cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter Eighteen One-Dimensional Learning: The Dialectic of Sacred and Secular as the Enduring Possibility of the University

The beginnings of the university can be found long before the medieval era in which its rise is usually situated. Its gradual emergence can best be understood as having taken place in two successive moments of history, the first unique to ancient Greece, and a second in which this initial moment was itself recapitulated in similar ways within three different religious traditions: first in the Byzantine world, then in the Islamic, and finally in the Latin Middle Ages. The most critical threat to its continued flourishing, it will be argued, comes within a third moment, asymmetrical with the first two, that has been underway for several centuries.
Thermal transport in hollow metallic microlattices

While over the past decade architected cellular materials have been shown to possess unique mechanical properties, their thermal properties have received relatively little attention. Here, we investigate thermal transport in hollow nickel microlattices as a function of temperature and mechanical loading using infrared thermography. The effective thermal conductivity of hollow nickel microlattices with 99.9% porosity and 1 µm layer thickness is as low as 0.049 W m−1 K−1 at 320 K and increases to 0.075 W m−1 K−1 at 480 K, an increase we attribute to internal thermal radiation. By measuring the emissivity and using the Stephan-Boltzmann law, we estimate the contribution of thermal radiation in the effective thermal conductivity to range from 20% at 320 K to 49% at 480 K. The high porosity of microlattices strongly limits solid conduction and makes surface radiation very important in thermal transport. We further explore the impact of the strut surface condition by comparing hollow doped nickel microlattices with a smooth surface to those with a rough surface: the emissivity increases from 0.24 to 0.43, leading to increased thermal radiation contributions of 41% at 320 K to 58% at 480 K. Under mechanical loading, as the strain increases from 0% to 50%, decreasing the angle between the struts and the horizontal plane from 60° to 38°, the effective thermal conductivity decreases from 0.049 W m−1 K−1 to 0.016 W m−1 K−1. These findings indicate that architected cellular materials provide an excellent platform to control thermal properties independently on mechanical properties and to potentially develop thermal and thermomechanical metamaterials.While over the past decade architected cellular materials have been shown to possess unique mechanical properties, their thermal properties have received relatively little attention. Here, we investigate thermal transport in hollow nickel microlattices as a function of temperature and mechanical loading using infrared thermography. The effective thermal conductivity of hollow nickel microlattices with 99.9% porosity and 1 µm layer thickness is as low as 0.049 W m−1 K−1 at 320 K and increases to 0.075 W m−1 K−1 at 480 K, an increase we attribute to internal thermal radiation. By measuring the emissivity and using the Stephan-Boltzmann law, we estimate the contribution of thermal radiation in the effective thermal conductivity to range from 20% at 320 K to 49% at 480 K. The high porosity of microlattices strongly limits solid conduction and makes surface radiation very important in thermal transport. We further explore the impact of the strut surface condition by comparing hollow doped nickel microlattices ...
Does anxiety sensitivity predict addiction severity in opioid use disorder

Abstract Increased anxiety sensitivity (AS), or the fear of anxiety-related cognitive, social, and physical symptoms which are misinterpreted as having harmful implications, has shown a relationship with substance use disorders. People with substance use disorders also experience addiction-related problems across domains of life functioning. However, few studies have evaluated the relationship between elevated AS and addiction-related problems across specific life areas. We evaluated, first, whether AS predicted addiction-related problems in a sample of treatment-refractory outpatients with opioid use disorders and, second, whether sex moderated the relationship between AS and addiction-related problems in this sample. Participants with treatment-refractory opioid use disorders (n = 92, 53.3% male) completed baseline assessments of AS (the Anxiety Sensitivity Index) and addiction-related problems (the Addiction Severity Index). Baseline AS total score was a significant independent predictor of both baseline Addiction Severity Index medical status (β = 0.29, t = 2.84, p = .006) and psychiatric status (β = 0.30, t = 2.99, p = .004) composite scores but was not associated with social, employment or legal difficulties. These findings were maintained when controlling for drug use severity, though baseline AS total score became a significant predictor of baseline legal difficulties (β = −0.23, t = −2.25, p = .027). There was no moderating role of sex on the relationship between baseline AS and addiction-related problems. Our findings suggest that, regardless of sex, elevated AS predicts increased addiction-related medical and psychiatric problems, and decreased legal problems when accounting for drug use severity, in outpatients with opioid use disorders
Simulation-based Mastery Learning Improves Residents’ Identification and Management of Status Epilepticus (819)

Objective: To train post graduate year (PGY)-2 neurology residents to identify and manage status epilepticus (SE) using simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) and compare their skills to graduating traditionally-trained neurology residents (who did not participate in SBML). Background: SE is a medical emergency where timely management decreases morbidity and mortality. However, SE is often mismanaged due to delays in diagnosis and administration of inappropriate antiepileptic medications. Traditionally, neurology residents learn about SE through didactics and direct patient care. It is unknown if SBML results in superior SE identification and management skills compared to traditional training. Design/Methods: We developed an SBML curriculum to teach neurology residents SE identification and management. The curriculum consisted of a baseline simulation scenario pretest, deliberate practice with simulator, and a simulation scenario posttest. Testing sessions were scored using a dichotomous 26-item SE checklist developed for this curriculum. All residents were expected to meet or exceed a minimum passing score (MPS) at posttest. Those who did not meet the MPS participated in more deliberate practice and retested until they met this score. We trained PGY-2 neurology residents at our institution using the SE SBML curriculum. Subsequently, we tested the simulated SE skills of PGY-4 neurology residents (traditionally-trained) from 3 tertiary-care medical centers one month before graduation using the SE checklist. We compared PGY-2 posttest scores to PGY-4 test scores. Results: Sixteen PGY-2 residents participated in SE SBML and met the MPS at posttest. Sixteen PGY-4 residents were tested and none met the MPS. SBML-trained PGY-2 residents had significantly better SE management skills on the simulated posttest than graduating PGY-4 residents [mean checklist scores 93.5% (SD=4.4%) vs. 59.9% (SD=11.9%) items correct; p Conclusions: SBML improves recognition and management of SE compared to traditional neurology residency training alone. SBML ensures a high level of SE skills and may ensure residents are prepared for independent practice. Disclosure: Dr. Mikhaeil-Demo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Culler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Templer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bega has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Speaker: Teva Pharmaceuticals, Acorda Therapeutics, Neurocrine Biosciences, Adamas Pharmaceuticals Consulting: Biogen Pharmaceuticals, Amgen Pharmaceuticals, Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Genentech, Inc, GE Healthcare, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint, L.E.K. C. Dr. Bega has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Editor: Annals of Clinical & Translational Neurology. Dr. Salzman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bhatt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shafi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cohen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gerard has received research support from Sunovion Phramaceuticals.Dr. Barsuk has nothing to disclose.
Saturated free fatty acids induce placental trophoblast lipoapoptosis.

Introduction Obesity during pregnancy increases the risk for maternal complications like gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and maternal inflammation. Maternal obesity also increases the risk of childhood obesity, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and diabetes to the offspring. Increased circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) in obesity due to adipose tissue lipolysis induces lipoapoptosis to hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and pancreatic-β-cells. During the third trimester of human pregnancy, there is an increase in maternal lipolysis and release of FFAs into the circulation. It is currently unknown if increased FFAs during gestation as a result of maternal obesity cause placental cell lipoapoptosis. Increased exposure of FFAs during maternal obesity has been shown to result in placental lipotoxicity. The objective of the present study is to determine saturated FFA-induced trophoblast lipoapoptosis and also to test the protective role of monounsaturated fatty acids against FFA-induced trophoblast lipoapoptosis using in vitro cell culture model. Here, we hypothesize that saturated FFAs induce placental trophoblast lipoapoptosis, which was prevented by monounsaturated fatty acids. Methods Biochemical and structural markers of apoptosis by characteristic nuclear morphological changes with DAPI staining, and caspase 3/7 activity was assessed. Cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 were examined by western blot analysis. Results Treatment of trophoblast cell lines, JEG-3 and JAR cells with palmitate (PA) or stearate (SA) induces trophoblast lipoapoptosis as evidenced by a significant increase in apoptotic nuclear morphological changes and caspase 3/7 activity. We observed that saturated FFAs caused a concentration-dependent increase in placental trophoblast lipoapoptosis. We also observed that monounsaturated fatty acids like palmitoleate and oleate mitigates placental trophoblast lipoapoptosis caused due to PA exposure. Conclusion We show that saturated FFAs induce trophoblast lipoapoptosis. Co-treatment of monounsaturated fatty acids like palmitoleate and oleate protects against FFA-induced trophoblast lipoapoptosis.
Treatment and Monitoring Variability in US Metastatic Breast Cancer Care.

PURPOSETreatment and monitoring options for patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) are increasing, but little is known about variability in care. We sought to improve understanding of MBC car...
Lung Cancer Strategist Program: A novel care delivery model to improve timeliness of diagnosis and treatment in high-risk patients.

INTRODUCTION The diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer is challenged by complex diagnostic pathways and fragmented care that can lead to care disparities for vulnerable patients. METHODS A multi-institutional, multidisciplinary conference was convened to address the complexity of lung cancer care particularly in patients at high-risk for treatment delay. The resulting care delivery model, called the Lung Cancer Strategist Program (LCSP), was led by a thoracic-trained advanced practice provider (APP) with emphasis on expedited surgery and early oncologic consultation in the assessment of a newly diagnosed suspicious lung nodule. We performed a retrospective review to evaluate care efficiency and oncologic outcomes in the first 100 LCSP patients compared to 100 concurrent patients managed via routine surgical referral. RESULTS In the 78 LCSP and 41 routine referral patients managed via nodule surveillance, LCSP patients had a shorter time from suspicious finding to work-up (3 vs. 26 days, p < 0.001) and to surveillance decision (12.5 vs. 39 days, p < 0.001). In the 22 LCSP and 59 routine referral patients treated for intrathoracic malignancy, LCSP patients had fewer hospital visits (4 vs 6, p < 0.001), clinicians seen (1.5 vs. 2, p = 0.08), and diagnostic studies (4 vs 5, p = 0.01) with a shorter time to diagnosis (30.5 vs. 48 days, p = 0.02) and treatment (40.5 vs. 68.5 days, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Patient triage through a thoracic-trained APP in consultation with surgical, medical, and radiation oncology facilitates rapid assessment of benign versus malignant lesions with reduced time to diagnosis and treatment, even among patients at high-risk for treatment delay.
Diazaborines Resist H2O2-Mediated Oxidation But React Rapidly with Peroxynitrite in Aqueous Buffer

Arylboronic acids oxidize with H2O2 and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) to yield their corresponding phenols. However, simple arylboronic acids struggle to discriminate between these two biological reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we show that diazaborines (DABs) react slowly with H2O2 but rapidly with peroxynitrite in aqueous buffer. Moreover, oxidation of DABs with H2O2 and ONOO- first yields a long-lived intermediate that ultimately converts to the phenol. Taken together, our work shows that diazaborines exhibit enhanced kinetic discrimination between H2O2 and ONOO-, opening up new opportunities for diazaborine-based tools in chemical biology.
Progress in the Vibrational Spectroscopy of Complex Systems

In the last decade, there has been a revolution in the practice of vibrational spectroscopy. This has come about in the practice of both infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The Raman revolution, began with the introduction of continuous gas lasers, improvements in photomultipliers and double monochromators, has continued with the introduction of holographic gratings and the coupling of instrumentation to minicomputers. The infrared revolution is tied to the minicomputer as well, particularly for the practice of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Human Caliciviruses: Basic Virology and Epidemiology

Historical Background General Characterization of NLVs and Sapporo-Like Viruses (SLVs) Genomic Organization Taxonomy of Human and other Caliciviridae Methods of Detection Clinical Symptoms and Diagnosis Pathogenesis Immunity Control and Prevention Epidemiology Keywords: caliciviruses; enteric viruses; norwalk-like viruses (NLVs); viruses
Learning to visually predict terrain properties for planetary rovers

For future planetary exploration missions, improvements in autonomous rover mobility have the potential to increase scientific data return by providing safe access to geologically interesting sites that lie in rugged terrain, far from landing areas. This thesis presents an algorithmic framework designed to improve rover-based terrain sensing, a critical component of any autonomous mobility system operating in rough terrain. Specifically, this thesis addresses the problem of predicting the mechanical properties of distant terrain. A self-supervised learning framework is proposed that enables a robotic system to learn predictions of mechanical properties of distant terrain, based on measurements of mechanical properties of similar terrain that has been previously traversed. The proposed framework relies on three distinct algorithms. A mechanical terrain characterization algorithm is proposed that computes upper and lower bounds on the net traction force available at a patch of terrain, via a constrained optimization framework. Both model-based and sensor-based constraints are employed. A terrain classification method is proposed that exploits features from proprioceptive sensor data, and employs either a supervised support vector machine (SVM) or unsupervised k-means classifier to assign class labels to terrain patches that the rover has traversed. A second terrain classification method is proposed that exploits features from exteroceptive sensor data (e.g. color and texture), and is automatically trained in a self-supervised manner, based on the outputs of the proprioceptive terrain classifier. The algorithm includes a method for distinguishing novel terrain from previously observed terrain. The outputs of these three algorithms are merged to yield a map of the surrounding terrain that is annotated with the expected achievable net traction force. Such a map would be useful for path planning purposes. The algorithms proposed in this thesis have been experimentally validated in an outdoor, Mars-analog environment. The proprioceptive terrain classifier demonstrated 92% accuracy in labeling three distinct terrain classes. The exteroceptive terrain classifier that relies on self-supervised training was shown to be approximately as accurate as a similar, human-supervised classifier, with both achieving 94% correct classification rates on identical data sets. The algorithm for detection of novel terrain demonstrated 89% accuracy in detecting novel terrain in this same environment. In laboratory tests, the mechanical terrain characterization algorithm predicted the lower bound of the net available traction force with an average margin of 21% of the wheel load. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Sulfheme Proteins III. CARBOXYSULFMYOGLOBIN: THE RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRON WITHDRAWAL FROM IRON AND LIGAND BINDING

Abstract The optical spectrum of carboxysulfmyoglobin (sulf-MbCO), which is prepared in 90% purity, has been studied both at 4° and near liquid nitrogen temperature. An assignment of the spectral transitions further supports the conclusion that the prosthetic group of sulfmyoglobin is an iron chlorin. Sulfmyoglobin has been found to exhibit a rectangular hyperbolic CO binding curve with a p½ of 9 to 10 mm Hg at 4° and pH 8. This represents an affinity at least 1500-fold lower than that of myoglobin under the same conditions. The infrared C—O stretching frequency of CO bound to the iron of ferrous sulfmyoglobin has been found to be 1953.5 ± 0.5 cm-1, about 10 cm-1 higher than that of CO bound to myoglobin. A linear relationship has been found which correlates the logarithms of the O2 and CO affinity constants with the carbonyl stretching frequency, which is taken here as a measure of the electron density at the iron. It is suggested that most of the decrease in O2 and CO affinity of sulfmyoglobin, as compared to myoglobin, can be attributed to the lowering of electron-density at the iron of the prosthetic group. Finally, a photochemical method is described for the conversion of carboxysulfmyoglobin back to carboxymyoglobin.
Radiotherapy-Associated Neutropenia and Thrombocytopenia: Analysis of Risk Factors and Development of a Predictive Model

Risk factors for unscheduled interruptions in radiotherapy courses completed between June 1989 and August 1995, lasting > or = 2 days, and associated with World Health Organization grade III-IV neutropenia or thrombocytopenia were studied retrospectively. A group of controls was randomly selected. Potential risk factors for myelosuppression were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. The most important risk factors for treatment interruption with thrombocytopenia were concurrent chemotherapy (odds ratio [OR], 45.5; P < .001), increasing percentage of marrow irradiated (OR, 4.1 for each 20%; P < .001), and brain metastases (OR, 7.3; P = .01). Other significant (P < .05) factors were leukemia/lymphoma, bone or bone marrow metastases, and prior chemotherapy. The most important risk factors for treatment interruptions with neutropenia were concurrent chemotherapy (OR, 42.1; P < .001) and increasing percentage of marrow irradiated (OR, 3.3 for each 20%; P < .001). Similarly, the most important risk factors for treatment interruptions with both thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were concurrent chemotherapy (OR, 48.6; P < .001) and increasing percentage of marrow irradiated (OR, 3.9 for each 20%; P < .001). Other significant (P < .05) factors in these groups were bone marrow or brain metastases and previous chemotherapy. These data were used to create a model, assigning patients to groups at high, intermediate, or low risk for treatment interruption with thrombocytopenia. High-risk patients may be candidates for clinical trials of a platelet growth factor.
On "Setting events" and related concepts.

The term “setting event” is examined in light of recent interest in the possible utility of the concept. The term was found to characteristically include properties of environmental variables, functional relations already defined, and other functional relations either unspecified or not identified with any generally-accepted term. “Setting event” as a technical term may be too general and functionally unclear and should thus be viewed with caution. An alternative approach is examined in the recently-proposed term, “establishing operation,” which is viewed as a more limited, functionally specific, and therefore preferable approach to the adoption of new technical terms.
Subdural hygroma versus atrophy on MR brain scans: "the cortical vein sign".

PURPOSE To determine if the position of the superficial cerebral cortical veins can be used to distinguish subdural hygroma from atrophy on MR brain scans. METHODS Retrospective review of MR scans obtained in cases of extracerebral fluid collections, separating these into two groups, ie, subdural hygroma or atrophy. FINDINGS All cases of atrophy in this study showed cortical veins and their branches traversing widened cerebrospinal fluid spaces over the cerebral convexities. None of the subdural hygroma patients showed this finding. Cortical veins in hygroma patients were seen only at the margin of the displaced cortex, and did not traverse the fluid collections over the cerebral convexities. CONCLUSIONS The authors call the visualization of cortical veins and their branches within fluid collections at the cerebral convexities "the cortical vein sign." They believe this sign to be prima facie evidence of atrophy; its presence rules out the diagnosis of subdural hygroma in the region of interest.
A Bridge to Control

The cell can change the oxidation state of proteins in order to turn them on and off. Demple outlines the molecular mechanism by which this occurs in several transcription factors (one of which, OxyR, is described on p. 1718 of this issue). Demple predicts that the examples of this process described in current literature are the first of many, and that redox regulation is a widely used regulatory feature of the cell.
The effect of acridines on the synthesis of RNA in isolated nuclei and intact HeLa cells.

Eine Reihe von Acridinen wurde auf ihre Hemmung der RNS-Synthese intakter Zellen und isolierter Kerne untersucht. In Kernen wurden ahnliche Hemmungsverhaltnisse gefunden wie in Bakterien, wahrend in intakten Zellen die Reihenfolge der Starke der Hemmwirkungen sehr verschieden ist.
The use of U.S. government publications as bibliographic references in doctoral dissertations

Abstract Through a citation analysis of dissertations at Mississippi State University from 2000–2004, the author examines doctoral students' use of federal government publications as bibliographic references in light of the ongoing migration of these sources to the Internet. The study indicates an increase in the use of federal government documents in Web formats but an overall decrease in the use of these materials as a whole.
Dermatology in southwestern Ethiopia: rationale for a community approach

Background Skin diseases represent one of the most frequent causes of morbidity in developing countries; however, little is known about the dermatologic needs of the population. The prevalence of skin disease in two different rural communities in southwestern Ethiopia was determined using descriptive epidemiologic techniques. Methods A household survey, designed to ascertain demographic information and dermatologic needs, was given to all households in both communities (827). The point prevalence of skin diseases was determined after examination by dermatologists of 768 self-selected individuals (40% of individuals were invited to attend dermatologic examination, either those self-reporting skin disease or identified as positive cases during the household survey); an individual survey form was given to all of these patients. Results Although 47% (S/UO) and 59% (Kishe) of the households in the two communities reported skin symptoms, the true dermatologic needs of these settlements were far greater than the expressed values, as examination by dermatologists of randomly selected households revealed that 67% of householders not reporting dermatoses had significant skin disease. During the point prevalence study, the commonest complaints were parasitic (scabies, pediculosis, and onchocerciasis) infestations (46% of diagnoses), followed by bacterial and fungal infections (33%); other conditions included endemic nonfilarial elephantiasis. Overcrowding was the main risk factor for infection. Thirty-two per cent (S/UO) and 39% (Kishe) of examined individuals had received previous treatments, which were ineffective in 74% and 63% respectively. Conclusions Subsistence farmers spend a high proportion of their limited cash income on ineffective treatment. Simple schemes of management for the most common dermatoses, which local health workers could be trained to recognize and manage, could do much to redress the burden of skin disease in this population.
The preparation of dimethyl(7‐2H3 2‐oxoheptyl) phosphonate

Dimethyl (7-2H3 2-oxoheptyl) phosphonate 4 has been prepared from 2H3 methyl iodide. The phosphonate should be a useful reagent for the synthesis of deuterium labelled prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
In the land of the blind the one-eyed are king: how financial economics contributed to the collapse of 2008-2009

The purpose of this article is to discuss why finance went from being a useful, albeit not all knowing, discipline to a state where its pronouncements presently not only are not useful but can be absolutely harmful. Before the 1950s, research in finance was essentially taxonomic and descriptive. It was assumed that finance as an area of study was supposed to describe practical phenomena (stocks, bonds, credit arrangements, etc.). By the 1950s, however, constructs of questionable value replaced the practical wisdom that had developed earlier, and these constructs put blinders on the discipline. The root cause was the reaction to the Gordon and Howell Report and the Pearson Report on business school education, which concluded that finance and business subjects generally were "backwater" areas of study with little intellectual content. The result was a major change in business school curricula and research methodology. In finance, the consequence has been the development of a facade that has fooled practitio...
The impact of the banking system on regional analyses

Moore C. L., Karaska G. J. and Hill J. M. (1985) The impact of the banking system on regional analyses, Reg. Studies 19, 29–35. This paper examines the role of the banking system and financial markets on the expansion and contraction of the regional economy. It is particularly focused on the multiplier process and how the fractional reserve process used by banks to control the supply of loanable funds affects the final disposition of regional income under various circumstances. Both the reserve and monetary base multipliers are presented within a regional contest and a regional income multiplier is derived which includes the banking sector.
In Vivo 31P and 1H NMR studies of rat brain tumor pH and blood flow during acute hyperglycemia: Differential effects between subcutaneous and intracerebral locations

Surface coil NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the hyperglycemia-induced alterations in pH and blood flow in vivo in C6 gliomas implanted both subcutaneously and intracerebrally in rats. Tumor pH was calculated from the chemical shift difference between PCr and Pi in the {sup 31}P NMR spectra. Subcutaneous glioma pH decreased 0.8 units by 1 h after intraperitoneal administration of an aqueous 50% glucose solution (6 g glucose per kg body weight). In contrast, hyperglycemia failed to significantly alter the pH of intracerebral gliomas which were monitored for 90 min following administration of glucose. Tumor blood flow (TBF) was determined both pre- and post-glucose administration using deuterium NMR by monitoring the time course of D2O washout following intratumoral injection of saline D2O. Subcutaneous and intracerebral TBF were found to have an average change of -78.1% (range -47.4 to -93.3%, n = 5) and -21.1% (range +6.0 to -37.8%, n = 9), respectively. In addition, laser Doppler blood flow measurements of rat skin and subcutaneous glioma revealed a dramatic reduction in blood flow in both tissues following glucose administration. These results indicate that the effects of acute hyperglycemia are site dependent and that hyperglycemia alone is not beneficial for inducing intracellularmore » acidosis in intracerebral tumors.« less
Structure, stability and photocatalytic H2 production by Cr-, Mn-, Fe-, Co-, and Ni-substituted decaniobate clusters

Here we report synthesis and characterization of early transition-metal(TM)-substituted decaniobates as a continuation of our previous report of tetramethylammonium (TMA) salt of FeNb9 and NiNb9: TMA6[H2CrIIINb9O28]·14H2O (1, CrNb9), TMA8[MnIIINb9O28]·29H2O (2, MnNb9) and TMA7[H2CoIINb9O28]·25H2O (3, CoNb9). Among the TM-substituted decaniobates, CoNb9 or NiNb9 exhibit a higher photocatalytic H2 evolution activity in methanol–water mixtures than others.
Thermochemical investigations of hydrogen-bonded solutions Part 6. Comparison of mobile order theory versus Kretschmer-Wiebe association model for describing anthracene solubilities in binary hydrocarbon + alcohol solvent mixtures

Abstract A conventional nonelectrolyte self-associated solution model, which has led to successful descriptive equations for excess molar enthalpies and excess molar Gibbs free energies, is extended to systems containing an inert solute dissolved in binary hydrocarbon + alcohol solvent mixtures. An expression is derived for predicting the solubility of crystalline solutes from a prior knowledge of the solubility in the two pure solvents. Applications and limitations of the newly derived equation were assessed using published solubility data for anthracene in 30 different binary solvent systems containing 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, or 1-octanol. The derived expression predicted the observed values to within an overall average absolute deviation of approximately 5.7% using zero adjustable “curve-fit” parameters. Mobile order theory, in comparison, provides comparable predictions, with deviations between predicted and experimental values being on the order of approximately 5.7%.
Identification of Markers that Distinguish Monocyte-Derived Fibrocytes from Monocytes, Macrophages, and Fibroblasts

Background The processes that drive fibrotic diseases are complex and include an influx of peripheral blood monocytes that can differentiate into fibroblast-like cells called fibrocytes. Monocytes can also differentiate into other cell types, such as tissue macrophages. The ability to discriminate between monocytes, macrophages, fibrocytes, and fibroblasts in fibrotic lesions could be beneficial in identifying therapies that target either stromal fibroblasts or fibrocytes.
Method and metaphor in organizational analysis

Abstract The design of an information system begins with the analysis of an organization in order to identify problems and requirements for corrective action. We report on an empirical exploration of language use by system analysts in an organizational analysis exercise that reveals how the schemas used in the analysis shaped the formulation of problems and the choice of action. Organic and mechanistic metaphors were used to prime the two sets of schemas used by the subjects. The study supports structurational and enactment theories of organization that propose organizational strategies and structures that emerge from situated action and language practice. The idea that language use shapes information system design challenges the hope for a method of justifying our analyses based on an objective and neutral language. The study also shows how different schemas frame an organizational contradiction in different ways and propose different interventions to resolve it.
Rethinking the role of research: New issues and lingering doubts in an era of expanding preschool education

Changing ideas about the role of early education increasingly point toward universal preschool education for all children. This discussion examines issues concerning the long-term effects of preschool experiences and suggests that the value of early education will vary as a function of a matrix of factors including program quality, the vulnerability of individual children, and family needs. The achievements and limitations of evaluation research are described within the context of possible deleterious effects of preschool education. Emphasis is given to the importance of developing ideographic methods of study to achieve more valid assessments of children's response to early education.
Heating long objects in through contact installations

A method is suggested for estimating the electrical and thermal parameters in electrocontact installations. Calculated and experimental values for heating a steel strip are compared.
Sleep architecture, cocaine and visual learning

Background Disturbances in sleep associated with chronic cocaine use may underlie abstinence-related cognitive dysfunction. We hypothesized that sleep-related cognitive function would be impaired in chronic cocaine users, and that this impairment would be associated with abstinence-related changes in sleep architecture.
Prophylactic and therapeutic functions of drug combinations against noise-induced hearing loss

Noise is the most common occupational and environmental hazard. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the second most common form of sensorineural hearing deficit, after age-related hearing loss (presbycusis). Although promising approaches have been identified for reducing NIHL, currently there are no effective medications to prevent NIHL. Development of an efficacious treatment has been hampered by the complex array of cellular and molecular pathways involved in NIHL. We turned this difficulty into an advantage by asking whether NIHL could be effectively prevented by targeting multiple signaling pathways with a combination of drugs already approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We previously found that antiepileptic drugs blocking T-type calcium channels had both prophylactic and therapeutic effects for NIHL. NIHL can also be reduced by an up-regulation of glucocorticoid (GC) signaling pathways. Based on these findings, we tested a combination therapy for NIHL that included ethosuximide and zonisamide (anticonvulsants) and dexamethasone and methylprednisolone (synthetic GCs) in mice under exposure conditions typically associated with dramatic permanent threshold shifts (PTS). We first examined possible prophylactic effects for each drug when administered alone 2 h before noise, and calculated the median effective dose (ED50). We then tested for synergistic effects of two-drug combinations (anticonvulsant + GC), and identified combinations with the strongest synergy against NIHL, based on a previously established combination index (CI) metric. We repeated similar tests to determine their therapeutic effects when administered the same drugs 24 h after the noise exposure. Our study shows the feasibility of developing pharmacological intervention in multiple pathways, and discovering drug combinations with optimal synergistic effects in preventing permanent NIHL.
Comparing attitudes towards computer usage by undergraduates from 1986 to 2005

The importance and use of computers has increased dramatically over the last two decades. The Attitudes Towards Computer Usage Scale (ATCUS) was developed in 1986 [Popovich, P. M., Hyde, K. R., Zakrajsek, T., & Blumer, C. (1987). The development of the attitudes toward computer usage scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 261-269.] and used in a variety of settings over the years. In order to examine how computer attitudes have changed from 1986 to 2005, the ATCUS was given to 254 male and female current undergraduate students. When comparing the 1986 with 2005 results, the amount of time spent using a computer was still positively related to computer attitudes; however, the number of college computer courses was not. There is no longer a significant relationship among any of the factors with college computer courses. Males and females no longer significantly differ in their attitudes toward computers, number of college computer courses, amount of time spent using computers, or degree of self-reported computer anxiety. Implications are discussed.
Brain representation of object-centered space

Abstract Object-centered spatial awareness underlies many importatnt cognitive functions, including reading, which requires registering the locations of letters relative to a word, and pattern recognition, which requires registering the locations of features relative to a whole pattern. Recent studies have elucidated the nature of the brain mechanisms underlying this form of spatial awareness by showing that attention tends to focus on objects rather than on regions of space: by demonstrating that each hemisphere contributes selectively to awareness of the opposite half of object space, and by revealing that neurons in some cortical areas are selective for particular locations in object space. These results are concordant with the general idea that imagining or attending to an object is accompanied by projecting its image onto a neural map of object-centered space. An important aim for future studies will be to test and extend this ‘object map’ hypothesis.
Inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 Using a pulsed nonthermal plasma system

The use of elevated temperatures to pasteurize food products leads to a loss of food quality, which stimulates research into novel nonthermal processes for food preservation, Using nonthermal plasma discharges, applied directly into the food product, proved effective in reducing the number of Escherichla coli O157:H7 cells in apple juice, by up to 7 log units. The pulsed nonthermal plasma system was developed and used to study the effects of different process parameters on the inactivation. The process parameters considered were discharge voltage, pulse number, and pulse frequency. The apple juice used had a pH of 4 and a conductivity of 2.29 mS / cm. L'utilisation de temperatures elevees pour la pasteurisation conduit a des pertes de qualite des produits alimentaires. Les objectifs de cette etude sont de developper un systeme non thermique de plasma pulse et d'examiner les effets de plusieurs parametres du procede (tension de decharge, frequence, nombre de pulsations) sur l'inactivation de E. coli O157:H7 dans du jus de pomme. Les resultats montrent une reduction de E. coli de plus de 7 unites log.
Statistical analysis of installed wind capacity in the United States

There is a large disparity in the amount of wind power capacity installed in each of the states in the U.S. It is often thought that the different policies of individual state governments are the main reason for these differences, but this may not necessarily be the case. The aim of this paper is to use statistical methods to study the factors that have the most influence on the amount of installed wind capacity in each state. From this analysis, we were able to use these variables to accurately predict the installed wind capacity and to gain insight into the driving factors for wind power development and the reasons behind the differences among states. Using our best model, we find that the most important variables for explaining the amount of wind capacity have to do with the physical and geographic characteristics of the state as opposed to policies in place that favor renewable energy.
On the validity of the density expansion solution of the BBGKY equations

Abstract There are severe restrictions on the validity of the standard “density expansion” of the BBGKY hierarchy. The usual expression for f 2 is incorrect at all orders, resulting in the divergences suspected in higher order terms.
Definitions of v, i, Z, Y, a, b, &#915;, and S

Concepts and conditions underlying the establishment and use of immittance- and scattering-matrix descriptions of waveguide n-ports are discussed. TEM modes are considered and no restriction to high or microwave frequencies is implied. The discussion is intended to be critical and intensive rather than general. Needed results of electromagnetic (and waveguide) theory are assumed. Emphasis is placed on defining basic quantities needed in the matrix scheme. These include: generalized voltage and current, v and i, for waveguide modes; modal impedance; modal characteristic impedance; the immittance matrices Z and Y; traveling-wave amplitudes a and b; reflection coefficient Γ; and the scattering matrix S. Properties of Z, Y, and S are not discussed; applications are indicated but not discussed.
Performance and Aging of Mn/MnO2 as an Environmentally Friendly Energetic Time Delay Composition

The Mn/MnO2 reactive system was investigated as a suitable replacement for the traditional W/BaCrO4/KClO4/diatomaceous earth delay composition. The delay performance, ignition sensitivity, and aging characteristics were examined in aluminum microchannels similar in diameter to common delay housings (4.7 mm). Stoichiometries with measured combustion temperatures between 1358 and 2113 K were self-sustaining with combustion velocities ranging from 2.4 to 7.3 mm s–1. The Mn/MnO2 system produced less gas than W/BaCrO4/KClO4/diatomaceous earth compositions allowing consideration for use in sealed delay housings. Accelerated aging at 70 °C and 30% relative humidity for 8 weeks resulted in no measurable loss of performance. Safety characterization showed that this composition is not sensitive to ignition by friction or electrostatic stimuli. The combustion products (as determined by X-ray diffraction) appear to be benign based on current regulations. Therefore, the Mn/MnO2 system appears to be a suitable low gas-...
Design and synthesis of carbon-11-labeled dual aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors as new potential PET agents for imaging of aromatase and steroid sulfatase expression in breast cancer.

Abstract Aromatase and steroid sulfatase (STS) are particularly attractive targets in the treatment of estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer and the development of enzyme-based cancer imaging agents for the biomedical imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET). New carbon-11-labeled sulfamate derivatives were first designed and synthesized as potential PET dual aromatase–steroid sulfatase inhibitor (DASSI) radiotracers for imaging of aromatase and STS expression in breast cancer. The target tracers 5-(((4-cyanophenyl)(4 H -1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino)methyl)-2-[ 11 C]methoxyphenyl sulfamate ([ 11 C] 8a ) and 4-(((4-cyanophenyl)(4 H -1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino)methyl)-2-[ 11 C]methoxyphenyl sulfamate ([ 11 C] 8b ) were prepared from their corresponding precursors 5-(((4-cyanophenyl)(4 H -1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino)methyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl sulfamate ( 16 ) and 4-(((4-cyanophenyl)(4 H -1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino)methyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl sulfamate ( 21 ) with [ 11 C]CH 3 OTf under basic conditions through the O -[ 11 C]methylation and isolated by the reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method in 30–45% radiochemical yields based on [ 11 C]CO 2 and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The specific activity at end of synthesis (EOS) was 111–185 GBq/μmol.
Teacher Educators' Perceptions and Use of Differentiated Instruction Practices: An Exploratory Investigation

Using a cross-sectional survey design, this study was conducted to explore teacher educators' perceptions and use of differentiated instruction practices. Data were collected using an original questionnaire that was designed to reflect Tomlinson's model of differentiation. Although the results suggest some congruence between teacher educators' beliefs and practices and Tomlinson's model, there was little indication that teacher educators implement a comprehensive model of differentiation. This finding is consistent with previous research documenting that teacher educators have yet to fully recognize or realize the benefits associated with modeling. It also raises concerns about whether teacher educators are adequately responsive to candidates' varied needs and are effectively preparing candidates for teaching in classrooms with increasingly diverse and complex student populations. Recommendations for practice and future research are offered.
Viability of sharing MEG data using minimum-norm imaging

Cortical activation maps estimated from MEG data fall prey to variability across subjects, trials, runs and potentially MEG centers. To combine MEG results across sites, we must demonstrate that inter-site variability in activation maps is not considerably higher than other sources of variability. By demonstrating relatively low inter-site variability with respect to inter-run variability, we establish a statistical foundation for sharing MEG data across sites for more powerful group studies or clinical trials of pathology. In this work, we analyze whether pooling MEG data across sites is more variable than aggregating MEG data across runs when estimating significant cortical activity. We use data from left median nerve stimulation experiments on four subjects at each of three sites on two runs occurring on consecutive days for each site. We estimate cortical current densities via minimum-norm imaging. We then compare maps across machines and across runs using two metrics: the Simpson coefficient, which admits equality if one map is equal in location to the other, and the Dice coefficient, which admits equality if one map is equal in location and size to the other. We find that sharing MEG data across sites does not noticeably affect group localization accuracy unless one set of data has abnormally low signal power.
Regional deficiencies in chaperone-mediated autophagy underlie α-synuclein aggregation and neurodegeneration

In neurodegenerative diseases, it remains unclear why certain brain regions are selectively vulnerable to protein aggregation. In transgenic mice expressing human A53T α-synuclein, the brainstem and spinal cord develop the most prominent α-synuclein inclusions which correlate with age-dependent motor dysfunction. Herein we present the novel finding that this selective aggregation is in part dependent on the inability of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) to effectively degrade α-synuclein in these brain regions. Lysosomal assays revealed that CMA activity was significantly decreased in aggregation-prone regions compared to the remainder of the brain. Previously, CMA activity has been shown to be proportional to levels of the CMA receptor Lamp-2a. Using antibodies, brain tissue from Lamp-2a null mice, enzymatic deglycosylation, and mass spectrometry, we identified Lamp2a as a novel 72 kDa glycoprotein in the mouse brain. Examination of Lamp-2a levels revealed differences in expression across brain regions. The brainstem and the spinal cord had a more than three-fold greater levels of Lamp-2a as compared to regions less vulnerable to aggregation and exhibited a selective upregulation of Lamp-2a during development of α-synuclein inclusions. Despite this dynamic response of Lamp-2a, the levels of substrates bound to the brain lysosomes as well as the rates of substrate uptake and degradation were not proportional to the levels of Lamp-2a. These regional differences in CMA activity and Lamp-2a expression were found in both non-transgenic mice as well as A53T α-syn mice. Therefore, these are inherent variations and not a transgene-specific effect. However, differences in CMA activity may render select brain regions vulnerable to homeostatic dysfunction in the presence of stressors such as overexpression of human A53T α-syn. Collectively, the data provide a potential mechanism to explain the dichotomy of vulnerability or resistance that underlies brain regions during aggregate formation in neurodegenerative disease.