cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On a Functional Equation in Finite Deformation

The finite deformation of a rectangular plate into a cylindrical shell gives rise to a functional equation whose general solution gives a variety of shapes into which the plate can be bent. Particular cases include the known forms which are circular, parabolic and one given by rn cos n θ = an, n = (3 – 2 σ)−1. The elliptic and hyperbolic forms are found possible only for incompressible plates. An incompressible plate can therefore be bent into a cylinder whose section is any given conic. Five new shapes are obtained in terms of elliptic integrals and three in terms of hyperelliptic integrals. It is found that tractions have to be applied to the curved surfaces in addition to the edge forces and couples in all cases except when the form is circular. Die endliche Verformung einer rechteckigen Platte in eine Zylinderschale fuhrt auf eine Funktionalgleichung, deren allgemeine Losung eine Vielfalt von geometrischen Formen darstellt, in welche die Platte verbogen werden kann. Spezielle Falle schliesen die bekannten Formen des Kreis- und des parabolischen Zylinders ein sowie einen weiteren Typ, der durch die Gleichung rn cos n θ = an, n = (3 – 2 σ)−1, beschrieben wird. Elliptische und hyperbolische Zylinder konnen nur im Falle inkompressibler Platten gefunden werden. Eine inkompressible Platte kann daher in einen Zylinder mit irgendeinem vorgegebenen kegelschnittformigen Querschnitt verbogen werden. Funf neue Formen werden mit Hilfe elliptischer Integrale und drei Formen mit Hilfe hyperelliptischer Integrale erhalten. Es zeigt sich, das — vom Falle des Kreiszylinders abgesehen — Belastungen der gekrummten Oberflachen auser den auf die Kanten wirkenden Kraften und Momenten vorgesehen werden mussen.
Design of a Secure Router System for Next-Generation Networks

Computer networks are vulnerable to attacks, where the network infrastructure itself is targeted. Emerging router designs, which use software-programmable embedded processors, increase the vulnerability to such attacks. We present the design of a Secure Packet Processing Platform (SPPP) that can protect these router systems. We use an instruction-level monitoring system to detect deviations in processing behavior. If such deviations are detected, a recovery system is invoked to restore the system into an operational state. Our preliminary results show that most attacks can be detected within a single instruction. The system overhead for secure monitoring is limited to a fraction of the overall space, memory, and power budget.
Good Practices to Encourage Bicycling and Pedestrians on Federal Lands

The Paul S. Sarbanes Transit in Parks Technical Assistance Center, sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration, recently completed the report Good Practices to Encourage Bicycling and Pedestrians on Federal Lands. The report was developed for federal land managers interested in creating or expanding bicycle and pedestrian options in their units and looking for more information about successful models and practices. Bicycle and pedestrian transportation has many benefits of interest to federal land managers, including resource protection, reducing green house gas emissions, achieving financial sustainability, and improving visitor enjoyment and health. After reviewing bicycle and pedestrian planning documents from federal land units and selected cities and counties, the technical assistance team identified 11 components of an effective bicycle and pedestrian plan: needs assessment; partnerships; goals, objectives, and performance measures; bicycle and pedestrian network plan; design guidelines; mainten...
A microfluidic experimental platform with internal pressure measurements

Abstract Large inconsistencies in previous microchannel pressure drop data have motivated the development of a microchannel experimental platform that enables the measurement of pressures inside the microchannel. The system utilizes bulk etched silicon components that integrate pressure-sensing membranes with the microchannel test section. The deflection of the membranes is detected by an off-chip, optical-lever based system that allows the sensors to be calibrated for pressure measurement. The sensor sensitivity can be adjusted after microfabrication is complete, allowing for sensor optimization after fabrication. The sensor can be used in many applications where the fabrication of electrical contacts, piezoresistors and capacitors is problematic. Calibration uncertainties as low as 2% have been obtained during actual use of the system. The presented system resolves many of the issues associated with measuring pressures inside microchannels for the range of hydraulic diameters tested, 25–100 μm. The system has been used to study pressure drop in microchannels and a sample of the results is presented. It has been found that standard models with appropriate assumptions can accurately predict the measured pressure data.
Post-hypoxic frequency decline does not depend on α2-adrenergic receptors in the adult rat

The aim of this study was to determine whether post-hypoxic frequency decline (PHFD) requires central activation of alpha2-adrenergic receptors. PHFD is defined as the undershoot in respiratory frequency that occurs immediately following brief hypoxic periods. Adult anesthetized, vagotomized rats were exposed to hypoxia (8% O2, mean=45 s) before and after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of vehicle or alpha2-antagonist. The efficacy of the i.c.v. antagonist was assessed by recording the response to intravenous injection of alpha2-agonist before and after the infusion. We compared breathing frequencies before, during, and after hypoxia, both before and after treatments. The decline in breathing frequency after hypoxia was not prevented by the alpha2-antagonists, RX 821002 or SK&F-86466. Guanabenz, an alpha2-agonist, prolonged baseline expiration and potentiated PHFD. Prior treatment with SK&F-86466 blocked the agonist-evoked response which was also reversed by subsequent administration of SK&F-86466. We conclude that PHFD does not require the activation of alpha2-adrenergic receptors, but that alpha2-adrenergic receptors can modulate resting and post-hypoxic respiratory frequency.
Treatment of Right Heart Thromboemboli

Background The presence of right heart thromboemboli complicating pulmonary thromboemboli carries with it an increased mortality rate compared to pulmonary thromboemboli alone, but little is known about the optimal management of this difficult clinical situation. This fact is highlighted in the case study of a patient with a 19-cm right atrial thrombus complicating bilateral pulmonary thromboemboli. Study objectives We sought to determine the effects of anticoagulation therapy, thrombolysis, and surgical embolectomy on mortality rate in patients with right heart thromboemboli. Design Retrospective analysis of all reported cases in the English language literature (1966 to 2000) of right heart thromboembolism in which age, sex, therapy, and outcome were reported. Measurements and results We analyzed 177 cases of right heart thromboembolism. Pulmonary thromboembolism was present in 98% of the cases. The patients were evenly divided by gender with an average age of 59.8 years (SD, 16.6 years) years. Dyspnea (54.2%), chest pain (22.6%), and syncope (17.5%) were the most common presenting symptoms. The treatments administered were none (9%), anticoagulation therapy (35.0%), surgical procedure (35.6%), or thrombolytic therapy (19.8%). The overall mortality rate was 27.1%. The mortality rate associated with no therapy, anticoagulation therapy, surgical embolectomy, and thrombolysis was 100.0%, 28.6%, 23.8%, and 11.3%, respectively. Using multivariate modeling with survival as the primary outcome, age and gender were not associated with mortality rate, but thrombolytic therapy was associated with an improved survival rate (p Conclusion The presence of right heart thromboemboli may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications in pulmonary thromboembolism patients. A well-designed prospective, randomized trial is needed to determine the optimal treatment of right heart thromboemboli.
Sources and sinks of atmospheric N2O and the possible ozone reduction due to industrial fixed nitrogen fertilizers

The terrestrial and marine nitrogen cycles are examined in an attempt to clarify how the atmospheric content of N 2 O is controlled. We review available data on the various reservoirs of fixed nitrogen, the transfer rates between the reservoirs, and estimate how the reservoir contents and transfer rates can change under man's influence. It is seen that the sources, sinks and lifetime of atmospheric N 2 O are not understood well. Based on our limited knowledge of the stability of atmospheric N 2 O we conclude that future growth in the usage of industrial fixed nitrogen fertilizers could cause a 1% to 2% global ozone reduction in the next 50 years. However, centuries from now the ozone layer could be reduced by as much as 10% if soils are the major source of atmospheric N 2 O. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977.tb00732.x
Obesity increases the risk of chest wall pain from thoracic stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Purpose Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is increasingly being used to treat thoracic tumors. We attempted here to identify dose–volume parameters that predict chest wall toxicity (pain and skin reactions) in patients receiving thoracic SBRT. Patients and Methods We screened a database of patients treated with SBRT between August 2004 and August 2008 to find patients with pulmonary tumors within 2.5 cm of the chest wall. All patients received a total dose of 50 Gy in four daily 12.5-Gy fractions. Toxicity was scored according to the NCI-CTCAE V3.0. Results Of 360 patients in the database, 265 (268 tumors) had tumors within 30 , or volume of the chest wall receiving 30 Gy. Body mass index (BMI) was also strongly associated with the development of chest pain: patients with BMI ≥29 had almost twice the risk of chronic pain ( p = 0.03). Among patients with BMI >29, diabetes mellitus was a significant contributing factor to the development of chest pain. Conclusion Safe use of SBRT with 50 Gy in four fractions for lesions close to the chest wall requires consideration of the chest wall volume receiving 30 Gy and the patient's BMI and diabetic state.
Laboratory Simulation of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Binder Aging Characteristics

As warm asphalt has been gaining increasing popularity in the recent years, there are still several characteristics about warm asphalt that are unknown. While several studies have been conducted to study the performance of warm asphalt mixtures, aging characteristics of warm asphalt binders are not known in great detail as the technology is relatively new, and there are no old pavements to study the aging behavior of warm asphalt. This paper presents the results of a study conducted to simulate the aging of warm asphalt binder in the laboratory by preparing asphalt mixtures containing two different binder sources and three different warm asphalt additives (Control, Asphamin® and Sasobit®). The mixtures were artificially aged in the oven, and the binders were extracted for testing. The binders extracted from freshly prepared samples were considered being short term aged binders and binders extracted from oven aged mixtures were considered being long term aged binders. Results of several tests (e.g., viscosity, high and low temperature properties, Gel Permeation Chromatography, etc.) are presented in this study. The results indicated that the binders extracted from the warm mix asphalt (WMA) had significantly lower aging index (ratio of the viscosity of extracted binders to original binders) compared to the binders extracted from control hot mix asphalt (HMA). It was also observed that the binders extracted from the WMA had aged significantly lower compared to binders extracted from control HMA. The results indicated that the warm asphalt additives did not have any significant effect on the fatigue cracking parameter (G*.sin δ) or the creep stiffness of the binders. However, Asphamin® significantly increased the m-value of the binders.
Evaluation of Liver Biomarkers as Prognostic Factors for Outcomes to Yttrium-90 Radioembolization of Primary and Secondary Liver Malignancies.

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine indicators of liver function and inflammation for prognostic value in predicting outcomes to yttrium-90 radioembolization (RE). In a retrospective analysis, markers of liver function and inflammation, biomarkers required to stage liver function and inflammation, and data regarding survival, tumor response, and progression after RE were recorded. Univariate regression models were used to investigate the prognostic value of liver biomarkers in predicting outcome to RE as measured by survival, tumor progression, and radiographic and biochemical tumor response. Markers from all malignancy types were analyzed together. A subgroup analysis was performed on markers from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. A total of 31 patients received RE from 2004 to 2014. Median survival after RE for all malignancies combined was 13.6 months (95% CI: 6.7–17.6 months). Results from an exploratory analysis of patient data suggest that liver biomarkers, including albumi...
HERDING LIMITS WATER LOSS IN THE SAND FIDDLER CRAB, UCA PUGILATOR

Adult sand fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator, forage in large herds on exposed sediment during low tide. These herds form as a response to optimal foraging conditions but may have an additional benefit of water conservation. We determined water loss rates for crabs in groups of different sizes. Crabs in groups of 10 and 20, but not in a group of 5 or isolated individuals, showed a water-conserving group effect, yielding nearly a two-fold decrease in water loss rates. Other characteristics of U. pugilator (water content, dehydration tolerance, activation energies for water loss, critical transition temperature, and critical equilibrium humidity) are consistent with a hydrophilic water balance profile. Because crabs did not replenish water supplies from water vapor like some terrestrial arthropods, water conservation is vital to crab survival outside burrows. Enhanced water retention generated by herding likely permits more time for feeding outside the burrow, while also increasing feeding efficiency by minimizing frequency of water uptake. The fact that U. pugilator is semiterrestrial suggests that a reduction in water loss due to group effects may provide a mechanism for terrestrialization.
Looking beyond the guidelines for perioperative antibiotics in nephrolithiasis.

Establishing guidelines for the use of perioperatively antibiotics for patients being treated for urinary stone disease presents a particularly challenging clinical issue. Nephrolithiasis patients represent a variety of etiologies, from obstructive to infectious stones, and their treatment ranges from practically non-invasive in the form of extracorporeal shockwave therapy to relatively invasive with percutaneous approaches. In addition, within each procedure type, there is a large gradation in level of associated morbidity—a ureteroscopy with a basket stone extraction for a distal 5 mm stone likely represents a much different infectious risk compared to a ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy for a proximal 1 cm ureteral stone requiring ureteral orifice dilation along with access sheath placement.
LOOKING BACK AND FORGING AHEAD: THIRTY YEARS OF SOCIAL NETWORK RESEARCH ON THE WORLD-SYSTEM 1

We review three decades of research linking social network methods with world systems theory. We identify four themes nested within two versions of a general social network methodologythe identification of network Roles and Position. The themes vary by the type of data and the definition of equivalence used to identify roles and positions. Second, we provide a demonstration of the general methodological approach taken in the literature, applying a recent methodological innovation to a newly compiled large global trade dataset. The results identify the expected core/periphery interaction pattern, suggesting that it is a fundamental feature of cross-national trade data, regardless of how the data are analyzed. We conclude by suggesting both methodological and substantive directions for future social network research on the world-system.
The 7th Edition of the AJCC Staging Classification Correlates with Biologic Behavior of Mucinous Appendiceal Tumor with Peritoneal Metastases Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC)

We evaluated the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging classification in terms of overall survival (OS) in patients with PMP treated with cytoreductive surgery (CRS)/hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). A total of 208 PMP patients treated with CRS/HIPEC were identified from a prospective database. Patients with peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis (PMCA) were retrospectively staged at time of diagnosis according to AJCC staging classification. Patients with disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis (DPAM) were evaluated in a separate group. Median follow-up was 5.2 years. Of 208 patients, 124 had PMCA and 84 patients had DPAM. According to the AJCC staging classification 47 lymph node (LN) negative patients with well-differentiated PMCA, were classified as a stage IVA. 77 patients with either moderately or poorly differentiated PMCA irrespective of LN status, or well-differentiated PMCA with positive LN were classified as stage IVB. 84 patients with DPAM, constituted a separate group. OS of stage IVA and IVB patients was 100, 90, 67, and 91, 50, and 27 for 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively (p < 0.001). OS of DPAM patients was 96, 90, and 88 % for 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively (p = 0.025 comparing to IVA). PFS was estimated for IVA and IVB PMCA patients who were considered disease free after CRS/HIPEC and was 78, 52, and 43 % in the IVA patients and 65 %, 15 %, and 0 in the IVB group at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively (p = 0.004). The adjusted HR for AJCC stages (IVA/IVB) was 3.7 (95 % confidence interval 2.0–6.7) (p < 0.001). The 7th edition of the AJCC staging classification is a simple, reproducible, and valid classification for staging patients with PMCA undergoing CRS/HIPEC.
Inhibition of aldehyde oxidation by adrenergic and adrenolytic substances.

SummaryA method based on the ultraviolet spectrum of salicylaldehyde and salicylic acid is presented for the study of liver aldehyde oxidase. By the use of this method it was observed that aldehyde oxidase is inhibited by epinephrine and other adrenergic amines as well as by adrenergic blocking agents. It was observed that inhibition by the first group of substances is reversible and competitive while inhibition by adrenolytic drugs is irreversible and non-competitive.
Extended variance-based techniques for sensor location in modal identification

from modal states and it is also possible to refine a dynamic model which has been reduced to modal form. A ~ ~ t h ~ d ~ of sensor placements based on standard crivery important consideration in the modal filtering conteria on the covariance matrix of estimated modal retext is the proper selection of sensor locations to maxsponse are presented. The methods use the backward imize the accuracy of the estimated modal response. elimination approach resulting in an efficient method of obtaining the required number of sensors. A framework which permits easy extensions to several criteria is presented. Two methods, one to minimize the maximum variance and the other to minimize the variance of a subset of modes were studied. The methods were found to be effective in choosing locations which minimize these criteria. The effect of weighting columns of I the modal matrix was investigated and it was shown that a small weight emphasizes the contribution of the associated mode in the sensor location process.
In Vivo Determination of Size Distribution of Collagen Fibers in Human Skin from Continuous-Wave Reflectance Measurements

We present a new approach for in vivo determination of size distribution of collagen fibers in human skin from spectral measurement of continuous-wave reflectance. Using measurements from a CCD-based spectroscopic system, successful recovery of size distribution of collagen fibers in the dermis of human skin is achieved through our regularized inverse algorithm.
Biophysical markers of Sickle Cell Disease at Individual Cell Level

Using a common-path interferometric technique, we measured biomechanics and morphology of individual erythrocytes in sickle cell patients and investigated correlation of these properties with hydroxyurea treatment and standard clinical measurements.
Relationships between Plasma Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide,Superoxide Dismutase,Malondialdehyde and Brain Damage in Neonates with Asphyxia

Objective To explore the relationships between plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP),superoxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA) and hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD) in neonates with asphyxia.Methods Sixty-eight full-term neonates hospitalized with asphyxia were enrolled in this study (simple asphyxia group 15 cases,mild HIE group 17 cases,moderate HIE group 22 cases and severe HIE group 14 cases) according to the diagnostic criteria of neonatal hypoxic- ischemic encephalopathy(HIE),and 20 cases in control group.Plasma VIP,SOD and MDA were detected by radio-immuhoassay,thiobarbatic acid colorimety and xanthine oxidase at d1 and d7 after born in every group.Results 1.There were significant difference in the plasma VIP,SOD and MDA among every group(Pa0.01) at d1 and d7.The levels of plasma SOD decreased,and the levels of plasma VIP and MDA increased progressively in mild HIE group,moderate HIE group and severe HIE group.The levels of plasma VIP and MDA of the moderate HIE group and severe HIE group at d1 were significantly higher than those at d7 (Pa0.05).The levels of plasma SOD in moderate HIE group and severe HIE group at d1 were significantly lower than that at d7(Pa0.05).Conclusions 1.The levels of plasma VIP,MDA and SOD can be early makers in neonates with HIBD.2.The levels of VIP,MDA and SOD can be the important indicators to monitor brain damage in neonates with asphyxia.
Pulmonary physiology in the postoperative period.

Impairment of pulmonary function is an expected finding after upper abdominal or thoracic surgery, even in individuals with normal preoperative lung function. Functional residual capacity and vital capacity diminish, as does arterial oxygen tension. These physiologic changes may persist for 1 to 2 weeks after surgery. Superimposed clinical diseases, if present, further compromise the respiratory system of the patient undergoing upper abdominal or thoracic surgery.
Comparison of operational design criteria for subsurface flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment

Many communities are investigating the use of constructed wetlands as a simple, viable alternative to poorly operating on-site wastewater treatment. Currently, the most popular design models in the U.S.A. for subsurface flow units are the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) methods. However, there has been limited data verifying if the operating performance is up to design standards. In order to address this problem, this paper documents the performance of such treatment systems over a broad range of conditions in North Alabama. The operational data is used to determine a best-fit value of reaction rate constant and proposes improved input parameters for both design models. According to this data, the average plug-flow reaction rate constant was calculated to be 0.70 d-1 for the EPA method, while the recommended organic loading criterion is 11.4 m2/kg BOD5 per day into the wetland for the TVA method.
Planning for Integrative Problem-Solving

Water resources planning is the most commonly applied IWRM process used in IWRM to address complex issues. As a coordination mechanism, it can facilitate solutions to problems and provide a neutral forum in conflict scenarios. Regardless of the context, each scenario involves a technical-social model of planning. The model is evident at levels where problems are well-structured and at higher levels with less-structured issues and conflict. At the highest level, IWRM involves more sectors and social issues. Water planning methods vary across large and small nations and according to the capacities of governments to manage systems. Tools for planning range from strategic planning through models and decision support systems to social network analysis.
Neural networks for function approximation

We describe certain results of Mhaskar concerning the approximation capabilities of neural networks with one hidden layer. In particular, these results demonstrate the construction of neural networks evaluating a squashing function or a radial basis function for optimal approximation of the Sobolev spaces. We also report on the application of some of these ideas in the construction of general-purpose networks for the prediction of time series, when the number of independent variables is known in advance, such as the Mackey-Glass series or the flour data.
Leave no valuable data behind: the crazy ideas and the business

With the mission "leave no valuable data behind", we developed techniques for knowledge fusion to guarantee the correctness of the knowledge. This talk starts with describing a few crazy ideas we have tested. The first, known as "Knowledge Vault", used 15 extractors to automatically extract knowledge from 1B+ Webpages, obtaining 3B+ distinct (subject, predicate, object) knowledge triples and predicting well-calibrated probabilities for extracted triples. The second, known as "Knowledge-Based Trust", estimated the trustworthiness of 119M webpages and 5.6M websites based on the correctness of their factual information. We then present how we bring the ideas to business in filling the gap between the knowledge at Google Knowledge Graph and the knowledge in the world.
Urban metabolism in Syracuse, NY – introduction

This special issue of Urban Ecosystems contains a series of papers related to assessing urban metabolism in Syracuse, NY. These papers were developed under the Urban Long-Term Research Area Exploratory Awards Program funded by the National Science Foundation. Objectives of this two-year project (2009–2011) in Syracuse, NY were to investigate: a) changes in urban metabolism and the urban forest ecosystem, b) spatial and temporal dynamics related to water and air quality, and c) how human preferences can influence green infrastructure implementation and outcomes.
Gallium nitride (GaN) on sapphire substrates for visible LEDs

Abstract: This chapter describes GaN epitaxial materials grown on sapphire substrates since they are a very important technological platform for visible light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solid-state lighting technology. The chapter begins with the historical background of GaN material development and describes the fundamental properties of sapphire as a substrate for the epitaxial growth of GaN. The chapter then discusses fundamental, technical and economic aspects of GaN on sapphire, relevant for LEDs, including strained heteroepitaxial growth, epitaxial overgrowth and non-polar and semi-polar GaN growth, followed by a brief outlook of LEDs based on GaN on sapphire.
Enhanced ground support: lessons from work on reduced crew operations

From the 1950s through the 1980s, aircraft design was marked by an increase in reliability and automation, and, correspondingly, a decrease in the crew complement required to fly, resulting in the two-pilot operations seen today. However, while technological progress has continued, there have been no further reductions in crew complement, largely because the two pilots mitigate each other’s failures (both mistakes and incapacitation). We present a conceptual framework under which we believe a reduction in crew complement could be made while maintaining current levels of safety. Under this framework, much of the monitoring and verification would fall upon automation. Ground personnel performing an enhanced flight following role would aid the remaining pilot in assessment of any off-nominal event. Additionally, in particularly high-workload or risky situations, a ground pilot could step into the role of first officer. We then discuss four human-in-the-loop simulations conducted at NASA Ames Research Center that illustrate key aspects of this conceptual framework and informed key aspects of its development.
On the design of the NIF Continuum Spectrometer

In inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF), measurements of average ion temperature using DT neutron time of flight broadening and of DD neutrons do not show the same apparent temperature. Some of this may be due to time and space dependent temperature profiles in the imploding capsule which are not taken into account in the analysis. As such, we are attempting to measure the electron temperature by recording the free-free electron-ion scattering-spectrum from the tail of the Maxwellian temperature distribution. This will be accomplished with the new NIF Continuum Spectrometer (ConSpec) which spans the x-ray range of 20 keV to 30 keV (where any opacity corrections from the remaining mass of the ablator shell are negligible) and will be sensitive to temperatures between ∼ 3 keV and 6 keV. The optical design of the ConSpec is designed to be adaptable to an x-ray streak camera to record time resolved free-free electron continuum spectra for direct measurement of the dT/dt evolution across the burn width of a DT plasma. The spectrometer is a conically bent Bragg crystal in a focusing geometry that allows for the dispersion plane to be perpendicular to the spectrometer axis. Additionally, to address the spatial temperature dependence, both time integrated and time resolved pinhole and penumbral imaging will be provided along the same polar angle. The optical and mechanical design of the instrument is presented along with estimates for the dispersion, solid angle, photometric sensitivity, and performance.
FitCoach: Virtual fitness coach empowered by wearable mobile devices

Acknowledging the powerful sensors on wearables and smartphones enabling various applications to improve users' life styles and qualities (e.g., sleep monitoring and running rhythm tracking), this paper takes one step forward developing FitCoach, a virtual fitness coach leveraging users' wearable mobile devices (including wrist-worn wearables and arm-mounted smartphones) to assess dynamic postures (movement patterns & positions) in workouts. FitCoach aims to help the user to achieve effective workout and prevent injury by dynamically depicting the short-term and long-term picture of a user's workout based on various sensors in wearable mobile devices. In particular, FitCoach recognizes different types of exercises and interprets fine-grained fitness data (i.e., motion strength and speed) to an easy-to-understand exercise review score, which provides a comprehensive workout performance evaluation and recommendation. FitCoach has the ability to align the sensor readings from wearable devices to the human coordinate system, ensuring the accuracy and robustness of the system. Extensive experiments with over 5000 repetitions of 12 types of exercises involve 12 participants doing both anaerobic and aerobic exercises in indoors as well as outdoors. Our results demonstrate that FitCoach can provide meaningful review and recommendations to users by accurately measure their workout performance and achieve 93% accuracy for workout analysis.
“Flexible Enough to Adapt”: British Airborne Forces’ Experience during Post Conflict Operations 1944- 1946

Either side of the end of the Second World War Britain’s airborne forces were increasingly employed in what today would be termed stabilisation operations. This paper examines the utility and experience of British airborne forces employed in Greece in 1944, Norway in 1945 and Java in 1946, and highlights common features across the three operations. This paper suggests characteristics and traits within airborne forces that enhanced their suitability for successfully contributing to complex stabilisation operations.
An Enquiry Meet for Professional Regulation: Lessons from PolyGram

After North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC, it is clear that the antitrust laws have an important role to play in reforming occupational licensing, but the exact framework remains an open question. Under a rule of reason analysis, health and safety rationales are off limits. But if state board cannot draw on these types of consumer protection arguments to defend their actions, as a practical matter, can a state board ever win an antitrust suit? Some have suggested applying a modified rule of reason to incorporate non-competition justifications. But these approaches threaten to summon the ghost of Lochner and raise problems of subjectivity and predictability that are sure to arise when courts and enforcers are called on to weigh losses in competition against purported gains across other dimensions. Rather than expanding the rule of reason to accommodate non-competition concerns, there is a better path that draws from PolyGram Holding, Inc. v. FTC. Given the vast empirical literature pointing to the harms from state regulation of professions, board actions that restrain competition should be treated as inherently suspect as a matter of law. As such, in an antitrust challenge, the burden of persuasion immediately should fall to the board to provide an efficiency rationale that is both cognizable and plausible. If the board cannot muster a story involving cognizable benefits to competition to justify the restraint, it should be condemned as per se illegal, and the authorizing law subject to preemption. If the board is able to offer a justification that sounds in competition, it still must provide a plausible reason why either the restraint offers procompetitive benefits or does not harm competition. If they cannot meet this burden, the restraint should be condemned summarily. If they do, courts will conduct a full-blown rule of reason in inquiry.
Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Imidoyl C–H Activation for Annulations to Azolopyrimidines

Azolopyrimidines are efficiently prepared by direct imidoyl C–H bond activation. Annulations of N-azolo imines with sulfoxonium ylides and diazoketones under redox-neutral conditions and alkynes under oxidizing conditions provide products with various arrangements of nitrogen atoms and carbon substituents. We have also probed the mechanism of this first example of Rh(III)-catalyzed direct imidoyl C–H activation by structural characterization of a catalytically competent rhodacycle obtained after C–H activation and by kinetic isotope effects.
Social Policies, Social Services, and the Law:

Adapting social work techniques to the preparation of a legal suit can serve as a mechanism for client advocacy and contribute to social change
Review of Communication Systems, Transistor Models, and Distortion Generation

The purpose of any communication system is the transmission of information (speech, video, data) from a source to a receiver through a medium or channel. The channel for transmission can be wires as in wired communications (telephone lines, cable television) or free space (air) as in wireless communications (commercial radio and television, cell phones, pagers). The focus of this book is on wireless communication systems. The transmitter broadcasts the source information through free space using radiated power from an antenna. This power is picked up at the receiving end by an antenna and is processed by the receiver block.
More on Reductions and NP-Completeness

Before we give a formal definition of reduction, let us clarify the notion of a decision problem. Informally, a decision problem is a yes-or-no question. A decision problem is given by a description of the problem domain, i.e. the set of all possible instances of the problem, along with a description of the set of “yes” instances.
Functional Probes of Drug−Receptor Interactions Implicated by Structural Studies: Cys-Loop Receptors Provide a Fertile Testing Ground

Structures of integral membrane receptors provide valuable models for drug–receptor interactions across many important classes of drug targets and have become much more widely available in recent years. However, it remains to be determined to what extent these images are relevant to human receptors in their biological context and how subtle issues such as subtype selectivity can be informed by them. The high precision structural modifications enabled by unnatural amino acid mutagenesis on mammalian receptors expressed in vertebrate cells allow detailed tests of predictions from structural studies. Using the Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels, we show that functional studies lead to detailed binding models that, at times, are significantly at odds with the structural studies on related invertebrate proteins. Importantly, broad variations in binding interactions are seen for very closely related receptor subtypes and for varying drugs at a given binding site. These studies highlight the essential interplay between structural studies and functional studies that can guide efforts to develop new pharmaceuticals.
Effect of low temperature on fatigue and fracture properties of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn(ELI) for use in engine components

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (ELI) alloy used in a fuel pump impeller at cryogenic temperatures. Tension, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack propagation data were collected determining the effect of frequency and load ratio on crack propagation. The results revealed that tensile strength increased significantly at 20 K compared to room temperature and fracture toughness was reduced at cryogenic temperatures. The fatigue crack growth rate was not sensitive to experimental conditions and there were only minimal crack orientation effects. Different frequencies produced no effect. At various temperatures and frequencies a load ratio increase resulted in higher crack growth rates. At low stress intensity levels the fatigue rate for both temperatures was the same; however, at high stress intensity levels the crack growth rate at 20 K increased because of the decrease in fracture toughness. The results correlated well with previous data.
Effects of Intraplantar and Intrathecal Botulinum Toxin Type B on Mono- and Poly-Neuropathic Pain in Mouse (P02.184)

OBJECTIVE: To characterize effects of intrathecal (IT) and intraplantar (iplt) Botulinum Toxin B (BoNTB) on allodynia arising from a mono (MN) and a polyneuropathy (PN). BACKGROUND: Intrathecal (IT) botulinum toxin B (BoNTB) yields a potent analgesia in a murine mononeuropathy (MN) model. Recent work has suggested a possible peripheral action of the BoNTs. We extended our initial work examining the effects of IT and intraplantar (IPLT) BoNTB on allodynia in a MN and a poly neuropathy (PN) mice. DESIGN/METHODS: An MN was prepared by ligating the L5 spinal nerve root. A PN was made by injecting cisplatin (2.3 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal;IP) every other day for six times. Saline or BoNTB (up to 1 U) were administered once iplt (unilaterally) or once IT, Mechanical allodynia was assessed periodically before and after IPLT/IT delivery. Motor function of the neuropathic mice was assessed by using the hanging test and grip test. RESULTS: MN and PN mice showed a prominent allodynia. IPLT BoNTB resulted in a long lasting (up to 21 day) reversal of the allodynia in the PN and MN models. IT BoNTB resulted in a long lasting (up to 21 day) reversal of the allodynia in the PN model. The antiallodynic effects of BoNTB were blocked by prior reduction with dithiothreitol. BoNTB at efficacious doses did not alter motor function. CONCLUSIONS: IPLT and IT BoNTB yields a persistent attenuation of the allodynia in mouse MN and PN pain models. Wheteer the iplt effects represent a peripheral or central action is unknown. Supported by: NS16541; and funds from Solstice Neurosciences, LLC. Disclosure: Dr. Park has nothing to disclose. Dr. Marino has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stokes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yaksh has received personal compensation for activities with Adynxx. Dr. Yaksh has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Anesthesia and Analgesia. Dr. Yaksh has received compensation for serving on the board of Adynxx. Dr. Yaksh holds stock and/or stock options in Adynxx, which sponsored research in which Dr. Yaksh was involved as an investigator. Dr. Yaksh has received research support from Johnson & Johnson, Advanced Targeting Systems, Endo Pharma, Adynxx, Acadia Pharma, Deciphera, Abbott, MazorX, and Hydra Bioscience.
A general framework for time-changed Markov processes and applications

Abstract In this paper, we propose a general approximation framework for the valuation of (path-dependent) options under time-changed Markov processes. The underlying background process is assumed to be a general Markov process, and we consider the case when the stochastic time change is constructed from either discrete or continuous additive functionals of another independent Markov process. We first approximate the underlying Markov process by a continuous time Markov chain (CTMC), and derive the functional equation characterizing the double transforms of the transition matrix of the resulting time-changed CTMC. Then we develop a two-layer approximation scheme by further approximating the driving process in constructing the time change using an independent CTMC. We obtain a single Laplace transform expression. Our framework incorporates existing time-changed Markov models in the literature as special cases, such as the time-changed diffusion process and the time-changed Levy process. Numerical experiments illustrate the accuracy of our method.
Process, Print and Post

Processing your astrophotos does not have to be complicated. As you will see you can go simple or up to serious in terms of money spent and capability gained as a result. There are whole books devoted to processing astrophotographs, and at some point you should read them. But to start out you can use the information provided in this chapter to get some very gratifying and beautiful results you will want to keep and share with others.
The Measurement of School Disorder

This chapter describes the research that went into developing measures of school disorder. The measures of disorder are limited largely to school rates of personal victimization. In other words, vandalism and property loss are excluded from the present focus. A sizable number of different items on the principal, teacher, and student questionnaires requested information about victimization experiences and school disruption. Information was requested about events that range in seriousness from remarks and gestures through rape and homicide. For the most part these items are specifically worded and refer to concrete experiences rather than to global reports of disorder. Exceptions exist. Principals were asked for their rating of the seriousness of the problem of “vandalism, personal attacks, and theft” during the 1975–1976 school year. And teachers reported on the frequency with which teachers “maintain control [keep order] in class.”1
PROPERTIES OF A MULTIDIMENSIONAL LANDSCAPE MODEL FOR DETERMINING CELLULAR NETWORK THERMODYNAMICS

ABSTRACT The steady state distributions of phenotypic responses within an isogenic population of cells result from both deterministic and stochastic characteristics of biochemical networks. A biochemical network can be characterized by a multidimensional potential landscape based on the distribution of responses and a diffusion matrix of the correlated dynamic fluctuations between N-numbers of intracellular network variables. The Boltzmann H-function defines the rate of free energy dissipation of a network system and provides a framework for determining the heat associated with the nonequilibrium steady state and its network components. We conjecture that there is an upper limit to the rate of dissipative heat produced by a biological system, and we show that the dissipative heat has a lower bound. The magnitudes of the landscape gradients and the dynamic correlated fluctuations of network variables are experimentally accessible, and through an analysis that we refer to as Thermo-Fokker-Planck (Thermo-FP), provide insight into the composition of the network and the relative thermodynamic contributions from network components. We surmise that these thermodynamic quantities allow determination of the relative importance of network components to overall network control.
The Mathematics of Aggregation, Interdependence, Organizations and Systems of Nash Equilibria: A Replacement for Game Theory

Abstract : Traditional social science research has been unable to satisfactorily aggregate individual level data to group, organization and systems levels, making it one of social science's biggest challenges, if not the most important (Giles, 2011). For game and social theory, we believe that the fault can be attributed to the lack of valid distance measures (e.g., the arbitrary ordering of cooperation and competition precludes a Hilbert space distance metric for gradations in these social behaviors, making theory normative). As an alternative, we offer a theory of social interdependence with countable mathematics based on bistable or multi-stable perspectives patterned after quantum information theory. The evidence that is available is supportive. It indicates that meaning is a one-sided, stable, classical interpretation, not only making the correspondence between beliefs and objective reality in social settings incomplete, but necessarily sweeping aside many static theories from earlier eras (e.g., Axelrod's evolution of cooperation; Simon's bounded rationality). This result alone indicates for democracies that system interpretations evolve to become orthogonal (Nash equilibria), that orthogonal interpretations generate the information that uniquely promotes social evolution, but that in dictatorships, dependent as they are on the enforcement of social cooperation and the suppression of opposing points of view, evolution stops or slows, such as in China, Iran or Cuba, causing capital and energy to be wasted, misdirected or misallocated as government leaders suppress the interpretations that they alone have the authority to label as unethical, immoral, or irreligious.