cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycomic/glycoproteomic analysis by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: analysis of glycan structural alteration in cells.

The alteration of glycosyltransferase expression and the subsequent changes in oligosaccharide structures are reported in several diseases. The analysis of glycan structural alteration in glycoproteins is becoming increasingly important in the discovery of therapies and diagnostic markers. In this study, we propose a strategy for glycomic/glycoproteomic analysis based on oligosaccharide profiling by LC/MS followed by proteomic approaches, including 2-DE and 2-D lectin blot. As a model of aberrant cells, we used Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III), which catalyzes the addition of a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to β-mannose of the mannosyl core of N-linked oligosaccharides. LC/MS equipped with a graphitized carbon column (GCC) enabled us to elucidate the structural alteration induced by the GnT-III expression. Using 2-D lectin blot followed by LC/MS/MS, the protein carrying an extra N-acetylhexosamine in cells transfected with GnT-III was successfully identified as integrin α3. Thus, oligosaccharide profiling by GCC-LC/MS followed by proteomic methods can be a powerful tool for glycomic/glycoproteomic analysis.
Stability of a liquid drop trapped between two parallel planes

We consider a connected drop of prescribed volume between and contacting two planes. The liquid–air interface is a free surface and the boundaries of the wetted regions in the planes are also free. The drop is shown to be rotationally symmetric. Necessary and sufficient stability criteria are derived for general contact angles, and are applied to the special case of contact angles equal to $\pi/2$. The instability of the cylinder in this special case is related to Rayleigh instability.
Sexual Dimorphism in The Cranium of Cercopithecus Ascanius

To determine specific characteristics useful in sex determination in Cercopithecus ascanius crania, 17 cranial measurements and 10 cranial indices were derived from twenty-seven adult male and seventeen adult female crania and were subjected to discriminant function and canonical analysis. Significant differences between male and female skulls included overall size, especially in the palatal and orbital areas of the cranium. Important differences also existed in the shape of the palate, orbits, and cranial vault in relation to the facial region. Comparison and application of the results of this study to data on other Old-World monkey species indicated that information useful in assessing possible panprimate patterns of sexual dimorphism may be inferred, as differences between male and female crania in the orbital, facial, and palatal areas were common to other species investigated.
Reply to Lugg

Mr Lugg’s first point is that one might “cling to the idea that deducibility guarantees explanation” and then it would follow that I was wrong. My paper was obviously based on a rejection of the deductive-nomological model of explanation. The point that ifthe deductive-nomological model of explanation is correct after all, then I am wrong is one that I should have thought would be evident to any reader of the paper. My position is that explanation is essentially a pragmatic notion. In my view, whether or not a putative explanation is really an explanation depends on many factors besides the logical relations between the putative explanation and whatever is to be explained; for instance, the explanation must relate in an appropriate way to the interests of the questioner, there are questions of scientific fruitfulness to be considered, etc. To illustrate the way in which explanation is interest-relative, let me use an example due to Alan Gartinkel.* Suppose a priest asks Willy Sutton “Why do you rob banks?“. And Willy Sutton replies “because that’s where the money is”. Clearly something has gone wrong. In my view, what has gone wrong is this: The priest was really interested in knowing why Sutton robs banks us opposed to not robbing at all (this is what Garfinkel calls the explanation space of the question). If Sutton had been asked the same question by another robber, then his answer would have been explanatory. But the other robber would have had a quite different ‘explanation space’. Another example may bring out the point even more sharply. Suppose the question is asked, “Why was Professor McJones, who was previously believed to be an exemplary member of the academic community, found stark naked in the women’s dormitory at 12:OO midnight?” To answer: “He was stark naked in the women’s dormitory at 12:00 midnight because he was stark naked in the women’s dormitory at 12:OO midnight minus epsilon and it was not possible for him either to put on his clothes or to leave the women’s dormitory in epsilon seconds without violating the law that nothing can move faster than the speed of light”, would not be to explain why Professor McJones was found naked in the women’s dormitory at 12:00 midnight, even though all the requirements of the deductive-nomological model of explanation are met. (Again, Garfinkel’s notion of an explanation-space presupposed by a
THz sensors based on spin orbit split off levels

A high operating temperature THz sensor based on spin-split-off transitions in GaN/AlGaN heterojunction is proposed. The concept was theoretically modeled based on an experimentally proven short wavelength (3.6 μm) spin-split off GaAs/AlGaAs infrared (SWIR) detector which has spin-orbital-energy of 0.34 eV (3.6 μm). This paper describes an extension of the GaAs theoretical model for GaN based system, which has spin-orbital energy of 0.02 eV (5 THz).
Telecommunications and Organizational Decentralization

In recent years, several phenomena have caused significant pressures on the traditional, centralized urban structure. These phenomena include urban sprawl, separation of business and residential areas and concomitant dependence on transportation, the absence of effective or widespread mass transit, and declining oil reserves with rising energy costs. These conditions have made decentralization more attractive to many large organizations currently located in the central business districts (CBD's) of major urban areas. The increasing availability of sophisticated communications and computer technologies may encourage the continued growth and future decentralization of "information industries," thereby producing major urban changes. The telecommunicationsaugmented decentralization of a traditional, centralized organization to a diffused one with an intraorganizational telecommunications network is described. The key factors in this process are discussed: 1) the ability of new telecommunications and computer technologies to maintain or increase productivity for routine clerical and management functions, 2) their availability, and 3) their costs relative to urban transportation systems. Telecommunications-augmented decentralization can have significant impacts on transportation, telecommunications, labor, and land-use policies; specific areas of impact are discussed.
Cerebrovascular actions of prostaglandins.

The actions of prostaglandins (PGs) on the cerebral circulation appear to present special problems for the investigator because the anatomy and physiology of this circulation differ significantly from other vascular beds. The anastomoses of the cerebral circulation with the extracranial vasculature vary greatly from species to species and are not easily isolated for study. Cerebral vessels are encased in a bony structure; the resistance arterioles are embedded in the gelatinous brain and are devoid of adventitia (Baker and Iannone, 1959). Also, the brain is without lymphatics and its capillaries are devoid of fenestra and clefts and do not manifest pinocytosis, but do contain numerous mitochondria (Oldendorf, 1975). Despite an abundant innervation, the function of the nerve supply to the cerebral vasculature is in question (Heistad and Marcus, 1978). Techniques for studying the cerebral circulation which have been used in other vascular beds are angiography, clearance techniques and topical application. The latter is possible after craniotomy by application through cannulae inserted into the subarachnoid space, or by means of additions to tissue chambers. The methods used to study the pharmacodynamic actions of prostaglandins discussed herein are presented schematically in Fig. 1. The results obtained with arachidonic acid and its derivatives, the prostanoids, are listed in Table 1. The terms prostanoid and prostaglandins are used interchangeably in this article.
QUANTIFYING MARKETING TRADE–OFFS IN PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION POLICY DECISIONS

The physical distribution management process involves dual, but conflicting objectives: (1) the minimization of system costs and (2) the maximization of service levels. Most physical distribution research focuses on cost minimization and treats service levels as constraints. This paper, however, highlights the service aspect of distribution. It reports an experiment with purchasing agents designed to test three alternative approaches for evaluating customers' (dollar) trade-offs between service levels received and cost. Two of the approaches indirectly derive trade-off values; the other approach relies on directly reported trade-off information. In this experiment all three of the approaches were quite accurate in modeling customers' preferences for different physical distribution mixes, but the indirect procedures were more accurate than the direct approach.
Robustness in TDMA scheduling for neuron-based molecular communication

This paper proposes and evaluates an optimizer for neuron-based body-area nanonetworks (BANNs). The proposed optimizer leverages an evolutionary algorithm to seek the optimal trade-off between communication latency and robustness in TDMA-based neuronal signaling. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed optimizer efficiently obtains quality solutions and multiobjective analysis is critical in configuring neuron-based BANNs.
Nonlinear subelliptic equations

In this paper, we study the higher order regularity for weak solutions of a class of quasilinear subelliptic equations. We introduce the notion of ν-closed Hormander system of vector fields, which includes all the previously studied nilpotent systems and extends them to some classes of non-nilpotent systems of vector fields, including those generating the Lie Algebra of the rotation group SO(n) and other non-compact semisimple and solvable Lie groups.
A single, particle‐size model for sulfur retention in fluidized bed coal combustors

A reactor model is presented to calculate the sulfur retention and SO2 emission of a fluidized-bed coal combustor with absorption of SO2 by limestone or dolomite. It is based on the two-phase theory of fluidization and a two parameter simplified rate expression for the sulfation reaction. Both parameters can be determined by experimental reaction rate measurements. In the overall reactor model, an average size is assumed for all the stone particles in the bed. Sulfur retention is found to be dependent on only three dimensionless parameters. Comparisons with experimental measurements indicated that the model predicts satisfactorily the dependence of sulfur retention on the Ca/S ratio, sulfur content of the coal, excess air, gas residence time, and sorbent type.
A Technique for Comparing Path Models Between Subgroups . Standardized Path-Regression Coefficients

A standardization procedure is presented which facilitates comparisons of path coefficients or regression coefficients simultaneously between subgroups and between independent variables. It is noted that standardized path coefficients are generally appropriate when comparisons of the magnitude of effects of different independent variables within a subgroup are desired, and unstandardized path-regression coefficients are appropriate for comparisons between subgroups for a given independent variable. If both types of comparisons are desired simultaneously, however, neither type of path coefficients is satisfactory. To remedy this problem, it is suggested that data be converted to standard scores over all subgroups and that subgroup specific unstandardized coefficients be calculated on the transformed scores. The resulting coefficients are called standardized path-regression coefficients. Convenient calculating formulas which do not depend on actual manipulation of the data matrix are presented. It is shown ...
Laurén et al. reply

Replying to: H. W. Kessels, L. N. Nguyen, S. Nabavi & R. Malinow , 10.1038/nature09217 (2010) Amyloid-β oligomers are correlated with Alzheimer’s disease progression and suppress synaptic plasticity1,2,3. Through unbiased expression cloning, we identified cellular prion protein (PrPC) as an amyloid-β oligomer binding protein4. PrPC was necessary for acute amyloid-β(1−42) (Aβ42) oligomer suppression of synaptic plasticity4; thus, it becomes critical to explore the importance of PrPC in a range of Alzheimer’s-disease-related deficits. Transgenic Alzheimer’s disease model mice show deficits of spatial learning and memory5, so the most direct assessment of PrPC will monitor memory in transgenic Alzheimer’s disease model mice deficient for PrPC. In this paradigm, amyloid-β species are produced endogenously and the brain is exposed chronically over months. Recently, we have found that deletion of PrPC from APPswe/PSen1ΔE9 transgenic mice restores spatial learning and memory without altering amyloid-β6. Furthermore, the early death, synapse loss and serotonin axonal degeneration of transgenic Alzheimer’s disease mice require PrPC (ref. 6). Kessels 7 examine PrPC in alternative paradigms.
Types, patterns, and predictors of coping with stress during pregnancy: Examination of the Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory in a diverse sample

The present study investigated coping in early, mid-, and late pregnancy in 321 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse women of varying medical risk. The goal was to determine how women cope with stress across pregnancy and to explore the association of coping with maternal characteristics, stress perceptions, disposition, and social support. Factor analysis of the Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory revealed three distinct types of coping: Planning-Preparation, Avoidance, and Spiritual-Positive Coping. Spiritual coping was used most frequently during pregnancy; avoidant coping was used least often. As hypothesized, use of spiritual coping and avoidance differed across pregnancy. Planning was used more consistently across time. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that the strongest predictors of planning were high optimism and pregnancy-specific distress. Avoidance was most strongly predicted by high state anxiety and pregnancy-specific distress. Greater religiosity and optimism were the strongest predictors of spiritual coping. These results add to a body of evidence that women use distinctive and varied strategies to manage stress prenatally. They also suggest that coping is responsive to changing demands across pregnancy and reflective of women's characteristics, perceptions, and social situations.
High-Throughput RFIC Wafer Testing

This paper surveys the state of RFIC wafer testing as performed on production floors today, and the trends and expectations for the future. Currently, most RF chips sold as known-good die (KGD) and relatively complex RFICs are tested at-speed at the wafer level. RF wafer testing is used to reduce the cost of scrap at the next level of packaging, and various test strategies are pursued to reduce test costs. The hardware options and tradeoffs for production testing are surveyed. Finally, the outlook for test cost, ATE resources, chip connection density, and for emerging technologies such as built-in self-test, are discussed.
Java server performance: a case study of building efficient, scalable Jvms

The importance of the JavaTM platform has shifted from a client-centered paradigm to the server. In particular, the Java language has matured into a viable programming model for server applications. Correspondingly, the requirements on the Java virtual machine (Jvm) have shifted. This paper details the serverspecific performance enhancements made to the core Jvm and just-in-time (JIT) compiler, which have allowed the IBM Developer Kits that implement Java code for Intel processors to become industry performance leaders. The paper focuses on synchronization implementation and granularity improvements that have greatly increased the scalability of the Java language on multiprocessor machines. Focus is also given to memory management, specifically, object allocation, garbage collection, and heap management. Details of communication and connection scaling are also provided. Finally, server-specific enhancements to the JIT compiler are discussed. All component enhancements in the paper are explained, and their performance implications are quantified with results from representative multithreaded server workloads. The paper summarizes work from across IBM. The authors' specific contributions include the three-tier spin lock, the thread local heap and freelist merge, the dynamic heap growth algorithm, bitwise sweep, compaction avoidance, and the suite of network enhancements.
The Community Seismic Network and Quake-Catcher Network: enabling structural health monitoring through instrumentation by community participants

A new type of seismic network is in development that takes advantage of community volunteers to install low-cost accelerometers in houses and buildings. The Community Seismic Network and Quake-Catcher Network are examples of this, in which observational-based structural monitoring is carried out using records from one to tens of stations in a single building. We have deployed about one hundred accelerometers in a number of buildings ranging between five and 23 stories in the Los Angeles region. In addition to a USB-connected device which connects to the host’s computer, we have developed a stand-alone sensor-plug-computer device that directly connects to the internet via Ethernet or wifi. In the case of the Community Seismic Network, the sensors report both continuous data and anomalies in local acceleration to a cloud computing service consisting of data centers geographically distributed across the continent. Visualization models of the instrumented buildings’ dynamic linear response have been constructed using Google SketchUp and an associated plug-in to matlab with recorded shaking data. When data are available from only one to a very limited number of accelerometers in high rises, the buildings are represented as simple shear beam or prismatic Timoshenko beam models with soil-structure interaction. Small-magnitude earthquake records are used to identify the first set of horizontal vibrational frequencies. These frequencies are then used to compute the response on every floor of the building, constrained by the observed data. These tools are resulting in networking standards that will enable data sharing among entire communities, facility managers, and emergency response groups.
Effect of Focal Lamina Cribrosa Defect on Glaucomatous Visual Field Progression

Objective To evaluate the association between focal, structural defects of the lamina cribrosa (LC) and glaucomatous visual field (VF) progression. Design Retrospective, observational study. Participants A total of 169 patients with glaucoma (169 eyes) with a range of glaucomatous damage. Methods Serial horizontal and vertical enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI OCT) B-scans of the optic nerve head were obtained from patients with glaucoma with 5 or more prior Humphrey 24-2 VFs (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc, Dublin, CA). The EDI OCT scans were reviewed for the presence of focal LC defects (laminar holes or disinsertions with a diameter >100 μm). The VF progression was defined as having ≥2 significantly progressing test points (with a slope calculated using pointwise linear regression [PLR], worse than −1.0 dB/year at P Main Outcome Measures The relationship between focal LC defects and the rate and risk of VF progression. Results Mean age and VF MD at the time of EDI OCT were 69±12 years and −11.49±6.87 dB, respectively. Sixty eyes (36%) progressed according to PLR criteria. Progression was more common in eyes with, rather than without, focal LC defects (38/81 eyes [47%] vs. 22/88 eyes [25%], P = 0.003). Among the evaluated parameters, the presence of focal LC defects, disc hemorrhage, higher mean follow-up IOP, greater number of VFs, and longer follow-up period were significantly associated with VF progression in the multivariable analyses (odds ratios, 2.90, 4.66, 1.22, 1.25, and 1.27, respectively; P = 0.010, P = 0.002, P = 0.002, P P P = 0.031). Among the 60 progressing eyes, despite no significant difference in the mean number of progressing VF points per eye (6.7±7.0 vs. 6.5±4.4; P = 0.899), the mean localized progression rate was significantly faster in the eyes with focal LC defects than in the eyes with no focal LC defects (−2.85±1.85 dB/year vs. −1.75±0.56 dB/year; P = 0.009). Conclusions Focal LC defects are strongly associated with glaucomatous VF progression, and eyes with focal LC defects tend to progress faster than those without.
Temporal variability of ultraviolet cloud features in the Venus stratosphere

The observed temporal variability of ultraviolet cloud brightness in over two months of Pioneer Venus Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimeter imaging is considered. It is found that the longitudinal mean brightness record shows evidence of two planetary-scale waves. One appears to be centered on the equator but has significant amplitude at all latitudes. The other is centered at midlatitudes and is more confined latitudinally. Visually, the two waves correspond to the longitudinal motion of the dark equatorial band and the oscillation in latitude of the bright polar bands, respectively. The slope of the longitudinal cloud brightness power spectrum at intermediate wavenumbers fluctuates with a periodicity of approximately 2-3 weeks in southern midlatitudes. The polar regions in both hemispheres vary in brightness on a time scale of approximately two months. The disk-integrated brightness increased with time throughout the nominal mission.
Radionuclide studies in the determination of brain death: criteria, concepts, and controversies

Forty years after the publication of a landmark paper by the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School, the general concept of brain death has achieved widespread acceptance. In the United States, irreversible dysfunction of the brain and brainstem are required for the diagnosis of brain death. Although primarily based on clinical evaluation, confirmatory examinations, including radionuclide blood flow studies, play an important role in augmenting the physical examination in special situations when some of its specific components cannot be performed or reliably evaluated. The 2 main radionuclidic techniques used in evaluation of brain death are radionuclide angiography with nonlipophilic radiopharmaceuticals and parenchymal imaging with lipophilic agents. Specific technical guidelines for determination of brain death have been promulgated by professional medical societies. In the vast majority of cases, blood flow examinations are useful in confirming brain death. Nonetheless, on occasion patients clinically diagnosed with brain death will exhibit persistent intracranial blood flow or electrical activity. Existence of these contradictory cases reveals underlying inconsistencies in the definitions of brain death. We hypothesize that the existence of these apparent contradictions is related to differences in sensitivity of the physical examination and the confirmatory examinations, differences in localization of the physical examination and confirmatory tests, and differences between blood flow and cerebral function as markers of brain death.
Hybridization and systematics of dioecious North American Nymphoides (N. aquatica and N. cordata; Menyanthaceae)

Outcrossing in the aquatic genus Nymphoides (about 50 species) is promoted by various sexual conditions including dimorphic heterostyly (most species) and dioecy (four species). In eastern North America, Nymphoides aquatica and Nymphoides cordata are dioecious sister species that differ only slightly by their leaf pigmentation and texture, adventitious root form, and overall size. Although these features distinguish most individuals, the occurrence of morphologically intermediate specimens within broadly overlapping geographic ranges often confounds their identification. Hybridization of these taxa has not been documented previously, yet the potential exists for gene flow between N. aquatica and N. cordata because of their similar floral morphology, reliance on outcrossing, and partial sympatry. We studied individuals collected across the ranges of N. aquatica and N. cordata, using morphological data and nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (matK/trnK) molecular sequence data, to better ascertain their distinctness and to investigate further the possibility of hybridization. Quantitative morphological data supported the existence of two species that are broadly diagnosable across several measurements, although approximately seven percent of specimens analyzed remained undiagnosed under our criteria. Molecular phylogenetic results indicated that most individuals of N. aquatica and N. cordata were readily identifiable to one or the other species, and these corresponded to reciprocally monophyletic groups. However, molecular cloning revealed that some individuals collected within the sympatric range of N. aquatica and N. cordata were interspecific hybrids, and these individuals on average were morphologically intermediate between the two parental species. These data are consistent with a taxonomic concept that accepts two fundamentally distinct Nymphoides species, nevertheless with some individuals being morphologically intermediate, at least partly as a result of natural interspecific hybridization.
Women’s Work and Working Conditions Are Mothers Compensated for Lost Wages?

Few studies have analyzed variation in the motherhood wage penalty by the sex composition of women’s jobs. This study draws on nationally representative data to investigate the motherhood wage pena...
Voice over IP security and law enforcement

Voice over IP is one of the fastest growing Internet based application in today's networking world. As more and more enterprises are moving towards IP based voice network, the payload security has become an important issue. The voice traffic is exposed to the same threats as the normal data traffic. However, with voice traffic, the security and accessibility requirements are different from the data traffic. While it is important to protect the voice packets from spoofing and eves dropping, it is equally important that the law enforcement agencies gain access to these voice packets when legally required. With the deployment of security mechanisms like encryption, it becomes harder for the law enforcement agencies to decipher the information hidden in the IP packets related to voice calls. It would make sense to use standardized encryption techniques with voice over IP, at the same time provide a means to decipher the data as and when needed. This would provide the law enforcement agencies an easier access to the information during critical situations provided they have access to the encryption keys. The emphasis should be placed on the choice of encryption keys making it difficult for intruders to decipher. In this paper, the authors review the security requirements of voice traffic transmitted via Internet with the law enforcement and security perspective. The authors review the requirements of various law enforcement agencies and assess the impact of security mechanisms deployed in VOIP networks on law enforcement
Improved Inventory Targets in the Presence of Limited Historical Demand Data

Most of the literature on inventory management assumes that the demand distribution and the values of its parameters are known with certainty. In this paper, we consider a repeated newsvendor setting where this is not the case and study the problem of setting inventory targets when there is a limited amount of historical demand data. Consequently, we achieve the following objectives: (1) to quantify the inaccuracy in the inventory-target estimation as a function of the length of the historical demand data, the critical fractile, and the shape parameters of the demand distribution; and (2) to determine the inventory target that minimizes the expected cost and accounts for the uncertainty around the demand parameters estimated from limited historical data. We achieve these objectives by using the concept of expected total operating cost and representing the demand distribution with the highly flexible Johnson translation system. Our procedures require no restrictive assumptions about the first four moments of the demand random variables, and they can be easily implemented in practical settings with reduced expected total operating costs.
Laser-driven inner-shell excitation in high-Z atoms: a shell-selective impact ionization mechanism

Summary form only given. The efficient generation of inner-shell population inversion in high-Z elements (Z>30) is the most direct route to the development of an atom-based coherent multi-kilovolt X-ray source (i.e. a/spl sim/1 A X-ray laser). We describe a shell-selective, coherent impact ionization mechanism which is capable of providing a required pumping rate in excess of 1W/atom for the generation of inner-shell population inversion in laser-driven plasmas. The evidence for the existence of such a mechanism is contained in the Xe L-shell (2p/spl larr/3d) emission spectra obtained under laser excitation of 5-20 atom Xe clusters at irradiances of 10/sup 18/-10/sup 19/ W/cm/sup 2/. The spectra display three striking features: (i) the generation of "hollow" atoms, including the inverted ions Xe/sup 27+/(2p/sup 5/3d/sup 10/) and Xe/sup 28+/(2p/sup 5/3d/sup 9/), (ii), a/spl sim/1000/spl times/ reduction in the efficiency of Xe(L) emission as the pump-laser wavelength is increased by a factor of /spl sim/3 from 248 nm to 800 nm/sup 2/ and, most significantly, (iii) the observation of ionic species with double 2p vacancies only under 248 nm excitation.
Two-step fowler-stephens orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testes: A 28-year single institution experience

Purpose: Two-Step Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy for high undescended testes allows for mobilization of the testicle to the scrotal position while preserving perfusion by collateral circulation after gonadal vessel ligation. Although used for decades, the long-term efficacy of this procedure has not been reported. We present our 28-year clinical experience with this technique.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied a cohort of patients who underwent 2-step Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy at our institution between 1982 and 2009. Patients were excluded if either step was performed elsewhere or if followup was less than 6 months. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine associations between clinical, surgical and anatomical factors and testicular viability at last followup.Results: A total of 62 patients (79 testes) met inclusion criteria. Median followup was 3.1 years (range 0.6 to 20). Based on the most recent examination/ultrasound, 70.9% of testicles were considered to be normal,...
Marital Disruption Among Professional Women: The Timing of Career and Family Events

This paper looks at why highly educated women in the United States have a high rate of separation and divorce, and at what point in their careers their marriages break up. We asked 663 women graduates about the timing of their career and family events and found: marriages usually break up after, not before, women begin graduate school; women who marry before graduate school are more likely to divorce or separate than those who marry after; and women who have children before or during graduate school are more likely to divorce or separate than those who have children after graduate school. We also look at how husbands' support for their wives' careers affects marriages. While the effect of timing of marriage on disruption is mitigated by cooperation and support on the part of husbands, such support does not reduce the likelihood for women who have had children either before or during graduate school. We conclude that marital disruption among highly educated women is caused, at least partly, by the strain that results from their efforts to balance both work and family roles.
Line-associated thrombosis as the major cause of hospital-acquired deep vein thromboses: an analysis from National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data and a call to reassess prophylaxis strategies

BACKGROUND: Quality improvement has mitigated the occurrence of postoperative deep vein thromboses (DVTs); however, despite adherence to protocols, they continue to occur. This study aimed to characterize their rate and distribution at our institution, and appropriate use of thromboprophylaxis. METHODS: Local American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data were queried for general surgery cases complicated by DVT from 2009 to 2011. Medical records were evaluated to ascertain the following: classify DVTs by site, ascertain if appropriate prophylactic measures were instituted, evaluate treatment instituted, evaluate the occurrence of a PE if the DVTwas line-associated, and if so, the indication for the central line. RESULTS: Of 1,857 patients, 39 had postoperative DVTs (2.1%). Fourteen lower-extremity (35.9%) DVTs, 4 central (10%) DVTs, and 21 upper-extremity (53.8%) DVTs (UEDVTs) were captured. All but 2 had appropriate thromboprophylaxis. All but one UEDVT was line-associated. Diagnoses were prompted by symptoms in 72% of the patients. Pulmonary emboli developed in 3 of 39 patients. CONCLUSIONS: An unexpected finding was that line-associated UEDVTs comprised over half of all DVTs, mostly in patients without cancer. This analysis highlights the need for more selective centralline use; choosing peripheral access may reduce DVT rates further. Improved pharmacoprophylaxis
Comparative Studies of Seed Proteins and Enzymes of Species and Collections of Arachis by Gel Electrophoresis

Proteins and six enzymes (esterase, peroxidase, catalase, leucine aminopeptidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, achromatic oxidase) in individual seeds from 36 species and collections of Arachis were characterized by using polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoretic techniques. These data were used to evaluate the biosystematics of Arachis. Support was found for the thesis that each wild relative of the cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., has been properly classified into coherent groups of species under the following taxonomic sections: Axonomorphae, Erectoides, Caulorhizae, Rhizomatosae, Extranervosae, Pseudoaxonomorphae and Triseminalae. For example, the mobility of most bands in the gel patterns of proteins and enzymes of A. hypogaea coincided very closely with those of the wild species, A. monticola PI 219824, supporting studies which have shown that these two species are closely related and should be classified together. The Similarity Index method, based upon the percent of protein and enzyme bands with similar and dissimilar mobilities compared among gels of seeds of species and collections, produced s-values that further supported the taxonomy of this genus as it is known today.
LDPC-coded MIMO systems with unknown block fading channels: soft MIMO detector design, channel estimation, and code optimization

This paper considers the design of a practical low-density parity check (LDPC)-coded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system composed of M transmit and N receive antennas operating in a flat-fading environment where channel state information (CSI) is assumed to be unavailable both to the transmitter and the receiver. A soft iterative receiver structure is developed, which consists of three main blocks: a soft MIMO detector and two LDPC component soft decoders. We first propose at the component level several soft-input soft-output MIMO detectors whose performances are much better than the conventional minimal mean square error (MMSE)-based detectors. In particular, one optimal soft MIMO detector and two simplified suboptimal detectors are developed that do not require an explicit channel estimate and offer an effective tradeoff between complexity and performance. In addition, a modified expectation maximization (EM)-based MIMO detector is developed that completely removes positive feedback between input and output extrinsic information and provides much better performance compared with the direct EM-based detector that has strong correlations especially in fast-fading channels. At the structural level, the LDPC-coded MIMO receiver is constructed in an unconventional manner where the soft MIMO detector and LDPC variable node decoder form one super soft-decoding unit, and the LDPC check node decoder forms the other component of the iterative decoding scheme. By exploiting the proposed receiver structure, tractable extrinsic information transfer functions of the component soft decoders are obtained, which further lead to a simple and efficient LDPC code degree profile optimization algorithm with proven global optimality and guaranteed convergence from any initialization. Finally, numerical and simulation results are provided to confirm the advantages of the proposed design approach for the coded MIMO system.
Non‐Vocal Shaping of Avian Song Development: Parallels to Human Speech Development

Vocal development in young male cowbirds (Molothrus ater) is sensitive to acoustical stimulation from males, but also to social feedback from female cowbirds, even though females do not sing. Juvenile males show different vocal trajectories if housed with local or distant population females. The major goal of the present study was to identify differences in the form and timing of non-vocal cues from females during the period in early spring when juvenile males begin to sing stereotyped song and to finalize their repertoires. We housed juvenile males with either local or distant population females and no adult males. We found significant differences between the two groups of females in the use of wing stroking and in male reactions to wing strokes and gapes. There were also differences between the groups in male song performance. To understand further the potential consequences of these differences, we correlated measures of male and female responsiveness to results reported in Smith et al. (2000) on vocal ontogeny and song potency. We found that wing stroking by females was associated with a faster rate of song development and tended to relate to differences in song potency. The non-vocal shaping seen here may represent a general mechanism for the development of vocal communication, as similar processes influence phonological development in human infants.
Synergistic Effect of Genistein and BCNU on Growth Inhibition and Cytotoxicity of Glioblastoma Cells

Objective: Recent experiments have shown that dietary soy isoflavones such as genistein can significantly suppress invasiveness and growth of a number of human malignancies. This study examined whether genistein, at a concentration typical of plasma levels following soy diet intake, in combination with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU, carmustine) exhibited an additive or synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth of glioma cells.
Improving Your Writing

You know you shouldn't stop working on your writing just because you're out of law school. Legal writing is like any skill or any substantive topic: there is always more to learn and there is always room for improvement. But you're busy. Do you have time to work on your writing? I say you do, and here are two suggestions: You can improve with modest efforts at study and practice.
New species of Pteromalidae and Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from California, with taxonomic notes

Two new species of Pteromalinae, and a new species of the torymid genus Pseuderimerus are described from Californian and Mexican material. Additional notes are provided concerning the identification of the genera involved. Chlorocytus analis is transferred from Pteromalus (Habrocy- tus) and redescribed, with discussion of the accuracy of its published host record. New taxa: Meximalus skinnerensis n. sp., Euteloida basalis n. sp., Pseuderimerus burgeri n. sp.
The Morphology and Functional Anatomy of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems of Cimex Lectularius L. (Heteroptera, Cimicidae)

The unusual adaptations of the reproductive system found in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius Linn., have engaged the attention of several investigators during the past years. The right genital clasper of the male is a highly modified claw-like structure which penetrates the intersegmental membrane adjacent to the organ of Berlese and thus carries the aedeagus into the latter. Since the organ of Berlese has no direct connection with the reproductive tract, the spermatozoa must pass from it into the body cavity and then penetrate a special lobe at the base of each lateral oviduct where they are stored. From here some migrate in the wall of the oviducts up to the ovary where they fertilize the developing ova. While insects generally produce eggs whether mating has occurred or not, the bed bug does not lay eggs until the female has mated. The manner in which insemination initiates complete egg formation is still not completely understood.
Thought to Standardize Procurement Mode of Large-size State-owned Enterprise

The significance to standardize procurement of large-size state-owned enterprise is elaborated,the necessity to standardize the procurement by taking large-size state-owned enterprise as government similar procurement subject is discussed by taking reference from The Law of Government Purchase of PRC.The paper indicates the applicable condition and character of 5 purchase modes,purchase basic process and problems to be paid attention.
Diagnosis of Cervical Neoplasia Using Immunohistochemical Staining of p16(INK4A)

Objective : There is need for more objective diagnostic parameters to identify cervical dysplastic or neoplastic cells. So, we examined the expression in the cervical tissues to evaluate the value of as a diagnostic parameter. Methods : We examined the expression by mmunohistochemical staining in normal cervical tissues (n=3), preneoplastic lesions (n=6), carcinoma in situ (CIS, n=5), and invasive carcinomas (n=5) of the cervix, which were selected randomly by H&E staining from the archives of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues and we also examined the status of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the same tissues. Results : The positive rates of expression was significantly higher in all abnormal cervical tissues including subclinical papillomavirus infection (SPI), dysplasia, CIS, and invasive carcinoma than in normal cervical epithelium (p=0.001). Despite the strong expression of in the area of CIS, no expression of was observed in the area of normal epithelium in the vicinity of CIS. 11 cases among 19 cases of examined tissue samples were tested for HPV infection. Seven of them showed positivity for HPV DNA. Conclusion : We herein demonstrated that would be a sensitive and specific marker for the abnormal cervical cells in tissue sections. This approach will help to reduce interobserver variations in the histopathologic interpretation of cervical biopsy specimens.
The Growing Racial and Ethnic Divide in U.S. Marriage Patterns.

The United States shows striking racial and ethnic differences in marriage patterns. Compared to both white and Hispanic women, black women marry later in life, are less likely to marry at all, and have higher rates of marital instability. Kelly Raley, Megan Sweeney, and Danielle Wondra begin by reviewing common explanations for these differences, which first gained momentum in the 1960s (though patterns of marital instability diverged earlier than patterns of marriage formation). Structural factors—for example, declining employment prospects and rising incarceration rates for unskilled black men—clearly play a role, the authors write, but such factors don’t fully explain the divergence in marriage patterns. In particular, they don’t tell us why we see racial and ethnic differences in marriage across all levels of education, and not just among the unskilled. Raley, Sweeney and, Wondra argue that the racial gap in marriage that emerged in the 1960s, and has grown since, is due partly to broad changes in ideas about family arrangements that have made marriage optional. As the imperative to marry has fallen, alongside other changes in the economy that have increased women’s economic contributions to the household, socioeconomic standing has become increasingly important for marriage. Race continues to be associated with economic disadvantage, and thus as economic factors have become more relevant to marriage and marital stability, the racial gap in marriage has grown.
Long Term Results from the Elimination of MLI between 4 and 77K

Replacing Multi Layer Insulation (MLI) with high conductivity aluminum tape applied to surfaces between 4 and 77K to reduce thermal radiative heat transfer on the helium system is an attractive option. The successful use of this system in the National Superconducting Cyclotron Lab’s (NSCL) beam transport system and the Chicago Cyclotron Magnet (CCM) at Fermilab demonstrate the effectiveness of this system and have shown no degradation of the insulating properties over a ten year period. The impact of this system on large scale and/or space-borne systems is discussed.
Cultural Differences in the Reciprocal Relations between Emotion Suppression Coping, Depressive Symptoms and Interpersonal Functioning among Adolescents.

The current study examined the prospective relations between emotion suppression and maladjustment (i.e., depressive symptoms, family stress events, peer stress events, and family and peer support) among Vietnamese American (n = 372) and European American adolescents (n = 304). We found that at baseline Vietnamese Americans adolescents reported greater use of emotion suppression coping than European American adolescents. Multi-group structural equation modeling indicated that for European American teens emotion suppression was significantly related to increased depression symptoms and decreased quality of peer relationships. In contrast, for the Vietnamese Americans teens emotion suppression relations to later maladjustment was either nonsignificant or attenuated relative to the European American. These findings suggest ethnic group differences in both the utilization, and consequences and function of emotion suppression among Vietnamese American and European American adolescents.
The Pathologist as Poet.

The role of the humanities (eg, philosophy, bioethics, literature, music, theater, religion, anthropology) in medical education has been argued long and hard for decades. It is argued that the study of subjects included in the humanities can enhance critical thinking skills, foster a deeper level of learning and understanding, and help to enhance one’s level of compassion, empathy, and moral/ethical reasoning. It is the author’s contention that writing and reading poetry (as an example of a personal pursuit in the humanities) can help achieve these goals not only in our contact with patients but also in our contact with other humans and cultures in the world at large.
Embarrassment and Social Anxiety Disorder: Fraternal Twins or Distant Cousins?

Embarrassment is unpleasant but useful; it alerts one to unbecoming behavior, forestalls further transgressions, mollifies one’s critics, and motivates desirable remedial responses, providing an automatic, efficacious way to deal with the many minor mishaps of social life. Nevertheless, it shares a defining characteristic with social anxiety disorder: concern with what others are thinking of us. This chapter elucidates the nature of embarrassment, considers its origins, and describes its effects on interaction. It then delineates the different phenomenologies, behavioral sequelae, development, and normality of embarrassment and social anxiety disorder, concluding with consideration of the similarities of the states.