cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of preoperative teaching upon patients with differing modes of response to threatening stimuli.

The appearance of Janis’ classic study (Janis, 1958) of preoperative psychological stress focused the attention of many health professionals on the importance of psychological preparation for the surgical experience. In formulating the concept of the ‘work of worrying,’ Janis emphasized the potentially positive value of moderate anticipatory fear in preparing for and responding to the surgical experience. The facilitating effects of’moderate anticipatory fear were also seen by Deutsch in what he termed ‘assimilation’ of the anxiety. He assumed that learning of the need for a surgical procedure evoked some degree of anxiety which served as a signal of the perception of danger initiating a readjustment of psychological defenses and physiological processes to meet the threat. Emotional disorder results from failure to perceive the danger signal or to make a readjustment. When risk is denied, the existence of fear is unrecognized, or anxiety if repressed, then anxiety cannot be assimilated and the perception of anxiety will not bring about readjustment in preparing for stress. The views of Janis and Deutsch are supported by the findings of Layne and Yudofsky (1971) that those patients relying heavily on denial found this to be an inadequate defense mechanism postoperatively. In addition, these patients were noted to develop postoperative psychosis more frequently than those who did not utilize this mechanism. Abram (1965) reported the frequent occurrence of panic, depression, and confusion in the immediate postoperative period in patients who did not receive information about what to expect during this period. Preoperative teaching has been shown to favorably influence such postoperative variables as length of hospital stay and narcotic requirement (Healy, 1968; Egbert et al., 1964). A contradictory finding was reported by Morse and Litin (1969) in a study of postoperative delirium. Denial was found significantly more often among the nondelirious patients. Gilberstandt and Sako (1967) utilizing Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory studies on patients who had undergone open-heart surgery, reported that the
Hubbard models with random hopping in d

A class of Hubbard models with random hopping is examined as models of strongly correlated electrons in disordered systems. In the limit of large spatial dimensionality the problem is reduced to solving an ensemble of self-consistently determined Anderson impurity models. Even at intermediate correlation, disorder-induced local moment formation occurs, leading to a diverging specific heat coefficient inside the metallic phase. For stronger correlation, the system undergoes a metal-insulator transition where the dc conductivity abruptly drops to zero, displaying minimum metallic conductivity.
Primary renal sarcomas in the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG) experience, 1972–2005: A report from the Children's Oncology Group

Purpose To describe clinical and pathologic characteristics and outcome of patients with renal sarcomas.
SU-E-J-241: Creation of Ventilation CT From Daily 4D CTs Or 4D Conebeam CTs Acquired During IGRT for Thoracic Cancers

Purpose: To develop a method to create ventilation CTs from daily 4D CTs or 4D KV conebeam CTs (4DCBCT) acquired during image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) for thoracic tumors, and to explore the potential for using the ventilation CTs as a means for early detection of lung injury during radiation treatment. Methods: 4DCT acquired using an in-room CT (CTVision, Siemens) and 4DCBCT acquired using the X-ray Volume Imaging (XVI) system (Infinity, Elekta) for representative lung cancer patients were analyzed. These 4D data sets were sorted into 10 phase images. A newly-available deformable image registration tool (ADMIRE, Elekta) is used to deform the phase images at the end of exhale (EE) to the phase images at the end of inhale (EI). The lung volumes at EI and EE were carefully contoured using an intensity-based auto-contour tool and then manually edited. The ventilation images were calculated from the variations of CT numbers of those voxels masked by the lung contour at EI between the registered phase images. The deformable image registration is also performed between the daily 4D images and planning 4DCT, and the resulting deformable field vector (DFV) is used to deform the planning doses to the daily images by an in-house Matlab program. Results: The ventilation images were successfully created. The tide volumes calculated using the ventilation images agree with those measured through volume difference of contours at EE and EI, indicating the accuracy of ventilation images. The association between the delivered doses and the change of lung ventilation from the daily ventilation CTs is identified. Conclusions: A method to create the ventilation CT using daily 4DCTs or 4D KV conebeam CTs was developed and demonstrated.
Conservation of Momentum and the Doppler Principle

SINCE on the relativity theory mass and energy are related by the equation Mc2=W, the different energy states of an atom may be thought of as being different mass states of the atom. For example, on the quantum theory when an atom changes from an energy state Wp, to an energy state Wq, a quantum hv is radiated such that hv=Wp-Wq, (Wp being supposed greater than Wq), and hence hv may be supposed to be produced by a loss of mass in the atom as a whole. We shall therefore consider an atom to have a mass Mp before the emission of a quantum hv and a mass Mq after the emission. Each of these masses consists of the rest masses of the various parts of the atom together with the mass due to the kinetic and potential energies of the various parts. Further, although parts of the atom may be moving relatively to each other, we shall suppose that Mp and Mq are the rest masses of the atom as a whole in the two states.
Relativistic classical limit of quantum theory.

We study the classical limit of the equal-time relativistic quantum transport theory. We discuss in qualitative terms the need to fold first the Wigner function with a coarse-graining function. Only then does the singularity at \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 seem to be manageable. In the limit \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0, we obtain the relativistic Vlasov equations for the particle and the antiparticle sector of the Fock space. Similarly, we address the evolution equations of the spin and the magnetic-moment density.
AAV loves an active genome.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) holds much promise as a vector for gene therapy. Although transgene expression usually occurs from extrachromosomal vector genomes, vectors occasionally integrate into the host genome. A new study in normal mammalian cells shows that the insertions are associated with genomic deletions and occur preferentially in actively transcribed genes.
Receptor-mediated increase in cytosolic calcium in LLC-PK1 cells by platelet activating factor and thromboxane A2

Receptor-mediated increase in cytosolic calcium in LLC-PK 1 cells by platelet activating factor and thromboxane A 2 . Several studies indicate an important role of platelet activating factor (PAF) and thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) in glomerular pathophysiology. However, the potential role of PAF or TXA 2 in renal tubular pathophysiology has received little attention, and the presence of functional receptors for these autacoids in renal tubular epithelium has not been previously studied. We examined the effects of PAF and the TXA 2 analogue, ONO11113, on the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in cultured LLC-PK 1 , cell line using a fluorescent probe, fura-2. In these cells, the addition of PAF or ONO11113 caused a significant increment in [Ca 2+ ] i in a dose-dependent manner: both agonists (10 -7 M) increased [Ca 2+ ] i from 148 ± 16 to 288 ± 39 nM and from 130 ± 8 to 240 ± 18 nM, with the values of EC 50 for PAF and ONO11113 being 17 ± 4 and 17 ± 2 nM, respectively. These effects were both rapid and transient, returning to baseline in two minutes. The effect of PAF was selectively blocked by PAF receptor antagonist BN50730, but not by TXA 2 receptor antagonist L657925. Similarly ONO1113 response was abolished by L657925, but not by BN50730. PAF- or ONO11113-challenged cells did not respond to a second addition of the same agent and showed heterologous desensitization to the other agonist. The initial peaks of [Ca 2+ ] i as well as the sustained elevations in [Ca 2+ ] i induced by PAF or ONO11113 were reduced following the chelation of extracellular Ca 2+ by 10 mM ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminomethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). In the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ 8-(N,N-dimethylamino)octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8) (which has extensively been used to study the contribution of Ca 2+ released from intracellular storage sites in the increase in [Ca 2+ ] i ), blocked the increment in [Ca 2+ ] i induced by PAF or ONO1113. These results indicate that LLC-PK i cells express discrete receptors for PAF and TXA 2 that are coupled to an increase in [Ca 2+ ] i through mobilization of calcium from both intracellular storage sites and extracellular milieu, and suggest the possible importance of PAF and TXA 2 in tubular pathophysiology.
Analysis of radiative scattering for multiple sphere configurations

An analysis of radiative scattering for an arbitrary configuration of neighbouring spheres is presented. The analysis builds upon the previously developed superposition solution, in which the scattered field is expressed as a superposition of vector spherical harmonic expansions written about each sphere in the ensemble. The addition theorems for vector spherical harmonics, which transform harmonics from one coordinate system into another, are rederived, and simple recurrence relations for the addition coefficients are developed. The relations allow for a very efficient implementation of the 'order of scattering' solution technique for determining the scattered field coefficients for each sphere. Prediction of the radiative absorption and scattering characteristics of small particles is important to researchers in a number of fields, e.g. atmospheric modelling, analysis of radiative transfer from flames, and development of nonintrusive laser-based optical diagnostic methods. Computation of the radiative characteristics of spherical particles from Lorenz-Mie theory is practically a trivial matter due to the existence of efficient computer codes (Bohren & Huffman 1983). However, it is not unusual to encounter situations in which the individual particles, while spherical in shape, are so close together that the 'isolated sphere' assumption inherent in Lorenz-Mie theory is questionable. A common example is soot formed in combustion processes. Electron micrographs of the individual soot particles reveal them to be agglomerates of a large number of primary, spherical particles (Dobbins
The potential use of automatic defibrillators in the home for management of cardiac arrest

Ventricular fibrillation, an abnormal cardiac rhythm, occurs in at least two-thirds of the 400,000 people who die out of the hospital from sudden cardiac arrest. This rhythm can be treated successfully by electric countershock, a procedure known as defibrillation. The survival rate following such cardiac arrest is directly related to the rapidity of response; the shorter the time from collapse to defibrillation, the more patients will survive. There are two basic options to shorten the time from collapse to defibrillatory shock. The first is to upgrade the emergency medical system. The second is to provide spouses and family members of potential cardiac arrest patients with automatic home defibrillators. This article considers the effectiveness of the second option, home defibrillation, compared with that of an equally costly upgrade in existing emergency medical service systems. The comparisons depend on the existing level of emergency medical service system, the cost of the home defibrillator, and the rate at which a home defibrillator would be used appropriately. The comparisons suggest that in many circumstances home defibrillation is an appropriate option to be considered.
Modeling potentiometric titration behavior of glauconite

Potentiometric titration behavior and the effects of dissolution on the titration experiment of a complex natural clay mineral, glauconite, were investigated and interpreted according to surface complexation theory. Considerable dissolution was detected in the time frame of the titration experiments, with the amount of individual cations released from glauconite a function of solution variables and dissolution kinetics. Dissolution effects can be accounted for in model simulations of titration behavior by considering hydrolysis of these cations. Proton surface charge can be calculated by subtracting supernatant titration curves from those of glauconite suspension. Surface complexation models were used to describe titration data. The nonelectrostatic model (NEM) and constant capacitance model (CCM) were implemented using single-site, single-site with dissolution correction, and multi-site with dissolution correction approaches. CCM typically produced better fits of experimental data than NEM based on a statistical fitting parameter. In general, model descriptions are good for background electrolyte concentration ≥ 0.01 M. In most instances, the correction for dissolution effects yielded a modest improvement in model simulation of experimental data over that obtained by a simple single-site model, but complexity of the model calculations increases greatly when the numerous additional chemical reactions are considered. Incorporation of ion exchange interactions produced no substantive improvement over the other approaches. Consistent with these results, speciation calculations indicate that the >XOH group dominates over other surface species in the pH range of interest, and surface protonation-deprotonation are the most influential reactions with respect to the surface chemistry of the mineral.
Clusters of galaxies

A review is given of work on clusters of galaxies. During the last decade it was clearly established that the average mass-to-light ratio, (M/L), of galaxy clusters is much larger than that of the visible part of individual galaxies, which suggests the presence of missing mass in clusters. Flat outer rotation curves of individual spiral galaxies were discovered, which led to the hypothesis of missing mass in galaxies in the form of dark massive haloes with an R-2 density distribution. But the R-3 density distribution of observed halo tracers, the large range in values of M/L among systems of galaxies with similar galaxy content, and other difficulties with the missing mass hypothesis, admit the possibility that new dynamical physics may be required to resolve the M/L problem. Red-shift surveys for large homogeneous samples of galaxies have led to an improved knowledge of the three-dimensional distribution of galaxies in space. The basic new recognisable large-scale features are superclusters with characteristic sizes approximately 100 Mpc (330 million light years) and equally large galaxy-free voids. The infall velocity of the Local Group towards the Virgo cluster in the Local Supercluster has been measured. More extensive and improved data, as well as the new knowledge of superclustering of galaxies, have strengthened the assumption that galaxy red-shifts are caused by Doppler velocities.
Electrochemical SERS Detection of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Solutions

An in situ method for the determination of trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE), chloroform (CHCI3), and carbon tetrachloride (CCI4 in aqueous solution is described. The method is based on ESERS—a combination of electrochemical methods and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Electrochemistry prepares the surface of a copper electrode for SERS and concentrates the analyte on the surface. The formation of common reaction products for chloroalkanes and for chloroalkenes prevents unequivocal differentiation within a specific class of chlorinated hydrocarbons. However, spectroscopic selectivity between the chloroalkane and chloroalkene classes is excellent, while differences in electrochemical response provide a secondary means for differentiating analyte class. Sensitivity was found to be: <1 ppm for TCE; 15 ppm for PCE; 15 ppm for CHCI3; and 10 ppm for CCI4. Application of the method to groundwater contaminated with TCE has been demonstrated. In combination with a fiber-optic waveguide, the ESERS technique offers potential for remote detection of chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater and remediation process streams.
Mutation Spectra of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase Mutants

To examine whether the exonuclease activity intrinsic to the polymerase (Pol) of herpes simplex virus type 1 can influence the mutational spectra, we applied the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) system combined with sequencing to characterize thymidine kinase mutants isolated from both the wild-type virus and a mutant deficient in exonuclease activity, Y7. Wild-type viruses produced predominately frameshift mutations (67%), whereas Y7 replicated a significantly lower proportion of frameshifts (21%; P < 0.005). Furthermore, the majority of substitutions were transitional changes in both groups, although they distributed differently. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Role of ecosanoids in relative oxygen tolerance of newborn rabbits

Abstract Prolonged exposure to hyperoxia can result in significant lung injury, although newborn animals are more oxygen-tolerant than adults. Mechanisms affording tolerance to the newborn are incompletely understood. This study examined the hypothesis that eicosanoids play a significant role in newborn oxygen tolerance. One litter of term newborn albino rabbits and 15 adult rabbits were exposed to 65 hours of >95% O2. An additional litter of newborns served as a normoxic control. Normoxic newborn rabbits had very high quantities of 6keto-PGFla and low TXB2 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Sixty-five hours of oxygen exposure in newborn rabbits produced no evvidence of lung injury on light microscopy, 97% of BAL white cells were alveolar macrophages and BAL protein was low. An equal period of oxygen exposure produced significant lung injury in adult rabbits. BAL fluid from oxygen-injured adults contained a 17-fold greater percentage of PMN and 16-fold higher protein than oxygen-exposed newborns. Hyperoxic adults had significantly lower 6keto-PGFla, and significantly higher LTB4 and LTC4 in BAL compared to hyperoxic newborns. This study confirms the hypothesis of relative oxygen tolerance in newborn rabbits compared to adults, and suggests that this tolerance may have been afforded by higher pulmonary levels of the protective prostacyclin metabolite.
Hallux Rigidus: Cheilotomy or Implant?

Fifty-one feet in 42 patients with varying degrees of symptomatic hallux rigidus and with 2 years of follow-up have been operated with excellent results. Cheilotomy was performed in all cases with only cheilotomy employed in the young patients and implant surgery (single-stem silicone) reserved for the older and more advanced arthritis cases. Pain generally disappeared within 3 months. Range of toe motion in dorsiflexion increased. All patients returned to their activity of choice. All patients were able to utilize off-the-shelf footwear postoperatively. There have been no fractures or inflammatory reactions of the implants as yet, including those inserted 4 or more years ago.
Successful pregnancy in a woman with acromegaly treated with octreotide.

Objective: To report a successful pregnancy in a 43-year-old woman with acromegaly and treatment during pregnancy with the somatostatin analogue octreotide, to review the physiologic aspects of acromegaly during pregnancy, and to discuss treatment options. Methods: A case report is presented, and the current literature is reviewed. Results: In a 40-year-old woman with acromegaly and secondary amenorrhea, menstrual periods resumed after treatment with octreotide. At age 43 years, she became pregnant and decided to continue octreotide therapy because of the relatively large size of the tumor and severe headaches when use of the medication was discontinued. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I levels remained normal throughout pregnancy, and a normal full-term infant was born. Several months after delivery, severe cholecystitis developed, and the patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusion: This case report describes the oldest documented woman with acromegaly who has completed a pr...
Somatostatin inhibits basal and growth hormone-stimulated hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I production.

Abstract Growth of vertebrates is controlled by the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system, and somatostatins (SSs) have been shown to inhibit growth by reducing the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary. In this study, we used rainbow trout to assess the effects of SSs on the production of IGF-I. Somatostatin-14 (SS-14-I) implantation for 15 days significantly reduced steady-state levels of IGF-I mRNA in liver and lowered IGF-I concentration in plasma compared to control animals. The direct effects of SSs were examined on hepatocytes incubated in vitro . SS-14-I inhibited basal and GH-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression. SS-14-I inhibition of GH-stimulated IGF-I expression was concentration- and time-dependent; the ED 50 was ca. 40 ng/ml and the maximum response was observed after 6 h. All SS isofoms tested, including the N-terminally extended form of SS-14-I, SS-28-I, and the [Tyr 7 , Gly 10 ]-substituted forms of SS, SS-14-II, SS-25-II and SS-28-II, inhibited GH-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression. The inhibitory effects of SS-14-I on steady-state levels of IGF-I mRNA resulted from reduced IGF-I mRNA transcription and not from altered mRNA stability. SS-14-I also reduced basal and GH-stimulated release of IGF-I into culture medium. These results indicate that SSs regulate growth in an extrapituitary manner by reducing hepatic IGF-I biosynthesis and secretion.
Prostaglandin E2 both stimulates and inhibits adenyl cyclase on platelets: Comparison of effects on cloned EP4 and EP3 prostaglandin receptor subtypes

The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on platelet cyclic AMP formation were examined and compared with effects on cloned prostaglandin receptors. PGE2 gave a weak stimulation of adenyl cyclase in platelets compared with the PGI2 analog Iloprost. In the presence of the adenyl cyclase stimulator forskolin, the response to PGE2 was amplified in a synergistic manner. By contrast, in the presence of Iloprost, PGE2 inhibited cyclic AMP formation. We postulate that the weak platelet response to PGE2 is due to co-localization of a PGE2 receptor that couples to stimulation of adenyl cyclase with the EP3 prostaglandin receptor that binds PGE2 tightly and inhibits adenyl cyclase. In support of this postulate, we compared the responses obtained with platelets with those of cloned EP4 (stimulatory) and EP3 (inhibitory) prostaglandin receptor subtypes and show similar dose-response curves for stimulation and inhibition of cyclic AMP formation between platelets and cloned receptors.
Cl- and K+ channels and their role in primary brain tumour biology.

Profound cell volume changes occur in primary brain tumours as they proliferate, invade surrounding tissue or undergo apoptosis. These volume changes are regulated by the flux of Cl− and K+ ions and concomitant movement of water across the membrane, making ion channels pivotal to tumour biology. We discuss which specific Cl− and K+ channels are involved in defined aspects of glioma biology and how these channels are regulated. Cl− is accumulated to unusually high concentrations in gliomas by the activity of the NKCC1 transporter and serves as an osmolyte and energetic driving force for volume changes. Cell volume condensation is required as cells enter M phase of the cell cycle and this pre-mitotic condensation is caused by channel-mediated ion efflux. Similarly, Cl− and K+ channels dynamically regulate volume in invading glioma cells allowing them to adjust to small extracellular brain spaces. Finally, cell condensation is a hallmark of apoptosis and requires the concerted activation of Cl− and Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Given the frequency of mutation and high importance of ion channels in tumour biology, the opportunity exists to target them for treatment.
Atomic-Scale Structure of the Si-SiO2 and SiC-SiO2 Interfaces and the Origin of Their Contrasting Properties

One of the reasons for the dominance of Si in microelectronics is the quality of the Si-SiO2 interface. In contrast, development of SiC-based MOSFETs for power applications is hampered primarily by poor carrier mobility at the SiC-SiO2 interface. Here we review recent calculations that elucidate the reasons of the contrasting properties of the two interfaces. In the case of Si, the interface energy is in fact lower when the interface is abrupt and smooth because of the intrinisic geometry of the Si (001) surface and the softness of the Si-O-Si angle. However, two energei-cally degenerate phases are possible, leading to domain boundaries, that are the cause of suboxide bonds, steps, and dangling bonds. In principle, these effects may be avoidable by low-temperature deposition. In contrast, the geometry and bond lengths of SiC surfaces are not suitable for abrupt and smooth interfaces, requiring the existence of a nonstoichiometric interlayer that may be the cause of the reduced mobility.
Model for paleoceanographic reconstructions of the California Current during the last 8000 years

Two independent data sets are used to develop a model for reconstructing sea-surface temperature and dynamic height anomaly distributions for the California Current during the last 8000 years. The first data set, all hydrographic data available for the California Current region, was used to determine the statistical relationships between the historical record of sea-surface conditions in the Santa Barbara Basin and all one-degree-square grid points of the California Current area. Given these relationships and the second data set, an 8000-year record of sea-surface temperatures and dynamic height anomalies from the Santa Barbara Basin, past sea-surface conditions throughout the California Current can be estimated for times before historical observations. The 8000-year record of sea-surface conditions was estimated by analysis of the radiolarian fauna found in a varved sediment core from the Santa Barbara Basin (Pisias, N. G., 1978, Quaternary Research 10, 366–384). The reconstructions of sea-surface temperature and dynamic height anomalies indicate that at times of cold sea-surface conditions in the Santa Barbara Basin, the flow of the California Current was much stronger than it is today or was during the times of the warmest sea-surface conditions during the last 8000 years. The atmospheric circulation during the winter of 1950, the period of the coldest recorded sea-surface temperatures in the Santa Barbara Basin based on the historical data set, contained a strong northerly component in the winds which is consistent with the inferred increase in the California Current at times of cold sea-surface temperatures. Times of warm sea-surface temperatures in the Santa Barbara Basin are characterized by decreased southward flow of the California Current and a marked increase in northward flow into the Santa Barbara Basin itself. In the historical record, times of warm sea-surface temperatures are often associated with high precipitation in southern California. The atmospheric circulation during the winter of 1968–1969 is characterized by strong eastward flow over southern California and a northward transport of warm humid air from the tropics into the region of southern California producing the high rainfall observed. The persistence of this atmospheric circulation could produce the more zonal flow predicted for the California Current during times of warmer average conditions in the Santa Barbara Basin.
Applying Organization Development Tools in Scenario Planning

Scenario planning, as an ongoing process for helping leaders in an organization to think more expansively and flexibly, is a complex process requiring trained professionals as facilitators.What approaches do such facilitators use to maximize the benefits of scenario planning? In this article,the authors posit that organization development, with its multitude of interventions, is essential for use in the process. Interventions to be used in each of the three phases of scenario planning are described briefly.
Control of Heat Induced Oxidative Rancidity in Refrigerated Shark and Mackerel

Oxidative rancidity in heated shark and mackerel was determined by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test and sensory evaluations. Control measures used were 1% and 2% hot water extract of yellow onion peel and 1% onion juice. TBA values of heated shark and mackerel were significantly affected by storage periods and experimental treatments (P<0.05). A 2% yellow onion peel hot water extract was the most effective means of reducing rancidity in both shark and mackerel tissue. Fatty acid analyses showed that both tissues contained oleic acid (18:1ω9); mackerel contained a higher percentage of palmitic acid (16:0) than shark. Decosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3) was present in larger amounts in mackerel than in shark.
Contributions to the theory of jogged screw dislocation glide

The velocity of screw dislocations limited by the nonconservative motion of jogs is investigated. The vacancy concentration profile near a moving screw dislocation containing alternately signed jogs separated by a distance λb, whereb is the magnitude of the Burgers vector, has been calculated. It is shown that for λ > 20 the vacancy profile is essentially the same as that found previously for the case of a moving screw dislocation containing isolated jogs. It is shown that the jog-jog diffusion interaction does not change the stress dependence of the glide velocity as has been suggested. The steady state velocity of a gliding jogged screw dislocation responding to an effective stress τe is calculated using the quasiequilibrium approach to dislocation climb and the steady state vacancy concentration profile. It is shown that the glide velocity exhibits hyperbolic tangent stress dependence if the average vacancy concentration in the crystal equals the equilibrium vacancy concentration, Co. If, however, the average vacancy concentration in the crystal follows the relation Co cosh (λb3 τekT) during deformation, the glide velocity can be expressed as υ = πDυb2C0 sinh (λb3 τe/kT whereDυ is the diffusion coefficient for vacancies in the crystal. A model which suggests that the equilibrium vacancy concentration follows a relation similar to the hyperbolic cosine dependence is presented.
n−3 Fatty acid deficiency decreases phosphatidylserine accumulation selectively in neuronal tissues

We have previously shown that the docosahexaenoate (22:6n-3) status in membrane phospholipids influences the biosynthesis and accumulation of phosphatidylserine (PS) in brain microsomes and C6 glioma cells. In the present study, we investigated whether the observed effect of membrane docosahexaenoic acid status on PS accumulation is universal or occurs specifically in neuronal tissues. We observed that rat brain cortex, brain mitochondria, and olfactory bulb, where 22:6n-3 is highly concentrated, contain significantly higher levels of PS in comparison to liver and adrenal, where 22:6n-3 is a rather minor component. Phospholipid molecular species analysis revealed that in brain cortex, mitochondria, and olfactory bulb 18:0,22:6n-3 was the most abundant species representing 45-65% of total PS. In nonneuronal tissues such as liver and adrenal, 18:0,20:4n-6 was the major PS species. Dietary depletion of n-3 fatty acids during prenatal and postnatal developmental periods decreased the brain 22:6n-3 content by more than 80%, with a concomitant increase in 22:5n-6 in all tissues. Under these conditions, an approximately 30-35% reduction in total PS in rat brain cortex, brain mitochondria, and olfactory bulb was observed, while PS levels in liver and adrenal were unchanged. The observed reduction of PS content in neuronal membranes appears to be due to a dramatic reduction of 18:0,22:6n-3-PS without complete replacement by 18:0,22:5n-6-PS. These results establish that variations in membrane 22:6n-3 fatty acid composition have a profound influence on PS accumulation in neuronal tissues where 22:6n-3 is abundant. These data have implications in neuronal signaling events where PS is believed to play an important role.
IN THE COMPANY OF STRANGERS: ADDRESSING THE UTILIZATION AND INTEGRATION OF PART‐TIME FACULTY IN AMERICAN COMMUNITY COLLEGES

From a national survey of selected community colleges and a review of research and debate, the authors identify issues, implications, and directions for college administrators addressing their colleges’ use of part‐time faculty. The key recommendation is that colleges take serious steps toward improving the utilization and integration of part‐time faculty. The authors then identify strategies for improving community college part‐time faculty use. Recommended strategies include (a) recruiting, selecting, and hiring part‐time faculty with clear purpose and direction; (b) requiring part‐time faculty participation in substantial orientation activities and providing faculty support structures; (c) requiring part‐time faculty participation in professional development; (d) integrating part‐time faculty into the life of the institution; (e) evaluating part‐time faculty performance; and (f) providing equitable pay schedules. Study results indicate that these strategies improve the relationship between part‐time fa...
SU‐E‐T‐606: Forward Planned Fluence‐Painted Reduced Fields with Tangential Parent Beams for Total Breast Irradiation

Purpose: Whole breast radiotherapy is routinely planned with tangential fields and forward planned reduced fields. We compare this technique to a novel method of tangential fields and forward planned sliding window IMRT reduced fields. Planning time and dose homogeneity were compared.Methods and Materials: We reviewed the dosimetry for 10 patients planned in Eclipse 10 (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) and in XiO (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden). Plans were initially created in XiO using 6MV tangents. Reduced fields were iteratively created with higher energy (10/18MV) and weighted appropriately until a clinically acceptable plan was reached. One field per tangent was usually required (although more were allowed if necessary). In our novel technique, initial beams were recreated in Eclipse and weighted to produce a symmetric plan. One higher energy (10/15MV) reduced field from each side was created, and weighted 10% of the total dose. An electronic compensator was created (using a penetration depth of 50%) for each reduced field. Their fluences were manually edited to reduce hotspots to produce a clinically acceptable plan. For dosimetric comparison, the maximum point dose and the volumes of tissue receiving 108%, 105%, and 100% of prescription were compared. A homogeneity estimation was made by comparing ratios of tissue volumes receiving 105%/100%. Finally, planning time for each method was recorded. Results: The planning time for each technique was similar. Dose homogeneity and global maximum point dose were uniformly improved with the fluence painted technique. Maximum dose was reduced on average by 1.93% using the flunece painted method. The volumes receiving 105% and 108% of the prescribed dose were reduced by an average of 82.1 cc and 6.2 cc, respectively, for the fluence painted method. Conclusion: Our technique shows improvements to dosimetric measures that may Result in better outcomes including less toxicity for our breast patients.
Communication: Mind the metaphor

Imagery can help to bridge conceptual boundaries, but it can also cause trouble — as shown by the proliferation of engineering talk in biology, argues Eleonore Pauwels.
Endoscopic evaluation for cancer and dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk for the development of gastrointestinal malignancies, particularly colorectal adenocarcinoma. Dysplasia, the earliest form of neoplastic colonic epithelium, is the precursor lesion to colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The identification of dysplasia before it progresses to malignancy holds promise for early intervention and potential cure, and forms the basis on which endoscopic surveillance programs have been developed for patients with IBD. While there are several important limitations to surveillance colonoscopy, there is evidence that surveillance can reduce CRC-mortality. New adjunctive techniques may allow for more effective and targeted surveillance. This article will review the natural history of dysplasia and CRC in IBD, provide an overview of the literature regarding current surveillance strategies, and outline a recommended approach to CRC-surveillance in patients with IBD.
Retrograde jejunoduodenogastric intussusception due to a replacement percutaneous gastrostomy tube presenting as upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube complications can be serious or life threatening. Retrograde intussusception is a very rare complication of PEG tubes with only 9 cases reported in the literature. We describe a case of retrograde intussusception, associated with the use of a Foley catheter as a replacement gastrostomy tube, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of PEG-related retrograde intussusception successfully managed in a non-surgical manner. Retrograde intussusception likely occurred due to migration of the replacement tube with resultant securing and invagination of the proximal jejunum when the gastrostomy tube was anchored to the abdominal wall.
Late Pleistocene snowline fluctuations at Nevado Coropuna (15°S), southern Peruvian Andes

Deposits preserved on peaks in the southern Peruvian Andes are evidence for past glacial fluctuations and, therefore, serve as a record of both the timing and magnitude of past climate change. Moraines corresponding to the last major expansion of ice on Nevado Coropuna date to 20-25 ka, during the last glacial maximum. We reconstructed the snowline at Coropuna for this period using a combined geomorphic-numeric approach to provide a first-order estimate of the magnitude of late-Pleistocene climate change. Our reconstructions show that snowline was approximately 550-770m lower during the last glacial maximum than during the late Holocene maximum, which ended in the 19 th century, and ! 750m lower than today. While these values are similar to data from nearby Nevado Solimana, reconstructions from the neighbouring peak of Nevado Firura reveal a smaller snowline depression, suggesting the glacial response to climate forcing in the tropics is strongly influenced by non-climatic factors. These data constitute some of the first directly dated palaeo-snowline data from the arid tropics and suggest that the magnitude of the last glaciation in at least parts of the tropical Andes was similar to late-Pleistocene events at higher latitudes. Copyright # 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian change-point algorithm for detecting copy number alteration

Background Recent technical developments have made it possible to collect high-resolution genomics data using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. These arrays can be used in a paired data context to compare cancer tissue to normal samples in an effort to identify regions of genomic amplification or deletion. Such regions potentially contain oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes and are therefore of particular interest. However, using SNP array signals to identifying regions of copy number alteration is a challenging task due to the properties of the derived measurements.
The Sedimentary Society

The great historian V. O. Kliuchevskii found the key to Russian society in the relative simplicity of its social forms in comparison with Western Europe. But in writing his magisterial Course in Russian History he revealed a degree of complexity that belied his disarming formula. The apparent contradiction stems from the standard of comparison. There were elements of complexity in Russian society that had no counterparts in the experience of the West. Moreover, the definition of society in nineteenth-century social history may have been too confining. If we make the effort to explore the unique features of Russian history and at the same time expand the boundaries of social history, we may arrive at a more comprehensive picture of Russia's social structure on the eve of revolution.
Detecting movement intent from scalp EEG in a novel upper limb robotic rehabilitation system for stroke

Stroke can be a source of significant upper extremity dysfunction and affect the quality of life (QoL) in survivors. In this context, novel rehabilitation approaches employing robotic rehabilitation devices combined with brain-machine interfaces can greatly help in expediting functional recovery in these individuals by actively engaging the user during therapy. However, optimal training conditions and parameters for these novel therapeutic systems are still unknown. Here, we present preliminary findings demonstrating successful movement intent detection from scalp electroencephalography (EEG) during robotic rehabilitation using the MAHI Exo-II in an individual with hemiparesis following stroke. These findings have strong clinical implications for the development of closed-loop brain-machine interfaces to robotic rehabilitation systems.
Genetic Variation in the Midcontinental Population of Sandhill Cranes, Grus Canadensis

Three subspecies of sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) are recognized in the Midcontinental population, the lesser (Grus c. canadensis), Canadian (G. c. rowani), and greater (G. c. tabida). Blood samples collected on the population's primary spring staging area in Nebraska, U.S.A., were used to resolve the genetic relationship among these subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis of 27 G. canadensis, by DNA sequencing of a 675 bp region of the mtDNA, supports the subspecies designations of G. c. canadensis and G. c. tabida. G. c. rowani individuals were intermediate with each of the other two subspecies. Genetic divergence ranged from 6.5 to 14.5% between G. c. canadensis and G. c. tabida, 0.5 to 6.6% within G. c. canadensis, and 0.1 to 6.0% within G. c. tabida. Sufficient DNA for analysis was obtained from shed feathers indicating a source of genetic material that does not require the capture or sacrifice of the birds. Other genetic markers and methods, including satellite telemetry, are required for obtaining detailed information on crane distributions as needed to establish effective management units for the MCP.
Stroke Rehabilitation Quality Indicators: Raising the Bar in the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility

Even though quality indicators are becoming more common in clinical medicine, there are very few of them in the area of stroke rehabilitation. This article proposes quality indicators for stroke rehabilitation based upon the Donabedian triad of structure, process, and outcomes. The quality indicators are in 3 categories: service delivery; system care coordination; and stroke prevention, health promotion, and medical management. Specific areas of focus include organized care, intensity of service, transitions of care, secondary stroke prevention, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis, pneumonia and influenza vaccines, and patient and professional education. By highlighting both the presence and absence of evidence in various aspects of stroke rehabilitation, clinicians and researchers can focus on quality improvement in areas that already are known while providing opportunities for research into areas that evidence does not yet support.
The Utility of Post-Concussion Neuropsychological Data in Identifying Cognitive Change Following Sports-Related MTBI in the Absence of Baseline Data

Neuropsychological tests have become commonplace in the assessment of sports-related concussion. Typically, post-injury test data are compared to pre-injury "baselines." Baseline testing can be expensive and logistically challenging, yet the usefulness of neuropsychological baseline testing has not been tested empirically. This paper examines the extent to which baseline testing is useful for detecting neurocognitive deficits following sports concussion in a college-age population. A total of 223 collegiate athletes from multiple sports who sustained concussions and had both baseline and post-injury testing using Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) were included in the study. Reliable change (RC) in scores was determined by two approaches, the Jacobson and Truax (JT) and the Gulliksen-Lord-Novick (GLN) methods. The 90% confidence interval was used for both. Classification using these methods was compared to standard normative methods that compared post-concussion performance to baseline population means. Agreement between reliable change and normative methods was examined using Cohen's Kappa scores to determine whether post-injury scores alone could identify reliable cognitive decline. Mean time from concussion to post-injury testing was 3.40 days. The percentage of athletes who declined when using the JT method was similar to the percentage that would be expected to decline due to chance alone. Although the GLN and JT methods demonstrated moderate to substantial agreement, the GLN method consistently identified more cognitively compromised athletes than the JT method. Post-injury scores alone identified a significant majority of athletes with a reliable decline on ImPACT. Although preliminary and in need of replication across age groups and instruments, these findings suggest that the majority of collegiate athletes who experience clinically meaningful post-concussion cognitive decline can be identified without baseline data.
High Intelligence Computing: The New Era of High Performance Computing

This paper discusses about High Performance Computing including the introduction of the fused multiply-add dataflow, and innovations in vector computing and multi processing. This has led to a new era in high performance that has created human intelligence in computers.
Intellectual property in a globalizing world: issues for economic research

This paper documents and describes the major changes in recent decades of global norms for protecting intellectual property rights (IPRs). Largely due to the World Trade Organization and regional trade agreements, there has been a significant upward harmonization of regulations in this area. I review recent econometric work studying the effects of IPRs on innovation, trade, and technology transfer. While this work has illuminated important effects, there are many other unexplored areas. I set out a research agenda for international trade specialists in order to encourage deeper empirical work into areas of policy complementarity, market entry, knowledge transfer costs, and other issues.
Examples of ill-conditioned matrices where simple inversion yields satisfactory results

In this paper we solve for the scattered field from a periodic surface, which is usually referred as a frequency selective surface (FSS). Due to inherent discontinuities in the derivative of the scattered field as a function of frequency, the condition number increases without bound. Even though the condition number is extremely high (>10/sup 15/), the solution of the scattered field is very accurate.
A SCRF linac as a FEL driver and storage ring injector

A 5 GeV superconducting radiofrequency (SCRF) linac for the dual application of FEL driver and top-off injector for a storage ring is described. Starting from the FEL drive beam requirements of subpicosecond bunch lengths and kiloamp peak current the choice of frequency, gradient and operating modes of the linac are presented. Magnetic optics and RF system descriptions follow to provide the specified beam parameters. Accelerator design issues are identified for future studies.