cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poisson Processes and Applications

A single theme that binds together a number of important probabilistic concepts and distributions, and is at the same time a major tool to the applied probabilist and the applied statistician is the Poisson process. The Poisson process is a probabilistic model of situations where events occur completely at random at intermittent times, and we wish to study the number of times the particular event has occurred up to a specific time instant, or perhaps the waiting time till the next event, and so on. Some simple examples are receiving phone calls at a telephone call center, receiving an e-mail from someone, arrival of a customer at a pharmacy or some other store, catching a cold, occurrence of earthquakes, mechanical breakdown in a computer or some other machine, and so on. There is no end to how many examples we can think of, where an event happens, then nothing happens for a while, and then it happens again, and it keeps going like this, apparently at random. It is therefore not surprising that the Poisson process is such a valuable tool in the probabilist’s toolbox. It is also a fascinating feature of Poisson processes that it is connected in various interesting ways to a number of special distributions, including the Poisson, exponential, Gamma, Beta, uniform, binomial, and the multinomial. These embracing connections and wide applications make the Poisson process a very special topic in probability.
Monitoring Vital Signs and Postures During Sleep Using WiFi Signals

Tracking human sleeping postures and vital signs of breathing and heart rates during sleep is important as it can help to assess the general physical health of a person and provide useful clues for diagnosing possible diseases. Traditional approaches (e.g., polysomnography) are limited to clinic usage. Recent radio frequency-based approaches require specialized devices or dedicated wireless sensors and are only able to track breathing rate. In this paper, we propose to track the vital signs of both breathing rate and heart rate during sleep by using off-the-shelf WiFi without any wearable or dedicated devices. Our system reuses existing WiFi network and exploits the fine-grained channel information to capture the minute movements caused by breathing and heart beats. Our system thus has the potential to be widely deployed and perform continuous long-term monitoring. The developed algorithm makes use of the channel information in both time and frequency domain to estimate breathing and heart rates, and it works well when either individual or two persons are in bed. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that our system can accurately capture vital signs during sleep under realistic settings, and achieve comparable or even better performance comparing to traditional and existing approaches, which is a strong indication of providing noninvasive, continuous fine-grained vital signs monitoring without any additional cost.
Discourse Structure for Context Question Answering

In a real-world setting, questions are not asked in isolation, but rather in a cohesive manner that involves a sequence of related questions to meet user’s information needs. The capability to interpret and answer questions based on context is important. In this paper, we discuss the role of discourse modeling in context question answering. In particular, we motivate a semantic-rich discourse representation and discuss the impact of refined discourse structure on question answering.
Modes of Occurrence of Trace Elements and Minerals in Coal: An Analytical Approach

Recent analytical studies of coal have elucidated the modes of occurrence of many trace elements. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) work has shown that many trace elements can be present as micrometer-size accessory minerals. For example, Zn and Cd occur in sphalerite? Cu in chalcopyrite; Zr and Hf in zircon? rare earth elements (REE), Y, and Th in monazite and xenotime. Fission-track results indicate that U can occur as micrometer-size grains of uraninite, in zircons, or in organic combination. Most minerals in coals have either a detrital or an authigenic origin. More detailed studies are necessary to elucidate further the relationships among the trace elements, minerals, and organic components in coal.
Underpricing of IPOs of U.S. Family Controlled Businesses

This paper evaluates the initial public offering to determine if there is any significant difference in the underpricing between Family Controlled Businesses (FCBs) and Non-Family Controlled Businesses (NFCBs), which in turn can shed light into the control and operational differences between the two groups. This study evaluates first day underpricing of IPOs in FCB versus NFCB during the 1996-2004 period and finds that FCBs experienced less underpricing on the first day of trading versus NFCBs. The FCBs paid higher underwriting fees for a less prestigious Investment Banker but experienced less underpricing.
Characterizing delamination growth in graphite-epoxy

As part of an overall effort to develop durability and damage tolerance methodology for graphite-epoxy composites, coupon specimens have been developed to measure the fundamental static fracture and subcritical growth behavior of delaminations. Two basic designs, one for the tensile opening mode (Mode I) and one for the forward shear mode (Mode II), are described. These specimens were used to characterize the behavior of two types of interfaces (0/0 and 0/90) for static fracture, constant amplitude fatigue, and spectrum fatigue. Fracture mechanics technology was applied through the principles of strain-energy release rate. Three-dimensional finite-element analyses were employed to interpret the experimental results. A simple growth law was shown to correlate the constant-amplitude and spectrum-growth data. It was found that the applied cyclic load must be nearly equal to the critical static load to obtain observable growth in the tensile opening mode. On the other hand, the graphite-epoxy delamination growth rate in the forward shear mode is comparable to the aluminum growth rate in tension, which suggests that shear is the chief subcritical growth mode for graphite-epoxy.
Repeat-associated non-AUG translation in C9orf72-ALS/FTD is driven by neuronal excitation and stress

Nucleotide repeat expansions (NREs) are prevalent mutations in a multitude of neurodegenerative diseases. Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of these repeat regions produces mono or dipeptides that contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. However, the mechanisms and drivers of RAN translation are not well understood. Here we analyzed whether different cellular stressors promote RAN translation of dipeptide repeats (DPRs) associated with the G4C2 hexanucleotide expansions in C9orf72, the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We found that activating glutamate receptors or optogenetically increasing neuronal activity by repetitive trains of depolarization induced DPR formation in primary cortical neurons and patient derived spinal motor neurons. Increases in the integrated stress response (ISR) were concomitant with increased RAN translation of DPRs, both in neurons and different cell lines. Targeting phosphorylated-PERK and the phosphorylated-eif2α complex reduces DPR levels revealing a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate DPR-dependent disease pathogenesis in NRE-linked diseases.
Protest Leadership and Repertoire: A Comparative Analysis of Peasant Protest in Hunan in the 1990s

Based on detailed ethnographic fieldwork, this paper compares two cases of peasant protest against heavy taxes and fees in a northern Hunan county in the 1990s. It argues that peasant protest did not arise spontaneously. Rather, it erupted when leaders emerged who used central policy documents on lowering peasant taxes and fees to mobilise peasants. Protest leaders were articulate and public-spirited peasants who had received political training from the local party-state. Furthermore, the number of leaders, their education level, and their relationship with the local party-state explain why the repertoire and the scope of the two protests varied. Protests led by less educated veteran Communist Party cadres tended to be milder and smaller than those led by better-educated peasants more distant from the local party-state. This paper helps us to understand the process of peasant mobilisation in contemporary China and explains why peasant protest varies across cases.
Growth Factors (Third Generation Wound Healing Agents) and Hormones

In neuropathic non infected wounds, growth factors give good results. PDGF and EGF are only two growth factors available in the market. They should be used with proper wound care practices with wound bed preparation, offloading and immobilization. Male and female sex hormones also play a role in healing process.
The Role of Desensitization in Kidney Paired Donation

Kidney paired donation (KPD), desensitization, and prioritization in the deceased donor kidney allocation system (KAS) are current options to facilitate kidney transplant in difficult-to-match, highly sensitized patients. KPD participation has increased while new desensitization tools are developed. We review these trends and discuss the combined role of desensitization and KPD. According to the National Kidney Registry (NKR), KPD utilizing desensitization decreased while the number of highly sensitized KPD transplants and deceased donor transplants increased over the past decade. This is likely because of large KPD registries and the national allocation of deceased donor kidneys that allow highly sensitized patients to find compatible matches without the need for desensitization. Highly sensitized patients with incompatible living donors should be entered into a KPD registry while simultaneously considered for deceased donor transplant. Those patients who do not find a compatible match within a year should be considered for desensitization.
Hydrodynamic ejection caused by laser-induced optical breakdown

A focused laser can cause local optical breakdown of a gas, which leads to rapid deposition of energy into a high-temperature plasma kernel that expands and induces a complex flow. For some conditions, hot gas is rapidly ejected along the laser axis up to distances several times the kernel size, with a particularly curious feature: relatively small changes in, for example, initial pressure can cause the direction of this ejection to reverse. Detailed axisymmetric simulations of a model energy kernel in an inert gas provide a hydrodynamic description of this phenomenon, reproducing key observations in corresponding experiments, including the vortex-ring-like features that constitute the ejection. These simulations are analysed to show how changes in the early-time kernel can lead to ejection or its reversal via alteration in the relative strength and position of the vorticity produced. A corresponding semi-infinite geometry is used to isolate two mechanisms: vorticity production by the generated shock and by baroclinic torque at the kernel boundary. Dependence on the initial kernel asymmetry is quantified, as it ultimately determines whether the vorticity, upon its subsequent evolution, develops into the ring-like structure that ejects. Even simple elongation of the energy kernel alone can reverse the direction.
Dose-dependent skeletal deficits due to varied reductions in mechanical loading in rats

Reduced skeletal loading leads to marked bone loss. Animal models of hindlimb suspension are widely used to assess alterations in skeleton during the course of complete unloading. More recently, the effects of partial unloading on the musculoskeletal system have been interrogated in mice and rats, revealing dose-dependent effects of partial weight bearing (PWB) on the skeleton and skeletal muscle. Here, we extended these studies to determine the structural and functional skeletal alterations in 14-week-old male Wister rats exposed to 20%, 40%, 70%, or 100% of body weight for 1, 2, or 4 weeks (n = 11–12/group). Using in vivo pQCT, we found that trabecular bone density at the proximal tibia declined in proportion to the degree of unloading and continued progressively with time, without evidence of a plateau by 4 weeks. Ex vivo measurements of trabecular microarchitecture in the distal femur by microcomputed tomography revealed deficits in bone volume fraction, 2 and 4 weeks after unloading. Histologic analyses of trabecular bone in the distal femur revealed the decreased osteoblast number and mineralizing surface in unloaded rats. Three-point bending of the femoral diaphysis indicated modest or no reductions in femoral stiffness and estimated modulus due to PWB. Our results suggest that this rat model of PWB leads to trabecular bone deterioration that is progressive and generally proportional to the degree of PWB, with minimal effects on cortical bone.
Irreparable Breach or Late-Medieval Reform? Luther’s Address to the Christian Nobility and the Conciliar Reform Tradition

Martin Luther’s 1520 reform treatise, Address to the Christian Nobility, notably pleaded to secular authorities to help reform the German territorial churches of the Empire. Treatments of the Addre...
A Case of Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease in a 7-Year-Old African American Patient: A Case Report and Review of Literature

BACKGROUND Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a rare self-limited necrotizing lymphadenitis which is likely under-diagnosed in pediatric patients who present with fever of unknown origin and lymphadenopathy. Definitive diagnosis is challenging as it requires an invasive open lymph node biopsy or lymph node needle aspiration cytology that shows pathologic findings of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis. CASE REPORT We report the case of one of the youngest patients diagnosed with KFD in the United States, at the age of 7 years. KFD has a higher prevalence in patients of Asian descent, but this patient was an African American. This case report shows the often convoluted and complicated course these patients undergo with their presenting complaints of fever of unknown origin and lymphadenopathy and highlights particular clinical findings that suggest KFD. CONCLUSIONS This patient is one of the youngest persons diagnosed with KFD in the United States, with an atypical ethnic background. It is likely that KFD is under-recognized and under-diagnosed in this population. With a broad differential diagnosis for fever of unknown origin and lymphadenopathy, awareness of KFD as a potential diagnosis may reduce other unnecessary investigations. The increased risk of patients with KFD of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) accentuates the importance of an accurate diagnosis and appropriate referral for heightened surveillance after recovery.
A time-domain electromechanical co-simulation framework for power system transient analysis with retainment of user defined models

Abstract This paper proposes a time-domain electromechanical co-simulation framework to accomplish concurrent running of multiple simulators in order to preserve user-defined models and allow maximum simulation accuracy for power system transient analysis. A middleware interface is developed to manage the interaction and synchronization of the multiple simulators via boundary model. Consequently, it eliminates the requirement of model conversion of each subsystem and thus ensure the user-defined models in each specific software are retained for entire system situational awareness. Preliminary testing results on 140-bus Northeastern Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) model validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed framework for PSS/E and PSLF co-simulation.
The Lived Experience of Mothers Who Are Homeless and Participated in an Occupational Therapy Leisure Craft Group

This phenomenological, qualitative, pilot investigation gained insight into the lived experience of mothers, living in an emergency homeless shelter, who participated in a twice weekly occupational...
PARROT: a flexible recurrent neural network framework for analysis of large protein datasets

ABSTRACT The rise of high-throughput experiments has transformed how scientists approach biological questions. The ubiquity of large-scale assays that can test thousands of samples in a day has necessitated the development of new computational approaches to interpret this data. Among these tools, machine learning approaches are increasingly being utilized due to their ability to infer complex non-linear patterns from high-dimensional data. Despite their effectiveness, machine learning (and in particular deep learning) approaches are not always accessible or easy to implement for those with limited computational expertise. Here we present PARROT, a general framework for training and applying deep learning-based predictors on large protein datasets. Using an internal recurrent neural network architecture, PARROT is capable of tackling both classification and regression tasks while only requiring raw protein sequences as input. We showcase the potential uses of PARROT on three diverse machine learning tasks: predicting phosphorylation sites, predicting transcriptional activation function of peptides generated by high-throughput reporter assays, and predicting the fibrillization propensity of amyloid beta with data generated by deep mutational scanning. Through these examples, we demonstrate that PARROT is easy to use, performs comparably to state-of-the-art computational tools, and is applicable for a wide array of biological problems.
20-HETE Participates in Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Acute Injury by Promoting Cell Ferroptosis

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a highly fatal type of stroke that leads to various types of neuronal death. Recently, ferroptosis, a form of cell death resulting from iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation, was observed in a mouse ICH model. N-hydroxy-Nʹ-(4-n-butyl-2-methylphenyl)-formamidine (HET0016), which inhibits synthesis of the arachidonic acid metabolite 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), has shown a protective effect after ICH. However, the underlying mechanisms of the neuroprotective effect need further investigation. We explored whether 20-HETE participates in ICH-induced ferroptosis ex vivo by using hemoglobin-treated organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) and in vivo by using a collagenase-induced ICH mouse model. Ex vivo, we found that the 20-HETE synthesis inhibitor HET0016 and antagonist 20-6,15-HEDGE reduced hemoglobin-induced cell death, iron deposition, and lipid reactive oxygen species levels in OHSCs. Furthermore, 20-HETE inhibition in OHSCs increased the expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 4, an antioxidant enzyme that serves as a main regulator of ferroptosis. In contrast, the 20-HETE stable mimetic 20-5,14-HEDGE induced massive cell death in OHSCs that was significantly inhibited by the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1. In vivo, HET0016 treatment ameliorated focal deficits, reduced lesion volume, and decreased iron accumulation around the lesion at days 3 and 7 after ICH. In addition, lipid peroxidation was decreased and expression of GPX4 was increased in the HET0016-treated ICH group. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway also was inhibited by HET0016 in vivo. These results indicate that 20-HETE contributes to ICH-induced brain injury in part by activating ferroptosis pathways, thereby providing an upstream target for inhibiting ferroptosis.
Lipid Modification of Proteins

Proteins can be covalently modified with a variety of different lipids, including fatty acids, cholesterol, isoprenoids, phospholipids, and diacylglyceryl lipids. Proteins that are fatty acylated contain amide-linked myristate or thioester-linked palmitate. Alternative modes of fatty acid attachment include amide-linked palmitate (hedgehog proteins) or oxyester-linked palmitoleate or octanoate. Most prenylated proteins are small G proteins containing thioether-linked farnesyl or geranylgeranyl. More than one lipophilic group can be attached to a protein, for example, myristate + palmitate, farnesyl + palmitate or palmitate + cholesterol. In addition, larger and more complex structures are found in mammalian proteins modified with a phospholipid or with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor and in tri-fatty acylated bacterial lipoproteins. Each of these lipid modifications has been shown to regulate structure, localisation and/or function of the modified proteins.
Nonlinear multigrid optimization for Bayesian diffusion tomography

Optical diffusion tomography attempts to reconstruct an object cross section (a highly scattering media such as tissue) from measurements of scattered and attenuated light. While Bayesian approaches are well suited to this difficult nonlinear inverse problem, the resulting optimization problem is very computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear multigrid technique for computing the maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstruction in the optical diffusion tomography problem. The multigrid approach improves reconstruction quality by avoiding a local minimum. In addition, it dramatically reduces computation. Each iteration of the algorithm alternates a Born approximation step with a single cycle of a nonlinear multigrid algorithm.
A contracts-based approach for spectrum sharing among cognitive radios

Development of dynamic spectrum access and allocation techniques recently have made feasible the vision of cognitive radio systems. However, a fundamental question arises: Why would licensed primary users of a spectrum band allow secondary users to share the band and degrade performance for them? This incentive issue has been sought to be addressed by designing incentive-compatible auction mechanisms [3]. This, however, does not solve the problem as the auctioneer (usually the primary user) is also an interested party. So, why would the secondary user trust the primary user to not manipulate the auction. We propose that a more appropriate mechanism to solve this incentive problem is a contractual mechanism. In this paper, we consider a simple setting: A single primary transmitter-receiver pair and a single secondary transmitter-receiver pair with a Gaussian interference channel between them. We consider the setting of complete information when channel attenuation coefficients and noise levels at the receivers are common knowledge. We consider when receivers cooperate to do successive-interference cancellation. In contrast to the results of [4] for unlicensed bands, we show that it is possible to achieve socially optimal rate allocations with contract mechanisms in licensed bands.
New Insights into Wnt–Lrp5/6–β-Catenin Signaling in Mechanotransduction

Mechanical loading is essential to maintain normal bone metabolism and the balance between bone formation and resorption. The cellular mechanisms that control mechanotransduction are not fully defined, but several key pathways have been identified. We discuss the roles of several components of the Wnt signaling cascade, namely Lrp5, Lrp6, and β-catenin in mechanical loading-induced bone formation. Lrp5 is an important Wnt co-receptor for regulating bone mass and mechanotransduction, and appears to function principally by augmenting bone formation. Lrp6 also regulates bone mass but its action might involve resorption as well as formation. The role of Lrp6 in mechanotransduction is unclear. Studies addressing the role of β-catenin in bone metabolism and mechanotransduction highlight the uncertainties in downstream modulators of Lrp5 and Lrp6. Taken together, these data indicate that mechanical loading might affect bone regulation triggering the canonical Wnt signaling (and perhaps other pathways) not only via Lrp5 but also via Lrp6. Further work is needed to clarify the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in Lrp5 and/or Lrp6-mediated mechanotransduction, which could eventually lead to powerful therapeutic agents that might mimic the anabolic effects of mechanical stimulation.
Minimally invasive surgical treatment of Bertolotti's Syndrome: case report.

Objective This article aims to provide more insight into the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of Bertolotti's syndrome, which is a rare spinal disorder that is very difficult to recognize and diagnose correctly. The syndrome was first described by Bertolotti in 1917 and affects approximately 4 to 8% of the population. It is characterized by an enlarged transverse process at the most caudal lumbar vertebra with a pseudoarticulation of the transverse process and the sacral ala. It tends to present with low back pain and may be confused with facet and sacroiliac joint disease. Methods In this case report, we describe a 40-year-old man who presented with low back pain and was eventually diagnosed with Bertolotti's syndrome. The correct diagnosis was made based on imaging studies which included computed tomographic scans, plain x-rays, and magnetic resonance imaging scans. The patient experienced temporary relief when the abnormal pseudoarticulation was injected with a cocktail consisting of lidocaine and steroids. In order to minimize the trauma associated with surgical treatment, a minimally invasive approach was chosen to resect the anomalous transverse process with the accompanying pseudoarticulation. Results The patient did well postoperatively and had 97% resolution of his pain at 6 months after surgery. Conclusion As with conventional surgical approaches, a complete knowledge of anatomy is required for minimally invasive spine surgery. This case is an example of the expanding utility of minimally invasive approaches in treating spinal disorders.
The Model Theory of Concurrency

Process algebras such as Milner's Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) are universalist, i.e., they assume that there is a single universe in which expressions are to be interpreted. We begin an investigation of a model theoretic approach to concurrency in which there are many universes. The classical result reconciling the universalist and model theoretic approaches in equational logic is the theorem of Birkhoff stating that the equations true in a variety are precisely the equations that hold in a free algebra in the variety. We prove a somewhat restricted analogue of Birkhoff's theorem for concurrent algebras, where the main relation is observational equivalence rather than equality.
Case studies: Commercial domain, single mining tasks systems: TETRAD II

The TETRAD programs, now in their third edition, use independence and conditional independence relations found in a data set to suggest a causal Bayes net, or directed graphical model, or collection of such models. Users can specify background knowledge restricting the possible causal explanations and can search with or without the assumption that there are no unmeasured common causes or confounders. Models with discrete variables or linear models can be produced. The program includes a facility for Monte Carlo simulations, and TETRAD III includes a Gibbs sampler for Bayesian estimation of linear models. The programs have been applied to a variety of scientific problems.
Hypnosis in pediatrics: applications at a pediatric pulmonary center

Background This report describes the utility of hypnosis for patients who presented to a Pediatric Pulmonary Center over a 30 month period.
The Future Role of Interventional Neurology - A Survey of Neurology Department Chairmen. (P4.244)

Objective: Determine the perceptions of neurology chairman with regard to the field of interventional neurology. Background: Interventional Neurology otherwise known as Endovascular Surgical Neuroradiology (ESN)) is a relatively new specialty for Neurology trained physicians supported by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN). How Interventional Neurology trained Neurologists are perceived in the neurology community, the professional opportunities available to them and the perceived challenges Neurology departments face in hiring them remain unknown. Design/Methods: Chairmen of all departments having a neurology residency program in the United States were surveyed using an online questionnaire and they provided responses to questions pertaining to the current and future role of Interventional Neurology in neurology departments. Results: There were 82 programs with ACGME accredited residency programs identified for the survey. Of these 98.7% (81 of 82) Neurology department Chairmen responded to the survey. 73.8% of respondents felt that Interventional Neurology was as important as any other subspecialty in Neurology. 78.67% of responders were in favor of hiring Interventional Neurology trained physicians from the Neurology background. 89.2% of responders thought that neurologists yield the same level of quality of service and outcome as those performed by other ESN trained physicians from other backgrounds. Conclusions: Enthusiasm amongst neurology department chairmen for the new subspecialty of Interventional Neurology has been high. Neurologists are well accepted by department chairmen and thought to provide procedural care to patients with cerebrovascular disease. Most chairmen felt that Neurologists will continue to play a leading role in the field of Interventional Neurology and will be at the forefront in developing guidelines, research and clinical trials. Disclosure: Dr. Leschke has nothing to disclose.
Gender Differences in Murine Airway Responsiveness and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation

The roles of gender and sex hormones in lung function and disease are complex and not completely understood. The present study examined the influence of gender on lung function and respiratory mechanics in naive mice and on acute airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness induced by intratracheal LPS administration. Basal lung function characteristics did not differ between naive males and females, but males demonstrated significantly greater airway responsiveness than females following aerosolized methacholine challenge as evidenced by increased respiratory system resistance and elastance (p < 0.05). Following LPS administration, males developed more severe hypothermia and greater airway hyperresponsiveness than females (p < 0.05). Inflammatory indices including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total cells, neutrophils, and TNF-α content were greater in males than in females 6 h following LPS administration (p < 0.05), whereas whole-lung TLR-4 protein levels did not differ among treatment groups, suggesting that differential expression of TLR-4 before or after LPS exposure did not underlie the observed inflammatory outcomes. Gonadectomy decreased airway inflammation in males but did not alter inflammation in females, whereas administration of exogenous testosterone to intact females increased their inflammatory responses to levels observed in intact males. LPS-induced airway hyperresponsiveness was also decreased in castrated males and was increased in females administered exogenous testosterone. Collectively, these data indicate that airway responsiveness in naive mice is influenced by gender, and that male mice have exaggerated airway inflammatory and functional responses to LPS compared with females. These gender differences are mediated, at least in part, by effects of androgens.
So, you want to be a business professor?

Abstract Career transitions within the same industry are challenging enough, but transitions across sectors are even more difficult. Underlying cultural and operational differences between industry and academia present significant hidden obstacles for practitioners seeking to become teachers in higher education. To help expose these challenges, I recount—in this Executive Digest—my personal experiences leaving the consulting profession for a role as a faculty member at the Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. I offer comparisons between the two career models, illustrate specific examples of misaligned expectations, and conclude with practical suggestions to ease the transition and set forth a solid foundation for longevity in academia for non-researchers.
Review Symposium: Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. By Loïc Wacquant (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009, 384pp. £58.99 hb, £11.65 pbk) Reviews by Joe Sim, Barbara Hudson, Desmond King, Magnus Hörnqvist and Alessandro De Giorgi

Review Symposium: Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. By Loic Wacquant
An improved algorithm for balanced POD through an analytic treatment of impulse response tails

We present a modification of the balanced proper orthogonal decomposition (balanced POD) algorithm for systems with simple impulse response tails. In this new method, we use dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) to estimate the slowly decaying eigenvectors that dominate the long-time behavior of the direct and adjoint impulse responses. This is done using a new, low-memory variant of the DMD algorithm, appropriate for large datasets. We then formulate analytic expressions for the contribution of these eigenvectors to the controllability and observability Gramians. These contributions can be accounted for in the balanced POD algorithm by simply appending the impulse response snapshot matrices (direct and adjoint, respectively) with particular linear combinations of the slow eigenvectors. Aside from these additions to the snapshot matrices, the algorithm remains unchanged. By treating the tails analytically, we eliminate the need to run long impulse response simulations, lowering storage requirements and speeding up ensuing computations. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we apply this method to two examples: the linearized, complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, and the two-dimensional fluid flow past a cylinder. As expected, reduced-order models computed using an analytic tail match or exceed the accuracy of those computed using the standard balanced POD procedure, at a fraction of the cost.
Effects of rubratoxin B on the hepatic monooxygenase system in phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene induced male mice

Abstract Alterations in the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system and in the concentrations of rubratoxin B in urine and feces were examined in male mice pretreated with corn oil, phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and then given a single i.p. dose of rubratoxin B (1 mg/2.5 ml propylene glycol/kg). Twenty-four hours later the following parameters were determined: hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, enzyme activities of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADPH-dependent dehydrogenase, aniline hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase, and hapatic microsomal protein and reduced glutathione levels. Excretion of rubratoxin B in urine and feces also was determined. Rubratoxin B reduced the elevated cytochrome P-450 (136%, 134%) and protein (128%, 112%) to control values in animals pretreated with phenobarbital or 3MC, respectively; whereas, in the corn oil pretreated group, the mycotoxin reduced cytochrome P-450 by 38%. Aniline hydroxylase activity was reduced 31% or more in all pretreated animals. Rubratoxin B did not affect ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity in mice pretreated with phenobarbital; however, the enzyme activity was decreased significantly in the 3MC group. Rubratoxin B reduced the hepatic glutathione level in animals receiving 3MC (33%) or corn oil (22%). More rubratoxin B was detected in the urine than in the feces regardless of pretreatment. Only trace amounts of toxin were detected in the feces of animals from the 3MC group. These data suggest a greater effect of rubratoxin B in the 3MC pretreated mice than in the phenobarbital animals.
Richard Gitzelmann (23rd February 1930–31st October 2013)

Richard Gitzelmann, an international pioneer in inborn errors of metabolism and promoter of newborn screening in Switzerland, passed away on October 31st 2013. He was a member of the circle of important paediatricians who shaped the development of child and adolescent medicine during the second half of the last century and helped to establish the high international reputation of Swiss paediatrics. Richard Gitzelmann studied medicine in Zurich and completed his medical degree in 1955. His dissertation in 1956 with the title ‘Glucagon Problems in Glycogen Storage Diseases’ already signalled his future area of interest. From 1957 to 1960, he learned the ‘tricks of the trade’ in general paediatrics as a junior doctor in the University Children’s Hospital Zurich, then headed by Prof. Guido Fanconi. With his special training in the USA from 1960 to 1963, he made career-shaping decisions; first, as a Research Fellow at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, then as a Fellow at the Clinical Research Unit at Duke University, Durham. Following his return to the Children’s Hospital Zurich in 1963, he ran his ownmetabolic laboratory. In 1965, he defined a previously unknown metabolic block, galactose kinase deficiency, in a patient previously reported by Guido Fanconi as atypical galactosaemia. The resulting publication with the title ‘Deficiency of erythrocyte galactose kinase in a patient with galactose diabetes’ appeared in the Lancet making him well known in the metabolic circle almost overnight [7]. In 1967, RG qualified in the university with his thesis being a followup publication in the very first edition of Pediatric Research [8]— this paper was selected as a Citation Classic in Current
Simulation of elevated long-range plume transport using a mesoscale meteorological model

A three-dimensional mesoscale meteorological model was used to construct a modeling system in order to investigate atmospheric dispersion in mesoscale flow fields. The mesoscale model was first coupled to a three-dimensional Monte Carlo (Lagrangian particle) dispersion model, and then an Eulerian dispersion model was embedded into the mesoscale model. Both the Eulerian model and the Monte Carlo model are based on the wind and turbulence fields simulated by the mesoscale model. The modeling system was then applied to the Tennessee Plume Study field experiments on 23 August 1978. The field experiments were basically designed to provide information on the dynamics of plume transport over long distances, and primarily targeted the plume from the Cumberland steam plant. Wind and turbulence fields were first simulated by the mesoscale model. The transport and diffusion of pollutants from the Cumberland steam plant were then simulated by the dispersion models, using these wind and turbulence fields. The results demonstrated that the modeling system generally performed satisfactorily, reproducing the trajectory and spread of the Cumberland plume.
The synaptic glomerulus and the intrinsic neuron in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat

The morphological characteristics of Class III, Golgi Type II neurons are analyzed in Golgi impregnations of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the cat with special attention given to the complex dendritic appendages of these cells, the multilobed dendritic terminals. In addition, electron microscopic studies demonstrate the presence of presynaptic dendritic (ID) terminals as major components of synaptic glomeruli. Electron microscopic analysis of serial thin sections confirm the dendritic origin and the complex, multilobed nature of these terminals. An hypothesis is proposed identifying the ID terminal with the multilobed dendritic terminals of light microscopically identified Class III cells and the IA terminal, the “peripheral axon” of the glomerulus, with the axonal endings of all Golgi Type II cells. The Class III neuron has a short axon ramifying near the cell of origin. The axon terminates in boutons en passant and boutons terminaux: single, bilobed or “claw-like” endings. Optic axons terminate not in “claw-like” fashion, as previously thought, but in club-shaped endings with scalloped silhouettes. The principal dendrites of Class III cells are characterized by long-stalked appendages, often multilobed and occurring at the end of preterminal stalks 5 to 100 μ in length. One impregnated multilobed terminal studied in the electron microscope was found to innervate two adjacent glomeruli. The relationship of ID terminals to optic axon terminals and to other processes in synaptic glomeruli is analysed with the aid of the electron microscope. The ID terminal contains vesicles of the same size as those in presynaptic dendrites and makes small, macular synaptic contacts with other pre- and postsynaptic dendrites. ID terminals are the only elements in the LGN which synapse on others of their own kind, and are postsynaptic to all types of axon identified. As the only postsynaptic processes containing synaptic vesicles in the dorsal layers of the LGN, they support the conclusion that there are no axo-axonic synapses in these layers. The ID terminal, the optic terminal and spinous dendrites originating presumably from geniculo-cortical relay (GCR) cells, are seen to enter into a triadic relationship characteristic of the synaptic glomerulus in which the presynaptic dendrite synapses on the spinous dendrites and the optic terminal synapses on both dendrites. ID terminals reconstructed from serial sections communicate as “internuncial” presynaptic dendrites between optic central axons in adjacent synaptic glomeruli. IA terminals, which like ID terminals contain flattened vesicles, are presynaptic to ID terminals, as well as to postsynaptic dendrites, cell somata and axon initial segments. A model for the internuncial character of multilobed dendritic terminals and the potential for inhibition of Golgi Type II axon terminals is proposed, and theories about the function of Golgi Type II cells in lateral geniculate transmission are briefly considered.
A Temperature Stabilized Tachometer for the Fuel Efficient Automobile

In this day of energy conversion and high petroleum costs the optimum consumption of fuel is the goal of all owners of gas and diesel vehicles. The tachometer used with internal combustion engines permits engine revolution monitoring and with proper driver control increased kilometers per litre. The use of electronic automobile tachometers has not been popular because their linearity throughout the necessary RPM range leaves much to be desired due to their temperature instability. This report gives details of the design of a temperature-stable diode-pump automobile tachometer. The use of an unbalanced bridge circuit to interface the diode pump was found to reduce the changes in pump count caused by a temperature gradient. The original work, as reported here, was designed for a hand held instrument to be used by a mechanic. The identical circuitry has been applied to a digital-readout dashboard-mounted automobile tachometer. Diesel engines have used an inductance pick-up from the timing mark groove on the flywheel.
Anthropogenic nutrient pollution of coral reefs in Southern Bahia, Brazil

B S T R A C T Spatial, temporal and anthropogenic controls on nutrient distribution were evaluated for nearshore and offshore reefs at Porto Seguro Bay, Southern Bahia. Water samples were analysed for total oxidised nitrogen (TON), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), reactive silica (DSi), and chlorophyll
Network model of the effects of spinal cord stimulation

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an established treatment for chronic pain. However, SCS only provides 50% or greater pain relief to approximately 60% of patients, and the efficacy of SCS tends to decline over time. Efforts to optimize SCS have focused on the spatial aspects of SCS such as electrode design and electrode geometry while neglecting stimulation parameter selection and have assumed that the dorsal horn pain processing network is static. We developed a biophysical network model of the dorsal horn circuit capable of reproducing key electrophysiological data relevant to pain processing. Using this model, we simulated the effects of SCS applied at between 5 Hz and 150 Hz on the activity of projection neurons responsible for relaying pain signals to the brain. SCS at 30-100 Hz produced maximal inhibition of projection neuron activity. Furthermore, we quantified responses to SCS with diminished levels of inhibition in the dorsal horn to simulate the effect of disease progression. The degree to which projection neurons were inhibited by SCS declined as the strength of inhibitory mechanisms was reduced, and the optimal SCS frequency decreased to 15 Hz. Our simulation results suggest that the efficacy of SCS is dependent on stimulation frequency and that the loss of dorsal horn inhibition during chronic pain may explain the decline in SCS efficacy over time. These findings provide insights regarding the mechanisms of SCS and pave the way for improved SCS stimulation parameter selection.
Propagation distance of surface electromagnetic waves on two metal-oxide-air systems☆

Abstract The propagation distance of surface electromagnetic waves on a copper-cuprous oxide-air system was measured using two prism couplers, for oxide thickness between 20 A and 2000 A, and wavelengths from 9.2 μm to 10.8 μm. The copper sample consisted of an evaporated copper film on glass, with an oxide film overlayer grown by heating in air. The measured values of propagation distance agree well with computer-calculated solutions of the three-media dispersion relation. Similar measurements made on a polished surface of rolled titanium, oxidized by heating in air, give agreement only to within 50%. Auger analysis indicated that a carbide impurity on the highly reactive titanium surface and a variation of the titanium oxide composition with thickness both contributed to the disagreement between measured and calculated values of propagation distance.
Second report on the experimental progress of the one microsecond, one kilojoule per pulse L-band relativistic klystron at Los Alamos

Work is continuing on a high-current relativistic klystron amplifier (RKA) with the goal of producing 1 kJ per pulse with a 1 microsecond(s) pulsewidth and a peak power of 1 GW. The three cavity tube has already produced pulses with more than 150 J and over 450 MW peak power. The original output cavity was thought to be limiting the performance, and a new cavity has been designed, built, and is now on-line and being conditioned up towards high power. Current experimental results are presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.