cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latent Adenocarcinoma in Renal Cysts

A case is presented in which repeat examination of a benign cyst disclosed a latent adenocarcinoma near the cyst wall. Since statistically there is a greater incidence of tumor associated with cyst and since there is a 90% accuracy rate in the diagnosis of cystic lesions it appears that reinvestigation seems justified in some cases, especially if there is a change in or new development of symptoms.
Modal analysis of spatial pattern formation in fused silica under ultraviolet irradiation

Focused laser light is used as part of the photolithography process. Finer-resolution applications demand smaller-wavelength light, but this higher-energy light causes compaction of the lens glass. This changes its index of refraction, eventually rendering the lens unusable. The underlying model requires the use of Maxwell’s equations with a varying index of refraction coupled to a nonlinear constitutive compaction law. By modeling the light wave in the paraxial limit, one obtains a nonlocal partial integrodifferential equation for the amplitude. Stability analysis is performed in the steady and quasi-steady cases, and the results show how the instability depends on physical parameters in the problem. The results compare favorably with experimental analyses of the failure length and time scales and provide simple laws connecting the relevant failure scales.
Disorders of the Adrenal Gland

Disorders of the adrenal gland can lead to effects as disparate as abnormal sexual differentiation, decreased or increased growth velocity, and life-threatening endocrine emergencies. Diseases can arise from abnormalities within the adrenal gland itself, from abnormalities in the control of the adrenal gland, or from the ingestion of exogenous steroid compounds, even if these are prescribed for the appropriate treatment of diseases. This chapter does not discuss congenital adrenal hyperplasia which is found in Chap. 8.
Candidate Evaluation Using Targeted Construct Assessment in the Multiple Mini-Interview: A Multifaceted Rasch Model Analysis.

ABSTRACTConstruct: A 7-station multiple mini-interview (MMI) circuit was implemented and assessed for 214 candidates rated by 37 interviewers (N = 1,498 ratings). The MMI stations were designed to assess 6 specific constructs (adaptability, empathy, integrity, critical thinking, teamwork [receiving instruction], teamwork [giving instruction]) and one open station about the candidate's interest in the school. Background: Despite the apparent benefits of the MMI, construct-irrelevant variance continues to be a topic of study. Refining the MMI to more effectively measure candidate ability is critical to improving our ability to identify and select candidates that are equipped for success within health professions education and the workforce. Approach: Each station assessed a single construct and was rated by a single interviewer who was provided only the name of the candidate and no additional information about the candidate's background, application, or prior academic performance. All interviewers received ...
A Proteomic Approach to Discovery of Candidate Proteins Involved in the Transformation of Follicular Lymphoma.

Abstract Background: Follicular lymphoma (FL) undergoes transformation to a high grade diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (tr-DLBCL) in about 50% of patients. During transformation, a more virulent subclone of tumor cells emerges, leading to a rapidly progressive clinical course and resistance to therapy. The identification of proteins involved in transformation is critical for understanding the mechanism of transformation and developing molecularly targeted therapy. In this study, we compared protein expression between grade 1- FL (G1-FL) and tr-DLBCL using 2D-gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. Design: Frozen tissue and frozen cells were obtained from the Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University tumor bank. The protein expression profiles of 3 G1-FL and 3 tr-DLBCL were compared using 2D-gel electrophoresis. Protein identification was done using a MALDI mass spectrometer. Frozen cells of an additional 11 non-paired GI-FL and 11 non-paired tr-DLBCL, and 2 pairs of G1-FL and tr-DLBCL specimens were used for Western blot confirmation of the initial 2D-gel findings. Results: 2D-gel analysis and MALDI protein identification revealed 14 differentially expressed proteins between G1-FL and tr-DLBCL (figure 1), all of which are known to play important roles in cellular energy/metabolic pathways, signal transduction pathways, and protein and nuclear synthesis. The two most differentially expressed proteins on 2D-gel analysis were superoxide dismutase (MnSOD2) and growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (Grb2). Western blot analysis of MnSOD2 and Grb2 confirmed their relative over- or under-expression in frozen cells from multiple additional clinical lymphoma samples, including 2 paired- and 22 non-paired G1-FL and tr-DLBCL. Both 2D-gel analysis and Western Blot showed a significantly higher level of expression of MnSOD2 and a lower expression of Grb2 expression in tr-DLBCL (figure 2). Summary: Using proteomic profiling, confirmed by Western blot analysis of clinical G1-FL and tr-DLBCL samples, we have confirmed 2 proteins (MnSOD2 and Grb2) that are expressed at significantly different levels in G1-FL and DLBCL. MnSOD2 is capable of protecting cells from reactive oxygen species and regulating signal transduction pathways to influence cell growth and apoptosis. Inhibition of MnSOD2 has been shown in studies of several cancer cell lines to render cancer cells more susceptible to apoptosis. Grb2 is a member of a critical signaling pathway leading to Ras activation in hematopoietic cells. Both proteins may play a critical role in FL transformation. These proteins have the potential to be therapeutic drug targets, diagnostic and/or prognostic markers, or biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic response. Download : Download high-res image (153KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (120KB) Download : Download full-size image
Infrared surface studies of opaque or scattering materials using photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy

Mise au point sur les utilisations de la spectroscopie optothermique a deflection de faisceau dans les etudes des reactions de surface. Exemples d'etudes de la degradation thermique de la resine phenolformaldehydique, des reactions de NH 3 et de H 2 O avec du semi-coke, de la deshydratation du sulfate de titanyle, etc
Two Dimensional Electrostrictive Field Effect Transistor (2D-EFET): A sub-60mV/decade Steep Slope Device with High ON current.

This article proposes a disruptive device concept which meets both low power and high performance criterion for post-CMOS computing and at the same time enables aggressive channel length scaling. This device, hereafter refer to as two-dimensional electrostrictive field effect transistor or 2D-EFET, allows sub-60 mV/decade subthreshold swing and considerably higher ON current compared to any state of the art FETs. Additionally, by the virtue of its ultra-thin body nature and electrostatic integrity, the 2D-EFET enjoys scaling beyond 10 nm technology node. The 2D-EFET works on the principle of voltage induced strain transduction. It uses an electrostrictive material as gate oxide which expands in response to an applied gate bias and thereby transduces an out-of-plane stress on the 2D channel material. This stress reduces the inter-layer distance between the consecutive layers of the semiconducting 2D material and dynamically reduces its bandgap to zero i.e. converts it into a semi-metal. Thus the device operates with a large bandgap in the OFF state and a small or zero bandgap in the ON state. As a consequence of this transduction mechanism, internal voltage amplification takes place which results in sub-60 mV/decade subthreshold swing (SS).
"Solar love": Nietzsche, Merleau-Ponty and the fortunes of perception

Both Nietzsche and Merleau-Ponty repudiate the “mirror” view of perception and embrace what Nietzsche refers to as “solar love” or creative perception. I argue that Merleau-Ponty thinks of this type of perception primarily in terms of “convergence” and Nietzsche in terms of “divergence.” I then show how, contrary to their own emphases, Merleau-Ponty's notion of flesh” and Nietzsche's idea of “chaos” suggest that convergence and divergence are abstractions from an ontologically prior realm of “hybrid perceptions.” In this realm, each perception is shot through with the others, simultaneously inside and outside one another. The creative tension among these perceptions continually produces new perspectives or voices, that is, a realm whose very being is metamorphosis. Moreover, this realm of hybrid perceptions suggests a political principle that might prove attractive for communities in an age of diversity and cultural hybridity.
Caring for Children and Families With Limited English Proficiency: Current Challenges and an Agenda for the Future.

This month’s issue of Hospital Pediatrics features 2 articles addressing quality of care for children and families with limited English proficiency (LEP),1,2 highlighting an important area of growing concern for clinicians and researchers. Children from LEP families make up a large and expanding proportion of the US population,3 but as these 2 articles show, we continue to face substantial challenges both in providing these children with high-quality, equitable care and in studying them, which is an important prerequisite to developing effective interventions to improve care. A primary challenge in both caring for and studying LEP patients and families lies in correctly identifying them. Many institutions do not consistently collect language data, and those that do often record the primary language spoken at home, which does not adequately identify the presence of a language barrier or the need for interpretation.4,5 This situation leads to clinicians being unable to rely on the language information captured in the medical record to determine interpreter need, which then encourages many to assess the family’s English ability with each communication and “get by” without an interpreter if they can.6,7 The collection of less helpful or inconsistent language information also makes it very difficult to study language barriers within large databases such as the Pediatric Health Information System, given the variability in the institution-level data. In pediatrics, we face the additional challenge of trying to determine whose English proficiency or interpreter need to document, because different caregivers’ needs may differ and not all caregivers are always present. For the purposes of clinical care, it would be ideal to assess and document the English proficiency or interpreter need …
Downstream overdrive pacing and intracardiac concealed fusion to guide rapid identification of atrial tachycardia after atrial fibrillation ablation.

Aims Atrial tachycardia (AT) related to atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation frequently poses a diagnostic challenge. Downstream overdrive pacing (DOP) can be used to rapidly detect reentry and assess proximity of a pacing site to an AT circuit or focus. We hypothesized that systematic DOP using multielectrode catheters would facilitate AT mapping. Methods and results DOP identified constant fusion when the post-pacing interval (PPI)-tachycardia cycle length (TCL) 75% of TCL. Mapping was performed as follows: (i) CS DOP, (ii) DOP at left atrial (LA) roof, (iii) DOP at selected LA sites based on prior DOP attempts, and (iv) mapping and ablation at regions of fractionated electrograms in region of AT. Activation mapping was performed at operator discretion. AT diagnosis was confirmed by successful ablation or additional mapping when ablation was unsuccessful. Fifty consecutive patients with sustained AT underwent mapping of 68 ATs, of whom 42 (62%) were macroreentrant, 19 were locally reentrant (28%), and 7 (10%) were focal. AT was correctly identified with a median of three DOP attempts. All macroreentrant ATs were identified with ≤6 DOP attempts. One AT (1.6%) was terminated by DOP, and three ATs (4.8%) required activation mapping. Intracardiac concealed fusion was seen in 26 ATs (38%), each of which was successfully ablated. Conclusion Reentry could be demonstrated in a substantial majority of AF ablation-related AT. A stepwise diagnostic approach using DOP and recognition of intracardiac concealed fusion can be used to rapidly identify and ablate reentrant AT.
On the generation of magnetized collisionless shocks in the large plasma device

Collisionless shocks are common phenomena in space and astrophysical systems, and in many cases, the shocks can be modeled as the result of the expansion of a magnetic piston though a magnetized ambient plasma. Only recently, however, have laser facilities and diagnostic capabilities evolved sufficiently to allow the detailed study in the laboratory of the microphysics of piston-driven shocks. We review experiments on collisionless shocks driven by a laser-produced magnetic piston undertaken with the Phoenix laser laboratory and the Large Plasma Device at the University of California, Los Angeles. The experiments span a large parameter space in laser energy, background magnetic field, and ambient plasma properties that allow us to probe the physics of piston-ambient energy coupling, the launching of magnetosonic solitons, and the formation of subcritical shocks. The results indicate that piston-driven magnetized collisionless shocks in the laboratory can be characterized with a small set of dimensionless ...
A warming tropical central Pacific dries the lower stratosphere

The amount of water vapor in the tropical lower stratosphere (TLS), which has an important influence on the radiative energy budget of the climate system, is modulated by the temperature variability of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). The TTL temperature variability is caused by a complex combination of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), tropospheric convective processes in the tropics, and the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) driven by mid-latitude and subtropical atmospheric waves. In 2000, the TLS water vapor amount exhibited a stepwise transition to a dry phase, apparently caused by a change in the BDC. In this study, we present observational and modeling evidence that the epochal change of water vapor between the periods of 1992–2000 and 2001–2005 was also partly caused by a concurrent sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the tropical central Pacific. This SST warming cools the TTL above by enhancing the equatorial wave-induced upward motion near the tropopause, which consequently reduces the amount of water vapor entering the stratosphere. The QBO affects the TLS water vapor primarily on inter-annual timescales, whereas a classical El Nino southern oscillation (ENSO) event has small effect on tropical mean TLS water vapor because its responses are longitudinally out of phase. This study suggests that the tropical central Pacific SST is another driver of TLS water vapor variability on inter-decadal timescales and the tropical SST changes could contribute to about 30% of the step-wise drop of the lower stratospheric water vapor from 1992–2000 to 2001–2005.
The Z chromosome is enriched for sperm proteins in two divergent species of Lepidoptera.

Genes that promote sexual conflict, such as those with a sex-limited fitness benefit, are expected to accumulate differentially on sex chromosomes relative to autosomes. Few tests of this hypothesi...
Identifying Humor in Reviews using Background Text Sources

We study the problem of automatically identifying humorous text from a new kind of text data, i.e., online reviews. We propose a generative language model, based on the theory of incongruity, to model humorous text, which allows us to leverage background text sources, such as Wikipedia entry descriptions, and enables construction of multiple features for identifying humorous reviews. Evaluation of these features using supervised learning for classifying reviews into humorous and non-humorous reviews shows that the features constructed based on the proposed generative model are much more effective than the major features proposed in the existing literature, allowing us to achieve almost 86% accuracy. These humorous review predictions can also supply good indicators for identifying helpful reviews.
Benign Tumors of the Epi/metaphysis

The imaging evaluation of neoplastic lesions of the appendicular skeleton has two main goals. The first is to determine whether the lesion warrants doing nothing at all, follow-up, or biopsy. The second, mostly relevant to malignant bone tumors, is to provide detailed information about the lesion’s extent and biological activity in order to guide therapy. Arriving at a specific diagnosis is an interesting exercise, but it is not the main objective of the radiologic evaluation. This discussion is in two sections, one on evaluation of benign lesions, and the other on imaging of skeletal malignancies. The discussion concentrates on practical issues relevant to the radiologist’s role in the management of these lesions. More comprehensive discussions regarding the imaging characteristics of each individual lesion, and illustrations of such lesions are beyond the scope of this discussion. The reader is referred to the standard texts for more detailed coverage of these topics.
Optical coherence tomography for brain imaging

Recently, there has been growing interest in using OCT for brain imaging. A feasibility study of OCT for guiding deep brain probes has found that OCT can differentiate the white matter and gray matter because the white matter tends to have a higher peak reflectivity and steeper attenuation rate compared to gray matter. In vivo 3D visualization of the layered organization of a rat olfactory bulb with OCT has been demonstrated. OCT has been used for single myelin fiber imaging in living rodents without labeling. The refractive index in the rat somatosensory cortex has also been measured with OCT. In addition, functional extension of OCT, such as Doppler-OCT (D-OCT), polarization sensitive-OCT (PS-OCT), and phase-resolved-OCT (PR-OCT), can image and quantify physiological parameters in addition to the morphological structure image. Based on the scattering changes during neural activity, OCT has been used to measure the functional activation in neuronal tissues. PS-OCT, which combines polarization sensitive detection with OCT to determine tissue birefringence, has been used for the localization of nerve fiber bundles and the mapping of micrometer-scale fiber pathways in the brain. D-OCT, also named optical Doppler tomography (ODT), combines the Doppler principle with OCT to obtain high resolution tomographic images of moving constituents in highly scattering biological tissues. D-OCT has been successfully used to image cortical blood flow and map the blood vessel network for brain research. In this chapter, the principle and technology of OCT and D-OCT are reviewed and examples of potential applications are described.
Average instantaneous frequency (AIF) and average log-envelopes (ALE) for ASR with the Aurora 2 database.

We have developed a novel approach to speech feature extraction based on a modulation model of a band-pass signal. Speech is processed by a bank of band-pass filters. At the output of the band-pass filters the signal is subjected to a log-derivative operation which naturally decomposes the band-pass signal into analytic (called ) and anti-analytic (called ) components. The average instantaneous frequency (AIF) and average log-envelope (ALE) are then extracted as coarse features at the output of each filter. Further, refined features may also be extracted from the analytic and anti-analytic components (but not done in this paper). We then evaluated the Aurora 2 task where noise corruption is synthetic. For clean training, (compared to the mel-cepstrum front end, with 3 mixture HMM back-end,) our AIF/ALE front end achieves an average improvement of with set A and improvement with set B and (negative) ‘improvement’ with set C. The overall improvement in accuracy rates for clean training is . Although the improvements are modest, the novelty of the front-end and its potential for future enhancements are our strengths.
Political Concerns in Transitioning Medical Care

As more children with long-term congenital conditions survive into adulthood, the need for successful transition of care from pediatric providers to adult care providers becomes more important. This chapter considers how laws, rules, and regulations of medical specialties, hospital systems and governments affect this transition. The effect of governmental support programs on this process are reviewed. The differences that exist between countries like the United States (where health care is primarily supported by private insurance and government sponsored programs) alongside countries like Canada and the United Kingdom, which have a more socialized health insurance policy, are examined. The impact on access to healthcare, of cultural issues and differences that exist in adolescents and emerging adults across the world are also assessed. Finally, some of the differences in the ranges of services provided in different countries and organizations that have played a role in supporting patients and families with congenital conditions across the world are considered.
Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Atomic Oxygen Impact on Epoxies with Different Chemistries

Atomic oxygen (AO) is one of the most abundant species present in the lower earth orbit and is responsible for the aggressive degradation of polymers used in spacecraft structures. In this investigation, we use ReaxFF reactive force field molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the disintegration of several different thermosetting epoxy polymers subjected to hypervelocity AO impact. Our simulations indicate that epoxy with aromatic curative displays higher resistance to the AO impact because of its stable benzene functionality. Decreased cross-linking density and increased simulation temperature both lead to faster disintegration of the polymer. Our simulation results indicate that ReaxFF force field simulations can be a useful tool to evaluate the response of various thermosetting epoxies to AO impact and identify promising candidate materials for spacecraft applications.
Number (of Whom?) Needed to Treat (with What?): Exposures, Population Interventions, and the Number Needed to Treat

The number needed to treat (NNT) is a widely used measure of the potential impact of a treatment or intervention, but it is often calculated and discussed in ways which oversimplify critical issues. Specifically, the NNT itself depends on the population under study and the specific form that "treatment" would take in that population. We discuss how understanding the difference between the effect of removing a harmful exposure and the effect of deploying a specific intervention to remove that harmful exposure can affect the calculation and interpretation of an NNT. Our discussion extends a previously described framework distinguishing exposure effects from population intervention effects.
Ancestral Pueblos and Modern Diatribes: An Interview with Antonio Chavarria of Santa Clara Pueblo, Curator of Ethnology, Museum of Indian Arts and Culture, Santa Fe, New Mexico

In an effort to solicit the advice and counsel of an American Indian advocate concerned with addressing the activities of anthropologists and museums, in June of 2010 Mendoza convened an interview with Museum of Indian Arts and Culture Curator of Ethnology Antonio “Tony” Chavarria at the Laboratory of Anthropology in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Antonio expresses an American Indian perspective on how anthropologists and other social scientists should proceed when evidence for prehistoric or recent Amerindian social violence, and or unsound eco-cultural practices are encountered. First, Chavarria advises scholars to share their interpretations of the data with the affected descendant populations well in advance of publishing research findings. He contends that the protocol in question presents native people with the opportunity to offer alternative interpretations and insights into the scholarly interrogation of that evidence recovered. While he acknowledges that Amerindians are fully capable of engaging in unsound environmental practices despite popular characterizations to the contrary; he acknowledges that some instances of natural resource depletion by ancestral Pueblo groups are directly attributable to the imposition of Western strictures regarding private property. He contends that both Hispanic and American systems of land tenure ultimately disrupted longstanding traditional Pueblo patterns that called for the cyclical abandonment of exhausted farmsteads, and the interim (re)settlement of other viable lands and outliers, in a manner essentially constituting a form of shifting cultivation. Ultimately, Chavarria does not condone the obfuscation or censorship of data not in accord with traditional or popular cultural beliefs, but rather, advises anthropologists to establish and maintain open lines of communication with descendant communities.
Reinforcement Learning based Dynamic Link Configuration for Energy-Efficient NoC

Multiprocessor system-on-chips (MPSoCs) and chip multiprocessors (CMPs) are moving towards the integration of hundreds of heterogeneous cores on a single chip. Network-on-Chip (NoC) has been the superior interconnect fabric for MPSoCs and CMPs. Due to the rise of dark silicon with the end of Dennard Scaling, it becomes essential to design energy-efficient and high performance reconfigurable NoC between heterogeneous components based on the applications workloads (e.g., task communication demands). Because of the large and complex NoC design space in heterogeneous architectures (link bandwidth, big/little cores and routers, number of components, etc.), it becomes difficult to explore within a reasonable time for optimal trade-offs of energy-performance. Furthermore, reactive resource configuration of NoC is not effective in reducing power consumption. Therefore, we propose reinforcement learning (RL) technique to proactively configure the NoC link-bandwidths in heterogeneous architectures for energy-efficiency. NoC link-bandwidths are configured dynamically based on the learning of the system (e.g., link utilization, buffer utilization). RL agent automatically learns from past and current experiences and take the configuration decision intelligently on heterogeneous architectures to achieve its objective. Simulations under real-world benchmarks show that RL based technique reduces the energy-delay product by 30% and improves the throughput by 50% compared to non-machine learning based solutions.
How are qualitative methods used in implementation science research? A scoping review protocol.

Objective This systematic scoping review will describe the use of qualitative methods in implementation research in health. Introduction Implementation science is an expanding field of study that investigates the integration of evidence-based practices into real world settings. Qualitative methods are useful for providing an in-depth understanding of implementation strategies and outcomes from the perspectives of stakeholders such as policy makers, health practitioners, and individuals targeted by health interventions. Qualitative research methods are increasingly used in implementation research. A synthesis of the applications of qualitative methods is lacking, although it is critical for understanding how qualitative methods have been used to date and identifying areas for improvement. Inclusion criteria The review will include implementation research studies that collect primary data using one or more qualitative methods, alone or with quantitative methods. Studies must assess implementation research issues in health but will not be restricted by the type of setting, health issue, or country of origin. Methods The search for relevant studies will be restricted to articles published in English from 2006 to the present that are found in 46 prominent medical and public health journals that publish research in implementation science. Multiple reviewers will screen articles to identify those that meet the inclusion criteria. Data extraction will involve a structured and systematic method with categories for descriptive characteristics of studies, health topics, qualitative methods for data collection and analysis, implementation science outcomes and issues explored, and implementation science frameworks applied.
Steroid-refractory dermatologic and pulmonary toxicity in a patient on rituximab treated with pembrolizumab for progressive urothelial carcinoma: a case report.

Increasingly widespread use of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for treatment of a variety of progressive malignancies continues to reveal a range of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), necessitating immunosuppressive therapy for management. While a single course of systemic corticosteroids may be sufficient for many irAEs, no clear standard-of-care guidelines exist for steroid-refractory cases. We present an unusual case of a patient who developed several steroid-refractory novel irAEs on pembrolizumab despite ongoing B cell-directed immunosuppressive therapy with rituximab, who ultimately noted resolution of symptoms with tacrolimus, a T-cell-directed immunosuppressant. This 72-year-old Caucasian man with Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody-associated neuropathy was being treated with maintenance rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin when he was started on pembrolizumab (2.26 mg/kg) for metastatic urothelial cancer 31 months after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. After his third dose of pembrolizumab, he developed a painful blistering papular rash of the distal extremities. He received two more doses of pembrolizumab before he also developed diarrhea, and it was held; he was initiated on 1 mg/kg prednisone for presumed ICI-induced dermatitis and colitis. Skin biopsy 10 weeks after cessation of pembrolizumab and taper of steroids to 20 mg daily revealed a unique bullous erythema multiforme. He was then admitted with dyspnea and imaging concerning for necrotizing pneumonia, but did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Bronchoscopy and biopsy revealed acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia. His symptoms failed to fully respond to multiple courses of high-dose systemic corticosteroids and a trial of azathioprine, but pneumonia, diarrhea, and skin rash all improved markedly with tacrolimus. The patient has since completed his therapy for tacrolimus, continues off of ICI, and has not experienced a recurrence of any irAEs, though has more recently experienced progression of his cancer. Despite immunosuppression with rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin, two immunomodulators targeting B cells, ICI cessation, and systemic corticosteroid therapy, our patient developed two high-grade unusual irAEs, bullous erythema multiforme and acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia. Our patient’s improvement with tacrolimus can offer critical insight into the pathophysiology of steroid-refractory irAEs.
POU4F3 pioneer activity enables ATOH1 to drive diverse mechanoreceptor differentiation through a feed-forward epigenetic mechanism

During embryonic development, hierarchical cascades of transcription factors interact with lineage-specific chromatin structures to control the sequential steps in the differentiation of specialized cell types. While examples of transcription factor cascades have been well documented, the mechanisms underlying developmental changes in accessibility of cell type-specific enhancers remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the transcriptional "master regulator" ATOH1-which is necessary for the differentiation of two distinct mechanoreceptor cell types, hair cells in the inner ear and Merkel cells of the epidermis-is unable to access much of its target enhancer network in the progenitor populations of either cell type when it first appears, imposing a block to further differentiation. This block is overcome by a feed-forward mechanism in which ATOH1 first stimulates expression of POU4F3, which subsequently acts as a pioneer factor to provide access to closed ATOH1 enhancers, allowing hair cell and Merkel cell differentiation to proceed. Our analysis also indicates the presence of both shared and divergent ATOH1/POU4F3-dependent enhancer networks in hair cells and Merkel cells. These cells share a deep developmental lineage relationship, deriving from their common epidermal origin, and suggesting that this feed-forward mechanism preceded the evolutionary divergence of these very different mechanoreceptive cell types.
How Should Investigators Advertise on Social Media for Research Opportunities

How research studies should use social media to recruit research participants (Johnson, Duenas, and Wilfond 2021) is a timely question. Importantly, the question is how, not if, studies should use ...
Spatial structure affects evolutionary dynamics and drives genomic diversity in experimental populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens

Most populations live in spatially structured environments and that structure has the potential to impact the evolutionary dynamics in a number of important ways. Theoretical models tracking evolution in structured environments using a range of different approaches, suggest that local interactions and spatial heterogeneity can increase the adaptive benefits of motility, impact both the rate and extent of adaptation, and increase the probability of parallel evolution. We test these general predictions in a microbial evolution experiment tracking phenotypic and genomic changes in replicate populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens evolved in both well-mixed and spatially-structured environments, where spatial structure was generated through the addition of semi-solid agar. In contrast to the well-mixed environment, populations evolved in the spatially-structured environment adapted more slowly, retained the ability to disperse more rapidly, and had a greater putatively neutral population genomic diversity. The degree of parallel evolution measured at the gene-level, did not differ across these two types of experimental environments, perhaps because the populations had not evolved for long enough to near their fitness optima. These results confirm important general impacts of spatial structure on evolutionary dynamics at both the phenotypic and genomic level.
The Efficacy of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention for College Students Under Extremely Stressful Conditions

This study evaluates the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI), called Koru mindfulness, among college students. Undergraduate students (N = 34) participated in a 4-week mindfulness curriculum embedded within a college course, while a control group (N = 35) taking a different course did not. Notably, the intervention coincided with the start of a state-wide lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the additional external stress, there was a significant main effect and a significant interaction between the intervention and time for state mindfulness, (the treatment group experienced increased state mindfulness). There was a significant main effect (higher for the control group) on coronavirus worry and a significant interaction between the intervention and time for perceived stress, with the treatment/control group experiencing decreased/increased stress over time. There was also a significant interaction between the intervention and time for sleep problems with the intervention group experiencing declines in sleep problems over time and also being more likely to experience optimal amounts of sleep over time. The Koru intervention effectively increased state mindfulness, decreased stress, and improved sleep, suggesting that it is robust even under extremely stressful conditions. This study adds to the growing evidence that MBIs can play an important role in addressing rising concerns regarding the mental health of college students.
Matroids: A Geometric Introduction

1. A tour of matroids 2. Cryptomorphisms 3. New matroids from old 4. Graphic matroids 5. Finite geometry 6. Representable matroids 7. Other matroids 8. Matroid minors 9. The Tutte polynomial Projects Appendix: matroid axiom systems Bibliography Index.
Community Acceptance of Highway Corridor Development

Citizen inputs are virtually prerequisite to community acceptance of public works projects. Succes in citizen participation—and thus public acceptance—rests entirely on the degree to which the citizens believe their inputs will have meaningful effect on resulting plans and decisions. An innovative process developed in Louisville, Ky., in response to these problems and pitfalls is described. The process was utilized in the planning of the upgrading of an existing, inadequate expressway. Over 2,000 citizens were involved in the process that began at the very start of the planning process and continued systematically throughout. Techniques employed were designed: (1) To give full opportunity for individuals and groups to articulate perceived needs, values, and priorities; and (2) to identify community-wide concerns and priorities—in other words, a general context—against individual and neighborhood needs which could be measured relative to the expressway planning program.
IR studies of carbons—IV The vacuum pyrolysis of oxidized cellulose and the characterization of the chars†

Abstract The pyrolysis of an NO2-oxydized cellulose (NOC) in vacuum from 22 to 700°C was followed by IR photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy. Series of spectra were recorded at various stages of pyrolysis and compared with and contrasted to similar data previously obtained with cellulose. Also, NOC-derived chars were oxidized, and the effects of treating NOC and NOC char with KOH were observed. The detailed IR spectroscopic data indicate that NOC degrades more easily than cellulose and yields chars that possess different functional groups than cellulose chars, up to charring temperatures of near 500°C. Above that temperature the chars have similar chemical and physical properties.
Impact of Fusarium graminearum inoculum availability and fungicide application timing on Fusarium head blight in wheat

Abstract Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (telemorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch) is considered one of the most economically important diseases on wheat in the United States. Currently, farmers rely heavily on fungicides applied at early anthesis or Feekes Growth Stage (FGS) 10.5.1 to protect their crop from this disease. Field trials were conducted at the Agronomy Center for Research and Education in West Lafayette, IN during the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons to determine the impact of post-anthesis fungicide timing in conjunction with initial infection by F . graminearum on development of FHB and deoxynivalenol (DON) in soft red winter wheat. To achieve this, each experimental plot within a treatment was inoculated and received a fungicide application on the same day beginning at FGS 10.5.1 (anthesis), and continuing each day for anthesis +1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 days. The fungicide prothioconazole + tebuconazole was applied at 475 mL/ha, and experimental plots were inoculated with macroconidia of F . graminearum on the same day as each fungicide application. Results indicate that fungicide applications made up to 11 days post-anthesis may be useful in reducing FHB and DON in wheat when inoculum becomes present near the time of application.
"One country, one language"?: mapping perceptions of dialects in South Korea

Perceptual dialectology studies have shown that people have strong opinions about the number and placement of dialect regions. This study uses the "draw-a-map" task to examine perceptions of language variation in South Korea, where relatively little perceptual dialectology research has been conducted. Respondents were asked to indicate on hand-drawn maps where people speak differently and provide names, examples, and comments. The map data were aggregated and analyzed with ArcGIS 10.0 software and the qualitative data were categorized using the "keywords" method. An analysis of these data suggests that South Koreans' perceptions of dialect regions are not necessarily limited by administrative boundaries; in fact, the data reveal not only perceptions of dialect variation unassociated with geographic borders, but they also tap into the way people connect ideas about language and place. Results from this study have implications for language attitudes research, perceptual dialectology methodology, and the relationship between language and place in South Korea.
Bcl-2 affects survival but not neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells

Past studies have shown that serum-free cultures of PC12 cells are a useful model system for studying the mechanisms of neuronal death after neurotrophic factor deprivation. These cultures, as well as NGF-deprived cultures of sympathetic neurons, manifest and endonuclease activity that leads to "apoptotic" internucleosomal DNA cleavage. Overexpression of the proto-oncogene bcl-2 blocks apoptotic death in various cell types. To study the actions of this protein in neuronal cells, we derived PC12 cell lines stably transfected with a cDNA encoding human bcl-2. It is reported here that lines expressing high levels of the exogenous bcl-2 protein are protected from both death and apoptotic DNA fragmentation caused by removal of trophic support. However, expression of high levels of exogenous bcl-2 neither mimics nor interferes with promotion of neurite outgrowth by NGF.
The Mechanism of Action of 5′-Adenylic Acid-activated Threonine Dehydrase: III. STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR NUCLEOTIDE ALLOSTERIC ACTIVATION

Abstract Analogues of 5'-adenosine monophosphate were tested for their ability to activate the AMP-dependent biodegradative threonine dehydrase of Escherichia coli in order to partially characterize the allosteric binding site. The results show that analogues differing in the adenine moiety, such as 7-deaza-7-cyano-AMP, 7-deaza-7-carboxamido-AMP, 3-iso-AMP, and N6-methyl-AMP, had essentially the same allosteric activity and Ka as AMP. A large number of ring-altered analogues showed a lower Ka value, although at high concentration, many of these gave the same activation as AMP. Alteration at positions 1', 2', 3', and 5' of the ribosyl moiety abolished allosteric activity. These data indicate that the ribosyl ring is of primary importance, whereas large variations in the adenine ring can be tolerated without deleterious effect.
An Annotated Data Collection System to Support Intelligent Analysis of Intensive Care Unit Data

Without a proper system for collecting data, the extent to which intelligent analysis can be performed on that data is limited. This is especially true in the study of time-ordered data, in which the gold standard for analysis techniques often comes from knowledge of discrete event occurrences amongst continuous data streams. An illustrative example is the study of patient monitor data from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), which holds the promise of improving patient care in a setting where data overload and false alarms currently make that goal difficult at best. Here, monitor data is practically useless without corresponding knowledge of what clinical events were taking place to produce the observed data. A method of collecting both monitor data and clinical event annotations, and subsequently being able to correlate the two, has been developed and is being used at Children's Hospital in Boston. Preliminary results indicate that this type of data collection system is a viable tool for facilitating the intelligent analysis of temporal data, such as that from the ICU.
Computer simulations and modeling of ion channels.

Publisher Summary In this chapter, it is seen that a simulation requires that the model fill a certain criterion. Intermolecular potentials—in a channel, these must include potentials for water, protein, and ions—and it may be possible in some simulations to substitute a dielectric medium for either the water or the protein; however, a fully satisfactory model would have to include all three explicitly. Suitable boundary conditions are likely to be different for a channel because in that periodic boundary conditions are not possible in two dimensions, if the protein model is less than complete. External potentials, as electric fields do not normally appear in bulk simulations, but are unavoidable in channels. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are often simpler than molecular dynamics (MD), but MD has other advantages. Both provide thermodynamic averages and molecular distribution functions as their most important output. MD should produce time dependence, but for times too short generally to be of biological interest. Several techniques have been proposed for simulations that extend to longer times. Stochastic dynamics does this, for example, by averaging over the high-frequency motions of the molecules, replacing them with a lumped frictional coefficient: the contribution of these modes is then less well represented for other purposes. For channels, the inherently small sample size implies that errors will be somewhat larger than usual in bulk simulations; repeating simulations, or taking longer runs, may be a way of dealing with this problem.
Pablo-Based Performance Monitoring Tool for PVM Applications

In the paper we present a tool for off-line performance monitoring of parallel applications running under PVM. A trace file collected by XPVM is converted into the pure SDDF one and then it is analysed and visualized using a tool built of the Pablo environment modules. In this way we have avoided developing our own instrumentation. Our monitoring tool is easily extensible and ongoing work focuses on implementing most of the ParaGraph functions. Sample monitoring sessions of a 3-D molecular dynamics program and conjugate gradient benchmark are presented and obtained results are interpreted.
Acid-Base Balance and Gas Exchange in Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Exposed to Acidic Environments

SUMMARY Brook trout (Sahelinus fontinalis Mitchill) with a chronically implanted dorsal aortic cannula were exposed to acidic environments. During exposure, trout developed severe metabolic acidosis as shown by decreases in standard plasma bicarbonate levels as well as negative base excess values. Reduced oxygen consumption seen in acidotic trout resulted from decreased gill oxygen transfer and reduced available blood oxygen capacity.
The M+ Center in CaF2

S-irradiation of additively colored CaF2 at low temperature produces two new absorption bands at 545 and 360 nm at the expense of the M band at 519 nm. These same bands can also be produced by ultraviolet bleaching at low temperature of additively colored CaF2 doped with electron trapping impurities. In addition, excitation into either band gives rise to a luminescence band peaking at 645 nm, and both absorption bands can be reversibly bleached with visible light. We propose that these bands arise from the M+ center. Rontgenbestrahlung von additiv verfarbtem CaF2 bei niedrigen Temperaturen erzeugt cine neue Absorptionsbande bei 545 nm auf Kosten der M-Bande bei 519 nm. Dieselhe Bande kann auch durch ultraviolettes Bleichen bei niedrigen Temperaturen von additiv verfarbtem CaF2, das mit Elektronen-Haftstellen dotiert wurde, hervorgehracht werden. Auserdem entsteht eine zweite Bande bei 360 nm. Anregling in der einen oder der anderen Bande bewirkt ein Lumineszenzmaximum bei 645 nm und beide Absorptionsbanden kon-nen mit sichtbarem Licht gebleicht werden. Es wird angenommen, daO diese Banden von M+-Zentren herruhren.