cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Techniques and Procedures: Guidelines for Managing Electrolytes in Total Parenteral Nutrition Solutions

To many practitioners, managing electrolytes in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions has been considered an art rather than a science. Electrolytes are typically taught by gut feeling rather than by a structured approach. Consequently, most practitioners manage electrolytes differently, with varying degrees of success. Inconsistent prescribing often results in over- or undercorrection, with consequential adverse events and/or increased workload. These inconsistencies led my organization to develop dosing guidelines for the management of electrolytes in parenteral nutrition solutions. The guidelines are based on the literature and our clinical experience. They are designed specifically to teach a standardized process for making electrolyte adjustments. They were also designed to give a better idea of the amounts of electrolytes needed and the expected corresponding change in serum levels. Since implementing the guidelines, we have noticed an improvement in electrolyte management.
Dynamic Effects of Signal Normalizing on Adaptive Algorithms

A method is shown for suppressing the adaptive switching transient that arises in complex adaptive (LMS and stochastic approximation) algorithms due to signal normalization with controlled switched gains. The method involves rescaling of the adaptive weights with the normalizing gains just prior to the first adaptation with the new gains. In addition, an effective method of rescaling the adaptive gain factor based on the maximum eigenvalues of the respective covariance matrices is shown.
Actuarial Applications of Multivariate Two-Part Regression Models

This paper synthesizes and extends the literature on multivariate two-part regression modelling, with an emphasis on actuarial applications. To illustrate the modelling, we use data from the US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to explore expenditures that come in two parts. In the first part, zero expenditures correspond to no payments for health care services during a year. For the second part, a positive expenditure corresponds to the payment amount, a measure of utilization. Expenditures are multivariate, the five components being (i) office-based, (ii) hospital outpatient, (iii) emergency room, (iv) hospital inpatient, and (v) home health expenditures. Not surprisingly, there is a high degree of association among expenditure types and so we utilize models that account for these associations. These models include multivariate binary regressions for the payment type and generalized linear models with Gaussian copulas for payment amounts.As anticipated, the strong associations among expenditure types allow us to establish significant model differences on an in-sample basis. Despite these strong associations, we find that commonly used statistical measures perform similarly on a held-out validation sample. In contrast, out-of-sample risk measures used by actuaries reveal differences in the association among expenditure types.
In situ UHV-TEM investigation of the kinetics of initial stages of oxidation on the roughened Cu(1 1 0) surface

The initial stages of oxidation on roughened Cu(1 1 0) surface were explored by an in situ ultra-high vacuum transmission electron microscope (UHV-TEM). The dynamic observation of the nucleation and growth of Cu oxide islands shows a highly enhanced nucleation rate on the roughened Cu(1 1 0) surface. The kinetic data obtained from the initial stages of the oxidation indicate that oxygen surface diffusion plays a dominant role in the nucleation of the oxide islands; however, the growth of the three-dimensional oxide islands is caused by both oxygen surface diffusion and direct impingement. � 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The effects of maternally-administered morphine on rat foetal development and resultant tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine.

Groups of 6–9 pregnant (sperm = Day 1) Sprague-Dawley (Simonsen) rats were injected with morphine sulphate, 20 mg/kg subcutaneously, on gestational days 2–5, 7–9 or 11–13. Pups delivered by Caesarian section on gestational day 22 were essentially free of any observable teratogenic changes including bone defects. However, offspring of morphine-treated rats (20 mg/kg/day subcutaneously on gestational days 17, 18, 19 and 20) which were allowed to litter normally exhibited on day 12–13 a significantly (P < 0.05) decreased response to a nocioceptive (55° surface) stimulus 30 min. following an injection of morphine sulphate 0.45 mg/kg subcutaneously (offspring of morphine-treated mothers, 16.8 sec. ± 2.3 S.E.M. versus control offspring, 25.2 sec. ± 1.7 S.E.M.). On days 21–22 of age larger doses of morphine were required to elicit an analgesic response in the young. Following an injection of morphine sulphate, 10 mg/kg subcutaneously, the maternal animals also showed significant reduction in reaction time 30 minutes later (treated, 7.6 sec. ± 0.6 S.E.M. versus control, 16.1 sec. ± 0.6 S.E.M.) and 60 minutes later (treated, 7.5 sec. ± 0.9 S.E.M. versus control, 20.8 sec. ± 2.9 S.E.M.) as compared to paired waterinjected control pregnant animals.
Adjudication without Enforcement in GATT Disputes

Disputes under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) exhibit a puzzling selection effect. Defendants concede more prior to GATT judgments than afterward, despite GATT’s lack of enforcement power. Yet, why would states plea-bargain if they know they can spurn contrary rulings? To find out, the article develops an incomplete information model of trade bargaining with the option of adjudication. The plaintiff has greater resolve prior to a ruling, believing that the defendant might be compelled to concede to an adverse judgment—even if that belief later proves false. Surprisingly, this resolve induces more generous settlements even from defendants who intend not to comply with any ruling. After a ruling, however, this anticipatory effect is irrelevant: adjudication works best when threatened but not realized. The prospect of adjudication thus conditions the behavior of states even when enforcement is not forthcoming but not through mechanisms identified by previous studies.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Maxillofacial Materials

Six maxillofacial materials were evaluated by determining their dynamic properties with use of a Goodyear Vibrotester. The dynamic modulus, internal friction, and dynamic resilience were measured for all materials over a temperature range of -15 to 37 C. The dynamic modulus ranged from 11.1 to 124.8 kg/cm2 and the dynamic resilience varied from 1.1 to 63.5%.
Loss of estrogen receptor signaling triggers epigenetic silencing of downstream targets in breast cancer

Alterations in histones, chromatin-related proteins, and DNA methylation contribute to transcriptional silencing in cancer, but the sequence of these molecular events is not well understood. Here we demonstrate that on disruption of estrogen receptor (ER) α signaling by small interfering RNA, polycomb repressors and histone deacetylases are recruited to initiate stable repression of the progesterone receptor (PR) gene, a known ERα target, in breast cancer cells. The event is accompanied by acquired DNA methylation of the PR promoter, leaving a stable mark that can be inherited by cancer cell progeny. Reestablishing ERα signaling alone was not sufficient to reactivate the PR gene; reactivation of the PR gene also requires DNA demethylation. Methylation microarray analysis further showed that progressive DNA methylation occurs in multiple ERα targets in breast cancer genomes. The results imply, for the first time, the significance of epigenetic regulation on ERα target genes, providing new direction for research in this classical signaling pathway.
Structure and Function of the Escherichia coli Protein YmgB: A Protein Critical for Biofilm Formation and Acid-resistance.

The Escherichia coli gene cluster ymgABC was identified in transcriptome studies to have a role in biofilm development and stability. In this study, we showed that YmgB represses biofilm formation in rich medium containing glucose, decreases cellular motility, and protects the cell from acid indicating that YmgB has a major role in acid-resistance in E. coli. Our data show that these phenotypes are potentially mediated through interactions with the important cell signal indole. In addition, gel mobility-shift assays suggest that YmgB may be a non-specific DNA-binding protein. Using nickel-enrichment DNA microarrays, we showed that YmgB binds, either directly or indirectly, via a probable ligand, genes important for biofilm formation. To advance our understanding of the function of YmgB, we used X-ray crystallography to solve the structure of the protein to 1.8 A resolution. YmgB is a biological dimer that is structurally homologous to the E. coli gene regulatory protein Hha, despite having only 5% sequence identity. This supports our DNA microarray data showing that YmgB is a gene regulatory protein. Therefore, this protein, which clearly has a critical role in acid-resistance in E. coli, has been renamed as AriR for regulator of acid resistance influenced by indole.
A scheduling and routing algorithm for digital microfluidic ring layouts with bus-phase addressing

Digital microfluidic systems (DMFS) are a new class of lab-on-a-chip systems for biochemical analysis. A DMFS uses electro wetting to manipulate discrete droplets on a planar array of electrodes. The chemical analysis is performed by repeatedly moving, mixing, and splitting droplets on the electrodes. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in developing algorithms and computational tools for the design, simulation, and performance evaluation of DMFS. In this paper, we present an algorithm for coordinating droplet movement in batch mode operations on ring layouts with bus-phase addressing. In bus- phase systems, each electrode is not individually addressable, instead a set of electrodes are all controlled by the same signal. Though this hardware design simplifies chip fabrication, it increases the complexity of routing droplets. The presented algorithm allows multiple independent reactions, each with two reactants and one product, and chain reactions with multiple stages, where each stage produces reactants for the next stage, to take place simultaneously on the chip. This algorithm is scalable to different number of reactions within a limit which depends on the size of the layout, placement of sources and number of phases used. It also addresses any sensor constraints under which droplets need to visit sensor locations for specified amounts of time. We present simulation results using our algorithm to coordinate droplet movements for example analyses on a ring layout.
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD AND RISK EVALUATION USING GIS: METHODOLOGY AND MODEL APPLIED TO MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to characterize and evaluate geologic hazards, vulnerability and risk in the northwestern urban area of Medellin, Colombia. Seven factors were considered in assessing hazards: bedrock and surficial geology, structural geology, climate, topography, geomorphic units and processes, land use, and hydrology. Hazard was assessed using a two-step procedure: 1. Each factor was subdivided into category ratings (1, lowest hazard to 10, highest hazard) based on the correspondence of components of that factor with hazards such as slope failure, as indicated by Boulean overlay processes applied to maps of the factors. 2. Each factor was then subjectively weighted, and this weighting value was multiplied by the factor's category rating for a specific site. Summing these values for the seven factors produced an overall rating for the site. GIS-based software (GRASS) used the algorithms for these factors to generate hazard zoning maps of areas prone to landslides, floods, and streambank erosion. After geological hazards were defined for the study area, we estimated the vulnerability (Ve) of various elements for an event of ‘i’ intensity. The zoning of risk was evaluated as a function of the magnitude of hazards versus the vulnerability of human and social infrastructure to be affected by any hazards. Results were obtained as risks of landslide, of floods, and of bank erosion, from zero (very low) to five (extremely high). Combining these analyses with planning requirements, we categorized the study area into 14 classes of land-use suitability for planning procedures; 7 classes defined as areas suitable for human settlement, and 7 classes defined as unsuitable for building, and most effectively reserved for parks and forests. The categories and maps produced in this manner are useful to urban planners concerned with geologic hazard management and mitigation.
College Student Cheating: The Role of Motivation, Perceived Norms, Attitudes, and Knowledge of Institutional Policy

Cheaters and noncheaters were assessed on 2 types of motivation (mastery and extrinsic), on perceived social norms regarding cheating, on attitudes about cheating, and on knowledge of institutional policy regarding cheating behavior. All 5 factors were significant predictors of cheating rates. In addition, cheaters were found lower in mastery motivation and higher in extrinsic motivation in courses in which they cheated than in courses in which they did not cheat. Cheaters, in courses in which they cheated, were also lower in mastery motivation and higher in extrinsic motivation than were noncheaters. Finally, cheaters differed from noncheaters on perceived social norms regarding cheating, on their knowledge of institutional policy regarding cheating, and on their attitudes toward cheating. Implications of these findings for institutional interventions are discussed.
Abrupt junction diode theory

Forward voltage-current characteristics for planar abrupt junction silicon and germanium diodes are presented. These curves, derived directly from the basic current and continuity equations, extend the knowledge of diode behavior from the low injection region continuously to the high injection region. They include the effects of conductivity modulation, ohmic drop, and electric fields in the base, but neglect space charge recombination currents. The presentation includes treatment of both infinite recombination and majority carrier base contacts. Band pictures for several cases are shown and discussed in terms of the various mechanisms influencing them.
Web Citation Availability: Analysis and Implications for Scholarship

Five hundred citations to Internet resources from articles published in library and information science journals in 1999 and 2000 were profiled and searched on the Web. The majority contained partial bibliographic information and no date viewed. Most URLs pointed to content pages with “edu” or “org” domains and did not include a tilde. More than half (56.4%) were permanent, 81.4 percent were available on the Web, and searching the Internet Archive increased the availability rate to 89.2 percent. Content, domain, and directory depth were associated with availability. Few of the journals provided instruction on citing digital resources. Eight suggestions for improving scholarly communication citation conventions are presented.
Security challenges for reputation mechanisms using online social networks

Reputation mechanisms are a key component of e-commerce, particularly for peer-to-peer transactions. The ratings provided by previous users can help people identify others who are likely to be reliable and encourage honest behavior among participants. However, the anonymity and ease of creating new online identities can potentially allow users to subvert the mechanism. Online social networks offer one way to address this concern by embedding participants in a network of links, allowing users to personalize recommendations via people they trust. However, using these networks raises additional concerns for network integrity and users' privacy.
Inversion Schemes for Surface Wave Attenuation and Q in the Crust and the Mantle

Summary Seismic wave attenuation, or Q-', is one of the parameters traditionally used to distinguish lithosphere from asthenosphere. As a means of inverting surface wave attenuation measurements to obtain Q-l as a function of depth, a classical linear inverse problem, we introduce a set theoretical approach. The set theoretical approach includes both the square matrix inverse and the linear programming method, which agree in concept but differ in that the constraints consist of mean or extreme hyperplanes, respectively. The set theoretical approach to inverting attenuation observations has two advantages: (1) The lithosphere thickness may be readily estimated using a geometric visualization of the square matrix inverse, which identifies the feasibility of a solution. (2) The approach allows more strict regulation of solution parameters than does the least square inverse, which often leads to a negative solution for inaccurate and sparse attenuation data. We apply the set theoretical approach to inverting the measured attenuation of Love and Rayleigh waves in western and eastcentral United States. Identifying the base of the lithosphere as the depth at which Q- ' increases sharply, we obtain lithosphere thicknesses of 80+20km and 130+30km in the two regions, respectively. Q-' in the asthenosphere is about a factor of 2 greater beneath western than eastcentral United States. A decrease in Q-' with depth in the lithosphere is resolvable in both regions.
Artificial potential functions for highway driving with collision avoidance

We present a set of potential function components to assist an automated or semi-automated vehicle in navigating a multi-lane, populated highway. The resulting potential field is constructed as a superposition of disparate functions for lane- keeping, road-staying, speed preference, and vehicle avoidance and passing. The construction of the vehicle avoidance potential is of primary importance, incorporating the structure and protocol of laned highway driving. Particularly, the shape and dimensions of the potential field behind each obstacle vehicle can appropriately encourage control vehicle slowing and/or passing, depending on the cars' velocities and surrounding traffic. Hard barriers on roadway edges and soft boundaries between navigable lanes keep the vehicle on the highway, with a preference to travel in a lane center.
Identifying energy-efficient concurrency levels using machine learning

Multicore microprocessors have been largely motivated by the diminishing returns in performance and the increased power consumption of single-threaded ILP microprocessors. With the industry already shifting from multicore to many-core microprocessors, software developers must extract more thread-level parallelism from applications. Unfortunately, low power-efficiency and diminishing returns in performance remain major obstacles with many cores. Poor interaction between software and hardware, and bottlenecks in shared hardware structures often prevent scaling to many cores, even in applications where a high degree of parallelism is potentially available. In some cases, throwing additional cores at a problem may actually harm performance and increase power consumption. Better use of otherwise limitedly beneficial cores by software components such as hypervisors and operating systems can improve system-wide performance and reliability, even in cases where power consumption is not a main concern. In response to these observations, we evaluate an approach to throttle concurrency in parallel programs dynamically. We throttle concurrency to levels with higher predicted efficiency from both performance and energy standpoints, and we do so via machine learning, specifically artificial neural networks (ANNs). One advantage of using ANNs over similar techniques previously explored is that the training phase is greatly simplified, thereby reducing the burden on the end user. Using machine learning in the context of concurrency throttling is novel. We show that ANNs are effective for identifying energy-efficient concurrency levels in multithreaded scientific applications, and we do so using physical experimentation on a state-of-the-art quad-core Xeon platform.
Alterations in Cell Signaling in Sepsis

Multiple intracellular signaling pathways involving kinases, transcriptional factors, and the expression of immunoregulatory mediators are altered in sepsis. Recent data have shown stable patterns of activation among peripheral blood mononuclear cells and neutrophils in healthy human subjects. Although polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors play a contributory role in determining cellular activation, other factors are involved as well. Increased activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase protein 38, Akt, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B in neutrophils and other cell populations obtained at early time points in the clinical course of sepsis-induced acute lung injury or after accidental trauma is associated with a more-severe clinical course, suggesting that a proinflammatory cellular phenotype contributes to organ system dysfunction in such settings. Identification of patients with cellular phenotypes characterized by increased activation of NF-kappa B, Akt, and protein 38, as well as discrete patterns of gene activation, may permit identification of patients with sepsis who are likely to have a worse clinical outcome, thereby permitting early institution of therapies that modulate deleterious signaling pathways before organ system dysfunction develops, reducing morbidity and improving survival.
ICI 182,780: a pure antiestrogen that affects behaviors and energy balance in rats without acting in the brain

ICI 182,780 is one of a new class of steroidal antiestrogens that differs from nonsteroidal antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen, in a number of respects. 1) It is bound by estrogen receptors with a high affinity, similar to that for estradiol. 2) It is a "pure" antiestrogen in that it does not mimic any of the effects of estradiol. 3) This class of antiestrogens does not seem to be bound by antiestrogen binding sites. 4) ICI 182,780 may not be active in the brain after peripheral administration. Indeed, ICI 182,780 blocked in vivo cell nuclear binding of [3H]estradiol in uterus, pituitary, and adipose tissue but not in hypothalamus-preoptic area. In vitro, ICI 182,780 competed for binding by neural estrogen receptors with an affinity comparable with that for estradiol. When given to ovariectomized rats, ICI 182,780 did not mimic any of the actions of estradiol. Instead, ICI 182,780 treatment completely blocked the uterotrophic effects of estradiol and attenuated the actions of estradiol on linear growth, carcass fat content, fat pad weight, and sexual receptivity. Treatment with ICI 182,780 also attenuated the estrogenic effects of tamoxifen on food intake, body weight and composition, linear growth, and uterine weight. These findings support the concept that, in addition to its actions in the brain, estradiol can act peripherally to modulate regulatory behaviors, energy balance, and estrous behavior. They are also consistent with the hypothesis that nonsteroidal antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen, affect energy balance via estrogen receptors, rather than antiestrogen binding sites.
Glass-Reinforced Epoxy Piping for Liquid-Nitrogen-Cooled, AC Transmission Cables

Research and development of liquid-nitrogen (LN2)-cooled, ac power transmission cables capable of delivering 2000 to 5000 MVA at 500 kV are being pursued to satisfy future high-capacity underground transmission system requirements. The use of electrically nonconducting, fiber-reinforced plastic piping to contain the cables and the pressurized liquid nitrogen offers advantages over the use of metallic pipe. A cryogenic cable concept using foam-insulated, glass-reinforced epoxy (GRE) piping is shown in cross section in Fig. 1. In this concept, three 500-kV cables are enclosed in the liquid nitrogen-filled containment pipe. The liquid nitrogen impregnates the cable dielectric in much the same way that oil impregnates the dielectric in oil paper cable. The liquid nitrogen must remain below the boiling point at all times to prevent electric voltage stress concentrations that would otherwise occur if nitrogen vapor bubbles were allowed to form in the dielectric.
Governors, Presidents, and Disasters: The Impact of Vulnerability and Politics Across Emergency Management Eras

This article examines disaster decisions by governors and presidents between 1953 and 2005. Relying on presidential disaster decision materials from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the All About Presidential Disaster Declarations website (University of Delaware, Public Entity Risk Institute [PERI], 2008), census data, material from six presidential libraries, climate data from the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration; and geological data from the U.S. Geological Survey, I assess the effect of competing models of vulnerability and politics on disaster choices by state governors and American presidents. I also evaluate changes during the administration of Jimmy Carter and after the passage of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act). The analysis confirms that President Carter may have believed that federal disaster assistance rewarded risky behavior by states and acted accordingly in responding swiftly and more negatively to disaster requests. I also confirm that the patterns of both gubernatorial and presidential decisions changed after 1989, becoming less vulnerability based and somewhat more political.
Subcultural Research on Organizational Commitment With the 15 OCQ Invariant Instrument

The 15 item organizational commitment scale (15 OCQ) has been developed, tested, and validated in the USA (Mowday et al. 1979). Its adaptability to other countries and other languages is necessary for subcultural and cross-cultural research in industrial settings. A French version of the OCQ instrument was developed and assessed. Exploratory and multi-group invariance testings were used to assess the instrument invariance with French and English Canadian salespeople. The comparable English and French versions should facilitate future research.
Recent progress in MEMS technology development for military applications

The recent progress of ongoing efforts at the Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) to develop microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology for military applications is discussed in this paper. The current maturity level of low cost, low power, micro devices in industry, which range from simple temperature and pressure sensors to accelerometers in airbags, provides a viable foundation for the development of rugged MEMS devices for dual-use applications. Early MEMS technology development efforts at AMCOM emphasized inertial MEMS sensors. An Army Science and Technology Objective (STO) project was initiated to develop low cost inertial components with moderate angular rate sensor resolution for measuring pitch and yaw of missile attitude and rotational roll rate. Leveraging the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and other Government agencies has resulted in the development of breadboard inertial MEMS devices with improved robustness. During the past two years, MEMS research at AMCOM has been expanded to include environmental MEMS sensors for missile health monitoring, RF-MEMS, optical MEMS devices for beam steering, and micro-optic 'benches' for opto-electronics miniaturization. Additionally, MEMS packaging and integration issues have come into focus and are being addressed. Selected ongoing research efforts in these areas are presented, and some horizon MEMS sensors requirements for Army and law enforcement are presented for consideration.
Effect of mineral filler on changes in molecular size distribution of asphalts during oxidative ageing

Asphalt binder is always present in contact with fine and coarse mineral particles in the pavement and roofing shingles. Therefore, the mechanisms of oxidative ageing of binders are expected to be influenced not only by the characteristics of the binder but also by the properties of the mineral surface due to the molecular interaction between these two components. The purpose of this study is to develop a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between binder and filler and the resulting changes in the molecular size distribution (MSD) after oxidative ageing. In this study, a method to characterise the behaviour of mastics (binder mixed with mineral dust) with ageing was developed by using the Pressure Ageing Vessel. The changes due to this ageing is measured by monitoring the mastics |G*| ageing index (ratio of complex modulus before and after ageing). The results clearly indicate that fillers can significantly change the effect of oxidative ageing of binders. Gel Permeation Chromatogr...
Product Cordial Sets of Long Grids

A binary vertex coloring (labeling) f : V (G) ! Z2 of a graph G is said to be friendly if the number of vertices labeled 0 is almost the same as the number of vertices labeled 1: This friendly labeling induces an edge labeling f ⁄ : E(G) ! Z2 deflned by f ⁄ (uv) = f(u)f(v) for all uv 2 E(G): Let ef(i) = jfuv 2 E(G) : f ⁄ (uv) = igj be the number of edges of G that are labeled i: Product-cordial index of the labeling f is the number pc(f) = jef(0) i ef(1)j: The product-cordial set of the graph G, denoted by PC(G); is deflned by PC(G) = fpc(f) : f is a friendly labeling of G g: In this paper, we will determine the product-cordial sets of long grids Pm£Pn; introduce a class of fully product-cordial trees and suggest new research directions in this topic.
Polo-like kinase 1 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and promotes epithelial cell motility by activating CRAF/ERK signaling

Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a key cell cycle regulator implicated in the development of various cancers, including prostate cancer. However, the functions of PLK1 beyond cell cycle regulation remain poorly characterized. Here, we report that PLK1 overexpression in prostate epithelial cells triggers oncogenic transformation. It also results in dramatic transcriptional reprogramming of the cells, leading to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stimulation of cell migration and invasion. Consistently, PLK1 downregulation in metastatic prostate cancer cells enhances epithelial characteristics and inhibits cell motility. The signaling mechanisms underlying the observed cellular effects of PLK1 involve direct PLK1-dependent phosphorylation of CRAF with subsequent stimulation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-Fra1-ZEB1/2 signaling pathway. Our findings highlight novel non-canonical functions of PLK1 as a key regulator of EMT and cell motility in normal prostate epithelium and prostate cancer. This study also uncovers a previously unanticipated role of PLK1 as a potent activator of MAPK signaling.
Photoelastic study of the stresses near a cleavage crack

Photoelastic analysis has been used to determine the stress distribution near the tip of a cleavage crack. The crack bisects a slender rectangular bar along its length, and forces are applied at one end of it tending to open it out. The region of high stresses is localized in a region of the order of the half-width of the bar in size. Very near the crack tip, the stresses decrease in proportion to the inverse square root of the distance from the crack tip. The maximum gradient of the principal tensile stress lies at an angle of 70 to 80 deg from the plane of the crack. Contour maps of the principal stresses, the 45-deg shear stress and the maximum tensile stress are presented.
Abstract SY17-01: Intratumor diversity in breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Tumor heterogeneity is a major challenge toward understanding and clinical management of cancers. Intratumor diversity for hereditary traits is the diver of tumor evolution including disease progression and therapeutic resistance. We have been investigating intratumor genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity during breast tumor progression and treatment. We found high degree of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity within and between distant metastases of the same patient. The degree of intratumor heterogeneity was influenced by treatment and it was associated with clinical characteristics. We also characterized the dependency of distinct cell populations in human breast tumors on specific genes and signaling pathways by performing a large-scale loss-of-function screen. Using this approach, we identified genes required for cell growth or proliferation in specific subsets of breast cancer cells. Our results highlight the differences between distinct breast cancer cell types and identify cell type-specific targets that may lead to more effective breast cancer therapies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY17-01. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-SY17-01
Localization of a "feeding center" in the hypothalamus of the rat.

Development of obesity in animals following destructive lesions placed in or ventrolateral to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is a well-established fact(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). This obesity...
Immunity of hamsters to West Nile and Murray Valley viruses following immunization with St. Louis and Japanese B

Summary and ConclusionsAn available strain of Syrian hamsters was found to be highly susceptible to WN and MVE viruses by peripheral routes of inoculation. Groups of animals of this species were then immunized with JBE and SLE viruses and subsequently challenged subcutaneously with serial dilutions of WN and MVE viruses. Complete protection against these two agents was afforded by JBE immunization, and protection of a lesser degree obtained by SLE immunization. Neutralizing antibody titers of the immunized hamsters to the 2 heterologous challenge viruses paralleled their peripheral resistance in that the JBE virus immunes had higher neutralizing antibody titers to WN and MVE viruses than did the SLE virus immunes. These findings together with previously reported data support the hypothesis that cross immunity to these viruses probably occurs in man and that there might be some practical application of this concept in the field of human immunization. Further work with animals using other virus combinations...
The application of Herr's % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaK% azaamabaqcaaUaaGinaOWaa0baaSqaaiabgkdaYaqaaiqaigdagaqh% aaaaaaa!40FF!\[4_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} } \] clearing technique to zoological tissues

The present investigation involves the adaptaon of Hherr's 4 1/2 Clearing Technique to the study of animal tissues. The technique, as in its original botanical application, is very simple, providing an excellent alternative to serial sectioning of paraffin-embedded zoological materials while, simultaneously, allowing observation of cellular detail.
Recent Insights Into Health Benefits of Carotenoids

Carotenoids are lipophilic plant pigments that are present ubiquitously in nature. They are important secondary plant metabolites and are commonly used as natural pigments in foods. Additionally, their consumption has been associated with a decreased risk for a number of diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular disease, age-related macular degeneration, and photosensitivity associated with UV exposure. It is thought that carotenoids have important biological functions related to their provitamin A activity, antioxidant activity, ability to regulate gene transcription, enhancement of gap junction communication, phase II enzyme-inducing activity, and ability to enhance immune function. This chapter will briefly describe the proposed mechanisms by which carotenoids may exert such biological functions, as well as summarize the literature, exploring both epidemiological and intervention studies in humans on the relationship between carotenoids and the aforementioned chronic diseases.
The Application of Excel Software in the Teaching Course of Probability and Mathematical Statistics

The application of Excel software is introduced.The course characteristics of probability and mathematical statistics is stated.The usage method of statistical analysis database is disscussed.By emphasizing how to solve practical problem,the course reform practice and teaching thought are deeply considered.The issue of how to develop the teaching reform with Excel software is addressed.Excel data analysis function is introduced into the classroom teaching.The course reform and the trend of development are investigated.The paper can promote the application of computer simulation in specific teaching practice.
Surveillance of foodborne disease in Jianggan district of Hangzhou in 2011

Objective Based on the analysis of the food-borne disease surveillance results from sentinel hospitals in Hangzhou,to understand the epidemiological characteristics of food-borne diseases and provide evidence for disease control and prevention. Methods The patients of intestinal outpatient in sentinel hospitals were involved to collect the basic information and stool samples for pathogen detection. Results A total of 1244 patients were enrolled in intestinal outpatient,the total detection rates of pathogens( Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Salmonella and Shigella) was 4. 42%,and Vibrio parahaemolyticus had the highest detection rate( 4. 02%). The surveillance data analysis showed that the peak of the incidence was in July and August,and children under 1 year old and population between 10 ～ 39 years old had high incidence rate. Unknown causes took the largest proportion of the suspected foods,with diarrhea as the most common clinical manifestation. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance capacity of food-borne disease,pay more attention to epidemic season and high risk population,and carry out more effective preventive and control measures.
Is It Facebook Official? Coming Out and Passing Strategies of Young Adult Gay Men on Social Media

ABSTRACTThe rapid proliferation of social media, mobile applications, and Internet technologies has shifted a wide variety of social interaction from physical spaces to an online environment. Drawing from 42 semistructured, in-depth interviews with gay college-aged men between the ages of 18 and 27, this article explores these changing patterns of social interaction among gay men. I discuss three strategies of identity management college-aged gay men use to disclose or conceal their sexual identity to others. The first group of men, “Out and Proud,” uses Facebook as a way to celebrate and reaffirm their sexual identity, in addition to actively coming out to others on the social media Web site. The second group, “Out and Discreet,” uses Facebook to indirectly come out to some of their friends while hiding this information from others. The men in the last group I identify, “Facebook Closeted,” actively manage their online profiles to ensure their sexual identity is not exposed. Facebook is both transformati...
MGN-3/Biobran Enhances Generation of Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells VIA Upregulation of DEC-205 Expression on Dendritic Cells:

Arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran) has been shown to be a potent biological response modifier (BRM) that activates different arms of the immune system, including dendritic cells (DCs), which prime CD4+ helper T-cell responses. The present study explores the ability of MGN-3-activated DCs to prime CD8+ T cells and examines the mechanisms underlying its effect. Human monocyte-derived DCs were treated with MGN-3 (20 and 40 μg/ml). Results indicate that treatment with MGN-3 caused DCs to prime higher granzyme B-expressing CD8+ T cells. Tumor lysate-pulsed MGN-3 DC also increased tumor cell killing compared to DC-stimulated CD8+ T cells. This was associated with: i) increased expression of DEC-205 in MGN-3-activated DCs in a dose-dependent manner; and ii) MGN-3 induced significant production of Type III interferon, IL29, but not Type I IFNs α and β. These results suggest that MGN-3 is a potent natural adjuvant that efficiently activates DCs and may therefore be useful for mounting an efficient immune response against infections and cancer.
Safety and efficacy of carotid angioplasty and stenting in high-risk patients.

Performance of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) may be associated with an increased risk in patients with significant comorbid medical conditions, neck irradiation, or previous CEA. This study compared...
Macroporous p-GaP Photocathodes Prepared by Anodic Etching and Atomic Layer Deposition Doping

P-type macroporous gallium phosphide (GaP) photoelectrodes have been prepared by anodic etching of an undoped, intrinsically n-type GaP(100) wafer and followed by drive-in doping with Zn from conformal ZnO films prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Specifically, 30 nm ALD ZnO films were coated on GaP macroporous films and then annealed at T = 650 °C for various times to diffuse Zn in GaP. Under 100 mW cm–2 white light illumination, the resulting Zn-doped macroporous GaP consistently exhibit strong cathodic photocurrent when measured in aqueous electrolyte containing methyl viologen. Wavelength-dependent photoresponse measurements of the Zn-doped macroporous GaP revealed enhanced collection efficiency at wavelengths longer than 460 nm, indicating that the ALD doping step rendered the entire material p-type and imparted the ability to sustain a strong internal electric field that preferentially drove photogenerated electrons to the GaP/electrolyte interface. Collectively, this work presents a doping s...
Reinforcing Deficit, Journeying Toward Equity Cultural Brokering in Family Engagement Initiatives

Families are key actors in efforts to improve student learning and outcomes, but conventional engagement efforts often disregard the cultural and social resources of nondominant families. Individuals who serve as cultural brokers play critical, though complex, roles bridging between schools and families. Using an equitable collaboration lens with boundary-spanning theory, this comparative case study examined how individuals enacted cultural brokering within three organizational contexts. Our findings suggest a predominance of cultural brokering consistent with programmatic goals to socialize nondominant families into school-centric norms and agendas. However, formal leadership and boundary-spanning ambiguity enabled more collective, relational, or reciprocal cultural brokering. These dynamics suggest potential stepping stones and organizational conditions for moving toward more equitable forms of family-school collaboration and systemic transformation.
Sputter rate measurements of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layers with varied Ga ratios, primary voltage, and angle of incidence by secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract Thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 ( CIGS) layers were deposited by a 1-stage and 3-stage co-evaporation process on Mo/Glass substrates at various Ga/(Ga + In) ratios (Ga ratio). The sputter rate and the depth profile of 1-stage CIGS absorber layers at various Ga ratios were measured using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) using different primary voltages and angles of incidence of a Cs beam in order to study how the Ga ratio of CIGS affected the sputter rate. It was determined that there was up to 50% variation in film sputter rate depending on the Ga ratio range, SIMS primary voltage, and angle of incidence. A point-by-point correction method was then developed to correct for relative sputter rate differences in 3-stage CIGS samples with a graded Ga ratio profile.
Why do firms delete brands? Insights from a qualitative study

ABSTRACTLarge consumer goods firms manage and market an assortment of brands and consistently deal with strategic challenges related to brand portfolio management, such as creating or acquiring brands, growing brand equity, managing brands in the portfolio and deleting brands. There is substantial research on several areas of brand portfolio management except in the area of brand deletion. This situation exists despite the fact that deleting weak brands has important implications for a firm and its brand portfolio. Therefore, it is critical to understand why firms delete brands from their portfolios. This research applies a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis in the context of firms that adopt a ‘house of brands’ brand architecture and presents findings guided by the strategic decision-making literature.
The Essential Cell Cycle Regulator Setd8 Drives Chromatin Condensation during Terminal Erythroid Maturation

Abstract Chromatin condensation culminating in enucleation is a hallmark of erythropoiesis, however the mechanisms driving this process are incompletely understood. Setd8 is the sole enzyme that can mono-methylate histone H4, lysine 20 (H4K20me1) and is an important regulator of cell cycle progression, higher order chromatin structure, and genome stability. (Reviewed in Beck, Genes and Development, 2010) Setd8 and H4K20me1 are unique among epigenetic regulators in that their expression is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle. Setd8 expression peaks during G2/M, where it promotes mitotic chromatin condensation, and becomes undetectable during S-phase due to ubiquitin dependent destruction. (Oda, Mol Cell, 2010) The presence of H4K20me1 mirrors that of Setd8, peaking in G2/M, and reaching a nadir during S-phase due to removal by the histone demethylase PHF8. (Liu, Nature, 2010) Interestingly, Setd8 is expressed at levels 8- to 10- fold higher in CD71+ erythroblasts than in any other cell type, (Wu Genome Biology,2009) suggesting that it has an erythroid-specific function. We hypothesize that Setd8 drives chromatin condensation in maturing erythroblasts. In cell lines, forced accumulation of H4K20me1 during S-phase due to perturbation of either Setd8 or PHF8 results in pre-mitotic chromatin condensation (Centore Mol Cell 2010; Liu Nature 2010). We demonstrate that primary erythroblasts express Setd8 and accumulate H4K20me1 throughout the cell cycle, suggesting that Setd8 and H4K20me1 in promote chromatin condensation during terminal maturation. We further demonstrate that Setd8 is essential for erythropoiesis, with erythroid-specific Setd8 deletion resulting in profound anemia that is lethal by E12.5. The early onset of anemia indicates a defect in the primitive erythroid lineage, which emerges from the yolk sac at E8.5, and proliferates, matures, and enucleates in the circulation as a semi-synchronous cohort. (Kingsley, Blood, 2004) Detailed analyses of Setd8-null erythroblasts revealed severe defects in cell cycle progression, increased DNA content suggesting loss of genomic integrity, accumulation of DNA damage, and a modest increase in the rate of apoptosis. Global transcriptome analyses demonstrated that Setd8-null erythroblasts had activation of checkpoint genes such as CDKN1a and Gene Set Enrichment Analyses identified significant enrichment of cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways. Despite evidence of p53 activation, concomitant p53 deletion was not able to rescue the Set8-null phenotype, indicating that Setd8 has an essential role in promoting erythroid proliferation and survival that is independent of the p53 pathway. Consistent with our hypothesis that Setd8 drives chromatin condensation in maturing erythroblasts, the nuclear area of Setd8-null cells was nearly twice that of controls at E11.5 (119 and 69 um2, respectively p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.