cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Durability of Dicor and Fluorocanasite-based Glass-ceramics

Fluorocanasite (Al2O3-CaO-F-K2O-Na 2O-SiO2) glass-ceramics exhibit fracture toughness values of up to 5.0 MPa·m1/2. However, their chemical durability is not adequate for dental applications. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that an increased concentration of Al2O3 can increase the chemical durability of fluorocanasite-based glass-ceramics. Glass frits containing 2 wt% (CAN2), 5 wt% (CAN5), and 10 wt% Al2O 3 (CAN10) were melted individually, poured into a graphite mold, and cut into 16-mm-diam. x 2-mm-thick disks. Each disk was crystallized at 850°C for 6 hrs. The disks were immersed in a solution of de-ionized-distilled water, 4% acetic acid, or a pH 1 buffer solution, and sealed in 90-mL Teflon containers. Corrosion testing was performed by means of vibrational motion at 60 cycles per min in a shaker-bath at 80°C for 15 days. Solution analyses were performed by means of a pH meter, an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. Samples expos...
Nanofluidics: a fork in the nano-road.

Symmetry is usually prized in nature, but the deliberate skewing of symmetry in nanofluidic devices can lead to elegant new ways of sorting biomolecules.
Investigation of the gas sensing properties of Au/MnOx: response to CO exposure and comparison to Pt/SnO2

The surface conductivity changes of 2 at.% Au/MnOx, MnOx and 2 at.% Pt/SnO2 have been measured during cyclical exposures to CO and dry air at 130°C. At each stage of the gas exposures, the corresponding surface compositions were determined using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). The results have been used to gain insight into the surface processes that are responsible for the observed conductivity behavior. Upon CO exposure, the extent of conductivity increase is different for each specimen and a synergistic interaction between Au and MnOx is demonstrated. Whereas exposure to dry air (or oxygen) causes the conductivity of Pt/SnO2 to decrease, the Au/MnOx and MnOx specimens continue to exhibit positive changes in surface conductivity. This is believed to be due to sufficiently high partial pressures of oxygen that transform the MnOx-based materials from n-type semiconductors to p-type. The surface analysis data implicate the importance of hydroxyl groups and/or adsorbed water to the CO gas sensing mechanism on all three materials, but there is evidence suggesting that their role is different with respect to Au/MnOx and Pt/SnO2. The potential advantages of combining Au/MnOx and Pt/SnO2 into a single gas sensor are also considered. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Consultative Itinerant Approach to Service Delivery: Considerations for the Early Childhood Community

Purpose This article, written by experts in itinerant early childhood special education, describes and differentiates approaches to itinerant early childhood special education as a primary service ...
Determination of Ventricular Volume following Metrizamide CT Ventriculography

Volume averaging, relatively slight differences in the mean attenuation coefficients of CSF and white/grey matter, and the irregular contours of the human ventricular system have so far seriously limited the accuracy of CT estimation of ventricular volume. Taking advantage of the high attenuation of metrizamide-con-taining CSF, we have developed three methods for computing ventricular volume after metrizamide CT ventriculography; these methods depend upon computer analysis of X-ray absorption data obtained from contiguous CT brain slices. All three methods were validated by CT scanning a formalin-fixed cadaver brain containing an epoxy-resin cast of the ventricular system. Calculated ventricular volumes were compared with the actual measured volume of the ventricular cast.
Modular Design of a Tandem Dye Tunes the Photophysical Properties of a Biosensor

Fluorogen Activating Peptides (FAPs) are protein reporters which activate the fluorescence of a non-covalently bound dark molecule (fluorogen). Light-harvesting dendrimers consisting of multiple chromophores have been built to improve the brightness of a biosensor. The multiple donor dyes transfer energy to the lone acceptor, thus increasing the brightness of the biosensor. Although bright, these light harvesting structures (dyedrons) displayed reduced association constants with the cognate protein, and reduced photostability of the fluorogen-FAP complex. To understand and potentially overcome these limitations, we have synthesized Cy3-Malachite Green based donor-acceptor structures with linker lengths from 10 to 30 atoms and found that longer linker lengths correspond to reduced quantum yield, but not reduced energy transfer efficiency, and that this arises from protein-dye changes that are slow relative to protein-dye association. Ensemble and single molecule level investigation of triplet state quenchers (TSQs) covalently linked to the fluorogen and the tandem dyes provide deeper insights into the development of bright, photostable probes for imaging applications.
Capturing the Regional Economic Benefits of University Technology Transfer: A Case Study

Despite a high concentration of brainpower and federally funded research, some universities have been unable to translate these assets into regionally based economic activity. The author uses an ethnographic method interviewing university officials and academic entrepreneurs in New York City, which has a relatively poor record of local start-up creation. The author finds that universities that view the primary objective of technology transfer as a revenue generator for their institutions generate fewer spin-offs than those that incorporate a local economic development component. Internal advocacy and faculty interest, however, can affect university behavior. The author also finds that academic entrepreneurs with a pre-existing affiliation with the licensing institution are more likely to locate in the area than outsiders utilizing the technology. Entrepreneurs exhibit a distinct locational calculus based on a range of variables including real estate costs, founders’ preference and the geographical proximity of key firm relationships.
Theory of Hyperfine Structure

Numerical values for the one-electron integrals of interest in the analysis of atomic hyperfine structure have been calculated by using screened relativistic wave functions. Ratios of these integrals, representing the relativistic correction factors of Casimir, are given to replace the older values which neglected shielding effects. The most marked changes occur in the studies of the octopole interaction and hfs anomalies in $p$-states. The calculated one-electron magnetic dipole integral, when compared with the experimental ratio, dipole hfs/nuclear moment, makes it possible to deduce the magnitude of atomic polarization (Sternheimer) effects. In the doublet $p$-states that were studied, the polarization terms seem to be almost entirely of the sort discussed in an earlier paper: excitation of $s$-electrons. In a general discussion of polarization calculations we give some explanation of the large correction factors for the fine structure, dipole and quadrupole hyperfine structure that were calculated by Sternheimer (the radial redistribution of charge terms). It is also suggested that large polarization corrections may be needed for the octopole interaction.
Blood-brain Barrier Abnormalities in Vulnerable Brain Regions During Thiamine Deficiency

Experimental thiamine deficiency (TD) is a classical model of metabolic encephalopathy and selective cell loss in the brain resulting from a generalized, low-grade oxidative deficit. Late stages of TD are characterized by hemorrhages in the brain indicating a disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the relation of the breakdown of the BBB to selective cell loss in TD is not understood. The current studies examined the BBB at different stages of TD using immunoglobulin G (IgG) as an indicator of BBB integrity. Adult rats received thiamine-deficient diet ad libitum and daily injections of the thiamine antagonist pyrithiamine. IgG immunoreactivity increased in the inferior colliculus and inferior olive as early as 10 days after the initiation of TD and prior to the onset of cell death and hemorrhage. After 11 or 12 days, IgG immunoreactivity increased in multiple vulnerable regions. On Day 13, intense IgG immunoreactivity was found in regions of tissue damage and hemorrhage such as the thalamus, inferior colliculus, mammillary body, medial geniculate nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus, and inferior olive. Nonvulnerable regions displayed little or no IgG immunoreactivity. Immunoblotting analysis confirmed the presence of IgG in vulnerable areas such as the thalamus and inferior colliculus but not in preserved regions such as the cortex. Preliminary electron microscopy of capillary endothelia in areas of IgG accumulation in the thalamus at Day 13 revealed perivascular edema and intact interendothelial tight junctions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Toward image-based global registration for bronchoscopy guidance

Virtual image-based bronchoscopy guidance systems have been found to be useful for carrying out accurate and skillindependent bronchoscopies. A crucial step to the success of these systems during a live procedure is the local registration of the current real bronchoscope position to the virtual bronchoscope of the guidance system. The synchronization between the live and the virtual bronchoscope is generally lost during adverse events such as patient coughing with guidance often adversely disrupted. Manual intervention by an assisting technician often helps in recovering from such a disruption, but this results in extra procedure time and some potential uncertainty in the locally registered position. To rectify this difficulty, we present for the first time a global registration algorithm that identifies the bronchoscope position without the need for significant bronchoscope maneuvers or technician intervention. The method involves a fast local registration search over all the branches in a global airway-bifurcation search space, with the weighted normalized sum of squares distance metric used for finding the best match. We have achieved a global registration accuracy near 90% in tests over a set of three different virtual bronchoscopic cases and with live guidance in an airway phantom. The method shows considerable potential for enabling global technician-independent guidance of bronchoscopy, without the need for any external device such as an electromagnetic sensor.
The diffraction of H2, D2 from solid LiF

Abstract The collision of H2 and D2 molecules with the (001) face of LiF is studied theoretically using the close coupling formalism. The method includes excited states of the diatomic molecule but neglects all couplings to phonons or the possibility of fragmentation of the incident molecule. Using a simple model potential a series of calculations for comparison with experimental data is carried out. Excellent agreement is obtained with the trends obeserved experimentally, and the quantitative agreement is also good.
STAT3 Activity and Function in Cancer: Modulation by STAT5 and miR-146b

The transcription factor STAT3 regulates genes that control critical cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, pluripotency, and motility. Thus, under physiological conditions, the transcriptional function of STAT3 is tightly regulated as one part of a complex signaling matrix. When these processes are subverted through mutation or epigenetic events, STAT3 becomes highly active and drives elevated expression of genes underlying these phenotypes, leading to malignant cellular behavior. However, even in the presence of activated STAT3, other cellular modulators can have a major impact on the biological properties of a cancer cell, which is reflected in the clinical behavior of a tumor. Recent evidence has suggested that two such key modulators are the activation status of other STAT family members, particularly STAT5, and the expression of STAT3-regulated genes that are part of negative feedback circuits, including microRNAs such as miR-146b. With attention to these newly emerging areas, we will gain greater insight into the consequence of STAT3 activation in the biology of human cancers. In addition, understanding these subtleties of STAT3 signaling in cancer pathogenesis will allow the development of more rational molecular approaches to cancer therapy.
INFECTION CONTROL CONCEPTS IN CRITICAL CARE

Since the description of the nosocomial transmission of puerperal sepsis by Semmelweis in 1861, medical science has recognized the potential for developing infection as a direct consequence of the interaction between patient and the hospital environment. Today, the critical care unit (CCU) represents a unique mixture of the most severely ill patients and advanced medical technologies to treat them. Nosocomial infection acquired in the CCU is common, occurring in nearly one in ten critically ill hospitalized patients. 23 These infections have a major impact on health care expenditures and mortality. It has been estimated that over 5 billion dollars are spent annually in the care and management of nosocomial infections. In the United States, nosocomially-acquired infections are directly responsible for approximately 19,000 deaths and contribute to an additional 58,000 deaths annually. 31 Many of these infections are acquired in or lead a patient to receive care in a critical care setting.
A review of fabrication and applications of carbon nanotube film-based flexible electronics

Flexible electronics offer a wide-variety of applications such as flexible circuits, flexible displays, flexible solar cells, skin-like pressure sensors, and conformable RFID tags. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a promising material for flexible electronics, both as the channel material in field-effect transistors (FETs) and as transparent electrodes, due to their high intrinsic carrier mobility, conductivity, and mechanical flexibility. In this feature article, we review the recent progress of CNTs in flexible electronics by describing both the processing and the applications of CNT-based flexible devices. To employ CNTs as the channel material in FETs, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are used. There are generally two methods of depositing SWNTs on flexible substrates—transferring CVD-grown SWNTs or solution-depositing SWNTs. Since CVD-grown SWNTs can be highly aligned, they often outperform solution-processed SWNT films that are typically in the form of random network. However, solution-based SWNTs can be printed at a large-scale and at low-cost, rendering them more appropriate for manufacturing. In either case, the removal of metallic SWNTs in an effective and a scalable manner is critical, which must still be developed and optimized. Nevertheless, promising results demonstrating SWNT-based flexible circuits, displays, RF-devices, and biochemical sensors have been reported by various research groups, proving insight into the exciting possibilities of SWNT-based FETs. In using carbon nanotubes as transparent electrodes (TEs), two main strategies have been implemented to fabricate highly conductive, transparent, and mechanically compliant films—superaligned films of CNTs drawn from vertically grown CNT forests using the “dry-drawing” technique and the deposition or embedding of CNTs onto flexible or stretchable substrates. The main challenge for CNT based TEs is to fabricate films that are both highly conductive and transparent. These CNT based TEs have been used in stretchable and flexible pressure, strain, and chemical and biological sensors. In addition, they have also been used as the anode and cathode in flexible light emitting diodes, solar cells, and supercapacitors. In summary, there are a number of challenges yet to overcome to optimize the processing and performance of CNT-based flexible electronics; nonetheless, CNTs remain a highly suitable candidate for various flexible electronic applications in the near future.
The Use of Intracardiac Echocardiography and Other Intracardiac Imaging Tools to Guide Noncoronary Cardiac Interventions

The limitations of standard fluoroscopy have led to the development of improved imaging techniques to guide noncoronary cardiac interventions. Imaging tools that are used in the interventional laboratory can be categorized as invasive and noninvasive. Noninvasive cardiac imaging tools include ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. These modalities can generate high-resolution images of the heart and are increasingly being used to guide cardiac interventions. Despite these advances, there remains a strong role for invasive imaging tools in the interventional laboratories. Such invasive imaging tools include transesophageal echocardiography, intracardiac echocardiography, intracardiac endoscopy, and electroanatomic mapping systems. Despite the risks inherent to the invasive nature of these tools, these modalities can provide excellent real-time, detailed images that can be invaluable in guiding certain cardiac interventions. This review will propose the features of an ideal intracardiac imaging tool, summarize the intracardiac imaging tools that are currently available or under development to guide noncoronary cardiac interventional procedures, and suggest opportunities for improvement. One opportunity in this field is to couple imaging systems directly with the interventional devices themselves. The use of intracardiac imaging to guide select cardiac procedures including transseptal catheterization, catheter ablation procedures for arrhythmias, and percutaneous placement of cardiac valves and closure devices will also be discussed. Most of this review will be devoted to intracardiac echocardiography, which currently has the broadest number of applications.
Cardiovascular Protection to Improve Clinical Outcomes After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Is There a Proven role?

Cardiac abnormalities seen in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are considered to be a neurally mediated process rather than a manifestation of coronary artery disease. In patients with SAH, myocardial injury evidenced by troponin elevation appears to predict short and long-term outcomes independently of other conventional risk. Although incidence of electrocardiographic changes, arrhythmias and left ventricular systolic dysfunction do not independently predict the outcomes, monitoring these changes and optimizing hemodynamic status in high-grade SAH is crucial to ensure adequate cerebral perfusion and arterial oxygenation. Novel interventions that go beyond blood pressure control, prevention of re-bleeding, and aneurysm obliteration should target early physiologic derangements seen in the acute phase of SAH. The early resuscitation phase in SAH represents the greatest opportunity for impacting clinical outcome and is thus the most promising window of opportunity to demonstrate a benefit when investigating novel therapeutic strategies related to protection and modulation of cardiovascular function. Specific measures, such as the early use of beta-adrenergic antagonists, to prevent these cardiac abnormalities and ameliorate its impact on morbidity and mortality are yet to be established.
Mitochondria-associated HBV x antigen: what is going on?

Evaluation of: Clippinger AJ, Bouchard MJ: Hepatitis B virus HBx protein localizes to mitochondria in primary rat hepatocytes and modulates mitochrondrial membrane potential. J. Virol. 82(14), 6798–6811 (2008). Over 350 million people are chronically infected with HBV, and a significant number of these individuals develop primary liver cancer. HBV encodes seven viral proteins, including the nonstructural Hepatitis B x (HBx) protein. The results of studies with immortalized or transformed cells and with HBx transgenic mice demonstrated that HBx can interact with mitochondria. However, no studies with normal hepatocytes have characterized the precise mitochondrial localization of HBx or the effect of HBx on mitochondrial physiology. We have used cultured primary rat hepatocytes as a model system to characterize the mitochondrial localization of HBx and the effect of HBx expression on mitochondrial physiology. We now show that a fraction of HBx co-localizes with density gradient-purified mitochondria and ass...
Endoscopic Resection of Hypothalamic Hamartoma for Refractory Epilepsy: Preliminary Report

The intrahypothalamic subtype of hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is usually associated with refractory epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and organic behavioral disturbance. It is often a devastating disorder for both patient and family. The gelastic (laughing) seizure is the hallmark seizure type. However, multiple other seizure types can often develop during the course of the disease, and are typically refractory to antiepilepsy drugs (AEDs). Previously it was uncertain if HH tissue was responsible for seizure genesis or whether resection of the HH would result in improvement of the seizures. Recently both of these questions have been answered in the affirmative. Surgical resection using a transcallosal, interforniceal approach has recently been shown to be efficacious and generally safe for the treatment of the refractory seizures. However, even more recently, we have been performing the majority of HH surgical resection by using an endoscopic technique with a transventricular approach. This article presents the details of the operative technique and discusses preliminary outcome data, particularly with comparison to the transcallosal technique. Using an endoscope holder with micromanipulator facilitates endoscopic resection. Linking the endoscope to a system of frameless stereotaxis is essential for successful resection. Forty-four patients age 8 months to 44 years have undergone endoscopic resection. The ideal candidate for endoscopic removal has a hamartoma completely or nearly completely involving one wall of the third ventricle and is 1 cm or less in greatest diameter. Because it is essential to be able to visualize the lesion within the third ventricle for resection, there must be at least 6 mm of space between the top of the lesion and the roof of the third ventricle. Patients with intractable epilepsy caused by HH can be rendered seizure free or show marked improvement in seizure frequency by surgical removal, surgical disconnection, or radiosurgical ablation of the lesion. Which of these options should be recommended for an individual patient is not yet clear. One of the options involves resection or disconnection of the HH with a transventricular endoscopic approach. In selected patients, endoscopic resection of HH is effective in the treatment of intractable epilepsy, with lower complication rates and shorter hospital stays than transcallosal resection.
A population genetics study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL4RA) gene.

Interleukin 4 (IL4) plays a critical role in T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses. Here we report a population genetics study of variation in the gene encoding the α-chain of the IL4 receptor (IL4RA) in three ethnic groups: African Americans, European Americans and East Asians. A 2941-bp region spanning exon 12 of IL4RA gene was sequenced in 12 individuals from each group. A total of 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the combined sample. The genetic variation of the coding region of exon 12 is two to three times higher than in other reported genes. A significant departure from the expectation of evolutionary neutrality was observed, suggesting that natural selection may have influenced the evolution of this gene. We propose a model in which past selection by pathogens contributed to the increasing prevalence of atopic disorders in Western societies.
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphoma With Proliferative Glomerulonephritis: A Rare Association

Abstract Introduction Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AILT) is a subtype of peripheral T-cell lymphomas characterized by a polymorphous infiltrate involving lymph nodes, with a prominent proliferation of high endothelial venules and follicular dendritic cells along with systemic disease. It accounts for only 1%-2% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It usually involves peripheral lymph nodes, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and skin. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with AILT is extremely rare and is reported in only 5 cases in the literature. We describe a unique case of proliferative glomerulonephritis without immune deposits in a patient with AILT. Patients and Methods A 68-year-old male presented with complaints of shortness of breath, fever, and weakness since 3 months. Physical examination revealed generalized lymphadenopathy with multiple, nontender, mobile lymph nodes with average size between 2-5 cm and hepatosplenomegaly. 1+ pitting edema was noted on the lower extremities, and skin examination revealed evidence of generally distributed pigmented skin macules associated with itching. Patient clinical course was worsened by a progressive renal failure and nephrotic range proteinuria. Axillary lymph node biopsy revealed architectural effacement, vascular growth with monoclonal T-cell population with T-cell receptor gamma gene restriction consistent with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Kidney biopsy revealed proliferative glomerulonephritis with increased mesangial cellularity and endocapillary proliferation and mild interstitial fibrosis. Immunofluorescence showed focal 1+ C3 staining in the glomerular capillary walls and mesangium. There were no immune deposits on electron microscopy. Patient required 1 episode of dialysis with improvement in renal function. A single cycle of chemotherapy with the CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) was given. However, the patient developed neutropenic sepsis and died. Results The occurrence of proliferative glomerulonephritis with AILT is extremely rare. Most of the cases described so far had immune deposits. Our case is unique since the kidney biopsy did not show any evidence of immune deposits at any site. Mechanisms proposed to explain the renal lesions in lymphoid malignancies include expression of tumor antigens, autologous nontumor antigens, viral or fetal antigens, immune complex deposition and disordered T-cell function. Conclusion In our opinion, cell-mediated immune reaction and/or alternate complement pathway activation (as evidenced by focal C3 staining) might have contributed to the glomerulonephritis in this case. The number of cases with this presentation is very few and the optimum management is not known. This case adds to the literature and helps us in better understanding the disease.
The timeliness of performance information in determining executive compensation

Abstract We study whether boards of directors concentrate on performance near compensation decision times rather than providing consistent incentives for chief executive officers (CEO) throughout the fiscal year. We show empirically that managers can profit by moving sales revenue among fiscal quarters. Though this may suggest that boards use short-term trends when determining rewards, we find evidence consistent with boards tying pay to recent sales growth so as to use the best information about future performance. We also find that the timing of profits throughout the year does not affect CEO pay, which may suggest that smoothing firm income is important to CEOs.
Cross-Culture Comparison of Tax Morale and Tax Compliance: Evidence from Costa Rica and Switzerland

This paper analyzes the effects of internal and external social norms on tax morale and tax compliance behavior. Field data and data derived from laboratory experiments are used to examine tax morale and tax compliance behavior in Costa Rica and Switzerland. The results indicate that internal and external social norms have a significant effect on tax morale and tax compliance.
A fractal model for predicting permeability around perforation tunnels using size distribution of fragmented grains

Abstract A methodology to predict the permeability distribution around the perforation tunnels is presented. The resulting equation describes the permeability by modeling the distribution of grain fragments and by fractal concepts. The equation allows the calculation of permeability from the particle size data obtained from the rock material surrounding the tunnel. The fractal model constructs a flow equation for an incompletely fragmented porous media by describing the geometry and size of the pores using the grain size distribution and setting up a hierarchical scaling concept for fragmentation to eliminate the extra porosity of a completely fragmented fractal porous medium. Predicted permeabilities (as compared to measured ones for the 2.4- and 5.1-MPa underbalance shots) using the developed equation showed that the predictions are successful at almost all radial positions around the tunnel. Relative errors between predictions and measurements increase towards the tunnel wall. This may be attributed to the unfavorable particle shapes, which are assumed to be spherical in the model, and aspect ratios of fragmented grains. It also was observed that predictions for higher underbalance test are better due to better surge flow cleaning, which eliminates most of the small particles affecting the calculations due to their unfavorable shapes. The developed equation provides an easier and cheaper way of mapping the permeability distribution around the perforation tunnels compared to the viscous fluid injection and pressure transient measurement techniques. The proposed technique can be valuable to obtain permeability distribution data for near-wellbore modeling of specific formations perforated at laboratory conditions and also for the assessment of the permeability damage created by different charge and gun designs.
A monograph of Hymenodon (Orthodontiaceae)

A monograph and the first phylogenetic study of the moss genus Hymenodon (Orthodontiaceae: Bryophyta) is presented based on morphological and molecular data. Evolutionary patterns are evaluated using phylogenetic analyses that incorporate newly acquired and assembled morphological (30 characters) and molecular sequence (rps4 gene and partial rps4-trnS intergenic non-coding spacer) data. Parsimony and maximum likelihood methods were applied for phylogenetic analyses using Leptotheca boliviana, L. gaudichaudii, Orthodontium lineare, and Orthodontopsis bardunovii as outgroups. The genus Hymenodon and sect. Hymenodon were both found to be monophyletic, whereas Hymenodon sect. Polystichella was found to be paraphyletic; thus, the sections are not upheld in this new classification. Hymenodon chenianus was nested within the H. pilifer subspecies. As Hymenodon chenianus is morphologically unique, and there are several characters that can distinguish each subspecies of H. pilifer, H. pilifer subsp. sericeus and H. pilifer subsp. tenellus are reclassified at the species level, as H. sericeus and H. tenellus, making a total of eight accepted Hymenodon species. Six species occur in Australasia (Malesia, southeastern Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and New Caledonia), while two species are found only in the Neotropics (one in continental Latin America and one in the Caribbean). The known range of Hymenodon aeruginosus is extended into Panama, Colombia, and Paraguay. Taxonomic history, synonymy, species descriptions, distribution, habitat information, and a dichotomous key to the species are provided.
Betwixt and be Tween: Age Ambiguity and the Sexualization of the Female Consuming Subject

In this article, we argue that what is now known as the ‘tween’ cannot be understood apart from its inception in, and articulation with, the market exigencies of childhood - specifically girlhood - as they have emerged since the Second World War. Drawing upon trade discourses from the children’s clothing industry since the 1940s, interviews with children and views expressed by children’s market observers, we demonstrate how ‘the tween’ (or subteen/preteen) has been constructed and maintained as an ambiguous, age-delineated marketing and merchandising category. This category tends to produce and reproduce a ‘female consuming subject’ who has generally been presumed to be white, middle or upper middle class and heterosexual. Building upon historical materials, we focus much of our efforts on analyzing contemporary cultural commercial iterations of the tween as they have arisen since the early 1990s, a time when clothing makers and entrepreneurs of childhood redoubled their efforts to define a market semanti...
Analysis of nanopore data using hidden Markov models.

Motivation: Nanopore-based sequencing techniques can reconstruct properties of biosequences by analyzing the sequence-dependent ionic current steps produced as biomolecules pass through a pore. Typically this involves alignment of new data to a reference, where both reference construction and alignment have been performed by hand. Results: We propose an automated method for aligning nanopore data to a reference through the use of hidden Markov models. Several features that arise from prior processing steps and from the class of enzyme used can be simply incorporated into the model. Previously, the M2MspA nanopore was shown to be sensitive enough to distinguish between cytosine, methylcytosine and hydroxymethylcytosine. We validated our automated methodology on a subset of that data by automatically calculating an error rate for the distinction between the three cytosine variants and show that the automated methodology produces a 2–3% error rate, lower than the 10% error rate from previous manual segmentation and alignment. Availability and implementation: The data, output, scripts and tutorials replicating the analysis are available at https://github.com/UCSCNanopore/Data/tree/master/Automation. Contact: ude.cscu.eos@sulprak or moc.liamg@19rebierhcsmj Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available from Bioinformatics online.
Transport of amino acids by marine invertebrates

Marine invertebrates transport amino acids and other organic solutes across their body surfaces. This surface absorption, in some instances, may contribute significantly to the overall nutritional requirements for an organism. Amino acids are accumulated against gradients as high as 106:1 to 107:1 (intracellular:extracellular concentration). The transport mechanism that has been consistently observed to account for this process is Na dependent cotransport. A review of the general characteristics of these transport systems characterized in marine invertebrate epithelia indicates certain common features: Na dependency with coupling coefficients of 2:1 or 3:1 (Na:amino acid translocated), influx coupled to membrane potential, and low intracellular Na activity. Under these conditions Na cotransport can readily account for gradients approaching 107:1. These transport systems may play a role in acquisition of nutrients by marine invertebrates, but it has also been suggested that they may play additional roles in osmoregulation, nutrient conservation, and chemo-reception. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Epitaxial Growth of GaN Films Produced by ECR-Assisted MBE

The epitaxial growth of wurtzite and zincblende GaN on (0001) sapphire and (001) Si by the Electron Cyclotron Resonance-assited Molecular Beam Epitaxy (ECR-MBE) method is discussed. We show that films can be grown in the layer-by-layer mode when growth occurs in Ga-rich regime. Surface roughening mechanisms are addressed. The similarity of photoluminescence data of Mg-doped wurtzite GaN films with those of undoped zincblende GaN films suggests that Mg doping facilitates the formation of stacking faults in the wurtzite structure which are nucleation sites for zincblende domains.
Goldilocks, vitamin D and sarcoidosis

While low levels of vitamin D can increase the risk for osteoporosis, excessive amounts of vitamin D may also be problematic. Hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria due to increased vitamin D activity occur in a significant proportion of sarcoidosis patients. Saidenberg-Kermanac’h and colleagues compared vitamin D levels with bone fragility fractures in their sarcoidosis clinic. They found that a 25-(OH) vitamin D level between 10 and 20 ng/ml was associated with the lowest risk of bone fractures and paradoxically higher levels increased the risk of bone fractures. Using less vitamin D supplementation may simultaneously lower the risk for bone fracture and hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis.
Experimental design and data evaluation in orthopaedic research.

Abstract It has been said that we can be of assistance to one person at a time in the operating room, several individuals at a time in the classroom, and multitudes through our work in the laboratory. This final statement is true only if the conclusions we draw from our studies are valid. Failure to adhere to the scientific method can invalidate the conclusions we report. This can occur from failure to define properly the question to be studied, failure to review the available literature adequately, improper randomization of the experimental subjects, introduction of investigator bias into the data collection process, and failure to include appropriate controls. Use of improper statistics can also invalidate the results of any study. Frequently, this error comes from multiple use of the Student's t test. When this occurs, the probability of reporting a difference when none exists increases proportionally to the number of comparisons performed. Random statistical comparisons among groups are inappropriate and can lead to a substantial increase in the risk of concluding that two sets of data differ when in fact no difference exists. Investigators who use statistics inappropriately and then restate their original hypothesis are guilty of scientific dishonesty. This inappropriate use of statistics represents a flagrant disregard of the scientific method of problem solving.
Concomitant blockade of platelet-derived growth factor receptors α and β induces intimal atrophy in baboon PTFE grafts

Abstract Objective Although current treatments for restenosis attempt to prevent the development of intimal hyperplasia, an alternative strategy is to induce intimal atrophy after restenosis has developed. Because platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a smooth muscle cell growth and survival factor, we tested the hypothesis that complete blockade of PDGF by using antibodies against PDGF receptors α and β would cause intimal atrophy in a baboon vascular graft model. Methods We administered chimeric antibodies against PDGF receptor α or PDGF receptor β, either separately or together, to baboons with bilateral prosthetic aortoiliac grafts, the intimas of which had reached maximal size before treatment was begun. High blood flow, which we have previously shown to cause intimal atrophy, was induced through one graft to serve as a positive control. After 2 weeks, the intima lining the grafts was assessed for cross-sectional area, cell proliferation, and apoptosis by standard morphologic and immunohistochemical techniques. Results Blocking both PDGF receptors simultaneously reduced the cross-sectional area of the normal-flow graft intima by 44% ( P P Conclusions These data suggest that simultaneous inhibition of cell proliferation and stimulation of cell death by the administration of antibodies to both PDGF receptor α and receptor β is required for intimal atrophy in this baboon graft model. In addition, these data provide an in vivo model for the pharmacologic induction of intimal atrophy and introduce a novel clinical approach to treat intimal hyperplasia. Clinical relevance This study introduces the concept of pharmacologic induction of intimal atrophy. Intimal hyperplasia plagues all forms of arterial reconstruction. Currently, the only effective treatment of these restenotic lesions is balloon angioplasty or operative revision. An alternative approach to patients with clinically significant intimal hyperplasia might be to stimulate intimal regression by modulating growth and survival factors required for intimal maintenance. Although PDGF is known to be critical in intimal formation, the results of this study suggest that PDGF is also critical for intimal maintenance. Inhibition of the PDGF system may prove to be a clinically applicable approach for inducing intimal atrophy.
Analytic element ground water modeling as a research program (1980 to 2006).

Scientists and engineers who use the analytic element method (AEM) for solving problems of regional ground water flow may be considered a community, and this community can be studied from the perspective of history and philosophy of science. Applying the methods of the Hungarian philosopher of science Imre Lakatos (1922 to 1974), the AEM ‘‘research program’’ is distinguished by its hard core (theoretical basis), protective belt (auxiliary assumptions), and heuristic (problem solving machinery). AEM has emerged relatively recently in the scientific literature and has a relatively modest number of developers and practitioners compared to the more established finite-element and finite-difference methods. Nonetheless, there is evidence to support the assertion that the AEM research program remains in a progressive phase. The evidence includes an expanding publication record, a growing research strand following Professor Otto Strack’s book Groundwater Mechanics (1989), the continued placement of AEM researchers in academia, and the further development of innovative analytical solutions and computational solvers/models.
The Physical Functioning Inventory : Procedure for Assessing Physical Function in Adults

The Physical Functioning Inventory, an instrument designed to assess changes in how and how often activities are performed in persons reporting difficulty with a task as well as in those who do not, is described. The measure is designed for adults. Interrater and test-retest reliability were assessed with active participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Percentage agreement ranged from 63% to 100%. The instrument was also given to 392 inactive BLSA participants as part of a follow-up telephone interview. Fifty-eight percent of the respondents reported no difficulty in performing a task, yet reported a change in how or how often they performed that task. The results indicate that the instrument is reliable and effective in detecting early stages of disability in activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, and mobility. The instrument is somewhat less reliable for moderate and strenuous physical activities.
Off-Fault Plasticity and Earthquake Rupture Dynamics: 2. Effects of Fluid Saturation

[1] We present an analysis of inelastic off-fault response in fluid-saturated material during earthquake shear rupture. The analysis is conducted for 2-D plane strain deformation using an explicit dynamic finite element formulation. Along the fault, linear slip-weakening behavior is specified, and the off-fault material is described using an elastic-plastic description of the Drucker-Prager form, which characterizes the brittle behavior of rocks under compressive stress when the primary mode of inelastic deformation is frictional sliding of fissure surfaces, microcracking and granular flow. In this part (part 1), pore pressure changes were neglected in materials bordering the fault. In part 2, we more fully address the effects of fluid saturation. During the rapid stressing by a propagating rupture, the associated undrained response of the surrounding fluid-saturated material may be either strengthened or weakened against inelastic deformation. We consider poroelastoplastic materials with and without plastic dilation. During nondilatant undrained response near a propagating rupture, large increases in pore pressure on the compressional side of the fault decrease the effective normal stress and weaken the material, and decreases in pore pressure on the extensional side strengthen the material. Positive plastic dilatancy reduces pore pressure, universally strengthening the material. Dilatantly strengthened undrained deformation has a diffusive instability on a long enough timescale when the underlying drained deformation is unstable. Neglecting this instability on the short timescale of plastic straining, we show that undrained deformation is notably more resistant to shear localization than predicted by neglect of pore pressure changes.
Rapid and Reliable Sedation Induced by Diazepam and Antagonized by Flumazenil in Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata)

Songbirds have emerged as attractive model systems in many areas of biological research. Notably, songbirds are used in studies of the neurobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms that shape vocal communication, and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) are the most commonly studied species. In these studies, some form of chemical restraint is often needed to facilitate procedures and to minimize the risk of injury during handling. To determine the minimum dose of the benzodiazepine diazepam that is adequate to achieve deep sedation across individual birds, a low dose (5 mg/kg) and a high dose (10 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to 20 zebra finches. Results showed that a 10 mg/kg dose of diazepam resulted in deep sedation, defined by dorsal recumbency, which was achieved in minutes and lasted for several hours. Sedation was induced without complication, because no birds displayed signs of distress during sedation or lethargy after recovery, and was adequate to permit minimally invasive surgical procedures. In addition, the duration of sedation was dose dependent, which provides additional information for researchers who seek to match the depth of sedation to their experimental requirements. Finally, complete recovery from the deeply sedated state was induced by a 0.3 mg/kg dose of the antagonist flumazenil, which enabled birds to more rapidly resume homeostatic behaviors to promote well-being and survival. Together, these results indicate that diazepam is a safe and reliable sedative for use in zebra finches and support specific recommendations to achieve rapid and reliable sedation and recovery.
Virtue and Vice Attributions in the Business Context: An Experimental Investigation

Recent findings in experimental philosophy have revealed that people attribute intentionality, belief, desire, knowledge, and blame asymmetrically to side-effects depending on whether the agent who produces the side-effect violates or adheres to a norm. Although the original (and still common) test for this effect involved a chairman helping or harming the environment, hardly any of these findings have been applied to business ethics. We review what little exploration of the implications for business ethics has been done. Then, we present new experimental results that expand the attribution asymmetry to virtue and vice. We also examine whether it matters to people that an effect was produced as a primary or side-effect, as well as how consumer habits might be affected by this phenomenon. These results lead to the conclusion that it appears to be in a businessperson’s self-interest to be virtuous.