cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of synthetic amino acid and casein hydrolysate on the endogenous production and urinary excretion of acid in total intravenous alimentation.

Extract: These investigations are designed to quantitate the acidogenic properties of several commonly used amino acid solutions. Infusion of amino acid solutions causes a rise in the sulfuric acid production to a rate of 26.8–93.1 μEq/min/1.73 m2, which is a 4− to 14-fold increase over the preinfusion rate of 6.6 μEq/min/1.73 m2. This is a reflection of the amount of sulfur-containing amino acids in the infusate; it is lower with the casein hydrolysate than with the synthetic amino acid. The increase in is also significantly less with the 2.13% solutions than with the 4.25% solutions. The rate of organic acid production (H+oa) tends to be higher with the 4.25% casein hydrolysate (48.1 μEq/min/1.73 m2) than with both the 2.13% and the 4.25% synthetic amino acid solutions (22.4–29.3 μEq/min/1.73 m2). The latter value is not significantly different from the preinfusion rate of H+oa (20.4 μEq/min/1.73 m2). However, taken together, the results of these data are consistent with the view that the total amount of acid produced ( plus H+oa) in association with infusion of the synthetic amino acid solutions is proportionately higher than that associated with infusion of the casein hydrolysate. The absolute values for the acid excretion during amino acid infusions also show differences from the preinfusion state of 23.7 μEq/min/1.73 m2. The net acid excretion increased nearly four times during the infusion of the 4.25% synthetic, amino acid and casein hydrolysate solutions. The net acid excretion is shown to be linearly correlated with the net acid production (r = 0.974). On the other hand, only 65% of net acid production is excreted as net acid by the kidneys, and the extracellular buffering can account for only a fraction of the difference between the net acid production and excretion. These studies also provide the first conclusive evidence that the rate of endogenous acid production during glucose-water infusion is 26.9 μEq/min/1.73 m2 or 2–3 mEq/kg/24 hr. Speculation: The data presented suggest that the marked increase in endogenous acid production is related to the quantity and quality of amino acid-sulfur in the different type of infusates used in total intravenous alimentation and further suggest a significant nonextracellular buffering mechanism (possibly the skeletal system).
Interactions between frequency and size of disturbance affect competitive outcomes

Disturbance has many effects on ecological communities, and it is often suggested that disturbance can affect species diversity by altering competitive outcomes. However, disturbance regimes have many distinct aspects that may act, and interact, to influence species diversity. While there are many theoretical models of disturbance-prone communities, few have specifically documented how interactions between different aspects of a disturbance regime change competitive outcomes. Here, we present a model of two plant species subject to disturbance which we then use to examine species coexistence over varying levels of two aspects of disturbance: frequency, and spatial extent (i.e., area disturbed). We show that the competitive outcome is affected differently by changes in each aspect and that the effect of disturbance frequency on species coexistence depends strongly on the spatial extent of the disturbance, and vice versa. We classify the nature of these interactions between disturbance frequency and extent on the basis of the shape of the resulting coexistence regions in a frequency–extent parameter plane. Our results illustrate that different types of interaction can result from differences in life-history traits that control species-specific sensitivity to frequency and extent of disturbance. Thus, our analysis shows that the various aspects of disturbance must be carefully considered in concert with the life-history traits of the community members in order to assess the consequences of disturbance.
Effect of inter-particle interactions on evaporation of droplets in a linear array

Effects of interparticle interactions on evaporation have been examined on droplets in a linear array generated by a modified vibrating orifice aerosol generator (VOAG). The size as well as the spacing between the droplets was varied by modulating the frequency of the generator, and the liquid flow rate through the orifice. Ethanol and methanol droplets of differing initial sizes and spacings were studied, and the instantaneous evaporation rates as well as droplet temperatures were measured using a resonance-based light scattering technique. The results show that at a fixed dimensionless spacing between the droplets (i.e., the ratio of the spacing to the droplet radius, l/a), the size and temperature versus time data are highly reproducible. The measured evaporation rates were normalized by the evaporation rates of an isolated droplet under identical conditions to obtain the interaction parameter (η) as a function of the dimensionless spacing between the droplets. The value of η was observed to decrease with a decrease in l/a as predicted by the theoretical models, and as expected, found to be the same for ethanol and methanol droplets.
The spirit of god, pigs and demons : The Samuelites of Southern Africa

Popular modes of historical understanding in Africa are increasingly of interest to academic historians. They may be genealogies, cosmologies, royal and cultic traditions, state charters, praise poetry, migrants' and farmworkers' songs, church traditions, children's stories, rumour or gossip. They have no universal shape, nor do they give up their secrets to the uninformed. They are difficult sources. If one listens to them carefully, however, the hollowness of trying to understand Africans' intentions without them is starkly revealed. No longer, for instance, can Africans' historical behavior be taken simply to indicate responses to preconceived phenomena important to modern scholars.2 In looking at religion and religious narratives as such a means for comprehending African experience, I have found Terence Ranger's work especially helpful.3 Ranger has understood religion in the social history of Africa as a means for retrieving the categories of experience that historical Africans 'thought through.' Of course, as long ago as 1915 Emile
Stress corrosion cracking and crack tip adsorption: Considerations regarding the role of alloy dissolution products

Mecanisme de fissuration par corrosion sous tension dans lequel la dissolution et la chimisorption jouent a la fois des roles importants
In situ estimates of annual net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in a subarctic watershed.

Annual estimates of surface soil nitrogen transformations were determined using an in situ method in four different subarctic vegetation types within a watershed in southwestern Alaska. The net nitrogen mineralization estimates were 22.5, 0.5, 4.7, and 2.7 kg-N ha-1 yr-1 for the alder, dry tundra, moist tundra, and white spruce sites, respectively. Only the soil from the alder site showed net nitrification (about 10 kg-N ha-1 yr-1). Annual inogranic nitrogen flux from the overlying organic layer to the mineral soil was almost seven times greater than net N production in the surface mineral soil in the alder site, indicating that the alder forest floor is potentially a substantial source for plant-available N. Rates of mobilization of N from the surface organic layers of the other sites were similar to net N production rates in surface mineral soils. In situ rates of N transformations showed a similar trend among sites as did laboratory estimates conducted in a previous study, suggesting a strong substrate control of N transformations in these soils.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Large‐scale concentration and conversion of solar energy” by Hildebrandt, et al.” Comments on “Solar energy”]

We agree with Lister as to the substantial logistics involved in developing heliostat systems for large-scale solar energy utilization. Our calculations show that solar energy is capable of supplying a large fraction of our energy needs by the year 2000; there are too few possible solutions available that can affect our impending energy crisis significantly. The effect on the economy because of the capital formation burden may be significant but will only be put into perspective after much more study.
The Husbandman: Tomáš Masaryk's Leader Cult in Interwar Czechoslovakia

For almost a century now, Tomas Masaryk has been one of the most famous Czechs in world history. He was nominated at least twice for a Nobel Prize and lionized by noteworthies across the globe. However, that esteem paled when compared to the adoration expressed for him at home. During and after his lifetime, Masaryk was presented as the embodiment of moral rectitude, cosmopolitan erudition, and democratic egalitarianism. By the end of the 1930s, Masaryk's association with the state he had helped found was impressively total. But it was not accidental. Many different groups and factors collaborated to position Masaryk as the only man capable of superseding Czechoslovakia's ethnic and political divisions, a devoted democrat to lead Europe's self-styled ideal new democracy.
Measurement of the Velocity Field in a Simulated Tornado-Like Vortex Using a Three-Dimensional Velocity Probe

Abstract A three-dimensional velocity probe, incorporating hot-film anemometry, is developed to study the mean flow field of a simulated turbulent tornado-like vortex interacting with a smooth, flat boundary. The flow characteristics are essentially controlled by a dimensionless parameter ϵc and a Reynolds number Ret. The parameter is the ratio of sink strength to the product of the free-stream circulation and the vortex core radius. Flow fields for two different ϵc (0.022 and 0.51) are studied, with Ret>105 in both cases. It is found that. 1) the tangential velocity profiles at more than three core radii from the axis are similar to those of a turbulent flow over a flat plate; 2) the radial velocity close to the boundary is directed inward due to a positive radial pressure gradient, while it changes direction and approaches a constant at a height of two core radii from the boundary; 3) the vertical velocity depends strongly on ϵc, and is directed downward near the vortex axis in case 1 and upward in case...
Coordination complexes of 2,6-diarylpyrazines with copper(II) acetate

The coordination chemistry of a series of 2,6- and 2,3-diarylpyrazines with copper(II) acetate is reported. The 2:2 coordination complexes formed between two 2,6-diarylpyrazines and copper(II) acetate are characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structure (2,6-bis(3′,5′-dimethylphenyl)pyrazine)copper(II) acetate acetonitrile solvate, (C48H52Cu2N4O8) ⋅ (C2H3N) is triclinic, P 1, with a = 7.9685(10), b = 13.1893(16), c = 13.8267(17) A, α = 107.585(3)°, β = 103.921(3)° and γ = 96.759(3)°. The structure of (2-(2′,6′-dimethylphenyl)-6-(3″,5″-dimethylphenyl)pyrazine)copper(II) acetate, C48H52Cu2N4O8, is monoclinic, P21/c, with a = 8.2196(7), b = 12.5174(11), c = 21.7325(19) A and β = 96.201(2)°.
SCIATIC HERNIA WITH INCARCERATED ILEUM : CT AND RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS

An elderly woman presented with postprandial cramps in the right lower abdomen and recurrent episodes of low back pain radiating down to the dorsal aspect of her right thigh. Computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis and barium enema with small bowel reflux demonstrated the herniation of an ileal loop through the greater sciatic foramen on the right side. The diagnosis and management of this case are herein described and previous publications on sciatic hernias are reviewed.
Clinical experience with T's and B's.

'T's and B's' started to become widely used in Chicago in the early 1970s. Users reported an interaction between the two drugs which was expressed in slang terms such as 'Toms and Bettys', 'T'shirts and Blue Jeans.' By the late 1970s, T's and B's users occupied 10% of the treatment census in Chicago. Soft tissue damage was more pronounced with 'T's and B's' than with heroin and a number of serious medical complications were observed, e.g. pulmonary hypertension. The introduction of Talwin NX appears to have decreased greatly the use of T's and B's as demand for treatment for primary abuse of this combination is close to zero in 1983-84.
Flux reversal in magnetic amplifier cores

IN RECENT years theun derstanding magnetic amplifier circuits has advanced rapidly, and great strides have been made in the art. However, it is recognized that several aspects of magnetic amplifier operation still need clarification. In most instances, the lack of a satisfactory explanation for certain circuit characteristics can be traced to an incomplete understanding of the behavior of the magnetic cores used. Therefore, a definite need exists for a study of the process of flux reversal in these magnetic amplifier components. The grain-oriented 50-per-cent nickel-iron alloys (such as Orthonol) are of particular interest and will be the material considered here. However, most of the results can probably be extended directly to other highly oriented ?square hysteresis loop? materials.
Evidence theory in multivalued logic systems

A systematical framework of uncertainty reasoning is proposed based on multivalued logic and Dempster-Shafer's evidence, theory. the uncertainty of the truth value of a proposition is modeled by the use of basic probability assignment over the truth value space [0,1]. This basic probability assignment is interpreted as the probability restriction on the truth value of a proposition. A general approach is provided to find the probability restriction on the truth value of a composite proposition given the probability restrictions on the truth values of its components. Two inference patterns (forward inference pattern and backward inference pattern) are investigated in terms of propagation of probability restrictions. Examples are given to show that the results from applying the proposed theory are consistent with human intuitions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimal inventory policies in contagious demand models

In the past, contagious distributions have been successfully applied in bacteriology, entomology, and accident statistics. This paper applies the notion of contagious distributions in the inventory control of new products and seasonal or style goods, which have an lying “true contagion” for their demands, namely, the influence of past demands on occurrence of demands. A contagious distribution is derived by assuming a nonstationary Poisson process where the demand rate at any instant depends on the past demands to that instant. Using this contagious distribution, an inventory model is developed seasonal goods and new product lines. Optimal order policies as a function of the initial level and the review period are derived.
Development of a computational simulation tool to design a protocol for treating prostate tumours using transurethral laser photothermal therapy.

AbstractObjectives: The objective of this study was to design laser treatment protocols to induce sufficient thermal damage to a tumour embedded in a prostate model, while protecting the surrounding healthy tissue. Methods: A computational Monte Carlo simulation algorithm of light transport in a spherical prostatic tumour containing gold nanorods was developed to determine laser energy deposition. The laser energy absorption was then used to simulate temperature elevations in the tumour embedded in an elliptical human prostate model. The Arrhenius integral was coupled with the heat transfer model to identify heating protocols to induce 100% damage to the tumour, while resulting in less than 5% damage to the surrounding sensitive prostatic tissue. Results: Heating time to achieve 100% damage to the tumour was identified to be approximately 630 s when using a laser irradiance of 7 W/cm2 incident on the prostatic urethral surface. Parametric studies were conducted to show how the local blood perfusion rate a...
Improving semantic specification in a relational database

Standard semantics for the relational model considers domain values to be objects, which assume the roles indicated by the name of its associated attribute. Entities are related to each other to form tuples in a relation; attributes are also interrelated, but in this case the exact relationships have always been left implied or "intuitive." This paper introduces renaming rules, which are a way to formally specify these relationships. Properties of these rules are discussed, and a complete axiomatization is presented.Renaming rules allow meaningful equi-joins to be couched in terms of natural joins. They are intimately associated with the abstraction concept of generalization, and provide a natural semantics and theory for the relational algebraic operatiors select and union. These operators in turn use Smith's subcategory functional dependencies to achieve a better decomposition of a database scheme; to this end, a general normal form algorithm is presented.
A Tale of Two Stories: Sustainability and the Quarterly Earnings Call

One of the challenges companies claim to face in making sustainability a core part of their strategy and operations is that the market does not care about sustainability, either in general or because the time frames in which it matters are too long. The response of investors who say they care about sustainability-and their numbers are large and growing-is that companies do a poor job in providing them with the information they need to take sustainability into account in their investment decisions. Whatever the merits of each view, the fact remains that an effective conversation about sustainability requires the participation of both sides of the market. There are two main mechanisms for companies to communicate to the market as a way of starting this conversation: mandated reporting and quarterly conference calls. In this paper, the authors argue that neither companies nor investors can be seen as taking sustainability seriously unless it is integrated into the quarterly earnings call. Until that happens, the core business and sustainability are two separate worlds, each of which has its own narrator telling a different story to a different audience. The authors illustrate their argument using the case of SAP, the German software company. SAP was the first company to host an 'ESG Investor Briefing,' a conference call for analysts and investors held on July 30, 2013 in which the company discussed both its sustainability performance and its contribution to the firm's financial performance. The narrative of this call was very similar to the narrative of the company's first 'integrated report,' which was issued in 2012 and presented the company's sustainability initiatives in the context of its operating and financial performance. Nevertheless, the content and main focus of the 'ESG Briefing' were very different from that of most quarterly earnings conferences, and so were the audiences. Whereas the quarterly call was attended mainly by sell side analysts-and the words 'sustainability' or 'sustainable' failed to receive a single mention-the ESG briefing was delivered to an investor audience made up almost entirely of the 'buy side.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Theory of emission from an active photonic lattice

The emission from a radiating source embedded in a photonic lattice is calculated. The analysis considers the photonic lattice and free space as a combined system. Furthermore, the radiating source and electromagnetic field are quantized. Results show the deviation of the photonic lattice spectrum from the blackbody distribution, with intracavity emission suppressed at certain frequencies and enhanced at others. In the presence of rapid population relaxation, where the photonic lattice and blackbody populations are described by the same equilibrium distribution, it is found that the enhancement does not result in output intensity exceeding that of the blackbody at the same frequency. However, for slow population relaxation, the photonic lattice population has a greater tendency to deviate from thermal equilibrium, resulting in output intensities exceeding those of the blackbody, even for identically pumped structures.
Multicore soft error rate stabilization using adaptive dual modular redundancy

The use of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) in contemporary multicores provides significant protection from unpredictable thermal events. A side effect of DVFS can be an increased processor exposure to soft errors. To address this issue, a flexible fault prevention mechanism has been developed to selectively enable a small amount of per-core dual modular redundancy (DMR) in response to increased vulnerability, as measured by the processor architectural vulnerability factor (AVF). Our new algorithm for DMR deployment aims to provide a stable effective soft error rate (SER) by using DMR in response to DVFS caused by thermal events. The algorithm is implemented in real-time on the multicore using a dedicated monitor network-on-chip and controller which evaluates thermal information and multicore performance statistics. Experiments with a multicore simulator using standard benchmarks show an average 6% improvement in overall power consumption and a stable SER by using selective DMR versus continuous DMR deployment.
An Empirical Approach of Delta Hedging in GARCH Model

In this paper, we compare the costs and efficiency arising from the delta-neutral dynamic hedging of options, using two possible values for the delta of the option. The first one is the traditional Black-Scholes delta, while the second one is the GARCH option pricing delta, namely the delta of the option in the generalized Black-Scholes model with a volatility calibrated from GARCH model. Both our theoretical analysis and empirical results of S&P 500 index options showed that single-factor version of the GARCH delta showed better performance than B-S delta (1973), especially when the volatility are very high. We believe the improvement is due largely to the ability of the GARCH model to describe the correlation of volatility with spot returns. This allows the GARCH model to capture strike-price biases in the Black-Scholes model that give rise to the skew in implied volatilities in the index options market.
Integrating end-to-end encryption and authentication technology into broadband networks

BISDN services will involve the integration of high speed data, voice, and video functionality delivered via technology similar to Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switching and SONET optical transmission systems. Customers of BISDN services may need a variety of data authenticity and privacy assurances, via Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) services Cryptographic methods can be used to assure authenticity and privacy, but are hard to scale for implementation at high speed. The incorporation of these methods into computer networks can severely impact functionality, reliability, and performance. While there are many design issues associated with the serving of public keys for authenticated signaling and for establishment of session cryptovariables, this paper is concerned with the impact of encryption itself on such communications once the signaling and setup have been completed. Network security protections should be carefully matched to the threats against which protection is desired. Even after eliminating unnecessary protections, the remaining customer-required network security protections can impose severe performance penalties. These penalties (further discussed below) usually involve increased communication processing for authentication or encryption, increased error rate, increased communication delay, and decreased reliability/availability. Protection measures involving encryption should be carefully engineered so as to impose the least performance, reliability, and functionality penalties, while achieving the required security protection. To study these trade-offs, a prototype encryptor/decryptor was developed. This effort demonstrated the viability of implementing certain encryption techniques in high speed networks. The research prototype processes ATM cells in a SONET OC-3 payload. This paper describes the functionality, reliability, security, and performance design trade-offs investigated with the prototype.
All-optical quasi-phase matching and quantum path control by counter propagating pulse trains

We enhance high-order harmonic generation at 70 eV in argon and 145 eV in helium by orders of magnitude using counterpropagating pulsetrains. We also demonstrate coherent control on attosecond timescales by selective enhancement of different quantum trajectories.
Nitrous oxide production by denitrifying microorganisms from the eastern tropical North Pacific and the Caribbean Sea

Abstract Nitrous oxide production during denitrification was detected in near‐surface seawater samples from six stations in the eastern tropical North Pacific and the Caribbean Sea. Seawater from particulate maxima was collected, concentrated by filtration, and incubated under conditions favoring denitrification. Nitrate supplementation and acetylene blockage were used in some cases to enhance accumulation of N2O. N2O production was observed at all stations. The sampling regime indicates that particulate‐associated microorganisms were responsible for the production of N2O. In the eastern tropical North Pacific, in situ nitrate concentrations supported denitrification, but in the Caribbean Sea, nitrate supplements were required before significant denitrification occurred. N2O production was observed both with and without C2H2 blockage. These results show that denitrifying microorganisms are common in near‐surface particulate maxima and are potential sources of N2O in oceanic waters.
Persistence and ecological implications of maize-expressed transgenic endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase (E1) in agricultural soils

Plant expression of thermostable endoglucanase (E1) [pdb:1ECE] has been proposed for improved conversion of lignocellulose to ethanol for fuel production. Since E1 was isolated from hot springs and has thermostable properties, it may have increased stability when released to agricultural soils during post-harvest residue decomposition. Endoglucanases are a subclass of cellulases and act by cleaving β-1,4 glycosidic bonds in cellulose polymers at amorphous sites. In addition, they are important in carbon cycling and can be useful indicators of possible ecological perturbations in soil. It is estimated that where genetically-engineered maize expressing E1 is grown, it will add 17-120 g ha y of thermostable endoglucanase in postharvest residues to receiving soils. The persistence and reactivity of residual E1 is being investigated in soil microcosm studies for soils amended with bacterial and plant-solubilized E1 as compared to soil endogenous activity and to activity added from a mesostable form of endoglucanase (Aspergillus and Trichoderma spp.). An optimized analytical method involving a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) substrate and dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) detection method effectively assayed endoglucanase activity in amended and unamended soils and was used for determining E1 persistence in representative soils. Effects on soil carbon mineralization were determined by comparing CO2 evolution from soils amended with E1 and Wild-type corn tissue. Extraction and recovery of the mesostable comparator, bacterial E1, and plant-soluble E1 shows near-complete dissipation of activity within a 24-hour period. Carbon mineralization studies indicate no significant difference between soils amended with either the transgenic E1 or Wild-type maize tissue. The combined result from persistence and CO2 evolution studies suggest that maize expressing up to 30 g Mg of E1 in stover (120 g ha environmental load) would not persist in representative soils or significantly impact carbon cycling.
Studies of the relationship of the thyrotropic, exophthalmic and fat-mobilizing principles of pituitary extract; the effect of various dosages of pituitary extract upon the production of exophthalmos and the mobilization of fat in intact and thyroidectomized guinea pigs.

IN the preceding report (1) it has been found that the exophthalmos produced within forty-eight hours by the injection of pituitary extract into guinea pigs cannot be attributed to thyrotropic activity alone. It has also been found that this exophthalmos can hardly be attributed to pituitary-induced mobilization of fat per se (2), since proptosis developed in some animals which showed no increased fat deposition in their livers. Nevertheless, the exophthalmic and fat-mobilizing activity seemed closely related, disappearing approximately together with diminishing doses of pituitary extract and behaving similarly when the extract was iodinated. It therefore seemed advisable to investigate this relationship further, if possible. Fry (3) has reported that the fatty livers induced by administration of anterior pituitary extract to intact rats cannot be induced in adrenalectomized animals. More recently, Baker et al. (4) have noted that the administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to rats on a high ...
Locking ourselves in: National standards for the teaching profession

Abstract The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards has begun work in the U.S.A. to create a nationwide program to recognize and certify good teachers and to improve the status of the profession. Its most pressing goal is the development of standards and assessment procedures for the 1993 implementation of a voluntary program of “advanced professional certification” for elementary and secondary school teachers. This article examines the specific discourse of the National Board in the areas of professionalization, standards, assessment, and certification. It also explores the possible general effects and meanings of the Board's effort and some of the responses that can be made to them by educators. In spite of any intensions to the contrary, it is argued that the Board's program will ultimately institute more controls on teachers, further distance “professional” from laypersons, and inhibit collaborative efforts among school people in their local contexts.
Effect of Intravenous Immunoglobulin G on Neutrophil Kinetics During Experimental Group B Streptococcal Infection in Neonatal Rats

A modified form of serum immunoglobulin G (pH 4.25) was tested for its effect on neutrophil kinetics and survival rates in neonatal rats with type III, group B streptococcal pneumonia and sepsis. Each of 30 animals received a transthoracic inoculation of 10(5) organisms/g of body weight; all died within 48 hr. When 100, 1,000, or 2,000 mg of immunoglobulin G/kg was administered intraperitoneally at the time of bacterial inoculation, survival rates rose to 20%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. Even when the immunoglobulin preparation was administered intraperitoneally 2 hr after transthoracic inoculation of bacteria, all 19 animals survived. Only seven of 15 animals survived when immunoglobulin administration was delayed for 22 hr. Immunoglobulin facilitated the neutrophil inflammatory response: when immunoglobulin (rather than an albumin control) was administered, neutrophils were released more rapidly from the storage pool and accumulated more quickly at the site of bacterial inoculation. Unlike infected control animals, immunoglobulin recipients did not develop neutropenia or depletion of the neutrophil storage pool.
Preparation and initial characterization of crystals of the photoprotein aequorin from Aequorea victoria

Crystals of recombinant aequorin, the photoprotein from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, have been grown from solutions containing sodium phosphate. The crystals grow as thin plates which diffract to beyond 2.2 A resolution. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P21212 1; the axes are a = 89.1(1), b = 88.4(1), and c = 52.7(1) A. The asymmetric unit contains two molecules. Crystals exposed to calcium ion solutions emit a steady glow and slowly deteriorate, confirming that the crystals consist of a charged, competent photoprotein. This represents the first successful preparation of single crystals of a photoprotein suitable for diffraction analysis. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Partitioning of copper at concentrations below the marine water quality criteria.

Partitioning of Cu between the aqueous and particulate phases and among their components was examined in six ambient Puget Sound, Washington State, USA, samples (6–10 nM Cu). Most of the particulate Cu (4–12% of the total Cu) was associated with particulate organic matter, and resulted in distribution coefficients (Kd) ranging between 104,55 and 105,1. For the dissolved phase, the portion of Cu extracted by C18-packed cartridges averaged 44% (+ 11%). Radioactive 64Cu was added to these samples to total stable Cu concentrations (17–33 nM). After 24 h of equilibration, the portion of 64Cu associated with the particulate matter in five of the six samples (Kd between 1047 and 1053) was an average of 70% higher than that of natural Cu in the ambient samples. In contrast, only 19 ± 7% of the 64Cu was extracted by C18-packed cartridges. The partitioning of natural Cu and 64Cu onto particles was not significantly different when the equilibria were based on dissolved Cu passing through the C18 cartridges. Further research is warranted on utilizing the hydrophilic component of the dissolved phase as a parameter on which water quality criteria are based.
Overexpression of protein kinase C-alpha in the epidermis of transgenic mice results in striking alterations in phorbol ester-induced inflammation and COX-2, MIP-2 and TNF-alpha expression but not tumor promotion

Protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) is one of six PKC isoforms expressed in keratinocytes of mouse epidermis. To gain an understanding of the role of epidermal PKCalpha, we have localized its expression to specific cells of normal mouse skin and examined the effect of keratin 5 (K5) promoter directed expression of PKCalpha in transgenic mice. In normal mouse skin, PKCalpha was extensively expressed in the outer root sheath (ORS) keratinocytes of the anagen hair follicle and weakly expressed in keratinocytes of interfollicular epidermis. K5-targeted expression of PKCalpha to epidermal basal keratinocytes and follicular ORS keratinocytes resulted in a tenfold increase in epidermal PKCalpha. K5-PKCalpha mice exhibited no abnormalities in keratinocyte growth and differentiation in the epidermis. However, a single topical treatment with the PKC activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resulted in a striking inflammatory response characterized by edema and extensive epidermal infiltration of neutrophils that formed intraepidermal microabscesses in the epidermis. Compared to TPA-treated wild-type mice, the epidermis of TPA-treated K5-PKCalpha mice displayed increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the neutrophil chemotactic factor macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) mRNA and the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha mRNA but not IL-6 or IL-1alpha mRNA. To determine if K5-PKCalpha mice display an altered response to TPA-promotion, 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated K5-PKCalpha mice and wild-type mice were promoted with TPA. No differences in papilloma incidence or multiplicity were observed between K5-PKCalpha mice and wild-type littermates. These results demonstrate that the overexpression of PKCalpha in epidermis increases the expression of specific proinflammatory mediators and induces cutaneous inflammation but has little to no effect on epidermal differentiation, proliferation or TPA tumor promotion.
The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis.

The etiology of rheumatiod arthritis has been elusive, but it finally seems to be explained by a combination of three factors: (i) a relatively mild deficiency of cortisol, the normal adrenocortical hormone that is essential for normal immunity but which has achieved a bad reputation because of the use of excessive dosages of it or its stronger derivatives, (ii) a deficiency of dehydro-epi-androsterone (DHEA), the chief androgen produced by the human adrenal cortex but which has been little studied, and (iii) infection by organisms such as mycoplasma, which have a relatively low virulence, are difficult to culture in the laboratory, and cause inflammation and destruction of tissue in periarticular and articular areas of immunocompromised hosts. The mild adrenocortical deficiency apparently is sufficient to impair immunity, especially after stress, and permit these organisms to cause inflammatory arthritis. Further studies are necessary to determine optimum therapy, but it will probably include safe physiologic dosages of cortisol and DHEA plus antibiotic treatment of infection by mycoplasma or other causative organisms.
The Hierarchy of Detective Fiction: A Gramulator Analysis

Closely related genres have complex interrelations. An antecedent genre can constrain a subsequent genre, but changing rhetorical situations can lead to distinctions between an antecedent and its descendent. In this study, we assess two genres of detective fiction to determine their hierarchical relation to one another. We use the Gramulator, a computational tool that identifies indicative lexical features, to explain the relationship between whodunit fiction and hardboiled fiction . We conclude, based on the indicative lexical features of the expositions in texts, that the two are sibling genres.
Librarians Connecting Scholars Through The American Culture Center Program In China

The authors discuss how librarians from a medium size academic library can build a major international partnership through their successful leadership of an American Cultural Center in China. The authors describe bringing together scholars from their home institution and China and building cultural understanding among students at both institutions. This multi-year program is evolving into an ongoing international relationship in which future collaboration and knowledge sharing on opposite sides of the globe continues to grow.
On Implicit LES Modeling Strategies for Predictive Compressible Mixing

In the large eddy simulation (LES) approach large-scale energy-containing structures are resolved, smaller (presumably) more isotropic structures are filtered out, and unresolved subgrid effects are modeled. Extensive recent work has demonstrated that predictive simulations of turbulent velocity fields are possible based on subgrid scale modeling implicitly provided by high-resolution finite-volume numerical algorithms. This strategy is called implicit LES. The extension of the approach to the substantially more difficult problem of material mixing is addressed, and progress in representative (shockdriven) mixing studies is reported.
A Tentative Calendar of Daily Theatrical Performances in London, 1700–1701 to 1704–1705

There has long existed a need for a full and definitive calendar of theatrical performances in London during the eighteenth century. If the modern scholar does not have access to the original sources—the theatrical advertisements, the playbills, and manuscript diaries and account books—he must turn to a number of modern histories, of the eighteenth century stage, no one of which is complete and all of which combined do not offer a full listing of day-to-day performances. The account of the stage published in 1832 by John Genest is still the most comprehensive for the entire century, but Genest made a selection, not a complete listing, of performances, and that fact alone makes it impossible to find in his pages the stage history of a play or its casting or the vogue of the works of a single dramatist. The handlists in Allardyce Nicoll's works are also very valuable, but they too have the limitation of recording only selected performances, primarily those of plays first performed in the century. Dougald MacMillan's calendar of Drury Lane offerings from 1747 to 1776 is a more complete listing, but it is a record of only one theater, and although it offers the casts, it does not reflect the role of the entertainments in the theatrical programs.
The influences of foot placement on lumbopelvic rhythm during trunk flexion motion

Different standing postures could potentially influence trunk biomechanics during task performance. The current study investigated how foot placement, especially stance width and foot angle influenced lumbopelvic rhythm during sagittal trunk flexion motion. Ten participants performed pace controlled sagittally symmetric trunk flexion motions while maintaining three different stance widths and two different foot angles. The results showed the narrower stance and angled foot placement conditions generated more in-phase lumbopelvic coordination patterns during trunk flexion motions, possibly due to the reduced base of support and the associated postural stability. Findings of this study provided important information regarding the effects of foot placement on postural control and trunk biomechanics during trunk bending motions; these results suggested that foot placement could alter the motion patterns of spinal segments.
Management of Type 2 Diabetes in the Setting of Morbid Obesity: How Can Weight Gain Be Prevented or Reversed?

The patient is a 48-year-old African-American man with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at age 41 on laboratory testing when his A1C was found to be 10.8%. At diagnosis, he was 73 inches tall and weighed 337 lb (153 kg), resulting in a BMI of 44.5 kg/m2. Metformin and premixed insulin NPH/lispro 75/25 were started. He was also noted to have uncontrolled hypertension, with a blood pressure of 174/88 mmHg, and hyperlipidemia. From age 41 to age 42 years, his diabetes was well controlled, with A1C ranging between 5.9 to 6.8%. However, he gained 46 lb from age 41 to 43. His A1C started to rise and ranged between 7.3 and 8.8% from age 43 to age 45. His primary care provider increased his insulin doses and added sitagliptin to his diabetes therapy regimen. However, the patient continued to gain weight, increasing by 40 lb from age 43 to age 45. He presented to the endocrinology clinic at age 48 with an A1C of 16.7%. His weight was 497 lb (225 kg), and his BMI was 65.6 kg/m2. His total weight gain over the past 7 years was 160 lb. His current diabetes medication regimen consisted of NPH/aspart 70/30 insulin 30 units twice daily (0.27 units/kg/day), sitagliptin 100 mg daily, and metformin 1,000 mg twice daily. His blood glucose levels were in the 400- to 500-mg/dL range. He complained of severe fatigue, shortness of breath, polyuria, and polydipsia. His diet was unrestricted, with unlimited portions. He binged on sweets and junk food, consuming an average of eight chocolate cupcakes twice per week. Alcohol use had been heavy for years, and he reported drinking a pint of cognac per day. His main attempts at weight loss in the past included Weight Watchers and walking, resulting in a maximum …
An l1-regularized least squares algorithm for reconstructing step-frequency ground penetrating radar images

Impulse-based ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been proposed as a way to detect landmines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs). However, a drawback of such radar systems is the difficulty in transmitting a signal with an arbitrary bandwidth and shape. Step-frequency GPR has been recognized as a way to precisely control the bandwidth and spectral shape of the transmitted pulse. In this paper, we extend a previously developed-regularized least squares algorithm, which has been successfully applied to impulse-based GPR image reconstruction, to step-frequency GPR. We investigate the performance of the proposed algorithm using simulated step-frequency GPR data. The initial results are promising.
Name Similarity for Composite Element Name Matching

Background and Objective: Matching corresponding data elements is a critical problem in biomedical data harmonization for data sharing. The similarity of the element names is one of the many factors employed in determining data element matches. Determining name similarity is complicated by the fact that data element names in biomedical data are composite i.e., composed of multiple components. We provide a better approach to determining element name similarity for composite element names. Methods: Our solution is based on decomposing composite element names into constituent components and then determining the name similarity by comparing corresponding components across element names. We use a machine-learning based classification approach to the problem, building upon a field-by-field matching model from record-linkage techniques. Results: The element name similarity achieved by our approach is significantly superior to existing string matching techniques. The element name similarity metric consequently improves the matching accuracy of element matching systems overall Conclusions: Our approach is effective and has been integrated as part of a more comprehensive "schema-mapping" system, which we have developed for harmonizing biomedical datasets.
Current Problems in Electrophysiological Studies of Memory

It gives my colleagues and me unusual pleasure to have the opportunity of joining in this tribute to Professor Livanov. For many years, we have studied the experimental work reported from his laboratory with great interest, because we have been engaged in the analysis of similar problems. Unfortunately, for some years after we began research on the nature of electrophysiological activity during conditioning we remained in ignorance of the contributions which Professor Livanov and his co-workers had made to this topic. This was due to the deplorable absence of communication between scientific workers in our two countries. When this situation was improved we found that some of the phenomena which we had observed in electrophysiological studies of conditioning using repetitive conditioned stimuli merely confirmed reports which Professor Livanov had published many years earlier, using almost identical techniques. On a number of occasions since that time, our two laboratories have independently reported new phenomena which were in agreement, and which were obtained using similar innovations in methodology.
The Renal Response to Infection

Involvement of the kidneys, either primarily or secondarily, in the course of infectious diseases is a rather common event and has figured prominently in the history of nephrology. Indeed, in the pre-antimicrobial era, acute and chronic renal disease developing as a part of systemic infection was a frequent cause of mortality (1). With partial control of infectious diseases through antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents, renal disease is now a less frequent cause of mortality in bacterial infections; however, it remains as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in viral, protozoal and helminthic infections particularly hepatitis B, malaria and schistosomiasis. The therapy of infection has also created iatrogenic renal diseases not recognized in the pre-antimicrobial era.
Foundations of Preference

It is commonplace in rational decision theory to assume that an individual’s preferences are transitive. At the same time, behavioral decision theory informs us that people’s preferences are not always transitive and, in some situations, are likely to be intransitive. The viewpoint of the present paper, expressed previously in Cowan (1975) and Fishburn (1983), is that preference has very little to do with transitivity. Some preferences may be transitive, others intransitive, but in any event we have been unable to identify any logical, moral, or normative basis for transitivity apart from its obvious efficacy in practice.
The Variation of the Period of the Long Period Super-Lattice in CuAuII on Alloying and with Pressure

We have investigated the effect of the creation of superzone boundaries on the Fermi surface of CuAuI when the CuAuII phase, a long period superlattice, is formed. We find that the new boundaries occur at positions where there are appreciable pieces of Fermi surface. By relating the positions of these regions of Fermi surface to the periodicity of the long period superlattice we have examined the variation of the period with the electron/atom ratio and with pressure. We obtain very good agreement with the previous experimental measurements and so we conclude that Fermi surface topology must play a role in stabilizing the CuAuII phase.