cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERTEMPORAL CHOICE AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY: NEW EVIDENCE ON TIME-VARYING DISCOUNT RATES FROM VIETNAM AND RUSSIA

Assuming that individual discount rates are constant over time has important implications for policies and programs that involve intertemporal decision making. Using original data from Vietnam and Russia, we find evidence that discount rates do change over time for many individuals, implying that preferences for savings and credit might not be intertemporally consistent. We find that commonly held beliefs about gender and age influences do not hold once having children and location are controlled for. Within countries, however, residency does matter. Rural Vietnamese populations have higher discount rates, and living in a Russian trading town is associated with significantly higher discount rates and present bias than living in a government town. We argue that these behaviors are particularly likely to influence resource allocation in developing economies because there are fewer formal institutions and competitive markets to temper their effects.
Picosecond laser-spectroscopy measurement of hydroxyl fluorescence lifetime in flames

Data are reported for the first known application of picosecond laser spectroscopy to the measurement of collisional quenching rates by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence in flames. Collisional quenching rates are important for the determination of species concentrations by laser-induced fluorescence. The collisional quenching lifetime following excitation of the R2(4) A2Σ+ (υ′ = 0) ← X2Π (υ″ = 0) transition was measured to be 1.8 nsec in the burned-gas region of an atmospheric-pressure, premixed methane–air flame.
Polarographic studies of diethylstilbestrol.

Studies on the polarographic properties of diethylstilbestrol were carried out, with the idea of developing a polarographic assay for this and other synthetic estrogens. Polarographic reduction of diethylstilbestrol was not found to occur under the conditions studied. Minute quantities of the estrogen suppress the oxygen maximum in a solution of potassium chloride, the degree of suppression being approximately proportional to the concentration of diethylstilbestrol within a narrow range. This property is the basis for a suggested assay of preparations of diethylstilbestrol.
Periosteal osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible

Periosteal osteosarcoma, a variant of juxtacortical osteosarcoma, is seldom seen in the jaws. The clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of a rare mandibular periosteal osteosarcoma presenting as a deep mass in the area of the parotid are reported. The clinicopathologic features that distinguish this lesion from the more common parosteal osteosarcoma are also discussed.
Prevalence and Profile of Phonological and Surface Subgroups in College Students With a History of Reading Disability

The purpose of the present study was to identify and characterize surface and phonological subgroups of readers among college students with a prior diagnosis of developmental reading disability (RD). Using a speeded naming task derived from Castles and Coltheart's subtyping study, we identified subgroups of readers from among college students with RD and then compared them on a number of component reading tasks. Most of our adults with RD showed a discrepancy in lexical versus sublexical reading skills. The majority of classified individuals were in the phonological dyslexia group, and this group's performance was worse than that of other groups on a range of reading-related tasks. Specifically, being relatively less skilled at reading nonwords compared to irregular words was associated with deficits in both sublexical and lexical tasks, and with unique deficits compared to the surface dyslexia group not only in an independent measure of phonological coding but also in spelling, rapid automatized naming, and speeded oral reading. The surface dyslexia group was small, and the pattern of results for these readers was not consistent with the predicted profile of a specific deficit in lexical and automatized reading processes. Our surface group did not show reduced skill in lexical mechanisms specifically, nor any unique deficit compared to the phonological group. These results seem more supportive of models of reading that place phonological processing impairments at the core of RD, with all other impairments being clearly subsidiary.
A reassessment of sexual dimorphism in human senescence: theory, evidence, and causation.

Age-specific mortality rates of men are higher than those of women, and men have shorter average life spans than women. This has been interpreted as evidence of sexual dimorphism in rates of senescence. However, because mortality can be caused by numerous fac- tors in addition to senescence, higher mortality rates do not necessarily indicate more rapid se- nescence. In this paper, we (1) emphasize the necessity of decoupling mortality and senescence when considering sexual dimorphism in senescence, (2) present a theoretical framework for the hypothesis that selection affects senescence in human males and females differently due to dif- ferent life history characteristics, (3) consider phenotypic evidence from the literature that human males show a later onset of senescence than human females, despite exhibiting higher mortality rates, and (4) discuss the potential roles of mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy in the evolution of sexual dimorphism in senescence. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:161-168, 2006. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Foams and Emulsions: the Importance of Structural Forces

We present a brief summary of the salient findings of our recent research delivered as a keynote lecture at the Australian Conference on Colloid and Interface Science held in Sydney in February 2007. We have developed a hybrid surface force apparatus (thin film capillary force balance) in conjunction with differential interference microscopy to show the phenomenon of microstructuring or stratification in thin films containing surfactant micelles, proteins, and nanoparticles separating two bubbles or droplets, as in foam and emulsion systems. The structural disjoining pressure, i.e. the structural force, arising because of the ordered microstructure formation inside thin liquid films between bubbles or drops, offers a new stabilization mechanism for foams, emulsions, and fluid-particle suspensions. In addition to the thin film approach, we also used both the Kossel diffraction and direct digitized optical imaging methods to directly observe the structure and stability of foam and emulsion systems. Our experiments were complemented by computations involving Monte Carlo simulations and the integral equation of statistical mechanics.
Simulations of the 1H electron spin echo–electron nuclear double resonance and 2H electron spin echo envelope modulation spectra of exchangeable hydrogen nuclei coupled to the S2–state photosystem II manganese cluster

The pulsed EPR methods of electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) and electron spin echo-electron nuclear double resonance (ESE-ENDOR) are used to investigate the proximity of exchangeable hydrogens around the paramagnetic S(2)-state Mn cluster of the photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex. Although ESEEM and ESE-ENDOR are both pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance techniques, the specific mechanisms by which nuclear spin transitions are observed are quite different. We are able to generate good simulations of both (1)H ESE-ENDOR and (2)H ESEEM signatures of exchangeable hydrogens at the S(2)-state cluster. The convergence of simulation parameters for both methods provides a high degree of confidence in the simulations. Several exchangeable protons-deuterons with strong dipolar couplings are observed. In the simulations, two of the close ( approximately 2.5 A) hydrogen nuclei exhibit strong isotropic couplings and are therefore most probably associated with direct substrate ligation to paramagnetic Mn. Another two of the close ( approximately 2.7 A) hydrogen nuclei show no isotropic couplings and are therefore most probably not contained in Mn ligands. We suggest that these proximal hydrogens may be associated with a Ca(2+)-bound substrate, as indicated in recent mechanistic proposals for O(2) formation.
Exploring the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI): Further Evidence for a Multidimensional View of Burden

The purpose of this study was to examine the multidimensional nature of caregiver burden by specifically analyzing the patterns of association between five dimensions of burden as measured by the Caregiver Burden Inventory [1] and selected demographic, health, functioning, and well-being indicators. Subscales measuring each dimension were internally consistent and relatively independent in a sample of 160 caregivers. Time dependence burden was most influenced by patient impairment and caregiving involvement, whereas emotional burden was largely a function of caregiving satisfaction. Most of the variance in developmental burden was explained by depression and caregiving satisfaction. Contrary to expectations, physical health measures explained little variance in physical burden, of which most was explained by depression. Less than 10 percent of the variance in social burden was explained by depression and caregiver days sick. The findings lend support to a multidimensional view of burden and with minor modifications, the CBI appears to be a promising instrument with which to measure the construct.
Metallic and plastic prosthetic devices as vascular wall substitutes: Biophysical criteria and methods for evaluation

Evidence is presented for the view that intravascular thrombosis proceeds via an electrochemical mechanism. It is strongly substantiated by some recent work on electrical wire thrombosis. These experiments show that thrombosis occurs on noble metal electrodes at potentials more positive than 0.3 v (NHE) but tends not to occur on electrodes more negative than this interfacial potential. Further, the same factors which prevent intravascular thrombosis are shown to prevent thrombosis on electrodes maintained at all potentials up to + 1.0v. Thus occurrence or prevention of thrombosis appears related to electrical and electrochemical properties of both blood and blood vessel wall. Methods for the determination of these properties are described and experimental results briefly presented. The studies have proved useful in establishing criteria for the selection of metal and plastic vascular substitutes. A combination of several electrochemical and biophysical criteria have been discovered which aid in the selection of nonthrombogenic vascular substitutes. Unfortunately not all metals which satisfy anti-thrombotic electrochemical criteria are suitable. Many, including magnesium, have cellular and proteolytic destructive characteristics. Certain metals and electrically treated Teflon tubes do not suffer from this defect and have proven useful in preliminary testing.
Influence of Hydration on Physiological Function and Performance During Trail Running in the Heat

Abstract Context: Authors of most field studies have not observed decrements in physiologic function and performance with increases in dehydration, although authors of well-controlled laboratory studies have consistently reported this relationship. Investigators in these field studies did not control exercise intensity, a known modulator of body core temperature. Objective: To directly examine the effect of moderate water deficit on the physiologic responses to various exercise intensities in a warm outdoor setting. Design: Semirandomized, crossover design. Setting: Field setting. Patients or Other Participants: Seventeen distance runners (9 men, 8 women; age = 27 ± 7 years, height = 171 ± 9 cm, mass = 64.2 ± 9.0 kg, body fat = 14.6% ± 5.5%). Intervention(s): Participants completed four 12-km runs (consisting of three 4-km loops) in the heat (average wet bulb globe temperature = 26.5°C): (1) a hydrated, race trial (HYR), (2) a dehydrated, race trial (DYR), (3) a hydrated, submaximal trial (HYS),...
Newer methods of labeling diagnostic agents with Tc-99m.

The past several years have seen marked advances in technetium/rhenium chemistry applicable to the preparation of new 99m Tc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. This article focuses on recent developments in technetium chemistry, including the preparation of "3+1" complexes, the preparation and use of ( 99m Tc[CO] 3 ) + complexes for labeling biomolecules, the preparation of rhenium steroid inclusion complexes, improvements in both hydrazinonicotinamide labeling chemistry and in the preformed 99m Tc complex method of labeling biomelecules, and new solid-phase separation techniques that may allow the isolation of high specific-activity radiopharmaceuticals in a clinical setting.
Robust utilization of phospholipase-generated metabolites, glycerophosphodiesters, by Candida albicans: Role of the CaGit1 permease

Glycerophosphodiesters are the products of phospholipase-mediated deacylation of phospholipids. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a single gene, GIT1, encodes a permease responsible for importing glycerophosphodiesters, such as glycerophosphoinositol and glycerophosphocholine, into the cell. In contrast, the Candida albicans genome contains four open reading frames (ORFs) with a high degree of similarity to S. cerevisiae GIT1 (ScGIT1) Here, we report that C. albicans utilizes glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIns) and glycerophosphocholine (GroPCho) as sources of phosphate at both mildly acidic and physiological pHs. Insertional mutagenesis of C. albicans GIT1 (CaGIT1) (orf19.34), the ORF most similar to ScGit1, abolished the ability of cells to use GroPIns as a phosphate source at acidic pH and to transport [3H]GroPIns at acidic and physiological pHs, while reintegration of a GIT1 allele into the genome restored those functions. Several lines of evidence, including the detection of internal [3H]GroPIns, indicated that GroPIns is transported intact through CaGit1. GroPIns transport was shown to conform to Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with an apparent Km of 28 ± 6 μM. Notably, uptake of label from [3H]GroPCho was found to be roughly 50-fold greater than uptake of label from [3H]GroPIns and roughly 500-fold greater than the equivalent activity in S. cerevisiae. Insertional mutagenesis of CaGIT1 had no effect on the utilization of GroPCho as a phosphate source or on the uptake of label from [3H]GroPCho. Growth under low-phosphate conditions was shown to increase label uptake from both [3H]GroPIns and [3H]GroPCho. Screening of a transcription factor deletion set identified CaPHO4 as required for the utilization of GroPIns, but not GroPCho, as a phosphate source.
Poly/sup 2/ paradigm: a secure network service architecture

General-purpose operating systems provide a rich computing environment both to the user and the attacker. The declining cost of hardware and the growing security concerns of software necessitate a revalidation of the many assumptions made in network service architectures. Enforcing sound design principles while retaining usability and flexibility is key to practical security. Poly/sup 2/ is an approach to build a hardened framework for network services from commodity hardware and software. Guided by well-known security design principles such as least common mechanism and economy of mechanism, and driven by goals such as psychological acceptability and immediate usability, Poly/sup 2/ provides a secure platform for network services. It also serves as a testbed for several security-related research areas such as intrusion detection, forensics, and high availability. This paper discusses the overall design and philosophy of Poly/sup 2/, presents an initial implementation, and outlines future work.
Material removal and damage formation mechanisms in grinding silicon nitride

Surface grinding was performed on two silicon nitrides with different microstructures. The ground surfaces of both materials were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to consist of areas of microfracture, smeared areas, and areas covered with fine debris particles. It was determined that microfracture is the primary mechanism for material removal. Subsurface grinding damage was revealed by a bonded-interface technique to take the form of median-type cracks extending from the plastic zones. Distributed intergranular microcracks and intragrain twin/slip bands were observed within the plastic zones. The strengths of transverse-ground specimens were measured in four-point flexure. For the silicon nitride with a fine grain size and a mildly rising toughness-curve, grinding damage resulted in a drastic strength degradation compared to polished specimens. In contrast, the silicon nitride with large and elongated grains and a steeply rising toughness curve showed relatively little strength loss. The relationship between the ceramic microstructure and the damage tolerance in abrasive machining is discussed in light of these results.
Description of Patulibacter americanus sp. nov., isolated from biological soil crusts, emended description of the genus Patulibacter Takahashi et al. 2006 and proposal of Solirubrobacterales ord. nov. and Thermoleophilales ord. nov.

Two bacterial strains, CP153-3 and CP177-2T, were isolated from biological soil crusts on the Colorado Plateau, USA, and assigned to the genus Patulibacter, according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and phenotypic characteristics. The strains were Gram-positive, aerobic and psychrotolerant and showed positive catalase and negative oxidase reactions. Cells were motile in young cultures, motility consisting of subtle jerking motions, but no flagella could be detected. The strains shared high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.7 %) and DNA–DNA relatedness (99 %). They contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, the major menaquinone was MK-7(H2) and the predominant fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω9c and iso-C15 : 0. A low DNA–DNA hybridization value of 20 % with the type strain of the type species of the genus Patulibacter, Patulibacter minatonensis, as well as phenotypic differences, indicated that the isolates belong to a novel species, for which the name Patulibacter americanus sp. nov. is proposed. Strain CP177-2T (=ATCC BAA-1038T =DSM 16676T) was chosen as the type strain. An emended description of the genus Patulibacter is also presented. Further, two new orders are created to accommodate several families previously classified in the order Rubrobacterales Rainey et al. 1997. The first, Solirubrobacterales ord. nov., encompasses the families Solirubrobacteraceae, Conexibacteraceae and Patulibacteraceae, and the second, Thermoleophilales ord. nov., includes the family Thermoleophilaceae.
Stellar: a fusion system for scenario construction and security risk assessment

Stellar is a real-time system which aggregates and correlates alerts from heterogeneous network defense systems, building scenarios and estimating the security risk of the entire scenario. Prior work considered Stellar scenario formation; in this paper we explore the advantages provided by using scenario context to assess the risk of actions occurring on a network. We describe the design and an evaluation of Stellar and its Security Assessment Declarative Language (SADL), a fast, stateful, simple-to-use language for assessing the priority of scenarios, on a high traffic network under constant attack. The evaluation of the Stellar system deployed on a large, operational enterprise network demonstrated its ability to scale to high alert volumes while accurately forming and prioritizing scenarios. Stellar not only produced high priority scenarios matching all incidents reported by human analysts, but also discovered additional scenarios of concern that had initially gone unnoticed. Furthermore, by following the simple formalism embedded in example SADL rules, system administrators quickly develop a correct understanding of the network they are protecting.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Orally Administration to Mice Were Tansferred to Offspring during Gestation and Lactation with Disruptions on the Immune System

The present study was undertaken to examine the immunological effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (deca-BDE) on the immune system of the dams and the developmental immune system of the offsprings. Methods: In this study, mated female C57BL/6J mice were orally administered penta-BDE, deca-BDE or corn oil for 5 weeks, from gestational day 6 to lactational day 21. Results: The body weight of PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was significantly decreased relative to control mice, but that of post-natal day 63 (PND63) were recovered. Orally dosed dams with penta-BDE had significantly smaller absolute and relative spleen masses than control mice. Absolute and relative spleen and thymus masses of PND21 exposed to penta-BDE were significantly decreased over control. The exposure of dams and PND21 with penta-BDE reduced the number of splenocytes and thymocytes. As results of hematologic analysis, percentage WBC and percentage neutrophils increased in dams with deca-BDE. Splenic T cell proliferation in dams and PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was increased, and there were no significant difference in splenic B cell proliferation in all treatment groups. As results of flow cytometric analysis of splenocyte, percentage total T cell, Th cell and Tc cell in PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was slightly increased, and percentage macrophage in dams and PND21 exposed to deca-BDE was decreased. The ELISA results of antibody production show no significant difference in all treatment groups relative to controls. Conclusion: These results imply that PBDEs given to the dam were transferred to the offspring during gestation and lactation, and PBDEs transferred from the dam affect immune system of offspring.
The European Union and Migrant Labour

The European Union and Migrant Labour. Gareth Dale and Mike Cole. eds. New York: NYU Press, 1999. 256 pp.
A long‐period effect of tides on fraser river stages

The major floods which occurred in the Fraser system in 1948 and 1950 had a peak-discharge difference of 100,000 cfs, but the maximum river stage at Mission was nearly the same for both floods. One of the explanations advanced for this behavior has been thoroughly investigated on the Fraser River model. The phenomenon studied was that of the effect of tides on the mean stage of the river. This is not to be confused with the hourly rise and fall stages resulting from tides. It has been deduced that both the mean tide and the range of tide in the Strait of Georgia affect the river mean stage. Natural long-term variation in both of these quantities cause small variations in river stage. It is shown from the differential equation of motion that the second effect is a direct result of size of the non-linear term.
Proton transfer in a Thr200His mutant of human carbonic anhydrase II

Human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) has a histidine at position 64 (His64) that donates a proton to the zinc-bound hydroxide in catalysis of the dehydration of bicarbonate. To exam- ine the effect of the histidine location on proton shuttling, His64 was replaced with Ala and Thr200 replaced with histidine (H64A-T200H HCAII), effec- tively relocating the proton shuttle residue 2A closer to the zinc-bound hydroxide compared to wild type HCA II. The crystal structure of H64A- T200H HCA II at 1.8 A resolution shows the side chain of His200 directly hydrogen-bonded with the zinc-bound solvent. Different proton transfer pro- cesses were observed at pH 6 and at pH 8 during the catalytic hydration-dehydration cycle, measured by mass spectrometry as the depletion of 18 O from C 18 O2 by H64A-T200H HCA II. The process at pH 6.0 is attributed to proton transfer between the side chain of His200 and the zinc-bound hydroxide, in analogy with proton transfer involving His64 in wild-type HCA II. At pH 8.0 it is attributed to proton transfer between bicarbonate and the zinc-bound hydroxide, as supported by the dependence of the rate of proton transfer on bicarbonate concentra- tion and on solvent hydrogen isotope effects. This study establishes that a histidine directly hydrogen- bonded to the zinc-bound hydroxide, can adopt the correct distance geometry to support proton trans- fer. Proteins 2005;61:239 -245. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Combining Source and Target Language Information for Name Tagging of Machine Translation Output

A Named Entity Recognizer (NER) generally has worse performance on machine translated text, because of the poor syntax of the MT output and other errors in the translation. As some tagging distinctions are clearer in the source, and some in the target, we tried to integrate the tag information from both source and target to improve target language tagging performance, especially recall. In our experiments with Chinese-to-English MT output, we first used a simple merge of the outputs from an ET (Entity Translation) system and an English NER system, getting an absolute gain of 7.15% in F-measure, from 73.53% to 80.68%. We then trained an MEMM module to integrate them more discriminatively, and got a further average gain of 2.74% in F-measure, from 80.68% to 83.42%.
Protein Kinase B/akt and Rab5 Mediate Ras Activation of Endocytosis

Transient expression of oncogenic Ha-Ras (Ras:V12) stimulates endocytosis. Using NIH3T3 cells expressing constitutively active protein kinase B/akt (PKB/akt) or kinase-dead PKB/akt, we show that PKB/akt mediates the stimulatory effect of Ras on endocytosis. Fluid phase endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase in cells expressing the constitutively active form of PKB/akt was elevated and insensitive to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors. However, expression of dominant negative Rab5:N34 blocked endocytosis in cells expressing the constitutively active form of PKB/akt. Transient expression of either Rab5:wt or Rab5:L79, a GTPase deficient mutant of Rab5, in cells expressing constitutively activated PKB/akt further increased endocytic rate. However, in cells expressing kinase-dead PKB/akt, endocytic rate was not affected by transient expression of Rab5:wt. Rab5:L79, on the other hand, increased endocytosis in cells expressing kinase-dead PKB/akt. Similar results were obtained using an in vitro endosome fusion reconstitution assay with cytosol prepared from cells expressing the activated PKB/akt or kinase-dead PKB/akt. Both Rab5:wt and Rab5:L79 stimulated endosome fusion when assayed in cytosol containing the activated PKB/akt, whereas only Rab5:L79 activated fusion when the assay utilized cytosol from kinase-dead expressing cells. We conclude that Ras activation of endocytosis requires both PKB/akt and Rab5 and that active kinase is required for activation Rab5.
Kinetics and mechanisms of Zn complexation on metal oxides using EXAFS spectroscopy.

Zn(II) sorption onto Al and Si oxides was studied as a function of pH (5.1-7.52), sorption density, and ionic strength. This study was carried out to determine the role of the various reaction conditions and sorbent phases in Zn complexation at oxide surfaces. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy was used to probe the Zn atomic environment at the metal oxide/aqueous interface. For both amorphous silica and high-surface-area gibbsite, Zn sorption kinetics were rapid and reached completion within 24 h. In contrast, Zn sorption on low-surface-area-gibbsite was much slower, taking nearly 800 h for a sorption plateau to be reached. In the case of silica, EXAFS revealed that Zn was in octahedral coordination with first-shell oxygen atoms up to a surface loading of approximately 1 micro molm(-2), changing to tetrahedral coordination as surface loading and pH increased. For the high-surface-area gibbsite system, the Znz.sbnd;O first-shell distance was intermediate between values for tetrahedral and octahedral coordination over all loading levels. Zn formed inner-sphere adsorption complexes on both silica and high-surface-area gibbsite over all reaction conditions. For Zn sorption on low-surface-area gibbsite, formation of Znz.sbnd;Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) occurred and was the cause for the observed slow Zn sorption kinetics. The highest pH sample (7.51) in the Zn-amorphous silica system resulted in the formation of an amorphous Zn(OH)(2) precipitate with tetrahedral coordination between Zn and O. Aging the reaction samples did not alter the Zn complex in any of the systems. The results of this study indicate the variability of Zn complexation at surfaces prevalent in soil and aquatic systems and the importance of combining macroscopic observations with methods capable of determining metal complex formation mechanisms.
Thinking outside the box: a middle-aged man with new-onset dyspnoea on exertion and pedal oedema

We describe a diagnostic dilemma in a middle-aged man presenting with dyspnoea and bilateral pedal oedema who had been diagnosed with right heart failure based on clinical evidence. The evaluation for aetiology eventually led to discovery of an unusual extrathoracic cause, a left-to-right communication in the renal vasculature. Renal arteriovenous fistulae are rare and can be congenital, acquired or idiopathic. A left-to-right shunt typically presents with high-output cardiac failure involving the left and right sides of the heart. An atypical feature of this case was the finding of overt right heart failure in the setting of a normal left heart. Such a presentation has only been described in a few isolated case reports. Diagnostic approaches include CT angiography and cardiac catheterisation for haemodynamic measurements. The primary treatment options for arteriovenous fistulae are medical management, arterial embolisation and surgical repair.
Chapter 4 – Hearing1

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of hearing. There are two primary concerns for the laboratory scientist interested in a behavioral analysis of sensory function. First, there are the procedural problems of instructing the subject, ordering the stimuli for presentation, and data treatment of the subject's responses. The second concern is with the instruments, particularly the acoustic transducers. It is difficult to evaluate the characteristics of the sound field in relation to the physical position of the subject in any experimental arrangement. Precise measurement of the stimuli in physical units appropriate to the source of energy is essential to make any quantitative statements about the sensory acuity of an organism. The oldest and the most controversial area of inquiry in laboratory psychology and psychophysics is heavily introspective and firmly tied to language. The use of language for instructing the subject and for the subject's response assumes an extensive and complex history of discrimination training in regard to language on the part of both experimenter and subject.
Here, I Used to Be: Mobile Media and Practices of Place-Based Digital Memory

This article examines how location-based mobile media technologies are affecting the ways individuals experience the relationship between memory and place. We argue that location-based mobile appli...
Reliability Based Design Recommendations for an Electromechanical Actuator Test Stand

The quality and robustness of data sets of faulted electromechanical actuators (EMAs) are necessary to strengthen aircraft prognostic data analysis of such systems. Primary flight surface control actuators are of particular interest because the lack of known failure data erodes the confidence of the component and subsequently sub-system health predictions. To aid in this research, an EMA test stand has been designed and built to help in predicting the life and wear characteristics of faulted actuators with respect to their nominal counterparts. Faults are injected into the actuator during in-flight experiments while actuator parameters are recorded and then post-processed on the ground. This paper provides an assessment of the availability and reliability of the current EMA test stand design. Using the performance history of similar components in the field, this paper specifically demonstrates design aspects of the test stand that affect test system design and fault data quality. The study has been conducted to validate the test stand design, as well as offer design recommendations to increase test stand availability and ability to supply quality and robust fault to failure data sets.
Abstract 1119: Interplay between EGFRvIII and c-Met in glioblastoma multiforme

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive and lethal brain tumor which is associated with a high recurrence rate after surgery and an increased resistance to irradiation and chemotherapies. Consequently, patients suffering from GBM have a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate with an average life expectancy of less than 15 months. Key signaling components, especially receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), are aberrantly activated in GBM. The most frequent is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and here the most commonly activated form, EGFRvIII, augments GBM invasiveness, promotes therapy resistance and connotes poor prognosis. There are five EGFR approved inhibitors and interestingly clinical studies have indicated that targeting the activity of the EGFR in association with conventional GBM therapies does little to inhibit tumor growth. The underlying mechanistic reasoning for this poor response are not understood and may reflect EGFR-induced trans-activation of other RTKs such as the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), or uncoupling of EGFR signaling from its downstream mediators. Several studies have indicated that EGFR can trans-activate c-Met and consequently the dual targeting of both EGFR and c-Met significantly decreases the growth of EGFRvIII expressing tumor xenografts, indicating that inhibiting both EGFR and c-Met activity may prove beneficial in GBM therapy. Currently, the only known ligand for c-Met is the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Thus we hypothesize that EGFR induced HGF production is critical for the increased tumorgenicity observed in EGFRvIII expressing GBM cells. Using GBM cell lines we show that c-Met activation is increased in GBM cells that both stably and transiently express EGFRvIII. Furthermore, conditioned media taken from GBM cells expressing EGFRvIII can activate c-Met signaling in GBM cells that lack EGFRvIII. In both instances we see that the kinase activity of the EGFRvIII partially contributes to the production of HGF and the activation of c-Met in GBM cells. Aberrant c-Jun terminal kinase signaling (JNK) can be detected in the majority of patient GBMs. Using GBM cells stably lacking JNK2α2 we identify JNK2α2 signaling as a potential mechanism behind EGFRvIII activation of c-Met via the production of HGF in EGFRvIII GBM expressing cells. Taken together our data describes a novel role for JNK2α2 in mediating GBM tumorgenicity through the regulation of HGF production and the subsequent activation of c-Met signaling in GBM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1119. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1119
Decision Support Systems (DSS) development using a model of user inquiry types: Methodological proposals and a case study

A study of the DSS implementation area reveals an increased emphasis on methodologies for DSS development. As the DSS field matures, a larger number of methodological options are becoming available to the DSS developer. Existing methodologies have adopted various methods for performing the important task of DSS requirements analysis and specification. In envisaging a hierarchy of requirements analysis methods, a method for improved requirements analysis is proposed to remedy observed deficiencies within it. This method is based on a view of generic types of inquiries or solicitations made by the DSS user during decision-making. This formalism constitutes the basis of a proposed DSS development methodology that offers several benefits to DSS development. The intended benefits include a sharper and more focused requirements analysis to improve the DSS development process. This paper describes the model and methodology, alongside details of a real-world example of their use in developing a Marketing Decision Support System (MKDSS) for the support of marketing decision-making.
Abstract 4508: Oxidative protein modifications in serous epithelia ovarian cancer tissues

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Despite advances in the surgical and chemotherapeutic management of ovarian cancer over the last decade, survival rates remain low, largely due to late diagnosis. Up to now very few candidate biomarkers have been investigated for early detection of ovarian cancer. The implication of ROS in female reproductive system and ovarian cancer are evidenced. Enzymatic antioxidants neutralize excessive ROS in cells. Under special condition, the cellular antioxidants are depleted. The ultimate aim of this study is to identify a biomarker for early detection of ovarian cancer. In this study 155 snap-freeze primary serous epithelial ovarian tissues including, normal, normal surrounding, cystadenoma, borderline and carcinoma with age range of 65±12,(55% Caucasian 45% Africa American), were analyzed. The objectives are: (a) to evaluate the protein expression profiles using two dimension gel electrophoresis (2-D SDS-PAGE) and LC/MS technology, (b) to identify and evaluate the level of oxidative modified protein, using derivatisation of protein carbonyl group with 2,4-dinitrophenylhyrdozine(DNPH) assay and western blot technique. Our results showed that the index of carbonyl protein /total protein increased by onset and progression of the serous ovarian malignancy. The elevation of oxidized protein among African American was 40 % higher than Caucasian in advanced stages of diseases. SDS-PAGE profiles showed a distinct protein pattern among cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. LC/MS analysis for elucidation of molecular changes of selected proteins bands is in progress. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4508. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4508
Isolation and identification of cultivable microorganisms in oil shale from Fushun western open group, China

To study the diversity of cultured microorganisms from oil shale samples in Fushun west open pit mine, cultured microorganisms were isolated and purified by dilution-plate method, and then were identified and phylogenetically analyzed by 16 S rDNA sequences(bacteria) and ITS-rDNA sequences(fungi). The results showed that the 8 bacterial isolates from nutrient agar medium belonged to 5 genera(Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus and Rhodococcus), and the 4 fungal isolates from potato dextrose agar medium belonged to 4 genera(Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Absidia and Eupenicillium). 2 bacterial strains(ZK4 and ZK5) could grow well on the agar medium with oil shale as the sole carbon and nitrogen source for more than 5 generations, and were further considered as potential strains for the biotransformation of oil shale.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics and progress of measles elimination in Baise City from 1996-2011

OBJECTIVE To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Baise City from 1996 to 2011 and to summarize progress towards measles elimination. METHODS Measles cases were collected in Baise City from 1996 to 2011and epidemiological features were analyzed. RESULTS The results showed that 7 473 measles cases were reported during1996-2011, and annual average incidence was 11.68 per 100 000. The cases were mainly children who lived scattered and students, and most of them appeared from March to June. We grouped measles cases by age, 55.22% cases from two groups:under one year old and from five to ten years old. 40.42% had measles vaccine immunization history, 33.73% were non-vaccinated and 25.85% were uncertain. CONCLUSION Measles cases are mainly due to low immunization coverage rate and failure of immunization. For the next step, need to further strengthen the routine immunization and coverage of SIA, and catch up vaccination in some priority regions.
Study on allergenicity model of BN rat

Objective To confirm the feasibility of BN rats as the protein allergy animal model. Methods 48 female BN rats were randomly divided into 6 groups,control group,PAP group,HEWP group,OVA-low group,OVA-middle group,OVA-high group,8 rats in each group. The above groups were administrated 1 ml sterilized water,1 mg / ml PAP, 10 mg / ml HEWP,0. 1 mg / ml OVA,1 mg / ml OVA or 10 mg / ml OVA solution,respectively daily for 6 weeks by gavage. Blood samples were taken on the 14th,28thand 42nddays from the orbital plexus,and centrifuged to obtain serum for analyzing specific IgG and total IgE. On the 21stand 35thdays,blood samples were taken to obtain plasma for analyzing histamine. In addition, the changes of blood pressure and gut permeability were determined. Results Different concentrations of allergen OVA could stimulate allergic reaction in BN rats,including elevated specific IgG and total serum IgE,elevated histamine level,decreased blood pressure,where 1 mg / ml OVA was the optimal sensitizing dose. The allergic reactions to Weak allergens( HEWP) was weak,allergic reactions to non allergen( PAP) was negative. Gastrointestinal function had no obvious physiological changesfor all groups. Conclusion BN rat could be a suitable animal model for evaluation of food protein allergy.
Temporal and spatial mosaics: deep host association and shallow geographic drivers shape genetic structure in a widespread pinworm, Rauschtineria eutamii (Nematoda: Oxyuridae)

Climate and host demographic cycling often shape both parasite genetic diversity and host distributions, processes that transcend a history of strict host–parasite association. We explored host associations and histories based on an evaluation of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences to reveal the underlying history and genetic structure of a pinworm, Rauschtineria eutamii, infecting ten species of western North American chipmunks (Rodentia:Tamias, subgenus Neotamias). Rauschtineria eutamii contains divergent lineages influenced by the diversity of hosts and variation across the complex topography of western North America. We recovered six reciprocally monophyletic R. eutamii mitochondrial clades, largely supported by a multilocus concordance tree, exhibiting divergence levels comparable with intraspecific variation reported for other nematodes. Phylogenetic relationships among pinworm clades suggest that R. eutamii colonized an ancestral lineage of western chipmunks and lineages persisted during historical isolation in diverging Neotamias species or species groups. Pinworm diversification, however, is incongruent and asynchronous relative to host diversification. Secondarily, patterns of shallow divergence were shaped by geography through events of episodic colonization reflecting an interaction of taxon pulses and ecological fitting among assemblages in recurrent sympatry. Pinworms occasionally infect geographically proximal host species; however, host switching may be unstable or ephemeral, as there is no signal of host switching in the deeper history of R. eutamii.
Abstract A07: Spontaneous canine mammary cancers: A much-needed model for human basal-like breast cancer and an ideal system to understand myoepithelial cells

Spontaneous canine mammary cancer represents an excellent model of human breast cancer but is greatly understudied. To better utilize this valuable resource, we performed the first comprehensive characterization of the genome, transcriptome and epigenome of 12 canine mammary cancer cases, including 7 simple carcinomas and 4 complex carcinomas (1). Simple carcinomas, which histologically match human breast carcinomas, harbor extensive genomic aberrations, many of which faithfully recapitulate key features of human breast cancer. Notably, these tumors closely cluster with human basal-like breast carcinomas from TCGA (2), but not with other intrinsic subtypes, in PAM50 classification with human breast carcinomas. Furthermore, these tumors match the basal-like cancer profile, including MYC amplification, PTEN deletion, BRCA1 mutation, etc. Our results indicate canine simple carcinomas could serve as a much-needed spontaneous cancer model of basal-like breast cancer by effectively bridging the gap between preclinical research and human trials, speeding up drug discovery for the worst subtype of breast cancer. Canine complex carcinomas, characterized by proliferation of both luminal and myoepithelial cells (rare in human breast cancer), appear to lack genomic abnormalities. Instead, these tumors have ~35 chromatin-modification genes downregulated, and are abnormally enriched with active histone modification H4-acetylation while depleted with repressive histone modification H3K9me3. Our findings indicate that these tumors likely originate from epigenomic alterations instead of genomic lesions. Canine complex carcinomas offer an ideal system to study myoepithelial cells, the second major yet significantly understudied cell lineage of the mammary gland. References: 1. Liu D, Xiong H, Ellis AE, Northrup NC, Rodriguez CO, Jr., O9Regan RM, et al. Molecular homology and difference between spontaneous canine mammary cancer and human breast cancer. Cancer research. 2014. 2. Cancer Genome Atlas N. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2012;490:61-70. Citation Format: Deli Liu, Huan Xiong, Angela E. Ellis, Nicole C. Northrup, Carlos O. Rodriguez Jr, Ruth M. O9Regan, Stephen Dalton, Shaying Zhao. Spontaneous canine mammary cancers: A much-needed model for human basal-like breast cancer and an ideal system to understand myoepithelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr A07.
What Schooling Does to Parents

The people who prepare the bulk of American teachers work in our colleges and universities. They are often bitterly criticized—by their students, by classroom teachers, and, increasingly, by the public at large—for being out of touch with the realities of teaching. How do you teach another person how to teach when you might never have done it or have only done it a very long time ago?
In vitro anti-tubulin effects of mebendazole and fenbendazole on canine glioma cells.

Benzimidazole anthelmintics have reported anti-neoplastic effects both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro chemosensitivity of three canine glioma cell lines to mebendazole and fenbendazole. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) (±SD) obtained from performing the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay after treating J3T, G06-A, and SDT-3G cells for 72 h with mebendazole were 0.030 ± 0.003, 0.080 ± 0.015 and 0.030 ± 0.006 μM respectively, while those for fenbendazole were 0.550 ± 0.015, 1.530 ± 0.159 and 0.690 ± 0.095 μM; treatment of primary canine fibroblasts for 72 h at IC50 showed no significant effect. Immunofluorescence studies showed disruption of tubulin after treatment. Mebendazole and fenbendazole are cytotoxic in canine glioma cell lines in vitro and may be good candidates for treatment of canine gliomas. Further in vivo studies are required.