cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of nitrogen adsorbed on open-ended nanotube bundles

The adsorption of N2 on the open-ended single-walled carbon nanotube bundles was studied. The amount corresponding to the first coverage adsorbed on open-ended carbon nanotube bundles is three times larger than the amount adsorbed on closed-ended nanotube bundles. The isosteric heat of adsorption was obtained from the adsorption isotherm measurement performed at temperatures ranging from 117 to 130 K. The estimated heat of adsorption of nitrogen on the open-ended nanotube bundles is about twice as great as that on the closed-ended nanotube bundles. This leads directly to the conclusion that the binding energy of nitrogen on the open-ended nanotube is greater than that of nitrogen on the closed-ended nanotube bundles.
Deciding to Not Decide: EU Foreign Policy

The Making of EU Foreign Policy: The Case of Eastern Europe, Karen E. Smith (Basingstoke, Hampshire, U.K. and New York: Macmillan Press and St. Martin's Press, 1999). 256 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-3122-1582-7), $65.00. Book reviewed: The Making of EU Foreign Policy: The Case of Eastern Europe , Karen E. Smith
Does Globalization Help or Hurt the World's Poor?

A P R I L 2 0 0 6 C R E D IT lobalization and the attendant concerns about poverty and inequality have become a focus of discussion in a way that few other topics, except for international terrorism or global warming, have. Most people I know have a strong opinion on globalization, and all of them express an interest in the well-being of the world’s poor. The financial press and influential international officials confidently assert that global free markets expand the horizons for the poor, whereas activist-protesters hold the opposite belief with equal intensity. Yet the strength of people’s conviction is often in inverse proportion to the amount of robust factual evidence they have. As is common in contentious public debates, different people mean different things by the same word. Some interpret “globalization” to mean the global reach of communications technology and capital movements, some think of the outsourcing by domestic companies in rich countries, and others see globalization as a byword for corporate capitalism or American cultural and economic hegemony. So it is best to be clear at the outset of this article that I shall primarily refer to economic globalization—the expansion of foreign trade and investment. How does this process affect the wages, incomes and access to resources for the poorest people in the world? This question is one of the most important in social science today. For a quarter century after World War II, most developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America insulated their economies from the rest of the world. Since then, though, most have opened their markets. For Does Globalization Help Hurt the World’s Poor?
VAST contest dataset use in education

The IEEE Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST) Symposium has held a contest each year since its inception in 2006. These events are designed to provide visual analytics researchers and developers with analytic challenges similar to those encountered by professional information analysts. The VAST contest has had an extended life outside of the symposium, however, as materials are being used in universities and other educational settings, either to help teachers of visual analytics-related classes or for student projects. We describe how we develop VAST contest datasets that results in products that can be used in different settings and review some specific examples of the adoption of the VAST contest materials in the classroom. The examples are drawn from graduate and undergraduate courses at Virginia Tech and from the Visual Analytics “Summer Camp” run by the National Visualization and Analytics Center in 2008. We finish with a brief discussion on evaluation metrics for education.
Mechanics of porous-adsorbent materials

Abstract The paper is concerned with the mechanical effects of adsorption in porous materials. A field theory which is suitable for the study of non-uniform deformations of a body composed of a porous-adsorbent material in the presence of an adsorbable gas is developed.
A Histological Examination of the Uterovaginal Sperm Storage Glands in the Domestic Hen Following an Insemination with Variable Semen Dosages

Abstract The uterovaginal sperm storage glands of the domestic hen were examined histologically and scored for filling rates 24 hr after an insemination. Two semen dosages (.023 and .047 ml) were employed and a comparison was made between the large and small semen dose. No significant differences were found between the two groups, suggesting that only a specific number of spermatozoa are capable of entering the uterovaginal sperm storage glands during a given time interval.
Anti-hypertensive therapy and insulin sensitivity: regulation through the microcirculation?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common and costly diseases facing society. It is often accompanied by hypertension, whether antecedent or following the development of Type 2 diabetes. Therapies to treat hypertension have the potential to affect insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, potentially worsening or ameliorating glucose homeostasis and Type 2 diabetes. On one hand, pharmacological agents such as thiazide diuretics may act to reduce insulin sensitivity. Conversely, agents such as angio-tensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonists have the potential to enhance insulin sensitivity, although some studies show equivocal results.1 The investigation of the use of concurrent pharmacological therapy to offset potentially negative effects on insulin sensitivity has been limited and, furthermore, the literature is lacking in reports of putative mechanisms by which these therapies may be acting and interacting with each another.
Removal of microorganisms from water by columns containing sand coated with ferric and aluminum hydroxides

Abstract Tap water seeded with different microorganisms or untreated waste water was passed through columns containing sand modified by the in situ precipitation of metallic hydroxides or unmodified sand. Columns (35.5×5.0 cm) packed with 1 kg of sand modified with a combination of ferric and aluminum hydroxide removed greater than 99% of Escherichia coli , Vibrio cholerae , poliovirus 1 and coliphage MS-2 from dechlorinated tap water. This removal efficiency was consistent throughout the passage of 120 l of water during a 30 day test. After the passage of 192 l of tap water, these columns were still able to remove 99.9% MS-2, 80% E. coli and 90% of poliovirus 1. Columns containing modified sand efficiently removed microorganism from water samples at the various pH and temperature values tested while columns containing unmodified sand did not. In addition, these modified sand filters were able to remove coliform bacteria and coliphage from raw sewage. More than a 4 log 10 reduction in the numbers of these microorganisms was achieved at room temperature. The modified sand seems to better remove microorganisms due to increased electrostatic interactions. Neither E. coli nor MS-2 were inactivated by the modified sand column effluents. The metal used for coating the sand could not be detected in the column effluents, indicating that the coatings were stable.
Role of mRNA Secondary Structure in Translational Repression of the Maize Transcriptional Activator Lc

Lc, a member of the maize (Zea mays) R/B gene family, encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional activator of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. It was previously shown that translation of the Lc mRNA is repressed by a 38-codon upstream open reading frame (uORF) in the 5' leader. In this study, we report that a potential hairpin structure near the 5'end of the Lc mRNA also represses downstream translation in the rabbit reticulocyte in vitro translation system and in transient transformation assays. Base pairing of the hairpin is important for repression because its destabilization increases translation of the uORF and the downstream ORF. However, translation of the uORF is not required for the hairpin-mediated repression. Instead, the uORF and the 5'-proximal hairpin mediate two independent levels of repression. Although the uORF represses downstream translation due to inefficient reinitiation of ribosomes that translate uORF, the hairpin inhibits ribosome loading at the 5' end of the mRNA.
Optical trapping with pillar bowtie nanoantennas

Plasmonic nanoantennas make effective optical tweezers, owing to their characteristic field enhancement and confinement properties which produce large near-field intensity gradients. The trapping dynamics of plasmonic nanotweezers are strongly affected by their resonant optical absorption, which can produce significant heating and induce rapid convective flows in the surrounding fluid medium. We here consider a new class of plasmonic nanotweezers based on an array of elevated bowtie nanoantennas (BNA), whereby BNAs are suspended on optically transparent, 500-nm tall silica pillars. We discuss how the plasmonic properties of these pillar-BNAs (pBNAs) can be manipulated in large areas of 80 × 80-micron using low-input power densities. This modification in local plasmonic properties is expected to result in a much more complex optical trapping landscape. We also find that the temperature increase in the pBNAs is more than 10× higher than in comparable substrate-bound structures (for the same input intensity), in which the substrate acts as a heat sink that mitigates temperature increase, and we investigate the role of this enhanced thermo plasmonic heating on plasmonic trapping dynamics.
Dynamic spectrum utilization in ad hoc networks

This paper considers the problem of adaptively utilizing temporal and spatial "holes" in spectrum for communications. In addition to improving spectrum utilization, it also enables the rapid deployment of military assets into remote areas where the spectrum assignment may differ. The problem raises issues related to modelling available spectrum, link establishment, and methods to employ the holes. In a tactical environment, evading interception and detection is critical; hence coding and steganographic techniques are applied. A simulation study investigates trade-offs between an automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme and a scheme employing erasure codes in predicted holes for high packet loss rates.
A further example of the recessive Lu(a-b-) phenotype.

. A family study is reported in which two members were of the Lu(a-b-) type. A recessive mode of inheritance is postulated from the failure of the phenotype to occur in other generations and from consanguinity in the propositus' parents.
Helix formation in poly (N epsilon,N epsilon,N epsilon-trimethyl-L-lysine) and poly (L-lysine): dependence on concentration and molecular weight.

Helix formation in (Lys)n.HClO4 and poly(N epsilon,N epsilon,N epsilon-trimethyl-L-lysine).HClO4 +AD(LysMe3)n.HClO4+BD is dependent on peptide concentration and on molecular weight. For (LysMe3)n.HClO4 of degree of polymerization (DP) 2510 the midpoint of the coil-to-helix transition is 2 mM and for DP of 190 it is 5 mM. For (Lys)n.HClO4 the peptide concentration for half-helix is 30-60 times as high, and is only weakly dependent, if at all, on molecular weight. Helix formation is an intermolecular process. The use of methylated (Lys)n as the perchlorate permits study of the intermolecular coil-helix transition at low concentration, instead of the high concentration (ca. 1-2 M) required for (Lys)n.HBr. At constant peptide concentration helix content increases with added NaClO4. The higher the peptide concentration, the less NaClO4 is needed to induce helix.
Caregiver Interaction Behavior With Prenatally Cocaine-Exposed and Nonexposed Preschoolers

This study examined the quality of caregiver-child interaction as measured by the Parent/ Caregiver Involvement Scale (PCIS), with a sample of 41 preschoolers who were prenatally exposed to cocaine and 39 nonexposed preschoolers. Within the cocaine group, 19 children were in the care of relatives or foster caregivers and 22 were in the care of their biological mothers. Results suggest that mothers of nonexposed children were significantly more emotionally and developmentally appropriate than caregivers of prenatally cocaine-exposed children, and no significant differences in interaction behavior were found between biological mothers and foster caregivers of prenatally cocaine-exposed children. The importance of conceptualizing this population of children within the context of their environment is stressed.
Autonomy of fu and fu59 ovarian implants with respect to rate of tumor production

The ovaries of females homozygous for any of the mutant alleles of the fused gene produce tumorous chambers. Tumor incidence increases with age, and the frequency of tumors in fu ovaries 0–12 days of age is six times that observed in the ovaries of fu59 females of the corresponding age. Ovaries of fu/fu and fu59/fu59 females were transplanted into hosts homozygous for the + allele of fused to determine if the extra-ovarian environment has any relation to the rate at which tumors appear. The rates remain the same in each case indicating that the rate is a genetic characteristic of the cells of the ovary and is not affected by the extra-ovarian environment.
Microbial composition and characterization of prevalent methanogens and acetogens isolated from syntrophic methanogenic granules

The microbial species composition of methanogenic granules developed on an acetate-propionate-butyrate mixture was characterized. The granules contained high numbers of adhesive methanogens (1012/g dry weight) and butyrate-, isobutyrate-, and propionate-degrading syntrophic acetogens (1011/g dry weight), but low numbers of hydrolytic-fermentative bacteria (109/g dry weight). Prevalent methanogens in the granules included: Methanobacterium formicicum strain T1N and RF, Methanosarcina mazei strain T18, Methanospirillum hungatei strain BD, and a non-filamentous, bamboo-shaped rod species, Methanothrix/Methanosaeta-like strain M7. Prevalent syntrophic acetogens included: a butyrate-degrading Syntrophospora bryantii-like strain BH, a butyrate-isobutyrate degrading non-spore-forming rod, strain IB, a propionate-degrading sporeforming oval-shaped species, strain PT, and a propionate-degrading none-spore-forming sulfate-reducing rod species, strain PW, which was able to grow syntrophically with an H2-utilizing methanogen. Sulfate-reducing bacteria did not play a significant role in the metabolism of H2, formate, acetate and butyrate but they were involved in propionate degradation.
On the small time behavior of the nonlinear estimation problem for finite bandwidth signals

In this paper we investigate the small time behavior of solutions of the Zakai equation. We derive a wave equation-like stochastic partial differential equation which is related to the Zakai equation. We are able to solve this equation for sufficiently smooth signals, and (approximately) transform these into solutions of the Zakai equation. We construct a Hadamardtype expansion for solutions of this partial differential equation and show how this expansion is related to a small time expansion of solutions of the Zakai equation.
Ground‐Water Chemical Quality Management by Artificial Rechargea

The effectiveness of basin ground-water recharge at the Leaky Acres Recharge Facility in Fresno, California for improving the regional ground-water quality was studied as 65,815,000 m3 of high-quality surface water was recharged from 1971 through 1975. Observation wells at the facility showed some variability in chemical parameters associated with each recharge period. The long-term decreases in salinity could be described by a power law decay curve fitted by regression analysis. Without a special network of observation wells outside the facility, scientific evaluation of the enclave of recharged water is not possible. A practical evaluation of water-quality changes is possible from producing water wells around the facility. However, the pumping well discharge-time variations, well depth, aquifer sequence, and prior use of surrounding land must be considered, since all of these factors affect the pumped-water quality and its seasonal variability. Recharge at Leaky Acres had noticeably decreased the ground-water salinity for a distance of up to 1.6 km in the direction of the regional ground-water movement.
Interactions between Vagal Afferent Nerve Subtypes Mediating Cough

The cough reflex is initiated through activation of vagal afferent nerves. Rapidly adapting receptors fulfill all criteria for the afferents subserving the cough reflex. Bronchopulmonary C-fibres may also initiate cough when activated. C-fibre-mediated cough may depend upon ongoing or initiated activity in rapidly adapting receptors. The interaction between airways C-fibres and rapidly adapting receptors may occur at sites in the periphery or in the brainstem. C-fibre mediated cough must also overcome a coincident inhibitory effect of C-fibre activation on cough, an inhibitory effect that becomes prominent under general anesthaesia.
Theoretical investigation into the potential of halogenated methanes to undergo reductive metabolism

The density-functional theory (DFT)-based computational chemistry software package DMol was used to provide insight into the reductive potentials of a series of halomethanes. It is known that certain members of this series are readily reduced in vivo via catalysis by cytochrome P450. DMol was used to calculate the electron affinities of these molecules to be used as measures of their reduction potentials. Our results are consistent with experimental electrochemical reduction potentials and indicate that electron affinity is dependent upon the number and type of halogens present in the molecule. Calculated bond lengths and angles also compared favorably with experimental results and estimates derived from other ab initio methods of calculation. Concurrent with this study was the observation of a linear empirical relationship between electron affinity and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy. It is possible that these values could be used as indicators of reductive potentials and ultimately of metabolic rates for use in PB–PK models designed to predict the dose associated with the toxicity of molecules of this and other classes. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic and biochemical studies of the adrenal lipid depletion phenotype in mice.

Study of F1 and backcross progenies from crosses between DBA/2 and strains carrying the adrenal lipid depletion (ald) gene indicated that the adrenal lipid depletion character is due to the operation of two or more interacting gene loci. In C57BL/10, DBA/2, and their F1 hybrids, variation in adrenocortical sudanophilia was highly correlated with both cholesterol ester content and the capacity for the production of corticosterone in vitro. In F1×DBA/2 backcross progeny, however, the degree of adrenocortical sudanophilia remained correlated only with cholesterol ester content and not with the capacity for corticosterone production. Thus, in these strains, adrenal cholesterol ester concentration is not necessarily the determining factor of corticosterone production in vitro; the two phenotypic characters are controlled by independent genetic mechanisms.
Activity-evoked extracellular pH shifts in slices of rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

Activity-dependent extracellular pH shifts were studied in slices of the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) using double-barreled pH-sensitive microelectrodes. In 26 mM HCO3−-buffered media, afferent activation (10 Hz, 5 s) elicited an early alkaline shift of 0.04±0.02 pH units associated with a later, slow acid shift of 0.05±0.03 pH units. Extracellular pH shifts in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus were rare, and limited to acidifications of approximately 0.02 pH units. The alkaline shift in the dLGN increased in the presence of benzolamide (1–2 μM), an extracellular carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. The mean alkaline shift in benzolamide was 0.10±0.05 pH units. In 26 mM HEPES-buffered saline, the alkaline response averaged 0.09±0.03 pH units. The alkaline shifts persisted in 100 μM picrotoxin (PiTX) but were blocked by 25 μM CNQX/50 μM APV. If stimulation intensity was raised in the presence of CNQX/APV, a second alkalinization arose, presumably due to direct activation of dLGN neurons. The direct responses were amplified by benzolamide, and blocked by either 0 Ca2+/EGTA, Cd2+ or TTX. In 0 Ca2+, addition of 500 μM–5 mM Ba2+ restored the alkalosis. Alkaline shifts evoked with extracellular Ba2+ were larger and faster than those elicited by equimolar Ca2+. In summary, synchronous activation in the dLGN results in an extracellular H+ sink, via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism, similar to activity-dependent alkaline shifts in hippocampus.
Apoliporoteins in human pregnancy

Apolipoproteins are important in the structure and metabolism of lipoproteins, and alterations in levels of apoproteins or in their interrelations occur in some forms of hyperlipemia. Pregnancy is regularly accompanied by hyperlipoproteinemia, but while data on lipoprotein lipids is available, the apopipoproteins have not been studied. To characterize the lipemia of pregnancy more completely, we studied some of the apolipoproteins in plasmas of pregnancy women. Thirty-eight normal fasting women were studied between the 18th and 39th weeks of gestation and again 23 plus or minus 17 weeks after delivery. Eight additional women were sampled every 4-6 wk during the second and third trimesters of gestation. Plasma and lipoprotein lipids were assayed by standard procedures and Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) was measured by radioimmunoassay. The interrelations of Apolipoprotein A (ApoA) in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and of Apolipoprotein C (ApoC) in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were assessed by disc gel electrophoresis in four women during the last trimester of gestation and again 6-8 mo post partum and in four nongravid controls. Gestational triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (Chol) were elevated in 95% of the pregnant women. TG in lipoproteins rose progressively during gestation, with VLDL-TG rising the most. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL became enriched by TG relative to other components. Total-and VLDL-ApoB increased, while LDL-ApoB remained unchanged, resulting in a change in the density distribution of ApoB. (VLDL-ApoB X 100/total ApoB rose from 3.6% to 6.7%, P less than 0.02.) The accumulation of TG-rich LDL and the increases of VLDL-ApoB may be the result of changes in the rates of secretion or intravascular catabolism of VLDL. Which process is altered remains to be determined. The relative amounts of ApoC-II and ApoC-III in VLDL and the ApoA-I/ApoA-II ratios in HDL were unchanged in pregnancy. These results differ from those seen following high-carbohydrate diets.
Macro-loading effects of electron-cyclotron resonance etched II–VI materials

It has been observed in semiconductor processing that the etch rates for materials subjected to an electron-cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma change with the total sample area. This phenomenon is known as loading. Loading effects can result in pattern definition errors during micromachining. In argon/hydrogen plasmas, designed to etch II–VI materials, loading appears to primarily affect photoresist deterioration. Using an 80% argon-20% hydrogen gas chemistry optimized for HgCdTe, we observe a factor of 2 variation in photoresist etch rate. Loading may also affect semiconductor etch rates to a lesser extent. The observed trends suggest that radical changes in the plasma are the likely cause of this phenomenon.
Two principles of parse preference

The DIALOGIC system for syntactic analysis and semantic translation has been under development for over ten years, and during that time it has been used in a number of domains in both database interface and message-processing applications. In addition, it has been tested on a number of sentences of linguistic interest. Built into the system are facilities for ranking parses according to syntactic and selectional considerations, and over the years, as various kinds of ambiguity have become apparent, heuristics have been devised for choosing the preferred parses. Our aim in this paper is first to present a compendium of many of these heuristics and second to propose two principles that seem to underlie the heuristics. The first will be useful to researchers engaged in building grammars of similarly broad coverage. The second is of psychological interest and may be a guide for estimating parse preferences for newly discovered ambiguities for which we lack the experience to decide among on a more empirical basis.
Females Surpass Males in Computer Problem Solving: Findings from the Minnesota Computer Literacy Assessment.

Results from the 1979 Minnesota Computer Literacy Assessment conducted by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium, show that high school females performed better than males in some specific areas of programming. The areas of female superiority are those such as problem analysis and algorithmic application where the problems are expressed verbally rather than mathematically. While these findings may result from unique features of computer education in Minnesota, the findings may also be a consequence of the fact that the Minnesota assessment instrument was relatively free of mathematical bias. These findings and those of the 1982 National Assessment of Science on female superiority in “science decision making” imply that women are better than men at tasks usually defined as systems analysis rather than program coding.
Characterization of two Ca-ATPases in gill epithelium from the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus).

Abstract 1. 1. Two Ca-ATPases in the gill microsomal fraction from the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) have been characterized. 2. 2. A (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ -ATPase which has a high affinity for Ca2+, requires Mg2+ for activity and may be stimulated by calmodulin. 3. 3. A (Ca 2+ + Na + )-ATPase which has a low affinity for Ca2+ requires Na+ for activity, does not require Mg2+ and is probably not stimulated by calmodulin. 4. 4. These enzymes may play a physiological role in killifish calcium regulation.
A "MICROTUBULE" IN PLANT CELL FINE STRUCTURE.

This paper reports an electron microscope examination of the cortices of some plant cells engaged in wall formation. Previous studies of similar material fixed in OSO4 alone have disclosed discontinuities in the plasma membrane and other evidence of inadequate fixation. After glutaraldehyde, used as a fixative in this present study, the general preservation of cortical fine structure is greatly improved. This is shown, for example, by the first evidence of slender tubules, 230 to 270 A in diameter and of indeterminate length, in plant cells of this type. They have been found in the cortical regions of cells of two angiosperms and one gymnosperm, representing all the material so far studied following this method of fixation. The tubules are identical in morphology to those also observed here in the mitotic spindles of plant cells, except that the latter have a somewhat smaller diameter. It is noted that the cortical tubules are in a favored position to govern cytoplasmic streaming and to exert an influence over the disposition of cell wall materials. In this regard it may be of some significance that the tubules just beneath the surface of the protoplast mirror the orientation of the cellulose microfibrils of the adjacent cell walls.
Self-regulation of exopolysaccharide production in Bacillus subtilis by a tyrosine kinase

We report that the Bacillus subtilis exopolysaccharide (EPS) is a signaling molecule that controls its own production. EPS synthesis depends on a tyrosine kinase that consists of a membrane component (EpsA) and a kinase component (EpsB). EPS interacts with the extracellular domain of EpsA, which is a receptor, to control kinase activity. In the absence of EPS, the kinase is inactivated by autophosphorylation. The presence of EPS inhibits autophosphorylation and instead promotes the phosphorylation of a glycosyltransferase in the biosynthetic pathway, thereby stimulating the production of EPS. Thus, EPS production is subject to a positive feedback loop that ties its synthesis to its own concentration. Tyrosine kinase-mediated self-regulation could be a widespread feature of the control of exopolysaccharide production in bacteria.
Alteration of murine odontogenic patterning and prolongation of expression of epidermal growth factor mRNA by retinol in vitro

Abstract Retinoids alter the patterning of murine odontogenesis in vivo and stimulate epithelial proliferation. Because odontogenesis is dependent on proliferation of mandibular epithelium, the effects of retinol on the patterning of odontogenic epithelium were studied. These experiments control for developmental stage, applied retinoid concentration and duration of exposure. Explants exposed for 24 h to 0.1 μg/ml of retinol exhibited enhanced odontogenesis. Day-9 mandibles exposed to retinol at 1–5 μg/ml had altered epithelial patterns consistent with those in previous in vivo experiments, inclucling supernumerary epithelial buds in regions associated with supernumerary incisors in vivo . These changes were associated with a dose-dependent increase in epithelial proliferation and a prolonged expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA. Altered expression of EGF mRNA may be responsible for the disrupted pattern of the dental lamina. This is the first report of a retinoid-induced alteration in EGF mRNA expression.
The thermal scaling: From transistor to array

The electrical and thermal performance scaling from transistor to array was studied in this paper to help improve the predictive modeling of the electrical-thermal behavior of bipolar arrays. The dc and ac performance scales well at low bias but not to the medium and high bias because thermal resistance does not scale to the total emitter area. It is demonstrated that after the correction of the R TH in array models, the simulation can predict the electrical-thermal behavior of power arrays.
Quasi first order transitions for an n-component field in one dimension

Abstract An n -component 1-D field theoretic model exhibiting first and second transitions in the mean field approximation is studied by exact methods. In the n → ∞ limit the second order transitions are found to broaden but a line of first order transitions terminating at a critical point remains. For large but finite n , the first order transitions have a width of order exp (-const. n ).
Direct topologies from discrete rings, III☆

Abstract Some constructions of topologies by Marcos are generalized and shown to be related to a much earlier construction of the author.
123. Construction & characterization of mutation-specific mouse models for Types A and B Niemann–Pick disease

due to deficiency of N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulphatase (MPS IVA) or beta-galactosidase (MPS IVB). The aim of this study was to describe the Argentinean experience in first assessment and biochemical diagnosis of the disease. Results: Of a total of 36 patients, MPS IVA was diagnosed in 33 (92%) and MPS IV B in 3 (8%) through enzymatic assay. All but one (3%) had abnormal urinary excretion of keratan sulphate in urine. The referring physician speciality was: paediatrician 36%, geneticist 36%, pediatric neurologist 21% and orthopedistt 7%. At the time of diagnosis, disostosis was present in all the patients 100%, liver and spleen enlargement in 16% and corneal clouding in 13%. Median age at the diagnosis was 3.5 years old. Conclusions: At our knowledge, this is one of the largest populations of MPS IV 4s patients. Detailed reports on this pathology would probably allow its earlier recognition and a better therapeutic approach.
Central blockade of TLR4 improves cardiac function and attenuates myocardial inflammation in angiotensin II-induced hypertension

Aims Understanding the novel signalling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension is vital for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Recent evidence suggests a role for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Although brain has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension, the role of brain TLR4 in hypertension is largely unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the role of brain TLR4 in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertension and whether central TLR4 blockade has cardioprotective effects in hypertension. Methods and results Hypertension was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by delivering AngII for 14 days. The rats were administered either specific TLR4 blocker, viral inhibitory peptide (VIPER), or control peptide, intracerebroventricularly. Blood pressure, and cardiac hypertrophy and function, was evaluated by radiotelemetry and echocardiography, respectively. Blood and paraventricular nucleus were collected for measurement of plasma norepinephrine (NE), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and TLR4 expression, respectively. Heart was analysed for TNF-α, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB), and renin–angiotensin system (RAS) components. Hypertensive rats had dramatically increased TLR4 expression compared with normotensive rats. Central blockade of TLR4 delayed progression of hypertension and improved cardiac hypertrophy and function in hypertensive rats. TLR4 blockade significantly reduced myocardial TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS levels, NFκB activity, and altered RAS components in hypertensive rats. These results were associated with reduced circulating NE levels in VIPER-treated hypertensive rats. Conclusion These results provide mechanistic evidence that AngII-induced hypertensive effects are mediated, at least in part, by brain TLR4, and that brain TLR4 blockade attenuates AngII-induced hypertensive response, possibly via down-regulation of myocardial inflammatory molecules and sympathetic activity.
The IT advantage assessment model: applying an expanded value chain model to academia

Academia faces an uncertain future as the 21st century unfolds. New demands, discerning students, increased competition from non-traditional competitors are just a few of the forces demanding a response. The use of information technology (IT) in academia has not kept pace with its use in industry. What has been lacking is a model for the strategic and tactical use of IT that would allow academia to better focus the use of technology in response to the demands of its marketplace. Such a model, termed "IT Advantage Assessment Model," or ITAAM (derived from Michael Porter's Value Chain Model) is described herein as it is applied to a case study in academia. This yields a clearer picture of ITAAM in use and serves to validate it. The results indicate a great advantage in the application of ITAAM and a greater understanding of the strategic and tactical implications of IT integration into academia.
A new hand-cooling device to enhance firefighter heat strain recovery.

This study tested a new portable cooling device for fire fighting recovery. Participants (N = 8) walked and did arm curls (time-weighted VO2: 1.6 L· min−1 on a treadmill for 40 min in a heated chamber (wet bulb globe temperature: 33.7°C; relative humidity: 40–45%) while wearing firefighter turn-out gear and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Immediately on finishing exercise, participants recovered for 40 min with either a hand-cooling device or seated passive recovery at an ambient temperature of 22°C, 35% RH in a repeated-measures counterbalanced design. The cooling device had little impact on recovery during the first 30 min; however, compared with passive cooling, the cooling device resulted in significantly lower rectal temperature (Tre) during the last 10 min. Relative to starting Tre of the recovery period, ΔTre at 35 min had fallen 0.51 ± 0.19°C (passive) and 0.76 ± 0.30°C (active) (p = 0.03); and at 40 min ΔTre had fallen 0.63 ± 0.17°C (passive) and 0.88 ± 0.31°C (active) (p = 0.03). Cool...
Use of Coded Wire Tags for Marking Fingerling Fishes

Abstract We examined the feasibility of implanting coded wire tags in several size-classes (47–189 mm, total length) of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, walleye Stizostedion vitreum, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas. Tags were implanted in three anatomical locations (nasal capsule, cheek musculature, or nape). Growth of tagged and untagged fish was not significantly different, and tag-related mortalities ranged from 0 to 12% throughout the study. In 7 of 26 experiments, survival of tagged fish was significantly different from (usually lower than) survival of control fish (P < 0.05). After 6–9 months, tag retentions varied from 91 to 100%.
Flavin mononucleotide reductase of luminous bacteria

NAD(P)H: FMN oxidoreductase (flavin reductase) couples in vitro to bacterial luciferase. This reductase, which is also postulated to supply reduced flavin mononucleotide in vivo as a substrate for the bioluminescent reaction, has been partially purified and characterized from two species of luminous bacterial. From Photobacterium fischeri the enzyme has a M. W. determined by Sephadex gel filtration, of 43,000 and may have a subunit structure. The turnover number at 20 degrees C, based on a purity estimate of 20 percent, is 1.7 times 10-4 moles of NADH oxidized per min per mole of reductase. The reductase isolated from Beneckea harveyi has an apparent molecular weight of 23,000; its purity was too low to permit estimation of specific activity. Using a spectrophotometric assay at 340 nm with the P. fischeri reductase, both NADH (Km, 8 times 10-5 M) and NADPH (Km, 4 times 10-4 M) were enzymatically oxidized, the Vmax with NADH being approximately twice that of NADPH. Of the flavins tested in this assay, only FMN (Km, 7.3 times 10-5 M) and FAD (Km, 1.4 times 10-4 M) were effective, FMN having a Vmax three times that of FAD. In the coupled assay, i.e., measuring the bioluminescence intensity of the reaction with added luciferase, the optimum FMN concentration was nearly 100 times less than in the spectrophotometric assay. The studies reported suggest the existence of a functional reductase-luciferase complex.
An approach for solving the time domain electric field integral equation (TD-EFIE) utilizing a novel basis function

In this paper we present a novel technique for solving the time domain electric field integral equation (TD-EFIE). This approach is based on a new choice for the basis functions in the time domain that have closed-form representations and are causal.
Language Teaching in Nativist Times: A Need for Sociopolitical Awareness

dimension of our work: in how language teaching is affected by existing paradigms in psychology or linguistics (see Raimes for example). In contrast, we have demonstrated weaker interest in the social and political dimensions of our work. Yet it is clear that social and political attitudes and processes profoundly affect our professional activities in the domestic arena, through, for example, the funding of language programs, state and federal mandates for teacher training and certification, curriculum requirements and community support. As Judd (13) notes, whatever our conscious ideological preferences as individuals, simply by teaching languages, we are "directly or indirectly implementing a stated or implied language policy as well as actively promoting a form of language change in our students. . . . (W)e are involved in a political process." Historically, the field of language teaching (including the teaching of English as a second language) has received the most social and political attention during nativist times those periods in which the established native-Englishspeaking segment of the American population, for various domestic and international reasons, perceives relative newcomers to the land as posing a threat to its interests as well as to the entire nation's political unity and spiritual health. During such periods political leaders (often scantily informed about the profession) seek most actively to direct language teaching. Today, as evident from the visibility of the English-only movement, we are again in a nativist era when social and political attention is focused on language teaching policies. We would like to consider to what extent the
The influence of epinephrine upon antigen and antibody action

I N ORDER to avoid possible untoward reaction from the administration of certain antigenie agents or immune antibody mixtures, the use of epinephrine either prior to or coincident with the injection has been advocated and is frequently employed with apparent success. Thus, for example, in the method of so-called desensitization prior to the administration of immune horse serum, it has been suggested1 that epinephrine be given in small doses along with each fraction of serum. There is little question that this procedure is of value in the prevention of serious serum reaction. Likewise, in the administration of such substances as diphtheria toxoid or scarlet fever streptococcus toxin, it has been our practice as well as that of other physicians to administer 0.1 or 0.2 cc. of epinephrine with every dose in order to prevent or minimize the possibility of unusual local or general reaction. In immunizing medical students or older children against diphtheria or scarlet fever, we have found that this procedure has often prevented subsequent constitutional reactions and minimized the severity of the local reactions which are more frequent in these individuals than in younger children. The question has arisen at times as to whether the inclusion of the epinephrine along with either the antigen or the antibody would act in any way to inhibit its immunologic action. This seemed very unlikely, at least from a theoretical standpoint, and also when one considers the pharmacologic action of this drug. Review of the available literature failed to supply a satisfactory answer to this question. It seemed worth while, therefore, to attempt to settle it more definitely by means of the following experiments :‘f
Evaluating Cutting Fluid Effects on Cylinder Boring Surface Errors by Inverse Heat Transfer and Finite Element Methods

Sets of dry and wet boring experiments are conducted to estimate the amount of heattransferred into the workpiece and the cutting ﬂuid heat convection coefﬁcient in a boringoperation by an inverse heat transfer method. The temperature distribution in the bore ispredicted using a heat transfer model that includes heat convection on the inner and outerbore walls. The developed model is solved by an integral transform approach. The ther-mal expansion of the bore is then calculated using the ﬁnite element method (FEM).Surface error due to the cutting forces is also predicted using FEM and added to thethermally induced surface error to give the total surface error. The actual surface errorof bores machined under dry and wet cutting conditions are measured and compared withthe predicted surface error. Very good agreement between measured and predicted sur-face errors is observed. @S1087-1357~00!00802-9#
A gene's eye view of epistasis, selection and speciation

In this mini-review, I discuss the effects of gene interaction or epistasis from a `gene's eye view.' By a `gene's eye view' of epistasis, I mean that I will consider a single, bi-allelic locus, A, whose effects on fitness result only from its interactions with alleles of another, unknown locus, X. I will show how changes in the frequencies of alleles at the background locus affect the relationship of alleles at the A-locus to fitness. Changing the genetic background changes the fundamental characteristics of the A-locus, such as the magnitude and sign of allelic effects on fitness, and, consequently, it changes the strength and pattern of selection. I consider each of the four kinds of pair–wise interactions between two loci and show that some kinds of epistasis are more sensitive than others to population genetic subdivision. Lastly, I show that some kinds of epistasis are more likely than others to affect the process of speciation and contribute to or be responsible for general genetic features of interspecific hybrids, such as Haldane's rule.
Identification and Cloning of a Negative Regulator of Systemic Acquired Resistance, SNI1, through a Screen for Suppressors of npr1-1

Abstract Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant immune response induced after a local infection by necrotizing pathogens. The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene is a positive regulator of SAR, essential for transducing the SAR signal salicylic acid (SA). Mutations in the NPR1 gene abolish the SA-induced expression of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes and resistance to pathogens. To identify additional regulators of SAR, we screened for suppressors of npr1-1 . In the npr1-1 background, the sni1 (suppressor of n pr1-1 , inducible 1) mutant shows near wild-type levels of PR1 expression and resistance to pathogens after induction. Restoration of SAR in npr1-1 by the recessive sni1 mutation indicates that wild-type SNI1 may function as a negative regulator of SAR. We cloned the SNI1 gene and found that it encodes a leucine-rich nuclear protein.
Active Antenna Module for Low-Cost Electronically Scanned Phased Arrays

This paper describes a low-cost compact active antenna module that includes transmit/receive/mixer electronics and a dual-polarized antenna element for half-duplex operation at 10 GHz. The system-in-package module has been fabricated in a ball-grid-array package. It is particularly suited for large low-cost low-power phased-array applications. Measurements at IF of single element gain show cross-pol reduced 18 dB. A small compact array was fabricated and measured. Simulations show that coupling between modules in a tightly packed infinite array caused a small reduction in scan range.
Muscle activities during asymmetric trunk angular accelerations

The objective of this study was to characterize trunk muscle and intra-abdominal pressure behavior during extensions of the trunk when angular trunk acceleration levels and trunk twist were varied during lifting exertions. Since force is related to acceleration, it was believed that changes in trunk acceleration would cause activity changes in the muscles and abdominal cavity pressurization mechanics that load the spine during manual materials handling tasks. The electromyographic activity of 10 trunk muscles and intra-abdominal pressure were studied in 39 subjects as they moved their trunks under high, medium, and low constant angular acceleration conditions. The results indicated that almost all the muscles were affected by acceleration and asymmetry. Muscle activities of up to 50% of maximum were observed even though a minimal amount of torque was being produced by the back. Coactivation of muscles was also apparent. Muscles located at the greatest distances from the spine, such as the latissimus dorsi and oblique groups, increased their activities the most as trunk acceleration increased. Muscles located farthest from the spine also played an important role as the trunk became more asymmetric. Intra-abdominal pressure changed minimally over the test conditions. The nature of these responses and their impact on spine loading are discussed.
Power Efficient Throughput Maximization in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

We study the problem of total throughput maximization in arbitrary multi-hop wireless networks, with constraints on the total power usage (denoted by PETM), when nodes have the capability to adaptively choose their power levels, which is the case with software defined radio devices. The underlying interference graph changes when power levels change, making PETM a complex cross-layer optimization problem. We develop a linear programming formulation for this problem, that leads to a constant factor approximation to the total throughput rate, for any given bound on the total power usage. Our result is a rigorously provable worst case approximation guarantee, which holds for any instance. Our formulation is generic and can accommodate different interference models and objective functions. We complement our theoretical analysis with simulations and compute the explicit tradeoffs between fairness, total throughput and power usage.