cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homogeneous Aerosol Formation by the Chlorine Atom Initiated Oxidation of Toluene

The photolysis of Cl2 molecules in the presence of toluene and oxygen, at levels of ∼1014 radicals/cm-3, initiates a sequence of chemical reactions that rapidly produce an aerosol. Size distributions of the aerosol particles are examined, using a scanning mobility particle sizer, as a function of time, photolysis energy, the initial concentrations of toluene and chlorine, and of added NO and HO2. The number of particles and the volume of aerosol both exhibit a steep nonlinear increase as the initial chlorine atom level is raised. Surprisingly, the number of particles displays a strong inverse dependence on the initial toluene concentration, whereas the aerosol volume remains nearly unaffected by toluene level. Kinetic measurements of particle formation made using a flow reactor reveal an incubation period after initiation of the Cl + C6H5CH3 reaction, followed by steep increases in particle number and volume. The particle number rapidly reaches a plateau, whereas the aerosol volume continues to increase w...
Co-registered Topographical, Band Excitation Nanomechanical, and Mass Spectral Imaging Using a Combined Atomic Force Microscopy/Mass Spectrometry Platform.

The advancement of a hybrid atomic force microscopy/mass spectrometry imaging platform demonstrating the co-registered topographical, band excitation nanomechanical, and mass spectral imaging of a surface using a single instrument is reported. The mass spectrometry-based chemical imaging component of the system utilized nanothermal analysis probes for pyrolytic surface sampling followed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization of the gas-phase species produced with subsequent mass analysis. The basic instrumental setup and operation are discussed, and the multimodal imaging capability and utility are demonstrated using a phase-separated polystyrene/poly(2-vinylpyridine) polymer blend thin film. The topography and band excitation images showed that the valley and plateau regions of the thin film surface were comprised primarily of one of the two polymers in the blend with the mass spectral chemical image used to definitively identify the polymers at the different locations. Data point pixel size for the...
Oxygen derived free radicals in osteoclasts: The specificity and location of the nitroblue tetrazolium reaction

Oxygen derived free radicals are generated by osteoclasts. In a novel culture system, isolated rat osteoclasts were stained when nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) was reduced by cellular oxidants to formazan, an insoluble precipitate. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibited the accumulation of formazan by the isolated osteoclasts. Osteoclasts in mouse calvarial organ cultures also reduced NBT to formazan. The reaction products were localized to the area of the osteoclast-bone interface. At the light microscopic level, the formazan granules appeared to be concentrated within the cytoplasm. Formazan accumulation was significantly inhibited by calcitonin (hCT). The inhibition of NBT reduction by SOD indicates that the isolated osteoclasts were capable of producing superoxide. The localization of the formazan granules between the external osteoclastic membrane and the bone, and the inhibition of this reaction during hCT exposure suggests that oxygen derived free radicals may contribute to bone resorption.
Is thoracoscopic pneumonectomy safe

Background While thoracoscopic surgical lobectomy is an established operation, the safety of thoracoscopic pneumonectomy (TP) is uncertain. Methods From January 1, 2002, to September 30, 2008 at a comprehensive cancer center, 70 patients underwent pneumonectomy. Three patients were excluded for emergent operations. Thoracoscopic pneumonectomy was completed successfully in 24 patients and attempted in 8 others (25% conversion rate). Analysis was done on an intention-to-treat basis. Results By 2008, 75% of pneumonectomy cases were planned as TP while there were no conversions to thoracotomy. There was no difference in median blood loss between patients undergoing TP versus thoracotomy (325 vs 300 mL, p = 0.52), but operations were longer (286 vs 228 minutes, p p = 0.28). Major complications were similar between groups. The TP reoperations were for bleeding (2), bronchopleural fistula (2), empyema (1), and chylothorax (1). The only TP death occurred in an 83-year-old patient from respiratory failure. Neither the use of adjuvant therapy nor the time between surgery and commencement of adjuvant therapy was different between groups. Conversions alone compared with patients undergoing thoracotomy were associated with a moderate increase in blood loss and intensive care unit stay, but not in any major complications. Conclusions Thoracoscopic pneumonectomy can be done safely. The availability of this option is important especially in an era of multimodality therapy as more debilitated patients present for surgical therapy.
Choroidal metastasis response to crizotinib in a ROS1-rearranged NSCLC patient.

Abstract Objectives Choroidal metastases are uncommon metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). With improved survival from the use of targeted therapy against actionable driver mutation driven NSCLC, the incidence of choroidal metastases seems to be increasing. Recently, there are several case reports of choroidal metastases in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK )-driven NSCLC one of which the patient's choroidal metastases had responded to crizotinib, multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor against ALK/ROS1/MET. Similarly ROS1 -rearranged NSCLC has very similar clinicopathologic characteristics as ALK -rearranged NSCLC and crizotinib has demonstrated significant clinical activity against ROS1 -rearranged NSCLC. Materials and methods Here in this report we presented a patient with ROS1 -rearranged NSCLC that presented with choroidal metastases that did not respond to initial chemotherapy but had a rapid and complete response to crizotinib. Conclusions Although likely to be exceeding rare, choroidal metastases from ROS1 -rearranged NSCLC can be successfully treated with crizotinib similar to choroidal metastases from ALK -rearranged NSCLC can be successfully treated from another case report.
Spirituality and adult learning

The role of spirituality in adult education and adult learning is discussed by defining spirituality and exploring how spiritual experience facilitates spiritual development.
Influence of chronic treatment with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) on the reproductive and lactational performance of the C3H/HeJ female mouse.

C3H/HeJ-weibliche Mause, die vor der Paarung dauernd mit CB-154, einem stark wirkenden Mittel zur Unterdruckung der Prolactinsekretion, behandelt wurden, wiesen keine bedeutsame Schadigung ihrer Fortpflanzungsfahigkeit auf. CB-154 Dauerbehandlung von weiblichen Mausen sowohl wahrend der Paarung als auch wahrend der Laktation fuhrte zu einer bedeutsamen Herabsetzung der Fruchtbarkeit und Milchabsonderung.
The case of anna: Addressing three special problems in treatment

This summary paper uses the general case conceptualizations and interventions suggested by the previous authors on the case of Anna to construct methods by which to deal effectively with the three special problems that arose during the course of her treatment. Four general principles are explicated, including: (1) maintaining and presenting a calm, warm, level-headed repertoire of responses under pressure, (2) conceptualizing the problem on the spot, (3) making use of adjunctive persons, including professional colleagues or people close to the client, and (4) having a set of clinical guidelines in place to help therapists navigate difficult terrain quickly, efficaciously, and with confidence. These principles serve to “ground” therapists as they attempt to think through and problem-solve difficult clinical scenarios with a high-risk client such as Anna. Sample dialogues are presented for each of the three situations in order to illustrate the recommended therapeutic processes.
Micro-anastomosis of 0.3-0.4 mm vessels after cold ischemia using a rat model of toe-to-thumb transplantation.

Anastomoses of vessels of less than 0.5 mm in diameter remain a challenge from the technical aspect. Clinically such anastomoses are necessary for replantation of the distal digit in adults and whole digits in children. Survival data for replantation of these parts after prolonged ischemia have not yet been reported. Since a rat foot has an anatomic structure similar to the human hand, we used 40 rats as models of toe-to-thumb transplantation to study the survival rates of transplanted toes after various periods of cold ischemia (4°<C) of the amputated part. While a 100% success rate was achieved following immediate transplantation of the amputated digits (control group), the survival rates were 87.5, 75, 75, and 62.5% after transplantation of digits cooled for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, respectively (groups 2–5). No exact ischemic time limit was demonstrated. The results suggest that, in this model, optimal digital replantation results are achievable even after a 24 hour period of cooling preservation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Formation of thymine-lysine adducts in irradiated DNA-lysine systems.

Summary Thymine, contained in DNA excited by ultraviolet light (λ > 260 nm), adds lysine to form an acid stable thymine-lysine adduct.
Voix diverses sur le 11 septembre: Celles de Michel Vinaver et Luc Lang

AbstractMichel Vinaver's 11 septembre 2001/11 September 2001 and Luc Lang's 11 septembre, mon amour relate the tragedy of September 11. In both works eyewitnesses and voices occupy the narrative space, totally (Vinaver) or partially (Lang), and bilingually for Vinaver (English and French). Vinaver's libretto features a polyphonic mingling of voices — victims, survivors, terrorists, national leaders — which engenders confusion, ambiguity, chaos, and misunderstanding. Vinaver intends to 'fix' the event in memory, against the forgetfulness of oblivion, but does so without comment. Lang, in 11 septembre, mon amour, also composes a polyphonic work which pays homage to the victims by bringing their voices back to life. We hear their vibrant, tragic, last words of love, words that tell the impossibility of acting while there is still time, voices that still talk of regrets and hopes. In distinction to Vinaver's silence, Lang's text is characterized by a sense of solidarity for the victims and for an alternative ...
Assessment of left ventricular function in secundum atrial septal defect: evaluation by determination of volume, pressure, and external systolic time indices.

Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Secundum Atrial Septal Defect: Evaluation by Determination of Volume, Pressure, and External Systolic Time Indices
Ovarian inhibition of peripheral plasma concentration of follicle stimulating hormone in prepuberal Holstein heifers.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine effects of age and castration on follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion in prepuberal heifers. In experiment 1, twelve heifers were bilaterally ovariectomized at 3, 6, or 9 months of age (n = 4/group). Blood was collected at 10 min intervals for 8 hr at 1 week before ovariectomy and 1 and 4 weeks after ovariectomy. Frequency, amplitude and duration of FSH pulses were calculated. Mean plasma concentration of FSH (ng/ml), and frequency (pulses/8 hr), amplitude (ng/ml), and duration (min/pulse) of FSH pulses were not altered by age. Mean concentration of FSH increased (P
Human erythroleukemic (HEL) cells express a platelet P2T-like ADP receptor

Treatment of Fura-2 loaded HEL cells, a human megakaryocyte-like cell line, with P2-purinoceptor nucleotide ligands (ADP, ATP, UTP, 2-methylthio-ATP) evoked a rise in cytosolic calcium. Homologous- and cross-desensitization studies using sequential addition of nucleotides showed that the ADP-induced calcium response in HEL cells was mediated mainly by purinoceptor(s) for which ADP but not ATP was an agonist. There were also minor contributions from purinoceptors for which ATP and ADP are both agonists (probably P2U and P2Y). ATP inhibited the ADP-induced calcium response in HEL cells. This inhibition was overcome by raising the ADP concentration, thus indicating that ATP was an antagonist for the HEL cell ADP receptor. AMP was also an antagonist, albeit weak, for the HEL cell ADP receptor. Antagonism of the ADP-induced calcium response by ATP was similarly observed in MEG-01 cells, another human megakaryocyte-like cell line, but not in 293 cells, a nonhematopoietic cell line. These studies suggest that HEL cells express an ADP receptor for which ATP and AMP are antagonists. This characteristic of the HEL cell ADP receptor is also displayed by the platelet P2T receptor. Thus, HEL cells appear to be a surrogate source of the platelet ADP receptor.
On the role of bias in dissociated phonological priming effects: A reply to Goldinger (1999)

Phonological priming studies have revealed two dissociated effects: low-similarity facilitation and highsimilarity interference (Hamburger & Slowiaczek, 1996; Slowiaczek & Hamburger, 1992). Because these two effects are influenced by different variables, they most likely reflect different processes that occur during auditory word recognition. Goldinger (1999) suggests that one bias is responsible for all phonological priming effects. In this reply, we argue against such a position. Although low similarity facilitation is likely the product of this bias, the data on phonological priming indicate that the dissociated highsimilarity interference cannot be produced by the same mechanism. Instead, the data indicate that high-similarity interference may reflect lexical processes.
Role of aromatization in sexual differentiation: Effects of prenatal ATD treatment and neonatal castration

Abstract Pregnant female rats were administered either the aromatization inhibitor ATD (1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione) or propylene glycol from Days 10 to 21 of gestation. On the day of birth one-half of the offspring from each group were gonadectomized. The remaining offspring were gonadectomized 35 days after birth. When adult the animals were given eight weekly mating tests following treatment with 2 or 8 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) and 25 or 200 μg of progesterone (P). The probability of lordotic behavior as well as the frequency of ear-wiggle and hop and dart responses was measured. Prenatal ATD treatment resulted in a slight increase in lordotic behavior in the males. Lordotic potential was greatly facilitated by castration at birth. ATD treatment also increased the frequency of proceptive behaviors in males and combined ATD treatment and neonatal castration produced a dramatic increase in these behaviors. Prenatal ATD treatment and neonatal ovariectomy had only modest effects on the display of receptive and proceptive behaviors in females. Two weeks after the last test for female mating behaviors, the animals received daily injections of 200 μg of testosterone propionate. Four weekly tests for male-typical responses were given starting 1 week after the first injection. Prenatal ATD treatment did not markedly affect masculine behavior in the males. Castration at birth eliminated the ejaculatory response and reduced the frequency of mounting and intromission behavior. Prenatal ATD treatment and ovariectomy at birth had no appreciable effects on the display of male-typical behaviors in the females. Testosterone-stimulated masculine behavior of the female was similar to that of the male castrated at birth.
The placental transfer and toxicity of selenite relative to cadmium in the human term perfused placenta

Summary Selenite and cadmium both cause reproductive effects in animals. Cadmium is an acute placental toxicant, with apparent limited transfer to the fetus. This study examines the placental transfer of selenite, and the hypothesis that similar to cadmium, selenite may also be a direct placental toxicant. Using dual perfusion of the human term placental lobule, both non-protein bound (
Trade-Offs Between RF Performance and Total-Dose Tolerance in 45-nm RF-CMOS

The hot carrier and ionizing radiation responses of 45-nm SOI RF nMOSFETs are investigated. Devices with “tight” source/drain (S/D) contact spacing have improved RF performance but degraded hot carrier reliability and radiation tolerance. Devices with “loose” gate finger-to-gate finger spacing have improved RF performance and also improved hot carrier and radiation tolerance. The effects of finger width on the hot carrier stress and ionizing radiation degradation of strained silicon-on-insulator RF MOSFETs are also investigated. Enhanced degradation is observed for devices with wide finger widths and is attributed to the greater channel-region mechanical stress induced impact ionization. This result is contrary to the previous studies which showed that narrow channel width devices should exhibit greater damage. Taken together, these results have serious consequences for RF circuits that require large widths for sufficient RF gain. Finally, devices with symmetric halo doping are observed to exhibit greater total-dose degradation than devices with asymmetric halo doping.
Effect of heat sink on microstructure of three-dimensional parts built by welding-based deposition

This paper concentrates on the microstructural analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) parts built by rapid prototyping (RP) based on gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The material used for building 3D parts is AISI 1018. Two sets of experiments are carried out. From each experiment, samples are obtained by a standard metallographical procedure: cross sectioning, polishing, and etching. During the first experiment, the temperature at the locations with different heat-transfer conditions are monitored by thermocouples. The relationships between the geometry of the deposited beads and the welding parameters are developed. The microstructure analysis of fusion and the heat-affected zone is performed. Samples from the second experiment are examined on Vickers microhardness tests. The results showed that the deposited layers possess a maximum hardness at the top layer with a slight decrease towards the middle and bottom layers. The obtained results show that 3D parts built in this manner have a very uniform microstructure and are free of cracks and porosity.
Tracking Interannual Streamflow Variability with Drought Indices in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

AbstractDrought indices are often used for monitoring interannual variability in macroscale hydrology. However, the diversity of drought indices raises several issues: 1) which indices perform best and where; 2) does the incorporation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in indices strengthen relationships, and how sensitive is the choice of PET methods to such results; 3) what additional value is added by using higher-spatial-resolution gridded climate layers; and 4) how have observed relationships changed through time. Standardized precipitation index, standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), Palmer drought severity index, and water balance runoff (WBR) model output were correlated to water-year runoff for 21 unregulated drainage basins in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. SPEI and WBR with time scales encompassing the primary precipitation season maximized the explained variance in water-year runoff in most basins. Slightly stronger correlations were found using PET estima...
Motivation and Leadership in Social Work Management: A Review of Theories and Related Studies

Social work managers are confronted with the responsibilities of leading employees and motivating them to succeed. Managers may yield better results when they couple their practice wisdom with a theoretical foundation. This conceptual paper may help social work administrators and educators by providing an overview of relevant theories of motivation and leadership and how they apply to social work. The theories that are introduced include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor or motivator-hygiene theory, McClelland's trichotomy of needs, McGregor's Theory X – Theory Y, Likert's System 1 – System 4, Blake and Mouton's managerial grid, Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership, and Atwater and Bass's transformational leadership.
More on parts in object concepts: Response to Tversky and Hemenway

This articleresponds to the comments ofTversky and Hemenway (1991), who criticized the logic, stimuli, and data analysis of Murphy (1991). It is argued here that their objections do not mitigate the conclusions drawn by Murphy. In particular, the objection that the stimuli were not natural enough to reveal differences between category levels seems to presuppose an answer to the question under investigation. However, further experimentation with other stimuli might resolve this issue empirically.
Haematology and clinical chemistry of english springer spaniel dogs with phosphofructokinase deficiency

Haematologic and serum clinical chemical values were compared from five to nine phosphofructokinase (PFK)-deficient (when not in haemolytic crisis) and five normal adult English springer spaniel dogs. Affected dogs had macrocytic hypochromic compensated haemolytic anaemias (haematocrit 0.35 ± 0.021/l, mean ± standard deviation), with markedly increased absolute reticulocyte counts of 859 ± 320 × 109/l (normal control dogs, 29 ± 10 × 109/l). Bone marrow evaluation of affected dogs revealed erythroid hyperplasia with normal or increased amounts of stainable iron, as would be expected in response to a haemolytic anaemia. Although the platelet count was not different from that of normal control dogs, the mean platelet volume was nearly 50% higher in affected dogs. Absolute numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were higher in affected dogs (10.7 ± 1.3, 4.4 ± 1.2 and 1.4 ± 0.5 × 109/l, respectively) than in normal control dogs (6.8 ± 1.4, 3.0 ± 0.3 and 0.5 ± 0.2 × 109/l, respectively). Affected dogs also had higher serum iron (58 ± 25 μmol/l) and ferritin (1081 ± 172 μg/l) concentrations than normal control dogs (24 ± 5 μmol/l and 512 ± 222 μg/l, respectively), providing evidence for increased body iron stores. Serum haptoglobin was very low in most affected dogs, indicating that some degree of intravascular haemolysis occurs even when haemoglobinuria is not observed. Serum chemical analysis revealed slightly higher potassium, magnesium, and calcium values in affected dogs compared to normal dogs. Consistent with the presence of a haemolytic anaemia, serum bilirubin from affected dogs was increased in most affected dogs (14 ± 8 μmol/l compared to 2 ± 1 μmol/l in normal control dogs). Serum urea was also higher (10.9 ± 2.8 v 6.2 ± 1.3 mmol/l), but creatinine was lower (53 ± 8 v 85 ± 12 μmol/l) in affected dogs, compared to normal control dogs. Serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase from affected dogs were at least double that of normal control dogs. Serum protein and total globulins were slightly higher, but albumin was slightly lower in affected compared to normal control dogs.
Explicit evaluation of certain exponential sums of binary quadratic functions

Let 0 0. Define S(f,n)[email protected]?"x"@?"F"""2"""^"""ne(f(x)) where m|n and e(x)=(-1)^T^r^"^F^"^"^"^2^"^"^"^^^"^"^"^n^"^/^"^F^"^"^"^2^(^x^). We establish a relation among S(f,n) for all n with the same 2-adic order. When @n"2(@a"1)[email protected]"2(@a"k), where @n"2 is the 2-adic order function, we are able to compute S(f,n) explicitly for all n with a given f. Moreover, we are able to compute S(ax^2^^^@a^+^1+cx,n) explicitly for all @a>0, [email protected]?F"2"^"m, m|n and [email protected]?F"2"^"n.
Effects of the fungicides benomyl, captan and chlorothalonil on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics in laboratory incubations

Abstract The use of fungicides in agriculture, to protect plants from soil-borne pathogens, is a common practice. However, there is a dearth of information on the side-effects of fungicides on key soil ecological processes. We investigated the effects of three fungicides, benomyl, captan and chlorothalonil, on soil microbial activity (substrate-induced respiration and dehydrogenase activity), and nitrogen dynamics (NH 4 –N and NO 3 –N) in two laboratory experiments, one with captan and chlorothalonil and another with captan. In each laboratory batch incubation, soil was treated with a fungicide at approximately recommended field application rates (benomyl, 51 mg a.i. kg −1 , captan,125 mg a.i. kg −1 and chlorothalonil, 37 mg a.i. kg −1 ) and incubated at 30°C for 8 weeks. Some soils were amended with either ground alfalfa leaves or ground wheat straw to provide additional substrates for soil microorganisms and to alter rates of nitrogen mineralization/immobilization. All three fungicides suppressed the peak soil respiration in unamended soil by 30–50%, but the three fungicides had different effects in the amended soils. Soil dehydrogenase activity was stimulated by benomyl (18–21%) and chlorothalonil (8–15%) except in the alfalfa amended soil, but was decreased by captan (40–58%) in both the straw-amended and unamended soils. The fungicide-treated soils in general had less microbial biomass N concentrations than the untreated soils. Captan-treated soils had much higher NH 4 N concentrations than the control soils, with or without the organic amendments. Benomyl and chlorothalonil had little influence on soil NH 4 N concentrations. Net N mineralization and nitrification rates were influenced by all fungicide treatments as well as by the addition of organic materials. N mineralization rates were significantly higher in captan-treated soils than in untreated soils. N dynamics were influenced by chlorothalonil in a similar pattern to captan but reached peak nitrification rates earlier (day 7), in the alfalfa-amended soil. The effects of the three fungicides on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics depended on the quality of the organic materials added to the soil. The patterns of effects of the fungicides on soil nutrient cycling processes were not large and were specific to each fungicide. Captan appeared to have more pronounced overall effects on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics than either benomyl or chlorothalonil.
Relativizations of the P=?NP question over the reals (and other ordered rings)

Abstract We investigate some possible inclusion relations between complexity classes in relativized versions of the Blum-Shub-Smale model of computation over an ordered ring R . Specifically, we construct oracles A, B and C such that P A =NP A , P B ≠NP B and NP C ≠coNP C .
Regulatory volume decrease in COS-7 cells at 22 °C and its influence on the Boyle van't Hoff relation and the determination of the osmotically inactive volume.

Abstract Cryobiological analyses assume that the direction and rate of water movements across cell membranes and equilibrium cell volumes are determined solely by differences in the chemical potentials of intra- and extra-cellular water. A consequence of this assumption is that cells obey the Boyle van’t Hoff (BvH) law which states that cell volumes are a linear function of reciprocal osmolality. Extrapolation of the BvH plot to infinite osmolality yields a quantity b , the fractional volume of the cell occupied by solids. In many cells, however, a cell volume excursion above the isotonic volume initiates an energy-requiring response that causes the swollen cells to shrink back to or towards isotonic volume. It is referred to as regulatory volume decrease (RVD). We have observed a strong RVD in COS-7 cells. If not eliminated by keeping exposure times short, this RVD produces a b that is 60% too high (0.48 vs. 0.30). These results indicate the importance of examining cells for volume regulatory mechanisms before performing measurements to determine their osmotic parameters.
Stability of the spontaneous quantum Hall state in the triangular Kondo-lattice model.

We study the behavior of the quarter-filled Kondo-lattice model on a triangular lattice by combining a zero-temperature variational approach and finite-temperature Monte Carlo simulations. For intermediate coupling between itinerant electrons and classical moments ${\mathbf{S}}_{j}$, we find a thermodynamic phase transition into an exotic spin ordering with uniform scalar spin chirality and $⟨{\mathbf{S}}_{j}⟩=0$. The state exhibits a spontaneous quantum Hall effect. We also study how its properties are affected by the application of an external magnetic field.
The molecular weight of pig liver microsomal carboxylesterase

Abstract The enzyme carboxylesterase, isolated from the microsomes of pig liver, was found to have a molecular weight of 180,000 in dilute salt solutions as determined by the method of sedimentation equilibrium. In the presence of 6 m guanidine hydrochloride, 0.1 M β-mercaptoethanol, the molecular weight, uncorrected for preferential solvation, was found to be 61,000, also by the method of sedimentation equilibrium. The molecular weight determined for the enzyme (reduced and alkylated with acrylonitrile) in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride by the method of analytical gel chromatography was found to be 58,200. The method of disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate yielded a molecular weight of 62,000. The conclusion of the study is that the native carboxylesterase molecule is comprised of three subunits each with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000.
Life span and repeated violence against women during military service: Effects on health status and outpatient utilization

Purpose: To determine whether the type or frequency of intentional violence experiences among women during military service influences health status or healthcare utilization. Differences in utiliz...
Euthyroid Graves' orbitopathy and incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.

UNLABELLED Euthyroid Graves' orbitopathy (GO) combined with incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma has rarely been reported. CASE REPORT A 61-year-old Caucasian woman initially presented with progressive fatigue, exophthalmos, and thyroid function tests within normal limits. She underwent thyroidectomy, was found to have two incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinomas, and received radioactive iodine ablation to eliminate thyroid antigen. In addition to following her eye disease, TSH-receptor antibodies, thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins, and serum thyroglobulin measurements were recorded, demonstrating no evidence of thyroid cancer at four-year follow-up. At first, she had mild GO, developing into moderate-to-severe GO, and at 4 years she had Hertel measurements of 20 mm in both eyes. CONCLUSION This report underscores the difficulty of managing GO even when thyroid function is normal(ized) and thyroid antigen exposure has been minimized. In addition, it illustrates why antithyroidal antibodies should be considered in cases of concomitant papillary thyroid cancer, as thyroid cells can be stimulated not only by TSH but also by TSH-receptor stimulating antibodies.
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR: WHEN IT PAYS TO WAGGLE

The waggling dance of honeybees conveys navigational information about where food is to be found. But it seems that the information is valuable only in certain circumstances.
A Role-Based Approach to Adult Development: The Triple-Helix Model

The triple-helix role model presented in this article offers a synthesized developmental approach to the understanding and study of adulthood. It incorporates three major roles: family, work, and self, each powered by the drive for self-esteem. This conceptualization of adult development processes accommodates a wide range of possible patterns and varied timing of life events relative to career options, family and relationship choices, and emphasis on self-development. Because it is becoming increasingly difficult to designate with certainty age-stage periods, the triple-helix role model is proposed as a different frame of reference for the perception of acceptable developmental progress. It could offer insight into the complexities of adults' lives and free us from the restriction of viewing the life journey as "on or off time," "in or out of harmony," "normal or abnormal."
International Law as Language—Towards a “Neo” New Haven School

This paper examines the tension between the mainstream belief in international law as a source of objectivity distinct from politics and its new stream critics that question the validity of such a distinction. It is argued that, as a type of language, international law is not distinct from politics as a function of objectivity, but rather by the fact that it serves the international community’s thymos. The phenomena of global administrative law and NATO’s use of force in Kosovo are analyzed as examples of how the thymos drives international law. Building on feminist theories of international law, the article sets forth a vision of international law as the primary communicative device for the international community’s thymos.
China and Iran: Ancient Partners in a Post-Imperial World – By John W. Garver

With this study, the author has written on a rarely discussed topic: Chinese–Iranian relations. He has done us a great service in doing so, not only by taking on an unusual topic, but also in doing...
Adaptive incentive controls for stackelberg games with unknown cost functionals

Abstract : This thesis used the certainity equivalence approach and the theory of self-tuning regulators to derive an iterative method which generates an optimal incentive control for the leader in a static, two-player Stackelberg game with unknown cost functionals. The method uses all available degrees of freedom to restrict the incentive matrix to a diagonal structure. This restriction assures the leader of a unique optimal incentive control. Convergence to the optimal incentive control has been proven for the scalar problem and simulation studies have shown good convergence results for the second order problem. It is expected that this method is extendable in its present form to a general n-th order problem. The iterative method is applied to a scalar economic example involving government regulation of a monopoly. A simulation study of the problem revealed that the desired regulation was indeed achieved. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on a general second order numerical problem. Future research regarding application of optimal incentive controls to Stackelberg games with unknown cost functionals may now focus on two general areas. Starting with the iterative method detailed in this thesis, one may abandon the diagonal incentive matrix structure and attempt to use the resulting degrees of freedom to satisfy other useful criteria. An example of this is given by the minimum sensitivity design approach mentioned earlier. It is desirable to extend the existing methods to dynamical systems and to problems involving more than two players.
From the ashes of virtue, a promise of light: the transformation of political Islam in Turkey

The November 2002 general elections in Turkey transformed Turkish politics by bringing a new political party to power with almost two-thirds of the seats in parliament. The now dominant Justice and Development Party (akp) emerged from a tradition of Islamically orientated political parties that have challenged the religious policies of the Turkish state. Previous Islamically orientated parties in Turkey were successively banned from politics, but re-emerged after a period in which they reframed their message in response to their perceived opportunities and constraints. The new Justice and Development Party has gone a step further than its predecessors, dramatically highlighting a process of institutional change and ideological moderation that has occurred in Turkish political Islam. The increasing moderation of the Islamist movement is the result of several institutional factors. First, the movement has been given the freedom to make strategic choices in a political system that rewards political entrepren...
Understanding diversity in coral-algal symbiosis: A cluster-based approach to interpreting fine-scale genetic variation in the genus Symbiodinium

Reef corals associate with an extraordinary diversity of dinoflagellate endosymbionts (genus Symbiodinium), and this diversity has become critical to understanding how corals respond to environmental changes. A popular molecular marker for Symbiodinium diversity, the Internal Transcribed Spacer-2 (ITS-2) region of ribosomal DNA, has revealed hundreds of distinct variants that are generally interpreted as representing different species, even though many have not been systematically tested for functional or ecological differentiation. Many of these variants are only minimally divergent from one another (1 bp or less), and others occupy basal nodes of traditional species phylogenies (“living ancestors”), indicating that some Symbiodinium ITS-2 diversity may represent intraspecific sequence variation. This hypothesis was tested for Symbiodinium clades A–D (the dominant symbionts of reef corals) through the construction of statistical parsimony networks of ITS-2 sequence diversity, and identification of clusters of closely related sequences within these networks. Initial assessments indicated that ecological differentiation exists between, but not within, these clusters. This approach, although imperfect in its ability to identify species boundaries in all cases, nevertheless dramatically reduces “species” diversity in Symbiodinium (from ~175 to 35). This testable alternative hypothesis indicates that, in Symbiodinium, “species” consist of clusters of closely related ITS-2 sequences diverging from ancestral variants that are typically ecologically dominant. A cluster-based view of Symbiodinium ITS-2 diversity improves our ability to: (1) construct well-supported symbiont phylogenies; (2) establish functional niches for symbiont species; and (3) understand flexibility and specificity within coral-algal symbioses. This cluster-based approach can ultimately be integrated with emerging population-level datasets (microsatellites and microsatellite flanking regions) to improve understanding of species diversity in Symbiodinium.
Fairmont Hotels' turnaround strategy.

Abstract Fairmont Hotels 1991 turnaround was engineered by Robert Small in a situation where what was at stake was the company's survival—and Small's chance to demonstrate how to revitalize a chain.
The Pan-STARRS Gigapixel Camera #1 and STARGRASP controller results and performance

The Pan-STARRS project has completed its first 1.4 gigapixel mosaic focal plane CCD camera, Gigapixel Camera #1 (GPC1). The mosaic focal plane of 60 densely packed 4k×4k MITLL CCD Orthogonal Transfer Arrays (OTAs) constitutes the World's largest CCD camera. The camera represents an extremely cost and time efficient effort with a less than 18 month production and integration phase and an approximate cost of $4 million USD (excluding NRE). The controller electronics named STARGRASP was developed to handle the 480 outputs at near 1Mpixel/sec rates with Gigabit Ethernet interfaces and can be scaled to even larger focal planes. Sophisticated functionality was developed for guide readout and on-detector tip-tilt image compensation with selectable region logic for standby or active operation, high output count, close four side buttable packaging and deep depletion construction. We will discuss the performance achieved, on-sky results, design, tools developed, shortcomings and future plans.
Crossed cerebellar diaschisis during migraine with prolonged aura : a possible mechanism for cerebellar infarctions

Migraineurs with frequent aura (≥1 per month) are at a 12-fold increased risk of posterior circulation infarctions. Although the mechanism is unclear, these lesions are located in the arterial borderzone of the cerebellum. This case illustrates, for the first time, crossed cerebellar diaschisis in a patient with migraine with prolonged aura, and raises the possibility that hypoperfusion may be responsible in part for the development of these lesions.
Finding Information in a New Landscape: Developing New Service and Staffing Models for Mediated Information Services

In response to changing user behavior and decreased funding, the University of Arizona Library recognized a need to reevaluate how it provided information and referral services. A project team conducted action gap surveys to determine customer satisfaction, logged questions actually asked to establish appropriate staffing needs, and calculated the cost of providing these services. As a result of the data gathered, new service and staffing models were implemented that reduced both the number of service points and reliance on professional staff without a reduction in perceived quality.
Disease and phenotype gene set analysis of disease-based gene expression in mouse and human

The genetic contributions to common disease and complex disease phenotypes are pleiotropic, multifactorial, and combinatorial. Gene set analysis is a computational approach used in the analysis of microarray data to rapidly query gene combinations and multifactorial processes. Here we use novel gene sets based on population-based human genetic associations in common human disease or experimental genetic mouse models to analyze disease-related microarray studies. We developed a web-based analysis tool that uses these novel disease- and phenotype-related gene sets to analyze microarray-based gene expression data. These gene sets show disease and phenotype specificity in a species-specific and cross-species fashion. In this way, we integrate population-based common human disease genetics, mouse genetically determined phenotypes, and disease or phenotype structured ontologies, with gene expression studies relevant to human disease. This may aid in the translation of large-scale high-throughput datasets into the context of clinically relevant disease phenotypes.
Materials and Component Development for Advanced Turbine Systems: Project Summary

Future hydrogen-fired or oxy-fuel turbines will likely experience an enormous level of thermal and mechanical loading, as turbine inlet temperatures (TIT) approach ∼1425–1760°C (∼2600–3200°F) with pressures of ∼300–625 psig, respectively. Maintaining the structural integrity of future turbine components under these extreme conditions will require (1) durable thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), (2) high temperature creep resistant metal substrates, and (3) effective cooling techniques. While advances in substrate materials have been limited for the past decades, thermal protection of turbine airfoils in future hydrogen-fired and oxy-fuel turbines will rely primarily on collective advances in the TBCs and aerothermal cooling. To support the advanced turbine technology development, the Office of Research and Development (ORD) at National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) has continued its collaborative research efforts with the University of Pittsburgh and West Virginia University, while working in conjunction with commercial material and coating suppliers. This paper presents the technical accomplishments that were made during FY09 in the initial areas of advanced materials, aerothermal heat transfer and non-destructive evaluation techniques for use in advanced land-based turbine applications in the Materials and Component Development for Advanced Turbine Systems project and introduces three new technology areas — high temperature overlayer coating development, diffusion barrier coating development, and oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy development that are being conducted in this effort.
Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the ‘runner’s high’

Humans report a wide range of neurobiological rewards following moderate and intense aerobic activity, popularly referred to as the 'runner's high', which may function to encourage habitual aerobic exercise. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous neurotransmitters that appear to play a major role in generating these rewards by activating cannabinoid receptors in brain reward regions during and after exercise. Other species also regularly engage in endurance exercise (cursorial mammals), and as humans share many morphological traits with these taxa, it is possible that exercise-induced eCB signaling motivates habitual high-intensity locomotor behaviors in cursorial mammals. If true, then neurobiological rewards may explain variation in habitual locomotor activity and performance across mammals. We measured circulating eCBs in humans, dogs (a cursorial mammal) and ferrets (a non-cursorial mammal) before and after treadmill exercise to test the hypothesis that neurobiological rewards are linked to high-intensity exercise in cursorial mammals. We show that humans and dogs share significantly increased exercise-induced eCB signaling following high-intensity endurance running. eCB signaling does not significantly increase following low-intensity walking in these taxa, and eCB signaling does not significantly increase in the non-cursorial ferrets following exercise at any intensity. This study provides the first evidence that inter-specific variation in neurotransmitter signaling may explain differences in locomotor behavior among mammals. Thus, a neurobiological reward for endurance exercise may explain why humans and other cursorial mammals habitually engage in aerobic exercise despite the higher associated energy costs and injury risks, and why non-cursorial mammals avoid such locomotor behaviors.
Vegetation and Soil Parameters at an Island Bridge Crossing

ABSTRACT Roadsides are often planted with nonnative, disturbance-tolerant, herbaceous vegetation to enhance plant survival under highly disturbed soil conditions. We investigated vegetation and soils along the Ohio River, West Virginia, USA, at a new bridge crossing (Blennerhassett Island), a bridge crossing 45 yr old (Buckley Island), and an island with no bridge crossing (Muskingum Island) and at three distances from the bridge or center point at each site (0 m [under the bridge], 100 m away, 300 m away). Overall, 170 species (131 herbaceous, 10 shrubs, and 29 trees) were observed. Percent herbaceous cover and basal area of trees were lower at quadrats under the bridges (p < 0.05). Species composition differed at quadrats under the bridges in comparison to distant quadrats (p < 0.05) with exotics such as Japanese millet (Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea P. Beauv.), and Italian perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) prevalent under the new bridge. Numerous soil properties had highly altered level...
A formal framework for mediator mechanisms and motivations.

A mediator aids disputants in resolving their differences. A theoretical framework for mediator mechanisms extends the subjective expected utility perspective and permits formal examination of mediator attitudes toward the equity and efficiency of agreements. Two forms of impartiality in promoting gains to disputants are examined: active (jointly motivated to help both disputants) and responsive (more motivated to help one disputant at higher payoff levels for the other). It is shown that (1) observed mediator activity to help only one disputant at some point in a dispute is not necessarily a sign of bias, and (2) active mediators seek efficient outcomes.
Evaluation of the Safety of a Vancomycin Nomogram Used to Achieve Target Trough Concentrations

Background: Dosing vancomycin to achieve target concentrations of 15 to 20 mg/L has been recommended for select infections. To date, few vancomycin nomograms designed to target these higher concentrations have been published, and only one has been published in North America. Based on the success of this nomogram in developing empiric vancomycin regimens that achieve higher target trough concentrations with low rates of nephrotoxicity, a vancomycin nomogram targeting concentrations of 15 to 20 mg/L was developed and implemented at Emory University Hospital and Emory University Hospital Midtown. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a vancomycin-dosing nomogram on the incidence of vancomycin- associated nephrotoxicity and the time to achieve targeted trough concentrations. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 200 patients who received vancomycin dosed to achieve target trough serum concentrations of 15 to 20 mg/L was performed. Results: After implementation of the vancomycin nomogram, no statistically si...