cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transaortic endarterectomy of renal visceral artery lesions in association with infrarenal aortic surgery.

Abstract The complexity of infrarenal aortic reconstruction increases when bypass grafts to revascularize associated renal and visceral arteries are needed. Lesions in these vessels, however, are usually limited to their aortic orifices and therefore are amenable to retroperitoneal transaortic endarterectomy. A combined infrarenal aortic reconstruction and transaortic endarterectomy of the renal/visceral vessels was used in 18 (16%) of 120 patients undergoing elective infrarenal aortic reconstruction over a 2-year-period. Transaortic endarterectomy was performed primarily for renal preservation in 11 patients with bilateral, high-grade, renal artery stenoses and abnormal renal function (serum creatinine ≥1.9 mg/dl). In seven patients transaortic endarterectomy was performed as a secondary procedure during the course of complex reconstruction of aneurysmal or occlusive aortic disease. Mean serum creatinine, which was elevated preoperatively in 14 (78%) patients (3.3 mg/dl), decreased significantly after the operation (2.0 mg/dl, p
DNA Pseudoknots with Appropriate Loop Lengths and Sequence Complementary to the Stem form Stabilizing Base-Triplet Stacks

Pseudoknots have been found to play important roles in RNA function, such as the critical roles in altering gene expression by inducing ribosomal frameshifting in many viruses and in the 5’ UTR of mRNA as riboswitches. We used a combination of UV spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to investigate the unfolding of DNA pseudoknots that mimic the formation of a local triplet helix found with RNA pseudokkots, explaining −1 ribosomal frameshifting. Specifically, we determined the unfolding thermodynamics for the following DNA set of pseudoknots with sequence: d(TCTCTTnAAAAAAAAGAGAT5TTTTTTT), where the length of the “Tn” loop was varied from n = 5, 7, 9, and 11. The increase in loop length yielded higher TMs, 53C to 59C, and folding enthalpies ranging from −60 kcal/mol to −105 kcal/mol, resulting in a significant stabilization of the pseudoknots, G = −8.5 kcal/mol to −15.9 kcal/mol. We also varied the length of the loop for two sets of control molecules: straight hairpin loops and pseudoknots in which the 5’ loop is not complementary to the stem. Their increased loop length yielded slight changes in both the TMs and folding enthalpies, consistent with a slight decrease in stability with the straight hairpin loops and a slight increase in stability with the pseudoknots. Therefore, the increase in enthalpy, ∼14 kcal/mol per step of two loop thymines, is explained in terms of the formation of a single base-triplet stack. For instance, the pseudoknot with the loop of 9 thymines forms two base-triplet stacks. Supported by Grant MCB-1122029 from NSF and GAANN grant P200A120231 from the U.S. Department of Education.
Why There Are So Few Women Warriors

Cross-cultural iiiethodologj, suggests that it,ot?ieti are excluded frorn warfare not so iiiiich because of sex differences in aggressioeness or strength, but instead because of a contradiction arising from i?7arital residency systeliis that arose, in turn, as a function of warfare. Under conditions of internal warfare (war against neighboring communities sharing the same language) many stateless cultures may have adopted patrilocal exogamous marital residency (the bride comes from a dif ferent community and comes to live with the family of the husband). Under these conditions the wife is faced with contradictory loyalties during warfare, because her husband may go to war against her brothers and father. It appears that women have been excluded historically from warfare in order to resolve this contradiction and protect the security of the warrior husbands. This explanation is supported by other findings that women do fight as warriors in certain cultures in which warfare or marital residency rules are st...
Western Names for Chinese Identities: The Acquisition and Use of Western Personal Names among Chinese Business Professionals in Foreign-Invested Corporations

Abstract Names are obvious markers of identity and denote various community memberships of an individual. Names also help to negotiate between an individual's various social identities, providing a window on the process of identity construction. It has become common practice for Chinese business professionals in foreign-invested corporations to acquire and use Western personal names. As the nation-state has emphasized globalization as a key component to modernization, these business professionals have gained particular prestige. Through the use of Western names, business professionals draw on traditional Chinese naming practices and demarcate their position as modern Chinese, thus making status claims on a national level. Western names are not acquired in a simple attempt to emulate the West; rather, Western names are a device by which Chinese business professional negotiate status in the global capitalist system. While the origins of the names are located in the West, the meaning of the names is locally ...
Stable intermediates and holdpoints in the rapid differentiation of Naegleria.

The rapidity of the optional 90-min differentiation of Naegleria gruberi from amoebae to flagellates suggests the possibility of a free-running cascade of events from initiating stimulus through gene expression to organelle assembly and cell morphogenesis. Instead our experiments reveal two points early in the differentiation at which the strength of the inducing stimulus is reevaluated by the cells. Two new physical start signals for differentiation, temperature downshift (DeltaT) and mechanical agitation, are shown to regulate differentiation synergistically with each other and with previously defined signals. A DeltaT of -10 degrees C induces complete differentiation directly in the growth environment, whereas smaller DeltaTs initiate differentiation and allow it to progress for a short time, after which the cells "hold" for up to 4 h, awaiting a stimulus to continue differentiation. Our work defines two "holdpoints," optional points in development where progress can stop, awaiting a suitable signal, while cells retain whatever intermediates represent progress. We propose that such holdpoints, which can be detected in this system because of the temporal reproducibility of the differentiation, are likely to be found in other differentiating cells.
Efavirenz promotes β-secretase expression and increased Aβ1-40,42 via oxidative stress and reduced microglial phagocytosis: implications for HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).

Efavirenz (EFV) is among the most commonly used antiretroviral drugs globally, causes neurological symptoms that interfere with adherence and reduce tolerability, and may have central nervous system (CNS) effects that contribute in part to HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Thus we evaluated a commonly used EFV containing regimen: EFV/zidovudine (AZT)/lamivudine (3TC) in murine N2a cells transfected with the human “Swedish” mutant form of amyloid precursor protein (SweAPP N2a cells) to assess for promotion of amyloid-beta (Aβ) production. Treatment with EFV or the EFV containing regimen generated significantly increased soluble amyloid beta (Aβ), and promoted increased β-secretase-1 (BACE-1) expression while 3TC, AZT, or, vehicle control did not significantly alter these endpoints. Further, EFV or the EFV containing regimen promoted significantly more mitochondrial stress in SweAPP N2a cells as compared to 3TC, AZT, or vehicle control. We next tested the EFV containing regimen in Aβ - producing Tg2576 mice combined or singly using clinically relevant doses. EFV or the EFV containing regimen promoted significantly more BACE-1 expression and soluble Aβ generation while 3TC, AZT, or vehicle control did not. Finally, microglial Aβ phagocytosis was significantly reduced by EFV or the EFV containing regimen but not by AZT, 3TC, or vehicle control alone. These data suggest the majority of Aβ promoting effects of this cART regimen are dependent upon EFV as it promotes both increased production, and decreased clearance of Aβ peptide.
The Longitudinal Relationship Between Extracurricular Activities and Congruence Between Initial and Final Major Among College Students

This study investigated the relationship between high school and college extracurricular activities and congruence between initial and final major of students attending a lower division campus of a comprehensive public university. The results generally support the hypothesis that participation in extracurricular activities is related to congruence between initial and final major. The types of activities that were associated with congruence varied by type of degree (associate vs. baccalaureate) pursued.
Multi-modal Inter-subject Registration of Mouse Brain Images

The importance of small animal imaging in fundamental and clinical research is growing rapidly. These studies typically involve micro PET, micro MR, and micro CT images as well as optical or fluorescence images. Histological images are also often used to complement and/or validate the in vivo data. As is the case for human studies, automatic registration of these imaging modalities is a critical component of the overall analysis process, but, the small size of the animals and thus the limited spatial resolution of the in vivo images present specific challenges. In this paper, we propose a series of methods and techniques that permit the inter-subject registration of micro MR and histological images. We then compare results obtained by registering directly MR volumes to each other using a non-rigid registration algorithm we have developed at our institution with results obtained by registering first the MR volumes to their corresponding histological volume, which we reconstruct from 2D cross-sections, and then registering histological volumes to each other. We show that the second approach is preferable.
A Poetic Representation: Women in Medicine Are “Able to”

The purpose of letters of recommendation is to accentuate the positive attributes of candidates. An archival study examined 291 medical students’ performance evaluations (MSPEs) for male and female medical students written by male and female associate deans of medicine for a highly competitive radiology residency in the Northeast United States. This poetic representation illustrates the author’s emotion to the audience after grappling with disturbing results from the data analysis (Richardson, 2003). Interpretations of the data through a poststructural feminist lens draw on the complexity of the language that remains a constitutive force illustrating reality. “Competent,” part of the Merriam-Webster’s definition of “able,” has a gendered masculine nuance. Even though women physicians represent almost 50% of medical school graduates, there remains questions of what they are “able to” do.
Characterization of apolipoprotein A-I structure using a cysteine-specific fluorescence probe

Two new Cys mutants of proapolipoprotein A-I, D9C and A232C, were created and expressed in Escherichia coli systems. Specific labeling with the thiol-reactive fluorescence probe, 6-acryloyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene (acrylodan), was used to study the structural organization and dynamic properties of the extreme regions of human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in lipid-free and lipid-bound states. Spectroscopic approaches, including circular dichroism and various fluorescence methods, were used to examine the properties of the mutant proteins and of their covalent adducts with the fluorescence probe. The mutations themselves had no effect on the structure and stability of apoA-I in the lipid-free state and in reconstituted HDL (rHDL) complexes. Furthermore, covalent modification with acrylodan did not alter the properties of the apoA-I variants in the lipid-bound state nor in the lipid-free A232C mutant, but it affected the structure and local stability of the lipid-free protein in the D9C mutant. Fluorescence results using the acrylodan probe confirmed a well-organized structure in the N-terminal region of apoA-I. Also, they suggested a three-dimensional structure in the C-terminal region, stabilized by protein-protein contacts. When Trp residues and acrylodan were used as donor-acceptor pairs for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), average distances could be measured. Both intensity and lifetime changes of the Trp emission indicated a protein folding in solution that brings the C-terminus of the protein near the Trp residues in the N-terminal half of the sequence. Also, the N- and C-terminal domains of apoA-I appeared to be near each other in rHDL having two apoA-I per particle.
The fate of sensitized equine arteritis virus following neutralization by complement or anti-IgG serum☆☆☆

Abstract The mechanisms involved in the neutralization of infectious equine arteritis virus (EAV)-antibody complexes by complement or anti-IgG serum were investigated. Analysis of label release from 3 H-uridine labeled RNA revealed that after addition of equine or guinea pig complement to sensitized EAV, disruption of the virion with release of RNase-sensitive viral RNA occurred within 30 min at 37 °. In contrast, when sensitized EAV was neutralized with either anti-IgG serum at 37 ° or complement at +2 °, the RNA label remained sedimentable and RNase-resistant. These data and studies with infectivity restored to complement-neutralized EAV-antibody complexes by trypsin treatment seemed to indicate that neutralization of infectious virus-antibody complexes precedes virolysis and takes place by steric hindrance of “critical sites” on the viral envelope. Complement-mediated neutralization is then followed by a temperature-sensitive step, possibly involving late-acting members of the complement series, which leads to virolysis.
Projections of the ventral subiculum to the amygdala, septum, and hypothalamus: A PHAL anterograde tract‐tracing study in the rat

The projections of the ventral subiculum are organized differentially along the dorsoventral (or septotemporal) axis of this cortical field, with more ventral regions playing a particularly important role in hippocampal communication with the amygdala, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST), and rostral hypothalamus. In the present study we re-examined the projection of the ventral subiculum to these regions with the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method in the rat. The results confirm and extend earlier conclusions based primarily on the autoradiographic method. Projections from the ventral subiculum course either obliquely through the angular bundle to innervate the amygdala and adjacent parts of the temporal lobe, or follow the alveus and fimbria to the precommissural fornix and medial corticohypothalamic tract. The major amygdalar terminal field is centered in the posterior basomedial nucleus, while other structures that appear to be innervated include the piriformamygdaloid area, the posterior basolateral, posterior cortical, posterior, central, medial, and intercalated nuclei, and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. Projections from the ventral subiculum reach the BST mainly by way of the precommissural fornix, and provide rather dense inputs to the anterodorsal area as well as the transverse and interfascicular nuclei. The medial corticohypothalamic tract is the main route taken by fibers from the ventral subiculum to the hypothalamus, where they innervate the medial preoptic area, "shell" of the ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, ventral premammillary nucleus, and cell-poor zone around the medial mammillary nucleus. We also observed a rather dense terminal field just dorsal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus that extends dorsally and caudally to fill the subparaventricular zone along the medial border of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and ventrolateral border of the paraventricular nucleus. The general pattern of outputs to the hypothalamus and septum is strikingly similar for the ventral subiculum and suprachiasmatic nucleus, the endogenous circadian rhythm generator.
IMPACT AND STATIC TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF WET PROCESS ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN1

A brief review is given of the apparatus used for determining the resistance to impact of ceramic materials, namely, apparatus of the “pile driver” type and of the pendulum type. A Charpy (pendulum) transverse impact machine of 2 ft.-lbs. maximum capacity suitable for porcelain has been built and is described. Specimens from 1/2 to 11/8 inches in diameter can be accommodated on movable supports. Data were obtained for 1/2, 3/4, 1, and 11/8 inch diameter cylinders of wet process porcelain on a 4-inch span, the average values for 1/2-inch diameter being 1.24 ft.-lbs. per sq. in., and the average value for 3/4, 1, and 11/8 inches being 1.53 ft.-lbs. per sq. in. with an average deviation from the mean of about 2.5%. Data on specimens of wet process porcelain 1/2, 3/4, 1, and 11/8 inch in diameter fractured on 4- and 5-inch spans give equivalent values for the modulus of rupture. The average of all values is 11,000 pounds per square inch.
Naltrexone, dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists, and food intake in rats: 1. Food deprivation.

Abstract Different forms of food intake are reduced by both agonists and antagonists of dopamine D 1 and D 2 receptors as well as general opioid antagonists. The present study evaluated whether deprivation (24 h)-induced food intake was altered following systemic administration of either the D 1 agonist, SKF-38393, the D 1 antagonist, SCH-23390, the D 2 agonist, quinpirole, or the D 2 antagonist, haloperidol, alone or in combination with the general opioid antagonist, naltrexone. Both SKF-38393 (5–10 mg/kg) and SCH-23390 (100–200 μg/kg) significantly and dose dependently reduced deprivation-induced intake. Whereas quinpirole (0.5–1 mg/kg) failed to alter deprivation-induced intake, haloperidol increased deprivation-induced intake at low (50 μg) doses and decreased intake at higher (100–500 μg/kg) doses. Naltrexone (2.5–10 mg/kg) significantly inhibited deprivation-induced intake. When naltrexone was paired with behaviorally ineffective doses of either SCH-23390 (2.5–100 μg/kg), quinpirole (0.01–1 mg/kg), or haloperidol (50 μg/kg), the degree of reduction of deprivation-induced intake was significantly greater than that produced by naltrexone alone. Pairing naltrexone with SKF-38393 produced reductions of deprivation-induced intake comparable to that of naltrexone alone.
The ‘Santiago Principles’ for Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Case Study on International Financial Standard-Setting Processes

This article considers the subject of 'multi-level governance' respecting ' "regulatory" financial standard-setting' through the lens of the 2008 'Santiago Principles' and 2009 establishment of the International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds. Upon a US initiative, the matter fell on to the policy plate of the G-20 Finance Ministers and was then translated into 'administrative marching orders' for the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and World Bank to work with the major sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) and others in devising a set of 'best practices'. What transpired has been a sui generis, ad hoc, 'multi-level, rule-oriented governance network process'. The immediate 'deliverable' has been a set of 'international best practices' (Santiago Principles). The related International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds encapsulates a new ongoing 'institutional', 'administrative', and 'qualified self-regulatory' process for implementing, interpreting, revising, adjusting, monitoring, and assessing these Principles and for further fostering their global acceptance as part of the post-global-financial-crisis 'international architecture'. These developments add a new component to the global capital markets and to the proliferation of 'global administrative networks' and related 'soft law regulation' in the area of international economic financial law. Tangentially, this SWF phenomenon raises the question of the interconnected roles of the IMF, OECD, World Bank, United Nations, International Labour Organization and World Trade Organization, along with the related-linked 'soft law, regulatory network(s)', in the 'new international financial architecture'. Oxford University Press 2010, all rights reserved, Oxford University Press.
The Role of Religiosity in Stress, Job Attitudes, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Religion and faith are often central aspects of an individual’s self-concept, and yet they are typically avoided in the workplace. The current study seeks to replicate the findings about the role of religious beliefs and practices in shaping an employee’s reactions to stress/burnout and job attitudes. Second, we extend the literature on faith in the workplace by investigating possible relationships between religious beliefs and practices and citizenship behaviors at work. Third, we attempted to study how one’s perceived freedom to express his/her religious identity at work was related to workplace attitudes and behaviors. Mixed results suggest that religiosity can be related to stress and burnout, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. More research is needed to further qualify the results and explore the effects of one’s perceived freedom to express his/her religious identity in the workplace.
Responsibility and motivation

Soulignant l'ambiguite de l'expression etre moralement responsable, qui designe a la fois le controle et l'auteur d'une action, l'A. montre que c'est bien l'idee d'auteur qui legitime ce que P. Strawson appelle nos attitudes reactives, definissant les pratiques de louange, de blâme, d'offense, de pardon, de remerciement et de respect, qui sont associees aux attributions de la responsabilite morale. Definissant le principe des possibilites alternatives (PAP) et la responsabilite morale pratique (PMR) dans le cadre de la conception de la volonte libre chez H. Frankfurt (PMR * ), l'A. montre que PMR * permet de justifier les attitudes de l'agent responsable, c'est-a-dire de l'agent capable de determiner ses motivations et d'evaluer ses desirs meme s'il ne controle pas toutes les caues de son action
Silicon wafer thickness measurement using terahertz time domain spectroscopy main

When measuring optical material parameters with terahertz spectroscopy the accuracy of the material parameters measured depends strongly on knowing and supplying the precise sample thickness when processing the raw terahertz data. It turns out that the terahertz data itself typically does contain accurate information as to the sample thickness. In this study we determine the accuracy with which the exact thickness of nominally 500 μm silicon wafers can be measured using terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). We analyze and compare the resolution of 5 different approaches for determining sample thickness using THz-TDS data including three methods previously proposed in the literature, one novel approach and a refined implementation of an existing approach. The quantitative results and analyses of methods we present will be useful in developing far-infrared optical metrology. Conversely the quantitative results presented in this study can be used to relate uncertainty in sample thickness to uncertainty in the measured terahertz data both in the time domain and frequency domain (phase and amplitude).
The Radii of the Alkali and Halogen Ions and of the Atoms of Inert Gases

Packing radii of the alkali and halogen ions in crystal lattices.---An analysis of recent results for the distances of closest approach of the ions in the lattices of all the alkali halides indicates (1) that these ions pack as though they were nearly spherical in shape; (2) that the heavier ions have packing radii which are nearly constant, i.e. independent of the ions with which they are combined; and (3) that the radii of ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ are approximately equal to those of the negative ions with the same number of electrons, ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Br}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${\mathrm{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, respectively, the approximation being closer the greater the atomic number. Assuming the radii of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ to be equal, and that the first two conclusions above hold rigidly, the radii of the ions are computed to be as follows, in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$cm: for ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, 1.974; ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$, 1.679; ${\mathrm{Br}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, 1.737; ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$, 1.548; ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, 1.589; ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$, 1.1 to 1.2; ${\mathrm{Fl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, 1.0 to 1.2. These values are in general agreement with the average of the ionic radii computed by Land\'e (from crystal data), Richards (from compressibility), and Saha (from ionization potentials), but differ considerably from Bragg's results from x-ray data. The above conclusions are shown to be in qualitative agreement with the Lewis-Langmuir theory.Packing radii of the inert gases computed from x-ray data on the assumption that for each gas the radius is the mean of those for the alkali and halogen ions with the same number of electrons, come out: for Xe, 1.97; Kr, 1.71; Ar, 1.57; Ne, 1.15. These are only from.0 to.27 units higher than the values obtained by Rankine from viscosity measurements. Assuming these radii, the atomic volume per electron comes out approximately constant for Xe, Kr and Ne, though somewhat low for Ar.
Carbonate inclusions in mantle-derived pyropes

Abstract Calcium and magnesium-rich carbonate inclusions are observed within chrome-rich apparently mantle-derived pyropes from kimberlitic diatremes of northern Arizona. K 2 O content of the carbonate is low (less than 0.1%); SrO contents approach 1%. While our observations imply the presence of a carbonate phase in the upper mantle, K 2 O is not concentrated within it as has been suggested.
Global homotopy continuation procedures for seeking all roots of a nonlinear equation

Abstract Methods are presented for seeking all roots, real and complex, to single, nonlinear equations using global continuation with fixed-point and Newton homotopies. The methods are facilitated by unique properties of the homotopies when applied to a single nonlinear equation starting from a single real value. In some cases, the homotopy path must be tracked through the complex domain to obtain all roots, even in the absence of complex roots. For this purpose, a complex predictor–corrector method is developed, which tracks both real- and complex-valued paths and locates bifurcation points where real-valued paths become complex-valued paths. The methods are applied to 16 chemical engineering problems. For all problems, all real roots are obtained and all complex roots are obtained when they exist.
Beyond medical futility: a proposed taxonomy of ultra vires acts in medicine.

When is a physician’s act non-medical, and how might such non-medical acts be classified? One approach, analogous to the substantive due process inquiry employed by American courts weighing the constitutionality of legislative acts, would involve consideration of the following questions: 1) Is a legitimate medical goal being pursued? 2) Are the means being employed legitimately medical? 3) Are the goals and means appropriately related? Accordingly, a physician acts medically when employing legitimate and appropriate medical means in pursuit of a legitimate medical goal. In contrast, when the goals pursued or means employed are not legitimately medical, or when the two are not appropriately related, the act ismedically ultra vires (“beyond the powers”)—that is, an act beyond the physician’s power or authority—and consequently non-medical.Medically ultra vires acts may be further sub-classified depending upon which prong of the above trident is defective. Where the goal of the act, though achievable, is not legitimately medical, the act ismedically ultra vires because of goal illegitimacy, ormedically ultra fines (“beyond the ends”). Where the means employed are not legitimately medical, the act ismedically ultra vires because of means illegitimacy, ormedically ultra modos (“beyond the means”). Where the means and goals are not appropriately related, the act ismedically ultra vires because of means-goals disjunction, ormedically ultra nexus (“beyond the connection”). Medical futility (where the medical goal in question, albeit legitimate, cannot be achieved by the act under consideration) represents the paradigmatic example of the latter.
Behavioral Graph Analysis of Internet Applications

Recent years have witnessed rapid growth of innovative and disruptive Internet services such as video streaming and peer-to-peer applications. As network traffic of these applications continues to grow, it has become a challenging task to understand their communication patterns and traffic behavior of end hosts engaging in these applications. This paper presents a novel approach based on behavioral graph analysis to study social behavior of Internet applications based on bipartite graphs and one-mode projection graphs. Through a vector of graph properties including coefficient clustering that capture social behaviors of end hosts, we discover the inherent clustered groups of Internet applications that not only exhibit similar social behavior of end hosts, but also have similar characteristics in the aggregated traffic. In addition, we demonstrate the usage of the proposed approach in detecting emerging applications and anomalous traffic patterns towards Internet applications.
Impact of low-temperature stress on general phenylpropanoid and anthocyanin pathways: Enhancement of transcript abundance and anthocyanin pigmentation in maize seedlings

Changes in anthocyanin content and transcript abundance for genes whose products function in general phenylpropanoid metabolism and the anthocyanin pathway were monitored in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings during short-term, low-temperature treatment. Anthocyanin and mRNA abundance in sheaths of maize seedlings increased with the severity and duration of cold. Anthocyanin accumulation was found in all tested lines that were genotypically capable of any anthocyanin production. Within 24 h of transferring 7-d maize (B37N) seedlings to 10° C, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (Pal) (EC 4.3.1.5)-homologous and chalcone synthase (C2) (EC 2.3.1.74) transcript levels increased at least 8- and 50-fold, respectively, and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4Cl) (EC 6.2.1.12)-homologous and chalcone isomerase (Chi) (EC 5.5.1.6)-homologous transcripts increased at least 3-fold over levels in unstressed plants. Time-course studies showed thatPal (EC 4.3.1.5) andC2-transcript levels remained relatively constant for the first 12 h of cold stress, dramatically increased over the next 12 h, and declined to pretreatment levels within 2 d of returning coldstressed seedlings to ambient (25° C) temperature. Transcripts4Cl (EC 6.2.1.12) andChi (EC 5.5.1.6) increased in abundance within 6 h of cold stress, exhibited no further increase over the next 36 h, and declined to pretreatment levels upon returning seedlings to 25° C. Transcripts homologous to two regulatory (R, C1) and three structural (A1,A2, andBz2) anthocyanin genes increased at least 7- to 10-fold during cold treatment, exhibiting similar kinetics of accumulation as forPal (EC 4.3.1.5) andC2 transcripts. Transcripts encoded byBz1, the anthocyanin structural gene for UDP:glucose-flavonol glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.91), were relatively abundant in control tissues and exhibited only a transient increase during the cold period. Our studies suggest that the genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway can be consideredcor (Cold-Regulation) genes, and because this pathway is well defined, it is an excellent subject for characterizing plant molecular responses to low temperatures.
Bioassay of thyrotropic hormone by weight response of bovine thyroid slices.

THE bioassay of thyrotropic hormone (TSH) continues to be an area of active investigation because of the technical difficulty, variability, and limited sensitivity of existing methods. The present one is reported in detail because it is unusually sensitive, economical, and simple, permitting two technicans to obtain 130 or more determinations daily. It shares the limited precision of other methods for assay of TSH. This assay is based upon previously reported observations (1) of the effect of TSH on the osmoregulation of surviving beef thyroid slices. The final weight of the slices reflects a specific and proportional response to TSH added to the incubation medium. Fresh, intact beef thyroids were obtained from a nearby slaughterhouse3. The glands were removed 10 to 20 minutes after the animal's death, wrapped in parafilm, and surrounded by ice4 during the fifteen-minute transit to the laboratory. A single gland was dissected free of the surrounding fat and connective tissue capsule and cut into blocks ap...
Seeing double: visual physiology of double-retina eye ontogeny in stomatopod crustaceans

Stomatopod eye development is unusual among crustaceans. Just prior to metamorphosis, an adult retina and associated neuro-processing structures emerge adjacent to the existing material in the larval compound eye. Depending on the species, the duration of this double-retina eye can range from a few hours to several days. Although this developmental process occurs in all stomatopod species observed to date, the retinal physiology and extent to which each retina contributes to the animal's visual sensitivity during this transition phase is unknown. We investigated the visual physiology of stomatopod double retinas using microspectrophotometry and electroretinogram recordings from different developmental stages of the Western Atlantic species Squilla empusa. Though microspectrophotometry data were inconclusive, we found robust ERG responses in both larval and adult retinas at all sampled time points indicating that the adult retina responds to light from the very onset of its emergence. We also found evidence of an increase in the response dynamics with ontogeny as well as an increase in sensitivity of retinal tissue during the double-retina phase relative to single retinas. These data provide an initial investigation into the ontogeny of vision during stomatopod double-retina eye development.
Methods for Assessing Item, Step, and Threshold Invariance in Polytomous Items Following the Partial Credit Model

Measurement invariance in the partial credit model (PCM) can be conceptualized in several different but compatible ways. In this article the authors distinguish between three forms of measurement invariance in the PCM: step invariance, item invariance, and threshold invariance. Approaches for modeling these three forms of invariance are proposed, and the mathematical relationship between the three forms is established. Parametric and contingency table approaches for assessing the three forms of invariance are presented, and the application of the parametric and contingency table approaches to a real data set is described. The invariance effect estimates observed for the parametric and contingency table approaches are consistent with the theoretical equivalence of the two approaches.
The Rise of At-Will Employment and Racial Inequality in the Public Sector

This article assesses several likely consequences of moving from a traditional tenure to an at-will system of employment for patterns of racial inequality in the public sector. On the basis of these consequences, it is argued that an at-will system may negate the long-standing status of the public arena as the labor market niche for African Americans. The broad discretion of employers may increase susceptibility of African Americans to discrimination-induced job dismissals. In addition, employment at will may reduce the social-psychological benefits traditionally associated with government employment.
Down-regulation of proinflammatory capacity during apoptosis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are essential to innate immunity in humans and contribute significantly to inflammation. Although progress has been made, the molecular basis for termination of inflammation in humans is incompletely characterized. We used human oligonucleotide microarrays to identify genes encoding inflammatory mediators that were differentially regulated during the induction of apoptosis. One hundred thirty-three of 212 differentially expressed genes encoding proinflammatory factors, signal transduction mediators, adhesion molecules, and other proteins that facilitate the inflammatory response were down-regulated during the induction of apoptosis following PMN phagocytosis. Among these, 42 genes encoded proteins critical to the inflammatory response, including receptors for IL-8β, IL-10α, IL-13α1, IL-15α, IL-17, IL-18, C1q, low-density lipoprotein, IgG Fc (CD32), and formyl peptide, Toll-like receptor 6, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31), P-selectin (CD62), IL-1α, IL-16, and granulocyte chemoattractant protein-2 were down-regulated. Many of these genes were similarly down-regulated during Fas-mediated or camptothecin-induced apoptosis. We used flow cytometry to confirm that IL-8Rβ (CXCR2) and IL-1α were significantly down-regulated during PMN apoptosis. We also discovered that 23 genes encoding phosphoinositide and calcium-mediated signal transduction components, which comprise complex pathways essential to the inflammatory response of host cells, were differentially regulated during PMN apoptosis. Importantly, our data demonstrate that PMNs down-regulate proinflammatory capacity at the level of gene expression during induction of apoptosis. These findings provide new insight into the molecular events that resolve inflammation following PMN activation in humans.
Using Above-Level Testing to Track Growth in Academic Achievement in Gifted Students.

Above-level testing is the practice of administering aptitude or academic achievement tests that are designed for typical students in higher grades or older age-groups to gifted or high-achieving s...
Mouse Hepatitis Virus Does Not Induce Beta Interferon Synthesis and Does Not Inhibit Its Induction by Double-Stranded RNA

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) does not induce interferon (IFN) production in fibroblasts or bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. In this report, we show that the essential IFN-beta transcription factors NF-kappaB and IFN regulatory factor 3 are not activated for nuclear translocation and gene induction during infection. However, MHV was unable to inhibit the activation of these factors and subsequent IFN-beta production induced by poly(I:C). Further, MHV infection did not inhibit IFN-beta production mediated by known host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (RIG-I, Mda-5, and TLR3). These results are consistent with the notion that double-stranded RNA, produced during MHV infection, is not accessible to cellular PRRs.
The Classical Nuclear Localization Signal Receptor, Importin α, is Required for Efficient Transition through the G1/S Stage of the Cell Cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

There is significant evidence linking nucleocytoplasmic transport to cell cycle control. The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, serves as an ideal model system for studying transport events critical to cell cycle progression because the nuclear envelope remains intact throughout the cell cycle. Previous studies linked the classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS) receptor, importin-α/Srp1, to the G2/M transition of the cell cycle. Here, we utilize two engineered mutants of importin-α/Srp1 with specific molecular defects to explore how protein import affects cell cycle progression. One mutant, Srp1-E402Q, is defective in binding to cNLS cargoes that contain two clusters of basic residues termed a bipartite cNLS. The other mutant, Srp1-55, has defects in release of cNLS cargoes into the nucleus. Consistent with distinct in vivo functional consequences for each of the Srp1 mutants analyzed, we find that overexpression of different nuclear transport factors can suppress the temperature-sensitive growth defects of each mutant. Studies aimed at understanding how each of these mutants affects cell cycle progression reveal a profound defect at the G1 to S phase transition in both srp1-E402Q and srp1-55 mutants as well as a modest G1/S defect in the temperature-sensitive srp1-31 mutant, which was previously implicated in G2/M. We take advantage of the characterized defects in the srp1-E402Q and srp1-55 mutants to predict candidate cargo proteins likely to be affected in these mutants and provide evidence that three of these cargoes, Cdc45, Yox1, and Mcm10, are not efficiently localized to the nucleus in importin-α mutants. These results reveal that the classical nuclear protein import pathway makes important contributions to the G1/S cell cycle transition.
Validation of Three On-Line Flow Simulations for Injection Molding

Polymer process control is limited by a lack of observability of the distributed and transient polymer states. Three simulations of varying complexity are validated for on-line simulation of an injection molding process with a two drop hot runner system to predict the state of the polymer melt in real time and thereby improve product quality in situ. The simplest simulation is a Newtonian model, which predicts flow rates given the inlet and outlet pressures. An intermediate non-Newtonian and nonisothermal simulation utilizes a modified Ellis model that expresses the viscosity as a function of the shear stress in which the modeling of the heat transfer utilizes a Bessel series expansion to include effects of heat conduction, heat convection, and internal shear heating. A numerical simulation was also developed that utilizes a hybrid finite difference and finite element scheme to simultaneously solve the mass, momentum, and heat equations. Numerical verification indicates that the flow rate predictions of the described simulations compare well with the results from a commercial mold filling simulation. However, empirical validation utilizing a design of experiments indicates that the described analyses are qualitatively useful, but do not possess sufficient accuracy for quantitative process and quality control. Specifically, off-line validation using optimal transducer calibration with well characterized materials provided a coefficient of regression, R2, of ∼0.8. However, blind validation with previously untested materials and no transducer re-calibration provided a regression coefficient of ∼0.4. While the direction of the main effects was usually correct, the magnitudes of the effects were frequently outside the confidence interval of the observed behavior. Several sources of variance are discussed, including sensor calibration, constitutive modeling of the polymer melt, and numerical analysis. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:274–288, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
The role of chemical boundary layers in regulating the thickness of continental and oceanic thermal boundary layers

An important feature of continents and oceans is that they are underlain by chemically distinct mantle, made intrinsically buoyant and highly viscous by melt depletion and accompanying dehydration, respectively. Of interest here are the influences of these preexisting chemical boundary layers on small-scale convective processes (as opposed to large-scale processes, which govern the drift of continents and the eventual fate of oceanic thermal boundary layers, e.g., subduction) at the base of the oceanic and continental thermal boundary layers. This manuscript explores the endmember in which dehydrated and melt-depleted boundary layers are assumed to be strong (in the viscous sense) and chemically buoyant enough that they do not partake in any secondary convection, that is, vertical heat transfer through these lids occurs purely by conduction. This assumption implies that the onlypart ofthe thermalboundary layerthat participates insecondary convectionresides beneath the strong chemical boundary layer. For oceans, this leads to the condition that the onset time of convective instability is suppressed until after the thermal boundary layer has cooled through the base of the strong chemical boundary layer, whose thickness is defined at the outset by the depth at which the solid mantle adiabat crosses the anhydrous peridotite solidus. A scaling law is presented that accounts for the presence of a preexisting strong chemical boundary layer and predicts that the onset time of convective instability beneath oceans correlates with the thickness of the chemical boundary layer, which itself correlates with the potential temperature of the mantle at thetimeofmelting.Estimatedpaleo-potentialtemperaturesrequiredtogenerateoldoceaniccrustinthePacificandAtlanticmayin fact be correlated with onset time of seafloor flattening, but more data are needed to confirm these preliminary observations. Finally, for continents, recent numerical models suggest that the thickness of the convective sublayer, hence the total thermal boundary layer thickness, is also controlled by the thickness of a preexisting strong chemical boundary layer. Xenolith data from cratons are shown to be largely consistent with the model-predicted relationship between the thicknesses of the chemical and thermal boundary layers beneath continents. The conclusion of thisstudy isthat the natureof bothoceanic andcontinental thermal boundary layers is likely to be linked to preexisting strong chemical boundary layers. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Factors of Human Aggression: A Cross-Cultural Factor Analysis of. Characteristics Related to Warfare and Crime

An orthogonal factor analysis was applied to a phi coefficient matrix composed of 78 cultural characteristics related to warfare. The first un- rotated, the first two and the first six rotated fact...
Gender, Black Feminism, and Black Political Economy

This article uses two dimensions of Black feminist standpoint epistemology to investigate Black political economy. It suggests that centering on Black women's experiences and analyzing those experiences via intersectional paradigms fosters rethinking the significance of family within gender, sexuality, race, class, and nation. The article concludes by identifying how these new views of family might inform gendered analyses of Black political economy.
Resilience by Design: Bringing Science to Policy Makers

No one questions that Los Angeles has an earthquake problem. The “Big Bend” of the San Andreas fault in southern California complicates the plate boundary between the North American and Pacific plates, creating a convergent component to the primarily transform boundary. The Southern California Earthquake Center Community Fault Model has over 150 fault segments, each capable of generating a damaging earthquake, in an area with more than 23 million residents (Fig. 1). A Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) analysis of the expected losses from all future earthquakes in the National Seismic Hazard Maps (Petersen et al. , 2014) predicts an annual average of more than $3 billion per year in the eight counties of southern California, with half of those losses in Los Angeles County alone (Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], 2008). According to Swiss Re, one of the world’s largest reinsurance companies, Los Angeles faces one of the greatest risks of catastrophic losses from earthquakes of any city in the world, eclipsed only by Tokyo, Jakarta, and Manila (Swiss Re, 2013). Figure 1. Perspective view of fault segments in the Southern California Community Fault Model and seismicity 1984–2004 (fig. 1 from Plesch et al. , 2007). The last large earthquake in Los Angeles, the M w 6.7, 17 January 1994, Northridge earthquake happened the day before abstracts were due for the last meeting of the Seismological Society of America held in Pasadena. It took 45 min to get the first estimate of location and magnitude (“about 6 and a half in the northwest San Fernando Valley”) and 2 hr to locate the first aftershock, a failing of the computer systems that eventually led to the development of TriNet and the first broadband network in the United States (Hauksson et al. , 2001). When FedEx delivered more than 400 abstracts for that meeting, most of the …