cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Analysis of an Ontology of Engineering Design Activities Using the Design Structure Matrix

In this paper, a published ontology of engineering design activities is modeled and analyzed using the design structure matrix (DSM). Specifically, the ontology analyzed in this research provides a basis for describing engineering design activities and subsequently design processes in an unambiguous manner. However, the proposed ontology lacks a computational representation and the information flow between activities is not adequately described. Thus, complex design processes cannot be represented using the ontology. The design activity ontology is modeled and analyzed using the DSM. First, the information flows between design activities are identified and their inter-relationships are described. Four different cases for representing the flow of information between design activities are modeled. In Case 1 and 2 feedback between information output and information input within an activity is captured. Whereas, in Case 3 and 4 it is assumed that no feedback between output and input exists within an activity. DSM analyses, including partitioning and tearing, are performed on the model. Observations and conclusions drawn from these analyses include the further decomposition of design activities, grouping of design activities, and lack of information flow between seemingly related activities. Based on these observations, recommendations are made to refine the ontology. Finally, additional research is required for developing a computational ontology of design activities.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Osteomyelitis after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy: case report and a review of the management.

Objectives The purpose of this paper is to report a case of osteomyelitis following a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy in a patient who underwent 2-jaw surgery. A review of the management of osteomyelitis is included, with a discussion of implications for the reconstruction of the mandible after treatment for osteomyelitis. Study design A case of a rapidly progressing osteomyelitis is presented with a detailed review of the management of osteomyelitis, using this case to illustrate key points of management. Results In a very short period of time the patient lost a significant portion of the left side of her mandible. The actual management that she underwent, as well as some of the controversies that are present with the treatment of osteomyelitis, is discussed. Conclusion Although osteomyelitis of the mandible usually is seen after odontogenic infections and trauma, it can occur in patients undergoing elective osteotomies. When recognized, it should be aggressively treated.
OX-40 antibody enhances for autoantigen specific V beta 8.2+ T cells within the spinal cord of Lewis rats with autoimmune encephalomyelitis

The V beta 8.2 T cell receptor (TCR) component is the predominant V beta gene product associated with antigen specific CD4+ T cell response to the major encephalitogenic epitope of myelin basic protein (MBP) in Lewis rats. Lewis rats were actively immunized with MBP in complete Freund's adjuvant and the V beta 8.2 positive and negative cells were analyzed for IFN-gamma mRNA production and OX-40 cell surface expression during the onset of EAE. The V beta 8.2+ T cells isolated from the spinal cord produced the majority of mRNA for IFN-gamma and also showed a marked enhancement for OX-40 expression compared to V beta 8.2+ T cells isolated from the lymph nodes. Only a fraction of IL-2 receptor positive T cells examined ex vivo from the inflammatory compartments co-expressed the OX-40 antigen. These results suggested that OX-40 cell surface expression could be used to identify and isolate the most recently activated T cells ex vivo. OX-40+ T cells isolated from the spinal cord were highly enriched for the V beta 8.2 T cell receptor component compared to OX-40- or unsorted spinal cord lymphocytes. OX-40+ T cells isolated from the spinal cord had an enhanced response to MBP, whereas OX-40+ cells isolated from the lymph nodes responded to both MBP and purified protein derivative. These data suggest that activated T cells can be isolated and characterized with the OX-40 antibody which only respond to the antigens present at the local site. The data also imply that isolation of OX-40+ T cells will be useful in identifying V beta biases and autoantigen specific cells within inflamed tissues even when the antigen specificity is unknown.
Capacity compatible 2-level link state routing for ad hoc networks with mobile clusterheads

The throughput of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is determined by the transceiver link capacity available at each node and the type of traffic pattern that is prevalent in the network. In order for a routing protocol to be scalable, its control overhead must not exceed transceiver link capacity. To achieve capacity compatible routing, hierarchical techniques may be employed. This paper describes how link state routing, with a single layer of hierarchy, provides sufficient scalability for MANETs where the traffic pattern consists of unicast communication between arbitrary pairs of nodes.
Ulnar drift in rheumatoid arthritis: a review of biomechanical etiology

The objective of this article is to summarize current understanding of biomechanical factors that cause ulnar drift in the hands of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This was done through literature review of published articles on the mechanical etiology of ulnar drift. There are several theories regarding the cause of ulnar drift, however conclusive evidence is still lacking. Current mechanical factors that are postulated to play a role include: failure of the collateral ligaments, intra-articular pressure changes, degenerative changes in the carpal and metacarpal anatomy, muscle hypoxia induced changes in wrist tension, and exacerbating activities of daily living. Although current theories regarding ulnar drift almost universally include an at least partially mechanical rationale, the causes may be multifactorial. Significantly more research is needed to elucidate the relative importance of mechanical factors leading to significant ulnar drift concurrent with advanced rheumatoid arthritis.
The Mozart effect: Tracking the evolution of a scientific legend

Theories of the diffusion of ideas in social psychology converge on the assumption that shared beliefs (e.g., social representations, rumours and legends) propagate because they address the needs or concerns of social groups. But little empirical research exists demonstrating this link. We report three media studies of the diffusion of a scientific legend as a particular kind of shared belief. We studied the Mozart effect (ME), the idea that listening to classical music enhances intelligence. Study 1 showed that the ME elicited more persistent media attention than other science reports and this attention increased when the ME was manifested in events outside of science. Study 2 suggested that diffusion of the ME may have responded to varying levels of collective anxiety. Study 3 demonstrated how the content of the ME evolved during diffusion. The results provide evidence for the functionality of diffusion of ideas and initial elements for a model of the emergence and evolution of scientific legends.
The natural history of soil seed banks of arable land

This article briefly reviews how long weed seeds can live in the soil and what happens to them during burial. Freshly matured seeds of many weeds are water-permeable, but those of others are water-impermeable. Water-permeable seeds may have morphological, physiological, or morphophysiological dormancy, with physiological dormancy (PD) being the one most commonly found in buried weed seeds. Further, nondeep PD is very common in buried weed seeds, and many of them exhibit annual dormancy cycles in response to seasonal temperature changes. The time of year when seeds are nondormant varies with the species, i.e., autumn, spring, or spring to summer. A light requirement for germination plays an important role in preventing nondormant seeds from germinating in the soil. To germinate, soil disturbance that exposes seeds to light must occur at a time of year when seeds are nondormant. Buried seeds of some species come out of dormancy and remain nondormant regardless of seasonal changes in environmental conditions; however, a light requirement for germination prevents them from germinating in the soil. Water-impermeable seeds have either physical dormancy (PY) or a combination of PY and PD, with PY being the most common, e.g., in members of the Fabaceae and Malvaceae. Seeds with PY have a water gap in the seed coat that opens in response to an environmental signal, thereby allowing water to enter. When disturbance brings seeds to the soil surface, temperatures that are higher than those in the soil can cause the water gap to open. Consequently, the water gap indirectly serves as a depth sensor. A challenge for the future is to use information about buried weed seeds to better manage weeds in crops, and modeling is an important step in that direction.
Bluetooth dynamic scheduling and interference mitigation

Bluetooth is a cable replacement technology for Wireless Personal Area Networks. It is designed to support a wide variety of applications such as voice, streamed audio and video, web browsing, printing, and file sharing, each imposing a number of quality of service constraints including packet loss, latency, delay variation, and throughput. In addition to QOS support, another challenge for Bluetooth stems from having to share the 2.4 GHz ISM band with other wireless devices such as IEEE 802.11. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the use of a dynamic scheduling algorithm that guarantees QoS while reducing the impact of interference. We propose a mapping between some common QoS parameters such as latency and bit rate and the parameters used in the algorithm. We study the algorithm's performance and obtain simulation results for selected scenarios and configurations of interest.
What do children with specific language impairment do with multiple forms of DO

Purpose This study was designed to examine the early usage patterns of multiple grammatical functions of DO in children with and without specific language impairment (SLI). Children’s use of this p...
Modulation of Aflatoxin Metabolism, Aflatoxin-N7-guanine Formation, and Hepatic Tumorigenesis in Rats Fed Ethoxyquin: Role of Induction of Glutathione S-Transferases

Abstract The effects of dietary administration of ethoxyquin (EQ) on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) metabolism, DNA adduct formation and removal, and hepatic tumorigenesis were examined in male Fischer rats. Rats were fed a semipurified diet containing 0.4% EQ for 1 wk, gavaged with 250 µg of AFB1 per kg 5 times a wk during the next 2 wk, and, finally, restored to the control diet 1 wk after cessation of dosing. At 4 mo, focal areas of hepatocellular alteration were identified and quantitated by staining sections of liver for γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Treatment with EQ reduced by >95% both area and volume of liver occupied by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci. Utilizing the same multiple dosing protocol, patterns of covalent modifications of DNA by AFB1 were determined. EQ produced a dramatic reduction in the binding of AFB1 to hepatic DNA: 18-fold initially and 3-fold at the end of the dosing period. Although binding was detectable at 3 and 4 mo postdosing, no effect of EQ was observed, suggesting that these persistent adducts are not of primary relevance to AFB1 carcinogenesis. Analysis of nucleic acid bases by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed no qualitative differences in adduct species between treatment groups. The inhibitory effect of EQ on AFB1 binding to DNA and tumorigenesis appears related to induction of detoxication enzymes. Rats fed 0.4% EQ for 7 days showed a 5-fold increase in hepatic cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST)-specific activities. Multiple molecular forms of GST were induced, and concomitant elevations in messenger RNA levels coding for the synthesis of GST subunits were observed. Correspondingly, biliary elimination of AFB1-glutathione conjugate was increased 4.5-fold in animals on the EQ diet during the first 2 h following p.o. administration of 250 µg of AFB1 per kg. Thus, induction by EQ of enzymes important to AFB1 detoxication, such as GST, can lead to enhanced carcinogen elimination, as well as reductions of AFB1-DNA adduct formation and subsequent expression of preneoplastic lesions, and, ultimately, neoplasia.
An Exploratory Study On Using Stage Theory To Develop A Data Management Measurement Framework

The issue of interest in this study is two-fold. First the evolution of Nolan’s Stage Model is presented. Next, the study discusses adapting Nolan’s stage theory into a framework that is an adaptable data management measurement tool. An exploratory measurement tool is developed, tested and refined. This research confirms that a valid measure is possible and that different data management maturity stages have certain characteristics that are important to the emerging knowledge necessary to manage enterprise-wide data as a valuable business resource.
Do You Have Constant Tactile Experience of Your Feet in Your Shoes? Or Is Experience Limited to What's in Attention?

According to rich views of consciousness (e.g., James, Searle), we have a constant, complex flow of experience (or 'phenom- enology') in multiple modalities simultaneously. According to thin views (e.g., Dennett, Mack and Rock), conscious experience is limited to one or a few topics, regions, objects, or modalities at a time. Exist- ing introspective and empirical arguments on this issue (including arguments from 'inattentional blindness') generally beg the question. Participants in the present experiment wore beepers during everyday activity. When a beep sounded, they were to take note of the conscious experience, if any, they were having at the last undisturbed moment immediately prior to the beep. Some participants were asked to report any experience they could remember. Others were asked simply to report whether there was visual experience or not (and if so, what it was). Still others were asked about experience in the far right visual field, or tactile experience, or tactile experience in the left foot. A majority of participants in the full experience and the visual condi- tions reported visual experience in every single sample. Tactile and peripheral visual experience were reported less often. However, the proper interpretation of these results is uncertain.
Changes in Finger Coordination and Hand Function with Advanced Age

Age-related changes in the hand neuromuscular apparatus are accompanied by changes in both finger strength and finger coordination. The loss of strength is more pronounced during maximal torque production tasks than in maximal force production tasks. Intrinsic hand muscles show a disproportionate loss of force, which may render multi-digit synergies learnt over the lifetime suboptimal. Age leads to lower force production by uninstructed fingers (lower enslaving), which may have negative effects on performance in tasks that involve rotational equilibrium constraints. Elderly persons show worse stabilization of the total force during accurate force production tasks (the stabilization is achieved by co-variation of forces produced by individual digits). They also show worse stabilization of the total moment produced on a hand-held object as compared to young persons. Some of the age-related changes, such as higher safety margins and higher antagonist moments produced by finger forces, may be viewed as adaptive. Other changes, however, are likely to interfere with the everyday hand function making it suboptimal.
Arginine vasopressin modulation of arterial baroreflex responses in fetal and newborn sheep

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the influence of circulating vasopressin (AVP) on the arterial baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and heart rate (HR) changes during development. To test this hypothesis, we studied arterial baroreflex-mediated control of HR and RSNA in the presence of increasing plasma levels of AVP in conscious, chronically instrumented fetal, newborn, and adult sheep. In fetal and newborn sheep, increasing plasma AVP levels (from 200 microU/ml) increased resting levels of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and decreased HR and RSNA. HR and RSNA baroreflex responses to variations of MABP with nitroprusside and phenylephrine infusion were not modified by elevated AVP levels in either newborn or fetal sheep, except for a small decrease in maximal HR response to nitroprusside infusion in the newborn animals. In contrast, in adults, AVP caused bradycardia and a decrease in RSNA without change in MABP, accompanied by resetting of the arterial baroreflex (decrease in maximal HR and RSNA, decrease in RSNA gain, and shift of HR to lower pressure). To test the hypothesis that the inability of AVP to reset the arterial baroreflex early during development was not secondary to maximal stimulation of V1 receptors during baseline conditions, we investigated the effect of V1-receptor blockade on baseline cardiovascular and arterial baroreflex function in newborn lambs. Administration of a V1-receptor antagonist produced no significant changes in resting MABP, HR, and RSNA and did not influence arterial baroreflex-mediated changes in HR and RSNA. These results indicate that, contrary to adults, circulating AVP does not modulate the arterial baroreflex in fetal and newborn sheep.
Recalling Arabic and English Prefixed and Suffixed Verbs among Arabic-English Bilingual Speakers: An Experimental Study in Relation to Working Memory

The current study focuses on how prefixes and suffixes in Arabic and English impact one’s working memory capacity to recall verbs. Further, it deals with whether or not Arabic-English bilingual speakers recall Arabic and English prefixed and suffixed verbs differently. To investigate this, the study was conducted in the form of two experiments on a group of 10 graduate students. The first experiment was on Arabic prefixed and suffixed verbs, whereas the second experiment was conducted similarly on English. The study concluded that suffixed Arabic verbs were recalled more than the prefixed ones, whereas in English the result was contrary where the participants could recall prefixed verbs more than the suffixed ones. This shows that L2 (Second Language) does not differ from L1 (First Language) in the effort exerted to recall words. Rather, the findings may suggest that it is easier to recall words in the second language, which might be due to the intensive instruction received in the second language. The study also discovered that several other factors played important roles in making the participants recall the items such as word-length effect, frequency and recency of the words.
Building bridges: Collaboration between community college and university

Abstract Background Two midwestern United States colleges have developed a relationship that is an exemplar of interprofessional education. Method Faculty from both colleges developed simulations. Students were divided between each campus for morning simulations with rotation to the other school for an afternoon session. Results One hundred percent of associate of science in nursing students and 84% of bachelor of science in nursing students rated the simulation as helpful or very helpful . Students reported that the experience allowed a more realistic view of nursing. Yearly joint simulations are now planned. The activity demonstrates importance of interprofessional education, collaboration, and sharing resources.
Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiologic effects of bepridil in chronically infarcted conscious dogs.

The antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory actions of bepridil, an antianginal agent with cardiac fast and slow channel-blocking activities, were evaluated in conscious dogs 3 to 7 days after anterior myocardial infarction. The i.v. administration of 5.0 mg/kg of bepridil prevented the initiation of ventricular tachycardia in four of 12 postinfarction dogs tested and slightly but significantly prolonged the effective refractory period determined at the right ventricular outflow tract. The i.v. administration of 10.0 mg/kg of bepridil prevented ventricular tachycardia induction in seven of 13 dogs tested and significantly reduced the rate of the induced tachycardia in the remaining six dogs. Significant increases in ventricular activation times measured in both normal and infarcted areas of myocardium, as well as a modest prolongation in ventricular refractoriness, accompanied administration of 10.0 mg/kg of bepridil. Acute pretreatment with 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of bepridil produced a dose-dependent and significant (10.0 mg/kg) delay in the development of ventricular fibrillation in response to ischemia at a site remote from previous myocardial infarction, as well as suggestive increases in survival 24 hr after the development of ischemia. These results suggest that bepridil may possess antiarrhythmic properties useful in the management of recurrent ventricular tachycardia in the setting of myocardial infarction and in the suppression of early ischemia-mediated ventricular fibrillation in the presence of previous myocardial injury.
Do low step count goals inhibit walking behavior: A randomized controlled study

Objective:Confirmation and quantification of observed differences in goal-directed walking behavior.Design:Single-blind, split-half randomized trial.Setting:Small rural university, Pennsylvania, United States.Subjects:A total of 94 able-bodied subjects (self-selected volunteer students, faculty and staff of a small university) were randomly assigned walking goals, and 53 completed the study.Interventions:Incentivized pedometer-monitored program requiring recording the step-count for 56-days into a custom-made website providing daily feedback.Main outcome measures:Steps logged per day.Results:During the first half of the study, the 5000 and 10,000 step group logged significantly different steps 7500 and 9000, respectively (P > 0.05). During the second half of the study, the 5000 and 10,000 step groups logged 7000 and 8600 steps, respectively (significance P > 0.05). The group switched from 5000 to →10,000 steps logged, 7900 steps for the first half and 9500 steps for the second half (significance P > 0.05)...
Growth Response of Muscovy Ducklings to Thyroxine (Iodinated Casein)

Abstract Iodinated casein at 220 mg. kg. of feed was fed to Muscovy ducklings to determine its effect on sexually differentiated growth. Nine male and eight female treated ducklings averaged 2,135 and 1,520 g. at eight weeks as compared to 2,315 and 1,588 g. for the untreated nine males and eight females. Feed conversion was 2.99 for treated and 3.60 for untreated ducklings.
Calcification of Cell Cultures in the Presence of Embryo Juice and Mammalian Sera

Summary and Conclusions1. Chick embryo juice, in concentrations suitable for chick cell cultures, induces calcification of the cell colonies and plasma in mammalian cell cultures.2. Fresh embryo pulp and extract are saturated with Ca and P. Ca and particularly P increase with age of the embryos, their ratios being 1:2.4 at 11 days. Upon incubation the P increases an additional 30%percnt;.3. Pasteurization of embryo extracts inactivates the phosphatases and prevents calcification in cell cultures receiving high concentrations of embryo juice.4. Calcification of cultures in the presence of mammalian sera is due to combining the Ca of serum and salt solution with the high levels of P in embryo juice, to the further liberation of P during incubation, and to the limited Ca X P products held in solution by mammalian sera.5. The calcifying propensity of chicken serum is much less than that of 3 mammalian sera, which may be arranged as follows: human < bovine < rabbit.
Dimensional Standard for Micro X-ray Computed Tomography

The decrease in the cost of high end computing and the availability of high quality X-ray sources in the laboratory environment has led to an increased use of three-dimensional (3D) X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT). In the medical community, the primary concern for CT is calibrating for X-ray absorption and ascertaining the difference between healthy tissue and cancerous tissue or examining fractures. Absorption calibration is also important in the materials community, however confirming dimensional accuracy of voids, defects, machined parts, cracks, or the distribution of dispersed particles is typically more important. One key aspect of μCT that is often overlooked in the literature is the number of radiographs required for dimensional accuracy of the 3D reconstruction and minimization of image noise. In μCT, a number of radiographs are collected in theta increments as the sample is rotated at least 180°. They are typically collected in 1° increments (or 181 radiographs), 0.25° increments (721 radiographs), or some other multiple. The question that arises, especially in a laboratory based instrument, where the required exposure times are longer to get high-quality signal-to-noise compared to synchrotron sources, is what is the optimal number of images required to reach the volumetric statistics of the sample, and minimize the noise while not overly scanning the sample at a cost in time? A dimensional standard based upon NIST certified glass microspheres dispersed in a low density poly(styrene) matrix to answer this question is proposed. Experiments are shown that describe the microsphere size statistics as a function of number of radiographs calculated using a commercial software package, AvizoFire. These results are important in understanding the distribution of voids in a foam and confirming the accuracy of the 3D measurements obtained.
Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Derived from the BC1 iPS Cell Line Exhibit a Blood-Brain Barrier Phenotype

The endothelial cells that form capillaries in the brain are highly specialized, with tight junctions that minimize paracellular transport and an array of broad-spectrum efflux pumps that make drug delivery to the brain extremely challenging. One of the major limitations in blood-brain barrier research and the development of drugs to treat central nervous system diseases is the lack of appropriate cell lines. Recent reports indicate that the derivation of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may provide a solution to this problem. Here we demonstrate the derivation of hBMECs extended to two new human iPSC lines: BC1 and GFP-labeled BC1. These hBMECs highly express adherens and tight junction proteins VE-cadherin, ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. The addition of retinoic acid upregulates VE-cadherin expression, and results in a significant increase in transendothelial electrical resistance to physiological values. The permeabilities of tacrine, rhodamine 123, and Lucifer yellow are similar to values obtained for MDCK cells. The efflux ratio for rhodamine 123 across hBMECs is in the range 2–4 indicating polarization of efflux transporters. Using the rod assay to assess cell organization in small vessels and capillaries, we show that hBMECs resist elongation with decreasing diameter but show progressive axial alignment. The derivation of hBMECs with a blood-brain barrier phenotype from the BC1 cell line highlights that the protocol is robust. The expression of GFP in hBMECs derived from the BC1-GFP cell line provides an important new resource for BBB research.
Transvaginal color Doppler sonography in diagnosing endometrial disorders of perimenopausal women

Objective To evaluate the value of transvaginal color Doppler sonography in assessing endometrial disorders in perimenopausal women. Methods We prospectively studied 164 premenopausal women with irregular uterine bleeding. Transvaginal color Doppler sonography was used to measure the endometrial thickness (double layers) and assess blood flow in endometrium before fractional dilatation and curettage (DC). The histopathologic diagnosis of specimens was compared with findings on ultrasound. Results A significant difference was found among normal group and groups of endometrial malignancy and premalignancy (P0.01). Using the cut off value of 12 mm of the endometrial thickness as abnormal endometrium, the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 96.2%,65.5%,83.6%,86.4% respectively. Blood flow was not detected in normal group and only two cases were detected in benign endometrial disorders. Blood flow was detected in all cases with endometrial carcinoma. Conclusion Endometrial thickness of 12 mm may serve as the cut off point to identify the endometrial abnormality in premenopausal women. The shape, internal echoes, border and the blood flow of the endometrium should also be considered in detecting endometrial disorders.[
Upper gastrointestinal radiography diagnosis of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants

Objective To investigate the clinical value of the upper gastrointestinal(GI) radiography in infants′ congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis(CHPS). Methods Forty-three cases of infant CHPS proved by surgery were reviewd, and 29 cases were male, 14 cases were female, the ages was from 16 to 52 days, the median age was 23 days. All patients were underwent preoperative GI examination, summarize their imaging performance of GI. Results Ultrasound examination showed 43 cases of pyloric tube thinning, the diameter was(1.90±0.20) mm, pyloric tube became long, the length was(15.7 ±0.3) mm; and visible typical imagings were with line-like symptoms, double-track sign, beak sign, shoulder-like symptoms and pileus levy, stomach cavity expansion, barium emptying delay. Conclusion GI examination is of higher clinical value for diagnosing CHPS in infants.
Vulnerability and Livelihoods on MT. Kilmanjaro

Livelihoods in Tanzania are constructed through a diverse range of practices. This paper draws on the Livelihoods Approach alongside the ‘double exposure’ framework in order to explore how househol...
Creating Campaigns and Constructive Programmes

This chapter looks at creating change from below — by ordinary people — the nonviolent grassroots approach. It does not discount the great change that can occur from above, and ideally the two types of action should occur together. But faith in the ‘top-down’ approach only is disempowering. Often it is passing the buck onto some-one else, an attitude that goes to the very top. We need to take back our power from governments and corporations — idea power, economic power, physical power and political power. The chapter begins by looking at how to create a nonviolent campaign, before moving on to a ‘constructive programme’ for combating global warming.
Angles-Only Initial Relative Orbit Determination Performance Analysis using Cylindrical Coordinates

The solution of the initial relative orbit determination problem using angles-only measurements is important for orbital proximity operations, satellite inspection and servicing, and the identification of unknown space objects in similar orbits. In this paper, a preliminary relative orbit determination performance analysis is conducted utilizing the linearized relative orbital equations of motion in cylindrical coordinates. The relative orbital equations of motion in cylindrical coordinates are rigorously derived in several forms included the exact nonlinear two-body differential equations of motion, the linear-time-varying differential equations of motion for an elliptical orbit chief, and the linear-time-invariant differential equations of motion for a circular orbit chief. Using the nonlinear angles-only measurement equation in cylindrical coordinates, evidence of full-relative-state observability is found, contrary to the range observability problem exhibited in Cartesian coordinates. Based on these results, a geometric approach to assess initial relative orbit determination performance is formulated. To facilitate a better understanding of the problem, the focus is on the 2-dimensional initial orbit determination problem. The results clearly show the dependence of the relative orbit determination performance on the geometry of the relative motion and on the time-interval between observations. Analysis is conducted for leader-follower orbits and flyby orbits where the deputy passes directly above or below the chief.
Cognitive Vulnerabilities to Depression for Adolescents in Single-Mother and Two-Parent Families.

Although research consistently suggests that adolescents in single-mother families are at increased risk for depression, the mechanisms that explain this relationship are unclear. In a community sample of adolescents (N = 368; ages 12–16; 50 % female; 50 % White) and their mothers (42 % single), adolescents completed measures of depressive symptoms, rumination, and depressogenic inferential style at baseline and two yearly follow-ups. Mothers reported on stressful events that occurred in the child’s life from birth until baseline. Adolescents raised by single mothers, relative to partnered mothers, experienced more childhood stressors and higher rumination levels at 1-year follow-up. Additionally, higher rumination mediated the relationship between single motherhood and greater youth depressive symptoms at the 2-year follow-up. Clinical implications and developmental considerations are discussed.
CleanG: A Clean-Slate EPC Architecture and ControlPlane Protocol for Next Generation Cellular Networks

Cellular networks play a dominant role in how we communicate. But, the current cellular architecture and protocols are overly complex. The 'control plane' protocol includes setting up explicit tunnels for every session and exchanging a large number of packets among the different entities (mobile device, base station, the packet gateways and mobility management) to ensure state is exchanged in a consistent manner. This limits scalability. As we evolve to having to support an increasing number of users, cell-sites (e.g., 5G) and the consequent mobility, and the incoming wave of IoT devices, a re-thinking of the architecture and control protocols is required. In this work we propose CleanG, a simplified software-based architecture for the Mobile Core Network (MCN) and a simplified control protocol for cellular networks. Network Function Virtualization enables dynamic management of capacity in the cloud to support the MCN of future cellular networks. We develop a simplified protocol that substantially reduces the number of control messages exchanged to support the various events, while retaining the current functionality expected from the network. CleanG, we believe will scale better and have lower latency.
Re-evaluating merit: Multiple overlapping factors explain the evolution of numerical notations

ABSTRACTHow should we evaluate the merit of written numeral systems? The present ubiquity of the Hindu-Arabic (Western) numerals might suggest that narrow considerations of efficiency have promoted the convergence of numerical traditions on a single, superior solution. Comparing the historical evolution of numerical notations to the history of writing systems suggests, instead, that a host of social factors influence the adoption, transmission, retention and replacement of numeral systems. The wide range of contextual uses and functions of written numerals belie any simple explanation of the choices underlying their abandonment. Following the criteria outlined by Coulmas, a sociolinguistic model is proposed in which a wide variety of technical, graphic and cultural factors must be considered in order to fully explain the historical record.
Heuristics for uninformed search algorithms in unstructured P2P networks inspired by self-organizing social insect models

We consider the problem of rapidly searching for resources or files in a distributed, unstructured, peer-to-peer file sharing network. Unstructured p2p network protocols such as Gnutella use a flooding-based mechanism for resource searching that generates considerable traffic in the network for each search query. When the searching activity by users in a p2p network is high, the traffic generated from the search requests could ensue congestion and result in increased search latency and poor performance in the entire network. To address this problem, we describe a resource search algorithm for p2p networks inspired by the stigmergetic behavior of ants while searching for food. Ants are used to encapsulate a search query initiated by a user in the p2p network. To search for the resource corresponding to their search query among the nodes of the network, each ant associates a certain amount of virtual pheromone with the nodes it visits. Later on, ants searching for resources use the amount and type of pheromone associated by previous ants with each node along their search path to direct the search query towards nodes that have a higher probability of resulting in the success for the search. We have tested our algorithm extensively within a simulated p2p network. Our simulation results show that our ant-based heuristics perform better than a completely uninformed or blind search that requires similar message overhead for each search query. When compared to a flooding-based mechanism, although the ant based search heuristic performs less efficiently under certain circumstances, it is capable of reducing the message overhead per search query by an exponential amount with respect to the flooding-based mechanism.
Ductility in Crystalline Boron Subphosphide (B12P2) for Large Strain Indentation

Our studies of brittle fracture in B4C showed that shear-induced cracking of the (B11C) icosahedra leading to amorphous B4C regions induced cavitation and failure. This suggested that to obtain hard boron-rich phases that are ductile, we need to replace the CBC chains of B4C with two-atom chains that can migrate between icosahedra during shear without cracking the icosahedra. We report here a quantum mechanism (QM) simulation showing that under indentation stress conditions, superhard boron subphosphide (B12P2) displays such a unique deformation mechanism. Thus, stress accumulated as shear increases is released by slip of the icosahedra planes through breaking and then reforming the P–P chain bonds without fracturing the (B12) icosahedra. This icosahedral slip may facilitate formation of mobile dislocation and deformation twinning in B12P2 under high-stress conditions, leading to high ductility. However, the presence of twin boundaries (TBs) in B12P2 will weaken the icosahedra along TBs, leading to the fr...
Dementia and Hospital Readmission Rates: A Systematic Review.

Background Although community-dwelling persons with dementia have an increased risk of hospital readmission, no systematic review has examined the contribution of dementia to readmissions. Summary We examined articles in English, with no restrictions on publication dates, from Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and EMBASE. Keywords used were dementia, Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, elderly, frontotemporal dementia, executive function, brain atrophy, frontal lobe atrophy, cognitive impairment, readmission, readmit, rehospitalization, patient discharge, and return visit. Of 404 abstracts identified, 77 articles were retrieved; 12 were included. Four of 5 cohort studies showed significantly increased readmission rates in patients with dementia. On average the absolute increase above the comparison groups was from 3 to 13%. Dementia was not associated with readmission in 7 included case-control studies. Key message Findings suggest a small increased risk of hospital readmission in individuals with dementia. More study is needed.
The Wicked Problem of Scholarly Impact

Academics sometimes forget that the purpose of a university is to educate: our students, our local communities, each other, and the world. Although each university is unique in its constituency, all share the charge to generate knowledge for the protection and benefit of the public good. The goal of an academic should be to beneficially impact society, broadly defined, with scholarly activity. As editor and columnist for The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, one publication highlighted by the focal article, we applaud the efforts of Aguinis et al. (2017) to put forth alternative approaches to defining impact. Like them, we are concerned that many of the measures of “impact” we currently use do not capture this charge.
Analysis of GAPDH under Denaturing Conditions

Analysis of proteins by immunoblotting in general refers to detection under denatured condition. Immunoblotting GAPDH under denatured or SDS-PAGE condition enables the recognition and identification of any quantitative and qualitative changes in GAPDH related to the biological or health/disease condition of the cells. However, considering the occurrence of multiple isoforms and also the cross-reactivity of antibodies with similar proteins it is imperative to verify the GAPDH using more than one antibody that recognizes different domains of GAPDH and preferably from different suppliers as well. Especially with the emergence of two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis detailed biochemical characterization of molecular changes in GAPDH subunits is feasible and may provide insights into their biological function.
The Application of PAPNET to Diagnostic Cytology

Diagnostic cytology is a branch of pathology that attempts to diagnose human diseases, mainly cancer or precancerous states of various organs, by microscopic examination of cell samples, rather than tissue biopsies [1],[2]. There are several methods of obtaining cell samples. The cells may be secured by scraping or brushing the surface of the target organs (such as the uterine cervix, the oesophagus or the bronchus, to name a few). Cells may also be obtained by means of a needle-syringe system that may be used for aspiration of fluids accumulated in a body cavity or deeply seated lesions. Cells of diagnostic value may also be contained in urinary sediment or sputum. Regardless of origin and type of procedure, the sample is usually examined in the form of smears or equivalent preparations that must be stained to enhance the diagnostic features of cells. This is not the place to describe in detail the microscopic features that are of diagnostic significance and the interested reader is referred to other sources [1],[2]. Suffice to say, that the differences between benign and malignant cells are reflected mainly in the configuration and staining qualities of the nucleus of the cells, a small structure measuring from 7 to 12 microns in diameter.
THE EFFECT OF A SHOCK WAVE ON A BURNING SOLID PROPELLANT

A burning propellant at the end of a shock tube in the quiescent-gas zone sees a shock wave primarily as a pressure step. The burning rate is assumed to be surface-temperature-dependent. The time-dependent temperature distribution in the propellant is determined numerically. Burning-rate–time plots are presented for the variation of the important parameters. The effect of initial burning rate is discussed and it is suggested that this effect may bound the allowable frequency regions in solid-propellant combustion instability.
Assessing and modelling the performance of nuclear waste and associated packages for long-term management

Abstract: Examples of analytical approaches and methodologies for modelling the behaviour of waste forms and waste package metals in long-term management of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high level waste (HLW) are presented. Two cases, long-term geological disposal and interim extended dry storage, are considered. The integrity of the waste package (or canister) that serves as a barrier is dependent upon the performance of construction metals. Corrosion degradation modes of the construction metals are evaluated. The waste behaviour during SNF degradation is also evaluated. In each mode of corrosion or degradation, the associated risk insights are discussed in the system performance of disposal or storage.
Engineering assessment strata: A layered approach to evaluation spanning Bloom’s taxonomy of learning

Fostering metacognition can be challenging within large enrollment settings, particularly within STEM fields concentrating on problem-solving skills and their underlying theories. Herein, the research problem of realizing more frequent, insightful, and explicitly-rewarded metacognition activities at significant scale is investigated via a strategy utilizing a hierarchy of assessments. Referred to as the STEM-Optimal Digitized Assessment Strategy (SODAS), this targeted approach engages frequent assessment, instructor feedback, and learner self-reflection across the hierarchy of learning mechanisms comprising Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Domains. SODAS spans this hierarchy of learning mechanisms via a progression of (i) unregulated online assessment, (ii) proctored Computer-Based Assessment (CBA), (iii) problem-based learning activities assessed in the laboratory setting, and (iv) personalized Socratic discussions of scanned scrap sheets that accompanied each learner’s machine-graded formative assessments. Results of a case study integrating SODAS within a high-enrollment Mechanical Engineering Heat Transfer course at a large state university are presented for enrollment of 118 students. Six question types were delivered with lockdown proctored testing via auto-grading within the Canvas Learning Management System (LMS), along with bi-weekly laboratory activities to address the higher layers of Bloom’s Taxonomy. Sample assessment formats were validated through student use and schedules of responsibilities for instructors across four tiers of assessment levels (facts, concepts, procedures, and metacognition), two testing delivery mechanisms (electronic textbook exercises and proctored CBA), and three remediation mechanisms (self-paced, score clarification, and experiment clarification), which showed that learning achievement can increase by up to 16.9% compared to conventional assessment strategies, while utilizing comparable instructor resources and workloads.
An overview of the sediment acoustic models and their experimental validations

The Biot theory of acoustic wave propagation in porous media was first adapted to marine sediments by Stoll (1969). To describe the response of a slightly inelastic skeletal frame over a wide frequency range, Stoll introduced the notion of constant complex bulk and shear moduli with small imaginary parts. Stoll’s model predicts f1 frequency-dependence of attenuation at low frequencies and nearly f2 and f1/2 frequency-dependence at frequencies where maximum velocity dispersion occurs. Although the theory well reproduces the velocity and attenuation measurements in marine sediments, the assumption of constant complex moduli slightly violates the causality (Turgut, 1990). The more recent Grain-Shearing (GS) and Viscous Grain-Shearing (VGS) models (Buckingham, 2000 and 2007) are causal and the VGS model also predicts a frequency-dependence of attenuation like that of the Stoll model. With the selection of proper parameter values, both models predict compressional and shear-wave dispersions that are in agreement with those of previous in-situ and laboratory measurements. In addition, the Stoll model predicts the existence of slow compressional waves that have been observed in synthetic porous media (Plona, 1980) but not in natural marine sediments. Several reflection and in-sediment transmission experiments are discussed to facilitate the detection of slow compressional waves in marine sediments. [Work supported by ONR.]
Main concepts for two picture description tasks: an addition to Richardson and Dalton, 2016

Background: Proposition analysis of the discourse of persons with aphasia (PWAs) has a long history, yielding important advancements in our understanding of communication impairments in this popula...