cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traumatic Brain Injury and the Americans with Disabilities Act: Implications for the Social Work Profession

The practice of social work has been greatly affected by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). Title I of the statute prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities, including the increasing number of workers who are returning to work after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). This article examines the extent to which the ADA protects those with TBI from being harassed, being denied reasonable workplace accommodations, or suffering other adverse actions related to perceived discrimination. To do so, it relies on judicial decisions from U.S. federal courts involving alleged workplace discrimination of this population. Implications for social work practice are noted with the intent of increasing ADA awareness among professionals providing services to people who meet the criteria for disability under the ADA as well as to those persons who do not. The authors hope to encourage social workers to rely on case law analysis as a mechanism to provide further evidence of the systematic problems faced by people with TBI and thus increase their visibility.
Nischarin as a functional imidazoline (I1) receptor.

Gene matching shows that Nischarin is a mouse homologue of human imidazoline receptor antisera-selective (IRAS) protein, a viable candidate of the imidazoline (I1) receptor. Nischarin and IRAS share the functions of enhancing cell survival, growth and migration. Bioinformatics modeling indicates that the IRAS and Nischarin may be transmembrane proteins and the convergence information raises the interesting possibility that Nischarin might serve as the I1-receptor. To test this hypothesis, we developed antibodies against the Nischarin protein, and conducted signal transduction (functional) studies with the I1-receptor agonist rilmenidine in the presence and absence of Nischarin antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). NIH3T3 cells transfected with the Nischarin cDNA and incubated with the newly synthesized antibody expressed a 190 kD band. The antibody identified endogenous Nischarin in differentiated PC12 cells around 210 kD, which is consistent with reported findings in other cells of neuronal origin. The immunoflourescence findings showed the targeted protein to be associated with the cell membrane in PC12 cells. Nischarin ODNs abolished the expression of Nischarin in PC12 cells. Equally important, the Nischarin ODNs eliminated the production of MAPKp42/44, a recognized signal transduction product generated by I1-receptor activation in differentiated PC12 cells. Together, the present findings suggest that Nischarin may serve as the functional I1-receptor or at least share a common signaling pathway in the differentiated PC12 cells.
Synthesis, antifolate, and antitumor activities of classical and nonclassical 2-amino-4-oxo-5-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines.

Classical and nonclassical isosteric C8−N9 bridged analogues of the multitargeted antifolate LY231514 were synthesized as inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and as antitumor and antiopportunistic infection agents. The syntheses of the analogues were accomplished by reductive amination of the appropriate anilines with 2-amino-4-oxo-5-cyanopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (28) followed by saponification of the ethyl esters, for the classical analogue 6. The N9-methyl analogues were obtained from the N9−H precursors by reductive methylation. In general, the nonclassical compounds 7−17 were similar in potency to TMP against Toxoplasma gondii DHFR, with selectivity ratios greater than 38 and 21 for 11 and 16, respectively. These compounds were poor inhibitors of Pneumocystis carinii DHFR and rat liver DHFR. The nonclassical analogues were also inactive against TS. The classical analogue 6 was a marginal inhibitor of isolated human TS (IC50 = 46 μM) and of human DHFR (IC50 = 10 μM)...
Extending the utility of partially quenched QCD

Abstract It has been proposed that partially quenched chiral perturbation theory can be used together with partially quenched lattice QCD to determine the low-energy constants of real QCD. We point out a complication of this approach and show how it can be resolved. Partial quenching changes the chiral symmetry group and introduces a new independent four-derivative operator. We explore the effects of this new operator. We describe tree-level scattering processes to which it contributes, and show how they can be used, in principle, to deterimine its unknown coefficient. We also calculate its lowest-order (one-loop) contribution to charged meson masses and decay constants. In addition, we present the form of the analytic next-to-next-to-leading order meson mass and decay constant corrections, which are needed for lattice fits.
Higher order Josephson effects

Gaussian linking of superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions with enclosed magnetic fields gives rise to interference shifts in the phase that modulates the current carried through the loop, proportional to the magnitude of the enclosed flux. We generalize these results to higher order linking of a superconducting loop with several magnetic solenoids, and show that there may be interference shifts proportional to the product of two or more fluxes.
New IQC for quasi‐concave nonlinearities

A new set of integral quadratic constraints (IQC) is derived for a class of ‘rate limiters’, modelled as a series connections of saturation-like memoryless nonlinearities followed by integrators. The result, when used within the standard IQC framework (in particular, with finite gain/passivity-based argiments, Lyapunov theory, structured singular values, etc.), is expected to be widely useful in nonlinear system analysis. For example, it enables ‘discrimination’ between ‘saturation-like’ and ‘deadzone-like’ nonlinearities and can be used to prove stability of systems with saturation in cases when replacing the saturation block by another memoryless nonlinearity with equivalent slope restrictions makes the whole system unstable. In particular, it is shown that the L2 gain of a unity feedback system with a rate limiter in the forward loop cannot exceed \sqrt{2}. In addition, a new, more flexible version of the general IQC analysis framework is presented, which relaxes the homotopy and boundedness conditions, and is more aligned with the language of the emerging IQC software. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thrust and Drag Models for Performance Calculations for High-Speed Aircraft

On the introductory level, aircraft performance analysis usually assumes that the thrust and the drag polar parameters are independent of Mach number. To perform analyses of high-speed aircraft, however, Mach number effects have to be included. This study describes models of thrust and drag that include Mach number effects and the application of these models to analyses of cruise speed, ceiling, and range, as well as to performance predictions that use energy methods.
Learning from dependent observations

In most papers establishing consistency for learning algorithms it is assumed that the observations used for training are realizations of an i.i.d. process. In this paper we go far beyond this classical framework by showing that support vector machines (SVMs) only require that the data-generating process satisfies a certain law of large numbers. We then consider the learnability of SVMs for @a-mixing (not necessarily stationary) processes for both classification and regression, where for the latter we explicitly allow unbounded noise.
A Tax-Based Estimate of the Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution

One of the most important behavioral parameters in macroeconomics is the elasticity of intertemporal substitution (EIS). Starting with the seminal work of Hall (Hall, R., 1978, Stochastic Implications of the Life Cycle — Permanent Income Hypothesis: Theory and Evidence, Journal of Political Economy 86, 971–987), researchers have used an Euler equation framework to estimate the EIS, relating the growth rate of consumption to the after-tax interest rate facing consumers. This large literature has, however, produced very mixed results, perhaps due to an important limitation: The impact of the interest rate on consumption or savings is identified by time-series movements in interest rates. Yet the factors that cause time-series movements in interest rates may themselves be correlated with consumption or savings decisions. I address this problem by using variation across individuals in the capital income tax rate. Conditional on observable characteristics of individuals, tax rate movements cause exogenous shifts in the after-tax interest rate. Using data on total non-durable consumption from the Consumer Expenditure Survey over two decades, I estimate a surprisingly high EIS of two. This finding is robust to a variety of specification checks.
A NEW EXPERIMENT TO STUDY HYPERON CP VIOLATION AND THE CHARMONIUM SYSTEM

Fermilab operates the world's most intense antiproton source, now exclusively dedicated to serving the needs of the Tevatron Collider. The anticipated 2009 shutdown of the Tevatron presents the opportunity for a world-leading low- and medium-energy antiproton program. We summarize the status of the Fermilab antiproton facility and review physics topics for which a future experiment could make the world's best measurements.
The COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment Search for the Cosmic Infrared Background. II. Model of the Interplanetary Dust Cloud

The COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) was designed to search for the cosmic infrared background (CIB) radiation. For an observer confined to the inner solar system, scattered light and thermal emission from the interplanetary dust (IPD) are major contributors to the diffuse sky brightness at most infrared wavelengths. Accurate removal of this zodiacal light foreground is a necessary step toward a direct measurement of the CIB. The zodiacal light foreground contribution in each of the 10 DIRBE wavelength bands ranging from 1.25 to 240 μm is distinguished by its apparent seasonal variation over the whole sky. This contribution has been extracted by fitting the brightness calculated from a parameterized physical model to the time variation of the all-sky DIRBE measurements over 10 months of liquid He cooled observations. The model brightness is evaluated as the integral along the line of sight of the product of a source function and a three-dimensional dust density distribution function. The dust density distribution is composed of multiple components: a smooth cloud, three asteroidal dust bands, and a circumsolar ring near 1 AU. By using a directly measurable quantity that relates only to the IPD cloud, we exclude other contributors to the sky brightness from the IPD model. High-quality maps of the infrared sky with the zodiacal foreground removed have been generated using the IPD model described here. Imperfections in the model reveal themselves as low-level systematic artifacts in the residual maps that correlate with components of the IPD. The most evident of these artifacts are located near the ecliptic plane in the mid-IR and are less than 2% of the zodiacal foreground brightness. Uncertainties associated with the model are discussed, including implications for the CIB search.
High-field magnetic birefringence study of the phase behavior of concentrated solutions of phospholipid tubules.

High-resolution, high-field magnetic birefringence has been used to study the behavior of single bilayer phospholipid tubules in concentrated solutions and in the vicinity of the lipid chain-melting temperature T m . Results are presented for five different initial lipid densities, ρ=0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mg/cm 3 -which yield tubule concentrations in the range v=10 9 -10 10 cm -3 -at fields to 15 T. On approach to T m from room temperature, the maximum induced refractive-index anisotropy Δn max evolves with concentration from a smoothly decreasing to a sharply discontinous function; a sample with concentration corresponding to ρ=4.0 mg/cm 3 shows evidence of a nearly critical phase transition
Who benefits from financial development? New methods, new evidence

Abstract This paper takes a fresh look at the impact of financial development on economic growth by using recently developed kernel methods that allow for heterogeneity in partial effects, nonlinearities and endogenous regressors. Our results suggest that while the positive impact of financial development on growth has increased over time, it is also highly nonlinear with more developed nations benefiting while low-income countries do not benefit at all. We also conduct a novel policy analysis that confirms these statistical findings. In sum, this set of results contributes to the ongoing policy debate as to whether low-income nations should scale up financial reforms.
A wide instruction word architecture for parallel execution of logic programs coded in BSL

This paper begins by describing BSL, a new logic programming language fundamentally different from Prolog. BSL is a nondeterministic Algol-class language whose programs have a natural translation to first order logic; executing a BSL program without free variables amounts to proving the corresponding first order sentence. A new approach is proposed for parallel execution of logic programs coded in BSL, that relies on advanced compilation techniques for extracting fine grain parallelism from sequential code. We describe a new “Very Long Instruction Word” (VLIW) architecture for parallel execution of BSL programs. The architecture, now being designed at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, avoids the synchronization and communication delays (normally associated with parallel execution of logic programs on multiprocessors), by determining data dependences between operations at compile time, and by coupling the processing elements very tightly, via a single central shared register file. A simulator for the architecture has been implemented and some simulation results are reported in the paper, which are encouraging.
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Changes and Visual Field Loss in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Purpose: The authors retrospectively analyzed changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and studied their relation to visual field loss to determine the clinical usefulness of retinal nerve fiber analysis in the clinical management of patients with papilledema. Methods: Retinal nerve fiber layer photographs and visual fields from 36 eyes of 21 patients with papilledema due to idiopathic intracranial hypertension were analyzed for abnormalities in a masked fashion. Results: Nerve fiber layer changes were found in 67% of eyes studied. Superior areas within the nerve fiber layer were affected 5.4 times more frequently than inferior regions. Visual field loss was more prevalent in eyes with diffuse nerve fiber layer loss (89%) than in eyes with slit defects (29%). The location of the nerve fiber layer changes correlated with corresponding areas of visual field loss. Nerve fiber layer changes were as common in mild to moderate as in atrophic papilledema; however, slit defects predominated in patients with mild to moderate papilledema, and diffuse loss predominated in atrophic papilledema. Conclusions: Changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer observed in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension provide objective information regarding the status of their optic nerve and may improve their clinical management.
Electronic stabilization effects: three new K-In-T (T = Mg, Au, Zn) network compounds.

The ternary compounds K(34)In(91.05(9))Mg(13.95(9)) (I), K(34)In(96.19(6))Au(8.81(6)) (II), and K(34)In(89.95(1))Zn(13.05(7)) (III) have been synthesized by high-temperature means and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. All are analogues of earlier products in which Li is substituted for some In in a hypothetical K(34)In(105) lattice. They consist of complex three-dimensional anionic networks built of In(12) icosahedra and M(28) triply fused icosahedra (M = In or In/T and T = Mg, Au, or Zn). The K atoms bridge between cluster faces or edges and form K(136) clathrate-IotaIota type networks. Two neighboring M(28) units are interconnected by an M atom to form a sandwich complex (M(28))M(M(28)) in I and II or by a Zn-Zn dimer in (M(28))ZnZn(M(28)) in III. Mixed In/T sites only occur in the M(28) portions. Phase stabilization through electronic tuning is present in all three via substitution of the electron-poorer T elements for In. Extended Huckel analyses indicate that all metal-metal bonding within the M(28) cluster appears to be optimized in I and III even though both are metallic. The size of the substituted element is also important in the structural features, as is especially shown by the Zn compound.
Effects and Value of Verifiable Information in a Controversial Market: Evidence from Lab Auctions of Genetically Modified Food

Food products containing genetically modified (GM) ingredients have entered the market over the past decade. The biotech industry and environmental groups have disseminated conflicting private information about GM foods. This paper develops a unique methodology for valuing independent third-party information in such a setting and applies this method to consumers’ willingness to pay for food products that might be GM. Data are collected from real consumers in an auction market setting with randomized information and labeling treatments. The average value of third-party information per lab participant is small, but the public good value across U.S. consumers is shown to be quite large. (JEL C91, D12, D82)
Itineraries of rigid rotations and diffeomorphisms of the circle

We examine the itinerary of [email protected]?S^1=R/Z under the rotation by @[email protected][email protected]?Q. The motivating question is: if we are given only the itinerary of 0 relative to [email protected]?S^1, a finite union of closed intervals, can we recover @a and I? We prove that the itineraries do determine @a and I up to certain equivalences. Then we present elementary methods for finding @a and I. Moreover, if g:S^1->S^1 is a C^2, orientation preserving diffeomorphism with an irrational rotation number, then we can use the orbit itinerary to recover the rotation number up to certain equivalences.
Critical limitations of consensus clustering in class discovery

Consensus clustering (CC) has been adopted for unsupervised class discovery in many genomic studies. It calculates how frequently two samples are grouped together in repeated clustering runs, and uses the resulting pairwise "consensus rates" for visual demonstration that clusters exist, for comparing cluster stability, and for estimating the optimal cluster number (K). However, the sensitivity and specificity of CC have not been systemically assessed. Through simulations we find that CC is able to divide randomly generated unimodal data into apparently stable clusters for a range of K, essentially reporting chance partitions of cluster-less data. For data with known structure, the common implementations of CC perform poorly in identifying the true K. These results suggest that CC should be applied and interpreted with caution. We found that a new metric based on CC, the proportion of ambiguously clustered pairs (PAC), infers K equally or more reliably than similar methods in simulated data with known K. Our overall approach involves the use of realistic null distributions based on the observed gene-gene correlation structure in a given study, and the implementation of PAC to more accurately estimate K. We discuss the strength of our approach in the context of other ensemble-based methods.
Conformal Tensors via Lovelock Gravity

Constructs from conformal geometry are important in low dimensional gravity models, while in higher dimensions the higher curvature interactions of Lovelock gravity are similarly prominent. Considering conformal invariance in the context of Lovelock gravity leads to natural, higher curvature generalizations of the Weyl, Schouten, Cotton and Bach tensors, with properties that straightforwardly extend those of their familiar counterparts. As a first application, we introduce a new set of conformally invariant gravity theories in D = 4k dimensions, based on the squares of the higher curvature Weyl tensors.
Phosphabenzenes as electron withdrawing phosphine ligands in catalysis

The utility of phosphabenzenes as ligands in late transition metal catalysis is examined. Molecular orbital calculations indicate that phosphabenzenes possess a low lying LUMO permitting π-back bonding interactions. The resultant electron withdrawing nature of the phosphabenzenes is beneficial for reactions in which reductive elimination steps are rate-limiting. For example, phosphabenzenes were found to function well in nickel catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloadditions.
Mn(III)-based oxidative free-radical 6-endo cyclizations of Z-trisubstituted alkenes

Abstract Oxidative free-radical cyclization of Z-trisubstituted alkene 6a gave the expected octahydrophenanthrenes 9 (11%) and 10 (24%), lactone 17 (10%), and octahydrophenanthrene 4 (25%), which was obtained from E-trisubstituted alkene 1a. Cyclization of 6b provided the expected hydrindane 11 (25%), cyclopentane 18b (10%) formed by 5-exo cyclization, and hydrindane 5 (13%), which was obtained from E-trisubstituted alkene 1b. These results provide valuable information on the mechanism of Mn(III)-based oxidative radical cyclizations and indicate the profound effect of alkene geometry on the stereochemistry of radical cyclizations.
Fragmentation and isomerization reactions of phenyl substituted 2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxathianes (trimethylene sulfites)

The preparation and Grob-like fragmentation of several phenyl substituted 2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxathianes (trimethylene sulfites) have been examined. Preparation of the 4,4,6-triphenyl derivatives gives a chair S = O equatorial isomer which fragments readily in polar solvents to produce benzaldehyde and 1,1-diphenylethylene. Isomerization to an unreactive twist boat isomer occurs as a minor reaction in solution and in the solid state on prolonged storage. Activation parameters and substituent effects on the fragmentation reaction are consistent with an ionic mechanism. The diphenyl derivatives react only in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate giving mainly isomerization to the stable chair, S = O axial form; fragmentation is a minor pathway.
An empirical study of the value-relevance of using proportionate consolidation accounting for investments in joint ventures

Abstract This research examines bond risk premiums to determine whether creditors of companies with investments in joint ventures reflect legal or implicit measures of the debts of joint ventures. The legal view suggests that the amount of potential loss from an investment in a joint venture is limited to the investment. The implicit view suggests that the operations of the joint venture and the venturer are interdependent. Equity method accounting reflects the legal view and proportionate consolidation reflects the implicit view. The study examines whether bond risk premiums are more highly associated with accounting numbers from proportionate consolidation than equity method accounting. The study uses data from 10Ks, the Wall Street Journal , and Moody's Bond Record from May 1, 1995 through April 30, 1998. These 4 years are used because US interest rates were fairly stable during this period, which is an important factor when examining bond risk premiums. Additionally, the companies in the study needed to remain stable across the window of study – no mergers, acquisitions, buy-outs, or liquidations – in order to maintain a comparative sample over the entire time period. The risk premium model uses measures of default that change between equity method accounting and proportionate consolidation. Differences in the explanatory power of the model determine how creditors view the joint venture debts. The study shows that approximately half of equity investments represent investments in joint ventures. Furthermore, the average joint venture uses debt to finance about two-thirds of the assets. The results show that proportionate consolidation fails to improve the explanatory power of the model when examining the entire set of companies that invest in joint ventures. However, the data reject the null hypothesis of no improvement with proportionate consolidation when examining companies who guarantee the debt of their joint venture. The policy implication of this study indicates that a change to proportionate consolidation would provide more value-relevant information to creditors when companies guarantee the debt of the joint venture.
Changes in heart rate do not correlate with changes in pain intensity in emergency department patients

The objective of this study was to determine the correlation, if any, between change in heart rate (HR) and change in pain in Emergency Department (ED) patients. This was a prospective, observational study of a convenience sample of patients presenting to an academic ED with pain. Heart rate and pain intensity (using a 100-mm visual analog scale) were determined at time of triage, 30 min post pain treatment, and at discharge. The correlation between change in HR and change in pain was determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Nine hundred seventy-five patients were enrolled in the study. The Pearson rho for 1143 correlations between change in HR and change in pain was 0.08 (95% CI 0.03-0.13). This study suggests that there is a poor correlation between change in pain intensity and change in heart rate among ED patients with acute pain.
An Analytical Assessment of NASA's N+1 Subsonic Fixed Wing Project Noise Goal

The Subsonic Fixed Wing Project of NASA’s Fundamental Aeronautics Program has adopted a noise reduction goal for new, subsonic, s ingle-aisle, civil aircraft expected to replace current 737 and A320 airplanes. These so-ca lled “N+1” aircraft ‐ designated in NASA vernacular as such since they will follow the current, in-service, “N” airplanes ‐ are hoped to achieve certification noise goal levels of 32 cumulative EPNdB under current Stage 4 noise regulations. A notional, N+1, single-aisle, twinjet transport with ultrahigh bypass ratio turbofan engines is analyzed in this study us ing NASA software and methods. Several advanced noise-reduction technologies are empirically applied to the propulsion system and airframe. Certification noise levels are predicted and compared with the NASA goal.
Other atmospheric neutrino experiments.

The history and recent progress of atmospheric neutrinos are reviewed. An emphasis is placed on results from experiments other than Super-Kamiokande.
Treatment results in males with breast cancer

Between 1948 and 1978, 39 previously untreated males with breast cancer received curative treatment at M. D. Anderson Hospital; an additional 30 males were referred for first treatment failure after outside definitive treatment. Of 21 patients who were treated with mastectomy, six had radical mastectomy alone, and 15 had radical mastectomy and postoperative irradiation. Of 18 patients who had less than radical surgery and postoperative irradiation to the chest wall and peripheral lymphatic areas, 7 had simple mastectomy, 3 excision biopsy and 8 had needle biopsy. Chest wall recurrences developed in four of six patients with grave signs treated with radical mastectomy, one had a recurrence in an unirradiated chest wall following peripheral lymphatic irradiation and three others had orthovoltage irradiation of 2400, 3000, and 4200 rad. No local or regional recurrences had developed in patients treated with simple mastectomy, excision, or needle biopsy, and radiation therapy to the chest wall and peripheral lymphatics. The ten-year disease-free survival (Kaplan-Meier) is 50% for the entire group, 70% for patients with histologically or a clinically negative axilla, and 34% for those patients with histologically or clinically positive axilla. Recommendations for the management of primary and regional disease are reviewed.
Models of the magnetic field at the core-mantle boundary for 1715, 1777, and 1842

Models of the magnetic field at the core-mantle boundary for 1715.0, 1777.5, and 1842.5 are presented, derived from original observations rather than from charts or grid point values. The models, produced using the method of stochastic inversion, have surprisingly good resolution of the core field, resolving small-scale features which have only recently been identified in modern data. The models show that secular variation is low over much of the core-mantle boundary, with clearly identifiable static, slowly varying features in the core field. Westward drift is confined to a relatively small region, in which the secular variation is more vigorous. It is concluded that the effects of magnetic diffusion should not be ignored in studies of the secular variation.
The optimal level of corporate liability given the limited ability of corporations to penalize their employees

A central point of the economic analysis of corporate liability for harm done to strangers (parties other than employees or customers of a corporation) is that the level of liability should generally equal the magnitude of harm. The rationale is 2-fold. If liable firms must pay damages 1 equal to harm, then, first, firms will in principle be led to take appropriate care to prevent harm; and, second, product prices will tend to reflect the full social cost of production, inducing consumers to make socially correct purchase decisions. Somewhat surprisingly, however, this familiar conclusion about optimal damages does not necessarily hold when it is recognized that the ability of corporations to impose financial penalties on employees for causing harm is limitedZ; the major sanction suffered by a misbehaving employee is usually, at most, dismissal from his job. ~ If employees have less at stake than the harm they might cause, their motive to prevent harm may be inadequate from a firm's perspective. Firms can partially remedy this problem by paying employees an above-market wage, because that will raise employees' desire to keep their jobs and thus to prevent accidents. 4 But, as will be discussed, a firm's
Robust detection of ionospheric irregularities

The approach outlined in this paper conservatively bounds the ionospheric errors even for the worst observed ionospheric conditions to date, using data sets taken from the operational receivers in the WAAS reference station network.
Tensor products of singular representations and an extension of the $ \theta $-correspondence

In this paper we consider the problem of decomposing tensor products of certain singular unitary representations of a semisimple Lie group G. Using explicit models for these representations (constructed earlier by one of us) we show that the decomposition is controlled by a reductive homogeneous space $ G^{\prime}/H^{\prime} $ . Our procedure establishes a correspondence between certain unitary representations of G and those of $ G^{\prime} $ . This extends the usual $ \theta $ -correspondence for dual reductive pairs. As a special case we obtain a correspondence between certain representations of real forms of E 7 and F 4.
Effects of pulse rate, fundamental frequency and burst density on auditory similarity

Auditory displays are currently used in many medical, automotive and aviation settings. Although there are many existing guidelines for developing effective auditory signals, there is a need for more research considering the interaction between signals within a display, especially when sounds originate from conceptually distinct referent systems. Identifying the parameters that are most relevant to auditory similarity can facilitate acoustic branding and the development of guidelines that ensure signals for different systems are distinct without requiring standardisation. Twenty-seven undergraduate students judged the similarity of a set of abstract sounds varying in tempo, or pulse rate, fundamental frequency and burst density. Results indicate that no single parameter is entirely responsible for determining auditory similarity, but temporal characteristics are most salient. These findings have implications for acoustic branding and suggest that designers intending to ensure perceptual similarity and sep...
Utilizing Type Ia Supernovae in a Large, Fast, Imaging Survey to Constrain Dark Energy

We study the utility of a large sample of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) that might be observed in an imaging survey that rapidly scans a large fraction of the sky for constraining dark energy. We consider both the information contained in the traditional luminosity distance test as well as the spread in Ia SN fluxes at fixed redshift induced by gravitational lensing. As would be required from an imaging survey, we include a treatment of photometric redshift uncertainties in our analysis. Our primary result is that the information contained in the mean distance moduli of SNe Ia and the dispersion of SN Ia distance moduli complement each other, breaking a degeneracy between the present dark energy equation of state and its time variation without the need for a high-redshift (z 0.8) SN sample. Including lensing information also allows for some internal calibration of photometric redshifts. To address photometric redshift uncertainties, we present dark energy constraints as a function of the size of an external set of spectroscopically observed SNe that may be used for redshift calibration, N spec. Depending upon the details of potentially available, external SN data sets, we find that an imaging survey can constrain the dark energy equation of state at the epoch where it is best constrained w p, with a 1? error of ?(w p) 0.03-0.09. In addition, the marginal improvement in the error ?(w p) from an increase in the spectroscopic calibration sample drops once N spec ~ a few ? 103. This result is important because it is of the order of the size of calibration samples likely to be compiled in the coming decade and because, for samples of this size, the spectroscopic and imaging surveys individually place comparable constraints on the dark energy equation of state. In all cases, it is best to calibrate photometric redshifts with a set of spectroscopically observed SNe with relatively more objects at high redshift (z 0.5) than the parent sample of imaging SNe.
The Synthesis of 9,10‐Dihydro‐9,10‐(Methaniminomethano)Anthracene and N‐Protected Derivatives Via Double Reductive Amination

Abstract An efficient synthesis of 9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐(methaniminomethano)anthracene and several N‐protected derivatives is described via the double reductive amination of cis‐9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐dicarboxaldehyde.
Some Stability Measures for Software Maintenance

Software maintenance is the dominant factor contributing to the high cost of software. In this paper, the software maintenance process and the important software quality attributes that affect the maintenance effort are discussed. One of the most important quality attributes of software maintainability is the stability of a program, which indicates the resistance to the potential ripple effect that the program would have when it is modified. Measures for estimating the stability of a program and the modules of which the program is composed are presented, and an algorithm for computing these stability measures is given. An algorithm for normalizing these measures is also given. Applications of these measures during the maintenance phase are discussed along with an example. An indirect validation of these stability measures is also given. Future research efforts involving application of these measures during the design phase, program restructuring based on these measures, and the development of an overall maintainability measure are also discussed.
Electron affinities of the alkali halides and the structure of their negative ions

Photoelectron spectra are reported for the MX (X 1Σ+)+e−←MX−(X 2Σ+) transitions of ten alkali halide anions at 488 nm. Adiabatic electron affinities (±0.010 eV) are determined to be 0.593 (LiCl), 0.520 (NaF), 0.727 (NaCl), 0.788 (NaBr), 0.865 (NaI), 0.582 (KCl), 0.642 (KBr), 0.728 (KI), 0.543 (RbCl), and 0.455 eV (CsCl). Fundamental vibrational frequencies, equilibrium bond lengths, and dissociation energies are also reported for the anion 2Σ+ ground states. An observed linear correlation of electron affinities with α/r2 (α=metal atom polarizability) is used to predict the electron affinities of the remaining alkali bromides and iodides, as well as related alkali salts. A simple electrostatic model for the alkali halide anions is also presented which enables the accurate (±0.1 eV) calculation of electron affinities.
The Structure of Spin Systems

A spin system is a sequence of self-adjoint unitary operators U1, U2, … acting on a Hilbert space H which either commute or anticommute, UiUj = ±UjUi for all i, j; it is called irreducible when {U1, U2, …} is an irreducible set of operators. There is a unique infinite matrix (cij) with 0, 1 entries satisfying \[ U_i U_j =(-1)^{c_{ij}} U_j U_i\,,\quad i, j =1, 2, \ldots\,. \] Every matrix (cij) with 0, 1 entries satisfying cij = cji and cii = 0 arises from a nontrivial irreducible spin system, and there are uncountably many such matrices. In cases where the commutation matrix (cij) is of "infinite rank" (these are the ones for which infinite dimensional irreducible representations exist), we show that the C*-algebra generated by an irreducible spin system is the CAR algebra, an infinite tensor product of copies of $M_2 ({\mathbb C})$, and we classify the irreducible spin systems associated with a given matrix (cij) up to approximate unitary equivalence. That follows from a structural result. The C*-algebra...
Isotropization of nematic liquid crystals by TMDSC

Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) and traditional DSC are used to study the transition between the nematic liquid crystalline state and the isotropic liquid for two small molecules [4,4'-azoxyanisole and N,N'-bis(4-n-octyloxybenzal)-1,4-phenylenediamine)-1,4-phenylenediamine] and one macromolecule (4,4'-dihydroxy-α-methylstilbene copolymerized with a 1: 1 molar mixture of 1,7-dibromoheptane and 1,9-dibromononane). The DSC measurements with 4,4'-azoxyanisole were used for temperature calibration with varying heating and cooling rates. The breadths of the transitions were analyzed with quasi-isothermal TMDSC, using a small temperature-modulation amplitude and standard TMDSC with underlying heating and cooling rates. It could be verified that the isotropization transition of a nematic liquid crystal is, indeed, reversible for all three molecules. The nature of the transition changes, however, from relatively sharp for small and rigid molecules, to about 3 K wide for the small molecule with flexible ends, and to as broad as 20 K for the macromolecule. It was also demonstrated that quantitative heats of fusion of sharp transitions can be extracted from TMDSC, but only from the heat-flow signal in the time domain.
Helicobacter hepaticus cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase is essential for establishing colonization in male A/JCr mice

Background Helicobacter pylori cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase (cgt) is essential for survival of H. pylori in mice. Enterohepatic H. hepaticus, the cause of colonic and hepatocellular carcinoma in susceptible mouse strains, contains an ortholog of the H. pylori cgt. However, the role of cgt in the pathogenesis of H. hepaticus has not been investigated. Materials and Methods Two cgt-deficient isogenic mutants of wild-type H. hepaticus (WT) 3B1 were generated and used to inoculate male A/JCr mice. Cecal and hepatic colonization levels of the mutants and WT 3B1 as well as select inflammation-associated cytokines were measured by qPCR at 4 months postinoculation. Results Both mutants were undetectable in the cecum of any inoculated mice (10 per mutant) but were detected in two livers (one for each mutant); by contrast, 9 and 7 of 10 mice inoculated with WT 3B1 were qPCR positive in the ceca and livers, respectively. The mice inoculated with the mutants developed significantly less severe hepatic inflammation (p < .05) and also produced significantly lower hepatic mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines Ifn-γ (p < .01) and Tnf-α (p ≤ .02) as well as anti-inflammatory factors Il10 and Foxp3 compared with the WT 3B1-inoculated mice. Additionally, the WT 3B1-inoculated mice developed significantly higher Th1-associated IgG2a (p < .0001) and Th2-associated IgG1 responses (p < .0001) to H. hepaticus infection than mice dosed with isogenic cgt mutants. Conclusion Our data indicate that the cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase is required for establishing colonization of the intestine and liver and therefore plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of H. hepaticus.
Almost orthogonal submatrices of an orthogonal matrix

Lett≥1 and letn, M be natural numbers,n<M. Leta=(a i,j ) be ann xM matrix whose rows are orthonormal. Suppose that the l2-norms of the columns ofA are uniformly bounded. Namely, for allj \(\sqrt {\frac{M}{n}} \cdot \left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {a_{i,j}^2 } } \right)^{1/2} \leqslant t.\)
Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of Vacuum Ultraviolet Lines of Interstellar CH

Three interstellar absorption lines near 1370 A seen toward ζ Oph have been assigned by Watson to Rydberg transitions in the G-X (or 3d-X) band of CH. Our survey of a dozen diffuse interstellar lines of sight shows that the three absorption lines are consistent with the known column densities of CH, by deriving the following oscillator strengths: f(1368.74) = 0.019 ± 0.003, f(1369.13) = 0.030 ± 0.005, and f(1370.87) = 0.009 ± 0.001. We also determined intrinsic line widths that correspond to decay rates of (1.5 ± 0.6) × 1011, (3.8 ± 0.7) × 1011, and (1.1 ± 0.6) × 1010 s-1 for λλ1368, 1369, and 1370, respectively. These rates are significantly higher than those associated with radiative decays and, thus, are readily attributable to predissociation of the Rydberg state. A fourth interstellar line near 1271 A has been conjectured by Watson to be the strongest transition in the 4d-X Rydberg band of CH. We detected this line along four sight lines and our spectrum syntheses show that with f(1271.02) = 0.007 ± 0.002, it is also consistent with the known column densities of CH. In addition, we conducted a search for the F-X band of CH near 1549 A, and successfully discovered two of its absorption features along four sight lines. The astronomical oscillator strengths derived for these features are f(1549.05) = 0.021 ± 0.006 and f(1549.62) = 0.013 ± 0.003. Finally, the X Per sight line provided us with an astronomical detection of another CH band via two D-X features near 1694 A. Comparisons with results of available theoretical calculations for the four CH bands are presented.
Use of cone-beam computed tomography in early detection of implant failure.

Abstract Preimplant planning with complex imaging techniques has long been a recommended practice for assessing the quality and quantity of alveolar bone before dental implant placement. When maxillofacial imaging is necessary, static film or digital images lack the depth and dimension offered by computed tomography. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers the dentist not only a radiographic volumetric view of alveolar bone but also a 3-dimensional reconstruction. This article reviews the use of CBCT for assessing implant placement and early detection of failure, and compares the performance of CBCT with that of other imaging modalities in the early detection of implant failure.
Sex Hormones, Risk Factors, and Risk of Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer in Older Women: A Long-Term Prospective Study

Objective: Antiestrogens reduce the risk of estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) but not ER-negative (ER ) breast cancer. Women at high risk of ER+ cancer would be the most likely to benefit from these treatments, but the best approach to predicting ER+ cancer is uncertain. Methods: We prospectively assessed putative risk factors for breast cancer andarchived serum at 190 C from a communitybased cohort of 7,676 women agesz65 years who had no history of breast cancer. Follow-up for breast cancer over 10.5 years was 99% complete. Using a case-cohort design, we measured baseline levels of estradiol and testosterone in 196 cases of invasive ER+ cancer and 378 randomly selected controls. Results: Women whose testosterone level in highest two quintiles had a 4-fold increased risk of ER+ breast cancer (P 16 years of education had a 2.1 times increased risk (P = 0.03) of ER+ cancer, but no other risk factors were significantly related to an increased risk of ER+ cancer. Women with a family history of breast cancer had a 2.9-fold increased risk of ER cancer (P = 0.002) but no increased risk of ER+ cancer (relative hazard = 1.2, 0.8-1.8). Conclusions: High serum testosterone and advanced education predicted ER+ breast cancer. If confirmed, high testosterone level may be more accurate than family history of breast cancer and other conventional risk factors for identifying older women who are most likely to benefit from antiestrogen chemoprevention. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(5):1047–51)
DETECTION OF A TEMPERATURE INVERSION IN THE BROADBAND INFRARED EMISSION SPECTRUM OF TrES-4

We estimate the strength of the bandpass-integrated thermal emission from the extrasolar planet TrES-4 at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 μ using the Infrared Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope. We find relative eclipse depths of 0.137% ± 0.011%, 0.148% ± 0.016%, 0.261% ± 0.059%, and 0.318% ± 0.044% in these four bandpasses, respectively. We also place a 2σ upper limit of 0.37% on the depth of the secondary eclipse in the 16 μ IRS peak-up array. These eclipse depths reveal that TrES-4 has an emission spectrum similar to that of HD 209458b, which requires the presence of water emission bands created by a thermal inversion layer high in the atmosphere in order to explain the observed features. TrES-4 receives more radiation from its star than HD 209458b and has a correspondingly higher effective temperature, therefore the presence of a temperature inversion in this planet's atmosphere lends support to the idea that inversions might be correlated with the irradiance received by the planet. We find no evidence for any offset in the timing of the secondary eclipse, and place a 3σ upper limit of |ecos(ω)| < 0.0058, where e is the planet's orbital eccentricity and ω is the argument of pericenter. From this we conclude that tidal heating from ongoing orbital circularization is unlikely to be the explanation for TrES-4's inflated radius.
SO(5) superconductors in a Zeeman magnetic field

The generic symmetry of a system under a uniform Zeeman magnetic field is $\mathrm{U}(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1).$ However, we show that $\mathrm{SO}(5)$ models in the presence of a finite chemical potential and a finite Zeeman magnetic field can have an exact $\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ symmetry. This principle can be used to test $\mathrm{SO}(5)$ symmetry at any doping level.
Giving back: women's entrepreneurial philanthropy

Traditionally, the concept of entrepreneurship included a for‐profit bottom line. Recently, however, researchers have begun to explore an adaptation of this model called “social entrepreneurship”; that is, creating organizations for the greater good of a community, region, nation, or the world. These entrepreneurs use money that they made or inherited to establish organizations from a missionary and visionary posture. This is an arena where women have had significant impact, yet little has been written to celebrate their contributions. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of such philanthropy, to suggest where this social ethic might have had its origins, and to provide samples of women who have been entrepreneurial in their social commitment. Suggestions for future research on women's entrepreneurial philanthropy will also be made.