cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrograde Axonal Transport of Locally Synthesized Phosphoinositides in the Rat Sciatic Nerve

Although autoradiography has demonstrated local incorporation of [3H]inositol into axonal phospholipids after intraneural injection, retrograde axonal transport of phosphatidylinositol has only been demonstrated after injection of lipid precursor into the cell body regions (L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia) of the sciatic nerve. We now report the retrograde axonal transport of inositol phospholipids synthesized locally in the axons. Following microinjection of myo-[3H]inositol into the rat sciatic nerve (50-55 mm distal to L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia), a time-dependent accumulation of 3H label occurred in the dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to the injection site. The ratio of dpm present in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia to that in the contralateral dorsal root ganglia was not significantly different from unity between 2 and 8 h following isotope injection but increased to 10-12-fold between 24 and 72 h following precursor injection. By 24 h following precursor injection, the ipsilateral/contralateral ratio of the water-soluble label in the dorsal root ganglia still remained approximately 1.0, whereas the corresponding ratio in the chloroform/methanol-soluble fraction was approximately 20. The time course of appearance of labeled lipids in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia after injection of precursor into the nerve at various distances from the dorsal root ganglia indicated a transport rate of at least 5 mm/h. Accumulation of label in the dorsal root ganglia could be prevented by intraneural injection of colchicine or ligation of the sciatic nerve between the dorsal root ganglia and the isotope injection site. These results demonstrate that inositol phospholipids synthesized locally in the sciatic nerve are retrogradely transported back to the nerve cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia.
NADIR: An automated system for detecting network intrusion and misuse

This paper describes a misuse detection system for Los Alamos National Laboratory's Integrated Computing Network (ICN). This automated expert system, the Network Anomaly Detection and Intrusion Reporter (NADIR), streamlines and supplements the manual audit record review traditionally performed by security auditors. NADIR compares network activity, as summarized in weekly profiles of individual users and the ICN as a whole, against expert rules that define security policy and improper or suspicious behaviour. NADIR reports suspicious behaviour to security auditors and provides tools to aid in follow-up investigations. This paper describes analysis by NADIR of two types of ICN activity: user authentication and access control, and mass file storage. It highlights system design issues of data handling, exploiting existing auditing systems, and performing audit analysis at the network level.
Development of a tunable mid-IR difference frequency laser source for highly sensitive airborne trace gas detection.

The development of a compact tunable mid-IR laser system at 3.5 μm for quantitative airborne spectroscopic trace gas absorption measurements is reported. The mid-IR laser system is based on difference frequency generation (DFG) in periodically poled LiNbO3 and utilizes optical fiber amplified near-IR diode and fiber lasers as pump sources operating at 1083 nm and 1562 nm, respectively. This paper describes the optical sensor architecture, performance characteristics of individual pump lasers and DFG, as well as its application to wavelength modulation spectroscopy employing an astigmatic Herriott multi-pass gas absorption cell. This compact system permits detection of formaldehyde with a minimal detectable concentration (1σ replicate precision) of 74 parts-per-trillion by volume (pptv) for 1 min of averaging time and was achieved using calibrated gas standards, zero air background and rapid dual-beam subtraction. This corresponds to a pathlength-normalized replicate fractional absorption sensitivity of 2.5×10-10 cm-1.
The electronic structure of impurities and defects in SiO2

Abstract We describe a simple tight-binding model which gives qualitative understanding and quantitative estimates of the electronic energy levels of several classes of impurities, defects and impurity complexes in SiO 2
Improved defect detection performance at metal and contact etch levels using a new optical-comparison segmented-autothreshold technology

This report summarizes the results of a beta site evaluation performed on KLA's Segmented Auto-Threshold technology, more commonly known as S.A.T., in the TI's DP1 development facility form MArch to August 1996. This technique was primarily designed to eliminate the effect of nuisance defects at the metal etch levels and thereby allow the KLA machine to improve its sensitivity at these levels. Two S.A.T. recipe optimization techniques, basic and customized, were compared to the standard mean/range techniques being used today in manufacturing at contact etch, metal-1 etch, and metal-4 etch. The basic S.A.T. technique is a more simplified technique which is designed to be more easily implementable in a manufacturing environment but would probably not demonstrate as good a sensitivity as customized recipes. Customized recipes offer the promise of much better sensitivity but optimization is extremely involved and not readily implementable in manufacturing at this point. Results indicated that customized S.A.T. recipes captured several times more defects than seen by the traditional mean/range recipes at the metal etch levels.Conversely, basic S.A.T. showed little improvement over mean/range recipes at these types of levels. However, for contact etch only, basic S.A.T. did show significant improvement, finding almost three times as many defects as mean/range. For the metal etch levels, the significant increase in the number of defects caught with the customized S.A.T. recipes was observed for almost every defect type, including a very important category called 'shorts', which are particles whose positions on the die indicate a high probability to cause a probe failure. In addition to comparison data for defects detected on wafers randomly sampled form production lots at each of the 3 process levels, repeatability data rom dedicated product wafers ar also presented for both customized S.A.T. and basic S.A.T. recipes. The standard deviations of the repeatability data for both the customized and the basic S.A.T. recipes were as good or better than those seen with the mean/range recipes. Non- S.A.T. data are also shown for both before and after the S.A.T. hardware/software installation which verify no loss in system sensitivity due to the changes.
PPAR-γ Agonism as a Modulator of Mood: Proof-of-Concept for Pioglitazone in Bipolar Depression

Background Insulin resistance and other cardio-metabolic risk factors predict increased risk of depression and decreased response to antidepressant and mood stabilizer treatments. This proof-of-concept study tested whether administration of an insulin-sensitizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist could reduce bipolar depression symptom severity. A secondary objective was to determine whether levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin (IL)-6 predicted treatment outcome.
Analysis of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) results at The Ohio State University

This system uses a series of 15 apertures of gradually decreasing diameters in order to provide theablation profile. The so-called 'recipe' provided at each surgery is a formula specifying the number ofpulses delivered at each aperture, which is calculated internally based on preop average K and targetDioptric correction. The laser system automatically provides the appropriate number of pulses ateach aperture based on the internal formula. The surgeon has control only of the input parametersand the foot pedal by which the procedure may be initiated or halted.
Tribute to Jerome Namias: The Scripps Era*

During his tenure (1941–71) at the National Weather Service, Jerome Namias pushed his attention and the meteorological community’s from extended weather fluctuations (his 5-day forecasting monograph was published in 1947) to short period climate variability (90-day forecasts were begun in 1958) (Namias 1964). E. Rasmusson’s (1998) companion paper describes Namias’s pioneering years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the National Weather Service. In search of mechanisms that could explain systematic evolutions or inordinately persistent atmospheric circulations, Namias had identified anomalous conditions at the lower boundary (Namias 1963) to be a likely influence (Haney 1986; Anthes and Kuo 1986; Walsh 1986). Toward this notion, his later career became a three-decade (1968–89) marathon that was instrumental in developing the climate community’s recognition that climate fluctuations were tied strongly to boundary influences, including sea surface temperature, soil moisture, and snow cover. Moreover, these were key elements in the extended range forecast problem. Namias had grown tired of government budget and organizational battles (Namias 1986), despite a rich career at the National Weather Service where he had participated in the revolution that produced both a newly found structure of the atmosphere and the advent of weather forecasting as a true physical science. Also, mentor Carl Rossby, and friend and supporter Harry Wexler1 had passed away, and long-time collaborator Phil Clapp was retiring. At the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, he found his “second wind,” a highly productive era in which he published some 70 papers and at least 20 other documents. Most of these explored various aspects of short period climate variations and their predictability (Namias 1975a, 1983a, 1992).
Torsional Stiffness of Multicell Hollow Sections

Torsional stiffness is one of the member section properties commonly used in the 3D finite-element structural analysis. The explicit formulas for the torsional properties in both thin-walled open cross sections and single thin-walled closed sections, except for multicell closed sections, can be easily found in most textbooks and structural design handbooks. This paper presents the closed forms for the torsional stiffness in both twin-cell and three-cell closed sections.
Charged particle reactions from 7Li + p at 30 MeV

Abstract Charged-particle reactions resulting from the bombardment of thin isotopic 7Li targets have been studied at an incident proton energy of 30.3 MeV. Differential cross sections have been obtained for the (p, d) reaction to the ground state and first two excited states of 6Li and for the (p, t), (p, 3He) and (p, α) reactions to the ground states of the respective residual nuclei. A DWBA analysis has been used to fit the (p, d) experimental data, and relative spectroscopic factors have been extracted. The 7Li(p, pd)5He angular correlation has been studied; the results were compared with those obtained for the 6Li(p, pd)4He reaction at the same energy.
Development of ANC methods for fMRI rooms; Design challenges and algorithms

Presence of strong broadband acoustic noise interferes with imaging process and diagnostic procedures in Magnetic Resonance Imaging rooms, especially in functional MRI (fMRI) applications. In this paper, we present active noise control (ANC) methods for reducing the acoustic noise generated by a 3-Tesla fMRI machine during the scan using Echo-Planar Imaging (EPI) technique. Properties and decomposition of the noise and distributed nature of the source are used in developing new ANC methods and adaptive algorithms for real-time applications. The methods are tested in testbed and fMRI room. Test results are presented showing the performance of proposed methods.
Measurements of the giant dipole resonance with monoenergetic photons

Photoneutron cross-section data obtained with monoenergetic photon beams are presented, many of them in graphical form in a uniform format. Tables of values for quantities derived directly from the data, such as integrated cross sections, and for quantities derived indirectly from the data, such as parameters of Lorentz curves fitted to the data, are presented as well. Average properties of the giant dipole resonance obtained from the data are compared with theory, as are more general nuclear quantities, such as symmetry energies, deformations, and level-density parameters. Structure in the cross sections and various other special topics are discussed, and a survey and a critique of the experimental techniques used to obtain the data are included.
Shear piezoelectricity in single‐wall carbon nanotube/poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) composites

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been added to high molecular weight poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate), or PBLG, to evaluate their effects on the polymer's shear piezoelectricity. While the addition of SWCNTs increased various PBLG physical properties such as electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, several mechanical properties, and electrostriction coefficient, the shear piezoelectricity remained constant up to a 0.3 wt % SWCNT concentration. The composite crystallinity, orientation, and SWCNT alignment (measured by X-ray diffraction, birefringence, and polarized Raman spectroscopy, respectively) were found to be constant up to this same concentration, corroborating the shear piezoelectric findings. PBLG composites made with acid-treated (and therefore less electrically conductive) SWCNTs exhibited similar shear piezoelectric behavior, indicating that neither the SWCNT type, concentration (up to the percolation threshold), nor electrical conductivity influences PBLG shear piezoelectricity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
The role of asynchronous bond formation in the diastereoselective epoxidation of cyclic enol ethers: a density functional theory study.

Density functional theory (DFT) (Becke3LYP functional and the D95** basis set) was used to study the influence of substitution on the dimethyldioxirane epoxidation reaction of six- and seven-membered cyclic enol ethers. In agreement with our previously reported experimental results, the calculations predict that substitution on the cyclic enol ether influences the level of diastereoselectivity. Apparent only from the calculations is that the degree of synchronicity in the transition state is important in the diastereoselectivity.
Review of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Influenza

Abstract Influenza is unique among viral infections because of its propensity for seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, and because of the morbidity and mortality that result from its pulmonary complications. In contrast to the majority of viruses, effective well-tolerated influenza vaccines, antivirals and chemoprophylaxis are available. The need for a timely diagnosis, which allows for optimal use of these treatments, led to the introduction of numerous rapid diagnostic tests (with turnaround times of less than 30 minutes). However, during influenza season, clinical diagnosis (based on cough and high fever of acute onset) can be highly predictive of influenza. Thus diagnostic tests are not required for all patients with suspected influenza but may be of value if the clinical diagnosis is unclear and if antiviral or antibiotic treatment is a consideration. When evaluating performance of various rapid diagnostic tests for influenza, it is important to consider the type and quality of specimen and type of patient to be tested. Specimen-type drives performance of the rapid diagnostic tests. Swab specimens, particularly throat swabs are the most frequently submitted but least desirable specimen-type. Thus, although current rapid diagnostic tests are specific for influenza, sensitivity is highly variable. To improve diagnostic accuracy, a nasal/nasopharyngeal aspirate or sputum specimen should be obtained. Because of their highly variable sensitivity and negative predictive value, it is our opinion, that rapid diagnostic tests should only be used in influenza season and that results should be confirmed with virus culture. Despite these reservations, during influenza-season, detection of influenza by rapid diagnostic test may, potentially, be of great benefit to the patient and public health.
Signal exchange in the Bradyrhizobium-soybean symbiosis

Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium are able to infect and establish an N2-fixing symbiosis with a variety of leguminous plants. The result of this infection process is the formation of a novel plant organ, the nodule, in which the bacteria reside. This nodulation process is controlled, at least in part, by the exchange of diffusable signals between the bacterial symbiont and plant host. Understanding this signaling process in plant-microbe interactions may lead to agronomic benefit. The bacterial nodulation genes are essential for the infection of the host root and the establishment of the nodule. The expression of these genes requires the NodD regulatory protein and the presence of specific flavonoids released from the host plant roots. Our research on B. japonicum, symbiont of soybean, has shown that, in addition to these factors, nod gene expression requires NodVW, members of the large family of two-component regulatory proteins. In addition to positive regulators, nod gene expression is controlled by a repressor, NolA. The proteins encoded by the nod genes encode the biosynthesis of substituted lipo-chitin molecules (so-called nod factors). B. japonicum strains produce a large variety of nod factors but the common and most active factor is a pentamer of ca. 1–4 linked N-acetylglucosamine acylated at the non-reducing end with vaccenic acid and substituted at the reducing, terminal sugar with 2-O-methylfucose. This purified molecule induces root hair curling and cortical cell division in soybean roots when applied at nm concentrations or lower. The products of the nodABC genes apparently encode for the synthesis of the acylated lipo-chitin backbone while specific modifications to this molecule are made by proteins encoded by the host-specific nodulation genes. In B. japonicum, NodZ encodes for the fucosylation of the terminal, reducing sugar. The diversity of regulatory responses and signal molecules involved in legume nodulation is an important determinant of host species and genotype specificity. In the latter case, the specificity shown by plant genotypes for particular rhizobial strains may be of importance in bacterial interstrain competition, an important agronomic problem for the enhancement of symbiotic N2 fixation. Understanding the signaling pathways between rhizobia and their host plants may allow modifications of this interaction to improve symbiotic performance.
Timing of anthesis for staminate flowers on Halophila engelmannii aschers. From Texas and Halophila decipiens ostenfeld from Panama

Abstract Seedlings of Halophila engelmannii Aschers. from Redfish Bay, Texas, and H. decipiens Otenfeld from Toro Point, Panama, opened statminate flowers in light. Among 12 H. engelmanii seedlings and 11 H. decipiens seedlings that had been germinated in the laboratory, flowers opened during a 9-h light period extending from the commencement of ligh at 05.30 until mid-afternoon, 14.30. Unopened flowers that were monitored in subsequent light from 14.30 until the time of darkness at 20.30 did not reach anthesis until the following day. The lenght of the light period for anthesis, 9 h, correlated with the length of the night.
A Trip to the Mountains: Travel and Social Relations in the Catskill Mountains of New York

The Catskill Mountains in upstate New York have been a tourist destination since the early nineteenth century. At a superficial level, the history of Catskill tourism follows a basic trajectory from elite destination in the nineteenth century to more inclusive tourist area in the twentieth century. This trajectory incorporates a “trickle down” theory of tourism and leisure that masks the complexity of changes in social relations. Jewish tourism in the Catskills evidences how class, ethnic, and gender relations intertwined in the creation of a specific place—the Borscht Belt. Archaeology in the Borscht Belt places tourism within larger capitalist relations in America and complicates concepts of tourism as consumption and leisure.
Hemodynamic significance of pediatric femur fractures

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether hemodynamically significant bleeding occurs after pediatric femur fractures. Method: A retrospective chart review was performed; demographic and injury data were collected for all patients with the diagnosis of femur fracture over a 30-month period at a level I pediatric trauma center. Included were patients with multisystem injury and patients with femur fractures as the only injury. The incidence of hemodynamic insufficiency, the reasons for and timing of transfusions, and the changes in hematocrit levels over time were evaluated. Results: One hundred seventy-eight children were identified (182 femur fractures). There were 116 boys and 62 girls, and the mean age was 6.04 ± 4.5 years (range, 1 month to 19 years). The mechanisms of injury included falls (46), pedestrian/motor vehicle accidents (43), motor vehicle crashes (19), sports accidents (22), abuse (10), and miscellaneous (38). The mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 5.88 ± 3.93 (range, 4 to 29). There were no deaths. The length of hospital stay was 8.13 ± 9.37 days (range, 1 to 43 days). Prehospital treatment included early immobilization. Fracture treatment was according to recognized orthopedic techniques based on age, size, and fracture configuration. The mean hematocrit in the emergency department was 34% ± 3.5% (range, 27.8% to 44.4%) and 32% ± 6.6% (range, 16.9% to 47.8%) at 24 hours. 67 patients (38%) suffered multiple injuries. Mean ISS for this group was 9.4 ± 5.0 (range, 5 to 29). Four patients had hemodynamic insufficiency at the time of admission. All were in the multiple-injury group. Seven of these 67 patients (10%) required transfusion—three in the first 24 hours (two in the emergency department [associated with severe facial/scalp bleeding] and one in the operating room [associated with severe liver injury]) and four after the first 24 hours (three associated with intraoperative orthopedic procedures and one with a hemothorax). The mean age of those who underwent transfusion was 8.29 ± 4.79 years, and their mean ISS was 13.71 ± 4.61. All patients who required transfusion had been injured in motor vehicle crashes or in pedestrian/motor vehicle accidents. One hundred eleven children had isolated closed femur fractures. No patient in this group had evidence of hemodynamic insufficiency or required transfusion. The initial mean hematocrit was 34.5% ± 2.7%, and the mean 24-hour hematocrit was 34.6% ± 3.2%. We found that (1) no child with an isolated closed femur fracture had evidence of hemodynamic instability, or showed significant blood loss as evidenced by a decreasing hematocrit at 24 hours, and (2) in this series, evidence of hemodynamic insufficiency and/or the need for transfusion was found only in multiply injured children. Conclusion: Hemodynamic instability or evidence of a declining hematocrit in the child should not be attributed to a closed femur fracture and that other sources of blood loss must be found.
Microfabrication of Bubble Cavities in PDMS for Cell Sorting and Storage Applications

We describe a novel technique, low surface energy gas expansion molding (GEM), to fabricate microbubble arrays in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) which are incorporated into parallel plate flow chambers and tested in microcell culture and cell sorting applications. This architecture confers several operational advantages that distinguish this technology approach from the current state. Here in we describe the GEM molding process and the parameters that are used control microbubble formation. We introduce a vacuum-assisted coating process developed to selectively and spatially alter the PDMS surface chemistry in the wells and on the microchannel surface. We describe results from preliminary microparticle image velocimetery (μPIV) studies conducted to investigate fluid streams above and within microbubble wells and conclude with a discussion of our initial efforts to integrate optical sensors in PDMS.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Hostility and perceived social support: interactive effects on cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stressors.

Background: Previous research has identified trait hostility and social isolation as possible psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, few studies have examined hostility and social support simultaneously to determine their independent and possible interactive relations with CHD and disease-promoting mechanisms.Purpose: Hypotheses derived from a general interpersonal model were tested in a study examining trait hostility and perceived social support as predictors of cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stressors.Methods: Healthy college students (53 men, 55 women) performed speech and mental arithmetic tasks while blood pressure and heart rate were monitored.Results: There was an interactive effect of hostility and perceived social support on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) reactivity. Higher hostility scores were associated with greater SBP reactivity for participants who were high in perceived social support; whereas for those with low social support scores, greater hostility was associated with somewhat less SBP reactivity. The same pattern was obtained for DBP, but only during the speech task.Conclusions: These findings encourage further research conceptualizing trait hostility within a general interpersonal framework that calls attention to both positive and negative person-environment transactions.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF NERVE EXCITABILITY: THE USE OF PROTEIN MODIFYING REAGENTS FOR CHARACTERIZING SITES INVOLVED IN NERVE EXCITATION

— A variety of protein modifying reagents were applied to crab nerves extracellularly while monitoring the action potentials. These reagents were also applied to squid giant axons intracellularly, while monitoring the action potentials, and for some compounds the membrane resistance and resting membrane potential. The effects of modifying sulfhydryl, imidazole, amino, and methionine groups on the nerve excitability were examined. These studies revealed that imidazole and sulfhydryl groups are present on the axoplasmic side of the axolemma and that chemical modification of these groups leads to block of nerve conduction. When various reagents which modify amino groups were applied either from the inside of squid axons or to the outside of crab nerves, the excitability was not usually affected. The suppression of excitability due to the effect of some of these amino reagents could be attributed to the modification of groups other than amino groups. The hydrolytic action of cyanogen bromide was found to be effective in bringing about conduction block, suggesting that there exist accessible methionine groups in protein molecules which must remain intact in order to maintain nerve conduction.
The effects of option framing on consumer choices: Making decisions in rational versus experiential processing modes

In the marketplace, consumers often encounter framed scenarios for optional product features, whereby they can add desired product options to a base model or delete undesired product options from a fully loaded model. The results of two experiments show that such option framing can influence consumers' decision making regarding the total number of finally chosen product options. Also, consumers' processing modes – rational versus experiential, can influence their choice behavior under option framing. Specifically, consumers choose a higher number of options in the delete (versus add) frame, and the effect is magnified when making decisions in an experiential mode, and it is diminished when making decisions in a rational mode. Moreover, cognitive constraints further moderate these effects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of plastic nonlinear waves in one-dimensional ductile granular chains under impact loading

Abstract A modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was used to load one-dimensional granular chains of metallic spheres under impact loading rates. These homogeneous chains, comprised of brass spherical beads ranging from a single sphere to a chain of sixteen, are of interest because of their unique wave propagation characteristics. In the elastic range, for loads around 10 s of N, nonlinear elastic solitary waves have been observed to form. In this work, loading magnitudes spanning from 9 kN to 40 kN – considerably higher than most previous works on these systems which have been conducted in the elastic regime – cause the granular chains to severely deform plastically. The aim of this study is to identify whether a nonlinear solitary-type wave will be generated under such high load levels, and if so, under what conditions ( e.g. , chain length, load level, etc .) it will do so. The propagating pulse was found to assume a distinctive shape after travelling through five beads, similar to the elastic case where solitary waves are realized with a traveling wavelength of five bead diameters. The wave speed of the plastic pulses observed here was seen to depend on maximum force, indicating that indeed it is a nonlinear wave in nature and is comparable to the elastic solitary wave. Locally, the plastic dissipation at every contact point through the chains was studied by measuring the residual plastic contact area. It was found that after the formation of the plastic nonlinear solitary wave had occurred there is also decreasing plastic deformation along the chain length except at the end beads in contact with the SHPB, which rebound into the SHPB bar causing larger plastic dissipation locally. To our knowledge this research is the first effort to investigate in detail the development and evolution of solitary-like waves in the plastic regime and will form the basis of future work in this area.
Effect of watering and soil moisture on mercury emissions from soils

This paper presents data from experiments that measured Mercury (Hg) flux as a function of water addition and subsequent soil drying, and maintenance of soil water content over time utilizing small dynamic gas exchange chambers and large mesocosms. When soil surfaces were dry and water was added at an amount less than that necessary to saturate the soil an immediate large (relative to dry soil flux) release of Hg occurred. Diel Hg emissions from soils, unenriched (0.02 μg g−1) and enriched (3 μg g−1) in Hg and wet below saturation, were significantly elevated above that occurring from dry soils (2–5 times depending on soil water content) for weeks to months. Enhancement of emissions from wet soils in direct sunlight were greater than that from soils shaded or in the dark suggesting that a synergism exists between soil moisture and light. When soils were watered to saturation Hg emissions were suppressed or remained the same depending on the degree of saturation. It is hypothesized that the addition of soil water in amounts less than that necessary to saturate the soil surface results in an immediate release of elemental Hg from soil surface as the more polar water molecule out competes Hg for binding sites. As the water moves into the soil, Hg adsorbed to soil particles is desorbed into soil gas and dissolved in the soil water. The process of evaporation facilitates movement of Hg as mass flow to the soil surface where it is made available for subsequent release. The latter is hypothesized to be an important process by which Hg is recharged at the soil–air interface.
N-Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (NMOS) Silicon Signal Processors For On-Focal-Plane Applications

The next generation of infrared systems will provide dramatic increases in sensitivity and resolution due to the larger number of detectors that can be included on the focal plane. Current IR imaging systems utilize a relatively small number of detectors (typically fewer than 200) and each is connected to an individual video processing circuit. The higher detector densities afforded by new IR semiconductor technologies clearly require signal processing on the focal plane, if for no other reason than simplification of the cryostat/system interface. However, the relative immaturity of these new detector technologies currently requires conditioning of the detector signals in order to achieve a signal-to-noise ratio dictated by shot noise on the incident radiation (so called "background limited performance", or BLIP). This paper describes the application of silicon n-channel MOS (NMOS) technology to the development of analog circuitry for IR signal processing.
Effects of the XYY karyotype in one of two brothers with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

One of two brothers with the virilizing adrenogenital syndrome manifested slow psychomotor development and was initially diagnosed as having “infantile autism”. He developed an osteogenic sarcoma, and skin, lymphocytes and cultured tumor cells showed a 47, XYY karyotype. The younger brother shows normal behavior and has a 46, XY chromosome constitution. Both children showed the same hormonal response to steroid suppression therapy, but the XYY boy continued in an abnormal growth pattern.
In vitro culture of the common cattle grub for six weeks after hatching.

In vitro techniques have been used to study the development and physiology of the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (de Villers), from the early oesophageal stage to the molting to the penultimate (2nd) instar (Beesley 1967, Chamberlain et al. 1969); some larvae survived for over 100 days in these tests. I now report the results obtained when these techniques were used to study the development from the egg to an equivalent of the early oesophageal stage.
Positivity-preserving discontinuous Galerkin schemes for linear Vlasov-Boltzmann transport equations

We develop a high-order positivity-preserving discontinuous Galerkin (DG) scheme for linear Vlasov-Boltzmann transport equations (Vlasov-BTE) under the action of quadratically confined electrostatic potentials. The solutions of such BTEs are positive probability distribution functions and it is very challenging to have a mass-conservative, high-order accurate scheme that preserves positivity of the numerical solutions in high dimensions. Our work extends the maximum-principle-satisfying scheme for scalar conservation laws in a recent work by X. Zhang and C.-W. Shu to include the linear Boltzmann collision term. The DG schemes we developed conserve mass and preserve the positivity of the solution without sacrificing accuracy. A discussion of the standard semi-discrete DG schemes for the BTE are included as a foundation for the stability and error estimates for this new scheme. Numerical results of the relaxation models are provided to validate the method.
Review article: the role of serotonergic agents in the treatment of patients with primary chronic constipation

Chronic constipation is a highly prevalent disorder that is associated with significant direct and indirect costs and has substantial impact on patient quality of life. It is more common among women and non-white populations and is evenly distributed across adult age groups. Constipation is a heterogeneous disorder associated with multiple symptoms and aetiologies. Recent research has increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder and the central role of the neurotransmitter serotonin in mediating gastrointestinal motility, secretion and sensation. Abnormal serotonin signalling and reuptake appear to play central roles in the symptoms of a subset of patients with chronic constipation. This observation provides a rationale for the use of targeted serotonergic agents for the treatment of chronic constipation. As the role of serotonin in gastrointestinal function is further elucidated and additional candidate drugs are developed, it is likely that serotonergic agents will afford additional treatment options for patients with chronic constipation. This article provides a concise review of the evidence supporting a role for serotonin in the pathogenesis of chronic constipation and a summary of the currently available evidence supporting the use of serotonergic agents for this disorder.
Colocalization of Inflammatory Response with B7-H1 Expression in Human Melanocytic Lesions Supports an Adaptive Resistance Mechanism of Immune Escape

In the movie The Great Escape , “problem” prisoners with multiple escape attempts are put in an “escape-proof” POW camp, where they use their cleverness and specialized skills to outwit their captors. However, when it comes to escaping, even Steve McQueen doesn’t have anything on cancer cells. Although human cancers express tumor antigens recognized by the immune system, host immune responses often fail to control tumor growth. Taube et al. now explain one way in which tumor cells may adapt to escape from immune surveillance. The researchers found a strong association between expression of the immune-inhibitory molecule B7-H1 (PD-L1) on melanocytes and immune cell infiltration into tumors in patients with different stages of melanoma. The B7-H1+ melanocytes were found directly adjacent to the immune cells, with interferon-γ detected at the melanocyte–immune cell interface. Interferon-γ, which is secreted by the immune cells, induces B7-H1 expression; thus, the tumor may adapt by causing immune cells to trigger their own inhibition. Indeed, patients with B7-H1+ metastatic melanoma had prolonged overall survival when compared with B7-H1− metastatic melanoma patients, perhaps suggesting that B7-H1 expression by the tumors is stimulated by a more successful immune response. It remains to be seen whether blocking B7-H1 in these patients will further improve survival. But it is clear that for both prisoners and tumors, adaptation is the key to escape.
V Fenstermaker, Y Chen, A Ghosh, R Yuste. Regulation of dendritic length and branching by Semaphorin 3A, Journal of Neurobiology (2004) 58(3) 403–412

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Journal of Neurobiology (2004) 58(3) 403–412
Change in catalytic activity of aluminum chloride-butylbenzene complex during storage

1. The preparation of a butylbenzene complex is accompanied by partial cracking of the butylbenzene fraction. 2. Along with cracked products, butylbenzene condensation products are formed; with aluminum chloride, these give a complex that is inactive in isobutene polymerization. 3. The unsaturated bonds in the molecules of the complex facilitate the addition of oxygen from the atmosphere during storage, leading to resinification and loss of catalyst activity.
Application of an Engineering Inviscid-Boundary Layer Method to Slender Three-Dimensional Vehicle Forebodies

An engineering inviscid-boundary layer method has been modified for application to slender three-dimensional (3-D) forebodies which are characteristic of transatmospheric vehicles. An improved shock description in the nose region has been added to the inviscid technique which allows the calculation of a wider range of body geometries. The modified engineering method is applied to the perfect gas solution over a slender 3-D configuration at angle of attack. The method predicts surface pressures and laminar heating rates on the windward side of the vehicle that compare favorably with numerical solutions of the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations. These improvements extend the 3-D capabilities of the engineering method and significantly increase its design applications.
Special Issue of Quantitative Finance on ‘Behavioral Finance’

In the 1930s, when Keynes was writing about the importance of psychology in The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, psychologists had not yet developed the tools upon which modern be...
Gefitinib is effective against juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma in vitro.

Background Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas (JPAs) are the most common central nervous system tumors in children. If completely resected, JPAs are associated with an excellent outcome. However, there is need for additional therapeutic approaches for those JPAs which are incompletely resected and fail subsequent standard chemotherapy/radiation. To explore the possibility for a novel therapeutic approach we measured the effect of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib on five JPA primary cell-cultures. Procedure Due to a lack of established cell-lines of JPA very few in vitro drug sensitivity assays have been performed. In this study we have succeeded in propagating short-term primary cell-cultures established from surgical specimens. The effect of gefitinib on proliferation in JPA derived primary cell-cultures was measured by a standard tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. The level of expression of EGFR, the intended target of gefitinib, was measured by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Results Gefitinib was shown to inhibit proliferation in all five JPA cell-cultures tested, with IC-50's between 1.6 and 9.6 µM. However, EGFR protein and mRNA expression was undetectable. Further studies with cetuximab, an EGFR-specific inhibitory monoclonal antibody, showed no effect on proliferation in JPA. Conclusions Based on these preclinical data, gefitinib may be a suitable salvage chemotherapy drug to explore further in those patients with JPA who have recurred after primary chemotherapy. Of interest, it appears that the anti-tumor effect of gefitinib in JPA cell-cultures may be mediated through a pathway other than EGFR inhibition. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;47:293–298. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Temporal relation of the second heart sound to aortic flow in various conditions

Abstract To establish the temporal relation of the second heart sound to left ventricular ejection during various conditions of preload, afterload and ventricular function, the electromagnetic aortic flow, aortic pressure, left atrial pressure, external phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram were recorded in 15 open chest chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Propranolol and atropine were infused to hold heart rate and contractility relatively constant. Preload was varied by volume changes, afterload by aortic constriction or angiotensin or methoxamine infusion, and ventricular function by citrate or barbiturate infusion. Fifteen-hundred cycles were analyzed using photographic recordings at 200 mm/sec with 0.04 or 0.004 second time lines. The onset of the second heart sound occurred an average of 5.2 ± 2.6 msec before the nadir of flow reversal and 23.2 ± 5.7 msec after the onset of rapid deceleration of flow. The latter interval could be varied by preload, afterload or changes in ventricular function without changes in the relation of the second sound to flow reversal. Recordings of the first derivative of aortic flow revealed the onset of the second heart sound to occur simultaneously with peak deceleration of aortic flow (0.3 ± 2 msec) under all hemodynamic conditions. External and internal systolic intervals correlated well during all maneuvers ( r = 0.90, P
Entrepreneurial capitalism: if America leads will Europe follow?

What differentiates US capitalism from all other forms of industrial capitalism is its historical focus on both the creation of wealth (entrepreneurship) and the reconstitution of wealth (philanthropy). Philanthropy is part of the implicit social contract that continuously nurtures and revitalizes economic prosperity. Much of the new wealth created historically has been given back to the community, to build up the great social institutions that have a positive feedback on future economic growth. This entrepreneurship‐philanthropy nexus has not been fully explored by either economists or the general public. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that US philanthropists – especially those who have made their own fortunes – create foundations that, in turn, contribute to greater and more widespread economic prosperity through knowledge creation. If we do not analyze philanthropy we can understand neither how economic development occurred nor what accounts for US economic dominance.
Desegregation Design and Implementation An Interorganizational Perspective

School desegregation plans are affected both by interrelations of schools, courts, and city government and by the political and economic agendas of actors.
Three-Dimensional Visualization of Gammaherpesvirus Life Cycle in Host Cells by Electron Tomography

Gammaherpesviruses are etiologically associated with human tumors. A three-dimensional (3D) examination of their life cycle in the host is lacking, significantly limiting our understanding of the structural and molecular basis of virus-host interactions. Here, we report the first 3D visualization of key stages of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 life cycle in NIH 3T3 cells, including viral attachment, entry, assembly, and egress, by dual-axis electron tomography. In particular, we revealed the transient processes of incoming capsids injecting viral DNA through nuclear pore complexes and nascent DNA being packaged into progeny capsids in vivo as a spool coaxial with the putative portal vertex. We discovered that intranuclear invagination of both nuclear membranes is involved in nuclear egress of herpesvirus capsids. Taken together, our results provide the structural basis for a detailed mechanistic description of gammaherpesvirus life cycle and also demonstrate the advantage of electron tomography in dissecting complex cellular processes of viral infection.
Cryopreservation: a reliable method for long-term storage and culture of isolated non-proliferating rat hepatocytes

Primary hepatocyte cultures provide a unique system for studying hepatic drug metabolism and liver toxicity from exposure to xenobiotics. Major difficulties associated with hepatocyte cultures have been the time-dependent decline in levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes, as well as the loss of differential function. Because each liver cell preparation has a limited lifespan in culture, a reliable method for storing metabolically viable hepatocytes for extended periods would be very useful. The purpose of this study has been to develop an effective long-term cryopreservation storage procedure for freshly isolated hepatocytes with studies designed to assess changes in recovery and viability, and to assess light microscope observable changes in culture morphology.