cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological Characteristics of Enteric Neurons Isolated from the Immortomouse

Recently, two enteric neuronal cell lines, one fetal and the other post-natal (IM-PEN), have been developed from the H-2Kb-tsA58 transgenic mouse (immortomouse). However, their electrophysiological properties are not known. The goal of this study was to determine the electrical excitability and ionic conductance of the immortalized postnatal enteric neuronal (IM-PEN) cell line. Whole cell patch clamp studies, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were performed on differentiated IM-PEN cells following propagation at 33 °C and differentiation at 37 °C. Differentiated IM-PEN cells stained positively for the neuron specific markers βIII-tubulin and PGP9.5. The mRNA for several ion channels expressed in enteric neurons were detected by RT-PCR. In current clamp, the resting membrane potential was −24.6 ± 2.1 mV (n = 6) for IM-FEN and −29.8 ± 0.9 mV (n = 30) for IM-PEN. Current injections from Vh −80 mV resulted in passive responses but not action potentials. Depolarizing pulses in the whole cell voltage clamp configuration from Vh −80 mV elicited small nifedipine-sensitive inward currents. Additionally, outward currents with slow deactivating tail currents were blocked by niflumic acid and low chloride solution. A volume-regulated anion current was elicited by hypo-osmotic solution and inhibited by 10 μM DCPIB. Growth with rabbit gastrointestinal smooth muscle did not yield significant differences in the active properties of the IM-PEN cell line. Transient expression of L-type Ca2+ channels produced large inward currents demonstrating a working mechanism for protein folding and transport. The electrophysiological characteristics of IM-PEN cells suggest that chloride channels in IM-PEN cells play an important role in their resting state, and membrane trafficking of some of the ion channels may preclude their electrical excitability.
Monoclonal antibodies reveal complex structure in the membrane skeleton of Tetrahymena.

. Twelve monoclonal antibodies were raised that are specific for the membrane skeleton of Tetrahymena. Five were directed against T. pyrifomis and seven were directed against T. thermophila. Some cross-reactivity between species was found. Each monoclonal antibody recognized one of the three major components of epiplasm, i.e. the bands A, B, and C identified in electrophoretic separations of epiplasmic proteins. It was found, using these antibodies, that the epiplasmic proteins A, B, and C have overlapping but independent distributions within the cell.
Folate compartments during gestational maturation

Studies on 41 healthy preterm infants and 53 term infants revealed that almost 70% of the total folate is present in the bound form. Beyond the neonatal period the fraction of bound folate drops to that observed in normal adults: approximately 30%. The increase in bound folate with increasing gestational maturity reflects fetal demands placed on folate transport and affords an explanation for the loss of folate and corresponding increase in unsaturated binder during pregnancy. With the knowledge of folate biology gained from radioligand data, it is reasonable to postulate that effective folate metabolism depends upon a metabolically active transport mechanism.
Structure-genotoxic activity relationships of pesticides: comparison of the results from several short-term assays.

Abstract The Computer-Automated Structure Evaluation (CASE) program has been applied to the anakysis of the genotoxic activity of 54 pesticides (31 insecticides, 15 herbicides and 8 fungicides) in 5 different short-term test systems measuring gene mutation and DNA damage. The database contains compounds presenting diverse structures including carbamates, thiocarbamates, organophosphates, halo-aromatics and other functionalities. Some significant relationships between common structural features and the genotoxic activity displayed by these chemicals have been found. Among the most relevant fragments, automatically selected by the program, a methoxyphosphinyl and a chlorovinyl group appear as the common structural subunits responsible for the activities detected in the battery composed of the Salmonella typhimurium histidine reversion assay, the mouse lymphoma gene mutation assay and recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
THE MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS THROUGH THE SALT MARSH CORD GRASS, SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA LOISEL1

A pathway by which phosphorus is transferred from the sediment to Spartina to the estuarine waters is described : Spartina can serve as a nutrient pump and translocate measurable quantities of phosphorus from the salt marsh sediment to the leaves; then, with tidal inundation, an average of 9.84 mg-atom P/m is released in the marsh waters at each tidal cycle, Seasonal data indicate the flux of phosphorus through this system is closely associated with the productivity of the plant material in the marsh.
Safety Effectiveness of Upgrading Guardrail Terminals to NCHRP Report 350 Standards

Developing safe and effective guardrail terminals has been a high priority of roadside safety researchers for several decades. Numerous full-scale crash tests have been performed, and many types of new terminals have been developed. In recent years, the FHWA has formalized the evaluation and certification process for roadside safety hardware, meaning that all guardrail terminals used on the National Highway System must satisfy the full-scale crash test and evaluation requirements of NCHRP Report 350. Although the newer guardrail terminals undoubtedly have better full-scale crash test performance, the relevancy to reducing serious and fatal injuries in real-world guardrail terminal collisions is not quite as clear. The in-service performance of guardrail terminals was evaluated to determine if upgrading the terminals to NCHRP Report 350 standards would reduce serious and fatal injury accidents.
Differential regulation of cytokine-induced MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression by p38 kinase inhibitors in human chondrosarcoma cells: potential role of Runx2 in mediating p38 effects.

Summary Objective To investigate mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways for their ability to differentially regulate the expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 and -13 in human chondrosarcoma cells using pathway-selective inhibitors. Design Human chondrosarcoma cell lines (SW1353 and JJ012) and human articular chondrocytes (HACs) were treated with cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) and the expression of MMP-1 and -13 was analyzed. The effects of MAP kinase inhibitors on cytokine-induced expression of MMP-1 and -13 were evaluated using ELISA and Western blot analyses. The possible involvement of the Runx2 pathway in mediating p38 effects on MMP-13 expression was analyzed using promoter–reporter assays, ELISA and immunoprecipitation analyses. Results IL-1β and TNFα strongly induced the expression of MMP-1 and -13 in SW1353 cells and HACs, whereas only TNFα was found to induce the expression of these two MMPs in JJ012 cells. Cytokine treatment did not result in a significant increase in the activity of MMPs because of the excess production of endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs). Treatment with p38 kinase inhibitors (SB203580 and SB242235) strongly inhibited cytokine-induced MMP-13 expression in a dose-dependent fashion while having a somewhat weaker inhibitory effect on MMP-1 expression. In contrast, inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways did not inhibit the expression of either MMP. Overexpression of Runx2 robustly stimulated the transcriptional activation of MMP-13 but had no effect on MMP-1 expression. Furthermore, IL-1β induced the phosphorylation of Runx2, and this effect was blocked by a p38 kinase inhibitor. Our data suggest that Runx2 is likely to be a key downstream mediator of p38 effects in the differential regulation of IL-1β induced MMP-13 expression. Conclusions These studies demonstrate the differential inhibition of cytokine-induced MMP-1 and -13 expression by p38 kinase inhibitors in human chondrosarcoma cells. Our studies also suggest the involvement of Runx2, at least in part, in mediating the effects of p38 on MMP-13 expression.
Effect of small for gestational age on hemodynamic parameters in the neonatal period.

Objective: The time course over which hypertension develops in children with a history of growth restriction has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether commonly obtained hemodynamic parameters were different between small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates. Methods: This was a retrospective case–control study matching 24 SGA neonates in a 1:2 fashion with 48 AGA neonates delivered during the same gestational week. Hemodynamic parameters were evaluated during the first week of life and the week prior to discharge. Results: There were no differences in blood pressure (BP) parameters during the first week of life. Compared to AGA controls, SGA neonates had a significantly lower heart rate (HR) at birth (148.2 ± 19.2 vs. 159.2 ± 17.1, p < 0.001), and a greater need for vasopressor support (OR 5.66; 95% CI 2.28, 14.04). The SGA neonates had a lower systolic BP during the week prior to discharge (68.3 ± 1.2 vs. 73.5 ± 1.2 mmHg, p <...
Low phase noise wide tuning range digitally-controlled LC oscillator using switchable inductor

By adding a switched-loop around the inductor of a traditional LC oscillator, a single oscillator with 36% tuning range covers all American and European GSM cellular bands and meets the stringent phase noise requirements under +/−25% capacitor process variation. With the switch in the ‘open’ state, the measured phase noise at a 20 MHz offset from a 915 MHz carrier is −165 dBc/Hz, while at the same frequency with the switch ‘closed’ the phase noise performance only degrades by 2 dB. This circuit technique improves the tuning range of an LC oscillator dramatically without increasing die area.
Applying the scientific method when assessing the influence of migratory birds on the dispersal of H5N1.

Background: The role of wild birds in the dispersal of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 continues to be the subject of considerable debate. However, some researchers functionally examining the same question are applying opposing null hypotheses when examining this issue. Discussion: I describe the correct method for establishing a null hypothesis under the scientific method. I suggest that the correct null hypothesis is that migratory birds can disperse this virus during migration and encourage researchers to design studies to falsify this null. Finally, I provide several examples where statements made during this debate, while strictly true, are not generally informative or are speculative. Summary: By adhering to the scientific method, definitive answers regarding the role of wild birds in the dispersal of highly pathogenic viruses will be reached more effectively.
Sustainability in a common first year engineering program

Do the lifestyle and technology of today compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs? Since the Fall of 2005, first year engineering students at Michigan Technological University have been considering this question. They began by learning the definition of sustainability and then examined its importance to engineering through: (i) Researching and presenting the sustainability of 20th century engineering achievements. (ii) Investigating the ethical issues involved in sustainable technologies. (iii) Evaluating sustainability case studies using global Sullivan principles. (iv) Calculating their individual electrical energy consumption within their residence hall room and the resultant carbon dioxide produced. From this, they proposed methods to reduce their energy consumption.(v) Analyzing the sustainability of their semester design projects. From these activities, students learned that engineers need to evaluate the economic, environmental and social aspects of their designs in order to produce sustainable solutions. They investigated the differences of sustainable technologies in developing and developed countries. They determined the effect their lifestyle had on the environment by calculating both their carbon and ecological footprints. This paper will describe the incorporation of these sustainability activities into the Michigan Tech first year engineering program and the assessment methodology used.
Short-Term Outcomes of Late Preterms: An Institutional Experience

This article describes the short-term outcomes of late preterm neonates born between 34 and 36 (6/7) weeks gestational age (GA) in a 4-year period. A total of 1381/ 20554 (6.7%) births were between 34 and 36 weeks of GA and were predominantly Caucasian (87%). In all, 697/1381 (51%) were admitted to nursery whereas 684/1381 (49%) remained with their mothers. Of the babies born at 34, 35, and 36 weeks GA, 97%, 53%, and 32%, respectively, required admission and of these 30%, 33%, and 23%, respectively, required respiratory support. Air leaks developed in <4% infants. Median length of stay and age at full enteral feeds were 11, 6, and 4 days and 10, 6, and 3 days for 34, 35, and 36 weeks GA, respectively. It is concluded that late preterms have significant morbidity in the neonatal period.
Anthropogenic alterations of genetic diversity within tree populations: Implications for forest ecosystem resilience

Healthy forests provide many of the essential ecosystem services upon which all life depends. Genetic diversity is an essential component of long-term forest health because it provides a basis for adaptation and resilience to environmental stress and change. In addition to natural processes, numerous anthropogenic factors deplete forest genetic resources. Genetic losses could be particularly consequential now because robust resilience is needed to respond to a growing number, variety, and frequency of stress exposures. Silvicultural management that selectively removes trees (and their genes) from forests may be another force reshaping forest gene pools. Although data concerning the influence of silvicultural management on genetic resources in temperate forests is somewhat mixed, through the genetic assessment of long-term silvicultural treatments within an eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forest, and computer-based simulated harvests of a genetically mapped eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) stand, we found that the selective removal of trees can alter gene frequencies. Due to an association with phenotypic characteristics used to guide harvests, the frequencies of rare alleles appeared particularly vulnerable to manipulation. Depending on the selection criteria used, rare allele frequencies either remained steady, decreased, or increased relative to study controls. Although harvest-associated genetic losses are possible, our data suggests that management can also sustain or enhance genetic richness. Similar to studies within temperate ecosystems, recent research in tropical forests underscores the potential influence of harvesting on the genetics of tree populations. In addition to efforts to reduce controllable sources of ecosystem stress (e.g., high pollutant exposures), management options should be evaluated that may bolster forest ecosystem resilience by preserving levels of genetic diversity within forests.
Austrian persistence? Capital-based business cycle theory and the dynamics of investment spending

Survey data are used to investigate the very long spending lags estimated in neo- classical studies of investment expenditures. Neoclassical investment theory has trouble ex- plaining the length of these lags. By recognizing the Austrian concept of the capital structure and applying it to the problem, the present paper explains the length of these lags as proceed- ing from interactions between types of capital. Austrian arguments stemming from Austrian business-cycle theory seem to be needed to explain these lags.
Soft x-ray microscopy

Summary form only given. Soft X-ray microscopy is at the forefront of research with spatial resolution approaching 10 nm, and wide ranging applications to the physical and life sciences, including the dynamics of magnetic nanostructures, three-dimensional biotomography at the sub-cellular level, elemental and chemically specific environmental studies. Examples of recent work are shown below in figures 1-3. Figure 1 shows a general layout of the soft X-ray microscope XM-1 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) synchrotron facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Figure 2 shows an image, at 15 nm spatial resolution, of nanomagnetic structures in a CoCrPt alloy as revealed by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) using synchrotron radiation tuned to the cobalt L3-edge at 778 eV (1.59 nm wavelength). Figure 3 shows a natural contrast tomographic reconstruction of a whole yeast cell imaged in the water window at 500 eV (2.4 nm wavelength).
A Phylogeny of Bacterial RNA Nucleotidyltransferases: Bacillus halodurans Contains Two tRNA Nucleotidyltransferases

We have analyzed the distribution of RNA nucleotidyltransferases from the family that includes poly(A) polymerases (PAP) and tRNA nucleotidyltransferases (TNT) in 43 bacterial species. Genes of several bacterial species encode only one member of the nucleotidyltransferase superfamily (NTSF), and if that protein functions as a TNT, those organisms may not contain a poly(A) polymerase I like that of Escherichia coli. The genomes of several of the species examined encode more than one member of the nucleotidyltransferase superfamily. The function of some of those proteins is known, but in most cases no biochemical activity has been assigned to the NTSF. The NTSF protein sequences were used to construct an unrooted phylogenetic tree. To learn more about the function of the NTSFs in species whose genomes encode more than one, we have examined Bacillus halodurans. We have demonstrated that B. halodurans adds poly(A) tails to the 3' ends of RNAs in vivo. We have shown that the genes for both of the NTSFs encoded by the B. halodurans genome are transcribed in vivo. We have cloned, overexpressed, and purified the two NTSFs and have shown that neither functions as poly(A) polymerase in vitro. Rather, the two proteins function as tRNA nucleotidyltransferases, and our data suggest that, like some of the deep branching bacterial species previously studied by others, B. halodurans possesses separate CC- and A-adding tRNA nucleotidyltransferases. These observations raise the interesting question of the identity of the enzyme responsible for RNA polyadenylation in Bacillus.
The Role of Ritual in Children's Bereavement:

Three hundred and eighteen parent-bereaved children aged 5–17 recruited from the community and their surviving parents were interviewed at 1, 6, 13, and 25 months post-parental death about their pa...
The Utah primary care experience.

I appreciate the opportunity to comment on the article by Magill and colleagues,1 which describes a 7-year saga to operate a primary care network for an academic health science center. There are a number of notable things to comment on as one looks from afar. In doing so, I will compare their experience in Utah with ours in Colorado. Our approach, which I will describe, differed for several important reasons (most of them financial). The early 1990s was a period of challenge and change for most academic health centers (AHCs). The emergence and rapid growth of managed care plans with their requirements that specialist services be preceded by a primary care physician (PCP) referral and an approved preauthorization from the health plan put these centers at a marked disadvantage when competing for insured patients. These managed care plans had the power, through contracts, to channel their members to specific physicians and hospitals. This power combined with these plans’ general belief that AHCs exemplified the phrase “go in for a cold, come out with a transplant” led to a general unwillingness to contract with AHCs. In reality, in many places, they were right. For decades, academic PCPs had 2 obligations—to train new physicians and to provide the highest quality of medical care. These missions resulted in excessive use of diagnostic facilities and specialist referrals, and higher costs for patients when cared for by an AHC—with serious questions as to the true medical necessity of many of the services. To make matters worse, the primary care faculty of an AHC was remarkably small when compared with its specialist faculty. As a result, health plans had minimal interest in contracting with academically based PCPs. And without access to those PCPs, referrals of insured patients to academic specialists often declined. It quickly became apparent that AHCs would have to expand their PCP base, modify their clinical practice habits, and capture patient populations that would sustain the costs associated with these changes. The approach described by Magill and colleagues was one way to try to attain these goals.
Common Neurologic Diseases of Older Animals

Of the various neurologic diseases that affect dogs and cats, some are more often encountered in older animals. Physical diagnosis may be challenging, as multiple disease processes that may minic neurologic disease can be present in the same animal. A diligent, complete neurologic examination should lend for an accurate neuroanatomical diagnosis. Once a level of involvement is determined, knowledge of diseases affecting the particular area of the nervous system will provide for appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Although neurologic diseases are still often devastating, successful management of many of these diseases will afford better quality of life during the geriatric years.
Evaluating the Quality of Supportive Oncology Using Patient-Reported Data

Patient-reported data may provide valuable informa- tion for oncology quality measurement. We evaluated applying patient-reported data from the Cancer Care Outcomes Re- search and Surveillance Consortium national study to quality indicators addressing supportive oncology domains. Methods: We analyzed surveys including validated instru- ments for symptoms and care planning from 4,174 patients newly diagnosed with lung or colorectal cancer. We adapted existing supportive oncology indicators for use with patient-re- ported data from Cancer Quality-ASSIST and the American So- ciety of Clinical Oncology Quality Oncology Practice Initiative. Where feasible, we examined indicators using medical record data for comparison purposes.
READING COMPREHENSION OF EXPOSITORY SCIENCE MATERIAL AND STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES: A COMPARISON OF STRATEGIES:

This study compared the effects of comprehension-fostering strategies on science and social studies texts with 54 eighth-grade students with learning disabilities who were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) text-structure-based strategy, (b) paragraph restatement strategy, or (c) traditional instruction. In the text-structure-based condition, students were taught to identify three types of passages (main idea, list, and order) and to apply passage-type specific reading strategies. In the paragraph restatement condition, students were taught to apply a paragraph restatement strategy to all three types of passages. In the traditional instruction condition, students were taught to read passages, answer comprehension questions, and review responses. After instruction, students read and studied unfamiliar science and social studies passages and were given immediate, delayed, and transfer tests. Results indicated that text-structure-based reading strategies had a singnificant effect on (a) recall...
Cue selection in verbal discrimination learning of retarded subjects

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted to examine cue function in trigram verbal discrimination learning by retarded subjects. The issue was to determine the factors that control attention in this type of learning situation. The two variables of chief interest were trigram meaningfulness and reinforcement history. The major general conclusion was that retarded subjects employ complex cue selection strategies in solving a verbal discrimination involving compound verbal stimuli. Major findings were as follows: (a) Retarded subjects exhibit a response bias in favor of words over nonsense trigrams; (b) relatively little active cue selection based on meaningfulness was observed; (c) a compound stimulus discrimination was more difficult to learn than a discrimination involving single verbal stimuli; (d) compound and single stimuli may be processed differently in original discrimination learning; (e) cue position probably controls attention in compound discrimination learning; and (f) a frequency theory of verbal discrimination learning is supported by these data.
Parametric Identification of Contact Forces Using AFM

We propose a comprehensive approach to characterize the contact stiffness of surfaces using the contact-mode of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Our procedure utilizes the subharmonic resonance of order one-half of the probe-tip-sample system in conjunction with higher-order spectralmeasurements to determine independently the quadratic and cubic contact stiffness coefficients.
Angiotensin II Blockade Reduces Radiation-Induced Proliferation in Experimental Radiation Nephropathy

Abstract Moulder, J. E., Fish, B. L., Regner, K. R. and Cohen, E. P. Angiotensin II Blockade Reduces Radiation-Induced Proliferation in Experimental Radiation Nephropathy. Radiat. Res. 157, 393–401 (2002). Total-body irradiation or renal irradiation is followed by a well-defined sequence of changes in renal function leading eventually to renal failure. Previous studies in a rat model have shown that inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme or blockade of angiotensin II receptors can prevent the structural and functional changes that occur after renal irradiation, and that these interventions are particularly important between 3 and 10 weeks after irradiation. We have now shown that in the same rat model, total-body irradiation induces proliferation of renal tubular cells (i.e., an increase in the number of cells staining positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen) within 5 weeks after irradiation. Treatment with an angiotensin II receptor blocker delays this radiation-induced tubular proliferation...
Conductive Filler Morphology Effect on Performance of Ionic Polymer Conductive Network Composite Actuators

Several generations of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators have been developed since 1992. It has been discovered that the composite electrodes which are composed of electronic and ionic conductors, have great impact on performance of ionic polymer actuators by affecting strain level, efficiency and speed. One of important factors in composite electrodes is the shape and morphology of electronic conductor fillers. In this paper, RuO2 nanoparticles and vertically aligned carbon nanotube (Va-CNT) are used as conductor fillers. Making use of unique properties of Va-CNT forests with ultrahigh volume fraction in Nafion nanocomposite, an ionic polymer actuator is developed. Ion transport speed is greatly increased along CNT alignment direction. The high elastic anisotropy, arising from the high modulus and volume fraction of Va-CNTs, enhances actuation strain while reducing the undesirable direction strain. More than 8% actuation strain under 4 volts with less than one second response time has been achieved.
What facilitates adaptation? An analysis of community-based adaptation to environmental change in the Andes

This study analyses the environmental, socio-economic and institutional factors that influence community-based adaptation strategies in 16 municipalities in the rural Andes of Colombia. The study focuses specifically on the factors that influence whether communities decide to take measures to manage their water and micro-watersheds in response to water scarcity caused by climate variability and land-use changes. The research uses quantitative and qualitative methods incorporating data from surveys to 104 water user associations, precipitation and land-use data, municipal socio-economic information, and semistructured interviews with key informants. The results reveal 1) the links between environmental change and the type of adaptation that communities implement, and 2) how, in face of water scarcity changes, external funding facilitates adaptation. The findings of this study contributes to the common-pool resource and adaptation literatures by highlighting the important role that external actors may have in shaping collective action to adapt to environmental change.
Arylsulfotransferase IV catalyzed sulfation of 1-naphthalenemethanol.

A variety of drugs, carcinogens, and other xenobiotics either contain benzylic alcohol functional groups or are metabolized by hydroxylation at a benzylic carbon. Several studies indicate that the route for formation of reactive metabolites from molecules containing benzylic hydroxyls may proceed via sulfation.1-7 Benzylic sulfate esters have been reported as metabolites of such diverse compounds as 1-methylamino-2-phenylpropan2-ol (an isomer of ephedrine)1, l’-hydroxysafrole,2,5 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene,3’4 and various mono-and di-nitrotoluenes.6’7 Benzylic sulfates are electrophilic metabolites and can react with cellular nucleophiles due to the ease with which the sulfate acts as a leaving group, and the ability of the aromatic ring to stabilize a positive charge at the benzylic carbon. The ability of these reactive sulfate esters to bind covalently to cellular macromolecules has led to an interest in their role in carcinogenesis and other toxic responses.
STMA STUDY OF AIRFOIL NONLINEAR INTERACTION WITH UNSTEADY FLOW

A computational method of Space-Time Mapping Analysis (STMA), developed in Ref. [1], is applied to nonlinear, inviscid computation of unsteady airfoil response to an upstream flow with a finite amplitude of unsteady perturbation. The unique feature of the method is that it solves the unsteady problem as a steady-state one, by treating the time coordinate identically to space directions. Time-accurate predictions are achieved by using a high-order discretization scheme. Computed results for both unsteady aerodynamic and aeroacoustic airfoil responses are compared against numerical solutions from Refs [2] and [3-4].
Personal Monitoring Using Thermoluminescence Dosimeter (I)

In order to use a thermoluminescence dosimeter for personal monitoring, some practical characteristics such as reproducibility, deviation among elements, degradation of sensitivity were examined during the repeated usage over one year. It was shown that the correction of the reading to compensate for the deviation in sensitivities by the factor determined for each element is necessary. The elements mostly showed the degradation of sensitivity during the usage. The degradation was supposed to be caused essentially by the repeated annealing. The values by thermoluminescence dosimeter agreed fairly well with those by film badge in the wide range of energies higher than several 10 keV.
Biologic Significance of the Soluble Specific Substances of Pneumococci

In the course of our study on the antibody of antipneumococcus serum, it was repeatedly observed in protection tests that mice that had received injections with large doses of serum or with concentrated antibody solutions died while those receiving injections with smaller doses lived. That there is an apparent discrepancy in the protective values of the higher and lower doses of serum or specific precipitates, was early noted by Chickering 1 in his study on the protective bodies in antipneumococcus serum. This investigator observed that increasing the size of the dose of the protective agent may not increase the protection when titrated against a given dose of pneumococci. It has been a question in our minds whether this phenomenon referred to is an inherent characteristic of the antibody, or whether the serum or antibody solution contains two substances, one protective and the other inhibitory to the animal' s defense. It has been reported previously 2 that the latter assumption is the likely one. For it was shown that certain samples of type 2 serums when diluted with equal volumes of water yield a precipitate which not only paralyzes the defense of the animal, but in greater amounts produces fatal results. This precipitate has been dissociated and yields both protective and toxic fractions. In the present investigation, the water-soluble specific substance isolated from pneumococci by the method of Heidelberger and Avery 3 is considered one of the possible bacterial products that cause this action of immune serum antagonistic to defense. Indeed, the work of Cole,4 Bail,5 Wassermann and Citron,6 and others, concerning the action of certain soluble substances and the so-called "agressins" in the body
A New Species of Curvularia with a Protuberant Conidial Hilum

(1965). A New Species of Curvularia with a Protuberant Conidial Hilum. Mycologia: Vol. 57, No. 5, pp. 822-825.
Advances in Sludge Reduction

Excess activated sludge produced in the biological treatment process of wastewater required costly disposal and would induce serious environmental pollution if the treatment was not suitable.According to production principle of excess activated sludge in biological treatment process,relevant technologies of sludge reduction were reviewed,and characteristics of each technology were compared.
The slow fix: communities, research, and disease control.

Carrying out the obligatory ritual of reading the addresses of my predecessors I learned that the Society had met once previously in Cincinnati, in 1945, before the “and Hygiene” was added to our name. Appropriately, President Rolla Dyer's address that year was titled “Medical Research in the Postwar World”, and it contained hints of things to come. For example, Dyer mentioned that to promote the training of scientists the National Institute of Health (NIH) had established fellowships, some of which had been filled! I am pleased that the venue of this meeting is Cincinnati, a city which at a personal level has much meaning for me. It is my mother's birthplace, and is where my parents met and married before they migrated to that then-distant land, Texas. One memorable summer my brother and I stayed with a much-loved uncle and aunt in Cincinnati who were devoted fans of the Cincinnati Reds, and they took us often to the ballpark.
Fatigue crack growth in miniature specimens: The equivalence of ∆K-correlation and that based on the change in net-section strain energy density

Abstract In fatigue crack growth experiments of miniature specimens of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, it is shown that the stress intensity factor range (∆K) cannot uniquely correlate the crack growth rates based on the standard stress intensity factor solution, but can only on the basis of the solution for uniformly displaced ends. It also is shown that, remarkably, a similar and strong correlation exists between the change in the net section strain energy amplitude and the rate of fatigue crack growth. The proposed approach is direct and simpler and it throws a new light on the nature of driving force for fatigue crack growth in structural materials.
Molecular tumour clocks and colorectal cancer: seeing the unseen

Recent advances in mathematics and sequencing have revolutionised the analysis of evolution. Modern phylogeny is molecular phylogeny, or histories reconstructed from sequences. The same quantitative sequence approaches have not been fully translated to colorectal cancer. Molecular tumour clocks provide opportunities to reconstruct individual tumour histories. Phenotypic and genetic progression are usually thought to be synonymous, but many mutations may accumulate in normal appearing cells. Although such occult genetic progression is essentially invisible, molecular tumour clocks offer the somewhat magical ability to reconstruct what may never be seen. Potentially much of colorectal cancer progression is unseen and unexplored because tumours usually appear late in life.
Using Abel's Theorem to Explain Repeated Roots of the Characteristic Equation

This document describes how one can derive the solutions to a linear constant coefficient homogeneous differential equation with repeated roots in the characteristic equation with Abel's Theorem. y (n) (t) + p1(t)y (n−1) (t) + p2(t)y (n−2) (t) + · · · + pn−1(t)y ' (t) + pn(t)y(t) = 0 (1.1) is encountered by every differential equations student. We most often study second order equations, the case when n = 2, due to Newton's laws of motion and with ease one can generalize the theory to higher order. We consider the case when the coefficient functions pi(t) are constant. Under these conditions, one makes the ansatz y = e rt which transforms (1.1) into an algebraic equation, which is more easily solved. In particular, if pi = ai, with the above ansatz, we have the characteristic equation r n + a1r n−1 + a2r n−2 + · · · + an−1r + an = 0. (1.2) By factoring out the e rt , one finds that solving an algebraic equation yields solutions to the original differential equation. Most textbooks first handle distinct real roots and later come back to discuss when r = r1 is a repeated solution to (1.2). We show an approach that relies on Abel's Theorem and the idea of reduction of order can constructively establish that the repeated root r = r1 with multiplicity m gives rise to m linearly independent solutions of the form yi(t) = t i−1 e r1t for 1 ≤ i ≤ m.
Study of secure boot with a FPGA-based IoT device

Internet of Things (loT) is network connected “Things” such as vehicles, buildings, embedded systems, sensors, as well as people. IoT enables these objects to collect and exchange data of interest to complete various tasks including patient health monitoring, environmental monitoring, system condition prognostics and prediction, smart grid, smart buildings, smart cities, and do on. Due to the large scale of and the limited host processor computation power in an IoT system, effective security provisioning is shifting from software-based security implementation to hardware-based security implementation in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. Moreover, FPGA can take over the work of infrastructure components to preserve and protect critical components and minimize the negative impacts on these components. In this paper, we employ Xilinx Zynq-7000 Series System-on-Chip (SoC) ZC706 prototype board to design an IoT device. To defend against threats to FPGA design, we have studied Zynq-ZC706 to (1) encrypt FPGA bitstream to protect the IoT device from bitstream decoding; (2) encrypt system boot image to enhance system security; and (3) ensure the FPGA operates correctly as intended via authentication to avoid spoofing and Trojan Horse attacks.
Monosexual and Nonmonosexual Women in Same-Sex Couples' Relationship Quality During the First Five Years of Parenthood.

Research on relationship quality in same-sex couples has rarely focused on (1) couples who are parents, or (2) couples in which partners differ in sexual identity. Insomuch as nonmonosexual women (...
Dental therapists linked to improved dental outcomes for Alaska Native communities in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta.

OBJECTIVES Dental Health Aide Therapists (DHATs) have been part of the dental workforce in Alaska's Yukon-Kuskokwim (YK) Delta since 2006. They are trained to provide preventive and restorative care such as filling and extractions. In this study, we evaluated community-level dental outcomes associated with DHATs. METHODS This was a secondary data analysis of Alaska Medicaid and electronic health record data for individuals in Alaska's YK Delta (2006-2015). The independent variable was the number of DHAT treatment days in each community. Child outcomes were preventive care, extractions, and general anesthesia. Adult outcomes were preventive care and extractions. We estimated Spearman partial correlation coefficients to test our hypotheses that increased DHAT treatment days would be associated with larger proportions utilizing preventive care and smaller proportions receiving extractions at the community-level. RESULTS DHAT treatment days were positively associated with preventive care utilization and negatively associated with extractions for children and adults (P < 0.0001). DHAT treatment days were not associated with increased dental treatment under general anesthesia for children. CONCLUSIONS Dental therapists are associated with more preventive care and fewer extractions. State-level policies should consider dental therapists as part of a comprehensive solution to meet the dental care needs of individuals in underserved communities and help achieve health equity and social justice.
The Effectiveness of Mini–C-Arm Fluoroscopy for the Closed Reduction of Distal Radius Fractures in Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose Most distal radius (DR) fractures are initially managed with closed reduction and orthosis application. Mini–C-arm fluoroscopy provides assessment of reduction quality in real time. Our null hypothesis was that there would be no difference in the reduction quality of DR fractures in the emergency department when using mini–C-arm fluoroscopy during reduction compared with standard reduction techniques (evaluating reduction quality with orthogonal radiographs taken in an orthosis). Methods Sixty-three consecutive patients with closed DR fractures requiring reduction between April 2015 and April 2017 were prospectively randomized to standard versus fluoroscopically aided reductions. Reductions were performed by orthopedic surgery residents. The primary outcome measurement was reduction quality (radial height, radial inclination, ulnar variance, and volar tilt) as measured on postreduction radiographs. Results Standard reductions were performed in 34 patients and fluoroscopically aided reductions in 29 patients. The 2 groups were similar in regards to all potential confounders that were analyzed. No differences in postreduction radial height, radial inclination, ulnar variance, or volar tilt were noted. Overall reduction attempts and subjective difficulty of fracture reduction were increased when using fluoroscopy. The rate of initial operative management did not differ between groups. Conclusions The use of mini–C-arm fluoroscopy during the initial closed reduction of adult DR fractures results in equivalent postreduction radiographic parameters when compared with conventional reduction techniques. Additional research regarding time spent in the emergency department and overall cost could elucidate potential benefits of fluoroscopically aided DR fracture reduction. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic I.
Tape casting and sintering of Li7La3Zr1.75Nb0.25Al0.1O12 with Li3BO3 additions

Abstract An approach for tape casting and sintering of Li7La3Zr1.75Nb0.25Al0.1O12 (LLZNbO) sheets suitable for use in solid-state battery development is described. The use of Li3BO3 as a sintering aid in both pellet and cast tape samples is examined. We find the optimal Li3BO3 content for ionic conductivity in pellets is between 1 and 2 wt% Li3BO3, much less than in prior reports. At this level, ionic conductivity is ~2.5 × 10−4 S cm−1 after sintering in an argon atmosphere at 1000 °C for 6 h. 150–175 micron thick LLZNbO + 0.5% Li3BO3 tapes sintered at 1000 °C for 6 h exhibit ionic conductivity values of 2–3 × 10−4 S cm−1.
Optimizing rejuvenator content in asphalt concrete to enhance its durability

Abstract The use of rejuvenators in asphalt concrete (AC) have been receiving greater attention recently due to their effect on improving the performance of AC mixes to control the impact of the increasing use of recycled asphalt. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a rejuvenator to reduce AC’s cracking susceptibility utilizing the Illinois Flexibility Index Test (I-FIT). The AC’s rutting potential was assessed using the Hamburg Wheel Track Test. Samples were prepared on unaged and short-term aged conditions to identify the effect of service time on AC mixes. This study found that increasing rejuvenator content on AC mixes may reduce cracking susceptibility, but possibly increase rutting. Both 2-D and 3-D balanced mix design interaction plots show that designing a durable AC mix with recycled material can be achieved by controlling rejuvenator content with and without aging. Contractors and agencies alike may use interaction plots to develop AC mixes with optimal balanced performance.
Self-Control and the Management of Violence

Extensive empirical evidence suggests that self-control plays an important part in the production of violence and other criminal acts. Therefore, it would seem that any policies designed to control violence must pay attention to weak self-control and ways to improve it or to counter its influences. However, effective policies rest on fuller accounts than those provided by self-control theory. Several potential weaknesses in the theory make it problematic for fashioning programs to control misconduct. Six such weaknesses and their potential implications are identified, and ways of overcoming those deficiencies are offered. It is concluded that self-control theory holds promise as a beginning for policy formation but it must be elaborated and integrated with other theories before it is likely to provide effective guidance.
Analytical Approaches to Solving Coupled Nonlinear Schroedinger Equations Using Maple V

The coupled nonlinear Schroedinger (CNLS) equations involving highly oscillatory terms attracts great current interest owing to both its fundamental meaning and potential applications in optical logic devices. We have used Maple V in solving the problem of coupled nonlinear Schroedinger equations. A paper describing the main features of this work will soon be published.
The Androgen Receptor and Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy

The androgen receptor belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors, which are ligand-dependent transcription factors. In the absence of the androgen, the receptor is localized to the cytoplasm where it is associated with heat shock proteins. Upon ligand binding, the receptor translocates into the nucleus and interacts with specific DNA sequences, called androgen response elements. The DNA-bound receptor interacts with the transcription initiation complex to regulate transcription.
Improvement in Back and Leg Pain and Disability Following Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery: Study of 324 Patients With 2-year Follow-up and the Impact of Surgery on Patient-reported Outcomes.

Study Design.A retrospective review of a prospective, multicenter adult spinal deformity (ASD) database.Objective.Our objective was to quantify the change in disability reported for patients with radiculopathy as compared with patients with back pain only following ASD realignment surgery.Summary of
Optimal method of identifying individuals eligible for lung cancer screening: Comparing methods of eliciting and recording smoking history.

e18595Background: Although smoking history is classically quantified as pack-years (packages of cigarettes per day smoked times the number of years smoked), there is no standard for eliciting this ...