cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New light on Frobenius' creation of the theory of group characters

In an earlier paper [1971] I sketched the background to Frobenius' creation of the theory of group characters and sought to determine the role played therein by Richard Dedekind. An important source f insight was provided by Dedekind's letters to Frobenius, portio s of which were publi hed in Dedekind's Werke [1931 : 414-442]. Unfortunately, my efforts to locate Frobenius' part of th correspondence were unsuccessful, and it seemed t be ir etrievably lost. Recently, h wever, it was expectedly discover d by Kim rling [1972 : § 8] and is now located in the Clifford Memorial Library, University of Evansville, Indiana.1 The purpose of this paper is to co plete the historical anal sis of the origins of the t ory of group characters begun in my paper [1971]. There the empha is was necessarily upon Dedekind and the u ber-theoretic tradition which motivated his work. The Evansville ma uscripts now mak it possible o portray Fr benius1 role in much greater detail. The correspondence between Dedekind and Frobenius runs to more than 300 pages and falls in the periods I882-83, 1895-98, I90I. Frobenius' share amounts to 1 78 pages, many of them written in April of 1 8 6 when he was creating the theory of group ch racters as we now k ow iti.e. as opposed to the rlier, li i ed form of the theory developed by Dedekind for Abelian groups. These pages are virtually reports on " ork in progress" to Dedekind and provide invaluabl insight into the manner in which Frob nius was led to his gene alized characters and their funda e tal properties (Sections 3 and 4). It turns out that
Identification of subcellular organelles involved in Ba2+- and Cd2+-induced adrenomedullary secretion.

Abstract To determine which subcellular organelles of bovine adrenal medulla are mainly involved in catecholamine secretion evoked by Ba 2+ or Cd 2+ , glands were stimulated with these trace metals and subsequently subcellular fractions were assayed for Ba or Cd. Media of varying pH were used since low H+ concentrations are thought to promote Ba 2+ and Cd 2+ penetration into adrenal medulla. Of all the adrenomedullary fractions isolated, only the microsomes contained significantly more Cd when exposure to Cd 2+ was accomplished at the high pH, and only mitochondrial Ba was enhanced after exposure to Ba 2+ at the high pH. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between adrenal catecholamine release and residual microsomal Cd. Similary, adrenal catecholamine release by Ba 2+ was proportional to the Ba content of mitochondria. Since Cd and Ba levels in tissue fractions were determined only after a 15-min washout of the adrenals with trace metal-free Locke's solution, residual Cd and Ba in microsomes and mitochondria, respectively, probably represent metallic cations removed from the cytoplasm during termination of the secretory response. It is therefore proposed that microsomal structures remove Cd 2+ from the cytoplasm to limit Cd 2+ -induced adrenal catecholamine release and that mitochondria remove Ba 2+ from adrenomedullary cytoplasm to terminate Ba 2+ -induced catecholamine release.
Water-surface object detection and classification using imaging polarimetry

Data from a recent "first-look" at using Long Wave InfraRed Imaging Polarimetry (LWIR-IP) to detect surface swimmers is presented and discussed. A significant increase in detection SNR over conventional IR imaging techniques was discovered. The physical phenomena that produces the increased SNR is discussed along with data that shows range effects and their degradation on the SNR. Most significantly, a method to classify the detected object using the same dataset is discussed. Augmenting current swimmer detection systems using this technique will likely significantly decrease the false alarm rates of the system, thus saving manpower resources and preserving force readiness.
Fostering Student Collaboration through the Use of Historical Picture Books.

(2006). Fostering Student Collaboration through the Use of Historical Picture Books. The Social Studies: Vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 152-157.
Alpha decay of neutron-deficient francium isotopes☆

Abstract Isotopes of francium lighter than mass 214 were studied at the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator by bombardment of 197 Au with 16 O and of 205 Tl with 12 C. Si(Au) surface-barrier detectors were used in on-line measurements to determine α-decay energies and half-lives. Mass number assignments of francium-213-203 were based on excitation functions and on genetic relationship with emanation and astatine isotopes. Isomerism was detected in 204 Fr. Results are compared with previous work by Griffioen et al.
Effect of phentolamine on platelet aggregation in patients with pheochromocytoma.

Abstract Since exogeneous catecholamines potentiate ADP-induced aggregation in vitro, and this effect is blocked directly by phentolamine, it was assumed that platelets from patients with pheochromocytoma would be unusually sensitive to ADP and that this sensitivity would be reduced in the presence of phentolamine. Findings in four patients with pheochromocytoma were compared to results in 20 normals. Phentolamine had no immediate effect in either group. Pheochromocytoma platelets became more responsive to ADP after standing and this increase in responsiveness was inhibited by phentolamine. These results: 1) suggest that catecholamine concentrations in the plasma of patients with pheochromocytoma are not high enough to potentiate ADP aggregation and 2) may be explained by assuming that pheochromocytoma platelets are saturated with catecholamines.
The influence of shock prestraining on the structure/property response of hafnium

Highly-textured, crystal-bar-purity hafnium has been shock prestrained at 4.96 and 11 GPa, below the reported alpha to omega phase transformation of 38 GPa. The specimens were "soft caught" following shock prestraining to facilitate quantification of the substructure and post shock constitutive behavior. The substructure of the shocked materials was investigated using optical and transmission electron microscopy. The preshocked Hf samples were subsequently reloaded quasi-statically in compression. The deformation behavior of the as-annealed hafnium under quasi-static conditions is compared to its response following shock prestraining. The reload response is correlated to differences in the defect density due to shock loading.
Immunological comparison of 124 isolates of Toxoplasma gondii

We tested 124 isolates of Toxoplasma gondii, as determined morphologically and by their ability to elicit antibodies in the dye test with the RH strain of Toxoplasma in mice. They were compared for their capacity to immunize CF-1 mice against isolate T-1, and T-1 immune mice for their capacity to resist each of the 123 other isolates. Of the 125 isolates, 52 had been isolated in the continental USA, 33 in Central America, 15 in Europe, 9 in Hawaii, five in Japan, two in Taiwan, five in Australia, one in Indonesia, one in Tunisia, and one was of unknown origin. Complete cross-immunity was found. This suggests that only one immunotype of Toxoplasma is prevalent in the United States, and perhaps all over the earth. Vaccines are likely to immunize against most or all Toxoplasma isolates.
Interaction of Combined Nitrogen Availability and Light in the Regulation of Growth, Heterocyst Differentiation and Dinitrogen Fixation of the Planktic Blue-Green Alga Anabaena solitariaKleb.

Dependence of specific growth rate of the planktic blue-green alga Anabaena solitaria on light intensity (continuous light) was described using modified Mitscherlich-equation. Deficiency of combined nitrogen does not remarkably influence either maximum specific growth rate or parameters of light utilization efficiency (i0, kI). Growth rates at any light intensities are lower by only 10% if only elemental N2 is available. Whereas nitrogenase activity is suppressed by ammonium nitrate supply to a very low level, heterocysts are still present under the same conditions. The results are discussed with respect to the adaptability of A. solitaria to changing but limiting nitrogen supply.
Elucidating the structures of isomeric silylenium ions (SiC3H9+, SiC4H11+, SiC5H13+) by using specific ion/molecule reactions

Specific ion/molecule reactions are demonstrated that distinguish the structures of the following isomeric organosilylenium ions: Si(CH3) 3 (+) and SiH(CH3)(C2H5)(+); Si(CH3)2(C2H5)(+) and SiH(C2H5) 2 (+) ; and Si(CH3)2(i-C3H7)(+), Si(CH3)2(n-C3H7)(+), Si(CH3)(C2H5) 2 (+) , and Si(CH3)3(π-C2H4)(+). Both methanol and isotopically labeled ethene yield structure-specific reactions with these ions. Methanol reacts with alkylsilylenium ions by competitive elimination of a corresponding alkane or dehydrogenation and yields a methoxysilylenium ion. Isotopically labeled ethene reacts specifically with alkylsilylenium ions containing a two-carbon or larger alkyl substituent by displacement of the corresponding olefin and yields an ethylsilylenium ion. Methanol reactions were found to be efficient for all systems, whereas isotopically labeled ethene reaction efficiencies were quite variable, with dialkylsilylenium ions reacting rapidly and trialkylsilylenium ions reacting much more slowly. Mechanisms for these reactions and differences in the kinetics are discussed.
Investment in internet banking as a real option: theory and tests

Abstract This paper examines the optimal exercise of strategic real options to invest in Internet banking (IB) technology within a two-stage game, parameterized by the distribution of bank size and uncertainty over the profitability of investment, and empirically tests the results. The value of the strategic investment option to a strategically significant entrant into IB depends on both expected future profits as well as the variance of those profits. Expected profits to an entrant depend, in equilibrium, on its size, as measured by existing market share (concentration) or total assets, relative to its rivals. Conditional on the degree of uncertainty, larger banks should, as a consequence, exercise their options earlier than smaller banks, for purely strategic advantages, and act as market leaders in the provision of IB services. Like ordinary options, however, the value of the strategic investment option to both large and small banks increases in uncertainty, implying that early exercise will be more likely the more information is available about potential demand. We test these hypotheses on investment in IB services with data from a sample of 1618 commercial banks in the tenth Federal Reserve District during 1999. Consistent with our hypotheses, relative bank size, as measured by measures of concentration, and demographic information predictive of future demand both positively influence the probability of entry into IB in our sample.
Regional Analysis of Temperature Extremes: Spatial Analog for Climate Change?

Abstract The statistical theory of extreme values is applied to daily minimum and maximum temperature time series in the U.S. Midwest and Southeast. If the spatial pattern in the frequency of extreme temperature events can be explained simply by shifts in location and scale parameters (e.g., the mean and standard deviation) of the underlying temperature distribution, then the area under consideration could be termed a “region.” A regional analysis of temperature extremes suggests that the Type I extreme value distribution is a satisfactory model for extreme high temperatures. On the other hand, the Type III extreme value distribution (possibly with common shape parameter) is often a better model for extreme low temperatures. Hence, our concept of a region is appropriate when considering maximum temperature extremes, and perhaps also for minimum temperature extremes. Based on this regional analysis, if a temporal climate change were analogous to a spatial relocation, then it would be possible to anticipate...
Bistatic microwave or acoustic holography using incoherent illumination

The use of a broad-band random noise source for both the illuminating and the reference signal in bistatic holography is discussed, whereby the combination (interference) signal is first subjected to a narrow-band multifrequency filtering procedure. The resulting recording of a multiplicity of single-frequency one-dimensional zone plates is then used for reconstruction.
South China Sea Monsoon Experiment observed from satellites

Timed to the launch of joint U.S./Japan satellite Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Chinese Geostationary Satellite, Fung Yuen-II (FY-II), the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) is quite literally getting off the ground. SCSMEX is an international field experiment to study the water and energy cycles of the Asian monsoon regions. Its purpose is to better understand the key physical processes in the onset, maintenance, and variability of the monsoon over southeast Asia and southern China. This understanding is expected to lead to improved forecasts of the monsoon.
A critical assessment of transcranial doppler screening rates in a large pediatric sickle cell center: opportunities to improve healthcare quality.

Background Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) has been demonstrated to be a powerful predictor of stroke risk due to sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric populations. Little is known about how this healthcare innovation has disseminated into preventive care for SCD. The objective of this study was to determine TCD screening rates and modifiable patient barriers in children with SCD. Procedure We retrospectively assessed the screening of 207 children with SCD at the Texas Children's Sickle Cell Center over a 3-year period (2004–2006). Demographics, adherence to comprehensive care visits, severity of disease, and distance from the sickle cell center were obtained from computerized medical record databases. Screenings cancelled or missed by patients were extracted from a computerized order entry system. Results The average yearly screening rate for eligible patients was 45%. The average yearly cancellation rate by patients was 20%. Patient with private insurance were three times more likely to be compliant with ordered screenings than patients with Medicaid (P = 0.0077). Patients adherent to hematology comprehensive care visits more likely underwent ordered screenings than those who were not (P = 0.0386). When given at least one opportunity per year, providers, on average, ordered TCD screening 74% of the time when it was indicated. Conclusions Despite evidence that routine screening to assess stroke risk is vital to the preventive care of SCD, implementation of this healthcare technology may be slow to disseminate due to patient and provider related factors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:647–651. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Iodine speciation in the water column of the Black Sea

Abstract Iodine speciation was determined on water samples collected from the upper 250 m of the Black Sea during 11–14 June 1988. Iodate, iodide and total iodine were determined by three separate voltammetric methods. In most samples, the sum of iodide plus iodate equalled the total iodine. In four samples obtained near the oxic/anoxic nonsulfidic interface, however, the sum of the iodide plus iodate was less than the total iodine (range 17–38% lower). Thus, a third form of iodine is present. Addition of sulfite to the samples did not increase the iodide concentration which would be expected if I 2 or OI − were present. It is suggested that the third form of iodine is organic and probably of high molecular weight (peptide or aromatic?). The differences with the previous results of Wong and Brewer (1977, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 41 , 151–159) can be attributed to different methods used and to differences in the water column chemistry of the Black Sea over time and perhaps season. In the previous work, O 2 and H 2 S coexisted in the zone between the oxic and sulfidic zones whereas in this work, O 2 and H 2 S were not present in the zone between the oxic and sulfidic zones.
Absorbed Radiation Doses to Staff After Implementation of a Radiopharmacy Clean Room

In response to U.S. Pharmacopeia general chapter standards, a clean room was constructed for our in-house radiopharmacy. Previously, most patient doses were prepared as needed just before injection. Currently, to minimize repeated entries into the clean room, most patient doses are prepared in batches; that is, early morning and noontime preparation of doses to be injected at various times throughout the morning and the afternoon, respectively. Because these patient doses may be prepared well before injection time, radioactive decay necessitates higher amounts of radioactivity to be handled for patient dose preparation. Hence, absorbed radiation doses to staff, all of whom rotate into the radiopharmacy clean room in addition to their regular patient-related activities, were retrospectively evaluated. Methods: Monthly dosimetry reports for body (chest badge) and extremities (finger ring) were retrospectively reviewed for each staff member for 12 mo before and 12 mo after implementation of the radiopharmacy clean room. Monthly data were evaluated for average and SD, and 12-mo groups were evaluated using a paired t test. Data for the second 12-mo period were also normalized to the same number of patient doses to account for an increase in procedure volume and were reevaluated. Results: Before the radiopharmacy clean room had been implemented, average monthly absorbed radiation doses to body and extremities were 23 ± 15 mrem (0.23 ± 0.15 mSv) and 93 ± 59 mrem (0.93 ± 0.59 mSv), respectively. After the clean room had been implemented, average monthly absorbed radiation doses increased to 32 ± 16 mrem (0.32 ± 0.16 mSv) (P
Theory of surface spin-exchange recombination of spin-polarized hydrogen

Calculations of the two-atom surface recombination rate for spinpolarized atomic hydrogen are carried out. Both the plane-wave Born approximation (PWBA) and the\((2\tfrac{1}{2})\)-dimensional distorted-wave model are employed. The field dependence forB=4 to 10 Tesla, and the temperature dependence for 0.2<T<1 K are examined for systems initially consisting of equal numbers ofa- andb-state atoms. The rates are analyzed with respect to para- and ortho-H2 production, and to recombination to various vibrational and rotational states of H2. The PWBA gives reasonable agreement with experiment with respect to the field-dependence and ortho-para production, but predicts an overall rate a factor of 40 above experiment. The\((2\tfrac{1}{2})\)-dimensional model underestimates the rate by a factor of ∼ 103 and yields poorer agreement with experiment than the PWBA for the field-dependence and ortho-para production ratio. These results point out the need for a proper many-body treatment.
Relationship of Microcomputer-Based Instruction and Learning Style:

In this technological age, sight must not be lost in recognizing individual differences in applying technology to the instructional process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between achievement of field-dependent and field-independent students using microcomputer instruction. T-test was calculated on mean posttest scores to analyze the difference between the groups. There was a significant difference at the 0.5 level in testing the null hypothesis of no difference between the groups in this study.
Robust shape similarity retrieval based on contour segmentation polygonal multiresolution and elastic matching

In this paper, we are going to present a novel shape similarity retrieval algorithm that can be used to match and recognize 2D objects. The match process uses a new multi-resolution polygonal shape descriptor that is invariant to scale, rotation and translation. The shape descriptor equally segments the contour of any shape, regardless of its complexity, and captures three features around its center including the distance and slope relative to the center. All parameters are normalized relative to the max values. The novel shape matching algorithm uses the shape descriptor and applies it by linearly scanning a stored set of shapes and measuring the similarity using elastic comparisons of shape segments. Similarity measurement is achieved by the sum of differences distance measure. The multi-resolution segmentation provides flexibility for applications that have different time and space requirements while maintaining high accuracy results and the elastic matching adds an advantage when matching partially occluded shapes. We applied our algorithms on many test databases including the MPEG-7 shape core experiment and achieved the highest result reported with a score of 84.33% for the MPEG-7 Part B similarity test.
The International Sexual Trafficking of Women and Children: A Review of the Literature

The contemporary international slave trade has received little attention in the social work literature. In keeping with the profession's commitment to social justice and human rights, this article reviews perhaps the most prominent and fastest-growing component of the trade—the trafficking of young women and children for prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation. The role of criminal networks in the globalization of sexual trafficking is discussed, along with the recruitment strategies used by the networks. Suggestions are offered for advocating on behalf of women and children, and information is provided to assist social workers in the provision of services to victims of trafficking.
Cardiac conduction disturbances and ventricular tachycardia after prolonged propofol infusion in an infant

We report an infant who, after prolonged intravenous propofol infusion for treatment of status epilepticus, developed dramatic cardiac conduction disturbances and tachyarrhythmias in the setting of only mild metabolic acidosis and good ventricular function. Certain electrocardiographic findings were similar to those observed in the Brugada syndrome as well as in adult patients with propofol toxicity who suffered fatal ventricular arrhythmias. This case illustrates that serious arrhythmias can occur during prolonged high-dose propofol infusion in young patients, probably through a direct electrophysiologic membrane effect.
Highly Scalable Self-Healing Algorithms for High Performance Scientific Computing

As the number of processors in today's high-performance computers continues to grow, the mean-time-to-failure of these computers is becoming significantly shorter than the execution time of many current high-performance computing applications. Although today's architectures are usually robust enough to survive node failures without suffering complete system failure, most of today's high-performance computing applications cannot survive node failures. Therefore, whenever a node fails, all surviving processes on surviving nodes usually have to be aborted and the whole application has to be restarted. In this paper, we present a framework for building self-healing high-performance numerical computing applications so that they can adapt to node or link failures without aborting themselves. The framework is based on FT-MPI and diskless checkpointing. Our diskless checkpointing uses weighted checksum schemes, a variation of Reed-Solomon erasure codes over floating-point numbers. We introduce several scalable encoding strategies into the existing diskless checkpointing and reduce the overhead to survive k failures in p processes from 2[log p]. k ((beta + 2gamma) m + alpha) to (1 + O (radic(p)/radic(m)))2. k (beta + 2gamma)m, where alpha is the communication latency, 1/beta is the network bandwidth between processes, {1\over \gamma } is the rate to perform calculations, and m is the size of local checkpoint per process. When additional checkpoint processors are used, the overhead can be reduced to (1 + O (1/radic(m))). k (beta + 2gamma)m, which is independent of the total number of computational processors. The introduced self-healing algorithms are scalable in the sense that the overhead to survive k failures in p processes does not increase as the number of processes p increases. We evaluate the performance overhead of our self-healing approach by using a preconditioned conjugate gradient equation solver as an example. Experimental results demonstrate that our self-healing scheme can survive multiple simultaneous process failures with low-performance overhead and little numerical impact.
Digital Control of High Performance Aircraft Using Adaptive Estimation Techniques

Since the early 1960's, a rapid advance in signal processing, including filtering and estimation techniques, has been evident. In contrast, applied feedback control, particularly for aircraft, is currently based on technology available prior to 1960, i. e., primarily either constant gain feedback or at most a standard gain-scheduling. In this paper, an adaptive signal processing algorithm is joined with gain-scheduling to produce an effective scheme for controlling the dynamics of high performance aircraft. A technique is presented for a reduced-order model (the longitudinal dynamics) of a high performance short-takeoff-and-landing (STOL) aircraft. The actual controller views the nonlinear behavior of the aircraft as being equivalent to a randomly switching sequence of linear models taken from a preliminary piecewise-linear fit of the system nonlinearities. The adaptive nature of the estimator is necessary to select the proper sequence of linear models along the flight trajectory. From the analysis of the reduced-order model the nonlinear behavior has been found to be well approximated by assuming an effective switching of the linear models at random times, the durations of which reflect the motion of the aircraft in response to pilot commands.
Applying Formal Methods to a Certifiably Secure Software System

A major problem in verifying the security of code is that the code's large size makes it much too costly to verify in its entirety. This paper describes a novel and practical approach to verifying the security of code which substantially reduces the cost of verification. In this approach, a compact security model containing only information needed to reason about the security properties of interest is constructed and the security properties are represented formally in terms of the model. To reduce the cost of verification, the code to be verified is partitioned into three categories and only the first category, which is less than 10 percent of the code in our application, requires formal verification. The proof of the other two categories is relatively trivial. Our approach was developed to support a common criteria evaluation of the separation kernel of an embedded software system. This paper describes 1) our techniques and theory for verifying the kernel code and 2) the artifacts produced, that is, a top-level specification (TLS), a formal statement of the security property, a mechanized proof that the TLS satisfies the property, the partitioning of the code, and a demonstration that the code conforms to the TLS. This paper also presents the formal basis for the argument that the kernel code conforms to the TLS and consequently satisfies the security property.
Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as predictor of weight gain: study of 24-h RQ

Reduced oxidation of fat leading to a positive fat balance could be a factor in the development of obesity. Twenty-four-hour respiratory quotient (RQ) was measured in 152 nondiabetic Pima Indians fed a weight-maintenance diet [87 males and 65 females; 27 +/- 6 yr (mean +/- SD); 93.9 +/- 22.9 kg; 32 +/- 9% fat]. Twenty-four-hour RQ varied from 0.799 to 0.903. Prior change in body weight, 24-h energy balance, sex, and percent body fat explained 18% of the variance in 24-h RQ (P less than 0.001). In a subgroup of 66 siblings from 28 families, family membership explained 28% of the remaining variance in 24-h RQ (P less than 0.05). In 111 subjects for whom follow-up data (25 +/- 11 mo) were available, 24-h RQ was correlated with subsequent changes in body weight and fat mass (r = 0.27, P less than 0.01 and r = 0.19, P less than 0.05, respectively). Subjects with higher 24-h RQ (90th percentile) independent of 24-h energy expenditure were at 2.5 times higher risk of gaining greater than or equal to 5 kg body weight than those with lower 24-h RQ (10th percentile). We conclude that in Pima Indians fed a standard diet 1) family membership is the principal determinant of the ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation, and 2) a low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation is associated with subsequent weight gain independent of low energy expenditure and may contribute to the familial aggregation of obesity.
Another optimization trick for the multiple-attenuation method: Multishooting processing of single-shot data

We consider marine seismic data collected in a standard shot-gather form, i.e., seismic waves generated from one single-source location at a time. We propose to group these data as if they were acquired with a multishooting technique (to simulate seismic waves generated from several shot locations simultaneously) and then to demultiple them as multishot data. By doing so, we reduce the size of our data and processing time several fold.
AN AREA-BASED MODEL OF SPECIES RICHNESS DYNAMICS OF FOREST ISLANDS

Abstract Landscape fragmentation results in forest islands surrounded by a matrix of agricultural species, at least above the minimum size necessary for the interior species. The species richness dynamics of these forest islands can be predicted by using mathematical modelling. Our area-based model describes the temporal dynamics of species richness of forest islands and depicts relationships between species richness and the edge, interior, and total area of forest islands. The mathematical model consists of a group of differential equations, and we also present results of a STELLA simulation model on woody species of deciduous forest islands. Simulations show that changes in species richness occur only when the area of forest islands is smaller than some threshold level which is different for the edge and interior species groups, that edge and interior species respond differently to the changes in island area, and that time delays embedded in community level responses may be important to understanding species richness dynamics of forest islands. The STELLA model is capable of simulating the dynamics of edge, interior, and total species richness with a variety of additional scenarios involving the change in area of forest islands.
Exact relations for effective tensors of polycrystals. I: Necessary conditions.

The set of all effective moduli of a polycrystal usually has a nonempty interior. When it does not, we say that there is an exact relation for effective moduli. This can indeed happen as evidenced by recent results [4, 10, 12] on polycrystals. In this paper we describe a general method for finding such relations for effective moduli of laminates. The method is applicable to any physical setting that can be put into the Hilbert space framework developed by Milton[13]. The idea is to use the W-function of Milton[13] that transforms a lamination formula into a convex combination. The method reduces the problem of finding exact relations to a problem from representation theory of SO(d)(d= 2 or 3) corresponding to a particular physical setting. When this last problem is solved, there is a finite amount of calculation required to be done in order to answer the question completely. At present, each candidate relation has to be examined separately in order to confirm the stability under homogenization. We apply our general theory to the settings of conductivity and two‐dimensional elasticity.
Progress and Problems in Understanding and Managing Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infections

Summary: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus that infects a large fraction of the human population. Primary infection is often asymptomatic but results in lifelong infection, which is kept in check by the host immune system. In some cases, primary infection can result in infectious mononucleosis. Furthermore, when host-virus balance is not achieved, the virus can drive potentially lethal lymphoproliferation and lymphomagenesis. In this review, we describe the biology of EBV and the host immune response. We review the diagnosis of EBV infection and discuss the characteristics and pathogenesis of infectious mononucleosis. These topics are approached in the context of developing therapeutic and preventative strategies.
Patient-Perceived Functional Outcomes Associated with Elective Hip and Knee Arthroplasties

The purpose of this study was to determine 1) the effect elective hip and knee arthroplasties had on functional activities of daily living and 2) if the background variables of age, gender, and surgery location can be used to predict functional outcome after these types of surgeries. Data were collected from 43 subjects, 6 to 35 months after they had elective hip or knee arthroplasties. The subjects responded to a mail survey that defined before surgery and after recovery functioning in relation to 22 activities of daily living representing personal care, housework-yard work, and recreation-social activities. Approximately 65% of the subjects reported no change in their ability to perform the 22 surveyed activities. Psychosocial variables appeared to be significant determinants of function. When the selected background data were compared with surgery results, women performed significantly better than men ( p < .05), but age and surgery location were not significant variables affecting outcome.
Preventive coping among people with severe mental illness in daily life: strategies used and associations with mood.

Background:Preventive coping refers to efforts that are taken to reduce the likelihood of experiencing, or lessen the impact of, stress in the future.Aims:The present investigation explored the use of preventive strategies in daily life among people with severe mental illness, and examined the association between types of preventive strategies used and end-of-day mood.Methods:Participants included 27 adults diagnosed with severe mental illness who completed up to 20 daily interviews each (375 interviews were completed in total), which assessed preventive coping and end-of-day mood.Results:The most commonly (across participants) and frequently (within participant days) endorsed preventive strategies were accessing social support and engaging in activities/hobbies. Participants tended to have less positive mood at end-of-day on days in which either no, or more passive, strategies were used.Conclusions:Findings supported that preventive strategies are frequently used by members of this population, and that a...
Intrapericardiac injections of algogenic chemicals excite primate C1-C2 spinothalamic tract neurons

Extracellular potentials of 38 C1-C2 spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons in anesthetized monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were examined for responses to intrapericardiac injections of an algogenic chemi...
Race, Gender and Liberal Fallacies

from sitting on a case your friend and mentor had an interest in or your veracity when you tell you condemn sexual misconduct if you did not fire an employee who had exposed himself to women on the job?" (Unity, Oct. 31, 1991) Chair Biden seemed more interested in the form rather than the substance of the hearing. He was more interested in being polite to fellow senators than calling offensive personal and irrelevant remarks out of order.
Social dynamics in second language accent

This collection critically engages research related to the learning, practicing and teaching of second-language (L2) pronunciation in social context. While second-language acquisition researchers h...
Copper-molybdenum interactions with the sulfate-reducing system in rumen microorganisms.

SummaryWashed rumen microorganisms were investigated under conditions conducive to sulfate reduction, giving the following results: Molybdate inhibits the reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. ...
Pecan Nut Loss from Pollination to Harvest

Cohorts of wild, native, and improved pecan nuts were studied at various locations in Texas from pollination to harvest over a 4-year period. An abiotic factor, disappearance, was a major source of nut mortality. Biotic factors that caused nut loss were pecan nut casebearer, Acrobasis nuxvorella Neunzig; pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn); and a disease, pecan scab, whose causal agent is an ascomycete, Cladosporium caryigenum (Ell. et Lang.) Gottwald. Twenty other minor sources of mortality were also identified. Disappearance typically accounted for loss of ca. 50% of the cohorts regardless of ecological condition, geographical location, or application of fertilizer or pesticides. Disappearance was ascribed to poor pollination and nut abortion. Extrinsic losses from key insect pests were inversely related to nut density, whereas losses from disease were more affected by climatic factors. Both types of losses were reduced by pesticide treatments. Pecan management strategies can be modified to be more effective by eliminating most insecticide treatments for pecan nut casebearer in years of high nut production, carefully timing treatments for this insect in years of low production, and managing pecan scab when environmental conditions favor disease development.
Some Predictors of Entrepreneurship Article Impact

We study scholarly impact in the entrepreneurship field. To answer the question of which factors predict impact, we focus on understanding how article citation behaviour has changed over 20 years. We apply paradigm development theory and framing concepts to guide our study. We find that the value attached to both an article and the article’s authors has become a greater predictor of article citations over time. Additionally, we find that whether authors’ claim that their articles present interesting or useful ideas predicts article impact. But the nature of the impact differs depending on the type of the claim. The pattern of results suggests that entrepreneurship research may currently be at an intermediate stage of development.
Market Segment Response to the Marketing Decision Variables

This article presents the results of an econometric analysis of panel data directed toward the measurement of differential responsiveness of market segments to changes in advertising expenditures, ...
The Pressure of Red Point Rationing

SOME INDICATION of the pressure of rationing may be secured by a comparison of past patterns of consumption and the points required to sustain that consumption with the points available to the family under rationing. There are available for such a study the data on food consumption by the families included in the Consumers Purchases Study of 1935-36 and the current point schedules of the Office of Price Administration.1 This comparison is rough, since there have been some shifts in consumption from the period for which we have data, and there have been income increases for a good many families. It does indicate, however, a good deal relative to the pressure on different groups assuming that they desire a consumption pattern approximating that of the earlier period.
An analysis of air-stepping in normal infant vervet monkeys.

Limb movements during air-stepping were analyzed in three neonatal vervet monkeys over a three-week period. The movements had similar temporal organization both across animals and across time. For example, the duration of both the hind and the forelimb cycle equaled about 500 ms, with the hind limb return strokes lasting much longer than the hind limb power strokes. Furthermore, there were clear indications of both intra- and interlimb coordination. Specifically, all the joints of a limb tended to flex and extend simultaneously, and contralateral and ipsilateral limb pairs had an average phase relationship of approximately 50% of cycle duration. Despite a qualitative similarity between limb movements during air-stepping in the neonates and overground locomotion in older animals, there were notable differences both in temporal relationships and joint displacement patterns. Finally, there appeared to be important similarities between air-stepping in these monkeys and stepping in newborn humans. Most notably...
From know-how to know-why: Lab-created learning

Why do some programs of study build lab work into the curriculum? Although courses across a wide variety of disciplines traditionally include lab work, there is little consistency in how those labs (even within the same discipline) are configured and even less conversation about the value of lab work to student learning. Generally speaking, labs are typically intended to help students develop procedural skills (manipulate tools, for example), explore the processes of scientific experimentation, and link theory to practice [1,2]. While most educators would agree that these goals — procedural skills, experimentation, and theoretical understanding — are listed from least-to-most important, the unfortunate truth is that they are also listed in order of easiest-to-most-difficult for both teaching and learning. This paper will describe how the learning activities and the technological configurations of labs can be re-thought to address challenges for learning and for access.
Screening of the Zedoary turmeric oil suspension formulation by orthogonal design

OBJECTIVE To choose the best formulation ofZedoary turmeric oil dry suspension.METHODS Orthogonal design was used. The optimum formulation was investigated with the sedimentation and redispersibility as the content index.RESULTS Taste was proper and the sedimentation and redispersibility were the best when adding carboxymethylcellulose sodium 0.1g,microcrystalline cellulose 0.1g and sucrose 1.8 g.CONCLUSION The formulation is reasonable,the preparation is stable.
Making environmental DNA count

The arc of reception for a new technology or method--like the reception of new information itself--can pass through predictable stages, with audiences' responses evolving from 'I don't believe it', through 'well, maybe' to 'yes, everyone knows that' to, finally, 'old news'. The idea that one can sample a volume of water, sequence DNA out of it, and report what species are living nearby has experienced roughly this series of responses among biologists, beginning with the microbial biologists who developed genetic techniques to reveal the unseen microbiome. 'Macrobial' biologists and ecologists--those accustomed to dealing with species they can see and count--have been slower to adopt such molecular survey techniques, in part because of the uncertain relationship between the number of recovered DNA sequences and the abundance of whole organisms in the sampled environment. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Evans et al. (2015) quantify this relationship for a suite of nine vertebrate species consisting of eight fish and one amphibian. Having detected all of the species present with a molecular toolbox of six primer sets, they consistently find DNA abundances are associated with species' biomasses. The strength and slope of this association vary for each species and each primer set--further evidence that there is no universal parameter linking recovered DNA to species abundance--but Evans and colleagues take a significant step towards being able to answer the next question audiences tend to ask: 'Yes, but how many are there?'
The American Medicine Chest Challenge: Evaluation of a Drug Take-Back and Disposal Campaign

Objective:Prescription drug take-back programs provide a safe and convenient way to dispose of expired, unwanted, or unused medications that people store in homes, thus limiting the potential misuse of prescription drugs. This study evaluated public response to a social marketing campaign promoting a community-based drug take-back program, the American Medicine Chest Challenge.Method:A telephone survey was conducted with a representative sample of adults in New Jersey (N = 906) 2 weeks following the conclusion of the statewide collection day event in November 2010. The survey assessed public exposure to the campaign and the extent to which it is associated with public perceptions and behaviors the campaign was designed to influence.Results:The campaign, which relied heavily on community channels for the dissemination of messages, was able to reach directly more than 60% of its target audience. When potential confounders were controlled for, campaign exposure was a strong predictor of a respondent having o...
The new United States Cancer Atlas.

In the early 1970s, a group at the National Cancer Institute prepared an atlas of cancer death rates in the United States at the county level (Mason et al. 1975). Previous surveys had revealed some geographic patterns by region and state (Gordon et al. 1961; Burbank 1971), but the variation seemed rather predictable and limited. Most attention at that time was being given to the striking international differences in cancer occurrence and the changing risk of migrant populations that suggested the importance of environmental determinants. Although the geographic variation in cancer occurrences within the United States was much smaller than the global differences, we thought that by mapping cancer mortality using small areas such as counties, it might be possible to identify unusual patterns or high-risk areas that would escape notice when larger geographic units were used. Also, although alert clinicians had identified unusual clusters of rare tumors that led to an identification of responsible exposures, for example asbestos and mesothelioma, we felt that the detection of clustering of the common tumors required a more systematic approach. The United States county mortality system seemed to provide such a mechanism. Every death in the United States has been reportable by law to the National Center for Health Statistics since 1933 and computerized records exist for death certificates and population censuses since 1950.
Newest version of Discourse Quality Index (DQI)

The DQI was initially developed to measure the discourse quality of speech acts in parliamentary debates. To be applied to experiments with ordinary citizens, as in the current book, the DQI had to be somewhat modified and also to be adapted to the local context of the experiments. As with the initial DQI, the units of analysis to be coded are the individual speech acts. If a speech act is briefly interrupted (just a few seconds) and the speaker continues afterwards, this counts as a single speech act. The interruption also counts as a speech act. Nature of speech act Interruption: speaker interrupts another speaker with a few utterances of not more than a few seconds. Regular speech act: all other speeches, including briel y interrupted speech acts. Participation (length of time) Code in minutes and seconds the length of the speech act. Participation (constraints) The speaker indicates verbally or by body language that he or she is constrained by the behavior of other participants (interruptions, private conversations, body language such as making faces, yawning, etc.). The speaker can speak in an unconstrained way.
Reduction of Nano-Cu2O: Crystallite Size Dependent and the Effect of Nano-Ceria Support

Copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) is an effective catalyst in the CO oxidation reaction. While high surface to volume ratio in nanoparticles will increase their catalytic efficiency, it posts a stability problem. Here we study the stability of nano-cuprite against reduction as a function of its crystallite size and upon interaction with a nano-ceria support. A systematic analysis of isothermal reduction of a series size of monodispersed Cu2O nanocrystals (±7%) with time-resolved X-ray diffraction (TR-XRD) provides the time-resolved phase fraction of Cu2O and the time when reduction product of Cu (fcc) first appears. The initial phase fraction of nano-Cu2O is less than one with the balance attributed to an amorphous CuO shell. Since no peaks of crystalline CuO (monoclinic) were observed, a core–shell structure with an amorphous CuO shell is proposed. From the analysis, Cu2+ content in corresponding to shell increases from 0 to 33% as Cu2O decreases to 8 nm from the bulk. Based on the reduction profiles, a time size r...