cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynorphin A (1–8) Analog, E-2078, Is Stable in Human and Rhesus Monkey Blood

E-2078 is a dynorphin A (1–8) analog, [N-methyl-Tyr1, N-methyl-Arg7-d-Leu8] Dyn A (1–8) ethylamide. Its biochemical stability against enzymatic degradation in vitro in human and rhesus monkey blood, and in vivo in rhesus monkey blood was studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. In vitro studies were carried out in freshly drawn human and rhesus monkey blood, incubated at 37°C for various time periods. In vivo studies were conducted by E-2078 i.v. injection to rhesus monkeys, and blood samples were collected at various time points after the injection. It was found that E-2078 was stable against enzymatic degradation in vitro in freshly drawn human and rhesus monkey blood. Minor biotransformation products from E-2078, such as E (1–4), E (1–5) and E (3–6), were detected in vitro in some human and rhesus monkey blood, but they made up less than 5% of the total starting E-2078 peptide. No biotransformation products were detected in the blood samples from in vivo studies. The apparent half-life of elimination of E-2078 in vivo from the rhesus monkey blood was determined to be 44.0 min.
A Single Blood Sample Dual Isotope Method for the Measurement of Cholesterol Absorption in Rats

SummaryThe determination of cholesterol absorption in rats from a single blood sample is described. The method consists of dosing the rats with a collodial suspension of cholesterol-3H intravenously and with cholesterol-14C orally. The ratio of 14C to3H in plasma, 24 hr or more after isotope dosage, gives the fraction of the oral dose absorbed. The method was tested by comparison to fecal 14C-cholesterol excretion corrected for recirculated sterol and sterol degradation. The results of the two methods are in good agreement. Calculations based on a two-pool model show that the plasma ratio method should be applicable to studies in man, and would allow calculation of dietary cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis from plasma cholesterol specific activity data.The excellent technical assistance of L. Barry Hughes is appreciated.
Inhibition of insulin release by enterostatin.

OBJECTIVE: These studies were designed to investigate the mechanism through which enterostatin inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. DESIGN: A static islet incubation method was used to study the effects of enterostatin on insulin secretion induced by various secretagogues and to investigate the effect of calcium ions and 8-Br-cyclic AMP on the response to enterostatin. Measurements of islet cAMP concentrations in response to enterostatin were also made. RESULTS: Enterostatin (10 9 to 10 -5 M) inhibited insulin secretion from islets incubated in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose in a dose-dependent manner. Enterostatin also inhibited insulin secretion stimulated by glybenclamide (5.0 and 10 μM), phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA) (50 and 100 nM), and the kappa-opioid agonist U50,488 (100 nM). The inhibitory effect of enterostatin on TPA-induced insulin secretion was attenuated but still remained in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ . The enterostatin inhibition of insulin secretion was blocked by 8-Br-cAMP (1 mM) independent of extracellular Ca 2+ . Enterostatin reduced the increase in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) content produced by U50,488 (100 nM) and the changes in cAMP content were parallel with changes in insulin release. CONCLUSION: Enterostatin may suppress insulin secretion through the reduction of cAMP, but other mechanisms may also be possible.
Recruitment, Development, and Retention of Dental Faculty in a Changing Environment

The scarcity of full-time clinical faculty members in dental schools across the country is a major crisis confronting dentistry. Dental schools are experiencing critical faculty shortages and are struggling to maintain appropriate faculty to student ratios. The adage of “doing more with less” applies, in many ways, to dental schools and their mission of educating future dentists. Solutions to the problem have included plans to recruit, develop, and mentor faculty members. However, progress has been slow. Dental schools have created incentive programs to help with faculty shortages and develop future educators in dentistry. This requires commitment and resources and will take years before these efforts and their impact can be assessed. Creative solutions need to be developed both nationally and locally to reverse the trend more rapidly.
More than the Sum of Its Parts: Rethinking the History Curriculum

Every history curriculum is a historical artifact. It reflects changing notions within the discipline at large: the fields we value (or have valued at some point in the past), the geographical and chronological division of national and regional histories (as imagined currently or long ago), and perhaps the importance we place on methodological think ing, seminar-style teaching, and independent student research. It offers evidence also of a department's institutional history: course descriptions written by faculty long since departed or retired, classes that reflect the changing interests of particular faculty at mid career, new courses or entire new fields introduced by recently hired scholars fresh out of graduate school. In many departments, the curriculum is an artifact of accretion rather than design. Several national projects over the past two decades have sought to spur a more holistic imagination regarding history curricula. In 1990 the Association of American Colleges (aac) collaborated with twelve learned societies, including the American Historical As sociation (aha), to rethink the content and structure of liberal arts majors. The resulting aac/aha report, "Liberal Learning and the History Major" (1991), became the frame work in which eight institutions received "support for a two-year project to re-form aca demic majors." The Quality in Undergraduate Education (que) project, launched in the late 1990s by the Education Trust and the National Association of System Heads in as sociation with Georgia State University, brought together "faculty at selected four-year public institutions" and "partner two-year colleges" to devise "discipline-based standards or student learning outcomes for student learning" in biology, chemistry, English, his tory, mathematics, and physics majors. Most recently, a working group of the National History Center, supported by a grant from the Teagle Foundation, has produced a white paper, "The History Major and Undergraduate Liberal Education" (2008), which seeks to offer "a more explicit understanding of the relationship between the history major and the broader goals and processes of liberal learning" and thereby to encourage discussions about the history curriculum in a larger context.1
Dielectric and Transverse Piezoelectric Characterization of Sol-Gel Derived Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−PbTiO3 (70/30) FILMS WITH {100} and {111} Textures

Highly {100} and {111} oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (70/30) films were deposited on Pt(111)-passivated silicon substrates using a modified sol-gel process. In both cases, the degree of preferred orientation did not change with film thickness from 0.56 μm to 1.5 μm. The room temperature dielectric constants for the {100}-oriented films were 2100-2650, while those for the {111} oriented films were 1900-2350. In both cases tan δ was less than 0.03. It was found that the piezoelectric coefficient (d31) of the PMN-PT films increased with increasing film thickness. The d31 coefficient of highly {100} oriented PMN-PT films poled for 5 minutes at 85 kV/cm were found to range from -45 to -86 pC/N assuming a Young’s modulus of 35 GPa. Highly {100} oriented PMN-PT films showed larger piezoelectric coefficients than {111} oriented films. Results on aging of the piezoelectric coefficients for the differently oriented films are also presented.
Analysis of investigation on the situation of four pests in Nanchang urban area

Objective To understand the situation of four pests and the preventive establishments for rats and flies in Nanchang urban area.Methods The No.5 official document standards of rats,mosquitoes,flies and cockroaches(1997) and the No.28 official document examination methods of rats,mosquitoes,flies and cockroaches(1997) was used by commission of the public health compaign.Results The inside positive rate of rat trace was 4.67%.There were 13 locuses with rat traces within 8 900 meters.The disqualification rate of preventive establishments for rats was 6.79%;the positive rate of fly was 8.96% in key vocations,which were 9.16% and 8.96% in areas where flies were prohibited.And the disqualification rate of preventive establishment for flies was 10%.The positive rate of cockroaches,living egg scabbard and cockroach trace were 4.88%,2.06% and 6.94% respectively.The positive rates of mosquito larvae and pupae in container seeper and large water body were 4.17% and 4.41% respectively.And the mosquito quantity of tempted by one person was 4.5 insects per 30 min.Conclusion Exception of rat trace,the main indexes of four pests were above the standard,which suggested that vector control was a long,hard and complex compaign,and should be kept perservely.
Impact of Affordable Care Act coverage expansion on women's reproductive preventive services in the United States.

Abstract Introduction The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expansion mandated the private health plans to cover women's preventive services starting August 2012. With limited and contradictory evidence, this study intends to assess the impact of ACA on the utilization rates and the cost burden of women's reproductive preventive service. Methods A pre-post analysis was conducted using a nationally representative sample of females (aged 15–44 years, n = 4397) participating in the 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth. The utilization rates and cost burdens were compared for six services using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results After the ACA expansion, there wasn't a significant increase in the utilization rates of birth control/prescription (33.7% vs. 30.7%), birth control counseling (17.7% vs. 16.9%), sterilization counseling (3.3% vs. 3.5%), STI counsel/test/treat (15% vs. 14.6%) and HIV screening (24.1% vs. 23.1%). Respondents paying through insurance increased after ACA, but out-of-pocket spending (cost-sharing) didn't decrease for respondents. Type of insurance was an important predictor of utilization rates with publicly insured having significantly higher Odds Ratio (OR) or likelihood of receiving birth control counseling (OR:1.71), sterilization counseling (OR:2.67), STI counsel/test/treat (OR:1.54) and HIV screening (OR:1.69) compared to privately insured. Conclusions The early-on impact of ACA expansion on utilization rates of women's reproductive preventive services didn't appear to be significant. Private health plans, however, might have expanded their coverage but burden of cost sharing still existed. Future research should evaluate the long term impact of ACA expansion on women's health and the economic gains.
In Christodemocracy, Positive Religious Identity Supersedes Liberty of Conscience in a Competition of Rights

Competition among identities is a healthy ingredient of any democracy. It is a necessary byproduct of individualism and self-determination. One way identity construction is protected in democracy is with a negative liberty of conscience. Broadly defined, this protects against state coercion in matters of personal belief. Democratic theory writ large posits a plethora of answers to questions of homogeneity and democratic survival. Some degree of cohesion must exist but competition within that cohesion is a matter of state neutrality. In Christodemocracy, however, the positive identity of “Christian” must take precedence to fulfill the state’s purpose of enacting Christian morality.
Frequency of Heparin-Platelet Factor 4 Antibodies among Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes Presenting to the Emergency Department.

Abstract Heparin is widely used to treat patients that present with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). A significant, albeit under-recognized complication of heparin therapy is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which is estimated to occur in 1–3% of patients. A significantly higher proportion (20–50%) of patients undergoing cardiac surgery and other invasive cardiology procedures develop an antibody against the heparin-platelet factor 4 (HPF4) complex. Most patients remain asymptomatic, but are nevertheless at risk for HIT with subsequent heparin exposure. Patients with severe coronary artery disease frequently have multiple hospital admissions, and heparin exposures. HPF4 antibodies are transient, and most will become undetectable three months after their initial formation. Therefore, patients with a recent history of hospitalization would be at greater risk of HIT on heparin re-exposure. We tested this hypothesis in a prospective study of patients with ACS presenting to the Emergency Department. We studied 230 patients presenting to the ED with ACS. Patients were stratified into Group 1 (having a recent [
Control of Non-Photochemical Exciton Quenching by the Proton Circuit of Photosynthesis

This chapter discusses our current understanding of the chloroplast proton circuit, i.e., those reactions that involve the storage and utilization of light energy in the transfer of protons, and its importance for regulating photosynthetic light-capture/electron-transfer reactions. The photosynthetic machinery of plants is finely tuned to balance the needs for efficient light capture with an avoidance of photodamage by regulating the capture of light energy, via thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy (assessed from non-photochemical quenching, NPQ, of chlorophyll fluorescence) by regulating light-driven electron transfer processes. In addition to driving ATP synthesis at the chloroplast ATP synthase, the thylakoid electrochemical gradient of protons or proton-motive force (pmf) plays a central role in regulating NPQ. The transthylakoid proton concentration gradient (ΔpH) component of pmf triggers the “energy-dependent”, or qE component of NPQ, which protects photosystem II from photodamage and regulates electron transfer through the cytochrome b 6 f complex, thereby preventing damage to photosystem I. The extent and mode of storage in ΔpH and ΔΨ of pmf are regulated by several processes that respond to the metabolic, or physiological, state of the organism. The extent of pmf is determined by proton influx (via linear and alternative electron flows) into the thylakoid lumen, and proton efflux through the chloroplast ATP synthase. Both processes are modulated by, or responsive to, environmental conditions and resulting metabolic fluctuations. Proton influx is controlled by linear electron flow and a series of alternative electron flow pathways, possibly including cyclic electron flow around photosystem I, the Mehler peroxidase reaction (or water-water cycle), and oxidation of plastoquinol by the plastid terminal oxidase. The fraction of pmf stored as ΔpH is also regulated by plastidic ionic strength or luminal buffering capacity, altering the sensitivity of pH-dependent processes to pmf. The integrated regulation of these processes is an open, active area of research.
Research and therapeutics-traditional and emerging therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus

This review summarizes traditional and emerging therapies for SLE. Evidence suggests that the heterogeneity of SLE is a crucial aspect contributing to the failure of large clinical trials for new targeted therapies. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms driving disease pathogenesis combined with recent advances in medical science are predicted to enable accelerated progress towards improved SLE diagnosis and personalized approaches to treatment.
A Theoretical Foundation for the Ethical Distribution of Authorship in Multidisciplinary Publications

In academia, authorship on publications confers merit as well as responsibility. The respective disciplines adhere to their “typical” authorship practices: individuals may be named in alphabetical order (e.g., in economics, mathematics), ranked in decreasing level of contribution (e.g., biomedical sciences), or the leadership role may be listed last (e.g., laboratory sciences). However, there is no specific, generally accepted guidance regarding authorship distribution in multidisciplinary teams, something that can lead to significant tensions and even conflict. Using Scanlon’s contractualism as a basis, I propose a conceptual foundation for the ethical distribution of authorship in multidisciplinary teams; it features four relevant principles: desert, just recognition, transparency, and collegiality. These principles can serve in the development of a practical framework to support ethical and nonarbitrary authorship distribution, which hopefully would help reduce confusion and conflict, promote agreement, and contribute to synergy in multidisciplinary collaborative research.
Dogwood Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Flight Activity and an Attempt to Control Damage in ‘Gala’ Apples Using Mating Disruption

‘Gala’ apple trees had a high incidence of burr knots (adventitious root primordia) produced on the trunk. Dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris), infested many of these growths. Mating disrup...
Emerging approaches to the development of urbanization in early China

Abstract This special issue of Archaeological Research in Asia brings together thirteen articles that reflect many of the recent trends in early urbanism in China. By way of introduction to this thematic issue on Early Urbanism in China, we summarize the papers in this issue and offer a brief survey of intellectual developments that signal recent trends. This collection provides comparable case studies from diverse time periods and distinct regions within China.
C OSS Losses in 600 V GaN Power Semiconductors in Soft-Switched, High- and Very-High-Frequency Power Converters

We report losses from charging and discharging the parasitic output capacitor, ${\rm C}_{\rm OSS}$ , in Gallium Nitride (GaN) power devices with voltage ratings over 600 ${\rm V}_{\rm DS}$ . These losses are of particular importance in soft-switched circuits used at MHz switching frequencies, where the output capacitance of the device is charged and discharged once per switching cycle during the device's off-time. This process is assumed lossless. We measure ${\rm C}_{\rm OSS}$ losses from 5–35 MHz sine, square, and Class- $\Phi _{2}$ waveshapes in enhancement-mode and cascode devices, and find that losses are present in all tested devices, equal or greater than conduction losses at MHz frequencies, and exponentially increasing with $\mathbf{dV/dt}$ . The cascode device outperforms the e-mode devices under 300 V, but the e-mode devices are preferred above this operating voltage. Furthermore, we show that, within a device family, losses scale linearly with output energy storage. Packaging appears to have only a minor effect on these losses. Finally, we demonstrate 10 MHz, 200 W dc–dc converters with varying device configurations, showing that, even with constant circulating currents, moving to larger devices with lower ${\rm R}_{\rm DS,ON}$ actually degrades efficiency in certain applications due to ${\rm C}_{\rm OSS}$ losses. In the high-voltage, high-frequency range, these reported losses must be optimized simultaneously with conduction losses on a per-application basis.
Recognition, Stabilization, and Management of Children with Pulmonary Hypertension in the Emergency Department

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition in children, and improved survival makes it more likely that acute care practitioners will encounter children with PH. This is due in part to better outcomes of extremely preterm infants who develop PH from chronic lung disease and children with congenital heart and lung defects who survive surgery but have residual PH, increased diagnosis of PH due to expanded screening indications, and better diagnostic modalities. This chapter provides an overview of the types of pediatric PH likely to be encountered in the acute care setting and discusses the recognition and initial management of this disease. Specific clinical cases are presented to illustrate various pulmonary hypertensive emergencies in the five categories of PH as classified by the World Health Organization. These consist of (1) pulmonary arterial hypertension, (2) PH with left heart disease, (3) PH associated with lung diseases and/or hypoxemia, (4) PH due to chronic thrombotic and/or embolic disease, and (5) miscellaneous.
Noncredit program data collection at community colleges: a scoping review

ABSTRACTNoncredit enrollment at community colleges has grown significantly over the past two decades. However, unlike credit bearing programs, noncredit programs are seldomly empirically examined a...
"It's Wrong to Exclude Girls From Something They Love." Adolescents' Attitudes About Sexism in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math.

The current research examined adolescents' attitudes about sexism in fields related to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). The ethnically diverse sample (61% East Asian) was composed of 629 adolescents (Mage = 16.09) who attended a public school in the United States. Participants responded to closed- and open-ended questions about the prevalence and severity of sexism in STEM. We used latent profile analysis to classify participants into latent classes according to their responses. Of note, one latent class included participants who perceived sexism in STEM as a fairly common and very serious problem. Relative to the other classes, participants in this class were more likely to be girls and showed higher STEM value. Qualitative analyses illustrated that the participants in each class reasoned in fundamentally different ways about sexism in STEM.
Linking Nonrestorative Sleep and Activity Interference Through Pain Catastrophizing and Pain Severity: An Intraday Process Model Among Individuals With Fibromyalgia.

Abstract Non-restorative sleep is a key diagnostic feature of the musculoskeletal pain disorder fibromyalgia, and is robustly associated with poor physical functioning, including activity interference. However, the mechanisms through which non-restorative sleep elicits activity interference among individuals with fibromyalgia at the within-person level remain unclear. The present study tested the following three-path mediation model, using data gathered from a 21-day electronic daily diary in 220 individuals with fibromyalgia: previous night non-restorative sleep → morning pain catastrophizing → afternoon pain severity → end-of-day activity interference. Results of multilevel structural equation modeling supported the three-path mediation model. Previous night's non-restorative sleep and morning pain catastrophizing were also directly related to end-of-day activity interference. Previous night non-restorative sleep did not significantly predict afternoon pain severity while controlling for the effect of morning pain catastrophizing. Greater non-restorative sleep during the previous night and a higher level of morning pain catastrophizing appear to serve as risk factors for experiencing greater daily pain and activity interference later in the day. These findings point to the potential utility of targeted interventions that improve both sleep quality and pain catastrophizing to help individuals with chronic pain engage in important daily activities despite experiencing pain.
Residues and residue pairs of evolutionary importance differentially direct signaling bias of D2 dopamine receptors

The D2 dopamine receptor and the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2A) are closely-related G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) from the class A bioamine subfamily. Despite structural similarity, they respond to distinct ligands through distinct downstream pathways, whose dysregulation is linked to depression, bipolar disorder, addiction, and psychosis. They are important drug targets, and it is important to understand how their bias toward G-protein versus β-arrestin signaling pathways is regulated. Previously, evolution-based computational approaches, difference Evolutionary Trace and Evolutionary Trace–Mutual information (ET-Mip), revealed residues and residue pairs that, when switched in the D2 receptor to the corresponding residues from 5-HT2A, altered ligand potency and G-protein activation efficiency. We have tested these residue swaps for their ability to trigger recruitment of β-arrestin2 in response to dopamine or serotonin. The results reveal that the selected residues modulate agonist potency, maximal efficacy, and constitutive activity of β-arrestin2 recruitment. Whereas dopamine potency for most variants was similar to that for WT and lower than for G-protein activation, potency in β-arrestin2 recruitment for N124H3.42 was more than 5-fold higher. T205M5.54 displayed high constitutive activity, enhanced dopamine potency, and enhanced efficacy in β-arrestin2 recruitment relative to WT, and L379F6.41 was virtually inactive. These striking differences from WT activity were largely reversed by a compensating mutation (T205M5.54/L379F6.41) at residues previously identified by ET-Mip as functionally coupled. The observation that the signs and relative magnitudes of the effects of mutations in several cases are at odds with their effects on G-protein activation suggests that they also modulate signaling bias.
A hydro-thermal-geochemical modeling framework to simulate reactive transport in a waste coal area under amended and non-amended conditions.

Abstract Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major cause of water quality deterioration across watersheds where acidic coal refuse (CR) piles are located. The oxidation of pyrite (the most common sulfide mineral), found in many of the CR piles, releases major ions, such as Fe2+, Fe3+, SO 4 2 − , and H+ into the environment. Bauxite residue (BR), commonly called alkaline clay (AC), a highly alkaline byproduct of the alumina refining process, can be combined with coal mine refuse to reduce and potentially eliminate the AMD problem associated with waste coal piles. A new hydro-thermal-geochemical model is developed in this study to simulate the reactive transport processes in AMD-treated areas. First, the model is tested at the experimental plots located within a CR pile in Greene County, Pennsylvania (USA), where two of the plots are used to show the impact of BR on CR piles. Then, the model capabilities are tested at a mine-impacted watershed in Indiana County, Pennsylvania (USA). In general, the model not only captures the patterns of both soil moisture, soil temperature and chemical concentrations at plots scales but it is also successfully implemented at a watershed scale. In conclusion, this study shows encouraging results regarding the AMD remediation simulation at different spatial scales.
Site wind right: Identifying low-impact wind development areas in the Central United States

To help avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change, society needs to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century. Wind energy provides a clean, renewable source of electricity; however, improperly sited wind facilities pose known threats to wildlife populations and contribute to degradation of natural habitats. To support a rapid transition to low-carbon energy while protecting imperiled species, we identified potential low-impact areas for wind development in a 17-state region of the central U.S. By combining maps of sensitive habitats and species with wind speed and land use information, we demonstrate that there is significant potential to develop wind energy in the Great Plains while avoiding significant negative impacts to wildlife. These low-impact areas have the potential to yield approximately 1,099-1,832 GW of wind capacity. This is equivalent to 10-18 times current U.S. installed wind capacity. Our analysis demonstrates that ambitious low-carbon energy goals are achievable on sites with minimal risk of wildlife conflict.
Chapter 77 – Retinal Autoantibodies

In the past few decades, several retinal autoantibodies have been identified in autoimmune retinopathies, degenerative retinal diseases, and in a small proportion of healthy individuals. The pathogenic role of these antibodies is not completely elucidated. However, they may possibly be used as a biomarker of disease activity in the future, when methodological standardization among laboratories to detect and monitor these autoantibodies is achieved.
Serial Offender: The Bisexual (2018)

The Bisexual both is, and is not, about a bisexual, and both is, and is not, about bisexuality. Therein lies its brilliance. As its bisexual-identified creator Desiree Akhavan intuits on a deeply p...
Gender, Sense of Power, and Desire to Lead: Why Women Don’t “Lean In” to Apply to Leadership Groups That Are Majority-Male:

We investigated why women may have lower desires and intentions to apply to become a member of a leadership group (i.e., committee) than men when the majority of its members are men. In four studie...
Perceptions of Teamwork in Schools of Nursing.

Background Characteristics of high-performing teams include shared purpose, clear vision, strong leadership, and the ability to use conflict management when needed. While many individuals who teach in schools of nursing come from the clinical setting where teamwork is normative, that same expectation of teamwork may not be present for the faculty as a whole. Purpose This study assessed perceptions of teamwork among faculty members in schools of nursing in 4 states in the Midwestern region of the United States. Methods Perception of teamwork, related to communication, leadership, team structure, situation monitoring, and mutual support, was examined using a modified TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire. Results Perceptions of teamwork were highest for team structure and leadership, whereas communication, situation monitoring, and mutual support were lower. In addition, teamwork dimension scores were higher for those who previously participated in teamwork training. Conclusions There are opportunities to improve teamwork in all domains. Teamwork skills are transferrable to different roles and across various situations; therefore once learned and fostered, these can impact the individual as well as improve the organizational climate.
First-principles investigation of uranium mononitride (UN): Effect of magnetic ordering, spin-orbit interactions and exchange correlation functional

Abstract Uranium mononitride (UN) is a promising nuclear fuel that combines the advantageous properties of readily used UO 2 and uranium alloys. Various properties of UN have been previously studied using different density functional theory (DFT) methodologies; however, there are still inconsistencies when it comes to the dynamical stability and defect properties of UN. We address these inconsistencies by studying the UN phonons and defect properties using DFT calculations employing two generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exchange-correlation functionals: PBE and AM05, with and without an added on-site Coulomb repulsion term ( + U ). Furthermore, we investigate the importance of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) when calculating the properties of UN. We use the different methodologies to determine the preference of UN to have antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering, as seen in experiments, or ferromagnetic (FM) ordering of the uranium spins. We compare the crystallographic properties, density of states, the DFT X-ray photoelectron spectra and phonon dispersions calculated using the different methodologies. We demonstrate that GGA + U reproduces the AFM ordering in UN, but the crystal structure is dynamically unstable. We also show that magnetic ordering is important in finding the lowest energy defective structure, and that SOC has a distinct influence on the energy of the different uranium interstitial defects. Lastly, we discuss the point defect formation energies under U-rich and N-rich conditions, and the stoichiometric formation energies calculated with the different methodologies, providing insight into the observed tendency for forming hypostoichiometric UN.
ColDE: A Depth Estimation Framework for Colonoscopy Reconstruction

One of the key elements of reconstructing a 3D mesh from a monocular video is generating every frame's depth map. However, in the application of colonoscopy video reconstruction, producing good-quality depth estimation is challenging. Neural networks can be easily fooled by photometric distractions or fail to capture the complex shape of the colon surface, predicting defective shapes that result in broken meshes. Aiming to fundamentally improve the depth estimation quality for colonoscopy 3D reconstruction, in this work we have designed a set of training losses to deal with the special challenges of colonoscopy data. For better training, a set of geometric consistency objectives was developed, using both depth and surface normal information. Also, the classic photometric loss was extended with feature matching to compensate for illumination noise. With the training losses powerful enough, our self-supervised framework named ColDE is able to produce better depth maps of colonoscopy data as compared to the previous work utilizing prior depth knowledge. Used in reconstruction, our network is able to reconstruct good-quality colon meshes in real-time without any post-processing, making it the first to be clinically applicable.
Follow-up evaluation of the agriculture minority summer research internship program

As the world becomes more diverse, campus and communities must provide opportunities and conditions conducive to learning for all students of color. Iowa State University is attempting to increase awareness about agriculture-related areas among minority high school and undergraduate students. The College of Agriculture has sponsored an Agriculture Minority Summer Research Program (AMSRIP) each summer since 1994. Students utilize experiential learning skills working under the guidance of faculty mentors to conduct research in agriculture-related areas. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the experiences students received while attending the Iowa State University Agriculture Minority Summer Research Internship Program. A second purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the AMSRIP as a recruitment and retention tool. This research addresses experiential learning, recruitment strategies, retention methods, and career exploration relating to minorities, specifically within agriculture-related areas. A descriptive survey method was used in this census study to collect data from 19982001 for Agriculture Minority Summer Research Interns. A total of 85% of the former interns completed and returned the survey. Results of this study indicate that participants were interested in attending the internship program to gain research experience. Respondents indicated they were interested in learning more about the career options available to them in agriculture-related areas. The program is successfully recruiting and retaining minority students in agriculture-related
Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Heme serves as the prosthetic group for a wide variety of proteins known as hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. It is involved in various molecular and cellular processes such as gene transcription, translation, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. The biosynthesis levels of heme vary across different tissues and cell types and is altered in diseased conditions such as anemia, neuropathy and cancer. This technique uses [4-(14)C] 5-aminolevulinic acid ([(14)C] 5-ALA), one of the early precursors in the heme biosynthesis pathway to measure the levels of heme synthesis in mammalian cells. This assay involves incubation of cells with [(14)C] 5-ALA followed by extraction of heme and measurement of the radioactivity incorporated into heme. This procedure is accurate and quick. This method measures the relative levels of heme biosynthesis rather than the total heme content. To demonstrate the use of this technique the levels of heme biosynthesis were measured in several mammalian cell lines.
Corporate Responsibility, Ethical Leadership and Global Competitiveness

Analysiert wird die Beziehung zwischen Leadership und Ethik; herausgearbeitet wird, dass sowohl Corporate Responsibility als auch ethische Fuhrung moralisch korrekt und in okonomischen Sinne wertvoll sind. Moralisches Verhalten wird vom Kategorischen Imperativ von Kant abgeleitet. Auf der Grundlage der aktuellen Diskussionen wird herausgearbeitet, dass ein ethisches Leadership die organisatorische Effektivitat steigern kann. Fur global tatige Unternehmen werden die Konflikte dargelegt, die mit unterschiedlichen, verschiedenen Landern verbunden sind. Vorschlage werden gemacht, wie von einem Unternehmen spezifische Konkurrenzvorteile durch ein ethisches Leadership erreicht werden konnen; entsprechende Beispiele werden gegeben.
Forty years and four surveys: How does our measuring measure up?

Abstract Objective: This article reviews four surveys methodologies that have been used over the past 40 years to assess immunization rates in young children in the United States. These methods include three national surveys: (1) United States Immunization Survey (1959–1985), which was first a household and then a telephone survey; (2) National Health Interview Survey (1991–present), which interviews people in their homes; and (3) National Immunization Survey (1994–present), a random-digit-dialing telephone survey. In addition, a series of retrospective school record surveys that used standard sampling and assessment methodologies were conducted nationally during 4 school years September 1990–May 1991. Methods: Federal publications, National Immunization Conference proceedings, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) internal reports regarding national immunization surveys were reviewed. The methodology used in each survey is presented, and selected examples of previously tabulated results are presented. Conclusions: The assessment of immunization coverage in American preschool children requires ongoing commitment and survey expertise. Over the past 40 years the CDC’s efforts to determine vaccination coverage in young children has evolved from the comparatively simple United States Immunization Survey to the current National Immunization Survey that utilizes sophisticated statistical and survey techniques to obtain the most-accurate results yet available.
Value of Using Multimodal Data in HCI Methodologies

In this paper, I will discuss two HCI methodologies, diary study and affinity diagramming, that were carried out using multimodal data such as images, audio, video, annotated media along with the traditional use of text. I will discuss a software solution that was developed at HP Labs to conduct a multimodal diary study using three touch points: PCs, mobile devices and any type of landline/cellular phone. This will be followed by a discussion on how Microsoft StickySorter software was used to conduct multimodal affinity diagramming exercises.
Determination of magnetic penetration depth from saddle-point field analysis in Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+ delta.

$^{205}\mathrm{Tl}$ NMR spectra and spin-lattice relaxation in the normal and superconducting states were measured on an aligned sample of ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{10+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$. The spin-lattice relaxation time, ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$, was found to be isotropic and, in the normal state, 1/${\mathit{T}}_{1}$T to be temperature dependent, indicating the presence of spin fluctuations in the thallium-oxygen plane similar to that found in the copper-oxygen plane of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. $ sup 205---Tl NMR spectra at 5 K were studied and the angular dependence of the field shift at the saddle points of the magnetic-field distribution was found to be consistent with the anisotropic London theory. The average penetration depth was inferred to be 7040\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}350 \AA{}. Our approach to determine the penetration depth, the saddle-point field analysis, is insensitive to distortion of the flux lattice associated with pinning. This is in contrast to the more commonly used second-moment method.
Notes on the Development of the International Macroeconomic Modell

It is a great pleasure for me to take part in this conference on “The Open Economy Macromodel: Past, Present and Future.” My comparative advantage today is unmistakably on the “past” component of the sub-title and I shall therefore speak somewhat autobiographically about my role in the development of this model and influences from predecessors and contemporaries and reserve for closing remarks some limitations of the model and opportunities for its use in the future.
Characterization of transgenic mice containing adenovirus early region 3 genomic DNA.

Abstract Human adenoviruses (Ad) contain a complex transcription region (E3) which codes for proteins that interact with several arms of the immune system. However, E3 genes are not essential for replication in tissue culture. An E3-encoded 19,000-molecular-weight (19K) glycoprotein (gp19K) binds to the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevents MHC transport to the cell surface. Three other E3 proteins are involved in the inhibition of apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor alpha. The entire E3 genomic DNA was utilized to produce transgenic mice to study the effect of the E3 proteins on pathogenesis of various infectious agents and to investigate the in vivo synthesis and processing of the multiple E3 mRNAs and proteins. There was basal expression of the E3 promoter in the thymus, kidneys, uterus, and testes and at all levels of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the E3 promoter of the transgene could be activated in some other organs, including the liver, by infection of these animals with an E3-deficient Ad (Ad7001) which contains a functional E1A region. Transactivation in vivo could also be demonstrated by infusion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. There appeared to be differential ratios of expression between several of the E3 mRNAs in transgenic lung fibroblasts and primary kidney cells cultured from the transgenic animals. This observation suggested that there was differential mRNA splicing that was organ specific. These transgenic animals should provide a useful model for studying the effects of the E3 proteins on the immune system and on diseases affected either by control of MHC or by selected functions of tumor necrosis factor that are inhibitable by Ad E3 proteins.
The association of antenatal corticosteroids with neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia

AbstractObjective: While antenatal corticosteroids reduce the risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality, perhaps the maternal hyperglycemia they produce has other neonatal effects. Thus, we sought to examine the association between antenatal betamethasone exposure and neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia.Methods: We designed a retrospective cohort study of all preterm deliveries from 32 to 37 weeks of gestation at a single university hospital from 1990 to 2007. Data were collected on antenatal betamethasone administration and the neonatal outcomes. Univariable, multivariable and stratified analyses were conducted.Results: Of 6675 preterm deliveries, significantly higher rates of neonatal hypoglycemia (5.7% versus 4.2%, p < 0.05) and hyperbilirubinemia (45.9% versus 24.1%, p < 0.05) were observed in neonates exposed to antenatal betamethasone. Controlling for potential confounders including gestational age, these findings persisted with betamethasone-exposed neonates 1.6 times more likely to have hy...
The Economics of Environmental Monitoring and Enforcement

Without monitoring and enforcement, environmental laws are largely nonbinding guidance. Although economists and philosophers have thought seriously about the broader public enforcement of law since at least the eighteenth century, environmental monitoring and enforcement remain both understudied and controversial. This article reviews what we do and do not know about the subject. I review common environmental enforcement institutions, prescriptive and descriptive theories, empirical evidence on regulator behavior, and empirical evidence on deterrence effects.
New In Vitro Model To Study the Effect of Human Simulated Antibiotic Concentrations on Bacterial Biofilms

ABSTRACT A new in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic simulator for bacterial biofilms utilizing flow cell technology and confocal laser scanning microscopy is described. The device has the ability to simulate the changing antibiotic concentrations in humans associated with intravenous dosing on bacterial biofilms grown under continuous culture conditions. The free drug concentrations of a single 2-g meropenem intravenous bolus dose and first-order elimination utilizing a half-life of 0.895 h (elimination rate constant, 0.776 h −1 ) were simulated. The antibacterial activity of meropenem against biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and three clinical strains isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis was investigated. Additionally, the effect of meropenem on PAO1 biofilms cultured for 24 h versus that on biofilms cultured for 72 h was examined. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, rapid biofilm killing was observed in the first hour of the dosing interval for all biofilms. However, for PAO1 biofilms cultured for 72 h, only bacterial subpopulations at the periphery of the biofilm were affected, with subpopulations at the substratum remaining viable, even at the conclusion of the dosing interval. The described model is a novel method to investigate antimicrobial killing of bacterial biofilms using human simulated concentrations.
Two-station auroral infrasonic wave observations

Abstract The morphologies of auroral infrasonic wave substorms are compared for two stations, College and Palmer, Alaska, that are 368 km apart and approximately on the same magnetic meridian. During an 11-month period of simultaneous operation, five times more auroral infrasonic waves were received at College, the northernmost station, than at Palmer. When Palmer was closest to the equatorward edge of the average auroral oval (1100–1400 UT), very few signals were received there, probably because of an acoustical skip-zone effect. A model for the intersection of the auroral infrasonic shock surface with the ground plane is developed in order to examine marked differences in the characteristics of infrasonic wave packets observed successively at College and Palmer. These differences are related to the positions of the observing sites with respect to two regions in the model, defined as the front shock region and the side shock region.
Universal entitlement to health care. Can we get there from here

One of the linguistic inventions of Harvard professor John Dunlop was the term "disjointed incrementalism." Dunlop, former U.S. secretary of labor and an expert on conflict resolution, used it frequently in his lectures to describe the American political style in addressing large public issues. Instead of taking them on in their entirety, he pointed out, our political bodies nearly always nibble at them around the edges, dealing only with the piece of the problem that has high public visibility, causes the most political discomfort, or both. Examples of disjointed incrementalism abound in the health field. Back in the 1960s, Medicare . . .