cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Anxiety in Adolescents with Comorbid Substance Abuse

Pharmacological treatments of anxiety in adolescents generally follow the same guidelines as that of the treatment of anxiety in adults. To provide a working framework that considers the dual diagnosis of anxiety disorder and substance abuse, a biological perspective on anxiety and substance abuse as conditioned responses with pathophysiologic commonalities is presented. Then, biological commonalities are formulated as an opportunity to consider current and future treatment approaches to adolescents with dual diagnosis.
Some Economic Implications of John Rawls' Theory of Justice:

The difference principle of John Rawls is viewed as a modest reconstitution of the Pareto test for maximization of total welfare. The author illustrates through use of utility analysis that the difference principle for redressing inequities requires the least redistribution of the several options available to persons in Rawls' initial position. Furthermore, the Rawlsian framework is placed in a broader notion of equity which calls into question whether Rawls' theory adequately addresses the problem of absolute as opposed to relative advantages to the least advantaged.Democratic institutions awaken and flatter the passion for equality without ever being able to satisfy it entirely. This complete equality is always slipping through the people's fingers at the moment when they think to grasp it, fleeing as Pascal says, in an eternal flight; the people grow heated in search of this blessing, all the more precious because it is near enough to be seen but too far off to be tasted.
Multiple gastric cancers; review of the literature and study of 42 cases.

Summary A study has been made of 40 cases of multiple simultaneous gastric cancers seen at the Mayo Clinic during a 10-year period. These cases represent 2.2 per cent of all instances of gastric cancer encountered during this period. Two additional cases were encountered that apparently represent examples of multiple nonsimultaneous gastric cancers. Three of these 42 patients also had pernicious anemia and 4 had associated gastric polyposis. Two patients had one or more malignant tumors that were entirely independent of the multiple gastric cancers. It is reasonable to assume that a significant proportion of gastric cancers present multicentric zones of malignant change at some phase of their development, a concept that is of some practical clinical importance.
Covalent structural analysis of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase

Abstract Covalent structural analysis of two of the three cyanogen bromide fragments from yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1, pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase) was undertaken by a strategy involving both automated Edman degradation and conventional sequence analysis. Automated degradation of intact, reduced and carboxymethylated pyrophosphatase provided the sequence of the first 34 residues in the NH2-terminal 45-residue peptide, CNBr VI, in addition to a partial sequence through 50 cycles which confirmed the overlap into the internal fragment, CNBr III. The sequence of CNBr VI was completed through analysis of peptides derived from hydrolysis of the fragment with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Structural analysis of CNBr III has provided the sequence of the first 55 amino acids in this 103-residue fragment. The sequence was established by conventional and automated procedures applied to the analysis of tryptic peptides generated from the citraconylated fragment. These findings constitute the sequence of the first 100 residues in the pyrophosphatase subunit and, together with structural information obtained earlier, define over half of the covalent structure of the molecule. Moreover, the sequence derived thus far permits the placement of a number of amino acids that are of importance relative to studies of the enzyme mechanism, and with regard to analysis of its three-dimensional structure.
Competitor Regulation of Sponsored Content in the New Sports Content Media Economy

Sports advertising formats, like all other types of advertising strategy and campaigns, are becoming increasingly diverse. Sponsored content, in which advertising content is integrated specifically into editorial content, has become a new way to generate revenue in a diverse media sport content economy. Part II examines the spectrum of sponsored content in sports media. Part III analyzes how the types of claims might arise under the Lanham Act of 1946 for sponsored content. I conclude that sponsored content demonstrates how the regulation of competition through intellectual property challenges may face challenges in the new media sport content economy.
Young geologist trades neptunium for newspapers as 2012 AGU Mass Media Fellow

Though the lure of rocks, minerals, and radioactive elements took her away from her original studies, one geology Ph.D. candidate is returning to her journalism roots this summer as AGU's 2012 Mass Media Science and Engineering Fellow. Jessica Morrison is one of 12 young scientists nationwide who are trading in their lab coats for reporters' notebooks in mid-June as part of the program coordinated by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which helps young scientists cultivate communication skills to help disseminate scientific information to general audiences. Morrison is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences at the University of Notre Dame. She spends her days in a laboratory investigating the geochemistry of actinides, the radioactive elements in the “no man's land” of the periodic table—the section that often gets left off or moved to the bottom. These are elements like uranium, neptunium, and plutonium.
Sweatshops at Sea: Merchant Seamen in the World's First Globalized Industry, from 1812 to the Present – By Leon Fink

This study describes the rise of both national and international legal standards for the well‐being of merchant seamen. The early chapters describe both merchant seamen and sailors in the navy as e...
Reply to Quintner and Cohen.

Dear Editor, I thank Drs. Quintner and Cohen for their interest in my editorial [1] about the study by Albrect et al. [2]. Drs. Quintner and Cohen have raised several concerns about my discussion of the implications of that study, especially of the concept that peripheral nociception by myofascial trigger points initiates central sensitization. They object to the idea that peripheral nerve sensitization is the fundamental “driver” of, as they put it, all possible somatic mechanisms of pain in fibromyalgia, which they claim is found in the editorial. I agree that this idea is extreme and is incorrect. However, my editorial states only that “peripheral nociceptive sites play an important role in initiating and maintaining pain … Pain is the outcome of a complex interplay between … central modulation and peripheral input.” However, Albrecht et al. [2] in their article do discuss in detail the implications of their work on some of the many manifestations of fibromyalgia, specifically fatigue, sleep, and cognition, through the potential of reduced blood flow to skeletal muscle caused by shunting blood from muscle to glaborous skin during exercise. The central issue raised by Quintner and Cohen is the role that active peripheral nociception plays in chronic widespread pain. This is a role that they doubt exists. Quintner and Cohen question the evidence that I presented in the editorial that demonstrates that trigger points are a peripheral nociceptive input leading to central sensitization. They believe that it is a …
Dynamics of Online Scam Hosting Infrastructure

This paper studies the dynamics of scam hosting infrastructure, with an emphasis on the role of fast-flux service networks. By monitoring changes in DNS records of over 350 distinct spam-advertised domains collected from URLs in 115,000 spam emails received at a large spam sinkhole, we measure the rates and locations of remapping DNS records, and the rates at which "fresh" IP addresses are used. We find that, unlike the short-lived nature of the scams themselves, the infrastructure that hosts these scams has relatively persistent features that may ultimately assist detection.
MULTIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION MODEL FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF MICROPORE FORMATION IN SPRAY DEPOSITION PROCESSES

This article describes a numerical investigation of micropore formation in solidifying molten metal droplets impinging on a colder substrate. The velocity field inside the spreading liquid droplet is computed as a solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, and a volume-of-fluid function is defined in order to track the location of the free surface. A multidirectional solidification model is implemented to simulate the formation of possible pores, cavities, and/or troughs. This tracking algorithm allows for complex interface morphology representation as well as interface merging simulation. In the test case considered (high-velocity impact of a single droplet), simulations predict the formation of an annular trough on the surface of the solidified splat. This feature may be a precursor of pore or cavity formation in multiple-droplet cases.
A rat tracheal cell culture transformation system for assessment of environmental agents as carcinogens and promoters

Abstract A tracheal cell culture system which can be used for detection of hazardous environmental agents is described. The culture system makes use of primary tracheal cells that are isolated from rats by protease digestion of the tracheal epithelium. The epithelial cells are plated on a film of collagen or onto a layer of gamma-ray- or mitomicin-C-inactivated mouse 3T3 cells. One day after the rat tracheal cells are plated they are exposed to toxicants, and the effect on colony formation is tabulated after 1 week. By altering the culture conditions it has become possible to construct an assay for carcinogen-induced transformation of rat tracheal cells, which takes advantage of the observation that normal rat tracheal cells have a finite lifetime in culture. Rat tracheal cell transformants are visualized as discrete colonies of proliferating epithelial cells that arise and survive after the normal population has died out. Their number is proportional to concentration of carcinogen to which the cells were initially exposed. Agents that have been shown to induce tracheal cell transformation in culture include polycyclic hydrocarbons, metal salts, nitroso compounds, and cigarette smoke condensate. Tracheal cells in culture also respond to tumor promoters in a number of ways. The phorbol ester tumor promoters dramatically increas the colony-forming ability of primary rat tracheal cells in a concentration dependent fashion. This class of agents also induces permanent cell line formation in rat tracheal cells derived from explants exposed to phorbol esters. In two-stage exposure experiments in culture it has also been shown that phorbol esters enhance the number of cell lines initiated by carcinogen exposure in vitro . Because rat tracheal cell culture has evolved to the state where the above studies are readily performed, these limited results suggest that the inclusion of rat tracheal cells in environmental research may be useful.
Neuroengineering: Building interfaces from neurons to brain

Neuroengineering is emerging as an exciting new field with wide ranging research opportunities to contribute to both basic and clinical neurosciences. Armed with training and diverse research tools, engineers are now contributing to technologies to interface to neurons and to the whole brain. The research on modern neural and brain interface technologies has culminated in very recent, exciting programs to develop brain-machine interfaces such as neutrally controlled prostheses.
Nonlinear viscoelastic membranes

The subject of nonlinear viscoelastic membranes is an important class of problems within nonlinear viscoelasticity that involves interesting and important applications, computational issues and applied mathematics. The viscoelastic materials discussed in this paper are described by nonlinear single integral constitutive equations. After presenting the general constitutive framework, two fundamental membrane problems are formulated: the inflation of a circular membrane and the extension and inflation of a circular tube. Both problems involve large axially symmetric deformations and lead to a system of nonlinear partial differential-Volterra integral equations. A numerical method of solution is presented that combines methods for solving nonlinear Volterra integral equations and nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Finally, some properties of the equations are discussed that are related to the possibility that there may exist a critical time when the solution develops multiple branches.
Hepatic sequestration of chlordecone and hexafluoroacetone evaluated by pharmacokinetic modeling

Abstract Chlordecone (CD) and mirex (M) differ by a single carbonyl group in CD in place of two chlorines in M. Although both compounds are lipophilic, their tissue distributions differ markedly: CD concentrations are highest in liver; M concentrations are highest in fat. We used tissue time course data in rats from our laboratory for CD and M and literature data from monkeys to develop PBPK models to study differences in liver and fat partitioning. The PK model for M had partitioning in tissue without specific hepatic binding. The CD model had partitioning similar to M, and also included liver binding: the maximal binding ( B max ) and binding affinity constant ( K d) required to describe the rat data were 370 nmol/g liver and 100 nM, respectively. To see if other ketones with electron withdrawing constituents at the alpha carbon were also preferentially distributed to liver, we developed a PBPK description for tissue distribution of hexafluoroacetone (HFA). Compared to acetone, HFA is known to be preferentially sequestered in liver and more slowly excreted unchanged from the body. Acetone is more equally distributed to tissues. HFA distribution was evaluated with a PBPK model that included hepatic binding. B max and Kd were 1.58 μmol/g liver and 301 μM. In summary, liver sequestration of CD and HFA most likely represents relatively high-affinity but reversible binding of activated carbonyls in these compounds (activated by the presence of electron withdrawing substituents on the alpha-carbons) with glutathione and glutathione transferases, that are present at much higher concentrations in liver than in other tissues. Strong, but reversible hemithioketal formation with active sulfhydryls may also be associated with the toxic responses to CD and HFA.
Orientation, masking, and vernier acuity for line targets

Abstract In an attempt to uncover the properties of the psychophysical spatial mechanisms which optimally respond to the vernier offset between two abutting lines, we investigated the effects of one-dimensional band-limited spatial noise masks superimposed with the target, on vernier thresholds. Unidirectional vernier thresholds were measured in the presence of masks varying in orientation, spatial frequency content and luminance modulation. Because of the dependence of vernier thresholds on target visibility, the effects of these masks on target detection thresholds were also measured. In accordance with the results of Findlay [(1973) Nature, 241, 135–137] but contrary to an hypothesis that the direction of the vernier offset is mediated by the differential output of spatial filters of a single orientation, our results reveal a bimodal orientation tuning function for vernier acuity. We propose that, for offset line targets, the differential responses of at least two filters with orientations which straddle the target lines are combined to extract relative position information. The spatial frequency tuning characteristics of the optimal mechanisms for mediating vernier information are similar to those optimal for detecting the target lines themselves, except that they are tuned to a slightly higher spatial frequency and have a slightly narrower bandwidth. The spatial mechanisms most sensitive to the vernier offset and to target detection exhibit similar responses to increases in mask modulation. This finding suggests that these tasks are limited by the same source of noise and explains why under a variety of experimental manipulations, equally visible vernier targets result in similar vernier thresholds.
Absorption by vibrationally excited molecular oxygen in the Schumann-Runge continuum

Abstract A theoretical model is constructed of the initial and final state interaction potentials and of the transition dipole moment that reproduces the measured discrete and continuum absorption cross sections and the measured relative band emission intensities of the Schumann-Runge system of molecular oxygen. The model is used to calculate continuous absorption cross sections from the excited v ″= 1 and 2 vibrational levels of the ground electronic state. The cross sections are calculated at various gas temperatures and the values are in harmony with measurements. Tables are given of absolute band oscillator strengths and transition probabilities.
Technical documents as rhetorical agency

This research argues that documents can become intermediaries which affect the relationships between disparate groups. Through a critical analysis of materials distributed during an online protest, the author traces the life of a single technical document, simultaneously describing how it was described during deliberation between several groups. Marcusean critical theory and rhetorical criticism framed the analysis. It is suggested that certain documents act as a locus between otherwise unaffiliated groups and that those documents become agents who can mediate deliberation. Further, it is suggested that document analysis can become an important aspect for interpreting group relationships. Future research examining the agency of documents is suggested.
Protein degradation in the mouse visual system. I. Degradation of axonally transported and retinal proteins.

Abstract The analysis of proteolysis in the nervous system is complicated by the heterogeneity of cell types, extensive reutilization of liberated amino acids, and artifacts that may arise when the integrity of the tissue is disrupted during experimentation. For these reasons, changes in proteolytic activity that are observed during brain development and in neuropathological states may often be difficult to interpret. To minimize these problems, we have developed a technique that permits protein degradation to be investigated specifically within axons of the mouse retinal ganglion cell (RGC). In the present study, the method has been used to examine the degradation of proteins conveyed in the slow phases of axoplasmic transport. When adult C57B1/6J mice were injected intravitreally with L -[ 3 H]proline, labeled proteins within the primary optic pathway (optic nerve and tract) after 5 days were almost exclusively the slow phase axonal proteins. The rate of degradation of these proteins was then determined within the excised, but otherwise intact, optic pathway by measuring the release of acid soluble radioactivity at 37°C in vitro. At physiological pH, the amino acids released by proteolysis were extensively reutilized. Unless amino acid reutilization was prevented, protein degradative rates were artifactually lowered 3-fold. At least two proteolytic systems within RGC axons actively degraded the slowly transported axonal proteins. A ‘neutral’ system, stimulated by exogenous calcium ions, was optimally active within the physiological pH range (pH 7.0–7.8). The rate of protein degradation at pH 7.4 was uniform along the RGC axon. An ‘acidic’ system was optimally active when the incubation was carried out at pH 3.8. This proteolytic activity was calcium-independent and exhibited a proximodistal gradient within the RCG axon with higher activity proximally. Similar proteolytic activities were present in isolated intact retinas but in different proportions. The half-lives of axonal and retinal proteins were comparable to CNS protein half-lives estimated in vivo by methods that take amino acid reutilization into account. These and other recent findings demonstrate the utility of this neuron-specific approach in characterization proteolytic processes within one cell type that may otherwise be obscured by proteolytic events in other cells when brain tissue is analyzed by conventional methods.
Stem cells in cardiac repair

Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death among people in industrialized nations. Although the heart has some ability to regenerate after infarction, myocardial restoration is inadequate. Consequently, investigators are currently exploring the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), skeletal myoblasts and adult bone marrow stem cells to limit infarct size. hESCs are pluripotent cells that can regenerate myocardium in infarcted hearts, attenuate heart remodeling and contribute to left ventricle (LV) systolic force development. Since hESCs can form heart teratomas, investigators are differentiating hESCs toward cardiac progenitor cells prior to transplantation into hearts. Large quantities of hESCs cardiac progenitor cells, however, must be generated, immune rejection must be prevented and grafts must survive over the long term to significantly improve myocardial performance. Transplanted autologous skeletal myoblasts can survive in infarcted myocardium in small numbers, proliferate, differentiate into skeletal myofibers and increase the LV ejection fraction. These cells, however, do not form electromechanical connections with host cardiomyocytes. Consequently, electrical re-entry can occur and cause cardiac arrhythmias. Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells contain hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells. In several meta-analyses, patients with coronary disease who received autologous bone marrow cells by intracoronary injection show significant 3.7% (range: 1.9-5.4%) increases in LV ejection fraction, decreases in LV end-systolic volume of -4.8 ml (range: -1.4 to -8.2 ml) and reductions in infarct size of 5.5% (-1.9 to -9.1%), without experiencing arrhythmias. Bone marrow cells appear to release biologically active factors that limit myocardial damage. Unfortunately, bone marrow cells from patients with chronic diseases propagate poorly and can die prematurely. Substantial challenges must be addressed and resolved to advance the use of stem cells in cardiac repair including identifying the optimal stem cell(s) that permit transplantation without requirements for host immune suppression; timing of stem cell transplantation that maximizes chemoattraction of stem cells to infarcts; and determining the optimal technique for injecting stem cells for cardiac repair. Techniques must be developed to enhance survival and propagation of stem cells in the myocardium. These studies will require close cooperation and interaction of scientists and clinicians. Cell-based cardiac repair in the 21st century will offer new hope for millions of patients worldwide with myocardial infarctions who, otherwise, would suffer from the relentless progression of heart disease to heart failure and death.
Chasing the Holy Grail of vestibular schwannoma management.

A lmost 90 years have passed since Harvey Cushing and Walter Dandy argued whether a vestibular schwannoma (VS) should be completely extirpated or best treated with ntracapsular decompression alone. Over the past 50 years, urgeons have addressed a number of issues regarding the esection of VS, including whether the facial nerve can be natomically maintained, the utility of an operating microscope, ifferent surgical approaches, and the chance of hearing preseration after VS removal. In the past 20 years, most reports hifted away from the nuances of VS microsurgery to an examnation of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for VS as well as utcome studies comparing microsurgery and SRS (13). Most ecently, radiation dose fractionation as a method to improve ranial nerve outcomes compared with single-fraction SRS has ntered into the fray, with additional data becoming available ach year on this technique.
A New Generation of Sexual Addiction

Sexual addiction has been an increasingly observed and researched phenomenon within the past 30 years. “Classic” sexual addiction emerges from a history of abuse, insecure attachment patterns, and disordered impulse control, often presenting with cross addictions and comorbid mood disorders. In contrast, a “contemporary” form of rapid-onset sexual addiction has emerged with the explosive growth of Internet technology and is distinguished by “3Cs”: chronicity, content, and culture. Of particular concern is early exposure to graphic sexual material that disrupts normal neurochemical, sexual, and social development in youth. Treatment modalities for “classic” and “contemporary” forms are overlapping yet distinct, reflecting their unique etiologies and similar presentations.
Suppression of volunteer potatoes with maleic hydrazide applications

Volunteer potato plants are difficult weeds to control in a wide variety of rotation crops and are not effectively controlled by tillage and herbicides because buried tubers can vigorously resprout. Maleic hydrazide (MH) may provide some of the needed control. This study investigated the efficacy of MH applications for volunteer plant suppression. ‘Russet Burbank’, ‘Ranger Russet’, ‘Russet Norkotah’ and ‘Shepody’ plants were treated with 3.4 kg ai ha-1 Royal MH-30 Xtra® (MH) each of three years. Tuber samples (<57, 57 to 113, 113 to 284 g) were assayed for MH residue and planted the following spring to measure plant emergence.
Temporal dynamics in the ruminal microbiome of dairy cows during the transition period

The transition period in dairy cows refers to the period from 3 wk before calving to 3 wk post-calv- ing and is a critical time for influencing milk production and cow health. We hypothesize that the ruminal micro- biome shifts as dairy cows transition from a non-lactation period into lactation due to changes in dietary regimen. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in the ruminal microbiome of primiparous and multiparous (study group) cows during the transition period. Five pri- miparous and 5 multiparous cows were randomly selected from a herd, and ruminal contents were sampled, via stom- ach tube, 4 times (study day) at 3 wk before calving date (S1), 1 to 3 d post-calving (S2), and 4 (S3) and 8 wk (S4) into lactation and were evaluated for bacterial diversity using 16S pyrotags. Both groups received the same pre- fresh diet (14.6% CP, 44.0% NDF, 21.9% starch) and 3 different lactation diets (L1, L2, and L3) varying in forage base but not amount and formulated to have similar nutri- ent specifications (16.8% to 17.7% CP; 32.5% to 33.6% NDF; 26.2% to 29.1% starch) post-calving. Forty bacterial communities were analyzed on the basis of annotations of 100,000 reads, resulting in 15,861 operational taxonomic units grouped into 17 bacterial phyla. The UniFrac dis- tance metric revealed that both study group and study day had an effect on the community compositions (P < 0.05; permutational multivariate ANOVA test). The most abun- dant phyla observed were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes across all the communities. As the cows transitioned into lactation, the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes increased from 6:1 to 12:1 (P < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test), and this ratio was greater in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows (P < 0.05). This report is the first to explore the effect of parity on dynamics in the ruminal microbiome of cows during the transition period.
First branchial cleft anomalies: otologic manifestations and treatment outcomes.

ObjectiveThis study describes the presentation of first branchial cleft anomalies and compares outcomes of first branchial cleft with other branchial cleft anomalies with attention to otologic findings.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingPediatric tertiary care facility.MethodsSurgical databases were queried to identify children with branchial cleft anomalies. Descriptive analysis defined sample characteristics. Risk estimates were calculated using Fisher’s exact test.ResultsQueries identified 126 subjects: 27 (21.4%) had first branchial cleft anomalies, 80 (63.4%) had second, and 19 (15.1%) had third or fourth. Children with first anomalies often presented with otologic complications, including otorrhea (22.2%), otitis media (25.9%), and cholesteatoma (14.8%). Of 80 children with second branchial cleft anomalies, only 3 (3.8%) had otitis. Compared with children with second anomalies, children with first anomalies had a greater risk of requiring primary incision and drainage: 16 (59.3%) vs 2 ...
Iterative procedures related to relaxation methods for eigenvalue problems

Three iterative procedures for approximating to the solutions of linear eigenvalue problems for systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom are discussed. Two of the procedures are closely related to known iterative procedures while the third is original. The procedures are shown to possess quadratic, geometric and cubic convergence. All three procedures lie within the framework of the relaxation method, each representing a particular manner of fixing the freedom of choice existent in the relaxation method. The study was made to investigate the convergence and behaviour in the large of the relaxation method and to provide guiding principles for the relaxation computer. One particular result of importance is that orthogonalization of trial modes is not essential to the success of the relaxation method.
An examination of some problems with international law governing maritime piracy

We describe the capture-to-ransom pirate business model, which is proving very successful against merchant shipping, even though the latter enjoys the protection of naval warships. We argue that failure to adequately enforce international law is symptomatic of inherent weaknesses in that law: namely that as “cooperation” between States Parties (Article 100 of the Law of the Sea) is undefined, investment in enforcement by multiple-enforcement agents is left open to free riding problems. We end with an investigation of some suggestions for reforming international law against maritime piracy, but we are skeptical of meaningful progress for several years.
Identification of lipoxygenase products from arachidonic acid metabolism in stimulated murine eosinophils.

Abstract The presence of arachidonic acid lipoxygenase pathways in murine eosinophils was demonstrated by the isolation and identification of several lipoxygenase products from incubations of these cells. The most abundant arachidonate metabolite from murine eosinophils stimulated with ionophore A23187 and exogenous arachidonic acid was 12- S -hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12- S -HETE), and the next most abundant was 15-HETE. Two families of leukotrienes were also recovered from these incubations. One family comprised the hydrolysis products of leukotriene A 4 , and the other included products derived from the 14,15-oxido analog of leukotriene A 4 (14,15-leukotriene A 4 ). Two double oxygenation products of arachidonate were also identified. These compounds were a 5,15-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5,15-diHETE) and a 5,12-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5,12-diHETE). Eosinophil stimulation promoter is a murine lymphokine which enhances the migration of eosinophils. When murine eosinophils were incubated with eosinophil stimulation promoter in concentrations sufficient to produce a migration response, a 2–3-fold increase in the production of 12-HETE was observed compared to unstimulated cells. Coupled with the recent demonstration that arachidonic acid lipoxygenase inhibitors suppress the migration response to eosinophil stimulation promoter and that 12-HETE induces a migration response, this observation provides further evidence in support of the hypothesis that eosinophil stimulation promoter stimulation of eosinophils results in the generation of lipoxygenase products which modulate the migratory activity of the cells.
FORMATION OF NOREPINEPHRINE FROM TYROSINE IN ISOLATED RABBIT HEART.

Die Bildung des Noradrenalins aus Tyrosin konnte im isolierten Kaninchenherzen nachgewiesen werden. Die Reaktion scheint fur Tyrosin spezifisch zu sein. Aus Tyramin wurde kein Noradrenalin gebildet. Ebenfalls wurde die Umwandlung von Tyramin in Norsynephrin und von Dopamin in Noradrenalin nachgewiesen.
Quality-of-life outcomes for men with prostate carcinoma detected by screening.

BACKGROUND There is limited information on outcomes of prostate carcinoma treatments given to screened patient populations for whom cancer is usually detected at an earlier stage. METHODS The authors conducted a cross-sectional evaluation of quality-of-life outcomes for men with prostate carcinoma detected in screening studies at a university center. Of 2234 men diagnosed with prostate carcinoma between 1989 and 1997, 74% responded to the questionnaire. Primary management included radical prostatectomy (76%), radiotherapy (11%), observation (7%), hormonal therapy (4%), and cryoablation (2%). Main outcome measures included validated measurements of quality of life, urinary and sexual functioning, and bother (36-item RAND Health Survey, UCLA Prostate Cancer Index). RESULTS After controlling for demographic factors, differences among treatment groups were found for all general quality-of-life outcomes, with increased impairment in men who underwent hormonal therapy (all P values < 0.05). Urinary and sexual function and bother were also significantly related to treatment. However, among men followed for ≥12 months, only 9% reported a moderate or major problem with urinary control. Sexual functioning was a moderate or major problem following treatment for 58% treated with prostatectomy, 48% treated with radiotherapy, 64% treated with hormonal therapy, 45% treated with cryoablation, and 30% managed with observation. Approximately one-third of the men younger than 70 years who underwent radical prostatectomy maintained adequate sexual functioning posttreatment. CONCLUSIONS Up to 6 years after diagnosis, the majority of men with prostate carcinoma detected by screening were bothered by their current sexual function, regardless of treatment. In contrast, most men were not bothered by their current urinary function. Cancer 2000;88:1454–63. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Histopathologic changes in suckling mice infected with the virus of Colorado tick fever.

States. Diagnosis can be established by demonstrating a rise in titer of neutralizing antibodies in paired blood specimens and by isolation of virus from patients' blood collected during the period of
Areolar gland discharge in adolescent females

Two Tanner stage IV adolescent females with secretion of material from the areolar glands of the breast are described. This report, as well as previous case reports, indicates that the condition is benign in the presence of an otherwise unremarkable physical examination. In contrast to galactorrhea, which must be evaluated completely, areolar gland discharge appears to be a curiosity that may be as rare as the number of case reports would suggest. It appears to warrant nothing more than careful observation.
Activity-stress ulcer in the rat, hamster, gerbil and guinea pig

Abstract Rats, hamsters, gerbils and guinea pigs were housed in activity cages and fed 1 hr each day. By the end of the 21-day experimental period, 86, 100, 70 and 70% of rats, hamsters, gerbils and guinea pigs had developed lesions in the glandular stomach. This procedure was thus capable of producing lesions in species other than the rat, thereby increasing the value of the procedure as an ulcerogenic technique.
Quantum Chemical Studies of Localisation and Hydration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Cations in the Clinoptilolite 8- and 10-member Rings

To study the energetic and structural characteristics of the systems involved in the Ca2+ ↔ Mg2+ ion exchange at clinoptilolite, the quantum chemical modelling was performed of several clusters representing the portion of the heulandite lattice which involve one 10-member (10M) ring containing the isomorphic substitution, one 8-member (8M) ring also containing the isomorphic substitution, and adjacent 4- and 5-member rings. It was shown that, while for dehydrated systems the localisation of Mg2+ ion in the 10M ring and Ca2+ ion in the 8M ring is preferable, for the partially hydrated systems the localisation of Ca2+ ion in the 10M ring and Mg2+ ion in the 8M ring is favourable, with the energetic yield of corresponding ion exchange reaction of the order of 100 kJ/mol.
PTEN-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition and paradoxical cellular proliferation following Pnck overexpression

Pregnancy upregulated non-ubiquitous calmodulin kinase (Pnck), a novel calmodulin kinase, is significantly overexpressed in breast and renal cancers. We present evidence that at high cell density, overexpression of Pnck in HEK 293 cells inhibits serum-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/ERK2) activation. ERK1/2 inhibition is calcium-dependent and Pnck kinase activity is required for ERK1/2 inhibition, since expression of a kinase-dead (K44A) and a catalytic loop phosphorylation mutant (T171A) Pnck protein is unable to inhibit ERK 1/2 activity. Ras is constitutively active at high cell density, and Pnck does not alter Ras activation, suggesting that Pnck inhibition of ERK1/2 activity is independent of Ras activity. Pnck inhibition of serum-induced ERK1/2 activity is lost in cells in which phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is suppressed, suggesting that Pnck inhibition of ERK1/2 activity is mediated by PTEN. Overexpression of protein phosphatase-active but lipid phosphatase-dead PTEN protein inhibits ERK1/2 activity in control cells and enhances Pnck-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition, suggesting that Pnck increases availability of protein phosphatase active PTEN for ERK1/2 inhibition. Pnck is a stress-responsive kinase; however, serum-induced p38 MAP kinase activity is also downregulated by Pnck in a Pnck kinase- and PTEN-dependent manner, similar to ERK1/2 inhibition. Pnck overexpression increases proliferation, which is inhibited by PTEN knockdown, implying that PTEN acts as a paradoxical promoter of proliferation in ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation-inhibited, Pnck-overexpressing cells. Overall, these data reveal a novel function of Pnck in the regulation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase activity and cell proliferation, which is mediated by paradoxical PTEN functions. The possible biological implications of these data are discussed.
Boundary Element Grid Optimization for Stokes Flow With Corner Singularities

The accuracy of boundary-element methods for computing Stokes flow past boundaries with sharp corners where singularities occur is discussed. To resolve the singular behavior, a graded mesh of boundary elements whose length increases in a geometrical fashion with respect to distance from the corners according to a prescribed stretch ratio is used. Numerical results for two-dimensional Stokes flow past bodies with polygonal shapes reveal the existence of an optimal value of the stretch ratio for best accuracy in the computation of the force and torque. When the optimal value is used, fast convergence is achieved with respect to the number of boundary elements
The stress distribution produced by screw dislocation pile-ups at rigid circular cylindrical inclusions

Stress field generation by screw dislocation pile- up at hard circular cylindrical inclusions obtained, using approximation of continuously distributed dislocations
Bicriterion traffic assignment : Efficient algorithms plus examples

Abstract This paper describes the mathematical properties and solution algorithm of a stochastic bicriterion equilibrium traffic assignment model in which both criteria may be flow-dependent. Formulated as a variational inequality, the model can reflect that different trip makers—due to habit, taste, or information—react differently to various factors such as travel time, out-of-pocket cost, and traffic congestion. Combining a novel tree builder/trip loader that obviates path enumeration together with Newton's method and linear programming, its reduced simplicial decomposition solution algorithm is fast enough to make the model a practical planning tool.
THE ISOLATION AND CULTURE IN VITRO OF THE QUIESCENT CENTER OF ZEA MAYS

A B S T R A C T Using 3-day-old seedling roots of Zea mays L., cv. Kelvedon 33, it was possible to remove the root cap by a simple surgical manipulation without damage to the root proper. By a further small cut, the quiescent center (QC) itself was isolated. This double-convex lens-shaped tissue piece 100 X 250,um is composed of 1000-1500 cells representing only 0.25 mm3 in volume. The explant was demonstrated unequivocally by 3H-thymidine incorporation before excision and then by autoradiography to be composed of the specific cells usually designated the quiescent center. Using sterile techniques, the QC's were placed on nutrient agar slants and allowed to grow in culture. Of a number of nutrient media tested, only a medium supplemented with organic nitrogen components, ind6leacetic acid, kinetin and inorganic nutrients plus sucrose (S2M + K -2,4-D) was effective in eliciting development. Thirty to 40 percent of the 150 isolated QC's grown on this medium formed elongated roots, up to 2 cm in length in 3-4 weeks. Roots developing on agar medium showed in their proximal portion a vascular pattern with 5-6 metaxylem elements or variations of this pattern, but as the root elongated, the vascular pattern was progressively reduced in complexity at the more distal end to a small central group of metaxylem elements. When agar-grown roots were transferred after one week in culture to a liquid nutrient medium of the same composition, the initially reduced vascular pattern evident in the proximal tissues became progressively more complex in the distal portion of the root and after 2 cm of elongation, showed an essentially normal primary vascular tissue pattern characteristic of the seedling root.
Role for proton beam irradiation in treatment of pediatric CNS malignancies

The ability to vary the proton energy (depth of beam penetration) and modulate the dose distribution at the end of range permits delivery of an increased dose to the designated cancer-containing volume with a reduced dose to overlying normal brain tissue. The evolution of childhood CNS malignancy following therapy is reviewed to identify radiation response variables indicating where the proton dose distribution will improve the therapeutic ratio. The review documents that of the 1262 children expected to develop CNS malignancy in 1989, only 43% will survive 5 years. About 75% of those with medulloblastoma and over 90% with astrocytoma die from persistent (in-field) disease. When the patient has been treated with radiation, it is accepted that disease persistence indicates the cancer dose was insufficient. Potentially 536 children could show an improved incidence of local control and improved survival from an increased cancer dose available from proton irradiation. As the total dose and volume of brain irradiated is increased about 1800 cGy, brain dysfunction increases, producing a spectrum of functional and intellectual deficits which are age and volume related. About 900 irradiated patients would have fewer in-field histologic and functional changes if the dose to normal brain, or the volume of brain irradiated, is reduced by an improved dose distribution. A proton beam treatment plan, delivering a cancer dose of 7400 cGy, is simulated for a thalamic astrocytoma. The dose distribution of this plan is compared with an x-ray plan used to treat a patient, in which a dose of 5400 cGy was delivered to the astrocytoma. Comparative isodose distributions and dose-volume histograms indicate a decreased integral dose to normal brain and a decreased volume of normal brain irradiated, even as the cancer dose is boosted 2000 cGy with protons.
Acute and long lasting neurochemical effects of monosodium glutamate administration to mice

Acute administration of excitatory amino acids alters the release of anterior pituitary hormones. The neurochemical effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration to adult mice were examined 30 minutes and 60 days after an acute injection (4 mg/g). The permanent effects of an acute injection of MSG were limited to a slight loss of neurons in the ventral arcuate nucleus and a 21% reduction in hypothalamic 5-HIAA levels. Thirty minutes after MSG administration hypothalamic DA and DOPAC levels were increased 27% and 25%, respectively and MOPEG levels were increased 75% in the hypothalamus and 34% in the remaining whole brain. These findings show that the acute administration of MSG results in alterations in hypothalamic monoamine metabolism which may be related to the neuroendocrine consequences of excitatory amino acid administration.
The relationship of the serum alkaline phosphatase to urinary hydroxyproline excretion in liver and bone diseases

Abstract A close correlation was observed between the urinary hydroxyproline excreti and the serum alkaline phosphatase in patients with various bone diseases known to be associated with increased enzyme levels. Patients with elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activities due to hepatobiliary disease exhibited normal urinary hydroxyproline outputs. Differentiation of the two groups of patients by determination of the urinary hydroxyproline agreed with that established by electrophoresis of the serum alkaline phosphatase in 8 out of 9 patients studied by both methods. The exceptional patient, in whom clinical and laboratory evidence of liver disease and radiologic evidence of localized Paget's disease was found, had an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase suggested by electrophoresis to be of osseous origin, but had a normal urinary hydroxyproline.
Responses of floaters to removal experiments on wintering chickadees

In response to natural mortality in a local population of wintering black-capped chickadees, Parus atricapillus, high-ranked flock regulars are usually replaced rapidly by flock switchers, while low-ranked regulars are not replaced. A series of removal experiments was done to examine the replacement process. A large outdoor aviary was used to house the removed birds, all of which were returned to their flocks no more than 4 days after removal. Of 10 birds taken, all 6 of the high-ranked ones (3 males, 3 females) were replaced by flock switchers. All inserting switchers made sudden jumps in rank; each was seen to supplant regulars of its sex the day after removal. All 10 removed birds, including the 6 that had been replaced by switchers, regained their former status immediately upon release. The 6 switchers that had inserted into the artificial openings were all driven away, and stayed away from the flock for an average of 15 days. Four removed birds were not replaced. All were males from the bottom-ranked pair in their flock. This is consistent with field observations: of 58 low-ranked regulars disappearing naturally over 7 winters, none was replaced by a switcher, although to do so would be an apparent jump in rank for any switcher.
The accuracy of magnetic resonance phase velocity measurements in stenotic flow

Nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) can be used to measure velocities in fluid flow using the technique of phase velocity mapping. Advantages of MR velocimetry include the simultaneous mapping of the entire flow field through a non-contacting, magnetic window. The phase velocity mapping technique assumes that velocity is constant over the measurement time (typically around 10 ms). For many fluid flows, this assumption is not valid. The current study showed that MR phase velocity measurements of velocity through stenotic flow can be in error by over 100% immediately upstream and downstream of the stenosis throat and by 20% far downstream of the throat in comparison with laser Doppler anemometer measurements taken at the same location. Highly turbulent flow also led to significant errors in velocity measurement. These errors can be attributed to several sources including low signal-to-noise ratio, additional phase shifts due to non-constant velocities, and non-stationary transit-time effects. Velocity measurement errors could be reduced to under 30% at all measurement locations through the use of MR sequences with high signal-to-noise ratios, low echo times, and thick slices.