cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hispanic/Latino concerns about living kidney donation: a focus group study.

Context—Given the shortage of kidneys for transplant, living kidney donation (LKD) is increasingly used to expand the organ donor pool. Although Hispanics/Latinos need disproportionately more kidney transplants, they receive a smaller proportion of living donor kidney transplants than other ethnic/racial groups.Objective—To assess Hispanics' awareness, perceptions, misconceptions, cultural beliefs, and values about and barriers to LKD.Design—Nine focus groups were conducted with 76 adult Hispanics in Chicago, Illinois, between January and March 2012.Participants—Focus groups included kidney transplant recipients, living kidney donors, dialysis patients, and the general Hispanic public.Results—Several themes emerged as perceived barriers to LKD. Many participants identified knowledge deficits about LKD, expressing uncertainty about the differences between LKD and deceased donation, and whether kidney disease simultaneously afflicts both kidneys. Many believed that donors experience dramatically shorter lif...
Evidence Against a Specific Effect of Serum from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis on Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transport in the Rat Jejunum

Summary: Sera from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CF) and normal human sera were assayed for the ability to inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transport in rat brush-border membrane vesicles. Fresh CF and age- and sex-matched control sera were both inhibitory when compared to physiologic saline. The inhibition by CF serum was 44 ± 13% (mean ± SD) at a final serum concentration of 6.7%, 67 ± 34% at 10% serum, and 68 ± 28% at 20% serum. The ratio of the inhibition of CF sera compared to that of control sera was 1.00, 0.78, and 0.93 at 6.7,10, and 20% serum concentrations, respectively. Although a slightly greater inhibition by CF serum was observed at a concentration of 10%, this is probably not significant because no difference could be detected at a concentration of 20% serum. Glucose transport in the presence of serum was sensitive to phlorizin indicating that the residual glucose transport was proceeding by the sodium-dependent glucose transport system. These findings suggest that CF serum does not specifically inhibit the sodium-dependent glucose transport system. The intravesicular space accessible to glucose was reduced in the presence of CF or control serum. Fresh CF serum was 1.4 times more effective than fresh control serum (P < 0.01). The presence of substantial vesicle-shrinking activity in control serum indicates that this activity cannot be considered specific for CF. Speculation: The CF specific factor that inhibits sodium transport may be effective only with epithelial tissues capable of transporting sodium chloride against high concentration gradients, such as the epithelia of the ducts of the saliva and sweat glands, the colon, the distal renal tubules, and the renal collecting tubules.
The onset of a revolution in drug discovery

Cell electrophysiology is extremely important to cell biology, medicine and drug development, and micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS)-based systems hold great promise to alleviate several problems associated with the current methods used by the pharmaceutical industry to probe drug development. Porterfield et al. at Purdue University have developed an integrated MEMS-based system, which offers considerable advantages compared with current electrophysiological systems and might have greater implications as an advanced method for drug development.
Adaptive feature-specific spectral imaging

We present an architecture for rapid spectral classification in spectral imaging applications. By making use of knowledge gained in prior measurements, our spectral imaging system is able to design adaptive feature-specific measurement kernels that selectively attend to the portions of a spectrum that contain useful classification information. With measurement kernels designed using a probabilistically-weighted version of principal component analysis, simulations predict an orders-of-magnitude reduction in classification error rates. We report on our latest simulation results, as well as an experimental prototype currently under construction.
Is there a proctor in the house

Purpose – This article aims to provide insights into issues encountered in maintaining library technologies and technology‐based services on a limited budget and with limited personnel.Design/methodology/approach – The article uses real world experiences to provide commentary on protocols and practices as they relate to providing library services under increasingly tight budget constraints.Findings – The rapid growth in online education has brought about many changes to library services. Librarians must make conscious efforts to not only adapt accordingly, but also to stay true to the mission and core values in the face of this rapidly changing landscape.Originality/value – The paper uses real‐world examples to provide critical commentary on the librarian service ethic as it relates to staying true to the mission as opposed to overreaching in the name of service for all.
Fluorescence lifetime probe of biomolecular conformations

Methods have been developed to measure the fluorescence lifetime versus temperature of trapped biomolecular ions derivatized with a fluorescent dye. Previous measurements for different sequences of polyproline peptides demonstrated that quenching rates are related to conformations and their spatial fluctuations. This paper presents the results of extending these methods to study the conformational dynamics of larger biomolecules. Vancomycin-peptide noncovalent complexes in the 1+ charge state were studied as a function of temperature for different W-KAA peptide chiralities (L-LDD, D-LDD, L-DLL). Fluorescence-quenching rates, kq, were found to be stereoselective for these different chiralities with relative magnitudes kq(L-LDD)>kq(D-LDD)>kq(L-DLL). The variation in fluorescent quenching resulting from switching the chirality of the single Trp residue was readily detectable. Molecular dynamics analysis of complexes formed by W-KAA (L-LDD) and W-KAA(L-DLL) indicates that increased flexibility in the (L-DLL) complex is correlated with reduced quenching rates. Fluorescence measurements were also performed for the Trp-cage protein comparing quenching rates in the 1+, 2+, and 3+ charge states for which kq+≫kq2+≈kq3+. Measurements of a sequence including a single-point mutation infer the presence of a salt-bridge structure in the 1+ charge state and its absence in both the 2+ and 3+ states. Molecular dynamics structures of Trp-cage indicate that a salt bridge in the 1+ charge state produces more compact conformations leading to larger quenching rates based on the quenching mechanism. In both these experimental studies the fluorescence-quenching rates were consistent with changes in structure induced by either intermolecular or intramolecular interactions.
Creep rupture forecasting for high performance energy systems

The non-linear capabilities of artificial neural networks to model the dynamics of creep rupture and failure mechanisms are exploited to achieve failure forecasting in high performance energy systems. The proposed approach forecasts the time to rupture due to creep mechanism and consists of the library construction, the experimental data and measurements necessary for the training process, the measurements gathered during operation and the artificial neural network. The methodology is demonstrated on experimental data gathered for this purpose, for two frequently applied high-temperature/high-load materials, namely Grade 91 steel and Hastelloy XR. The results obtained demonstrate the capability of the proposed methodology to apply artificial neural networks to forecast the time to rupture and improve safety and efficiency of high performance systems.
Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC)-Null Mice Exhibit More Uniform Outflow

PURPOSE. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein known to regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) in many tissues and is highly expressed in trabecular meshwork (TM). SPARC-null mice have a 15% to 20% decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. We hypothesized that mouse aqueous outflow is segmental, and that transgenic deletion of SPARC causes a more uniform pattern that correlates with IOP and TM morphology. METHODS. Eyes of C57BL6-SV129 WT and SPARC-null mice were injected with fluorescent microbeads, which were also passively exposed to freshly enucleated eyes. Confocal and electron microscopy were performed. Percentage effective filtration length (PEFL) was calculated as PEFL ¼ FL/TL 3 100%, where TL ¼ total length and FL ¼ filtration length. IOP was measured by rebound tonometry. RESULTS. Passive microbead affinity for WT and SPARC-null ECM did not differ. Segmental flow was observed in the mouse eye. SPARC-null mice had a 23% decrease in IOP. PEFL increased in SPARC-null (70.61 6 11.36%) versus WT mice (54.68 6 9.95%, P < 0.005; n ¼ 11 pairs), and PEFL and IOP were negatively correlated (R 2 ¼ 0.72, n ¼ 10 pairs). Morphologically, TM of high-tracer regions had increased separation between beams compared to low-tracer regions. Collagen fibril diameter decreased in SPARC-null (28.272 nm) versus WT tissue (34.961 nm, P < 0.0005; n ¼ 3 pairs). CONCLUSIONS. Aqueous outflow in mice is segmental. SPARC-null mice demonstrated a more uniform outflow pattern and decreased collagen fibril diameter. Areas of high flow had less compact juxtacanalicular connective tissue ECM, and IOP was inversely correlated with PEFL. Our data show a correlation between morphology, aqueous outflow, and IOP, indicating a modulatory role of SPARC in IOP regulation. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:2035‐2047) DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-10950
Experimental and Theoretical Study on Rolling Effectiveness of Multiple Control Surfaces

It is well known that the effectiveness of a trailing-edge control surface can be substantially diminished due to the elastic twist of an airfoil or rolling wing. This aeroelastic phenomenon is known as control surface reversal when the lift or rolling rate vanishes at a sufe ciently large ratio of e ow dynamic pressure to airfoil or wing stiffness. However, a leading-edge control surface can be used to counteract control surface reversal, and, indeed, in principle, a leading-edge control surface can entirely cancel the tendency of the trailing-edge control surface to undergo reversal. Moreover, analysis shows that by using a simple adaptive control strategy, one can use a combination positive and negative control surface rotations to maximize lift and rolling effectiveness or minimize control surface rotations. In the present work, a theoretical ‐experimental study of the effectiveness of trailingand leading-edge control surfaces has been made for a rolling wing ‐fuselage model. An experimental model and wind-tunnel test are used to assess the theoretical results. The theoretical model includes the inherently nonlinear dry friction damping moment between the spindle support and the experimental aeroelastic wing model for the rollingdegreeoffreedom.Athree-dimensionalvortexlatticeaerodynamictheoryisemployed.Newinsightsintothe behavior and design of an adaptiveaeroelastic wing using trailing- and leading-edge control surfacesare provided. Nomenclature c = wing chord length K® = torsional stiffness km, kn = numbers of vortex elements on the wing in x and y directions, respectively kmm = total number of vortices on both the wing and wake in the x direction L = total lift on the wing Llocal = local lift along the span
Role of scanning probes in nanoelectronics: a critical review

The continuous downsizing of electronic devices has promoted many ideas of lithography and fabrication techniques at the nanometer scale. Scanning probe lithography (SPL) has been intensively explored as a potential alternative. The conceptual development of the SPL endeavors and their basic mechanisms in the past decade are briefly reviewed. Scaling down the conventional field effect transistors below 30 nm may present enormous technical and economical challenges. Random polarization and fabrication of reproducible lateral tunneling junctions continue to be two major barriers for quantum devices. Instead of trying to compete with other projection type lithographic techniques at the nanometer scale, scanning probes are best suited to explore atom scale devices.
Integration of Proviral DNA in Chicken Cells Infected with Schmidt-Ruppin Rous Sarcoma Virus Is Not Enhanced by DNA Repair

The effect DNA repair might have on the integration of exogenous proviral DNA into host cell DNA was investigated by comparing the efficiency of proviral DNA integration in normal chicken embryonic fibroblasts and in chicken embryonic fibroblasts treated with UV or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. The cells were treated with UV or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide at various time intervals ranging from 6 h before to 24 h after infection with Schmidt-Ruppin strain A of Rous sarcoma virus. The chicken embryonic fibroblasts were subsequently cultured for 18 to 21 days to ensure maximal integration and elimination of nonintegrated exogenous proviral DNA before DNA was extracted. Integration of proviral DNA into the cellular genome was quantitated by hybridization of denatured cellular DNA on filters with an excess of (3)H-labeled 35S viral RNA. The copy number of the integrated proviruses in normal cells and in infected cells was also determined from the kinetics of liquid RNA-DNA hybridization in DNA excess. Both RNA excess and DNA excess methods of hybridization indicate that two to three copies of the endogenous provirus appear to be present per haploid normal chicken cell genome and that two to three copies of the provirus of Schmidt-Ruppin strain A of Rous sarcoma virus become integrated per haploid cell genome after infection. The copy number of viral genome equivalents integrated per cell treated with UV or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide at different time intervals before or after infection did not differ from the copy number in untreated but infected cells. This finding supports our previous report that the integration of oncornavirus proviral DNA is restricted to specific sites in the host cell DNA and suggests a specific mechanism for integration.
The Help-Seeking Decisions of Violent Crime Victims An Examination of the Direct and Conditional Effects of Gender and the Victim-Offender Relationship

National data are used to examine the help-seeking strategies of male and female crime victims. Victims who seek help from family and friends and the users of mental health, social services, and self-help groups tend to be female. In contrast, most male victims do not seek help. When men do seek help, they are more likely to call the police than to call on family and friends. This study also finds that attacks by known offenders lead to help-seeking strategies that rely primarily on family and friends. Finally, the author finds that the victim-offender relationship conditions the effect of gender on help-seeking decisions. Help-seeking strategies are unique to particular gender/victim-offender relationship categories. Women victimized by known offenders rely on family and friends. In contrast, men victimized by strangers most often do nothing, but some men who have been victimized by a stranger will report the victimization to the police
FIRST Forensic Internet Replay Sequencing Tool

This paper discusses the design and development of a tool that can be used by digital forensic investigators to display a visual recreation of web browsing sessions based on the browser cache stored on a suspect’s hard drive. Frequently, a forensic investigator will search a web browser cache to learn about the browsing habits of a suspect. The data gathered from the cache will be used to support a case in a civil or criminal proceeding. Thus, the investigator must have a method to clearly convey the information learned from the investigation of the cache. Currently, tools exist that can parse the browser cache to determine the Uniform Resource Locaters (URLs) visited by the suspect and the times that the URLs were visited. While this data indicates the browsing habits of the suspect, a list of URLs and timestamps is not easily understood by non-information technology professionals. The goal is to construct a tool that will assemble a visual slideshow that recreates, as closely as possible, a suspect’s browsing experience. This recreation will help provide investigators and other interested parties with an accurate understanding of the suspect’s intentions while browsing the web.
A Rapidly Reconfigurable Computer Lab for Software Engineering Security Experiments and Exercises

The Reconfigurable Attack-Defend Instructional Computing Laboratory (RADICL) is a software engineering lab at the University of Idaho. The lab is unique in that it can completely reconfigure its network topology and change the operating system of every machine in the lab in four minutes. The lab has been used for various research projects, classroom exercises, and academic experiments. The organization of the lab and some examples of its classroom use are discussed in this paper.
Influence of polymer particle size on the percolation threshold of electrically conductive latex-based composites

Monodispersed copolymer emulsions, each with a different polymer particle size, were used to investigate the effect of particle size on the electrical and thermomechanical properties of carbon black (CB)-filled segregated network composites. These emulsions were synthesized with equal moles of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate, with latex particle size ranging from 83 to 771 nm. The electrical percolation threshold was found to decrease from 2.7 to 1.1 vol % CB as the latex particle size was increased. Microstructural images reveal diminished latex coalescence, and improved CB segregation, with increasing latex particle size. In general, coalescence is shown to increase for all systems with increasing CB concentration. Furthermore, all systems exhibited a similar maximum electrical conductivity plateau of 0.7 S cm−1, albeit at lower concentration for larger latex particle size. This ability to tailor percolation threshold with latex particle size provides an important tool for manipulating electrical and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1547–1554, 2011
Cone-beam imaging with sub-100 nm focal-sized Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors

We report about magnified hard X-ray imaging in cone-beam geometry with a secondary source size of 85 � 95 nm 2 . The small spot size is achieved by focusing with Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) mirrors at a third-generation synchrotron source. This small and more divergent source projects a magnified sample shadow, overcoming the resolution limit of the detection system. The proposed scheme allows imaging with high resolution and efficiency at the same time. In addition, it should be suitable for coherent imaging experiments. r 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Estradiol downregulates miR-21 expression and increases miR-21 target gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Select changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression correlate with estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression in breast tumors. miR-21 is higher in ERα positive than negative tumors, but no one has examined how estradiol (E2) regulates miR-21 in breast cancer cells. Here we report that E2 inhibits miR-21 expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The E2-induced reduction in miR-21 was inhibited by 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), ICI 182 780 (Faslodex), and siRNA ERα indicating that the suppression is ERα-mediated. ERα and ERβ agonists PPT and DPN inhibited and 4-OHT increased miR-21 expression. E2 increased luciferase activity from reporters containing the miR-21 recognition elements from the 3′-UTRs of miR-21 target genes, corroborating that E2 represses miR-21 expression resulting in a loss of target gene suppression. The E2-mediated decrease in miR-21 correlated with increased protein expression of endogenous miR-21-targets Pdcd4, PTEN and Bcl-2. siRNA knockdown of ERα blocked the E2-induced increase in Pdcd4, PTEN and Bcl-2. Transfection of MCF-7 cells with antisense (AS) to miR-21 mimicked the E2-induced increase in Pdcd4, PTEN and Bcl-2. These results are the first to demonstrate that E2 represses the expression of an oncogenic miRNA, miR-21, by activating estrogen receptor in MCF-7 cells.
A Review of: “Yahya Michot. Muslims Under Non-Muslim Rule: Ibn Taymiyya.”

There has been a lacuna in the terrorism and security studies field because most analysts lack the expertise and background to critically assess the citations of classical and medieval jurists used...
Sugar Regulates mRNA Abundance of H+-ATPase Gene Family Members in Tomato'

The plant plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase energizes the secondary uptake of nutrients and may facilitate cell expansion by acidifying the cell wall. In yeast, Glc stimulates the accumulation of H(+)-ATPase mRNA, and the growth rate supported by various sugars is correlated with H(+)-ATPase protein abundance. Expression of three H(+)-ATPase genes, LHA1, LHA2, and LHA4, was previously detected in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). We have characterized the sequence of the LHA4 gene and examined the expression of these three tomato H(+)-ATPase genes in growing tissues and in response to exogenous sugars. LHA4 is a member of the H(+)-ATPase subfamily, including the Arabidopsis thaliana genes AHA1, AHA2, and AHA3. The 5' untranslated region of the deduced LHA4 cDNA contains a short, open reading frame very similar to that in the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia gene PMA1. LHA4 transcript abundance in seedlings is correlated with cell growth, being 2.5 times greater in hypocotyls of dark- versus light-grown plants. The accumulation of both LHA4 and LHA2 mRNAs is induced by the addition of exogenous sugars and this induction appears to be dependent on sugar uptake and metabolism, because mannitol and 3-O-methylglucose do not stimulate mRNA accumulation. These results suggest that the induction of expression of H(+)-ATPase genes by metabolizable sugars may be part of a generalized cellular response to increased cell growth and metabolism promoted by the availability of an abundant carbon source.
A seamless approach to the agent development

In this paper, we propose a seamless approach to the agent-based software development. We have developed Agent-based Modeling Technique (AMT) to support a seamless development from modeling to implementation of agent-based software. The idea of AMT is realized b y its modeling language ‐ Agent-based Modeling Language (AML) and p rogramming language ‐ Agentbased Programming Language (APL). In this paper, we describe our novel i dea of seamless approach to d evelop agent-based software. We illustrate AMT using a case study for agent software development in banking application. This paper also makes clear difference between agent-based p rogramming and agent-oriented programming. This paper mostly emphasizes to d escribe a gentbased modeling technique. Both the implementation d etails and practices of AML and APL can be found in the separate papers.
Nepafenac-associated corneal melt

We describe a patient with systemic graft-versus-host disease who developed a nonhealing epithelial defect after cataract surgery that healed on cessation of a topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) (ketorolac). The patient developed a central corneal perforation in the fellow eye while on a new NSAID formulation (nepafenac) after routine cataract surgery. Our case suggests that new topical NSAIDs may be similar to older NSAID formulations in promoting corneal melting in patients predisposed to poor epithelialization and corneal wound healing.
A limited role for balancing selection.

Balancing selection has been shown to act on several genes in short-term evolutionary contexts, but it is not known whether this force is responsible for maintaining a significant number of long-term polymorphisms. We aligned 7628 chimpanzee virtual transcripts and 5524 chimp ESTs to the 4× chimp draft genome assembly and identified polymorphisms in chimpanzee that also occurred in the human single nucleotide polymorphism database (dbSNP). Our analysis suggests that the incidence of ancestral polymorphism is low or absent and that balancing selection on the time-scale of chimpanzee–human divergence has not been a significant force in human evolution.
Mechanisms of porphyrinoid localization in tumors

The photosensitizing and pharmacokinetic properties of porphyrin-type compounds have been investigated for nearly a century. In the last decade, two porphyrin derivatives were approved in the U.S.A. and in several other countries for the photodynamic treatment of various lesions. An overview of the different mechanisms for preferential porphyrinoid localization in malignant tumors is presented herein. Several uptake pathways are possible for each photosensitizer, which are determined by its structure, mode of delivery and tumor type. Comparisons of the different mechanisms and correlations with the structure of the sensitizer are presented. Current delivery systems for porphyrin sensitizers are described, as well as recent strategies for enhancing their tumor-specificity, including conjugation to a carrier system that selectively targets a tumor-associated receptor or antigen.
Inflammation induces neuro-lymphatic protein expression in multiple sclerosis brain neurovasculature

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with ectopic lymphoid follicle formation. Podoplanin+ (lymphatic marker) T helper17 (Th17) cells and B cell aggregates have been implicated in the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). Since podoplanin expressed by Th17 cells in MS brains is also expressed by lymphatic endothelium, we investigated whether the pathophysiology of MS involves inductions of lymphatic proteins in the inflamed neurovasculature.
Executing Java programs with transactional memory

Parallel programming is difficult due to the complexity of dealing with conventional lock-based synchronization. To simplify parallel programming, there have been a number of proposals to support transactions directly in hardware and eliminate locks completely. Although hardware support for transactions has the potential to completely change the way parallel programs are written, initially transactions will be used to execute existing parallel programs. In this paper we investigate the implications of using transactions to execute existing parallel Java programs. Our results show that transactions can be used to support all aspects of Java multithreaded programs, and once Java virtual machine issues have been addressed, the conversion of a lock-based application into transactions is largely straightforward. The performance that these converted applications achieve is equal to or sometimes better than the original lock-based implementation.
RETINAL FIXATION POINT LOCATION IN THE FOVEAL AVASCULAR ZONE

The site of normal fixation is often assumed to be centered in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ). This assumed anatomic relationship is used during photocoagulation therapy as an objective guide to avoid damaging critical retinal structures on or near fixation. With laser therapy being directed closer and closer to the center of the FAZ, the accuracy with which the center of the FAZ locates the retinal point of fixation becomes an important therapeutic issue. Using an optimized technique for visualizing the retinal vasculature entoptically, the authors determined the location of the retinal point of fixation with respect to the foveal area vasculature in 26 eyes of 14 healthy subjects. In 23 eyes (12 subjects), a traditional FAZ was observed, the other three eyes (two subjects) had capillaries near or crossing the center of fixation. Of the 23 eyes with a traditional FAZ, 20 had centers of fixation located eccentric to the center but in the FAZ, (average deviation from the center of the FAZ, 66.5 +/- 49.5 microns) with the direction of deviation from the FAZ center appearing random. Consequently, when following protocols that advocate photocoagulation treatment with spot centers closer to the FAZ center than 300 microns, the center of the FAZ is a poor locator of a subject's retinal point of fixation. When using the FAZ as a reference, the resulting uncertainty in the location of the subject's retinal point of fixation increases the probability of significant damage to the actual point of fixation by up to 20%.
Formation of AlxOyNz Barriers for Advanced Silver Metallization

Silver has been explored as a potential candidate for future advanced interconnects due to its lowest electrical resistivity, when compared with Al and Cu. As in the case of Cu metallization, an additional layer between the Ag film and underneath dielectric is necessary in order to improve adhesion and to block the diffusion of Ag atoms. In this study, thin aluminum oxynitride (Al x O y N z ) diffusion barriers have been formed in the temperature range of 400-725 °C by annealing Ag/Al bilayers on oxidized Si substrates in ammonia ambient. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry showed that the out-diffused Al reacted with both the ammonia and oxygen in the ambient and encapsulated the Ag films. Higher process temperatures and thinner original Al layers showed to improve the resistivity of the encapsulated Ag layers. The resulting Ag resistivity values are ∼1.75 ± 0.35 µΩ-cm. The thermal stability test of these diffusion barriers showed that these barriers sustained the interdiffusion between Cu and Ag up to 620 °C at least for 30 min in either vacuum or flowing He-0.5% H 2 . This temperature is a 200°C improvement over previously reported values for the self-encapsulated Cu and Ag films. X-ray diffraction spectra showed no formation of any high resistive intermetallic compounds, i.e. , Ag 3 Al, Ag 2 Al, and AlAg 3 .
Evaluating Titan2D mass-flow model using the 1963 Little Tahoma Peak avalanches, Mount Rainier, Washington

The Titan2D geophysical mass-flow model is evaluated by comparing its simulation results and those obtained from another flow model, FLOW3D, with published data on the 1963 Little Tahoma Peak avalanches on Mount Rainier, Washington. The avalanches, totaling approximately 10� 10 6 m 3 of broken lava blocks and other debris, traveled 6.8 km horizontally and fell 1.8 km vertically (H/L=0.246). Velocities calculated from runup range from 24 to 42 m/s and may have been as high as 130 m/s while the avalanches passed over Emmons Glacier. Titan2D is a code for an incompressible Coulomb continuum; it is a depth-averaged, dshallow-waterT, granular-flow model. The conservation equations for mass and momentum are solved with a Coulomb-type friction term at the basal interface. The governing equations are solved on multiple processors using a parallel, adaptive mesh, Godunov scheme. Adaptive gridding dynamically concentrates computing power in regions of special interest; mesh refinement and coarsening key on the perimeter of the moving avalanche. The model flow initiates as a pile defined as an ellipsoid by a height (z) and an elliptical base defined by radii in the x and y planes. Flow parameters are the internal friction angle and bed friction angle. Results from the model are similar in terms of velocity history, lateral spreading, location of runup areas, and final distribution of the Little Tahoma Peak deposit. The avalanches passed over the Emmons Glacier along their upper flow paths, but lower in the valley they traversed stream gravels and glacial outwash deposits. This presents difficulty in assigning an appropriate bed friction angle for the entire deposit. Incorporation of variable bed friction angles into the model using GIS will help to resolve this issue. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rayleigh scattering and power conservation

In the usual formulation of Rayleigh scattering in terms of the quasi-static dipole moments of the scatterer, the scattered field is evaluated exactly to the lowest order (k_{0}a)^{3} where a is a characteristic dimension of the scatterer. Although the scattered power may be found correctly to order (k_{0}a)^{6} in terms of the scattered field, power conservation does not hold. To achieve power conservation the scattered field must be determined exactly to order (k_{0}a)^{6} . It is shown that the term of order (k_{0}a)^{6} may be found by including radiation reaction as part of the polarizing field. The scattered power can then be found by using the forward scatter theorem (optical extinction theorem) and leads to power conservation correct to lowest order.
Polar catastrophe and the structure of KT a 1 − x N b x O 3 surfaces: Results from elastic and inelastic helium atom scattering

The structure and dynamics of cleaved $(001)$ surfaces of potassium tantalates doped with niobium, $\mathrm{KT}{\mathrm{a}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{b}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (KTN), with $x$ ranging from $0%$ to $30%$, were measured by helium atom scattering (HAS). Through HAS time-of-flight (TOF) experiments, a dispersionless branch (Einstein phonon branch) with energy of $13\ensuremath{-}14\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ was observed across the surface Brillouin zone in all samples. When this observation is combined with the results from earlier experimental and theoretical studies on these materials, a consistent picture of the stable surface structure emerges: After cleaving the single-crystal sample, the surface should be composed of equal areas of KO and $\mathrm{Ta}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}/\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ terraces. The data, however, suggest that ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ ions migrate from the bulk to the surface, forming a charged KO lattice that is neutralized primarily by additional ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ ions bridging pairs of surface oxygens. This structural and dynamic modification at the $(001)$ surface of KTN appears due to its formally charged $\mathrm{KO}(\ensuremath{-}1)$ and $\mathrm{Ta}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}/\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}(+1)$ layers and avoids a ``polar catastrophe.'' This behavior is contrasted with the $(001)$ surface behavior of the fluoride perovskite $\mathrm{KMn}{\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ with its electrically neutral KF and $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ layers.
The social worker joins the team: a look at the socialization process.

Although much has been written about interdisciplinary teams, little is known about how social workers who begin employment in interdisciplinary settings learn how to be team players. This article, based on a year-long ethnographic sociolinguistic research study in one such setting, describes and analyzes the interactive experiences of a social worker who, during the course of the study, changed roles from newcomer to instructor of social work students. Through an analysis of the social worker's interactions, several observstions were made. (1) Three team rules prescribed how team members were to participate (use trigger words, develop behaviorally specific descriptors, use action verbs). (2) The "coaching" of the new social worker and her coaching of students were visible in the two teams that were observed. (3) Certain language was preferred by the teams and disciplines. (4) Over time the social worker became more assertive and pro-active.
Why People Obey: Theoretical Observations on Power and Obedience in Complex Organizations

Recent sociological studies of power in organizations, although oriented toward practical ends, offer promise for a general sociological theory of power. Empirically grounded organizational studies...
Characterization of Semiconductors and Semiconducting Superlattices Using High-Resolution Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

High resolution photoluminescence for the identification of impurities and defects in semiconductors has emerged as a powerful technique. We review the technique with emphasis on GaAs realizing that it is applicable to many different semiconductor materials. The binding energies of thle ground state and of several low-lying excited states of the impurity centers are determined by studying the radiative transitions associated with excitons bound to neutral donors or acceptors. Recent developments in the studies of GaAs-AlGaAs multi-quantum-well (MQW) structures using high resolution photoluminescence are also reported. Variations of the energies of the various transitions in MQW structures as a function of well size are presented. Estimates of the interfacial quality in these heterostructures are made from line shape analysis.
Study of blood biomarker of occupational exposure to DMF

Objective To explore blood biomarker of occupational exposure to DMF.Methods 99 workers occupationally exposed to DMF were collected.22 cases without exposure to DMF or other organic solvents were chosen as controls.Concentrations of blood N- methylcarbamoyl adduct,urine N-methylformamide(NMF),urine N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine(AMCC)were determined.Correlations among the 3 biomarkers above were explored.Results Concentrations of blood N-methylcarbamoyl adduct,urine NMF,urine AMCC were positively correlated with DMF exposure levels.Correlations among the 3biomarkers above were found through Spearman rank correlation analysis(P0.01).Conclusions Blood N-methylcarbamoyl adduct could be considered as a new occupational exposure biomarker of DMF.
Elastische und hyperelastische Stoffe

Das in VIII behandelte hypoelastische Verhalten entspricht einer Mindestforderung, die an das mechanische Verhalten eines Stoffes zu stellen ist, damit er uberhaupt als elastisch angesprochen werden kann. Wir wollen hier von einer anscheinend ganzlich verschiedenen Definition des elastischen Verhaltens ausgehen und zeigen, das sie fur isotrope Stoffe einen Sonderfall des elastischen Verhaltens darstellt.
Behavioral and Neural Sustained Attention Deficits in Bipolar Disorder and Familial Risk of Bipolar Disorder.

Abstract Background Few neuroimaging studies compare individuals affected with bipolar disorder (BP), at high familial risk of BP, and at low risk to identify endophenotypes for BP. None have examined variability in attention, despite promising behavioral work in this area. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods uniquely powered to compare the neural correlates of attention variability in these three groups. Methods The present study examined 8- to 25-year-old individuals ( n = 106) who completed an fMRI attention task: 24 with BP, 29 at risk based on a first-degree relative with BP, and 53 healthy, low-risk individuals. Group differences in intrasubject variability in reaction time were examined, and a sophisticated fMRI analytic approach was used to quantify precisely trialwise associations between reaction time and brain activity. The latter has not been examined previously in BP or risk of BP. Results Relative to healthy individuals, those with BP or at risk for BP exhibited increased reaction time variability ( F 2,102 = 4.26, p = .02, η p 2 = .08). Importantly, we identified blunted relationships between trialwise variation in reaction time and brain activity in the inferior and middle frontal gyri, precuneus, cingulate cortex, caudate, and postcentral gyrus (all regions: p p 2 > .06) in both at-risk and BP individuals compared with healthy, low-risk individuals. This blunting partially mediated group differences in reaction time variability (β = .010, 95% confidence interval 0.002 to 0.020, Sobel Z = 2.08, p = .038). Conclusions Blunting in key frontal, cingulate, and striatal areas was evident in unaffected, at-risk individuals and in euthymic BP patients. Elucidating such novel neural endophenotypes can facilitate new approaches to BP prediction, diagnosis, and prevention.
Detecting Errors in and Making Inferences from Business Process Representations

ABSTRACT: Based on a conversation between a sales manager and an internal auditor of the used car dealer EasyBuy, students answer questions that prompt them to identify errors in a draft business process diagram (BPD) for the sales process, make inferences about the business process, and distinguish between accounting and nonaccounting events. The draft BPD has been updated to include remote vehicle disablement when customers default on loans. Alternatively, instructors can have students prepare the BPD from the conversation instead of answering the questions. The case is appropriate for students in courses developing or enhancing business process expertise. The case requires students to think critically about a business process as they make inferences about process outcomes and detect errors in the draft BPD. The case can be used as a first learning experience with BPDs or as a subsequent experience, including assessment of business process expertise.
Biomathematics and Biostatistics

The division of biomathematics and biostatistics was established in 2004 with A. Niemierko as the Head. The intent was to provide an organized program in biomathematics in clinical radiation oncology. The principal function is to collaborate with clinicians in the design of clinical studies, analysis of the resultant data, and development of new model systems and concepts for clinically related biomathematics and statistics. Further, the faculty is to contribute biomath and biostatistics lectures in the educational courses for residents and pre- and post-doctoral fellows.
Addiction and the Concept of Disorder, Part 2: Is every Mental Disorder a Brain Disorder?

In this two-part analysis, I analyze Marc Lewis’s arguments against the brain-disease view of substance addiction and for a developmental-learning approach that demedicalizes addiction. I focus especially on the question of whether addiction is a medical disorder. In Part 1, I argued that, even if one accepts Lewis’s critique of the brain evidence presented for the brain-disease view, his arguments fail to establish that addiction is not a disorder. Relying on my harmful dysfunction analysis of disorder, I defended the view that addiction is a medical disorder and a brain disorder. In Part 2, I consider some broader philosophical issues raised by Lewis’s arguments: (1) I consider a larger puzzle, at the heart of the neo-Kraepelinian program in contemporary psychiatry, that is raised by Lewis’s argument that addiction is not a disorder because the brain displays no damage but only normal learning: must all mental disorders be brain disorders, or can mental disorders occur in normal brains? I argue that mental disorders can occur in normal brains. (2) I critique Lewis’s response to the evolutionary “novel environment” approach to explaining why addiction is a disorder. (3) Lewis agrees with brain-disease proponents that interpreting addiction as brain disorder relieves addicts of moral censure, but I argue that moral defect and brain disease are not exclusive. (4) Finally, I consider Lewis’s “developmental-learning” account of addiction that encourages positive and empowering narrativizing of addiction, but I argue that the developmental-learning view is vacuous due to use of an overly broad notion of “development.”
Voces femeninas. Género, memoria y exilio en las narrativas testimoniales de mujeres argentinas / Femenine voices. Gender, memory and exile in women’s testimonial narratives from Argentina

Este articulo analiza los testimonios: En estado de memoria de Tununa Mercado (1994), Una sola muerte numerosa de Nora Strejilevich (1997), Suenos sobrevivientes de una montonera: a pesar de la ESMA de Susana Jorgelina Ramus (2000) y Detras de los ojos de Graciela Fainstein (2006) como formas de una escritura femenina en exilio que resiste los centros de poder impuestos por la cultura oficial. Estas mujeres sobrevivientes de la ultima dictadura argentina (1976-1983), a traves de estos escritos, reflexionan sobre la memoria, la identidad, la escritura y el trauma en relacion con la experiencia de ex detenidas desaparecidas y exiliadas. El exilio aparece en sus narrativas como un estado caracterizado por multiples perdidas. Sin embargo, sera precisamente la inestabilidad identitaria, causada por estas perdidas que empujara a estas mujeres a escribir, y a escribirse. El exilio, en tanto el espacio psicologico desde el cual recuerdan se convierte, en un disparador de un tipo de escritura que apunta a la elaboracion psicologica del trauma y la construccion de identidad femenina alternativa. Situadas en los margenes, desterritorializadas, las mujeres construyen identidades en perpetuo devenir que se resisten a tener una esencia unica e inamovible. Palabras clave: Exilio, testimonio, violencia, genero, memoria, trauma. This article analyzes testimonial narratives: En estado de memoria de Tununa Mercado (1994), Una sola muerte numerosa by Nora Strejilevich (1997), Suenos sobrevivientes de una montonera: a pesar de la ESMA by Susana Jorgelina Ramus (2000), and Detras de los ojos by Graciela Fainstein (2006) as forms of a feminine writing in exile that resists the centers of power imposed by official culture. These women survivors of the last dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983), through their accounts, reflect on memory, identity, trauma and writing in relation to their experiences as ex-detainees and exiles. The experience of exile appears as a condition characterized by multiple losses. However, it is precisely the identity instability caused by these losses that will push these women to write. Exile, as the psychological space from which they remember, becomes the trigger of a type of writing that aims towards the working through of trauma, and the construction of alternative feminine identities. Keywords Exile, testimonial narratives, violence, gender, memory, and trauma.
Anionic H-Bonds in the Chlorosulfolipid Surface Bilayer of O. danica the Strength of a Bacterial Cell Wall

Ochromonas danica, a protozoan algal di-flagellate grows in fresh water bogs at pH 4.3. Despite the absence of a wall, its bilayer membrane protects it from osmotic bursting. Lacking P-lipids, its flagellar membrane is made of single-chain (C20) poly-chlorinated 1,14-disulfates with up to 6 chloros. The C1-sulfate on each chain forms an H-bonded dense anionic surface sheet attracting H3O+ (hydronium ions) to the membrane fresh-water surface. Each H3O+ ion can enter the low dielectric and H-bond to the chloros spaced along the chains, due to chloro-electronegativity. The field created by the anionic hydrophobic-C14-sulfate sheet deep in the bilayer attracts the H3O+ ions toward it. The sulfate-H-sulfate H-bonds, or anionic H-bonds (AHbs) are much stronger than those same bonds at the C1-sulfate sheet, because the C1-sheet faces water, which weakens AHbs. Both sulfate sheets require AHbs to strengthen the bilayer but the C14-sulfate sheet is significantly stronger because of its aprotic environment. (Sigala, et al. JACS (2015)137,5730). Like the single-chain bilayers of the chlorosulfolipids, single-chain oleic acid bilayers use a COOH AHb and also have a second binding domain in the low dielectric, a Δ9 double bond. We use it to compare energy measurements. O. danica's surface bilayer also contains unique PUFAs, dominated by arachidonic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, which further strengthen the bilayer.
Two-Dimensional Electric Double Layer Structure with Heterogeneous Surface Charge

In this work we present a systematic study of the lateral (parallel to the wall) and normal (perpendicular to the wall) nanostructure of the electric double layer at a heterogeneous interface between two regions of different surface charges, often found in nanoscale electrochemical devices. Specifically, classical density functional theory (DFT) is used to probe a cation concentration range of 10 mM to 1 M, for valences of +1, + 2, and +3, and a diameter range of 0.15–0.9 nm over widely varying surface charges (between −0.15 and +0.15 C/m2). The DFT results predict significant lateral and normal nanostructure in the form of ion concentration oscillations. These results are directly compared with those from Poisson–Boltzmann theory, showing significant deviation between the two theories, not only in the concentration profiles, but also in the sign of the electrostatic potential.