cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved Estimates of the Benefits of Breastfeeding Using Sibling Comparisons to Reduce Selection Bias

Objective Better measurement of the health and cognitive benefits of breastfeeding by using sibling comparisons to reduce sample selection bias. Data We use data on the breastfeeding history, physical and emotional health, academic performance, cognitive ability, and demographic characteristics of 16,903 adolescents from the first (1994) wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The sample includes 2,734 sibling pairs. Study Design We examine the relationship between breastfeeding history and 15 indicators of physical health, emotional health, and cognitive ability, using ordinary least squares and logit regression. For each indicator, we estimate, in addition to the usual between-family model, a within-family model to see whether differences in siblings' outcomes are associated with differences in the siblings' breastfeeding histories. Principal Findings. Nearly all of the correlations found in the between-family model become statistically insignificant in the within-family model. The notable exception is a persistent positive correlation between breastfeeding and cognitive ability. These findings hold whether breastfeeding is measured in terms of duration or as a Yes/No variable. Conclusions This study provides persuasive evidence of a causal connection between breastfeeding and intelligence. However, it also suggests that nonexperimental studies of breastfeeding overstate some of its other long-term benefits, even if controls are included for race, ethnicity, income, and education. The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com
Probabilistic models for document retrieval: a comparison of perfromance on exterimental and synthetic data bases

Probabilistic document retrieval systems consistent with the two Poisson independence model outperforms the binary independence model if the terms are distributed as described by the model's assumptions. The Two Poisson Effectiveness Hypothesis suggests that retrieval models based upon the two Poisson model will outperform binary independent models when used on a “real-world” database, where independence and two Poisson term occurrence distributions fail to hold, because the added information obtained from incorporating term frequency information will more than compensate for the non-Poisson distributions of terms. Searches of the MED1033 database suggest that if terms are not independent and frequencies of term occurrence are not distributed in a two Poisson manner, the binary independence sequential retrieval model outperforms the two Poisson independence retrieval model.
SUBSPECIALTY INTERNAL MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES: IN AND OUTSIDE THE HOSPITAL

In the U.S. the subspecialties of internal medicine are well integrated in the overall discipline of internal medicine and each one is also unique. The American Board of Internal Medicine at present certifies 16 unique subdisciplines, which are, in order from the largest to the smallest: cardiology (14,000 certified cardiologists), gastroenterology (10,000 certified), pulmonary disease (9000 certified), critical care medicine (6500 certified), hematology, oncology, nephrology, infectious diseases, allergy and immunology, endocrinology, rheumatology, geriatrics, sport medicine, adolescent medicine. General internal medicine is the first level of certification after three years of training: the above-mentioned subspecialties are the second level (after an additional 2 to 3 years of training). Some subspecialties are at a third level or "third tier". Within cardiology, "third tier" certification recognizes clinical cardiac electrophysiology and interventional cardiology. These disciplines require an additional, fourth year of cardiac training and prior certification in cardiology. Between the departments of internal medicine and the subspecialty divisions there is often a "healthy tension" stemming from unavoidable inequities in the financial contributions of the subspecialties to the department. Currently, there is a decline in specialization rate due to a variety of converging factors, among them restricted direct access to specialists in HMOs, and the developing hospitalist movement: full-time hospitalists are less likely to need subspecialist consultation than other generalists.
Effect of radiation dose rate on mutation in mice.

The nature and the role of recovery processes in the dose-rate effects observed in studies on the effect of dose rate on mutation frequency in mice are discussed. Data are reviewed which confirm the reality of a dose-rate effect on mutation frequency and provide additional evidence for the view that the effect is an intracellular one and not a consequence of cell selection. (C.H.)
LET's GO! to the Creek: Co-design of Water Quality Inquiry Using Mobile Science Collaboratories

Learning ecological science content and inquiry strategies should increasingly use the new tools from science -- sensors for data capture, information visualization for data-analysis, low-cost mobile computers and mobiles for field-based science. The LET’s GO! project seeks to develop, implement, research, and sustainably scale a new paradigm for fostering high school student learning in teams for ecological sciences. Our "open inquiry" vision uses mobile computing to provide open software tools/resources, participation frameworks for learner project collaboration, mobile media/data capture, analysis, reflection and publishing. We integrate geo-positional data sensing, multimedia communication, information visualization & Web 2.0 tools to create science learning collaboratories, using co-design methods with teachers, learners, developers, learning & domain scientists. The present paper describes the background for our project, related work, goals, and reports on the success of the co-design workshops and school pilots conducted last year.
Translation Initiation Factors eIF-iso4G and eIF-4B Interact with the Poly(A)-binding Protein and Increase Its RNA Binding Activity*

The 5'-cap and the poly(A) tail act synergistically to increase the translational efficiency of eukaryotic mRNAs, which suggests that these two mRNA elements communicate during translation. We report here that the cap-associated eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs), i. e. the two isoforms of the cap-binding complex (eIF-4F and eIF-iso4F) and eIF-4B, bind to the poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) both in the presence and absence of poly(A) RNA. The interactions between PABP and eIF-4F, eIF-iso4F, and eIF-4B were measured in the absence of poly(A) RNA using far Western analysis and confirmed by direct fluorescence titration studies. The functional consequence of the interaction between these initiation factors and PABP was examined using RNA binding assays and RNA mobility shift analysis. eIF-4F, eIF-iso4F, and eIF-4B promoted PABP activity through a shift in its equilibrium affinity for poly(A). eIF-iso4G, the large subunit of eIF-iso4F, was the subunit responsible for the interaction between eIF-iso4F and PABP and was the subunit that promoted PABP RNA binding activity. Truncation analysis of eIF-iso4G indicated that a domain close to its N-terminal end appeared to be involved in binding PABP. These results suggest that the interaction between PABP and eIF-4B and eIF-iso4G may be involved in mediating the functional co-dependence observed between the cap and the poly(A) tail during translation.
Role of smooth pursuit eye-movements on the detection of moving objects in X-ray fluoroscopy noise

The authors investigate the role of smooth pursuit eye movements on the detection of low contrast moving cylinders in spatio-temporal Poisson noise. They performed an interspersed reference/test adaptive forced choice experiment to measure the detectability of a moving cylinder with a high contrast marker that allows smooth pursuit eye-tracking (test) and without the marker (reference). The authors have recorded a degradation in detectability of 49% for a velocity of 8.8 deg/sec as compared to a stationary cylinder for the case without the motion marker. The detectability decreased by 24% with the motion marker. This suggests that smooth pursuit of motion improves the detectability of moving objects.
Refractive indices of 14 nonlinear crystals isomorphic to KH 2 PO 4

Refractive indices for the crystals KDP, ADP, RDP, KDA, ADA, RDA, CDA, KDP:Rb, and most of their deuterated forms were measured from 404 to 1064 nm with ±3 × 10−5 accuracy. Numerical fits to standard and modified versions of the double-resonance Sellmeier formula were made, permitting interpolation of the index data consistent with the measurement accuracy. Samples of KDP from different crystal growers had slightly different (~3 × 10−4) refractive indices, which correlated with deviations in the lattice parameters.
APACHE II mortality prediction, health symptoms and disability, and pharmacists and diabetes management teams

1The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score was developed and validated for use among intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but its utility among non-ICU patients is unknown. Retrospective data from about 200 patients were abstracted, including illness severity (APACHE II score); inhospital vital status at 48 hours, 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days following the start of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-targeted therapy; and notation of an ICU admission at the time of MRSA bacteremia onset. In-hospital mortality and overall mortality were modeled using logistic regression at each time point using APACHE II scores for ICU and non-ICU patients. A model that included APACHE II scores was compared with an age-adjustment-alone model among all patients. APACHE II was a significantly better predictor of death at all time points in both ICU and non-ICU patients compared with random prediction and significantly improved the prediction of overall and 48-hour mortality compared with age adjustment alone. Implications. Differences in disease severity in acute treatment episodes for seriously ill patients can be a vexing confounding factor in comparative effectiveness studies. This work provides a validated measure that can be used to control for confounding based on sound physiologic principles. Development and validation of other measures for this purpose (i.e., confounding) that can have widespread acceptance for incorporation into comparative effectiveness studies are needed. Health symptoms and disability Patterson et al. 2 reported that pain and fatigue were “found to partially mediate the effects of disability on self-reported general health status and physical functioning.” A sample of 12,249 adults 40 years or older provided responses to questions about symptom prevalence and frequencies for 21 commonly reported symptoms, self-perceived health status, physical functioning, number of medications, and demographic variables. Adults with disability reported significantly greater prevalence and frequencies for all 21 symptoms, with pain and fatigue being the most common. Implications. Managing medication therapies that minimize pain and fatigue can have a considerable impact on patient quality of life. Other studies have shown the correlation between disability and independent living. A compelling study for the future might be one that examines the association between medication therapy management and independent living. Pharmacists and diabetes management teams Pepper et al. 3 concluded that “a pharmacist as a part of the diabetes management team may result in lower A1C in patients with more advanced and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus versus a health care team without a pharmacist.” Their conclusions were based on assessment of the change in glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) for patients with type 2 diabetes in outpatient clinics. Patients were assigned to either the pharmacist (n = 86) or nonpharmacist (n = 86) group, depending on
Detection of HIV-1 Tat and JCV capsid protein, VP1, in AIDS brain with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

HIV-1 infection can lead to severe central nervous system (CNS) clinical syndromes in more than 50% of HIV-1 positive individuals. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is the frequent o...
An Introduction to the SEM Substructures Focus Group Test Bed – The Ampair 600 Wind Turbine

Recent advances have provided renewed interest in the topic of experimental dynamic substructures. A focus group has been formed in the Society for Experimental Mechanics to advance the experimental dynamic substructures technology and theory. Sandia National Laboratories has developed two identical test beds to enable the focus group to advance the work. The system chosen was an Ampair 600 wind turbine with a fabricated tower and base. Some modifications were made to the system to make it more linear for initial studies. The test bed will be available for viewing in the technology booth of the IMAC exposition. A description of the turbine and modifications will be presented. Initial measurements on the full system will be described. Initial modal tests have been performed on six blades at the University of Massachusetts at Lowell [1]. Geometry and mass measurements for finite element modeling have been performed by the Atomic Weapons Establishment in the UK [2]. Initial efforts to quantify each blade as an experimental substructure are ongoing. One goal is to develop an experimental dynamic substructure of the blades and hub to couple with a finite element model of the nacelle and tower to predict parked system response.
Abstract 122: Differences Between Clinical and Coding Diagnoses of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: Quality and performance measures for acute MI are based on evidence for treatment of type 1 MI as defined by the Universal Definition of MI. Patients with other MI subtypes still receive a coded diagnosis of MI, and are subject to the same quality metrics as those with type 1 MI, despite different pathophysiology and a lack of evidence-based treatment standards. In order to assess the potential health system impact, we examined the correlation between coded diagnosis of MI and clinical MI subtype, as well as rates of adherence with MI guideline-based targets across MI subtypes. Methods: We retrospectively examined every inpatient encounter during calendar year 2013 with a final primary coded diagnosis of acute MI at our two affiliated academic medical centers, one county safety-net hospital serving the urban poor and one private hospital. Using all available medical records, each case was adjudicated by two independent investigators and the clinical MI type was determined based on the Universal Definition of MI. Adherence with MI performance metrics was also extracted from the medical record. Results: Out of 289 encounters at one hospital and 139 at the other, 224 (77.5%) and 105 (75.5%) cases were adjudicated as type 1 MI, respectively. Type 2 MI, or myocardial oxygen supply-demand mismatch, was the next most common diagnosis, occurring in 15.2% (44 of 289) and 14.4% (20 of 139) of cases at the two hospitals. Compared to type 1 MI, encounters not adjudicated as type 1 MI were significantly less likely to have received guideline-recommended MI therapies, with marked differences in use of P2Y12-inhibitors and revascularization, modest differences in use of aspirin and statins, and no difference in beta-blockers ( Table ). Conclusions: Approximately 25% of patient encounters with a primary coded diagnosis of acute MI did not represent type 1 MI events. Patients without type 1 MI were significantly less likely to receive guideline-recommended MI therapies. These findings highlight an important disconnect between clinical and coding diagnoses, with potential important implications for patient care, billing practices, and quality and outcome reporting. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Paracentric Inversion in Culex Pipiens

A paracentric inversion ( In(2R) l) in the right arm chromosome 2 of CULEX PIPIENS is described from salivary gland polytene chromosomes. The inversion is close to the centromere and involves about 18% of the length of the arm. Dicentric bridges and acentric chromosome fragments were found in preparations of testes. The relationship of inversions to sterility and to variation in recombination frequency is discussed.
From Modeling with SysML to Simulation with Contiki Cooja Simulator of Wireless Sensor Networks

The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have distributed and embedded nature and they are characterized by strong interactions between their hardware and software parts, therefore, their specification is a complex task. Formal methods need strong skills in mathematics in order to model and analyze WSN applications. However, semi-formal methods are simple and easy to understand. Hence, most of approaches use semi-formal methods to design systems and generally simulation to validate their properties in order to produce models without errors and conform to the system specifications. In this paper we describe our contribution, based on a case study that models a WSN system used to measure the flow of people in town. We have used System Modeling Language (SysML) to design the complete system. Besides, we have verified and validated some wireless sensors properties of the studied system and the results are encouraging.
Energy-Efficient and Secure S-Box Circuit Using Symmetric Pass Gate Adiabatic Logic

Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attack is considered to be a main threat while designing cryptographic processors. In cryptographic algorithms like DES and AES, S-Box is used to indeterminate the relationship between the keys and the cipher texts. However, S-box is prone to DPA attack due to its high power consumption. In this paper, we are implementing an energy-efficient 8-bit S-Box circuit using our proposed Symmetric Pass Gate Adiabatic Logic (SPGAL). SPGAL is energy-efficient as compared to the existing DPA-resistant adiabatic and non-adiabatic logic families. SPGAL is energy-efficient due to reduction of non-adiabatic loss during the evaluate phase of the outputs. Further, the S-Box circuit implemented using SPGAL is resistant to DPA attacks. The results are verified through SPICE simulations in 180nm technology. SPICE simulations show that the SPGAL based S-Box circuit saves upto 92% and 67% of energy as compared to the conventional CMOS and Secured Quasi-Adiabatic Logic (SQAL) based S-Box circuit. From the simulation results, it is evident that the SPGAL based circuits are energy-efficient as compared to the existing DPA-resistant adiabatic and non-adiabatic logic families. In nutshell, SPGAL based gates can be used to build secure hardware for low power portable electronic devices and Internet-of-Things (IoT) based electronic devices.
Stand dynamics of an oak woodland forest and effects of a restoration treatment on forest health

Abstract Woodland restoration has been conducted in many countries, primarily in Mediterranean regions, but has only recently been attempted on publically and privately owned lands in the eastern United States. We reconstructed historical stand dynamics and tested the immediate effects of an oak ( Quercus ) woodland restoration treatment on forest health, inferred from tree-ring widths (TRW). The stands were upland white oak ( Q. alba ) and chestnut oak ( Q. prinus ) dominated and were located on the Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky, USA. The stands regenerated primarily under a severe disturbance regime concurrent with peak industrial logging approximately 100 years ago. A relatively high percentage of trees (38 percent) recruited under large canopy gaps or clearings, indicative of a severe disturbance; however, gap-phase dynamics was also an important process in oak recruitment to the canopy. Primarily small (
Functional parallels of sequential imperatives (short paper)

Symbolic parallelism is a fresh look at the decade-old problem of turning sequential, imperative, code into associative reduction kernels, based on the realization that map/reduce is at its core a staging problem: how can programs be separated so that part of the computation can be done before loop-carried dependencies become available? Previous work has investigated dynamic approaches that build symbolic summaries while the actual data is processed. In this short paper, we approach the problem from the static side, and show that with simple syntax- or type-driven transformations, we can readily transform large classes of imperative groupby-aggregate programs into map/reduce parallelism with deterministic overhead.
Impact of feeding de-oiled wet distillers grains plus solubles on beef shelf life.

Research was conducted to determine the effect of feeding de-oiled wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) on beef fatty acid profile, retail shelf life and development of oxidation products during retail display (RD). A total of 336 crossbred yearling steers (initial BW = 351.08 ± 19.05 kg) were fed 1 of 7 dietary treatments: an all corn control (1:1 blend of dry rolled and high moisture corn), 35%, 50%, or 65% inclusion of WDGS, either full-fat or de-oiled. Within each treatment 15 Choice carcasses were randomly selected ( = 105), strip loins were obtained, aged 7 and 21 d, and representative steaks from each strip loin were placed in RD conditions for 7 d. Fatty acid profiles were determined (mg/100 g tissue basis) and differences ( ≤ 0.05) were found in the C16:1, C18:1T, C18:2 and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) among dietary treatments. Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) was predominant ( 0.05) were observed between all other diets. Elaidic acid (C18:1T) was greater ( = 0.01) in the 65% full-fat WDGS group, least for the corn control group, and intermediate for all other diets. Linoleic acid (C18:2) was greater ( = 0.0001) in all 3 full-fat WDGS groups and 65% de-oiled WDGS group (290.98 mg/100 g, on average), intermediate in the 50% and 35% de-oiled WDGS groups (231.08 and 227.16 mg/100 g, respectively) and least for the corn control group (177.70 mg/100 g). The PUFA content was greater ( < 0.01) in all 3 full-fat WDGS groups and 65% de-oiled WDGS group (337.13 mg/100 g, on average), intermediate in the 50% and 35% de-oiled WGDS groups (274.77 and 273.84 mg/100 g, respectively) and least for the corn control group (223.98 mg/100 g). Dietary treatment did not alter discoloration ( = 0.30) or lipid oxidation ( = 0.36). Shear force decreased with age and RD ( < 0.0001) but dietary treatment had no effect on shear force ( = 0.93). In general, feeding 35% and 50% de-oiled WDGS had intermediate PUFA content relative to a corn control or full-fat WDGS diet. Feeding de-oiled WDGS did not seem to increase beef shelf life and does not negatively alter beef quality parameters in relation to full-fat WDGS.
The Effect of the Thermal Boundary Resistance on Self-Heating of AlGaN/GaN HFETs

We have calculated the thermal boundary resistance at the GaN/SiC, GaN/sapphire and GaN/AlN interfaces in the diffuse mismatch approximation. The obtained values were then used to examine the effect of the thermal boundary resistance on heat diffusion in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure fieldeffect transistors. The results show that the thermal boundary resistance at the device layer interfaces can strongly influence the temperature rise in the device channel.
Sleep, Emotions, and Emotion Regulation: An Overview

This chapter discusses the relationship between sleep and emotional functioning in the absence of psychopathology. Research evaluating the impact of sleep on emotional functioning supports associations between deficient sleep and reduced positive affect, increased negative affect, and increased difficulties with emotion regulation. Research evaluating the impact of emotions on sleep suggests that the negative valence and high arousal dimensions of emotion are similarly associated with increased sleep latency and fragmentation and decreased sleep quality and total sleep time. However, negative valence and high arousal potentially have unique effects on sleep architecture, with high arousal being associated with reductions in slow-wave sleep and negative valence being associated with disruptions to REM sleep. Moreover, individual differences in emotion regulation also impact sleep parameters, above and beyond the influence of current emotions. The chapter discusses implications of this research, highlighting future directions for improving our understanding of the dynamic relationship between sleep and emotional functioning.
Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Co-occurring Health Conditions in Early Childhood.

OBJECTIVE To understand how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with co-occurring physical, mental and developmental problems during early childhood. METHOD A subsample of 19,957 children aged 2-5 years were selected from the 2011-2012 National Survey for Child Health. Outcomes included 18 health conditions organized in singular condition domains (physical, mental, and developmental), and combinations of condition domains (e.g., physical plus mental, mental plus developmental, etc.). Predictors included 8 ACEs (divorce of a parent, death of a parent, exposure to domestic violence, living with someone with a drug or alcohol abuse problem, household member with a mental illness, parent incarceration, neighborhood violence, discrimination). Multivariable logistic regression was performed controlling for demographic characteristics, having a personal doctor, health insurance coverage, and seeing a health care professional in the previous year. RESULTS Experiencing 3 or more ACEs before the age of 5 years was associated with increased likelihood of nearly every co-occurring condition combination across 3 domains of health. Most notably, experiencing 3 or more ACEs was also associated with a 2-fold increase in likelihood of having ≥1 physical condition and ≥1 developmental condition, a 9-fold increase in likelihood of having ≥1 mental and ≥1 developmental condition, and a 7-fold increase in likelihood of having ≥1 physical, ≥1 mental, and ≥1 developmental condition. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that we can identify the health effects of adversity quite early in development and that management should include communication between both health care and early childhood education providers.
Unable or Unwilling? Community-Based Innovation and the Cost of Collective Identity

This paper explores the efficacy of community-based innovation models over time. Grounded in a 10-year comparative case study of two leading civilian drone manufacturers, I propose that community-b...
Human Sleep-Disordered Breathing

obstructive sleep apnea is a common clinical disorder primarily affecting men who have a long history of heavy snoring. The incidence of the illness increases with both aging and obesity; its major clinical manifestation is the complaint of daytime hypersomnolence. This illness has received a great deal of clinical and investigative attention in the last ten years because its occurrence appears almost epidemic in nature. In addition, apnea-associated cardiac rhythm abnormalities raise the question of the possible influence of obstructive sleep apnea on unexplained nocturnal death. Recently other associated cardiovascular abnormalities, such as sustained pulmonary and systemic hypertension, have resulted in further interest in this recently discovered illness.
What Makes Hotel Expatriates Remain in Their Overseas Assignments: A Grounded Theory Study

In this study the researcher uses a qualitative research design to discover what makes hotel expatriates remain in their overseas assignments. Indepth interviews, participant observations, and personal documents are used as data collection methods. Four hotel expatriates are recruited as participants of the study. The collected interview transcripts and fieldnotes are further analyzed through the use of grounded theory. Five selective codes found as the dominant themes in this study are hotel expatriates’ : (a) personality characteristics, (b) motivations to work overseas, (c) challenges derived from overseas assignments, (d) competencies, and (e) roles/identities in overseas assignments. These five main themes are further analyzed and concluded with a coherent theory that explains why hotel expatriates remain in their assignments. Key Words: Hotel, Expatriate, Personal Characteristic, Motivation, and Competence. In today’s global business world, an increasing number of employees travel and work for international assignments. Employees who participate in international assignments are commonly called expatriates. Many international hotel chains (IHCs) have sent their employees overseas to maintain corporate standards, fill skills gaps, and transfer technology and corporate culture in their worldwide properties (Lomax, 2001). Although hotel expatriates may live and work in popular tourist destinations or major cities around the world and receive attractive compensation packages, lives of hotel expatriates are not always full of glamour and excitement. They may be assigned to underdeveloped or still-developing countries, where cultures, living standards, and business practices significantly differ from those of their home countries. Failure to make cultural adjustment may result in expatriates’ incompletion of their international assignments and returning to their home countries prematurely. In previous studies across different industries researchers have reported expatriate’s assignment incompletion rates of approximately 25 to 40 percent (Black, Gregersen, Mendenhall, & Stroch, 1999; Forster, 1997; Harrison, 1994). The incompletion of overseas assignments has cost multinational corporations between $50,000 and $150,000 financially to reassign and remunerate their expatriates (Feng & Pearson, 1999; Shay & Tracey, 1997). Other costs may include lost sales and a fragile corporate image to international corporations. For expatriates themselves, they may return to their home country with low self-esteem and become less confident for future assignments. Therefore, understanding what keeps hotel expatriates remaining in their overseas assignment is an essential component of recruitment and retention strategies for IHCs. Many studies across various industries have been conducted to identify variables related to expatriate failure, performance evaluation, and repatriation as well as examine causal or predictive relationships among variables (Brewster, 1995; Hogan & Shelton,
Boundary conditions for two-sided fractional diffusion

Abstract This paper develops appropriate boundary conditions for the two-sided fractional diffusion equation, where the usual second derivative in space is replaced by a weighted average of positive (left) and negative (right) fractional derivatives. Mass preserving, reflecting boundary conditions for two-sided fractional diffusion involve a balance of left and right fractional derivatives at the boundary. Stable, consistent explicit and implicit Euler methods are detailed, and steady state solutions are derived. Steady state solutions for two-sided fractional diffusion equations using both Riemann–Liouville and Caputo flux are computed. For Riemann–Liouville flux and reflecting boundary conditions, the steady-state solution is singular at one or both of the end-points. For Caputo flux and reflecting boundary conditions, the steady-state solution is a constant function. Numerical experiments illustrate the convergence of these numerical methods. Finally, the influence of the reflecting boundary on the steady-state behavior subject to both the Riemann–Liouville and Caputo fluxes is discussed.
Diastereoselectivity in the Formation of Quaternary Centers with Aryllead(IV) Tricarboxylates

The formation of quaternary centers utilizing the reaction of aryllead(IV) tricarboxylates with β-ketoesters has been investigated. A series of substituted methyl 2-oxo-1-cyclohexanecarboxylates served as substrates for the evaluation of diastereoselectivity in the sp2−sp3 bond forming reaction with p-methoxyphenyllead tricarboxylates. Selectivities ranged from poor to excellent depending on the substituent. A comparison to iodonium salts is discussed.
Emphasis on the deep or shallow parts of the tree provides a new characterization of phylogenetic distances

Phylogenetically informed distances are commonly used in the analysis of microbiome data, and analysts have many options to choose from. Although all phylogenetic distances share the goal of incorporating the phylogenetic relationships among the bacteria, they do so in different ways and give different pictures of the relationships between the bacterial communities. We investigate the properties of two classes of phylogenetically informed distances: the Unifrac family, including weighted, unweighted, and generalized Unifrac, and the DPCoA family, which we introduce here. Through several lines of evidence, including a combination of mathematical, data analytic, and computational methods, we show that a major and heretofore unrecognized cleavage in the phylogenetically informed distances is the relative weights placed on the deep and shallow parts of the phylogeny. Specifically, weighted Unifrac and DPCoA place more emphasis on the deep parts of the phylogeny, while unweighted Unifrac places more emphasis on the shallow parts of the phylogeny. Both the Unifrac and the DPCoA families have tunable parameters that can be shown to control how much emphasis the distances place on the deep or shallow parts of the phylogeny. Our results allow for a more informed choice of distance and give practitioners more insight into the potential differences resulting from different choices of distance.
A Low-Cost Continuous Turbidity Monitor

Turbidity describes the cloudiness, or clarity, of a liquid. It is a principal indicator of water quality, sensitive to any suspended solids present. Prior work has identified the lack of low-cost turbidity monitoring as a significant hurdle to overcome to improve water quality in many domains, especially in the developing world. Low-cost hand-held benchtop meters have been proposed. This work adapts and verifies the technology for continuous monitoring. Lab tests show the low-cost continuous monitor can achieve 1 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) accuracy in the range 0-100 NTU and costs approximately 64 USD in components to construct. This level of accuracy yields useful and actionable data about water quality and may be sufficient in certain applications where cost is a primary constraint. A 38-day continuous monitoring trial, including a step change in turbidity, showed promising results with a median error of 0.45 and 1.40 NTU for two different monitors. However, some noise was present in the readings resulting in a standard deviation of 1.90 and 6.55 NTU, respectively. The cause was primarily attributed to ambient light and bubbles in the piping. By controlling these noise sources, we believe the low-cost continuous turbidity monitor could be a useful tool in multiple domains.
Improving the Content of, and Patient Access to, Prostate Cancer Treatment Decision Information

Background and Significance: Physicians remain a key source of information regarding treatment options for men with a prostate cancer diagnosis, yet no known in-depth interview research has been conducted on the kind of information they want to provide patients, or how to reach them with new materials. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with eight physicians (i.e., four urologists, three family practice physicians, and one medical oncologist) to identify areas of improvement regarding prostate cancer treatment information and how to best reach physicians with such information, in hopes they will pass the materials along to their patients. Results: Physicians indicated they would be receptive to representatives from agencies contacting them directly (e.g., in-person, via phone, email) to get information to distribute to patients; however those representatives must be diligent in their attempts. Additionally, physicians stated information created should be neutral in content and easy for patients to comprehend. Conclusion: Expending resources to continually create and revise materials is ineffective if health promotion agencies cannot get their messages in-front of patients. Agencies should devote as much effort disseminating their resources as they do in creating them. Targeting physicians for dissemination efforts is just one step in helping men and families make more informed decisions about their treatment options.
Laparoscopic Median Arcuate Ligament Release and Linx Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation After Sleeve Gastrectomy

Abstract Introduction: Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) is a rare entity and is often a diagnosis of exclusion.1 Richards et al. reported a patient experiencing MALS after a Roux-en-Y gastri...
Claiming the Narrative Wave With Story Theory.

Over the past few decades, there has been a narrative wave that has advanced and subsided but consistently moved toward acceptance in health care circles. Despite the importance of narrative to nursing practice and research, the discipline has been slow to claim the narrative wave as its own. The purpose of this article is to claim the narrative wave for the discipline of nursing with story theory–guided research and practice and to describe dimensions of the narrative movement in health-related literature. Practical application of story theory is described for both nursing practice and nursing research.
The Origin of Conductive-Pulse Sensing Inside a Nanopore and the Role of Electro-Hydrodynamics

Despite the highly negatively charged backbone of DNA, electroosmotic flow (EOF) within a nanopore can lead to DNA travelling opposite to electrophoretic force at low ionic strengths. However, EOF-pumping and its role in producing current-enhancing events is ambiguous and debated due to the complicated interactions between nanopore walls, DNA grooves, ion mobility, and counterion clouds. Here, we discuss how current-enhancing DNA events could be the result of a flux imbalance between anions and cations. The contributing factors for driving a flux imbalance within a nanopore include pore size, voltage bias, and type of alkali chloride electrolyte. Once the mechanism behind conductive events is established, the physics of transducing a DNA translocation into an electrical signal can be further exploited for improving DNA sequencing and, more broadly, bio-sensing.
Bridging the Transuranics with Uranium(IV) Sulfate Aqueous Species and Solid Phases.

Isolating isomorphic compounds of tetravalent actinides (i.e., ThIV, UIV, NpIV, and PuIV) improve our understanding of the bonding behavior across the series, in addition to their relationship with tetravalent transition metals (Zr and Hf) and lanthanides (Ce). Similarities between these tetravalent metals are particularly illuminated in their hydrolysis and condensation behavior in aqueous systems, leading to polynuclear clusters typified by the hexamer [MIV6O4(OH)4]12+ building block. Prior studies have shown the predominance and coexistence of smaller species for ThIV (monomers, dimers, and hexamers) and larger species for UIV, NpIV, and PuIV (including 38-mers and 70-mers). We show here that aqueous uranium(IV) sulfate also displays behavior similar to that of ThIV (and ZrIV) in its isolated solid-phase and solution speciation. Two single-crystal X-ray structures are described: a dihydroxide-bridged dimer (U2) formulated as U2(OH)2(SO4)3(H2O)4 and a monomer-linked hexamer framework (U-U6) as (U(H2O)3.5)2U6O4(OH)4(SO4)10(H2O)9. These structures are similar to those previously described for ThIV. Moreover, cocrystallization of monomer and dimer and of dimer and monomer-hexamer phases for both ThIV (prior) and UIV (current) indicates the coexistence of these species in solution. Because it was not possible to effectively study the sulfate-rich solutions via X-ray scattering from which U2 and U-U6 crystallized, we provide a parallel solution speciation study in low sulfate conditions, as a function of the pH. Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering of these show decreasing sulfate binding, increased hydrolysis, increased species size, and increased complexity, with increasing pH. This study describes a bridge across the first half the actinide series, highlighting UIV similarities to ThIV, in addition to the previously known similarities to the transuranic elements.
A 2-year-old girl with periprocedural anaphylaxis

Periprocedural or perioperative anaphylaxis is rare, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 10,000 to 40,000 sedation cases. During such procedures, patients are often exposed to numerous medications, such as antimicrobials, neuromuscular blocking agents, sedative and/or hypnotics, and opioids. The most commonly implicated agents include antibiotics (in the United States) and neuromuscular blocking agents (in Europe). In this article, we explore the differential diagnosis and laboratory investigation of a case of periprocedural anaphylaxis.
Visible Light-Induced Pd-Catalyzed Alkyl-Heck Reaction of Oximes

A visible light-induced palladium-catalyzed oxidative C–H alkylation of oximes has been developed. This mild protocol allows for an efficient atom economical C–C bond construction of alkyl-substitu...
Dissolvable Microneedle Patches to Enable Increased Access to Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Future Pandemic Outbreaks

Vaccines are an essential component of pandemic preparedness but can be limited due to challenges in production and logistical implementation. While vaccine candidates were rapidly developed against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), immunization campaigns remain an obstacle to achieving herd immunity. Dissolvable microneedle patches are advantageous for many possible reasons: improved immunogenicity; dose-sparing effects; expected low manufacturing cost; elimination of sharps; reduction of vaccine wastage; no need for reconstitution; simplified supply chain, with reduction of cold chain supply through increased thermostability; ease of use, reducing the need for healthcare providers; and greater acceptability compared to traditional hypodermic injections. When applied to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and future pandemic outbreaks, microneedle patches have great potential to improve vaccination globally and save many lives.
The paradox of teaching wellness: Lessons from a national obstetrics and gynaecology resident curriculum.

Background In response to high rates of burnout among trainees, educators in obstetrics and gynaecology introduced a six-session wellness curriculum that improved professional fulfilment and resident burnout in participants with greater attendance. The implementation of the curriculum varied based on local variables and contextual factors. Objective To analyse the reactions of participants and curriculum leaders across the diverse settings of the pilot experience in order to identify the best practices for implementation of a wellness curriculum. Methods Twenty-five US OBGYN residency programmes completed the curriculum in the 2017-2018 academic year. OBGYN residents in all the years of training participated. Faculty members and fellows were workshop facilitators and course leaders. All participants completed post-intervention surveys. A qualitative, descriptive thematic analysis explored free-text responses from residents and workshop facilitators. Results Among 592 eligible resident participants, 387 (65%) responded to the post-intervention survey. Workshop facilitators submitted 65 surveys (47% response) on curriculum elements, rating the activities as 'good' or 'excellent' in 90.8% of cases. Qualitative analysis of workshop facilitators' and resident comments pointed to three themes, namely disagreement about the purpose of the curriculum, the social value of the curriculum in the residency programme and the need to open a broader discussion and take action to address structural barriers to wellness. Conclusions Residents and faculty members involved in a wellness curriculum pilot had polarised reactions. While participants found value in learning skills and connecting to colleagues, efforts to promote wellness skills should be accompanied by communication and action to address drivers of burnout.
Cortical low-frequency power correlates with behavioral impairment in animal model of focal limbic seizures.

OBJECTIVE Impairment in consciousness is a debilitating symptom during and after seizures; however, its mechanism remains unclear. Limbic seizures have been shown to spread to arousal circuitry to result in a "network inhibition" phenomenon. However, prior animal model studies did not relate physiological network changes to behavioral responses during or following seizures. METHODS Focal onset limbic seizures were induced while rats were performing an operant conditioned behavioral task requiring response to an auditory stimulus to quantify how and when impairment of behavioral response occurs. Correct responses were rewarded with sucrose. Cortical and hippocampal electrophysiology measured by local field potential recordings was analyzed for changes in low- and high-frequency power in relation to behavioral responsiveness during seizures. RESULTS As seen in patients with seizures, ictal (p < .0001) and postictal (p = .0015) responsiveness was variably impaired. Analysis of cortical and hippocampal electrophysiology revealed that ictal (p = .002) and postictal (p = .009) frontal cortical low-frequency 3-6-Hz power was associated with poor behavioral performance. In contrast, the hippocampus showed increased power over a wide frequency range during seizures, and suppression postictally, neither of which were related to behavioral impairment. SIGNIFICANCE These findings support prior human studies of temporal lobe epilepsy as well as anesthetized animal models suggesting that focal limbic seizures depress consciousness through remote network effects on the cortex, rather than through local hippocampal involvement. By identifying the cortical physiological changes associated with impaired arousal and responsiveness in focal seizures, these results may help guide future therapies to restore ictal and postictal consciousness, improving quality of life for people with epilepsy.
Examining Support for University-to-Police Reporting Policies for Sexual Assault: The Role of Survivors’ Consent

In several states, bills have been introduced that require universities to report sexual assaults to law enforcement. Opponents argue that such policies can compel survivors to disclose against their will, stripping survivors of autonomy and harming campus communities. We used a mixed method approach to examine people's support for reporting policies that do and do not consider survivor consent: compelled police disclosure (requires a report regardless of victim consent) and consented police disclosure (requires a report if the victim consents). We examined individual characteristics and attitudes associated with support for these approaches (i.e., had experienced sexual assault, trust in police). Participants (1,045 adults in the United States) were randomly assigned to read one of three policy statements, and we collected quantitative and qualitative survey data. Participants were less supportive of compelled police disclosure than consented police disclosure. People who supported compelled disclosure frequently focused on the crime and potential social benefits, were more likely to be non-victims, and held greater trust in the police. People who supported consented disclosure focused on the victim's needs, were more likely to be survivors, and held less trust in the police. Survivor consent should be considered in the discussion of university-to-police reporting policies for sexual assault.