cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IL-1β AND TNF-α IN PROSTATIC SECRETIONS ARE INDICATORS IN THE EVALUATION OF MEN WITH CHRONIC PROSTATITIS

Purpose: Chronic Prostatitis, or Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome [CPPS], is a common disorder characterized by pelvic pain and varying degrees of inflammation in expressed prostatic secretions (EPS). In search of markers to more clearly define CPPS, we compared proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in EPS from men with CPPS, to healthy men and men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).Methods: 78 men: controls (n = 16), BPH (n = 14), CPPS IIIA [≥10 white blood cells per high power field (WBC/hpf) in EPS] (n = 18), CPPS IIIB [<10 WBC/hpf in EPS] (n = 20), and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (AIP) (n = 10) were evaluated for EPS WBC, and IL-1β and TNF-α by ELISA.Results: IL-1β and TNF-α levels in EPS were usually detectable in men with CPPS IIIA (89% and 45%, respectively) or AIP (90%; 100%), but less often in controls (31%; 17%), BPH (57%; 15%), and CPPS IIIB (35%; 15%) respectively. IL-1β and TNF-α levels were higher in CPPS IIIA versus CPPS IIIB,...
Failure under stress: the effect of the exotic herbivore Adelges tsugae on biomechanics of Tsuga canadensis

†Background and Aims Exotic herbivores that lack a coevolutionary history with their host plants can benefit from poorly adapted host defences, potentially leading to rapid population growth of the herbivore and severe damage to its plant hosts. The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelgestsugae) is an exotic hemipteran that feeds on the long-lived conifer eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis), causing rapid mortality of infested trees. While the mechanism of this mortality is unknown, evidence indicates that A. tsugae feeding causes a hypersensitive response and alters wood anatomy. This study investigated the effect of A. tsugae feeding on biomechanical properties at different spatial scales: needles, twigs and branches. †Methods Uninfested and A. tsugae-infested samples were collected from a common garden experiment as well as from naturally infested urban and rural field sites. Tension and flexure mechanical tests were used to quantify biomechanical properties of the different tissues. In tissues that showed a significant effect of herbivory, the potential contributions of lignin and tissue density on the results were quantified. †Key Results Adelges tsugae infestation decreased the abscission strength, but not flexibility, of needles. A. tsugae feeding also decreased mechanical strength and flexibility in currently attacked twigs, but this effect disappeared in older, previously attacked branches. Lignin and twig tissue density contributed to differences in mechanical strength but were not affected by insect treatment. †Conclusions Decreased strength and flexibility in twigs, along with decreased needle strength, suggest that infested trees experience resource stress. Altered growth patterns and cell wall chemistry probably contribute to these mechanical effects. Consistent site effects emphasize the role of environmental variation in mechanical traits. The mechanical changes measured here may increase susceptibility to abiotic physical stressors in hemlocks colonized by A. tsugae. Thus, the interaction between herbivore and physical stresses is probably accelerating the decline of eastern hemlock, as HWA continues to expand its range.
Evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides in common sunflower (Helianthus annuus), giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), and shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) in Iowa

Abstract Weed biotypes putatively resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)–inhibiting herbicides were reported by Iowa farmers from 1997 to 2001. Greenhouse studies confirmed cross-resistance to triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide and sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides in giant ragweed from Scott County, IA (Werner Farm), which corresponded to resistance to susceptibility (R:S) GR50 (50% growth reduction) ratios of 21 and 28 to cloransulam and primisulfuron + prosulfuron, respectively. At the enzyme level, this represented a 49- and 20-fold I50 (50% enzyme inhibition) increase. Cross-resistance to imidazolinone (IMI) and SU herbicides was also observed in common sunflower from Cherokee, IA. Compared with a susceptible biotype, the resistant common sunflower biotype demonstrated GR50 R:S ratios of 36 and 43 to imazethapyr and chlorimuron, respectively. Shattercane from Malvern, IA, was susceptible to nicosulfuron but was resistant to imazethapyr (GR50 R:S ratio = 29). The woolly cupgrass biotypes from Union County,...
Verdrängte infantile Wünsche als Traumerreger

Adolf Grunbaum widmet Kap. 5 seiner epochemachenden Arbeit einer Ubersicht uber Freuds Traumtheorie. Unter 3 Gesichtspunkten kann ein Kommentar fur diese Ubersicht nutzlich sein: Der 1. Gesichtspunkt betrifft Grunbaums Zusammenfassung der Daten und die Frage, welche Stellung die von unserer Gruppe vorgetragene, alternative Aktivierung-Synthese-Theorie der Traume derzeit einnimmt (Hobson u. McCarley 1977); der 2. Gesichtspunkt betrifft Grunbaums sachliche Analyse, welche Beweisgrundlage infantile Wunsche als Traumerreger haben; und der 3. Gesichtspunkt betrifft das allgemeinere Problem, das sich (bei Freud und bei uns) immer dann stellt, wenn man versucht, im psychophysiologischen Bereich Kausalitat zu gewahrleisten. Das 3. Problem haben wir in unserem Artikel uber den neurobiologischen Ursprung der psychoanalytischen Traumtheorie besprochen (Hobson u. McCarley 1977).
Single-Frame Indexing for 3D Hand Pose Estimation

Hand pose estimation from 3D sensor data matches a point cloud to a hand model, and has broad applications from gestural interfaces to scene understanding. We propose a novel scheme to index into a database of precomputed hand poses to initialize the match. Our index describes 2D hand silhouettes, which can be computed from either depth maps or standard video, in the form of simple yet expressive signatures. We compare signatures to each other through a new variant of the Earth Mover's Distance that makes small distances in feature space correlate highly with those in pose space. We present a new technique that uses a depth sensor and a sensor glove to create databases of real images and ground-truth poses for both training and testing. We show state-of-the-art accuracy and speed for both gesture classification and joint-pose regression, even when comparing our 2D single-frame method with those that employ RGB-D features or multi-sensor inputs and report quantitative results.
Detection of Hepatitis a Virus (HAV) in Drinking Water

Using recently developed cultivation and assay systems, currently available methods for concentrating enteric viruses from drinking water by adsorption to and subsequent elution from microporous filters followed by organic flocculation, were evaluated for their ability to recover HAV. Cell culture-adapted HAV (strain HMl75) in seeded tap water was efficiently adsorbed by both electronegative (Filterite) and electropositive (Virosorb lMDS) filters at pH and ionic conditions previously used for other enteric viruses. Adsorbed HAV was efficiently eluted from these filters by beef extract eluents at pH 9.5. Eluted HAV was further concentrated by acid precipitation (organic flocculation). Using optimum adsorption conditions for each type of filter, HAV was concentrated >100-fold from samples of seeded tap water with about 50% recovery of the initial infectious virus added to the samples. Electropositive filters were used to concentrate HAV from six samples of a fecally contaminated ground water supply implicated in an outbreak of hepatitis A in a rural community. HAV was detected and quantified in four of the six concentrate samples by radioimmunofocus assay in African green monkey kidney cell cultures. The presence of infectious HAV in water sample concentrates was further confirmed by experimental infection of chimpanzees and by virus isolation in African green monkey kidney cell cultures. The ability to recover and quantify HAV in contaminated drinking water with currently available methods should prove useful in further studies to determine the role of drinking water in HAV transmission.
Integrated Solar Thermal Hydrogen and Power Coproduction Process for Continuous Power Supply and Production of Chemicals

Abstract In this study, we introduce a novel solar thermal (ST) hydrogen and electricity coproduction process, which integrates a new solar water power (SWP) cycle and ST hydrogen production techniques. SWP cycle has a potential to generate electricity with efficiencies greater than 40% for solar heat collection temperatures above 1250 K. Higher solar heat collection temperatures enable the integration of SWP cycle with ST hydrogen production techniques to coproduce hydrogen and oxygen. When solar energy is unavailable, we propose a turbine based hydrogen water power cycle. For a 100 MW continuous power supply plant, the overall efficiency of the proposed integrated process is estimated to be greater than 34% in spite of the assumed 20% solar energy loss in the solar collector system. Furthermore, the coproduced hydrogen and oxygen can be used for various applications other than energy storage to create a sustainable economy.
Guanfacine Use in Children With Down Syndrome and Comorbid Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) With Disruptive Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to characterize children with Down syndrome and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with disruptive behaviors using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), and to measure the treatment effects of guanfacine on maladaptive behaviors. Subjects were enrolled from a group of outpatients who visited our clinic between 2002 and 2007. Subjects (N = 23) were children with Down syndrome ages 4 to 12 years (mean 7.4 ± 4.1), who met criteria for ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition The Aberrant Behavior Checklist Irritability and Hyperactivity subscales each showed a significant decrease (P < .0001) at follow-up. The mean decline on Hyperactivity was 25% (-7.8 points), and for Irritability, 25% (-3.5 points). The mean composite score also declined by 24% (-12 points). Effect size differences on Irritability were moderate, whereas differences on Hyperactivity and composite score appeared large. Clinically important target behaviors were reduced. Medication was generally well tolerated and the incidence of treatment emergent side effects remained low.
DETECTION OF CONTROL FLOW ERRORS IN PARALLEL PROGRAMS AT COMPILE TIME

This paper describes a general technique to identify control flow errors in parallel programs, which can be automated into a compiler. The compiler builds a system of linear equations that describes the global control flow of the whole program. Solving these equations using standard techniques of linear algebra can locate a wide range of control flow bugs at compile time. This paper also describes an implementation of this control flow analysis technique in a prototype compiler for a well-known parallel programming language. In contrast to previous research in automated parallel program analysis, our technique is efficient for large programs, and does not limit the range of language features.
Analysis of Codeine Positivity in Urine of Pain Management Patients

The opioids codeine and morphine have legitimate uses in managing chronic pain conditions, but they are frequently abused. Patients prescribed opioids submit urine samples for medication compliance monitoring, and the interpretation of the results is complex. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the percentage of codeine- and morphine-positive urine drug tests that result from morphine use only, with the positive codeine result arising from low levels of codeine present in pharmaceutical formulations of morphine. This study included 80 urine samples which tested positive for codeine and morphine after pre-analytical hydrolysis and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quantitative results were correlated with patient prescription information and immunoassay results to classify patients into one of four categories: heroin users (50%), codeine users (34%), codeine and morphine users (5%), and morphine users (11%). The percentage of codeine-positive resulting from morphine use was higher than previous estimates. Urine from patients prescribed morphine only was found to contain codeine at <1% of the morphine concentration, a ratio that was also observed in patients who used heroin. Careful analysis of urine drug testing results, including assessing the ratio of codeine to morphine (C/M), can help providers determine if patients are compliant with their pain management regimens.
Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Changing Norms by Changing Behavior: The Princeton Drink Local Program

Unprecedented levels of global bottled water consumption present a major challenge for the environment and water conservation initiatives. Educational institutions are in a unique position to promote conservation behavior by signaling pro-environmental norms. To decrease disposable bottled water consumption on campus, Princeton University instituted an innovative “Drink Local” program in 2009. The program provides reusable water bottles to all incoming students and we analyze the program's impact here by drawing on behavioral and social influence research. In particular, we hypothesized that by signaling that the desired “prototypical” behavior of Princeton students should be “sustainable,” students would be less likely to consume bottled water on one hand, and more likely to offer normative support for a campus bottled water ban on the other. Results from a quasi-experiment involving over 1,300 students confirm our hypotheses; students who received the reusable Drink Local bottles upon arrival to Princet...
Clinical Observation on Improved Small Incision Surgery in Treatment of Thyroid tumor

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of improved small incision surgery in treating thyroid tumor.Methods One hundred and fourteen patients with thyroid tumor admitted to our hospital from Dec.2010 to Oct.2012 were divided into observation group(n=57) and control group(n=57).The observation group was treated with improved small incision surgery and the control was given traditional thyroid tumor resection.The length of adenomas,operative time,hospital stay,length of the incision,blood loss and postoperative complications were observed and compared between the two groups.Results The length of adenomas,operative time,hospital stay,length of the incision,blood loss and incidences of postoperative complications of the observation group were significant less than those of the control group(P0.05).There was no significant difference of the length of adenomas between the two groups(P0.05).Conclusions Improved small incision surgery is effective in treating thyroid tumor with little damage and small scar,which is worthy of clinical promotion.
Variance in disease risk: rural populations and genetic diversity.

Over 19% of the US population resides in rural areas, where studies of disease risk and disease outcomes are difficult to assess due to smaller populations and lower incidence. While some studies suggest rural disparities for different chronic diseases, the data are inconsistent across geography and definitions of rurality. We reviewed the literature to examine if local variations in population genomic diversity may plausibly explain inconsistencies in estimating disease risk. Many rural communities were founded over 150 years ago by small groups of ethnically and ancestrally similar families. These have since endured relative geographical isolation, similar to groups in other industrialized nations, perhaps resulting in founder effects impacting local disease susceptibility. Studies in Europe and Asia have found that observably different phenotypes may appear in isolated communities within 100 years, and that genomic variation can significantly vary over small geographical scales. Epidemiological studies...
The Quasi-irreversible Nature of Endothelin Binding and G Protein-Linked Signaling in Cardiac Myocytes

In experiments on neonatal and adult rat ventricular myocytes, endothelin (ET) binding and the effects of ET on transmembrane signaling are quasi-irreversible. The ETA receptor antagonist BQ123 competes for binding and biochemical effects if added simultaneously with ET; when added after ET, the antagonist prevents neither binding nor activation of the Gi and Gqpathways. At 4°C, at which internalization of the ligand should be minimized, the interaction of [125I]ET is still irreversible. After binding of radio-labeled ligand at either 4°C or 37°C, only 50% of ligand is removed by acid washing. Permeabilization of the cells with Triton X-100 fails to release irreversibly bound ligand. Binding experiments in cell membranes mimic this irreversible binding. At 37°C, the addition of mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol inhibits concurrent ET binding but does not cause the dissociation of previously bound ligand or the reversal of previously activated signaling. We conclude that ET binds irreversibly to myocytes, that this irreversibility is reflected in the biochemical responses of the cells to ET and that the irreversibility is more complex than the formation of S—S bonds between surface receptors and ET or internalization of bound ET. We interpret these findings and others in the literature in light of a testable model of ETA receptor/G protein/effector interaction in which quasi-irreversible binding of ET to the ETA receptor occurs before the interaction of the ligand/receptor complex with G protein and in which irreversible binding contributes to the prolonged effects of ET and is a prelude to refractoriness and to the slow regeneration of free ETA receptor.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) to Study and Treat Movement Disorders

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a landmark discovery in the field of medicine. Reprogramming of patient-derived somatic cells into iPSCs, followed by their differentiation into disease-relevant cell types, creates “disease in a dish,” which has tremendous potential for disease modeling and drug discovery studies. A number of movement disorders, which are marred by the unavailability of live diseased tissues, have been modeled using iPSC techniques in recent years. These studies provide valuable insight into the cellular and molecular bases of disease mechanism and progression, and offer hope for therapeutic interventions. This chapter reviews recent advancements that have been made in the use of patient-specific iPSCs to model movement disorders, and highlights the potential as well as limitations to be overcome to move the field forward.
US Counterpoint to Chapter 12

The use of mesh prostheses for repair of abdominal wall hernias has become commonplace over the last 15 years. Chapter 12 highlights this fact and provides many useful tips and guidelines for the management of patients who either have mesh implants or who are being considered for prosthetic repair. Several reasons exist for the now widespread use of mesh in hernia repairs of all types. These include (a) reduced hernia recurrence rates associated with a tension-free mesh repair technique, (b) more rapid return to unrestricted physical activity after tension-free mesh repair, (c) the wide variety and quality of mesh products now available, and (d) the overall safety and low complication rates associated with mesh prostheses. In this counterpoint, I review and emphasize many of the salient aspects regarding mesh hernia repairs, as already addressed in Chapter 12, and provide additional perspective based on my experience and clinical practice and review of the available literature.
Power in Stone: Cities as Symbols of Empire. By Geoffrey Parker. (London, United Kingdom: Reaktion Books, 2014. Pp. 245. $39.00.)

At first glance, the subject of this book, how cities have been used as statements of political power, appears to follow a well‐trodden path. The table of contents, however, quickly reveals that Ge...
Evaluation of de novo-designed coiled coils as off-the-shelf components for protein assembly

Coiled-coil domains are attractive modular components for assembling individual protein subunits into higher order structures because they can be designed de novo with well-defined oligomerization states, topologies, and dissociation energies. However, the utility of coiled-coil designs as plug-and-play components for synthetic biology applications depends critically on them robustly maintaining their oligomerization states when fused to larger proteins of interest. Here, we investigate the ability of a series of well-characterized de novo-designed parallel coiled coils, with oligomerization states ranging from dimer to pentamer, to mediate the oligomerization of a model monomeric protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP). Six coiled-coil GFP fusion proteins were initially constructed and their oligomerization states investigated using size exclusion chromatography, analytical ultracentrifugation, and native mass spectrometry. Somewhat surprisingly, only two of these initial designs adopted their intended oligomerization states. However, with minor refinements, the intended oligomerization states of two of the four other constructs could be achieved. Parameters found to influence the oligomerization state of the GFP fusions included the number of heptad repeats and the length of the linker sequence separating GFP from the coiled coil. These results demonstrate that even for stable, well-designed coiled coils, the oligomerization state is subject to unanticipated changes when connected to larger protein components. Therefore, although coiled coils can be successfully used as components in protein designs their ability to achieve the desired oligomerization state requires experimental verification.
Deer in Northern Ireland forests: Distribution, impact and management.

Red, Fallow and Sika deer occur in Northern Ireland forests. Fallow, often associated with old estate deer parks are most widespread: Sika occur in large numbers in Tyrone and Fermanagh, while Red are a comparatively minor species slowly spreading in from Donegal. Economic damage in coniferous woodland has been relatively light arising mainly from the activities of male deer cleaning velvet and marking territories. Lodgepole pine is particularly susceptible to damage by Red and Sika deer. The essence of good deer management lies in the design of more open forests enabling the deer to be observed, assessed and culled as necessary. Deer have an important educational and recreational role within forestry.
Ramifications of Water-in-Salt Interfacial Structure at Charged Electrodes for Electrolyte Electrochemical Stability

Development of safe aqueous batteries and supercapacitors critically relies on expanding the electrolyte electrochemical stability window. A novel mechanism responsible for widening the electrochemical stability window of water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSEs) compared to conventional salt-in-water electrolytes is suggested based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the electrolyte–electrode interface. Water exclusion from the interfacial layer at the positive electrode provided additional kinetic protection that delayed the onset of the oxygen evolution reactions. The interfacial structure of a WiSE at negative electrodes near the potential of zero charge clarified why the recently discovered passivation layers formed in WiSEs are robust. The onset of water accumulation at potentials below 1.5 V vs Li/Li+ leads to formation of water-rich nanodomains at the negative electrode, limiting the robustness of the WiSE. Unexpectedly, the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion adsorbed and trifluoromethanesulf...
Characterization and modeling of a linear variable reluctance motor considering a full range of feasible tooth widths with finite element method

This study is concerned with the characterization and modeling of a family of linear variable reluctance motors distinguished by tooth configuration (varying tooth widths for a fixed tooth pitch). 2D magnetostatic finite element analysis is used to generate and store magnetic characteristics, particularly flux linkage and force, as functions of motor displacement and current for the family of motors. The paper emphasizes two applications of the results: (i) Analysis of the data reveals the influence of tooth geometry on motor characteristics such as which geometry provides the maximum average force per mass (necessary for fast motion applications). It is shown that force production capability does not vary monotonically with tooth width; rather a particular tooth width corresponds to maximum average force (averaged over a tooth pitch). This observation provides valuable insight into optimal geometrical design. (ii) The stored results for each motor constitute a model for computing flux linkage and force during operation under feedback control. The accuracy of force predictions by interpolation of the stored data is tested for each motor using a 2D cubic spline interpolation. Two test current waveforms not in the database are chosen, and the corresponding force values are obtained by interpolation from stored data and by independent finite element analysis. Force computed by interpolation and force obtained via finite element analysis matched approximately for all tooth configurations. Optimum excitation studies using the model presented here are currently underway.
Embolic Protection Devices in Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention: A Stitch in Time Saves Nine.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of saphenous vein graft (SVG) lesions is associated with a uniquely high risk of peri-procedural myocardial infarction (MI) and mortality-much greater than routine native coronary PCI. This is related to distal embolization which manifests as slow-flow and no-reflow phenomenon (SFNR) in 10% to 15% of SVG PCIs. Histopathology of SVG disease predisposes to its occurrence—the SVG plaques are large, soft, friable lipid-rich, containing large necrotic debris, cholesterol crystals and foam cells, lack calcification and fibrous caps, and are often associated with overlying thrombus. Fragmentation of the lipid-rich thrombotic plaque during PCI leads to distal embolization, platelet and leukocyte activation, release of vasospastic mediators (serotonin, endothelin), and activation of chemotactic mediators (tissue factor, thrombin/anti-thrombin III complex, and prothrombin fragments). The final result of plaque embolization is a triad of microvascular embolization, microvascular spasm, and microvascular thrombosis manifesting as SFNR.1 See Article by Paul et al Embolic protection devices (EPD) have been advocated in the AHA/ACC/SCAI PCI guidelines,2 when technically feasible, to reduce the risk of distal embolization during SVG PCI (Class I recommendation). This recommendation was based on the results of a single randomized controlled trial, the SAFER study, which showed significant reduction in major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with the use of a distal balloon occlusion device.3 In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions , Paul et al4 have attempted to evaluate the benefit of routine use of EPDs in SVG PCI. They performed a meta-analysis of 52 893 patients from 8 studies (6 registry/observational studies and 2 small randomized controlled trials) comparing all-cause mortality, MACE, MI (peri-procedural and late MI) and target vessel revascularization with and without use of EPDs. Because the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) CathPCI Registry data included the largest number of patients among all the studies, a separate …
A study of wind direction effects on GNSS-R delay Doppler maps near the specular point

A modeling study investigating the influence of wind direction on spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) near specular observations of the sea surface is reported. Because the delay doppler maps (DDMs) measured in GNSS-R include some non-specular contributions even for “specular” portions of the DDM, the study performs an examination of near specular DDM variations with wind direction using the widely used Geometrical Optics approximation of surface scattering for a surface described with the non-Gaussian Cox-Munk slope probability density function. Variations with wind direction of the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) mapped onto the surface are examined, and it is shown that these variations are negligible for surface portions contributing to the near specular portion of the DDM.
An Architecture for Real-Time Warehousing of Scientific Data.

The management and processing of terabyte-scale data sets is time-consuming, costly, and an impediment to research. Researchers require rapid and transparent access to the data without being encumbered with the technical challenges of data management. The contribution of this work is an architecture for archiving and analyzing real-time scientific data that isolates researchers from the complexities of data storage and retrieval. Data access transparency is achieved by using a database to store metadata on the raw data, and retrieving data subsets of interest using SQL queries on metadata. The second component is a distributed web platform that transparently distributes data across web servers. We have successfully implemented the architecture on a data set produced by the United States National Weather Service’s network of WSR-88D weather radars.
Regulation of Telomerase Through Transcriptional and Posttranslational Mechanisms

The enzyme telomerase is associated with nearly 90% of human cancers. To better understand telomerase at the molecular level, a number of proteins involved in its regulation, either directly or indirectly, have been identified. This chapter aims to give a broad overview of both transcriptional and posttranslational telomerase-regulating proteins. Telomeraseistranscriptionally repressed and activatedbyproteins acting on the promoter region, suchas the Mad/Max heterodimer, c-Myc, p53, and Rb. Various kinases and ubiquitin ligases interact with telomerase, suggesting that phos-phorylation and ubiquitination play important roles in inhibiting and activating the enzyme. Also includedinthis chapter are proteins that regulate localizationof hTERT, assemblyofhTERT, hTR regulators, and telomere-bindingproteins that associate with telomerase. By gaining a better understanding of how telomerase is regulated, we can identify ways to block the enzyme in cancer cells or to activate the enzyme in normal cells as a means of modifying the cellular aging process.
Chronic proctitis in male homosexuals due to lymphogranuloma venereum

Abstract Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) has been infrequently reported as a cause of proctitis. We report 3 homosexual men with chronic ulcerative proctitis which was cured after therapy for LGV. The complement fixation test for LGV was positive in 2 of the 3 patients.
Squeeze and Shear

Given a triangulation M with vertices in Gn+1 all of whose vertices lie in Gn × 0 or Gn × 1 we “squeeze” and “shear” M to yield a second triangulation N isomorphic to M and whose vertices also lie in Gn × 0 or Gn × 1, see Figure 9.1 and Section 3. After describing the general procedure of sqeeze and shear, we shall illustrate it by constructing a “refining” triangulation from F; even so, we have more important roles in store for squeeze and shear, among them, the construction of V[r,p] in Section 16.
On the Relationship Between Stream Biotic Diversity and Exurbanization in the Northeastern USA

Stream macroinvertebrate diversity is a commonly used indicator of aquatic health, reflecting overall ecological integrity within a watershed. Our study made use of two metrics of stream biota, the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) and the diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Tricoptera (nEPT) species, to develop statistical models relating land cover information within watersheds to these stream biotic health indicators. The study area in southern New England included over 100 small streams, which make up a substantial portion of the region’s largest catchments. General additive models (GAM) and step-wise multiple linear regression (MLR) models were used to explore the relationship between the land cover and the biotic indicators. Although the GAMs explained a greater amount of the variation in the stream biota metrics, the MLR models were also consistently reliable predictors of nEPT and HBI. This research indicates land cover can be used as a robust predictor of stream biological indicators of small catchments (HUC12) in the region, and help to target streams for restoration or protection.
The habitat functional response links seasonal third‐order selection to second‐order landscape characteristics

Determining how animals respond to differences in resource availabilities across spatiotemporal extents is critical to our understanding of organism distributions. Variations in resource distribution leading to changes in spatial arrangements across landscapes are indicative of a habitat functional response. Our goal was to assess how resource availabilities influenced both second-order (i.e., home ranging behavior) and third-order (i.e., habitat or resource selection) selection by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in an agricultural landscape. We defined agriculturally based seasons to estimate home range characteristics using autocorrelated kernel density estimation within each season. We then modeled home range size as a function of resource availability (i.e., resource selection analyses) to determine whether individual behaviors were predicted by shifts in home ranging behavior. Both home range analyses and resource selection analyses indicated seasonal differences in selection for agricultural resources as availabilities changed, suggesting second- and third-order selection is mechanistically linked through a habitat functional response.
Hfs of the 5 P 3 2 2 State of In 115 and In 113 : Octupole Interactions in the Stable Isotopes of Indium

The zero-field hfs intervals in the $5^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state of ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$ and ${\mathrm{In}}^{113}$ have been measured by the use of conventional atomic-beam techniques. The magnetic octupole interaction constants for these atomic systems are determined from the measured intervals and corrected for perturbations of the electronic states. They are ${c}^{\ensuremath{'}}({\mathrm{In}}^{115})=[0.001702\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}(35)]\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6} invsec,$ ${c}^{\ensuremath{'}}({\mathrm{In}}^{113})=[0.001728\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}(45)]\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6} invsec.$ The estimated values of the nuclear magnetic octupole moments of ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$ and ${\mathrm{In}}^{113}$ are compared to the predictions of the single-particle and collective models of the nucleus.
Novel hyaluronan formulation for preventing acute skin reactions in breast during radiotherapy: a randomized clinical trial

We conducted a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trial to investigate the use of a new proprietary hyaluronan (HA) formulation for the prevention of acute skin toxicity in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT). Thirty women with breast cancer undergoing whole breast RT were enrolled. Each patient was randomly assigned to HA formulation (study cream, S) on the medial or lateral half of the irradiated breast and the control cream (placebo, P) on the other half. The primary endpoint was physician’s evaluation of skin symptoms at week 5 during RT and week 2 post-RT. We also collected patients’ independent assessment of skin after RT, patient’s product preference, and an independent physician panel assessment of skin reactions based on photographs. Twenty-eight patients were evaluable. On physician’s evaluation, there was no significant difference in radiation dermatitis between S and P and no overall preference to either cream at week 5 during or week 2 post-RT. More patients preferred S in evaluating skin appearance and skin reactions, but this did not reach statistical significance. Univariate analysis showed that physicians had an overall preference to the S cream at week 2 post-RT in patients with larger breasts. On the independent panel assessment, 3 reviewers saw no significant difference in radiation toxicity, whereas one reviewer reported better skin outcome with S cream at week 5. We found a nonstatistically significant patient preference but overall no significant radioprotective effects for this HA formulation compared with placebo except in patients with larger breasts. The study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02165605).
Functional approximation in Besov space using generalized Nörlund–Hausdorff product matrix

In the present work, a best approximation of a function f in Besov space using the generalized Norlund–Hausdorff $(N_{pq}\triangle _{H})$ product means, for the two different cases $1<\sigma <\infty, \rho \geq 1, 0\leq \eta <\nu <2$ and $\sigma =\infty, 0\leq \eta < \nu <2$ , has been obtained. Our theorem generalizes the results of (Kyungpook Math. J. 50:545–556, 2010; Int. J. Appl. Math. 24(4):479–490, 2011; Nepal J. Sci. Technol. 14(2):117–122, 2013; Ultra Sci. Phys. Sci. 14(1): 53–58, 2002). Thus, the results of (Kyungpook Math. J. 50:545–556, 2010; Int. J. Appl. Math. 24(4):479–490, 2011; Nepal J. Sci. Technol. 14(2):117–122, 2013; Ultra Sci. Phys. Sci. 14(1): 53–58, 2002) become particular cases of our theorem. We also obtain some useful corollaries from our theorem.
Smoking as a Risk Factor for Readmission in Arthroscopic Surgery: A Propensity Matched Analysis

The objective of this study was to perform a propensity matched analysis exploring smoking as a risk factor for readmission following hip, knee and shoulder arthroscopy. Patients undergoing knee, shoulder or hip arthroscopy between 2006-2016 were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Patient's smoking was analyzed for its effect on 30-day readmission using multivariate regression adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. A propensity matched analysis control identified 19,732 non-smokers to serve as the control group. The readmission rate for the non-smoking cohort was 0.9% and 1.3% in the smoking group (p = 0.01). In a multivariate analysis adjusting for baseline characteristics and medical comorbidities, smoking status was associated with increased risk readmission (Odds Ratio: 1.37 [95% Confidence Interval: 1.133-1.657] p = 0.0012). This study suggests that smoking increases chances of readmission in all arthroscopic surgery. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 28(4):272-276, 2019).
Control Policies Approaching Hierarchical Greedy Ideal Performance in Heavy Traffic for Resource Sharing Networks

We consider resource sharing networks of the form introduced in work of Massoulie and Roberts as models for Internet flows. The goal is to study the open problem, formulated in Harrison et al. (201...
Chapter 87 – Business Issues

Tissue engineering, and more generally regenerative medicine, is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary field which involves innovations relating to biology, chemistry, materials and engineering. The pipeline of products in this field are likely to revolutionize the ways we improve the health and quality of life for many millions of people worldwide, such as prolonging, restoring or even enhancing tissue and organ function. To consider the business aspects to tissue engineering and paths forward for this industry, one needs to start by understanding trends and projected impacts that an aging population will have on the demand for regenerative medicine solutions balanced against pressures on healthcare reimbursement rates. The age structure of the overall population is projected to change greatly over the next forty years, with the number of people over the age of 65 growing rapidly. Concern is growing that medical advances leading to longevity will in turn lead to an older population who have a higher incidence of functional and cognitive impairment. With increases in life expectancy and a simultaneous rise in the number of people with chronic diseases and disability, researchers are focusing on facilitating both longer life and disability-free healthy life. Companies, payers and policy makers will need to assess long-range cost benefit trade-offs for engineered tissues and cell therapies when compared to traditional therapies. Understanding the interplay giving rise to opposing pressures – one from an expanding elderly population to improve health in old age, and the other a growing concern for containing healthcare costs – will be critical to tissue and cell therapy companies as they plan for and address concerns about how patients can afford innovation in this important area of treatment.
Time-domain Spectral Finite Element Method for Wave Propagation Analysis in Structures with Breathing Cracks

Guided waves are generally considered as a powerful approach for crack detection in structures, which are commonly investigated using the finite element method (FEM). However, the traditional FEM has many disadvantages in solving wave propagation due to the strict requirement of mesh density. To tackle this issue, this paper proposes an efficient time-domain spectral finite element method (SFEM) to analyze wave propagation in cracked structures, in which the breathing crack is modeled by defining the spectral gap element. Moreover, novel orthogonal polynomials and Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre quadrature rules are adopted to construct the spectral element. Meanwhile, a separable hard contact is utilized to simulate the breathing behavior. Finally, a comparison of the numerical results between the FEM and the SFEM is conducted to demonstrate the high efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method. Based on the developed SFEM, the nonlinear features of waves and influence of the incident mode are also studied in detail, which provides a helpful guide for a physical understanding of the wave propagation behavior in structures with breathing cracks.
A new perspective on mesenchymal-immune interactions in adipose tissue.

The mammalian immune system has crucial homeostatic functions in different adipose depots. However, white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation is a hallmark of obesity and can contribute to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, mesenchymal cells were identified as highly heterogenous populations displaying specialized immune functions in immune cell migration, activation, survival, and overall lymphoid tissue organization in several tissues. How they regulate the inflammatory milieu within different adipose depots remains unknown. Using recently published single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) data sets, we analyze cytokine and chemokine expression of mouse WAT mesenchymal cell subpopulations to highlight potential immunological heterogeneity and specialization, hypothesizing on their immunological functions. This new perspective on immune–mesenchymal cell interactions in adipose tissue may promote studies that heighten our understanding of immune cell processes within WAT during health and obesity. We hope that these studies redefine our knowledge of the roles of mesenchymal cells in regulating adipose tissue inflammation and physiology.
Synthesis and generativity: Elaborative interrogation prompts for graduate information literacy instruction

Abstract Discourse surrounding the pedagogy of undergraduate information literacy sessions is robust and plentiful, but graduate students in research-oriented degrees also need a strong understanding of disciplinary resources throughout the coursework stage of their programs. Library sessions guided by ACRL's Framework help to scaffold graduate students' knowledge of the current scholarly information landscape and how to navigate this landscape effectively and efficiently. In addition, these sessions establish the significance of the literature review in identifying subject epistemologies, paradigms, methodologies, and theoretical approaches. For graduate students, this provides an opportunity to conceptualize how to employ the presented material in the context of their research ideas. At our institution, we present information literacy sessions for graduate students enrolled in research methods courses prior to starting their theses and dissertations. Based on our experiences conducting individual research consultations with graduate students and our discussions with faculty who supervise graduate students' theses and dissertations, we developed a set of elaborative interrogation questions regarding the literature review process. Elaborative interrogation, as an instructional strategy, has been widely used in education, but its potential has hardly been explored in the context of information literacy instruction. We embed these questions throughout the sessions to help students develop a mental framework for the purpose of a literature review as it relates to the development of a thesis or dissertation. The purpose of adding these elaborative prompts is to engage students metacognitively, making them aware of the research process with the information presented during the session, and it helps them to acknowledge the iterative nature of literature review process.
Cytomegalovirus Infection and the Implications of Drug-Resistant Mutations in Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Hospital in China.

Drug-resistant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a challenge in the management of pediatric recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical data on pediatric recipients of HSCT and identified known and unknown drug-resistant CMV variants. A total of 221 children underwent allogeneic HSCT between October 2017 and November 2019 at Shenzhen Children’s Hospital; of these, 35 patients were suspected of having drug-resistant CMV infections and were tested for drug-resistant mutations in the UL97 and UL54 genes by Sanger sequencing. Mutations in UL97 or UL54, or in both, were detected in 11 patients. Most of these mutations have not been previously reported. The UL97 mutation (A582V) was detected in only one patient who also harbored two UL54 mutations (T760X and R876W). One patient with both the G604S and T691A mutations in the UL54 gene died of CMV pneumonia. We investigated the risk factors associated with the development of drug-resistant CMV infection. Patients in whom both the donor and recipient had positive CMV serostatuses were less likely to have drug-resistant mutations (Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.05). Newly and previously detected CMV mutations in UL97 and UL54 may be associated with the development of drug-resistant CMV infection. The detection of these mutations may provide guidance for the management of post-transplant CMV infections.
Adaptation and Resilience Concepts

Adaptation was defined by the IPCC as “the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.” Adaptation to climate change is undertaken privately or publicly, and by individuals, informal groups of people, governmental agencies, and businesses. Adaptation can be undertaken by individuals for their own benefit or it can be made up of actions by governments and public bodies to protect their citizens. Planned adaptation to climate change starts with a recognition of vulnerabilities to climate change. A commonly used model for climate change vulnerability assessments is the risk-hazard framework, which can be defined broadly as the processes of estimating both the probability of occurrence of adverse impacts to systems or assets and the probable magnitude of adverse impacts. A decision is then made as to whether the risk climate change poses to each identified vulnerable asset is acceptable or not. The next step in the process is consideration of various strategies that could employed to reduce the risks to vulnerable assets. The capacity to adapt to climate change is a function of available societal, economical, and technical resources, and the ability and willingness of societies to effectively respond.