cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The North American Experience with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Introduction In North America, the majority of prospective investigation using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for thoracic targets has been carried out treating medically inoperable patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Methods Because SBRT involves constructing very compact high-dose volumes within the lung for targeting cancer deposits, tumor position must be accurately assessed throughout the respiratory cycle. Measures to account for this motion, either by tracking (chasing), gating, or inhibition (breath hold and abdominal compression) must be used to avoid large margins of error that would expose uninvolved normal tissues. Sophisticated image guidance and related treatment delivery technology have been used primarily for the purpose of targeting the tumor with as low a radiation dose to the surrounding normal tissue as possible. Results Phase I dose escalation trials have been carried out in North America to achieve potent tumorcidal dose levels capable of eradicating tumors with high likelihood. These studies indicate a clear dose-response relationship for tumor control with escalating dose of SBRT. While late toxicity requires further careful assessment, acute and subacute toxicity are generally acceptable. Radiographic and local tissue effects consistent with bronchial or vascular damage and downstream collapse with fibrosis are common. While such radiographic changes are most often asymptomatic, more frequent and sometimes debilitating toxicity has been observed for patients with tumors near the central airways. Conclusions Prospective trials using SBRT in North America have been able to identify potent tolerant dose levels and confirm their efficacy in patients with medically inoperable disease. Although mechanisms of this injury remain elusive, ongoing prospective trials offer the hope of finding the ideal application for SBRT in treating pulmonary targets.
Compact thermosyphon using multistacked radiator cores for automobiles : Refrigerant circulation and cooling performance

A new closed two-phase loop thermosyphon with multi-stacked radiator cores and a new flow controller forming a refrigerant circulation have been developed. When the temperature of the partition wall which separates the liquid return passage from boiling the region of the refrigerant tank becomes extremely high, the refrigerant circulation is inhibited. The inhibition factor of the refrigerant circulation was clarified. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 29(3): 204–217, 2000
Bridging the university-school divide - Horizontal expertise and the "two-worlds pitfall"

Research on teacher learning consistently documents the disjuncture between the practices beginning teachers encounter in university teacher preparation courses and those they reencounter in the K-...
A variant of phage P2 originating in Escherichia coli, strain B.

Abstract A dismune derivative of phage P2 (able to impart a different specificity of immunity to superinfection when present as prophage in a lysogenic cell) is shown to originate through hybridization between P2 and some genetic element of Escherichia coli strain B, and is therefore symbolized as P2 Hy dis. The hypothesis according to which the element involved is a previously unrecognized prophage is supported by the following facts: strain B is immune to infection by P2 Hy dis; this property may be lost as a consequence of infection with P2; the ability to originate dismune phage is lost at the same time as the immunity to superinfection by it. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to demonstrate any, even defective, phage particles corresponding to the postulated prophage.
A generalization of Schell's theorem

Abstract Schell's theorem of coherence theory is generalized to cases where the detection plane is not necessarily in the far-field.
Promoting the organ donor card: A causal model of persuasion effects

Due to the present critical shortage of donor organs available for transplantation, effective communication strategies are necessary to heighten public commitment to donation. The promotion of organ donor card-signing may be a successful vehicle in the achievement of this goal. Based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion effects, evidence of the motivation for organ donor card-signing, and examination of previous donation message tests, this study proposes and tests a causal model of response to organ donor card appeals. The inter-relationship of values, empathy arousal, and issue involvement was found to be a significant driving force in the persuasive process for the behavioral intention to sign an organ donor card. Implications of these findings for future research are addressed.
Intention superiority effect: A context-switching account

Intention superiority effect [J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 19 (1993) 1211; J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 24 (1998) 350] is the finding that the times to retrieve memory items related to uncompleted or partially completed intentions are faster than for those with no associated intentions. However, this relationship reverses when the intended tasks are completed [J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 24 (1998) 350; Mem. Cogn. 27 (1999) 320]. That is, the times to retrieve memory items related to completed intentions are slower than for those with no associated intentions. In this paper, we present a computational account of the intention superiority effect using the ACT-R cognitive architecture [Atomic components of thought. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998]. Our modeling approach is based on the idea that uncompleted or partially completed intentions are available as context in the current goal, and they prime related memory items while inhibiting unrelated memory items. However, once the intended tasks are completed, they are removed from the current goal, which produces an inhibitory effect on memory items associated with them. We describe an ACT-R model that is able to reproduce all of the effects reported in Marsh et al. [J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 24 (1998) 350].
Irradiation induced creep of graphite

The status of graphite irradiation induced creep strain prediction is reviewed and major creep models are described. The ability of the models to quantitatively predict the irradiation induced creep strain of graphite is reported. Potential mechanisms of in-crystal creep are reviewed as are mechanisms of pore generation under stress. The case for further experimental work is made and the need for improved creep models across multi-scales is highlighted.
Adhesive Resin Induces Apoptosis and Cell-cycle Arrest of Pulp Cells

The application of an adhesive resin near or directly over the pulp was shown to induce pulp inflammation and lack of dentin regeneration. We hypothesize that the absence of dentin bridging is due to adhesive-resin-induced apoptosis of cells responsible for pulp healing and dentin regeneration. Mouse odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23), undifferentiated pulp cells (OD-21), or macrophages (RAW 264.7) were exposed to SingleBond polymerized for 0-40 seconds. Annexin V and propidium iodide assays demonstrated that SingleBond induced apoptosis of MDPC-23, OD-21, and macrophages. The proportion of apoptotic cells was dependent on the degree of adhesive resin polymerization. Adhesive-resin-induced death of pulp cells was associated with activation of the pro-apoptotic cysteine protease Caspase-3. Interestingly, most cells exposed to adhesive resin that did not undergo apoptosis showed cell-cycle arrest. We conclude that an adhesive resin induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest of cells involved in the regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex in vitro.
Analysis of Sp1 in vivo reveals mutiple transcriptional domains, including a novel glutamine-rich activation motif

We have adopted Drosophila tissue culture cells as a host system for studying the structure and function of mammalian transcription factors. These cells provide an Sp1-deficient background and have been used in a complementation assay to identify functional domains of human transcription factor Sp1. The SV40 early promoter, which contains six Sp1 binding sites (GC boxes), is induced up to 500-fold in Drosophila cells by the expression of Sp1, whereas promoters with fewer sites are activated less efficiently. Analysis of Sp1 mutants reveals multiple distinct regions outside of the DNA binding domain that are responsible for mediating transcriptional activation. The two most active domains, which appear to be functionally redundant with one another, consist of an unusual structure with a very low charge density, but a strikingly high glutamine content. A number of other sequence-specific transcription factors, such as the Drosophila zeste protein and several homeodomain proteins, contain glutamine-rich stretches, and we propose that these glutamine-rich domains represent a novel structural motif for transcriptional activation.
Segregation behavior during Czochralski growth with radial thermal symmetry

Abstract Using a heat pipe for thermal gradient control in Czochralski growth, it was possible to establish through segregation analyses details of the convective melt flow behavior and its dependence on seeded rotation. Conditions for uniform radial segregation during growth of Ge in the 〈100〉 direction were determined. Evidence was obtained for the formation of pronounced dopant striations under conditions of constant microscopic rates of growth.
Hope for the hygiene hypothesis: When the dirt hits the fan

The hygiene hypothesis was developed in response to data suggesting that the increase in allergic diseases as well as asthma was secondary to a reduced exposure to infectious stimuli. Indeed, the epidemiologic changes, resulting in an increase in atopic disease, have been impressive and intriguing. Furthermore, although there clearly is a genetic component to atopic diseases, genetics cannot account for a marked increase in the incidence and prevalence of allergic manifestations within a few generations. Thus, environmental factors have been suggested as responsible for the changing prevalence. There are two—not mutually exclusive—possibilities, namely, that substances that promote atopy have been added to the environment or that factors that provided protection from allergic disease were lost from the environment. Both outdoor and indoor pollution, along with a long list of other environmental factors, have been proposed. It is of interest that in many developed countries, certain types of pollution have...
T.P.38

The need for a valid and reliable measure of upper extremity (UE) function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is critical as current tools focus on distal ability, use an ordinal scale, and/or require significant training to use reliably. ACTIVE-seated was developed using the Microsoft Kinect platform. This camera system and gaming interface gathers UE positional data while providing the platform for video games to improve consistency of performance. Our purpose was to determine the validity and test–retest reliability of ACTIVE-seated as an UE tool in DMD. A sample of 40 subjects (mean age 13 ± 3) with DMD (Brooke level 1–5) and 15 controls were tested. Eleven subjects returned for next-day testing. ACTIVE-seated uses skeletal tracking to quantify the UE excursion in the X (left, right), Y (overhead), and Z (forward) planes. The functional reaching volume (FRV) of the area around the subject, encompassing both UE and trunk movement, was reported. The raw data were converted into a percent predicted based on the subject’s UE length to standardize comparisons between subjects and accommodate growth. One hundred percent of predicted would equal the accessible FRV of solely the UE without leaning by the trunk. The FRV of subjects with DMD ranged from 6% to 150% (mean: 69%) of predicted FRV, with controls all reaching well over 100% (mean: 147%). ACTIVE-seated discriminately ranked subjects with DMD by Brooke level and from controls (p
Analytical Dynamics of a Ball Bouncing on a Vibrating Table

In this paper, the theory of flow switchability for discontinuous dynamical systems is applied. Domains and boundaries for such a discontinuous problem are defined and analytical conditions for motion switching are developed. The conditions explain the important role of switching phase on the motion switchability in such a system. To describe different motions, the generic mappings and mapping structures are introduced. Bifurcation scenarios for periodic and chaotic motions are presented for different motions and switchability. Numerical simulations are provided for periodic motions with impacts only and with impact chatter to stick in the system.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Fusion temperature effects on the annealing behavior of GeO2 glasses as measured by the dc resistivity

Abstract The effects of a thermal treatment at a temperature Ta = 420°C for a series of high purity GeO2 glasses fused and equilibrated at a series of temperatures, TΦ, in air were examined. TΦ was varied over the range from 1350 to 1650°C. In an earlier paper, we have reported the variation of sodium ion mobility with TΦ and have rationalized those changes as a consequence of anharmonic terms in the vibrational energy structure of the average interstitial site through which the sodium ion moves. The activation enthalpy for dc resistivity has a value of 1.01 eV ±0.01 for each of the TΦ's above. However, the changes of enthalpy with thermal treatment at 420°C also depend upon TΦ. This behavior as well as the TΦ dependent entropy of activation for dc conductivity previously reported supports the conclusion that the structure of these glasses depends upon the temperature at which the glass was fused and equilibrated, TΦ. In addition, the modification of the glass structure by subsequent annealing treatments at 420°C likewise depends upon the structure as manifested in the dc conduction of the as-quenched glass.
A comparison of aircraft trajectory-based and aggregate queue-based control of airport taxi processes

There is significant potential to decrease fuel burn, emissions, and delays of aircraft at airports by optimizing surface operations. A simple surface traffic optimization approach is to hold aircraft back at the gates based on aggregate information on surface queues. Depending on the level of surface surveillance and onboard equipage, it may also be possible to use a more complex approach, namely, to simultaneously optimize the surface trajectories of all taxiing aircraft. Using data from the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County airport (DTW), this paper compares the benefits of the two approaches, and finds that at a relatively uncongested airport such as DTW, the aggregate queue-based approach only yields modest improvements in taxi-out time, while the trajectory-based approach yields a nearly 23% decrease in average taxi-out time (achieving the average unimpeded taxi-out time).
Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. It is one of the principal causative factors involved in the development of metabolic syndrome and cancer. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation has often been a target of anti-obesity strategies since obesity is caused not only by hypertrophy but also by adipocyte hyperplasia. In this study, we investigated the effects of COH-SR4, a novel compound with anticancer properties, on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Treatment with COH-SR4 significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect mainly occurred at the early phase of differentiation through inhibition of mitotic clonal expansion and cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase transition. In differentiating adipocytes, COH-SR4 significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation and downregulated the expression of key adipogenesis-related transcription factors and lipogenic proteins. COH-SR4 exhibited no cytotoxic effects in 3T3-L1 cells, but indirectly activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK activation by COH-SR4 also resulted in the phosphorylation of raptor and tuberous sclerosis protein 2 (TSC2), two proteins involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. Additionally, COH-SR4 decreased the phosphorylation of p70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) and initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4EB‑P1), two downstream effectors of mTOR that regulate protein synthesis. Interestingly, knockdown of AMPKα1/α2 prevented the ability of COH-SR4 to inhibit cell cycle arrest and overall adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in the differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that COH-SR4 inhibits 3T3-L1 adipogenesis via AMPK activation. COH-SR4 may be a promising compound for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
A conductivity probe for tenuous plasmas.

Conductivity probe design for tenuous plasmas and ionized gases, discussing experimental confirmation of theoretical behavior
Molecular spectroscopy and dynamics of intrinsically fluorescent proteins: Coral red (dsRed) and yellow (Citrine)

Gene expression of intrinsically fluorescent proteins in biological systems offers new noninvasive windows into cellular function, but optimization of these probes relies on understanding their molecular spectroscopy, dynamics, and structure. Here, the photophysics of red fluorescent protein (dsRed) from discosoma (coral), providing desired longer emission/absorption wavelengths, and an improved yellow fluorescent protein mutant (Citrine) (S65G/V68L/Q69 M/S72A/T203Y) for significant comparison, are characterized by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and time-correlated single-photon counting. dsRed fluorescence decays as a single exponential with a 3.65 ± 0.07-ns time constant, indicating a single emitting state/species independent of pH 4.4–9.0, in contrast with Citrine. However, laser excitation drives reversible fluorescence flicker at 103-104 Hz between dark and bright states with a constant partition fraction f1 = 0.42 ± 0.06 and quantum yield of ≈3 × 10−3. Unlike Citrine (pKa≈5.7), pH-dependent proton binding is negligible (pH 3.9–11) in dsRed. Time-resolved anisotropy of dsRed reveals rapid depolarization (211 ± 6 ps) plus slow rotational motion (53 ± 8 ns), in contrast with a single rotational time (16 ± 2 ns) for Citrine. The molecular dimensions, calculated from rotational and translational diffusion, indicate that dsRed is hydrodynamically 3.8 ± 0.4 times larger than predicted for a monomer, which suggests an oligomer (possibly a tetramer) configuration even at ≈10−9 M. The fast depolarization is attributed to intraoligomer energy transfer between mobile nonparallel chromophores with the initial anisotropy implying a 24 ± 3° depolarization angle. Large two-photon excitation cross sections (≈100 GM at 990 nm for dsRed and ≈50 GM at 970 nm for Citrine), advantageous for two-photon-fluorescence imaging in cells, are measured.
NUMERICAL PREDICTIONS FOR UNSTEADY VISCOUS FLOW PAST AN ARRAY OF CYLINDERS

The unsteady two-dimensional flow around an array of circular cylinders submerged in a uniform onset flow is analysed. The fluid is taken to be viscous and incompressible. The array of cylinders consists of two horizontal rows extending to infinity in the upstream and downstream directions. The centre-to-centre distance between adjacent cylinders is fixed at three diameters, and the rows are staggered. Advantage is taken of spatially periodic boundary conditions in the flow direction. This reduces the computational domain to a rectangular region surrounding a single circular cylinder. Two cases, for Reynolds numbers of 1000 and 10,000, are presented.
Development of a semi-selective medium for improved isolation of the turfgrass dollar spot pathogen Sclerotinia homoeocarpa from host tissues

AbstractDollar spot, caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, is one of the most economically devastating diseases of amenity turfgrasses worldwide. The pathogen is readily isolated from active lesions, but detection from seed, dormant host tissue and other plant debris that may serve as a source of primary inoculum is difficult. A semi-selective medium was developed to enhance isolation of S. homoeocarpa. Various fungicides used on turfgrass, the pH indicator dye bromophenol blue, and two pH levels, were assessed for their effects on, and in the case of bromophenol blue, response to growth of S. homoeocarpa and contaminant fungi frequently isolated from field and seed samples. Amendment of the medium to pH 4 promoted growth of S. homoeocarpa in the absence of fungicides and enhanced pathogen growth relative to contaminant isolates on medium amended with 0.1 μg mL−1 triticonazole or 5 μg mL−1 azoxystrobin. The growth rate of S. homoeocarpa on these three media, as determined by in vitro radial growth assays, wa...
An investigation about the limitation of strained-Si technology

Strained-Si technology is the Holy Grail for present semiconductor industry and is used extensively to boost the device performance, recently. However, the limitation of strained-Si technology has greatly perplexed us and need to investigate in detail. In this work, the low temperature ballistic measurement enables us to discriminate the origin of mobility enhancement under stress from the reduction of effective mass and/or the influence of different scattering mechanisms. It is found that the electron mobility enhancement under stress will become less sensitive when the gate length of device reaches ∼100 nm. The real mechanism of this phenomenon have be proved to the characteristic of device ballistic transport and the optimal stress design developed in this work can further extend the limitation of Strained-Si technology to the smaller gate length region (technology node) (Fig. 1).
Sex Differences and Androgyny in Fantasy Content

Fantasy stories were composed by 153 undergraduates (93 females, 60 males) who also responded to the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The fantasy stories were collected by group administration of a Thematic Apperception Test. The stories were content analyzed along 17 imagery categories. Males and females differed significantly in ten of these categories. The results indicate a substantial continuity of sex differences in fantasy content between earlier decades and the mid 1970s. However, women had relatively more imagery of a self-assertive, pleasurable, and Careerist nature than had been found in earlier studies. The fantasies of sex-typed persons were more situation-bound and more sexual than those of androgynous persons. Sex-typed persons appear to experience limitations in fantasy production which parallel their limitations in overt behavior.
A low energy ICR study of the symmetric charge transfer reaction 3He+ + 4He → 4He+ + 3He

Abstract The kinetic energy dependence of the charge reactions 3 He + + 4 He ⇌ 3 He + 4 He + was investigated using a modified ion cyclotron double resonance technique. The rate constant increases monotonically from (5.0 ± 0.5) × 10 −10 cm 3 molecule −1 sec −1 at 0.1 eV to 55 × 10 −10 cm 3 molecule −1 sec −1 at a relative kinetic energy of 25 eV. The results compare favorably with theoretical predications for symmetric resonance charge transfer.
Site disorder revealed through Raman spectra from oriented single crystals: A case study on karooite (MgTi2O5)

Raman spectroscopic data were collected from five oriented single crystals of karroite (MgTi 2 O 5 ) with different ordering states obtained by quenching crystals from 600, 700, 800, 1000, and 1400 °C. The Raman spectra were normalized and treated as vectors. The inner products among the Raman spectra are shown to correlate linearly with the ordered state of the crystals, suggesting that such an analysis of Raman spectra can, in principle, be used to rapidly estimate the ordering state of a mineral, and thus many other crystal properties related to the atomic order-disorder.
Medical risk: Implicating poor pregnant women

Abstract Since 1987 the United States courts have increasingly relied on medical testimony to prosecute women labeled ‘high risk’ for failure to comply with medical advice when their fetuses or babies die. Drawing on fieldwork in a public prenatal clinic in Northern California, it is argued that risk does not represent scientific certainty. While the assessment and management of risk is not standardized or consistently applied in the clinic, health care providers and the legal system make decisions as if risk is unambiguous ‘fact’. Consequently, labeling poor pregnant women ‘high risk’, implicitly and explicitly makes them accountable if they are unable to change their behavior as prescribed by health professionals. Through an examination of the dilemmas facing poor pregnant women seeking prenatal care, this paper suggests how attempts to prosecute women may discourage rather than encourage them to seek care. Overall, there is a need for understanding the complexities of risk and its usages in medical and legal settings.
Cardiovascular disease prevention: matching evidence-based algorithms with individualized care.

The appropriate use of statins in primary prevention remains a matter of debate. Although statins reduce cardiovascular events at all levels of baseline risk, they are associated with rare but important side effects including incident diabetes. Herein, we review strategies for statin allocation ranging from strict “evidence-based” adherence to randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) entry criteria to more “personalized” risk assessment using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), coronary artery calcification (CAC), or genetic testing. Current guidelines advocate an unusual middle ground between an evidence-based approach and a personalized approach. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); 93 4, 321–323. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.3
The influence of maternal iron overload on mature rat offspring

To determine whether maternal iron overload influences growth and behavior of mature offspring, 10 experimental and 6 control rat offspring were compared on several physical and behavioral dimensions. The experimental offspring did not differ reliably from control offspring in amount of brain iron, proportional weights of organs, number of stress-induced stomach ulcers, general activity level, or performance of a food-rewarded instrumental response. The whole-body weights of experimental offspring were lower than those of controls. Offspring of mothers treated with iron demonstrated greater emotional reactivity than controls, as indexed by persistence of conditioned suppression. These data indicate a need for further investigation of potential toxicity associated with maternal iron overload.
A study of parameters involved in alternating-current defibrillation.

The findings from the research reported in this paper may be summarized as follows: Cardiac defibrillation is an electric current oriented phenomenon. There is a preferred cardiac axis for effective defibrillation. The cardiac preferred axis cannot be related easily to body surface electrode placement. More effective methods of defibrillation involve the use of endoesophageal or endotracheal electrodes rather than two body surface electrodes. Impedance measurements of the thoracic region and the heart indicate that low frequency alternating current is probably the most effective defibrillating stimulus. While direct current is effective, there is a greater risk of electrolysis than with alternating current.
Silica nanoconstruct cellular toleration threshold in vitro

The influence of geometry of silica nanomaterials on cellular uptake and toxicity on epithelial and phagocytic cells was studied. Three types of amine-terminated silica nanomaterials were prepared and characterized via the modified Stober method, namely spheres (178±27 nm), worms (232±22 nm×1348±314 nm) and cylinders (214±29 nm×428±66 nm). The findings of the study suggest that in this size range and for the cell types studied, geometry does not play a dominant role in the modes of toxicity and uptake of these particles. Rather, a concentration threshold and cell type dependent toxicity of all particle types was observed. This correlated with confocal microscopy observations, as all nanomaterials were observed to be taken up in both cell types, with a greater extent in phagocytic cells. It must be noted that there appears to be a concentration threshold at ~100 μg/mL, below which there is limited to no impact of the nanoparticles on membrane integrity, mitochondrial function, phagocytosis or cell death. Analysis of cell morphology by transmission electron microscopy, colocalization experiments with intracellular markers and Western Blot results provide evidence of potential involvement of lysosomal escape, autophagic like activity, compartmental fusion and recycling in response to intracellular nanoparticle accumulation. These processes could be involved in cellular coping or defense mechanisms. The manipulation of physicochemical properties to enhance or reduce toxicity paves the way for the safe design of silica-based nanoparticles for use in nanomedicine.
Age Differences and the Interstimulus Interval Context in Long-Delay Taste-Aversion Conditioning of Rats:

Young-adult and old-adult rats were allowed to remain in the conditioning context or were returned to their home cages during a 3-hr. interval to assess whether previously observed age differences in long-delay taste-aversion conditioning may be due to age differences in the use of home-cage cues to mediate the CS-US association over a long delay. The old adults but not the young adults showed an aversion irrespective of the context in which they were detained during the interstimulus interval. These results suggest that young-adult rats do not use the interstimulus context cues to mediate the association over a delay interval. They suggest, rather, that context cues, which are more contiguous with the US than taste cues in long-delay conditioning, may be more effective in overshadowing taste cues in young adults than in old adults.
A Comparative Evaluation of Three Isotropic, Two Property Failure Theories

Three fundamentally different failure theories for homogeneous and isotropic materials are examined in both the ductile and brittle ranges of behavior All three theories are calibrated by just two independent failure properties. These three are the Coulomb-Mohr form, the Drucker-Prager form, and a recently derived theory involving a quadratic representation along with a fracture restriction. The three theories are given a detailed comparison and evaluation. The Coulomb-Mohr form and the Drucker-Prager form are found to predict physically unrealistic behavior in some important cases. The present form meets the consistency requirements.
Search for heavy neutral leptons in e+e- annihilations at 29 GeV

Abstract A search was made in 29 GeV e+e− annihilations for heavy, neutral leptons decaying to e±X∓(ν), where X is a muon or charged meson. Six events with isolated e±X∓ pairs were found for an intergrated luminosity of 106 pb−1. The expected background is 5.5 ± 2.2 events. Limits on σ s B depend on mass and range from 8 to 20 × 10−5 nb.
Insulin Analogs—Is There a Compelling Case to Use Them? No!

The availability of insulin analogs has offered insulin replacement strategies that are proposed to more closely mimic normal human physiology. Specifically, there are a considerable number of reports demonstrating that prandial insulin analogs (lispro, aspart, glulisine) have pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles closer to normal, with resulting faster onset and offset of insulin effect when compared with regular human insulin. In addition, basal insulin analogs (glargine, detemir) have been reported to offer longer duration of action, less variability, more predictability, less hypoglycemia (especially nocturnal), and a favorable effect on weight. However, an argument against use of analog insulins as compared with use of regular or NPH insulin is one that states that the effectiveness and risk of hypoglycemia are the only two valid clinical outcomes that should be used to compare the analog and human insulins. Thus, there remains a debate in some circles that analog insulins are no more effective than human insulins, yet at a much higher financial cost. To provide an in-depth understanding of both sides of the argument, we provide a discussion of this topic as part of this two-part point-counterpoint narrative. In the counterpoint narrative presented here, Dr. Davidson provides his argument and defends his opinion that outside of a few exceptions, analog insulins provide no clinical benefit compared with human insulins but cost much more. In the preceding point narrative, Dr. Grunberger provides a defense of analog insulins and their value in clinical management and suggests that when evaluating the “cost” of therapy, a much more global assessment is needed. —William T. Cefalu Editor in Chief, Diabetes Care
A Rview Of “Asian Americans in Class: Charting the Achievement Gap Among Korean American Youth”: Jamie Lew. New York: Teachers College Press, 2006. Pp. x, 133. $54.00; $23.95 pbk.

Why do some students succeed in school and others fail? Answers to this question are as numerous as educational observers in the United States; many of those answers are notoriously simplistic. Som...
Just doing what I do: on the awareness of fluent agency

Hubert Dreyfus has argued that cases of absorbed bodily coping show that there is no room for self-awareness in flow experiences of experts. In this paper, I argue against Dreyfus’ maxim of vanishing self-awareness by suggesting that awareness of agency is present in expert bodily action. First, I discuss the phenomenon of absorbed bodily coping by discussing flow experiences involved in expert bodily action: merging into the flow; immersion in the flow; emergence out of flow. I argue against the claim that flow experience does not involve an awareness of agency for each of these features, while conceding that fluent agency does not involve self-awareness in the thetic sense. I challenge the assumption that the awareness of fluent agency must be understood in terms of a thetic awareness of agency. Instead, I develop an Anscombean account of the awareness of fluent agency in terms of the phenomenal character of knowing one’s aims. I respond to the challenge that if an Anscombean account of the awareness of agency is to succeed, then agents must be able to answer Anscombean questions. I consider the objection that awareness of agency is not a form of self-awareness by outlining an account of self-awareness as self-synthesis that is distinct from self-perception and self-ascription, but which makes room for self-awareness in expert bodily action.
Icon and Conquest: A Reply to Joseph

In his review of my book Icon and Conquest (Bucher 1981), Roger Joseph (AA 85:427-428, 1983) credits it with reminding us that "the structuralist debate has not ended" (p. 428). He points out in particular that if we accept the proposition that the "savage mind" also operates in 16th-century Europe (as I tried to show), "then are we not warranted in implying the same structural dimensions to contemporary cultures?" (p. 428). This is certainly one conclusion of the book. However, Joseph's review misrepresents the argument in other important respects. If he very well saw that it deals with 16th-17th-century European more specifically Protestant classificatory systems that shaped the iconography of the American Indian, he often misleads the reader on the content and
Automatic Keyword Extraction from Individual Documents

Keywords, which we define as a sequence of one or more words, provide a compact representation of a document’s content. Ideally, keywords represent in condensed form the essential content of a document.
17 beta-Estradiol inhibits flow- and acute hypoxia-induced prostacyclin release from perfused endocardial endothelial cells.

BACKGROUNDBecause of the marked difference in the incidence and severity of cardiovascular diseases between men and premenopausal women, several groups have studied the effect of sex steroids, particularly estrogen, on vascular endothelial prostacyclin (PGI2) release. No previous studies have addressed the effect of estrogen on endocardial endothelial cells (EECs), which are involved in the modulation of the myocardium and potentially in downstream pulmonary and systemic vascular tone. Furthermore, all previous studies of estrogen effects on cultured endothelial cell function have used cells grown under standard static cell culture conditions, thereby ignoring the contribution of flow, the ubiquitous environmental endothelial stimulus.METHODS AND RESULTSThe effect of 17 beta-estradiol pretreatment (100 ng/mL, 72 hours) on cultured sheep EEC PGI2 release in response to multiple physiologically relevant stimuli was studied. EECs were grown in six-well plates (static conditions) or on microcarrier beads and ...
Reproduction, functional autonomy and changing experiences of intimate partner violence within marriage in rural India.

CONTEXT: The literature on intimate partner violence in resource-poor contexts relies primarily on cross-sectional studies. Because changes in women’s status and empowerment are hypothesized to influence violence vulnerability, longitudinal studies are needed to determine the potential benefits and harms associated with such changes. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively from a representative cohort of 4,749 married women in rural areas of four socially and demographically diverse states in India in 1998–1999 and 2002–2003. A multinomial regression model including social and demographic characteristics and intersurvey changes and events related to functional autonomy and reproduction was fitted to a categorical outcome measuring the absence (reference), initiation, cessation and continuation of intimate partner violence. RESULTS: Continued freedom of movement, increased freedom of movement and continued financial autonomy between baseline and follow-up were associated with a lower risk of violence initiation rather than no violence (relative risk ratio, 0.7 for each). Having a first child was associated with lower risk of violence initiation and continuation rather than no violence (0.6 and 0.2, respectively). Women who reported that their relative economic contribution to the household decreased or increased and women who experienced an unwanted pregnancy had a higher risk of violence continuation rather than no violence (1.8, 1.8 and 1.5, respectively). The death of a child was associated with higher risk of violence initiation rather than no violence (1.4). CONCLUSION: Future research to inform interventions to reduce intimate partner violence should consider how changes in women’s reproductive experiences and functional autonomy may be linked to changes in intimate partner violence.
Ophthalmology inpatient consultation

Abstract Objective To profile inpatients and eye problems evaluated and managed by the Ophthalmology Consultation Service of a large university teaching hospital. Design A hospital-based retrospective, cross-sectional study. Participants One thousand four hundred seventy-two patients admitted to the University of California Los Angeles Medical Center. Methods We reviewed the inpatient medical records, discharge summaries, and Ophthalmology Consultation Service notes of every patient evaluated by the Service from July 1990 through January 1997. Main outcome measures We recorded demographic information, hospitalization information, and eye examination information, including reason for consultation, type of consultation (screening examination, new eye problem, or preexisting eye problem), as well as primary and secondary ophthalmologic diagnoses. Results Internal medicine services requested 39.7% of consultations, surgery services 20.9%, and trauma services 13.5%. There were 92 different reasons why consultations were requested. The most common reason was decreased vision. Eye problems that developed either on the day of admission or some time during hospitalization accounted for 39.6% of consultations, preexisting eye problems accounted for 31.6%, and screening examinations for the remaining 28.7%. We recorded 166 unique primary ophthalmologic diagnoses and 130 unique secondary ophthalmologic diagnoses. The top five common primary ophthalmologic diagnoses were refractive error (88 patients), fungal endophthalmitis ruled out (80 patients), conjunctivitis (56 patients), diabetic retinopathy (52 patients), and corneal abrasion (52 patients). Refractive error was the most common secondary ophthalmologic diagnosis (201 patients). Inpatient diagnostic or surgical procedures were performed 7911 times. There were 947 unique primary and 1391 unique secondary hospital discharge diagnoses. The most common primary discharge diagnosis, human immunodeficiency virus infection, accounted for only 1.6% of all hospitalizations, indicating a considerable diversity of systemic disease in the study population. Conclusions This study profiled the typical patients and eye problems an ophthalmologist may expect to encounter when inpatient consultation is requested. The information may be useful for the planning and management of consultation services in residency training programs.
Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction to anakinra

Interstitial granulomatous drug reactions are an uncommon entity presenting as asymptomatic, annular, erythematous to violaceous plaques. The incidence of such reactions has been increasing with the use of biologic agents. We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first such reaction to the interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitor anakinra. Our patient presented with pink dermal plaques and nodules in the periaxillary region which resolved with discontinuation of anakinra and recurred upon restarting anakinra. Biopsy revealed a diffuse dermal infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes with interspersed neutrophils and eosinophils. Fragmentation and degeneration of collagen and elastic fibers was also present. Withdrawal of anakinra led to complete resolution of the lesions. Interstitial granulomatous drug reactions are increasing in frequency and we add anakinra to the list of causative agents.
Meganthias carpenteri, new species of fish from the eastern Atlantic Ocean, with a key to eastern Atlantic Anthiinae (Perciformes: Serranidae)

ABSTRACT Meganthias carpenteri is described from two specimens collected off Nigeria. An additional specimen of Meganthias, caught in the eastern South Atlantic over Vema Seamount, is considered, as is M. natalensis, the type species of the genus. The three Atlantic specimens of Meganthias are the first of the genus recorded from that ocean. Previously described species of Meganthias are M. natalensis (western Indian Ocean) and M. kingyo (Ryukyu Islands, western Pacific). Meganthias carpenteri differs from them in the morphology of the lips and maxilla.
Optical Flow Background Estimation for Real-time Pan/tilt Camera Object Tracking

Abstract As Computer Vision (CV) techniques develop, pan/tilt camera systems are able to enhance data capture capabilities over static camera systems. In order for these systems to be effective for metrology purposes, they will need to respond to the test article in real-time with a minimum of additional uncertainty. A methodology is presented here for obtaining high-resolution, high frame-rate images, of objects traveling at speeds ⩾1.2 m/s at 1 m from the camera by tracking the moving texture of an object. Strong corners are determined and used as flow points using implementations on a graphic processing unit (GPU), resulting in significant speed-up over central processing units (CPU). Based on directed pan/tilt motion, a pixel-to-pixel relationship is used to estimate whether optical flow points fit background motion, dynamic motion or noise. To smooth variation, a two-dimensional position and velocity vector is used with a Kalman filter to predict the next required position of the camera so the object stays centered in the image. High resolution images can be stored by a parallel process resulting in a high frame rate procession of images for post-processing. The results provide real-time tracking on a portable system using a pan/tilt unit for generic moving targets where no training is required and camera motion is observed from high accuracy encoders opposed to image correlation.
Determinants of survival over 7 years for a natural cohort of sugar maple seedlings in a northern hardwood forest

The regeneration ecology of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) has been impacted by acid rain leaching of base cations from the soils throughout much of its range. We tracked the survival and causes of death for a natural cohort of sugar maple seedlings across 22 sites in the Hubbard Brook Valley in New Hampshire, USA, where soil acidification has been documented. Survival over 7 years averaged 3.4%; however, significant differences in survival were observed among sites, which were classified into three main groups based on the shape of their survival curves. These site groups differed in position on the landscape, seedling nutrition and leaf size, and the prevalence of damage agents, but not in soil Ca. First-season mortality was high (71%), and the main damage agents were fungal infection (Rhizoctonia spp.) and caterpillar herbivory (Geometridae). Other principal causes of mortality in order of importance were winter injury, mechanical damage, and rodent (Myodes gapperi Vigors, 1830) tunneling, and all damage agents varied significantly in severity between years. This study highlights the importance of landscape-level variation in biotic factors for predicting sugar maple regeneration success. Predictions of sugar maple regeneration will require a better understanding of controls on initial seedling growth and the suite of biotic agents that damages seedlings.
Related Party Transactions

We describe related party (RP) transactions and investigate financial incentive and monitoring determinants for firms engaged in RP transactions. Our sample consists of 1,261 firms included in the S&P 1500. RP transactions are common in our sample, but vary substantially as to transaction type and disclosure. The most common RP transactions are loans, which are now largely prohibited by Section 402 of Sarbanes Oxley. Method of disclosure - financial statement footnote or proxy - appears largely driven by dollar-based materiality concerns. We also analyze two broad classes of determinants of RP transactions - financial incentives and monitoring. We find weaker corporate governance is associated with RP transactions, an inverse relationship between CEO and director's cash compensation and RP transactions, and a positive association between CEO stock options and RP transactions. However, director and officer ownership are not associated with RP transactions. Overall our results suggest associations between director and officer compensation, corporate governance and related party transactions.