cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algorithms for low bit rate video coding

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the algorithms for low-bit-rate video coding. The chapter first describes some of the applications of low-bit-rate video, followed by a discussion of the requirements of these applications. Then, the chapter presents an overview of current technology in low–bit-rate video coding and highlights the relative merits of each of the approaches. International standards play a huge role in video coding, being the key to enable interoperability. The aim of this chapter is to introduce some applications and methods for low-bit-rate coding and to examine how these have been adopted in recent standardization activities. Recent technological advances have enabled a number of compelling applications for digital video and there is an increasing demand for technology capable of coding good-quality video at low bit rates. Current video-compression techniques and standards (MPEG-4, H.263, and H.261) have improved significantly and provide methods of achieving good video quality at very low bit rates (below 28 kbps). Object-based coding techniques have also matured end enable a number of new functionalities such as content-based manipulation and scalability.
Intracellular development and mechanism of hemadsorption of a human coronavirus, OC43.

SummaryThe human respiratory corona-virus OC43, grown in WI38 cells matures in cytoplasmic vesicles, and its development resembles that of coronavirus 229E. However, we did not observe budding of OC43 virus into the vesicles, although this is a characteristic feature of the morphogenesis of 229E virus. In OC43-infected cells, progeny virus accumulate on the outside surface of the cell in sufficient quantity to bind rat red blood cells and give rise to a “pseudohemadsorption” reaction.
Synthesis and Storage Stability of Diisopropylfluorophosphate.

Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor commonly used in toxicological studies as an organophosphorus nerve agent surrogate. However, LD50 values for DFP in the same species can differ widely even within the same laboratory, possibly due to the use of degraded DFP. The objectives here were to identify an efficient synthesis route for high purity DFP and assess the storage stability of both the in-house synthesized and commercial source of DFP at the manufacturer-recommended storage temperature of 4°C, as well as −10°C and −80°C. After 393 days, the commercial DFP stored at 4°C experienced significant degradation, while only minor degradation was observed at −10°C and none was observed at −80°C. DFP prepared using the newly identified synthesis route was significantly more stable, exhibiting only minor degradation at 4°C and none at −10°C or −80°C. The major degradation product was the monoacid derivative diisopropylphosphate, formed via hydrolysis of DFP. It was also found that storing DFP in glass containers may accelerate the degradation process by generating water in situ as hydrolytically generated hydrofluoric acid attacks the silica in the glass. Based on the results here, it is recommended that DFP be stored at or below −10°C, preferably in air-tight, nonglass containers.
Newly Published Core Competencies for Multidisciplinary Staff Working in Integrated Behavioral Health and Primary Care in the Usa

In January 2014, jointly funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA-HRSA) and the Health Resources and Services Administration and run by the National Council for Behavioral Health and lead and managed by the Annapolis Coalition, nine core competency categories were published for use by multidisciplinary staff in integrated behavior health and primary care educational and workforce sectors. The core competencies are useful to members of the health care team delivering integrated behavioral health and primary care in a number of ways: education and training, recruitment of employees, job descriptions, enhancing role clarity, preparing and using orientation processes, assessing performance, and benchmarking current and future competency sets. These core competencies have global application. They are: interpersonal communication, collaboration and teamwork, screening and assessment, care planning and care coordination, intervention, cultural competence and adaptation, systems oriented practice, practice-based learning and quality improvement and informatics. This presentation will highlight each of the 9 competency categories and describe how they reinforce and enhance the competencies of individuals working in the prevention, intervention and recovery of clients/patients /consumers with mental health and substance abuse conditions. These competencies are observable skills that can be measured using a variety of evidence-based evaluation tools. Selected examples of the behavioral objectives within each of the competency categories will be reviewed.
Spatiotemporal Modification of Stimuli-Responsive Hyaluronic Acid/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels.

Current methods to spatiotemporally modify stimuli response in hydrogels are typically subtractive and lead to a decrease in response. To increase the breadth of hydrogel applications and biomedical systems, new formulations are needed that can introduce and increase stimuli response spatiotemporally in hydrogels. In this work, the light-induced thiol–norbornene click chemistry reaction was used to modify the stimuli response of robust hyaluronic acid hydrogels through an additive process in spatiotemporal fashion, overcoming this limitation. These stimuli-responsive hydrogels were made from norbornene-functionalized hyaluronic acid (NorHA) cross-linked with thermoresponsive dithiol-terminated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (DTPN). Variation of the cross-linker molecular weight and gelation conditions led to a range of compression modulus (5 to 54 kPa) and mass loss (9 to 33%) upon heating to 37 °C while retaining a majority of NorHA in the hydrogel. The thermoresponse of these hydrogels could be controlled ...
Summary and Future Developments

This chapter provides a summary of main contributions of this book to support companies move towards a demand driven supply chain operation, and also opportunities for future developments.
Cloud–Atmospheric Boundary Layer–Surface Interactions on the Greenland Ice Sheet during the July 2012 Extreme Melt Event

AbstractRegional model simulations of the 10–13 July 2012 extreme melt event over the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) are used to investigate how low-level liquid-bearing clouds impact surface energy fluxes, and therefore the energy available for melt. A sensitivity study in which the radiation code is modified so that cloud liquid and ice do not emit, absorb, or reflect radiation is used to identify cloud impacts beyond the cloud radiative effect. It is found that Arctic mixed-phase stratocumuli are not produced in the sensitivity experiment, highlighting that cloud radiative fluxes are required to maintain the clouds. A number of feedbacks are found that damp the warming effect of the clouds. Thin mixed-phase clouds increase the downward longwave fluxes by 100 W m−2, but upward daytime surface longwave fluxes increase by 20 W m−2 (60 W m−2 at night) and net shortwave fluxes decrease by 40 W m−2 (partially due to a 0.05 increase in surface albedo), leaving only 40 W m−2 available for melt. This 40 W m−2 is dis...
Central Cannulation as a Viable Alternative to Peripheral Cannulation in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Arterial cannulation for veno-arterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is most commonly established via the aorta, axillary, or femoral vessels, yet their inherent complications are not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes and complication rates of central vs peripheral cannulation. Adult patients undergoing VA ECMO between June 2009 and April 2015 were reviewed in this retrospective single-center study. Patient characteristics, clinical outcomes, and details related to deployment were extracted from the medical record. Complications and survival rates were compared between patients by cannulation strategy. Of 131 VA ECMO patients, there were 36 aortic (27.5%), 16 axillary (12.2%), and 79 femoral (60.3%) cannulations. Other than a lower mean age with femoral cannulations (53.9 ± 13.9 years) vs aortic (60.3 ± 12.2 years) and axillary (59.8 ± 12.4 years) (P = 0.032), the baseline patient characteristics were not statistically different. Central cannulation was more common in patients transferred from outside facilities (74.3% central vs 51.6% peripheral) (P = 0.053). Seven of 36 aortic cannulations were via anterior thoracotomy (19.4%). Forty of 131 patients underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (30.5%), 33 of whom were femorally cannulated. Peripheral cannulation carried a 29.5% rate of vascular complications compared with an 11.1% rate of mediastinal bleeding with central cannulation. Incidence of stroke and overall survival between groups were not statistically different. Central cannulation is a viable alternative to peripheral cannulation. Central cannulation avoids high rates of extremity morbidity without causing significant risks of alternative morbidity or death.
Invasive Lobular Breast Carcinoma: Pleomorphic Versus Classical Subtype, Associations and Prognosis

Abstract Background Invasive pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (IPLC) has been associated with a worse prognosis compared with classic invasive lobular carcinoma (cILC); however, studies are small and conflicting. We seek to examine the prognosis of women with IPLC compared with cILC. Methods A retrospective review of women with breast cancer at a single institution from 2003 to 2012 identified 193 women with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). IPLC was defined as ILC with a pathological description of primarily pleomorphic features and Nottingham histological grade score of 7, 8, or 9 or overall grade of 3 or mixed classic/pleomorphic features and overall grade of 3. All others were designated cILCs. Clinicopathologic variables, progression-free survival (PFS), per STEEP criteria, and overall survival (OS), using all-cause mortality, were examined in both groups. Results Of the 193 women, 46 (24%) had IPLC and 147 (76%) had cILC. The IPLC group had significantly higher stage at diagnosis and more Hispanic women, but there were no differences in other clinicopathologic features or treatment. Median follow-up was 57 months (0.1-155 months). In univariate analysis, IPLC was associated with worse PFS (log-rank P = .09, Wilcoxon P = .01) but no significant differences in OS (log-rank P = .20, Wilcoxon P = .16). In multivariate models adjusting for stage, IPLC was not significantly associated with PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-2.79; P = .30) or OS (HR 1.52; 95% CI, 0.58-4.01; P = .40). Conclusions IPLC was initially associated with worse PFS, but this was attenuated after adjustment for cancer stage, and there were no differences in OS.
Effect of strain on band alignment of GaAsSb/GaAs quantum wells

GaAsSb/GaAs quantum wells are of great interest for optical communications; however, their band alignment properties are not fully understood, particularly at 35% Sb alloy concentration used for emission at 1.3 μm. We use device simulation methods based on the 8 × 8 k·p theory to explore the effects of GaAsSb/GaAs quantum well composition, width, and strain on the band alignment. Strain-relaxed wells demonstrate type-I alignment and pseudomorphic wells demonstrate type-II alignment, regardless of quantum-well composition or thickness for wells wider than 3 nm. For partially strain-relaxed wells, we determine the band alignment as a function of the interplay of composition, width, and strain. Our calculated results at various strain conditions agree well with published experimental data. This work provides insight on band alignment of GaAsSb/GaAs quantum wells, as well as of embedded quantum dots with strong confinement along the out-of-plane direction.
Structural Event Detection from Log Messages

A wide range of modern web applications are only possible because of the composable nature of the web services they are built upon. It is, therefore, often critical to ensure proper functioning of these web services. As often, the server-side of web services is not directly accessible, several log message based analysis have been developed to monitor the status of web services. Existing techniques focus on using clusters of messages (log patterns) to detect important system events. We argue that meaningful system events are often representable by groups of cohesive log messages and the relationships among these groups. We propose a novel method to mine structural events as directed workflow graphs (where nodes represent log patterns, and edges represent relations among patterns). The structural events are inclusive and correspond to interpretable episodes in the system. The problem is non-trivial due to the nature of log data: (i) Individual log messages contain limited information, and (ii) Log messages in a large scale web system are often interleaved even though the log messages from individual components are ordered. As a result, the patterns and relationships mined directly from the messages and their ordering can be erroneous and unreliable in practice. Our solution is based on the observation that meaningful log patterns and relations often form workflow structures that are connected. Our method directly models the overall quality of structural events. Through both qualitative and quantitative experiments on real world datasets, we demonstrate the effectiveness and the expressiveness of our event detection method.
Improved Methodology for Predicting POD of Detecting Synthetic Hard Alpha Inclusions in Titanium

This paper provides a progress report on the development of methodology to estimate Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) capability. The methodology uses combinations of physical modeling of an inspection process, along with laboratory and production data, to estimate Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) capability. The methodology is based on a physical/statistical prediction model and will be used to predict Probability of Detection (POD), Probability of False Alarm (PFA) and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) function curves. These output functions are used to quantify the NDE capability. The physical model will explain and allow predictions for the effects of making changes to the inspection setup (e.g. probe properties and scan increment). The statistical/empirical model will quantify unexplained variability, adjust for model bias, and provide a means for obtaining corresponding uncertainty intervals. Previous work on this project was reported in Meeker et al. (1996). The particular focus of this work is on the use of ultrasonic methods for detecting hard-alpha and other subsurface flaws in titanium using gated peak detection. This is a uniquely challenging problem because the inspection must detect very complex subsurface flaws in the presence of significant “material” noise. The underlying framework of the methodology should, however, be general enough to apply to other NDE methods. This paper describes recent work based on application of the new methodology to the detection of synthetic hard alpha flaws in titanium alloys.
Six-Axis Deformity Analysis and Correction

In previous chapters, we defined deformity components and divided them into angulation, rotation, translation, and length. Angulation and rotation are angular deformities, measured in degrees. Translation and length are displacement deformities, measured in distance units (e.g., millimeters, inches, etc.). In Chap.9, we discussed how angulation (axis in the transverse [x−y] plane) and rotation (axial [z] axis) deformities can be resolved three-dimensionally and characterized by a single vector (ACA) inclined out of the transverse plane (characterized by x,y,z coordinates). Similarly, translation (displacement in the transverse plane) and length (displacement axially) can be combined into a single displacement vector inclined out of the transverse plane (characterized by x,y,z coordinates).
Effect of injection site on alfaxalone‐induced sedation in ball pythons (Python regius)

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of alfaxalone in ball pythons following subcutaneous administration in the cranial versus caudal third of the body. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective, randomised, blinded, complete crossover study, eight ball pythons (Python regius) received alfaxalone in the cranial or caudal third of the body. Sedative and cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded. RESULTS: Administration of alfaxalone in the cranial third of the body resulted in significantly deeper and longer sedation compared with administration in the caudal third of the body. Righting reflex was lost in five of eight snakes following cranial injection compared with one of eight snakes after caudal injection. Jaw tone was lost in all snakes following cranial injection and intubation was successfully performed in seven. In contrast, snakes did not lose jaw tone and intubation was not possible following caudal injection. Heart rate and respiratory rate were significantly decreased following administration of alfaxalone in the cranial third of the body. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Administration of drugs that undergo hepatic metabolism or excretion should not be performed in the caudal third of the body in snakes, because it can result in significantly reduced drug efficacy. A hepatic first‐pass effect is assumed to be the most likely underlying cause for the observed effect because part of the venous return from the caudal body flows directly to the liver.
Changes in body weight, adherence, and appetite during 2 years of calorie restriction: the CALERIE 2 randomized clinical trial

The Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy Phase 2 (CALERIE) study showed that individuals who are nonobese were able to undergo significant calorie restriction (CR), yet the time course changes in adherence, weight, and appetite are unknown. This analysis aimed to investigate the time course changes in adherence, body weight, and appetite during the CALERIE study. Overall, 143 participants (body mass index: 21.9–28.0 kg/m2) were randomized to a CR group that aimed to achieve 25% CR for 2 years. Throughout the intervention, body weight was measured, and appetite was assessed through visual analogue scales. Algorithms were utilized with body weight measurements to calculate adherence percentile score. Participants targeted an adherence percentile score of 50, though being between 80 (lowest acceptable adherence) and 10 (highest acceptable adherence) was adequate. Polynomial regression analyses were used to assess time course changes. Polynomials indicated that adherence percentile score increased above 50 after approximately week 20, although adherence remained acceptable (adherence percentile score less than 80) (R2 = 0.89; P < 0.001). Weight loss occurred until approximately week 60 and then plateaued (R2 ≥ 0.92; P < 0.001). Hunger and thirst increased (R2 ≥ 0.30; P < 0.001), but the total increase in scale scores were <10 mm throughout the intervention. In individuals who are nonobese, adherence to 25% CR declines after 20 weeks, but 2 years of CR that stimulates a meaningful reduction in weight, promotes aging-related benefits and negligibly affects appetite is viable.
CHAPTER 7 – Interfacing Software to the PC

This chapter focuses on DOS-based software structure, Windows environment, as well as UNIX and Linux operating system. A DOS-based PC has four general layers of software. The first layer is the hardware level where the software directly accesses the hardware. The second layer is the basic input-output system or BIOS. The BIOS acts as an interface between higher level software and the actual hardware. The third layer is the disk operating system or DOS. DOS keeps the information and retrieves the requested data by appropriate calls to BIOS functions. The final layer of PC software is the application program. This is the software that performs the useful functions, such as mathematical calculations, word processing, data acquisition, and graphical display. Microsoft's Windows is now the most popular operating system for newer PCs. It is an operating system that supports large applications and makes full use of a system's physical memory. Microsoft Windows actually encompasses several different operating systems. There is another operating system known as UNIX, which is a multitasking, multiuser operating system developed for minicomputers by AT&T Bell Laboratories. Linux, like UNIX, is a multitasking, multiuser operating system with full security features as in Microsoft Windows NT.
Optical Fiber-Facet Multiplexed Monolithic Silicon Pressure Sensors

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and characterization of the smallest pressure sensors with the required sensitivity, bandwidth, and robustness for turbulent airflow measurements. These fiber-facet monolithic silicon optical pressure sensors consist of a silicon diaphragm above a sealed cavity contained within a $125~\mu \text{m}$ wide by $5~\mu \text{m}$ thick silicon disk mounted directly onto a single-mode optical fiber facet. The fiber-mounted sensors form pressure-sensitive interferometric cavities with 1.6 MHz bandwidth, 4 nm/kPa deflection, and up to 0.07 V/kPa sensitivity. The short length of the optical cavity makes the sensors optically efficient and optically broadband, allowing multiplexing using standard optical communications equipment. This is demonstrated experimentally by optically-multiplexing three fiber-facet sensors with up to 161 kPa dynamic ranges and 2 Pa noise floors. These balanced-detection pressure-sensing arrays provide a small-footprint, high-resolution alternative to traditional turbulence measurement equipment.
Outpatient surgery in patients with ankle fractures minimises hospital admissions and utilisation of healthcare resources.

The recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has emphasised the need to minimise hospital admissions and utilisation of healthcare resources. The purpose of this study was to examine the outcomes of an outpatient surgery protocol for acute closed ankle fractures. In this retrospective study, 262 patients underwent outpatient surgery for their closed ankle fractures at our level-1 trauma centre. A total of 196 patients met our inclusion criteria and were ultimately included in the final analysis. Our primary outcomes’ measures included post-operative admission to the emergency department within 30 days after surgery and unplanned hospital readmission within 30 days after surgery. Our secondary outcome measure included the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) within 12 weeks after surgery. Thirty-two patients (16.3%) had an unplanned emergency department visit within 30 days of fracture fixation and two patients (1.0%) required hospital readmission within 30 days of their surgery. Sixteen patients (8.2%) developed SSI, which included 11 (5.6%) superficial and five (2.6%) deep infections. Strategic outpatient management of acute closed ankle fractures is associated with acceptable rates of unplanned emergency department visits, hospital readmissions, and SSIs. In the context of the recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, outpatient management of these injuries may aide in the mitigation of nosocomial infections and the preservation of finite healthcare resources.
What makes us so certain that we’re conscious?

In the attention schema theory (AST), having an automatically constructed self-model that depicts you as containing consciousness makes you intuitively believe that you have consciousness. The reason why such a self-model evolved in the brains of complex animals is that it serves the useful role of modeling, and thus helping to control, the powerful and subtle process of attention, by which the brain seizes on and deeply processes information.
Neighborhood Context and Juvenile Recidivism: A Spatial Analysis of Organizations and Reoffending Risk

Leveraging point-level spatial data from the Phoenix area, we consider the role of nearby organizations as contextual factors that amplify or reduce reoffending risk among juvenile offenders after ...
The Positive Value of Rotation-Specific Guides for Resident Education and Patient Care: A Process Improvement Study.

Introduction Providing high-quality cost-effective patient care requires knowledge of treatment protocols as well as an understanding of the institution's procedures, e.g., what orders to place and how to effectively place them. Disseminating rotation-specific evidence-based practice and institutional policies in a timely manner to medical residents rotating onto a service can be challenging. We determined, by root cause analysis, that a solution was to use a structured guide containing rotation-specific information. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a rotation-specific pocket reference guide to distribute evidence-based and rotation-specific practice information to medical residents rotating through an Academic Vascular Surgery service and to evaluate this tool's ability to increase participants' perception of comfort and efficacy, all of which can be linked to high-quality and cost-effective patient care. Materials and methods We conducted a prospective study at the Detroit Medical Center, a Michigan-based level one trauma hospital, from November 2020 through February 2021. The inclusion criteria included medical residents that were on the Vascular Surgery rotation in the given time frame and that agreed to take a pre-/post-evaluation. The evaluation consisted of a quantitative test and a qualitative questionnaire. A t-test was used to analyze pre- and post-question score averages. Results There was a significant improvement in quantifiable knowledge as participants' scores increased on post-rotation testing scoring with an average of 88% post-rotation compared to 58% pre-rotation (p<0.01). Ancillary staff reported a decrease in incorrect orders, substantiating increased efficacy and inferring cost-effectiveness. Individuals evaluated post-rotation indicated the usefulness of the guide as an educational tool for the dissemination of evidence-based practice (p<0.01) and increased confidence in placing preoperative orders (p<0.01). This, coupled with a post-rotation increase in preference toward a written learning style, led to the additional conclusion that this guide would be a beneficial preparatory tool for future board examinations. Conclusions This study supports the implementation of rotation guides as a preparatory source used to improve the dissemination of rotation-specific information, which should increase resident efficacy, improve cost-effectiveness, and potentially improve future board examination scores. We recommend a chart review of specified metrics, e.g., incorrect order frequency and related operative delays, to show to what extent the cost-effectiveness and increase in high-quality patient care manifested.
Recent Developments in the Measurement of Static Electric Dipole Polarizabilities

Abstract Recent advances in the measurement of static electric dipole polarizabilities are discussed. A brief history of atomic beam methods is given, with an emphasis on the work from Benjamin Bederson's laboratory at New York University. The latest measurements are described, including electric deflection experiments with cluster beams, the light-force method, atom-beam interferometry, electric-field induced velocity change of laser-cooled atoms, beam–foil spectroscopy, and microwave spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms and ions. Atomic-beam interferometry, laser-cooled atoms, and microwave spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms have yielded polarizabilities with unprecedented accuracy.
Scalable power delivery design methodology for SoC on cost driven platforms

A scalable power delivery analysis methodology is described for SoCs targeted at cost-driven platforms. The methodology is applied at different design stages to consolidate a hundred independent power supplies at bump level to half that at solder ball level and to five major power supplies at board level.
Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia

Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia. Kathryn A. Woolard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989. 183 pp. $29.50 (cloth
A comprehensive analysis of molecule-intrinsic quasi-atomic, bonding, and correlating orbitals. I. Hartree-Fock wave functions

Through a basis-set-independent web of localizing orbital-transformations, the electronic wave function of a molecule is expressed in terms of a set of orbitals that reveal the atomic structure and the bonding pattern of a molecule. The analysis is based on resolving the valence orbital space in terms of an internal space, which has minimal basis set dimensions, and an external space. In the internal space, oriented quasi-atomic orbitals and split-localized molecular orbitals are determined by new, fast localization methods. The density matrix between the oriented quasi-atomic orbitals as well as the locations of the split-localized orbitals exhibit atomic populations and inter-atomic bonding patterns. A correlation-adapted quasi-atomic basis is determined in the external orbital space. The general formulations are specified in detail for Hartree-Fock wave functions. Applications to specific molecules exemplify the general scheme.
Nitric acid acidulation of phosphate rock and pyrolysis of acidulate to produce phosphatic and nitrogen fertilizers

A modified method for producing a range of dicalcium phosphate containing phosphatic fertilizers and aqueous calcium nitrate is discussed. The process consists of reacting phosphate rock with nitric acid followed by pyrolysis of the resulting acidulate to produce dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4) and to liberate approximately one-half of the initially consumed nitric acid. Recycling of the liberated nitric acid allows production of available phosphate at approximately one-half the acid equivalents consumption normally utilized in wet-process acid production. The calcium nitrate by-product is separated from the phosphatic component of the pyrolyzate by dissolution in water followed by filtration. The initial HNO3 : CaO acidulation ratio governs the available P2O5 content of the phosphatic fertilizer, which may be as high as 47%. The aqueous calcium nitrate stream may be processed to produce a variety of solid or fluid nitrogen fertilizer products. No “throwaway” by-products (other than possibly siliceous gangue) are produced. Estimates are given for raw materials needed and energy cost.
New evidence for “closure” in perception

A new criterion of perceptual grouping (Gillam, 1972), namely, that contours appear to reverse together under conditions of depth ambiguity, was used to test for the reality of “closure” and explore the parameters determining its degree. It was found that contours which would form a closed space but for a linear gap were responded to as a unit to a degree which decreased monotonically with gap size. Neither “proximal” nor “distal” gap was found to be the sole determinant of closure. Several levels of processing appear to be involved.
Metabolic Changes During Cold Acclimation and Deacclimation in Five Bermudagrass Varieties. I. Proline, Total Amino Acid, Protein, and Dehydrin Expression

Bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) grown in the U.S. transition zone and other regions with a similar climate undergo cold acclimation in fall and deacclimation in spring. Physiological mechanisms of cold acclimation and deacclimation are not well documented or understood. This study investigated changes in quality, photochemical efficiency, N metabolite (proline, total amino acid [AA], and protein) content, and dehydrin expression during cold acclimation and deacclimation in five bermudagrass entries. One ecotype (GA-851) and four cultivars (Patriot, Riviera, Tifway, and Princess-77) were subjected to cold acclimation at 8/4°C (day/night; 10-h photoperiod) for 28 d and then deacclimation at 10/5, 21/7, 23/8, and 26/14°C sequentially (11-h photoperiod) for either 3 wk (standard deacclimation) or 1 wk (fast deacclimation treatment) at each temperature. In response to cold acclimation, turfgrass quality and photochemical efficiency declined, while proline, AA, protein, and abundance of 25 kDa dehydrin increased. Patriot and Riviera had higher levels of stolon proline, AA, protein, and abundance of 25 kDa dehydrin relative to Princess-77 at the end of cold acclimation. Significant deacclimation occurred as temperature changed from 21/7 to 23/8°C. Patriot, GA-851, and Tifway had greater turfgrass quality ratings and photochemical efficiency and also higher levels of N metabolites relative to Princess-77 and Riviera during deacclimation. A similar response was observed with fast deacclimation treatment. The results suggest that selection and use of entries with higher levels of N metabolites during cold acclimation and deacclimation could improve bermudagrass persistence and spring green-up in transition zone climates.
Estimating wealth of self-employed farm households.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that are likely to influence their wealth accumulation. Characteristics of the farm, operator, family and potential successors that contribute to wealth accumulation will be identified. An additional objective of the paper is to determine if there was a discernable difference in the level of wealth accumulation between the two groups of farm households.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses 2001 Agricultural Resource Management Survey data and a multivariate regression procedure. In particular, the study estimates two models one for those farm households whose wealth resides primarily in the farm and another for households with both farm business and nonfarm wealth.Findings – Results from this study show that differences exist in wealth accumulation among the two groups of farm households based on factors such as farm organization, farm size and farms specializing in Livestock and other crops. Results also show a classic inverted U‐shaped...
Gastric carcinogenesis: A model for the identification of risk factors

Abstract In a series of extensive studies on gastric carcinogenesis, we have used Sprague-Dawley rats to examine the morphologic, histochemical, and biochemical effects of risk and protective factors on N -methyl- N′ -nitro- N -nitroso guanidine (MNNG)-induced tumors in an attempt to link early observations with the end-point lesion, gastric cancer. We have observed that the putative risk factors sodium chloride (NaCl); a mixture of bile acids; aspirin; alcohol; and nitrite enhance MNNG-induced neoplasia of the gastric mucosa. On the other hand butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), Se and difluromethylornithine (DFMO) were protective and inhibited the induction of gastric mucosal neoplasia. In most cases, early changes detected by a number of criteria correlated with the end-point, gastric neoplasia. This model appears to be useful in screening and evaluating chemicals for risk for or protection against gastric cancer.
Hepatitis B among the Khmer. Issues of translation and concepts of illness.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the comprehensibility of hepatitis B translations for Cambodian refugees, to identify Cambodian illnesses that include the symptoms of hepatitis, and to combine these observations with critical theoretical perspectives of language to reflect on the challenges of medical translation generally. DESIGN: Open-ended, semistructured interviews, and participant-observation of a refugee community in Seattle, Washington. SETTING: Homes of Cambodian residents of inner-city neighborhoods. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-four adult Cambodian refugees who had each been educated about hepatitis B through public health outreach. RESULTS: Medical interpreters translated hepatitis B as rauk tlaam, literally "liver disease." Unfortunately, while everyone knew of the liver (tlaam), rauk tlaam was a meaningless term to 28 (82%) of 34 respondents and conveyed none of the chronicity and communicability intended by refugee health workers for 34 (100%) of the respondents. In contrast, all respondents knew illnesses named after symptom complexes that include the symptoms of acute and chronic hepatitis, but do not refer to diseased organs. The Cambodian words chosen to translate hepatitis B reflect the medical thinking and medical authority that can unintentionally overwhelm attempts at meaningful communication with non-English-speaking patients. CONCLUSIONS: To improve comprehension of hepatitis B translations for the Khmer, translators must choose between medical terminology focused on the liver and Khmer terminology which identifies recognizable experiences, but represents important Khmer health concepts. A critical linguistic view of this situation suggests that for these translations to be meaningful clinicians and health educators must first analyze and then monitor the contextual significance of medical language. In cross-cultural settings, this means a partnership with medical interpreters to pay close attention to the expe-rience of illness and social context of the translation.
Comparison of approximate methods for multiple scattering in high-energy collisions. II

We compare the efficacy of several approximate methods for dealing with multiple-scattering processes by applying these methods to a simple, soluble model. The model consists of the scattering of a particle by a pair of like particles with motion of all particles constrained to one dimension. Two cases are considered: (1) the target particles have a fixed separation and (2) the target particles are in a deuteron-like bound state with each other. The interaction of the incident particle with each target particle is the same and is chosen to be a zero-range potential. The potential binding the two target particles in case 2 is equal to this same zero-range interaction. The methods compared are the Born approximation for the $T$ matrix, the impulse approximation for the $T$ matrix, the WKB approximation, the Glauber approximation, second-order multiple-scattering theory for the $T$ matrix, Born approximation for the $K$ matrix, impulse approximation for the $K$ matrix, and second-order multiple-scattering theory for the $K$ matrix. For the fixed-separation case the $K$-matrix formalisms work much better than the $T$-matrix formalisms including Glauber theory. Second-order multiple-scattering theory is superior to Glauber theory for fixed separation. For case 2 the aforementioned approximate methods are used in conjunction with the adiabatic approximation. Comparison of the calculated transmission probabilities with the exact transmission probability shows the Glauber theory doing much better than any of the other approximate methods. The success of the Glauber theory results from its suppression of a second-order term in the multiple-scattering expansion which is inadequately damped by the adiabatic approximation.
EFFECT OF THE X POINT ON THE ESCAPE OF ELECTRONS FROM THE QUANTUM WELL OF A DOUBLE-BARRIER HETEROSTRUCTURE

We describe a photoluminescence study of a series of GaAs/AlAs/GaAs/AlAs/GaAs double-barrier heterostructures. We report the observation in double-barrier heterostructures of photoluminescence from the recombination of electrons at {ital X}-point levels localized in the AlAs barriers, with heavy holes localized in the GaAs quantum well. As the quantum-well width is decreased, the increasing confinement energy of the {Gamma}-point electron level in the quantum well results in increasing interaction with the {ital X}-point levels in the barriers. As the well width is decreased, the integrated {Gamma}-point photoluminescence intensity decreases, and then increases just before the {Gamma}-{ital X} crossover; further decrease in the well width results in monotonic decrease of intensity. This behavior is consistent with eight-band tight-binding calculations of the {Gamma}-point electron quasi-bound-state lifetime.
Socializing the King's Debt: Local and Atlantic Financial Transactions of the Merchants of Buenos Aires, 1793-1808

Between 1722 and 1779, the Bourbon kings managed to achieve financial stability without broadening the tax base or borrowing on a large scale. The incorporation of Aragon's territories under the crown of Castile, the Bourbon administrative reforms, sustained population and economic growth during the first half of the eighteenth century, added to the silver coming from the Americas, explain the general increase in income within the existing fiscal constitution. The revenues extracted from the American possessions, in particular from New Spain, were essential in keeping the metropolitan budget balanced. However, from the 1790s onwards, constant international warfare made ordinary revenues collected in the Americas insufficient for financing deficit spending in Spain. To meet shortfalls, the crown implemented extraordinary measures including the collection of loans, donativos, ecclesiastical subsidies, and the enforcement of the Decreto de Consolidacion de vales reales in 1804. These measures demonstrate that the Spanish crown increasingly relied on its imperial financial network to balance its budget, and simultaneously postponed the politically costly implementation of a thorough fiscal reform in the metropolis.
Efficient lossless coding model for medical images by applying integer-to-integer wavelet transform to segmented images

Existing lossless coding models yield only up to 3:1 compression. However, a much higher lossless compression can be achieved for certain medical images when the images are segmented prior to applying integer to integer wavelet transform and lossless coding. The methodology used in this research work is to apply a contour detection scheme to segment the image first. The segmented image is then wavelet transformed with integer to integer mapping to obtain a lower weighted entropy than the original. An adaptive arithmetic model is then applied to code the transformed image losslessly. For the male visible human color image set, the overall average lossless compression using the above scheme is around 10:1 whereas the compression ratio of an individual slice can be as high as 16:1. The achievable compression ratio depends on the actual bit rate of the segmented images attained by lossless coding as well as the compression obtainable from segmentation alone. The computational time required by the entire process is fast enough for application on large medical images.
FORBIDDEN MILLIMETER-WAVE TRANSITIONS IN ARSINE

Abstract A millimeter-wave spectrometer having a sensitivity of 4 × 10 −10 cm −1 in the 2-mm region has been used for observation of the “forbidden” transitions J → J , K = ±4 → ±1 and J → J , K = ±5 → ±2 in AsH 3 . A comprehensive computer analysis was made of the frequencies measured in this work together with available microwave frequencies of other transitions. This analysis provides accurate values of the rotational constants, nuclear quadrupole couplings, and effective structural parameters of the molecule. The spectral constants B 0 and C 0 (in MHz) are 112 470.597 and 104 884.665, respectively.
Immune sera in the study of food antigens

Abstract 1.1. Sera from specifically immunized rabbits were employed in agar-gel diffusion precipitin tests in the qualitative antigenic analyses of crustacean extracts. 2.2. Multiple antigenic components (4–9) were demonstrated in the edible abdominal muscles of lobster, crab, shrimp, lobster tail, and fresh-water crayfish and in the bodies of entomostracans ("insect type" crustaceans), daphnia and brine shrimp. 3.3. Only a partial degree of qualitative cross-antigenicity was noted among various taxonomically related edible shellfish, and an antigen common to all five could not be demonstrated. 4.4. Partial qualitative cross-antigenicity was noted among taxonomically related entomostracans ("insect-type" crustaceans), Artemia salina (brine shrimp) and Daphnia pulex (water fleas). Some antigenic components of brine shrimp were common to those of the edible malacostracans (shellfish), whereas daphnia contained antigen common only to ecologically related freshwater crayfish. 5.5. A wide qualitative variation among individual component antigens of crustaceans was demonstrated in homologous species skin-testing extracts of different laboratory sources.
Transcontinental profile of recent vertical crustal movements

Abstract A transcontinental profile of vertical crustal movement from San Diego, California, to Meldrim (Savannah), Georgia, has been assembled from precise leveling data of the National Geodetic Survey. Assuming constant movement during the time interval between leveling and releveling surveys, rates of movement have been plotted. The overall rate of movement of the East Coast relative to the West Coast derived from leveling is opposite in sign to the corresponding rate from tide gauges at San Diego and Savannah. Though this discrepancy is within the acceptable limits of normal random error associated with leveling measurements, it may also result in part from unavoidable uncertainties at the connection points between the various segments. In the absence of deterministic evidence on the source of the discrepancy, a least-squares adjustment was performed to distribute this difference in the overall trend through the profile. Apart from this trend, the western end of the profile is dominated by pronounced subsidence (rates 10 cm/yr) owing to water withdrawal and associated consolidation of alluvial sediments. With the exception of these movements, rates of vertical movement of the eastern and western United States are similar, suggesting that if such measurements represent significant tectonic activity, this activity may not be confined to the western United States. Movements are correlated with topography only in the peninsular ranges of California. Although these apparent elevation changes may reflect actual ground movement, this correlation may also result from systematic leveling errors. Comparison with gravity, depth to basement and depth to Moho shows no correlation.
Long-run urban growth with agglomeration economies.

It is widely recognized that agglomeration economies are a crucially important factor in explaining the existence and growth of urban areas, and therefore should be explicitly taken into consideration in long-run urban growth analysis. Once such economies are introduced, however, the urban economy tends to diverge from a steady state equilibrium and may ‘explode’ without limit. A possible way to solve this dilemma is shown.First, a simple urban growth model with production and factor migration functions in the presence of agglomeration economies is set up. It is proved that the urban economy with agglomeration economies tends to approach a kind of balanced growth path in the long run, although the growth rate itself is accelerating without limit. It is also shown that if the total demand for the output of the city is growing at an exogenously given rate, a sustainable steady growth equilibrium exists and is unique and globally stable. Then, land is introduced to show that the availability of the third fac...
Quantum Field Theory Methods and Inflationary Universe Models

This paper reviews the theory of inflationary universe models, giving particular emphasis to the question of origin and growth of energy-density fluctuations in these new cosmologies. The first four sections constitute a pedagogical introduction to some of the important quantum field theory methods used in inflationary universe scenarios: calculation of the effective potential, finite-temperature quantum field theory, analysis of the decay of a metastable quantum state, and free field theory in curved space-time.
Approximately measured causality implies the Lorentz group: Alexandrov-Zeeman result made more realistic

If we know the causality relation between approximately known pairs of events, will we still be able to reconstruct affine coordinates? Our answer is: yes, we can reconstruct coordinates uniquely (modulo Lorentz group) from approximately measured coordinates. In this sense, we make the Alexandrov-Zeeman result more realistic.