cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Chicago Tradition and Social Change: Thomas, Park And Their Successors

Through their writings and research, Thomas and Park exemplified to their students and their successors at Chicago how to “do” sociololgy. Central to their respective positions were their conceptions of social change, reform and progress; the role of science and especially sociology; the agents of social change; the arenas and mechanisms of social change. Not only were there some basic differences in their respective conceptions, but succeeding generations of Chicago sociologists have been profoundly influenced in their ideas and work by selective interpretations of either or both founding fathers of this tradition. Like any other intellectual tradition, the Chicago one is neither as integrated as it often seems nor have its participants drawn on precisely the same aspects of their intellectual heritage. To understand the work of contemporary “Chicagoans,” it is necessary to, at least, understand what they have made and are making of their diverse heritage. INTELLECTUAL TRADITIONS ARE not as integrated as they often seem, for people participate in them in diverse ways. Sometimes participation is relatively indirect or symbolic. Other times it is quite practical. People participate in traditions for varying lengths of time, with varying degrees and kinds of commitment. Even among the most committed, participants draw on quite different aspects of the same tradition.
2006's Wearable Computing Advances and Fashions

The 10th annual IEEE Computer Society International Symposium on Wearable Computers took place on the shores of Lake Geneva, Switzerland, in October 2006. ISWC is the premier conference in wearable computing, featuring the latest in technical advances and fashions. Attendees came from both academia and industry, representing a broad spectrum of nationalities and technical interests, with more than 150 participants from 19 countries. The papers, posters, and demonstrations at the conference focused on several themes. The conference had sessions on activity recognition, location systems, interface evaluation, input devices and sensors, and wearability
Some mycological aspects of penicillin production.

During the past ten years a multi-million dollar industry has developed, based on the mycological production of penicillin. Studies on factors influencing penicillin production have shown that selection of cultures, formulation of media, addition of intermediates in penicillin biosynthesis to the fermentations, and selection of optimum aeration and fermentation conditions play a part in the successful operation of this fermentation process. Although many studies have been made on the chemical changes occurring during the growth of the fungi and production of penicillin, little information has been gained on the mechanism of penicillin formation by fungi. However, these studies have helped in formulation of synthetic media which support growth and penicillin production equivalent to those obtained with media containing natural material.
Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists inhibit the angiotensin‐CRF‐AVP axis and are potentially useful for the treatment of stress‐related and mood disorders

The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and Angiotensin II (Ang II) interact, regulating the central sympathetic system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and the central behavioral mechanisms involved in the response to stress and the development of mood disorders. Non-peptidic, orally active AVP V1, V3, or CRF1 receptor antagonists reduce anxiety in animals. ANP is anxiolytic when administered to rodents and humans with anxiety disorders. These compounds are being developed for the therapy of anxiety and depression, but their clinical efficacy has not yet been established. Brain Ang II, a physiological ANP antagonist, promotes CRF and AVP release and stimulates the peripheral and central sympathetic systems. The degree of Ang II AT1 receptor stimulation determines the response to stress. An orally active, non-peptidic Ang II AT1 receptor antagonist blocks CRF and AVP release during stress, prevents the sympathoadrenal and hormonal stress reaction, the cortical CRF1 and benzodiazepine receptor alterations, facilitates the effects of ANP, prevents stress-induced gastric ulcerations, and is anxiolytic in rodents. CRF, AVP, ANP, and the sympathetic system are intimately linked parts of a fundamental regulatory mechanism controlled by the brain Ang II system through AT1 receptor stimulation, and should be studied together. Selective, safe antagonists of Ang II AT1 receptors, with central effects after oral administration, have been actively used for the treatment of hypertension and should be considered also as potential anti-stress, anti-anxiety, and antidepressant compounds with properties similar or superior to the CRF and AVP antagonists or the ANP agonists under development. Drug Dev. Res. 65:237–269, 2005. © Published 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Obliquely interacting solitary waves

Nonlinear oblique interactions between two slightly dispersive gravity waves (in particular, solitary waves) of dimensionless amplitudes α1 and α2 (relative to depth) and relative inclination 2ϕ (between wave normals) are classified as weak if sin2ϕ α1,2 or strong if ϕ2 = O(α1,2). Weak interactions permit superposition of the individual solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation in first approximation; the interaction term, which is O(α1α2), then is determined from these basic solutions.Strong interactions are intrinsically nonlinear. It is shown that these interactions are phase-conserving (the sum of the phases of the incoming waves is equal to the sum of the phases of the outgoing waves) if |α2-α1 > (2ϕ)2 but not if |α2-α1| (2ϕ)2 (e.g. the reflexion problem, for which the interacting waves are images and α2 = α1). It also is shown that the interactions are singular, in the sense that regular incoming waves with sech2 profiles yield singular outgoing waves with - csch2 profiles, if \[ \psi_{-}< |\psi| < \psi_{+},\quad{\rm where}\quad\psi_{\pm}={\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\left|(3\alpha_2)^{\frac{1}{2}}\pm(3\alpha_1)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right|. \]Regular interactions appear to be impossible within this singular regime, and its end points, |ϕ| = ϕ±, are associated with resonant interactions.
Application of an h-adaptive finite element model for wind energy assessment in Nevada

A multiscale modeling project for wind energy assessment in central Nevada has been conducted. The PSU/NCAR fifth-generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) was used in conjunction with an h-adaptive finite element model and local tower data for a 1-year cycle for the central region. The MM5 results and the local tower data are used as input into the microscale h-adaptive FEM model. The h-adaptive module permits resolution down to meter levels, allowing more accurate details regarding topographic features and wind velocity vectors. Multiscale results for assessing wind energy potential are presented in the form of monthly averaged wind power density maps. Potential locations for establishing wind farms in the region are discussed.
Effect of Random Packing on Stress Relaxation in Foam

Numerical simulations are conducted to examine the effect of randomness in the bubble packing on the local elastic properties of a foam. We find that the response to a small-amplitude strain is spatially inhomogeneous: there are regions (of several bubbles) where bubbles shift their positions in order to prevent distortion. These regions respond differently when sheared in different directions, showing that the regions are elastically anisotropic. This work verifies assumptions made in an earlier, coarse-grained model.
Modal instability-suppressing, single-frequency photonic crystal fiber amplifier with 811 W output power

An acoustic- and gain-tailored Yb-doped polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber is used to demonstrate 811 W single-frequency output power with near diffraction-limited beam quality. The fiber core is composed of 7 individually doped segments arranged to create three distinct transverse acoustic regions; including one region that is Yb-free. The utility of the Yb-free region is to reduce coupling between the LP01 and LP11 modes to mitigate the modal instability. The application of thermal gradients is utilized in conjunction with the transverse acoustic tailoring to suppress stimulated Brillouin scattering. To the best of our knowledge, the 811 W output represents the highest power ever reported from a near diffraction-limited single-frequency fiber laser.
The 'harmless' release of cytochrome c.

Release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria plays an integral role in apoptosis; however, the mechanism by which cytochrome c is released remains one of the conundrums that has occupied the field. Recently, evidence has emerged that the commitment to death may be regulated downstream of cytochrome c release; therefore the mechanism of release must be subtle enough for the cell to recover from this event. In this review, we discuss the evidence that cytochrome c release is mediated by Bcl-2 family proteins in a process that involves only outer membrane permeability but leaves inner membrane energization, protein import function and the ultrastructure of mitochondria intact.
Art and history, images and their meaning

(1990). Art and history, images and their meaning. History of European Ideas: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 155-156.
The influence of alignment on risk of knee osteoarthritis progression according to baseline stage of disease

Objective Varus and valgus malalignment increase the risk of medial and lateral osteoarthritis (OA) progression, respectively. The impact of a mechanical factor such as alignment depends not only on the factor itself, but also on the state of the joint. The less-damaged joint of mild OA may be less vulnerable to malalignment effects than the more-damaged joint of moderate OA. Our goal was to explore the impact of alignment on subsequent progression of knee OA according to the baseline stage of disease. Methods Two hundred thirty patients with knee OA (defined by the presence of osteophytes and symptoms) recruited from the community underwent assessment of both lower limbs at baseline and at an 18-month followup. Alignment was measured on a full-limb radiograph as the angle made by the intersection of the femoral and tibial mechanical axes. Compartment-specific progression was defined as an increase between baseline and 18 months in the grade of severity of joint space narrowing on radiographs of semiflexed knees taken after fluoroscopic confirmation of position. Knees were grouped according to their baseline stage of OA as Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grades 0–1, 2, or 3. Progression odds ratios were estimated from logistic regression using generalized estimating equations. Results There were 377 K/L grade 0–3 knees in 230 subjects (173 women and 57 men, mean age 64.0 years, mean body mass index 30.4 kg/m2) in this longitudinal study. In knees with mild OA (K/L grade 2), the odds of 18-month progression in the medial compartment were significantly increased 4-fold by varus alignment at baseline. In K/L grade 2 knees, the odds of lateral progression were increased 2-fold by valgus alignment (approaching significance). In knees with moderate OA (K/L grade 3), the risk of progression was comparably increased by varus or valgus alignment (10-fold). Conclusion While some effect of malalignment was suggested at almost all stages of knee OA examined, the impact of varus or valgus malalignment on the odds of OA progression over the ensuing 18 months was greater in knees with moderate (K/L grade 3) OA at baseline, possibly due to greater joint vulnerability with some contribution from slightly more severe malalignment.
AN EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING THE PROPERTIES OF PUBLIC GOODS

This paper notes that economists generally accept that locally provided public services behave as Tiebout goods while non-locally provided public services possess the properties described by Samuelson. These beliefs are held despite the absence of empirical evidence supporting this dichotomous categorization. This paper derives an empirical methodology for testing the properties possessed by a public good by noting that only Tiebout goods will necessarily display price/quantity relationships which are consistent with demand theory restrictions. The methodology is applied to a sample of New Jersey suburbs with respect to educational services and non-educational local services.
The synthesis and activity of tyrosinase during development of the frog Rana pipiens

Abstract We have established by radioimmunoprecipitation that tyrosine-DOPA oxidase (TDO, tyrosinase) [EC 1.14.18.1] is first synthesized by frog embryos at the early neurula stage soon after embryonic induction of the neural plate by the underlying chordamesoderm. The DOPA moiety of the enzyme, at the time of its first appearance, is almost inactive enzymatically and can be activated by mild proteolysis (with trypsin). A very large increase in the amount of active DOPA oxidizing enzyme (without trypsinization) is observed at hatching (stage 21), and this is accompanied by melanin deposition in pigment cells. The tyrosine moiety of the enzyme is also partially inactive at the time of first synthesis, but the ratio of active to inactive enzyme remains approximately constant throughout early development. DOPA decarboxylase enzymatic activity is first detected at neurula stage, and this activity is accompanied by the first appearance of catechol amines.
Conjugation of polybasic dendrimers with neutral grafts: effect on conformation and encapsulation of acidic drugs

We examine the role of neutral dendrimer grafts upon the conformations and the drug complexation efficacy of weakly basic polyelectrolyte dendrimers by using a self-consistent field theory approach. Our results indicate that grafted chains modify the conformations of the dendrimers and lead to a swelling of the dendrimer, the degree of which increases with increasing chain length of the grafts. In turn, such conformational changes leads to a higher charge being carried by the dendrimer molecule. We compare the encapsulation efficacy of grafted and non-grafted dendrimers and find that for strong enough enthalpic and/or electrostatic interactions, the grafted dendrimers are capable of higher amounts of encapsulation than the non-grafted counterparts. By isolating the influences of electrostatic and enthalpic interactions, we clarify the physics behind the observed enhanced encapsulation.
“FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS VOTING” IN GUBERNATORIAL AND SENATORIAL PRIMARIES

This study tests for localism in statewide primary elections using a sample of 197 candidates in 35 states from 1988 through 1990. Results show that, on average, candidates received 12.08 percentage points more of the vote in their home counties than in the rest of the state. Three determinants of localism are isolated: the size of the candidate's home county, the region in which the race took place, and incumbency.
Scenic routes linking and protecting natural and cultural landscape features : a greenway skeleton

To conserve and connect landscapes of particular ecological, recreational and esthetic value, many states and towns have adopted legislation for the designation of scenic routes. This investigation focused on a local scenic roads ordinance to determine if the factors considered in the designation process were appropriate. As identified criteria emphasized natural physical attributes, a procedure was devised to evaluate the importance of cultural features to visual quality. The variation in landscape character of 20 roads eligible for scenic status was sampled by color slide photography. Eight criteria, natural and cultural, potentially affecting observer reactions were selected for comparison. Thirty-six slides sampling these factors were shown to groups of town residents who rated them for preference. Respondents also rated the importance of these same features presented as a verbal list. Statistical analysis of the preference ratings indicated that cultural features were significantly associated with landscape preferences. Preference scores paralleled ratings of comparable verbal items generally, but interesting differences were also found. The information gathered on places of high scenic quality showed that significant landscape features are linked by town roads. Overall, these results imply that scenic routes providing access to significant natural and cultural features have the environmental, social, and practical value to serve as a focus for greenway planning.
Multilevel Analysis of the Effects of Low-Income Residence on the Risk of LBW Associated with Advanced Maternal Age in African-Americans and Whites † 1366

Purpose: Advanced maternal age (AMA), or age greater than 34 years old, is a known risk factor for LBW among African Americans (AA) and whites. It has been suggested that this risk may be increased by conditions of social disadvantage. We hypothesized that exposure to poverty would increase the risk of LBW associated with AMA among both AA and whites. We utilized a multi-level analysis to assess whether income level of maternal residence would increase the risk of LBW associated with AMA, after adjusting for traditional individual risk factors.
The association between scholarly impact and National Institutes of Health funding in ophthalmology.

Objective To examine whether there is an association between scholarly impact, as measured by the h-index, academic rank, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) awards in academic ophthalmology. Design Retrospective analysis of NIH RePORTER and Scopus databases. Participants Not applicable. Methods Five hundred seventy-three NIH awards to 391 primary investigators (PIs) in ophthalmology departments were examined. Grant recipients were organized by academic rank, obtained from online listings, and h-index, calculated using the Scopus database. Non–NIH-funded faculty from 20 randomly chosen academic ophthalmology departments also were organized by rank and h-index for comparison with their NIH-funded colleagues. Main Outcome Measures Scholarly impact, as measured by the h-index, and NIH funding. Results The h-index increased with successive academic rank among non–NIH-funded and NIH-funded faculty, as did NIH funding among the latter group. The NIH-funded faculty had higher scholarly impact, as measured by the h-index, than their non–NIH-funded PIs (h = 18.3 vs. 7.8; P 0.0001), even when considering publications only in the prior 5 years; h-index increased with increasing NIH funding ranges. The h-indices of those holding an MD degree (21.4±1.6 standard error of mean) were not statistically higher than those of PhD holders (17.9±0.6) and those with both an MD and PhD degree (18.1±1.7; P = 0.14). Conclusions The h-index increases with increasing academic rank among NIH-funded and non–NIH-funded faculty in ophthalmology departments. This bibliometric is associated strongly with NIH funding because NIH-funded PIs had higher scholarly impact than their non–NIH-funded colleagues, and increasing impact was noted with higher funding. The h-index is an objective and easily calculable measure that may be valuable as an adjunct in assessing research productivity, a significant factor for academic promotion in academic ophthalmology.
Dual Reporter System for In Situ Detection of Plasmid Transfer under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions

We designed a new genetic tool to detect plasmid transfer under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The system is based on the T7 RNA polymerase gene and a T7 promoter-driven oxygen-independent green fluorescent protein, evoglow, alone or in combination with red fluorescent protein DsRed. Constructs are available as plasmids and mini-mariner transposons.
Ab initio calculations of the ground and excited states of I2− and ICl−

Abstract We performed all-electron ab initio calculations of the first six states of I 2 − and ICl − using a multi-reference configuration interaction method. Spin-orbit coupling is included via an empirical one-electron operator and has a large effect on the dissociation energy. The ground state dissociation energies were in error by 20–30%, probably due to deficiencies in the one electron basis sets. The electronic wavefunctions at the equilibrium geometry were used to calculate the electronic absorption spectrum from the ground state, and good agreement was found with the experimental data.
Molecular cloning of the lethal(1)discs large-1 oncogene of Drosophila

We present a genetic, developmental and molecular analysis of lethal(1)discs large-1 [l(1)d.lg-1; Stewart et al., 1972], an oncogene of Drosophila. Mutations in this gene cause the imaginal discs to grow by cell proliferation beyond their normal final size, transform into solid tumors, fuse with one another and the brain, and lose their ability to differentiate. The oncogene represents the only known complementation group between two deficiency breakpoints, and 15 recessive lethal alleles are available. Cloning of the DNA between the two deficiency breakpoints defines a region of 45 ± 2 kb. The l(1)d.lg-1 transcription unit is identified by both qualitative and quantitative effects of several l(1)d.lg-1 mutations on the RNA transcripts and by the presence of a DNA insert in one of the l(1)d.lg-1 alleles. It gives rise to at least five different transcripts ranging in size from 1.9 to 6.0 kb. Three other transcription units are present within this region, two 5′ to the l(1)d.lg-1 gene and one at the 3′ end. A near full-length cDNA from one of the larger transcripts of l(1)d.lg-1 has homology to genomic DNA spanning over 20 kb. A developmental profile of l(1)d.lg-1 transcription is presented. We discuss how mutations in this gene could disrupt epithelial structure and how this might be related to the excessive cell proliferation and interdisc fusion that is observed. We also compare this gene with another recessive oncogene of Drosophila, lethal(2)giant larvae, that has been cloned and characterized.
Regulation of concanavalin A agglutination by the extracellular matrix

Abstract The agglutinability of rat C 6 glioma cells by concanavalin A (Con A) depends upon cell density. From sparse density to near confluency agglutinability increases as cell density rises. Both the half-maximal concentration and the maximum amplitude of agglutination by Con A are functions of cell density, but are separate cell parameters differing in the extent to which they are affected by density and the point at which they become insensitive to further density increases. Both trypsin and EDTA reduce cell agglutinability. The similarity in recovery kinetics between low density cells and cells dissociated with EDTA or trypsin suggests that low density cells may lose the same surface agglutination component(s) removed by trypsin and EDTA. Density-dependent regulation of Con A agglutinability is anchorage dependent; cells grown in suspension display no such phenomenon. The cooperative cell regulation of agglutinability is mediated by the extracellular matrix, or micro-exudate. The matrix contains two activities: low density cultures produce a matrix inhibitor of Con A agglutinability, while high density cultures produce a matrix promotor.
Thermomechanical properties of alkali treated jute-polyester/nanoclay biocomposites fabricated by VARTM process

A systematic study was carried out to investigate the effect of alkali treatment and nanoclay on thermomechanical proper- ties of jute fabric reinforced polyester composites (JPC) fabricated by the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. Using mechanical mixing and sonication process, 1% and 2% by weight montmorillonite K10 nanoclay were dispersed into B-440 premium polyester resin to fabricate jute fabric reinforced polyester nanocomposites. The average fiber volume was determined to be around 40% and void fraction was reduced due to the surface treatment as well as nanoclay infusion in these biocomposites. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed enhancement of dynamic elastic/plastic responses and glass transition temperature (Tg) in treated jute polyester composites (TJPC) and nanoclay infused TJPC compared with those of untreated jute polyester composites (UTJPC). Alkali treatment and nanoclay infusion also resulted in enhancement of mechanical properties of JPC. The maximum flexural, compression, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) properties were found in the 1 wt % nanoclay infused TJPC. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed strong interaction between the organoclay and polyester that resulted in enhanced thermomechanical properties in the composites. Lower water absorption was also observed due to surface treatment and nanoclay infusion in the TJPC. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 000: 000-000, 2012
Anomalies of the pyroelectric and dielectric properties of ferroelectric ceramics of the PbZr1-x Ti x O3 system with 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.35 at the R3c↔R3m phase transition

The temperature dependences of the pyroelectric and dielectric properties of ferroelectric ceramics of the PbZr1 − x Ti x O3 binary system with x = 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, and 0.35 have been obtained synchronously for each sample in the range of the structural phase transition between the states with the symmetry space groups R3c ↔ R3m. It is established that the temperatures of this phase transition for unpolarized and polarized samples coincide in the range 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.15. In this case, the x−T phase diagram, constructed on the basis of the pyroelectric and dielectric data, is in excellent agreement with the X-ray diffraction data on single crystals in this concentration range. The effect of dc electric fields from 5 × 105 V m−1 did not lead to any temperature shifts of the R3c ↔ R3m phase transition for the compositions with 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.25.
Reduced joint count indices in the evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis

Two types of summary measures of joint disease were evaluated in 2 controlled clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis patients. One measure was based solely on the clinical/biologic judgment approach; the other combined this methodology with statistical approaches using reliability and factor analyses. "Signal joint" indices, summarizing disease activity in 2-5 key joints, were found to be insensitive to deterioriation of nonsignal joints. Therefore, they are not recommended as replacements for the complete articular survey in rheumatoid arthritis. A reduced version of the complete articular survey was found to be desirable based on its validity, reliability, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity to active drugs. Its sensitivity can be slightly higher or lower than that of the full joint survey.
Apollo Lunar Orbit Rendezvous Architecture Decision Revisited

The 1962 Apollo architecture mode decision process was revisited with modern analysis and systems engineer tools to determine driving select ion criteria and technology/operational mode design decisions that may be used for NASA’s current Space Exploration program. Results of the study agreed with the Apollo selection of the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous mode based on the technology maturity and poli tics in 1962. Using today’s greater emphasis on human safety and improvements in technology and design maturity, a slight edge may be given to the direct lunar mode over lunar orbit rendezvous. Also, the NOVA direct mode and Earth orbit rendezvous mode a re not competitive based any selection criteria. Finally, reliability and development, operations, and production costs are major drivers in today’s decision process.
Correction of Class II, Division I malocclusion by anterior maxillary ostectomy and genioplasty.

Abstract The lengthy period of orthodontic care necessary to treat an adult with a Class II, Division 1 malocclusion was reduced by a surgical procedure on the anterior part of the jaws. A functionally balanced occlusion with facial balance and harmony was produced by anterior maxillary ostectomy, genioplasty, and short-term orthodontic treatment.
Underrepresented middle school girls: on the path to computer science through paper prototyping

The computing profession is lacking representation that mirrors the fabric of society in the United States. Most studies show a low percentage of participation for women and minority groups. In this paper, we present our experiences conducting a week-long Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) workshop with underrepresented middle school girls. Our description is focused on an activity where girls created a paper prototype for a chat application. We present qualitative results showing characteristics of the prototypes built, and discuss the participant responses to a few of the questions in an interview at the end of the week. Our results reveal that paper prototyping can be used as a motivator for a career path in computer science. In spite of the negative stereotypes that the underrepresented females had prior to the intervention, the HCI workshop revealed a user-centric component of computer science that gave participants a positive perception of the discipline.
Constitutive receptor systems for drug discovery.

Abstract This paper discusses the use of constitutively active G-protein–coupled receptor systems for drug discovery. Specifically, the ternary complex model is used to define the two major theoretical advantages of constitutive receptor screening—namely, the ability to detect antagonists as well as agonists directly and the fact that constitutive systems are more sensitive to agonists. In experimental studies, transient transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cyclic AMP response element (CRE) luciferase reporter cells with cDNA for human parathyroid hormone receptor, glucagon receptor, and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor showed cDNA concentration-dependent constitutive activity with parathyroid hormone (PTH-1) and glucagon. In contrast, no constitutive activity was observed for GLP-1 receptor, yet responses to GLP-1 indicated that receptor expression had taken place. In another functional system, Xenopus laevi melanophores transfected with cDNA for human calcitonin receptor showed constitutive activity. Nine ligands for the calcitonin receptor either increased or decreased constitutive activity in this assay. The sensitivity of the system to human calcitonin increased with increasing constitutive activity. These data indicate that, for those receptors which naturally produce constitutive activity, screening in this mode could be advantageous over other methods.
A numerical study on controlling a nonlinear multilink arm using a retrospective cost model reference adaptive controller

We address the model reference adaptive control problem for a nonlinear multilink planar arm mechanism, where links are interconnected by torsional springs and dashpots, a control torque is applied to the hub of the mechanism, and the objective is to control the angular position of the last link. It is known that the linearized transfer function for the multilink planar arm has nonminimum-phase zeros when the control torque and angular position sensor are not colocated. We use a retrospective cost model reference adaptive control (RC-MRAC) algorithm, which is effective for nonminimum-phase systems provided that the nonminimum-phase zeros are known.We demonstrate that RC-MRAC effectively controls the multilink arm for a range of reference model command signal amplitudes and frequencies.
Direction of aminoacylated transfer RNAs into antibiotic synthesis and peptidoglycan-mediated antibiotic resistance

Prokaryotic aminoacylated-transfer RNAs often need to be efficiently segregated between translation and other cellular biosynthetic pathways. Many clinically relevant bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa direct some aminoacylated-tRNA species into peptidoglycan biosynthesis and/or membrane phospholipid modification. Subsequent indirect peptidoglycan cross-linkage or change in membrane permeability is often a prerequisite for high-level antibiotic resistance. In Streptomycetes, aminoacylated-tRNA species are used for antibiotic synthesis as well as antibiotic resistance. The direction of coding aminoacylated-tRNA molecules away from translation and into antibiotic resistance and synthesis pathways are discussed in this review.
Fasting and postprandial serum gastrin in neonatal swine, and changes following antrectomy.

Abstract Understanding of the physiology of the gastrointestinal hormone gastrin in the adult individual has advanced rapidly in recent years, but comparable information is lacking for the neonate. Serum gastrin concentrations were studied in 16 neonatal piglets in the basal and postprandial state. In piglets less than 2 weeks of age, the mean basal serum gastrin concentration was 85.04 pg/ml. No significant postprandial elevations were noted at 15 and 45 min following a high protein meal. In piglets between 2 and 4 weeks of age, the mean basal concentration was 123.58 pg/ml and, again, no significant postprandial elevations were noted. Antrectomy in animals between 2 and 4 weeks of age resulted in marked decrease in serum gastrin concentrations with no response to instillation of protein solutions into the duodenum. Comparison of these experimental studies with clinical studies in normal human neonates reported from our institution suggests that the neonatal swine may provide a suitable experimental model for study of gastrin homeostasis in the neonate.
Executable models for architectures with AFRL visual simulation objects (VSO)

VSO enables the composition, verification, validation, and execution of complex system of systems architectures. This is done by creating an environment where an architecture's “building blocks” can be captured using mathematical formalization (high-level Petri Net), stored with persistence, snapped together with other “building blocks,” and subjected to static and dynamic analysis. This is the next-generation architecture tool that is already in within AFRL, provides a 95% reduction in time to create DoDAF products, and an 80% reduction in time to create architecture variants.
FINDING TEMPORAL STRUCTURE IN TEXT: MACHINE LEARNING OF SYNTACTIC TEMPORAL RELATIONS

This research proposes and evaluates a linguistically motivated approach to extracting temporal structure from text. Pairs of events in a verb-clause construction were considered, where the first event is a verb and the second event is the head of a clausal argument to that verb. All pairs of events in the TimeBank that participated in verb-clause constructions were selected and annotated with the labels BEFORE, OVERLAP and AFTER. The resulting corpus of 895 event-event temporal relations was then used to train a machine learning model. Using a combination of event-level features like tense and aspect with syntax-level features like the paths through the syntactic tree, support vector machine (SVM) models were trained which could identify new temporal relations with 89.2% accuracy. High accuracy models like these are a first step towards automatic extraction of temporal structure from text.
Normal-reflection Image

Common-angle wave-equation migration using the double-square-root is generally less accurate than the common-shot migration because the wavefield continuation equation for thc former involves additional approximations compared to that for the latter. We present a common-angle wave-equation migration that has the same accuracy as common-shot wave-equation migration. An image obtained from common-angle migration is a four- to five-dimensional output volume for 3D cases. We propose a normal-reflection imaging condition for common-angle migration to produce a 3D output volume for 3D migration. The image is closely related to the normal-reflection coefficients at interfaces. This imaging condition will allow amplitude-preserving migration to generate an image with clear physical meaning.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms A Study of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2001–2009

Background and Purpose—Minorities in the United States have less access to healthcare system resources, especially preventative treatments. We sought to determine whether racial and sex disparities existed in the treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Methods—Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, hospitalizations for clipping and coiling of intracranial aneurysms from 2001 to 2009 were identified by cross-matching International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes for diagnosis of unruptured aneurysm and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with procedure codes for clipping or coiling of cerebral aneurysms. Demographic information analyzed included age (<50, 50–64, 65–79, and ≥80 years), race (white, black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander), sex, income quartile, primary payer (Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, self-pay, no charge, other), and Charlson comorbidity index. Results—When compared with patients treated for SAH, those treated for unruptured intracranial aneurysm were significa...
Emerging Customers, Market Knowledge Competence, and Investor Transition: The Experience of MNCs in China

ABSTRACT This research examines the impact of market knowledge competence (MKC) on investor transition with a focus on Chinese emerging customers. Investor transition refers to the role change of multinational corporations that initially select China as a sourcing location and later decide to market products in the host country. Based on the theory of referential information, we hypothesize that each of the three dimensions of MKC influences the level of investor transition. An empirical study among a sample of multinational corporations in China confirms the anticipated relationships. The findings also reveal that two contextual factors, perceived value inclination and cognitive reframing mindset, facilitate the processes of MKC.
Intellectuals and Other People

M v[ORE than a century ago Emerson called the scholar "the man of the ages." But the scholar, Emerson went on, "must also wish with other men to stand well with his contemporaries.... In this country the emphasis in conversation and of public opinion commends the practical man; and the solid portion of the community is named with significant respect in every circle." He added that the American people take a low view of "ideologies" and regard ideas as "subversive of social order and comfort."1 Both Europeans and Americans echoed this judgment. Certainly the scholar in America has traditionally held a lower place in common esteem than in Europe, even if a witty dean was guilty of exaggeration in remarking that in the Old World an ordinary mortal on seeing a professor tipped his hat while in America he tapped his head. In Emerson's day professors and their fellow intellectuals had not come to be regarded as a special group; they were not then, nor have
Pressure-group influence and institutional change: Branch-banking legislation during the Great Depression*

Between 1931 and 1935 the change in the state laws governing the organizational structure of banking was significant. Twenty-two states relaxed restrictions over branch banking, even though many had previously prohibited it. We apply a model of pressure-group and rent-seeking behavior to investigate the reasons underlying this remarkable shift in the institutional arrangements for regulating the structure of the banking industry. The findings indicate that the extraordinarily high rate of bank failures tipped the political balance toward the pro-branching forces in many states. However, in a number of states growth in the influence of branch and group bankers and increases in urbanization were largely responsible for the relaxation of restrictions over branch banking.
Political Science and the 1994 Elections: An Exploratory Essay

To a substantial extent, political scientists continue to be in a state of shock, or even denial, over the results of the November 1994 mid-term elections. This degree of surprise has been largely attributed to the failure of the 1994 elections to conform to numerous models that have successfully predicted past election results on the basis of some combination of presidential popularity and economic performance. In a broader sense, it has become fashionable to argue alternately that the voters weren't really saying anything, or that they did not know what they were saying, or that they were saying things not fit for polite company—angry, mean, and even racist things. Such an interpretation does a disservice both to our profession and to our friends and neighbors, the real people who cast those votes. It will be some time before we are able to untangle the factors that led to the Republican sweep and to see whether it was a short-term aberration or the beginning of a long-term trend in congressional elections. Nevertheless, I would like to offer a two-part explanation for the results and the consequent academic confusion: the election models that we use as both a tool and a crutch are at the same time not precise enough and too precise. They are not precise enough because they do not capture all that needs to be taken into account even on the dimensions of the economy and presidential popularity.
Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.

Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAs) have been used for decades in industrial and commercial products and are now detected worldwide. Concentrations of two major PFA groups, carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and sulfonic acids (PFSAs), were assessed in plasma of bottlenose dolphins from the Gulf of Mexico (Sarasota Bay, FL) and the Atlantic Ocean (Delaware Bay, NJ, Charleston, SC, Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, and Bermuda). Eight PFAs were detected in the plasma of all dolphins. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant compound at all locations (range from 49 ng/g wet weight (w.w.) in dolphins from Bermuda to 1171 ng/g w.w. in plasma of animals from Charleston). Sum of PFA concentrations were significantly higher in animals from Charleston compared to IRL, Sarasota Bay, and Bermuda. Concentrations of several PFAs were negatively associated with age in animals from IRL and Charleston. No differences between gender were observed for all compounds at all locations. An increase in PFA concentrations was assoc...
Thromboelastography: a tool for measuring hypercoagulability, hypocoagulability, and fibrinolysis

Objective: To describe the technique of thromboelastography (TEG) and review the applications of this coagulation test in humans and small animals. Data sources: Data sources included scientific reviews and original research publications. Human data synthesis: TEG in humans has been used for documentation of hypercoagulable and hypocoagulable states and has been shown to be beneficial in patient management. Veterinary data synthesis: Clinical evaluation of TEG in veterinary medicine is limited; however, recent reports have documented evidence of hypercoagulability in dogs with parvovirus and protein-losing nephropathy. Additionally, many of the research models may be relevant to veterinary patients. Conclusions: TEG provides information about coagulation that is not available through routine coagulation tests. The application of TEG monitoring to veterinary patients shows promise; however, prospective clinical studies are needed.
Involuntary hospitalization: An issue for the consultation-liaison psychiatrist

Little has been written about the issue of involuntary hospitalization in consultation-liaison psychiatry. Nevertheless, patients frequently seen in medical and surgical settings may be judged to be a danger to themselves or others because of psychiatric disorders that cloud cognition, impair judgment, or modify insight, and judicial or administrative proceedings leading to involuntary commitment may be needed. The C-L psychiatrist will be the physician most knowledgeable about the concepts of involuntary hospitalization, competency and informed consent. Clinical examples illustrate issues that may arise.
Performance of a silicon vidicon at low signal levels.

An integrating camera based on a cooled silicon vidicon detector is briefly described. A treatment is given of the capacitive lag which limits the performance for small signals. The remedy is to alter the cathode voltage after erase to place a pedestal of about 105 electrons/pixel under the signal. Test results indicate that the background noise level cannot be reduced below 600 electrons/pixel in a processed frame, and values may approach 1000. Despite these limitations, the vidicon is found to be a useful and sensitive detector.
Automated kinetic exclusion assays to quantify protein binding interactions in homogeneous solution.

A method was developed for the quantification of protein-ligand interactions in which the free protein present in homogeneous reaction mixtures was separated and quantified using a KinExA immunoassay instrument. Separation was achieved by rapid percolation of the reaction mixture over a column of microbeads whose surfaces were coated with an immobilized form of the ligand. The protein thus captured was quantified using a fluorescently labeled anti-protein antibody. The features of this new method were illustrated using a model system in which each of the principal reagents was covalently labeled with a different fluorescent molecule: mouse monoclonal anti-biotin primary antibody (fluorescein), biotin (B-phycoerythrin), and goat anti-mouse polyclonal secondary antibody (indodicarbocyanin). Values for the equilibrium and kinetic rate constants for the binding between the anti-biotin antibody and biotin conjugated with B-phycoerythrin were determined and shown to be independent of whether the fluorescent label was located on the primary or secondary antibody. Equilibrium binding experiments conducted with (F(AB))(2) and corresponding F(AB) fragments showed that the valency of the binding protein had no influence on the value of the dissociation constant. The values of the equilibrium and rate constants obtained by this new method are those for the binding reaction in homogeneous solution; the immobilized ligand is only a tool exploited for the separation and quantification of the free protein.
Interpretation of Mauna Loa Atmospheric Transmission Relative to Aerosols, Using Photometric Precipitable Water Amounts

Precipitable water measurements made coincident in time and space with direct broadband solar irradiance measurements are used in conjunction with an atmospheric transmission model to derive a parameter whose major dependence is on total aerosol extinction. Irradiance measurements are used to calculate an atmospheric transmission factor (ATF) that is independent of the instrument calibration and the extraterrestrial solar constant. The dependency of the ATF on precipitable water is determined using LOWTRAN5, an atmospheric transmission model with high spectral resolution. Precipitable water measurements are then used to adjust the measured ATF to correspond to an ATF value obtained for a constant precipitable water amount. The remaining variability in the adjusted ATF is due mostly to aerosol extinction. The technique is applied to a 6-year period (1978–1983) for clear-sky mornings at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (MLO). MLO ATF aerosol residuals are compared with independently measured monochromatic aerosol optical depth. Results show that the ATF aerosol residual is nearly equal to the 500 nm aerosol optical depth prior to the eruption of E1 Chichon, at which time a nonlinear time-dependent relationship between the two quantities is evident. ATF aerosol residuals reflect the spectrally integrated aerosol influence on transmission and, therefore, could indicate better than monochromatic optical depth the radiation balance perturbations due to aerosols. The 6-year precipitable water record for MLO, determined from a dual-channel sunphotometer, has a mean value of 0.3 cm. An annual cycle in precipitable water is evident, as is a 4-month 5-standard-deviation “drought” from December 1982 through March 1983.