cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compensation Topologies of High-Power Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is an emerging technology that can realize electric power transmission over certain distances without physical contact, offering significant benefits to modern automation systems, medical applications, consumer electronics, etc. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing compensation topologies for the loosely coupled transformer. Compensation topologies are reviewed and evaluated based on their basic and advanced functions. Individual passive resonant networks used to achieve constant (load-independent) voltage or current output are analyzed and summarized. Popular WPT compensation topologies are given as application examples, which can be regarded as the combination of multiple blocks of resonant networks. Analyses of the input zero phase angle and soft switching are conducted as well. This paper also discusses the compensation requirements for achieving the maximum efficiency according to different WPT application areas.
TU-FG-207A-00: Grand Challenges in Medical Imaging and Radiomics

Peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings publish hundreds of papers that describe new medical imaging algorithms, including, for example, techniques for computer-aided diagnosis or characterization, segmentation, image registration, image reconstruction, and radiomics. It is difficult, if not impossible, to fairly compare the performance of these algorithms as investigators must either use different data sets, or if using the same data, use different implementations of competing algorithms. Grand Challenges facilitate the fair comparison of algorithms by providing a common data set to all participants and by having each participant be responsible for implementation of their own algorithm. The dissemination of findings from Grand Challenges provides important information to the scientific community and helps to determine which approaches have the greatest promise for successful translation to clinical practice. In this session we will review the outcomes and lessons learned from the 2015 SPIE-AAPM-NCI Lung Nodule Classification Challenge. We will then turn to the 2016 NIH-AAPM-Mayo Clinic Low Dose CT Grand Challenge, providing an overview of denoising and iterative reconstruction approaches and a description of the Challenge. The top 3 performing participants will be announced, and each will give a short presentation on their technique. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the role of Grand Challenges in the field of medical imaging 2.Be able to summarize the outcomes of the 2015 lung nodule classification challenge 3.Be able to review the primary types of noise reduction techniques used in CT 4.Be familiar with a library of patient CT projection data available to researchers 5.Learn which techniques performed best in the Low Dose CT Grand Challenge Pelc: GE Healthcare, Philips Healthcare; McCollough: Research grant, Siemens Healthcare; Low Dose CT Grand Challenge supported by the AAPM Science Council and NIH (grant EB 017185), and hosted by the Mayo Clinic; Giger: stockholder R2 technology/Hologic, royalties from Hologic, GE Medical Systems, MEDIAN Technologies, Riverain Medical, Mitsubishi/Toshiba. Cofounder/stockholder Quantitative Insights.
Recognition and response to opioid overdose deaths—New Mexico, 2012

Purpose Drug overdose deaths are epidemic in the U.S. Prescription opioid pain relievers (OPR) and heroin account for the majority of drug overdoses. Preventing death after an opioid overdose by naloxone administration requires the rapid identification of the overdose by witnesses. This study used a state medical examiner database to characterize fatal overdoses, evaluate witness-reported signs of overdose, and identify opportunities for intervention.
Behavioral Adjustment of School-Age Children with and without Single-Suture Craniosynostosis.

Background:Previous research has observed higher than average rates of behavior problems in school-age children with single-suture craniosynostosis. However, most studies used a single informant (mothers) and did not include comparison groups to control for sociodemographic factors.Methods:The autho
Head Lice Treatment Costs and the Impact on Managed Care

The number of head lice infestations occurring annually in the United States is estimated at 6 million to 12 million. Although a formal economic analysis of head lice treatments has not been conducted, the direct cost of treatment can be roughly estimated by considering the costs of pediculicides and taking into consideration that patients may self-treat up to 5 times before seeking medical care. Added to the direct costs of treatment are indirect costs because of lost school days and lost productivity and wages of parents who must stay home to care for children who are sent home from schools that employ no-nit policies. The cost of head lice infestation is tied to diagnostic and treatment practices. Research suggests that head lice infestations are frequently misdiagnosed. In addition, over-the-counter treatments are often used incorrectly. The combination of misdiagnosis and improper treatment has contributed to decreased efficacy of pediculicides. This, in turn, further contributes to ineffective treatment and the necessity for retreatment and related increases in costs. Lindane, a prescription pediculicide, is associated with serious safety concerns and is now recommended for use in selected populations only when conventional treatment fails. Malathion 0.5% is the only prescription pediculicide that is considered to be safe and effective with no decrease in efficacy over time. Managed care organizations, in collaboration with school nurses and other healthcare providers, are working to promote more accurate diagnosis and proper use of pediculicides. The objectives of these efforts are to make the treatment of head lice more effective and ultimately to lower the cost of treatment by introducing better options early on.
Structural Studies in Continuous-Filament Yarns: Part III: Studies with Fiber Friction as a Variable

In this paper the experimental work is extended to the study of the effect of fiber friction on migration behavior, which has been neglected in all past migration studies. The increased importance of this study lies in the fact that friction would be expected to influence only that portion of the total observed migration which results from the actual physical interchange of radial positions. The present study, thus, provided the effective means necessary to check the validity of the earlier conclusions reached concerning the nature and the magnitude of this migration. Fiber-to-fiber friction was varied by coating the nylon 66 filaments with a number of commercially available lubricating agents. In the first stage of the investigation the effect of the concentration of the various lubricants on the coefficient of fiber friction was determined. From these measurements a number of lubricating agents with certain concentrations to give desired values of friction were selected for the second stage—i.e. for fin...
Identification of Bone Marrow-Derived Soluble Factors Regulating Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration.

Maintaining properties of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in culture for regenerative applications remains a great challenge. An emerging approach of constructing a culture environment mimicking the bone marrow niche to regulate BMSC activities has been developed. In this study, we have demonstrated a systematic approach to identify soluble factors of interest extracted from human bone marrow and used them in BMSC culture for tissue regeneration. We have found that lipocalin-2 and prolactin are key factors in bone marrow, involved in regulating BMSC activities. Treating the cell with lipocalin-2 and prolactin delays cellular senescence of BMSCs and primes the cell for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. We have also demonstrated that BMSCs pretreated with lipocalin-2 and prolactin can enhance the repair of calvarial defects in mice. Together, our study provides research evidence of using a viable approach to prime BMSC properties in vitro for improving cell-based tissue regeneration in vivo.
High-Content Screening: Flow Cytometry Analysis

The HyperCyt® high-throughput (HT) flow cytometry sampling platform uses a peristaltic pump in combination with an autosampler and a novel approach to data collection to circumvent time delay bottlenecks of conventional flow cytometry. This approach also dramatically reduces the amount of sample aspirated for each analysis, typically requiring ~2 μl per sample while making quantitative fluorescence measurements of 40 or more samples per min with thousands to tens of thousands of cells in each sample. Here, we describe a simple robust screening assay that exploits the high-content measurement capabilities of the flow cytometer to simultaneously probe the binding of test compounds to two different receptors in a common assay volume, a duplex assay format. The ability of the flow cytometer to distinguish cell-bound from free fluorophore is also exploited to eliminate wash steps during assay setup. HT flow cytometry with this assay has allowed efficient screening of tens-of-thousands of small molecules from the NIH Small Molecule Repository to identify selective ligands for two related G-protein-coupled receptors, the formylpeptide receptor and formylpeptide receptor-like 1.
Validating GEOBIA Based Terrain Segmentation and Classification for Automated Delineation of Cognitively Salient Landforms

Landform objects extracted from Geographic Object Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) based terrain segmentation to locations are overlaid and compared to feature types of landforms mapped in the USGS maintained Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) topographic database. GEOBIA terrain objects were found to statistically related to GNIS feature classes. Comparison of GNIS feature classes and GEOBIA landform classes suggests that GEOBIA landform class semantics correspond well with naive geographic conceptualizations reflected in GNIS feature types.
THE ECONOMICS OF MANAGED CARE IN BEHAVIORAL HEALTH: Basic Concepts and Incentives

The words managed care , regardless of whether preceded by a descriptive adjective, seem to have sufficient power to send many seasoned behavioral health clinicians running for the greener pastures of cash-only, pay-as-you-go service settings. For some clinicians, this exodus has served them and their patients quite well, particularly patients with financial means and with mental health issues that are treatable with standard and time-limited forms of outpatient interventions. Individuals with more severe mental illness and those who may have limited means, however, probably do less well in the cash-only, nonmanaged care environment. When the cost for ongoing care goes up, the clinician invariably needs to tap the managed care, insurance revenue stream to support the patient's expanded treatment needs. If a physician or clinician chooses not to understand and be part of managed care networks, they could severely decrease their ability to advocate for their patients in any arena apart from within their own offices. This article is designed to give a fundamental overview of managed care with hope of demystifying and maybe even devillianizing the concept of managed care if not the practice of managed care. What are simple ways to understand managed care, and how and why should you practice in it? Many psychiatrists view managed care as an obvious plot designed to create insult and injury. The insult is the amount of paperwork and seemingly unnecessary clinical oversight required in treating a patient within a behavioral health managed care organization (BHMCO). The injury is the potential constraint on practice and the limitations on the care that a patient may be able to receive. Many clinicians believe that the act of bringing the BHMCO into the patient–doctor relationship is a clear violation of that relationship, which increases the potential for negative treatment outcomes.
Chapter 2 – Cannabinoid Receptors and Their Signaling Mechanisms

Abstract Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the active component of Cannabis sativa preparations, such as hashish and marijuana, signals through cell surface receptors. Two types of cannabinoid receptors have been cloned and characterized. CB1 receptors are ubiquitously expressed in the neurons of the brain. They are presynaptically expressed in both inhibitory interneurons and excitatory neurons. CB2 receptors are expressed in microglial cells, astrocytes, and several neuron subpopulations. They are expressed in both the pre- and postsynaptic terminals. The present chapter discusses the current understanding of the cannabinoid receptors and their signaling cascades.
Obesity, Adipokines, and Lipokines

Obesity during pregnancy is increasing in frequency worldwide. Similar to other complications, obesity is a strong risk factor for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP). The mechanisms of this vicious cycle, unclear up to the last century, have recently been elucidated in the field of internal medicine, where adipose tissue was found to be an important endocrine organ in the human body that releases several immunoactive molecules in high concentrations. In addition to circulating lipids and lipids subjected to oxidative stress, novel cytokines derived from adipocytes or other cells of the adipose tissue (adipokines and lipokines) enhance the pathological effects of HDP. Some adipokines behave in HDP in the same way as in hypertension or metabolic syndrome in nonpregnant subjects, but a few adipokines in pregnancy or HDP act differently from insulin-resistant syndromes. In addition, during normal pregnancy, insulin resistance is an important process for fetal growth, labor, and breastfeeding, and molecules produced by adipose tissue seem to act an immunologically critical role in HDP.
Maternal Plasma per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Concentrations in Early Pregnancy and Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Function in a Prospective Birth Cohort: Project Viva (USA).

Background: Prenatal exposure to some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may disrupt maternal and neonatal thyroid function, which is critical for normal growth and neurodevelopment. Objec...
Diatomic partition functions from classical and semiclassical phase integrals

Two methods for calculating diatomic partition functions directly from potential curves are examined with regard to their computational efficiency and accuracy. The first utilizes semiclassical phase integrals to estimate the rotation-vibration eigenvalues and may be considered exact. The second method entails numerical integration of the classical phase integral. The two methods are compared in test calculations of the bound and metastable contributions to the partition functions q vr for Ar2 and HgBr. These calculations show that the classical method, which is typically one to two orders of magnitude faster than the semiclassical method, gives results for the bound contributions to q vr within 1% of exact when kT is at least twice the vibrational energy. For the metastable contributions, two alternative modifications of the classical expression perform less well, and it appears that these contributions can best be estimated by the semiclassical method.
Development of the Major Improvements

The present situation confronts leaders of the various disciplines of clinical medicine with the challenge and topical mission to bring about major improvement – from status quo to universal excellence – in the practices. At issue is codification of the knowledge-base of the discipline in expert systems, thus providing for practice that is characterized by universal excellence in the quasi-scientific sense of this: the practice is, universally, like that of scientific medicine, except that its knowledge-base is derived from the tacit knowledge of experts with no inherent role for science as the source of this knowledge.
Structural Evidence for a Subtype of Insulin Receptor in the Central Nervous System

Since the discovery of insulin1 and insulin receptors2 in the brain in 1978, there has been an increasing number of investigations into the physiological role of insulin in the central nervous system (CNS). One area of CNS physiology affected by insulin is the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight. Chronic intracerebral ventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight3, suggesting that insulin acts as a satiety factor in the CNS. Consistent with this notion is the report that Zucker rats carrying the fa gene have fewer brain insulin receptors4. Furthermore, insulin has been shown to directly alter the firing rate of glucose-sensitive neurons in the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus5.
Bounds and G-Closures

In structural optimization, the effective properties of layouts are controls: An optimal structure adapts itself to the local fields. The layout is no longer periodic but almost periodic function. Here we introduce the corresponding technique which is the G-convergence of a sequence of linear operators.
NASA's Proposed Requirements for the Global Aeronautical Network and a Summary of Responses

In October 2003, NASA embarked on the ACAST project (Advanced CNS Architectures and System Technologies) to perform research and development on selected communications, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) technologies to enhance the performance of the National Airspace System (NAS). The Networking Research Group of NASA's ACAST project, in order to ensure global interoperability and deployment, formulated their own salient list of requirements. Many of these are not necessarily of concern to the FAA, but are a concern to those who have to deploy, operate, and pay for these systems. These requirements were submitted to the world s industries, governments, and academic institutions for comments. The results of that request for comments are summarized in this paper.
Music Catalog for Blind and Visually Impaired Patrons

ABSTRACTAs a national library service providing music materials in braille or audio formats for blind, visually impaired, and print-disabled patrons, it is important to provide a detailed online ca...
EMTALA (Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act) Obligations: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background:The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) was enacted in 1986 in the United States to address “patient dumping,” or refusing to provide emergency care to patients and instead transferring them to other hospitals. Under EMTALA, the “reverse-dumping” provision prevents h
Aortic Arch Replacement With a Trifurcated Graft

The critical consideration in approaching aortic arch surgery is how best to protect the brain while providing surgical access to the cerebral vessels. Between 1999 and 2016, 285 patients underwent aortic arch replacement using the trifurcated graft technique, with 7.4% mortality (hospital/30 day). Neurologic outcomes included 5.1% temporary neurologic deficits, 3.9% permanent neurologic deficits and no spinal cord injury. The trifurcated graft technique addresses the two most important aspects of cerebral protection: minimizing cerebral ischemia and preventing cerebral embolization of air and atheromatous debris. In practice, the technique has proven to be technically straightforward and versatile, in that it is readily adapted to a variety of arch anomalies and pathologies.
Building software that is predictable by Construction

Predictability by Construction is an effort to provide predictions for quality attributes such as performance during the design process in the same way that type systems allow predictions about aspects of correctness. This workshop introduces participants to the PACC Starter Kit (see: http://www.sei.cmu.edu/pacc/), which supports a state machine paradigm. Tools in the kit support computational theories that can be used to make predictions during design and to analyze the code to determine whether the predictions are correct. We will present classroom-tested exercises that use the kit in software engineering, formal methods, operating system, programming languages and theory of computation courses.
A GWAS approach identifies Dapp1 as a determinant of air pollution-induced airway hyperreactivity

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with contributions from genes, environmental exposures, and their interactions. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in humans have identified ~200 susceptibility loci, the genetic factors that modulate risk of asthma through gene-environment (GxE) interactions remain poorly understood. Using the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP), we sought to identify the genetic determinants of airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in response to diesel exhaust particles (DEP), a model traffic-related air pollutant. As measured by invasive plethysmography, AHR under control and DEP-exposed conditions varied 3-4-fold in over 100 inbred strains from the HMDP. A GWAS with linear mixed models mapped two loci significantly associated with lung resistance under control exposure to chromosomes 2 (p = 3.0x10-6) and 19 (p = 5.6x10-7). The chromosome 19 locus harbors Il33 and is syntenic to asthma association signals observed at the IL33 locus in humans. A GxE GWAS for post-DEP exposure lung resistance identified a significantly associated locus on chromosome 3 (p = 2.5x10-6). Among the genes at this locus is Dapp1, an adaptor molecule expressed in immune-related and mucosal tissues, including the lung. Dapp1-deficient mice exhibited significantly lower AHR than control mice but only after DEP exposure, thus functionally validating Dapp1 as one of the genes underlying the GxE association at this locus. In summary, our results indicate that some of the genetic determinants for asthma-related phenotypes may be shared between mice and humans, as well as the existence of GxE interactions in mice that modulate lung function in response to air pollution exposures relevant to humans.
Cesarean delivery and infant cortisol regulation.

Abstract Background Cesarean delivery reduces the risk of infant and maternal morbidity and mortality when medically indicated, however, the cesarean delivery rate is estimated to be two to three times higher than medically necessary. The World Health Organization and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have expressed concern over the high rates of cesarean delivery, citing evidence that cesarean delivery has negative short- and long-term consequences for the health of the infant, mother, and for future pregnancies. Infants delivered by cesarean are at an increased risk of metabolic disease and immune dysfunction throughout the lifespan. Preliminary research suggests that the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is a plausible pathway linking cesarean delivery to poor health later in life. The present study examines the relation between mode of delivery and HPA axis function in six-month-old infants. We also examine whether the cesarean delivery was elective or indicated altered to the relation between mode of delivery and infant cortisol profiles. Methods The sample included 136 mother/infant pairs. Thirty-nine women delivered by cesarean and 97 delivered vaginally. Maternal and infant medical records were reviewed for prenatal medical history and birth outcomes. Infant saliva was collected for cortisol analysis at a 6-month well-baby checkup. Samples were collected upon arrival to the appointment (baseline) and 20 min after exposure to a painful stressor, the inoculation procedure (response). A mixed model ANCOVA was conducted to determine whether salivary cortisol concentrations differed between the two delivery groups. To examine whether complications related to having an indicated cesarean delivery contributed to any association between mode of delivery and cortisol production, cortisol concentrations were compared between the subgroup of infants whose cesarean deliveries were elective (e.g. maternal request or previous cesarean delivery) to infants delivered vaginally. Results Infants delivered by cesarean had lower cortisol concentrations at baseline and after the inoculation procedure compared to those delivered vaginally. Further, the relation between mode of delivery and cortisol levels persisted even when the analyses were restricted to compare only the elective cesarean deliveries (e.g. maternal request or previous cesarean delivery) to those delivered vaginally. Discussion This study provides evidence for an association between cesarean delivery and infant HPA axis function in infancy. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the HPA axis is a plausible pathway that links cesarean delivery with long-term health outcomes.
A predictive model of nanoparticle capture on ultrathin nanoporous membranes

Abstract Beyond their use as separation tools, nanoporous membranes can be used for the capture and analysis of biological nanoparticles such as virus or small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). While the challenges of imaging sub-optical particles can be addressed with high resolution imaging techniques, separation challenges remain. We have recently reported on a method of capturing and isolating sEVs, including diagnostically valuable exosomes, in the pores of ultrathin (100 nm thick) nanoporous silicon nitride (NPN) membranes in a microfluidic flow scheme we termed tangential flow for analyte capture (TFAC). Here we present static analytical and dynamic computational models of nanoparticle capture on NPN and compare them to a range of experiments using 60 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as surrogates for biological nanoparticles. In the presence of 1 mg/mL bovine serum albumin to prevent the formation of gold nanoparticle aggregates, we find that the dynamic model is highly predictive of particle capture over a range of practical flow conditions (~ 10% error at low ultrafiltration rates, ~ 1% error at high ultrafiltration rates). Despite the small size of nanoparticles, we find that convective transport dominates diffusive transport during capture (Peclet number > 100), enabling the simple rule-of-thumb that the fraction of nanoparticles captured from solution roughly equals the fraction of the input sample that is ultrafiltered (
Acute Kidney Injury During Pregnancy

The term AKI almost replaces the acute renal failure terminology in all recent literature and reflecting that even a smaller decline in kidney function is of substantial clinical relevance due to associated morbidities and mortality (Van Hook , Clin Obstet Gynecol 57:851–861, 2014).
Reflection of Trainee Class Gender Proportion in the Leadership of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Fellowships.

Abstract Study Objectives To describe the gender makeup of historical fellow classes, as well as those in the roles of associate program director and program director. To determine the representation ratio of the current fellowship program leadership related to historical fellowship class gender proportion. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting Fellowship in minimally invasive gynecologic surgery sites. Patients No patient data was captured, or utilized in this study. The subjects included all FMIGS fellows, program directors and associate program directors for whom there was publicly available data from 2001 – present. Interventions Not applicable Measurements and Main Results Most FMIGS fellow classes have been comprised of a majority of female surgeons ranging from 40-89% female. The representation ratios for the current program leadership are 0.57, 0.82, and 0.71 for program directors, associate program directors, and all leadership positions respectively. Conclusion Representation ratios indicate that the current gender makeup of program leadership is not representative of the gender makeup of graduated fellow classes.
Lewd Stings: Extending Lawrence v. Texas to Discriminatory Enforcement

Ongoing police undercover lewd conduct sting operations directed at LGBTQ people reveal entrenched law enforcement bias against sexual minorities. The lewd stings are largely pretextual, based upon non-existent complaints and non-provable harm. The resulting arrests and convictions often lead to devastating consequences, including lengthy prison terms, life-long sex offender registration, anti-gay violence, and even suicide. Legal challenges to these operations have proven largely futile, however. Such challenges have relied upon existing doctrines, including entrapment and equal protection, that are too limited, or too difficult to prove, in the context of lewd stings. This article posits that the constitutional criminalization principles articulated in Lawrence v. Texas provide a more effective basis for challenging lewd stings. In Lawrence, the Supreme Court plainly held that majoritarian morality principles do not justify criminal laws. Instead, crimes must be directed at provable harms. Our empirical research on the policies of the Los Angeles Police Department reveals, however, that during lewd stings police target conduct that they believe to be morally offensive rather than objectively harmful. This morality-based exercise of enforcement discretion is unconstitutional under Lawrence, which applies with equal force to both criminalization and enforcement decisions.
Simple Audits for Simple Tax Partnerships

New audit rules targeting sophisticated tax partnerships unnecessarily burden small, unsophisticated taxpayers. This is a familiar narrative in partnership tax. This time, the story takes place in the rules that prescribe the process by which the IRS audits and collects tax from partnerships and partners. Designed to limit abuse, the rules are highly complex and needlessly saddle small, simple businesses with increased compliance costs and potentially excessive tax liability. Ironically, at the same time the rules leave loopholes for sophisticated organizations able to exploit them. This article explains these disparate consequences and suggests solutions to both limit the loopholes for large taxpayers and simplify the rules for small businesses.
Cloning and characterization of human oncostatin M promoter

Oncostatin M (OSM), an IL-6 subfamily cytokine, inhibits proliferation and causes morphological changes in many tumor cell lines. GM-CSF, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce OSM expression. To investigate the mechanisms governing OSM promoter activity, we have cloned and partially sequenced an 8.5 kb fragment of human genomic DNA immediately 5' of the OSM coding region and mapped the transcription start site. Transient transfection assays with a series of 5' deletion plasmids demonstrated maximal reporter activity in U937 cells with a minimum 304 bp construct. The 5'-proximal region of the human OSM gene contains a C/EBP consensus element around -45 bp and several GC-rich regions around -60, each of which is responsible for basal promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay coupled with supershift analysis confirmed the presence of a cis -acting binding site for activated STAT5 complexes following GM-CSF treatment. Furthermore, transient transfection studies demonstrated a loss of GM-CSF responsiveness in reporter constructs containing mutations within this STAT element. Our results establish that C/EBP and an as yet unidentified GC-rich binding transcription factor are responsible for basal OSM promoter activity, while GM-CSF-stimulated OSM expression is driven by activated STAT5 complexes binding to a cis -acting STAT element on the OSM promoter.
Children in History

The foundation for the historical exploration of childhood and children, and for paying attention to historical research in the area, centers on the recognition that conditions for children can and do change, often quite substantially. Historical research can highlight how children in various past periods differed from each other, and from their contemporary counterparts, and it can seek to explain why key changes have occurred. Applied explicitly to the most contemporary historical period, historical research can also explore more specifically how present conditions and features of childhood have emerged, for some truly fundamental shifts in children's roles and expectations are quite recent. This chapter discusses the purposes and challenges in researching the history of childhood, and summarizes major periods of change, with attention to major regional patterns and comparisons, but also to developments at a more global level. Analysis of change includes explicit discussion of the new conditions generated by the industrial revolution and more recently still by globalization itself. Keywords: agricultural societies; birth rates; child; childhood; child labor; children; discipline; family; industrial societies; death rates/mortality; globalization
Analysis of Arbovirus Ribonucleic Acid Forms by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Abstract Viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from Semliki Forest virus- and Sindbis virus-infected cells was analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. In contrast to earlier results obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, all of the known viral RNA forms (i.e., the 42S, 26S, replicative form, and replicative intermediate) were very clearly separated. The high resolution of the electrophoretic method permitted the identification of two new single-stranded RNA species. In addition, the replicative form was shown to be heterogeneous and to consist of at least two forms. The results suggested that the replicative forms occur in vivo although in relatively small amounts.
On Fairness in Distributed Automated Deduction

We present a new approach to distributed automated deduction and in this context we propose solutions to the problem of distributed uniform fairness. Given a sequential theorem proving strategy and an input problem, our methodology partitions the clauses and the expansion inferences among the nodes of the distributed environment, establishing a derivation at each node. A distributed derivation is defined as a family of concurrent, asynchronous derivations, communicating clauses through message-passing. As soon as one of the local derivations finds a proof, the distributed derivation halts successfully. Uniform fairness requires that all clauses which can be derived from persistent, nonredundant parents are generated eventually. In the distributed case, it comprises fairness of message-passing, which is necessary to make sure that any two persistent, non-redundant clauses, residents at different nodes, meet eventually. We reduce the abstract definition of uniform fairness for general derivations to a more concrete specification of uniform fairness for distributed derivations, by proving that the latter implies the former. Then, we describe mechanisms which can be embedded in a strategy to satisfy these conditions. We conclude the paper with some discussion on the relevance of our results to other applications of distributed data bases.
On practical applications of active disturbance rejection control

This paper presents a summary of some recent developments in practical applications of the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). ADRC is a novel disturbance estimation and rejection concept, leading to a new technology with a distinct advantage where, unlike most existing methods, disturbances, internal and external, are actively estimated and rejected. Applications of the new approach in solving industry-wide bench mark problems have led to a slew of innovative solutions. The scope of the applications shown in this paper includes motion control, web tension regulation, DC-DC power converters, chemical processes, and micro-electro-mechanical systems gyroscope. Recent production line validation results obtained by the third party are also included.
Public Choice Originalism: Bork, Buchanan and the Escape from the Progressive Paradigm

In this essay I explore the connections between public choice and originalism, arguing that public choice is crucial to development of the originalism both in its diffuse popular and more academic form. As Robert Bork’s famous article, Neutral Principles and Some First Amendment Problems, illustrates, originalism begins as a reaction to the Warren Court, but it is a reaction that largely accepts the primacy of democratic majoritarianism that had begun in the Progressive era. It is public choice more than any other theory of politics that loosens the straightjacket that majoritarianism has on constitutional theory. In its more diffuse form, public choice with its emphasis on the self- interested nature of politicians, the power of interest groups, and the pathologies of collective choice made majority rule less attractive. James Buchanan’s contribution with Gordon Tullock in The Calculus of Consent has particular relevance to originalism, because it decisively breaks from the idea that majority rule should be the presumptive norm in constitutional republics. If constitutions are best made by supermajority rules, as Buchanan and Tullock imply, originalism can be justified as a way of protecting the results of supermajoritarian constitutionmaking from change by either majorities or the peculiar submajorities that are comprised by the justices of the Supreme Court. As important as are the interpretive disputes within originalism, like that between original intent and public meaning, public choice’s inflection point may be more important because it moves originalism from a theory that was concerned primarily with protecting democratic majorities to a theory that was concerned with preserving a republican regime that was in its formation and essence nonmajoritarian. That shift in turn empowered originalism to become a much more aggressive theory of judicial review of legislation, creating more potential conflict between the judiciary and legislative majorities. The essay also briefly critiques some constitutional theorists who have stayed within the Progressive Paradigm, because their theories fail to solve the countermajoritarian difficulty at its heart. It ends with a description of four problems that public choice originalism has yet fully to address.
Detecting Disease Associated Genes and Gene-Gene Interactions with Penalized AUC Maximization

In an association study, empirical evidences support the commonality of gene-gene interactions. Although genetic factors play an important role in many human diseases, multiple genes or genes and environmental factors may ultimately influence individual risk for these disease. However, such interactions are difficult to detect. In this paper, we propose a penalized area under ROC curve (AUC) maximization (LpAUC) to detect gene-gene interactions. The proposed approach is demonstrated by a simulation study and real data analysis. Analyses of both real data and simulated data show the effectiveness of our approach.
Inelastic analysis of flexible bars using simplified nonlinear equivalent systems

Abstract The research here deals with the inelastic analysis of flexible bars of any arbitrary variation in their moment of inertial along their length, that are subjected to complicated loading conditions. Since the material of such flexible members is permitted to be stressed well beyond its elastic limit, practically all the way to failure, their modulus of elasticity along their length will also vary. Therefore, the already complicated nonlinear analysis of such members must also take into consideration the actual variation of their modulus of elasticity along their length when large deflections and rotations are calculated. The analysis and mathematical formulation of this problem is based on the method of the equivalent systems which was developed by the first author of this research. This method permits the replacement of the initial nonlinear problem with complicated moment of inertia variations and loading conditions with an equivalent simpler nonlinear system of constant stiffness E1I1, that has the same length, elastic line, and boundary conditions, as the initial nonlinear system. The constant stiffness nonlinear equivalent system will be loaded with a few concentrated equivalent loads. The solution of the constant stiffness equivalent nonlinear system may be obtained by using either one of the following two ways: (a) By using simpler nonlinear analysis if such analysis is readily obtainable, or (b) by deriving a pseudolinear equivalent system of constant stiffness and applying linear analysis. The choice of method would largely depend upon individual preference, but utilization of equivalent pseudolinear systems coupled with pseudolinear analysis, was proven to be the most convenient. The method is considered to be general and it can be applied to many types of flexible beam problems. Exact, as well as accurate approximate solutions are obtained, and the results are compared.
Validation of the Revised Quick Cognitive Screening Test

Abstract Mate-Kole CC, Conway J, Catayong K, Bieu R, Sackey NA, Wood R, Fellows R. Validation of the revised Quick Cognitive Screening Test. Objective To validate the revised version of the Quick Cognitive Screening Test (QCST). Design Cross-sectional. Setting Senior homes; hospital; college campus. Participants Participants (N=377; 114 men, 263 women) were recruited comprising healthy controls (n=201; 40 men, 161 women), subjects with dementia (n=93; 34 men, 59 women) including Alzheimer disease (n=73) and vascular dementia (n=20); subjects with psychiatric illness (n=35, 15 men, 20 women), specifically schizophrenia or bipolar disorder; and subjects with other neurologic conditions (n=48, 25 men, 23 women) such as traumatic brain injury (n=12) and cerebrovascular disease (n=31). Diagnoses were confirmed by physicians using appropriate criteria. Recruitment was done in the northeastern region. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures In an effort to examine the reliability and validity of the revised QCST, participants were administered the revised QCST with a number of standardized measures (ie, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive, Mini-Mental State Examination, Tests of Oral Fluency, Trail-Making Test, and Functional Activities Questionnaire). Results The results revealed that the revised QCST discriminated between healthy controls and the neuropsychiatric participants. Additionally, the revised QCST significantly correlated with other standardized measures, confirming the revised QCST's reliability and validity as a screening instrument for subjects with cognitive deficits. Conclusions The revised QCST provides the clinician with a short yet reliable screening instrument in detecting cognitive deficits in subjects with dementia and other neurologic conditions.
A weighted logistic regression model for estimation of recurrence of adenomas

In a colorectal polyp prevention trial, some participants might have their follow-up colonoscopy conducted before the scheduled time (i.e. at the end of the trial). This results in variable follow-up lengths for participants and the data of recurrence status at the end of the trial can be considered as current status data. In this paper, we use a weighted logistic regression model to estimate recurrence rate of adenoma data at the end of the trial. The weights are used to adjust for variable follow-up. We show that logistic regression tends to underestimate recurrence rate. In a simulation study, we show that Kaplan-Meier estimator derived from the right endpoint of the current status data tends to overestimate recurrence rate in contrast to logistic regression and the weighted logistic regression method can produce reasonable estimates of recurrence rate even under a high non-compliance rate compared to conventional logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier estimator. The method described here is illustrated with an example from a colon cancer study.
Neuronal protein NP 185 is developmentally regulated, initially expressed during synaptogenesis, and localized in synaptic terminals

Evidence is presented here that demonstrates the presence of NP185 (AP3) in neuronal cells, specifically within syn-aptic terminals of the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system, particularly in the neuro-muscular junction of adult chicken muscle. Biochemical results obtained in our laboratories indicate that NP185 is associated with brain synaptic vesicles, with clathrin-coated vesicles, and with the synaptosomal plasma membrane. Also, NP185 binds to tubulin and clathrin light chains and the binding is regulated by phosphorylation (Su et al., 1991). Based on these properties and the data reported here, we advance the postulate that NP185 fulfills multiple functions in synaptic terminals. One function is that of a plasma membrane docking or channel protein, another of a signaling molecule for brain vesicles to reach the synaptic terminal region, and a third is that of a recycling molecule by binding to protein components on the lipid bilayer of the synaptic plasma membrane during the process of endocytosis. In support of these premises, a thorough study of NP185 using the developing chick brain, adult mouse brain, and chicken straited muscle was begun by temporally and spatially mapping the expression and localization of NP185 in evolving and mature nerve endings. To achieve these objectives, monoclonal antibodies to NP185 were used for immunocytochemistry in tissue sections of chicken and mouse cerebella. The distribution of NP185 was compared with those of other cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins of axons and synapses, namely synaptophysin, vimentin, neurofilament NF68, and the intermediate filaments of glial cells (GFAP). The data indicate that expression of NP185 temporally coincides with synaptogenesis, and that the distribution of this protein is specific for synaptic terminal buttons of the CNS and the PNS.
Evaluation of the CatanDog's tag to prevent flea infestations, inhibit flea reproduction or repel existing flea infestations on cats.

To evaluate the ability of the CatanDog's tag to eliminate fleas, inhibit egg production and prevent flea infestations, six domestic shorthaired cats were randomly allocated to two treatment groups and housed individually in stainless steel metabolic cages. Three cats were each fitted with a CatanDog's tag; the other three cats were not fitted with tags and served as controls. Following a 42-day acclimation period, each of the six cats was infested with 100, 1-3 day post-emergence, adult Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouche) on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 27. Flea egg production was determined by collecting and enumerating eggs 2, 4 and 6 days after each infestation. Viability of eggs was determined by placing 100 eggs recovered from each cat in rearing media in an insect rearing chamber and determining adult emergence at 28 days. Adult fleas were recovered from cats 6 days post-infestation by thoroughly combing each cat to remove fleas. To determine if the tags provided protection from infestation, the six cats were placed into a 8.53mx4.36 m room with 400 cat fleas for 3h. Cats were then combed to remove and enumerate fleas. The CatanDog's tags had no significant effect upon egg production, egg viability, or adult fleas infesting cats. In addition there was no difference in the numbers of fleas recovered from the cats placed in the flea-infested room.
Cultural Critique in and of American Culture

“Rethinking American Culture” was a forum featuring the work of George Lipsitz in a dialogue between American Studies and anthropology about the ways in which “new forms of commercial patterns and practices, new movements of people and products, and new communications technologies are producing new ways of studying culture.” This dialogue addresses the struggles over the social warrants of U.S. culture in the 21st century and how historians and anthropologists might best describe and analyze such warrants and reconstitute these fields, both of which are under pressure in a present “moment of danger” made all the more visible by the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana.