cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origins and biogeography of the Anolis crassulus subgroup (Squamata: Dactyloidae) in the highlands of Nuclear Central America.

Recent studies have begun to reveal the complex evolutionary and biogeographic histories of mainland anoles in Central America, but the origins and relationships of many taxa remain poorly understood. One such group is the Anolis (Norops) crassulus species subgroup, which contains ten morphologically similar highland taxa, the majority of which have restricted distributions. The nominal taxon A. crassulus has a disjunct distribution from Chiapas, Mexico, through Guatemala, in the highlands of El Salvador, and in the Chortis Highlands of Honduras. We test the relationships of these species using multiple mitochondrial and nuclear loci in concatenated and multispecies coalescent frameworks, in an effort to both resolve long-standing taxonomic confusion and present new insights into the evolution and biogeography of these taxa. Sequences of multiple mitochondrial and nuclear loci were generated for eight of the ten species of the Anolis crassulus species subgroup. We analyzed phylogenetic relationships and estimated divergence times and ancestral ranges of the subgroup, recovering a monophyletic subgroup within Anolis. Within the nominal taxon Anolis crassulus, we recovered multiple genetically distinct lineages corresponding to allopatric populations, and show that the Chortis Highland lineage split from the others over 13 MYA. Additionally, distinct mitochondrial lineages are present within the taxa A. heteropholidotus and A. morazani, and importantly, samples of A. crassulus and A. sminthus previously used in major anole phylogenetic analyses are not recovered as conspecific with those taxa. We infer a Chortis Highland origin for the ancestor of this subgroup, and estimate cladogenesis of this subgroup began approximately 22 MYA. Our results provide new insights into the evolution, biogeography, and timing of diversification of the Anolis crassulus species subgroup. The disjunctly distributed Anolis crassulus sensu lato represents several morphologically conserved, molecularly distinct anoles, and several other species in the subgroup contain multiple isolated lineages.
Numerical Investigation of Deep Dynamic Stall for a Helicopter Blade Section

For helicopters in forward flight at high advance ratios, because of the cyclic variation of the angle of attack, the flow over the retreating blade can stall. This phenomenon, which is known as dy...
Disrupting the student status quo

EDITOR —Competition for entry into medical school is the natural result of a mismatch between supply and demand. I believe that the path being proposed by the Irish government, as described by Darragh Halpenny, is treacherous.1 Any reintroduction of subjective assessments into the selection criteria for entry into …
Reducing the Risk for Pressure Injury During Combat Evacuation.

BACKGROUND Combat casualties undergoing aeromedical evacuation are at increased risk for pressure injuries. The risk factors pressure and shear are potentially modifiable via solutions appropriate for en route care. OBJECTIVES To compare transcutaneous oxygen levels and skin temperatures in healthy participants under offloaded (side lying) and loaded (supine or supine with 30° backrest elevation) under 4 conditions: control (no intervention), Mepilex sacral and heel dressings, LiquiCell pad, and Mepilex plus LiquiCell. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to 4 groups according to ideal body weight. Backrest positions were randomized. Transcutaneous oxygen level and temperature were measured on the sacrum and the heel; skin interface pressure was measured with an XSensor pressure imaging system. Measurements were obtained for 5 minutes at baseline (offloaded), 40 minutes with participants supine, and 15 minutes offloaded. RESULTS In the 40 healthy participants, interface pressure, transcutaneous oxygen level, and skin temperature did not differ between the 4 groups. Peak interface pressures were approximately 43 mm Hg for the sacrum and 50 mm Hg for the heel. Sacral transcutaneous oxygen level differed significantly between unloaded (mean, 79 mm Hg; SD, 16.5) and loaded (mean, 57 mm Hg; SD, 25.2) conditions (P < .001) in a flat position (mean, 85.2 mm Hg; SD, 13.6) and with 30° backrest elevation (mean, 66.7 mm Hg; SD, 24.2) conditions (P < .001). Results for the heels and the sacrum were similar. Sacral skin temperature increased significantly across time (approximately 1.0°C). CONCLUSIONS The intervention strategies did not differ in prevention of pressure injuries.
DNA-based materials as self-assembling scaffolds for interfacing with cells

Abstract In this chapter, we will outline key applications for DNA as a scaffold for interfacing with and guiding the activity of biological systems. DNA is a highly programmable molecular building block but generally lacks activity for signaling cells. However, by synthesizing hybrid molecules of DNA linked to biologically active molecules like proteins or peptides, it is possible to imbue them with bioactivity. We will focus on two main categories of DNA-based materials: (1) three-dimensional hydrogels for cell encapsulation and/or delivery and (2) two-dimensional surfaces for studying cell-matrix interactions. Critically, we will restrict ourselves to systems that incorporate cells and strive to mimic the extracellular environment. These materials are highly promising for a broad range of applications in biology, bioengineering, and medicine.
Free Lateral Vibrations of Suspension Bridges

A method is developed based on a linearized theory and the finite-element method. The method involves two distinct steps: (1)Specification of the potential and kinetic energies of the bridge, (2)use of finite element technique to: (a)discretize the structure into equivalent systems of finite elements; (b)select the displacement model most closely approximating the real case; (c)derive the element and assemblage stiffness and inertia properties; and finally (d)form the matrix equations of motion and the resulting eigenproblems. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the applicability of the analysis and to investigate the dynamic characteristics of laterally vibrating suspension bridges. This method eliminates the need to solve transcendental frequency equations, simplifies the determination of the energy stored in different members of the bridge, and represents a simple, fast, and accurate tool for calculating the natural frequencies and modes of lateral vibration by means of a digital computer.
Whitecoats, Beaters and Turners: Dorset Palaeoeskimo Harp Seal Hunting from Phillip’s Garden, Port au Choix

Exploitation of the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) has been a significant component of socio-ecological systems in Newfoundland and Labrador for thousands of years. Whether one talks of the prehistoric Palaeoeskimo and Amerindian peoples, or the later European settler groups, the biannual migration of the harp seal herd has long been important in demarcating local and regional subsistence and settlement activities as evidenced by the abundance of harp seal remains in archaeological deposits along the outer coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador (Auger 1986; Cox and Speiss 1980; Jordan 1986; Pastore 1986; Pintal 1989; Renouf 2000; Renouf and Murray 1999; Speiss 1978), and by ancient technologies that reflect decision-making with respect to harp seal exploitation (LeBlanc 2000). In recent times, the importance of the harp seal in the cultural and economic life of Newfoundlanders is well documented in various sources, and colourfully expressed in a complex and detailed folk taxonomy (Dictionary of Newfoundland English – hereafter referenced as DNE 1990; Ryan 1994), and in songs and poetry (Ryan and Small 1978).
Data Recovery and Subspace Clustering From Quantized and Corrupted Measurements

Quantized low-rank matrix recovery estimates the original matrix from its entry-wise quantized measurements. Subspace clustering divides data points belonging to the union of subspaces (UoS) into the respective subspaces. Generalizing from both quantized matrix recovery and subspace clustering, this paper for the first time studies the problem of combined data recovery and subspace clustering based on the quantized measurements of data points following the UoS model. The recovery and clustering is achieved simultaneously by solving a nonconvex constrained maximum likelihood problem. The relative recovery error is proved to diminish to zero as the matrix size increases. A sparse alternative proximal algorithm with a convergence guarantee is proposed to solve the nonconvex problem. The proposed method is evaluated numerically on synthetic and extended Yale Face B datasets.
THE EFFECTS OF LEADERSHIP AND GENDER ON DYAD CREATIVITY

Siame straipsnyje yra nagrinėjama, kokią įtaką kūrybiskumui turi lyderio atsiradimas ir lyderio vadovavimo stilius abiejų lycių dviejų žmonių grupėse. Yra daug tyrimų, nagrinėjancių, kaip vadovavimo dinamika veikia didesnių grupių kūrybiskumą, o klausimui, kokią įtaką mažos grupės narių lytis daro kūrybiniams procesams, skiriama mažiau dėmesio. Siekiant atsakyti į sį klausimą, mūsų tyrimas nagrinėja, kaip lyderio atsiradimas ir vadovavimo stilius veikia kūrybinių užduocių atlikimą abiejų lycių porose. Kūrybiskumas buvo matuojamas naudojant penkias insaito užduotis. Siame eksperimente dalyvavo simtas astuoni dalyviai, jie buvo suskirstyti arba tos pacios lyties, arba abiejų lycių poromis. Taip paskirscius susidarė vien moterų, vien vyrų ir abiejų lycių poros. Rezultatai parodė, kad poros, kuriose vyravo lyderis, issprendė daugiau užduocių ir tai padarė greiciau nei poros, neturincios lyderio. Poros, turincios autokratinį lyderį, baigė užduotis greiciau, deja, mažiau jų issprendė teisingai, nei poros, turincios demokratiską lyderį. Vyrų porose iskilo daugiau lyderių, nei kitose grupėse. Ir nors vien vyrų grupės baigė užduotis greiciau, sios grupės neissprendė daugiau užduocių teisingai nei vien moterų ar abiejų lycių grupės. Apskritai sis tyrimas atskleidė naują supratimą apie veiksnius, darancius įtaką mažų grupių kūrybiskumui.
Risk factors of radiotherapy‐induced cerebral microbleeds and serial analysis of their size compared with white matter changes: A 7T MRI study in 113 adult patients with brain tumors

Background Although radiation therapy (RT) contributes to survival benefit in many brain tumor patients, it has also been associated with long-term brain injury. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) represent an important manifestation of radiation-related injury. Purpose To characterize the change in size and number of CMBs over time and to evaluate their relationship to white matter structural integrity as measured using diffusion MRI indices. Study type Longitudinal, retrospective, human cohort. Population In all, 113 brain tumor patients including patients treated with focal RT (n = 91, 80.5%) and a subset of nonirradiated controls (n = 22, 19.5%). Field strength/sequence Single and multiecho susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and multiband, shell, and direction diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at 7 T. Assessment Patients were scanned either once or serially. CMBs were detected and quantified on SWI images using a semiautomated approach. Local and global fractional anisotropy (FA) were measured from DTI data for a subset of 35 patients. Statistical tests Potential risk factors for CMB development were determined by multivariate linear regression and using linear mixed-effect models. Longitudinal FA was quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated for trends. Results All patients scanned at 1 or more years post-RT had CMBs. A history of multiple surgical resections was a risk factor for development of CMBs. The total number and volume of CMBs increased by 18% and 11% per year, respectively, although individual CMBs decreased in volume over time. Simultaneous to these microvascular changes, FA decreased by a median of 6.5% per year. While the majority of nonirradiated controls had no CMBs, four control patients presented with fewer than five CMBs. Data conclusion Identifying patients who are at the greatest risk for CMB development, with its likely associated long-term cognitive impairment, is an important step towards developing and piloting preventative and/or rehabilitative measures for patients undergoing RT. Level of evidence 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 4 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:868-877.
On the alleged evidence for non-unpleasant pains

Pains are unpleasant, universally unpleasant. What seems trivially true has been rejected by various pain scientists because of several phenomena which allegedly show that there can be pain which i...
Bias Control in Pitch and Roll Gyroscopes

High-frequency resonant gyroscope technology developed in recent years promises robust high performance with mode-matched resonant operation. While high performance is shown in various resonant yaw gyroscopes, large discrepancies are seen between the promised and delivered performances in resonant pitch and roll gyroscopes. This chapter presents in detail the quadrature errors and bias instability limits in MEMS pitch and roll gyroscopes, which are the main challenges in developing high-performance single-chip MEMS triaxial gyroscopes and IMUs. The sources of errors are carefully studied, and effective solutions are developed. Experimental verifications of the solutions are achieved through advanced microfabrication methods and robust prototype designs.
A tree full of hillbillies: grotesque humor in Marlene van Niekerk’s Triomf

This paper explores humor in Marlene van Niekerk’s Triomf, a novel radically different from other South African novels of the 1990s. In fact, Triomf recalls works by American Southern grotesque wri...
Chemical Ecology of Nematodes

Abstract Nematodes employ a family of pheromones known as the ascarosides to communicate with each other and coordinate different aspects of their development and behavior. In the model system Caenorhabditis elegans, ascarosides are used to trigger a stress-resistant larval stage called the dauer, to attract mates, to induce aggregation in favorable growth conditions, to promote avoidance in unfavorable ones, and to suppress foraging. The ascarosides have been conserved across nematode evolution and have been shown to play an important role in the chemical ecology of a number of other bacteriovorous, entomopathogenic, and plant parasitic nematodes. This article will give an introduction to the model system C. elegans and an overview of the discovery of the ascarosides, the structures, functions, and biosynthesis of these pheromones, and the signaling pathways that they target inside the worm. It will also discuss the diverse lifecycles of different nematode species and the critical functions of the ascarosides in these lifecycles.
Chapter 5 – Grassmann Variables

Publisher Summary The need for Grassmann variables is related to the mathematical problem of writing a second-order differential operator as the product of two first-order differential operators. These variables are necessary when such an operator is represented in a path integral or a functional. In this chapter, the basic properties of real and complex Grassmann variables are introduced and differentiation and integration are defined. The Gaussian integrals of Grassmann variables are evaluated for both the real and complex cases in the chapter. The chapter explains the development of classical mechanics for the case of Grassmann variables and presents the equivalent forms for the Euler–Lagrange and Hamilton's equations. The fermionic coherent state and the rudiments of supersymmetric quantum mechanics are also discussed in the chapter.
Improving Historical Data Discovery in Weather Radar Image Data Sets Using Transfer Learning

Historical data discovery is a challenging task for any study in radar meteorology when the region of interest is recorded in weather observations. Weather radars exist in overlapping networks around the globe and are observing the atmospheric conditions around the clock. The observations are stored according to date, time, and location, as opposed to an indexing scheme based on the phenomena present in the scans themselves. Performing feature-based searches in these voluminous data sets is, at current, impossible. This research seeks to enable users seeking to study such phenomena as a mechanism for locating events of interest by leveraging recent progress from the fields of transfer learning and computer vision. Specifically, this work illustrates a methodology for performing image classification of precipitation regimes on colormapped weather radar scan images, as opposed to the raw data itself. This system reduces the data needed to perform this classification by two orders of magnitude, increasing throughput and democratizing usage of the deep learning tools for this task by allowing training and testing of the models on modest compute systems.
Enhancement of Spatial Clustering-Based Time-Frequency Masks using LSTM Neural Networks.

Recent works have shown that Deep Recurrent Neural Networks using the LSTM architecture can achieve strong single-channel speech enhancement by estimating time-frequency masks. However, these models do not naturally generalize to multi-channel inputs from varying microphone configurations. In contrast, spatial clustering techniques can achieve such generalization but lack a strong signal model. Our work proposes a combination of the two approaches. By using LSTMs to enhance spatial clustering based time-frequency masks, we achieve both the signal modeling performance of multiple single-channel LSTM-DNN speech enhancers and the signal separation performance and generality of multi-channel spatial clustering. We compare our proposed system to several baselines on the CHiME-3 dataset. We evaluate the quality of the audio from each system using SDR from the BSS\_eval toolkit and PESQ. We evaluate the intelligibility of the output of each system using word error rate from a Kaldi automatic speech recognizer.
Alfvénic modes excited by the kink instability in PHASMA

Magnetic flux ropes have been successfully created with plasma guns in the newly commissioned PHAse Space MApping (PHASMA) experiment. The flux ropes exhibit the expected m = 1 kink instability. The observed threshold current for the onset of this kink instability is half of the Kruskal–Shafranov current limit, consistent with predictions for the non-line tied boundary condition of PHASMA. The helicity, paramagnetism, and growth rate of the observed magnetic fluctuations are also consistent with kink instability predictions. The observed fluctuation frequency appears to be a superposition of a real frequency due to a Doppler shift of the kink mode arising from plasma flow ( ∼ 2 kHz) and a contribution from a wave mode ( ∼ 5 kHz). The dispersion of the wave mode is consistent with an Alfven wave. Distinct from most previous laboratory studies of flux ropes, the working gas in PHASMA is argon. Thus, the ion cyclotron frequency in PHASMA is quite low and the frequency of the Alfvenic mode plateaus at ∼ 0.5 of the ion gyro frequency with increasing background magnetic field strength.
Introduction to Stress Testing the USA

Introduces the reader to the notion of stress testing as a way to highlight a system’s weak spots. Crises and disasters reveal, like nothing else, the fracture lines within a society. This chapter introduces five disasters that each provides a major stress test of the United States: the War on Terror, Hurricane Katrina, financial crisis, the Gulf oil spill, and the COVID-19 epidemic.
Modeling directed self-assembly of nanoparticles under parallel electric fields

We design and model an experiment to study the effect of electric bias on particle-coverage densities produced during ionic nanoparticle self-assembly. The experiment involves the application of a uniform external electric field parallel to a glass substrate during the self-assembly of silica nanoparticles. We refer to this procedure as directed self-assembly of monolayers (DSAM). In our theoretical analysis, we modify existing cooperative sequential adsorption models to account for diffusion under an applied electric field. We use the mean field approximation to solve for particle-coverage densities. To ascertain the validity of this method, we compare our solutions to Monte Carlo simulations of the system.
Heterotrophic versus mixed BFT system: Impacts on water use, suspended solids production and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract The Biofloc Technology System (BFT) is characterized by stimulating the development of a microbial community that acts mainly in the maintenance of water quality but also promotes other benefits such as increased productivity, biosafety and serves as a supplementary source of food for reared animals. Two main groups of bacteria are involved in nitrogen removal in this system: heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophic nitrifying bacteria, present in the aggregates. Different fertilization techniques can be used for the formation and maintenance of bioflocs, depending on which group of bacteria the predominance is preferred. This study aimed to analyze the effect of different organic fertilization techniques on the bioflocs establishment, amount of water used, the production of suspended solids and the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in the BFT System. Shrimp juveniles were stocked in 150-liter tanks at a stocking density of 300 shrimps/m³. Three treatments (in triplicate) were tested using different fertilization techniques: 1) without supplementary organic fertilization; 2) organic fertilization according to nominal ammonia reading (heterotrophic/chemoautotrophic = “mixed” system) and 3) organic fertilization according to estimated ammonia production (heterotrophic). The temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, alkalinity and total suspended solids (TSS) of the water were monitored. The water quality parameters were influenced by the treatments with differences found in the concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, alkalinity and TSS. Ammonia levels were higher in control treatment since no organic fertilization was performed. Nitrite levels were lower in heterotrophic system since the nitrifying pathway was suppressed due to daily fertilization, also resulting in lower nitrate levels. There were significant differences in the growth performance parameters, with the highest final weight and yield, as well as the lowest FCR, found in the mixed treatment. There were no significant differences among survival. The mixed system treatment used less water during production cycle compared to other treatments while the volume of solids removed was almost four times greater in the heterotrophic treatment compared to the others. These results show that adopting a mixed heterotrophic/chemoautotrophic biofloc system improves shrimp growth performance, optimize water use and decrease solids production.
Interventions to address cancer-related financial toxicity: Recommendations from the field.

PURPOSE Addressing financial toxicity among cancer patients is a complex process that requires a multifaceted approach, particularly for rural patients who may face additional cost-related barriers to care. In this study, we examined interventions being implemented by financial navigation staff at various cancer centers that help address financial toxicity experienced by oncology patients. METHODS We conducted semistructured interviews with a convenience sample of financial navigation staff across 29 cancer centers in both rural and urban areas in 7 states. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Descriptive coding and thematic analysis techniques were used to analyze the data. FINDINGS Thirty-five participants were interviewed, the majority of whom worked in cancer centers located in rural counties. Participants identified the use of screening tools, patient education, and access to tailored financial assistance resources as best practices. Immediate resource needs included additional financial navigation staff, including lay navigators and community health workers, to promote linkages to local resources. Suggested clinical areas for intervention included proactive and early implementation of financial assessments and discussions between providers and patients, along with training and access to regularly updated resources for those in financial navigator/counselor roles. Participants also discussed the need for policy-level interventions to reform health systems (including employment protections) and health insurance programs. CONCLUSIONS Implementing proactive methods to screen for and address financial needs of patients is essential to improving cancer-related outcomes. Additional programs and research are needed to help establish systematic and standardized methods to enhance financial navigation services, especially for underserved rural communities.
Macrophages and the Entrance of Resolution Phase Lipid Mediators

Complete resolution of an acute inflammatory response is the ideal outcome of this protective host response with return of the tissue to homeostasis. Lipid mediators are widely appreciated for their important roles in initiating the leukocyte traffic required in host defense. These include the eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes). With the identification of novel resolution phase mediators such as the resolvins, protectins, and maresins with demonstrated pro-resolving actions, these three families and lipoxins together with their aspirin-triggered forms are collectively coined specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) because of their potent stereoselective actions with human cells and in experimental animal models of disease. The complete stereochemistry of key SPM is now established and several laboratories have reported on total organic synthesis confirming these novel structures. Given their present availability, a body of literature has rapidly emerged that both confirms and expands their potent pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory actions originally identified for the SPM. In this chapter, we update and review the roles and actions of the resolvins, protectins, and maresins in active resolution mechanisms. Together these results from many laboratories now provide further evidence to support the novel concept that the return of acute inflammatory response to homeostasis involves active biosynthesis of pro-resolving autacoids, which in turn can serve as receptor agonists to activate resolution programs and return tissues to homeostasis and complete function.
SU-F-BRD-07: Fast Monte Carlo-Based Biological Optimization of Proton Therapy Treatment Plans for Thyroid Tumors

Purpose: To demonstrate the feasibility of fast Monte Carlo (MC) based biological planning for the treatment of thyroid tumors in spot-scanning proton therapy. Methods: Recently, we developed a fast and accurate GPU-based MC simulation of proton transport that was benchmarked against Geant4.9.6 and used as the dose calculation engine in a clinically-applicable GPU-accelerated IMPT optimizer. Besides dose, it can simultaneously score the dose-averaged LET (LETd), which makes fast biological dose (BD) estimates possible. To convert from LETd to BD, we used a linear relation based on cellular irradiation data. Given a thyroid patient with a 93cc tumor volume, we created a 2-field IMPT plan in Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems). This plan was re-calculated with our MC to obtain the BD distribution. A second 5-field plan was made with our in-house optimizer, using pre-generated MC dose and LETd maps. Constraints were placed to maintain the target dose to within 25% of the prescription, while maximizing the BD. The plan optimization and calculation of dose and LETd maps were performed on a GPU cluster. The conventional IMPT and biologically-optimized plans were compared. Results: The mean target physical and biological doses from our biologically-optimized plan were, respectively, 5% and 14% higher than those from the MC re-calculation of the IMPT plan. Dose sparing to critical structures in our plan was also improved. The biological optimization, including the initial dose and LETd map calculations, can be completed in a clinically viable time (∼30 minutes) on a cluster of 25 GPUs. Conclusion: Taking advantage of GPU acceleration, we created a MC-based, biologically optimized treatment plan for a thyroid patient. Compared to a standard IMPT plan, a 5% increase in the target’s physical dose resulted in ∼3 times as much increase in the BD. Biological planning was thus effective in escalating the target BD.
Stark spectroscopy with the CO laser

Abstract The Coriolis interaction between the ν 4 and 2 ν 2 bands of NH 3 has not previously been analyzed, though its importance has been recognized. In this paper, a value for the Coriolis interaction parameter is obtained from an analysis of CO laser Stark spectra involving NH 3 transitions in the 6 μm region. Another value of this parameter, in good agreement with the first, is obtained from a simple examination of previously published infrared spectra. The laser Stark spectra, obtained by the Lamb dip technique with a resolution of ∼1 MHz, show “center dips” due to crossover bleaching and collisionally transferred saturation, and also show 14 N nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structure.
Corrosion of Advanced Steels: Challenges in the Oil and Gas Industry

Drill pipe steels are in contact with CO2 and H2S environments, depending on the oil and gas field. These steels have to be resistant to various in-service conditions including aggressive environments containing CO2, H2S, O2, and chlorides, in addition to static and dynamic mechanical stresses. In this respect stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of two grades of drill pipe steel in CO2 environment have been studied simulating the bottom hole oil and gas well conditions. SSRT results show that SCC susceptibility or loss of ductility changes with temperature and increasing temperature increases the loss of ductility. No FeCO3 is observed below 100 °C, and density of FeCO3 is higher in grip section than gauge length and this is due to strain disturbance of growth of iron carbonate crystals. Material selection for down hole in CO2 containing environments needs has been reviewed and probability of SCC occurrence in higher temperatures has been included.
Women living with HIV: sexual behaviors and counseling experiences.

Seventy-two ethnically diverse women attending two outpatient HN clinics in Los Angeles self-administered questionnaires. Nineteen women (26%) reported sexual activity in the two months prior to the survey; most were sexually monogamous and emotionally involved with live-in male partners. According to selfreports, 13 women (18% of the total sample and 68% of those who were sexually active) had engaged in at least one form of risky sexual activity. The majority (8 1%) of sexual partners were aware of the respondent's HN infection, but most (67%) were seronegative. Post-test counseling was reportedly noncomprehensive (e.g., 47% of the respondents did not recall receiving information about using condoms correctly). Few women accessed HIV support services. Results underscore the need for more effective counseling and support interventions for this population.
‘Realms so barbarous and cruell’: Writing Violence in Early Modern Ireland and England: Writing Violence

In their tendency to avoid theory and interdisciplinary approaches, anglophone historians have frequently neglected to pay attention to questions of genre, form and narrative in the sources they consult. Such an oversight is unfortunate, for it results in partial readings of those sources, and overlooks the fact that the past itself − even as it is expressed in the most apparently neutral of documents − can never be separable from the telling of it. This essay will begin from the premise of genre to argue that English writings which represented the violence of early modern Ireland and England were significant in revealing the fraught relationship between historical developments and aesthetic representations; if writings on Ireland remained assured and stylistically stable, even when describing the worst of atrocities, the pamphlets, memoirs, or poetry of the English Civil War, decades later, became fragmented as the writing of a more internecine and incomprehensible violence could no longer be contained within traditional formal perimeters. Violence in the 1640s was thus questioned in a way it never had been in Ireland, where the certainty embedded in English writings only conveyed the acceptance of that violence as well. By contrast, language which failed in the face of English Civil War violence was also productive, raising questions that would ultimately influence emerging conceptions of human rights in the face of atrocity.
Carbohydrate Composition of the Phenol-soluble Lipopolysaccharides of Citrobacter freundii

Phenol-soluble lipopolysaccharides were obtained from the interphase and phenol phase fractions of 44% aqueous phenol-extracted Citrobacter species. Upon detailed investigation of C. freundii 8090, the two lipopolysaccharide fractions were found to contain different amounts of lipid A, although qualitative composition was similar. Both contained lipid A, 2-keto-deoxyoctonic acid, heptose, phosphate, d-glucose, galactose, rhamnose, 2-acetamido-2 deoxy-d-glucose, 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, O-acetyl, and trace amino acids. Partially purified phenol-phase lipopolysaccharide partitioned into the phenol-soluble phase when refractionated with 44% aqueous phenol, and was further found to be soluble in 88% phenol, 95% ethyl alcohol, and chloroform-methanol (2:1).
A revised structure for fucoidan may explain some of its biological activities

Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus inhibits human sperm-zona pellucida binding and blocks the zona pellucida-induced acrosome reaction in human sperm. Fucoidan also potently inhibits selectin-mediated adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelium. To understand the molecular basis for fucoidan's inhibition of specific cell adhesion events, we have investigated the structure of this fucan using definitive methods of carbohydrate structural analysis. We report the revised average structure for fucoidan. [formula: see text] This average structure differs from the previous model for fucoidan in two respects. First, the core region of the fucan is composed primarily of a polymer of alpha 1-3-linked fucose with sulfate groups substituted at the 4 position on some of the fucose residues. Secondly, fucose is also attached to this polymer to form branch points, one for every 2-3 fucose residues within the chain. This revised average structure is consistent with previous studies suggesting a branched random coil as the best model for this polysaccharide. The proposed model is also a closer structural analogue of the sulfated carbohydrate ligands that bind to selectins. This information should be useful for determining whether a relationship exists between selectin-mediated adhesion of leukocytes and human sperm-egg binding.
Dynamics of Patriotism

Patriotism, as attachment to country, is the value on which most foreign policy attitudes ultimately hinge, yet very little in the academic literature addresses the implications of the way in which the foundations for this attachment are conceived. Two variants of patriotism can be identified: one absolute, the other contingent. For those holding the latter conception, patriotism must be justified by one’s country’s actions: the greater the approval of one’s country’s policies, the greater the degree of patriotic attachment that is warranted. For those holding the former conception, patriotism is an absolute and a constant value, and it is reflected in support for one’s country/government when the going gets tough, not in qualifying one’s attachment to country by its performance and behavior. We seek to understand the circumstances that determine how critical or uncritical a patriot a person would be, given both specific conditions related to the individual and the international situation more generally. Moreover, we are interested in accounting for overall levels of patriotism. We use survey data from the PEW, as well as experimental data, to examine these matters. We find that factors internal to the individual, and not external conditions, determine the kind of patriot one is and the level of self-reported patriotism.
From Cancer to Sexually Transmitted Infection: Explorations of Social Stigma among Cervical Cancer Survivors

Perceptions of the relationship between cervical cancer and a sexually transmitted disease, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), has received increased media attention in recent years, potentially altering views toward cervical cancer survivors by others as well as altering perceptions of the survivors themselves regarding their health and the disease. This study explores the experiences and perceptions of cervical cancer patients and survivors living with this type of cancer at a moment in history when it is becoming a very visible manifestation of an STI, versus one constructed historically as a life-threatening cancer. This period in time, in which cervical cancer is being repositioned in and by educational and media messages, offers an opportunity to examine the rapid redefinition of a stigmatized condition as it occurs, and its subsequent impact on individuals previously diagnosed with cervical cancer.
The geographic distribution of unemployment rates in the U.S.: A spatial-time series analysis☆

Abstract This paper presents estimates of the time series and spatial pattern of unemployment rate fluctuations in the U.S. over the period 1977.I–1983.IV. Spatial and time series autocorrelations over a regular lattice are estimated using both simultaneous (SAR) and conditional (CAR) autoregressive models of spatial series. The empirical results indicate that a temporary unemployment rate shock has a significant effect on unemployment rates in adjacent areas contemporaneously, but virtually no impact on neighboring unemployment rates after six quarters. A permanent change in an area's unemployment rate has a strong and persistent impact on unemployment rates in labor markets within 250 miles of the initial shock.
City web sites: Do they promote economic development, or branding, or anything at all?

The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which cities in the United States use their web site to promote strategic goals, in particular the goal of economic development. With growing use of and reliance upon web-based information in modern society, it becomes increasingly important to understand how local communities use their web site. Do cities in the United States use the Internet to promote their city as a beneficial place to conduct business, as urban economy literature suggests that they might? If not, what kinds of information do cities convey via their web sites? Are web sites used for purposes of city branding at all? To address these questions, this study uses results of a content analysis of 345 city web sites. The cities are home-rule cities in the state of Texas. Relying on literature on web page usage, we examine a web site's homepage image and title, the links provided on the homepage, and the destination of these links. The study's findings suggest that while some city web pages reflect a strategic goal, for the most part cities are not using their web site to promote any strategic goal, economic or otherwise. We argue that even if uncertain of results, city leaders should consider at least modest changes to their web site to better promote and brand their city.
The Symbol of the Space Shuttle and the Degeneration of the American Dream

The US manned space flight program is interpreted as an expression of American culture. Since the inception of the program one can detect a regression in the projected image from that which the original astronauts built around themselves to that which NASA constructed with Christa McAuliffe — the “teacher‐in‐space”. The first represents the theme of the American attaining immortality through competence. The second, characterized by the “denial of difference,” represents the American as a participant at “Disneyland‐in‐space”. The capacity to manage technological achievement is present in the former and absent in the latter, in which the concept of technology is replaced by the concept of magic. It is suggested that the same cultural regression may be found in the recent history of American organizational culture.
Presence of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in rat tissues and evidence for its production from anthranilic acid in the brain

As assessed by HPLC with electrochemical detection, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HANA) was found to be present in the rat brain and peripheral organs. The highest concentrations were measured in the kidney (86 fmol/mg of tissue) and spleen (56 fmol/mg of tissue), whereas the adrenal gland, liver, heart, and several forebrain areas (hippocampus, striatum, parietal cortex, thalamus, amygdala/pyriform cortex, and frontal cortex) contained less 3-HANA (between 15 and 22 fmol/mg of tissue). Slightly lower concentrations of 3-HANA were found in the brainstem and the cerebellum. The metabolic disposition of 3-HANA was examined in tissue slices which were incubated in Krebs-Ringer buffer at 37 degrees C in vitro. Incubation for up to 2 h did not affect 3-HANA concentration in brain tissue. However, inhibition of 3-HANA degradation by the specific 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase blocker 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (4-Cl-3-HANA; 10 microM) resulted in a rapid (within 2.5 min) doubling of 3-HANA levels in slices from cerebral cortex. No further increases were observed after incubations of up to 120 min. Exposure of cortical slices to 3-HANA's putative bioprecursors, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and anthranilic acid (ANA), in the absence of 4-Cl-3-HANA resulted in rapid, transient increases in 3-HANA production. Maximal 3-HANA synthesis from ANA exceeded the maximal effect of 3-HK by approximately 11-fold.2+ In the presence of 4-Cl-3-HANA, 1 mM ANA produced 9.0 +/- 0.3 and 89.0 +/- 9.3 (5 min) or 51.6 +/- 7.9 and 187.5 +/- 11.2 (120 min) fmol of newly synthesized 3-HANA/mg of brain tissue, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
"Ethicogenesis": Response to the articles "Consultation-liaison psychiatry and the teaching of ethics," by J. R. McCartney, and "Consultation-liaison psychiatry and clinical ethics," by J. R. Hayes.

Drs. Hayes and McCartney in their articles have performed a vital service in, respectively, clarifying the depth of the wish for clinical certainty in ethically conflictual decisions and the cost of attempting to attain it. Before commenting on their work, I want to state that the compassion and concern of each for the patient and doing what is ethical and clinical comes across loud and clear. Such compassion and concern deserve to be nourished by any academic department of psychiatry, especially one involved in training residents as consultants to other health care professionals. Dr. Hayes takes up the challenge, so importantly elucidated by Dr. Per1 in his earlier work, of how should the psychiatrist respond when the request for consultation masks a request for help in resolving a moral dilemma [ 11. Although finding the earlier answer suggested by Dr. Per1 and his colleague “inadequate” insofar as it focuses on the suggestion that “the psychiatrist’s appropriate role is in facilitating autonomous decision-making by the patient,” Dr. Hayes chooses to remedy the situation by identifying “the emotional tension behind the consult . . . [as being] because physicians and patients have no knowledge of a process whereby the most ethically sound decision can be made” [2]. Unfortunately Dr. Hayes’s good intentions founder as on further reading we find that in his wish to offer concrete solutions, leading to definitive answers, he reduces the richness of process, of the
Wheelset Mechanics During Wheelclimb Derailment

An analysis of the mechanics and dynamics of a railroad vehicle wheelset during flange contact and wheelclimb derailment is presented. The theoretical model includes wheelset lateral, vertical, roll, yaw, and axle rotation degrees of freedom, plus lateral displacement of the truck frame. The equations of motion are based on the kinematics and dynamics of the wheelset subject to constraints imposed by wheel/rail contact geometry.
Metabolism of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 into 1α,25-Dihydroxy-3-Epi-Vitamin-D3 in Rat Osteosarcoma Cells (UMR 106 and ROS 17/2.8) and Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Metabolism of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D 3 into 1α,25-Dihydroxy-3-Epi-Vitamin-D 3 in Rat Osteosarcoma Cells (UMR 106 and ROS 17/2.8) and Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Voltaire and Rousseau: Their Rencontre Fortuite

This paper presents an analysis of two strikingly similar passages - one from Rousseau's La Nouvelle Heloise, the other from Voltaire's Candide. After the details of the numerous similarities in structure, setting, theme and vocabulary are examined, the possibility of the direct influence of one of these authors upon the other is carefully investigated. A thorough consideration of the chronology of the composition and manuscripts involved leads surprisingly to the conclusion that neither writer could have been influenced by the other at the time he wrote the passage in question. the final conclusion is that what the reader is witnessing is a “chance” meeting of minds and a fortuitous crossing of narrative paths in the case of two authors who were both thoroughly familiar with a novelistic tradition replete with incidences of “fortuitous encounters” of fictional characters.
The ratio of the upper two critical fields in pure Nb

Abstract The ratio C = H c3 H c2 has been measured for very pure superconducting niobium. The ratio is found to be temperature dependent, rising from about 1.67 at T c to about 1.9 at lower temperatures. The results are compared with theory near T c .
Permeability Extraction: A Sonic Log Inversion

In this paper the authors provide the missing important link between permeability and acoustic velocities by generating a permeability-dependent synthetic sonic log in a carbonate reservoir. The computations are based on Akbar`s theory that relates wave velocity to frequency, rock properties (e.g., lithology, permeability, and porosity), and fluid saturation and properties (viscosity, density, and compressibility). An inverted analytical expression of the theory is used to extract permeability from sonic velocity. The synthetic sonic and the computed permeability are compared with the observed sonic log and with plug permeability, respectively. The results demonstrate, as predicted by theory, that permeability can be related directly to acoustic velocities.