cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An 8Mb 1T1C ferroelectric memory with zero cancellation and micro-granularity redundancy

New design techniques facilitate a high reliability 1T1C 8Mb ferroelectric random access memory with 0.71u2 cell operating at 1.5V on a 130nm 5LM Cu process. Zero cancellation increases the cell interrogation voltage by using a nonswitching ferroelectric capacitor to remove charge from the bit line that compensates the linear charge from the cell capacitor. A micro-granularity redundancy approach preserves high repair probability for up to 128 single bit failures. Trim data is stored in 2T2C configuration rows for redundancy, reference, regulator and control logic adjustment
193-NM Excimer Laser-Assisted Etching of Polysilicon

193-nm excimer laser-assisted etching of polysilicon was studied in vacuum and in the presence of Ar, CF3 Br, CF2 Cl2, and NF3. In inert atmospheres (vacuum, Ar) exposure to the laser led to jagged profiles at high fluences (>350 mJ/(cm2-pulse)) resulting from surface temperature gradients. At lower fluences, a resolidified Si-SiO2 lump was formed by thermal and surface tension gradients induced by laser heating. In the presence of 193-nm radiation, CF3Br showed some propensity to etch polysilicon, while CF2Cl2 did not show any appreciable etching. Etch experiments were also performed in the presence of NF3 Maximum etch rates of 0.6 A/pulse were obtained for pressures greater than 500 torr and fluences exceeding 200 mJ/(cm2-pulse). An adsorptive etch mechanism is proposed, where NF3 molecules diffuse to the surface, adsorb and then react after absorbing laser radiation. Etching of micron profiles in polysilicon was also examined.
Information efficiency in hyperspectral imaging systems

In this work we develop a method for assessing the in- formation density and efficiency of hyperspectral imaging systems that have spectral bands of nonuniform width. Imaging system de- signs with spectral bands of nonuniform width can efficiently gather information about a scene by allocating bandwidth among the bands according to their information content. The information efficiency is the ratio of information density to data density and is a function of the scene's spectral radiance, hyperspectral system design, and signal-to-noise ratio. The assessment can be used to produce an efficient system design. For example, one approach to determining the number and width of the spectral bands for an information- efficient design is to begin with a design that has a single band and then to iteratively divide a band into two bands until no further divi- sion improves the system's efficiency. Two experiments illustrate this approach, one using a simple mathematical model for the scene spectral-radiance autocorrelation function and the other using the deterministic spectral-radiance autocorrelation function of a hyper- spectral image from NASA's Advanced Solid-State Array Spectrora- diometer. The approach could be used either to determine a fixed system design or to dynamically control a system with variable-width spectral bands (e.g., using on-board processing in a satellite sys- tem). © 2002 SPIE and IS&T.
A Deep-Cutting-Plane Technique for Reverse Convex Optimization

A large number of problems in engineering design and in many areas of social and physical sciences and technology lend themselves to particular instances of problems studied in this paper. Cutting-plane methods have traditionally been used as an effective tool in devising exact algorithms for solving convex and large-scale combinatorial optimization problems. Its utilization in nonconvex optimization has been also promising. A cutting plane, essentially a hyperplane defined by a linear inequality, can be used to effectively reduce the computational efforts in search of a global solution. Each cut is generated in order to eliminate a large portion of the search domain. Thus, a deep cut is intuitively superior in which it will exclude a larger set of extraneous points from consideration. This paper is concerned with the development of deep-cutting-plane techniques applied to reverse-convex programs. An upper bound and a lower bound for the optimal value are found, updated, and improved at each iteration. The algorithm terminates when the two bounds collapse or all the generated subdivisions have been fathomed. Finally, computational considerations and numerical results on a set of test problems are discussed. An illustrative example, walking through the steps of the algorithm and explaining the computational process, is presented.
Strengthen Your Mind Volume Two: Activities For People Concerned About Early Memory Loss by Kristin Einberger and Janelle Sellick

Strengthen Your Mind Volume Two: Activities for People Concerned About Early Memory Loss provides 87 new activities for mental stimulation aimed at the older adult population and includes permissio...
Some Characteristics of the Tectonic Stress Pattern in Alaska

Summary Horizontal azimuths of tectonic ‘pressure’ are plotted for 38 small and intermediate earthquakes recorded in Central Alaska by a six station network during the period October 1967-September 1968. Two potential mechanisms were considered in evaluating P-wave data from the shocks. The first assumed lateral motion on vertical fault planes, while the second considered the possibility of normal faulting on vertical, or near vertical planes. Although many deeper-than-normal shocks occur in the region under investigation, they do not appear to be consistent with either of these simplified mechanisms. Of the 38 events considered, only one was at a depth significantly in excess of crustal thickness in the region. The results of this study suggest that maximum tectonic pressure is being exerted in a direction normal to the continental margin in the area of Cook Inlet, while block-faulting is occurring in the northernmost portions of the Alaska Range. Between these two areas, on the inside of the sharp bend formed by the Alaska Range, maximum compressive stress is being exerted in a direction parallel to the mountain front, implying that further ‘bending’ of the range may be occurring. This is the condition which would be expected if this portion of the Alaska Range is performing in the manner of a hinge as is stated in Carey's (1956) ‘Alaskan Orocline’ theory of continental drift.
Routine contralateral breast biopsy: helpful or irrelevant? Experience in 871 patients, 1979-1993.

OBJECTIVE: Is routine contralateral biopsy in the breast cancer patient justified, and by which parameters can the result be predicted in advance? SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Routine contralateral biopsy remains controversial, and with the possible exception of an invasive lobular primary, little used by most surgeons. Previous series are biased by small sample size, by interpreting lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) as a positive result, by selection on the basis of tumor type, and by the inclusion of patients with clinical or mammographic abnormalities. METHODS: Among 1113 consecutive patients with breast cancer treated in the author's practice between 1979 and 1993 (excluding 77 patients who had a previous mastectomy, 131 who declined biopsy, and 34 with suspicious clinical or mammographic findings), 871 had a routine contralateral biopsy. RESULTS: Invasive cancers were found in 1.6%, duct carcinoma in situ in 1.4%, LCIS in 3.2%, and atypical hyperplasia in 6.9% of all random biopsies. If LCIS was excluded as a positive result, invasive lobular carcinoma was not significantly more bilateral than invasive duct (5.2% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.32), nor were in situ tumors more bilateral than invasive (2.5% vs. 3.0%, p = 0.76). Tumor size, axillary node status, and young age were not predictive of a positive result. A positive biopsy result was significantly more frequent in patients older than 50 years of age (4% vs. 1%, p = 0.016), and with a first-degree family history of breast cancer (6.3% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The following conclusions can be made: 1. If LCIS was excluded as a positive biopsy result, invasive lobular was not significantly more bilateral than invasive duct cancer. 2. Family history and older age significantly predicted a positive biopsy, whereas young age, tumor size, and axillary node status did not. 3. Routine contralateral biopsy identified conditions (invasive cancer or duct carcinoma in situ) requiring immediate further management in 3.0% of patients, and markers of risk (LCIS or atypia) with the potential to influence future decisions in another 10.1%. 4. As a screening device applied in a high-risk population, with low cost and little morbidity, contralateral biopsy deserves wider consideration in an era of ever-earlier breast cancer diagnosis.
The Cybocephalidae (Coleoptera) of Mexico

The 10 species of Cybocephalidae occurring in Mexico are revised. Included are redescriptions of Cybocephalus aciculatus Champion, Cybocephalus schwarzi Champion, and Pycnocephalus metallicus Sharp, and descriptions of four new species: Cybocephalus beverlyae, Cybocephalus championi, Cybocephalus huastecus, and Cybocephalus zakotus. The male of P. metallicus is described for the first time. A key to species; illustrations of morphological features, including detailed drawings of male genitalia; and distribution data are provided.
Optimal money creation in “pure currency” economies: a conjecture

In a pure-currency economy, money is the only durable object and people have private histories. In such economies, taxation is not feasible and in some of them trade is enhanced through the use of money. For economies of that kind in which a nondegenerate distribution of money, part of the state of the economy, affects trades and real outcomes, and in which trades affect the state at the next date, the conjecture is that there are transfer schemes financed by money creation that improve ex ante representative-agent welfare relative to what can be achieved holding the stock of money fixed. JEL Codes: E52, E58. Copyright 2014, Oxford University Press.
Cost of treating bipolar disorder in the California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program.

Abstract Background: Bipolar disorder affects approximately 1% of the population at an annual cost of $45 billion in the US. Estimates of non-compliance with mood stabilizer therapy range as high as 64%. The objective of this study was to document the use patterns with mood stabilizers achieved by patients with bipolar disorder and to estimate the direct health care costs associated with sub-optimal drug therapy. Methods: Paid claims for 3349 California Medicaid patients with bipolar disorder were used to document the use patterns for mood stabilizers achieved by patients with bipolar disorder. The impact of the patient’s drug use patterns on likelihood of antipsychotic or antidepressant use within 1 year and health care costs incurred during the first posttreatment year were also estimated. Results: Only 42.4% of patients used a mood stabilizer during the first posttreatment year; over 60% of treated patients switch or augment their initial therapy within 1 year, and only 5.5% of patients used a mood stabilizer consistently for 1 year. Direct health care costs were significantly higher among those patients who delayed or did not use mood-stabilizing agents during the first year. Limitations: Medi-Cal covers poor and disabled patients and is not representative of the general population. Paid claims data do not include clinical markers for severity of illness or treatment response. Conclusions: Suboptimal use patterns for mood stabilizing medications were frequent and costly. Strategies to improve compliance with mood stabilizer regimens, along with new treatment options, are needed to improve treatment outcomes.
Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Smoking Cessation Treatment

Nicotine sustains addictive tobacco use, which in turn causes much premature disability and death. The essence of drug addiction is loss of control of drug use. Molecular biology studies suggest that the alpha(4)beta(2) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype is the main receptor mediating nicotine dependence. Nicotine acts on these brain nicotinic cholinergic receptors to facilitate neurotransmitter release (dopamine and others), producing pleasure, stimulation, and mood modulation. Neuroadaptation develops with repeated exposure to nicotine, resulting in tolerance to many of the effects of nicotine. When a smoker stops smoking, a nicotine withdrawal syndrome ensues, characterized by irritability, anxiety, increased eating, dysphoria, and hedonic dysregulation, among other symptoms. Smoking is also reinforced by conditioning, such that specific stimuli that are psychologically associated with smoking become cues for an urge to smoke. These include the taste and smell of tobacco, as well as particular moods, situations, and environmental cues. Pharmacotherapies to aid smoking cessation should ideally reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms and block the reinforcing effects of nicotine obtained from smoking without causing excessive adverse effects. Further, given the important role of sensory effects of smoking and psychoactive effects of nicotine, counseling and behavioral therapies are important adjuncts to and substantially augment the benefits of pharmacotherapy.
Adaptive ARQ using complementary coding and signal editing

Two techniques, complementary coding and signal editing, are introduced to improve satellite automatic repeat request (ARQ) communications. In conventional ARQ systems, one transmission and one retransmission can only provide two chances to acquire the correct message signal. However, when the two new techniques are integrated with ARQ, it could result in a total of thirteen opportunities to acquire and reconstruct the message signal. This implies that, if a lower rate error correction code can be split into high rate complementary codes and the coded sequences transmitted in different time sequences, more opportunities to derive the correct message signal will occur. >
Intellectual Property and Public Health: A White Paper

On October 26, 2012, the University of Akron School of Law’s Center for Intellectual Property and Technology hosted its Sixth Annual IP Scholars Forum. In attendance were thirteen legal scholars with expertise and an interest in IP and public health who met to discuss problems and potential solutions at the intersection of these fields. This report summarizes this discussion by describing the problems raised, areas of agreement and disagreement between the participants, suggestions and solutions made by participants and the subsequent evaluations of these suggestions and solutions. Led by the moderator, participants at the Forum focused generally on three broad questions. First, are there alternatives to either the patent system or specific patent doctrines that can provide or help provide sufficient incentives for health-related innovation? Second, is health information being used proprietarily and if so, is this type of protection appropriate? Third, does IP conflict with other non-IP values that are important in health and how does or can IP law help resolve these conflicts? This report addresses each of these questions in turn.
Balanced truncation of linear systems interconnected over arbitrary graphs with communication latency

This paper deals with the model reduction of spatially distributed systems. In particular, we treat discrete-time linear time-varying subsystems interconnected over arbitrary graph structures and subjected to communication latency, a one step time delay on the information exchange between the source and the target subsystems. We propose a generalization of the balanced truncation scheme, apply it to the model reduction of distributed systems, and derive a guaranteed upper bound on the resultant error. This bound reduces to a finite sum in the case of periodic and time-invariant subsystems.
Toward a Just, Nutritious, and Sustainable Food System: The False Dichotomy of Localism versus Supercenterism

The industrialization of agriculture concurrent with globalization and accompanying trade liberalization has substantially altered the US food landscape. Increasingly, consumers and researchers are confronted by an ostensible dichotomy of local, fresh foods vs. global, processed foods, where ‘‘local’’ is represented by alternative food initiatives such as farmers markets (termed here as ‘‘localism’’) and ‘‘global’’ is represented by supercenters such as Walmart (termed here as ‘‘supercenterism’’). Popular opinion holds that increases in localism represent nutritional, social, and environmental gains, whereas increases in supercenterism represent a shift toward an unhealthful, unjust, and polluted food system. But the world is not so black and white. For example, in the United States, at least one-half of organic foods are purchased at supermarkets and supercenters (2), and these venues account for a rapidly increasing share of local produce sales (3). The goal of this commentary is not to be a systematic review of the literature, but to caution against demonizing supercenters and glorifying farmers markets. The magnitude and complexity of the problems facing the US food system require that we identify and support opportunities across multiple venues to achieve sustainability. A more nuanced perspective supported by innovative and interdisciplinary research is needed in order to achieve a shared agenda of the following: 1) human health and nutrition, 2) economic viability, 3) social justice, and 4) environmental sustainability.
Synergism of Pyrethroid Insecticides by Formamidines Against Heliothis Pests of Cotton

Laboratory tests are described in which 4 formamidines were tested as synergists for the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides permethrin, fenvalerate, and decamethrin against larvae of the boll worm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) and the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.). The most active synergists were chlordimefonn and Upjohn 42662 (1,1,1-trichloro- N -(((4-chloro-2-methylphenyl)imino)methyl- N -methylmethanesulfenamide). They increased toxicity of permethrin and fenvalerate by 2–15 times against both Heliothis spp. Much lower levels of synergism were observed with decamethrin. Similar tests with Campoletis sonorensis (Carlson), a parasite of the tobacco budworm, showed less synergism against the parasite than against the pest.
Mating Behavior of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis as Influenced by Photoperiod and Thermoperiod

A 16:8 hour thermoperiod, fluctuating between 24.9 and 19.4°C, entrained a rhythm of mating in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). The rhythm of mating expressed a period of 23 hours under constant conditions and may be controlled by some endogenous mechanism. A temperature-phased rhythm of mating, having a possible circadian period, has not been reported before for an insect. Neither a light:dark 16:8 hour photoperiod nor simultaneous light and temperature cycles affected a circadian expression of mating, but acted only as an exogenous synchronizer for mating.
A Family of 3-D Coordination Polymers Composed of Mixed-Valence Mn6 Octahedra within Na4 Tetrahedra

The combined use of 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane (thmeH3) and azides in Mn carboxylate chemistry has yielded a new family of decanuclear [Mn6Na4O(N3)(O2CR)5(thme)4(H2O)4] (R = Me (1); Et (2)) complexes consisting of mixed-valence Mn 2 II Mn 4 III units with a very rare [Mn6(μ6-O)]14+ octahedral core contained within a tetrahedron of four NaI atoms. The [Mn6Na4] units of 1 and 2 are connected via the Na atoms to neighboring units, giving 3-D supramolecular assemblies with large channel cavities. Variable-temperature, solid-state dc and ac magnetization studies carried out in the 1.8–300 K range reveal that the Mn6 units of 1 and 2 are antiferromagnetically coupled to give S = 0 ground states for both complexes.
The Cranial Nerves

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the parts of the nervous system involved in the act of speaking. The cranial nerves make up a part of the peripheral nervous system that provides crucial sensory and motor information to the oral musculature. The cranial nerves are vital for speech production, and the speech-language pathologist must be knowledgeable about their functions. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 6 of them are directly related to speech production—cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), VIII (acoustic-vestibular), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XII (hypoglossal). This chapter refers to the embryologic origin of the cranial nerves, explaining those which are somatic or branchial in origin and those which are solely special sensory nerves. The chapter also discusses the anatomy, innervation, function, and testing of each of the nerves associated with speech. It describes the cooperation of several cranial nerves in the act of swallowing.
Reliability and minimal detectable change in foot pressure measurements in typically developing children

Abstract Background In pedobarography, clinically meaningful comparison of measurements within or between subjects is limited by data variability and measurement error. This study aims to determine the components of the minimal detectable change (MDC) in impulse across all foot regions and the reliability of these measures. Methods A convenience sample of foot pressures from 108 visits by normal, healthy subjects aged 2–17 years was studied. Each subject had three pedobarograph measurements taken per foot, with six subjects returning for a second visit for assessment of day-to-day variability. Using a five-region mask, segmental impulses were determined, and from these we obtained the coronal plane pressure index (CPPI). Inter-rater, intra-rater, and day-to-day data were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to quantify reliability. Variability of the data was analyzed to quantify the MDC. Results Inter- and intra-rater reliability was high for all measurements while variability was low, indicating small direct measurement error. Generally, the largest contributing factor to the MDC was day-to-day variability. Step-to-step variability was more dependent on foot segment than age although minor age-related changes were noted. Finally, the high relative variability in the CPPI and the medial mid foot impulse resulted in very high MDCs for these measures.
Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Dana Medal for 2002 to Michael F. Hochella Jr.

President Ewing, members of the Mineralogical Society of America, friends and guests. It is a pleasure to present to you the recipient of the Mineralogical Society of America Dana Medal for 2002, Dr. Michael F. Hochella, Jr., of Virginia Tech. The Dana Medal is intended to recognize continued outstanding scientific contributions through original research in the mineralogical sciences by an individual in the midst of their career. The Mineralogical Society of America Dana Medal was established in 1998 and named in 2000 in honor of the legendary contributions by James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana to the science of mineralogy. Mike Hochella carries on the legacy of these mineralogical pioneers through his own outstanding contributions to the science of mineralogy. Mike Hochella received his Bachelors and Masters degrees from Virginia Tech, and his Ph.D. from Stanford University, where his supervisor was another Virginia Tech alumnus and former President of the Mineralogical Society of America, Gordon E. Brown Jr. After working for a short time as a Senior Scientist at Corning Research, Mike joined the faculty at Stanford and remained there until 1992, when we were successful in recruiting Mike to join the faculty at Virginia Tech. This event assured that Virginia Tech would maintain its position of prominence in the mineralogical sciences that was established by Mike’s teachers and, later, colleagues at Virginia Tech, Don Bloss, Paul Ribbe, and Jerry Gibbs—all outstanding mineralogists and former Presidents of the Mineralogical Society of America. The Dana Medal is a mid-career award, and the quantity and, especially, the quality of Mike’s contributions are indeed exceptional for a mid-career scientist. The significance of these contributions is enhanced further when one considers that Mike is actually early in his “mid-career” phase. For those of us in the science, this is …
The Current Status of Stem-Cell Therapy in Erectile Dysfunction: A Review

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are capable of renewal and repair of tissue due to their capacity for division and differentiation. The purpose of this review is to describe recent advances in the use of stem cell (SC) therapy for male erectile dysfunction (ED). We performed a MEDLINE database search of all relevant articles regarding the use of SCs for ED. We present a concise summary of the scientific principles behind the usage of SC for ED. We discuss the different types of SCs, delivery methods, current pre-clinical literature, and published clinical trials. Four clinical trials employing SC for ED have been published. These articles are summarized in this review. All four report improvements in ED after SC therapy. SC therapy remains under investigation for the treatment of ED. It is reassuring that clinical trials thus far have reported positive effects on erectile function and few adverse events. Safety and methodical concerns about SC acquisition, preparation and delivery remain and require continued investigation prior to wide-spread application of these methods.
Islamic Law, Gender, and Social Change in Post-Abolition Zanzibar

Scholarship on Islam and society in Zanzibar has swelled in recent years with the works of Anne Bang, Roman Loimeier, Erin Stiles and Jonathon Glassman, among others. Stockreiter’s meticulously res...
Electronic structure and magnetic properties in T 2 AlB 2 ( T =Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, and Ni) and their alloys

The electronic structure and intrinsic magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{AlB}}_{2}$-related compounds and their alloys have been investigated using density functional theory. For ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{AlB}}_{2}$, the crystallographic $a$ axis is the easiest axis, which agrees with experiments. The magnetic ground state of ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{AlB}}_{2}$ is found to be ferromagnetic in the basal $ab$ plane, but antiferromagnetic along the $c$ axis. All $3d$ dopings considered decrease the magnetization and Curie temperature in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{AlB}}_{2}$. Electron doping with Co or Ni has a stronger effect on the decreasing of Curie temperature in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{AlB}}_{2}$ than hole doping with Mn or Cr. However, a larger amount of Mn doping on ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{AlB}}_{2}$ promotes the ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition. A very anisotropic magnetoelastic effect is found in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{AlB}}_{2}$: the magnetization has a much stronger dependence on the lattice parameter $c$ than on $a$ or $b$, which is explained by electronic-structure features near the Fermi level. Dopings of other elements on B and Al sites are also discussed.
Critique de la position conservatrice contre les programmes de création d’emplois

L’auteur critique les trois postulats sur lesquels repose l’ideologie conservatrice en matiere de creation d’emplois et de promotion economique : les pauvres et les chomeurs ne font pas assez d’efforts pour changer leur situation; l’assistance encourage la paresse et constitue un obstacle a l’autonomie des individus; l’intervention gouvernementale produit inevitablement des effets pervers.Il rappelle que l’histoire recente des politiques sociales a montre que la pauvrete ne peut etre eliminee uniquement par des programmes de transferts de revenu. La qualification des individus pour le marche du travail, les programmes de creation d’emplois et le systeme de securite sociale doivent faire l’objet d’une politique integree. C’est a cette seule condition que pourra etre atteint l’objectif de l’egalite des chances.
Enhancing Capacity in Compact MIMO-OFDM Systems With Frequency-Selective Matching

Mutual coupling among receive antennas can profoundly reduce capacity in multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Prior work has shown that these losses can often be significantly reduced by using sophisticated antenna matching at the receiver. However, previous studies have focused exclusively on frequency non-selective matching, and rely on assumptions that are valid only for small bandwidths. In this paper, we consider the capacity of broadband MIMO-OFDM systems with coupled receive antennas. We present upper and lower bounds on the best capacity that can be achieved by physically realizable, frequency-selective antenna matching. The upper and lower bounds coincide for most antenna configurations considered in the examples, and thus determine the performance of capacity-optimal matching. These results suggest that frequency-selective matching can significantly increase capacity in the presence of strong coupling. Moreover, these gains can be achieved by a simple class of matching networks that are easily realized in hardware.
A Simple Neobladder Using a Porcine Model: The Double Limb U-Pouch

Objective To create a simple neobladder and determine whether the double-limb U-Pouch (D-LUP) has the same capacity and compliance as a Studer or Camey I neobladder. To develop an orthotopic diversion that can be applied to robotic surgery with laboratory data supporting the concept. Materials and Methods Kidneys, ureters, bladders, and small intestine were obtained from pigs at the time of scheduled autopsy after completion of institutionally approved investigational trauma protocols. A Camey I neobladder, spherical neobladder, and D-LUP, were constructed from 40-cm segments of small intestine. They were compared for capacity, compliance, and pouch-to-urethra anastomotic distance. Results The cystometric capacity at 30 cm H2O for the Camey I, Studer, and D-LUP neobladders were 250 mL, 350 mL, and 430 mL, respectively. The pouch-to-urethra anastomotic distance was 0 cm for the Camey I, 10 cm for the spherical reservoir, and 0 cm for the D-LUP. Compliance was 10 mL/cm H20 for the Camey 1, 15 mL/cm H2O for the sphere, and 16 mL/cm H20 for the D-LUP. Conclusion The D-LUP neobladder was simple to construct, had a more dependent ileo-urethrostomy site, larger capacity, and similar compliance when compared with a spherical neobladder.
Theoretical framework and design of mechanochemically augmented polymer composites

Abstract Interfacial debonding is an important failure mode for polymer composites. A novel approach for managing this damage mechanism is to develop self-healing and self-reporting capabilities by augmenting the matrix/filler interfaces with mechanophores. Mechanophores are chemical groups that have useful reactions (e.g. fluorescence, cross-linking) in response to mechanical work. We refer to such a composite system as an Interfacial Mechanophore Augmented Composite (IMAC). Here we build the framework for understanding the governing physics and predicting the mechanochemical response of IMACs. By using an extensible link mechanophore model that assumes sparse mechanophore loading, we are able to utilize classical mechanics composite solutions for deformation fields in composites to predict mechanophore response as a function of macroscale stress, filler geometry, and component material properties. Using a 2D plane strain scenario of a fiber within an infinite matrix, we develop a comprehensive understanding of the progression of debonding and mechanophore activation. We find that the mechanophore activation length relative to the debond length is critical in determining the relative onset of debonding and activation. The change in the separation of the mechanophore attachment points between the not-activated and activated states therefore needs to be considered for mechanophore selection in addition to the required chemical functionality. Other factors such as matrix elasticity, particle elasticity, and particle size are found to have secondary effects on this relative progression. This modeling approach can readily be applied to diverse loading modes and material properties and can be extended to include dependence of the interface mechanical behavior on the mechanophore state.
Building Efficient HPC Cloud with SR-IOV-Enabled InfiniBand: The MVAPICH2 Approach

Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) technology has been steadily gaining momentum for high-speed interconnects such as InfiniBand. SR-IOV enabled InfiniBand has been widely used in modern HPC clouds with virtual machines and containers. While SR-IOV can deliver near-native I/O performance, recent studies have shown that locality-aware communication schemes play an important role in achieving high I/O performance on SR-IOV enabled InfiniBand clusters. To discuss how to build efficient HPC clouds, this chapter presents a novel approach using the MVAPICH2 library. We first propose locality-aware designs inside the MVAPICH2 library to achieve near-native performance on HPC clouds with virtual machines and containers. Then, we propose advanced designs with cloud resource managers such as OpenStack and Slurm to make users easier to deploy and run their applications with the MVAPICH2 library on HPC clouds. Performance evaluations with benchmarks and applications on an OpenStack-based HPC cloud (i.e., NSF-supported Chameleon Cloud) show that MPI applications with our designs are able to get near bare-metal performance on HPC clouds with different virtual machine and container deployment scenarios. Compared to running default MPI applications on Amazon EC2, our design can deliver much better performance. The MVAPICH2 over HPC Cloud software package presented in this chapter is publicly available from http://mvapich.cse.ohio-state.edu.
Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in older patients: diagnosis and pharmacological management

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory vasculopathy that involves large- and medium-sized arteries and can cause vision loss, stroke and aneurysms. GCA occurs in people aged >50 years and is more common in women. A higher incidence of the disease is observed in populations from Northern European countries. Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a periarticular inflammatory process manifesting as pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders and pelvic girdle. PMR shares the same pattern of age and sex distribution as GCA. The pathophysiology of PMR and GCA is not completely understood, but the two conditions may be related and often occur concurrently. A delay in the diagnosis should be avoided because of the risk of vascular ischaemic complications due to GCA. The diagnosis should be considered in patients aged >50 years presenting with symptoms such as new headache, visual disturbances, jaw claudication or symptoms of PMR. GCA can also present as a systemic inflammatory syndrome with fever of unknown origin. Marked elevation of acute-phase reactants, recognizable in higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, is often seen in both PMR and GCA. However, some patients can present with a normal ESR. Confirmation of the diagnosis of GCA by temporal artery biopsy is important because clinical findings and laboratory tests are not specific, and because a diagnosis of GCA commits patients to long-term treatment with corticosteroids. The role of imaging techniques for the diagnosis of GCA remains unclear, but these modalities can be helpful in assessing the extent of vascular involvement, especially when extra-cranial disease is present. In PMR, subdeltoid and subacromial bursitis can be identified by imaging techniques, especially ultrasound or MRI. The clinical manifestations of GCA and PMR respond dramatically within 12–48 hours of starting corticosteroid treatment. The initial corticosteroid dosage commonly used in GCA is oral prednisone 40–60 mg/day, and for patients with PMR a dosage of 15–20 mg/day is often sufficient. A prolonged course of treatment is necessary, and corticosteroids are gradually tapered, guided by regular clinical evaluation and ESR (and/or CRP) measurement. Methotrexate is the best studied corticosteroid-sparing agent in GCA, and may be useful for patients with frequent disease relapses and/or corticosteroid-related toxicity. Retrospective studies favour aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) as an effective adjuvant treatment for reducing the ischaemic complications of GCA. The long-term course of corticosteroid therapy frequently exposes elderly patients with PMR/GCA to various adverse effects, which can be attenuated with appropriate prophylactic measures. Co-morbid diseases and polypharmacy can pose particular challenges in the geriatric population. In general, the life expectancy of patients with GCA does not appear to be shortened, whereas the morbidity associated with the disease and its treatment is well recognized.
Comparative studies of T = 3 and T = 4 icosahedral RNA insect viruses.

Crystallographic and molecular biological studies of T = 3 nodaviruses (180 identical subunits in the particle) and T = 4 tetraviruses (240 identical subunits in the particle) have revealed similarity in both the architecture of the particles and the strategy for maturation. The comparative studies provide a novel opportunity to examine an apparent evolution of particle size, from smaller (T = 3) to larger (T = 4), with both particles based on similar subunits. The BBV and FHV nodavirus structures are refined at 2.8 A and 3 A respectively, while the NωV structure is at 6 A resolution. Nevertheless, the detailed comparisons of the noda and tetravirus X-ray electron density maps show that the same type of switching in subunit twofold contacts is used in the T = 3 and T = 4 capsids, although differences must exist between quasi and icosahedral threefold contacts in the T = 4 particle that have not yet been detected. The analyses of primary and tertiary structures of noda and tetraviruses show that NωV subunits undergo a post assembly cleavage like that observed in nodaviruses and that the cleaved 76 C-terminal residues remain associated with the particle.
Vaporization of Core Materials in Postulated Severe Light Water Reactor Accidents

The vaporization of core materials other than fission products during a postulated severe light water reactor accident is treated by chemical thermodynamics. The core materials considered were (a) the control rod materials, silver, cadmium, and indium; (b) the structural materials, iron, chromium, nickel, and manganese; (c) cladding material, zirconium and tin; and (d) the fuel, uranium oxide. Thermodynamic data employed for the solid and gaseous elements and oxides were based on measurements, while the data for the gaseous hydroxides were generally based on estimates from literature. Thermodynamic criteria were derived to determine whether the metallic element or the solid oxide was the stable condensed phase for the accident environmental conditions. Equations for the partial pressures for all gaseous species were also derived. The relevant environmental conditions were provided by the pressurized water reactor and boiling water reactor heat-up thermal-hydraulic codes. The volatilities of the core materials were found to decrease roughly in the following order: cadmium, indium, tin, iron, silver, manganese, nickel, chromium, uranium, and zirconium. Cadmium and indium would provide the largest mass of core material that can be transported out of the core.
X and Y Scaling

Until the discovery almost twenty years ago that the structure functions of nucleons, as measured in deep-inelastic electron scattering exhibited a point-like scaling behavior, the idea that hadrons really were bound states of quarks was not generally taken seriously.[1] Quarks somehow were thought of as fictitious objects carrying certain quantum numbers which could explain the general features of the hadronic spectrum.[2] In spite of the great success of this “naive” quark model, quarks as real hard objects which could be “seen” in electron scattering were not given much credence by the cognoscenti. Indeed the “real” nucleon was still thought of as a “bare” nucleon surrounded by a mesonic cloud and so was expected to respond as a soft spongy object when probed by a hard scattering. Thus the observation of a point-like scaling behavior in deep-inelastic electron scattering played a crucial role in establishing quarks as “real” objects from which all hadronic matter is constructed.[1,3] Indeed these experiments completely re-oriented our thinking about strong interactions and opened the way to re-establishing quantum field theory as the paradigm for describing all fundamental interactions. Since that time enormous progress has been made and it is fair to say that we now have an almost universally accepted realistic quantum field theory describing all the fundamental interactions with the possible exception of gravity.[4] Quarks enter as a fundamental fermionic field with strong interactions mediated by massless vector bosons, called gluons. This strong interaction part of the theory is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD) because it closely mimics QED. The crucial difference is that the gluons, as well as the quarks, carry the fundamental “charge” of the theory, here called color. In QED, the photons are not, of course, electrically charged (unlike the electrons) and so do not directly interact with each other. It is generally believed that it is this curious complexity, namely that gluons are colored (and therefore self-interact) that ultimately leads to the confinement of quarks (and more generally of color itself).
A Change of Pace: Successfully Transitioning to Tenure-Track Librarianship

This article explores the experiences of librarians who have transitioned from working in non-tenured track positions in any type of library to a tenure-track positions in academic libraries. The author conducted a survey of librarians who have attempted the career change and shares their motivations for accepting a tenure-track position, the reasons why some librarians disliked tenure, their scholarship experiences, and their advice to others to help them successfully navigate the stressful tenure process.
Breaking the perceptual-conceptual barrier: Relational matching and working memory.

Cognitive, comparative, and developmental psychologists have long been interested in humans’ and animals’ ability to respond to abstract relations, as this ability may underlie important capacities like analogical reasoning. Cross-species research has used relational matching-to-sample (RMTS) tasks in which participants try to find stimulus pairs that “match” because they both express the same abstract relation (same or different). Researchers seek to understand the cognitive processes that underlie successful matching performance. In the present RMTS paradigm, the abstract-relational cue was made redundant with a first-order perceptual cue. Then the perceptual cue faded, requiring participants to transition from a perceptual to a conceptual approach by realizing the task’s abstract-relational affordance. We studied participants’ ability to make this transition with and without a working-memory load. The concurrent load caused participants to fail to break the perceptual-conceptual barrier unless the load was abandoned. We conclude that finding the conceptual solution depends on reconstruing the task using cognitive processes that are especially reliant on working memory. Our data provide the closest existing look at this cognitive reorganization. They raise important theoretical issues for cross-species comparisons of relational cognition, especially regarding animals’ limitations in this domain.
TUMOR DE WARTHIN: a importância da relação médico-doente

Introducao: A detecao e a investigacao de massas cervicais e crucial, ja que o diagnostico diferencial inclui diversas patologias com tratamento e prognostico diferentes. Sao multiplos os fatores que podem condicionar um diagnostico mais tardio de situacoes tumorais. A relacao de confianca estabelecida ao longo do tempo, baseada numa comunicacao medico-doente efetiva, facilita a transmissao e esclarecimento dos sinais e sintomas identificados pelos utentes. Descricao do caso: Utente do sexo feminino, 57 anos, apresentava massa cervical esquerda, com cerca de 2 anos de evolucao, crescimento progressivo, atingindo dimensoes que provocavam uma estetica causadora de grande desconforto fisico e emocional. Omitia a existencia desta lesao por vergonha, repugnância e falta de confianca para a apresentar. Foi pedida ecografia de urgencia que mostrou caracteristicas sugestivas de processo neoproliferativo, tendo sido encaminhada de imediato para consulta de Cirurgia Maxilo-Facial. Realizou Puncao Aspirativa com Agulha Fina que revelou tratar-se de um Tumor de Warthin. Realizou paratiroidectomia total esquerda, sem intercorrencias, confirmando-se o prognostico favoravel. Comentarios: Muitas vezes, o utente e responsavel pela identificacao do sintoma ou sinal inicial. A atitude assumida apos esta identificacao pode ser crucial, sobretudo na suspeita de patologia neoplasica. O caso clinico descrito e pertinente nao so pela raridade da patologia, mas sobretudo pela reflexao que deve suscitar relativamente ao papel do Medico de Familia e da relacao medico-doente na monitorizacao do estado de saude dos utentes, permitindo a intervencao atempada para uma adequada resolucao dos problemas. No caso descrito, a recente relacao de confianca estabelecida permitiu, finalmente, a revelacao da alteracao fisica, a qual necessitava de intervencao diagnostica urgente. O tumor de Warthin e a segunda neoplasia benigna mais frequente das glândulas salivares, correspondendo a 2 a 6% de todos os tumores da glândula parotida. Corresponde a um cistoadenoma papilifero linfomatoso, apresentando bom prognostico.
The synthesis and study of pseudo-aromatic compounds—VIII

Abstract Indanone and 3-substituted indanones react with tropenium fluoroborate to give the corresponding 2-cycloheptatrienylideneindanones. Analysis of the NMR, UV and IR spectra of these systems indicates that they deviate from typical olefinic ketones.
Learning-based Blockage Prediction for Robust Links in Dynamic Millimeter Wave Networks

To employ millimeter wave technology in the 5G standard, two inherent challenges need to be addressed in dynamic outdoor environments. Firstly, different types of obstacles can easily block the links. Secondly, the link quality can drop significantly in a mobile environment. It is critical to discriminate between the two different situations to take appropriate actions. The existing work to make the distinction is based on RSSI variation measured in a time window, which is very time-consuming leading to large volume of data loss in order to achieve high accuracy. In this paper, we propose a learning-based prediction framework to classify link blockage and link movement efficiently and quickly. A classifier is trained with data blockage instances using different learning methods and is used to make a prediction based on diffraction values on different multipath components formed around a receiver. The simulations show that the prediction framework can predict blockage with close to 90% accuracy. The prediction framework will eliminate the need for having time-consuming methods to discriminate between link movement and link blockage. Experiments show that our framework does not need large amount of training data to get to the desired prediction accuracy.