cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Dynamic Compression Plates with a Rough Contact Surface and a Polished Contact Surface for Fixation of Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones

Objectives: To compare the number of cycles to failure of 4.5 mm broad dynamic compression plates (DCP), 4.5 mm broad limited-contact dynamic compression plates (4.5-LC-DCP), and 5.5 mm broad limited-contact dynamic compression plates (5.5-LC-DCP) having a rough (denoted by a prefix R-) versus a standard smooth contact surface for the fixation of osteotomized equine 3rd metacarpal (MC3) bones. Study Design: Experimental. Animal Population: Fifteen pairs of adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones. Methods: Fifteen pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 3 test groups (5 pairs each) for comparison of (1) R-DCP fixation with DCP fixation, (2) R-4.5-LC-DCP fixation with 4.5-LC-DCP fixation, and (3) R-5.5-LC-DCP fixation with 5.5-LC-DCP fixation to repair osteotomized equine MC3 bones under palmarodorsal 4-point bending cyclic fatigue testing. For each group an 8-hole plate with rough contact surface was applied to the dorsal surface of one randomly selected bone from each pair and a corresponding 8-hole plate with smooth contact surface was applied dorsally to the contralateral bone from each pair. All plates and screws were applied using standard ASIF techniques. All MC3 bones had mid-diaphyseal osteotomies. Mean number of cycles to failure for each method were compared using a paired t-test within each group. Significance was set at P<.05. Results: Mean cycles to failure ± standard deviation was significantly greater for the R-DCP fixation (230,025 ± 23,129) compared with the DCP fixation (103,451 ± 14,556), for the R-4.5-LC-DCP fixation (99,237 ± 14,390) compared with the 4.5-LC-DCP fixation (46,464 ± 6325) and for the R-5.5-LC-DCP fixation (65,113 ± 7796) compared with the 5.5-LC-DCP fixation (34,224 ± 3835). Conclusion: For the fixation of osteotomized MC3 bones, the constructs with plates having rough contact surface were superior to the corresponding constructs with plates having standard smooth contact surfaces in resisting cyclic fatigue under palmarodorsal 4-point bending.
Participating in explanatory dialogues: interpreting and responding to questions in context

Review of Participating in Explanatory Dialogues: Interpreting and Responding to Questions in Context, Johanna D. Moore, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1995, 352 pp., $29.95, ISBN 0-262-13301-6.
Attitudes towards the rights of mental patients: A national survey in the United States

Recent changes in mental health policy and treatment have largely been attributed to a professional concern for patients' rights. This view is challenged by patients' rights organizations and their allies, such as legal advocacy groups. These parties argue that psychiatric planners and providers are trying to coopt a popular movement and to use patients' rights as a convenient explanation for the mental health system's limited self-reform and fiscal limitations. A key issue here is the gap between planned policy and implemented practice. Patients' rights activists maintain that rights are only very sparsely implemented, while the mental health system believes that it has progressed quite far. A study of patients' rights attitudes held by the various involved forces can illuminate the conflicts in patients' rights policy and provide understanding of the potential for resolving these conflicts. Such an analysis also touches on some general themes concerning the relationships between health providers and social movements in the health field. This paper examines attitudes towards mental patients' rights on the part of mental patients rights groups, state departments of mental health, state hospitals and statewide mental health associations. One hypothesis was borne out: that patients' rights groups do not believe as much as does the mental health establishment that concern for patients' rights has played a large role in mental health policy. Further, the activist groups are more favorable than are the other respondents to abolition or sharp curtailment of intrusive psychiatric treatments. And, mental health officials and their lay supporters are less prone to accept patients' rights groups' initiative in reform efforts. The second main hypothesis, that the mental health establishment would be more antagonistic to patients' rights in states where patients rights groups existed, was not supported. One possible explanation for this is that patients' rights groups have had a nationwide impact, and that mental health officials face common problems throughout the country. Alternatively, or in conjunction, an antecedent variable of political liberalism may operate in some states, creating both activist groups and more liberal psychiatric professionals. The significance of these findings is discussed and suggestions are offered for future research in this area.
A Logical Operational Semantics of Full Prolog, Part II: Built-in Predicates for Database Manipulation

Y. Gurevich recently proposed a framework for semantics of programming concepts which directly reflects the dynamic and resource-bounded aspects of computation. This approach is based on (essentially first-order) structures that evolve over time and are finite in the same way as real computers are (so-called “dynamic algebras”). See Gurevich 1988 for the idea of dynamic algebras and its application to an operational semantics for Modula 2 (Gurevich & Morris 1988), Smalltalk (Blakley 1990), Occam (Gurevich & Moss 1990).
Design of an agricultural runoff monitoring and reward system for the upper Chesapeake Bay

The Chesapeake Bay currently suffers pollution due to excess nitrogen and phosphorus coming from agricultural runoff. To reduce agricultural runoff, systems must be introduced to monitor nutrient levels on farmland and incentivize farmers to adopt best management practices (BMPs). This project uses the upper Chesapeake Bay in Maryland as a case study. Results indicate that an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with a multispectral imagery subsystem would offer the greatest balance of cost and utility for monitoring farmland. However, because commercial-use of UAVs are not currently illegal, a manned aircraft is recommended to test the proof of concept. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is moving toward allowing commercial UAV-use for agricultural applications. If the proof of concept is successful, it is recommended to move to a UAV platform for sustained operations once UAV laws are established. To encourage increased utilization of BMPs, a classification system is proposed in which farmers have access to incentive options based on the nutrient concentration on their farm. By measuring progress with a monitoring system and tying that in with an incentive system, environmental organizations can track progress in cleaning up our waters while rewarding actors contributing to that cause.
Supersonic diffuser instability

Steady operation of supersonic diffusers near critical mass flow is interrupted by a transient process known as buzz. This phenomenon consists of a random sequence of individual relaxation cycles. Mass flow entering the diffuser during steady operation is suddenly cut off by a strong interaction between the subcritical shock and boundary layer on the surface of the external compression generator, which blocks the inlet. Air in the plenum chamber, stored at high pressure, then ?blows down? until the inlet can restart. The subsequent supercritical flow entering the diffuser exceeds the flow rate at the exit and the plenum chamber is re-charged to the original condition. A distinction is drawn between this phenomenon and a high frequency wave-type resonance noticed at low mass flows and during an individual buzz cycle after the diffuser shock system has been expelled. For the large diffuser tested here, this high frequency oscillation compares well to the 8th closed-end organ pipe mode of the diffuser at low mass flows and to the 9th mode during the shock-expelled phase of the buzz cycle. It is shown that burning almost always ceases in the presence of buzz. When burning was maintained during buzz, it was found to have no qualitative effect on the buzz cycle.
Vitamin D receptor negatively regulates bacterial-stimulated NF-κB activity in intestine

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) plays an essential role in gastrointestinal inflammation. Most investigations have focused on the immune response; however, how bacteria regulate VDR and how VDR modulates the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway in intestinal epithelial cells remain unexplored. This study investigated the effects of VDR ablation on NF-κB activation in intestinal epithelia and the role of enteric bacteria on VDR expression. We found that VDR−/− mice exhibited a pro-inflammatory bias. After Salmonella infection, VDR−/− mice had increased bacterial burden and mortality. Serum interleukin-6 in noninfected VDR+/+ mice was undetectable, but was easily detectable in VDR−/− mice. NF-κB p65 formed a complex with VDR in noninfected wild-type mouse intestine. In contrast, deletion of VDR abolished VDR/P65 binding. P65 nuclear translocation occurred in colonic epithelial cells of untreated VDR−/− mice. VDR deletion also elevated NF-κB activity in intestinal epithelia. VDR was localized to the surface epithelia of germ-free mice, but to crypt epithelial cells in conventionalized mice. VDR expression, distribution, transcriptional activity, and target genes were regulated by Salmonella stimulation, independent of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Our study demonstrates that commensal and pathogenic bacteria directly regulate colonic epithelial VDR expression and location in vivo. VDR negatively regulates bacterial-induced intestinal NF-κB activation and attenuates response to infection. Therefore, VDR is an important contributor to intestinal homeostasis and host protection from bacterial invasion and infection.
Integrating data traffic into a CDMA cellular voice system

Part one of this paper analyzes the effects of data traffic integration into a CDMA cellular voice system. The figure of merit used for the quality of service seen by the voice users is measured by the probability of blocking. The CDMA system under consideration is a power controlled, cellular architecture in which blocking occurs when the total interference level exceeds the background noise level by 10 dB [1]. It is shown that the introduction of data can be done at little or no increase in the probability of blocking on the voice users. In part two we propose and analyze a protocol which achieves the efficient integration of data by maximizing the utilization of the resources and minimizing the delay experienced by the voice users. The proposed protocol admits data traffic into the CDMA cellular system based on the current aggregate voice interference level, and allows for the efficient integration of voice and data without degrading the quality of service for the delay-critical voice traffic.A Markovian model for this protocol is developed, evaluated and compared to computer simulation results.
The testable implications of a capital‐accumulating, price‐taking, vertically integrated, non‐renewable resource extracting model of the firm

An exhaustive set of refutable implications of a price-taking, capital-accumulating, vertically integrated Hotelling model is derived by way of intertemporal duality theory. The curvature properties of the model come in the form of a semidefinite matrix, and an upper bound to the rank of the matrix is established. The theorems, for the first time, permit one to determine if a given sample of data is fully consistent with the generalized Hotelling model, as well as the recovery of theoretically valid estimates of the shadow values of non-renewable resource and capital stocks. The testable implications of the model go beyond those of the archetypal Hotelling and adjustment cost models, and as such, display several properties not present in the prototype models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Periodic Wind-Driven Circulation in an Elongated and Rotating Basin

Abstract An idealized model is developed for the three-dimensional response of a coastal basin (e.g., lagoon, bay, or estuary) to time-periodic wind stress. This model handles basins that are deeper and/or shallower than an Ekman depth with wind forcing frequencies ranging from subinertial to superinertial. Here the model is used to describe how the response (current and sea level) of a basin deeper than one Ekman depth depends on the wind forcing frequency. At low subinertial frequencies, the response is similar to the steady wind case and is hence called “quasi steady.” There is a near-surface Ekman transport to the right of the wind balanced by a return flow at depth. Lateral bathymetric variations introduce an along-basin circulation that decays with increasing frequency and sets the extent of the quasi-steady response in the frequency domain. At the inertial frequency, the wind forces a damped resonant response with large vertical shear and weak depth-integrated flow. This result is potentially impor...
Scattering by an Arbitrary Array of Parallel Wires

Equations are developed for the scattering pattern of an arbitrary array of parallel wires. The wires are assumed to be infinitely long, perfectly conducting, and very small in diameter in comparison with the wavelength. The incident wave is assumed to be TM with respect to the wire axis, but it may have normal or oblique incidence on the wires. The solution includes the interaction effects among all the wires. The far-field scattering patterns are presented graphically for plane arrays, circular arrays, semicircular arrays, square arrays, and other configurations. If a sufficiently great number of wires is present, it is shown that the scattering pattern approaches that of a solid conducting cylinder of the same cross-section shape as the wire-grid array.
A phase I/II study of alternating constant rate infusion floxuridine with constant rate infusion vinblastine for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Background. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is largely chemoresistant. The efficacy of cell cycle specific chemotherapeutic agents, particularly those with short half-lives, may be enhanced by the use of constant rate infusion schedules. Infusional floxuridine has been demonstrated to have a response rate of approximately 20%. Infusional vinblastine has not been tested extensively in patients with metastatic RCC. The sequential use of these agents was designed to increase efficacy and limit toxicity. Methods. Fifteen patients with metastatic RCC were treated with constant rate infusion floxuridine, 0.075 mg/kg/day for 14 days, followed by a constant rate infusion of vinblastine, 0.7 mg/m2/day for 14 days. The cycle repeated every 28 days and floxuridine and vinblastine doses were incrementally increased until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for each patient was reached. Results. Four patients had partial responses (27%), which were maintained for 3, 9, 16 and 19+ months, whereas five patients had stable disease for 3–15 months. Median survival from initiation of therapy was 379 days. Three of four responses occurred in nonpulmonary locations, and all responses occurred in patients who had a prior nephrectomy. MTD for floxuridine was 0.1 mg/kg/day and for vinblastine, 0.7 mg/m2/day. Toxic reaction to floxuridine was limited to diarrhea, whereas the principle dose-limiting toxic reaction for vinblastine was neutropenia. Catheter-related complications were also observed. Conclusions. Alternating constant rate infusion floxuridine and constant rate infusion vinblastine is active in the treatment of metastatic RCC. Whether this regimen is superior to infusional floxuridine is undetermined. Although the toxicity associated with this regimen is manageable, it appears to be more severe than that reported with infusional floxuridine alone. Cancer 1994; 73:2803–7.
Effects of escalating and descending schedules of incentives on cigarette smoking in smokers without plans to quit

Contingent incentives can reduce substance abuse. Escalating payment schedules, which begin with a small incentive magnitude and progressively increase with meeting the contingency, increase smoking abstinence. Likewise, descending payment schedules can increase cocaine abstinence. The current experiment enrolled smokers without plans to quit in the next 6 months and compared escalating and descending payments schedules over 15 visits. In the larger incentive condition (LI, n = 39), the largest possible incentive was $100, and in the smaller incentive condition (SI, n = 18), the largest possible incentive was $32. In both conditions, more participants in the descending groups initiated abstinence. A higher proportion of participants in both the escalating and descending groups initiated abstinence in the LI than in the SI. Although participants in the descending groups had more abstinent visits during the first five contingent visits than those in the escalating groups, these differences were not maintained.
Cell cycle regulator cdk2ap1 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and modifies androgen-responsive pathway function

BACKGROUND We evaluated the effect of expressing the cell cycle regulator cdk2ap1, downregulated in prostate cancer cell lines, in inhibiting prostate cancer cell growth. METHODS Expression of cdk2ap1 using a tet-inducible lentiviral system modified growth rate, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and reduced the invasive ability of prostate cancer cell lines, as assayed by cell viability, cell cycle profiling, Caspase 3/7 detection, and matrigel invasion assays. We examined the effect of expressing cdk2ap1 on gene expression profiles of cytokine, invasion, apoptotic, and androgen response pathways using quantitative real-time PCR, and used androgen-responsive reporter gene assays, and methylation-sensitive PCR to examine the mechanism of cdk2ap1 interaction with androgen-responsive pathways. RESULTS The expression of cdk2ap1 correlated with a reduction in cellular growth, irrespective of inhibition or stimulation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways. Cell cycle arrest, increased apoptosis, and a reduction in invasiveness phenotypes were observed upon cdk2ap1 expression. Enhanced demethylation at the AR promoter, AR expression increases, and enhanced AR transcriptional activity correlated with cdk2ap1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a novel concept by which cell cycle inhibitor genes can impact prostate cancer phenotypes by restoring a tumor suppressive function to androgen-responsive pathways and this function may involve modulation of a subset of functions of the AR. Prostate 69: 1586–1597, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Root patterns and hydrogeomorphic niches of riparian plants in the American Southwest

Abstract Root depth influences plant distribution and function but has been little studied in dryland riparian zones. Using values from literature and excavations, this study examined rooting patterns for 125 riparian species of southwestern USA and asked if maximum root depth varies with 1) moisture affinity, 2) growth habit, 3) flowering season, and 4) exotic vs. native status. Root depth varied with all factors analyzed. Hydroriparian species had shallower roots than mesoriparian and xeroriparian species. Annuals had shallower roots than perennials, and shrubs had deeper roots than trees. Hydroriparian perennials and cool-season annuals had the shallowest roots; xeroriparian shrubs had the deepest. Plants varied widely in root depth as well as in root length (near surface laterals) and root:shoot ratios. This wide range is typical of ecosystems that have many water sources, with each rooting pattern being adaptive in a different hydrogeomorphic setting. Exotic species showed trait divergence as evidenced by greater rooting depths. There were many data gaps, with several species having no rooting data. There is a need for site-based studies of rooting patterns in dryland riparian zones to more accurately document hydrogeomorphic niches and predict changes in plant distributions.
Neuropathologic findings in essential tremor

Pathologic findings, including cerebellar changes and brainstem Lewy bodies, distinguished 10 essential tremor (ET) cases from 12 controls. Numbers of torpedoes (p = 0.009) and Bergmann glia (p = 0.046) were increased in cases. Six cases (60%) had Lewy bodies vs 2 controls (16.7%) (odds ratio 7.5, 95% CI 1.04 to 54.1; p = 0.035). Four of these six had an atypical distribution of brainstem Lewy bodies. ET may be pathologically heterogeneous.
Patterns of Genome Organization in Bacteria

Frederick R. Blattner et al . ([1][1]), when describing the complete sequence of the Escherichia coli chromosome, correlated an overall DNA property, “GC skew” [the quantity (G − C)/(G + C) averaged over a sliding window of arbitrary length 10 kb] with the direction of DNA replication
Nicotine enhances dopamine clearance in rat nucleus accumbens

1. Adult male rats were urethane-anesthetized and prepared for acute in-vivo voltammetric recording in the nucleus accumbens. 2. Small amounts of 200 uM dopamine were pressure ejected near the tip of the recording electrode at 5-min intervals, while the peak concentration and time course of dopamine clearance were measured voltammetrically. 3. After stable peak amplitudes were established, nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) was injected systemically. 4. Dopamine peak amplitudes decreased following nicotine injection, presumably due to enhanced dopamine reuptake.
Do lower IQ children attain concepts more slowly than children of higher IQ

The suggestion is made that previous findings which report a higher error score on concept-learning tasks for low-IQ than for high-IQ children may be confounded by certain statistical artifacts related to the mixed criterion generally used, e.g., 10 successive correct ox a maximum of 96 trials. One hundred third-grade children were presented a concept-learning task. Data from all Ss were consistent with previous findings. However, when Ss were separated into solvers and nonsolvers, data for solvers only showed no difference in mean errors as a result of IQ level. The critical factor which has been overlooked in previous studies is the difference in frequency of solvers at each IQ level.
Spinning Drop Tensiometry Using a Square Section Sample Tube.

When measuring interfacial tensions, conventional spinning drop tensiometry requires knowledge of the index of refraction of the denser, outer fluid phase, in order to correct for the magnification of the inner, spinning drop. We have modified a spinning drop tensiometer to accommodate a square section sample tube, which does not require this correction. Tests performed using calibration rods are used to demonstrate this fact. The interfacial tension of toluene and water is also measured using this new design. The ensuing results are in agreement with measurements obtained using a conventional circular sample tube.
Mobility, farmworkers, and Connecticut's tobacco valley, 1900–1950

Abstract By the early decades of the twentieth century, southern New England's Connecticut Valley had become a center of shade tobacco production and a destination for seasonal farmworkers drawn from sources inside and outside of New England. This paper explores the history of three groups of seasonal workers—children from area cities and towns; white southern high school students; and young African American men from southern high schools and black colleges—with an eye to assessing the impact of their presence on the form and meaning of the Connecticut Valley. My first goal is to add depth to the historiography of twentieth-century New England farming by drawing attention to the largely overlooked story of non-rural and extra-regional seasonal farmworkers. My second goal is to frame the case of Connecticut tobacco labor according to the study of mobility and its relationship to landscape. The mobility of workers into and within the region, I suggest, made possible the success of the shade tobacco economy while at the same time posing challenges to popularized cultural conventions about regional identity. For this reason, I argue, the history of Connecticut's shade tobacco landscape was informed by the efforts of shade tobacco growers to direct and control a confluence of environmental conditions, group and place-based identities, and the mechanics and meanings of mobility among seasonal workers. By hiring non-local, seasonal workers and by attempting to control their mobility, large-scale, corporate growers and their spokespeople ultimately sought to maintain control over the development and identity of the valley's rural landscape.
Kinetic Interactions Between 4-Methylpyrazole and Ethanol in Healthy Humans

4-Methylpyrazole (4-MP), a potent inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase activity, is a candidate to replace ethanol as the antidote for methanol and ethylene glycol intoxications, because it has a longer duration of action and apparently fewer adverse effects. To study a probable mutual inhibitory effect between ethanol and 4-MP on their elimination, two studies were performed in healthy human volunteers using double-blind crossover designs. In study A1 4-MP in the presumed therapeutic dose range of 10 to 20 mg/kg caused a 40% reduction in the rate of elimination of ethanol in 12 subjects given 0.5 to 0.7 g/kg of ethanol. These data suggest that such doses of 4-MP inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity in humans in vivo and would be effective at blocking methanol or ethylene glycol metabolism. In study B, ethanol (0.6 g/kg followed by 0.2 g/kg twice) significantly decreased the rate of elimination of 4-MP (5 mg/kg, given intravenously to four subjects). These moderate doses of ethanol also inhibited the rate of urinary excretion of 4-carboxypyrazole, the primary metabolite of 4-MP in humans. Data suggest that ethanol inhibits 4-MP metabolism, thereby increasing the duration of therapeutic blood levels of 4-MP in the body. This mutual interaction may have clinical implications, because most self-poisoned patients have also ingested ethanol. Theoretically, methanol and ethylene glycol might also show such interactions with 4-MP.
Characterization of the polarization state of weak ultrashort coherent signals by dual-channel spectral interferometry.

We demonstrate that dual-channel spectral interferometry in conjunction with a well-characterized reference pulse can be used to time resolve the polarization state of extremely weak ultrashort coherent signals from linear- and nonlinear-optical experiments by measuring the intensity and the phase of two orthogonal polarization components. In this way the signal is completely characterized.
A synthesis of the Brewer-Engel and Samsonov-Pryadko-Pryadko electron correlations for metals

Abstract A synthesis of the Brewer-Engel and Samsonov-Pryadko-Pryadko electron correlations for metals is presented. Difficulties with both correlations are cleared up. In particular, abandonment of the Brewer-Engel association of sp 2 ↔ fcc in favor of a correlation with the number of d electrons eliminates many of the contradictions of that correlation. In general, by placing greater emphasis on the d electrons in transition metals correlations with many solid state properties become much more straightforward.
Twistor theory and Blaschke manifolds

Using the twistor theory on quaternionic Kaehler manifolds and some recent results on Blaschke manifolds and compact manifolds whose holonomy group is Spin (7), we prove that a Blaschke manifold of nonnegative scalar curvature whose holonomy group is exceptional is isometric to a projective space.
The Development and Application of U.S. Descriptive Standards for Archives, Historical Manuscripts, and Rare Books

This article gives an overview of the descriptive and technical standards used in the archives, historical manuscripts, and rare books communities in the United States. It briefly examines the conceptual models underlying these standards and then describes how they have been implemented in the L. Tom Perry Special Collections at Brigham Young University.
The effect of water upon gametes, upon maturation, and upon fertilization and cleavage☆

Abstract In a study involving the gametes and the zygote of the surf-clam, Spisula solidissima , it has been shown that: 1. 1. Sperm, unfertilized eggs, and activated eggs—except in the polar body stage, can withstand dilution of sea water for as much as 40 parts sea water to 60 parts distilled water. 2. 2. In its osmotic response the egg has been found to be able to survive a volume increase of 87 per cent and an increase in surface area of 51.5 per cent. 3. 3. The germinal vesicle of the unfertilized egg is osmotically greatly more responsive than the cytoplasm. 4. 4. The germinal vesicle can survive a water intake which increases its volume by 133 per cent, and its surface by 76 per cent. 5. 5. Excess water within the fertilized egg produces a reversible injury, in in the nature of a narcosis, which delays or inhibits maturation and cleavage. 6. 6. The activated egg in the polar-body phase is highly sensitive to and is destroyed by an amount of excess water which is tolerated before and after this phase.
Genetic studies of F plasmid maintenance genes

Abstract We have used the mutagenic potential of the ampicillin resistance transposon Tn3 and in vitro deletion techniques to study essential regions for maintenance of mini-F plasmids. Our parental mini-F plasmid contains the 40.3 to 40.8F and 43.1 to 49.3F sequences, a total of 6.7 kilobases (kb). From a spectrum of insertion and deletion mutants, we find only two insertion regions; they map near the 45.8- and 46.4-kb coordinates. In each region the orientation of Tn3 insertion is unique and different from that of the other region. Spontaneous deletions extend from either region in a common direction which is toward the 49.3-kb coordinate. One deletion plasmid, pBK138-2, which arose from a combination of in vitro and spontaneous deletion events, contains just the 44- to 45.8-kb sequences and the ampicillin resistance gene of Tn3. As shown by J. Wechsler and B. C. Kline (1980, Plasmid 4, 276–280), the 45.8- to 46.3-kb sequences specify F sensitivity to the plasmid curing agent, acridine orange. Since sensitivity to acridine orange is a property of normal F maintenance, the 45.8- to 46.35-kb sequences also likely are required for normal plasmid maintenance.
A photoelectron study of the oxidation of Ta(110) and thin aluminum layers on Ta(110)

Abstract Photoelectron spectra were used to characterize the oxidation of thin aluminum films on Ta(110). The exposure of bare Ta(110) to langmuir amounts of O 2 generates Ta 4f spectral components related to chemisorbed atomic oxygen and a thin oxide layer. For a Ta-supported Al monolayer, the Al oxidizes first and forms small oxide clusters on the Ta substrate. Once the Al begins to cluster, the uncovered Ta(110) surface oxidizes like the bare Ta(110) surface. When the aluminum layer is made two atomic layers thick, the surface and sub-surface sites of the Al film are filled by atomic oxygen, then oxygen goes into the tantalum substrate and causes the Al2p core level to shift ∼ 0.5 eV to lower binding energy. The oxidation behavior of the thickest (∼ 5 ML) Al layers on Ta(110) is the same as that reported for similar Al layers on polycrystalline Nb films where the presence of unreacted aluminum at the interface acts to inhibit the entry of oxygen into the substrate.
A 14-ps full width at half maximum high-speed photoconductor fabricated with intersecting InP nanowires on an amorphous surface

We demonstrate a high-speed polarization-insensitive photoconductor based on intersecting InP nanowires synthesized between a pair of hydrogenated silicon electrodes deposited on amorphous SiO2 surfaces prepared on silicon substrates. A 14-ps full width at half maximum de-embedded impulse response is measured, which is the fastest reported response for a photodetector fabricated using nanowires. The high-speed electrical signal measurements from the photoconductor are performed by an integrated coplanar waveguide transmission line. The demonstrated ability to grow intersecting InP nanowires on hydrogenated microcrystalline Si surfaces will facilitate the construction of ultra-fast photodetectors on a wide range of substrates.
Psoriasis: more than skin deep

Psoriasis develops through interactions between the skin and immune system. The cell-signaling molecule Stat3 now emerges as a bridge between the two, initiating perturbations in the epidermis and generating misguided T-cell responses ( pages 43–49 ).
Emergent Structure Detection for Multi-Axis Machining

This paper examines the phenomenon of emergent structures that occur in the transient stock material during multi-axis rough machining from a plurality of fixed orientations. Taking the form of thin webs and strings, emergent structures are stock material conditions that can lead to catastrophic failure during machining, even when tool path verification is successful. We begin by discussing the motivation for use of fixed orientations in multi-axis machining using multiple automated setups via rotary axes, which enables fast processing and ‘first part correct’ machining. Next, we demonstrate how unintended emergent structures occur in this paradigm of machining and can lead to catastrophic failure of the tool or work piece. Our original work focuses on the problem of geometric detection of these structures during process planning and prior to tool path planning, to the end of altogether avoiding emergent structure formation. To quickly simulate the machining process, we present an object-space method for determining the transient state of stock material based on the inverse tool offset. To identify emergent structures within this transient stock state, we propose a metric based on the medial axis transformation. Finally, we present our implementation of these methods and demonstrate realtime computation appropriate for an optimization scheme to eliminate emergent structures. Our methods provide consistent and logical results, as demonstrated with several freeform component examples. This work enables the development of robust algorithms for autonomous tool path planning and machining in multi-axis environments.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Application of PROSPECT in CASP4: characterizing protein structures with new folds.

In the Fourth Community Wide Experiment on the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP4), we predicted all 43 targets using our threading application PROSPECT. PROSPECT guarantees to find an optimal alignment between a protein sequence and a structural fold for a general energy function with pairwise contact potential. For each prediction, it gives a reliability assessment based on a neural network approach. In addition, PROSPECT has been added to the Genomic Integrated Supercomputing Toolkit (GIST) and is deployed on terascale computing resources. Structural predictions in CASP4 included three categories, that is comparative modeling, fold recognition, and prediction for structures with new folds. In the fold recognition category, PROSPECT correctly identified 8 of a total of 22 and finished the sixth in the total scores among 127 assessed groups. In the "new fold" category, it found important structural features for most targets, and its overall performance is among the best of all prediction methods. Our CASP4 performance demonstrates that PROSPECT is a powerful tool to quickly characterize structures with new folds, and it may provide useful structural restraints for ab initio prediction methods.
Attribution of soil information associated with modeling background clutter

This paper examines the attribution of data fields required to generate high resolution soil profiles for support of Computational Test Bed (CTB) used for countermine research. The countermine computational test bed is designed to realistically simulate the geo-environment to support the evaluation of sensors used to locate unexploded ordnance. The goal of the CTB is to derive expected moisture, chemical compounds, and measure heat migration over time, from which we expect to optimize sensor performance. Several tests areas were considered for the collection of soils data to populate the CTB. Collection of bulk soil properties has inherent spatial resolution limits. Novel techniques are therefore required to populate a high resolution model. This paper presents correlations between spatial variability in texture as related to hydraulic permeability and heat transfer properties of the soil. The extracted physical properties are used to exercise models providing a signature of subsurface media and support the simulation of detection by various sensors of buried and surface ordnance.
QCD radiative corrections to electroweak-boson production at large transverse momentum in hadron collisions.

The results of a complete analytical calculation of the next-to-leading-order QCD radiative corrections to the inclusive cross sections $\mathrm{parton}+\mathrm{parton}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}V+X$, where $V$ is an on-shell ${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ or ${Z}^{0}$ with transverse momentum ${Q}_{T}$ of order ${M}_{W}$, or a massive virtual photon with ${Q}_{T}$ of order of its invariant mass, are presented. Numerical predictions for $W$, $Z$, and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}$ production at collider energies are also presented. The dependence of the radiative corrections on the choice of renormalization and factorization scales is discussed. The results presented indicate that the QCD-improved parton model can be used to make firm and reliable predictions for electroweak-boson production at large ${Q}_{T}$.
Optimal search behaviour in a model with increasing costs

Abstract A search model incorporating increasing search costs and limited duration of price offers is investigated. It is shown that optimal behaviour is characterized by increasing reserve prices.
Clickable poly(ionic liquid)s for modification of glass and silicon surfaces

Abstract Covalent attachment of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) by click chemistry on glass or silicon (Si) surfaces was performed. Poly[1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] (polyVBBI+Tf2N−), and copolymers of polyVBBI+Tf2N− with fluorescein O-methacrylate were synthesized by conducting an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from initiators containing azide or thioacetate groups. The azide- and thiol-terminated PILs were then successfully grafted onto alkyne and alkene modified glass/Si wafers by thermal azide–alkyne cycloaddition and photoinitiated thiol-ene click reactions, respectively. The modified surfaces were characterized by contact angle measurements and ellipsometry. The fluorescent PIL functionalized surfaces showed strong fluorescence under UV irradiation. This procedure of tethering PILs to substrates also provides an easy way to change the surface hydrophilicity by replacing the anions in the grafted PILs. The present approach could be readily applied for surface modifications with other types of PILs or their copolymers to achieve different functionalities on various surfaces.
Approaches of the diagnosis of hepatitis viruses

Hepatitis virus infection occurs in close to a billion people worldwide at some point in their lifetimes. Hepatitis B and C viruses together account for infections in half a billion people and are considered the most carcinogenic of any known biological agent. The diagnostic approaches to detect hepatitis viruses are discussed.
Leisure activities, caregiving demands and catecholamine levels in dementia caregivers

This study examined whether satisfaction from leisure activities moderates the relationship between caregiving demands (i.e., hours per day spent caring for a spouse with dementia) and resting levels of the catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI). Spousal caregivers (n = 107; mean age = 73.95 ± 8.12 years) were assessed in home for plasma levels of NE and EPI, amount of care provided, and leisure satisfaction. Regression was used to determine whether leisure satisfaction moderated the relationship between hours providing care per day and catecholamine levels. A significant interaction was found between hours caregiving and leisure satisfaction for NE, but not for EPI. Post hoc regressions were conducted for both NE and EPI. At low leisure satisfaction, time spent caring for a spouse was positively associated with plasma NE (β = 0.41; p = 0.005) and EPI (β = 0.44; p = 0.003). In contrast, at high levels of satisfaction, time caregiving was not significantly associated with plasma NE (β = -0.08; p = 0.57) or EPI (β = 0.23; p = 0.12). These findings suggest that leisure satisfaction may protect caregivers from increases in catecholamines, which have been implicated in cardiovascular risk. Further support for these findings may impact psychological treatments for distressed caregivers.
Mechanism of initiation of transcription by Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase at several promoters.

Abstract The behavior of the major vegetative cell RNA polymerase of Bacillus subtilis, EσA, during initiation of transcription was compared to that of its Escherichia coli counterpart, Eσ70, at several promoters known to be actively transcribed by both RNA polymerases. Challenge experiments using heparin, restriction endonucleases, and competing promoter DNA under various conditions showed that, at several promoters, complexes with B. subtilis RNA polymerase formed in the absence of nucleoside triphosphates were unstable. These complexes produced DNase I footprints that were less extended than those produced by the E. coli enzyme at the same promoters. Further, in the presence of certain combinations of nucleoside triphosphates, conditions that allow production of abortive oligonucleotides, these B. subtilis RNA polymerase complexes remained dissociable. Thus, at these promoters, the B. subtilis enzyme interacted with the DNA and reached a catalytically active initial transcribing complex without becoming committed to the template. At these same promoters, E. coli RNA polymerase formed stable open complexes before forming any phosphodiester bonds. B. subtilis initial transcribing complexes also remained sensitive to the drug rifampicin until a later stage in the initiation process than did the corresponding E. coli complexes. At one promoter, B. subtilis EσA and E. coli Eσ70 behaved similarly, forming stable open complexes in the absence of any nucleoside triphosphates.
Literacy Instruction In the Military

Literacy instruction in the armed forces has evolved from an educational opportunity to a training requirement. With the recognition that literacy skills are needed on the job came increasing empha...
Preservation of myocardial compliance and reversal of contracture ("stone heart") during ischemic arrest by applied intermittent ventricular stretch.

Abstract The hypothesis was tested that intermittent myocardlal stretch could prevent or reverse the increased stiffness or contracture that occurs during severe ischemia. Isolated rabbit hearts with a fluid-filled left intraventricular balloon underwent 90 minutes of ischemie arrest at 35 °C. In the “no stretch” group (n = 10), the intraventricular balloon remained collapsed during the period of arrest; in the “stretch” group (n = 10) the balloon was expanded every 5 minutes to apply intermittent stretch to the arrested myocardium. Intermittent stretching completely prevented contracture during ischemia. In the no stretch group severe ischemic contracture developed, which increased the pressure in the arrested ventricle to 110 ± 14 mm Hg (mean ± standard error of the mean) after 90 minutes of ischemic arrest; in contrast, no contracture (0 ± 1 mmHg) developed in the stretch group during the period of ischemic arrest (p dP dt ) recovered to a greater extent in the stretch group (38 ± 3 versus 27 ± 5 percent and 54 ± 1 versus 35 ± 7 percent, respectively, in the stretch versus the no stretch group), although these differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.10 to 0.05). Both groups had the same degree of tissue lactate accumulation during the ischemic period and the same levels of tissue edema, adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate at the end of the reperfusion period. The results indicate that intermittent myocardial stretch during ischemic arrest can prevent a decrease in diastolic compliance without decreasing recovery of contractile function; the intermittent stretch probably ruptured the rigor or contracture bonds that form during prolonged ischemia.
A behavioral science approach to effective sales presentations

This paper has identified and briefly described a number of verbal behaviors which the salesman can use in the initial contact phase of the sales interview. The initial contact phase of selling is made more effective by using a combination of the responses described in the literature of the behavioral sciences. Experienced and neophyte salesmen can learn these behaviors with brief training using the materials presented here in a role playing situation. Such training should increase their effectiveness in the selling situation.
The local and systemic cytokine signatures of juvenile idiopathic arthritis are attributable to tcr-independent activation of two novel subsets of prematurely senescent t cells found in synovial fluid

Objectives We have reported recently that JIA patients carry high numbers of unusual senescent CD8 T cells bearing CD31, a molecule known mediate leukocyte diapedesis into sites of injury. In the present work, we re-surveyed the T cell populations of patients for other CD31 senescent T cell subsets. We hypothesized that CD31 signaling in these senescent cells is a self-perpetuating mechanism for the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in JIA.
Measuring vergence over stereoscopic video with a remote eye tracker

A remote eye tracker is used to explore its utility for ocular vergence measurement. Subsequently, vergence measurements are compared in response to anaglyphic stereographic stimuli as well as in response to monoscopic stimulus presentation on a standard display. Results indicate a highly significant effect of anaglyphic stereoscopic display on ocular vergence when viewing a stereoscopic calibration video. Significant convergence measurements were obtained for stimuli fused in the anterior image plane.
Dynamics of the chaperonin ATPase cycle: implications for facilitated protein folding

The Escherichia coli chaperonins GroEL and GroES facilitate protein folding in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent manner. After a single cycle of ATP hydrolysis by the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of GroEL, the bi-toroidal GroEL formed a stable asymmetric ternary complex with GroES and nucleotide (bulletlike structures). With each subsequent turnover, ATP was hydrolyzed by one ring of GroEL in a quantized manner, completely releasing the adenosine diphosphate and GroES that were tightly bound to the other ring as a result of the previous turnover. The catalytic cycle involved formation of a symmetric complex (football-like structures) as an intermediate that accumulated before the rate-determining hydrolytic step. After one to two cycles, most of the substrate protein dissociated still in a nonnative state, which is consistent with intermolecular transfer of the substrate protein between toroids of high and low affinity. A unifying model for chaperonin-facilitated protein folding based on successive rounds of binding and release, and partitioning between committed and kinetically trapped intermediates, is proposed.