cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Operational Recognition of Supercell Thunderstorm Environments and Storm Structures

Abstract Supercell thunderstorm forecasting and detection is discussed, in light of the disastrous weather events that often accompany supercells. The emphasis is placed on using a scientific approach to evaluate supercell potential and to recognize their presence rather than the more empirical methodologies (e.g., “rules of thumb”) that have been used in the past. Operational forecasters in the National Weather Service (NWS) can employ conceptual models of the supercell, and of the meteorological environments that produce supercells, to make operational decisions scientifically. The presence of a mesocyclone is common to all supercells, but operational recognition of supercells is clouded by the various radar and visual characteristics they exhibit. The notion of a supercell spectrum is introduced in an effort to guide improved operational detection of supercells. An important part of recognition is the anticipation of what potential exists for supercells in the prestorm environment. Current scientific u...
Magnitude estimation: Range of response and the exponent

Ss made magnitude-estimation judgments of the apparent distance of a space vehicle in a reduced cue setting. The effects of stimulus range on response range and the exponent of a Stevens-type power function were investigated. Limitations upon the generality of previous findings about the effects of this variable were discussed.
Late Weichselian glaciation and deglaciation of Forlandsundet area, western Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Late Weichselian glacier limits for the Forlandsundet area, western Spitsbergen are reconstructed from the stratigraphic distribution of tills and deglacial deposits, variations in the altitude of the marine limit, distribution of pre-Late Weichselian raised beach deposits, and the rare occurrence of moraines and striated bedrock. The Late Weichselian glaciation was primarily a local event with fjord outlet-glaciers expanding no more than 15 km beyond their present position; cirque glaciers were similar to their neoglacial limits. A previously reconstructed ice sheet centered over the Barents Shelf had little direct influence on the glaciation of the Forlandsundet area. Glacier retreat began at or prior to 10.5 ka ago and possibly as early as 13 ka ago with fjords mostly, and perhaps rapidly deglaciated by 10 to 9 ka ago.
A multivariate utility function approach to stochastic capacity planning

Abstract The problem being considered is the expansion of a single capacity when the installation cost is large and there are neither absolescence nor spatial effects on the expansion. Demand is assumed to follow an evolving process; in particular, the demand increments are normally distributed with linearly increasing mean and variance in time (i.e., a Wiener process). Selecting the optimum size and timing of capacity additions in the face of uncertain demand forecasts involves both the minimization of cost as well as the minimization of risk. For the situation where demand acts as a Wiener process, Kang and Park have derived the expectation of the “equivalent cost rate.” Using the standard deviation of the equivalent cost rate as a measure of the risk of expansion, Kang and Park then minimized an objective function that was a linear combination of cost and risk. The purpose of this paper is to extend this line of research. Using standard decision analysis procedures, a multiattribute utility function is constructed that reflects the decision maker's trade-off for cost and risk. A significant advantage of the utility function approach is that it allows for nonlinear trade-offs of cost and risk.
Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis: Elusive Bacterium Responsible for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal

AbstractEnhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is an effective nutrient removal process that has been engineered and successfully applied in wastewater treatment for decades. Although the prevalent microorganism performing EBPR in full-scale activated sludge plants was identified nearly a decade ago as Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis, it still remains an unculturable organism. In this paper, the authors describe research that has been aimed at identifying and isolating microorganisms responsible for EBPR, along with the fundamental metabolic, genetic, and ecological advances that have been recently made in the characterization of Cand. A. phosphatis. Furthermore, evidence is presented that Cand. A. phosphatis can perform the EBPR cycle under nitrogen-limiting conditions, a characteristic that could be potentially incorporated into strategies to obtain pure cultures of this organism. Finally, possible research directions that could be enabled when a pure culture of this organism is obtained wer...
A new formulation of Q-Markov covariance equivalent realization

The Q-Markov Covariance Equivalent Realization (Q-Markov Cover) is a state space realization which matches the first Q Markov parameters and covariance parameters of a system. King, Desai, and Skelton [5] developed a generalized approach to generate Q-Markov Covers. Desai and Skelton [3] presented a recursive computational algorithm for generating Q-Markov Covers when Q is very large. Based on the works of the above two papers, we developed a new formula for generating Q-Markov Covers, and also an algorithm to compute them when Q is very large. The new formula has been applied for model identification of large flexible structures by Liu and Skelton [6-8]. Compared with previously developed formulas and algorithms, the new formula and algorithm are relatively straightforward and easy to program. This formula may simplify the further analytical study of Q-Markov Covers and its application to system identification.
Resveratrol-induced apoptosis is enhanced in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore

We have previously shown that resveratrol can induce apoptotic cell death in cell lines established from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Cyclosporin A (CsA) and PK11195 are modulators of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) which has been proposed to play a critical role in regulating survival and death. Using SEM and RS4;11 lines with the t(4;11) translocation, the B-ALL line REH, and the T-ALL line Jurkat, we show that pre-treatment with CsA or PK11195 significantly enhances resveratrol-mediated apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane depolarization in these cells, as measured by annexin V and JC-1 staining, respectively. No significant multi-drug resistance efflux of the fluorescent substrate calcein was observed in these ALL lines, indicating that CsA and PK11195 were acting at the level of the mitochondria to enhance loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and induction of apoptosis. These data suggest targeting the MPTP sensitizes B- and T-cell ALL to the anti-cancer activity of resveratrol, and may be particularly useful for the treatment of high-risk t(4;11) ALL.
Visualizing and quantifying cerebrospinal venous flow using PC-VIPR.

Summary Presented is a novel MR imaging protocol to comprehensively assess vessel lumen and hemodynamics of the cerebrospinal veins. The 3 station exam is designed to cover middle cerebral, jugular, and azygous veins in order to investigate the CCSVI hypothesis for the association of insufficient venous return with multiple sclerosis.
Stance-phase aggregate contact stress and contact stress gradient changes resulting from articular surface stepoffs in human cadaveric ankles

Summary Objective Determine how stepoff incongruities of the distal tibia affect aggregate (whole-cycle) contact stresses and contact stress gradients for a complete motion cycle in human cadaveric ankles. Method Ten human cadaveric ankles were subjected to quasiphysiologic forces during stance-phase range of motion. Each specimen was loaded intact, with anatomic reduction of the anterolateral quarter of the distal tibia, and with increasing stepoffs of the anterolateral fragment up to 4.0mm. Transient contact stresses were measured using a custom-built, real-time stress transducer that sampled stresses at 132Hz at 1472 separate foci (sensels). Aggregate stresses were calculated by summing the sequential transient stress values multiplied by the transient sampling duration for the complete motion cycle at each sensel. Transient contact stress gradients were calculated at each sensel using a central-differencing formula applied to adjacent transient stress measurements. Aggregate contact stress gradients were calculated by vector summation of sequential transient stress gradients multiplied by the sampling duration. Results Compared to the intact configuration, anatomic reduction of the fragment caused minimal changes in aggregate contact stresses and stress gradients (30% increase compared to intact values). In contrast, stepoffs caused substantial increases (200% increase compared to intact values) in peak and mean whole-cycle stresses and gradients. Conclusions Aggregate contact stresses and stress gradients quantify loading history for the complete motion cycle. Incongruity-associated changes in aggregate stresses and gradients are a surrogate for "accumulated" damage over a motion cycle in stepoff specimens. These loading abnormalities may be important determinants of posttraumatic arthritis.
Gene expression profiling reveals molecularly and clinically distinct subtypes of glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of malignant glioma, characterized by genetic instability, intratumoral histopathological variability, and unpredictable clinical behavior. We investigated global gene expression in surgical samples of brain tumors. Gene expression profiling revealed large differences between normal brain samples and tumor tissues and between GBMs and lower-grade oligodendroglial tumors. Extensive differences in gene expression were found among GBMs, particularly in genes involved in angiogenesis, immune cell infiltration, and extracellular matrix remodeling. We found that the gene expression patterns in paired specimens from the same GBM invariably were more closely related to each other than to any other tumor, even when the paired specimens had strikingly divergent histologies. Survival analyses revealed a set of ≈70 genes more highly expressed in rapidly progressing tumors that stratified GBMs into two groups that differed by >4-fold in median duration of survival. We further investigated one gene from the group, FABP7, and confirmed its association with survival in two unrelated cohorts totaling 105 patients. Expression of FABP7 enhanced the motility of glioma-derived cells in vitro. Our analyses thus identify and validate a prognostic marker of both biologic and clinical significance and provide a series of putative markers for additional evaluation.
Reliability and validity of a self-report questionnaire to measure physical activity in people with mild cognitive impairment

significant. Compared to patients 65-69 years old, the ORs for refusal were 5.65 (95% CI 2.27 14.09) for those 70-74 years old; 3.63 (95% CI 1.32 9.99) for those 75-79 years old; and 2.44 (95%CI 0.78 7.66) for those ages > 80. Race, education level, and co-morbidity were not associated with refusal. Conclusions: In order to improve acceptance of dementia screening, development of a decision aid emphasizing the potential benefits of screening may reduce patient reluctance to be screened. Further work needs to be conducted to understand what motivates older patients to accept and undergo screening.
Phylogenetic continuum indicates "galaxies" in the protein universe: preliminary results on the natural group structures of proteins.

The markedly nonuniform, even systematic distribution of sequences in the protein “universe” has been analyzed by methods of protein taxonomy. Mapping of the natural hierarchical system of proteins has revealed some dense cores, i.e., well-defined clusterings of proteins that seem to be natural structural groupings, possibly seeds for a future protein taxonomy. The aim was not to force proteins into more or less man-made categories by discriminant analysis, but to find structurally similar groups, possibly of common evolutionary origin. Single-valued distance measures between pairs of superfamilies from the Protein Identification Resource were defined by two χ2-like methods on tripeptide frequencies and the variable-length subsequence identity method derived from dot-matrix comparisons. Distance matrices were processed by several methods of cluster analysis to detect phylogenetic continuum between highly divergent proteins. Only well-defined clusters characterized by relatively unique structural, intracellular environmental, organismal, and functional attribute states were selected as major protein groups, including subsets of viral and Escherichia coli proteins, hormones, inhibitors, plant, ribosomal, serum and structural proteins, amino acid synthases, and clusters dominated by certain oxidoreductases and apolar and DNA-associated enzymes. The limited repertoire of functional patterns due to small genome size, the high rate of recombination, specific features of the bacterial membranes, or of the virus cycle canalize certain proteins of viruses and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, to organismal groups.
Effect of a mixed meal on plasma lipids, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in non-obese Indian adults with normal glucose tolerance and treatment naïve type-2 diabetes.

Abstract Aim Asian Indians are believed to have a lower capacity to clear a glucose load even during normoglycemia. High post meal glucose levels have been linked to postprandial dyslipidemia and generation of proinflammatory cytokines. Since humans spend most of their time in the postprandial state, the present study aims to evaluate the relationship of insulin resistance (IR) in the basal state with dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation (hs-CRP, IL-6 and TNF-a), in the fasting state, 2 h and 4 h after a mixed meal, in Indian adults with normal glucose tolerance, and new onset type-2 diabetes. Methods Forty-eight people with type 2 diabetes and 32 individuals with normoglycemia, 30–70 years age, not on medications, underwent blood sampling after overnight (12 h) fast and 2 and 4 h after a mixed meal (carbohydrates, proteins and fat content 79.1%, 7.7% and 13.2%, respectively). Results Triglyceride (TG), TG/HDL-C (high density lipoprotein), HDL-C/LDL-C (low density lipoprotein) ratios, IR parameters, and inflammatory markers were significantly higher among patients with diabetes. There was a fall in total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and LDL-C at 2 and 4 h after the meal in both groups. Compared with fasting, 4-h postprandial TC, TG and HDL-C were significantly better positively correlated with IR in normal individuals. Postprandial hs-CRP was not significantly different to fasting in both groups. Postprandial IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly lower in both groups. Conclusion Consumption of a carbohydrate rich meal is associated with a rise in TG and fall in TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, IL-6 and TNF-α among normal individuals and people with type 2 diabetes.
Drug Use, Street Crime, and Sex-Trading Among Cocaine-Dependent Women: Implications for Public Health and Criminal Justice Policy

The linkages between the sex-for-crack exchanges, prostitution, and rising rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among cocaine-dependent women have been well documented. As crack began to disappear from the headlines during the 1990s, however, it was assumed by many that crack had fallen on hard times in the street drug culture. Within this context, this article examines the extent to which crack has remained primary in the culture of cocaine-dependent women. Data are drawn from a study of 708 cocaine-dependent women in Miami, Florida, during the years 1994 to 1996, and qualitative data gathered during 1998 and 1999 in the same field areas. Analyses focus on drug use, criminality and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. Implications for policy alternatives in criminal justice and public health approaches for assisting this population are discussed.
Transcriptional changes in response to growth of Arabidopsis in high external calcium

Transcriptional responses to growth in high environmental calcium concentrations were characterized and compared between wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis plants containing a knockout mutation in the gene encoding a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC2). We show that the transcriptional profile of cngc2 plants grown in normal media resembled that from wild-type plants grown under elevated exogenous calcium conditions. The mutant grown in high-calcium media exhibited transcriptional changes not seen in the wild-type. The pattern of transcription suggests that adaptation to high external calcium overlaps with responses towards various biotic and abiotic stresses.
Source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls using compound specific isotope analysis

Abstract Reported here are results of the compound specific carbon isotopic analysis (CSIA) of individual PCB congeners. This investigation was designed to determine the suitability of CSIA on this class of compounds in natural materials. Samples of duck tissue, duck liver, duck egg and grass carp were collected from the Housatonic River, Massachusetts, and compared with samples of fresh Aroclor® 1242, 1254,1260, and 1262. Twenty congeners were selected for isotopic analysis based on their ability to be separated chromatographically and their expected abundance in tissue samples. Animal tissue samples showed variable PCB patterns and abundances although all animals were expected to have been exposed to Aroclor® 1260. These characteristics are thought to be related to the structure of the food web or metabolic and physiological features of the individual animals. Grass carp samples had excellent correlation in the isotopic compositions of the congeners. Although the correspondence of δ 13 C in congeners from fresh Aroclor 1260 to congeners from tissue samples may not be expected to be identical, the patterns of similarity were very supportive of the maintenance of the isotopic signal into the food chain. The patterns observed in these and other samples suggest a fractionation process where residual congener pools can become progressively enriched while the congeners produced from degradation are more depleted. The isotopic patterns provide insight to degradation processes and into relative metabolic stability of the various congeners in different animals. The results of this study suggest that CSIA analysis of PCBs at natural abundance can provide significant insight into tracing these compounds through the natural environment. The data also suggest that tracking PCB mixtures may be possible using CSIA techniques after standard chromatographic matching or other fingerprinting techniques become blurred.
Surgical management of open versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy: outcome analysis.

Abstract Purpose: The authors sought to compare the outcome of children undergoing open versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy for an adrenal tumor. Methods: Medical records of children that underwent an adrenalectomy from 1990 through 1999 were reviewed. Sixty-four adrenalectomies were performed: 27 pheochromocytomas, 36 neuroblastomas, and 1 virilizing tumor. Sixty adrenalectomies were performed open and 4 laparoscopically. The patient's age, surgical length of stay, operative charge, hospital cost, operating time, blood loss, and outcome were examined. Results: Mean age for an open procedure was 8.9 ± 0.9 years and 14 ± 1.1 for laparoscopic ( P =.019). Surgical length of stay for open was 5.4 ±.38 days and 2.7 ±.62 days for laparoscopic ( P =.006). Patient operative charges were $12,941 ± 676 for laparoscopic and $4,714 ± 411 for open ( P Conclusions: Adrenalectomy for benign tumors can be performed safely. In selected children a laparoscopic procedure can be expected to decrease the surgical length of stay without increasing operating time or complications. J Pediatr Surg 37:1027-1029. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Feeding chronology, daily ration, and the effects of temperature upon gastric evacuation in the pipefish,Syngnathus fuscus

Feeding chronology, daily ration, and the effects of temperature upon gastric evacuation were examined in the pipefish,Syngnathus fuscus, from field and laboratory data.S. fuscus displayed a pattern of diurnal feeding, characteristic of syngnathids. Daily ration calculations yielded estimates of 4.0 and 4.4% body weight per day, which are comparable to estimates for other teleosts. Evacuation rate was found to be temperature dependent. with more rapid evacuation with increasing temperature. In addition, evacuation rate was found to be positively correlated with gut content. Slowing of evacuation rate with decreasing gut content may allow for increased assimilation efficiency during periods of low food availability. Daily ration, although controlled by the temperature dependence of evacuation rate, may also be controlled by prey abundance; fish maximize food intake during periods of high prey availability, and maximize upon assimilation during periods of low prey availability.
Government intervention and corporate policies: Evidence from China

Abstract This study examines two channels through which Chinese government intervenes in business activities: direct intervention via government ownership and indirect intervention via strategic development plans in selected areas. The findings show that these interventions affect corporate policies differently and have opposite effects on financing policies: while firms with higher level of government ownership tend to use higher leverage, more long-term debt and hold less cash, and such effects are more pronounced with central government ownership, reverse effect is related with strategic development plans. In addition, the study shows that indirect intervention alleviates the impact of direct intervention on firms' financing policy. In terms of investment policies, both forms of intervention are related to higher investment expenditures and poorer performance. The effect of government ownership on firms' leverage has become less significant after the establishment of corporate bond market in China.
Acquiring the Dialogue: Providing Input by Using a Fusion of Skills Technique

Recent research in language acquisition suggests to the second language teacher new directions which focus on the importance of an extended period of listening and meaningful communication. The authors have developed a technique for teaching the dialogue which provides copious pre-production input and acquisition experiences through which students create the dialogue lines. This technique is composed of the following steps: 1) pre-narrative activities; 2) the narrative; 3) contextual expansion of the new vocabulary; 4) reading input: the cloze; 5) dialogue construction from visual cues; 6) dialogue recreation; 7) interpretive comprehension.
Therapist-patient sex as sex abuse: Six scientific, professional, and practical dilemmas in addressing victimization and rehabilitation.

L'auteur s'interroge sur les rapports sexuels pouvant exister entre un therapeute et son patient. Une reflexion generale sur le probleme et des solutions pour supprimer ces abus sont proposees
Sensor-array Processing With Channel-recursive Bayes Techniques

Arrays of seismometers, hydrophones, and electromagnetic receivers have several signal processing problems in common. This paper is concerned primarily with source location and secondarily with signal extraction. The basic problem can be described as follows: A transient signal from an event is detected in the outputs of the sensor array. We determine the location of the source from the temporal positions of the signal in the array outputs. Further, if the signal is unknown, we estimate it. The approach taken here differs from previous investigations in three ways: (i) a Bayes estimation approach is used, (ii) the estimates are evaluated recursively with respect to channels, and (iii) a time‐domain approach is used, as opposed to a frequency‐domain approach. The proposed estimation technique is optimum with respect to a large class of loss functions, since it is based on the expectation of the posterior distribution. Recursive evaluation of the posterior expectation has several advantages. At each step we...
Opportunities for Minority Women in Sport—The Impact of Title IX

(1992). Opportunities for Minority Women in Sport—The Impact of Title IX. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 56-59.
Distributed evolutionary Monte Carlo for Bayesian computing

Sampling from a multimodal and high-dimensional target distribution posits a great challenge in Bayesian analysis. A new Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm Distributed Evolutionary Monte Carlo (DGMC) is proposed for real-valued problems, which combines the attractive features of the distributed genetic algorithm and the Markov chain Monte Carlo. The DGMC algorithm evolves a population of Markov chains through some genetic operators to simulate the target function. Theoretical justification proves that the DGMC algorithm has the target function as its stationary distribution. The effectiveness of the DGMC algorithm is illustrated by simulating two multimodal distributions and an application to a real data example.
Effect of leeward orientation, adiabatic framing surfaces, and eaves on solar-collector-related heat transfer coefficients

Abstract Wind tunnel experiments were carried out to determine forced convection heat transfer coefficients for the leeward face of a roof-like structure. The experiments encompassed a variety of surface configurations, including: (a) a leeward face which transfers heat to the airflow over its entire surface, (b) a leeward face on which a thermally active zone is flanked by an adiabatic frame, and (c) eaves positioned along the lateral edges of the windward and leeward faces. Heat transfer coefficients were also measured on the windward face. It was found that in the operating range of flat plate collectors, the leeward-face heat transfer coefficients exceed those for the windward face. For a leeward face where adiabatic framing surfaces are situated along the lateral edges of a thermally active zone, the heat transfer coefficients are higher than those for the unframed case. On the other hand, framing adjacent to either the upper or lower edge of the face has little effect. Eaves situated along the lateral edges of the windward and leeward faces bring about only a slight increase in the leeward-face transfer coefficients. A flow visualization study revealed that the flow pattern adjacent to the leeward face is shaped by fluid which wells up from the sides of the roof-like structure.
Use of a “Board of Directors” in a Graduate Management Simulation Course

Abstract Business educators have long recognized the advantages of using computer-based gaming and simulations in undergraduate and graduate courses. Some serious questions have arisen concerning an instructor's ability to evaluate the quality of the students' decisionmaking process, as opposed to their ability to document “profits” or “productivity.” Over the past 4 years, the faculty of the MBA program at Dowling College, Oakdale, New York has been successful in developing a pool of alumni and business-persons who serve as an external and neutral “Board of Directors” and evaluate the quality of those decisions and processes. Each board consists of a marketing, production, finance, and management professional plus one member who reviews the students' presentation skills. At the formal meetings, the students make oral, printed, and audiovisual presentations that describe the processes that led to their decisions and attempt to explain their successes and failures in reaching their stated objectives. They ...
Robust Controller for Constrained Relative Motion Maneuvering with Disturbance Rejection

The development and demonstration in simulations of a computationally fast control framework for robust spacecraft relative motion maneuvering with constraints is presented. This framework is capable of handling bounded disturbances (e.g. thrust errors, air drag, solar pressure, etc.) while guaranteeing that specified constraints are satisfied and the target set is reached for all disturbances with values satisfying specified bounds. The maneuver computations reduce to solving a quadratic programming problem (or a linear programming problem for a less flexible formulation) at the initial time instant to find a feasible maneuver path, and then generating feedback corrections along the maneuver path based on a simple constant gain linear feedback. Simulation results for two and three dimensional spacecraft relative motion are given.
Progress in wavelet algorithms and applications

Wavelet and wavelet packet transforms are presently used for image compression and denoising. There has been recent progress on three fronts: implementing multiplication operations in wavelet bases, estimating compressibility by wavelet packet transform coding, and designing wavelet packets to control frequency spreading and pointwise convergence. Some open problems are mentioned.
Influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance in awake, intact dogs with prolonged coronary artery occlusion.

The influence of hypertonic mannitol on regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance in awake, intact, unsedated dogs with myocardial infarction resulting from chronic occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery was studied. Mannitol given to increase serum osmolality 20 mOsm increased regional myocardial blood flow to that portion of the left ventricle supplied by the occluded left anterior descending coronary artery by 22 ± 2.8% (1.06±0.19 to 1.36 ± 0.23 ml/min·g−1) without changing the inner:outer wall flow ratio. Mannitol also significantly increased regional myocardial blood flow to other areas of the left ventricle and the ventricular septum. Mean aortic pressure, maximal LV dP/dt, LV dP/dt/P, and cardiac output also increased significantly after mannitol. Thus hypertonic mannitol increases regional myocardial blood flow and ventricular performance in the awake, unsedated dog with prolonged occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. The increase in regional myocardial blood flow after mannitol under these circumstances probably is at least in part secondary to the increase in blood pressure and contractility. The increases in regional myocardial blood flow after mannitol in this study are less impressive than those that have been previously reported in the setting of either no myocardial ischaemia or acute myocardial ischaemia; this is probably due to the vasodilatation that chronic myocardial ischaemia itself produces in the canine heart.
Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Sirolimus-Eluting Stents Versus Bare-Metal Stents in Hemodialysis Patients

Background Percutaneous coronary intervention for hemodialysis patients has been hampered by the high rate of adverse cardiac events. Our aim was to investigate whether sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) improve clinical outcomes of hemodialysis patients compared with bare-metal stents (BMSs). Study Design Retrospective study. Setting & Participants 123 consecutive patients on hemodialysis therapy treated with either an SES or BMS. There were 56 patients with 68 lesions treated with SESs between August 2004 and April 2006 (SES group) and 67 patients with 71 lesions treated with BMSs 4 years before approval of SESs in Japan (BMS group). Predictor SES and BMS implantation for hemodialysis patients with coronary artery disease. Outcomes & Measurements Follow-up angiography was performed at 6 to 8 months and clinical follow-up was obtained at 9 months after the procedure. Late lumen loss and major adverse cardiac events, including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, and target-lesion revascularization, were investigated. Results Clinical follow-up was obtained in all patients. Angiographic follow-up was obtained in 50 patients (89.3%) in the SES group and 50 patients (74.6%) in the BMS group. The SES group had more complex lesions than the BMS group. Quantitative angiographic analysis showed a significant difference for in-stent late lumen loss (SES, 0.62 ± 0.75 mm; BMS, 1.07 ± 0.75 mm; P = 0.003). Of angiographic restenosis lesions analyzed, a focal restenotic pattern was observed more frequently in the SES group than the BMS group (SES, 87.5%; BMS, 23.8%; P Limitations Retrospective study design, small sample size, and a single-center study. Conclusions Clinical and angiographic data in the present study suggest that SESs are more effective than BMSs in hemodialysis patients.
Effect of manġanese level in nutrient solution on ġrowth and maġnesium content ofPinus radiata seedlinġs

Seedlings ofPinus radiata D. Don were grown in an aerated recirculating nutrient solution culture with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 3.2, and 51.2 ppm Mn. When no Mn was supplied, seedlings had a reduced rate of photosynthesis and at the end of 15 weeks, weighed only about one-half as much as seedlings which received Mn. There were no significant differences in dry weight or height growth among seedlings receiving 0.2–51.2 ppm Mn. Mg uptake was inversely related to Mn supply. A hypothesis is presented suggesting that high levels of Mn may contribute to Mg deficiency.
Changes in humeral torsion and shoulder rotation range of motion in high school baseball players over a 1-year period

Abstract Background The torsional stress on a baseball player's throwing limb has been theorized to affect humeral retrotosion during skeletal maturity. This study investigated 1) changes in humeral retrotorsion and shoulder rotation range of motion over a 1-year period in high school baseball players, and 2) relationship between a 1-year change in dominant limb retrotorsion and the number of seasons participants played on organized baseball teams. Methods Humeral retrotorsion and shoulder range of motion were measured a year apart in a total of 138 high school baseball players. Baseball participation history over the year was captured using a questionnaire. Changes in bilateral humeral retrotorsion and range of motion over a year and effects of baseball participation on changes in humeral retrotorsion and range of motion were assessed using analysis of variance models. Findings Humeral retrotorsion did not significantly change over the year regardless of the number of seasons participants played baseball ( P > 0.05). The participants' dominant limb internal rotation range of motion decreased slightly over a year (2.0°, P = 0.015), while external rotation (7.8°, P P Interpretation Adaptation in humeral retrotorsion seems to occur prior to high school age. Our observations suggest that change in shoulder range of motion in high school baseball players are attributed to soft tissue contracture. This provides a support that stretching exercises should be implemented when significant changes in range of motion are identified in high school baseball players.
7S Versus 19S Anamnestic Response in Rabbits

SummaryLarge amounts of human eryth-rocytes injected in newborn rabbits failed to induce immunological tolerance. Newborn rabbits immunized with a large dose of antigen produced a persistent anamnestic response in 19S Ab (immunological memory). In contrast, newborn animals immunized with a small dose of antigen produced a 7S anamnestic response only.
The impact of strategy instruction and timing of estimates on low and high working-memory capacity readers' absolute monitoring accuracy

Abstract Working-memory capacity, strategy instruction, and timing of estimates were investigated for their effects on absolute monitoring accuracy, which is the difference between estimated and actual reading comprehension test performance. Participants read two expository texts under one of two randomly assigned reading strategy instruction conditions (an explanation strategy versus no strategy). Next, readers estimated comprehension test performance both immediately and after a delay. Readers' estimations were followed by the completion of a comprehension test, a postdiction of test performance, and a working-memory capacity task. The results showed that low working-memory capacity readers were generally more accurate than high working-memory capacity readers but were not affected by strategy instruction or timing of estimates. In contrast, high working-memory capacity readers were most accurate when instructed to use an explanation strategy and when estimates were made immediately. These results are described in the context of the increased processing hypothesis, which contends that more effortful processing during reading augments the availability of text concepts and, in turn, enhances absolute monitoring accuracy.
THE ORIGIN AND KINETICS OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES

The origin and turnover of efferent populations of mouse mononuclear phagocytes has been described. Mononuclear phagocytes were defined as mononuclear cells which are able to adhere to glass and phagocytize. In vitro labeling studies with thymidine-3H showed that monocytes in the peripheral blood and peritoneal macrophages do not multiply and can be considered end cells in a normal, steady state situation. However, the mononuclear phagocytes of the bone marrow appear to be rapidly dividing cells. This conclusion was supported by in vivo labeling experiments. A peak of labeled mononuclear phagocytes of the bone marrow was found 24 hr after a pulse of thymidine-3H. This was followed, 24 hr later, by a peak of labeled monocytes in the peripheral blood. From these experiments it was concluded that the rapidly dividing mononuclear phagocytes of the bone marrow, called promonocytes, are the progenitor cells of the monocytes. Labeling studies after splenectomy and after X-irradiation excluded other organs as a major source of the monocytes. Peak labeling of both the blood monocyte and peritoneal macrophages occurred at the same time. A rapid entry of monocytes from the blood into the peritoneal cavity was observed, after a sterile inflammation was evoked by an injection of newborn calf serum. These data have led to the conclusion that monocytes give rise to peritoneal macrophages. No indications have been obtained that mononuclear phagocytes originate from lymphocytes. In the normal steady state the monocytes leave the circulation by a random process, with a half-time of 22 hr. The average blood transit time of the monocytes has been calculated to be 32 hr. The turnover rate of peritoneal macrophages was low and estimated at about 0.1% per hour. On the basis of these studies the life history of mouse mononuclear phagocytes was formulated to be: promonocytes in the bone marrow, → monocytes in the peripheral blood, → macrophages in the tissue.
Migration depth and residence time of juvenile salmonids in the forebays of hydropower dams prior to passage through turbines or juvenile bypass systems: implications for turbine-passage survival

Little is known about the three-dimensional depth distributions in rivers of individually marked fish that are in close proximity to hydropower facilities. Knowledge of the depth distributions of fish approaching dams can be used to understand how vulnerable fish are to injuries such as barotrauma as they pass through dams. To predict the possibility of barotrauma injury caused by pressure changes during turbine passage, it is necessary to understand fish behaviour relative to acclimation depth in dam forebays as they approach turbines. A guiding study was conducted using high-resolution three-dimensional tracking results of salmonids implanted with Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System transmitters to investigate the depth distributions of subyearling and yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) passing two dams on the Snake River in Washington State. Multiple approaches were evaluated to describe the depth at which fish were acclimated, and statistical analyses were performed on large data sets extracted from ∼28 000 individually tagged fish during 2012 and 2013. Our study identified patterns of depth distributions of juvenile salmonids in forebays prior to passage through turbines or juvenile bypass systems. This research indicates that the median depth at which juvenile salmonids approached turbines ranged from 2.8 to 12.2 m, with the depths varying by species/life history, year, location (which dam) and diel period (between day and night). One of the most enlightening findings was the difference in dam passage associated with the diel period. The amount of time that turbine-passed fish spent in the immediate forebay prior to entering the powerhouse was much lower during the night than during the day. This research will allow scientists to understand turbine-passage survival better and enable them to assess more accurately the effects of dam passage on juvenile salmon survival.
Response to Comments on “Extreme electric fields power catalysis in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase”

Natarajan et al. and Chen and Savidge comment that comparing the electric field in ketosteroid isomerase's (KSI's) active site to zero overestimates the catalytic effect of KSI's electric field because the reference reaction occurs in water, which itself exerts a sizable electrostatic field. To compensate, Natarajan et al. argue that additional catalytic weight arises from positioning of the general base, whereas Chen and Savidge propose a separate contribution from desolvation of the general base. We note that the former claim is not well supported by published results, and the latter claim is intriguing but lacks experimental basis. We also take the opportunity to clarify some of the more conceptually subtle aspects of electrostatic catalysis.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the augmented breast: role of the transaxillary subpectoral approach.

Given the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer staging, some plastic surgeons may be hesitant to offer patients a transaxillary approach to augmentation for fear of disrupting the lymphatic drainage of the breast. Dissection within the axilla theoretically compromises the normal drainage of the breast tissue to the axillary lymph node basin, a critical element in the procedure of sentinel lymph node mapping. We present a case report in which successful sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed after transaxillary subpectoral augmentation mammaplasty. Remaining high and anterior in the axilla within the subcutaneous plane is crucial in minimizing any compromise of normal lymphatic drainage. In addition, it is generally agreed that subpectoral placement of the implant generates less distortion in the mammographic evaluation of the breast than does a subglandular implant. As a result, the transaxillary subpectoral method of augmentation may be one of the most amenable techniques with regard to screening and diagnosis of breast cancer.
Globalization, the Chinese State, and Chinese Subjectivities. A Review Essay

China has long been portrayed as a collectivist society where the state, the family, and political economy define, control, and overwhelm individual subjectivities. While this portrayal has been useful in highlighting the hegemonic power of various institutions of Chinese society, it has often caused the scholarship on China to overlook the significance of private life, individual agency, and marginalized experiences. A collectivist, top-down approach was often the only approach possible, given limited scholarly access to data under a Maoist government (19491976) that tried to place all aspects of private life under state control. By the 1990s, however, the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was embracing globalization and allowing and even encouraging privatization. The increasing prominence of individualistic values and lifestyle diversity in this most recent era of Chinese history demand scholarly approaches that go beyond a focus on collective experience. The three books reviewed in this essay represent a refreshing new movement in the study of Chinese society that sheds light on the blind spots of overly collectivist and top-down interpretations by focusing on the subjectivities of individuals negotiating between powerful forces of globalization and the state. Yunxiang Yan articulates the need for an "individual-centered" ethnography of Chinese life when he introduces Private Life under Socialism as his answer to a question frequently posed by his students in the United States: "Why is the
Requirements for distributed mission-critical decision support systems

Situation assessment and decision making (SA & DM) in mission critical scenarios is a complex cognitive task involving assessment of numerous variables which are often interdependent. Tasks are performed by individuals, teams and organizations and information is provided by different sources. Team members often perform a specific role, but must share information and a common understanding of the problem with other team members to be effective. Proper automated support could alleviate the problems of distributed cognition. This paper defines many requirements for distributed decision support systems, to support mission critical operations such as disaster recovery, personnel evacuation, and medical support during a pandemic. The paper also addresses the difficulty in developing such systems.
Martensitic transformation in Pd-rich Fe–Pd–Pt alloy

The fct martensite morphology and the martensite transformation temperatures are examined for Pd-rich Fe–Pd–Pt alloys, which have the composition of Fe–(xPdyPt)xþy¼30 at:%. The replacement of Pd with Pt content causes solution hardening. The shape memory effects are investigated below the Af temperatures. Above the Af temperatures, the stress induced martensite in several grains completely disappeared due to the reverse transformation by unloading. 2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Measuring Regional Changes in the Diastolic Deformation of the Left Ventricle of SHR Rats Using microPET Technology and Hyperelastic Warping

The objective of this research was to assess applicability of a technique known as hyperelastic warping for the measurement of local strains in the left ventricle (LV) directly from microPET image data sets. The technique uses differences in image intensities between template (reference) and target (loaded) image data sets to generate a body force that deforms a finite element (FE) representation of the template so that it registers with the target images. For validation, the template image was defined as the end-systolic microPET image data set from a Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat. The target image was created by mapping the template image using the deformation results obtained from a FE model of diastolic filling. Regression analysis revealed highly significant correlations between the simulated forward FE solution and image derived warping predictions for fiber stretch (R 2 = 0.96), circumferential strain (R 2 = 0.96), radial strain (R 2 = 0.93), and longitudinal strain (R 2 = 0.76) (p < 0.001 for all cases). The technology was applied to microPET image data of two spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and a WKY control. Regional analysis revealed that, the lateral freewall in the SHR subjects showed the greatest deformation compared with the other wall segments. This work indicates that warping can accurately predict the strain distributions during diastole from the analysis of microPET data sets.