cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of heme oxygenase-1 in neonatal rats in hippocampus with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage and protective mechanism of naloxone

Objective:To investigate the expression of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) in hippocampus of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD),and expore the possible neuroprotective mechanism of naloxone on HIBD.Methods:Neonatal 7-day SD rats were randomly divided into three equal groups:Group S(sham operation group),Group C(HIBD+nomal saline treatment),Group N(HIBD + naloxone treatment).HIBD models were established by Rice method.All of the groups were further divided into six subgroups(n = 8 in each subgroup) according to the time points 3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,3 d,7 d,after H/I.Western blot was used to detect the protein level of HO-1.Variation of HO-1 activity in hippocampus was detected by biochemical test.The apoptosis cells in hippocampus were detected by TUNEL.Results:① Expression of HO-1 protein:Western blot showed that the expression of HO-1 in hippocampus in Group S was very low and the same at different time points,but the expressions of HO-1 in hippocampus in Group N,Group C increased markedly from 3 h and reached peak at 24 h post-H/I,then gradually decreased,and almost returned to the original levels 7 d after H/I,but still higher than Group S(P 0.01).The expressions of HO-1 12 h,24 h,3 d,7 d after H/I in Group N were significantly higher than those of Group C(P 0.01).② Variation of HO-1 activity:The variation of HO-1 activity in Group C was increased from 3 h and reached peak at 24 h post-H/I,returned to the original level 7 d after H/I.HO-1 activities 12 h,24 h,3 d after H/I in Group N were significantly higher than those of Group C(P 0.01).③ Apoptotic cells detection:TUNEL staining showed that the numbers of apoptotic cells in Group N,Group C in hippocampus of ipsilateral hemisphere gradually increased at 3 h,peaked at 24 h and decreased at 3 d after H/I,the numbers of apoptotic cells in Group N 24 h,3 d,7 d after H/I were significantly lower than Group C(P 0.01).Conclusion:①The expression of HO-1 in hippocampus increased after H/I injury,HO-1 is involved in the regulation of neuronal apoptosis and implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms of neuronal damage after H/I.②Naloxone has a protective effect on H/I-induced neuronal injure,may exert its neuroprotective mechanisms by increasing HO-1 expression.
Study on Power Generator Primary Frequency Control Monitoring Information

In the light of real monitoring of primary frequency control,based on the analysis of technical index and assessment content,the effective function of valve position(guide vane opening) command output signal and frequency disturbance output signal in real monitoring is analyzed,the real monitoring assessment function of primary frequency control is perfected.
Picosecond Electrooptic Sampling and Harmonic Mixing in GaAs

Electro-optic sampling is a powerful technique for exploiting the capabilities of modern mode-locked laser systems to make high speed electronic measurements. Using ultrashort light pulses to probe the electric fields of microstrip transmission lines deposited on LiNbO3 and LiTaO3, VALDMANIS et al. [1,2] demonstrated an electro-optic sampling system capable of resolving picosecond and subpicosecond rise-time photoconductive switches. KOLNER et al. [4,5] utilized a similar system to characterize photodiodes exhibiting bandwidths of 100 GHz. In both cases, a hybrid connection between the device under test and the electro-optic transmission line was required. VALDMANIS et al. [6] and MEYER and MOUROU [7] have shown that by placing an electro-optic crystal in contact with the circuit under test, picosecond waveforms could be measured without a hybrid connection. Although these techniques have demonstrated impressive results, they potentially compromise the true device response by reactive loading of the transmission line systems. This occurs due to 1) the fundamental mode mismatch between similar transmission lines on different dielectrics, 2) parasitic reactances associated with the bonding wires between the two transmission line systems or 3) capacitive loading of a transmission line by close proximity to the sampling crystal.
Information stabilization of images over discrete memoryless channels

This paper investigates the problem of information stabilization of the images of source sets over discrete memoryless channels (DMCs). It is shown that if the minimum image cardinality of a source set over a DMC has a specific entropy characterization, then the image of this source set will be information stable. In many applications, this requirement on the source set can be satisfied using the method of equal-image-size source partitioning. A construction of a strong secrecy subcode from a weak secrecy code for the wiretap channel is provided as an example to illustrate the use of the information stabilization technique.
Staying Strong With Schools: A Civilian School-Based Intervention to Promote Resilience for Military-Connected Children.

ABSTRACTSince September 11, 2001, over 2 million U.S. service members have been deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan, resulting in hundreds of thousands of military-connected children (MCC) having experienced a parental deployment. Although parental deployments have significantly burdened these children, few evidence-based interventions designed to support their resilience to these stressors are available. To address this gap, we developed a civilian school-based intervention to promote resilience in MCC living in the community. Our intervention, Staying Strong With Schools (SSWS), aims to deliver: a training to all school professionals early in the school year to educate them about challenges for children and families experiencing parental deployment and signs of deployment-related distress; and a year-long training for the school guidance counselor who coordinates communication and provides psychosocial support to MCC within the school community. We piloted SSWS in two civilian elementary schools and found p...
Improving Narrative Writing Skills of Secondary Students with Disabilities Using Strategy Instruction

ABSTRACTWriting standards and objectives outline complex skills for narrative essay writing at the secondary level. Students with disabilities often produce disorganized narratives with fewer narrative elements than their peers without disabilities. A multiple-probe design was used to examine effects of Self-Regulated Strategy Development for the Pick my genre then idea, Organize my notes, Write (POW) + Setting, Tension, rising Action, Climax, Solution (STACS) strategy on narrative essay-writing skills for 6 secondary students with disabilities. Results indicated students improved the quality of their narratives and included a greater number of strategy-specific and story grammar elements following instruction. Students were also able to transfer skills across a history or social studies setting and could more accurately differentiate narrative writing prompts from expository and persuasive writing prompts. Treatment acceptability results indicated students found instruction beneficial.
Characteristics, Histories, and Future Succession of Northern Pinus pungens Stands

Pinus pungens (Table Mountain pine) stands are rare conifer-dominated communities that occur on xeric ridges and upper slopes throughout the central and southern Appalachian Mountains. At the northern end of this range, this uncommon forest community is essentially unstudied. Therefore, in 2006 I initiated a dendroecology study of three Pinus pungens stands growing in Pennsylvania to better understand their current conditions, histories, and likely future succession. These stands contained from four to 14 tree species with Pinus pungens or Quercus montana (chestnut oak) dominating the main canopy. Quercus coccinea (scarlet oak), Acer rubrum (red maple), or Nyssa sylvatica (black gum) were the primary species of the midstory. Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel) was the principal understory shrub. Two of the communities had Pinus pungens and Quercus montana trees dating back into the mid-1800s and were likely heavily influenced by the charcoal iron industry of that century. Periodic fire was also part of their history. The other Pinus pungens community arose following abandonment of an agricultural field in the 1910s and fire does not seem to have been a factor in its ecological history. Two of the communities appear to be losing their Pinus pungens component as their understories are dominated by hardwood saplings or shrubs and there are no pine seedlings present. Perpetuating these and other Pinus pungens communities in Pennsylvania will require reducing the understory vegetation and creating suitable seed beds for Pinus pungens seedling establishment.
Functional Changes in the Gut Microbiome Contribute to Transforming Growth Factor β-Deficient Colon Cancer.

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation [GBMF4491]; Cancer Biology training grant [CA09213]; [HD026471]; [AI067903]; [CA084291]
Positive differential operators in the Krein space L 2 (ℝ n )

We characterize a class of indefinite partial differential operators which are similar to selfadjoint operators in the Hilbert space L 2(ℝ n ).
Indocyanine green and fluorescence lymphangiography for sentinel node identification in patients with melanoma

Abstract Background Infrared fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) is a novel method for sentinel node localization. Our objective was to assess ICG and fluorescence imaging for preoperative and intraoperative utility. Methods 87 eligible patients participated in this prospective study. All patients received injection of ICG dye in addition to both methylene blue and 99mTc. Each sentinel node was assessed for the presence of each dye. Results ICG was visible prior to incision in 44% of subjects. 99mTc identified a mean of 1.89 SLN per patient. ICG identified a mean of 1.87 SLN while methylene blue (MB) dye identified a mean of 0.71 SLN. 99mTc and ICG identified the same number of sentinel nodes per patient (P = .73) while methylene blue was inferior in its ability to localize sentinel nodes (P Conclusion Our findings indicate that ICG/fluorescence imaging has limited ability to identify the nodal basin preoperatively, but is equivalent to 99mTc for intraoperative identification of sentinel nodes and superior to MB.
Investigation of the Factors That Influence Undergraduate Student Chemistry Course Selection

The introductory chemistry sequence is a common pathway for undergraduates pursuing science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) and prehealth careers. Student’s academic decision-making has far-reaching consequences for their trajectory, including persistence in the major and ultimate career choice. This phenomenon was studied using a survey and focus group interviews, which were conducted to better understand the factors that influenced student choice. Results were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, from which personal and institutional factors were identified. Using binary logistic regression, we found that students who placed importance on institutional factors (placement test results, discussion with advisor, academic plans, course load, and confidence in preparation) were more likely to comply with their placement recommendation, whereas students who placed importance on personal factors (family and financial concerns, advice from friends and family, rumors about the course, and nonaca...
Deep imaging in highly scattering media by combining reflection matrix measurement with Bessel-like beam based optical coherence tomography.

Multiple scattering in biomedical tissue limits the imaging depth within a range of 1–2 mm for conventional optical imaging techniques. To extend the imaging depth into the scattering medium, a computational method based on the reflection matrix measurement has been developed to retrieve the singly back-scattered signal light from the dominant detrimental multiple-scattered background. After applying singular value decomposition on the measured matrix in the post-process, the target image underneath the turbid media is clearly recovered. To increase the depth of focus of the incident light by elongating the focal spot along the optical axis, a digital grating pattern is specially designed and displayed on a phase-only spatial light modulator to generate the Bessel-like beam for lateral point scanning. According to the results, the depth of focus is increased up to 2.4 mm which is much longer than the value of ∼50 μm obtained by using the conventional focused Gaussian beam, leading to a deeper penetration depth due to the self-healing feature of the Bessel-like beam. In addition, generation of the Bessel-like beam simplifies the axial scanning process by getting rid of the need to mechanically translate the focal zone along the optical axis of an objective with a high numerical aperture. By combining this method with an optical coherence tomography system with a low coherence light source, a depth-resolved optical image is obtained underneath a highly turbid medium.
Steroid sulfatase deficiency and the genetics of the short arm of the human X chromosome.

It is considered axiomatic in human genetics that the study of relatively rare disorders may yield far more in dividends than might be anticipated based on the incidence of the condition in question. This has clearly been demonstrated in studies of human steroid sulfatase deficiency and the steroid sulfatase system during the past few years. Investigations of this infrequent human variation have led to expanded studies of sulfated steroid metabolism, the physiological control of epidermal keratinization, estrogen biosynthesis in pregnancy, testosterone biosynthesis, and the molecular mechanism of X-chromosome inactivation and the escape of inactivation of certain portions of the human X. In addition, the availability of a readily scoreable marker for the distal human short arm provides the potential basis for a number of observations regarding X/Y interchange involving this portion of the X and has raised a number of evolutionary issues as well. Further studies may help clarify several of these questions and substantially add to our understanding of a variety of human X-chromosome disorders, such as X aneuploid states, XX males, and true hermaphrodites.
Professional Development to Support Students’ Algebraic Reasoning: An Example from the Problem-Solving Cycle Model

The Problem-Solving Cycle (PSC) model of mathematics Professional Development (PD) seeks to enhance teachers’ knowledge and skills in a variety of domains. In this paper we consider how participating in the PSC program, with a specific focus on algebra, impacted one teachers’ instructional practice. We explore the nature of change in the teacher’s classroom, as well as the connection between these changes, the focus of our PD, and the teacher’s intentions. Our analyses are based on a set of videotaped classroom lessons collected over two years, along with interviews and written reflections. We conclude that there was a close match between the teacher’s personal goals for improvement and our program goals, and notable shifts in his algebra instruction that was likely to have supported his students’ algebraic reasoning.
Challenging the Academic (MIS) Categorization of Urban Youth Building a Case for Puerto Rican High Achievers

This article is intended to dispel the myth that Latinas and Latinos and other urban high school youths of color are not capable of performing at high academic levels. Much research shows that youths of color are underrepresented and underserved in gifted education programs. The authors describe the four success factors to which 10 working-class Puerto Rican high school students from low-income families attribute their high academic achievement: ( a) religiosity and extracurricular activities as sources of social capital; (b) affirming and maintaining a Puerto Rican identity; (c) maternal influences on students' academic achievement; and (d) the potential of caring teachers and other school staff to influence high academic achievement. Finally, the findings suggest that opportunities for students of color are still inequitably structured in large, comprehensive high schools. Hence, the authors argue that schools must continue to bridge the large gap between themselves and the communities they serve and ma...
Decoupling outmigration from marine survival indicates outsized influence of streamflow on cohort success for California's Chinook salmon populations

Historically, marine survival estimates for salmon have been confounded with freshwater seaward migration (“outmigration”) survival. Telemetry studies have revealed low and variable survival during outmigration, suggesting marine mortality may not be the primary source of variability in cohort size as previously believed. Using a novel combination of tagging technologies, survival during these two life stages was decoupled over five years for Sacramento River Chinook salmon. Outmigration survival ranged from 2.6% to 17%, marine survival ranged from 4.2% to 22.8%. Influential environmental drivers in both life stages were also compared to smolt-to-adult ratios (SAR) for three Chinook salmon populations over 20 years. Streamflow during outmigration had higher correlation with SAR (r-squared >0.34) than two marine productivity indices (r-squared <0.08). The few SAR estimates that were poorly predicted by flow occurred during years with the lowest marine productivity, suggesting most inter-annual SAR fluctuat...
Salmonella, E. coli, and Citrobacter Type III Secretion System Effector Proteins that Alter Host Innate Immunity.

Bacteria deliver virulence proteins termed ‘effectors’ to counteract host innate immunity. Protein-protein interactions within the host cell ultimately subvert the generation of an inflammatory response to the infecting pathogen. Here we briefly describe a subset of T3SS effectors produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Citrobacter rodentium, and Salmonella enterica that inhibit innate immune pathways. These effectors are interesting for structural and mechanistic reasons, as well as for their potential utility in being engineered to treat human autoimmune disorders associated with perturbations in NF-κB signaling.
Spinoza and the Logical Limits of Mental Representation

This paper examines Spinoza’s view on the consistency of mental representation. First, I argue that he departs from Scholastic tradition by arguing that all mental states—whether desires, intentions, beliefs, perceptions, entertainings, etc.—must be logically consistent. Second, I argue that his endorsement of this view is motivated by key Spinozistic doctrines, most importantly the doctrine that all acts of thought represent what could follow from God’s nature. Finally, I argue that Spinoza’s view that all mental representation is consistent pushes him to a linguistic account of contradiction.
Link Layer Protocol for Molecular Communication Networks

Molecular communication networks (MC) consisting of biosensors and bioprocessors have unique characteristics that distinguish them from traditional electromagnetic networks. MC networks are super-slow owing to high processing and propagation delays, need algorithms that are ultra-simple due to the limited computational capabilities of biological circuits, and are highly asymmetric as the receiver/gateway have access to electronic components and other resources. These characteristics demand a re-thinking in the design of communication algorithms for MC networks. In this work, LMN, a link layer protocol specifically focusing on the above three characteristics of an MC network is proposed. LMN proposes a time interval modulation that reduces the overall communication delay and an embedded medium access control that is simple to implement and offloads computational complexity to the receiver.
Everyday Miracles in Seventeenth-Century Spain

Early modern miracle books form the basis for Thomas C. Devaney’s article ‘Everyday Miracles in Seventeenth-Century Spain’. He analyses them from the viewpoint of how the sacred and the quotidian intertwined in seventeenth-century Spain, especially related to Marian shrines and miracle-working images. The article looks at miracles and pilgrimages as emotional practices but also as instructive elements that shaped and cultivated emotions. Devaney also takes into account the important role, the sacred landscape and sacred locations had for the practices of veneration.
Invasion of Trichoferus campestris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) into the United States characterized by high levels of genetic diversity and recurrent introductions

Genetic variability of invasive pests informs us of fundamental aspects of the invasion, which help leverage limited resources for more efficient pest management. This is particularly important for managing species with invasive populations fueled by recurrent introductions. We present the first phylogeographic study of the velvet longhorned beetle (Trichoferus campestris [Faldermann]), a highly polyphagous wood-boring insect native to Asia. It attacks many ecologically and economically important tree species and has repeatedly invaded Europe and North America in recent decades. Despite the apparent threat posed by this pest, little work has been attempted to characterize genetic variability of T. campestris. One hurdle is the lack of genetic data beyond the “universal” COI barcode. Here we designed primer sequences to amplify five additional mitochondrial protein-coding genes for T. campestris (COII, COIII, Cytb, ND2, and ND4). We included specimens collected from domestic locations in the Unites States (U.S.) as well as samples intercepted in solid wood packaging material (WPM) at U.S. ports of entry. Phylogenetic analyses recovered three mitochondrial lineages, all including both domestic collections and port-interceptions. Our results demonstrated high levels of haplotype diversity among invasive populations of T. campestris. Specimens collected from the same geographical vicinity can be placed into different lineages. Species delimitation analyses further suggest presence of multiple molecular operational taxonomic units, which could complicate regulatory policies. We evaluated mechanisms that underlie the increasing number of T. campestris individuals and populations detected in the U.S. Results support the hypothesis of independent introductions through WPM, but are inconsistent with secondary invasions through the bridgehead effect.
Exploring the Relationship Between Fishing Regulations and Angler Compliance in Virginia

Accurate geographical awareness, species identification, and recognition of seasonal legal variations are typical constructs of fishing regulations. The combination of these factors makes understanding regulations a challenge, thus, making it difficult for anglers to abide by the law. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the relationship between angler fishing specialization, knowledge of fishing regulations, and compliance on two popular waterways in Virginia. An online survey was used to collect data from a sample of 326 licensed Virginia anglers. Two hypotheses were tested based on the regulatory knowledge of the anglers, their fishing specialization, and the likelihood they would comply with fishing regulations. Contrary to the hypothesized relationship, it was found that more specialized anglers had less regulatory knowledge. However, support was found between regulatory knowledge and angler likelihood of compliance. Limitations of this study, future research, and policy implications are also discussed.
Critical Race Structuralism: The Role of Science Education in Teaching Social Justice Issues in Urban Education and Pre-Service Teacher Education Programs:

Using critical race structuralism (CRS), a new contribution, as well as primary and secondary data, this article explores the role of science in teaching social justice issues in urban education. I...
Chronic Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation in an Adult Following a Traumatic Event: A Case Report.

ABSTRACT Background Traumatic rotatory subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint is a rare but potentially life-threatening injury in adults. While acute cases have been shown to be managed successfully with closed reduction, chronic injuries in skeletally mature patients have rarely been reported. Methods We present management of a 64-year-old female who presents 2.5 years after a traumatic cervical injury with neck pain and torticollis. Imaging revealed rotatory subluxation of C1–C2 without cord impingement. A focused appraisal of the reported literature was also performed. Results Successful reduction was achieved with halo cervical traction, followed by definitive treatment with atlantoaxial arthrodesis. Conclusions Cases of fixed, chronic C1–C2 rotatory subluxation after traumatic etiology may be amenable to closed reduction with skeletal traction and fusion. Level of Evidence 4. Clinical Relevance Chronic, post-traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation in the adult population is extremely rare, without a well-described treatment algorithm. The purpose of this case report is to highlight the reduction and fixation of someone with this injury.
Deep Volumetric Segmentation of Murine Cochlear Compartments from Micro-Computed Tomography Images

Local drug delivery to the inner ear via micropump implants has the potential to be much more effective than oral drug delivery for treating patients with sensorineural hearing loss and to protect hearing from ototoxic insult due to noise exposure or cancer treatments. Designing micropumps to deliver appropriate concentrations of drugs to the necessary cochlear compartments is of paramount importance; however, directly measuring local drug concentrations over time throughout the cochlea is not possible. Recent approaches for indirectly quantifying local drug concentrations in animal models capture a series of magnetic resonance (MR) or micro computed tomography (µCT) images before and after infusion of a contrast agent into the cochlea. These approaches require accurately segmenting important cochlear components (scala tympani (ST), scala media (SM) and scala vestibuli (SV)) in each scan and ensuring that they are registered longitudinally across scans. In this paper, we focus on segmenting cochlear compartments from µCT volumes using V-Net, a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for 3-D segmentation. We show that by modifying the V-Net architecture to decrease the numbers of encoder and decoder blocks and to use dilated convolutions enables extracting local estimates of drug concentration that are comparable to those extracted using atlas-based segmentation (3.37%, 4.81%, and 19.65% average relative error in ST, SM, and SV), but in a fraction of the time. We also test the feasibility of training our network on a larger MRI dataset, and then using transfer learning to perform segmentation on a smaller number of µCT volumes, which would enable this technique to be used in the future to characterize drug delivery in the cochlea of larger mammals.
Red blood cell exosome hemoglobin content increases after cardiopulmonary bypass and mediates acute kidney injury in an animal model.

Abstract Objective Hemolysis, characterized by formation of free hemoglobin (Hb), occurs in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). However, there is no study of the dynamic changes in red blood cell (RBC)-derived exosomes (Exos) released during CPB, nor whether these particles mediate acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods This study is a comprehensive time–course analysis, at baseline, 30 minutes, to 24 hours post-crossclamp release (XCR) to determine (1) Exos Hb content; (2) free Hb/heme, haptoglobin, hemopexin; and (3) urinary markers of AKI over the same time period. In addition, we developed a model system in Sprague–Dawley rats to test for AKI after intravenous injection of Exos Hb released during CPB. Results In 30 patients undergoing CPB, there is a significant increase in plasma Hb-positive Exos but not microvesicles 30 minutes post-XCR versus other time points, with a simultaneous decrease in the haptoglobin/Hb ratio. These changes presage a significant increase in urine neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 at 24 hours. Intravenous injection of plasma Exos (109-10 particles obtained 30 minutes post-XCR) into rats causes AKI at 72 hours, manifested by multifocal degeneration of proximal tubular epithelium. At 21 days, there is persistent tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis. Intravenous injection of Exos from 35-day-old stored RBCs into rats results in glomerular–tubular injury, increased kidney ferritin and hemoxygenase-1 expression, and significant elevation of kidney injury molecule-1 and proteinuria at 72 hours. Conclusions These combined studies raise the potential for RBC-derived Exos, released during CPB, to target the kidney and mediate AKI.
Do Women Legislators Have a Positive Effect on the Supportiveness of States Toward Older Citizens

Increasing women in state legislatures is associated with greater legislative support for social policies serving families with children. We examine whether the family friendly impact of women legislators extends to supporting family elders. We draw on a cross-sectional data set of the American states in conjunction with regression. We find that, controlling for prominent alternative factors shaping state policies, women's legislative presence exerts a strong positive influence on state elderly friendliness. Our results are more exploratory than definitive, but they suggest that states with more extensive legislative representation of women better meet the growing challenges of an aging population.
MOVEing Beyond Anti-State to Anti-Civ: Black Lives Matter and the MOVE Organization Through the Critical Environmental Justice Lens

This article examines the radical ecological philosophy developed by the MOVE organization in the early 1970s and the purchase it may have for the contemporary Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. Us...
Against Throne and Altar: Machiavelli and Political Theory Under the English Republic

Prologue: Machiavelli in the English Revolution Part I. Machiavelli's New Republicanism: 1. Machiavelli's populist turn 2. The ravages of an ambitious idleness Part II. Revolutionary Aristotelianism: 3. The classical republicanism of John Milton 4. The liberation of captive mind Part III. Machiavellian Republicanism Anglicized: 5. Marchamont Nedham and the regicide republic 6. Servant of the rump 7. The good old cause Part IV. Thomas Hobbes and The New Republicanism: 8. Thomas Hobbes' republican youth 9. The making of a modern monarchist 10. The very model of a modern moralist 11. The Hobbesian Republicanism of James Harrington Epilogue.
Optimization of Bosch etch process for through wafer interconnects

The Bosch etch process was utilized to create 50 micrometer vias with an aspect ration of 10:1 in silicon wafers for through wafer interconnects. The process is complex with twenty-two separate parameters required to control the process. Deviating from the standard process and flowing SF/sub 6/ during the deposition process resulted in a more stable and reproducible process.
Loop Gain-Phase Shaping Techniques for Robust Multi-Axis Coordinated Motion Control

A solution to the robust multi-axis coordinated motion problem is presented using the loop gain-phase shaping (LGPS) technique of quantitative feedback theory (QFT). Robust contouring specifications are translated into closed loop gain and phase robustness specifications by using a relaxed performance criterion. A two axis example is presented to demonstrated the concepts.
Macroamylasemia: Rapid Detection Method

A reliable method is presented for rapidly screening human sera to detect macroamylasemia. A mixture of the serum to be tested, Blue Dextran, and cytochrome c is filtered through a small column of cross-linked dextran gel (Sephadex G-100). Amylase in the effluent fractions is detected by incubation with amylose and subsequent addition of iodine. Macroamylase, if present, is found in the blue-colored fractions, while amylase of normal molecular weight appears in the fractions colored by cytochrome c.
Effective-cluster simulation of polycrystal plasticity

A model is proposed in which each grain, representative of a certain orientation and strength, is embedded in a thin shell of plastic effective medium; this assembly is called an ‘effective cluster’. For each grain the plastic strain increment is chosen such that the yield surface of the effective cluster gives the macroscopic stress. The results differ from uniform-strain theories only in some cases, such as in the compression of fcc polycrystals, where ‘grain curling’ occurs.
Community-acquired pneumonia in elderly patients

Community-acquired pneumonia continues to have a significant impact on elderly individuals, who are affected more frequently and with more severe consequences than younger populations. As the population ages it is expected that the medical and economic impact of this disease will increase. Despite these concerns, little progress has been made in research specifically focusing on community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Data continue to show that a high index of suspicion, early antimicrobial therapy and appropriate medications to cover typical pathogens are extremely important in treating community-acquired pneumonia in older individuals. This review is designed to serve as an update to our previous work published in Aging Health in 2006, with specific emphasis on the most recent evidence published since that time.
STEREOSPECIFICITY OF THE TRANSPORT OF TERT.-LEUCINE.

1. 1. Carboxyl-labeled ter.-leucine (pseudoleucine) has been synthesized by the reaction of pivaldehyde with K14CN, and the stereoisomers separated. 2. 2. About 3% of the radioactive carbon injected into the rat in the form of the l isomer is excreted in a volatile form, presumably as 14CO2. About 1% of the 14C of the d isomer had the same fate. 3. 3. Evidence for substantially higher affinities fro renal tubular transport in the rat and in the dog of l-tert.-leucine than of the d isomer has been obtained. No radioactive metabolite of the l isomer was detected in the urine of the dog. The results emphasize the possibility that, according to the time interval of urine collection selected, either stereoisomer of an unmetabolizable solute might be isolated unmodified from the urine after administering the dl form. 4. 4. The l isomer has a much higher affinity for transport into the Ehrlich ascitestumor cell than the d form, these relationships resembling those for ordinary metabolizable amino acids. tert.-Leucine shows an unusually high specificity for the leucine-preferring transport mediation, relative to the alanine-prefering mediation for neutral amino acid transport; it is therefore recommended for use in the study of these systems in comparative isolation from each other.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRAMEDULLARY CELL DIVISIONS, RED BLOOD CELL |[lpar]|RBC|[rpar]| SIZE, AND GLYCOLYTIC ENZYME ACTIVITY

The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) varies directly with cell size, and this is thought to reflect the number of intramedullary cell divisions (macrocytes<normocytes<microcytes). In order to assess how the number of cell divisions influences the content of other RBC proteins, we measured the activity of 2 age-independent glycolytic enzymes in macrocytic (12 pts), normal (15 pts), and microcytic (15 pts) RBC's. The enzymes measured were phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). In macrocytes (MCV-111, MCH-37) both PGK and LDH activity/1010 RBC's were increased 1.6-fold greater than in normal RBC's (MCV-91, MCH-31). In microcytes (MCV-64, MCH-20), however, the activity of these enzymes was identical to that seen in normal RBC's. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that macrocytes undergo fewer intramedullary cell divisions but contrary to current concepts, the identical enzyme activity in normal and microcytic RBC's suggests that these cells have undergone the same number of cell divisions. The smaller volume of microcytes can be explained by decreased hemoglobin synthesis since it is known that the volume of growing cells is influenced by the cation and water accumulation which accompanies amino acid incorporation into protein.
Dual-Polarity Early Carboniferous Remagnetization of the Fisset Brook Formation, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia

SUMMARY Red siltstones and volcanic flows of the Fisset Brook Formation of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, were folded or tilted in two phases, one of Late Tournaisian and the other of Mid-Namurian age. Upon thermal demagnetization, both rock types yield three components of magnetization, herein denoted as L, I and H. The L component has low unblocking temperatures and a direction conforming to that of the present-day geomagnetic field. L is inferred to be of recent origin. The intermediate I component, carried by haematite, is of synfolding origin. Directions could be obtained through vector subtraction for the demagnetization interval of 300-550°C, and yield a mean of D/I = 160"/+38" (k = 90.8, ag5 = S.lo), after 39 per cent of the tilt correction is applied. The H component has even higher unblocking temperatures, which overlap to a large degree with those of the I component, but analysis of intersecting great circles appears to yield a best-fit direction for H which is nearly antipodal to that of the I component. H is also synfolding, and yields a mean direction of D/I = 342"/-38" (k = 120.9, ag5 = 6.9") after 60 per cent of tilt correction. Both components are interpreted as secondary chemical remanent magnetizations of Late Tournaisian to Early Namurian age. A comparison of all available Carboniferous results from the craton and the northern Appalachians indicates that palaeolatitudes for Nova Scotia changed from about 20"s to about 10"s in the interval between the Early and Late Namurian and that they changed again from about 10"s to 0" between the Late Namurian and the Stephanian. Declinations show good agreement between Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the craton, with the exception of the Meguma terrain, which underwent a counterclockwise rotation with respect to the mainland in the Late Carboniferous, as noted previously by Spariosu, Kent & Keppie (1984).
The response of desalivate rats to a time-dependent food reinforcement schedule☆

Abstract Eight experimentally naive female rats, made desalivate by surgical ligation of the salivary ducts, were exposed to a time-dependent food reinforcement schedule in which one Noyes 45 mg food pellet was presented each 60 sec to each animal, independently of the behavior in which the animal happened to be engaged. Relative to pre and postexperimental condition baselines, all animals increased their water consumption in the time-dependent food reinforcement schedule condition. The increase in water consumption was attributable to an interaction between number of food pellets consumed prior to the initiation of a drink burst, and to the frequency with which drink bursts were initiated. These results were interpreted to indicate that the instatement of schedule-induced polydipsia is primarily attributable to the eat-then-drink sequence of behavior characteristic of both normal and desalivate rats, and that the maintenance of schedule-induced polydipsia is the result of the experimenter-imposed determination of meal size under which the rat must labor. It was hypothesized that schedule-induced hyperphagia should be as readily produced in species that normally exhibit drink-then-eat sequences of behavior as is polydipsia in animals that normally engage in eat-then-drink behavioral sequences.
Do life events or depression exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease? A prospective study.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether depressed mood or life events are associated with an exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease. DESIGN A prospective study of a consecutive sample of patients with relapsing inflammatory bowel disease, followed by monthly questionnaires and periodic office visits. SETTING A referral-based gastroenterology clinic at a medical school. PATIENTS A consecutive sample of 32 patients with inflammatory bowel disease who had had at least one relapse in a 2-year period after entry into the study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (measuring life events), the Beck Depression Inventory (a visual analog scale for depressed mood) and an inventory of intestinal symptoms were completed monthly by each subject with a 78% rate of compliance. A mean of 2.2 exacerbations was seen per subject during the study period. Life events were not temporally associated with changes in intestinal symptoms. Significant associations were found between intestinal symptoms and the two mood scales (P less than 0.05 for each), but no directionality in symptom occurrence could be detected in a time-lagged analysis. The results were similar when the months preceding exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease were analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS Although these findings suggest that mood changed concurrently with exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease, no evidence indicated that stressful life events or depressed mood precipitated exacerbations in this study group.
Thiamin content in air-classified Phaseolus vulgaris (Pinto Bean) flour fractions

Abstract Dry roasted whole, hull, and air-classified Phaseolus vulgaris (pinto bean) flour fractions were analyzed for thiamin content using a fluorometric procedure. On a 100 g dry weight basis, the mean thiamin values of each pinto bean flour fraction were whole bean, 0.80 mg; hull, 0.65 mg; intermediate starch, 1.1 mg; intermediate protein, 1.08 mg; high starch, 0.87 mg; and high protein, 0.83 mg. Significant differences between thiamin levels of the legume fractions were found with the following exceptions: whole bean vs hull, high starch and protein fractions; intermediate starch vs intermediate protein fractions; and high starch vs high protein fractions. Significant differences among the flours reveal that thiamin composition is not always equally distributed among the fractions and that partitioning among some fractions does occur.
Rapid reaction of nanomolar Mn(II) with superoxide radical in seawater and simulated freshwater.

Superoxide radical (O2−) has been proposed to be an important participant in oxidation−reduction reactions of metal ions in natural waters. Here, we studied the reaction of nanomolar Mn(II) with O2− in seawater and simulated freshwater, using chemiluminescence detection of O2− to quantify the effect of Mn(II) on the decay kinetics of O2−. With 3−24 nM added [Mn(II)] and <0.7 nM [O2−], we observed effective second-order rate constants for the reaction of Mn(II) with O2− of 6 × 106 to 1 × 107 M−1·s−1 in various seawater samples. In simulated freshwater (pH 8.6), the effective rate constant of Mn(II) reaction with O2− was somewhat lower, 1.6 × 106 M−1·s−1. With higher initial [O2−], in excess of added [Mn(II)], catalytic decay of O2− by Mn was observed, implying that a Mn(II/III) redox cycle occurred. Our results show that reactions with nanomolar Mn(II) could be an important sink of O2− in natural waters. In addition, reaction of Mn(II) with superoxide could maintain a significant fraction of dissolved Mn i...
Modeling the toxicity of burning polymethylmethacrylate

This paper reports the findings from a study of the candle-like burning of polymethylmethacrylate sheet.
Breast Carcinoma In Situ: Risk Factors and Screening Patterns

Background: Risk factors associated with invasive breast cancer are well documented, but those associated with breast carcinoma in situ are not well defined. Methods: We conducted a population-based, case-control study among female residents of Connecticut to identify risk factors for breast carcinoma in situ. Case patients, diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (n = 875) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) (n = 123), were matched by 5-year age groups with control subjects (n = 999). Case patients were diagnosed between September 15, 1994, through March 14, 1998, and all subjects were between the ages of 20 and 79 years. Information on risk factors and cancer-screening history was collected by telephone interviews. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (ORs) for the association of these factors with the risk of DCIS and LCIS. Results: Case patients with DCIS were more likely than control subjects to report a family history of breast cancer (OR = 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19 to 1.85) or previous breast biopsy (OR = 3.56; 95% CI = 2.86 to 4.43). They also had fewer full-term pregnancies (OR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.93) and were older at first full-term pregnancy (OR for being 20-29 years old relative to being <20 years old = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.17 to 2.43) and at menopause (OR for being ≥55 years old relative to being <45 years old = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.05 to 2.77). DCIS case patients were more likely than control subjects to have had a mammographic examination (OR = 2.46; 95% CI = 1.78 to 3.40) or an annual clinical breast examination (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.48 to 2.26). DCIS patients and control subjects did not differ with respect to oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, alcohol consumption or smoking history, or breast self-examination. Associations for LCIS were similar. Conclusions: The risk factors associated with DCIS and LCIS are similar to those associated with invasive breast cancer. Diagnosis of DCIS is associated with increased mammography screening.
Phenothiazine-Based Conjugated Polymers: Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Light-Emitting Properties

Two new phenothiazine-containing conjugated polymers, poly(10-hexylphenothiazine-3,7-diyl) (PHPT) and poly(10-hexylphenothiazine-3,7-diyl-alt-9,9-dihexyl-2,7-fluorene) (PPTF), were synthesized and characterized, and their photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent properties were investigated. The optical band gaps of PHPT and PPTF were 2.69 and 2.76 eV, respectively. Both polymers showed greenish-blue photoluminescence (490 nm) in dilute solutions with a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.40. Identical solid-state and dilute solution absorption and emission spectra were observed, showing that excimers were not formed in PHPT or PPTF thin films. Ionization potentials (HOMO levels) estimated from cyclic voltammetry were 5.0−5.1 eV for the phenothiazine-based polymers, making them good candidates for hole transport materials in devices. Spectroelectrochemistry revealed that the observed multiple oxidation peaks in the cyclic voltammetry of PHPT have associated multiple absorption peaks due to the f...
Anterior “cheek” electrodes are comparable to sphenoidal electrodes for the identification of ictal activity

Abstract Sphenoidal electrodes are used to localize epileptiform activity originating in the temporal lobe during complex partial seizures. Sphenoidal electrodes, however, are semi-invasive and uncomfortable to the patient. We compared skin electrodes placed on the cheek (“cheek electrodes”) with sphenoidal electrodes for the detection of the side and site of complex partial seizure onset. In a masked, randomized comparison of single ictal recordings in 22 patients, there were no significant differences between sphenoidal and cheek electrode montages in detecting the side or site of ictal onset ( P t test, t = 2.4, P