cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanics of brittle failure in compression

Abstract The mechanics of brittle failure in compression is reviewed in light of experimental observations and some recent results from micromechanical modeling. The axial splitting, faulting and the transition from brittle to ductile response are discussed. It is concluded that the descending portion of the stress-strain curve (i.e. the strain-softening), often observed for materials of this kind, does not represent a continuum response; therefore, many numerical calculations in the strain-softening range should be viewed with caution.
Requirements and Effects of Palmitoylation of Rat PLD1

Abstract Rat brain phospholipase D1 (rPLD1) has two highly conserved motifs (HXKX 4D), denoted HKD, located in the N- and C-terminal halves, which are required for phospholipase D activity. The two halves of rPLD1 can associatein vivo, and the association is essential for catalytic activity and Ser/Thr phosphorylation of the enzyme. In this study, we found that this association is also required for palmitoylation of rPLD1, which occurs on cysteines 240 and 241. In addition, palmitoylation of rPLD1 requires the N-terminal sequence but not the conserved C-terminal sequence, since rPLD1 that lacks the first 168 amino acids is not palmitoylated in vivo, while the inactive C-terminal deletion mutant is. Palmitoylation of rPLD1 is not necessary for catalytic activity, since N-terminal truncation mutants lacking the first 168 or 319 amino acids exhibit high basal activity although they cannot be stimulated by protein kinase C (PKC). The lack of response to PKC is not due to the lack of palmitoylation, since mutation of both Cys240 and Cys241 to alanine in full-length rPLD1 abolishes palmitoylation, but the mutant still retains basal activity and responds to PKC. Palmitoylation-deficient rPLD1 can associate with crude membranes; however, the association is weakened. Wild type rPLD1 remains membrane-associated when extracted with 1 m NaCl or Na2CO3 (pH 11), while rPLD1 mutants that lack palmitoylation are partially released. In addition, we found that palmitoylation-deficient mutants are much less modified by Ser/Thr phosphorylation compared with wild type rPLD1. Characterization of the other cysteine mutations of rPLD1 showed that mutation of cysteine 310 or 612 to alanine increased basal phospholipase D activity 2- and 4-fold, respectively. In summary, palmitoylation of rPLD1 requires interdomain association and the presence of the N-terminal 168 amino acids. Mutations of cysteines 240 and 241 to alanine abolish the extensive Ser/Thr phosphorylation of the enzyme and weaken its association with membranes.
Lowered thresholds to flurothyl seizures after lateral geniculate lesions in rats

Abstract Although considerable attention has been directed towards the effects of cerebral cortical damage on convulsive thresholds, few studies have involved subcortical structures. In the present report, the thresholds for flurothyl-induced myoclonic jerks and generalized seizures were determined in adult, male albino rats. Bilateral lesions of the lateral geniculate nucleus resulted in an almost 20% decrease in threshold to the convulsant. Although no sensitivity changes resulted from lesions of either the lateral thalamic posterior nucleus or the medial geniculate nucleus, lesions of these areas potentiated the effects seen with lesions of the lateral geniculate nucleus alone. In all cases, the increased sensitivity to the convulsant required more than 1 week after surgery for development. It was concluded that the visual system is intimately involved in at least some types of convulsive phenomena.
Characterization of a mouse somatic cytochrome c gene and three cytochrome c pseudogenes

Abstract Mouse contains two functional, but differentially expressed, cytochrome c genes. One of these genes is expressed in all somatic tissues so far examined. The other gene is expressed only in testis and is assumed to be spermatogenesis-specific. The nucleotide sequence of four mouse cytochrome c-like genes has been determined. One of these genes (MC1) contains an intron and encodes a polypeptide sequence identical to the published mouse somatic cytochrome c amino acid sequence. The other three genes can not properly encode a mouse cytochrome c protein and appear to be pseudogenes which have arisen via an insertion into the mouse genome of a cDNA copy of a cytochrome c mRNA molecule.
Exposure to traffic exhaust and night cough during early childhood: the CCAAPS birth cohort

Though studies have investigated the association between air pollution and respiratory health outcomes in children, few have focused on night cough. The study objective was to simultaneously evaluate family factors (i.e., race, gender, maternal and paternal asthma, and breastfeeding), health (allergen sensitization and wheezing symptoms), home factors (dog, cat, mold, endotoxin, and dust mite), and other environmental exposures (traffic exhaust and second-hand tobacco smoke) for associations with recurrent dry night cough (RNC) during early childhood. A structural equation model with repeat measures was developed assessing RNC at ages one, two, and three. The prevalence of RNC was relatively large and similar at ages, one, two, and three at 21.6%, 17.3%, and 21.1%, respectively. Children exposed to the highest tertile of traffic exhaust had an estimated 45% increase in risk of RNC compared with children less exposed (adjusted OR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.94). Also, wheezing was associated with a 76% higher risk of RNC (adjusted OR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.26). A protective trend for breastfeeding was found with a 27% reduction in risk associated with breastfeeding (adjusted OR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.01). No other factors were significant. These results suggest that traffic exhaust exposure may be a risk factor for night cough in young children.
Effects of disorder on anharmonic phonon relaxation

Abstract Nonequilibrium phonons created in a crystal relax by spontaneous decay due to anharmonicity of the crystal. We formulate a theory which takes into account the effects of disorder and the breaking of wave-vector conservation on the anharmonic decay of both lattice modes and localized vibrations.
Case study: ICT use by businesses in rural India: The case of EID Parry's Indiagriline

This case presents the experience of EID Parry, a major sugar manufacturer based in India. The vision behind this initiative was to increase the livelihood of farmers and bridge the gap between rural and urban India by providing a one stop shop for the interchange of goods and information for both farmers and other members of the rural community. The case presents details of how this vision was implemented and the results. The company created kiosks with internet and computer access and developed and maintained a web portal. The portal provided information relating to farming techniques, farm business information, general information on weather, etc., and access to the firm's ERP system. The business model was to franchise all kiosks to local entrepreneurs. The company found that the franchise model was not financially viable in all locations and the company had to intervene with company-owned kiosks. Further, it was observed that information alone was not sufficient to help farmers-a firm has to provide structural and financial solutions. There was a need for intermediaries in the learning system. The ERP system was vital.
Cdc42 is required in a genetically distinct subset of cardiac cells during Drosophila dorsal vessel closure

The embryonic heart tube is formed by the migration and subsequent midline convergence of two bilateral heart fields. In Drosophila the heart fields are organized into two rows of cardioblasts (CBs). While morphogenesis of the dorsal ectoderm, which lies directly above the Drosophila dorsal vessel (DV), has been extensively characterized, the migration and concomitant fundamental factors facilitating DV formation remain poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that DV closure occurs at multiple independent points along the A-P axis of the embryo in a "buttoning" pattern, divergent from the zippering mechanism observed in the overlying epidermis during dorsal closure. Moreover, we demonstrate that a genetically distinct subset of CBs is programmed to make initial contact with the opposing row. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying this process, we examined the role of Rho GTPases during cardiac migration using inhibitory and overexpression approaches. We found that Cdc42 shows striking cell-type specificity during DV formation. Disruption of Cdc42 function specifically prevents CBs that express the homeobox gene tinman from completing their dorsal migration, resulting in a failure to make connections with their partnering CBs. Conversely, neighboring CBs that express the orphan nuclear receptor, seven-up, are not sensitive to Cdc42 inhibition. Furthermore, this phenotype was specific to Cdc42 and was not observed upon perturbation of Rac or Rho function. Together with the observation that DV closure occurs through the initial contralateral pairing of tinman-expressing CBs, our studies suggest that the distinct buttoning mechanism we propose for DV closure is elaborated through signaling pathways regulating Cdc42 activity in this cell type.
Crafting a federal legislative framework for child welfare reform

The nature and scope of the problems plaguing child welfare systems across the country make federal solutions especially urgent. A decade after enactment of the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (PL 96-272), legislation is pending that builds on its framework to enhance services and supports for vulnerable children and their families. The legislation reflects a growing consensus about the nature of the child welfare crisis and about the reform strategies that will be effective. Language: en
Influence of Ion Beam Mixing on the Growth of High Temperature Oxide Superconducting Thin Film

The superconducting properties of high temperature superconductor thin films are dependent on the quality of the substrate used to grow these films. In order to maximize the lattice matching between the superconducting film and the substrate, we have used a YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} thin film deposited on {l angle}100{r angle} SrTiO{sub 3} as a template. The first film was prepared by coevaporation of Y, BaF{sub 2} and Cu on {l angle}100{r angle} SrTiO{sub 3}, followed by an anneal in wet'' oxygen at 850{degree}C. This film showed a sharp transition at about 90 K. A thicker layer of about 5000 A was then deposited on top of this first 2000 {angstrom} film, using the same procedure. After the post anneal at 850{degree}C, the transition took place at 80 K and no epitaxy of the second film was observed. Ion beam mixing at 400{degree}C, using 400 keV O ions was done at the interface of the two films (the second one being not annealed). After the post anneal, the film displayed an improved Tc at 90K. Moreover, epitaxy was shown to take place from the interface SrTiO{sub 3}-123 film towards the surface and was dependent of the dose. These results willmore » be discussed from the data obtained from Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) combined with channeling experiments, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. 8 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Oriented antibody immobilization by site-specific UV photocrosslinking of biotin at the conserved nucleotide binding site for enhanced antigen detection.

The nucleotide binding site (NBS) is an under-utilized, highly conserved binding site found within the variable region of nearly all antibody Fab arms. Here, we describe an NBS specific UV photocrosslinking biotinylation method (UV-NBS(Biotin)) for the oriented immobilization of antibodies to streptavidin-coated surfaces, such that the antigen binding activity remains unaffected. An optimal UV exposure of 1J/cm(2) yielded an average conjugation efficiency of ≈ 1 biotin per antibody resulting in significant immobilization efficiency while maintaining maximal antigen binding activity. With the continued push for miniaturization of medical diagnostics to reduce cost and increase patient accessibility the ever shrinking on chip detection areas necessitate the highest level of immobilized antibody activity to maximize assay detection capabilities. The UV-NBS(Biotin) method yielded surfaces with significantly enhanced antigen detection capabilities, improved antigen detection sensitivity and the highest amount of active surface immobilized antibody when compared to other common immobilization methods including: e-NH3(+) surface conjugation, NHS-Biotin, and direct physical adsorption. Taken together, the UV-NBS(Biotin) method provides a universal, site-specific immobilization method that is amenable to any available assay detection modality with potential significant implications in the development of miniaturized medical diagnostics and lab on a chip technologies.
Partial structure-field map for A3+B5+O4 compounds

Abstract The occurrence of crystal-structure types among a series of ANb1−xVxO4 compounds, where A is a trivalent rare-earth ion, has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The results have been used to refine the published structure-field map for A3+B5+O4 compounds. Discrete regions of stability are found for the monazite, zircon, fergusonite and scheelite structures.
Effects of a dual endothelin-1 receptor antagonist on airway obstruction and acute lung injury in sheep following smoke inhalation and burn injury

Studies have suggested that ET-1 (endothelin-1) is associated with lung injury, airway inflammation and increased vascular permeability. In the present study we have tested the hypothesis that treatment with a dual ET-1 receptor antagonist will decrease airway obstruction and improve pulmonary function in sheep with combined S+B (smoke inhalation and burn) injury. Twelve sheep received S+B injury using the following protocol: six sheep were treated with tezosentan, an ETA and ETB receptor antagonist, and six sheep received an equivalent volume of vehicle. Physiological and morphological variables were assessed during the 48 h study period and at the end of the study. There was no statistically significant difference in the PaO2/FiO2 (partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood/fraction of O2 in the inspired gas) ratio of the tezosentan-treated animals compared with controls; however, lung lymph flow was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the treated animals. PVRI (pulmonary vascular resistance index) was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in the tezosentan-treated animals. Assessment of NOx (nitric oxide metabolite) levels in plasma and lymph showed significantly elevated (P<0.05) levels in the tezosentan-treated animals compared with levels in untreated sheep. The degree of bronchial obstruction was similar in both treated and control sheep; however, bronchiolar obstruction was reduced in sheep treated with tezosentan. Histopathologically, no difference in the degree of parenchymal injury was detected. In conclusion, administration of a dual ET-1 receptor antagonist prevented an increase in PVRI after injury and reduced the degree of bronchiolar obstruction in sheep with S+B; however, treated sheep showed higher levels of NOx and increased lung lymph flow. Tezosentan treatment was ineffective in protecting against acute lung injury in this model.
The structure and function of the small airways in pinniped and sea otter lungs

Abstract We have looked at the structure of the small airways from the lungs of 58 marine mammals. Six were from sea otters, the others were from 14 of the 21 pinniped genera. In comparison with the terminal airways of terrestrial mammals all showed reinforcement by muscle and/or cartilage. The small airways of phocid seal lungs were reinforced by a moderately slender tube of oblique muscle. Those of otariid seals were strengthened by very much thicker pieces of cartilage. The airways of sea-otter and walrus lungs were of an intermediate pattern. Both types of reinforcement seem to appear late in foetal life rather than by arrest of development. Calculations suggest the reinforcement in otariid lungs may be excessive for limiting nitrogen absorption during deep dives and behavioural observations indicate that strengthened airways may also be required for rapid ventilation at the surface between dives.
A Conserved Tryptophan at the Ferredoxin-Binding Site of Ferredoxin:Nitrite Oxidoreductase

Abstract Treatment of spinach leaf ferredoxin-dependent nitrite reductase with N -bromosuccinimide (NBS), under conditions where slightly less than 1 mol of tryptophan is modified per mole of nitrite reductase, inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme by ca. 80% without any effect on substrate binding or other enzyme properties. Complex formation between nitrite reductase and ferredoxin completely protects the enzyme against this inhibition. Transient kinetic measurements show that the second-order rate constant for reduction of NBS-modified nitrite reductase by reduced ferredoxin is approximately fourfold larger than that observed for the native, unmodified enzyme. Also, reduction of NBS-modified nitrite reductase by the 5-deazariboflavin radical shows a different kinetic pattern than that observed with the native enzyme, suggesting that tryptophan modification increases access of the radical to the low-potential [4Fe–4S] cluster of the enzyme, decreases the accessibility to the siroheme group of the enzyme, or both. The tryptophan that is modified has been identified as the absolutely conserved W92. A methionine, M73, that is also modified by NBS, has been identified. The ferredoxin-binding site on spinach nitrite reductase thus appears to include W92 and perhaps M73, in addition to the previously identified R375, R556, and K436.
Phase breaking in ballistic quantum dots: Experiment and analysis based on chaotic scattering.

We introduce two methods of extracting the rate of loss of electron phase coherence in ballistic quantum dot microstructures from statistical measures of magnetic-field-induced conductance fluctuation. The first method uses changes in the (magnetic-field) power spectrum of conductance fluctuations upon changing the average conductance through the dot. The second, based on a Hauser-Feshbach--like formula from nuclear physics, relates the phase-breaking rate to the amplitude of the conductance fluctuations. The two methods are then applied to experimental data from GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As quantum dots in the shape of a stadium billiard. Preliminary results give phase-breaking rates that are consistent with those previously found in quasiballistic GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As microstructures.
A history and overview of the certification exam for medical dosimetrists

Abstract During the last century, the creation and implementation of board certification has had a powerful impact on the medical community. Board certification has helped to shape the scope and practice of medical professionals and the care they provide, as well as to influence the way the health insurance industry sets standards for reimbursement. One profession that offers board certification to its members is medical dosimetry. The Medical Dosimetrist Certification Board exam has been administered since 1988 and its content covers a broad spectrum of information from the radiation therapy sciences. The exam has strict application requirements and is rather difficult to pass. Those who pass the exam can then call themselves Certified Medical Dosimetrists. For data purposes of this study, several members of the dosimetry community were solicited to participate in a survey regarding the exam’s content and history, and to provide relevant statistical data. Currently 2,177 medical dosimetrists are board certified, with an additional 1,500 estimated to be working without certification. Although board certification is not currently required to practice medical dosimetry, new legislation known as the CARE Bill could change this. The CARE Bill, if passed, would mandate nationwide compulsory licensure and/or certification for medical dosimetrists and other medical professionals who want to work in radiation-related health care. Health maintenance organizations and other insurance carriers may likewise require certification for reimbursement purposes.
Empirical Eulogos Argumentation in GA III 10

This paper examines the nature of ‘reasonable’ (eulogos) argumentation in Generation of Animals III.10. Its aim is to develop an alternative to the dialectical construal of reasonable argumentation in Aristotle recently favoured by Robert Bolton. On the basis of a close textual analysis I show that the reasonable arguments deployed in Generation of Animals III.10 do not appeal to endoxa or reputable beliefs per se. Instead, they rely upon general facts (sumbainonta) about animals established by empirical induction. This implies that, contra Bolton, not all reasonable arguments in Aristotle are dialectical; some, in fact, are thoroughly empirical and scientific. I conclude by suggesting that such empirical reasonable arguments even have a place in the De Caelo, the treatise that Bolton primarily focused upon when developing his interpretation.
Editor's Note for the Extended Parallel Process Model: Two Decades Later

This special issue of Health Communication marks the 20th anniversary of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), which was first published in Communication Monographs in 1992. According to Goog...
Collaborative systems with applications for social good

Crowdsourcing and collaborative systems have become an important part of Computer Science system deployments. The research discussed in this paper designs and explores the use of collaborative systems for crowdsourced user participation in different kinds of tasks. Application focus of projects discussed here is mostly towards social good. This paper provides an overview of my research objectives and approach, and identifies my work on both usability of systems as well as data specific definitions for them. Acknowledging the importance of user participation in development projects, I work on structuring systems in a way that they can extract best response from participants and help in the overall goal. The paper also describes my objectives to study user behavior based on their participation in various collaborative systems.
Comparison of the Performance of Copper Oxide Nanofluid with Water in Electronic Cooling

A numerical study to compare the performance of water and copper oxide (CuO) nanofluid flowing under laminar regime in a parallel-plate channel, serving as a heat sink in an electronic device, has been presented. The geometry considered here is commonly used in the design of heat sinks suitable for cooling an array of microprocessor chips for which air cooling is insufficient. The influence of nanofluids concentration on local and average skin friction coefficients, Nusselt numbers, and convective heat-transfer coefficients in the channel have been analyzed in detail. The increases in the skin friction and heat transfer with volumetric concentration of nanoparticles have been evaluated from numerical simulations in the Reynolds number range of 100 to 2000. The analysis shows that the flow in this heat sink is hydrodynamically and thermally developing, for which the axial variations of local skin friction and local Nusselt number are presented. As an example, computational results for an 8 % volumetric concentration of CuO nanofluid shows that at a Reynolds number of 2000, the average heat-transfer coefficient increases nearly by a factor of 2 in comparison with pure water. From a detailed analysis summarized in Table 2, it is observed that there is an increase in the pressure loss as the particle concentration increases. For the CuO nanofluid of dilute concentration of 2 %, a slightly higher pumping power of about 10 % compared to water is predicted. This may be tolerable for the thermal protection of expensive electronic chips, in applications where the chip cost is the dominant factor.
Researchers' images of psychotherapy: Their origins and influence on research

Abstract In order to formulate research hypotheses, designs and procedures, researchers must rely on their prior conceptions of the phenomenon they study. The paradigmatic status of a science depends in part on researchers sharing a common basic image of the central phenomenon. However, psychotherapy researchers have been guided in formulating studies not by one but by four basic images, which represent psychotherapy alternatively (a) as mental health treatment, (b) as personal education, (c) as a reform or correctional process, and (d) as moral or spiritual redemption. The dominant image of therapy as treatment inclines researchers to define process in terms of technique, therapists as professionals trained in the application of techniques, patients as embodiments of psychiatrically diagnosable disorders, and outcome as the end result of a treatment episode. Other formulations of process, therapist, patient and outcome variables are suggested by less explicitly acknowledged images of therapy, engendering confusion among researchers. To repair this situation, the nature and origin of the four basic images of psychotherapy are discussed, their integration into a general research-based model is proposed, and the implications of this “generic” model for the design of future research are explored.
A feasibility study of cerebral oximetry monitoring during the post-resuscitation period in comatose patients following cardiac arrest.

Abstract Background One of the major causes of death and neurological injury after cardiac arrest is delayed ischemia combined with oxygen free radical mediated reperfusion injury. Consequently determining the optimal balance between oxygen delivery and uptake in the brain using a reliable non-invasive monitoring system during the post-resuscitation period is of importance. In this observational study, we evaluated the feasibility of using cerebral oximetry during the post-resuscitation period in order to identify changes in regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) and its association with survival to discharge. Methods 21 consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care units following cardiac arrest had cerebral oximetry monitoring carried out for 48 h. Mean rSO2 values were collected during the first 24 h and then again during the subsequent 24–48 h of the post-resuscitation period. Results 43% (n = 9) patients survived to hospital discharge and 57% (n = 12) died. Amongst all patients the median (IQR) rSO2% was 65.5% (62.6–68.2) in the first 24-h following ROSC and increased to 72.1% (64.6–73.7) (p = 0.11) in the subsequent 24–48 h. The median (IQR) rSO2% during the first 24 h in patients who survived to discharge compared to those who did not survive were significantly higher 68.2% (66.0–71.0) vs. 62.9% (56.5–66.0), p = 0.01). During the subsequent 24–48 h period, while a difference in the rSO2 between survivors and non-survivors was noted, this did not achieve statistical significance (median (IQR): 73.7 (70.2–74.0) vs. 66.5 (58.2–72.1), p = 0.11). Conclusions Our study indicates that the use of cerebral oximetry is feasible during the post resuscitation period after cardiac arrest. Further studies are needed to determine whether cerebral oximetry may be used as a novel non-invasive monitoring system to evaluate changes in the balance between cerebral oxygen delivery and uptake during the post-resuscitation period.
Education and Racial-Ethnic Differences in Types of Exercise in the United States.

Epidemiological research typically focuses on the intensity, frequency, or duration of physical activity, without consideration of the socially meaningful dimensions of exercise. The authors use data from the 1998 National Health Interview Survey (N = 17,455) and information on participation in 15 exercise behaviors to examine educational differences in exercise among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Factor analysis identifies three types of exercise: team sports (e.g., basketball, football), fitness activities (e.g., running, weight lifting), and activities that require the use of specialized facilities (e.g., golf, tennis). Cultural capital and human capital perspectives offer insight into different dimensions of the relationship between education and exercise. Whites disproportionately undertake facility-based exercise, blacks tend toward team and fitness activities, and Mexican Americans gravitate toward team sports. Our findings offer insight into the social stratification of health and can aid the design of public health interventions.
Mixed halide/phosphine complexes of the dirhenium core. Part 7. Reactions of [Re2I8]2− with monodentate phosphines

Abstract Reactions of the octaiododirhenate anion [Re2I8]2− with monodentate phosphines (PR3=PMe3 (1), PMe2Ph (2), PEt3 (3), and PEt2Ph (4)) have been studied in two different solvents, ethanol and benzene, at room temperature. The reactions in ethanol resulted in two-electron reduction products having the Re2 4+ core, Re2I4(PR3)4 (R3=Me3 (1a) and Me2Ph (2a)), for which X-ray diffraction study revealed a 1,3,6,8 isomer type. The reaction of [Re2I8]2− with PMe3 in benzene led to an intermediate edge-sharing bioctahedral dirhenium(III) complex, Re2(μ-I)2I4(PMe3)4 (1b), with no metal–metal bond. The interaction of PEt3 with [Re2I8]2− in benzene again yielded a kinetic product with a different stoichiometry and a Re2 5+ core, [Bun4N][Re2I6(PEt3)2] (3c). The analogous reactions of [Re2I8]2− with PMe2Ph and PEt2Ph in benzene involved two-electron reductions and gave complex 2a and Re2I4(PEt2Ph)4 (4a), as products. Reduction of 1b with KC8 gave 1a as the main product along with a few crystals of 1,3,6-Re2I5(PMe3)3 (1d). Mixed iodide/phosphine complexes of the dirhenium core Re2 n+, where n=4 (1a, 2a, 4a), 5 (1d, 3c), and 6 (1b) have for the first time been characterized by X-ray crystallography. In addition, these products have been further identified by a combination of mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetric measurements.
Coronal computed tomography prevalence of superior semicircular canal dehiscence.

Abstract Objectives The relatively new clinical entity superior canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS) is diagnosed by clinical symptoms and signs. Coronal computed tomography (CT) has been used to confirm the diagnosis. A consecutive series of temporal bone CT scans was reviewed to define the prevalence of a dehiscent-appearing superior semicircular canal. Study design and setting Temporal bone CT scans performed over a 2-year period at a university-based tertiary referral center were reviewed independently by 3 individuals. Scans were excluded if coronal images were not obtained or reconstructed from axial images. Prevalence figures for dehiscent-appearing superior semicircular canal were determined by consensus. Medical records of selected individuals with a dehiscent-appearing canal were reviewed for study indications and otologic symptoms. Results A dehiscent-appearing superior semicircular canal was seen in 9% of studies. Correlation among examiners was greater than 94%. Medical records indicated symptoms suggestive of or compatible with the diagnosis of SCDS in rare cases. Conclusion The prevalence of a dehiscent-appearing superior semicircular canal on coronal CT of the temporal bones performed with 1.0-mm collimation is substantially greater than that predicted by temporal bone histologic study. Clinical symptoms compatible with the diagnosis were seldom recorded, suggesting low specificity. The high sensitivity and low specificity of CT scan create a risk for overdiagnosis of SCDS if the coronal CT scans are not correlated with clinical symptoms.
INFORMATION SCIENCE: DISCIPLINE OR DISAPPEARANCE

It is now some twenty years since the activity which has come to be known as information science had its discernible origin as one of the so‐called new interdisciplinary fields that emerged in the post‐war proliferation of scientific activity. This scientific revolution which also produced such new fields as operations research, game theory, systems engineering, cybernetics and so forth can for the most part be traced to the war itself in that they were attempts to develop general methods for dealing with problem areas, the likes of which were encountered during the conduct of the war. The origins of information science, for example, can be directly traced to the war during which the efficient and knowledgeable handling of masses of information was necessary. Because these tasks were generally assigned to undermanned staffs, it was natural for people to believe that the solution to problems relating to information processing lay in the supply of necessary manpower to carry out a sequence of clerical tasks. With the immediate post‐war proliferation of scientific publications which in no small degree resulted from the demonstration of the value of science in the war and hence the ensuing formation of new areas of activity, it was no wonder that scientists began to feel that (1) an information explosion was taking place and (2) critical communication problems were arising in the scientific community due to this information explosion.
Steric hindrance effects in thin reaction zones: applications to BIAcore

Many biological and industrial processes have reactions which occur in thin zones of densely packed receptors. Understanding the rate of such reactions is important, and the BIAcore surface plasmon resonance biosensor for measuring rate constants has such a geometry. However, interpreting biosensor data correctly is difficult since large ligand molecules can block multiple receptor sites, thus skewing the kinetics. General mathematical principles are presented for handling this phenomenon, and a receptor layer model is presented explicitly. An integro-partial differential equation results. Using perturbation techniques, the problem can be simplified somewhat. In the limit of small Damkohler number, the non-local nature of the system becomes evident in the association problem, while other experiments can be modelled using local techniques. Explicit and asymptotic solutions are constructed for large-molecule cases motivated by experimental design. The analysis provides insight into surface-volume reactions occurring in various contexts. In particular, this steric hindrance effect can often be quantified with a single dimensionless parameter.
Dynamic Aspects of Voluntary Turnover: An Integrated Approach to Curvilinearity in the Performance―Turnover Relationship

Previous research pertaining to job performance and voluntary turnover has been guided by 2 distinct theoretical perspectives. First, the push-pull model proposes that there is a quadratic or curvilinear relationship existing between these 2 variables. Second, the unfolding model of turnover posits that turnover is a dynamic process and that a downward performance change may increase the likelihood of organizational separation. Drawing on decision theory, we propose and test an integrative framework. This approach incorporates both of these earlier models. Specifically, we argue that individuals are most likely to voluntarily exit when they are below-average performers who are also experiencing a downward performance change. Furthermore, the interaction between this downward change and performance partially accounts for the curvilinear relationship proposed by the push-pull model. Findings from a longitudinal field study supported this integrative theory.
Extraction of data deposition statements from the literature

Motivation: Research in the biomedical domain can have a major impact through open sharing of the data produced. For this reason, it is important to be able to identify instances of data production and deposition for potential re-use. Herein, we report on the automatic identification of data deposition statements in research articles. Results: We apply machine learning algorithms to sentences extracted from full-text articles in PubMed Central in order to automatically determine whether a given article contains a data deposition statement, and retrieve the specific statements. With an Support Vector Machine classifier using conditional random field determined deposition features, articles containing deposition statements are correctly identified with 81% F-measure. An error analysis shows that almost half of the articles classified as containing a deposition statement by our method but not by the gold standard do indeed contain a deposition statement. In addition, our system was used to process articles in PubMed Central, predicting that a total of 52 932 articles report data deposition, many of which are not currently included in the Secondary Source Identifier [si] field for MEDLINE citations. Availability: All annotated datasets described in this study are freely available from the NLM/NCBI website at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Fellows/Neveol/DepositionDataSets.zip Contact:aurelie.neveol@nih.gov; john.wilbur@nih.gov; zhiyong.lu@nih.gov Supplementary Information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Hall current and inlet disturbances in constant area channel flows

The problem considered is that of obtaining the fluid flow fields introduced within an electromagnetic accelerator, by the off-axis component of the Lorentz force created when a "Hall component" of the electric current exists. In addition, the growth or decay of inlet disturbances is investigated. In this paper a perturbation solution for the fluid properties is obtained. The reference flow about which the perturbation is taken is a modified channel-flow solution which becomes exact as the ratio of channel height to channel length approaches zero. Several example solutions are computed, all but one of which lead to closed form expressions for the dependent variables in terms of the velocity of the imposed channel flow. The solutions indicate that for values of the Hall parameter near or greater than unity, the validity of the channel-flow solutions will be questioned in some cases of high electromagnetic loading, unless the channel width is kept very small. The results for the behavior of inlet disturbances show that in all cases considered such disturbances grow to some extent downstream.
Effect of Washing and Adding Spray-Dried Egg White to Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat on the Quality of Cooked Gels

Abstract Mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) was washed using a two-step washing regimen, which yielded a reduced-fat and light-colored meat. Spray-dried egg white (SDEW) was added to unwashed and washed MDCM at four levels [.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% (wt/wt)], then cooked. Cooked gels were analyzed for cook yield (CY), proximate composition, reflectance color, and texture (gel torsion). The CY was significantly lower for washed versus unwashed gels. Adding SDEW significantly increased CY in MDCM gels. Moisture was significantly higher in washed than unwashed gels. Moisture was reduced and protein was increased by adding SDEW to the gels at the higher levels. Washed MDCM gels were significantly lighter in color (higher L*) and less red (lower a*) than unwashed gels at all levels of added SDEW. Values of L* and a* are those specified by the International Commission on Illumination. Less apparent but significant lightening effects were observed due to the addition of SDEW. Washed MDCM gels were stronger (higher stress) and in most cases more deformable (higher strain) than unwashed gels. Small increases in gel strength were observed at the highest levels of added SDEW. Strain significantly decreased at the 7.5% SDEW level in both washed and unwashed gels.
Energy in animal manures

Abstract Utilizing the energy from animal manures has recently been given considerable attention particularly with regard to biogas generation. Another potential area of utilizing the energy in animal manures is to utilize the heat released during an aerobic biological reaction. This energy would have applications such as environmental control, moisture removal to allow handling manure as a solid, and prevention of freezing. This paper takes an overall look at energy from animal manures with specific emphasis on biologically produced heat. Included are basic concepts on the magnitude of heat energy available, the conditions favorable for its release, and the amount of energy which is potentially usable. A comparison of the various forms of energy produced has been made to determine the efficiencies of energy utilization systems.
PRODUCT TOLERANCE ALLOCATION IN COMPLIANT MULTISTATION ASSEMBLY THROUGH VARIATION PROPAGATION AND ANALYTICAL TARGET CASCADING

Compliant sheet metal assembly is a hierarchical manufacturing process that plays a significant role in automotive product development. Parts are joined in different stations to form the final product (e.g., the vehicle body structure). Dimensional variation is a product attribute of major importance that characterizes quality, and is mainly affected by the variability of parts, fixtures, and joining methods at each of the multiple stations. The propagation of dimensional variation through the multistation assembly system is modeled as a linear process, where all three aforementioned sources of variability are taken into account at each station using finite element models. In this article we apply the analytical target cascading process to the tolerance allocation problem in multistation assembly systems. Specifically, we translate final product variation targets to tolerance specifications for subassemblies and incoming parts. We demonstrate the methodology by means of a vehicle side frame assembly example.
Bounds for Turbulent Transport

We would like to pursue a mathematical approach to turbulence that is able to predict bulk average quantities of experimental and practical significance. Among such bulk average quantities, the Nusselt number N, the enhanced bulk average heat transfer due to convection, is perhaps the simplest physical objective of rigorous mathematical study of turbulence.
Regularized Tensor Factorizations and Higher-Order Principal Components Analysis

High-dimensional tensors or multi-way data are becoming prevalent in areas such as biomedical imaging, chemometrics, networking and bibliometrics. Traditional approaches to finding lower dimensional representations of tensor data include flattening the data and applying matrix factorizations such as principal components analysis (PCA) or employing tensor decompositions such as the CANDECOMP / PARAFAC (CP) and Tucker decompositions. The former can lose important structure in the data, while the latter Higher-Order PCA (HOPCA) methods can be problematic in high-dimensions with many irrelevant features. We introduce frameworks for sparse tensor factorizations or Sparse HOPCA based on heuristic algorithmic approaches and by solving penalized optimization problems related to the CP decomposition. Extensions of these approaches lead to methods for general regularized tensor factorizations, multi-way Functional HOPCA and generalizations of HOPCA for structured data. We illustrate the utility of our methods for dimension reduction, feature selection, and signal recovery on simulated data and multi-dimensional microarrays and functional MRIs.
mc-SPF: an application-level multicast service path finding protocol for multimedia applications

Much of the current multimedia application deployment relies on composable service systems, where complex multimedia services are composed dynamically from multiple simpler ones that may be widely distributed. Related to such a scenario is the problem of finding feasible service paths that meet end-to-end requirements. Research has been done in discovering individual (unicast) service paths. In this paper, we apply multicast at the application layer, and develop a multicast service routing protocol that builds service trees whose individual paths satisfy end-to-end service requirements. Our ns-2 simulation results show that, compared to unicast, multicast can save up to 40% in communication cost, 43% in resource usage, yet incur less message overhead.
YouTube Politics: YouChoose and Leadership Rhetoric during the 2008 Election

The present study employs both qualitative and quantitative research methods to examine the discourse of leadership in the YouTube video clips of 16 candidates who competed in the 2008 U.S. presidential race. The introduction and farewell videos of the candidates included on the YouChoose portion of YouTube are inductively analyzed for leadership utterances. Common categories are constructed through a grounded theory approach, while frequencies of the appearance of leadership traits are discovered through a content analysis of the data. The findings are then compared with rel evant literature to determine the nature of presidential campaigns within the participatory culture of YouTube. The study suggests that the YouChoose videos favor the candidate’s character over political experience and explores the possibility that the medium promotes passive (rather than active) political engagement on the part of the user. The idea of the construction of the YouTube audience as a “postmodern constituency” is also proposed. Finally, the implications of the study are discussed.
Dynamics of CD4+ T Cell Responses against Listeria monocytogenes

The generation of CD4(+) T cell memory cells is poorly understood. Recently, two different murine CD4(+) TCR transgenic T cell lines, LLO118 and LLO56, both specific for the same epitope but differing in their expression level of the cell surface protein CD5, were generated. Notably, these cell lines showed different behavior upon primary and secondary exposure to Listeria monocytogenes. Whereas LLO118 showed a stronger primary response and generated more robust CD8(+) T cell help upon secondary exposure, LLO56 CD4(+) T cells had a dramatically better recall response. Using different mathematical models, we analyzed the dynamics of the two CD4(+) T cell lines in mice during infection with L. monocytogenes. Our models allowed the quantitative comparison of the two T cell lines and provided predictions for the conversion of naive T cells into memory cells. LLO118 CD4(+) T cells are estimated to have a higher proliferation rate than LLO56 CD4(+) T cells upon primary exposure. This difference can be explained by the lower expression level of CD5 on LLO118 CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, LLO56 memory cells are predicted to have a 3-fold longer half-life than LLO118 memory cells ($${t}_{1/2}^{\hbox{ LLO }118}$$ ≈ 4.3 to 5 d and $${t}_{1/2}^{\hbox{ LLO }56}$$ ≈ 11.5 to 13.9 d). Although both cell lines differ in their memory capabilities, our analysis indicates no difference in the rate at which memory cells are generated. Our results show that different CD5 expression levels influence the proliferation dynamics of activated naive CD4(+) T cells while leaving the conversion rate of those cells into memory cells unaffected.
A Single-Chain Magnet Tape Based on Hexacyanomanganate(III).

The tape-like chain {[(tptz)Mn(II) (H2 O)Mn(III) (CN)6 ]2 Mn(II) (H2 O)2 }n ⋅4n MeOH⋅2n H2 O based on the anisotropic building block hexacyanomanganate(III) exhibits long-range magnetic ordering below 5.1 K as well as single-chain magnetic behavior at lower temperatures with an effective energy barrier of 40.5(7) K.
An epistemological view of consumer experiences.

This paper discusses the theoretical underpinnings of consumer experience by examining the definitions of experience and the contextual nature of consumer experiences. It offers a framework to better understand this construct in a hospitality and tourism context. The proposed framework demonstrates the multidimensional facets of the consumer experience. An extensive review of the literature identified three stream of empirical research. The paper suggests that the perception of consumer experience has numerous foundational origins that have complicated its growth as a viable and valued concept. This study proposes a number of emerging themes that give credence and direction to the concept of consumer experiences.