cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Maternal ±Citalopram Exposure on P11 Expression and Neurogenesis in the Mouse Fetal Brain.

Fetal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) has been associated with increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. In the adult brain, SSRI therapy regulates p11 (s100a10) expression and alters neurogenesis. The protein p11 indirectly regulates 5-HT signaling through 5-HT1B/D receptors. In the fetal brain, signaling through these receptors modulates axonal circuit formation. We determined whether p11 is expressed in the fetal mouse brain, and whether maternal SSRI exposure affects fetal p11 expression and neurogenesis. The SSRI ± citalopram was administered to pregnant mice from gestational day 8 to 17. Results show that p11 is expressed in fetal thalamic neurons and thalamocortical axons. Furthermore, p11 protein expression is significantly decreased in the fetal thalamus after in utero ±citalopram exposure compared to untreated controls, and neurogenesis is significantly decreased in specific fetal brain regions. These findings reveal differential regulation of p11 expressi...
Quantitative testing of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine to identify urine sample spiking during office-based opioid treatment

ABSTRACTBackground: Patients may spike urine samples with buprenorphine during office-based opioid treatment to simulate adherence to prescribed buprenorphine, potentially to conceal diversion of medications. However, routine immunoassay screens do not detect instances of spiking, as these would simply result in a positive result. The aim of this study was to report on the experience of using quantitative urine testing for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine to facilitate the identification of urine spiking. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of 168 consecutive patients enrolled in outpatient buprenorphine treatment at an urban academic medical setting between May 2013 and August 2014. All urine samples submitted were subjected to quantitative urine toxicology testing for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine. Norbuprenorphine-to-buprenorphine ratio of less than 0.02 were further examined for possible spiking. Demographic and clinical variables were also extracted from medical records. Clinical and...
Energy efficient computation using injection locked bias-field free spin-hall nano-oscillator array with shared heavy metal

In this paper, we propose a bias field free Spin Hall Nano Oscillator (SHNO) device with perpendicular-to-plane magnetic anisotropy for alternative computing. Coupled oscillator networks can be used to perform computations such as edge detection of an image, associative computing, etc. that are unsuitable (inefficient) in von-Neumann computing models. Recent experiments on SHNOs have demonstrated their frequency of oscillation in gigahertz range, operating at low input currents. However, in the experiments so far, an external magnetic field is used for the operation of SHNOs. This can be mitigated by using the bias field free SHNO device structure proposed in this work. We also discuss the possibility of operating many 3 terminal SHNOs using a single current source by sharing the Spin Hall Metal (SHM) or Heavy Metal (HM) in an array. Biasing multiple SHNOs using single current source offers high energy efficiency at an array level compared to the conventional biasing technique. We also propose a design technique in which an adaptive external magnetic field is used to address the issue associated with shared heavy metal.
Tribological performance of monolithic copper thin films during nanowear

Abstract Mathematical models suggest that the strain along the film formed by parallel passes of a nanoindentation probe in contact with the film can be either homogenous or heterogeneous, depending on contact pressure and spacing between passes. In this study, a 1 µm copper thin film was worn with a cono-spherical diamond probe with normal loads ranging from 25 to 800 µN and wear box edge lengths of 40, 60, and 80 µm. The nanoindenter counterface was rastered across the surface to mimic dry sliding wear. To determine potential strain field changes, 10-step quasi-static indents (200–2000 µN) were performed using nanoindentation inside the wear boxes created at various loads to determine if a strain field alteration could be observed in changes in hardness of the copper thin film. It was shown that there was a softening effect in the hardness for normal loads
In a Class of Its Own: A New Family of Deubiquitinases Promotes Genome Stability.

Several proteins are ubiquitylated in response to genotoxic stress; however, the roles of deubiquitinases (DUBs) in reversing these modifications are less well characterized. Two independent studies by Kwasna et al. (2018) and Haahr et al. (2018) identify a new type of cysteine protease DUB called ZUFSP, which cleaves K63-linked polyubiquitin chains at DNA damage sites to promote genome stability.
A Comment on "Some Uses and Abuses of Economics in Law"

I, like Professor Posner, find economic analysis of law most interesting in its guise of a positive or descriptive theory about the making and content of law-positive as opposed to normative or prescriptive, "making and content of law" as opposed to "impact of law on conduct generally."' I also agree, although for reasons of my own, with Posner's insistence that the positive economic theory of law "deserves to be taken seriously."2 His reason for thinking so is the prima facie case he makes for the theory's empirical validity. I would say that, whatever its validity (which certainly is not nil), the theory must be taken seriously because it is exerting and is destined to exert a strong influence on legal criticism. It does so by offering to provide, through objective empirical research, an organic, historical pedigree for a plausible, intelligible, and trenchant evaluative criterion on which scholars can proceed to base critical studies of legal rules and doctrines. It is some years now since Arthur Leff shrewdly pointed out how economic analysis might serve as the answer to the modern legal scholar's prayer for an objectively defensible critical standard. Since I have elsewhere4 discussed the ways in which we can all too easily pass "from descriptive law to legal norm"-"from the perception of a pervasive and simplifying regularity in law to a belief that law ought to conform to the perceived regularity"-I shall not dwell on those matters here, although I shall return to them briefly later on. I further agree with Professor Posner that the positive economic theory of the common law is a pretty tough nut to crack empirically and that a number of the challenges to it have been misdirected. In order to offer him this friendly support, however, I must also emphasize the modesty of the theory as it is circumspectly displayed in this
External sphincterotomy: its effect on erections.

AbstractExternal urethral sphincterotomy on 129 paraplegics had little effect on erections. In the 101 patients with post-injury erections only 2 had cessation of erectile capacity. Subjectively, 16 per cent had partial loss and 13 per cent had an increase. The remaining 69 per cent had no change. When the data were correlated with level and completeness of injury, age, time since injury, time since sphincterotomy, postoperative delayed hemorrhage and effect on leg and bladder spasms, no conclusions could be drawn concerning the etiology of altered erections.
Managing hysteresis of Gd5Si2Ge2 by magnetic field cycling

The influence of magnetic field cycling through the first-order magnetostructural transformation on the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties, as well as hysteresis of polycrystalline Gd5Si2Ge2, has been studied using magnetometry. The cycling has a minimal effect on the magnetic field-induced entropy change and the phase transformation temperature of the material. On the other hand, magnetic hysteresis decreases by 30% after approximately ten cycles and remains low unless the sample is moved far into the paramagnetic regime. Factors playing a role in the history dependence of hysteresis have been discussed.
CEO Pay Duration and Corporate Debt Maturity Structure

While recent studies show that long vesting periods in managerial compensation increase corporate investments, it may reshape the shareholder-debtholder conflict as shareholders have to split the gains with creditors. We find that firms with longer CEO pay durations use more short-maturity debts, which is consistent with that firms shorten debt maturity to mitigate the agency costs of debt. The effect is stronger in firms with more growth opportunities and financial constraints. We strengthen the identification by exploiting the compliance of a regulatory change (FAS 123-R) that is staggered quasi-randomly by firms’ fiscal-year-end months. Our paper provides evidence that the duration of executive compensation affects corporate financing decisions.
Cervical Epidural and Subarachnoid Catheter Placement in Standing Adult Horses

Horses underwent either cervical epidural space (CES) catheterization or subarachnoid space (SAS) catheterization while restrained in stocks, under deep sedation (detomidine and morphine) and local anesthesia (mepivacaine 2%) block. Catheters were placed under ultrasound guidance with visualization of the dura, SAS, and spinal cord between the first (C1) and second (C2) cervical vertebrae. Following sedation and sterile skin preparation, operator 1 placed under ultrasound guidance, a 6- or 8-inch Tuohy needle with the bevel oriented caudally. For CES, a 6-inch Touhy needle was used with the hanging drop technique to detect negative pressure, and operator 2 then passed the epidural catheter into the CES. For SAS, following puncture of the dura, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was aspirated prior to placement of the epidural catheter. Placement into either CES or SAS was confirmed with plain and contrast radiography. Catheters were wrapped for the duration of the study. CSF cytology was assessed up to every 24 h for the study period. Horses were assessed daily for signs of discomfort, neck pain, catheter insertion site swelling, or changes in behavior. A complete postmortem assessment of the spinal tissues was performed at the end of the study period (72 h). Two horses had CES catheters and five horses had SAS catheters placed successfully. All horses tolerated the catheter well for the duration of the study with no signs of discomfort. Ultrasound was essential to assist placement, and radiography confirmed the anatomical location of the catheters. CSF parameters did not change over the study period (P > 0.9). There was evidence of mild meningeal acute inflammation in one horse and hemorrhage in another consistent with mechanical trauma. Placement of an indwelling CES or SAS catheter appears to be safe, technically simple, and well tolerated in standing sedated normal horses.
Outcomes of Microwave Ablation for Small Renal Masses: A Single Center Experience

Purpose: To investigate the safety of microwave ablation (MWA) as an emerging technology for treating small renal masses. Materials and Methods: Patients with renal masses treated at a high-volume ...
Ventilatory Heterogeneity in the Normal Human Lung is Unchanged by Controlled Breathing.

By using MRI-based specific ventilation imaging (SVI), we showed that the heterogeneity of specific ventilation was not different comparing free breathing and breathing with the imposition of a fix...
Multi-modal interactions on urban streets: New conflicts and emerging challenges in a mixed-use neighborhood: A case study of New York

Abstract New York, like many US cities has recently seen gentrification in previously industrial dominated neighborhoods. As a result, urban streets in the affected neighborhoods must now accommodate a range of street uses, including walking, cycling, and commercial vehicle trips. Through mapping, spatial analysis, and development of collision frequency models in two case study areas located in the Brooklyn and Queens Boroughs of New York City, this project aims to identify the built environment factors that affect collision frequencies and to understand if gentrification has any significant effect on local street safety. Results of this project can inform policy and planning decisions for street design, land use decisions, traffic control, and curb management decisions.
Position paper: GPT conjecture: understanding the trade-offs between granularity, performance and timeliness in control-flow integrity

Performance/security trade-off is widely noticed in CFI research, however, we observe that not every CFI scheme is subject to the trade-off. Motivated by the key observation, we ask three questions: ➊ does trade-off really exist in different CFI schemes? ➋ if trade-off do exist, how do previous works comply with it? ➌ how can it inspire future research? Although the three questions probably cannot be directly answered, they are inspiring. We find that a deeper understanding of the nature of the trade-off will help answer the three questions. Accordingly, we proposed the GPT conjecture to pinpoint the trade-off in designing CFI schemes, which says that at most two out of three properties (fine granularity, acceptable performance, and preventive protection) could be achieved.
Threshold Upsilon-meson photoproduction at the EIC and EicC

High-accuracy $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}$-meson photoproduction data from EIC and EicC experiments will allow the measurement of the near-threshold total cross section of the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}p$, from which the absolute value of the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}p$-scattering length, $|{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}p}|$, can be extracted using a vector-meson dominance model. For this evaluation, we used $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}$-meson photoproduction quasidata from the QCD approach (the production amplitude can be factorized in terms of gluonic generalized parton distributions and the quarkonium distribution amplitude). A comparative analysis of $|{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}p}|$ with the recently determined scattering lengths for $\ensuremath{\omega}p$, $\ensuremath{\phi}p$, and $J/\ensuremath{\psi}p$ using the A2, CLAS, and GlueX experimental data are performed. The role of the ``young'' vector-meson effect is evaluated.
The Family Life Cycle Revisited

The concept of the family life cycle has proven to be a useful but incomplete tool for marketers. Significant changes in life-styles have created the necessity for altering and updating this concept. This article explores these changes and integrates them into new life-cycle patterns.
Limited frequency of cytokine-producing T cells in tuberculosis lung granulomas (MPF6P.736)

Lung granulomas are the pathologic hallmark of Tuberculosis (TB). T cells are a major cellular component of tuberculosis lung granulomas and are known to play an important role in containment and progression of Mtb infection. We used cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate model that recapitulates human TB, with clinically active disease and latent infection, to understand the functional characteristics and dynamics of T cells in individual granulomas and to correlate T cell cytokine response of granulomas to its bacterial burden and its systemic response. Our results suggest that each granuloma within an individual host is independent with respect to total cell numbers, proportion of T cells, pattern of cytokine response, and bacterial burden. The spectrum of these components overlaps greatly amongst various clinical status of these animals, indicating that a diversity of granulomas exist in individual hosts. Multi-parametric flow cytometry analysis of functional T cells in granulomas suggests that on average only ~6% of T cells respond to Mtb antigens with production of Th1/Th17 or IL-10 cytokines. An inverse correlation was observed between bacterial burden and Th1/Th17 response in individual granulomas. The systemic responses do not accurately reflect responses in granulomas, and suggests that, especially in active TB, the blood is a negative reflection of granuloma responses. Overall, these data provide insight into the local and systemic responses in tuberculosis.
Low-cycle fatigue in welds

Hour-glass-shaped specimens were made from ASTM A-516, grade 55, steel plates which had been welded together. The specimens were manufactured so that the weld material was at the minimum section. The specimens were strain cycled about zero mean strain and the results were compared with tests conducted on specimens taken from the parent material. When the total strain range vs. cycles to failure was plotted on log-log coordinates, the curves for both the welded and parent-material specimens had nearly the same slope; however, the curve for the welded specimens was displaced downward from that of the parent material. Thus, for a given strain range, the parentmaterial specimens had lives approximately six times greater than the welded specimens.
Huntington's Disease.

Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion that results in involuntary movements, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction. The illness typically begins in midlife and progresses over 15 to 20 years, producing increasing disability. The diagnosis of Huntington’s disease in an individual has implications for family members as well, whose at-risk status may be altered by the diagnosis. Genetic counseling and information about alternative approaches (eg, clinical diagnosis, DNA banking) should be provided and consent obtained before DNA testing in a symptomatic patient. Genetic counseling is essential for predictive testing in asymptomatic at-risk individuals. Although disease-modifying therapy is not yet available, a multidisciplinary approach to both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management can improve the motor and psychiatric symptoms of the illness and enhance function and quality of life for patients and their families. There have been few rigorous trials of treatments for Huntington’s disease. The medications discussed in this article have been empirically found to be useful in the management of specific symptoms. Therapy for the movement disorder should focus on those symptoms that specifically limit function. The potential contribution of medication side effects to disability should be periodically reassessed and therapy adjusted as the disease progresses. Psychiatric symptoms are a substantial source of morbidity in this disorder and should be actively treated because they are often quite responsive to appropriate therapy. Both the motor and the psychiatric symptoms can be modified by environmental as well as pharmacologic strategies. Ongoing assessment of the need for adjunctive therapies by means of physical, occupational, and speech therapy is an important component of management, and social work intervention is often necessary to assist with the practical difficulties faced by patients and caregivers. Voluntary organizations are an important source of information and support for professionals caring for patients with Huntington’s disease as well as for patients and their families.
Plasmids encoding PKI(1-31), a specific inhibitor of cAMP-stimulated gene expression, inhibit the basal transcriptional activity of some but not all cAMP-regulated DNA response elements in JEG-3 cells.

Abstract Plasmids that encode a bioactive amino-terminal fragment of the heat-stable inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKI(1-31), were employed to characterize the role of this protein kinase in the control of transcriptional activity mediated by three DNA regulatory elements in the JEG-3 human placental cell line. The 5'-flanking sequence of the human collagenase gene contains the heptameric sequence, 5'-TGAGTCA-3', previously identified as a "phorbol ester" response element. Reporter genes containing either the intact 1.2-kilobase 5'-flanking sequence from the human collagenase gene or just the 7-base pair (bp) response element, when coupled to an enhancerless promoter, each exhibit both cAMP and phorbol ester-stimulated expression in JEG-3 cells. Cotransfection of either construct with plasmids encoding PKI(1-31) inhibits cAMP-stimulated but not basal- or phorbol ester-stimulated expression. Pretreatment of cells with phorbol ester for 1 or 2 days abrogates completely the response to rechallenge with phorbol ester but does not alter the basal expression of either construct; cAMP-stimulated expression, while modestly inhibited, remains vigorous. The 5'-flanking sequence of the human chorionic gonadotropin-alpha subunit (HCG alpha) gene has two copies of the sequence, 5'-TGACGTCA-3', contained in directly adjacent identical 18-bp segments, previously identified as a cAMP-response element. Reporter genes containing either the intact 1.5 kilobase of 5'-flanking sequence from the HCG alpha gene, or just the 36-bp tandem repeat cAMP response element, when coupled to an enhancerless promoter, both exhibit a vigorous cAMP stimulation of expression but no response to phorbol ester in JEG-3 cells. Cotransfection with plasmids encoding PKI(1-31) inhibits both basal and cAMP-stimulated expression in a parallel fashion. The 5'-flanking sequence of the human enkephalin gene mediates cAMP-stimulated expression of reporter genes in both JEG-3 and CV-1 cells. Plasmids encoding PKI(1-31) inhibit the expression that is stimulated by the addition of cAMP analogs in both cell lines; basal expression, however, is inhibited by PKI(1-31) only in the JEG-3 cell line and not in the CV-1 cells. These observations indicate that, in JEG-3 cells, PKI(1-31) is a specific inhibitor of kinase A-mediated gene transcription, but it does not modify kinase C-directed transcription.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Observation of exciton-polariton ladder in semiconductor microcavity

Summary form only given. Control of spontaneous emission in a semiconductor microcavity has attracted a lot of interest and investigation, as a result of its fundamental cavity QED aspects and its application to low threshold or even thresholdless lasers. In the strong coupling regime, the coupled exciton-polariton mode splitting has been observed, and the cavity-polariton dispersion curve has shown anti-crossing behavior. However, in those cases only one quantum well exciton mode interacts with one cavity photon mode. We have investigated the case where many exciton modes couple with a single cavity photon mode. Theoretical calculation shows that when the separation between adjacent exciton modes is much larger than the Rabi splitting of one exciton mode with the photon mode, the photon mode will couple with only one exciton mode at a time, and the dispersion curves show many anti-crossings. However, if the exciton mode separation is much smaller than the exciton-polariton coupling, the photon mode will couple with several exciton modes simultaneously. The Rabi splitting will be clamped by mode separation, and the anti-crossing of the dispersion curve is diminished.
The European Glaucoma Prevention Study and the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: why do two studies have different results?

Purpose of review To understand the results of the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study and the European Glaucoma Prevention Study and to explain differences in their findings and recommendations. Recent findings The value of lowering intraocular pressure with medical therapy to delay or prevent the progression from ocular hypertension to primary open-angle glaucoma has been the subject of two recently completed large clinical trials, the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study and the European Glaucoma Prevention Study. In the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study, patients were randomized to either medical treatment to achieve a 20% reduction in intraocular pressure or to careful observation. European Glaucoma Prevention Study patients were randomized to receive either topical dorzolamide or the vehicle for the commercially available solution without a specific intraocular pressure goal. The apparent difference in benefit of reducing the conversion rate by lowering intraocular pressure in these two studies may be explained by understanding the methodological differences in study design. Summary The benefit of lowering intraocular pressure to reduce the rate of progression from ocular hypertension to primary open-angle glaucoma has been established in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Failure to demonstrate a comparable benefit in the European Glaucoma Prevention Study relates to the selective drop-out of treated and untreated patients with higher intraocular pressure levels and to the failure to achieve sufficient lowering of intraocular pressure. The evidence that the placebo effect was responsible for progressive intraocular pressure-lowering over the 5-year study is not convincing and is likely a result of the regression to the mean phenomenon.
Chemical changes associated with aging of collagen in vivo and in vitro.

Collagen extracted from rat skin by neutral-salt solutions contains less aldehydes than the more insoluble collagen fractions. The concentration of aldehydes in collagen is directly related to its capacity to form stable cross-linked gels, which do not redissolve on cooling and become more insoluble in a variety of reagents. Whereas the absorption spectrum of neutral-salt-soluble collagen treated with N-methylbenzothiazolone hydrazone resembles that of acetaldehyde, the more insoluble collagen fractions show increasing amounts of a component that behaves like an αβ-unsaturated aldehyde. The ratio between α- and β-sub-units present in a particular fraction of soluble collagen seems to be constant and independent of the age of the animal. Neutral-salt-soluble collagen, which has a low concentration of β-components, will generate intramolecular bonds if gelled at 37°. These intramolecular bonds seem to precede the formation of stable intermolecular cross-links, since these gels can redissolve when cooled to yield a soluble collagen with a higher content of β-components of intramolecular origin.
Effects of long-term intake of retinol on selected clinical and laboratory indexes.

Background: Chemopreventive agents developed to be used in a moderate-risk but otherwise healthy population need to be both efficacious and to have minimal adverse effects. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects of long-term retinol intake in a skin cancer chemoprevention trial in a large population at moderate risk for skin cancer. Design: Participants (n = 2297) were randomly assigned to receive retinol [7576 retinol equivalents (RE), or 25 000 IU] or a placebo daily. The adverse effects of retinol intake were studied by monitoring 14 clinical symptoms and laboratory indexes. The median follow-up time was 3.8 y. Results: No adverse effects concerning the 14 symptoms were observed. Significant differences in alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.0001), triacylglycerol (P < 0.0001), cholesterol (P = 0.04), and HDL (P = 0.01) were observed over time between the 2 groups. After 49 mo of follow-up, alkaline phosphatase was 7% higher, triacylglycerol was 11% higher, cholesterol was 3% higher, and HDL was 1% lower in the retinol group than in the placebo group. Conclusions: Because a 1% increase in cholesterol concentrations has been reported to be associated with a 2% increase in coronary artery disease risk, long-term ingestion of 7576 RE vitamin A/d should be considered with caution. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.
Morin transition of shock-modified hematite.

Hematite (\ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) powder compacts have been subjected to controlled, quantitative high-pressure shock loading at peak pressures from 8 to 27 GPa and preserved for postshock analysis. Analysis of broadened x-ray line profiles shows a reduction of average crystallite size to about 60 nm and retained lattice strains near 0.1% in the recovered samples. M\"ossbauer and magnetization measurements show drastically altered behavior of the Morin transition: large fractions of the Fe sites do not exhibit the transition, and those that do have a significantly reduced transition temperature and an increased thermal hysteresis. The M\"ossbauer quadrupole splitting is sensitive to the shock compression conditions and provides evidence for a less than 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} spin flip at the Morin transition for the higher-pressure shock loading. A small fraction of the hematite is converted to magnetite (${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$) under the most extreme shock condition examined. In some cases the observed effects can be attributed to either the reduced crystallite size or the large defect density associated with the residual strain.
Polymer interface changes in electrophoretic deposition

Abstract A Monte Carlo computer simulation model for the electrophoretic deposition of polymer chains on a discrete lattice is used to study the polymer density profile, interface growth, and its dependence on field, temperature, and molecular weight. The interface width ( W ) decreases W ∼ E −1/2 on increasing the field ( E ). Width ( W ) depends non-monotonically on the temperature ( T ): a power-law decay is followed by a power-law increase on raising the temperature. Monotonic decay of the interface width with the molecular weight is possibly a stretched exponential. Conformation and dynamics of a tracer chain is used to probe its characteristics in interface to bulk region. The root mean square (rms) displacement of the center of mass of the tracer chain shows an ultra-slow motion, R ∼ t ν ( ν ∼0.1–0.01 at E =0.1–1.0) as the driven chain moves deeper from interface to bulk. Longitudinal compression of the radius of gyration ( R g ) of the chain increases with the field; transverse components ( R g x , R g y ) are larger than the longitudinal component ( R g z ). The transverse component ( R g x ( y )) becomes oscillatory due to periodic squeezing at high fields as the field competes with the polymer barriers.
Machine-induced strain oscillations during fatigue tests with closed-loop servohydraulic systems

Abstract In order to determine whether or not the strain avalanches reported by Yan and Laird in the hysteresis loops of fatigued copper truly represent a material phenomenon or a machine effect, fatigue experiments have been carried out with unusual specimen arrangements, including double-extensometer measurements and fully separated specimens. The operating characteristics of the electrohydraulic testing machine were given special attention. Instabilities observed in the cyclic response can be interpreted ambiguously but the preponderance of the evidence supports machine oscillations as the primary cause of the phenomenon of strain avalanches. This conclusion does not rule out, however, the possibility of strain avalanches as a material effect. The sensitivity of the instabilities to the changing compliance of the specimen as the fatigue life is exhausted provides a useful principle for detecting and measuring fatigue damage in the laboratory.
Chlorophyll-a estimation in New Jersey's coastal waters using Thematic Mapper data

Abstract Eutrophication, or enrichment, of the natural water in New Jersey's coastal waters has an adverse impact on the economic welfare of the state. Since shipboard sampling is not cost-effective for providing data on coastal'estuarine water processes and materials, satellite remote sensing, with its synoptic and repetitive coverage, is used to obtain some of the data for eutrophication-related water quality analysis. For the purpose of this study, existing Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper digital data, acquired on 1 September 1985, along with the sea truth observations, were obtained for quantitative analysis, The goal was to establish a correlation between total plankton content and remote sensing signals indicating the relative degree of eutrophy and productivity in New Jersey's coastal waters.
Human B Cell Biology

Human B lymphocytes share one major distinctive feature with B cells of other higher animals, namely the ability to generate and secrete immunoglobulins. These highly specialized proteins are capable of tremendous diversity, and thereby account for much of our immune protection against invading organisms. Despite the great potential diversity possible in the specificities of immunoglobulin molecules, however, the binding of antibody to antigen initiates a limited spectrum of biologically important effector functions, such as complement activation and/or adherence of the immune complex to receptors on leukocytes. A variety of mechanisms have been elucidated that account for this, not all of which are shared by the different types of animals capable of making these proteins. The purpose of this chapter is to review the genetic, developmental, and physiologic mechanisms critical for human B cell expression of immunoglobulin.
Optimal forwarding strategies for the relay channel under average delay constraints

In this paper we consider a special class of relaying schemes known as decode and forward. The main goal of this work is to quantify the impact of an average delay constraint on the optimal throughput achieved by the source. To this aim, we use Markov decision processes to characterize the optimal throughput of the source, given its constraint on the average delay. We show that when the source has complete information of the channel states, the optimal throughput can be obtained as a solution to a linear program. In the incomplete information case, wherein the source does not know the state of the channel between the relay and the destination, we establish, under certain conditions, a lower bound on the performance of the optimal policy using the same method. Finally, we numerically investigate the properties of the optimal transmission strategy.
Restraint use and seating position among children less than 13 years of age: Is it still a problem?

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to calculate national estimates and examine the extent to which children prematurely use adult seat belts and ride in the front seat of a vehicle during a 30 day period. Methods Data were obtained from a nationally representative cross-sectional random-digit-dial telephone survey that included child-specific questions on motor vehicle restraint use and seating position. Results Among children less than 13 years, parents reported an estimated 618,337 who rode unrestrained and more than one million who rode in the front seat of a vehicle at least some of the time in the past 30 days. During the same time period, close to 11 million children 8 years and younger reportedly used only adult seat belts. Discussion Our results highlight the need for continued outreach to parents regarding optimal restraint use and rear seating position for children every trip, every time.
High-resolution inelastic electron scattering from 17O.

Excited states of $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ up to an excitation energy of 15 MeV have been studied by high-resolution electron scattering for momentum transfers between 0.8 and 2.6 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. Previous electron-scattering measurements in this excitation region were confined to momentum transfers below 1.1 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and were of lower resolution. Form factors were measured and reduced transition probabilities determined for most excited states below 9.5 MeV. The present data are interpreted within the framework of weak-coupling models to facilitate a simple description of the observed spectrum. Particular emphasis is placed upon understanding states that are excited strongly by electric quadrupole or octupole transitions. Spins and parities have been assigned for several levels that have very narrow widths and, hence, are not amenable to partial-wave analyses involving the $^{16}$O+n and $^{13}$C+\ensuremath{\alpha} reactions. Levels at 5.87 MeV (${(3/2}^{+}$), 6.86 MeV (${(5/2}^{+}$), 7.58 MeV (${(7/2}^{+}$), and 8.47 MeV (${(9/2}^{+}$) are suggested as candidates for predominantly 5p-4h members of a ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$${=(3/2}^{+}$ rotational band. A narrow state (\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\le}20 keV) at 12.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 MeV was observed for the first time and the existence of narrow states at 8.90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and 14.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 MeV was confirmed.
A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DEFINITE NOUNS IN DANISH

We argue that the distribution of definiteness marking in Scandinavian DPs is best accounted for by a lexical rule converting Ns to Ds, and not by syntactic head movement. The proposed lexical rule, together with the assumption that lexical expressions can block equivalent phrasal expressions, is shown to account for the core facts about definiteness marking distribution in Danish, and is extended to Swedish and Norwegian. In addition, some previously mysterious facts about definiteness marking in DPs containing relative clauses are explained.
The state of ILL in the state of IL: the Illinois Interlibrary Loan Assessment Project

AbstractAn 11-month survey of ILL activity in Illinois was conducted to study the borrowing and lending of journal articles within the state. OCLC “PILLR” (Prism Inter Library Loan Reports) management data were used to create a statewide database of ILL requests. The data were employed not only to answer questions about our statewide collection, but also to help pose and answer others questions. For example, what does it mean to have a statewide collection? What measurement tools can consortia employ to study, define, and evolve this statewide collection? What roles can resource sharing play in identifying gaps in the state’s collection? Is knowing what we don’t own (and need) as important as knowing what we own? How can libraries take advantage of the networked environment in conjunction with new measurement techniques to best serve the statewide clientele?The results of the study show that over 89,000 articles were borrowed for Illinois library users during the study period, and that most of these artic...
An Optical Survey of Supernova Remnants in M83

Observations of the face-on spiral galaxy M83 (NGC 5236) performed at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile have yielded a catalog of optical supernova remnant (SNR) candidates. These observations were performed with the 4 m Blanco telescope and a prime focus CCD imaging system using narrowband interference filters centered on the light of [S II], Hα, [O III], and red and blue continuum bands. Based on strong relative [S II] : Hα emission, 71 emission nebulae have been identified as SNR candidates. Positions and Hα fluxes of the candidates are presented. Follow-up spectra of 25 of the SNR candidates, also performed at CTIO, have confirmed many of the SNR identifications, although the spectra of a few objects are discrepant, perhaps because of inaccurate aperture placement. In addition, the low mean excitation of M83 H II regions has allowed a separate search for young oxygen-dominated (core collapse) SNRs similar to Cas A in our Galaxy, using [O III] : Hα. This search found a number of the same objects as the [S II] : Hα search, indicating that many of these SNRs have shock velocities in excess of 100 km s-1. However, no bona fide young core-collapse SNRs were detected with this technique, with the possible exception of the independent recovery of SN 1957D, which had been seen previously. We have also attempted to identify optical counterparts for the six historical supernovae that have occurred in M83. Except for SN 1957D, none of the historical supernovae have been detected by this survey. We compare our SNR candidate list against the Chandra X-ray source list of Soria and Wu and identify 15 X-ray sources as likely SNRs, based on positional coincidence within 1''. The sources identified have hardness ratios that are soft compared to the general X-ray source population in M83.
Caregiver Role Appraisal and Caregiver Tasks as Factors in Ending Caregiving

This study focuses on factors related to why people with primary responsibility for providing care to ADL-impaired elderly persons ended their caregiving roles. Data are from the 1982 National Long-Term Care Survey and the Informal Caregiver Survey. Variables reflecting characteristics of care recipients and caregivers, caregiver role responsibilities, and appraisal of the caregiver role are investigated. Of particular interest is the influence of role responsibilities, such as number of ADL tasks, relative to appraisal of the caregiving role. The results indicate that factors other than role responsibilities are important in understanding who ends caregiving, and that risk factor profiles may prove a useful means of targeting caregivers at greatest risk of ending caregiving.
SEARCH FOR FRACTIONALLY CHARGED PARTICLES.

We have performed a geophysical search for fractionally charged particles in seawater and rock samples. The samples were run through cation exchange columns to separate most of the material from particles of charge $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{2}{3}$ and $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{3}$. The purified samples were converted into azides and evaporated in an electron gun, which accelerated the negatively charged particles to a solid-state detector. Quarks with charge $+\frac{2}{3} ({q}_{1})$ would probably evaporate from azides as (${q}_{1}+e$) and would thus have an effective charge of $\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}$. The pulse-height spectra from the detector were scanned for peaks corresponding to particles of a charge between -1 and 0; no such particles were found. Limits on the concentration of ${q}_{1}$ quarks are \ensuremath{\lesssim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}23}$ quarks/nucleon in the rock samples and \ensuremath{\lesssim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ quarks/nucleon in the seawater samples. These limits depend, of course, on the assumptions concerning the chemical behavior of quarks made in the text.
Immunization for Haemophilus influenzae type b: Effects on mortality and morbidity in children under five years of age

Haemophilus influenzae is a small gram-negative pleomorphic coccobacillus. The H influenzae type b (Hib) strain is especially important because, prior to the advent of effective Hib vaccines, the organism was the cause of 95% to 98% of severe invasive infection, including meningitis, epiglottitis, cellutitis, sepsis, pneumonia, and osteomyelitis, in children less than 5 years of age. An important microbiologic feature of H influenzae is its development of resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics, including sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, tetracycline, and penicillin. Ampicillin resistance is now widespread, ranging between 5% and 40% of all isolates in various parts of the world. The current mainstays of treatment are third-generation cephalosporins, but the potential for increased resistance to them, as well as other factors, has underscored the need for prophylactic measures. Since the early 1970s, when the capsular polysaccharide of Hib was purified, characterized, and shown to be immunogenic, tremendous strides have been made worldwide to immunize children against the organism and to irradicate the bacteria. A steady decline in the incidence of Hib diseases has occurred since the introduction in 1990 of Hib conjugate vaccines for infants. Because of this rapid decline, Hib diseases among children less than 5 years of age is targeted for elimination in the United States. This article provides an overview of the discovery and characterization of the organism and a review of the literature on the impact that the Hib vaccines have had on morbidity and mortality rates among children less than 5 years of age.
Scalar fluxes in the planetary boundary layer: theory, modeling, and measurement

I outline the general features of the vertical profile of the vertical flux of a conservative scalar in the planetary boundary layer, giving special emphasis to the convective case and emphasizing the importance of the Webb correction. After the influence of thermal stability on the structure of the turbulent eddies carrying this flux is reviewed, recent developments in parameterizing vertical transport in the convective boundary layer are discussed. I then survey three approaches to the numerical modeling of this transport — second-order closure, large-eddy simulation, and direct numerical simulation. Eddy-correlation, eddy-accumulation, and indirect techniques for measuring scalar fluxes are surveyed and contrasted. Finally, I discuss the physics of probe-induced flow distortion and its impact on scalar flux measurement, showing that it can be quite severe for trace species density fluxes measured from aircraft.
Importing credible monetary policy: A way for transition economies to fight inflation?

Abstract In the 1990s, transition economies were rearranging their monetary regimes. This paper compares the chosen regimes based on the level of discretionary power and the ability to control inflation. Results show that non-discretionary regimes produce lower and more stable inflation.
Cause Is the Main Predictor of Outcome in Patients with Pontine Hemorrhage

Background: Pontine hemorrhages frequently lead to death or severe disability. Predictors of early mortality have been previously described but little is known about the factors inf
High-Throughput Screening Assay for the Tunable Selection of Protein Ligands

Here, we describe a new protein−ligand binding assay that is amenable to high-throughput screening applications. The assay involves the use of SUPREX (stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H/D exchange), a new H/D exchange and mass spectrometry-based technique we recently developed for the quantitative analysis of protein−ligand binding interactions. As part of this work, we describe a new high-throughput SUPREX protocol, and we demonstrate that this protocol can be used to efficiently screen peptide ligands in a model combinatorial library for binding to a model protein system, the S-protein. The high-throughput SUPREX protocol developed here is generally applicable to a wide variety of protein ligands, including DNA, small molecules, metals, and other proteins. On the basis of the results of the model study in this work, one person with access to one MALDI mass spectrometer should be able to screen ∼10 000 compounds per 24-h period using the protocol described here. With full automation and the...
SOME VISCOELASTIC AND MACRONUTRIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PEANUTS

Some of the viscoelastic properties of four peanut varieties were investigated by a series of uniaxial compression tests. The uniaxial tests were performed with a universal testing machine at temperatures of 5, 20 and 30°C, all at 55% relative humidity. Individual amino acid contents of the peanuts were determined by ion exchange chromatography. A proximate analysis was run to determine Kjeldahl nitrogen and oil. The results of the mechanical tests were analyzed to obtain uniaxial modulus of elasticity at various times and a decay constant. A correlation analysis of viscoelastic properties with chemical composition yielded significant correlations between modulus of elasticity and some individual amino acids, protein and oil. The amino aicds and protein were positively correlated while oil exhibited a negative correlation to the viscoelastic properties.
Detection of diastolic atrioventricular valvular regurgitation by "M-mode" color Doppler echocardiography.

Abstract Diastolic mitral regurgitation (MR) is a phenomenon that has been evaluated by a large variety of techniques. It is thought to result from abnormal mitral valve closure. 1 It was initially studied by hemodynamic methods in the animal laboratory and in the angiography suite. Eventually it was observed in the echocardiography laboratory. The original observations were made in dogs with surgically produced atrioventricular block and then in human patients with prolonged PR intervals. This prolongation of the PR interval causes a delay in the sequence of atrial and ventricular contraction resulting in an incomplete closure of the mitral valve, which may be followed by diastolic MR. We describe the ability of M-mode color Doppler to enhance understanding of mitral valve dynamics and diastolic MR.