cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A smart wheelchair ecosystem for autonomous navigation in urban environments

In this paper, we present a system level approach to smart wheelchair system (SWS) navigation in urban environments. The proposed SWS ecosystem has two primary components: a mapping service which generates large-scale landmark maps, and the SWS vehicle itself, which is a client of the mapping service. The SWS prototype integrates 3D LIDAR/imaging systems which provide robust perception in unstructured, outdoor environments. It also leverages these same sensors for map-based localization. In demonstrating the efficacy of the approach, the SWS navigated autonomously over a distance of more than 12 km in a representative urban environment without once losing localization, and without the use of GPS.
Wirelike charge transport dynamics for DNA-lipid complexes in chloroform

The dynamics of charge separation and charge recombination have been determined for lipid complexes of DNA capped hairpins possessing stilbene electron-acceptor and -donor chromophores separated by base-pair domains that vary in length and base sequence in chloroform solution by means of femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. The results obtained for the DNA-lipid complexes are compared with those previously obtained in our laboratories for the same hairpins in aqueous buffer. The charge separation and charge recombination times for the lipid complexes are consistently much shorter than those determined in aqueous solution and are only weakly dependent on the number of base pairs separating the acceptor and donor. The enhanced rate constants for forward and return charge transport in DNA-lipid complexes support proposals that solvent gating is responsible, to a significant extent, for the relatively low rates of charge transport for DNA in water. Moreover, they suggest that DNA-lipid complexes may prove useful in the development of DNA-based molecular electronic devices.
“One Voice–One Vision” for Wisconsin Pharmacy

Abstract Objective To describe how a new organization, reflecting a new vision and unifying the pharmacists of Wisconsin, was created by bringing together organizationally the resources and memberships of the Wisconsin Pharmacists Association and the Wisconsin Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Setting State of Wisconsin. Description The boards of directors of the two precursor organizations initiated an exploration of the desirability and feasibility of creating a single, new organization to represent, with a unified voice, all of Wisconsin's pharmacists. This two-year effort resulted in the creation of the Pharmacy Society of Wisconsin (PSW) on January 1, 1998. Innovation The new organization builds on the strengths and resources of two pharmacy organizations that previously represented divergent views and practice settings. PSW offers a new vision and level of service to its members and to pharmacy students. It presents a single voice to patients, other health care providers, and governmental agencies. Results The creation of the Society was supported unanimously by the two boards of directors and by 98% of the voting membership of the two previous organizations. Conclusion Through a deliberate and extensive planning and organizational process, two vigorous professional organizations were able to recognize the importance of combining their resources into a new single organization. The pharmacists of Wisconsin responded to a call for a new vision and a unified voice. The opportunity exists for American pharmacy to examine how it will be best served by its professional organizations.
Paradox of Rift: Principles of Microeconomics and Accounting Reconciled

The paper first cites Ronald Coase, who was awarded in 1991 the Nobel Prize in Economics, on his explanation why he studied accounting and not economics while a student at the London School of Economics from 1929-1931. It then explores the relationship between the diagrams of microeconomics and the balance sheet and income statement for a price-taking firm as management responds to a price change in the short and long run. Accounting and economic depreciation are distinguished. Finally the relationship between profit maximization and maximization of the firm's contribution margin is explored.
The Use of Iothalamate Meglumine 17.2% as an Effective Testing Medium in Lower Urinary Tract Urodynamic Assessment of Children

Iothalamate meglumine 17.2% was compared to saline as a testing medium in 72 consecutive infants and children undergoing lower urinary tract urodynamic assessment. A total of 97 studies was performed of which 85 were complete. Multiple urodynamic parameters were used to compare test results. Agreement in test results was noted when assessing the change in detrusor pressure in 68 studies (77.6%), leak or peak bladder pressure in 79 (92.9%) and bladder contractions on filling in 81 (95.3%). The difference noted between the 2 testing mediums when comparing these 3 parameters was not statistically significant. The cystometric bladder capacity did vary between iothalamate meglumine 17.2% and saline but no particular trend was identified. The difference in cystometric capacity calculated as a percentage change from the saline baseline was not statistically significant (p = 0.55). Iothalamate meglumine 17.2% can be used as a reliable testing medium for pediatric cystometry.
Null Controllability —Discrete-Time Systems

This chapter studies null controllability of discrete-time linear systems with bounded controls. As in the continuous-time case, when the control input is limited by the actuator saturation, a discrete-time linear controllable system might not be globally null controllable. We are thus led to the characterization of the null controllable regionCthe set of all states that can be steered to the origin by the bounded controls delivered by the actuators
Four-dimensional (4D) tracking of high-temperature microparticles

High-speed tracking of hot and molten microparticles in motion provides rich information about burning plasmas in magnetic fusion. An exploding-wire apparatus is used to produce moving high-temperature metallic microparticles and to develop four-dimensional (4D) or time-resolved 3D particle tracking techniques. The pinhole camera model and algorithms developed for computer vision are used for scene calibration and 4D reconstructions. 3D positions and velocities are then derived for different microparticles. Velocity resolution approaches 0.1 m/s by using the local constant velocity approximation.
Nutrient and Water Use of Fresh Market Spinach

In recent years, vegetable growers on the central coast of California have come under increasing regulatory pressure to improve nutrient management and reduce nitrate losses to ground and surface waters. To achieve this goal, growers must understand the nutrient uptake and water use characteristics of their crops. For fresh market spinach (Spinacia oleracea), production methods and cultivars have greatly changed in the last 10–15 years, and as a result, few publications are available on nutrient uptake by modern spinach production methods. This study evaluated nutrient uptake and water use by spinach to provide strategies to better manage nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation applications. In 2011, four fertilizer trials and a survey of 11 commercial fields of spinach grown on high-density plantings on 80-inch beds were conducted on the central coast of California. During the first 2 weeks of the crop cycle, N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake was 7.0, 0.6, and 7.2 lb/acre, respectively. In the subsequent 2–3 weeks before harvest the N, P, and K uptake rate was linear and was 4.3, 0.6, and 7.8 lb/ acre per day, respectively. N uptake at harvest for the three commercial size categories baby, teenage, and bunch was 74, 91, and 120 lb/acre N, respectively. Of the N in aboveground biomass at harvest, 41% was left in the field following mechanical or hand harvest. Growers at 14 of 15 study sites applied on average 111% more N than was taken up in aboveground biomass at harvest. Results from four fertility trials showed that first crops of the season had low initial soil nitrate concentrations (£10 ppm), and an at-planting fertilizer application was necessary for maximum yields. For fields following a previous crop (secondor third-cropped) with initial soil nitrate concentrations >20 ppm, at-planting and midseason fertilizer applications could be greatly reduced or eliminated without jeopardizing yield. Rooting depth and density evaluations at four sites showed that 95% of roots were located in the top 16 inches of soil at harvest. To mitigate environmentally negative N losses, the N use efficiency (NUE) can be increased by the use of soil testing done at two critical time points: at-planting and before the first midseason fertilizer application.
Adaptive Non-Uniform A/D Conversion Achieved with an Unsupervised Learning Rule Maximizing Information-Theoretic Entropy

Quantization is at the heart of analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. Two criteria have been widely used for designing quantizers: the minimization of the average distortion due to quantization, and the maximization of information-theoretic entropy i.e. ensure that each of the quantization regions is used equally frequently in encoding the input signal [1]. In general, these two criteria are not equivalent and a particular quantizer is only optimal with respect to a given design criterion [3,4]. To help prevent performance degradation in case of non-stationary input signals, several adaptive quantization schemes have been developed. These schemes attempt to maintain near-optimal performance by matching quantization to the short-term characteristics of the input signal [2]. However, these schemes can only compensate for slowly varying input characteristics and e.g. are not suited for performing adaptive waveform quantization of speech signals.
Facilitating Teacher Learning When Using Different Representations of Practice

Providing opportunities for learning through professional development requires the examination of facilitation of sessions with teachers. This study investigates facilitation of professional development to promote teacher learning when using animations and videos in a study group with five teachers. We ask: What practices (and moves within those practices) do the facilitators enact during high-quality conversations and specific to the professional development activities? We found that moves for sustaining an inquiry stance were more frequently performed than other moves, suggesting that the facilitator’s practices increase teachers’ learning opportunities when studying representations of teaching. In addition, the study suggests that there are no significant differences when facilitating discussions of animations and videos. The teacher learning goals seem to be more important than the type of representations of teaching used for the enactment of facilitation moves. Our findings are relevant for designing...
Feynman's flaws

I read with great interest the recent Critical Point article "Revenge of the science writer" (March p17), in which Robert Crease described how he and others who write about science have been bullied and badly treated by several high-profile physicists, including Richard Feynman. However, I disagree with his conclusion that Feynman's absorption in his own work – and hence his unwillingness to interact with outsiders – was an inevitable consequence of those qualities that made him a great physicist.
High precision 2.0 μm photoacoustic spectrometer for determination of the 13 CO 2 / 12 CO 2 isotope ratio

A photoacoustic spectrometer operating near 2.0 μm has been developed for high precision measurements of the 13CO 2 /12CO 2 isotope ratio. The instrument performance and effects of water vapor on the photoacoustic signal are discussed.
Elastic and inelastic scattering of /sup 12/C by /sup 12/C from E/sub c. m. / = 35--63 MeV

Differential cross sections for the elastic scattering, single excitation ($Q=\ensuremath{-}4.43$ MeV), and mutual excitation ($Q=\ensuremath{-}8.86$ MeV) of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ by $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ have been measured at 14 bombarding energies in the range ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=35\ensuremath{-}63$ MeV. The angular distributions extend typically from 16\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. The results have been analyzed with the optical model, the distorted-wave approximation, and the method of coupled equations. The optical model analysis of the elastic scattering reveals a sensitivity of the predicted cross sections at large angles to the strength and shape of the real part of the nuclear potential in the region 4 to 6 fm. The potentials predicted by the double-folding model fit the data remarkably well over the entire angular range, whereas the shallow potentials which we have explored generally fit the data only in the forwardangle region. The results thus indicate that the real potential for the $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ system is more attractive in the region of 4 to 6 fm than would have been expected on the basis of previous analyses of comparable systems at lower bombarding energies.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$), ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=35\ensuremath{-}63$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E,\ensuremath{\theta})$ for elastic, single, and mutual excitation of ${2}^{+}$. Optical model, DWBA analyses.
Abstract 414: Intrinsic Osmosensitivity of Neurons in the Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Termialis is Mediated by Benzamil-Sensitive Channels

Neurons of the Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis (OVLT) play a pivotal role in body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. Lesion of OVLT neurons severely disrupts drinking, antidiuretic hormone secretion, and sympathetic-cardiovascular responses to acute sodium loads. Importantly, OVLT lesions also lower blood pressure in several models of salt-sensitive hypertension. Similarly, intracerebroventricular administration of the non-voltage dependent channel blocker benzamil attenuates sympathetic-cardiovascular responses to acute sodium loads and salt-sensitive hypertension. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was two-fold: 1) to establish OVLT neurons are sensitive to physiological changes in osmolality, and 2) to identify whether benzamil-sensitive channels mediate the osmosensitivity of OVLT neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed in OVLT neuronal slices of male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-350g). 71% (17/24) of OVLT neurons responded to increased bath osmolality by addition of mannitol (5-20 mOsm/L). There were no differences in basic electrophysiological properties (ie, input resistance, membrane capacitance, etc) between responsive and non-responsive neurons. Increases in bath osmoality produced dose-dependent decreases in membrane potential (5 mOsm: 5.0±0.63 mV, 10 mOsm: 6.1±1.24 mV, 15 mOsm: 12.4±2.1; n=5, P
Analyzing the Fault Injection Sensitivity of Secure Embedded Software

Fault attacks on cryptographic software use faulty ciphertext to reverse engineer the secret encryption key. Although modern fault analysis algorithms are quite efficient, their practical implementation is complicated because of the uncertainty that comes with the fault injection process. First, the intended fault effect may not match the actual fault obtained after fault injection. Second, the logic target of the fault attack, the cryptographic software, is above the abstraction level of physical faults. The resulting uncertainty with respect to the fault effects in the software may degrade the efficiency of the fault attack, resulting in many more trial fault injections than the amount predicted by the theoretical fault attack. In this contribution, we highlight the important role played by the processor microarchitecture in the development of a fault attack. We introduce the microprocessor fault sensitivity model to systematically capture the fault response of a microprocessor pipeline. We also propose Microarchitecture-Aware Fault Injection Attack (MAFIA). MAFIA uses the fault sensitivity model to guide the fault injection and to predict the fault response. We describe two applications for MAFIA. First, we demonstrate a biased fault attack on an unprotected Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) software program executing on a seven-stage pipelined Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processor. The use of the microprocessor fault sensitivity model to guide the attack leads to an order of magnitude fewer fault injections compared to a traditional, blind fault injection method. Second, MAFIA can be used to break known software countermeasures against fault injection. We demonstrate this by systematically breaking a collection of state-of-the-art software fault countermeasures. These two examples lead to the key conclusion of this work, namely that software fault attacks become much more harmful and effective when an appropriate microprocessor fault sensitivity model is used. This, in turn, highlights the need for better fault countermeasures for software.
The Utility of Laser Thermometry in Grading Plaque Psoriasis

Characteristics of psoriatic plaques may affect thermoregulation and the temperature of psoriatic lesions. This study assessed the utility of handheld laser thermometry in evaluating the severity of psoriatic plaques. Twenty-five patients with plaque psoriasis were examined with temperature measurements performed on psoriatic plaques, adjacent normal-appearing skin and normal-appearing contralateral skin. Scaly regions of psoriatic plaques were, on average, 1.6° F cooler than non-scaled regions. Non-scaled plaque regions were 0.5° F cooler than both adjacent and contralateral skin, on average. Sixty-six percent of plaques were cooler than contralateral skin. None of these temperature differences was statistically significant. The thickened plaque stratum corneum may have provided a less penetrable outer layer, preventing reading the true underlying temperature. We conclude that given its ease of use, handheld laser thermometry may yet be a useful plaque assessment method. Further studies are warranted.
Experience with the wearable cardioverter-defibrillator in older patients: Results from the Prospective Registry of Patients Using the Wearable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

Background Use of the wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD) in older patients has not been described previously. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess WCD wear time, risk of arrhythmic events during WCD use, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation rates after the end of WCD use in patients with age ≥65 years vs Methods We stratified 1732 patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy from the Prospective Registry of Patients Using the Wearable Defibrillator Registry into 2 subgroups by age: those with age ≥65 years and those with age Results There were 722 patients with age ≥65 years (41.7%) and 1010 patients with age P P = .027) and ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation treated with WCD shock (6.92 vs 2.37; P = .034), particularly with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Younger patients experienced a trend toward a higher event rate for atrial arrhythmias with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (150.07 vs 74.86; P = .055). At the end of WCD use, ICD implantation was more frequent in older patients (41.8% vs 36.5%; P = .034). Conclusion Older patients had good compliance with the WCD, presented with more frequent ventricular arrhythmias, and were more likely to receive an ICD at the end of WCD use. The WCD may play a role in risk stratification of the older population.
Guidelines for Online Network Crawling: A Study of Data Collection Approaches and Network Properties

Over the past two decades, online social networks have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers. However, before one can gain insight into the properties or structure of a network, one must first collect appropriate data. Data collection poses several challenges, such as API or bandwidth limits, which require the data collector to carefully consider which queries to make. Many online network crawling methods have been proposed, but it is not always clear which method should be used for a given network. In this paper, we perform a detailed, hypothesis-driven analysis of several online crawling algorithms, ranging from classical crawling methods to modern, state-of-the-art algorithms, with respect to the task of collecting as much data (nodes or edges) as possible given a fixed query budget. We show that the performance of these methods depends strongly on the network structure. We identify three relevant network characteristics: community separation, average community size, and average node degree. We present experiments on both real and synthetic networks, and provide guidelines to researchers regarding selection of an appropriate sampling method.
Younger Generation Safety: Hearing Loss and Academic Performance Degradation Among College Student Headphone Users

The potential for hearing loss among younger generations is escalating every year, as well as government expenses on hearing loss. Likewise, the use of headphones has been thought to degrade a college student’s academic performance. Hearing loss is defined as a hearing impairment of one or both ears, partial or complete, that results from one’s lifestyle, exposure and employment. This issue among the younger generation requires immediate attention. In light of this, this study was conducted in order to survey the listening habits and lifestyle of typical college students who use headphones for at least 5 days a week. Also it investigated possible safety issues and academic performance impacts associated with the use of the device. Two hundred and eighty (N = 280) both undergraduate and graduate students were surveyed, 39% were female (N = 110) and 61% male (N = 170). Eighty-four percent of the respondents were identified as a perpetual users of headphones on daily basis (N = 236), 34% were female (N = 80) and 66% male (N = 156). Results revealed that 44% of the respondents who use headphones on daily basis did not believe that headphone usage can in any-way affect their hearing. Thirty percent of the respondents affirmed that they use headphones because other teenagers use it, while 25% confirmed to be experiencing a ringing sound in their ears after using headphones. About 33% reported to be experiencing loss of sleep at night. Seventy-nine percent of the respondents use their headphones for more than 1 h daily at a volume above 60%. A majority of the respondents use ear-bud headphones. Approximately, 23% answered yes to the question on possible effects on academic performance and 27% of the 23% respondents affirmed to have noticed negative impact on their academic performance since they have started using headphones. Only 189 participants responded to the additional open-ended questions. Of the 189 respondents, 35% reported that headphone listening volume should be as low as 40%, while 14% agreed that headphones should not be used while reading or listening to lecture in a class. Only 13% reported that headphones should be used occasionally and 10% agreed that they should be used during physical activities and not during cognitive activities, which might result in multitasking. Findings from this study show concerns regarding the use of headphones as a possible cause of onset of hearing loss, reduced environmental awareness, and potential academic degradation among some college student users. In addition, the findings could propel a laboratory evaluation of college student headphones users on the extent to which headphones usage can contribute to early hearing loss.
THE RAT WITH CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED CIRRHOSIS AS A MODEL OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY.

Animal models of liver disease have greatly facilitated studies of the manifestations of hepatocellular failure (1), including hepatic encephalopathy (HE) (2). Certain models of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) (3, 4) appear to be particularly useful tools for studying the neural mechanisms which mediate HE in this syndrome. Studies of these models have provided evidence for an involvement of the gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine receptor complex in the pathogenesis of HE due to FHF(5–9). However, the most common clinical scenario for HE in humans is not FHF but chronic liver disease, especially cirrhosis (10). HE in patients is often precipitated or exacerbated by an easily recognizable precipitating factor such as a gastrointestinal hemorrhage or the overzealous administration of diuretics (11). The study of HE in this clinical setting would be facilitated by the availability of a suitable animal model. Research on such a model would obviate the ethical and logistic constraints inherent in human studies.
Silvicultural options in forests of the southern United States under changing climatic conditions

Changing climatic conditions add a measure of uncertainty to sustainable forest management in forest ecosystems of the southern United States. Increasing temperatures and decreasing patterns of precipitation especially in the Mid-South suggest that water stress, drought, and changing patterns of natural disturbance events will challenge managers in the twenty-first century. Efforts to manage southern forest stands in the face of changing climatic conditions will require a diversity of approaches including tactics to promote genetic diversity in natural and planted stands, encouragement of species diversity as new stands develop, and considering ways to promote diverse stand structures that encourage recruitment of new age cohorts within stands on a regular basis. With predicted changes in climatic conditions, forest ecosystems across the South will respond in different ways, depending upon whether or not they are currently being managed. Unmanaged stands will change in unpredictable ways that reflect the absence of management. But in managed stands, silvicultural treatments are available for foresters to apply to respond and adapt to maintain productive forests adapted to those changing conditions. Finally, one approach often advocated to deal with this uncertainty is a strategy for assisted migration, in which species are established in locations beyond their current range, where predicted climatic conditions are likely to occur at some point in the future within which those species will survive. This is basically an exercise in artificial regeneration, but will likely be more complicated than simply planting a few exotic seedlings and hoping for the best. The technical and practical challenges of planting species at the margins or beyond their natural range include a lack of research support especially for species not commonly planted in the region. Moreover, planting is costly, and because of that, intensive practices are more likely on institutional and government lands rather than family forests. In the end, all of these concepts fall within the practice of silviculture, and are tactics with which the profession is familiar.
Peptides Inhibitor of Amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in adults. It determines a progressive loss of intellectual function and appears both sporadically and in an autosomal dominant (familial) form. Presently there is no treatment for AD.
The Chinese Poster Project: EALC Pedagogy and Digital Media

How do we make historical documents feel alive? As a faculty member and a research librarian, we frequently encounter tension between remote archival sources and our students’ contemporary lives. By creating a web archive, we can make rare objects available to a wide audience while encouraging these audiences to look at them closely and creatively. We have collaborated on creating a digital archive of a small group of rare Chinese political posters from the Republican Era (1912–1949) in the Haverford Quaker & Special Collections. We are including students in all aspects of the process, from development to the implementation of a webpage. This article details the background of the project, the digital communication skills learned by the investigators and student researchers in constructing a webpage featuring these posters, and some plans for the continued use of these posters and the webpage as blended learning resources for the classroom.
Intranasal insulin therapy reverses hippocampal dendritic injury and cognitive impairment in a model of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in EcoHIV-infected mice

Objective:Almost half of HIV-positive people on antiretroviral therapy have demonstrable mild neurocognitive impairment (HIV-NCI), even when virologically suppressed. Intranasal insulin therapy improves cognition in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Here we tested intranasal insulin therapy in a mod
Cultural Humility for People of Color: Critique of Current Theory and Practice:

Cultural humility and the broader multicultural orientation approach (MCO) is important for clinicians of color as it is for White clinicians; however, the MCO framework does not address how experi...
Higher Selectivity at Higher Temperatures! Effect of Precursor Stereochemistry on Diastereoselectivity in Radical Allylations. Insight into the Role of the Lewis Acid

A detailed investigation of the effects of Lewis acid, temperature, and trapping efficiency of functionalized allylstannanes on diastereoselective radical allylation reactions of α-bromooxazolidinone imides 1 and 2 was conducted. Results indicate that despite the addition of Lewis acids, a bidentate chelated radical intermediate 21 may be accessible from only one diastereomer of starting material due to steric interactions in 20 that are not present in chelated intermediate 17. It is shown that application of the appropriate Lewis acid, increasing temperatures, and slower allylstannane traps all facilitate formation of 21. Thus highly stereoselective radical allylations (>50:1, Tables 2 and 3) can be performed at room temperature as well as low temperatures.
Transgender Parents and Children Born Outside of Marriage

This Book Chapter discusses parentage addressed by transgender people in relation to Massachusetts family law. It begins with a general overview of the social, medical, and legal environment relevant to transgender people. It then addresses questions relating to gender transition and the use of assisted reproductive technologies. It concludes by outlining the possible use of an equitable claim for recognition of a parent-child relationship.
Predictors of Dental Students' Anticipated Willingness to Treat Underserved Populations Five Years After Graduation

The aim of this study was to assess which variables were associated with dental students’ anticipated willingness to treat 13 underserved populations as dentists five years after graduation. A questionnaire was distributed from 2008 to 2014 to all 240 first- through fourth-year dental students at the University of Iowa College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics. Only participants who completed surveys in each of their four years (n=132) were included in data analysis. The results showed that professional and personal interactions with each population, along with feeling comfortable and competent in treating a population, were most often associated with the students’ anticipated willingness to treat underserved populations. In contrast, the participants’ personal and demographic variables were less frequently associated with an anticipated willingness to treat underserved populations. In addition, shadowing a dentist before dental school and volunteering, either before or during dental school, were rarely associated with participants’ anticipated willingness to treat underserved populations. These findings suggest that providing dental students with multiple positive opportunities to treat underserved populations may help them become more willing to treat underserved populations after they graduate.
An introduction to ecological energetics and the global carbon cycle

abstract The study of ecological systems utilizes bioenergetics to understand the functioning of entire ecosystems. Energy is essential for life on Earth. An organism with a positive energy balance is a successful organism in nature. Organisms and ecosystems have, consequently, evolved as highly efficient thermodynamic systems. Bioenergetics deals with the energy requirements and the processing of energy by organisms. Since biologically utilized energy is the energy stored in carbon molecules, ecosystem metabolism necessarily deals with the carbon balance of the entire ecosystem. Ecosystem carbon balances for different types of ecosystems form the basis for global carbon balance calculations.
Early-Age Performance of 3D Printed Carbon Nanofiber and Carbon Microfiber Cement Composites:

3D printed cement composites with and without carbon nanofiber (CNF) and microfiber (CF) reinforcement within the cement ink were evaluated at seven days and compared with their traditionally cast ...
Sleep Disturbance Mediates the Association Between Loneliness and Health in Older Americans.

As the research documenting loneliness as a risk factor for morbidity and mortality continues to grow, it becomes increasingly critical to understand the mechanics of this relationship. This study assessed whether sleep disturbance mediates the relationship between loneliness and health. Data came from the 2006, 2010, and 2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal study of older Americans; participants ≥ 65 who completed the Psychosocial and Lifestyle Questionnaire in 2006 were included (n = 5067). Measures include the Hughes loneliness scales, a modified version of the Jenkins sleep scale, and self-reported health. Cross-lagged mediation models (i.e., path analysis) were used to model the relationships between loneliness, sleep disturbance, and self-reported health over the 8-year span. Loneliness predicted subsequent sleep disturbance, which in turn predicted subsequent self-reported health. Moreover, there was evidence of both direct and indirect effects (via sleep disturbance) of loneliness on self-reported health. These effects remained after controlling for demographics, isolation, and depression. Sleep disturbance partially mediates the relationship between loneliness and self-reported health over 8 years. These findings are not attributable to isolation or depression. Further research is necessary to develop and assess a more comprehensive model of how loneliness shapes health. This study indicates that targeting sleep disturbance may mitigate the health risks of loneliness in older Americans.
Abstract IA26: Dynamic interactions between myeloid and lymphoid cells regulate response to therapy in solid tumors

The concept that leukocytes are critical components of solid tumors is now generally accepted; however, their role(s) in regulating aspects of neoplastic progression, and/or response to cytotoxic, targeted, and/or immune therapy is only beginning to be understood. Utilizing de novo mouse models of organ-specific solid tumor development (mammary, cutaneous, and pancreas carcinomas and mesothelioma), we now appreciate that adaptive leukocytes differentially regulate myeloid cell recruitment, activation, and effector function, and in turn, activated tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells engage tissue-based programs to foster malignancy and repress antitumor immunity by a diversity of mechanisms. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with therapeutic agents that disrupt lymphocyte-myeloid cell interaction, myeloid cell activation, or myeloid cell functionality generally slows primary tumor growth kinetics when combined with cytotoxic therapy; however, their impact on metastases is variable. Similar to organ-specific regulatory programs co-opted to foster primary tumor growth, regulation of metastatic seeding and outgrowth is also regulated by tissue- and organ-specific mechanisms. Based on this, it stands to reason that therapeutic strategies may not be efficacious in both primary and metastatic locations. To be presented will be our recent insights into organ- and tissue-specific regulation of primary and metastatic cancer development by adaptive and innate immune cells, how systemic regulation of humoral immunity and complement-mediated pathways regulate pro- versus antitumor immune responses, and new studies evaluating how attenuating protumor properties of select lymphoid and myeloid cells can be exploited to enhance therapeutic responses to cytotoxic and immune-based therapy. LMC acknowledges generous support from the NIH/NCI, the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program Era of Hope Scholar Expansion Award, Susan G. Komen Foundation, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Health, and a Stand Up To Cancer-Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Convergence Dream Team Translational Research Grant. Citation Format: Lisa M. Coussens. Dynamic interactions between myeloid and lymphoid cells regulate response to therapy in solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA26.
The Myth of Religious Violence

In this lecture, Cavanaugh takes on the common idea that religion is more inherently prone to violence than secular ideologies and institutions. He argues that the distinction between "religious" and "secular" is an arbitrary one, a modern Western creation, and is not embedded in the nature of things. He asserts that people are just as inclined to kill for nation, freedom, the flag, and oil as they are for God or gods and that there is no essential difference between "religious" and "secular" ideologies and institutions.
Sampling with Mirrored Stein Operators.

We introduce a new family of particle evolution samplers suitable for constrained domains and non-Euclidean geometries. Stein Variational Mirror Descent and Mirrored Stein Variational Gradient Descent minimize the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence to constrained target distributions by evolving particles in a dual space defined by a mirror map. Stein Variational Natural Gradient exploits non-Euclidean geometry to more efficiently minimize the KL divergence to unconstrained targets. We derive these samplers from a new class of mirrored Stein operators and adaptive kernels developed in this work. We demonstrate that these new samplers yield accurate approximations to distributions on the simplex, deliver valid confidence intervals in post-selection inference, and converge more rapidly than prior methods in large-scale unconstrained posterior inference. Finally, we establish the convergence of our new procedures under verifiable conditions on the target distribution.
Chasing Stars: Firms' Strategic Responses to Online Consumer Ratings

In this paper, I show that a common way that platforms display firms' quality ratings incentivize firms to strategically take costly short-run actions that improve their ratings. Most review platforms display star ratings of goods and services rounded to a half star, rather than display the exact average rating. Since the true average rating is not shown, firms have an incentive to remain just above the rounding threshold in order to have a higher displayed rating. However, once a firm's rating passes the rounding threshold, the incentive to improve the ratings drops as their rating moves farther from the threshold. I study this phenomena in the context of auto repair. I find that there is an excessive amount of bunching around ratings thresholds. The firms' actions toward improving their ratings are typically unobserved, but due to my novel data and the discontinuity of displayed ratings, I can model and infer firm behavior. Specifically, I provide evidence that firms change the services they provide and exert extra effort when they are close to rounding thresholds. Finally, I provide a theoretical framework in order to quantify the actions and provide optimal policies for firm actions depending on their rating and number of reviews in a variety of counterfactual settings.
Internet-Based Health Care Communication Among Cancer Survivors, 2011-2018 National Health Interview Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding trends and associated factors in internet-based health care communication (IBHC) among cancer survivors is important for meeting patient needs because their reliance on telehealth is growing. We aimed to examine IBHC use among cancer survivors in the US. METHODS: We identified adult cancer survivors aged 18 to 64 (n = 8,029) and 65 or older (n = 11,087) from the National Health Interview Survey in 2011-2018. We calculated temporal trends of self-reported IBHC in the previous year (filled a prescription, scheduled a medical appointment, or communicated with a health care provider) and used multivariable logistic models to identify associated factors. RESULTS: Approximately 84% of survivors had been diagnosed 2 years or more before the survey. IBHC prevalence increased among cancer survivors aged 18 to 64, from 19.3% to 40.2%, and among those aged 65 or older, from 11.4% to 22.6%, from 2011 to 2018 (P for trend <.001). Among both age groups, lower educational attainment, lack of usual source of care, and current smoking were associated with less IBHC, whereas residing in the South or West, having 1 or more chronic conditions, and drinking any alcohol were associated with higher IBHC (all P < .05). Factors associated with less IBHC also included being non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic, lacking private insurance, and being 11 or more years postdiagnosis among survivors aged 18 to 64; among survivors aged 65 or older, factors were being an older age, not married, and non-US born (all P < .05). CONCLUSION: IBHC among cancer survivors is common and increasing, with differences across sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. As health care delivery continues adopting IBHC and other advanced telehealth techniques, disparities need to be addressed to ensure equitable access to care for all cancer survivors.
Muscle Fiber Conduction Velocity

The speed with which an action potential (AP), or excitatory impulse, travels along the membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is known as its conduction velocity (CV). Muscle fiber CV may be estimated from the electromyogram (EMG) and can be used as a sensitive measure of the excitability of the muscle fiber membrane in addition to being related to the type, diameter, rate of activation, temperature, and physiological or pathological state of the muscle fiber. Conduction velocity estimates are frequently used as a fatigue index, with applications in ergonomics, kinesiology, rehabilitation, functional electrical stimulation, and, more recently, as a diagnostic tool. Conduction velocity estimation is discussed in the following pages from its genesis to issues regarding its measurement and potential clinical and diagnostic value. Keywords: action potential; conduction velocity; electromyogram; fatigue; muscle fiber; motor unit; speed of propagation; transmembrane potential
Measuring sustainable economic development in Africa.

What is meant by sustainable economic development can it be achieved and what is required for its success? This is not a new question but one in which a stream of continuing research provides insight and guidance in terms of emerging alternatives. In this paper we look at the question of sustainable economic development issue in terms of existing theory as applied to Sub-Saharan Africa a region where sustainability has taken on particular importance in recent years. We develop an index of sustainable economic growth with applications to a sample of countries in Africa and which may serve as a guide to future policy. (authors)
Plane Geometry, Apollonian Style

The first six propositions cover material from ElementsI, (II), III, VI, X. Since IV contains special construction problems in plane geometry of the circle, V contains the general Eudoxean theory of proportions, VII–IX number theory, and XI–XIII stereometry; one can say that Pappus has given an illustration of plane geometry as given in the Elements by means of exemplary arguments. We miss the beginning of the text of Coll. IV, certainly the proem. On my thesis about the purpose of Coll. I V, it is reasonable to assume (as others have done, also), that we do not miss much of the actual mathematical content at the beginning, for there could hardly be a more suitable starting point for an overall portrait of the methods of plane Greek geometry but Elements I, specifically the Pythagorean theorem.
Trisomy 8 syndrome.

In 1970 we reported the case of a 2-month-old boy with a C autosomal trisomy and euploid mosaicism, and suggested, by comparison with other cases, that this chromosome imbalance might result in a definite syndrome. It has now been determined by Giemsa banding studies that the trisomy which is present involves a number 8 member, and a follow-up of this case is presented. In addition, a review of all published cases of authenticated trisomy 8 suggests that this specific anomaly leads to a distinct clinical syndrome involving mild psychomotor retardation, bone and joint anomalies, and other visceral defects. The condition is benign in comparison with other autosomal trisomies.
Sets and Data Structures

The second chapter goes into the basics of set theory and data structures. The first section takes an excursion into propositions and logic, including the definition and application of truth tables. Tautologies are defined and the basic laws of logic are introduced.
[24] Molecular methods for analysis of genetic polymorphisms: Application to the molecular genetic study of genes encoding β2-adrenoceptor and stimulatory G protein α subunit

Summary The ability to screen DNA rapidly for small changes in base sequence has revolutionized the search for genetic basis of disease. These techniques have led to the identification of specific mutations that account for the disease phenotype in syndromes such as Albright hereditary osteodystrophy and McCune-Albright syndrome, and have provided polymorphic markers for candidate gene and positional cloning studies of inherited airway hyperresponsiveness. These and additional techniques will continue to accelerate the discovery of the genetic cause of many human diseases.
The classification, detection and handling of imperfect theory problems

In recent years knowledge-based techniques like explanation-based learning, qualitative reasoning and case-based reasoning have been gaining considerable popularity in AI. Such knowledge-based methods face two difficult problems: 1) the performance of the system is fundamentally limited by the knowledge initially encoded into its domain theory 2) the encoding of just the right knowledge to enable the system to function properly over a wide range of tasks and situations is virtually impossible for a complex domain. This paper describes research directed towards the construction of a system that will detect and correct problems with domain theories. This will enable knowledge-based systems to operate with imperfect domain theories and automatically correct the imperfections whenever they pose problems. This paper discusses the classification of imperfect theory problems, strategies for their detection and an approach based on experiment design to handle different types of imperfect theory problems.