cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedding GIS Applications into Resource Management and Planning Activities of Local and Indigenous Communities: A Desirable Innovation or a Destabilizing Enterprise?

Geographic Information System’s (GIS’s) capabilities for gathering and disseminating information have been hailed as democratizing, whereas the system is simultaneously criticized as inherently authoritarian. These contradictory characterizations of GIS permeate the current debate on transfer and applications of the technology in indigenous communities. This article reviews the debate in the context of GIS adoption in sub-Saharan Africa. A case study is presented to demonstrate how GIS can be used to assist local community representatives to plan for the protection of local forest resources. The results of the study, which was implemented at Kofiase in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, reinforce the belief that GIS can be used for the benefit of indigenous groups rather than for their disempowerment.
The Uncertain Future of Client‐Centered Counseling

Progress is our most important product—General Electric Company Imagination is more important than knowledge—Albert Einstein
The effects of acclimation temperature on pituitary and plasma beta-endorphin in rats at 32.5°C

Abstract 1. Endocrine and thermoregulatory responses were studied in male rats exposed to heat (32,5 ± 0.1 °C) from acclimation temperatures of either 24.5 ± 0.1°C or 29.2 ± 0.1 °C. 2. After 1 hr in the heat, evaporative water loss and tail skin temperature changes in the 24.5°C acclimated rats were greater than in the 29.2°C acclimated rats; both groups displayed similar changes in metabolic rate and rectal temperature. 3. At the respective acclimation temperatures, 29.2°C rats displayed lowered plasma thyroid hormones, elevated beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (β -END-LI) in the plasma, neurointermediate and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland, and no change in plasma corticosterone levels compared to 24.5°C rats. 4. After exposure to 32.5°C for 1 hr, both groups of rats maintained similar plasma corticosterone levels; however, only the 24.5°C group increased plasma thyroxine and β-END-LI. 5. These data suggest that beta-endophin may be involved in body temperature regulation during acclimation to elevated environmental temperatures.
Reassessing Differences in Work and Income in Cohabitation and Marriage

Are cohabiters different than married couples who cohabited before marriage? This study used the 2002 wave of the National Survey of Families and Households to determine how work behavior might differ for 4 relationship types: (a) cohabiters with uncertain marriage plans, (b) cohabiters with definite marriage plans, (c) premarital cohabiters who recently married, and (d) premarital cohabiters married 5 or more years (n = 638). The results are compared with differences found in overall comparisons of all cohabiters and married couples (N = 916) and were markedly different, indicating that overall comparisons do not adequately capture the range of behavior across cohabitation and marriage. Evidence of increased specialization was found in marriage, yet steep behavioral differences were not found between cohabiters with definite marriage plans and recently married couples but instead were associated with longevity in marriage. This implies that any possible causal effect of marriage on behavior may accrue with time spent married.
DEPTH ELECTROGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS IN TWO CASES OF PHOTO-OCULOCLONIC RESPONSE.

Abstract Simultaneous deep and superficial electrograms recorded in two patients with typical “photo-oculoclonic response” (“fronto-polar recruiting response” of Gastaut or “photo-myoclonic response” of Bickford) suggest that the response consisted in these cases of several recordable components. Surface recordings contained potentials essentially muscular and ocular in origin whereas depth electrograms revealed long latency frontal irradiation potentials. No definite clinical diagnostic significance is attributed to the phenomenon of frontal irradiation of visual responses in the human.
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory domain of the yeast Sic1 protein is contained within the C-terminal 70 amino acids.

By inhibiting the activity of Cdc28/Clb cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complexes, Sic1 prevents the premature initiation of S phase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By testing a series of Sic1 truncation mutants, we have mapped the minimal domain necessary for Cdc28/Clb inhibition in vivo to the C-terminal 70 amino acids of Sic1. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to show that a sequence that matches the zRxL motif found in mammalian CDK inhibitors is essential for Sic1 function. This motif is not found in the Schizosaccharomyces CDK inhibitor p25rum1, which appears to be a structural and functional homolog of Sic1. Based on the mutational data and sequence comparisons, we argue that Sic1 and p25rum1 are structurally distinct from the known mammalian CDK inhibitors, but may bind CDK complexes in a manner more closely resembling CDK substrates like the retinoblastoma and E2F proteins.
Amino acid sequence of toxin F, a snake venom toxin that blocks neuronal nicotinic receptors.

Abstract The amino acid sequence was determined for toxin F, a component ofBungarus multicinctus venom that blocks nicotinic transmission in the chick ciliary ganglion and the rat superior cervical ganglion. Toxin F was purified by a procedure that includes preparative isoelectric focusing and ion exchange chromatography. Seventy nanomolar toxin F blocks nicotinic transmission in the chick ciliary ganglion; however, the toxin only weakly blocks the binding of125I-α-bungarotoxin to membranes derived fromTorpedo californica electroplax (IC50 = 1 μM). These data raise the possibility that toxin F may preferentially recognize neuronal nicotinic receptors. Toxin F focused identically on an isoelectric focusing gel with samples of two similar toxins, bungarotoxin 3.1 and χ-bungarotoxin. The sequence of toxin F is identical with that recently reported for χ-bungarotoxin. When the N-terminal portion of bungarotoxin 3.1 was sequenced, it was found to be identical to the other two toxins. These and other data suggest that the 3 toxins are, in fact, the same.
Properties of Soda Aluminosilicate Glasses: Coordination of Aluminum Ions

An X-ray fluorescence technique has been used to study the coordination number of the aluminum ions in soda aluminosilicate glasses. The fact that the emission wavelength of the Kα line of aluminum is slightly different for aluminum ions in different coordination states is utilized in this technique. Using this small difference in wavelength, it is shown that, depending on the Al/Na ratio, the soda aluminosilicate glasses contain aluminum ions in either fourfold and/or sixfold coordination. The X-ray fluorescence measurements are shown to support the structural model which has been proposed for the soda aluminosilicate glasses to explain the behavior of some of their physical properties.
Phosphoryl transfer by protein kinase A is captured in a crystal lattice.

The catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a serine/threonine kinase responsible for most of the effects of cAMP signaling, and PKA serves as a prototype for the entire kinase family. Despite multiple studies of PKA, the steps involved in phosphoryl transfer, the roles of the catalytically essential magnesium ions, and the processes that govern the rate-limiting step of ADP release are unresolved. Here we identified conditions that yielded slow phosphoryl transfer of the γ-phosphate from the generally nonhydrolyzable analog of ATP, adenosine-5′-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate (AMP-PNP), onto a substrate peptide within protein crystals. By trapping both products in the crystal lattice, we now have a complete resolution profile of all the catalytic steps. One crystal structure refined to 1.55 A resolution shows two states of the protein with 55% displaying intact AMP-PNP and an unphosphorylated substrate and 45% displaying transfer of the γ-phosphate of AMP-PNP onto the substrate peptide yi...
Military Justice as an Instrument of American Occupation Policy in Austria 1945–1950: From Total Control to Limited Tutelage

This Essay Provides a critical assessment of the system of military justice established in Austria by the American occupation authorities. It places military justice and its function in the wider context of U.S. occupation policy as it developed from total control to increasingly milder forms of tutelage under the impact of the Cold War and increasing Austrian self-assertion. The essay is based on the hitherto largely untapped files contained in seventy-five boxes of the Legal Division of the U.S. Military Government in Austria, collected in two visits in 1990 and 1991 to the National Archives in Suitland, Maryland.
Production of Thermonuclear Power by Non-Maxwellian Ions in a Closed Magnetic Field Configuration

A toroidal plasma heated by an energetic neutral beam (thus consisting of an energetic ion component and a lower-energy bulk plasma) can produce net thermonuclear power under conditions far less restrictive than Lawson's criterion.
Hot electron deep level transient spectroscopy

We describe a novel method for determining the energy levels of traps in a heterostructure. Our results for a five period GaAs/AlGaAs (x = 0.30) superlattice show a trap in the AlGaAs at an energy level of 0.69 eV below the conduction band. This is in good agreement with a previously reported trap level 0.66 eV below the conduction band.
Enhanced degradation of deethylatrazine in an atrazine-history soil of Iowa.

Abstract The degradation of deethylatrazine (DEA), a major metabolite of atrazine, was studied by using radiotracers in soils with two different atrazine histories. DEA degradation was enhanced in soils which had received long‐term exposure to atrazine (atrazine‐history soil) compared with soils that had not received long‐term atrazine exposure (no‐history soil). After 60 days of incubation, mineralization of DEA to 14CO2 in the atrazine‐history surface soil was twice that in the no‐history surface soils, with 34% and 17% of the applied 14C‐DEA as CO2, respectively. In surface soils, 25% of the applied 14C remained as DEA in the atrazine‐history soil, compared with 35% in the no‐history soil. Microbial plate counts indicated an increase in numbers of bacteria and fungi in soils incubated with DEA compared to control soils. No significant difference in total microbial respiration was seen among atrazine‐history and no‐history soils incubated with DEA, but DEA‐treated soils had greater microbial respiration...
Computerized Approach for Matrix-Form FMEA

This paper discusses a computerized technique for preparing a matrix-form of failure modes and effects analysis which has previously been completed using manual methods. The basic input to the computer is a definition of each element of the system, applicable failure modes, and the resultant effect of each failure mode. From this input, the computer develops the matrix, locates the intersections on the matrix between elements of the system and effects, and formulates the text of the failure effects. The principal advantages in using the computer include lower cost, greater accuracy, faster preparation, overall consistency in the final effect statements, and elimination of many repetitious and tedious tasks.
Pentacene organic field-effect transistors with polymeric dielectric interfaces: Performance and stability

Abstract Low-voltage pentacene organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with different gate dielectric interfaces are studied and their performance in terms of electrical properties and operational stability is compared. Overall high electrical performance is demonstrated at low voltage by using a 100 nm-thick high-κ gate dielectric layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and modified with hydroxyl-free low-κ polymers like polystyrene (PS), divinyltetramethyldisiloxane-bis(benzocyclobutene) (BCB) (Cyclotene™, Dow Chemicals), and as well as with the widely used octadecyl-trichlorosilane (OTS). Devices with PS and BCB dielectric surfaces exhibit almost similar electrical performance with high field-effect mobilities, low subthreshold voltages, and high on/off current ratios. The higher mobility in pentacene transistors with PS can be correlated to the better structural ordering of pentacene films, as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The devices with PS show good electrical stability under bias stress conditions (VGS = VDS = −10 V for 1 h), resulting in a negligible drop (∼2%) in saturation current (IDS) in comparison to that in devices with OTS (∼12%), and to a very high decay (∼30%) for the devices with BCB.
The Effect Of Pixel Size On The Detection Rate Of Early Pulmonary Sarcoidosis In Digital Chest Radiographic Systems

In digital radiography the pixel size used determines the potential spatial resolution of the system. The need for spatial resolution varies depending on the subject matter imaged. In many areas, including the chest, the minimum spatial resolution requirements have not been determined. Sarcoidosis is a disease which frequently causes subtle interstitial infiltrates in the lungs. As the initial step in an investigation designed to determine the minimum pixel size required in digital chest radiographic systems, we have studied 1 mm pixel digitized images on patients with early pulmonary sarcoidosis. The results of this preliminary study suggest that neither mild interstitial pulmonary infiltrates nor other abnormalities such as pneumothoraces may be detected reliably with 1 mm pixel digital images.
New anionic rearrangements XIII. Reactions of tert-butyllithium with organosilanes

Abstract tert-Butyllithium/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) complex reacts with trimethylchloro- and trimethylbromosilanes to give mixtures of the coupling product tert-butyltrimethylsilane (I) and metalation products 1-chloro-1,1,3,3,3-pentamethyldisilmethylene (II) and 1-bromo-1,1,3,3,3-pentamethyldisilmelene, respectively. Trimethylfluorosilane and tert-butyllithium/TMEDA give only (I). Compound (I) is also the major product when methoxytrimethylsilane is treated with tert-butyllithium/TMEDA, but ethoxytrimethylsilane gives predominantly the metalation product 1-ethoxy-1,1,3,3,3-pentamethyldisilmethylene (IV). Acetoxytrimethylsilane and tert-butyllithium/TMEDA give, ultimately, 2-(trimethylsiloxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-butene (VII). Hexamethyldisiloxane is metalated by tert-butyllithium in pentane to give LiCH2SiMe2OSiMe3, which in the presence of TMEDA rearranges to give LiOSiMe2CH2SiMe3. The difunctional silanes, dimethyldichlorosilane and dimethyldiethoxysilane, react with tert-butyllithium/TMEDA complex to give only the coupling products tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane and tert-butyldimethylethoxysilane (VI).
The Business Rules Approach and Its Effect on Software Testing

Codification and testing of business rules in application programs has historically been a challenge in software engineering. Many organizations have adopted the business rules approach to formalize and compartmentalize business rules as a separate component from application code. This article investigates and presents the effects of the business rules approach on testing activities in the software development life cycle at a Fortune 500 corporation. The findings suggest that the business rules approach has the potential to engage testing personnel early in the development process and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of testing activities.
Relationship between genetic distance among parents and genetic variance in populations of soybean

A major goal of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding is the development and identification of high yielding transgressive segregants. Populations that have greater genetic variation should, on average, have more transgressive segregants than populations with lesser variance. The goal of this research was to study whether the genetic distances between parents of crosses were predictive of which crosses have the greatest genetic variance for yield and other agronomic traits. Genetic variance for seed yield, plant height and maturity date was estimated for three sets of populations in field tests. The first set included eight populations evaluated in 1989 and 1990, the second set included 21 populations evaluated in 1993 and a subset of 13 populations evaluated in 1994, and the third set included 24 populations evaluated in 1994 and a subset of 10 populations evaluated in 1995. The parents of the crosses were evaluated with RFLP markers to estimate RFLP distances (RFD) and for coefficient of parentage (CP) which was subtracted from one to measure genealogical distances (GD). Both GD and RFD were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with genetic variance for plant height for the first set. There were no significant correlations between either genetic distance estimator and genetic variance for any trait in the second set. In the third set, GD was significantly correlated with maturity and plant height and RFD was significantly correlated with maturity. Genetic variance for yield was adjusted for maturity with covariance analysis. These adjustments reduced the estimates of yield variance and mostly reduced the correlations between yield variance and genetic distance estimates. To further evaluate the predictive ability of GD and RFD, the populations in each set were subdivided into two groups, one with parents that had the greatest genetic distance and the other with the least distance based on GD or RFD. The average genetic variance for yield of populations in the more distant group was greater than for the less distant group for the first and third set. These differences were significant for the third set in both years for RFD. These results indicate that although genetic distance can not accurately predict genetic variance of individual crosses, it can on average be useful to identify groups of crosses that will produce populations with greater genetic variance.
Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis is a common disease with an overall 1-year mortality of 20%. Although the classical treatment for alcoholic hepatitis is abstinence, in some individuals abstinence alone is inadequate to promote survival and recovery. This is particularly true of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, who are identified by jaundice, coagulopathy and neutrophilia. Within the last two decades, several agents have been examined as treatments for alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. They have targeted several key processes in the pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease, including hypermetabolism, inflammation, cytokine dysregulation and oxidant stress. The compounds that offer the greatest survival benefit to patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis are corticosteroids. Several groups have reported excellent results with corticosteroids, but positive results are not uniform, and there remains some controversy over their efficacy. Even if corticosteroids are beneficial for alcoholic hepatitis, they are not recommended for all patients at risk. Consequently, other agents are being tested that have broader applicability to individuals with contraindications to steroids. In this regard, pentoxifylline shows some promise, as does enteral feeding with medium chain triglycerides. Independent efforts are also being directed toward treatment of chronic alcoholic liver disease and alcoholic cirrhosis. Anti-oxidants have received the greatest attention; drugs such as S-adenosyl-methionine may be of benefit. This and others are under active study.
Peptide heterodimers for molecular imaging

One main issue with peptide-based molecular imaging probes is their relatively low tumor affinity and short retention time. To improve peptide binding affinity, multivalency approach has been introduced. Traditionally, this approach involves the use of peptide homodimers or homomultimers in which peptide ligands of the same type are constructed with suitable linkers. Recently, a new approach using peptide heterodimers has emerged as a promising method for targeting multi-receptor over-expressed tumor cells. Significant affinity enhancements have been observed with peptide heterodimers compared with their parent peptide monomers. In a peptide heterodimer, two different peptide ligands capable of targeting two different receptors are covalently linked. The binding modes of peptide heterodimers can be monovalent or bivalent depending on whether simultaneous binding of two ligands can be achieved. Increased local ligand concentration and improved binding kinetics contribute to enhanced binding in both monovalent- and bivalent binding modes, while multivalency effect also plays an important role in bivalent binding mode. As many tumors overexpress multiple receptors, more peptide heterodimer-based molecular imaging probes are expected to be developed in future. This review article will discuss the peptide homodimers and heterodimers for molecular imaging with special emphasis on peptide heterodimers.
Counseling Psychology in the Minnesota Tradition.

The origins and growth of American counseling psychology were closely tied to early developments at the University of Minnesota. Pioneering work in student personnel research was initiated by Donald Paterson and his associates in the 1920s and 1930s. E. G. Williamson, John Darley, and Gilbert Wrenn were Minnesota psychologists who played central roles in the establishment of the APA Division of Counseling Psychology and the creation of the ABPP diploma in counseling and guidance. Minnesota is the only institution offering two broadly based APA-accredited programs in counseling psychology: one program in the Department of Psychology and the other program in the College of Education.
American Crime Prevention: Trends and New Frontiers

American crime prevention is at a crossroads. After decades of successful efforts, the concept of prevention has been embedded in the American lexicon and prevention strategies are becoming a part of public policy. Even so, there is great uncertainty about the form, function, and emphasis of prevention programs. Historically, prevention efforts have used techniques of surveillance and incapacitation and focused primarily on guns, gangs, and drugs. Over the past 10 years, more progressive forms of prevention have been incorporated into public policy. However, the current conservative climate, combined with the fear of terrorism and declining sources of revenue, has precipitated a renewed emphasis on surveillance and incapacitation. Because the United States does not have a specific agency responsible for crime prevention, or even a national crime prevention agenda, much American crime prevention is incident driven. At present, the themes of information integration systems and prevention technology, law enf...
Neutron Diffraction Studies on Europium Metal

Neutron diffraction investigations have been made on metallic europium which show the metal to be anti-ferromagnetic with a Neel temperature of 87° ±1°K. The observed magnetic reflections can be interpreted in terms of a helical spin structure having a pitch of 3.60 a 0 and a helix axis in the (100) direction or an amplitude modulated structure in the (100) direction having a periodicity of 3.60 a 0. Between 20° and 87°K, within experimental error, the intensities of the magnetic reflections are proportional to (T N −T)1/2, where T N is the Neel temperature. The helix pitch is not a function of temperature.
Comparison of three obstacle-avoidance methods for a mobile robot

Obstacle avoidance is one of the most critical factors in the design of autonomous vehicles such as mobile robots. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast three different methods for obstacle detection and avoidance. These include fixed mounting of sonar sensors, a rotating sonar sensor and a laser scanner. The three systems have been installed on the BEARCAT mobile robot. Current work is ongoing and was tested in June 2001 at the International Ground Robotics Competition. This test bed system provides experimental evaluation of the tradeoffs among the systems in terms of resolution, range and computation speed as well as mounting arrangements. The significance of this work is in the increased understanding of obstacle avoidance for robot control and the applications of autonomous guided vehicle technology for industry, defense and medicine.
Effects of food availability on the valve movements and feeding behavior of juvenile Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). II. Feeding rates and behavior

Abstract The effects of changes in availability of algal food on the feeding behavior of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) were investigated. Individual oysters were subjected to three conditions: (1) continuously fed, the algal suspension maintained at a constant concetration (50,000 cells·ml −1 ) by an fed, the algal suspension maintained at a constant concentration (50,000 cells·ml −1 ) by an automatic turbidostat, (2) discontinuously fed, where oysters were alternately fed with the turbidostat for 12 h and unfed in filtered sea water for 12 h, and (3) batch fed, in which oysters were given a specific daily algal ration which was subsequently grazed. Valve movements of the oysters were concurrently recorded and rates of algae removal measured. Rates of removal of algae from suspension by oysters mainatained under constant algal concentration varied from hour to hour. However, when cumulative ration removed per activity period (valves open) was plotted as a function of the duration of the activity period, the relationship was linear slope = 1.02. time-averaged rates of algal removal were thus constant for all oysters and consistent among different individuals. Average rates of algal removal by oyster fed continuously and discontinuously showed no statisical difference. Consequently, daily rations cleared by oysters fed discontinuously were approximately half those cleared by oysters fed continuously. Based on the observed relation between food availability and the valve movements of oysters, a post-ingestive mechanisms of detection of organic seston level is suggested.
Expansion of the Breeding Range of the Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea) Into Western Nebraska

Abstract We report the first nest of a blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea) in western Nebraska. The nest was in a red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). The nesting birds reflect an expansion of the breeding range of western populations.
A Pilot Study of Telmisartan for Visceral Adiposity in HIV Infection: The Metabolic Abnormalities, Telmisartan, and HIV Infection (MATH) Trial

Background Visceral adiposity in the setting of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not fully understood, and treatment options remain limited. Telmisartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker and partial PPAR-γ agonist, has been shown to decrease visceral fat and improve metabolic and inflammatory parameters in HIV-uninfected subjects.
Hepatic reticuloendothelial system activation in autoimmune mice: Differences between (NZB × NZW)F1 and MRL-lpr/lpr strains

Abstract 5′-Nucleotidase (5′N) activity and Ia expression of hepatic nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) of the autoimmune (NZB × NZW)F 1 and MRL- lpr / lpr and nonautoimmune C3H/FeJ, DBA/2J, and A/J strains were assayed to determine endogenous activation of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system (RES). Pretreatment of the nonautoimmune strains with Corynebacterium parvum resulted in decreases in Fc receptor expressor and 5′N and an increase in Ia expression of NPCs. Endogenous hepatic RES activation, as measured by low 5′N and high Ia expression, was observed in both the autoimmune MRL- lpr / lpr and (NZB × NZW)F 1 strains even without C. parvum pretreatment. However, in the MRL- lpr / lpr strain, age is a dependent variable in activation and correlates with delayed clearance from the circulation of soluble IgG immune complexes. In the (NZB × NZW)F 1 strain, the observation of decreased 5′-nucleotidase activity and increased percentage of Ia-positive cells at all ages suggests a primary abnormality. Therefore, different genetic or exogenous factors may be responsible for the activation of the hepatic RES in these autoimmune strains.
The Origin of Urinary Stones

Urinary stone disease has historically been viewed as a disorder of mineral metabolism leading to precipitation of minerals out of the urine. Therefore, the medical management of urinary stones has focused on improving the urinary milieu. A growing body of evidence suggests that both cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease itself are associated with the development of urinary stones. Although disorders of mineral metabolism and cardiovascular diseases are both systemic conditions, patients frequently present with asymmetric renal calculus disease, suggesting that as yet uncharacterized local mechanisms must contribute to the formation of renal calculi. In this review, we examine the links between cardiovascular disease and nephrolithiasis, and discuss the evidence for potential local factors that contribute to stone disease.
Next-generation educational software: why we need it & a research agenda for getting it

The dream of universal access to high-quality, personalized educational content that is available both synchronously and asynchronously remains unrealized. For more than four decades, it has been said that information technology would be a key enabling technology for making this dream a reality by providing the ability to produce compelling and individualized content, the means for delivering it, and effective feedback and assessment mechanisms. Although IT has certainly had some impact, it has become a cliche to note that education is the last field to take systematic advantage of IT. There have been some notable successes of innovative software (e.g., the graphing calculator, the Geometer's Sketchpad, and the World Wide Web as an information-storage and -delivery vehicle), but we continue to teach-and students continue to learn-in ways that are virtually unchanged since the invention of the blackboard.
The craft of computer programming: lifting the veil

We present the conceptual design and first-phase implementation of an approach to computer programming instruction that has been designed to exploit the attractive force of video games. We partition the skills that a professional programmer must master into a sequence of eight levels, where each level introduces new programming tasks that are to be implemented on a progressively more detailed machine architecture. Our approach is intended to foster a conceptual understanding of the internal representation of data, and the underlying operations being performed on the data by an instruction sequence. To motivate the student programmer, our approach is designed to be integrated into a video game where, to progress through the levels of the game, the player must also progress through the levels of programming tasks. After completing all levels the player of such a game would have a thorough mastery of fundamental programming skills, including array indexing, recursion and pointer variables, coupled with a solid understanding of the underlying computational model and the von Neuman architecture.
Computational modeling issues and methods for the ``regulatory problem'' in engineering - Solutions to the structural dynamics and static frame problems

Abstract Many of the problems addressed through engineering analysis include a set of regulatory (or other) probabilistic requirements that must be demonstrated with some degree of confidence through the analysis. Problems cast in this environment can pose new challenges for computational analyses in both model validation and model-based prediction. The “regulatory problems” given for the “Sandia challenge problems exercise”, while relatively simple, provide an opportunity to demonstrate methods that address these challenges. This paper describes and illustrates methods that can be useful in analysis of the regulatory problem. Specifically, we discuss: (1) an approach for quantifying variability and uncertainty separately to assess the regulatory requirements and provide a statement of confidence; and (2) a general validation metric to focus the validation process on a specific range of the predictive distribution (the predictions near the regulatory threshold). These methods are illustrated using the challenge problems. Solutions are provided for both the static frame and structural dynamics problems.
Synthesis and evaluation of self-calibrating ratiometric viscosity sensors

We describe the design, synthesis and fluorescent profile of a family of self-calibrating dyes that provide ratiometric measurements of fluid viscosity. The design is based on covalently linking a primary fluorophore (reference) that displays a viscosity-independent fluorescence emission with a secondary fluorophore (sensor) that exhibits a viscosity-sensitive fluorescence emission. Characterization of fluorescent properties was made with separate excitation of the units and through Resonance Energy Transfer from the reference to the sensor dye. The chemical structures of both fluorophores and the linker length have been evaluated in order to optimize the overall brightness and sensitivity of the viscosity measurements. We also present an application of such ratiometric dyes for the detection of membrane viscosity changes in a liposome model.
Predation by the Grey Leaf Monkey (Presbytis hosei) on the Contents of a Bird's Nest at Mt. Kinabalu Park, Sabah

An adult male grey leaf monkey (Presbytis hosei) was observed in Mt. Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia, raiding the nest of a grey-throated babbler (Stachyris nigriceps). The monkey removed from the nest and ate at least two eggs and perhaps one young hatchling. This incident appears to be the first reported case of anyPresbytis spp. consuming animal prey.
Scientific bases of environmental carcinogenesis and cancer prevention: Developing an interdisciplinary science and facing its ethical implications

Two distinct types of toxic effects are defined: (1) terminal toxic effects, characterized by early appearance, direct correlation of the intensity of induced pathology with the intensity of exposure, and manifestation of toxicity due to altered functional products, degeneration, or death of the target cells themselves, and (2) self‐replicating toxic effects, characterized by delayed appearance, direct correlation of the frequency of induced pathology with the intensity of exposure, independence of the intensity of induced pathology from the intensity of exposure, and manifestation of toxicity due to proliferation of a new altered cell population. Traditional toxicology deals with terminal effects, but is inadequate to deal with self‐replicating effects, for which a new toxicology is developing. New knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms of self‐replicating toxicity has revolutionary implications for the evaluation of environmental toxicology. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis represent an example ...
An Empirical Analysis of the FBI's Ten Most Wanted

Police agencies regularly publish lists of wanted fugitives. These lists may serve a variety of purposes, including (1) announcement of the police agency's enforcement priorities and (2) the facilitation of fugitive apprehension. When a police agency's enforcement priorities encompass fugitives whose apprehension risks vary in their sensitivity to publicity, a tradeoff may exist between these two purposes. This article conducts the first statistical analysis of fugitives who have appeared on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Ten Most Wanted List. It reports results consistent with this tradeoff. Estimates from hazard models show that changes in the characteristics of fugitives on the list were contemporaneous with declines in the speed of apprehension and in the likelihood that information or “tips” from the public caused a fugitive's apprehension. The results suggest that as the FBI acquired responsibility to enforce a wider range of criminal activity and as other avenues for publicizing fugitives developed, it increasingly used the list to communicate its priorities rather than to locate fugitives.
Detecting false timing paths: experiments on PowerPC/sup TM/ microprocessors

We present a new algorithm for detecting both combinationally and sequentially false timing paths, one in which the constraints on a timing path are captured by justifying symbolic functions across latch boundaries. We have implemented the algorithm and we present, here, the results of using it to detect false timing paths on a recent PowerPC microprocessor design. We believe these are the first published results showing the extent of the false path problem in industry. Our results suggest that the reporting of false paths may be compromising the effectiveness of static timing analysis.
Managing Epilepsy During Pregnancy: Assessing Risk and Optimizing Care

Epilepsy is the most common neurologic condition found in pregnancy. As such, all neurologists, internists, and obstetricians should know how to counsel women with epilepsy as they are considering pregnancy. While all of the usual recommendations for women of childbearing potential apply, including preconceptual and ongoing use of folic acid, calcium, and vitamin D, additional consideration must be given to the need for adjustment or change of anticonvulsant therapy. Monotherapy with the lowest dose of medication needed to control seizures should be prescribed prior to conception. Most anticonvulsants have a favorable profile when used in pregnancy; older anticonvulsants such as valproate and carbamazepine should be avoided, as they are associated with higher rates of fetal malformation, and in the case of valproate, with proven cognitive deficits in children exposed to this medication in utero. With use of any anticonvulsant medication, dosing throughout pregnancy will need to be adjusted to maintain an appropriate serum concentration. Dosing of anticonvulsants needs to be decreased after delivery to avoid medication-related toxicity, although sleep deprivation and hormonal fluctuation can increase the risk of seizures in postpartum women. With proper management, the majority of women with epilepsy can have uneventful pregnancies and healthy babies.
LYSOSOMES IN THE RAT SCIATIC NERVE FOLLOWING CRUSH

Peripheral nerves undergoing degeneration are favorable material for studying the types, origins, and functions of lysosomes. The following lysosomes are described: (a) Autophagic vacuoles in altered Schwann cells. Within these vacuoles the myelin and much of the axoplasm which it encloses in the normal nerve are degraded (Wallerian degeneration). The delimiting membranes of the vacuoles apparently form from myelin lamellae. Considered as possible sources of their acid phosphatase are Golgi vesicles (primary lysosomes), lysosomes of the dense body type, and the endoplasmic reticulum which lies close to the vacuoles. (b) Membranous bodies that accumulate focally in myelinated fibers in a zone extending 2 to 3 mm distal to the crush. These appear to arise from the endoplasmic reticulum in which demonstrable acid phosphatase activity increases markedly within 2 hours after the nerve is crushed. (c) Autophagic vacuoles in the axoplasm of fibers proximal to the crush. The breakdown of organelles within these vacuoles may have significance for the reorganization of the axoplasm preparatory to regeneration. (d) Phagocytic vacuoles of altered Schwann cells. As myelin degeneration begins, some axoplasm is exposed. This is apparently engulfed by the filopodia of the Schwann cells, and degraded within the phagocytic vacuoles thus formed. (e) Multivesicular bodies in the axoplasm of myelinated fibers. These are generally seen near the nodes of Ranvier.
The crystal and molecular structure of 2-dimethoxyphosphinyl-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetaldehyde oxime. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study

Abstract Characterization by x-ray crystallography of 2-dimethoxyphosphinyl-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetaldehyde oxime (I) is described. Crystals of I belong to the space group. Pbca, with cell dimensions at 298 K of a=10.748(3) A, b=12.273(4) A, c=20.323(7) A, V=2681(1) A3 and Z=8. Solution and refinement of the intensity data gave final residuals of RF =4.41% and RwF =4.35% using 1511 unique reflections with F0 > 3σF 0. The crystal consists of a racemic mixture of molecules with R and S configurations about C(1) but only the E isomer of the oxime. Bond distances of 1.466(2) A (P[dbnd]O), 1.561(6) A 〈av〉 (P[sbnd]O), 1.267(4) A (N[sbnd]C), and 1.407(3) A (N[sbnd]O) are found in I. Unsymmetrical intermolecular hydrogen bonds between R and S enantiomers, are formed by the P[dbnd]O … H[sbnd]O[sbnd]N framework. The O … O separation for this bond is 2.682(2) A, while the O[sbnd]H and O … H distances are 0.97(3) A and 1.72(2) A, respectively.
Present sources of precise information on the universal physical constants

The experimental data of Table I upon which Dr. COHE~ and I have based our latest set of values for the universal physical constants f~ll into two groups. In the group I shall discuss first, seven precisely measured experimental data which are so interrelated that they overdetermine four primary unknowns. This situation requires us to arrive at the output results by a least squares adjustment. The auxiliary constants, which constitute the second group, on the other hand, are quantities so precisely known relative to the accuracy of the measurements of the first group, and are involved with the latter in the least squares adjustment in such a fashion, that nothing is gained by treating them as adjustable unknowns. Their measured values are therefore not subject to adjustment and are treated as though they were exactly known constants. The four primary unknowns which we have selected for the least-squares adjustment are the Sommerfeld fine structure constant, ~; the electronic charge, e; the Avogadro number, 2V, and the conversion constant, A ~-- 2g/2~, relating the two scales of wavelength, in angstroms on the one hand and in kilo X-units (SIEG~AHS) on the other. Seven different functions of these four unknowns have been measured by experimental methods which we feel are sufficiently precise and reliable to qualify them as input data in a least squares adjustment. These seven experimentally determined numerical values arc not only functions of the unknowns, ~, e, N, and A, but also of the above mentioned experimentally determined auxiliary constants, of which last I shall mention five different kinds. One of these auxiliary constants I find it expedient to recall to your attention at the very beginning to avoid any possibility of confusion. This is the conversion factor, r, between the > and > scales of atomic weight.
Verbal Protocol Analysis of Pilots' Cardinal Direction Judgments

This study investigated the types of strategies experienced navigators use to make cardinal direction judgments. While these judgments are important and necessary in navigation, people are generally poor at this task. Verbal protocol analysis revealed the strategies used by pilots in making cardinal direction judgments. These strategies were then compared to those previously identified using less experienced, non-pilot navigators (Gugerty & Brooks, 2001). Prior research on navigation tasks has pointed to mental rotation as the most common primary strategy. Our protocol analysis revealed a strategy not previously identified for other navigational tasks, heading referencing, suggesting that people often use a strategy involving little mental rotation for cardinal direction judgments. Individual participants used one of three patterns of primary strategies: mental rotation only, heading referencing only, or a combination of mental rotation and heading referencing. The novices relied equally on mental rotatio...
Phase transition at finite temperature in one dimension: Adsorbate ordering in Ba/Si(1 1 1)3 × 2

Abstract We demonstrate that the Ba-induced Si(1 1 1)3 × 2 reconstruction is a physical realization of a one-dimensional antiferromagnetic Ising model with long-range Coulomb interactions. Monte Carlo simulations performed on a corresponding Coulomb-gas model, which we construct based on density-functional calculations, reveal an adsorbate-ordering phase transition at finite temperature. We show numerically that this unusual one-dimensional phase transition should be detectable by low-energy electron diffraction.
961-82 Abnormal Signal Averaged Electrocardiogram Predicts Mortality in Patients with Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Severe Congestive Heart Failure

Patients with severe congestive heart failure have a high mortality; many deaths are thought to be arrhythmic. The presence of late potentials on signal averaged electrocardiograms (SAECG) identifies a substrate for reentrant ventricular arrhythmias. We evaluated the prevalence and prognostic significance of an abnormal SAECG in a prospectively followed population of patients undergoing evaluation for cardiac transplantation. Ninety patients were followed for a mean of 447 days. Twenty-six patients died and 17 patients were censored on the day of transplantation. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed and the effect of SAECG variables was tested with a log-rank test. Fifty-four percent of the patients had a non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and the remainder had an ischemic cardiomyopathy. Fifteen patients had BBB and were excluded from this analysis. The average QRS duration on 12 lead ECG was similar in ischemic cardiomyopathy and nonischemic cardiomyopathy groups (116 ± 23 vs 115 ± 19 ms, p = ns) and the average FQRS duration was similar in ischemic cardiomyopathy and nonischemic cardiomyopathy groups (131 ± 26 vs 132 ± 21 ms. p = ns). Fortyfour percent of the non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group and 50% of the ischemic cardiomyopathy group had an abnormal SAECG (defined as having 2 of the following: fQRS g 114 msec, RMS l 20 μ V, LAS g 38 msec). An abnormal SAECG was associated with mortality in the non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group (p l 0.05) but not in the ischemic cardiomyopathy group (p = ns). Twenty-eight patients had QRS duration 2:: 120 ms on 12 lead ECG. When these patients were excluded, 20% of the non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group and 41% of the ischemic cardiomyopathy group had an abnormal SAECG and an abnormal SAECG still predicted mortality in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy group (p l 0.001) but not in ischemic cardiomyopathy group (p = ns). In conclusion, an abnormal SAECG is associated with increased mortality in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy but not in ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Microbial biodegradation and metabolite toxicity of three pyridinium-based cation ionic liquids

Merging the disciplines of green chemistry, ecotoxicology and ecology to develop environmentally-friendly industrial chemicals represents a significant collaborative challenge. This challenge can be met by extending already-informative standard toxicity and biodegradability assays to include further information about the potential persistence and biotransformation of pollutants in the environment. Development of ionic liquids (ILs) provides an ideal and proactive test system to determine several levels of environmental impact using academically interesting and industrially relevant green chemical prototypes. In this study, we investigated the biodegradability of three ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide, 1-hexyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide and 1-octyl-3-methylpyridinium bromide, by activated sludge microbial communities. We determined that all three ILs could be fully mineralized, but that only the octyl-substituted cation could be classified as “readily biodegradable”. We directly examined biodegradation products of the ILs using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and MS/MS methods, and identified several unique preliminary degradation products. Finally, we determined that IL-biodegradation products were less toxic than the initial compound to a standard aquatic test organism, Daphnia magna, suggesting that biodegradation in an aquatic environment would decrease toxicity hazards associated with the initial compound. This study provides further information about pyridinium IL-biodegradation and guidelines to structure future IL design and research.