cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of international debt on the economic development of small countries

Abstract This paper attempts to determine the effects of international debt on the economic development of small countries. Data on five economic variables for 51 small countries were collected and were subgrouped by income to assess their general economic performance. In this study any country with a population of less than five million was defined as a small country. Two types of statistical analysis were performed. The first was to test for independence between two pairs of variables based on correlation methodology, and the second, analysis of variance, was used for testing differences among groups of countries. It was concluded that international debt affects small countries with relatively higher incomes in a significantly different manner than it affects small countries with low incomes.
Reform-Oriented Mathematics in Three 6th Grade Classes: How Teachers Draw in ELLs to Academic Discourse.

Traditionally, mathematics has been considered easy for English language learners (ELLs) due to the belief that math is a “universal language.” At the same time, reform-oriented mathematics curricula, designed to promote mathematical discourse, are increasingly being adopted by schools serving large numbers of ELLs. CMP, the Connected Math Project, is one such reform-oriented curriculum. Taking a community-of-practice approach, this article compares how three 6th grade mathematics teachers in a Spanish/English community utilized language to draw ELLs into content and classroom participation. Teacher use of standard language fell into 2 categories: (a) modeling and (b) eliciting student practice. In the teacher's class that regularly elicited language, ELLs were successful on academic assessments; whereas students in the other 2 classes were not. Results suggest that CMP facilitates ELLs' learning and that a focus on mathematical language and elicitation benefits the development of mathematical discourse a...
Extracting viscoelastic properties of soft polymers from dynamic nanoindentation using an improved model

Recently there is an increasing interest in using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based micropillars as bio-transducers for cellular forces measurements. Cells often produce cyclic motion, in which case the viscoelastic properties in the frequency domain are needed for force calculation. In this work, continuing on our prior time domain study, we measured the complex modulus of PDMS using a dynamic nanoindentation technique (DNT). An improved model for complex modulus extraction was developed for the flat punch indenter. The complex modulus of PDMS measured at small scale will allow for more accurate cellular force measurements in the frequency domain.
A Risk-Benefit Assessment of Levofloxacin in Respiratory, Skin and Skin Structure, and Urinary Tract Infections

As a class, the quinolone antibacterials can no longer be assumed to be both effective and relatively free of significant adverse effects. Recent safety issues with newer generation fluoroquinolones, and concerns regarding drug-use associated bacterial resistance have made all drugs in this class subject to intense scrutiny and further study. Levofloxacin is a second generation fluoroquinolone with a post marketing history of well tolerated and successful use in a variety of clinical situations. Quinolones as a class cause a variety of adverse effects, including phototoxicity, seizures and other CNS disturbances, tendonitis and arthropathies, gastrointestinal effects, nephrotoxicity, prolonged QTc interval and torsade de pointes, hypo- or hyperglycaemia, and hypersensitivity reactions. Levofloxacin has been involved in only a few case reports of adverse events, which include QTc prolongation, seizures, glucose disturbances, and tendonitis. Levofloxacin has been shown to be effective at dosages of 250mg to 500mg once-daily in clinical trials in the management of acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, skin and skin structure infections, and urinary tract infections. There are data suggesting that levofloxacin may promote fluoroquinolone resistance among the Streptococcus pneumoniae, and that clinical failures may result from this therapy. Other data suggest that fluoroquinolones with lower potency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than ciprofloxacin, such as levofloxacin, may drive class-wide resistance to this pathogen. Levofloxacin is an effective drug in many clinical situations, but its cost is significantly higher than amoxicillin, erythromycin, or first and second generation cefalosporins. Because of the propensity to select for fluoroquinolone resistance in the pneumococcus and potentially other pathogens, levofloxacin should be an alternative agent rather than a drug-of-choice in routine community-acquired respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin or skin structure infections. In areas with increasing pneumococcal beta-lactam resistance, levofloxacin may be a reasonable empiric therapy in community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Similarly, in patients with risk factors for infectious complications or poor outcome, levofloxacin may be an excellent empiric choice in severe community-acquired respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, complicated skin or skin structure infections, and nosocomial respiratory and urinary tract infections. Better clinical data are needed to identify the true place in therapy of the newer fluoroquinolones in common community-acquired and nosocomial infections. Until then, these agents, including levofloxacin, might best be reserved for complicated infections, infection recurrence, and infections caused by beta-lactam or macrolide-resistant pathogens.
TELECOMMUTING IMPLICATIONS FOR TRAVEL BEHAVIOR: CASE STUDIES FROM MINNESOTA

Case studies of two telecommuting programs were conducted as part of a larger research effort devoted to examining the implications of telecommunications for Minnesota transportation and community development. Data were collected in a large private high-technology firm and in a public agency located in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. A multiple method design was employed including a cross-section survey of nontelecommuting employees; a census survey of telecommuters; and in-depth interviews with telecommuters, their coworkers, and their supervisors. Analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between telecommuting and travel behavior and the potential effects of travel outcomes for community systems. Results indicate that telecommuting implementation strategies differ within and between organizations, and these differing approaches appear to moderate the relationship between telecommuting and complex travel behaviors, such as local errand running and trip chaining. Additional findings concur with those of other studies, and the difficulty of the commute is highlighted as a primary factor in understanding the choice to telecommute and its impact on travel behavior.
A SIMS study of the dehydrogenation of ethylene on Pt(111)

Abstract Reactions of ethylene adsorbed on Pt(111) at 200 K have been studied as a function of temperature using TPSSIMS and TPD. The results indicate the rapid formation of an ethylidyne species ( CCH 3 ) by partial dehydrogenation at 280 K. At low ethylene coverages, the rate of H 2 desorption is not limited by the dehydrogenation rate. Between 490 and 800 K there is a series of dehydrogenation steps evident in both the H 2 TPD and CH x + SIMS spectra. The rate of H 2 desorption for each of these steps is limited by the rate of decomposition of the adsorbed hydrocarbon parent. The results demonstrate the power of combining TPD and TPSSIMS to probe the structure and kinetics of adsorbed species.
Settlements, Outcomes, and the Recurrence of Conflict:

Despite the hope that the resolution of one militarized dispute will bring peace to a dyad, these conflicts often recur. This recurrence of conflict is particularly important because subsequent disputes within a dyad tend to be more severe than previous ones. However, the factors leading to recurrent conflict remain a matter of debate. While some argue that the settlement of a dispute has a significant impact on post-conflict relations, others argue that the outcome of a dispute is the most important determinant of post-conflict stability. Although evidence has been found to support both views, the relative impact of dispute settlements and outcomes has not been satisfactorily determined. Accordingly, this article simultaneously examines the relationship between settlements, outcomes, and conflict recurrence through survival analyses of the periods of peace following 2,973 dyadic militarized interstate disputes between 1816 and 2001. The authors find that although settlement type is an important predictor...
The center conjecture for equifacetal simplices

An equifacetal simplex, in which all facets are congruent, has a unique center. The center conjecture states that a simplex that has a unique center must be equifacetal. A strong version of the conjecture is proved in dimensions at most six by showing that there is an explicit list of centers, defined for all simplices, whose coinciding implies the simplex is equifacetal. It remains an open problem whether the conjecture is true in dimensions greater than six.
Selection for Larval Vagility in Drosophila Melanogaster

Six lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Oregon-R stock were established and each line was selected for either slow or fast larval movement through a system that consisted of single, double, or triple rings. Selection was successful in all three "slow lines" but not in any of the "fast lines". A test for movement of the adults from each of the six lines failed to reveal any correlated response. It is concluded that larval vagility in this stock is close to the maximum possible, and that there is no common genetic control over the tested types of movement in the two active stages of the organism's life cycle.
The nuclear reactor and its products.

The history of nuclear fission has been a rapid transition from theory to practical application as a weapon and, finally, to beneficial applications under controlled conditions in a fission reactor as a source of power and radioisotopes. The effective use of the enormous capacity of reactors to produce radioisotopes requires an understanding of the reaction cross sections and the influence of the neutron energy spectrum. Practical considerations include the selection of target compounds and isotopic enrichment to meet criteria for safety and product purity. Despite many natural limitations on what they can produce, reactors supply a large number of radionuclides important in nuclear medicine.
Boundary and initial-value methods for solving Fredholm equations with semidegenerate kernels

We develop a new approach to the theory and numerical solution of a class of linear and nonlinear Fredholm equations. These equations, which have semidegenerate kernels, are shown to be equivalent to two-point boundary-value problems for a system of ordinary differential equations. Applications of numerical methods for this class of problems allows us to develop a new class of numerical algorithms for the original integral equation. The scope of the paper is primarily theoretical; developing the necessary Fredholm theory and giving comparisons with related methods. For convolution equations, the theory is related to that of boundary-value problems in an appropriate Hilbert space. We believe that the results here have independent interest. In the last section, our methods are extended to certain classes of integrodifferential equations.
Converting evidence to practice: a guide for the clinical application of MRI for the screening and management of breast cancer.

Abstract Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly utilized to screen and manage breast care. As the literature demonstrating its benefit expands, so do the potential clinical indications. However, routine review of the literature is merited to re-evaluate the appropriate and cost-effective use of MRI and guide clinicians in the areas of controversy. Methods A literature review was performed to evaluate the current evidence for the use of MRI. Results Evidence supports MRI screening for genetic mutation carriers and for those with an equivalent lifetime risk (>50%). Regarding staging and management, MRI is indicated for monitoring tumour response to neoadjuvant therapy. MRI should also be considered for patients with invasive lobular carcinoma, mammographically occult breast cancer and Paget’s disease. Discussion Though MRI is limited by moderate specificity and high cost, it can be a valuable, sensitive and cost-effective tool with thoughtful and judicious patient selection.
GMAT-AWA Score as a Predictor of Success in a Managerial Communication Course.

Because communication skills, especially writing, are such an integral part of managerial work, it may be postulated that these skills are associated with managerial success. Yet evidence of writing competency is not universally considered for admission to MBA programs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible correlation between the Analytical Writing Assessment Section (AWA) of the GMAT exam and a “critical thinking” writing assignment that is similar to the AWA. Results indicate that the AWA is significantly correlated with achievement, not only on the writing assignment but also with the final grade in a managerial communication course.
Attitudes toward women, violence, and rape: A comparison of convicted rapists and other felons

Literature in the area of rape has been dominated by the psychiatric perspective leading to the view of rape as an individualistic, ideosyncratic and psychopathological problem. This leads to a conception of the rapist as a special criminal who is somehow different from his fellow prisoners. This paper proposes to study rapists as emotionally average men who have been socialized to view aggressive sexual behavior as appropriate in various situations. A comparison of rapists’ attitudes toward women, violence and rape with that of other felons reveals that their rape relevant attitudes are more extreme. It is proposed that the prevailing rape myths that exist in the society at large serve the function of providing excuses and justifications for rapists.
Aspectual In African American vernacular English in Detroit

Dans la continuite de ses travaux sur la grammaire du preverbal den en anglais vernaculaire afro-americain, l'A. propose ici une note de recherche dans laquelle il examine les aspects semantiques, syntaxiques et sociolinguistiques de ce marqueur aspectuel du parfait en se basant sur des donnees enregistrees aupres de locuteurs de Detroit
Magnetotransport in Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle arrays dominated by noncollinear surface spins

Magnetotransport in arrays of monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles has been studied as a function of annealing temperatures. Charge transport mechanisms change from thermally assisted interparticle tunneling to hopping between Fe sites within the particle as the interparticle spacing is decreased. Despite this difference, magnetoresistance (MR) as a function of field shows a ubiquitous behavior dominated by noncollinear surface spins. All MRs as a function of field can be fitted accurately by a Langevin-like function.
Folding and domain-domain interactions of the chaperone PapD measured by 19F NMR.

The folding of the two-domain bacterial chaperone PapD has been studied to develop an understanding of the relationship between individual domain folding and the formation of domain−domain interact...
SpeechSkimmer: a system for interactively skimming recorded speech

Listening to a speech recording is much more difficult than visually scanning a document because of the transient and temporal nature of audio. Audio recordings capture the richness of speech, yet it is difficult to directly browse the stored information. This article describes techniques for structuring, filtering, and presenting recorded speech, allowing a user to navigate and interactively find information in the audio domain. This article describes the SpeechSkimmer system for interactively skimming speech recordings. SpeechSkimmer uses speech-processing techniques to allow a user to hear recorded sounds quickly, and at several levels of detail. User interaction, through a manual input device, provides continuous real-time control of the speed and detail level of the audio presentation. SpeechSkimmer reduces the time needed to listen by incorporating time-compressed speech, pause shortening, automatic emphasis detection, and nonspeech audio feedback. This article also presents a multilevel structural approach to auditory skimming and user interface techniques for interacting with recorded speech. An observational usability test of SpeechSkimmer is discussed, as well as a redesign and reimplementation of the user interface based on the results of this usability test.
Simulation of Major Aspects of Wind Energy Generation

The objective of this project was to perform an analysis of all of the major aspects of implementing electrical power generation using wind energy in a specific location. The project consisted of three main sections: location selection, turbine modeling and selection, and an economic analysis of the potential project as a whole. A limiting factor for a location was the availability of adequate wind speed data for analysis of the area’s potential. With these criteria, several locations were considered, and the Dominican Republic was selected because of high wind energy potential as well as high demand for electricity. There were several regions of the country with class 4 winds [1], and the average cost of electricity was very high at $0.15/kWh [2]. For the modeling and design of a wind turbine, a program named PROPID was used, which is a tool that takes design and wind parameters and returns simulated data such as power curves. The software was first validated for known configurations, to show the accuracy of the program, and it was then used to iteratively design new turbine configurations. The design of a popular 1300 kW commercial turbine, the Nordex N60, was scaled down to produce 1000 kW, and then gradually redesigned to increase the ratio of the power output to the surface area of the turbine, which was termed the design-factor, which would help to increase profitability of the turbine. The design-factor was increased from 320.9 for the original design to 466.2 for the final design. The final portion of the project was an economic analysis of a proposed wind farm. A software tool called HOMER was used, as well as Microsoft Excel’s internal rate of return function to calculate the long-term return of the project. Initial and annual costs were estimated based on available data for existing projects, and a 10 MW, 20 year life-span project was simulated using the newly designed turbine. Total levelized cost of energy was found to be between $0.042 and $0.057/kWh, depending on actual costs, and the overall annual return on investment in the project was calculated to be between a very conservatively determined value of 9.1% and a more general value of 12.9%. These values are limited in accuracy, and a more detailed study would be required prior to further project consideration, however they do indicate that this area is highly likely to have profitable wind energy resources.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Critical analysis on web application firewall solutions

Web Applications security has become progressively more important these days. Enormous numbers of attacks are being deployed on the web application layer. Due to dramatic increase in Web applications, security gets vulnerable to variety of threats. Most of these attacks are targeted towards the web application layer and network firewall alone cannot prevent these kinds of attacks. The basic reason behind success of these attacks is the ignorance of application developers while writing the web applications and the vulnerabilities in the existing technologies. Web application attacks are the latest trend and hackers are trying to exploit the web application using different techniques. Various solutions are available as open source and in commercial market. But the selection of suitable solution for the security of the organizational systems is a major issue. This survey paper compared the Web Application Firewall (WAF) solutions with important features necessary for the security at application layer. Critical analysis on WAF solutions is helpful for the users to select the most suitable solution to their environments.
Tests of a third generation multianode phototube

Abstract We report on results of tests of the 16-channel Hamamatsu R5900-M16 photomultiplier tube for gain uniformity and stability, pixel uniformity, linearity, cross-talk, and quantum efficiency. These parameters are essential to our application; i.e., the read out of signals which are generated by the passage of ionizing particles through the scintillating strips of an electromagnetic shower maximum detector and which are carried to the photodetector by optical fibers. In all respects the R5900-M16 tube performance is found to be superior to that of earlier generations of multianode photomultiplier tubes.
Graph and table use in Special Education: a review and analysis of the communication of data

An emerging line of research demonstrates a distinction between social and natural sciences; natural sciences devote more page space in journals to data graphics than social sciences. The present survey asked how the subdiscipline of Education, Special Education, compares to other disciplines of science. Also, how do the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) disability category subfields use data graphics and tables? And last, has the use of data graphs and tables changed over time within Special Education? After reviewing 29 representative journals and over 8500 graphics and tables, the results show that Special Education ranks near the bottom of the natural and social sciences. As a field, the IDEA disability category subfields use tabular displays of data more often than data graphics. The results also demonstrate that over a 15-year time span the use of data graphics and tables used in journals to communicate data has remained stable.
In the Context of Differences, Sameness

Abstract Given as part of a panel exploring “Experiences in Working with the ‘Other’: Psychotherapy and Diversity” at a conference titled Exploring the Diversity of Student Cultures at the Millennium, this paper talks about counselor or therapist anxieties in working with those who seem visibly “other.” One source of such anxiety is the sudden discovery of sameness, or the emotional engagement of unknown similarities between the counselor's own history and the history of the student.
Improving on national quality indicators of breast cancer care in a large public hospital as a means to decrease disparities for African American women.

Background In April 2007, the National Quality Forum (NQF) endorsed the first nationally recognized hospital-based performance measures for stage I, II, and III breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to document compliance with the 3 NQF breast quality indicators during 2 time intervals in a metropolitan public hospital.
An exploratory study of the use of multivariate techniques to determine mechanisms of toxic action.

Abstract The most successful quantitative structure–activity relationships have been developed by separating compounds by their mechanisms of toxic action (MOAs). However, to correctly determine the MOA of a compound is often not easy. We investigated the usefulness of discriminant analysis and logistic regression in determining MOAs. The discriminating variables used were the logarithm of octanol–water partition coefficients ( log K ow ) and the experimental toxicity data obtained from Pimephales promelas and Tetrahymena pyriformis assays. Small total error rates were obtained when separating nonpolar narcotic compounds from other compounds, however, relatively high total error rates were obtained when separating less reactive compounds (polar, ester, and amine narcotics) from more reactive compounds (electrophiles, proelectrophiles, and nucleophiles).
Bonnie's Problem: Using Effective Listening Response

This classroom activity allows students to observe how a troubled friend reacts to seven listening responses that are unhelpful in therapeutic contexts (interrupting, unrelated comments, focusing on self, discounting, blaming, evaluating, and giving advice). Students also have the opportunity to experience how probing, feeling responses, and paraphrasing can be used to convey empathy and understanding.
Effect of some rifamycin derivatives on chemically-induced mammary tumours in rats*

Summary Five rifamycin derivatives have been compared for their effectiveness in inhibiting chemically-induced mammary tumours in rats. Daily oral administration of DMB (dimethylbenzyl-desmethylrifampicin), starting 2 weeks before the carcinogen challenge, was the most effective, both in inhibiting or delaying the onset of tumours and in slowing the growth of those that occurred. The inhibitory effects of rifampicin, dirifampin, RC-16 (rifazacyclo-16) and R-82 (rifazone-82) were less that those of DMB when administered by the same route at the same dose level.
Vocabulary and Readability: How Knowing Word Meanings Affects Comprehension.

The relationship between vocabulary knowledge and text readability is a robust one. Vocabulary knowledge has consistently been found to be the foremost predictor of a text's difficulty. However, the relationship is a complex one. Procedures used by readability formulae to assess the vocabulary facto
Do Demonstration Farms Demonstrate

Abstract The demonstration farm idea seems to be more or less in general use in extension work as an effective means of getting better practices adopted by farmers and poultrymen. At Ohio State University this method is in use by the Animal Husbandry Department, the Crops and Soils Department, the Horticultural Department, and to some extent at least by the Farm Management Department. The method is used in many states by the extension departments in poultry husbandry. It has been a question in the mind of the writer for some time as to whether this is the most effective means of conducting extension work. To the writer’s knowledge no figures are available to prove this point one way or the other. The question was raised by one of the best county agents in Ohio because he wondered if this type of work was accomplishing as much as some other types had . . .
The Effects of Shallow Groove Patterns on Mechanical Seal Leakage

The flow field within the lubricating film of a mechanical seal containing shallow grooves is investigated analytically. Numerical solutions of the Reynolds equation show that groove patterns extending across the entire seal face, with depths on the order of microns, can significantly affect the flow field. Cavitation plays an important role in this process. Oblique grooves and spiral grooves are evaluated, with emphasis on their ability to reduce or eliminate leakage. Presented at the 46th Annual Meeting in Montreal, Quebec, Canada April 29–May 2, 1991
Cooperative quantum jumps with two atoms.

Quantum jumps in the fluorescence from two three-level atoms may display cooperative effects, such as unusual intensity levels and transitions from a state with both atoms radiating directly to darkness. However, to see these experimentally, the atoms have to be well within a wavelength of light.
Prosthodontic rehabilitation for glossectomy patients

Abstract Patients with oral carcinomas often have resection of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, or the bone of the mandible. Postoperatively, these patients encounter chewing, swallowing, and speech problems. Oral rehabilitation through prosthetic management can aid in alleviating these problems. Designs of the prosthesis vary according to patient needs. A “snap-on” tongue prosthesis or palatal augmentation prosthesis can be constructed. Total glossectomy patients require prosthetic intervention on a mandibular framework. Partial glossectomy patients require prosthetic augmentation on a maxillary framework. Through prosthetic management of this type, articulation and resonance are improved, food is more easily directed into the esophagus, tissues are protected and socialization is enhanced through improved appearance.
THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION

The outcome of HCV infection is determined by the interaction between the virus and the host immune system. The persistence of infection in most HCV-infected individuals, despite the presence of HCV-directed antibodies, suggests that such antibodies fail to induce viral clearance. Patients with self-limited hepatitis C have evidence of a polyclonal, multispecific CD8+ T-cell response along with a coordinated CD4+ T-cell response that is associated with eradication of HCV infection. Cytokines are produced both locally within the liver and systemically and may play an important role in controlling viral replication and contributing to hepatocellular damage through amplification of a nonspecific immune response. In most patients, the humoral, cellular immune, and cytokine response seem insufficient to eradicate infection. In its attempt to clear the virus from the liver, the immune system contributes to the hepatocellular injury seem in most chronically infected patients. A better understanding of the host's immune response may provide further insight on the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in development of chronic hepatitis and aid the development of better therapeutic strategies.
Computer Graphics: An Educational Tool in Production Economics

Students usually have difficulty in understanding the nature of surfaces generated by two-input production functions. Isoquant maps in two dimensions are easy to draw, and wooden or plastic models have sometimes been used by instructors to help students discover the relationship between an isoquant map and the resultant production surface. However, these models are difficult to build and expensive. Moreover, the exact mathematical specification of the production function underlying the plastic or wooden model is usually ambiguous. But the most serious disadvantage of such a model is that even if a mathematical specification of the production function underlying the model is known, it is impossible with a single model for the instructor to change the underlying function (and hence the isoquant map) so that the student might observe the resulting impacts on the surface of the function. Computer graphics can be used as an educational tool for helping students better learn production economics concepts. A plotter linked to a computer is used to generate three-dimensional illustrations of two-input agricultural production functions.l Moreover, production economics problems often require the maximization or minimization of a function, and computer graphics can be used to develop an understanding of the mathematical conditions necessary and sufficient for a maximum or minimum. This use is particularly important to supplement material in beginning graduate level production economics classes.
Novel operation and control of an electric vehicle aluminum/air battery system

The objective of this paper is to create a method to size battery subsystems for an electric vehicle to optimize battery performance. Optimization of performance includes minimizing corrosion by operating at a constant current density. These subsystems will allow for easy mechanical recharging. A proper choice of battery subsystem will allow for longer battery life, greater range and performance. For longer life, the current density and reaction rate should be nearly constant. The control method requires control of power by controlling electrolyte flow in battery sub modules. As power is increased more sub modules come on line and more electrolyte is needed. Solenoid valves open in a sequence to provide the required power. Corrosion is limited because there is no electrolyte in the modules not being used.
Further Reflections on Work, Alienation, and Freedom in Marcuse and Marx

Le socialisme tel que decrit par Marx donnerait-il naissance a un « homo ludens » ou a un « homo faber » ? Cette question a fait l'objet d'une vigoureuse controverse entre les critiques de l'œuvre de Marx depuis plus d'une decade, controverse qui portait principalement sur les premieres œuvres de Marx dont l'absence de rigueur philosophique pouvait accrediter les interpretations les plus diverses. Une lecture attentive du Grundrisse de Marx, ecrit dont on a peu fait cas jusqu'a tout recemment, permet de resoudre la controverse. Le present article analyse le concept de travail chez Marx, tel qu'expose dans le Grundrisse, et etablit un rapport d'identite entre ce concept et la notion marcusienne de « loisir » (play). Il appert que Marx et Marcuse partagent la meme opinion sur la necessite de l'abolition du travail tel que nous l'avons connu jusqu'a present, de meme que sur les postulats ayant trait a la domination que l'homme est appele a exercer sur la nature et au developpement d'une societe completement automatisee.De plus, l'auteur suggere que certains passages des Manuscrits economiques et philosophiques permettent de croire que ce que Marx entendait par « l'activite humaine non-alienante » peut egalement se rapprocher sensiblement de la notion marcusienne de « loisir » (play) mais differe en tout point de l'entendement que Edward Andrew avait de la notion marxienne de « travail » (work) comme « activite soit de liberte, soit de servitude ». La liberte humaine, selon Marx, n'est pas engendree par les « ameliorations, meme radicales, des conditions du travail », mais elle repose plutot sur la liberte des activites elles-memes, liberte qu'il est qualitativement impossible de retrouver dans le « travail ».A partir de cette reevaluation des rapports entre le travail et la liberte, l'auteur suggere une reconsideration de notre entendement du concept marxien de l'homme afin de le rendre plus compatible avec une pratique sociale qui serait liberee du travail.
Influence of Sediment Structure on Erosional Strength and Density of Kaolinite Sediment Beds

The role of sediment pore-water chemistry and the resulting particle structure in determining the erosional stability of settled cohesive sediment beds in rivers, lakes, and estuaries is examined. Kaolinite sediment is used as the surrogate sediment in this experimental investigation with the beds settled from concentrated suspensions. The bed stability with respect to erosion or resuspension is measured in a laboratory flume as a function of sediment pore-water chemistry. The chemical properties varied are sediment pH, ionic strength, and natural organic matter. The remolded bed sample is prepared from a sediment suspension having controlled chemical properties that is allowed to settle into the flume bed where its erosional strength and density are determined with depth in the sample. Different structures of settled beds are observed with changes in chemical parameters. Under low pH and low organic content conditions, the initial suspension before settling is flocculated. The resulting settled beds show strong stratification with respect to erosional strength but weak stratification of bulk density with depth. On the other hand, under high pH or high organic content conditions at low ionic strength, the initial suspension is dispersed. The resulting settled beds have lower erosional strength and weak stratification of erosional strength with depth but strong stratification of bulk density with depth. This research shows that the relationship between erosional strength and bulk density of a settled bed depends strongly on the structure of the sediment particle associations as determined by pore-water chemistry.
Optimal design of steel structures using standard sections

The problem of optimal structural design having linked discrete variables is addressed. For such applications, when a discrete value for a variable is selected, values for other variables linked to it must also be selected from a table. The design of steel structures using available sections is a major application area of such problems. Three strategies that combine a continuous variable optimization method with a genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and branch and bound method are presented and implemented into a computer program for their numerical evaluation. Three structural design problems are solved to study the performance of the proposed methods. CPU times for solution of the problems with discrete variables are large. Strategies are suggested to reduce these times.
The number of unrelated partitions

Etude du nombre de partitions sans liens. Generalisation de l'inegalite de Lubell-Yamamoto-Meshalkin
Design guidelines for a low-loss interconnection between two strip lines†

The characteristics of a low-loss vertical interconnection between two strip lines are analyzed and a set of design curves is deduced. The strip lines are capacitively coupled through a quarter-wave longitudinal slit. A perturbation approach is applied to calculate the power loss associated with the slot radiation into the parallel-plate mode. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 21: 168–170, 1999.
Structure and methanogenic activity of granules from an ASBR treating dilute wastewater at low temperatures

The microstructure of ASBR granules treating synthetic substrate consisting of non-fat-dry-milk at temperatures of 5, 15 and 25°C was analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The specific methanogenic activity of the granules was tested at 35°C using acetate and mixtures of acetate and propionate as substrates. Results revealed no significant variation in microbial structure for the different temperature conditions. Granules at 15 and 25°C exhibited uniform structure, predominantly Methanothrix -like microorganisms, while granules at 5°C indicated the existence of a layered structure. This reinforces the hypothesis that layering is largely substrate specific, but also suggests that temperature may have a role. Activity tests revealed that even after long periods of operation at psychrophilic temperatures, mesophilic bacteria are active and have the ability to rapidly degrade acetate and mixtures of acetate and propionate.
Changes in vacuolar pH of carrot cells in suspension culture grown under saline conditions

The effect of salinity on vacuolar pH was studied in carrot (Daucus carota L.) cells grown in liquid suspension culture either in the absence or presence of 150 mM NaCl. Both vacuolar and cytoplasmic pH were determined by several independent techniques. These techniques were NMR spectrometry, distribution of radioactive probes and spectrophotometric measurement of the absorbance changes of a naturally occurring vacuolar pH indicator. There was no difference in the cytoplasmic pH between cells grown in the presence or the absence of NaCl, but the vacuolar pH of cells grown in the presence of NaCl was higher by 0.38 to 1.05 pH units (depending on the technique that was used) than the vacuolar pH of cells grown in the absence of NaCl.
Pigmented retinal epithelium involvement in photoreceptor development and function.

The importance of the pigmented retinal epithelium (PRE) for photoreceptor maturation during retinal development was evaluated in Rana pipiens. Retinal rudiments with or without an enveloping PRE were isolated from stage 18 embryos and allowed to develop in a non-nutrient culture medium for up to 19 days. A set of morphological features with which to evaluate the degree of differentiation occurring in cultured material was obtained through examination of eyes of normal embryos, stages 18–25. Some photoreceptor outer segment material first appeared after 7 days in culture. The number of well-ordered outer segment discs per receptor increased progressively with age in PRE-covered retinas. However, photoreceptors of retinas lacking PRE contained little disc membrane material and this quickly lost proper orientation. Electroretinograms could first be elicited from PRE-containing cultures after 7 days, but none were produced by retinas lacking a PRE. In PRE-covered retinas a progressive differentiation of photoreceptor synaptic complexes was seen between 7–19 days; in retinas lacking a PRE, synaptic ribbons appeared after 7 days in culture, but no further maturation of the synapse was observed. The PRE itself underwent sequential differentiation and achieved the tadpole appearance after 17 days in culture. Both PRE and retina developed at the same rate in cultured material, and this rate was about one-third that observed in eyes of embryos raised at the same temperature. These findings indicate that the PRE plays a critical role in photoreceptor development.
Hyper-X Research Vehicle (HXRV) Experimental Aerodynamics Test Program Overview

This paper provides an overview of the experimental aerodynamics test program to ensure mission success for the autonomous flight of the Hyper-X Research Vehicle (HXRV). The HXRV is a 12-ft long, 2700 lb lifting body technology demonstrator designed to flight demonstrate for the first time a fully airframe integrated scramjet propulsion system. Three flights are currently planned, two at Mach 7 and one at Mach 10, beginning in the fall of 2000. The research vehicles will be boosted to the prescribed scramjet engine test point where they will separate from the booster, stabilize. and initiate engine test. Following 5+ seconds of powered flight and 15 seconds of cowl-open tares, the cowl will close and the vehicle will fly a controlled deceleration trajectory which includes numerous control doublets for in-flight aerodynamic parameter identification. This paper reviews the preflight testing activities, wind tunnel models, test rationale. risk reduction activities, and sample results from wind tunnel tests supporting the flight trajectory of the HXRV from hypersonic engine test point through subsonic flight termination.
The Impact of Supportive Housing on Neighborhood Crime Rates

Quantitative and qualitative methods are employed to investigate the extent to which proximity to 14 supportive housing facilities opening in Denver from 1992 to 1995 affects crime rates. The econo...
University Students' Priorities: Life Goals vs. Relationships.

To assess the importance of life goals and relationships, a specially designed Life Goals Scale was administered to 303 university students (200 women and 103 men). Women's average ratings for relationships exceeded those of men. Men and women did not differ in average importance ratings of goals nor in tendency to sacrifice goals for a heterosexual relationship. Seventy-three percent were willing to sacrifice a majority of their goals for the relationship. The goal vs. relationship choices were influenced by sex role orientation, by dating status, and by the importance of marriage. Gender, age, year in school, parents' marital status, and grade point average were unrelated to goal vs. relationship choices. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated different predictors of goal vs. relationship choices for men and women.
Chemical Container Failure Due to Over-Pressurization

The evaluation of any accident, failure, or near miss will provide lessons which can be used to prevent future, similar incidents. When an incident takes place at the Savannah River National Laboratory, John Miller, often leads an investigation of the incident and provides a ‘‘lessons learned’’ bulletin which is distributed throughout the Laboratory. These bulletins are generally successful failure prevention tools because the lessons that are learned are applied. Such application is one reason that the Laboratory has an outstanding safety record. This ‘‘Lessons Learned’’ bulletin moved me to consider a ‘‘lessons learned’’ section for the Journal. I would like to hear your thoughts about the ‘‘value added’’ to the Journal by including such a section. E-mails, letters to the editor, or even phone calls would be appreciated.
Necessary and frequent terms in queries

Vocabulary mismatch has long been recognized as one of the major issues affecting search effectiveness. Ineffective queries usually fail to incorporate important terms and/or incorrectly include inappropriate keywords. However, in this paper we show another cause of reduced search performance: sometimes users issue reasonable query terms, but systems cannot identify the correct properties of those terms and take advantages of the properties. Specifically, we study two distinct types of terms that exist in all search queries: (1) necessary terms, for which term occurrence alone is indicative of document relevance; and (2) frequent terms, for which the relative term frequency is indicative of document relevance within the set of documents where the term appears. We evaluate these two properties of query terms in a dataset. Results show that only 1/3 of the terms are both necessary and frequent, while another 1/3 only hold one of the properties and the final third do not hold any of the properties. However, existing retrieval models do not clearly distinguish terms with the two properties and consider them differently. We further show the great potential of improving retrieval models by treating terms with distinct properties differently.
Computer Assisted Evaluation a Case Study

A computer based system for the evaluation of instructional strategies and student performance is described. The system provides the teacher with student scores and statistical information. The system also provides comments for students. The system assumes a one-hour turn around time for processing. The hardware includes a Bell and Howell Mark Document Reader and a General Electric Terminet 1200 Printer. These units are connected by telephone to a remote processor.
A Novel Ste20-related Proline/Alanine-rich Kinase (SPAK)-independent Pathway Involving Calcium-binding Protein 39 (Cab39) and Serine Threonine Kinase with No Lysine Member 4 (WNK4) in the Activation of Na-K-Cl Cotransporters

Na(+)-dependent chloride cotransporters (NKCC1, NKCC2, and NCC) are activated by phosphorylation to play critical roles in diverse physiological responses, including renal salt balance, hearing, epithelial fluid secretion, and volume regulation. Serine threonine kinase WNK4 (With No K = lysine member 4) and members of the Ste20 kinase family, namely SPAK and OSR1 (Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase, Oxidative stress-responsive kinase) govern phosphorylation. According to present understanding, WNK4 phosphorylates key residues within SPAK/OSR1 leading to kinase activation, allowing SPAK/OSR1 to bind to and phosphorylate NKCC1, NKCC2, and NCC. Recently, the calcium-binding protein 39 (Cab39) has emerged as a binding partner and enhancer of SPAK/OSR1 activity, facilitating kinase autoactivation and promoting phosphorylation of the cotransporters. In the present study, we provide evidence showing that Cab39 differentially interacts with WNK4 and SPAK/OSR1 to switch the classic two kinase cascade into a signal kinase transduction mechanism. We found that WNK4 in association with Cab39 activates NKCC1 in a SPAK/OSR1-independent manner. We discovered that WNK4 possesses a domain that bears close resemblance to the SPAK/OSR1 C-terminal CCT/PF2 domain, which is required for physical interaction between the Ste20 kinases and the Na(+)-driven chloride cotransporters. Modeling, yeast two-hybrid, and functional data reveal that this PF2-like domain located downstream of the catalytic domain in WNK4 promotes the direct interaction between the kinase and NKCC1. We conclude that in addition to SPAK and OSR1, WNK4 is able to anchor itself to the N-terminal domain of NKCC1 and to promote cotransporter activation.