cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Alcohol Exposure on the Composition of HeLa-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles are nanosized vesicles that are under intense investigation for their role in intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles have begun to be examined for their role in disease protection and their role as disease biomarkers and/or vaccine agents. With the high mortality rate of cervical cancers, more information is needed regarding the detection and treatment of the diseased. In this regard, several investigators have begun to examine extracellular vesicles and their role in disease protection. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of alcohol exposure on the biogenesis and composition of extracellular vesicles derived from the cervical cancer line, HeLa. The HeLa cells were cultured in exosome-free media and were either mock-treated (control) or treated with 50 mM or 100 mM of alcohol for 24 h and 48 h. Our results demonstrated that alcohol significantly impacts HeLa cell viability and exosome biogenesis/composition. Importantly, our studies demonstrate the critical role of alcohol on HeLa cells, as well as HeLa-derived extracellular vesicle biogenesis and composition. Specifically, these results indicate that alcohol alters extracellular vesicles’ packaging of heat shock proteins and apoptotic proteins. Extracellular vesicles serve as communicators for HeLa cells, as well as biomarkers for the initiation and progression of the disease. HeLa cells used the primary model in this study, the research findings may have substantial implications on diagnostics and therapy for a variety of cell types and organ systems. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in these processes.
De novo lupus-like glomerulonephritis after pediatric non-kidney organ transplantation

We propose a novel clinically significant finding, de novo lupus-like glomerulonephritis (DNLLGN), in patients with autoantibodies and kidney abnormalities in pediatric liver transplant (LT) and intestinal inclusive transplants (ITx). We describe the clinical, serologic, and histopathologic presentation and kidney outcomes in eight patients from our center found to have DNLLGN on kidney biopsy. Pediatric recipients of non-kidney solid organ transplants developed an unusual de novo immune complex glomerulonephritis with morphologic similarity to lupus nephritis. Six had isolated LT (0.9% of all pediatric LT at our center) and two had ITx (2.1% of all ITx). Five (63%) presented with nephrotic syndrome. Five patients had autoantibodies. Patients underwent kidney biopsy at a mean of 11.5 years in LT and 2.8 years in ITx after the index transplant. Biopsies demonstrated changes similar to focal or diffuse active lupus. Follow-up eGFR at a mean of 6 years after biopsy showed a mean decrease of 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 in all patients (p = 0.11). DNLLGN has not been previously recognized in this clinical setting, yet 8 kidney biopsies from pediatric recipients of LT and ITx at our center in 25 years demonstrated this finding. DNLLGN appears to be an under-reported phenomenon of clinical significance.
Opportunities and challenges in CO2 utilization

Abstract CO2 utilizations are essential to curbing the greenhouse gas effect and managing the environmental pollutant in an energy-efficient and economically-sound manner. This paper seeks to critically analyze these technologies in the context of each other and highlight the most important utilization avenues available thus far. This review will introduce and analyze each major pathway, and discuss the overall applicability, potential extent, and major limitations of each of these pathways to utilizing CO2. This will include the analysis of some previously underreported utilization avenues, including CO2 utilization in industrial filtration and the processing of raw industrial materials such as iron and alumina. The core theme of this paper is to seek to treat CO2 as a commodity instead of a liability.
Feedback Interconnected Density Estimation and Control

Swarm robotic systems have foreseeable applications in the near future. Recently, there has been an increasing amount of literature that employs partial differential equations (PDEs) to model the time-evolution of the probability density of swarm robotic systems and uses density feedback to design stable control laws that act on individuals such that their density converges to a target profile. However, it remains largely unexplored considering problems of how to estimate the real-time density, how the density estimation algorithms affect the control performance, and whether the estimation performance in turn depends on the control algorithms. In this work, we focus on studying the interplay of these algorithms. Specifically, we propose new density control laws which use the real-time density and its gradient as feedback, and prove that they are globally input-to-state stable (ISS) with respect to estimation errors. Then, we design filtering algorithms to obtain estimates of the density and its gradient, and prove that these estimates are convergent assuming the control laws are known. Finally, we show that the feedback interconnection of these estimation and control algorithms is still globally ISS, which is attributed to the bilinearity of the PDE system. An agent-based simulation is included to verify the stability of these algorithms and their feedback interconnection.
Point mutations at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells: I. Application to genetic toxicological testing

We have systematically evaluated the mouse lymphoma TK+/- leads to TK-/- mutagenesis assay to determine if this somatic-cell test system would be a useful addition to the routine screening battery already used in our laboratory for the detection of chemical mutagens. During these investigations we observed that, with certain modifications of the basic assay, mutagenicity data could be obtained in as little as 9 days once the relative cytotoxic properties of the test substance were known. By improving the culturing conditions, we were able to reduce the serum requirements by as much as 50--75% without appreciably altering either cell viability or the recovery of chemically-induced mutants. Phenotypic stability of test-derived trifluorothymidine resistant (TFTR) mutants was confirmed by demonstrating cross-resistance to bromodeoxyuridine and concomitant sensitivity to methotrexate (THMG) in TFTR cells grown for 20 generations under non-selective conditions. While reduced growth rates resulting from temporary cell-division delay in treated cells is probably not a contributing factor to the observed mutation frequencies, only TFTR colonies which formed large distinct colonies in the presence of trifluorothymidine were clearly phenotypically stable mutants when spontaneous mutants were isolated and verified. When a non-mutagen, a weak mutagen, and a well-established mutagen were compared at equitoxic doses under these modified conditions, clear quantitative differences were seen in the respective mutation frequencies induced by these 3 types of agents. With these technical modifications, we feel this assay is both reliable and amenable to the screening of diverse chemical compounds for point-mutational activity in a mammalian cell.
Integrated Suit Test 1 - A Study to Evaluate Effects of Suit Weight, Pressure, and Kinematics on Human Performance during Lunar Ambulation

In an effort to design the next generation Lunar suit, NASA has initiated a series of tests aimed at understanding the human physiological and biomechanical affects of space suits under a variety of conditions. The first of these tests was the EVA Walkback Test (ICES 2007-01-3133). NASA-JSC assembled a multi-disciplinary team to conduct the second test of the series, titled Integrated Suit Test 1 (IST-1), from March 6 through July 24, 2007. Similar to the Walkback Test, this study was performed with the Mark III (MKIII) EVA Technology Demonstrator suit, a treadmill, and the Partial Gravity Simulator in the Space Vehicle Mock-Up Facility at Johnson Space Center. The data collected for IST-1 included metabolic rates, ground reaction forces, biomechanics, and subjective workload and controllability feedback on both suited and unsuited (shirt-sleeve) astronaut subjects. For IST-1 the center of gravity was controlled to a nearly perfect position while the weight, pressure and biomechanics (waist locked vs. unlocked) were varied individually to evaluate the effects of each on the ability to perform level (0 degree incline) ambulation in simulated Lunar gravity. The detailed test methodology and preliminary key findings of IST-1 are summarized in this report.
Evidence of magnetization-dependent polaron distortion in La1-xAxMnO3, A=Ca, Pb.

X-ray-absorption fine-structure measurements at the Mn $K$-edge as a function of temperature were performed on samples of La$_{1-x}$Ca$_x$MnO$_3$ and La$_{0.67}$Pb$_{0.33}$MnO$_3$. All samples have a metal-insulator (MI) transition near the ferromagnetic transition, except the Ca$_{0.5}$ sample, which does not have a MI transition. Near $T_c$ for the MI samples, the Debye-Waller $\sigma^2$ for the Mn-O atom-pair increases rapidly with temperature. This non-thermal disorder is mostly along the direction of the neighboring oxygens. These results strongly suggest small polarons which are delocalized by a finite magnetization.
From ‘Entrepreneur of the Self’ to ‘Care of the Self’: Neoliberal Governmentality and Foucault’s Ethics

In the 1979 lectures, Foucault was already moving toward an account and analysis of subjectivity that ultimately only came into its full understanding in the final years of his life. I argue here that a key influence in this move can be seen, in particular, in the neo-liberal theories of human capital put forth by the American school of neoliberalism. By tracing out the striking parallel between Foucault’s account of neo-liberal human capital theory and his history of practices of care of the self, we can come to see his turn to ethics as a sympathetic but ultimately critical response to the emergence of neo-liberal subjectivity, governmentally, and biopower. To put it differently, by giving an account of human capital theory, we can ask better if Foucault’s turn to antiquity is, in part, a subtle but radical response to the rise of neo-liberal subjectivity. My intervention here is in part to put aside the question of Foucault’s own liberalism in favor of asking what role his interest in liberalism plays in understanding the trajectory of his thought.
No new limit on size distribution of |[gamma]|-ray bursts

The results of a study (Carter et. al.) of gamma ray bursts using long duration balloon exposure are analyzed. Arguments are presented against the conclusion that the size spectrum extrapolates to a power law with index from -1.0 to -0.5, and that therefore the gamma ray bursts are of galactic origin. It is claimed that the data are consistent with an upper limit over 100 times that proposed, and that therefore no conclusion can be drawn from the measurements regarding the nature or origin of gamma ray bursts. The resulting upper limit to the rate of occurrence of small bursts lies above the -1.5 index power law extrapolation of the size spectrum of known events, i.e., greater than the rate expected from an infinitely extended source region.
Healing Rates of Treated and Untreated Bone Lesions in Histiocytosis X

Evaluation of the response of histiocytosis X to various forms of treatment is difficult, because presentation patterns are protean and the disease can be self-limited. A retrospective evaluation was made of the healing of 42 histiocytosis X bone lesions, in 21 patients treated in variety of ways, using serial radiographs and a semiquantitative scoring system. Treatments included various combinations of surgery (simple biopsy or curettage), radiotherapy (200 to 1,200 centi-Gray [cGy]), chemotherapy (according to various protocols), and local steroid injection. Median times to a given degree of healing were similar across treatment groups and in untreated lesions. It was concluded that mode of treatment does not exert a strong influence on the rate of healing of histiocytosis X bone lesions. Some healing should be apparent 4 months after diagnosis, but complete healing may take many months. Treatment of histiocytosis X bone lesions is indicated only if intense pain or risk of fracture or deformity are present.
Preliminary validation of a scale to measure patient perceived similarity to their navigator

Objective A central premise in deployment of community health workers (CHW) is that CHWs share key characteristics with their patients. We sought to develop a scale to measure this construct called the Perceived Navigator Similarity (PNS) questionnaire.
Long-range Perspectives on Neurobiology and Behavior

This essay is part of the seventh presentation of a yearly educational project of the American Society of Zoologists. The purpose is to provide background materials for those who teach the first-year biology courses in colleges and universities. The Science as a Way of Knowing project emphasizes the conceptual framework of the biological sciences, shows how scientific information is obtained and validated, and relates science to human concerns. The topic for consideration this year is Neurobiology and Behavior . The introductory essay is concerned mainly with the conceptual framework of neurobiology, as developed over the ages, and a few examples of behavioral studies which can be related to neurobiology or which are of special interest through links to human considerations and problems.
Specialized functional aspects of the middle ear muscles in the bat,Chilonycteris parnellii

1. Middle ear muscle (MEM) activity in awakeChilonycteris p. parnelli was investigated by observing attenuations in cochlear microphonic potentials. 2. The contracted MEMs were found to act as high pass filters that only attenuated the energy in frequencies below 57 kHz. The degree of attenuation was typically equivalent to sound pressure reductions of 20–25 dB. 3. These results show that the MEMs do not attenuate the very loud 60 kHz constant frequency component of the emitted pulse. This, together with data indicative of a sharply tuned auditory system, suggest thatChilonycteris can favorably recieve the 60 kHz constant frequency component of Doppler shifted echoes even during periods of pulse-echo overlap when the MEMs are strongly contracted.
Evidence for the involvement of protein kinase C in neurodegenerative changes in cultured human cortical neurons.

Abstract Roles of protein kinases in mediating adaptive neuronal responses to activation of signal transduction pathways are well known. Recent findings suggest that kinases may also be involved in pathological processes in the nervous system. The present study employed cultured human cerebral cortical neurons to test the hypothesis that overactivation of protein kinase C (PKC) can result in neurodegeneration. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of PKC, caused the degeneration of neurons over a period of 3–24 h. The PKC inhibitor H-7 prevented the neurodegeneration normally caused by PMA, and an inactive phorbol (4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate; PDD) did not cause neurodegeneration. The neurodegeneration caused by PMA was independent of calcium influx. Immunoreactivity toward antibodies that recognize the microtubule-associated protein tau in Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles (Alz-50 and 5E2) was greatly increased in neurons exposed to PMA. The antigenic changes were prevented by H-7. These findings indicate that high levels of activation of PKC can cause neurodegeneration and are consistent with the possibility that altered cellular signaling contributes to pathological neuronal degeneration in the intact nervous system.
Additional complexities: social class, ethnicity, generation, and gender in Asian American student experiences

Despite the largely monolithic descriptions of Asian American students as high achieving model minorities, Asian Americans are a diverse group and their experiences are varied and complex. This article explores the ways that social class, ethnicity, generation, and gender shape the educational opportunities, experiences and achievement of Asian American students. It demonstrates that in order to better serve the unique needs of Asian American students we must examine the ways various identities, and the intersections of identities, inform the experiences of Asian Americans.
Bioactive Hydrogel Substrates: Probing Leukocyte Receptor–Ligand Interactions in Parallel Plate Flow Chamber Studies

The binding of activated integrins on the surface of leukocytes facilitates the adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelium during inflammation. Interactions between selectins and their ligands mediate rolling, and are believed to play an important role in leukocyte adhesion, though the minimal recognition motif required for physiologic interactions is not known. We have developed a novel system using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels modified with either integrin-binding peptide sequences or the selectin ligand sialyl Lewis X (SLeX) within a parallel plate flow chamber to examine the dynamics of leukocyte adhesion to specific ligands. The adhesive peptide sequences arginine–glycine–aspartic acid–serine (RGDS) and leucine–aspartic acid–valine (LDV) as well as sialyl Lewis X were bound to the surface of photopolymerized PEG diacrylate hydrogels. Leukocytes perfused over these gels in a parallel plate flow chamber at physiological shear rates demonstrate both rolling and firm adhesion, depending on the identity and concentration of ligand bound to the hydrogel substrate. This new system provides a unique polymer-based model for the study of interactions between leukocytes and endothelium as well as a platform to develop improved scaffolds for cardiovascular tissue engineering.
Heating and cooling rates and their effects upon heart rate and subcutaneous temperatures in the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii.

Abstract 1. Heating and cooling rates of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii , were measured in the field and in the laboratory. 2. Heating rates in the field were up to ten times faster than cooling rates. 3. Under controlled conditions, heating rates equalled rates of cooling. 4. Heart rates during heating were significantly faster than during cooling at any particular body temperature. 5. Subcutaneous neck temperatures did not differ from cloacal temperatures during heating or cooling, suggesting a state of continuous vasodilation. 6. Results are interpreted as suggesting that behavioral postures and activities play a greater role than physiology in the determination of thermal exchange rates of the desert tortoise.
Brain Reward and Stress Systems in Addiction

Addiction to drugs and alcohol is a dynamic and multi-faceted disease process in humans, with devastating health and financial consequences for the individual and society at large. The recently released fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) combined the previously separate abuse and dependence classifications for licit and illicit drugs of abuse into a single syndrome called substance use disorder (SUD). This new definition includes diagnostic criteria that are largely overlapping with previous criteria (DSM-IV), and new diagnostic thresholds wherein physicians are charged with classifying the severity of an individual’s SUD based on the number of criteria met. More specifically, mild SUD requires that two to three symptoms be met, moderate SUD requires that four to five symptoms be met, and severe SUD requires that six or more symptoms be met. One notable addition to diagnostic criteria is craving, which can be defined broadly as a strong desire or urge to use drug/alcohol. Different classes of abused drugs can have different biological consequences and different co-morbidity risks, but SUDs are defined and diagnosed according to a single set of behavioral symptoms that are common to abuse of all drugs. These behavioral symptoms include compulsive drug use, loss of control in limiting drug intake, the emergence of a negative emotional state in the absence of the drug, and increased vulnerability to relapse triggered by stress or cues previously associated with drug availability. Each of these symptoms can be modeled to various degrees in animals, and animal models are particularly useful for exploring the underlying neurobiology of SUD and for identifying promising new targets for treatments aimed at curbing excessive drug and alcohol use in humans.
Optical Properties of Polymer-Based Photonic Nanocomposite Materials

Designing metallodielectric nanocomposite materials for photonic applications implies the ability to reliably model and predict the effect of metallic inclusions on the optical properties of a microstructured composite material. We present a detailed analysis of the optical properties of block copolymer based, multilayered metallodielectric Bragg reflectors and discuss the implications of nanosize-specific effects on the design of composite materials for photonic applications. A series of lamellar poly(styrene-b-ethylene/propylene) copolymer thin films with varying filling fraction of gold nanocrystals preferentially but randomly distributed within the poly(styrene) domains have been studied by reflectometry. The reflective properties are compared to model calculations based on effective medium concepts taking into account confinement effects on the dielectric function of the nanocrystals. The particle size causes strong alterations in the dielectric function of the metal inclusions that have relevance fo...
Interfacial tension-induced transport of nonaqueous phase liquids in model aquifer systems

Nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) such as solvents and fuels are common contaminants in soils and groundwater. Spills, leaking underground storage tanks, and improper disposal practices all result in the release and movement of NAPLs through soils. Movement of NAPLs through soil is considered to result from gravity- and/or capillarity-driven immiscible phase flow. Dispersive and convective transport of dissolved components, volatilization, sorption, and degradation are also considered important processes in NAPL contamination. An additional transport mechanism in which NAPLs spread on water surfaces due to differential adhesive and cohesive attractive forces is demonstrated in this study.
Children's use of response confidence in the processing of instructional feedback

Abstract The main purpose of the present study was to extend a model of instructional feedback ( Kulhavy & Stock, 1989 ) to elementary school children. Forty-five third and fifth graders (third graders, N = 21; fifth graders, N = 24) read text passages, answered questions, and either rated response confidences for each question or used an imagery strategy. Although differences were not found between treatment groups, analyses of response patterns revealed differential age effects. Response patterns for fifth graders were similar to those of college populations; however, these patterns did not emerge for third graders.
A Cross-National Comparison of Externalizing Behaviors among High-Risk Youth and Youth Gang Members in Metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, and San Salvador, El Salvador

Abstract Youth interventions often focus on high-risk youth; however, little is known about the similarities and differences of these youth cross-nationally. This study examines externalizing behaviors of youth in Boston (n = 374) and San Salvador (n = 208) and compares several domains. Results reveal significant differences between populations; Salvadoran youth exhibited higher rates of violence and delinquency, marijuana use, and unprotected sex. Similarities were found for school attendance and school dropout levels, employment, alcohol use, and sexual activity. Findings indicate that youth gang members may face a higher intensity of externalizing risk behaviors. These findings have implications for interventions and policies.
Catalytic oxidation of CO by N2O conducted via the neutral oxide cluster couple VO2/VO3

Neutral vanadium and cobalt oxide clusters are generated at the same time employing a V–Co mixed target. Experimental results indicate that the reaction VO2 + N2O → VO3 + N2 occurs in a fast flow reactor. This interpretation is further supported for a gas mixture of CO and N2O in the flow cell: regeneration of VO2 is observed for this case via the reaction VO3 + CO → VO2 + CO2. A full catalytic cycle for the reaction N2O + CO → N2 + CO2 is thus complete at room temperature enabled by the VO2/VO3 cluster couple. DFT calculations demonstrate that the entire catalytic process is overall barrierless and reproduce the experimental results quite well.
SAFOD Brittle Microstructure and Mechanics Knowledge Base (BM2KB)

Scientific drilling near Parkfield, California has established the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), which provides the solid earth community with short range geophysical and fault zone material data. The BM2KB ontology was developed in order to formalize the knowledge about brittle microstructures in the fault rocks sampled from the SAFOD cores. A knowledge base, instantiated from this domain ontology, stores and presents the observed microstructural and analytical data with respect to implications for brittle deformation and mechanics of faulting. These data can be searched on the knowledge base's Web interface by selecting a set of terms (classes, properties) from different drop-down lists that are dynamically populated from the ontology. In addition to this general search, a query can also be conducted to view data contributed by a specific investigator. A search by sample is done using the EarthScope SAFOD Core Viewer that allows a user to locate samples on high resolution images of core sections belonging to different runs and holes.The class hierarchy of the BM2KB ontology was initially designed using the Unified Modeling Language (UML), which was used as a visual guide to develop the ontology in OWL applying the Protege ontology editor. Various Semantic Web technologies such as the RDF, RDFS, and OWL ontology languages, SPARQL query language, and Pellet reasoning engine, were used to develop the ontology. An interactive Web application interface was developed through Jena, a java based framework, with AJAX technology, jsp pages, and java servlets, and deployed via an Apache tomcat server. The interface allows the registered user to submit data related to their research on a sample of the SAFOD core. The submitted data, after initial review by the knowledge base administrator, are added to the extensible knowledge base and become available in subsequent queries to all types of users. The interface facilitates inference capabilities in the ontology, supports SPARQL queries, allows for modifications based on successive discoveries, and provides an accessible knowledge base on the Web. Brittle microstructures in the fault rocks from the SAFOD cores are modeled in the BM2KB ontology.BM2KB uses OWL to build the ontology, SPARQL to allow queries, and Pellet to perform reasoning.Data are submitted to the BM2KB knowledge base by instantiating classes and properties on the Web.Submitted data are presented to all kinds of users through a set of Java-based Web GUI.The interface also allows general search or search by sample or investigator of the knowledge base.
Antipyretic orders in a university hospital

Abstract purpose: Antipyretics are prescribed for many hospitalized patients, but details concerning prescribing practices are not known. This study was designed to determine the incidence and format of antipyretic orders in a university-based tertiary-care center, and to ascertain whether orders are correlated with patient characteristics or hospital services. patients and methods: The records of 300 randomly selected patients on the medicine, general surgery, neurosurgery, and obstetrics and gynecology services, and of 75 patients admitted with pneumonia and fever were retrospectively reviewed using a standardized data form. results: Orders for acetaminophen prn (as needed), without further explanation, were interpreted by the nursing staff as antipyretic orders; 78% of patients with such an order and fever received acetaminophen during the febrile episode. If orders of this type were included, 153 (51%) of the randomly selected patients received an antipyretic order. Gender, age, duration of hospitalization, intensive care unit residence, fever, and presence of a condition worsened by fever were not significant independent predictors of antipyretic prescription, but documented infection and hospitalization on the medicine and neurosurgery services were, with adjusted odds ratios of 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 5.0), 9.4 (95% CI 3.6 to 25), and 14 (95% CI 5.0 to 41), respectively. Of patients who received an antipyretic order, 70% had an admission order for antipyretics; 26%, an order prompted by fever; and 79%, an order while afebrile. In 86%, the order was written prn without further explanation. Around-the-clock dosing, automatic stop orders, and acknowledgement and justification of orders were rare. conclusion: Antipyretic orders are routine and correlate more strongly with hospital service than with individual patient characteristics. They are imprecisely written and generally leave decisions about antipyretic administration to the complete discretion of the nursing staff.
Thermal transformations of 1,4-dichlorobenzene: effects of temperature, time and presence of iron species

Abstract The pyrolysis of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) was carried out in sealed Pyrex ampoules under various conditions and with different additives. In the absence of additives, no products were formed below 380°C, but at 400°C, addition of HO· to the benzene ring of 1,4-DCB took place. The principal source of HO· was the interaction of pyrolyzed H· and ambient O2. At 500°C to 600°C, the principal reactions were chlorine transfer and biphenyl formation. At 500°C, in early stages of reaction, HO· reacted as before to produce chlorinated phenols, but in the later stages of reaction, dechlorination predominated. In the presence of Fe2O3, a potential electron acceptor, electron transfer reactions led to reduced metal ions, oxidized aromatic radicals, and halogen gas in the presence of O2. The principal thermal reaction observed at 200°C to 300°C was chlorine transfer. At a temperature around 380–400°C, increasing amounts of chlorinated phenoxy phenols suggested that reactions between oxygen and chlorinated benzene became important. At 500°C to 600°C, continuing dechlorination reactions led to biphenyl and triphenyl. With added FeS2, at 500°C, dechlorination occurred more efficiently than reactions with Fe2O3.
Study of a new reaction: Trapping of peroxyl radicals by TEMPO

Abstract The reaction of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO) with t-butyl hydroperoxide, in the presence of catalytic amounts of FeIII yields oxygen. This reaction, which has never been described in the literature so far, led us to envisage a totally new concept, involving the reaction of TEMPO with oxygen-centered radicals. The formation of an intermediate has been detected during the course of the reaction. A mechanism based on the experimental facts and literature data is proposed. The reaction of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO) with t-butyl hydroperoxide, in the presence of catalytic amounts of FeIII yields oxygen. This reaction, which has never been described in the literature so far, led us to envisage a totally new concept, involving the reaction of TEMPO with oxygen-centered radicals. The formation of an interm diate has been detected during the course of the reaction. A mechanism based on the experimental facts and literature data is proposed.
A minimally invasive multifunctional nanoscale system for selective targeting, imaging, and NIR photothermal therapy of malignant tumors

The anti-EGFR antibody, cetuximab, was labeled with IRDye 800CW fluorescent dye and conjugated to gold nanorods (GNR). GNR with aspect ratio of ~ 4 and plasmon resonance peak at ~785 nm were fabricated for use in these experiments. The IRDye:cetuximab:nanorod conjugate treatment with NIR light selectively heated the GNR and was sufficient to treat cancers. Excitation induced fluorescence of the IRDye 800CW enabling real-time imaging. We characterized and optimized the parameters for the conjugation of the GNR to cetuximab to facilitate active targeting of the nanorods to the site of the tumor. This combination of selective targeting, imaging, and photothermal treating of malignant cells is a viable approach for a variety of squamous cell carcinomas.
SERIAL CHANGES IN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION |[lpar]|Vo2|[rpar]| OF INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME |[lpar]|RDS|[rpar]|2

Serial measurements of VO2 in RDS infants made 20 years ago may be dated. Recent developments have allowed us to measure VO2 of infants receiving mechanical ventilatory support. We measured VO2 daily in 14 infants who had RDS. Mean birth weight of these infants was 1.4 (range 0.98 to 2.5) kg, gestational age 31.6 (29-36) wk and 1 min Apgar score 3.0 (1-5). VO2 was measured at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr postnatal age. We found that VO2 decreased significantly from 8.3±0.9(SE) ml/min/kg at 24 hr to 6.5±0.8 ml/min/kg at 48 hr of age. Thereafter, no statistically significant changes were found (5.5±0.5 ml/min/kg at 72 hr and 5.3±0.6 ml/min/kg at 96 hr). These latter values are within the normal range of healthy pre-term infants. Our results differ from those previously reported wherein VO2 was below normal at 24 hr and then significantly above normal at 96 hr. We conclude that infants with RDS have elevated VO2 in the first 24 hr and approach normal limits in 2-3 days. We surmise that improvements in clinical care, notably the use of mechanical ventilation, have resulted in a change in the patient sampling population and that these results are a reflection of this improved care which has altered the course of the disease. We also have shown that the increased VO2 observed at 24 hr is not directly related to severity of disease and is probably due to a combination of factors including metabolic changes, evaporative heat losses and stress. (This research was sponsored by Thrasher Research Foundation).
Depth judgment measures and occluding surfaces in near-field augmented reality

In this paper we describe an apparatus and experiment that measured depth judgments in augmented reality at near-field distances of 34 to 50 centimeters. The experiment compared perceptual matching, a closed-loop task for measuring depth judgments, with blind reaching, a visually open-loop task for measuring depth judgments. The experiment also studied the effect of a highly salient occluding surface appearing behind, coincident with, and in front of a virtual object. The apparatus and closed-loop matching task were based on previous work by Ellis and Menges. The experiment found maximum average depth judgment errors of 5.5 cm, and found that the blind reaching judgments were less accurate than the perceptual matching judgments. The experiment found that the presence of a highly-salient occluding surface has a complicated effect on depth judgments, but does not lead to systematically larger or smaller errors.
STUDY OF DIESEL FUEL STABILITY ON OXYGEN ABSORPTION. III. CHANGES OF RATES AND ACCELERATIONS OF OXYGEN ABSORPTION

The changes of oxygen absorption rates (OARs) and oxygen absorption accelerations (OAAs) for Daqing straight run diesel fuel (SRDF) and hydrogenated coking diesel fuel (HCDF) have been theoretically studied at 290 ∼ 360 K under 0.10 ∼ 0.25 MPa(O2) and Cu catalysis in darkness based on the investigation of kinetics of oxygen absorption for diesel fuels. The theoretical results show that OARs and OAAs of two diesel fuels decrease rapidly with the increasing of time, while they increase clearly with the rising of oxygen pressure or temperature at given test conditions during oxygen absorption. The higher the temperature and oxygen pressure or the longer the time, the greater the changes of diesel fuel OARs and OAAs. The OARs and OAAs change more clearly at shorter time ( 0.15 MPa) or higher temperature (>330 K), while they vary a little at longer times or lower O2 pressure or lower temperature. The (initial) OAR and (initial) OAA of HCDF are much greater than that of SRDF. T...
Balanced Biorthogonal Scaling Vectors Using Fractal Function Macroelements on [0,1]

Abstract Geronimo, Hardin et al. have previously constructed orthogonal and biorthogonal scaling vectors by extending a spline scaling vector with functions supported on [ 0 , 1 ] . Many of these constructions occurred before the concept of balanced scaling vectors was introduced. This paper will show that adding functions on [ 0 , 1 ] is insufficient for extending spline scaling vectors to scaling vectors that are both orthogonal and balanced. We are able, however, to use this technique to extend spline scaling vectors to balanced, biorthogonal scaling vectors, and we provide two large classes of this type of scaling vector, with approximation order two and three, respectively, with two specific constructions with desirable properties in each case. The constructions will use macroelements supported on [ 0 , 1 ] , some of which will be fractal functions.
Experimental Study of Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer in a Single-Phase Micropin-Fin Heat Sink

The pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of a single-phase micropin-fin heat sink were investigated experimentally. Fabricated from 110 copper, the heat sink contained an array of 1950 staggered square micropin fins with 200 X200 μm 2 cross section by 670 μm height. The ratios of longitudinal pitch and transverse pitch to pin-fin equivalent diameter are equal to 2. De-ionized water was employed as the cooling liquid. A coolant inlet temperature of 25°C, and two heat flux levels, q eff =50W/cm 2 and q" eff =100 W/cm 2 , defined relative to the platform area of the heat sink, were tested. The inlet Reynolds number ranged from 93 to 634 for q eff = 50 W/cm 2 , and from 127 to 634 for q eff =100 W/cm 2 . The measured pressure drop and temperature distribution were used to evaluate average friction factor and local averaged heat transfer coefficient/ Nusselt number. Predictions of the previous friction factor and heat transfer correlations that were developed for low Reynolds number (Re < 1000) single-phase flow in short pin-fin arrays were compared to the present micropin-fin data. Moores and Joshi's friction factor correlation (2003, "Effect of Tip Clearance on the Thermal and Hydrodynamic Performance of a Shrouded Pin Fin Array," ASME J. Heat Transfer, 125, pp. 999-1006) was the only one that provided acceptable predictions. Predictions from the other friction factor and heat transfer correlations were significantly different from the experimental data collected in this study. These findings point to the need for further fundamental study of single-phase thermal/fluid transport process in micropin-fin arrays for electronic cooling applications.
Resonant injection quantum well diodes and lasers

Abstract Simple modifications of the standard GaAsGaAlAs double barrier tunneling diode and quantum well laser structures are considered. Calculations show that by replacing the outer GaAs layers of the diode by small aluminum concentration GaAlAs, the peak-to-valley ratio of the negative resistance can be increased. A similar structure is formed if thin high aluminum content barriers are added on one or both sides of the quantum well in a quantum well laser. The barriers then create a resonance in the well region. The alloy concentration outside of the barriers can be chosen to line up the incoming electron energy with the resonance, creating a greatly enhanced charge density in the well. Electrons are thereby captured by the well more efficiently and threshold currents may be lowered.
Singular value decomposition and spectral analysis

Linear-Prediction-based (LP) methods for fitting multiple-sinusoid signal models to observed data, such as the forward-backward (FBLP) method of Nuttall (5) and Ulrych and Clayton (6), are very ill-conditioned. The locations of estimated spectral peaks can be greatly affected by a small amount of additive noise. LP estimation of frequencies can be greatly improved by singular value decomposition of the LP data matrix. The improved performance of the resulting new technique, which we called the principal eigenvector method (13, 14) is demonstrated by using it on one and two dimensional data.
A VISCOSITY AND SEDIMENTATION STUDY ON GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE.

Summary The viscosity of native glutamate dehydrogenase ( L -glutamate:NAD(P)-oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.1.3) has been determined in the presence and the absence of small molecules known to affect its aggregation properties. The effects on viscosity of denaturing agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and 8 M urea were also studied. Approximate molecular weights from sedimentation and viscosity data were computed for the native enzyme and some of its subunits.
Atomic-scale analysis of deposition and characterization of a-Si: H thin films grown from SiH radical precursor

Growth of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films (a-Si:H) on an initial H-terminated Si(001)(2×1) substrate at T=500 K was studied through molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of repeated impingement of SiH radicals to elucidate the effects of reactive minority species on the structural quality of the deposited films. The important reactions contributing to film growth were identified through detailed visualization of radical–surface interaction trajectories. These reactions include (i) insertion of SiH into Si–Si bonds, (ii) adsorption onto surface dangling bonds, (iii) surface H abstraction by impinging SiH radicals through an Eley–Rideal mechanism, (iv) surface adsorption by penetration into subsurface layers or dissociation leading to interstitial atomic hydrogen, (v) desorption of interstitial hydrogen into the gas phase, (vi) formation of higher surface hydrides through the exchange of hydrogen, and (vii) dangling-bond-mediated dissociation of surface hydrides into monohydrides. The MD simulations of a...
The Future of Farming and Conservation

The Research Article by R. E. Green et al . “Farming and the fate of wild nature” (28 Jan., p. [550][1]) adds to the already burgeoning literature on agroecosystems and conservation. The authors are to be commended for their attempt to develop a model that could be of use in decision-making
Non-invasive detection of multinucleated giant cells in the conjunctiva of patients with sarcoidosis by in-vivo confocal microscopy.

Aim: To explore the use of in-vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) as a potential non-invasive adjunctive tool for diagnosing sarcoidosis. Methods: Conjunctivae were imaged using confocal microscopy in 10 patients with sarcoidosis and 27 control subjects. We utilized the ASL-1000 Scanning Confocal Microscope (Advanced Scanning Ltd., New Orleans, LA) and the Confoscan 3 (Nidek Co. Ltd., Gamagori, Japan). Two masked observers reviewed the in-vivo confocal images of the conjunctivae in these subjects. One masked observer was experienced in reviewing confocal images. The most striking and obvious feature seen in granulomatous inflammation on confocal microscopy is the presence of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). Results: Unmasked observation of the scans revealed MGCs in six of the 10 sarcoid patients and no MGCs in the controls. One experienced masked observer found MGCs in five of the 10 patients with sarcoidosis and had no false-positive results (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.001; specificity = 1; sensitivity = ...
Possible Effects of Decays of Charmed-Particle Resonances

Under the assumption that production of the charmed vector meson ${D}^{*}$ is important in the charm threshold region, the soft cascade pion (photon) from ${D}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}D\ensuremath{\pi}$ (${D}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}D\ensuremath{\gamma}$) for ${M}_{{D}^{*}}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{D}g{M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ (${M}_{{D}^{*}}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{D}l{M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$) could serve as a very useful clue for charmed particles. Also the pions produced in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collisions together with (strong-interaction-stable) charmed particles must obey energy equipartition. This strongly suggests other new heavy-quark thresholds and/or heavy-lepton production.
H-2 influences phenytoin binding and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

We have reported that susceptibility to glucocorticoid- and phenytoin-induced cleft palate and glucocorticoid receptor levels in mice are influenced by the H-2 histocompatibility complex on chromosome 17. Phenytoin competes with glucocorticoids for the glucocorticoid receptor and inhibits production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. In this paper we have investigated whether, as in the case of glucocorticoids, phenytoin receptor levels and phenytoin-induced inhibition of prostaglandins are influenced by H-2 in a variety of mouse tissues. Using congenic strains varying only in the H-2 region, but otherwise having either the A/Wy(A) or B10(B) genetic background, we demonstrate here that phenytoin receptor content in the lung and liver is significantly higher in the strains with H-2 a (A/Wy and B 10.A) than in their corresponding H-2 b partners (A.BY and B 10). The H-2 complex also influences phenytoin-induced inhibition of the release of 3H-arachidonic acid and prostaglandin biosynthesis from thymocytes, prelabeled with 3H-arachidonic acid. Thus, these results suggest a similar genetic and biochemical pathway for the teratogenic action of both phenytoin and glucocorticoids.
Matching polynomials of fullerene clusters

Abstract Matching polynomials of fullerene cages for C 20 –C 50 are computed and analyzed. Based on these results the first few coefficients of the matching polynomials of C 60 –C 90 cages are obtained. The matching polynomials thus computed are useful in the characterization of aromaticities, computation of the grand canonical partition functions, resonance energies, thermodynamic properties, topological indices and properties of these cages.
Isothermal crystallization measurements on poly(ethylene terephthalate) by differential enthalpic analysis

The process of solid-phase crystallization in poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been followed by means of differential enthalpic analysis. Kinetic data for the process has been obtained for isothermal annealing from 100 to 115°C., showing induction times and first-order rate dependence. For the material studied, undrawn polyester filaments, an activation energy of 44 kcal./mole was determined. The technique used provides more direct monitoring of the crystallization phenomenon than that achieved with other methods.