cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cartel party, consensus democracy and democracy without politics

Although the age of the mass party as an organizational form is long in the past, the mass party remains a widely accepted normative ideal, closely connected to the idea of party government and to a voters-as-principals-parties-as-agents understanding of democracy. In evolving from mass party, to catch-all party, to cartel party European democracies have also been evolving towards an ‘anti-political’ view of government, along with models of consensus democracy and the regulatory state. This evolution helps to explain the decline in popular connection to political parties. Ironically, the associated causes of this decline are generally regarded as good, notwithstanding that the decline itself is often identified as a crisis. Moreover, analysis of this decline suggests as striking similarity between the consensus model of democracy and the cartel party model of democracy, notwithstanding that the first is often seen as a goal to which democracies should be moving while the second is seen as a threat to democracy itself.
Interactions of fatty acids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and coxibs with the catalytic and allosteric subunits of cyclooxygenases-1 and -2

Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2, commonly called cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 (COX-1 and -2), catalyze the committed step in prostaglandin biosynthesis—the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin endoperoxide H2. Both COX isoforms are sequence homodimers that function as conformational heterodimers having allosteric (Eallo) and catalytic (Ecat) subunits. At least in the case of COX-2, the enzyme becomes folded into a stable Eallo/Ecat pair. Some COX inhibitors (i.e. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and coxibs) and common fatty acids (FAs) modulate Ecat activity by binding Eallo. However, the interactions and outcomes often differ between isoforms. For example, naproxen directly and completely inhibits COX-1 by binding Ecat but indirectly and incompletely inhibits COX-2 by binding Eallo. Additionally, COX-1 is allosterically inhibited up to 50% by common FAs like palmitic acid, whereas COX-2 is allosterically activated 2-fold by palmitic acid. FA binding to Eallo also affects responses to COX inhibitors. Thus, COXs are physiologically and pharmacologically regulated by the FA tone of the milieu in which each operates—COX-1 in the endoplasmic reticulum and COX-2 in the Golgi apparatus. Cross-talk between Eallo and Ecat involves a loop in Eallo immediately downstream of Arg-120. Mutational studies suggest that allosteric modulation requires a direct interaction between the carboxyl group of allosteric effectors and Arg-120 of Eallo; however, structural studies show some allosterically active FAs positioned in COX-2 in a conformation lacking an interaction with Arg-120. Thus, many details about the biological consequences of COX allosterism and how ligand binding to Eallo modulates Ecat remain to be resolved.
Navigating through complex photonic design space using machine learning methods

The performance and functionality of integrated photonic devices can be enhanced by using complex structures controlled by a large number of design variables. However, the optimization of such high-dimensional structures is challenging, often limiting their realization. Global optimization algorithms and artificial neural networks are increasingly used to tackle these problems. Although these are exciting new developments, the outcome is a single optimized design meeting particular performance objectives selected upfront. The influences of the various design parameters remain hidden. Here we report on our strategy of using machine learning pattern recognition techniques to create a methodology for building the global performance map of a high-dimensional design space. As an example and demonstration, we study the design of a vertical grating coupler consisting of silicon and subwavelength metamaterial segments. We show how the relationship between designs with comparable primary performance can be clearly revealed by identifying the minimum number of characterizing parameters that defines the subspace of good designs, significantly scaling down the complexity of the problem. Moreover, the subspace can be identified using only a small number of good design solutions. We reveal design areas with comparable fiber coupling efficiency but with significant differences in other performance criteria, such as back-reflections, tolerance to fabrication uncertainty and minimum feature size. This novel approach provides the designer with a global perspective of the design space, enabling informed decisions based on the relative priorities of all relevant performance specifications and figures-of-merits for a particular application. Insights from the mapping exercise also inspired new design structures with enhanced characteristics.
Extension of the neutron scatter camera sensitivity to the ∼10-200 MeV neutron energy range.

The Neutron Scatter Camera (NSC) is a neutron spectrometer and imager that has been developed and improved by the Sandia National Laboratories for several years. Built for special nuclear material searches, the instrument was configured by the design to reconstruct neutron sources within the fission energy range 1–10 MeV. In this work, we present modifications that attempt to extend the NSC sensitivity to neutron energies in the range ∼10–200 MeV and discuss the corresponding consequences for the event processing. We present simulation results that manifest important aspects of the NSC response to those intermediate energy neutrons. The simulation results also evidence that the instrument’s spectroscopic capabilities severely deteriorate at those energies, mainly due to the uncertainties in measuring energy, time, and distance between the two neutron scattering interactions. This work is motivated by the need to characterize neutron fluxes at particle accelerators as they may represent important backgrounds for neutrino experiments.
The Lessons of Nuremberg and the Trial of Saddam Hussein

Law’s engagement with evil is nowhere as evident as in the trials of history’s brutal dictators, thugs, and war criminals. The imaginative range of law’s response to such evil may be ably captured by reviewing the major international atrocity trials of the last half-century. And indeed, international law scholars have long been interested in assessing the impact and import of such trials. In legal circles, these trials (and Nuremberg in particular) have achieved somewhat mythical status. Often praised for their commitment to the substantive criminalisation and de-politicisation of mass-crimes, they are also subject to academic panegyrics for their perceived commitment to the principle that all trials, regardless of defendant or circumstance, must be “fair” and conducted with “due process.” In and of itself, this commitment appears uncontroversial—but in the context of mass-crime trials such as those used in the prosecutions of Nazi war criminals and, of late, the murderers of Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the unquestioning commitment to a defendant’s due process rights is not without its costs. This paper examines some of those costs and attempts to place Nuremberg in a broader historical context that reveals its institutional commitment to pageantry as much as process.
A Spatio-Temporal Modeling Approach for Battery Pack Capacity Prognostics

Battery packs are often used to provide energy at required level of current and voltage, in which cells are wired in series and parallel within a battery pack. The dependency among cells is critical to the useful life of the pack. Such dependency is attributed to many factors such as battery pack configurations and the mismatch of internal resistance. This paper proposes a general spatio-temporal prognostics method to model and quantify the dependency among cells through a class of selected spatial covariance structure. The covariance function in the proposed spatio-temporal model is estimated based on the cells capacity. Since cell-level capacity measurements in a battery pack may not be directly available, a capacity estimator based on sample entropy of current and voltage is proposed. The capacity degradation behavior of a battery pack with two parallel connected cells is investigated using the proposed method. In addition, the cycle life at pack level is assessed through simulation results from the estimated spatio-temporal model.
Itaconyl-CoA forms a stable biradical in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and derails its activity and repair

Itaconate is an immunometabolite with both anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effects. Its coenzyme A (CoA) derivative, itaconyl-CoA, inhibits B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) by an unknown mechanism. We demonstrate that itaconyl-CoA is a suicide inactivator of human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis MCM, which forms a markedly air-stable biradical adduct with the 5′-deoxyadenosyl moiety of the B12 coenzyme. Termination of the catalytic cycle in this way impairs communication between MCM and its auxiliary repair proteins. Crystallography and spectroscopy of the inhibited enzyme are consistent with a metal-centered cobalt radical ~6 angstroms away from the tertiary carbon-centered radical and suggest a means of controlling radical trajectories during MCM catalysis. Mycobacterial MCM thus joins enzymes in the glyoxylate shunt and the methylcitrate cycle as targets of itaconate in pathogen propionate metabolism.
Simulation of the BEAVRS benchmark using VERA

Abstract The Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications (VERA) is being developed by the Consortium for the Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors (CASL). VERA is used to perform the Benchmark for Evaluation and Validation of Reactor Simulations (BEAVRS), which provides two cycles’ worth of operating power history, along with a full, detailed description of the geometry, and measured data. Cycle 1 and 2 are simulated with VERA and the results are compared to the measured zero power physics tests, critical boron concentration, and flux maps.
Differential activation of eMI by distinct forms of cellular stress.

As one of the major, highly conserved catabolic pathways, autophagy delivers cytosolic components to lysosomes for degradation. It is essential for development, cellular homeostasis, and coping wit...
Proper Adhesive Choice Increases Photothermal Float Durability in Mine Water Disposal Applications

The use of photothermal materials to enhance evaporative water disposal can be limited by material durability, scale formation, and interactions between the photothermal materials and variable water chemistries. Granular activated carbon (GAC) was chosen as a photothermal material based on previous research. Using a custom-built, bench-scale evaporation platform that mimics the solar spectrum and intensity, evaporation trials were performed to determine the effect of water quality, GAC grain size, and float adhesives on water evaporation rates. Adhesives to attach the GAC to HDPE floats were tested for bond strength and durability, and the adhesive’s effects on GAC’s evaporative properties were measured by contact angle, water retention, and surface area analyses. While large differences in durability were observed with the different adhesives, no significant differences were discovered between grain sizes, adhesives, or water quality in the evaporation tests (p > 0.05). Scale formation from three test waters was observed and characterized by SEM and EDS; however, scale did not lead to any significant changes in evaporative performance of the floats. Thus, consistent evaporation rates measured in the bench scale evaporation chamber regardless of GAC grain size, adhesive type, and water quality, indicate the potential versatility of GAC in photothermal water disposal.
Understanding the signal-to-noise paradox in decadal climate predictability from CMIP5 and an eddying global coupled model

Recent research suggests the widespread existence of the signal-to-noise paradox in seasonal-to-decadal climate predictions. The essence of the paradox is that the signal-to-noise ratio in models can be unrealistically small and models may make better predictions of the observations than they predict themselves. The paradox highlights a potentially serious issue with model predictions as previous studies may underestimate the limit of predictability. The focus of this paper is two-fold: the first objective is to re-examine decadal predictability from the lens of the signal-to-noise paradox in the context of CMIP5 models. We demonstrate that decadal predictability is generally underestimated in CMIP5 models possibly due to the existence of the signal-to-noise paradox. Models underestimate decadal predictability in regions where it is likely for the paradox to exist, especially over the Tropical Atlantic Ocean and Tropical Indian Ocean and eddy-rich regions, including the Gulf Stream, Kuroshio Current, and Southern Ocean. The second objective follows from the results of the first, attempting to determine if this underestimate of decadal predictability is, at least partially, due to missing ocean mesoscale processes and features in CMIP5 models. A suite of coupled model experiments is performed with eddying and eddy-parameterized ocean component. Compared with eddy-parameterized models, the paradox is less likely to exist in eddying models, particularly over eddy-rich regions. These also happen to be regions where increased decadal predictability is identified. We hypothesize that this enhanced predictability is due to the enhanced vertical connectivity in the ocean. The presence of mesoscale ocean features and associated vertical connectivity significantly influence decadal variability, predictability, and the signal-to-noise paradox.
Direct Corneal Neurotization

Neurotrophic keratopathy is a difficult to treat corneal condition secondary to trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) impairment. As a result, corneal sensation is lost which leads to loss of blinking reflex, impaired tear secretion, recurrence of corneal epithelial defects, and ultimately corneal melt or perforation. Traditionally, medical and surgical treatments are used as temporary measures to treat neurotrophic keratopathy. Common treatment options include frequent artificial tears and ointment, therapeutic bandage contact lenses, serum tears, amniotic membrane transplant, tarsorrhaphy, chemical-induced upper eyelid ptosis, or Gunderson flap. However, there is still not a safisfactory, permanent solution that resolves neurotrophic keratopathy while preserving vision. In 2009, Terzis et al. first reported a surgical procedure using a donor nerve graft fastened to the damaged trigeminal nerve [1]. Corneal neurotization was proposed as a technique to treat neurotrophic keratopathy and has shown promising results to restore corneal nerves. This technique relies on transferring a healthy nerve segment to the corneolimbal area allowing sub-basal plexus regeneration and neurotrophic disease reversal. Recently, multiple reports on both direct and indirect neurotizations were published, including trials of using different nerves (e.g., sural and great auricular nerves) for corneal reinnervation between branches of the frontal nerve (cranial nerve V1) and the cornea.
Effect of life stage and target tissue on dose-response assessment of ethyl methane sulfonate-induced genotoxicity

In order to investigate the possibility that treatment age affects the genotoxic response to ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) exposure, we dosed gpt-delta neonatal mice on postnatal days 1-28 with 5-100 mg/kg/day of EMS and measured micronucleus (MN) induction in peripheral blood and gpt gene mutation in liver, lung, bone marrow, small intestine, spleen, and kidney. The data were compared to measurements from similarly exposed adult gpt-delta mice. Our results indicate that the peripheral blood MN frequencies in mice treated as neonates are not substantially different from those measured in mice treated as adults. There were, however, differences in tissue-specific gpt mutation responses in mice treated with EMS as neonates and adults. Greater mutant frequencies were seen in DNA isolated from kidney of mice treated as neonates, whereas the mutant frequencies in bone marrow, liver, and spleen were greater in the animals treated as adults. Benchmark dose potency ranking indicated that the differences for kidney were significant. Our data indicate that there are differences in EMS-induced genotoxicity between mice treated as adults and neonates; the differences, however, are relatively small.
Minding the Gap: What it is to Pay Attention Following the Collapse of the Subject-Object Distinction

iv Chapter One: Introduction: The Pathway to the Question of What it is to Pay Attention 1 Attention to Virginia Woolf’s Attention 1 Attention to Heidegger’s Attention 9 Blameworthiness of Attention 14 Attention to the Unattended 20 Plan of the Work 22 Chapter Two: Uncovering the Presupposition at Work in Contemporary Attention Studies 24 Making the Gap Explicit 24 Layout and History of the Problem 30 On the Way to Neuro-Cognitivity 32 Announcing a Robust Account of the Physiology of Attention 38 A New Wave of Possibility 41 The Need for a Newer Wave 50
Differences between public and private IT outsourcing: common themes in the literature

Public management philosophies and practices around the world have undergone dramatic reshaping over the last two decades. Political courses on privatization and the wide-scope adoption of information technologies are, undoubtedly, among the most influential factors behind these changes. Scholarly literature devoted to outsourcing of public IT to private vendors, a phenomenon lying at the intersection of the two abovementioned strong trends, is the focus of this paper.Research of IT outsourcing issues specific to the governmental agencies is represented by few geographically and disciplinary dispersed academic publications. We expect many issues to be shared by public organizations around the world, at least within countries with similar political systems; however, governments employ different mechanisms for funding and control; the scope of restrictions and provision of guidelines vary from country to country. The proposed study reviews a diverse international set of publications in management, IS and public policy fields, while accounting for contextual differences and recognizing the limitations for generalizability. The findings are summarized into two categories -- common identified reasons for public IT outsourcing, and issues and concerns about IT outsourcing that are distinct or significantly different for the public sector.
tRNA-derived G-quadruplex protects motor neurons

Although not generally appreciated, the first 3D visualization of a nucleic acid was provided by the crystal structures of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA (tRNA) (1, 2). [The DNA structure determined in the 1950s was a low-resolution fiber-diffraction–based model (3).] It was interesting to see that the L-shaped tRNA molecule is maintained by both Watson–Crick and non-Watson–Crick types of base interactions. These types include Hoogsteen base pairs that use the N7-C6 face of a purine to make hydrogen-bonding interactions. The scheme of the Hoogsteen base pairing also allows the formation of a planar interaction with four guanine residues, known as G-tetrad or G-quartet (Fig. 1A). Despite the fact that the G-tetrad interaction was first proposed over 50 y ago (4), demonstration of its biological significance was much later and not until it was found in the structure of telomeres (5⇓–7). The 3′-end overhang of vertebrate telomeres are rich in guanines and consist of many TTAGGG repeats that can spontaneously fold into four-stranded DNA structures with two or more G-tetrads stacking on top of each other. Functionally, formation of this unique structure—named G-quadruplex—plays a major regulatory role in telomere maintenance (8). Since then, G-quadruplex structures became widely noted to be present throughout the genome and …
Inconsistencies In Textbook Presentation Of Capital Budgeting Criteria

Corporate finance textbooks state conflicting criteria for capital budgeting projects. There are three main versions of the criteria, which contradict one another. Some texts advocate accepting all projects with a positive or zero net present value (equivalently, all projects with internal rate of return exceeding or equaling the required rate of return). Other texts call for accepting only positive NPV projects and rejecting those with zero NPVs. Still other texts advocate indifference when NPV is zero. The texts then are inconsistent with one another in a matter of straightforward theory. Moreover, a number of textbooks are internally inconsistent, stating rules for the case of NPV equals zero that are at odds with their stated rule for the IRR criterion. In practical finance, the implications of this theoretical difference will be very limited. For pedagogy, however, the failure to state theory correctly and clearly can have a greater impact upon learning.
We're here, we're queer, and we're going shopping! a critical perspective on the accommodation of gays and lesbians in the U.S. marketplace.

This paper draws from studies of social movements, consumer culture, and postmodern cultural theory to argue that gays and lesbians constitute a viable market segment in the U.S. Marketing practices targeting gays and lesbians are then critically analyzed, with attention to their impact on the U.S. market, on individual gays and lesbians, and on gay/lesbian communities. While marketing incorporation of gays and lesbians offers a strong sense of legitimation in capitalist society, these marketing representations tend to provide asomewhat distorted perspective of gay and lesbian life and culture, and for this reason merit serious critical attention.
Many Faces of Grid Computing

High Performance Computing and Grid Computing are among the fastest growing server workloads worldwide, driven by enterprises and academic adoption. HPC features some of the most demanding and exciting application scenarios that drive innovation in distributed system development, large scale management, parallel computing, networking and storage. This talk will take a hard look at the various forms of HPC and Grid Computing and attempt to distill hype from reality. The talk will compare and contrast high performance computing clusters, desktop scavenging, “data-grids”, and cooperative grids and how each approach can be used. Microsoft’s view and efforts in this space will also be discussed.
Elliptical ion traps for quantum computation

Summary form only given. The Cirac-Zoller model of quantum computation assumes that ions are confined in a linear ion trap. However, no experimental test of quantum computation or even of Raman cooling has yet been performed in a linear trap; instead the NIST group has used a miniature Paul trap in which a slight asymmetry or ellipticity is introduced to define an axis of crystallization. In this paper the case of arbitrary ellipticity is considered and two results for the crystal size and micromotion amplitude are derived. The first relation is a linear crystal stability condition, which shows that the maximum number of ions which can be confined is uniquely related to the ellipticity by a 7/3 power law. The second result shows that the micromotion in elliptical traps is far smaller than one would expect naively, specifically that the micromotion amplitude depends approximately on the 1/5 power of the number of trapped ions.
Mutations in the consensus ATP-binding sites of XcpR and PilB eliminate extracellular protein secretion and pilus biogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract The process of extracellular secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires specialized machinery which is widely distributed among bacteria that actively secrete proteins to the extracellular medium. One of the components of this machinery is the product of the xcpR gene, which is homologous to pilB, a gene encoding a protein essential for the biogenesis of type IV pili. Both XcpR and PilB are characterized by the presence of a conserved ATP-binding motif (Walker sequence). The codons of highly conserved glycine residues within the Walker sequences of xcpR and pilB were altered to encode a serine, and the effects of these substitutions were examined. Bacteria expressing mutant XcpR or PilB were unable to secrete exotoxin A or assemble pili, respectively. In addition, high-level expression of mutant XcpR in wild-type P. aeruginosa led to a pleiotropic extracellular secretion defect, resulting in the periplasmic accumulation of enzymes that are normally secreted from the cell. These studies show that the putative ATP-binding sites of XcpR and PilB are essential for their functions in protein secretion and assembly of pili, respectively. Moreover, the observed dominant negative phenotype of mutant XcpR suggests that this protein functions as a multimer or, alternatively, interacts with another essential component of the extracellular protein secretion machinery.
Diode snappiness from a user's perspective

This paper deals with reverse recovery and snappiness in high voltage PiN diodes as the ones currently used in high power electronics applications. It suggests a practical quantitative definition for the occurrence of snappiness and investigates unusual phenomena that might occur during reverse recovery.
Thermobarometry in granulites: pitfalls and new approaches

Abstract Computer models of cooling granulite-facies rocks with the assemblage garnet+biotite+sillimanite+K-feldspar±plagioclase+quartz are presented that incorporate simultaneous reaction (net transfer and exchange) and multicomponent diffusion in garnet. In models where cooling is accompanied by exchange reactions plus diffusion only, the calculated garnet core+matrix biotite temperature is always lower than the metamorphic peak by an amount that depends on the cooling rate, the size of the garnet and the volumetric ratio of garnet to biotite. Maximum calculated core temperatures of approximately 700–750°C are to be expected from typical granulite-facies garnet-biotite assemblages and calculated core temperatures can easily be as low as 600°C. In models where both net transfer and exchange reactions are possible, calculated garnet core+matrix biotite temperatures are typically higher than the metamorphic peak temperatures (by more than 150°C) for large garnets (R > 2 mm) but may be lower than the metamorphic peak for small garnets (R The composition of matrix plagioclase in equilibrium with garnet is very sensitive to the amount of modal plagioclase that reacts and hence, calculated P-T trajectories are very sensitive to the petrologic interpretation of this recrystallization history. For models in which all the modal plagioclase reacts, the core and rim pressures may be faithfully recovered, provided that the temperature estimate for the core is reliable. For models in which only a small percentage of the modal plagioclase reacts, very small modal amounts of plagioclase may be in equilibrium with garnet rim, which, if incorrectly interpreted, may lead to grossly erroneous P-T path interpretations. A method to test an inferred P-T path model is presented that involves attempting to match the observed garnet and plagioclase zoning information with a forward model that involves simultaneous reaction and diffusion. An example from western New Hampshire, USA, is presented that closely matches the measured profile.
Sublabial, Transseptal, Transsphenoidal Approach to the Pituitary Region Guided by the ACUSTAR I System*:

OBJECTIVE: Advances in imaging resolution have resulted in superior visualization of intracranial anatomy. Because of the inherent complexity of the surgical exposure of these lesions, intraoperative localizing techniques are required. Currently, C-arm fluoroscopy provides only two-dimensional localization for these anatomic structures. The recently described ACUSTAR I system, developed in conjunction with Codman and Shurtleff, Inc. (Randolph, Mass.), is an interactive, image-guided device that allows three-dimensional localization with a degree of accuracy previously unattainable. We assessed the clinical utility of the ACUSTAR I system for intraoperative spatial confirmation during transsphenoidal approaches to pituitary lesions.METHODS: Eight patients underwent transsphenoidal approaches to pituitary lesions with the assistance of the ACUSTAR I system. The spatial relationships were clinically judged intraoperatively by the surgeon and by use of traditional C-arm fluoroscopy and then were compared with...
Kinetic mechanism for the initial steps in MauG-dependent tryptophan tryptophylquinone biosynthesis.

The diheme enzyme MauG catalyzes the biosynthesis of tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ), the protein-derived cofactor of methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH). This process requires the six-electron oxidation of a 119 kDa MADH precursor protein with incompletely synthesized TTQ (PreMADH). The kinetic mechanism of the initial two-electron oxidation of this natural substrate by MauG was characterized. The relative reactivity of free MauG toward H2O2 and the O2 analogue CO was essentially the same as that of MauG in the preformed enzyme−substrate complex. The addition of H2O2 to diferric MauG generated a diheme bis-Fe(IV) species [i.e., Fe(IV)═O/Fe(IV)] which formed at a rate of >300 s−1 and spontaneously returned to the diferric state at a rate of 2 × 10−4 s−1 in the absence of substrate. The reaction of bis-Fe(IV) MauG with PreMADH exhibited saturation behavior with a limiting first-order rate constant of 0.8 s−1 and a Kd of ≤1.5 μM for the MauG−PreMADH complex. The results were the same whether bis-Fe(IV) MauG...
Performance as a function of compression

This paper discusses the performance of bilevel-image arithmetic coders, ABIC and JBIG, and Lempel-Ziv string compressors, ALDC and BLDC. Images are analyzed for typical and worst-case throughput and latency as a function of compression. A relationship between the compressibility of an image and the throughput performance of the compression algorithm is demonstrated. Generally, throughput performance of the bilevel-image arithmetic coders decreased as image entropy increased. Inversely, the bilevel-image string compressor (BLDC) revealed that increased entropy improved throughput performance. Experimental results based on hardware implementations have been provided and analyzed.
LSR: A location secure routing protocol for ad hoc networks

For safety and privacy protection, nodes participating in ad hoc networks must keep their precise location in secret. When having to report its location (for routing purposes, etc.), a node can report only a cloaking region, a spatial region that contains its current position. Reducing location resolution has a significant impact on the applications that rely on nodes' location information. These applications can become less efficient. Some may not even function. Moreover, operations such as packet forwarding may allow an adversary to refine a node's location resolution, thus reversing the effect of location cloaking in safety and privacy protection. In this paper, we investigate these problems in the context of geographic ad hoc routing and propose a novel concept called safe link. A network link is considered safe if sending and receiving of a data packet do not allow an adversary to refine the sender and receiver's location. With this concept in place, we develop a new secure routing protocol that can work with inaccurate location and construct a routing path using only safe links. We evaluate the performance of the proposed technique under various network conditions using simulation. Detailed results are presented to provide the insight of the impact of safety and privacy protection on packet delivery.
Elevated intraocular pressure and optic nerve injury models in the rat.

Abstract: Models of experimentally elevated intraocular pressure in rats provide valuable opportunities to discover and study mechanisms of pressure-induced optic nerve damage. The structure and vasculature of the rat optic nerve head have several anatomic similarities and differences from the primate that allow useful comparisons and insights into human glaucoma. Specifically, the ultrastructural relationship between astrocytes, retinal ganglion cell axons and the connective tissues of the optic nerve head appear quite similar to the primate, and have a high potential for revealing cellular mechanisms of axonal injury. Three widely used models of creating elevated IOP in rats exist. However, they are not all equivalent and appear to differ in the relationship they exhibit between the level of pressure and extent of optic nerve damage. This indicates that these models may differ in the mechanisms by which they produce elevated eye pressure. All of these models are amenable to a variety of methods for evaluating damage. These include objective and subjective histologic assessment of the optic nerve, counting cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer of the retina and the use of retinal whole mounts to count retinal ganglion cells that have been back-labeled with dye applied to the superior colliculus. In the decade since their introduction, these versatile models have provided important insights into mechanisms of pressure-induced optic nerve damage using sensitive molecular biology techniques. They have also allowed the evaluation of several potential strategies for neuroprotection in glaucoma, ranging from currently available drugs to gene transfer studies.
The effect of task interruption and closure on perceived duration

On the basis of a version of the Zeigarnik (1927) demonstration, the effect of task interruption and closure on perceived duration was examined. Subjects estimated the time it took to solve a list of 10 three-letter anagrams; this group thus experienced closure when they completed the task. A second group of subjects was presented with a 20-item set of anagrams, the first 10 of which were identical to the items solved by the first group. These subjects were interrupted after solving the first 10 items, then they estimated the time. A significant difference in the perceived duration of the task was found between the two groups: subjects who were interrupted significantly overestimated the time it took to solve the first 10 anagrams. These findings indicate that task interruption has a lengthening effect on perceived duration. Gestalt notions of closure and motivation are discussed.
Design of a gradient-index photographic objective.

A two-element gradient-index photographic objective was designed. It operates at f/2 and has a focal length of 50 mm. The half-field of view is 21.8°. The design is compared to the six-element new double Gauss photographic objective and performs well in comparison.
Control and enhancement of graphene sensitivity by engineering edge defects

This paper presents a novel design to control defect sites and to enhance sensitivity in graphene-based pH and biological sensors. We showed that pristine graphene was not sensitive to the pH. We demonstrated that the pH sensitivity of graphene could be controlled by varying the patterns and lengths of edges that were created using simple processes of photolithography and dry etching.
Factors contributing to the deterioration of DODCI

Abstract A number of factors contributing to the deterioration of the optical absorption of DODCI (3,3'-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide) were investigated. The rate of deterioration of the absorption properties of DODCI was significantly increased when solutions of DODCI were placed in contact with brass and aluminum. Contact with stainless steel and ambient room light did not significantly increase the rate of deterioration of the optical absorption of DODCI.
Role of angiotensin II in altered baroreflex function of conscious rabbits during late pregnancy.

Objective: Pregnancy alters baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious rabbits, but the mechanism for this action is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that endogenous angiotensin II is the mediator. Study Design: To test this hypothesis the baroreflex relationship between arterial pressure and heart rate in conscious rabbits was determined before and after administration of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (n = 7) before pregnancy and at the end of gestation. Results: Pregnancy decreased mean arterial pressure, increased heart rate, and modified the reflex by shifting the mean arterial pressure–heart rate relationship to a lower pressure level, by increasing minimum heart rate, and by decreasing baroreflex gain (P <.05). Before pregnancy, losartan decreased baroreflex gain but had no other effect on reflex function. In contrast, during late gestation losartan further decreased mean arterial pressure, further decreased reflex gain, decreased maximum heart rate, and shifted the curve to a lower mean arterial pressure level (P <.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that in conscious rabbits during pregnancy endogenous angiotensin II contributes to hypotension-induced tachycardia but does not decrease reflex gain or elevate minimum heart rate. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:476-82.)
Fundamental functions for a two-dimensional microelastic body

Abstract The fundamental functions for a two-dimensional microelastic body are developed. The microelastic body considered is homogeneous and isotropic. The fundamental functions can be used for implementation into a boundary element formulation. The study of microelastic materials has gained interest in the areas of bone mechanics, composites and other materials with granular or fibrous microstructure in recent years since they cannot be accurately modeled using classical elasticity theory.
Similitude Analysis for Gas-Liquid-Fiber Flows in Cocurrent Bubble Columns

Gas-liquid-fiber systems are different from conventional gas-liquid-solid systems in that the solid material (i.e., fiber) is flexible, has a large aspect ratio, and forms flocs or networks when its mass fraction is above a critical value. With its wide application to the pulp and paper industry, it is important to investigate the hydrodynamics of gas-liquid-fiber systems. In this paper, 19 parameters that influence gas holdup in gas-liquid-fiber bubble columns are critically examined and then a dimensional analysis based on the Buckingham Pi Theorem is used to derive the dimensionless parameters governing gas-liquid-fiber bubble column hydrodynamics. Seven dimensionless parameters that are related to the fiber effects on gas holdup are further analyzed, and a single dimensionless parameter combining these dimensionless parameters is derived based on a force analysis and experimental results. This dimensionless parameter is shown to be sufficient to quantify the influence of fiber on gas holdup in gas-liquid-fiber cocurrent bubble columns. It also reduces the number of parameters needed in correlating experimental gas holdup data in gas-liquid-fiber bubble columns.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Comparison of human visual cortical potentials evoked by stabilized and unstabilized targets.

Abstract Visual cortical potentials were evoked by a 2° sinusoidally modulated field. Under both the stabilized and unstabilized conditions, the VECP was composed of the fundamental and the harmonics of the stimulus frequency. The total RMS voltage of the potential was a function of flicker frequency and amplitude. When flicker below 20 Hz was used, image stabilization yielded the smaller VECP. There was, however, no subjective disappearance of the stimulus at these low flicker frequencies. Under either viewing condition the VECP amplitude varied randomly as a function of time and did not correlate with changes in either the total EEG level or the alpha frequency of the EEG.
Toward Improved Theory and Research on Business Turnaround

Statistics on business failure rates corroborate the conclusion that neither academics nor practitioners have succeeded in designing a model to guide strategic management action during periods of financial decline. Therefore, a comprehensive review was conducted on the turnaround literature from multiple disciplines and related research streams. The product of this work is an empirically-driven conceptual model of business level turnaround. Building on data-supported hypotheses from prior research and confirmatory anecdotal evidence from practitioner literature, the model is intended to help focus future theory testing efforts and to accelerate the advancement of strategic management practice.
What Makes Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) Projects Successful? An Agent-Based Model of FLOSS Projects

The last few years have seen a rapid increase in the number of Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects. Some of these projects, such as Linux and the Apache web server, have become phenomenally successful. However, for every successful FLOSS project there are dozens of FLOSS projects which never succeed. These projects fail to attract developers and/or consumers and, as a result, never get off the ground. The aim of this research is to better understand why some FLOSS projects flourish while others wither and die. This article presents a simple agent-based model that is calibrated on key patterns of data from SourceForge, the largest online site hosting open source projects. The calibrated model provides insight into the conditions necessary for FLOSS success and might be used for scenario analysis of future developments of FLOSS.
CD86 and β2-adrenergic receptor stimulation regulate B-cell activity cooperatively

IgG 1 functions to neutralize and clear foreign antigens, such as extracellular bacteria. Therefore, it is important to understand the multiple mechanisms by which the level of IgG 1 is regulated to maintain immune system and host homeostasis. Recent data show that the level of IgG 1 produced by a B cell is increased following CD86 and β2-adrenergic receptor (β 2 AR) stimulation, through increased expression of the transcription factor Oct-2 and its coactivator OCA-B (Oct coactivator from B cells), respectively. This finding suggests that signaling pathways that are activated by an immunoreceptor (CD86) and a neuroreceptor (β 2 AR) converge to regulate the IgG 1 response.
Structural specializations in the flagellar plasma membrane of opossum spermatozoa.

A correlated thin section, freeze fracture, and scanning electron microscopic study has been made of membrane specializations in the flagellum of opossum spermatozoa. In flagellar cross sections, the plasma membrane over most of the midpiece has a regularly scalloped contour. Scanning microscopy shows that the scallops course parallel to the long axis of the flagellum as nearly parallel ridges. A mat of amorphous or finely filamentous material 25–30 nm thick is applied against the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane wherever the membrane is in the scalloped configuration. In freeze fracture replicas the intramembranous particles in the midpiece are found closely aggregated into rows several particles wide which correspond in spacing to the scallops seen in thin sections. Optical diffraction of freeze fracture replicas shows that the particles within the rows are packed in a highly ordered two dimensional lattice. The membrane between rows is relatively particle free. The linear aggregations of intramembranous particles extend distally to the annulus and terminate. Over specific portions of the annulus, where the plasma membrane is closely associated with the underlying dense matrix, the intramembranous particles are densely packed. The plasma membrane of the principal piece shows neither scalloping nor any undercoat on its cytoplasmic surface. Freeze fracture replicas show a longitudinal differentiation in the membrane of the principal piece which is generally composed of a double row of particles but which in some regions may be 5–6 particles in width.
Accessibility of neotraditional neighborhoods: a review of design concepts, policies, and recent literature

Abstract Neotraditional neighborhood design (NTND) has gained increasing attention from professional, academic and popular circles during the past 10 years. This review establishes a baseline evaluation of NTND, with the goal of providing the background for more specific research in the future. The first section of the article orients NTND in a historical context, reviewing the main subdivision design trends of the past century and how NTND has either diverged or borrowed from them. The second section focuses on a review of current issues and policies related to this planning trend, with special attention directed toward transportation and land use research and the effect of neotraditional design on accessibility of the transportation system. The article concludes by offering an assessment of the potential of NTND to address growth-related problems in suburban areas and by identifying key unmet research needs.
Avances en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia mitral grave

La insuficiencia mitral (IM) organica es prevalente en la poblacion. Su progresion, con deterioro potencialmente irreversible de la funcion ventricular izquierda, pone de manifiesto el grave pronostico de los pacientes que no reciben tratamiento oportunamente. La deteccion de disfuncion subclinica del ventriculo izquierdo a traves de parametros ecocardiograficos o la presencia de sintomas, asi sean minimos, indican cirugia de rescate inmediata en la IM grave. Los pacientes con sintomatologia incierta deben ser evaluados con prueba de esfuerzo. No todas las IM organicas graves son iguales: la presencia de factores de riesgo en la IM grave asintomatica con funcion ventricular normal indica peor pronostico a medio y largo plazo, lo cual debe estimular la cirugia temprana con reparacion si el riesgo quirurgico es bajo y la posibilidad de reparacion es > 90-95%. Si es necesario, se debe referir al paciente a centros especializados. El entrenamiento adecuado de cirujanos en la reparacion mitral es critico. La IM isquemica acarrea un peor pronostico, con mayor riesgo quirurgico, y las decisiones sobre el tratamiento deben ser especificas para cada paciente, teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de reparacion, el riesgo quirurgico y la necesidad de revascularizacion quirurgica concomitante. Se esta estudiando nuevos procedimientos percutaneos para pacientes seleccionados.
Sterically promoted zirconium–phosphorus π-bonding: structural investigations of [Cp2Zr(Cl){P(H)Dmp}] and [Cp2Zr{P(H)Dmp}2] (Dmp=2,6-Mes2C6H3)

Abstract The new terminal zirconocene–organophosphanido complexes [Cp 2 Zr(Cl){P(H)Dmp}] ( 1 ) and [Cp 2 Zr{P(H)Dmp} 2 ] ( 2 ) (Dmp=2,6-Mes 2 C 6 H 3 ) bearing the sterically demanding ligand Dmp have been prepared and structurally characterized. A flattened pyramidal geometry for the phosphorus atom of 1 and a shortened ZrP bond length of 2.638(1) A provide evidence for moderate ZrP π-bonding. Compound 2 , however, displays both pyramidal and planar phosphorus atoms. The corresponding ZrP bond lengths of 2.726(2) and 2.519(2) A, in conjunction with the phosphorus geometries, indicate that one phosphanido ligand is engaged in substantial π-bonding to the zirconium center while minimal, if any, of such interactions are present for the other phosphanido ligand. The solid state structures and 31 P NMR spectra for 1 and 2 are very different than previously reported [Cp 2 Zr(Cl){P(H)Mes*}] and [Cp 2 Zr{P(H)Mes*} 2 ] (Mes*=2,4,6- t Bu 3 C 6 H 2 ) which carry the related sterically demanding group Mes*. Comparisons to other structurally characterized zirconocene(IV) and hafnocene(IV) complexes having terminal phosphanido ligands suggest that upon increasing the steric congestion at the phosphorus atoms greater π interactions with the metal centers are afforded if such steric interactions do not prevent achieving proper alignment of the PR 2 group for optimal MP π-bonding.