cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An extensive log-file analysis of step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy segment delivery errors.

We present a study to evaluate the monitor unit (MU), dosimetric, and leaf-motion errors found in the delivery of 91 step-and-shoot IMRTtreatment plans performed at three nominal dose rates using a dual modality high energy Linac (Varian 2100 C/D, Varian MedicalSystems Inc., Palo Alto, CA) equipped with a 120-leaf multileaf collimator(MLC). The analysis was performed by studying log files generated by the MLC controller system. Recent studies by our group have validated that the automatically generated MLC log files accurately record the actual systemdelivery. A total of 635 beams were delivered at three nominal dose rates: 100, 300, and 600 MU/min. The log files were manually retrieved and analysis software was developed to extract the recorded MU delivery and leaf positions for each segment. Our analysis revealed that the magnitude of segment MU errors were independent of the planned segment MUs. Segment MU errors were found to increase with dose rate having maximum errors per segment of ±1.8 MU at 600 MU/min, ±0.8 MU at 300 MU/min, and ±0.5 MU at 100 MU/min. The total absolute MU error in each plan was observed to increase with the number of plan segments, with the trend increasing more rapidly for higher dose rates. Three dimensional dose distributions were recomputed based on the observed segment MU errors for three plans with large cumulative absolute MU errors. Comparison with the original treatment plans indicated no clinically significant consequences due to these errors. In addition, approximately 80% of the total segment deliveries reported at least one collimator leaf moving at least 1 mm (projected at isocenter) during segment delivery. Such errors occur near the end of segment delivery and have been previously observed by our group using a fast video-based electronic portal imaging device. At 600 MU/min, between 5% and 23% of the plan MUs were delivered during leaf motion that had exceeded a 1 mm position tolerance. These leaf motion errors were not included in the treatment plan recalculations performed in this study.
Benign meningiomas: Primary treatment selection affects survival

Purpose: To examine the effect of primary treatment selection on outcomes for benign intracranial meningiomas at the University of Florida. Methods and Materials: For 262 patients, the impact of age, Karnofsky performance status, pathologic features, tumor size, tumor location, and treatment modality on local control and cause-specific survival was analyzed (minimum potential follow-up, 2 years; median follow-up, 8.2 years). Extent of surgery was classified by Simpson grade. Treatment groups: surgery alone (n = 229), surgery and postoperative radiotherapy (RT) (n = 21), RT alone (n = 7), radiosurgery alone (n = 5). Survival analysis: Kaplan-Meier method with univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: At 15 years, local control was 76% after total excision (TE) and 87% after subtotal excision plus RT (SE+RT), both significantly better (p = 0.0001) than after SE alone (30%). Cause-specific survival at 15 years was reduced after treatment with SE alone (51%), compared with TE (88%) or SE + RT (86%) (p = 0.0003). Recurrence after primary treatment portended decreased survival, independent of initial treatment group or salvage treatment selection (p = 0.001). Atypical pathologic features predicted reduced 15-year local control ( 54 vs. 71%) and cause-specific survival rates (57 vs. 86%). Multivariate analysis for cause-specific survival revealed treatment group ( SE vs. others; p = 0.0001), pathologic features (atypical vs. typical; p = 0.0056), and Karnofsky performance status (280 vs. <80; p = 0.0153) as significant variables. Conclusion: Benign meningiomas are well managed by TE or SE+RT. SE alone is inadequate therapy and adversely affects cause-specific survival. Atypical pathologic features predict a poorer outcome, suggesting possible benefit from more aggressive treatment. Because local recurrence portends lower survival rates, primary treatment choice is important.
Remote Control of Fruit Fly Behavior

Electrical stimulation of neurons in the central nervous system of awake, behaving animals offers the ultimate test to determine whether the activation of specific neurons is sufficient to elicit perception, motor activity, or other behaviors. In this issue of Cell, Lima and Miesenbock (Lima and Miesenbock, 2005) dump the stimulating electrode in favor of a new remote control system to excite specific neurons--light activation of transgenically supplied ion channels.
The critical state in κ-(BEDT-TTF)2CU(NCS)2

Abstract Angle-dependent torque magnetization measurements, in the temperature range 25–200 mK, are used to investigate the rich dynamical process by which magnetic flux penetrates the mixed state of the extreme type-II organic superconductor κ-(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu(NCS) 2 . Magneto-thermal instabilities are observed in the form of dramatic flux jumps. Our previous work [M. Mola et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 2130] has shown that the cessation of these flux jumps is associated with a melting transition from a two-dimensional vortex solid phase to a liquid state. In this study, we analyze the field and temperature dependence of the flux jumps themselves, thus providing access to considerable information concerning dissipation and the collective behavior of vortices within the mixed state of the title compound.
Neurochemical changes following the administration of depleters of biogenic monoamines.

Abstract A variety of drugs which were thought to selectively effect the synthesis, release or reuptake of the biogenic monoamines, and thereby deplete their stores in brain, were administered to rats. The animals were given intraperitoneal injections of reserpine, α-methyl-meta-tyrosine, α-methyl-para-tyrosine, para-cholorophenylalanine and tetrabenazine, and were killed at intervals known to cause maximum depletion of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. When compared to saline controls, the drugs depleted the respective monoamines, as expected, but changes in the levels of acetylcholine, alanine, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and aspartate and glutamate were also observed.
A proteome chip approach reveals new DNA damage recognition activities in Escherichia coli

Despite the fact that many genomes have been decoded, proteome chips comprising individually purified proteins have been reported only for budding yeast, mainly because of the complexity and difficulty of high-throughput protein purification. To facilitate proteomics studies in prokaryotes, we have developed a high-throughput protein purification protocol that allowed us to purify 4,256 proteins encoded by the Escherichia coli K12 strain within 10 h. The purified proteins were then spotted onto glass slides to create E. coli proteome chips. We used these chips to develop assays for identifying proteins involved in the recognition of potential base damage in DNA. By using a group of DNA probes, each containing a mismatched base pair or an abasic site, we found a small number of proteins that could recognize each type of probe with high affinity and specificity. We further evaluated two of these proteins, YbaZ and YbcN, by biochemical analyses. The assembly of libraries containing DNA probes with specific modifications and the availability of E. coli proteome chips have the potential to reveal important interactions between proteins and nucleic acids that are time-consuming and difficult to detect using other techniques.
Stabilization of singularly perturbed linear time-invariant systems using low-order observers

Singularly perturbed linear time invariant systems with inadequately modeled, but stable fast dynamics are considered. Conditions are formulated under which a reduced-order observer can be designed for estimating the "slow" states from a knowledge of only the degenerate model. A design methodology, which is robust with respect to the neglected "fast" dynamics, is presented for stabilizing systems satisfying these conditions. Finally, an illustrative example for the autopilot-actuator system design for controlling the lateral motion of an aircraft is given.
Phase locking of ring lasers

Phase locking of two CO/sub 2/ ring lasers is achieved by injecting the reverse mode output from each ring into the other through reverse mode clipper mirrors. (AIP)
AIDS and Dental Practice

Dental health care workers (DHCWs) can provide important diagnostic, treatment, and referral services for patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. They also have a responsibility to protect all patients in their practices, and themselves, from infectious disease transmission through the use of infection control. To determine the extent to which DHCWs are prepared to assume these responsibilities, a randomized survey of California DHCWs was conducted. Responses were obtained from 297 dentists, 128 hygienists, and 177 dental assistants. DHCWs who expressed a greater willingness to treat people with AIDS or HIV infection also practiced more thorough infection control. Respondents in all groups who perceived a greater percent of their patients to be at risk for AIDS were more likely to use infection control procedures (P less than .0001). They also were more willing to treat such patients (P less than .004) and were more likely to assess patients for AIDS by taking a thorough medical history (P less than .02) and sexual history (P less than .04). Since attitudes toward AIDS and perception of the percent of patients at risk in one's practice affect patient assessment and infection control procedures used by dental health care workers, educational programs designed to enhance DHCWs' response to the HIV epidemic should alert them to the extent of the problem and help them cope with their concerns.
Evaluation of a semi-quantitative pregnancy device for susceptibility to interference caused by hCGβcf.

Abstract Objective Previous work has documented the ability of the Clearblue Advanced Test with Weeks Estimator, a new over-the-counter (OTC) urine hCG device, to accurately estimate weeks since ovulation in early pregnancy. In this study, the performance of this device in more advanced pregnancy was assessed. Methods The Clearblue Advanced Test with Weeks Estimator device was used to test solutions containing purified intact hCG and hCGβcf at concentrations consistent with early, middle and late pregnancy. Urine samples from three normal pregnant patients 9–13 weeks of gestation and from a patient 12 weeks of gestation known to generate false negative results on qualitative urine test devices due to excess hCGβcf were also evaluated. Results The Clearblue Weeks Estimator device gave expected results using solutions containing purified intact hCG and hCGβcf at concentrations observed throughout pregnancy. The device generated expected results using urine from three of four patients tested between 9 and 13 weeks of gestation. However, when urine from a patient with elevated concentrations of hCGβcf was used, the device correctly indicated pregnancy although the estimate for the date was incorrect. Conclusion This device gave expected “pregnant” results using all samples tested. However, the “Weeks Estimator” should be interpreted with caution when used by patients after seven weeks of pregnancy.
Deuteron and helium ion irradiation of ceramic coatings on Nb-1% Zr☆

The surface damage to insulating barium alumino-silicate glass coatings due to irradiation by 100 and 250 keV deuterons and helium ions at room temperature and at 300$sup 0$C has been studied. Blisters are observed after irradiation at room temperature with both deuterons and helium ions with energies of 100 and 250 keV. For deuteron irradiation a large fraction of the blisters have diameters which are approximately 3 to 5 times larger than the diameter observed with helium ions for identical irradiation conditions, but the density of blisters is nearly an order of magnitude lower. For irradiation at 300$sup 0$C, no blisters are observed with either type of particle. The sharp rise in permeation rate with temperature is thought to be responsible for this behavior. The blister skin thicknesses have been measured and correlated with calculated projected-range values.
The national institute on aging repository cell cultures

Abstract One hundred and ninety-seven cell lines are now available for gerontological and related areas of research from the National Institute on Aging Cell-Line Repository. The Repository primarily supplies fibroblast-like cells of lung and dermal origin. These cell lines are listed in this article.
Roughness Evolution of Metallic Implant Surfaces Under Contact Loading and Nanoscale Chemical Etching: Influence of Surface Roughness and Contact Loading

Metallic materials are chosen for orthopedic implants because of their high load-bearing capacity, low cost and low wear rates. However, repeated contact loading at taper-locked or clamped of metallic implant interfaces results in formation of soluble and particulate debris due to the simultaneous action of mechanical loading and electrochemical reactions in the corrosive physiological environment [1–3]. Previous work on understanding metallic implant surface damage due to mechanical load assisted dissolution has run the gamut from examination of retrieved implants [4, 5, 6 ] to in-vitro implant scale experiments (see for instance [7] and references in review articles [2, 5]). Results of these studies indicate that there is a synergistic interaction of mechanical loading and electrochemical oxidation i.e. material degradation is accelerated by the combined effects of contact loading and corrosion.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
“Drawn” into the community: Re‐considering the artwork of Latino adolescents

This qualitative study of drawings created by inner‐city, Latino, junior high school students examines how these drawings are made, how they are used, and how they are read by other Latinos as visual texts that encode and communicate culturally important information. The study is based on interviews with young Latino adults about the roles these drawings played during their adolescence. The interviews revealed that these drawings function as texts in a system of visual communication. They also illustrate how such drawings can be linked to cultural identities, and how their power derives not just from the imagery they include but from how they are used to shape and support social interaction.
Parallel measurements of bound calcium and force in glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers.

Abstract A simple double-isotope procedure has been developed for making simultaneous measurements of bound Ca 2+ and relative force in glycerinated rabbit psoas bundles containing two fibers. With this preparation it is possible to study Ca 2+ -troponin interactions coincident with MgATP-induced force development. Over the free [Ca 2+ ] range 6 · 10 −8 –1.2 · 10 −5 M the bound Ca 2+ varied from 0.25 to 1.65 μmol/g protein. The free [Ca 2+ ] at half-maximal Ca 2+ saturation was 2 · 10 −7 M while that a half-maximal force was 5 · 10 −7 M. Half-maximal Ca 2+ saturation was associated with 20% maximal force. The force-[Ca 2+ ] saturation curve showed a steep rise in slope at greater than half saturation. The observed relationship was consistent with a model in which multiple occupancy of troponin Ca 2+ -binding sites is essential for initiation of cross-bridge cycling.
Weight loss, dietary carbohydrate modifications, and high intensity, physical performance

Well trained subjects (N = 12) were studied before and after losing approximately 6% of body weight to determine whether physical performance could be maintained while consuming a hypocaloric, high percentage carbohydrate diet. During a 4-d period of weight loss, subjects were randomly assigned to a high carbohydrate (HC) or low carbohydrate (LC) diet. A crossover design was used; subjects were measured before (PRE) and after (POST) weight loss on both diets for a 6-min bout of high intensity arm cranking, weight, skinfold thickness, and profile of mood states (POMS). Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and glycerol concentrations were analyzed for resting blood samples, while lactate, pH, and base excess were analyzed for blood samples drawn at rest and 1, 3, and 5 min after arm cranking. A three-way ANOVA of sprint work revealed a weight loss effect, a diet by weight loss interaction, and an order by diet by weight loss interaction (P less than 0.05). Total sprint work (mean +/- SE) PRE and POST HC was 37.7 +/- 2.1 kJ and 37.4 +/- 2.2 kJ, respectively. Sprint work was higher for PRE LC vs POST LC, with mean values of 37.4 +/- 2.1 kJ and 34.4 +/- 2.2 kJ, respectively. Post-arm cranking lactate was significantly higher PRE compared to POST for both HC and LC. Post-exercise blood pH was lower (P less than 0.05) at PRE vs POST, with no diet effect. Regardless of the diet, POMS variables tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion were significantly elevated from PRE to POST; vigor was significantly lower.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Predicting Residential Air Exchange Rates from Questionnaires and Meteorology: Model Evaluation in Central North Carolina

A critical aspect of air pollution exposure models is the estimation of the air exchange rate (AER) of individual homes, where people spend most of their time. The AER, which is the airflow into and out of a building, is a primary mechanism for entry of outdoor air pollutants and removal of indoor source emissions. The mechanistic Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) AER model was linked to a leakage area model to predict AER from questionnaires and meteorology. The LBL model was also extended to include natural ventilation (LBLX). Using literature-reported parameter values, AER predictions from LBL and LBLX models were compared to data from 642 daily AER measurements across 31 detached homes in central North Carolina, with corresponding questionnaires and meteorological observations. Data was collected on seven consecutive days during each of four consecutive seasons. For the individual model-predicted and measured AER, the median absolute difference was 43% (0.17 h−1) and 40% (0.17 h−1) for the LBL and LBLX models, respectively. Additionally, a literature-reported empirical scale factor (SF) AER model was evaluated, which showed a median absolute difference of 50% (0.25 h−1). The capability of the LBL, LBLX, and SF models could help reduce the AER uncertainty in air pollution exposure models used to develop exposure metrics for health studies.
Vitamin A isotope dilution predicts liver stores in line with long-term vitamin A intake above the current Recommended Dietary Allowance for young adult women

Background: The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A are 1.7 and 2.4 μmol/d (500 and 700 μg retinol activity equivalents/d), respectively, for nonpregnant, nonlactating women aged >19 y. This intake is presumed to maintain a minimally acceptable liver concentration of 0.07 μmol (20 μg) retinol/g; however, liver reserves have not been evaluated with respect to vitamin A intake in women of any age group defined in the Dietary Reference Intakes. Objective: This cross-sectional study examined vitamin A intake and liver reserves estimated by stable-isotope dilution testing. Design: Forty nonpregnant, nonlactating women (mean ± SD age: 22.4 ± 2.3 y) completed a Harvard food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 3-d diet record (3DDR) before undergoing vitamin A status assessment by using a [13C2]retinol stable-isotope dilution test. Results: Vitamin A intake was 70% higher than the RDA by both dietary-assessment methods (P < 0.001). The mean (±SD) liver concentration of vitamin A was 0.45 ± 0.31 μmol/g (129 ± 89 μg/g) and ranged from 0.09 (26 μg/g) to 1.79 μmol/g (513 μg/g). Liver and total-body vitamin A were highly correlated with intake measured by FFQ (P ≤ 0.009), but 3DDR was not (P ≥ 0.22). Prediction equations were developed for 3- and 7-d data. Conclusions: In this well-nourished population, vitamin A consumption was considerably higher than recommended, and liver reserves were consistent with intake. Because of their sensitivity, stable-isotope techniques can help to describe the vitamin A status and better characterize the intake needs of all groups defined in the Dietary Reference Intakes. Registration was not required for this trial.
What Is Next for Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records? A Delphi Study.

This article reports on a Delphi study conducted to determine key issues and challenges facing Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) research and practice. The Delphi panel consisted of thirty‐three experts in the field who participated in a three‐round issue‐raising and consensus‐building process via a Web‐based survey instrument designed for this study. The panel members were asked to raise critical issues in each of five major areas based on themes in existing literature: (1) the FRBR model, (2) FRBR and related standards, (3) FRBR application, (4) FRBR system development, and (5) FRBR research. These issues were categorized and then rated for importance in the follow‐up rounds. The results of this study provide a list of the most critical issues, based on importance ratings and group consensus, for future FRBR research and practice in each FRBR area.
Damped fiber optic low-frequency tiltmeter for real-time monitoring of structural displacements

This study reports on the design, development and testing of a fiber optic Bragg grating (FBG)-based tiltmeter. The tiltmeter design is based on the correlation between the bending strains and rotations of a lumped mass ended cantilever beam. The design of the system includes incorporation of a damping fluid to control the dynamic response. Temperature compensation for the sensor was achieved by using two symmetrically placed FBGs for cancellation of thermal effects. The tiltmeter is designed to exhibit linearity over the range of measurements common in low-frequency vibrations in bridges and exhibits measurement resolution of 0.005°. The study reports on the static calibration tests, correlations with the theoretical relationships, and dynamic characterization and response.
Synthesis of substituted poly(1‐vinylpyrene)s and investigation of their fluorescent properties

A series of functionalized linear poly(1-vinylpyrene) (PVP) polymers bearing substituents such as -NO 2 , -CHO, -NH 2 , -Br, and -CH=C(CN) 2 , were prepared by chemical modification of PVP in solution. The degree of substitution in PVP-CH=C(CN) 2 was varied from 40% to nearly 100% by control of the reaction conditions. The other polymers were partially functionalized. The UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy of the polymers were studied in solution. The influence of solvent polarity, excitation energy, and degree of substitution on the fluorescence of the polymers were examined
Effect of alpha-oligosaccharide phenotype of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain MS11 on invasion of Chang conjunctival, HEC-1-B endometrial, and ME-180 cervical cells.

The genes encoding the glycosyltransferases responsible for the addition of the five sugars in the α-oligosaccharide (α-OS) moiety of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) have been identified. Disruption of these glycosyltransferase genes singly or in combination results in corresponding truncations in LOS. In the present work we show that sequential deletion of the terminal four sugar residues of gonococcal α-OS had no discernible effect on the invasion of human conjunctival, endometrial, and cervical cell lines. However, deletion of the proximal glucose, which resulted in the complete deletion of α-OS, significantly impaired invasion of the gonococci into all three cell lines. The effect of deleting α-OS on invasion was independent of and additive to the known invasion-promoting factor OpaA. These data suggest that the proximal glucose residue of the α-OS chain of LOS is required for efficient invasion of gonococci into host mucosa.
Remote Observation of the Spatial Variability of Surface Waves Interacting With an Estuarine Outflow

This paper explores the application of phased-array high-frequency (HF) radars to identify locations of enhanced local waveheights. Measurements of the near-surface current velocities and waveheights were obtained from HF radars deployed near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in the fall of 1997. The radar-derived near-surface velocities were compared with the upper bin (2-m depth) of four upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs). The slopes of the linear correlations were close to one and the root-mean-square (rms) differences were similar to previous studies. Significant waveheight (Hs) estimates from both radars were compared with a laser height gauge. The largest differences were observed during low winds due to overestimates at one of the radar stations and during storms when the laser measurement failed. Further analysis focused on the HF radar results from the more reliable of the two sites. The rms difference between this radar and the in situ sensor was 0.29 m. Synoptic observations of Hs over the Chesapeake Bay revealed regions of current-induced wave shoaling and refraction. Hs over the estuarine outflow increased between 19-50% relative to the incident Hs in light onshore winds (~5 m/s). In stronger winds (>10 m/s), Hs also increased by up to 25% when there was a tidal outflow in the surface layer, although the near-surface currents were responding to both the wind and the ebbing tide. Hs was not enhanced when the outflow was below a thicker layer (>5 m) of wind-forced onshore flow
Adaptive Information Collection by Robotic Sensor Networks for Spatial Estimation

This work deals with trajectory optimization for a robotic sensor network sampling a spatio-temporal random field. We examine the optimal sampling problem of minimizing the maximum predictive variance of the estimator over the space of network trajectories. This is a high-dimensional, multi-modal, nonsmooth optimization problem, known to be NP-hard even for static fields and discrete design spaces. Under an asymptotic regime of near-independence between distinct sample locations, we show that the solutions to a novel generalized disk-covering problem are solutions to the optimal sampling problem. This result effectively transforms the search for the optimal trajectories into a geometric optimization problem. Constrained versions of the latter are also of interest as they can accommodate trajectories that satisfy a maximum velocity restriction on the robots. We characterize the solution for the unconstrained and constrained versions of the geometric optimization problem as generalized multicircumcenter trajectories, and provide algorithms which enable the network to find them in a distributed fashion. Several simulations illustrate our results.
An analysis of 2004 Sumatra earthquake fault plane mechanisms and Indian Ocean tsunami

The 2004 Sumatra earthquake and the associated tsunamis are one of the most devastating natural disasters in the last century. Several fault plane models have been suggested to represent the ruptur...
Secondary structure analysis of individual transmembrane segments of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Circular dichroism (CD) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy are used to establish the secondary structure of peptides containing one or more transmembrane segments (M1‐M4) of the Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Peptides containing the M2-M3 and M1-M2-M3 transmembrane segments of the AChR b-subunit and the M4 segment of the a- and g-subunits were isolated from proteolytic digests of receptor subunits, purified, and reconstituted into lipid vesicles. For each peptide, an amide I vibrational frequency centered between 1650 and 1656 cm 21 and negative CD absorption bands at 208 and 222 nm indicate that the peptide is largely a-helical. In addition, the CD spectrum of a tryptic peptide of the a-subunit containing the M1 segment is also consistent with a largely a-helical structure. However, secondary structure analysis of the a-M1 CD spectrum indicates the presence of other structures, suggesting that the M1 segment may represent either a distorted a-helix, likely the consequence of several proline residues, or may not be entirely a-helical. Overall, these findings are consistent with studies that indicate that the transmembrane region of the AChR comprises predominantly, if not exclusively, membrane-spanning a-helices.
Molecular Genetic Studies of Eating Disorders Current Status and Future Directions

We review association studies that have examined the genetic basis of eating disorders. Overall, findings suggest that serotonin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and estrogen genes may be important for the development of the disorders. These neuronal systems influence behavioral and personality characteristics (e.g., anxiety, food intake) that are disrupted in eating disorders. Future studies would benefit from larger sample sizes and inclusion of behavioral and personality covariates in analyses. Consideration of the mechanisms of genetic effects and interactions between genes and environment is also needed to extend conceptualizations of the genetic basis of these disorders.
Discovering commitment and dialogue with culture

This paper presents an autobiographical narrative of two aspects of my history; two events that permeated my moral consciousness and influenced my political development and a sequence of changes in my dominant theoretical and epistemological perspectives. The two events were, as a teenager, the intense experience of briefly witnessing Apartheid culture and, as a young adult, becoming deeply engaged in feminist activism. My intellectual journey began in cognitive developmental theory and progressed to a cultural, discursive perspective in which the role of affect is seen as integrated. The paper explores the intersection of these two strands of my moral and intellectual development and concludes with a preliminary model of action and engagement.
Structure and View Estimation for Tomographic Reconstruction: A Bayesian Approach

This paper addresses the problem of reconstructing the density of a scene from multiple projection images produced by modalities such as x-ray, electron microscopy, etc. where an image value is related to the integral of the scene density along a 3D line segment between a radiation source and a point on the image plane. While computed tomography (CT) addresses this problem when the absolute orientation of the image plane and radiation source directions are known, this paper addresses the problem when the orientations are unknown - it is akin to the structure-from-motion (SFM) problem when the extrinsic camera parameters are unknown. We study the problem within the context of reconstructing the density of protein macro-molecules in Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM), where images are very noisy and existing techniques use several thousands of images. In a non-degenerate configuration, the viewing planes corresponding to two projections, intersect in a line in 3D. Using the geometry of the imaging setup, it is possible to determine the projections of this 3D line on the two image planes. In turn, the problem can be formulated as a type of orthographic structure from motion from line correspondences where the line correspondences between two views are unreliable due to image noise. We formulate the task as the problem of denoising a correspondence matrix and present a Bayesian solution to it. Subsequently, the absolute orientation of each projection is determined followed by density reconstruction. We show results on cryo-EM images of proteins and compare our results to that of Electron Micrograph Analysis (EMAN) - a widely used reconstruction tool in cryo-EM.
James R. Townsend

On January 17, 2004, our friend and colleague, Jim Townsend, died peacefully in the midst of his family after a long illness. For many years a leading figure among China scholars, Jim received his Ph.D. from U.C. Berkeley in 1965. He was a member of the political science department at Berkeley between 1963 and 1968 when he moved to the University of Washington. He remained at the University of Washington until he retired prematurely in 1992 after a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Defying the odds, he continued to live a happy and productive life for more than a decade after his retirement, a decade during which he saw his beloved wife Sandy Perry through her own losing battle with breast cancer.
A power-efficient polyphase sharpened CIC filter for sigma-delta ADCs

This paper presents a power-efficient poly-phase sharpened CIC filter for sigma-delta ADCs. In this scheme, by using a cascade of CIC filter and SCIC filter with proper optimization of the two-stage decimation structure, the power consumption can be considerably reduced compared to conventional SCIC filter architectures. Furthermore, poly-phase implementations for both the CIC and SCIC filter sections are used to further reduce the power. The proposed filter is designed with CMOS 1µm technology, where the lowest power consumption is achieved among similar filter architectures.
The International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS)

The International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS) began in 1981 as a collaborative worldwide effort to evaluate the effects of several widely available and practical treatments for acute myocardial infarction. Coordinated in Oxford, England, over 20 countries have participated in the ISIS trials. To date, the ISIS Collaborative Group has randomized over 134,000 patients into four large simple trials assessing the independent and synergistic effects of beta-blockers, thrombolysis, aspirin, heparin, converting enzyme inhibitors, oral nitrates, and magnesium in the treatment of evolving myocardial infarction (Table 1).
Improving flow laws and piezometers for quartz and feldspar aggregates

We have modified the molten salt cell (MSC) in order to measure the flow stress of quartz and feldspar ag- gregates deforming by dislocation creep. The flow stress of Cararra marble measured in the MSC is within 5 MPa of that measured in a gas apparatus. Quartz and feldspar aggregates deformed at 900o-1100oC and confining pressures of 1000- 1500 MPa in copper and calcite solid confining pressure media are about twice as strong as those deformed in the MSC, whereas quartz aggregates deformed in talc and solid NaC1 have about the same strength as that measured in the MSC. These results suggest that the stress exponent in the flow law is larger and the dynamically recrystalized grain size is more sensitive to stress than previously reported. )acking rings (stainless steel)
Quenching and generation of singlet oxygen by hydroethidine and related chromophores

Abstract We have found that the oxidative probe hydroethidine (HE) is an efficient 1 O 2 quencher with k q = 1.1 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 in CH 3 CN. The structurally related MitoSOX Red had k q = 2.1 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 in D 2 O–CH 3 CN containing DNA. Ethidium cation, the main oxidation product, and three model compounds, 5-ethyl-5,6-dihydro-3,8-dinitro-6-phenyl-6-phenanthridinol, 3-amino-2-naphthenol, and 2-aminophenol, were lesser 1 O 2 quenchers. Another product, 2-OH-ethidium cation, quenched 1 O 2 with k q = 5.5 × 10 8 M −1 s −1 in a D 2 O–CH 3 CN mixture. Interestingly, both ethidium and 2-OH-ethidium cations are weak 1 O 2 photosensitizers with quantum yields of 1 O 2 production in CH 3 CN of 0.06 and 0.03, respectively. Thus, 1 O 2 can be involved in photochemical experiments with MitoSOX Red and HE.
A Brief Social-Belonging Intervention Improves Academic and Health Outcomes of Minority Students

A brief intervention aimed at buttressing college freshmen's sense of social belonging in school was tested in a randomized controlled trial (N = 92), and its academic and health-related consequences over 3 years are reported. The intervention aimed to lessen psychological perceptions of threat on campus by framing social adversity as common and transient. It used subtle attitude-change strategies to lead participants to self-generate the intervention message. The intervention was expected to be particularly beneficial to African-American students (N = 49), a stereotyped and socially marginalized group in academics, and less so to European-American students (N = 43). Consistent with these expectations, over the 3-year observation period the intervention raised African Americans' grade-point average (GPA) relative to multiple control groups and halved the minority achievement gap. This performance boost was mediated by the effect of the intervention on subjective construal: It prevented students from seeing adversity on campus as an indictment of their belonging. Additionally, the intervention improved African Americans' self-reported health and well-being and reduced their reported number of doctor visits 3 years postintervention. Senior-year surveys indicated no awareness among participants of the intervention's impact. The results suggest that social belonging is a psychological lever where targeted intervention can have broad consequences that lessen inequalities in achievement and health.
DENITRIFICATION IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND RECEIVING AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF

Constructed wetlands are recognized as a means to improve water quality through nitrogen (N) removal. Water-quality concerns in the N-sensitive Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA, have necessitated enactment of a 30% reduction, in nitrogen (N) loading accompanied by an N loading cap. Open Grounds Farm (OGF) is an 18,220-ha row-crop farm located in the lower Neuse River Estuary. In 1999, a wetland was constructed to remove nutrients (N and Phosphorus), sediment, and pathogens in surface water draining from a 971-ha area of OGF. The wetland site is 5.1 ha of alternating segments of emergent marsh and open water. Nitrogen removal from the wetland via denitrification was measured monthly by analysis of dissolved nitrogen, oxygen, and argon in laboratory incubated sediment chambers using a Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometer (MIMS). Nitrate concentration appeared to be the primary variable controlling denitrification rates. Spatial and temporal variability in rates of denitrification were investigated, including pre- and post- N loading events. Following rainfall, there was a 400% increase in denitrification rates in response to increased inorganic N loading. Nutrient loads entering and leaving the wetland were determined from nutrient analysis (twice monthly), intensive precipitation event sampling, and continuous flow measurements at the entrance and exit of the, wetland. Results indicated that the wetland received variable N loading (1-1,720 kg N per month) and had variable N removal via denitrification (8-81 kg N per month). Denitrification was an important mechanism for N removal.
Experimental Evidence for the Effects of Chronic Anthropogenic Noise on Abundance of Greater Sage‐Grouse at Leks

Increasing evidence suggests that chronic noise from human activities negatively affects wild animals, but most studies have failed to separate the effects of chronic noise from confounding factors, such as habitat fragmentation. We played back recorded continuous and intermittent anthropogenic sounds associated with natural gas drilling and roads at leks of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). For 3 breeding seasons, we monitored sage grouse abundance at leks with and without noise. Peak male attendance (i.e., abundance) at leks experimentally treated with noise from natural gas drilling and roads decreased 29% and 73%, respectively, relative to paired controls. Decreases in abundance at leks treated with noise occurred in the first year of the study and continued throughout the experiment. Noise playback did not have a cumulative effect over time on peak male attendance. There was limited evidence for an effect of noise playback on peak female attendance at leks or male attendance the year after the experiment ended. Our results suggest that sage-grouse avoid leks with anthropogenic noise and that intermittent noise has a greater effect on attendance than continuous noise. Our results highlight the threat of anthropogenic noise to population viability for this and other sensitive species.
Abstract 42: Platelet Polyphosphate Accelerates the Inhibition of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor by Factor XIa.

Introduction: Our group has recently identified that alpha tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPIα) can be neutralized by activated factor XI (FXIa), accelerating plasma clotting time and fibrin generation, although this reaction was slow and required relatively high concentrations of FXIa. Activated platelets secrete the anionic polymer polyphosphate (polyP), which potently accelerate the activation of FXI by thrombin and the activation of FV by FXIa. PolyP is also able to inhibit the anticoagulant effect of TFPIα in plasma but the mechanism for this reaction is still uncertain. We assessed the hypothesis that polyP of the size secreted by activated human platelets is cofactor for the inhibition of TFPIα by FXIa. Methods: To measure the binding of polyP to TFPI, biotinylated-polyP was added to TFPIα-coated wells. Binding was detected with HRP-streptavidin. Activated FX (FXa) inhibition by TFPIα was measured in the FXa-initiated clotting time of FX-depleted plasma. TFPIα inhibition of FXa generation by the...
Curvularia Endocarditis Following Cardiac Surgery

Endocarditis caused by Curvularia geniculata occurred in a patient who had received an aortic valve homograft. This is the first recorded case of endocarditis caused by Curvularia and the fourteenth case of fungal infection on a homograft valve. Curvularia endocarditis simulated bacterial endocarditis in all respects. Predisposing factors and mycologic and pathologic aspects are discussed.
Detection of Cell-Surface Antigens Using Antibody-Conjugated Fluorospheres (ACF): Application for Six-Color Immunofluorescence

Antibody-conjugated fluorospheres (ACF) were used to phenotype murine leukocytes by flow cytometric analysis. Multicolor immunofluoresence (beyond simultaneous 4-color analysis) is limited by the availability of specific antibody-fluorochrome chrome conjugates and even further restricted by the spectral emission overlap of many of the fluorochromes when used in combination. Fluorospheres possessing unique excitation/emission spectra can provide much needed versatility to existing protocols of multicolor fluorescence. SKY BLUE (647 nm excitation, 730 nm emission) fluorospheres conjugated to CD11b monoclonal antibody were used in combination with the monoclonal antibodies IAd-FITC, L3T4 (CD4)-PE, LYT2 (CD8)-APC, THY1.2 (CD90)-biotin and B220 (CD45R)-RED613 for the simultaneous detection of six distinct cell-surface antigens in a mixed cell population. All fluorescence signals were resolved, and comparison of results from five-, six- and single-color samples indicated that the percentages of cells positive for specific surface antigens were equivalent.
Research-Based Instructional Perspectives

Instructional technology research is broad both in terms of topics and explorations of basic and applied research. In this chapter, we examine various types of stimulus materials that instructional technology researchers have used to study different phenomena. Specifically, we discuss and illustrate how the choice of stimulus material (e.g., actual lesson content, pictures, prose, etc.) directly influences the internal validity (rigor) and external validity (generalizability) of the findings. While randomized experiments are considered the so-called gold standard (Slavin, Educational Researcher 37(1):5–14, 2008) of educational research, particularly for evaluating the effectiveness of instructional strategies, these studies may employ artificial or novel stimulus materials that can limit generalization of the results. Since one goal of instructional technology research is to provide evidence that allows the instructional designer to generate heuristics easily applicable (i.e., generalized) to new situations, studies with strong external validity should be highly desired. Similarly, there are also instances where initial studies need to be designed with high internal validity, sometimes at the sacrifice of external validity, to control for extraneous variables. Using selected studies as illustrative examples, this chapter examines how validity has been addressed in instructional technology research.
Ceramic Heads Decrease Metal Release Caused by Head-taper Fretting and Corrosion

Background Metal release resulting from taper fretting and corrosion is a clinical concern, because wear and corrosion products may stimulate adverse local tissue reactions. Unimodular hip arthroplasties have a conical taper between the femoral head (head bore taper) and the femoral stem (stem cone taper). The use of ceramic heads has been suggested as a way of reducing the generation of wear and corrosion products from the head bore/stem cone taper junction. A previous semiquantitative study found that ceramic heads had less visual evidence of fretting-corrosion damage compared with CoCr heads; but, to our knowledge, no studies have quantified the volumetric material loss from the head bore and stem cone tapers of a matched cohort of ceramic and metal heads.
Mechanism of Li adsorption on carbon nanotube-fullerene hybrid system: a first-principles study.

The lithium (Li) adsorption mechanism on the metallic (5,5) single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-fullerene (C60) hybrid material system is investigated using first-principles method. It is found that the Li adsorption energy (−2.649 eV) on the CNT-C60 hybrid system is lower than that on the peapod system (−1.837 eV) and the bare CNT (−1.720 eV), indicating that the Li adsorption on the CNT-C60 hybrid system is more stable than on the peapod or bare CNT system. This is due to the C60 of high electron affinity and the charge redistribution after mixing CNT with C60. In order to estimate how efficiently Li can utilize the vast surface area of the hybrid system for increasing energy density, the Li adsorption energy is calculated as a function of the adsorption positions around the CNT-C60 hybrid system. It turns out that Li preferably occupies the mid-space between C60 and CNT and then wraps up the C60 side and subsequently the CNT side. It is also found that the electronic properties of the CNT-C60 system, s...
High Biobased Content Epoxy–Anhydride Thermosets from Epoxidized Sucrose Esters of Fatty Acids

Novel highly functional biobased epoxy compounds, epoxidized sucrose esters of fatty acids (ESEFAs), were cross-linked with a liquid cycloaliphatic anhydride to prepare polyester thermosets. The degree of cure or conversion was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the sol content of the thermosets was determined using solvent extraction. The mechanical properties were studied using tensile testing to determine Young’s modulus, tensile stress, and elongation at break. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to determine glass-transition temperature, storage modulus, and cross-link density. The nanomechanical properties of the surfaces were studied using nanoindentation to determine reduced modulus and indentation hardness. The properties of coatings on steel substrates were studied to determine coating hardness, adhesion, solvent resistance, and mechanical durability. Compared with the control, epoxidized soybean oil, the anhydride-cured ESEFAs have high modulus and are hard and du...