cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilaterality in familial breast cancer patients.

The authors conducted this study to determine the probability of a second primary developing in the contralateral breast of a patient, based on her present age, age at her first breast primary, and family history of breast cancer in her mother, sister, or second-degree relative. The study involved 556 patients. With premenopausal diagnosis of the first primary, the probabilities to the 19th year for the three types of family histories ranged from 35% to 38%; with postmenopausal diagnosis, they ranged from 11% to 26%. The probability for all familial patients was 28%. This contrasts with a probability of 13% reported for a general series of patients. An early age at diagnosis and family history of the disease thus have important enhancing effects on the development of second primaries. This information could be useful to physicians in deciding how best to manage the treatment of their patients. Cancer 56: 2092-2098, 1985.
HYDROGEN ISOTOPE EXCHANGE

THERE appears to be some confusion1–3 in the derivation and application of certain relationships featuring the separation factor for hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) chemical-exchange processes.
Full-Coverage Film Cooling—Part II: Heat Transfer Data and Numerical Simulation

Experimental research into heat transfer from full-coverage film-cooled surfaces with three injection geometries was described in Part I. This part has two objectives. The first is to present a simple numerical procedure for simulation of heat transfer with full-coverage film cooling. The second objective is to present some of the Stanton number data that was used in Part I of the paper. The data chosen for presentation are the low-Reynolds number, heated-starting-length data for the three injection geometries with five-diameter hole spacing. Sample data sets with high blowing ratio and with ten-diameter hole spacing are also presented. The numerical procedure has been successfully applied to the Stanton number data sets.
Sodium Retention and Volume Expansion in Nephrotic Syndrome: Implications for Hypertension

Sodium retention is a major clinical feature of nephrotic syndrome. The mechanisms responsible for sodium retention in this setting have been a subject of debate for years. Excessive sodium retention occurs in some individuals with nephrotic syndrome in the absence of activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, suggesting an intrinsic defect in sodium excretion by the kidney. Recent studies have provided new insights regarding mechanisms by which sodium transporters are activated by factors present in nephrotic urine. These mechanisms likely have a role in the development of hypertension in nephrotic syndrome, where hypertension may be difficult to control, and provide new therapeutic options for the management of blood pressure and edema in the setting of nephrotic syndrome.
Intraoperative duplex monitoring of infrainguinal vein bypass procedures

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate intraoperative duplex scanning of infrainguinal vein bypass grafts to detect technical and hemodynamic problems, monitor their repair, and correlate findings with the incidence of thrombosis and stenosis repair rates within 90 days of operation. Methods: Color duplex scanning was used at operation to assess vein/anastomotic patency and velocity spectra waveforms of 626 infrainguinal vein bypass grafts (in situ saphenous, 228 grafts; nonreversed translocated saphenous, 170 grafts; reversed saphenous, 147 grafts; alternative [arm, lesser saphenous], 81 grafts) to the popliteal (n = 267 grafts), infrageniculate (n = 323 grafts), or pedal artery (n = 36 grafts). The entire bypass graft was scanned after intragraft injection of papaverine hydrochloride (30-60 mg) to augment graft flow. Vein/anastomotic/artery segments with velocity spectra that indicate highly disturbed flow (peak systolic velocity, >180 cm/sec; spectral broadening; velocity ratio at site, >3) were revised. Grafts with a low peak systolic velocity less than 30 to 40 cm/s and high outflow resistance (absent diastolic flow) underwent procedures (distal arteriovenous fistula, sequential bypass grafting) to augment flow; if this was not possible, the grafts were treated with an antithrombotic regimen, including heparin, dextran, and antiplatelet therapy. Results: Duplex scanning prompted revision of 104 lesions in 96 (15%) bypass grafts, including 82 vein/anastomotic stenoses, 17 vein segments with platelet thrombus, and 5 low-flow grafts. Revision rate was highest ( P 300 cm/s; velocity ratio, >3.5). By comparison, 20 of 95 bypass grafts (21%) with a residual (n = 29 grafts) or unrepaired duplex stenosis (n = 53 grafts) or low flow (n = 13 grafts) had a corrective procedure for graft thrombosis (n = eight grafts) or stenosis (n = 12 grafts; P Conclusion: The observed 15% intraoperative revision rate coupled with a low 90-day failure/revision rate (2.5%) for bypasses with normal papaverine-augmented duplex scans supports the routine use of this diagnostic modality to enhance the precision and early results of infrainguinal vein bypass procedures. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:678-90.)
Does a Change from Whole to Powdered Food (Artemia franciscana eggs) Increase Oviposition in the Ladybird Coleomegilla maculata

The limited availability of alternative foods to replace natural prey hinders cost-effective mass production of ladybird beetles for augmentative biological control. We compared the effects of powdered vs. whole Artemia franciscana (A. franciscana) (brine shrimp) eggs with or without a dietary supplement on development and reproduction of Coleomegilla maculata (C. maculata) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We tested the hypotheses that (1) powdered A. franciscana eggs are more suitable than whole eggs; and (2) palmitic acid, a common fatty acid in natural prey, i.e., aphids, is an effective dietary supplement. Development time, pre-imaginal survival, sex ratio, and body weight of adults did not differ significantly amongst individuals fed powdered vs. whole eggs, with or without 5% palmitic acid. Significantly more oviposition occurred when females were fed powdered eggs than whole eggs and powdered eggs with 5% palmitic acid than whole eggs with or without 5% palmitic acid. A weak functional relationship was found between pre-oviposition time and total oviposition by females fed powdered eggs with 5% palmitic acid; pre-oviposition time decreased as oviposition increased. Food treatments had no significant differential effect on progeny (egg) hatch rate. In conclusion, a simple change in A. franciscana egg texture and particle size (i.e., blending whole eggs into a dust-like powder) increases oviposition in C. maculata. Supplementing powdered eggs with 5% palmitic acid might accelerate oogenesis (egg maturation) in some females.
The evolutionary consequences of biological invasions

A major challenge of invasion biology is the development of a predictive framework that prevents new invasions. This is inherently difficult because different biological characteristics are important at the different stages of invasion: opportunity/transport, establishment and spread. Here, we draw from recent research on a variety of taxa to examine the evolutionary causes and consequences of biological invasions. The process of introduction may favour species with characteristics that promote success in highly disturbed, human-dominated landscapes, thus exerting novel forms of selection on introduced populations. Moreover, evidence is accumulating that multiple introductions can often be critical to the successful establishment and spread of introduced species, as they may be important sources of genetic variation necessary for adaptation in new environments or may permit the introduction of novel traits. Thus, not only should the introduction of new species be prevented, but substantial effort should also be directed to preventing the secondary introduction of previously established species (and even movement of individuals among introduced populations). Modern molecular techniques can take advantage of genetic changes postintroduction to determine the source of introduced populations and their vectors of spread, and to elucidate the mechanisms of success of some invasive species. Moreover, the growing availability of genomic tools will permit the identification of underlying genetic causes of invasive success.
Development of a MEMS 2D separations device

A polymer based biochip for rapid 2D separations of peptides, proteins, and other biomedically relevant molecules was designed and fabricated. Like traditional 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) methods, the device will allow molecules to separate based on isoelectric point (pI) and molecular weight (MW). Our design, however, integrates both an initial capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) step followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in multiple parallel channels, all on a single microfluidic chip. Not only is the "lab-on-a-chip" design easier to use and less expensive, but the miniaturization of the device produces very rapid separations. Compared to traditional 2D-PAGE, which can take hours to complete, we estimate separation times on the order of seconds. Fluorescence detection will be used in the preliminary stages of testing, but the device also is equipped with integrated electrodes in the electrophoresis channels to perform multiplexed electrochemical detection for quantitative analysis. We will present preliminary results of the chip development and testing.
Shallow Structure and Sedimentation of Upper Continental Slope off Southern and Central Oregon: A Preliminary Investigation: ABSTRACT

Preliminary investigation of the shallow structure of the outer continental shelf and the upper continental slope has been made recently off southern and central Oregon by continuous-seismic profiling. Between Cape Sebastian and the California border, a well-developed topographic bench is present at 500-650 m. The bench has been produced by sediments which were ponded behind a gentle fold on the continental slope. Between Humbug Mountain and Coos Bay, a wedge of Quaternary sediments unconformably overlies older rocks of the continental shelf and upper slope. The Quaternary sediments appear to be absent in the area of Coquille Bank, a doubly plunging, asymmetric anticline. The straight western side of the bank appears down faulted and the benches north and south of the ban structurally controlled by the plunging anticline. Between Yaquina Bay and Cape Lookout, a series of large, north-trending folds underlie the upper continental slope. Several synclines are local basins of deposition. In this area at depths of 400-600 m a bench is present and is the surface expression of a large section of sediments which were ponded behind the first of several large folds on the upper continental slope. Small hills on the continental slope constitute the surface expression of several anticlinal folds. End_of_Article - Last_Page 472------------
White Supremacists and the (Pan-)Ethnic Imperative: On “European-Americans” and “White Student Unions”

Working from literature on the social construction of ethnicity and on white ethnic identity, I explore contemporary white supremacist discourse aimed at presenting whites as a “pan-ethnic” community of European descendants, whose ethnicity is equivalent to that of established ethnic and minority communities. First, I look at how white supremacists struggle with uniting all “whites,” negotiate the meanings and boundaries of “whiteness” and “European-American,” and conceptualize their putative ethnicity as lamentable. Second, I look at discourse on efforts to organize “White Student Unions.” The use of the hyphenated-American strategy and the development of white student unions both reflect tactical breaks with the past and are part of a “new racist” focus on putting forth a more presentable image for white supremacy and presenting whites as an ethnic/minority group, with ethnic-like concerns and traits. If indeed there is an emergent pan-ethnic phenomenon among “European-Americans,” then it may prove important to recognize when this phenomenon is rooted in white supremacy and when it is not.
The Impact of Dividend Policy on Institutional Holdings: Hotel REITS and Non-REIT Hotel Corporations

ABSTRACT Previous research (Canina, Advani, Greenman, & Palimeri, 2001) shows that dividend initiations and dividend increases result in higher stock returns. Although institutions need to hold stocks that pay high dividends because of the prudent-man rule, recent research (Grinstein & Michaely, 2005) contradicts this practice. Since hotel REITs and non-REIT hotel corporations belong to the same industry but have different dividend policies, it is worth examining the impact of dividend policy on institutional holdings. We find institutions tend to prefer REITs. We also find institutions prefer large firms that make capital expenditures, regardless of REIT status.
Roles of conserved residues within the pre-NH2-terminal domain of herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase in replication and latency in mice.

The catalytic subunit of the herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase (HSV-1 Pol) is essential for viral DNA synthesis and production of infectious virus in cell culture. While mutations that affect 5′–3′ polymerase activity have been evaluated in animal models of HSV-1 infection, mutations that affect other functions of HSV-1 Pol have not. In a previous report, we utilized bacterial artificial chromosome technology to generate defined HSV-1 pol mutants with lesions in the previously uncharacterized pre-NH2-terminal domain. We found that the extreme N-terminal 42 residues (deletion mutant polΔN43) were dispensable for replication in cell culture, while residues 44–49 (alanine-substitution mutant polA6) were required for efficient viral DNA synthesis and production of infectious virus. In this study, we sought to address the importance of these conserved elements in viral replication in a mouse corneal infection model. Mutant virus polΔN43 exhibited no meaningful defect in acute or latent infection despite strong conservation of residues 1–42 with HSV-2 Pol. The polA6 mutation caused a modest defect in replication at the site of inoculation, and was severely impaired for ganglionic replication, even at high inocula that permitted efficient corneal replication. Additionally, the polA6 mutation resulted in reduced latency establishment and subsequent reactivation. Moreover, we found that the polA6 replication defect in cultured cells was exacerbated in resting cells as compared to dividing cells. These results reveal an important role for the conserved motif at residues 44–49 of HSV-1 Pol for ganglionic viral replication.
Methodenstreit 2013? Historical Perspective on the Contemporary Debate Over How to Reform Economics

The general failure of economists to predict the financial crash of 2008 has given rise to a wide-ranging debate over the need for methodological reform. But has this debate been adequate to the task at hand? We introduce a framework for classifying methodological debates according to their scope. The scope of debate is especially important in a time of economic crisis, when it is unclear what kind of disciplinary reforms are needed. We find that the current debate is confined largely to the methodological level, taking the incumbent ontology and epistemology as given. We contrast the current debate with two other moments of internal questioning in economics—the Methodenstreit of the 1880s and Keynes' innovations of the 1930s. These were more fundamental, ontological debates, and the contrast with the current debate indicates that reform in economics is likely to be minimal and slow in the wake of the crisis.
Heterogeneity of gonadotropins and levels of uncombined luteinizing hormone subunits in pituitaries of cryptorchid rams.

Pituitaries were collected from intact rams and rams that had been rendered bilaterally cryptorchid by surgery to examine the effects of cryptorchidism on gonadotropin heterogeneity, levels of uncombined luteinizing hormone (LH) subunits, and the apparent molecular sizes of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Crypt- orchid rams had higher pituitary contents of LH and FSH as well as reduced testicular weights. The levels of uncombined LH subunits, their apparent molecular weights, and the apparent molecular weights of intrapituitary LH were similar in control and cryptorchid rams. However, the apparent molecular weight of intrapituitary FSH was slightly larger in cryptorchid rams. Cryptorchidism altered the pattern of gonadotropin heterogeneity by shifting the distribution of LH iso- forms towards basic components and shifting the distribution of FSH isoforms towards acidic components. Thus, it appears that the al- tered gonadal feedback mechanisms resulting from cryptorchidism modify the pattern of both LH and FSH heterogeneity by shifting the distribution of isoforms in opposite directions.
Role of Early Hormonal and Nutritional Experiences in Shaping Feeding Behavior and Hypothalamic Development

Obesity in adults and children is increasingly becoming a major health problem worldwide. However, the precise biological mechanisms governing this disease have not been fully elucidated. Obesity involves the complex interaction of a wide range of environmental and genetic factors. Additionally, there is now a growing body of evidence suggesting that alterations in metabolic environment during important periods of organ development can predispose individuals to later development of obesity and diabetes. Maternal obesity or malnutrition during pregnancy increases the risk for metabolic disorders (including obesity) in the offspring. Similarly, early postnatal overnutrition also predisposes offspring to adult obesity. The hypothalamus appears to play an essential role in controlling appetite. It undergoes a tremendous growth beginning early in gestation and continuing during the postnatal period. These developmental windows represent periods of sensitivity for hypothalamic development during which alterations in the nutritional and/or hormonal environment may perturb hypothalamic development and subsequent function.
Metadata domain-knowledge driven search engine in "HyperManyMedia" E-learning resources

In this paper, we exploit the synergies between Information Retrieval and E-learning by describing the design of a system that uses "Information Retrieval" in the context of the Web and "E-learning". With the exponential growth of the web, we noticed that the "general-purpose" of web applications started to diminish and more domain-specific or personal aspects started to rise, e.g., the trend of personalized web pages, a user's history of browsing and purchasing, and topical/focused search engines. The huge explosion of the amount of information on the web makes it difficult for online students to find specific information with a specific media format unless a prior analysis has been made. In this paper, we present a metadata domain-driven search engine that indexes text, powerpoint, audio, video, podcast, and vodcast lectures. These lectures are stored in a prototype "HyperManyMedia" E-learning web-based platform. Each lecture in this platform has been tagged with metadata using the domain-knowledge of these resources.
Phoneme-less hierarchical accent classification

This paper introduces a novel accent classification method. Compared with existing methods, it has two unique features. First, it does not explicitly utilize phoneme information. Second, it is built on top of the gender classification. We have tested the proposed algorithm on datasets that are completely independent of training data. The accuracy of distinguishing American accent and British accent is 83%. We have also compared the accent classification with the gender classification in terms of accuracy and the saturation behavior with respect to length of utterance.
Ultrastructure of mucocysts in Peranema trichophorum (Euglenophyceae)

The “mucigenic” or “muciferous” bodies of Peranema trichophorum are further characterized here as unique extrusive organelles, the mucocysts. Intracellular and ejected mucocysts have characteristic shapes that may represent different developmental stages. Mucocysts found near the Golgi apparatus are membrane-bounded, elongate, tubular structures with amorphous contents of low electron density. Subpellicular mucocysts are often aligned with pellicular striae and have dense contents, which are separated by an electron-lucent zone from granular material at the tips. Ejected mucocysts are uniform in structure and consist of an inner tube with helical striations, an outer tube with a diamond-shaped pattern, and a dense middle band. Fine fibrils, visible only after mucocyst discharge, emanate from the tips. Mucocysts may also protrude through the pellicle and discharge mucilaginous materials into the medium. Acid phosphatase activity is localized within the subpellicular mucocysts, suggesting that they may be involved in release of hydrolytic enzymes into the medium.
Semantic Knowledge, Semantic Guidance, and Kripke's Wittgenstein

Saul Kripke's influential ‘sceptical paradox’ of semantic rule-following alleges that speakers cannot have any justification for using a word one way rather than another. If it is correct, there can be no such thing as meaning anything by a word. I argue that the paradox fails to undermine meaning. Kripke never adequately motivates its excessively strict standard for the justified use of words. The paradox lacks the resources to show that its standard is truly mandatory or that speakers do not frequently satisfy the well-motivated competitor I offer. So the paradox fails.
Investor Recognition and Expected Returns of EREITs

Executive Summary. The Merton (1987) model suggests that investors demand a higher return when required to trade on the basis of incomplete information. This research tests if the prediction of the...
Beyond the mirror towards a plurilingual prism: exploring the creation of plurilingual ‘identity texts’ in English and French classrooms in Toronto and Montpellier

In an age of transnational mobility, there has been a growing recognition of the need for both English and French mainstream classroom teachers to be trained to teach increasingly plurilingual student populations. In this article, I begin by describing the context for an exploratory comparative and collaborative ethnographic action research study in four English and French schools in Toronto, Canada and one school in Montpellier, France that engaged children as co-researchers of their lived plurilingualism. I analyse in particular the process of creating plurilingual multimodal books with students and teachers across the five different school cases. This paper focuses on the iterative ‘identity text’ creation process across all five schools by examining one plurilingual identity text from each case, along with students’ research conversations about their creative productions, and interviews with their classroom teachers and parents. Finally, I summarize five features of inclusive plurilingual pedagogy tha...
LQR-Trees: Feedback motion planning on sparse randomized trees

Recent advances in the direct computation of Lyapunov functions using convex optimization make it possible to efficiently evaluate regions of stability for smooth nonlinear systems. Here we present a feedback motion planning algorithm which uses these results to efficiently combine locally-valid linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controllers into a nonlinear feedback policy which probabilistically covers the reachable area of a (bounded) state space with a region of stability, certifying that all initial conditions that are capable of reaching the goal will stabilize to the goal. We carefully investigate the algorithm on a two-dimensional model system and discuss the potential for the control of more complicated underactuated control problems like bipedal walking.
Detection of Fibrin Degradation Products: A Comparison of Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and Two Hemagglutination-Inhibition Methods.

Fibrin degradation products were measured simultaneously in serum and urine samples comparing counterimmunoelectrophoresis with a tanned erythrocyte hemagglutination- inhibition assay and an automated adaption of the latter. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is a simple, rapid, semiquantitative method that correlates well with the hemagglutination-inhibition assay (r = 0.4953, p 800 µg. per 100 ml., are usually indicative of clinically significant intravascular coagulation. The AutoAnalyzer adaption of the hemagglutination- inhibition assay also closely correlates with the standard method (r = 0.8580, p < 0.001) but is considerably more sensitive (measuring as low as 4 (µg. per 100 ml. compared with 100µ per 100 ml. for the standard method); more accurate, giving exact rather than stepwise values; and has great potential in dealing with large numbers of test specimens, particularly in the borderline abnormal range and in instances in which very accurate determinations may reflect a patient’s clinical course. Normal adult values for men were 62.8 ± 5.49 (±SE) <xg. per 100 ml.; for women, 77.4 ± 10.75 (±SE) <g per 100 ml
Evidence That Hypera brunneipennis May Re-enter Diapause

By monitoring the respiratory rate, live weight, water and fat content, and condition of the female reproductive organs, we established that some Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman) adults could live for 17 months and through 2 summers by re-entering diapause.
Work-Related Unintentional Injuries Associated With Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of work-related injuries after Hurricane Sandy potentially related to response and recovery. METHODS: Emergency and hospital discharges (patients aged 18-65 years) with a diagnosis of unintentional injury were obtained from the New Jersey Department of Health. Work-related injuries were identified as those with a workers' compensation payer or other work-related codes. Counties were categorized as high-, medium-, or low-impact areas. Poisson regression analysis was used to compare the rate of work-related injury the year following Sandy landfall with the 3 previous years. RESULTS: Total work-related injuries declined the week immediately after Sandy (rate ratio [RR]: 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-1.05) and no overall increase was found in the year after Hurricane Sandy. However, high-impact counties showed an elevated risk of work-related injuries in the first and third quarters after Hurricane Sandy among men, especially for blacks and Hispanics. The greatest excesses occurred in the third quarter after the storm, May to July, for falls (RR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.08-1.57), cut/pierce injuries (RR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.09-1.40), struck-by injuries (RR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.02-1.34), and overexertion (RR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.10-1.44). CONCLUSIONS: Hospital data suggested an increase in injuries associated with rebuilding and recovery rather than with initial response. Future efforts aimed at prevention should evaluate the mechanisms and circumstances of injury in more detail. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 11). Language: en
Murine double minute 2, a potential p53-independent regulator of liver cancer metastasis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as one of the most commonly diagnosed forms of human cancer; yet, the mechanisms underlying HCC progression remain unclear. Unlike other cancers, systematic chemotherapy is not effective for HCC patients, while surgical resection and liver transplantation are the most viable treatment options. Thus, identifying factors or pathways that suppress HCC progression would be crucial for advancing treatment strategies for HCC. The murine double minute 2 (MDM2)-p53 pathway is impaired in most of the cancer types, including HCC, and MDM2 is overexpressed in approximately 30% of HCC. Overexpression of MDM2 is reported to be well correlated with metastasis, drug resistance, and poor prognosis of multiple cancer types, including HCC. Importantly, these correlations are observed even when p53 is mutated. Indeed, p53-independent functions of overexpressed MDM2 in cancer progression have been suitably demonstrated. In this review article, we summarize potential effectors of MDM2 that promote or suppress cancer metastasis and discuss the p53-independent roles of MDM2 in liver cancer metastasis from clinical as well as biological perspectives.
CD40L-CD40 INTERACTIONS REGULATE ENDOTHELIAL CELL SURFACE TISSUE FACTOR AND THROMBOMODULIN EXPRESSION

During immune responses, activated endothelial cells down-regulate thrombomodulin and up-regulate tissue factor expression leading to the development of a procoagulant surface. CD4+ T cells are known to promote endothelial cell procoagulant activity, however, the molecular interactions that mediate this effect are not completely known. CD40L is an activation-induced CD4+ T cell surface molecule that functionally interacts with CD40 expressed on endothelial cells. In this study we ask if CD40L-CD40 interactions modulate endothelial cell surface tissue factor or thrombomodulin expression in vitro. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cocultured with control cells or CD40L+ Jurkat T cells in the presence or absence of anti-CD40L mAb. By two-color FACS analysis we demonstrated that CD40 ligation induces HUVEC tissue factor expression and thrombomodulin down-regulation. Utilizing neutralizing antibodies, we show that CD40L-mediated tissue factor and thrombomodulin modulation, as well as E-selectin and VCAM-1 upregulation, is independent of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1alpha, or interleukin-1beta production. Together these data suggest that CD40L-CD40 interactions may directly regulate endothelial cell procoagulant activity during inflammatory responses.
Outcome after surgical intervention in children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

A retrospective review of 32 children and adolescents (18 males and 14 females) with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD) requiring surgery was undertaken. These patients were followed between 1979 and 1992. Their age range was from 4 to 17 years at the time of diagnosis (mean age, 11 years). The interval between the time of diagnosis and surgery ranged from 2 months to 11 years (mean, 3.7 years). Ten patients had ulcerative colitis and 22 had Crohn's disease. These patients represented 12 per cent of patients with CIBD seen at the Gastroenterology Clinic of Children's Hospital of Michigan during these 13 years. Indications for surgery included failure of medical treatment (seven patients), localized disease with significant side effects of therapy (nine), partial or complete obstruction (five), growth retardation (six), perforation (two), abscess and fistula (three). The extent of disease was as follows : panenteric, 2 patients ; enteric, 2 patients ; ileocecal, 15 patients ; and colonic, 13 patients. In 15 patients (47%) surgery led to complete relief of symptoms for a minimum of 1 year after surgery. Seven patients (22%) had recurrence of symptoms that were controlled by medical treatment. Two patients required a second surgery and additional medical and nutritional treatment. All six patients having surgery for growth retardation showed catch-up growth in weight and height. We conclude that surgery can decrease morbidity and improve quality of life in CIBD patients. Best results are obtained in patients with localized disease.
Transfusion Therapy in Acquired Coagulopathies

Acquired coagulation disorders usually involve defects in multiple coagulation factors, often combined with platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia. The currently available blood products and nontransfusionai agents that are useful in the treatment of hemorrhage in patients with acquired coagulopathies are reviewed. Specific hemostatic defects in and approach to treatment of the common acquired coagulation disorders are discussed.
Outcome findings from the HOPE demonstration field experiment is swift, certain, and fair an effective supervision strategy?

Research Summary More than 1,500 probationers in four sites were randomly assigned to probation as usual (PAU) or to Honest Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE), which is modeled on Hawaii's Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (Hawaii HOPE) program that emphasizes close monitoring; frequent drug testing; and swift, certain, and fair (SCF) sanctioning. It also reserves scarce treatment resources for those most in need. The four sites offered heterogeneity in organizational relationships and populations as well as implementation that was rated very good to excellent—thus, providing a robust test of the HOPE supervision model. Recidivism results suggest that HOPE/SCF supervision was not associated with significant reductions in arrests over PAU with the exception of a reduction in drug-related arrests in one site. There were significant—albeit conflicting—differences in time to revocation, with survival models suggesting shorter times to revocation in two sites and longer times to revocation in one site. Policy Implications HOPE—or the more general SCF approach to community supervision—has been widely praised as an evidence-based practice that reduces substance use, violations, new arrests, and revocations to prison. Substantial reductions in return to prison have been associated with claims of significant cost savings for HOPE/SCF over PAU despite the need for additional resources for warning and violation hearings, drug testing, and warrant service. Results from this recently completed, four-site randomized control trial (RCT) showed that recidivism arrest outcomes were largely similar between those on HOPE/SCF probation and those on PAU and are consistent with findings from the Delaware Decide Your Time (DYT) RCT reported in this issue. No differences in arrests between HOPE and PAU probationers suggest that HOPE can be implemented to provide greater adherence to an idealized probation in which violations are met with a swift (but non-draconian) response without compromising public safety. Nevertheless, the larger numbers of revocations for HOPE probationers in two sites, coupled with the additional expenses for drug testing, warrant service, and so on associated with HOPE, also suggest that overall cost savings may not be realized. Although additional research is needed to determine whether there are groups for whom HOPE may be more effective than PAU, HOPE/SCF seems unlikely to offer better outcomes and lower costs for broad classes of moderate-to-high–risk probationers.
Checklists, rules and creativity

Universities have something that private industry wants – a unique culture of continuous learning, curiosity-driven research and international collaboration. According to an unending string of accounts in the business press, adopting this university culture is imperative for survival and success in the "technology-driven" 21st-century economy. The industry poster child for this idea is the IT giant Google. Its success undoubtedly buys the company increasing freedom to experiment with and nurture its own unique culture. But Google is routinely lauded for fostering academic-style debate in meetings, maintaining a fluid organization chart that allows employees to try other roles, and giving its engineers one day a week to pursue their own creative ideas for advancing the company's interests.
Gender representation and organizational size: examining opportunities for members’ involvement in membership organizations

ABSTRACTMembers are the most important stakeholders in membership organizations; their involvement can enhance organizational effectiveness, accountability, and legitimacy. Previous literature, however, has primarily explored these concepts by focusing on staff involvement or client participation. This paper examines the determinants of members’ involvement in membership organizations using cross-sectional data from Lebanese membership organizations. Primary findings suggest that members’ involvement is affected by the gender of leadership, internal fiscal capacity, and the size of the organization; small organizations, those led by women, and organizations with greater internal fiscal capacity are more likely to have greater participation by members.
An Introductory Mechatronics Course for a Technically Diverse Student Body

Abstract The Master of Engineering in Systems Engineering degree program at the Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies offers a holistic approach to the specification, design, implementation and eventual retirement of today’s increasingly complex systems. The program’s courses are offered as a sequence of modules that emphasize problem solving. Selection of modules allows the degree to be tailored to individual professional needs. One sequence is the mechatronics module, of which the first course is EE497: Introduction to Mechatronics. This course is offered at the level of a senior undergraduate or first year graduate. The instruction of this course represents a major challenge due to the diverse technical background of the students and also the lack of physical laboratory space at the campus. Within this paper, the approach used to teach mechatronics under such constraints is presented, with an emphasis on the course content and project utilized.
Negotiating between the Constant and the Changing: Balancing Acts in the Training of Writing Teachers

TA training is an important component of any rhetoric/composition program in American universities. As a faculty member in the Department of English, Comparative Literature, and Linguistics with a specialty in classical oratory and comparative rhetoric, I have been training TAs for over a decade as a significant portion of my teaching assignment. In my presentation, I would like to discuss the major factors that affect the quality of the TA training program and ways to balance these factors to maximize the learning experience for the TAs. TAs, short for “teaching assistants” or “teaching associates,” are graduate students in English who are assigned to teach a writing class or two, usually of beginning college level. It is essential that these graduate students be provided with detailed hands-on training both in theory and in practice every step of the way in order for them to feel confident and comfortable in the classroom. My role as their teacher and supervising instructor is to provide them with fundamental training, laying a solid foundation for them to grow professionally. As I see it, four major factors interact in the TA training process: the available theory, the institutional and academic expectations, the class of student writers they each teach, and the TAs themselves as a team. Some of these factors are relatively constant; others are fluid and always changing. They often present fresh challenges when they interact in the writing classroom. I would like to explore how these factors act upon each other and complement each other as I try to create an environment in which the TAs feel encouraged to learn and experiment on their own with a minimal amount of guidance. I will argue that, based on my years of experience and on the reflections by the TAs themselves, it is of critical importance that the focus be placed on the balancing of the four factors in an individualized approach for TA training.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Mariline A and Related Isoindolinones through a Biomimetic Approach.

The catalytic enantioselective synthesis of isoindolinones was achieved via the condensation of ortho-formyl-arylketones and anilines. In the presence of 1 mol% of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst, reactions reach completion within 10 minutes and provide products with up to 98% ee. Anilines with an ortho t-butyl group form atropisomeric products, enabling the simultaneous generation of axial and point chirality from two achiral substrates. This method was applied to the first synthesis of mariline A.
Reading Sensor Data

Android devices read data from the physical world around us using numerous sensors, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. In this chapter, we will learn how to access this data from our Processing sketch using the Android SDK and the Ketai library.
Recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type 1 suppresses alkali-burn-induced corneal ulceration in rabbits.

Purpose To test if recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) was effective in reducing corneal ulceration after alkali injury to the rabbit cornea. The effect of TIMP-1 was compared with that of a proven synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor. Methods After a defined alkali injury to the rabbit cornea, a topical treatment regimen was followed for 24 days; one group was treated with vehicle only, a second group with recombinant TIMP-1, and a third group with the synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor. Corneas were scored for ulceration during the 24-day period and the scores for the three groups were compared. Results The incidence and progression of ulceration and perforation, in the alkali-burned corneas receiving treatment with recombinant TIMP-1 or the synthetic inhibitor, were significantly less than in corneas receiving vehicle treatment alone. Conclusion Recombinant TIMP-1 is as effective as a proven synthetic inhibitor in ameliorating corneal ulceration and perforation after an alkali injury.
β-Adrenergic receptor trafficking, degradation, and cell-surface expression are altered in dermal fibroblasts from hypertrophic scars

Burn trauma elevates catecholamines for up to 2 years and causes hypertrophic scarring. Propranolol, a nonspecific β1-, β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) inverse agonist, counters the hypermetabolic response to elevated catecholamines and may decrease hypertrophic scarring by an unknown mechanism. We investigated the effect of burn injury on β1-, β2-, and β3-AR expression, trafficking, and degradation in human dermal fibroblasts from hypertrophic scar [HSF], non-scar fibroblasts, and normal fibroblasts. We also investigated the modulation of these events by propranolol. Catecholamine-stimulated cAMP production was lower in HSFs and non-scar fibroblasts than in normal fibroblasts. β1- and β2-AR cell surface expression was lowest in HSFs, but propranolol increased cell surface expression of these receptors. Basal β2-AR ubiquitination was higher in HSFs than non-scar or normal fibroblasts, suggesting accelerated receptor degradation. β-AR degradation was mainly driven by lysosomal-specific polyubiquitination at Lys-63 in normal fibroblasts and HSFs, which was abrogated by propranolol. Propranolol also targeted β-AR to the proteasome in HSFs. Confocal imaging showed a lack of β2-AR–GFP trafficking to lysosomal compartments in catecholamine-stimulated HSFs. These data suggest that burn trauma alters the expression, trafficking, and degradation of β-ARs in dermal fibroblasts, which may then affect fibroblast responses to propranolol.
A crosstalk between extracellular ATP and jasmonate signaling pathways for plant defense.

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as extracellular ATP, act as danger signals in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Extracellular ATP is perceived by a plant purinoceptor, P2 receptor kinase 1 (P2K1), inducing downstream signaling for defense responses. How ATP induces these defense responses has not been well studied. A recent study by Tripathi et al. (Plant Physiology, 176: 511-523, 2018) revealed a synergistic interaction between extracellular ATP and jasmonate (JA) signaling during plant defense responses. This signaling crosstalk requires the formation of secondary messengers, i.e., cytosolic calcium, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. This finding has given a new direction towards understanding the defense signals activated by DAMPs. In this addendum, we discuss possible insights into how extracellular ATP signaling interacts with the JA signaling pathway for plant defense responses.
The Early Onset of Turbulence

The word “turbulence,” as used in practical fluid dynamics, refers to a flow whose chaotic aspects are so highly developed that statistical methods can be used for the study of at least many of its characteristics. It occurs at substantially higher Reynolds numbers than those we shall consider. For example, fully developed turbulence in air, in which the so-called inertial subrange is fully developed, requires more violent conditions than can be achieved in most wind tunnels, and is observed mainly in the free atmosphere.
Generation and regulation of B cell autoreactivity arising in the periphery.

Recent work on the role of environmental antigens in activating autoreactivity underscores a potentially confounding complication to current models of peripheral tolerance. Cross-reactive B cells that bind both autoantigen and foreign antigen are capable of mediating tissue damage, yet may be subject to positive selection as a consequence of interaction with antigen and T cell help. This discussion will review our work with cross-reactive antibodies and suggest a hypothesis to explain their generation and subsequent regulation.
Sound Effects Classification and Retrieval

The core of the fine-level classification and retrieval of environmental sound (including sound effects) is to build the hidden Markov model (HMM) for each class or clip of sound(s). Currently, two types of information are contained in the model, i.e. timbre and rhythm. Each kind of timbre is modeled as one state of the HMM, and represented with the Gaussian mixture density. The rhythm information is included in the transition parameters of HMM. For sound effects classification, HMM serves as the classifier; while for sound effects retrieval, it is the similarity measure.
The Psychodynamic Formulation in the Pediatric Medical Consultation: Purpose, Approach, and Clinical Application

A written psychodynamic formulation from medical consultation was once widely accepted as a desirable way of delving into the psychological “life” of the patient. This is no longer the case. Traine...
Los supuestos y el alcance de la indemnización de daños como medio de tutela precontractual en el Código Civil chileno y su eventual confluencia con la indemnización por incumplimiento contractual

El presente trabajo tiene por finalidad abordar la indemnizacion como medio de tutela precontractual, sistematizando las distintas hipotesis en que ella procede como complementaria a la nulidad o en forma autonoma, analizando la extension del dano en cada caso y abordando su eventual convergencia con la indemnizacion por incumplimiento contractual.
The Normalizing Constant in the BG/BB Model

This note provides a clarification regarding the conditional and marginal likelihood functions in the BG/BB model, as published in Marketing Science by Fader, Hardie, and Shang (2010). Their Equations 4 and 5 do not include normalizing constants which, if included, would equate these likelihood functions with their corresponding joint probability functions. While these expressions are valid, because likelihood functions need only be correct up to a constant of proportionality, they are not joint probability functions, which may be a source of potential confusion for users who mistakenly equate the one for the other. Assuming the likelihood functions in Equations 4 and 5 are equal to their respective joint probability functions will lead to an incorrect joint probability distribution over recency and frequency data, resulting in incorrect goodness-of-fit metrics and managerially relevant expressions. We provide formal derivations of the joint probability functions that correspond to the likelihood functions in Equations 4 and 5 to remove this potential source of confusion for users of the BG/BB model.