cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manufacture of gouda and flavour development in reduced-fat cheddar cheese

The development of modern gouda cheese manufacturing protocol is a successful example of the marriage between cheese technology (chemistry and microbiology) and mechanical engineering. The foundation for this success is basic research on the interplay between manufacturing protocol and its affect on casein interactions. The goal of any cheese-maker is to produce the same high-quality cheese consistently and economically. To this end, it is not only necessary to control the rate of acid development during manufacture and the pH of the finished cheese, but also the composition of the milk and ratio of curd/whey flowing through the process. This paper addresses these issues. The manufacture of reduced-fat cheeses has posed problems whose severity has only escalated as the demand for increasingly lower-fat cheese increases. This presentation gives an overview of one method to produce a quality 50% reduced-fat cheddar cheese. The development of flavour in reduced-fat cheddar cheese is influenced by the starter culture, non-starter bacteria and manufacturing protocol. Insight into the development of desired flavour requires that all three be taken into account.
Literatura polska w Izraelu: leksykon [Polish literature in Israel: lexicon]

This unique guide is the first encyclopedic publication about Polish literature in Israel that gathers, in a single volume, a comprehensive list of people connected in various ways to the Polish li...
Electroosmotic Flow and Dispersion in Open and Closed Porous Media

Electroosmotic flow and dispersion in open and closed packed beds were investigated using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and pore-scale simulation. A series of NMR spectroscopy experiments were conducted to measure the effect of electroosmotic pressure on dispersion in packed spheres as a function of diameter and electric field strength. The experiments confirm earlier observations by others of superdiffusive transport in closed media. However, superdiffusive behavior is observed even at small pore sizes, contrary to earlier results and simulations in fixed sphere packs, and is conjectured to result from pressure-induced rearrangement of the particles. Simulations also support the existence of pore size-independent velocity distributions in closed media. The distribution of reverse velocities is also similar, apart from a difference in sign, to pressure-driven flow in open porous media.
A codeine radioimmunoassay exhibiting insignificant cross-reactivity with morphine.

Abstract Antisera to codeine have been raised to an N -butyroylnorcodeine-bovine serum albumin conjugate. These antisera were used, at a final dilution of 1:10, 000 in a radioimmunoassay procedure for codeine utilizing tritiated codeine as label. No cross-reactivity was observed with heroin, 6-monoacetyl-morphine, morphine or codeine-6-glucuronide, but, as might be expected, norcodeine cross-reacts to an appreciable extent with this antiserum. This immunoassay system should be of value in quantitating codeine in biological fluids, and in distinguishing codeine from morphine or its major metabolites.
Trajectory Optimization for Guided Store Separation

ares, and external tanks to execute their missions. Safe and acceptable separation of these stores from the parent aircraft is essential for meeting the mission objectives. In many cases, the employed missile or bomb includes an onboard guidance and control system to enable precise engagement of the selected target. Due to potential interference, the guidance and control system is usually not activated until the store is suciently far away from the aircraft. This delay may result in large perturbations from the desired ight attitude caused by separation transients, signicantly reducing the eectiveness of the store and jeopardizing mission objectives. The purpose of this paper is to present the investigation of a transitional control system to guide the store during separation. The transitional control system, or \store separation autopilot", explicitly accounts for the nonuniform ow eld through characterization of the spatially variant aerodynamics of the store during separation. This approach can be used to mitigate aircraft-store interference and leverage aerodynamic interaction to improve separation characteristics. Optimal control theory is used to determine an openloop optimal trajectory and neighboring optimal control is used to implement a closed-loop store separation autopilot along the optimal trajectory. An example is shown based on a representative store separating from an F-16 aircraft.
Reconciling Legal-Institutional and Behavioral Perspectives on Voter Turnout Theory and Evidence from Pennsylvania, 1876–1948

Foundational studies in political science endeavored to explain the dynamics of voter turnout in America over time. Two theories, one focused on legal-institutional factors and the other on behavioral elements such as party mobilization strategies, were born from the need to account for temporal fluctuations in aggregate voter turnout. A comprehensive test of these competing theories has been hindered by the fact that reliable measures of the behavioral factors driving turnout have proven elusive. In this article, I develop and test an interactive theory of voter turnout that focuses on the impact of legal-institutional barriers to the franchise conditional on party organizational strength and mobilization efforts. To this end, I use data on the circulation of party-sponsored newspapers, coupled with information on the spread of voter registration requirements, to capture the effects of both behavioral and legal-institutional factors in Pennsylvania between 1876 and 1948. My results offer modest empirical...
UNDERSTANING QALY GAINS ACROSS DIFFERENT TYPES OF CANCERS AND CANCER-RELATED INTERVENTIONS

Primary prevention includes interventions targeted at avoiding the onset of disease by behavior modification or treatment, e.g., cervical cancer vaccination. Secondary prevention includes interventions targeted at avoiding or alleviating disease by early detection and appropriate management, e.g., lung cancer screening in adult smokers. Tertiary prevention includes treatments to reduce complications and progression of established disease, e.g., chemotherapy. BACKGROUND RESULTS
Primary User Signal Recognition Algorithm based on Random Forest in Cognitive Network

A novel approach to signal recognition based on random forests,which uses signal cyclic spectrum feature parameters as sample parameters,was introduced to solve the problem of the lowaccuracy of the primary user signal type identification in lowsignal-to-noise ratio( SNR).By utilizing the proposed algorithm,the detecting signal types were identified by the trained random forests. The errors using artificial neural network( ANN) and support vector machine( SVM) were restrained. The accuracy of signal type identification was improved in lowSNR and effective signal detection and recognition was achieved to different modulated signal. Simulations showed the validity and superiority of the proposed algorithm.
Analysis of Clinical Manifestation and Endoscopic Feature of Budd-Chiari Syndrome before and after the Interventional Therapy

Objective: To analyze the clinical manifestation and endoscopic feature of the Budd-Chiari syndrome before and after the interventional therapy. Method: Clinical manifestation and serial endoscopic feature of 11 patients diagnosed as Budd-Chiari syndrome were analyzed in this observation.Interventional therapy methods include balloon dilation and stand implantation. Results: All patients were encountered different degree misdiagnosis and mistreatment,but they all received interventional therapy after definite diagnosis.All patients' clinical manifestation and endoscopic feature were improved after interventional therapy. Conclusion: Patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome are easy to be misdiagnosed,but can be treated effectively by interventional therapy.
Neutrophils: Function and Role in Sepsis Syndrome

Neutrophils play a vital role in the body’s response to many infectious and in_ammatory diseases. Despite the bene~cial role of neutrophils in host defense, these cells may also play an important role in the initiation and perpetuation of tissue injury through participation in the systemic in_ammatory response syndrome (SIRS). This massive and often imbalanced in_ammatory response can be seen in association with a large number of clinical conditions, such as, infections, pancreatitis, ischemia, burns, and trauma [1]. Many of the clinical manifestations and physiologic abnormalities that occur in this systemic in_ammatory reaction are attributed to the release of oxygen radicals and enzymes from neutrophils [2,3]. In this article we review normal neutrophil physiology, as well as the neutrophil changes in sepsis. We then examine the protective versus the pathogenic role of neutrophils in the septic shock syndrome as well as possible therapeutic modalities to modify neutrophil function in sepsis. Finally, we consider whether measurement of neutrophil activation in patients with presumed sepsis is of diagnostic or prognostic signi~cance.
Relativity at the centenary

When I was a first-term graduate student in the late 1960s, it was said that the field of general relativity was "a theorist's paradise and an experimentalist's purgatory". There were some experiments–Irwin Shapiro, for instance, had just measured the effects of general relativity on radio waves as they passed the Sun – but the field was dominated by theory and by theorists. This seemed to reflect Einstein's own attitudes: although he had a keen insight into the workings of the physical world, he felt that the bottom line was the theory. As he once famously said, when asked how he would have reacted if an experiment had contradicted the theory, "I would have felt sorry for the dear Lord. The theory is correct".
High-speed FPGA configuration and testing through JTAG

Since most FPGAs use the universal JTAG port to support configuration memory access, hardware and software tools are needed to maximize the speed of FPGA configuration management over JTAG. This paper introduces a tool called the JTAG Configuration Manager (JCM) that enables high-speed programmable access to the configuration memory of FPGAs through JTAG. This tool consists of a linux-based software library running on an embedded ARM processor paired with a hardware JTAG controller module implemented in programmable logic. This JTAG controller optimizes the speed and timing of JTAG transactions over cables of any length using an automatic speed calibration process. This JTAG interface enables custom configuration sequences to be sent at high speeds. The JCM also has access to all JTAG interfaces of the FPGA including temperature monitoring and internal Boundary SCAN, making it useful for many testing and verification applications.
Dusting for Fingerprints: Bodily Traces, Embodied Memories, and the Forensic Self

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I consider the politics of bodily and embodied identity as they emerge in the lived experience of racial and ethnic hybridity. I confront the tensions that emerge when the data of the bodily self encounters the lived subjectivities of the embodied self. I employ an autoethnographic approach that weaves together memory work with autobiographical writings on hybridity and mixture and critical scholarship in life writing.
Numerical simulation on excavation-induced damage of rock under quasi-static unloading and dynamic disturbance

During the excavation of underground opening, the rock may experience a complex loading path that includes the highly confined compression before excavation, unloading of confining stress and further disturbance of dynamic loading after excavation. By using Rock Failure Process Analysis for Dynamics (RFPA-Dynamics), the failure of rock sequentially subjected to this complex loading path is numerically simulated, in order to examine the rock failure mechanism induced by excavation. The RFPA-Dynamics is firstly used to reproduce the failure of rock under confined compression, followed by unloading of confining pressure, and it is validated against with the existing experimental observation. Then, the failure characteristics of rock specimen sequentially subjected to the quasi-static triaxial loading, unloading of confining pressure and dynamic disturbance are numerically simulated, where the effect of magnitude of axial loading and confining pressure, and duration and amplitude of the dynamic disturbance on the final failure patterns of rock are examined. The numerical results indicate that the arc-shaped spalling damage zone is prone to develop with the increase in the axial pressure and lateral pressure coefficient. As for the effect of dynamic disturbance, the contribution of duration and amplitude of dynamic disturbance on the energy input are similar, where the area of damage zone increases with the energy input into the rock specimen. In this regard, the area of the damage zone is influenced by both the magnitude of in situ stress and waveform of dynamic disturbance. This study denotes that it is of great significance to trace the complex loading path induced by excavation in order to capture the rock failure mechanism induced by underground excavation.
Introduction: Why Montaigne and Nietzsche?

“I know of only one writer whom, in point of honesty, I can rank with Schopenhauer, and even above him, and that is Montaigne. The fact that such a man has written truly adds to the joy of living on this earth,” wrote Nietzsche in 1874. Nietzsche reveres Montaigne as he reveres no other author. To look at Montaigne with Nietzschean eyes reveals dimensions of the Essais frequently overlooked by other readings. This book is to be read not as an exercise in influence-tracing, but as a sustained dialogue between Montaigne and Nietzsche. The next five chapters interrogate the two writers on particular topics—scepticism, perspectivism, the drives, the free spirit, and asceticism. The final two chapters examine an idea with which both Montaigne and Nietzsche were obsessed, the idea of greatness. An Epilogue accepts Nietzsche’s invitation to take Montaigne as one of his judges.
Robust and Cascadable Nonvolatile Magnetoelectric Majority Logic

Nonvolatile logic computations are of particular interest due to their zero standby leakage power consumption. In this paper, we explore a nonvolatile majority logic using voltage-driven magnetoelectric (ME) switching of ferromagnets. Specifically, we employ ME magnetic tunnel junctions (ME-MTJs) connected in parallel to construct a majority gate. We also present the cascadability of the proposed majority gate using CMOS inverters. Furthermore, through a mixed-mode simulation framework consisting of magnetization dynamics and electron transport model, we analyze the robustness of the proposed majority gate under process variations. Our analysis shows that due to parallel connection of the ME-MTJs, high tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratios are required for proper functioning of the proposed majority gate, in presence of variations. In order to relax the constraints on the TMR requirements, we present an alternate implementation of the majority logic that does not require a parallel connection of ME-MTJs, thereby increasing the robustness against process variations. Energy and delay metrics are presented for a full adder implementation using the proposed majority gates.
The Space-Stretch-Time Tradeoff in Distance Oracles

We present new distance oracles for computing distances of stretch less than 2 on general weighted undirected graphs. For the realistic case of sparse graphs and for any integer k, the new oracles return paths of stretch 1 + 1/k and exhibit a smooth three-way tradeoff of S ×T 1/k = O(n 2) between space S, stretch and query time T. This significantly improves the state-of-the-art for each point in the space-stretch-time tradeoff space, and matches the known space-time curve for stretch 2 and larger. We also present new oracles for stretch 1 + 1/(k + 0.5). A particularly interesting case is of stretch 5/3, where improving the query time of our oracles from T to T 1 − e for any e > 0 would lead to the first purely o(mn)-time combinatorial algorithm for Boolean Matrix Multiplication, a longstanding open problem.
"Murder and the Reasonable Man" Revisited: A Response to Victoria Nourse

In this short essay, I respond to two questions raised by Victoria Nourse in her recent review of my book Murder and the Reasonable Man: Passion and Fear in the Criminal Courtroom (NYU Press 2003). Murder and the Reasonable Man examines ways in which race, gender, and sexual orientation norms can influence the reasonableness requirement in provocation and self-defense cases. Nourse asks: (1) In light of my critique of the Reasonable Man standard, why not simply eliminate the reasonableness requirement in the doctrines of provocation and self-defense?, and (2) Why not ask legislatures to carve out categories of things that cannot constitute legally adequate provocation, such as a female partner's infidelity and a non-violent homosexual advance? I respond to Nourse's first question by arguing that in spite of its problems, the reasonableness requirement in both provocation and self-defense law serves a useful function, ensuring that a completely irrational actor cannot get away with murder simply by claiming he was actually provoked into a heat of passion or honestly believed he needed to us deadly force to protect against an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury. Requiring the jury to find that a reasonable person in the defendant's shoes would have also been provoked or would have also feared an imminent deadly attack provides an objective check on the defendant's subjective passions and fears. While this objective check may be influenced by the jury's personal biases, it is better than no check at all. In response to Nourse's second question, I argue that juries are better institutional actors than legislators when it comes to deciding what is fair and just in an individual case. Additionally, the deck is stacked against most criminal defendants before they even enter the courtroom, and I do not favor stacking the deck any further by taking away from the defendant the opportunity to argue a particular defense. The solution to the problem of race, gender and heterosexual orientation bias lies in making salient the race, gender, and/or sexual orientation norms that make certain defendants' claims of reasonableness seem more reasonable than others.
Intracranial metastatic meningioma.

A case is reported of convexity meningioma, which, during a period of two years after the initial, almost complete surgical removal of the tumor, exhibited prominent recurrence of primary tumor as well as multiple dural and brain surface implants. The lesion remained benign, as did the associated tumor nodules. Since the nodules were not observed in the first preoperative arteriogram nor at the initial operation, the lesions may have developed due to CSF migration, either at the time of operation or later. Retrograde transmission of tumor cells in a partially obstructed convexity venous system could also have occurred.
Creativity Theory and Action in Bioengineering Class

In this chapter, we describe how a bioengineering professor and a theatre professor collaborated to implement a creativity curriculum in a bioengineering capstone design course. Starting in 2015, the team has not only embedded theatre-based creativity instruction in the fall semester class but researched the impact of the pilot training projects. In order to measure impact, the team utilized an instrument that was designed and validated to evaluate engineering design self-efficacy (Carberry AR, Lee H.-S, and Ohland MW, J Eng Educ, 99(1):71–79, 2010). The survey includes 36 items and four factors: confidence, motivation, success and anxiety. Pre-post test results indicated that students who received creativity instruction improved their self-efficacy in engineering design twice as much as the control group. Noted psychologist Albert Bandura’s self-efficacy theory (Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. Freeman, New York, 1997) is relevant to creativity, since experts such as Robinson (Robinson K, Out of our minds: Learning to be creative, (Rev. ed.). Capstone, Chichester, U.K. 2011) point out that many students are conditioned by parents, society, and the school system, to believe they inherently lack creativity. Any approach to creativity education must address this issue and help students rediscover their innate creative potential.
Randomized Control Trial Findings of a Wraparound Program for Dually Involved Youth

Wraparound care coordination for youth with serious emotional and behavioral challenges has been implemented in every state and in many child-serving contexts, but evidence from rigorous effectiven...
Spatially Resolved Photogenerated Exciton and Charge Transport in Emerging Semiconductors.

We review recent advances in the characterization of electronic forms of energy transport in emerging semiconductors. The approaches described all temporally and spatially resolve the evolution of ...
FPGA-Accelerated Spreading for Global Placement

Placement takes a large part of the runtime in an Electronic Design Automation design implementation flow. In modern industrial and academic physical design impementation tools, global placement consumes a significant part of the overall placement runtime. Many of these global placers decouple the placement problem into two main parts - numerical optimization and spreading. In this paper, we propose a new and massively parallel spreading algorithm and also accelerate a part of this algorithm on FPGA. Our algorithm produces placements with comparable quality when integrated into a state-of-the-art academic placer. We formulate the spreading problem as a system of fluid flows across reservoirs and mathematically prove that this formulation produces flows without cycles when solved as a continuous-time system. We also propose a flow correction algorithm to make the flows monotonic, reduce total cell displacement and remove cycles which may arise during the discretization process. Our new flow correction algorithm has a better time complexity for cycle removal than previous algorithms for finding cycles in a generic graph. When compared to our previously published linear programming based spreading algorithm [1], our new fluid-flow based multi-threaded spreading algorithm is 3.44x faster, and the corresponding FPGA-accelerated version is 5.15x faster.
Drug User Fees, Health Priorities, Politics and Reform Directions

The Food and Drug Administration now depends on user fees paid by drug companies to support more than half the salaries of the medical reviewers who advise the agency on the appropriateness of approving a drug. The funding creates a substantial risk of "capture" of the agency by the industry. Under the program, which started in 1992, drug companies pay a fee that permits the agency to hire additional reviewers to make more timely reviews on whether a drug can be approved. Under the law, the agency seeks to meet performance goals for the timing of reviews, giving the program the appearance of having a fee-for-service basis. The legislative authorization for the fees expires every five years, and the agency and the industry negotiate behind closed doors on the renewal and the performance goals for the reviews. Because of the sunset, the Administration can be held "hostage" to accepting a "Christmas tree" law with measures of debatable merit to avoid having to layoff needed reviewers. As a way to avoid the capture and hostage problems, proposals have been made to make the fee program permanent, with the user fees not to exceed the Government appropriation for the program. This paper maintains that reforms and changes in the policy rationale for the program are needed before locking-in a permanent funding commitment at a time of debate about growing budget shortfalls. Instead of a fee-for-service rationale, the program should be based on a health review rationale. A study is needed to identify better priority rankings and goals for drug reviews, rather than the simple categories and negotiations that now exist. Full Government funding would avoid the capture problem. Making the fee program permanent would eliminate the sunset and hostage issues but providing permanent funding can undercut Congress’ responsibility to determine important budget allocations in a time of concern about deficits. The expansion of corporate campaign financing made possible by Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm’n is likely to make the need to pass a law to renew the fees even more political. Thus, there is a public interest in determining if there is an acceptable means of having permanent funding for drug reviews. The law should make clear that Congress can reduce the funding level for the fees to deal equitably with funding cutbacks in other programs made in light deficit considerations. Congress should also have to approve any major increases in the fee levels. Reforms should also be made in the consumer advertisements for newly-approved drugs to ensure that the ad reflects the drug‘s potential for additional risks, and the extent of its advance over earlier drugs. The significance of the user fee program and the reforms needed, before it is made permanent, warrant wide attention.
Ubiquitin-binding associated protein 2 regulates KRAS activation and macropinocytosis in pancreatic cancer

Macropinocytosis supports the metabolic requirement of RAS-transformed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (PDACs). However, regulators of RAS-transformation (activation) that lead to macropinocytosis have not been identified. Herein, we report that UBAP2 (ubiquitin-binding associated protein 2), regulates the activation of KRAS and macropinocytosis in pancreatic cancer. We demonstrate that UBAP2 is highly expressed in both pancreatic cancer cell lines and tumor tissues of PDAC patients. The expression of UBAP2 is associated with poor overall survival in several cancers, including PDAC. Silencing UBAP2 decreases the levels of activated KRAS, and inhibits macropinocytosis, and tumor growth in vivo. Using a UBAP2-deletion construct, we demonstrate that the UBA-domain of UBAP2 is critical for the regulation of macropinocytosis and maintaining the levels of activated KRAS. In addition, UBAP2 regulates RAS downstream signaling and helps maintain RAS in the GTP-bound form. However, the exact mechanism by which UBAP2 regulates KRAS activation is unknown and needs further investigation. Thus, UBAP2 may be exploited as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit macropinocytosis and tumor growth in activated KRAS-driven cancers.
Basis of limited-transpiration rate under elevated vapor pressure deficit and high temperature among sweet corn cultivars

Abstract One plant trait that has been developed in several crop species to increase the effectiveness in water use through the cropping season is limited-transpiration under elevated atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). This trait allows water conservation early in the season so that there is more soil water available late in the season for sustained physiological activity during seed development. In sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata), where the quality of the kernels is important, this trait could prove to be especially beneficial. The background objective of this study was to explore 16 sweet corn cultivars for expression of the limited-transpiration trait. It was found at 32 °C that 13 of the 16 cultivars expressed the trait. It was found in a subset of eight of these cultivars, however, only half retained the limited-transpiration trait at 38 °C. The additional objectives were to explore the hypotheses that expression of the limited-transpiration trait was related to plant hydraulic conductance, and to the abundance of silver-sensitive aquaporins in the leaves. In cultivars that lost expression of the limited-transpiration trait at 38 °C there were large increases in plant hydraulic conductance at 38 °C as compared to 32 °C. Abundance of silver-sensitive aquaporins was related to the transpiration rate under low VPD conditions. That is, those cultivars with more abundant silver-sensitive aquaporins had greater transpiration rates as a result of greater stomatal conductance. These results showed that while expression of the limited-transpiration trait in sweet corn at 32 °C was common, differences in expression of the trait at 38 °C were observed due to differences in plant hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance.
Test-Retest Instability of Temporal Summation and Conditioned Pain Modulation Measures in Older Adults.

Objective The temporal stability (test-retest reliability) of temporal summation of pain (TS) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) has yet to be established in healthy older adults. The purpose of this study was to compare the temporal stability of TS and CPM in healthy older and younger adults and to investigate factors that might influence TS and CPM stability. Methods In a test-retest study, 40 healthy older adults and 30 healthy younger adults completed two sessions of quantitative sensory testing within a two-week period that included TS of heat pain, TS of mechanical pain, and CPM with pressure pain thresholds and suprathreshold heat pain as test stimuli and a cold water immersion as a conditioning stimulus. Participants also completed self-report measures of situational catastrophizing, anxiety, clinical pain, and physical activity. Absolute and relative stability were examined for each variable. Bivariate correlations examined the associations of age, clinical, behavioral, and psychological variables with the intra-individual stability of TS and CPM. Results The results revealed moderate to excellent stability for the TS measures and poor to moderate stability for CPM. The results also revealed significant age differences for two of the TS measures and CPM, with younger adults having greater stability compared with older adults. Additionally, the magnitude and stability of psychological factors were correlated with stability of TS. Conclusions These findings suggest that TS and CPM may be more reliable in younger compared with older adults. Furthermore, psychological states may be an important factor influencing the stability of TS in healthy adults.
Optimal parking management of connected autonomous vehicles: A control-theoretic approach

Abstract In this paper we develop a continuous-time stochastic dynamic model for the optimal parking management of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) in the presence of multiple parking lots within a given area. Inspired by the well-known Lotka-Volterra equations, a mathematical model is developed to explicitly incorporate the interactions among those parking garages under consideration. Time-dependent parking space availability is considered as the system state, while the dynamic price of parking is naturally used as the control input which can be properly chosen by the parking garage operators from the admissible set. By regulating parking rates, the total demand for parking can be distributed among the set of parking lots under question. Further, we formulate an optimal control problem (called Bolza problem) with the objective of maintaining the availability (managing the demand) of each parking garage at a desired level, which could potentially reduce traffic congestion as well as fuel consumption of CAVs. Based on the necessary conditions of optimality given by Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP), we develop a computational algorithm to address the nonlinear optimization problem and formally prove its convergence. A series of Monte Carlo simulations is conducted under various scenarios and the corresponding optimization problems are solved determining the optimal pricing policy for each parking lot. Since the stochastic dynamic model is general and the control inputs, i.e., parking rates, are easy to implement, it is believed that the procedures presented here will shed light on the parking management of CAVs in the near future.
Unlimited Supplies of Labor

This paper examines the background to the birth and reception of W. Arthur Lewis's 1954 Manchester School paper on 'Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour'. It considers the development of Lewis's thinking leading up to the paper, weighing the diverse influences from economic history and economic thought. It then discusses the reception of Lewis's paper in the context of the diverse standpoints representing economic thinking on development at the time, and their impact on Lewis's subsequent refinement of his model.
Cardiac critical care of the post-operative congenital heart disease patient

Cardiac critical care has become an increasingly complex subspecialty, involving multiple subspecialists to support patients with congenital heart disease. This requires understanding of their physiology and the impact of medical interventions. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise review of the current strategies utilized by cardiac intensivists to optimize outcomes for this vulnerable patient population, with the goal of broadening the knowledge of other members of the multi-disciplinary team.
Inhibition of RNA polymerase by streptolydigin.

TWO antibiotics inhibit RNA synthesis by interacting directly with RNA polymerase. The rifamycin series1–3 inhibit before RNA chain initiation and are without apparent effect during polymerization. Streptolydigin, however, inhibits initiation and chain elongation4–9. Using the d(A-T)-directed reaction as a model system10, we will show that streptolydigin stabilizes the polymerase-template interaction.
Cure and Hormonal Control After Prolactinoma Resection: Case Series and Systematic Review.

Context Surgical management of prolactinomas is an important treatment for patients intolerant of dopamine agonist therapy. However, predictors of postoperative outcomes remain unclear. Object While transsphenoidal surgical resection (TSSR) is important second-line therapy in prolactinoma patients, predictors of surgical cure and biochemical remission following TSSR remain sparse. Methods A retrospective review of prolactinoma patients undergoing TSSR at the USC Pituitary Center from 1995 to 2020 was conducted. Participants were categorized as surgical cure (normalization of serum prolactin without medical treatment), surgical noncure, biochemical control (prolactin normalization with or without adjuvant therapy), and nonbiochemical control. A systematic review of the outcomes of surgically managed prolactinomas was performed. Results The 40 female and 16 male participants had an average age of 35.6 years. Prior treatment included transsphenoidal resection (6, 11%) and dopamine agonist treatment (47, 84%). The 40 macroadenomas and 15 microadenomas exhibited suprasellar extension (24, 43%) and parasellar invasion (20, 36%). Fifteen (27%) were purely intrasellar. Gross total resection was achieved in 25 patients (45%) and subtotal in 26 (46%). Surgical cure was achieved in 25 patients (46%) and biochemical control in 35 (64%). Surgical cure was more likely in smaller, noninvasive tumors, those that were fully resected, and patients with lower preoperative (< 1000 ng/mL) and immediately postoperative (< 7.6 ng/mL) prolactin levels. Ten of 26 patients (38%) undergoing adjuvant therapy achieved biochemical control, which was less likely in men and those with higher preoperative prolactin or invasive tumors. Conclusion Surgical resection of prolactinomas is a safe procedure that, when offered judiciously, can achieve symptom and/or biochemical control in a majority of patients. A variety of predictors may be useful in advising patients on likelihood of postoperative remission.
The SCP4-STK35/PDIK1L complex is a dual phospho-catalytic signaling dependency in acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells rely on phospho-signaling pathways to gain unlimited proliferation potential. Here, we used domain-focused CRISPR screening to identify the nuclear phosphatase SCP4 as a dependency in AML, yet this enzyme is dispensable in normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. Using CRISPR exon scanning and gene complementation assays, we show that the catalytic function of SCP4 is essential in AML. Through mass spectrometry analysis of affinity-purified complexes, we identify the kinase paralogs STK35 and PDIK1L as binding partners and substrates of the SCP4 phosphatase domain. We show that STK35 and PDIK1L function catalytically and redundantly in the same pathway as SCP4 to maintain AML proliferation and to support amino acid biosynthesis and transport. We provide evidence that SCP4 regulates STK35/PDIK1L through two distinct mechanisms: catalytic removal of inhibitory phosphorylation and by promoting kinase stability. Our findings reveal a phosphatase-kinase signaling complex that supports the pathogenesis of AML.
Use of Second Window ICG in spinal cord biopsy of a mildly contrast-enhancing lesion: Technical note and review of the literature.

Abstract Introduction Indocyanine green (ICG) is commonly used to visualize cerebral vasculature, particularly in the management of cerebral aneurysms. There have also been attempts to use ICG for visualization of tumors. Injection of ICG followed by immediate fluorescence microscopy is limited by the short time window for imaging and administration and restricted depth of imaging. Second Window Indocyanine Green (SWIG) addresses these issues by allowing for longer contrast times and the imaging of deeper regions of brain tissue. Biopsy of spinal cord lesions is often difficult for a variety of reasons, including the delicate nature of the tissue and differentiating normal from lesional tissue visually, especially in lesions with heterogeneous enhancement. Methods In this case report, we describe the use of second window ICG to facilitate the visualization of a spinal cord lesion and subsequent biopsy of the lesion. Results This patient is a 24-year-old female who had recurrence of a suprasellar germinoma. An MRI of the rest of the neuraxis was performed to assess for the presence of drop metastases. The spinal cord from C2-5 was expanded with areas of patchy enhancement; however, this lesion was asymptomatic. The patient's oncologist requested a biopsy of this lesion to help direct subsequent care of her recurrent germinoma. The day before surgery, the patient had an intravenous injection of ICG dye. She then underwent a C3-5 laminectomy for biopsy of her cervical intramedullary lesion. After opening of the dura, no visible abnormality of the spinal cord could be identified. A Stryker endoscope showed an area of ICG uptake in the cord at approximately the C3-4 level. A midline myelotomy was centered over the ICG demarcated area and several samples were taken for pathology. Final biopsy results determined the lesion to be spinal cord parenchyma with perivascular and intraparenchymal lymphocytes – not consistent with spinal cord tumor or germinoma. Conclusion Second Window ICG is effective in visualizing otherwise visually unremarkable spinal cord lesions. This technology can facilitate biopsy of these lesions and possibly their surgical resection.
The IHME vs Me: Modeling USA CoVID-19 Spread, Early Data to the Fifth Wave

Epidemiologists have never had such high-quality real-time pandemic data. Modeling CoVID-19 pandemic data became a predictive tool in-stead of an afterwards analysis. How early CoVID-19 model predictions impacted US Government policies and practices is first reviewed here as an important part of the pandemic history. It spurred independent modeling efforts, such as this, to help develop a better understanding of CoVID-19 spread, and to provide a substitute for the IHME (Institute for Health Metrics & Evaluation, U. Washington) 4-month predictions for the expected pandemic evolution, which they had to revise every couple of weeks. Our alternative model, which was developed over the course of several earlier medrxiv.org preprints, is shown here to provide a good description for the entire USA CoVID-19 pandemic to date, covering: (1) the original CoVID-19 wave [3/21/20-6/07/20], (2) the Summer 2020 Resurgence [6/07/20-9/25/20], (3) the large Winter 2020 Resurgence [9/25/20-3/19/21], (4) a small Spring 2021 "Fourth Wave", [3/19/21-6/07/21], and (5) the present-day Summer 2021 "Fifth Wave" [6/07/21-present], which the USA is now in the midst of. Our analysis of the initial "Fifth Wave" data shows that this wave presently has the capacity to infect virtually all susceptible non-vaccinated persons who practice NO Mask-Wearing and minimal Social Distancing.
Landscape Analysis of Breast Cancer and Acute Myeloid Leukemia Trials Using the My Cancer Genome Clinical Trial Data Model.

PURPOSEThe field of oncology is expanding rapidly. New trials are opening as an increasing number of therapeutic agents are being investigated before they can become approved therapies. Aggregate v...
Comparison of Multiple Sensor Deflection Data From Lightweight and Falling Weight Deflectometer Tests on Layered Soil

The lightweight deflectometer (LWD) and falling weight deflectometer (FWD) are in situ dynamic plate load tests used to estimate the stiffness and elastic moduli of bound and unbound materials. The inclusion of radial offset sensors with LWD testing stemmed from the well-established FWD testing method of using deflections at the load plate center and at radial offsets to generate a deflection bowl to estimate the moduli of individual layers in a multi-layer system. Due to the similarities between the LWD and FWD tests, several studies have explored the relationship between center deflection results of the two tests. However, little research exists in the literature addressing LWD testing with multiple sensors and how well those deflections correlate with FWD deflections at the same radial offsets. To this end, 114 multiple sensor LWD and FWD tests were performed on stabilized base materials at three sites and rigorously analyzed to determine if there is a consistent relationship between LWD and FWD center and radial offset deflections across all sites and if the estimated moduli from the same backcalculation approach produce similar or correlated results. The results demonstrated that while relationships are site specific for deflections and moduli estimated from the load plate center, a consistent relationship across all sites is demonstrated from the radial offset measurements. Finite element analysis was conducted to understand the difference in induced strains from the two tests to support and better understand the observed differences in FWD and LWD deflections and backcalculated layer moduli.
Frailty assessment in the geriatric outpatient clinic.

Aim Frailty is a common phenomenon in geriatric patients. In the present translational research study, we assessed two frailty instruments (Fried 2001; Gill 2002), comparing the usefulness and scoring classifications for frailty screening in an academically affiliated geriatrics clinic. Methods Assessment was completed on 162 male veterans (mean age 83.7 years, 57% African American) enrolled in a geriatric clinic. The instruments' component criteria, which are well known to gerontological clinicians, were administered in a standard order and scoring was identical to original instruments. Results The five-item Fried frailty instrument required 15–20 min to complete; the two-item Gill frailty instrument required less than 2 min. Of the 162 participants assessed, 72 were determined to be frail by at least one of the instruments, but just 33 were frail by both instruments. Correlations between the instruments were Spearman = 0.55 (P < 0.001) and kappa = 0.25, (P < 0.001). There were no differences in frailty scores based on race, and there were equivocal results based on age, even though this was an older sample, with almost 17% ≥90 years. A total of 63% (103/162) of the sample met the criterion for weak grip strength, and decreasing grip strength correlated with increasing age (r = −0.238, P = 0.002). Conclusion Expedient identification of the frailty syndrome remains an unmet necessity for clinical practice. The different results by the Fried and Gill frailty instruments are likely due to differences in component domains and testing methods. The present results support previous findings that showed that grip strength might be an important indicator of increasing frailty. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 78–83.
Locating the Summit of the Oil Peak

Hubbert's Peak The Impending World Oil Shortage. Kenneth S. Deffeyes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2001. 220 pp. $24.95, £17.95. ISBN 0-691-09086-6. Estimating that world oil production will peak before 2008 and then be unable to keep up with demand, Deffeyes argues that it is now time to develop alternative energy sources and conservation measures.
A Bottleneck Input Supplier's Opportunity Cost of Competing Downstream

Should the supplier of a bottleneck input be prevented from vertically integrating downstream unless the (perhaps regulated) price of the input is set equal to costs? This issue has arisen with respect to the entry of incumbent local exchange carriers into the provision of long distance services. While competitors (and likely society) would prefer the bottleneck facility to be priced at marginal cost, this paper shows that entry by the bottleneck supplier when its price exceeds marginal cost will typically be welfare improving. The intuition is that the integrated firm behaves as if its marginal cost of the bottleneck input is lower than the price of the input, which results in lower prices, and increased welfare. This effect outweighs the potential distortions in the market caused by the artificial cost difference between the integrated firm and its competitors, and under plausible conditions can outweigh the effects of a competing firm exiting the market as a result of the integration.
Thyroid Antigens and Autoimmunity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the autoantigens of the thyroid gland as well as the known proteins that seem to be characteristic of this organ. The important antigens can be understood on the basis of chemical analyses of their macromolecular nature. The properties of the autoantibodies and of the antoimmune disease related thyroid gland are also discussed. The thyroid antigens are a group of proteins that can be characterized as having either a soluble form or a membrane-attached form. From a physicochemical viewpoint, the soluble variety includes at least nine distinctive proteins, five of which can be conveniently characterized as sedimentation boundaries in the analytical ultracentrifuge; some of the members of this large group seem to be structurally interrelated, and hence may prove to be antigenically related. Several of them are iodo proteins and glycoproteins. With respect to the tissue specificity, the highly specific activity that is seen is based on the 19S thyroglobulin. This large and complex molecule, when examined from a variety of animal species, shows a complex and inexplicable pattern of antigenic similarities, and differences suggesting that larger or smaller portions of the molecule are essentially the same in certain groups of species and not in others.