cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Anabolic Steroids and Corticosteroids on Healing of Muscle Contusion Injury

The effect of an anabolic steroid (nandrolone decanoate, 20 mg/kg) and a corticosteroid (methylprednisolone acetate, 25 mg/kg) on healing muscle injured with a drop-mass technique in a reproducible muscle contusion injury model in the rat was studied. Healing was determined by measuring active contractile tension in each muscle and histologic analysis. At day 2, the corticosteroid group showed significant improvement in both twitch and tetanic strength relative to the controls. At day 7, this effect was reversed and the corticosteroid muscles were significantly weaker than the control muscles, but there was still no significant effect seen in the anabolic steroid group. At day 14, the corticosteroid muscles were totally degenerated, with disorganized muscle fiber architecture. The anabolic steroid muscles were significantly stronger in twitch, and a similar trend was seen in tetanus relative to control muscles. The results indicate that in an animal model corticosteroids may be beneficial in the short term, but they cause irreversible damage to healing muscle in the long term, including disordered fiber structure and a marked diminution in force-generating capacity. Anabolic steroids may aid in the healing of muscle contusion injury to speed the recovery of force-generating capacity. Although anabolic steroids are considered renegade drugs, they may have an ethical clinical application to aid healing in severe muscle contusion injury, and their use in the treatment of muscle injuries warrants further research.
High performance microwave photonic links using double sideband suppressed carrier modulation and balanced coherent heterodyne detection

Optical transmission of microwave signals offers many advantages such as increased bandwidth; immunity to electromagnetic interference; reduction of size, weight and power consumption; and low, frequency-independent loss over long distances. But microwave photonic links often lack the performance required to replace traditional microwave links. We present a microwave photonic link architecture that enables high gain and dynamic range, low noise figure, and multi-octave bandwidth operation. Our method uses double sideband suppressed carrier modulation together with a balanced coherent heterodyne detection scheme. The modulation method increases link linearity by producing amplitude modulation based on the optical field rather than intensity. The combination of carrier suppression, optical amplification, phase-locked local oscillator insertion, and balanced detection provide high signal-efficient gain, reduced intermodulation distortion, wide-band operation, and low link noise. The resulting link places this microwave photonic approach in the same performance realm as state-of-the-art microwave links.
Disrupting life events and the sleep-wake cycle in depression.

BACKGROUND Social rhythm disruption life events are significant predictors of mood relapse in bipolar patients. However, no research has examined the relationship between these events and their hypothesized mechanism of action: disrupted sleep-wake patterns. The goal of this study was to test whether participants with major depressive disorder have a greater disruption of daily sleep and motor activity following disrupting life events when compared to normal controls. METHOD Over the course of 2 weeks, 39 normal controls and 39 individuals with major depressive disorder completed life events interviews and wore actigraphs to obtain estimates of sleep/wake activity. RESULTS Statistically significant interactions indicated that the presence of at least one disrupting life event in the previous 4 months correlated with elevations in the amount of time spent awake after sleep onset [beta=0.45, deltaF(1,73)=4.80, p<0.05], and decreases in the percentage of time spent asleep [beta=-0.53, deltaF(1,73)=6.57, p<0.05], in depressed individuals but not in normal controls. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that depressed individuals may be more susceptible to the effects of life events on sleep than normal controls. This is the first study to date to correlate life events with objective measures of sleep. However, prospective longitudinal research is necessary to clarify the temporal relationship among these variables.
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Enhances Colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in Mice

ABSTRACT Community interactions at mucosal surfaces between viruses, like influenza virus, and respiratory bacterial pathogens are important contributors toward pathogenesis of bacterial disease. What has not been considered is the natural extension of these interactions to live attenuated immunizations, and in particular, live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs). Using a mouse-adapted LAIV against influenza A (H3N2) virus carrying the same mutations as the human FluMist vaccine, we find that LAIV vaccination reverses normal bacterial clearance from the nasopharynx and significantly increases bacterial carriage densities of the clinically important bacterial pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae (serotypes 19F and 7F) and Staphylococcus aureus (strains Newman and Wright) within the upper respiratory tract of mice. Vaccination with LAIV also resulted in 2- to 5-fold increases in mean durations of bacterial carriage. Furthermore, we show that the increases in carriage density and duration were nearly identical in all aspects to changes in bacterial colonizing dynamics following infection with wild-type (WT) influenza virus. Importantly, LAIV, unlike WT influenza viruses, had no effect on severe bacterial disease or mortality within the lower respiratory tract. Our findings are, to the best of our knowledge, the first to demonstrate that vaccination with a live attenuated viral vaccine can directly modulate colonizing dynamics of important and unrelated human bacterial pathogens, and does so in a manner highly analogous to that seen following wild-type virus infection. IMPORTANCE Following infection with an influenza virus, infected or recently recovered individuals become transiently susceptible to excess bacterial infections, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Indeed, in the absence of preexisting comorbidities, bacterial infections are a leading cause of severe disease during influenza epidemics. While this synergy has been known and is well studied, what has not been explored is the natural extension of these interactions to live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs). Here we show, in mice, that vaccination with LAIV primes the upper respiratory tract for increased bacterial growth and persistence of bacterial carriage, in a manner nearly identical to that seen following wild-type influenza virus infections. Importantly, LAIV, unlike wild-type virus, did not increase severe bacterial disease of the lower respiratory tract. These findings may have consequences for individual bacterial disease processes within the upper respiratory tract, as well as bacterial transmission dynamics within LAIV-vaccinated populations
Estimating site amplification factors from ambient noise

[1] We present a methodology to obtain frequency-dependent relative site amplification factors using ambient seismic noise. We treat a seismic network or array as a forced damped harmonic oscillator system where each station responds to a forcing function obtained from frequency-wavenumber beams of the ambient noise field. A network or array beam is necessary to estimate the forcing function. Taken over long time periods, each station responds to the forcing function showing a frequency-dependent resonance peak whose amplitude and spectral width depends upon the elastic and anelastic properties of the underlying medium. Our results are encouraging in that hard rock sites show little variability and have narrower resonance peaks with reduced amplitudes relative to soft rock sites in sedimentary basins. There is much more variability observed at soft rock sites and a tendency for spectral peaks to shift to higher frequencies and become broader as the site amplification increases. This could be due to due to lower densities and/or small-strain nonlinearity at stations having high site amplification.
Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce

Just as the industrial revolution mechanized the manufacturing functions of firms, the information revolution is automating their merchant functions. Four types of potential productivity gains are expected from business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce: cost efficiencies from automation of transactions, potential advantages of new market intermediaries, consolidation of demand and supply through organized exchanges, and changes in the extent of vertical integration of firms. The article examines the characteristics of B2B online intermediaries, including categories of goods traded, market mechanisms employed, and ownership arrangements, and considers the market structure of B2B e-commerce.
State-Dependent Heterogeneity in Synaptic Depression between Pyramidal Cell Pairs

Paired recordings between CA3 pyramidal neurons were used to study the properties of synaptic plasticity in active and silent synapses. Synaptic depression is accompanied by decreases in both AMPAR and NMDAR function. The mechanisms of synaptic depression, and the potential to undergo activity-dependent plastic changes in efficacy, differ depending on whether a synapse is active, recently silent, or potentiated. These results suggest that silent and active synapses represent distinct synaptic "states," and that once unsilenced, synapses express plasticity in a graded manner. The state in which a synapse resides, and the states recently visited, determine its potential and mechanism for undergoing subsequent plastic changes.
Testing the Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Eastern North American Atrypid Brachiopods: A Geometric Morphometric Approach

The phylogeny and taxonomy of atrypides as proposed in the past has not been tested in terms of morphometric shape. Here, we investigated external shell shape variation in brachiopod morphology at the subfamily and generic level using geometric morphometrics. We measured valve shape in 1593 atrypid individuals from Silurian-Devonian time intervals from 8 EE subunits from 18 geographic localities in eastern North America. The following representatives of the Atrypida were included in the morphometric analyses: Atrypa, Gotatrypa, Kyrtatrypa, Oglupes?, Joviatrypa, Endrea, Dihelictera (Atrypinae); Pseudoatrypa (Variatrypinae) and Spinatrypa (Spinatrypinae).We used 8 external landmarks to determine shape differences among genera and subfamilies in time and space and to calculate pairwise distances between them. Phylogenetic divergence time was determined between atrypid generic pairs based on the phylogenetic tree published in prior literature. Maximum-likelihood was used to assess evolutionary rate and mode of morphological divergence. Results indicate that morphological divergences among these genera are very small compared to their within-genus variation. Thus, while morphometric differentiation is concordant with phylogeny proposed in the past, the small shell shape distances between genera, considerable morphological overlap between subfamilies, considerable variation within one subfamily, and greater morphological variation within genus, suggest that other characteristics such as ribbing, growth lamellae, pedicle opening, etc. prove to be more useful for distinguishing genera in atrypid brachiopods. Thus, a combination of quantified shape, external and internal morphological characters is essential for future phylogenetic classification in order to understand the evolutionary ecology of these complex organisms in its entirety.
Truth and Method: The Scientific Content of Galileo’s Dialogue

Scientists from Newton to Einstein have found Galileo’s Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems to be rich in scientific content. It is well known, for example, that in the Principia newton attributed to Galileo a knowledge of the law of inertia, the law of force, the principle of superposition, the law of squares, and the parabolic path of projectiles;1 what is not well known is that, as I. B. Cohen has argued, “Newton almost certainly did not read the Discorsi - if, indeed, he ever did at all - until some considerable time after he had published the Principia”,2 whereas “the evidence is certain and unmistakable that Newton, early in his scientific career, had read the great Dialogo... Sopra i due massimi sistemi”.3 it is also well known that, in his foreword to drake’s translation of the Dialogue, Einstein summarizes its scientific content as being a result about the nonexistence of an abstract center of the universe, with analogies to his own work. According to Einstein, “Galileo opposes the introduction of this ‘nothing’ (center of the universe) that is yet supposed to act on material bodies; he considers this quite unsatisfactory... [because] although it accounts for the spherical shape of the earth it does not explain the spherical shape of the other heavenly bodies”.4 Einstein then suggests that a close analogy exists between Galileo’s rejection of the hypothesis of a center of the universe for the explanation of the fall of heavy bodies, and the rejection of the hypothesis of an inertial system for the explanation of the inertial behavior of matter. (The latter is the basis of the theory of general relativity.) Common to both hypotheses is the introduction of a conceptual object with the following properties: (1). It is not assumed to be real, like ponderable matter (or a “field”). (2). It determines the behavior of real objects, but it is in no way affected by them. The introduction of such conceptual elements, though not exactly inadmissable from a purely logical point of view, is repugnant to the scientific instinct.5
A Terrible and Sublime Liturgy: Sustaining Mission to the Suffering in Beauvois' "Of Gods and Men"

The essay is an exploration of the catechetical possibilities of the award-winning film Of Gods and Men (dir. Xavier Beauvois, France, 2010) for healthcare workers and spiritual caregivers. The Tibhirine monks of war-torn 1990s Algeria find that persevering in their call to medical ministry and interreligious dialogue demands a challenging integration of liturgy, spirituality, and mission. Windholz analyzes how the film represents these missionaries seeking sustenance and courage from their communal liturgy and prayer; from the spirituality which ties them to the land, to the people, and to their God; and from their mission to do Christ’s healing work among the poor and the marginalized.
When children witness domestic violence.

Children who grow up in violent homes do not necessarily become violent parents later on. Some children remain asymptomatic. However, the majority are behaviorally disordered and others suffer from PTSD, grief reactions and separation anxiety. Children who themselves are not abused are not likely to be identified and appropriately treated. Language: en
Martha Nussbaum: Review of Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice

After much of the 20th Century, when morals were widely considered little more than mere emotional responses, a range of writers, such as Haidt, Prinz, and Patricia Churchland, have been restoring the emotions’ respectable roles in human cognition and morality. Nussbaum in her Upheavals of Thought showed how important emotions are for human cognitive life, so there is no clear distinction between their “irrationality” and the cerebral cortex’s supposed “rationality.” In Political Emotions, Nussbaum asks readers to look into how pivotally emotions affect political life, especially how we may best gear our emotions for political liberalism. As she convincingly urges, politics depend upon our emotions; we neglect them to our detriment lest demagogues commandeer them. She argues a hazardous case, and by the end anyone who cares about liberal democracy should accede to emotions’ centrality in it. Nussbaum builds her case upon what she deems partially failed models for a civic religion as proposed by Rousseau, Herder, Comte, and Mill. Such proposals acknowledge the duty of the state and its institutions to appeal to citizens’ needs for emotional fulfillment without invoking a deity. Nussbaum finds Rousseau’s and Comte’s proposals too rigidifying for political liberalism. Rousseau calls for homogeneity among the populace in thought and civic response to the arts and national allegiance. Comte, seeing philosophy has fulfilled its purpose, sets up an academy of overseeing philosophers to guide the society’s cultural and emotional life. She finds Mill’s proposal more amenable to democracy’s free-spiritedness, especially his recognizing the need both for allegiance to social institutions and for dissent. In an eccentric move, Nussbaum looks to Mozart’s and da Ponte’s The Marriage of Figaro as a work of political philosophy and Cherubino’s resignation to the bittersweetness of love as a model for the type of love that the state needs. She proposes not quite a secular religion but a bundle of emotional conduits that can foster allegiance while retaining the kind of individual unpredictability intrinsic to a thriving democracy. She evokes Tagore’s “Religion of Man” as even better Ethic Theory Moral Prac (2014) 17:1009–1010 DOI 10.1007/s10677-014-9528-6
4QLXXNum: A Pre-Christian Reworking of the Septuagint

The Ms published here in all its extant fragments' represents the remains of 3 successive columns, about 30 letters to the line, 34 lines to the column, from a scroll written at about the turn of the era.2 Contrary to the writer's earlier published impression,3 its text is not such as can be supposed to underlie the form presented in later Septuagint codices; it is instead a considerable reworking of the original LXX to make it conform both in quantity and in diction to a Hebrew consonantal text nearly indistinguishable, within the limited scope of our evidence, from that of MT. The
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for the Treatment of Primary and Secondary Ocular Malignancies

isocenter radiosurgery for either single or multiple targets utilizing a flattening filter free LINAC operating at up to 2400 MU/min. The most common treatment geometry was two non-coplanar arcs requiring one room entry. Patients were immobilized in an Aquaplast mask. Imaging workflow included KV-KV 6DOF alignment, CBCT 6DOF alignment, and then a repeat CBCT 6DOF alignment prior to treatment. The magnitudes of the residual translation vector and corrections around each rotation axis were calculated between the KV and first CBCT (CT1) and then between the first and second CBCT (CT2). Results: As shown in the table below, CT1 alignment showed significant residual error after KV only alignment. CT2 alignment demonstrated stability of the patient over a mean imaging interval of 3.19 min between the two CBCT scans including one CBCT acquisition, registration, physician review and movement of the couch. The mean time after the second CBCT until beam-off was 6.44 minutes. Conclusion: The automated KV algorithm did not perform accurately enough to omit CBCT alignment for radiosurgery. CBCT alignment demonstrated stability even though patients were immobilized with only an Aquaplast mask. This data suggests that frameless radiosurgery with 6DOF alignment is feasible without invasive immobilization if treatment time is short. Stable rotational corrections to less than 0.5 degrees are feasible and facilitate single isocenter treatments of multiple targets. Author Disclosure: J. Fiveash: Research Grant; Varian Medical Systems. Consultant; Varian Medical Systems. C.D. Willey: None. M. Bredel: None. R. Popple: Research Grant; Varian Medical Systems. S.A. Spencer: None. K. Dempsey: None. J. Markert: None. K. Riley: None. M.C. Dobelbower: Research Grant; Varian Medical Systems.
Histology and Ureaplasma urealyticum Culture in 63 Cases of First Trimester Abortion

The association between chorioamnionitis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum and preterm delivery has been well documented. In contrast, a pathogenic role for Ureaplasma has been postulated in early spontaneous abortions, but definitive evidence for this association has been lacking. In 42 early spontaneous abortions and 21 elective abortions (both first trimester), the chorion was cultured for Ureaplasma. Each case was evaluated histologically for four features of inflammation and one feature of degeneration. For comparison, 32 selected placentas from third trimester preterm deliveries (11 with positive Ureaplasma cultures) were examined histologically for umbilical vasculitis and acute chorioamnionitis. In abortion specimens, Ureaplasma cultures were positive in 11 of 42 early spontaneous abortions (26%) versus 0 of 21 elective abortions (EABs). None of the five histologic features correlated with positive Ureaplasma cultures in early spontaneous abortions. In contrast, in preterm placentas, umbilical vasculitis, and acute chorioamnionitis correlated strongly with positive Ureaplasma cultures. The authors conclude that in premature delivery, U urealyticum chorionic culture positivity is associated with histologic chorioamnionitis; and in abortions, Ureaplasma chorionic culture positivity correlates with early spontaneous abortions (vs elective abortions), but not with histologic inflammation. This suggests that mechanisms of Ureaplasma pathogenesis other than acute inflammation should be considered in future studies of early spontaneous abortions.
Antipyretics and Febrile Seizure Recurrence

The efficacy of antipyretic agents in prevention of febrile seizures was examined in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial at various hospitals in Finland.
Comparative study of "sandwich" method of combinded endoscopic band ligation and injection sclerosis and endoscopic injection sclerosis in the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding

Objective To evaluate whether a combinded endoscopic sandwich method(EBL-EIS-EBL) achieves better results than sclerotherapy alone in the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. Methods 84 patients with cirrhosis and EVB were randomzed to undergo either the sandwich method or sclerotherapy alone(43 patients in the group of the sandwich method and 41 patients in EIS group). Each variceal column was ligated with 2 rubber bands and 1 to 3mL sclerosant was injected into the variceal column between the ligation sites in the group of the sandwich method. Further treatment sessions were held at 7 d to 12 d intervals until eradication of the varices was achieved. Results The rate in eradicating varices was similar in both groups (93.0% in the group of the sandwich method and 92.7% in EIS group), but the mean number of sessions required to obtain eradication was much lower (1.8±0.6 vs 3.8±1.1), the time required for eradication was far shorter(17.1±7.1) d vs (36.5±15.7) d and the rate of rebleeding and complications was significantly lower (8.4% vs 26.8%; 9.3% vs 31.7%) in the group of the sandwich method. The rate of varices recurrence during follow-up did not show any statistically difference in the two groups (11.6% vs 14.6%). Conclusions A combinded endoscopic sandwich method(EBL-EIS-EBL) achieves better results than sclerotherapy alone in the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding.
Trauma and health risk behaviors in people with severe mental illness

ABSTRACTThe current study tests the association between a composite measure of unsafe sex and sharing syringes for drug use with six of the more common lifetime traumatic/stressful events in 421 community mental health clients with severe mental illness (SMI) while controlling for psychiatric symptoms and related problems. A small but significant proportion of respondents said they had injected drugs with a shared needle in their lifetime (30, 7.2%), and a much larger proportion of respondents had engaged in unprotected sex (165, 39.2%). Unprotected sex and needle sharing were significantly correlated (Spearman’s rho = .20, p < .01). Frequency of lifetime traumatic events that occurred at least once was reported by one third to three quarters of clients depending on type of trauma. Regression analysis revealed that substance abuse and lifetime homelessness were significantly correlated with health risk behaviors. Practitioners need to be continuously vigilant to comorbid substance use and the housing need...
Nab-paclitaxel-associated photosensitivity: report in a woman with non-small cell lung cancer and review of taxane-related photodermatoses.

Background: Taxanes [paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane, Celgene Corp, USA), and docetaxel]—used in the treatment of lung, breast, and head and neck cancers—have been associated with cutaneous adverse effects, including photodermatoses.
Contemporary evaluation of mortality and stroke risk after thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

Abstract Objective During the past decade, thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has increased as a treatment option for a variety of aortic pathologic processes. Despite this rise in the use of thoracic stent grafts, real-world outcomes from a robust, adjudicated, contemporary data set have yet to be reported. Previous studies have shown periprocedural mortality rates between 1.5% and 9.5% and procedure-related stroke rates of 2.3% to 8.2%. With advances in device engineering and increased experience of physicians, we hypothesized that the rates of these complications would be reduced in a more recent sample set. The purpose of this study was to determine current rates of mortality and stroke after TEVAR, to identify risk factors that contribute to 30-day mortality, and to develop a simple scoring system that allows risk stratification of patients undergoing TEVAR. Methods We examined the 30-day mortality rate after TEVAR using the 2013 to 2014 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients undergoing TEVAR for all aortic disease were identified using procedure codes. Bivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the association of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables with 30-day mortality, followed by multivariable logistic analysis using preoperative variables only, with P Results There were 826 patients included. The 30-day mortality and stroke rates were 7.63% (n = 63) and 4.5% (n = 37), respectively. In regression analysis, mortality was independently associated with age ≥80 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-4.31), emergency case (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.39-4.90), American Society of Anesthesiologists classification >3 (OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.34-6.24), transfusion >4 units in the 72 hours before surgery (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.30-6.28), preoperative creatinine concentration ≥1.8 mg/dL (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.05-4.08), and preoperative white blood cell count ≥12 × 10 9 /L (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.41-4.96). Incorporating these factors, a 6-point risk score was generated and demonstrated high predictability for overall 30-day mortality. Conclusions Recent data from a national, retrospective data set demonstrate that high perioperative mortality and stroke rates have persisted during the last decade. The risk score derived from this data set is simple and convenient and serves as a prognostic tool in the preoperative risk stratification of patients being evaluated for TEVAR.
Postoperative recurrent ulcer

SUMMARY Figure 2 summarizes my evaluation of most patients with postoperative recurrent ulcers. First, serum gastrin and calcium levels should be determined in all patients. At the initial endoscopy, any silk sutures should be removed, and gastric ulcers biopsied. The presence of gastric ulcers or evidence of delayed gastric emptying should influence the surgical procedure. Ideally, a Congo red test should be performed at the initial endoscopy. The only caveat is that excessive sedation may invalidate the test results. If the initial diagnostic endoscopy does not include a Congo red test and serum gastrin and calcium levels are normal, it is reasonable to proceed with medical management without vagotomy testing. I believe that if medical management fails and operative treatment is planned, all patients should undergo vagotomy testing. If the Congo red test is definitively positive, sham feeding is not necessary. On the other hand, if the Congo red test suggests hyposecretion, I believe that sham feeding is mandatory prior to proceeding with operation. Conversely, sham feeding tests may be falsely negative in postoperative patients. Therefore, many of our patients undergo both Congo red testing and sham feeding prior to reoperation.46 Finally, if delayed gastric emptying is believed to be part of the clinical syndrome, a radionuclide scan should be performed to assess gastric emptying. It can be either a solid-meal study or an acetanilidoiminodiacetic acid scan, which measures bile reflux as well as determines emptying of bile from the fasted stomach (see introductory article in this issue).
Evaluation of skin testing in the diagnosis of IgE-mediated disease

In IgE-mediated allergic disorders, sensitization of mast cells throughout the body occurs, making the skin a convenient test site. With potent extracts, proper technique, and critical interpretation, much useful information can be derived from the allergy skin test. Unfortunately, in the hands of inexperienced and uninformed physicians or poorly trained technicians, improperly performed and erroneously interpreted skin test reactions can lead to unnecessary restrictions on a child’s life and overutilization of allergy immunotherapy.
Fundamentals of the material-tissue interface in dental reconstructions: Structure/property relationships and characterization

When dissimilar materials of widely varying properties are combined, the interfacial regions are invariably defective and typically, the location where failure initiates. By contrast, interfaces found in natural material systems, eg, bone, teeth, and shells, exhibit superior performance and appear to overcome the difficulties that plague engineered interfaces/joints. Human teeth are well-documented examples of natural composites in which materials of vastly different properties are combined effectively. The dentinoenamel junction is a robust, natural interface that successfully joins stiff, brittle enamel to compliant, relatively ductile dentin. This chapter will briefly explore the structure/property relationships within this biologic interface and the impact of these relationships on performance. The exploration of these relationships will provide the framework for comparing and contrasting the behavior of natural and synthetic material/tissue interfaces. The synthetic material/tissue interfaces that are the focus of this chapter are those that are central to direct restorative dentistry, specifically the tooth/adhesive/composite. Experimental methods for in situ structure/property characterization of material/tissue interfaces will be discussed. The application of these techniques will be demonstrated using the adhesive/dentin interface. Finally, the chapter will illustrate how iterative feedback between synthesis, characterization, and modeling can be used to predict properties and promote targeted optimization of the materials that are used to repair defects at material/tissue interfaces.
Development of clinician-friendly software for musculoskeletal modeling and control

Research and development in various fields dealing with human movement has been hampered by the lack of adequate software tools. We have formed a core development team to organize a collective effort by the research community to develop musculoskeletal modeling software that satisfies the requirements of both researchers and clinicians. We have identified initial requirements and have developed some of the basic components. We are developing common standards to facilitate sharing and reuse of musculoskeletal models and their component parts. Free distribution of the software and its source code will allow users to contribute to further development of the software as new models and data become available in the future.
Rehabilitating the Elderly in Return to Work

We are all aging. Through economic necessity or preference, many older Americans will remain in or reenter the workforce after the traditional age of retirement (see Figure 7-1). Consider these demographics: In the United States today, 11% of the working population, or 24 million people, have reached or passed the age of 65. In 40 years, this percentage is expected to increase to 18%. By the year 2050, 25% of the U.S. population will be in this age group.
YÁNEZ LEAL, Adelso (2014). "Relaciones de poder en la literatura latinoamericana: muerte, sexualidad, racismo y violencia. Siglos XX-XXI". Buenos Aires: Biblos, 267 pp. ISBN 978-98-7691-211-2.

YANEZ LEAL, Adelso (2014). "Relaciones de poder en la literatura latinoamericana: muerte, sexualidad, racismo y violencia. Siglos XX-XXI". Buenos Aires: Biblos, 267 pp. ISBN 978-98-7691-211-2.
Designs for Everyone: Transforming Women’s Fashions in Early Twentieth-Century Russia

The world of women’s fashion in early twentieth-century Russia provides a rich context for measuring shifts in class identity and in gender norms, as the major cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg were witnessing broad social transformation. If not for the Revolution, the late-Imperial period may well have anticipated the mature markets of the West, where haute couture and the garment industry fueled widespread consumption and became what are now essential components of modern collective social behavior. In Russia, the intensified urbanization of the early twentieth century also ushered in the rise of new forms of popular culture, which often intersected with the world of women’s fashion. Specialized periodicals, such as fashion magazines and the new art of cinema, fueled a cult interest in the latest sartorial trends. A reflection of this phenomenon can also be found in Teffi’s (pseudonym of Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Lokhvitskaia, 1872-1953) broadly circulated stories, which allowed readers to better understand the perceived transformative power of fashion, even when expressed on the seemingly minor level of a small collar or hat.
The Cost of Cost-Sharing: The Impact of Medicaid Benefit Design on Influenza Vaccination Uptake.

Prior research indicates that cost-sharing and lack of insurance coverage reduce preventive services use among low-income persons. State Medicaid policy may affect the uptake of recommended adult vaccinations. We examined the impact of three aspects of Medicaid benefit design (coverage for vaccines, prohibiting cost-sharing, and copayment amounts) on vaccine uptake in the fee-for-service Medicaid population 19–64 years old. We combined previously published reports to obtain state Medicaid policy information from 2003 and 2012. Data on influenza vaccination uptake were taken from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We used a differences-in-differences framework, controlling for national trends and state differences, to estimate the effect of each benefit design factor on vaccination uptake in different Medicaid-eligible populations. Each additional dollar of copayment for vaccination decreased influenza vaccination coverage 1–6 percentage points. The effects of covering vaccines or prohibiting cost-sharing were mixed. Imposing copayments for vaccination is associated with lower vaccination coverage. These findings have implications for the implementation of Medicaid expansion in states that currently impose copayments.
Evaluation of different recall periods for the US National Cancer Institute’s PRO-CTCAE:

Aims:The US National Cancer Institute recently developed the PRO-CTCAE (Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events). PRO-CTCAE is a library of questions for clinical trial participants to self-report symptomatic adverse events (e.g. nausea). The objective of this study is to inform evidence-based selection of a recall period when PRO-CTCAE is included in a trial. We evaluated differences between 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week recall periods, using daily reporting as the reference.Methods:English-speaking patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were enrolled at four US cancer centers and affiliated community clinics. Participants completed 27 PRO-CTCAE items electronically daily for 28 days, and then weekly over 4 weeks, using 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week recall periods. For each recall period, mean differences, effect sizes, and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate agreement between the maximum of daily ratings and the corre...
Pixelated Polymers: Directed Self Assembly of Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks

Polymeric materials are pervasive in modern society, in part attributable to the diverse range of properties that are accessible in these materials. Polymers can be stiff or soft, dissipative or elastic, adhesive or nonstick. Localizing the properties of polymeric materials can be achieved by a number of methods, including self-assembly, lithography, or 3-d printing. Here, we detail recent advances in the preparation of “pixelated” polymers prepared by the directed self-assembly of liquid crystalline monomers to yield cross-linked polymer networks (liquid crystalline polymer networks, LCN, or liquid crystalline elastomers, LCE). Through the local and arbitrary control of the orientation of the liquid crystalline units, monolithic elements can be realized with spatial variation in mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, or acoustic properties. Stimuli-induced variation of these properties may enable paradigm-shifting end uses in a diverse set of applications.
Non-destructive Examination of Multiphase Material Distribution in Uranium Hexafluoride Cylinders Using Steady-State Laser Doppler Vibrometery

The ability to detect the diversion of a significant quantity of nuclear material is the objective of international nuclear safeguards, and safeguarding uranium enrichment technology is especially important in preventing the spread of nuclear weapons. In gas centrifuge enrichment plants, the uranium is in the form of uranium hexafluoride (UF6), which regularly transitions between phases during processing and storage due to its low triple point. The variation of material distribution in Uf6 cylinders has a significant effect on enrichment measurement uncertainty, especially with increasing accuracy of passive neutron assay measurements, motivating interest in non-destructive methods of examining UF6 cylinder fill distributions.
Case 1 Laundry Pod Ingestion in an Adult

Laundry detergent (LD) pod ingestion is an increasing source of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. However, injury associated with unintentional ingestions of LD pods by adults has not been described in the literature. We report a case of a 50-year-old man who ingested a LD pod and had esophageal and gastric injuries.
Shifting Discourse in College Teaching

The pedagogical efficacy of traditional approaches to teaching that involve direct instruction in a subjectcentered approach is being questioned constantly in higher education. Thus, this paper examines the shifting discourse in college teaching that emphasizes student learning and excellence in teaching, including implications resulting from this shift. The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) is one of the models engendering this discursive shift. In addition to addressing the implications of this shift, this paper is meant to provoke more dialogue and praxis to advance the cause of pedagogical methodologies that promote student learning and teaching effectiveness. Moreover, the bigger picture of this shift is outlined in the context of other trends in higher education that need further study in which SoTL can be a methodological factor.
Roux-en-Y enterolith leading to obstruction and ischemic necrosis after pediatric orthotopic liver transplantation.

Biliary complications are a common cause of morbidity after liver transplantation, with biliary stone formation being a known occurrence generally upstream of a stricture. A 12-year-old boy, who underwent an orthotopic liver transplantation at 11 months of age for biliary atresia, presented acutely with fever and abdominal pain. Cross-sectional imaging revealed Roux-en-Y limb dilatation and thickening. He was explored and was found to have an ischemic Roux limb secondary to an obstructing enterolith. A segmental bowel resection and revision of his hepaticojejunostomy was performed. While rare, biliary enteroliths may present as either a bowel obstruction or cholangitis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient following biliary reconstruction. Additionally, anatomic etiologies should be considered and potentially surgically corrected.
Robust spectral classification

Spectral classification is a commonly used technique for discriminating between two or more signals. One popular approach to spectral classification utilizes the autoregressive model. In this model a white Gaussian random process is filtered by an all-pole filter. The autoregressive model leads to a classifier derived from the asymptotic Gaussian likelihood function. Despite substantial prior research effort put into developing a robust classifier, the ability of classifiers to discriminate between signals is not great and in some instances is not even satisfactory. A non-homogeneous Poisson process is an alternative way to model the power spectral density. This type of model leads to a different likelihood function, the realizable Poisson likelihood function. Monte Carlo simulations and data analyses demonstrate that the realizable Poisson likelihood function classifier is more robust then the asymptotic Gaussian classifier. The realizable Poisson likelihood function classifier has a greater probability of correct classification than the asymptotic Gaussian for signals with low signal-to-noise ratios, channel distortion, or certain pole locations.
Program to Prepare Standard Figures for Grade-Tonnage Models on a Macintosh

Grade-tonnage models are frequency distributions of deposit tonnage and grades of mineral deposits of a specific type. The program described here allows users to prepare standard figures of grade and tonnage distributions and display the deposit name associated with any of the data points. Titles and scales appropriate for most deposit types are plotted automatically for tonnage, Cu, Ni, Sn, Nb, W, Au, Hg, Mo, Zn, Pb, Ag, Co, Pt, Pd, Sb, Fe, Cr, Mn, and Ba.
Passion Diversity in Entrepreneurial Teams

This study seeks to explore the affective and identity laden aspects of entrepreneurial passion to develop a theory as to how multiple and diverse founder passions are likely to interact and to imp...
Public-Private Partnerships: Interactions Between Faith-Based Organizations and Government Entities

The earliest days of social service in American history included elements of religion and government, working together in efforts to address human needs. In recent years, with devolution, privatization, and an overall reduction of public spending on human services, government entities have acknowledged their shared role with religious organizations in efforts addressing human needs. Recent social policies, known as faith-based initiatives, have emphasized these relationships, calling for more involvement from religious organizations and more public support of these organizations. This paper offers initial analysis of qualitative data that focuses on the nature of relationships between government entities and religious organizations.
Proton Transfer and Ionicity: An 15N NMR Study of Pyridine Base Protonation.

Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are made by proton transfer from a Bronsted acid to a base and are of interest for their solvent and electrolyte properties such as high ionic conductivity. Unfortunately, many PILs have been misnamed, because their ionic content is minimal due to an insufficient driving force for the proton transfer. Here we review this problem and introduce a new method, using 15N NMR spectroscopy, of characterizing the relation between the extent of proton transfer to a given base and the strength of the proton-donating acid. The experimental data reveal a sigmoid "titration type" curve that indicates clearly the acid strength, at which molecule bases, of substituted pyridine type, are fully protonated. We compare results for two bases of similar shape but different basicity, protonated by equimolar amounts of the different acids. The extent of protonation is also reflected in the ionic conductivity, and we show that the important part of the protonation sigmoid is quantitatively reproduced by data for conductivity and viscosity displayed in the form of a Walden plot (log equivalent conductivity vs log fluidity). The acid strength, for this study, is based on gas phase proton affinities, but we note that a similar sigmoid is obtained if we use the condensed phase Hammett acidity functions instead. Our findings allow us to rank the AlCl4- anion as the weakest proton acceptor in use in IL studies, consistent with its role in the most conductive ILs.
Measles, mumps, rubella (vaccine) and varicella vaccines in pediatric liver transplant: An initial analysis of post-transplant immunity.

Varicella and measles infection represents a significant source of morbidity and mortality for pediatric LT recipients. We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of post-transplant immunity in pediatric LT recipients previously immunized against measles (n = 72) and varicella (n = 67). Sixteen of seventy-two (22%) patients were measles non-immune, and 42/67 (63%) were varicella non-immune after LT. Median time from LT to titers for measles and varicella was 4.0 and 3.3 years, respectively. In the measles cohort, non-immune patients received fewer pretransplant vaccine doses (P = 0.026) and were younger at both time of vaccination (P = 0.006) and LT (P = 0.004) compared with immune patients. Upon multivariable analysis, weight > 10 kg at LT (OR 5.91, 95% CI 1.27-27.41) and technical variant graft (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01-0.37) were independently, significantly associated with measles immunity. In the varicella cohort, non-immune patients received fewer pretransplant vaccine doses (P = 0.028), were younger at transplant (P = 0.022), and had less time lapse between their last vaccine and transplant (P = 0.012) compared with immune patients. Upon multivariate analysis, time > 1 year from last vaccine to LT was independently, significantly associated with varicella immunity (OR 3.78, CI 1.30-11.01). This study demonstrates that non-immunity to measles and varicella is a prevalent problem after liver transplantation in children and identifies 3 unique risk factors for non-immunity in this high-risk population.
Anne Conway’s Metaphysics of Sympathy

The main goal of this chapter is to present the basic components of Anne Conway’s metaphysics of sympathy. To that end, I will explicate her concepts of God or first substance and second substance or Christ with special emphasis on the key role that the second substance plays in her philosophy. I argue that one of the keys to Conway’s system lies in her reinterpretation of the Christian narrative about suffering. She combines Christian imagery with ancient and modern ideas in an attempt to create a philosophy that will appeal to people of all faiths and explain ‘all phenomena in the entire universe’ (VI § 4 (30)). Christ’s role as a metaphysical and moral figure is crucial to Conway’s philosophy and helps explain her views about suffering and the importance of sympathy in her philosophy.
Steroid secretory mixtures in man.

The simultaneous determination of the secretory rates of the major adrenal hormones, cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone, should provide the critical information necessary to evaluate their individual and collective roles in certain clinical disorders. These procedures have been made feasible by:(1) the availability of radioactive steroids of sufficient stability and specific activity so that the amount injected is not large enough to alter normal transport and metabolism, and (2) the development of techniques to assess their rate of secretion [1–5]