cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation between computed zero-load aortic flow and cardiac muscle mechanics☆

Abstract Computed zero-load flow, qs(t), is the expected aortic flow at zero aortic input impedance, thus eliminating the effect of afterload on ventricular ejection. It is computed from an equivalent model of the ventricle using the Fourier components of left ventricular (LV) pressure and aortic flow, qa(t), of two consecutive beats with different input impedance produced by partial aortic occlusion. Actual qs(t) may be measured during the first beat after transection of the aorta. In animal experiments computed qs(t) was similar to the waveform and magnitude of actual qs(t) and was sensitive to inotropic interventions. A relationship between zero-load flow and parameters of cardiac muscle mechanics is derived from the Thevenin equivalent model of the pumping function of the ventricle and the three dimensional force-velocity-length diagram. The present analysis indicates that aortic flow can be expressed as the difference of afterload-independent zero-load flow and externally-controlled afterload-dependent internal flow.
Testing particle exchange in p-p scattering

Abstract A recently proposed polarization test for one-particle exchange mechanisms of a given parity is applied to elastic proton-proton scattering at 300, 579, 800 MeV and at 6 GeV/ c . At the three lower energies, as one would expect, no such dominance is found, but at 6 GeV/ c a marked dominance by one-particle exchanges of natural parity appears in the data.
A transcultural survey of psychiatric opinion on schizophrenia

Abstract Two groups of psychiatrists in Buenos Aires, Argentina, are compared with two similar groups in Rochester, New York. The differences and similarities of their opinions on the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of schizophrenia are discussed. The structured questionnaire used in this survey appears to be useful in comparing the conceptual frame of reference of groups of psychiatrists engaged in transcultural studies.
Curvature Based Metrics for Interpreting Warpage and Predicting Reliability in Second Level Interconnects

The authors in this paper have proposed a new methodology to predict curvature from depth data. This is a whole field methodology that measures curvature by the method of fitting surfaces through moving patches. Ability to estimate curvature and localized bend modes or shapes can help identify process defects like solder joint non-wets, shorting and also predict board flexure induced stresses in second level interconnects. This methodology has been demonstrated through synthetic range data as well as true experimental data. Authors in this paper have proposed methods to reduce the impact of noise, which is unavoidable in real measurements.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Expanding the RNA-recognition code of PUF proteins

Classical PUF proteins bind to single-stranded RNA with sequence specificity that can be engineered by site-directed mutagenesis according to a simple RNA-recognition code. Now in-depth probing of the PUF RNA-recognition code enhances future design of PUF proteins and exposes hidden complexity in generating specificity.
The Degradation of DDT in Brook Trout Eggs and Fry

Abstract Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were fed p, p′-DDT-3H; eggs obtained from these fish were fertilized, and incubated; and the developmental stages were analyzed for the degree of metabolism of the DDT. About 35% of the p, p′-DDD-3H in the eggs at the time of fertilization was converted to p, p′-DDE-3H and p, p′-DDD-3H by the time of yolk depletion in the fry.
A novel dual-band rat-race coupler

In this paper, a new dual-band 3dB 180° hybrid ring coupler is presented. The proposed coupler is composed of multiple transmission lines with identical characteristic impedance and electrical length and a dual-band 180° phase shifter. Based on the even-odd analysis, it is found that the proposed coupler can support a wide range of frequency ratio since its realization is mainly limited by the implementation of the dual-band 180° phase shifter. To prove the design concept, full-wave electromagnetic simulations are performed and an experimental prototype is fabricated. The measurement results match well with the theoretical and numerical results.
Left ventricular hypertrophy

The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as a treatable entity is of particular importance in patients with primary hypertension. Because LVH is associated with a strong risk of adverse clinical events (eg, heart failure, ischemic events, and cardiovascular death) and because evidence from retrospective studies suggests that regression of LVH, along with a decrease in blood pressure, may help modify these outcomes, the use of antihypertensive agents that have been shown to promote regression of LVH has been recommended. These include diuretics, betablockers (except those with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity [ISA]), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, peripheral alpha1-blockers, and central alpha2-stimulators. Agents to be avoided include direct arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine and minoxidil), which have strong sympathetic stimulating properties and tend to maintain LVH despite lowering blood pressure. The use of ACE inhibitors is increasing. Unfortunately, the cost of these agents is higher than that of some other classes of agents, such as diuretics, which show excellent evidence of regression of hypertrophy. African-American and elderly persons, in particular, may benefit from diuretics for treatment of hypertension as well as reduction of left ventricular (LV) mass. Beta-blockers should be considered in the elderly, especially those with greatly thickened LV walls and small chamber sizes, factors associated with hyperdynamic systolic performance, systolic midcavity obliteration, and diastolic relaxation abnormalities on echocardiography. Calcium channel blockers may also be useful in patients with LVH who have normal systolic performance and diastolic compliance abnormalities. The purpose of serial echocardiographic studies in patients already being treated for hypertension is to ensure that LV geometry has not worsened and that function is unchanged or improved (especially with respect to previously noted diastolic Doppler inflow abnormalities). Considerable changes in estimated LV mass (>60 g on serial intrapatient evaluation) are needed before the clinician can conclude with confidence that LV mass has decreased. More specific definitive recommendations based on the outcomes of current large-scale clinical trials are awaited.
Evaluation of a turbidimetric immunoassay for measurement of plasma IgG concentration in foals

Objective—To validate a turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA) for measurement of plasma IgG concentrations in foals. Animals—36 foals. Procedures—Blood samples were collected from foals before suckling and at 12 and 24 to 36 hours after birth. Plasma IgG concentrations were determined via a commercial single radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. By use of goat anti-equine IgG antiserum and a spectrophotometer, a TIA was developed to measure plasma and serum IgG concentrations; the percentage light transmission was calibrated against RID assay–determined IgG concentrations. Assay repeatability and effects of serial dilution, sample type, and ambient temperature on assay results were evaluated. Results—Serial dilution of plasma samples from foals 12 and 24 to 36 hours of age with presuckle plasma yielded percentage light transmission results that were highly inversely correlated (r = −0.95) with IgG concentrations determined via RID assay. Measurements of IgG in plasma and serum samples via TIA did not differ. When...
“Defend the Ghetto”: Space and the Urban Politics of the Black Panther Party

Abstract Founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale as a grassroots organization, the Black Panther Party achieved national and international prominence through their local activities and globa...
Numerical evaluation of surface condensers for geothermal power plants

The transport and partitioning of gases in four surface condensers for geothermal power plants has been modelled numerically. A vent condenser between the main condenser and the first stage gas ejectors improves hydrogen sulphide partitioning, particularly if the condensate from it, and from the inter- and aftercondensers, is recirculated to the main condenser tube bundles. Regardless of steam composition, hydrogen sulphide emissions may be largely eliminated by a Stretford Unit combined with a suitable surface condenser. However, if the steam contains ammonia it may be necessary to add sulphur dioxide to neutralize part of the ammonia. In no case is hydrogen peroxide needed to largely eliminate hydrogen sulphide air pollution.
'LIGHTNING EYE MOVEMENTS' (OCULAR MYOCLONUS).

Abstract 1. (1) Three patients showing rapid bursts of horizontal to-and-fro eye movements were studied. 2. (2) The burst pattern consisted of small conjugate saccades. 3. (3) Bursts most often occurred following horizontal gaze movements toward the more paretic or ataxic side of the patient's body, and the first movement of each burst was most often toward the less paretic side. 4. (4) All three of the patients showed some signs of dysfunction in the pontine paramedian zone; 2 of the 3 patients also showed evidence of pretectal lesions, and in both these patients the burst eye movements appeared to be closely associated with eye movements characteristic of pretectal dysfunction. 5. (5) Several other peculiarities of ocular movements, which may in some way be related to the ‘lightning eye movements’, were noted in both patients with predominant pretectal involvement.
Differential prey use by male and female cougars in Washington

ABSTRACT Male and female predators are often assumed to have the same effects on prey. Because of differences in body size and behavior, however, male and female predators may use different species, sexes, and ages of prey, which could have important implications for wildlife conservation and management. We tested for differential prey use by male and female cougars (Puma concolor) from 2003 to 2008 in Washington State. We predicted that male cougars would kill a greater proportion of larger and older prey (i.e., adult elk [Cervus elaphus]), whereas females would kill smaller and younger prey (i.e., elk calves, mule deer [Odocoileus hemionus]). We marked cougars with Global Positioning System (GPS) radio collars and investigated 436 predation sites. We located prey remains at 345 sites from 9 male and 9 female cougars. We detected 184 mule deer, 142 elk, and 17 remains from 4 other species. We used log-linear modeling to detect differences in species and age of prey killed among cougar reproductive classe...
Intraoperative Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring During Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Abstract Objective: To develop a technique to identify and localize the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for patent ductus arteriosus. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: Children's hospital. Participants: Sixty infants and children scheduled for elective closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Interventions: With parental informed consent, 60 infants and children undergoing elective VATS for patent ductus arteriosus were studied. A thin, pencil-point, Teflon-coated, stimulating probe allowed direct stimulation (
A Magnetic Beam Position Monitor

We give the theory and describe the execution of the magnetic beam position monitors in use in the AGS injection line. These are strictly linear devices of very low impedance with a rise time of the order of 1 ?sec. They do not require electronics close to the device and have been constructed to withstand considerable radiation. Their construction is simple and not critical.
Commercial versus PARTNER study experience with the transfemoral Edwards SAPIEN valve for inoperable patients with severe aortic stenosis.

In patients with aortic stenosis who cannot have surgery, transcatheter aortic valve replacement using the Edwards SAPIEN valve has been shown to improve survival rate and is approved for commercial use in the United States. This study aims to assess the clinical profile, procedural characteristics, and in-hospital complications in patients treated with a commercial SAPIEN valve outside the clinical trial context. We retrospectively analyzed 69 consecutive patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement with a commercial SAPIEN valve compared with 55 Placement of AoRTic traNscathetER valves (PARTNER) trial patients from cohort B enrolled in the same institution by the same Heart Team. Compared with the commercial group, patients in the PARTNER cohort B had higher mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons score (10 ± 5 vs 9 ± 4, p = 0.04) and a lower rate of peripheral arterial disease (19% vs 44%, p = 0.004). Most patients in the commercial group had the procedure under conscious sedation (83% vs 66%, p = 0.03). Planned surgical cut down for vascular access was rare in the commercial group (1.4% vs 46%, p
Studies on inhibition of corticotropin and thyrotropin release utilizing microinjections into the pituitary.

The corticotropin-suppressing effects of dexamethasone-21-phosphate given by 2 routes of administration, systemic and intrapituitary, were compared in rats. Direct pituitary injection of dexamethasone in amounts ranging from 10 to 400 μg/kg was no more effective in suppressing adrenal venous corticosterone secretion than an equal amount administered subcutaneously. The findings were extended to include a group of animals pre-tested with a systemically ineffective amount of thyroxine injected into the pituitary. Animals showing suppression of the thyroidal I131 release rate in response to this treatment were also studied with respect to the corticotropin-suppressing effects of dexamethasone injected into the same site. Again, the intrapituitary dexamethasone injections proved to be no more effective than systemic dexamethasone injections. The observations suggest that thyroxine and adrenal steroids may act in different sites to produce suppression of their respective tropic hormones.
Linguistic and Ethnic Disparities in Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening and Health Risk Behaviors Among Latina and Asian American Women

Abstract Purpose: This study intends to (1) describe breast and cervical cancer screening patterns and health risk behaviors for Latina and Asian American women, with consideration for their language, and (2) investigate the impact of health risk behaviors on breast and cervical cancer screenings after controlling for demographic characteristics and language. Methods: Data derived from the California Health Interview Survey 2007, which was a random-digit-dial population-based survey, were used. Latina (n = 3513) and Asian American (n = 2538) women were included in this study. Breast and cervical cancer screenings were measured by recent mammography and Pap smear examinations, respectively. Physical activity, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI) were measured to assess health risk behaviors. Results: This study demonstrated that Asian Americans have better outcomes in health risk behaviors in general. However, Latinas were more likely than Asian Americans to receive mammograms and...
Limestone depositional sequences on shelves and ramps: modern and ancient

Environmental processes such as tides, waves, storms, drought and flood leave tell–tale responses in sedimentary deposits. Careful study of modern environments and their standard depositional sequences has led to sophisticated reconstruction of ancient sedimentary environments. Only recently have ‘ideal’ carbonate rock sequences been constructed and used to interpret geological history. When the lateral array of contemporaneous carbonate sequences is known, it becomes possible to trace the evolutionary history of continents and ocean basins.
Foddering by Mongolian pastoralists is recorded in the stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes of caprine dentinal collagen

Direct identification of fodder provisioning in individual animals is a previously unexplored area that has important implications for determining animal husbandry strategies in prehistory. In this study, foddering practices are examined in modern domestic and wild caprines from Mongolia (Baga Gazar'in Chuluu) through carbon and nitrogen analyses of bulk sampled dentin collagen in molar teeth. Foddered caprines display significantly different δ13C values compared to non-provisioned caprines. This pattern reflects the consumption of C4 plants year-round by provisioned caprines while non-provisioned caprines ingest C4 plants only during the summer months. Provisioned caprines also display significantly different nitrogen isotopic values relative to non-provisioned animals. The difference in nitrogen isotopes between wild and foddered animals may be due to increased access in quality graze through foddering by domestic caprines, which results in improved nutrition and extended lactation periods, or enriched δ15N of fodder plants relative to background flora. Differences in tooth wear between sampled wild and foddered animals may also contribute to the observed δ15N differences.
Decrease of Fe magnetic-ordering temperature in YSr2Cu2FeO6+x through synthesis

Abstract The effect of synthesis on the structural and magnetic properties of YSr 2 Cu 2 FeO 6+ x has been investigated. Materials were prepared by bulk solid-state oxidizing (method [O]) and reduction (method [NO]) reactions, and by sol-gel solution (method [S]) synthesis. Materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, iodometric titration, magnetic susceptibility, and 57 Fe Mossbauer absorption spectroscopy. We observe a decrease in the magnetic-ordering temperature T m from T m ≈ 65 K (method [O]) to T m ≈ 61 K (method [S]) and T m ≈ 44 K (method [NO]) even though the Fe occupancy of the Cu(2) site increases in going from method [O] to [S] and [NO]. We interpret the decrease of T m to be due to an increase in hole transfer from the Cu(1)O x planes to Cu(2)O 2 sheets. The degree of hole transfer is increased by a decrease in the crystallographic a -axis and in the ratio 3 a/c of the lattice parameters, and is modulated by the local Fe-oxygen coordination and oxygen disorder in the Cu(1)O x planes.
A coupled states distorted wave study of the O(3P)+H2 (D2, HD, DH) reaction

In this paper, the coupled states distorted wave (CSDW) method is used to study the quantum reactive collision dynamics of O(3P)+H2 → OH+H and its D2, HD, and DH counterparts. The potential surface used is the sum of a LEPS potential (due to Johnson and Winter) and a correction factor which raises the barrier for H+OH → HO+H exchange to a realistic value. Full basis set convergence of the CSDW transition probabilities is established at low energies where tunneling dominates the dynamics, which means that the calculated cross sections should be exact except for errors introduced by the CS approximation, and the latter are expected to be less than 30%. The results presented for all four isotopes include: reaction probabilities as a function of energy E and total angular momentum J, total and state to state integral cross sections (including an analysis of product state distributions), and thermal and state resolved rate constants. Comparison of the results with those of several previous dynamical calculatio...
A CATASTROPHE MODEL OF REGIONAL DYNAMICS

Shifts of population and jobs out of the snow belt and into the sun belt are currently in progress in the United States. Many aspects of these shifts constitute a reversal of long-run trends conventionally explained in terms of “growth inertia’ concepts, such as the ones incorporated in cumulative causation and growth pole theories. The model discussed in this paper focuses upon the switch of regional economies from growth to deeline, or vice-versa, that are exemplified by these shifts. Catastrophe theory concepts and formalisms account for sudden transitions between growth and decline produced by smooth transitions of systemic variables past critical thresholds.
The Transfer of Left-Right Positional Information during Chick Embryogenesis

The earliest known left-right asymmetric genes are expressed at Hensen's node during chick gastrulation. Gene expression following reorientation of the node shows asymmetry is instructed by adjacent tissue, hence left-right information originates outside the node. Subsequently, the node signals back to the lateral tissue, initiating a cascade leading to left-sided expression of nodal in the lateral plate mesoderm. Loss of nodal expression in the presence of blocking antibodies confirms that Sonic hedgehog is the key signal conveying left-right information from the node; however, manipulation of explant cultures suggests that the induction of nodal requires secondary signals produced in the paraxial mesoderm. These experiments establish the time of action of these signals to and from Hensen's node in establishing left-right asymmetry.
The amygdala and reward

The amygdala -- an almond-shaped group of nuclei at the heart of the telencephalon -- has been associated with a range of cognitive functions, including emotion, learning, memory, attention and perception. Most current views of amygdala function emphasize its role in negative emotions, such as fear, and in linking negative emotions with other aspects of cognition, such as learning and memory. However, recent evidence supports a role for the amygdala in processing positive emotions as well as negative ones, including learning about the beneficial biological value of stimuli. Indeed, the amygdala's role in stimulus-reward learning might be just as important as its role in processing negative affect and fear conditioning.
Statistical Origin of Black Hole Entropy in Matrix Theory

The statistical entropy of black holes in matrix theory is considered. Assuming matrix theory is the discretized light-cone quantization of a theory with eleven-dimensional Lorentz invariance, we map the counting problem onto the original Gibbons-Hawking calculations of the thermodynamic entropy. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
A numerical Schrödinger–Poisson solver for radially symmetric nanowire core–shell structures

Abstract We present here a general purpose numerical Schrodinger–Poisson solver for radially symmetric nanowire core–shell structures for electronic and optoelectronic applications. The solver provides self-consistent solutions of the Schrodinger equation and the Poisson equation in cylindrical coordinates, for nanowire core–shell structures with radial compositional variation. Quantized energy levels as well as their associated electron wavefunctions and populations can be obtained from the solutions. Individual equation solvers were verified by comparison with scenarios where analytical results exist; verification of the self-consistent solution process was done by comparing results in the large radius limit with numerical solutions for a rectangular slab structure. We apply this solver to compute the charge/capacitance–voltage characteristics for a nanowire field effect device with wrap-around gate. It is shown that quantum confinement and the low dimensionality can give rise to, for representative nanowire FETs considered, ∼30% reduction in gate capacitance compared to the classically predicted value, and is ∼1/3 of the geometrical barrier limited capacitance.
A Note on the Representational Incompatibility of Function Approximation and Factored Dynamics

We establish a new hardness result that shows that the difficulty of planning in factored Markov decision processes is representational rather than just computational. More precisely, we give a fixed family of factored MDPs with linear rewards whose optimal policies and value functions simply cannot be represented succinctly in any standard parametric form. Previous hardness results indicated that computing good policies from the MDP parameters was difficult, but left open the possibility of succinct function approximation for any fixed factored MDP. Our result applies even to policies which yield a polynomially poor approximation to the optimal value, and highlights interesting connections with the complexity class of Arthur-Merlin games.
The long count of historical memory: Ixhil Maya ceremonial speech in Guatemala

Violence and death in Guatemala's recent war loom large in Ixhil Maya historical memory. Analyses of wartime memories have largely focused on overt political activism or on trauma and brokenness rather than on activities that many Maya consider crucial to community reconstruction. In the Ixhil region, where the deceased are active members of the community, one such activity is the ceremony for the reburial of war dead exhumed from clandestine graves. A close ethnography of local ways of speaking about the violent past during these ceremonies reveals that historical memory circulates and functions within Ixhil communities through new forms of speech articulated in traditional discourse patterns. This analysis has implications not only for understanding historical memory of war in Maya Guatemala but also for developing methodologies for studying memory in other postviolence contexts. [linguistic discourse, verbal art, historical memory, ethnography, Maya, Guatemala]
The effect of tolerances in conical flow Pierce guns I&#8212;The perturbed flow within the gun

A first-order perturbation analysis of the dc effects of several important tolerances in conical flow Pierce guns is presented for the case in which the gun is part of a solenoid focused system used to produce a smooth Brillouin beam. In this, the first of two parts, the flow up to the anode of the gun is analyzed. The data presented permit calculation of the magnitude of the perturbations at the anode due to various manufacturing errors. These errors are: changes in cathode-anode spacing, changes in cathode curvature, tilt, and transverse displacement of the cathode-focus electrode assembly. The theory does not permit the analysis of cathode to focus electrode tolerances. The perturbations at the anode serve as boundary conditions for the flow beyond the gun which is calculated in the companion paper. A comparison of the magnitude of effects at the anode calculated by the theory and obtained from an experimental study shows that reasonably good agreement exists between theory and experiment.
Do changes in traditional coronary heart disease risk factors over time explain the association between socio-economic status and coronary heart disease?

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) predicts coronary heart disease independently of the traditional risk factors included in the Framingham risk score. However, it is unknown whether changes in Framingham risk score variables over time explain the association between SES and coronary heart disease. We examined this question given its relevance to risk assessment in clinical decision making. Methods: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study data (initiated in 1987 with 10-years follow-up of 15,495 adults aged 45-64 years in four Southern and Mid-Western communities) were used. SES was assessed at baseline, dichotomized as low SES (defined as low education and/or low income) or not. The time dependent variables smoking, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and use of blood pressure lowering medication - were assessed every three years. Ten-year incidence of coronary heart disease was based on EKG and cardiac enzyme criteria, or adjudicated death certificate data. Cox survival analyses examined the contribution of SES to heart disease risk independent of baseline Framingham risk score, without and with further adjustment for the time dependent variables. Results: Adjusting for baseline Framingham risk score, low SES was associated with an increased coronary heart disease risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.53; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.27 to1.85). After further adjustment for the time dependent variables, the SES effect remained significant (HR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.19 to1.74). Conclusion: Using Framingham Risk Score alone under estimated the coronary heart disease risk in low SES persons. This bias was not eliminated by subsequent changes in Framingham risk score variables.
High-Fluence Blue Light Stimulates Transcription from a Higher Plant Chloroplast psbA Promoter Expressed in a Cyanobacterium, Synechococcus (sp. Strain PCC7942)

High-fluence white and blue light, but not red light, enhanced transcription of the barley chloroplast psbA promoter when heterologously expressed as a lacZ transcriptional fusion in the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942. Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana phytochrome mutants, phyAphyB and hy2, indicated that a distinct blue phototransduction pathway stimulates psbA expression. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
1995 high level synthesis design repository

Abstract: In this paper we briefly describe a set of designs that earn serve as examples for high level synthesis (HLS) systems. The designs vary in complexity from simple behavioral finite state machines to more complex designs such as microprocessors and floating point units. Most of the designs are described in the VHDL language at the behavioral level. We divide the designs into two categories. The first category contains designs that have documentation on the specifications of the designs along with the strategy used to test the individual design models. The second category contains examples used in many HLS papers, but lack comprehensive documentation and/or test vectors.
Multi-level modelling, the ecologic fallacy, and hybrid study designs

In this issue, Robinson’s highly influential paper is reprinted, along with a paper advocating the use of multi-level thinking by Subramanian et al., and commentaries by Oakes and Firebaugh. On re-reading Robinson’s paper, I was again struck by the clarity of the basic take-home message: ecological data can estimate individual associations in only very rare situations. Robinson illustrated the ecologic fallacy using correlation coefficients applied at different levels of aggregation, whereas more recent work has focused on loglinear models. For common (in a statistical sense) outcomes, such as the illiteracy-race example considered in Robinson’s paper, a logistic form is more appropriate (and is used by Subramanian et al.) but this form is less amenable to analytic study. There has been an abundance of work on the myriad causes of ecologic bias on estimates of individual-level associations, which include within-area variability in exposure, and within-area confounding. One might think that the estimation of contextual associations can be carried out with ecologic data alone, but Greenland shows this is not the case. A key point is that contrary to what is claimed by some authors, ecologic data alone do not allow one to determine whether ecological bias is likely to be present in a particular dataset. The only solution to the ecologic fallacy is to supplement the ecologic data with individual-level data, a subject that we now briefly review.
Task coordination and assistive opportunity detection via social interaction in collaborative human-robot tasks

In most environments, task collaboration requires efficient, flexible communication between collaborators. In the case of tasks involving human-robot collaboration, the robot must effectively convey and interpret communicative actions about the current and intended state of the task environment and coordinate its behavior with those of its collaborators, human and otherwise. A framework for collaborative communication should not only allow the robot to reason about its actions in relation to those of others but should also support reasoning about the robot's own intentions and those ascribed to it by the collaborators. We present such a framework, inspired by Theory of Mind and making use of perspective taking, and show how it could be used to support several collaborative functions, including detection of opportunities to assist.
Weighted Realizations of Switching Functions

Any switching function has weighted representations, i.e., symmetric representations for which some of the arguments are repeated. We call a logic network based on such a representation a weighted realization. It is shown that a weighted realization may be implemented using a full-adder network (called a moment generator) whose outputs are fed to a multiplexer. A procedure is given to synthesize the full-adder network using the fewest possible modules and with strong coalescing of modules into multibit adders.
The Effect of Partial and Complete Caponization on Growth Rate, Yield, and Selected Physical and Sensory Attributes of Cockerels

Abstract Two strains of cockerels were used to evaluate the effect of complete or partial caponization (i.e., removal of either left or right testicle) on growth rates, feed conversions, dressing yields, and texture and sensory properties of the meat. In Experiment 1, where Hubbard White Mountain cockerels were used, partially and completely caponized birds had better feed conversions and were heavier at time of slaughter than roosters. In Experiment 2, where Penobscot birds were used, birds with the right testicle removed gained the most weight and had the best feed conversion ratio; capons were second best. In both experiments, when only one testicle was removed, the other testicle doubled in size so that the testicular weight was equivalent to that of roosters. Results from sensory panels and shear tests indicated that meat from capons was consistently the most tender; this difference was most pronounced in thigh meat. Meat from “slips”, or partially caponized birds, was less tender than capon meat but as tender as or more tender than meat from roosters. Correlation coefficients were prepared to compare results of subjective (sensory) and objective (shear) analyses. Sensory evaluations were more highly correlated with multiple-bladed shear tests than with single-bladed shear tests.
Development and selection of marginal zone B cells

It is now clear that functionally distinct subsets of mature peripheral B cells exist. Of these subsets, marginal zone (MZ) B cells in the spleen are strategically positioned at the blood-lymphoid interface and are programmed to initiate a fast and intense antibody response to blood-borne viral and bacterial agents. Their ability to respond vigorously to antigen and polyclonal activators make MZ B cells key players in the early response to pathogens in the bloodstream. The specialized functions of these innate-like lymphocytes bridge the gap between the early innate immune response and the slower adaptive antibody response, affected mainly by the more prolific follicular B cells. MZ B cells, like B1 cells, are important not only to combat infections but also in the maintenance of host homeostasis. Here we discuss some aspects of MZ B-cell selection and function in health and disease.
Measurement of complex permittivity of materials using a monopole antenna

A method for measuring the complex permittivity of a material using a monopole antenna is presented. To test this technique, the complex permittivities of saline solutions in the frequency range 725-1300 MHz have been measured. The measured data are in good agreement with those obtained by other techniques. >
Analysis of a Fuel Cell System by a Step Response

A simple method for analysing a fuel cell system using the voltage response to a step change in load resistance is presented in this work. With the modified Randles model, where two resistors and two capacitors are implemented for the Warburg impedance, the response curve is fitted with three exponential curves. Six independent equations corresponding to six parameters of the model can be obtained from the fitted values, and they are solved under two specific assumptions for the initial state. The parameters are the charge double layer capacitance, the charge transfer resistance, a resistor–capacitor pair related to gas diffusion and another pair related to water diffusion. A down curve of the voltage for the step down change in load and an up curve for the step up change are fitted and parameters for both cases are evaluated separately. Analysis is performed by comparing the parameters at different current levels. The impedance is also simulated using the estimated parameters in order to show which parameter is the rate-determining factor of the fuel cell reaction with increasing current levels.
Invisible Publics: Closet Dramas for the Contemporary Stage

the Foundry Theatre in a double bill with his solo performance of Gertrude Stein’s essay “Plays,” forges Stein’s poetic antitheatricalism into compulsively watchable drama, then uses it as an entryway to his own maze-like American history. Meanwhile, at P.S. 122, Sibyl Kempson’s Crime or Emergency, a histrionically expansive survey of contemporary Americana, interspersed with Bruce Springsteen songs performed as cabaret numbers, gestured toward American loneliness while conjuring grotesque imaginary theatres of American excess. In the gaps between lone performers on empty stages and the vast Americas they described, these performances gestured toward the disjuncture between historical rhetoric and historical reality, between grandiose national images and lonely individual experiences. Moving beyond the conventions of solo performance, both productions employed the theatrical tools of closet drama as figures for the national histories and mythologies they presented: Greenspan and In a recent New York Review of Books essay titled “The Tea Party Jacobins,” Mark Lilla charts the development of a new pattern of “radical individualism” in American politics—loosely affiliated groups that, like the right-wing Tea Party movement, rebel not only against specific leaders or parties, but also against government and leadership as a whole. This new populism, he writes, “fires up emotions by appealing to individual opinion, individual autonomy, and individual choice . . . It gives voice to those who feel they are being bullied, but this voice has only one, Garbo-like thing to say: I want to be left alone.”1 Lilla reveals an atomized America, where millions of solitary citizens enact private dramas in the comforts of home, untroubled by public opinion or collective needs.
A high pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry ion source for thermal stabilization of labile biomolecules

A high pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) ion source was designed and tested. With this design, pressure is pulsed to an estimated 1-10 mbar in the region of the MALDI sample during desorption with the result of significantly decreased fragmentation compared to similar systems operating with pressures of <0.1 mbar. The thermal stabilization of vibrationally excited ions under these conditions is shown with small peptides desorbed from the "hot" matrix alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and with the highly labile oxidized beta-chain of insulin. Fragile gangliosides with several sialic acid residues are desorbed under high pressure and remain intact without the typical losses of sialic acid, and a protein standard, ubiquitin (8565.64 Da), is desorbed with minimal dehydration. Under high pressure collisional cooling conditions, non-covalent matrix adduction to the molecular ions becomes prominent, but with the trapped ions in an FT mass spectrometer, the ions can be mildly activated to detach the matrix adducts. The new source, additionally, generates significant levels of the multiply charged ions which are commonly seen in MALDI-TOFMS, but are rarely observed in MALDI-FTMS. This effect is more likely due to the elimination of a mass filtering effect in the previous FTMS ion source than to collisional cooling of the ions.
Systemic and Local Interleukin-17 and Linked Cytokines Associated with Sjögren’s Syndrome Immunopathogenesis

Recently recognized as a distinct CD4(+) T helper (Th) lineage, Th17 cells have been implicated in host responses to infections and in pathogenesis associated with autoimmune diseases. This cytokine is implicated in primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) immunopathology because of the increased levels of circulating interleukin (IL)-17 in pSS. Plasma and minor salivary glands (MSGs) from patients with pSS were therefore evaluated for CD4(+) T cells, T regulatory cells, IL-17, and supporting cytokines by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and microbead assays. MSGs from pSS patients contain IL-17-expressing cells as a dominant population within inflammatory lesions. IL-17 protein expression progressively increased with higher biopsy focus scores (P < 0.0001), in parallel with detection by RT-PCR. Transforming growth factor-beta, IL-6 and IL-23, which are requisite promoters of Th17 differentiation, were found in abundance compared with the amounts in control tissues. Although transforming growth factor-beta is also a pivotal differentiation factor for immunosuppressive Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs), an increase in Foxp3(+) Tregs was evident in biopsy specimens with mild and moderate inflammation but this increase was disproportionate to escalating pro-inflammatory Th17 populations in advanced disease. Furthermore, the Th17-centric cytokines IL-17, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-12 were significantly elevated in pSS plasma. These data identify a profusion of IL-17-generating cells and supporting cytokines within diseased pSS MSGs without a compensatory increase in immunomodulatory Tregs; this imbalance seems to foster a pathogenic milieu that may be causative and predictive of infiltrative injury and amenable to therapeutic intervention.
Discovering and Correcting Problems in a Naval Stock Control System

An analysis aimed at evaluating the shop stores control system formulae at the Naval Ordnance Station in Louisville revealed inherent operational problems. Simple analysis procedures led to the discovery and evaluation of these problems. These procedures also aided in explaining the problems and suggesting corrective measures to management.
Enlargement of Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle Fivers in Graves' Ophthalmopathy

Abstract Enlargement of the extraocular muscles in Graves' ophthalmopathy is attributed to inflammation and fibrosis. This is the first report of the histology and morphometry of the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle proximal to Whitnall's ligament in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Four thousand computer-assisted levator muscle fiber measurements in 16 control and abnormal levator palpebrae superiors muscle biopsies were done. These measurements showed statistically significant levator muscle fiber enlargement in the Graves' ophthalmopathy specimens. There was minimal evidence of inflammation. These findings suggest that muscle fiber enlargement is an important cause of the characteristic hypertrophy of the levator muscle in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Levator muscle fiber enlargement is a likely cause of upper eyelid retraction in Graves' ophthalmopathy.
ASCAID: Using an Asymmetric Correlation Measure for Automatic Interaction Detection

Based upon the predictive association measure λ by Goodman and Kruskal, a new algorithm for the induction of a decision tree is proposed. This algorithm cares about the asymmetric character of the classification task and enables the use of statistical inference.
No Clock Signal in the Discharge of Neurons in the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

Keating, J. G. and W. T. Thach. No clock signal in the discharge of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2232–2234, 1997. We examined the spike activity of deep cerebellar nu...
Phase-shift effect of amplitude spread function on spectrum and image formation in coherent Raman scattering microspectroscopy.

Coherent Raman scattering microspectroscopy, which includes coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microspectroscopy, permits label-free hyperspectral imaging. We report the theoretical study of the phase-shift effect of the impulse response function on the spectral and image-forming properties of coherent Raman scattering microspectroscopy. We show that the spectrum and image are influenced by not only the NA of objective for excitation (NAex) but also that for signal collection (NAcol), in association with the phase-shift effect. We discuss that, under the condition NAex≠NAcol, both the spectrum and the image become deformed by the phase-shift effect, which can be applied to the direct measurement of the imaginary part of the nonlinear susceptibility in CARS spectroscopy. We point out that, even in SRS microscopy, the nonresonant background can contribute to the image formation and cause the artifact in the image.
T helper-suppressor cell imbalance in pyoderma gangrenosum, with relapsing polychondritis and corneal keratolysis.

We found decreased T helper/inducer and increased T suppressor/cytotoxic cells in a 45-year-old woman with pyoderma gangrenosum. Serum immunoglobulin levels were normal, suggesting that these T suppressor cells did not function primarily to regulate antibody synthesis. The patient had diminished cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity responses, reacting to only one of six antigens tested, but responded in vitro to three of three antigens. Because of their various regulatory functions, excess T suppressor cells, or a lack of T helper cells, could be a common factor underlying many of the humoral and cellmediated immune derangements, as well as the neutrophil ab-normalities, that have been found in pyoderma gangrenosum. Our patient also had relapsing polychondritis and corneal keratolysis, consistent with the systemic nature of the disorder. The T-cell imbalance persisted even as the ulcer improved. Since monoclonal antibodies against T cell subpopulations are readily available, measuring these cell types as part of the immunological workup of patients with pyoderma gangrenosum might yield valuable clues concerning the pathogenesis of this disorder.
A Safety Analysis Process for the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) and See-and-Avoid Systems on Remotely Piloted Vehicles

The integration of Remotely Piloted Vehicles (RPVs) into civil airspace will require new methods of ensuring traffic avoidance. This paper discusses issues affecting requirements for RPV traffic avoidance systems and describes the safety evaluation process that the international community has deemed necessary to certify such systems. Alternative methods for RPVs to perform traffic avoidance are discussed, including the potential use of new seeand-avoid sensors or the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). Concerns that must be addressed to allow the use of TCAS on RPVs are presented. The paper then details the safety evaluation process that is being implemented to evaluate the safety of TCAS on Global Hawk. The same evaluation process can be extended to other RPVs and traffic avoidance systems for which thorough safety analyses will also be required.
Three-Dimensional Error Diffusion for Color Halftoning

The paper presents a three-dimensional interconnect scheme for color halftoning that performs four tasks simultaneously: the first three are to compute good halftones for each primaries and the fourth is to minimize frequency-weighted luminosity error.