascular adjustments in the post-asphyxial period. Ten piglets (<24 hours age) had catheters placed in the right, and left ventricles and the descending aorta under general anesthesia. Animals were subjected to 8 episodes of asphyxia by rebreathing into a bag to last gasp over a 2 hour period. Immediately after the last episode, the pH and base deficit were 7.01±.12 and -20±3. The insult induced prolonged seixures and persistent changes in activity in 9 of 10 animals and organ hemorrhage in 4. .Organ blood flow was measured prior to asphyxiation and 1 hour after recovery by radioactive microsphere; injection. Arterial blood gases prior to and 1 hour post-asphyxia were respectively pH-7, 44±.08, pCO2-42±5 Torr. pO2-61±10 Torr, B.D.-2±1; pH-7.20±.21, pCO2-32±12 Torr, PO2-75±19 Torr, B.D.-l4±3. Blood flow one hour post-asphyxia increased significantly to the heart, adrenal and liver and decreased significantly to the small bowel, large bowel, kidney, spleen and skin. Blood flow to the brain decreased from 86±13 cc/100 gm to 45±5 cc/100 gm (p<.0) and was no longer related to paCO2. In spite of normal heart rate, hemodynamic pressures, arterial oxygenation, and ventilation at one hour post-asphyxia, there are major changes in organ perfusion, and the distribution of cardiac output, and autoregulation of brain blood flow.
Seepage of leaching water into drainage ditches of unequal water level heights

Abstract The theory is developed, and numerical examples are worked out for the seepage of ponded water into equally spaced ditches in homogeneous soil overlying a barrier. Two general cases are solved: (a) unequal depth of water in the drainage ditches and (b) equal depth. For both (a) and (b) the problem is solved for zero depth of ponded water and for finite depth of ponded water; these solutions are quite different. Curves are supplied showing the surface inflow seepage velocity as it varies with distance from a ditch. Near ditches the seepage inflow rate is very high compared with that between ditches, which helps explain why, many times, crops do better when near ditches than when removed from them in reclaimed saline soil.
The equivalence of some residual properties of word-hyperbolic groups

Abstract We show that every word-hyperbolic group is residually finite if and only if every word-hyperbolic group has a finite quotient.
Propranolol-induced reduction of signs of ischemic injury during acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract The effect of intravenous administration of propranolol (3 to 10 mg) was studied in 12 patients with acute anterior transmural myocardial infarction within the first 8 hours from the onset of pain. Criteria for inclusion in the study were persistence of ischemic pain, S-T segment elevation of 0.3 or more mv in at least two standard precordial leads, heart rate of 80 or more beats/min, mean arterial pressure of 75 or more mm Hg and cardiac index of 2.5 or more liters/min per m 2 . Within 30 minutes of administration of propranolol, the sum of S-T segment elevations from leads V 1 through V 6 (∑ST 6 ) and the average S-T segment elevation over the left precordium recorded from multiple unipolar leads ( ST ) decreased significantly by 40 and 39 percent, respectively. At the same time, there was a significant reduction in heart rate (from 100 ± 3 [standard error of the mean] to 79 ± 4 beats/min), mean arterial pressure (from 112 ± 6 to 95 ± 5 mm Hg) and cardiac output (from 6.1 ± 0.3 to 4.1 ± 0.3 liters/min). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure remained unaltered. Four hours later the hemodynamic variables had returned to control level, but the beneficial effect on myocardial injury persisted. These electrocardiographic changes were accompanied by resolution of ischemic pain and cessation of ventricular arrhythmias. The effects of propranolol were more pronounced in patients with angiographically demonstrable flow to the affected area of myocardium. Thus, administration of propranolol in the early hours of myocardial infarction can significantly reduce the signs of myocardial ischemic injury without excessively depressing myocardial function.
Discrete combinatorial investigation of polymer mixture phase boundaries

We report a combinatorial approach for mapping bulk polymer mixture phase behaviour. The technique consists of a parallel cloud point detection scheme using discrete composition libraries, which are scanned across a temperature range and optically imaged. The sample substrates are microwell arrays fabricated by contact photolithography on a glass coverslip. Polymer blend libraries are generated using a custom built, programmable liquid dispenser system. The sample arrays are placed in a uniform, but continuously varying, temperature field, causing the mixture to traverse its phase boundary. Optical turbidity is detected by imaging the entire array and the cloud point curve is determined through automated parallel image analysis. The entire process is simple, flexible, inexpensive and rapid. In this demonstration, we investigate two binary mixtures of low molecular mass poly(styrene) and poly(butadiene), exhibiting upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phase behaviour. The cloud point curves obtained closely approximate the bulk binodal line, and have a high composition resolution of δφ = 0.01 (volume fraction), using 10 × 10 sample arrays. We discuss the potential and limitations of this high throughput methodology for other polymeric mixtures, including multi-component systems.
Role of the pion mass in triple-Regge physics

Abstract This paper is an extension of the investigations of Abarbanel et al., who examined asymptotic total cross sections in a multiperipheral model and obtained the surprising result that the scale for the cross sections is provided not by μ, the mass of the exchanged pion (as anticipated on geometrical grounds) but by mV, the central mass of the dominant low energy ππ resonance entering the kernel. In this paper the role of the pion mass in triple-Regge physics is clarified by examining the pion pole dominance model for the triple-Regge couplings gijk. It is found that mV provides the scale for the inclusive link and that for this reason the couplings gijk depend very little on the intercept αk of the exchanged reggeon. In the exclusive links if i = j = pomeron, mV once again is the only active energy scale, whereas if i = j = R, the reggeons of intercept 0.5 or less, the pion mass enters the couplings gRRk in an essential way. It is shown that the smallness of μ2/mV2 is responsible for the largeness of the ratios gRRk/gPPk. These features of the model, which are in qualitative agreement with experiment, are put to a quantitative test.
Acoustic Phonons in Some Metal-Graphite Lamellar Compounds

Phonon scattering at layered impurities in a graphite lattice is discussed with particular reference to heat transport in the principal direction. A relaxation time, reducing to the Rayleigh form at long wavelengths, is derived. A detailed justification is given for some of the idealizations in the calculation.
Three-dimensional myocardial contrast echocardiography: validation of in vivo risk and infarct volumes

Abstract Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine whether three-dimensional (3D) myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) could provide an accurate in vivo assessment of risk and infarct volumes. Background. MCE has been shown to accurately define risk area and infarct size in single tomographic slices. The ability of this technique to measure risk and infarct volumes by using three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has not been determined. Methods. Fifteen open chest dogs underwent variable durations of coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. At each stage, MCE was performed by using left atrial injection of AIP201, a deposit microbubble with a mean diameter of 10 ± 4 μm and a mean concentration of 1.5·107·ml−1. Images were obtained over a 180° arc with use of an automated rotational device and were stored in computer as a 3D data set. Postmortem risk area and infarct size were measured in six to eight left ventricular short-axis slices of equal thickness using technetium-99m autoradiography and tissue staining, respectively. MCE images corresponding to these planes were reconstructed off-line. Results. A close linear relation was noted between the volume of myocardium not showing contrast enhancement on 3D MCE during coronary occlusion and postmortem risk volume (y = 1.2x − 3.0, r = 0.83, SEE = 5.1, n = 15). The volume of myocardium not showing contrast enhancement on 3D MCE after reperfusion also closely correlated with postmortem infarct volume (y = 1.1x − 3.9, r = 0.88, SEE = 4.8, n = 11). No changes in systemic hemodynamic variables were noted with injections of AIP201. Conclusions. When combined with AIP201, a deposit microbubble, 3D MCE can be used to accurately determine both risk and infarct volumes in vivo. This method could be used to assess the effects of interventions that attempt to alter the infarct/risk volume ratio.
Evaluating fungicides for controlling Cercospora leaf spot on sugar beet

Abstract Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungus, Cercospora beticola , continues to be a devastating foliar disease of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris ), in Minnesota and North Dakota. Commercial sugar beet varieties grown in Minnesota and North Dakota generally have only moderate resistance and require fungicide applications to obtain adequate levels of protection against C. beticola . Trials were conducted in 1999 at Foxhome and Crookston, Minnesota and in 2000 at Breckenridge and Crookston, Minnesota to determine the efficacy of labeled and experimental fungicides for controlling Cercospora leaf spot. Natural inocula were relied on for infection, and disease pressure was high at all sites in both years. Except for azoxystrobin applied alone at Foxhome, and azoxystrobin, and fentin hydroxide, applied alone, and fenbuconazole applied with an adjuvant at Breckenridge, the fungicide treatments provided better Cercospora leaf spot control, and resulted in higher recoverable sucrose yields than non-treated controls. Tetraconazole and pyraclostrobin, when applied alone, consistently provided effective Cercospora leaf spot control and resulted in high sucrose yield.
Timing of BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic testing in women with ovarian cancer.

Purpose: To determine when, in reference to the course of their treatment, women with ovarian cancer are seen for genetic counseling, as well as to determine what factors influence this timing. Methods: Single institution retrospective chart review of patients with ovarian cancer who underwent BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic testing. Results: Thirty-three percent of our sample (n = 100) were seen for genetic counseling after ovarian cancer recurrence. In four cases, genetic test results were disclosed to next of kin. Thirty percent of women seen for genetic counseling after recurrence received their initial treatment elsewhere. Women with a history of breast cancer were significantly more likely to be seen for genetic counseling at an earlier phase of their treatment than women with no history of breast cancer. Conclusion: We found that one third of patients with ovarian cancer who underwent genetic testing were seen for initial genetic counseling after disease recurrence. In some cases, genetic counseling took place during the end of life care, with genetic test results disclosed to next of kin. Given the poor prognosis of women with recurrent ovarian cancer, we advocate providing genetic counseling at the time of initial ovarian cancer treatment both in comprehensive cancer centers and in community oncology settings.
Extracranial carotid and vertebral artery stenting

Abstract The proof that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is beneficial for the prevention of stroke in patients with atherosclerotic plaques of the carotid artery has been met with wide acceptance and liberal application in clinical practice. However, the procedure is most useful when performed by highly skilled surgeons in a low-risk population of patients. Thus, the search for alternative methods of treatment for patients whose situation involves less than optimal surgical circumstances has helped fuel the interest for carotid artery stenting (CAS). The latter, a technique that dates less than a decade, has quickly become a competitive procedure, one that is about to be tested in prospective randomized clinical trials. Clearly, for patients who are not surgical candidates, CAS may be the only available solution to their clinical condition. More importantly, atherosclerotic narrowing of the extracranial vertebral artery lends itself ideal for endovascular therapy, particularly because there is little evidence that surgical intervention is appropriate treatment for these patients. The present is a summary of the current technique and experience with stenting of the extracranial portions of the carotid and vertebral arteries.
Shedding UV Light on Alternative Splicing

After DNA damage, cells modulate pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing to induce an anti- or proapoptotic response. In this issue, Munoz et al. (2009) uncover a cotranscriptional mechanism for activating alternative pre-mRNA splicing after ultraviolet irradiation that depends unexpectedly on hyperphosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain and decreased rates of transcription elongation.
Female love‐melancholy in Hélisenne de Crenne's Les Angoysses douloureuses qui procedent d’amours (1538)

Marguerite Briet's novel Les Angoysses douloureuses qui procedent d’amours can be read as an early modern case study. I place it in the context of contemporary medical, philosophical, and literary views regarding the relationship between body and mind, descriptions of ecstasy, and accounts of love and melancholy. I show that the ‘dolce stil novo’ with its pneumo-physiology is one literary tradition, which together with the medical Galenic discourse, appears in the protagonist's self-diagnosis. Thus, the author in innovative literary form discusses problems of scientific progress, while exemplifying love-sickness with a female protagonist.
Coronary operations in octogenarians: can we select the patients?

T he populations of the United States and other industrialized countries are aging, and the fastest growing population in the United States is the group more than 85 years of age. In the current era of health care reform, which is a euphemism for concern about costs, the ability to provide appropriate care for patients more than 80 years old at an acceptable cost is a major individual human as well as societal concern. As the most common major operation in the United States, at more than 300,000 performed annual ly [1 l, the use of coronary artery bypass grafting in the elderly is quite naturally a major issue. At present there are no randomized clinical trials that specifically address coronary operations in the elderly, and it seems unlikely that one can, should, or will be mounted. Thus, we are left with clinical series, as those found in this issue of The Annals. The series by Cane and associates 12] and Williams and colleagues [31 add significantly to our unders tanding of coronary operations in patients more than 80 years of age. In the former series 121 patients (mean age, 82 years; 69% with isolated coronary' bypass) underwent operation between 1982 and 1991. In-hospital mortality was 9.1%. Survival at 4.5 years was approximately 55%, which was identical to a sex-, race-, and age-matched control population. In the latter series, 300 patients (mean age, 81
Evaluation of focal hepatic masses: a comparative study of MRI and CT.

We evaluated suspected hepatic lesions in 30 patients using both nongated spin-echo mag- netic resonance imaging (MRI) on a 0.35 T super- conducting magnet and contrast-enhance d dynam- ic incremental computed tomography (CT). In the 27 patients with focal lesions, both modalities de- tected abnormalities in 26 patients. Liver lesions were equally well demonstrated using MRI and CT in 15 patients, better demonstrated by CT in 11 patients, and better demonstrated by MRI in 1 patient. Small lesions (< 2 cm) were much better demonstrated using CT than MRI; this was signifi- cant when knowledge of the precise extent of dis- ease was necessary for planning surgical therapy or for evaluating response to chemotherapy. Five patients had significant extrahepatic disease de- tected by CT; MRI identified extrahepatic abnor- malities in only 2 of these 5 patients. We conclude that at the current time CT is more useful than nongated spin-echo MRI in the evaluation of sus- pected hepatic masses.
Quantum critical coupling conditions for zero single-photon transmission through a coupled atom-resonator-waveguide system

The quantum critical coupling conditions, where single-photon transmission goes to zero, for systems of a coupled ring resonator and atom in a one-dimensional single-mode waveguide are discussed. The quantum critical coupling conditions could be achieved even with nonvanishing intrinsic losses of the resonator and the atom, with intermode backscattering between the whispering-gallery modes of the ring resonator, and with time-reversal symmetry breaking. The energy transfer efficiency from the waveguide to the resonator and the atom is also discussed.
Temperature-Dependent Viscoelasticity in Thin Au Films and Consequences for MEMS Devices

Thin metal films acting as structural components in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices can exhibit viscoelastic mechanical behavior even at small strains, causing time-dependent changes in device performance. In an effort to characterize the temperature dependence of this behavior, stress relaxation experiments using gas pressure bulge testing have been conducted on 1.0-μm thick Au films at temperatures between 20°C and 80°C. By fitting a Prony series of saturating exponentials to the resulting relaxation curves, a function for the time-dependent elastic modulus was developed for each temperature. The time-dependent elastic moduli were used in an analytical model to demonstrate the impact of viscoelastic stress relaxation on the restoring forces of two different RF MEMS capacitive switch designs. The implications for testing and performance of a cantilever-type contact switch were also assessed. Finally, using time-temperature superposition, a master curve was generated that may enable prediction of room temperature device performance out to times greater than one year.
Social Navigation Support for Information Seeking: If You Build It, Will They Come?

Navigating through the ever-changing information space is becoming increasingly difficult. Social navigation support is a technique for guiding users to interesting and relevant information by leveraging the browsing behavior of past users. Effect of social navigation support on users' information seeking behavior has been studied mostly from conceptual basis or under natural experiments. In the current work, we have designed and conducted a controlled experiment to investigate the effect of social navigation support through a multifaceted method. This paper reports on the design of the study and the result of log data, subjective evaluation, and eye movement data analysis.
Removal of River-Stage Fluctuations from Well Response Using Multiple Regression

Many contaminated unconfined aquifers are located in proximity to river systems. In groundwater studies, the physical presence of a river is commonly represented as a transient-head boundary that imposes hydrologic responses within the intersected unconfined aquifer. The periodic fluctuation of river-stage height at the boundary produces associated responses within the adjacent aquifer system, the magnitude of which is a function of the existing well, aquifer, boundary conditions, and characteristics of river-stage fluctuations. The presence of well responses induced by the river stage can significantly limit characterization and monitoring of remedial activities within the stress-impacted area. This article demonstrates the use of a time-domain, multiple-regression, convolution (superposition) method to develop well/aquifer river response function (RRF) relationships. Following RRF development, a multiple-regression deconvolution correction approach can be applied to remove river-stage effects from well water-level responses. Corrected well responses can then be analyzed to improve local aquifer characterization activities in support of optimizing remedial actions, assessing the area-of-influence of remediation activities, and determining mean groundwater flow and contaminant flux to the river system.
The Shape of Things to Come: Why Is Climate Change So Predictable?

The framework of feedback analysis is used to explore the controls on the shape of the probability distribution of global mean surface temperature response to climate forcing. It is shown that ocean heat uptake, which delays and damps the temperature rise, can be represented as a transient negative feedback. This transient negative feedback causes the transient climate change to have a narrower probability distribution than that of the equilibrium climate response (the climate sensitivity). In this sense, climate change is much more predictable than climate sensitivity. The width of the distribution grows gradually over time, a consequence of which is that the larger the climate change being contemplated, the greater the uncertainty is about when that change will be realized. Another consequenceof this slow growthis that furtherefforts to constrain climate sensitivity will be of very limited value for climate projections on societally relevant time scales. Finally, it is demonstrated that the effect on climate predictability of reducing uncertainty in the atmospheric feedbacks is greater than the effect of reducing uncertainty in ocean feedbacks by the same proportion. However, at least at the global scale, the total impact of uncertainty in climate feedbacks is dwarfed by the impact of uncertainty in climate forcing, which in turn is contingent on choices made about future anthropogenic emissions.
Sketching for knowledge capture: a progress report

Many concepts and situations are best explained by sketching. This paper describes our work on sKEA, the sketching Knowledge Entry Associate, a system designed for knowledge capture via sketching. We discuss the key ideas of sKEA: blob semantics for glyphs to sidestep recognition for visual symbols, qualitative spatial reasoning to provide richer visual and conceptual understanding of what is being communicated, arrows to express domain relationships, layers to express within-sketch segmentation (including a meta-layer to express subsketch relationships themselves via sketching), and analogical comparison to explore similarities and differences between sketched concepts. Experiences with sKEA to date and future plans are also discussed.
SLICED Ga ACTIONS

Let k be a field of characteristic zero. Certain classes of fixed point free actions of the additive group of k on affine n-space over k are known to be conjugate to global translations (i.e. to admit equivariant slices). These classes include actions on complex three space for which the invariant ring contains a variable, and certain generalizations of such actions to affine space of any dimension. Methods to construct an equivariant slice for these classes are presented.
Revegetation of Medusahead-Invaded Sagebrush Steppe

Abstract Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski) is an exotic annual grass invading western rangelands. Invasion by medusahead is problematic because it decreases livestock forage production, degrades wildlife habitat, reduces biodiversity, and increases fire frequency. Revegetation of medusahead-invaded sagebrush steppe is needed to increase ecosystem and economic productivity. Most efforts to revegetate medusahead-infested plant communities are unsuccessful because perennial bunchgrasses rarely establish after medusahead control. The effects of prescribed burning (spring or fall), fall imazapic application, and their combinations were evaluated for medusahead control and the establishment of seeded large perennial bunchgrasses. One growing season after treatments were applied, desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch. ex Link] Schult.) and squirreltail (Elymus elymoides [Raf.] Swezey) were drill seeded into treatment plots, except for the control treatment. Vegetation characteristics w...
The impact of early alleged maltreatment on behavioral trajectories.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of alleged early child maltreatment (before age 4) on the trajectory patterns of 3 different behavioral outcomes (anxiety/depression, aggression, and attention problems) through age 10. Methods Two hundred forty-two children and their primary caregivers were assessed as part of a longitudinal study. One hundred fifty-four of these children had an early history of alleged maltreatment and 88 did not; these 2 groups were compared. Child behavioral outcomes were assessed at ages 4, 6, 8, and 10 using the Child Behavior Checklist. Growth modeling was used to assess the association between early alleged maltreatment and subsequent behavioral outcomes. Results Early alleged maltreatment significantly predicted subsequent trajectories of two forms of behavioral problems: anxiety/depression and attention problems. In both cases, early alleged maltreatment was associated with significantly steeper increases in the behavioral problems over time. There was no significant effect on the trajectory of aggression. Conclusions Although there were no differences between children with and without an allegation of maltreatment in early behavioral assessments, differences in anxiety/depression and attention problems emerged and grew more pronounced over time. Thus, alleged maltreatment is not simply associated with negative behavioral outcomes at particular points in time, but with a persistent pattern of behavioral dysfunction. Practice implications Behavioral problems in response to maltreatment may emerge over time. Thus, children who are alleged to be maltreated would benefit from ongoing assessments, with quality behavioral health services available if they are needed.
Adaptive control strategy for hybrid electric vehicles

As the demand for more fuel efficient vehicles increases, hybrid electric vehicles are gaining in popularity. However, the hybrids currently offered are far from fully utilizing their fuel saving potential, although they are more efficient than their conventional counterparts. The reason for not fully utilizing the potential of hybrids lays in the controller used in virtually all of them. In this paper, a new control strategy is proposed that is based on Stochastic Dynamic Programming but can be used for real time applications because of the predictive algorithm used with it. This strategy achieves about ten percent increase in fuel efficiency in most drive cycles over a rule based control strategy.
Another Broken Heart: Loss of Lamina-Associated Polypeptide 2α Causes Systolic Dysfunction

See related articles, pages 346–353 More than one-third of cases of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are caused by inherited mutations, with 5% to 10% of these mutations being linked to the LMNA gene encoding the nuclear envelope proteins lamin A and C.1–3 Whereas geneticists have mostly looked for mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric and cytoskeletal proteins in the past, genes for nuclear envelope associated proteins are proving to be equally important candidate genes for DCM. The subsequent discoveries that mutations in other nuclear envelope proteins that directly bind to lamins A/C, for example, nesprin4 and emerin,5 can also cause DCM has stimulated the interest in exploring the role of lamin and its binding partners in DCM. New insights into the functional mechanisms by which nuclear proteins can cause DCM have come from the identification of a mutation in another lamin A/C binding partner, the nuclear protein lamina-associated polypeptide (LAP)2α, as a cause for DCM in a large kindred6 and subsequent studies in LAP2α-deficient ( LAP2 α−/−) mice.7 In this issue of Circulation Research , Gotic et al report that young, male, LAP2 α−/− mice develop systolic dysfunction and show deregulation of the major cardiac transcription factors GATA4 and myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)2c.8 These findings, taken together with previous reports showing an important role of lamin A/C in regulating gene expression by sequestering or altering the activity of transcription factors,9–11 suggest that (nucleoplasmic) lamins may act as a scaffold for transcription factors and other DNA binding proteins such as LAP2α and, through this complex, modulate gene expression and cell function. This function could be distinct or overlapping with their role in providing nuclear structure and support.12 The nuclear envelope has gained particularly great interest because mutations in its …
Phosphorylation switches the general splicing repressor SRp38 to a sequence-specific activator

SRp38 is an atypical SR protein that functions as a general splicing repressor when dephosphorylated. We now show that phosphorylated SRp38 functions as a sequence-specific splicing activator. Unlike characterized splicing activators, SRp38 functions in the absence of other SR proteins but requires a cofactor for activity. SRp38 was able to induce formation of splicing complex A in the absence of the cofactor, but this factor was necessary for progression to complexes B and C. Mechanistically, SRp38 strengthens the ability of the U1 and U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins to stably recognize the pre-mRNA. Extending these findings, analysis of alternative splicing of pre-mRNA encoding the glutamate receptor B revealed that SRp38 alters its splicing pattern in a sequence-specific manner. Together, our data demonstrate that SRp38, in addition to its role as a splicing repressor, can function as an unusual sequence-specific splicing activator.
Patch antennas on externally perforated high dielectric constant substrates

Smaller physical size and wider bandwidth are two antenna engineering goals of great interest in the wireless world. To this end, the concept of external substrate perforation is applied to patch antennas in this paper. The goal was to overcome the undesirable features of thick and high dielectric constant substrates for patch antennas without sacrificing any of the desired features, namely, small element size and bandwidth. The idea is to use substrate perforation exterior to the patch to lower the effective dielectric constant of the substrate surrounding the patch. This change in the effective dielectric constant has been observed to help mitigate the unwanted interference pattern of edge diffraction/scattering and leaky waves. The numerical data presented in this paper were generated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. Using this numerical method, a patch antenna was simulated on finite-sized ground planes of two different substrate thicknesses, with and without external substrate perforation. The computations showed the directivity drop in the radiation pattern caused by substrate propagation was noticeably improved by introducing the substrate perforation external to the patch for the case of a patch antenna on a relatively thick substrate without any loss of bandwidth. Measurements of a few patch antennas fabricated on high dielectric constant substrates with and without substrate perforation are included for completeness. Good correlation between the computed results and measurements is observed.
Field observations of the nocturnal mantle-flap lure of Lampsilis teres

Three yellow sandshell mussels, Lampsilis teres (Rafinesque, 1820), were observed in Lake Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and the temporal display pattern of their mantle-flap lures was investigated in situ. All three gravid females fully displayed their mantle-flap lures after dark during each nighttime visit (N = 3) but none displayed their lures during daytime (N = 3). An encounter between a mantle-lure and a largemouth bass was observed. These observations are the first reported of in situ mantle-flap lure displays and fish host encounters for L. teres, and support previous studies of diel display patterns in other mantle-lure displaying mussels. This diel lure display may be related to the ecology of the fish hosts they seek to attract. Future daytime and, especially, nighttime field observations of bivalve mussels with mantle-flap lures may greatly improve understanding of their reproductive ecology.
Developmental expression of testis messenger ribonucleic acids in the rat following propylthiouracil-induced neonatal hypothyroidism.

Propylthiouracil- (PTU) induced transient neonatal hypothyroidism increases adult rat testis weight 80-100%; this effect involves prolongation of Sertoli cell proliferation. To gain insight into developmental effects of PTU on the testis, we used Northern analysis to examine chronological expression of Sertoli cell mRNA in postnatal rat testes from rats that were untreated (controls) or were given PTU from birth to Day 25. Treated rats showed prolonged early expression of genes associated with dividing Sertoli cells such as MIS (Mullerian inhibiting substance) and c-erbA alpha (thyroid hormone receptor). Expression of several other Sertoli cell mRNAs (androgen-binding protein [ABP], clusterin, and inhibin-beta B) was delayed, as was that of hemiferrin, a spermatid-specific mRNA. Temporal expression patterns for other mRNAs (sulfated glycoprotein [SGP]-1, transferrin, and inhibin-alpha) were similar in control and treated animals. Additionally, thyroid hormone replacement in PTU-treated animals decreased MIS and c-erbA alpha mRNA expression to control levels. The altered developmental pattern of expression of a number of major Sertoli cell genes reflects a prolonged mitogenesis and delayed maturation of Sertoli cells in neonatally hypothyroid animals. Furthermore, our results suggest that thyroid hormone may directly potentiate molecular events associated with cessation of Sertoli cell proliferation and maturation during early testis development.
ATP promotes cell survival via regulation of cytosolic [Ca2+] and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in lung cancer cells.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a ubiquitous extracellular messenger elevated in the tumor microenvironment. ATP regulates cell functions by acting on purinergic receptors (P2X and P2Y) and activat...
Metabolic Perturbations Associated with Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and the Obesity–Cancer Link

Nearly 35 % of adults and 20 % of children in the USA are obese, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2. Obesity, which is accompanied by metabolic dysregulation often manifesting in the metabolic syndrome, is an established risk factor for many cancers. Within the growth-promoting, proinflammatory environment of the obese state, crosstalk between adipocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells occurs via obesity-associated hormones, cytokines, and other mediators that may enhance cancer risk and/or progression. This chapter synthesizes the evidence on key biological mechanisms underlying the obesity–cancer link, with particular emphasis on the relative contributions of increased adiposity per se versus the obesity-associated enhancements in growth factor signaling, inflammation, and vascular integrity processes resulting from adipose tissue dysfunction. These interrelated pathways represent possible mechanistic targets for disrupting the obesity–cancer link.
Performance of indirectly driven capsule implosions on NIF using adiabat-shaping

A series of indirectly driven capsule implosions has been performed on the National Ignition Facility to assess the relative contributions of ablation-front instability growth vs. fuel compression on implosion performance. Laser pulse shapes for both low and high-foot pulses were modified to vary ablation-front growth & fuel adiabat, separately and controllably. Two principal conclusions are drawn from this study: 1) It is shown that an increase in laser picket energy reduces ablation-front instability growth in low-foot implosions resulting in a substantial (3-10X) increase in neutron yield with no loss of fuel compression. 2.) It is shown that a decrease in laser trough power reduces the fuel adiabat in high-foot implosions results in a significant (36%) increase in fuel compression together with no reduction in neutron yield. These results taken collectively bridge the space between the higher compression low-foot results and the higher yield high-foot results.
Variation in vivo and isolation of aspergillus fumigatus from a case of human aspergillosis.

SUMMARY From a case of human pulmonary aspergillosis two morphologically different strains of Aspergillus were isolated. Both strains produced graygreen colonies with abundant conidiophores and conidia characteristic of Aspergillus fumigatus when grown on Sabouraud's dextrose agar at 37 C. However, on cycloheximide-containing media, one strain, apparently a variant that arose in vivo, produced a white colony which sporulated sparsely. On all media used, the variant strain had a slower growth rate than the wild-type strain. The bearing of the results on therapeutic treatment of mycoses is briefly discussed. Of the numerous culture media employed in medical mycology, Sabouraud's dextrose, mycosel (Baltimore Biological Laboratories, Baltimore, Md.), and Bacto mycobiotic (Difco, Detroit, Mi.) agars are among those most routinely used for isolation and growth of fungus pathogens from cases of human and animal mycoses. The last two media each contain two antibiotics, cycloheximide (actidione) and chloromycetin (chloramphenicol). The first antibiotic has some inhibitory effects on many saprophytic and certain pathogenic fungi. The present investigation is concerned with the growth and morphology of wild type and a variant of Aspergillus fumigatus Fres. isolated from a sputum specimen of an 82-yr-old female from Stamford, N. Y., with a long history of confirmed tuberculosis and aspergillosis. The specimen was delivered to the now defunct Homer Folks Tuberculosis Hospital, Oneonta, N. Y.,
Histochemical characteristics of muscle fiber types in the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.

The muscle fiber type composition of the human posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) was examined using a large battery of histochemical techniques. Staining for myosin ATPase (pH 9.9) indicated th...
Oviposition Response of the Army Cutworm, Chorizagrotis auxiliaris , to Different Media

Moths of the army cutworm, Chorizayrotis auxiliaries (Grote), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) responded ovipositionally to differences in soil color, texture, and depth. Number of eggs laid increased with amount of light reflected. A combination of loose surface over a solid substrate was required. A light-colored sand fulfilled all requirements and was preferred over soil. Soil was acceptable when a lose surface of correct depth was provided. Solid surfaces were refused.
Immobilization of Enzymes in Protein Films Prepared Using Transglutaminase

An αsl-casein film prepared using transglutaminase was applied as a support for immobilized enzymes. That is, the enzyme, to be immobilized was added to a mixture of 5% ocsl-casein and transglutaminase. Before gelation by means of the transglutaminase-reaction, the reaction mixture was quickly spread on a horizontal plate. The immobilized enzyme film was removed from the plate after air-drying. Attempts were made to immobilize several enzymes, such as β-glucosidase, α- mannosidase, s-galactosidase and glucose oxidase. None of the immobilized enzymes lost activity on repeated usage. The enzymes tested were evidently immobilized through entrapment in the lattice of the protein film. Some enzymic characteristics of the immobilized enzymes showed that this new technique was as good as other known immobilization methods.
Harm of Abnormal Climate in Recent Years to Rice in Heilongjiang and the Countermeasures

The invasion of rice production suffered by abnormal climate such as low temperature in Heilongjiang was analyzed,symptoms of rice blast,lodging,decreasing grade of maturity and increasing empty rice rate were summarized in this paper.It suggested achieving the aim of reducing loss and keeping stable yield by selection of rice variety and regulation of cultural technology.
Perceived self-efficacy gains following an interprofessional faculty development programme in geriatrics education

This study was designed to document outcomes of a 10-month, 160-hour interprofessional faculty development programme in geriatrics. The programme was structured around a series of collaborative competencies in older adult care established. Six domains covering 23 competencies were used to create an evaluation instrument designed to measure changes in self-efficacy as a result of the training programme. These competencies are covered through a series of interactive and didactic seminars offered on a monthly basis throughout the academic year. Twenty-six faculty participants indicated their levels of perceived self-efficacy with respect to each partnership for health in aging competency before and after the training. Statistically significant results were found with respect to every competency in each domain. Prior to the training self-efficacy levels were lower than the mean ratings collected 10 months later when the training concluded. The largest perceived self-efficacy gains were seen in the "evaluation and assessment", "care planning and coordination across the care spectrum", and "healthcare systems and benefits" domains. These may reflect areas that were not covered extensively during the participants' previous healthcare-related training. Overall, the data demonstrate how a carefully constructed interprofessional faculty development programme can successfully engender confidence in geriatric competencies across multiple professions.