cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Impact of Outreach Through Software Citation for Community Software in Geodynamics

The Computational Infrastructure for Geodynamics is a community of software users and user-developers who model physical processes in the Earth and planetary interiors. From 2010 to 2018, the community of researchers published upward of 638 peer-reviewed papers in more than 124 venues. We analyzed this corpus of publications to understand the impact of CIG workshops and tutorials, measured through software citation. We automated article analysis using text extraction and tokenization techniques. Patterns in co-mentioned software suggest that usage for some tools cross-cuts many domains, indicating their broad impact. Network analysis of coauthorship and participation in tutorials and hackathons reveal both are effective methods to grow software communities and the importance of developers in bridging research groups and expanding networks. Networks show that workshops broaden the reach of users beyond the developers while hackathons broaden the developer base creating greater collaboration opportunities for hackathon participants.
Novel Bimetallic Cu–Pd Nanoparticles as Highly Active Low-Temperature WGS Catalysts

Water gas shift (WGS) reaction is a key industrial process to produce hydrogen from CO and H2O. However, conventional Cu-based WGS catalysts are easily deactivated by sulfur compounds, which are ubiquitous in syngas. Cu–Pd nanoparticles of size 8–10 nm were synthesized as a function of the Cu/Pd ratios and investigated as promising sulfur-tolerant WGS catalysts. Significant improvement in the WGS activity was observed in the Cu–Pd catalysts after calcination at 800 °C in air. Pd addition enhanced the reducibility of CuO and Cu0 dispersion and limited the formation of CuAl2O4 spinel during calcination at 800 °C. The additional reducible and catalytically active CuO species was generated by the Cu migration from the CuO shell covering the Cu–Pd nanoparticles onto the γ-Al2O3 support during the 800 °C calcination. The optimal Cu–Pd catalyst characterized by the CuO/CuAl2O4 ratio of 2.37 showed the highest WGS activity, thermal stability, and sulfur tolerance among all Cu-based catalysts reported in this study.
Laboratory evaluation of the GreenSeeker handheld optical sensor to variations in orientation and height above canopy

Abstract: Handheld optical sensors recently have been introduced to the agricultural market. These handheld sensors are able to provide operators with Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) data when cloud cover prevents acquisition of satellite or aerial images. This research addressed the sensitivity of the GreenSeeker handheld optical sensor to changes in orientation and height above a ryegrass canopy. Planter boxes were oriented both parallel and perpendicular to the light beam from the sensor head and heights of 30.5 cm (12
Effect of Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders on Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Anxiety

Co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses are very common in individuals with ASD. Little is known about the effect that co-occurring psychiatric conditions may have on treatment response to CBT for children with ASD and anxiety. The present study examined the relationship between co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses and response to CBT for anxiety in ninety youth with ASD. Psychiatric complexity did not appear to differentially impact treatment response. A notable portion of youth with anxiety and externalizing disorders such as ADHD, no longer met criteria for those externalizing diagnoses following intervention. Results indicate that youth with ASD and anxiety present with complex psychiatric profiles and CBT for anxiety may positively affect co-occurring diagnoses. In addition, thorough and nuanced assessment of psychiatric symptoms in youth with ASD is needed to ensure the differentiation between diagnoses of anxiety and other co-occurring psychiatric symptoms.
Civic Engagement in Education: Insights from California's Local Control Funding Formula

In this policy brief, we use the case of California's Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF) to provide policy makers and educators guidance on how to involve the public in goal setting and resource ...
BUDESONIDE-INDUCED HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCEMIC STATE FOLLOWING TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT.

ABSTRACT Objective Recognize a rare endocrinological side effect of a drug, budesonide, which surfaced as a result of a major procedure. Methods We describe a patient who presented with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) likely as a result of the bypass of first-pass metabolism due to budesonide treatment after a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure. Results A 62-year-old female with history of combined variable immunodeficiency complicated by colitis (managed by 9 mg budesonide by mouth daily) and refractory ascites secondary to non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (status post-TIPS 3 weeks prior) presented to the hospital with HHS. Her initial insulin requirements were high but improved after discontinuation of budesonide. She was able to be transitioned to a sliding scale and discharged on metformin. When taken orally, budesonide is subject to high first-pass metabolism resulting in minimal systemic effects. Development of HHS and dramatic insulin requirements within 3 weeks of TIPS with drastic improvement following the discontinuation of budesonide leads us to postulate that this was bypassed, leading to steroid-induced diabetes. Conclusion The case beckons us to be mindful of procedures that alter drug metabolism and make necessary adjustments to prevent complications. Abbreviations HHS hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
William Shakespeare’s Much A-Zoom About Nothing

The undergraduate production of Much Ado About Nothing by Lord Denney’s Players, the theatre company of the Ohio State University department of English, was originally scheduled to run 26–29 March ...
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients

Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in dialysis patients (AVF- VTOS) is a poorly recognized entity. Symptomatic central venous stenosis in dialysis patients is a vexing problem with no unified treatment approach. Careful consideration of the dialysis shunt is required for thorough evaluation. Existing literature for treatment options focuses primarily on endovascular treatments, but lumps together all central venous lesions, making it challenging to tease out the subclavian venous stenoses that are likely related to thoracic outlet compression. Thoracic outlet stenosis in dialysis patients clearly does exist as evidenced by recurrence at that location and fractured stents. We propose evaluation and treatment considerations.
Promoting a Social Justice Orientation Among Students of Color in Psychology

The discipline of psychology offers a primed context to infuse social justice education, given its popularity as a field of study with Students of Color and psychology’s broad interest in promoting well-being. Specifically, promoting favorable attitudes and behaviors toward social justice among Black/African American and Latinx students may be particularly beneficial when such values align with their value orientation. Moreover, infusing principles of social justice education into teaching and learning can create opportunities for Students of Color to exercise agency through engagement with local and diverse communities and organizations. This chapter introduces readers to the theory of value orientation. It discusses the infusion of a value orientation toward social justice in core elements of learning, pedagogy, syllabus and assignment design, and assessment.
Imaging the Equine Foot.

Over the past 5 years, advancements in diagnostic imaging technology have led to improvement of radiographic technique and development of standing computed tomography (CT) and PET-CT scanners. Although these modalities are in their initial stages of development and clinical applications, they are meant to revolutionize the diagnosis and management of diseases of the foot in the standing patient, in particular detecting subclinical lesions, and the establishment of computer-assisted surgical suits. This article also reviews the improved radiographic projections of the equine foot and benefits of high-field and contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosis of cartilage and ligamentous pathologies.
Factors that influence trust in the police in Mexico

Despite Mexico’s justice reform, most Mexican citizens do not trust in their criminal justice system. Particularly, public dissatisfaction with the police has not been solved in Mexico. Researchers...
Legitimate suffering: a case of belonging and sickle cell trait in Brazil.

Patient activism organizations are formed around and seek legitimacy via both biological and biographical identities (Fassin, in: Theory Cult Soc 26(5):44–60, 2009). In the case of sickle cell disease (SCD) in Brazil, two different modes of suffering authenticate the lived experience—one is based on the disease state, the other is based on the ways in which racial inequalities and disadvantage contribute to its own suffering while also entangled with disease-based suffering. SCD is a rare genetic disorder that affects red blood cells and whose hallmark symptom is pain. This paper places an ethnographic focus on the failed mobilization of suffering by an organization leader in attempts to make claims for inclusion. The leader’s social and biological identities of mother, sickle cell trait carrier, middle class, and mulata disrupted biosocial cohesion. This disruption reveals a hierarchy of suffering, where some indices of suffering are delegitimized. This hierarchy illuminates how exclusion and representation work within a patient organization whose membership embody both physical and social distress.
New Developments and Perspectives on Soil Potassium Quantity/Intensity Relationships

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the Quality/Intensity concept in relation to modern cation exchange theory on binary and ternary soil systems, to introduce the concepts involving the theory and application of ion-selective electrodes to rapid estimations of Q/I parameters for soil suspensions, and to discuss the future application of the Q/I concept in predicting soil K availability vis-a-vis plants. The chapter discusses the triple layer model (TLM). Advances in ion-selective electrode (ISE) technology have resulted in the development of potentiometric methods of determining K + in soil extracts and suspensions. Advantages provided by ISEs include simple, nondestructive analyses; direct measurements of ion activities or concentrations; automated analyses; continuous monitoring capabilities; and in situ determinations of ions. These unique advantages of ISE can lead to a new way of characterizing the various forms and reactions of K in soils and minerals. Q/I plays a fundamental role in understanding K availability to plants, an additional purpose is its use in the environmentally sound management of fertilizers, involving soil surface-solution interactive components. These components determine soil solution composition and thus the potential fate of plant nutrients—for example, leaching, uptake, and transformations. The ultimate future application of Q/I, as computing power becomes less costly and understanding soils and plant root systems as polycationic systems advances, would be in modeling soil–plant systems on a real-time basis.
Feedback Regulation in the Anthranilate Aggregate from Wild Type and Mutant Strains of Escherichia coli

Abstract The anthranilate aggregate, which catalyzes the first two reactions of tryptophan biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, consists of two anthranilate synthetase subunits and two phosphoribosyltransferase subunits. The aggregate remains associated under physiological conditions. Three lines of evidence indicate that regulation in the aggregate involves conformational changes associated with the binding of the substrates, chorismate and glutamine, and the feedback inhibitor, tryptophan. First, either chorismate or glutamine, the anthranilate synthetase substrates, can pseudocompetitively reactivate tryptophan-inhibited phosphoribosyltransferase. Second, the regulatory ligands alter the susceptibility of the aggregate to inactivation by metal ions and by the glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine. Third, direct physical evidence for conformational changes was obtained using the fluorescent probe, 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate. The activities of the aggregate are regulated through alterations in the equilibrium between activated and inhibited conformational states associated with ligand binding. Regulation is competitive because the binding of chorismate and tryptophan or glutamine and tryptophan is mutually exclusive for allosteric reasons. Several independent kinetic and inactivation experiments indicate that glutamine binds to the enzyme in the absence of chorismate. However, glutamine hydrolysis does require that chorismate be present. The binding of chorismate is presumably associated with a conformational change required for the hydrolysis of glutamine. Anthranilate synthetase thus has an ordered reaction mechanism, but random substrate binding. Several mutationally altered anthranilate aggregates, either resistant to feedback inhibition, or supersensitive to feedback inhibition, were examined. A double mutant containing both resistant and the supersensitive alleles was very similar in kinetic properties to wild type. Revertants of the supersensitive strain were isolated, and their anthranilate aggregates were analyzed. In one revertant, the cooperative, competitive pattern of inhibition found in wild type was altered to a noncooperative, noncompetitive pattern. In another, tryptophan inhibition was completely eliminated, but the catalytic functions were unimpaired. Therefore, the chorismate and tryptophan binding sites, though competitive, are separate. All the mutations had parallel effects on both anthranilate synthetase and phosphoribosyltransferase, indicating that both activities of the aggregate are regulated by a common mechanism. It is clear that the equilibrium between active and inhibited conformational states of the aggregate is susceptible to mutational alteration. A mechanical model for the operation of the regulatory mechanism in the anthraniate aggregate is presented.
Victorian Thermodynamics and the Novel: Problems and Prospects

This article discusses the status of thermodynamics in discussions of Victorian literature. It focuses on the relative lack of critical attention paid to this key scientific discourse, and some of the reasons why it promises to be a significant area of future research and debate.
Phonon Structure in Point-Contact Spectra of MGB2

In strong-coupling superconductors with a short electron mean free path the self-energy effects in the superconducting order parameter play a major role in the phonon manifestation of the point-contact spectra at above-gap energies. We compare the expressions for the nonlinear conductivity of tunnel, ballistic, and diffusive point-contacts and show that these expression are similar and correspond to the measurements of the phonon structure in the point-contact spectra for the π-band of MgB2.
Shadow Education: Theory, Analysis and Future Directions--A Rejoinder.

Commentaries and replies on a given article, especially those appearing in the pages of an academic journal like Social Forces, cut to the very heart of intellectual exchange and area-specific development in the field. Such conversations and any debates embedded within them also expose analytic decision-making and potentially promising conceptual and empirical developments to current and future scholars. For these reasons, we welcome and appreciate the comments of Eric Grodsky and Sigal Alon on our article "Shadow Education, American Style: Test Preparation, the SAT and College Enrollment." Both provide insightful arguments and extensions that, in conjunction with our reply, should be of broad interest to stratification and education scholars. Our article builds on "shadow education," a concept most often utilized in the comparative education literature. We extend its theoretical utility to the U.S. case, with a substantive and empirical focus on college test preparation. Our analyses show that background inequalities in family income and parental education shape the likelihood that students engage in various forms of SAT preparation, and that these "shadow education" activities have important implications for both test performance and selective college enrollment. For example, students from the most advantaged families are significantly more likely to enroll in private courses, such as those offered by Princeton Review and Kaplan -a strategy that corresponds to significant SAT score gains. Higher SAT scores, in turn, increase the chances of getting into the nations most selective colleges and universities. In their comments, Eric Grodsky takes issue with several important theoretical and methodological aspects of our article and Sigal Alon highlights key processes pertaining to race/ethnicity. Grodsky's and Alon's emphases on theoretical conception, measurement and process, when taken together, offer fertile ground for contemplation and future research. We respond accordingly here. Beginning with theoretical issues, we restate and stand by our definition of shadow education relative to the alternative, narrower definition that Grodsky prefers. Our measurement and modeling strategy follows directly from our theoretical discussion and captures -more effectively than Grodsky's dichotomous approach -the interconnected and overlapping nature of student test preparation. We then turn to Alon's response and analyses, which elaborate on our results in important ways with respect to racial/ethnic minorities and suggest differential processes in the course
Poverty reduction in Latin America: the role of demographic, social and economic factors

The recent socio-economic development of Latin America presents a puzzle. This is that while economic growth in the region in the past 25 years has been very slow, falling behind past performance and behind most of the rest of the world, poverty rates have continued to fall significantly and soginicial indicators have continued to improve. This paper assesses the role of various factors —income distribution, social spending and demographic changes— in explaining the paradox. The main finding, rather disturbingly, is that with few exceptions (Chile in particular) the major factor contributing to the reduction of poverty has been the demographic dividend brought about by the demographic transition that the region recorded over the period.
Causes and Consequences of Degeneration of the Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus Nerve in Parkinson's Disease

Abstract Significance: Parkinson's disease (PD) is no longer considered merely a movement disorder caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the midbrain. It is now recognized as a widespread neuropathological syndrome accompanied by a variety of motor and nonmotor clinical symptoms. As such, any hypothesis concerning PD pathogenesis and pathophysiology must account for the entire spectrum of disease and not solely focus on the dopamine system. Recent Advances: Based on its anatomy and the intrinsic properties of its neurons, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) is uniquely vulnerable to damage from PD. Fibers in the vagus nerve course throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to and from the brainstem forming a close link between the peripheral and central nervous systems and a point of proximal contact between the environment and areas where PD pathology is believed to start. In addition, DMV neurons are under high levels of oxidative stress due to their high level of α-synuclein expre...
High Resolution Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Human Nerves in Forearm

Purpose To implement high resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for visualization and quantification of peripheral nerves in human forearm. Materials and Methods This HIPAA-compliant study was approved by our Institutional Review Board and written informed consent was obtained from all the study participants. Images were acquired with T1-and T2-weighted turbo spin echo with/without fat saturation, short tau inversion recovery (STIR). In addition, high spatial resolution (1.0 × 1.0 × 3.0 mm3) DTI sequence was optimized for clearly visualizing ulnar, superficial radial and median nerves in the forearm. Maps of the DTI derived indices, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), longitudinal diffusivity (λ//) and radial diffusivity (λ⊥) were generated. Results For the first time, the three peripheral nerves, ulnar, superficial radial, and median, were visualized unequivocally on high resolution DTI-derived maps. DTI delineated the forearm nerves more clearly than other sequences. Significant differences in the DTI-derived measures, FA, MD, λ// and λ⊥, were observed among the three nerves. A strong correlation between the nerve size derived from FA map and T2-weighted images was observed. Conclusion High spatial resolution DTI is superior in identifying and quantifying the median, ulnar, and superficial radial nerves in human forearm. Consistent visualization of small nerves and nerve branches is possible with high spatial resolution DTI. These normative data could potentially help in identifying pathology in diseased nerves. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:1374–1383. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic Factors in Men with Stage D1 Prostate Cancer: Identification of Patients Less Likely to Have Prolonged Survival After Radical Prostatectomy

AbstractThe role of radical prostatectomy in the management of stage D1 disease is controversial. Although cure is unlikely, some men survive for long intervals apparently free of metastatic disease. For this reason, effective palliation of the local lesion is desirable in men who will live long enough to benefit. In an effort to identify factors that correlated with interval to progression to distant metastases, we studied 113 men with stage D1 disease who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1974 and 1991. Progression of disease to distant metastases did not independently correlate with the size of the nodal metastases, number of positive lymph nodes or bilaterality of lymph node metastases. Only high Gleason score (8 to 10) on the preoperative biopsy correlated with rapid progression to distant metastases (p ≦ 0.00001) in a multivariate analysis. If the Gleason score was less than 8, the likelihood of distant metastases was only 18% and 41% at 5 and 10 years, respectively, whereas 85% of men with a ...
Metabolism of One-Carbon Compounds by the Ruminal Acetogen Syntrophococcus sucromutans.

Syntrophococcus sucromutans is the predominant species capable of O demethylation of methoxylated lignin monoaromatic derivatives in the rumen. The enzymatic characterization of this acetogen indicated that it uses the acetyl coenzyme A (Wood) pathway. Cell extracts possess all the enzymes of the tetrahydrofolate pathway, as well as carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, at levels similar to those of other acetogens using this pathway. However, formate dehydrogenase could not be detected in cell extracts, whether formate or a methoxyaromatic was used as electron acceptor for growth of the cells on cellobiose. Labeled bicarbonate, formate, [1-14C] pyruvate, and chemically synthesized O-[methyl-14C]vanillate were used to further investigate the catabolism of one-carbon (C1) compounds by using washed-cell preparations. The results were consistent with little or no contribution of formate dehydrogenase and pointed out some unique features. Conversion of formate to CO2 was detected, but labeled formate predominantly labeled the methyl group of acetate. Labeled CO2 readily exchanged with the carboxyl group of pyruvate but not with formate, and both labeled CO2 and pyruvate predominantly labeled the carboxyl group of acetate. No CO2 was formed from O demethylation of vanillate, and the acetate produced was position labeled in the methyl group. The fermentation pattern and specific activities of products indicated a complete synthesis of acetate from pyruvate and the methoxyl group of vanillate.
Binding of Alz 50 depends on Phe8 in tau synthetic peptides and varies between native and denatured tau proteins

Alz 50 is a monoclonal antibody that in Western blotting analysis recognizes both normal tau as well as hyperphosphorylated tau proteins associated with paired helical filaments (PHF-tau) in Alzheimer disease (AD). Within tissue sections of AD brain, however, Alz 50 immunolabels only PHF, which suggests that the antibody recognizes a conformational epitope. Using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we demonstrate that Alz 50 binds to tau synthetic peptides with low affinity (KD between 0.27 to 2.7 x 10(-5) M) and that the binding is specific for the RQEF sequence corresponding to N-terminal residues 5-8 of tau. The Alz 50 epitope appears to be largely dependent on Phe8, a strongly hydrophobic amino acid residue, since the substitution of Phe8 with Ala8 in the synthetic peptide abolishes Alz 50 binding. The effects of tau conformation on Alz 50 binding were studied with various normal tau proteins with either low or high phosphate content (adult vs. fetal) and PHF-tau proteins. The normal tau fractions were isolated from both adult and fetal human brains using affinity chromatography (native form) and heat/perchloric acid treatments (denatured form). PHF-tau was isolated as Sarcosyl-insoluble fraction. With competitive ELISA, the denatured form of normal tau (fetal and adult) bound Alz 50 with the same high affinity as did PHF-tau (KD between 1.3 to 1.8 x 10(-7) M). In contrast, the native form of tau from either brain was unable to fully compete for Alz 50 and at most only 50% of the Alz 50 binding sites in native tau were occupied. These results suggest that native tau may exist either in complexes with other proteins or in a form of dimers/oligomers, in which only some N-termini are available for binding (e.g. head-to-tail assembly). The results also suggest that denaturation rather than phosphorylation of tau has more significant effect on interactions of tau with Alz 50.
Enterocutaneous fistulae in horses: 18 cases (1964 to 1992)

Enterocutaneous fistulae are rare in horses and occur most commonly as a complication of umbilical hernias or their treatment. Horses with enterocutaneous fistulae may be successfully treated by en bloc resection of the body wall and intestine or by allowing second intention healing. Complications associated with surgical intervention include fever, colic, incisional problems, and recurrence of the fistula. Nonsurgical management of two horses with presumptive large colon fistulae resulted in resolution of the fistulae without complications.
The well-posed problem

Many statistical problems, including some of the most important for physical applications, have long been regarded as underdetermined from the standpoint of a strict frequency definition of probability; yet they may appear wellposed or even overdetermined by the principles of maximum entropy and transformation groups. Furthermore, the distributions found by these methods turn out to have a definite frequency correspondence; the distribution obtained by invariance under a transformation group is by far the most likely to be observed experimentally, in the sense that it requires by far the least “skill.” These properties are illustrated by analyzing the famous Bertrand paradox. On the viewpoint advocated here, Bertrand's problem turns out to be well posed after all, and the unique solution has been verified experimentally. We conclude that probability theory has a wider range of useful applications than would be supposed from the standpoint of the usual frequency definitions.
Elevated B-Cell Autoantibodies Among HIV+ Transplant Candidates: Crossmatch Implications

We report our experience in assessing autoantibodies among HIV+ patients considered for renal transplantation. Autoantibodies against autologous T and B cells were determined by complement-dependent cytotoxicity autocrossmatching (CDC) or flow cytometric autocrossmatching (FCXM) for 28 HIV+ and 72 HIV- men. T-cell CDC was negative among HIV+ and HIV- individuals (0%). In contrast, B-cell CDC was higher among HIV+ than HIV- patients (71% vs 4%, P = .001). However, HIV+ patients also showed unusual sensitivity to complement that potentially invalidated the B-cell CDC. Complement sensitivity was higher among those with positive versus negative HIV RNA (71% vs 25%, P < .01). Alternate use of FCXM showed equivalent T-cell FCXM between HIV+ versus HIV- individuals (5% vs 1%, P = NS). However, B-cell FCXM was more prevalent among HIV+ than HIV- patients (45% vs 2%, P < .01). B-cell FCXM was higher among patients with positive than negative HIV RNA (57% vs 25%, P < .05). Simulated allocrossmatching against unrelated DR-matched donors showed that two out of four HIV+ patients with positive FCXM had positive allocrossmatches that were eliminated when allocrossmatching was repeated using autoabsorbed serum. We conclude that HIV+ patients are more likely to produce B-cell autoantibodies than HIV- individuals, which, if not realized, could cause false-positive allocrossmatches and inappropriate transplant denial.
Role of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 in the growth and differentiation of tumor-specific CD4+ T helper and CD8+ T cytotoxic cells.

We have earlier observed that 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU), a chemotherapeutic drug, cured 90–100% of mice bearing a syngeneic la− T-cell lymphoma (LSA) and furthermore, 100% of the BCNU-cured mice could reject homologous tumor rechallenge. In the present study, purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from BCNU-cured mice were used to investigate the mechanism by which such T cells recognized and responded to the tumor-specific antigens. The responsiveness of CD4+ T cells to LSA was dependent on processing and presentation of tumor-specific antigens by syngeneic la+ splenic antigen-presenting cells (APC). Such activated CD4+ T cells endogenously produced IL-2 but not IL-4 and only IL-2 acted as an autocrine growth factor inasmuch as anti-IL-2 receptor antibodies but not anti-IL-4 antibodies inhibited the CD4+ T cell proliferation. In contrast, the CD8+ T cells failed to produce endogenous growth factors when stimulated with LSA alone or with LSA plus APC, and therefore failed to proliferate. However, in the presence of exogenous recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2), CD8+ T cells could proliferate directly in response to LSA-stimulation, even in the absence of APC. Addition of exogenous rIL-4 alone to cultures induced CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells to proliferate. However, rIL-4 in the presence of rIL-2, could synergize and induce tumor-specific proliferation of CD8+ cells. These data suggested that for IL-4 to act as a T-cell growth factor, the presence of IL-2 was essential, either in the form of endogenously secreted IL-2 (CD4+ T cells) or exogenous IL-2 (for CD8+ T cells). In contrast to rIL-2 and rIL-4, rIL-6 failed to induce growth when used alone or in combination with rIL-2 or rIL-4. Furthermore, when tested individually, only rIL-2 but not rIL-4 or rIL-6 could support the cytotoxic differentiation of CD8+ T cells. The present study suggests that the early events in responsiveness to LSA tumor may involve activation of the IL-2-producing Th1 subpopulation of CD4+ helper cells which in turn activate IL-2 dependent CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. IL-4 if produced subsequently, may act synergistically with IL-2 to promote the growth of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
The lorentz condition in quantum theory

The reasons against adopting the Lorentz condition as an operator equation are not serions enough to justify the usual devices for avoiding this. Therefore, electrodynamics has its best foundation in the Landau gauge, in which also the photon propagator is simplest.
Noninvasive Biomarkers of Liver Fibrosis: An Overview

Chronic liver diseases of differing etiologies are among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Establishing accurate staging of liver disease is very important for enabling both therapeutic decisions and prognostic evaluations. A liver biopsy is considered the gold standard for assessing the stage of hepatic fibrosis, but it has many limitations. During the last decade, several noninvasive markers for assessing the stage of hepatic fibrosis have been developed. Some have been well validated and are comparable to liver biopsy. This paper will focus on the various noninvasive biochemical markers used to stage liver fibrosis.
Least squares estimation of linear splines with unknown knot locations

Abstract Many papers have appeared in the literature over the past 30 years concerning the least squares estimation of spline functions. All of these previously published procedures rely on numerical search techniques when faced with splines which have knots at unknown locations. In the special case of linear splines with unknown knot locations, such numerical searches are unnecessary, as shown in this paper. If one specifies a desired (known) number of knots using linear splines, the least squares solution(s) for the minimizing location(s) can be explicitly located. Some data generated by a computer simulation of a war game is used to illustrate the procedure.
Effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid on cultured rat and human glioma cell proliferation

✓ When cultured malignant cells derived from rat gliomas (C6 and 9L) and human gliomas (A-172 and T98G) were treated for 4 hours with 1 to 80 µm nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) or 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), a dose-dependent inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis occurred. In a series of three experiments for each cell line, 40 µM NDGA suppressed 3H-thymidine incorporation in the rat and human glioma lines to an average of less than 3.1% and 5.6% of control uptake (counts per minute), respectively. Incubation with a higher concentration of ETYA (80 µM) resulted in inhibition of rat and human DNA synthesis to less than 53% and 62% of control levels, respectively. This inhibition was not associated with any loss of cell viability, as judged by trypan blue exclusion studies. Prolonged incubation (for 72 hours) of the rat and human glioma cells with NDGA markedly decreased cell proliferation with no loss of cell viability. The inhibition of human glioma cell division by NDGA was rapi...
Third-Person Perception and Facebook

A survey of adolescents (N = 1,488) documented third-person perception (TPP) regarding Facebook use and cyber bullying. As Facebook establishes itself as the dominant social network, users expose themselves to a level of bullying not possible in the analog world. The study found that 84% of adolescents (middle school through college undergraduates) use Facebook, and that most users log on daily. While 30% of the sample reported being cyber bullied, only 12.5% quit using the site, and only 18% told a parent or school official. Despite heavy use and exposure, adolescents exhibit TPP, believing others are more likely to be negatively affected by Facebook use. The study contributes to the TPP literature, by linking the perceptual bias to self-protective behaviors. A range of self-protective behaviors from precautionary (deleting or blocking abusive users) to reactionary (quitting Facebook) were related to decreased degrees of TPP. TPP was also related to optimistic bias, experience, liking of and use of Facebook, and perceived subjective norms and age. Implications for prevention education are discussed.
Anisotropic electron g factor in quantum dots with spin-orbit interaction

$g$-factor tuning of electrons in quantum dots is studied as a function of in-plane and perpendicular magnetic fields for different confinements. Rashba and Dresselhaus effects are considered, and comparison is made between wide and narrow-gap materials. The interplay between external magnetic fields and intrinsic spin-orbit couplings is analyzed, with two distinct phases found in the spectrum for GaAs in perpendicular field. The anisotropy of the $g$ factor is reported, and good agreement with available experimental findings is obtained.
Stress Concentration in Laminated Composites With an Elliptical Hole Under Uniaxial Load

The anisotropic nature of the laminate composites creates a unique opportunity and also a great challenge for tailoring its properties according to the design requirements. In this work, investigating the strength of laminate composite, a nonlinear finite element analysis is used to simulate the stress concentration caused by a through elliptical hole with various shapes and size within a metallic material and a fiber-reinforced laminate with different orientations subjected to the uniaxial tensile stress. This evaluation provides a clear indication and a key step in understanding failures initiated by stress concentration which may lead to the growth of a crack. Comparison between the effects of the hole both on a metallic material and on a fiber-reinforced laminate exposes a totally different situation. In general, the stress concentration depends not only on the material properties, the layer stacking order, and the orientations, but also on the geometry of the hole.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Network algorithms for information analysis using the Titan Toolkit

The analysis of networked activities is dramatically more challenging than many traditional kinds of analysis. A network is defined by a set of entities (people, organizations, banks, computers, etc.) linked by various types of relationships. These entities and relationships are often uninteresting alone, and only become significant in aggregate. The analysis and visualization of these networks is one of the driving factors behind the creation of the Titan Toolkit. Given the broad set of problem domains and the wide ranging databases in use by the information analysis community, the Titan Toolkit's flexible, component based pipeline provides an excellent platform for constructing specific combinations of network algorithms and visualizations.
Convergence of Runge-Kutta methods for differential-algebraic systems of index 3

Abstract This article deals with convergence results of stiffly accurate implicit Runge-Kutta methods when applied to differential-algebraic equations of index 3 in Hessenberg form. Under certain hypotheses global superconvergence is shown, proving a result conjectured by Hairer, Lubich and Roche. Numerical examples are provided which illustrate the theoretical results.
Uptake of water and labelled nitrate at different depths in the root zone of potato plants grown on a sandy soil

Abstract The total- and 15N-labelled-N uptake by leaves of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. ‘Russet Burbank’) grown in a growth chamber for 66 days on columns of sandy soil, the water content, and the nitrate-N concentration of the soil were measured to determine the amount of nitrate and water taken up at different depths in the root zone. The acrylic columns (80 cm length; 13.8 cm diameter) were injected with 15N-labelled nitrate or unlabelled nitrate in various combinations at 16 and 64 cm. Nitrate placed at 16 cm was taken up more repidly than that placed at 64 cm. However, nitrate was absorbed from 64 cm once the roots had penetrated to this depth. The potato plants were able to take up nitrate available only at the lower depths below the zone of maximum water extraction by extending the root system, showing that there was an interaction between root distribution and nitrate concentration. The nitrate-N concentration in the soil solution at the end of the experiment was about 50 ppm. The total N concentration of the leaves at this time was about 2%, a concentration apparently insufficient for continued plant growth. The results suggested that the 50 ppm nitrate-N remaining in the soil solution represented the minimum concentration which could support potato plant growth.
Local distortions about Nd in NdOs4Sb12

We present an extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) study of the NdOs4Sb12 system at the Nd and Os LIII edges. Nd is expected to be a “rattler” atom in this skutterudite crystal and we obtain a low Einstein temperature (61 K) as expected. However, although ultrasonic measurements have suggested a large off-center displacement of Nd, the EXAFS data are inconsistent with such a model. An analysis of the first two Os-Sb peaks in the Os LIII data also shows no evidence for unusual disorder. In contrast the Nd-Os peak in the Nd LIII data and the Os-Os peak in the Os LIII data both show significant disorder at 4 K, with the largest disorder found for the Nd-Os pair. This suggests that a distortion of the structure that involves mainly the Os atoms is present; it is likely that this distortion - which may also be dynamic - also causes the anomalies in the ultrasonic data (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PEMFC In Situ Liquid-Water-Content Monitoring Status

The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is significantly affected by the presence of liquid water in the flow-field channels and gas-diffusion electrodes and dissolved water within the membrane. Quantification of water levels would lead to a better fundamental understanding of water management issues, provide links with performance loss, and more fully validate mathematical model predictions. These beneficial outcomes have recently and significantly increased development efforts, resulting in a present inventory of 10 main measurement methods. A focused method-development roadmap is proposed based on ideal method requirements to reduce cost and accelerate activities.
Elucidating geochemical response of shallow heterogeneous aquifers to CO2 leakage using high-performance computing: Implications for monitoring of CO2 sequestration

Abstract Predicting and quantifying impacts of potential carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) leakage into shallow aquifers that overlie geologic CO 2 storage formations is an important part of developing reliable carbon storage techniques. Leakage of CO 2 through fractures, faults or faulty wellbores can reduce groundwater pH, inducing geochemical reactions that release solutes into the groundwater and pose a risk of degrading groundwater quality. In order to help quantify this risk, predictions of metal concentrations are needed during geologic storage of CO 2 . Here, we present regional-scale reactive transport simulations, at relatively fine-scale, of CO 2 leakage into shallow aquifers run on the PFLOTRAN platform using high-performance computing. Multiple realizations of heterogeneous permeability distributions were generated using standard geostatistical methods. Increased statistical anisotropy of the permeability field resulted in more lateral and vertical spreading of the plume of impacted water, leading to increased Pb 2+ (lead) concentrations and lower pH at a well down gradient of the CO 2 leak. Pb 2+ concentrations were higher in simulations where calcite was the source of Pb 2+ compared to galena. The low solubility of galena effectively buffered the Pb 2+ concentrations as galena reached saturation under reducing conditions along the flow path. In all cases, Pb 2+ concentrations remained below the maximum contaminant level set by the EPA. Results from this study, compared to natural variability observed in aquifers, suggest that bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ) concentrations may be a better geochemical indicator of a CO 2 leak under the conditions simulated here.
Recent advances on fabricating in-fiber gratings in single-crystal sapphire fiber

In this paper, a brief review of recent advances on fabricating in-fiber gratings in single crystal sapphire fiber is presented, which includes (1) backgound on fiber gratings, (2) in-fiber grating fabrication methods in single crystal sapphire fiber, (3) the variation of spectral response of sapphire fiber grating induced by the change of ambient refractive index, and (4) reflection-type fiber specklegram generated in single crystal sapphire fiber. The application of this unique fiber grating to harsh environment, high temperature, distributed fiber optic sensor will also be discussed.
Closing remarks — workshop session on double beta decay

Abstract A brief overview is given of progress and possible future developments in double beta decay.
95Mo NMR spectral studies on seven-coordinate molybdenum(II) isocyanide complexes

Abstract The 95 Mo NMR spectra of a series of seven-coordinate molybdenum(II) isocyanide complexes of the types [Mo(CNR) 7- n L n ](PF 6 ) 2 (R = CH 3 , CHMe 2 , CMe 3 , C 6 H 11 , CH 2 Ph; L = py, bpy, Me 2 bpy, phen, dppe, P-n-Bu 3 ; n = 0,1,2) [Mo(CNC-Me 3 ) 6 X]PF 6 (X = Cl, Br, I) and [{Mo(CNCMe 3 ) 4 (NN)} 2 (μ-CN)](PF 6 ) 3 (NN = bpy, Me 2 bpy, phen) have been studied. The 95 Mo chemical shift range for this group of complexes is about 1100 ppm. An increase in the size of the R group attached to the isocyanide ligand generally tends to shield the 95 Mo nucleus. Replacement of the isocyanide ligand with a phosphorus ligand also increases the shielding, whereas the replacement of isocyanide with a heterocyclic nitrogen donor leads to deshielding by 800–900 ppm. This group of complexes shows a normal halogen dependence, i.e. replacement of Cl − by Br − and I − increases the shielding of the 95 Mo nucleus. The cyano-bridged cations [{Mo(CNCMe 3 ) 4 (NN)} 2 (μ-CN)] 3+ (NN = bpy, Me 2 bpy, or phen) show two 95 Mo NMR signals, one for the molybdenum coordinated to the carbon of the bridging CN and one for the N -coordinated molybdenum. Comparison of the chemical shifts and linewidths of the cyano-bridged species with those of the corresponding mononuclear molybdenum(II) complexes [Mo(CNCMe 3 ) 5 (NN)](PF 6 ) 2 leads to the assignment of the more deshielded signal to the N -coordinated molybdenum. The 14 N and 31 P NMR spectra for these complexes have also been measured, as have the 13 C NMR spectra of the pairs of complexes [Mo(CNCMe 3 ) 5 (NN)](PF 6 ) 2 and [{Mo(CNCMe 3 ) 4 (NN)} 2 (μ-CN)](PF 6 ) 3 (NN = bpy or phen). The 183 W NMR spectra for [W(CNR) 5 (bpy)](PF 6 ) 2 (R = CMe 3 and CH 2 Ph), show that the δ( 183 W)/δ( 95 Mo) chemical shift ratios for isocyanide complexes are different from the ratio found for M 0 and M VI .
A common step in the intestinal absorption mechanisms of d- and l-methionine

1. 1. The intestinal absorption of d- and l-methionine in the chicken has been shown to occur by attachment to a common l-preferring site presumably on the mucosal epithelial membrane. The possibility of separate binding sites with overlapping specificities for these isomers has been ruled out by a kinetic test. 2. 2. An equation of uptake of sugars at the steady state in bacteria was used to study uptake in intestinal segments. 3. 3. Affinity constants for inhibitors (Ki) were determined from plots of reciprocal per cent inhibition versus reciprocal inhibitor concentration. 4. 4. Neutral amino acids of the l-configuration had high affinity for the methionine transport site, while neutral d-amino acids, and except for d-methionine had very low affinity. 5. 5. l-Lysine, l-histidine and l-aspartic acid had very poor affinity for this site, while d-aspartic acid had no affinity, d-Histidine caused stimulation of l-methionine uptake.