cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
History of metamorphic fluids along outcrop‐scale faults in a Paleogene accretionary prism, SW Japan: Implications for prism‐scale hydrology

[1] Synkinematic quartz crystals collected from late-stage (syn- to post-cleavage) faults in the Paleogene Shimanto accretionary complex contain fluids that provide constraints on fluid flow within the accretionary wedge. In particular, the trapped fluids provide a glimpse of intraprism flow during a phase of widespread prism thickening. Carbonic (CH4 ± CO2 rich) and aqueous (H2O-rich) inclusions occur intermixed within single crystals that nucleated primarily in releasing stepovers along faults that deform well-indurated and/or cleaved wallrock. Invariably, the carbonic inclusions contain an aqueous liquid as a perimeter phase, and the aqueous inclusions contain a carbonic vapor phase, suggesting coeval trapping of unmixed phases from a miscible parent fluid. These observations are interpreted to reflect crystal growth following deformation-driven dilitation and consequent unmixing of the parent fluid. At one location (Cape Oyama), the occurrence of CH4 and H2O in the absence of CO2 enables explicit constraints to be placed on pressure and temperature conditions during crystal growth. These conditions suggest geothermal gradients of 50°C/km during late-stage faulting. Our results suggest local intraprism flow that was driven by deformation. The scale of flow that is suggested is quite restricted, and this leads us to hypothesize that the Paleogene Shimanto accretionary prism acted largely as a barrier to fluid flow during late-stage deformation. As a consequence, the Paleogene rocks probably served to focus fluid escape elsewhere, most likely trenchward and arcward. The combination of the elevated geothermal gradient, which would have contributed to increasing the relative strength of this package of rocks, and the lack of fluid pathways within it would have favored the development of new out-of-sequence thrust faults outboard of the Paleogene prism or the reactivation of older, more landward structures.
Recent advances in nondestructive evaluation made possible by novel uses of video systems

Complex materials are being developed for use in future advanced aerospace systems. High temperature materials have been targeted as a major area of materials development. The development of composites consisting of ceramic matrix and ceramic fibers or whiskers is currently being aggressively pursued internationally. These new advanced materials are difficult and costly to produce; however, their low density and high operating temperature range are needed for the next generation of advanced aerospace systems. These materials represent a challenge to the nondestructive evaluation community. Video imaging techniques not only enhance the nondestructive evaluation, but they are also required for proper evaluation of these advanced materials. Specific research examples are given, highlighting the impact that video systems have had on the nondestructive evaluation of ceramics. An image processing technique for computerized determination of grain and pore size distribution functions from microstructural images is discussed. The uses of video and computer systems for displaying, evaluating, and interpreting ultrasonic image data are presented.
Induction of virus multiplication in 3T3 cells transformed by a thermosensitive mutant of polyoma virus. I. Isolation and characterization of Ts-a-3T3 cells.

Abstract Some of the biological properties of 3T3 cells transformed by Ts-a , a thermosensitive mutant of polyoma virus, have been studied. The transformed cells maintain their transformed phenotype if propagated at the non-permissive temperature (38.5 °C); if shifted to 31 °C, the permissive temperature for virus growth, a variable proportion of the cells in the culture produce virus. The fraction of productive cells at 31 °C increases with time as long as the cultures are actively growing, suggesting a close association between cell growth and the processes leading to virus production. The availability of a transformed line which can be induced to produce virus under certain conditions provides a useful tool for the study of the state of the viral genome in transformed cells.
A fabric deformation methodology for the automation of fiber reinforced polymer composite manufacturing

This thesis presents a new fabric deformation method, referred to as shifting, for the layup of noncrimp fabric (NCF) plies with the intent of creating an automated layup solution. The mathematical model for the new method has been presented to describe the method and provide the ground work for future path planning of an automation solution. Testing has been completed to show that shifting can produce layups with 2 dimensional geometry without generating out-of-plane distortion. Fatigue tensile testing was conducted in order to understand the effect of the shifting method on the properties of composite components. Coupons with constant curvature and varying discrete shift quantities were tested to failure. Results are presented with an equation relating discrete shifting quantities to the fatigue life. This equation also predicts the lifetime of a coupon with continuous shifting. This relationship will be necessary in optimizing the path planning for an automated solution. Finally, a conceptual design and process schematic are presented to show the feasibility of using the shifting method for an automated system.
Improved RNA-seq of blood-derived RNA increases gene discovery and coverage

RNA-seq of blood-derived RNA can aid discovery of the cause of disease, as well as preclinical research. However, the high content of globin mRNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in blood samples limits the detection of rare transcripts and splice variants. The ScriptSeq™ Complete Kit (Blood) is a new method to prepare directional RNA-seq libraries that are virtually free of globin mRNA and rRNA contamination and exhibit high detection of reference and novel genes.
Cdc13 subcomplexes regulate multiple telomere functions.

Telomeres, the protein–DNA complexes at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, are essential for chromosomal stability. Recent findings suggest that a single regulator in yeast, Cdc13, nucleates specific subcomplexes that regulate specific telomeric functions.
Excitatory effect of substance P in parasympathetic ganglia of cat urinary bladder

Intra-arterial administration of substance P (0.1-50 micrograms/kg) to the urinary bladder of the cat produced slow-onset and sustained bladder contractions, asynchronous firing of bladder postganglionic nerves, and facilitation of nicotinic transmission in bladder ganglia. Intracellular recording from bladder ganglia in vitro revealed that substance P depolarized ganglion cells and initiated burst of action potentials (maximal frequency 6-7 Hz). The ganglionic excitatory effect of substance P in situ was blocked by gamma-aminobutyric acid (2-20 micrograms/kg) and the substance P antagonist [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7.9,Leu11]substance P (0.5-20 micrograms/kg) but was not altered by atropine (10-100 micrograms/kg), hexamethonium (0.5-2 mg/kg), norepinephrine (2-20 micrograms/kg), or leucine enkephalin (0.5-20 micrograms/kg). The bladder contractions elicited by substance P were not blocked by atropine, hexamethonium, or [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7.9,Leu11]substance P (0.1-10 micrograms/kg) but were blocked by another substance P antagonist, [D-Pro2,D-Phe7,D-Trp9]substance P. These data indicate that substance P has a direct postsynaptic excitatory effect on neurons in the vesical parasympathetic ganglia and on bladder smooth muscle cells. The differential effects of substance P antagonists on the excitatory responses at these two sites indicate the responses were mediated by different types of tachykinin receptors.
Singlet and triplet instability theorems

A useful definition of orbital degeneracy—form-degeneracy—is introduced, which is distinct from the usual energy-degeneracy: Two canonical spatial orbitals are form-degenerate when the energy expectation value in the restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) wave function is unaltered upon a two-electron excitation from one of these orbitals to the other. Form-degenerate orbitals tend to have isomorphic electron densities and occur in the highest-occupied and lowest-unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs and LUMOs) of strongly correlated systems. Here, we present a mathematical proof of the existence of a triplet instability in a real or complex RHF wave function of a finite system in the space of real or complex unrestricted Hartree-Fock wave functions when HOMO and LUMO are energy- or form-degenerate. We also show that a singlet instability always exists in a real RHF wave function of a finite system in the space of complex RHF wave functions, when HOMO and LUMO are form-degenerate, but have nonidentical electron densities, or are energy-degenerate. These theorems provide Hartree-Fock-theory-based explanations of Hund's rule, a singlet instability in Jahn-Teller systems, biradicaloid electronic structures, and a triplet instability during some covalent bond breaking. They also suggest (but not guarantee) the spontaneous formation of a spin density wave (SDW) in a metallic solid. The stability theory underlying these theorems extended to a continuous orbital-energy spectrum proves the existence of an oscillating (nonspiral) SDW instability in one- and three-dimensional homogeneous electron gases, but only at low densities or for strong interactions.
On the Role of Randomized Clinical Trials in Medicine

The placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial (RCT) holds unique advantages for evaluating medical technologies, and figures prominently in clinical drug investigations. However, medicine, like other social sectors, has experienced a movement toward evidence-based practice and policy decision-making that involves the evaluation of complex non-pharmacological interventions that frequently challenge the use of the RCT. Even with pharmaceuticals used in clinical practice, the application of RCTs has its limitations and challenges. This paper argues that both the modality of therapy (drugs, devices, and procedures) and the stage of technological evolution are important determinants of an optimal evaluative design. The practicality of conducting an RCT is inversely proportional to the complexity of the healthcare intervention. Iterative modifications of medical devices, provider-specific practices, and an evolving clinical knowledge-base are just some of the problems plaguing technology asses...
Boundary Layer Evolution in the Region Between Shore and Cloud Edge during Cold-Air Outbreaks

Abstract Equations for the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer during cold air outbreaks are examined and analytic solutions are obtained which apply to the region prior to cloud formation whenever the soundings of potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio at the shore may be treated as linear. The solutions have non-dimensionalized boundary layer depth as the independent parameter. Layer depth, potential temperature, mixing ratio, dewpoint, lifting condensation level, distance from shore (fetch), net sensible heat input, and not latent heat input are found as explicit functions of a nondimensional mixed-layer height. A perturbation method is used to derive solutions when divergence is significant and is shown to be a good approximation for realistically strong divergences. The solution is implicit for the problem of finding the fetch at which clouds will form for given sea surface temperature and soundings at the shore but can readily be solved using numerical techniques. For cases in wh...
A unified model of knowledge sharing behaviours: theoretical development and empirical test

Research and practice on knowledge management KM have shown that information technology alone cannot guarantee that employees will volunteer and share knowledge. While previous studies have linked motivational factors to knowledge sharing KS, we took a further step to thoroughly examine this theoretically and empirically. We developed a unified model that is comprehensive and yet parsimonious, based on the decomposed theory of planned behaviour DTPB with three sets of critical antecedents: psychological, organisational and technological that are theorised to influence KS behaviours. Results of a field survey of knowledge workers support the majority of hypothesised relationships, and explained 41.3% of the variance in the actual KS behaviours and 60.8% of the variance in the intention to share knowledge. These results far exceed the predictive powers achieved by previous studies. Among our significant findings include a strong positive influence of perceived enjoyment in helping others PEH and a strong negative influence of perceived loss of knowledge power PLK. Based on the findings, we discussed the study's implications for research and practice.
Miscible blends of poly(benzoyl paraphenylene) and polycarbonate

Abstract Substituted poly(paraphenylene) derivatives (PX) have recently gained interest due to their unique properties [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] . They are amorphous thermoplastics with relatively modest glass transition temperatures ( T g ∼150°C), are soluble in various common organic solvents, and yet possess the strongest mechanical properties of any amorphous thermoplastic [6] . However, the blend behavior of these polymers is relatively unexplored. Here we report the phase behavior of PX and various thermoplastic blends and highlight the PX and polycarbonate (PC) blends which were found to possess a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) as determined through enthalpy relaxation and cloud point measurements. The morphology and storage moduli of the PX/PC blends have been observed in both the single phase and two phase regimes.
Further Findings on Assaultiveness and Alcohol Use in Interpersonal Disputes

In a previous study uniform observational data were collected regarding family disputes managed by police officers; those data contradicted views commonly held by social scientists and by police about the roles of assaultiveness and alcohol use in these events. In the present study police officers employed systematic naturalistic observation during their interventions as third parties in disputes between nonfamily members as well as those between family members. Tentative conclusions about assaultiveness, based on the data of both studies, are that it: does not usually precede the arrival of police in such disputes; is associated with interpersonal closeness of the disputants; is associated with poverty rather than race; and is as likely in a middle-class small city as in a poor inner-city area. Tentative conclusions about the use of alcohol in police-managed interpersonal disputes are: that these disputes are not usually influenced by alcohol use; and that assaultiveness is not related to alcohol use in such disputes.
Detection of ethylene homopolymer in ethylene–propylene block copolymers

A method has been developed for the determination of per cent ethylene incorporation in ethylene–propylene block copolymers by infrared spectroscopy. Standardization is done from mixtures of the homopolymers. Both standards and samples are scanned at 180°C. in a spring-loaded demountable cell. The standardization was confirmed by the analysis of copolymers of known ethylene content prepared with C14-labeled ethylene. By comparison of the infrared results from the analyses performed at 180°C. and also at room temperature, the presence of ethylene homopolymer can be detected. An equation has been derived for the quantitative estimation of per cent ethylene present as copolymer blocks.
Consistent Region-Subregion Econometric Models: A Comparison of Multiarea Methods

Questions relating to the optimal structure of state-substate multiregional models are addressed by comparing four multiarea models estimated for Arizona and its subcomponent areas. The study arrives at three major findings on structural methodology. First, greater accuracy is achieved at both the state and substate levels when the areas are estimated by a separate single-area free-standing model. Second, the multiarea model structures which maximize accuracy at the state level also maximize sub-state area accuracy. Third, few trade-offs must be made between forecasting accuracy and capability for local impact simulation. Among the multi-area models, those with some "bottom-upness' in model structure are both superior in terms of theoretical correctness and ease of simulation for local impact simulation and most accurate for forecasting.
The Left and "Life" in El Salvador

Throughout the past decade, governments across Latin America have experienced an unprecedented swing to the left. In this essay, I ask: Does the rise of the Left promote women's equality? Or in contrast, could women's continued subordination be an important factor promoting the rise of the Left? Using the case of El Salvador, I demonstrate how the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) deradicalized its public image—away from “guerrilla insurgents” and toward a viable political party—at least in part by converting its 1980s support for reproductive rights into present-day support for one of the most restrictive abortion policies in the world. I conclude that reversing the causal question about gender and left-leaning political parties may not only extend our understanding of the complicated relationship between gender and the Left but also improve our understanding of the factors moving Latin America from right to left, and from “red” to “pink.”
Nanometer polymer surface features: the influence on surface energy, protein adsorption and endothelial cell adhesion

Current small diameter (<5 mm) synthetic vascular graft materials exhibit poor long-term patency due to thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia. Tissue engineered solutions have yielded functional vascular tissue, but some require an eight-week in vitro culture period prior to implantation—too long for immediate clinical bedside applications. Previous in vitro studies have shown that nanostructured poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) surfaces elevated endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix synthesis when compared to nanosmooth surfaces. Nonetheless, these studies failed to address the importance of lateral and vertical surface feature dimensionality coupled with surface free energy; nor did such studies elicit an optimum specific surface feature size for promoting endothelial cell adhesion. In this study, a series of highly ordered nanometer to submicron structured PLGA surfaces of identical chemistry were created using a technique employing polystyrene nanobeads and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) molds. Results demonstrated increased endothelial cell adhesion on PLGA surfaces with vertical surface features of size less than 18.87 nm but greater than 0 nm due to increased surface energy and subsequently protein (fibronectin and collagen type IV) adsorption. Furthermore, this study provided evidence that the vertical dimension of nanometer surface features, rather than the lateral dimension, is largely responsible for these increases. In this manner, this study provides key design parameters that may promote vascular graft efficacy.
407-3 Glutathione Peroxidase Prevents the Inactivation of Nitric Oxide and Restores the Inhibition of Platelet Function by S-Nitrosothiols

The interaction of nitric oxide (NO) with reactive oxygen species in the vasculature can inactivate NO leading to potentially adverse vascular consequences. Glutathione peroxidases (GSH-Px), a family of antioxidant enzymes present at reduced concentrations in plasma and platelets of patients with coronary artery disease, catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) by glutathione. Given the role of LOOH in platelet eicosanoid metabolism and their presence in atherosclerotic plaque, we investigated the effect of GSH-Px on the inhibition of platelet function by the naturally occurring NO donor, S-nitroso-glutathione (SNO-Glu). Subthreshold inhibitory concentrations of SNO-Glu were added to platelet-rich plasma, and aggregation was induced by arachidonate. The addition of GSHPx (0.2–20 U/ml) to this system led to a dose-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation with an IC50= 0.6 U/ml GSH-Px (p l 0.05 by ANOVA). Superoxide dismutase (0.1–200 U/ml), catalase (0.1–200 U/ml), or GSH-Px without SNO-Glu did not alter platelet aggregation responses. The addi ion of GSH-Px to a subthreshold inhibitory concentration of sodium nitroprusside also did not affect platelet aggregation responses. LOOH increased platelet aggregation in the presence of SNO-Glu, an effect reversed by GSH-Px. Levels of cGMP were measured after platelets were incubated with SNO-Glu, exogenous LOOH, and GSH-Px. SNO-Glu alone increased cGMP levels, and this effect was attenuated by LOOH but restored by the addition of GSH-Px. GSH-Px activity was equivalent with either SNO-Glu or glutathione as cosubstrate. Incubation of SNO-Glu with GSH-Px led to a 48.5% decrease in the concentration of SNO-Glu as determined by HPLC-electrochemical detection. Incubation of SNO-Glu with albumin in the presence of GSH-Px led to increased formation of S-nitroso-albumin, a prevalent reservoir of EDRF in plasma. These results show that GSH-Px, at physiologically relevant concentrations, has a potent effect on NO-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation and that this enzyme may have two functions: (i) metabolism of LOOH, thereby preventing its inactivation of NO; and (ii) metabolism of SNO-Glu, thereby liberating NO and/or supporting further transnitrosation reactions These findings suggest that GSH-Px, in addition to its antioxidant functions, regulates the availability of NO in the vasculature and possibly alters plateletdependent thrombotic events.
Studies on the in vitro phosphorylation of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase from rat liver.

Abstract Rat hepatic 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (ATP: d -fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase) was purified to homogeneity and its phosphorylation by the catalytic subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase examined. Up to 4 mol of phosphate could be incorporated per mole of tetrameric enzyme, and the phosphate was incorporated into seryl residues. Phosphorylation did not alter the affinity of the enzyme for fructose 6-phosphate or fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The rate of phosphorylation was enhanced by allosteric activators of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase such as AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and it was decreased by the allosteric inhibitors ATP and H + . The phosphopeptide region of the enzyme subunit was susceptible to limited proteolysis by trypsin. Removal of the phosphopeptide did not affect the subunit molecular weight nor the maximum activity of the enzyme, but it enhanced the apparent affinity of the enzyme for both fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. It is concluded that the phosphopeptide region of the enzyme subunit is an important determinant of the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate as well as for the allosteric activator fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
Paleosalinity relationships of dinoflagellates in the late quaternary of the black sea—a summary

Abstract Dinoflagellates in Late Quaternary sediments from deepwater cores in the Black Sea appear to fall into two ecological categories that are dependent upon paleosalinity relationships. Sediments deposited there during the last 7,000 years contain cosmopolitan, euryhaline species of common marine genera and represent the brackish‐water Old Black Sea Stage of Soviet authors. Older sediments whose ages did not exceed 23,000 years in our cores contain a unique assemblage that comprises essentially two species, Tectatodinium psilatum Wall and Dale and Spiniferites cruciformis Wall and Dale. These dinoflagellates apparently lived in the almost freshwater “lake‐sea” of the New Euxinic Stage and were displaced abruptly 7,000 years ago when saline water from the Mediterranean began to flow into the Black Sea.
Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Kinetics of Freezing of (NaCl)108 Clusters

Molecular dynamics simulations adopting the Born−Mayer−Huggins potential function were performed on a series of (NaCl)108 clusters to observe their properties during heating and cooling and to moni...
Detection of ocean waves by microwave radar; The modulation of short gravity-capillary waves

Short gravity-capillary waves, the predominant radar scatterers under many oceanic and radar-viewing conditions, are modulated in amplitude, velocity and orientation by the larger-scale motions of the ocean surface. These modulations render the larger scales observable to microwave radar. The high data rate and advanced technology of modern radar systems make it possible to measure these modulations and, in some cases, to display them as images of the ocean surface. While the modulation of orientation and velocity are straightforward to understand, the amplitude modulation is a dynamic response of the equilibrium short gravity-capillary waves to larger scale driving forces including straining by orbital velocities of large waves. Microwave studies of the growth and equilibrium of short wind-generated waves are reviewed. It is shown that the response of these waves to straining can produce modulations in radar cross-section greater than those due to tilting but which are wind-speed dependent. The net modulation depends strongly on the direction as well as the magnitude of the wind speed. Quantitative determination of ocean wave-height spectra from measured modulations will therefore be a complicated procedure. Measurements of ocean waves with CW Doppler and Synthetic Aperture radars are discussed in the light of these findings.
Dispersion-managed solitons with net positive dispersion

Propagation of dispersion-managed solitons in the net positive-dispersion regime is studied. A new form of sideband generation that is due to perturbations is identified. Some collision anomalies are pointed out.
Cycloalkane solubility determination through differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract Solid–liquid equilibrium data for hydrocarbons are necessary in modeling of paraffin deposition in crude oil production. A multi-cell differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) has been used to measure solubility of pentadecylcyclohexane and nonadecyclohexane in pentane, octane and toluene. The equilibrium solubility temperature of solutions of known composition was determined by a simple linear extrapolation of the characteristic solubility temperature to an infinitely slow heating rate. The thermodynamic properties necessary for solubility prediction (enthalpy of fusion and melting point temperature) were obtained for the pure solutes.
Issues for high performance magnetic flux compression generators

High explosive driven magnetic flux compression generators (FCGs) provide pulsed power for a variety of applications. This paper discusses issues encountered by designers requiring fast high current pulses to accelerate z-pinch loads for high energy density experiments. There are two primary concerns. The first is generating large fast-rising currents with flux compression devices. In a simple sense, current is doubled every time the total inductance in the circuit is reduced by a factor of two. The final doubling time is the time it takes to remove the final inductance from the FCG, starting at the time when the FCG inductance is equal to the inductance residual in the load and transmission lines at peak current. The second issue is balancing the energy required against the total energy generated. Large currents require wide conductors for good generator performance. Increasing conductor width reduces inductance (L) per length in circuits, so higher current requirements dictate lower L and dL/dt for any generator design. The result is increased doubling time for a specific load. At the same time, the transfer efficiency from magnetic field to implosion kinetic energy plays a very important role. High efficiency transfer allows generating the minimum energy required. However, high efficiency dictates that the current be highly reduced by the increasing load inductance, which in turn reduces the load driving force. To maintain a strong driving pressure throughout the implosion requires that the current remain high, and hence a great deal of energy will remain in magnetic field at the end of the implosion. Tradeoffs are discussed between generator design and efficiency for high energy density experimental requirements.
Nonpayment for performance? Medicare's new reimbursement rule.

Recently, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced its decision to cease paying hospitals for some of the care made necessary by “preventable complications.” Meredith Rosenthal writes that this rule is the latest in a series of steps that have rendered Medicare's payment policy far less passive than it once was. Meredith Rosenthal discusses current and future reforms of Medicare's payment policies. Dr. Rosenthal is an associate professor of health economics and policy at the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston.
Temperature fields in extruder dies with circular, annular, or slit cross‐section

Viscous dissipation causes significant temperature increases in polymers while they are flowing through extruder dies. The development of the temperature field has been studied numerically using the dimensionless parameters Na and Gz. With the annular geometry (parameter: ratio of radii κ) the well known developing temperature fields in capillaries could be compared with the developing temperature fields in an annulus and in a plane slit. The shear dependence of the viscosity is described by a “power law” and the temperature dependence by an exponential function. A simple graphical method is suggested for estimating temperature fields in extruder dies, making use of the fully-developed temperature field for very long dies as a reference state. For the demonstration of results, a power law exponent n = 0.4 has been chosen.
The effects of aircraft on climate and pollution. Part II: 20-year impacts of exhaust from all commercial aircraft worldwide treated individually at the subgrid scale.

This study examines the 20-year impacts of emissions from all commercial aircraft flights worldwide on climate, cloudiness, and atmospheric composition. Aircraft emissions from each individual flight worldwide were modeled to evolve from the subgrid to grid scale with the global model described and evaluated in Part I of this study. Simulations with and without aircraft emissions were run for 20 years. Aircraft emissions were found to be responsible for ∼6% of Arctic surface global warming to date, ∼1.3% of total surface global warming, and ∼4% of global upper tropospheric warming. Arctic warming due to aircraft slightly decreased Arctic sea ice area. Longer simulations should result in more warming due to the further increase in CO2. Aircraft increased atmospheric stability below cruise altitude and decreased it above cruise altitude. The increase in stability decreased cumulus convection in favor of increased stratiform cloudiness. Aircraft increased total cloud fraction on average. Aircraft increased surface and upper tropospheric ozone by ∼0.4% and ∼2.5%, respectively and surface and upper-tropospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) by ∼0.1% and ∼5%, respectively. Aircraft emissions increased tropospheric OH, decreasing column CO and CH4 by ∼1.7% and ∼0.9%, respectively. Aircraft emissions increased human mortality worldwide by ∼620 (−240 to 4770) deaths per year, with half due to ozone and the rest to particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5).
Nondestructive moisture sensing in peanuts by NIR reflectance

Near Infrared reflectance spectroscopy, measuring reflectance value of the energy incident on a peanut sample over the wavelengths 400 nm to 2500 nm, is used to estimate the moisture content (MC) of in-shell peanuts non-destructively. A sample of Valencia type in-shell peanuts weighing about 150g was filled into the sample cup of the instrument and NIR light reflected from the sample was collected in the form of an absorbance spectrum. A calibration model was developed with the measured spectral values and their MC values, determined earlier by standard air-oven method, using partial least square (PLS) regression methods. Peanuts were then shelled, and similar measurements were made on the kernels also. MC values of peanut samples in the moisture range of 6% to 21%, not used in the calibration, were predicted by the model and compared with their standard air-oven values for validation. This method being nondestructive and rapid will have considerable application in the drying and storage processes of corn, wheat, peanuts and similar food products.
Clinical pharmacology and controlled drug delivery: The reninangiotensin system

Abstract The use of quantitative pharmacodynamic procedures in a healthy volunteer group for the purpose of characterizing the influence of controlled delivery of a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, benazepril, on angiotensin I induced hypertension is demonstrated. A double steadystate design in which both the inhibitor and agonist are infused at constant rate, the former orally and the latter IV, was executed and demonstrated a direct relationship between input rate of benazepril and angiotensin I induced pressor response. The pressor response is subjected to an Emax model with respect to both inhibitor and agonist input rates and the relationship between plasma concentration of the inhibitor and its influence on pressor response is discussed in terms of potential controlled delivery systems.
Combined treatment modalities: the need for innovative approaches.

Abstract Much of what is accepted as conventional chemical dependence treatment is not supported by rigorous clinical studies. However, the considerable supportive literature and data on methadone treatment has not ensured this treatment modality's acceptance by the medical and/or chemical dependence treatment community. The now obvious connection between AIDS and intravenous drug use demands an objective assessment of and inclusive approach to this problem. The need for effective treatment-both multimodal and acceptable to the addict—is discussed. Data are presented describing the characteristics of a successful methadone program that supports long-term treatment and adequate individual dosing. The disparity between the data and general attitudes toward methadone treatment is discussed. The variable quality among methadone treatment programs is also addressed. urging improved quality of care throughout the modality. It is suggested that quality of life issues are perhaps more important than the drug-free...
Thyroid function tests and neurocognitive functioning in children referred for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Background: Thyroid abnormalities have been associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and with other childhood psychiatric disorders. The goal of this study was to determine the relationships between thyroid hormone concentrations, neurocognitive functioning, and psychiatric diagnosis in children. Methods: Free thyroxine index (FT4I) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were obtained, along with diagnostic and descriptive information for 338 children referred to a clinic specializing in learning and behavior problems. Results: Thyroid abnormalities were uncommon in children referred for ADHD. After excluding children with thyroid disease, there was a greater proportion with low concentrations of normal FT4I for ADHD–Predominantly Inattentive type (ratio=7.0), but not for ADHD–Combined Type. High concentrations of normal FT4I were associated with mood lability, preoccupations, and lower ratings of attention problems. Thyroxine concentrations within the normal range were differentially associated with ADHD–Combined Type compared to ADHD–Predominantly Inattentive, mood disorders, and pervasive developmental disorders. Conclusion: Thyroxine concentrations were associated with mood symptoms and unusual behaviors, and were less strongly related to attentional functioning. Thyroxine concentrations were not related to hyperactivity.
Considerations of thermal and mechanical stability for IOTA.

This paper considers in detail the questions of mechanical stability and thermal stability that were encountered in the course of the design of the Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) installed at the Smithsonian's Whipple Observatory on Mt. Hopkins. With respect to the mechanical stability, measurements of ground vibration showed that the ground is essentially benight at the IOTA site. To insure thermal stability, the telescope support points and the beam-relay path will be slightly below ground level and well-insulated. The telescopes will reside in insulated shelter-transporter structures which will be cooled during the day. The beam relay path will be in vacuum, so that seeing effects and longitudinal dispersion will be eliminated.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simulating and predicting glucose response in lean and obese mice

Diabetes mellitus is a serious and widespread disease currently affecting 25.8 million people in the United States. Its treatments including exercise, diet, hypoglycemic pills, and insulin often are not sufficient to mitigate the symptoms of the disease or prevent its progression over time. An artificial pancreas capable of continuously monitoring and adjusting blood glucose levels through closed-loop control thus maintaining optimal range of glucose levels at all times will be an ideal treatment for the disease. One of the largest hurdles in developing an artificial pancreas is the creation of an individualized algorithm capable of calculating insulin doses from blood glucose readings and controlling the pump to deliver the appropriate doses of insulin. As a step toward developing algorithms for artificial pancreas, we adopted a mathematical model by Lombarte et al. [3] to study the homeostasis of glucose and insulin in lean and obese mice. We administered glucose (1 g/kg) intra-peritoneally and measured blood glucose levels at various intervals for 120 min. We performed simulation using Arena TM software based on the mathematical model and estimated the rate constants (8 parameters) for various terms in the differential equations using OPtQuest TM . The simulated data fit accurately to the observed data for both lean and obese mice, validating the use of the mathematical model in mice at different stages of diabetes progression. Examination of the rate constants may provide insights into which parameters are mostly affected by the progression of diabetes and thus how tightly a control algorithm needs to be calibrated for these parameters to maintain proper control.
Transit or occultation

Published discussions of photometric observations of VZ Hya and CM Lac disagree as to whether the deeper eclipses are transits or occultations. The evolutionary histories of these systems are critically dependent on a resolution of the disagreement. The luminosity ratio of the components of VZ Hya, inferred from spectrograms, shows unequivocally that the deeper eclipse is a transit. The case of CM Lac is less definitive. While the photometric observations favor primary minimum as a transit, the ratio of the radii is close to unity, and neither the spectrograms nor the photometry leads to an unequivocal result. Some confusion in notation appearing in a discussion of the components of EI Cep is noted. In each of the three cases the observational evidence favors a straightforward evolutionary interpretation in which the more massive star is the larger.
Finish on surface ground steel

Abstract The argument between production and inspection or supplier and purchaser regarding surface finishes on machined parts often is not very easily resolved. Surface finishes will vary from one spot to another even if taken in the same direction relative to machining marks. A change in direction of the stylus of the measuring instruments in relation to tool marks on the surface will give different readings and, within limits, could cover almost any particular surface finish requirements that the specifications may demand. This paper treats several important factors involved and presents an analysis of differences in surface finish, as encountered on a flat ground surface and measured with two types of surface finish measuring instruments. A series of surface grinding tests were carried out under fixed machining conditions in order to determine the relationship between surface finish and table feed for two kinds of steel. Results are given in the form of diagrams with profilometer readings plotted against table feed. The existence of maximum and minimum surface finish reading directions at any point of the testpiece surface is pointed out, as well as the orientation of these preferential directions, assuming as a reference the local direction of the tangent to the wheel marks. A short mathematical analysis confirms these assumptions.
Improved resistance to wear and fatigue fracture in high pressure crystallized vitamin E-containing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

Higher crystallinity and extended chain morphology are induced in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in the hexagonal phase at temperatures and pressures above the triple point, resulting in improved mechanical properties. In this study, we report the effects of the presence of a plasticizing agent, namely vitamin E (α-tocopherol), in UHMWPE during high pressure crystallization. We found that this new vitamin E-blended and high pressure crystallized UHMWPE (VEHPE) has improved fatigue strength and wear resistance compared to virgin high pressure crystallized (HP) UHMWPE. This suggested different mechanisms of wear reduction and fatigue crack propagation resistance in UHMWPE.
Millimeter and Submillimeter Survey of the R Coronae Australis Region

Using a combination of data from the Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory (AST/RO), the Arizona Radio Observatory Kitt Peak 12 m telescope, and the Arizona Radio Observatory 10 m Heinrich Hertz Telescope, we have studied the most active part of the R CrA molecular cloud in multiple transitions of carbon monoxide, HCO+, and 870 μm continuum emission. Since R CrA is nearby (130 pc), we are able to obtain physical spatial resolution as high as 0.01 pc over an area of 0.16 pc2, with velocity resolution finer than 1 km s-1. Mass estimates of the protostar driving the millimeter-wave emission derived from HCO+, dust continuum emission, and kinematic techniques point to a young, deeply embedded protostar of ~0.5-0.75 M☉, with a gaseous envelope of similar mass. A molecular outflow is driven by this source that also contains at least 0.8 M☉ of molecular gas with ~0.5 L☉ of mechanical luminosity. HCO+ lines show the kinematic signature of infall motions, as well as bulk rotation. The source is most likely a Class 0 protostellar object not yet visible at near-IR wavelengths. With the combination of spatial and spectral resolution in our data set, we are able to disentangle the effects of infall, rotation, and outflow toward this young object.
Green Chemistry Strategies Using Crystal-to-Crystal Photoreactions: Stereoselective Synthesis and Decarbonylation of trans-α,α‘-Dialkenoylcyclohexanones

This paper describes steps to develop green chemistry strategies to prepare compounds with adjacent quaternary centers by stereospecific photodecarbonylation of crystalline ketones bearing radical-stabilizing alkenyl substituents in their alpha-positions. Crystals of trans-2,6-dimethyl-2,6-di(benzyloxycarbonyl-trans-ethenyl)-cyclohexanone, trans-2, prepared by double Michael addition of benzyl propiolate to 2,6-dimethyl-cyclohexanone iso-butylimine (1), were investigated along with those of the dicarboxylic acid (trans-3) and a dibenzylammonium salt derivative (trans-4) to establish the best substrates for the solid-state reaction. While reactions of the ester and the acid lose CO to give radical combination products with high selectivity at low conversions, the crystalline salt gave a similar product in >97% yield. Explorative reactions carried out under sunlight and in semipreparative (1.5 g) scale highlight the potential of reactions in crystals as a viable strategy for the development of green chemistry.
CHANGES AT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF THE HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY ADRENAL AXIS FOLLOWING REPEATED ELECTRICALLY INDUCED SEIZURES

Seizures, including electrically induced seizures (ECS), activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rats. The present studies were undertaken to characterize the effects of repeated ECS on hormone release and brain adrenal steroid receptors. Repeated ECS led to an increase in adrenal weight, an increase in the corticosterone response to the eighth seizure compared to the first seizure, and an increase in basal plasma corticosterone levels at the trough of the circadian rhythm. Despite increased plasma corticosterone levels at the time of sacrifice, there were no decreases in adrenal steroid receptor numbers in hypothalamus, cortex or hippocampus. In chronic ECS-treated rats which were adrenalectomized overnight to remove glucocorticoids, an increase in Type I (mineralocorticoid) steroid receptors occurred in both hippocampus and cortex. These data suggest that chronic ECS has a trophic effect on Type I receptors and that the higher levels of corticosterone resulting from chronic ECS do not induce adrenal steroid receptor down-regulation.
Effect of verapamil on left ventricular function: A randomized, placebo-controlled study

Abstract Verapamil has a negative inotropic action in isolated cardiac muscle. Its effects on left ventricular function were tested in 25 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study design was used. Verapamil (0.2 mg/kg over 10 minutes) significantly lowered mean arterial pressure (from 105 to 89 mm Hg) while increasing the cardiac index (from 2.8 to 3.1 liters/min/m 2 ). No statistically significant effect was seen on heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or end-systolic volume index, ejection fraction, peak rates of systolic wall thickening or diastolic wall thinning, or percentage of hemiaxial shortening. However, there was a small increase in the left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (from 94 to 102 ml/m 2 ). Important findings were a reduction in systemic vascular resistance (from 39 to 30 U·m 2 ), an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume index consistent with a negative inotropic effect, and no evidence of improved regional wall dynamics in portions of the left ventricular wall considered hypokinetic because of myocardial ischemia.
Neuropathic cachexia associated with type 1 diabetes in an adolescent girl.

Abstract Background Diabetic neuropathic cachexia is a rare and little understood variant of diabetic neuropathy. It predominantly affects men with type 2 diabetes mellitus in their sixth to seventh decades of life and is characterized by the subacute onset of a painful sensory neuropathy, rapid weight loss, and psychiatric comorbidity. Methods We present the only female pediatric case described to date, and one of only a handful of cases reported to affect type 1 diabetics. Results In this patient a diagnosis of diabetic neuropathic cachexia was based on the rapid onset of severe allodynic pain, polyneuropathy, and marked weight loss in the setting of poorly controlled diabetes, without evidence of end-organ disease and exclusion of other known causes of neuropathy. Conclusions Diabetic neuropathic cachexia is a complex neuroendocrinologic disorder characterized by profound weight loss, neuropathic pain, and mood disturbance. Electrodiagnostic abnormalities were pronounced showing a moderately severe generalized sensorimotor polyneuropathy.