cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CrtJ Bound to Distant Binding Sites Interacts Cooperatively to Aerobically Repress Photopigment Biosynthesis and Light Harvesting II Gene Expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus

Abstract Expression of light harvesting II genes and of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis genes inRhodobacter capsulatus is repressed under aerobic growth conditions by the transcription factor CrtJ. In this study, we demonstrate that the crtA-crtI intergenic region contains divergent promoters that initiate transcription 116 base pairs apart, based on primer extension analyses. DNase I protection assays demonstrate that purified CrtJ binds to one palindrome that overlaps the crtA −10 promoter recognition sequence as well as to a second palindrome that overlaps the −35 crtI promoter recognition sequence. Similar analyses also show that thepuc promoter region contains two distant CrtJ palindromes, with one near the −35 promoter recognition sequence and the other located 240 base pairs upstream. Gel mobility shift and filter retention assays indicate that CrtJ binds in a cooperative manner to these distantly separated palindromes. In vivo expression assays with puc and crtI promoter reporter plasmids further demonstrate that aerobic repression of pucand crtI expression requires both CrtJ palindromes. Thesein vitro and in vivo results indicate that aerobic repression of puc, crtA, and crtIexpression involves cooperative interactions between CrtJ bound to distant palindromes. A DNA looping model is discussed.
The Hahn-Mazurkiewicz theorem for finitely Suslinian continua

Abstract It is the purpose of this note to prove that if X is a finitely Suslinian Hausdorff continuum then X can be approximated (in the sense of Ward [4]) by finite trees. It follows that there exists a Hausdorff arc L and a continuous mapping of L onto X. This generalizes a recent result of Ward [3] for rim-finite continua.
Response of the Syrian golden hamster to a nitrosourea amino acid carcinogen.

Abstract Syrian golden hamsters were treated with N δ -( N -methyl- N -nitrosocarbamoyl)-L-ornithine (MNCO), a nitrosourea amino acid, which has induced a high incidence of breast, kidney and skin neoplasms and a low incidence of pancreatic carcinoma in rats. MNCO induced a few breast and skin carcinomas, and a high incidence of foci of atypical acinar cells and of focal ductular abnormalities in the exocrine pancreas. The latter were similar to lesions observed in rats treated with MNCO. MNCO was less toxic and less effective as a carcinogen in hamster than in the rat.
Plasmodium berghei: Production in vitro of free fatty acids

Abstract Rat blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium berghei produce large quantities of free fatty acid (FFA) when incubated in vitro as compared with unparasitized mature and immature rat blood cells similarly incubated. This FFA production is inhibited by chloroquine and is largely independent of a glucose supply. The chloroquine inhibition may involve inhibition of parasite lipolytic activities since P. berghei freed from the host cell was found to possess appreciable phospholipase A enzyme activity and chloroquine was shown to inhibit the lipolytic activity of purified phospholipase A enzyme. This production of FFA by intraerythrocytic P. berghei appears to reflect a proportionate increase of the various cellular FFA present prior to incubation rather than a selective production of a particular acid. Palmitic acid accounted for about 45–50% and stearic acid about 35% of the total cellular FFA recovered both before and after incubation. This distribution is very similar to the relative fatty acid composition of the FFA isolated from unparasitized rat red blood cells. These observations suggest that the FFA production largely reflects hydrolysis of host cell lipids in contrast to de novo fatty acid synthesis or hydrolysis of the parasite's own lipids. Such hydrolysis could supply the parasite with fatty acids required for phospholipid synthesis and hence membrane synthesis and also could partially explain the increased fragility of parasitized cells.
Reason the Need

From video telephony to accelerometers, Charles Day considers the value of applying scientific research in new, unintended ways.
A study of psychiatric consultations in a general hospital.

Abstract A study was carried out on fifty consecutive psychiatric consultations made on the general wards of a private hospital. Data are presented on a number of aspects of these consultations, such as the timing of the referral, the reason for referral, the medical and psychiatric diagnosis of the patients, and others. Evidence underlining the risk of suicide in certain patients admitted to a general hospital was found in this study, and also the relatively poor prognosis of those patients who suffered episodes of acute brain syndrome. As many of the patients as possible were followed up after an interval of, on the average, 12 months, and re-examined. The original psychiatric impressions were found to be confirmed in all these patients, though the proportion of patients for whom no specific psychiatric diagnosis could be made, was high.
Relationships between intracellular calcium and afterhyperpolarizations in neocortical pyramidal neurons.

We examined the effects of recent discharge activity on [Ca2+]i in neocortical pyramidal cells. Our data confirm and extend the observation that there is a linear relationship between plateau [Ca2+...
Spectroscopic investigation of the structures of dialkyl tartrates and their cyclodextrin complexes.

Structures of three dialkyl tartrates, namely, dimethyl tartrate, diethyl tartrate, and diisopropyl tartrate, in CCl4, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/DMSO-d6, and H2O/D2O solvents have been investigated using vibrational absorption (VA), vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD). VA, VCD, and ORD spectra are found to be dependent on the solvent used. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to interpret the experimental data in CCl4 and DMSO. The trans-COOR conformer with hydrogen bonding between the OH group and the CO group attached to the same chiral carbon is dominant for dialkyl tartrates both in vacuum and in CCl4. The experimental VA, VCD, and ORD data of dialkyl-d-tartrates in CCl4 correlated well with those predicted for dimethyl-(S,S)-tartrate molecule as both isolated and solvated in CCl4. In DMSO solvent, dialkyl tartrate molecules favor formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding with DMSO molecules. Clusters of dimethyl-(S,S)-tartrate, with one mole...
Oceanic Duct and its Effect on Microwave Propagation

THE formation of a microwave duct over the sea has been examined in terms of a distribution of potential refractive index (refractive index independent of height in an adiabatic atmosphere) corresponding to a functional relationship originally suggested by Deacon1 to describe the distribution of certain meteorological properties in the boundary layer. Deacon's relationship takes the stability of the atmosphere into account in terms of a profile index, β, which is a function of air−sea temperature difference and wind velocity.
Ribose biosynthesis in Streptococcus mutans

Abstract Crude extracts of Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 25975 and the five serological types of Streptococcus mutans were assayed under various conditions for the enzymes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transketolase and transaldolase. Negligible levels of the dehydrogenases were found and the absence of a 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in these cell extracts was further supported by the absence of an immunoprecipitate when antiserum prepared to the homogeneous 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 27792 was exposed to crude extracts of these oral streptococci. All cell extracts were shown to contain significant levels of transketolase and transalclolase activities and were able to stoichiometrically convert ribose 5-phosphate to hexose phosphates. Relative specific activities of ribose isolated from cells grown on either [1- 14 C]-or [6- 14 C]-glucose demonstrated that pentose was biosynthesized in Strep. mutans via the non-oxidative portion of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Immune recognition of influenza hemagglutinin as a viral and a neo-self-antigen

To analyze mechanisms governing tolerance and autoimmunity to self-antigens, we have generated lineages of transgenic mice that express the influenza virus PR8 hemagglutinin (HA) as a neo-selfantigen. By comparing the HA-specific T and B cell responses that can be induced in HA Tg mice with those that are induced in non-Tg (BALB/c) mice, the specificity and genetic basis with which tolerance is induced to the HA has been examined. This article summarizes studies using lineages of HA Tg mice that express different forms and amounts of the HA under the control of the SV40 promoter/enhancer. Our studies have revealed that specific subsets of HA-specific T and B cells are negatively selected from the primary repertoires of HA Tg mice. However, substantial populations of HA-specific T and B cells evade negative selection and can be activated by virus immunization. Understanding the capacity of these autoreactive lymphocytes to differentiate and participate in antigenspecific immune responses will provide important insights into mechanisms by which autoimmunity might be induced by viruses bearing structural similarities with self-antigens.
Charge-transfer range for photoexcitations in conjugated polymer/fullerene bilayers and blends

Time-resolved photoinduced absorption was measured on bilayers of poly-[${2\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{y},5\ensuremath{-}(2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) and fullerene $({\mathrm{C}}_{60}),$ and on ${\mathrm{M}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ composite films of various concentrations. We find that even in the picosecond regime, charge transfer from the conjugated polymer to ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ slows down the decay dynamics relative to the decay in the pure samples. The fact that charge transfer occurs in the picosecond time scale in bilayer structure (thickness\ensuremath{\approx}200 \AA{}) implies that diffusion of localized excitations to the interface is not the dominant mechanism; the charge-transfer range is a significant fraction of the film thickness. From an analysis of the excited-state decay curves, we estimate the charge-transfer range to be 80 \AA{} and interpret that range as resulting from quantum delocalization of the photoexcitations.
Direct analysis of nmr spectra

Abstract Equations are developed and presented for the calculation of chemical shifts and spin coupling constants of a molecule directly from the spin energy levels derived from its experimental proton magnetic resonance spectrum. The cases AB , AB 2 , A 2 B 2 , A p B q , AA′BB′ , A 2 BC , and ABB′CC′ lead to equations explicit in the spin parameters, while the cases ABC and ABCD lead to implicit equations. The analysis of many complex nmr spectra is reduced to the problem of assigning observed spectral lines to the appropriate transitions within schematic energy level diagrams, followed by direct calculation of the desired spin parameters.
Mandarin tone classification without pitch tracking

A deep neural network (DNN) based classifier achieved 27.38% frame error rate (FER) and 15.62% segment error rate (SER) in recognizing five tonal categories in Mandarin Chinese broadcast news, based on 40 mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs). The same architecture scored substantially lower when trained and tested with F 0 and amplitude parameters alone: 40.05% FER and 22.66% SER. These results are substantially better than the best previously-reported results on broadcast-news tone classification [1] and are also better than a human listener achieved in categorizing test stimuli created by amplitude- and frequency-modulating complex tones to match the extracted F 0 and amplitude parameters.
Mortality and hospital utilization for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States.

Background & Aims: The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been increasing in the United States. Although resource-intensive treatment modalities have been increasingly applied, these patients still have poor survival. We examined 2 nationally representative databases, the Multiple Cause of Death file and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, to examine trends in mortality and hospital service utilization related to HCC. Methods: In both databases, a priori criteria were used to identify cases of HCC. All other available diagnostic fields were examined to characterize coexistent liver disease. Age-, sex-, and race-specific mortality from HCC was calculated, and temporal changes in mortality rates were evaluated using the multivariable Poisson model. Hospital service utilization was estimated based on length of stay, total hospitalization charges, and principal procedures. Results: The age-, sex-, and race-specific mortality from HCC increased from 1.54 to 2.58 per 100,000 per year between 1980 and 1998. Male sex, African and Asian race, and increasing age were also associated with higher mortality. The estimated total charge for HCC hospitalizations nationwide increased from $241 million in 1988 to $509 million in 2000 after inflation adjustment. Commonly employed procedures in 2000 included angiography/embolization, resection, local ablative therapy, and liver transplantation. Conclusions: In the recent past, mortality and hospital service utilization related to HCC increased substantially. Closer epidemiologic surveillance to understand causation of HCC at the population level and to help implement primary and secondary prevention is urgently warranted.
Manifold exploration: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique for rendering scenes with difficult specular transport

It is a long-standing problem in unbiased Monte Carlo methods for rendering that certain difficult types of light transport paths, particularly those involving viewing and illumination along paths containing specular or glossy surfaces, cause unusably slow convergence. In this paper we introduce Manifold Exploration, a new way of handling specular paths in rendering. It is based on the idea that sets of paths contributing to the image naturally form manifolds in path space, which can be explored locally by a simple equation-solving iteration. This paper shows how to formulate and solve the required equations using only geometric information that is already generally available in ray tracing systems, and how to use this method in in two different Markov Chain Monte Carlo frameworks to accurately compute illumination from general families of paths. The resulting rendering algorithms handle specular, near-specular, glossy, and diffuse surface interactions as well as isotropic or highly anisotropic volume scattering interactions, all using the same fundamental algorithm. An implementation is demonstrated on a range of challenging scenes and evaluated against previous methods.
Three angles significant in radio propagation

The wave tilt \theta of the electrical field vector, the Brewster angle \psi_{B} , and the limiting angle \psi_{N} (by Norton) play significant roles in some radio propagation problems of communication and target detection, especially in the cases where the electromagnetic waves travel close to the conductive surface, when the polarization of the incident rays is vertical and the radio frequency lies in the HF band or any of the lower frequency regions. The possible relations of these angles is examined. It is shown that under specified conditions: \liminf{X \rightarrow 0} \tan \psi_{B}= \lgroup \frac{\epsilon}{\epsilon-1} \rgroup^{1/2} \liminf{X \rightarrow 0} \tan \theta , for arbitrary \epsilon > 1 \liminf{X \rightarrow 0} \psi_{B} \approx \liminf{X \rightarrow 0} \theta , for \epsilon \gg 1 \psi_{B}\approx \sqrt{2}\theta , for X \gg \epsilon > 1 where X is a physical parameter that depends on the frequency of propagation f and the conductivity of the surface \sigma . The quantity \epsilon is the dielectric constant. No such relationship exists among \psi_{N} , \psi_{B} , and \theta . However, for given fixed surface variables \epsilon and \sigma , one can find a particular value of f for which \psi_{N} is numerically equal to \psi_{B} .
Pathology of Ocular Lesions Associated with Gas Supersaturation in White Seabass

Abstract Cultured juvenile white seabass Atractoscion nobilis (WSB) can suffer from intraocular emphysemas and exophthalmia in the hatchery environment. To identify the cause, two size-groups of WSB were exposed to five gas saturation levels, ranging from 98% to 122% total gas pressure (TGP), over a 96-h exposure period in 18°C and 23°C seawater. Histological examination revealed that the gross and subgross lesions associated with gas supersaturation included corneal and orbital emphysema, along with subretinal, optic nerve, and iridial hemorrhage. Corneal emphysema was the most prominent gross lesion, with the severity and prevalence increasing between size-groups and water temperatures as TGP increased. Following the same pattern was orbital emphysema, which affected more than 93% of the fish examined and caused hemorrhage in the subretinal space, around the optic nerve, in the iris, or a combination thereof. Iridial hemorrhage occurred in 91% of the fish examined and decreased significantly with fish s...
Probabilistic lane estimation for autonomous driving using basis curves

Lane estimation for autonomous driving can be formulated as a curve estimation problem, where local sensor data provides partial and noisy observations of spatial curves forming lane boundaries. The number of lanes to estimate are initially unknown and many observations may be outliers or false detections (due e.g. to shadows or non-boundary road paint). The challenges lie in detecting lanes when and where they exist, and updating lane estimates as new observations are made. This paper describes an efficient probabilistic lane estimation algorithm based on a novel curve representation. The key advance is a principled mechanism to describe many similar curves as variations of a single basis curve. Locally observed road paint and curb features are then fused to detect and estimate all nearby travel lanes. The system handles roads with complex multi-lane geometries and makes no assumptions about the position and orientation of the vehicle with respect to the roadway. We evaluate our algorithm using a ground truth dataset containing manually-labeled, fine-grained lane geometries for vehicle travel in two large and diverse datasets that include more than 300,000 images and 44 km of roadway. The results illustrate the capabilities of our algorithm for robust lane estimation in the face of challenging conditions and unknown roadways.
Effect of particle shape on the strength and deformation mechanisms of ellipse‐shaped granular assemblages

This paper presents the results of a Discrete Element Method study on the influence of particle shape on the strength and deformation behaviour of two dimensional assemblages of ellipse‐shaped particles. Assemblages of particles with varying individual particle aspect ratio were formed with a preferred bedding plane, isotropically compressed with varying isotropic confining stresses and then sheared with biaxial compression. The results indicate that Discrete Element analysis using two dimensional ellipse‐shaped particles produces mechanical behaviour which is similar both quantitatively and qualitatively to the behaviour of real granular materials. Even small particle out‐of‐roundness increases the observed macroscopic strength significantly. In systems composed of flatter particles, particle rotations are greatly inhibited. Decomposing relative contact displacements into contributions due to particle rotation and translation demonstrates that most of the displacements in round particle systems are due to individual particle rotation.
Late Miocene reactivation of Ancestral Rocky Mountain structures in the Texas Panhandle: A response to Basin and Range extension

Structural and stratigraphic evidence from the Ogallala Formation (Neogene) documents late Miocene tectonic activity within the Great Plains. Field and subsurface studies in the Texas Panhandle indicate that parts of the Amarillo uplift, a major element of the Pennsylvanian Ancestral Rocky Mountains, were elevated as much as 150 m during initial deposition of the Ogallala Formation. Reactivation of these basement structures occurred in response to Basin and Range extension and opening of the Rio Grande rift in central New Mexico and Colorado.
Ocean warming and sea level rise along the southwest u.s. Coast.

Hydrographic time-series data recorded during the past 42 years in the upper 500 meters off the coast of southern California indicate that temperatures have increased by 0.8°C uniformly in the upper 100 meters and that temperatures have risen significantly to depths of about 300 meters. The effect of warming the surface layer of the ocean and there by expanding the water column has been to raise sea level by 0.9 ± 0.2 millimeter per year. Tide gauge records along the coast are coherent with steric height and show upward trends in sea level that vary from about 1 to 3 millimeters per year.
Hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemia

In this review we discuss the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cryoglobulinemia. HCV is a major cause of liver-related morbidity and is increasingly recognized as an instigator of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as mixed cryoglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cryoglobulinemia is characterized by the clonal expansion of rheumatoid factor-expressing B cells in the liver, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood, resulting in the presence of cryoglobulins in the circulation. Cryoglobulins are cold-insoluble immune complexes containing rheumatoid factor, polyclonal IgG, and HCV RNA that precipitate and deposit on vascular endothelium, causing vasculitis in organs such as the skin, kidneys, and peripheral nerves. A subset of patients develops a low-grade lymphoma composed of B cells that are immunophenotypically similar to the expanded B cells seen in cryoglobulinemia. HCV-related B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders likely comprise a spectrum of disease, ranging from asymptomatic clonal B-cell expansions to pathogenic cryoglobulinemia and lymphoma. It is unclear how B cells become dysregulated during the course of chronic HCV infection, and continued patient-centered research is necessary to elucidate the pathogenesis of HCV-related B-cell dysregulation.
Results on spectrum sharing between a radar and a communications system

The increasing demand for wireless ubiquitous services necessitates new spectrum allotments or a re-design of current systems to effectively manage coexistence between different types of technologies. In particular, the S-band (2-4 GHz) is in high demand for both surveillance and weather radar, communication satellites and commercial wireless networks. In the US there is strong political pressure for portions of radar spectrum to be shared with commercial wireless services. In order to effectively design coexistence strategiesit is crucial to understand how current radar and communications systems would affect each other if they were to coexist. As a starting point, this paper investigates a simple setup where one radar coexists with one communications system and considers the effect each has on the other as their relative distance is varied. Despite its simplicity, this model qualitatively validates known experimental results on the effect of communications systems on radars, and thus could be a useful tool to design coexistence schemes for future networks.
Capacity-Aware Routing Using Throw-Boxes

Deploying the static wireless devices (throw-boxes) at certain locations can help message dissemination among mobile nodes in delay tolerant networks. The mobile nodes traveling between throw-boxes form network links that carry the temporally stored messages at one box to another. However, the aggregated mobility between pairs of boxes reveals a time-dependent nature on its link delay (travel time) and link loading capacity (buffer size). The state-of-art DTN routing protocols do not address the challenge of combined delay and capacity with time-dependent links. In this paper, we tackle this challenge by introducing a capacity-aware routing protocol that is able to search the shortest path that considers the time-varying delay and capacity of the virtual links. We use a Markov Chain to model the evolution of the real-time link delay and capacity, and use the Markov Chain states to help derive the forwarding decision and routing policy. In evaluating the capacity-aware routing scheme, we use a network graph with the virtual links extracted from the contact trace. The simulations validate the advantages of the proposed routing strategy.
An apparatus for observing behavior of pouch-young opossums

Opossum fetuses undergo most of their neurological development within the mother's pouch. This extrauterine growth offers unique opportunities not shared by placental mammals for early behavior studies. Described here are an apparatus and technique for observing the behavior of pouch young. The apparatus restrains the mother and retracts the pouch flaps within an environmentally controlled setting similar to that inside the mother's pouch, allowing the opossum young to be observed in an almost natural state. The investigator has ready access to the pouch through side windows that have slotted curtains to prevent sudden changes in the chamber environment. Because this apparatus provides a simple noninvasive approach, fetal behavior can be observed long-term, encompassing the entire sequence of behavior development within a chosen time-interval.
Effects of crack aspect ratio on the behavior of small surface cracks in fatigue: Part I. Simulation

A simple simulation of alternate growth of a small surface crack in the surface and depth directions was performed to illustrate the changes in crack aspect ratio, induced by grain boundaries, as a function of crack size. It is shown that at small crack sizes, large variations in aspect ratio, a/c (a is the crack depth and c is the half-surface length), occur, due to local crack front perturbations induced by grains that are oriented for crack growth. At these crack sizes, the assumption of a semicircular crack shape (a/c=1.0) was found to cause errors in stress intensity range (ΔK) calculations. This, in turn, led to significant scatter or “anomaly” in small crack growth rates relative to large cracks. At large crack sizes, the effects of local crack front perturbations on crack aspect ratio and ΔK were found to be insignificant. As a result, the scatter in crack growth data was found to decrease to a negligible level at large crack sizes. It is suggested that the limiting crack size above which the small crack behaves as a large crack, l 2=10d (d = grain size), proposed by Taylor and Knott, is related to the crack size above which the effects due to aspect ratio variations are small.
Effects of Attractiveness and Nature of Request on Helping Behavior

Abstract The effects of American college students' appearances and the nature of their requests for assistance were investigated in a field experiment. Well- and poorly dressed students asked directions from randomly chosen passersby to either higher-status (a tennis club) or lower-status (a thrift shop) locations. Results indicated that the greatest assistance, measured as the amount of time spent by subjects giving directions, was given to poorly dressed students who asked directions to the lower-status location.
Sex Role Orientation and Psychological Well-Being among Working Black Women:

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of sex role orientation to indices of psychological well-being among 113 Black multiple-role working women. Analyses revealed significant differences among the four sex-typed groups on self-esteem and depression. The sex-typed group had significantly higher depression and lower self-esteem scores than the androgynous group. The undifferentiated group had significantly higher depression and lower self-esteem scores when compared with the androgynous and cross-typed groups. There were no significant differences between the four sex-typed groups on role conflict or life satisfaction. Further research is needed to understand how different sex role orientations support different roles that Black women occupy.
Liquid chromatographic separation of anomeric forms of saccharides with cyclodextrin bonded phases

A brief review of sugar stereochemistry is given. The separation of 34 different pairs of anomers was accomplished on both alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin columns. Five different mobile phases were evaluated. The separation of anomers could be enhanced or suppressed by altering the mobile-phase composition, column temperature, flow rate, and so on. The separation of anomers that mutarotate is somewhat more difficult than those that do not. Prior knowledge as to the rate of mutarotation is useful so that the chromatographic conditions can be arranged to minimize any deleterious effects on the separation.
Census data on non-profit organisations

This paper describes how the Bureau of the Census collects and publishes data on non-profit organisations in its economic censuses programme. The paper provides a brief history of the economic censuses and describes in more detail the census of service industries component. The progressive expansion of the industry coverage of the census is explained and related to the non-profit sector. The paper further describes concepts and methodologies that are used in collecting and publishing data for non-profit organisations. Definitions, methods of enumeration, and basic data measures are explained and contrasted to concepts used in covering the ‘for-profit’ sector. Finally, the paper describes how census data can be used to better understand the non-profit sector and identifies some possibilities for improving information from the economic censuses and other statistical programmes which cover non-profit organisations.
On the solution of the hylleraas-scheer-knight variational-perturbation equations

Abstract Dalgarno and Drake have proposed a procedure for solving the equations that arise in the HSK variational-perturbation method. It is shown that the original Hylleraas procedure is simpler and possesses all the adavantages of the Dalgarno and Drake procedure.
Researching Public Pension Plans

Over the past two decades public pension plans have garnered major headlines due to large investment losses. With increased attention on pension fund investments, information professionals must be able to help researchers find public pension data on asset values, asset allocations, and investment performance. This article will help researchers understand the types of data available to analyze pension fund investment returns and asset allocations, to compare changes in sector allocations and equity holdings, and to assess changes in pension investment performance relative to key benchmarks. Additionally, this article will provide information for obtaining current and historical investment returns and holdings.
Shading Analysis for a Zero Energy House

Las Vegas, Nevada, is one of the country’s most rapidly growing cities. To accommodate this growth, a great deal of home building takes place in Clark County, where the city is located. Builders can sell virtually as many houses as they can construct. All of these houses require utility services that, in general, have to be developed. These, of course, include water, electrical power and natural gas. With the high cooling loads required in this environment, the summer demand peaks for electricity are particularly severe. This paper represents a case study of the effects of shading for a planned zero energy home for the Southern Nevada area. The main emphasis of the research is placed on the methods of energy conservation for residential construction type housing and considers the advantages of the use of two different types of horizontal shading for the given geographical location. The technique employed for the analysis is a computer simulation package Energy 10 version 1.6. The software allows modeling and simulating of building performance based on the inputs such as geographical location, building type, orientation, construction materials used, and others. The model selected for this study is a single-family one story, 1610 ft2 residential house with north facing facade.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A REVIEW OF THE CONTEXTUAL INTERFERENCE EFFECT IN MOTOR SKILL ACQUISITION

Abstract The contextual interference effect is a learning phenomenon where interference during practice is beneficial to skill learning. That is, higher levels of contextual interference lead to poorer practice performance than lower levels while yielding superior retention and transfer performance. This rather counterintuitive effect, first demonstrated by Battig (1966) for verbal materials and later shown to be relevant to motor skill learning by Shea and Morgan (1979), has led to a considerable amount of research. In this article, we review the motor skills literature related to this effect by focusing on two research directions. First, evidence related to the generalizability of the effect is considered to identify possible parameters of the contextual interference effect. It is apparent that this effect is not applicable for learning all types of tasks and for all types of learners. Thus, task and individual characteristics are given particular consideration. Second, the explanations offered to establish what learning processes account for this effect are considered. Here, the different views proposed to explain the contextual interference are discussed along with research addressing this issue. Also, the relationship between the contextual interference effect and the practice variability hypothesis of Schmidt's schema theory is explored. Finally, future research directions are suggested with the goal of providing guidelines for research to enhance our present knowledge of the contextual interference effect and its relationship to motor skill learning.
Total synthesis of (+)-phorboxazole A exploiting the Petasis-Ferrier rearrangement.

A highly convergent, stereocontrolled total synthesis of the potent antiproliferative agent (+)-phorboxazole A (1) has been achieved. Highlights of the synthesis include: modified Petasis−Ferrier rearrangements for assembly of both the C(11−15) and C(22−26) cis-tetrahydropyran rings; extension of the Julia olefination to the synthesis of enol ethers; the design, synthesis, and application of a novel bifunctional oxazole linchpin; and Stille coupling of a C(28) trimethyl stannane with a C(29) oxazole triflate. The longest linear sequence leading to (+)-phorboxazole A (1) was 27 steps, with an overall yield of 3%.
Analysis of polysaccharide-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) composites by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Abstract A method, based on absorbances in FTIR spectra of the CO singlebond stretch band of the polysaccharide and the CH stretch band of poly(ethylene- co -acrylic acid) (EAA) at 2851 cm −1 , was developed for the determination of EAA in composites with either dextran or starch. Spectral subtraction of the polysaccharide component was necessary for quantitative determination of EAA. The accuracy of this analytical procedure is affected by the fact that absorbances of these two bands are not equally dependent on particle size of the sample in the KBr pellet; the absorbance ratio, as calculated from FTIR spectra therefore varies with sample preparation conditions. To ensure the necessary particle size uniformity during the preparation of KBr pellets, a method based on relative intensities of two bands in the CO region of the spectrum was developed as an indicator of particle size in the pellet. This method was also used for monitoring sample size in the polysaccharide standard used for spectral subtraction, since particle size uniformity between sample and polysaccharide standard was also necessary for accurate determination of EAA.
Food Aid Disincentives: the Tunisian Experience

An econometric model is used to assess the short-term (impact), interim, and cumulative effects of food aid on the economy of Tunisia for the period 1960-92. Food aid displaced neither domestic production nor commercial imports of food grains. Rather, food aid provided incentives to promote growth through its income and policy effects. Food aid provided increased public revenue that enabled the government to take an active role in domestic pricing, preventing disincentive prices and promoting domestic production. The results indicate a positive role for food aid when disincentive effects are managed through public policies.
Transport and Defect Mechanisms in Cuprous Delafossites. 2. CuScO2 and CuYO2

The delafossite structure (ABO2) accommodates a wide range of transition and rare-earth cations on the B-site in combination with a short list of A-site cations. This paper reports the effects on defect chemistry and transport as a function of the B-site cation in copper-based delafossite materials, with CuScO2 and CuYO2 as examples. Large B-site cation delafossites exhibit small polaron conduction, a diffusion-limited conduction mechanism, with an activation energy approximately twice that of CuAlO2 (0.22 eV vs 0.14 eV, respectively). The mobility for these materials is found to be <1 cm2 V-1 s-1, further evidence of small polaron conduction. The majority defect species is highly dependent on the B-site cation, such that CuScO2 and CuYO2 are dominated by extrinsic defects (acceptor doping) and free oxygen interstitials, whereas off-stoichiometry dominates CuAlO2. Dopant solubility is shown to be 1% for bulk CuScO2 samples and lower in CuYO2.
The evolution of the prebiotic atmosphere.

One-dimensional radiative-convective and photochemical models are used to estimate the vertical temperature structure and composition of the earth's prebiotic atmosphere. Greatly enhanced CO2 levels (100-1000 times present) are required to keep the mean surface temperature above freezing in the face of decreased solar luminosity during the earth's early history. Such high CO2 partial pressures would have affected the atmospheric oxidation state by facilitating the photochemical production of soluble species including H2O2 and H2CO. Oxidation of ferrous iron in the oceans by H2O2 dissolved in rainwater should have kept the atmospheric H2 mixing ratio above 0.0002, and the ground-level O2 mixing ratio below 10 to the -11th, regardless of the magnitude of the rate of volcanic release of reduced gases.
The Significance of the Bursa of Fabricius of Chickens in Antibody Production 2. Spleen Relationship

ABSTRACT BURSECTOMIZING young chickens reduces their ability to produce antibodies as shown by Chang et al. (1955, 1957) and by Glick et al. (1956). Since splenectomy also suppresses the antibody producing capacity of young animals as shown by Wolfe et al. (1950), and by Makinodan et al. (1954a, b), the purpose of this paper is to report the results of studies regarding the role of the spleen in agglutinin production in young chickens and the relationship between the spleen and the bursa of Fabricius for this purpose. EXPERIMENTAL The selection of chickens and their care, bursectomy procedure, antigen preparation, injections, blood collection, and agglutination tests were the same as described by Chang et al. (1957). Splenectomy was performed as follows: The chicken’s legs were tied together; the wings pushed back from the side of the body; and an incision made, with a scalpel or a razor blade, through the abdominal body . . .
Bismuth manganite: A multiferroic with a large nonlinear optical response

We report evidence for ferroelectricity in bismuth manganite epitaxial films from optical second-harmonic generation (SHG). The change in the polar symmetry of SHG signals under external electric fields is correlated to specific changes in the ferroelectric domain microstructures. We also observe giant enhancement of SHG by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude with effective ${d}_{f}\ensuremath{\sim}193\mathrm{p}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{V}$ under electric fields of \ensuremath{\sim}707 V/mm. The material also exhibits a large third-order nonlinear optical response with nonlinear absorption coefficient ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{I}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}0.08\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{k}\mathrm{W}$ and nonlinear refractive index ${n}_{I}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}0.53\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{W}.$
Self-isolation and insect pollination in the primitive angiosperms: New evaluations of older hypotheses

A review of the literature, compiled over the past 40 years suggests new directions for theories discussing the evolution of reproductive isolation and entomophily in angiosperms. Data on breeding systems suggests that the protoangiosperms may have developed gametophytic self-incompatibility. Protogyny is probably ancestral to protandry and herkogamy. Although the proto-flowers were bisexual wide variation in the number of sexual organs within proto-flowers probably led to labile sexuality and early trends towards dicliny. Beetle-pollination in extant relicts appears too specialized to represent an ancestral condition. Rather, the proto-flowers may have been generalist entomophiles incorporating some beetles,Plecoptera, thrips, micropterigid moths and proto-dipterans into their fluctuating spectra of opportunistic pollinators. Bee-pollination is probably polyphyletic in origin evolving repeatedly from angiosperms showing these generalist syndromes. There is still no correlation between primitive bees (especiallyColletidae) and the relictual angiosperms. Pollen that is usually retained within the anthers following dehiscence and the presence of staminal filaments and styles characterizes most of the flowers of those relictual angiosperms pollinated by specialized, modernApoidea.
Angiogenesis in the Primate Ovulatory Follicle Is Stimulated by Luteinizing Hormone via Prostaglandin E2

Rapid angiogenesis occurs as the ovulatory follicle is transformed into the corpus luteum. To determine if luteinizing hormone (LH)-stimulated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) regulates angiogenesis in the ovulatory follicle, cynomolgus macaques received gonadotropins to stimulate multiple follicular development and chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) substituted for the LH surge to initiate ovulatory events. Before hCG, vascular endothelial cells were present in the perifollicular stroma but not amongst granulosa cells. Endothelial cells entered the granulosa cell layer 24–36 h after hCG, concomitant with the rise in follicular PGE2 and prior to ovulation, which occurs about 40 h after hCG. Intrafollicular administration of the PG synthesis inhibitor indomethacin was coupled with PGE2 replacement to demonstrate that indomethacin blocked and PGE2 restored follicular angiogenesis in a single, naturally developed monkey follicle in vivo. Intrafollicular administration of indomethacin plus an agonist selective for a single PGE2 receptor showed that PTGER1 and PTGER2 agonists most effectively stimulated angiogenesis within the granulosa cell layer. Endothelial cell tracing and three-dimensional reconstruction indicated that these capillary networks form via branching angiogenesis. To further explore how PGE2 mediates follicular angiogenesis, monkey ovarian microvascular endothelial cells (mOMECs) were isolated from ovulatory follicles. The mOMECs expressed all four PGE2 receptors in vitro. PGE2 and all PTGER agonists increased mOMEC migration. PTGER1 and PTGER2 agonists promoted sprout formation while the PTGER3 agonist inhibited sprouting in vitro. While PTGER1 and PTGER2 likely promote the formation of new capillaries, each PGE2 receptor may mediate aspects of PGE2's actions and, therefore, LH's ability to regulate angiogenesis in the primate ovulatory follicle.
Development of anxiety: the role of threat appraisal and fear learning

Anxious individuals exhibit threat biases at multiple levels of information processing. From a developmental perspective, abnormal safety learning in childhood may establish threat-related appraisal biases early, which may contribute to chronic disorders in adulthood. This review illustrates how the interface among attention, threat appraisal, and fear learning can generate novel insights for outcome prediction. This review summarizes data on amygdala function, as it relates to learning and attention, highlights the importance of examining threat appraisal, and introduces a novel imaging paradigm to investigate the neural correlates of threat appraisal and threat-sensitivity during extinction recall. This novel paradigm can be used to investigate key questions relevant to prognosis and treatment. Depression and Anxiety, 2011.© 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Performance Measures and Pay for Performance

Performance measures and pay for performance are terms creating considerable angst among physicians today. Understanding the driving forces behind these concepts will help practitioners to strategically plan for their impact on individual physician practices and on health care in general. Medical societies can play a vital role in assisting physicians in the identification of appropriate performance measures used to gauge physician practices and by supporting efforts to develop equitable principles driving reimbursement based on adherence to those measures. Performance measures and pay for performance are terms evoking considerable angst across all sectors of the health services industry.
Consistency in infant sleeping arrangements and mother-infant interaction

This study examined the association between infant sleeping arrangements (i.e., habitual co-sleeping, inconsistent co-sleeping, and non-co-sleeping) and quality of mother-infant interaction during play in a sample of mothers, each with a typically developing infant (N=70). Mother-infant dyads who experienced consistency in infant sleeping arrangements in a typical week at 6 months (i.e., habitual co-sleeping or non-co-sleeping) were characterized by more positive maternal and infant behavior and dyadic quality of interaction at 9 months compared with dyads who experienced inconsistency in sleeping arrangements. Additionally, a greater amount of co-sleeping per week was associated with an increased duration of breastfeeding, mothers working fewer hours, less infant temperamental intensity, and less maternal depression. This study underscores the advantages of empirically based studies that consider consistency in infant sleep experience as a factor that is associated with more positive mother-child interaction.
Analysis of laminar non-Newtonian flow and heat transfer in curved tubes

The governing equations for the laminar fully developed flow and heat transfer in curved tubes are solved numerically for a power-law fluid. Results for the velocity and temperature fields, the friction factor, and the Nusselt number are presented for different values of the Dean number, the Prandtl number, and the power-law index. The friction factor results are compared with available experimental data.
Covariance of regenerative mean and variance estimators for the Markov chains

This paper explores the asymptotic covariance structure of the mean and standard deviation estimators used in the regenerative method of simulation output analysis. It is shown that the asymptotic covariance of the mean and standard deviation estimators does not depend on the choice of return state.
Directed network inference using a measure of directed information

The concept of mutual information (MI) has been widely used for inferring complex networks such as genetic regulatory networks. However, the MI based methods cannot infer directed or dynamic networks. In this paper, we propose a new network inference algorithm to infer directed acyclic networks which can determine both the connectivity and causality between different nodes based on the concept of directed information (DI) and conditional directed information. The proposed method is applied to both simulated data and Electroencephalography (EEG) data to evaluate its effectiveness.