cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Similarity between Observers’ and Targets’ CSE Impacts Targets’ Competence Evaluations

In three studies, we investigated the interactive effects of core self-evaluations (CSE) among dyads of varying acquaintanceship. Study 1 showed that supervisors rated the competence of CSE-similar...
APPLICATION OF OPTIMAL CONTROL METHOD TO DESIGN OF CANCER TREATMENT USING A CONTINUOUS-TIME CELL KINETIC MODEL

The proliferation dynamics of a tumor cell population under chemotherapeutic effects is represented by a continuous state-space model. Based upon this model, the optimal control method is applied to determine an optimal strategy in administering antitumor drug(s) to cancer patients, resulting in a Two Point Boundary Value Problem (TPBVP) with a bang-bang control policy. The TPBVP is solved by the Switching Time Variation Method (STVM). Computer simulation of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells is carried out to demonstrate the utility of the present method.
Single-Port Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

For the last 10–15 years, access and instrumentation for laparoscopic hysterectomy have improved, but the techniques have remained relatively unchanged. Although they are still minimally invasive options, the conventional laparoscopic and robotic hysterectomy techniques typically require three to five small incisions in the abdominal wall. Surgeons are now able to complete laparoscopic surgeries through a single small incision that can be hidden in the base of the umbilicus for an excellent cosmetic result and reduced port site complications. This chapter illustrates a step-by-step approach for an effective, efficient, and reproducible technique to perform laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) for hysterectomy. The basic concepts illustrated here can be further utilized in any pelvic surgery. This technique is easily understood, replicated, and useful in learning the LESS technique while shortening the learning curve and minimizing frustration.
Nonlinear σ model in the loop expansion

The nonlinear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model in four dimensions is discussed in the context of the loop expansion. Since the model is perturbatively nonrenormalizable, divergences not of the form of the Lagrangian are of course expected; what is perhaps surprising is that there are divergences which appear not to be invariant under the original nonlinear symmetry. We demonstrate, however, that these apparently noninvariant terms do not contribute to on-mass-shell quantities and may be eliminated order by order by a field redefinition involving space-time derivatives. The linear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model is then examined in detail; it is shown how the nonlinear model, including the apparently noninvariant terms, emerges as the limit of the linear model as the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ mass goes to infinity. Finally, we compare our approach with other treatments of the "noninvariant" terms in the nonlinear model.
Chapter 24 – Family Bunyaviridae

Members of the family Bunyaviridae infect plants, insects, and vertebrates. Bunyaviruses are enveloped, segmented, negative-strand RNA viruses. Virion structure is relatively simple; structural proteins include a nucleocapsid (N) protein and two transmembrane glycoproteins (Gn and Gc). The L polymerase (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) is also present in the virion. Bunyaviruses have a replication cycle similar to that of other negative-strand RNA viruses; however, some bunyaviruses have ambisense genome segments. Bunyaviruses can cause severe disease in humans and substantial economic loss through infections of domestic livestock and plants. Most bunyaviruses are transmitted by insect vectors; notable exceptions are members of the genus Hantavirus, which have rodent hosts and are occasionally transmitted to humans via rodent feces and urine.
Types of IUDs and Mechanism of Action

There are currently 5 types of IUDs FDA approved for use in the United States, all of which are appropriate for use in adolescents and young adults. IUDs vary in composition and shape. Modern IUDs are categorized as copper-releasing, progestin-releasing, and inert or unmedicated. All types of IUDs have both primary and secondary mechanisms of action. The primary mechanism of action for all types IUDs is prevention of fertilization, though different types of IUDs do this differently. While these mechanisms are very effective at preventing fertilization in IUD users, unintended pregnancies including ectopics can rarely occur. This chapter will focus on the intrauterine contraceptives currently available in the United States as of 2018, and provide an example of how to discuss with adolescents, young adults, and their families.
Smartphone Addiction and Its Relationship with Indices of Social-Emotional Distress and Personality

We examined the relationships among smartphone addiction, social-emotional distress (e.g., anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and loneliness), and personality traits among 150 undergraduate college students. Participants completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Outcome Questionnaire-45.2, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the UCLA Loneliness Scale-3, and the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five-Factor Inventory-3. Results showed that the more students were addicted to their smartphone, the higher their reported social-emotional distress was. Additionally, logistic analyses supported the predictive nature of smartphone addiction on specific domains of social-emotional distress. Personality did not moderate the relationship between smartphone addiction and social-emotional distress. However, neuroticism had a positive relationship with smartphone addiction, while extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientious all had a negative relationship with smartphone addiction. Overall, these findings can inform assessment and interventions targeted at reducing smartphone use and improving mental health of college students. Research implications are also provided considering the infancy of studying the effects of smartphone use on psychological well-being.
Slab Rollback Orogeny model for the evolution of the Central Alps: Seismo-Thermo-Mechanical test

The role of mantle-lithosphere interactions in shaping mountain belts has long been debated. Several conceptual models implicate a key role for horizontal kinematic forces in sustaining mountain building processes. For the central European Alps, however, recent stratigraphic, palaeo-altimetry and lithosphere structural evidence suggest that dynamic vertical forces—provided by a Slab Rollback Orogeny (SRO) model—are the primary determinant of the latest construction of thick nappe successions, the large-scale tectonic evolution, and the present-day seismicity pattern. In this study we investigate this hypothesis by performing 2-D, high-resolution, rheologically consistent, visco-elasto-plastic seismo-thermo-mechanical numerical modeling, which simulates both tectonic and seismic processes in a subduction and continental collision setting. Our numerical experiments reproduce the self-driven stages of oceanic subduction, continent-continent collision, and spontaneous slab breakoff. The subsequent evolution of the orogen shows how slow, but persistent, flexural bending of post-collisional residual slab and crustal delamination control the latest evolution of the orogen. Bending-related slab suction leads to the coeval development of nappe stacking of the buoyant crustal root, widening of the orogen, and a distinctive seismicity pattern that implies the occurrence of extensional forces at work in the orogen and beneath the foreland basin. Our results thus suggest that a self-sustaining rollback mechanism is capable of explaining the post-collisional evolution of the Central Alps, including the construction of thick sedimentary successions in the Molasse foreland basin and the most recent tectonic deformation of the Jura fold-and-thrust belt.
Simplified Pavement Performance Modeling with Only Two-Time Series Observations: A Case Study of Montreal Island

AbstractThe literature is rich in pavement deterioration modeling; however, classical frameworks for decay predication mostly rely on time series data for deterioration trends while several hidden ...
Voluntary occupational turnover and the experiences of former intercollegiate women assistant coaches

Abstract Women remain underrepresented in positions of leadership throughout the sport industry. This underrepresentation has been previously linked to a leaking pipeline of successful female candidates and over the past five years the proportion of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) women assistant coaches has declined. Subsequently, occupational turnover intentions of women assistant coaches have been found to exceed those of their male counterparts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of former NCAA women assistant coaches who voluntarily engaged in occupational turnover. A qualitative approach, with the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology and hermeneutics directed the research design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 participants. Based on the experiences of the participants, these findings extend the body of knowledge concerned with combating the leaking pipeline of women sport leadership candidates. Implications are discussed along with future research suggestions.
Fast multigrid solution of high-order accurate multi-phase Stokes problems

A fast multigrid solver is presented for high-order accurate Stokes problems discretised by local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) methods. The multigrid algorithm consists of a simple V-cycle, using an element-wise block Gauss-Seidel smoother. The efficacy of this approach depends on the LDG pressure penalty stabilisation parameter -- provided the parameter is suitably chosen, numerical experiment shows that: (i) for steady-state Stokes problems, the convergence rate of the multigrid solver can match that of classical geometric multigrid methods for Poisson problems; (ii) for unsteady Stokes problems, the convergence rate further accelerates as the effective Reynolds number is increased. An extensive range of two- and three-dimensional test problems demonstrates the solver performance as well as high-order accuracy -- these include cases with periodic, Dirichlet, and stress boundary conditions; variable-viscosity and multi-phase embedded interface problems containing density and viscosity discontinuities several orders in magnitude; and test cases with curved geometries using semi-unstructured meshes.
COMMISURAL FUSION AS ETIOLOGY OF SEVERE EARLY STENOSIS OF BIOPROSTHETIC MITRAL VALVE IN A WOMAN WITH RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

Early (<5 years) structural valve degeneration (SVD) causing stenosis is rare and is caused by leaflet fibrosis and/or calcification. We report a unique case of severe early SVD due to commissural fusion in a bioprosthetic valve in a woman with rheumatic mitral valve stenosis (RMS). A 59 year-old
Methyltransferase DnmA is responsible for genome-wide N6-methyladenosine modifications at non-palindromic recognition sites in Bacillus subtilis

The genomes of organisms from all three domains of life harbor endogenous base modifications in the form of DNA methylation. In bacterial genomes, methylation occurs on adenosine and cytidine residues to include N6-methyladenine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), and N4-methylcytosine (m4C). Bacterial DNA methylation has been well characterized in the context of restriction-modification (RM) systems, where methylation regulates DNA incision by the cognate restriction endonuclease. Relative to RM systems less is known about how m6A contributes to the epigenetic regulation of cellular functions in Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we characterize site-specific m6A modifications in the non-palindromic sequence GACGmAG within the genomes of Bacillus subtilis strains. We demonstrate that the yeeA gene is a methyltransferase responsible for the presence of m6A modifications. We show that methylation from YeeA does not function to limit DNA uptake during natural transformation. Instead, we identify a subset of promoters that contain the methylation consensus sequence and show that loss of methylation within promoter regions causes a decrease in reporter expression. Further, we identify a transcriptional repressor that preferentially binds an unmethylated promoter used in the reporter assays. With these results we suggest that m6A modifications in B. subtilis function to promote gene expression.
Important Electrosorption Reactions

The electrosorption reactions that are described in this chapter result from adsorbed solvent molecules making a strong bond with the electrode surface. In the most common electrode/solution interface, Pt/H2O, at negative potentials, H adsorption will take place in acid solutions before hydrogen evolution in a broad potential region. At positive potentials, before oxide formation, hydroxyl adsorbs on Pt forming Pt-OH. These adsorbates affect the reactivity of the electrode surface and the reaction kinetics by participating in certain reaction steps, as spectators affect the surface area accessible to the reactants or exert an electronic effect on the reacting species. A detailed description of Pt-H formation is given for polycrystalline Pt, Pt single-crystal low-index and high-index planes (stepped surfaces), and PtOH formation and Au stepped surface oxidation. PtOH affects the activity of Pt in many reactions providing an active oxidizing species. The underpotential deposition of metals on foreign metal substrates involving a metal monolayer formation at potentials more positive than the reversible deposition is also described for low- and high-index plane crystal surfaces. In addition, with UPD adlayers, coadsorption of anion and metal atoms giving up to five ordered mixed phases before bulk metal deposition (TlBr on Au(111)); inhibition of Pt-H and H2 evolution on Pt by Pb, Bi, Tl; catalytic effects of these metals on the oxidation of small organic molecules on Pt; and catalytic effects of Pb, Bi, Tl on ORR on Au. Particularly interesting is changing the reaction mechanism caused by these adlayers. For example, a two-electron ORR on Au into a four electron ORR on Au/Pb.
Comparison between satellite and ground data with UAV-based information to analyse vineyard spatio-temporal variability: This article is published in cooperation with the XIIIth International Terroir Congress November 17-18 2020, Adelaide, Australia. Guests editors: Cassandra Collins and Roberta De Bei

Currently, the greatest challenge for vine growers is to improve the yield and quality of grapes by minimizing costs and environmental impacts. This goal can be achieved through a better knowledge of vineyard spatial variability. Traditional platforms such as airborne, satellite and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) solutions are useful investigation tools for vineyard site specific management. These remote sensing techniques are mainly exploited to get the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is useful for describing the morpho-vegetational characteristics of vineyards. This study was conducted in a vineyard in Tuscany (Italy) during the 2017, 2018 and 2019 seasons. Ground data were acquired to detect some agronomic variables such as yield (kg/vine), total soluble solids (TSS), and pruning weight (kg/vine). Remote sensed multispectral images acquired by UAV and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite platform were used to assess the analysis of the vegetative variability. The UAV NDVI was extracted using both a mixed pixels approach (both vine and inter-row) and from pure canopy pixels. In addition to these UAV layers, the vine thickness was extracted. The aim of this study was to evaluate both classical Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and spatial statistical methods (Moran Index-MI and BILISA) to assess their performance in a multi-temporal comparison between satellite and ground data with UAV information. Good correlations were detected between S2 NDVI and UAV NDVI mixed pixels through both methods (R2 = 0.80 and MI = 0.75). Regarding ground data, UAV layers showed low and negative association with TSS (MI = - 0.34 was the lowest value) whereas better spatial autocorrelations with positive values were detected between UAV layers and both yield (MI ranged from 0.42 to 0.52) and pruning weight (MI ranged from 0.45 to 0.64). The spatial analysis made by MI and BILISA methodologies added more information to this study, clearly showing that both UAV and Sentinel-2 satellite allowed the vigour spatial variability within the vineyard to be detected correctly, overcoming the classical comparison methods by adding the spatial effect. MI and BILISA play a key role in identifying spatial patterns and could be successfully exploited by agricultural stakeholders.
A pathway to desired functionalities in vertically aligned nanocomposites and related architectures

Epitaxial vertically aligned nanocomposites (VANs) and their related architectures have shown many intriguing features that are not available from conventional two-dimensional planar multilayers and heterostructures. The ability to control constituent, interface, microstructure, strain, and defects based on VANs has enabled the multiple degrees of freedom to manipulate the optical, magnetic, electrochemical, electronic, ionic, and superconducting properties for specific applications. This field has rapidly expanded from the interest in oxide:oxide to oxide:metal, metal:nitride and nitride:nitride systems. To achieve unparalleled properties of the materials, three-dimensional super-nanocomposites based on a hybrid of VAN and multilayer architectures have been recently explored as well. The challenges and opportunities of VAN films are also discussed in this article.
Person and Communion in a Catholic University

The chapter reflects on the communal reality of university life, as well as on some of its pedagogical implications. The author proposes an accentuation, not only theoretical but also vital, of the circularity between person and communion, in order to face a post-modern context that is predominantly functional and not very capable of perceiving that which unites people, and to create a generative dynamism that allows for the overcoming of intellectualism and the awakening of a new fruitfulness of life and thought in Catholic universities.
Primary Testicular Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Metastasizing to Skin and Mimicking a Kaposiform Lesion: A Case Report

Primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a well-recognized entity known for its indolent clinical course. Rapid dissemination and extensive dermal infiltration are not commonly encountered sequelae of this malignancy. Only one case report exists about its extensive dissemination and involvement of skin and bone. Here, we report a case of primary testicular diffuse large-B cell lymphoma treated with orchiectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy and recurred with widespread dermal involvement as non-blanching violet papule and nodular lesions clinically mimicking Kaposi sarcoma. Histopathological examination confirmed the lesion to be a recurrence of the original lymphoma with similar morphology and immunophenotype. Despite the adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the disease progressed from stage-I to stage-IV within 16 months from the date of diagnosis, making it an unusually aggressive clinical course for primary testicular lymphoma. [N A J Med Sci. 2021;1(1):008-011. DOI: 10.7156/najms.2021.1401008] Key Words : primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Kaposiform lesion
How I Do It: Communicating About Time-Limited Trials.

Time-limited trials (TLTs) are used in the management of critical care patients undergoing potentially nonbeneficial interventions to improve prognostication and build trust and consensus between family and intensivists. When these trials are not well defined and executed, discordant views of the patient's prognosis, conflict, and continuation of nonbeneficial care can arise. The mnemonic TIME (truth about uncertainty in prognosis, interval of time, measurement of improvement, and end or extend) can help facilitate clear communication surrounding TLTs. This framework allows physicians and families to deal more effectively with the inherent uncertainty and required flexibility needed in caring for complex critical care patients. This can lead to patient-centered decision-making that improves patient-physician relationships and goal-concordant care and also potentially reduces nonbeneficial treatments at the end of life.
The Effects of Hip Position and Angular Velocity on Quadriceps and Hamstring Eccentric Peak Torque and Ham/Quad Ratio

Joe Hopkins, MEd, ATC* • Michael Sitler, EdD, ATCt Jeff Ryan, MPT, ATC:j: Temple University, Philadelphia, PA --------------------. -------------------The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of hip position and angular velocity on quadriceps and hamstring peak torque and on the hamstring/quadriceps (H/Q) ratio during maximal eccentric force. The dominant knee of 14 normal subjects (seven males and seven females) was tested in seated and supine positions at velocities of 60 and 180 deg/sec. Testing was completed using the Kinetic Communicator isokinetic dynamometer (Chattex Corp., Chattanooga, TN) and peak torque was corrected for gravity. The results showed that (a) the quadriceps (p < .001) produced significantly greater peak torque than the hamstrings, (b) both muscle groups produced significantly greater peak torque in the seated position (p < .001) than in the supine position and at 180 deg/sec (p < .05) than at 60 deg/sec, and (c) H/Q ratios were significantly greater in the seated position (p < .01) and at 180 deg/sec (p < .05) than in the supine position and at 60 deg/sec. The findings of this study suggest that the quadriceps and hamstring peak eccentric torque and H/Q ratio are influenced by hip position and angular velocity.
Codes on Graphs, Coded Modulation and Compensation of Nonlinear Impairments by Turbo Equalization

As the response to the ever-increasing demands of telecommunication needs, the network operators already consider beyond 100Gb/s per dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channel transmission [1]. At those data rates, the performance of fiberoptic communication systems is degraded significantly due to intra- and interchannel fiber nonlinearities, polarization-mode dispersion (PMD), and chromatic dispersion [2–5]. To deal with those channel impairments novel advanced techniques in modulation and detection, coding and signal processing should be developed; and some important aspects are described in this chapter.
A NEW METHOD FOR STREAKING BLOOD AGAR PLATES

A NEW METHOD for the streaking of agar plates and the obtaining of isolated bacterial colonies on the agar surface is presented. The method involves the use of thin paper discs which are placed on the agar and cover the entire surface. The disc has linear slits of narrow width allowing optimum amounts of the specimen to be distributed through the paper and onto the agar surface when the paper is rubbed with a swab bearing the inoculum. Robert Koch in his epochal publication of 18811,2 introducing the pure culture technique into bacteriology first described the use of solid gelatin media. In this publication he described the use of a platinum wire for the streaking of specimens onto the gelatin surface. Hesse in 1884, while working in Koch9s laboratory, discovered the use of agar as a replacement for gelatin.3 Petri,4 in 1887, also working in Koch9s laboratory, invented the culture dish which bears his name. It is notable that, with minor exceptions, the technique of streaking specimens onto agar plates by means of a wire loop has remained virtually unchanged to this date. Throat cultures of patients in St. Francis Hospital, Evanston, Illinois; Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge; and the University of Illinois Hospital, Chicago, were studied. Studies were also made of throat cultures in the laboratories of the Evanston Board of Health. A total of 550 throat cultures was obtained. Cultures were made m 450 cases using the Iso-Disc technique only, and 100 cultures were studied in duplicate with the Iso-Disc method and the conventional wire loop method.
Action of actinomycin D on tryptophan uptake in the adrenalectomized rat and its effect on induction of tryptophan pyrrolase and tyrosine transaminase in liver.

Abstract Orally intubated 3H-labeled tryptophan was retained significantly in the stomach and intestine of rats treated with actinomycin D (43%) as compared to controls (13%) 4 hours after intubation. Likewise, smaller amounts of the isotope subsequently appeared in the liver and serum of the drug-treated animals. In contrast, actinomycin had no effect on movement of intraperitoneally injected 3H-tryptophan out of the peritoneal cavity or its subsequent accumulation in the liver. Induction of tryptophan pyrrolase by intraperitoneally or intravenously administered tryptophan was unaffected by concomitant actinomycin D treatment. On the other hand, similar induction of tyrosine transaminase was completely blocked by the drug. When l-tryptophan was administered orally over a range of 5 to 20 mg/100 g, the maximum induction of tyrosine transaminase was obtained at the 5-mg dose with no further enhancement at higher levels. However, with tryptophan pyrrolase, there was a gradual response: no induction after 5 mg, a 3-fold increase at 10 mg, and a 6-fold enhancement at 20 mg. These experiments show that in the rat actinomycin D affects the transport and absorption of dietary metabolites from the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore it is important to consider any conclusion drawn from orally administered substrate induction experiments in the light of this action of actinomycin D.
Statistical characterization of electric vehicle charging in different locations of the grid

The advent of electric vehicles (EVs) will bring forth large increases to the pre-existing demand in the power grid. Adverse impacts to the system will arise if the charging of these EVs is uncontrolled. In order to mitigate this challenge, as a first step the estimation of the additional power due to EV charging is crucial. The estimation is dependent upon the temporal (i.e. time) and spatial (i.e. location) characteristics of the EV charging process. A tool is developed in this work, which estimates the additional demand using Monte Carlo simulations performed on a large fleet of EVs over several days. The simulations include EV travel data within predefined residential, workplace, and commercial zones that are determined using traffic flow information. This tool can be used by system operators and other entities to determine the opportunities and challenges posed by additional EV demand. The results show the power consumptions at each hour of the day can be modelled by a normal distribution, thus simplifying the estimation procedure.
Nanotopography applications in drug delivery.

Refinement of micro- and nanofabrication in the semiconductor field has led to innovations in biomedical technologies. Nanotopography, in particular, shows great potential in facilitating drug delivery. The flexibility of fabrication techniques has created a diverse array of topographies that have been developed for drug delivery applications. Nanowires and nanostraws deliver drug cytosolically for in vitro and ex vivo applications. In vivo drug delivery is limited by the barrier function of the epithelium. Nanowires on microspheres increase adhesion and residence time for oral drug delivery, while also increasing permeability of the epithelium. Low aspect ratio nanocolumns increase paracellular permeability, and in conjunction with microneedles increase transdermal drug delivery of biologics in vivo. In summary, nanotopography is a versatile tool for drug delivery. It can deliver directly to cells or be used for in vivo delivery across epithelial barriers. This editorial highlights the application of nan...
Management of the patient with cleft lip and cleft palate.

Although some aspects of the management of a child with a cleft lip or cleft palate or both are controversial, it is generally agreed that the best possible care of these youngsters involves the co-operation of a multi-professional group including at least a surgeon, dentist, speech therapist, pediatrician, orthodontist, and the parents as well. It is not necessary for the group to be centralized in location, although this is helpful to the patient. However, each member of a group must be aware of the potentialities and procedures of the other members and should have a knowledge of the terminology and basic principles of the other disciplines represented. As his duties of total care are ever present and continuous, the pediatrician is in a strategic position to help the parents to understand and to implement the consecutive phases of therapy in the home. The rationale and a general description of one type of cleft lip—cleft palate program as it is carried out at the Children9s Medical Center in Boston is presented. During the last 15 years, 2,635 operations for closure of the lip and palate have been performed in the Plastic Surgery Unit. The authors9 policy is to repair a cleft lip at 6 to 8 weeks of age and to repair the palate within the first 2 years of life, preferably at about 14 months of age. Included is a summary of a study made at this Center to evaluate the long-range results of early palatal closure and over-all care of a group of 164 children operated upon between the years of 1942 and 1952. The conclusions of this study corroborate the authors9 previous clinical impression that the results of early palatal closure have been so satisfactory that continuation of the policy seems warranted. Supportive care is described in some detail because of the authors9 wish to emphasize its importance and to provide for the pediatrician a practical guide which long experience has proven to be successful.
The ferredoxin/thioredoxin system of enzyme regulation in a cyanobacterium

Cell-free preparations of the cyanobacterium (bluegreen alga) Nostoc muscorum were assayed for thioredoxins and enzymes catalyzing the ferredoxin and NADP-linked reduction of thioredoxin. Nostoc was found to have two different thioredoxins: one of approximate molecular weight 16,000 (designated Nostoc thioredoxin f) that selectively activated chloroplast fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, and another of approximate molecular weight 9,000 (designated Nostoc thioredoxin m) that selcetively activated chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase. The two thioredoxins could be reduced either chemically with dithiothreitol or photochemically with ferredoxin and ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase which, like the recently found regulatory iron-sulfur protein ferralterin, was present in Nostoc cells. Nostoc ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase appeared to be similar to its chloroplast counterpart in enzyme specificity, molecular weight, and spectral properties. The Nostoc and spinach chloroplast ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductases as well as their thioredoxins, ferredoxins, and chlorophyll containing membranes were interchangeable in activating chloroplast fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase. There was no evidence for an NADP-linked thioredoxin reductase such as that of E. coli. The results are in accord with the conclusion that the cyanobacteria resemble higher plants in having a functional ferredoxin/thioredoxin system rather than an NADP/thioredoxin system typical of other bacteria.
Intraventricular tobramycin in a premature infant with pseudomonas meningitis.

A 38-week postconceptional age (29-week gestational age) infant required the placement of an Ommaya reservoir following a grade IV intraventricular hemorrhage and progressive hydrocephalus. At 70 days of age, a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture was positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the infant was empirically treated with age-appropriate parenteral doses of ceftazidime and gentamicin. This antibiotic regimen was changed to meropenem and tobramycin following the results of sensitivity reports. The infection failed to respond despite aggressive systemic dosing of antibiotics and removal of the Ommaya reservoir. Intraventricular injections of tobramycin were added to the systemic antibiotic regimen at a dose of 2 mg daily with subsequent doses adjusted to maintain trough concentrations in the CSF of 20–30 ∝g/mL. The CSF was sterilized after three days of intraventricular injections. The infant completed seven days of intraventricular tobramycin plus a 24-day regimen of systemic antibiotics. No acute complications were noted with the addition of intraventricular injections.
X-ray high pressure study of polyvinylidene fluoride

An X-ray high pressure study at room temperature of both phase I and phase II crystal structures of polyvinylidene fluoride has been carried out. At room temperature both phases are stable up to pressures greater than 14 kbar. The variation of lattice compressive strains with pressure could be fitted to the Tait equation with little scatter and the variation of the unit cell parameters with pressure computed. The bulk lattice compressibilities of both phase I and phase II was found to be considerably less than that of polyethylene with the lowest compressibility being found for the phase I structure. The linear lattice compressibilities are extremely anisotropic with the lowest compressibility being in the chain direction as expected. However, at the highest pressures, for the case of phase II it was observed that this anisotropy was greatly reduced. Applications of these data to the unique piezo-electric activity of PVF2 are pointed out.
Expression and regulation of SLC39A family zinc transporters in the developing mouse intestine

Several ZIP genes (SLC39A family of metal transporters) play roles in zinc homeostasis. Herein, the temporal and spatial patterns of expression of the mouse ZIP1, 3, 4, and 5 genes in the developing intestine and the effects of maternal dietary zinc deficiency on these patterns of expression were examined. ZIP1 and ZIP3 genes, conserved members of the ZIP subfamily II, were found to be coexpressed during development. Expression of these genes was detected on day 14 of gestation in smooth muscle and the pseudostratified endoderm. By 5 days post-partum, prominent expression became restricted to muscle and connective stroma. In contrast, expression of ZIP4 and ZIP5 genes, members of the ZIP subfamily called LIV-1, coincided with epithelial morphogenesis. ZIP5 expression was detected on d16 of gestation and localized to the basolateral membranes of the single-layered epithelium. ZIP4 expression was detected on d18 of gestation and localized to the apical membrane of villus epithelial cells. When dams were fed a zinc-deficient diet beginning at parturition, ZIP4 expression in the nursing neonate was greatly induced. In contrast, neonatal ZIP5 expression remained unchanged, but this protein was removed from the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte. These responses to dietary zinc deficiency mimic those found in the adult intestine. These studies reveal cell-type-specific expression of ZIP genes during development of the intestine, and suggest that the mouse intestine can elicit an adaptive response to dietary zinc availability at birth.
Glycosaminoglycan content in neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cell cultures

Abstract In the present study the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells in culture was studied. Heparan sulfate (HS) was the predominant GAG of the cell layer accounting for 32–49% of the total GAGs depending on the time in culture. The presence of low sulfated chondroitin sulfate (LSC) in aortic smooth muscle cell cultures is reported here for the first time. The effect of ascorbate on the synthesis and accumulation of these macromolecules resulted in a relative increase of C4S and DS in the cell layer. In contrast, the distribution of the GAGs which were secreted into the medium was not significantly effected by the addition of ascorbate. While HS was always found to be a minor component, the other GAGs were present in about equal concentrations. The total GAG accumulation in the medium was much greater (91–97%) than that of the cell layer (3–9%) indicating that the cells are synthesizing relatively large amounts of GAGs, although incorporation of these macromolecules into the extracellular matrix was consistenly low.
Estimating the ground state energy of the Schrödinger equation for convex potentials

Abstract In 2011, the fundamental gap conjecture for Schrodinger operators was proven. This can be used to estimate the ground state energy of the time-independent Schrodinger equation with a convex potential and relative error e . Classical deterministic algorithms solving this problem have cost exponential in the number of its degrees of freedom d . We show a quantum algorithm, that is based on a perturbation method, for estimating the ground state energy with relative error e . The cost of the algorithm is polynomial in d and e − 1 , while the number of qubits is polynomial in d and log e − 1 . In addition, we present an algorithm for preparing a quantum state that overlaps within 1 − δ , δ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , with the ground state eigenvector of the discretized Hamiltonian. This algorithm also approximates the ground state with relative error e . The cost of the algorithm is polynomial in d , e − 1 and δ − 1 , while the number of qubits is polynomial in d , log e − 1 and log δ − 1 .
Use of unmanned aerial vehicles for medical product transport

Advances in technology and decreasing costs have led to an increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by the military and civilian sectors. The use of UAVs in commerce is restricted by US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, but the FAA is drafting new regulations that are expected to expand commercial applications. Currently, the transportation of medical goods in times of critical need is limited to wheeled motor vehicles and manned aircraft, options that can be costly and slow. This article explores the demand for, feasibility of, and risks associated with the use of UAVs to deliver medical products, including blood derivatives and pharmaceuticals, to hospitals, mass casualty scenes, and offshore vessels in times of critical demand.
Effects of entomopathogenic and opportunistic fungi on Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) at low relative humidity.

The pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith to the onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen), was studied at 50% RH in the laboratory. Conidiospores of P. fumosoroseus sprayed on puparia of the onion maggot at the concentration 1 × 108 ml−1 (=4 × 105 cm−2) increased pupal mortality to 47.5% as compared with 6.6% in the controls. There was no latent effect on adults that emerged from treated puparia. Spores of B. bassiana sprayed at the same concentration had no effect on pupal and adult mortality. Sixteen additional species of fungi were recovered from test puparia during reisolation of B. bassiana and P. fumosoroseus . Species from the genera Aspergillus , Fusarium , Geotrichum , Penicillium , Mucor , and Scopulariopsis were isolated, A. clavatus Desmazieres being the most common among them. This fungus grew faster than the entomopathogens in vitro and might have inhibited their action in vivo.
A CASA-Based System for Long-Term SNR Estimation

We present a system for robust signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation based on computational auditory scene analysis (CASA). The proposed algorithm uses an estimate of the ideal binary mask to segregate a time-frequency representation of the noisy signal into speech dominated and noise dominated regions. Energy within each of these regions is summated to derive the filtered global SNR. An SNR transform is introduced to convert the estimated filtered SNR to the true broadband SNR of the noisy signal. The algorithm is further extended to estimate subband SNRs. Evaluations are done using the TIMIT speech corpus and the NOISEX92 noise database. Results indicate that both global and subband SNR estimates are superior to those of existing methods, especially at low SNR conditions.
Multiple roles of Hoxa11 and Hoxd11 in the formation of the mammalian forelimb zeugopod.

Mutations in the 5′ or posterior murine Hox genes (paralogous groups 9-13) markedly affect the formation of the stylopod, zeugopod and autopod of both forelimbs and hindlimbs. Targeted disruption of Hoxa11 and Hoxd11 or Hoxa10, Hoxc10 and Hoxd10 result in gross mispatterning of the radius and ulna or the femur, respectively. Similarly, in mice with disruptions of both Hoxa13 and Hoxd13, development of the forelimb and hindlimb autopod is severely curtailed. Although these examples clearly illustrate the major roles played by the posterior Hox genes, little is known regarding the stage or stages at which Hox transcription factors intersect with the limb development program to ensure proper patterning of the principle elements of the limb. Moreover, the cellular and/or molecular bases for the developmental defects observed in these mutant mice have not been described. In this study, we show that malformation of the forelimb zeugopod in Hoxa11/Hoxd11 double mutants is a consequence of interruption at multiple steps during the formation of the radius and ulna. In particular, reductions in the levels of Fgf8 and Fgf10 expression may be related to the observed delay in forelimb bud outgrowth that, in turn, leads to the formation of smaller mesenchymal condensations. However, the most significant defect appears to be the failure to form normal growth plates at the proximal and distal ends of the zeugopod bones. As a consequence, growth and maturation of these bones is highly disorganized, resulting in the creation of amorphous bony elements, rather than a normal radius and ulna.
Isaac Lea's Palaeosauropus (= “Sauropus”) primaevus: A Review of His Discovery

In 1849, Isaac Lea named Sauropus primaevus for footprints from Mount Carbon, Pennsylvania, USA, then the oldest fossil vertebrate footprints reported. In 1902, O. P. Hay constructed a new ichnogenus Palaeosauropus for this ichnospecies. Palaeosauropus has been one of the most frequently reported Mississippian footprint ichnogenera in North America and remains a valid ichnotaxon. The holotype of Palaeosauropus (= “Sauropus”) primaevus (referred to as P. primaevus), consisting of a single manus/pes pair, is described and illustrated in Lea (1853) and is housed at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (ANS9752). Lea's large specimen of P. primaevus (approximately 86 cm by 53 cm), that included a trackway of six manus/pes pairs, described and illustrated in 1853 and 1855, was a combination of ANS9752 and a second specimen represented by a plaster cast housed at the National Museum of Natural History (USNM487148). Historical documents and examination of the Mauch Chunk Formation at Mou...
Beyond ‘stages of change:’ using readiness for change and caregiver-reported problems to identify meaningful subgroups in a child welfare sample

Abstract The identification of subgroups within child welfare is an important task. Subgroups that have distinct characteristics are likely to respond to services in different ways. In other fields, client readiness for change, as conceptualized by the ‘stages of change’ (SOC; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1984, 1986, 1992), has been used to classify clients. Though the SOC model has gained widespread popularity, empirical research has produced varying results, perhaps because the model decontextualizes client motivation. Readiness for change is likely to vary across problem and context. The current study enhances the SOC by identifying subgroups that are defined by readiness for change and other variables that reflect the context and problems of child welfare clients. The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment scale and measures of social desirability bias, depression, economic problems, parenting problems, and household drug use were included in interviews with a sample of 263 primary caregivers receiving in-home child welfare services. Using cluster analyses, five distinct subgroups that differ significantly on readiness for change and other included variables are identified. Tests of between-group differences indicate that clusters also vary on case characteristics. The implications of these findings for child welfare practice, policy, and research are discussed.
The effect of ionic interaction on the rates of oxidation in natural waters

Abstract The effect of ionic interactions on the kinetics of disproportionation of HO2, and the oxidation of Fe(II) and Cu(I) has been examined. The interactions of O2 with Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions in seawater increases the lifetime by 3–5 times compared to water. The effect of OH− on the oxidation of Fe(II) in water and seawater shows a second degree dependence from 5 to 45°C. The effect of salinity on the oxidation of Fe(II) was found to be independent of temperature, while the effect of temperature was found to be independent of salinity. The energy of activation for the overall rate constant was found to be 7 ± 0.5 kcal mol−1. The effect of pH, temperature, salinity and ionic composition on the oxidation of Cu(I) has also been examined. In NaCl solutions from 0.5 to 6 M, the log k for the oxidation was a linear function of pH (6–8) with a slope of 0.2 ± 0.05. The reaction was strongly dependent on the Cl− concentration with variation of t 1 2 from 0.3 to 340 min from 0.5 to 6 M Cl−. The rates of oxidation of Cu+ and CuCl0 responsible for these effects are dependent upon ionic strength. The energy of activation for the reaction was 8.5–9.9 kcal mol−1 from 0.5 to 6 M. Studies of the oxidation in various NaX salts (X = I−, Br− and Cl−) give rates in the order Cl− > Br− > I− as expected, due to complex formation of Cu+ with X−.
Two‐dimensional regularized inversion of magnetotelluric data

The two-dimensional inverse problem in magnetotellurics has been addressed by several authors, the most well-known approaches being developed by de Groot-Hedlin and Constable (1990) and by Smith and Booker (1991) in the search for a smooth model. However, a smooth model can not describe well the real model of the earth, which contains sharp contrasts at the boundaries of structures with different conductivities. In this paper, we present an approach that deals with the model of an arbitrary structure. This approach is based on regularization theory and the quasianalytic calculation of the Frechet derivatives. For the forward solution we use a fast and efficient finite difference formulation to the solution of the Helmholtz equation based on the balance method (Berdichevsky and Zhdanov, 1984). One of the most computationally expensive tasks in the solution of an inverse problem, the calculation of the Frechet derivative matrix is obtained as a solution to simple forward and back substitution of the LU decomposed matrix of coefficients from the forward problem with a different right hand term. The method of steepest descent is utilized to minimize the parametric functional in the search for a stable solution of the two-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion problem. Preliminary results for synthetic data of a conductive body in a resistive host are presented. The method can be applied for the inversion of MT and CSAMT data.
Chemical beam epitaxial growth of GaInP using TBP, TIPGa and EDMIn

In this work the effects of growth temperature on the growth of gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) by the chemical beam epitaxy technique are reported. Triisopropylgallium, ethyldimethylindium and tertiarybutyl-phosphine were used as the gallium, indium and phosphorus sources, respectively. The growth rate, surface morphology, low temperature (15 K) and room temperature (300 K) photolumine-scence (PL) were studied as functions of the growth temperature. The optimum growth temperature was found to be 520°C where the PL spectra show only a single strong and narrow band edge peak.