cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approaches for performing uncertainty analysis in large-scale energy/economic policy models

A number of key policy insights have emerged from the application of large-scale economic/energy models, such as integrated assessment models for climate change. These insights have been particularly powerful in those instances when they are shared by all or most of the existing models. On the other hand, some results and policy recommendations obtained from integrated assessment models vary widely from model to model. This can limit their usability for policy analysis. The differences between model results are mostly due to different underlying assumptions about exogenous processes, about endogenous processes and the dynamics among them, differences in value judgments, and different approaches for simplifying model structure for computational purposes. Uncertainty analyses should be performed for the dual purpose of clarifying the uncertainties inherent in model results and improving decision making under uncertainty. This paper develops a unifying framework for comparing the different types of uncertainty analyses through their objective functions, categorizes types of uncertainty analyses that can be performed on large models, and compares different approaches to uncertainty analysis by explaining underlying assumptions, suitability for different model types, and advantages and disadvantages. The appendix presents a summary of integrated assessment models for climate change that explicitly account for uncertainty.
온라인게임 셧다운제의 헌법적합성에 관한 연구

In recent, conservative groups propose the online game shutdown system. Also some politicians propose a bill to enact online game shutdown system as a revision to the youth protection act. The online game shutdown system is blocking children's access to online game in certain time or after using online game for certain hours at midnight. Here certain time means from p.m. 10 to a.m. 6, and certain hours means 2 hours. The bill to enact online game shutdown system imposes the obligation to block access to online game in certain time on the online game publishers, and inflicts a penalty on a online game publisher for an offense. But in my views, the online game shutdown system is unconstitutional in the following perspectives. Firstly, the online game shutdown system infringes upon youth's right to pursue happiness, especially right to play game. Because the object of the online game shutdown system is the online games which is already rated suitable for children by Korea Media Rating Board. Secondly, the online game shutdown system violates the constitutional principle of family autonomy, or infringes upon parents' right to educate and foster children. Thirdly, the online game shutdown system infringes upon online game publishers' right to equal protection by discriminating online game publishers from arcade game, video game, pc game, mobile game publishers without reasonable rationales.
Contrasting Tensions Between Patients and PCPs in Chronic Pain Management: A Qualitative Study

Objective With greater scrutiny on primary care providers' (PCPs) approaches to chronic pain management, more research is needed to clarify how concerns and uncertainties about opioid therapy affect the ways both patients with chronic pain and PCPs experience primary care interactions. The goal of this qualitative study was to develop a better understanding of the respective experiences, perceptions, and challenges that patients with chronic pain and PCPs face communicating with each other about pain management. Design Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to identify 14 PCPs. Patients who received ≥6 opioid prescriptions during the prior year were selected at random from the panels of participating physicians. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted individually with patients and PCPs. Setting VISN 11 Roudebush VA Medical Center (RVAMC) in Indianapolis, Indiana. Subjects Fourteen PCPs and 26 patients with chronic pain participated. Methods An inductive thematic analysis was conducted separately with patient and PCP interview data, after which the emergent themes for both groups were compared and contrasted. Results Three notable tensions between patients and PCPs were discovered: 1) the role of discussing pain versus other primary care concerns, 2) acknowledgment of pain and the search for objective evidence, and 3) recognition of patient individuality and consideration of relationship history. Conclusions Competing demands of primary care practice, differing beliefs about pain, and uncertainties about the appropriate place of opioid therapy in chronic pain management likely contributed to the identified tensions. Several clinical communication strategies to help PCPs mitigate and manage pain-related tensions are discussed.
Structurally complex habitats provided by Acropora palmata influence ecosystem processes on a reef in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

The disappearance of Acropora palmata from reefs in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) represents a significant loss in the amount of structurally complex habitat available for reef-associated species. The consequences of such a widespread loss of complex structure on ecosystem processes are still unclear. We sought to determine whether the disappearance of complex structure has adversely affected grazing and invertebrate predation rates on a shallow reef in the FKNMS. Surprisingly, we found grazing rates and invertebrate predation rates were lower in the structurally complex A. palmata branches than on the topographically simple degraded reefs. We attribute these results to high densities of aggressively territorial damselfish, Stegastes planifrons, living within A. palmata. Our study suggests the presence of agonistic damselfish can cause the realized spatial patterns of ecosystem processes to deviate from the expected patterns. Reef ecologists must therefore carefully consider the assemblage of associate fish communities when assessing how the mortality of A. palmata has affected coral reef ecosystem processes.
Autocatalytic Mechanism and Consequences of Covalent Heme Attachment in the Cytochrome P4504A Family

The prosthetic heme group in the CYP4A family of cytochrome P450 enzymes is covalently attached to an I-helix glutamic acid residue. This glutamic acid is conserved in the CYP4 family but is absent in other P450 families. As shown here, the glutamic acid is linked, presumably via an ester bond, to a hydroxyl group on the heme 5-methyl group. Mutation of the glutamic acid to an alanine in CYP4A1, CYP4A3, and CYP4A11 suppresses covalent heme binding. In wild-type CYP4A3 68% of the heme is covalently bound to the heterologously expressed protein, but in the CYP4A3/E318D mutant, 47% of the heme is unchanged, 47% is present as noncovalently bound 5-hydroxymethylheme, and only 6% is covalently bound to the protein. In the CYP4A3/E318Q mutant, the majority of the heme is unaltered, and <2% is covalently linked. The proportion of covalently bound heme in the recombinant CYP4A proteins increases with time under turnover conditions. The catalytic activity is sensitive in some, but not all, CYP4A enzymes to the extent of covalent heme binding. Mutations of Glu(318) in CYP4A3 decrease the apparent k(cat) values for lauric acid hydroxylation. The key conclusions are that (a) covalent heme binding occurs via an ester bond to the heme 5-methyl group, (b) covalent binding of the heme is mediated by an autocatalytic process, and (c) fatty acid oxidation is sensitive in some CYP4A enzymes to the presence or absence of the heme covalent link.
A new method for detecting undocumented discontinuities in climatological time series

The development of homogeneous climatological time series is a crucial step in examining climate fluctuations and change. We review and test methods that have been proposed previously for detecting inhomogeneities, and introduce a new method we have developed. This method is based on a combination of regression analysis and non-parametric statistics. After evaluation against other techniques, using both simulated and observed data, our technique appears to have the best overall performance.
Current considerations in the surgical management of tetralogy of Fallot.

Tetralogy of Fallot has been treated by aortic-pulmonary anastomosis, and by total correction utilizing deep hypothermia. Total open heart correction is currently performed utilizing total cardiopulmonary bypass. More recently there has been a trend toward early total open heart correction in small infants and neonates utilizing deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest, and away from the palliative anastomotic operations in these infants. The critical role of the degree of anatomic abnormality of the right ventricular outflow tract, the place and optimal age for complicated outflow tract reconstruction, and the relative merits of the single stage early correction versus the two-stage procedure (early systemic-pulmonary anastomosis and later total correction) are reviewed in the light of current experience.
Instructional resources for teaching social influence in accounting courses

This paper presents a variety of cases, role‐playing exercises, and games that are useful applied instructional resources for those teaching about social influence in accounting. Social influence in accounting is exhibited in the selective timing and presentation of information, the role of accountants as experts and in negotiation processes, and the pressure on accountants to compromise professional responsibilities. Many of the resources reviewed are factually true, indicating the need for a wider understanding of accountants' influence on society and the enormous pressure faced by accountants in the performance of their jobs. The author gratefully acknowledges funding from the College of Business, San Jose State University.
Jewish Women in Europe, 1750-1932: A Bibliographic Guide

The study of Jewish women is a field which has quite belatedly come into its own. The last fifteen years have been a heady time, as female scholars have reconstructed and interpreted many dimensions of female experience past and present, in history, in literature, in psychology, in theology. No one could have predicted or expected the huge volume of new knowledge. Yet until five years ago, Jews and Jewish women were somehow missing from the scholarly agenda. And when Jewish women surfaced in the field, the initial emphasis was on religion, in one way or another. Religious feminists have poked and probed at Jewish law and at historical practice, seeking to discover just how incompatible equal rights for women are with various versions of Judaism. The result of these inquiries is a shelf of volumes on new rituals, on learned female Torah scholars in Jerusalem, on images of and doctrines about women in the Bible, in the Talmud, and in oral teachings.
Further study of short-term memory for various types of stimuli as a function of repression-sensitization.

Sensitizers were hypothesized to perform significantly better than repressors on a short-term memory task. Ss were presented with pairs of visual displays for brief durations (.75 sec. per display)...
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized Type 304 Stainless Steel in High Temperature Chloride Solutions

Abstract The SCC susceptibility of sensitized Type 304 stainless steel was studied using slow strain rate tests in 0.01 M NaCl as a function of applied potential at temperatures ranging from 100 to...
Dothiosulfate and sulfate utilize the same renal transport process

Abstract Several workers have discussed the possibility that SO42− and S2O32− the same renal transport mechanism. For example in Lophius americanus Berglund and Forster 1 concluded that there existed a single secretory system for the divalent anions, SO42− and S2O32−. Berglund et al.2 have proposed a similar interaction for the reabsorptive process. The present work was undertaken to examine whether or not the correspondence suggested by the in vivo studies was substantiated by in vitro studies. Several parameters were examined for both SO42− and S2O32− accumulation by rat renal slices and in most circumstances good agreement was not noted. For example, although the differences noted between rat and rabbit tissue were the same for both anions, and the estimated initial rates of uptake for SO42− and S2O32− were approximately the same, other similarities were less obvious. The apparent K m values for the two uptake processes were different. The patterns of response to phlorizin in the presence of and absence of glucose were different for S2O32− than those reported in the literature for SO42−. Differences were also noted in the S2O32− uptake at different temperatures compared to literature reports for SO42−. Also S2O32− uptake was greater in the absence of Na+ than was SO42− uptake. Finally, no effects of amino acids were noted on S2O32− accumulation, while certain amino acids reduced SO42− uptake.
Role of PI 3-kinase in angiopoietin-1-mediated migration and attachment-dependent survival of endothelial cells.

Angiopoietin-1 is a unique growth factor which induces Tie2 receptor autophosphorylation and interaction with signal transduction molecules, GRB2 and p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase, but no detectable mitogenic response. Here we show that PI 3-kinase-dependent activation of Akt and attachment to extracellular matrix are required for angiopoietin-1-mediated endothelial cell survival. Apoptosis of growth factor-deprived cells grown in monolayer was decreased by angiopoietin-1 and correlated with Akt activation. In contrast, angiopoietin-1, bFGF or VEGF failed to protect cells in suspension culture. Ceramide, an intermediate of several apoptotic pathways, interferes with growth factor-mediated Akt activation. Ceramide induced endothelial cell death and abolished angiopoietin-1-mediated activation of Akt and the effect on cell survival. In addition, we found that PI 3-kinase activity is necessary for migration of endothelial cells in response to Angiopoietin-1. A transient activation of MAPK/ERKs was also detected within 10 min after stimulation with angiopoietin-1. In contrast to VEGF-mediated biological effects, inhibition of MAPK/ERKs by PD98059 in endothelial cells did not affect angiopoietin-1 mediated survival or migration. These findings indicate significant differences in intracellular signaling between VEGF and angiopoietin-1 and that PI 3-kinase lipid products are key mediators of the biological effects of angiopoietin-1.
The Relationship Between Risk and Maturity In A Stochastic Setting

This paper explores the interest rate sensitivity of the prices of bonds and other securities when the instantaneous interest rate follows a Markov process. We show that whenever the interest rate describes a diffusion process the sensitivity of zero-coupon bonds increases with maturity. More generally, we characterize the risk-maturity relationship for contingent claims. This investigation yields a new property of option prices in the case where the underlying security price is a diffusion.
Formal total synthesis of FK506. Concise construction of the C(10)-C(34) segment via an effective coupling tactic

Abstract A formal total synthesis of the potent immunosuppressant FK506 (1) has been achieved via a concise construction of the Merck advanced intermediate (−)-2. Key features of the successful strategy include stereocontrolled σ-bond installation of the trisubstituted olefin moieties and an efficient coupling of the C(24)-C(34) dithiane (−)-10 with the C(10)-C(23) α-silyloxy primary iodide (−)-9.
Automobile driving in Huntington's disease

We assessed the influence of the neurological and cognitive impairments of Huntington's disease (HD) on automobile driving. In a group of 73 HD outpatients, 53 (72%) continued to drive after illness onset. Those no longer driving had more severe symptoms than those still driving. Twenty-nine HD patients who were still driving and 16 healthy control subjects underwent a clinical examination, a cognitive examination, a driving-simulator assessment, and completed questionnaires about driving history and habits. HD patients performed significantly worse than control subjects on the driving-simulator tasks and were more likely to have been involved in a collision in the preceding 2 years (58% of HD vs. 11% of control subjects). Patients with collisions were less functionally impaired but had slower simple reaction time scores than did those without collisions. HD patients are at increased risk for accidents, but patients who have accidents are not easily distinguished from those who do not.
Individuals who learn create organizations that learn

The lukasa, an African mnemonic device, illustrates the way in which individual meaning making enables adults to interpret and shape organizational meaning making.
Women in Early Judaism: Twenty-five Years of Research and Reenvisioning

Studies of women in Early Judaism seek to correct and go beyond earlier examinations that had overlooked women. In this they share some important goals with social history, arguing that histories that ignore all but the most prominent individuals offer a distorted presentation of the ancient world. Involving an initial reinvisioning, such explorations partake of the varied methodologies and methodological challenges of other projects in Religious Studies and Jewish Studies. Following the pioneering scholars who first challenged assumptions that only men had merited attention, and their successors who gathered evidence concerning Jewish women, current researchers struggle with post-structuralist questions concerning how much one may read texts as social reality. Responses to these challenges continue to build upon the work of recent decades even as they begin to investigate new possibilities.
Stiffness formulations and necessary and sufficient conditions for exponential stability of prestressable structures

Abstract Prestressable structures composed of elastic tendons and rigid bars are investigated for their stiffness and stability properties. Two analytical formulations of the tangent stiffness matrix are analyzed, the first using tendon lengths and forces, and the second using tendon lengths squared and force densities. Several necessary and sufficient conditions for the exponential stability of prestressable configurations are proved using both formulations. Advantages of these conditions, primarily with respect to the traditional test which uses the matrix of the first order system, are discussed and illustrated via examples. Advantages of the second formulation of the tangent stiffness matrix in analytical manipulations and computations are also revealed.
A catastrophe theory evaluation of a policy to control job absence

This paper investigates the relevance of catastrophe theory for describing and predicting discontinuous changes in job absence rates as a function of an organizational policy change. Subjects were 19 groups of employees from a Midwest manufacturing company, divided into two company divisions. The organizational policy regarding absence provided cash incentives for good attendance; the policy change was intended to enhance immediacy of reinforcement of decisions to go to work rather than stay home. Sixteen departments showed a reduction in job absence, which was significant by the sign test. Polynomial regression determined that difference scores were cusp-catastrophically distributed (R2 = .58; control R2 = .27, .30) with average department age as the asymmetry parameter and company division as the bifurcation factor. Results are interpreted from the context of the butterfly theory of motivation in organizations, which has implications for individual persons and for groups.
Overproduction of His-tagged EcoRII restriction endonuclease and terminally deleted mutant proteins ☆

EcoRII was the first restriction endonuclease (ENase) reported requiring the cooperative interaction with at least two DNA sites for activity. Using two different expression systems the enzyme could be purified and its special substrate requirements were further analyzed. At the present state of knowledge we suggest a model of simultaneous binding of two DNA sites to one dimeric enzyme molecule (see Kruger et al., FEMS Microbiol. Rev. (1995) in press).
The Predictive Validity of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests, 1976 Edition:

The predictive validity of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests, 1976 Edition (MRT) was examined. A sample of 176 first grade children was tested on the MRT during the initial month of school and was retested eight months later on the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT). Results demonstrated substantial validity of the MRT for predicting first grade achievement as measured by the SAT. The MRT was a more valid predictor of reading achievement for males than for females; no sex difference in validity of prediction of mathematical achievement was obtained. The MRT was about equally valid as a predictor of reading and mathematics achievement.
The Influences of Reproductive Status and Acute Stress on the Levels of Phosphorylated Mu Opioid Receptor Immunoreactivity in Rat Hippocampus

Opioids play a critical role in hippocampally dependent behavior and plasticity. In the hippocampal formation, mu opioid receptors (MOR) are prominent in parvalbumin (PARV) containing interneurons. Previously we found that gonadal hormones modulate the trafficking of MORs in PARV interneurons. Although sex differences in response to stress are well documented, the point at which opioids, sex and stress interact to influence hippocampal function remains elusive. Thus, we used quantitative immunocytochemistry in combination with light and electron microscopy for the phosphorylated MOR at the SER375 carboxy-terminal residue (pMOR) in male and female rats to assess these interactions. In both sexes, pMOR-immunoreactivity (ir) was prominent in axons and terminals and in a few neuronal somata and dendrites, some of which contained PARV in the mossy fiber pathway region of the dentate gyrus (DG) hilus and CA3 stratum lucidum. In unstressed rats, the levels of pMOR-ir in the DG or CA3 were not affected by sex or estrous cycle stage. However, immediately following 30 minutes of acute immobilization stress (AIS), males had higher levels of pMOR-ir whereas females at proestrus and estrus (high estrogen stages) had lower levels of pMOR-ir within the DG. In contrast, the number and types of neuronal profiles with pMOR-ir were not altered by AIS in either males or proestrus females. These data demonstrate that although gonadal steroids do not affect pMOR levels at resting conditions, they are differentially activated both pre- and post-synaptic MORs following stress. These interactions may contribute to the reported sex differences in hippocampally dependent behaviors in stressed animals.
New opportunities from ENERGY STAR “connected” appliances

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has long encouraged implementation of “intelligent” energy-saving features for ENERGY STAR products. As an extension to this, EPA is now working with manufacturers to recognize new opportunities from “connected” smart grid enabled home appliances.
Interaction of I- and I3- with a Redox-Stable Cr(III)-Based Structural Surrogate for Photo-Oxidized “N3 Dye”

A series of [Cr (L)2(NCS)2]X complexes, where L = 2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy) or 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine (dmb) and X- is I-, I3-, or NO3-, have been prepared for study as redox-inactive surrogates for diisothiocyanatobis(2,2‘-bipyridine-4,4‘-dicarboxylic acid)ruthenium(III) (“N3+”). Dilute solution spectra in dichloromethane or acetonitrile of the I- and NO3- salts are the same, but the I- salts show clear evidence of a charge-transfer interaction between the cation and anion in the solid state and in concentrated I- solutions in acetonitrile. X-ray structural determination of the dmb complex shows that this interaction is between the I- and one of the dmb ligands. X-ray structural determination of the bpy complex as the I3- salt indicates a similar interaction between one of the bpy ligands and one of the terminal iodine atoms of the anion. These results have potential implications in the reduction mechanism of photo-oxidized N3 dye used as a sensitizer in nanocrystalline TiO2-based photogalvanic cells.
Reply to Carr and Ivanhoe

I want to thank the authors and XIAO Yang for allowing me the opportunity to further the conversation. Carr and Ivanhoe identify my theoretical worries with their project as the problem of underdeterminacy in their definition and application of the term “religion,” and they disagree that a “working definition” of religion would have been helpful to their account in fleshing out the various uses of concepts like “faith,” “salvation,” and “spirituality.” They note the lack of consensus within the field on the definitional properties of “religion” and suggest we employ the Wittgensteinian notion of family resemblances to “understand individual religious expressions and how they are similar to or different from those we already know”: “Religions share only a family resemblance; one needs to study and compare the features of a given tradition and only then can one ascertain whether or not it is part of this or some other family.” The authors take my question, “how deep can the differences run before a comparative study becomes untenable?,” to mean that we need a priori criteria or some set of necessary and sufficient conditions before comparative inquiry can proceed. Carr and Ivanhoe suggest that we “jump in and see” and that the “proof” is only a “matter of making the case and the only way to make the case is to make it.” First, I would agree entirely with the Wittgensteinian approach to the study of religion, seeing the pursuit of essences and necessary and sufficient conditions as Platonic quests doomed to failure. I would argue, as the authors note at the beginning of their book, that definitions and taxonomies in the study of religion in the post-Enlightenment West have often served apologetic purposes that reinscribe forms of “cultural hegemony.” And with Carr and Ivanhoe, I would also encourage a liberalization of terms like “religion” to cast as wide a theoretical net as possible in order to facilitate comparison. My concerns with Carr and Ivanhoe do not involve defining the essence of religion nor drawing boundaries around proper warrants for comparative inquiry but Dao (2011) 10:253–254 DOI 10.1007/s11712-011-9208-3
Do competitive environments lead to the rise and spread of unethical behavior? Parallels from Enron

While top-down descriptors have received much attention in explaining corruption, we develop a grassroots model to describe structural factors that may influence the emergence and spread of an individual’s (un)ethical behavior within organizations. We begin with a discussion of the economics justification of the benefits of competition, a rationale used by firms to adopt structural aides such as the ‹stacking’ practice that was implemented at Enron. We discuss and develop an individual-level theory of planned behavior, then extend it to the dyadic level in an internally competitive organization, and finally extend the dyadic model to the social network. We apply social network theory to predict favorable and unfavorable conditions for the emergence and diffusion of an intraorganizational instance of unethical behavior and find that network conditions favoring the suppression of the emergence of unethical behavior also promote its diffusion. For illustrative purposes, we utilize examples from Enron’s internally competitive structure to embed our arguments in a real world context and bring reality to our theorizing. Implications for both researchers and managers are discussed.
Allergens of mammalian origin: Characterization of allergen extracted from cat pelts

Abstract An aqueous extract prepared from lyophylized, defatted cat pelts elicited intense wheal-and-flare responses in the skin of patients exhibiting asthma or rhinitis on exposure to cats. On electrophoresis of the extract in agarose, protein bands with the mobility of albumin, α 2 -, β-, and γ 1 -protein were observed. Allergenic activity was localized in two distinct regions with albumin and α 2 -mobility, respectively. Allergenic activity remained bound to DE52-cellulose columns equilibrated with phosphatebuffered (0.01M, pH 7.4) saline (0.05M), but could be eluted by increasing the salt concentration to 0.25M. Following gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, allergen was recovered in fractions containing proteins with a molecular weight range of 30,000 to 60,000 daltons. A purified fraction of cat pelt extract obtained by sequential fractionation on DE52-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 columns was subjected to polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis; 5 protein bands were observed. Allergenic activity was recovered in fractions containing two of these bands. Five of twelve subjects with strong skin reactivity to cat pelt extract also reacted strongly to cat serum; the major allergen in cat serum was found to have the electrophoretic mobility of α 2 -protein.
Optimum design of sensor arrays via simulation-based multivariate calibration

Abstract This paper is concerned with the optimum design of sensor arrays (i.e., electronic noses or tongues) using simulation experiments. The proposed design method considers multiple criteria simultaneously for the evaluation of sensor arrays, and a multiple objective tabu search algorithm was adapted to search for a number of Pareto optimum array designs in terms of those criteria. The evaluation of a candidate sensor array is based on its multivariate calibration model, which is efficiently estimated from well-designed simulation experiments. The method can be used to optimize the design of both linear and nonlinear sensor arrays.
Role of Cofactors in Folding of the Blue-Copper Protein Azurin

Many proteins in living cells coordinate cofactors, such as metal ions, to attain their activity. Since the cofactors in such cases often can interact with their corresponding unfolded polypeptides in vitro, it is important to unravel how cofactors modulate protein folding. In this review, I will discuss the role of cofactors in folding of the blue-copper protein Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin. In the case of both copper (Cu(II) and Cu(I)) and zinc (Zn(II)), the metal can bind to unfolded azurin. The residues involved in copper (Cu(II) and Cu(I)) coordination in the unfolded state have been identified as Cys112, His117, and Met121. The affinities of Cu(II), Cu(I), and Zn(II) are all higher for the folded than for the unfolded azurin polypeptide, resulting in metal stabilization of the native state as compared to the stability of apo-azurin. Cu(II), Zn(II), and several apo forms of azurin all fold in two-state kinetic reactions with roughly identical polypeptide-folding speeds. This suggests that the native-state beta-barrel topology, not cofactor interactions or thermodynamic stability, determines azurin's folding barrier. Nonetheless, copper binds much more rapidly (i.e., 4 orders of magnitude) to unfolded azurin than to folded azurin. Therefore, the fastest route to functional azurin is through copper binding before polypeptide folding; this sequence of events may be the relevant biological pathway.
Aragonite coating solutions (ACS) based on artificial seawater

Abstract Aragonite (CaCO 3 , calcium carbonate) is an abundant biomaterial of marine life. It is the dominant inorganic phase of coral reefs, mollusc bivalve shells and the stalactites or stalagmites of geological sediments. Inorganic and initially precipitate-free aragonite coating solutions (ACS) of pH 7.4 were developed in this study to deposit monolayers of aragonite spherules or ooids on biomaterial ( e.g ., UHMWPE, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene) surfaces soaked in ACS at 30 °C. The ACS solutions of this study have been developed for the surface engineering of synthetic biomaterials. The abiotic ACS solutions, enriched with calcium and bicarbonate ions at different concentrations, essentially mimicked the artificial seawater composition and started to deposit aragonite after a long (4 h) incubation period at the tropical sea surface temperature of 30 °C. While numerous techniques for the solution deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ), of low thermodynamic solubility, on synthetic biomaterials have been demonstrated, procedures related to the solution-based surface deposition of high solubility aragonite remained uncommon. Monolayers of aragonite ooids deposited at 30 °C on UHMWPE substrates soaked in organic-free ACS solutions were found to possess nano-structures similar to the mortar-and-brick-type botryoids observed in biogenic marine shells. Samples were characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, ICP-AES and contact angle goniometry.
Semi)alternating stack automata

New results concerning the space complexity of languages accepted by stack automata, alternating stack automata, and alternating pushdown automata are derived. Some of the results generalize previously known results.
Effectiveness of Individual Versus Group Counseling for Clients with Hypercholesterolemia

Abstract The development and implementation of effective and cost-effective nutrition and lifestyle intervention programs plays an important role in the treatment of clients with hypercholesterolemia. Since the majority of nutrition education research has focused on individual counseling, this poses the question as to whether there are measurable differences between individual and group counseling methods for clients with hypercholesterolemia. The purposes of this multidisciplinary project were to: 1) compare individual versus group counseling methods using percentage changes in serum cholesterol, knowledge and behavior scores, and satisfaction level as measures of effectiveness; and 2) complete a cost-effectiveness analysis for both interventions. One hundred thirty-one adults with hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol ≥200mg/dL) were randomly assigned to either individual (n=66) or group (n=65) counseling programs. A standardized five-week cholesterol education program was presented by the same team of counselors (Registered Dietitian and Clinical Nurse Specialist) in both interventions. Participants had their pre- and post-counseling serum cholesterol measured, completed pre- and post-knowledge and behavior questionnaires, and responded to a post-satisfaction questionnaire. Student's paired t-test and analysis of variance were used to detect significant changes within each intervention strategy and compare the two counseling methods. Both intervention methods yielded a significant (P .05) differences between group and individual counseling for any of the effectiveness measures. The program benefits and potential savings outweighed the program costs in both interventions; however, group counseling was determined to be more cost-effective. Results of this study indicate that: 1) group education is just as effective as individual counseling in reducing serum cholesterol, improving knowledge, and changing behavior and 2) a multidisciplinary team can provide effective and cost-effective nutrition and lifestyle counseling that can reduce coronary heart disease risk and promote client satisfaction.
Characterization of a unique aspartate-rich protein of the SET/TAF-family in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, which inhibits protein phosphatase 2A.

A search for physiological inhibitors of protein phosphatases led to the identification of a Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) cDNA that had the potential to code for an aspartate-rich protein and hence named ARP. The PfARP was virtually identical to its Plasmodium berghei counterpart in gene structure and protein sequence. The PfARP coding sequence contained two introns, and the predicted protein contained 269 amino acid residues. Its primary structure showed significant similarity to eukaryotic proteins of the SET and TAF-family that included two inhibitors of mammalian serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), namely I1(PP2A) and I2(PP2A). Like the SET and TAF proteins, it had an extremely acidic tail. The cDNA was confirmed by recombinant expression in bacteria. Native parasitic ARP was purified and was found to be highly thermostable. PfARP specifically inhibited the parasitic PP2A at nanomolar concentrations, with no effect on PP1, PP2B, PP5, or PPJ. Expression of PfARP in HeLa cells led to elevated phosphorylation of c-Jun, and activation of transcription factors AP1 and NF-kappa B. These functional properties are also characteristic of the SET/TAF-family proteins. The ARP mRNA and protein were detectable in all the erythrocytic asexual stages of the parasite, and the protein was located mainly in the parasitic cytoplasm. Thus, PfARP is a unique cytoplasmic member of the SET/TAF-family and a candidate physiological regulator of the Plasmodium PP2A.
Effects of reactor pressure on two-dimensional radio-frequency methane plasma: a numerical study

A self-consistent two-dimensional radio-frequency glow discharge model has been developed for methane gas using a fluid model. The objective of the study is to provide insights into charged-species dynamics and investigate their effects on deposition in a polyatomic gas discharge. Swarm data as a function of electron energy are provided as input to the model. The necessary dc bias for the discharge is also predicted consistently such that the cycle-averaged current to the powered electrode becomes zero. The predictions provide a comprehensive understanding of the various processes in methane discharges found in plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (PACVD) reactors for the deposition of carbon films. The effects of discharge pressure on discharge variables are identified and presented in the paper.
Microscopic anatomy of the pulmonary vascular bed in the cat lung

Abstract The pulmonary microcirculation of the cat was analyzed by light and electron microscopy. In order to establish the precise structure and ultrastructure of the components of the vascular wall of each segment, special efforts were made to identify positively the pulmonary arterioles and venules by tracing their connection to small pulmonary arteries and veins, respectively. Also, the pulmonary arterioles and venules were studied with respect to their relationship to the alveolar capillary network via the precapillary sphincter areas and the postcapillary venules. It was confirmed that the small pulmonary arteries, arterioles, and precapillary sphincter areas are provided with smooth muscle cells which are present up to the point where the pulmonary capillaries branch out, although the number of smooth muscle cells decreases gradually toward the capillary bed. Cholinergic and noradrenergic nerves accompany all arterial segments. The capillary network described by many investigators in several mammalian species was studied only to the extent that a three-dimensional conceptualization could be obtained. With respect to the postcapillary venules and pulmonary venules, it was discovered that, in the cat lung, true smooth muscle cells, albeit widely scattered, are present in these segments of the pulmonary microcirculation. These smooth muscle cells display extensive areas of myoendothelial junctions. That is, the cell membranes of the endothelial cells and the smooth muscle cells make contact without an intervening basal lamina. Some myoendothelial junctions were identified also in the arterioles and precapillary sphincter areas. However, they were few in number and had points of only limited membrane contact. The functional implications of these findings are discussed in terms of possible regulatory influence on the pulmonary microcirculation and hypothetical role in the development of pulmonary hypertension.
Heat Loss from a Ventilated Clothed Body

The heat flux from the surface of a hot body in an air stream was measured with a simple apparatus that obviates the need for a wind tunnel. Measurements were made with the body covered with a range of polyester nonwoven fabrics. The results were analyzed on the basis of Take-uchi's theory.
Sharp estimates for Dirichlet eigenfunctions in horn-shaped regions

We prove sharp exponential decay for the Dirichlet eigenfunctions in horn-shaped regions in the plane. The estimate is obtained using a method of Carleman which is widely used in the study of harmonic measure. Such estimates can be applied to study the intrinsic ultracontractivity properties of the heat semigroup for such regions.
Classifying Community Colleges: How Rural Community Colleges Fit.

This chapter describes rural community colleges, compares them to their urban and suburban counter-parts, and highlights the unique challenges they face in the twenty-first century.
Some general stochastic models for the spread of AIDS and some simulation results

To describe the dynamics of the AIDS epidemic, the purpose of this paper is to develop a stochastic model for the AIDS epidemic in complex situations. To take into account different risk groups, social factors and levels of sexual activities, in this paper we consider l risk populations with each risk population being further classified into n subpopulations. To take into account some important biological aspects of AIDS epidemic, in each population we postulate an L person and divide the infectious persons (I persons) into @k stages and the AIDS cases (A persons) into m stages. Given these specifications, the probability generating function (PGF) of the numbers of L persons, infectious persons and AIDS cases is then derived under some general conditions. By using this PGF, it is shown that the expected values, the variances and the covariances of the latent persons, infective persons and AIDS cases satisfy some ordinary differential equations. These equations have been solved numerically to assess effects of various factors on the AIDS epidemic.
Anillin Is a Scaffold Protein That Links RhoA, Actin, and Myosin during Cytokinesis

Cell division after mitosis is mediated by ingression of an actomyosin-based contractile ring. The active, GTP-bound form of the small GTPase RhoA is a key regulator of contractile-ring formation. RhoA concentrates at the equatorial cell cortex at the site of the nascent cleavage furrow. During cytokinesis, RhoA is activated by its RhoGEF, ECT2. Once activated, RhoA promotes nucleation, elongation, and sliding of actin filaments through the coordinated activation of both formin proteins and myosin II motors (reviewed in [1, 2]). Anillin is a 124 kDa protein that is highly concentrated in the cleavage furrow in numerous animal cells in a pattern that resembles that of RhoA [3-7]. Although anillin contains conserved N-terminal actin and myosin binding domains and a PH domain at the C terminus, its mechanism of action during cytokinesis remains unclear. Here, we show that human anillin contains a conserved C-terminal domain that is essential for its function and localization. This domain shares homology with the RhoA binding protein Rhotekin and directly interacts with RhoA. Further, anillin is required to maintain active myosin in the equatorial plane during cytokinesis, suggesting it functions as a scaffold protein to link RhoA with the ring components actin and myosin. Although furrows can form and initiate ingression in the absence of anillin, furrows cannot form in anillin-depleted cells in which the central spindle is also disrupted, revealing that anillin can also act at an early stage of cytokinesis.
The Determination of Primary Production in a Stream Using AN Exact Solution to the Oxygen Balance Equation

ABSTRACT. A promising technique for recognition of early stages of cultural eutrophication relies on determining production and respiration in streams. The most successful and most widely used method of estimating production of a segment of a stream is the upstream-downstream, diurnal curve method introduced by Odum [1956]. This technique is equivalent to obtaining an approximate solution to the oxygen balance equation. We report here an exact solution of the balance equation as a method for calculating primary production. Data presented by Owens [1966] are analyzed; effects of depth and oxygen saturation are studied. A major advantage of the method described here is that continuous temporal variation of net production may be rigorously handled. The method is shown to be well suited to our ultimate goal of studying energy budgets of streams, and thereby the eutrophication process.
Rejoinder #2 to Chase-Dunn and Lawrence’s Rejoinder #2

Chase-Dunn and Lawrence’s rejoinder to my rejoinder resorts to special pleading to defend WSA. They accept my argument that colonialism was not responsible for current underdevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa but contend that the slave trade was responsible. Empirical analyses show this not to be the case. They argue that Communist projects were not entirely negative because they brought peasants into the modern world. In fact, Communist projects destroyed agricultural productivity and led to the deaths of millions of peasants. They also contend that I seek to claim the moral high ground of science and objectivity. I seek no moral high ground, just a respect for facts, uncomfortable though they may be.
Investigation of Tube Hydroforming Process Envelope for Macro/Meso Scalability

The process of tube hydroforming (THF) requires tube stock to be internally pressurized and possibly axially fed inside a die cavity in which the tube plastically deforms to fill the cavity. The purpose (of this investigation) is to explore the impact of the tube geometry, diameter and wall thickness, on the formability of a part. Knowing how the scale of the tube influences formability should allow projections on the performance at the meso forming scale. The most common type of failure is tube wall nominal thickness reduction in excess of 20%. Reductions greater than 20% are deemed more likely for rupture and buckling due to axial forces. Tribological properties are also investigated to determine the impact of friction coefficients on the thinning of the tube wall. The friction impact on the forming dictates the lubrication requirements of the THF process. Process modeling simulations using the finite element method (FEM) are conducted analyze the effect of the various parameters that limit THF processes. Scaling the simulation for meso forming indicates promising results. The macro analysis indicates the tube is capable of being formed at smaller scale.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Formal solution of the Navier-Stokes initial- and boundary-value problem for incompressible fluids

A general formal solution of the integral equivalent of Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible viscous fluids is presented through a linear operator acting on the functionals of solenoidal vector fields. This solution operator is completely determined by the Green functions of Laplace and diffusion equations corresponding to the flow region.
Asbestosis and silicosis

Interstitial fibrosis resulting from workplace exposure to asbestos and crystalline silica persists throughout the world despite knowledge of the causes and effective means for prevention. Asbestosis and silicosis occurrence is predictable among people overexposed to dusts in various industries and occupations such as mining, construction, manufacturing, and building maintenance. Asbestosis and silicosis are incurable and may be progressive even after dust exposure has ceased, therefore early recognition and supportive interventions are important. Although current disease is a result of past exposures, effective control of current workplace exposures is the only way to prevent continued occurrence of these potentially debilitating diseases. Physicians can contribute to this effort through accurate diagnosis and disease reporting.