cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION AND LABOUR SUPPLY

Introduction The response of aggregate labour supply to changes in the real wage has been a question of interest to economists for some time. For example, the notion of a backward‐bending supply curve for labour is commonly known, though not universally accepted. The question is of more than academic interest; it has direct relevance to tax policy, because an income tax in effect lowers the real wage, which is then likely to cause people to substitute out of work into leisure. This article evaluates the aggregate labour supply curve from within a household production framework and finds that, under plausible circumstances, the aggregate labour supply curve is likely to be very inelastic. (The model here actually considers only a subset of the long‐run aggregate supply of labour. Long‐run questions of fertility are not addressed here, nor is the labour force participation rate, which might vary in the short run in response to a change in the real wage. This article considers only the work effort of someone who is already in the labour force.) For a case derived below, the aggregate labour supply curve is always perfectly inelastic, meaning that for proportional changes in the tax structure, the quantity of labour supplied will not be a function of the tax rate. (Gwartney and Stroup[1] give a good overview of the traditional arguments along with their own argument that an income tax increase must reduce work effort).
The Development of Intentionality and the Role of Consciousness

(1990). The Development of Intentionality and the Role of Consciousness. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 230-247.
On certain fluorescent axon terminals containing granular synaptic vesicles in the cerebellar nucleus lateralis

Thin, unmyelinated, green fluorescent fibers bearing fine beads or varicosities have been found in the neuropil and near blood vessels of the nucleus lateralis. In electron micrographs these fibers are identifiable as a class of axons, the CAT fibers, which contain large and small granular synaptic vesicles and agranular vesicles in their varicosities. There are two types of CAT fiber. 1) The CAT1 terminals contain many large and elongated vesicles, 700–1700 A in size, with dark, homogeneously dense centers; a few small granular vesicles each with an intensely osmiophilic particle, and small agranular vesicles. These terminals have not been seen in synaptic contact with other elements of the neuropil. 2) The CAT2 terminals have a very thin unmyelinated connecting thread between small varicosities. The varicosities contain small agranular synaptic vesicles and small granular ones containing either a single dense particle, or an elliptical, intensely osmiophilic droplet flanked by lighter semicircular particles. Large granular vesicles, 750–950 A each, with a variably dense center, are also found. These terminals form conventional axodendritic synapses with Gray's type 1 synaptic junctions and the subsynaptic specialization of Taxi, as well as synapses on thorns of spiny neurons. It is suggested that the CAT1 and CAT2 fibers may be the electron microscope equivalents of norepinephrine- and 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing fluorescent axons. These fibers probably have extrinsic origins since no fluorescent cells or perikarya with small or large granular vesicles have been found in the lateral nucleus. Their origins, however, are unknown. The proximity of these fluorescent fibers to blood vessels is discussed, and their functions are the subject of some speculation.
Dopamine D1 receptor in rat brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study with125I-SCH 23982

Abstract We report the regional distribution and characteristics of 125 I-SCH 23982 binding to D 1 receptors in rat brain using a quantitative autoradiographic technique. The substantia nigra pars reticulata, the caudate putamen, the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle had a single class of high affinity binding sites for 125 I-SCH 23982. Binding sites were also present in a discrete, continuous band connecting the caudate putamen with the substantia nigra.
Pramlintide and the treatment of diabetes: a review of the data since its introduction.

Introduction Postprandial glucose excursions negatively affect glycemic control and markers of cardiovascular health. Pramlintide, an amylinomimetic, is approved for treatment of elevated postprandial glucose levels in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Areas covered A literature search of PubMed was conducted to locate articles (up to January 2011) pertaining to original preclinical and clinical research and reviews of amylin and pramlintide. Additional sources were selected from reference lists within articles obtained through the original literature search and from the internet. This article describes the known effects of endogenous amylin and the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of pramlintide. Drug-drug interactions and safety and tolerability are also reviewed. Expert opinion Pramlintide significantly reduces hemoglobin A(1c) and body weight in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Newer research is focusing on weight loss effects of pramlintide and pramlintide plus metreleptin in nondiabetic obese individuals. Preliminary results of these studies are discussed.
Transport properties of hole-doped CuBiS 2

We present the results of density-functional theory and Boltzmann transport calculations suggesting that hole-doped CuBiS${}_{2}$---a material commonly available as a mineral and comprised of relatively inexpensive elements---may show good thermoelectric performance at ambient temperature.
Power degradation due to thermal effects in Potassium Diode Pumped Alkali Laser

Abstract This paper presents results of our study of the performance of a Potassium DPAL operating in pulsed mode with pump pulses from 0.05 to 5 ms long at different pump powers and alkali cell temperatures. The experiments showed the DPAL output power degradation in time with a characteristic time in the range from 0.5 ms to 4.5 ms. We attribute the power degradation to heating of the vapor. The recorded spectrum of the side fluorescence indicates that multi-photon excitation, energy pooling collisions and ionization are also present.
The conjunction fallacy? A reply to Bar-Hillel

In her commentary on our article, Bar-Hillel (1991) argues that our normative interpretation of the Lindaproblem is inaccurate and that the representativeness heuristic can account for all of the relevant data. I argue that the normative interpretation of the Linda problem remains slippery and that representativeness fails to account for much of the data. Furthermore, substantial evidence supports our suggestion that subjects use different underlying models in estimating likelihoods in different con problems.
Matrix-isolation infrared spectra of oxy(tetraphenylporphyrinato)iron(II) containing CS2 and SO2 as axial ligands

Abstract The IR spectra of cocondensation products of Fe(TPP) with CS2/Ar exhibit the ν(CS2) of Fe(TPP)(CS2) at 1522 cm−1 which is 7 cm−1 lower than that of free CS2. When Fe(TPP) was cocendensed with O2/CS2/Ar, the bands characteristic of Fe(TPP)(CS2)O2 (ν(CS2), 1519 cm−1 and ν(O2), 1190 cm−1) were observed in addition to those of Fe(TPP)(CS2) and Fe(TPP)O2 (ν(O2), 1195 cm−1). These assignments were confirmed by 12CS2/13CS2 isotope shifts and warm-up experiments. A S-bonded structure in which the linear CS2 molecule is weakly coordinated to the Fe atom has been proposed for these adducts. The IR spectra of cocondensation products of Fe(TPP) with SO2/Ar exhibit bands characteristic of Fe(TPP)(SO2) (1342, 1146) and Fe(TPP)(SO2)2 (1332 and 1142) in addition to those of SO2 monomer ((1355*, 1351*) and (1152*, 1148*)), SO2 dimer (1344, 1151) and SO2H2O (1343 and 1150 cm−1). Here, the numbers in brackets indicate the SO2 stretching frequencies, ν3 and ν1, respectively, and the asterisks denote those split by the matrix effect. The cocodensation products of Fe(TPP) with O2/SO2/Ar exhibit new bands at 1328 (ν3), 1142(ν1) and 1188 cm−1 (ν(O2)). The O-bonded structure in which the bent SO2 molecule is coordinated to the Fe atom via the terminal oxygen has been proposed, based on small shifts of the ν3 and ν1 vibrations upon coordination.
The Potential Contribution of Stress Systems to the Transition to Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders

STUDY DESIGN A narrative description highlighting preclinical and clinical evidence that physiologic stress systems contribute to whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To present several lines of evidence supporting the hypothesis that physiologic stress systems contribute to WAD pathogenesis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In addition to subjecting soft tissue to biomechanical strain, a motor vehicle collision (MVC) event is also an acute stressor which activates physiologic stress systems. Increasing data from animal and human studies suggest that the activation of these stress systems may contribute to long-lasting changes in pain sensitivity after tissue injury. METHODS Nonsystematic review of several lines of evidence that together suggest that physiologic systems involved in the stress response may contribute to the development of WAD. RESULTS Stress systems which appear capable of producing hyperalgesia and allodynia include catecholaminergic systems, serotonin systems, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system. Evidence for the role of these systems comes, in part, from studies examining the association between genetic variants and chronic pain outcomes. For example, in a recent study of acute neck pain after MVC, patients with certain genotypes of an enzyme involved in catecholamine metabolism were more than twice as likely to report moderate or severe neck pain in the emergency department. Such pain vulnerability because of stress system function may interact with the effects of biomechanical injury and psychobehavioral responses to influence the development of WAD. CONCLUSION More research examining the influence of stress systems on WAD are needed. If these systems do influence WAD outcomes, then treatments which diminish the adverse effects of stress systems may be a useful component of multimodal therapeutic interventions for individuals at risk of chronic pain development after MVC.
Exploring the relationship between mental health and smoking cessation: a study of rural teens.

This study examined the association between mental health and smoking cessation among rural youth. Participants were 113 male and 145 female adolescents ages 14–19 from rural West Virginia and North Carolina. Participants were enrolled in the American Lung Association's 10-week Not On Tobacco (N-O-T) program or a 15-min single-dose brief intervention. Baseline and postprogram measures were completed on smoking status (i.e., quit, reduction), nicotine dependence, smoking history, and depression and anxiety. Results showed that more N-O-T participants quit and reduced smoking than did brief intervention participants. Intervention group, baseline smoking rate, and the Group × Gender, Group × Anxiety, and Group × Depression interactions were significant predictors of change in smoking behavior from baseline to postprogram. In conclusion, more N-O-T participants demonstrated favorable changes in smoking than did brief intervention participants. Approximately 1/3 of youth exhibited mental health pathology; more females than males. Levels of depression and anxiety improved from baseline to postprogram, overall. Although the extent of the impact of mental health on cessation outcomes was inconclusive, findings suggest that rural youth who smoke may be at risk for pathological depression and anxiety. Future cessation programming with rural youth should consider the inclusion of coping and stress management skills and mental health referral protocols as significant program components.
Underrepresentation in the real world.

In ‘‘Is Diversity Good? Six Possible Conceptions of Diversity and Six Possible Answers’’ [1], Bouville attempts to distinguish the use of ‘‘diversity’’ as a ‘‘political weapon’’ rather than a ‘‘rational concept.’’ Yet, concepts are neither rational nor irrational, and are used as political weapons all the time. If the world does not conform to one’s world view, that does not make the world’s values wrong-headed and grounds for dismissal. This is not Bouville’s modus operandi. Bouville’s approach is to parse language to a high art. His presentations of diversity as symptom, side effect, and symmetry generally fail to consider the critical importance of context. Even the discussion of ‘‘critical mass’’ [1, p. 59] overlooks the point made by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor who, writing for the majority in the 2003 University of Michigan admissions ruling (Grutter v. Bollinger, 123 S.Ct. 2325), indicated that critical mass is a relative concept of deliberately unspecified ‘‘amount.’’ What constitutes a critical mass of
The effects of marital status and partner support on rape trauma.

Psychological functioning within the first four weeks after rape was compared for married and single victims. Marital status did not significantly affect psychological symptoms following the assault. For married women, lack of support by the partner--particularly when it was unexpected--was significantly related to poor psychological functioning after the rape. Language: en
A Reciprocity Principle that Permits Profile-Factoring with Very Large Numbers of People

Analytical methods of factoring score profiles are impractical to apply to large cross-products matrices of profile similarities. Basic matrix relationships are presented and illustrated which permit computation of loadings of people on factors from the factor analysis of the usually smaller variable by variable cross-products matrix. Some important additional issues are discussed and mathematical relationships are stated, particularly those concerning the rotation of factor axes.
The cyclic nucleotide gated channel of olfactory receptor neurons

Abstract Olfactory transduction proceeds through a G-protein coupled cascade that produces the ubiquitous second messenger cyclic AMP. The cyclic AMP causes a chance in membrane potential by acting directly on an ion channel that allows cations to flow into the cell. This ion channel is one of a new family of ion channels that are activated by intracellular cyclic nucleotides. However, even though they are activated by binding a ligand their amino acid structure shows that they share a common ancestry with voltage activated channels, especially voltage dependent Ca 2+ channels. In olfactory neurons these channels perform a critical role in the transduction of chemical information in the environment into changes in membrane electrical properties that are transmitted to higher order processing centers in the brain.
Solid-phase synthesis of new fused tetra, penta and hexacyclic β-carboline derivatives

Abstract The parallel synthesis of new fused tetra, penta and hexacyclic β-carbolines via the functionalization of resin-bound tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives is described. Reduction of the amide bonds and/or nitro group is the key step in the formation of different described fused heterocycles.
Optimizing Diagnosis From the Medical Liver Biopsy

The histologic assessment of acute and chronic liver disease is based on an accurate description of the pattern of injury within the tissue specimen. Interpretation of the injury pattern requires review of the associated clinical and laboratory features. The morphologic interpretation achieves relevance only if it satisfactorily explains the clinical syndrome. Clinical characterization of the liver disease as having a hepatitic or cholestatic nature is useful in focusing the histologic assessment. The principal histologic patterns have hepatitic, steatotic, biliary, granulomatous, vascular, and metabolic designations, and mixed clinical and histologic patterns are possible. The goal of this review is to optimize the yield from the liver biopsy examination by indicating the importance of a systematic analysis of the tissue specimen and the crucial need for correlating the clinical and histologic patterns of liver injury. Meaningful histologic interpretations reflect the collaborative effort of the pathologist and the clinical physician. Neoplastic changes typically are cytologic transformations rather than injury patterns, and they are not discussed here.
Attachment security and the school experience for emotionally disturbed adolescents in special education

Adolescents with disabilities are at increased risk for school failure, and those in special education as the result of emotional disturbances consistently have the highest dropout rate of any disability. This paper discusses the importance of feelings of security in relationships for these adolescents and the results of a study designed to determine the effects of these feelings on their educational experience. The impact of several relationships in the home and school life on the school experience of the emotionally disturbed adolescent is explored. These relationships include those with mother, father, teachers, social workers/therapists and peers. All of these figures are potentially ‘secure bases’ for adolescents, providing the experience of emotional safety necessary to engage in the challenges of the academic environment. The resources need to be provided to enhance feelings of emotional safety in the school setting, including the services of social workers and other mental health professionals.
To control or be controlled: young black and Latina women’s perspectives on intrauterine devices

Many participants intended to become pregnant within 5-7 years and found this timeline incompatible with a long-acting, internal method of contraception. “...if I really got to a point in my life where, like, you know, like [I] wasn’t necessarily like trying to get pregnant but I wouldn’t mind it either like, I wouldn’t want to [use an IUD]. I’d want to have the freedom to like you know like stop the birth control right away.”
Severe weather event detection and tracking Sensor Web

Detecting and tracking of severe weather events requires the fast and no-delay processing of data from observing sensors to end users. This study adopted the Sensor Web technology and framework in expediting the analytical process from sensor observation to climatic information. A set of algorithms for detecting and tracking severe weather events was adopted and supported with standard geospatial Web processing services. The study exemplified the procedure for designing a geospatial workflow, deploying a workflow, and executing a workflow. The workflow was described in Business Execution Language (BPEL). The design and construction of a geospatial workflow involve a domain scientist, a developer, a workflow visual design tool, and a workflow engine. The standard interfaces are built on open scripting language, Web services, Web Processing Service (WPS), Web Coverage Service (WCS), Web Feature Service (WFS), and Web Map Service (WMS). The workflow construction and design built a virtual product/service that synergies raw data, algorithms, Web Services to reach the post conditions: persistent data served in standard geospatial Web services, algorithms wrapped as standard WPS processes, composite service (or a workflow) executable automatically in standard workflow engines, and geospatial features described in Geography Markup Language (GML) that can be shared across and supported widely by software platform.
The effect of endothelin-1 on Src-family tyrosine kinases and Na,K-ATPase activity in porcine lens epithelium.

Previous studies show Src family kinase (SFK) activation is involved in a response that stimulates Na,K-ATPase. Here, we tested whether SFK activation is involved in the Na,K-ATPase response to endothelin-1 (ET-1). Intact porcine lenses were exposed to 100 nM ET-1 for 5–30 min. Then, the epithelium was removed and used for Na,K-ATPase activity measurement and Western blot analysis of SFK activation. Na,K-ATPase activity was reduced by ∼30% in lenses exposed to ET-1 for 15 min. The response was abolished by the SFK inhibitor PP2 or the ET receptor antagonist, PD145065. Activation of a ∼61 kDa SFK was evident from an increase in Y416 phosphorylation, which reached a maximum at 15 min ET-1 treatment, and a decrease in Y527 phosphorylation. PP2 prevented SFK activation. Since Fyn, Src, Hck, and Yes may contribute to the observed 61 kDa band, these SFKs were isolated by immunoprecipitation and analyzed. Based on Y416 phosphorylation, ET-1 appeared to activate Fyn, while Src and Hck were inhibited and Yes was unaltered. ET-1 requires SFK activation to cause Na,K-ATPase inhibition. ET-1 elicits a different pattern of SFK activation from that reported earlier for purinergic agonists that stimulate Na,K-ATPase activity and activate Src. In the ET-1 response Src is inhibited and Fyn is activated. The findings suggest SFK phosphorylation is involved in a regulatory mechanism for Na,K-ATPase. Knowing this may help us understand drug actions on Na,K-ATPase. Faulty regulation of Na,K-ATPase in the lens could contribute to cataract formation since an abnormal sodium content is associated with lens opacification. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2555–2561, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Battleground of Desire: The Struggle for Self-Control in Modern America

In recent years, Peter N. Stearns has established himself as the foremost historian of American emotional life. In books on anger, jealousy, "coolness," and body image, he has mapped out the basic terrain of the American psyche. Now Stearns crowns his work of the past decade with this powerful volume, in which he reveals the fundamental dichotomy at the heart of the national character: a self-indulgent hedonism and the famed American informality on the one hand, and a deeply imbedded repressiveness on the other. Whether hunting and gathering tribe or complex industrial civilization, every social group is governed by explicit and implicit guidelines on how to behave. But these definitions vary widely. The Japanese worry less about public drunkenness than Americans. Northern Europeans adhere to stricter standards than Americans when it comes to littering. Today, we swear more now and spit less, discuss sex more and death less. With an emphasis on sex, culture, and discipline of the body, Stearns traces how particular anxieties take root, and how they express inherent tension in contemporary standards and a stubborn nostalgia for the previous nineteenth century regime. Battleground of Desire explodes common wisdom about Americans in the twentieth century as normless and tolerant, emphasizing that most of us follow a litany of rules, governing everything from adultery to bad breath.
Limited proteolysis differentially modulates the stability and subcellular localization of domains of RPGRIP1 that are distinctly affected by mutations in Leber's congenital amaurosis

The retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) protein interacts with the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator interacting protein-1 (RPGRIP1). Genetic lesions in the cognate genes lead to distinct and severe human retinal dystrophies. The biological role of these proteins in retinal function and pathogenesis of retinal diseases is elusive. Here, we present the first physiological assay of the role of RPGRIP1 and mutations therein. We found that the monoallelic and homozygous mutations, DeltaE1279 and D1114G, in the RPGR-interacting domain (RID) of RPGRIP1, enhance and abolish, respectively, its interaction in vivo with RPGR without affecting the stability of RID. In contrast to RID(WT) and RID(D1114G), chemical genetics shows that the interaction of RID(DeltaE1279) with RPGR is resistant to various stress treatments such as osmotic, pH and heat-shock stimuli. Hence, RID(D1114G) and RID(DeltaE1279) constitute loss- and gain-of-function mutations. Moreover, we find that the isoforms, bRPGRIP1 and bRPGRIP1b, undergo limited proteolysis constitutively in vivo in the cytoplasm compartment. This leads to the relocation and accumulation of a small and stable N-terminal domain of approximately 7 kDa to the nucleus, whereas the cytosolic C-terminal domain of RPGRIP1 is degraded and short-lived. The RID(D1114G) and RID(DeltaE1279) mutations exhibit strong cis-acting and antagonistic biological effects on the nuclear relocation, subcellular distribution and proteolytic cleavage of RPGRIP1 and/or domains thereof. These data support distinct and spatiotemporal subcellular-specific roles to RPGRIP1. A novel RPGRIP1-mediated nucleocytoplasmic crosstalk and transport pathway regulated by RID, and hence by RPGR, emerges with implications in the molecular pathogenesis of retinopathies, and a model to other diseases.
Molecular mechanics calculations of several lanthanide complexes: An application of the random incremental pulse search

A new method for the evaluation of metal complexes with molecular mechanics calculations is described. The method has been employed to determine the global minimum energy conformations of three seven-coordinate lanthanide complexes. The method searches the potential energy surface of the metal complexes for the global minimum structure using the recently reported Random Incremental Pulse Search (RIPS). The molecular mechanics calculations were performed using the MM2 metal-extended force field (MM2MX). This force field excludes 1-3 bending terms about the metal center and, instead, explicitly includes 1-3 nonbonded van der Waals interactions. This affords a model based mainly on steric interactions about the ligating atoms, and removes the necessity of specifying ligand-metal-ligand bond angles for seven-coordinate and higher metal complexes in which no preferred bond angle can be proficiently determined. The calculated minimum-energy structures were well known seven-coordinate conformations in all cases, and a comparison with X-ray crystallographic is presented.
Deciding mental retardation and mental illness in capital cases: The effects of procedure, evidence, and attitudes

When finding unconstitutional the execution of defendants who were mentally retarded at the time of their crime in Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the US Supreme Court left the States to decide on proce...
Ceiba: scalable visualization of phylogenies and 2D/3D image collections

UNLABELLED Phylogenetic trees with hundreds of thousands of leaves are now being inferred from sequence data, posing significant challenges for visualization and exploratory analysis. Image data supplying valuable context for species in trees (and cues for exploring them) are becoming increasingly available in biodiversity databases and elsewhere but have rarely been built into tree visualization software in a scalable way. Ceiba lets the user explore large trees and inspect image collection arrays (sets of 'homologous' images) comprising mixtures of 2D and 3D image objects. Ceiba exploits recent improvements in graphics hardware, OpenGL toolkits and many standard high-performance computer graphics strategies, such as texture compression, level of detail control, culling, animations and image caching. Its tree layouts can be tuned by user-provided phylogenetic definitions of subtrees. The code has been extensively tested on phylogenies of up to 55,000 leaves and images. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION A manual, datasets, source code (distributed under GPL) and binaries for OS X are available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/ceiba. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Atmospheric volatile organic compound measurements during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: Results, interpretation, and quantification of primary and secondary contributions

[1] Primary and secondary contributions to ambient levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aerosol organic carbon (OC) are determined using measurements at the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS) during January–February and July–August 2002. Primary emission ratios for gas and aerosol species are defined by correlation with species of known origin, and contributions from primary and secondary/biogenic sources and from the regional background are then determined. Primary anthropogenic contributions to ambient levels of acetone, methylethylketone, and acetaldehyde were found to be 12–23% in winter and 2–10% in summer. Secondary production plus biogenic emissions accounted for 12–27% of the total mixing ratios for these compounds in winter and 26–34% in summer, with background concentrations accounting for the remainder. Using the same method, we determined that on average 16% of aerosol OC was secondary in origin during winter versus 37% during summer. Factor analysis of the VOC and aerosol data is used to define the dominant source types in the region for both seasons. Local automotive emissions were the strongest contributor to changes in atmospheric VOC concentrations; however, they did not significantly impact the aerosol species included in the factor analysis. We conclude that longer-range transport and industrial emissions were more important sources of aerosol during the study period. The VOC data are also used to characterize the photochemical state of the atmosphere in the region. The total measured OH loss rate was dominated by nonmethane hydrocarbons and CO (76% of the total) in winter and by isoprene, its oxidation products, and oxygenated VOCs (79% of the total) in summer, when production of secondary organic aerosol was highest.
The effect of bed mobility on resistance to overland flow

When sediment grains are transported as bed load in overland flow, there is a net transfer of momentum from the flow to the grains. When these grains collide with other grains, whether on the bed or in the flow, streamwise flow velocity decreases and resistance to flow increases. Resistance to flow generated in this manner is termed bed-load transport resistance. Resistance to flow f over a plane bed may be partitioned into grain resistance fg and bed-load transport resistance fbt. We use the symbols fbtf and fbtm to denote fbt for flows over fixed beds and over mobile beds, respectively, and we compute the effect of bed mobility on flow resistance fmob by subtracting fbtf from fbtm. The data for this study come from 54 flume experiments with fixed beds and 38 with mobile beds. On average fmob is approximately equal to half of fbtm, which is about one-quarter of f. Hence, fmob is about one-tenth of f. Predictive equations are developed for fbtf, fbtm and fmob using dimensional analysis to identify the relevant independent variables and regression analysis to evaluate the coefficients associated with these variables. Values of fmob are always positive which implies that mobile beds offer greater resistance to flow than do fixed beds. Evidently bed-load grains colliding with mobile beds lose more momentum to the bed than do grains colliding with fixed beds. In other words, grain collisions with mobile beds are less elastic than those with fixed beds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved survival in biliary atresia patients in the present era of liver transplantation.

Abstract Therapy for patients with biliary atresia (BA) has become controversial, with orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) suggested in place of portoenterostomy. This is based on the unpredictable success of portoenterostomy, and the increased difficulty of the OLTx procedure following prior extensive liver surgery. The survival rate reported here for infants transplanted after unsuccessful protoenterostomy does not support this approach. OLTx was undertaken in 37 patients when end-stage liver failure followed primary portoenterostomy. Recipient age ranged from 6 months to 14 years (median, 13 months), and weight ranged from 5 to 45 kg (median, 8 kg) at the time of OLTx. Reduced-size allografts were used as the primary allograft in 25 patients (23 left lobe), and 12 received whole-organ allografts. Retransplantation was required in 5 patients, each received a reduced-size allograft. There was no increased incidence of vascular complications, primary nonfunction, irreversible rejection, intestinal perforation, biliary complications, sepsis, or lymphoma comparing the BA patients with all other non-BA patients who had undergone OLTx (all P = .16). There was no statistically significant difference in mean operative blood loss between BA patients (EBL = 1.99 BV) and non-BA patients (1.50 BV) ( P = .14). Actuarial survival for the series of BA patients was 89% at 1 year, and 80% at 2 years. Following the introduction of reduced-size allografts, donor organs were selected for use with a priority on donor stability. The actuarial survival for BA patients during this time has improved to 96% at 1 year, and 91% at 2 years. Patient survival at 1 year following OLTx was 78% for whole organ allograft recipients, and 100% for reduced-size allograft recipients. No patient with BA died on the waiting list since the introduction of reduced-size OLTx procedures in 1988. This series supports the sequential use of primary portoenterostomy and subsequent liver transplantation if hepatic failure appears to be progressive or portal hypertensive complications occur in the treatment of BA. OLTx can be successfully and safely undertaken if portoenterostomy does not prevent the development of end-stage liver failure. Reduced-size liver transplant techniques have improved survival and helped eliminate waiting list mortality. These two procedures are complimentary rather then competitive alternatives in the care of this complex disease.
Competence of Rivers To Transport Coarse Bedload Material

Shear-stress analyses provide easily determined estimates of the competence of rivers to transport coarse bedload material. Relevant data from diverse geological and engineering reports are integrated, and a good correlation between competent particle size and shear stress results when data points are derived in a uniform way. Because flow mechanics differ in contrasting fluvial environments, the shear stresses needed to entrain large sediment may diverge considerably from values based on theoretical grounds. In shallow rivers, entrainment may occur at lower shear stresses than predicted by the Shields theory because hydrodynamic lift and bank caving provide additional transporting force. In very deep flows, the shear stresses needed to initiate particle movement are greater than theoretical values. Potential use of the empirical relationship between particle size and shear stress is limited by the following considerations: (1) random nature of turbulent life forces, (2) problems in interpreting the significance of the sedimentary deposit, (3) sediment finer than 5 cm in diameter is not considered, and (4) the analysis ignores special considerations of sediment packing, shape, and grain-size distributions.
CmeR functions as a transcriptional repressor for the multidrug efflux pump CmeABC in Campylobacter jejuni.

CmeABC, a resistance-nodulation-division (RND) type of efflux pump, contributes to Campylobacter resistance to a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agents and is also essential for Campylobacter colonization of the animal intestinal tract by mediation of bile resistance. As one of the main systems for Campylobacter adaptation to different environments, CmeABC is likely subject to control by regulatory elements. We describe the identification of a transcriptional repressor for CmeABC. Insertional mutagenesis of cmeR, an open reading frame immediately upstream of the cmeABC operon, resulted in overexpression of cmeABC, as determined by transcriptional fusion (PcmeABC-lacZ) and immunoblotting with CmeABC-specific antibodies. Overexpression of the efflux pump was correlated with a moderate increase in the level of resistance of the cmeR mutant to several antimicrobials. In vitro, recombinant CmeR bound specifically to the promoter region of cmeABC, precisely, to the inverted repeat sequences in the cmeABC promoter. A single nucleotide deletion between the two half sites of the inverted repeat reduced the level of CmeR binding to the promoter sequence and resulted in overexpression of cmeABC. Together, these findings indicate that cmeR encodes a transcriptional repressor that directly interacts with the cmeABC promoter and modulates the expression of cmeABC. Mutation either in CmeR or in the inverted repeat impedes the repression and leads to enhanced production of the MDR efflux pump.
Cephalic phase insulin release in bulimia.

Cephalic phase secretions are associated with the sight, smell, and taste of food, as opposed to its postingestional consequences. These secretions are thought to influence metabolism and eating behavior. Cephalic phase insulin release (CPIR), in particular, might be related to hunger and overeating. It was hypothesized that bulimics, who often show endocrine abnormalities, may have an altered CPIR that, in turn, might be related to the precipitation and maintenance of binges. This study investigated whether (1) the profile or magnitude of the CPIR in bulimics differs from that of non-eating disordered controls, (2) food ingestion alters subsequent CPIR, and (3) mood and desire to binge are related to CPIR. Findings indicated little abnormality in bulimics' profile of insulin secretion. Although biological variables were not related to hunger or desire to binge, for bulimics, dysphoric moods were. The results may suggest more complex determinants of binge eating than physiological state alone. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessing the potential for rhizoremediation of PCB contaminated soils in northern regions using native tree species.

Rhizosphere bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) offers a potentially inexpensive approach to remediating contaminated soils that is particularly attractive in remote regions including the Arctic. We assessed the abilities of two tree species native to Alaska, Salix alaxensis (felt-leaf willow) and Picea glauca (white spruce), to promote microbial biodegradation of PCBs via the release of phytochemicals upon fine root death. Crushed fine roots, biphenyl (PCB analogue) or salicylate (willow secondary compound) were added to microcosms containing soil spiked with PCBs and resultant PCB disappearance, soil toxicity and microbial community changes were examined. After 180 d, soil treated with willow root crushates showed a significantly greater PCB loss than untreated soils for some PCB congeners, including the toxic congeners, PCB 77, 105 and 169, and showed a similar PCB loss pattern (in both extent of degradation and congeners degraded) to biphenyl-treated microcosms. Neither P. glauca (white spruce) roots nor salicylate enhanced PCB loss, indicating that biostimulation is plant species specific and was not mediated by salicylate. Soil toxicity assessed using the Microtox bioassay indicated that the willow treatment resulted in a less toxic soil environment. Molecular microbial community analyses indicated that biphenyl and salicylate promoted shifts in microbial community structure and composition that differed distinctly from each other and from the crushed root treatments. The biphenyl utilizing bacterium, Cupriavidus spp. was isolated from the soil. The findings suggest that S. alaxensis may be an effective plant for rhizoremediation by altering microbial community structure, enhancing the loss of some PCB congeners and reducing the toxicity of the soil environment.
Mechanism of formation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde from d-fructose and sucrose

The literature contains two alternative hypotheses for the mechanism of dehydration of fructose to 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF), namely (1) a sequence of reactions commencing with and retaining the fructofuranose ring intact, and (2) a succession of reactions proceeding mainly via open-chain intermediates. The existing evidence for hypotheses (1) and (2) is reviewed and found to favor (1). The major products from fructose in water at 250 degrees, (with and without acid catalysis) have been investigated on a time-resolved basis and analysis of the results was found to confirm the first hypothesis. A necessary fructofuranosyl-cation intermediate in this hypothesis is produced directly by the hydrolysis of sucrose, and reacts to produce HMF in high yields.
Calreticulin Is the Dominant Pro-Phagocytic Signal on Multiple Human Cancers and Is Counterbalanced by CD47

Under normal physiological conditions, cellular homeostasis is partly regulated by a balance of pro- and anti-phagocytic signals. CD47, which prevents cancer cell phagocytosis by the innate immune system, is highly expressed on several human cancers including acute myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and bladder cancer. Blocking CD47 with a monoclonal antibody results in phagocytosis of cancer cells and leads to in vivo tumor elimination, yet normal cells remain mostly unaffected. Thus, we postulated that cancer cells must also display a potent pro-phagocytic signal. Here, we identified calreticulin as a pro-phagocytic signal that was highly expressed on the surface of several human cancers, but was minimally expressed on most normal cells. Increased CD47 expression correlated with high amounts of calreticulin on cancer cells and was necessary for protection from calreticulin-mediated phagocytosis. Blocking the interaction of target cell calreticulin with its receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, on phagocytic cells prevented anti-CD47 antibody-mediated phagocytosis. Furthermore, increased calreticulin expression was an adverse prognostic factor in diverse tumors including neuroblastoma, bladder cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These findings identify calreticulin as the dominant pro-phagocytic signal on several human cancers, provide an explanation for the selective targeting of tumor cells by anti-CD47 antibody, and highlight the balance between pro- and anti-phagocytic signals in the immune evasion of cancer.
Vulnerability analysis of high dimensional complex systems

Complex systems experience dramatic changes in behavior and can undergo transitions from functional to dysfunctional states. An unstable system is prone to dysfunctional collective cascades that result from self-reinforcing behaviors within the system. Because many human and technological civilian and military systems today are complex systems, understanding their susceptibility to collective failure is a critical problem. Understanding vulnerability in complex systems requires an approach that characterizes the coupled behaviors at multiple scales of cascading failures. We used neuromorphic methods, which are modeled on the pattern-recognition circuitry of the brain and can find patterns in high-dimensional data at multiple scales, to develop a procedure for identifying the vulnerabilities of complex systems. This procedure was tested on microdynamic Internet2 network data. The result was a generic pipeline for identifying extreme events in high dimensional datasets.
Effect of Ritonavir on 99mTechnetium–Mebrofenin Disposition in Humans: A Semi‐PBPK Modeling and In Vitro Approach to Predict Transporter‐Mediated DDIs

A semiphysiologically based pharmacokinetic (semi-PBPK) model was developed to describe a unique blood, liver, and bile clinical data set for the hepatobiliary imaging agent (99m)Technetium-mebrofenin ((99m)Tc-mebrofenin), and to simulate sites/mechanisms of a (99m)Tc-mebrofenin-ritonavir drug-drug interaction (DDI). The transport inhibitor ritonavir (multiple-dose: 2 × 300 mg) significantly increased systemic (99m)Tc-mebrofenin exposure as compared with control (4,464 ± 1,861 vs. 1,970 ± 311 nCi min/ml; mean ± SD), without affecting overall hepatic exposure or biliary recovery. A novel extrahepatic distribution compartment was required to characterize (99m)Tc-mebrofenin disposition. Ritonavir inhibited (99m)Tc-mebrofenin accumulation in human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 3.46 ± 1.53 µmol/l). Despite ritonavir accumulation in hepatocytes, intracellular binding was extensive (97. 6%), which limited interactions with multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2)-mediated biliary excretion. These in vitro data supported conclusions from modeling/simulation that ritonavir inhibited (99m)Tc-mebrofenin hepatic uptake, but not biliary excretion, at clinically relevant concentrations. This integrated approach, utilizing modeling, clinical, and in vitro data, emphasizes the importance of hepatic and extrahepatic distribution, assessment of inhibitory potential in relevant in vitro systems, and intracellular unbound concentrations to assess transporter-mediated hepatic DDIs.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e20; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.21; advance online publication 2 January 2013.
Inertial proprioceptive devices: self-motion-sensing toys and tools

One of the current goals of technology is to redirect computation and communication capabilities from within the traditional computer and into everyday objects and devices—to make devices. one important function of smart devices is motion sensing. a proprioceptive device has a sense of its own motion and position. this ability can allow pens to remember what they have written, cameras to record their positions along with images, and baseball bats to communicate to batters information about their swing. in this paper, inertial sensing is introduced as the logical choice for unobtrusive, fully general motion sensing. example proprioceptive device applications are presented along with their sensing ranges and sensitivities. finally, the technologies used in implementing inertial sensors are described, and a survey of commercially available accelerometers and gyroscopes is presented.
Investigation of parasitic BJT turn-on enhanced two-stage drain saturation current in high-voltage NLDMOS

A two-stage drain current phenomenon in saturation region, named as I d -V d hump, has been investigated in high-voltage NMOS transistor. A parasitic BJT turn-on enhanced I d -V d hump model is proposed and characterized by using a two-dimensional device simulation. By optimizing channel/drift-region process conditions, both parasitic BJT and impact-ionization generation can be suppressed. Both measured result and simulated result of the optimized device are presented.
Distinct Structural Elements Dictate the Specificity of the Type III Pentaketide Synthase from Neurospora crassa

The fungal type III polyketide synthase 2'-oxoalkylresorcylic acid synthase (ORAS) primes with a range of acyl-Coenzyme A thioesters (C4-C20) and extends using malonyl-Coenzyme A to produce pyrones, resorcinols, and resorcylic acids. To gain insight into this unusual substrate specificity and product profile, we have determined the crystal structures of ORAS to 1.75 A resolution, the Phe-252-->Gly site-directed mutant to 2.1 A resolution, and a binary complex of ORAS with eicosanoic acid to 2.0 A resolution. The structures reveal a distinct rearrangement of structural elements near the active site that allows accommodation of long-chain fatty acid esters and a reorientation of the gating mechanism that controls cyclization and polyketide chain length. The roles of these structural elements are further elucidated by characterization of various structure-based site-directed variants. These studies establish an unexpected plasticity to the PKS fold, unanticipated from structural studies of other members of this enzyme family.
The open orbits of potassium

The high-field magnetoresistance of potassium, which fails to saturate, can be an intrinsic property only if the Fermi surface is multiply connected. Direct observation of open-orbit magnetoresistance peaks by Coulter and Datars confirms this theoretical principle. Since the Brillouin zone of potassium is only half full, and the Fermi surface is nearly spherical, open orbits can occur only if the translational symmetry of the crystal is broken by a charge-density-wave structure. The open-orbit distributions that result explain the observed magnetoresistance patterns.