cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXAMINING SUBGRID MODELS OF SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES IN COSMOLOGICAL SIMULATION

Although supermassive black holes (SMBHs) play an important role in galaxy and cluster evolution, at present they can only be included in large-scale cosmological simulation via subgrid techniques. However, these subgrid models have not been studied in a systematic fashion. Using a newly developed fast, parallel spherical overdensity halo finder built into the simulation code FLASH, we perform a suite of dark matter-only cosmological simulations to study the effects of subgrid model choice on relations between SMBH mass and dark matter halo mass and velocity dispersion. We examine three aspects of SMBH subgrid models: the choice of initial black hole seed mass, the test for merging two black holes, and the frequency of applying the subgrid model. We also examine the role that merging can play in determining the relations, ignoring the complicating effects of SMBH-driven accretion and feedback. We find that the choice of subgrid model can dramatically affect the black hole merger rate, the cosmic SMBH mass density, and the low-redshift relations to halo properties. We also find that it is possible to reproduce observations of the low-redshift relations without accretion and feedback, depending on the choice of subgrid model.
Heavy Operators and Hydrodynamic Tails

The late time physics of interacting QFTs at finite temperature is controlled by hydrodynamics. For CFTs this implies that heavy operators -- which are generically expected to create thermal states -- can be studied semiclassically. We show that hydrodynamics universally fixes the OPE coefficients $C_{HH'L}$, on average, of all neutral light operators with two non-identical heavy ones, as a function of the scaling dimension and spin of the operators. These methods can be straightforwardly extended to CFTs with global symmetries, and generalize recent EFT results on large charge operators away from the case of minimal dimension at fixed charge. We also revisit certain aspects of late time thermal correlators in QFT and other diffusive systems.
Negative probabilities and counter-factual reasoning in quantum cognition

In this paper we discuss quantum-like decision-making experiments using negative probabilities. We do so by showing how the two-slit experiment, in the simplified version of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer, can be described by this formalism. We show that negative probabilities impose constraints to what types of counter-factual reasoning we can make with respect to (quantum) internal representations of the decision maker.
Toric polynomial generators of complex cobordism

Although it is well-known that the complex cobordism ring is a polynomial ring $\Omega_{*}^{U}\cong\mathbb{Z}\left[\alpha_{1},\alpha_{2},\ldots\right]$, an explicit description for convenient generators $\alpha_{1},\alpha_{2},\ldots$ has proven to be quite elusive. The focus of the following is to construct complex cobordism polynomial generators in many dimensions using smooth projective toric varieties. These generators are very convenient objects since they are smooth connected algebraic varieties with an underlying combinatorial structure that aids in various computations. By applying certain torus-equivariant blow-ups to a special class of smooth projective toric varieties, such generators can be constructed in every complex dimension that is odd or one less than a prime power. A large amount of evidence suggests that smooth projective toric varieties can serve as polynomial generators in the remaining dimensions as well.
SPONTANEOUS CP VIOLATION: ALTERNATIVE TO THE STANDARD MODEL

We propose a model of soft CP violation that evades the strong CP problem and can describe observed CP violation in the neutral kaon sector, both direct and indirect. Our model requires two "duark" mesons carrying quark number two that have complex (CP-violating) bare masses and are coupled to quark pairs. Aside from the existence of these potentially observable new particles with masses of several hundred GeV, we predict a flat unitarily triangle (i.e., no observable direct CP violation in the B-meson sector) and a possibly anomalous branching ratio for the decay mode .
An experimentalist’s view of the uncertainties in understanding heavy element synthesis

The overall uncertainties in predicting heavy element synthesis cross sections are examined in terms of the uncertainties associated with the calculations of capture cross sections, fusion probabilities and survival probabilities. The values of the capture cross sections are known within a factor of two, the uncertainty in the values of the survival probabilities is no less than an order of magnitude with similar uncertainties in the fusion probabilities. Canceling errors may reduce the uncertainty in the overall predicted cross sections although for the heaviest nuclei (Z = 119 -120), the uncertainties in the predicted cross sections are a few orders of magnitude.
Occurrence of anomalous diffusion and non-local response in highly-scattering acoustic periodic media

We investigate the occurrence of anomalous diffusive transport associated with acoustic wave fields propagating through highly-scattering periodic media. Previous studies had correlated the occurrence of anomalous diffusion to either the random properties of the scattering medium or to the presence of localized disorder. In this study, we show that anomalous diffusive transport can occur also in perfectly periodic media and in the absence of disorder. The analysis of the fundamental physical mechanism leading to this unexpected behavior is performed via a combination of deterministic, stochastic, and fractional-order models in order to capture and illustrate the different elements contributing to this phenomenon. Results indicate that the anomalous transport can indeed occur in perfectly periodic media when the dispersion behavior is characterized by anisotropic (partial) bandgaps. In selected frequency ranges, the propagation of acoustic waves not only becomes diffusive but its intensity distribution acquires a distinctive Levy α-stable profile having pronounced heavy-tails. In these ranges, the acoustic transport in the medium occurs according to a hybrid transport mechanism which is simultaneously propagating and anomalously diffusive. We show that such behavior is well captured by a fractional diffusive transport model whose order can be obtained by the analysis of the heavy tails.
The sparsity and bias of the Lasso selection in high-dimensional linear regression

Meinshausen and Buhlmann [Ann. Statist. 34 (2006) 1436–1462] showed that, for neighborhood selection in Gaussian graphical models, under a neighborhood stability condition, the LASSO is consistent, even when the number of variables is of greater order than the sample size. Zhao and Yu [(2006) J. Machine Learning Research 7 2541–2567] formalized the neighborhood stability condition in the context of linear regression as a strong irrepresentable condition. That paper showed that under this condition, the LASSO selects exactly the set of nonzero regression coefficients, provided that these coefficients are bounded away from zero at a certain rate. In this paper, the regression coefficients outside an ideal model are assumed to be small, but not necessarily zero. Under a sparse Riesz condition on the correlation of design variables, we prove that the LASSO selects a model of the correct order of dimensionality, controls the bias of the selected model at a level determined by the contributions of small regression coefficients and threshold bias, and selects all coefficients of greater order than the bias of the selected model. Moreover, as a consequence of this rate consistency of the LASSO in model selection, it is proved that the sum of error squares for the mean response and the lα-loss for the regression coefficients converge at the best possible rates under the given conditions. An interesting aspect of our results is that the logarithm of the number of variables can be of the same order as the sample size for certain random dependent designs.
Cloud Base Signature in Transmission Spectra of Exoplanet Atmospheres

We present an analytical model for the transmission spectrum of a transiting exoplanet, showing that a cloud base can produce an observable inflection point in the spectrum. The wavelength and magnitude of the inflection can be used to break the degeneracy between the atmospheric pressure and the abundance of the main cloud material, however, the abundance still depends on cloud particle size. An observed inflection also provides a specific point on the atmospheric P-T profile, giving us a "thermometer" to directly validate or rule out postulated cloud species. We apply the model to the transit spectrum of HD 189733b.
Asymptotic analysis of unsteady neutron transport equation

Consider the unsteady neutron transport equation with diffusive boundary condition in 2D convex domains. We establish the diffusive limit with both initial layer and boundary layer corrections. The major difficulty is the lack of regularity in the boundary layer with geometric correction. Our contribution relies on a detailed analysis of asymptotic expansions inspired by the compatibility condition and an intricate $L^{2m}-L^{\infty}$ framework which yields stronger remainder estimates.
Oscillatory switching centrifugation: dynamics of a particle in a pulsating vortex

The dynamics of a small rigid spherical particle in an unbounded pulsating vortex is considered, keeping constant the particle Stokes number , turning the vortex core either into an attractor or a repellor. The creation of non-trivial particle limit cycles characterizes the boundaries between centrifugal and centripetal regions in parameter space. The discovered phenomenon is termed oscillatory switching centrifugation and its implications for particle demixing processes, biological protocols, lab-on-a-chip devices and dynamical systems theory are discussed at the end.
Categorical Extensions of Conformal Nets

An important goal in studying the relations between unitary VOAs and conformal nets is to prove the equivalence of their ribbon categories. In this article, we prove this conjecture for many familiar examples. Our main idea is to construct new structures associated to conformal nets: the categorical extensions. Let V be a strongly-local unitary regular VOA of CFT type, and assume that all V-modules are unitarizable. Then V is associated with a conformal net $${\mathcal {A}}_V$$ by Carpi et al. (From vertex operator algebras to conformal nets and back, Vol. 254, No. 1213, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 2018). Let $${\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {u}}(V)$$ and $${\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {ss}}({\mathcal {A}}_V)$$ be the braided tensor categories of unitary V-modules and semisimple $${\mathcal {A}}_V$$ -modules respectively. We show that if one can find enough intertwining operators of V satisfying the strong intertwining property and the strong braiding property, then any unitary V-module $$W_i$$ can be integrated to an $${\mathcal {A}}_V$$ -module $${\mathcal {H}}_i$$ , and the functor $${\mathfrak {F}}:{\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {u}}(V)\rightarrow {\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {ss}}({\mathcal {A}}_V), W_i\mapsto {\mathcal {H}}_i$$ induces an equivalence of the ribbon categories $${\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {u}}(V)\xrightarrow \simeq {\mathfrak {F}}({\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {u}}(V))$$ . This, in particular, shows that $${\mathfrak {F}}({\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {u}}(V))$$ is a modular tensor category. We apply the above result to all unitary $$c<1$$ Virasoro VOAs (minimal models), many unitary affine VOAs (WZW models), and all even lattice VOAs. In the case of Virasoro VOAs and affine VOAs, one further knows that $${\mathfrak {F}}({\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {u}}(V))={\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {ss}}({\mathcal {A}}_V)$$ . So we’ve proved the equivalence of the unitary modular tensor categories $${\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {u}}(V)\simeq {\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {ss}}({\mathcal {A}}_V)$$ . In the case of lattice VOAs, besides the equivalence of $${\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {u}}(V)$$ and $${\mathfrak {F}}({\mathrm {Rep}}^{\mathrm {u}}(V))$$ , we also prove the strong locality of V and the strong integrability of all (unitary) V-modules. This solves a conjecture in Carpi et al. (From vertex operator algebras to conformal nets and back, Vol. 254, No. 1213, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 2018).
Black holes, moduli, and long-range forces

It is well known that an identical pair of extremal Reissner-Nordstrom black holes placed a large distance apart will exert no force on each other. In this paper, I establish that the same result holds in a very large class of two-derivative effective theories containing an arbitrary number of gauge fields and moduli, where the appropriate analog of an extremal Reissner-Nordstrom black hole is a charged, spherically symmetric black hole with vanishing surface gravity or vanishing horizon area. Analogous results hold for black branes.
Nonlinear differential equations satisfied by certain classical modular forms

A unified treatment is given of low-weight modular forms on Γ 0(N), N = 2,3,4, that have Eisenstein series representations. For each N, certain weight-1 forms are shown to satisfy a coupled system of nonlinear differential equations, which yields a single nonlinear third-order equation, called a generalized Chazy equation. As byproducts, a table of divisor function and theta identities is generated by means of q-expansions, and a transformation law under Γ 0(4) for the second complete elliptic integral is derived. More generally, it is shown how Picard–Fuchs equations of triangle subgroups of PSL(2, R), which are hypergeometric equations, yield systems of nonlinear equations for weight-1 forms, and generalized Chazy equations. Each triangle group commensurable with Γ(1) is treated.
Self-Attentional Credit Assignment for Transfer in Reinforcement Learning

The ability to transfer knowledge to novel environments and tasks is a sensible desiderata for general learning agents. Despite the apparent promises, transfer in RL is still an open and little exploited research area. In this paper, we take a brand-new perspective about transfer: we suggest that the ability to assign credit unveils structural invariants in the tasks that can be transferred to make RL more sample efficient. Our main contribution is Secret, a novel approach to transfer learning for RL that uses a backward-view credit assignment mechanism based on a self-attentive architecture. Two aspects are key to its generality: it learns to assign credit as a separate offline supervised process and exclusively modifies the reward function. Consequently, it can be supplemented by transfer methods that do not modify the reward function and it can be plugged on top of any RL algorithm.
Diffeomorphism invariant cosmological sector in loop quantum gravity

In this paper we work out in detail a new proposal to define rigorously a sector of loop quantum gravity at the diffeomorphism invariant level corresponding to homogeneous and isotropic cosmologies, and propose how to compare in detail the physics of this sector with that of loop quantum cosmology. The key technical steps we have completed are (a) to formulate conditions for homogeneity and isotropy in a diffeomorphism covariant way on the classical phase space of general relativity, and (b) to translate these conditions consistently using well-understood techniques to loop quantum gravity. To impose the symmetry at the quantum level, on both the connection and its conjugate momentum, the method used necessarily has similiarities to the Gupta–Bleuler method of quantizing the electromagnetic field. Lastly, a strategy for embedding states of loop quantum cosmology into this new homogeneous isotropic sector, and using this embedding to compare the physics, is presented.
Light-Matter Interaction: Conversion of Optical Energy and Momentum to Mechanical Vibrations and Phonons

Reflection, refraction, and absorption of light by material media are, in general, accompanied by a transfer of optical energy and momentum to the media. Consequently, the eigen-modes of mechanical vibration (phonons) created in the process must distribute the acquired energy and momentum throughout the material medium. However, unlike photons, phonons do not carry momentum. What happens to the material medium in its interactions with light, therefore, requires careful consideration if the conservation laws are to be upheld. The present paper addresses some of the mechanisms by which the electromagnetic momentum of light is carried away by mechanical vibrations.
Eugene Garfield's scholarly impact: a scientometric review

The concept of citation indexing has become deeply involved in many parts of research itself and the broad environment in which research plays an integral role, ranging from research evaluation, numerous indicators, to an increasingly wider range of scientific disciplines. In this article, we pay tribute to Eugene Garfield and present a scientometric review of the intellectual assets that he brought to us. In addition, we explore the intellectual landscape that has subsequently evolved in connection to many of his ideas. We illustrate what systematic reviews of the scientific literature may reveal and what we may learn from the rich information conveyed through citation-induced patterns. The study is conducted with CiteSpace, one of many science mapping tools based on data from the Web of Science and Scopus. Without Garfield's inventions, none of these would be possible.
Improved Metric Distortion for Deterministic Social Choice Rules

In this paper, we study the metric distortion of deterministic social choice rules that choose a winning candidate from a set of candidates based on voter preferences. Voters and candidates are located in an underlying metric space. A voter has cost equal to her distance to the winning candidate. Ordinal social choice rules only have access to the ordinal preferences of the voters that are assumed to be consistent with the metric distances. Our goal is to design an ordinal social choice rule with minimum distortion, which is the worst-case ratio, over all consistent metrics, between the social cost of the rule and that of the optimal omniscient rule with knowledge of the underlying metric space. The distortion of the best deterministic social choice rule was known to be between 3 and 5. It had been conjectured that any rule that only looks at the weighted tournament graph on the candidates cannot have distortion better than 5. In our paper, we disprove it by presenting a weighted tournament rule with distortion of 4.236. We design this rule by generalizing the classic notion of uncovered sets, and further show that this class of rules cannot have distortion better than 4.236. We then propose a new voting rule, via an alternative generalization of uncovered sets. We show that if a candidate satisfying the criterion of this voting rule exists, then choosing such a candidate yields a distortion bound of 3, matching the lower bound. We present a combinatorial conjecture that implies distortion of $3$, and verify it for small numbers of candidates and voters by computer experiments. Using our framework, we also show that selecting any candidate guarantees distortion of at most 3 when the weighted tournament graph is cyclically symmetric.
HybridQA: A Dataset of Multi-Hop Question Answering over Tabular and Textual Data

Existing question answering datasets focus on dealing with homogeneous information, based either only on text or KB/Table information alone. However, as human knowledge is distributed over heterogeneous forms, using homogeneous information alone might lead to severe coverage problems. To fill in the gap, we present HybridQA, a new large-scale question-answering dataset that requires reasoning on heterogeneous information. Each question is aligned with a Wikipedia table and multiple free-form corpora linked with the entities in the table. The questions are designed to aggregate both tabular information and text information, i.e., lack of either form would render the question unanswerable. We test with three different models: 1) a table-only model. 2) text-only model. 3) a hybrid model that combines heterogeneous information to find the answer. The experimental results show that the EM scores obtained by two baselines are below 20%, while the hybrid model can achieve an EM over 40%. This gap suggests the necessity to aggregate heterogeneous information in HybridQA. However, the hybrid model’s score is still far behind human performance. Hence, HybridQA can serve as a challenging benchmark to study question answering with heterogeneous information.
A Probabilistic Quantification of Galaxy Cluster Membership

Clusters of galaxies are important laboratories both for understanding galaxy evolution and for constraining cosmological quantities. Any analysis of clusters, however, is best done when one can reliably determine which galaxies are members of the cluster. While this would ideally be done spectroscopically, the difficulty in acquiring a complete sample of spectroscopic redshifts becomes rather daunting, especially at high redshift, when the background contamination becomes increasingly larger. Traditionally, an alternative approach of applying a statistical background correction has been utilized that, while useful in a global sense, does not provide information for specific galaxies. In this paper we develop a more robust technique that uses photometrically estimated redshifts to determine cluster membership. This technique can either be used as an improvement over the commonly used statistical correction method or it can be used to determine cluster candidates on an individual galaxy basis. By tuning the parameters of our algorithm, we can selectively maximize our completeness or, alternatively, minimize our contamination. Furthermore, our technique provides a statistical quantification of both our resulting completeness and contamination from foreground and background galaxies.
Joint Optimization of AI Fairness and Utility: A Human-Centered Approach

Today, AI is increasingly being used in many high-stakes decision-making applications in which fairness is an important concern. Already, there are many examples of AI being biased and making questionable and unfair decisions. The AI research community has proposed many methods to measure and mitigate unwanted biases, but few of them involve inputs from human policy makers. We argue that because different fairness criteria sometimes cannot be simultaneously satisfied, and because achieving fairness often requires sacrificing other objectives such as model accuracy, it is key to acquire and adhere to human policy makers' preferences on how to make the tradeoff among these objectives. In this paper, we propose a framework and some exemplar methods for eliciting such preferences and for optimizing an AI model according to these preferences.
A Theory of Dichotomous Valuation with Applications to Variable Selection

An econometric or statistical model may undergo a marginal gain if we admit a new variable to the model, and a marginal loss if we remove an existing variable from the model. Assuming equality of o...
The Evolution of Wikipedia’s Norm Network

Social norms have traditionally been difficult to quantify. In any particular society, their sheer number and complex interdependencies often limit a system-level analysis. One exception is that of the network of norms that sustain the online Wikipedia community. We study the fifteen-year evolution of this network using the interconnected set of pages that establish, describe, and interpret the community’s norms. Despite Wikipedia’s reputation for ad hoc governance, we find that its normative evolution is highly conservative. The earliest users create norms that both dominate the network and persist over time. These core norms govern both content and interpersonal interactions using abstract principles such as neutrality, verifiability, and assume good faith. As the network grows, norm neighborhoods decouple topologically from each other, while increasing in semantic coherence. Taken together, these results suggest that the evolution of Wikipedia’s norm network is akin to bureaucratic systems that predate the information age.
DISCOVERY OF PULSATIONS, INCLUDING POSSIBLE PRESSURE MODES, IN TWO NEW EXTREMELY LOW MASS, He-CORE WHITE DWARFS

We report the discovery of the second and third pulsating extremely low mass (ELM) white dwarfs (WDs), SDSS J111215.82+111745.0 (hereafter J1112) and SDSS J151826.68+065813.2 (hereafter J1518). Both have masses < 0.25 M ☉ and effective temperatures below 10, 000 K, establishing these putatively He-core WDs as a cooler class of pulsating hydrogen-atmosphere WDs (DAVs, or ZZ Ceti stars). The short-period pulsations evidenced in the light curve of J1112 may also represent the first observation of acoustic (p-mode) pulsations in any WD, which provide an exciting opportunity to probe this WD in a complimentary way compared to the long-period g-modes that are also present. J1112 is a T eff =9590 ± 140 K and log g =6.36 ± 0.06 WD. The star displays sinusoidal variability at five distinct periodicities between 1792 and 2855 s. In this star, we also see short-period variability, strongest at 134.3 s, well short of the expected g-modes for such a low-mass WD. The other new pulsating WD, J1518, is a T eff =9900 ± 140 K and log g =6.80 ± 0.05 WD. The light curve of J1518 is highly non-sinusoidal, with at least seven significant periods between 1335 and 3848 s. Consistent with the expectation that ELM WDs must be formed in binaries, these two new pulsating He-core WDs, in addition to the prototype SDSS J184037.78+642312.3, have close companions. However, the observed variability is inconsistent with tidally induced pulsations and is so far best explained by the same hydrogen partial-ionization driving mechanism at work in classic C/O-core ZZ Ceti stars.
Characterizing Evaporation Ducts Within the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Artificial Neural Networks

We apply a multilayer perceptron machine learning (ML) regression approach to infer electromagnetic (EM) duct heights within the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) using sparsely sampled EM propagation data obtained within a bistatic context. This paper explains the rationale behind the selection of the ML network architecture, along with other model hyperparameters, in an effort to demystify the process of arriving at a useful ML model. The resulting speed of our ML predictions of EM duct heights, using sparse data measurements within MABL, indicates the suitability of the proposed method for real-time applications.
An explanation of the distribution of inter-seizure intervals

Recently Osorio et al. (Eur. J. Neurosci., 30 (2009) 1554) reported that the probability distribution of intervals between successive epileptic seizures follows a power law with exponent 1.5. We theoretically explain this finding by modeling the epileptic activity as a branching process, which we, in turn, approximate by a random walk. We confirm the theoretical conclusion by numerical simulation.
Anchored expansion and random walk

This paper studies anchored expansion, a non-uniform version of the strong isoperimetric inequality. We show that every graph with i-anchored expansion contains a subgraph with isoperimetric (Cheeger) constant at least i. We prove a conjecture by Benjamini, Lyons and Schramm (1999) that in such graphs the random walk escapes with a positive lim inf speed. We also show that anchored expansion implies a heat-kernel decay bound of order exp(—cn 1/3).
The Effect of Whole-Body Haptic Feedback on Driver’s Perception in Negotiating a Curve

It remains uncertain regarding the safety of driving in autonomous vehicles that, after a long, passive control and inattention to the driving situation, how the drivers will be effectively informe...
On direct images of pluricanonical bundles

We show that techniques inspired by Kollar and Viehweg’s study of weak positivity, combined with vanishing for log-canonical pairs, lead to new generation and vanishing results for direct images of pluricanonical bundles. We formulate the strongest such results as Fujita conjecture-type statements, which are then shown to govern a range of fundamental properties of direct images of pluricanonical and pluriadjoint line bundles, like effective vanishing theorems, weak positivity, or generic vanishing.
Proof of Aldous' spectral gap conjecture

Aldous’ spectral gap conjecture asserts that on any graph the random walk process and the random transposition (or interchange) process have the same spectral gap. We prove the conjecture using a recursive strategy. The approach is a natural extension of the method already used to prove the validity of the conjecture on trees. The novelty is an idea based on electric network reduction, which reduces the problem to the proof of an explicit inequality for a random transposition operator involving both positive and negative rates. The proof of the latter inequality uses suitable coset decompositions of the associated matrices with rows and columns indexed by permutations.
Cell-Type Specificity of Neuronal Excitability and Morphology in the Central Amygdala.

Central amygdala (CeA) neurons expressing protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ+) or somatostatin (Som+) differentially modulate diverse behaviors. The underlying features supporting cell-type-specific function in the CeA, however, remain unknown. Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in acute mouse brain slices and biocytin-based neuronal reconstructions, we demonstrate that neuronal morphology and relative excitability are two distinguishing features between Som+ and PKCδ+ neurons in the laterocapsular subdivision of the CeA (CeLC). Som+ neurons, for example, are more excitable, compact, and with more complex dendritic arborizations than PKCδ+ neurons. Cell size, intrinsic membrane properties, and anatomic localization were further shown to correlate with cell-type-specific differences in excitability. Lastly, in the context of neuropathic pain, we show a shift in the excitability equilibrium between PKCδ+ and Som+ neurons, suggesting that imbalances in the relative output of these cells underlie maladaptive changes in behaviors. Together, our results identify fundamentally important distinguishing features of PKCδ+ and Som+ cells that support cell-type-specific function in the CeA. Significance Statement Genetically distinct neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) are functionally opposed in the modulation of many behavioral outputs, including fear and pain-related behaviors. In this study, we use whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in acute mouse brain slices in combination with molecular genetics and biocytin-based neuronal reconstructions to characterize protein kinase Cδ-expressing (PKCδ+) and somatostatin-expressing (Som+) neurons in the CeA. Our experiments revealed striking differences in both electrophysiological and morphologic properties of these two subpopulations of CeA neurons, Som+ neurons are more excitable, compact, and have more complex dendritic arborizations compared with PKCδ+ neurons. These results support the notion that genetically distinct CeA neurons have differing functions and properties, advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cellular and functional heterogeneity in the CeA.
Higgs dark energy in inert doublet model

Scalar fields are among the possible candidates for dark energy. This paper is devoted to the scalar fields from the inert doublet model, where instead of one as in the standard model, two SU(2) Higgs doublets are used. The component fields of one SU(2) doublet ($\phi_1$) act in an identical way to the standard model Higgs while the component fields of the second SU(2) doublet ($\phi_2$) are taken to be the dark energy candidate (which is done by assuming that the phase transition in the field has not yet occurred). It is found that one can arrange for late time acceleration (dark energy) by using an SU(2) Higgs doublet in the inert Higgs doublet model, whose vacuum expectation value is zero, in the quintessential regime.
Clarifying causal mediation analysis for the applied researcher: Defining effects based on what we want to learn

The incorporation of causal inference in mediation analysis has led to theoretical and methodological advancements-effect definitions with causal interpretation, clarification of assumptions required for effect identification, and an expanding array of options for effect estimation. However, the literature on these results is fast-growing and complex, which may be confusing to researchers unfamiliar with causal inference or unfamiliar with mediation. The goal of this article is to help ease the understanding and adoption of causal mediation analysis. It starts by highlighting a key difference between the causal inference and traditional approaches to mediation analysis and making a case for the need for explicit causal thinking and the causal inference approach in mediation analysis. It then explains in as-plain-as-possible language existing effect types, paying special attention to motivating these effects with different types of research questions, and using concrete examples for illustration. This presentation differentiates 2 perspectives (or purposes of analysis): the explanatory perspective (aiming to explain the total effect) and the interventional perspective (asking questions about hypothetical interventions on the exposure and mediator, or hypothetically modified exposures). For the latter perspective, the article proposes tapping into a general class of interventional effects that contains as special cases most of the usual effect types-interventional direct and indirect effects, controlled direct effects and also a generalized interventional direct effect type, as well as the total effect and overall effect. This general class allows flexible effect definitions which better match many research questions than the standard interventional direct and indirect effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Dual fluid for the Kerr black hole

Rotating black holes are algebraically special solutions to the vacuum Einstein equation. Using properties of the algebraically special solutions we construct the dual fluid, which flows on black hole horizon. An explicit form of the Kerr solution allows us to write an explicit dual fluid solution and investigate its stability using energy balance equation. We show that the dual fluid is stable because of high algebraic speciality of the Kerr solution.
Training Neural Networks as Learning Data-Adaptive Kernels: Provable Representation and Approximation Benefits

Consider the problem: given the data pair (x,y) drawn from a population with f*(x)=E[y|x=x], specify a neural network model and run gradient flow on the weights over time until reaching any station...
Any finite group acts freely and homologically trivially on a product of spheres

The main theorem states that if K is a finite CW-complex with finite fundamental group G and universal cover homotopy equivalent to a product of spheres X, then G acts smoothly and freely on X×Sn for any n greater than or equal to the dimension of X. If the G-action on the universal cover of K is homologically trivial, then so is the action on X × Sn. Unlu and Yalcin recently showed that any finite group acts freely, cellularly, and homologicially trivially on a finite CW-complex which has the homotopy type of a product of spheres. Thus every finite group acts smoothly, freely, and homologically trivially on a product of spheres.
THE DISTANCE, INCLINATION, AND SPIN OF THE BLACK HOLE MICROQUASAR H1743-322

During its 2003 outburst, the black hole X-ray transient H1743-322 produced two-sided radio and X-ray jets. Applying a simple and symmetric kinematic model to the trajectories of these jets, we determine the source distance, 8.5 ? 0.8?kpc, and the inclination angle of the jets, 75? ? 3?. Using these values, we estimate the spin of the black hole by fitting its Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer spectra, obtained during the 2003 outburst, to a standard relativistic accretion-disk model. For its spin, we find a * = 0.2 ? 0.3 (68% limits), ?0.3 < a * < 0.7 at 90% confidence. We strongly rule against an extreme value of spin: a * < 0.92 at 99.7% confidence. H1743-322 is the third known microquasar (after A0620-00 and XTE?J1550-564) that displays large-scale ballistic jets and has a moderate value of spin. Our result, which depends on an empirical distribution of black hole masses, takes into account all known sources of measurement error.
Quantum data locking for high-rate private communication

We show that, if the accessible information is used as a security quantifier, quantum channels with a certain symmetry can convey private messages at a tremendously high rate, as high as less than one bit below the rate of non-private classical communication. This result is obtained by exploiting the quantum data locking effect. The price to pay to achieve such a high private communication rate is that accessible information security is in general not composable. However, composable security holds against an eavesdropper who is forced to measure her share of the quantum system within a finite time after she gets it.
Partitions into a small number of part sizes

We study νk(n), the number of partitions of n into k part sizes, and find numerous arithmetic progressions where ν2 and ν3 take on values divisible by 2 and 4. Expanding an earlier work, we show ν2(An + B) ≡ 0(mod4) for (A,B) = (36,30), (72,42), (252,114), (196,70), and likely many other progressions for which our method should easily generalize. Of some independent interest, we prove that the overpartition function p¯(n) ≡ 0(mod16) in the first three progressions (the fourth is known), and thereby show that ν3(An + B) ≡ 0(mod2) in each of these progressions as well, and discuss the relationship between these congruences in more generality. We end with open questions in this area.
Multi-Component Ginzburg-Landau Theory: Microscopic Derivation and Examples

This paper consists of three parts. In part I, we microscopically derive Ginzburg–Landau (GL) theory from BCS theory for translation-invariant systems in which multiple types of superconductivity may coexist. Our motivation are unconventional superconductors. We allow the ground state of the effective gap operator K_(Tc) +V to be n-fold degenerate and the resulting GL theory then couples n order parameters. In part II, we study examples of multi-component GL theories which arise from an isotropic BCS theory. We study the cases of (a) pure d-wave order parameters and (b) mixed (s + d)-wave order parameters, in two and three-dimensions. In part III, we present explicit choices of spherically symmetric interactions V which produce the examples in part II. In fact, we find interactions V which produce ground state sectors of K_(Tc) +V of arbitrary angular momentum, for open sets of of parameter values. This is in stark contrast with Schrodinger operators −∇^2 +V, for which the ground state is always non-degenerate. Along the way, we prove the following fact about Bessel functions: At its first maximum, a half-integer Bessel function is strictly larger than all other half-integer Bessel functions.
SU(2) and SU(1,1) Y-Maps in Loop Quantum Gravity

In this paper we first provide the proof of $$\hbox {SU}(2)$$ Y-Map convergence. Then, by using $$\hbox {SU}(1,1)$$ LQG simplicity constraints, we define $$\hbox {SU}(1,1)$$ Y-Map from infinitely differentiable with a compact support functions on $$\hbox {SU}(1,1)$$ to the functions (not necessarily square integrable) on $$\hbox {SL}(2,C)$$ , and prove its convergence as well.
Monte Carlo study of Bose Laughlin wave function for filling factors 1/2, 1/4 and 1/6

Strongly correlated two-dimensional electronic systems subject to a perpendicular magnetic field at lowest Landau level (LLL) filling factors: 1/2, 1/4 and 1/6, are believed to be composite-fermion (CF) Fermi liquid phases. Even though a Bose Laughlin wave function cannot describe these filling factors, we investigate whether such a wave function provides a lower energy bound to the true CF Fermi liquid energies. By using Monte Carlo simulations in disk geometry we compute the Bose Laughlin energies and compare them to corresponding results for the spin-polarized LLL CF Fermi liquid state and avalable data from the literature. We find the unexpected result that, for filling factors ν = 1/4 and 1/6, the Bose Laughlin ground-state energy is practically identical to the true CF liquid energy while this is not the case at ν = 1/2 where the Bose Laughlin ground-state energy is sizeably lower than the energy of the CF Fermi liquid state.
On the realization of symplectic algebras and rational homotopy types by closed symplectic manifolds

We answer a question of Oprea-Tralle on the realizability of symplectic algebras by symplectic manifolds in dimensions divisible by four, along with a question of Lupton-Oprea in all even dimensions. This will also allow us to address, in all even dimensions six and higher, another question of Oprea-Tralle on the possibility of algebraic conditions on the rational homotopy minimal model of a closed smooth manifold implying the existence of a symplectic structure on the manifold.
Unstable solitons in noncommutative gauge theory

We find a class of exact solutions of noncommutative gauge theories corresponding to unstable non-BPS solitons. In the two-dimensional euclidean (or 2+1 dimensional lorentzian) U(1) theory we find localized solutions carrying nonzero magnetic flux. In four euclidean dimensions we find non-BPS solutions with the same Pontrjagin charge but greater energy than the usual self-dual Yang-Mills instanton. We conjecture that these solutions and generalizations thereof correspond to nonsupersymmetric configurations of D(p−2k)-branes (or intersections thereof) in a Dp-brane in the noncommutative scaling limit of large B-field. In the particular case of a 0-brane on a 2-brane the analysis of small fluctuations reveals an infinite tower of states which agrees exactly with that of the 0-2 CFT in the scaling limit. The spectrum contains a tachyon, and we show explicitly that the endpoint of tachyon condensation corresponds to the 0-brane dissolved in the 2-brane.
CLOSING THE UNIVERSE BY RELAXING THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT

We consider a string-inspired no-scale SU(5) × U(1) supergravity model. In this model there is a negative contribution to the vacuum energy, which may be suitably canceled by a positive contribution typically present in string theory. One may then end up with a vacuum energy which brings many cosmological observations into better agreement with theoretical expectations, and a fixed value for the present abundance of neutralinos. We delineate the regions of parameter space allowed in this scenario, and study the ensuing predictions for the sparticle and Higgs-boson masses in this model.
Character varieties of double twist links

We compute both natural and smooth models for the SL2.C/ character varieties of the two-component double twist links, an infinite family of two-bridge links indexed as J.k; l/ . For each J.k; l/ , the component(s) of the character variety containing characters of irreducible representations are birational to a surface of the form C C , where C is a curve. The same is true of the canonical component. We compute the genus of this curve, and the degree of irrationality of the canonical component. We realize the natural model of the canonical component of the SL2.C/ character variety of the J.3; 2mC 1/ link as the surface obtained from P 1 P 1 as a series of blow-ups.
A NEW PARALLAX MEASUREMENT FOR THE COLDEST KNOWN BROWN DWARF

WISE J085510.83–071442.5 was recently discovered as the coldest known brown dwarf based on four epochs of images from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Spitzer Space Telescope. We have improved the accuracy of its parallax measurement by obtaining two additional epochs of Spitzer astrometry. We derive a parallactic distance of 2.31 ± 0.08 pc, which continues to support its rank as the fourth closest known system to the Sun when compared to WISE J104915.57–531906.1 AB (2.02 ± 0.02 pc) and Wolf 359 (2.386 ± 0.012 pc). The new constraint on the absolute magnitude at 4.5 μm indicates an effective temperature of 235-260 K based on four sets of theoretical models. We also show the updated positions of WISE J085510.83–071442.5 in two color-magnitude diagrams. Whereas Faherty and coworkers cited its location in M W2 versus J – W2 as evidence of water clouds, we find that those data can be explained instead by cloudless models that employ non-equilibrium chemistry.
DEEP CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS OF THE EXTENDED GAS SLOSHING SPIRAL IN A2029

Recent X-ray observations of galaxy clusters have shown that there is substructure present in the intracluster medium (ICM), even in clusters that are seemingly relaxed. This substructure is sometimes a result of sloshing of the ICM, which occurs in cool core clusters that have been disturbed by an off-axis merger with a sub-cluster or group. We present deep Chandra observations of the cool core cluster Abell 2029, which has a sloshing spiral extending radially outward from the center of the cluster to approximately 400 kpc at its fullest extent—the largest continuous spiral observed to date. We find a surface brightness excess, a temperature decrement, a density enhancement, an elemental abundance enhancement, and a smooth pressure profile in the area of the spiral. The sloshing gas seems to be interacting with the southern lobe of the central radio galaxy, causing it to bend and giving the radio source a wide-angle tail (WAT) morphology. This shows that WATs can be produced in clusters that are relatively relaxed on large scales. We explore the interaction between heating and cooling in the central region of the cluster. Energy injection from the active galactic nucleus is likely insufficient to offset the cooling, and sloshing may be an important additional mechanism in preventing large amounts of gas from cooling to very low temperatures.
Proof of a conjecture of Guy on class numbers

It is well known that for any prime p ≡ 3 (mod 4), the class numbers of the quadratic fields and and h(-p), respectively, are odd. It is natural to ask whether there is a formula for h(p)/h(-p) modulo powers of 2. We show the formula h(p) ≡ h(-p)m(p) (mod 16), where m(p) is an integer defined using the "negative" continued fraction expansion of . Our result solves a conjecture of Richard Guy.
A comparative analysis of Inconel 718 made by additive manufacturing and suction casting: Microstructure evolution in homogenization

Abstract Homogenization is one of the critical stages in the post-heat treatment of additive manufacturing (AM) component to achieve uniform microstructure. During homogenization, grain coarsening could be an issue to reserve strength, which requires careful design of both time and temperature. Therefore, a proper design of homogenization becomes particularly important for AM design, for which work hardening is usually no longer an option. In this work, we discovered an intriguing phenomenon during homogenization of suction-cast and AM Inconel 718 superalloys. Through both short and long-term isothermal heat treatments at 1180 °C, we observed an abnormal grain growth in the suction-cast alloy but continuous recrystallization in the alloy made by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The grain size of AM samples keeps as small as 130 μm and is even slightly reduced after homogenization for 12 h. The homogeneity of Nb in the AM alloys is identified as the critical factor for NbC formation, which further influences the recrystallization kinetics at 1180 °C. Multi-type dislocation behaviors are studied to elucidate the grain refinement observed in homogenized alloys after LPBF. This work provides a new pathway on microstructure engineering of AM alloys for improved mechanical performance superior to traditionally manufactured ones.