cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen generation and purification in a composite Pd hollow fiber membrane reactor: Experiments and modeling

Abstract “Pd nanopore” composite membranes are a novel class of H2 permselective membranes in which a thin layer of Pd is grown within the pores of a supported nanoporous layer. In this work, Pd nanopore membranes and conventional Pd top-layer membranes were used in the generation of high-purity H2 from the catalytic decomposition of anhydrous NH3. An effective 4 μm thick Pd nanopore membrane and 13 μm thick Pd top-layer membrane were synthesized on 2 mm O.D. α-Al2O3 hollow fibers. The permeation features of the membranes were determined and the membranes were then employed in a single fiber packed-bed membrane reactor in which Ni-catalyzed NH3 decomposition served as the test reaction, with conditions spanning a range of conditions (500–600 °C; 3–5 bar total retentate pressure; 60–1200 scc/h g cat space velocity). The NH3 conversions in both the PBMRs were approximately 10% higher than in a packed-bed reactor (PBR) under similar conditions. The increase in conversion with the PBMR was attributed to the removal of H2, which has an inhibitory effect on the forward kinetics of the reaction as per the Temkin-Pyzhev type rate mechanism. Reactor productivities in the range of 2 mol/s m3 (at 85% H2 utilization) to 7 mol/s m3 (at 50% H2 utilization) were obtained. The permeate stream purity exceeded 99.2% H2. A two-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous model was successfully used to simulate the experimental results and to interpret the findings. Permeation and kinetic parameters were estimated in permeation and PBR experiments, respectively. Without any data fitting the PBMR model predictions demonstrated very good agreement with experimental trends. Together with an analysis of the characteristic times, the model determined that transverse transport of hydrogen in the catalyst bed limited PBMR performance. The model was used to determine the rate limiting step and to suggest ways in which the reactor productivities could be further improved.
Effects of selected nanoadditives on the friction and wear performance of carbon–carbon aircraft brake composites

Abstract Nanomaterials are being produced in large volumes for the development of advanced new materials. Composites can easily make use of the nanomaterials because of the small size of the particle. With the large surface area of nanomaterials very small quantities are needed to observe significant friction altering effects as observed by numerous researchers. Specifically, when the nanomaterials become part of the friction layer they will increase the nominal area of contact, the mechanical properties and typically increase or stabilize the coefficient of friction and reduce wear. Nanomaterials were added (nanoadditives) to commercial C/C composites using ultrasonics attempting to fill in some of the open porosity. The nanoadditives used were Si, SiC, and SWCNT's. Two different concentrations of each nanoadditive in isopropyl alcohol were attempted. A total of 6 pairs of nanoadditive disks and 1 baseline pair were made. The finished 2.75 in. (69.85 mm) diameter disks were tested on a LINK ring-on-ring subscale aircraft brake dynamometer. A series of braking engagements simulating an aircraft taxiing to the runway, landing, and taxiing back to the terminal were performed totalling 50 landings. Wear was measured as mass and thickness changes of the original disks. It was found that Si and SiC had significant effects on the friction performance in the “hot” taxi after a landing with very small weight percentages. The presence of Si led to chemical changes of the friction layer and the formation of carbides. These changes would occur when the interface reaches a temperature high enough to activate the chemical process. As a consequence, the dominating oxidative wear mechanism changed to mild abrasion. Friction and wear performance is shown and discussed. Analysis of the friction layer was performed using SEM and polarized light microscopy and is presented.
Substance P analogues potentiate the pressor response to microinjection of l-glutamate into laminas I and II of the cat dorsal horn

Abstract Microinjection of a substance P analogue (1 mM; 7 or 10 nl) into laminae I and II of the L7 dorsal horn of decerebrate cats significantly potentiated (P l -glutamate (109 mM; 7 or 10 nl) into these spinal sites. Microinjection of the substance P analogues (i.e., GR73638 and [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-substance P) which were selective NK-1 receptor agonists, had no impact on the cardioacceleration evoked by microinjection of l -glutamate (P>0.05). In addition, microinjection of these analogues had no effect on the modest and non-significant increase in phrenic nerve discharge evoked by l -glutamate. We conclude that stimulation of NK-1 receptors in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn potentiates the pressor responses to microinjection of l -glutamate.
Phenomenology of picosecond heating and evaporation of silicon surfaces coated with SiO2 layers

Picosecond time-resolved reflectivity measurements on bare silicon surfaces and silicon surfaces with oxide layers reveal very fast heat diffusion and material evaporation on subnanosecond time scales. With a thick oxide layer resolidification of a molten silicon surface can take place in a few hundred picoseconds. At high laser fluences, vaporization processes take only a couple of 100 ps.
A distributed synchronization mechanism for interacting processes

Reliable synchronization is intended to ensure a graceful degradation of the system in the event of a failure. Solutions to synchronization problems of this kind under constant space conditions are presented. Lamport's bakery algorithm and generalized critical region have been modified and extended for application to this problem.
Reactivity of transition metal-substituted phosphoranes: Crystal and molecular structure of 2-pentacarbonylmanganese-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphole-2-oxide

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 2-pentacarbonylmanganese-1,3,2-benzodi-oxaphosphole-2-oxide, OC 6 H 4 OP (O)Mn(CO)5, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to the triclinic system with a space group of P 1 . The unit cell parameters are: a 6.753(2), b 8.818(3), c 12.004(4) A, α 106.79(2), β 105.37(2), γ 98.82(2)°, and Z = 2. Graphite monochromatic Mo-Kα radiation was used in the intensity measurements. The final disagreement index was 0.073 for 2293 reflections. The Mn and P atoms have distorted octahedral and tetrahedral configurations, respectively. The phenyl ring is essentially planar; however, the dioxaphosphole 5-membered ring is slightly puckered. The PO has an almost eclipsed conformation with one of the equatorial carbonyls, leading to pseudo mirror symmetry.
The effect of ozone in positive ion mode ion mobility spectrometry

Abstract An additional contributing factor to the spectral complexity in positive ion mode ion mobility spectrometry of unsaturated compounds using corona discharge ionization is disclosed. The cause is shown to be an ozonolysis-type reaction initiated by ozone produced by the corona ionization source.
Colonization of the Respiratory Tract with Pseudomonas cepacia in Cystic Fibrosis: Risk Factors and Outcomes

Between 1981 and 1983, some 85 patients with cystic fibrosis at Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, Cleveland, developed colonization or infection of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas cepacia. Twenty-nine (34 percent) of the colonized patients died; four were female patients with fulminant bacteremia with P cepacia prior to death. Case-control studies showed that increasing severity of underlying cystic fibrosis, increasing age, having a sibling with cystic fibrosis who was colonized with P cepacia, and previous hospitalizations were associated with increased risk of colonization. In patients with mild cystic fibrosis, no differences in clinical outcome were seen during the period of study; however, patients colonized with P cepacia who had moderate or advanced cystic fibrosis were hospitalized longer and died sooner after colonization, compared with control subjects with similar severity of cystic fibrosis. The excess mortality associated with such colonization varied in magnitude and trend according to the patient's sex and severity of underlying cystic fibrosis, reflecting the combined influence of colonization with P cepacia, sex, and severity of cystic fibrosis on the mortality of the patients. The source and mode of transmission of P cepacia were not determined, but the data suggest a possible nosocomial source. The results of this investigation showed that colonization with P cepacia most often affected patients with moderate or advanced cystic fibrosis and was associated with an adverse clinical outcome in these patients.
A MASS STRANDING OF SPERM WHALES IN OREGON: SEX AND AGE COMPOSITION OF THE SCHOOL

A school of 41 sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, that stranded near the mouth of the Siuslaw River, Oregon (43°59′N, 124°08′W), on 16 June 1979 consisted of 13 males and 28 females. Their ages were estimated by assuming that each postnatal dentin layer represents one year. The males were all sub-adults, 9.3–11.5 m long and 14–21 yr old. The females were 9.3–11.4 m long, and 11 to about 58 yr old. Ten females were dissected; nine were sexually mature and three were carrying fetuses 2.64–4.62 m long. None of the 28 females was visibly lactating.
COVALENT ATTACHMENT OF ETHIDIUM TO DNA RESULTS IN ENHANCED TOPOISOMERASE II-MEDIATED DNA CLEAVAGE

The classic DNA intercalator, ethidium, was used to probe the effects of (i) intercalation and (ii) covalent modification of the DNA on the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II. Ethidium bromide, which binds reversibly to DNA via intercalation, does not stimulate topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage at concentrations up to 100 μM, indicating that the intercalative binding of this molecule to DNA is not sufficient to alter the activity of the enzyme. In contrast, covalent attachment of the photoreactive ethidium analog to DNA resulted in marked enhancement of topoisomerase II-mediated single- and double-stranded DNA cleavage. This increase in DNA cleavage was observed at very low drug binding densities (<1 drug per 10−80 base pairs) which correspond to nanomolar concentrations, as compared with other topoisomerase II poisons such as etoposide or m-AMSA which require micromolar concentrations to elicit comparable DNA cleavage levels. Over the past decade, topoisomerase II has been an important target fo...
Activation of the human immature natural killer cell subset by IL-12 and its regulation by endogenous TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a newly described cytokine that can activate NK cell cytotoxic function. The present study investigated the activation pathway of human peripheral blood-derived immature NK cells by IL-12 and its comparison to activation by interleukin-2 (IL-2). Immature NK cells were prepared by flow cytometry cell sorting techniques whereby the nonbinding Free NK subset was separated from the NK target conjugate subpopulation. Coculture of Free cells with IL-12 overnight resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity and recruitment of cytotoxic Killer cells. The IL-12-mediated activation of cytotoxicity was dependent on endogenous TNF-alpha secretion and was suppressed by endogenous (interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion. However, IL-2-mediated activation was inhibited by anti-TNF-alpha antibody, but was not affected by endogenous IFN-gamma secretion. There was an upregulation of the expression of CD69 and CD25 surface antigens by IL-12-treated cells and this upregulation was diminished in the presence of anti-TNF-alpha antibody. IL-12 also upregulated the expression of the 75-kDa TNF receptor (TNF-R p75) and the upregulation was inhibited by anti-IFN-gamma antibody. The 55-kDa TNF receptor (TNF-R p55), however, was not affected by IL-12, but in the presence of anti-IFN-gamma antibody, its expression was enhanced. Thus, these results suggest that IFN-gamma selectively upregulates the expression of TNF-R p75 by IL-12 but inhibits the expression of TNF-R p55 by IL-12. Unlike IL-2, IL-12, does not stimulate the proliferation of Free cells. Furthermore, unlike IL-2, IL-12 does not stimulate the secretion of TNF-alpha by Free cells, but significantly stimulates IFN-gamma secretion. These findings demonstrate that IL-12 share some, but not all, properties of IL-2 in the activation pathway of immature NK Free cells. Furthermore, the pathway of activation of Free cells by IL-12 is under the regulation of both endogenous TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma secretion.
Globalizing Households and Multi-ethnic Community Building in Japan

The East Asian countries are currently experiencing declining fertility rates and aging of their populations. The demographic transition is beginning to affect various societal functions, and increasing international migrants are becoming one of the responses to the transition, despite the historical reliance of these countries on their own domestic populations for economic growth through strict immigration regulations. The workingaged population in Tokyo is on the decline and companies are increasingly recruiting workers from abroad. Depopulating prefectures are welcoming more international brides into their communities. Thus, domestic demographic transition and international migration are no longer unrelated issues that can be considered independently, even in countries like Japan where the sense of ethnic homogeneity is deeply rooted. This paper uses the limited data available to illustrate some of Japan’s current trends in international migration resulting from globalization and structural changes of the
Chemical cross-linking of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)

Abstract Hybrid films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared with different molecular weights of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The cross-linking reaction between PEO and PEDOT:PSS was performed at high temperature and confirmed by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), contact angle measurement, and solid-state 1 H NMR. The effect of chemical reaction on the conductivity and morphology of these hybrid films was studied by using 4-point probe and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. As-spun PEO/PEDOT:PSS films have lower electric conductivity due to the addition of nonconductive PEO, and exhibits no molecular weight dependence on conductivity. After chemical cross-linking reaction at high temperature, only PEDOT:PSS films with lowest molecular weight PEO additives show enhanced conductivity with increasing reaction time. AFM result indicates that the heat-treated PEO/PEDOT:PSS hybrid films show grain-like morphology compared to ethylene glycol treated PEDOT:PSS films which shows continuous PEDOT domain. In the present work we demonstrate that the cross-linking reaction can be used to improve the wet stability of PEDOT:PSS nanofiber, showing good water resistance and excellent dimensional stability.
From Minierals to Materlals: A Facile Synthetic Route to Preceraic Polymers for Aluminum Oxide

Reaction of boehmite, [AI(O)(OH)] n , with an excess of carboxylic acid (HO 2 CR) results in the formation of the carboxy substituted alumoxanes, [AI(O) x (OH) y (O 2 CR) z )] n where 2x + y + z = 3 and R = alkyl substituents. The alumoxanes have been fully characterized by SEM, elemental analysis, IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The physical properties of the alumoxanes are highly dependent on the identity of R, and range from insoluble crystalline powders, e.g. R = CH 3 , to powders which readily form solutions or gels in hydrocarbon solvents, e.g. R = C 5 H 11 . All of the alumoxanes decompose under mild thermolysis to yield γ-alumina.
Computing motion using analog and binary resistive networks

The authors describe recent developments in the theory of early vision that led from the formulation of the motion problem as an ill-posed one to its solution by minimizing certain 'cost' functions. These cost or energy functions can be mapped onto simple analog and digital resistive networks. The optical flow is computed by injecting currents into resistive networks and recording the resulting stationary voltage distribution at each node. The authors believe that these networks, which they implemented in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits, represent plausible candidates for biological vision systems. >
Antihypertensive therapy and regression of coronary artery disease: insights from the Comparison of Amlodipine versus Enalapril to Limit Occurrences of Thrombosis (CAMELOT) and Norvasc for Regression of Manifest Atherosclerotic Lesions by Intravascular Sonographic Evaluation (NORMALISE) trials.

Background In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), therapies designed to prevent clinical events are not always associated with significant reduction in coronary obstruction, as measured by quantitative coronary angiography. We set out to explore the relationship between quantitative coronary angiography parameters, baseline characteristics, and clinical events in a large trial of CAD regression with antihypertensive agents. Methods and Results Patients randomized to amlodipine, enalapril, or placebo in the CAMELOT trial were followed for 24 months for major ischemic events. Among 431 patients participating in the angiographic and intravascular ultrasound substudy NORMALISE, 298 (99 amlodipine, 96 enalapril, and 103 placebo) had complete angiographic and intravascular ultrasound data. The patients did not differ significantly with respect to baseline characteristics (except for diabetes) or extent of CAD. After 24 months, the change in minimal lumen diameter (MLD) was −0.02 ± 0.13 for amlodipine, −0.03 ± 0.12 for enalapril, and −0.03 ± 0.17 mm for placebo ( P = .40). Major ischemic events occurred in 20.2%, 24%, and 25.2%, respectively ( P = .68). There was no significant correlation between change in MLD and age, sex, statin therapy, or systolic blood pressure at baseline. The change in MLD did not differ in patients with and without cardiovascular events, regardless of treatment assignment ( P = .54). Only the extent of CAD was independently predictive of ischemic events. Conclusion As compared to placebo, amlodipine treatment resulted in fewer ischemic events after 24 months of therapy, but the clinical benefit was not associated with a commensurate improvement in arterial lumen dimensions.
Neuropeptide S and BDNF gene expression in the amygdala are influenced by social decision-making under stress.

In a newly developed conceptual model of stressful social decision making, the Stress-Alternatives Model (SAM; used for the 1st time in mice) elicits two types of response: escape or remain submissively. Daily (4d) aggressive social interaction in a neutral arena between a C57BL6/N test mouse and a larger, novel aggressive CD1 mouse, begin after an audible tone (conditioned stimulus; CS). Although escape holes (only large enough for smaller test animals) are available, and the aggressor is unremittingly antagonistic, only half of the mice tested utilize the possibility of escape. During training, for mice that choose to leave the arena and social interaction, latency to escape dramatically decreases over time; this is also true for control C57BL6/N mice which experienced no aggression. Therefore, the open field of the SAM apparatus is intrinsically anxiogenic. It also means that submission to the aggressor is chosen despite this anxiety and the high intensity of the aggressive attacks and defeat. While both groups that received aggression displayed stress responsiveness, corticosterone levels were significantly higher in animals that chose submissive coexistence. Although both escaping and non-escaping groups of animals experienced aggression and defeat, submissive animals also exhibited classic fear conditioning, freezing in response to the CS alone, while escaping animals did not. In the basolateral amygdala, gene expression of BDNF was diminished, but NPS expression was significantly elevated, but only in submissive animals. This increase in submission-evoked NPS mRNA expression was greatest in the central amygdala, which coincided with decreased BDNF expression. Reduced expression of BDNF is only in submissive animals that also exhibit elevated NPS expression, despite elevated corticosterone in all socially interacting animals. The results suggest an interwoven relationship, linked by social context, between amygdalar BDNF, NPS and plasma corticosterone.
Direct peritoneal resuscitation improves survival and decreases inflammation after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury

Abstract Background Direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) has previously been shown to alter blood flow in the small bowel mesenteric vessels in models of intestinal ischemia. However, a survival advantage or its effects on local tissue inflammation have not been previously demonstrated. We hypothesized that DPR would increase survival and decrease intestinal tissue inflammation after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods Eight-week-old male C57Bl6J mice were anesthetized and underwent midline laparotomy. I/R and DPR groups were exposed to superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 60 min with a nontraumatic clamp. Immediately after removal of the clamp, 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline, 1 mL of minimal essential media, or 1 mL of minimal essential media supplemented with fetal bovine serum, penicillin and/or streptomycin, and glutamine were placed into the abdominal cavity of DPR groups. Animals were then closed in two layers and allowed to reperfuse for 6 h (cytokine analysis, n = 6 per group) or 7 d (survival analysis, n = 10 per group). After 6 h of reperfusion, animals were euthanized. Intestines were harvested and homogenized. Extracts were quantified for total protein content (Bradford assay), myeloperoxidase activity, tissue inflammatory cytokine, and growth factor production. P Results I/R caused marked intestinal ischemia, significant mortality, and a significant increase in tissue cytokine and growth factor levels ( P P Conclusions DPR increases survival and decreases intestinal inflammation after intestinal I/R injury. Translational applications are readily achievable and should be considered for patients with intestinal ischemic pathology.
Physical withdrawal in rats tolerant to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol precipitated by a cannabinoid receptor antagonist

Tolerance to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) was produced in rats by twice daily injections (15 mg/kg i.p.) for 6.5 days. Administration of the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A (i.p. or i.c.v.) induced a profound precipitated withdrawal syndrome in delta 9-THC-tolerant animals. The syndrome was characterized by a disorganized pattern of constantly changing brief sequences of motor behavior. Autonomic signs were not evident. THC-tolerant animals that were treated with vehicle remained quiet throughout the observation period.
Reprint of diagnostic imaging of the shoulder.

The shoulder girdle is a complex anatomic unit, serving as the intermediary between the thorax and the upper limb. The shoulder girdle contains the rich vascular network of the thorax and the upper limb, and houses the brachial plexus. Four joints, and their associated bones, comprise the skeletal anatomy of the shoulder girdle: the glenohumeral acromioclavicular (AC), scapulothoracic, and sternoclavicular joints. The soft-tissue structures of the joints include bursae, capsules, and ligaments, as well as the muscles that originate as centrally as the spine and insert as distally as the elbow. An understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics* is crucial for understanding the pathology of the shoulder girdle, and permits the use of imaging techniques to provide additional valuable information. RADIOGRAPHY (X-RAYS) Plain radiographs are most useful in imaging the bony anatomy of the shoulder girdle. They are used primarily for imaging the glenohumeral joint and the AC joint, since the scapulothoracic and sternoclavicular joints are easily obscured by surrounding anatomy. A trauma series of the glenohumeral joint, scapula, and humerus represents the minimum number of views that are obtained, most commonly in the emergency department setting. These include an anteroposterior (AP) view and a lateral view of the shoulder. Later and AP views of the shoulder are referenced either in the plane of the shoulder (the scapula and glenohumeral joint) or in the plane of the thorax (the axial skeleton). The glenohumeral joint is at a 45 8 angle to the plane of the axial skeleton, an important aspect of anatomy to remember when studying the shoulder. 13
Foreword: microelectronic engineering special issue: Characterization and mechanical reliability of advanced electronic materials at nanoscale

This special issue of Microelectronic Engineering contains selected papers presented at the Symposium on Characterization and Mechanical Reliability of Advanced Electronic Materials at Nanoscale, sponsored by the ASME MD Committee on Electronic Materials, part of the 2003 ASME Mechanics and Materials Conference held in Phoenix, AZ June 17–20, 2003. Rapid advances in microelectronics and MEMS pose great materials and mechanical challenges. Here, materials are in the form of nanoscale structures with a significant volume comprised of interfaces, surfaces, and grain boundaries resulting in properties vastly different from their bulk counterparts. Phenomena observed in these structures include plasticity, mass transport, fracture and adhesion failures. The device materials have to withstand multiple temperature cycles, as well as mechanical stresses imposed during processing, packaging, and in operation. Phenomena like electro and stress migration become extremely important as the features get smaller. Characterizing advanced materials in microelectronics and MEMS becomes extremely challenging, as one has to operate almost on the angstrom scale. Previously routine tasks such as film thicknessmeasurement now require development of novel characterization techniques. The symposium has met the objective of bringing academia and industry together in solving these problems. Symposium topics included: • Structure–properties relationship at the nanoscale.
Integrated Chemical, Pathological and Immunological Studies to Assess Environmental Contamination

Pollution problems are common on the North Atlantic coast, stemming from the input of metals, petroleum-derived hydrocarbons, insecticides and herbicides, as well as many other anthropogenic and natural chemicals. Many of these substances are known to be carcinogenic or mutagenic. The occurrence of toxicants in finfish and shellfish habitats is known to produce acute effects, and in addition may predispose organisms to tissue damage, neoplasms and environmentally induced diseases (Sindermann, 1979).
Revealing giant internal magnetic fields due to spin fluctuations in magnetically doped colloidal nanocrystals

Effective magnetic fields as high as 30 T can arise in magnetically doped nanocrystals due to spin fluctuations alone, and can now be observed using ultrafast optical spectroscopy. Strong quantum confinement in semiconductors can compress the wavefunctions of band electrons and holes to nanometre-scale volumes, significantly enhancing interactions between themselves and individual dopants. In magnetically doped semiconductors, where paramagnetic dopants (such as Mn2+, Co2+ and so on) couple to band carriers via strong sp–d spin exchange1,2, giant magneto-optical effects can therefore be realized in confined geometries using few3,4,5,6,7 or even single8,9 impurity spins. Importantly, however, thermodynamic spin fluctuations become increasingly relevant in this few-spin limit10. In nanoscale volumes, the statistical fluctuations of N spins are expected to generate giant effective magnetic fields Beff, which should dramatically impact carrier spin dynamics, even in the absence of any applied field. Here we directly and unambiguously reveal the large Beff that exist in Mn2+-doped CdSe colloidal nanocrystals using ultrafast optical spectroscopy. At zero applied magnetic field, extremely rapid (300–600 GHz) spin precession of photoinjected electrons is observed, indicating Beff ∼ 15 −30 T for electrons. Precession frequencies exceed 2 THz in applied magnetic fields. These signals arise from electron precession about the random fields due to statistically incomplete cancellation of the embedded Mn2+ moments, thereby revealing the initial coherent dynamics of magnetic polaron formation, and highlighting the importance of magnetization fluctuations on carrier spin dynamics in nanomaterials.
Women Comprise Unlimited Sales Talent Pool but Need Special Leadership

One can construct a strong hypothesis that women can be highly successful as industrial sales representatives provided that they are placed in an environment which contains management that is aware of the potential of this pool of labor, sensitive to special problems that are encountered in placing women in industrial sales jobs, and determined to provide an adequate and proper situation in which the woman has at least a fair and honest chance of succeeding. The content of this paper therefore, shall be organized to argue in favor of this hypothesis. This position shall be justified by referring to four kinds of information: trends in the employment of women in organizations, especially as industrial sales representatives; applied case histories and primary research discoveries; environmental and interpersonal barriers impending the success of women in organizations; finally applications by management which can enhance the success accomplishment of the worker.
Anxiety and social deficits have distinct relationships with amygdala function in autism spectrum disorder

Current neural models of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and anxiety disorders suggest hyperactivation of amygdala in anxiety, but hypoactivation of amygdala in ASD. The objectives of this study were to (i) test the hypothesis that amygdala activity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) represents a hybrid signal of opposing social functions and anxiety symptoms, and (ii) determine whether longstanding findings of decreased amygdala activation in ASD apply only to those individuals with ASD and low levels of anxiety. During fMRI scanning, 81 youth with ASD and 67 non-ASD control participants completed a face recognition paradigm that elicits robust amygdala activation. Only individuals with ASD and low anxiety levels (a subsample of 28 participants) showed decreased amygdala activation relative to controls. In the ASD group, anxiety symptoms were positively correlated with amygdala activity across the full ASD group, whereas core ASD symptoms (including social deficits) were negatively correlated. Results indicate that hypoactivation of amygdala in ASD, a suggestive finding first reported nearly 20 years ago, can be masked by comorbid anxiety-thus bringing enhanced clarity to this line of work. Amygdala activity represents a hybrid signal of emotion and social processes that cannot be reduced to either alone.
Modeling and Design of a Communication and Navigation Satellite Constellation for the Lunar South Pole

Exploration architectures for lunar surface and lunar orbit exploration have been widely considered in the past with increased interest and attention since the Constellation program of the previous decade. Communication requirements for those architectures have figured prominently in analyses of both mission performance and mission safety. In this study, a comparison is made of architectures proposed as potential alternatives to that of NASA’s Space Communication Architecture Working Group (SCAWG) with a focus on safety/redundancy requirements for future space exploration. The approach of this study focuses on satellites in ‘frozen-orbits’ as proposed by previous researchers. These orbits are selected to optimize (reduce) propellant consumption to maintain the orbit and associated coverage. The constellation of satellites provides an opportunity to minimize the number of satellites while maintaining redundancy in order to achieve fault tolerance to future exploration missions which depend on the continued operation of the satellites. To consider coverage, this investigation selects Shackleton Crater, near the Lunar South Pole, as the primary destination. Secondary targets for analysis are Orientale 1 and Peary crater. This study shows that nearly continuous single coverage is achieved for the South Pole with majority time single fault tolerance (double coverage) for a highly elliptical and inclined three satellite constellation. By comparison, a near-circular and less inclined three satellite constellation gives geographically broader but less concentrated (redundant) coverage for the site of primary interest.
Budding in Emmonsia crescens.

Increased temperature of incubation induces growth in vitro of the parasitic forms of some of the fungi which cause systemic mycoses in man. DeMonbreun observed this phenomenon when he described the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum Darling in vitro on various culture media and under differing conditions of incubation (5). DeMonbreun described also the development in vitro of the yeast form of Blastomyces dermatitids Gilchrist & Stokes when cultures were incubated at 37 C (6). Redaelli and Ciferri reported that the parasitic, multiple-budding form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Splendore) Almeida can be maintained in vitro at 37 C (13). The effects of temperature and other factors upon the morphology of these and other fungal pathogens of man have been reviewed in many papers (3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15). The most notable features of Emmonsia crescens Emmons & Jellison as it grows in the lungs of animals are its great increase in size (up to 106 increase in volume of the inhaled conidia), the great thickness of the wall (up to 70 /A) and its failure to reproduce in mammalian tissue in any manner. The parasitic form of this fungus can be produced in vitro by incubation of the fungus at 37 C (8). Because of these striking characteristics of E. crescens Emmons and Jellison proposed the name "adiaspore" for the transformed conidium which grows to an enormous size (up to 700 , in diam) in the lung of a naturally or experimentally infected animal without reproducing (8). Because of these unusual features, the generic name proposed by Ciferri and Montemartini (2) is retained in this paper. Carmichael has referred Emmonsia parva (Emmons & Ashburn) Ciferri & Montemartini, E. crescens (which he designated as a variety of E. parva), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Aleurisma spp. and Geomyces spp. to the genus Chrysosporium Corda without attaching sufficient importance to the in vivo behavior of these fungi (1). Chrysosporium spp., as defined by
Thermodynamic Analysis of Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of Nitrate Salts

In this work, we analyze solid–liquid phase equilibria of molten nitrate salt mixtures. Molten salts are used as heat transfer fluids within concentrated solar power systems. Further understanding ...
A Non-Experimental Investigation of Demand Artifacts in a Personal Selling Experiment:

The authors propose that non-experiments be a frequent component of laboratory investigations addressing personal selling. A comparison of the results of a replication of an earlier experiment with...
Accounting Rules and Post-Acquisition Profitability in Business Combinations

SYNOPSIS: Prior studies report a decline or no change in acquirers' profitability after a merger or business acquisition. Those studies, however, do not consider the downward impact on profitability that stems from use of the “purchase accounting” (and in later periods, “acquisition”) method for business combinations. Drawing on financial statement data from both targets and acquirers, we estimate the effects of the application of purchase/acquisition method accounting rules on post-acquisition profitability. We find that recognition rules for acquired inventories, deferred revenues, in-process research and development (IPR&D), and depreciation and amortization expense resulting from writing acquired assets up to fair value vis-a-vis purchase/acquisition accounting methods are all important sources of downward pressure in post-acquisition profitability. We find that investors and analysts appear to recognize the effects of IPR&D in assessing post-acquisition profitability of the combined entity. The findi...
Free Blacks and Free Mulattos in the Economy of Portuguese America

Persons of African descent in colonial Brazil, be they slaves or freedmen, blacks or mulattos, were compelled to recognise that all norms governing commercial and social conduct were established by a white minority. Failure to conform to these precepts was less tolerated in a coloured person than in a white person, and could result in the former being victimised, censured, and condemned in law without being permitted to offer any defence. The coloured person faced the basic problem of how best to achieve a degree of integration in this economically and socially ‘white world’. In this struggle for equal participation and integration three premises held true. The first was that a black or a mulatto born free had a better chance than his counterpart, who had been born a slave and had later been granted or bought his freedom. This was primarily for psychological reasons, although economic and social considerations were contributory factors. In all but the most determined and resolute the institution of slavery stifled initiative, decision-making potential, opportunity to show leadership, and the capacity for self-control. All that was demanded of a slave was physical exertion. It was small wonder that many a slave, having crossed the threshold into the free world and clutching his or her freshly signed scrap of paper, should be totally unprepared to face the demands of a competitive society where it was those very qualities which, when honed by experience, were the most highly prized.
Simulating Team Cognition in Complex Systems: Practical Considerations for Researchers

In contemporary society, teamwork is prominent as a critical component in many complex environments. Much of the success of teamwork is coupled with both team cognition and the contextual surround that a team is required to perform in. Over the last thirty years there have been various formulations of team simulations that represent team cognition and the context in various ways—some more beneficial than others. This paper examines numerous practical considerations, lessons learned, and insights developed over specific team simulations that our research group has engaged with over the years.
Ecological Effects of Road De-Icing Salt on Adirondack Forests and Headwater Streams

We collected water samples from upstream and downstream sites over 3 years on 18 study streams in the Adirondacks, NY, and conducted analysis via ANOVA for the presence of road-salt runoff, as measured by chloride ion content. Streams crossed by state roads received more road-salt runoff than streams crossed by county roads, as shown by higher mean chloride loads across different sampling years (P ≤ 0.01). The chloride load in streams was not reliably higher downstream from a road as opposed to upstream from a road for either state or county roads but varied in different sampling years (P 0.05). We collected a total of 1259 nymphs of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera during water sampling. High levels of road-salt runoff were not associated with lower levels of Plecoptera or Trichoptera. Neither numbers of individuals nor numbers of genera of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, or Trichoptera collected per month showed any pattern when regressed on stream-chloride level. However, we detected no Ephemeroptera above a relatively high level of road-salt runoff (154 mg/L chloride ion). We employed the point-centered quarter method to assess forest composition on 10 transects above and below state roads. We conducted further analysis on trees in the lowest quartile of circumference in each transect as a representation of tree-species recruitment. Mean chloride-ion content of study streams, indicating adjacent forest exposure to road-salt runoff, was associated with greater recruitment of Abies balsamea (Balsam Fir), and lower Shannon–Weiner diversity. At the highest chloride levels, there was almost no recruitment of any species but Balsam Fir. Soil-cation analysis and linear regression, however, did not indicate concomitant depletion of plant nutrients, and therefore, we did not confirm the cause of the apparent relationship between higher road-salt runoff and higher Balsam Fir recruitment.
American Welding Society Conference: High Energy Electron Beam Welding and Materials Processing

(1993). American Welding Society Conference. Materials Technology: Vol. 8, No. 3-4, pp. 66-68.
Antibasement membrane antibody-mediated experimental conjunctivitis.

In ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, the binding of circulating antibodies to conjunctiva is believed to initiate an antibody-mediated cytotoxic response that results in inflammation and tissue damage. To develop a model of antibody-mediated conjunctival inflammation, we examined the effect on conjunctiva of local or systemic administration of a murine monoclonal antibody against basement membrane of stratified squamous epithelium. Neonatal rabbits were given cither a single subconjunctival or intraperitoneal injection of the antibody. Eyes were graded clinically for inflammation and conjunctival biopsies were performed. After subconjunctival injection, clinical and histologic inflammation as well as murine antibody and rabbit complement binding to conjunctival basement membrane were detected. With systemic administration there was post-injection clinical inflammation, and conjunctival basement membrane-bound murine antibody was detected. There was no difference observed in conjunctival mitotic rate or goblet cell frequency between treatment groups and controls, following either route of administration. We have created, therefore, a model for antibody-mediated conjunctivitis in rabbits by local or systemic administration of a monoclonal antibody against a component of stratified squamous epithelial basement membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:168-175, 1990
Un autor fuera de lugar: Virgilio en el Quijote

This essay deals with the imitation and mutations of the epic genre in Don Quijote. After discussing Cervantes’ literary career as an imitation of Virgil’s cursus, many of the Virgilian elements in the novel are foregrounded. These, however are transformed as they are come in contact with forms and notions derived from Lucan’s Pharsalia. While the knight believes in the ideals of the Virgilian epic, the narrators betray him, presenting a fragmented narrative, mutilated bodies, a de-centered world, a labyrinthine topography and the failures of the protagonist, thus creating a narrative of the defeated. The clash between the unitary, authoritative, and imperial Virgil with the fragmented and republican Lucan serves to create something novel in Cervantes, a new genre that will eventually be called the novel.
Insights into Reston virus spillovers and adaption from virus whole genome sequences.

Reston virus (family Filoviridae) is unique among the viruses of the Ebolavirus genus in that it is considered non-pathogenic in humans, in contrast to the other members which are highly virulent. The virus has however, been associated with several outbreaks of highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in non-human primates (NHPs), specifically cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) originating in the Philippines. In addition, Reston virus has been isolated from domestic pigs in the Philippines. To better understand virus spillover events and potential adaption to new hosts, the whole genome sequences of representative Reston virus isolates were obtained using a next generation sequencing (NGS) approach and comparative genomic analysis and virus fitness analyses were performed. Nine virus genome sequences were completed for novel and previously described isolates obtained from a variety of hosts including a human case, non-human primates and pigs. Results of phylogenetic analysis of the sequence differences are consistent with multiple independent introductions of RESTV from a still unknown natural reservoir into non-human primates and swine farming operations. No consistent virus genetic markers were found specific for viruses associated with primate or pig infections, but similar to what had been seen with some Ebola viruses detected in the large Western Africa outbreak in 2014–2016, a truncated version of VP30 was identified in a subgroup of Reston viruses obtained from an outbreak in pigs 2008–2009. Finally, the genetic comparison of two closely related viruses, one isolated from a human case and one from an NHP, showed amino acid differences in the viral polymerase and detectable differences were found in competitive growth assays on human and NHP cell lines.
Hierarchical zero-shot classification with convolutional neural network features and semantic attribute learning

We examine hierarchical approaches to image classification problems that include categories for which we have no training examples. Building on prior work in hierarchical classification that optimizes the trade-off between depth in a tree and accuracy of placement, we compare the performance of multiple formulations of the problem on both previously seen (non-novel) and previously unseen (novel) classes. We use a subset of 150 object classes from the ImageNet ILSVRC2012 data set, for which we have 218 human-annotated semantic attribute labels and for which we compute deep convolutional features using the OVERFEAT network. We quantitatively evaluate several approaches, using input posteriors derived from distances to SVM classifier boundaries as well as input posteriors based on semantic attribute estimation. We find that the relative performances of the methods differ in non-novel and novel applications and achieve information gains in novel applications through the incorporation of attribute-based posteriors.
Catalytic descriptors and electronic properties of single-site catalysts for ethene dimerization to 1-butene

Abstract Six first-row transition metal cations (Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) were evaluated as catalysts for ethene dimerization to 1-butene. This is an important reaction in the chemistry of C C bond formation and in the conversion of natural gas to higher hydrocarbons. Two related classes of transition metal cation catalysts were investigated: 1) single transition metal cations supported on zirconium oxide nodes of the metal–organic framework NU-1000 and 2) small metal hydroxide clusters with two metal atoms (M2) that could be grown by atomic layer deposition on a support exhibiting isolated hydroxyl groups. Using scaling relations, the free energies of co-adsorbed hydrogen and ethene (i.e., (H/C2H4)*) and adsorbed ethyl (i.e., C2H5*) were identified as descriptors for ethene dimerization catalysis. Using degree of rate control analysis, it was determined that the rate controlling steps are either ethene insertion (C C bond forming) or β-hydride elimination (C H bond breaking), depending on the metal. Using degree of catalyst control analysis, it was determined that activity on all the catalysts studied could be improved by tuning the free energy of C2H5*.
In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America

(1987). In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 110-113.