cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kiowa forty-nine singing: A communication perspective☆

Abstract Kiowa Forty-Nine singing is a social activity in which important aspects of Kiowa culture are performed and revealed through traditional communicative activities. The purpose of this study was to examine forty-nining as it serves to reveal cultural patterns of interaction. Rooted in ethnomethodology, this field research combined personal interviews and content analysis. The data first provided a general characterization of forty-nining; subsequent analysis produced distinguishable, but interrelated, sets of rules which regulate the nature and structure of forty-nines. Patterns identified in the fortynines can be extended to other intratribal interaction, as well as to intercultural communication. Better conception of these interactive patterns may foster better understanding of Kiowa intercultural relations.
Real Women Have Curves: A Longitudinal Investigation of TV and the Body Image Development of Latina Adolescents

Contextualizing Latina girls' body image development requires an appreciation of mainstream body ideals, Latino/a cultural values, and the process by which Latina girls traverse the borders between...
Behavior of Damage in Selectively Implanted SiGe/Si

Epitaxial SiGe/Si layers are being extensively investigated for use in base regions of high-speed heterojunction bipolar-transistors (HBTs). Extended defects can be formed in SiGe/Si layers by ion-implantation. Defects, once formed in the layers, can negatively impact electrical performance and also future reliability of the HBTs. The present study investigates the interaction between selective-implant damage and strained SiGe/Si layers of sub-critical thickness. Implant-damage is observed to form dislocation-sources at the edges of implanted regions in SiGe/Si heterolayers. The dislocation sources produce glide dislocation loops. Segments of these loops glide down to SiGe/Si interfaces causing misfit dislocations to arise at interfaces in the heterolayers. Misfitdislocations are formed in directions parallel to and perpendicular to the edge of the implanted region. Dislocations propagate out to a distance of ∼100-150 nm past the edge of the implant in the case of Si 0.9 Ge 0.1 /Si layers of sub-critical thickness. The origin and behavior of these defects is discussed.
Design and development of a robotic system for clinical assessment of motor deficits

This paper describes the design of a custom robotic system that will be used for clinical evaluation of upper-limb motor performance. The system consists of a mechatronic component that is central to capturing of motor inputs, and a software component that constitutes various user interface applications. The focus of this paper is to elaborate the design of the mechatronic component and how it integrates with other elements of the system.
Nickel cerium olivine catalyst for catalytic gasification of biomass

Abstract A nickel cerium modified olivine was used as a fluidized bed material in a biomass gasifier and the impact of the modification on biomass conversion, product gas composition, and tar speciation at different temperatures of oak gasification was measured. The experiments were conducted in the pyrolysis mode, without additional input of steam or oxygen (e.g., from air) into the system. In both plain and modified olivine, carbon- and hydrogen-based yields in light gases produced increased as temperature increased from 600 to 800 °C. Using modified olivine resulted in significant improvement in carbon- and hydrogen-based yields and substantial reduction in tars and methane. With modified olivine, the biochar produced at 800 °C was 40% less than that with plain olivine. Characterization of the fresh and post-reaction catalyst showed that a fraction of the NiO was reduced in situ in the gasifier by the syngas. In addition, the catalyst was also contributing oxygen to the environment inside the gasifier in a chemical-looping like mode, resulting in less char and coke formation than that of gasification of biomass without an additional oxygen source. Statistical analysis of molecular beam mass spectrometry data provided detailed tar speciation information under different gasification conditions. At both 650 and 800 °C, the modified olivine was effective in producing more syngas either through conversion of hydrocarbon rich tars into syngas or blocking the pathway for hydrocarbon rich tar formation. However, the impact of the modified olivine in converting oxygenates (that are primarily derived from deconstruction of biomass) into deoxygenated compounds was probably minimal.
Politics and the Black Church in a Southern Community

Beginning in the late 1940s after the abolition of the allwhite Democratic primary, the Southern Black church increasingly became a focal point for newly emerging Black political activities. The significance of the Black church in politics was due to the fact that Black clergymen played crucial political middleman roles between the emerging Black electorate and interested white politicians.1 With the passage of time and the growth of Black political activity, however, more secular social and political institutions began to supplant the Black clergy as chief political cue givers for their communities (Davidson, 1972; Murray and Vedlitz, 1974). One result was that the Black clergy lost some of its political influence as other Black activists were able to develop their own secular power bases.
STAX: a turbo prolog rule-based system for soil taxonomy

Abstract This paper and the accompanying listing document a rule-based system which allocates soils according to the scheme of the USDA's Soil Taxonomy. This program goes to only the first, or order, level of the hierarchical system, but further work is extending it to lower levels in the classification system. The program is written in Borland International's Turbo Prolog, version 1.1, and operates on any IBM PC or compatible. The program mimics the eliminative classification process of Soil Taxonomy which is implemented as a semantic network, giving a depth-first search through soils and properties.
Politics of friendship

The question “What is friendship?,” but also “Who is the friend (both or either sex)?” is nothing but the question “What is philosophy?” Jacques Derrida, Politics of Friendship 240 1 The principal...
Peierls transitions in semimetallic one dimensional charge transfer salts

Abstract Peierls transitions in one dimensional charge transfer salts in which both donor and acceptor molecules have even valency such as TTF-TCNQ have been studied. Transitions involving macroscopic occupation of phonon states of wavevector k F (TTF) + k F (TCNQ) = 1 2 G and |kF(TTF) − kF (TCNQ)| can occur as well as transitions of wavevector 2kF(TTF) [and 2kF(TCNQ)].
Revision ACL Reconstruction in Skeletally Mature Athletes Younger Than 18 Years

Background Young, active, skeletally mature patients have higher failure rates after various surgical procedures, including stabilization for shoulder instability and primary ACL reconstruction. It is unclear whether young, active, skeletally mature patients share similarly high failure rates after revision ACL reconstruction.
Biological transformation of organic pollutants in groundwater

Recent investigations have discovered surprisingly high numbers of microorganisms in shallow water-table aquifers. Evidence is accumulating that these microorganisms may, under certain circumstances, transform many of the organic pollutants that enter the subsurface environment. These transformations can lead to total destruction of the pollutant or to the production of new organic pollutants.
Accuracy of predicting the LH surge and optimal insemination time in Holstein heifers using a vaginal resistance probe.

Abstract Monitoring changes in vaginal electrical resistance in association with ovarian follicular development during proestrus may provide an alternative to visual estrus detection of cattle for properly timing insemination. In two experiments 94 Holstein heifers were synchronized into estrus with 2 injections of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PG) 11 d apart. Beginning 12 h prior to the second PG treatment, blood samples and vaginal resistance measurements were taken every 12 h for 60 h, and then every 6 h for the following 48 h. In both Experiments I and II, the lowest resistance value was found to be highly correlated with the luteinizing hormone (LH) preovulatory surge (r = 0.67 P
Thermally induced nanoscale structural and morphological changes for atomic-layer-deposited Pt on SrTiO3(001)

Platinum grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on SrTiO3(001) surfaces was studied as a function of Pt coverage and post-deposition thermal treatment. The combination of atomic-force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray fluorescence, x-ray reflectivity, and grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering reveals significant changes in the nanoscale surface morphology and crystallinity for the differently prepared films. Surfaces with Pt coverages from 1 to 40 monolayers (ML) show different initial morphologies that evolve into different final Pt microstructures after annealing to 800 °C. These distinct nanoscale structural changes are explained by surface diffusion and the surface and interface energies for noble metals on oxides.
Identification of novel inducible nuclear factors that interact with the acute phase responsive promoter element of rabbit α1-acid glycoprotein gene

Abstract Alpha 1 -acid glycoprotein ( α 1 -AGP) is a major acute phase protein that is highly inducible during hepatic acute-phase response. To identify the promoter element(s) required for increased gene transcription under acute condition a 529 bp 5′-flanking region of α 1 -AGP gene is fused to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene and introduced into BNL liver cells. This DNA fragment is capable of inducing synthesis of the reporter gene-product about ten-fold when transfected cells are exposed to conditioned medium from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral monocytes. Deletion analyses have shown that sequences located between -224 to-22 are capable of eliciting this inducible promoter function. Using electromobility shift assay we have identified two novel inducible nuclear factors from turpentine-induced acute liver that can interact with this regulatory promoter region. Our results indicate that binding of these two factors to the promoter region of α 1 -AGP gene is highly specific in nature and the induction of this gene under acute condition may involve their participation.
The Right to Hide? Anti-Surveillance Camouflage and the Aestheticization of Resistance

There has been a recent surge in artistic designs to conceal oneself from ambient surveillance in public places. These center on the masking of identity to undermine technological efforts to fix someone as a unique entity apart from the crowd. Ranging from fractal face paint and hairstyles, to realistic resin masks, to reflective underwear, anti-surveillance camouflage ostensibly allows people to hide in plain sight. These designs, however, enact an aestheticization of resistance premised on individual avoidance rather than meaningful challenge to the violent and discriminatory logics of surveillance societies.
Cholera: Environmental Reservoirs and Impact on Disease Transmission

Vibrio cholerae is widely known to be the etiological agent of the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera. Cholera remains a major scourge in many developing countries, infecting hundreds of thousands every year. Remarkably, V. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of brackish riverine, estuarine, and coastal waters, and only a subset of strains are known to be pathogenic to humans. Recent studies have begun to uncover a very complex network of relationships between V. cholerae and other sea dwellers, and the mechanisms associated with the occurrence of seasonal epidemics in regions where cholera is endemic are beginning to be elucidated. Many of the factors required for the organism's survival and persistence in its natural environment have been revealed, as well as the ubiquitous presence of horizontal gene transfer in the emergence of pathogenic strains of V. cholerae. In this article, we will focus on the environmental stage of pathogenic V. cholerae and the interactions of the microorganism with other inhabitants of aquatic environments. We will discuss the impact that its environmental reservoirs have on disease transmission and the distinction between reservoirs of V. cholerae and the vectors that establish cholera as a zoonosis.
A Transition Model for Finite Element Simulation of Kinematics of Central Nervous System White Matter

Mechanical damage to axons is a proximal cause of deficits following traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. Axons are injured predominantly by tensile strain, and identifying the strain experienced by axons is a critical step toward injury prevention. White matter demonstrates complex nonlinear mechanical behavior at the continuum level that evolves from even more complex, dynamic, and composite behavior between axons and the “glial matrix” at the microlevel. In situ, axons maintain an undulated state that depends on the location of the white matter and the stage of neurodevelopment. When exposed to tissue strain, axons do not demonstrate pure affine or non-affine behavior, but instead transition from non-affine-dominated kinematics at low stretch levels to affine kinematics at high stretch levels. This transitional and predominant kinematic behavior has been linked to the natural coupling of axons to each other via the glial matrix. In this paper, a transitional kinematic model is applied to a micromechanics finite element model to simulate the axonal behavior within a white matter tissue subjected to uniaxial tensile stretch. The effects of the transition parameters and the volume fraction of axons on axonal behavior is evaluated and compared to previous experimental data and numerical simulations.
Conjunctival epithelial cells can resurface denuded cornea, but do not transdifferentiate to express cornea-specific keratin 12 following removal of limbal epithelium in mouse.

Limbal stem cell deficiency contributes to recurrent corneal epithelial defects. We examined whether the conjunctival epithelium can transdifferentiate to corneal epithelium following surgically induced limbal stem cell deficiency. Mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital. Partial or total epithelial removal was produced with a no. 69 Beaver blade under a dissecting microscope. The wounds were allowed to heal for 0–28 days, and the mice were examined every other day to evaluate re-epithelialization. Corneas were then subjected to histological, immunohistochemical studies and Western blot analysis with epitope-specific anti-keratin 12 antibodies. Partial epithelial defects re-epithelialized within 2 days and were normal in appearance and expressed cornea-specific keratin 12. In eyes with limbal deficiency, re-epithelialization progressed more slowly and was characterized by opacification; epithelial closure usually occurred by the 7th day. This epithelium differed from normal corneal epithelium in basic morphology, cell shape, and the presence of goblet cells at 2 weeks after injury. The epithelium at the center of injured corneas with total defect at 4 weeks had cornealike morphology and was devoid of goblet cells. These epithelial cells derived from conjunctiva did not express the cornea-specific keratin 12, as determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and in situ hybridization. As evidenced by differences in morphology and the expression of cornea-specific keratin 12, conjunctival transdifferentiation does not occur in conjunctical overgrowth after the removal of limbal epithelium.
The effects of a luminanace-modulated background on the grating-evoked cortical potential in the cat

Averaged grating-evoked cortical potentials were recorded from area 17 of awake cats. Peak latency of early components of the visual-evoked potential (VEP) response to stimulus onset increased as a function of spatial frequency, while amplitude tended to be largest at intermediate spatial frequencies. Latency increased and amplitude generally decreased to lower spatial-frequency stimuli ( 0.50 cycle/deg). The VEP response to stimulus offset was present only at low spatial frequencies and was virtually eliminated by the presence of the UFF. The effects were similar whether the target and UFF background were simultaneously presented or briefly separated; however, the UFF had no effect when the two were spatially separated. The effects of the UFF background on VEP onset response increased with increasing temporal frequency from 2–8 Hz; offset responses were affected similarly at all temporal frequencies. These effects are similar to those observed in humans and suggest that two spatio-temporally tuned mechanisms contribute to the early VEP response. In the cat, the mechanisms seem to correspond to X and Y cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
CAD tools for supporting system design for testability

A methodology and the supporting CAD (computer-aided design) tools are discussed for designing a digital system so that it can meet predefined testability requirements. The set of tools is called the Test Engineer's Assistant (TEA). The TEA system creates an environment in which the designer can perform performance assessment, functional design, and design for testability (DFT). TEA is developed to support automated DFT at the board and subsystem levels, to aid in an appropriate choice of BIT (built-in test) techniques at the board level that is supported at the subsystem and system levels, to indicate where to augment system function with predefined BIT modules to increase testability, and to assess the hardware costs of implementing DFT and BIT. >
Automated photocurrent and bussing extraction for dose-rate rail span collapse simulations

A simulator capable of simulating rail span collapse from layout-level inputs was developed. The simulations require radiation-induced photocurrent partitioning among proximal physical collection regions and electrical contacts to the power distribution network. The simulation approach incorporates simple geometric rules for current division inside a contiguous region along with the automated extraction of the power distribution network. Experimental results to verify the current division algorithms are also presented. Pixel-plane and scan-line techniques used for the automated extraction of the power distribution network are described. For simulation of the circuit, a simulator using conjugate-gradient algorithms is used. A postsimulation processor maps the actual supply rails onto the layout itself for easy identification of critical subcircuits. >
Record Total Lengths of the American Alligator in Florida

Claims of unusually large crocodilians are often questionable because of the lack of physical evidence and a verification process. We report on the longest Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator) that has been officially measured in Florida. The state record for the longest alligator is 435.5 cm (14 ft 3.5 in) and is only the third specimen in Florida known to exceed 426.5 cm (14 ft). Discussion is presented about the measurements taken, techniques used to obtain the measurements, and personnel required for officially recognizing record specimens. We emphasize the importance of having qualified biologists verify measurements using standardized techniques and recommend that other states within the alligator's range develop a protocol similar to Florida's for measuring exceptionally large alligators.
Yield reduction in Brassica napus, B. rapa, B. juncea, and Sinapis alba caused by flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)) infestation in Northern Idaho.

Abstract Phyllotreta cruciferae is an important insect pest of spring-planted Brassica crops, especially during the seedling stage. To determine the effect of early season P. cruciferae infestation on seed yield, 10 genotypes from each of two canola species (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.) and two mustard species (Brassica juncea L. and Sinapis alba L.) were grown in 2 yr under three different P. cruciferae treatments: (1) no insecticide control; (2) foliar applications of endosulfan; and (3) carbofuran with seed at planting plus foliar application of carbaryl. Averaged over 10 genotypes, B. rapa showed most visible P. cruciferae injury and showed greatest yield reduction without insecticide application. Mustard species (S. alba and B. juncea) showed least visible injury and higher yield without insecticide compared with canola species (B. napus and B. rapa). Indeed, average seed yield of S. alba without insecticide was higher than either B. napus or B. rapa with most effective P. cruciferae contr...
Stimulation of protein synthesis by both insulin and amino acids is unique to skeletal muscle in neonatal pigs

In neonatal pigs, the feeding-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, but not liver, can be reproduced by insulin infusion when essential amino acids and glucose are maintained at fasting levels. In the present study, 7- and 26-day-old pigs were studied during 1) fasting, 2) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic clamps, 3) euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hyperaminoacidemic clamps, and 4) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-hyperaminoacidemic clamps. Amino acids were clamped using a new amino acid mixture enriched in nonessential amino acids. Tissue protein synthesis was measured using a flooding dose of L-[4-(3)H]phenylalanine. In 7-day-old pigs, insulin infusion alone increased protein synthesis in various skeletal muscles (from +35 to +64%), with equivalent contribution of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, as well as cardiac muscle (+50%), skin (+34%), and spleen (+26%). Amino acid infusion alone increased protein synthesis in skeletal muscles (from +28 to +50%), also with equivalent contribution of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, as well as liver (+27%), pancreas (+28%), and kidney (+10%). An elevation of both insulin and amino acids did not have an additive effect. Similar qualitative results were obtained in 26-day-old pigs, but the magnitude of the stimulation of protein synthesis by insulin and/or amino acids was lower. The results suggest that, in the neonate, the stimulation of protein synthesis by feeding is mediated by either amino acids or insulin in most tissues; however, the feeding-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is uniquely regulated by both insulin and amino acids.
Comparison of Metallothionein Gene Expression and Nonprotein Thiols in Ten Arabidopsis Ecotypes (Correlation with Copper Tolerance)

Seedlings of 10 Arabidopsis ecotypes were compared with respect to copper tolerance, expression of two metallothionein genes (MT1 and MT2), and nonprotein thiol levels. MT1 was uniformly expressed in all treatments, and MT2 was copper inducible in all 10 ecotypes. MT1 and MT2 mRNA levels were compared with various growth parameters for the 10 ecotypes in the presence of 40 [mu]M Cu2+. The best correlation (R = 0.99) was obtained between MT2 mRNA and the rate of root extension. MT2 mRNA levels also paralleled the recovery phase following inhibition by copper. Induction of MT2 mRNA was initiated at copper concentrations below the threshold for growth inhibition. In cross-induction experiments, Ag+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and heat shock all induced significant levels of MT2 gene expression, whereas Al3+ and salicylic acid did not. The correlation between copper tolerance and nonprotein thiol levels in the 10 ecotypes was not statistically significant. However, 2 ecotypes, Ws and Enkheim, previously shown to exhibit an acclimation response, had the highest levels of nonprotein thiols. We conclude that MT2 gene expression may be the primary determinant of ecotypic differences in the copper tolerance of nonpretreated Arabidopsis seedlings.
Continuities Between Motivation Research and Whole Language Philosophy of Instruction

The purpose of this article is to show that motivation research is generally compatible with and supportive of the whole language philosophy of instruction and to provide explicit motivational reasons why whole language practices might be effective. Both motivation research and whole language instruction emphasize the following: providing choice in order to foster perceptions of autonomy, emphasizing the mastery goal of learning in order to improve personal competence rather than the ego goal of doing better than other people, using assessment that encourages a deep personal construction of meaning and learning for understanding, providing students with experiences that will increase their belief that they can succeed, modeling appropriate literacy activities, responding to students' social goals, providing an emotionally supportive atmosphere, and making learning interesting. Whole language classrooms provide settings where motivation researchers can investigate the success of motivation principles, and ...
Rattlesnake Preference for Envenomated Prey: Species Specificity

Abstract Ten Prairie Rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis viridis) and 10 Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) were offered choices between envenomated (E) and nonenvenomated (NE) mice. Both species preferred E over NE mice when envenomation was accomplished by a conspecific but not when envenomation was accomplished by the other species. However, when envenomation was accomplished by Crotalus oreganus oreganus, E mice were preferred by C. v. viridis but not by C. atrox. Accordingly, we conclude that rattlesnakes of closely related species recognize each other's E prey, whereas rattlesnakes of distantly related species do not.
Constraint generation for routing analog circuits

An approach for generating constraints on interconnect parasitics to drive the routing of analog circuits is presented. The approach involves (a) generation of a set of bounding constraints on the critical parasitics of a circuit to provide maximum flexibility to the router while meeting the performance constraints, and (b) deriving a set of matching constraints on the parasitics from matched-node-pair and matched-branch-pair information on differential circuits. A prototype constraint generator is described. It is hoped that the constraint-based approach suggested in this paper, if applied to both placement and routing, will reduce the need of time consuming layout-extraction-simulation iterations in the physical design phase of analog circuits. >
A synthetic gene network for tuning protein degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Protein decay rates are regulated by degradation machinery that clears unnecessary housekeeping proteins and maintains appropriate dynamic resolution for transcriptional regulators. Turnover rates are also crucial for fluorescence reporters that must strike a balance between sufficient fluorescence for signal detection and temporal resolution for tracking dynamic responses. Here, we use components of the Escherichia coli degradation machinery to construct a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that allows for tunable degradation of a tagged protein. Using a microfluidic platform tailored for single-cell fluorescence measurements, we monitor protein decay rates after repression using an ssrA-tagged fluorescent reporter. We observe a half-life ranging from 91 to 22 min, depending on the level of activation of the degradation genes. Computational modeling of the underlying set of enzymatic reactions leads to GFP decay curves that are in excellent agreement with the observations, implying that degradation is governed by Michaelis–Menten-type interactions. In addition to providing a reporter with tunable dynamic resolution, our findings set the stage for explorations of the effect of protein degradation on gene regulatory and signalling pathways.
Contrast gain control in first- and second-order motion perception

A novel pedestal-plus-test paradigm is used to determine the nonlinear gain-control properties of the first-order (luminance) and the second-order (texture-contrast) motion systems, that is, how these systems' responses to motion stimuli are reduced by pedestals and other masking stimuli. Motion-direction thresholds were measured for test stimuli consisting of drifting luminance and texture-contrast-modulation stimuli superimposed on pedestals of various amplitudes. (A pedestal is a static sine-wave grating of the same type and same spatial frequency as the moving test grating.) It was found that first-order motion-direction thresholds are unaffected by small pedestals, but at pedestal contrasts above 1-2% (5-10 x pedestal threshold), motion thresholds increase proportionally to pedestal amplitude (a Weber law). For first-order stimuli, pedestal masking is specific to the spatial frequency of the test. On the other hand, motion-direction thresholds for texture-contrast stimuli are independent of pedestal amplitude (no gain control whatever) throughout the accessible pedestal amplitude range (from 0 to 40%). However, when baseline carrier contrast increases (with constant pedestal modulation amplitude), motion thresholds increase, showing that gain control in second-order motion is determined not by the modulator (as in first-order motion) but by the carrier. Note that baseline contrast of the carrier is inherently independent of spatial frequency of the modulator. The drastically different gain-control properties of the two motion systems and prior observations of motion masking and motion saturation are all encompassed in a functional theory. The stimulus inputs to both first- and second-order motion process are normalized by feedforward, shunting gain control. The different properties arise because the modulator is used to control the first-order gain and the carrier is used to control the second-order gain.
Cambrian-Ordovician syenites of New Mexico, part of a regional alkalic intrusive episode

Two occurrences of a distinctive red syenite in central New Mexico east-southeast of Albuquerque have yielded a whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age of about 469 ± 7 m.y. Maximum possible ages of 496 and 604 m.y. are calculated for the two different occurrences. These Ordovician and possibly Cambrian syenites intrude foliated and regionally metamorphosed Precambrian rocks but are themselves unfoliated and unmetamorphosed. The New Mexico syenites are lithologically similar to Ordovocian red syenite dikes of the Wet Mountains and Powderhorn area of southern Colorado, which cut but are related to Cambrian alkalic intrusive complexes. It appears that alkalic igneous activity affected southern Colorado, central New Mexico, and perhaps south-central New Mexico in early Paleozoic time.
In Vivo Packaging of Brome Mosaic Virus RNA3, but Not RNAs 1 and 2, Is Dependent on a cis-Acting 3 tRNA-Like Structure

The four encapsidated RNAs of brome mosaic virus (BMV; B1, B2, B3, and B4) contain a highly conserved 3′ 200-nucleotide (nt) region encompassing the tRNA-like structure (TLS) which is required for packaging in vitro (Y. G. Choi, T. W. Dreher, and A. L. N. Rao, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:655-660, 2002). To validate these observations in vivo, we performed packaging assays using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of RNAs and coat protein (CP) (P. Annamalai and A. L. N. Rao, Virology 338:96-111, 2005). Coexpression of TLS-less constructs of B1 or B2 or B3 and CP mRNAs in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in packaging of TLS-less B1 and B2 but not B3, suggesting that packaging of B3 requires the TLS in cis. This conjecture was confirmed by the efficient packaging of a B3 chimera in which the viral TLS was replaced with a cellular tRNATyr. When N. benthamiana leaves were infiltrated with a mixture of transformants containing wild-type B1 (wtB1) plus wtB2 plus a TLS-less B3 (wtB1+wtB2+TLS-lessB3), the 3′ end of progeny B3 was restored by heterologous recombination with that of either B1 or B2. This intrinsic cis-requirement of TLS in promoting B3 packaging was further confirmed when a mixture containing agrotransformants of TLS-less B1+B2+B3 was supplemented with either wtB4 or a 3′ 200-nt or 3′ 336-nt untranslated region (UTR) of B3. Northern blot analysis followed by sequencing of B3 progeny revealed that replication of TLS-less B3, but not TLS-less B1 or B2, was fully restored due to recombination with TLS from transiently expressed wtB4 or the B3 3′ UTR. Collectively, these observations suggested that the requirement of a cis-acting TLS is distinct for B3 compared with B1 or B2.
A One-dimensional Transient Model of Down-flow Through a Swelling Packed Porous Bed

A transient model of down-flow through an ion exchange column in which the resin swells has been developed. The model is herein described and results are presented. Wall friction can lead to high bed stresses when the resin in columns with high length to diameter ratios swells. These stresses can lead to high and potentially excursive hydraulic pressure drops along a column. A non-dimensional grouping that effectively correlates the final steady-state hydraulic behavior of a column with the resin compressibility, column geometric, and flow parameters has been determined.
Photophysiology of the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus: Ecotypic differences among cultured isolates

Cultured isolates of Prochlorococcus from the Mediterranean Sea (MED4) and Sargasso Sea (SS120) have been shown to have dramatically different pigment composition and growth rate responses when grown over a range of irradiances. Moreover, analyses of field populations in the North Atlantic have shown that distinct ecotypes can coexist in the same water column. These and other observations have led to the hypothesis that Prochlorococcus is comprised of genetically distinct ecotypes that collectively expand the range of light intensities over which the genus can thrive. In this paper, we explore this hypothesis by comparing the photophysiology of 10 different Prochlorococcus isolates from diverse oceanographic regimes. We found that the 10 isolates could be grouped into two loose clusters based on their growth response to varying light intensity and their chlorophyll b/a2 (Chl b/a2) ratios. Although both groups photoacclimate when grown over a range of light intensities, isolates with distinctly higher Chl b/a2 ratios (high B/A ecotype) reach maximal growth rates at lower irradiances (Ik,g), have high growth efficiencies (ag), and are inhibited in growth at irradiances where isolates with low Chl b/a2 ratios (low B/A ecotype) are growing maximally. High Chl b/a2 ratios resulted in higher spectrally weighted average Chl a2-specific absorption coefficient (a ¯ ), Chl a2-specific light-harvesting efficiency (chla), and quantum yield (fm) under low growth irra* diances for the isolates of the high B/A ecotype relative to the others. The distinction between the high and low B/A ecotypes is supported by molecular phylogenies constructed using the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene. The physiological differences between the ecotypes most likely result in different relative distributions in a given water column and in fluctuations in their relative abundances as a function of seasonal dynamics and watercolumn stability.
itmBench: generalized API for Internet traffic managers

Internet traffic managers (ITMs) are special machines placed at strategic places in the Internet. itmBench is an interface that allows users (e.g. network managers, service providers, or experimental researchers) to register different traffic control functionalities to run on one ITM or an overlay of ITMs. Thus itmBench offers a tool that is extensible and powerful yet easy to maintain. ITM traffic control applications could be developed either using a kernel API so they run in kernel space, or using a user-space API so they run in user space. We demonstrate the flexibility of itmBench by showing the implementation of a kernel module that provides a differentiated network service. Due to space limitations, we refer the reader to Gali Diamant et al. (December 16, 2003) for a user-space module that provides an overlay routing service. Our itmBench Linux-based prototype is free software and can be obtained from http: //www.cs.bu.edu/groups/itm/.
Sepsis after total hip or knee joint replacement in relation to airborne contamination

The beginning of aseptic surgery was marked by the hypothesis that surgical infection might be caused by particles from the air. The importance of other ways of contaminating the wound soon became apparent, however, and these seemed to predominate. With the development of operations for total joint replacement large numbers of operations began to be done on clean tissue with maximal exposure to the air of the operating room. The incidence of infection was high and the airborne hypothesis was advanced as the reason. Extensive investigations with clean-air systems gave support to this. A recently completed control study has concluded that in conventional ventilated operating rooms over 90% of the bacterial contamination of the wound comes from the air and that cleaner air results in a lower risk of sepsis.
Social Ties in Organizational Crowdfunding: Benefits of Team-Authored Proposals

Social ties have been hypothesized to help people to gain support in achieving collaborative goals. We test this hypothesis in a study of organizational crowdfunding (or 'crowdfunding behind the firewall'). 201 projects were proposed for peer-crowdfunding in a large international corporation. The crowdfunding website allowed people to join a project as Co-Proposers. We analyzed the funding success of 114 projects as a function of the number of (Co-)Proposers. Projects that had more co-proposers were more likely to reach their funding targets. Using data from an organizational social-networking service, we show how employees' social ties were associated with these success patterns. Our results have implications for theories of collaboration in social networks, and the design of crowdfunding websites.
Sarcoidosis Manifested by Gradual Flexion Deformity of Fingers of Both Hands

A 59 years old woman was first seen by us in December 1953 with chief complaint of gradual flexion deformity of fingers of both hands.The flexion position of the digits was diminished by palmar flexion of the wrist. The volar aspect of the right forearm was explored. The flexor digitorum profundus muscle was quite dark in color and tightened. Tendon transfers were done.The microscopic examination of the muscle revealed tubercle formation consisting of epitheloid cells without necrosis. The case was diagnosed as muscular sarcoidosis. Since then, the patient has been treated with cortisone.The flexion deformity of the left hand cannot be improved. On the other hand, all digits of the right hand can be fairly well extended.
Intravenous administration of carbenicillin for septicemia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa following thermal injury.

Prior to the clinical use of topical chemotherapy at the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, septicemia accounted for 7596 of the deaths following thermal injury. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured from the blood in the vast majority of these patients (77-9096 of positive blood cultures) [1]. With the advent of topical therapy with mafenide (Sulfamylon, Winthrop Laboratories, New York) overall mortality fell from 38 96 to 1996 as a result of the successful control of sepsis from bum wounds in patients with bums of less than 6096 of the total body surface [2]. The incidence of bum-wound sepsis due to Pseudomonas decreased from 5996 to 1096 with local control of colonization by P. aeruginosa beneath the bum eschar. Control of surface infection has not averted other forms of sepsis in the burned patient, and infection still remains the leading cause of death. Much of this residual sepsis stems from respiratory infection [3]. The successful utilization of mafenide probably depends on the maintanance of bacterial proliferation at a reduced level (^105 organisms/g of tissue) in order to prevent bacterial invasion of viable tissue. At the same time, it allows controlled bacterial colonization resulting in separation of the eschar. However, in young adult patients with bums of greater than 7096 of the total body surface and in children with bums over more than 60 96 of the body, inhibition of Pseudomonas by topical chemotherapy has not altered mortality, and the incidence of invasive sepsis of the bum wound by Pseudomonas in large burns remains unacceptable. When it does occur,
EXTENT OF CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS AND CLEANUP METHODOLOGY

The problem of contaminated marine sediments has emerged as an environmental issue of national importance. Harbor areas in particular have been found to contain high levels of contaminants in bottom sediments due to wastes from municipal, industrial and riverine sources. The paper examines the extent and significance of marine sediment contamination in the United States; reviews the state-of-the-art of contaminated sediment cleanup and identifies research and development needs.
Sea Water Effects on Polymeric Foams and Their Sandwich Layups

The ingress of sea water and its damaging effects on polymeric foams was investigated experimentally and explained by a mechanics model. Similarly, the reduction in delamination toughness at the core/facing interface was recorded and explained by means of fracture mechanics.
Cell cycle-dependent expression of a glioma-specific chloride current: proposed link to cytoskeletal changes

We recently demonstrated expression of a novel, glioma-specific Cl− current in glial-derived tumor cells (gliomas), including stable cell lines such as STTG1, derived from a human anaplastic astroc...
Postoperative fistulas. How to close them

Postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas are usually the result of an anastomotic leak. The likelihood of a postoperative fistula developing depends on concomitant diseases. An established gastrointestinal fistula is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Appreciable losses of fluid, protein and electrolytes often result in malnutrition, which has a negative impact on wound infection and the mental performance of the patient. Conservative treatment must aim to compensate these deficits as early as possible. Adequate amounts of energy (carbohydrates and fats) vitamins and trace elements must be ensured by replacement measures. In addition to appropriate drainage of the intra-abdominal focus and the use of antibiotics, treatment with octreotide (somatostatin analogues) may be considered. For conservative treatment, however, free intestinal transit distal to the fistula must be ensured. If an enterocutaneous fistula fails to heal within two or three months under conservative treatment, surgical management must be applied.
Prevention of Malignant Melanoma

In sum, it is highly likely that a concerted effort to identify thin malignant melanomas when they are curable is an achievable goal in the United States. The combination of alerting the public to factors thought to be responsible for the induction of malignant melanomas (such as sunlight), of identifying precursor or marker lesions of malignant melanoma (such as dysplastic and congenital nevocytic nevi), and of teaching the medical profession and public alike how to recognize thin melanomas (so that they may be treated promptly and, thus, cured) would predictably reverse the current unacceptable trend of increased incidence and death rates of malignant melanoma.
Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling

As we acquire experience with the clinical and pharmacokinetic behavior of a drug, it is very desirable to capture this experience and its related information in the form of a population pharmacokinetic model, and then to relate the behavior of the model to the clinical effects of the drug or to a linked pharmacodynamic model. The purpose of population modeling is thus to describe and capture our experience with the behavior of a drug in a certain group or population of patients or subjects in a manner that will be useful for the treatment of future patients. This is true not only for clinical patient care, but also to optimize each step of drug development, to develop the optimal understanding of drug behavior, so that the next step can be taken most intelligently.
Matrix Computation and the Theory of Moments

We study methods to obtain bounds or approximations to uT f(A)v where A is a symmetric, positive definite matrix and f is a smooth function. These methods are based on the use of quadrature rules and the Lanczos algorithm. We give some theoretical results on the behavior of these methods based on results for orthogonal polynomials as well as analytical bounds and numerical experiments on a set of matrices for several functions f. We discuss the effect of rounding error in the quadrature calculation.
PERSONAJES SECUNDARIOS SEMBRANDO UN BONSÁI RELATOS MINÚSCULOS DE LA HlSTORIA Y LA MEMORIA EN LA NARRATIVA DE ALEJANDRO ZAMBRA

espanolUno de los espacios recurrentes de la narrativa latinoamericana reciente es el acercamiento a la historia y la memoria desde la cotidianidad, algunas veces fragmentada, siempre fugaz, y a partir de la cual se enuncian, de perfil, los acontecimientos que, en algunas escrituras anteriores, se contaban con un registro epico. Desde esta perspectiva examinare la narrativa de Alejandro Zambra (Santiago de Chile, 1975), enfatizando la construccion particular que realiza con los "personajes secundarios", categoria a la cual le coloca el peso del relato historico y de la memoria desde sus existencias intimas, diarias, intrascendentes. EnglishA recurring subject in recent Latin American fiction is the approach to history and memory from everyday life, sometimes fragmented, always fleeting, and from which, events are uttered as a contour that, in some previous writings, were accounted for in an epic record. From this perspective, Alejandro Zambra's (Santiago de Chile, 1975) narrative will be analyzed, emphasizing the particular construction that is made from "minor characters", a category to which he places the weight of historical narrative and memory from their intimate, every day, frivolous existences.
Functional Role of TRPC1 Channels in Neonatal Cardiomyocytes

Transient receptor potential cation (TRPC) 1 channels are thought to play a role in store-operated and receptor-operated calcium entry in various mammalian cell types. However, our understanding of the functional role of these channels in cardiomyocytes remains to be ill-defined. Here, we test the hypothesis that the channels are involved in calcium leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and modulate the cytosolic calcium concentration in cardiomyocytes. Our studies were performed on neonatal rodent ventricular myocytes. After cell isolations, cells were plated on glass slides. Two days after isolation cells were infected with adenoviral vectors of TRPC1 tagged with eGFP. Measurements were performed 4-5 days after infection. Immunolabeling, three-dimensional scanning confocal microscopy and quantitative colocalization analysis revealed an abundant intracellular density of native TRPC1 and TRPC1 expressed via adenoviral vectors. TRPC1 was not associated with the sarcolemma, but the SR. We measured the rest decay and caffeine induced peak calcium release using rapid scanning confocal microscopy on infected cells loaded with the calcium sensitive dye Rhod-3. We found an increased SR calcium content in the presence of the TRPC channel blocker SKF-96365. SR calcium content exhibited a decreasing relationship with TRPC1 expression. In a computational model, activated SR TRPC1 channels increased the systolic and diastolic cytosolic calcium concentration with only minor effects on action potential and SR calcium content. Our studies indicate that TRPC1 channels are not involved in sarcolemmal electrophysiology of rodent ventricular myocytes, but localized in the SR. The studies support our hypothesis that the channels play a role as SR calcium leak channels. The findings could guide us to an understanding of TRPC channels as physiological modulators of intracellular calcium and contractility in cardiac myocytes.