cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ocean Water Clarity and the Ocean General Circulation in a Coupled Climate Model

Abstract Ocean water clarity affects the distribution of shortwave heating in the water column. In a one-dimensional time-mean sense, increased clarity would be expected to cool the surface and heat subsurface depths as shortwave radiation penetrates deeper into the water column. However, wind-driven upwelling, boundary currents, and the seasonal cycle of mixing can bring water heated at depth back to the surface. This warms the equator and cools the subtropics throughout the year while reducing the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of temperature in polar regions. This paper examines how these changes propagate through the climate system in a coupled model with an isopycnal ocean component focusing on the different impacts associated with removing shading from different regions. Increasing shortwave penetration along the equator causes warming to the south of the equator. Increasing it in the relatively clear gyres off the equator causes the Hadley cells to strengthen and the subtropical gyres to shift equ...
The neural correlates of cognitive fatigue in traumatic brain injury using functional MRI

Primary objective: The present study used fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) to objectively assess cognitive fatigue in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). It was hypothesized that while performing a cognitive task, TBI participants would show increased brain activity over time, indicative of increased cerebral ‘effort’ which might manifest as the subjective feeling of cognitive fatigue.Methods and procedures: Functional MRI was used to track brain activity across time while 11 TBI patients with moderate–severe injury and 11 age-matched healthy controls (HCs) performed a modified Symbol Digit Modalities Task (mSDMT). Cognitive fatigue was operationally defined as a relative increase in cerebral activation across time compared to that seen in HCs. ROIs were derived from the Chauduri and Behan model of cognitive fatigue.Main outcomes and results: While performing the mSDMT, participants with a TBI showed increased activity, while HCs subsequently showed decreased activity in several regions...
Triplet states in photosynthesis.

Abstract A comparison of zero field splitting (ZFS) and spin polarization of triplet spectra of bacteriochlorophyll a in vitro and in vivo provides support for the special pair model of photoreactive chlorophyll in photosynthetic bacteria. Spin polarization of the triplet spectra is a new and unique probe of primary events in the light conversion act in photosynthesis.
Gene Preference in Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Untreated maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) results in mental and physical disabilities and often leads to neonatal death. Newborn-screening programs, coupled with the use of protein-modified diets, have minimized the severity of this phenotype and allowed affected individuals to develop into productive adults. Although inheritance of MSUD adheres to rules for single-gene traits, mutations in the genes for E1α, E1β, or E2 of the mitochondrial branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex can cause the disease. Randomly selected cell lines from 63 individuals with clinically diagnosed MSUD were tested by retroviral complementation of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase activity to identify the gene locus for mutant alleles. The frequencies of the mutations were 33% for the E1α gene, 38% for the E1β gene, and 19% for the E2 gene. Ten percent of the tested cell lines gave ambiguous results by showing no complementation or restoration of activity with two gene products. These results provide a means to establish a genotype/phenotype relationship in MSUD, with the ultimate goal of unraveling the complexity of this single-gene trait. This represents the largest study to date providing information on the genotype for MSUD.
Task structure: a vocabulary for integrating numerical methods and knowledge-based systems

Abstract Often Expert Systems (ES) or Knowledge-based Systems (KBS) are described in term of their implementation details. If the complex problem solving activities captured in such systems are viewed as a type of information processing ask then an alternative vocabulary of description is possible which is more suitable for systems design. This vocabulary is called the ‘Task Structure’. Since engineering problem solving is not entirely symbolic and sophisticated numerical computations need to be performed to determine physical system parameters, a KBS in that problem solving environment needs to be integrated with computational procedures for successful application. This paper describes the organization of numeric computation using a Task Structure vocabulary and demonstrates its potential as a viable tool for integration of numerical methods with KBS.
Is there a link between pharmaceutical consumption and improved health in OECD countries

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a measurable health return associated with high pharmaceutical consumption in a sample of developed countries.
A novel ultra-light structure for radiation shielding

A new ultra-light structure based on the application of open-cell metal foams has been designed and investigated to determine its ability for attenuation of γ-rays and thermal neutrons. Open-cell metal foam, a unique class of material, has been employed in the structure and is studied in this work where radiation attenuation abilities of foams and foams filled with water and borated water have been compared with bulk Aluminum. The γ-ray attenuation measurements were performed using γ-ray at 0.662, 1.173 and 1.332 MeV photon energies and thermal neutron attenuation measurements were conducted using a polyenergetic thermal neutron beam. The results show that the metallic foam by itself attenuates less γ-ray as compared to bulk material, while the mass attenuation coefficients of foams filled with water is higher than that of bulk metals. The thermal neutron experiment, on the other hand, has shown a dramatic attenuation improvement in foams filled with water and particularly with borated water as compared to bulk metal and foam.
Evaluating Corrosion Inhibitors For Sour Gas Subsea Pipelines

Using subsea carbon steel pipelines to transport wet sour gas possesses huge challenges to the operators to maintain the high level of the Assets and Operating Integrity. In many cases, carbon steel is still the primary choice for the subsea pipeline material.
Clinical responsiveness: corrective or empathic?

(1990). Clinical Responsiveness: Corrective or Empathic? Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 10, The “Corrective Emotional Experience” Revisited, pp. 420-432.
Four-dimensional assimilation of multitime wind profiles over a single station and numerical simulation of a mesoscale convective system observed during IHOP_2002

AbstractThis study examines the impact of assimilating multitime wind profiles over a single station on the numerical simulation of a warm season mesoscale convective system over the region from the Kansas and Oklahoma border to the Texas Panhandle, observed 12–13 June 2002 during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002). Wind profile observations, obtained from Goddard Lidar Observatory for Winds (GLOW) are assimilated into an advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using its four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) system. Results indicate that the assimilation of high temporal and vertical resolution GLOW wind profiles has a significant influence on the numerical simulation of the convective initiation and evolution. Besides the wind fields, the structure of the moisture fields associated with the convective system is also improved. Data assimilation has also resulted in a more accurate prediction of the locations and timing of the convection initiat...
Untimely Islam: September 11th and the Philosophies of History

In the intellectual and philosophical world the decades preceding the entry into the third millennium of the Christian era have betrayed (or have been accompanied by) a sometimes odd and troubled relationship to History. The utter disenchantment with regard to any progressivist conception of history reasserted itself, though it had, of course, been articulated more or less consistently since the Enlightenment, when the idea of historical progress first appeared. All of the grand narratives of Universal History were rejected en bloc: whether we are speaking about the Christian or providential narrative in the classical manner of Bossuet, a more empiricist narrative such as that of Turgot or Condorcet, the idealist and theological narrative of Hegel, the materialist, technological, and revolutionary narrative of Marx, or the narrative of economic liberalism, there was no longer a conception of historical evolution that seemed acceptable. The philosophy of History appeared to be bankrupt. The great progressivist narratives that had promised the emancipation of Humanity in a nearer or more distant future had lost all credibility.1 A certain faith in the improvement of human societies, which Modernity embodied by endowing them with a kind of transcendence?no longer vertical (the Heavens, the beyond), but rather horizontal (the Future, a better world)?appeared to have waned and dissolved in the acute awareness of recent and less recent horrors, to which we must add the apprehension of certain catastrophes (technical, moral, ecological) that make the future of humanity on our threatened planet seem indecipherable or even absurd. The meaning of History is lost in this post-modern crisis. To many, this meaning appears retrospectively as an ethnocentric and imperialist notion that remains blind to the diversity of cultures and their particular evolutionary paths, merely serving to promote the idea of a unique, Western direction to History. For some time, however, the collapse of the Soviet Empire, which dashed Marxist hopes, prompted a revival of the question of History, but under different auspices. The conviction that it was the democratic destiny of nations to lead inevitably toward free enterprise and a free
Polymorphisms in cytokine genes do not predict progression to end-stage heart failure in children.

UNLABELLED A number of cytokines have been implicated in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. Genetic polymorphisms of several cytokine genes are known to result in altered gene expression, enabling us to characterize patients as "high" or "low" producers of specific cytokines. We speculate that the cytokine genotypes for a population of children who underwent heart transplantation for end-stage ventricular failure due to cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease would be enriched for "high producers" of pro-inflammatory cytokines and "low producers" of anti-inflammatory cytokines. METHODS Cytokine genotyping was performed for the following cytokines on 94 transplanted children using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific technique: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (-308), interleukin 10 (-1082, -819, -592), interleukin 6 (-174), transforming growth factor-beta1 (codons 10 & 25), and interferon-gamma (+874). Patients with ventricular failure after transplantation for dilated cardiomyopathy, numbering 37, or for congenital heart disease, numbering 34, were compared to 15 children transplanted for structural disease, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, without ventricular failure, and to data from healthy children. An additional 8 children with restrictive or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were also studied. RESULTS No differences in genotypic distribution were seen between the groups, and all patients were comparable to genotypic distributions as assessed from published normal data. CONCLUSION No evidence is found to support the hypothesis that these polymorphisms for cytokine genes influence progression to end-stage heart failure in children undergoing transplantation because of cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease.
Millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave circuits for integrated system-on-a-chip

Deep-scaled CMOS technologies have provided ultra-high speed devices for implementing integrated millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave system-on-a-chip (SoC). Achieving SoC necessitates key mm-wave/sub-mm-wave circuits, including signal generators and amplifiers. The paper will exemplify some of the key circuits in CMOS technologies, including a terahertz oscillator, a 450 GHz voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a 200 GHz frequency divider, and a 200 GHz amplifier. With the availability of key building blocks, mm-wave/sub-mm-wave SoC will be realized in the near future.
The Permeability of Coal to Gas and Water

Gas and water permeabilities of a large number of samples from the Pittsburgh and Pocahontas coals were measured at various overburden and mean flow pressures. A wide variation in the air and water permeabilities was obtained for each type of coal. Overburden pressure has the most significant effect on the single-phase permeability. Considerable hysteretic effect was observed for both air and water permeabilities. Gas permeabilities are affected to a lesser degree by mean flow pressures above atmospheric. However, at subatmospheric mean pressures, appreciable increase in permeability occurs for low permeability samples. At high overburden pressures, water permeabilities are smaller than or equal to the air permeabilities measured at the same pressure. (11 refs.)
Renal response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, both teprotide and captopril, induce a potentiated renal vascular response in patients with essential hypertension, and with that a consistent increase in sodium excretion and occasionally an increase in glomerular filtration rate. In patients with advanced congestive heart failure resistant to other vasodilators, a similar triad occurs. It is not yet clear in which settings the renal response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition reflects a reduction in angiotensin II formation—thus implicating the renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis—or an additional action, such as a potentiation of the local actions of bradykinin or enhanced prostaglandin formation. Under some circumstances, especially where a qualitatively and quantitatively similar response occurs to angiotensin antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or where an angiotensin antagonist prevents an additional response to a converting enzyme inhibitor, it is clear that the specific action of the converting enzyme inhibitor on angiotensin II formation is responsible. Unfortunately, for most responses in animal models and all responses in patients, such rigorous evidence is not yet available.
Disperse dyes as structure probes for a modified polyester film

Six azo and anthraquinone disperse dyes were used as probes to study changes in the morphology of a polyester film modified by treatment with aqueous 5% sodium hydroxide, 70% ethylamine, or 70% N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions. Aqueous sodium hydroxide-treated polyester was less accessible to these dyes and dyed to different shades than untreated polyester suggesting that the non-crystalline content of the film surface is slightly greater than that of the interior of the film. Aqueous ethylamine and DMF-treated polyester tended to dye to deeper and different shades than untreated polyester demonstrating that these treatments provide greater access to the non-crystalline regions within the polyester depending on the particular treatment and the dye used.
Human versus spatial dimensions of crowding perceptions in retail environments: A note on their measurement and effect on shopper satisfaction

Perceived retail crowding was originally conceptualized as having two dimensions, but subsequent empirical work in marketing has treated the construct unidimensionally. This paper reports a series of lab and field studies that examine the dimensionality of the construct and its relationship to store satisfaction. Two alternative crowding measures are tested. Results suggest that perceived retail crowding has distinct human and spatial dimensions that affect satisfaction differently.
High speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography for retinal imaging at 500,000 A‑lines per second

We present a new development of ultrahigh speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) for human retinal imaging at 850 nm central wavelength by employing two high-speed line scan CMOS cameras, each running at 250 kHz. Through precisely controlling the recording and reading time periods of the two cameras, the SDOCT system realizes an imaging speed at 500,000 A-lines per second, while maintaining both high axial resolution (~8 μm) and acceptable depth ranging (~2.5 mm). With this system, we propose two scanning protocols for human retinal imaging. The first is aimed to achieve isotropic dense sampling and fast scanning speed, enabling a 3D imaging within 0.72 sec for a region covering 4x4 mm2. In this case, the B-frame rate is 700 Hz and the isotropic dense sampling is 500 A-lines along both the fast and slow axes. This scanning protocol minimizes the motion artifacts, thus making it possible to perform two directional averaging so that the signal to noise ratio of the system is enhanced while the degradation of its resolution is minimized. The second protocol is designed to scan the retina in a large field of view, in which 1200 A-lines are captured along both the fast and slow axes, covering 10 mm2, to provide overall information about the retinal status. Because of relatively long imaging time (4 seconds for a 3D scan), the motion artifact is inevitable, making it difficult to interpret the 3D data set, particularly in a way of depth-resolved en-face fundus images. To mitigate this difficulty, we propose to use the relatively high reflecting retinal pigmented epithelium layer as the reference to flatten the original 3D data set along both the fast and slow axes. We show that the proposed system delivers superb performance for human retina imaging.
Development of a Product Family Analysis Toolkit for Systematic Benchmarking

As global markets saturate and competition intensifies, many manufacturers are focusing on benchmarking families of products alongside individual products to gain valuable insight and strategic advantage over their competitors. Unfortunately, the advantages of benchmarking families of products are often undermined by the limited capability of current benchmarking tools to assist in this process. While methods have been proposed for product family analysis and benchmarking, a major problem is the way in which the component details are collected, and few of the methods have been integrated together. Benchmarking and product family analysis is also time-consuming and subject to human variability since the process is typically done manually without the aid of software. To address these problems, we introduce the Product Family Analysis Toolkit (PFA Toolkit), which combines several popular benchmarking tools to streamline and standardize the process of product family benchmarking. We describe the toolkit’s features and capabilities and then discuss its functionality and usability. The advantages of automating the product family benchmarking process are discussed along with future work.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Defective in vitro motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes of homozygote and heterozygote Chediak-Higashi cats

The in vitro migratory responses of neutrophils of homozygote and heterozygote Chediak-Higashi cats were defective in an under-agarose assay when compared to the behavior of phagocytes of control cats. The linear distances traversed by the leading front of migrating Chediak-Higashi neutrophils toward streptococcal culture supernatant, zymosan-activated serum or buffer were reduced and smaller numbers of Chediak-Higashi phagocytes populated the resulting migration areas than did cells of control animals. The relative migration parameters of the Chediak-Higashi phagocytes, however, did not differ from the corresponding parameters of control neutrophils in the presence of streptococcal culture supernatant. Therefore, phagocytes of homozygote and heterozygote Chediak-Higashi cats recognized and responded equally well to the bacterial stimuli as did cells of control animals but traveled shorter distances primarily because of a reduced inherent motility. Similar results were also obtained when the feline phagocytes were attracted by zymosan-activated serum. In addition the relative migration parameters of the neutrophils of homozygote Chediak-Higashi cats were reduced and the normalized spatial distributions of their migrating cells were significantly different in the presence of 100% and 20% zymosan-activated serum when compared to the corresponding migration parameters of carrier and control animals. Defective recognition or responses to the higher concentrations of these host-derived attractants complicated, therefore, the already reduced inherent motility of the phagocytes of homozygote Chediak-Higashi cats.
Modeling and Simulation of SMA Medical Devices Undergoing complex Thermo-mechanical Loadings

There are SMA medical applications which undergo complex thermo-mechanical loading paths to meet specific and accurate requirements. In this work, a 3D model and its implementation techniques are presented. This model is currently deployed to design and model SMA medical devices subjected to multi-axial loading in both isothermal and dynamic regimes. Some of these devices are introduced and studied as examples to show the efficiency of the proposed platform.
Self-stabilizing symmetry breaking in constant-space (extended abstract)

We investigate the problem of self-stabilizing round-robin token management scheme on an anonymous bidirectional ring of identical processors, where each processor is an asynchronous probabilistic (coin-flipping) finite state machine which sends and receives messages. We show that the solution to this problem is equivalent to symmetry breaking (i.e., leader election). Requiring only constant-size messages and message-passing model has practical implications: our solution can be implemented in high-speed networks using a universal fast hardware switches (i.e., finite state machines) of size independent of the size of the network.
Effects of finite electrical resistance on the polarization measurement of ferroelectric capacitors

Abstract The polarization of a Pb(Zr0.6Ti0.4)O3 capacitor was measured before and after fatigue using both a Sawyer-Tower circuit and the RT-66A Ferroelectric Test Unit. Discrepancies were observed in various polarization measurements performed after fatigue. This disparity may be explained by considering the effect a change in the electrical resistance of the capacitor after fatigue has on the polarization measurements. This explanation was established by observing the effect a shunt resistor placed in parallel with the sample capacitor has on the various polarization measurements.
A general framework for nonlinear multigrid inversion

A variety of new imaging modalities, such as optical diffusion tomography, require the inversion of a forward problem that is modeled by the solution to a three-dimensional (3D) partial differential equation. For these applications, image reconstruction is particularly difficult because the forward problem is both nonlinear and computationally expensive to evaluate. We propose a general framework for nonlinear multigrid inversion that is applicable to a wide variety of inverse problems. The multigrid inversion algorithm results from the application of recursive multigrid techniques to the solution of optimization problems arising from inverse problems. The method works by dynamically adjusting the cost functionals at different scales so that they are consistent with, and ultimately reduce, the finest scale cost functional. In this way, the multigrid inversion algorithm efficiently computes the solution to the desired fine-scale inversion problem. Importantly, the new algorithm can greatly reduce computation because both the forward and inverse problems are more coarsely discretized at lower resolutions. An application of our method to Bayesian optical diffusion tomography with a generalized Gaussian Markov random-field image prior model shows the potential for very large computational savings. Numerical data also indicates robust convergence with a range of initialization conditions for this nonconvex optimization problem.
Spitting into the Wind: The Irony of Treating Chronic Disease

ABSTRACT Objective To propose a paradigm shift in the role of the pharmacist by encouraging pharmacists’ involvement in the achievement and maintenance of healthy lifestyles in their patients, thus reducing the need for long-term medications. Data Sources Peer-reviewed medical literature, contemporary lay literature, news releases from health organizations/associations, United States health standards, and professional experiences of the authors. Summary Our current paradigm for the management of chronic disease is malaligned. The medications we use are helpful for many patients with chronic disorders, but they are not curative and leave many individuals with unwanted adverse effects that are often treated with additional medication. The more effective approach to managing many patients with chronic diseases induced through unhealthy lifestyles would be to eat properly, exercise to maintain ideal body weight, and abstain from harmful substances. Managing the root causes of chronic disease would eliminate most of the unhealthy consequences and perhaps reduce the need for long-term medication. Pharmacists have the knowledge and capacity to assist in this endeavor. Conclusion Influencing patients to achieve ideal body weight through proper diet and exercise, encouraging people to stay well, and then helping them to keep well are roles for the pharmacist. If pharmacists made wellness and disease prevention part of their practices, they would have greater impact on improving patients’ overall health. Without treating the primary cause of a condition and only treating the symptoms of unhealthy lifestyles, we are in many ways “spitting into the wind.”
Outcomes for surgical and endovascular management of intracranial aneurysms using a comprehensive grading system.

OBJECTIVE: A systematic approach to the consideration of various factors on outcome demands a comprehensive grading system for patients with intracranial aneurysms. We have previously identified potential patient- and lesion-specific factors that correlate strongly with outcome after treatment for intracranial aneurysms, and we have developed a comprehensive grading system based on these factors. In this study, we evaluate this grading system in a large series of aneurysm patients treated by surgery and endovascular therapy. METHODS: Between January 1998 and January 2003, ruptured and unruptured aneurysm patients were prospectively entered into a database. Based on our previous study that showed which factors correlated strongly with outcome, data were collected on patient age, aneurysm size, Hunt and Hess grade, and Fisher scale (if presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage), and a Massachusetts General Hospital grade was then applied. The modified Glasgow Outcome Scale was used for clinical assessment at follow-up, and a binary analysis classified patients into favorable versus unfavorable outcome. Univariate and multivariate analyses for the predictor variables were performed. RESULTS: One thousand forty-nine aneurysms in 914 patients were identified. Fifty-eight percent (n = 608) of the lesions were unruptured, and 25% (n = 261) were treated endovascularly. For patients treated either surgically or endovascularly, worsening outcome was demonstrated for higher Hunt and Hess grade (surgery, P < 0.001; endovascular, P < 0.001), Fisher scale (surgery, P < 0.001; endovascular, P < 0.001) and for older patients (surgery, P < 0.001; endovascular, P = 0.004). Size of aneurysm had a significant effect on outcome after surgery (P = 0.04), but not after endovascular therapy (P = 0.3). Overall, there was a greater proportion of favorable outcomes for anterior circulation compared with posterior circulation lesions (P < 0.0001). For both the surgical and endovascular subgroups, MGH grade correlated well with clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: The MGH grade is a comprehensive grading system that is easily applied and that allows separation of patients with aneurysms into groups with markedly different outcomes. This information can potentially be helpful in making treatment decisions and when discussing projected outcome before surgical or endovascular intervention of both unruptured and ruptured aneurysms.
Values as an Obstacle to Economic Growth in South Asia: An Historical Survey

There are two widely held explanations for South Asia's failure to attain the level of economic performance achieved by the now developed countries of the world: One is that British imperial policy frustrated economic growth after 1750; the other is that the Indian value system and die social structure that reflected that value system were obstacles to economic growth. It is worthy of note that both interpretations tend to visualize pre-1750 South Asia at a level of economic organization and performance at least equal to that of western Europe in 1750, with the economic gap appearing only subsequently.
High Precision Silicon Platform Using Self-Alignment Process

Silicon platforms were fabricated for optical modules and realize sub-micron precision using self-alignment process. This paper features a self-alignment process and use of precision platforms.
A real-time multi-agent system architecture for e-commerce applications

This paper describes an architecture for real-time multi-agent systems (RTMAS) that builds upon an existing real-time CORBA architecture. The RTMAS architecture provides real-time agent services for real-time agent communication, real-time agent scheduling and real-time agent facilitation. These services work together to allow for the expression and enforcement of real-time agent interactions. The paper describes the design of these services, along with a prototype implementation of the RTMAS architecture that is based upon an existing agent communication implementation.
Root Cortical Aerenchyma Enhances Nitrogen Acquisition from Low-Nitrogen Soils in Maize

Suboptimal nitrogen (N) availability is a primary constraint for crop production in developing nations, while in rich nations, intensive N fertilization carries substantial environmental and economic costs. Therefore, understanding root phenes that enhance N acquisition is of considerable importance. Structural-functional modeling predicts that root cortical aerenchyma (RCA) could improve N acquisition in maize (Zea mays). We evaluated the utility of RCA for N acquisition by physiological comparison of maize recombinant inbred lines contrasting in RCA grown under suboptimal and adequate N availability in greenhouse mesocosms and in the field in the United States and South Africa. N stress increased RCA formation by 200% in mesocosms and by 90% to 100% in the field. RCA formation substantially reduced root respiration and root N content. Under low-N conditions, RCA formation increased rooting depth by 15% to 31%, increased leaf N content by 28% to 81%, increased leaf chlorophyll content by 22%, increased leaf CO2 assimilation by 22%, increased vegetative biomass by 31% to 66%, and increased grain yield by 58%. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that RCA improves plant growth under N-limiting conditions by decreasing root metabolic costs, thereby enhancing soil exploration and N acquisition in deep soil strata. Although potential fitness tradeoffs of RCA formation are poorly understood, increased RCA formation appears be a promising breeding target for enhancing crop N acquisition.
Local vascularized flap reconstruction of the skull base—clinical outcomes and analysis.

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the effectiveness of local vascularized flaps for the repair of various skull base defects. Methods We analyzed a cohort of 138 patients undergoing skull base surgery in a retrospective review of all head and neck surgical oncology cases done at a major tertiary care center between 2005 and 2008. Results Eighteen patients met our inclusion criteria, requiring local vascularized flap or free graft reconstruction. The mean age of our patients was 39.7 years, with an equal distribution of men and women. The mean follow-up was 16.4 months. Neoplastic causes accounted for the majority of skull base lesions (11/18 cases), followed by traumatic lesions (5/18 cases). Other causes of lesions in our study included encephalocele (1 case), and infection (1 case). The most common location for skull base defects in our study was the anterior skull base (14/18 cases). Other locations included the infratemporal fossa (1 case). The mean size of defect repaired was 4.46 cm, and the mean area was 12.85 cm 2 . Repair with local vascularized tissue flaps resulted in a success rate of 87.5%. Moreover, our meningitis and cerebrospinal fluid leak rate was only 11.1% after repair. Conclusion Local vascularized flap utilization in open reconstruction of the skull base has an excellent success rate, with no second donor site morbidity. The success is comparable to free tissue transplant reconstruction and should be in the armamentarium of every neurosurgeon and skull base surgeon. Appropriate incision planning and preoperative evaluation and selection is essential for the success of this type of reconstructive technique.
Everett Hughes: Sociology's Mission1

In this paper, I reflect on the life and work of Everett Hughes. I discuss the similarities and differences between his writings and those of Robert Park; I describe his biographical influences and the use he made of marginality; I consider the relevance of his professional commitments for contemporary sociology and his unique vision of sociology's mission. I conclude by calling for renewed interest in his concepts and principles.
Muscular and osseous anatomy of the primate anterior temporal fossa and the functions of the postorbital septum

Many adaptive explanations for anthropoid origins incorporate hypotheses regarding the function of the postorbital septum. Two hypotheses are evaluated here: Cachel's ([1979b] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 50:1-18) hypothesis that the anthropoid postorbital septum evolved to augment muscle attachment area in the anterior temporal fossa and Cartmill's ([1980] in RL Ciochon and AB Chiarelli (eds.): Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift. New York: Plenum, pp. 243-274.) hypothesis that the septum evolved to insulate the foveate eye of haplorhines from movements in the temporal fossa during mastication. Dissections of the masticatory muscles of 55 species of primates, with emphasis on the anatomy of the anterior temporal fossa, reveal that in all anthropoids the temporal muscles take origin from the portion of the septum formed by the frontal bone. In some platyrrhines this muscle is anterior temporalis, and in others it is zygomatico-mandibularis. In tarsiers and most platyrrhines, muscle attachment to the zygomatic portion of the postorbital septum is very restricted (and of possibly varying homologies), whereas in catarrhines the zygomatico-mandibularis arises from the postorbital ridge on the zygomatic portion of the septum. This suggests that, contrary to Cachel's hypothesis, the earliest anthropoids did not have extensive areas of muscle attachment on the postorbital septum, a suggestion supported by the bony morphology of Catopithecus browni. Dissections also indicate that in all haplorhines the anteriormost temporal fibers curve around the postorbital septum between origin and insertion, implying that, were the septum not present, the anterior temporal muscles would disturb the orbital contents when contracting. This suggests that insulation may have been the septum's original function, even in the absence of a retinal fovea. In anthropoids, the rostral migration of the line of action of the anterior temporal muscles relative to the eye is attributed to their possession of extreme degrees of both orbital frontation and convergence; in tarsiers it is attributed to their possession of both massively hypertrophied eyes and moderately convergent and frontated orbits. It is argued that the postorbital septum is most likely to have evolved in a morphological context similar to that exhibited by omomyids.
Loosening the Ties that Bind: Academic Librarians and Tenure

This article discusses the impact of faculty status and tenure on the professional lives of academic librarians. Included are a literature review, a discussion of the decline of tenure at academic institutions, and experiences at three universities. This article also includes the results of a survey that focused on the impact of faculty status and tenure on librarians’ participation in institutional governance, opportunities for professional growth, and presence of a faculty library advisory committee. Based on the results of this survey, the authors conclude that only faculty status and tenure guarantee full integration in the university’s governance and academic spheres.
A nonconforming finite element method for fluid–structure interaction problems

In this paper, we develop a nonconforming finite element methodology using a three-field formulation to analyze a fluid–structure interaction problem. The methodology is used to couple a Lagrangian model describing the structure with the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian strategy used to describe the fluid in order to simulate a full unsteady physical phenomenon. Consistency error estimates are obtained which show that the numerical scheme employed yields a first order approximation for the solution to the fluid–structure interaction problem. Finally, we present a discrete energy estimate to demonstrate the stablity of the proposed method. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Leveraging a clinical research information system to assist biospecimen data and workflow management: a hybrid approach

Background Large multi-center clinical studies often involve the collection and analysis of biological samples. It is necessary to ensure timely, complete and accurate recording of analytical results and associated phenotypic and clinical information. The TRIBE-AKI Consortium http://www.yale.edu/tribeaki supports a network of multiple related studies and sample biorepository, thus allowing researchers to take advantage of a larger specimen collection than they might have at an individual institution.
Abnormal behaviors in nursery-reared squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

Seventeen squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), 11 nursery-reared and six mother-reared, were monitored to clarify the type and degree of deviant behaviors that result from rearing this species in the nursery. Two observation periods were used: the first when the subjects averaged 6.7 months of age, the second when they averaged 15.5 months. Thirteen activities involving variations of nonnutritive orality, stereotypic posturing, and agitated behaviors were seen in the nursery-reared subjects, but never in the mother-reared subjects. No consistent gender, subspecies, or age differences were evident. Squirrel monkeys, like chimpanzees and some Old World monkeys, do develop atypical self-directed behaviors when deprived of normal stimulation during early development.
Effects of intranigral cannabinoids on rotational behavior in rats: interactions with the dopaminergic system

The effect of unilateral intranigral cannabinoid receptor stimulation on rotational behavior was explored. The potent cannabinoid agonist CP 55,940 (5 and 10 micrograms/0.5 microliter) induced contralateral turning when microinjected unilaterally into the substantia nigra pars reticulata. In addition, the cannabinoid agonist markedly attenuated the contralateral rotation induced by the dopamine D1 agonist SKF 82958 and completely reversed the ipsilateral rotation induced by the dopamine D2 agonist quinpirole. In both cases, the coadministration of the cannabinoid agonist together with the D1 or D2 agonist induced contralateral rotation. It appears that cannabinoids may exert different effects depending on the state of the ongoing chemical activation of this brain circuitry.
The preservation of low emittance flat beams

Many future linear collider designs require beams with very small transverse emittances and large emittance ratios /spl epsivsub xspl Gtspl epsivsub y/. We discuss issues associated with the preservation of these small emittances during the acceleration of the beams. The primary sources of transverse emittance dilution in a high energy linear accelerator are the transverse wakefields, the dispersive errors, RF deflections, and betatron coupling. We discuss the estimation of these effects and the calculation of tolerances that will limit the emittance dilution with a high degree of confidence. Since the six-dimensional emittance is conserved and only the projected emittances are increased, these dilutions can be corrected if the beam has not filamented (phase mixed). We discuss methods of correcting the dilutions and easing the tolerances with beam-based alignment and steering techniques, and non-local trajectory bumps. Finally, we discuss another important source of luminosity degradation, namely, pulse-to-pulse jitter. >
Oral human papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with men with anal squamous intraepithelial lesions

Background Little is known about the association between oral and anogenital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Methods Oral and anal samples from 66 men who have sex with men with a history of HPV-related anogenital squamous intraepithelial lesions were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and typed for 38 HPV types. Results Prevalence of oral HPV infection was 30%, versus 82% for anal infection. Prevalence of oral and anal high-risk HPV infection was 11% and 64%, respectively. Concurrent oral–anal any-type HPV infection was found in 26% of participants, whereas concordant type-specific HPV prevalence was 5%. In multivariate analysis, number of partners from whom the participant received oral–penile sex and number of partners on whom the participant performed oral–penile sex were associated with oral HPV infection. Conclusion Oral HPV prevalence in this cohort is high, however, concordant type-specific oral–anal HPV infection was rare. Increased risk of oral HPV infection was associated with oral–penile sex. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015
John A. Burnett, The Making of the Modern Scottish Highlands, 1939-1965: Withstanding the ‘colossus of advancing materialism.’

John A. Burnett, The Making of the Modern Scottish Highlands, 1939-1965: Withstanding the ‘colossus of advancing materialism.’ Ulster and Scotland Series. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2011. Pp. 312. 978-1-84682-241-4. €55.00.
Relating De Mattia cut growth to network structure of crosslinked elastomers

De Mattia cut growth, an important fatigue test, of a number of crosslinked elastomers based on terpolymers of isobutylene, p-methylstyrene, and p-bromomethylstyrene brominated isobutylene paramethylstyrene copolymers (BIMS), butadiene rubber (BR), and blends of BR and natural rubber (NR) has been studied. In these compounds the carbon black level and the cure state are varied. We attempt to relate this fatigue performance to bulk mechanical properties (strain at break, e b , and strain energy density, U) and network structural parameters (contour length, L c , and root-mean-square end-to-end distance, (r), of network molecular chains).
Learning from each other: what social studies can learn from the controversy surrounding the teaching of evolution in science

This article addresses the need for researchers to move beyond discipline-specific approaches to research and practice and offers an example of how interdisciplinary understandings can increase knowledge in respective disciplines. The specific focus of the article is the shared challenges of broaching controversy in science and social studies classrooms. Although there is much that social studies teachers can learn about the teaching of controversial public issues from the challenges science educators face in teaching evolutionary theory, and vice versa, the two literature bases have little overlap. Through this example of broaching curricular controversy in the classroom, the author argues that content instruction can be improved by increasing awareness of research and practice in other disciplines.
Repeatability of large-scale signal variations in urban environments

This paper quantifies the repeatability of largescale signal variations in an urban propagation environment. We propose a model and use field measurements taken in downtown San Francisco to quantify how similar the received signals appear when a mobile receiver revisits the same general area. The results establish bounds for repeated measurements within a given street that are taken on different days as well as in different lanes.
Using dental cementum increment analysis to estimate age and season of death in African Americans from an historical cemetery in Missouri

Abstract The Missouri River in Callaway County, Missouri, flooded in 1993, necessitating salvage excavations at old Shiloh Cemetery, which yielded 11 mostly complete skeletons of African American adolescents and 7 other individuals who died during the mid to late 1800s. The skeletons exhibit evidence of stress normal for the period but no indications of cause of death. The individuals’ unusual age distribution and proximity to one another raise the question of how they died. It is possible these individuals died from trauma or chronic or acute disease. Among the possible causes of death is one of the epidemics that swept across Missouri during the 1800s. In this study we counted tooth cementum annulations (TCA) to verify the skeletal age-at-death estimates and conducted dental cementum increment analysis (DCIA) to determine the season of death as a first step in understanding the history of the cemetery. TCA results confirmed that the 11 African-American individuals examined were teenagers. DCIA demonstrated that all of the individuals died between April and September. The burials, therefore, represent a section of a mixed-race cemetery, which included African American teenagers who died during the same season. Future research will attempt to identify whether this burial cohort died of chronic or acute disease, possibly of an epidemic of infectious disease.
Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson, from systemic infection in an armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)

Paecilomyces lilacinus was recovered in culture from pulmonary lesions and other internal organs of a captive armadillo. Impression films and smears of the lung tissue revealed numerous budding yeast-like cells, many of them appearing encapsulated and resembling intracellular forms of Histoplasma capsulatum. Yeast-like forms developed in culture on appropriate media at 35°C. The armadillo isolate was compared in culture at both 27°C and 35°C with bamboo rat and human isolates of Penicillium marneffei. The two species were also subjected to serologic and pathogenicity studies. Sensitivities of the armadillo isolate to five antifungal agents in vitro were consistent with those of three human isolates of this species but contrasted sharply with those of P. marneffei.