cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Intravenous Nitroglycerin on Hemodynamics of Congestive Heart Failure

Intravenous nitroglycerin (IV-NTG) has gained wide use in the manage ment of critically ill patients, yet little is known regarding dose-response hemodynamics in man. Therefore, we studied 10 patients, all Class III or IV New York Heart Association Classification with pulmonary artery wedge pressures of 15 torr or greater. A special delivery system designed to prevent drug absorption Nitrostat® IV Infusion Kit was used and assessed. Multiple hemodynamic values were recorded before, during, and after the infusion. Administration of IV-NTG was started at 0.125 mcg/kg/min and was doubled every 15 minutes to a maximum dose of 2.0 mcg/kg/min. The infusion was stopped if the pulmonary artery wedge pressure dropped below 10 torr, or arterial pressure dropped below 90/60 torr, or if the mean artery pressure fell more than 10 torr, or if significant side effects occurred. Samples for blood levels were collected. Only one patient noted any untoward effects and he recovered quickly upon cessation of infusion. The me...
Evidence for a Factor in the Sera of Patients with Nonthyroidal Disease which Inhibits Iodothyronine Binding by Solid Matrices, Serum Proteins, and Rat Hepatocytes*

We have measured the plasma protein binding of [125I]T4 and [125I]T3 in several groups of patients using assays of equilibrium dialysis and binding by dextran-coated charcoal carriedout under conditions of physiological pH. Subjects included 45 patients with nonthyroidalillnesses (NTI), 5 patients with hyperthyroidism, 5 with hypothyroidism, 1 with familial low T4-binding globulin (TBG), and 11 healthy controls. Both test results wereexpressed as the ratio of nonprotein-bound to protein-bound hormone, which was normalizedto the average ratio obtained for the control group [normalized dialysis ratio (NDR); normalized charcoal binding ratio (NBR)]. Our data suggest that for subjects with thyroid disease or alterations in TBG, both tests reflect similar changes in plasma protein binding and did not differ significantly from each other [low TBG; T4 NDR, 2.39; T4 NBR, 2.37; hyperthyroid: T4 NDR, 1.70 ± 0.29; T4 NBR, 1.53 ± 0.26; hypothyroid: T4 NDR, 1.10 ± 0.09; T4 NBR, 0.94 ± 0.11 (mean ± SD)]. Among NTI subj...
Synthesis and characterization of new 3,5-disubstituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole and their carbothioamide derivatives

A new series of substituted pyrazolines (6-10) were synthesized in moderate to excellent yield by treatment of chalcones (1-5) with hydrazine monohydrate. The carbothioamide compounds (11-14) were obtained in 65% to quantitative yield by treatment of chalcones (2, 4, and 5) either with thiosemicarbazide or with phenylisothiocyanate. All new compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic methods such as 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HSQC spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and high resolution mass spectroscopy. The obtained compounds are currently under biological investigations, and the results will be reported elsewhere.
How attention enhances spatial resolution: evidence from selective adaptation to spatial frequency.

In this study, we investigated how spatial resolution and covert attention affect performance in a texture segmentation task in which performance peaks at midperiphery and drops at peripheral and central retinal locations. The central impairment is called thecentral performance drop (CPD; Kehrer, 1989). It has been established that attending to the target location improves performance in the periphery where resolution is too low for the task, but impairs it at central locations where resolution is too high. This is called thecentral attention impairment (CAI; Yeshurun & Carrasco, 1998, 2000). We employed a cuing procedure in conjunction with selective adaptation to explore (1) whether the CPD is due to the inhibition of low spatial frequency responses by high spatial frequency responses in central locations, and (2) whether the CAI is due to attention’s shifting sensitivity to higher spatial frequencies. We found that adaptation to low spatial frequencies does not change performance in this texture segmentation task. However, adaptation to high spatial frequencies diminishes the CPD and eliminates the CAI. These results indicate that the CPD is primarily due to the dominance of high spatial frequency responses and that covert attention enhances spatial resolution by shifting sensitivity to higher spatial frequencies.
Direct power injection of microcontrollers in PCB environments

This paper presents results of target location specific direct injection on a 8051-based microcontroller in a development board versus a custom test board. Three target locations showed no failure in both environments. Using the custom board, an effect was found in a target location which was not observed using the development board.
The Construction of Historical Equivalence: Weighing the Red and Brown Scares

Whether two events “belong together,” cognitively and in terms of collective memory, requires that we develop classification strategies. Historical equivalence refers to the perception that two events, separate in space and time, belong to the same cognitive category, or speak to the same issues. They are “good to think together.” Rejecting a radical constructionism that suggests that everything is a matter of ontological preference, I argue, following Gubrium (1993), that interactionists should prefer a cautious naturalism. While interests and resources affect the presentation of historical claims, an obdurate reality permits the evaluation of empirical claims of comparability. To determine historical equivalence, we need to examine events in light of their magnitude, metaphorical continuity, analogous causation, and comparative effects. To examine the construction of historical equivalence, I discuss the similarities and differences between the Red Scares of 1919 and the late 1940s and the Brown Scare of the early 1940s. What you choose as an historical analogy begins and ends the conversation. —Elazar Barkan, “On Accepting Historical Responsibility: Refugees and the Right of Return” (2004)
TOLERANCE TO THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ORALLY SELF- ADMINISTERED PHENCYCLIDINE

Three rhesus monkeys self-administered fixed doses (4, 8 or 16 mg/kg) of an orally-delivered phencyclidine solution (0.25 mg/ml) under a one response, fixed-ratio (FR 1) schedule. They self-administered a saccharin 0.05% (wt/vol) solution, under an FR 8 schedule, 40 minutes after phencyclidine access began. After behavior stabilized over at least five daily sessions at each dose, water was substituted for phencyclidine for four sessions, and then phencyclidine was reinstated at the same dose, and behavior was allowed to stabilize. A comparison of saccharin-maintained behavior before and after the four sessions of water substitution yielded a two-fold shift in the dose effect curve indicating a rapid loss of tolerance to phencyclidine. Phencyclidine produced a biphasic effect on saccharin-maintained behavior: response rates increased at the low dose and decreased at the high dose. Subsequently, the FR requirement for saccharin was increased to 16 and the number of sessions of water substitution was varied: 1, 4, 8 or 16. The results indicated that tolerance was lost after four days of phencyclidine absence but not one, and complete tolerance was acquired within four to five days. This procedure produced a reliable measure of tolerance under limited access conditions whereby orally-delivered phencyclidine was also demonstrated to be functioning as a reinforcer.
Cooking Up Christmas in Kentucky: Occupation and Tradition in the Stream of Time

Abstract What makes the Christmas meal successful “is just having family all together and sharing.” This statement summarizes the meaning of the Christmas meal for the older women in rural Kentucky who participated in this study. Older women in eastern Kentucky are the orchestrators of this important, ritual meal, as were their mothers and grandmothers before them. This paper presents the Kentucky findings from a multi‐site research project exploring older women's experiences of food related occupations at Songkran in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and Christmas in Auckland, New Zealand and Eastern Kentucky, USA. Data were collected through three focus group interviews from 23 eastern Kentucky women aged 65 and older. The narratives of these women revealed rich and complex interrelationships among the food occupations of the elder women, the matrilineal transmission of women's family and cultural roles, and the women's ability to adapt physically, temporally and emotionally to aging and to familial and cultural ch...
The future of helioseismology

Helioseismology has provided us with the unique knowledge of the interior structure and dynamics of the Sun, and the variations with the solar cycle. However, the basic mechanisms of solar magnetic activity, formation of sunspots and active regions are still unknown. Determining the physical properties of the solar dynamo, detecting emerging active regions and observing the subsurface dynamics of sunspots are among the most important and challenging problems. The current status and perspectives of helioseismology are briefly discussed.
When size matters.

Erythrocruorins are very large extracellular hemoglobins found in some invertebrates. In this issue of Structure, Royer et al. (2006) report the structure of the 3.6 MDa, 180-mer of Lumbricus (earthworm) hemoglobin consisting of 144 globin and 36 linker chains.
The Influence of Teaching Norm Violations on the Welfare of Students as Clients of College Teaching.

When the instructor violates the norms of teaching, there is an impact on student learning.
Recent basic findings in support of excitatory amino acid hypotheses of schizophrenia

1. Several clinical and post-mortem tissue findings have suggested a role for excitatory amino acid neuronal systems in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. 2. These include the ability of NMDA antagonists, phencyclidine and ketamine, to cause both negative and positive symptoms in healthy subjects, and abnormalities in the densities of some types of excitatory amino acid receptors in the postmortem tissue of schizophrenic brains. 3. The present review describes recent basic findings that have examined the involvement of excitatory amino acids in the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. These include studies on the functional links between glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems, effect of acute and chronic antipsychotic drug treatment on excitatory amino acid function, and stress-induced activation of excitatory amino acid release, in particular in the prefrontal cortex.
SU‐D‐17A‐02: Four‐Dimensional CBCT Using Conventional CBCT Dataset and Iterative Subtraction Algorithm of a Lung Patient

Purpose: The Iterative Subtraction Algorithm (ISA) method generates retrospectively a pre-selected motion phase cone-beam CT image from the full motion cone-beam CT acquired at standard rotation speed. This work evaluates ISA method with real lung patient data. Methods: The goal of the ISA algorithm is to extract motion and no- motion components form the full reconstruction CBCT. The workflow consists of subtracting from the full CBCT all of the undesired motion phases and obtain a motion de-blurred single-phase CBCT image, followed by iteration of this subtraction process. ISA is realized as follows: 1) The projections are sorted to various phases, and from all phases, a full reconstruction is performed to generate an image CTM. 2) Generate forward projections of CTM at the desired phase projection angles, the subtraction of projection and the forward projection will reconstruct a CTSub1, which diminishes the desired phase component. 3) By adding back the CTSub1 to CTm, no motion CBCT, CTS1, can be computed. 4) CTS1 still contains residual motion component. 5) This residual motion component can be further reduced by iteration.The ISA 4DCBCT technique was implemented using Varian Trilogy accelerator OBI system. To evaluate the method, a lung patient CBCT dataset was used. The reconstruction algorithm is FDK. Results: The single phase CBCT reconstruction generated via ISA successfully isolates the desired motion phase from the full motion CBCT, effectively reducing motion blur. It also shows improved image quality, with reduced streak artifacts with respect to the reconstructions from unprocessed phase-sorted projections only. Conclusion: A CBCT motion de-blurring algorithm, ISA, has been developed and evaluated with lung patient data. The algorithm allows improved visualization of a single phase motion extracted from a standard CBCT dataset. This study has been supported by National Institute of Health through R01CA133539.
Palliative Care: A Supportive Adjunct to Pediatric Phase I Clinical Trials for Anticancer Agents?

Hampering enrollment of children to phase I oncology research would dramatically impair the ability of investigators to develop new treatments to improve medical care for the pediatric cancer population. The variability in pediatric tumor response indicates a need for the development of new anticancer agents that specifically target varying histologies of malignancies.1 Aleska and Koren argue that “clinical trials may be the only way to determine the appropriate types of treatments for pediatric cancer.”2 The primary scientific objectives of a phase I trial are to assess the safety and tolerability of tested agents, to identify the maximum-tolerated dose of the drug, and characterize the drug's pharmacokinetics.1,3–8 Secondarily, preliminary antitumor efficacy data are sought.1,3–8 However, enrolling children with cancer in phase I trials raises important ethical concerns. Although pediatric clinical investigators hope that participation in the phase I trials will help subjects, they are not meant to cure or even improve the condition of the child. Usually, however, they offer the only remaining treatment option for children with advanced cancer and thereby provide an important source of hope at a difficult time. Similar to adult phase I trials, pediatric phase I trials generally have a 5% to 8% response rate.1,3–8 Thus, it may be questionably unreasonable to offer enrollment in pediatric phase I trials because the likelihood of risk and discomfort are disproportionate to the marginal benefit. These trials may raise unrealistic hopes of a cure, burden already sick children with potentially invasive procedures, compound suffering through chemotherapeutic and other associated drug side effects, and limit the opportunity for palliation. On the other hand, families may perceive even a low likelihood of benefit favorably, and ethically we ought to respect the family's prima facie … Reprint requests to (C.M.U.) School of Nursing and Center for Bioethics, Room 357 NEB, 420 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096. E-mail: culrich{at}nursing.upenn.edu
Effect of Weight Training on Self-Concept: A Profile of those Influenced Most

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of weight training on the self-concepts of college males. Another purpose was to identify the types of males, relative to measures of extroversion, neuroticism, body cathexis, somatotype, and muscular strength, who experience the most improvement in self-concept during a lifting program. Subjects of the experimental group (n = 113) trained with weights twice each week for 16 weeks, while controls (n = 127) were educated relative to personal health concepts. The results revealed significant posttest differences in global, internal, and external self-concept between the groups, confirming the hypothesis that regular weight training is positively associated with the improvement of self-concept. Pretest body cathexis, self-concept, and neuroticism scores were significant predictors of global self-concept change from the pretest to the posttest, whereas pretest measures of extroversion, somatotype, and muscular strength were not. Changes in neuroticism,...
Self‐Favoring Bias for Physical Activity in Middle‐Aged and Older Adults1

A self-favoring bias for physical activity (PA) was examined in a community-based sample of middle-aged and older adults (N= 3,211). Participants' actual level of PA relative to peers was compared with their perceived PA relative to peers. It was estimated that 38% were realistic, 46% self-favoring, and 16% other-favoring in their perceptions. Among participants whose actual PA level was similar to peers, increasing age was associated with a self-favoring bias. Among less and more physically active participants, however, age was not associated with this bias. Better self-rated health and being male were also associated with a self-favoring bias. These results suggest that a self-favoring bias for PA exists in a significant proportion of middle-aged and older adults, and it is more pronounced with increasing age, among those with better self-rated health, and among men.
Making Sense of Neonatal Imitation

This essay applies philosophical principles and method to compare `imitation' as it is used in everyday contexts with its use in laboratory research and theorizing on human neonates. Its primary go...
INCREASED SOMATOSTATIN CONTENT OF ISLETS FROM STREPTOZOTOCIN‐DIABETIC RATS

Pancreatic islets were isolated from control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Somatostatin content as determined by radioimmunoassay was strikingly increased in the diabetic group. Immunoreactive insulin content was markedly reduced and glucagon was moderately increased. The mechanisms responsible for the somatostatin changes are unknown.
Raman Scattering and Photoluminescence of Mg Doped GaN Films Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Raman, photoluminescence, and Hall measurements are reported for Mg doped GaN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The compressive and tensile stress determined by the Raman shift of the phonon lines is due to the growth conditions rather than the presence of Mg in the film. The photoluminescence peak of near band-to-band transitions is also shifted to larger (smaller) energies by the compressive (tensile) stress. The study of the longitudinal optical phonon of the Ai branch shows that its Raman line shape is affected not only by phonon-plasmon interactions but by the crystalline quality of the film, as well.
A Reduced-Order Model of Boiling Water Reactor Linear Dynamics

The development of a reduced-order linear model of the linear dynamic behavior of boiling water reactors (BWRs) is reported. The model is based on a detailed study of the various physical dynamic p...
Can Video Games Enhance Creativity? Effects of Emotion Generated by Dance Dance Revolution

What role does emotion play in helping youth reach their creative potential? Does it alter how they process ideas, and how many ideas they can generate? By varying the levels of arousal associated with low, medium, and high levels of exertion in the video game Dance Dance Revolution, and inducing a positive or negative mood, this study offers evidence that emotion significantly affects creativity through the interaction of arousal and valence. Faced with the cognitive demand of creativity, lower arousal levels resulted in higher creativity scores when coupled with a negative mood. At high arousal levels, a positive mood resulted in greater creative potential than a negative mood. These results are discussed here in light of theories of emotion as a prime, as information, and as a moderator of attention.
Thrombin and lysophosphatidic acid receptors utilize distinct rhoGEFs in prostate cancer cells.

Thrombin and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors play important roles in vascular biology, development, and cancer. These receptors activate rho via G12/13 family heterotrimeric G proteins, which are known to directly activate three distinct rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (rhoGEFs) that contain a regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) domain (RGS-rhoGEFs). However, it is not known which, if any, of these RGS-rhoGEFs (LARG (leukemia-associated rhoGEF), p115rhoGEF, or PDZrhoGEF) plays a role in G protein-coupled receptor-stimulated rho signaling. Using oligonucleotide small interfering RNAs that suppress specific RGS-rhoGEF expression, we show that thrombin receptor stimulation of rho is primarily mediated by LARG in HEK293T and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. In contrast, the LPA-stimulated rho response in PC-3 cells is dependent on PDZrhoGEF expression. Suppression of p115rhoGEF had no effect. Thus different rhoGEFs (LARG and PDZrhoGEF) mediate downstream rho signaling by the thrombin and LPA receptors.
Conversion Studies, Pastoral Counseling, and Cultural Studies: Engaging and Embracing a New Paradigm

This paper is an invitation to explore ways in which the study of conversion, pastoral counseling, and cultural studies may be mutually enriching. The author will provide a survey of contemporary conversion studies with the goal of encouraging pastoral counselors and psychotherapists to include the study of conversion as an integral part of their agenda. It will also suggest means by which the field of pastoral counseling may be beneficial to conversion scholars during a time when the study of conversion is not only enjoying a rebirth of interest, but also an astonishing transformation of meanings, methods, and paradigms. Since conversion studies, once the province of evangelical Christians and rather specialized scholars in the psychology and sociology of religion, now involve anthropologists, historians, theologians, religious studies researchers, and new approaches to the phenomenon within psychology and sociology have emerged, this paper will explore some of these developments. It is time for pastoral theologians and pastoral counselors to re-engage both the phenomenon and study of conversion. It will also argue for an interdisciplinary approach inclusive of various perspectives, one that focuses on specific domains of research and theoretical critique and refinement.
High-fidelity quantum logic operations using linear optical elements.

Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn [Nature (London) 409, 46 (2001)] have shown that quantum logic operations can be performed using linear optical elements and additional ancilla photons. Their approach is probabilistic in the sense that the logic devices fail to produce an output with a failure rate that scales as $1/n$, where $n$ is the number of ancilla. Here we present an alternative approach in which the logic devices always produce an output with an intrinsic error rate that scales as $1/{n}^{2}$, which may have several advantages in quantum computing applications.
MIX-1: An Essential Component of the C. elegans Mitotic Machinery Executes X Chromosome Dosage Compensation

We show that a functional component of the C. elegans mitotic machinery regulates X chromosome gene expression. This protein, MIX-1, is a member of the dosage compensation complex that associates specifically with hermaphrodite X chromosomes to reduce their gene expression during interphase. MIX-1 also associates with all mitotic chromosomes to ensure their proper segregation. Both dosage compensation and mitosis are severely disrupted by mix-1 mutations. MIX-1 belongs to the SMC protein family required for mitotic chromosome condensation and segregation in yeast and frogs. Thus, an essential, conserved component of mitotic chromosomes has been recruited to the dosage compensation process. Rather than dosage compensation and mitosis being achieved by two separate sets of related genes, these two processes share an identical component, indicating a common mechanism for establishing higher order chromosome structure and proper X chromosome gene expression.
Hybrid density functional study of armchair SiC nanotubes

First-principles calculations for the electronic and geometric structures of three different types of armchair silicon carbide nanotubes from (3, 3) to (11, 11) have been performed using hybrid density functional theory and the finite cluster approximation. Full geometry and spin optimizations have been performed without any symmetry constraints. A detailed comparison of the structures and stabilities of the three types of nanotubes is presented. For type 1 nanotube, the cohesive energy appears to saturate at $4.63\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, whereas for type 2 and 3 nanotubes, the cohesive energy saturates at approximately $4.44\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. The dependence of the electronic band gaps on the respective tube diameters, energy density of states, and dipole moments as well as Mulliken charge distributions have been investigated. For type 1 nanotubes, Si atoms moved toward the tube axis and C atoms moved in the opposite direction after relaxation, consistent with other SiC nanotubes found in literature. For type 2 and the newly proposed type 3, this displacement direction is reversed. The band gaps for type 1 nanotubes are larger than bulk $3C\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Si}\mathrm{C}$ gap, varying between 2.78 and $2.91\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, while type 2 and type 3 nanotubes have significantly lower band gaps. Unlike the other two types, band gap for type 3 nanotubes decreases monotonically with increasing tube diameter from $1.22\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ for the smallest tube to $0.79\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ for the largest (11, 11) tube studied here. The corresponding numbers for type 2 are 1.49 and $0.91\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ with an oscillatory pattern. None of the tubes appear to be magnetic. It is expected that these tubes will have interesting and important applications in the field of band gap engineering and molecular electronics.
Scanning isoelectric focusing and isotachophoresis of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin.

Fractionation of highly purified Cl. perfringens type A enterotoxin by scanning isoelectric focusing (SIF) and isotachophoresis (IT) in polyacrylamide gels is described for the first time. The use of 2% ampholytes pH 3–6 allowed the separation of enterotoxin into 2 species. The major component had an isoelectric point of 4·5 and possessed antigenic as well as functional activity. The minor component of enterotoxin, at equivalent concentrations, was devoid of any demonstrable biological activity had an isoelectric point of 4·6 and appeared to represent approximately 15% of the purified enterotoxin. With ampholytes pH 3·5–10 the minor and major components were focused at different times than when ampholine pH 3–6 was employed. Electrofocusing of enterotoxin in the presence of 6 M-urea did not alter the SIF pattern. During IT the major component of enterotoxin migrated ahead of the minor component. The 2 proteins were completely separated. Isotachophoretic separations required 0·023 M-phosphate pH 6·0 as the leading ion, 0·079 M-Tris as the counter-ion, 0·2 M-glycine (in Tris pH 8·1) as the terminating ion, 30 γ carrier ampholytes pH 3·5–10, 263 μg enterotoxin, 4% acrylamide and a current of 5 mA per gel column.
Cytogenetic Distinction among Benign Fibro-osseous Lesions of Bone in Children and Adolescents: Value of Karyotypic Findings in Differential Diagnosis

Benign fibro-osseous lesions of bone (BFOL) comprise a group of clinically distinct entities with significant histologic overlap and often occur in children and adolescents. Because of prior studies indicating that these lesions possess distinct karyotypic abnormalities, we conducted a retrospective review of cytogenetic analyses performed in a series of 16 BFOL in children and adolescents diagnosed at two institutions. These comprised five cases with the diagnosis of ossifying fibroma, four with osteofibrous dysplasia, and seven with fibrous dysplasia arising in the skeleton of 16 children and adolescents. All cases were analyzed using standard G-banding techniques on fresh tumors explanted in tissue culture media. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to analyze selected metaphases of a talar lesion with the histologic features of ossifying fibroma. All four confirmed ossifying fibromas, including the talar lesion, contained clonal aberrations fusing breakpoints on Xq26 and 2q33, and one case with dissimilar histology did not. Three of four osteofibrous dysplasias contained multiple copies of chromosomes 8, 12, and/or 21. All but two fibrous dysplasia cases exhibited either a completely normal karyotype or single cell aberrations. One fibrous dysplasia had subtle chromosomal abnormalities not seen in other cases in the series, and another had complex abnormalities involving multiple chromosomes. Our current and published results indicate that cytogenetics might be of ancillary use in the diagnosis of BFOL and that a characteristic chromosomal arrangement is associated with ossifying fibroma.
Photoelectron angular distributions from electron-atom collisions

The differential cross section for electron-impact ionization of atoms has been derived for the general case and the dipole (E1) limit of the Born approximation. Emphasis was placed on the theoretical description of the (e,2e) angular correlation between fast electrons scattered in the forward direction and electrons ejected by the ionization process. The general angular-momentum treatment of this work results in a more complete description of the dipole (e,2e) angular distribution than previous purely kinematic analyses.
Social responsibility and computer education

The issue of responsibility on the part of the computer professional is one that has blossomed very recently. Members of the computing field have become very much aware of some of the issues, even if there isn't any consensus on how to handle them. The ACM debates on standards of professional conduct and on the desirability of a professional society such as the ACM taking formal positions on social issues are illustrative.It is the position of this paper that the faculty member should try to prepare the student to make better decisions for himself rather than try to persuade him to take particular stands on particular issues.
Hierarchical tree-based discretization for the method of finite spheres

Abstract In this paper we report the development of a geometry-based automatic pre-processing environment for the method of finite spheres; a truly meshfree numerical technique developed for the solution of boundary value problems on geometrically complex domains. Techniques of generating open covers for the Galerkin-based as well as the point collocation-based method of finite spheres are presented for two as well as three-dimensional problems by recursive spatial subdivision using quadtrees and octrees, respectively.
The intermediate anomaly

Time transformations of the equation dt = cr to the n ds, where s is a variable called the intermediate anomaly, are known to reduce global error in the solution of gravitational systems obtained by numerical integration. Attention is given to the Sundman time transformation, and its relation to equations of Keplerian elliptical motion.
Roux Limb Volvulus after Long-Limb Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

A case is reported of a patient after long-limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypass who presented with a volvulus of the Roux limb. This is the first report of this complication in the literature.
An architecture for integrated automated quality control

Abstract Total quality management for the product lifecycle requires integrating quality control systems with product development, production, and support systems. Integrating automated inspection with advanced computer manufacturing systems components greatly enhances the improvement of products and processes. Presented is an approach to integrate inspection systems with automated manufacturing systems. This step completes the computer-integrated manufacturing loop. Described is an architecture to integrate quality considerations with conventional product characteristics. Elements of an operational environment for this approach are described, along with a framework and functional components that fit in the framework. The framework and the functional components form an architecture called the Expert Programming System-One (EPS-1). An example illustrates the operation and functioning characteristics of the EPS-1.
Experimental Studies of the Crystallization of Supercooled Water

Abstract The crystal fabric of ice formed by the freezing of supercooled water was examined in polarized light. Drops of radius 0.1 cm were frozen by homogeneous nucleation at −33C, by various foreign particles in suspension, or by impaction on a plane single crystal ice substrate. Bulk water, volume about 1.0 cm3, was frozen by the insertion of a single crystal of ice. Between 0 and −5C crystals invariably grew with a single orientation, identical with the nucleating crystal. With decrease of temperature increasing numbers of crystals with new orientations appeared, there being several hundred per drop when nucleation took place at −33C. Drops impacting on a substrate with vertical ‘c’ axis froze with horizontal ‘c’ axis in the temperature interval −5 to −15C. When the substrate was heated to 0C, drops always took the substrate orientation, even when supercooled to −22C. Measurements of the growth rate component parallel to the basal plane of dendrites growing in water at supercooling (ΔT) down to 20C fo...
The acoustic field of a near-surface source at intermediate distances: A simple result using matched asymptotic expansions

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to determine simple expressions for the acoustic field due to a source near a rigid boundary in an inhomogeneous medium. The observation distance is assumed to be large compared to the wavelength but short compared to the length scale over which the medium varies. Three asymptotic regions are identified: a local or source region, an outer or geometric‐acoustics region, and a boundary layer containing an outer scattered field. The approach is illustrated in detail for the case of a simple source above a rigid surface in an environment for which the square of the index of refraction varies linearly with distance from the surface. Numerical comparisons show that, over a wide parameter range, the asymptotic result agrees well with the Hankel‐transform solution for the linearly varying medium. The theory is then extended to account for more general media variations and sources with complex directivities.
A geostatistical approach to predicting sulfur content in the Pittsburgh coal bed

Abstract The US Geological Survey (USGS) is completing a national assessment of coal resources in the five top coal-producing regions in the US. Point-located data provide measurements on coal thickness and sulfur content. The sample data and their geologic interpretation represent the most regionally complete and up-to-date assessment of what is known about top-producing US coal beds. The sample data are analyzed using a combination of geologic and Geographic Information System (GIS) models to estimate tonnages and qualities of the coal beds. Traditionally, GIS practitioners use contouring to represent geographical patterns of “similar” data values. The tonnage and grade of coal resources are then assessed by using the contour lines as references for interpolation. An assessment taken to this point is only indicative of resource quantity and quality. Data users may benefit from a statistical approach that would allow them to better understand the uncertainty and limitations of the sample data. To develop a quantitative approach, geostatistics were applied to the data on coal sulfur content from samples taken in the Pittsburgh coal bed (located in the eastern US, in the southwestern part of the state of Pennsylvania, and in adjoining areas in the states of Ohio and West Virginia). Geostatistical methods that account for regional and local trends were applied to blocks 2.7 mi (4.3 km) on a side. The data and geostatistics support conclusions concerning the average sulfur content and its degree of reliability at regional- and economic-block scale over the large, contiguous part of the Pittsburgh outcrop, but not to a mine scale. To validate the method, a comparison was made with the sulfur contents in sample data taken from 53 coal mines located in the study area. The comparison showed a high degree of similarity between the sulfur content in the mine samples and the sulfur content represented by the geostatistically derived contours.
Females' Choice of ``Good Genotypes'' as Mates is Promoted by an Insect Mating System

Can animal mating systems result in the choice of mates carrying genotypes that are otherwise favored by natural selection? This question is addressed by studying, in natural populations of Colias butterflies, how the phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) enzyme genotype of males mating Colias females varies with degree of female mate discrimination. Certain PGI genotypes (as predicted from their biochemical properties) have been found previously to have an advantage in diverse fitness-related properties: flight capacity, survivorship, and overall mating success. It is shown here that males of these same genotypes have even greater advantage in remating older, more discriminating females than they do in mating previously unmated, less discriminating females. Assortative mating is not found and thus cannot explain this effect. The mating system of these insects does, at least in this case, result in active female choice of generally favorable male genotypes as mates.
The effects of training in self-reinforcement and reward: Implications for depression

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of training in the selfadministration of positive consequences within the context of a paradigmatic model of depression. Sixty-one nondepressed undergraduates were offered either self-reinforcement/reward or no training. Subsequent to the training period, subjects reported on the frequency of self-reinforcement/reward, frequency of environmental losses in sources of reinforcement/reward, and degree of depression. It was found that training resulted in greater skills in the self-administration of reinforcement and rewards. Implications for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of depression are noted.
Collecting Campus Culture: Collaborations and Collisions

From the 2007 implementation of Illinois Wesleyan University’s institutional repository (IR), an archivist and special collections librarian and a scholarly communications librarian have worked on its development and expansion from each position’s unique perspective. They have found themselves united on some fronts, but divided at times on big picture questions such as the definition of campus culture and the extent to which the IR should contain products of that culture, how best to describe and structure collections, and who should be responsible for certain collections. Through regular dialogue on these concerns and efforts to understand each other’s perspective, the colleagues’ joint interest in promoting and preserving a broad history of campus culture is being achieved. Examples of how these issues are navigated, recommendations for realizing similar outcomes, and insights into the work remaining are provided.
2-Methylene-19-nor-1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 analogs inhibit adipocyte differentiation and PPARγ2 gene transcription

Abstract The hormonally active form of vitamin D 3 , 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ), prevents adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line. In this paper, both a shortened side-chain non-calcemic analog, (20 S )-1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-bishomopregnacalciferol (2MbisP), as well as a highly bone-selective compound, 2-methylene-19-nor-(20 S )-1α-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (2MD), are shown to completely prevent adipocyte differentiation in this cell line. 2MbisP is slightly less potent than 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , whereas 2MD is approximately two orders of magnitude more potent that the parent hormone in preventing adipocyte differentiation. The ability to block differentiation requires binding to the vitamin D receptor. Both 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and the analogs prevent the induction of the C/EBPα and PPARγ2 transcription factors, which is necessary for terminal differentiation. In contrast, the normal increase in C/EBPβ protein that occurs shortly after the induction of differentiation occurs both in the presence and absence of vitamin D compounds, and the C/EBPβ protein appears functional with respect to DNA binding and nuclear localization. Transient transfection studies show that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 prevents transactivation through the 5′ region of the PPARγ2 promoter, and thus acts at the transcriptional level to inhibit the normal upregulation of PPARγ2 that occurs during the course of 3T3-L1 cell differentiation.
Rapid and efficient subcloning of DNA without dephosphorylation or gel electrophoresis.

Conventional subcloning into plasmid vectors often involves dephosphorylation, gel electrophoresis, DNA extraction, and purification to isolate the target insert and the cleaved plasmid. This is not only time-consuming but very often problematic. We have developed strategies that can circumvent these steps by mixing digested donor and recipient plasmids together for ligation. These strategies capitalizes on: (1) the ability to enhance the ligation efficiency of desired DNA fragments into the target vector by the generation and removal of small (<50 bp) fragments from nontarget DNA using peripheral restriction sites and spin column technology and (2) the elimination of undesired ligation products after ligation by using the Lac Z gene, differences in antibiotic resistance among plasmid vectors, and unique restriction sites situated in nontarget DNA fragments.
Emerging new drugs for scar reduction

Hypertropic and keloid scars cause both functional and cosmetic problems for those afflicted. Although people of all ages suffer from these conditions, the patients are often young and otherwise healthy, and become burdened with an activity limiting lesion or psychosocial stresses associated with a perceived aesthetic defect. Currently available treatment modalities are often inconvenient, occasionally painful, and have unwanted side effects. Despite the highest standard of care, treatment protocols are prone to failure with high rates of scar recurrence. Hypertropic and keloid scars are the result of an abnormal healing response and may result from an extended inflammatory phase in the wound healing process. Regardless of the causes, which remain elusive, excessive collagen deposition occurs relative to normal wounds. This extracellular matrix collagen accumulation makes a logical target for pharmacological interventions, and researchers are attempting to modify collagen-synthetic and -degradative pathways. In addition, growth factors and cytokines have been implicated in scar formation, and these factors are targeted for potential therapeutic use in scar management. Cytotoxic agents are also being evaluated for their potential utility in the reduction of tissue bulk associated with these excessive scar states. Given the wide range of potential therapeutic agents, the future market for scar therapy remains highly promising.
Effect of thyroid hormone treatment on thyromegaly in children and adolescents with Hashimoto disease

The effect of thyroid hormone treatment on thyromegaly was evaluated in 69 patients ≤18 years of age with goitrous Hashimoto disease. Changes in goiter size were related to pretreatment thyroid function (serum thyroxine and thyrotropin concentrations). We found that only hypothyroid patients had a clear diminution of their thyromegaly when given thyroid hormone.
Mobilization of sediment phosphorus by submersed freshwater macrophytes

SUMMARY. The mobilization of sediment phosphorus (P) by three submersed freshwater macrophyte species was investigated on five different sediments. The study was conducted under controlled environmental conditions in lucite columns that enabled the separation of sediment and plant roots from the overlying P-free ‘complete’ nutrient solution. The species investigated (Egeria densa, Hydrilla verticillata, and Myriophyllum spicatum) had minor root systems (on a biomass basis), but were demonstrated to be fully capable of deriving their P nutrition exclusively from the sediments. Phosphorus absorption and translocation into shoots (i.e., mobilization) was substantial, and in some cases suggested a greater than 1000-fold turnover of interstitial water PO4-P over a 3-month period. Sediment P mobilization, a function of both plant growth and tissue P concentration, differed considerably among plant species and sediments. Phosphorus release from the species investigated appears to be primarily dependent upon tissue decay rather than excretory processes. The mobilization of sediment P by submersed macrophytes represents an important aspect of the P cycle, and may affect the overall metabolism of lacustrine systems.
Scalable all-optical compression/decompression of variable length (40 to 1500 byte) packets

We report on the first experimental demonstration of all-optical compression and decompression of variable length packets (40-1500 bytes), into fixed temporal sized packets using variable compression ratios. End-to-end (compression and decompression) packet BER was measured with a penalty of /spl sim/1.65 dB.
Confidence intervals for weighted proportions

We investigate methods for the construction of confidence intervals for a proportion in a stratified two-stage sampling design with few events occurring in a small number of large, unequal size strata. The critical aspect is the incorporation of the weighting scheme into the construction of a single overall confidence interval. With small numbers of events, the binomial based methods may be inadequate since the normal approximation is not valid. Computer simulations compare coverage probability and bias for five methods of obtaining confidence intervals for proportions by combining: (1) binomial variances; (2) confidence intervals based on the F-distribution approximation to the cumulative binomial; (3) the binomial variance method with exact confidence limits when a zero prevalence occurs in any stratum; (4) confidence intervals based on the F-distribution using a rescaling factor; and (5) the binomial variance method with exact confidence limits using a rescaling factor. The method that performs best in terms of coverage probability is the combination of stratum specific confidence intervals based on the F-distribution using a rescaling factor. The methods involving the binomial variance tend to be negatively biased and the methods based on the F-distribution tend to be positively biased. Application of these methods with data from a study of adolescent depression that employs a stratified two-stage sampling design is consistent with these results.
A three-dimensional model of corotating streams in the solar wind. 1: Theoretical foundations

The paper is concerned with the development of the theoretical and mathematical background pertinent to the study of steady, corotating solar wind structure in all three spatial dimensions. The dynamical evolution of the plasma in interplanetary space (defined as the region beyond roughly 35 Rs where the flow is supersonic) is approximately described by the nonlinear, single-fluid, polytropic magnetohydrodynamic or hydrodynamic equations. Efficient numerical techniques are outlined for solving this complex system of coupled, hyperbolic partial differential equations. The present formulation is inviscid and nonmagnetic, but the methods used allow for the potential inclusion of both features with only modest modifications. A simple, highly idealized hydrodynamic model stream is examined to illustrate the fundamental processes involved in the three-dimensional dynamics of stream evolution. It is found that spatial variations in the rotational stream interaction mechanism produce small nonradial flows on a global scale that lead to the transport of mass, energy, and momentum away from regions of relative compression and into regions of relative rarefaction. Comparison with simpler models demonstrates the essential nonlinear, multidimensional nature of the interplanetary dynamics.