cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibody Coadministration as a Strategy to Overcome Binding-Site Barrier for ADCs: a Quantitative Investigation

It has been proposed that the binding-site barrier (BSB) for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) can be overcome with the help of antibody coadministration. However, broad utility of this strategy remains in question. Consequently, here, we have conducted in vivo experiments and pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) modeling and simulation (M&S) to further evaluate the antibody coadministration hypothesis in a quantitative manner. Two different Trastuzumab-based ADCs, T-DM1 (no bystander effect) and T-vc-MMAE (with a bystander effect), were evaluated in high-HER2 (N87) and low-HER2 (MDA-MB-453) expressing tumors, with or without the coadministration of 1, 3, or 8-fold higher Trastuzumab. The tumor growth inhibition (TGI) data was quantitatively characterized using a semi-mechanistic PK-PD model to determine the nature of drug interaction for each coadministration regimen, by estimating the interaction parameter ψ. It was found that the coadministration strategy improved ADC efficacy under certain conditions and had no impact on ADC efficacy in others. The benefit was more pronounced for N87 tumors with very high antigen expression levels where the effect on treatment was synergistic (a synergistic drug interaction, ψ = 2.86 [2.6–3.12]). The benefit was diminished in tumor with lower antigen expression (MDA-MB-453) and payload with bystander effect. Under these conditions, the coadministration regimens resulted in an additive or even less than additive benefit (ψ ≤ 1). As such, our results suggest that while antibody coadministration may be helpful for ADCs in certain circumstances, one should not broadly apply this strategy to all the scenarios without first identifying the costs and benefits of this approach.
Diversity in rest-activity patterns among Lake Malawi cichlid fishessuggests novel axis of habitat partitioning

Animals display remarkable diversity in rest and activity patterns that are regulated by endogenous foraging strategies, social behaviors, and predator avoidance. Alteration in the circadian timing of activity or the duration of rest-wake cycles provide a central mechanism for animals to exploit novel niches. The diversity of the 3000+ cichlid species throughout the world provides a unique opportunity to examine variation in locomotor activity and rest. Lake Malawi alone is home to over 500 species of cichlids that display divergent behaviors and inhabit well-defined niches throughout the lake. These species are presumed to be diurnal, though this has never been tested systematically. Here, we measure locomotor activity across the circadian cycle in 12 cichlid species from divergent lineages and distinct habitats. We document surprising variability in the circadian time of locomotor activity and the duration of rest. In particular, we identify a single species, Tropheops sp. "red cheek" that is nocturnal. Nocturnal behavior was maintained when fish were provided shelter, but not under constant darkness, suggesting it results from acute response to light rather than an endogenous circadian rhythm. Finally, we show that nocturnality is associated with increased eye size, suggesting a link between visual processing and nighttime activity. Together, these findings identify diversity of locomotor behavior in Lake Malawi cichlids and provide a system for investigating the molecular and neural basis underlying the evolution of nocturnal activity.
Racial technological bias and the white, feminine voice of AI VAs

This essay illuminates the ways that tech corporations harness the specter of white femininity and program it into artificially intelligent virtual assistants (AI VAs). Specifically, AI VAs reflect...
Calcium signaling on Jurkat T cells induced by microbeads coated with novel peptide ligands specific to human CD3ε.

CD3e is expressed on T lymphocytes as a part of the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. Together with other CD3 molecules, CD3e is responsible for the activation of T cells via transducing the event of antigen recognition by the TCR into intracellular signaling cascades. The present study first aims to identify a novel peptide ligand that binds to human CD3e in a specific manner and to perform an initial evaluation of its biological efficacy on the human T cell line, Jurkat cells. We screened a phage-display peptide library against human CD3e using a subtractive biopanning process, from which we identified 13 phage clones displaying unique peptide sequences. One dominant phage clone displaying the 7 amino acid sequence of WSLGYTG, which occupied 90% of tested plaques (18 out of 20) after the 5th round of biopanning, demonstrated a superior binding behavior to other clones in the binding assays against recombinant CD3e on microbeads or Jurkat cells. The synthesized peptide also showed specific binding to Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner but not to B cell lymphoma line, 2PK3 cells. Molecular modeling and docking simulation confirmed that the selected peptide ligand in an energetically stable conformation binds to a pocket of CD3e that is not hidden by either CD3γ or CD3δ. Lastly, magnetic microbeads conjugated with the synthesized peptide ligands showed a weak but specific association with Jurkat cells and induced the calcium flux, a hallmark indication of proximal T cell receptor signaling, which gave rise to an enhancement of IL-2 section and cell proliferation. The novel peptide ligand and its various multivalent forms have a great potential in applications related to T cell biology and T cell immunotherapy.
Engineering [for] Effectiveness in Mathematics Education: Intervention at the Instructional Core in an Era of Common Core Standards

The initial purpose of the presentation that led to this essay was to identify “what are the potential best practices (“Best practices are generally accepted, informally standardized techniques, methods, or processes that have proven themselves over time to accomplish given tasks. Often based on common sense, these practices are commonly used where no specific formal methodology is in place or the existing methodology does not sufficiently address the issue.” (Wikipedia)) that define effective STEM schools?” The juxtaposition of “best practice” and “effective” here poses a particular challenge—“best practices” refers to the informal wisdom of the field delineating what “gets the job done.” But effectiveness demands an evidentiary base, with justification and warrant for a measured “effect” against some criteria for potential effects that are desirable as outcomes. As researchers, we claim that our charge can only be met definitively for “best practices” that have been researched relative to some common criteria. For this reason, our contribution to this volume is to review, discuss, critique, and refine what we have learned from a promising set of studies of curricular effectiveness, and to propose a means to refocus our approach to effectiveness from “curriculum” to the instructional core as a whole.
Theorien über den Mechanismus der Reaktion

Als die klinischen Ergebnisse der unspezifischen Therapie zuerst bekanntgegeben wurden, wusten wir gar nicht, was wir von ihnen halten sollten. Sie stellten einen von Irrtumern freien und einfachen Erfahrungskomplex dar, und da sie den gelaufigen Immunitats- und Resistenzbegriffen geradezu widersprachen, so war zu erwarten, das wissenschaftlich geschulte Arzte sich ganz entschieden zweifelnd verhalten wurden, um so mehr, als die zuerst zur Hervorrufung der Reaktion angewandten eingreifenden Masnahmen an sich nicht ohne Gefahr waren. Aber als dann mit zunehmender Klarheit der klinischen Erfolge die Wichtigkeit der Reaktion nicht langer unbeachtet gelassen werden konnte, musten wir nach irgend einer Erklarung des therapeutischen Nutzens suchen, selbst wenn es notig gewesen ware, unsere ganze Anschauung vom Mechanismus des Heilungsvorganges umzustosen.
Virus-based vectors for gene expression in mammalian cells: Adeno-associated virus

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biology of adeno-associated virus (AAV). AAV is a non-pathogenic and replication-defective member of the parvoviridae family. AAV has no etiological association with any known diseases. Its propagation requires the co-infection of an unrelated virus, such as adenovirus or herpesvirus, to provide essential helper functions. Recombinant AAV vectors can be produced at very high titers (more than 10 13 viral particles/ml) by several different methods. All these methods share the same three essential components: (1) AAV vector component that contains the foreign transgene(s) flanked by the 145-bp AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). (2) AAV replication gene (Rep) and AAV capsid gene (Cap) genes that provide non-structural and structural proteins for vector DNA replication and packaging. (3) Helper functions from adenovirus or herpesvirus that facilitate efficient AAV propagation. When the three components above are introduced either transiently or stably into a suitable host cell, such as human 293 or HeLa cells, the AAV vector DNA is replicated and packaged into viral particles. AAV vectors have been increasingly used for gene transfer and gene therapy, particularly in vivo , because of the safety, high efficiency and long-term gene transfer by the vector system. In vitro and in vivo gene transfer is discussed along with the immunological aspects of AAV vectors. Compared to other viral vector systems, such as those based on retrovirus and adenovirus, the AAV vector is relatively new with potential for further development.
α‐Acetylenic Esters from α‐Acylmethylenephosphoranes: Ethyl 4,4,4‐Trifluorotetrolate

α-Acetylenic esters from α-acylmethylenephosphoranes: ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorotetrolate intermediate: ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-(triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetoacetate product: ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorotetrolate Keywords: acylation; condensation, carbonyl-ylide condensation; elimination, miscellaneous; thermal decomposition reactions (pyrolytic reactions); pyrolysis apparatus, for decomposition of a-acylphosphoranes
Audience reaction movie trailers and the Paranormal Activity franchise

This article addresses the concept and growing practice of audience reaction movie trailers, specifically for films in the horror genre. Popularized by the Paranormal Activity series of films, these trailers primarily utilize green night-vision video footage of a movie theater audience reacting to the film being advertised, yet also consist of webcam recordings of screaming fans, documentary-style B-roll footage of audiences filing into preview screenings with high levels of anticipation, and close-up shots of spectator facial expressions, accompanied by no footage whatsoever from the film being advertised. In analyzing these audience-centric promotional paratexts, my aim is to reveal them as attempting to sell and legitimize the experiential, communal, and social qualities of the theatrical movie viewing experience while at the same time calling for increased fan investment in both physical and online spaces. Through the analysis of audience reaction trailers, this article hopes to both join and engender conversations about horror fan participation, the nature of anticipatory texts as manipulative, and the current state of horror gimmickry in the form of the promotional paratext.
Low-complexity co-channel interference cancellation and macroscopic diversity for high capacity PCS

More than a factor of 3 increase in overall PCS capacity can be achieved in small, hand-held communication devices with limited battery power or in small, low-complexity base stations when incorporating simple interference cancellation techniques without training sequences in the channel access algorithm that realizes macroscopic selection diversity based on signal quality measurement. The comparison is done with respect to microscopic selection diversity and macroscopic selection diversity based on channel power measurement. Results were obtained by computer simulations.
A Bayesian Approach to Replication of Linkage Findings

A novel Bayesian approach to replication studies, allowing for locus heterogeneity, is introduced. Compared with currently used approaches to replication, it offers a natural way to accumulate evidence across independently collected data sets and yields more interpretable results. Using four replicates (one as initial study and the other three as replication studies) from Problem 2 th ofe Genetic Analysis Workshop 11 data, we show the performance of this method. All four disease susceptibility loci (D1G009, D1G024, D3G045, D5G035) are identified and accurately mapped, with no false positive signals. ® 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: admixtur modele , Bayes method, linkage analysis, replication study
The regulation of dependency in parent–child relationships

Abstract We propose that the insecurities about a close other’s regard that make it difficult for low self-esteem people to form satisfying romantic relationships also create difficulties in family relationships. Our study revealed that low self-esteem mothers and children felt less loved by one another than did high self-esteem mothers and children. These feelings of not being loved partially accounted for the tendency of low self-esteem children and mothers to be dissatisfied with their relationships. Ironically, however, low self-esteem children’s insecurities about how much their mothers loved them were not warranted by the strength of their mother’s love. Taken together, these findings suggest that the processes that regulate attachment to significant others extend to familial as well as romantic relationships.
COMBINED 5-FLUOROURACIL AND SUPERVOLTAGE RADIATION THERAPY OF LOCALLY UNRESECTABLE GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER

Abstract A prospective, controlled double-blind study involving a substantial number of patients suggests that 5-fluorouracil (5-F.U.) significantly augments the effectiveness of radiation therapy for locally unresectable carcinoma of the stomach, pancreas, and large bowel. It is also possible that rarely this therapy may be curative. This approach should not be advocated as routine treatment since the vast majority of these patients still die of their cancer; and, if the present results are not spurious, the method offers only a few extra months of life. These results should, however, serve as stimulus and foundation for continued study of augmented radiation therapy in the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal cancer.
Treatment of schistosomiasis with sodium antimony tri-gluconate by mouth.

Abstract Twenty-three patients suffering from schistosomiasis were treated with a new oral drug, sodium antimony tri-gluconate. The dose regime ranged from 33 grains in 11 days to 91 grains in 13 days. One patient (Case VI) with a S. haematobium infection ceased to pass eggs and was followed up for approximately 3 months, during which time his urine was consistently negative, while another patient (Case XXII) who should have been followed up longer, ceased to pass ova of S. haematobium , but continued to pass viable ova of S. mansoni. There was no evidence of cure in the remaining 21 patients.
Rigidity of randomly intercalated layered solids.

We set up a harmonic spring model that describes both the layer rigidity and the size and stiffness of the intercalant species. In certain limiting cases, when (1) the layers are either perfectly floppy or perfectly rigid and (2) the stiffness of the two intercalant species are the same, the model can be solved exactly. We also give an effective-medium solution that reproduces all the known exact results, and agrees well with numerical simulations in other cases. These simulations are performed for both one- and two-dimensional systems. If the two intercalant species have the same spring constant, Vegard's law is recovered. We compute the probability distribution of the various interlayer distances and apply the results to two-dimensional alloys of Li and vacancies in graphite, and to K and Rb in graphite.
Intrinsic and Functional Differences among Commissural Interneurons during Fictive Locomotion and Serotonergic Modulation in the Neonatal Mouse

Commissural interneurons (CINs) send their axons across the midline to innervate contralateral targets and have been implicated in the coordination of left-right limb movements during locomotion. In the neonatal mouse spinal cord, we studied the firing properties and responses to serotonin (5-HT) of two classes of CINs: those whose axons turn caudally after crossing the midline (dCINs) and those whose axons bifurcate after crossing the midline (adCINs). During NMDA and 5-HT-induced locomotor-like activity, a majority of lumbar (L2) dCINs fired rhythmically with ventral root-recorded motor activity, although their firing phase was widely distributed throughout the locomotor cycle. In contrast, none of the adCINs fired rhythmically during fictive locomotion. We studied the baseline firing and membrane properties, and responses to current injection, in dCINs and adCINs that had been partially isolated by blockade of rapid synaptic transmission (with antagonists to glutamate, GABA, and glycine). No significant baseline differences were found between the cell types. In contrast, 5-HT significantly increased the excitability of the isolated dCINs by depolarizing the membrane potential, reducing the postspike afterhyperpolarization amplitude and decreasing the action potential threshold. None of these parameters were affected by 5-HT in adCINs. These results, together with our recent study of a third class of CINs, the aCINs whose axons ascend after crossing the midline (Zhong et al., 2006), suggest that dCINs and aCINs, but not adCINs, are excited by 5-HT and are rhythmically active during fictive locomotion. Thus, they may play important roles in the coordination of left-right movements during fictive locomotion.
The State Care of the Tuberculous in Colorado through the Use of Existing Facilities

SUMMARY Colorado has been successful in treating state cases of tuberculosis in private sanatoria or wards of general hospitals, including isolation wards, set aside for this purpose, instead of maintaining state facilities. The type of care is under close supervision with frequent conferences between the state Division of Tuberculosis Hospitalization and the staffs of the institutions. The costs of care are somewhat less than might be expected if the state maintained its own facilities. Cases are transferred for surgery to a central institution which is connected with the Colorado School of Medicine. The advantages and disadvantages of the program are enumerated. The advantages seem to considerably outweigh the disadvantages. The results compare favorably with those obtained from the use of state sanatoria.
An Initial Examination of College Students' Expressions of Affection Through Facebook

Extant Facebook research focuses on how Facebook users develop and maintain relationships, while largely neglecting to identify specific communicative behaviors used to develop and maintain relationships through Facebook. Expressions of affection are, in part, used to maintain and develop relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold. First, this study examined how college students express affection for their close friends through Facebook and identified sex differences in the amount of expressed affection and the perceived appropriateness of expressed affection through Facebook. Second, this study examined the extent to which trait affection given is related to the amount of expressed affection and the perceived appropriateness of expressed affection through Facebook. Undergraduate students identified and confirmed 29 types of expressed affection through Facebook and completed a battery of questionnaires. The results support prior affectionate communication research conducted in face-to...
Conversion of bulk seashells to biocompatible hydroxyapatite for bone implants

Strombus gigas (conch) shells and Tridacna gigas (Giant clam) shells have dense, tailored structures that impart excellent mechanical properties to these shells. In this investigation, conch and clam seashells were converted to hydroxyapatite (HAP) by a hydrothermal method at different temperatures and for different conversion durations. Dense HAP structures were created from these shells throughout the majority of the samples at the relative low temperature of approximately 200 degrees C. The average fracture stress was found to be approximately 137-218MPa for partially converted conch shell samples and approximately 70-150MPa for original and converted clamshell samples, which is close to the mechanical strength of compact human bone. This indicates that the converted shell samples can be used as implants in load-bearing cases. In vivo tests of converted shell samples were performed in rat femoral defects for 6 weeks. The microtomography images at 6 weeks show that the implants did not move, and untreated control defects remain empty with no evidence of a spontaneous fusion. Histological study reveals that there is newly formed bone growing up to and around the implants. There is no evidence of a fibrosis tissue ring around the implants, also indicating that there is no loosening of the implants. In contrast, the untreated controls remain empty with some evidence of a fibrosis ring around the defect hole. These results indicate good biocompatibility and bioactivity of the converted shell implants.
Cytotype control of Drosophila P element transposition: The 66 kd protein is a repressor of transposase activity

Drosophila P transposable elements encode two proteins, an 87 kd transposase protein and a 66 kd protein that has been hypothesized to repress transposition. We have made germline transformants carrying modified P element derivatives that encode only the 66 kd protein and shown that these elements repress transposase activity in both the germline and the soma. The position of these elements in the genome quantitatively affected their ability to negatively regulate transposase and to express the 66 kd protein. Single 66 kd element-containing strains did not exhibit the maternal inheritance of P cytotype characteristic of P strains. However, we demonstrated that a true P strain produced higher levels of the 66 kd protein during oogenesis than single 66 kd P elements. Thus, the expression of the 66 kd repressor during oogenesis may be a major determinant of the maternal effect of P cytotype.
ULSNAP: An ultra-low power event-driven microcontroller for sensor network nodes

We present the architecture of and measured results for ULSNAP: a fully-implemented ultra-low power event-driven microcontroller targeted at the bursty workloads of the sensor network application space. ULSNAP is event-driven at both the microarchitectural and circuit levels in order to minimize static power, energy per operation, and wake up energy while maximizing performance. Our 90nm test chip offers 93 MIPS at 1.2V and 47 MIPS at 0.95V, consuming 47pJ and 29pJ per operation respectively. Compared to state-of-the-art processors in its class, ULSNAP is on the Pareto-optimal front of the energy-performance space.
On the use of Doppler sonar for internal wave measurements

Abstract Doppler sonar is becoming a useful technique for remote mapping of the oceanic velocity field. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the many factors which govern sonar performance and the interpretation of Doppler data. Measurement precision is determined both by the mechanical design of the sonar and how it is used. Typically, output power level, receiver noise level, operating frequency, and transducer beam width are hardware factors that govern sonar performance. Pulse length, pulse repetition rate, and averaging time are parameters that are adjustable for a given piece of hardware. Backscatter sonar measurements are unconventional in that only the radial component of velocity is sensed. Motions perpendicular to the sonar beam are not detected. In situations where the properties of the phenomenon to be studied vary strongly with direction, the physical interpretation of the sonar measurements can be quite complex. Such is the case with internal gravity waves, and the relationship is worked out here in some detail. Examples of internal wave data are presented and comparisons are made with the Garrett and Munk ( Journal of Geophysical Research , 80 , 291–297; 3294, 1975) internal wave model.
Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectra of the [M + 1]+ ions of aliphatic esters produced by chemical ionization

Abstract To test the similarity of chemical ionization (CI) spectra of esters to the collision-induced decomposition mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (CID-MIKE) spectra of protonated esters, the CID-MIKE spectra of the [M + 1] + ions of nineteen aliphatic esters were studied. The major fragments produced in the two kinds of experiment are similar, but there are significant differences in the ions of high mass, which would reduce the usefulness of library searches of CI spectra to identify MIKE spectra of [M + 1] + ions.
Retention of environmental habituation in rats as a function of the environment during the retention interval

The time course of female rats’ habituation to familiar test environments was measured with a resident-intruder paradigm. A resident was permitted 0, 2, 5, 10, or 30 min of environmental adaptation prior to introduction of an intruder, and a dominance test was then conducted in which both rats were allowed to compete for drops of water. The degree of dominance which the resident attained was a function of the duration of adaptation, reaching a maximum after 5 min. The retention of this habituation was investigated as a function of the type of retention environment and the duration of the retention interval. Retention intervals of 5 or 25 min in unfamiliar environments produced significant loss of habituation, while the same intervals in familiar environments did not produce habituation loss. The degree of similarity between habituated and retention environments did not appear to be an important variable affecting retention. When the retention interval was extended to 25 h in a familiar retention environment, no environmental habituation was retained.
Tackling the hydra, validation of the imagery environmental data record (EDR) and Cloud Mask

Both the imagery and VCM validation efforts required extensive coordination with users and other validation teams, along with the validation effort itself. Therefore the validation efforts from the very beginning included both the work necessary to validate the products as well as efficient mechanisms to communicate with external dependent communities.
Gravity and Wind Load Path Analysis of a Light-Frame and a Traditional Timber Frame Building

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare structural load path and system behavior of a light-frame (LF) and a timber frame (TF) structure. This load path analysis is part of a broader research effort that compares LF to TF residential structures. Structural analysis software was used to create a model of each structure. The TF structure was composed of large-dimension timbers and structural insulated panels (SIPs). An equivalent LF structure was designed for comparison, following the guidelines of the International Residential Code. Results show that TF outperforms LF in resisting uplift, as well as in story drift. TF also provides load paths that are more resistant to the introduction of large openings and the loss of a central post. Observed axial loads in TF posts show smaller ranges compared with LF studs.
Minimum utility cost for a multicomponent mass exchange operation

The minimum utility cost problem is investigated for a single mass exchanger which is required to meet composition targets in multiple components. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear program. Properties for this nonlinear program are then established. These lead to a combinatorial global solution methodology whose complexity grows as the square of the number of components considered. The minimum utility cost is shown to not necessarily be the maximum of the single component minimum utility costs. The solution procedure is illustrated with two example applications.
Numerical Modeling of Solar Thermo-Chemical Water-Splitting Reactor

Production of hydrogen using solar thermal energy has the potential to be a viable alternative to other hydrogen production methods, typically fossil-fuel driven processes. Thermochemical reactions for splitting water require high temperatures to operate effectively, for which solar is well-suited. Numerical modeling to investigate the concept of a solar-driven reactor for splitting water is presented in detail in this paper for an innovative reactor, known as the “counter-rotating-ring receiver/reactor/recuperator” (CR5) solar thermochemical heat engine that is presently under development. In this paper, details of numerical simulations predicting the thermal/fluid behavior of the innovative solar-driven thermo-chemical reactor are described in detail. These scoping calculations have been used to provide insight into the thermal behavior of the counter-rotating reactor rings and to assess the degree of flow control required for the CR5 concept.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A reply to: “Bis-pericyclic retrocycloaddition and the importance of avoiding piecewise analysis”

Abstract Recent criticism of a tentative interpretation of the cheletropic response of the aza-bicyclo[4.2.]nona-2,4,7-triene frame is shown to be invalid.
Cerebral cortical somatosensory evoked responses, multiple unit activity and current source-densities: their interrelationships and significance to somatic sensation as revealed by stimulation of the awake monkey's hand.

In awake monkeys, electrical pulse stimuli which mimic touch stimulation were delivered to the thenar eminence while electrophysiologic recordings were made from surface to depth in postcentral gyrus. Cortical depth profiles of somatosensory evoked responses (SEPs), multiple unit activity (MUA) and current source-densities (CSDs) were analyzed to gain insight into the neural process underlying the SEP and somatic sensation. The following was found: 1.) The thenar stimulus evoked four main SEP components which were seen over wide regions of postcentral gyrus: P1 at 12 ms, the primary evoked response; P1a, near 20 ms; N1, near 50 ms; and P2, around 120 ms after the stimulus. 2.) MUA was observed during the P1, P1a and N1 temporal intervals whose vigor changed as a function of the respective SEP component's amplitude. 3.) CSD analysis showed that during P1 a current sink and source appeared within the the middle and superficial cortical layers, respectively. During P1a, a sink just above that of P1 and a superficial source became evident. During N1, a large superficial sink and one or two deep sources appeared. Evoked MUA during P1 and P1a was most prominent at the level of their current sinks while MUA during N1 appeared at the level of the current sources, in general. 4.) When stimulation was moved from the thenar portion of the hand to a region which most closely matched the receptive field of the cortical recording site, P1 and P1a increased amplitude while N1 both increased in amplitude and decreased in peak latency. Also, MUA activity during the early temporal intervals become more vigorous. These changes were similar to those observed with thenar stimuli as the recording site approached the thenar cortical representation. 5.) Over repeated trials at a single stimulus intensity, the spontaneous changes in SEP amplitude were found to be directly correlated with MUA and CSD measures within the same temporal interval. In contrast, SEP, MUA or CSD measures within the early temporal intervals (i.e., P1 or P1a) were uncorrelated or less frequently, inversely correlated with the same measures in the late temporal interval (i.e. N1). The multiple measures complemented one another which led to a descriptive model of the neural process underlying the evoked cortical response in postcentral gyrus of awake monkey.
Racial differences in hospice use and patterns of care after enrollment in hospice among Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure

Background We examined racial differences in patterns of care and resource use among Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure after enrollment in hospice. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of a 5% nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure who died between 2000 and 2008. Outcomes of interest included adjusted and unadjusted associations of race with hospice enrollment for any diagnosis, disenrollment, and resource use after enrollment. Results The study population included 219,275 Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure, of whom 31.4% of white patients and 24.3% of nonwhite patients enrolled in hospice in the last 6 months of life ( P P P P P Conclusion Rates of hospice use have increased over time for both white and nonwhite patients. Nonwhite patients were less likely than white patients to enroll in hospice and had higher resource use after electing hospice care, regardless of disenrollment status.
The analysis of ontogenetic trajectories: When a change in size or shape is not heterochrony

Heterochrony has become a central organizing concept relating development and evolution. Unfortunately, the standard definition of heterochrony—evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental processes—is so broad as to apply to any case of phenotypic evolution. Conversely, the standard classes of heterochrony only accurately describe a small subset of the possible ways that ontogeny can change. I demonstrate here that the nomenclature of heterochrony is meaningful only when there is a uniform change in the rate or timing of some ontogenetic process, with no change in the internal structure of that process. Given two ontogenetic trajectories, we can test for this restricted definition of heterochrony by asking if a uniform stretching or translation of one trajectory along the time axis superimposes it on the other trajectory. If so, then the trajectories are related by a uniform change in the rate or timing of development. If not, then there has been change within the ontogenetic process under study. I apply this technique to published data on fossil Echinoids and to the comparison of human and chimpanzee growth curves. For the Echinoids, some characters do show heterochrony (hypermorphosis), while others, which had previously been seen as examples of heterochrony, fail the test—implying that their evolution involved changes in the process of development, not just the rate at which it proceeded. Analysis of human and chimpanzee growth curves indicates a combination of neoteny and sequential hypermorphosis, two processes previously seen as alternate explanations for the differences between these species.
Evolution vs. “revolution” in psychotherapy: A biodynamic integration

No one but an osteologist can be truly entranced by a human skeleton, whereas, a physician can accurately imagine that skel eton clothed in the flesh and blood of a man and can then pic ture that man exquisitely alive and creative. It is with this reliance on the supplemental imagery, knowledge, and experience of the readers of this journal that the skeletal outline of psychotherapy is offered with the added recognition that both the structure of skeletons and our knowledge of them also change over the ages. Nevertheless, such changes occur not by violent revolu tions and counter-revolutions, but by an orderly evolution along pre-set and significant patterns.
Development of high power CARM oscillators

Abstract The Cyclotron Auto-Resonance Maser (CARM) is under investigation at the US Naval Research Laboratory as an efficient source of high power millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave radiation for applications such as plasma heating, advanced rf accelerators, and space-based radars. A short-pulse 100 GHz CARM oscillator experiment based on a 600 kV, 200 A, 50 ns electron beam is under way. The mode selective, high- Q waveguide cavity with rippled-wall Bragg reflectors is designed to operate in the TE 61 mode. A novel cold cathode diode is used to produce a high quality ( Δυ z / υ z ≤ 3%) annular beam with a momentum pitch ratio of 0.6. The cathode features nonemitting focussing electrodes and an annular velvet emitter. The main objective of the experiment is to demonstrate high efficiency (∼ 20%) at a power of approximately 20 MW. In addition, a long pulse, 250 GHz, CARM oscillator experiment based on a 500 kV, 100 A, 1 μs MIG-type thermionic cathode electron gun is planned. The design of these experiments and the optimization of CARM oscillator efficiency are discussed.
Uteroferrin contains complex and high mannose-type oligosaccharides when synthesized in vitro.

Mature uteroferrin (Uf; MΓ = 35,500) is a progesterone-induced acid phosphatase secreted by the pig uterus. It contains a single, unphosphorylated, high mannose-type oligosaccharide. Endometrial explants cultured in vitro secrete Uf with a MΓ of 37,000 (37k Uf) having phosphorylated high mannose oligosaccharides. In this report we demonstrate that 37k Uf contains two N-linked oligosaccharides which are a mixture of complex and high mannose-type oligosaccharides. The complex-type glycopeptides are biantennary and a portion may be fucosylated on the GlcNac of the chitobiose core proximal to the peptide. Only a portion of the high mannose-type oligosaccharides are phosphorylated. The remainder appear to be typical Man6-4GlcNac2 oligosaccharides found on mature Uf.
Principles of effective team building interventions in sport: A direct services approach at Penn State University

Abstract Team building is an ongoing, multifaceted process where group members learn how to work together for a common goal, and share pertinent information regarding the quality of team functioning for the purpose of establishing more effective ways of operating. This article describes a “hands on” approach to conducting team building interventions in sport. Drawing on reserurh from organizational development and group dynamic theory in sport, as well as information derived from interviews with coaches and athletes, key principles associated with successful team building interventions are presented and discussed. Core components to consider in building a successful team include having a shared vision and unity of purpose, collaborative and synergistic teamwork, individual and mutual accountability, an identity as a team, a positive team culture and cohesive group atmosphere. open and honest communication processes, peer helping and social support, and trust at all levels. Recommendations for conducting e...
Polo Kinase and Separase Regulate the Mitotic Licensing of Centriole Duplication in Human Cells

It has been proposed that separase-dependent centriole disengagement at anaphase licenses centrosomes for duplication in the next cell cycle. Here we test whether such a mechanism exists in intact human cells. Loss of separase blocked centriole disengagement during mitotic exit and delayed assembly of new centrioles during the following S phase; however, most engagements were eventually dissolved. We identified Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) as a parallel activator of centriole disengagement. Timed inhibition of Plk1 mapped its critical period of action to late G2 or early M phase, i.e., prior to securin destruction and separase activation at anaphase onset. Crucially, when cells exited mitosis after downregulation of both separase and Plk1, centriole disengagement failed completely, and subsequent centriole duplication in interphase was also blocked. Our results indicate that Plk1 and separase act at different times during M phase to license centrosome duplication, reminiscent of their roles in removing cohesin from chromosomes.
Motherhood as a Status Characteristic

We present evidence that many of the disadvantaging effects that motherhood has on women's workplace outcomes derive from the devalued social status attached to the task of being a primary caregiver. Using expectation states theory, we argue that when motherhood becomes a salient descriptor of a worker it, like other devalued social distinctions including gender, downwardly biases the evaluations of the worker's job competence and suitability for positions of authority. We predict that the biases evoked by the motherhood role will be more strongly discriminatory than those produced by gender alone because the perceived conflicts between the cultural definitions of the good mother and the ideal worker make motherhood seem more directly relevant to workplace performance.
A chemical route to carbon nanoscrolls.

Current theories suggest that multiwalled nanotubes may form through a scrolling mechanism ([1][1], [2][2]). The concept that scrolling could lead to nanotube-like structures ([3][3]) inspired us to extend our recent work on making colloidal suspensions of layered compounds ([4][4]) to graphite.
Labor‐Environmental Relations: An Analysis of the Relationship between Labor Unions and Environmentalists

Objective. I seek to assess the quality of relations between labor unions and environmental organizations and to identify economic, political, and organizational factors that influence those relations. Methods. A survey of state labor leaders was conducted in order to determine the quality of relations between unions and environmental organizations around the United States. Ordinary least squares regression is used to identify associations between state level economic and political indicators and the quality of labor-environmental relations. Results. Relations between labor unions and environmentalists are generally positive. Except for the timber industry, there is no evidence of hostility between environmentalists and unions in industries that may be threatened with job loss due to environmental measures. Republican control of state government and labor-industry cooperation are associated with poor labor-environmental relations. Conclusions. Popular beliefs about entrenched “jobs versus the environment” conflict are largely unfounded. Instances of conflict between unions and environmental advocates are rare and largely isolated in certain employment sectors. Although unions and environmentalists share certain interests, Republican political control reduces cooperation between these two constituencies. Unions can be seen as situated between employers and environmentalists in regard to environmental issues. Cooperation with employers results in poorer relations between unions and environmentalists.
The influence of a low-potassium diet on rat-erythrocyte-membrane adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract Wistar rats were provided a low-potassium dietary regimen for varying time intervals up to 10 weeks. Within 2 weeks plasma potassium concentration was reduced; from the fifth to the tenth week it remained at about half the value for normal plasma. Starting at the fifth week of the low-potassium dietary regimen, the (Na + K)-dependent ATPase in the erythrocyte membrane of the potassium-depleted rats showed a steady increase in specific activity; by the tenth week, it was 50–100% higher than that of control rats. On the other hand, there were no detectable changes in another stromal enzyme, acetylcholine esterase, in the membrane preparations of potassium-depleted rats. In subsequent experiments low-potassium rats (depleted for 10 weeks) were returned to a complete diet for varying intervals. Plasma potassium concentration became normal within 1 week. But (Na + K)-dependent ATPase in the erythrocyte membrane decreased slowly and reached a normal level only after about 5 weeks on the complete diet. The results suggest that the decrease in the plasma potassium concentration results in an induction of the erythrocyte membrane (Na + K)-dependent ATPase.
Incidental PET/CT Detection of Breast Cancer in a Patient with Negative Mammogram and Breast Sonogram

We present the case of a 57-year-old woman with known Hodgkins lymphoma who presented with PET/CT findings of a breast mass and diseased axillary lymph node despite negative results from a recent routine mammogram and ultrasound. Needle biopsy of the mass and lymph node confirmed a diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast with nodal metastases.
Left ventricular end diastolic pressure and serum brain natriuretic peptide levels in patients with abnormal impedance cardiography parameters.

Background Distinct hemodynamic patterns determined by impedance cardiography (ICG) have been found to be superior to clinical assessment for the identification of patients at risk for heart failure decompensation in the outpatient setting. Correlation of these hemodynamic patterns with serum brain natriuretic peptides (BNP) and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) has not been established. We evaluated the correlation of low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups for acute decompensation of heart failure (ADHF) as determined by ICG parameters with LVEDP and serum BNP. Methods Consecutive patients referred for cardiac catheterization with echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricle dysfunction (systolic or diastolic) or history of congestive heart failure (CHF) underwent ICG evaluation, serum BNP measurement, and LVEDP by cardiac catheterization. Three groups at different levels of risk for ADHF were determined according to ICG parameters: thoracic fluid content (TFC) and stroke volume index (SVI); low risk (low TFC, high SVI), intermediate risk (low-low or high-high TFC and SVI, respectively), and high risk (high TFC and low SVI). Results Sixty three patients were included in the present study. Mean LVEDP and serum BNP levels were 20.2 ± 8.2 mmHg and 814 ± 1005 pg/mL, respectively, in the high-risk group in comparison to 12.3 ± 6.2 mmHg and 53 ± 38 pg/mL in the low-risk group ( p = 0.01 and p = 0.009). Conclusions Patients with ICG parameters that represent high risk for ADHF have higher levels of serum BNP and LVEDP in comparison with patients who have intermediate- or low-risk ICG parameters for ADHF.
Plaque assay of Japanese B encephalitis virus on hamster kidney monolayers.

Summary(1) Using a double agar overlay with neutral red in the second overlay only, JBE virus produced distinct plaques with sharp boundaries in monolayer cultures of HKC. They were clear and 4-6 mm in diameter after 6 days of cultivation. In contrast, the plaques produced in the same manner by JBE virus on chick embryo bottle cultures were hazy and 1-3 mm in diameter. (2) Plaque reduction neutralization tests were readily performed and proved to be more sensitive than these performed with the CPE method using monolayers in tubes with fluid medium. (3) A linear relationship was observed between plaque counts and virus concentration, permitting precise quantitative virus assay.
Optimizing bending efficiency of self-collimated beams in non-channel planar photonic crystal waveguides

In this paper, we propose a device to bend light in non-channel planar photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides using the self-collimation phenomenon. The mode distribution in a non-channel planar PhC waveguide is investigated in detail in order to help understand the proposed bending mechanism. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations show an over 80% bending efficiency for a 90° bend. As the first proposal for bending light in a non-channel planar PhC waveguide, the presented device enables the application of routing in non-channel planar PhC waveguides.