cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personality Characteristics and Disciplinary Attitudes of Child-Abusing Mothers

The literature indicates that child abusing mothers are characterized by distinctive personality attributes. No studies appear pertaining to the attitudes of abusive mothers on child discipline. To further explore the personality characteristics and examine disciplinary attitudes manifested by abusive mothers (AMs), 20 AMs receiving Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) and 20 nonabusive, ADC mothers were administered the Family Concept Inventory, a measure of self-esteem (California Test of Personality), selected items from the MMPI reflecting depression/apathy and resentment/ agression, measures of reward- and punishment-oriented disciplinary stance, a series of seven Eriksonian developmental conflict scales, and selected stimuli from the TAT. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed highly significant differences between the groups on the personality measures. Abusive mothers manifested lower self esteem, lower family concept, lower frustrated independence and greater depression and apathy; they scored lower on measures of the first six Eriksonian developmental stages. AMs scored higher on MMPI and TAT measures of aggression. No difference in attitudes towards discipline was found. Discriminant analysis using these data and actuarial data rendered 97.5% correct differentiation between the groups. Implications of the results are discussed.
Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Methyl Acetate

Smog chamber/FTIR techniques were used to study the Cl atom initiated oxidation of CH3C(O)OCH3 in 700 Torr of N2/O2 at 296 K. Relative rate techniques were used to measure k(Cl+CH3C(O)OCH3) = (2.2 ± 0.3) × 10-12, k(Cl+CH3C(O)CH3) = (2.2 ± 0.4) × 10-12, k(Cl+CH3C(O)OC(O)H) = (1.0 ± 0.1) × 10-13, and k(Cl+ ClCH2C(O)OCH3) = (8.5 ± 1.9) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The reaction of Cl+CH3C(O)OCH3 was found to proceed more than 95% via H-abstraction at the −OCH3 site. The fate of the CH3C(O)OCH2O· radical was studied in 700 Torr of N2/O2 diluent at 296 K in the absence and presence of NO. Two loss mechanisms were identified: reaction with O2 to give CH3C(O)OC(O)H and α-ester rearrangement to give CH3C(O)OH and HCO· radicals. It was found that α-ester rearrangement is more likely when CH3C(O)OCH2O· radicals were produced via the CH3C(O)OCH2O2· + NO reaction than when they were produced via the self-reaction of peroxy radicals. In one atmosphere of air ([O2] = 160 Torr) containing NO at 296 K it can be calculated...
Total potential source contribution function analysis of trace elements determined in aerosol samples collected near Lake Huron.

Aerosol samples were collected at the rural Burnt Island Ontario Integrated Air Deposition Network air sampling station on the northern shore of Lake Huron from 1992 through 1994. The samples were analyzed for trace elements by neutron activation analysis, and the air concentrations of over 30 elements were determined. Total potential source contribution function analysis (TPSCF) was used to determine the most probable geographical location of these aerosols' origin. The TPSCF results for As, In, Sb, Se, Sn, and Zn are highlighted in this paper. Source regions for these elements ranged from Alma, Quebec, Canada to Carrollton, GA. Because of large seasonal variations in the concentrations of the atmospheric concentrations of these elements, TPSCF values were calculated for the summer and winter halves of the year as well as the entire year.
Analysis of various large-scale disturbances and the associated zonal mean motions in the atmosphere

In this article, we present a scale analysis of planetary waves, extended long waves, and long waves. (We mean ≪the extended long waves≫ to be the disturbances whose east-west length is of order 106 m and north-south extension 107 m). We find for the extended long waves the two terms, the interaction between kinetic and available potential energy of the disturbances, and the interaction between the zonal mean available potential energy, and the eddy available potential energy, are of two orders of magnitude larger than the kinetic energy interaction between the disturbances and the associated zonal mean flow. This theoretical result concerning the relative importance of the various interaction terms may be of use in explaining the observational findings thus far available. It is also shown theoretically that the kinetic energy interaction between the planetary waves, the horizontal size of which is 107 m, and the long waves, whose horizontal size is 106 m, is of the same order as the interaction of kinetic energy between the zonal mean motion and the disturbances. This agrees fairly well with the observational estimates thus far obtained.
Experimentally Switching from Factory Made to Self-Made Cigarettes: A Preliminary Study of Perceptions, Toxicant Exposure and Smoking Behavior.

Introduction: There is currently the potential for a great deal of transition and product switching among cigarette smokers. Studies on the transition when cigarette smokers switch from one type of nicotine delivery product to another are needed to understand subsequent toxicant exposure. Methods: A preliminary study was performed to determine the feasibility of experimentally replicating the transition from factory made (FM) to personal machine made (PMM) cigarette smoking. The adaptability and perceptions of the consumer and the consequent exposure to cigarette-delivered toxins were assessed. Six adults (4 men) were recruited for four laboratory visits (V1-V4) on study days 1, 5, 10 and 15, respectively. All of the participants agreed to switch from exclusive FM smoking to exclusive PMM cigarette smoking for the duration of the study. Results: Compliance was very high among these participants. Participants progressively accepted the PMM cigarettes and became efficient producers of PMMs as evidenced in the reduced time to make 5 PMMs in the laboratory. Participants reported a preference for FM at visit 2 (V2), but had stated no preference by the fourth visit. Compared to the FMs, the PMMs at V3 (p<0.05) and V4 (p<0.10) had lower CO boost (7.3 vs. 4.1 ppm; p<0.05). Over all conditions, nicotine plasma levels averaged 18.0±2.4 ng/ml before smoking (for both FM and PMM) and 34.0±5.3 ng/mL after smoking; there were no significant differences in the plasma nicotine boost (average 17.7 and 15.4ng/ml after FM and PMM smoking, respectively). Although there were differences between individual subjects’ filter butt levels of deposited solanesol the within-subject levels were remarkably similar. Puff topography measures did not vary across visits or cigarette type. Conclusions: Although interpretation of study results must be conservative because of the small sample size, this study demonstrates that experimentally-induced transition from FM to PMM smoking is feasible for laboratory study and the subsequent toxicant exposure is comparable for FM and PMM cigarettes.
Ribosomal Binding Site of Release Factors RF1 and RF2 A NEW TRANSLATIONAL TERMINATION ASSAY IN VITRO

We have established a new in vitro assay for translational termination. It consists of 70 S ribosomes bound to a synthetic RNA minimessenger via interaction with P-site binding fMet-tRNAfMet. If the A-site codon is a stop signal, release activity can be measured by quantifying hydrolyzed formylmethionine. Characteristics of this assay in terms of reaction time, ion concentration, release factor RF1 and RF2 concentration, and competition with A-site-decoding tRNA are discussed. The new assay shows that polypeptide chain release activity is directly dependent on the presence of a stop codon in the ribosomal A-site.
Insulin Release from Isolated Human Fetal Pancreatic Islets

Pancreases were obtained from five human fetuses 12 to 16 weeks old. The islets of Langerhans were isolated with collagenase, and then incubated with buffer, glucose, tolbutamide, or glucagon added to the medium. The insulin released into the medium was measured by immunoassay. Glucagon produced the only significant increase above base line; glucose and tolbutamide failed to enhance secretion of insulin. The data suggest that isolated human fetal islets of this gestational age develop responsiveness to glucagon earlier than to glucose or tolbutamide.
Identification and Classification of Problems Associated With Evaluating Social Marketing Efforts

The social, cultural, and economic climate of the 1980's present real pressure on social program administrators to evaluate their marketing efforts. Evaluation of social programs presents an array of problems or obstacles about which the social marketer must be aware. This paper identifies and categorizes these problems within a meaningful framework. The typology presented classifies social marketing program evaluation problems as being conceptual, macro- and micropolitical, and methodological. An understanding of the nature of these problems should assist the social marketer in overcoming their effects.
Job sample vs. paper-and-pencil trades and technical tests: Adverse impact and examinee attitudes.

The adverse impact of a content-valid job sample test of metal trades skills was compared to that of a well-constructed content-valid written achievement test for the same technical area. The adverse impact of the former was considerably less. In addition, both minority and majority examinees saw the job sample tests as significantly fairer, clearer, and more appropriate in difficulty level. These differences were not only statistically significant but also quite large. These were no significant differences between minority and majority attitudes toward either test. In light of these results, it is suggested that industrial psychologists should explore more fully the potential of performance testing.
Inhibition by barium and glibenclamide of the net loss of 86Rb+ from rabbit myocardium during hypoxia

Study objective – The aim was to determine the effects of barium ions and glibenclamide on the hypoxia induced K+ efflux from rabbit myocardium. Design – Experiments were performed on the isolated interventricular septum of the rabbit perfused with a physiological solution through the septal artery. The stimulation rate was 90 beats·min−1 and the temperature 32°C. The flux of 86Rb+ was used as a surrogate of K+ fluxes. Experimental material – Septa were obtained from adult male New Zealand white rabbits. Measurements and main results – The uptake of MRb+ by the septum could be fitted to a single exponential curve with a rate constant of 0.024(SEM 0.001) min−1 (n =14). Washout experiments were performed in which septa were labelled with 86Rb+ and then perfused with unlabelled solution for 60 min. The rate constants for the efflux of 86Rb+ were similar and were 0.022(0.001) min−1 (n = 13) for radioactivity in the tissue and 0.029(0.001) min−1 (n = 13) for radioactivity in the effluent. These rate constants were similar to those reported previously for 42K+. Septa were labelled for 150 to 180 min with 86Rb+ and then perfused with a hypoxic substrate free solution for 15 min followed by reoxygenation. The net loss of 86Rb+ was calculated to be equivalent to 4.00(0.20) mmol·kg−1 wet tissue of K+ (n = 8) and in washout experiments (n = 6) this loss was shown to be due to increased efflux. Ba2+, 0.1 mM and 1.0 mM, added at the onset of hypoxia decreased net tissue loss of MRb+ by 64(6)% (n = 5) and 97(1)% (n = 6) respectively (both p<0.01). Glibenclamide (0.1 mM) decreased tissue net loss by 52(3)% (n = 6, p<0.01). Conclusions – Part of hypoxia induced net K+ loss in this preparation can be attributed to activation of ATP sensitive K+ channels but other mechanisms are also involved.
Unplanned Extubation: Predictors of Successful Termination of Mechanical Ventilatory Support

Background Unplanned extubation (self-extubation or accidental extubation) occurs commonly in mechanically ventilated patients, and many patients do not receive mechanical ventilation indefinitely. Unfortunately, weaning parameters are often unavailable in the setting of unplanned extubation, and it would be useful to define pre-extubation respiratory and ventilatory parameters that predict which patients require reintubation. Methods The medical records of all patients who experienced unplanned extubation for the 2-year period of July 1989 to July 1991 were reviewed. Pre-extubation values of respiratory rate, tidal volume (VT), fraction of inspired oxygen (FIo 2 ), PEEP, ventilatory mode, and ventilator-delivered minute volume (VV E , ventilator rate multiplied by set VT) were recorded. In addition, the following data were obtained: age, gender, respiratory failure diagnosis, duration of intubation, amount, and type of sedative agents in the 24 h before extubation. Comparisons of these values among patients who ultimately required reintubation and those who were not reintubated were made using the Mann-Whitney U two-sample test. Results During this period, there were 23 unplanned extubations involving 22 patients. Reintubation was required for 18 episodes of unplanned extubation, but was not required for 5 episodes. There were no significant differences between the two groups for any of the parameters except VV E and FIo 2 . The mean pre-extubation FIo 2 of the reintubated group (0.49) was significantly higher than that of the patients who were not reintubated (0.35) (p=0.021); all of the patients who remained extubated were receiving an FIo 2 ≤0.40. The VVE was also higher in the reintubated group (9.73 L/min) than in the patients who were not reintubated (1.40 L/min); all patients who remained extubated were receiving ≤7.0 L/min of ventilator-delivered minute ventilation. Conclusions Reintubation after unplanned extubation should not be considered mandatory. Patients who require reintubation have significantly higher preextu-bation FIo 2 and ventilatory requirements than patients who remain extubated.
The genetic incorporation of thirteen novel non-canonical amino acids

Thirteen novel non-canonical amino acids were synthesized and tested for suppression of an amber codon using a mutant pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase–tRNAPylCUA pair. Suppression was observed with varied efficiencies. One non-canonical amino acid in particular contains an azide that can be applied for site-selective protein labeling.
Greater incidence of hospitalized myocardial infarction among Mexican Americans than non-Hispanic whites: The Corpus Christi Heart Project, 1988- 1992

Background Since Mexican Americans have adverse patterns of risk factors for myocardial infarction relative to non-Hispanic whites, the incidence of myocardial infarction should be greater among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites. This expectation conflicts with reports generated from death certificate registries. Methods and Results Data regarding myocardial infarction attacks and incident events were collected for a 4-year period in the Corpus Christi Heart Project, a population-based surveillance project for hospitalized coronary heart disease events. For both women and men, Mexican Americans experienced greater hospitalization rates for both attacks and incident events than non-Hispanic whites. Age-adjusted attack rate ratios comparing Mexican Americans with non-Hispanic whites were 1.59 (95% CI, 1.05 to 2.41) and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.18 to 1.45) among women and men, respectively. Corresponding incidence ratios were 1.52 (95% CI, 1.28 to 1.80) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.42). Conclusions This...
Stochastic analysis on extended sample space and a tightness results

Approximate Markov process defined on the extended sample space plays an important role in the theory of Dirichlet Space. In this paper, stochastic analysis is studied on the extended sample space including the Stratonovitch integral, Ito's formula, etc. and a tightness and continuity results about excursion laws of the processes associated to a sequence of Dirichlet spaces is obtained by following an idea of Lyons and Zheng. These results are applied back to the standard sample space, which improve a few results about the additive functionals and also enable us to obtain the Lyons and Zheng's tightness and continuity results in the situation where the processes may blow up and have killings. Connections between the Stratonovitch integrals on the extended sample space and that defined by Nakao with respect to a function in the Dirichlet space is made.
Possible melatonin involvement in the hypotensive effect of MAO inhibitors

Effect of selective inhibitors of MAO-A and B isoenzymes on pineal melatonin (and related indoles), arterial blood pressure and brain MAO-A and B activities has been evaluated in intact, pinealectomized and shamoperated rats.
Comments on Guyer

Guyer argues for four major theses. First, in his early, pre‐critical discussions of morality, Kant advocated a version of rational egoism, in which freedom, understood naturalistically as a freedom from domination by both one's own inclinations and from other people, rather than happiness, is the fundamental value. From this point of view, the function of the moral law is to prescribe rules best suited to the preservation and maximization of such freedom, just as on the traditional eudaemonistic account it is to prescribe rules for the maximization of happiness. Second, in the Groundwork, Kant abandoned this naturalistic approach and while retaining the same substantive thesis as his early moral philosophy, “namely that freedom is the value that is realized by adherence to the moral law” (Guyer 455), attempted to provide a non‐naturalistic (transcendental) grounding for this valuation of freedom. Third, this took the form of a transcendental deduction, closely modeled on that of the first Critique, which...
MOTIVATING FACTORS GUIDING THE COMMON‐STOCK INVESTOR

WRY DO INVESTORS elect to buy common stock? This question is generally answered in terms of assumptions, conjectures, and logic rather than with facts derived from empirical research. However, this study focused on the southeastern United States in 1966 uncovers ten factors that influence common-stock investors. This dissertation investigates empirically the motivations of common-stock investors by isolating factors in two different populations at the same period of time and determining the relative strengths of these factors in the two sample populations. A group of 515 common-stock investors in Missouri and bordering areas of adjacent states comprised one group surveyed. The second "professional" group consisted of 172 investors associated professionally with stock-brokerage houses in St. Louis, Missouri. Factor analysis of the data collected reveals six distinct factors within the first group and five distinct factors within the professional group. Identification of these factors is facilitated by a stepwise-regression analysis of demographic variables with each factor. Factors in the first group in order of their relative strength are:
Kilohertz ultrafast electrochemical supercapacitors based on perpendicularly-oriented graphene grown inside of nickel foam

Abstract Ultrafast electrochemical supercapacitors (EC) that can work at or above kilohertz (kHz) frequency, 3–4 orders higher than traditional EC, call for a structure with extremely low equivalent serial resistance (ESR) and a reasonably large surface area. Three-dimensional perpendicularly-oriented graphene (POG) network, grown inside of Ni foam (NF) by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition, is reported as electrode to fabricate such ultrafast EC. The folded POG inside NF provides a large surface area, while the straight-forward and wide-open porous structure of POG ensures fast ion migration. In conjunction with the intrinsic high electronic conductivity of graphene and Ni, POG/NF electrode based ultrafast EC was demonstrated with a specific cell capacitance of 0.32 mF/cm 2 at 1 kHz, a relaxation time constant of 0.248 ms, and an ESR of 70 mΩ. A charge–discharge rate as high as 500 V/s was also measured, at which the cyclic voltammogram maintained a rectangular shape, corresponding to a single electrode capacitance of 0.83 mF/cm 2 .
Photosensitive GFP mutants containing an azobenzene unnatural amino acid

The incorporation of unnatural amino acids represents a unique mechanism for the modulation of protein function. This approach has been utilized to generate photoswitchable GFP mutants, capable of demonstrating modulated fluorescence upon exposure to UV irradiation. Overall these photosensitive GFP mutants can be employed in various biosensing and diagnostic techniques to better understand protein function and processing.
A Construct Validation of Faculty Orientations toward Grading: Comparative Data From Three Institutions.

This investigation added to the construct validation of four faculty attitudes about grading. Three of these attitudes followed Thorndike's (1969) theory of grading and represented separate orientations toward grading: the criterion-referenced, the norm-referenced, and the self-referenced attitudes. The fourth attitude was concerned with an overall evaluation of the usefulness and value of grading (positive vs. negative). Faculty members from three dissimilar institutions of higher education were compared with respect to these four attitudes. One institution was a large, state university; another was a small, private, four-year college; and the last was an urban community college which has a large proportion of minority students. Approximately 50% of the undergraduate instructors from each of the institutions completed the surveys. The results followed anticipated patterns. University faculty were more norm-referenced than the other two faculties. The community college faculty strongly espoused the self-r...
Neurogenetics: insights into degenerative diseases and approaches to schizophrenia

Abstract The etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders has been greatly advanced by the discovery of mutations that cause Mendelian forms of these disorders. For instance, the CAG repeat expansion diseases have provided the opportunity to clarify the genotype-phenotype relationship in an entire group of disorders. Understanding of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis has been greatly advanced by the appreciation that APP or presenilin mutations, duplication of APP in trisomy 21, and the ApoE4 allele may all function to increase accumulation of the toxic A-beta peptide. Similarly, interactions among the protein products of the genes implicated in rare Mendelian forms of Parkinson's disease suggest pathogenic pathways of potential relevance to the common sporadic forms of PD. Most cases of schizophrenia appear to arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, each making a small contribution to the phenotype, but identifying these factors has proven difficult. However, as in AD and PD, rare pedigrees exist in which major mental illness appears to be inherited in a Mendelian fashion, including two pedigrees in which schizophrenia or affective disorder is associated with mutations in DISC1 . Determining the cellular localization, protein partners, and function of the normal and mutated DISC1 protein may provide important insights into the more common forms of major mental illness. Thus the same approaches that have been successful for understanding neurodegenerative diseases may help elucidate the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
Effect of glutamate and its analogs on diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol lipase activities of neuron-enriched cultures

Neuron-enriched cultures from fetal mouse spinal cord contain diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol lipases. The treatment of neuron-enriched cultures with glutamate or NMDA resulted in a dose- and time-dependent stimulation in diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol lipase activities. The elevation in the activities of lipases was blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonists, dextrorphan and MK-801, suggesting that lipase stimulation is a receptor-mediated process. The treatment of neuron-enriched cultures with kainate had no effect on diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol lipase activities. The stimulation of diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol lipase activities by glutamate and NMDA suggests that these enzymes may play an important role in processes mediated by the NMDA type of the glutamate receptors.
Association between adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity in the US population

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder that affects approximately 2.9-4.7% of US adults. Studies have revealed high rates of ADHD (26-61%) in patients seeking weight loss treatment suggesting an association between ADHD and obesity. The objective of the present study was to test the association between ADHD and overweight and obesity in the US population. Cross-sectional data from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys were used. Participants were 6,735 US residents (63.9% white; 51.6% female) aged 18-44 years. A retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD and a self-report assessment of adult ADHD were administered. Diagnosis was defined by three categories: never met diagnostic criteria, met full childhood criteria with no current symptoms, and met full childhood criteria with current symptoms. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 33.9 and 29.4%, respectively, among adults with ADHD, and 28.8 and 21.6%, respectively, among persons with no history of ADHD. Adult ADHD was associated with greater likelihood of overweight, (odds ratio (OR) = 1.58; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05, 2.38) and obesity (OR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.14, 2.64). Results were similar when adjusting for demographic characteristics and depression. Mediation analyses suggest that binge eating disorder (BED), but not depression, partially mediates the associations between ADHD and both overweight and obesity. Results suggest that adult ADHD is associated with overweight and obesity.
Copper Tungstate (CuWO4)–Based Materials for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production

We report in this communication on the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performances of copper tungstate (CuWO4) material class. This study was performed on 2-micron thick samples fabricated using a low-cost co-sputtering deposition process, followed by an 8-hour long annealing at 500°C in argon. Microstructural analysis pointed out that the post-deposition treatment was critical to achieve photocatalytic activity. Subsequent characterizations revealed that polycrystalline CuWO4 photoanodes owned promising characteristics for solar-assisted water splitting, i.e (i) an optical band-gap of 2.2 eV, (ii) a flat-band potential of -0.35 V vs. SCE and (iii) conduction and valence band-edges that straddle water splitting redox potentials. CuWO4 photoanodes generated 400 μA.cm-2 at 1.6V vs. SCE under simulated AM1.5G illumination in 0.33M H3PO4 with virtually no dark current up to this potential. Impedance analysis pointed out that large charge transfer resistances (2,500 Ω.cm2) could be the main weakness of this material class. Current research activity is focused on solving this issue to achieve higher PEC performances.
Aristotle on the Motive of Courage

L'A. expose le probleme souleve par Pears en ce qui concerne la conception aristotelicienne du courage, et qui est la conciliation de quatre motivations distinctes pour etre courageux: la noblesse de l'action, le desir de victoire, le bonheur comme fin de la vie vertueuse et l'activite courageuse visee pour elle-meme. L'A. elabore une theorie de leur compatibilite dont l'explication manque dans l'«Ethique a Nicomaque»
Tardigrada from southern Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China

Abstract Habitat samples were collected near Menglun (21°55″N, 101°14″E) in the tropical Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve. Species recovered includeEchiniscus scabrospinosus, E. limai, Isohypsibius vietnamensis, Itaquascon ramazzottii, Macrobiotus harmsworthi, M. occidentalis, M. richtersi, andMilnesium tardigradum. This is the first record forE. scabrospinosus, E. limai, andI. vietnamensissince their original descriptions. These species plusM. richtersiandI. ramazzottiiare new records for China. This is the first report of Tardigrada from Yunnan Province.
Adrenergic and non-adrenergic control of active skeletal muscle blood flow: Implications for blood pressure regulation during exercise

Blood flow to active skeletal muscle increases markedly during dynamic exercise. However, despite the massive capacity of skeletal muscle vasculature to dilate, arterial blood pressure is well maintained. Sympathetic nerve activity is elevated with increased intensity of dynamic exercise, and is essential for redistribution of cardiac output to active skeletal muscle and maintenance of arterial blood pressure. In addition, aside from the sympathetic nervous system, evidence from human studies is now emerging that supports roles for non-adrenergic vasoconstrictor pathways that become active during exercise and contribute to vasoconstriction in active skeletal muscle. Neuropeptide Y and adenosine triphosphate are neurotransmitters that are co-released with norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals capable of producing vasoconstriction. Likewise, plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin, angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) increase during dynamic exercise, particularly at higher intensities. Ang II and ET-1 have both been shown to be important vasoconstrictor pathways for restraint of blood flow in active skeletal muscle and the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during exercise. Indeed, although both adrenergic and non-adrenergic vasoconstriction can be attenuated in exercising muscle with greater intensity of exercise, with the higher volume of blood flow, the active skeletal muscle vasculature remains capable of contributing importantly to the maintenance of blood pressure. In this brief review we provide an update on skeletal muscle blood flow regulation during exercise with an emphasis on adrenergic and non-adrenergic vasoconstrictor pathways and their potential capacity to offset vasodilation and aid in the regulation of blood pressure.
The asymptotic distribution of the fixed effects estimator for nonlinear regression

Abstract For panel data sets, the fixed effects estimator available for the linear regression model is generalized to the nonlinear regression case. The asymptotic distribution of the estimator and its computational procedure is given. The estimator is then illustrated by estimating fuel coefficient of cement using panel data on cement plants in the U.S.
Silver impregnation applied to striated muscle: The sarcoplasmic reticulum

The classical black reaction developed by Camillo Golgi is shown to impregnate the tubules and fenestrations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in striated muscle. This is a double impregnation of chromate and silver, which usually fills extracellular spaces. The method is difficult insofar as long incubation times are required, and location of the successfully “stained” SR in plastic-embedded tissue blocks is unpredictable. The light microscope is absolutely necessary to find the good regions which can then be cut from the blocks in 1-μm-thick sections and examined in the electron microscope. Stereo pairs give the best results since these resolve overlap problems common to thick sections. A variety of artifacts are illustrated which can help avoid erroneous interpretations. The Golgi-“stained” SR shows this elusive network with unsurpassed contrast and should benefit the morphological studies of muscle-membrane enthusiasts.
Mean squared error performance of speckle-imaging using the bispectrum in horizontal imaging applications

The problem of horizontal imaging through the atmospheric boundary layer is common in defense, surveillance and remote sensing applications. Like all earth-bound imaging systems the resolving capability of an imaging system is limited by atmospheric turbulence. Using speckle imaging techniques it is often possible to overcome these effects and recover images with resolution approaching the diffraction-limit. We examine the performance of a bispectrum-based speckle imaging technique when applied to imaging scenarios near the ground. Computer simulations were used to generate three sets of 70, turbulence degraded images with varied turbulence strength. Early results indicate the bispectrum to be a robust estimator for images corrupted by the anisoplanatic turbulence encountered when imaging horizontally. Bispectrum reconstructed image frames show an improvement of nearly 60% in Mean Squared Error (MSE) on average over the examined turbulence strengths. The improvement in MSE was found to increase as additional input frames used for image reconstruction though using a few as 10 input frames provided a 50% improvement in MSE on average over turbulence strengths.
Purification and Initial Characterization of Guinea Pig Testicular Acrosin

Guinea pig (GP) acrosin was purified following acid extraction of testicular acetone powder, pH precipitation of the soluble extract, gel filtration on Sephadex G-1 00, ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex, and affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A -Sepharose. Final purification was achieved by re-chromatography on Sephadex G-1 00. Enzymatic activity was detected by following the hydrolysis of N-benzyloxycarbonylarginyl amide of 7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin at 3 7#{176}C, pH 8.0, before and after activation. GP testicular acrosin exhibited a molecular weight of 48,000 by gel filtration and 34,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PA GE). Following SDS-PAGE in gels containing 0.1% gelatin, protease activity was observed to comigrate with the major protein detected by silver staining. The purified GP acrosin showed cross-reactivity with a monospecific polyclonal rabbit antiserum directed against boar sperm acrosin and exhibited reversible pH-dependent activation. The physicochemical characteristics of the purified protein, including the amino acid composition, resemble those reported for acrosins from other species.
Geometric Structures, Lobe Dynamics, and Lagrangian Transport in Flows with Aperiodic Time-Dependence, with Applications to Rossby Wave Flow

In this paper we develop the mathematical framework for studying transport in two-dimensional flows with aperiodic time dependence from the geometrical point of view of dynamical systems theory. We show how the notion of a hyperbolic fixed point, or periodic trajectory, and its stable and unstable manifolds generalize to the aperiodically time-dependent setting. We show how these stable and unstable manifolds act as mediators of transport, and we extend the technique of lobe dynamics to this context. We discuss Melnikov's method for two classes of systems having aperiodic time dependence. We develop a numerical method for computing the stable and unstable manifolds of hyperbolic trajectories in two-dimensional flows with aperiodic time dependence. The theory and the numerical techniques are applied to study the transport in a kinematic model of Rossby wave flow studied earlier by Pierrehumbert [1991a]. He considered flows with periodic time dependence, and we continue his study by considering flows having quasi-periodic, wave-packet, and purely aperiodic time dependencies. These numerical simulations exhibit a variety of new transport phenomena mediated by the stable and unstable manifolds of hyperbolic trajectories that are unique to the case of aperiodic time dependence.
The effects of stimulus type, training, and chronological age on children's identification and recoding of multidimensional stimuli

Abstract Kindergarten and second-grade children (75 and 99 months of age, respectively) were first taught that the two stimuli within each of four pairs of multidimentional stimuli differed with respect to their values on every one of three bivalued dimensions: color, size, and form. Each of the eight stimuli was then presented twice, one at a time, and the child was asked either to find its duplicate (eight encoding trials) or to find its complementary mate (eight recoding trials) among the complete set of eight stimuli. Next, each of the eight stimulus compounds was presented twice as a display stimulus for 5 sec and, after a delay of 10 to 15 sec, the child was asked to find the display stimulus (eight trials of encoding plus memory) or its complement (eight trials of recoding plus memory) among the complete set. The stimuli for half the children in each age group were standard unitary compounds (e.g., a large red circle, a small blue square, etc.) and for the other half they were partitioned stimuli with their dimensional values spatially separated (e.g., large arrow, circle outline, and patch of color). Half of the children in each of these subgroups were given a basic pretraining, and the other half received extended pretraining, in recoding the stimulus attributes. The results indicated that unitary stimuli were easier to encode but the partitioned stimuli were easier to recode, that recoding was much more difficult than encoding, that extended training improved recoding performance, and that second graders were slightly better at encoding and much better at recoding than the kindergarten children. The patterns of performance on the tasks involving memory were similar to those just described. The results were discussed in terms of children's abilities to analyze multidimensional stimuli into their dimensional components.
Edward Said and the Politics of Worldliness: toward a “Rendezvous of Victory”

This essay addresses both the nature of what it means to be a public intellectual and the politics such an understanding would entail by examining the work of the late Edward Said. Said embodied bo...
The formation of a covalent complex between a dipeptide ligand and the src SH2 domain

The X-ray crystal structure of the src SH2 domain revealed the presence of a thiol residue (Cys 188) located proximal to the phosphotyrosine portion of a dipeptide ligand. An aldehyde bearing ligand (1) was designed to position an electrophilic carbonyl group in the vicinity of the thiol. X-ray crystallographic and NMR examination of the complex formed between (1) and the src SH2 domain revealed a hemithioacetal formed by addition of the thiol to the aldehyde group with an additional stabilizing hydrogen bond between the acetal hydroxyl and a backbone carbonyl.
Thyroid follicular cell carcinogenesis: results from 343 2-year carcinogenicity studies conducted by the NCI/NTP.

The National Toxicology Program data base on 343 mouse and rat carcinogenesis studies was reviewed to determine the frequency of and relationship between hyperplastic and neoplastic follicular lesions of the thyroid gland. The frequency of chemically related lesions in the thyroid was also compared to neoplastic lesions in the liver to investigate a possible correlation. The percentage of studies observed to have positive or equivocal chemically related thyroid proliferative lesions was rats: male, 14%, female, 11%; mice; male, 8%, female, 9%. When positive in one sex for a given chemical, there was a 60–80% chance of it being positive in the other sex of the same species, although interspecies correlation was not as strong. Thyroid follicular cell neoplasia without hyperplasia was uncommon in mice but was common in rats. Chemicals that caused thyroid proliferative changes were more likely (P < 0.05) to produce liver neoplasms (both within and between species) than were chemicals causing no thyroid changes. However, this correlation was far from perfect, with many chemicals producing thyroid proliferative lesions, but not liver neoplasms and vice versa. This suggests that universal correlations are not supportable by the data and that individual chemicals should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
The financial implications of endovascular aneurysm repair in the cost containment era.

Objective Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is associated with significant direct device costs. Such costs place EVAR at odds with efforts to constrain healthcare expenditures. This study examines the procedure-associated costs and operating margins associated with EVAR at a tertiary care academic medical center. Methods All infrarenal EVARs performed from April 2011 to March 2012 were identified (n = 127). Among this cohort, 49 patients met standard commercial instruction for use guidelines, were treated using a single manufacturer device, and billed to Medicare diagnosis-related group (DRG) 238. Of these 49 patients, net technical operating margins (technical revenue minus technical cost) were calculated in conjunction with the hospital finance department. EVAR implant costs were determined for each procedure. DRG 238-associated costs and length of stay were benchmarked against other academic medical centers using University Health System Consortium 2012 data. Results Among the studied EVAR cohort (age 75, 82% male, mean length of stay, 1.7 days), mean technical costs totaled $31,672. Graft implants accounted for 52% of the allocated technical costs. Institutional overhead was 17% ($5495) of total technical costs. Net mean total technical EVAR-associated operating margins were −$4015 per procedure. Our institutional costs and length of stay, when benchmarked against comparable centers, remained in the lowest quartile nationally using University Health System Consortium costs for DRG 238. Stent graft price did not correlate with total EVAR market share. Conclusions EVAR is currently associated with significant negative operating margins among Medicare beneficiaries. Currently, device costs account for over 50% of EVAR-associated technical costs and did not impact EVAR market share, reflecting an unawareness of cost differential among surgeons. These data indicate that EVAR must undergo dramatic care delivery redesign for this practice to remain sustainable.
Blau's Theory of Differentiation: Is It Explanatory?

scientific generalizations to be only superficial. They can be better understood as descriptions of patterns. These patterns hold in virtue of the following of certain practices by organizational participants. Explanations of the instances covered by the generalizations which refer to these practices may be provided. These explanations require no supplementation. This suggests that the dependence is parasitic, insofar as explanation is concerned. Blau's explanations add nothing, nor are they fully independent alternatives. PETER BLAU HAS RECENTLY PRODUCED what he claims is a deductive theoretical explanation of structural differentiation in formal organizations. (Blau, 1970; Blau and Schoenherr, 1971). In this article, I will examine his metatheoreticaljustification for calling his construction an "explanation." The point that will be made here may be generalized to other attempts at sociological explanation. Thus, Blau's attempt is not being singled out for examination because it is exceptional as a sociological explanation. It has been selected as a consequence of Blau's explicit adoption of a model of explanation, the model of scientific explanation elaborated by such Logical Positivist philosophers of science as Hempel and Oppenheim (1948) and Richard Braithwaite (1953). Ordinarily, sociologists present their views in such a way that they cannot be held to identifiable standards of explanatory or logical adequacy. By making his standards explicit, Blau has created an opportunity for a detailed analysis of an important foundational difficulty in sociology in terms of a specific case. This in itself commands respect for Blau' s work. Leaving oneself open to criticism is, as Karl Popper so frequently reminds us, a core intellectual virtue in science. The conception of scientific explanation to which Blau appeals is of enormous importance for the sociology of organizations. One form or another of this conception has been explicitly embraced by various important organizational sociologists (e.g., Hage, 1972; Dubin, 1969; and Stinchcombe, 1968). More importantly, the various efforts at hypothesis formulating and testing that make up the literature on organizational structure require, in order to have any point, some ultimate theoretical telos. The positivists' conception formulates with some precision a certain sense of this telos, a vague conception of which is already implicit in much of the research literature. Blau's theory is based on a study of a set of employment security agencies. In this set of organizations, it was found that administrative overhead decreased with increasing size, and that this decrease occurred at a decreasing rate; that increasing size generated structural differentiation at decreasing rates; and that structural differentiation enlarged the administrative component. Claims that describe these Reprints of this article may be obtained by writing Stephen P. Turner, Department of Sociology,
Managing stimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

1. Esther H. Wender, MD* 1. 2. *Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY. Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the behavioral changes that should be monitored during the titration phase of stimulant medication therapy. 2. Explain how to determine the appropriate medication and dose for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 3. List the time periods for treatment with stimulant medication in most children. 4. Describe methods of decreasing the most troublesome adverse effects of a stimulant medication. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common significant behavioral problem confronting the pediatrician in primary care. The American Academy of Pediatrics recently published a Clinical Practice Guideline reviewing the Diagnosis and Evaluation of the Child with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (see Suggested Reading). The practitioner who evaluates and treats affected children should study this document. Although a multidisciplinary approach to assessment and treatment is optimal and multiple approaches to therapy are required, the pediatrician often is exclusively responsible for pharmacologic management. Research has shown that stimulant medication is the safest and most effective pharmacologic treatment for this disorder, but management of these medications is complex. Frequently, treatment failures are the result of improper treatment strategies rather than ineffective medication. In the past 20 years, hundreds of placebo-controlled studies have addressed the short-term effects of stimulant medication on the symptoms of ADHD and associated conditions. These studies, however, usually were of brief duration and did not compare pharmacologic with behavioral or psychiatric management. Recent large-scale, long-term studies have added considerably to our knowledge of optimal treatments. ### Explanatory Counseling Once the clinician has decided to recommend a trial of stimulant medication, an important, and often neglected, counseling session is required. The goals of this session are listed in Table 1⇓ and include: 1. Explaining to the responsible caregiver both the positive reasons for a medication trial and the potential negative complications. 2. Explaining to the child why he or she is being treated …