cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flavor decomposition of the elastic nucleon electromagnetic form factors.

The $u$- and $d$-quark contributions to the elastic nucleon electromagnetic form factors have been determined by using experimental data on ${G}_{E}^{n}$, ${G}_{M}^{n}$, ${G}_{E}^{p}$, and ${G}_{M}^{p}$. Such a flavor separation of the form factors became possible up to negative four-momentum transfer squared ${Q}^{2}=3.4\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ with recent data on ${G}_{E}^{n}$ from Hall A at Jefferson Lab. For ${Q}^{2}$ above $1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, for both the $u$ and the $d$ quark, the ratio of the Pauli and Dirac form factors, ${F}_{2}/{F}_{1}$, was found to be almost constant in sharp contrast to the behavior of ${F}_{2}/{F}_{1}$ for the proton as a whole. Also, again for ${Q}^{2}g1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, both ${F}_{2}^{d}$ and ${F}_{1}^{d}$ are roughly proportional to $1/{Q}^{4}$, whereas the dropoff of ${F}_{2}^{u}$ and ${F}_{1}^{u}$ is more gradual.
Responses to discrimination: Relationships Between Social Support Seeking, Core Self-Evaluations, and Withdrawal Behaviors

Drawing from the theory of conservation of resources (Hobfoll, 1989), we examined relationships between social support seeking as a response to perceived discrimination from supervisors, core self-evaluations, and withdrawal behaviors. We further studied how the relationship between social support seeking and withdrawal behaviors was moderated by core self-evaluations. With two different samples, we found, as expected, that social support seeking in response to discrimination from supervisors is positively related to employee withdrawal behaviors, and core self-evaluations is negatively related to withdrawal behaviors. Across the two samples, we also found evidence that the relationship between social support seeking and withdrawal behaviors was weaker when core self-evaluations were high compared to low. We discuss implications of our results in the context of past research.
Limitations of the Astronomically Tuned Timescale: A Case Study from the Newark Basin

An astronomically tuned timescale has been applied successfully to most of the Cenozoic record, but remains problematic for much of the Mesozoic. We examine the reliability of the cyclostratigraphy of the Upper Triassic of the Newark basin and find that a strict application of an astronomic timescale is contradicted by biostratigraphy. The greatest weakness of the application appears to be the ability, or lack thereof, to verify the completeness of the Newark stratigraphic record.
Critical Point Theory

Many nonlinear problems can be reduced to the form Many nonlinear problems can be reduced to the form $$G'(u) = 0,$$ (1.1.1) where G is a C1-functional on a Banach space E. In this case the problems can be attacked by specialized, important techniques which can produce results where other methods fail. The history of this approach can be traced back to the calculus of variations in which equations of the form (1.1.1) are the Euler-Lagrange equations of the functional G. The original method was to find maxima or minima of G by solving (1.1.1) and then show that some of the solutions are extrema. This approach worked well for one dimensional problems. In this case it is easier to solve (1.1.1) than it is to find a maximum or minimum of G. However, in higher dimensions it was realized quite early that it is easier to find maxima and minima of G than it is to solve (1.1.1). Consequently, the tables were turned, and critical point theory was devoted to finding extrema of G. This approach is called the direct method in the calculus of variations. If an extremum point of G can be identified, it will automatically be a solution of (1.1.1).
The State of Global EAP: A Purchaser's Perspective

The state of global Employee Assistance Programs (EAP) is in great flux. Depending on your vantage point as an EAP vendor, clinician, consultant, employer-purchaser, academic or a professional in t...
Siting Wireless Facilities under Telecommunications Act § 704: Circuits Split on Substantial Evidence

This short paper discusses the development of federal involvement, including judicial decisions, in local zoning decisions pursuant to the Telecommunications Act of 1996 up to and including 2001.
Multilevel resistance in Ti/Pt/AlOx/HfOy/Ti/Pt/Ag resistive switching devices

This paper demonstrates the potential use of AlOx/HfOy-based resistive switching device in analog and synaptic electronics. The novelty of this work is based on the fact that a large number of states were found for both positive (10 states) and negative (22 states) biases, compared to the reported literature. Multiple states were obtained by varying the compliance current. Furthermore, the device showed very low switching voltage (< 0.3 V) and current (∼10 μA).
Effect of urethane on transplanted leukemia of Ak mice.

ConclusionsThe administration of urethane to Ak mice with transplanted leukemia caused a delay in the appearance of immature cells in the peripheral blood and prevented a marked increase in total white blood cell count and numbers of immature blast cells. Infiltration of organs occurred later and to a less marked degree. The average survival time of the animals was increased and this increase was statistically significant. In order to secure these effects a dosage of urethane was used which was just sub-lethal. It is probable that the drug itself was partly responsible for the death of the treated animals.
Fat preferences, dietary fat intake and body composition in children

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between fat preference, dietary intake data and body composition in children. SUBJECT AND METHODS Subjects studied were 88 children aged 9-12 y from two elementary schools in Ohio. Measures for dietary intake and body composition were obtained by 3 day diet records, anthropometrics, triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Fat preference data was assessed by hedonic rating of high and low fat snack foods. RESULTS Data indicate that children who preferred the high fat snack items had high dietary fat intakes (r = 0.57, P < 0.05). Tricep skinfold measurement and BMI correlated positively with high fat food preferences (r = 0.51 and r = 0.46 P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest preference for high fat foods may occur due to diet composition and that increased adiposity may be associated with higher relative fat intakes.
Analysis on rise and sustainable development of acupuncture fever in the United States using the health belief model

The paper analysed the social-psychological factors of the rise of acupuncture fever in the United States by applying literature research and data analysis based on health belief model.The factors include the cognition on health idea by individual people(especially on the susceptibility and severity of adverse reactions of chemical medicinal),social influence factors and negative factors in acupuncture cognition,the characteristics of people accepted acupuncture such as age,sex,region and social strata,motivation factors promoting people to seek acupuncture treatment,and self-efficiency of people for keeping confidence about acupunture's effectiveness.The paper also thought on the strategy of sustainable development of acupuncture in the United States from the aspect of health belief model.
Physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials that influence their nervous system distribution and effects

This critical review examines in vitro and in vivo evidence for the influence of engineered nanomaterial (ENM) physicochemical properties on their distribution into, and effects on, the nervous system. Nervous system applications of ENMs; exposure routes and potential for uptake; the nervous system and its barriers to ENM uptake; and the mechanisms of uptake into the nervous system and overcoming those barriers are summarized. The findings of English-language publications of studies that included at least two variations of an ENM physicochemical property and reported results of their pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interaction with the nervous system that differed as a function of ENM physicochemical property(ies) are summarized in Supplementary Materials. A summary conclusion is drawn for each of the physicochemical properties on the strength of the evidence that it influences ENM-nervous system interaction.
Pasteur, light and life

About 150 years ago the young Louis Pasteur elegantly demonstrated that a new aspect of molecular structure – handedness, now known as chirality – was needed to explain why organic compounds rotate the plane of polarized light. Chiral molecules have right- and left-handed forms, or enantiomers, and each form has an opposite effect on polarized light.
Delirium During Postacute Nursing Home Admission and Risk for Adverse Outcomes

Objectives To identify the rate of delirium present during admission to postacute care (PAC) in the nursing home setting and to determine whether patients with delirium had higher risk for adverse outcomes. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting US Medicare- and Medicaid-certified nursing homes, 2011 to 2014. Participants Individuals admitted to all US nursing homes for PAC, aged ≥65 years, and without prior history of nursing home residence (n = 5,588,702). Measurements Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0 admission assessments identified delirium based upon Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) items. Robust Poisson regression was used to calculate adjusted relative risks (aRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for death following PAC admission, and for 30-day discharge outcomes including re-hospitalization from PAC, discharge home, and functional improvement. Results Delirium was identified in 4.3% of new postacute nursing home admissions. Mortality within 30 days of PAC admission was observed in 16.3% of patients with delirium and 5.8% of patients without delirium (aRR = 2.27, CI = 2.24–2.30). The rate of 30-day readmission from PAC was 21.3% for patients with delirium compared with 15.1% among patients without delirium (aRR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.40, 1.43). 26.9% of patients with delirium were discharged home within 30 days of admission compared to 52.5% of patients without delirium (aRR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.57, 0.58). 48.9% of patients with delirium showed functional improvement at discharge compared to 59.9% of patients without delirium (aRR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.82, 0.83). Conclusions Patients with delirium present upon PAC admission were at high risk for mortality and 30-day re-hospitalization and were less likely to have timely discharge to home or to improve in physical function at discharge. Early identification and care planning for individuals with delirium at PAC admission may be essential to improve outcomes.
Cocaine and Cerebral Sigma-1 Receptor Occupancy

Cocaine activates sigma-1 (σ 1 ) receptors, which function as molecular chaperones for diverse proteins including ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Consequently, cocaine–σ 1 receptor interactions modulate multiple signaling pathways that contribute to the behavioral effects, abuse liability, and toxicity of the drug. Interventions with small-molecule antagonists of σ 1 receptors represent a promising approach for the pharmacotherapy of cocaine abuse. In this chapter, we summarize recent findings regarding occupancy of σ 1 receptors by cocaine and other σ 1 receptor ligands, and discuss the correlation of σ 1 receptor occupancy by antagonist ligands with attenuation of cocaine’s motor stimulatory effects in a mouse model.
Effects of chronic social defeat stress on sleep and circadian rhythms are mitigated by kappa-opioid receptor antagonism

Stress plays a critical role in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Sleep and circadian rhythms are affected in many of these conditions. Here we examined the effects of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), an ethological form of stress, on sleep and circadian rhythms. We exposed male mice implanted with wireless telemetry transmitters to a 10 day CSDS regimen known to produce anhedonia (a depressive-like effect) and social avoidance (an anxiety-like effect). EEG, EMG, body temperature, and locomotor activity data were collected continuously during the CSDS regimen and a 5 day recovery period. CSDS affected numerous endpoints, including paradoxical sleep (PS) and slow-wave sleep (SWS), as well as the circadian rhythmicity of body temperature and locomotor activity. The magnitude of the effects increased with repeated stress, and some changes (PS bouts, SWS time, body temperature, locomotor activity) persisted after the CSDS regimen had ended. CSDS also altered mRNA levels of the circadian rhythm-related gene mPer2 within brain areas that regulate motivation and emotion. Administration of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist JDTic (30 mg/kg, i.p.) before CSDS reduced stress effects on both sleep and circadian rhythms, or hastened their recovery, and attenuated changes in mPer2 Our findings show that CSDS produces persistent disruptions in sleep and circadian rhythmicity, mimicking attributes of stress-related conditions as they appear in humans. The ability of KOR antagonists to mitigate these disruptions is consistent with previously reported antistress effects. Studying homologous endpoints across species may facilitate the development of improved treatments for psychiatric illness.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stress plays a critical role in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders. We show that chronic social defeat stress in mice produces progressive alterations in sleep and circadian rhythms that resemble features of depression as it appears in humans. Whereas some of these alterations recover quickly upon cessation of stress, others persist. Administration of a kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist reduced stress effects or hastened recovery, consistent with the previously reported antistress effects of this class of agents. Use of endpoints, such as sleep and circadian rhythm, that are homologous across species will facilitate the implementation of translational studies that better predict clinical outcomes in humans, improve the success of clinical trials, and facilitate the development of more effective therapeutics.
The Attenuation Distribution Across the Long Axis of Breast Cancer Liver Metastases at CT: A Quantitative Biomarker for Predicting Overall Survival

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to compare attenuation distribution across the long-axis (ADLA) measurements, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1, and Choi c...
Effects of natural supplementation on human T cell longevity pathways (LYM6P.723)

Nutraceuticals are natural compounds that contain both nutritional as well as medicinal benefits. Various nutraceuticals (curcumin and resveratrol) obtained from plant extracts have been shown to improve fitness and extend lifespan by various mechanisms. In addition other compounds have also been shown to extend lifespan (rapamycin, spermidine and nicotinamide mononucleotide). Although the end result for these compounds maybe extension of lifespan, comparison of their signaling pathways remains to be determined. The objective of our research was to compare the signaling pathway of these compounds on both normal human T cells and Jurkat cell lines. We used RT-PCR to measure gene expression of NF-Κβ, AMPK, sirtuin 1-7 and autophagy specific genes (ATG5 and MAPILC3B/LC3) for all of these compounds. In addition, we show a direct correlation between concentrations of treatment and the upregulation of gene expression to the viability of the cells.
A note on Gamma Wick products

An integral representation of the Wick product for Gamma distributed random variables, with mean greater than 1/2, is presented first. We use this integral representation to prove a Holder inequali...
The Utility of Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Gliomas in Clinical Practice (P3.132)

OBJECTIVE: To catalog the molecular alterations identified during genomic analysis of gliomas, and the utility in personalizing therapy. BACKGROUND: Recent advances in genetic analysis technologies using microarrays and next generation sequencing (NGS) have advanced our understanding of gliomas with a main goal to individualize therapy tailored to molecular and genetic profile of the tumor. One method is FoundationOne which was developed by Foundation Medicine, a NGS based assay of tumor tissue designed to include all genes known to be somatically altered in solid tumors with periodic updates. Reports also include medications targeted to those alterations if available. DESIGN/METHODS: A retrospective study involved reviewing charts and Foundation Medicine results after IRB approval. RESULTS: We identified 20 patients with gliomas, WHO grades II-IV, from whom 22 tumors were analyzed. The FoundationOne results showed genomically significant alterations with available targeted therapy in 15/20 (75[percnt]) of patients. The most commonly identified alterations were in EGFR (40[percnt], 8/20), including amplification (7), EGFRvIII mutation (4) patients, other EGFR mutations (3). Other frequently identified mutations involved PTEN (55[percnt], 11/20), IDH1/2 (25[percnt], 5/20), and FGFR3 (10[percnt], 2/20). Therapy options and/or treatment changed based on the result in 6/20 (30[percnt]) of patients. Targeted therapy was tailored to EGFR in 4/6 (66.6[percnt]), FGFR3 mutation in 1/6 (16.6[percnt]) and KDR amplification in 1/6 (16.6[percnt]) of patients. Those therapies were either prescribed off-label (83[percnt], 5/6) or as part of a clinical trial (17[percnt], 1/6). CONCLUSIONS: Gliomas remain relatively resistant to approved therapies and using advanced technology in genetic analysis to individualize therapy is promising. The impact of targeting treatment based on individual key molecular alterations must be validated in prospective studies. Disclosure: Dr. Haggiagi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Corpuz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lassman has received personal compensation for activities with Biolumina, Genentech, Midatech, Celgene, Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, and Amgen. Dr. Iwamoto has nothing to disclose.
Asia, Sociocultural Overviews: Korea

This article examines the historical development of the anthropology of Korea and the Koreas from the nineteenth century to the present, highlighting the shifting multinational character of this anthropology over time. It examines the contexts of colonialism and the predominance of social anthropological village studies in the years after 1945, while devoting its greatest attention to trends in sociocultural research on both Koreas over the past two decades.
Improved H2 Evolution in Quaternary SCIGS Chalcopyrite Semiconductors

In a search for improved photocathode materials for fuel-producing photoelectrochemical cells, quaternary AgxCu1–xGayIn1–yS2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) p-type, chalcopyrite semiconductors (SCIGS) were prepared and tested for photochemical hydrogen evolution. The study reported here is based on the preparation of bulk phases of the quaternary system. In contrast to thin-film studies of this system, this approach enables enhanced control of the materials’ chemical, structural, and electronic properties. Compared to ternary CIGS electrode materials, the quaternary SCIGS materials provide improved photoelectrochemical and electrocatalytic properties. The quaternary system allows for adjustment of the band structures and photocatalytic abilities to a finer degree than is possible in the AgxCu1–xGaS2 or AgxCu1–xInS2 ternaries, and several of the quaternary AgxCu1–xGayIn1–yS2 compositions are found to show better water-splitting capability than the ternaries, even when a platinum co-catalyst is present in the te...
Comparison of Varying Corticosteroid Type, Dose, and Volume for the Treatment of Pain in Small‐ and Intermediate‐Size Joint Injections: A Narrative Review

Abstract Objective To systematically evaluate the scientific literature examining the efficacy of corticosteroid injections in small- and intermediate-size joints, specifically looking at the effect of corticosteroid type, dose, and volume on clinical outcomes (pain and/or function). Type Systematic review Literature Survey Medline (PubMed)®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial, and SportDiscus® databases were searched. Methodology Inclusion criteria included adult patients enrolled in prospective studies evaluating pain- and/or function-related improvements following a corticosteroid injection of a small- or intermediate-sized joint. Synthesis A total of 28 articles were included in the study, all including patients with osteoarthritis and/or rheumatoid arthritis. Only six studies contained level I evidence, and most studies were prospective case series without a control. Most studies used 10-20mg of corticosteroid for small joints and 20-40mg in intermediate joints; wrist joints were the only joint studied that directly compared doses – 20mg was noninferior to 40mg. Triamcinolone hexacetonide was found to be superior to methylprednisolone in the interphalangeal finger joints; no other joints compared steroid types. No studies evaluated the effect of volume on clinical outcomes. Most studies showed pain and/or functional improvements for weeks to months. Conclusions Very few studies directly examine the effect of corticosteroid type, corticosteroid dose, or injectate volume on clinical outcomes for small- or intermediate-size joint arthralgia. Future studies are needed to better elucidate the most effective treatment protocols. Level of evidence Level II, systematic review of cohort studies
Total Failure Management

Failure analysis is a complex process applied in a reactive fashion to all types of products, parts, and equipment. The purpose of this paper is entirely positive, to prevent future failures. This concept of failure analysis is easy to understand intuitively. However, underneath that intuitive understanding are important conceptual principles, which are commonly either misunderstood or not considered at all. Total failure management (TFM) is the process of understanding the contributing causes and underlying mechanisms of failure and applying this knowledge proactively to manage harm from future failure threats. When leveraged through the framework of a failure management system, failure analysis improves the ability of investigators to identify effective remedial measures and increase confidence in failure prevention. Thus, a TFM process contributes directly to the real cost savings.
Postpartum Role Satisfaction in Couples: Associations With Individual and Relationship Well-Being:

Although the postpartum period is typically considered a joyful time for new parents, this period calls for a reprioritization of daily responsibilities and tasks which may not necessarily align wi...
A cohort study of how faculty in LIS schools perceive and engage with open-access publishing:

This article presents results from a survey of faculty in North American Library and Information Studies (LIS) schools about their attitudes towards and experience with open-access publishing. As a...
Fecal DNA Testing for Colorectal Cancer Screening.

Fecal (or stool) DNA examination is a noninvasive strategy recommended by several medical professional societies for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in average-risk individuals. Fecal DNA tests a...
Yolk Sac Tumors of the Head and Neck in Aicardi Syndrome.

Objectives:To understand that yolk sac tumors (YSTs) of the head and neck (H&N) are exceedingly rare and typically carry a poor prognosis. To acknowledge the possibility of increased incidence in p...
Electromagnetic Radial Diffusion in the Earth's Radiation Belts as Determined by the Solar Wind Immediate Time History and a Toy Model for the Electromagnetic Fields

Diffusion-driven radiation belt models require multiple physics-based inputs to specify the radiation environment through which spacecraft travel, including diffusion coefficients. Even though even...
A state-of-the-art review of the socio-ecological correlates of volunteerism among older adults

The health and social benefits of volunteering behaviours by older adults are well acknowledged. However, few review articles have been concerned with the correlates/dimensions of older adults’ volunteerism. Some focused only on the North American context or reviewed studies only up to 2008. This study reviewed the recent global literature in the past decade about the correlates of older adults’ volunteerism. We carried out a literature search in PsycINFO, Social Services Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts and Google Scholar to identify empirical journal publications about the correlates of older adults’ (age 60+) volunteerism from 2008 to 2019. Among 112 initially eligible papers, 41 were selected. Findings were synthesised using the framework of the Socioecological Model. Existing studies mainly have used quantitative methodologies and were conducted within the context of a single Western country. Motivations included higher education, morale and mentality, previous experiences, social network, community cohesion and organisational management. Major barriers were health and financial constraints. Few studies focused on macro-level correlates. Irrelevant and confounding correlates were also discussed. We suggest practitioners recruit and retain older volunteers by identifying their needs and optimising management within the organisation. Policy makers should create a supportive environment and increase resource accessibility. Future research could conduct cross-cultural comparisons, use diverse methodologies and embrace more correlates, especially at the macro-level.
Asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap and cost-related medication non-adherence among older adults in the United States.

Cost-related medication non-adherence (CRN) can negatively impact health outcomes in older adults with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap (ACO) by reducing access and a...
Bowmaker, Simon W. When the President Calls: Conversations with Economic Policymakers : Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019. 688 Pages. $34.95 (Hardcover)

When the President Calls provides a fascinating set of interviews with dozens of top economic advisors to American presidents over the past fifty years. Its author, Simon Bowmaker, is something of ...
XIST Recruits BRCA1 to Ubiquitinate macroH2A for X Chromosome Inactivation in Proliferating Breast Cells

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in females needs to be maintained in newly synthesized chromosome during each cell proliferation cycle, and improper XCI may reactivate X chromosome oncogenes which links to carcinogenesis. However, mechanisms maintaining XCI during cell proliferation remain unclear. During XCI, PRC1 canonical or PRC1-like proteins are assumed to ubiquitinate H2A, which forms a "reversibly" silenced chromatin, while during the maintenance stage of XCI, macroH2As instead of H2As are enriched in the inactivated X chromosome to form a stable silencing status. Recently studies suggested that Breast cancer type 1 (BRCA1), a tumor suppressor commonly mutated in breast cancer cells, can catalyze macroH2A ubiquitination, which prompted us to hypothesize that BRCA1 instead of PRC1 mediates macroH2A ubiquitination and maintains XCI during cell proliferation. Based on RNA immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopic imaging, we found that BRCA1 directly interacts with XIST, a key LncRNA mediating XCI, which colocalizes with mH2A in inactivated X chromosome. Loss of either XIST or BRCA1 decreased the ubiquitination level of macroH2A, suppressing DNA methylation of X chromosome genes, which leads to failure of heterochromatin formation in proliferating breast cancer and mammary gland epithelial cells. Furthermore, this ubiquitination by BRCA1 was not replaceable by PRC1. Using domain-specific deletion, the interaction between XIST and BRCA1 was narrowed to exon 2-7. Our data showed that BRCA1 interacts with XIST to ubiquitinate the macroH2A on X chromosome, which is required for XCI maintenance in mammary gland epithelial cells during cell proliferation. These data provide a novel mechanism explaining the frequent BRCA1 mutations occurred during breast carcinogenesis.
14-Day Nose-Only Inhalation Toxicity and Haber's Rule Study of NNK in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the key tobacco-specific nitrosamines that plays an important role in human lung carcinogenesis. However, repeated inhalation toxicity data on NNK, which is more directly relevant to cigarette smoking, are currently limited. In the present study, the subacute inhalation toxicity of NNK was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats. Both sexes (9-10 weeks age; 16 rats/sex/group) were exposed by nose-only inhalation to air, vehicle control (75% propylene glycol), or 0.8, 3.2, 12.5, or 50 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day of NNK (NNK aerosol concentrations: 0, 0, 0.03, 0.11, 0.41, or 1.65 mg/L air) for 1 h/day for 14 consecutive days. Toxicity was evaluated by assessing body and organ weights; food consumption; clinical pathology; histopathology observations; blood, urine, and tissue levels of NNK, its major metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and their glucuronides (reported as total NNK, tNNK, and total NNAL, tNNAL, respectively); O6-methylguanine DNA adduct formation; and blood and bone marrow micronucleus frequency. Whether the subacute inhalation toxicity of NNK followed Haber's Rule was also determined using additional animals exposed 4 h/day. The results showed that NNK exposure caused multiple significant adverse effects, with the most sensitive endpoint being non-neoplastic histopathological lesions in the nose. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) was 0.8 mg/kg BW/day or 0.03 mg/L air for 1 h/day for both sexes. An assessment of Haber's Rule indicated that 14-day inhalation exposure to the same dose at a lower concentration of NNK aerosol for a longer time (4 h daily) resulted in greater adverse effects than exposure to a higher concentration of NNK aerosol for a shorter time (1 h daily).
Modeling risks of cardiovascular and cancer mortality following a diagnosis of loco-regional breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Many women with breast cancer also have a high likelihood of cardiovascular mortality, and while there are several cardiovascular risk prediction models, none have been validated in a cohort of breast cancer patients. We first compared the performance of commonly-used cardiovascular models, and then derived a new model where breast cancer and cardiovascular mortality were modeled simultaneously, to account for the competing risk endpoints and commonality of risk factors between the two events. METHODS We included 20,462 women diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer between 2000 and 2010 in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) with follow-up through April 30, 2015, and examined the performance of the Framingham, CORE and SCOREOP cardiovascular risk models by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and observed-to -expected (O/E) ratio. We developed a multi-state model based on cause-specific hazards (CSH) to jointly model the causes of mortality. RESULTS The extended models including breast cancer characteristics (grade, tumor size, nodal involvement) with CVD risk factors had better discrimination at 5-years with AUCs of 0.85 (95% CI 0.83, 0.86) for cardiovascular death and 0.80 (95% CI 0.78, 0.87) for breast cancer death compared with the existing cardiovascular models evaluated at 5 years AUCs ranging 0.71-0.78. Five-year calibration for breast and cardiovascular mortality from our multi-state model was also excellent (O/E = 1.01, 95% CI 0.91-1.11). CONCLUSION A model incorporating cardiovascular risk factors, breast cancer characteristics, and competing events, outperformed traditional models of cardiovascular disease by simultaneously estimating cancer and cardiovascular mortality risks.
Influence of within year treatments and between year environmental differences on peach leaf ash and carbon isotopic discrimination responses

Abstract Plant ash content is related to water use efficiency (WUE) (dry matter accumulation per unit of transpiration) and Δ 13 C in a range of C 3 species. In breeding programs, the genetic × environment interaction is measured with multiple locations and multiple years of evaluation but the genetic × environment interaction of ash or Δ 13 C has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to assess how within year cultural variation and yearly environmental variation affect peach leaf ash and carbon discrimination as measures of water use efficiency using cultural practices evaluated over a 13 year period of time. ‘Loring’ peach ( Prunus persica ) on seedling ‘Halford’ rootstock were planted in 1983 in a 4.5 m × 6 m spacing in square vegetation-free-areas (VFA) around each tree (0.36 and 13.0 m 2 ). Three irrigation treatments (none, drip irrigated during stage 3 of fruit development, and fertigation during stage 3 of fruit development) were imposed on each VFA. Leaf ash and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) were measured in leaf tissue collected prior to harvest. Analysis of variance indicated that there were no differences in VFA or irrigation for either ash or Δ 13 C, however there were yearly interactions. Δ 13 C was significantly related to the growing season pan evaporation but the slope was low indicating a minimal response while leaf ash was not significantly related. In contrast, leaf ash was significantly related to the growing season rainfall amount while Δ 13 C was unrelated. Both leaf ash and Δ 13 C were unrelated to the growing season water deficit. The coefficient of variation for leaf ash and Δ 13 C are 0.16 and 0.04, respectively, over a 13 year sampling period. These data suggest that breeding programs screening for increased water use efficiency using leaf ash or Δ 13 C can anticipate a minimal amount of within location variation and thus place more emphasis on environmental or between-location variation.
Effect of pulmonary vascular resistance before left ventricular assist device implantation on short- and long-term post-transplant survival.

Abstract Objectives Pulmonary hypertension is often considered a contraindication to orthotopic heart transplantation. Left ventricular assist device support may improve pulmonary hypertension by unloading the left ventricle, making patients eligible for transplantation. We sought to investigate the effect of continuous-flow left ventricular assist device support on pulmonary hypertension and compare post-transplantation outcomes in patients with preexisting pulmonary hypertension. Methods Between March 2004 and December 2013, 256 potential orthotopic heart transplantation candidates underwent continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation at Columbia University. Preimplantation right heart catheterization data were available for 227 patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of preimplantation pulmonary vascular resistance: low ( Results Pulmonary vascular resistance in the high resistance group decreased significantly during left ventricular assist device support ( P P P = .45). Conclusions Continuous-flow left ventricular assist device therapy reduced pulmonary vascular resistance. Subsequent orthotopic heart transplantation in patients with significantly elevated pulmonary vascular resistance resulted in higher in-hospital mortality but similar 3-year survival.
Quinpirole and d-amphetamine administration posttraining enhances memory on spatial and cued discriminations in a water maze

Two behavioral testing procedures, a spatial discrimination and a cued discrimination, were used in a water maze to assess memory enhancement following posttraining administration of d-amphetamine, an indirect catecholamine agonist, and quinpirole, a dopaminergic D2 receptor agonist. Rats received an eight-trial (30-sec intertriai interval) training session on a single-platform spatial or cued discrimination in a water maze. In the spatial task, a submerged escape platform was located in the same quadrant of the maze on all trials. In the cued task, a visible escape platform was located in a different quadrant of the maze on each trial. Following Trial 8 in both tasks, the rats received a posttraining subcutaneous injection of d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg), quinpirole (LY 171555; 2.0 mg/kg), or saline. On a retention test session 24 h later, latency to mount the escape platform was used as a measure of memory. In both tasks, the retention test escape latencies of the animals given d-amphetamine or quinpirole were lower than those of the saline-injected controls. In both tasks, injections of (d-amphetamine and quinpirole did not affect retention when administered 2 h posttraining, indicating a time-dependent effect of the posttraining treatments on retention. Control experiments indicated that the effects of d-amphetamine on retention were not due to enhancement of memory of a “search strategy” common to both tasks. Rather, the effects of the drug on retention were due to an influence on memory for the “type” of discrimination learned (i.e., spatial or cued). The findings indicate that both spatial and cued discriminations in a water maze are sensitive to posttraining memory enhancement, and they suggest a neuromodulatory role for dopaminergic systems in both tasks.
The Market for Television Advertising: Model and Evidence

We provide a model of television advertising based on an explicit characterization of an advertisement's contribution to an advertiser's profits that suggests that each program faces a downward sloping demand for its ad time. Hence Fournier and Martin's (1983) "law of one price" does not hold in our model. We study these contrasting arguments about television advertising by examining the pricing of broadcast network advertising. In conducting this empirical examination we encounter and solve a severe multicollinearity problem. We conclude that the evidence supports the advertising model presented in this paper and demonstrates segmentation between cable and broadcast viewers in the national television advertising market.
Aerosol effects on global land surface energy fluxes during 2003–2010

Aerosols affect downward solar radiation, impacting the terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and energy budget. Here we apply a coupled modeling framework of a terrestrial ecosystem model and an atmospheric radiative transfer model to evaluate aerosol direct radiative effects on the surface heat fluxes of global terrestrial ecosystems during 2003–2010. We find that aerosol loadings decrease the mean latent heat flux by 2.4 Wm−2 (or evapotranspiration by 28 mm) and sensible heat flux by 16 Wm−2. As a result, global mean soil moisture and water evaporative fraction have increased by 0.5% and 4%, respectively. Spatially, aerosol effects are significant in tropical forests and temperate broadleaf evergreen forests. This study is among the first quantifications of aerosols' effects on the heat fluxes of the global terrestrial ecosystems. The study further suggests that both direct and indirect aerosol radiative effects through aerosol-cloud interactions should be considered to quantify the energy budget of the global terrestrial ecosystems.
Alternate Reality Games

Alternate reality gaming is an emerging game genre that blurs the lines between reality and fiction by conveying a hybrid gaming experience through online and offline mechanisms. Primarily developed from and for the internet, these games blend online and offline gameplay in such a way as to create playing fields in everyday spaces. Accordingly, they are considered to be a form of pervasive play. The genre is famous for its mantra “This is not a game.” Keywords: alternate reality gaming; narrative; new media; pervasive play; transmedia; video games
Cellular Replication and the Persistence of Inducible RNA Type C Viruses

Cells of mouse and rat origin contain endogenous type C viruses. There are intrinsic regulatory factors which restrict the ability of different classes of these inducible viruses to persist in cells after chemical activation. The cellular block to certain viruses is shown to be overcome under conditions in which the virus-activated cells are allowed continued exponential growth. These findings may help to explain the high frequency at which replicating type C viruses are detectable in naturally occurring tumors of some species.
Global Warming Disclosures: Impact of Kyoto Protocol Across Countries

The Kyoto Protocol that went into effect in February 2005 set limits on the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We document in this study that firms from countries ratifying the Protocol and setting limits on GHG emissions (i.e., European Union [EU] countries, Canada and Japan) are associated with higher GHG disclosures compared with firms in the United States, which has not ratified the Protocol. Additionally, we document that firms from India, which has not set any limits on GHG emissions, make even less GHG disclosures than firms from all other countries covered in this study. Our findings also show that GHG disclosures are greater for Canadian and Japanese firms compared with firms from the EU countries and that they also differ somewhat across EU firms. These findings suggest that ratification of the Protocol and limits on emissions improve pollution disclosures. In the absence of Protocol ratification, mandatory disclosure requirements may be needed to ensure adequate and reliable pollution disclosures.
Globalization Considered—How Democracy and Economic Openness Affect Conflict and the Environment

Democracy and Economic Openness in an Interconnected System: Complex Transformations. By Quan Li, Rafael Reuveny. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 350 pp., $28.99 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-72890-4). Scholars and practitioners of political economy have grappled with how to explain the wide-ranging expanse of globalization and the interrelationships of markets, politics, and the environment. Yet, few have tried to ask these questions systematically and in a truly global sense. Li and Reuveny, in this masterful volume, address some of the most important literatures in international political economy, international relations, and environmental studies. Their core concerns, as advanced in the book, speak to larger questions of democratization, war and peace, how globalization affects the environment, and how to understand globalization itself. They raise important questions about the interactions and interrelationships of these substantive issue areas, and they provide both formal and statistical analysis of these factors and processes. This book is based on years of collaborative research, and it is clearly the result of multiple testing and development of ideas. It is a pleasure to read this mature, well-developed analysis which makes an important contribution to the field. Some of the main strengths in this book are the thorough and comprehensive literature review of globalization and its consequences, and the literature reviews on the democratic …
¿Y Nosotros, Qué?: Moving beyond the Margins in a Community Change Initiative

Our ethnography focuses on an urban community change organization within a predominantly African American and Latino population. Latino Critical Race Theory and Critical Race Theory help us understand the Spanish speakers' positioning and how particularities of Latinas/os' experience challenged power relations and group cohesion. Our findings illustrate tensions and contradictions of black–brown communities working in tandem to work against oppression. We argue that manifestations of intergroup conflict negatively influenced the success of this effort. Urban environments are increasingly demographically diverse and understanding how cross-group dynamics are interpreted by traditionally marginalized populations is essential to ensuring the educational, economic, and social success of students. [community change initiative, social context of schooling, Latino Critical Race Theory (LatCrit), Latinos, African Americans]
The extraordinary radar echoes from Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto : a geological perspective

Electromagnetic echo-scattering models, empirical and theoretical considerations on regolith formation, and ice physics, are presently invoked in a geologic treatment of the anomalous radar properties of the icy Galilean satellites. These are held to arise because of the electrical differences between ice and silicates, and the absence of icy regoliths' ice-density structures in silicate regoliths. Icy regoliths may uniquely smooth out discontinuities between solid ejecta fragments and more porous surroundings, forming refraction-scattering 'lenses'; high-order multiple scatterings will thereby become more likely responsible for the echoes than low-order scattering.
Desensitization and coupled receptors: A model of drug dependence

It is assumed that certain drug receptors are so coupled with certain physiological receptors that stimulation of either receptor increases the sensitivity of the other. If the drug receptor suffers tolerance (i.e. slow desensitization) and if insensitivity of the drug receptor also makes the physiological receptor insensitive, then tolerance must be responsible for a physiological deficiency. This may be remedied by increased drug administration which will raise the sensitivity of the remaining physiological receptors so that a normal or near-normal physiological situation is achieved. Thus the organism is not only tolerant to the drug but also dependent on it. If such theoretical considerations apply to opiate receptors (as drug receptors) and to catecholamine receptors (as physiological receptors), then the theory predicts that acute morphine administration increases the sensitivity of dopamine receptors, that sympathetic stimulation decreases pain sensitivity, that opioid tolerance provokes increased catecholamine activity, that α -receptor stimulants attenuate and α -receptor antagonists exacerbate morphine abstinence, and that catecholaminergic inhibition results in increased morphine toxicity. All of these predictions have been verified experimentally.
Food Additives and Hyperkinesia A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence

This article evaluates evidence relevant to Feingold's hypothesis that synthetic food colors and flavors cause hyperactivity. Feingold's opinion that a recent “epidemic” of hyperkinesis is due to an increase in the use of synthetic colors and flavors is examined. The authors conclude that there are no reliable data to support the belief that there has been an epidemic of hyperkinesis. Results from clinical tests and uncontrolled studies of an elimination diet are reviewed, and the contaminating effect of placebo responses is discussed. Finally, results from two recent controlled studies of the diet are examined. The authors agree with the investigators that these controlled studies show equivocal results which should be interpreted with caution. A moratorium on further public advocacy is recommended until the efficacy of the diet for a defined population is firmly established by controlled research.
Harmonic analysis of multi-phase electric power distribution systems

This study presents a computer program as a tool for the harmonic analysis of multi-phase electric power distribution systems. In the program, the source of harmonics can be any number of multi-phase harmonic currents and/or voltages, or up to 10 three-phase converters. Frequency dependent models of ac network elements are assembled into a sparse admittance matrix. Then sparsity techniques are employed to determine the current flow in all elements and voltages at all busses throughout the system at any harmonic frequency up to 3 KHz. Voltage distortion factors that represent the overall effects of the harmonics on the system voltages are also calculated. The digital program was then applied to a multi-phase distribution system in order to observe the response of the system to the various changes that were made in the system. It was found that the converter size and location, the capacitor bank sizes and locations, and the representation of the system loads are factors in determining harmonic current flows and the level of voltage distortion factors. Also, the response of the system to single-phase harmonic sources was investigated and it was discovered that the effects of single-phase harmonic sources can be serious enough that they should not be ignored in the harmonic analysis of multi-phase systems.