cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two distinct pituitary cell lines from mouse intermediate lobe tumors: a cell that produces prolactin-regulating factor and a melanotroph [seecomments]

The intermediate lobe (IL) of the pituitary produces a PRL-regulating factor (PRF). Targeted tumorigenesis, using the POMC promoter ligated to SV40 large T antigen (Tag), generated transgenic mice that develop IL tumors with PRF activity. Our goal was to establish and characterize a PRF-producing cell line. Two cell lines, which differ markedly in size and morphology, were independently developed from IL tumors and designated mIL5 and mIL39. These cells are transformed, as judged by rapid proliferation, low serum requirements, and generation of secondary tumors in nude mice. RT-PCR revealed that mIL39, but not mIL5 cells, express POMC and dopamine D2 receptors, typical of a melanotroph phenotype. Although mIL5 cells originated from an IL tumor, they do not express messenger RNA for SV40 Tag. The bioassay for PRF used GH3 cells stably transfected with the PRL promoter ligated to a luciferase reporter gene (GH3/luc). Coculture of mIL5 with GH3/luc cells induced cell-density dependent increases in PRL gene expression and release, whereas mIL39 cells showed negligible PRF activity. Incubation of GH3/luc cells with conditioned media from mIL5, but not mIL39 cells, stimulated PRL gene expression and release up to 10-fold. Coculture of mIL5 cells with primary rat anterior pituitary cells stimulated PRL, but not GH, release. Fractionation of mIL5 cell extracts by reverse phase HPLC resolved PRF activity into one major and one minor peak. In conclusion, we have developed two novel and distinct cell lines from mouse intermediate lobe tumors. The first reported melanotroph cell line, mIL39, could provide a valuable model for studying dopaminergic regulation of POMC gene expression and release. In contrast, the mIL5 cells do not express POMC, D2 receptors, or SV40 Tag and appear to have been immortalized by a spontaneous mutation(s). These cells produce and secrete a potent PRF and could be used for the purification and biochemical characterization of PRF.
Data-centric scientific workflows: the quest for foundations and a new synthesis

To continue to flourish, also as an academic field, the scientific workflow community is invited to embark on a quest for the conceptual and theoretical foundations of scientific workflows. There is a large body of research that might be relevant. Some organization and classification can bring order to the zoo of potential foundations, i.e., languages and theoretical frameworks. More importantly, an effort should be made to synthesize new computational models, specifically for scientific workflows, which then could lead to a better understanding of how we should think about them in the first place.
Grief Is a Process Some Call a Journey

Childbearing Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program The purpose of a Perinatal/Child Loss Bereavement Program is to provide a system-wide standard of care that offers individualized, interdisciplinary, and holistic support to families experiencing the loss of a pregnancy, infant, or child. Proposed Change Develop a standardized process to identify families in the health care system that experience a perinatal loss or loss of a child and provide support, follow-up, and/or referrals to community resources. Most patients with a perinatal or child loss were seen in the emergency and perioperative departments. We realized this was a very large patient population that was not given appropriate resources as inpatients or much needed follow-up as outpatients. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation A multidisciplinary committee was constructed to develop a perinatal/child loss bereavement program. After attending formal training, we developed processes and educated staff in the women and family, emergency, and perioperative departments; chaplains; counseling; and other support staff system-wide. We now also hold monthly multidisciplinary perinatal grand rounds to identify patient cases that may require increased services from the program. We had 438 staff that completed education for the program. As a result of our efforts, we have received 225 referrals since the program began on September 1, 2012. Most of these referrals have been captured through the emergency departments and perioperative departments system-wide via the electronic health record system. Through development of a database, in conjunction with the electronic health record, we are able to track referrals and follow up with patients and families. Prenatal families with a terminal fetal diagnosis can now present in labor with a preconstructed collaborative care plan to help guide staff and family decisions. The fact that most of the bereavement referrals have originated from the emergency and perioperative departments proves that we were initially missing a large number of patients experiencing a perinatal or child loss. It validates the need for further follow-up assessment of those patients entering the health care system for short periods. Future goals are to continue to educate new, incoming staff, create a mainstream resource mailing process, and further collaborate with community resources. Implications for Nursing Practice A standardized, multidisciplinary team approach should be used for these bereavement situations to best support families. Nurses should receive additional training so as to be sensitive to the emotional and individualized needs that may present.
The Number of Faces in a Minimal Foam

We derive a formula for the average number of faces per cell in a foam of minimal surfaces. In case of periodic minimal foam in R 3 this formula implies that the fundamental cell has at least 14 faces, a lower bound achieved by Kelvin’s example from the last century.
A Debt Repaid: Ernest L. Eliel's Life Made Possible by Five Years in Latin America

A review is presented of Ernest L. Eliel's contributions and dedication to chemists and chemistry in Latin American, in general, and Mexico, in particular. During his long and productive career as a successful academic (and member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences), Eliel taught many students from Latin America. During an equally long and productive 'extra-curricular' professional career, Eliel was Chairman of the Board of the American Chemical Society (ACS), president of the ACS, and chair as well as a member of a number of ACS committees dealing with international activities. It was through those associations as well as through his scientific achievements that he was able to have great influence and positive effect on the chemistry in developing countries, in general, and in
Rainfall, infiltration, and hydraulics of flow in runoff computation

This study considers three broad phases of hydrology (rainfall, infiltration, and hydraulics of flow) as they affect the occurrence of surface runoff. These three phases are not conglomerated into one single computation of runoff but are kept separate and considered consecutively which is the manner of their occurrence in nature. Rainfall expectancy is founded on the relatively longer and stronger rainfall records. The expectancies used are those derived by Yarnell.
Effect of Codoping on the R‐Line Luminescence of Cr3+‐Doped Alumina

The frequency of the R-line luminescence from Cr3+ ions in aluminum oxide is known to be sensitive to chromium concentration, stress, and temperature. In this work, the effect of simultaneously doping aluminum oxide with both Cr3+ and other ions (Fe, Ti, Ni, or Y) on the R-line frequency and intensity at room temperature is investigated. It is concluded that ions soluble in aluminum oxide cause systematic shifts in the luminescence frequency and intensity whereas those ions that are insoluble have no effect on the R-line luminescence. In addition, it is shown that contrary to previous investigations, the ratio of the N1 to R line intensities is not simply related to the chromium concentration and hence cannot be used as a measure of the chromium concentration.
Relationships between moisture, chemistry, and ignition of Pinus contorta needles during the early stages of mountain pine beetle attack

Abstract Very little is known about how foliar moisture and chemistry change after a mountain pine beetle attack and even less is known about how these intrinsic foliar characteristics alter foliage ignitability. Here, we examine the fuel characteristics and ignition potential of Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) foliage during the early stages of a mountain pine beetle attack. Foliar samples were taken periodically from multiple trees identified as green (healthy, unattacked), recently attacked, or red (dead). The fuel moisture content, chemical composition, and time to ignition of needles from each attack category were quantified. Foliar moisture contents varied by an order of magnitude between the attack categories and were lowest for red needles (∼12% on average), highest for green needles (∼109% on average), and most variable for needles of recently attacked trees. Dry matter proportions of fiber in the needles of attacked and red trees were nearly twice that of green needles. Starch and sugar levels were much lower in the needles of attacked and red trees than green trees. Crude fat contents also differed between the attack categories. Time to ignition was strongly related to time since beetle attack. Ignition times varied from as little as 11 s for red needles to 41 s for green needles. A combined model of foliar moisture content, fiber, and crude fat explained 92% of the variation in the foliar time to ignition. Results show that decreased moisture contents and changes in foliar chemistry increase the foliar flammability of mountain pine beetle-attacked trees. This suggests that less heat would be required to ignite the foliage of attacked trees and thus crown fire potential may be higher in attacked stands as long as foliage is retained on the tree.
Information, Instruction, and Learning: A Hypermedia Perspective Originally published in 1991, PIQ 4.3

Hypermedia as defined by Osgood (1987) is a tool for linking nonlinear information presented in the form of graphics, animation, video, and sound. One important question for instructional designers regarding hypermedia is how it can be used as an instructional or learning tool that enhances rather than inhibits learning. Creating hypermedia applications is a quick and easy alternative to creating courseware with older authoring systems and languages which took many hours to learn. This ease of application creation, combined with a tremendous increase in information available to our society, has resulted in a proliferation of hypermedia databases in school, university, and industry settings that is gradually moving into homes. Many of these databases are simply information media. This paper identifies important issues related to classifying a hypermedia-based information system appropriately. Based on a discussion of these issues, a call for systematic research which clarifies the role that hypermedia-based information systems can and should play in an instructional or learning environment is set forth.
Assessing Levels of Adaptation During Implementation of Evidence-Based Interventions: Introducing the Rogers—Rütten Framework

Most HIV-prevention funding agencies require the use of evidence-based behavioral interventions, tested and proven to be effective through outcome evaluation. Adaptation of programs during implementation is common and may be influenced by many factors, including agency mission, time constraints, and funding streams. There are few theoretical frameworks to understand how these organizational and program-related factors influence the level of adaptation. This study used constructs from both Rogers's diffusion theory and Rutten's framework for policy analysis to create a conceptual framework that identifies determinants hypothesized to affect the level of adaptation. Preliminary measures of these constructs were also developed. This framework and its measures assess organizational and program-related factors associated with adaptation and could serve as a model to assess implementation and adaptation in fields outside of HIV prevention.
Behavioral modulation of neuronal calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity: differential effects on nicotine-induced spinal and supraspinal antinociception in mice.

Abstract Recent studies have implicated the involvement of Ca 2+ -dependent mechanisms, in particular calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) in nicotine-induced antinociception using the tail-flick test. The spinal cord was suggested as a possible site of this involvement. The present study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that similar mechanisms exist for nicotine-induced antinociception in the hot-plate test, a response thought to be centrally mediated. In order to assess these mechanisms, i.c.v. administered CaM kinase II inhibitors were evaluated for their effects on antinociception produced by either i.c.v. or s.c. administration of nicotine in both tests. In addition, nicotine's analgesic effects were tested in mice lacking half of their CaM kinase II (CaM kinase II heterozygous) and compare it to their wild-type counterparts. Our results showed that although structurally unrelated CaM kinase II inhibitors blocked nicotine's effects in the tail-flick test in a dose-related manner, they failed to block the hot-plate responses. In addition, the antinociceptive effects of systemic nicotine in the tail-flick but not the hot-plate test were significantly reduced in CaM kinase II heterozygous mice. These observations indicate that in contrast to the tail-flick response, the mechanism of nicotine-induced antinociception in the hot-plate test is not mediated primarily via CaM kinase II-dependent mechanisms at the supraspinal level.
Pueblos indígenas ante el derecho

Pueblos indigenas ante el derecho. Victoria Chenaut and Maria Teresa Sierra. eds. Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones. Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social; Centro Frances de Estudios Mexicanos Centroamericanos, 1995. 370 pp.
A database supported modeling environment for pandemic planning and course of action analysis

Pandemics such as the 2009 H1N1 and the 2003 SARS events can significantly impact public health and society. In addition to analyzing historic epidemic data, computational simulation of epidemic propagation processes and disease control strategies can help us understand in the laboratory the spatio-temporal dynamics of epidemics. Consequently, the public can be better prepared and the government can control future epidemic outbreaks more effectively. Epidemic propagation simulation systems which use high performance computing technology have been proposed and developed to understand disease propagation processes. The proposed systems, however, do not strongly support two important steps in modeling disease propagation: run-time infection situation assessment and intervention adjustment. In addition, while these simulation systems are computationally efficient in their simulations, most of them have limited capabilities in terms of modeling interventions in realistic scenarios. In this dissertation, we focus on building a modeling and simulation environment for epidemic propagation and propagation control strategy. The objective of this work is to design such a modeling environment supporting the previously missing functions while still performing well in terms of the expected features such as modeling fidelity, computational efficiency, modeling capability, etc. Our proposed methodologies to build such a modeling environment are: 1) a loosely coupled and co-evolving model for disease propagation, situation assessment, and propagation control strategy, and 2) using relational databases to assess situations and simulate control strategies. Our motivations are: 1) a loosely coupled and co-evolving model allows us to design modules for each function separately and reduces design complexity for the modeling system, and 2) simulating propagation control strategies using relational databases improves the modeling capability and the human productivity of using this environment. To evaluate our proposed methodologies, we have designed and built a loosely coupled and database supported epidemic modeling and simulation environment. With detailed experimental results and realistic case studies, we demonstrate that our modeling environment provides the missing functions and greatly enhances many expected features, such as modeling capability, without significantly sacrificing computational efficiency and scalability.
Simulating Littoral Trade: Modeling the Trade of Wine in the Bronze to Iron Age Transition in Southern France

The Languedoc-Roussillon region of southern France is well known today for producing full-bodied red wines. Yet wine grapes are not native to France. Additionally, wine was not developed indigenously first. In the 7th century B.C. Etruscan merchants bringing wine landed on the shores of the Languedoc and established trade relationships with the native Gauls, later creating local viticulture, and laying the foundation for a strong cultural identity of French wine production and setting in motion a multi-billion dollar industry. This paper examines the first five centuries of wine consumption (from ~600 B.C. to ~100 B.C.), analyzing how preference of one type of luxury good over another created distinctive artifact patterns in the archaeological record. I create a simple agent-based model to examine how the trade of comestibles for wine led to a growing economy and a distinctive patterning of artifacts in the archaeological record of southern France. This model helps shed light on the processes that led to centuries of peaceable relationships with colonial merchants, and interacts with scholarly debate on why Etruscan amphorae are replaced by Greek amphorae so swiftly and completely.
Predicting Structural Behavior Analytically

An analytical model of a structural system consisting of a column and its adjoining members is established. To describe the behavior of the system a numerical procedure is presented for computing moments and deflections as a function of load. The analytical model has been chosen so as to approximate closely a physical system that might be tested in the laboratory. The numerical procedure has been designed to give results that are typical of the readings that would be taken in an actual laboratory test. The resulting data provide an excellent picture of the behavior of the structural components in question. As an example of the application of the analytical procedures that are presented, the behavior of a system consisting of a reinforced concrete column and its adjoining members is studied.
Bicompartmental phase transfer vehicles based on colloidal dimers.

Colloidal particles have been used extensively for stabilizing oil–water interfaces in petroleum, food, and cosmetics industries. They have also demonstrated promising potential in the encapsulation and delivery of drugs. Our work is motivated by challenging applications that require protecting and transporting active agents across the water–oil interfaces, such as delivering catalysts to underground oil phase through water flooding for in situ cracking of crude oil. In this Research Article, we successfully design, synthesize, and test a unique type of bicompartmental targeting vehicle that encapsulates catalytic molecules, finds and accumulates at oil–water interface, releases the catalysts toward the oil phase, and performs hydrogenation reaction of unsaturated oil. This vehicle is based on colloidal dimers that possess structural anisotropy between two compartments. We encapsulate active species, such as fluorescent dye and catalytic molecules in one lobe which consists of un-cross-linked polymers, wh...
Changes in carbohydrate metabolism of squirrel monkeys with chromium dietary supplementation.

SummaryAdult squirrel monkeys maintained on a commercial chow demonstrated an impaired carbohydrate metabolism as evaluated by diagnostic tolbutamide and glucose tolerance tests. The possibility that the diet was deficient in trivalent chromium was investigated. The diet of normal and impaired monkeys was supplemented by the addition of trivalent and divalent chromium to the drinking water. The trivalent chromium supplementation produced an improvement in the tolbutamide and glucose tolerance responses of impaired monkeys when the drinking water was maintained at neutral pH but not at mildly acid pH. Normal monkeys supplemented with divalent chromium resulted in the appearance of impaired responses to tolbutamide and glucose tolerance tests.
Agostic Interactions in Nickel(II) Complexes: Trans Influence of Ancillary Ligands on the Strength of the Bond

The selectivity of transition-metal-catalyzed alkyl cross-coupling is significantly affected by agostic interactions. We report a systematic computational study of how ligand trans influence affects the strength of β-agostic interactions in Ni(II)–ethyl complexes selected to model cross-coupling intermediates. The roles of π back-donation and in-plane π coupling are highlighted. Calculations with carbene ligands illustrate the relevance of these ideas for ligand design.
Towards Solid Tumor Treatment by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields

Local and drug-free solid tumor ablation by large nanosecond pulsed electric fields leads to supra-electroporation of all cellular membranes and has been observed to trigger nonthermal cell death by apoptosis. To establish pore-based effects as the underlying mechanism to inducing _apoptosis, we use a multicellular system model (spatial scale 100 microm) that has irregularly shaped liver cells and a multiscale liver tissue model (spatial scale 200 mm). Pore histograms for the multicellular model demonstrate the presence of only nanometer-sized pores due to nanosecond electric field pulses. The number of pores in the plasma membrane is such that the average tissue conductance during nanosecond electric field pulses is even higher than for longer irreversible electroporation pulses. It is shown, however, that these nanometer-sized pores, although numerous, only significantly change the permeability of the cellular membranes to small ions, but not to larger molecules. Tumor ablation by nanosecond pulsed electric fields causes small to moderate temperature increases. Thus, the underlying mechanism(s) that trigger cell death by apoptosis must be non-thermal electrical interactions, presumably leading to different ionic and molecular transport than for much longer irreversible electroporation pulses.
Modelling policing strategies for departments with limited resources

Crime prevention is a major goal of law-enforcement agencies. Often, these agencies have limited resources and officers available for patrolling and responding to calls. However, patrolling and police visibility can influence individuals to not perform criminal acts. Therefore, it is necessary for the police to optimize their patrolling strategies to deter the most crime. Previous studies have created agent-based models to simulate criminal and police agents interacting in a city, indicating a “cops on the dots” strategy as a viable method to mitigate large amounts of crime. Unfortunately, police departments cannot allocate all of the patrolling officers to seek out these hotspots, particularly since they are not immediately known. In large cities, it is often necessary to keep a few officers in different areas of the city, frequently divided up into beats. Officers need to respond to calls, possibly not of a criminal nature. Therefore, we modify models for policing to account for these factors. Through testing the policing strategies for various hotspot types and number of police agents, we found that the methods that performed the best varied greatly according to these factors.
Correlation of Normal and Superconducting Properties and Unified Approach in the Theory of High Tc

A unified approach allowing to describe the normal properties, phenomenology of high Tc and the origin of high Tc will be presented. The small values of the Fermi energy and the Fermi velocity along with a high anisotropy are the key features of the cuprates. A small value of Vf leads to a short coherence length. The high Tc oxides are characterized by low frequency anharmonic phonon modes and a peculiar plasmon branch (“electronic” sound). The value of Hc2 is calculated in a self-consistent way.
Present Status and Promotion Plan for Herbal Medicine Industry in Shanxi

This paper elaborated the development status,achievements and the existing problems of the herbal medicine industry in Shanxi Province and analyzed the development advantage,some ideas and measures to enhance the development of the herbal medicine industry was put forward.
Transition from Kindergarten to First-Grade Language Instruction in the U.S. Common Core State Standards

Transition from kindergarten to first-grade is the focus of curriculum reform in fundamental education.The American Common Core State Standards have the transitional requirements on students' language,including reading standards for literature,reading standards for informational text,foundational skills,writing standards,speaking and listening standards and language standards.The comparison of the two stages-kindergarten and grade one can show that there is a good transition from kindergarten to first-grade,which doesn't neglect the knowledge transmission in kindergarten.This provides a good implication for language instruction in China.Only when the kids are prepared for first grade,can the instruction in elementary school go on smoothly.
Potential medicinal application and toxicity evaluation of extracts from bamboo plants

Bamboo plants play a significant role in traditional Asian medicine, especially in China and Japan. Biomedical investigations on the health-benefiting effects as well as toxicity of different parts and species of bamboo have been carried out worldwide since the 1960s, and documented a wide range of protective effects of bamboo-derived products, such as protection against oxidative stress, inflammation, lipotoxicity, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Some of these products may interfere with male and female reproductive function, thyroid hormone metabolism, and hepatic xenobiotransformation enzymes. The diversity of bamboo species, parts of the plants available for medicinal use, and different extraction methods suggest that bamboo has great potential for producing a range of extracts with functional utility in medicine.
Demonstration and quantitation of pharmacological inhibition of pulmonary uptake of N-isopropyl-123I-p-iodoamphetamine by propranolol.

The first-pass pulmonary extraction values of N-lsopropyl-123l-p-Iodoam-phetamine (123I-IMP) in pretreated dogs decreases from 90 to 62% as the amount of propranolol increases from 0 to 20 mg. The first-pass pulmonary extraction values of 123I-IMP in dogs with a simultaneous bolus injection of propranolol decreases from 90 to 62% as the amount of propranolol increases from 0 to 10 mg. The pulmonary extraction of 123I-IMP with a simultaneous bolus injection of ketamine and 123I-IMP decreases from 90 to 64% as the ketamine dose increases from 0 to 100 mg. These results suggest that the pulmonary uptake of 123I-IMP may be at least partially mediated by receptors. They also indicate that endothelial metabolic cell function may be a useful index of early lung pathology. Furthermore, studies of the degree of lung uptake may be a sensitive index of pathologic states in which alterations of amine binding sites have occurred.
Part-Latinos and Racial Reporting in the Census: An Issue of Question Format?

In this study, the author examines the racial reporting decisions of the offspring of Latino/non-Latino white, black, and Asian intermarriages, focusing on the meanings associated with their racial...
Immigrants to United States

The developments in science-based mechanics in the United States are due in large part to the immigration, in particular, of two outstanding mechanicians from Europe. Stephen P. Timoshenko arrived from Kiev, Ukraine, Russia, by way of Zagreb, Yugoslavia, in 1922, and Theodore von Karman arrived from Budapest, Hungary by way of Aachen, Germany (part time starting in 1926, permanently 1930). These two men knew each other well. They both had studied at the University of Gottingen in Germany working on stability under the guidance of Ludwig Prandtl. Timoshenko was in residence at Gottingen from April to September, 1905, for the summer of 1906, and again from April to September 1909. von Karman arrived in Gottingen in October 1906 and was there continuously, as student and then privat dozent (effectively instructor), until September 1912. While at Gottingen, both men took classes from mathematician Felix Klein and were influenced by Klein’s strong belief in the importance of applied mathematics, which was a rather new concept at the time. As Director of the group at Gottingen, Klein initiated chairs in applied mathematics and applied mechanics. He also established a close working research relationship between university and industry; a model that eventually would be followed by American universities such as Caltech, Stanford and MIT.
GRAMMAR AND FUNCTION: toward a discourse definition of syntax

This chapter discusses grammar and function toward a discourse definition of syntax. Given a rather theory-neutral goal for a syntactic description, the one of attempting to account for the inventory of meaningful elements in a language and their distributions, one may observe that the greatest distributional freedom and variety of meaningful elements occurs in the main, declarative, affirmative active clause-type. This is true of the distribution of both lexical items and syntactic constructions. On the other hand, the distribution of meaningful elements, both lexical items and syntactic constructions, in all other sentence–clause types is always more constrained. Formally, the dependency argument involves the assertion that given the syntactic variants B, C, D and the neutral pattern A, one can show that the structure of B, C, D is a function of the structure of A, but not vice versa. Underlying the economy argument, in all scientific inquiry, is the tacit assumption that in the absence of any empirical grounds for choosing between two alternative formalisms models, which describe the data in an equally exhaustive fashion, the mathematically less complex model is to be preferred.
The Primary Cilium as a Strain Amplifying Microdomain for Mechanotransduction at the Cell Membrane

The primary cilium is an extracellular organelle that transduces mechanical signals into intracellular signaling cascades. The cilium is accompanied by a dense collection of stretch-activated channels and proteins involved in mechanotransduction, which form a highly sensitive microdomain at the cell surface that serves to amplify detected stimuli. The putative stress buildup at the base of the cilium activates components in this microdomain to trigger signaling via second messengers such as calcium and cyclic AMP. Defects in the structure of the cilium and mutations in ciliary proteins disrupt the cilium’s ability to detect and transduce mechanical stimuli. This dysfunction at the cellular and molecular level translates to the organ and tissue level, resulting in disastrous diseases and syndromes spanning multiple organs. This chapter discusses the mechanisms for primary cilium-mediated mechanotransduction, the use of computational models to characterize cilium mechanics, modifications in cilium structure and composition to tune mechanosensitivity, and animal models created to explore cilium-based health complications.
Developing Great Lakes Literacy and Stewardship through a Nonformal Science Education Camp

Informal science education has received great attention nationally in recent years, however little has been included in the research or policy literature regarding camps as contexts for informal learning. This article first describes how a Great Lakes water resource education camp is based upon professional definitions of informal, nonformal and formal education. Next, we describe specific details of our long-running Michigan 4-H Great Lakes and Natural Resources Camp designed to foster teen leadership and watershed stewardship. The Camp utilizes research-based best practices in nonformal science education, Place Based Education, Great Lakes Literacy education, and environmental education, as we demonstrate through detailed literature review. We also provide details of quantitative impact evaluation conducted between 1999 and 2012 and involving over 700 youth participants. Youth received pre-Camp and immediate post-Camp surveys. The Camp had a positive impact on teens' Great Lakes literacy, place attachment, and stewardship intentions. We conclude with recommendations for designing nonformal water literacy education, based on guidelines from the National Research Council and from our experiences, to enhance whole-person development and deep learning through nonformal camp-based programs.
Wind in the Southern Hemisphere

The two editions of “Upper Winds over the World,” by Brooks, Durst, Carruthers, Dewar and Sawyer (1950) and Heastie and Stephenson (1960), and the atlases by Dubentsov and Davidova (1964), Guterman (1967), van Loon, Taljaard, Jenne and Crutcher (1971), and Jenne, Crutcher, van Loon and Taljaard (1971) provide comprehensive descriptions of the wind in the Southern Hemisphere. Other studies of the wind on the scale of the hemisphere, but of smaller volume than those above, were made by Flohn (1950), Jenkinson (1955), Lamb (1959), Phillpot (1962), Obasi (1963) and van Loon (1964). There are regional studies of the Indian Ocean by Lockwood (1963) and Frost and Stephenson (1965); of the African region by Hofmeyr (1961, 1962); and of South America by Schwerdtfeger and Martin (1964). The outstanding observations of the upper winds at Kerguelen Island (49S, 70E) are described by Barbe, Dumas and Reininger (1967).
Despite cultures: early Soviet rule in Tajikistan

In 1924, the Soviet Union began a comprehensive effort to build a state for the Central Asian ethnic group of Tajiks. The Soviets insisted unequivocally that their revolutionary state-building proj...
Manufacturing of Die-Upset Rare Earth–Iron–Boron Magnets With (Ce,La)-Mischmetal

Utilization of the relatively abundant and inexpensive (Ce,La)-mischmetal in manufacturing die-upset R–Fe–B magnets (R = rare earth) from melt-spun nanocrystalline alloys was attempted via: 1) the standard single-alloy process; 2) the diffusion of Nd and Pr from low-melting-temperature alloys blended into the magnet; and 3) the diffusion of Nd and Pr by infiltrating the magnet through its surface. No practically viable magnetic properties could be obtained without the introduction of Nd(Pr). Blending with the (Nd,Pr)-rich alloys was found to be less efficient for the development of coercivity than the single-alloy process; so was the infiltration of those precursors which had been alloyed with 0.5 at.% Ga. More efficient than the single-alloy process was infiltration of those precursors which had been alloyed with 2 at.% Si or with 1 at.% Zn. Coercivities of 7–10 kOe and energy products of 17–20 MGOe were obtained for magnets having 43%–55% of the R elements represented by Ce0.65La0.35 and containing overall 7.5–9.7 at.% Nd(Pr). The coercivity of the significantly hyper-stoichiometric (17–19 at.% R) (Ce,La)-containing alloys was found to decline 80% or more as a result of the deformation process, but partially recover after subsequent annealing. The latter improvement is likely to be caused by redistribution of the R-rich phases.
The Use of Electronic Media for Chemical Education Research

During spring 2010, I taught a one-semester survey course of general chemistry (CHEM 114). Some of these chemistry students also elected to participate in the university’s Structured Learning Assistance Program. These Structured Learning Assistance students met with an advanced undergraduate student for extra instruction. Structured Learning Assistance students typically outperformed the non-Structured Learning Assistance students in many markers for course success in prior semesters. What happens in the SLA sections? The answer to this question could potentially improve my entire CHEM 114 course and student learning in general.
COMMUNITY OF VOICES CHOIR STUDY TO PROMOTE HEALTH IN DIVERSE OLDER ADULTS

Author(s): Johnson, JK; Gregorich, S; Napoles, AM; Flatt, JD; Max, WB; Pounds, DL; Paniagua, A; Stewart, AL
Preliminary efficacy of service dogs as a complementary treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military members and veterans.

Objective Psychiatric service dogs are an emerging complementary treatment for military members and veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet despite anecdotal accounts of their value, there is a lack of empirical research on their efficacy. The current proof-of-concept study assessed the effects of this practice. Method A nonrandomized efficacy trial was conducted with 141 post-9/11 military members and veterans with PTSD to compare usual care alone (n = 66) with usual care plus a trained service dog (n = 75). The primary outcome was longitudinal change on The PTSD Checklist (PCL; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993), including data points from a cross-sectional assessment and a longitudinal record review. Secondary outcomes included cross-sectional differences in depression, quality of life, and social and work functioning. Results Mixed-model analyses revealed clinically significant reductions in PTSD symptoms from baseline following the receipt of a service dog, but not while receiving usual care alone. Though clinically meaningful, average reductions were not below the diagnostic cutoff on the PCL. Regression analyses revealed significant differences with medium to large effect sizes among those with service dogs compared with those on the waitlist, including lower depression, higher quality of life, and higher social functioning. There were no differences in employment status, but there was lower absenteeism because of health among those who were employed. Conclusion The addition of trained service dogs to usual care may confer clinically meaningful improvements in PTSD symptomology for military members and veterans with PTSD, though it does not appear to be associated with a loss of diagnosis. (PsycINFO Database Record
Dihydroergotamine Complicating Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome in Status Migrainosus

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a clinicoradiological syndrome that occurs due to dysfunction of cerebrovascular autoregulation. It is characterized by recurrent thunderclap headache from cerebral vasoconstriction which can cause ischemic infarction, spontaneous intraparenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage. This syndrome can be triggered by a variety of etiologies including medications, infectious, and inflammatory conditions. The diagnosis is often delayed due to unawareness among the health-care providers and delayed neuroimaging evidence of vasoconstriction with or without ischemic and/or hemorrhagic infarction. Status migrainosus is a prevalent condition requiring emergency room visits and inpatient admission. Thus, patients with RCVS can be easily misdiagnosed with migraine. We report a patient with RCVS misdiagnosed as status migrainosus with visual aura, treated with intravenous dihydroergotamine with worsening of cerebral vasoconstriction and lead to ischemic and hemorrhagic complications. We discuss this complication and provide guidance on differentiating between migraine and RCVS.
Educational Service Interventions and Reforms

Education—more specifically, special education—plays a unique and central role in addressing the problems of students with developmental disabilities. Proposed reforms of general and special education are thus critically important issues for developmental disabilities. Failure at school is tantamount to failure at life for children and youths, as school is the occupation of the young. The primary purpose of educational service interventions is to help youngsters with developmental disabilities have a successful school experience. Reforms that advance this purpose are beneficial; those that undermine or preclude it are misguided at best. We explain the central role of education in children’s lives, the necessity of special education and the nature of it, popular but misanthropic proposals for reform, and needed improvements in special education.
A Wavelet Variance Primer

Abstract The wavelet variance is a decomposition of the variance of a time series. Because of its scale-based nature, the wavelet variance offers insight into various time series, particularly in the physical sciences. This primer is a basic introduction to the wavelet variance, starting with its definition in terms of the discrete wavelet transform, proceeding with a discussion of the large-sample statistical properties of its basic estimators, and then continuing with an examination of estimators appropriate for time series with either missing values or contamination by discordant values. The discussion then moves to two uses of the wavelet variance involving its across-scale patterns, namely, estimation of exponents of power-law processes and estimations of characteristic scales. The primer closes with examples of the wavelet variance applied to time series involving atomic clocks, sea-ice thickness, the albedo of Arctic ice, X-ray fluctuations from binary stars, and coherent structures in river flow.
A Quantum Mechanical Theory of Ionic Diffusion

The predictions of a quantum mechanical tunneling theory of low concentration ionic diffusion will be discussed. The theory uses the Kubo formula for the diffusion coefficient, harmonic wavefunctions for the ions and polaronic wavefunctions for the lattice. All direct tunneling processes (including those between states of different energies) are included, as well as processes that involve tunneling accompanied by transitions within a well. An exact expression for the diffusion coefficient has been found, which exhibits qualitatively different characteristics in different parameter regimes (predicting, for example, the differences in the temperature-dependent isotope effects for hydrogen diffusion in bcc and fcc metals). In addition, the theory predicts that even in the purely tunneling regime the diffusion coefficient may become large and exhibit an activated form. Isotope effects and deviations from an Arrhenius behavior for diffusing particles other than hydrogen will also be discussed.
The Ethics of Randomized Trials in Oncology

This chapter focuses on ethical issues involved in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in oncology. It includes a brief review of the history of ethical issues in human research and selected historical examples, as well as an overview of existing ethical guidelines and codes for clinical research. It then discusses clinical trial design, including the benefits of randomized controlled trials, as well as the ethical issues surrounding RCT design including value, scientific validity, fair selection, randomization, the concept of equipoise, and control groups. Also covered briefly are the ethical issues involved in the conduct of clinical trials including regulation and oversight of trials, informed consent, and respect for participants. Special issues in oncology trials, such as phase I trials, and early stopping rules are also discussed. The chapter concludes with a case study: Ethical Issues in the BRIM-3 Trial, illustrating key points from this section.
Advanced Anodic Aluminum Oxide Interposer Fabrication and 3D Embedded Inductors

Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide (PAAO, AAO) is a promising material for electronic devices because of its thermal stability, low electrical loss, mechanical hardness, and low cost. In this paper, an advanced fabrication technology was carried out making AAO an interposer material. This technology featured fabricating through AAO vias, fully metallizing through vias, and finally building daisy chains and different types of embedded inductors directly on 100 µm bare AAO membrane without the support of aluminum foil. This fabrication technology took advantage of the special characteristic of nanopores to create vertical through vias in AAO membrane by wet chemical etch which means no semiconductor fabrication tool was needed to drill vias. The via dimension could be reduced to 10 µm in diameter and 30 µm in pitch easily. It is believed that if photolithography mask is well designed to compensate over-etch and if wet etchant concentration is accurately controlled, via with even smaller diameter will be highly achievable following the same process. Metallization of through vias did not need to bond AAO membrane to any carrier substrate, however, desirable solid filling of vias was still successfully accomplished instead of conformal electroplating in most of the glass interposer technologies. Redistribution layer (RDL) on both side of AAO membrane was finally formed by semi-additive process (SAP) to complete the manufacturing of daisy chain and embedded inductors. This advanced fabrication technology, compares to previous work, can be used to get even higher via density and, at the same time, create various passive devices on the same AAO membrane.
A Vacuum-Tube Guitar Amplifier Model Using Long/Short-Term Memory Networks

In a previous paper the authors use a recurrent network in the form of a NARX architecture to model the nonlinear behavior of a vacuum-tube guitar amplifier and its effects as applied to an electric guitar signal. The use of recurrent networks is important in the vacuum-tube modeling effort as the nonlinear dynamic responses are thought to be an important component in achieving the distortion that creates the sound treasured by rock guitarists and the fans of rock music. In this paper, we report on our current experiments evaluating the use of long/short-term memory (LSTM) units for modeling the dynamic nonlinear characteristics of a vacuum-tube guitar amplifier. It is our view that since LSTM units incorporate information from both recent and distant changes in state, they are useful for modeling the amplifier characteristics that produce the desired musical timbre. Our experiments involve investigating differing combinations of the hyperparameters of a deep learning network including the number of hidden layers, the number of units within each layer, and the type of unit within each layer. Model performance is evaluated using mean-square error and aural comparisons. Once the best architecture is determined, efforts will be put forth to minimize the hardware requirements for the implementation of the feedforward network.
Visual Constancies Amidst Changes in Handled Objects for 5- to 24-Month-Old Infants.

Manual skills slowly develop throughout infancy and have been shown to create clear views of objects that provide better support for visually sustained attention, recognition, memory, and learning. These clear views may coincide with the development of manual skills, or that social scaffolding supports clear viewing experiences like those generated by toddlers during active object exploration. This study used a head-mounted eye tracker to record 5- to 24-month-olds' object views during repeated mother-infant play sessions (Ns = 18). Results show an early beginning of scaffolding in which parents generate views similar to those of older infants and toddlers, resulting in increased fixations to objects. The finding implicates parents as early scaffolders of object attention and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]