cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Paper Wars: First Amendment Challenges to School Material Distribution Policies

Public schools are faced with an array of requests seeking permission to distribute material on school property. These requests may come from students, teachers or outside organizations. To respond to these requests, some school districts have adopted written policies to guide their determinations while others lack formal policies and respond on an ad hoc basis. Whether based on formal or informal policies, in deciding whether to permit distribution school officials typically take into account a variety of factors including the content of the material, the identity of the individual or group seeking permission and the time, place or manner of the requested distribution. This decision making is at its most vulnerable when it treats similarly situated groups differently and/or discriminates based on the viewpoint of the material at issue. When crafting a distribution policy, schools cannot freely pick and choose material to distribute. They must weigh their interest in being good citizens of the community by providing community groups with the opportunity to distribute literature in the public schools against the possibility that groups with messages the school would rather exclude will also seek to use those opportunities. Distribution policies require a careful weighing of competing policy interests as well as the crafting of a distribution policy that will pass constitutional muster.
Time domain modeling of PIN control and limiter diodes

A time domain model for the microwave and RF PIN switching diode is presented. The model is suitable for use in such time domain simulators as SPICE and simulates the important I-region charge storage phenomenon and its effect on the PIN diode behaviour in active circuits such as switches, attenuators and power limiters. For a SPST switch, the variation in PIN diode impedance is shown to affect the insertion loss in the switch. For microwave power limiters, spike leakage variation versus frequency for different RF voltages is also presented, showing the reduction in power limiting with increasing frequency for a given PIN diode.
Cell surface proteomics provides insight into stage-specific remodeling of the host-parasite interface in Trypanosoma brucei

African trypanosomes are devastating human and animal pathogens transmitted by tsetse flies between mammalian hosts. The trypanosome surface forms a critical host interface that is essential for sensing and adapting to diverse host environments. However, trypanosome surface protein composition and diversity remain largely unknown. Here, we use surface labeling, affinity purification, and proteomic analyses to describe cell surface proteomes from insect-stage and mammalian bloodstream-stage Trypanosoma brucei. The cell surface proteomes contain most previously characterized surface proteins. We additionally identify a substantial number of novel proteins, whose functions are unknown, indicating the parasite surface proteome is larger and more diverse than generally appreciated. We also show stage-specific expression for individual paralogs within several protein families, suggesting that fine-tuned remodeling of the parasite surface allows adaptation to diverse host environments, while still fulfilling universally essential cellular needs. Our surface proteome analyses complement existing transcriptomic, proteomic, and in silico analyses by highlighting proteins that are surface-exposed and thereby provide a major step forward in defining the host-parasite interface.
Daily Feed Intake and Performance of Laying Hens Grouped According to Their Body Weight

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship of laying hen body weight at 28 weeks to daily feed intake (DFI) and hen performance. Significant differences in the body weight of hens in the various body weight groups (BWG) were found at the beginning and end of the experiments. The differences in body weight were found to be related to DFI which increased in a linear fashion as body weight increased. It was found that 6.80 and 6.56 g more feed was consumed daily by each hen for each 100 g of body weight, in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Egg production did not differ significantly between BWG. Egg weight, egg mass, and feed efficiency were shown to be related to hen body weight. Egg weight and egg mass significantly increased as body weight increased. Feed efficiency, however, showed an inverse trend, decreasing in a linear fashion as body weight increased.
Risk factors for the development of cholelithiasis in man (first of two parts).

Conditions Associated with Pigment Stones The demographic characteristics of persons at high risk for pigment gallstones differ from those in whom cholesterol stones are likely to develop, as noted...
A novel method for object tracking and segmentation using online Hough forests and convex relaxation

We propose a novel method for object tracking and segmentation by using online Hough forests and convex relaxation. Our method extracts object contour during tracking rather than using a bounding box or an ellipse to locate the object. Unlike conventional active contour methods that use consistent intensity or color distribution as constraints, our method uses Hough forests for online discriminative learning, resulting in faster convergence and more accurate segmentation. We use Bayesian formulation to model the probability of the contour, given the description of the regions and the edges. Additionally, the Hough forests provide an estimate of the initial location of the object to improve accuracy. Segmentation is then formulated as a convex relaxation optimization problem. Experimental results show the effectiveness and robustness of our method. The results also show that our method outperforms some of the state-of-the-art methods.
Surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism: Experience with 500 consecutive cases and evaluation of the role of surgery in the asymptomatic patient

A group of 500 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) was operated upon at the Mayo Clinic between September 1974 and May 1980 using a standardized operative strategy. Clinical profiles, biochemical data, operative findings and pathological changes are reviewed. Of the 500 patients, 461 (92.2 per cent) were cured after primary cervical exploration. One patient died during the postoperative period, 1 had a permanent unilateral vocal cord paralysis and 10 (2 per cent) had protracted hypoparathyroidism. Owing to the continuing controversy regarding the appropriate therapeutic management of asymptomatic, uncomplicated and mild ('biochemical') primary HPT, we further evaluated this surgical experience by comparing the results of operation in two groups of patients: those with 'biochemical' HPT (serum calcium less than 11 mg/dl) and those with 'non-biochemical' HPT (symptomatic or complicated disease or serum calcium greater than 11 mg/dl). The cure rate in each patient group was greater than 90 per cent. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of negative cervical exploration (4 normal parathyroid glands identified and biopsied) was noted in the 'biochemical' group. However, parathyroid disease was found at operation in 92 per cent of these patients. We conclude that cervical exploration in all patients with primary HPT, including those with 'biochemical' disease only, is safe and that such an aggressive management policy is justified.
Chitin synthetase from the yeast and mycelial phases of Blastomyces dermatitidis.

Chitin synthetase (E.C.2.4.1.16) from mixed membrane fractions of the yeast and mycelial phases of Blastomyces dermatitidis were compared. The behavior of the enzyme from both phases was very similar: N-acetylglucosamine was stimulatory (Km 8.5 mM for yeast and 3.9 mM for mycelium); substrate Michaelis-Menten kinetics were sigmoidal; substrate Km of enzyme from yeast decreased from 3.0 mM at low N-acetylglucosamine (5 mM) levels to 1.4 mM at high (100 mM) levels; substrate Km of enzyme from mycelium was essentially unchanged at 1.4 mM; temperature optimum was 28 degrees C; pH optimum was 7-7.5; Mg+2 optimum was 5-10 mM. The greatest difference was that enzyme from yeast was extracted in a mostly latent form that required trypsin treatment for maximal in vitro activity while enzyme from mycelium was extracted in an active form which was rapidly deactivated by trypsin treatment.
Sintering of Al 2 O 3 in a d.c. Glow Discharge

THE use of gas-phase glow discharges in material processing has been discussed generally1, but few data can be found describing the results of such material processing as opposed to more conventional processing methods. Bennett et al.2 used a microwave-stimulated electrodeless gas discharge for sintering various ceramic and metal bodies, concentrating on alumina. They reported that alumina bodies sintered in their gas discharge achieved higher theoretical densities in shorter times and at lower temperatures than are possible by conventional sintering.
Low temperature cavity ring down spectroscopy with off-axis alignment: application to the A - and γ -bands of O 2 in the visible at 90 K

The cavity ring down (CRD) technique presented here involves an optical cavity attached to a cryostat. The static cell and mirrors of the optical cavity are all inside a vacuum chamber at the same temperature of the cryostat. The temperature of the cell can be changed between 77 K and 298 K. An off-axis alignment of the laser beam into the cavity is used to increase the number of resonant modes inside the cavity and improve the signal to noise ratio of the absorption bands. To demonstrate the capabilities of the low temperature CRD cell, the absorption spectra of O2 are recorded at 90 K for the A (υ′=0←υ″=0) and γ (υ′=2←υ″=0) bands of the \(b^{1}\sum_{g}^{ +}\leftarrow X^{3}\sum_{g}^{ -} \) transition using cavity ring down spectroscopy. The optical cavity performance was tested using two variations of the CRD technique. The A-band is measured using the phase-shift cavity ring down method and the γ-band using the pulsed-laser exponential-decay method. A comparison between experimental and simulated spectra of the O2 bands at 90 K confirms the molecular temperature measured by a sensor localized in the cell. Quantitative measurements of the individual rotational line intensities are made for the oxygen γ-band to confirm the temperature of the cell and calculate the vibrational band intensity. The application of this technique for laboratory studies of planetary atmospheres and the spectroscopy of molecular complexes is emphasized.
The Role of Observational Investigations in Comparative Effectiveness Research

Introduction: Comparative effectiveness research (CER) seeks to inform clinical decisions between alternate treatment strategies using data that reflects real patient populations and real-world clinical scenarios for the purpose of improving patient outcomes. There are multiple clinical situations where the unique characteristics of observational investigations can inform medical decision-making within the CER paradigm. Accordingly, it is critical for clinicians to appreciate the strengths and limitations of observational research, particularly as they apply to CER. Methods: This review focuses on the role of observational research in CER. We discuss the concept of evidence hierarchies as they relate to observational research and CER, review the scope and nature of observational research, present the rationale for its inclusion in CER investigations, discuss potential sources of bias in observational investigations as well as strategies used to compensate for these biases, and discuss a framework to implement observational research in CER. Conclusions: The CER paradigm recognizes the limitations of hierarchical models of evidence and favors application of a strength-of-evidence model. In this model, observational research fills gaps in randomized clinical trial data and is particularly valuable to investigate effectiveness, harms, prognosis, and infrequent outcomes as well as in circumstances where randomization is not possible and in studies of many surgical populations. Observational investigations must be designed with careful consideration of potential sources of bias and must incorporate strategies to control such bias prospectively, and their results must be reported in a uniform and transparent fashion. When these conditions can be achieved, observational research represents a valuable and critical component of modern CER.
Research Note: PDA Use Is Linked to Dietitian's Work Setting

The purpose of the project was to determine the use of the personal digital assistants (PDA) by dietitians. It was found that those nutrition professionals (n = 76) who worked in medical centers were more likely (p = 0.049) to use a PDA compared to those in other work settings. Calculation of BMI was the most used PDA software by the respondents. Dietitians have become an integral part of medical specialty areas and teams, which necessitates that instant information. A PDA can provide this information.
An Electrostatic-Wave Topside Sounder

An electrostatic-wave topside sounder has been flown to study electron plasma resonances. Unique features of this sounder are the preservation of data spectra, a frequency synthesizer, and a gain-change mechanism. Preservation of the spectra provided frequency information with a resolution of a few hundred hertz by use of a fast Fourier transform while the synthesizer provided the necessary frequency stability. The gain-change mechanism provided information on the strength of the resonances. Resulting data support the electrostatic-wave echo theory of topside resonances.
Mutation inhibition by beta-estradiol after low doses of gamma-irradiation of mammalian cells.

The methodology previously described for measuring mutagenesis has been applied to the study of mutation prevention in immortalized G2 phase human lymphocytes exposed to 25 and 50 cGy of γ-radiation. Caffeine prevents repair of mutations. Two times 10 −4 M β-estradiol applied for 2.5 h markedly decreases induced mutations and affects male and female cells similarly. Quantitative measurement of mutagenesis in cells of different individuals and the effect of various agents on mutation yield should be important in prevention of cancer and other mutational disease.
The clinical characteristics of unipolar vs. bipolar major depression in ADHD youth.

Abstract Objective To investigate the characteristics of unipolar vs. bipolar depression in youth using a sample of children referred for a study on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods We compared children with unipolar depression ( N =109) to those with bipolar depression ( N =43) using boys and girls ( N =280) referred for a study on ADHD. Comparisons were made in characteristics of depression, comorbidity and family history. All diagnoses were made using the KSADS-E. Results In comparison to children with unipolar depression, children with bipolar depression were more likely to have met criteria for depression due to both “sad” and “mad” mood states as stated in the KSADS-E, have severe depression with suicidality, anhedonia and hopelessness. Children with bipolar depression were more likely to have comorbid conduct disorder, severe oppositional defiant disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive compulsive disorder and alcohol abuse, compared to children with unipolar depression. Bipolar depressed children had lower GAF scores and higher rates of hospitalization. Bipolar depression is associated with higher levels of psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives. Conclusions In youth, bipolar depression is distinct from unipolar depression in quality and severity of symptoms, comorbidity and family history. This presentation can aid clinicians in identifying children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.
WIT AND UNDERSTANDING: THE VOICES OF LIDIIA GINZBURG

Theory and history of literature are not for unifying, but for differentiating phenomena, and for striving to reveal and define their specificity.1
Invasion biology and the success of social collaboration networks, with application to Wikipedia

We adapt methods from the stochastic theory of invasions – for which a key question is whether a propagule will grow to an established population or fail – to show how monitoring early participation in a social collaboration network allows prediction of success. Social collaboration networks have become ubiquitous and can now be found in widely diverse situations. However, there are currently no methods to predict whether a social collaboration network will succeed or not, where success is defined as growing to a specified number of active participants before falling to zero active participants. We illustrate a suitable methodology with Wikipedia. In general, wikis are web-based software that allows collaborative efforts in which all viewers of a page can edit its contents online, thus encouraging cooperative efforts on text and hypertext. The English language Wikipedia is one of the most spectacular successes, but not all wikis succeed and there have been some major failures. Using these new methods, we ...
Natural Egg Sac Clutch Size of the Brown Widow Spider, Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Southern California

The brown widow spider, Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841, is a non-native arachnid that became established in peninsular Florida in the 1930s (Pearson 1936). In the first decade of the 21 century, it rapidly spread through the southeastern United States and southern California (Brown et al. 2008; Vincent et al. 2008; Vetter et al. 2012a) and has become a ubiquitous urban pest species in the Los Angeles Basin and San Diego area (Vetter et al. 2012b). One possible reason for its success lies in its fecundity, as it can produce an egg sac every four days during its earliest ovipositions and averages 22 egg sacs in a lifetime (Bouillon and Lekie 1961). We were interested in documenting the seasonal field egg production of brown widows from June to October to determine whether there is a specific peak and subsequent dropoff in productivity or whether it is fairly consistent throughout the summer season. This provided basic biology information that benefitted research involving insecticide bioassays on brown widow egg sacs (Vetter et al, in prep); knowing the phenology of seasonal clutch size helped determine whether lab-produced egg sacs would be temporally comparable with natural oviposition and, hence, whether pesticides tested on egg sacs would have real world relevance. To determine monthly egg clutch size, brown widow egg sacs were collected during the day from several cities in Orange and Riverside counties, California from June through October 2012. Collections were restricted to urban sites such as around homes, in parks, under playground equipment, etc. as documented favored habitats for this spider (Vetter et al. 2012b). We attempted to collect egg sacs primarily from sites that were occupied by female brown widows as this presumedly increased the chances of collecting sacs with freshly laid eggs. The study was terminated at the end of October because temperatures cool considerably in November in southern California. We did not collect egg sacs for the first seven days of any month in order to more accurately assign sacs with eggs to the correct month of oviposition. At 29uC, brown widow eggs hatch in 9 days. Considering that daily high temperatures in many of our collection locales are typically 35 to 40uC, we felt that this was an acceptable estimate to separate clutch size into monthly cohorts. We also received some sacs in the mail from citizen scientists who participated in previous brown widow studies (Vetter et al. 2012a,b); again, no data from sacs collected and received during the first week of the month were used.
Summer food habits of Microtus ochrogaster and Sigmodon hispidus.

Stomach contents were analyzed for 97 Microtus ochrogaster haydenii and 86 Sigmodon hispidus texianus to determine what plant species were utilized, the effect of plant availability on diet, and the degree to which both species utilized identical foods. Based on per cent volume consumed, Sigmodon utilized Triticum aestivum, Kochia scoparia, Sporoholus asper, Bromus japonicus, Rumex crispus, and Xanthium commune the most during June and July from two areas. In the same areas, Microtus concurrently found S. asper, K. scoparia, Bouteloua gracilis, B. japonicus, R. crispus, and Digitaria sanguinalis the most palatable. Availability of plants was found to be an influencing factor on what was eaten, but certainly was not the only factor, because many plant species that were not dominant were seemingly selected on the basis of their growth stage and palatability. Although the same species of plants comprised most of the food eaten by the two rodents, it is likely that competition existed for space rather than food, as ample food was available throughout the study.
Toward comprehensive studies of liquids at high pressures and high temperatures: Combined structure, elastic wave velocity, and viscosity measurements in the Paris–Edinburgh cell

Abstract Techniques for measuring liquid structure, elastic wave velocity, and viscosity under high pressure have been integrated using a Paris–Edinburgh cell at Beamline 16-BM-B, HPCAT of the Advanced Photon Source. The Paris–Edinburgh press allows for compressing large volume samples (up to 2 mm in both diameter and length) up to ∼7 GPa and 2000 °C. Multi-angle energy dispersive X-ray diffraction provides structure factors of liquid to a large Q of ∼19 A. Ultrasonic techniques have been developed to investigate elastic wave velocity of liquids combined with the X-ray imaging. Falling sphere viscometry, using high-speed X-ray radiography (>1000 frames/s), enables us to investigate a wide range of viscosity, from those of high viscosity silicates or oxides melts to low viscosity (
Stabilization of a ribosomal RNA tertiary structure by ribosomal protein L11

Interactions between ribosomal protein L11 and a domain of large subunit rRNA have been highly conserved and are essential for efficient protein synthesis. To study the effects of L11 on rRNA folding, a homolog of the Escherichia coli L11 gene has been amplified from Bacillus stearothermophilus DNA and cloned into a phage T7 polymerase-based expression system. The expressed protein is 93% homologous to the L11 homolog from Bacillus subtilis, denatures at temperatures above 72°C, and has nearly identical rRNA binding properties as the Escherichia coli L11 in terms of RNA affinity constants and their dependences on temperature, Mg2+ concentration, monovalent cation, and RNA mutations. Mg2+ and NH+4 are specifically bound by the RNA-protein complex, with apparent ion-RNA affinities of 1.6 mM−1 and 19 M−1, respectively, at 0°C. The effect of the thermostable L11 on the unfolding of a 60 nucleotide rRNA fragment containing its binding domain has been examined in melting experiments. The lowest temperature RNA transition, which is attributed to tertiary structure unfolding, is stabilized by ∼25°C, and the interaction has an intrinsic enthalpy of ∼13 kcal/mol. The thermal stability of the protein-RNA complex is enhanced by increasing Mg2+ concentration and by NH+4 relative to Na+. Thus L11, NH+4, and Mg2+ all bind and stabilize the same rRNA tertiary interactions, which are conserved and presumably important for ribosome function.
The safe face lift with bony anatomic landmarks to elevate the SMAS.

The risk of facial nerve injury has been reported to be increased with the inclusion of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) elevation as compared with a skin-only facelift. The facial nerve courses through the parotid gland. The SMAS is elevated superficial to the parotid gland. However, in elevating the SMAS anterior to the parotid gland, the facial nerve is at risk of injury where its branches emerge from the anterior edge of the parotid gland. The safe facelift technique uses bony anatomic landmarks to predict the location of the anterior edge of the parotid gland to avoid injury to the facial nerve branches as they exit the parotid gland. When extensive sub-SMAS dissection is undertaken, additional anatomic landmarks are used to predict the location of facial areas prone to injury of facial nerve branches anterior to the parotid gland.
Species variations in the foetal growth rates of eutherian mammals

While the larger cetaceans have the greatest known specific foetal growth rates (Huggett & Widdas, 1951), examination has shown that among land mammals of a particular Order, Sub-order or even Genus, there may be marked variation in rates.
Use of lasers for closure of cutaneous wounds: experience with Nd:YAG, argon and CO2 lasers.

. The concept of tissue fusion by laser has been recently established. In this study, we have examined the skin welding by laser and tested the efficacy of four different lasers for this application. The results attest to the feasibility of the procedure and suggest that laser welding may represent an alternative for closure of cutaneous wounds.
Mycophenolate Mofetil in Islet Cell Transplant: Variable Pharmacokinetics but Good Correlation Between Total and Unbound Concentrations

The authors investigated the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid over 1 year in 8 Caucasian women undergoing islet cell transplantation. Total mycophenolic acid AUC 0 - 1 2 mcgh/mL before day 60 was 62.1-67.8, declining to 33.6-64.7 thereafter (P =.61). Median total trough concentrations were 1.16-2.90 mcg/mL. Unbound AUC 0 - 1 2 was 412-673 ngh/mL and did not change over time (P =.30). Median percent unbound mycophenolic acid was 0.95% of total concentrations. Individual unbound and total mycophenolic acid concentrations were highly correlated (r 2 = 0.94). Total mycophenolic acid trough concentration and total AUC 0 - 1 2 were modestly correlated (r 2 = 0.65). Intra- and interpatient variability of systemic mycophenolic acid exposure was high. Six patients required dose reductions prior to day 60 due to adverse effects. All subjects achieved insulin independence; 3 later lost graft function. The trend toward higher exposure in the early periods followed by dose reductions suggests that lower initial doses and therapeutic drug monitoring may be necessary.
Influence of oscillatory magnetic fields on the electrical resistance in the intermediate state of superconducting lead films

Abstract We have measured the electrical resistance of superconducting lead films with thickness around 3 μm in a perpendicular magnetic field H0 at 4.2 K. A small oscillatory field H1 with frequency ω was applied parallel to H0, with |H1/H0| ≈ 10-3. The resistive voltage was found to pass through a maximum as a function of ω. The frequency ω∗ associated with the maximum voltage was rather independent of the sample current and the amplitude of H1. However, ω∗ increased strongly with increasing field H0. A reduction in the specimen area also shifted ω∗ to higher values. It is suggested that the voltage peaks are associated with compressional eigen modes in the flux structure of the films. The elastic properties of the system are very likely dominated by the long-range interaction between the flux bundles near the two surfaces of the films.
Effects of liver disease on fecal excretion of methadone and its unconjugated metabolites in maintenance patients. Quantitation by direct probe chemical lonization mass spectrometry

This study was performed to determine the amounts of methadone and unconjugated metabolites excreted in feces of otherwise healthy methadone maintained patients and to determine whether the metabolism and elimination of methadone, as assessed by analysis of feces, is altered in patients with liver disease. The method for analysis of fecal homogenates was modified from the methods previously developed by our laboratories for the quantitative measurements of methadone and its metabolites in urine, using chemical ionization mass spectrometry with direct probe insertion of specimens to improve sensitivity of analysis. Analysis of fecal homogenates from unmedicated volunteer patients showed that interferences at the mass range of interest (m/z 264 to 326) were usually very small, even smaller than those found in analyses of unmedicated urine specimens, and therefore would not introduce significant error into analysis. Nineteen patients stabilized in chronic methadone treatment for over two years were studied, including five otherwise healthy males and 14 patients with chronic liver disease (nine males and five females). Fecal collections were made over 24 h periods. Three consecutive fecal samples were collected over the required number of sequential 24 h intervals. Each of these fecal collections was analysed separately. Each analysis was made in triplicate, following extraction procedures. The concentrations of methadone and unconjugated metabolites varied due to biological, pharmacological, and analytical factors and ranged from 3.8 ng ml−1 to 42 μg ml−1 of fecal homogenate. The relative concentrations of each, in descending order, were pyrrolidine, pyrrolidone (plus hydroxymethadone), methadone, pyrroline, and methadol. The 24 h fecal excretion of methadone and its unconjugated metabolites was 8.4% (±0.9 SEM) of the administered methadone dose in otherwise healthy normal patients, 9.4% (±1.0 SEM) in male patients with chronic liver disease, and 12.3% (±1.9 SEM) in female patients with chronic liver disease; none of these values was significantly different from the others. The total amounts of methadone and of each unconjugated metabolite excreted in feces were not significantly different in patients with liver disease as compared with otherwise healthy patients.
Distribution of cardiac output and oxygen delivery in an acute animal model of single-ventricle physiology.

Background When single-ventricle physiology is established acutely (ie, after a Norwood procedure), the combination of limited cardiac output and hypoxemia could result in limited oxygen transport to systemic organs. This study investigates the regional distribution of cardiac output and oxygen delivery after creation of single-ventricle physiology. Methods Single-ventricle physiology was created in 8 piglets, and 8 other piglets served as sham control animals. Aortopulmonary shunt, echocardiography-guided atrial septostomy, tricuspid valve avulsion, and pulmonary artery occlusion allowed the left ventricle to support systemic and pulmonary circulations. Physiologic parameters and regional blood flow were determined at baseline and at 30 and 120 minutes after conversion to single-ventricle physiology. Parameters were compared by means of 1-way and 2-way analysis of variance. Results Single-ventricle physiology resulted in lower diastolic arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, and arterial oxygen saturation ( P P = .04). In contrast, in single-ventricle physiology regional blood flow was unchanged in the brain, higher in the myocardium ( P = .1), and mildly reduced in low-priority organs (liver, kidneys, and bowel). Cerebral oxygen delivery increased in control animals, whereas in animals with single-ventricle physiology, oxygen delivery decreased in the brain, liver, kidneys, and bowel ( P P Conclusions This study shows that in acute single-ventricle physiology hypoxemia and limited regional blood flow reduce oxygen transport to low-priority organs and partly to the brain. These findings might contribute to the understanding of gastrointestinal and neurologic complications in children with single-ventricle physiology.
A Quantitative Method for Separation of Semantic Subspaces.

A new method for separating affective and de notative meaning subsystems in semantic differen tial ratings of any homogeneous concept domain is developed and illustrated using personality ratings data. Results indicated that Osgood's Evaluation, Potency and Activity dimensions were dominant in the underlying semantic structure of personality conceptions and that four dimensions in the "other" subspace, orthogonal to Affect, were clearly interpretable, "affect-free" descriptive features of personalities. Possible applications of this model to other social and psychological research are dis cussed.
Radiofrequency radiation‐induced calcium ion efflux enhancement from human and other neuroblastoma cells in culture

To test the generality of radiofrequency radiation-induced changes in 45Ca2+ efflux from avian and feline brain tissues, human neuroblastoma cells were exposed to electromagnetic radiation at 147 MHz, amplitude-modulated (AM) at 16 Hz, at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.0005 W/kg. Significant 45Ca2+ efflux was obtained at SAR values of 0.05 and 0.005 W/kg. Enhanced efflux at 0.05 W/kg peaked at the 13-16 Hz and at the 57.5-60 Hz modulation ranges. A Chinese hamster-mouse hybrid neuroblastoma was also shown to exhibit enhanced radiation-induced 45Ca2+ efflux at an SAR of 0.05 W/kg, using 147 MHz, AM at 16 Hz. These results confirm that amplitude-modulated radiofrequency radiation can induce responses in cells of nervous tissue origin from widely different animal species, including humans. The results are also consistent with the reports of similar findings in avian and feline brain tissues and indicate the general nature of the phenomenon.
A $k$-Sample Slippage Test for an Extreme Population

A test is proposed for deciding whether one of k populations has slipped to the right of the rest, under the null hypothesis that all populations are continuous and identical. The procedure is to pick the sample with the largest observation, and to count the number of observations r in it which exceed all observations of all other samples. If all samples are of the same size n, n large, the probability of getting r or more such observations, when the null hypothesis is true, is about k1−r.
Gravity in mammalian organ development: Differentiation of cultured lung and pancreas rudiments during spaceflight

Organ culture of embryonic mouse lung and pancreas rudiments has been used to investigate development and differentiation, and to assess the effects of microgravity on culture differentiation, during orbital spaceflight of the shuttle Endeavour (mission STS-54). Lung rudiments continue to grow and branch during spaceflight, an initial result that should allow future detailed study of lung morphogenesis in microgravity. Cultured embryonic pancreas undergoes characteristic exocrine acinar tissue and endocrine islet tissue differentiation during spaceflight, and in ground controls. The rudiments developing in the microgravity environment of spaceflight appear to grow larger than their ground counterparts, and they may have differentiated more rapidly than controls, as judged by exocrine zymogen granule presence.
Minigenes impart odorant receptor-specific axon guidance in the olfactory bulb.

An olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) expresses selectively one member from a repertoire of ∼1000 odorant receptor (OR) genes and projects its axon to a specific glomerulus in the olfactory bulb. Both processes are here recapitulated by MOR23 and M71 OR minigenes, introduced into mice. Minigenes of 9 kb and as short as 2.2 kb are selectively expressed by neurons that do not coexpress the endogenous gene but coproject their axons to the same glomeruli. Deletion of a 395 bp upstream region in the MOR23 minigene abolishes expression. In this region we recognize sequence motifs conserved in many OR genes. Transgenic lines expressing the OR in ectopic epithelial zones form ectopic glomeruli, which also receive input from OSNs expressing the cognate endogenous receptor. This suggests a recruitment through homotypic interactions between OSNs expressing the same OR.
Intracerebroventricularly applied peptidase inhibitors increase endogenous angiotensin levels

Abstract Rats received the aminopeptidase inhibitors amastatin (AM) and bestatin (BE), and carboxypeptidase inhibitor Plummer's (PL) via intracerebroventriclar infusion in various combinations, i.e. PL alone, AM + BE, and a cocktail consisting of AM + BE + PL. Blood pressure responses were recorded and a postinfusion sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was radioimmunoassayed for endogenous angiotensin levels. Results indicate that CSF angiotensin was increased approximately 1.5× over control levels when PL was infused; a 2.5× increase accompanied AM + BE administration; and a 10.3× elevation was measured when all 3 inhibitors were infused as a cocktail. Concomitant elevations in blood pressure accompanied increased concentrations of angiotensin. We conclude that endogenous levels of angiotensin can be significantly increased in the ventricular space when a combination of these inhibitors is utilized to protect both the amino and carboxyl terminals of the angiotensin molecule from enzymatic degradation.
NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS AND PRACTICES IN THE HIV INFECTED PATIENT

Abstract Seventy-five HIV-seropositive, asymptomatic other than lymphadenopathy, homosexual males were studied to determine nutritional health beliefs and practices as well as general nutritional knowledge. A total of 80% of the participants reported dietary change at the time of, or subsequent to, HIV diagnosis. The most frequent dietary changes noted were decreased intake of animal products and alcohol in association with increased intake of vegetables, and seafood. The majority of participants (87%) indicated that vitamin and mineral supplements could favorably influence their immune function and thereby delay disease progression, with 59% reporting an increase in vitamins/mineral supplement consumption after HIV diagnosis. Regarding nutritional knowledge, 90% did not know the daily requirements for essential vitamins and minerals. Sources of nutritional information and counseling were most frequently provided by friends (75%) or newspapers/magazines (48%) and popular books (44%). Asymptomatic HIV-infected patients view nutritional issues as of key importance in maintaining their immune function. They frequently adopt strategies, however, based upon limited information and these strategies may at times, be ill-advised. Practitioners must work to provide the HIV-infected patient with information concerning basic nutritional needs as well as the most recent developments involving nutritional aspects of HIV infection.
Longitudinal measurement invariance of the metabolic syndrome: is the assessment of the metabolic syndrome stable over time?

Purpose Without verification of longitudinal measurement invariance, researchers cannot be certain whether observed change in the metabolic syndrome reflects true change or changes in assessment or structure of the construct over time. This research tested longitudinal measurement invariance of a 1-factor model of the metabolic syndrome during the course of 6 years. Methods Tests of longitudinal measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) were conducted on 604 men and women who participated in the Spokane Heart Study from 1996 to 2006. Metabolic syndrome indicators included body mass index, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose. Results Sequential configural and metric invariance models demonstrated adequate model fit, but the scalar invariance model led to a decrement in fit. Therefore, the theoretical framework of the syndrome and the relationships between the syndrome construct and the indicators appear to be equivalent over time. However, observed values of the metabolic syndrome indicators may differ across time when there is a constant level of the syndrome. Conclusions Because longitudinal invariance was not fully demonstrated, interpretation of change in the metabolic syndrome over time may be misleading because change may be partly attributable to measurement properties of the indicators. However, a cross-sectional 1-factor model of the metabolic syndrome is supported.
Monte Carlo study of dynamic universality in two-dimensional Potts models.

We have carried out extensive computer simulations of the dynamic critical behavior of L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L q-state Potts models for q=2, 3, and 4. We fit the equilibrium relaxation functions for energy and order parameter to a sum of exponential decays and use the finite-size dependence at ${T}_{c}$, \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\propto}${L}^{z}$, to extract estimates for z. We find for the longest relaxation time for both energy and for order parameter that z=2.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 describes all three values of q. Our results support the dynamic generalization of the ``weak universality'' hypothesis proposed by Suzuki.
The use of methylphenidate for cognitive decline associated with HIV disease.

Objective:Complaints of cognitive changes are often expressed by patients at all stages of HIV infection. Such changes include decreased memory and attention span, diminished concentration, apathy, and “slowing.” Methylphenidate (MPD) has been used in several clinical studies in men with late-stage HIV disease in an attempt to ameliorate these difficulties. The objectives of this review article are to review salient psychopharmacological characteristics of MPD and to describe the research and clinical literature supporting the use of MPD in patients at all stages of HIV infection.Methods:Seven studies, case reports, or abstracts from International Conferences on AIDS were available in the English literature through August, 1993, directly addressing the use of MPD in patients with HIV disease. Twenty-nine papers were reviewed for pharmacokinetic data, eighteen for safety and side effects issues, and seventeen for relevant contributions from the neuropsychological testing literature.Results:Studies in clini...
Transition to Adoptive Parenthood

The present paper presents a conceptual and empirical overview or the transition to adoptive parenthood. It is argued that prospective adoptive couples confront not only the universal problems faced by other adults in the transition to parenthood, but a host of challenges and hurdles that are unique to adoptive family life. It is also noted, however, that contrary to expectations, adoptive parents and their children appear to handle these additional stresses quite well, at least in the early period of the family life-cycle. Speculations are offered on the relationship between early and later patterns of adjustment within the adoptive family, as well as an overview of some of the methodological problems confronting researchers who undertake to study this area of family life.
Effect of Ring Size on the Far Ultraviolet Absorption and Photolysis of Cyclic Ethers

Absorption curves, tabulated extinction coefficients, and oscillator strengths are given for trimethylene oxide, ethylene oxide, and formaldehyde vapor in the spectral range 2000–1550 A. A comparison is made of the spectra and photochemical stability of these compounds with those of previously determined five‐ and six‐membered ring ethers.
Comparison of ground-based and spacecraft observations of the infrared emission from Venus: The nature of thermal contrasts

Abstract Comparisons are made between observations of spatial variations in the thermal emission from Venus obtained with ground-based telescopes and those from spacecraft. In particular, we concentrate on measurements of solar-related structure at low and mid-latitudes, limb-darkening, and on the high-contrast polar structure. We conclude that (1) the solar-related emission is predominantly wavenumber 2, although it contains a significant diurnal component; (2) the relative amplitudes of the semidiurnal and diurnal components vary with latitude; (3) thermally excited temperature waves or, alternatively, solar-driven vertical motions of the cloud top are better able to account for the magnitude of the solar-locked emission than brightness temperature contrasts resulting from variations in aerosol microphysical properties; (4) the equatorial limb-darkening shows the top of the main cloud to be diffuse and approximately uniformly mixed with the gas; (5) polar collars are persistent at least for several months but disappear on occasion; and (6) collars have been observed at both poles simultaneously, but whether simultaneous appearance is the exception or the rule is still in question.
Dual activation of GABAA and glycine receptors by β-alanine : inverse modulation by progesterone and 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one

The differential sensitivity of the glycine and GABAA receptors to modulation by progesterone and 5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one (5 alpha 3 alpha) was used to determine whether beta-alanine acts through its own receptor, or through the glycine and/or GABAA receptor(s). The response to beta-alanine resembles the glycine response as it is inhibited by strychnine (a competitive glycine antagonist) or progesterone (a negative modulator of the glycine response). Significantly, the response to beta-alanine also resembles the GABA response in that it is inhibited by 2-(carboxy-3'-propyl)-3-amino-6-paramethoxy-phenylpyridazinium+ ++ bromide (SR-95531; a competitive GABA antagonist) and potentiated by 5 alpha 3 alpha (a positive modulator of the GABA response). The efficacy of beta-alanine at the GABAA receptor is comparable to that of GABA. Similarly, the efficacy of beta-alanine at the glycine receptor is comparable to that of glycine. The greater potency of beta-alanine at the glycine receptor indicates that, if beta-alanine is a neurotransmitter, its effects are more likely to be mediated by glycine receptors than by GABAA receptors. However, activation of the GABAA receptor by beta-alanine may become important in the presence of steroid modulators such as progesterone or 5 alpha 3 alpha.
Bismercaptoethanediazacyclooctane as a N2S2 chelating agent and Cys-X-Cys mimic for Fe(NO) and Fe(NO)2.

The N-protonated bismercaptoethanediazacyclooctane serves as a bidentate dithiolate ligand to oxidized Fe(NO)2 of Enemark−Feltam notation, E−F {Fe(NO)2},9 mimicking Cys−X−Cys binding of Fe(NO)2 to proteins or thio-biomolecules. The neutral compound is characterized by the well-known g = 2.03 EPR signal which is a hallmark of dinitrosyl iron complexes, DNIC's. The Fe(NO)2 unit can be removed from the chelate by excess PhS-, producing (PhS)2Fe(NO)2-. Transfer of NO from Fe(H+bme-daco)(NO)2 (ν(NO) = 1740, 1696 cm-1) to FeII of [(bme-daco)Fe]2 yields the five-coordinate, square-pyramidal N2S2Fe(NO) (ν(NO) = 1649 cm-1), where NO is in the apical position. Its isotropic EPR signal at g = 2.05 is consistent with E−F {Fe(NO)}7 formulation. In excess NO, Roussin's red ester-type molecules are formed as dinuclear or tetranuclear species, {(μ-SRS)[Fe2(NO)4]}n (n =1, 2). These well-characterized molecules furnish reference points for positions and patterns in ν(NO) vibrational spectroscopy expected to be useful for i...
Cognitive processes supporting episodic memory formation in childhood: The role of source memory, binding, and executive functioning

Episodic memories contain various forms of contextual detail (e.g., perceptual, emotional, cognitive details) that need to become integrated. Each of these contextual features can be used to attribute a memory episode to its source, or origin of information. Memory for source information is one critical component in the formation of episodic memories. Likewise, the establishment of episodic memories also requires binding, which reflects the process of encoding the relations among stimuli and provides the experience that certain features of a memory episode belong together. The aims of the present review are to explore the roles of (1) cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in source memory and binding and how the development of these cognitive processes relates to episodic memory formation in childhood and (2) other higher-order cognitive processes, namely executive functioning, in early episodic memory development. We conclude by examining the challenges within this field of research, highlighting the role of other cognitive processes (e.g., sense of self, language, use of strategies) that may contribute to episodic memory formation, addressing areas that can be improved with additional research, and exploring directions for future work.