cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New mechanism of cluster field evaporation in rf breakdown

The mechanism of "cold-emission" caused by high electric field gradients typical of future linacs is studied. The mechanism was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of a nanoscale copper tip on a surface of an rf-cavity electrode that is capable of revealing temperature effects. In this MD method, the equations of motion of interacting particles are solved numerically and appropriate initial and boundary conditions are applied. According to the results, the vacuum inside the high-gradient rf cavity should contain a noticeable presence of nanometer-size chunks that evaporated from various intrusions that exist on the real cavity surface by an rf field. A critical electrical evaporation field was obtained for temperatures that range from room up to the melting point of bulk Cu. The simulation results were compared with available data on FIM tip fracture in a dc electric field.
La bibliofarmacia de Kate Chopin o la lectura como intoxicación

One of the most important yet also most neglected sets of images in Kate Chopin's The Awakening (1899) is that of intoxication and poisoning. In the first half of this essay I trace and discuss all the noteworthy occurrences in the novel of such words as "narcotic", "intoxicant", "sting", "chloroform", "venom", and even "drug [store]", whose main referents in the plot are the reading of romantic novels and letters, listening to Frederic Chopin"s music, out-of-wedlock eroticism, and the solitary contact with sublime forces such as the ocean. In the narrative, the main characters often approach their romantic experiences in either an allopathic or a homeopathic manner. In the second half of the essay I articulate a prophylactic economy of romantic experiences and emotions. To this end I resort to the ideas on the alternately healing and damaging effects of literature put forth by ennethBurke and Jorge Larrosa. I will then extrapolate one such economy from the situation of the characters in The Awakening to that of the undergraduate students in Spain who discover a novel with a self-destructive protagonist for the first time in an American literature course.
Subsidies in Chilean public utilities

The author analyzes subsidies in Chile's public utilities. Over the last decade, especially, significant efforts have been made to extend public services to rural populations. An explicit consumption subsidy for potable water (targeted to the poorest twenty percent of the population) currently benefits seventeen percent of the population. Cross-subsidies have been virtually eliminated in Chile, and existing subsidies are funded from the national budget. The elimination of cross-subsidies has facilitated competition in some services. Prices have fallen substantially in services that new operators have entered, showing that regulation is a poor substitute for competition. The Chilean experience shows that it is possible to design direct subsidies (such as the one for drinking water) at relatively low cost to the state. Moreover, putting rural infrastructure projects out to public tender whenever possible, has allowed substantial reductions in government spending. Chile's experience also shows that it is possible to use subsidies that do not distort people's behavior - by making sure that they perceive the marginal cost of providing the service. In rural zones where there is no infrastructure, investment needs to be subsidized. Users do not pay the long-run marginal cost, but it is important that the rate charged, at least cover the short-term marginal cost. In other words, rural utility charges are required to cover the system's operating costs. For those who argue that the poor would be better off with cash transfers (choosing their own consumption baskets), the author outlines the arguments for subsidizing utilities, beyond the moral value of giving the poor access to public services, considered basic for existence.
Chandra Observations of the X-Ray Narrow-Line Region in NGC 4151

We present the first high-resolution X-ray spectrum of the Seyfert 1.5 galaxy NGC 4151. Observations with the Chandra High-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer reveal a spectrum dominated by narrow emission lines from a spatially resolved (1.6 kpc), highly ionized nebula. The X-ray narrow-line region is composite, consisting of both photoionized and collisionally ionized components. The X-ray emission lines have similar velocities, widths, and spatial extent to the optical emission lines, showing that they arise in the same region. The clouds in the narrow-line region must contain a large range of ionization states in order to explain both the optical and X-ray photoionized emission. Chandra data give the first direct evidence of X-ray line emission from a hot plasma (T ~ 107 K) that may provide pressure confinement for the cooler (T = 3 × 104 K) photoionized clouds.
The Capacity of the Semi-Deterministic Cognitive Interference Channel and Its Application to Constant Gap Results for the Gaussian Channel

The cognitive interference channel (C-IFC) consists of a classical two-user interference channel in which the message of one user (the "primary" user) is non-causally available at the transmitter of the other user (the "cognitive" user). We obtain the capacity of the semi-deterministic C-IFC: a discrete memoryless C-IFC in which the cognitive receiver output is a noise-less deterministic function of the channel inputs. We then use the insights obtained from the capacity-achieving scheme for the semi-deterministic model to derive new, unified and tighter constant gap results for the complex-valued Gaussian C-IFC. We prove: (1) a constant additive gap (difference between inner and outer bounds) of half a bit/sec/Hz per real dimension, of relevance at high SNRs, and (b) a constant multiplicative gap (ratio between outer and inner bounds) of a factor two, of relevance at low SNRs.
On the number of geodesic segments connecting two points on manifolds of non-positive curvature

In this paper we show that on a complete Riemannian manifold of negative curvature and dimension $n>1$ every two points which realize a local maximum for the distance function are connected by at least $2n+1$ geometrically distinct geodesic segments (i.e. length minimizing). Using a similar method, we obtain that in the case of non-positive curvature, for every two points with the same property as above the number of connecting distinct geodesic segments is at least $n+1$.
Gradient methods in FIML estimation of econometric models

Efficient computational algorithms, to produce full information maximum likelihood estimates of the structural form coefficients in a system of simultaneous equations, have worried for a long time and are still worrying econometricians.
The Astronomical Journal: A Mirror of Astronomy

The Astronomical Journal, America's oldest journal for astronomical research, began publication in 1849 under the editorship of B. A. Gould. Publication was suspended in 1861 but resumed in 1886, three years before the founding of the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and 11 years before the Astrophysical Journal. The AJ has grown from 198 pages per volume to over 2000 pages per volume, and its contents reflect the changing interests and research areas of astronomers over the past century and a half.
Can a Dove prism change the past of a single photon

We reexamine the thought experiment and real experiment of Danan et al. (Phys Rev Lett 111:240402, 2013), Vaidman (Phys Rev A 89:024102, 2014), Vaidman (Phys Rev A 87:052104, 2013), by placing Dove prisms in the nested Mach–Zehnder interferometer arms. In those previous works, the criterion of whether a single photon was present, or not, was the presence of a “weak trace,” indicating the presence of a nonzero weak value. This “weak trace” was tested by slightly varying the mirror angle at a given frequency, and then verifying whether this variation led to a signal at the corresponding frequency on a position-sensitive detector. We show that the presence of the Dove prisms gives identical weak values everywhere to the previous configuration because the prisms change neither the path difference, nor the mode profile in the aligned case. Nevertheless, the same slight variations of the interferometer mirrors now give a signal at the first mirror of the nested interferometer, indicating the photons entered the inner interferometer by the weak trace criterion. We give several possible interpretations of this effect.
A counterexample to theorems of Cox and fine

Cox's well-known theorem justifying the use of probability is shown not to hold in finite domains. The counterexample also suggests that Cox's assumptions are insufficient to prove the result even in infinite domains. The same counterexample is used to disprove a result of Fine on comparative conditional probability.
Linear convergence of the Douglas–Rachford method for two closed sets

In this paper, we investigate the Douglas–Rachford method (DR) for two closed (possibly nonconvex) sets in Euclidean spaces. We show that under certain regularity conditions, the DR converges locally with -linear rate. In convex settings, we prove that the linear convergence is global. Our study recovers recent results on the same topic.
Production and financial decisions under uncertainty

This paper proposes a model of an incomplete markets economy with pro- duction, in which the firm acts as financial innovator by issuing claims against its stock. The firm’s objective is to maximize its adjusted value, which is the sum of the market value and the shareholders’ surplus from their trades in the stock markets. If a firm maximizes its adjusted value, then its financial policy is relevant (i.e., Modigliani-Miller theorem does not hold), equilibrium outcomes are stable to shareholders’ renegotiation and endogenously incomplete markets typically arise at the equilibrium. If the firm is competitive in the financial markets, the adjusted value coincides with the Grossman-Hart objective.
Peter Bergmann and the Invention of Constrained Hamiltonian Dynamics

It has always been the practice of those of us associated with the Syracuse “school” to identify the algorithm for constructing a canonical phase space description of singular Lagrangian systems as the Dirac–Bergmann procedure. I learned the procedure as a student of Peter Bergmann, and I should point out that he never employed that terminology. Yet it was clear from the published record at the time (the 1970s) that his contribution was essential. Constrained Hamiltonian dynamics constitutes the route to canonical quantization of all local gauge theories, including not only conventional general relativity, but also grand unified theories of elementary particle interactions, superstrings, and branes. Given its importance and my suspicion that Bergmann has never received adequate recognition from the wider community for his role in the development of the technique, I have long intended to explore this history in depth. This paper is merely a tentative first step, in which I will focus principally on the work of Peter Bergmann and his collaborators in the late 1940s and early 1950s, indicating where appropriate the relation of this work to later developments. I begin with a brief survey of the prehistory of work on singular Lagrangians, followed by some comments on the life of Peter Bergmann. These are included in part to commemorate Peter in this first meeting on the History of General Relativity since his death in October 2002. Then I will address what I perceive to be the principal innovations of his early Syracuse career. Josh Goldberg has already covered some of this ground in his 2005 report (Goldberg 2005), but I hope to contribute some new perspectives. I shall conclude with a partial list of historical issues that remain to be explored.
Efficient discovery of new information in large text databases

Intelligence analysts are often faced with large data collections within which information relevant to their interests may be very sparse. Existing mechanisms for searching such data collections present difficulties even when the specific nature of the information being sought is known. Finding unknown information using these mechanisms is very inefficient. This paper presents an approach to this problem, based on iterative application of the technique of latent semantic indexing. In this approach, the body of existing knowledge on the analytic topic of interest is itself used as a query in discovering new relevant information. Performance of the approach is demonstrated on a collection of one million documents. The approach is shown to be highly efficient at discovering new information.
Local expression languages for probabilistic dependence: a preliminary report

We present a generalization of the local expression language used in the Symbolic Probabilistic Inference (SPI) approach to inference in belief nets [1], [8]. The local expression language in SPI is the language in which the dependence of a node on its antecedents is described. The original language represented the dependence as a single monolithic conditional probability distribution. The extended language provides a set of operators (*, +, and -) which can be used to specify methods for combining partial conditional distributions. As one instance of the utility of this extension, we show how this extended language can be used to capture the semantics, representational advantages, and inferential complexity advantages of the "noisy or" relationship.
The Extent of Power-Law Energy Spectra in Collisionless Relativistic Magnetic Reconnection in Pair Plasmas

Using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we characterize the energy spectra of particles accelerated by relativistic magnetic reconnection (without guide field) in collisionless electron–positron plasmas, for a wide range of upstream magnetizations σ and system sizes L. The particle spectra are well-represented by a power law $${\gamma }^{-\alpha }$$, with a combination of exponential and super-exponential high-energy cutoffs, proportional to σ and L, respectively. As a result, for large L and σ, the power-law index α approaches about 1.2.
DIALECTICS OF FILIATION AND AFFILIATION

An English translation of the ‘Last Will and Testament of Toma Baliauri’ is given here along with a critical introduction to this text. The introduction frames Baliauri's testament within the context of the anticolonial revolutionary movements that spread through the Caucasus during the first quarter of the twentieth century and studies how this text contributes to the global history of anticolonialism and can serve as a point of departure for a postcolonial theory inflected by the hitherto neglected post-Soviet world. Baliauri's testament was first published in Georgian in 1995, and is here translated for the first time into a foreign language.
The QGP Discovered at RHIC

Three empirical lines of evidence, (P QCD , p QCD, dA), from RHIC have converged and point to the discovery of a strongly coupled Quark Gluon Plasma. The evidence includes (1) bulk collective elliptic flow and (2) jet quenching and mono jet production, observed in Au+Au collisions at 200 AGeV, and (3) a critical control experiment using D+Au at 200 AGeV.
Every group has a terminating transfinite automorphism tower

The automorphism tower of a group is obtained by computing its automorphism group, the automorphism group of THAT group, and so on, iterating transfinitely. Each group maps canonically into the next using inner automorphisms, and so at limit stages one can take a direct limit and continue the iteration. The tower is said to terminate if a fixed point is reached, that is, if a group is reached which is isomorphic to its automorphism group by the natural map. This occurs if a complete group is reached, one which is centerless and has only inner automorphisms. Wielandt [1939] proved the classical result that the automorphism tower of any centerless finite group terminates in finitely many steps. Rae and Roseblade [1970] proved that the automorphism tower of any centerless Cernikov group terminates in finitely many steps. Hulse [1970] proved that the the automorphism tower of any centerless polycyclic group terminates in countably many steps. Simon Thomas [1985] proved that the automorphism tower of any centerless group eventually terminates. In this paper, I remove the centerless assumption, and prove that every group has a terminating transfinite automorphism tower.
The Case for Modeling Security, Privacy, Usability and Reliability (SPUR) in Automotive Software

During the past few years, there has been considerable growth in the practice of modeling automotive software requirements. Much of this growth has been centered on software requirements and its value in the context of specific functional areas of an automobile, such as powertrain, chassis, body, safety and infotainment systems. This paper makes a case for modeling four cross-functional attributes of software, namely security, privacy, usability, and reliability, or SPUR. These attributes are becoming increasingly important as automobiles become information conduits. We outline why these SPUR attributes are important in creating specifications for embedded in-vehicle automotive software. Several real-world use-cases are reviewed to illustrate both consumer needs and system requirements -- functional and non-functional system requirements. From these requirements the underlying architectural elements of automotive SPUR are also derived. Broadly speaking these elements span three software service domains: the off-board enterprise software domain, the nomadic (device or service) software domain and the embedded (in-vehicle) software domain, all of which need to work in tandem for the complete lifecycle management of automotive software.
From nonlinear scaling fields to critical amplitudes

We propose to combine the nonlinear scaling fields associated with the high-temperature (HT) fixed point, with those associated with the unstable fixed point, in order to calculate the susceptibility and other thermodynamic quantities. The general strategy relies on simple linear relations between the HT scaling fields and the thermodynamic quantities, and the estimation of RG invariants formed out of the two sets of scaling fields. This estimation requires convergent expansions in overlapping domains. If, in addition, the initial values of the scaling fields associated with the unstable fixed point can be calculated from the temperature and the parameters appearing in the microscopic Hamiltonian, one can estimate the critical amplitudes. This strategy has been developed using Dyson's hierarchical model where all the steps can be approximately implemented with good accuracy. We show numerically that for this model (and a simplified version of it), the required overlap apparently occurs, allowing an accurate determination of the critical amplitudes.
Constraining the early-Universe baryon density and expansion rate

We explore the constraints on those extensions to the standard models of cosmology and particle physics which modify the early-Universe, radiation dominated, expansion rate (parameterized by the effective number of neutrinos Nν). The constraints on S(Nν) and the baryon density parameter , derived from big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN, t~20 min), are compared with those inferred from the cosmic microwave background anisotropy spectrum (CMB, t~400 kyr) and large scale structure (LSS, t~14 Gyr). At present, BBN provides the strongest constraint on Nν (Nν = 2.4 ± 0.4 at 68% confidence), but a weaker constraint on the baryon density. In contrast, while the CMB/LSS data best constrain the baryon density (η10 = 6.1−0.1+0.2 at 68% confidence), independent of Nν, at present they provide a relatively weak constraint on Nν which is, however, consistent with the standard value of Nν = 3. When the best fit values and the allowed ranges of these CMB/LSS-derived parameters are used to calculate the BBN-predicted primordial abundances, there is excellent agreement with the observationally inferred abundance of deuterium and good agreement with 4He, confirming the consistency between the BBN and CMB/LSS results. However, the BBN-predicted abundance of 7Li is high, by a factor of 3 or more, if its observed value is uncorrected for possible dilution, depletion, or gravitational settling. We comment on the relation between the value of Nν and a possible anomaly in the matter power spectrum inferred from observations of the Ly-α forest. Comparing our BBN and CMB/LSS results permits us to constrain any post-BBN entropy production as well as the production of any non-thermalized relativistic particles. The good agreement between our BBN and CMB/LSS results for Nν and ηB permits us to combine our constraints finding, at 95% confidence, 1.8<Nν<3.2 and 5.9<η10<6.4.
Equality of P-Partition Generating Functions

To every labeled poset (P, ω), one can associate a quasisymmetric generating function for its (P, ω)-partitions. We ask: when do two labeled posets have the same generating function? Since the special case corresponding to skew Schur function equality is still open, a complete classification of equality among (P, ω) generating functions is likely too much to expect. Instead, we determine necessary conditions and separate sufficient conditions for two labeled posets to have equal generating functions. We conclude with a classification of all equalities for labeled posets with small numbers of linear extensions.
Pulses and snakes in Ginzburg–Landau equation

Using a variational formulation for partial differential equations combined with numerical simulations on ordinary differential equations (ODEs), we find two categories (pulses and snakes) of dissipative solitons, and analyze the dependence of both their shape and stability on the physical parameters of the cubic-quintic Ginzburg–Landau equation (CGLE). In contrast to the regular solitary waves investigated in numerous integrable and non-integrable systems over the last three decades, these dissipative solitons are not stationary in time. Rather, they are spatially confined pulse-type structures whose envelopes exhibit complicated temporal dynamics. Numerical simulations reveal very interesting bifurcations sequences as the parameters of the CGLE are varied. Our predictions on the variation of the soliton amplitude, width, position, speed and phase of the solutions using the variational formulation agree with simulation results. Firstly, we develop a variational formalism which explores the various classes of dissipative solitons. Given the complex dynamics, the trial functions have been generalized considerably over conventional ones to keep the shape relatively simple, and the trial function integrable while allowing arbitrary temporal variation of the amplitude, width, position, speed and phase of the pulses and snakes. In addition, the resulting Euler–Lagrange (EL) equations from the variational formulation are treated in a completely novel way. Rather than considering the stable fixed points which correspond to the well-known stationary solitons, we use dynamical systems theory to focus on more complex attractors, viz. periodic (pulses) and quasiperiodic (snakes). Periodic evolution of the trial function parameters on stable periodic attractors yields solitons whose amplitudes and widths are non-stationary or time dependent. Secondly, we investigate the dissipative solitons of the CGLE and analyze its qualitative behavior by using numerical methods for ODEs. To solve numerically the nonlinear systems of ODEs that represent EL equations obtained from variational technique, we use an explicit Runge–Kutta fourth-order method. Finally, we elucidate the Hopf bifurcation mechanism responsible for the various pulsating solitary waves, as well as its absence in Hamiltonian and integrable systems where such structures are absent due to the lack of dissipation.
Modeling and identification of the combustion pressure process in internal combustion engines

Abstract We present a new model relating cylinder combustion pressure to crankshaft angular velocity in an internal combustion engine. There are three aspects to this model. First, by changing the independent variable from time to crankshaft angle, a non-linear differential equation model becomes a linear first-order differential equation. Second, a new stochastic model for combustion pressure uses the sum of a deterministic waveform and a raised cosine window amplitude-modulated by a Bernoulli-Gaussian random sequence, parametrising the pressure by the sample modulating sequence. This results in a state equation for the square of angular velocity sampled every combustion, with the modulating sequence as input. Third, the inverse problem of reconstructing pressure from noisy angular velocity measurements can now be formulated as a state-space deconvolution problem, and solved using a Kalman-filter-based deconvolution algorithm. Simulation results show that the parametrised pressure can be deconvolved at low noise levels, and combustion misfires detected, all in real time. Supporting experimental results are referenced in companion papers.
A Novel Electrolyte Solvent for Rechargeable Lithium and Lithium‐Ion Batteries

The authors describe a new type of electrolyte solvent which provides remarkable improvement in properties of electrolyte systems containing it. These solvents contain acidic boron atoms, in most cases linked into heterocycles by reaction of boric acid, or oxide, with glycols. Nicknamed BEG solvents (for boric acid esters of glycol), these show great propensity for dissolving salts, stabilizing alkali metals against corrosion, and in some cases, stabilizing other solvents (particularly alkene carbonates), against anodic decomposition. In the most favorable case so far, the 1,3 propylene glycol boric acid ester (GEG-1) which contains two linked borate groups, the mixed solvent formed by mixing 1 part BEG-1 with two parts ethylene carbonate provides an electrochemical stability window in excess of 5.8 V (cf. 4.5 V for ethylene carbonate along with the same salt), an ambient temperature conductivity of 1.7 {times} 10{sup {minus}3} S/cm with 1 m LiClO{sub 4}, and enduring stability against metallic Li, which remains shiny on prolonged (days) immersion at 100 C. The authors present data on various electrolyte solutions containing these components and then show their utility in devices by rubberizing them with polymers and constructing voltaic cells Li/LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} and C/LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, which show excellent charge/dischargemore » characteristics and cyclability.« less
A facile cleavage of oxazolines to carbinols

Abstract Treatment of oxazolines with chloromethyl methyl ether followed by diisobutylaluminum hydride leads to good yields of the carbinols.
The transport of neutrons produced by 3-GeV proton-lead nucleus collisions through a labyrinth and comparison with experiment☆

Abstract Calculated values of the thermal-neutron flux and the neutron flux above the cadmium cutoff as a function of position in a labyrinth of rectangular concrete ducts are compared with experimental values. In the calculations the approximation of neglecting all incident neutrons with energy greater than 10 MeV and all incident charged particles was made. The results do not give an unambiguous answer concerning the validity of this approximation because the calculated and experimental values are in good agreement in only one of the three cases considered.
Effect of linear-anisotropic scattering on spectral emission from cylindrical plumes

The corresponding integral form of the equation of radiative transfer in absorbing, emitting, linear-anisotropic scattering media is used to compute the spectral hemispherical and the spectral plume emissivities of a onedimensional cylinder. The solution is based on using power series representations of the temperature and incident radiation profiles. The expansion coefficients for the temperature are assumed known, whereas the expansion coefficients for the incident radiation are solved for by the application of a collocation strategy based on the zeros of the Chebyshev polynomials. The method of solution is employed to study primarily the interaction between an absorbing/emitting gas phase and an absorbing/emitting/scattering particle phase. The numerical results indicate that the plume emissivity is enhanced by as much as 20% by the presence of purely scattering particles.
The Papanicolaou test for cervical cancer detection. A triumph and a tragedy.

The complex detection system leading to the discovery and treatment of precancerous lesions and early cancer of the uterine cervix is described in detail and discussed. By far the most difficult and underestimated component of this system is the screening and interpretation of cervical (Papanicolaou) smears. Cytologic case finding may fail because of inadequate samples, insufficient time devoted to screening, or human fatigue. Other weak points of the system, such as an inadequate clinical component, inadequate patient compliance, poor reproducibility of diagnoses, and ineffective aftercare, are also described. For example, obtaining a second smear to confirm or refute a diagnosis of cellular atypia is often a misleading practice. Although this cancer detection system has been shown to be effective in reducing the rate of morbidity and mortality from invasive cervical cancer in appropriately screened populations, there is no evidence that the Papanicolaou test has succeeded anywhere in complete eradication of this theoretically preventable disease. It is important to inform the public about the potential failures of the system and the reasons for them. (JAMA1989;261:737-743)
Coordinating a Supply Chain With a Manufacturer-Owned Online Channel: A Dual Channel Model Under Price Competition

We consider a dual channel supply chain in which a manufacturer sells a single product to end-users through both a traditional retail channel and a manufacturer-owned direct online channel. We adopt a commonly used linear demand substitution model in which the mean demand in each channel is a function of the prices in each channel. We model each channel as a newsvendor problem, with price and order quantity as decision variables. In addition, the manufacturer must choose the wholesale price to charge to the independent retailer. We analyze the optimal decisions for each channel and prove the existence of a unique equilibrium for the system. We compare this equilibrium solution to the solution for an integrated system, in which the manufacturer owns both the online store and the retailer. To enable supply chain coordination, we propose two contract schemes: a modified revenue-sharing contract and gain/loss sharing contract. We show that, in cases where the retail channel has a larger market than the online channel, such contracts enable the manufacturer to maintain price discrimination, selling the products in different channels at different prices. Finally, we perform a comprehensive numerical study to consider the impact of the model parameters on the equilibrium and to demonstrate the performance of the proposed coordination contracts. We conclude that coordination is most critical for products which are highly price sensitive and for systems in which the online and traditional retail channels are not viewed as close substitutes.
A comparison of fentanyl, esmolol, and their combination for blunting the haemodynamic responses during rapid-sequence induction.

The purpose of this randomized, double-blind study was to compare the ability of a combination of fentanyl and esmolol to blunt the haemodynamic effects of intubation with that of either agent alone. Patients received fentanyl or saline four minutes before, and esmolol or saline two minutes before rapid-sequence induction of anaesthesia. The F2 group (n = 24) received fentanyl 2 μg · kg−1, the E2 group (n = 24) received esmolol 2 mg · kg−1, the F2/E2 group (n = 25) received a combination of fentanyl 2 μg · kg−1 and esmolol 2 mg · kg−1, and the F5 group (n = 26) received fentanyl 5 μg · kg−1. Following tracheal intubation, the maximum percent change from baseline heart rate was less in the F2/E2 and F5 groups (12% and 16% respectively) than in the E2 group (34%)(P < 0.05). The maximum percent changes from baseline systolic blood pressure in the F2/E2 and F5 groups (15% and 6% respectively) were less than in the F2 and E2 groups (24% and 33% respectively) (P < 0.05). The combination of a low dose of fentanyl and esmolol provides an alternative to a higher dose of fentanyl for blunting the haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation during rapidsequence induction in healthy patients.
Demonstration of a quantum logic gate in a cryogenic surface-electrode ion trap

We demonstrate quantum control techniques for a single trapped ion in a cryogenic, surface-electrode trap. A narrow optical transition of ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}$ along with the ground and first excited motional states of the harmonic trapping potential form a two-qubit system. The optical qubit transition is susceptible to magnetic field fluctuations, which we stabilize with a simple and compact method using superconducting rings. Decoherence of the motional qubit is suppressed by the cryogenic environment. ac Stark shift correction is accomplished by controlling the laser phase in the pulse sequencer, eliminating the need for an additional laser. Quantum process tomography is implemented on atomic and motional states by use of conditional pulse sequences. With these techniques, we demonstrate a Cirac-Zoller controlled-not gate in a single ion with a mean fidelity of $91(1)%$.
WHITTAKER MODULES FOR THE VIRASORO ALGEBRA

Whittaker modules have been well studied in the setting of complex semisimple Lie algebras. Their definition can easily be generalized to certain other Lie algebras with triangular decomposition, including the Virasoro algebra. We define Whittaker modules for the Virasoro algebra and obtain analogues to several results from the classical setting, including a classification of simple Whittaker modules by central characters and composition series for general Whittaker modules.
Modelling insect natality using splines

Abstract We present methodology for analyzing age-specific birth rates, with particular emphasis on describing variability within a cohort of like-aged individuals. We use a model structure appropriate for natality in insects and other arthropod species. Our approach separates natality into baseline rate representative of the effects of the environment for the population and a factor that represents the unique effect of each individual in the cohort. We employ smoothing splines with the penalized likelihood methodology for estimation. We illustrate the methodology by applying it to data on leafhopper egg-laying rates.
Should continuous lateral rotation therapy replace manual turning

Continuous lateral rotation therapy (CLRT) has been proposed as a replacement for standard manual turning to decrease pulmonary complications in critically ill patients. Findings on the effectiveness of CLRT in decreasing pulmonary complications are promising, but some serious gaps exist, such as when to start and end therapy. This article reviews and analyzes the research on CLRT and proposes directions for future research.
Quasiclassical QCD pomeron

The Regge behaviour of the scattering amplitudes in perturbative QCD is governed in the generalized leading logarithmic approximation by the contribution of the color-singlet compound states of reggeized gluons. The interaction between reggeons is described by the effective hamiltonian, which in the multi-color limit turns out to be identical to the hamiltonian of the completely integrable one-dimensional XXX Heisenberg magnet of non-compact spin s = 0. The spectrum of the color-singlet reggeon compound states, perturbative pomerons and odderons, is expressed by means of the Bethe ansatz in terms of the fundamental Q-function, which satisfies the Baxter equation for the XXX Heisenberg magnet. The exact solution of the Baxter equation is known only in the simplest case of the compound state of two reggeons, the BFKL pomeron. For higher reggeon states the method is developed which allows to find its general solution as an asymptotic series in powers of the inverse conformal weight of the reggeon states. The quantization conditions for the conserved charges for interacting reggeons are established and an agreement with the results of numerical solutions is observed. The asymptotic approximation of the energy of the reggeon states is defined based on the properties of the asymptotic series, and the intercept of the three-reggeon states, the perturbative odderon, is estimated.
Electrical Stimulation of the Ventral Tegmental Area Induces Reanimation from General Anesthesia

Background:Methylphenidate or a D1 dopamine receptor agonist induces reanimation (active emergence) from general anesthesia. The authors tested whether electrical stimulation of dopaminergic nuclei also induces reanimation from general anesthesia.Methods:In adult rats, a bipolar insulated stainless
WHERE ARE THE BARYONS? II. FEEDBACK EFFECTS

Numerical simulations of the intergalactic medium have shown that at the present epoch, a significant fraction (40%-50%) of the baryonic component should be found in the (T ~ 106 K) warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM)—with several recent observational lines of evidence indicating the validity of the prediction. We here recompute the evolution of the WHIM with the following major improvements: (1) galactic superwind feedback processes from galaxy and star formation are explicitly included; (2) major metal species (O V to O IX) are computed explicitly in a nonequilibrium way; and (3) mass and spatial dynamic ranges are larger by factors of 8 and 2, respectively, than in our previous simulations. Here are the major findings: (1) Galactic superwinds have dramatic effects, increasing the WHIM mass fraction by about 20%, primarily through heating of warm gas near galaxies with density 101.5-104 times the mean density. (2) The fraction of baryons in the WHIM is increased modestly from the earlier work but is still ~40%-50%. (3) The gas density of the WHIM is broadly peaked at a density 10-20 times the mean density, ranging from underdense regions to regions that are overdense by 103-104. (4) The median metallicity of the WHIM is 0.18 Z☉ for oxygen, with 50% and 90% intervals being (0.040, 0.38) and (0.0017, 0.83).
Palladium-catalyzed enantioselective cyclization of silyloxy-1,6-enynes.

The enantioselective intramolecular addition of silyl enol ethers and silyl ketene aminals onto alkyne is described. The reaction employs DTBMSegphos−Pd(II) or Binaphane−Pd(II) complexes as catalysts for the formation of methylene cyclopentane adducts from 1,6-enyne precursors. The utility of this reaction is illustrated by its application to the total synthesis of the cytotoxic cyclolaurane-type sesquiterpene, (−)-laurebiphenyl.
Enhancing Tribological Conditions in Tube Hydroforming by Using Textured Tubes

The effects of textured tubes on the tribological performance in tube hydroforming (THF) are discussed. Textured surfaces, namely sand blasted, knurled, electrical discharge machined (EDM), and as rolled surfaces, were tested under various interface pressure conditions. Sand blasted textured tubes were found to have the best tribological performance. The study has demonstrated that the increase in the interface pressure between the tube and the die can result in either lower or higher interface friction depending on the surface texture conditions. The study has also shown that different surface texture treatment methods can alter the hardness of the tube surface with significant influence on the tribological performance.
The Role of Subsurface Hydrology in Soil Erosion and Channel Network Development on a Laboratory Hillslope

Ephemeral gully erosion is currently considered one of the dominant sources of soil loss from the agricultural landscape. It is assumed to be the result of surface flow concentration with hydraulic properties exceeding a given threshold for channel initiation. In this paper, we devised a laboratory experiment to show how subsurface hydrology impacts channel network development and soil loss. A series of rainfall-runoff experiments were conducted on a 9.75 m x 3.66 m laboratory hillslope set under drainage or oversaturation (seepage) condition. Soil loss was monitored by collecting runoff samples and by digitizing the soil surface at regular time intervals using digital photogrammetry. We found that the seepage condition produced erosion rates 2.1 times as high as those measured under drainage condition for a high rainfall-runoff intensity (6:8 10 4 m 3 s 1 ) and 1.6 times as high for a low intensity (3:4 10 4 m 3 s 1 ). After 1:2 m 3 of runoff the soil under seepage condition lost on average 1.9 times more soil than the one under drainage condition. Digital photogrammetry performed well at quantifying elevation changes due to channel network development and suggested that channel erosion rates were 1.5 times higher for the seepage condition. We also found an effect of rainfall-runoff intensity on interrill sediment load, supporting a previously proposed model for interrill erosion relating sediment load to rainfall intensity and to the square root of runoff rate. Finally, elevation change patterns observed during each rainfall-runoff event were found to be more consistent with the simultaneous erosion deposition theory as opposed to the sediment transport capacity concept as a sediment transport mechanism. This study demonstrated that subsurface hydrology might be a controlling factor in the location, initiation and rate of development of ephemeral gullies.
Synthesis of (-)-dysiherbaine.

The first synthesis of (−)-dysiherbaine has been accomplished using intramolecular SN2 substitutions of a carbamate anion on an epoxide and an alkoxide on a secondary mesylate to efficiently construct the bicyclic skeleton stereospecifically from xylose. A general sequence has been developed to introduce an allyl group and convert it to the alanine side chain that should be useful for the construction of dysiherbaine analogues.
Photostabilization of macromolecules by excited state quenching

Abstract One approach to imparting long-term outdoor stability to polymeric systems is to add to them small amounts of compounds which will quench the electronic excitation energy associated with specific chromophores as a result of photon absorption. Carbonyl groups, hydroperoxides and singlet molecular oxygen (or its precursors) are chromophores commonly believed to be involved in the photodegradative mechanisms for numerous hydrocarbon polymers. Nevertheless, carbonyl quenching additives are rarely effective stabilizers by themselves because carbonyl group photolysis is only infrequently the single most important degradative process. Hydroperoxide group formation and photolysis is frequently more significant but the first excited state is dissociative and cannot be quenched. Singlet oxygen can be quenched with certain additives but there is no evidence that it is a major contribution to the photo-oxidation of any polymer. Efficient photostabilization of hydrocarbon polymers really requires peroxide decomposition and radical scavenging.
Improving SFR Economics Through Innovations from Thermal Design and Analysis Aspects

Achieving economic competitiveness as compared to LWRs and other Generation IV (Gen-IV) reactors is one of the major requirements to attract large-scale investment in commercial sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) power plants. Advances in R&D for advanced SFR fuel and structural materials provide key long-term opportunities to improve SFR economics. In addition, other new opportunities are emerging to further improve SFR economics. This paper provides an overview on potential ideas from the perspective of thermal hydraulics to improve SFR economics. These include: (1) a new hybrid loop-pool reactor design to further optimize economics, safety, and reliability of SFRs with more flexibility, (2) a multiple-reheat and intercooling helium Brayton cycle to improve plant thermal efficiency and to reduce safety related overnight and operation costs, and (3) modern multi-physics thermal analysis methods to reduce analysis uncertainties and associated requirements for over-conservatism in reactor design. This paper reviews advances in all three areas and their potential beneficial impacts on SFR economics.
Regional kidney transplant matching: the RENTRAN interactive approach

An interactive on-line computerized renal transplant matching system called RENTRAN which serves the Southwest Kidney Transplant Region is described. The region consists of one transplant center in Arkansas, two in Oklahoma, and six in Texas. The computer used is the DECsystem-10 located in the Medical Computing Resources Center at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas. RENTRAN participants have remotely located standard interactive computer terminals and gain access to the computer by dialing over normal telephone lines. Functions provided by RENTRAN include obtaining instructions, performing a donor-recipient match, obtaining a list of potential recipients, making a user comment or adding, updating or deleting a patient record. Either long or short dialog forms are available for inexperienced and experienced users respectively. In the time period since August 1, 1973 when the system went into production, there have been in excess of 100 matches attempted and approximately 50 kidneys have been transplanted according to RENTRAN results. There are about 350 recipients currently on the data base. The system was developed with funds provided by the Texas Regional Medical Program and operational expenses and enhancements are provided through a $25 per year potential-recipient patient charge for being listed on the data base.
Effects of intermittent cycle exercise on intramyocellular lipid use and recovery.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) changes in skeletal muscle in nine moderately trained subjects after 45 min of interval cycling and through 1 h of recovery. The exercise session was continuous with alternating cycling intensity achieving 50 (3 min) and 110% (2 min) of ventilatory threshold. Spectra from the vastus lateralis were acquired before, immediately after, and 60 min following exercise using a 1.5 T Signa whole-body magnet (point-resolved spectroscopy sequence, echo time 60 ms, transverse relaxation time 2000 ms, 128 acquisitions, and 20 mm3 voxel). Immediately following exercise, IMCL concentration decreased 38% compared to pre-exercise levels (P 0.05). In the 60-min recovery, IMCL was reduced 30% compared to baseline (P < 0.05) and did not recover. In contrast, a nonexercising control group showed no change in IMCL. Our results suggest that IMCL decreased significantly following 45 min of interval cycling, with little recovery in the hour following.
The impact of voluntary programs on polluting behavior: Evidence from pollution prevention programs and toxic releases

Abstract We investigate how a class of voluntary environmental initiatives known as pollution prevention (“P2”) programs affect toxic pollution. We construct a data base of federal and state-level P2 programs and exploit variation in adoption dates and program characteristics to study their effects on facility-level releases. We find convincing evidence that these mechanisms alter polluter behavior. In particular, we find that (1) state P2 programs had a significant impact on average facility level toxic releases, reducing annual releases by 11–15%; (2) for every $100,000 of federal matching funds awarded for state P2 activities, average facility level releases in the recipient state declined on the order of 1–1.5%; (3) P2-induced reductions are significantly enhanced by information spillovers, diffused primarily via industry networks rather than geographic proximity; (4) facilities respond to technical assistance programs by reducing toxic releases, but only for substances that are not simultaneously regulated by formal command and control strategies; and (5) facilities respond to filing fees and non-reporting penalties by altering their toxic releases, but only for chemicals that are easily monitored by regulators.