cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How To Use The Pop-Screen In Literary Studies

Teaching literary theory is fascinating for those who love the application of theory to a literary text, difficult for those who are of the opinion that theory destroys the actual beauty and value of the fictional source, and unfortunately often boring for those who are taught. This article, however, provides a popular approach to the introduction to classical Freudian literary criticism by choosing David Koepp’s cinematographic adaptation of Stephen King’s novella Secret Window. David Koepp’s film Secret Window (2004) is a valuable teaching tool, as it invites the viewer to observe Mort Rainey’s—the film’s main character—psychologically unstable mind and emotional distress processed in his dream states, hallucinations, and anxiety attacks. Moreover, the film illustrates well the Freudian concept of repression, of the uncanny, of dream work, and of the interplay of the three psychological entities—ego, Id, super-ego. This differentiated introduction to important Freudian concepts and his understanding of dream-analysis is student centered, motivating, interactive, and helps students to develop their critical and media literacy.
Use of asthma control indicators in measuring inhaled corticosteroid effectiveness in asthmatic smokers: a systematic review.

AbstractObjective: The objective of this review is to explore how current research measures the effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in smokers with asthma. Data sources: PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases were searched for combinations of terms relating to asthma, tobacco use and ICS effectiveness. Study selections: The search was limited to articles published between 2004 and 2015, in English language. Studies met inclusion criteria if reporting the use of guideline-based asthma control indicators to measure the therapeutic effects of ICS or ICS combination therapies. This review did not exclude articles based on study design. Data were extracted and summarized to describe how indicators were measured across studies in order to characterize and describe the effects of ICS in smokers. Results: Thirteen studies were included in this review. Six of these 13 studies used only one indicator to measure asthma control in smokers and ICS was found to improve asthma in only one of six of these studi...
Heart rate control in normal and aborted-SIDS infants

Approximate entropy (ApEn), a mathematical formula quantifying regularity in data, was applied to heart rate data from normal and aborted-sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants. We distinguished quiet from rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep via the following three criteria, refining the notion of REM as more "variable": 1) REM sleep has greater overall variability (0.0374 +/- 0.0138 vs. 0.0205 +/- 0.0090 s, P < 0.005); 2) REM sleep is less stationary (StatAv = 0.742 +/- 0.110) than quiet sleep (StatAv = 0.599 +/- 0.159, P < 0.03); 3) after normalization to overall variability, REM sleep is more regular (ApEnsub = 1.224 +/- 0.092) than quiet sleep (ApEnsub = 1.448 +/- 0.071, P < 0.0001). Fifty percent of aborted-SIDS infants showed greater ApEn instability across quiet sleep than any normal infant exhibited, suggesting that autonomic regulation of heart rate occasionally becomes abnormal in a high-risk subject. There was an association between low ApEn values and aborted-SIDS events; 5 of 14 aborted-SIDS infants had at least one quiet sleep epoch with an ApEn value below the minimum of 45 normal-infant ApEn values.
Cerebrally lateralized mental representations of hand shape and movement

Previous psychophysical and neuroimaging studies suggest that perceiving the handedness of a visually presented hand depends on sensorimotor processes that are specific to the limb of the stimulus and that may be controlled by the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to the limb. Therefore, it was hypothesized that disconnection between cerebral hemispheres would disrupt mental simulation of a hand presented to the ipsilateral, but not the contralateral, hemisphere. This hypothesis was examined by the present study in which two callosotomy patients and eight healthy controls judged the handedness of drawings of left and right hands in various positions, without moving or inspecting their own hands. Stimuli were presented for 150 msec in the right or left visual hemifield. As predicted, for each hemisphere, patients’ accuracy was high when the hand was contralateral to the perceiving hemisphere, but it was not above chance when it was ipsilateral to the perceiving hemisphere. Controls’ accuracy was high in both conditions. Response time analyses indicate patients, like controls, mentally simulated reaching into stimulus postures. When the stimulus laterality was ipsilateral to the perceiving hemisphere, patients imagined the hand contralateral to the perceiving hemisphere reaching into the stimulus posture but did not detect the mismatch, guessing with a response bias or responding on the basis of shape similarity. We conclude that each hemisphere could represent the shape and movement of the contralateral hand but could not for the ipsilateral hand. Mentally simulating one’s action and discriminating body part handedness both depend on lateralized sensorimotor and somatosensory representations.
Effects of aging and chronic arterial hypertension on the cell populations in the neocortex and archicortex of the rat

Quantitative histological techniques were used to evaluate the effects of chronic arterial hypertension on the changes which occur during aging of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were killed at 3 or 22–27 months of age. In the cerebral cortex, the numerical density of neurons decreased by 29.7% in aged WKY (mean age: 25.5 months) and by 31.6% in aged SHR (mean age: 23.3 months). The volume density of neuronal cell bodies decreased from 3.54% in young WKY and 3.68% in young SHR to 2.74% in the aged rats of both strains. No significant alterations in the population of cortical neuroglial cells were observed as a result of either aging or hypertension. No differences in the number of capillaries, volume density of blood vessels or number of pericytes were observed among the four experimental groups. The normotensive rats exhibited an increase in the number of venules with age. Aged hypertensive rats had significantly (23.3%) fewer endothelial cells than young SHR, while the 9.1% loss of endothelial cells in aged WKY was not statistically significant. In the CA1 zone of the hippocampus, the number of pyramidal neurons per millimeter decreased by 32.0% in aged (mean age: 25.0 months) WKY and by 34.1% in aged (mean age: 23.0 months) SHR as compared with their corresponding values at 3 months of age. These results indicate that the numerical density of neurons in the neocortex and archicortex decreases by nearly onethird between 3 and 23–25 months of age in both normotensive and hypertensive strains of rats. Chronic hypertension does not significantly alter the apparent loss of neurons from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus with advancing age.
Detonation charge size versus coda magnitude relations in California and Nevada

Magnitude–charge size relations have important uses in forensic seismology and are used in Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty monitoring. I derive empirical magnitude versus detonation-charge-size relationships for 322 detonations located by permanent seismic networks in California and Nevada. These detonations, used in 41 different seismic refraction or network calibration experiments, ranged in yield (charge size) between 25 and 10 6 kg; coda magnitudes reported for them ranged from 0.5 to 3.9. Almost all represent simultaneous (single-fired) detonations of one or more boreholes. Repeated detonations at the same shotpoint suggest that the reported coda magnitudes are repeatable, on average, to within 0.1 magnitude unit. An empirical linear regression for these 322 detonations yields M = 0.31 + 0.50 log 10 (weight [kg]). The detonations compiled here demonstrate that the Khalturin et al. (1998) relationship, developed mainly for data from large chemical explosions but which fits data from nuclear blasts, can be used to estimate the minimum charge size for coda magnitudes between 0.5 and 3.9. Drilling, loading, and shooting logs indicate that the explosive specification, loading method, and effectiveness of tamp are the primary factors determining the efficiency of a detonation. These records indicate that locating a detonation within the water table is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for an efficient shot.
Tests of a linear model of visual-vestibular interaction using the technique of parameter estimation

The goal of this study was to test whether a superposition model of smooth-pursuit and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) eye movements could account for the stability of gaze that subjects show as they view a stationary target, during head rotations at frequencies that correspond to natural movements. Horizontal smooth-pursuit and the VOR were tested using sinusoidal stimuli with frequencies in the range 1.0–3.5 Hz. During head rotation, subjects viewed a stationary target either directly or through an optical device that required eye movements to be approximately twice the amplitude of head movements in order to maintain foveal vision of the target. The gain of compensatory eye movements during viewing through the optical device was generally greater than during direct viewing or during attempted fixation of the remembered target location in darkness. This suggests that visual factors influence the response, even at high frequencies of head rotation. During viewing through the optical device, the gain of compensatory eye movements declined as a function of the frequency of head rotation (P 0.23), peak head acceleration (P > 0.22) or retinal slip speed (P > 0.22). The optimal values of parameters of smooth-pursuit and VOR components of a simple superposition model were estimated in the frequency domain, using the measured responses during head rotation, as each subject viewed the stationary target through the optical device. We then compared the model's prediction of smooth-pursuit gain and phase, at each frequency, with values obtained experimentally. Each subject's pursuit showed lower gain and greater phase lag than the model predicted. Smooth-pursuit performance did not improve significantly if the moving target was a 10 deg × 10 deg Amsler grid, or if sinusoidal oscillation of the target was superimposed on ramp motion. Further, subjects were still able to modulate the gain of compensatory eye movements during pseudo-random head perturbations, making improved predictor performance during visual-vestibular interactions unlikely. We conclude that the increase in gain of eye movements that compensate for head rotations when subjects view, rather than imagine, a stationary target cannot be adequately explained by superposition of VOR and smooth-pursuit signals. Instead, vision may affect VOR performance by determining the context of the behavior.
High performance dynamic logic incorporating gate voltage controlled keeper structure for wide fan-in gates

A new keeper structure for wide fan-in gates is proposed to optimise performance, noise- and skew-tolerance by controlling the gate voltage of the keeper transistor. Simulation results show that the proposed gate voltage controlled keeper scheme improves performance by 13.8 and 26.6% compared with the conventional keeper scheme for 16 and 32 bit wide fan-in dynamic gates.
Masked priming effects in aphasia: evidence of altered automatic spreading activation.

Purpose Previous research has suggested that impairments of automatic spreading activation may underlie some aphasic language deficits. The current study further investigated the status of automatic spreading activation in individuals with aphasia as compared with typical adults. Method Participants were 21 individuals with aphasia (12 fluent, 9 nonfluent) and 31 typical adults. Reaction time data were collected on a lexical decision task with masked repetition primes, assessed at 11 different interstimulus intervals (ISIs). Masked primes were used to assess automatic spreading activation without the confound of conscious processing. The various ISIs were used to assess the time to onset and duration of priming effects. Results The control group showed maximal priming in the 200-ms ISI condition, with significant priming at a range of ISIs surrounding that peak. Participants with both fluent and nonfluent aphasia showed maximal priming effects in the 250-ms ISI condition and primed across a smaller range ...
Finiteness of Flux Vacua

In the present talk we briefly address the problem of counting supersymmetric flux vacua. The main features of flux compactifications and the landscape of string vacua have been explained in the school by S. Kachru and M. Douglas. Therefore here we concentrate on the ingredients that enter into proving the finiteness.
Solid supports for micro analytical systems

The development of micro analytical systems requires that fluids are able to interact with the surface of the microfluidic chip in order to perform analysis such as chromatography, solid phase extraction, and enzymatic digestion. These types of analyses are more efficient if there are solid supports within the microfluidic channels. In addition, solid supports within microfluidic chips are useful in producing devices with multiple functionalities. In recent years there have been many approaches introduced for incorporating solid supports within chips. This review will explore several state of the art methods and applications of introducing solid supports into chips. These include packing chips with beads, incorporating membranes into chips, creating supports using microfabrication, and fabricating gels and polymer monoliths within microfluidic channels.
Current and future risk assessment guidelines, policy, and methods development for chemical mixtures.

Humans are typically exposed to low doses of combinations of chemicals rather than to one or two chemicals at a time, yet most of the available toxicity data provide information on single chemicals or binary pairs, rather than on whole mixtures. The use of existing interactions study data for the quantitative risk assessment of chemical mixtures is problematic. These studies generally lack the necessary statistical characterizations to be useful in quantitative risk assessment procedures. The U.S. EPA developed guidelines for risk assessment for chemical mixtures in 1986 and is currently in the process of making revisions. Significant advances have been made in both the theoretical development and application of procedures such as dose addition, response addition, toxicity equivalence factors, comparative potency and interactions data characterizations. Details on the current revisions to the guidelines are given, along with information on the research efforts that have influenced these revisions or that represent future directions in chemical mixtures risk assessment.
Isolation of a ribozyme with 5'-5' ligase activity

Abstract Background: Many new ribozymes, including sequence-specific nucleases, ligases and kinases, have been isolated by in vitro selection from large pools of random-sequence RNAs. We are attempting to use in vitro selection to isolate new ribozymes that have, or can be evolved to have, RNA polymerase-like activities. As phosphorimidazolide-activated nucleosides are extensively used to study non-enzymatic RNA replication, we wished to select for a ribozyme that would accelerate the template-directed ligation of 5′-phosphorimidazolide-activated oligonucleotides. Results: Ribozymes selected to perform the desired template-directed ligation reaction instead ligated themselves to the activated substrate oligonucleotide via their 5′-triphosphate, generating a 5′-5′ P 1 ,P 4 -tetraphosphate linkage. Deletion analysis of one of the selected sequences revealed that a 54-nucleotide RNA retained activity; this small ribozyme folds into a pseudoknot secondary structure with an internal binding site for the substrate oligonucleotide. The ribozyme can also synthesize 5′-5′ triphosphate and 5′-5′ pyrophosphate linkages. Conclusions: The emergence of ribozymes that accelerate an unexpected 5′-5′ ligation reaction from a selection designed to yield template-dependent 3′-5′ ligases suggests that it may be much easier for RNA to catalyze the synthesis of 5′-5′ linkages than 3′-5′ linkages. 5′-5′ linkages are found in a variety of contexts in present-day biology. The ribozyme-catalyzed synthesis of such linkages raises the possibility that these 5′-5′ linkages originated in the biochemistry of the RNA world.
A fluorescent chemosensor signalling only Hg(II) and Cu(II) in water

Geometric immobilization of polyamine ligands is expected to change their binding properties toward practical ion discrimination. Chemosensor 5 senses only two transition metal ions in water- Hg(II) (Kd≤1 μM) and Cu(II) (Kd 56 μM)- which can be compared with bindings of a non-immobilized reference compound (9-(trpnmethyl)-anthracene; 3) with Hg(II) (Kd 14 μM) and Cu(II) (Kd 39 μM). A related bridged cyclen derivative (7) showed no effect on fluorescence by any metal ion examined.
Bombesin Preserves Goblet Cell Resistin-Like Molecule β During Parenteral Nutrition but Not Other Goblet Cell Products.

Introduction: Parenteral nutrition (PN) increases the risk of infection in critically ill patients and is associated with defects in gastrointestinal innate immunity. Goblet cells produce mucosal defense compounds, including mucin (principally MUC2), trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), and resistin-like molecule β (RELMβ). Bombesin (BBS), a gastrin-releasing peptide analogue, experimentally reverses PN-induced defects in Paneth cell innate immunity. We hypothesized that PN reduces goblet cell product expression and PN+BBS would reverse these PN-induced defects. Methods: Two days after intravenous cannulation, male Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomized to chow (n = 15), PN (n = 13), or PN+BBS (15 µg tid) (n = 12) diets for 5 days. Defined segments of ileum and luminal fluid were analyzed for MUC2, TFF3, and RELMβ by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)–4 and IL-13 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared ...
Proportional versus on/off control: a detailed comparison

Through a series of single-day experiments, the authors compared in detail the performance of on/off and proportional control strategies for solar hot water systems. The experiments encompass a variety of meteorological conditions, and include start-up with both warm and cool storage tanks. Insolation, tank temperatures, and pump energy use are monitored nearly continuosly throughout the day. Results show a consistent advantage in thermal energy gain for proportional control, especially under conditions of low or variable insolation, although proportional control requires considerably more parasitic pumping energy under these conditions.
Effects of a Brief Intervention on Retention of Patients in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

This intervention assessed the effects of a brief intervention on dropout rate in a cardiac rehabilitation program. One hundred thirty five patients were recruited from a cardiac rehabilitation program and randomized to either a control or intervention group. The intervention group participated in four sessions of motivational interviewing and stress management-relaxation in addition to standard cardiac rehabilitation. The control group underwent cardiac rehabilitation alone. Patients who completed the intervention completed an average of 30 sessions while those who dropped out of the intervention completed about six (p < 0.001). Anxiety and depression measured at baseline were the primary predictors of dropout. Patients in both the intervention and controls groups who completed cardiac rehabilitation improved the distance walked, quality of life and decreased anxiety.
Promotion of tubulin assembly by aluminum ion in vitro

It has been proposed that aluminum ion is a contributing factor in a variety of neurological diseases. In many of these diseases, aberrations in the cytoskeleton have been noted. The effects of aluminum ion on the in vitro assembly of tubulin into microtubules has been examined by determining the association constants for the metal ion-guanosine triphosphate-tubulin ternary complex required for polymerization. The association constant for aluminum ion was approximately 10(7) times that of magnesium ion, the physiological mediator of microtubule assembly. In addition, aluminum ion at 4.0 X 10(-10) mole per liter competed effectively with magnesium ion for support of tubulin polymerization when magnesium ion falls below 1.0 millimole per liter. The microtubules produced by aluminum ion were indistinguishable from those produced by magnesium ion when viewed by electron microscopy, and they showed identical critical tubulin concentrations for assembly and sensitivities to cold-induced depolymerization. However, the rate of guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis and the sensitivity to calcium ion-induced depolymerization, critical regulatory processes of microtubules in vivo, were markedly lower for aluminum ion microtubules than for magnesium ion microtubules.
Quadratic geometric programming with application to machining economics

Geometric Programming is extended to include convex quadratic functions. Generalized Geometric Programming is applied to this class of programs to obtain a convex dual program. Machining economics problems fall into this class. Such problems are studied by applying this duality to a nested set of three problems. One problem is zero degree of difficulty and the solution is obtained by solving a simple system of equations. The inclusion of a constraint restricting the force on the tool to be less than or equal to the breaking force provides a more realistic solution. This model is solved as a program with one degree of difficulty. Finally the behavior of the machining cost per part is studied parametrically as a function of axial depth.
Comprehensive analysis of Si-doped Al x Ga 1-x As (x=0 to 1): Theory and experiments

Temperature-dependent Hall-effect measurements were carried out both in dark and in ambient light on Si-doped ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy over the entire composition range. Above 150 K, the measured Hall carrier densities (different from actual electron densities near the direct-indirect transition) show an exponential dependence on temperature. A shallow donor (\ensuremath{\le}15 meV) tied to the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ band and a deep donor level tied to the $L$ band were observed. The deep donor is dominant for $xg0.2$, and its activation energy ${E}_{d}$ rises dramatically up to the direct-indirect band-gap crossover and peaks at 160 meV for $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.48$. As the A1 fraction increases further, ${E}_{d}$ decreases, reaching 57 meV for AlAs. The error due to multivalley conduction on the measured values of ${E}_{d}$ is shown to be negligible. The variation in ${E}_{d}$ of the dominant donor level with $x$ is accounted for by our theoretical calculations using a multivalley effective-mass model. A decrease of ${E}_{d}$ with increasing doping densities is also observed. At high substrate-growth temperature, the incorporation of Si atoms was found to decrease. The persistent-photoconductivity (PPC) effect was observed with an increase in mobilities over the dark values in the entire composition range. The effect was most pronounced in the range $0.20\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.40$. Traps related to the Si-doping density appear to be responsible for the observed photoconductivity effect. The ratio of the PCC traps and the Si atomic density is maximum at $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.32$ and is minimum in the direct-indirect band-gap crossover region.
Comments on Smith and Wagner

These are thoughtful and perceptive essays on important pieces of the postmodernism phenomenon by, I assume, white, academic males like myself who, it seems, have some ties to the new left/neo-Marxist currents (and thus to the modernity) of the past several decades and who are now grappling with the complex shift from the sixties to the nineties; from modernity and modernist theory to postmodernity and postmodernism. No wonder Theory and Society is devoting a forum to them! And because of the forum, I don't feel as reluctant as I otherwise might to discuss in fairly narrow political terms essays as rich and broad as Smith's and Wagner's. My excuse for doing so is that they are also vehemently political essays. I confine myself not only to political issues, moreover, but, by and large, to Smith's statement. Here my excuse is that it's the one to which I feel politically closest.
Ultrafast photogeneration of charged polarons on conjugated polymer chains in dilute solution

Ultrafast photoinduced absorption by infrared-active vibrational modes is used to study the photogeneration of polarons on semiconducting polymer chains in dilute solutions and in solid films of a soluble derivative of poly(para-phenylene vinylene). In dilute solutions, polaron pairs are photogenerated on the conjugated polymer within less than $250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$ with quantum efficiencies ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{\mathrm{ch}}\ensuremath{\sim}3%$, about one-third of that for solid films of the same polymer. The excitation spectra of ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{\mathrm{ch}}$ for both solutions and films show that ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{\mathrm{ch}}$ is weakly dependent on photon energy between $2.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ (the onset of absorption) and $4.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. The recombination dynamics of polarons is very fast and highly dependent on the excitation density for polymer films, but it is significantly slower and less sensitive to pump intensity for the semiconducting polymer in dilute solution. We conclude that the positive and negative polarons on a single chain in solution are typically separated by hundreds of monomer repeat units and that their one-dimensional diffusion along the chain is inhibited by the intervening excitons. This, together with the suppression of interchain recombination, explains the surprisingly slower polaron recombination in isolated chains.
Depression and physical illness: The prevalence, causation, and diagnosis of comorbidity☆

Abstract Complex etiologic and clinical issues are raised in diagnosing depressive disorders whose signs and symptoms typically are of both the mood and neurovegetative types. Since psychiatric and physical disorders may occur in various forms, it is necessary to distinguish coexisting affective and organic illnesses from depressions mimicking a medical disorder, depressions indicative of a true medical disorder, and depressions which are reactive to a medical disorder. Diagnostic procedures appropriate to this task are examined.
Analysis of CorA-Catalyzed Mg2+ Selective Currents in Xenopus Oocytes

In prokaryotes, Magnesium homeostasis is tightly controlled through the workings of three distinct transport systems, with CorA being the primary source of Mg2+ uptake. The recent structures of CorA from the thermophilic eubacteria Thermotoga maritima (TmCorA) have provided an excellent model for a molecular understanding of Mg2+ transport. Yet, a detailed characterization of CorA function has been conspicuously missing so far, as only in-vivo bulk assays have been available to evaluate Mg2+ translocation leaving unanswered fundamental questions related to CorA ion selectivity and specificity, gating mechanism and regulation. Here we have developed a system for high-level expression of TmCorA in Xenopus oocytes that allows for an accurate functional readout of Mg2+ transport through several electrophysiological techniques. Mg2+ currents from TmCorA in the order of 1 to 10 μA were routinely obtained with the cut-open voltage clamp technique and two electrodes Voltage clamp.We demonstrate that CorA act as a strong inward rectifier, an observation in agreement with its physiological role as the primary source of Mg2+ uptake. As expected, Mg2+ currents are blocked by Co(III) hexamine, a structural analog of a hydrated Mg2+. CorA selectivity towards Magnesium vs. other divalent and monovalents was characterized using a perfusion TEV setup. The divalent selectivity series for CorA was determined as Co2+>=Mg2+>Ni2+>Zn2+>>>Ca2+ = Ba2+. Macroscopic CorA currents record from oocytes macropatches show that Mg2+-binding to the cytoplasm domain act as a gating factor. Single channel transitions are still below our detection capabilities and efforts are ongoing to characterize the conductance of TmCorA through noise analysis. The ability to evaluate CorA function by means of electrophysiological methods will allow for a detailed analysis of structure/function relationships in CorA.
Virus-host interaction probed by native Stokes shift fluorescence

The fluorescence spectra from Φ6 and Φ12 cystoviruses and their pseudomonad host were investigated. The predominant fluorophore in both the Φ6 and Φ12 viruses and pseudomonas syringae is tryptophan. The emission maxima of the virus emission was found to be at 330 nm, compared to an emission maxima from the bacteria, which typically varies between 337 and 349 nm, depending on growth conditions. This difference Stokes shifts between the viruses and syringae hosts are most likely due to the virus proteins being in a much less polar environment than the bacteria proteins. This difference in Stokes shift was used to monitor the infection process.
"Fade" of hyperpolarizing responses to vagal stimulation at the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the rabbit heart.

Previous studies have suggested that maintained vagal stimulation or acetylcholine infusion results in a fade of responses in the sinoatrial node but not in the atrioventricular node, implying different muscarinic receptor subtypes in the two regions. We investigated this hypothesis in 23 isolated rabbit atrial preparations made quiescent by continuous superfusion with verapamil (1 microgram/ml). Transmembrane potentials were recorded simultaneously from cells in the sinoatrial pacemaker region and from the "N" region of the atrioventricular node. Postganglionic vagal stimulation was achieved by the application of trains of pulses (50-150 microseconds; 10-20 V; 200 Hz). Simultaneous application of long-lasting (1-10 sec) vagal trains produced hyperpolarizations which were nearly identical for both nodal regions. Maximal hyperpolarizations (approximately or equal to 24 mV for sinoatrial node; 26 mV for atrioventricular node) were reached about 500 msec after initiation of the vagal train. Thereafter, hyperpolarizations faded, following a biphasic time course, and thus displaying two different time constants, one fast (tau fast = 580 msec for sinoatrial node; 550 msec for atrioventricular node), and one slow (tau slow = 9.2 sec for both sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes). Hyperpolarizations during brief (200-msec) but repetitive vagal trains also faded biphasically, but approached a steady state much more rapidly than responses to long-lasting trains. Recovery from hyperpolarization decay occurred rather slowly and was linear. Our results demonstrate that the membrane potential responses to vagal stimulation in the atrioventricular node are indistinguishable from those in the sinoatrial node, and suggest that similar muscarinic receptors are operative in both regions. These phenomena may play an important role in the response of the cardiac conducting system to direct or reflexly mediated vagal input.
Pressure Effects of Foreign Gases on the Absorption Lines of Cesium. III. The Effects of Krypton

The effect of Kr on both fine-structure components of the first four members of the principal series of Cs is described with particular attention paid to the low-pressure region. The most detail is given for Cs(1)/Kr, where the pressure range extended to 80 atm. In addition, the shift of the peak of the $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ component up to Cs(20) inclusive was measured at low pressures only. The peak-shift measurements showed that for low series members the shift is linear with relative density of Kr at low pressure; as the pressure increases there is a transition region and then a second linear region. As the series member gets higher, the first linear region and the transition region shrink. For series member lines higher than Cs(5), only the second linear region was observable. Very nonlinear half-widths are observed for low series members. In many respects, the data obtained for Cs/Kr are very similar to those obtained for Cs/Ar.
Epitaxial relationships in electron-stimulated desorption processes at transition metal oxide surfaces

Abstract The electron-stimulated desorption of oxygen from the surfaces of maximally-valent transition-metal oxides during electron microscope observation leads to the formation of the corresponding monoxide. The technique of surface profile imaging was used to follow the development of the monoxide, and revealed that these (metallic) phases invariably grew with a well-defined three-dimensional epitaxial relationship with the original oxide. Computer-drawn structural models enabled insight to be gained about the atomic rearrangement which took place during the monoxide growth.
Continuing medical education and attitudes of health care providers toward treating diabetes

Introduction: Continuing medical education (CME) is an important tool in improving the care provided to patients with type 2 diabetes. Health behavior models suggest that attitudes are important factors in changing behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate and 3-month impact of a diabetes educational program on the attitudes of health care providers toward treating diabetes. Methods: Health care providers (including physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses were attending a 7-hour CME program on type 2 diabetes in one of eight states in the United States between May and September 1999. Attitudes were assessed using the Diabetes Attitudes Scale-3 (DAS-3), which was given immediately before the program, immediately after the program, and 3 months after the program. A convenience sample of 315 providers completed pre- and post-CME measurement. Three-month follow-ups were completed by 146 (46%) of the 315 providers. Results: Following the CME program, physicians had significantly more positive attitudes on two of five DAS subscales. At 3 months, the change persisted on one subscale that measured beliefs related to type 2 being a serious disease. Allied professionals had significantly more positive attitudes on five subscales following the program; however, the change did not persist at 3 months. Discussion: This CME program resulted in different patterns of attitude change for physicians as compared to allied professionals. In both groups, more positive attitudes toward treating diabetes were detected following the CME; however, the change tended to diminish by 3 months after the program. These findings mimic much of the research on knowledge retention following CME.
Isolation and characterization of a glycoprotein from the stonefly, Pteronarcys californica, which binds cadmium.

Abstract The present study reports the isolation and characterization of a cadmium-containing glycoprotein from the water-soluble fraction of an aquatic insect. The isolated glycoprotein contained 0·67% cadmium, 62·1% carbohydrate, and 37·2% protein. The glycoprotein appears to be involved in the detoxification of cadmium, because species insensitive to cadmium contain five times the amount of the glycoprotein as do species sensitive to cadmium.
Family Routine Moderates the Relation Between Child Impulsivity and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms

Although child impulsivity is associated with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, few studies have examined whether family processes moderate this association. To address this gap, we tested whether child-reported family routine moderated the relation between child hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) and ODD symptoms among a sample of low-income, urban, ethnic-minority children (N = 87, 51% male). Child HI and ODD symptoms were assessed using parent and teacher reports. HI also was indexed by a laboratory task. Family routine was assessed using child self-report. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that family routine moderated child HI. Among children with higher levels of teacher-reported HI symptoms, lower levels of family routine were associated with higher levels of teacher-reported ODD symptoms compared to children with lower levels of teacher-reported HI symptoms. Children who self-reported higher levels of family routine were rated as low on teacher-reported ODD symptoms, regardless of teacher-reported HI levels. Parent report and laboratory measures of child HI did not produce significant interactions. Lower levels of family routine may confer risk for ODD symptoms among low-income, urban, ethnic-minority children experiencing higher levels of HI.
A Sociohistoric Examination of Afrogenesis

Afrogenesis is taken here to mean the belief that the English-based Atlantic creole languages originated on the West Coast of Africa. This paper shows that Afrogenesis, originally proposed in work by Hancock and by Smith, and now given a new lease on life by McWhorter, is at best highly dubious. The same is true of any single-source, diffusionist account of the similarities between the English-based creoles.
Determination of iodoamino acids and inorganic lodide by thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A method has been presented for the separation of monoiodotyrosine diiodotyrosine, diiodothyronine, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and inorganic iodide from one another by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. The solvent system consisted of tert -butyl alcohol, tert -amyl alcohol, 28.9% NH 4 OH, methyl ethyl ketone, and water (295:160:75:35:85). Recovery of the iodo compounds from chromatography gave satisfactory results. The method has been applied to study incorporation of 131 I into these compounds by rat thyroid gland. Possible alterations of the five components in the solvent system to achieve certain special purposes are discussed.
Possible interpretation of configuration dependent deformation in odd- A transitional nuclei in the mass 100 region

Abstract A recently proposed formalism which relates the n−p interaction strength to the product of the number of valence neutrons and protons (N n ∗N p ) is extended to the odd-A nuclei in the A ≈ 100 region. The data suggest that the effective n−p force depends on the configuration ( π p 1 2 or πg 9 2 ).
Handling Astyanax mexicanus Eggs and Fry

INTRODUCTIONIn this protocol, fertilized Astyanax mexicanus eggs are transferred into larger dishes to reduce crowding and are observed until they begin to hatch into fry.
Direct detection of a transient oxenium ion in water generated by laser flash photolysis.

Laser flash photolysis of the quinol ester 2b in O2-saturated aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7.1 with excitation at 266 nm generates a transient intermediate with λmax 460 nm that decays in a first-order manner with an aqueous solution lifetime of (170 ± 10) ns at 22 °C. This intermediate is not affected by O2, but reacts rapidly with N3- with an apparently diffusion-limited rate constant of (6.6 ± 0.2) × 109 M-1 s-1. Steady state photolysis of 2b yields the quinol 3b as a major reaction product with a yield of ca. 30−35% after correction for photolytic decomposition of 3b. This is the same product that is quantitatively produced by hydrolysis of 2b in the dark. Photolysis of 2b in the presence of 40 mM N3- completely suppresses the yield of 3b The photolytic intermediate is identified as the aryloxenium ion 1b, that was previously indirectly detected by N3--trapping during the hydrolysis of 2b, based on the chemical behavior of the transient and the quantitative agreement of the N3-/solvent selectivity r...
The molecular biology of HIV latency: breaking and restoring the Tat-dependent transcriptional circuit.

Purpose of reviewDespite the remarkable success of intensive antiretroviral drug therapy in blocking the HIV replication, the virus persists in a small number of cells in which HIV has been transcriptionally silenced. This review will focus on recent insights into the HIV transcriptional control mec
The crisis of care, international migration, and public policy

Focusing on Europe’s reconciliation policies, aimed to balance family and labor market work, this chapter explores whether some of the legislative efforts introduced in Europe during the past decade could be applied to Latin American countries with important migrant populations, such as Bolivia and Ecuador. This chapter argues that there are differences between Northern and Southern countries that would influence the effectiveness of these kinds of policies in the South. Three differences in particular — the availability of domestic service, the extent of the informal economy, and international migration — are taken into consideration. Using the capabilities approach framework, this chapter outlines other lines of public policy action that can be useful in designing reconciliation policies for the South. Finally, the chapter argues that there is an urgent need for rethinking gender equity within the emerging gender order across countries.
Bicalutamide Functions as an Androgen Receptor Antagonist by Assembly of a Transcriptionally Inactive Receptor

Prostate cancers (PCa) that relapse after androgen deprivation therapy invariably express high levels of androgen receptor (AR) and AR-regulated genes. Most do not respond to secondary hormonal therapies, including AR antagonists, and the mechanisms of AR activation in these clinically androgen-independent tumors are unclear. Bicalutamide, the most widely used AR antagonist, is a competitive antagonist shown previously to stabilize AR association with cytosolic heat shock protein complexes. This study found nuclear AR expression in bicalutamide-treated androgen-independent PCa and found that bicalutamide could stimulate AR nuclear translocation. Moreover, specific DNA binding by the bicalutamide-liganded AR was demonstrated in vivo using a VP16-AR fusion protein and was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation showing binding to the prostate-specific antigen enhancer in LNCaP PCa cells. Nonetheless, bicalutamide could not stimulate interactions between the AR N and C termini or recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator proteins (SRC-1 or -2), although SRC transfection augmented AR activity in the presence of dihydrotestosterone and inhibitory concentrations of bicalutamide. These results demonstrate that bicalutamide stimulates the assembly of a transcriptionally inactive AR on DNA and support altered coactivator (or corepressor) expression as a mechanism of bicalutamide-resistant androgen-independent PCa.
The Substance of a Support Group

This ethnographic research constitutes a study of the culture of a family-run advocacy organization for families of children and youth with mental health needs. Data collection includes 703 pages o...
An Inverse Demand System for U.S. Composite Foods

This article provides a theoretically consistent framework for estimating a complete price dependent demand system, where the concept of distance function and its related substitution and scale effects are used. The approach is applied to a U.S. demand system consisting of thirteen food and one nonfood categories.
Tensile Stress Relaxation of Alumina at High Temperature

The development of a tensile testing methodology for ceramics which enables a stress vs strain-rate response to be measured at high temperature is described. The test involves a carefully controled stress relaxation test at constant total strain using an experimental procedure and phenomenological analysis previously developed for metallic materials. It is demonstrated here with preliminary tests on alumina at 1050° and 1150°C. This offers, with further development, the possibility of establishing design stresses associated with low strain-rate behavior for structural applications. The results demonstrate that data covering four decades of strain rate may be generated in tests lasting a few hours. The inelastic strain consists of substantial anelastic recoverable strain in addition to a permanent creep strain.
Angular correlation measurements with multichannel analyzers

Abstract A technique is described which allows the angular correlations of several radiations, each in cascade with one common gamma ray, to be determined simultaneously through the use of a multichannel analyzer. Normalization is provided by simultaneously recording both the singles and coincidence spectra using the subgrouping facilities of the analyzer. A subgroup programmer has been constructed which provides this capability while maintaining identical calibration for the two spectra.
SU-FF-J-84: Integration Of 3D Stereovision System In Image-Guided Radiotherapy: A DICOM-Based Method

Purpose: To seamlessly integrate a 3D stereovision system (or 3D camera in short) with complex planning and treatment systems and implement a 3D image‐guided patient positioning for radiotherapy of breast cancer.Method and Materials: A high speed commercially available 3D camera is installed on the ceiling of treatment room to capture real‐time 3D surfaceimages of patient. After transformed from camera coordinate system to treatment machine coordinate system, the real‐time 3D surfaceimage is matched with a 3D reference image which is defined in planning systems. A stack of external contours with position information from DICOM RP and RS files are re‐sampled to generate a 3D reference image. Regions of interest (ROIs) of both images are defined by the PTV parameters from DICOM RP files. An Iterative Closest Points (ICP) algorithm is adopted to conduct the registration of ROIs. The parameters of patient positioning derived from the registration can be used to adjust the patient position. Results: Outliers and noise of captured 3D surfaceimages are automatically and effectively removed when applying PTV parameters to define ROIs. Phantom test and An institutional IRB approved clinical trial indicates a typical case of image‐guided RT, including loading reference images, capturing real‐time images, and image matching can be done in less than 1 min. By double checking with online EPID, a millimeter positioning accurate can be achieved without considering deformation of images.Conclusions: This work shows the clinical potential for utilizing a 3D camera in image‐guided RT. The integration of 3D camera in image‐guided RT based on DICOM standard provides faster and more precise patient positioning than other image‐guided RT. How to deal with the deformation of ROIs will be our research direction in future.