cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polyamines are required for the expression of key Hms proteins important for Yersinia pestis biofilm formation

We previously showed that mutations in the genes encoding the two main biosynthetic enzymes responsible for polyamine production, arginine decarboxylase (SpeA) and ornithine decarboxylase (SpeC) cause a loss of biofilm formation in Yersinia pestis. In Y. pestis the development of a biofilm is dependent on 6 Hms (hemin storage) proteins (HmsH, F, R, S, T and P) grouped into 3 operons; hmsHFRS, hmsT and hmsP. In this article we show that polyamines are necessary to maintain the levels of key Hms proteins. In the absence of polyamines there is an approximately 93%, approximately 43% and approximately 90% reduction in protein levels of HmsR, HmsS and HmsT respectively. Overexpression of hmsR and hmsT from plasmids alone can restore biofilm formation to a SpeA(-)SpeC(-) mutant. Addition of exogenous putrescine also restores normal levels of HmsR, HmsS, HmsT and biofilm production. Analyses using transcriptional reporters and quantitative RT-PCR indicate that the initiation of transcription and mRNA stability are not reduced by polyamine deficiency. Instead, translational reporters indicate that polyamines function at least in part by modulating the translation of HmsR and HmsT. Although construction of a consensus Shine-Dalgarno sequence upstream of hmsT modestly reduced the stimulation of translation by putrescine, additional mechanisms likely contribute to the polyamine-dependent expression of HmsT. Finally, we have shown that polyamines play a role in bubonic plague.
The role of adenosine in hypercarbic hyperemia: in vivo and in vitro studies in adenosine 2(A) receptor knockout and wild-type mice.

Object The authors tested the hypothesis that adenosine, acting through the A2A receptor, is not involved in hypercarbic hyperemia by assessing the effects of increased PaCO2 on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in vivo in wild-type and A2A receptor knockout mice. In addition, they evaluated the effect of abluminal pH changes in vitro on the diameter of isolated perfused penetrating arterioles harvested from wild-type and A2A receptor knockout mice. Methods The authors evaluated in a blinded fashion the CBF response during transient (60-second) hypercapnic (7% CO2) hypercarbia in anesthetized, ventilated C57Bl/6 wild-type and adenosine A2A receptor knockout mice. They also evaluated the hypercarbic response in the absence and presence of the nonselective and selective adenosine antagonists. Results Cerebral blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. There were no differences between the CBF responses to hypercarbia in the wild-type and the knockout mice. Moreover, the hypercarbic hyperemia response wa...
Picosecond response of an optically controlled millimeter wave phase shifter

The dispersion of a picosecond pulse propagating along a coplanar waveguide on a semiconductor substrate is studied. Numerical calculations are used to predict the pulse shape for varying carrier concentrations in a multilayer AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs structure.
Advances in Neurolinguistic Research

The last decade of the 20th century is an auspicious time to survey the advances that have taken place in neurolinguistics in 50 years—much of it since the mid-1980s. This progress has taken place through a new appreciation of cognitive-linguistic factors in the definition of aphasic symptoms, through sophisticated, on-line methods of behavioral analysis, through continued research with the tried and true methods of clinico-anatomic correlations, and through the introduction of CT and MRI scans, permitting superb in vivo lesion studies, followed by methods for functional imaging of the normal brain in action. A particularly gratifying development is the growth of interdisciplinary research carried out increasingly by individuals who are schooled in multiple areas, such as advanced imaging technology, along with techniques of cognitively sophisticated experimental design, and who also share in the accumulated knowledge from the clinico-anatomical investigation of aphasia.
Training Substance Use Disorder Counselors in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: Development and Initial Exploration of an Online Training Program

Abstract Introduction Evidence based psychotherapies (EBPs) remain underutilized. Models for EBP training and implementation that are cost-effective, minimally disruptive, and sufficiently flexible are needed. Internet-based technology is a promising platform, but questions remain about how this technology can address the barriers to implementation. We developed and examined the implementation of an online training for the Building Recovery by Improving Goals, Habits, and Thoughts (BRIGHT) intervention—a manualized, sixteen-session group depression treatment for individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs). We explored the feasibility of replacing in-person BRIGHT training with a self-paced, online training. Methods A highly partnered and iterative process was followed to translate the written BRIGHT manual and associated didactic training materials into a media rich, interactive, and detailed (12–16h) online training. Subsequently, 8 volunteer counselors across 7 Veterans' Affairs SUD programs completed the training. Semi-structured interviews focused on the counselors' experiences and their plans for implementing BRIGHT groups. A template approach, using a mixture of deductive and inductive coding, was used for data analyses. Findings The most important barrier to completing training was a lack of protected time. Most counselors were not afforded protected time and reported a sometimes frustrating and fragmented training experience. Many used personal time at work and at home to complete the work. Facilitators to completing the training included positive reactions/attitudes towards the training modules, supervisor support, counselor dedication, and strong beliefs supporting providing services for depression. Many counselors were also concerned about the feasibility of fitting 16 group sessions (2h each) into their program's clinical schedule, but many had devised potential solutions or "work-arounds" to accommodate or approximate the recommended treatment course (e.g., using lunch times, reducing some content/exercises). Conclusion This work contributes to the literature on implementation of complex EBPs and addresses the strengths and limitations of web-based technologies in supporting the implementation of EBPs.
Development of mouse hematopoietic lineages.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the earliest stages of hematopoiesis: the pluripotent stem cells and the committed progenitor cells. The isolation of pluripotent stem cells and several unique classes of the progenitor cells is described in this chapter. These precursor subsets have been characterized as to their proliferative and developmental potentials in vivo . On the basis of these findings, a model of lineage restriction has been constructed. This model may provide clues as to the pathways that pluripotent stem cells follow in the process of commitment and suggests possible mechanisms that could influence that decision. The chapter discusses the regulatory properties that stem cells exhibit when placed into irradiated animals. The results suggest that both global control and local microenvironment influence stem cell proliferation and differentiation. A wealth of information about hematopoietic function at the cellular level has been accumulated over the past years. The mature blood cells have well-characterized the morphologies and the functional properties that make their classification straightforward. In adult vertebrates, the bone marrow is the primary site of hematopoiesis, containing the precursor cells, which ultimately give rise to all the hematopoietic lineages.
Modeling torque in a switched reluctance motor for adaptive control purposes using self-organizing neural networks

Training paradigms for topology-preserving Kohonen neural networks are introduced for the purpose of identifying and controlling nonlinear systems. A procedure for locking neuron weights at specific locations in a region is presented. It exploits prior knowledge about the system of interest. As a result, superior representations of an arbitrary multivariable nonlinear mapping can be achieved. In addition, the common problem of twisted meshes in these neural networks is eliminated. The strategy introduced for preferentially training these networks at region boundaries overcomes the limitation of boundary contraction. As an example, a one-dimensional neural network is used to approximate a nonlinear function, although in general an n-dimensional mapping can be used to approximate an m-dimensional system for n >
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a novel abdominal transaortic approach

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) via the transfemoral (TF), transapical (TA), or even the transaortic (TAO) approach in high-risk or inoperable patients is quickly becoming a safe and effective modality for the treatment of symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS). However, in this selected group of patients, those with anatomical or physiologic constraints preventing TF, TA, and conventional TAO TAVR, alternative sites of access must be explored. Here, we report a successful TAVR in an inoperable patient with severe AS using a distal abdominal TAO approach via a synthetic graft-conduit.
Low density and high density lipoprotein turnover following portacaval shunt in swine.

Turnover of 125I-low density lipoprotein (LDL) and of 131I-high density lipoprotein (HDL) was determined before and after end-to-side portacaval shunt in eight swine. LDL (d 1.019–1.063) and HDL (d.1.09–1.21) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and iodinated by the iodine monochloride technique. Immediately postoperatively there was no consistent change in the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of LDL compared to preoperative control values, while in all animals FCR of HDL was significantly increased (by as much as 300%). After recovery from surgery, neither LDL nor HDL catabolic rates were significantly elevated above control values in four swine. However, plasma levels of LDL and HDL protein, and of LDL and HDL cholesterol were significantly reduced 10–12 weeks after the portacaval shunt. The reduced levels of LDL and HDL associated with normal fractional clearance rates imply a reduction in synthesis of LDL and HDL following portal diversion.
A remote visual interface tool for simulation control and display

The authors discuss the design and development of the Visual Interactive Simulation Interface Tool (VISIT). VISIT was designed to provide the graphical representation and user interface for a simulation that is running on another processor utilizing internet communications. Since the simulation processor may be any system capable of implementing the proper network protocol, specialized processors with no graphics display devices can benefit from this architecture. The system provides support for various input devices to control the simulation display and environment. Simulation objects are displayed using either a 3D wireframe representation or a Gouraud shaded representation. Viewer interaction with the simulation is provided by a collection of commands that allow the viewer to initialize, start, stop, abort, and restart the simulation. The viewer also has the ability to establish checkpoints. Upon reaching a checkpoint the viewer can step through the output display and/or manipulate the objects within the simulation. >
New Polypropionate Pyrones from the Philippine Sacoglossan Mollusc Placobranchus ocellatus

Abstract Six new propionate-derived metabolites, 4–9, have been isolated along with the known 9,10-deoxytridachione (1) from the sacoglossan mollusc Placobranchus ocellatus collected in the Philippines. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectrometric methods.
CLASSIFICATION OF STARCH‐ AND FRUCTOSAN‐ACCUMULATING GRASSES AS C‐3 OR C‐4 SPECIES BY CARBON ISOTOPE ANALYSIS

Type of nonstructural polysaccharide, starch or froctosan, accumulated in the lower intemodes of grass shoots was not completely con sistent with carbon isotope determinations and does not appear to be dependent on the type of photo­ synthetic pathway that prevails.
Liquid Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis III: Separation of Diuretic‐Antihypertensive Mixtures

High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to optimize the resolution of therapeutic agents commonly found in antihypertensive preparations. Seven widely prescribed drugs were investigated. The compounds were chromatographed on reversed-phase octadecyltrichlorosilane (C18) or diphenyldichlorosilane (phenyl) columns, using mixtures of acetonitrile or absolute methanol and distilled water buffered with ammonium acetate, ammonium chloride, or ammonium carbonate. By calculating approximate resolution values, the separation of selected drug mixtures can be predicted.
Clinical Considerations Regarding Assisted Reproductive Procedures in Horses

Abstract Embryo transfer is widely accepted in the equine industry, but new assisted reproductive procedures and their advantages and disadvantages are less recognized. Clinical use of assisted reproductive technologies has primarily been focused on producing offspring from mares or stallions with compromised fertility. Oocyte transfer (OT) involves the transfer of a donor's oocyte into a recipient's oviduct. The oocyte does not contact the tubular genitalia of the donor mare, and various problems of the mare's reproductive tract can be avoided. Because in vitro fertilization has not been repeatedly successful in the horse, gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) have been developed as methods to use low sperm numbers. For GIFT, the oocyte and a small quantity of sperm are placed in a recipient's oviduct; however, the most conservative sperm use is provided by ICSI. During ICSI, a micromanipulator is used to manually insert a sperm into an oocyte, resulting in assisted fertilization. Development of new assisted reproductive techniques has provided the equine industry with methods to produce offspring from valuable mares and stallions that are subfertile or infertile by standard breeding methods or embryo transfer. However, assisted reproduction procedures have limitations and potential risks that the equine practitioner should recognize. The aim of this manuscript is to review current clinical uses and potential complications from assisted reproductive procedures.
Characterization of β-glucosidases with high specificity for the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench seedlings

Abstract Two β-glucosidases exhibiting high specificity for the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin have been purified to near homogeneity from seedlings of Sorghum bicolor . Dhurrinase 1 was isolated from shoots of seedlings grown in the dark. Dhurrinase 2 was isolated from the green shoots of young seedlings grown in the light. The two enzymes were similar in following characteristics: their optimum activity is around pH 6.2; the enzymes are stable above pH 7; they are effectively inhibited by the β-glucosidase inhibitors nojirimycin, δ-gluconolactone and 1-amino-β- d -glucoside. On the other hand, they clearly differed in other properties, e.g., molecular weights, isoelectric points, and substrate specificity. Moreover, dithiothreitol has no effect on dhurrinase 1, but is necessary for the activity of dhurrinase 2. Preliminary investigations indicate that the two enzymes are located in different parts of the sorghum seedlings: dhurrinase 1 is found in the coleoptiles and hypocotyls; dhurrinase 2 occurs in the leaves. Dhurrin ( p -hydroxy-(s)-mandelonitrile-β- d -glucoside) and its structural analog without the hydroxyl group, sambunigrin, were the only substrates hydrolyzed at high rate, the K m values with both enzymes being 0.15 and 0.3 m m , respectively. All other cyanogenic glucosides tested, as well as synthetic substrates such as 4-nitrophenyl-β- d -glucoside, were in general poor substrates, especially for dhurrinase 1, the enzyme isolated from coleoptile and hypocotyl tissue. Dhurrinase 1 appears to exist within the seedlings as a tetramer ( M r = 2–2.4 × 10 5 ) which dissociates without loss of activity into a dimeric form ( M r = 1–1.1 × 10 5 ) upon extraction and purification. There is only one monomeric subunit with M r = 5.7 × 10 4 . Isolectric focusing and chromatofocusing of purified dhurrinase 1 showed the presence of at least three isomeric forms, but their relationship to each other is not known at the present time. Dhurrinase 2 appears to be a tetrameric protein with M r = 2.5–3 × 10 5 ; it also has only one monomeric subunit of M r = 6.1 × 10 4 . In contrast to many other β-glucosidases, the dhurrinases are not glycoproteins.
Timing and Frequency of Physostigmine Redosing for Antimuscarinic Toxicity

We sought to determine how frequently antimuscarinic-poisoned patients receiving physostigmine receive multiple doses of physostigmine, the length of time between physostigmine doses, and what impact multiple doses of physostigmine have on the disposition and total length of hospital stay. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients given physostigmine for likely antimuscarinic toxicity. A total of 45 patients met inclusion criteria. We abstracted patient demographics, vital signs, physical exam findings, electrocardiograms, the timing and dose of physostigmine, the implicated antimuscarinic agents, and disposition from the hospital. We counted the number of patients who required multiple physostigmine doses and calculated the time to repeat dosing. Fourteen of the 45 patients (31%) given physostigmine for antimuscarinic toxicity received multiple doses: nine patients (20%) received two doses, three patients (6.6%) received three doses, and two patients (4.4%) received four doses. Less than 5.5 h elapsed between sequential physostigmine doses, and less than 6.5 h elapsed between the first and last dose. Forty-five percent of patients receiving one dose of physostigmine were discharged from the emergency department (ED) and 36% of patients receiving more than one dose of physostigmine were discharged from the ED. Whether admitted or discharged, there was no statistically significant difference in the length of hospital stay between patients receiving one or multiple doses of physostigmine. Repeated physostigmine administration is not frequently needed in medication-induced antimuscarinic toxicity. Patients are not likely to require further physostigmine redosing more than 6.5 h from their first dose.
Fast and accurate variance-segmentation of white Gaussian data

Two new algorithms are presented for the segmentation of a white Gaussian-distributed time series having unknown but piecewise-constant variances, a problem for which only dynamic-programming (DP) approaches have. generally been suitable. The first “Sequential/MDL” includes a rough parsing via the GLR, a penalization of busy segmentations via MDL, and a refinement. The second “Gibbs Sampling” approach uses Monte Carlo ideas. From simulation it appears that both schemes are very accurate in terms of their segmentation; but that the Sequential/MDL approach is orders of magnitude lower in its computational needs both than DP or Gibbs, with Gibbs preferable to DP in this regard. The Gibbs approach can, however, be useful and efficient as a final post-processing step.
Lubricated squeezing flow viscometry for dulce de leche (milk sweet) Viscometría de extensión biaxial sin fricción de dulce de leche

Se ha determinado el flujo del dulce de leche de cuatro muestras comerciales diferentes, elaboradas por dos fabricantes, mediante ensayos de extension biaxial entre dos platos paralelos de Teflon (R) de 64 mm de diametro. La altura inicial de las muestras fue de 8 mm y se comprimieron hasta 0,4 mm a las velocidades de 0,1, 0,2, 0,3 y 0,4 mm/s. Despues de la compresion las muestras se dejaron relajar durante 3 min. La representacion logaritmica de la fuerza frente a la altura mostro claramente una zona lineal cuya pendiente oscilaba entre -1,1 y -1,5. El esfuerzo aparente a distintas alturas preseleccionadas se empleo como medida de la consistencia del producto. La dispersion experimental de este esfuerzo fue del orden del 10%, suficiente para detectar diferencias entre marcas y seguir los efectos de la velocidad de compresion. Estos ultimos no se correspondieron con las predicciones teoricas segun el modelo de la ley de la potencia, probablemente porque las muestras presentaban un umbral de fluencia aparente considerable en el intervalo de tiempo experimental. Se desarrollo una formula empirica para describir el efecto de la velocidad y se encontro que era adecuada para todos los productos ensayados. El umbral de fluencia se puso de manifiesto en la magnitud del esfuerzo residual despues de la relajacion. Este esfuerzo tambien se pudo usar como medida de la consistencia, dando lugar a la misma clasificacion de las muestras que el esfuerzo aparente a una altura fija.
Maternal weight status and term birth weight in first and second adolescent pregnancies.

Abstract The relationship of maternal weight status to birth weight was evaluated retrospectively for the first and second pregnancies of 72 younger (age 12–15 years at first conception) and 80 older (age 16–19 years at first conception) low-income adolescents (76% black, 24% white). Mean birth weight increased during the second pregnancies of both groups (277 g and 132 g, respectively). Multiple regression analysis (controlling for potentially confounding variables) indicated a positive relationship between second and third trimester rate of maternal weight gain (kg/week) and birth weight for younger adolescents during their second pregnancy ( p = 0.014), and for older adolescents during their first pregnancy (p = 0.047). Mean birth weight increased with each increase in maternal weight-for-height (WH) category near term from the lowest ( p = 0.038) and 7.1 ± 1.8 g for each 1% increase in maternal WH near term in their second pregnancy ( p = 0.0003). Among younger adolescents these relationships, while in the same direction, were not statistically significant. Mean birth weights for all maternal WH categories near term were in the lower end of, or below, the 3- to 4-kg range with the exception of adolescents achieving a WH ≥ 140% of standard during their second pregnancy.
Heterotopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and ovulatory drugs

We report two cases of heterotopic pregnancy in women who were previously infertile. One of these patients conceived with the aid of ovulation stimulatory drugs, and the other from in vitro fertilization. In each case an ultrasound of the pelvis revealed a viable intrauterine pregnancy (twins in one case). Both patients presented in hypovolemic shock and required exploratory laparotomy. At the time of surgery a ruptured ectopic pregnancy with accompanying hemoperitoneum was found in each. Simultaneous ectopic and intrauterine pregnancy, though rare, should be suspected in patients who conceive with the aid of ovulatory drugs or in vitro fertilization.
The Condom as "Permission slip": Synecdoche and Contestation in New York City HIV/AIDS Education Policy Discourse

This article examines the role of the condom in policy discourse about HIV/AIDS education in New York City in the early 1990s. Analysis of formal statements of policymakers and other actors engaged in this formative debate shows that abstinence advocates used the discursive mechanism of synecdoche to capture the terms of argumentation and advance their policy agenda. They viewed condoms as inappropriately granted “permission slips” for sexual activity and focused their argumentation on one aspect of HIV/AIDS preventive measures, a plan to make condoms available to the city’s high school students. Proponents of comprehensive HIV/AIDS education attempted to counter the condom synecdoche by reasserting the larger curriculum and falsifying the synecdoche’s logical basis. This analysis illuminates the dynamics of New York City’s HIV/AIDS education policy discourse, showing how it not only made the resolution of underlying value differences difficult but also reduced the effectiveness of HIV prevention and sex education policy making. The case study also provides insights to achieve greater discursive parity and the development of a more durable policy consensus.
Threads and Traces: True False Fictive

Carlo Ginzburg is a noted historian of the early modern period who has published on a wide variety of topics related to shamanism, early modern folk beliefs, and historical methodology. He is best ...
Hypertension in the elderly: Don't treat too quickly!

In the asymptomatic patient without target organ damage who is seen with severely elevated BP, pseudohypertension is more often than not the cause. Rapid lowering of arterial pressure is unnecessary and even contraindicated. Nurses play an important role in the evaluation and the treatment of elderly patients with hypertension. Both research-based practice and thorough evaluation and monitoring are requisite for safe and effective treatment. Given the seriousness of the adverse effects and the lack of outcome data, the use of sublingual nifedipine capsules in hypertensive emergencies and pseudohypertension should be abandoned.
Sperm from mice carrying two t haplotypes do not possess a tyrosine phosphorylated form of hexokinase.

Mouse sperm contain a tyrosine phosphorylated form of hexokinase type 1 (HK1; Kalab et al., 1994: J Biol Chem 269:3810–3817) that has properties consistent with an integral plasma membrane protein. Furthermore, this tyrosine phosphorylated form of HK1 has an extracellular domain and HK1 is localized to both the head and flagellum of nonpermeabilized cells (Visconti et al., 1995c). We have characterized HK1 in mature sperm from sterile tw32/tw5 mice (mutant sperm) that have defects in motility and sperm-egg interaction (Johnson et al., 1995: Dev Biol 168:138–149). Immunoprecipitation of mouse sperm extracts with an antiserum made against purified rat brain HK1 demonstrates the presence of HK1 in mutant sperm. Various biochemical and immunofluorescence assays indicate that at least a portion of the HK1 present in these cells is an integral membrane protein with an extracellular domain located on the sperm head and flagellum. However, immunoblot analysis with anti-phoshotyrosine antibodies demonstrates that HK1 in mutant sperm is not tyrosine phosphorylated. Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis does not indicate any obvious abnormalities in the transcription of somatic or germ cell-specific HK1 isoforms in mutant testes, and RFLP analysis of recombinant mice indicates that no genes specifying HK1 isoforms are located on chromosome 17. We have mapped the locus responsible for the lack of tyrosine phosphorylation of HK1 mutant sperm to the most proximal (to the centromere) of the four inversions within the t haplotype. A male sterility factor is located in this same inversion (Lyon, 1986: Cell 44:357–363). Since the mutant sperm are unable to complete fertilization, there could be a relationship between sterility and the lack of tyrosine phosphorylation of HK1 in these mutant sperm. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Probable Pheromonal Attraction of Sexually Mature Brook Trout to Mature Male Conspecifics

Abstract Invasions of nonnative species are a leading cause of the loss of populations of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki in the western United States, but effective control of invasions of species such as brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis are expensive, labor intensive, and not species specific. Because salmonids respond to chemical cues, we hypothesized that pheromonal attraction could be exploited to capture brook trout. We conducted two tests as brook trout spawning began in 1999 and 2000 in two streams in Wyoming, using hoop nets seeded with sexually mature male brook trout, sexually mature female brook trout, or no fish. Catches of sexually mature fish in both tests were nonrandom (P 0.075). In the second test, we estimated that 23% of adult fish were captured in hoop nets in...
Norepinephrine signaling through β-adrenergic receptors is critical for expression of cocaine-induced anxiety

Background Cocaine is a widely abused psychostimulant that has both rewarding and aversive properties. While the mechanisms underlying cocaine's rewarding effects have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to the unpleasant behavioral states induced by cocaine, such as anxiety. Methods In this study, we evaluated the performance of dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout ( Dbh −/− ) mice, which lack norepinephrine (NE), in the elevated plus maze (EPM) to examine the contribution of noradrenergic signaling to cocaine-induced anxiety. Results We found that cocaine dose-dependently increased anxiety-like behavior in control ( Dbh +/− ) mice, as measured by a decrease in open arm exploration. The Dbh −/− mice had normal baseline performance in the EPM but were completely resistant to the anxiogenic effects of cocaine. Cocaine-induced anxiety was also attenuated in Dbh +/− mice following administration of disulfiram, a dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitor. In experiments using specific adrenergic antagonists, we found that pretreatment with the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol blocked cocaine-induced anxiety-like behavior in Dbh +/− and wild-type C57BL6/J mice, while the α 1 antagonist prazosin and the α 2 antagonist yohimbine had no effect. Conclusions These results indicate that noradrenergic signaling via β-adrenergic receptors is required for cocaine-induced anxiety in mice.
Photochemistry of Locally Excited and Intramolecular Charge Transfer States of (E)-4-Cyano-4‘-(pentamethyldisilanyl)stilbene

The photophysical properties and photochemistry of (E)-4-cyano-4‘-(pentamethyldisilanyl)stilbene ((E)-3) and the corresponding monosilylated stilbene (E)-5 have been studied. Solvatochromic plots of (E)-3 show separate slopes for ether solvents and halocarbons. The emission in ethers is assigned to an LE state of similar polarity to that of (E)-5. In halocarbons a more polar intramolecular charge transfer (CT) state apparently contributes to the emission. This component is completely quenched by nucleophilic ethers. In contrast to (E)-5, Φf and Φ(E,Z) of (E)-3 strongly decrease in CH3CN, consistent with the solvent polarity induced LE → CT process and nucleophilic quenching of the CT state by solvent. Alcohols also quench Φf and Φ(E,Z) with similar Stern−Volmer constants, linking the two processes to the same state (LE). Such quenching results in formation of (E)-4‘-(hydrodimethylsilyl)-4-cyanostilbene (4) by regioselective nucleophilic cleavage of the Si−Si bond, according to deuterium labeling studies. ...
POLARIZED POSITRON ANNIHILATION IN FERROMAGNETIC NICKEL

Abstract Angular correlation studies of polarized positron annihilation in ferromagnetic nickel are reported. Structure observed in the angular correlation curve is qualitatively understood in terms of recent band structure models of nickel.
From Sovereignty to Responsibility: An Emerging International Norm and Its Call to Action in Burma

“[O]ur struggle for democracy is a struggle for our everyday life.” This, in the words of long-detained pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, describes the isolated pariah state of Burma. Under brutal military rule since 1962, Burma is still desperately trying to change its deplorable circumstances through the leadership of Suu Kyi, but continues to fail due to the regime-written “new” constitution that guarantees the regime’s continued leading role in the state apparatus. Illegitimate elections and continued repression of the democratic opposition allow for the regime’s violations of basic human rights to continue. Rights violations that include displacement, forced labor, rape, and murder—making it one of the world’s most oppressive regimes. Following the devastation of Cyclone Nargis in 2008, the regime obstructed the delivery of any outside aid to its people, exacerbating the country’s problems and causing the death of thousands from starvation and lack of medical attention. This led many in the international community to invoke an emerging international norm that recasts sovereignty as a responsibility, rather than a privilege, a doctrine entitled the “Responsibility to Protect.” This Note argues that Burma represents the ideal case study for application of the doctrine, and that while the regime’s appalling actions taken after Cyclone Nargis were a missed opportunity for such application, the atrocities that persist inside the country continue to help make a tangible case.
Effects of pH on β-hydroxybutyrate exchange kinetics of rat erythrocytes

The influx of beta-hydroxybutyrate into rat erythrocytes at 0 degrees C was measured in the presence of various substrate concentrations and pH values at equilibrium. Under these circumstances, influx measures equilibrium exchange. Acidification (pH 6.3 compared to pH 7.3 and pH 8.3) increased exchange V markedly, increased exchange Km and increased exchange V/Km moderately. The data indicate that the base form of the carrier (either lacking H+ or bearing OH-) binds beta-hydroxybutyrate more tightly than the acid form (either bearing H+ or lacking OH-) and that the beta-hydroxybutyrate-bearing base form is relatively or completely immobile. If these pH effects reflect titration of the transport-partner site, then the findings favor an A-/H+-symport mechanism; for, with this mechanism, a beta-hydroxybutyrate-bearing base form of the carrier is expected. The findings do not favor an A-/OH--antiport mechanism; for, with this mechanism, a beta-hydroxybutyrate-bearing base form is not expected, and OH- should compete with beta-hydroxybutyrate for binding.
Phase diagrams of self-assembled mono-tethered nanospheres from molecular simulation and comparison to surfactants

We perform Brownian dynamics simulations on model 3-D systems of mono-tethered nanospheres (TNS) to study the equilibrium morphologies formed by their self-assembly in a selective solvent. We predict that in contrast to flexible amphiphiles the nanospheres are locally ordered and there is an increase in the local order with an increase in concentration or relative nanoparticle diameter. We present the temperature vs concentration phase diagram for a system of TNS and propose a dimensionless scaling factor Fv (headgroup volume/tether volume) that allows a comparison between the morphologies formed from TNS and traditional surfactants.
Chemical synthesis and characterization of nanosized titanium aluminide

Abstract Titanium aluminides are among the more promising intermetallics for use in aerospace and automotive applications; however, their acceptance has been hampered by their lack of ductility. Significant improvement in ductility may be obtained from nanostructured intermetallics. Reaction of Ti[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 with excess alane produces a precursor (Compound 1) to titanium aluminide. We propose compound 1 to be a loose cluster (or family of clusters) in which titanium and aluminum atoms are both bonded directly and bridged by imidosilanes. This chemically synthesized precursor, when heated to 1000 °C, produces nanosized particles of TiAl 3 . Nanosized TiAl 3 has been characterized by chemical analysis, solid-state NMR, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and high-resolution electron microscopy.
The hot blow forming of AZ31 Mg sheet: Formability assessment and application development

The hot blow forming of magnesium sheet offers significant opportunity for forming complex, lightweight parts for automotive applications. This paper characterizes the elevated-temperature formability of AZ31 magnesium sheet materials and the effect of processing conditions on the performance of these materials. In addition, magnesium sheet application development at General Motors Corporation is reviewed.
The Talent Search Model of Gifted Identification

The Talent Search model, founded at Johns Hopkins University by Dr. Julian C. Stanley, is fundamentally an above-level testing program. This simplistic description belies the enduring impact that the Talent Search model has had on the lives of hundreds of thousands of gifted students as well as their parents and teachers. In this article, we compare the Talent Search model to school-based models of gifted education. The comparisons are both broad and narrow. Broad contrasts are made in the discussion of the historical impetus, whereas specific differences are presented in the discussion of numbers of students served and costs. Bridging the Talent Search model and K-12 gifted education models is addressed. Assessment information from Talent Search above-level testing offers valuable information for parents and teachers and recommendations for advocacy are presented. Finally, we highlight major findings from Talent Search research emphasizing that Talent Search research has made a significant contribution t...
Diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.

The primary key to diagnosis of bladder cancer is cystoscopic examination of the bladder, followed by biopsy of suspicious lesions. Bimanual examination under anesthesia is also important for staging, and urinary cytology and intravenous urography provide valuable additional information. Surgical resection in the form of excisional transurethral biopsy is diagnostic, therapeutic and essential for accurate staging, and assessment of tumor grade is vital for determining prognosis and management strategies. Intravesical chemotherapy with Thiotepa, doxorubicin, mitomycin C or ethoglucid has been shown to reduce the incidence of short-term tumor recurrence by 17% but not long-term recurrence or rate of disease progression. Immunotherapy, as exemplified by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), has achieved better results: long-term reduction in tumor recurrence, reduction in disease progression and prolongation of patient survival. Newer immunotherapies using interferon-alpha appear to produce response rates comparable to BCG but without the considerable toxicity of BCG. Further research with combination therapies and other immunotherapeutic agents should lead to improved treatment options in the future.
High frequency, high amplitude and low energy earthquake study of nuclear power plants

Abstract Nuclear power plants are designed for a seismic input spectrum based on U.S. acceleration time histories. However, data recorded near several recent earthquakes, mostly in the Eastern U.S., are richer in high frequency energy. This paper focuses on the evaluation of one of these events, i.e., the 1986 Ohio earthquake approximately 10 miles from the Perry nuclear power plant. The Perry Seismic Category I structures were reanalyzed using the in-structure recorded earthquake motions. The calculated in-structure response spectra and recorded response spectra have the same general trends, which shows the buildings are capable of responding to high frequency earthquake motion. Dynamic stresses calculated using the Ohio earthquake recorded motions are substantially lower than the design stresses. The seismic qualification of a wide sample of equipment was reassessed using the Ohio earthquake recorded motions and the margins were found to be larger than one. The 1986 Ohio earthquake was also shown to possess much lower energy content and ductility demand than the design spectra. For the Perry case, the seismic design was shown to have adequate safety margins to accommodate the 1986 Ohio earthquake, even though the design spectra were exceeded at about 20 Hz. The NRC is evaluating the need to generically modify design spectra in light of the recent high frequency recordings.
MONITORING THE EFFECTS OF TIMBER HARVEST ON ANNUAL WATER YIELD

Abstract Paired catchment studies have been used as a method to assess the effects of vegetation removal (timber harvesting) on streamflow responses including lowflows and peakflows, but particularly annual water yield. Paired catchment studies in the United States reporting on the effects of timber harvesting on annual water yields were compiled. In general, changes in annual water yield from forest cover reduction (or catchment area harvested) of less than 20% could not be determined by hydrometric or streamflow measurement methods. The catchment studies were discriminated by hydrologic region, defined by temperature and precipitation regimes. This regionalization suggested that as little as 15% of the catchment area (or basal area) could be harvested for a measurable increase in annual water yield at the catchment level in the Rocky Mountain region as compared with 50% in the Central Plains, although system responses are variable. Given changing world-wide objectives for forest land management, hydrologists will be asked to develop monitoring programs to assess the effects of multiple and temporally and spatially distributed land use activities on water resources. Less catchment area will be disturbed, thus monitoring programs must be carefully designed to obtain useful information. The concept of hydrologic recovery, i.e. return to pretreatment condition tends to be based on annual water yield, but also needs the evaluation of streamflow generation and routing mechanisms including lowflows and peakflows when compared with the pretreatment condition.
Abstract: The Role of Social Enjoyment in Daily Fatigue among Women with Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain condition characterized by debilitating fatigue that limits potentially beneficial positive social interaction. This daily diary study examined the interplay am...
Intraocular meningothelial meningiomas

A 24-year-old male was referred for evaluation and treatment of a choroidal tumor located 1 1/2 disc diameters from the optic disc of the right eye. The tumor had doubled in size over a 29-month period of observation, and measured 8 × 8 × 5 mm. The intraocular tumor was removed by internal eye wall resection, and the pathology specimen revealed the tumor to be a meningothelial meningioma.
Novel Role of MDA-9/Syntenin in Regulating Urothelial Cell Proliferation by Modulating EGFR Signaling

Purpose: Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) rapidly progresses from superficial to muscle-invasive tumors. The key molecules involved in metastatic progression and its early detection require clarification. The present study defines a seminal role of the metastasis-associated gene MDA-9/Syntenin in UCC progression. Experimental Design: Expression pattern of MDA-9/Syntenin was examined in 44 primary UCC and the impact of its overexpression and knockdown was examined in multiple cells lines and key findings were validated in primary tumors. Results: Significantly higher ( P = 0.002–0.003) expression of MDA-9/Syntenin was observed in 64% (28 of 44) of primary tumors and an association was evident with stage ( P = 0.01), grade ( P = 0.03), and invasion status ( P = 0.02). MDA-9/Syntenin overexpression in nontumorigenic HUC-1 cells increased proliferation ( P = 0.0012), invasion ( P = 0.0001), and EGF receptor (EGFR), AKT, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and c-Src expression. Alteration of β-catenin, E-cadherin, vimentin, claudin-1, ZO-1, and T-cell factor-4 (TCF4) expression was also observed. MDA-9/Syntenin knockdown in three UCC cell lines reversed phenotypic and molecular changes observed in the HUC-1 cells and reduced in vivo metastasis. Key molecular changes observed in the cell lines were confirmed in primary tumors. A physical interaction and colocalization of MDA-9/Syntenin and EGFR was evident in UCC cell lines and primary tumors. A logistic regression model analysis revealed a significant correlation between MDA-9/Syntenin:EGFR and MDA-9/Syntenin:AKT expressions with stage ( P = 0.04, EGFR; P = 0.01, AKT). A correlation between MDA-9/Syntenin:β-catenin coexpression with stage ( P = 0.03) and invasion ( P = 0.04) was also evident. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that MDA-9/Syntenin might provide an attractive target for developing detection, monitoring, and therapeutic strategies for managing UCC. Clin Cancer Res; 19(17); 4621–33. ©2013 AACR .
Adenosine deaminase activity during in vitro culture of human peripheral blood monocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages

Abstract Adenosine deaminase (ADA) undergoes changes in specific activity during in vitro culture of human peripheral blood monocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Monocyte adenosine deaminase activity increases during the first 3 days of culture; after 3 days the specific activity decreases below the levels observed for freshly isolated cells. In contrast, ADA activity of pulmonary alveolar macrophages increases throughout the 14-day culture period studied. Based on pH optima, starch gel electrophoresis and gel filtration column chromatography, the changes in adenosine deaminase activity in monocyte-macrophage cultures are related to changes in the molecular form of the enzyme. Freshly isolated monocytes contain mainly ES, while at day 14, starch gel and gel filtration experiments demonstrate the appearance of EI. Human pulmonary macrophages contain primarily EI or EL; following several days in culture, there is an increase in the amount of ES present.
Parathyroid hormone inhibition of induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in HeLa cells by 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine without increased adenylate cyclase activity or cellular cAMP concentration.

Abstract Parathyroid extract (PTE) as well as purified parathyroid hormone (PTH) activators of adenylate cyclase in bone and kidney, produced dose-dependent decreases in the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity by 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine in HeLa cells. However, the combination of PTE and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor which also inhibits the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity, in most cases produced less than additive inhibition of enzyme induction. PTE or PTH in concentrations of up to 10 times greater than that necessary to have maximal effects on the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity produced no increase in adenylate cyclase activity, nor did they increase intracellular cAMP concentrations. In addition, PTE did not potentiate the increase in cAMP concentration produced by IBMX. It thus appears that the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity by PTH is not mediated by cAMP.
Response of Drs. Bonventre and Leaf

Let us try to state concisely the difference between the view we present and that proposed by Hollenberg. He regards the regulation of sodium excretion as focused on a single level of body sodium, namely that attained on a sodium-free intake. This he regards as the set point about which sodium excretion is regulated. We think the evidence is consistent with regulation of renal sodium excretion through a continuous range of steady states and that the capacity to excrete sodium is a function of body sodium content which in turn is related directly to the sodium intake; there is no single set point.