cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitral Valve Replacement: A Comparison of Two Prostheses

Between November, 1965 and June, 1970, 175 patients underwent mitral valve replacement with the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis (109 patients) or the toroidal valve (66 patients). The early mortality for patients with a toroidal mitral prosthesis was 18.2 percent (12 patients) and the late mortality 34.8 percent (23 patients). Among patients in whom Smeloff-Cutter mitral valves were inserted, the early mortality was 15.6 percent (17 patients) and the late mortality 23.9 percent (26 patients). During a follow-up period extending at least five years, thromboembolic complications occurred in 25.9 percent (14) of patients with toroidal valves and 7.6 percent (7) of patients with Smeloff-Cutter valves. Reoperation was necessary because of thrombosis of the prosthesis in seven patients with toroidal valves and two patients with Smeloff-Cutter valves. The incidence of endocarditis was the same in both groups. In this study, the Smeloff-Cutter mitral prosthesis proved to be superior to the toroidal valve because of a lower incidence of thromboembolism.
Quasi-Indexicals and Knowledge Reports

We present a computational analysis of de re, de ditto, and de se belief and knowledge reports. Our analysis solves a problem first observed by Hector-Neri Castaiteda, namely, that the simple rule ‘(A knows that P) implies P’ apparently does not hold If P contains a quasi-indexical. We present a single rule, in the context of a knowledge-representation and reasoning system, that holds for all P, including those containing quasi-indexicals. In so doing, we explore the difference between reasoning in a public communication language and in a knowledge-representation language, we demonstrate the importance of representing proper names explicitly, and we provide support for the necessity of considering sentences in the context of extended discourse (e.g., written narrative) in order to fully capture certain features of their semantics.
Body Image Concerns Throughout the Lifespan

Due to the rising rates of eating disorders and obesity, increasingly more attention is being paid to body image and body image difficulties. Body dissatisfaction, which is ubiquitous among girls and women, can be defined by the difference between one’s perceived body size and ideal body, particularly with regard to the desire to be thin. Body dissatisfaction has become so commonplace that it has been described as “normative discontent.” It is also considered one of the most robust risk and maintenance factors for clinical eating disorders. A wide range of risk factors contribute to the development of body dissatisfaction, including biological and physical factors, sociocultural influences, and individual characteristics. In addition, females who place a strong emphasis on thinness and physical appearance and routinely engage in body comparison are especially vulnerable to experiencing body dissatisfaction. Body image problems and disordered eating behaviors know no boundaries; they impact females across age groups, ethnicities, cultures, and socioeconomic levels. Therefore, it is essential for health professionals to understand the development of body image difficulties and be knowledgeable about body image assessment techniques and effective prevention and intervention programs. Armed with this insight, health professionals will be in position to foster healthy body image and enhance quality of life among females across the lifespan.
The KJ Method: A Technique for Analyzing Data Derived from Japanese Ethnology

This essay is a discussion of the KJ method developed by a Japanese ethnologist, Jiro Kawakita. A brief biography of Kawakita and the history of the KJ method is described. The KJ method was developed as a result of having difficulties in interpreting ethnographic data in Nepal. The KJ method builds upon Charles Pierce's notions of abduction and relies upon intuitive non-logical thinking processes. Kawakita's methods were developed and diffused throughout Japanese management and educational circles. Kawakita believes that his methodology has the potential of liberating humanity from the mechanistic philosophy imposed by Western Civilization. The KJ method, according to Kawakita has universal applicability and does not only conform to Japanese culture and management decision-making processes which are generally based on the group-orientation model. This simplistic group-orientation model of Japanese society is being criticized by anthropologists such as Harumi Befu. Kawakita argues that human nature is uni...
4-Hydroxytamoxifen probes for light-dependent spatiotemporal control of Cre-ER mediated reporter gene expression

The tamoxifen inducible Cre-ER/loxP system provides tissue specific temporal control of gene recombination events, and can be used to induce expression of reporter genes (e.g. GFP, LacZ) for lineage tracing studies. Cre enzyme fused with estrogen receptor (Cre-ER) is released upon tamoxifen binding, resulting in permanent activation of reporter genes within cells and their progeny. Tamoxifen and its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT) diffuses rapidly in vivo, making it difficult to restrict labeling to specific locations. In this study, we developed a photocaged 4OHT molecule by covalently attaching 4OHT to an ortho-nitrobenzyl (ONB1) group, rendering 4OHT inactive. Exposure to UV radiation cleaves the bond between ONB1 and 4OHT, freeing the 4OHT to bind Cre-ER to result in downstream genetic recombination and reporter activation. We show that caged ONB1–4OHT crosses the cell membrane and uncages after short UV exposure, resulting in Cre-driven genetic recombination that can be localized to specific regions or tissues. ONB1–4OHT can provide spatial control of reporter activation and be adapted with any existing Cre-ER/loxP based system.
Capacity Discipline and the Consolidation of Airport Connectivity in the United States

Airlines reduced available domestic capacity at airports across the United States from 2007 to 2012 in response to a global economic downturn and high and volatile fuel prices. More recently, despite an economic recovery and more stable fuel prices, airlines have continued to keep capacity low relative to historical levels in a strategy that has been referred to as "capacity discipline." The effects of these shifts in capacity on airport connectivity to the global air transportation network remain unclear. This paper introduces an intuitive index to compute airport connectivity as a function of both the quantity and quality of scheduled nonstop and connecting service. Connectivity scores were computed for 462 U.S. airports; medium-hub and small-hub airports were found to have lost more connectivity on average than large-hub airports from 2007 to 2012. In multiairport regions, losses in connectivity at secondary and tertiary airports outpaced losses at primary airports. With lower levels of connectivity, s...
Species comparisons of proximal alveolar deposition patterns of inhaled particulates.

Previous studies have shown that inhaled particles and fibers that are small enough to pass through the conducting airways deposit preferentially at alveolar duct bifurcations in the distal lungs of exposed rats. Because it is well documented that anatomic and physiologic differences exist among common experimental animals that may influence deposition patterns, we compared inhaled particle deposition patterns in alveolar regions of four rodent species. Proximal alveolar regions of hamsters and guinea pigs contain rudimentary respiratory bronchioles, whereas in rats and mice, terminal bronchioles lead directly into alveolar ducts. Groups of animals from one strain each of rats, mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs were exposed to aerosols of carbonyl iron (CI) particles for 1 h at design concentrations of 100 mg/m3. Immediately after exposure, the lungs of sham- and CI-exposed animals were perfusion fixed through the vasculature. Subsequently, lung tissues from exposed animals was analyzed for iron concentrati...
Analysis of Flow Patterns and Solidification Phenomena in the Die Casting Process

An analysis of the flow patterns and associated solidification phenomena during the die casting process is presented. In the filling stage of the die cavity, the flow patterns are predicted using the volume of fluid method. These predictions are compared with experiments using water for a variety of geometries including an obstacle within the die cavity and multiple gates. In the solidification analysis, an enthalpy technique on a fixed grid is used to model the phase change with convection and diffusion occurring after the cavity is filled with liquid aluminum. A feature of this model is the prediction of the shape of the liquid-solid interface. Emphasis is placed on the effect of velocities from the residual flow field on this interface.
LDL phospholipid hydrolysis produces modified electronegative particles with an unfolded apoB-100 protein

Electronegative low density lipoprotein (LDL−) formation that structurally resembles LDL− isolated from plasma was evaluated after LDL treatment with snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2). PLA2 treatment of LDL increased its electrophoretic mobility in proportion to the amount of LDL− formed without evidence of lipid peroxidation. These changes dose-dependently correlated with the degree of phospholipid hydrolysis. Strong immunoreactivity of LDL− subfraction from plasma and PLA2-treated LDL (PLA2-LDL) to amyloid oligomer-specific antibody was observed. Higher β-strand structural content and unfolding proportionate to the loss of α-helical structure of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) of LDL− isolated from both native and PLA2-LDLs was demonstrated by circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry. These structural changes resembled the characteristics of some oxidatively modified LDLs and soluble oligomeric aggregates of amyloidogenic proteins. PLA2-LDL was also more susceptible to nitration by peroxynitrite, likely because of exposure of otherwise inaccessible hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains arising from apoB-100 unfolding. This was also demonstrated for plasma LDL−. In contrast, PLA2-LDL was more resistant to copper-mediated oxidation that was reversed upon the addition of small amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. The observed similarities between PLA2-LDL−-derived LDL− and plasma LDL− implicate a role for secretory PLA2 in producing modified LDL− that is facilitated by unfolding of apoB-100.
Domestic mindsets and early international performance: The moderating effect of global industry conditions

We develop and test a sensemaking model of early internationalization that ties domestic mindsets to international industry conditions and early international performance. Our central contention is that the fit between international industry conditions and domestic mindsets will lead to superior early international performance. We test this contention with a sample of 178 large and established domestic firms from 20 industries. Our results highlight the role of domestic mindsets in the early phases of internationalization and prescribe the types of domestic mindsets needed to maximize early international performance in global, multi-domestic, and transnational industry conditions. Our results also provide valuable insights to top managers of large and established firms on how to reduce the risk of failure and how to successfully prepare for and cope with international environments by matching their domestic mindsets with international industry environments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nongravitational Accelerations on Comets

The orbital motion of comets is difficult to characterize accurately due to the rocket-like outgassing of material from the cometary nucleus. The resulting nongravitational accelerations often appear to be fundamentally stochastic in nature and thus pose severe modeling challenges in orbit determination, especially when the comet has been observed for many revolutions. Even so, new techniques have arisen in recent years that give new insight, not only into the motion of the comets, but also into their physical characteristics and spin states. These approaches include modeling of spin axis precession over many decades and the consideration of the seasonal variation in the thrust from discrete jets acting on a rotating nucleus. Such advances have been enabled, in part, by the increasing efforts and capabilities of comet observers worldwide as more and more comets with longer and longer observing arcs become available for study. In this review we specifically consider the application of the Rotating Jet Model to several space mission targets, indicating how this model can often be used to infer the orientation of a comet’s spin axis.
Water relations of epiphytic and terrestrially-rooted strangler figs in a Venezuelan palm savanna.

Water use patterns of two species of strangler fig, Ficus pertusa and F. trigonata, growing in a Venezuelan palm savanna were contrasted in terms of growth phase (epiphyte and tree) and season (dry and wet). The study was motivated by the question of how C3 hemiepiphytes accommodate the marked change in rooting environment associated with a life history of epiphytic establishment followed by substantial root development in the soil. During the dry season, stomatal opening in epiphytic plants occurred only during the early morning, maximum stomatal conductances were 5 to 10-fold lower, and midday leaf water potentials were 0.5–0.8 MPa higher (less negative) than in conspecific trees. Watering epiphytes of F. pertusa during the dry season led to stomatal conductances comparable to those exhibited by conspecific trees, but midday leaf water potentials were unchanged. During the rainy season, epiphytes had lower stomatal conductances than conspecific trees, but leaf water potentials were similar between the two growth phases. There were no differences in ∂13C between the two growth phases for leaves produced in either season. Substrate water availability differed between growth phases; tree roots extended down to the permanent water table, while roots of epiphytic plants were restricted to material accumulated behind the persistent leaf bases of their host palm tree, Copernicia tectorum. Epiphytic substrate moisture contents were variable during both seasons, indicating both the availability of some moisture during the dry season and the possibility of intermittent depletion during the rainy season. Epiphytic strangler figs appear to rely on a combination of strong stomatal control, maintenance of high leaf water potentials, and perhaps some degree of stem water storage to cope with the fluctuating water regime of the epiphytic environment.
Polarization-sensitive second harmonic confocal imaging of biological tissues

Among the many collagen-rich tissues, we studied rat-tail tendon in detail since it is composed of highly-organized type I collagen fibrils. We devised a confocal microscope that measures the second harmonic light generated from rat-tail tendon. Since SHG is sensitive to the linear polarization of the excitation pulse, a mathematical model was developed to investigate the relationship between linear polarization, the direction of the collagen fibrils, and the intensity of the generated second harmonic light. Also, the effect of collagen organization on the second harmonic intensity was studied.
Multi-responsive hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications

Multi-responsive hydrogels, or ‘intelligent’ hydrogels that respond to more than one environmental stimulus, have demonstrated great utility as a regenerative biomaterial in recent years. They are structured biocompatible materials that provide specific and distinct responses to varied physiological or externally applied stimuli. As evidenced by a burgeoning number of investigators, multi-responsive hydrogels are endowed with tunable, controllable and even biomimetic behavior well-suited for drug delivery and tissue engineering or regenerative growth applications. This article encompasses recent developments and challenges regarding supramolecular, layer-by-layer assembled and covalently cross-linked multi-responsive hydrogel networks and their application to drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Comparison of clinic, home, and deferred language treatment for aphasia. A Veterans Administration Cooperative Study.

• Aphasic patients who met stringent selection criteria were assigned randomly to three groups: clinic treatment by a speech pathologist for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of no treatment; home treatment by a trained volunteer for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of no treatment; or deferred treatment for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of treatment by a speech pathologist. At 12 weeks after entry, language measures indicated that the clinic-treatment patients made significantly more improvement than did the deferred-treatment patients, and improvement in home-treatment patients did not differ significantly from either clinic- or deferred-treatment patients. At 24 weeks after entry, after deferred-treatment patients had received clinic treatment, there were no significant differences among the groups. These results suggest that clinic treatment for aphasia is efficacious, and delaying treatment for 12 weeks does not compromise ultimate improvement.
Using Bayesian Model Averaging to Calibrate Forecast Ensembles

Ensembles used for probabilistic weather forecasting often exhibit a spread-error correlation, but they tend to be underdispersive. This paper proposes a statistical method for postprocessing ensembles based on Bayesian model averaging (BMA), which is a standard method for combining predictive distributions from different sources. The BMA predictive probability density function (PDF) of any quantity of interest is a weighted average of PDFs centered on the individual bias-corrected forecasts, where the weights are equal to posterior probabilities of the models generating the forecasts and reflect the models’ relative contributions to predictive skill over the training period. The BMA weights can be used to assess the usefulness of ensemble members, and this can be used as a basis for selecting ensemble members; this can be useful given the cost of running large ensembles. The BMA PDF can be represented as an unweighted ensemble of any desired size, by simulating from the BMA predictive distribution. The BMA predictive variance can be decomposed into two components, one corresponding to the between-forecast variability, and the second to the within-forecast variability. Predictive PDFs or intervals based solely on the ensemble spread incorporate the first component but not the second. Thus BMA provides a theoretical explanation of the tendency of ensembles to exhibit a spread-error correlation but yet be underdispersive. The method was applied to 48-h forecasts of surface temperature in the Pacific Northwest in January– June 2000 using the University of Washington fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) ensemble. The predictive PDFs were much better calibrated than the raw ensemble, and the BMA forecasts were sharp in that 90% BMA prediction intervals were 66% shorter on average than those produced by sample climatology. As a by-product, BMA yields a deterministic point forecast, and this had root-mean-square errors 7% lower than the best of the ensemble members and 8% lower than the ensemble mean. Similar results were obtained for forecasts of sea level pressure. Simulation experiments show that BMA performs reasonably well when the underlying ensemble is calibrated, or even overdispersed.
Sex Differences in Exploration Behavior and the Relationship to Harm Avoidance

Venturing into novel terrain poses physical risks to a female and her offspring. Females have a greater tendency to avoid physical harm, while males tend to have larger range sizes and often outperform females in navigation-related tasks. Given this backdrop, we expected that females would explore a novel environment with more caution than males, and that more-cautious exploration would negatively affect navigation performance. Participants explored a novel, large-scale, virtual environment in search of five objects, pointed in the direction of each object from the origin, and then navigated back to the objects. We found that females demonstrated more caution while exploring as reflected in the increased amounts of pausing and revisiting of previously traversed locations. In addition, more pausing and revisiting behaviors led to degradation in navigation performance. Finally, individual levels of trait harm avoidance were positively associated with the amount of revisiting behavior during exploration. These findings support the idea that the fitness costs associated with long-distance travel may encourage females to take a more cautious approach to spatial exploration, and that this caution may partially explain the sex differences in navigation performance.
Hypertension detection, treatment and control: a call to action for cardiovascular specialists.

Hypertension affects about 25% of the adult population in the United States, or about 50 million people [(1,2)][1]. Over the past 30 years great strides have been made in improving awareness, treatment and control of high blood pressure [(1)][1]. These advances in blood pressure control have
Parenting as Activism: Identity Alignment and Activist Persistence in the White Power Movement

This article addresses the relationship between identity and activism and discusses implications for social movement persistence. We explain how individuals negotiate opportunities as parents to align and extend an activist identity with a movement's collective expectations. Specifically, we focus on how participants in the U.S. white power movement use parenting as a key role to express commitment to the movement, develop correspondence among competing and potentially conflicting identities, and ultimately sustain their activism. We suggest that parenting may provide unique opportunities for activists in many movements to align personal, social, and collective movement identities and simultaneously affirm their identities as parents and persist as social movement activists.
Nanocomposite Architecture for Rapid, Spectrally-Selective Electrochromic Modulation of Solar Transmittance

Two active electrochromic materials, vacancy-doped tungsten oxide (WO(3-x)) nanocrystals and amorphous niobium oxide (NbOx) glass are arranged into a mesostructured architecture. In a strategy applicable across electrochemical applications, the critical dimensions and interfacial connections in the nanocomposite are designed to optimize pathways for electrochemical charging and discharging. The result is an unprecedented optical range for modulation of visible and near-infrared solar radiation with rapid switching kinetics that indicate the WO(3-x) nanocrystal framework effectively pumps charge out of the normally sluggish NbOx glass. The material is durable for at least 2000 electrochemical cycles.
Antibody to the Capsular Polysaccharide/Adhesin Protects Rabbits against Catheter-Related Bacteremia Due to Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

A rabbit model of catheter-related bacteremia was developed to study immunity to the capsular polysaccharide/adhesin (PS/A) of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Catheters colonized by coagulase-negative staphylococci were inserted into the right jugular vein and attached to a subcutaneous osmotic pump, and blood cultures were obtained over 14 days. Nonimmune rabbits were bacteremic for 6-8 days after infection, hypoglycemic, and hyperlipidemic and had strong immune responses to teichoic acid but not to PS/A. PS/A immunization, but not teichoic acid immunization, reduced the number of bacteremic days by approximately 60%, diminished the hypoglycemia and hyperlipidemia, and ablated the immune responses to teichoic acid. Passive infusion of PS/A-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies using a separate, noninfected catheter-pump combination implanted in the left jugular protected against both bacteremia and hematogenous colonization of this contralateral catheter.
Pyrethroid Resistance in the Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Insecticide Bioassays and Field Monitoring

Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), represents a problem in Texas and several other cotton production areas in the United States. To test for resistance, a technique was developed in which tobacco bud worm first instars were exposed to insecticide residues in 20-ml glass vials. Bioassays demonstrated resistance to cypermethrin and fenvalerate in all pyrethroid-resistant strains; low or no tolerance to the organophosphates profenofos, acephate, and methyl parathion; and resistance to the oxime carbamate thiodicarb in one resistant strain. Chlordimeform synergized all insecticides tested, even though the synergism was variable for different insecticides against different strains. Cypermethrin combined with chlordimeform was usually as toxic to resistant larvae as cypermethrin alone to susceptible larvae. The organophosphates (alone or combined with chlordimeform), the carbamate thiodicarb plus chlordimeform, and cypermethrin plus thiodicarb plus chlordimeform are possible alternate toxicants for control of resistant tobacco bud worm. Differences in tolerance to cypermethrin observed for resistant males and first instars showed that resistance mechanisms are not manifested equally in all developmental stages of tobacco budworm. Data on resistance gene frequency based on bioassays with cypermethrin conducted with males collected season-long in the Brazos Valley, College Station, Tex., indicated that resistance is not constant but fluctuates over time. Peaks in resistance gene frequency lag approximately 20 d after peaks in moth numbers. Based on the information obtained, we propose a general approach for resistance management.
Bumps on the Neck and Groin of a 2-Year-Old Male

Patient: 2-year-old white male. Chief Complaint: Bumps on neck and groin. History of Present Illness: A 2-year-old boy arrived at the emergency department with a 1- to 2-week history of bumps on his neck and groin. He had been referred to the emergency department by his primary care physician (PCP) when the results of an in-office fingerstick blood test revealed a high white blood cell (WBC) count and a low platelet count. The parents of the patient say that he had had bilateral knee pain a few days previously, which had resolved spontaneously, and had had a cough for the past week. The parents mentioned that when their son had started coughing one week prior, they had contacted the PCP and had mentioned the bumps on his neck and his cough. The physician diagnosed the boy as having lymphadenopathy attributed to a viral illness. Medical and Family History: As of this writing, the patient’s immunizations are up to date. He experiences seasonal allergies, with symptoms that include itchy eyes and runny nose. His recurrent ear infections have been resolved by pressure-equalization tubes and adenoidectomy. The patient’s maternal grandmother and maternal uncle have long QT syndrome. His paternal great-grandfather has a low platelet count (specificity not given). The patient lives with his parents; as of this writing, his mother is currently at 31 weeks’ gestation, originally with triplets but currently with twins (one fetus recently died in utero). Physical Examination: During examination to determine the extent of symptoms, abnormalities were found in the respiratory, lymphatic, and musculoskeletal systems. The patient was observed to cough and have leg and knee pain; he also had swollen lymph glands. Laboratory Findings: Table 1, Table 2; Figure 1 ; Image 1, Image 2, Image 3 Additional Diagnostic Tests: Results of flow …
Challenges and Prospects of Electronic Doping of Colloidal Quantum Dots: Case Study of CdSe

Colloidal quantum dots from cheap chemical synthesis are becoming important building blocks for constructing practical electronic devices. Here, we review some of the challenges and prospects of electronic doping of colloidal CdSe quantum dots. There are fundamental challenges to produce doped quantum dots with uniform size and composition. However, kinetics and thermodynamic argument suggests promising strategies that could be used to overcome the challenges. Doped CdSe quantum dots can be the starting point of other scientific discoveries that could be also applicable to practical devices such as quantum dot photovoltaics.
The Kilogram and Measurements of Mass and Force.

This paper describes the facilities, measurement capabilities, and ongoing research activities in the areas of mass and force at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The first section of the paper is devoted to mass metrology and starts with a brief historical perspective on the developments that led to the current definition of the kilogram. An overview of mass measurement procedures is given with a brief discussion of current research on alternative materials for mass standards and surface profiles of the U.S. national prototype kilograms. A brief outlook into the future possible redefinition of the unit of mass based on fundamental principles is included. The second part of this paper focuses on the unit of force and describes the realization of the unit, measurement procedures, uncertainty in the realized force, facilities, and current efforts aimed at the realization of small forces.
A Needs Assessment: Reforming the U.S. School Curriculum

Abstract As emerging technologies and globalization result in political, social, economic, and cultural changes, the transformation of educational system is urged to meet the challenges. However, how and where should the process of curriculum change start? This study guided by Tyler’s (1949) classic model of curriculum development conducts a needs assessment of American school curriculum change. It surveys participants of American school education, school administrators, teachers, preservice teachers, students, and parents through social networks. Findings validate the need for school curriculum change and provide meaningful insight for the process.
Technology for Privacy Assurance

A government’s ability to quickly collect, analyze, and share information is often considered vital to its national security and public safety. At increasing scale, however, this same information sharing is increasingly placed in tension with the protection of one’s personal liberties. This chapter describes a method for relieving this tension, offering an approach that enables both to be pursued simultaneously. The approach is founded on the concept of an impenetrable “Black Box” in which information can be placed within, but no person can ever access. The operation of this box is defined by encoded policy statements that specify patterns of reasonable suspicion and/or public safety concern. These statements are derived from standard of law and governance guidelines, as interpreted by a duly constituted policy body. The technological approach is specifically designed to only output detection of authorized patterns, but without ever revealing or enabling any sort of access to the information it contains. With no human involvement in the analytic process, substantially higher levels of privacy assurance are believed possible.
Emotion Knowledge and Attentional Differences in Preschoolers Showing Context-Inappropriate Anger:

Some children show anger inappropriate for the situation based on the predominant incentives, which is called context-inappropriate anger. Children need to attend to and interpret situational incentives for appropriate emotional responses. We examined associations of context-inappropriate anger with emotion recognition and attention problems in 43 preschoolers (42% male; M age = 55.1 months, SD = 4.1). Parents rated context-inappropriate anger across situations. Teachers rated attention problems using the Child Behavior Checklist-Teacher Report Form. Emotion recognition was ability to recognize emotional faces using the Emotion Matching Test. Anger perception bias was indicated by anger to non-anger situations using an adapted Affect Knowledge Test. 28% of children showed context-inappropriate anger, which correlated with lower emotion recognition (β = -.28) and higher attention problems (β = .36). Higher attention problems correlated with more anger perception bias (β = .32). This cross-sectional, correlational study provides preliminary findings that children with context-inappropriate anger showed more attention problems, which suggests that both "problems" tend to covary and associate with deficits or biases in emotion knowledge.
Legal Rules Guiding Recognition Decisions

Particular decisions about whether to recognize a new regime as the government of another state are neither completely governed by rules of international law nor left entirely to policy-makers’ discretion. Even those legal scholars and policy-makers most inclined to regard recognition as a ‘political act’ have acknowledged that two sets of legal rules do limit discretion by defining the occasions on which recognition decisions are needed and by establishing the acceptable reasons to recognize or withhold recognition. Understanding the mix of rule-bound and discretionary choice involved requires tracing opinions on two related issues: why international law is structured to permit an area of discretion, and identification of the binding rules that have been accepted in various periods.
Comparison of case selection approaches

Introduction The approach we present in this book is not the only way to select cases for pathway analysis. The literature suggests two alternatives: the variable-based approach and the residual-based approach. This chapter reviews these methods, critiques them, and compares their application to our method using several textbook examples drawn from John Gerring's Case Study Research: Principles and Practices (2007). We use examples from Gerring for several reasons. They are simple and heuristically useful. These examples have been used to demonstrate the utility of the prior case selection approaches, and therefore they provide a benchmark against which to demonstrate the advantages of our approach. In subsequent chapters, we apply our approach to more complex examples, but many of the basic points – such as the need to select comparative cases, the usefulness of considering both the expected X1/Y relationship and variation in case characteristics, the utility of visualizing patterns within the data, and using case control strategies – can be seen even in this chapter's simple examples. Overview of the variable-based approach The variable-based approach has the advantage of simplicity; it urges researchers to seek cases with extreme values of X1 and Y (see Seawright and Gerring 2008). The assumption of this approach is that cases with large X1 and Y values are most likely to feature the X1/Y relationship and thus provide a promising case for exploring causal pathways. The values of X1 and Y are potentially useful pieces of information for those interested in pathway analysis, but focusing on the X1 and Y values alone is problematic for a number of reasons. First, the variable-based approach does not deal with the problem of potential confounds; it simply assumes a straightforward X1/Y relationship. Second, if we select cases with extreme values of X1 and Y, it is difficult to assess whether these cases are outliers in the absence of a strong theory about the nature of the relationship.
Clickable Janus Particles

Janus particles are colloidal analogues of molecular amphiphiles that can self-assemble to form diverse suprastructures, exhibit motility under appropriate catalytic reactions, and strongly adsorb to fluid–fluid interfaces to stabilize multiphasic fluid mixtures. The chemistry of Janus particles is the fundamental parameter that controls their behavior and utility as colloid surfactants in bulk solution and at fluid interfaces. To enable their widespread utilization, scalable methods that allow for the synthesis of Janus particles with diverse chemical compositions and shapes are highly desirable. Here, we develop clickable Janus particles that can be modified through thiol–yne click reactions with commercially available thiols. Janus particles are modified to be amphiphilic by introducing either carboxyl, hydroxyl, or amine moieties. We also demonstrate that regulating the extent of the modification can be used to control the particle morphology, and thus the type of emulsion stabilized, as well as to fa...
Constraining Elites in Russia and Indonesia: Political Participation and Regime Survival

This is a thought-provoking analysis on why democracy succeeds in some countries but not others, comparing the post-transition experiences of two cases of contemporary democratisation: Russia and Indonesia. Following authoritarian regimes, democracy eroded in Russia but flourished in Indonesia - so confounding dominant theories of democratisation that predicted the opposite outcomes based on their levels of socioeconomic development and histories of statehood. Identifying key behaviours and patterns of political participation as a factor, Lussier interweaves ethnographic interview and quantitative public opinion data to expand our understanding on how mass political participation contributes to a democracy's survival. The integration of both micro- and macro-level data in a single study is one of this project's most significant contributions, and will enhance its appeal to both researchers and instructors.
Abstract 2679: Overexpression of Mcl-1 confers resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitors alone and in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitors in melanoma

Melanoma harboring BRAF mutations frequently develop resistance to BRAF inhibitors, limiting the impact of treatment. The most prevalent mechanisms of acquired resistance appear to reactivate MAPK pathway. Furthermore, relatively little is known about the determinants of de novo resistance. Here, we establish such a mechanism of resistance and subsequently identified a suitable drug combination to overcome the resistance. Single treatment of BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines with vemurafenib or dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitors) alone or in combination with trametinib (MEK1/2 inhibitor) resulted in overexpression of Mcl-1. Overexpression of Mcl-1 in A375 and SK-MEL-28 by transfection completely blocked BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitor-mediated inhibition of cell survival. Melanoma cells resistant to BRAF inhibitors showed massive expression of Mcl-1 as compared to respective sensitive cell lines. Silencing of Mcl-1 using siRNA completely sensitized resistant melanoma cells to growth suppression by BRAF inhibitors. In vivo, vemurafenib resistant A375 xenografts implanted in athymic nude mice showed substantial tumor growth inhibition when treated with a combination of vemurafenib and Mcl-1 inhibitor or siRNA. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses demonstrated enhanced expression of Mcl-1 and activation of ERK1/2 in vemurafenib-resistant tumors whereas level of Mcl-1 or p-ERK1/2 was diminished in the tumors of mice treated with either of the combination. Biopsied tumors from the patients treated with or resistant to BRAF inhibitors revealed overexpression of Mcl-1. These results suggest that the combination of BRAF inhibitors with Mcl-1 inhibitor may have therapeutic advantage to melanoma patients with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors alone or in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitors. [Supported in part by R01 grant CA129038 (to S.K.S) awarded by the National Cancer Institute]. Citation Format: Neel M. Fofaria, Dennie T. Frederick, Ryan J. Sullivan, Keith T. Flaherty, Sanjay K. Srivastava. Overexpression of Mcl-1 confers resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitors alone and in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitors in melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2679. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2679
Chapter 17 – Seizures of the Frontal Lobes: Clinical Presentations and Diagnostic Considerations

The frontal lobes are involved in motor function, executive function, language, and behavior. Seizures in the frontal lobe can present with focal dysfunction and can rapidly spread into generalized events. Frontal lobe seizures can result from secondary insult or can be the manifestation of a genetic mutation. The spectrum of presentations can make diagnosing frontal lobe seizures challenging; this is particularly germane when they are primarily nonmotor, e.g., ictal panic or autonomic dysfunction or altered behavior. In these cases, there is the risk of misdiagnosing them as a psychiatric disorder. History, physical, and vectored diagnostic testing using electroencephalography and advanced neuroimaging can facilitate making the diagnosis.
Hydration of Decorative Beads: An Exercise in Measurement, Calculations, and Graphical Analysis

Throughout the general chemistry lab curriculum, a common shortcoming is the way in which students measure, record, and manipulate quantitative data. From initial measurements with different digital and analog instruments to proper conversions, calculations, and comparisons, students are often expected to be experts before they have been taught proper technique and scientific principles. While the start of any General Chemistry 1 course involves a period of familiarization with the scientific method, significant figures, and elements of atomic structure, these often do not correlate well with laboratory experimentation. We have developed an experiment to be conducted during the first weeks of a general chemistry lab that emphasizes measurement techniques, accuracy, average value calculations, and uncertainty of measurement calculations. The experiment is designed such that time versus mass change measurements are taken and used in an introduction to graphical analysis. This allows for the experiment to be...
SDAT Models and Their Dynamics

It is a foregone conclusion that the major part of the battle for the cure of a human disease is won when an appropriate and specifically pertinent animal-model becomes available.
How I learned to stop worrying and love polarization

ABSTRACTThis paper presents theoretical and experimental evidence of increased voter satisfaction due to moderate candidate platform divergence. The formal model combines the traditional proximity treatment of voter satisfaction with a disutility stemming from the likelihood of “incorrect” voter decision-making. The result is a voter utility function for the candidate field which is non-monotonic in platform divergence. I confirm the main result of the formal model through a voter survey where hypothetical candidate positions were varied from very moderate to very partisan. Respondents preferred moderate policy divergence to both minimal and extreme divergence. In tandem, these results recast moderate ideological differentiation as a desirable, rather than pejorative, element of politics and campaigning.
Pulmonary Artery Debanding: Surgical Considerations

Abstract Thirty-five infants underwent pulmonary artery banding for cardiac defects producing excessive pulmonary blood flow with resultant refractory cardiac failure. Five died during or shortly after operation. Seven of the survivors subsequently underwent debanding and correction of defects, with 3 deaths. Problems with debanding because of extensive fibrosis at the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery and beyond caused 1 death. Of the other 2, 1 patient died from bronchopneumonia after atrial partitioning and ventricular septal defect closure, the other following correction of double-outlet right ventricle. Details of this experience are reviewed. Pulmonary artery debanding may require total band removal, pericardial patching, resection with anastomosis of the pulmonary artery, occasionally infundibulectomy, and even replacement of part of the pulmonary artery with a homograft or prosthesis. Residual gradients must be accepted at times. Transatrial closure of septal defects is desirable when technically feasible. Pulmonary debanding and defect correction may be formidable procedures requiring a variety of operative techniques, depending upon alterations in pathological anatomy. Banding therefore should be reserved for the infant under 10 pounds in weight when intensive medical management is unsuccessful.
Pediatric Formulations and Dosage Forms and Future Opportunities: Impact of Regulations in the USA and Implementation of Quality by Design

The advances in pharmaceutical sciences and technology have been so significant that Peter Drucker’s quote that “the future has already happened” applies readily for medicines developed for adults. For pediatric patients, the future is about to happen. The continuation of focused partnerships and knowledge sharing and leveraging are critical to ensure that pediatric patients have timely access to high quality drug products that were developed with pediatric patients in mind. An overview of regulatory efforts, regulations and legislation to address the challenges for pediatric drug development are discussed. The implementation of regulatory incentives, the Pediatric Rule, Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, and Pediatric Research Equity Act, is having an impact and has led to incorporation of information for dosing of approximately 500 drug products since 1998 starting with implementation of the Pediatric Rule. There are significant accomplishments and a lot more work ahead for the pediatric community. The labeling information is usually for older pediatric patients and the need for information for safe and effective dosing of patients of 6 years old or younger remains. Some of the study outcomes are inconclusive with respect to safety and efficacy, and support the hypotheses that better understanding of drug delivery to pediatric patients is needed for determining and delivering the right dose to the pediatric patients. The 2012 Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act and implementation of Quality by Design paradigm focusing on drug product design and manufacturing process are expected to have a synergistic effect for continuing to advance development of pediatric dosage forms and formulations for the benefit of the pediatric patients.
Distributing adventitious resources: The effects of relationship and grouping

This study examines the effect of two variables—relationship and grouping—on the distribution of resources which are unearned, or “adventitious.” Strangers and acquaintances made decisions about the distribution of an adventitious resource either as individual decision makers or as members of a small group. Results indicate that acquaintances were more likely to share the resource than were strangers, and that group members were more likely to share than were individual allocators. Equality received the highest overall rating as a norm for distributing the adventitious resource. At the same time, subjects expected allocators to keep the resource instead of applying an equality distribution norm.
Functional Equations Characterizing Derivations: A Synthesis

Many articles have been written about functional equations characterizing derivations on integral domains (or sometimes commutative rings) of characteristic 0. Here we synthesize several recent results by various authors and extend them by showing that they hold more generally on commutative rings of sufficiently large finite characteristic.
Radionanomedicine: Combined Nuclear and Nanomedicine

D.S. Lee (ed.) Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2018, 446 pages, $159.99 Nuclear medicine is practiced every day in the clinic by nuclear physicians in collaboration with nuclear biologists, chemists, and physicists. Nanomedicine is a medical application of nanotechnology