cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pollen-Foraging Dynamics of Subalpine Bumblebees (Bombus Latr.)

A 23-year study on Mount Rainier of nectar-foraging hummingbirds and pollen-foraging bumblebees (Bom-bus Latr.) indicated a constant relative frequency of Bombus species in the area and a wide occurrence of insect species on flowers plus a wide range of flower species pollinated by a single insect. Early-blooming plants had a high queen/worker pollinator ratio, while workers predominated on later-blooming plants. No altitudinal difference in distribution of Bombus species occurred. Analysis of 955 corbicular pollen loads from 1158 bumblebees collected yielded 49.5% monolecty for queens and 34.5% for workers with a wider range for queens than for workers. Colors of corollas photographed in visible and ultraviolet light corresponded to the visual spectra of animal pollinators. In the stable plant-pollinator community investigated, pollinating insect activity appears phenologically controlled by floral anthesis and behaviorally related to floral form and function. Bumblebee tongue length, however. Is not a valid determinant for foraging niche separation except in Castilleja with a deep corolla tube accommodating long tongues of hummingbirds and bumblebees. It is concluded that in a biotic community well-coordinated with the physical environment, limited flower constancy of pollen-foraging pollinators appears to contribute a necessary degree of adaptive versatility through sharing of insect and floral resources. Flower constancy is primarily a function of the circumstance in which a pollinator operates and not simply a characteristic of the pollinator itself.
Torque generated by the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli

Cells of the bacterium Escherichia coli were tethered and spun in a high-frequency rotating electric field at a series of discrete field strengths. This was done first at low field strengths, then at field strengths generating speeds high enough to disrupt motor function, and finally at low field strengths. Comparison of the initial and final speed versus applied-torque plots yielded relative motor torque. For backward rotation, motor torque rose steeply at speeds close to zero, peaking, on average, at about 2.2 times the stall torque. For forward rotation, motor torque remained approximately constant up to speeds of about 60% of the zero-torque speed. Then the torque dropped linearly with speed, crossed zero, and reached a minimum, on average, at about -1.7 times the stall torque. The zero-torque speed increased with temperature (about 90 Hz at 11 degrees C, 140 Hz at 16 degrees C, and 290 Hz at 23 degrees C), while other parameters remained approximately constant. Sometimes the motor slipped at either extreme (delivered constant torque over a range of speeds), but eventually it broke. Similar results were obtained whether motors broke catastrophically (suddenly and completely) or progressively or were de-energized by brief treatment with an uncoupler. These results are consistent with a tightly coupled ratchet mechanism, provided that elastic deformation of force-generating elements is limited by a stop and that mechanical components yield at high applied torques.
Psychological Test Signs of Brain Damage in Cerebral Thrombosis

A study was made of 204 patients between 40 and 80 yr. of age, 108 who had had a cerebral thrombosis and were thus known to have damage to the brain and 96 who had had a myocardial infarction but no known brain damage. The two groups were compared on the Rorschach, Proverb Interpretations, Draw-A-Man, Bender-Gestalt, Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices, and WAIS Digit Span and Vocabulary tests. Every test distinguished successfully between the cerebral and cardiac patients; each test, divided at its optimum point, correctly classified more patients than could be expected by chance; a significant association between diagnosis and scores on each test was shown by contingency coefficients; positive relationships between every test (except Digit Span, which was not calculated) and each of the other tests was shown by Spearman rank correlations ranging from .39 to .81. Considering the age, education, and socioeconomic status of the patients, and especially the fact that they all had some atherosclerosis, the t...
Lipase-catalyzed modification of borage oil: Incorporation of capric and eicosapentaenoic acids to form structured lipids

Two immobilized lipases, nonspecific SP435 from Candida antarctica and sn-1,3 specific IM60 from Rhizomucor miehei, were used as biocatalysts for the restructuring of borage oil (Borago officinalis L.) to incorporate capric acid (10:0, medium-chain fatty acid) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) with the free fatty acids as acyl donors. Transesterification (acidolysis) reactions were carried out in hexane, and the products were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The fatty acid profiles of the modified borage oil were different from that of unmodified borage oil. Higher incorporation of 20:5n-3 (10.2%) and 10:0 (26.3%) was obtained with IM60 lipase, compared to 8.8 and 15.5%, respectively, with SP435 lipase. However, SP435 lipase was able to incorporate both 10:0 and 20:5n-3 fatty acids at the sn-2 position, but the IM60 lipase did not. Solvents with log P values between 3.5 and 4.5 supported the acidolysis reaction better than those with log P values between −0.33 and 3.0.
Development of an instrumented blade system for mapping soil mechanical resistance represented as a second-order polynomial

Abstract An instrumented blade system for mapping soil mechanical resistance on-the-go was developed. The system consists of a cutting edge that transfers the load from cutting through soil media to a vertical shank equipped with an array of strain gage bridges. The resulting force is transferred between the cutting edge and the blade at three distinct locations and the soil mechanical resistance profile is modeled as a second-order polynomial. The geometry of the blade was determined using an optimization procedure minimizing the total error associated with potential strain gage noise. The instrument was built and calibrated using a set of known point loads. It was found that signal adjustment was needed in order to account for the mechanical transfer of force through the cutting edge. This adjustment was applied using a set of coefficients found through a multiple linear regression. Coefficients of determination, R2, for regressions between adjusted and theoretical second-order profiles were greater than 0.99. Results of field evaluation and discussion on the potential applicability of the system developed will be presented in a follow-up publication.
Coil-dominated combined function magnet design

Abstract Most coil-dominated combined function magnets are built by stacking multipole coils around the beam aperture, which result in unnecessary cancellations of currents. This article suggests that conductor positions can be computed analytically based upon the combined potentials, so that significant ampere-turns can be reduced. The two dimensional complex potential theory is the base of this method. Examples are demonstrated. Detailed formulas are laid out and ready for various applications.
Probing transient molecular structures with time-resolved pump/probe XAFS using synchrotron X-ray sources

Abstract Laser pulse pump, X-ray pulse probe X-ray absorption fine structure (pump-probe XAFS) experiments using synchrotron sources are described from technical considerations and from scientific significance. There are three technical challenges of such experiments: (1) laser photoexcitation, (2) synchronization of laser pulse and X-ray pulse, and (3) detection; each of which is investigated in detail. Based on the results from these investigations, the transient molecular structure of a reaction intermediate produced by photoexcitation of NiTPP-L2 (NiTPP, nickeltetraphenylporphyrin; L, piperidine) in solution has been captured for the first time with the pump-probe XAFS on a 14-ns time scale obtained from the X-ray pulses from a third generation synchrotron source. The experimental results confirm that photoexcitation leads to the rapid removal of both axial ligands to produce a transient square-planar intermediate, NiTTP, with a lifetime of 28 ns. The transient structure of the photodissociated intermediate is nearly identical to that of the ground state NiTPP, suggesting that the intermediate adopts the same structure as the ground state in a non-coordinating solvent before it recombines with two ligands to form the more stable octahedrally coordinated NiTPP-L2. No detectable population of a penta-coordinated intermediate was present. This experiment demonstrates the feasibility of determining transient molecular structures in disordered media using the temporal resolution of a synchrotron X-ray source.
Primate molecular phylogenetics in a genomic era

A primary objective of molecular phylogenetics is to use molecular data to elucidate the evolutionary history of living organisms. Dr. Morris Goodman founded the journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution as a forum where scientists could further our knowledge about the tree of life, and he recognized that the inference of species trees is a first and fundamental step to addressing many important evolutionary questions. In particular, Dr. Goodman was interested in obtaining a complete picture of the primate species tree in order to provide an evolutionary context for the study of human adaptations. A number of recent studies use multi-locus datasets to infer well-resolved and well-supported primate phylogenetic trees using consensus approaches (e.g., supermatrices). It is therefore tempting to assume that we have a complete picture of the primate tree, especially above the species level. However, recent theoretical and empirical work in the field of molecular phylogenetics demonstrates that consensus methods might provide a false sense of support at certain nodes. In this brief review we discuss the current state of primate molecular phylogenetics and highlight the importance of exploring the use of coalescent-based analyses that have the potential to better utilize information contained in multi-locus data.
The Undergraduate Optics Laboratory in American Universities

This paper explores the status of the undergraduate optics laboratory in American universities. It describes the laboratory of the sixties, using results of a national survey taken to help improve the teaching of optics. An upper level experimental course in optics and spectroscopy is described as an example of courses offered in the sixties. The results of a survey regarding the status of optics laboratories in the seventies are given along with some detailed comments by respondents. The results indicate that optics is a growing field, that modern books and experiments are being introduced into the physics curriculum of many universities, and that there is a need for an optics laboratory manual.
Characterizations of PAPR-Constrained Radar Waveforms for Optimal Target Detection

We propose to design a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) constrained transmit waveform that achieves the optimal performance (following the Neyman-Pearson lemma) in detecting a target in the presence of signal-dependent interference. The direct time-domain approach allows straightforward characterizations of the correlation and PAPR properties of the designed signals, which are critically important to analyze the system performance in the presence of multiple targets and to assess the transmitter power-utilization, respectively. Therefore, instead of designing a transmit signal only for the optimal detection performance, we solve a biobjective Pareto-optimization problem, subjecting to the PAPR and total energy constraints, in order to simultaneously optimize the detection and cross-correlation performances. With extensive numerical examples, we demonstrate that PAPR-constrained signals produce nearly optimum detection performance even with a strict PAPR requirement, and also highlight the conflicting behavior of the detection and correlation performances.
When are pointer arrays better than chains

The DBTG [1] introduced two modes of set implementation--chain and pointer array. To review briefly, a set occurrence is an occurrence of the (unique) set owner along with zero or more occurrences of each of the set members. The mode of a set indicates the strategy to be used by the data management system in moving from one record occurrence to another within the same set occurrence.
Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor, mixed connective tissue variant, of the mandible: report of a case and review of the literature

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome that results in renal phosphate wasting with hypophosphatemia. In most cases, the underlying cause of TIO is a small mesenchymal neoplasm that is often difficult to detect, resulting in delayed diagnosis. One such neoplasm is the phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor, mixed connective tissue variant (PMTMCT), an unusual entity with unique morphologic and biochemical features. Most of these tumors are found at appendicular sites with only rare cases reported in the jaws. We describe a PMTMCT involving the mandible in a patient with a protracted history of osteomalacia. A review of the current literature is provided with emphasis on the clinical and histologic features, etiopathogenesis, and management of PMTMCT in the setting of TIO.
Mitral valve prolapse and seizures in a family

Abstract Since the initial report of neurologic complications in the form of ischemic events in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 1 a variety of cerebral and ophthalmic disturbances has been found in these patients. 2 An association between seizures and MVP has rarely been reported, and only in unrelated persons. 3,4 We report the presence of generalized seizures and MVP in children of the same family.
Pyrite oxidation in aqueous ferric chloride

The rate of pyrite oxidation in aqueous ferric chloride was determined for two distinct solid particle systems: industrial grade pyrite and coal particles containing pyrite. The oxidation rate for the pyrite particle system was found to increase significantly with increasing temperature (40° to 100°C), ferric chloride concentration (0.1 and 1.0 M), and pyrite loading (2 to 20 g/l); the rate decreased with increasing particle size (−325 to 140 mesh). Agitation did not have a significant effect, and a kinetic model was developed and fit to the experimental data. For the coal particle system used in this study, the most important variable was particle size. The oxidation rate of pyrite in coal smaller than 325 mesh was much greater than in larger coal particles. The effect of temperature (80° to 100°C) on the oxidation of pyrite in coal was not significant, nor was the effect of pretreatment with 0.1N hydrochloric acid. Approximately half of the detected ferric iron reduction was attributable to pyrite oxidation; the balance arises from other coal reactions.
Letter to the Editor-On the Nature and Form of Operations Research

Since operations research involves the application of scientific methods and techniques to problems of organizations, and since many practitioners in the field received their education in traditional scientific disciplines, it is to be expected that the field called 'operations research' would have borrowed many of the trappings and appurtenances of the physical sciences. In particular, the nature and form of the Journal, Operations Research, appear to reflect traditional scientific patterns which, I believe, are inappropriate to a fledgling 'applied' discipline.
The impact of changes in preterm birth among twins on stillbirth and infant mortality in the United States.

The impact of changes in preterm birth among twins on stillbirth and infant mortality in the United States
Ethnographic research with adolescent students: situated fieldwork ethics and ethical principles governing human research.

This paper explores ethical dilemmas in situated fieldwork ethics concerning ethnographic studies of adolescent students. While consequentialist and deontological ethics form the basis of the ethical stances shared by ethnographers and research ethics committees, the interpretation of those principles may diverge in school-based ethnography with adolescent students because of the particular role of the adult ethnographer vis-a-vis developmentally immature adolescents not held legally responsible for many of their actions. School ethnographers attempt to build trust with adolescent participants in order to learn about their hidden cultural worlds, which may involve activities that are very harmful to the youths involved. They face many difficult and sometimes unexpected choices, including whether to intervene and how to represent events and adolescents in published findings. Scenarios with examples drawn from research conducted in public high schools are used to illustrate and explicate dilemmas in formal ...
Noninvasive micropapillary urothelial carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 18 cases

Noninvasive micropapillary urothelial carcinoma consists of slender tufts of urothelial carcinoma lacking fibrovascular cores analogous to ovarian papillary serous tumors of borderline malignancy. Eighteen noninvasive micropapillary urothelial carcinoma cases were identified from the Pathology Department of The Johns Hopkins Hospital (2000-2011). Patients lacked history of invasive urothelial carcinoma. Two patterns of noninvasive micropapillary urothelial carcinoma were identified: (1) as a variant of noninvasive high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma/micropapillary urothelial carcinoma) (n = 13 cases) and (2) as a variant of urothelial carcinoma in situ (carcinoma in situ/micropapillary urothelial carcinoma) (n = 5 cases with 2 of these patients also having high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma/micropapillary urothelial carcinoma). Of 18 patients, 16 (88%) were male with a mean age of 71.8 years (range, 54-87 years). Of the 12 patients initially treated with surveillance, Bacillus-Calmette Guerin, or intravesical chemotherapy, 4 did not recur and were without evidence of disease at 6, 21, 24, and 39 months. Four patients experienced recurrences with 3 of them without evidence of disease at 36, 52, and 72 months and with the fourth whose last follow-up was at 84 months when recurrence occurred. One patient is alive at 11 months with disease, and 1 died of other causes at 1 month. Two patients progressed to pT2 and pT3 disease at 5 and 21 months, respectively. It is critical to differentiate and clearly specify in pathology reports whether micropapillary urothelial carcinoma is invasive or noninvasive because invasive micropapillary urothelial carcinoma is an aggressive disease with a high degree of understaging, whereas some cases of noninvasive micropapillary urothelial carcinoma are not necessarily associated with an adverse outcome.
Reflexive voicing: a communicative approach to intersectional writing:

Intersectionality has increasing traction in interdisciplinary inquiry, yet questions remain about qualitative intersectional methods. In particular, scholars have yet to consider how to write qual...
Systematic Identification of Combinatorial Drivers and Targets in Cancer Cell Lines

There is an urgent need to elicit and validate highly efficacious targets for combinatorial intervention from large scale ongoing molecular characterization efforts of tumors. We established an in silico bioinformatic platform in concert with a high throughput screening platform evaluating 37 novel targeted agents in 669 extensively characterized cancer cell lines reflecting the genomic and tissue-type diversity of human cancers, to systematically identify combinatorial biomarkers of response and co-actionable targets in cancer. Genomic biomarkers discovered in a 141 cell line training set were validated in an independent 359 cell line test set. We identified co-occurring and mutually exclusive genomic events that represent potential drivers and combinatorial targets in cancer. We demonstrate multiple cooperating genomic events that predict sensitivity to drug intervention independent of tumor lineage. The coupling of scalable in silico and biologic high throughput cancer cell line platforms for the identification of co-events in cancer delivers rational combinatorial targets for synthetic lethal approaches with a high potential to pre-empt the emergence of resistance.
Prostaglandin F2α attenuation of aortic declamping hyperemia and hypotension

Transient infrarenal aortic occlusion is a necessary accompaniment of most vascular reconstructions of the distal aorta and its terminal branches. In certain instances systemic hypotension follows restoration of extremity blood flow. Severe hypotension may occasionally compromise cardiac, cerebral and renal perfusion. Associated with this aortic declamping phenomenon is a severalfold increase in blood flow to the ischemic extremities. Although precise mechanisms are poorly defined, reactive hyperemia is in part responsible for the declamp hypotension. Reliable, safe means to ameliorate declamp hypotension do not exist. Rigorous volume replacement, intraoperative administration of buffers, and vasopressors have been utilized to lessen this hazard of aortic surgery. Unfortunately, injudicious transfusions, fluid overloading, and systemic vasopressors may prove harmful to elderly patients with marginal cardiac and renal reserves. The present investigation was undertaken to determine what role the vasopressor prostaglandin F, (PGF,,) might have in the prevention of aortic declamp hyperemia and hypotension.
Area of depictions versus insufficient transformations in volume judgments.

Summary.-Two hypotheses about judgments of apparent volume of depicted objects were compared. One hypothesis was that the area of the depiction influences judgments. The alternative was that volume judgments are based on an incomplete transformation from the two-dimensional stimulus to the object "implied" by the drawing. 38 college undergraduates ranked 24 drawings of rectangular boxes according to apparent volume. Results strongly supported the incomplete transformation hypothesis. Consider the drawings in Fig. 1. They depict the same object from different points of view, yet the apparent shapes and volumes are not the same. The object seen in Drawing la appears thicker and more voluminous than the object seen in Drawing lb. Why do these different views of the same object lead to such different perceptions? This paper considers two explanations; viewers' responses are strongly affected by the area of the depiction, and alternatively, viewers are making incomplete transformations of the stimulus to the implied object.
Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for orthopedic and biofilm infections

Bone related infectious diseases (including osteomyelitis and prosthesis infection) are of great concern to the medical world. These types of deep tissue infections involve biofilms and are frequently chronic and always painful. Biofilms are infections whereby bacteria form a robust colony protected by a sticky slime matrix from the body's immune system (or natural clearance) and are resistant to antibiotic treatment (called antibiotic resistance). Antibiotics available to treat such infectious diseases are often not specifically targeted to the site of the disease and, thus, lack an immediate directed therapeutic effect. It has been previously shown that magnetic nanoparticles can be directed in the presence of a magnetic field to any part of the body, allowing for site-specific drug delivery. Magnetic nanoparticles have also shown promise to enhance bone cell functions and possibly provide an immediate increase in bone density, for example, when directed to the site of infection. This review article will explore the multifunctional properties of magnetic nanoparticles (termed here as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, or SPION) for antibacterial activity, bone growth properties, and magnetic properties towards the development of a new type of pharmaceutical which could be useful for simultaneous orthopedic and infection related applications.
Concern About Abrupt Climate Changes Prompts Call for Early Warning System

Abrupt changes in Earth's physical climate system—as well as abrupt impacts to physical, biological, or human systems from even gradual changes in the climate system—could lead to major disruptions, according to a report from the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) released on 3 December 2013. Moreover, there is an urgent need for an early warning system to better understand, anticipate, and prepare for those changes, the report states.
Maximization of nonresidential property tax revenue by a local government

The article presents a model of the market for commercial or industrial real estate at the local level that is used to derive an equation for the property tax rate that maximizes tax revenue – given that demand for real estate at the local level is highly elastic and capital is mobile in the long-run.
Effect of metformin on glutathione and magnesium in normal and streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats

Recently there has been growing interest in magnesium deficiency and its correlation with coronary artery disease, chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and antioxidant enzyme activity. Hypomagnesemia is a common association of diabetes mellitus, and the blood glutathione (GSH) level is significantly lower in both conditions. Metformin (Met), 'an oral antihyperglycemic drug' frequently used in the management of diabetes mellitus outside the USA, has been shown to have an insulin-like action. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oral administration of Met (60 mg kg(-1)) for 14 days on GSH and magnesium levels in blood, liver and heart of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by an i.p. injection of streptozotocin (60 mg kg(-1)). Our results showed that Met did not affect fasting serum glucose concentration in non-diabetic animals but reduced it significantly in diabetic animals. Serum and liver magnesium levels were significantly decreased in the untreated diabetic group compared with the normal group. Treatment with Met improved liver magnesium concentration in the diabetic group only. It has no effect on serum magnesium in diabetic or non-diabetic rats. Heart magnesium levels showed non-significant changes in all groups. In diabetic animals a significant decrease of GSH in both blood and liver was observed. Treatment with Met increased these levels significantly, with a similar effect on GSH levels in non-diabetic rats. There were no significant changes in heart GSH levels in any of the groups. This study demonstrates that oral Met therapy improves the altered levels of magnesium and GSH in diabetic rats.
Rapid Analysis of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Association of Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Concentrations in Healthy Adults

Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OH-vitD) is used to assess vitamin D status. We developed a high-sensitivity measurement method for 25OH-vitD and assessed the relationship between 25OH-vitD and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in healthy adults. Aliquots (100 μL) of serum were spiked with internal standard, proteins were precipitated, and samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using 2-dimensional chromatographic separation. Total imprecision was less than 10%, and the limit of quantitation was 1.0 ng/mL. We determined the distribution of concentrations of 25OH-vitD 2 and 25OH-vitD 3 in healthy adults using samples collected during winter and summer and evaluated the association between 25OH-vitD and PTH. The difference between median concentrations of 25OH-vitD in samples collected during winter and summer was 11 ng/mL (27 nmol/L). Statistically significant differences in concentrations of PTH were observed between groups of samples with 25OH-vitD less than 11 (27 nmol/L) and 11 to 15 ng/mL (27-37 nmol/L) and between groups with 25 to 30 (62-75 nmol/L) and more than 40 ng/mL (100 nmol/L). Among the advantages of this method are its high sensitivity and specificity.
Bilin organization in cryptomonad biliproteins.

The bilin organization of three cryptomonad biliproteins (phycocyanins 612 and 645 and phycoerythrin 545) was examined in detail. Two others (phycocyanin 630 and phycoerythrin 566) were studied less extensively. Phycocyanin 645 and phycoerythrin 545 were suggested to have one bilin in each monomeric (αβ) unit of the dimer (α2β2) isolated from the others, and the remaining six bilins may be in pairs. One pair was found across the monomer−monomer interface of the protein dimer, and two identical pairs were proposed to be within the monomer protein units. For phycocyanin 612, a major surprise was that a pair of bilins was apparently not found across the monomer−monomer interface, but the remaining bilins were distributed as in the other two cryptomonad proteins. The effect of temperature on the CD spectra of phycocyainin 612 demonstrated that two of the bands (one positive and one negative) behaved identically, which is required if they are coupled. The two lowest-energy CD bands of phycocyanin 612 originate...
Handling discontinuous effects in modeling spatial correlation of wafer-level analog/RF tests

In an effort to reduce the cost of specification testing in analog/RF circuits, spatial correlation modeling of wafer-level measurements has recently attracted increased attention. Existing approaches for capturing and leveraging such correlation, however, rely on the assumption that spatial variation is smooth and continuous. This, in turn, limits the effectiveness of these methods on actual production data, which often exhibits localized spatial discontinuous effects. In this work, we propose a novel approach which enables spatial correlation modeling of wafer-level analog/RF tests to handle such effects and, thereby, to drastically reduce prediction error for measurements exhibiting discontinuous spatial patterns. The core of the proposed approach is a k-means algorithm which partitions a wafer into k clusters, as caused by discontinuous effects. Individual correlation models are then constructed within each cluster, revoking the assumption that spatial patterns should be smooth and continuous across the entire wafer. Effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated on industrial probe test data from more than 3,400 wafers, revealing significant error reduction over existing approaches.
Communication models for teaching oral interpretation

This essay explores the use of communication models to clarify and organize the complexities of oral interpretation. Four models are offered which view the interpretative process from various perspectives. In addition to providing a practical instructional tool, these models are constructed to transcend individual philosophies and approaches to oral interpretation, shifting attention to intrinsic qualities of literature and demands of performance.
Some Classes of Indecomposable Varieties of Groups

A variety of groups is an equationally defined class of groups: equivalently, it is a class of groups closed under the operations of taking cartesian products, subgroups, and quotient groups. If and are varieties, then is the class of all groups G with a normal subgroup N in such that G/N is in ; is a variety, called the product of and . We denote by the variety generated by the unit group, and by the variety of all groups. We say that a variety is indecomposable if , and cannot be written as a product , with both and One of the basic results in the theory of varieties of groups is that the set of varieties, excluding , and with multiplication of varieties as above, is a free semi-group, freely generated by the indecomposable varieties. Thus one would like to be able to decide whether a given variety is indecomposable or not. In connection with this question, Hanna Neumann raises the following problem (as part of Problem 7 in her book [7]): Problem 1. If and prove that [ ] is indecomposable unless both and have a common non-trivial right hand factor .
PATTERNS OF SEIZURES, HIPPOCAMPAL INJURY AND NEUROGENESIS IN THREE MODELS OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS IN GALANIN RECEPTOR TYPE 1 (GALR1) KNOCKOUT MICE.

The neuropeptide galanin exhibits anticonvulsant effects in experimental epilepsy. Two galanin receptor subtypes, GalR1 and GalR2, are present in the brain. We examined the role of GalR1 in seizures by studying the susceptibility of GalR1 knockout (KO) mice to status epilepticus (SE) and accompanying neuronal injury. SE was induced in GalR1 KO and wild type (WT) mice by Li-pilocarpine, 60 min electrical perforant path stimulation (PPS), or systemic kainic acid (KA). Seizures were analyzed using Harmonie software. Cell injury was examined by FluoroJade B- and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine triphosphate nick end labeling; neurogenesis was studied using bromodeoxyuridine labeling. Compared with WT littermates, GalR1 KO showed more severe seizures, more profound injury to the CA1 pyramidal cell layer, as well as injury to hilar interneurons and dentate granule cells upon Li-pilocarpine administration. PPS led to more severe seizures in KO, as compared with WT mice. No difference in the extent of neuronal degeneration was observed between the mice of two genotypes in CA1 pyramidal cell layer; however, in contrast to WT, GalR1 KO developed mild injury to hilar interneurons on the side of PPS. KA-induced seizures did not differ between GalR1 KO and WT animals, and led to no injury to the hippocampus in either of experimental group. No differences were found between KO and WT mice in both basal and seizure-induced neuronal progenitor proliferation in all seizure types. Li-pilocarpine led to more extensive glia proliferation in GalR1 KO than in WT, and in both mouse types in two other SE models. In conclusion, GalR1 mediate galanin protection from seizures and seizure-induced hippocampal injury in Li-pilocarpine and PPS models of limbic SE, but not under conditions of KA-induced seizures. The results justify the development and use of GalR1 agonists in the treatment of certain forms of epilepsy.
Liberal Bias in Academe

The issue of liberal bias in higher education should center on what is best for the students. Academic freedom should never be seen as something contingent , but as an absolute in academe. Neither side would argue against the idea that academic freedom is in the best interest of college students. Both sides point to the pivotal 1940 AAUP statement to justify their positions. Yet, their interpretations of this influential document are very different.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS IN LIFELESS MEDIA

No evidence was obtained to indicate that vaccine virus is capable of multiplication in media consisting of serum, Tyrode's solution, and extracts of tissues. Kendall's K. medium is not suitable for the cultivation of vaccine virus.
Cardiovascular gene therapy for myocardial infarction

Introduction: Cardiovascular gene therapy is the third most popular application for gene therapy, representing 8.4% of all gene therapy trials as reported in 2012 estimates. Gene therapy in cardiovascular disease is aiming to treat heart failure from ischemic and non-ischemic causes, peripheral artery disease, venous ulcer, pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis and monogenic diseases, such as Fabry disease. Areas covered: In this review, we will focus on elucidating current molecular targets for the treatment of ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction (MI). In particular, we will focus on the treatment of i) the clinical consequences of it, such as heart failure and residual myocardial ischemia and ii) etiological causes of MI (coronary vessels atherosclerosis, bypass venous graft disease, in-stent restenosis). Expert opinion: We summarise the scheme of the review and the molecular targets either already at the gene therapy clinical trial phase or in the pipeline. These targets will be d...
Passive, internal thermal management system for batteries using microscale liquid–vapor phase change

Abstract Conventional thermal management systems for lithium-ion batteries remove heat from the exterior surface of the battery, causing undesirable temperature increase and thermal gradients inside the battery. Internally cooling batteries can reduce both of these effects, improving safety and durability. In the present study, a novel internal cooling system that utilizes passive, liquid–vapor phase change processes is investigated using representative geometry and a surrogate heat source. Frictional and heat transfer characteristics of the representative cooling system with buoyancy driven flow are reported over a range of net heat inputs (94–6230 W L−1) and saturation temperatures (24 °C–33 °C). The results show that the mass flow rate increased to a maximum near a heat input of 1350 W L−1, and there was a slight influence of saturation temperature on the performance of the system. In addition, the calculated two-phase frictional pressure drops in the microchannel evaporator (3.175 mm × 160 μm channels) are compared to the representative correlation database (Dh
Maximum likelihood estimation in semiparametric selection bias models with application to AIDS vaccine trials

SUMMARY The following problem is treated: given s possibly selection biased samples from an unknown distribution function, and assuming that the sampling rule weight functions for each of the samples are mathematically specified up to a common unknown finite-dimensional parameter, how can we use the data to estimate the unknown parameters? We propose a simple maximum partial likelihood method for deriving the semiparametric maximum likelihood estimator. A discussion of assumptions under which the selection bias model is identifiable and uniquely estimable is presented. We motivate the need for the methodology by discussing the generalised logistic regression model (Gilbert, Self & Ashby, 1998), a semiparametric selection bias model which is useful for assessing from vaccine trial data how the efficacy of an HIV vaccine varies with characteristics of the exposing virus. We show through simulations and an example that the maximum likelihood estimator in the generalised logistic regression model has satisfactory finite-sample properties.
CLINICAL DETERMINATION OF PROTEINBOUND IODINE IN PLASMA

IN THE evaluation of thyroid disease, knowledge of the level of circulating thyroid hormone, as determined by protein-bound iodine (PBI), is an invaluable objective measure. During the past four years, use of a procedure involving chromic acid digestion coupled with distillation for doing the PBI work has proved too involved and time-consuming for many laboratories. Attention has, therefore, been redirected towards making the simpler alkali-incineration technique sufficiently consistent and dependable to enable its application to clinical material. The method evolved is more restricted in its applicability than the acid digestion-distillation technique but is equally reliable and far more convenient to carry out on a routine basis. Table 1 compares the two general procedures, and it can be seen that, although steps 1 and 4 are essentially identical, great savings in time and manipulation are achieved in steps 2 and 3. With an automatically controlled furnace, the dry-ashing does not require close attentio...
Comparative Densities of Hydrolase-Containing Granules from Normal and BCG-Induced Alveolar Macrophages

Compared to cells from normal rabbit lungs, BCG-induced alveolar macrophages have a marked increase in hydrolase levels and the number of large electron-dense subcellular structures. This study was performed to investigate the possibility that these electron-dense structures were responsible for the increased hydrolase levels of these cells. Using sucrose gradient centrifugation, nuclei-free homogenates of normal and BCG-induced macrophages were analyzed with respect to the subcellular particles they contain. Gradient fractions were assayed for enzymes commonly associated with lysosomes as well as the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. Fractions of peak hydrolase activity from the BCG-induced preparations were consistently more dense than those from the normal cell preparations. Ultrastructural studies of the particulate material found in fractions of peak hydrolase activity from BCG-induced preparations revealed the presence of electron-dense, often dumbbell-shaped, granules. The data suggest that these peculiar granules are responsible for the elevated hydrolase levels of BCG-induced alveolar macrophages.
Dietary differences between centenarians residing in communities and in skilled nursing facilities: the Georgia Centenarian Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the dietary habits among centenarians residing in community settings (n=105) and in skilled nursing facilities (n=139). The sample was a population-based multi-ethnic sample of adults aged 98 years and older (N=244) from northern Georgia in the US. Compared to centenarians in skilled nursing facilities, those residing in the community were more than twice as likely to be able to eat without help and to receive most of their nourishment from typical foods, but they had a lower frequency of intake of all of the food groups examined, including dairy, meat, poultry and fish, eggs, green vegetables, orange/yellow vegetables, citrus fruit or juice, non-citrus fruit or juice, and oral liquid supplements. A food summary score was created (the sum of the meeting recommendations for five food groups). In multiple regression analyses, the food summary scores were positively associated with residing in a nursing facility and negatively associated with eating without help and receiving most nourishment from typical foods. These data suggest that centenarians residing in communities may have limited access to foods that are known to provide nutrients essential to health and well-being. Also, centenarians who are able to eat without help and/or who eat mainly typical foods may have inadequate intakes of recommended food groups. Given the essential role of foods and nutrition to health and well-being throughout life, these findings require further exploration through the detailed dietary analyses of centenarians living in various settings.
Discussion: Exchange Rates, Energy Policy and Outcomes in Agricultural Markets

These three invited papers examine the role that exchange rates may have in influencing commodity prices, input prices and farm income. The papers arguably represent one of the most important recent attempts to quantify and explain these new linkages. As U.S. and world agriculture moves from a period of high output prices to a period of lower prices, understanding the impact of macroeconomic variables on farm input costs and farm income will become more important. Further, it will be equally important for policy makers to undertake appropriate market interventions in order to have maximum effectiveness should this period of cost-price-squeeze continue to intensify. Each of the papers has something significant to contribute to the understanding and debate of these new linkages between agriculture, the macroeconomic environment, and the energy sector.
A note of the occurrence of nucleotides in strawberry leaves

Abstract The individual nucleotides in a trichloroacetic acid extract of mature strawberry leaves were isolated by chromatography on Dowex 1 (formate form) columns using aqueous formate and formic acid as the eluting agents, and by TLC. CMP, UMP, 3′UMP, UDP-xylose, UDP-arabinose, UDP- D -fructose, UDP- D -glucose, UDP-galactose (UDP sugars in ratio of 1:1·3:2·9:10·8:2·5 respectively), CDP, UDP, CTP, UTP, ADP, GDP, GDP- D -mannose, GDP- D -xylose, GDP- D -glucose, GDP- D -galactose (ratio of GDP sugars 40:10:1:1 respectively) UDP-glucuronic acid, ATP and GTP were identified. The amount of each present was estimated from the analytical data.
Evidence for transudation of specific antibody into the middle ears of parenterally immunized chinchillas after an upper respiratory tract infection with adenovirus.

Chinchillas immunized parenterally with a type b Haemophilus influenzae (Hib) conjugate vaccine (ProHIBiT) intended as a marker for serum transudation into the middle ear were shown to have Hib-specific antibody in middle ear lavage fluids after induction of an upper respiratory tract infection with adenovirus serotype 1 but not before, despite evidence of seroconversion. The two basic delivery routes available to immunize against infectious disease, parenteral and mucosal, are in themselves highly variable, depending upon the pathogen being targeted, the characteristics of the antigen being delivered, and the adjuvant being used. Since our laboratory’s focus is otitis media (OM), an infection of the mucosal surface of the uppermost reachoftheairway,wehavebeeninterestedinthepotentialto immunize against this clinical spectrum of diseases via both of these delivery routes. This is of particular interest since middle eareffusionsdocontainserumtransudates,asevidencedbythe presence of albumin in thesefluids (11, 12), and disease resolution often parallels the development of specific serum antibody; however, the human middle ear, like that of the chinchilla, also maintains a local mucosal immune system.Although somewhat slower to react, the middle ear is capable of responding to direct antigenic stimulation independently of both the systemic immune system and the contralateral ear (16). These findings thus lead to the question of which approach might prove the most efficacious against a disease as complex in its etiology as OM. The focus of this study was to determine whether we could deliver parenterally an antigen which resulted in the presence of immunogen-specific antibody in lavage fluids recovered from the middle ear by using an animal model of human OM thatmimicked,aswellaswearecapableoftodate,thenatural
Observation in wave-number space of pump-beam replication in stimulated Raman scattering.

Stimulated Raman scattering has been proposed for use in beam combining. In one configuration, several crossing pump beams are combined by amplifying a centrally seeded Stokes beam. Experiments show that a moderate level of pump-beam aberrations can give rise to beam replication, i.e., Stokes generation along the paths of the pump beams. The underlying physical mechanism could be nonlocal four-wave mixing or pump-beam scintillation. A numerical scheme is used here that allows one to identify the individual gain contributions from different regions of wave-number space, which confirms that scintillation is primarily responsible for beam replication.
Unwanted Company: Foreign Investment in American Industries

Unwanted Company: Foreign Investment in American Industries. By Jonathan Crystal. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003. 256p. $35.00. Jonathan Crystal's primary theoretical objective in this book is to refine our understanding of “how societal actors translate economic interests into policy preferences” (p. 2). In this respect, he is not concerned with explaining why societal actors achieve their preferences, but instead with why societal actors seek one policy rather than another to further their interests. To do so, the author examines U.S. firms' reactions to the increase in foreign direct investment in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s.