cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photodissociation of iron oxide cluster cations.

Iron oxide cluster cations, FenOm+, are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle cluster source and detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum exhibits a limited number of stoichiometries for each value of n, where m ≥ n. The cluster cations are mass selected and photodissociated using the second (532 nm) or third (355 nm) harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser. At either wavelength, multiple photon absorption is required to dissociate these clusters, which is consistent with their expected strong bonding. Cluster dissociation occurs via elimination of molecular oxygen, or by fission processes producing stable cation species. For clusters with n < 6, oxygen elimination proceeds until a terminal stoichiometry of n = m is reached. Clusters with this 1:1 stoichiometry do not eliminate oxygen, but rather undergo fission, producing smaller (FeO)n+ species. The decomposition of larger clusters produces a variety of product cations, but those with the 1:1 stoichiometry are always the most pro...
Ruffles induced by Salmonella and other stimuli direct macropinocytosis of bacteria

Ruffles are specialized plasma membrane ultrastructures of mammalian cells though to be integral to growth, development and locomotion. Induced by growth factors, mitogens or oncogene expression, ruffles are sites of filamentous actin rearrangement and are temporally associated with enhanced pinocytosis. But the function of ruffles, their mechanism of induction and their role in pinocytosis are not understood. We have observed formation of structures resembling ruffles associated with the site of entry of invasive Salmonella typhimurium. Here we report that ruffles elicited by invasive Salmonella directly mediate internalization of non-invasive bacteria in a macropinocytotic fashion, a phenomenon we term 'passive entry'. Furthermore, ruffles induced in the absence of Salmonella also facilitate passive entry. We present evidence that ruffles, common to many signalling events, comprise the macropinocytotic machinery mediating pinocytosis and are subverted by Salmonella so as to enter mammalian cells.
Behavioral indices for neural systems involved in pain and fear responses of monkeys.

Abstract Monkeys were trained to choose between an escape and an avoidance response by pressing one of two levers. An escape response terminated electric shock across one foot and indexed “pain”. An avoidance response terminated light or buzzer cues and indexed “fear”. Electrodes were then aseptically implanted in the mesencephalic-diencephalic junction of each barbiturate-anesthetized monkey while gross potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the extremities were recorded at each site. Lever pressing and motor responses to electrical stimulation at each brain site (ESB) were monitored. The effect of lesions at these sites on the escape and avoidance responses was observed. The ESB of the lateral spinothalamic tract (LST) and the terminal muclei of the medial lemniscus (ML) and LST systems produced much lever pressing, whereas ESB elsewhere did not. The type and location of the electric shock used during training contributed to the patterns of these lever press responses. Evoked potentials did not correlate with lever press responses to ESB, but did correlate with motor (“orienting”) responses to ESB. The data indicate that (a) the use of several physiological techniques in a subject trained to make more than one type of response is a useful approach to the study of sensory function in the nervous system; that (b) interaction of information coded by ML and LST fibers relative to pain sensation is different in each of the terminal nuclei; and that (c) there may be functional differences between VPI and VPL.
Seasonal Changes in the Content of Urotensin II in the Urophysis of the Goby, Gillichthys mirabilis

A seasonal study of urotensin II content of the urophysis of the goby, Gillichthys mirabilis. was conducted from March 1979 to June 1980 in relation to certain internal and environmental changes. Urotensin II content (lowest in November–January) is inversely correlated with female gonadosomatic index and to some extent with rainfall (and hence dilution of the environmental salinity). In addition, there appears to be a direct correlation between UII content and daylength and temperature.
Processing and characterization of porous Ti2AlC with controlled porosity and pore size

Abstract In this work, we demonstrate a simple and inexpensive way to fabricate porous Ti2AlC, one of the best studied materials from the MAX phase family, with controlled porosity and pore size. This was achieved by using NaCl as the pore former, which was dissolved after cold pressing but before pressureless sintering at 1400 °C. Porous Ti2AlC with samples a volume fraction of porosity ranging from ∼10 to ∼71 vol.% and different pore size ranges, i.e. 42–83, 77–276 and 167–545 μm, were successfully fabricated. Fabricated samples were systematically characterized to determine their phase composition, morphology and porosity. Room temperature elastic moduli, compressive strength and thermal conductivity were determined as a function of porosity and/or pore size. For comparison, several samples pressureless-sintered without NaCl pore former, or fabricated by spark plasma sintering, were also characterized. The effects of porosity and/or pore size on the room temperature elastic moduli, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of porous Ti2AlC are reported and discussed in this work. It follows that porosity can be a useful microstructural parameter to tune mechanical and thermal properties of Ti2AlC.
Pattern of amplification and overexpression of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E gene in solid tumor.

Background. An abundance of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), a rate-limiting initiation component in protein synthesis of mRNAs with long 5′-UTRs, has been shown to upregulate a number of oncogene products. Elevation of eIF4E protein has been detected both in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast (IDCA) and in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) specimens. We hypothesized that malignant progression in solid tumor is associated with progressive eIF4E gene amplification and protein overexpression in cells sampled from the tumor-free resection margin, transition zone (area adjacent to cancer), and tumor core (center of tumor). Materials and Methods. Thirty-eight resected specimens were evaluated: 10 IDCA, 13 HNSCC, and 15 benign specimens from similar sites of noncancer patients. IDCA and HNSCC specimens were divided into three different zones: (1) tumor core, (2) transition zone, and (3) tumor-free zone. Quantitative PCR for the eIF4E gene and Western blots for the eIF4E protein were performed on each of these zones and on the normal controls of benign tissue. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to localize the eIF4E protein overexpression in situ. Results. The eIF4E gene was amplified in the tumor core of both IDCA (3.8 ± 1.4, P < 0.05, Student's t test) and HNSCC (4.3 ± 1.4, P < 0.05) specimens. Similarly, the eIF4E protein was overexpressed in the cells from these same sites (17.4 ± 7.3- and 14.0 ± 9.7-fold elevation, respectively, P < 0.0001). In the transition zone of IDCA and HNSCC, the degrees of eIF4E gene amplification (4.2 ± 1.0 and 3.7 ± 1.2, respectively) and overexpression (4.0 ± 1.0 and 4.4 ± 4.6, respectively) were intermediate. In contrast, the eIF4E gene copy number and protein level were near baseline in the tumor-free zone. Conclusions. Progressive eIF4E gene amplification and protein overexpression were present in cells sampled from the microscopically tumor-free margin to tumor core in surgical specimens of both HNSCC and IDCA. In this study, eIF4E gene amplification and protein overexpression appear to be associated with malignant progression in these two solid tumors.
Effects of acute and continuous morphine administration on the affinity of glutamic acid decarboxylase for pyridoxal 5′-phosphate

Abstract The studies showed that neither morphine nor naloxone at concentrations up to 10 −3 M exhibited any effect on the affinity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) for its cofactor, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (P-5′-P) in vitro . Acute administration of morphine sulfate with respect to time course and dose-response studies also failed to modify the affinity of GAD for P-5′-P. In contrast, in mice rendered tolerant to morphine by morphine pellet implantation there was a significant attenuation in affinity of GAD for P-5′-P. The sensitivity of this enzyme for P-5′-P during the course of the development of tolerance to morphine was restored partially either when the morphine was abruptly withdrawn by removing the morphine pellet or when withdrawal was precipitated by naloxone. The recovery of the affinity of GAD for its cofactor was shown to be naloxone dose-dependent. These results further substantiate that the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system may be involved in morphine tolerance and the development of dependence.
Nucleoside deaminase activity during the recovery of x-irradiated, bone marrow-protected mice.

Increased activity of the enzyme nucleoside deaminase is found in the spleens of mice protected from lethal whole-body irradiation by transfusion of isogenic bone marrow cells. As few as 10,000 nucleated bone marrow cells produce a significant elevation in enzyme level. This increase precedes any detectable increase in hemoglobin synthesis and is temporarily associated with an increase in protein synthesis during the early stages of recovery. Hypertransfusion of the irradiated, protected mice eliminates most of the stimulus to erythroid differentiation and prevents the increase in nucleoside deaminase. The present studies indicate that this enzyme is present in a differentiated red cell precursor not found in the normal stem cell population.
Culturally Diverse Leader-Member Dyads: A Theory on the Role Development Process

Leadership scholars have investigated the importance of leader-member dyads for several years. However, research has omitted the consideration of national cultural diversity with regards to leader-...
Regional Visionaries and Metropolitan Boosters: Decentralization, Regional Planning, and Parkways During the Interwar Years

Acknowledgments. Preface. 1. Decentralization and Regional Planning. 2. From Urban Reform to Parkway. 3. Regional Visionaries. 4. Metropolitan Boosters. 5. The Skyline Drive. 6. The Green Mountain Parkway. 7. Conclusion. Sources. Index.
Local mesh refinement using rectangular blended finite elements

Abstract In a recent note [1], Birkhoff, Cavendish, and Gordon proposed a new and quite general class of piecewise polynomial rectangular finite elements which are easily constructed by local linear blending of simple univariate functions. Local mesh refinement is made easy for these new blended finite elements by removal of the usual requirement of vertex to vertex connection between adjacent elements so that two or more smaller elements can abut against the edge of a larger element. In addition, these elements can be modified to provide finite element approximations which exactly satisfy prescribed Dirichlet boundary conditions on the boundary of any bounded, (possibly) multiply connected rectangular polygon. The present paper explores these new techniques in detail and provides numerical examples which illustrate that high accuracy can be obtained and efficiency improved by using such locally refined, rectangular blended elements in finite element calculations.
Final results of phase II trial of doxorubicin HCl liposome injection followed by bexarotene in advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

ABSTRACT Background High response rates for doxorubicin HCl liposome injection (DLI) in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) have been reported with vague criteria until recently. Approximately 50% of CTCL patients respond to bexarotene (Bex). Patients and methods A phase II trial was carried out to clarify the true overall response rate (ORR) for DLI and to assess the role of sequential Bex. Patients were treated with DLI 20 mg/m2 i.v. every 2 weeks for 16 weeks (8 doses) followed by 16 weeks with Bex 300 mg/m2 orally. Response assessments were carried out after 16 (DLI) and 32 weeks (Bex). Skin responses were measured by the modified Severity-Weighted Assessment Tool (mSWAT) and the Composite Assessment of Index Lesion Severity (CA). Results Thirty-seven patients were treated: stage IV (22, 8 with Sezary syndrome), IIB (10), earlier stage refractory to skin-directed therapies or radiation therapy (5). For 34 assessable patients: ORR 14/34 [41%: partial response (PR) 12, clinical complete response (CCR) 2]. Maximum responses were all seen after 16 weeks DLI. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5 months. There were 22 deaths: 21 of disease and 1 of heart failure. Twenty-seven grade 3 and 5 grade 4 toxic events were observed. Conclusion(s) With strict criteria, DLI ORR is among the highest reported for single agents in CTCL. Sequential Bex did not increase the response rate or duration. Clinical trial number NCT00255801.
A Review of: “After the Fall: Rhetoric in the Aftermath of Dissent in Post-Communist Times, by Noemi Marin.”

Almost two decades after the transitions of 1989/90, the political transformations in Central/Eastern Europe continue to attract scholarly interest. Although the sense of novelty and drama has larg...
DNG, SNG, ENZ and MNZ Metamaterials and Their Potential Applications

In this talk we provide an overview of our theoretical and computational work on potential electromagnetic applications of metamaterials. In particular, we focus on the classes of isotropic materials with anomalous values of their effective constitutive parameters, which may be negative, double negative and/or close to zero. We show how, under these seemingly simple assumptions for the values of permittivity and permeability of a bulk material, the potentials in the wave interaction with such media may become exciting and intriguing for numerous applications. We will provide physical insights and numerical examples for the predicted anomalies.
Passive Bilateral Teleoperation With Constant Time Delay

We propose a novel control framework for bilateral teleoperation of a pair of multi-degree-of-freedom nonlinear robotic systems under constant communication delays. The proposed framework uses the simple proportional-derivative control, i.e., the master and slave robots are directly connected via spring and damper over the delayed communication channels. Using the controller passivity concept, the Lyapunov-Krasovskii technique, and Parseval's identity, we can passify the combination of the delayed communication and control blocks altogether robustly, as long as the delays are finite constants and an upper bound for the round-trip delay is known. Having explicit position feedback through the delayed P-action, the proposed framework enforces master-slave position coordination, which is often compromised in the conventional scattering-based teleoperation. The proposed control framework provides humans with extended physiological proprioception, so that s/he can affect and sense the remote slave environments mainly relying on her/his musculoskeletal systems. Simulation and experiments are performed to validate and highlight properties of the proposed control framework
Brozek two‐compartment model under‐estimates body fat in black female athletes

The purpose of this study was to compare percentage body fat (%BF) values of black female athletes calculated using the Heymsfield four-compartment (4C), Brozek two-compartment (2C) and Schutte models. Eleven collegiate athletes underwent total body water (TBW) assessment, hydrostatic weighing (HW) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Repeated-measures ANOVA determined that the 4C model yielded %BF values (16.2 +/- 1.5%) that were higher than the Brozek model (13.6 +/- 1.7%) but similar to the Schutte model (16.7 +/- 1.6%). The fat-free mass density of the athletes (1.109 +/- 0. 002 kg l-1) was significantly higher than the value 1.1 kg l-1 assumed by the 2C model. We conclude that in lean black female athletes, the Brozek 2C model under-estimates %BF, and that, if only HW is available, the Schutte model should be used to estimate %BF.
Stochastic sequential dispersal and nutrient enrichment drive beta diversity in space and time

Nutrient pollution constitutes a major threat to biodiversity, one whose magnitude is predicted to increase greatly in the near future. While the negative effects of excessive nitrogen and phosphorus loading on local species diversity are widely appreciated, a growing body of evidence indicates that increases in productivity (a correlate of nutrient supply) can also reduce predictability in community composition by driving community divergence and increases in beta diversity (or compositional dissimilarity among communities). Stochastic variation in dispersal history has frequently been cited as a cause of such patterns. However, underlying mechanisms have not received strong experimental scrutiny. I present results of a microcosm experiment testing the effects of enrichment and dispersal mode on zooplankton community structure. I show that beta diversity increases with enrichment but only in the presence of sequential dispersal and variation in dispersal history. Sequential dispersal and enrichment enhan...
Prednisolone Clearance at Steady State in Man

The present study was undertaken to determine whether prednisolone exhibits dose-dependent kinetics in man. Ten normal volunteers were infused to steady state over a 7-h period at a low (5.5 μg/h-kg) and a high (64 μg/h.kg) rate with prednisolone. Steady state prednisolone levels differed by a factor of 5 ]91 ± 25 and 437 ±116 ng/ml (mean ± SD)] when the infusion rate was increased 12-fold, indicating a marked increase in the clearance of total prednisolone with increasing dose (the ratio of clearances, high to low dose, was 2.47 ± 0.29). The fraction of unbound prednisolone increased from 0.12 ± 0.02 to 0.24 ± 0.02 with increasing dose. Since the increase in the free fraction (2-fold change) was not as great as the increase in the total prednisolone clearance, there was a slight but significant (P < 0.05) increase in the apparent clearance of unbound prednisolone (ratio of apparent unbound clearances, high to low dose, was 1.29 ± 0.24). The interconversion between prednisolone and prednisone appears to a...
Hitting a boundary point with reflected Brownian motion

An explicit integral test involving the reflection angle is given for the reflected Brownian motion in a half-plane to hit a fixed boundary point.
Serovars and Serum Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Disseminated and Uncomplicated Infections

Two hundred and seventy-four gonococcal strains isolated from patients with either disseminated (DGI) or uncomplicated (UG) infection were examined to determine their serotypes/serovars by two typing systems as well as their resistance to the bactericidal action of normal human serum. The bactericidal assays were performed in particular to determine whether isolates from patients with the clinical syndrome of DGI but negative systemic cultures (suspected DGI) were serum-susceptible. When strains containing protein IA in their outer membranes and having auxotypes other than the arginine-hypoxanthine-uracil requirement were serotyped, a significant difference was found in the distribution of serovars among strains from DGI and suspected DGI compared with UG. The two typing systems revealed both antigenic similarities and differences of gonococci from Chicago and isolates from Germany reported in another study. Like DGI strains, most suspected DGI strains contained protein IA and were resistant to the bactericidal action of serum.
Fasting versus Nonfasting Triglycerides and the Prediction of Cardiovascular Risk: Do We Need to Revisit the Oral Triglyceride Tolerance Test?

Historically, triglycerides have been measured in the fasting state for 2 reasons. First, because of the marked increase in triglycerides after fat ingestion, the variability in triglyceride measurements is much smaller in the fasting state. Second, before the availability of direct assays for LDL cholesterol (LDL-C),1 estimation of LDL-C was performed in clinical practice almost exclusively by use of the Friedewald equation, which requires that both the HDL-C concentration and the fasting triglyceride concentration divided by 5 be subtracted from the total cholesterol concentration. The recommendations to measure triglycerides in the fasting state did not, however, derive from a consistent set of prospective cohort studies showing that fasting concentrations were superior to nonfasting concentrations for the detection of cardiovascular risk. Instead, following screening guidelines, most epidemiologic investigations simply relied on fasting triglycerides. Taken as a whole, such studies indicate that fasting triglycerides are a univariate predictor of vascular disease. Controversy exists, however, regarding the clinical usefulness of fasting triglycerides as an independent predictor of risk, because adjustment for other covariates—in particular HDL-C—markedly decreases both the magnitude and significance of observed epidemiologic effects (1). The extent to which investigators have sought to avoid nonfasting triglycerides as a method for risk detection is evident in a recent metaanalysis that limited evaluation only to those epidemiologic studies that measured fasting triglycerides, specifically “to exclude the possibility of postprandial effects” (2). Is it possible, then, that recommendations to measure triglycerides in the fasting state have systematically underestimated the impact of hypertriglyceridemia in clinical practice? Atherosclerosis has long been hypothesized to be a disorder influenced by postprandial effects. As early as 1950, J. R. Moreton, writing in the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine , suggested a linkage between chylomicronemia, fat tolerance, and atherosclerosis (3). A major source of circulating triglycerides is dietary …
Fuel efficiency of vehicles on US roads: 1923–2006

This article documents and analyzes the changes in fuel efficiency of vehicles on US roads between 1923 and 2006. Information about distances driven and fuel consumed was used to calculate the on-the-road fuel efficiency of the overall fleet and of different classes of vehicles. The overall fleet fuel efficiency decreased from 14 mpg in 1923 to 11.9 mpg in 1973. Starting in 1974, efficiency increased rapidly to 16.9 mpg in 1991. Thereafter, improvements have been small, with efficiency reaching 17.2 mpg in 2006. The information for 2006 was used to calculate the fuel-efficiency improvements in different classes of vehicles that would be needed to achieve a given percentage reduction in the total amount of fuel consumed by all vehicles.
Toward Meaningful Snag-Management Guidelines for Postfire Salvage Logging in North American Conifer Forests

The bird species in western North America that are most restricted to, and therefore most dependent on, severely burned conifer forests during the first years following a fire event depend heavily on the abundant standing snags for perch sites, nest sites, and food resources. Thus, it is critical to develop and apply appropriate snag-management guidelines to implement postfire timber harvest operations in the same locations. Unfortu- nately, existing guidelines designed for green-tree forests cannot be applied to postfire salvage sales because the snag needs of snag-dependent species in burned forests are not at all similar to the snag needs of snag-dependent species in green-tree forests. Birds in burned forests have very different snag-retention needs from those cavity- nesting bird species that have served as the focus for the development of existing snag-management guidelines. Specifically, many postfire specialists use standing dead trees not only for nesting purposes but for feeding purposes as well. Woodpeckers, in particular, specialize on wood-boring beetle larvae that are superabundant in fire-killed trees for several years following severe fire. Species such as the Black-backed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus) are nearly restricted in their habitat distribution to severely burned forests. Moreover, existing postfire salvage-logging studies reveal that most postfire specialist species are completely absent from burned forests that have been (even partially) salvage logged. I call for the long-overdue development and use of more meaningful snag-retention guidelines for postfire specialists, and I note that the biology of the most fire-dependent bird species suggests that even a cursory attempt to meet their snag needs would preclude postfire salvage logging in those severely burned conifer forests wherein the maintenance of biological diversity is deemed important.
Diversity and composition of tropical secondary forests recovering from large-scale clearing: results from the 1990 inventory in Puerto Rico

Abstract The extensive recovery from agricultural clearing of Puerto Rican forests over the past half-century provides a good opportunity to study tropical forest recovery on a landscape scale. Using ordination and regression techniques, we analyzed forest inventory data from across Puerto Rico’s moist and wet secondary forests to evaluate their species composition and whether the landscape structure of older forest affected tree species composition of recovering forests at this scale. Our results support conclusions from studies conducted in Puerto Rico at smaller scales and temperate forests at larger scales that timing of abandonment and land use history are of overwhelming importance in determining the species composition of recovering forests. Forest recovery is recent enough in Puerto Rico that previous land use is clearly evident in current species composition, and creates new forest communities. As demonstrated in other work, physical factors such as elevation and substrate co-vary with land use history, so that the species composition of the forest landscape results from the interplay between biophysical and socioeconomic forces over time. Our results also indicate that increasing the distance to the largest forest patches occurring in the landscape 12 years previous had a small negative impact on species richness but not species diversity or community composition. We conclude that land use history has as much influence in species composition as biophysical variables and that, at the scale of this study, there is no large influence of forest landscape structure on species diversity or composition.
Implementing a Student-Designed Green Chemistry Laboratory Project in Organic Chemistry

A multiweek organic chemistry laboratory project is described that emphasizes sustainable practices in experimental design. An emphasis on student-driven development of the project is meant to mirror the independent nature of research. Students propose environmentally friendly modifications of several reactions. With instructor feedback, students search for a literature protocol for their most promising reaction. Students follow the procedure as described and also carry out a modified, greener reaction that they have designed on their own, incorporating a modest change in reaction conditions. The exercise concludes with a report focusing on comparative data analysis. This unique approach also focuses on teaching students the important research skills involved in locating, reproducing, and modifying a literature procedure.
Bulge testing of copper and niobium tubes for hydroformed RF cavities

Abstract The heat treatment, tensile testing, and bulge testing of Cu and Nb tubes has been carried out to gain experience for the subsequent hydroforming of Nb tube into seamless superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities for high energy particle acceleration. In the experimental part of the study samples removed from representative tubes were prepared for heat treatment, tensile testing, residual resistance ratio measurement, and orientation imaging electron microscopy (OIM). After being optimally heat treated Cu and Nb tubes were subjected to hydraulic bulge testing and the results analyzed. In the final part of the study finite-element models (FEM) incorporating constitutive (stress–strain) relationships analytically derived from the tensile and bulge tests, respectively, were used to replicate the bulge test. As expected, agreement was obtained between the experimental bulge parameters and the FEM model based on the bulge-derived constitutive relationship. Not so for the FEM model based on tensile-test data. It is concluded that a constitutive relationship based on bulge testing is necessary to predict a material's performance under hydraulic deformation.
Juvenile Hormone.....in Retrospect and in Prospect

Figure 1 reproduces a summary of endocrine dynamics which, I venture to think, identifies most of the phenomena that will be dealt with in this Symposium. For present purposes, let the endocrine gland be the corpora allata (CA) and the endocrine agent be juvenile hormone (JH). Attention is directed to the “controlling mechanisms” modulating in this case the synthesis and secretion of JH by the CA. Since JH has never been shown to accumulate in the glands themselves, the indications are that CA activity is adjusted by the modulation of synthesis rather than secretion (Tobe and Pratt, 1974).
Drainage Characteristics of Digested Sludge

The synthesis of an optimal design for a sludge drying bed will depend on the creativeness of the designer and, in part, on the availability of sufficient information on the several dewatering mechanisms of digested sludge. The paper is concerned with the drainage characteristics of digested sludge on sand beds and the influence of the type of construction of the sand bed on drainage. The maximum drainage rates, for drainage beds without ventilation, ranged between 1 and 5 l per day per ft 2 , the higher values corresponded to a sludge height of approximately ≥ 12 in. The ten-day average drainage rate was approximately 1.2 l per day per ft 2 for sludge heights of 8 in. to 14 in. The maximum volume of drainage was associated with a sludge height of 8 in. and the value was 56% of the applied sludge volume. Ventilation of the sand beds resulted in greatly improved drainage. First day drainage rate for 8 in. of sludge was found to be 12 l per day per ft 2 . For drainage beds provided with ventilation, covering to 50% of the sand bed surface did not reduce substantially the drainage rate nor the ultimate volume of drainage.
The Challenge of Children's Rights Advocacy: Problems and Progress in the Area of Child Abuse and Neglect

This article, originally delivered as a speech, sums up problems and progress in four key areas of central importance to dealing with child abuse and neglect. The article focuses on law and policy in the United States, noting that the U.S. seems to be joining the rest of the world in moving, however haltingly, in a more child-friendly direction. We have developed some early home visitation programs, designed to help fragile families at risk for abuse and neglect - programs which have demonstrated impressive success in preventing maltreatment, and are receiving increasing public and private support throughout the nation. We have passed national legislation - the Multiethnic Placement Act or MEPA - designed to eliminate the race matching of children in need of homes with prospective parents, which served to delay and deny adoptive placement for many minority race children. We have passed other national legislation - the Adoption and Safe Families Act or ASFA - designed to facilitate the adoptive placement of children previously held for extended periods in foster care, and to balance the prior emphasis on family preservation with a new emphasis on children's interests in growing up in a nurturing home. We have begun to confront the problem of parental substance abuse, creating family drug courts and initiating other reforms designed to ensure that either parents engage successfully in substance abuse treatment so that they can adequately parent their children, or otherwise the children move on to adoptive placement. The article emphasizes that controversy surrounds all these reform moves, and that progress in a child-friendly direction depends on the energy and commitment of child advocates.
A CASE OF RIGHT PARADUODENAL HERNIA DIAGNOSED PREOPERATIVELY

術前に診断しえた右傍十二指腸ヘルニアを経験したので報告する.患者は32歳男性.主訴は上腹部痛.腹部所見では上腹部に圧痛を伴う膨隆を認めた.腹膜刺激症状は認めず. 28歳時にも同様の症状を認めたが数日の入院加療で軽快している.腹部単純レントゲン検査では右側結腸内のガス像が肝下面へ圧排されていた.腹部造影CT検査にて上行結腸の内側,横行結腸の背側から尾側に径12cmの被覆化された小腸塊を認め上腸間膜動脈の背側より小腸が右側後腹膜腔に嵌入したものと考えられた.胃の拡張はなく通過障害を思わせる所見は認めなかった.以上より右傍十二指腸ヘルニアと診断し手術を施行した.空腸起始部から150cmの小腸が十二指腸上行部の尾側から右側の後腹膜腔に嵌入しており右傍十二指腸ヘルニアと診断した.嵌入小腸を用手的に整復したところ血行も改善したため腸切除は行わずヘルニア門の縫合閉鎖を行った.術後嵌入していた小腸の浮腫のためと考えられる腸管麻痺を認めたが保存的に軽快し術後48日目に退院した.傍十二指腸ヘルニアは術前診断が難しいといわれているが自験例では臨床症状やレントゲン検査により本疾患に特徴的とされる所見を認め診断が可能であった.
Addressable Carbene Anchors for Gold Surfaces

New strategies to access functional monolayers could augment current surface modification methods. Here we present addressable N-heterocyclic carbene (ANHC) anchors for gold surfaces. A suite of experimental and theoretical methods was used to characterize ANHC monolayers. We demonstrate grafting of highly fluorinated polymers from surface-bound ANHCs. This work establishes ANHCs as viable anchors for gold surfaces.
Empirical evidence in support of a research-informed water conservation education program

AbstractBased on results from a 2008 research study of regional citizen knowledge concerning watershed issues, a water conservation education program was designed and implemented. Findings from the initial study demonstrated program success as evidenced by knowledge gain and willingness to “commit” to water saving behaviors in 94% of students. A limitation of the research was the absence of empirical findings verifying actual behavior change. Addressing this limitation, this article outlines a follow-up study which utilized water bills for the same time period of the original study as a means to measure whether student commitments may have resulted in actual water savings.
Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy to include a common factors perspective: Comment on Laska, Gurman, and Wampold.

Laska, Gurman, and Wampold (2014, pp. 467-481) raise a number of interesting arguments for clinical practice that involves the integration of the Common Factors and Empirically Supported Therapies perspectives. The merits, validity, and weaknesses in these arguments are discussed from a conceptual and empirical viewpoint. While we agree that the division in the field between the 2 approaches is excessive and interferes in the delivery of effective patient care, we highlight the important reasons to use unbiased, replicable assessments of treatment effects and interpretation when choosing a treatment approach. We emphasize the need to conduct empirical comparisons using study designs that allow us to vigorously test the influence of common factors over and beyond specific treatment ingredients, before we can more widely advocate for their necessary inclusion in existing treatments.
Fruit and vegetable intake as a moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking.

ABSTRACTBackground: Studies have consistently reported associations among depression, cigarette smoking, and fruit and vegetable intake (FVI). This study evaluated FVI as a moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and smoking. Methods: The authors analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979: Child and Young Adult. The study sample was adults aged 19–33 years at baseline in the year 2004 from the Young Adult Survey portion. Moderation analyses were performed using the Johnson-Neyman technique to assess whether baseline FVI moderated the association between depressive symptoms and smoking status cross-sectionally and as a predictor of smoking cessation longitudinally at 4-year follow-up. Results: Cross-sectionally, at lower levels of FVI ( .05). Longitudinally, there was an inverse association between depressive symp...
Power Grid Data Analysis with R and Hadoop

In this chapter, we use the R and Hadoop Integrated Programming Environment (RHIPE) as a flexible, scalable environment for analyzing multiterabyte data sets being produced by a phasor measurement unit sensor network on the electrical power grid. RHIPE enables exploratory data analysis on the entire data set, allowing us to develop both data cleaning and event classification methods that reflect event characteristics as represented by the actual data instead of relying on theoretical models. We describe several of the data cleaning filters that we have developed as well as one approach we have used for event detection. To ensure the generality of this chapter, we focus on the techniques we are using for our data analysis and example code that demonstrates how these techniques are used within the RHIPE package, instead of the domain-specific details of the data or events that we are extracting.
A Model of Consumer Decision Making Under Severe Time Constraints: First Empirical Test

A model for predicting decision making under severe time constraints—panic decision making (PDM)—is presented and its eight structural factors are empirically tested for last minute Valentine’s Day gift purchases. The U method was used to test for bias in the classification rates and the results support the overall model. Hypothesis testing for the influence of the model’s structural factors, as well as testing for the stability of the coefficients, was accomplished by examining the signs of the total structure coefficients from 20 random subsamples. The majority of the hypotheses were supported.
Distributed on-demand address assignment in wireless sensor networks

Sensor networks consist of autonomous wireless sensor nodes that are networked together in an ad hoc fashion. The tiny nodes are equipped with substantial processing capabilities, enabling them to combine and compress their sensor data. The aim is to limit the amount of network traffic, and as such conserve the nodes' limited battery energy. However, due to the small packet payload, the MAC header is a significant, and energy-costly, overhead. To remedy this, we propose a novel scheme for a MAC address assignment. The two key features which make our approach unique are the exploitation of spatial address reuse and an encoded representation of the addresses in data packets. To assign the addresses, we develop a purely distributed algorithm that relies solely on local message exchanges. Other salient features of our approach are the ability to handle unidirectional links and the excellent scalability of both the assignment algorithm and address representation. In typical scenarios, the MAC overhead is reduced by a factor of three compared to existing approaches.
Proximal Row Carpectomy for the Treatment of Kienböck’s Disease

Proximal row carpectomy (PRC) is an established and widely used procedure for treatment of degenerative conditions of the wrist. The procedure involves excision of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum, with formation of a new articulation between the lunate fossa of the distal radius and the proximal aspect of the capitate. Relief of pain and preservation of wrist range of motion and grip strength have been demonstrated. Long-term studies have shown the durability of PRC as a salvage procedure for treatment of advanced Kienbock’s disease. In the presence of full-thickness cartilage defects of the proximal capitate or lunate fossa of the distal radius, an interposition flap from the dorsal capsule has been recommended as an adjunct to PRC to allow for wrist salvage in these complex cases; unfortunately long-term studies have been inconclusive to determine the benefits of capsular interposition in the presence of cartilage wear and arthritis in patients with Kienbock’s disease. Careful patient selection is critical for successful outcomes when choosing PRC. Optimal results are obtained in patients older than 40 years of age who do not engage in heavy manual labor.
Creating a course on the internet of things for undergraduate computer science majors

This paper gives an experience report for the creation of an Internet of Things course for undergraduate computer science majors. The Internet of Things is an important new paradigm for technology in which everyday objects are embedded with Internet-enabled microcontrollers in order to make them smarter. We present a course that gives students both hardware and software skills and also focuses on being able to innovate (not just code) for the Internet of Things. This course provides a context for teaching several skills not already integrated in the computer science curriculum.
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Performance of Supported Nano-Iron Catalysts Synthesized By a Gas-Expanded Liquid Deposition Technique

A gas-expanded-liquid technique (GXL) was applied to the preparation of supported iron catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS). A mixture of presynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles with an average size of 12 nm was deposited onto a SiO2 support in a manner such that nanoparticles smaller than 5 nm were excluded from the final catalyst product. A series of SiO2-supported iron oxide nanoparticle catalysts were prepared with iron loadings of 11.4, 18.0, 24.0, and 28.8 wt %. Catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), trasmission electron microsopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and carbon monoxide temperature-programmed desorption. TEM analysis showed that iron oxide nanoparticles were well-distributed over the surface of the SiO2 support with an increase in the iron loading resulting in the formation of multilayers and three-dimensional islands of iron oxi...
Vascular Biology of the Placenta: Second Edition

Abstract The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, thereby allowing nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother’s blood supply. Proper...
Filling the void: a low-cost, high-yield approach to addressing incidental findings in trauma patients.

Abstract Background Incidental findings are prevalent in imaging but often go unreported to patients. Such unreported findings may present the potential for harm as well as medico-legal ramifications. Methods A chart review of trauma patients was undertaken over a year. Systems-based changes were made utilizing our electronic medical record system and our staff protocols to improve the disclosure of clinically relevant incidental findings to patients. Results During the preintervention period, 674 charts were reviewed. Trauma patients had a rate of incidental findings of 70%, and 36% of patients had clinically relevant incidentals. Rates of follow-up recommendation and disclosure to patients were 22% and 27%, respectively. In the postintervention period, of the 648 charts were reviewed, the rates of a clinically relevant incidental finding were 35%, but the rates of follow-up recommendation and disclosure to patients were 68% and 85%, respectively. Conclusion Incidental findings are more prevalent herein than previously reported. With simple changes and minimal resources, clinically relevant and important improvement in reporting incidental findings can be made to mitigate the harm and medico-legal impact of an incidental finding going unreported.
Cropland production potential monitoring using long-term crop dynamics

With the increasing food demand for agricultural products and climate change pressures, the production of agricultural ecosystem performs more and more important to achieve the goal of sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to evaluate cropland production potential integrating cultivation patterns and types discrimination based on long-term crop dynamics using remote sensing approaches. First, crop cultivation patterns and types are identified using long-term vegetation dynamics information. Then the results are introduced into the models of cropland production potential estimation. Considering the influence of radiation, temperature, precipitation and soil conditions on crop growth for various crop types in different regions, the cropland potential production is estimated step by step. And finally show the results of four kinds of potential productivity: light, light-temperature, climatic and cropland potential productivity.
Enhanced Arylamine N-Oxygenase Activity of Polymer-Enzyme Assemblies by Facilitating Electron-Transferring Efficiency

A novel N-oxygenase-coated core–shell nanoparticle was generated through the coassembly of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) and arylamine N-oxygenase CmlI. The resulting enzyme-hybridized particles, P4VP-CmlI, showed excellent catalytic activities on the oxidation of two arylamine substrates, i.e., p-aminophenol (pAP) and p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA), using a surrogate redox system or a peroxide shunt as co-oxidants. In comparison with the free enzyme, P4VP-CmlI particles exhibited a significantly enhanced catalytic efficiency when using pyridine nucleotide (NADH) and proper redox mediators. Products at different oxygenation stages were observed. On the contrary, the activity of the enzyme-containing nanoparticles was very similar to the free enzyme when using the peroxide shunt. The enhanced catalytic efficiency of the P4VP-CmlI assemblies is attributed to a more efficient electron delivery.
Viral marketing for product cross-sell through social networks

The well known influence maximization problem [1] (or viral marketing through social networks) deals with selecting a few influential initial seeds to maximize the awareness of product(s) over the social network. In this paper, we introduce a novel and generalized version of the influence maximization problem that considers simultaneously the following three practical aspects: (i) Often cross-sell among products is possible, (ii) Product specific costs (and benefits) for promoting the products have to be considered, and (iii) Since a company often has budget constraints, the initial seeds have to be chosen within a given budget. We refer to this generalized problem setting as Budgeted Influence Maximization with Cross-sell of Products (B-IMCP). To the best of our knowledge, we are not aware of any work in the literature that addresses the B-IMCP problem which is the subject matter of this paper. Given a fixed budget, one of the key issues associated with the B-IMCP problem is to choose the initial seeds within this budget not only for the individual products, but also for promoting cross-sell phenomenon among these products. In particular, the following are the specific contributions of this paper: (i) We propose an influence propagation model to capture both the cross-sell phenomenon and product specific costs and benefits; (ii) As the B-IMCP problem is NP-hard computationally, we present a simple greedy approximation algorithm and then derive the approximation guarantee of this greedy algorithm by drawing upon the results from the theory of matroids; (iii) We then outline two efficient heuristics based on well known concepts in the literature. Finally, we experimentally evaluate the proposed approach for the B-IMCP problem using a few well known social network data sets such as WikiVote data set, Epinions, and Telecom call detail records data.