cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[Tyr1]-Nociceptin and Nociceptin Have Similar Naloxone Insensitive Erectile Activity in the Cat

The heptadecapeptide nociceptin, also known as Orphanin FQ, is a newly discovered endogenous ligand for the opioid-like G-protein-coupled receptor ORL 1 . The present study was undertaken to investigate responses to intracavernosal injections of the nociceptin analog [Tyr 1 ]-nociceptin and to investigate the effects of naloxone on erectile responses in anesthetized cats to [Tyr 1 ]-nociceptin and to nociceptin. Intracavernosal injections of [Tyr 1 ]-nociceptin and of nociceptin in doses of 0.3-30 nmol elicited dose-related increases in cavernosal pressure, which, at the highest dose studied, were comparable to increases induced by the triple-drug standard (papaverine, phentolamine, and prostaglandin E 1 ), a preparation used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Responses to [Tyr 1 ]-nociceptin were rapid in onset and had a time course similar to responses to nociceptin. Metenkephalin increased cavernosal pressure, whereas injections of nociceptin-(2-17), dynorphin A, and β-endorphin did not alter cavernosal pressure. Erectile responses to nociceptin and to [Tyr 1 ]-nociceptin were not altered after administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone at a time when erectile responses to metenkephalin were attenuated. These data show that [Tyr 1 ]-nociceptin and nociceptin have similar naloxone-insensitive erectile activity in the cat.
GATA-binding proteins regulate the human gonadotropin alpha-subunit gene in the placenta and pituitary gland.

Abstract The human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene is expressed in two quite dissimilar tissues, the placenta and anterior pituitary. Tissue-specific expression is determined by combinations of elements, some of which are common and others of which are specific to each tissue. In the placenta, a composite enhancer confers specific expression. It contains four protein-binding sites: two cyclic AMP (cAMP) response elements that bind CREB, a trophoblast-specific element that binds TSEB, and a sequence motif, AGATAA, that matches the consensus binding site for a family of transcription factors termed the GATA-binding proteins. In pituitary gonadotropes, the cAMP response elements remain important for expression, TSEB is absent, and elements further upstream participate in tissue-specific expression. Here we establish a regulatory role for the GATA element in both the placenta and pituitary by demonstrating that a mutation of this element decreases alpha-subunit gene expression 15-fold in JEG-3 human placental cells and 2.5-fold in alpha T3-1 mouse pituitary gonadotropes. In JEG-3 cells, human GATA-2 (hGATA-2) and hGATA-3 are highly expressed and both proteins bind to the alpha-subunit gene GATA element. In alpha T3-1 cells, the GATA motif is bound by mouse GATA-2 (mGATA-2) and an mGATA-4-related protein. Cotransfection of hGATA-2 or hGATA-3 into alpha T3-1 cells activates the alpha-subunit gene threefold. These studies establish a role for the GATA-binding proteins in placental and pituitary alpha-subunit gene expression, significantly expanding the known target genes of GATA-2, GATA-3, and perhaps GATA-4.
Real-Time Control of Atomic Motion Using Feedback

We demonstrate real-time feedback control of atomic center of mass motion in a cloud of laser cooled cesium atoms. Using the velocity measurement technique of recoil-induced resonances, the average velocity of the atomic cloud is obtained. This information is used to give a correction from a moving optical lattice. We are able to bring the cloud of atoms to a stop with a controllable amount of heating.
Internal corrosion in dental composite wear : Its significance and simulation

The internal corrosion of dental resin composites is associated with water-sorption and leads to (1) interfacial debonding, (2) filler dissolution, (3) matrix cracking, and (4) subsurface damage. The last factor creates a condition for “corrosive-wear” in which the damaged layer is worn with ease exposing a new surface and perpetuating the cycle of corrosion and wear. Central to the simulation of in vivo corrosive-wear is the recreation of the subsurface damage layer. To produce this layer in water, artificial saliva, and in media of low pH is time-consuming, because the degradation process in these environments is extremely slow. In laboratory wear tests using aqueous environments, the contact time of resin composites with water is too short to cause significant internal degradation. Thus, data obtained from such tests represent abrasive and not corrosive-wear, and do not correlate well with in vivo wear data. In considering this limitation of the above media for accelerated wear tests, an alkaline medium has been used in this study to simulate corrosive-wear of eleven commercial composites. The procedure consists of exposing each material to 0.1 N NaOH at 60°C for 2 weeks followed by abrasion in a tooth brushing machine. The medium choice is based on the rationale that in vivo degradation arises from reaction with the OH−, and this reaction can be enhanced by raising the pH and the temperature of the medium. The warm NaOH solution satisfies both these conditions. Parameters examined to evaluate the resistance of each composite to corrosion and wear were (1) mass loss, (2) Si-loss, (3) degradation depth, and (4) wear depth, respectively. A highly significant correlation has been observed among various corrosion and wear parameters. SEM examination indicated degradation to be associated with interfacial separation, filler dissolution, matrix cracking, and subsurface damage. These features are characteristics of in vivo worn composite restorations. Time is of utmost importance in laboratory evaluation of restorative materials. The ability of NaOH to meet this expediency and to mimic the in vivo degradation process makes it a useful medium for corrosive-wear studies of dental composites. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 53: 371–380, 2000
Humoral Links between Sleep and the Immune System

In the last twenty years we have realized that the immune system synthesizes a class of peptides, termed cytokines, that play a central role in alerting the brain to ongoing inflammation in peripheral tissues. Among the brain's responses to proinflammatory cytokines, or agents that induce these cytokines, are certain alterations in sleep profiles. Characteristically there is an increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), and NREMS intensity is often accompanied by a decrease in rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Cytokines appear to play a role in normal sleep regulation; during pathology, higher levels of cytokines amplify the physiological cytokine sleep mechanisms. In this review we summarize the extensive literature on the roles of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in sleep regulation, and their interactions with the neuropeptides growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). We reach the tentative conclusion that the sleep-promoting actions of IL-1 and GHRH are mediated via anterior hypothalamic neurons that are receptive to these substances. It also seems likely that TNF-alpha and CRH also influence these neurons. In addition, we discuss an array of research issues raised by these studies that remain to be resolved.
Lifting modular symbols of non-critical slope

We give a new proof of the result, originally proved in unpublished work of Glenn Stevens [7], that every modular eigensymbol of non-critical slope lifts uniquely to a rigid-analytic distribution-valued eigensymbol. The proof is algorithmic and facilitates the efficient calculation of certain p-adic integrals.
Common positioning and technical errors in panoramic radiography

Identified were the most common errors made in a sample of panoramic films and compared was the frequency of errors recognized in those films with the frequency of errors found in films made by a trained radiology technician. Positioning errors occurred with greater frequency than did technical errors. The percentage of errors was less for the films made by the technician than it was for the sample films. The results emphasize the importance of training in the use of panoramic radiographic equipment and a quality assurance regimen including the correction of errors.
Dependency of surface temperature regulation on body size in terrestrial mammals

Abstract 1. 1. Infrared scans were taken of 29 mammal species ranging from 20 g white-footed mouse to 4000 kg African elephant and percent of surface area available for heat exchange determined. 2. 2. An index of vasomotion (VMI) which reflects the animal's dependency upon and ability to control surface temperature was created by combining metabolic output, thermal limits, and effective surface area (ESA). 3. 3. VMI scales positively with body weight by the equation VMI = 0.27717 + 0.27929 log(wt) suggesting the ability to control surface temperature becomes increasingly more important as surface area to volume ratio decreases. 4. 4. A value for functional conductance was calculated using part of the same VMI equation. Values ranged from 1.453 to 6.15 W/m 2 /C with no apparent correlation to weight. 5. 5. Functional conductance considers only those surfaces which are available for regulation of heat exchange and is essentially the same for all animals studied, indicating heat is conducted from bare skin at the same rate in all animals. 6. 6. It is the ability to change the ESA which causes the VMI to scale by weight.
Foam separations: A review

Abstract A review is presented of foam separations reported in the world literature in the period 1970–1974. Processes are included the objective of which is the removal and concentration from dilute aqueous solution of surface-active-agents; or of charged inorganic species (colligends) foam separated by surfactants. The 200 references which are cited encompass foam fractionations, ion flotations, precipitate flotations, and adsorbing colloid flotations, but do not include processes whose primary aim is the flotation of particulates. Four separations are described in some detail: cationic surfactant selectivity in the foam fractionation of inorganic anions; the foam fractionation of surfactants and of Cu (II) from seawater desalination brines; the ion flotation of Cr(VI) and precipitate flotation of Cr(III), with application to electroplating waste treatment; and the adsorbing colloid flotation of trace metallic and non-metallic species from seawater.
Novel single-phase fiber optic flow sensor system

In this paper, we present a novel design of a fiber optic flow sensor system for single-phase fluid flow detection. This new system is based on the principle of broadband interferometry and cantilever beam bending. The fiber optic sensor system utilizes two fiber ferrule sensors that are bonded on both sides of a cantilever beam. The flow rate can be determined by monitoring the air gap changes caused by bending of the cantilever beam. Cross-sensitivity of the temperature and pressure dependence of the sensor can be compensated for automatically. The prototype sensor system was fabricated and tested on the lab-scale with preliminary evaluations completed. Field-testing was performed in the indoor and outdoor flow loops of Tulsa University in Tulsa, Okalahoma. Both the lab-scale and field-testing results verified that the designed flow sensor system could measure the single-phase fluid flow rate with high resolution and repeatability by compensating the thermal and pressure effects of the environment. The outdoor field-testing demonstrated the feasibility of the designed fiber optic flow sensor for single-phase fluid flow rate measurements in the oil fields.
Membrane permeability and antimicrobial kinetics of cecropin P1 against Escherichia coli

The interaction of cecropin P1 (CP1) with Escherichiacoli was investigated to gain insight into the time-dependent antimicrobial action. Biophysical characterizations of CP1 with whole bacterial cells were performed using both fluorescent and colorimetric assays to investigate the role of membrane permeability and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding in lytic behavior. The kinetics of CP1 growth inhibition assays indicated a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3 microM. Bactericidal kinetics at the MIC indicated rapid killing of E.coli (<30 min). Membrane permeability studies illustrated permeation as a time-dependent event. Maximum permeability at the MIC occurred within 30 min, which correlates to the bactericidal action. Further investigation showed that the immediate permeabilizing action of CP1 is concentration-dependent, which correlates to the concentration-dependent nature of the inhibition assays. At the MIC and above, the immediate permeability was significant enough that the cells could not recover and exhibit growth. Below the MIC, immediate permeability was evident, but the level was insufficient to inhibit growth. Dansyl polymyxin B displacement studies showed LPS binding is essentially the same at all concentrations investigated. However, it does appear that only the immediate interaction is important, because binding continued to increase over time beyond cell viability. Our studies correlated CP1 bactericidal kinetics to membrane permeability suggesting CP1 concentration-dependent killing is driven by the extent of the immediate permeabilizing action of the peptide.
Development and Verification of a Pseudospectral Forward Model for Collisional Plasma Diagnostics

Plasma diagnostics such as microwave interferometry require a forward model to relate the measurement (phase and amplitude shift) to plasma properties (electron density and eective electron-neutral collision frequency). In the present work a two-way wave equation for the electric eld of an interferometer beam is discretized by a pseudo-spectral method of lines approach, and stabilized with Lanzcos -factor smoothing. A Chebyshev pseudospectral method is employed that is suitable for modeling a non-periodic domain. This numerical solution of the forward model also allows arbitrary material property gradients to be accurately treated in contrast to simpler analytical approaches (e.g. Appleton-Hartree). The phase and amplitude shift of the interferometer beam is assumed to be caused only by electron currents and electron-neutral collisions in a Lorentz model of the electron motion. The numerical implementation is formally veried using the method of manufactured solutions (MMS). The capabilities of a computer algebra system (CAS) are leveraged throughout for code generation and verication. The model is applied to diagnosing a dielectric barrier discharge in air.
Simultaneous multivessel acute drug-eluting stent thrombosis.

Abstract Stent thrombosis (ST) in the era of bare metal stents (BMS) using high-pressure stent deployment and combined anti-platelet therapy is an uncommon but feared complication. There is concern for an elevated risk of stent thrombosis (ST) with drug-eluting stents (DES). We describe a case of simultaneous multivessel drug-eluting stent thrombosis 8 h after deployment of paclitaxel-eluting stents in the right coronary (RCA) and left anterior descending (LAD) arteries.
Oxygen consumption in apneic premature infants after low-dose theophylline

The effects of 2 mg/kg/day theophylline (serum concentrations, 2.9 to 4.7 μg/ml) on metabolic rate were observed in 11 premature infants with severe idiopathic apnea of prematurity. Oxygen consumption (/kg) increased 25% from 6.5 ± 0.4 (SEM) to 8.1 ± 0.6 cc/min/kg after 24 to 48 hr of therapy. Respiratory quotient did not change. Apnea and bradycardia decreased from 8.6 ± 1.4 to 1.6 ± 0.5 episodes/hr and 4.4 ± 1.1 to 1.2 ± 0.4 episodes/hr, respectively. This dose of theophylline is effective in idiopathic apnea of prematurity and acts as a metabolic stimulant. In the premature infant, theophylline-induced increases in ., may be a result of changes in the sleep state. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 536–540; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.199
ELASTIC SCATTERING OF GAMMA RAYS BY PROTONS

Analysis of data obtained by detecting the interactions of gammas with protons in spark chambers gave the differential cross section at 90 deg for the process. The results agree with an isobar model calculation by Minami and indicate that the 90 deg scattering proceeds largely through the (1,3) isobar. The method of analysis is described. (D.C.W.)
Facilitation of Amygdala Kindling Development and Kindled Seizures by Metaphit

Summary: The effect of metaphit (a phencyclidine analogue with an acylating isothiocyanate) on kindling development and kindled seizures from amygdala was investigated in rats pretreated once with metaphit. Administration of a single dose of metaphit (10 or 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally i.p.) 4 h before the first electrical stimulation of the amygdala did not in itself induce seizures, but greatly facilitated development of behavioral seizures during kindling. This effect persisted throughout the whole process of electrical amygdala kindling without further dosing. In contrast, metaphit only transiently and modestly increased the growth of afterdischarge (AD) duration. In kindled rats, pretreatment with a single dose of metaphit (20 mg/kg) 8 h before the test stimulation reduced the threshold current required to elicit a stage 5 seizure and shortened the latency for bilateral forelimb clonus (BFC) without changing AD duration or BFC duration. The facilitation of kindling development and kindled seizures may be due to an excessive excitatory transmission by metaphit in the limbic seizure circuitry.
Constructing the Roma audience: public health communication and intervention in contemporary Romania

This study investigated health promotion materials targeting a group historically conceived as problematic, the Romanian Roma. It examined how recent campaigns of interventions, funded by the United States and Western non-profits, understand their audience and how such constructions relate to larger political dynamics in Europe. Focusing on how practitioners conceptualized the Roma audience, as entities to be communicated with and about, in order to affect their behavior, it provides an insight regarding health communication as a political endeavor, as well as current institutionalization of cultural and ethnic differences in Romania. The analysis revealed cause for concern and also evidence of progressive thinking.
Facilitative interaction between angiotensin II and oxidised LDL in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells

Background Several studies have shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) and oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) are critical factors in atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the molecular basis of mutually facilitative interactions between Ang II and ox-LDL in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Methods and results We observed that incubation of cultured HCAECs with Ang II (10 -12 to 10 -6 M) for 24 hours caused a concentration-dependent increase in the expression of mRNA and protein of a specialised receptor for ox-LDL (LOX-1). These effects of Ang II were completely blocked by pretreatment of HCAECs with candesartan (10-6 M), a specific AT1-receptor blocker, but not by
Children's use of information in word learning

Whenever children hear a novel word, the context supplies information about its meaning. One way children may cope with so much information is to use whatever seems to make sense, given their prior knowledge and beliefs, while ignoring or quickly forgetting the rest. This work examined if and how children's beliefs about word meanings may affect their use of contrastive linguistic information in the input in word learning. In Study 1, some 3- and 4-year-olds were introduced to a novel material or shape name and heard it contrasted with familiar words. Others merely heard the novel word used for referring to an object. These children were then tested to determine what they had learned about their new word meaning. In Study 2, another group of 3- and 4-year-olds were asked to name the materials and shapes used for introducing these novel terms. Children made use of linguistic contrast only in some situations. They benefited more when the novel term did not overlap much in denotation with any terms commonly known by 3- and 4-year-olds. These results suggest that children can use information in the input very efficiently in learning a term for an as-yet-unnamed category, but not in learning a term similar in denotation to a word they already know. Thus, the results are consistent with the claim that children believe every word has a unique denotation.
Neuropeptide transmission in brain circuits

Neuropeptides are found in many mammalian CNS neurons where they play key roles in modulating neuronal activity. In contrast to amino acid transmitter release at the synapse, neuropeptide release is not restricted to the synaptic specialization, and after release, a neuropeptide may diffuse some distance to exert its action through a G protein-coupled receptor. Some neuropeptides such as hypocretin/orexin are synthesized only in single regions of the brain, and the neurons releasing these peptides probably have similar functional roles. Other peptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) are synthesized throughout the brain, and neurons that synthesize the peptide in one region have no anatomical or functional connection with NPY neurons in other brain regions. Here, I review converging data revealing a complex interaction between slow-acting neuromodulator peptides and fast-acting amino acid transmitters in the control of energy homeostasis, drug addiction, mood and motivation, sleep-wake states, and neuroendocrine regulation.
Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with alpha interferons

A review of clinical research with alpha interferons in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia is presented. The results of several studies have shown that alpha interferons effectively reduce leukemic infiltrates in the bone marrow and other organs, with attendant resolution of cytopenias. Alpha interferons have shown efficacy in the treatment of patients in all clinical stages of the disease, including those previously untreated, and may become the treatment choice for hairy cell leukemia. Hairy cell leukemia will also provide a useful human clinical model in which some of the fundamental mechanisms of interferon activity can be studied.
Post-Fire Nondestructive Evaluation of a Prestressed Concrete Double-Tee Joist Roof

AbstractPrestressed concrete exhibits resistance to damage induced by fire and associated elevated temperatures, often permitting reuse of structural elements following exposure to accidental fire. However, prudent determination of suitability for reuse or rehabilitation of fire-damaged prestressed concrete requires a post-fire structural evaluation, which can be greatly aided by application of nondestructive testing for quantitative assessment of residual material properties, structural strength, and serviceability. In this study, a suite of nondestructive inspection and evaluation methods including visual documentation, camber surveying, penetration resistance testing, and impact-echo are applied to fire-damaged and unaffected double-tee joists of a precast, prestressed roof system. Qualitative and quantitative measures of fire damage obtained through the nondestructive tests are presented and strong correlations, in particular between longitudinal wave speed estimates obtained in impact-echo testing an...
On the SFDR Upperbound in DDFS Utilizing Polynomial Interpolation Methods

In this brief, the theoretical analysis that obtains the upperbound of the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of the direct digital frequency synthesizers (DDFSs) with phase-to-sine mapper (PSM) structured by polynomial interpolation is revisited. A complete analysis of the SFDR upperbound of these DDFS architectures was provided by Ashrafi and Adhami in 2007, where the authors formulated the SFDR upperbound as the Chebyshev minimax solution to an overdetermined system of linear equations. However, some issues in finding the Chebyshev minimax solution were not made clear in that paper regarding the minimax error at the fundamental harmonic of the output sinusoid. These issues, along with the erroneous behavior of numerical computation packages used for solving the Chebyshev minimax problem, misled Chau and Chen to claim that the results of the aforementioned paper were wrong. This brief clarifies the issues with the original paper, exhibits the problems with some of the available numerical computation packages, and refutes the claims that Chau and Chen made.
The selective affinity labeling of factor Xa by peptides of arginine chloromethyl ketone.

Abstract The preparation of arginine chloromethyl ketones corresponding to the sequence of prothrombin (-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-) hydrolyzed by factor Xa in the prothrombin to thrombin conversion has yielded selective and highly effective affinity labels of bovine factor Xa. The Most effective affinity label, DNS-Glu-Gly-ArgCH 2 C1, inactivates factor Xa by 50% in 13 min at 2.0 × 10 −9 M. Similar rates of inactivation were obtained for Ile-Glu-Gly-ArgCH 2 C1 and Ac-Gly-Gly-ArgCH 2 C1 at 2.0 × 10 −8 M and for Glu-Gly-ArgCH 2 C1 at 2.5 × 10 −7 M. DNS-Glu-Gly-ArgCH 2 C1 and Ac-Glu-Gly-ArgCH 2 C1 were the most selective reagents inactivating factor X a 16–22 times more effectively than human plasma kallikrein and at least 50 times more effectively than thrombin and plasmin.
Applications-driven parallel I/O

The authors investigate the needs of some massively parallel applications running on distributed-memory parallel computers at Argonne National Laboratory and identify some common parallel I/O operations. For these operations, routines were developed that hide the details of the actual implementation (such as the number of parallel disks) from the application, while providing good performance. An important feature is the ability for the application programmer to specify that a file be accessed either as a high-performance parallel file or as a conventional Unix file, simply by changing the value of a parameter on the file open call. These routines are examples of a parallel I/O abstraction that can enhance development, portability, and performance of I/O operations in applications. Some of the specific issues in their design and implementation in a distributed-memory toolset are discussed.
Heat shock proteins and neuromuscular disease

The heat shock proteins are families of proteins with known activities that include chaperoning nascent peptides within the cell and cytoprotection. Most work on the nervous system has related to the role of heat shock proteins in neuroprotection from either hypoxic-ischemic or traumatic injury. The role of these proteins during normal physiological activity and injury is still under investigation. Heat shock proteins in neuromuscular disease have been investigated to some extent but were largely neglected until recently. The goal of this review is to summarize the evidence linking heat shock proteins with neuromuscular disease and to provide some insight into the roles or functions of these proteins in disease states.
Doppler Shift of the Andreev Bound States at the YBCO Surface

The effect of applied magnetic field on the zero-bias conductance peak (ZBCP) observed in tunneling spectra of YBCO reveals the number of states is conserved; the splitting magnitude depends upon field orientation and hysteresis. Both the conservation and anisotropy are consistent with the ZBCP resulting from quasiparticle (QP) Andreev bound states at the YBCO surface with a Doppler shift arising from the scalar product between the QP velocity and superfluid momentum, ${\mathbf{v}}_{F}\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}{\mathbf{P}}_{S}$. The hysteresis is consistent with the effects of strong vortex pinning on the surface screening currents.
First-order and Second-order 3-D Hydrodynamics: A Comparison

Why, if you have a first-order hydrodynamic code, should you go to the trouble to make it second-order in space? The short answer is that time scales or growth rates in a first-order code will be overestimated or underestimated, respectively, when compared with a second-order code. A second-order scheme is not numerically viscous, or diffusive, like a first-order scheme.
The Quarters and the Fields: Slave Families in the Non-Cotton South. By Damian Alan Pargas. (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2011. Pp. xi, 259. $27.95.)

The slave family in the Old South has received a great deal of attention over the years, most recently in books by historians Brenda Stevenson, Larry Hudson, Wilma Dunaway, and Emily West. None of ...
Optimal injection strategies for surfactant flooding enhanced oil recovery, Part 2 — Studies using an improved phase behaviour model and an improved definition of effective salinity

Abstract Optimal injection strategies for surfactant/polymer flooding have been calculated using an improved version of a one-dimensional, compositional simulator. The current studies provided more realistic optimal control policies when compared to previous work which used an older version of the simulator. The current studies used a more realistic phase behaviour model and an improved definition of the effective salinity variable. Results indicated previous optimization studies consistently overestimated the profit from the process. Results also indicated that previous studies consistently underestimated the optimal amount of surfactant to inject and overestimated the amount of alcohol needed. The trends in optimal surfactant and alcohol control policies are shown to be consistent with the physical property models within the simulator. Current results point to the need for continued work on understanding the effects of alcohol on the process. Also, the improved version of the simulator resulted in an increased sensitivity of the anion and calcium controls.
Resonator-aided single-atom detection on a microfabricated chip.

We use an optical cavity to detect single atoms magnetically trapped on an atom chip. We implement the detection using both fluorescence into the cavity and atom-induced reduction in cavity transmission. In fluorescence, we register 2.0(2) photon counts per atom, which allows us to detect single atoms with 75% efficiency in $250\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$. In absorption, we measure transmission attenuation of 3.3(3)% per atom, which allows us to count small numbers of atoms with a resolution of about 1 atom.
Fetal response to neutral gas and liquid media for intraamniotic distension.

Abstract Purpose: This study was aimed at comparing the effects of a neutral liquid and a neutral gas used as intraamniotic media on umbilical blood flow, O 2 delivery, blood pressure, acid-base status, and electrolytes in the fetus at escalating intraamniotic pressures. Methods: Eight fetal lambs underwent invasive monitoring of common umbilical blood flow, blood pressure, blood gases, sodium, and hematocrit, as intraamniotic pressure was raised from 0 to 30 mm Hg. The animals were divided equally in two groups depending on the intraamniotic medium used (group I, warmed saline and group, II, air). Maternal systemic blood pressure, O 2 saturation, and temperature were kept constant. Results: In each group, a threshold level of intraamniotic pressure was evident, above which there was a significant decrease in the common umbilical artery blood flow, with concomitant fetal hypoxemia and hypercarbia. This intraamniotic pressure threshold was 20 mm Hg in group I (saline), but only 15 mm Hg in group II (air). Conclusions: Although both a neutral liquid and a neutral gas can safely be used as intraamniotic media, a neutral liquid medium allows for a wider range of safe intrauterine working pressure (0 to 20 mm Hg), as compared with a neutral gas (0–15 mm Hg).
Ethanol production by immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis

Columnar reactors containing immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis were utilized for the continuous production of ethanol from glucose. Two different immobilization strategies were investigated. In one case, cells were entrapped in borosilicate glass fiber pads, while in the other, cells were immobilized via flocculation. The reactors were operated in both the fixed-bed and expanded-bed manner. Ethanol productivities as high as 132 g/l·h were achieved. Data obtained from studies employing 5.0 and 10.0% glucose concentrations are presented. Problems encountered during the operation of the continuous, immobilized cell reactors are discussed.
DIAGNOSIS OF CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART MALFORMATIONS IN INFANTS BY REAL-TIME, TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

The accuracy of real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography in diagnosing malformations of the great vessels was assessed in 11 infants (aged 5 to 29 months) with angiographically documented transposition of the great arteries (TGA), tetralogy of Fallot (TF) or pulmonary atresia. Adequate studies were obtained in 10 of the 11 infants. A great artery cross-sectioned by the echo beam (i.e., scanning the heart perpendicular to its long axis, at the origin of the great arteries) appears as a circle; when sectioned longitudinally it is sausage-shaped. TF was characterized by normally related great arteries; a posteriorly positioned circle (aorta) and an anterior, sausage-shaped structure (RV outflow tract). In pulmonary atresia, a large posterior circle (aorta) and an anterior sausage-shaped structure, ending proximal to the pulmonary valve (atretic outflow tract) were seen. In TGA, a posterior circle (pulmonary artery) was associated with another circle (aorta) which was located anteriorly and to its right (D-transposition). Thus, this technique provides a painless, rapid and accurate means of diagnosing congenital malformations of the great arteries in infants. It therefore may obviate the need for complete angiographlc studies in some seriously ill infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease.
Impurity adsorption and intergranular corrosion of austenitic stainless steel in boiling HNO3-K2Cr2O7 solutions

Abstract Heat treatment of austenitic steel over the temperature range 900–1420 °C has a strong effect on its subsequent intergranular corrosion behaviour in nitric-dichromate solutions. In solid solution alloys, the rate of attack at grain boundaries and at dislocations decreases with increasing annealing temperature. Quenching from temperatures of 1300 °C or higher eliminates the corrosion susceptibility of dislocations. Extrapolation of the data indicates that quenching from the melt would eliminate the corrosion susceptibility of grain boundaries. The observed variations in corrosion behaviour of grain boundaries and dislocations is explained in terms of impurity adsorption.
Comparable Worth: Where Are We Today?

Comparable worth is a theory that has been hailed as the issue of the 90's. Lee Finney, feminist and labour activist from Contra Costa County, asserted in 1986, “It may not be the issue of the eighties. But it's the issue of the nineties. Comparable worth is here to stay”[2, p.202]. Comparable worth has also been referred to as being overblown [3,p.121] and looney [2, p.52]. With so many diverse comments, an analysis of the current and future status of comparable worth is controversial.
Complications of influenza and benefits of vaccination.

Abstract Uncertainty regarding the benefits of influenza vaccination may contribute to the underutilization of this vaccine. We have conducted serial cohort studies using the administrative data bases of a Twin Cities based managed care organization to assess the impact of disease and benefits of vaccination among the elderly. For the 6 seasons 1990–1991 through 1995–1996, there were more than 20,000 elderly members of the health plan included in each cohort. Data collected included information on baseline demographic and health characteristics, vaccination status and outcomes (hospitalizations and death). Multivariate regression techniques were used to compare the risks of outcomes between vaccinated and unvaccinated persons while controlling for covariates and confounders. Results for data pooled over the 6 seasons demonstrated that influenza vaccination was associated with significant reductions in hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and death among the elderly. Similar findings were observed for low, intermediate, and high risk subgroups. Vaccination was also associated with cost savings. These findings are consistent with results from studies conducted in other countries and over other seasons and strongly support age-based recommendations for annual influenza vaccination for all persons ages 65 and over.
Metal Nanoplates on Semiconductor Substrates

Growth of anisotropic metal nanostructures with well-defined shapes on large-area semiconductor substrates represents a challenge to synthesize hybrid materials with complex functionalities. This Feature Article highlights the approach recently developed in our group for growing nanoplates made of noble metals (e.g., Ag, Pd, Au/Ag alloy) on semiconductor wafers (e.g., GaAs and Si), which are widely used in the semiconductor industry. In the typical syntheses, only the semiconductor wafers and pure aqueous solutions of metal precursors are involved in the reaction. The absence of surfactant molecules, organic solvents, catalysts, etc. in the syntheses makes this strategy suitable for the formation of metal/semiconductor hybrid materials with clean metal/semiconductor interfaces. The mechanism for the selective growth of metal nanoplates on semiconductor substrates is extensively discussed. The as-grown metal nanoplates protrude out of the substrates to expose most of their surface areas to the surrounding environment, leading to be favorable for some applications, such as catalysis and surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
A theory of optimal timing and selectivity

Abstract We solve an extended optimal portfolio problem in continuous time for any horizon, where we allow the mean and variance of returns to be stochastic, introduce fund flows to and from the portfolio, permit differential investor preferences for dividend versus growth stocks, and allow the investor to buy costly information on the random mean and variance of the portfolio to improve his portfolio choice set. This model provides analytical results especially useful in understanding the expenditure on timing and selection information a mutual fund undertakes in attempting to improve performance relative to a benchmark. We examine this proposition for growth and income funds, long and short investment horizons, and also account for fund inflows and outflows. We also combine our model of costly learning with the traditional model of incomplete information to understand the interaction between costly and costless learning. The approach taken is a purely theoretical one, and in this regard the paper is normative in spirit. We anticipate that the propositions in this paper will provide two byproducts: (i) a framework for fund managers to think about how to allocate information expenses between timing and selection skills, and (ii) give academics, especially empirical researchers, a theoretical backdrop against which to examine the mutual fund industry.
PD-1-dependent restoration of self-tolerance in the NOD mouse model of diabetes after transient anti-TCRβ mAb therapy

Aims/hypothesis T cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, and there is great interest in developing curative immunotherapies targeting these cells. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the T cell receptor β-chain (TCRβ) was investigated for its ability to prevent and reverse disease in mouse models of diabetes.
Mutually exclusive public epitopes of HLA-A,B,C molecules.

The interactions of antibodies with HLA epitopes are critically dependent upon the three-dimensional conformation of the target molecule. Despite this property it has been possible to identify individual substitutions or localized regions of HLA-A,B,C sequences that play prominent roles in the formation of particular epitopes
Lectures On Quantum Geometry

In these lectures we discuss the way in which N = 2 superconformal field theory, in the context of string theory, gives rise to geometrical models of spacetime whose quantitative and qualitative properties differ significantly from their classical (General Relativistic) counterparts. After an overview of some general consequences of N = 2 superconformal symmetry, we specialize to concrete field theoretic representations of this algebra. We indicate how a number of familiar constructs from classical geometry naturally arise in these theories, but in a modified form giving rise to what is called “stringy” or “quantum” geometry. Our main focus is on mirror symmetry and spacetime topology change.
T=2 states in 16O

Abstract The T=2 states in 16O are calculated as two-particle, two-hole excitations using various finite range forces. In addition to well-behaved forces a hard-core potential is considered. The comparison with experiment shows that the best agreement is obtained with a Yukawa-Rosenfeld force.
Facilitating children's language development through play

This article discusses the developmental stages of child play which lead to drama, and emphasizes the value of dramatic play in affective and cognitive growth. Since play and language are interdependent, the elaboration of one helps to enhance the growth of the other; the two combine to stimulate and reorganize mental capacities. The importance of positive, active mother‐child interaction is emphasized, as well as the effects of the child's separation‐individuation pattern upon his subsequent ability to play and learn. Many young children are developmentally and psychologically too immature to engage in meaningful, shared dramatic play; thus teachers should observe play behaviors and intervene to teach the missing play skills. Since participation in fantasy play seems to foster the growth of verbal competencies and ego strengths, such activities may be of particular help to disadvantaged children, many of whom tend to act out in impulsive and often destructive ways.
Spectroscopic evidence for a higher rotation rate of magnetized plasma at the solar photosphere

Simultaneous observations of the photospheric rotation velocity and magnetic field are made with 5'' spatial resolution. The results show a significant increase in plasma rotation velocity with absolute magnetic intensity. The difference in rotation velocity between the highest and lowest magnetic fields, in areas of quiet photosphere, is 41 +- 6 m s/sup -1/ in 1975 and 46 +- 11 m s/sup -1/ in 1974, measured in the lambda5250 line of Fe i. A less significant increase is found in the lambda5233 line. These results indicate that the magnetic network rotates at least 2 percent faster than the general photosphere, and the flux tubes accelerate the local plasma of the network boundaries. (AIP)
Shoot-tip culture and the eradication of viroid-RNA

Abstract Citrus exocortis viroid was eradicated from infected tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Rutgers’) by in vitro shoot-tip culture of axillary buds excised from greenhouse-grown plants. Plantlets developed from 23 of 67 shoot tips excised. The 6 plantlets that demonstrated normal root development were shown to be free of CEV by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and bioassay. Fully developed recovered plants showed the same characteristics as the ‘Rutgers’ seedlings.
Total Synthesis of a Cis-Syn 2-Carbomethoxypsoralen Furan-Side Thymidine Monoadduct

The first total chemical synthesis of a cis-syn furan-side photoproduct between a psoralen derivative and thymidine is described. The key step in the synthesis was an intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition, which directed the stereochemical course of the reaction to afford a product equivalent to that formed when a psoralen molecule is allowed to react at a 5‘-TpA-3‘ site in DNA. A model system consisting of a simple benzofuranyl acid tethered to the 5‘ hydroxyl of thymidine showed that it was possible to bias the stereochemical outcome of the photochemical reaction in favor of the desired cis-syn product. Further refinement of the model system allowed for the elaboration of a benzofuran−thymidine photoproduct into a cis-syn 2-carbomethoxypsoralen furan-side thymidine monoadduct. The stereochemistry of all photoproducts as established by NMR and CD spectroscopy indicated that the cycloadditions occurred on the 3‘ face of thymine, the equivalent of a psoralen monoadduct in a 5‘-TpA-3‘ site in DNA. Previ...
A psychophysiological influence on the choice of illicit drugs

The variable of “augmenting” and “reducing,” as measured by kinesthetic figural aftereffects, was found to relate to the choice of amphetamines or barbiturates as a predominant drug, and differences were also found between males and females within each drug category. At the conceptual level, the need for stimulation (“nStim”) is presented as a hypothetical construct which relates the KFA measure to the choice of drug. The strength of the relationship and the significance of the results suggest the possible use of the KFA test in determining the appropriateness of prevention and treatment methods, which are typically applied without the specific consideration of the need for stimulation.
How to attend a Siggraph conference

The author is one of the few people who has been to all 22 of the Siggraph annual conferences. In this article, he gives some historical nuggets and tips he has formulated over the years. He discusses time management, technical talks, panels, equipment shows, video shows, art shows, parties, name badges and the summer camp session. >
Dual-wavelength 92.5 GHz self-mode-locked InP-based quantum dot laser

We report on the generation of dual-wavelength self-mode-locking pulses from an InP-based quantum dot laser. The demonstrated device operates simultaneously at both 1543.7 and 1571.7 nm and has a repetition rate of 92.5 GHz. The pulse width is below 960 fs, and the average power coupled to a cleaved single-mode fiber is nearly 9 mW at a current bias of 60 mA.
A 10-year report of a longitudinal recall of overdenture patients

Abstract Eighty-nine patients were evaluated longitudinally for a 10-year period to assess the periodontal health of overdenture abutments and the effectiveness of the overdenture treatment. of the original group, 28 patients returned for the 10-year recall. Sixty-six of the 77 overdenture abutments were present. Seven of the 11 abutment teeth extractions were because of caries and four were the result of periodontal disease. Most of the abutments have progressively lost attached tissue. Other periodontal indices remained fairly constant. Most of the patients were satisfied with the treatment even though the periodontal assessment was less than ideal.
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TIME: READING THE INTERACTIONAL TEXT

This article examines the phenomenon of first-time throughness, which speaks to how social events are experienced in real, interactional time. Multiple readings of the made-for-television film Unde...
Integrated TiC coatings for moving MEMS

The application of wear-resistant coatings to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices offers the potential of addressing the reliability of moving MEMS devices. However, coating non-line-of-sight, concealed surfaces in fully released 3D MEMS structures, especially those behind micron-sized apertures, is a difficult problem to overcome with most deposition techniques. A practical and viable solution to this problem is the direct integration of wear-resistant coatings into the MEMS fabrication process. Using this approach we have inserted pulsed-laser-deposited titanium carbide (TiC) coatings between critical polysilicon interfaces during fabrication of a MEMS device. This paper describes the details of inserting laser-ablated TiC coatings into a user-friendly surface micromachining process for MEMS to protect key sliding Si surfaces in MEMS motors. This hybrid technology is an effective way of inserting wear-resistant coatings such as TiC into the MEMS fabrication scheme.