cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serotonin uptake and action on the adrenal cortex.

The uptake by and effect on adrenal tissue of serotonin was investigated in herbivores and carnivores. Rabbit adrenal showed the least uptake of serotonin in comparison with that of the dog, the cow and the rat, but released the greatest amount of blue tetrazolium-reactive reducing materials. Serotonin was found to elevate oxygen consumption of the adrenals from all species. None of the observations on the uptake of serotonin, release of reducing material or stimulation of oxygen consumption could be correlated with the dietary habits of the animals. The serotonin action on the adrenal appeared to be dependent upon a functional oxidative phosphorylating system, since the absence of oxygen and the presence of cyanide or dinitrophenol abolished the serotonin response. These latter experiments were carried out with adrenal mitochondria that were shown to be reactive to serotonin, and the activity could be augmented with adenos'ne diphosphate.
Viral Evolution in the Genomic Age

Genome sequence data will undoubtedly deliver much to the study of viral pathogens and their diseases. A prominent example of this new genomic perspective is influenza A virus, for which a large-scale genome sequencing project begun in the year 2005 has, to date, generated around 2,500 complete viral genomes [1]. While this alone is newsworthy, the rise of rapid, high-throughput genome “pyrosequencing” promises to take the production of viral genomes to a level once unimaginable [2].
Electron-Phonon Interaction in Metals

The role of electron-electron interactions in determining the electron-phonon interaction in metals is investigated by extending the Bohm-Pines collective description to take into account the ionic motion. Collective coordinates are introduced to describe the long-range electron-ionic correlations, and it is shown by a series of canonical transformations that these give rise to plasma waves and to coupled electron-ion waves which correspond to longitudinal sound waves. The dispersion relation for the sound waves is identical with that derived by Toya and Nakajima by self-consistent field methods. The velocity of these sound waves is calculated from first principles for sodium and is found to be in good agreement with experiment. The effective matrix element for the electron-phonon interaction is determined and is found to be identical for long wavelengths with that found earlier by Bardeen using a self-consistent field method which neglects exchange and correlation effects. The agreement with the earlier work is explained by the fact that the residual electron-electron interaction is of quite short range, so that an independent-particle treatment is rather well justified. The effects of Coulomb correlations on superconductivity are likewise shown to be small, so that the neglect of Coulomb interactions in the formulation of the superconductivity problem is justified.
The influence of the land surface on the transition from dry to wet season in Amazonia

Analysis of the fifteen years of European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis suggests that the transition from dry to wet season in Southern Amazonia is initially driven by increases of surface latent heat flux. These fluxes rapidly reduce Convective Inhibition Energy (CINE) and increase Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), consequently providing favourable conditions for increased rainfall even before the large-scale circulation has changed. The increase of rainfall presumably initiates the reversal of the cross-equatorial flow, leading to large-scale net moisture convergence over Southern Amazonia. An analysis of early and late wet season onsets on an interannual scale shows that a longer dry season with lower rainfall reduces surface latent heat flux in the dry and earlier transition periods compared to that of a normal wet season onset. These conditions result in a higher CINE and a lower CAPE, causing a delay in the increase of local rainfall in the initiating phase of the transition and consequently in the wet season onset. Conversely, a wetter dry season leads to a higher surface latent heat flux and weaker CINE, providing a necessary condition for an earlier increase of local rainfall and an earlier wet season onset. Our results imply that if land use change in Amazonia reduces rainfall during dry and transition seasons, it could significantly delay the wet season onset and prolong the dry season.
The Portsmouth Modification of the Ertl Bone-Bridge Transtibial Amputation: The Challenge of Returning Amputees Back to Active Duty

In the military setting, severe lower-extremity trauma is an unfortunate but not uncommon result of armed conflict. Newer body armor has lead to an increase in survival as a result of the protection afforded the head, abdomen, and thorax. However, the extremities are still relatively unprotected, resulting in an increase in individuals surviving with limb trauma. The thought that an amputee will be permanently handicapped has been challenged by many military members with several remaining on active duty as fully operational soldiers and sailors. The purpose of this article is to describe our technique of transtibial amputation using a bone bridge between the tibia and fibula (a modified Ertl procedure). This procedure produces a residual limb with increased surface area, cylindrical alignment, stable syndesmosis, and decreased heterotopic ossification.
Elastic/Plastic Contact Mechanics-Based Analysis of Hard Disk Drive Media Damage From Slider Corner Impacts

A contact mechanics-based elastic-plastic impact model which considers slider corner – head disk interaction has been proposed. This model estimates the impact contact parameters accounting for the plastic deformation effects of the realistic thin-film disk media. These properties were utilized for the elastic-plastic impact model to estimate the contact parameters. Very high impact velocities and/or small slider corner radii resulted is extremely high contact depths where the disk substrate mostly dominated the impact and the effect of layers could not be seen. At lower impact velocities and higher corner radii, the impact damage was relatively smaller. The effect of the thin-film layers, which are stiffer than the substrate, was clearly observed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Predation and avoidance of tough leaves by aquatic larvae of the moth Parapoynx rugosalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

. 1 Aquatic larvae of the pyralid moth Parapoynx rugosalis Moschler repeatedly construct protective cases by cutting portions (discs) from leaves of the waterlily Nymphaea ampla and sandwich themselves between the disc and the underside of the host leaf. Construction of a new case requires leaving the old case, thus increasing exposure to predators and parasites. 2 In an experiment, larvae with protective cases experienced no mortality due to predation by fish, whereas larvae without cases experienced substantial predation. 3 In a series of choice tests, larvae preferentially selected young, tender leaves over old, tough leaves for construction of cases, and larvae spent significantly less time completing their shelters when cutting discs from young, tender leaves. 4 A partial explanation of why larvae select young, tender leaves for construction of their protective shelters may be that exposure time to predators during construction is minimized. 5 The same mechanism linking preferences for tender leaves to reduced exposure to predators during construction may also apply to other insect herbivores exhibiting leaf-rolling or case-building behaviour.
Berry-esseen bounds for smooth estimator of a distribution function under association

Let {X n ; n≥1} be real-valued random variables forming a stationary sequence, and satisfying the basic requirement of being positively or negatively associated. Let F be the marginal distribution function of the X i s, which is estimated by a smooth kernel-type estimate , by means of the segment X 1,…,X n . The main result of this paper is that of providing, under certain regularity conditions, Berry-Esseen bounds for the smooth estimator , thereby providing asymptotic normality of with rates.
Clinical features of pyoderma gangrenosum and current diagnostic trends

Background The diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) can be exceedingly difficult, and misdiagnosis can potentially yield serious consequences. Clinical criteria for establishing a reliable diagnosis have been previously proposed, but a consensus in their application has yet to be reached. Objective We sought to review recent trends in diagnosing PG and compare them with previously suggested diagnostic criteria. Methods Data for this article were obtained by searching the PubMed database using the key words "pyoderma gangrenosum." Our search was limited to adult case reports that appeared in the English-language literature and received a final diagnosis of PG. The full text of the latest published 30 case reports that fulfilled these search criteria was reviewed. The articles spanned the years 2008 and 2009. Clinical features that appeared in the case descriptions were summarized and compared with the diagnostic criteria for the disease that were previously proposed. Results Of the 30 case reports, 16 described ulcers involving one or both legs, whereas only one case had peristomal involvement. Although 8 cases were associated with inflammatory bowel disease, 11 of the 30 patients did not have a systemic comorbidity. Fifteen lesions were noted to manifest at sites of trauma, which ranged from surgical incision sites to prolonged seatbelt compression. Nine case reports mentioned an undermined border in their clinical description, whereas only 5 authors commented on pustules and 6 described a purulent discharge. Only two authors commented on cribriform scarring. Limitations We only reviewed the latest published 30 case reports. Case series, which may have shown more typical cases, were excluded. Conclusion Currently, there is an underemphasis of clinical features in the diagnosis of PG, which can potentially lead to overdiagnosis. Establishing firm clinical criteria for diagnosing PG will ensure that case reports describe the same disease. This has implications in optimizing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.
A vowel meter and its application in constrained speech

Though "typical" patterns can be abstracted from speech sounds, the actual patterns vary widely. The human mind extracts many patterns, making its final selection on the basis of meaning. Until computers are capable of semantic analysis, voice-operated equipment must rely on "constrained" speech, which restricts itself to a simply abstracted pattern. A vowel meter has been built which abstracts such a pattern from vowel sounds. With this equipment and others of a similar nature, a training program will be undertaken to determine the effects of training upon speech precision, in the hope that such training will make possible a voice-operated brailler for communication with the deaf-blind. The underlying principles of the vowel meter are explained.
The distribution of la antigens of the H-2 complex on lymph node cells by immunoferritin labelling

Abstract The distribution of Ia antigens on the surfaces of lymph node lymphocytes of several mouse strains was investigated using indirect immunoferritin labeling and electron microscopy. The immunoferritin labeling results agreed with results of cytotoxic tests in strain distribution of reactivity, proportion of cells showing label, and cell populations reacting. Capping was induced by increased incubation temperature but conditions for Ia antigen mobilization varied somewhat between the two anti-Ia antisera employed. Uncapped specimens generally showed a denser, more evenly distributed antigen coating than is the case for H-2 antigens labeled by the same indirect immunoferritin method.
DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF SILICON QUANTUM DOTS

Quantum mechanical pseudopotential calculations of the absorption spectra and static dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{s}$ of Si quantum dots with \ensuremath{\sim}100-1300 atoms are presented. The predicted ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{s}$ is found to be significantly reduced relative to the bulk value, but is considerably larger than the value deduced from currently available model calculations. A convenient parametrization of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{s}$ vs size $R$ is provided. We find that for quantum dots with $Rl20$ \AA{} the electron-hole pair is confined by the physical dimension of the dot, not by the Coulomb attraction.
Acetylcholine and cholinesterase activity of the denervated hemidiaphragm of the rat.

Abstract The hypertrophic response of the denervated hemidiaphragm of the rat has been attributed in part to an increased release of some trophic substance by the degenerating phrenic nerve. If this occurs, an effect on cholinesterase activity, which seems to be regulated through some trophic mechanism, might be observed. Consequently, cholinesterase activity was determined in rat hemidiaphragms at intervals after denervation. In addition, acetylcholine release by the denervated stimulated muscle was determined. By 7 days after denervation, the hemidiaphragm weights had increased 26%. This was followed by loss of weight of 34% of the initial by 35 days. The cholinesterase decreased after denervation, reaching 35% of normal activity by 7 days. Activity then increased when loss of weight began in the hypertrophied muscle and reached 63% of normal by 35 days. In absolute terms, 53% of the initial amount was lost by 3 days and this was followed by little further change. Thus, weight and cholinesterase changes occurred independently, providing no evidence for the above hypothesis. Acetylcholine release dropped suddenly 10–12 hours after denervation and remained at about 15% of normal through an 8-day period. Changes in acetylcholine and cholinesterase occurred at essentially the same time and to the same extent in the diaphragm as previous workers have shown them to occur in degenerating nerve fibers, indicating a close relationship between nerve and muscle with respect to both these substances.
Software considerations in the design of an image archive

The Radiology Department at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania is currently expanding its prototype Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS) into a fully functional clinical system. The first phase of this expansion involves three major efforts: the upgrade of the 10-Mbit token-ring to an 80-Mbit backbone with associated sub-nets, the implementation of a large-scale image archive, and, an interface between the PACS and the Department's Radiology Information System. Upon the completion of this phase, the PACS will serve the storage and display needs of four MRI scanners and four of the Hospital's Intensive Care Units. This paper addresses the implementation of a software suite designed to duplicate and enhance conventional Film Library functions on a PACS. The structure of an electronic 'folder' based upon the ACR/NEMA Digital Imaging and Communication Standard is also introduced.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vibrational spectra and DFT calculations of squalene

Abstract The isoprenoid compound squalene is a building block molecule for the production of essential cellular molecules such as membrane sterols, has several therapeutic activities including anticancer properties, and has commercial applications for a variety of industries including the production of cosmetics. While the physical structure of squalene has been known for many years, a spectroscopic understanding of the squalene molecular structure and how these spectrometric properties relate to the physical squalene structure has yet to be reported. In the present work we present the Raman and infrared spectra of liquid squalene, complemented by DFT calculations. The molecule has 234 vibrational frequencies and these have been categorized according to the different types of vibrational modes present. The vibrational modes are highly mixed and these have been assigned for the more prominent infrared and Raman bands.
Selective destructive demagnetization — Another microanalytic technique in rock magnetism

A microanalytical technique, selective destructive demagnetization (SDD), enables one, relatively simply and reliably, to determine the three-dimensional, small-scale distribution of magnetic properties in rocks. SDD is particularly useful in studies of remanence distribution. Lab preparation for the method entails the progressive slicing of a core specimen into a series of discs, each of which is lapped down to a one-grain-diameter thickness. Subsequently, grains selected on some physical property, such as size, shape, color, or position, are selectively removed from the disc by either physical (drilling, cutting) or chemical (acid leaching) means. Comparison of magnetic measurements made prior to and after grain removal permits determination of the designated magnetic property carried by the grains. Data acquired thus far from several different kinds of rocks show that SDD has potential usefulness in rock-magnetic studies.
Six-Year Follow-Up Study of Cognitive and Functional Status Across the Lifespan in Schizophrenia: A Comparison With Alzheimer’s Disease and Normal Aging

OBJECTIVE: Follow-up studies of cognitive functions of poor-outcome (long-term institutionalized) elderly patients with schizophrenia have demonstrated deterioration over time, while stable cognitive functions over time have been reported for younger, better-outcome schizophrenic patients. This study examined whether cognitive changes in elderly schizophrenic patients with a history of long-term institutional stay extended to institutionalized younger patients. The rate of decline was compared to changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease. METHOD: Patients with schizophrenia (N=107) age 20–80 years were followed over 6 years and assessed with the Clinical Dementia Rating and the Mini-Mental State Examination. The schizophrenic subjects age 50 and older were compared to 136 healthy comparison subjects and 118 Alzheimer’s disease patients age 50 and older who were assessed over a similar follow-up period. RESULTS: There was a significant age group effect on the magnitude of cognitive decline for the schizo...
Task dependence, veridicality, and preattentive vision: taking advantage of perceptually rich computer environments

This paper examines the mapping of data onto perceptual dimensions to create a visualization. The choice of perceptual variables depends critically on the goals of the visualization, and this task-dependency has implications for (1) the veridicality of the representation, (2) the mapping of data onto 'preattentive' features, and (3) the use of multiple senses to represent the data.
Selective perception by dynamic touch

Perceiving the length of a rod by dynamic touch is tied to the inertia tensorIij, a quantification of its resistance to rotational acceleration. Perception of the portion extending in front of the grasp has previously been ascribed to decomposing one component ofIij by attention. The tensorial nature of dynamic touch suggests that this ability must be anchored wholly in the tensor. Three experiments show that perceived partial length is a function of two components of the tensor, one tied primarily to magnitude and the other tied primarily to direction, whereas perceived whole length is a function of a magnitude component alone. Dynamic touch is characterized in terms of a haptic perceptual instrument that softly assembles to exploitIij differently depending on the intention, producing 1:1 maps that are appropriately scaled for each intention.
Financial motivation undermines potential enjoyment in an intensive diet and activity intervention

The use of material incentives in healthy lifestyle interventions is becoming widespread. However, self-determination theory (SDT) posits that when material incentives are perceived as controlling, they undermine intrinsic motivation. We analyzed data from the Make Better Choices trial—a trial testing strategies for improving four risk behaviors: low fruit–vegetable intake, high saturated fat intake, low physical activity, and high sedentary activity. At baseline, participants reported the degree to which financial incentives were an important motivator (financial motivation); self-reported enjoyment of each behavior was assessed before and after the 3-week incentivization phase. Consistent with SDT, after controlling for general motivation and group assignment, lower financial motivation predicted more adaptive changes in enjoyment. Whereas participants low in financial motivation experienced adaptive changes, adaptive changes were suppressed among those high in financial motivation.
Phase I clinical evaluation of near-simultaneous computed tomographic image-guided stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate in a Phase I study the safety, feasibility, and patient-positioning accuracy of treating patients with intensity-modulated, near-simultaneous, computed tomographic (CT) image-guided stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Patients and methods Fifteen consecutive patients with metastatic spinal disease who met protocol eligibility criteria were entered into a Phase I clinical trial. Each patient received five treatments of intensity-modulated, near-simultaneous CT image-guided SBRT, for a total of 75 treatments with 90 isocenter setups during the course of the study. Patients uniformly received 30 Gy (if possible) of radiotherapy in 5 fractions to the clinical target volume. The total dose was constrained by limiting the spinal cord to a maximum dose of 10 Gy. To verify correct daily patient positioning before each treatment and to determine the daily treatment setup error after radiation delivery, axial CT scans were taken before and immediately after each treatment without moving the patient from the treatment position, for comparison with the planning CT scan. Toxicity was measured using the Common Toxicity Criteria, the Late Effects of Normal Tissue scoring system and a neurologic function scale. Follow-up was conducted 4 weeks after completion of SBRT, and then 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, and every 6 months thereafter. Results The procedure was technically feasible to perform in all patients. No neurologic toxicity was observed in any patient. The median follow-up time was 9 months (range 6–16). The Clopper-Pearson upper bound on the probability of paralysis with 95% confidence is no greater than 0.181. The positional setup error was determined to be within 1 mm of planning isocenter. Conclusions This Phase I study shows that intensity-modulated, near simultaneous, CT image-guided SBRT is a feasible, and highly precise technique for the noninvasive treatment of spinal metastases. Although no paralysis has developed in the 15 patients treated, continued monitoring for spinal cord toxicity is warranted, as larger numbers of patients will be needed to more precisely define the upper bound on the probability of spinal cord myelopathy.
Systematic relationship between the centroid and width of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance and the neutron binding energy

A simple relationship has been found between the experimentally determined width and centroid of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance and the neutron binding energy. We find that the energy difference between the centroid and the binding energy is very nearly proportional to the width. This relationship works with few exceptions throughout the periodic table for nuclei heavier than40Ca.
Effect of Prior Narcotic Addiction on Response to Treatment of Alcoholism

We studied the effect of prior narcotic addiction on response to treatment of alcoholism. Patients in the Elmhurst Alcoholism Treatment Program are offered medical care, counseling, disulfiram, and close affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous. We compared 85 alcoholics who had a history of narcotic use with a control group of 85 alcoholics matched for age, sex, and race who had never used narcotics. Among controls, 30 (35%) became abstinent from alcohol for at least half the time that they were known to us. Of the former narcotic users, only 8 (9%) became abstinent for at least half the time they were known to us. Former narcotic users did poorly in alcoholism treatment, whether or not they had ever been treated with methadone maintenance. Alcohol use, often heavy, began before heroin use in at least half the narcotic group. We conclude that a history of narcotic use reduces markedly the chance of success in conventional alcoholism treatment, and that alcoholism and narcotic addiction develop independently.
Spin-fluctuation-induced superconductivity in the copper oxides: A strong coupling calculation.

We have carried out a strong coupling calculation of spin-fluctuation-induced superconductivity for ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ using the experimentally determined spin excitation spectrum. We find that it is extremely important to take full account of the momentum and frequency dependence of the interaction and that while lifetime effects substantially reduce ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ from its value calculated in a weak coupling approximation, it is still possible for spin fluctuations to give rise to high-temperature superconductivity.
Effects of Mechanical Cleaning on Cotton Fibers Part II: Combinations of Gin and Mill Cleaning-Fiber Quality

Four different levels of lint cleaning in the gin were applied to smooth-leaf and hairy-leaf cottons. Nine different mill cleaning sequences were applied to each level of gin cleaning, resulting in...
Electrode sputtering in high pressure electric discharges

It is shown from considerations of empirical data that sputtering could play a significant role in the erosion of certain cathode materials subjected to high pressure electric discharges. Several characteristics of low energy sputtering and high pressure discharges are inferred from these results. An experimental verification of the arc process postulated herein is presented.
Current strengths and limitations of doctoral education in nursing: are we prepared for the future?

Abstract The number of doctoral programs in nursing has increased significantly over the past 20 years. This growth has been driven in part by the pressing need to supply faculty to teach in undergraduate and graduate programs in nursing. Yet, enrollment in and graduation from these programs has remained fairly constant even as the number of programs has grown. During this 20-year period, there have been numerous conferences, workshops, and meetings devoted to the topic of doctoral education with a constant thread running through them calling for the need to maintain quality—quality students, quality faculty, quality research, and quality course work and requirements—in them. Faculty teaching in these programs have given considerable thought to ways of assuring quality in the program of study so as to ensure the graduate's ability to function as a teacher and researcher. Yet, despite these efforts, still less than 50 per cent of nursing faculty possess the doctorate, faculty are experiencing difficulty in fulfilling the tripartite mission of colleges and universities, and extramural funding for research is very unevenly distributed across programs and, in total, is inadequate to build the science. This article examines the strengths and weaknesses of doctoral programs in nursing at the start of the new millennium in which the challenges in higher education are forecasted to become more focused and intense, using accepted benchmarks of quality for students, faculty, and curricula. J Prof Nurs 16:191-200,
Three-dimensionally confined diluted magnetic semiconductor clusters : Zn1-xMnxS

We report the first example of a dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) confined in all three dimensions (DMS quantum dot). Zn0.93Mn0.07S clusters of not, vert, similar 25 A diameter are successfully synthesized inside a glass matrix and fully characterized by chemical analysis, x-ray diffraction, extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Effect of size quantization on the exciton energy has been observed. Preliminary magnetic susceptibility data are presented and discussed.
Acute Baroreflex Resetting: Differential Control of Pressure and Nerve Activity

This study evaluated acute resetting of carotid baroreflex control of arterial blood pressure and renal or thoracic sympathetic nerve activity in thiopental-anesthetized mongrel dogs with the use of a vascularly isolated carotid sinus preparation, the experimental model used previously to characterize acute resetting in carotid baroreceptor afferent fibers. Carotid baroreceptors were conditioned with a pulsatile pressure for 20 minutes at three pressure ranges: low (50 to 75 mm Hg), mid (100 to 125), or high (150 to 175). Blood pressure and nerve activity were recorded in response to slow ramp increases in sinus pressure; nonlinear regression and best-fit analyses were used for determination of curve fit parameters of the blood pressure and nerve activity versus sinus pressure response curves. Carotid sinus pressure thresholds for blood pressure and renal nerve activity responses at all conditioning pressures were significantly different; however, only the pressure threshold for thoracic nerve activity at the low conditioning pressure was significantly different from the responses at other conditioning pressures. Average renal activity resetting (0.506 +/- 0.072) was significantly greater than blood pressure resetting (0.335 +/- 0.046) in the same dogs, and thoracic activity (0.200 +/- 0.057) was not different from blood pressure resetting (0.194 +/- 0.031) in the same dogs. In a previous investigation, our laboratory had demonstrated that type 1 carotid baroreceptors acutely reset at a value of about 0.15. These results indicate that (1) renal and thoracic nerve activities and blood pressure acutely reset to a greater degree than type 1 carotid baroreceptors and that (2) renal activity acutely resets to a greater degree than blood pressure and thoracic nerve activity.
Developmental changes in free recall: The interaction of task structure and age

Abstract Free-recall learning and organization were measured for 3rd, 7th, and 11th graders under conditions which varied the type and amount of task structure. Task structure for the input or list-presentation phase was manipulated by using a random, constant, or alphabetic item sequence across trials. Task structure for the output or recall phase was manipulated by providing standard instructions or instructions which suggested the possible use of an alphabetic ordering scheme. Recall performance and organization showed an interaction between age and both manipulations of task structure. The 3rd graders required the maximal amount of task structure (alphabetic order with alphabetic instructions) to demonstrate recall facilitation relative to the completely unstructured control condition. The 7th graders showed recall facilitation for intermediate and high levels of task structure, and the 11th graders showed recall facilitation for low, intermediate, and high levels of task structure. The results are related to current hypotheses about developmental changes in recall performance and their relationship to changes in the systematic use of organizational strategies.
Correlation and Spectral Analysis of Daily Solar Radio Flux

Correlation and spectral analysis of solar radio flux density and sunspot number near the maximum of the sunspot cycle has indicated the existence of several effects. These include (1) long period amplitude modulation of the slowly varying component (SVC) of radio emission, (2) coronal storage over a period of the order of three solar rotations, (3) fast decay (one solar rotation period or less) of gyromagnetic emissions from radio sources, and (4) shift in location of chromospheric sources compared to those of either the upper corona or the photosphere.
The effects of long-term treatment of NG108-15 cells with penta- and tetrapeptide enkephalin dimers on opioid receptor binding and cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels.

1. The effects of chronic treatment with a dimeric or monomeric penta- or tetrapeptide enkephalin analogue on binding and cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in NG108-15 cells have been studied. 2. When the cells were cultured in the presence of 1µmol of a pentapeptide analogue (dimer or monomer) for up to 96 hr, binding was reduced by ⩾90%. 3. In contrast, in the presence of 1µmol of a tetrapeptide analogue (dimer or monomer), binding was reduced by only ⩽30%. 4. The analogues had varying effects on regulation of cAMP formation. Desensitization, indicated by impaired opioid-mediated inhibition of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-stimulated cAMP accumulation, was clearly apparent only for cells pretreated with [d-Ala2,d-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE), while cells pretreated with [d-Ala2,Leu5-NH-CH2-]2 (DPE2) showed minor impairment. 5. Thus, ligand dimerization appeared to have a modulating effect on regulation of adenylate cyclase activity but not to affect opioid-induced down-regulation.
Theoretical Models of the Angular Momentum Evolution of Solar-Type Stars

We examine the effects of different assumptions about the initial conditions, angular momentum loss law, and angular momentum transport on the angular momentum evolution of 0.5-1.2 solar mass stars. We first perform a parameter variation study to test the sensitivity of the surface rotation rate as a function of mass and age to changes in the initial conditions and input physics. We then check to see if the distribution of initial conditions for a given physical scenario is consistent for open clusters of different ages. The behavior of the rapid rotators is highly sensitive to the saturation threshold for angular momentum loss (ωcrit), above which angular momentum loss scales linearly with the rotation rate. Very high values for ωcrit suppress rapid rotation prior to the main sequence, and very low values permit rapid rotation to survive for too long. For solid-body (SB) and differential rotation (DR) models, higher mass models rotate more rapidly than lower mass models for the same initial conditions and ωcrit. DR models differ from SB models in both the direct effect of core-envelope decoupling and a change in the calibration of the angular momentum loss law needed to reproduce the solar rotation at the age of the Sun; the effects of both are discussed. Slow rotation in young clusters can be achieved with modest disk lifetimes (3-10 Myr) for the DR models and longer disk lifetimes for the SB models (10 or more Myr). In addition, the slowly rotating DR models spin down during the early main sequence more than the slowly rotating SB models do. When compared with the cluster data, the observed mass dependence of the rapid rotator phenomenon can be reproduced only with a mass-dependent ωcrit for both the SB and DR models. A scaling of ωcrit inversely proportional to the convective overturn timescale can reproduce the observed mass-dependent spindown. The observed spindown of the slow rotators in the young open clusters is in better agreement with the DR than the SB models. We also discuss observational tests to distinguish different classes of models using low-mass stars and rotation periods in open clusters.
REM sleep inhibition by light in the albino rat.

Abstract Two groups of rats were maintained on a 12 hr light-12 hr darkness (L12-D12) schedule. One was subjected to continuous light and the other to continuous darkness for 3 weeks and then returned to the original schedule. Rats placed in continuous light, initially showed a marked decrement in both rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and slow wave sleep (SWS) time. A dissociation developed later between the sleep stages; REMS time remained below baseline but SWS time increased above it. In recovery (L12-D12), a temporary increase of REMS time above baseline was observed. During the first 2 weeks of continuous darkness REMS time increased 30% and REMS/total sleep (%-REMS) increased 17%. Both measures returned to baseline during the third week of darkness. In recovery (L12-D12), REMS decreased 37% and %-REMS decreased 18%. Changes in SWS time paralleled those in REMS time in direction but were proportionately smaller relative to baseline values. It is proposed that light stimulation inhibits REMS in the rat whereas darkness is the preferred and, whenever possible, the utilized condition for elaboration of REMS. Rats housed under long-term exposure to L12-D12 schedules develop and maintain a chronic REMS debt though daily REMS values return to normal. Prolonged darkness seems to be necessary for a complete REMS rebound. The possibility that light inhibits SWS as well as REMS is also considered. The effects of the lighting environment on the stages of sleep are interpreted within the larger context of the rat's life style.
Response of mouse spermatogonial stem cells to X-ray induction of heritable reciprocal translocations.

Although heritable translocations are an important endpoint for the assessment of genetic risk from radiation, there has been a serious information gap with regard to thier induction in spermatogonical stem cells, the most important cell stage in males for risk considerations. This led to uncertainty in estimating the magnitude of risk per unit exposure. Further, the relationship between the frequency of r eciprocal exchanges scored by cytological analysis of the exposed male's meiocytes and the frequency of those transmitted to first-generation offspring needed to be re-examined. In order to fill in these gaps, two radiation studies, i.e., dose response and dose fractionation, were conducted on spermatogonial stem cells in which heritable and cytologically detected translocations were scored. The present data are by far the most extensive, to date, for heritable translocation induction in spermatogonial stem cells. The linearity of the rising portion of the dose-effect curve and the additivity of effects observed in the fractionation study allow a direct estimation of the number of transmissible translocations expected per unit exposure. Thus,t he expected increase in heritable translocations per rad of acute X-rays in 3.89 × 10−5 per gamete. The data also show a lack of consistensy between cytologically and genetically scored translocations.
Across Membrane Communication between the Qo and Qi Active Sites of Cytochrome bc1

The ubihydroquinone:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cyt bc1) contains two catalytically active domains, termed the hydroquinone oxidation (Qo) and quinone reduction (Qi) sites, which are distant from each other by over 30 A. Previously, we have reported that binding of inhibitors to the Qi site on one (n) side of the energy-transducing membrane changes the local environment of the iron−sulfur (Fe/S) protein subunit residing in the Qo site on the other (p) side of the lipid bilayer [Cooley, J. W., Ohnishi, T., and Daldal, F. (2005) Biochemistry 44, 10520−10532]. These findings best fit a model whereby the Qo and Qi sites of the cyt bc1 are actively coupled in spite of their distant locations. Because the Fe/S protein of the cyt bc1 undergoes a large-scale (macro) domain movement during catalysis, we examined various macromobility-defective Fe/S subunit mutants to assess the role of this motion on the coupling of the active sites and also during the multiple turnovers of the enzyme. By monitoring the changing ...
Neuromaging techniques in cerebrovascular disease: Computed tomography angiography/computed tomography perfusion

Abstract Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and computed tomography perfusion (CTP) describe contrast-enhanced techniques, which yield anatomic and functional data about the cerebral vasculature and tissue perfusion. The resulting information helps in the management of patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD), whether it is chronic atherosclerosis or acute ischemic stroke. CTA and CTP are used to diagnose and grade atherosclerotic disease, to assess the individual patient's risk for development of acute stroke, and in a suspected acute ischemia they help confirm the diagnosis and possibly in stratifying patients for thrombolytic treatment. The information they provide is based on direct evaluation of the major arteries and the perfused lumen, on the morphology of an underlying atheroma, and on the assssment of tissue perfusion and collateral flow.
Hemodynamics and the Natural History of Cerebral Aneurysms

The mechanisms responsible for the evolution and rupture of cerebral aneurysms are not well understood. This is a multi-factorial problem, and previous studies [1–3] have identified the major factors involved: a) arterial hemodynamics, b) mechanobiology and wall biomechanics, and c) peri-aneurysmal environment. In this paper we present recent results based on patient-specific computational hemodynamics models of a number of cerebral aneurysms that indicate that hemodynamics plays an important role both in the progression and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. In particular, the data seems to support the idea that mechanisms associated to high wall shear stress may be responsible for the evolution and rupture of these aneurysms [4].Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Inhibitory Receptors Signal Activation

Natural killer cell inhibitory receptors block effector responses by recruiting phosphatases that dephosphorylate molecules involved in activation. However, in this issue of Immunity, Peterson and Long show that inhibitory receptors also signal tyrosine phosphorylation, an event usually indicating cellular activation.
Differential Effects of Two Mutations at Arginine-234 in the α Subunit of Human Pyruvate Dehydrogenase☆

Abstract The most common mutation in the α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is arginine-234 to glycine and glutamine in 12 and 3 patients, respectively. Interestingly, these two mutations at the same amino acid position cause E1 (and hence PDC) deficiency by apparently different mechanisms. Recombinant human R234Q E1 had similar V max (25.7 ± 4.4 units/mg E1) and apparent K m (101 ± 4 nM) values for TPP as recombinant wild-type human E1, while R234G E1 had no significant change in V max (33.6 ± 4.7 units/mg E1) but had a 7-fold increase in its apparent K m value for TPP (497 ± 25 nM). Both of the R234 mutant proteins had similar apparent K m values for pyruvate. Both R234Q and R234G mutant proteins displayed similar phosphorylation rates of sites 1 and 2 by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDK2) and site 3 by PDK1 compared to wild-type E1. Phosphorylated R234Q E1, R234G E1, and wild-type E1 also had similar dephosphorylation rates of sites 1 and 2 by phosphopyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 1. The rate of dephosphorylation of site 3 was about 50% for R234Q E1 and without a significant change for R234G E1 compared to the wild type. The data indicate that the patients with the R234G E1 mutation are symptomatic due to a decreased ability of this mutant protein to bind TPP, whereas the patients with the R234Q E1 mutation are symptomatic due to a decreased rate of dephosphorylation of site 3, hence keeping the enzyme in a phosphorylated/inactivated form.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease susceptibility: Is it due to poor oxygen metabolism?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disorder predominantly affecting smokers and is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction that is largely irreversible. Approximately 25% of smokers are believed to be susceptible to developing the disease, suggesting that there are at present unknown genetic, epigenetic and/or environmental factors which underlie an individual's risk for developing the disease. COPD is a multifactorial disease and susceptibility is therefore likely to be determined by the expression of a number of allelic variants that leave an individual less capable of handling the damaging effects of chronic smoking. It is proposed herein that intrinsic aerobic (exercise) capacity is the primary trait which determines an individual's risk for developing this disease. This polygenetic characteristic comprises an individual's ability to metabolize oxygen and detoxify its reactive species. Pathways regulating these processes are damaged by smoking; thus individuals with low...
Evaluation of signal detection theory on the effects of psychotropic drugs on critical flicker-fusion frequency in normal subjects.

Critical flicker-fusion frequency (CFF) has often been applied to psychotropic drug evaluation as a measure of cortical arousal. There are several variables that must be considered for proper conclusions to be obtained from CFF experimental data. Psychological variables such as subject response bias are especially difficult to control. We studied the effects of single oral doses of 10 mg diazepam and 10 mg amphetamine sulfate on CFF values obtained by a block up-down spatial forced-choice method on 13 healthy volunteers (seven males and six females). Signal detection theory was also used to obtain the non-parametric value P(A) as a measure of sensory function and B as a measure of the psychological function of response bias. As a group, amphetamine increased CFF (Hz) and P(A) and diazepam decreased CFF (Hz) and P(A), with the most significant effects observed at 2 and 3 h after drug administration. B scores showed more individual variation with a trend towards a low score, or a tendency to report more flicker responses after diazepam. Separated by sex, the males had a higher percentage of subjects that demonstrated a reduction of CFF after diazepam, while the females had a higher percentage that demonstrated an increase in CFF after amphetamine. The results suggest that CFF changes following diazepam and amphetamine are mostly changes in sensory function and not changes in response bias. It is possible to apply detection theory to flicker-fusion studies and the accounting of bias by controlling, measuring or eliminating it is essential in interpretation of CFF data.
METHYLAMINE UPTAKE IN THE GREEN ALGA CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA1

Methylamine uptake in nitrogen-starved Chlorella pyrenoidosa Beij. follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics: maximum uptake is about 1.6 nmol μl−1· cells · min−1, half-saturation occurs at 4 μM methylamine, and the slope in the range where uptake is proportional to concentration is 0.4 nmol μl−1· min−1·μM−1. In cells grown in the presence of a non-limiting nitrogen concentration, methylamine uptake is directly proportional to concentration up to at least 0.5 mM, and the slope is 1/500 that for starved cells. Similar uptake kinetics have been reported for Penicillium chrysogenum and attributed to an inducible “ammonium permease.” Apparently, a similar permease occurs in algae.
A Framework for Integrating Design Education, Research and Outreach: The Center for Innovation and Engineering at West Point

The Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at West Point has recently established a multi-disciplinary research and educational outreach center that has a two-fold mission: enhance the undergraduate educational experience of students and assist in solving real-world technical problems, supporting global Army operations. This is accomplished by tying projects directly to the undergraduate education mission and gaining efficiency by consolidating administrative and outreach functions for multiple existing research programs. The paper describes the Center for Innovation and Engineering (CIE), its lines of effort, and several past and current initiatives. Assessment data from students participating in the senior capstone design course, which is closely tied to the CIE, reinforces the importance of multi-disciplinary, client-based projects in the engineering education experience.© 2011 ASME
Thailand's Secret War: OSS, SOE and the Free Thai Underground during World War II

List of illustrations List of maps Preface Acknowledgements Notes on names and transliteration Prologue 1. The origins of the Free Thai Movement 2. The China tangle 3. Chamkat and the Allies 4. Showdown in Friendship Valley 5. Frustrated hopes 6. Contact at last 7. The OSS commits to Pridi 8. Pridi's bid for national redemption 9. Arming and training the underground 10. The end game Epilogue Bibliography Index.