cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential of far ultraviolet (UV) 222 nm light for management of strawberry fungal pathogens

Abstract Recently developed, night-time irradiation provided the breakthrough that made ultraviolet (UV) technology with 254 nm (UV–C) commercially feasible as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fungicides for control of pre and postharvest diseases of fruit crops. To make UV technology more efficient, we explored the effectiveness of far UV (222 nm) produced by a Krypton–Chlorine excimer lamp to kill major fungal pathogens of strawberry such as Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and various Colletotrichum species and compared it to the conventional 254 nm UV-C treatment in light and dark. We found that 222 nm far UV was three-to ten-fold more effective than 254 nm UV-C in killing conidia of these pathogens, did not require a dark period for enhancing its efficacy, and had no negative effect on plant photosynthesis, pollen germ tube growth and fruit set at doses required to kill these pathogens. The independence from the light conditions most likely spawns from the mechanism of far UV that targets mainly proteins and not DNA as is the case with 254 nm UV-C. Using 222 nm far UV light would allow treatment application at any time of the day as there is no longer the need for a period of darkness as with 254 nm UV-C irradiation. The greater efficacy of 222 nm far UV light treatment will allow UV applicators to travel at increased speeds and cover greater field area making the UV technology even more useful for protecting plants from fungal pathogens.
Trick and no treat: Carbohydrate preemption by commensal Enterobacteriaceae.

Have you ever caught family members eating the last piece of your Halloween candy? In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Osbelt et al. and Eberl et al. demonstrate how commensal Enterobacteriaceae preempt pathogen carbohydrate utilization, dependent upon the composition of the surrounding gut microbial community.
Squirrel Monkey Communication

Communication in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus has been the subject of numerous analyses over the past two decades. One of the interesting aspects of having participated in some of these studies has been the realization that, even in this well-studied species, there are significant gaps in understanding the functional significance, ontogeny, and intraspecific variability of many common communication patterns. The causal mechanisms and evolutionary history of Saimiri communication are also areas of study for which there is a wealth of opportunity for further investigation.
Monofilament Perforation Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Rat Model

Since subarachnoid hemorrhage is a devastating condition with high mortality and poor outcome, an appropriate animal model for research is needed. Although the monofilament perforation model in rats is a challenging procedure to learn, the induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage in this way is by far the most suited model for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Additionally, this surgical technique shares similarities with stroke models. The following chapter offers a step-by-step manual of how to induce subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats with ease.
Of Time and Carbon-Metal Bonds

Publisher Summary Chemist Eugene G. Rochow shares his experience with organic chemistry, focusing on carbon metal bonds. There was proposal to use glass fibers in electrical insulation. It brought with it the necessity to develop a sympathetic polymer which would adhere well to glass and would bind the fibers into a compact, nonporous mass began to combine ceramic chemistry and organo-metallic chemistry in an attempt to find a solution. Eugene thought that carbon–silicon bonds provided the best key to a flexible organic–inorganic polymer, for alkoxy and aroxy groups could always be hydrolyzed from silicon, and R-N-Si linkages were even worse. An idea that becomes a research project in organo-metallic chemistry can grow and mature more rapidly in an industrial research laboratory than in a university. The work on intra-molecular motion within organo-metallic compounds was spread over many years and appears in many reports and publications, but it represents only a small beginning. Such work requires unusual courage and talents on the part of a graduate student or a postdoctoral fellow, for he must understand practical electronics as well as chemistry, and must be a theoretician as well as a builder and repairman.
Treatability of Contaminants in Conventional Systems

Once the drinking water is contaminated (either intentionally or unintentionally), the water must be treated prior to use or disposal. This article describes the techniques that can be used to remove classes of contaminants from contaminated water. The removal efficiencies are generally stated since much depends on specific water qualities, contaminant concentration, and other parameters that are site or water specific. Keywords: water treatment; contaminant classes; distribution system; water supply; disposal
Injectivity Radius Bounds in Hyperbolic Convex Cores I

A version of a conjecture of McMullen is as follows: Given a hyperbolizable 3-manifold M with incompressible boundary, there exists a uniform constant K such that if N is a hyperbolic 3-manifold homeomorphic to the interior of M, then the injectivity radius based at points in the convex core of N is bounded above by K. This conjecture suggests that convex cores are uniformly congested. In previous work, the author has proven the conjecture for $I$-bundles over a closed surface, taking into account the possibility of cusps. In this paper, we establish the conjecture in the case that M is a book of I-bundles or an acylindrical, hyperbolizable 3-manifold. In particular, we show that if M is a book of I-bundles, then the bound on injectivity radius depends on the number of generators in the fundamental group of M.
Pilot analysis of cytokines levels in stored granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood stem cell concentrates.

Background The transfusion of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) concentrates are sometimes associated with febrile transfusion reactions. PBSC concentrates contain large numbers of leukocytes and during storage the levels of soluble cytokines which could cause transfusion reactions, may increase.
ONCOGENES IN TUMOR METABOLISM, TUMORIGENESIS, AND APOPTOSIS

The ability of cancer cells to overproduce lactic acid aerobically was recognized by Warburg about seven decades ago, although its molecular basis has been elusive. Increases in glucose transport and hexokinase activity in cancer cells appear to account for the increased flux of glucose through the cancer cells. Herein we review current findings indicating that the c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) are able to bind the lactate dehydrogenase A promoter cis acting elements, which resemble the core carbohydrate response element (ChoRE), CACGTG. These and other observations suggest that the normal cell responds physiologically to changes in oxygen tension or the availability of glucose by altering glycolysis through the ChoRE, which hypothetically binds c-Myc, HIF-1, or related factors. The neoplastic cell is hypothesized to augment glycolysis by activation of ChoRE/ HIF-1 sites through direct interaction with c-Myc or through activation of HIF-1 or HIF-1-like activity. We hypothesize that oncogene products either stimulate HIF-1 and related factors or, in the case of c-Myc, directly activate hypoxia/glucose responsive elements in glycolytic enzyme genes to increase the ability of cancer cells to undergo aerobic glycolysis.
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in snake motor terminals is directly facilitated by intracellular Ca2+.

At the snake neuromuscular junction, low temperature (LT, 5–7°C) blocks clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) while exocytosis is largely unaffected. Thus compensatory endocytosis that normally follows transmitter release is inhibited, or ‘delayed’ until the preparation is warmed to room temperature (RT). This delay was exploited to observe how changes in bulk [Ca2+]i directly affect CME. Motor terminals were loaded with fura-2 to monitor [Ca2+]i. With brief stimulation at LT, [Ca2+]i transiently increased but returned to baseline (∼63 nm) in < 8 min. After 15 min at LT, [Ca2+]i was altered by incubating preparations in the Ca2+ ionophore ionomyocin. Preparations were then warmed to RT to initiate delayed endocytosis, which was quantified as uptake of the fluorescent optical probe sulforhodamine 101. Endocytosis was more rapid when [Ca2+]i increased; the rate at 300 nm Ca2+ was ∼double that under basal conditions. Thus the rate of CME – isolated from stimulation, transmitter release, and other forms of endocytosis – is directly influenced by intraterminal Ca2+.
The molecular basis of granuloma formation in schistosomiasis. IV: T cell-derived suppressor-inducer and suppressor-effector factor reactivities are regulated by a TCR β chain analog

Abstract In Schistosomiasis mansoni , granulomatous modulation is mediated by antigenically and genetically restricted T suppressor-inducer and suppressor-effector cells and the soluble factors which they produce. The T suppressor-inducer factor (TsiF) is produced by an L3T4 + , 14–30 + T cell. TsiF does not suppress directly, but induces the production of T-cell-derived suppressor-effector factor (TseF). TseF directly suppresses granuloma formation in vitro and in vivo . This study describes the molecular properties of TsiF. The factor is a nonimmunoglobulin heterodimer which can be separated into two component chains by dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction. The α chain imparts antigenic specificity and bears both the AgR and the epitope recognized by mAb 14–30 which characterizes T cells and factors of the Tsi phenotype. The β chain imparts genetic restriction and bears both the I-J phenotypic marker and a T-cell receptor for Ag (TCR) V β 8 determinant. These two chains can complement each other in vitro to reconstitute functional activity. The β chain also determines the functional activity of T cell-derived suppressor factor (TsF). A β chain, derived from TsiF, can complement the α chain derived from TsiF or TseF to reconstitute TsiF, but not TseF functional activity. Conversely the β chain of TseF can reconstitute only TseF activity. These findings suggest that TsiF bears structural homologies to the TCR borne by Tsi cells and that the β chain mediates the mode of functional interactions between TsFs and their target cells.
THE STATUS OF NASALIZED CONTINUANTS

Publisher Summary Typological surveys show that nasal consonants are very common cross-linguistically. This chapter reviews the cases of both underlying and derived nasalized continuants to better understand the distribution of the segments when they occur. Nasal consonants trigger Nasal Spread, and both vowels and laryngeals are permeable to nasalization. Phonologically, both the [ – nasal, –continuant] and the supralaryngeal [+continuant] consonants block Nasal Spread. This is because of the underlying [– nasal] specification in the former case (including the trill |r|) and the proposed configuration constraint in the latter. Although phonological and phonetic patterns of nasalization differ in Sundanese, in that some phonological blockers are phonetically amenable to nasalization and others are not, both the phonological and phonetic patterns follow the sonority hierarchy proposed in the chapter.
Axillary wounds in horses and the development of subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax

Summary Equine axillary wounds are common in horses. Severe and potentially life-threatening complications that can result from axillary wounds include subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. This report describes the occurrence of these complications and appropriate treatment. Case records of 7 horses after sustaining an axillary wound are reviewed. Of these cases, all 7 developed subcutaneous emphysema, 5 developed a pneumomediastinum and 4 developed a pneumothorax. The time between the wound occurrence and the development of subcutaneous emphysema was able to be determined in 5 of the 7 cases. The mean ± s.d. time for the development of subcutaneous emphysema following initial injury was 3.2 ± 0.84 days (range 2–4 days). Resolution of subcutaneous emphysema was not achieved until the treatment included packing the wound to stop it from acting as a one-way valve. Horses with a pneumothorax in respiratory distress were managed with thoracocentesis or placement of thoracic drains. Horses with a pneumothorax but without respiratory distress were treated with conservative management. All horses survived to discharge.
Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff From Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter1

Dutta, Sudarshan, Shreeram Inamdar, Jerry Tso, Diana S. Aga, and J. Tom Sims, 2012. Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 558-569. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00634.x Abstract: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) provides a reactive substrate for the transport of organic contaminants with runoff. Very few studies have investigated the export of DOC from agricultural land, especially those receiving manure applications. We investigated exports of DOC in surface runoff from agricultural fields receiving various treatments of poultry litter (raw vs. pelletized). In addition, we also investigated how estrogens in runoff were associated with DOC. Different forms of estrogens studied were: estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and their conjugates. Experimental agricultural plots were 12 m × 5 m long and had reduced tillage and no-till management practices. The aromatic content of DOC was characterized using specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA). Flow-weighted concentrations of DOC and SUVA in surface runoff from plots with poultry litter were significantly (p ≤ 0.10) greater than the control (no litter) plots. Compared to pelletized poultry litter, reduced-tillage plots with raw litter yielded higher DOC concentrations and SUVA values. No significant differences (p ≥ 0.10) in DOC and SUVA were observed between litter treatments for plots with no-till. Total estrogen concentrations (including all forms) were positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.10) correlated with DOC. These results can help select and guide agricultural management practices that can reduce the exports of DOC and associated contaminant from agricultural land receiving manure applications.
Mechanical Stress on Double Stranded DNA Drives Homology Recognition

RecA performs a homology search that compares a single stranded DNA (ssDNA) to a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and accurately recognizes homologous sequences in a background containing non-homologous and near-homologous sequences. This recognition process can occur in the absence of ATP hydrolysis, indicating that it must be thermodynamically reversible and free energetically favorable. In this poster, we examine the mechanism by which RecA performs comparisons over sequences that are much longer than an individual protein while avoiding kinetic trapping in regions with local accidental homology. We present a model of RecA bound to DNA that uses a simplified version of its known structure to calculate the distribution of mechanical stress in the protein/DNA complex. In addition, we use computer simulations to model the dynamic polymerization process. We propose that the lattice mismatch between the more strongly and weakly bound strands of DNA results in a mechanical stress that increases non-linearly with the number of bound base pairs. The distribution of stress combined with an iterative homology search may explain several previously unexplained features of the structure and function of RecA. The model is consistent with mechanical data obtained from magnetic tweezer measurements of polymerization of RecA on double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and the extension of RecA-ssDNA filaments on dsDNA. RecA's mechanism can also be instructive for artificial self-assembled systems.
Memory rich applications for 3D integration

3D stacking and integration can provide system advantages equivalent to up to two technology nodes of scaling. This paper explores memory rich applications for 3DIC. It shows how memory power and memory bandwidth can both be improved by an order of magnitude through 3D integration, and specifically explores a DSP application.
Geochemistry of a Tertiary sedimentary phosphate deposit: Baja California Sur, Mexico

Abstract The San Gregorio Formation in Baja California Sur, a phosphate-enriched sedimentary unit of late Oligocene to early Miocene age, has been analyzed in two areas (La Purisima and San Hilario) for its chemical composition (major oxides, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, V, and rare-earth elements — REE) and isotopic composition (δ 18 O and δ 13 C). A detrital and a marine component were determined from major oxides. The detrital component consists of an unaltered volcanic-ash fraction and a terrigenous clay-silt fraction. The marine component, which accumulated initially as biogenic and hydrogenous material, is now present as opal-A, opal-CT, CaCO 3 , organic matter, and an authigenic phosphate fraction, mostly pelletal and composed of the carbonate-fluorapatite mineral francolite. The minor elements have been partitioned into these components by assuming a constant composition for the two detrital fractions. The composition of the marine component of minor elements can then be interpreted by assuming that the stoichiometry of the original accumulating organic matter was equal to that of modern plankton. The Cu and Cd contents in the marine component of all rocks require that the seawater-derived fractions of these two metals were supplied to the seafloor solely by organic matter. Enrichments of Cr and V at both sites required an additional marine input. On the basis of their geochemistry in the modern ocean, Cr and V could have precipitated, or been adsorbed, onto settling particles from an O 2 minimum zone in which the O 2 content was low enough to promote denitrification rather than oxygen respiration. An enrichment of the REE, now within the apatite fraction, resulted from their adsorption onto particulates also in the O 2 minimum zone and to the dissolution and alteration of biogenic phases (predominantly silica) within the sediment. Co and Fe 2 O 3 show no enrichment above a detrital contribution. The δ 18 O-values of apatites from the La Purisima site are heavier than those of apatites from the San Hilario site, whereas the δ 13 C-values show the opposite trend. One possible interpretation of these variations is that δ 18 O reflects seawater values and δ 13 C sediment pore water values. This interpretation suggests that upwelling rates and primary productivity within the water column were greater at La Purisima, an interpretation that is corroborated by a greater abundance of apatite measured in outcrop at La Purisima. The Ce anomalies of the phosphate-enriched samples also differ between the two sites, indicating that they also recorded water masses, similar to the δ 18 O-values.
Hammer's critique of eysenck's dimensional psychology

(1960). Hammer's critique of eysenck's dimensional psychology. Australian Journal of Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 212-218.
Water-spray systems for mitigating accidental indoor releases of water-soluble gases

Abstract Water-spray systems have been designed for mitigating accidental outdoor releases of water-soluble gases. This paper describes the new application of water systems to mitigating indoor releases. The performance of spray systems is studied by using models of atmospheric release and spray mitigation, having adjusted them for the indoor environment. A case study is presented of a mitigation system for a railcar-tank HF unloading station, designed to absorb HF released through an open 1 in. valve, with the highest achievable effectiveness. We considered HF releases from the tank at different temperatures and pressures, and spray systems with different type of nozzles at different elevations. The type of release, flow rates and airborne concentrations were determined by the HGSYSTEM package of models and mass-balance calculations. The effectiveness of HF removal of alternative deluge systems was estimated using the model HGSPRAY5. This effectiveness ranged from 64% to 98%, depending on the conditions of the release, the water flow rates, and the type and positioning of the nozzles.
A critical period for acoustic trauma in the hamster and its relation to cochlear development

Young hamsters pass through a developmental stage during which they are unusually susceptible to acoustic trauma. This sensitive period occurs after apparent structural and functional maturation of the ear and appears to be dependent on unidentified developmental changes within the cochlea.
Dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in supercritical carbon dioxide: Influence of helium concentration on particle size and particle size distribution

Dispersion polymerizations of methyl methacrylate utilizing poly(1,1,-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate) as a steric stabilizer in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) were carried out in the presence of helium. Particle size and particle size distribution were found to be dependent on the amount of inert helium present. Particle sizes ranging from 1.64 to 2.66 μm were obtained with various amounts of helium. Solvatochromic investigations using 9-(α-perfluoroheptyl-β,β-dicyanovinyl)julolidine indicated that the solvent strength of CO2 decreases with increasing helium concentration. This effect was confirmed by calculations of Hildebrand solubility parameters. Dispersion polymerization results indicate that PMMA particle size can be attenuated by the amount of helium present in supercritical CO2. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2009–2013, 1997
Auditory nerve function following cochleitis

We present a case of temporary cochlear nerve dysfunction due to endocochlear inflammation with subsequent recovery. Retrospective case review at a pediatric tertiary care hospital. A nine-year-old male presented seven years post-cochlear implantation with an electrode array extruded into the external auditory canal. Upon exploration in the operating room, turbid perilymph from the scala tympani was discovered. A new electrode array was implanted. The patient had no discernible neural response telemetry (NRT) responses or auditory perception immediately following the procedure. Continuous but varying stimulation was continued postoperatively. Two months after implantation, he began having some auditory awareness; subsequent mapping resulted in the activation of a limited number of channels. Nine months following reimplantation, NRT demonstrated responses in three channels. Additionally, functional gain testing revealed sound awareness levels in the mild-hearing-loss range and the patient was able to detect and repeat all six Ling sounds. Continuous cochlear nerve stimulation at various levels may aid in function recovery after endocochlear inflammation.
Identification of a Specific Domain Responsible for JNK2α2 Autophosphorylation

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are a group of mitogen-activated protein kinase family members that are important in regulating cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Activation of the JNK pathway has been implicated in the formation of several human tumors. We have previously demonstrated that a 55-kDa JNK isoform is constitutively activated in 86% of human brain tumors and more recently demonstrated that this isoform is either JNK2α2 or JNK2β2. Importantly, we have also found that among the 10 known JNK isoforms, the JNK2 isoforms are unique in their ability to autophosphorylate in vitro and in vivo. This does not require the participation of any upstream kinases and also leads to substrate kinase activity in vitro and in vivo. To clarify the mechanism of JNK2α2 autoactivation, we have generated a series of chimeric cDNAs joining portions of JNK1α2, which does not have detectable autophosphorylation activity, with portions of JNK2α2, which has the strongest autophosphorylation activity. Through in vivo and in vitro kinase assays, we were able to define a domain ranging from amino acids 218 to 226 within JNK2α2 that is required for its autophosphorylation. Mutation of JNK2α2 to its counterpart of JNK1α2 in this region abrogated the autophosphorylation activity and c-Jun substrate kinase activity in vivo and in vitro. Notably, switching of JNK1α2 to JNK2α2 at this 9-amino acid site enabled JNK1α2 to gain the autophosphorylation activity in vivo and in vitro. We also found two other functional sites that participate in JNK2α2 activity. One site ranging from amino acids 363 to 382 of JNK2α2 is required for efficient c-Jun binding in vitro, and a site ranging from amino acids 383 to 424 enhances autophosphorylation intensity, although it is not required for triggering the autophosphorylation in vitro. These findings have uncovered the regions required for JNK2α2 autophosphorylation, and this information could be used as potential targets to block JNK2α2 activation.
Aragonite−Hydroxyapatite Conversion in Gastropod (Abalone) Nacre

From studies of geological and coral skeleton aragonite, it was previously proposed that aragonite converts hydrothermally to hydroxyapatite (HA) in phosphate solution by a solid-state topotactic ion-exchange reaction in which the HA retains the orientation of the original aragonite. The present investigation of this reaction in gastropod shell nacre suggests instead that conversion for this biomineral proceeds via dissolution-recrystallization, with the preferred orientation of the product determined by the flux direction of the solution through the material. Conversions of various CaCO3 biominerals in aqueous (NH4)2HPO4 at 140−260 °C show that for gastropod nacre alone, sample form and internal ultrastructure are largely preserved and a unique preferred orientation arises: with reaction time, HA nanocrystallites are increasingly oriented with their c-axes perpendicular to the c-axis of the original aragonite. In contrast, other CaCO3 biominerals either disintegrate to HA powder or contain HA crystallit...
Mechanism for Enhanced Absorption of a Solid Dispersion Formulation of LY2300559 Using the Artificial Stomach Duodenum Model

An artificial stomach duodenum (ASD) model has been used to demonstrate the performance difference between two formulations of LY2300559, a low-solubility acidic developmental drug. The two formulations investigated were a conventional high-shear wet granulation (HSWG) formulation and a solid dispersion formulation. A pharmacokinetic study in humans demonstrated the enhanced performance of the solid dispersion formulation relative to the HSWG formulation. The Cmax and AUC of the solid dispersion was 2.6 and 1.9 times greater, respectively, compared to the HSWG formulation. In the ASD, the solid dispersion formulation performance was characterized by three main phases: (1) rapid release in the stomach, creating a supersaturated concentration of drug, (2) precipitation in the stomach, and (3) rapid redissolution of the precipitate in the duodenum to concentration levels that are supersaturated relative to crystalline drug. A series of complementary experiments were employed to describe this performance beha...
Conditioned invariant subspaces, disturbance decoupling and solutions of rational matrix equations

Conditioned invariant subspaces are introduced both in terms of output injection and in terms of state estimation. Various properties of these subspaces are explored and the problem of disturbance decoupling by output injection (OIP) is defined. It is then shown that OIP is equivalent to the problem of disturbance decoupled estimation as introduced in Willems (1982) and Willems and Commault (1980). Both solvability conditions and a description of solutions for a class of rational matrix equations of the form X(s)M(s) = Q(s) on several ways are given in state-space form. Finally, the problem of output stabilization with respect to a disturbance is briefly addressed.
Isospora petrochelidon sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Cliff Swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

SYNOPSIS. Isospora petrochelidon sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) is described from the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, from Douglas County, Colorado. Oocysts were passed primarily between 4 and 9 p.m. Sporogony was completed by 24 hr in 3% aqueous potassium dichromate at 21–28 C. The ellipsoid to ovoid oocysts averaged 25.2 × 22.2 μm. The oocyst wall was smooth, colorless, and single-layered. The 2 polar granules were disc-shaped, each adjoining a sporocyst. The lemon-shaped sporocysts averaged 18.4 × 10.8 μm. There was no membrane enclosing the sporocyst residuum and sporozoites. Two fledgling Isospora-free swallows fed sporulated oocysts began passing them on day 4 and died with massive infections on day 5. Data from these birds indicate that schizogony occurred during nighttime hours, gametogony during the day. Endogeny was found throughout the intestine distal to the gizzard, with schizogony confined to the convoluted glands of the subvillar mucosa and gametogony to the villar epithelium. Sporocysts released from mechanically ruptured oocysts excysted in 2% pancreatin within 5 min. Sporulated oocysts fed to a pigeon squab, duckling and cockerel produced no infections.
THE IMPACT OF ANGLO AND HISPANIC ETHNICITY, GENDER, POSITION, PERSONALITY AND JOB SATISFACTION ON TURNOVER INTENTIONS: A PATH ANALYTIC INVESTIGATION

Abstract The intention to recruit entry level accountants by public accounting firms has declined in recent years, and organization structures are changing as are the skills necessary to be a successful accountant. The problem firms are now struggling with is how to attract and retain the best candidates with long-term potential to succeed in more demanding roles. To complicate the problem, the demographics of the American workforce are changing. It is estimated that by the year 2000, 25% of the new entrants into the workforce will be immigrants, and 20% will be non-white, U.S. born. Additionally, approximately half of the entry-level professionals hired by the Big Six firms during the past 5 years have been women and this percentage is expected to increase to over 60% during the next several years. The accounting profession does not have a distinguished record of hiring minorities and women. Consequently, the problem has become: How do modern organizations attract and retain qualified individuals into accounting positions with long-term potential from a population with a heavier representation of minorities and women? The high level of turnover among professional accountants has previously stimulated considerable research and one possible explanation for turnover is personality differences. A survey was conducted to investigate the impact of Anglo and Hispanic ethnicity, gender, personality, hierarchical position and job satisfaction on the turnover intentions of a sample of accountants. The data were analyzed using path analysis. The results of the analysis indicated that no direct relationship exists between ethnicity and either personality, job satisfaction, or turnover intentions. However, while females were found to be more inclined toward a Type A personality than males, the latter were found to be more likely to hold higher positions within the firm. A direct effect, for gender, was not detected on either job satisfaction or turnover intentions. Personality was not found to directly affect turnover intentions, but the expected relationship between Type A personality and high job satisfaction was detected. Finally, individuals experiencing high job satisfaction were found to have lower turnover intentions, and those individuals at higher positions in the firm exhibited higher job satisfaction and lower turnover intentions than individuals at lower positions. The results suggest that other variables not identified in the study are impeding the progress of minorities and women in the accounting profession.
Decreased sensitivity of Zucker obese rats to the putative satiety agent cholecystokinin

Abstract In obese rodents increased daily food intake leading to accumulation of adipose tissue is frequently accompanied by increased meal size and loss of the normal diurnal variations in feeding pattern. Increased meal size of obese rats may be due to decreased sensitivity to factors which elicit satiety. We compared Zucker obese and lean rat feeding behavior responses to octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK), a peptide shown to decrease meal size in several species. Obese rats were less sensitive than lean rats to OP-CCK (.06, .25 and 1.0 μg/kg/meal) injected before each of four consecutive scheduled meals in the light portion of the diurnal cycle, when obese meal size was larger than lean. However, neither obese nor lean rats responded to injection of the same doses of OP-CCK during meals in the dark, when average meal size was larger than during the light and when average meal size of the obese rats was similar to that of lean rats. In both obese and lean rats injection of OP-CCK affected daily feeding pattern. Obese and lean Zucker rats are less sensitive to OP-CCK when meal size is larger, whether this is due to phase of the diurnal cycle (dark vs. light in both obese and lean rats) or phenotype (obese vs. lean rats in the light).
Acute ethanol ingestion by humans and subacute treatment of rats increase urinary folate excretion

Previous studies with rats showed that acute treatment with ethanol (4 g/kg) produce a marked increase in urinary folate levels, followed by a decrease in plasma folate levels. Analogous studies with human volunteer subjects using a lower dose of ethanol showed that there were small, but statistically significant increases in urinary folate levels after four hours. The initial ethanol dose was 1.0 g/kg with a single supplement of 0.1-0.2 g/kg to maintain ethanol blood levels at about 100 mg/dl for six hours. Further studies with rats were designed to test the cumulative effects of repeated daily doses of ethanol. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 1, 2, 3, or 4 days either with ethanol orally in 4 doses of 1 g/kg each at 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours or with glucose orally in 4 isocaloric doses. Urine was collected at timed intervals up to 12 hours after each daily dose. The pattern of the increase in urinary folate levels was similar in all groups, whether treated for 1, 2, 3 or 4 days. These results suggest that repeated ethanol treatment can lead to a marked cumulative folate loss via increased urinary excretion and that increased urinary folate excretion may contribute to the development of folate deficiency in humans.
Evaluating Automated Work-Flow Systems for Administrative Processes

Electronic imaging scanning and digitizing documents for computer storage is used in "work-flow automation," in which business documents are indexed into an electronic database, electronically routed, and monitored as they proceed through processing. We developed a discrete event simulation model, using the SIMAN computer simulation language, to evaluate the impact of employing work-flow automation to support the processing of travel and expense reports at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Our analysis showed that other changes would affect the performance of the process more favorably and that the processing office depended on external systems to achieve better customer service.
Parallel processing of random number generation for Monte Carlo turbulence simulation

A method is given of obtaining reproducible sets of pseudo-random numbers for Monte Carlo Plasma simulation calculations. (AIP)
Crystallization behavior of polyphenylenesulfide

The crystallization behavior of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) has been examined by differential scanning calorimetry as a function of melt temperature, residence time in the melt, and the presence of a liquid crystal polymer. The results suggest that the thermal history of the sample plays an important role in determining the crystallization kinetics. Short residence times at low melt temperatures and high melt temperatures alone resulted in a low value for the Avrami exponent n. The former effect was ascribed to incomplete melting of the polymer while the latter effect was attributed to thermal degradation. Blending a liquid crystal polymer, Vectra A950, with PPS had only a minor effect on the crystallization behavior.
An approach for the separation of mononuclear inflammatory cells from central nervous system tissue.

Abstract It is not known whether currently available methods separate lymphoid cells from nervous system sites of immunologic disorders without the selective enrichment or depletion of particular cell subpopulations. To test the validity of a cell separation technique we developed, we applied this technique to a mixture of guinea pig blood mononuclear cells already characterized for surface membrane characteristics with autologous spinal cord tissue. Using this method, 10–20% of the original blood cell population was recovered. The percentages of E-rosetting and surface immunoglobulin cells in the separated cells was quite similar to that in the added blood cells. EAC-rosetting cell percentages were somewhat lower. This method shows promise for the in vitro study of cells obtained from lesions of autoimmune diseases in the central nervous system.
Evidence for Single-Electron Transfer in the Reactions of Unhindered Saturated Primary Alkyl Iodides with Lithium Aluminum Hydride. Reactions of 1-Halooctanes with Lithium Aluminum Deuteride

Evidence for single-electron transfer (SET) in the reactions of lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) with unhindered, saturated primary alkyl halides has not been available. In this study, experiments have been carried out that provide convincing evidence that the unhindered, saturated primary alkyl iodide 1-iodooctane reacts with lithium aluminum deuteride (LAD) in a 1:0.2 ratio to form 1-deuteriooctane with up to 38% incorporation of protium. Since the protium incorporation increased as the reaction proceeded, studies involving the reaction of 1-iodooctane with AlD3 (one of the byproducts in the reaction of LAD with alkyl halides) were carried out in order to determine the effect of AlD3. With AlD3, protium incorporations as high as 84% were observed, indicating that the reaction of AlD3 with 1-iodooctane proceeds via a pathway that involves at least 84% radical formation. The study also included the effect of reaction vessel surface, concentration, and leaving group on the course of the reaction. Factors pre...
Ultracold 87 Rb ground-state hyperfine-changing collisions in the presence and absence of laser light

We have measured the rate of hyperfine-changing collisions between ground-state ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in a magneto-optical trap. Using a population switching technique, we directly measure the rate of these collisions in both the presence and absence of near-resonant trap laser light. We see a dramatic enhancement of the collision rate by the light and observe that, in the absence of the light, the rate increases with increasing temperature. There is consistency between this latter measured rate at temperatures below $\ensuremath{\sim}100$ $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ and theoretical calculations constrained by other recent experiments.
Structure and Energetics of Hydrogen Bonded HOx−HNO3 Complexes

In this work, we present our results of the study of the HO−HNO3 complex. This complex is an important intermediate in the three-body reaction of hydroxyl radical and nitric acid. We have found that this intermediate is bound by 6.0 kcal mol -1. The structure that we calculated is a six-membered ring. We also calculated vibrational and rotational frequencies for this complex. We have also studied a complex between HO2 and HNO3. This complex is stronger than the HO−HNO3 intermediate with a binding energy of 9.5 kcal mol-1.
Copyright and other impediments to scientific communication

Scientists seldom receive royalties for the publication of their scientific results (except in textbooks), and much research and publication is supported directly or indirectly by government funds. Nevertheless, xerographic reproduction of scientific papers in copyrighted journals is often restricted by publishers. In effect, [pre-1978] copyright protection is seen as publisher rather than author protection. The problem is intertwined with economic considerations, but one partial solution might be to require government-grant recipients to use freely copyable journals when publishing their results.
Nonlinear Optics in 1D Polymer Structures

Nonlinear dielectric optical polymer structures that behave as 1D photonic crystals with some disorder are readily fabricated. These materials can perform useful optical functions: an intensity dependent nonlinear band gap is demonstrated.
The federal funds rate and the arbitrage pricing theory: Evidence that monetary policy matters

Abstract Macroeconomists disagree concerning whether monetary policy affects real variables. Recently, Bernanke and Blinder have presented evidence that the federal funds rate is a good indicator of monetary policy and that it forecasts real variables well. Here we use a nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression technique to demonstrate that the funds rate is a priced factor in the arbitrage pricing model and that unexpected increases (decreases) in the funds rate lower (raise) stock prices. This provides evidence from a different data set using a different methodology corroborating Bernanke and Blinder's finding that monetary policy working through the funds rate affects real activity.
Multiphase models of flotation machine behaviour

Abstract Models in which the cell contents are partitioned into distinct pulp and froth phases are reviewed critically. The nature of the mixing within the phases is discussed. Multiphase models describing froth column concentration gradients and pulp residence time effects are mentioned. It is shown that at steady state multiphase models can be reduced to the two-phase case. Deficiencies in the models and topics requiring further development are outlined.
Information Technology Used to Evaluate Nontraditional Traffic Monitoring Systems

A new approach to traffic data collection, known as link monitoring systems—systems that "mine" location data from existing infrastructure (such as cellular telephone networks or fleet management systems) to estimate link speeds and travel times—is emerging. In general, these systems are being developed and operated by private firms, which then seek to sell the data to transportation agencies. To make sound purchasing decisions, agencies must evaluate the quality of the data that they are considering purchasing. The research effort described in this paper developed and field-tested a link monitoring system evaluation procedure. This procedure is based on the use of state-of-the-art information technology resources, namely, geographic information systems and Global Positioning Systems (GPS), to provide a flexible, thorough, and fair evaluation methodology. The methodology consists of four steps. Step 1 is baseline data collection, which includes study site investigation, route design, and probe vehicle run...
Transverse shear deformation in orthotropic cylindrical pressure vessels using a higher-order shear theory

Developpement d'une theorie des coques statiques geometriquement non lineaires, qui inclut des deformations de cisaillement transversales paraboliques. On utilise des elements rectangulaires courbes a 28 et a 36 degres de liberte. On donne des solutions lineaires pour une plaque stratifiee plate, pour une enceinte cylindrique stratifiee isotrope sous pression. Comparaison avec les resultats classiques de Love. Influence de l'epaisseur
Failing Tests: Commentary on "Adapting Educational Measurement to the Demands of Test-Based Accountability".

In “Adapting Educational Measurement to the Demands of Test-Based Accountability” (hereafter AEM), Koretz admirably takes the time-honored engineering approach to educational measurement, identifyi...
La2−xSrxCuO4 superconductor nanowire devices

Abstract La2−xSrxCuO4 nanowire devices have been fabricated and characterized using electrical transport measurements. Nanowires with widths down to 80 nm are patterned using high-resolution electron beam lithography. However, the narrowest nanowires show incomplete superconducting transitions with some residual resistance at T = 4 K. Here, we report on the refinement of the fabrication process to achieve narrower nanowire devices with complete superconducting transitions, opening the path to the study of novel physics arising from dimension-limited superconductivity on the nanoscale.
Hairy cell leukaemia: a heterogeneous disease?

The US National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program was used to develop aetiological clues for hairy cell leukaemia (HCL). Descriptive techniques (age-adjusted incidence trends, age-specific incidence rates (IR), and age distributions-at-diagnosis) were supplemented with mathematical models (two-component mixture, generalized linear regression, and age-period-cohort). There were 2856 cases of HCL diagnosed during 1978–2004 (IR 0·32/100 000 person-years). IRs were nearly 4-fold greater among men than women and more than 3-fold higher for Whites than Blacks. Temporal trends were stable over time. Age-specific IRs increased rapidly until approximately 40 years then rose at a slower pace. The age-specific IR curves reflected bimodal early- and late-onset age distributions-at-diagnosis (or density plots), with some variation by gender. Among both men and women, a two-component mixture model fitted the data better than a single density or cancer population. Age-period-cohort models confirmed statistically significant age-related effects after full adjustment for temporal trends (calendar-period and birth-cohort effects). In summary, age incidence patterns (rates and bimodal densities) suggested that HCL is a heterogeneous disease, consisting of at least two underlying subgroups and/or cancer populations by age-at-onset. Distinct early- and late-onset HCL populations may reflect different age-related causal pathways, risk factor profiles, and/or stem cells of origin.
Scaling Properties of Stretching Ridges in a Crumpled Elastic Sheet

Strong deformation of a sheet of solid material often leads to a crumpled state having sharp points of high curvature. A scaling property governing the crumpled state has been numerically demonstrated by an examination of the ridges joining pairs of sharp points in a range of simple geometries of variable size. As the linear size X increases sufficiently, the deformation energy grows as X1/3 and consists of similar amounts of bending and stretching energy. The deformation energy becomes concentrated in a fraction of the sheet that decreases as X1/3. Despite this concentration, the local strain in the ridge decreases as X2/3. Nearly all the deformation energy in thin, crumpled elastic sheets was found to be concentrated in ridges that obey these scaling laws.
Changes in sex practices and beliefs of male college students: Over 30 years∗

Abstract Replication of an earlier survey, using the same questionnaire in the same college course, reveals an increase in proportion of male students with premarital heterosexual experience, from 45 per cent in 1943–44 to 61.8 per cent in 1967–68 and 74.9 per cent in 1969–73. While the mean number of episodes is also greatly increased, the tendency is toward reducing the number of partners. Since the proportion condoning premarital intercourse has risen to over 90 per cent, still further increments in activity may be anticipated. The number reporting homosexual behavior (most often limited to the pre‐ and early‐adolescent years) has declined from 27 per cent to 13.7 per cent, but the amount of activity during the college years has increased. Students having experienced a particular sexual activity impute that activity to a higher proportion of the general population than do the inexperienced.