cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alignment estimation and control of the James Webb Space Telescope mirrors using decomposition of an influence matrix

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a three-mirror anastigmatic telescope. For a "blind" telescope alignment estimation and control study at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), influence functions for each of the primary mirror's 18 segments (6 degrees of freedom each) and for the secondary mirror (5 degrees of freedom) were used to construct a 113-element influence matrix. The singular value vector obtained from pseudoinverse of this influence matrix indicates that the most dominant modes in the control of the telescope are rotation, piston, clocking and translation, in order of significance. The application of an iterative-control algorithm to ten cases of random misalignments, involving both the primary segmented mirror and secondary mirror, shows strong convergence after 5 iterations in most of the cases.
The course of infertility: Immediate and long‐term reactions

Infertility frequently has a profound and long-lasting psychological impact on individuals and couples attempting to conceive. The psychological responses to infertility vary, but typically include loss of self-esteem, depression, anger, and guilt. Psychotherapy, although not a cure for infertility, can help couples cope with the pain and emotional distress that infertility may cause. This article describes common responses to infertility and includes a case illustration of the psychological impact of infertility. Mahlstedt's (1985) theory of infertility as a series of losses is used to provide a theoretical framework for understanding and structuring psychotherapeutic interventions for both immediate and long-term reactions. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fatigue loading history reconstruction based on the rainflow technique

Methods are considered of reducing a non-random fatigue loading history to a concise description and then of reconstructing a time history similar to the original. In particular, three methods of reconstruction based on a rainflow cycle counting matrix are presented. A rainflow matrix consists of the numbers of cycles at various peak and valley combinations. Two methods are based on a two-dimensional rainflow matrix, and the third on a three-dimensional rainflow matrix. Histories reconstructed by any of these methods produce a rainflow matrix identical to that of the original history, and the resulting time history is expected to produce a fatigue life similar to that for the original. The procedures described allow lengthy loading histories to be stored in compact form.
IP multicast group management for point-to-point local distribution

We examine the applicability of existing IP multicast mechanisms for point-to-point links such as wired and wireless telephone lines. We identify problems such as overhead due to IGMP leave latency and unnecessary probing of hosts, both important issues for power constrained mobile hosts and low bandwidth wireless links. We propose alternative mechanisms that preserve the IP multicasting model, but employ join-leave messages to track group membership. We describe the implementation requirements of our mechanisms and compare them to existing ones with respect to performance, mobile power efficiency, interoperability, robustness and implementation complexity, demonstrating that the join-leave approach is uniformly superior for this environment.
Analytical description of a series fault on a dc bus

The solution of the equations of a dc circuit containing an arc is given and compared with experimental data. The arc is modeled according to its classical equivalent circuit and the adequacy of this model is discussed. The analytical solution for the circuit with an opening gap is given for the case of a constant gap and the results are extended to the cases of a gap opening with uniform velocity and a gap opening with constant acceleration, under the assumption of a quasi-static approximation for which the limits of applicability are estimated. Voltage and current evolutions in time are derived, including an estimate of the arc duration and quenching time. The results are compared to experimental data. Also provided is a generalized view of the transient behavior of an arc in a circuit that extends the description commonly used, in terms of only a voltage-current relationship, by also including inductive effects.1
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance among urinary coliform isolates.

Highly resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria have evolved in recent years. This increase in resistance, usually seen among hospitalized patients, has been primarily due to evolutionary pressure from the use of antimicrobial agents.1,2 However, increasing numbers of resistant bacteria are being found in outpatients.3 The emergence of resistant strains of bacteria has been particularly challenging to physicians in outpatient settings as they usually rely upon empiric treatment of patients. In addition, physicians are frequently under pressure to limit the use of potent antimicrobial agents in order to decrease the cost of care and to avoid further resistance. The Enterobacteriaceae, a group of aerobic gram-negative bacilli that includes Escherichia coli, cause a large majority of urinary tract infections in outpatient and emergency department settings.4,5 Antimicrobial resistance among these gram-negative coliforms has been increasing in recent years. At many centers, the majority of E. coli isolates are now resistant to ampicillin, and this antibiotic is no longer recommended for the routine treatment of urinary tract infections.4 The prevalence of strains resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) has also been increasing in many communities.4 This is of particular concern as TMP-SMX is currently considered the first-line therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infections.6 Few studies have examined risk factors for TMP-SMX-resistant strains of coliforms in patients with a urinary tract infection. In particular, there have been no studies focusing on an outpatient population. The purpose of this study was to analyze risk factors for TMP-SMX-resistant coliforms in patients with urinary tract infections.
New tools for elucidating the environmental origins of single molecule photoluminescence intermittency

Abstract New experimental and analysis methods for investigating the role local environment has on photoluminescence intermittency (PI) exhibited by single luminophores are presented. Quasi-single molecule (SM) microscopy provides spatial resolution of dielectric environments within poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films, and reveals annealing's effect on the structural phase of PVDF. New analysis methods establish that the PI exhibited by nile red (NR) SMs in PVDF are consistent with photoinduced electron transfer between NR and PVDF, where transfer rates depend on local dielectric environment. These methods should prove useful for SM studies of guest–host materials where elucidating PI contribution from the host is required.
Effects of intracoronary temperature variation on the coronary circulation.

The effects of temperature on coronary pressure-flow relationships were studied in intact dogs using a controlled perfusion technique. Temperature variation did not affect left ventricular performance or total coronary resistance but did significantly alter vasomotor tone in the subepicardial vessels as estimated from the responses of post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia. Vasodilation was noted with heating while vasoconstriction occurred with cooling. Metabolic suppression with practolol did not modify these results.
Methylene-gem-difluorocyclopropane analogues of nucleosides: synthesis, cyclopropene-methylenecyclopropane rearrangement, and biological activity.

Alkylation−elimination of adenine and 2-amino-6-chloropurine with gem-difluorocyclopropane dibromide 10 gave E- and Z-methylene−gem-difluorocyclopropanes 11a, 11b, 12a, and 12b and gem-difluorocyclopropenes 13a and 13b. Debenzylation of intermediates 11a, 11b, 12a, and 12b afforded E- and Z-methylenecyclopropanes 4a, 4b, 5a, and 5b. Hydrolysis of 2-amino-6-chloropurine derivatives 4b and 5b afforded guanine analogues 4c and 5c. Composition of products (except 14b) obtained from alkylation−elimination reflects thermodynamically controlled cyclopropene−methylenecyclopropene rearrangement. The E-isomer 4a was moderately active against human cytomegalovirus and along with the Z-isomer 5a was active against leukemia L1210 and solid tumors in vitro.
Sums of Numbers with Many Divisors

Abstract Let k be a fixed integer, k ⩾2, and suppose that e >0. We show that every sufficiently large integer n can be expressed in the form n = m 1 + m 2 +…+ m k where d ( m i )> n (log 2− e )(1−1/ k )/log log n for all i . This is best possible, since there are infinitely many exceptional n if the factor log 2− e is replaced by log 2+ e .
Rendering higher order finite element surfaces in hardware

Graphics hardware is becoming flexible enough to move more than just the traditional rendering pipeline off the CPU and onto the graphics card. We demonstrate a technique for rendering nonlinear (quadratic in our case) finite element boundaries, deflected by a vector field value and colored by a scalar field value. Simple performance measurements indicate that moving field value interpolation to the graphics card results yields roughly 50% speedup, however current hardware limits the color precision of the output. Finally, we discuss approaches to circumvent precision problems and other limitations using next generation hardware.
Conductivity of organic polymers — a nonlinear approach

Abstract Organic polymers are usually insulators or semiconductors; only after 7–30% of dopant is added do the materials become conducting. The dopant is not regularly distributed: existing spatial inhomogenuities in the solids become centers of attraction for the dopant, which is then concentrated in conducting areas or zones. A mathematical model is presented in which the conducting regions are considered as conducting zones of various sizes and shapes. These regions are irregularly distributed and imbedded in insulated or semiconducting media, and connected in a nonlinear way. Nonlinear integral equations are derived to describe the conductivity in such materials. Predicted results are in agreement with experimentally measured electric field relaxation curves.
Telomerase activity in the subventricular zone of adult mice.

Abstract The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the most active site for the production of new neurons in the adult mouse brain. Neural stem cells in the adult SVZ give rise to neuroblasts that travel via the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. The enzyme telomerase has been identified in other population of stem cells and is necessary for the synthesis of telomeric DNA to prevent chromosomal shortening, end-to-end fusions, and apoptosis during successive rounds of cell division. However, previous studies have failed to detect telomerase in the adult mammalian brain. Here we demonstrate that telomerase is expressed by all brain regions shortly after birth, but becomes restricted to the SVZ and olfactory bulb in the adult mouse brain. Cultures of neural precursor cells or of migratory neuroblasts purified from the SVZ were each found to possess telomerase activity. After elimination of migrating neuroblasts and immature precursor cells in vivo by treatment with cytosine-β- d -arabinofuranoside (Ara-C), telomerase activity was still detectable in the remaining SVZ, which includes a population of neural stem cells. Following withdrawal of Ara-C, telomerase activity subsequently increased with a time course that parallels regeneration of the SVZ network and RMS. Finally, intracranial surgery alone, which has previously been shown to increase the number of cells in the SVZ, produced higher telomerase levels in the SVZ. We conclude that telomerase is active in neural precursor cells of the adult mouse and suggest that its regulation is an important parameter for cellular proliferation to occur in the mammalian brain.
Nonequilibrium geomorphic processes and deterministic chaos

Abstract Disequilibrium is a common if not dominant condition in geomorphology and other environmental sciences. Because disequilibrium in a system implies a time lag, time steps and time delays in simple deterministic equations may reflect process, and such equations have been shown to result in chaos. After examining some models of hillslope and catchment development, we present an oversimplified model of a hillslope in which we calculate the elevation of a point at time t + 1 as a function (we consider both linear and nonlinear terms) of the difference in elevation between it and the next uphill and downhill points at time t. We show how this simple hillslope model will not produce chaos under one set of limiting conditions that do not include nonlinearity, but, without proof, we note that in most conditions the hillslope mode is so similar to other models in which chaos arises because of disequilibrium that chaotic behavior is a likely possibility. A formulation wherein the time step is in a weathering and/or erosion coefficient rather than the elevation is also proposed.
Synaptic connections linking cones and horizontal cells in the retina of the pikeperch (Stizostedion vitreum).

Cones and horizontal cells of the pikeperch retina were studied with morphological and physiological techniques. Gap junctions were observed between cone pedicles and basal processes emitted by neighboring cones. Intracellular recordings showed that the light-evoked hyperpolarizing cone response was enhanced by light falling upon neighboring receptors within a radius of 50μm. We suggest that the network of gap junctions between cones mediates the summative lateral interaction described. Three sub-classes of horizontal cells (H1, H2, H3) send dendrites to cones; H1 and H2 cells appear to appear to contact twin cones, exclusively or preferntially, whereas H3 cells appear to synapse only with single cones. Horizontal cells of the same sub-class are joined by gap junctions between dendrites or at the lateral faces of perikarya. These unions extend over several μm2 and as seen in transmission electron microscopy consist of patches of close apposition alternating with areas of membrane separation, folding and occasional zonulae adherentes. Freeze-fracture profiles of horizontal gap junctions show localized areas of dense particle aggregation on the P-face and pits on the E-face flanked by regions of unspecialized membrane. These morphological findings provide support for the known spatial and color-coding properties of pikeperch horizontal cells.
Dispersive and Non-Dispersive Noise Removal by Local, Slant-Sum, Adaptive Filtering

This paper presents a new interactive procedure, Local Slant-Sum Adaptive Noise Removal (LSSANR), for attenuating linear, coherent, noise modes in the time-space domain. The procedure uses either a fixed or a sliding window to estimate noise wavelets and then subtracts the noise wavelets from the seismic traces on shot records. The procedure can adapt to dispersive noise in local, time-space windows, thereby minimizing smearing associated with filtering. Because the algorithm can attenuate ground roll and refraction first-arrivals, it may be especially useful in geotechnical and environmental seismic reflection surveys in which low fold, weak reflections are commonly obscured by these other two events. Synthetic examples and a field data case show that the algorithm is also successful in attenuating multiple noise events.
Synthesis of hydroxyapatite coatings on metal substrates using a spincasting technique

Hydroxyapatite coatings on stainless steel substrates were prepared by a simple spincasting technique. Nanosized hydroxyapatite powders were prepared by precipitating in an electrolytic suspension, and then added to a polylactic acid solution for spincasting. The polylactic acid gave enhanced protection from corrosion and inhibited decomposition of the hydroxyapatite coating during the sintering process in air, a significant advantage over other solution processing techniques. Characterization of the phase composition and morphology of the fabricated films on stainless steel was accomplished by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Confidence intervals for linear discrete inverse problems with a non-negativity constraint

We consider the problem of constructing confidence intervals for linear functionals βtx of a non-negative vector x given discrete indirect noisy observations y = Kx + e. The intervals are defined by the range of the functional over constrained projected contours of a quadratic data misfit function. Rust and O'Leary (1994 J. Comput. Graph. Stat.3 67) derived similar intervals but we show that some conditions are required for the intervals to have the correct coverage and provide valid intervals for the cases when the conditions are not met. The problem is reduced to two simple cases: for β > 0 a closed formula for the intervals can be used on reduced one-dimensional data without the need to solve an optimization problem. For β 0 the optimization is reduced to a two-dimensional problem with K = I but a non-diagonal covariance matrix.
Control of molecular systems with very few phases

Abstract Constructive procedures, which make no use of optimization or iterative calculations, for the control of molecular systems with sinusoidal pulses are described. The main contribution is to demonstrate that the phases of these pulses can be taken to be one out of a very small list of phases. One of this small list can be taken to be any desired value. In addition, the pulse area of these fields can also be bounded by any desired bound. Thus, while the rotating wave approximation is the context in which the above results are obtained, the class of atoms/molecules to which the methodology applies is very wide.
Observation of bound quasiparticle states in thin Au islands by scanning tunneling microscopy.

Cryogenic scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to measure the structure and the local electronic density of states of thin gold islands in metallic contact with a bulk superconducting ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$ crystal. Peaks are observed in the tunneling conductance below the energy gap corresponding to discrete bound quasiparticle states in the gold. The energies and spatial dependence of the bound states imply that the superconducting pair potential falls off abruptly at the Au-${\mathrm{NgSe}}_{2}$ interface.
Postinjury Anxiety and Social Support Among Collegiate Athletes: A Comparison Between Orthopaedic Injuries and Concussions

Context: When an athlete is injured, the primary focus of the sports medicine team is to treat the physical effects of the injury. However, many injured athletes experience negative psychological r...
Matrix development in self-assembly of articular cartilage

Background: Articular cartilage is a highly functional tissue which covers the ends of long bones and serves to ensure proper joint movement. A tissue engineering approach that recapitulates the developmental characteristics of articular cartilage can be used to examine the maturation and degeneration of cartilage and produce fully functional neotissue replacements for diseased tissue. Methodology/Principal Findings: This study examined the development of articular cartilage neotissue within a selfassembling process in two phases. In the first phase, articular cartilage constructs were examined at 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days immunohistochemically, histologically, and through biochemical analysis for total collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. Based on statistical changes in GAG and collagen levels, four time points from the first phase (7, 14, 28, and 56 days) were chosen to carry into the second phase, where the constructs were studied in terms of their mechanical characteristics, relative amounts of collagen types II and VI, and specific GAG types (chondroitin 4sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronan). Collagen type VI was present in initial abundance and then localized to a pericellular distribution at 4 wks. N-cadherin activity also spiked at early stages of neotissue development, suggesting that self-assembly is mediated through a minimization of free energy. The percentage of collagen type II to total collagen significantly increased over time, while the proportion of collagen type VI to total collagen decreased between 1 and 2 wks. The chondroitin 6- to 4- sulfate ratio decreased steadily during construct maturation. In addition, the compressive properties reached a plateau and tensile characteristics peaked at 4 wks. Conclusions/Significance: The indices of cartilage formation examined in this study suggest that tissue maturation in selfassembled articular cartilage mirrors known developmental processes for native tissue. In terms of tissue engineering, it is suggested that exogenous stimulation may be necessary after 4 wks to further augment the functionality of developing constructs.
Role of nanoceria coatings on the high temperature oxidation of stainless steels: An atomistic simulation

Abstract Computer simulations using the Density Functional Theory and GAUSSIAN 03 were implemented in predicting potential mechanisms that can be associated with the high temperature oxidation of stainless steels. In particular, the role of nanoceria protective coatings on the induced diffusional mechanisms at 1273 K was satisfactorily predicted. Atomistic calculations were made on computed activation energies for oxygen inward diffusion and for iron outward diffusion through the nanoceria coating and the chromium oxide scale, respectively. In addition, it was assumed that when nanoceria coatings are present in stainless steels, cerium ions can be incorporated in the Cr 2 O 3 scale as dopants. Computer simulations indicate that in the absence of Ce ions in the chromia scale lattice Fe outward diffusion is dominant and accounts for the relatively high oxidation rates. It was found that in a Ce-doped Cr 2 O 3 scale the predicted activation energies exhibit appreciable changes. Under these conditions the activation energies for both, iron and oxygen diffusion increase in magnitude. However, the activation energy for O inward diffusion falls below the one corresponding to Fe outward diffusion. In turn, oxygen inward diffusion becomes rate limiting accounting for the role of nanoceria coatings on the high temperature oxidation resistance of stainless steels.
Chopped glass and recycled newspaper as reinforcement fibers in injection molded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites: A comparative study

Abstract Natural/bio-fibers are replacing synthetic reinforcements traditionally used for the preparation of the environmentally friendly composites. Composite materials are also replacing conventional materials in various fields due to their ease of processability. Chopped glass fiber- and recycled newspaper cellulose fiber (RNCF)- reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were processed using a full size twin-screw extruder and an injection molder. Additionally, a glass-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composite was compounded and molded, and compared to PLA/RNCF and PLA/glass fiber composites. The tensile and flexural moduli of RNCF- reinforced composites were significantly higher when compared to the virgin resin. The morphology, evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, indicated uniform dispersion of both fibers in the PLA matrix. The mechanical and thermo-physical properties of PLA/RNCF, PLA/glass and PP/glass fiber composite were studied and compared using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DMA results confirmed that the storage and loss moduli of the PLA/RNCF composites increased with respect to the pure polymer, whereas the mechanical loss factor (tan delta) decreased. The results of the TGA experiments indicated that the addition of fibers increased the thermal stability of the biocomposites compared to neat PLA. The heat defection temperature of PLA/RNCF was found to be comparable to that of the glass fiber-reinforced PLA composites. Such studies are of great interest in the development of environmentally friendly composites from biodegradable polymers.
Reactivity patterns with HLA-A2 variants indicate lack of identity between determinants defined by monoclonal antibodies and cytotoxic-T-cell clones

The anti-HLA-A2 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) CR11-351 and 4B inhibit the binding of each other to HLA-A2 lymphoid cells and block the cytotoxicity of the anti-HLA-A2 cytotoxic-T-cell clone R32. The blocking does not reflect reactivity of the MoAb CR11-351 and 4B and of the cytotoxic-T-cell clone R32 with the same determinant, since they display differential reactivity with four HLA-A2 variants which carry amino acid substitutions at different positions. These results show for the first time in the human system that Class I HLA variants represent useful reagents to compare the fine specificities of monoclonal antibodies and T-cell clones. Furthermore our data suggest that T-cell recognition depends upon the tertiary structure of the antigen.
The gendered geography of the english co-operative movement at the turn of the nineteenth century

Abstract This article examines the gender politics of the English Cooperative Movement between 1880 and 1920 from the perspective of geographic space. It shows which sections of the country were most likely to exclude women from participating in the government of co-operative enterprises and offers explanations for their exclusion. Using numerical data compiled by the Women's Co-operative Guild to illustrate its points, the article finds that male co-operators in the north-west were more likely than those in the south to deny women access to management committees and national offices. It argues that men in the north-west countered women's demands for public roles with an increased insistence on domesticity for wives, and it attributes the more generous attitudes of male co-operators in the south to their need to attract women to their struggling stores as shoppers. In the north-west, Co-operation was prosperous and well established; men there had no need to curry the favor of working-class housewives to g...
Renal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases: structural and immunological studies.

Abstract Mammalian kidney γ-glutamyl transpeptidases are compared with respect to subunit size, amino-terminal sequences of the two subunits, immunological, and some catalytic properties. The species-related variation in the apparent molecular weight of the subunits has been shown to be primarily due to the extent and nature of protein glycosylation. Using antibodies raised against the native enzymes and isolated sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated subunits, it is shown that the transpeptidases share some antigenic determinants. Some of these determinants in the highly glycosylated transpeptidase subunits can be detected by the antibodies only upon deglycosylation of the subunits. The amino-terminal sequences of the subunits exhibit considerable homology, in agreement with the immunological data. Thus, there are two segments of identity (3 and 5 residues in length, respectively) in the first 17 amino-terminal residues of the heavy subunits of rat, bovine, dog, and human kidney transpeptidases (papain-solubilized). Of particular interest is the finding of 91 to 96% identity in the first 23 aminoterminal residues of the small subunit of these transpeptidases. The small subunit contains the γ-glutamyl binding site of the enzyme. There are three segments of identity (7, 6, and 8 residues in length, respectively) in the first 23 residues, each separated by either a Ser or an Ala residue. The first 7 amino-terminal residues of the small subunit in all four species are identical, indicating a high degree of specificity in the proteolytic processing of the common, single-chain precursor of the two subunits. Differences noted between transpeptidases in their relative acceptor specificity and in their susceptibility to inactivation by the glutamine antagonist, AT-125 (acivicin), must reflect subtle structural differences in their active center domains.
Prediction of Hemorrhagic Transformation after Recanalization Therapy Using T2*- Permeability Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective Predicting hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is critical in the setting of recanalization therapy for acute stroke. Dedicated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences for detection of increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability recently have been developed. We evaluated the ability of a novel MRI permeability technique to detect baseline derangements predictive of various forms of HT after recanalization therapy. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pretreatment MRI data on patients undergoing recanalization therapy for acute cerebral ischemia at a university medical center from January 2004 to November 2006. Pretreatment MRI permeability images derived from perfusion source data were compared with posttreatment imaging to evaluate whether baseline BBB permeability derangements may predict HT after recanalization therapy. The use of a novel permeability technique to illustrate BBB derangements was based on the detection of decreased signal intensity at later time points in perfusion MRI acquisition, signifying continued local accumulation of contrast caused by leakage. Results Among 32 patients, some degree of HT occurred in 12. Permeability image abnormalities at baseline were present in 7 of 12 patients with HT and none of the 20 patients without HT on follow-up images. The sensitivity of permeability abnormality for parenchymal hematoma was 83%. False-negative findings were noted in five cases, most commonly asymptomatic or minor HT after mechanical clot retrieval. Interpretation Permeability images derived from pretreatment perfusion MRI source data may identify patients at risk for HT with high specificity. Our preliminary demonstration of permeability imaging based on standard perfusion data for prediction of hemorrhage merits further study with dedicated MRI BBB permeability acquisitions and multicenter validation. Ann Neurol 2007
Condensed matter effects in the solar neutrino problem

In addition to our earlier corrections to fusion cross sections, we proposed that previously overlooked condensed matter effects (CME) can help to account for the missing solar neutrino flux. There are three important CME. One is due to a reduction in collision frequency due to an exchange of kinetic and potential energies in collision processes. Another is an excluded volume effect. The third is a shadowing effect due to the presence of spectator species which do not participate in fusion. These CME become appreciable in the high densities encountered in stellar media where they significantly affect fusion rates, since the solar core plasma cannot accurately be described as a collisionless ideal gas. Contrary to Bahcall and Gould (1993), we do not violate Liouville's theorem, the Maxwellian distribution, nor thermodynamics in our proposed solution to the solar neutrino problem.
A procedure for testing position generalization from articulation training.

Generalization was repeatedly tested in individual children during an articulation training program which progressed in phases from isolated sound training to medial position training using nonsens...
Hematoma risk after needle electromyography

Introduction: Although needle electromyography (EMG) appears to be a relatively safe procedure based primarily on clinical experience, no evidence-based guidelines exist for EMG procedures in patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications. We sought to determine whether there is an increased risk of hematoma formation after EMG of potentially high-risk muscles in patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents. Methods: After undergoing routine EMG, if any of seven predetermined high-risk muscles were tested, study subjects then underwent ultrasound to evaluate for hematoma formation. Results: Patients were divided into three groups based on medication (warfarin, aspirin/clopidogrel, no blood-thinning medication), with at least 100 muscles examined per group. Two small, subclinical hematomas were seen on ultrasound; there was no difference in hematoma risk between groups (P = 0.43). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that hematoma formation from standard needle EMG is rare even in high-risk muscles, which have been avoided historically in anticoagulated patients. Muscle Nerve 45: 9–12, 2012
Breakthroughs in Photonics 2013: Flat Optics: Wavefronts Control With Huygens' Interfaces

Recent progress in the fields of nanophotonics and metamaterials has enabled the development of ultrathin and flat optical components, providing physicists and optical engineers a new method to control light. According to the Huygens-Fresnel principle, light gradually propagates step by step by exciting secondary waves that then reradiate to form the next wavefront; the phase and amplitude of these secondary waves are intimately related to the incoming optical wavefront. By using the response of nanoengineered subwavelength optical resonators at interfaces, it is now possible to engineer Huygens' interfaces to achieve an unprecedented control of the wavefront over large bandwidths and subwavelength propagation distances.
Behavioral and dimensional contrast in rats.

Abstract Rats pressed a nose key for brain stimulation reinforcement presented on a fixed-interval schedule. Stimuli were drawn at random from a continuum of 12 white noise intensities in the range 62-95 decibels, spaced in 3 decibel steps. Experiment 1 varied the number of stimuli and the reinforcement contingencies associated with them. In Condition I (baseline) all stimuli signaled reinforcement; in Conditions II and III stimuli from one half of the continuum signaled reinforcement and those from the other half, extinction. However, in Condition II the 6 stimuli from the middle of the continuum were omitted. Experiment 2 held constant the number of stimuli and varied their spacing. In Condition I, each of 6 sounds signaled reinforcement. In Conditions II and II, three stimuli from one half of the continuum signaled reinforcement and three from the other half, extinction. However, in Condition II the stimuli were near the extremes of the continuum (Stimuli 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12). Condition III replaced Stimulus 3 with Stimulus 6 and Stimulus 10 with Stimulus 7. Behavioral contrast was seen in an increase over baseline in response rate to the stimuli associated with the constant schedule component when the variable component was changed to extinction. Dimensional contrast was seen in a further elevation of rate to intermediate positive stimulus values when stimuli were added to the border region between positive and negative values.
Lower-extremity Motor Neuropathy Associated with Surgery Performed on Patients in a Lithotomy Position

BackgroundMotor neuropathy of a lower extremity is well-recognized as a potential complication of procedures performed on patients in a lithotomy position. Most of this awareness is based on anecdotal reports, however, and the incidence and risk factors for this complication have not been reported.M
Considerations for the Design of Improved Cationic Amphiphile-Based Transfection Reagents

AbstractCationic amphiphiles (cytofectins) are widely used for the transfection of cultured cells, and may become useful for the development of genetic medicines. Although fundamental research focused on clarification of physicochemical structure/biologic function correlations has been limited, general principles relating to optimization of cytofectin structure are beginning to emerge. We review these general conclusions and suggest considerations which may assist in the development of improved compounds. Data which relates to formulation is also discussed. The formulation studies address the tendency of high concentration cytofectin:polynucleotide complexes to precipitate. From these observations we postulate that a thermodynamically stable product can be formed by sonication with heating of cytofectin:polynucleotide complexes, and that this process reduces the kinetically driven aggregation and precipitation which currently complicates many in vivo studies.
Angular momentum conservation in the O + OH O2 + H reaction

We have studied the O + OH O2 + H reaction on Varandas's DMBE IV potential using a variety of statistical methods, all involving the RRKM assumption for the HO2* complex. Comparing our results using microcanonical variational transition-state theory (μVT) with those using microcanonical/fixed-J variational transition-state theory (μVT-J), we find that the effect of angular momentum conservation on the rate coefficient is imperceptible up to a temperature of about 700 K. Above 700 K angular momentum conservation increasingly reduces the rate coefficient, but only by approximately 21% even at 5000 K. Comparing our μVT-J calculations with the quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) results of Miller and Garrett [1], we confirm their conclusion that non-RRKM dynamics of the HO2* complex reduces the rate coefficient by about a factor of 2 independent of temperature. Our calculations of k(c), the rate coefficient for HO2* formation from O + OH, are in excellent agreement with the QCT results of Miller and Garrett. Although the differences are not large, we find kCVT(c) > kμVT(c) > kμVT-J(c) > kQCT(c), where CVT stands for canonical variational transition-state theory. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 31: 753–756, 1999
Social Ecology and Worksite Training and Development: Introducing the Social in Instructional System Design

Human resource development (HRD) is recognized as an interdisciplinary field covering the breadth of behavioral and social sciences. However, since its inception, instructional systems design (ISD)...
Sonic hedgehog: a mediator of inductive signaling in the neural ventral tube

Abstract The differentiation of distinct cell types in the ventral neural tube can be induced by Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) a signaling molecule expressed by the notochord. SHH undergoes auto proteolytic cleavage to generate amino- and carboxy terminal products. Floor plate and motor neurons can be induced by the amino/terminal cleavage product of SHH (SHH-N). The threshold concentration for induction of floor plate cells in neural plate explants is about 5-fold higher than that required to induce motor neurons, suggesting that the induction of distinct ventral cell types by the notochord in vivo is mediated by exposure of neural plate cells to different concentrations of SHH-N.
Fully developed turbulent supersonic flow in a rectangular channel.

Abstract : In order to assess properly the gas dynamic aspects of MHD channel flow it is necessary to obtain details of the flow conditions before fields are applied. In a channel with an entrance cross section of one cm square, with lengths up to 20 cm, at a Mach number of about 1.5 and at static pressures approaching one atm, a turbulent boundary layer fills the channel, and fully developed pipe flow turbulence prevails. A simple one-dimensional theory is presented for this case, relating stagnation pressure change to area change, heat transfer and friction factor. Experiments are described in which a supersonic flow of heated or cold argon was passed into the channel, and the flow rate and temperature varied to cover a range of Reynolds numbers (based on channel width) from 5,000 to 500,000. Total pressure and total temperature changes are correlated with the theory to indicate the progress of boundary layer development and the parameters affecting the friction and heat transfer coefficients. (Author)
What readers mean by ' good documentation'

Abstract Application software documentation is critical in developing a good image of a system. Although several empirical studies suggest the importance of documentation, few have sought to identify and measure different subjective factors in reader-based evaluations. This paper reports on a comprehensive study that employed a semantic differential technique in the empirical assessment of documentation. Readers use a number of different adjectives in describing what they consider good documentation; a number of reliable, specific evaluative factors are also identified. These factors are shown to be largely uninfluenced by demographic/situational variables.
Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing

In this investigation, we studied the effects of bolus volume and viscosity on the quantitative features of the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing. Concurrent videofluoroscopic and manometric studies were done in 10 healthy volunteers who were imaged in lateral projection. Videofluorography was done at 30 frames/s while concurrent manometry was done with 5 intraluminal transducers that straddled the pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter (UES). Submental electromyography was recorded also. Swallows of 2-20 ml were recorded for low-viscosity liquid barium and high-viscosity paste barium. Analysis indicated that the major effect of increases in bolus volume was an earlier onset of anterior tongue base movement, superior palatal movement, anterior laryngeal movement, and UES opening. These events provide receptive adaptation for receiving a swallowed bolus. Earlier UES opening was associated with an increase in the duration of sphincter opening and sphincter diameter. The major effects of high bolus viscosity, unrelated to bolus volume, were to delay oral and pharyngeal bolus transit, increase the duration of pharyngeal peristaltic waves, and prolong and increase UES opening. Thus the specific effect of bolus viscosity per se differs substantially from that of bolus volume. We conclude that 1) specific variables of swallowing are affected significantly by the variables of the swallowed bolus, such as volume and viscosity; 2) overall, bolus volume and viscosity affect swallowing in a different manner; and 3) the study findings have implications about the neural control mechanisms that govern swallowing as well as about the diagnosis and treatment of patients with abnormal oral-pharyngeal swallowing.
Agent-based project scheduling

Agent technology offers a new way of thinking about many of the classic problems in operations research. Among these are problems such as project scheduling subject to resource constraints. In this paper, we develop and experimentally evaluate eight agent-based algorithms for solving the multimode, resource-constrained project scheduling problem. Our algorithms differ in the priority rules used to control agent access to resources. We apply our approach to a 51-activity project originally published by Maroto and Tormos [1]. We solve the problem using two types of agent-based systems: (i) a system of simple, reactive agents that we call basic agents; and (ii) a system of more complex, deliberative agents that we call enhanced agents. Of the eight priority rules tested, we find that priority based on shortest processing time performs best in terms of schedule quality when applied by basic agents while the priority based on earliest due date performs best when applied by enhanced agents. In comparing agents across priority rules, we find that enhanced agents generate much better schedules (with makespans up to 66% shorter in some cases) and require only slightly more computation time.
''Then Let's Have a Dialogue'': Interdependence and Negotiation in a Cohesive Regulatory System

Public and private organizations deal closely with each other on regulatory issues. Newer forms of regulation rely on shared enforcement and supervisory responsibilities, regulatory negotiation, and other methods that try to get beyond remote public commands while maintaining effective public involvement. This article examines how regulators and firms deal with each other, the interdependence that forms between them in the course of their work, and the benefits and liabilities of the strong ties that may develop out of this interdependence. We use the securities industry as a context for discussion but indicate that the points apply more generally. We pay special attention to the potential benefits and risks of cohesive regulatory networks. Regular dealings among regulators and firms outside of regular rulemaking or enforcement proceedings enhance cooperation, reduce information disparities, strengthen regulatory cultures, and arguably lower the threshold of external pressure required to effect changes within firms. The conditions enhancing these benefits, however, also will restrict the flow of information, perspectives, and criticism from outsiders, potentially leading to erosion of performance standards and eventually serious problems. We describe the circumstances under which these tensions are more likely to be managed without damage from these problems and the broader implications for research and teaching in public management and policy. Federal securities laws passed in the 1930s explicitly established a sharing of regulation between the public and private sectors. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversees private self-regulatory organizations (SROs) such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) but has the authority to control the SROs directly if required. The SROs oversee, and similarly can set rules for, financial firms like Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, and Citigroup that are members of the SROs because they need access to the SROs’ markets. The SEC and the
A chimeric EBV gp350/220-based VLP replicates the virion B-cell attachment mechanism and elicits long-lasting neutralizing antibodies in mice

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus, causes acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) and is linked to the development of several human malignancies. There is an urgent need for a vaccine that is safe, prevents infection and/or limits disease. Unique among human herpesviruses, glycoprotein (gp)350/220, which initiates EBV attachment to susceptible host cells, is the major ligand on the EBV envelope and is highly conserved. Interaction between gp350/220 and complement receptor type 2 (CR2)/CD21 and/or (CR1)/CD35 on B-cells is required for infection. Potent antibody responses to gp350/220 occur in animal models and humans. Thus, gp350/220 provides an attractive candidate for prophylactic subunit vaccine development. However, in a recent Phase II clinical trial immunization with soluble recombinant gp350 reduced the incidence of AIM, but did not prevent infection. Despite various attempts to produce an EBV vaccine, no vaccine is licensed. Herein we describe a sub-unit vaccine against EBV based on a novel Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-virus-like particle (VLP) platform consisting of EBVgp350/220 ectodomain fused to NDV-fusion (F) protein. The chimeric protein EBVgp350/220-F is incorporated into the membrane of a VLP composed of the NDV matrix and nucleoprotein. The particles resemble native EBV in diameter and shape and bind CD21 and CD35. Immunization of BALB/c mice with EBVgp350/220-F VLPs elicited strong, long-lasting neutralizing antibody responses when assessed in vitro. This chimeric VLP is predicted to provide a superior safety profile as it is efficiently produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using a platform devoid of human nucleic acid and EBV-transforming genes.