cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting currency crises

Abstract In recent years, a number of researchers have claimed success in systematically predicting which countries are more likely to suffer currency crises, most notably Kaminsky, Lizondo and Reinhart (1998). This paper evaluates the KLR approach to anticipating currency crises and develops and tests an alternative. First, we try to answer the question: if we had been using the KLR model in late 1996, how well armed would we have been to predict the Asia crisis? Second, we analyze a more general probit-based model of predicting currency crises. In the process, we test several basic assumptions underlying the indicators approach.
New advances in radiation oncology for gynecologic cancer

In 1992, the American Cancer Society anticipates that there will be 1,130,000 new cases of invasive cancer diagnosed in the United States. About 66,500 will be invasive cancers of the cervix, uterus, and ovary. About 22,400 patients will die during 1992, with 50-60% of those deaths being due to persistent local regional disease. Data are available to suggest that a reduction in local failure will be reflected by an increase in survival free of disease. In 1992, major efforts are being made to reduce the incidence of local failure. Three areas in this regard are innovative uses of brachytherapy, intraarterial chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and continuous infusion chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These new techniques show significant reduction in local failure with associated improvement in survival. The data will be presented to illustrate the impact of these techniques.
FlyPNS, a database of the Drosophila embryonic and larval peripheral nervous system

Background The embryonic and larval peripheral nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster is extensively studied as a very powerful model of developmental biology. One main advantage of this system is the ability to study the origin and development of individual sensory cells. However, there remain several discrepancies regarding the organization of sensory organs in each abdominal segment A1-A7.
Noninvasive Coronary Imaging for Atherosclerosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Coronary artery disease is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to morbidity and mortality among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors as well as aspects of HIV infection and its therapy contribute to the increased coronary artery disease observed in HIV. Advances in noninvasive imaging methodologies in both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging provide opportunities to evaluate coronary artery atherosclerosis in ways not possible by conventional invasive x-ray angiography. Application of these techniques may prove very useful in the study of atherosclerosis in many diseases, such as HIV.
A Unique Sequence Of Financial Accounting Courses Featuring Team Teaching, Linked Courses, Challenging Assignments, And Instruments For Evaluation And Assessment

The Department of Accounting at California State University Northridge (CSUN) has developed a unique sequence of courses designed to ensure that accounting students are trained not only in technical accounting, but also acquire critical thinking, research and communication skills. The courses have proven effective and have embedded assessment measures that are used to evaluate and document student progress. The assessment measures also provide feedback to faculty and have led to numerous improvements over time. The Intermediate Accounting Sequence begins with a one (semester) unit bridge course that reviews the lower-division accounting material, introduces intermediate accounting concepts, and provides a base measure of students’ communication skills through a writing assignment. The next three-unit intermediate accounting course (ACCT351) is linked with a two-unit accounting communication course (351COM). These linked courses share unstructured case assignments written by the accounting faculty that require students to identify the accounting issue(s), research the authoritative literature in GAAP, and write a professional one-page document for each case that demonstrates critical thinking and appropriate documentation. The structure of the linked courses is based on team work, and has the indirect benefit of promoting collegiality among faculty and fostering a culture of critical thinking throughout the accounting program. The skills acquired in 351/351COM are reinforced in subsequent courses through the use of similar assignments and evaluation and assessment
Immunomodulatory effect of β‐carotene on T lymphocyte subsets in patients with resected colonic polyps and cancer

Abstract Results from a number of studies suggest that β‐carotene‐containing foods prevent the initiation or progression of various cancers. One possible mechanism for this effect could be enhancement of the immune response. The aim of this study was to determine whether β‐carotene modulates ? lymphocyte subsets in patients affected with colonic polyps or cancerous lesions. Patients with previous adenomatous colonic polyps (n = 18) or colon cancers (n = 19) were randomized to receive placebo or β‐carotene (30 mg/day) for three months. Percentages of ? lymphocyte subsets were determined using flow cytometry in blood samples collected before randomization and at three months. ? lymphocyte subsets of 14 normal control subjects were also determined for comparison. Initially, there was no difference in total leukocyte counts, percentage of lymphocytes, and various subsets of lymphocytes among the three groups, although in cancer patients there was a lower percentage of CD4 and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) receptor‐pos...
Ethical and practical challenges of sharing data from genome-wide association studies: The eMERGE Consortium experience

In 2007, the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) established the Electronic MEdical Records and GEnomics (eMERGE) Consortium (www.gwas.net) to develop, disseminate, and apply approaches to research that combine DNA biorepositories with electronic medical record (EMR) systems for large-scale, high-throughput genetic research. One of the major ethical and administrative challenges for the eMERGE Consortium has been complying with existing data-sharing policies. This paper discusses the challenges of sharing genomic data linked to health information in the electronic medical record (EMR) and explores the issues as they relate to sharing both within a large consortium and in compliance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) data-sharing policy. We use the eMERGE Consortium experience to explore data-sharing challenges from the perspective of multiple stakeholders (i.e., research participants, investigators, and research institutions), provide recommendations for researchers and institutions, and call for clearer guidance from the NIH regarding ethical implementation of its data-sharing policy.
Kinematical conditions in the construction of spacetime

We adopt the point of view that a solution of Einstein's equations is an evolution of given initial Cauchy data. Implementing the evolution equations necessarily requires a determination, not directly dictated by the field equations, of the kinematics of the observers in terms of which the evolution is represented. In this paper we study the observers' kinematics (velocities and accelerations) in terms of the geometry of their congruences of world lines relative to families of time slicings of spacetime, which contrasts with the more usual approach of imposing particular "gauge" or "coordinate conditions." The types of conditions we suggest are adapted to the exact Einstein equations for general strong-field, dynamic spacetimes that have to be calculated numerically. Typically, the equations are three-dimensionally covariant, elliptic, and linear in the kinematical functions (the lapse function and shift vector) that they determine. The gravitational field enters in nonlinear form through the presence of curvature in the equations. We present a flat-space model of such elliptic equations (e.g. for maximal slicing) which suggests that this curvature leads to an exponential decrease in the proper time between time slices at late times. We show how the use of maximal slicing with minimal-distortion observers generalizes the notion of a stationary rest frame to dynamical asymptotically flat spacetimes. In cosmological spacetimes the use of minimum-distortion observers is shown to differentiate between those universes which contain only kinematic time dependence (e.g. open Kasner universe) and those in which dynamical degrees of freedom are present (e.g. mixmaster universe). We examine many examples and construct new coordinate systems in both asymptotically flat and cosmological solutions to illustrate these properties.
Photon Storage with Nanosecond Switching in Coupled Quantum Well Nanostructures

Photon storage with nanosecond switching was implemented with indirect excitons in coupled quantum well nanostructures. The storage and release of photons was controlled by the gate voltage pulses. The nanosecond write and readout times were much shorter than the storage time, which reached microseconds. Furthermore, the presented control of excitons on a time scale much shorter than the exciton lifetime demonstrates the feasibility of studying excitons in in situ controlled electrostatic traps.
Studies of possible absorption of a flame retardant from treated fabrics worn by rats and humans

An investigation was made of the possible migration of a flame retardant, tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TBPP), commercially used in childrens sleepwear, to the skin of rats and humans and subsequent absorption. When the pure chemical was applied directly to the shaved skin of a rat, the hydrolysis product, 2,3-dibromopropanol (DBP), appeared in the urine. The 10,000 X g supernatant fraction of rat liver hydrolyzed TBPP to DBP. When TBPP-finished fabrics were worn by a rat, an adult male and a 5-year old boy for up to 9 days, DBP was not detected in the urine.
A Dual Role for the Histone Methyltransferase PR-SET7/SETD8 and Histone H4 Lysine 20 Monomethylation in the Local Regulation of RNA Polymerase II Pausing

RNA polymerase II (Pol II) promoter-proximal pausing plays a critical role in postinitiation transcriptional regulation at many metazoan genes. We showed recently that histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16Ac), mediated by the MSL complex, facilitates the release of paused Pol II. In contrast, H4 lysine 20 trimethylation (H4K20me3), mediated by SUV420H2, enforces Pol II pausing by inhibiting MSL recruitment. However, how the balance between H4K16Ac and H4K20me3 is locally regulated remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that PR-SET7/SETD8, which monomethylates histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me1), controls both H4K16Ac and H4K20me3 and in doing so, regulates Pol II pausing dynamics. We find that PR-SET7-mediated H4K20me1 is necessary for the recruitment of the MSL complex, subsequent H4K16Ac, and release of Pol II into active elongation. Although dispensable for SUV420H2 recruitment, PR-SET7-mediated H4K20me1 is required for H4K20me3. Although depletion of SUV420H2 is sufficient to deplete H4K20me3 and relieve an H4K20me3-induced pause, pausing is maintained in the absence of PR-SET7 despite H4K20me3 depletion because of an inability to recruit the MSL complex in the absence of H4K20me1. These findings highlight the requirement for PR-SET7 and H4K20me1 in establishing both the H4K16Ac and H4K20me3 marks and point to a dual role in the local regulation of Pol II pausing.
Absorption of Chelated Iron by Soybean Roots in Nutrient Solutions

surface. During the past 18 months the Agricultural Research Center of Stanford Research Institute has been conducting studies on the mineral nutrition of plants with emphasis on iron uptake in soybeans. Certain results were obtained which have a bearing on the general question of absorption of chelated iron through plant roots. These results are reported here in the belief that they may contribute to the answer to this question.
Interferon-α prevents endotoxin-induced mortality in mice

Endotoxins, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) moieties on the bacterial cell wall, cause many of the pathological features of Gram-negative septicemia. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), primarily a product of monocyte/macrophages, has been shown to mediate many of the pathophysiological effects of endotoxin. Kupffer cells, the largest macrophage population in the body, release TNF when stimulated by LPS in vitro. A recombinant human hybrid interferon-alpha A/D (rIFN-alpha) markedly inhibited this LPS-elicited TNF production by Kupffer cells. The effects of rIFN-alpha were further tested in C57BL/6 mice receiving a lethal dose (400 micrograms/mouse) of LPS. All LPS-treated mice died within 2 days. Pretreatment with rIFN-alpha 1 h before LPS challenge improved the survival at 3 days to 22% (5/23, p < 0.04). In contrast, rIFN-alpha was more effective when administered 20 min after LPS injection, increasing the survival rate to 81% (13/16, p < 0.0001). TNF mRNA expression in the liver and spleen 50 min after LPS challenge, and plasma TNF 1.5 h after LPS were also reduced by either pretreatment or post-treatment with rIFN-alpha. Subsequently, experiments were carried out to test the efficacy of delayed rIFN-alpha treatment. A significant protective effect was still apparent when rIFN-alpha was administered 6, 10 and even 14 h (81%, 62% and 28% survival, respectively) after LPS challenge when serum TNF levels had already returned to near baseline. These experimental results suggest that rIFN-alpha might have a therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of the deleterious effects associated with endotoxemia besides mechanisms initially blocking TNF production.
Liquid chromatographic separation of metal ions on several silica-bound chelating-agent stationary phases

The separation of metal-ions on several new silica-bound azo-coupled chelating stationary phases is described. Retention on 2-methyl-8-quinolinol and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine phases is in the order of known homogeneous-solution stability constants. Very short retention times were obtained on the 2-methyl-8-quinolinol phase compared to an 8-quinolinol phase. A reversed order of retention was observed on β-diketone and dithizone stationary phases in tartrate mobile phase. Two different mechanisms of metal-column interaction appear to occur. Large pH and mobile-phase buffer concentration effects were exhibited, especially by the diketone and dithizone phases. An excellent separation of a six-metal mixture is demonstrated on a dithizone column.
Ultrafast optical control by few photons in engineered fiber

Fast control of a strong optical beam by a few photons is an outstanding challenge that limits the performance of quantum sensors and optical processing devices. We report that a fast and efficient optical gate can be realized in an optical fiber that has been engineered with molecular-scale accuracy. Highly efficient, distributed phase-matched photon-photon interaction was achieved in the fiber with locally controlled, nanometer-scale core variations. A three-photon input was used to manipulate a Watt-scale beam at a speed exceeding 500 gigahertz. In addition to very fast beam control, the results provide a path to developing a new class of sensitive receivers capable of operating at very high rates.
Uptake and metabolism of vitamins e and k by pea stem sections.

The uptake of alpha-tocopherol and vitamin K(1) by pea stem sections is described. Vitamin K(1) appears to be stable within the plant tissue and is found distributed in all particulate cell fractions following uptake. Only a small proportion of the tocopherol taken up is recoverable and the majority of the compound appears to undergo catabolism.The oxidation of tocopherols by a cell-free system is described. This system requires oxygen and appears to involve enzyme activity but does not appear to be linked with the action of lipoxidase.
Application of Time Series Analysis to Serial Blood Neutrophil Counts in Normal Individuals and Patients Receiving Cyclophosphamide

Summary. For periods of time ranging from 1 to 3 mth white blood cell and differential counts were made daily on eight normal volunteers and two patients receiving cyclophosphamide. The patients tended to have lower mean neutrophil (PMN) counts than the volunteers; moreover, there was a corresponding decrease in the variability of the counts around the means. The PMN counts appear to follow a lognormal distribution which would arise if the mechanism stabilizing the PMN counts adjusts the number of circulating cells in a multiplicative manner. Periodogram analysis of the log PMN counts showed evidence of regular periodic variation in only one of the subjects, a patient undergoing treatment with cyclophosphamide. The sequences of daily log PMN counts appeared to represent first-order autoregressions with an average serial correlation coefficient of 0.125. These findings indicate that a typical series of daily PMN counts does not show cyclic variation.
Steric control in the polymerization of 1,2-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-β-D-mannopyranose

Abstract Polymerization of 1,2-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-β- d -mannopyranose under acid catalysis has led to a series of polymers varying in anomeric configuration from ∼90% α to 70% β. Optical rotations follow 13C-n.m.r. estimates of anomeric composition linearly over this range. Low-temperature polymerization with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride as initiator favors mainly cis-opening of the anhydro ring, presumably through the intermediary of a macroester. These results are compared with related glycosylation and polymerization reactions on 1,2-anhydro sugar derivatives, and some mechanistic conclusions are proposed.
Uncoupling of GTP Binding from Target Stimulation by a Single Mutation in the Transducin α Subunit

Glutamic acid-203 of the alpha subunit of transducin (α T ) resides within a domain that undergoes a guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-induced conformational change that is essential for effector recognition. Changing the glutamic acid to an alanine in bovine α T yielded an alpha subunit (α T E203A) that was fully dependent on rhodopsin for GTP-guanosine diphosphate (GDP) exchange and showed GTP hydrolytic activity similar to that measured for wild-type α T . However, unlike the wild-type protein, the GDP-bound form of α T E203A was constitutively active toward the effector of transducin, the cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase. Thus, the α T E203A mutant represents a short-circuited protein switch that no longer requires GTP for the activation of the effector target phosphodiesterase.
Patterns of Use of Common Major Procedures in Medical Care of Older Adults

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed Medicare data to determine the influence of age, mortality during the study year, and high individual Medicare costs on the frequency of hospitalization for the most common major procedures and for general medical diagnoses. METHODS: We used 1992 Medicare data to classify the most frequent diagnosis related groups (DRGs), representing one-half of all admissions, as procedural or general medical. We studied the frequency of hospitalization for the most common procedures (bowel surgery, cardiovascular procedures, hip and femur surgery) and for general medical care in the entire Medicare population, in persons aged 65 to 74, 75 to 84, and 85 or older, in those who died, and in the 5% of persons whose annual Medicare costs were the highest. RESULTS: In the entire population, common procedures accounted for 21 % of the most frequent DRGs. Among those who died, the procedures were performed in only 8% of admissions. In the 5 % of persons with the highest Medicare costs, 28% of admissions involved procedures. Admissions for cardiovascular procedures and for cancer chemotherapy decreased with age and were infrequent in persons 85 years and older. Hip and femur procedures increased with age and accounted for 70% of the common procedures in persons 85 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: The most common major procedures account for a minority of hospitalizations of persons more than age 65, of persons 85 and older, of those who died, and of persons with the highest Medicare expenditures. Most hospitalizations are for general medical care. Major procedures appear to be used with restraint in the very old and in persons in their last year of life. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:553–558, 1999.
Three-dimensional lateral and vertical relationships of inner medullary loops of Henle and collecting ducts.

Functional reconstruction of inner medullary thin limbs of Henle and collecting ducts (CDs) has enabled us to characterize distinctive three-dimensional vertical and lateral relationships between t...
Characterization of two plasmacytoma fractions and their RNA capable of changing lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins (cell conversion).

Abstract The cellular origin and the physicochemical characteristics of MOPC-300 RNA that has been found to induce changes in lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins (cell conversion) in normal mice were investigated. The RNA active in cell conversion was found associated with a particulate cytoplasmic fraction of the tumor that could be collected by centrifugation at 100,000g for 30 min. A particulate fraction with cell-converting activity was isolated also from the plasma of tumor-bearing animals. The plasma fraction had a buoyant density intermediate between 1.08 and 1.18 g/ml. Both active fractions migrate in the same electrophoretical region. RNA extracted from both the subcellular and plasma fraction, when analyzed on a sucrose gradient, yielded two populations of RNA molecules with cell-converting activity (14–18S and 40–50 S, respectively). The 40–50 S RNA was shown to be thermolabile. The RNA with cell-converting activity contained poly A stretches. The possible function of this RNA during the growth of the plasmacytoma is discussed.
Imperfection and microstructure

Abstract This paper presents basic descriptions of the nature and behavior of structural imperfections in crystalline materials. In particular, this paper attempts to illustrate the role of these structural imperfections in developing some of the microstructural features which are commonly observed. Some attention is given to surface features of the microstructure but primary concern is directed toward the microstructures achieved via transmission electron microscopy.
Synergism of the sex pheromone of the cranberry girdler.

In field tests, traps baited with 1000 μg of (Z) -11-hexadecenal (the known pheromone component) and 25–50 μg of (Z) -9-hexadecenal captured 6 times as many male Chrysoteuchia topiaria as did traps baited only with 1000 μg of (Z) -11-hexadecenal.
The Raman spectra of the hydrochloride salts of N-methylacetamide

Abstract The Raman spectra of the 1:1 and the 2:1 salt of N-methylacetamide·HCl reveal that the lone pair of nitrogen electrons is involved in bonding in both cases. However, while these electrons in the 1:1 salt are in a bond with a proton to give CH 3 CON + H 2 CH 3 , they are in the CN bond in the case of the 2:1 salt, where the proton goes to the oxygen atom of the N-methyl-acetamide molecule. A possible structure for the 2:1 salt is proposed.
Use of the filter diagonalization method in the study of space charge related frequency modulation in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

The filter diagonalization method (FDM) is a recently developed computational technique capable of extracting resonance frequencies and amplitudes from very short transient signals. Although it requires stable resonance frequencies and is slower than the fast Fourier transform (FFT), FDM has a resolution and accuracy that is unmatched by the FFT or any other comparable techniques. This unique feature of FDM makes it an ideal tool for tracing space charge induced frequency modulations in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) cells, which are shown to reach ±400 ppm even for such simple spectra as Substance P.
Expression of alternatively spliced interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein mRNAs is differentially regulated during inflammation and apoptosis

Two alternative splice variants of the interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) mRNA are known. Membrane-bound IL-1RAcP (mIL-1RAcP) promotes intracellular interleukin-1 (IL-1) signalling whereas soluble IL-1RAcP (sIL-1RAcP) is probably an inhibitor of IL-1 signalling. Here we establish that sIL-1RAcP mRNA levels increase 16-fold in response to phorbol esters in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 via a mechanism that depends on de novo protein synthesis. Following exposure of cells to UV light, a potent inducer of apoptosis, mIL-1RAcP mRNA is rapidly down-regulated and a new steady-state level established briefly before a gradual return to pretreatment levels. Following treatment with staurosporine, also an inducer of apoptosis, mIL-1RAcP mRNA levels steadily decrease through 72 h, with little change in sIL-1RAcP mRNA levels. A novel alternative splice variant, sIL-1RAcP-beta, was identified. Its sequence indicates that sIL-1RAcP-beta is secreted and has a unique second half of the third immunoglobulin (Ig) domain. The dramatic changes in levels of IL-1RAcP mRNAs suggest important functions in regulating sensitivity to IL-1 during stress and may play a role in oncogenic processes that are engaged during chronic inflammation.
Policy Implications of the New Neuroscience

The 1990s “Decade of the Brain” stimulated research on many fronts and resulted in considerable advancement in neuroscience. Unfortunately, we have been slow to develop a policy dialogue to anticipate and deal with vast implications. Simply put, our political and social institutions have not kept pace with these advances. At the base, policy issues center on how we interpret the implications of these developments, especially given the complexity of the subject and the speculative nature of much of the evidence to date. The issues discussed here go to the heart of the major problems facing the world today and challenge basic assumptions on both the right and the left of the political/ideological spectrum as well as the standard social science model of behavior. As a result, the findings of neuroscience are open to ideological maneuvering designed to put the most expedient spin on their meaning.
Osmium tetrafluoride dioxide, OsF4O2. A new osmium (+VIII) fluoride oxide

Abstract The new osmium (+VIII) fluoride oxide, OsF 4 O 2 , was prepared by the reaction of OsO 4 with KrF 2 in anhydrous HF solution. It is a stable, burgundy red solid which was characterized by a quantitative material balance, its X-ray powder pattern, vibrational spectroscopy and 19 F NMR spectroscopy. The NMR spectrum consists of two triplets showing that the two oxygen ligands must be in a cis -position. The analogous RuO 4 +KrF 2 was also re-examined.
Boiling in Enhanced Surface Microchannels

An experimental investigation is presented on flow boiling of de-ionized water in 227-μm hydraulic diameter microchannels with reentrant type cavities. Key features of nucleate boiling are discussed. Active nucleation site density, bubble frequency and departure diameter, and flow patterns over mass velocities ranging from 41 kg/m2 -s to 302 kg/m2 -s and heat fluxes ranging from 28 to 445 W/cm2 are studied. Similarities and differences with results obtained on large-scale systems and unenhanced microchannels are discussed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Improved extraction of negative ion beams from the inverted sputter source

Abstract The efficiency of negative ion extraction from the inverted sputter source is improved by distributing the acceleration potential and adding a source lens.
Preventing Information Leakage from Indexing in the Cloud

Cloud computing enables highly scalable services to be easily consumed over the Internet on an as-needed basis. While cloud computing is expanding rapidly and used by many individuals and organizations internationally, data protection issues in the cloud have not been carefully addressed at current stage. Users' fear of confidential data (particularly financial and health data) leakage and loss of privacy in the cloud may become a significant barrier to the wide adoption of cloud services. In this paper, we explore a newly emerging problem of information leakage caused by indexing in the cloud. We design a three-tier data protection architecture to accommodate various levels of privacy concerns by users. According to the architecture, we develop a novel portable data binding technique to ensure strong enforcement of users' privacy requirements at server side.
Electron-impact excitation of the 3s''3P° and 2s2p53P° autoionizing states of atomic oxygen

Abstract The excitation of the 3s''3P° and 2s2p53P° autoionizing states of OI by electron impact on atomic oxygen has been studied. Absolute cross section values from threshold to 300 eV have been obtained for the 3s''3P° state. Limited emission cross section data for the 2s2p53P° and other partially radiating autoionizing states were also obtained at an impact energy of 100 eV. These results suggest that the excitation of the OI autoionizing states account for ≈33% of the total O+ total ionization cross section at 40 eV under optically thin conditions and that the cross section ratio, σ(4S)/σ(2D + 2P), has been underestimated substantially in earlier theoretical work. Electron-impact excitation of the 3s''3P° and 2s2p53P° states in an optically thick medium enhances the effective total ionization cross section for atomic oxygen by ≈15% and increases the specific O+(4S) production rate by ≈25% with important implications for O+ ion chemistry in gaseous discharges and planetary ionospheres.
Receptor Model Applied to Patterns in Space (RMAPS)Part II–Apportionment of Airborne Particulate Sulfur from Project MOHAVE

Abstract Airborne fine particle sulfur data from the summer intensive of Project MOHAVE (Measurement of Haze and Visual Effects) was analyzed by the Receptor Model Applied to Patterns in Space (RMAPS) model, a novel multivariate receptor-oriented model that applies to secondary and primary species. The sulfur data from 17 sites were found to be well predicted by three spatial patterns interpreted as sources along the valley of the Colorado River; transport from sources located to the southwest; and transport from sources located to the southeast. The model was tested by using parameters derived from the 17-site data set to apportion sulfur for six sites that were not part of the original data set. The sulfur apportionment for these six sites was in agreement with the original apportionment and the physical interpretation of the spatial patterns given above. The effects of systematic and random error on the sulfur apportionment were estimated. The amount of sulfur associated with the Colorado River valley ...
Performance of Hydrotalcite Conversion Treatments on AA2024-T3 When Used in a Coating System

Abstract Hydrotalcite (HT) conversion coatings are a possible alternative to chromate conversion coatings (CCC) for the pretreatment of aluminum aerospace alloys, but they must meet several criteria for acceptance. Relevant to acceptance are the abilities of these coatings to provide stand-alone corrosion protection, suitable adhesion with subsequent organic layers, and overall corrosion protection when used within a coating system. This study examines the salt spray performance of nine different HT treatments on AA2024 (UNS 92024) as stand-alone conversion coatings and as a substrate for an epoxy primer. In addition, the adhesion of epoxy to the HT and the corrosion characteristics of HT coatings as assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were determined. Salt spray testing was performed under pertinent military specifications, and CCC was used as the benchmark. Two epoxy primers were evaluated: one with a chromate inhibitor (Class-C) and one with a nonchromate inhibitor (Class-N). The s...
Disabilities and Health

ABSTRACT In the first 10 years of my nursing practice with the Department of Veterans Affairs I was unsympathetic to Vietnam Veterans who were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. My reluctance to try to understand these veterans was not unique. This essay presents the narrative of my coming to understand and to appreciate the depth of trauma that many Vietnam Veterans experienced during their tour of duty and the lingering effects of guilt that they hold over their participation in brutality.
Personal Violence in the Schools: The Role of the Counselor.

VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: This article by Nuttall and Kalesnik examined interpersonal violence in schools and the ways in which school counselors can become more actively involved as consultants and/or direct care providers. METHODOLOGY: The authors employed a non-experimental review of counseling literature from the last 20 years in an attempt to identify characteristics of schools and sociocultural factors that accompany and contribute to the problem of violence and which influence the role of the school counselor. The authors hypothesized that counselors are not involved with the problem because they do not see dealing with violence as one of their duties, because they are not trained to deal with violence, and because many schools instruct counselors to avoid the issue because they do not want to draw attention to the problem. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: Interpersonal violence in schools was found to be linked to several factors in schools themselves as well as factors within the larger sociocultural system. The authors found that violence occurred most often in urban schools, among students of the same race and sex, and that it was related to changes in family roles such as divorce, child abuse, or unemployment. The authors found that as consultants, counselors could work with teachers and other professionals in implementing skills training programs for students aimed at reducing aggression and violence. Counselors could also work with parents and community leaders to begin programs like The Helping Hand Program which teaches children to look for houses displaying a red hand in their window if they are ever threatened or feel scared. The authors also found that counselors acting as consultants could work with administrators by giving direction about problem locations on campus as well as potential security systems. It was also found that counselors could provide direct service in the form of individual and small-group counseling with both student offenders and victims. These sessions could be directed toward both intervention and prevention. AUTHORS' RECOMMENDATIONS: Because interpersonal violence in the schools has been found to be the result of several different factors, the authors suggested that counselors' solutions should be individually tailored to each school, community, and group of students. They suggested that counselors should assess their own situation, and implement a program that meets their specific needs. The authors proposed that all counselors should receive more training in crisis intervention techniques as well as in preventative and remedial approaches to violence. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) School Personnel Mental Health Personnel Role School Violence Violence Intervention Violence Prevention School Counselor Juvenile Offender Juvenile Violence Child Offender Child Violence 09-99
Noninvasive confocal Raman imaging of immiscible liquids in a porous medium

The physical properties of a porous medium impregnated by a liquid or vapor are dictated in part by the spatial distribution of these phases within the solid host matrix and by physicochemical interactions at the solid−liquid−vapor boundaries. We report on a novel 3-D imaging technique based on the high spatial resolution and chemical specificity of the confocal Raman microscope, which allows for the first time the in situ study and visualization of these processes. Images showing the topology of immiscible liquids (trichloroethylene−water) in a natural porous sandstone demonstrate the potential of the technique and reveal a rich variety of interfacial phenomena.
Computed tomographic determinants of neurologic deterioration in patients with large middle cerebral artery infarctions.

Objective To identify specific radiographic features on computed tomographic (CT) imaging that can predict neurologic deterioration in patients with large middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarctions. Patients and Methods We performed a 10-year retrospective review from January 1, 1991, through December 31, 2001, of medical records and CT scans of patients with large MCA infarctions. Neurologic deterioration was defined as progressive drowsiness or signs of herniation. The CT scans were grouped into 3 periods according to time after ictus. Radiographic features reviewed included hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS), more than a 50% loss of MCA territory, sulcal effacement, loss of lentiform nucleus or insular ribbon, and septal and pineal shift. Demographic and radiographic variables were compared by using t tests and the Fisher exact test. Prognostic values were calculated for all significant radiographic variables. Results Thirty-four CT scans in 22 patients before neurologic deterioration were compared with 47 scans obtained in 14 patients without neurologic worsening. There were no demographic differences between groups. Initial analysis revealed that early ( P =.047; odds ratio [OR], 14.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-189.42) and the HMCAS at any time ( P Conclusion The HMCAS and early CT evidence of more than 50% MCA involvement are predictive of neurologic deterioration in patients with large MCA infarcts.
Exploring the application of experiential learning in developing technology and engineering concepts: The lean Lemonade Tycoon™

The paper discusses the functions and effectiveness games and simulations in the learning processes, in particular as an experiential learning methodology. The paper describes the application of the game Lemonade Tycoontrade in the development of lean manufacturing concepts. This article addresses the use of the game to teach Principles of Lean Enterprise including zero waiting time, zero inventory, scheduling, internal customer pull instead of push system; batch to flow, cut batch sizes; line balancing; and cut actual process times. Other outcomes of learning such as promoting communication and interaction, facilitating cooperative learning, encouraging peer-learning and fostering teamwork are also discussed. Games and simulations are relevant in all of the four learning phases of experiential learning and have a very positive impact on the learning and future application of lean manufacturing principles. Games are especially relevant in the generalization and application phases by helping shift learner's personal paradigms.
Arginine stimulates wound healing and immune function in elderly human beings.

This prospective randomized trial evaluated the effect of oral supplements of arginine aspartate on wound healing and immune responses in healthy elderly (over 65 years old) volunteers. This laboratory previously demonstrated that arginine supplementation enhances wound-breaking strength, reparative collagen synthesis, and T-cell-mediated immune function in healthy animals and human beings,1,2 whereas immune suppression associated with trauma is abrogated.3 Thirty subjects received daily supplements of 30 g of arginine aspartate (17 g of free arginine) and 15 individuals received placebo syrup for a 14-day course. Wound healing was evaluated by two methods: (1) fibroplasia was measured by using subcutaneously implanted polytetrafluoroethylene catheters for the determination of collagen deposition, total protein, and DNA content, and (2) rate of wound epithelialization was assessed by using a standard partial-thickness wound. Lymphocyte blastogenesis was measured in a microculture system by using mitogenic...
Embedded population systems in Markov set-chains

Markov chains and Markov set-chains usually describe probability results or some average of results. In this paper we show when a Markov set-chain contains a population system, i.e. a system that describes actual behavior.
Synthesis and biological characterization of 10, 11‐methylene‐9‐nonadecene; an analog of sterculic acid

A method is presented for the preparation of 10, 11-methylene-9-nonadecene, a structural analog of the biologically active 9, 10-methylene-9-octadecene (sterculene). When tested for its ability to inhibit stearyl CoA desaturase in vivo, 10, 11-methylene-9-nonadecene failed to alter the stearic-oleic acid ratio in the yolks of eggs from hens that had been fed 75 mg per day for 8 days. The compound did not give the Halphen test nor react rapidly with silver nitrate or methyl mercaptan in alcohol.
Interaction of Cracks Between Two Adjacent Indents in Glass

Experimental observations of the interaction behavior of cracks between two adjacent indents were made using an indentation technique in soda-lime glass. It was specifically demonstrated how one indent crack initiates and propagates in the vicinity of another indent crack. Several types of crack interactions were examined by changing the orientation and distance of one indent relative to the other. It was found that the residual stress field produced by elastic/plastic indentation has a significant influence on controlling the mode of crack interaction. The interaction of an indent crack with a free surface was also investigated for glass and ceramic specimens.
Treatment of Eating Disorders in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

1. Martin Fisher, MD* 1. *Chief, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Schneider Childrens Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System; Professor of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the demographics and pathogenesis of eating disorders. 2. Delineate the criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. 3. Detect the presence of an eating disorder and evaluate its severity. 4. Outline the medical complications of eating disorders. 5. Organize a treatment or referral plan for patients who have eating disorders. A 16-year-old girl who initially was underweight has been dieting and lost 20 pounds in the last 3 months. A 19-year-old girl has been sent home from college because she was found vomiting every night in her dormitory room. A 14-year-old boy has been exercising 3 hours a day and eliminated all fat from his diet to “increase my muscle mass and decrease my fat.” An 11-year-old girl has grown 2 inches but gained no weight since her last check-up 1 year ago. A 15-year-old girl is found to have empty boxes of laxatives hidden under her bed but denies they are hers. In January 2003, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published a policy statement entitled “Identifying and Treating Eating Disorders.” Written by the Committee on Adolescence, it outlined the roles of the pediatrician in the identification, evaluation, and management of eating disorders in children, adolescents, and young adults. The statement provided recommendations for treatment in outpatient, inpatient, and day programs and suggested roles for the pediatrician in the areas of prevention and advocacy. Also included were some specifics relevant to particular recommendations, but not a detailed overview of the topic. This article provides that overview and, together with the policy statement, offers a state-of-the-art review of the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Included in this review are discussions of diagnosis and demographics; pathogenesis and presentation; evaluation and complications; medical, nutritional, and psychological management; and prognosis and prevention. It …
The Effect of Hypophysectomy upon the metabolism of Grafted Tumor Tissue

Numerous attempts have been made to establish a relationship between the pituitary gland and tumor growth. Zondek and his co-workers (1) and Cannavo (2) concluded from their experimental work that the growth of grafted tumors could be inhibited or retarded by injections of prolan. This could not be confirmed by Krehbiel, Haagensen, and Plantenga (3), nor by Suginra and Benedict (4), nor by Wiesner and Haddow (5). Gross (6), on the other hand, observed slightly accelerated growth in mouse sarcoma when using comparatively small doses of prolan; and Bischoff and his co-workers (7) found that standardized growth-promoting preparations of the pituitary significantly accelerated the ratc of growth of carcinoma 256 in older rats. Bischoff and his associates (7) also found that pituitary irradiation retarded the growth rate of grafted tumors in rats and mice. Ball, Samuels, and Simpson (8, 9) reported a smaller percentage of takes and a retardation of growth of the Walker transplantable mammary carcinoma in hypophysectomized rats. McEuen and Thomson (10) found that hypophysectomy retarded but did not prevent the growth of the Walker rat tumor, and also found that semi-starvation, similar to that which obtains in hypophysectomized rats, resulted in a retardation of tumor growth equivalent to that produced by hypophysectomy.
The Russian political turmoil (2012): An American perspective.

For Russia, as well as to the rest of the world, the approaching presidential election of March 4, 2012, is raising concerns as to how it will affect Russian democracy and the stability of Europe — Russia vis-a-vis the West. Just this past November, Russian Chief of Staff General Nikolai Makarov and President Dmitry Medvedev, threatened to have Russian missiles deployed against the proposed U.S. missile shield in Europe.
Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness.

Increases in aerosol concentrations over the oceans may increase the amount of low-level cloudiness through a reduction in drizzle—a process that regulates the liquid-water content and the energetics of shallow marine clouds. The resulting increase in the global albedo would be in addition to the increase due to enhancement in reflectivity associated with a decrease in droplet size and would contribute to a cooling of the earth9s surface.
Context Strengthens Initial Misinterpretations of Text.

Three self-paced reading experiments examined the effect of context on interpreting subsequent sentences and in the difficulty of revising initial misinterpretations of subsequent temporarily ambiguous sentences. Target sentences containing noun phrase/sentence (NP/S) coordination ambiguities were preceded by contexts that either did or did not support the preferred, incorrect “NP and NP” interpretation. Online reading times and offline comprehension question responses were the dependent variables. Results suggest that when propositional content of incoming text is consistent with propositional content of the context, readers often hang on to the resulting coherent interpretation even when subsequent input contradicts it. Results also suggest that (a) context affects reading times and final interpretation; (b) when context and comprehension questions bias readers toward the incorrect interpretation, even unambiguous sentences are regularly misinterpreted; and (c) both semantic content and syntactic form o...
Site-dependent electronic effects, forces, and deformations in scanning tunneling microscopy of flat metal surfaces.

Interactions with a single-atom tip become important a few angstroms prior to adhesive contact to a metallic sample. The collapse of the barrier produces a connecting channel; directed atomiclike electronic states form at its ends, resulting in an overall attraction. The wave functions of states near the Fermi level nevertheless remain evanescent. These effects are found to be strongly site dependent even on a very flat metal surface, and may explain the atomic resolution achieved in scanning tunneling microscopy of such surfaces. Deformation of the tip cannot explain such observations.