cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ARM?? Microcontroller Architectures

This chapter talks about the architectures and organizations of most popular embedded systems, including the most updated microcontroller ARM® Cortex®-M4, TivaTMTM4C123GH6PM MCU, Tiva for C Series LaunchPadTMTM4C123GXL evaluation board, and EduBASE ARM®. It first discusses the architecture of the ARM® Cortex®-M4 microcontroller unit (MCU). This includes the architecture of the Cortex®-M4 MCU and the architecture of the ARM® Cortex®-M4 core processor (CPU). Then the external memory architecture is discussed with the interfaces between the Cortex®-M4 MCU and memory (flash memory and static RAM (SRAM)) because the Cortex®-M4 is a special MCU and it does not contain any internal memory. Next, the nested vectored interrupt controller (NVIC) architecture is introduced since this unit is integrated into the MCU chip. The chapter also discusses the debug architecture, which plays a key role in the development of the user programs. Finally, it describes the programmer's model, including the operation modes and states.
Long-term reliability of a hard-switched boost power processing unit utilizing SiC power MOSFETs

Silicon carbide (SiC) power devices have demonstrated many performance advantages over their silicon (Si) counterparts. As the inherent material limitations of Si devices are being swiftly realized, wide-bandgap (WBG) materials such as SiC have become increasingly attractive for high power applications. In particular, SiC power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors' (MOSFETs) high breakdown field tolerance, superior thermal conductivity and low-resistivity drift regions make these devices an excellent candidate for power dense, low loss, high frequency switching applications in extreme environment conditions. In this paper, a novel power processing unit (PPU) architecture is proposed utilizing commercially available 4H-SiC power MOSFETs from CREE Inc. A multiphase straight boost converter topology is implemented to supply up to 10 kW full-scale. High Temperature Gate Bias (HTGB) and High Temperature Reverse Bias (HTRB) characterization is performed to evaluate the long-term reliability of both the gate oxide and the body diode of the SiC components. Finally, susceptibility of the CREE SiC MOSFETs to damaging effects from heavy-ion radiation representative of the on-orbit galactic cosmic ray environment are explored. The results provide the baseline performance metrics of operation as well as demonstrate the feasibility of a hard-switched PPU in harsh environments.
The value of solar writ large: A modest proposal for applying ‘value of solar’ analysis and principles to the entire electricity market

Abstract The essay sets out what electric markets might look like if the pricing proposed in value of solar studies were adopted for every resource.
Cerebellar Epigenetics: Transcription of MicroRNAs in Purkinje Cells

Climbing fiber activity is often associated with cerebellar plasticity. However, seemingly simple and short-lasting examples of neuronal plasticity such as Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) are associated with the translation and translocation of as many as 100 proteins. One means of controlling protein translation is through the interaction of microRNAs with mRNAs. MicroRNAs are small non-coding nucleotides that repress translation of mRNAs with complementary nucleotide sequences. A single microRNA may share nucleotide complementarity with as many as 30 different mRNAs, enhancing the scope of its regulatory impact. While microRNAs play an important role in cellular development, apoptosis and microbial defense, the role of microRNAs in the regulation of neuronal activity in adult nervous systems has been unexplored. Possibly, translation of many proteins necessary for neuronal plasticity is regulated by the repressive action of only a few microRNAs. Here we consider how the transcription of microRNAs in cerebellar Purkinje cells is influenced by activation of its climbing fiber synapses. We use horizontal optokinetic stimulation (HOKS) to chronically regulate climbing fiber excitation of floccular Purkinje cells in mice for 0–30 h. We investigate how this activity influences the transcription of microRNAs in Purkinje cells with enhanced climbing fiber signals compared to Purkinje cells with merely spontaneous climbing fiber inputs. HOKS evokes increases in 12 microRNA transcripts in floccular Purkinje cells. One of these microRNAs, miR335, increases 18-fold after 24 h of HOKS. After HOKS is stopped, miR335 transcripts decay with a time constant of ~2.5 h. HOKS evokes a 28-fold increase in pri-miR335 transcripts. These data indicate that the evoked increase in mature miR335 transcripts can be attributed to increased transcription of microRNAs.
The Golden Age Revisited via Estradiol and LC-MS/MS.

About 30 years ago, I joined the field of clinical chemistry and have been enjoying the profession ever since. At first, it seemed that I had missed the “golden age” of clinical chemistry, when chemists used centrifugal analyzers to do all kinds of interesting analyses. But I was pleasantly surprised when I was introduced to the Abbott TDx analyzer and its fluorescence polarization immunoassay methodology. It was exciting to see a real-world clinical application of a cutting-edge technique with which I had some familiarity from my graduate school research in studies on macromolecule dynamics. Such a methodological application impressed on me that the difference between basic science and applied science lies in the focus of interest and not in the technology. Over …
The dimenstion and bases of divergence-free splines; a homological approach

For a triangulated 2-dimensional region in\(\mathbb{R}^2 \), let S′m(Δ) be the vector space of all C′ functions F on Δ such that for any simplex σ∈Δ, F|σ is a polynomial of degree at most m. Let D′m(Δ) be the vector space consisting of all pairs (F1, F2) with Fi∈S′m(Δ), such that Σt(∂Ft/∂xt=0, i.e., the pair is divergence-free. Both S′m(Δ) and D′m(Δ) can be described in terms of chain complexes using the usual boundary map of homology, and these complexes can be related by an epimorphism. When Δ is 2-disk the epimorphism gives the explicit result that\(\mathbb{R}^2 \). Bases for D′m(Δ) are derived from bases of S′ m+1 +1 (Δ) via the epimorphism in this case.
Acute corneal epithelial debridement unmasks the corneal stromal nerve responses to ocular stimulation in rats: implications for abnormal sensations of the eye

It is widely accepted that the mechanisms for transducing sensory information reside in the nerve terminals. Occasionally, however, studies have appeared demonstrating that similar mechanisms may exist in the axon to which these terminals are connected. We examined this issue in the cornea, where nerve terminals in the epithelial cell layers are easily accessible for debridement, leaving the underlying stromal (axonal) nerves undisturbed. In isoflurane-anesthetized rats, we recorded extracellularly from single trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the cornea that are excited by ocular dryness and cooling: low-threshold ( 2°C) cold-sensitive plus dry-sensitive neurons playing possible roles in tearing and ocular pain. We found that the responses in both types of neurons to dryness, wetness, and menthol stimuli were effectively abolished by the debridement, indicating that their transduction mechanisms lie in the nerve terminals. However, some responses to the cold, heat, and hyperosmolar stimuli in low-threshold cold-sensitive plus dry-sensitive neurons still remained. Surprisingly, the responses to heat in approximately half of the neurons were augmented after the debridement. We were also able to evoke these residual responses and follow the trajectory of the stromal nerves, which we subsequently confirmed histologically. The residual responses always disappeared when the stromal nerves were cut at the limbus, suggesting that the additional transduction mechanisms for these sensory modalities originated most likely in stromal nerves. The functional significance of these residual and enhanced responses from stromal nerves may be related to the abnormal sensations observed in ocular disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In addition to the traditional view that the sensory transduction mechanisms exist in the nerve terminals, we report here that the proximal axons (stromal nerves in the cornea from which these nerve terminals originate) may also be capable of transducing sensory information. We arrived at this conclusion by removing the epithelial cell layers of the cornea in which the nerve terminals reside but leaving the underlying stromal nerves undisturbed.
Leukemia inhibitory factor and related peptides regulate glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum-free mouse embryo (SFME) cells

The serum-free mouse embryo (SFME) cell line, derived in serum-free medium from 16-day-old mouse embryos, exhibit unique properties. SFME cells grow indefinitely in culture without senescence, require epidermal growth factor (EGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) for survival and are growth inhibited by serum. The cell line expresses glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in response to transforming growth factor β (TGF β) or serum and cells with similar properties can be isolated directly from brain. Culture of SFME cells with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a peptide implicated in neural tissue development, also resulted in expression of GFAP. Other peptides that share signal transduction mechanism with LIF — ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), oncostatin M (OSM) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) — also caused expression of GFAP in the cells. These effects were inhibited by concentrations of EGF or FGF that promoted rapid cell growth.
Dietary reversal of neuropathy in a murine model of prediabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Patients with the metabolic syndrome, defined as obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), can develop the same macro- and microvascular complications as patients with type 2 diabetes, including peripheral neuropathy. In type 2 diabetes, glycemic control has little effect on the development and progression of peripheral neuropathy, suggesting that other metabolic syndrome components may contribute to the presence of neuropathy. A parallel phenomenon is observed in patients with prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome, where improvement in weight and dyslipidemia more closely correlates with restoration of nerve function than improvement in glycemic status. The goal of the current study was to develop a murine model that resembles the human condition. We examined longitudinal parameters of the metabolic syndrome and neuropathy development in six mouse strains/genotypes (BKS- wt , BKS- Lepr db/ + , B6- wt , B6- Lepr db/ + , BTBR- wt , and BTBR -Lep ob/ + ) fed a 54% high-fat diet (HFD; from lard). All HFD-fed mice developed large fiber neuropathy and IGT. Changes appeared early and consistently in B6- wt mice, and paralleled the onset of neuropathy. Terminally, B6- wt mice displayed all components of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, IGT, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL). Dietary reversal, whereby B6- wt mice fed HFD from 4-20 weeks of age were switched to standard chow for 4 weeks, completely normalized neuropathy, promoted weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity, and restored LDL-cholesterol and oxLDL by 50% compared to HFD control mice. This dietary reversal model provides the basis for mechanistic studies investigating peripheral nerve damage in the setting of the metabolic syndrome, and ultimately the development of mechanism-based therapies for neuropathy.
A Design-Around for the United States Design Patent System: What Can the United States Learn from the United Kingdom and Canada in the Aftermath of Samsung v. Apple?

The recent Samsung v. Apple design patent litigation has generated substantial discussion of the United States’ design patent system’s weaknesses, particularly with respect to technologically complex products. In late 2016, the United States Supreme Court acknowledged shortcomings of the United States’ design patent system as applied to multicomponent products, but did not provide a concrete test to address these issues. As the Supreme Court’s decision leaves the lower courts without clear guidance to fashion a test, they would benefit from examining industrial design systems abroad for direction. Industrial design systems in other countries, including the United Kingdom and Canada, have not faced negative publicity comparable to that of the United States. Lower courts might thus benefit from a comparative analysis of these nations’ systems. Although the three design protection systems share many similarities, some significant differences exist in how courts determine industrial design infringement and damages awards. To mend its own design patent system, the United States should grant judges discretion to determine proper damages awards following a fact-specific inquiry considering the value that the appropriated design contributes to the infringing product.
Treatment planning and 3D dose verification of whole brain radiation therapy with hippocampal avoidance in rats

Despite increasing use of stereotactic radiosurgery, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) continues to have a therapeutic role in a selected subset of patients. Selectively avoiding the hippocampus during such treatment (HA-WBRT) emerged as a strategy to reduce the cognitive morbidity associated with WBRT and gave rise to a recently published the phase II trial (RTOG 0933) and now multiple ongoing clinical trials. While conceptually hippocampal avoidance is supported by pre-clinical evidence showing that the hippocampus plays a vital role in memory, there is minimal pre-clinic data showing that selectively avoiding the hippocampus will reduce radiation-induced cognitive decline. Largely the lack of pre-clinical evidence can be attributed to the technical hurdles associated with delivering precise conformal treatment the rat brain. In this work we develop a novel conformal HA-WBRT technique for Wistar rats, utilizing a 225kVp micro-irradiator with precise 3D-printed radiation blocks designed to spare hippocampus while delivering whole brain dose. The technique was verified on rodent-morphic Presage® 3D dosimeters created from micro-CT scans of Wistar rats with Duke Large Field-of-View Optical Scanner (DLOS) at 1mm isotropic voxel resolution. A 4-field box with parallel opposed AP-PA and two lateral opposed fields was explored with conformal hippocampal sparing aided by 3D-printed radiation blocks. The measured DVH aligned reasonably well with that calculated from SmART Plan Monte Carlo simulations with simulated blocks for 4-field HA-WBRT with both demonstrating hippocampal sparing of 20% volume receiving less than 30% the prescription dose.
Inclusion of sex and gender in biomedical research: survey of clinical research proposed at the University of Pennsylvania

The 2015 National Institutes of Health (NIH) policy that sex be considered as a biological variable (SABV) is now a critical part of the peer-review process for NIH funding as well as publication in several high-impact scientific journals. We sought to determine the degree to which biomedical researchers at the University of Pennsylvania already consider SABV or gender in their research. We reviewed 240 research protocols approved by the University of Pennsylvania Investigational Review Board (IRB) consecutively submitted between January and July 2016. Each protocol was searched for the terms sex, gender, male, female, man, and woman and justifications related to the population under study. A PubMed search was conducted to determine the current state of knowledge regarding potential sex and/or gender differences with respect to protocol topic. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Of the 165 (68.8%) protocols that included one of the search terms, only 24 (14.5%) provided justification for the choice of the sex/gender of the population studied. Sixty-three percent (n = 151) of the protocols focused on topics for which the extant literature supports at least a moderate degree of sex/gender differences in some aspect of the disorder/condition being studied. Of these, only three (2.0%) indicated that the investigator would consider sex or gender impact on their primary outcomes. Review of a subset of IRB protocols submitted at a major research institution suggests that very few investigators are considering sex or gender as important variables in their clinical research at the stage of protocol development. IRBs are in an excellent position to encourage investigators to consider SABV and gender in order to enhance the rigor of research design, maximize the importance of the resulting knowledge, and ensure that subject selection is equitable. These findings serve as the basis for developing an intervention at the level of IRB protocol development and submission that will promote consideration of SABV and/or gender, factors with critical import to patient safety and efficacy of interventions.
Angiogenesis and Immune Suppression in Cancer

Angiogenesis and immune suppression share common cellular and molecular mediators, and these processes are linked in diverse biological processes such as wound healing, pregnancy, and cancer. This shared program exists under physiological conditions and is co-opted under pathological conditions. Here, we focus on these connections in the context of tumor biology, emphasizing the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and that of the angiogenic tumor endothelium as an immune regulator.
Teammate social behaviors, burnout, and engagement in adolescent athletes

The social context of youth sport can shape motivational experiences such as athlete burnout and engagement (Coakley, 1992; Udry, Gould, Bridges, & Tuffey, 1997). Social support is commonly linked to these experiences, yet sport involves a broader set of social behaviors that requires examination (DeFreese & Smith, 2014). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore several teammate-based social behaviors as predictors of burnout and engagement in adolescent athletes. Participants (N = 92; M age = 16.4 years, SD = 1.3) completed established measures of teammate-based social behaviors, loneliness, burnout, and engagement. Social support and loneliness predicted burnout perceptions of reduced accomplishment (? = -.15, .21) and sport devaluation (? = -.24, .21), whereas co-rumination predicted emotional and physical exhaustion (? = .23). Explained burnout variance ranged from 5% to 15%. Social support and loneliness predicted engagement perceptions of confidence (? = .23, -.33), dedication (? = .26, -.21), and enthusiasm (? = .35, -.22), whereas only social support predicted vigor (? = .27). Explained engagement variance ranged from 11% to 18%. Results highlight that social support, a positive social behavior, as well as loneliness, a negative social perception, are important correlates of adolescent athletes' motivational experiences. Results also suggest that the exhaustion dimension of burnout may have social correlates that are distinct from other burnout perceptions, with co-rumination warranting close attention in future research. Further examination of teammate social behaviors and athlete social perceptions holds potential to extend understanding of young athletes' motivational experiences.
Direct fabrication of compositionally graded Ti-Al2O3 multi-material structures using Laser Engineered Net Shaping

Abstract Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™), which is a laser based additive manufacturing method, was utilized to fabricate Ti-Al2O3 compositionally graded structures. The Ti-Al2O3 graded composites consisted of different sections −Ti6Al4V alloy, Ti6Al4V + Al2O3 composites, and pure Al2O3 ceramic. After LENS™ processing, microstructural characterization, phase analysis, elemental distribution, and microhardness measurements were performed on the cross sections of Ti-Al2O3 graded composites. Each section had their unique microstructures and phases. Moreover, hardness measurements demonstrated that the pure Al2O3 section had the highest hardness of 2365.5 ± 64.7 HV0.3. Conventional ceramic processing requires extensive post-processing including high temperature sintering, which makes it difficult for direct fabrication of metal-ceramic multi-layer structures. The results demonstrate that LENS™ can be utilized to process multi-material metal ceramic composites in a single step while maintaining the size, shape and compositional variations based on computer aided design files. Since this is a first-generation work, and limited research results are available in published literature related to LENS™ processing of both metals and ceramics in one operation, the demonstration of this work is expected to inspire future studies on manufacturing of multi-material composites using AM.
The Theory of Josephson Tunneling

I’ll begin by making an analogy between the long-range spatial order of a solid and the long-range phase order of a superconductor. The first question which one might ask is, how does a short-range force produce long-range order? In a solid the typical range of the interatomic forces are of the order of the interatomic spacings. However, once a part of the crystal forms the continued propagation of the order is established in a step-wise manner with the arrangement of the occupied sites legislating the arrangement of the subsequent level through the short-range interactions. In the case of a superconductor we are dealing with an interaction whose “range” is associated with the retarded nature of the phonon-exchange interaction and may “extend”† on the order of v F /ω D ≈ 10−5 cm. The attractive nature of this interaction leads to the formation of pairs which are spread out over a coherence length ξ of order 10−4 cm. Now, the center-of-mass coordinates of some 106 pairs lie in a sphere of diameter ξ. In order for each of the pairs to have the optimum space-time correlations necessary to take advantage of the attractive phonon exchange interaction, it is necessary that they all have the same center-of-mass momentum.
Stern–Gerlach detection of neutral-atom qubits in a state-dependent optical lattice

Qubit state measurements are an essential part of any quantum computer, constituting the readout. Accurate measurements are also an integral component of one-way quantum computation and of error correction, which is needed for fault-tolerant quantum computation1. Here, we present a state measurement for neutral-atom qubits based on coherent spatial splitting of the atoms’ wavefunctions. It is reminiscent of the Stern–Gerlach experiment2, but carried out in light traps. For around 160 qubits in a three-dimensional array, we achieve a measurement fidelity of 0.9994, which is roughly 20 times lower error than in previous measurements of neutral-atom arrays3,4. It also greatly exceeds the measurement fidelity of other arrays with more than four qubits, including those with ion and superconducting qubits5,6. Our measurement fidelity is essentially independent of the number of qubits measured, and since the measurement causes no loss, we can reuse the atoms. We also demonstrate that we can replace atoms lost to background gas collisions during the experiment7. A technique based on the coherent splitting of the atoms’ wavefunctions according to their internal states in an optical lattice allows the measurement of neutral-atom qubits in a three-dimensional array with extremely high fidelity, up to 99.94%.
Of bad hombres and nasty women; the quality of the live closed captioning in the 2016 US final presidential debate

ABSTRACTAfter decades of dedicating good efforts to increase the amount of television programing accessible to the hearing impaired, awareness about the need to deliver better closed captions has g...
Deviancy, Dependency, and Disability: The Forgotten History of Eugenics and Mass Incarceration

Three widely discussed explanations of the punitive carceral state are racism, harsh drug laws, and prosecutorial overreach. These three narratives, however, only partially explain how our correctional system expanded to its current overcrowded state. Neglected in our discussion of mass incarceration is our largely forgotten history of the long-term, wholesale institutionalization of the disabled. This form of mass detention, motivated by a continuing application of eugenics and persistent class-based discrimination, is an important part of our history of imprisonment, one that has shaped key contours of our current supersized correctional system. Only by fully exploring this forgotten narrative of long-term detention and isolation will policy makers be able to understand, diagnose, and solve the crisis of mass incarceration.
Designing and Producing Courseware for Distance Learning Instruction in Higher Education: A Nine Step, Four Element Team Approach.

Going through these nine steps takes considerable time (at least one week for each team member just to design a single lesson). It takes the faculty member (if it is their first time teaching on TV) at least 200 hours of their own time to design the remaining lessons for the course; they receive remuneration for these 200 hours. Although the design and production of many distance education courses using this method can be extremely time consuming, the course is replicated and can be re-used year after year with only minor modifications. Most importantly, in this day of restructuring education and high tech/high touch, distance students benefit by being able to receive quality education. As educators, we are being held accountable for the quality of our product now more than ever. We cannot afford to let our students down.
Authors’ Response to Commentaries on “Trouble in Paradigm”:

We respond to three commentaries on our essay, “Trouble in Paradigm: ‘Gender Transformative’ Programming in Violence Prevention,” published in this symposium. Dworkin and Barker prompt us to clarif...
Reading frankenstein in an introduction to machine learning course

This assignment requires students to read and present on material from Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; or The Modern Prometheus in an introductory machine learning course. Students create an interesting presentation that covers the major plot points in an assigned section of 3--4 chapters. To quote from the assignment description: Frankenstein is an important work in the field of machine because it is the first modern tale to capture the ethical pitfalls that face humanity as we approach the possibility of creating a new form of sentient being. In this class, you will not create anything which can be considered to be sentient, but it is important to face openly and clearly the longer term possibilities that this field of inquiry opens up.
Emotional Intelligence and Other Variables: What Matters More in the Context of Environmentally Responsible Apparel Consumption?

An online survey panel consisting of U.S. national sample (age 18 years and above) was used for collecting data. The survey instrument consisted of Likert type existing measurement scales on focal research variables. A total of 436 useable surveys were collected (male 42%) with an average age of 48 years. All research variables demonstrated adequate internal consistency (i.e., Cronbach’s α >.70). The proposed model explained 50.5% variance in the terminal construct—ACB, which was found to be statistically significant.
Meeting the Needs of Middle School Writers in a Special Education Classroom: SRSD for the Informational Genre Citing Text-Based Evidence

In this multiple probe across participants study, a special education teacher implemented Self-regulated Strategy Development for informational writing citing evidence from two sources following practice-based professional development in a special education setting. Three female and three male middle school African American students receiving special education services participated in the study. Researchers considered how the intervention affected the writing skills of middle-school students with learning disabilities or those at risk for emotional or behavioral disorders in terms of holistic quality, analytic quality, evidence of strategy use, use of academic vocabulary, and length as well as implementation fidelity and socially validity for both teacher and students. Researchers conducted observations of classroom writing practices prior to the intervention to contextualize writing practices prior to the introduction of the intervention. The teacher implemented with high fidelity and rated PBPD favorably both before and after intervention. Following intervention, student analytic quality, holistic quality, use of academic vocabulary, evidence of strategy use, and number of words written increased. Students decreased instances of copying. Both teacher and students rated SRSD high on measures of social validity.
Effect of administration of systemic steroids on survival benefit associated with immunotherapy-induced skin toxicity.

e22046Background: Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) improves progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients with metastatic melanoma (MM), but treatment may cause serious i...
Glycosylated hemoglobin level, race/ethnicity, and cognition in midlife and early old age.

Empirical evidence linking racial/ethnic differences in glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c) to cognitive function in midlife and early old age is limited. We use biomarker data from the Health a...
Lectures on the linearized Kapustin-Witten equations on $(0,\infty) \times\ $Y

This is a written version of lectures that I would have given myself about aspects of the differential operator that is obtained from the linearized Kapustin-Witten equations on the product of the half-line with a compact, oriented, Riemannian 3-manifold. These lectures concern for the most part certain instances of much more general theorems of R. Mazzeo and E. Witten. There is also a 'lecture series' about the asymptotics of solutions to the same Kapustin-Witten equations as the half-line parameter limits to infinity.
Polarimetry studies on birefringent materials in optical tweezers

Transfer of spin angular momentum to birefringent materials is widely used in optical tweezers because of the vast array of applications and the ease with which it is generated. With circularly or elliptically polarized light, spin angular momentum is imparted to internally birefringent materials and objects with shape birefringence. In this work, we use polarimetry to spatially map the change in angular momentum of light traveling through birefringent objects. By directly measuring the change in polarization of light passing through materials, we can infer the transferred torque. Our objects are trapped with a linearly polarized beam at 660 nm and polarimetry is performed using a counter-propagating low-power probe beam at 633 nm. We measure six output polarizations each for a range of different input polarizations of the probe to form a polarization map. Using this technique we perform polarimetry on rhombohedral calcite crystals trapped in two distinct orientations, one face up with one side normal to the probe beam, and one corner up with the optic axis running parallel to the beam axis. The polarization changes significantly where the probe beam travels through an edge or corner of the crystal and is uniform across crystal faces. We show the differences in the polarimetry measurements between these orientations to fully understand the generated torque.
From Contextualizing to Context-Theorizing: Assessing Context Effects in Privacy Research

People's privacy attitudes and concerns are often diverse, dynamic, and situation specific. Although the contextual sensitivity of privacy is theoretically established, the assertion deserves substantial qualification from a methodological perspective. In this research, we take a first step towards examining the multiplicity of contexts and their effects on privacy attitudes. Specifically, we develop a two-dimensional framework for explicating how two pronounced effects of context, range restriction and uncertainty shift, alter the grounds on which people ascribe meanings to "privacy concerns". We use this insight – implicit in some of the privacy literature, but neither widely recognized nor empirically understood – as the starting point for the theoretical substance and methodological demonstration of each dimension. We operationalize this two-dimensional framework by introducing a recent methodological advance in survey data analysis, the covariates in a uniform and shifted binomial mixture (CUB) model, to quantitatively assess the magnitude of heterogeneity and uncertainty occasioned by a given context. We illustrate the usage of our framework with a public survey dataset, and conclude with a set of recommended practices for future privacy research. This research makes two important contributions to the privacy literature. First, we quantitatively demonstrated how contextual factors can substantially shift the distributional properties of people’s stated privacy concerns. The surprisingly wide dispersion of context effects substantiated the need for researchers to pay special attention to how they contextualize a privacy study, especially when examining the generalizability of their research findings across contexts. Second, our findings provided a diagnostic device for comparing and contrasting the effects of different contexts, so as to unpack the distributional properties of the self-reported privacy concerns, and impute from them two important dimensions of context-contingent shifts. It introduces an emerging method for survey data analysis with an easy-to-use visualization tool that provides important hints as to how context shapes people's self-reported privacy concerns and how it governs the conditioning of privacy concern-behavior relationships.
DNA transduction in Sodalis species: implications for the genetic modification of uncultured endosymbionts of insects

Bacteriophages (phages) are ubiquitous in nature. These viruses play a number of central roles in microbial ecology and evolution by, for instance, promoting horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among bacterial species. The ability of phages to mediate HGT through transduction has been widely exploited as an experimental tool for the genetic study of bacteria. As such, bacteriophage P1 represents a prototypical generalized transducing phage with a broad host range that has been extensively employed in the genetic manipulation of Escherichia coli and a number of other model bacterial species. Here we demonstrate that P1 is capable of infecting, lysogenizing and promoting transduction in members of the bacterial genus Sodalis, including the maternally inherited insect endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius. While establishing new tools for the genetic study of these bacterial species, our results suggest that P1 may be used to deliver DNA to many Gram negative endosymbionts in their insect host, thereby circumventing a culturing requirement to genetically manipulate these organisms.
Randomized phase II study evaluating the addition of pembrolizumab to radium-223 in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

98Background: Treatment (tx) options for patients (pts) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) to bone are limited. Radium-223 (R223) has demonstrated overall survival (OS) be...
A deep-learning method for latent space analysis of multiple seismic attributes

AbstractSeismic attributes are a well-established method for highlighting subtle features in seismic data to improve interpretability and suitability for quantitative analysis. Seismic attributes a...
Intercultural Communication within Multinational Marketing Firms: A Societal Perspective

Communication within corporations is often a challenge, as the large size of firms and conflicting goals of individuals are manifested by miscommunications. This situation is exacerbated in multinational corporations (MNC’s). This paper reviews the extant literature on intercultural communication within MNC’s from a societal perspective, and furnishes propositions that will detail methods marketing managers can use to facilitate effective communication.
High-Impact Articles—Citations, Downloads, and Altmetric Score

As the editor, I have the honor and pleasure of reading and reviewing the best manuscripts in the discipline of facial plastic surgery. I am often asked the questions by potential authors: “What is JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery looking for in an article? What are the factors in deciding which articles are accepted for publication?” I have pointed to my inaugural editorial1 that describes ourmissionandvision statement that articulates 3 key themes—showcasing the best science, educating our targeted readership, and framing the contemporary and key issues of our time. However, I’ve often wondered if there was a more concise or visually crisp way to articulate mymessage. Now, fortunately, through the creativity of our web and media team, the new JAMA Network article dashboard captures theessenceofwhatour journaldesires—that is, “thehighimpact article”—the number of citations, number of downloads, and altmetric score (Figure). These 3 metrics are not all-inclusiveor all thatmatters, but theydo represent the3distinct themes I’vementioned:metrics thatmake an article desirable from a journal perspective. The citation metric is one that is likely most familiar and recognizedby thescientific community.Therearemetrics such asH-index for authors (basedonnumberof citations andpublications) that are used by academic institutions as one consideration in faculty promotion decisions. Impact factors for journals are calculated by counting all of the citations to every article published in a journal divided by the number of “substantial” articles (original research, long reviews, special communications) published in that specific journal during the 2precedingyears.This2-yearwindowisadifficultone formore clinically based journals like JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery because even landmark clinical studies or reviews often experience a lag in terms of its citation frequency as opposed to basic sciencearticles that tendtobecitedmore frequentlysince the knowledge and reporting cycle runs on a faster pace. On ourwebsite, “themost cited” recentlypublishedarticle is a review on complications related to injectable soft-tissue filler (>3400 views, 16 citations, altmetric score of 3).2 Whatelse is important forarticleselectionsbeyondthepossibility of an article being cited? Readership interest is another key component, with number of recent article downloads being a metric that describes this factor. This may be a scientific article (often clinical science) or an educationally focused article—for example, an in-depth topic review, surgical vignette, or an opinion piece. On our website the “most read” (ie, downloaded) article in the past 31 days is a fulllength clinical article on the topic of thread-lift complications (>23 000 views, 2 citations, altmetric score of 9).3 However, even the short educational piece (a Surgical Pearl) by Chu and Davis4 that was published online as recently as May 15, 2015,4 has close to 1100 views. In essence, this metric is describing what makes this journal a valuable resource.
Bayesian approaches to motion-based image and video segmentation

We present a variational approach for segmenting the image plane into regions of piecewise parametric motion given two or more frames from an image sequence. Our model is based on a conditional probability for the spatio-temporal image gradient, given a particular velocity model, and on a geometric prior on the estimated motion field favoring motion boundaries of minimal length. We cast the problem of motion segmentation as one of Bayesian inference, we derive a cost functional which depends on parametric motion models for each of a set of domains and on the boundary separating them. The resulting functional can be interpreted as an extension of the Mumford-Shah functional from intensity segmentation to motion segmentation. In contrast to most alternative approaches, the problems of segmentation and motion estimation are jointly solved by continuous minimization of a single functional. Minimization results in an eigen value problem for the motion parameters and in a gradient descent evolution for the motion boundary. The evolution of the motion boundaries is implemented by a multiphase level set formulation which allows for the segmentation of an arbitrary number of multiply connected moving objects. We further extend this approach to the segmentation of space-time volumes of coherent motion from video sequences. To this end, motion boundaries are represented by a set of surfaces in space-time. An implementation by a higher-dimensional multiphase level set model allows the evolving surfaces to undergo topological changes. In contrast to an iterative segmentation of consecutive frame pairs, a constraint on the area of these surfaces leads to an additional temporal regularization of the computed motion boundaries. Numerical results demonstrate the capacity of our approach to segment objects based exclusively on their relative motion.
A dosimetric comparison of stereotactic body radiation therapy techniques for lung cancer: robotic versus conventional linac-based systems

The aim of this study is to compare the dosimetric characteristics of robotic and conventional linac-based SBRT techniques for lung cancer, and to provide planning guidance for each modality. Eight patients who received linac-based SBRT were retrospectively included in this study. A dose of 60 Gy given in three fractions was prescribed to each target. The Synchrony Respiratory Tracking System and a 4D dose calculation methodology were used for CyberKnife and linac-based SBRT, respectively, to minimize respiratory impact on dose calculation. Identical image and contour sets were used for both modalities. While both modalities can provide satisfactory target dose coverage, the dose to GTV was more heterogeneous for CyberKnife than for linac planning/delivery in all cases. The dose to 1000 cc lung was well below institutional constraints for both modalities. In the high dose region, the lung dose depended on tumor size, and was similar between both modalities. In the low dose region, however, the quality of CyberKnife plans was dependent on tumor location. With anteriorly-located tumors, the CyberKnife may deliver less dose to normal lung than linac techniques. Conversely, for posteriorly-located tumors, CyberKnife delivery may result in higher doses to normal lung. In all cases studied, more monitor units were required for CyberKnife delivery for given prescription. Both conventional linacs and CyberKnife provide acceptable target dose coverage while sparing normal tissues. The results of this study provide a general guideline for patient and treatment modality selection based on dosimetric, tumor and normal tissue sparing considerations.
Chapter 11 Supercomplex organization of the yeast respiratory chain complexes and the ADP/ATP carrier proteins.

Abstract The enzymes involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are coassembled into higher ordered supercomplexes within the mitochondrial inner membrane. The cytochrome bc 1 ‐cytochrome c oxidase (COX) supercomplex is formed by the coassociation of the two electron transport chain complexes, the cytochrome bc 1 (cytochrome c reductase) and the COX complex. Recent evidence indicates that a diversity in the populations of the cytochrome bc 1 ‐COX supercomplexes exists within the mitochondria, because different subpopulations of this supercomplex have been shown to further interact with distinct partner complexes (e.g., the TIM23 machinery and also the Shy1/Cox14 proteins). By use of native gel electrophoresis and affinity purification approaches, the abundant ADP/ATP carrier protein (AAC) isoform in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the Aac2 isoform, has recently been found to also exist in physical association with the cytochrome bc 1 ‐COX supercomplex and its associated TIM23 machinery. The AAC proteins play a central role in cellular metabolism, because they facilitate the exchange of ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane. The method used to analyze the cytochrome bc 1 ‐COX‐AAC supercomplex and to affinity purify the Aac2 isoform and its associating proteins from S. cerevisiae mitochondria will be outlined in this chapter.
The Truth is Out There: The Microsoft Case Meets Market Realities

In the Microsoft case, the Department of Justice (DOJ) applied Post-Chicago theories of strategic behavior to anecdotal evidence of Microsoft's behavior and obtained a judgment against specific conduct. This paper takes a critical look at the theories of the case and the industry facts to determine if any anticompetitive concerns could be justified. After setting the foundation with a discussion of software standards and an overview of the computer industry, we apply our nine-step formulation of the DOJ's monopoly maintenance model first to Microsoft's alleged attempt to control the world of Java and then to the browser wars. Regarding the Java case, one could claim Microsoft designed a plan to exclude middleware technologies from the market, but no real evidence suggested Microsoft was able to leverage its position into middleware. In contrast, regarding the browser case, the facts could possibly be interpreted to suggest at Microsoft had leveraged its position from operating systems into browsers, but such a move would not have excluded operating system competition. At best, the DOJ proved half of two different cases. Neither case survives a close review. Other monopolization theories are also discussed and rejected. The presentation concludes with a brief overview of a simple monopolization count through which Microsoft may have maintained their operating system monopoly through exclusionary conduct directed toward the Linux operating system.
Inducing User Affect Recognition Models for Task-Oriented Environments

Accurately recognizing users' affective states could contribute to more productive and enjoyable interactions, particularly for task-oriented learning environments. In addition to using physiological data, affect recognition models can leverage knowledge of task structure and user goals to effectively reason about users' affective states. In this paper we present an inductive approach to recognizing users' affective states based on appraisal theory, a motivational-affect account of cognition in which individuals' emotions are generated in response to their assessment of how their actions and events in the environment relate to their goals. Rather than manually creating the models, the models are learned from training sessions in which (1) physiological data, (2) information about users' goals and actions, and (3) environmental information are recorded from traces produced by users performing a range of tasks in a virtual environment. An empirical evaluation with a task-oriented learning environment testbed suggests that an inductive approach can learn accurate models and that appraisal-based models exploiting knowledge of task structure and user goals can outperform purely physiologically-based models.
The High-tech Lynching and the High-tech Overseer: Thoughts from the Anita Hill/Clarence Thomas Affair

Meanwhile, Anita Hill returns to her lectures at The University of Oklahoma, having met her "call to duty." With all due respect to Hill's humiliation and the nation's shame and tongue-tied politicians, the new Negro has a Ph.D. or law degree from the cobwebs of the Ivy League and is conditioned to take a place of prominence while the People sleep in the streets, without an address, without relief, or a voter's registration card. Understand, the New World Order has altered the dynamics of Struggle and has united the disenfranchised under a