cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of an acoustical Quasi-Gaussian beam with a rigid sphere: linear axial scattering, instantaneous force, and time-averaged radiation force [Correspondence]

This work focuses on the interaction of an acoustical quasi-Gaussian beam centered on a rigid immovable sphere, during which at least three physical phenomena arise-the (axial) acoustic scattering, the instantaneous force, and the time-averaged radiation force-which are investigated here. The quasi-Gaussian beam is an exact solution of the source-free Helmholtz wave equation and is characterized by an arbitrary waist, w0, and a diffraction convergence length known as the Rayleigh range, zR. Specialized formulations for the scattering and the instantaneous force function, as well as the (time-averaged) radiation force function, are provided. Numerical computations illustrate the variations of the backscattering form function, the instantaneous force function, and the (time-averaged) radiation force function versus the dimensionless frequency ka (where k is the wave number and a is the radius of the sphere); the results show significant differences from the plane wave limit when the dimensionless beam waist parameter kw0 <; 25. The radiation force function may be used to calibrate high-frequency transducers operating with this type of beam. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis can be readily extended to the case of other types of spheres (i.e., elastic, viscoelastic, shells, and coated spheres and shells), providing that their appropriate scattering coefficients are used.
Roads to Ratibor: Library and Archival Plunder by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg

Scholarship has not adequately studied the history of Nazi cultural plunder during the Second World War, or the further international displacement and restitution efforts thereafter. The present study discusses one of the primary agencies of plunder, the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR). It focuses on the plunder of libraries and archives, tracing their migration, revealing new sources, and identifying collections that did not return home after the war. Emphasis falls on materials that ended the war in the little-known ERR research and library center in Ratibor (now Polish Raciborz), to which the Germans transported more than two million books.
a-Si:H pixel electrode circuits for AM-OLEDs

A new pixel electrode circuit based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon technology has been designed, fabricated and characterized for the active-matrix organic light- emitting displays. This circuit has four thin-film- transistors (TFTs) and only two external terminals. In addition, a current driver is used to provide the signals to the data line and automatically adjust the current level to compensate for the threshold voltage shifts of both the organic light-emitting devices and the drive TFT. Consequently, this pixel electrode circuit has an excellent electrical reliability even when a large threshold voltage shift is present. Experimental results indicate that a continuous pixel electrode excitation can be achieved with these circuits. Even after a long time circuit aging stress, this circuit only shows an output current level variation less than 1 percent at the high current level and less than 5 percent at the low current levels. Two additional pixel electrode circuits have also been proposed. These new circuits can achieve a higher output current level and a better output-input current linearity without sacrificing the circuit's electrical reliability. All these circuits can potentially be used for the active-matrix organic light- emitting displays.
The biodistribution and metabolic fate of [11C]acrylic acid in the rat after acute inhalation exposure or stomach intubation.

Rats were nose‐exposed to an atmosphere containing gaseous [14C] acrylic acid for 7 min and sacrificed 1.5 and 65 min later. At 1.5 min 28% of the administered radiolabel was associated with the snout of the exposed animal. The biodistribution data indicated the gastrointestinal tract as the major site of absorption of acrylic acid after inhalation exposure. ThereforeJunrats were also stomach intubated with an aqueous solution of f[11C]acrylic acid and sacrificed at 1.5, 10, 20, 40, and 65 min after intubation. The absorption of acrylic acid from the stomach was rapid, as was its subsequent metabolism. Carbon‐11 was rapidly eliminated from both nose‐exposed and stomach‐intubated animals as 11CO2, with about 60% of the administered dose eliminated 1 h after administration. A portion of the radiolabel was also eliminated via the renal system.
A constitutive model for anisotropic damage in fiber-composites

Abstract A constitutive model for anisotropic damage is developed to describe the elastic-brittle behavior of fiber-reinforced composites. The main objective of the paper focuses on the relationship between damage of the material and the effective elastic properties for the purpose of stress analysis of structures. A homogenized continuum is adopted for the constitutive theory of anisotropic damage and elasticity. Internal variables are introduced to describe the evolution of the damage state under loading and as a subsequence the degradation of the material stiffness. The corresponding rate-equations are subjected to the laws of thermomechanics. Emphasis is placed on a suitable coupling among the equations for the rates of the damage variables with respect to different damage modes. Evolution equations for the progression of the passive damage variables complete the kinetic equations. Most material parameters are obtained from uniaxial and simple shear tests as demonstrated by the example.
Morphine-induced analgesia and explosive motor behavior in an amphibian

Abstract Morphine sulfate is a weak analgesic in the frog Rana pipiens pipiens , causing a slight increase in nociceptive threshold at a dose of 10 mg/kg and a pronounced increase at 100 mg/kg. Morphine-induced analgesiapersists for at least 165 min and is significantly attenuated by naloxone. The analgesic doses of morphine are well below the lethal dose and are without noticeable effect on the behavior of the frogs or their responses to non-painful stimuli. Higher doses of morphine (320 and 640 mg/kg) induced a state of hyper-responsiveness to sensory stimuli similar to the explosive motor behavior induced in rats by microinjection of morphine into the periaqueductal gray.
Youth with Spina Bifida and Transitions: Health and Social Participation in a Nationally Represented Sample

Objective To describe outcomes and identify factors that affect social participation in youth and young adults with spina bifida. Study design Prospective data from a nationally representative survey of youth and young adults with disabilities were analyzed. The WHO ICF framework was used with participation as the dependent category and (a) body function/structure; (b) activities; (c) personal factors; and (d) environment as independent categories. Results A nationally representative sample of 130 youth with spina bifida (mean age 15 years) representing 5171 individuals with spina bifida was followed up for 4 years. The general health of the sample declined over the 4-year study period. Although each outcome using the WHO ICF model had its own pattern of factors that related to it, being Latino or not speaking English at home was negatively associated with each of the outcomes. Conclusion The general health of individuals with spina bifida declines during adolescence and early adulthood. Social participation is affected by many factors, and each outcome appears to have its own set of factors that affect it. Future interventions to improve health, well-being, and social participation in adults with spina bifida will need to address factors in all domains.
In vivo high-efficiency transcoronary gene delivery and Cre-LoxP gene switching in the adult mouse heart.

In vivo high-efficiency transcoronary gene delivery and Cre–LoxP gene switching in the adult mouse heart
Clinical and epidemiologic aspects of kawasaki disease

Summary: Kawasaki disease (KD), first observed in Japan in 1967, is now distributed worldwide and occurs on all continents and in all ethnic groups. Almost exclusively, the syndrome affects children below the age of 8 years and is characterized by persistent high fever, conjunctival injection, mucosal changes to the oropharynx, changes in peripheral extremities, erythematous rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Despite the self-limited nature of KD, approximately 20% of patients manifest coronary artery aneurysms on echocardiogram. The development of giant coronary artery aneurysms larger than 8 mm leads to the greatest incidence of morbidity and mortality because of the association of such aneurysms with thrombotic occlusion or stenotic obstruction and subsequent myocardial infarction. Although the etiology of KD remains unknown, clinical features and epidemiologic patterns suggest the involvement of an infectious microbe with efficient transmission. Further research on suspicious agents, including various bacterial and viral species, has failed to establish a direct association between any organism and KD. Nevertheless, in the absence of a clearly defined etiology an effective therapy for KD has evolved. Trials conducted first in Japan and then in the United States have shown that treatment with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), given at a dosage of 400 mg/kg/day for 4 consecutive days or in a single dosage of 2 g/kg, is associated with rapid resolution of the fever and other inflammatory manifestations of KD, in addition to the reduction in the frequency and severity of coronary artery abnormalities. The mechanism of action for IVIG in KD is not known.
The resistance of bats to jamming

Abstract : OBSTACLE-AVOIDANCE BY ECHOLOCATING LONG-EARED BATS (Plecotus townsendii) was tested while the bats were flying in random noise. Previous experiments had indicated that bats could achieve a surprising degree of success when dodging wires in a room filled with random noise in the band 20 to 50 kc, which covers the fundamental frequencies in the pulses of orientation sound used by Plecotus. The present experiments show that at a given noise power per cycle, the effectiveness of masking was far greater for a 10- to 90kc noise than for one that merely covered the fundamental frequencies in the bat pulses, but that the bats can still echolocate when the noise power, per cycle of bandwidth, exceeds the energy in the echo. Further broadening of the noise spectrum, to an upper limit exceeding 120 kc, had no discernible effect. The effect of coherent noise, originating in a single randomnoise generator connected to all the loudspeakers, was compared with the effect of noncoherent noise, which originated in four noise generators, each of which supplied one-quarter of the loudspeakers. In the noncoherent noise field, a bat always received noise from at least two independent noise generators. Though the bats seemed to fly with more assurance in coherent than in noncoherent noise, obstacle avoidance in the coherent noise was only slightly and inconsistently better.
Multiple signal transduction pathways lead to extracellular ATP-stimulated mitogenesis in mammalian cells: II. A pathway involving arachidonic acid release, prostaglandin synthesis, and cyclic AMP accumulation.

We have previously shown that extracellular ATP acts as a mitogen via protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent and independent pathways (Wang, D., Huang, N., Gonzalez, F.A., and Heppel, L.A. Multiple signal transduction pathways lead to extracellular ATP-stimulated mitogenesis in mammalian cells. I. Involvement of protein kinase C-dependent and independent pathways in the mitogenic response of mammalian cells to extracellular ATP. J. Cell. Physiol., 1991). The present aim was to determine if metabolism of arachidonic acid, resulting in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis and elevation of cAMP levels, plays a role in mitogenesis mediated by extracellular ATP. Addition of ATP caused a marked enhancement of cyclic AMP accumulation in 3T3, 3T6, and A431 cells. Aminophylline, an antagonist of the adenosine A2 receptor, had no effect on the accumulation of cyclic AMP elicited by ATP, while it inhibited the action of adenosine. The accumulation of cyclic AMP was concentration dependent, which corresponds to the stimulation of DNA synthesis by ATP. The maximal accumulation was achieved after 45 min, with an initial delay period of about 15 min. That the activation of arachidonic acid metabolism contributed to cyclic AMP accumulation and mitogenesis stimulated by ATP in 3T3, 3T6, and A431 cells was supported by the following observations: (a) extracellular ATP stimulated the release of [3H]arachidonic acid and PGE2 into the medium; (b) inhibition of arachidonic acid release by inhibitors of phospholipase A2 blocked PGE2 production, cyclic AMP accumulation, and DNA synthesis activated by ATP, and this inhibition could be reversed by adding exogenous arachidonic acid; (c) cyclooxygenase inhibitors, such as indomethacin and aspirin, diminished the release of PGE2 and blocked cyclic AMP accumulation as well as [3H]thymidine incorporation in response to ATP; (d) PGE2 was able to restore [3H]thymidine incorporation when added together with ATP in the presence of cyclooxygenase inhibitors; (e) pertussis toxin inhibited ATP-stimulated DNA synthesis in a time-and dose-dependent fashion as well as arachidonic acid release and PGE2 formation. Other evidence for involvement of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein(s) in ATP-stimulated DNA synthesis as well as in arachidonic acid release is presented. In A431 cells, the enhancement of arachidonic acid and cyclic AMP accumulation by ATP was partially blocked by PKC down-regulation, implying that the activation of PKC may represent an additional pathway in ATP-stimulated metabolism of arachidonic acid. In all of these studies, ADP and AMP-PNP, but not adenosine, were as active as ATP. In summary, the data support a role for arachidonic acid metabolism in ATP-dependent DNA synthesis in 3T3, 3T6, and A431 cells.
Rebirth of the Blackfeet Nation, 1912-1954

Contents: List of Illustrations Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Map of the Blackfeet Reservation Introduction1 Part 1. 1912-1934 1. "The Old System Is No Success": The Formation of the Modern Blackfeet Reservation, 1912-1929 2. "Give Us a Fair and New Deal": 1929-1934 Part 2. 1934-1952 3. On the Road to Self-Government: The Incorporation of the Blackfeet Tribe of Indians, 1934-1935 4. Feeding the "Second Buffalo" and Themselves: The Contours of the Blackfeet Economy, 1934-1940 5. "Reconciling the Old Men to the New Way": Income Distribution in an Infant Democracy, 1940-1945 6. "We Have a Way to Make Citizens of Them": The Politics of Blackfeet Self-Termination, 1945-1952 Conclusion: The Roots of Blackfeet Self-Determination Notes Bibliography Index
The regulatory role of TGF-β in airway remodeling in asthma

Both structural and inflammatory cells are capable of secreting transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and expressing TGF-beta receptors. TGF-beta can induce multiple cellular responses including differentiation, apoptosis, survival and proliferation, and has been implicated in the development of several pathogenic conditions including cancer and asthma. Elevated levels of TGF-beta have been reported in the asthmatic airway. TGF-beta binds to its receptor complex and activates multiple pathways involving proteins such as Sma and Mad homologues, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinases, leading to the transcription of several genes. Cell type, cellular condition, and microenvironment, all play a role in determining which pathway is activated, which, in turn, is an indication of which gene is to be transcribed. TGF-beta has been shown to induce apoptosis in airway epithelial cells. A possible role for TGF-beta in the regulation of epithelial cell adhesion properties has also been reported. Enhancement of goblet cell proliferation by TGF-beta suggests a role in mucus hyper-secretion. Elevated levels of TGF-beta correlate with subepithelial fibrosis. TGF-beta induces proliferation of fibroblast cells and their differentiation into myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis during the development of subepithelial fibrosis. TGF-beta also induces proliferation and survival of and ECM secretion in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), suggesting a possible cause of increased thickness of airway tissues. TGF-beta also induces the production and release of vascular endothelial cell growth factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor, contributing to the vascular remodeling in the asthmatic airway. Blocking TGF-beta activity inhibits epithelial shedding, mucus hyper-secretion, angiogenesis, ASMC hypertrophy and hyperplasia in an asthmatic mouse model. Reduction of TGF-beta production and control of TGF-beta effects would be beneficial in the development of therapeutic intervention for airway remodeling in chronic asthma.
OPTICAL‐MICROWAVE DOUBLE RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF IN VIVO CHLOROPHYLL

The utilization of high resolution spectroscopic techniques in the investigation of photosynthetic systems has become an increasingly useful approach for the understanding of the photophysics of photosynthesis [1]. Laser techniques have afforded both narrow band excitation and short-time phenomena to be investigated in photosynthesis, providing a range of information on structural and dynamical features of the photosynthetic apparatus in vivo [1].
Functional Properties of Hb Pasadena, α2β2 75(E 19) LeuArg

Functional properties of Hb Pasadena (β75[E19]Leu Arg) as well as correlations of its structure-function relationships with those of normal hemoglobin are presented. the homeotropic and heterotopic properties of the isolated variant were investigated by automatic recording oxygen equilibrium analysis. These studies indicate an increase in 02 affinity but normal cooperativity. the decrease of 02 affinity in response to organic phosphate (DPG and IHP) was found to be normal. However, the cooperativity of Hb Pasadena is less affected by IHP than is that of Hb A. the alkaline Bohr effect was found to be somewhat decreased, although the temperature effect is nearly normal. the autoxidation rate is increased by a factor of nearly 2 compared to normal. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that the β(E19)75 leucyl hydrophobic residue of Hb A associates with β(A8)11 Val, β(A12)15 Trp and β(H11)133 Val to form a hydrophobic cluster between the A, E and H helics which thereby stabilizes the heme of ...
Modeling Framework for Evaluating Sensitivity of Airline Schedules to Airport Congestion Pricing

This paper presents a modeling framework for evaluating the sensitivity of airline schedules to the congestion pricing of airports. The framework allows airport agencies and aviation management authorities to examine the effectiveness of airport pricing schemes in reducing flight delays at congested airports. The framework replicates airlines' schedule planning decisions in a free market as it considers the effect of applying time-varying landing fees and associated delay externalities. The framework adopts the concept of Wardrop's network equilibrium as the basis for modeling competition among air carriers. A hypothetical airline network with two competing air carriers is used to illustrate the capabilities of the developed framework. The results of the conducted experiments show the importance of considering the network effect in developing effective pricing strategies.
Effects of Trace O2 Levels on the Nitriding Kinetics of High‐Purity Silicon Powders

The effects of trace O2 levels on the nitridation of compacts made from silane-derived Si powders were studied in N2 atmospheres, with oxygen levels of either 5 ppm or 10 ppb (approximately). The nitriding kinetics were studied by thermogravimetric analysis as a function of temperature (1100–1200°C) and heating rate (5°C/min and 100°C/min). Reducing the O2 level in the nitriding gas enhanced conversion to Si3N4 at lower temperatures, reduced the composition variations within the samples, and decreased the α/β ratios. The results suggest that nucleation and rapid growth of Si3N4 at relatively low temperatures are possible only when the oxygen partial pressure in the system is below the threshold value for passive oxidation.
Technological advances in large-scale integration

Not very long ago the concept of large-scale integration was just that?a concept. But since that time most of the more difficult technological problems have been resolved and many others are well on their way to solution. The important potential advantages of LSI?reduced cost, improved reliability, size and weight reductions, and computerized fabrication?served to provide the impetus for their rapid development. Focusing on the digital correlator as an example, this article describes the techniques and problems involved both in the basic design and in the fabrication processes.
Framing and Re-Framing in Environmental Science: Explaining Climate Change to the Public

Environmental scientists and science communicators working to educate the public on the science of global climate change often work to present information through an environmentalist perspective. This article uses theories of metaphoric framing to present six guidelines that climate change communicators can use to reframe climate change science in public communication. In particular, the authors argue for environmental scientists to adopt frames that the broader public will find familiar and persuasive. This reframing of environmental science is necessary to counter the framing of skepticism that special interest groups have used to dominate attempts to communicate climate change science to the public.
Collagen fibrogenesis and the formation of complex crosslinks

Abstract Reconstituted native-type fibrils of dermatosparactic procollagen and of calf skin collagen both formed reducible interinolecular crosslinks, in contrast to a previous report. Furthermore, although the specific activities were similar, the patterns of crosslinking were quantitatively different in the two types of collagen fibrils.
Premorbid Determinants of Left Ventricular Dysfunction in a Novel Model of Gradually Induced Pressure Overload in the Adult Canine

BACKGROUND: When a pressure overload is placed on the left ventricle, some patients develop relatively modest hypertrophy whereas others develop extensive hypertrophy. Likewise, the occurrence of contractile dysfunction also is variable. The cause of this heterogeneity is not well understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: We recently developed a model of gradual proximal aortic constriction in the adult canine that mimicked the heterogeneity of the hypertrophic response seen in humans. We hypothesized that differences in outcome were related to differences present before banding. Fifteen animals were studied initially. Ten developed left ventricular dysfunction (dys group). Five dogs maintained normal function (nl group). At baseline, the nl group had a lower mean systolic wall stress (96 +/- 9 kdyne/cm2; dys group, 156 +/- 7 kdyne/cm2; P 115 kdyne/cm2 developed dysfunction whereas 6 of 8 dogs with resting stress < or = 115 kdyne/cm2 maintained normal function. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that this canine model mimicked the heterogeneous hypertrophic response seen in humans. In the group that eventually developed dysfunction there was less cardiac mass despite 60% higher wall stress at baseline, suggesting a different set point for regulating myocardial growth in the two groups.
Learning by doing: using ePortfolios for assessment at Otis College of art and design

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to share best practices in using e-portfolios for assessment including a collaborative model between academic department and library. Design/methodology/approach – The authors collaborated to develop learning outcome rubrics that were then used by faculty and a team of reviewers to evaluate evidence collected in e-portfolios. Findings – E-portfolios provide a dynamic platform to centrally collect assessment material; however, effective evaluation of student evidence can be strengthened with collaboration between college departments. Research limitations/implications – This is a model that was sustainable and practical for a small art and design college. Practical implications – Other institutions working on assessment with limited personal resources may find this approach useful in addition to any institution considering how to use e-portfolios for collection and assessment of student work. Originality/value – Otis College of Art and Design has been using e-portfolio...
An η6-Dienyne Transition-Metal Complex

The ruthenium complexes, [(η5-C5R5)Ru(CH3CN)3]PF6 (1-Cp*, R = Me; 1-Cp, R = H), underwent reaction with both 1-(2-chloro-1-methylvinyl)-2-pentynyl-(Z)-cyclopentene (6-Z) and 1-(2-chloro-1-methylvin...
PMH5 The Cost of Treating Schizophrenia in the California Medicaid (Medi‐Cal) Program

This study investigated the health care costs for schizophrenic patients while documenting the relationship between health care costs and the patient's use of antipsychotic medications. METHODS: Paid claims data from the Medi-Cal program were used to identify schizophrenic patients with a minimum of 1 year of data available for analysis (n = 2,680). Patients were divided into treated and untreated populations based on their purchase of at least one prescription for an antipsychotic medication during the year. Drug use patterns for treated patiens documented the extent to which patients delayed drug therapy or switches in drug therapy occurred during the first year. Multivariate logistic regression models were estimated to investigate the factors related to delays in therapy or switching therapies. OLS regression models were used to estimate the health care costs associated with these drug use patterns. RESULTS: Direct health care cost per schizophrenic patients averaged $24,000 per year. Nearly 21% of schizophrenic patients used no antipsychotic drug therapy for up to one year, which was not associated with increased costs. Over 27% of treated patients delayed treatment, resulting in increased costs of between $3,262 (p < .08) and $6,189 (p ≤ .01). 41% of treated patients with no delays in therapy switched therapy within 1 year at a cost of approximately $8,000 (p < .01). Only 11% of treated patients consistently purchased antipsychotic medications during the first year. However, long term use was not associated with lower costs. An intent-to-treat analysis failed to document any differences between medications. CONCLUSIONS: Schizophrenia patients consume significant health care resources. Medications used to treat schizophrenia did not differ in terms of duration of therapy or impact on total health care costs.
Factors affecting antagonism of the growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by bacteria isolated from soils

Bacteria from polluted and agricultural soils antagonize the growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on solid media. The antagonistic bacteria in a soil contaminated with trinitrotoluene included fluorescent pseudomonads. Antagonism by fluorescent pseudomonads was variable according to the pH, and carbon and nitrogen sources used in the growth medium. A fluorescent siderophore produced by a Pseudomonas putida strain did not inhibit the growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium but pseudomonad isolates capable of producing phenazine derivatives were strongly inhibitory.
Kinetics of Aggregation-Annihilation Processes

We investigate the kinetics of many-species systems with aggregation of similar species clusters and annihilation of opposite species clusters. We find that the interplay between aggregation and annihilation leads to rich kinetic behaviors and unusual conservation laws. On the mean-field level, an exact solution for the cluster-mass distribution is obtained. Asymptotically, this solution exhibits a scaling form if the initial species densities are the same, while in the general case of unequal densities the process approaches single species aggregation. The theoretical predictions are compared with numerical simulations in one dimension (1D), 2D, and 3D. Nontrivial growth exponents characterize the mass distribution in one dimension. (c) 1995 The American Physical Society
The impact of the Orphan Drug Act on the development and advancement of neurological products for rare diseases: a descriptive review

Many neurological diseases or conditions are rare disorders. The Orphan Drug Act (ODA) of 1983 was promulgated to promote the development of products for such conditions. In this Opinion piece, we discuss how the ODA has affected neurological diseases, note how current and future sponsors (any person(s) or entity (i.e., academic, corporate body, individual, manufacturer) that applies for an official regulatory action) of products for rare neurological diseases can take advantage of ODA incentives, identify areas of success and continuing needs, and review data that can help drive the future development of products for rare neurological conditions.
Metaphyseal fractures mimicking abuse during treatment for clubfoot.

Background. Metaphyseal injuries resembling the classic metaphyseal lesion (CML) of abuse may occur as the result of serial casting during treatment of clubfoot deformity. Mentioned in the orthopedic literature in 1972, this iatrogenic fracture has not been described in the radiologic literature nor has the similarity to injuries occurring with abuse been previously recognized. Objective. To describe the mechanism and radiographic appearance of metaphyseal injury observed during serial casting of clubfoot. Note similarities to the CML of abuse. Materials and methods. Eight children ranging in age from 1 to 4 months underwent casting for clubfoot. Five orthopedic surgeons from three different institutions performed the casting. Two patients had spina bifida and one, arthrogryposis. A complete skeletal survey was performed on one child who was abused; there was no suspicion of abuse in the remaining seven. Results. All children manifest injury with periosteal new bone. One child had clear evidence of abuse with 24 rib fractures. X-rays of lower extremities in short leg casts revealed bilateral tibial metaphyseal fractures. Four other children had metaphyseal fractures resembling the CML of abuse, and three developed an area of sclerosis within the metaphysis. Conclusion. In the setting of serial casting for equinovarus deformity, metaphyseal injury even the CML of abuse may be noted. Since inflicted injuries are almost always unobserved and explanations rarely offered, the fact that the CML occurs as a result of orthopedic maniuplation may offer some further insight concerning the pathogenesis of this well-described abuse injury.
Fate of Pigments and Phytate During Isolation of Protein from Defatted Glandless Cottonseed Flour

In sequentially extracting proteins from defatted glandless cottonseed flour with water, salt (5% NaCl) and alkali (0.2% NaOH) solutions, high concentrations of yellow pigments resulted in watersoluble isolate (WSI), while much of the dark-brown pigments and phosphorus were found in alkali-soluble isolate (ASI) and small amounts of pigments in salt-soluble isolate (SSI). The major protein fractions of WSI and SSI contained small amounts of sugar and pigments and no phosphorus, while that of ASI contained high levels of bound sugar, dark-brown pigments and phosphorus. Yellow pigments were preferentially bound to small molecular weight proteins, but dark-brown pigments were bound to large protein molecules.
Repeated administration of methamphetamine damages cells in the somatosensory cortex: overlap with cytochrome oxidase-rich barrels.

Multiple injections of methamphetamine (mAMPH) cause degeneration of neurons in rat primary somatosensory cortex (Par1). These degenerating cells can be labeled histochemically with the fluorochrome dye, Fluoro-Jade (FJ). This area of Par1 also contains the representation of the mystacial vibrissae. Neurons in this area of Par1 receiving projections derived from the vibrissae are arranged in discrete functional units ("barrels"), which are revealed by cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry. Here, rats given mAMPH (four injections of 4 mg/kg, sc, 2-h intervals between injections) showed FJ-positive neurons in Par1 that were located predominantly near the perimeter of the CO-dense barrels. Thus, the Par1 neurons damaged by multiple administration of mAMPH are located within whisker barrels.
Spin waves and spin diffusion in Fermi liquids: Bounds on effective diffusion coefficients.

We investigate the accuracy of the usual relaxation-time approximations, involving the spin-diffusion lifetime tau/sub D/, which are generally made in analyses of spin waves and the Leggett-Rice effect in Fermi liquids. By employing the variational methods of Ah-Sam, Hojgaard-Jensen, and Smith and of Egilsson and Pethick, we are able to determine upper and lower bounds on the effective diffusion coefficient resulting from spin-wave phenomena which are accurate in the whole Fermi-liquid regime (T<
Color-WISE: a system for image similarity retrieval using color

Color is one of the most widely used features for image similarity retrieval. Most of the existing image similarity retrieval schemes employ either global or local color histogramming. In this paper, we explore the use of localized dominant hue and saturation values for color-based image similarity retrieval. This scheme results in a relatively compact representation of color images for similarity retrieval. Experimental results comparing the proposed representation with global and local color histogramming are presented to show the efficacy of the suggested scheme.
Progestin Levels in the Ovaries and Ovarian Effluent Blood in Pregnant Rabbits.

54 adult rabbits were assigned to 1 of 3 groups pregnant pseudopregnant or superovulated and employed in determining progestin levels in ovaries and ovarian effluent blood. Progesterone and 20-alpha-hydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3-one (20 alpha-ol) were measured chemically at different stages of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. During pregnancy the level of progesterone averaged .7 mcg/ml at Day 4 and 1.3 mcg/ml at Day 20 of pregnancy. The level of 20 alpha-ol in the ovarian blood varied from .2-1.5 mcg/ml with only slight correlation to the stage of pregnancy. Progestin levels correlated neither with number of corpora lutea nor to number of viable or degeneration implantations. At 9 days postcoitum the total amount of ovarian progesterone was higher in pregnant than in pseudopregnant does; this was not the case for 20 alpha-ol. The levels and total amount of 20 alpha-ol in the ovaries were 2-5 times those of progesterone. There was a correlation between the concentration of progesterone levels and 20 alpha-ol in the ovaries and that of the blood during pregnancy.
Field Measurements of Softball Player Swing Speed

Abstract The bat swing speed is one of the most important factors affecting bat performance. The equipment needed to measure swing speed is sophisticated and has high data reduction overhead. For this reason, relatively little data exist describing bat motion in field conditions. The following describes results of one of the most ambitious swing speed studies ever conducted. The study involved bats of nearly constant weight and varying inertia that were swung by 29 adult batters. The study was conducted using right handed batters on a regulation outdoor field with a live pitcher. Swing speed was measured by tracking markers on the bat with two high speed video cameras. The cameras were arranged and calibrated so that the bat markers could be traced in three-dimensional space. The ball's pitch speed, hit speed and inclination were also tracked and compared to a three-dimensional Doppler radar system. Comparison of the video and the known bat marker spacing showed an accuracy of 6 mm. The bat center of rotation during impact was close to the knob of the bat, while bat swing speed tended to increase with decreasing bat inertia. Bat swing speed was also shown to depend on the batter skill level. The results will be used to improve relations regulating bat performance.
LAKER: location aided knowledge extraction routing for mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper we present a location aided knowledge extraction routing (LAKER) protocol for MANETs, which utilizes a combination of caching strategy in dynamic source routing (DSR) and limited flooding area in location aided routing (LAR) protocol. The key novelty of LAKER is that it can gradually discover knowledge of topological characteristics such as population density distribution of the network. This knowledge can be organized in the form of a set of guiding/spl I.bar/routes, which includes a chain of important positions between a pair of source and destination locations. The guiding/spl I.bar/route information is learned during the route discovery phase, and it can be used to guide future route discovery process in a more efficient manner. LAKER is especially suitable for mobility models where nodes are not uniformly distributed. LAKER can exploit the topological characteristics in these models and limit the search space in route discovery process in a more refined granularity. Simulation results show that LAKER outperforms LAR and DSR in term of routing overhead, saving up to 30% broadcast routing message compared to the LAR approach.
Perceptual Processes I: Competition of Cues

One of the most fundamental assumptions of this book is that the perceptual process required for the encoding of internal sensory information represents the same processes that have traditionally been implicated in the perception of external environmental events. In other words, factors that have been shown to influence the perception of auditory or visual information should also influence the perception of physical symptoms. Within this chapter, a brief overview of perceptual processes will be presented. The distinctions among orienting (or competition of cues), biased encoding, and inference will be discussed. The remainder of the chapter will be devoted to the initial part of the perceptual process: orienting. The studies that are presented deal with such questions as, In what settings will one be most likely to notice symptoms? What are the internal and external stimulus characteristics that influenceihe initial processing of sensory information? At what level is sensory information processed (i.e., is conscious processing necessary)?
Age and Space Irradiation Modulate Tumor Progression: Implications for Carcinogenesis Risk

Age plays a major role in tumor incidence and is an important consideration when modeling the carcinogenesis process or estimating cancer risks. Epidemiological data show that from adolescence through middle age, cancer incidence increases with age. This effect is commonly attributed to a lifetime accumulation of cellular, particularly DNA, damage. However, during middle age the incidence begins to decelerate and, for many tumor sites, it actually decreases at sufficiently advanced ages. We investigated if the observed deceleration and potential decrease in incidence could be attributed to a decreased capacity of older hosts to support tumor progression, and whether HZE [high atomic number (Z), high energy (E)] radiation differentially modulates tumor progression in young vs. middle-age hosts, issues that are relevant to estimating carcinogenesis risk for astronauts. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were injected into syngeneic mice (143 and 551 days old), which were then subject to whole-body 56Fe irradi...
The trajectory control in the SLC linac

In order to maintain a small emittance at the end of the linac, the tolerance on the trajectory deviations become tighter when the beam intensities increase. The existing two-beam trajectory correction method works well when the theoretical model agrees with the real machine lattice. Unknown energy deviations along the linac as well as wake field effects can cause the real lattice to deviate from the model. This makes the trajectory correction difficult. Several automated procedures have been developed to solve these problems. They are: an automated procedure to frequently steer the whole linac by dividing the linac into several small regions, an automated procedure to empirically correct the model to fit the real lattice, and eight trajectory-correcting feedback loops along the linac and steering through the collimator region with restricted corrector strengths and a restricted number of correctors. >
Velocities of unloaded muscle filaments are not limited by drag forces imposed by myosin cross-bridges.

It is not known which kinetic step in the acto-myosin ATPase cycle limits contraction speed in unloaded muscles (V0). Huxley’s 1957 model [Huxley AF (1957) Prog Biophys Biophys Chem 7:255–318] predicts that V0 is limited by the rate that myosin detaches from actin. However, this does not explain why, as observed by Barany [Barany M (1967) J Gen Physiol 50(6, Suppl):197–218], V0 is linearly correlated with the maximal actin-activated ATPase rate (vmax), which is limited by the rate that myosin attaches strongly to actin. We have observed smooth muscle myosin filaments of different length and head number (N) moving over surface-attached F-actin in vitro. Fitting filament velocities (V) vs. N to a detachment-limited model using the myosin step size d = 8 nm gave an ADP release rate 8.5-fold faster and ton (myosin’s attached time) and r (duty ratio) ∼10-fold lower than previously reported. In contrast, these data were accurately fit to an attachment-limited model, V = N·v·d, over the range of N found in all muscle types. At nonphysiologically high N, V = L/ton rather than d/ton, where L is related to the length of myosin’s subfragment 2. The attachment-limited model also fit well to the [ATP] dependence of V for myosin-rod cofilaments at three fixed N. Previously published V0 vs. vmax values for 24 different muscles were accurately fit to the attachment-limited model using widely accepted values for r and N, giving d = 11.1 nm. Therefore, in contrast with Huxley’s model, we conclude that V0 is limited by the actin–myosin attachment rate.
Fluxgate magnetometers for outer planets exploration

The exploration of the interplanetary medium and the magnetospheres of the outer planets requires the implementation of magnetic field measuring instrumentation with wide dynamic range, high stability, and reliability. The fluxgate magnetometers developed for the Pioneer 11 and Mariner-Jupiter-Saturn missions are presented. These instruments cover the range of .01 nT to 2 \times 10^{6} nT with optimum performance characteristics and low power consumption.
A Model of Recurrent Interactions in Primary Visual Cortex

A general feature of the cerebral cortex is its massive interconnectivity - it has been estimated anatomically [19] that cortical neurons receive upwards of 5,000 synapses, the majority of which originate from other nearby cortical neurons. Numerous experiments in primary visual cortex (V1) have revealed strongly nonlinear interactions between stimulus elements which activate classical and non-classical receptive field regions. Recurrent cortical connections likely contribute substantially to these effects. However, most theories of visual processing have either assumed a feedforward processing scheme [7], or have used recurrent interactions to account for isolated effects only [1, 16, 18]. Since nonlinear systems cannot in general be taken apart and analyzed in pieces, it is not clear what one learns by building a recurrent model that only accounts for one, or very few phenomena. Here we develop a relatively simple model of recurrent interactions in V1, that reflects major anatomical and physiological features of intracortical connectivity, and simultaneously accounts for a wide range of phenomena observed physiologically. All phenomena we address are strongly nonlinear, and cannot be explained by linear feedforward models.
The magnetic susceptibility of silver and gold in the range 6–300°K

Abstract The mass magnetic susceptibility (χ) of polycrystalline samples of Ag and Au has been determined in the range 6–300°K by a high-precision Faraday method. Samples with purities ranging to 6N have been measured. It is shown that the observed temperature dependence of χ for the 1B metals in the range 6–1000°K can be explained in terms of the change in the density of states at the Fermi level produced as a result of the change in the lattice parameter.
Developmental analysis of Ganaspis xanthopoda, a larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster

Ganaspis xanthopoda is a solitary larval parasitoid wasp of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The life cycle of Ganaspis xanthopoda in the wild-type and developmental mutant ecdysoneless strains of Drosophila melanogaster is described. The female infects a second-instar host larva. The parasitoid embryo hatches into a mobile first-instar (L1) larva. The L1 parasitoid has fleshy appendages and, while mobile, it remains confined within the wandering larval host. The second-instar larva (L2) is an endoparasite within the host prepupa and lacks appendages. The L2-to-L3 molt is dependent on pupation and marks the transition of the endoparasite into an ectoparasite. The third-instar larva (L3) is a sessile ectoparasite, develops an extensive tracheal system and consumes the host as it progresses through its prepupal and pupal stages. A single adult male or female emerges from the host puparium. The developmental analysis of Ganaspis xanthopoda reveals a tight synchrony between host and parasitoid development which is, at least in part, dependent on the ecdysone levels of the host.
Pseudoisocyanin staining of insulin and specificity of empirical islet cell stains.

Two closely related pseudoisocyanins, N,N'-diethyl-6,6'-dichlorpseudoisocyanin chloride and N, N'-diethylpseudoisocyanin chloride, were tested for their metachromatic staining behavior with oxidized insulin. N,N'-diethyl-6,6-dichlorpseudoisocyanin chloride gave nonspecific metachromasia with collagen, mucus, and mast cells of adult tissues; almost all tissues of rat embryos exhibited nonspecific staining. Nonspecific reactions were rarely observed in adult or fetal tissues with the extremely labile metachromasia of N, N'-diethylpseudoiso-cyanin chloride. When oxidation time and temperatures are carefully controlled, this reagent apears to be highly specific for insulin-containing cells and can be used as a selective stain for beta cells. Paraffin sections of formalin fixed material were oxidized 45 sec at 28-29 C in freshly prepared acidified permanganic (2.5% KMnO4, 1; 5% H2SO4, 1; distilled water, 7—parts by volume), decolorized 30 sec in 5% oxalic acid, and washed 5 min in running tap water. After rins...
A time-varying wave impedance approach for transparency compensation in bilateral teleoperation

Among the still existing issues in bilateral teleoperation, there is the inability by force-feedback control schemes to guarantee delay-independent stability and achieve both position coordination and force reflection independently of the remote environmental dynamics. Particularly, most bilateral control frameworks fail to address position coordination when interacting with rigid environments. In this paper we present a novel control strategy that aims to passively compensate for position errors that arise during contact tasks and, in general, achieve stability and transparency when alternating between unobstructed (free) and obstructed (contact) environments. The proposed control framework exploits the wave impedance independent passivity property of the scattering transformation to guarantee stability and transparency by gradually switching between a low wave impedance, ideal for free motion, and a sufficiently large impedance, suitable for contact tasks. The validity of the control framework is verified through simulations and experiments on a pair of nonlinear robots.