cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image Repair Across the Racial Spectrum: Experimentally Exploring Athlete Transgression Responses

This study examines the extent to which an athlete’s race impacts the image repair process within media-filtered athlete transgressions by utilizing a 5 (race) × 3 (response strategy) factorial experiment and employing Benoit’s (1995) image repair typology. Reponses from a national sample of 215 participants revealed that, independent of race, the mortification strategy was more effective for repairing an athlete’s image compared to reducing offensiveness and evading responsibility strategies, supporting current image repair studies. This study also revealed that the athlete in the White condition was uniformly viewed as being less successful than four other racial conditions (Asian, Black, Hispanic, and Middle Eastern) in achieving image repair, a new result within this stream of image repair scholarship. Conclusions related to social identity theory and expectancy violation are rendered.
Perinatally Influenced Autonomic System Fluctuations Drive Infant Vocal Sequences

The variable vocal behavior of human infants is the scaffolding upon which speech and social interactions develop. It is important to know what factors drive this developmentally critical behavioral output. Using marmoset monkeys as a model system, we first addressed whether the initial conditions for vocal output and its sequential structure are perinatally influenced. Using dizygotic twins and Markov analyses of their vocal sequences, we found that in the first postnatal week, twins had more similar vocal sequences to each other than to their non-twin siblings. Moreover, both twins and their siblings had more vocal sequence similarity with each other than with non-sibling infants. Using electromyography, we then investigated the physiological basis of vocal sequence structure by measuring respiration and arousal levels (via changes in heart rate). We tested the hypothesis that early-life influences on vocal output are via fluctuations of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mediated by vocal biomechanics. We found that arousal levels fluctuate at ∼0.1 Hz (the Mayer wave) and that this slow oscillation modulates the amplitude of the faster, ∼1.0 Hz respiratory rhythm. The systematic changes in respiratory amplitude result in the different vocalizations that comprise infant vocal sequences. Among twins, the temporal structure of arousal level changes was similar and therefore indicates why their vocal sequences were similar. Our study shows that vocal sequences are tightly linked to respiratory patterns that are modulated by ANS fluctuations and that the temporal structure of ANS fluctuations is perinatally influenced.
Systemic and Coronary Hemdynamic Effects of Triamterene (2, 4, 7 Triamino-6-Phenyl Pteridine)

Conclusions1. The acute hemodynamic effects of oral administration of 300 mg of triamterene are reported in a series of 7 normotensive human subjects. 2. Administration of the agent was associated with a decrease in cardiac output, accompanied by a reduction in central venous pressure, insignificantly diminished left ventricular work, and an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. 3. Coronary blood flow was unchanged and myocardial oxygen consumption maintained at the control level whereas calculated cardiac efficiency was reduced.
Theoretical study of the NH2 + C2H2 reaction

The potential energy surface of the amino radical reaction with acetylene has been studied by the ab initio molecular orbital method, and the reaction rate has been computed by a multichannel RRKM ...
Congruent self-concepts and psychological health of college students.

Several personality theorists suggest a positive relation between self-ideal congruency and psychological health. The present study found for 53 undergraduates evidence of a small to moderate positive relationship between measures of self-ideal congruency and psychological health qua self-actualization.
The Inhibitive Effect of Ox-Bile on B. Typhasus

Bile media have been used extensively, as recommended by Jackson,1 for rapid isolation of B. coli in sanitary water analysis. They have also been proposed for the isolation of B. typhosus from the blood of patients suffering with typhoid fever (Conradi,2 Kayser,3 Fornet4 and others). That the action of bile on B. coli, however, is inhibitive has been conclusively shown by Jordan5 and confirmed by Obst.G
Integrated Floating-Gate Programming Environment for System-Level ICs

We present the first integrated system to handle heterogeneously used and programmed floating-gate (FG) elements in a single modular approach. We focus on IC design, integration, characterization, and algorithmic development of an integrated FG programming system for a large-scale field-programmable analog array. We work through tunneling approaches to initialize the FG devices for precision programming, as well as hot-electron injection approaches for precise device programming.
Idiopathic Versus Syrinx-Related Scoliosis: How Different Are They?

In this study of patients with right thoracic scoliosis, the outcomes of spinal instrumentation and fusion are compared between those with syringomyelia-related deformity and those with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The syringomyelia group included all patients treated for that condition at a given institution and a given time period, whereas the idiopathic cases were selected to match the syringomyelia group with respect to age, sex, and curve characteristics. The outcomes of surgery, including deformity-related measures of curve severity, balance, flexibility, overall correction, and loss of correction, were quite similar in the two groups. A minor difference was that more patients with syringomyelia had proximal junctional kyphosis (14% versus 6% in the idiopathic group), which the authors related to the need to correct excessive kyphosis in the syringomyelia group. Patient-reported outcomes were also equivalent in the two groups. The selection of the groups for comparison deserves some comment. Syrinx-related scoliosis, as reported, usually affects boys as often as girls, whereas idiopathic scoliosis is much less common in males. Surgical correction has been reported to be more difficult in males, which …
A survey of quality indicator use in the clinical laboratory.

OBJECTIVE: A survey of clinical laboratories was conducted to capture information about quality indicators in use within the state of Arizona. This information was then used to determine which quality indicators are applicable across the spectrum of clinical laboratories making them suitable for benchmarking laboratory performance. The objectives of this study were also to heighten awareness of benchmarking practices for clinical laboratory managers and laboratory quality assurance personnel, to develop objective methods of quality monitoring for performance improvement, and to encourage collaboration between laboratories and accreditation agencies. METHODS: A review of the current literature was conducted to assess the status of benchmarking within the clinical laboratory. Data were also obtained from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) about all licensed clinical laboratories in Arizona. A mail survey was then created and conducted to investigate the use of clinical laboratory quality indicators in Arizona. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A paper survey was mailed to a representative sample of clinical laboratory managers included in the CMS licensed laboratories listing for the state of Arizona. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The selected sample was surveyed by mail and validation testing of the survey was conducted using the t-test. The compiled survey data is also presented in the form of histograms. RESULTS: Applying the t-test to the sample vs. population data proved that the sample was not a very good representation of the population and a better selection method should be used in future studies. Of the 319 of 3198 clinical laboratories randomly selected to receive the survey, 21 (6.58% of the sample or 0.66% of the population) responded with completed surveys. The information received from the respondents revealed a relationship between test volume and the number of indicators being monitored by clinical laboratories, the preference of indicators being monitored by those laboratories, the size of the laboratories where the majority of benchmarking is occurring, and a link between accrediting agencies and benchmarking activities. CONCLUSION: The survey proved that quality indicators are used for quality improvement purposes within the clinical laboratory; although it also showed that the industry still does not have a standardized approach to the use of quality indicators for benchmarking performance against other laboratories. ABBREVIATIONS:CAP = College of American Pathologists; CDC = US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CLIA = Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1988; CMS = Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; JCAHO = Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; NQF = National Quality Forum; PPM = provider performed microscopy; TAT = turnaround time.
Quality Indicators for Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery: Academic versus Nonacademic Outcomes.

Objectivesto determine national benchmarks for established quality indicators in head and neck cancer (HNCA) surgery, focusing on differences between academic and nonacademic institutions.Study Des...
Targeting of mycotoxins to reticuloendothelial system of mice with carrier erythrocytes

Abstract The tricothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin, was encapsulated in bovine erythrocytes for in vivo delivery of T-2 toxin to macrophages. Intraperitoneal injection of bovine carrier erythrocytes (5 X 10(8) cells) containing T-2 toxin saturated mouse liver uptake of erythrocytes by 6 h postinjection. At 24 h postinjection, 20% of the injected carrier cells containing toxin were localized in the liver of mice. Saturation of the liver uptake of bovine carrier cells was independent of encapsulated or free T-2 toxin. A dose of T-2 toxin sufficient to inhibit 50% of the macrophage protein synthesis was targeted to the liver via the carrier erythrocytes. A methodology for delivery of highly toxic molecules to liver macrophages is described.
Trends in Scholarly Collaboration

Researchers in science and engineering have a long tradition of collaboration, and increasingly carry out these collaborations across geographical distance. Similar trends exist in industry, where virtual teams are increasing in frequency. While we know that such dispersed collaborations are difficult, there is growing evidence of success. The physical and biological sciences have led the way, though more recently social and behavioral scientists have also adopted these new modes of working. Most recently of all, there is growing evidence of collaborative scholarship in the humanities, including some of it carried out under conditions of geographical dispersion. I will review these trends, and in particular comment on whether the factors that distinguish success from failure in such collaborations are the same across these diverse domains.
Emulating conventional disc electrode with the outer ring of the tripolar concentric ring electrode in phantom and human electroencephalogram data

Conventional electroencephalography (EEG) with disc electrodes has major drawbacks including poor spatial resolution, selectivity and low signal-to-noise ratio that critically limit its use. Concentric ring electrodes are a promising alternative with potential to improve all of the aforementioned aspects significantly. In our previous work, the tripolar concentric ring electrode (TCRE) was successfully used in a wide range of applications demonstrating its superiority to conventional disc electrodes, in particular, in accuracy of Laplacian estimation (tEEG). For applications that may benefit from simultaneous recording of EEG and tEEG in this paper we propose to use the signal from the outer ring of the TCRE as an emulation (eEEG) of EEG recorded using conventional disc electrodes. This will allow us to record EEG emulation from the exact same locations at the exact same time as the tEEG using a single recording system. Time domain neuronal signal synchrony was measured using cross-correlation in phantom and human experiments suggesting the potential of eEEG as an emulation of EEG.
Interactive hypothesis testing with communication constraints

This paper studies the problem of interactive hypothesis testing with communication constraints, in which two communication nodes separately observe one of two correlated sources and interact with each other to decide between two hypotheses on the joint distribution of the sources. When testing against independence, that is, the joint distribution of the sources under the alternative hypothesis is the product of the marginal distributions under the null hypothesis, a computable characterization is provided for the optimal tradeoff between the communication rates in two-round interaction and the testing performance measured by the type II error exponent such that the type I error probability asymptotically vanishes. An example is provided to show that interaction is strictly helpful.
Legal After-Shocks on the Energy Seismograph: Judicial Prohibition of Recent State Regulation and Promotion of Power

“If Congress won't act soon to protect future generations, I will. I will direct my cabinet to come up with executive actions we can take, now and in the future, to reduce pollution, prepare our communities for the consequences of climate change, and speed the transition to more sustainable sources of energy.”~ President Obama, State of the Union Speech,February 2014As set forth above, as a result of unilateral executive action, critical technology and modern American society are changing fundamentally. But is this form of executive action legal? There are significant unresolved legal issues as to what can and cannot be accomplished with executive action alone, without concurrence of Congress. Now before the Supreme Court for decision is the question of whether the executive branch can unilaterally alter its interpretation of regulatory law. This article examines the legal ‘flex’ of executive power within Constitutional governance. Unilateral executive branch regulation and interpretation is now controlling how private industry uses technology. The article examines pivotal executive actions taken through the “back door” with no legislative concurrence. And this issue assumes center stage when presidential control of the executive branch changes. Unilateral executive action is changing the fundamental technology for one of the most important inventions in history. The article places in legal context each variant type of executive action.
Abstract 015: Regulation of Resting Metabolism by the Angiotensin AT2 Receptor

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) positively correlates with obesity, and contributes to energy homeostasis through opposing actions in the brain and adipose. We hypothesize that site- and receptor-specific modulation may represent a novel therapeutic target for obesity. Transgenic “sRA” mice exhibit brain-specific RAS hyperactivity through expression of human renin in neurons (synapsin promoter) and human angiotensinogen via its own promoter. Previously we documented that sRA mice exhibit a suppressed circulating RAS, and an elevated resting metabolic rate (RMR) that is sensitive to replacement of circulating angiotensin II or the AT 2 receptor (AT 2 R) agonist, CGP-42112a (CGP, 100 ng/kg/min, s.c.). sRA mice consume more food than littermate controls (con n=7, 12.98±0.65 vs sRA n=8, 15.41±0.70 g/d, P 2 -deficient mice exhibited increased UCP1 protein vs littermate controls (190%). Further, CGP (10 nM) reduced UCP1 in control adipocytes (by 30%). These data support a suppressive action of AT 2 R upon RMR most likely through UCP1. Inguinal adipose AT 2 R may therefore contribute to obesity through suppression of RMR.
Equilibrium, Natural Motion, and Models of Explanation

A key theme in the historiographical work of Machamer has been the ways that motion is made intelligible through explanatory means of natural motion and models of the simple machines such as the lever and pendulum. One way of spelling out the explanatory value of these strategies is through the concept of equilibrium. Natural motion and simple machines allow the simplification of complex problems in terms of self-evident, intelligible equilibrium conditions. This chapter connects the theme of equilibrium and natural motion across Machamer’s work on mechanisms and mechanical explanation, on Aristotle, Galileo, Descartes and Newton, and on the pendulum and mental models. Just as equilibrium can be found within science, it also becomes a model of intelligibility for doing history and philosophy of science: a normative but objective representation of the important properties of science.
Mosaic Marketing: Reaching Rural Circuit Hospitals

ABSTRACTThis article describes a mixed-methods marketing approach to advertising library services at geographically distant hospitals in the greater Rochester, New York area. Marketing techniques included a combination of digital, print and in-person approaches unique to each department and institution. The author embedded herself into the nursing education departments at all three hospitals, participated in employee professional development opportunities, and successfully increased the number of literature search requests from the previous year. Future goals include increasing physician awareness and utilization of the program at all locations and expansion of off-site access to electronic library resources.
100 Years of Teaching Physical Education Instructors

(1966). 100 Years of Teaching Physical Education Instructors … Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 37, No. 9, pp. 26-28.
‘And Still Serena Rises’: Celebrating the Cross-Generational Continuities of Black Feminisms and Black Female Excellence in Sport

In this chapter, I celebrate the contributions to tennis of Althea Gibson in the 1950s and Serena William in the twenty-first century, and situate black female excellence in sport in its appropriate social, historical and political contexts. I also reframe critical black feminist discourses on sport by positioning their analyses along both the cross-generational and historical continuum of collective third-wave feminism and individual 'Care Free Black Girl' feminism. My dialogical approach seeks to highlight the changing same dynamics of intersecting forms of oppression as they simultaneously interact with embodied forms of agency, resistance and resilience.
Does Large Farm Establishment Create Benefits for Neighboring Smallholders? Evidence from Ethiopia

Quantifying the direction and magnitude of spillovers for small holders is an essential part of the policy dialogue surrounding large-scale agricultural investment. We use intertemporal variation in smallholders’ proximity or intensity of exposure to large farms, while exploringthe variation in large farm establishment over time and space, to analyze the presence andmagnitude of spillovers between large and small farms. Findings show that between 2004 and 2014 new formation of commercial farms did not contribute to job creation and provided at best modest benefits for neighboring smallholders in terms of technology and access to inputs. This implies that in Ethiopia a more strategic approach may be required to maximize smallholder benefits from large farm formation. Our methodology has proven to be robust and can be applied to study spillovereffects of large-scale commercial farming more generally. Avenues to do so are outlined.
EXERCISE AGE OUTPERFORMS CHRONOLOGIC AGE IN PREDICTING MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITHOUT KNOWN CORONARY DISEASE

Exercise capacity [peak estimated metabolic equivalents of task (METs)], abnormal heart rate recovery (AHRR), and chronotropic reserve index (CRI) are among the strongest predictors of mortality. We sought to estimate “exercise age” (EA) based on these variables and compare it to chronologic age
Single Semiconductor Nanostructure Extinction Spectroscopy

While emission-based, single-particle microscopies and spectroscopies have been highly successful in revealing the properties of matter hidden by ensemble averages, their limits have now become apparent. To address recognized future needs and, in particular, the need to go beyond fluorescent specimens, single-particle extinction techniques have been developed. Motivating this has been the desire to acquire information about the electronic structure of nanoscale materials difficult to obtain otherwise using either ensemble or emission-based, single-particle measurements. These techniques are, however, nontrivial since single nanostructures attenuate only 0.0001–1% of the incident light. This Review Article describes the challenges associated with overcoming the low signal-to-noise ratios inherent to low-dimensional semiconductor nanostructure extinction measurements. It simultaneously describes the fundamental operating principles and achievements of photothermal heterodyne imaging (PHI) and spatial modula...
Zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions in Green Bay, Lake Michigan: Lower food web responses to biological invasions

Abstract As the largest freshwater estuary in the Laurentian Great Lakes, Green Bay, Lake Michigan (USA) is an important ecosystem presenting both challenges and opportunities for investigating changes in the face of multiple anthropogenic stressors. We collected new data from 2000 to 2007 to assess changes in lower food web interactions after establishment of invasive species (Bythotrephes longimanus and Morone americana in 1988 and Dreissena polymorpha in 1993) and nutrient reductions (1990s). Phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and composition, as well as primary productivity and zooplankton community grazing rates, were determined along the previously well-studied trophic gradient from the shallow Lower bay to the stratified, open-water Middle bay. A clear trophic gradient still occurred during 2000–2007, with higher nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton in Lower bay compared to Middle bay. Phytoplankton abundance and cyanobacteria dominance increased significantly compared to earlier studies. However, integrated primary productivity did not change significantly at either Lower or Middle bay. Zooplankton standing stock decreased in Lower bay, driven primarily by reductions of bosminids, chydorids, and cyclopoid copepods, but did not change in Middle bay. Zooplankton community grazing rates did not change significantly, but shifts in magnitude and seasonality of net phytoplankton growth rates are consistent with increased phytoplankton standing stocks. Changes in zooplankton composition indicate increased predation by invertebrates and decreased fish predation. Shifts in both bottom-up and top-down factors have occurred, with Lower and Middle bay regions more eutrophic and similar to each other as a result of changes in this highly productive Great Lakes embayment.
Dense quantum hydrogen

Ultracondensed fluid metallic hydrogen has been made at high pressures. Solid metallic H would have several scientific and technological applications if metallic fluid hydrogen made at high pressures could be quenched metastably to a solid at ambient. The quantum nature of dense hydrogen is an issue both at high pressures and in materials recovered metastably on release of pressure. Quantum zero point vibrations of H might have a significant affect on properties of metallic H at high pressures and might adversely affect lifetimes of metastable solid hydrogen, which is particularly relevant for applications. Metallic (degenerate) fluid H has been made at finite temperatures with a reverberating shock wave under dynamic compressions and under static compressions in laser-heated diamond-anvil cells. The pressure-temperature (P–T) regime in those experiments ranged up to 180 GPa and 3000 K, in which metallic fluid H is a quantum-degenerate fluid with T/TF << 1, where TF is Fermi temperature. The lifetime of a...
Enhancing Active Learning in a Medical Gross Anatomy and Embryology Course: A Flipped Classroom Approach

Over a century after Flexner’s report on the status of medical education in the US, pre-clinical medical curriculum continues to rely heavily on outdated, passive teaching methods that fail to acco...
Machine-Learned or Expert-Engineered Features? Exploring Feature Engineering Methods in Detectors of Student Behavior and Affect

There is a long history of research on the development of models to detect and study student behavior and affect. Developing computer-based models has allowed the study of learning constructs at fine levels of granularity and over long periods of time. For many years, these models were developed using features based on previous educational research from the raw log data. More recently, however, the application of deep learning models has often skipped this feature-engineering step by allowing the algorithm to learn features from the fine-grained raw log data. As many of these deep learning models have led to promising results, researchers have asked which situations may lead to machine-learned features performing better than expert-generated features. This work addresses this question by comparing the use of machine-learned and expert-engineered features for three previously-developed models of student affect, off-task behavior, and gaming the system. In addition, we propose a third feature-engineering method that combines expert features with machine learning to explore the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches to build detectors of student affect and unproductive behaviors.
Food Insecurity May Be an Independent Risk Factor Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Low-Income Adults in the United States

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), considered a "barometer" of metabolic health, is the leading cause of liver disease in the United States. Despite established associations between food insecurity and obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, little is known about the relation between food insecurity and NAFLD. Objective We sought to evaluate the association of food insecurity with NAFLD among low-income adults in the United States. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of adults from the NHANES (2005-2014 waves). Participants included adults in low-income households (≤200% of the federal poverty level) without chronic viral hepatitis or self-reported heavy alcohol use. Food insecurity was measured using the Household Food Security Survey. Our primary outcome was NAFLD, as estimated by the US Fatty Liver Index, and our secondary outcome was advanced fibrosis, as estimated by the NAFLD fibrosis score. The association between food insecurity (defined as low and very low food security) and hepatic outcomes was assessed using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Results Among 2627 adults included in the analysis, 29% (95% CI: 26%, 32%) were food insecure. The median age was 43 y, 58% were female, and 54% were white. The weighted estimated prevalence of NAFLD did not differ significantly by food security status (food secure 31% compared with food insecure 34%, P = 0.21). In the multivariable model, food-insecure adults were more likely to have NAFLD (adjusted OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.77) and advanced fibrosis (adjusted OR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.27, 3.82) compared with food-secure adults. Conclusions Food insecurity may be independently associated with NAFLD and advanced fibrosis among low-income adults in the United States. Future strategies should assess whether improved food access, quality, and healthy eating habits will decrease the growing burden of NAFLD-associated morbidity and mortality among at-risk adults.
Heteroepitaxial integration of ZnGeN2 on GaN buffers using molecular beam epitaxy

Recently theorized hybrid II-IV-N2/III-N heterostructures, based on current commercialized (In,Ga)N devices, are predicted to significantly advance the design space of highly efficient optoelectron...
Neural Mechanisms of Strategic Adaptation in Attentional Flexibility

Individuals are able to adjust their readiness to shift spatial attention, referred to as “attentional flexibility,” according to the changing demands of the environment, but the neural mechanisms ...
Family Members of Those with SUDs: Examining Associations between Family and PFC Functioning

Family functioning impacts individuals with a substance use disorder (SUD) and relates to treatment recovery outcomes. A family system and each family member mutually influence one another. Researc...
Subacute Combined Degeneration Secondary to Nitrous Oxide Abuse: Quantification of Use With Patient Follow-up.

Subacute combined degeneration (SCD) is caused by demyelination of spinal cord white matter secondary to vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency leading to core symptoms of spastic paresis and vibratory and proprioceptive deficits. Most common causes of B12 deficiency revolve around malabsorption and pernicious anemia; however, nitrous oxide (N2O) can also indirectly cause B12 deficiency by inactivating its biologically active form. We report a case of a patient who took advantage of the unregulated N2O market and presented with signs and symptoms of SCD secondary to N2O abuse. Prior to symptom onset, the patient reported approximately 3,000g of N2O inhalation within five days prior to symptom onset in addition to daily use three weeks prior. Work up revealed laboratory and imaging abnormalities consistent with SCD, although B12 levels were normal intrinsic-factor-blocking (IFB) antibodies were present. Appropriate treatment was undertaken, and the patient was followed up at one week and one month with noticeable clinical improvements. Similarities of this patient to literature include the classic presenting symptoms of SCD and the gradual symptomatic improvement with B12 injections and N2O abstinence. This case is remarkable due to SCD occurrence after recreational N2O abuse, objective quantification of N2O intake over a specified time period to induce SCD, occurrence secondary to N2O inhalation, positive IFB antibodies, and symptomatic presentation with B12 values within normal limits. This report highlights the dangers associated with N2O abuse and moving forward awareness of this case can be referenced to aid in educating members of our communities at risk for substance abuse.
Elucidating the antiviral mechanism of different MARCH proteins

The Membrane Associated RING-CH (MARCH) proteins belong to a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose main function is to remove transmembrane proteins from the plasma membrane. Recent work has shown that the human MARCH1, 2 and 8 are antiretroviral factors that target the Human Immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins by reducing their incorporation in the budding virions. Nevertheless, the dearth of information regarding the antiviral mechanism of this family of proteins necessitates further examination. In this study, using both the human MARCH proteins and their mouse homologues, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the antiretroviral mechanism of this family of proteins. Moreover, we show that human MARCH proteins restrict to varying degrees the envelope glycoproteins of a diverse number of viruses. This report sheds light on the important antiviral function of MARCH proteins and their significance in cell intrinsic immunity.
Variable change in renal function by hypertonic saline.

AIM: To investigate the effects of hypertonic saline in the neurocritical care population. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our hospital’s use of hypertonic saline (HS) since March of 2005, and prospectively since October 2010. Comparisons were made between admission diagnoses, creatinine change (Cr), and HS formulation (3% NaCl, 3% NaCl/sodium acetate mix, and 23.4% NaCl) to patients receiving normal saline or lactated ringers. The patients (n = 1329) of the retrospective portion were identified. The data presented represents the first 230 patients with data. RESULTS: Significant differences in Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores and Glasgow Coma Scale scores occurred between different saline formulations. No significant correlation of Cl- or Na+ with Cr, nor with saline types, occurred. When dichotomized by diagnosis, significant correlations appear. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients demonstrated moderate correlation between Na+ and Cr of 0.45. Stroke patients demonstrated weak correlations between Na+ and Cr, and Cl- and Cr (0.19 for both). Patients receiving HS and not diagnosed with intracerebral hemorrhage, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or TBI demonstrated a weak but significant correlation between Cl- and Cr at 0.29. CONCLUSION: Cr directly correlates with Na+ or Cl- in stroke, Na+ in TBI, and Cl- in other populations. Prospective comparison of HS and renal function is needed.
Metabolism: Cellular Organization

The field of pathway bioinformatics is concerned with the representation and the manipulation of metabolic information within computers. By organizing genome information into pathways, pathway bioinformatics places genes and their products into a mechanistic framework. This article describes how metabolic pathways are represented in a computer, and it describes the BioCyc (SRI International, Menlo Park, CA) collection of pathway/genome databases for several hundred organisms. Each BioCyc database describes the genome and the metabolic network of a single organism. This article describes computational algorithms for computing with pathway data. Pathway visualization algorithms help scientists comprehend this complex information space and facilitate analysis of large-scale omics datasets. Pathway analysis algorithms predict the metabolic network of an organism from its genome, identify the genes coding for missing enzymes in metabolic pathways, and enable the comparison of metabolic networks from multiple organisms. They also allow the prediction of the metabolic capabilities of an organism and identify potential drug targets within the metabolic network.
Beyond the Reemergence - 'Inverse Incorporation' and Other Prospects for State Constitutional Law

This article advocates and cautiously foresees a more mature, confident, consistent, less reactive, and more truly independent state constitutional adjudication at the state high courts as they become more familiar and comfortable with some oft-misunderstood truisms about federalism, e.g., Supreme Court interpretations of the federal constitution are not interpretations of state constitutions, and state courts are bound only to avoid violating the federal constitution. On the federal side of federalism, Professor Bonventre advances inverse incorporation. He argues that the federal constitution, and particularly the 9th and 10th Amendments, require that the federal government honor state constitutional rights. At the least, the federal government has no federal constitutional authority to violate state constitutional rights with impunity.
Recent advances in Vacuum Electronics

Vacuum Electronics (VE) technology has been and will continue to be the enabling technology for entire classes of high-power high-frequency amplifiers with the most demanding specifications for use in both military and commercial systems. Here in this paper, TWT design and its application has been described. Among the wide variety of applications requiring high power, communication, radar, EW, and broadcasting systems are all heavily dependent on vacuum devices for reliable performance and high efficiency. Well designed CW klystrons can now deliver more than 10 years of trouble-free service in satellite communication, direct broadcast satellite (DBS) and airport weather radar applications. Such reliability improvements have led to significant reductions in operating cost for many such systems.
Innovation according to cushing.

Harvey Cushing (1869–1939) is considered one of the great surgical innovators of his generation. His strong determination, self-driven attitude, intense desire to succeed, and clear intellect aided him in his ascent to the top of a new field of medicine, neurosurgery. His innovative force is characterized within the context of his personality and the development of the specialty. Details associated with his innovative spirit, as well as the discipline's history, and Cushing's immense contributions to neurosurgery are discussed. Harvey Cushing, in spite of strong personality drawbacks such as his egotistical attitude and hard-driven character, propelled the field of neurosurgery to levels not conceived before because of his innovative principles.
The Interaction of Escherichia coli Topoisomerase IV with DNA (

The two type II topoisomerases in Escherichia coli, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase (Topo) IV, share considerable amino acid sequence similarity, yet they have distinctive topoisomerization activities. Only DNA gyrase can supercoil relaxed DNA, whereas during oriC DNA replication in vitro, only Topo IV can support the final stages of replication, processing of the late intermediate and decatenation of the daughter molecules. In order to develop an understanding for the basis of the differential activities of these two enzymes, we have initiated a characterization of Topo IV binding to DNA. We find that unlike gyrase, Topo IV neither constrains DNA in a positive supercoil when it binds nor protects a 150-base pair region of DNA from digestion with micrococcal nuclease. Consistent with this, DNase I footprinting experiments showed that Topo IV protected a 34-base pair region roughly centered about the topoisomerase-induced cleavage site. In addition, Topo IV preferentially bound supercoiled rather than relaxed DNA. Thus, the DNA binding characteristics of Topo IV are more akin to those of the type II eukaryotic enzymes rather than those of its prokaryotic partner.
Falsiflora and anantha control early stages of floral meristem development in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

The shoot apical meristem of tomato gives rise to a relatively fixed number of vegetative nodes before converting to an inflorescence meristem. Growth of the plant after inflorescence initiation is continued by a sympodial bud in the axil of the last-formed leaf. We show that the inflorescence meristem produces flower meristems not as lateral primordia, but by a series of nearly equal divisions, each time yielding a flower meristem and an inflorescence meristem. We describe two mutants, falsiflora and anantha, that block the acquisition of floral meristem identity by the products of the inflorescence meristem. In both mutants the vegetative meristem successfully converts to an inflorescence meristem (although this is delayed in falsiflora), and the inflorescence meristem functions morphologically the same as in the wild type. But determinate flower meristems are replaced by indeterminate proliferous shoots with a combination of inflorescence and vegetative characters. The falsiflora inflorescence is very leafy with substantial internode elongation and may easily reach a meter in length. The anantha inflorescence is reminiscent of the common cauliflower variant of Brassica (B. oleracea var. botrytis). Leaves within the anantha inflorescence, although still present, are highly suppressed. Normal flowers never form, but occasionally some aberrant floral structures may be found in very large anantha inflorescences. Based on phenotypic comparison, falsiflora appears to be blocked at an earlier stage than is anantha. Consistent with this, falsiflora is completely epistatic to anantha. We discuss our findings in the context of characterized meristem identity mutants in other species, and of partial flowering experiments indicating that the vegetative to floral transition is, at least in many species, a series of small steps rather than an all or none transformation.
Improvement in Depressive Symptoms Among Hispanic/Latinos Receiving a Culturally Tailored IMPACT and Problem-Solving Intervention in a Community Health Center

The present study investigated whether a culturally-tailored problem-solving intervention delivered by a trained depression care specialist (DCS) would improve depressive symptoms over a 6 month period among Hispanic/Latino patients in a federally-qualified community health center by the California-Mexico border. Participants included 189 low income Hispanic/Latino patients of Mexican heritage. Based on the improving mood-promoting access to collaborative treatment (IMPACT) evidence-based treatment, patients received evidence-based problem-solving therapy. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was administered to assess changes in self-reported depressive symptoms between baseline and monthly for a 6-month follow up period. The majority of participants were female (72.5%) with a mean age of 52.5 (SD = 11.7). The mean PHQ-9 at baseline was 16.9 (SD = 4.0) and at the 6-month follow-up, the average PHQ-9 decreased to 9.9 (SD = 5.7). A linear mixed model analysis showed significant improvement in PHQ-9 scores over a 6 month period (F = 124.1; p < 0.001) after controlling for age, gender, smoking and diabetes. There was a significant three way interaction between time, gender and smoking (p = 0.01) showing that the depressive symptoms among male smokers did not improve as much as non-smoking males and females. Results suggest that a culturally-tailored problem solving approach can significantly reduce depressive symptoms among Hispanic/Latino low-income patients.
A sounding rocket payload for X-ray astronomy employing high-resolution microcalorimeters

Abstract We have completed a sounding rocket payload that will use a 36 element array of microcalorimeters to obtain a high-resolution spectrum of the diffuse X-ray background between 0.1 and 1 keV. This experiment uses only mechanical collimation of the incoming X-rays, but the cryostat and detector assembly have been designed to be placed at the focus of a conical foil imaging mirror which will be employed on subsequent flights to do spatially resolved spectroscopy of supernova remnants and other extended objects. The detector system is a monolithic array of silicon calorimeters with ion-implanted thermometers and HgTe X-ray absorbers. The 1 mm2 pixels achieve a resolution of about 8 eV FWHM operating at 60 mK.
Protein localization of SLC26A2 (DTDST) in rat kidney

The SLC26 family represents a group of integral membrane anion transport proteins. Mutations in one member of this protein family, SLC26A2 (DTDST or diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter), result in various chondrodysplasias due to undersulfation of proteoglycans in chondrocytes, a major site of DTDST protein expression. DTDST mRNA has been detected in the kidney, but protein expression has not been characterized. Our objective for this study was to determine the protein localization of this sulfate transporter in the kidney. We used immunofluorescence (IMF) techniques with an anti-DTDST monoclonal antibody to examine kidneys harvested from adult rats. Double labeling was performed with antibodies directed against megalin, which is found in the microvillus membrane and coated pits of the proximal tubule. IMF analysis indicated that DTDST protein expression was limited to the microvillus membrane of proximal tubule cells in the renal cortex but absent in glomeruli and other nephron segments. DTDST was also detected in isolated rat kidney proximal tubule microvillus membranes by Western blot analysis, confirming the immunofluorescent localization of the DTDST transporter to this nephron segment. The functional role of the DTDST protein in the kidney is unknown, but it may play a role in proximal tubule sulfate transport.
The method of characteristics for steady supersonic rotational flow in three dimensions

The method of characteristics for steady supersonic flow problems in three dimensions, due to Coburn & Dolph (1949), is extended so that flow with shocks and entropy changes may be treated. Equations of motion based on Coburn & Dolph's characteristic coordinate system are derived and a scheme is described for solving these by finite differences.A linearized method of characteristics is developed for calculating perturbations of a given three-dimensional field of flow. This is a generalization of the method evolved by Ferri (1952) for perturbations of plane flow and conical flow.
A note on range transformations for square root and logarithm

There was the germ of an idea in two previous papers [1, 2] which no one seems to have picked up in almost five years. For certain functions it seems desirable to transform the argument to a short range symmetric about 1.0. I will give examples of this usage for the square root and logarithm function for both binary and decimal machines.
Complement receptor 2, natural antibodies and innate immunity: Inter-relationships in B cell selection and activation

Complement receptor type 2 (CR2) is a receptor that serves as an important interface between the complement system and adaptive immunity. Recent studies have shown that CR2 is also centrally involved in innate immunity, and one key area is the development of potentially pathogenic natural antibodies that target neo-epitopes revealed in ischemic tissue undergoing reperfusion. Mice lacking either total immunoglobulins or CR2 alone are protected from the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury, and this effect can be reversed by introducing CR2-sufficient B-1 cells or by transferring polyclonal natural IgM antibody from wild type mice as well as monoclonal antibodies that recognize phospholipids, DNA or non-muscle myosin. We will report at the XXI ICW an additional membrane-associated protein to which pathogenic IgM antibodies are directed. Whether B cells producing these natural antibodies are differentially selected in CR2-deficient mice is as yet not well understood, and the complement-related mechanism(s) whereby this differential repertoire selection process could occur have yet to be explored in any detail. In addition to this important role in innate immunity, CR2 can also act as a receptor for other components or activators of innate immunity. One such component is interferon-alpha, an anti-viral cytokine that binds CR2 and induces a component of its mRNA signature in B cells through this receptor. Other potential CR2 ligands are DNA and DNA-containing complexes such as chromatin. The biologic role of these CR2 interactions with interferon-alpha and DNA-containing complexes is not well understood, but may be important in the development of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus that is characterized by enhanced interferon-alpha levels and loss of self tolerance to DNA-containing self antigens.