cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunodetection and quantitation of the two forms of transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β2) secreted by cells in culture

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a potent modulator of cell growth, differentiation, and the expression of extracellular matrix components in a variety of cell types, exists as two distinct homodimers (TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2), sharing 71% sequence homology. Radioreceptor and previously described radioimmunological assays using rabbit antibodies have not been able to distinguish between these two forms. We have developed antisera in turkeys against native TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2, each of which specifically blocks both the receptor binding and biological activity of each of these peptides. With these immunological reagents we describe sensitive and specific immunological assays for TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 in complex biological fluids. Using these assays we show that both TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 are secreted by a variety of cultured cells, but that some cells secrete predominantly either TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 2 while others secrete both peptides in nearly equal amounts. Our results demonstrate that the expression of each of the two forms of TGF-beta is independently regulated.
A COMPARISON OF THE HEMOGLOBIN REGENERATION BIOASSAY AND ABSORPTION OF A RADIO-IRON TEST MEAL FOR ASSESSING IRON BIOAVAILABILITY

Abstract Two assays measuring iron bioavailability were compared. The absorption of a radioiron test meal given to iron depleted rats before and after partial repletion was compared to hemoglobin regeneration in the same animals. Ferrous sulfate, low fat soy flour, spinach, hemoglobin and ferrous sulfate with added ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were the iron sources selected based on their known wide variability in iron availability. The relative biological value (RBV) determined by the hemoglobin bioassay ranged from 100 to 30 percent (FeSO 4 =100) and the percent absorption of 39 Fe ranged from 92 to 29 for these sources of iron. The correlation coefficients for the two assays ranged between r=0.98 and 0.73. A standard protocol for conduct of the radioiron assay in rats in suggested. Intrinsic and extrinsic labeling techniques were compared for rats fed the soy diet and found to be insignificant (p>0.05).
Direct and indirect effects of allelopathy in the soil legacy of an exotic plant invasion

Invasive species may leave behind legacies that persist even after removal, inhibiting subsequent restoration efforts. We examined the soil legacy of Cytisus scoparius, a nitrogen-fixing, putatively allelopathic shrub invading the western US. We tested the hypothesis that allelopathy plays a critical role in the depressive effect of Cytisus on the key native Douglas-fir, both directly on tree growth and indirectly via effects on its ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). In a greenhouse factorial experiment, we used activated carbon to inhibit Cytisus-produced allelochemicals and sucrose to reduce elevated nitrogen (N). We found that: (1) Cytisus-invaded soils depressed Douglas-fir growth compared to uninvaded forest soils. The effect of adding Cytisus litter was positive (possibly reflecting an N fertilization effect) only in the presence of activated carbon, providing evidence for a role of allelopathic compounds. Activated carbon did not increase growth in the absence of Cytisus litter. Finally, sucrose addition provided weak support for a nitrogen effect of Cytisus litter. (2) Seedlings grown in Cytisus soils had lower EMF abundance compared to those in uninvaded forest soils. In forest soil from one site, adding Cytisus litter also decreased EMF abundance. Douglas-fir growth increased significantly with EMF across sites and soils suggesting that changes in EMF were linked to tree growth. The fungal taxon Cenococcum geophilum was significantly depressed in Cytisus soils compared to forest soils, while Rhizopogon rogersii abundance was similar across soil types. These results together suggest an overall negative effect of Cytisus on the growth of a dominant native tree and its fungal symbionts. Our study suggests how the role of allelopathy in ecological restoration may play out on two time scales: through immediate, direct impacts on native plants as well as through long-term, persistent impacts mediated by the collapse or transformation of microbial communities.
ANALYSIS of EXPANDED-FOOD TEXTURE BY IMAGE PROCESSING PART I: GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES

Color image processing techniques were developed to characterize the textural properties of expanded food products. Three major approaches were taken to extract image features from surface and cross-section images of a test product. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was employed to measure the cell size and density. Correlation and regression analyses were performed between the image features and SEM measurements. A number of image features were found highly descriptive of texture-related geometric properties.
Numerical simulations of transportational cyclic steps

Abstract A numerical model that couples water flow and sediment transport over a non-cohesive bed is developed to simulate the initiation and evolution of transportational cyclic steps. Transportational cyclic steps are periodic bedforms characterized by corresponding hydraulic jumps that form when a supercritical flow erodes and deposits bottom sediments on a steep bed. The flow transition at the hydraulic jump leads to bed erosion on the supercritical part and deposition on the subcritical part of the step, with consequent upstream migration while the form is preserved. The numerical scheme developed to study transportational cyclic steps utilizes an approximate Riemann solver to capture the exact location of the hydraulic jumps present in the domain. Simulations of step growth from small perturbations on an initially flat bed are carried out and partly answer the question of how transportational steps form. Results show that both an initial infinitesimal bottom perturbation and a random distribution of bottom elevations evolve in a series of steps migrating upstream. Moreover, numerical simulations clearly show that the final configuration strongly depends on initial conditions.
Repeatability and reproducibility of retention data and band profiles on six batches of monolithic columns

Chromatographic data were acquired for eight different mixtures, under five different sets of experimental conditions, for a total of 30 neutral, acidic and basic test compounds, on a series of six Chromolith Performance columns from Merck. These columns are made of a C18 chemically bonded silica monolith. Each column belonged to a different production batch, so the data reported here characterize their batch-to-batch reproducibility. The parameters studied in this work were the retention times, the retention and separation factors, the hydrophobic and the steric selectivities, the column efficiencies, and the tailing factors for all 30 compounds.
Velocity dependence of double inner-shell ionization in vanadium by proton and α-particle impact

Abstract Ratios of double (KL) to single (K) ionization cross sections for proton and α-particle impact on vanadium are measured with velocities V = 0.53 to 1.7 (in units relative to the L-shell electron velocity) and are found to be reproduced by the recipe of McGuire and Richard.
Submicron X-Ray Replication Technology For Early Application

First-generation, full-wafer exposure, X-ray lithography equipment has been in continuous operation since 1979 in a pilot line application.(1,2,3) Second-generation, full-wafer exposure systems that incorporate the latest advancements in X-ray lithography are now being developed for early, submicron, VLSI patterning. This paper discusses recent advances in E-beam gun design and high-speed rotating anode development in terms of X-ray lithographic performances such as resolution and image contrast. In addition, the performance of a physical optics alignment technique that is compatible with submicron IC pattern overlay requirements is reported. The Perkin-Elmer X-100 full-wafer exposure system is a valuable development tool because of its flexibility. It is compatible with all X-ray masks and resists and can be used to expose either 75 mm or 100 mm diameter wafers.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optically active 4-substituted cis-1,2-diphenylethylene oxides and related 1,2-diphenylethane diols

Abstract Erythro 1-(4′-chlorophenyl)- and 1-(4′-methylphenyl)-2-phenylethane diols with [1S:2R] and [1R:2S] absolute stereochemistry were synthesized and converted to the corresponding 4′-substituted [1S:2R] and [1R:2S] cis-stilbene oxides by the following sequence: formation of 2-methoxydioxalanes, conversion to halohydrins and cyclization to cis epoxides. Substantial amounts of optically active 4′-substituted trans-stilbene oxides were also produced. The enzyme epoxide hydrase stereoselectivity adds water at the [S] carbon atom of the cis-stilbene oxides with inversion of configuration to produce [R:R] diols. Facile enzymatic resolution of cis - 1 - (4′ - nitrophenyl) - 2 - phenylethylene oxide was achieved. Optical properties, including CD spectra of the above compounds are described.
Properties of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in human blood platelets, plasma, lymphocytes and granulocytes

The properties of monoamine oxidase in plasma, platelets, lymphocytes and granulocytes have been studied using cells prepared from a single small (about 20 ml) sample of blood. The three substrates, 5-hydroxytryptamine, tyramine and benzylamine, have been used to obtain a more complete picture of blood monoamine oxidase than was previously possible. Measurement of Michaelis constants, use of selective inhibitors, and activity against the three substrates distinguished three types of activity. The monoamine oxidases in platelets and lymphocytes are very similar, being most active with tyramine or benzylamine as substrate and inhibited by low concentrations of deprenil. The enzymes in plasma and granulocytes are similar in their relatively high activity against 5-hydroxytryptamine and in their inhibition by semicarbazide and cuprizone with tyramine or benzylamine as substrates. They differ in their affinities for 5-hydroxytryptamine and their activity against tyramine. The activity in platelets, plasma, lymphocytes and granulocytes has been measured in a group of 15 normal subjects using three substrates.
Concentrations of vinblastine in human intracerebral tumor and other tissues

Uptake of vinblastine into human cerebrospinal fluid, intracerebral tumor and autopsy tissues was quantitated radiochemically after separating vinblastine from its metabolites by high pressure liquid chromatography. Only low concentrations of vinblastine were found in cerebrospinal fluid from a single patient. A second patient who received a tracer dose of radiolabelled vinblastine prior to surgical resection of an intracerebral tumor had slightly less radioactivity in tumor than in temporalis muscle, but more in tumor than in edematous brain surrounding the tumor. The radioactivity in tumor increased gradually and exceeded concurrent plasma radioactivity by 2 hr after drug administration. A third patient died 4 hr into a planned 24-hr infusion of radiolabeled vinblastine. Highest vinblastine concentrations were found in organs with high blood flow such as kidney and heart. Intermediate concentrations were found in liver and lung, and low concentrations were found in prostate, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, muscle, bladder, and hepatic and lymph node metastases. A fourth patient died one month after receiving radiolabeled vinblastine. Highest concentrations were in liver and next highest concentrations were in intracerebral tumor. Moderately high concentrations were found in pancreas, thyroid, lung, spleen, ovary, kidney, and kidney metastases. Lowest concentrations were found in omental metastases, heart, breast, and brain. Vinblastine concentration decreased with increasing distance into brain from the brain metastases. Thus, vinblastine was not selectively localized in tumors. The concentrations in tumor did not reflect the concentration in the organ in which the tumor was located. There was no indication that uptake into intracerebral tumor was impaired. Cerebrospinal fluid and brain concentrations of vinblastine did not give any indication of the concentration attainable in intracerebral tumor.
Anesthesia in female white-tailed deer using Telazol and xylazine

Thirty two free-ranging female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were anesthesized with varying Telazol® and xylazine HCl combinations in Front Royal (Virginia, USA) between August 1992 and September 1992. All animals were caught in baited box traps, manually restrained, and hand injected with a combination of Telazol and xylazine administered intramuscularly. Deer received mean ± SE dosages of 2.53 ± 0.16 mg/kg Telazol and 0.69 ± 0.05 mg/kg of xylazine. These dosages achieved a rapid and effective anesthetic plane for short-term procedures such as weighing, blood collection, and translocation. Eight of 32 deer (25%) required an intravenous (i.v.) supplement of ketamine HCl (100 mg) to maintain a safe plane of anesthesia. Ketamine supplementation provided an average of 11.8 ± 2.0 min additional safe handling. Satisfactory reversals were achieved in all deer by administering yohimbine HCl 16 mg i.v. (dose range, 0.22 to 0.48 mg/kg) to all animals.
Comparative Education in the Nineteenth Century.

In this previously unpublished essay, William W. Brickman complicates the traditional conception of the historical foundations of comparative education—that is, the role of Marc-Antoine Julian as a "father figure." The article examines influences on Julian (by Cesar-Auguste Basset's influential publications, for example) and discusses the methods of comparative analysis before the nineteenth century. The author turns to early notions of educational transfer, focusing on the European educational systems influence on education in America. Most notably, he explores Horace Mann's contribution to the field of comparative education.
Interaction of ethanol and tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THBC) in a discriminative task

Abstract Rats (n = 10) were trained to discriminate between ethanol (600 mg/kg, IP) and its vehicle, or between THBC (20 mg/kg) and its vehicle in a two-lever food-motivated operant task. Once the discriminative training criterion was attained, rats in each group were administered different doses of both ethanol and THBC. The ED 50 of ethanol in the ethanol-trained rats was 298.0 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg THBC produced ethanol-like responding. The ED 50 of THBC in the THBC-trained rats was 3.63 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg ethanol produced THBC-like responding. The cross-generalization between ethanol and THBC is, thus, indicated and relates to previous evidence in which both ethanol- and THBC-trained rats generalize to a common agent, TFMPP, a putatively specific 5HT 1B receptor agonist. Taken together, these observations suggest that β-carbolines may play a role in the discriminative stimulus properties of ethanol.
Immunological characterization of flavin-containing monooxygenases from the liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): sexual- and age-dependent differences and the effect of trimethylamine on enzyme regulation

Polyclonal antibodies raised against flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) enzymes purified from pig liver and rabbit lung were used in conjunction with N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) N-oxidase to better characterize FMO from the liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Two proteins reacted with polyclonal antibodies raised against pig liver FMO (PL-1 and PL-2) and anti-rabbit lung FMO (RL-1 and RL-2). Although there was no difference in DMA N-oxidase observed between sexually mature male and female trout liver microsomes, RL-2 and PL-2 were significantly less than RL-1 and PL-1, respectively, in sexually mature females. FMO activity and protein content increased as fish aged. DMA oxidase and FMO isozymes were unaltered after pretreatment with the endogenous substrate trimethylamine. Since antibodies to the purified mammalian enzymes react with proteins of similar MW in trout, some forms of FMO appear to be structurally conserved through evolution.
Increased frequency of acute local reaction to intra-articular hylan GF-20 (Synvisc) in patients receiving more than one course of treatment

Background: Intra-articular knee injections with hylan GF-20 (Synvisc) have been shown to provide temporary relief of osteoarthritic symptoms. Several studies have suggested that repeated courses of treatment with this product may be administered without an increase in the likelihood of an adverse reaction. The present study was performed to test the hypothesis that the likelihood of a painful reaction to hylan GF-20 does not increase in patients who receive more than one course of treatment. Methods: The records of all patients who had received more than one course of treatment with hylan GF-20 were compared with a group of patients who had received only one course of treatment during the same fifteen-month period at a single center. The single-course group was prospectively enrolled and followed, as part of an ongoing randomized trial. The two groups were compared with respect to several demographic and clinical parameters as well as with respect to the frequency of painful acute local reactions following injections of hylan GF-20. Results: Local reactions to hylan GF-20 occurred significantly more often in patients who had received more than one course of treatment than they did in patients who had received only a single course of treatment; the reactions occurred in four (21%) of nineteen patients in the former group and in one (2%) of the forty-two patients in the latter (p = 0.029). All of the reactions were severe enough to cause the patient to seek unscheduled care. Following corticosteroid injection, the reactions abated without apparent sequelae. With the numbers available, no significant differences were detected between the multiple-course and single-course groups in terms of age, gender, body-mass index, or severity or bilaterality of the disease. Conclusions: The present study suggests that it may be reasonable to counsel patients who have been treated with a course of hylan GF-20 and who desire an additional course that the likelihood of a painful acute local reaction to the medication appears to be increased. Additional study of the frequency of acute local reactions following repeated courses of hylan GF-20 and investigation of the mechanisms of those reactions are warranted.
Between Art, Science and Technology: Data Representation Architecture

As our civilization continues to dive deeper into the information age, making sense of complex data becomes critical. This work takes on this challenge by means of a novel method based on complete interdisciplinarity, design process and built-in evaluations. The result is the design, construction, testing and deployment of data environments supporting real-time decision-making in such diverse domains as anesthesiology and live art performance. Fundraising success, technology licensing, market implementation and many live art performances provide evidence of the great potential of committed interdisciplinary work for advancing science, art and technology while benefiting society at large.
Distribution patterns of benthic microalgal standing stock at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.

During the austral summer of 1975–76 and winter of 1977 benthic and water column chlorophyll a and phaeopigments were measured at several sites along the east and west sides of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Estimates of in situ primary productivity were made at some McMurdo Sound locations. Additionally, water column samples were collected at 5 stations in the Ross Sea during January, 1976. Standing stock data are analyzed to identify seasonal and spatial patterns. Variability in algal standing stock was related to ambient light levels and appeared to be mediated by ice and snow cover whereby the highest algal standing stock was present under high light conditions (low ice and snow cover, shallow water, summer). Differences in published benthic invertebrate densities appear to be closely allied to differences in benthic primary production, and less so to in situ planktonic ice microalgal production.
Emergency colectomy for massive hemorrhage complicating acute fulminating ulcerative colitis; report of two cases.

Summary 1.Two cases of massive hemorrhage complicating acute fulminating ulcerative colitis are reported. 2.The necessity for proper surgical intervention in such cases is indicated.
Multimodal effects of local context on target detection: Evidence from p3b

We used the P300 component to investigate how changes in local context influenced the ability to detect target stimuli. Local context was defined as the occurrence of a short predictive series of stimuli before delivery of a target event. EEG was recorded in 12 subjects during auditory and visual sessions. Stimuli were presented in the center of the auditory and visual field and consisted of 15% targets (1000 Hz tone or downward facing triangle) and 85% of equal amounts of three types of standards (1500, 2000, and 2500 Hz tones or triangles facing left, upward, and right). Recording blocks consisted of targets preceded by either randomized sequences of standards or by sequences including a three-standard predictive sequence signaling the occurrence of a subsequent target event. Subjects pressed a button in response to targets. Peak target P300 (P3b) amplitude and latency were evaluated for targets after predictive and nonpredictive sequences using conventional averaging and a novel single-trial analysis procedure. Reaction times were shorter for predictable targets than for nonpredicted targets. P3b latency was shorter for predicted targets than for nonpredictive targets, and there were no significant P3b amplitude differences between predicted and random targets, as determined by both conventional averaging and single-trial analysis. Comparable effects on amplitude and latency were observed in both the auditory and visual modalities. The results indicate that local context has differential effects on P3b amplitude and latency, and exerts modality-independent effects on cognitive processing.
Effect of single-stranded DNA-binding proteins on the helicase and primase activities of the bacteriophage T7 gene 4 protein.

Gene 4 protein (gp4) of bacteriophage T7 provides two essential functions at the T7 replication fork, primase and helicase activities. Previous studies have shown that the single-stranded DNA-binding protein of T7, encoded by gene 2.5, interacts with gp4 and modulates its multiple functions. To further characterize the interactions between gp4 and gene 2.5 protein (gp2.5), we have examined the effect of wild-type and altered gene 2.5 proteins as well as Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA-binding (SSB) protein on the ability of gp4 to synthesize primers, hydrolyze dTTP, and unwind duplex DNA. Wild-type gp2.5 and E. coli SSB protein stimulate primer synthesis and DNA-unwinding activities of gp4 at low concentrations but do not significantly affect single-stranded DNA-dependent hydrolysis of dTTP. Neither protein inhibits the binding of gp4 to single-stranded DNA. The variant gene 2.5 proteins, gp2.5-F232L and gp2.5-Δ26C, inhibit primase, dTTPase, and helicase activities proportional to their increased affinities for DNA. Interestingly, wild-type gp2.5 stimulates the unwinding activity of gp4 except at very high concentrations, whereas E. coli SSB protein is highly inhibitory at relative low concentrations.
Real-Time Implementation of a Network-Based Attenuation Correction in the CASA IP1 Testbed

Abstract Monitoring of precipitation using higher-frequency radar systems such as X band is becoming popular. At X-band frequency, weather radar signals are attenuated along their paths due to precipitation. A network-based reflectivity retrieval technique has been developed for the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) system, which is a radar network that can observe a weather event simultaneously by multiple radars. This paper describes the design and implementation of an architectural framework for real-time processing of the network-based attenuation correction system. The benchmarks presented here show that the system accomplishes networked attenuation correction within a few seconds, making it well suited for the CASA system. This paper presents the performance of the network-based attenuation correction system in terms of the metrics of attenuation correction as well as computational performance using CASA Integrated Project 1 (IP1) data during 2007–09 field experiments. The resu...
The Influence of Cortisone on Experimental Viral Infection. III. Effects on Certain Dynamics of Influenza Virus Increase.

The administration of cortisone to chicken embryos infected with influenza B virus results in (a) an initial inhibition of viral synthesis and (b) an eventual increase in the final yield of virus attained. Increased yields of virus are attained regardless of the number of viral particles in the infecting inoculum or the proportion of particles which are infective. Changes in the distribution ratios of allantoic fluid and intramembrane virus are effected by cortisone only as the secondary result of reduction in viral synthesis. The manifest effect of cortisone on influenza A virus increase is inhibitory unless inocula containing relatively high proportions of inactive viral particles are used.
Fault detection and diagnostics for non-intrusive monitoring using motor harmonics

Harmonic analysis of motor current has been used to track the speed of motors for sensorless control. Algorithms exist that track the speed of a motor given a dedicated stator current measurement, for example [1–5]. Harmonic analysis has also been applied for diagnostic detection of electro-mechanical faults such as damaged bearings and rotor eccentricity [6–17]. This paper demonstrates the utility of harmonic analysis for fault detection and diagnostics in non-intrusive monitoring applications, where multiple loads are tracked by a sensor monitoring only the aggregate utility service. An optimization routine is implemented to maintain accuracy of speed estimation while using shorter lengths of data.
Molecular mapping and cloning of the breakpoints of a chromosome 11p14.1-p13 deletion associated with the AGR syndrome.

Chromosome 11p13 is frequently rearranged in individuals with the WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation) or parts of this syndrome. To map the cytogenetic aberrations molecularly, we screened DNA from cell linew with known WAGR-related chromosome abnormalities for rearrangements with pulsed field gel (PFG) analysis using probes deleted from one chromosome 11 homolog of a WAGR patient. The first alteration was detected in a cell line from an individual with aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, mental retardation, and a deletion described as 11p14.1–p13. We have located one breakpoint close to probe HU11-164B and we have cloned both breakpoint sites as well as the junctional fragment. The breakpoints subdivide current intervals on the genetic map, and the probes for both sides will serve as important additional markers for a long-range restriction map of this region. Further characterization and sequencing of the breakpoints may yield insight into the mechanisms by which these deletions occur.
Intimate Partner Violence Attitudes and Experience Among Women and Men in Uganda

This study examines intimate partner violence (IPV) attitudes and experience among women and men in Uganda to inform IPV-prevention programs in the region. Nationally representative population-based data from women aged 15 to 49 and men aged 15 to 54 were collected between May and October 2006 as part of the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. The survey included questions on women's and men's attitudes toward wife beating and information on IPV victimization (women) and perpetration (men). More than half of men and nearly three quarters of women have attitudes supportive of wife beating in Uganda. More than half of married women report IPV victimization, and 40% of married men report perpetration. Women and men who reported witnessing their fathers beating their mothers were more likely to report IPV victimization (perpetration for men). Witnessing violence was also associated with positive attitudes toward wife beating among men. IPV-prevention programs need to address the important role of having witnessed wife beating between the mother and the father on men's subsequent attitudes and behaviors. Women who witnessed wife beating are also the most likely to have supportive attitudes and IPV experience, possibly indicating that their relationship expectations are different than women who did not witness violence. Community-based prevention programs targeting men and women are needed in Uganda and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa where gender norms that justify IPV prevail.
Quantitative analysis of cell proliferation and differentiation in the cortex of the postnatal mouse cerebellum.

The generation cycle of germinative cells (external matrix cells) in the external granular layer of the cerebellar cortex of the 10-to 11-day-old mouse was studied by radioautography following repeated injections of H3-thymidine. The generation time is 19 hr, presynthetic time 8.5 hr, DNA-synthetic time 8 hr, postsynthetic time 2 hr, and mitotic time 0.5 hr. These proliferating cells occupy the outer half of the external granular layer and make up the external matrix layer. Neuroblasts are differentiated from the external matrix cell, migrate out from the layer and accumulate in the inner half of the external granular layer to form the external mantle layer. The transit time of the neuroblasts in the external mantle layer is 28 hr. Thereafter, they migrate farther into the molecular layer and the internal granular layer. By means of long-term cumulative labeling, the rate of daily production of neuroblasts from the external matrix cell is studied in quantitative terms. It becomes clear that the entire population of the inner granule neurons arises postnatally in the external granular layer between 1 and 18 days of age and that 95% of them is produced between postnatal days 4 and 15. Finally, the fate of the cells in the external granular layer at its terminal stage was studied by marking the cells with H3-thymidine during 15–16 days of life and following their subsequent migration and developmental changes up to 21 days of life. Comparison of radioautographs taken before and after the migration disclosed that the external matrix cells give rise to a small number of neuroglia cells. This finding revealed their multipotential nature.
Osteocytes, not Osteoblasts or Lining Cells, are the Main Source of the RANKL Required for Osteoclast Formation in Remodeling Bone

The cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), encoded by the Tnfsf11 gene, is essential for osteoclastogenesis and previous studies have shown that deletion of the Tnfsf11 gene using a Dmp1-Cre transgene reduces osteoclast formation in cancellous bone by more than 70%. However, the Dmp1-Cre transgene used in those studies leads to recombination in osteocytes, osteoblasts, and lining cells making it unclear whether one or more of these cell types produce the RANKL required for osteoclast formation in cancellous bone. Because osteoblasts, osteocytes, and lining cells have distinct locations and functions, distinguishing which of these cell types are sources of RANKL is essential for understanding the orchestration of bone remodeling. To distinguish between these possibilities, we have now created transgenic mice expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of regulatory elements of the Sost gene, which is expressed in osteocytes but not osteoblasts or lining cells in murine bone. Activity of the Sost-Cre transgene in osteocytes, but not osteoblast or lining cells, was confirmed by crossing Sost-Cre transgenic mice with tdTomato and R26R Cre-reporter mice, which express tdTomato fluorescent protein or LacZ, respectively, only in cells expressing the Cre recombinase or their descendants. Deletion of the Tnfsf11 gene in Sost-Cre mice led to a threefold decrease in osteoclast number in cancellous bone and increased cancellous bone mass, mimicking the skeletal phenotype of mice in which the Tnfsf11 gene was deleted using the Dmp1-Cre transgene. These results demonstrate that osteocytes, not osteoblasts or lining cells, are the main source of the RANKL required for osteoclast formation in remodeling cancellous bone.
Managing Supplier Social & Environmental Impacts with Voluntary vs. Mandatory Disclosure to Investors

Firms face new requirements to disclose what they learn about a supplier's social or environmental impacts (e.g., unsafe facilities, use of conflict minerals funding militias, greenhouse gas emissions). This paper shows that such a disclosure-mandate increases the expected profit of a buying firm and also benefits its management, assuming management wishes to increase investors' valuation of the firm. The paper identifies conditions under which a disclosure-mandate results in higher expected impact by the supplier, and provides some evidence suggesting that those conditions are prevalent in reality. A disclosure-mandate deters management from learning about a supplier's impact. The paper evaluates the robustness of these results and obtains additional insights by modeling, first, cooperation among buying firms with a common supplier to learn about and reduce the supplier's impact, and, second, a buying firm's decision to commit to a supplier vs. search for and switch to an alternative supplier with low impact.
Molecular Pathology of Hereditary and Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinomas

Objectives: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a relatively uncommon type of thyroid malignancy, with unique histologic features and molecular pathology. It is important to recognize, because its management, which is in part driven by the genetic basis of this disease, is different from follicular-derived thyroid tumors. The aim of this article is to briefly review the histopathologic features of MTC and then explore its molecular pathology, including the role of molecular diagnostic testing and the use of targeted therapy for advanced disease. Methods: A review of published literature was performed. Results: A subset of MTC cases is hereditary and due to germline mutations in the RET tyrosine kinase receptor gene. Somatic mutations in either RET or RAS are also present in most sporadic tumors. Conclusions: Molecular genetic testing is routinely performed to identify hereditary cases. In addition, understanding the molecular basis of both hereditary and sporadic MTC has led to the development of targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Although additional data are needed, tumor mutation status may affect response to targeted therapy. Therefore, it is possible that genetic testing of tumor tissue to predict treatment response, as is currently done for other cancer types, may come into practice in the future.
IMPACT OF CODEINE RESTRICTION ON POST-OPERATIVE PAIN RELIEF PRESCRIBING

In July 2013 the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA) issued guidance for restricted use of codeine in the paediatric population with contraindication for under 18 year olds with obstructive sleep apnoeas.1 Surgical management of OSA includes tonsillectomy where 25–50% of children experience severe pain.2 The aim of this study was to assess whether post-tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy pain relief prescribing habits changed at the Trust following MHRA restriction of codeine use in children under 18 years of age and introduction of a pre-printed analgesia prescription. Method Prior to the MHRA statement, post- tonsillectomy and adeno-tonsillectomy patients were discharged from the Surgical Day Unit (SDC) with regular paracetamol and ibuprofen and as required codeine for days 3–7. Morphine was introduced as a replacement for codeine. An unlicensed morphine 100 microgram/ml solution was procured for the smaller doses to ensure accurate dosing and avoidance of ethanol. Dosing guidance was issued Sept 2013 and a preprinted prescription was introduced in Nov 2013 with maximum morphine and paracetamol doses for age to compensate for obesity. Morphine oral solution 10 mg/5 ml previously subject to controlled drug writing requirements locally was de-regulated at the Trust in Nov 2013. Tonsillectomy or adeno-tonsillectomy patients were identified using the theatres booking system. Discharge analgesia was recorded from the discharge prescriptions and pharmacy dispensing system. Data collection periods were September to December for 2012 and 2013. Weekend patients were excluded due to potential use of pre-pack analgesia from the ward. Results In total 374 post adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy prescriptions were reviewed, 147 from 2012 and 227 from 2013. In the 2012 group 116/147 (79%) received codeine, with 107/147 (73%) having the three analgesics, paracetamol, ibuprofen and codeine on discharge. In 2013 only 85/227 (37%) received all three analgesics. Prior to the pre-printed prescription 46/128 (36%) received an opioid, with 25/128 (19.5%) being given morphine. Codeine was prescribed for 21/128 (16%) of patients during Sept 2013 regardless of the morphine guidance available in the surgical areas. Post introduction in of pre-printed prescription morphine issues increased to 56/99 (56.5%). No correlation was seen for age or weights of patients where morphine prescriptions were not issued in 2013. No codeine prescribed from end of Sept 2013 for patients included in the study. Conclusions Fewer opioid prescriptions were issued during the immediate change over period in comparison to the same time period in 2012; possibly due to unfamiliarity with drug dosing or the need for controlled drug writing requirements on prescriptions. Introduction of a pre-printed prescription improved the morphine prescribing rates but not to the level of opioid prescribing pre-MHRA codeine restriction era. Re-presentation rates due to inadequate pain relief or other complications are being investigated following the changes in prescribing habits.
BP Neural Network Parallel Simulation Based on TMS320C80

The paper introduces two problems in using TMS320C80:memory access conflict and data double baffer; and two methods to realize BP neural network. The result of experiments is Compared with other methods, and the ralidity is proved.
Influence of tobacco use on postoperative opiate analgesia requirements in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Introduction. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that tobacco use status is independently associated with postoperative opioid requirements in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) when important demograp-hic variables such as age and gender are taken into account.Methods. A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent CABG surgery over a one year period at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN was performed. Tobacco users (N=69) were compared to nonusers (N=345) with regards to opiate require-ments and the occurrence of severe pain during the first 48 hours postoperatively. For comparison, all postoperative opiates were converted to oral morphine equivalents (OME). Adjusted analysis for age and gender was also performed.Results. Tobacco users were younger than nonusers (P < 0.001), and a greater proportion of former users were male compa-red to never users (P = 0.003). Tobacco users had greater mean opiate requirements 401 ± 284 than nonusers 314 ± 240 mg OME, (P = 0.009). However, the association between tobacco use and greater postoperative opiate requirements lost significance after adjustment for age and gender. Tobacco use was not associated with increased risk of the development of severe pain (P = 0.51).Conclusions. Although current tobacco users undergoing CABG surgery utilize more opioid analgesics in the first 48 hours following extubation than nonusers of tobacco, when adjusted for age and gender, tobacco use was not independently asso-ciated with differences in postoperative opioid use.
Periarticular Injection of Liposomal Bupivacaine Offers No Benefit Over Standard Bupivacaine in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Abstract Background Periarticular injection of liposomal bupivacaine has been adopted as part of multimodal pain management after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods In this prospective, randomized clinical trial, we enrolled 162 patients undergoing primary TKA in a single institution between January 2014 and May 2015. Eighty-seven patients were randomized to liposomal bupivacaine (experimental group), and 75 patients were randomized to free bupivacaine (control group). All patients received spinal anesthesia and otherwise identical surgical approaches, pain management, and rehabilitation protocols. Outcomes evaluated include the patient-reported visual analog pain scores, narcotic consumption, and narcotic-related side effects (Brief Pain Inventory) within 96 hours after surgery as well as functional outcomes using the Knee Society Score and the Short-Form 12 measured preoperatively and at 4-6 weeks after surgery. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of postoperative daily pain scores, narcotic consumption (by-day and overall), or narcotic-related side effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of surgical ( P = .76) and medical complications or length of hospital stay ( P = .35). There were no statistically significant differences in satisfaction between the groups ( P = .56) or between the groups in postoperative Knee Society Score ( P = .53) and the Short-Form 12 at 4-6 weeks ( P = .82, P = .66). Conclusion As part of multimodal pain management protocol, periarticular injection of liposomal bupivacaine compared with bupivacaine HCl did not result in any clinically or statistically significant improvement of the measured outcomes following TKA.
Orthodontic management of patients with cleft lip and palate

The management of patients with cleft lip and cleft palate requires prolonged orthodontic and surgical treatment and an interdisciplinary approach in providing them with optimal esthetics, function, and stability. This paper describes an update on the current concepts and principles in the treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate. Sequencing and timing of orthodontic/orthopedic and surgical treatment in infancy, early mixed dentition, early permanent dentition, and after the completion of facial growth will be discussed.
Opposition-based elitist real genetic algorithm for optimal power flow

Optimal power flow (OPF) algorithms are widely used in the operation of modern power systems, and numerous variations and enhancements have been developed over the last four decades. Yet, with decreasing time intervals and increasing complexities introduced by market policies and stochastic inputs, the need for further improvements in speed and performance of OPF algorithms persists. This paper proposes using elitist real genetic algorithm (ERGA) and opposition-based elitist real genetic algorithm (OB-ERGA) to solve the OPF problem. Also, inverse transformation and exponential transformation are implemented to investigate the convergence performance of the proposed methods. The combination of the OB-ERGA, ERGA and the fitness functions is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system to determine the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. The results are presented and compared with the existing evolutionary algorithms in the literature.
ADAMTS13 Variants in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Abstract Abstract 490 Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a clinically defined thrombotic microangiopathic anemia (TMA) characterized by the symptom triad of renal failure, thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in the absence of Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria as a triggering factor. Its pathogenesis is linked to dysregulation of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade, with loss-of-function mutations reported in complement regulators like factor H (CFH), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), factor I (CHI) and thrombomodulin (THBD), and gain-of-function mutations in complement activators like factor B (CFB) and complement component 3 (C3). In nearly 40% of patients, however, mutations are not identified in these genes raising the possibility of unrecognized contributory genetic causes. Genetic variants in ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) have been causally related to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), another TMA characterized by the pentad of neurologic symptoms, fever, kidney failure, thrombocytopenia and microangiopathichemolytic anemia. The phenotypic similarities between aHUS and TTP can at times lead to difficulty in their clinical distinction. On this basis, we hypothesized that partial deficiency in ADAMTS13 function may coexist with abnormalities in the alternative complement pathway in patients with aHUS. To test this hypothesis, we measured ADAMTS13 functional activity in 26 patients with aHUS by fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrate-von Willebrandfactor 73mer (FRETS-VWF73) and recombinant VWF A2 domain cleavage assay. We also genotyped all patients for ADAMTS13 and alternative complement pathway genes. We transiently expressed 10 different ADAMTS13 missense variants in HEK293 cells to analyze activity and secretion of each recombinant protein. The ADAMTS13 functional activity was partially reduced ( This study implicates ADAMTS13 in the pathogenesis of aHUS and mandates the evaluation of ADAMTS13 in aHUS patients. Defining the role of ADAMTS13 in aHUS may aid in the development of new treatments and/or assist in clarifying whether long-term treatment with currently available anti-complement therapy is required for this disease. Download : Download high-res image (35KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures: Kroll: Aplagon: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Optimer: Consultancy; Leo: Honoraria, Travel Expenses, Travel Expenses Other.
Barriers to adoption of intelligent support systems by US lawyers

This paper reports some preliminary findings from a study of the potential adoption of future intelligent systems by US lawyers. This study is the first phase of a larger study of the adoption and use of intelligent systems by professional service organisations. This portion of the study examined some of the human, administrative, professional and technical barriers to the potential adoption of future intelligent systems by attorneys. The empirical research involved in–depth interviews with seventeen attorneys in several legal specialities. Two illustrative cases of potential adoption are described. The main findings are that in the foreseeable future, the trend toward adoption of expert systems and other enhanced electronic assistance by lawyers and their organisations will continue, but the adopted systems will be those that provide perceived improvements in the productivity of those legal tasks which already lend themselves to automation. Adoption of future intelligent systems which assist attorneys in their professional thought–processes, such as synthesis and interpretation, is not likely to be forthcoming before the end of the decade. Twenty major barriers to such adoptions were identified and are reported here.