cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DPUMA: a highly efficient multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper we present DPUMA, a mesh-based multicast routing protocol specifically designed to reduce the overhead needed to deliver multicast packets, saving bandwidth and energy, two of the scarcest resources in MANETS. The two main features of DPUMA are: (1) for each multicast group, it periodically floods a single control packet to build the mesh, elect the core of the mesh and get two-hop neighborhood information; and (2), it computes the mesh’s k-dominating set to further reduce overhead induced by flooding the mesh when forwarding data packets. These two characteristics contrast with other protocols that blindly flood the net in different stages to construct their routing structure (mesh or tree), to elect the leader of the structure, and that exchange hello messages to get neighborhood information. Using detailed simulations, we show over different scenarios that our protocol achieves similar or better reliability while inducing less packet transmission overhead than ODMRP, MAODV and PUMA which is DPUMA’s predecessor.
Microdialysis and delivery of iontophoresis-driven lidocaine into the human gastrocnemius muscle.

Context: Iontophoresis is used frequently in physical medicine and rehabilitation, but many research techniques do not adequately measure it for depth of medicine delivery. Objective: To determine if iontophoresis delivers lidocaine 5 mm under the surface of human skin. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Therapeutic modalities research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Eight men and 5 women volunteers (age range = 21 ± 2.3 years) who had less than 5 mm of adipose tissue in the area we measured participated in the study. Intervention(s): We inserted a microdialysis probe 5 mm under the skin of both legs and into the triceps surae muscle groups of 10 participants. Microdialysis was performed for 60 minutes to allow a recovery period for local skin blood flow to return to baseline. We then delivered 2 mL of 1% lidocaine to the treatment leg via iontophoresis at 40 mA/min. Next, microdialysis was performed continuously in both legs during the treatment and for 30 minutes posttreatment to...
Population and Society: An Introduction to Demography

This comprehensive yet accessible textbook is an ideal resource for undergraduate and graduate students taking their first course in demography. Clearly explaining technical demographic issues without using extensive mathematics, Population and Society is sociologically oriented, but incorporates a variety of social sciences in its approach, including economics, political science, geography, and history. It highlights the significant impact of decision-making at the individual level - especially regarding fertility, but also mortality and migration - on population change. The text engages students by providing numerous examples of demography's practical applications in their lives, and demonstrates the extent of its relevance by examining a wide selection of data from the United States, Africa, Asia, and Europe. This thoroughly revised edition includes four new chapters, covering topics such as race and sexuality, and encourages students to consider the broad implications of population growth and change for global challenges such as environmental degradation.
The Social Problems of the University: Two Crises of Legitimacy.

A crisis of legitimacy—the legitimacy of university authority in the eyes of its internal student constituency—has been succeeded by a crisis of the legitimacy of the university in the eyes of its external supporting environment. The demands placed upon the university by the students are explained in part by a belief on the part of students that the authorities of the university were vulnerable to student pressure and that the autonomy of the university was relatively secure from intrusion by powers external to the university. As this perception proved false, and as external forces demonstrated their readiness and determination to abridge the autonomy of the university and to punish the recalcitrant, the demands of the students abated and the threat from without became the “social problem of the university.” The growth and prestige of the universities, their relative autonomy, and the current reversal of their fortunes are explained, in part, by an analysis of their role as a mechanism for stabilizing the labor market and of the growing unwillingness of the public to pay the price of maintaining this mechanism.
Cavity-mode selection in spontaneous emission from oriented molecules in a microparticle:?errata

We observe preferential cavity-mode selection in spontaneous emission by oriented molecules at the surface of a microparticle. Polarization-analyzed images of a levitated microdroplet containing surface active molecules reveal a well-defined system in terms of molecular position and orientation. The measured fluorescence spectrum is compared with that of a semiclassical emission-rate-enhancement model that treats the coupling between an excited state and Mie resonances as an oscillating dipole interacting with its self-scattered field. By comparing results obtained with this theory with the relative strengths of TE to TM modes measured in the emission spectrum, we show that one can elucidate the heterogeneity of a particle from this resonant structure and determine the orientation of the emission moments relative to the phase boundary.
Quantification and Thickness Correction of EFTEM Phosphorus Maps

We describe a method for correcting plural inelastic scattering effects in elemental maps that are acquired in the energy filtering transmission electron microscope (EFTEM) using just two energy windows, one above and one below a core edge in the electron energy loss spectrum (EELS). The technique is demonstrated for mapping low concentrations of phosphorus in biological samples. First, the single-scattering EELS distributions are obtained from specimens of pure carbon and plastic embedding material. Then, spectra are calculated for different specimen thicknesses t, expressed in units of the inelastic mean free path lambda. In this way, standard curves are generated for the ratio k0 of post-edge to pre-edge intensities at the phosphorus L2,3 excitation energy, as a function of relative specimen thickness t/lambda. Thickness effects in a two-window phosphorus map are corrected by successive acquisition of zero-loss and unfiltered images, from which it is possible to determine a t/lambda image and hence a background k0-ratio image. Knowledge of the thickness-dependent k0-ratio at each pixel thus enables a more accurate determination of the phosphorus distribution in the specimen. Systematic and statistical errors are calculated as a function of specimen thickness, and elemental maps are quantified in terms of the number of phosphorus atoms per pixel. Further analysis of the k0-curve shows that the EFTEM can be used to obtain reliable two-window phosphorus maps from specimens that are considerably thicker than previously possible.
Stationarity, Rationalizability and Bargaining

strategies for the seller and the buyer which are weakly stationary. We demonstrate that any initial offer from the seller induced by a strategy rationalized by a weakly stationary acceptance rule for the buyer must entail the Coase property. Our result does not presume the selection of a particular equilibrium and follows directly from the weak stationarity assumption of the buyer's acceptance rule and the rational behaviour of the players.
Acid Production in Saliva in-Vitro Experiments

THIS paper deals with the formation of organic acids in the mouth and in in-vitro experiments as the result of sugar degradation and as indicated by pH changes. Freshly secreted saliva gathered by canalization of a duct and collected under oil has a pH close to that of blood. Saliva secreted into the mouth and collected by spitting in a tube usually will have a pH of approximately 6.8 to 7. If this saliva is allowed to stand, particularly in a warm room, the pH will rise to between 7.2 and 7.8. If the saliva is filtered, the pH of the filtrate will rise as high as 8 or above. This change is due in part to the liberation of CO2 and perhaps in some measure to the production of ammonia by the deaminization of proteinous materials. It is an interesting fact that the production of acids in plaque surfaces within the mouth can not be duplicated in saliva collected from the mouth when the whole saliva is treated by in-vitro experiments. However, from in-vitro experiments much might be learned that may contribute to our understanding of acid production in the various process. Fig. 1 illustrates what happens to saliva collected by spitting when sucrose is added and incubated. This illustration shows only the extremes but the space between these extremes would be filled in if sufficient salivas were included. It is noted that some salivas drop in their pH value and others rise for the first hour. Possibly due to immediate buffer action, the greater portion of the pH drop comes in the latter part of the first hour and the first half of the second hour. These salivas which show pH drops or pH raises ean not be correlated with lactobacilli counts. It has been shown by Volker and Pinkerton' that sugar clearance of saliva in the mouth is largely within the first half hour. The work of Fosdick2 and of Stephan,' and Fig. 2, will show that in the mouth the acid formed from additions of sugar occurs within a few minutes and at the end of thirty to forty-five minutes, the saliva returns to its normal pH. From this it would appear that the acid formed in the mouth as a result of carbohydrate degradation is the acid formed before the sugar has been cleared from the saliva. We shall therefore concentrate this discussion on that period immediately following the addition of sugar. Fig. 2 shows the pH change in the mouth of an individual susceptible to caries after a 20 per cent sucrose rinse as recorded by an antimony electrode on the dorsal surface of the tongue. In the short period of eight minutes the pH has dropped to about 4.5 and returned nearly to normal within thirty
Reflection Groups on the Octave Hyperbolic Plane

For two different integral formsKof the exceptional Jordan algebra we show that Aut Kis generated by octave reflections. These provide “geometric” examples of discrete reflection groups acting with finite covolume on the octave (or Cayley) hyperbolic plane OH2, the exceptional rank one symmetric space. (The isometry group of the plane is the exceptional Lie groupF4(−20).) Our groups are defined in terms of Coxeter's discrete subring K of the nonassociative division algebra O and we interpret them as the symmetry groups of “Lorentzian lattices” over K. We also show that the reflection group of the “hyperbolic cell” over K is the rotation subgroup of a particularrealreflection group acting onH8 ≅ OH1. Part of our approach is the treatment of the Jordan algebra of matrices that are Hermitian with respect to any real symmetric matrix.
Vertically acquired community methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus dacryocystitis in a neonate.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are becoming increasingly common in the community, especially among children. 1 Community MRSA differs from the more familiar nosocomial MRSA in having a distinct epidemiology and a broader antibiotic-susceptibility profile. 2 Community MRSA can infect the eye and orbit. 3,4 Cases have been reported in otherwise-healthy children, including chronic dacryocystitis in an 8-month-old infant and orbital cellulitis in a 16-month-old child. 5,6 I report a case of perinatally acquired community MRSA dacryocystitis and periorbital cellulitis associated with bacteremia in a 12-day-old previously healthy, full-term neonate.
Comparative anesthetic effects on aqueous humor dynamics in the cynomolgus monkey

• Cynomolgus monkeys were anesthetized with either intravenous (IV) ketamine hydrochloride, IV ketamine and intramuscular (IM) diazepam, IM methohexital sodium and IM pentobarbital sodium, or endotracheal halothane. Intraocular pressure, aqueous humor flow rate (F), anterior chamber volume, corneal endothelial transfer coefficient (Ka), and anterior chamber elimination coefficient (Ke) were determined noninvasively, using applanation tonometry, keratometry, pachymetry, and fluorophotometry. Arterial blood gases (ABG), acid-base balance, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored. The IOP was highest with ketamine and lowest with pentobarbital. The F and Ke were about 30% lower with halothane than with the other regimens, while Ka was highest with ketamine. The ABG and MAP were within normal physiologic limits with the three noninhalation regimens; pH was within normal limits with all four regimens. The MAP was lowest and Po2highest with halothane, while pH was highest with pentobarbital.
The Purple Mixed-Valence CuA Center in Nitrous-oxide Reductase: EPR of the Copper-63-, Copper-65-, and Both Copper-65- and [15N]Histidine-Enriched Enzyme and a Molecular Orbital Interpretation

EPR spectra for the purple mixed-valence [Cu1.5+...Cu1.5+], S = 1/2, site (CuA) in nitrous-oxide reductase (N2OR) were obtained after insertion of either 63Cu or 65Cu or both 65Cu and [15N]histidine. The spectrum of 65Cu- and [15N]histidine-enriched N2OR improved the resolution of the Cu hyperfine lines, but no lines from nitrogen and proton couplings were resolved. The Cu hyperfine parameters obtained by a theory analogous to that of Maki and McGarvey were indicative of a highly covalent Cu site. The total Cu character (CuA1 + CuA2) in the ground state wave function required to describe the spin density distribution was 31−37% compared to 41% for type-1 Cu in plastocyanin. This value does not completely account for the reduction of gmax from 2.23 of type-1 Cu in plastocyanin to 2.18 of CuA. Remaining discrepancies were discussed in terms of different alignments of the principal axes for the hypothetical monomeric CuA1 and CuA2 in [Cu1.5+...Cu1.5+]. This effect appeared in the simulations of the EPR spect...
Photoemission investigation of the interaction of SO2 with V2O3 surfaces

The interaction of SO2 with a variety of single crystal V2O3 surfaces has been investigated using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The reaction of SO2 with metallic high defect density (1012) surfaces of both pure V2O3 and V2O3 doped with 1.5 at% Cr was found to be very weak, saturating for exposures above 5 L. Analysis of the S 2p binding energy indicates that both molecular and dissociative adsorption occur, producing both sulfide and sulfate/sulfite at the surface. The reaction was found to be similar, though weaker, on insulating nearly perfect Cr-doped V2O3(1012) surfaces; core level spectra indicate the production of similar compounds on both cleaved and sputtered surfaces. Exposure of either nearly perfect or sputtered V2O3 surfaces to O2 severely inhibits subsequent uptake of SO2. No simple dependency of SO2 adsorption on population of the V 3d states could be discovered. The reaction of SO2 with V2O3(1012) surfaces is dramatically different from that seen on Ti2O3(1012); the latter reaction completely and violently oxidises the surfaces, producing TiS2- and TiO2-like structures at the surface. It is believed that the difference in reactivity is related to the difference in orbital character of the d electrons between Ti2O3 and V2O3.
An operational RNA code for amino acids and variations in critical nucleotide sequences in evolution.

An operational RNA code relates specific amino acids to sequences/structures in RNA hairpin helices which reconstruct the seven-base-pair acceptor stems of transfer RNAs. These RNA oligonucleotides are aminoacylated by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. The specificity and efficiency of aminoacylation are generally determined by three or four nucleotides which are near the site of amino acid attachment. These specificity-determining nucleotides include the so-called “discriminator base” and one or two base pairs within the first four base pairs of the helix. With three examples considered here, nucleotide sequence variations between the eubacterial E. coli tRNA acceptor stems and their human cytoplasmic and mitochondrial counterparts are shown to include changes of some of the nucleotides known to be essential for aminoacylation by the cognate E. coli enzymes. If the general locations of the specificity-determining nucleotides are the same in E. coli and human RNAs, these RNA sequence variations imply a similar covariation in sequences/structures of the E. coli and human tRNA synthetases. These covariations would reflect the integral relationship between the operational RNA code and the design and evolution of tRNA synthetases.
Explication of the construct of coping with involuntary job loss

Abstract A first study was conducted with the purpose of developing a new measure to assess coping with involuntary job loss. Five situation-specific coping scales were derived: Proactive Search, Nonwork Organization, Positive Self-Assessment, Distancing from Job Loss, and Job Devaluation. A second study using 159 displaced workers revealed the overall pattern of correlates between these coping measures and appraisal processes and coping resources were in the predicted direction. Less support was obtained for relationships between coping and stress symptoms. Evidence supported that coping is a process that changes over time. The complexities of construct validation relative to process models of coping are discussed and future research suggestions are provided.
Prognostic significance of extent of nodal involvement in stage D1 prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy

The records of 107 patients with newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of the prostate irradiated with curative intent at Duke University Medical Center from 1970 through 1983 were reviewed. Forty patients (37%) underwent standard bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) prior to beginning irradiation. Twenty-four patients (22%) were found to have pelvic nodal metastases (Stage D1). Those found to have a single microscopically positive node at PLND may be curable with irradiation. In contrast, those with more extensive nodal metastases appear to be incurable with radiotherapy. Additional studies are needed to confirm or refute these findings.
Scaling Behavior and Phase Change in Complex Network

Scaling behavior is a extremely typical phenomenon in complex system research, as well as it can act that many Macro indicators in system or distribution function of some variables meet exactly power-law behavior, which possesses different kinds of Exponents. In this article, according to Phase Change concept in Physics, it is researched that the nature in critical state of complex network with Seepage model, and it is totally stated that the basic reason of Self-similar behavior, Fractal behavior, and so on, and also Phase Change in complex network in critical state of complex network in accord with power-law distribution. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i11.3529
Molecular analysis of racE function in Dictyostelium.

Dictyostelium has long proven to be a valuable system for studying various aspects of the cytoskeleton and cell motility. In this review we describe the isolation of a novel gene, racE, and how we have used multiple approaches to learn how the product of this gene is involved in cytokinesis. The racEgene was isolated in a screen designed to identify genes specifically required for cytokinesis. The use of GFP fusion proteins, coupled with mutational analysis, allowed us to determine that racE exerts its function at the plasma membrane throughout the entire cell cycle. Measurements of cortical tension and observations of live cells in suspension culture revealed that racE is involved in the regulation of cortical tension and actin organization at the cortex. We postulate that in the absence of proper cortical tension, cytokinesis cannot proceed normally. Microsc. Res. Tech. 49:145-151, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adaptive Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance for Parallel Computing in Linear Systems

This paper presents a dynamically adaptive stabilization scheme for parallel matrix computation. The scheme performs automatic error detection and correction through inserting redundant, but concurrent tracer computations within the folds of the regular computation. It also eliminates the costly row interchange used in classical pivoting. A fault-tolerant double wavefront matrix algorithmfor a MIMD array multi-processor with toroidal inter connection has been designed to demonstrate the strength of the proposed scheme. This algorithm can compute: i) matrix inverse ii) solution vector to the linear system and Hi) predetermined linear combination of the solution vector from identical algorithmic framework. This efficient tri-solution algorithm excels most other known methods in parallel performance.
The psychology of inner and outer space

In popular psychology, inner space refers to thoughts, imagery, dreams, attitudes, and feelings, while outer space refers to the external environment. Such dichotomy is artificial and pernicious, leading to the proposition that spiritual growth occurs by expansion of inner space through exercise, transcendental meditation, selfhypnosis, the judicious use of drugs, and so on. Pastors alerted to this insidious psychology know that to separate existence from its milieu is both illogical and dangerous. The more insular the person, the more impersonal the society. Results can be tragic. Being an integrated inner person is to be a productive outer person. Otherwise the erosion of psychological and spiritual well-being is inevitable.
Endogenous Nkx2.2+/Olig2+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells fail to remyelinate the demyelinated adult rat spinal cord in the absence of astrocytes.

Chronic demyelination is a pathophysiologic component of compressive spinal cord injury (SCI) and a characteristic finding in demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). A better characterization of endogenous cells responsible for successful remyelination is essential for designing therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring functional myelin. The present study examined the spatiotemporal response of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) following ethidium bromide (EB)-induced demyelination of the adult rat spinal cord. Beginning at 2 days post-EB injection (dpi), a robust mobilization of highly proliferative NG2+ cells within the lesion was observed, none of which expressed the oligodendrocyte lineage-associated transcription factor Nkx2.2. At 7 dpi, a significant up-regulation of Nkx2.2 by OPCs within the lesion was observed, 90% of which coexpressed NG2 and virtually all of which coexpressed the bHLH transcription factor Olig2. Despite successful recruitment of Nkx2.2+/Olig2+ OPCs within the lesion, demyelinated axons were not remyelinated by these OPCs in regions lacking astrocytes. Rather, Schwann cell remyelination predominated throughout the central core of the lesion, particularly around blood vessels. Oligodendrocyte remyelination was observed in the astrogliotic perimeter, suggesting a necessary role for astrocytes in oligodendrocyte maturation. In addition, reexpression of the radial glial antigen, RC-1, by reactive astrocytes and ependymal cells was observed following injury. However, these cells did not express the neural stem cell (NSC)-associated transcription factors Sox1 or Sox2, suggesting that the endogenous response is primarily mediated by glial progenitors. In vivo electrophysiology demonstrated a limited and unsustained functional recovery concurrent with endogenous remyelination following EB-induced lesions.
E-book Usage in Pure and Applied Sciences

University of Oklahoma librarians invited faculty in the pure and applied sciences to discuss current and potential e-book use in research and instruction. The study consisted of an online survey followed by individual interviews featuring e-book demonstrations. Faculty viewed e-book titles on a variety of platforms. Opinions were solicited on current publisher or aggregator interfaces, essential and desirable features or functionalities in platforms, and the future of the e-book in academia.
Effects of Sex of Pressuring Group, Perception of Ability, and Sex of Communicator Influencing Perceived Ability on Conformity of Males and Females

This study assessed the differential effects of sex of pressuring confederates and perception of ability on conforming behavior of males and females. Varying male and female sources of the communication to influence subjects' views of their ability was expected to produce less conformity in females receiving the information from a male rather than a female. Data on undergraduates showed 64 females did not conform significantly more than 64 males, but male subjects conformed more in the presence of male confederates while females conformed significantly more when led to believe that males were more accurate on the task. Only the male source influencing females to believe they were superior on the task resulted in significantly less conformity in female subjects. Considering sex differences is essential due to the finding that the sexes responded to different variables present in most conformity experiments. The decrease in conformity produced in females when told by a male that females do better than males...
Traffic-related pollutants and wheezing in children.

Background and aims. Traffic related air pollutants from diesel engine exhaust are found in fine and ultrafine particulates. The Cincinnati Childrens Allergy and Air Pollution Birth Cohort Study was initiated to determine if early exposure to these pollutants increased risk for development of early atopic sensitization and allergic respiratory disease phenotypes in children. Materials and methods. Over 700 infants born to at least one atopic parent were recruited to participate in a birth cohort study. Participants received annual medical evaluations and skin testing to two foods and 15 aeroallergens from ages 1-4 and again at age seven. Indoor home assessments were conducted at age one. Outdoor traffic related air pollutant exposure was estimated using proximity and land use regression (LUR) modeling. Clinical outcomes were based upon case definitions for wheezing at ages one and three and allergic rhinitis at age three. Results. At age 1 exposure to stop and go traffic was associated with wheezing durin...
Growth of an androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, in nude mice

This study was undertaken to establish an androgen-sensitive model of human prostatic carcinoma in nude mice. The androgen-sensitive prostatic carcinoma cell line, LNCaP, was suspended in reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) and injected subcutaneously into nude mice. The LNCaP cell line was chosen for the study, because the cell line is androgen-sensitive and secretes prostate specific antigen (PSA) into culture media. Following injection of 1 × 106 LNCaP cells with 0.25 ml of Matrigel, 88. of mice exhibited palpable tumor burdens after 12 weeks of observation. In addition, significant levels of PSA were observed in the serum of LNCaP-bearing mice. Bilateral orchiectomy of mice resulted in tumor regression and stabilization of serum PSA levels, compared to testis-intact controls. A significant correlation of PSA to tumor volume and weight was observed. The castrate level of testosterone was confirmed by radioimmunoassay and was similar to testosterone levels in female nude mice. Matrigel allows for a conducive environment to propagate LNCaP cells in nude mice. Furthermore, the growth can be manipulated by castration, leading to involution of tumor and stabilization of serum PSA level. This in vivo model of hormone-sensitive human prostate cancer cell line will serve as a model for the study of prostate tumor biology and treatment. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The “virtual face” of institutions: Why legislators and other outsiders view higher education as aloof

Abstract This research investigated the availability of information on higher education institutions through the web sites of 40 higher education institutions; 10 each from Doctoral/Research, Master’s, Baccalaureate, and Community Colleges drawn from 40 different states. This descriptive study answered two research questions: (1) How accessible is information important to legislators and parents? (2) What does higher education’s “virtual face” say about us? The research investigated 20 different types of information important to legislators and parents and identified information not found and the average number of “clicks” of the mouse to locate the information. Findings indicate that data about students and program assessment, faculty and faculty expertise required more clicks to find, if available. Crime statistics were not found on 17 of 40 sites, but information about the institution’s president was found in 39 of 40 cases in one or two clicks. These findings indicate that higher education’s “virtual face” may appear aloof to parents and legislators seeking information about the institution.
Disruption Limits for Linear Colliders

Abstract Beam behavior in a single-pass collision device has been investigated using a cloud-in-cells plasma simulation code. The intense electromagnetic fields of the beams produce mutual focusing effects whose strength is determined by the disruption parameter D. The consequent decrease in the beam radii causes an increase in the luminosity of a single collision. The dependences of the beam behavior on beam profiles and current density are described. The beam behavior is stable for several plasma oscillations and indicates that high luminosity can be achieved in single-pass collision devices by using intense beams.
Interview with William Labov

EJ: How did you become interested in linguistic studies? WL: I used to be a chemist and I worked in industry. I was attracted by an area where you could begin to develop something close to scientific principles in relation to language. My own view is that linguistics is not a science but that we're getting closer to it. Very few social sciences have solved the relationship between theory and practice. Most people feel that this is a one-way process. A group of theorists think up an idea and then someone else tries to put it into practice. In education, this can lead to theories that never work because the language they are based on is so far from the reality of the language that people actually use. An approach to linguistics is gaining momentum that takes a different approach, which begins with the language of everyday life, the language that children bring into the class-
Synthesis and biochemical application of 2′-O-methyl-3′-thioguanosine as a probe to explore group I intron catalysis

Abstract Oligonucleotides containing 3′- S -phosphorothiolate linkages provide valuable analogues for exploring the catalytic mechanisms of enzymes and ribozymes, both to identify catalytic metal ions and to probe hydrogen-bonding interactions. Here, we have synthesized 2′- O -methyl-3′-thioguanosine to test a possible hydrogen-bonding interaction in the Tetrahymena ribozyme reaction. We developed an efficient method for the synthesis of 2′- O -methyl-3′-thioguanosine phosphoramidite in eight steps starting from 2′- O -methyl- N 2 -(isobutyryl) guanosine with 10.4% overall yield. Following incorporation into oligonucleotides using solid-phase synthesis, we used this new analogue to investigate whether the 3′-oxygen of the guanosine cofactor in the Tetrahymena ribozyme reaction serves as an acceptor for the hydrogen bond donated by the adjacent 2′-hydroxyl group. We show that regardless of whether the guanosine cofactor bears a 3′-oxygen or 3′-sulfur leaving group, replacing the adjacent 2′-hydroxyl group with a 2′-methoxy group incurs the same energetic penalty, providing evidence against an interaction. These results indicate that the hydrogen bond donated by the guanosine 2′-hydroxyl group contributes to catalytic function in a manner distinct from the U −1 2′-hydroxyl group.
Differences in central anticholinergic actions of phenothiazine derivatives.

Abstract Rabbits received eight phenothiazines in varying amounts which induced EEG synchrony. In 1 to 2 mg per kilogram doses these drugs failed to abolish EEG activation evoked by exteroceptive stimuli, electrostimulation of the reticular formation, and the administration of cholinergic or adrenergic drugs. With higher doses (10–15 mg/kg), however, all inhibited or abolished the EEG alert pattern produced by exteroceptive stimuli, electrostimulation, and adrenergic drugs, but only Phenergan, Diparcol, and Parsidol inhibited the EEG effects of cholinergic drugs (eserine, DFP). These findings support the suggestion of others that antiparkinson agents must exert a central anticholinergic action to be effective as antiparkinson agents and afford an explanation why only some phenothiazines are effective in Parkinson's disease.
44. Combination of Oncolytic Measles Virus Strains and Radiation Therapy Has Synergistic Activity in the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Background: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), the most frequent primary brain tumor in adults, is one of the most lethal malignancies with a median survival of 12-16 months. We have previously shown that oncolytic measles virus derivatives expressing soluble human carcinoembryonic antigen (MV-CEA) have significant antitumor activity against GBM cell lines and xenografts. Here we tested the hypothesis that the combination of RT with MV-CEA would have synergistic activity against gliomas.
Subcellular localization of low-abundance human immunodeficiency virus nucleic acid sequences visualized by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Abstract Detection and subcellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were investigated using sensitive high-resolution in situ hybridization methodology. Lymphocytes infected with HIV in vitro or in vivo were detected by fluorescence after hybridization with either biotin or digoxigenin-labeled probes. At 12 hr after infection in vitro, a single intense signal appeared in the nuclei of individual cells. Later in infection, when cytoplasmic fluorescence became intense, multiple nuclear foci frequently appeared. The nuclear focus consisted of newly synthesized HIV RNA as shown by hybridization in the absence of denaturation and by susceptibility to RNase and actinomycin D. Virus was detected in patient lymphocytes and it was shown that a singular nuclear focus also characterizes cells infected in vivo. The cell line 8E5/LAV containing one defective integrated provirus revealed a similar focus of nuclear RNA, and the single integrated HIV genome was unequivocally visualized on a D-group chromosome. This demonstrates an extremely sensitive single-cell assay for the presence of a single site of HIV transcription in vitro and in vivo and suggests that it derives from one (or very few) viral genomes per cell. In contrast, productive Epstein-Barr virus infection exhibited many foci of nuclear RNA per cell.
The method of fundamental solutions for the solution of steady-state free boundary problems

Abstract The method of fundamental solutions is formulated for the solution of steady-state free boundary problems. The method is tested on three such problems and the results compared to published results obtained with other numerical methods.
Purification of overexpressed hexahistidine-tagged BLM N431 as oligomeric complexes.

BLM is a DNA helicase encoded by a gene which is mutated in persons with Bloom's syndrome. The protein is a member of the RecQ subfamily of helicases and contains a central domain constituted by the seven motifs conserved in all helicases. In contrast, the N-terminal portion of BLM lacks similarity to any other known proteins or motifs. We have expressed the first 431 amino acids of this domain as a fusion to a hexahistidine tag (BLM N431) in Escherichia coli. A method of purification was developed which involves elution from Ni-NTA resin in imidazole and EDTA, followed by treatment with DTT and gel filtration on Sephacryl-300. The treatment with EDTA and DTT prevents and disrupts aggregation of BLM N431. The purified protein appears to form hexamers and dodecamers, suggesting that the N-terminal domain of BLM is involved in the organization of the quaternary structure of BLM.
Surgical training model for advanced emergency medics in Afghanistan

A surgical training model developed and implemented by the IMC for the training of advanced surgically capable medics operating in resistance-held rural Afghanistan is presented. Existing training programs for medics and midlevel health care workers are discussed, but these offer little or no surgical training and depend on a tiered system of referrals that is not possible in resistance-held Afghanistan. Details of the medics' training, enabling them to diagnose and treat 75% of war-related injuries in the rural population, are presented, as is the rationale for development of the model, based on data from other conflicts.
Heart-hitting tales of salt and destruction

at this, the Seventy-second Annual Meeting of the Central Society for Clinical Research. The Society has a rich tradition and a proud history that includes landmark studies published in The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. In his presidential address to the Society on October 29, 1954, Jerome W. Conn presented a case report: M. W., a 34-year-old woman with a history of documented hypertension, complaints of weakness, and intermittent muscle spasms and laboratory evidence of hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and alkalosis. He termed this hitherto unrecognized and soon to be unraveled entity primary aldosteronism. Conn had arrived at this diagnosis based on research he conducted during the war years and that addressed acclimatization of soldiers in the Pacific Rim to stress—namely, “sodium depletion in normal men under conditions of intense and prolonged sweating while on low levels of sodium intake.” During the course of this work he had found evidence of “continuously increased activity of salt saving steroids...that act like desoxycorticosterone.” Conn concluded that M. W. had a syndrome of chronic mineralocorticoid excess caused solely by adrenal gland overproduction of recently discovered ALDO, given that her urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids had been consistently normal. At surgery on December 10, 1954, M. W. was found to have a 4-cm cortical tumor of her right adrenal gland. In January 1955, Conn’s lecture appeared in the Journal.1 Months later, the Journal featured Conn’s progress report on M. W. Within 10 days of surgical resection of the tumor, her preoperative derangements in blood and urinary chemistries had normalized, and they remained so for months.2 Conn also reported on biochemical and histopathologic analyses of tissue specimens obtained at the time of surgery. Values for ALDO (per gram of tissue) in the tumor were estimated to be 75 to 150 times those found in beef adrenal gland. Of interest, kidney sections revealed severe arteriosclerosis. Eight years later, Conn would summarize his own experience with 18 cases of primary aldosteronism and cases that had appeared in the literature worldwide.3 Of the 103 cases with proven adrenal adenoma, 50% had mild hypertension while none had malignant hypertension, based on the absence of hemorrhage and exudate by funduscopic examination of the retinal circulation; only 40% had radiographic cardiomegaly. This suggested that a structural remodeling of the heart and vasculature was not an outcome of hyperaldosteronism. However, the decline in blood pressure after surgical resection of the tumor was gradual, often requiring months. This contrasted with the more rapid normalization in electrolyte abnormalities. In patients whose arterial pressure failed to normalize after surgery, Conn suggested that abnormalities in kidney structure, including kidney vasculature, were responsible. These inconsistencies notwithstanding, the then-infrequent FROM THE CHICAGO MEETINGS
Imaging Depth-Resolved Tissue Birefringence With a Single Detector

om: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url multiplexed. After recording the interference signal, a set of digital band-pass filters extract the polarization information. A rapid scanning optical delay line in the reference arm compensates for dispersion and allows a real-time display of tissue birefringence. The axial resolution provided by a superluminescent diode working at 855 nm with 28 nm bandwidth is 12 m. The accuracy and sensitivity measurements suggest that the FM-OCT system is suitable for depth-resolved birefringence characterization of biological tissue.
Symbolic Drawings Reveal Changes in Preservice Teacher Mathematics Attitudes After a Mathematics Methods Course

A new method of analyzing mathematics attitudes through symbolic drawings, situated within the field of Jungian-oriented analytical psychology, was applied to 52 preservice elementary teachers before and after a mathematics methods course. In this triangulation mixed methods design study, pretest images related to past mathematics experiences drawn by prospective teachers were 63.2% negative in tone, and listed associated emotions were 60.4% negative; on the posttest these changed significantly to 72.1% positive images, with 70.5% positive associated emotions. The qualitative analysis of images and preservice teacher interpretations of them indicate that mathematics anxiety decreased and motivation changed from extrinsic to intrinsic as a result of the course. Pretest images and interpretations focused primarily on grades, unhappiness, time and pressure, struggle, and lack of success. Posttest images and interpretations revealed (a) greater understanding of mathematical concepts through use of concrete materials; (b) greater engagement in mathematics through interesting activities and discourse with peers; and (c) a sense of accomplishment from teaching practicum lessons. Because the drawing exercise helped students connect with their previously unconscious images of mathematics, thereby helping to shift the mathematics anxiety complex toward a more positive affective state, it is recommended that these activities be part of mathematics methods courses.
Permutations as products of k conjugate involutions

Let c (°) denote the number of cycles of a permutation ° of n letters, and let Tr(°)= n − c (°). A t-involution is a product of t disjoint transpositions. Let k >2, n >2 t . Theorem . ° is the product of k t-involutions if and only if kt =Tr(°)+2 r for some nonegative integer r . (For k =2 one more condition is needed; see [2].) As a corollary, the least power of a class of an involution with at least one fixed point that covers the alternating group is determined.
Performing gender justice: the 2005 woman-led prayer in New York

On March 18, 2005, a group of American Muslim women and men participated in a Friday prayer led by Dr. Amina Wadud, who also gave the Friday sermon. Widely publicized in various media and debated among Muslims around the world, this event was hailed as a turning point in Muslim gender discourses by the organizers and many media representatives. This article describes the prayer as a performance and argues that the organizers, participants, and media representatives all participated in the production of meaning embodied by the prayer. According to the organizers, the achievement of Qur'anic gender justice required changes in Muslim communities, and various forms of media were of vital importance for the discussion and realization of this goal. As such, the prayer was an act of symbolic significance, which despite its discursive, spatial, and temporal limitations, became much more than an act of Islamic worship.
Novel familial dilated cardiomyopathy mutation in MYL2 affects the structure and function of myosin regulatory light chain

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the myocardium characterized by left ventricular dilatation and diminished contractile function. Here we describe a novel DCM mutation in the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), in which aspartic acid at position 94 is replaced by alanine (D94A). The mutation was identified by exome sequencing of three adult first-degree relatives who met formal criteria for idiopathic DCM. To obtain insight into the functional significance of this pathogenic MYL2 variant, we cloned and purified the human ventricular RLC wild-type (WT) and D94A mutant proteins, and performed in vitro experiments using RLC-mutant or WT-reconstituted porcine cardiac preparations. The mutation induced a reduction in the α-helical content of the RLC, and imposed intra-molecular rearrangements. The phosphorylation of RLC by Ca²⁺/calmodulin-activated myosin light chain kinase was not affected by D94A. The mutation was seen to impair binding of RLC to the myosin heavy chain, and its incorporation into RLC-depleted porcine myosin. The actin-activated ATPase activity of mutant-reconstituted porcine cardiac myosin was significantly higher compared with ATPase of wild-type. No changes in the myofibrillar ATPase-pCa relationship were observed in wild-type- or D94A-reconstituted preparations. Measurements of contractile force showed a slightly reduced maximal tension per cross-section of muscle, with no change in the calcium sensitivity of force in D94A-reconstituted skinned porcine papillary muscle strips compared with wild-type. Our data indicate that subtle structural rearrangements in the RLC molecule, followed by its impaired interaction with the myosin heavy chain, may trigger functional abnormalities contributing to the DCM phenotype.