cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phorbol diesters promote β-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation and adenylate cyclase desensitization in duck erythrocytes

Abstract Preincubation of duck erythrocytes with tumor promoting phorbol diesters or catecholamines leads to attenuation of adenylate cyclase activity. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate treatment induced a 38% and 30% desensitization of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, respectively. In contrast, the inactive phorbol diester, 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, was without effect in promoting adenylate cyclase desensitization. The catecholamine isoproterenol induced a 51% desensitization. Incubation of 32Pi labeled erythrocytes with TPA promoted a 3- to 4-fold increase in phosphorylation of the β-adrenergic receptor as did incubation with isoproterenol. Treatment of the cells with both TPA and isoproterenol together resulted in desensitization and receptor phosphorylation which were no greater than those observed with either agent alone. These data suggest a potential role for protein kinase C in regulating β-adrenergic receptor function.
Head CT in patient with metabolic acidosis.

An unresponsive 30-year-old female with a history of anxiety and chronic alcohol abuse presented to an emergency department with altered mental status and a severe metabolic acidosis. The patient was intubated for airway protection, and she empirically received folic acid, bicarbonate, and 5% ethanol continuous infusion for suspected ingestion of toxic alcohol. Following transfer to our institution, the patient was minimally responsive to noxious stimuli. She received fomepizole at dosing corrected for hemodialysis (HD), and bicarbonate via multiple boluses and continuous infusion. The ethanol drip was stopped. The nephrology service had been alerted to this patient’s arrival and condition; hemodialysis via a standard heparinized circuit was initiated immediately after her arrival, which produced a marked improvement in the patient’s acid-base status. Her serum methanol concentration subsequently returned at > 200 mg/dL. After 12 hours and 2 sessions of hemodialysis, the patient remained unresponsive despite minimal sedation. Anisocoria was noted on exam. Computed tomography of the brain demonstrated a large hematoma in the left basal ganglia that extended into the left frontal and parietal white matter accompanied by intraventricular extension, midline shift, loss of grey-white differentiation throughout, suggesting tonsillar herniation (Figure 1). Forty-eight hours after presentation, radionuclide imaging of the brain revealed no intracranial blood flow; heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and pancreas were subsequently harvested for transplantation.
Checkpoint mechanisms: the puppet masters of meiotic prophase

The coordinated execution of cell cycle processes during meiosis is essential for the production of viable gametes and fertility. Coordination is particularly important during meiotic prophase, when nuclei undergo a dramatic reorganization that requires the precise choreography of chromosome movements, pairing interactions and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Analysis of the underlying regulatory mechanisms has revealed crucial and widespread roles for DNA-damage checkpoint proteins, not only in cell cycle surveillance, but also in controlling many processes uniquely characteristic of meiosis. The resulting regulatory network uses checkpoint machinery to provide an integral coordinating mechanism during every meiotic division and enables cells to safely maintain an error-prone event such as DSB formation as an essential part of the meiotic program.
The interaction of ammonia with transition metal carbide surfaces

Abstract The interaction of ammonia (NH 3 ) with TiC(1 0 0) and VC(1 0 0) surfaces has been investigated over the temperature range of 100–400 K. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) has been utilized to determine the desorption states of NH 3 . High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) has probed the adsorption states and adsorption geometry of NH 3 on these substrates. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) has been used to examine the valence electronic structure of NH 3 interacting with the surface. Ammonia exhibits a similar interaction for both TiC and VC as was expected for the σ-donor adsorbate. The predominant monolayer TPD feature appears at the same temperature for both substrates. HREELS results show very similar vibrational spectra including an identical blue shift of the umbrella mode on both surfaces as the temperature is increased. Finally, UPS reveals the position of the NH 3 3a 1 molecular orbital is identical upon adsorption on both TiC and VC. These experimental results are consistent with results obtained from density functional theory calculations and they are explained in terms of electronic structure effects based on molecular orbital theory.
The significance of isometer measurements and graft position during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Intraoperative isometry measurements are commonly performed before bone tunnel drilling during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The relationship between initial isometer measurements and final graft isometry, however, is unclear. We tested 15 cadaveric knees to determine the relationship between isometer readings and final graft isometry. We found that isometer readings may vary widely from final graft isometry because of eccentric placement of the anterior cruciate ligament graft within bone tunnels. Isometer measurements may be used, however, to predict accurate final graft isometry for specific graft positions within the bone tunnels.
Use of the star sign to diagnose internal fistulas in pediatric patients with penetrating Crohn disease by MR enterography.

Development of internal fistula due to extramural spread of inflammatory bowel disease is a characteristic feature of penetrating disease in patients with Crohn disease. The “star sign” is a radiological finding of internal fistula that has previously been described in the gastroenterology literature in adult Crohn disease patients undergoing MR enteroclysis. The goal of this paper is to review the clinical and imaging features of penetrating disease in pediatric Crohn disease patients, highlighting the star sign as a useful diagnostic tool for diagnosing internal fistula in children by MR enterography. The recognition of penetrating complications by MR imaging can have important therapeutic and prognostic implications.
The structure and properties of a nickel-base superalloy produced by osprey atomization-deposition

The production of a nickel-base superalloy, Rene* 80, by the Osprey atomization-deposition process has been investigated. Dense (>99 pct) material with a fine-grained equiaxed microstructure was deposited using either argon or nitrogen as the atomizing gas. Defects present in the material included a chill region at the collector plate interface, entrapped recirculated particles, porosity, and ceramic particles from the melting and dispensing system. In contrast to other rapid solidification techniques, low oxygen pick-ups are noted in the current technique. Tensile strengths above those displayed by castings are found in both nitrogen and argon atomized material, and in both the as-deposited and heat treated conditions. In addition, no profound mid-temperature ductility loss is displayed by this low oxygen material, in contrast to results on other rapidly solidified material with high oxygen contents. These results are explained in terms of oxygen embrittlement. In view of the excellent properties measured, the attractive economics of the process, and the fact that fine control of the gas/metal flow ratio is shown to be unnecessary, it is concluded that atomization-deposition presents an attractive potential production route for advanced alloys.
Hydrilla tuber formation in response to single and sequential bensulfuron methyl exposures at different times

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle) grown in outdoor tanks was exposed to bensulfuron methyl concentrations of 25, 50, or 100 ppb on June 16, August 20 or October 15; 50 ppb June 16 and August 20, or 25 ppb on June 16, July 21, August 20, and October 15, 1990, with a 35-day contact time. Hydrilla was also exposed to the compound on August 9, 1991 at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 ppb. In 1990, the August 20 exposure resulted in the greatest inhibition of tuber production for a single application. Exposure in June caused hydrilla to produce at least twice as many tubers as unexposed plants by April 10, 1991. Exposure in October arrested tuber production, which had already begun. Exposure in June and August delayed tuber formation until after February 9, 1991. Exposure in June, July, August, and October inhibited tuber formation for the entire growing season. Hydrilla treated with all concentrations of bensulfuron methyl on August 9, 1991 produced tubers only sporadically through March 16, 1992, compared to unexposed hydrilla, which produced an average of 48 tubers/531 sq cm by January 4, 1992. With the onset of warmer weather after March 16, tubers produced by unexposed hydrilla more than doubled, and comparable numbers of new tubers were produced by plants that were exposed to 10 or 20 ppb. Tuber production was inhibited for the entire growing season by exposure to 50 ppb on August 9, 1991. In spite of the promise that bensulfuron methyl showed for use in aquatic plant management, the Experimental Use Permit was not renewed in 1992 and efforts to register the compound were discontinued.
Abstract B233: Identification and characterization of LY2835219: A potent oral inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) with broad in vivo antitumor activity.

Dysregulation of the cell cycle, which normally regulates cell proliferation in response to mitogenic signaling and other extracellular stimuli, is a hallmark of cancer. The G1 restriction point is a primary mechanism controlling cell cycle progression and is controlled by the CDK4/6 pathway (CDK4/6-cyclin D1-Rb-CDKN2). The importance of this pathway is highlighted by inactivation of restriction point control in a majority of human tumors. Transition through the restriction point requires phosphorylation of Rb by CDK4/6, and these kinases are considered highly validated cancer drug targets. We have identified and characterized a potent and selective dual CDK4/6 inhibitor, LY2835219. Preclinical characterization was performed with the monomesylate salt (LY2835219-MsOH), which inhibits these kinases with a IC50 of 2 and 10 nM for CDK4 and CDK6, respectively. In vitro, LY2835219-MsOH is a potent inhibitor of Rb phosphorylation resulting in a G1 arrest, and its activity is specific for tumors that have functional Rb protein. In a multiplexed in vivo target inhibition assay (IVTI), LY2835219-MsOH is a potent inhibitor of Rb phosphorylation and induces complete cell cycle arrest 24 hrs after a single dose. In tumor-bearing mice, oral administration of LY2835219-MsOH inhibits tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner in colon (colo-205), glioblastoma (U87MG), acute myeloid leukemia (MV4–11), mantle cell lymphoma (Jeko-1), and lung (H460) xenografts. LY2835219-MsOH may be administered up to 56 days without adverse events or tumor outgrowth. LY2835219-MsOH enhances the in vivo activity of cytotoxic drugs, suggesting that this novel CDK4/6 inhibitor can be used in combination with these anti-neoplastic agents. In summary, we have identified an oral small molecule inhibitor of CDK4/6 that may provide therapeutic benefit to cancer patients with tumors that have functional Rb protein. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B233.
Elucidating the mechanisms of double ionization using intense half-cycle, single-cycle, and double half-cycle pulses

We investigate the interaction of a two-active electron system (Li{sup -}) with intense single-cycle and double half-cycle pulses. The 'intensity' and 'frequency' considered correspond to the 'multiphoton above-barrier regime'. For the single-cycle pulse (SCP), the electric field changes sign once, allowing electron wave packets created during the first half cycle to recollide with the parent ion when driven back by the field. For the double half-cycle pulse (DHP), however, the electric field does not change sign, and electron wave packets created during the first half cycle are not driven back to the parent ion. We find that both single and double ionization are significantly larger for the SCP than for the DHP, thereby elucidating the role of the rescattering mechanism. On the other hand, doubly ionized electrons produced by a half-cycle pulse and a DHP are found to have angular distributions in which one electron is ejected in the direction of the pulse field, and the other in the opposite direction. This clear signature of electron correlations suggests that 'shake-off', 'knockout', and, possibly, 'multiphoton-sharing' processes are alternative contributing mechanisms for double ionization in this regime.
Agronomic Performance of Barley Lines Derived from Tissue Culture

The practical application of in vitro genetic manipulations to plant breeding may be hindered by unselected and potentially undesirable somaclonal variation. To determine the potential for recovering cultivars from tissue cultures without somaclonal variation, 30 families of As culture derived lines from six barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were analyzed for agronomic performance. Each family was derived from a single regenerated plant that in turn was derived from an immature embryo callus culture. Four to six R 2 plants were selected from each family based on phenotypic similarity to the uncultured parental controls. One-hundred-seventy-four R 2 derived lines were advanced by bulking to the R 5 generation. The results of replicated field trials indicated that the agronomic performance for the majority of these lines was altered by passage through tissue culture and that the alterations were generally undesirable. Cultivar-dependent differences were noted in the frequency and degree of agronomic alterations. Families within cultivars was an important source of variation, but selections within families was not. Successful selection of tissue culture derived barley lines without somoclonal variation therefore may be cultivar dependent and may require screening large populations of regenerated plants.
Observable indicators of flow experience: a developmental perspective on musical engagement in young children from infancy to school age

Flow experience is an optimal state determined by an individual's perception of high skill and high challenge for a given task. In this study, young children's flow experience is examined in four naturally occurring music learning environments: infants and two-year-olds in childcare settings, and school-age children in Suzuki violin and Dalcroze classes. Descriptive observations of challenge-seeking, challenge-monitoring, and social context indicators previously used in flow analyses in four- to five-year-old children provided evidence that these indicators also function beyond that age group with varying degrees of intensity and frequency. Key findings included an age-related increase in observed self-assignment, which was observed to decline in children of school age. Additional findings include the accessibility and responses to musical structure for infants and toddlers, the role of gesture in helping children focus, the salience of adult awareness and the changing roles of peers across development.
A new type of raspberry-like polymer composite sub-microspheres with tunable gold nanoparticles coverage and their enhanced catalytic properties

A new type of gold nanoparticles-coated composite spheres with chemically reactive poly(glycidyl methacrylate) colloids as cores is synthesized in raspberry-like fashion via a controlled assembly method. The surface coverage of the immobilized gold nanoparticles, which is controlled by the surface charge density of the poly(allylamine hydrochloride)-modified polymer spheres and the conformation of the adsorbed polyelectrolyte chains on the spheres, can be tuned with polyelectrolyte concentration, ratio of polymer spheres to gold nanoparticles, and the pH value of the solution. A double-conformation poly(allylamine hydrochloride) film structure: inner collapsed and outer extended, is proposed to explain how the polyelectrolyte concentration, ratio of polymer spheres to gold nanoparticles, and the pH value of the solution affect the adsorption amount of the gold nanoparticles on the modified polymer spheres. The obtained composite particles are stable without loss of the gold nanoparticle coatings even after applying ultrasonication, cleaning or long term nanopure water storage. These composites exhibit an excellent catalytic activity with an average turnover frequency of 250.5 mol mol−1 s−1 and the fastest reported reduction of 4-nitrophenol with sodium borohydride is achieved within 76 s.
Helium Temperature Ultraviolet Reflectometer for Use with Modified Spectrograph

A serious problem in the measurement of the ultraviolet reflectivity of solids at helium temperatures is the prevention of condensation of contaminants on the samples. This paper describes a shielding arrangement for a reflectometer which effectively prevents such contamination and permits reliable measurement of the reflectivity up to photon energies of 12 eV. This system required that a McPherson spectrograph be modified.
RF MEMS, BST, and GaAs Varactor System-Level Response in Complex Modulation Systems

This article presents the response of RF microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS), barium strontium titanate (BST), and gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based tunable filters and reconfigurable matching networks to a wideband code-division-multiple-access signal cen- tered at 1.95 GHz. The RF MEMS tunable filter and impedance tuner result in very low inter- modulation distortion and spectral regrowth compared to their BST and GaAs counterparts. The linearity of the BST and GaAs tunable networks improves considerably by using a series combination of BST and GaAs varactors, but the RF MEMS-based networks still show the best linearity of all three technologies. Also, it is shown that the reconfigurable networks, tuned with capacitive RF MEMS can handle up to 1 W of RF power with no self-actuation. V C 2007
A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type

We have found that mutations in the gene daf-2 can cause fertile, active, adult Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites to live more than twice as long as wild type. This lifespan extension, the largest yet reported in any organism, requires the activity of a second gene, daf-16. Both genes also regulate formation of the dauer larva, a developmentally arrested larval form that is induced by crowding and starvation and is very long-lived. Our findings raise the possibility that the longevity of the dauer is not simply a consequence of its arrested growth, but instead results from a regulated lifespan extension mechanism that can be uncoupled from other aspects of dauer formation. daf-2 and daf-16 provide entry points into understanding how lifespan can be extended.
Davidson on Keynes: the open economy dimension

This paper reviews the treatment of open economy issues in Paul Davidson's book, John Maynard Keynes. Davidson aptly summarizes Keynes's criticism of the international monetary system for the asymmetric "burden of adjustment" it places on deficit countries compared with surplus countries, which imparts a contractionary bias to the world economy. Davidson also updates Keynes's proposals for global monetary reform and extends his analysis of international trade. However, Davidson's arguments about mainstream views of international finance and the ineffectiveness of exchange rate adjustments are on less solid ground. This paper suggests reformulations of Davidson's interpretations on the latter two points.
Static versus dynamic splinting for proximal interphalangeal joint pyrocarbon implant arthroplasty: a comparison of current and historical cohorts.

Abstract Study Design Nonrandomized mixed current and historical cohort follow-up study. The purpose of the study was to test the effectiveness of static splinting after arthroplasty in patients with osteoarthritis. Dynamic splinting is recommended after proximal interphalangeal joint pyrocarbon implant arthroplasty; however, static splinting may be more feasible to deliver. Nine consecutive patients received static splinting in this study. These patients were compared with those of a historical control group ( n = 10) who received dynamic splinting. Function and performance variables were measured preoperatively and 3 months after surgery. All patients underwent surgery by the same hand surgeon, and most of the patients were treated by the same certified hand therapist. Both static and dynamic groups showed improvement on several function and performance measures. Compared with the dynamic group, the static group showed greater improvements in the Michigan. Hand Outcomes Questionnaire subset of work performance (21.00 ± 14.75 vs 3.13 ± 14.13, p
Observation of Quasi-Continuum Line Emission from Fe VII to Fe X in the Extreme-Ultraviolet Region below 140 Å

The line emission of Fe VII-Fe X ions in the extreme-ultraviolet region below 140 A was measured in controlled laboratory experiments under conditions representative of stellar coronae. The observations are compared with predictions from standard spectral models using the CHIANTI and MEKAL atomic databases. We find that the atomic databases miss most of the line flux in this region. While some of the missing lines form isolated features, most add up to form a quasi continuum in the 60-120 A region. This incompleteness can explain the poor fit when applying global-fitting techniques to spectra from cool stars measured by the Extreme-Ultraviolet Explorer satellite, the origin of which has been a source of controversy since the original observations were made.
Staging Strikes: Workers' Theatre and the American Labor Movement

Acknowledgments 1. Backdrop: Workers' Theatre and Organized Labor 2. Prologue: New Playwrights and Worker-Students in the 1920s 3. Act I: A Movement Grows across the Nation 4. Interlude: Unionism and Militance in the Plays of the Workers' Theatre Movement 5. Act II: Two Unions Take to the Stage 6. Interlude: Leisure and Popular Entertainment in Labor Plays 7. Act III: Workers' Theatre Becomes Union Recreation 8. Epilogue: Can Workers' Theatre Survive the Decline of the Labor Movement? Postscript: Angels in America and the Study of Workers' Theatre Notes Index
Sex differences in muscle pain: self-care behaviors and effects on daily activities.

Abstract Women have a higher prevalence of fibromyalgia and myofascial pain than men, but sex differences in muscle pain are inconsistently detected. We examined sex differences in ratings and effects of recalled and experimentally-induced muscle pain. In study 1 (n = 188), participants completed a questionnaire about recalled muscle pain. In study 2 (n = 55), participants described muscle pain from an exercise stimulus across 3 days by telephone. Muscle pain ratings, self-care behaviors for muscle pain, and effects of muscle pain on activities were measured. No significant sex differences were found except that women tended to view exercise as more effective for decreasing muscle pain than men (F 1, 187 = 5.43, P = .02, η 2 = .03), fewer women performed exercise for induced muscle pain than men, and women’s activity interference was significantly higher than men’s at the third day after exercise (F 2, 42 = 6.54, P = .01, η 2 = .14). These findings support the absence of meaningful sex differences in muscle pain ratings. However, additional investigations are needed that consider the daily activities completed by people and the prevalence and incidence of performing a wide range of self-care behaviors for pain. Perspective These studies support that sex differences are not present in recalled and experimentally-induced muscle pain ratings. Therefore, we must be cautious about generalizing the musculoskeletal pain literature to muscle pain. Additional research is needed to interpret potential sex differences in self-care behaviors for muscle pain and activity interference from muscle pain.
Ventilator Autocycling due to an Endotracheal Tube Cuff Leak

Ventilator autocycling can occur with any ventilator if the sensitivity is improperly set or if a gas leak exists in the respiratory system which creates a negative change in proximal airway pressure. We report a case of ventilator autocycling in a paralyzed patient secondary to an endotracheal cuff leak which was misconstrued as assisted ventilation. We believe this is the first report of autocycling due to a cuff leak.
High-frequency instrumentation

Abstract The present work was undertaken to overcome the disadvantage of the limited concentration range of high-frequency measurements. Instruments which respond to either effective capacitance or effective conductance changes were used. A cell was designed to minimize the dielectric constant contribution of the solution, and respond only to conductance. Studies on the significance of the physical dimensions of high-frequency titration cells were carried out. Progressively varying the electrode separation distance or the diameter of the titration vessel shifted the useful concentration regions of the response curves. Increasing the length of the metal electrodes or decreasing the cell wall thickness magnified the response of the effective concentration regions. An equation was derived relating the specific conductance of the sample solution to the physical dimensions of the high-frequency cell necessary for maximum sensitivity. Constant-temperature systems were devised to permit both aqueous and non-aqueous liquids to be used as circulating media.
Occurrence and transmission of localized repolarization abnormalities in vitro.

Abnormal delay of repolarization leading to prolonged reduction of membrane potential could lead to arrhythmias. Transmission of this type of abnormality from an “abnormal” to a “normal” segment of Purkinje fiber was studied as follows: In a double compartment bath one segment was superfused with unmodified Tyrode's solution and the other with solutions known to induce abnormal prolongation of action potential duration (manifest by prolonged step-like delays in repolarization, or “secondary plateaus” and “early afterdepolarization,” that is, activations arising as a consequence of the prolonged depolarized membrane potential). Transmission of abnormalities varied. Complete transmission of secondary plateaus and early afterde-polarizations led to action potentials configurationally similar throughout the fiber. Selective transmission of early afterdepolarizations led to the occurrence of new premature action potentials in the normal segment. Cycle length prolongation favored both the occurrence and the transmission of abnormalities. After addition of lidocaine or high potassium ion solutions to the normal segment, shortening of action potential duration occurred and was transmitted from normal to abnormal segment. In this way, reversal of abnormality throughout the fiber occurred via an intervention applied selectively to the normal segment. Observations in this study may be relevant to arrhythmias and their treatment.
A simplified method for the production of murine T-cell growth factor free of lectin.

Abstract A simple and rapid method for the production of TCGF free of lectin (LF-TCGF) is described. Murine splenocytes are exposed to 10–20 μg/ml Con A for 2 h before washing the cells and incubating them in medium for an additional 20 h. This procedure leads to the same titers of TCGF activity obtained when Con A is present throughout the incubation time. The resulting TCGF preparation is free of Con A as evidenced by its inability to activate fresh resting lymphoid cells and by measurements using [ 3 H] Con A in tracer amounts. The LF-TCGF is capable of growing activated but not resting lymphocytes and can lead to greater than 50-fold increase in the generation of cytotoxic cells in in vitro sensitizations to alloantigens.
The Fisher effect: new evidence and implications

Abstract Using monthly data in the 1980s and early 1990s, our results do not support the short-run Fisher effect since short-term interest rates are associated with negligible changes in expected inflation. However, inflation and nominal interest rates exhibit common stochastic trends in the long run. Consequently, the correlation between nominal interest rates and inflation rates increases with maturity until they move in a one-to-one relation at long horizon. This is evident by the correlation coefficients of the Johansen test for cointegration that increase with the maturity of US government securities from 2 to 5 years.
Palmitoylation of Caveolin-1 in Endothelial Cells Is Post-translational but Irreversible *

Caveolin-1 is a palmitoylated protein involved in assembly of signaling molecules in plasma membrane subdomains termed caveolae and in intracellular cholesterol transport. Three cysteine residues in the C terminus of caveolin-1 are subject to palmitoylation, which is not necessary for caveolar targeting of caveolin-1. Protein palmitoylation is a post-translational and reversible modification that may be regulated and that in turn may regulate conformation, membrane association, protein-protein interactions, and intracellular localization of the target protein. We have undertaken a detailed analysis of [(3)H]palmitate incorporation into caveolin-1 in aortic endothelial cells. The linkage of palmitate to caveolin-1 was hydroxylamine-sensitive and thus presumably a thioester bond. However, contrary to expectations, palmitate incorporation was blocked completely by the protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and puromycin. In parallel experiments to show specificity, palmitoylation of aortic endothelial cell-specific nitric-oxide synthase was unaffected by these reagents. Inhibitors of protein trafficking, brefeldin A and monensin, blocked caveolin-1 palmitoylation, indicating that the modification was not cotranslational but rather required caveolin-1 transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi to the plasma membrane. In addition, immunophilin chaperones that form complexes with caveolin-1, i.e. FK506-binding protein 52, cyclophilin A, and cyclophilin 40, were not necessary for caveolin-1 palmitoylation because agents that bind immunophilins did not inhibit palmitoylation. Pulse-chase experiments showed that caveolin-1 palmitoylation is essentially irreversible because the release of [(3)H]palmitate was not significant even after 24 h. These results show that [(3)H]palmitate incorporation is limited to newly synthesized caveolin-1, not because incorporation only occurs during synthesis but because the continuous presence of palmitate on caveolin-1 prevents subsequent repalmitoylation.
Growth inhibition and DNA damage induced by benzo[a]pyrene and formaldehyde in primary cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells.

Abstract The effects of benzo[ a ]pyrene (BAP) and formaldehyde (HCHO),alone and combined, on cell growth and DNA damage were determined in primary cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells dissociated from rat tracheas. Cell cultures treated with 25 μM BAP for 24 h or 200 μM HCHO for 90 min did not have a marked reduction in cell growth. However, their combined treatment reduced cell growth by 60% of control when cultures were exposed to BAP followed by HCHO as well as the reverse order. None of these treatments significantly decreased cell viability as judged by dye exclusion, nor did they enhance cell terminal differentiation as measured by confirmed envelope formation. Alkaline elution analysis of DNA damage detected both DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC) and DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) as a result of HCHO treatment, whereas BAP treatment caused only SSB. While HCHO-induced SSB were repaired within 2 h, BAP-induced SSB were detected 3 days after treatment. Combined treatment of cell cultures with BAP followed by HCHO resulted in more SSB than was obtained from either agent alone, but less DPC than was detected from HCHO alone. The increased number of SSB obtained from this combined treatment may be related to the marked enhancement of carcinogenesis observed in earlier in vivo-in vitro studies.
Elastic constants and the continuum theory of liquid crystals

Abstract Exact expressions for the elastic constants of arbitrary director fields are derived by expanding the free energy density in terms of the relevant invariants. It is shown that the anisotropic terms in the expansion can be dealt with completely, i.e. knowledge of the isotropic terms in the expansion suffices in order to obtain nunerical values for these constants. Some simple examples are given.
Antigenic comparison of the polypeptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes and other picornaviruses

Abstract The cross-reactivity of proteins coded for by the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was assessed by reaction of infected cell lysates with polyclonal and monospecific antisera against the structural and nonstructural proteins of FMDV type Al 2 strain 119ab. It was shown that the homologous polypeptides from most serotypes are antigenically related. The least cross-reactivity occurred between VP1, VP3, and the protease (3C) of type Al 2 and South African Territories types 1 and 3. There was also a reduced degree of reactivity of Al 2 VP1 serum with VP1 from some A subtypes and the other serotypes. Comparison of FMDV proteins with polypeptides from other picornaviruses by a radioimmune binding assay revealed a low level of reactivity of antisera against some Al 2 poly-peptides with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infected cell lysates but no reactivity with bovine enterovirus type 1 and swine vesicular disease virus infected cells. The same EMCV proteins were immunoprecipitated by the various reactive Al 2 antisera, but the reaction was abolished if the lysate from EMCV infected cells was denatured prior to immunoprecipitation.
Comparison of gemcitabine plus platinum analog with gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer.

Comparison of gemcitabine plus platinum analog with gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer
Highly Ordered FePt $L1_{0}$ Thin Films With Small Grains on RuAl Seed Layers

We present an experimental approach for obtaining highly ordered L10 FePt-oxide thin film media with small grains by using a RuAl layer as a grain size defining underlayer. In most previous studies, the FePt grain size was controlled by tuning the oxide volume fraction of the film. By introducing the RuAl grain size defining layer, 6 nm of FePt grains can be obtained at 520°C with 9% SiO2 in the film. A 5 nm thin barrier layer was introduced between FePt and RuAl to prevent the inter-diffusion between RuAl and FePt. The influence of different barrier layers was studied. With a thin Ag sacrificial layer inserted between the barrier layer and the FePt magnetic layer, a smaller grain size can be achieved, the ordering temperature was lowered, and the (001) texture of FePt was enhanced.
Rotor Wake Variability in a Transonic Compressor Stage

High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) is a fundamental weakness in the technology base for turbine engines. Modern compressor designs feature closely spaced blade rows of low aspect ratio increasing the strength and complexity of aerodynamic forcing functions. Also, modern manufacturing techniques produce blisks with low levels of mechanical damping. Thus, classic simplified views of the forcing functions may no longer be sufficient to accurately predict blade response. The concept of the “average wake” and the role that deviations from this average, or wake variability, plays as an HCF driver become important. Experiments are performed in the Purdue Transonic Research Compressor where two different but geometrically similar rotor blades from the same blisk are investigated; one that produces a near nominal wake and another that demonstrates significant variability according to thermal anemometry measurements. The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements provide both phase-locked and instantaneous views of the wake structure showing variability in the individual wake structure.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Direct Photopatterning of Metal Oxide Structures Using Photosensitive Metallorganics

© 2004 The Electrochemical Society, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as provided under U.S. copyright law, this work may not be reproduced, resold, distributed, or modified without the express permission of The Electrochemical Society (ECS).
The importance of simulation: preventing hand-off mistakes

ries a high risk of adverse events is the hand off—the point at which the patient is transferred, either physically to a different part of the hospital or administratively when a new member of the care team takes responsibility. This is a period of great risk to the patient, because hand offs often occur in a chaotic environment where much is happening at once and opportunities to impart critical information, which may not be reflected on the medical chart, can be limited. The communication and teamwork failures associated with hand offs may be among the most important contributors to preventable adverse events in health care. Nurses, particularly perioperative nurses, end up shouldering a great deal of responsibility for hand offs—and taking an unfair amount of blame when things go wrong. This is because nurses contribute most strongly to the care process when they work as team members on behalf of the patient. Unfor tunately, educational silos, authority gradients, role specialization, and incentives that favor individual rather than team performances pose structural barriers that underlie ineffective communication. As a crucial component of safe care, effective communication among clinicians—including between physicians and nurses at the bedside—is starting to receive the attention it deserves. Because hand offs in particular can be so dangerous, the Agency for Health care Research and Quality (AHRQ) is devoting attention and resources to study how they can be made safer. This effort includes funding simulation re search to analyze real-life medical situations, which are recreated so that health care providers can practice new procedures and techniques before performing them on patients. Simulation is important because, in a variety of clinical settings, it allows health care practitioners and teams to acquire valuable experience safely without placing patients at risk. In addition to gaining this experience, simulation allows researchers to analyze processes that tend to be practiced by rote in order to discover opportunities for improvement that may not be easily detectable during an actual patient encounter. In 2006, AHRQ awarded nearly $5 million for 19 new projects that focus on assessing and evaluating the roles that medical simulation can play to improve the safety and quality of health care delivery. It is hoped that these projects will inform providers, health educators, payers, policymakers, patients, and the public about the effective use of simulation in improving patient safety.
Calcium, Phosphorus and Nopgro as Variables in Diets of Breeder Turkeys

Abstract Two 20-week experiments were conducted to determine the effects of 0.99, 1.77, 2.55 and 3.33 percent calcium, 0.64 and 0.82 percent total phosphorus and 0 and 0.25 percent Nopgro in diets of breeder turkeys on egg production, fertility, hatchability, egg weight, shell thickness and calcium content of blood serum. Each experiment contained 272 female and 32 male Beltsville White turkeys. Turkeys fed diets containing the lowest level of calcium produced significantly fewer eggs, lower hatchability of fertile eggs and of all eggs set, lower shell weight as percentage of egg weight, thinner egg shells and less egg shell color. Varying the phosphorus level in the diets as indicated above and adding a commercial fermentation product, Nopgro, which is a blend of dried residues produced from Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis grown on a wheat bran base, to the diets failed to influence these measurements, except for an increased shell thickness in one experiment from the added phosphorus. Based upon a review of the literature and data collected in this study, the calcium requirement of breeder turkey hens is in excess of 2.0 percent and perhaps as much as 2.5 percent to obtain optimum egg production, and levels of calcium in excess of 2.5 percent are believed not detrimental to hatchability.
Spanish subject personal pronoun use in New York City Puerto Ricans: Can we rest the case of English contact?

The variable use of subject personal pronouns (SPPs) in null subject languages, though extensively researched in several Spanish dialects, is for the first time examined in a contact variety of Puerto Rican residents of New York City (NYC). In a large-scale study conducted by Flores-Ferran (2002), a number of contradictions arose with regard to how the degree of exposure to NYC may mediate the influence of overt SPP use on speakers. The degree of exposure to NYC was considered as indirect contact with English. This article further analyzes how 41 Puerto Rican residents in NYC use overt SPPs, and it also describes the patterns of each group: the recent arrivals, established residents, and native-born NYC Puerto Ricans. Of the larger study, this article examines the verbs' person and number, switch reference, and exposure to NYC. A striking resemblance in the patterns of overt SPP use was found among NYC residents, as a group, when compared to those reported on the island (Avila-Jimenez, 1995, 1996; Cameron, 1992). However, when considering years of exposure to the City, the NYC native-born group appeared to have the strongest tendency to use explicit SPPs. In spite of the fact that this distinction was found with the NYC native-born group, there remains little evidence in favor of an English contact hypothesis.This study has benefited from previous research conducted by Richard Cameron and Barbara Avila-Jimenez. I thank Richard for his insight, comments, and his continuous support throughout the years. I also express much gratitude to Ricardo Otheguy and Edward Bendix and the three anonymous reviewers whose sharp criticisms contributed to this work. All errors, of course, remain mine.
How effectively do people learn from a variety of different opinions

This paper presents experimental evidence about how effectively individuals learn from information coming from heterogeneous sources. In the experiment, Thai subjects observed information that came from Americans and from other Thais that they could use to help them answer a series of questions. Despite listening too little to either group, subjects demonstrated a significant amount of statistical sophistication in how they weighed observed American information relative to observed Thai information. The data indicate that subjects understood that outside information has extra value because people from the same group tend to make the same kinds of mistakes. The results illustrate the importance of forming diverse groups to solve problems.
Phosphates in the Z-DNA dodecamer are flexible, but their P-SAD signal is sufficient for structure solution

A large number of Z-DNA hexamer duplex structures and a few oligomers of different lengths are available, but here the first crystal structure of the d(CGCGCGCGCGCG)2 dodecameric duplex is presented. Two synchrotron data sets were collected; one was used to solve the structure by the single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) approach based on the anomalous signal of P atoms, the other set, extending to an ultrahigh resolution of 0.75 A, served to refine the atomic model to an R factor of 12.2% and an Rfree of 13.4%. The structure consists of parallel duplexes arranged into practically infinitely long helices packed in a hexagonal fashion, analogous to all other known structures of Z-DNA oligomers. However, the dodecamer molecule shows a high level of flexibility, especially of the backbone phosphate groups, with six out of 11 phosphates modeled in double orientations corresponding to the two previously observed Z-DNA conformations: ZI, with the phosphate groups inclined towards the inside of the helix, and ZII, with the phosphate groups rotated towards the outside of the helix.
Yohimbine co-treatment during chronic morphine administration attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal without diminishing tail-flick analgesia in rats.

Noradrenergic neuronal hyperactivity following chronic morphine administration has been postulated to cause withdrawal signs and symptoms. Suppression of this hyperactivity, for example, by clonidine attenuates withdrawal. It might follow, therefore, that the prevention of suppression of noradrenergic systems during chronic morphine administration might diminish hyperactivity and prevent withdrawal. If the normalization of noradrenergic activity during opioid administration did not also suppress analgesia, it might be of medical and theoretical interest. To test this hypothesis, we gave the alpha-2-antagonist yohimbine to rats in order to increase noradrenergic activity during morphine treatment and then subsequently precipitated morphine withdrawal with naloxone. Six groups were examined: saline controls (N=11), morphine (N=11), morphine + 2.0 mg/kg/day yohimbine (N=15), morphine + 3.0 mg/kg/day yohimbine (N=5), 2.0 mg/kg/day yohimbine (N=11) and 3.0 mg/kg/day yohimbine (N=5). Subjects received 75 mg morphine pellets implanted on day 1,4 and 6 of the treatment or sham implantation. Yohimbine was delivered throughout the morphine treatment by subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. On day 7, all subjects were given 1.0 mg/kg naloxone and rated for behavioral signs of withdrawal. Analgesia was measured by observing tail flick latencies (TFL) before and after chronic drug treatments. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal was characterized by irritability, ptosis, penile erection, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, abnormal posture, wetdog shakes, jumping, and teeth chattering, none of which were observed in groups receiving only saline or yohimbine. Withdrawal behavior was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner when yohimbine was administered during morphine treatment but analgesia was not attenuated. It appears that yohimbine-induced antagonism of alpha-2-adrenergic receptors diminishes the development of the potential for adrenergic hyperactivity and morphine withdrawal without reducing opioid analgesia.