cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ABNORMALLY COLD TROPOPAUSE TEMPERATURES IN THE EQUATORIAL PACIFIC

Abstract Radiosonde observations made at Kusaie in the eastern Caroline Islands on May 15–16, 1956, reported tropopause temperatures colder than −86° C. in several instances with an extreme value of −96° C. This series of soundings is examined and compared with those made at other stations in the equatorial Pacific area.
Electron and Hole Drift Mobilities in Vitreous Selenium

The drift mobilities for electrons and holes in vitreous Se were measured as a function of temperature and as a function of the applied electric field. The drift mobilities exhibited a temperature dependence not previously observed. The electron drift mobility exhibited an exponential temperature dependence up to the glass transition temperature (${T}_{g}=305$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). At this point, a sharp break from the exponential temperature dependence was observed. Below 305\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the electron drift mobility exhibited an exponential temperature dependence which is characteristic of a trap-limited drift process. In this temperature range, the computed mobility-controlling electron trap densities and the measured activation energies depended on the temperature of the substrate at which the selenium films were prepared. It is shown that as the substrate temperature is increased, the activation energy for the mobility increases, and the density of the traps which control the mobility decreases. The hole drift mobility exhibited an exponential temperature dependence at low temperatures, but a gradual deviation from the exponential temperature dependence at a temperature of about 260\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K was observed. This indicates that the microscopic hole mobility ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0p}$ has a low value. The microscopic hole mobility, evaluated at 293\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, yielded an average value of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0p}=0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. In the low-temperature range the hole trap densities and the activation energies were computed. These quantities revealed the same dependence on the substrate preparation temperature as the corresponding quantities for electron transport. It is postulated that the mobility-controlling traps are caused by the disorder in the amorphous selenium. The electron and hole drift-mobility values at room temperature agreed with previous measurements.
The game and the myth as two languages of social science

Scientists are only human, and like other human beings, sometimes do battle over conflicting ideologies. Within the social sciences, there is developing an increasingly serious quarrel between the model makers, who emphasize rigorous control and precise definition, and the humanists, who go beyond the clearly denotable rules and principles to develop more intuitive and “transcendental” concepts. The author suggests that this estrangement is caused by a breakdown in communication; that members of the two factions, though using the same words, are actually speaking different languages. Here h e defines these two approaches, and argues that if social science is to progress, the scientists must learn to speak both languages.
Signal recognition particle-ribosome binding is sensitive to nascent chain length

The signal recognition particle (SRP) directs ribosome-nascent chain complexes (RNCs) displaying signal sequences to protein translocation channels in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotes. It was initially proposed that SRP binds the signal sequence when it emerges from an RNC and that successful binding becomes impaired as translation extends the nascent chain, moving the signal sequence away from SRP on the ribosomal surface. Later studies drew this simple model into question, proposing that SRP binding is unaffected by nascent chain length. Here, we reinvestigate this issue using two novel and independent fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays. We show that the arrival and dissociation rates of SRP binding to RNCs vary according to nascent chain length, resulting in the highest affinity shortly after a functional signal sequence emerges from the ribosome. Moreover, we show that SRP binds RNCs in multiple and interconverting conformations, and that conversely, RNCs exist in two conformations distinguished by SRP interaction kinetics.
In)vulnerable agreement in incomplete bilingual L1 learners

This study investigates morphological vulnerability in incomplete bilingual L1 acquisition. It examines the production of L1 inflections by L2-dominant bilingual children, with the aim of exploring causes of difficulty in agreement marking. Spontaneous data (18 hours) from six Hungarian-English bilingual children, aged seven to nine, is used to compare the production of possessive inflections and verbal inflections, which are expressed by identical surface morphology in Hungarian. Drawing on recent analysis of Hungarian (Alberti, 1995; Szabolcsi, 1994), the paper asks where and why agreement morphology is susceptible to variability in bilingual children's weaker L1. Results indicate significant differences in the accuracy of agreement morphology. Inflections are almost error-free in possessive nominals and subject-verb agreement. However, they are frequently omitted in possessive be-clauses, which can be attributed to a combination of factors: (i) influence of semantic-syntactic properties of English have on Hungarian be possessive construction (transfer from L2); (ii) difficulty with long-distance agreement in Hungarian be-possessives (structural complexity of L1); and (iii) influence of Hungarian existential and locative constructions on possessive-be (ambiguity in L1). It is argued that morphological variability is selective, and the main source of vulnerability is the syntax-semantics interface where the weaker L1 is most susceptible to L2 influence.
Prologue: Archaeology, Animism and Non-Human Agents

This special issue explores the archaeology of "animism" with attention placed on the material correlates of interactions with potent non-human agents. The topic of animism an ontology in which objects and other non-human beings possess souls, life-force and qualities of personhood (Tylor 1958 [1871]) has reemerged in the social sciences with the blurring of formerly taken-for-granted boundaries separating subject/object, seh7 world, and person/thing (e.g., Bird-Davis 1999; Gell 1998; Latour 1993; Ingold 2006; Viveiros de Castro 2004). Animate objects and non-human beings are active members of many societies today, and presumably were so in the past. Who are these social actors? What do they do? How might we recognize them in an archaeological context? The contributors to this issue explore these questions. Why should archaeologists take animistic religious practices seriously? First, over 150 years of ethnographic literature documents the significance of animated material objects cross-culturally. Yet archaeologists have not developed methods and theories that embrace these perspectives. Recognizing that objects can and do possess purposeful agency for many peoples can move us closer to developing social models that reflect the primacy others placed on interactions with these important community members. Second, serious consideration of animism and non-human agency challenges inherited cultural categories that limit the questions and interpretations we bring to our research. Western intellectual tradition constructs a series of dualisms that slice apart animistic, relational, and indigenous perspectives, and, in the process, devalues peoples' lived experiences. In using terms such as "ascribed," "beliefs," or "symbolic
Heavy Petroleum Composition. 2. Progression of the Boduszynski Model to the Limit of Distillation by Ultrahigh-Resolution FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry

Heavy petroleum fractions are structurally and compositionally complex mixtures that defy characterization by many traditional analytical techniques. Here, we present the detailed characterization of a Middle Eastern heavy crude oil distillation series, in further support of the Boduszynski model, which proposes that petroleum is a continuum with regard to composition, molecular weight, aromaticity, and heteroatom content as a function of the boiling point. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) provides ultrahigh resolving power and mass accuracy and thereby allows for elemental assignment for each of the tens of thousands of peaks in a single crude oil sample. Part 1 of our five-part series established the validity of the Boduszynski model for the heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) distillation series. Here, we extend our analysis to fractions from a Middle Eastern heavy crude with cut temperatures including and beyond the middle distillate range. Collectively, the detailed com...
Suicidal thinking and behavior during treatment with sertraline in late-life depression.

Objective To determine effects of sertraline on suicidal thinking and behavior in patients with late-life major depression. Methods This was a secondary analysis of an eight-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial of a multicenter trial at 66 clinical sites. Outpatients ≥60 years of age with major depression and a Hamilton Depression Rating (HAMD) score ≥18 were included. Intervention was sertraline 50–100 mg/day or placebo for eight weeks. Measurements were 17-item HAMD administered at baseline and two-week intervals. HAMD Item 3 used to assess suicidal ideation (SI) and behavior. Reports of serious adverse events (SAEs), adverse events (AEs) leading to discontinuation, and spontaneously reported adverse events reviewed. Results A total of 747 patients received at least one dose of medication, and 728 had at least one posttreatment assessment. Mean age (±SD) was 69.8 ± 6.7 years (range: 59–97 years) and 56% were female. There were no completed suicides or suicide attempts during the double-blind trial. One SAE, hospitalization, was associated with SI in a patient on sertraline. No other AEs were associated with SI or behavior. HAMD Item 3 ratings progressively declined during the trial with significantly lower values for sertraline than placebo (Z = 2.41, p Conclusion Sertraline was associated with significantly lower HAMD Item 3 scores than placebo during treatment. There was no evidence of greater emergent suicidal thinking or behavior with sertraline than placebo.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag-Specific Mucosal Immunity after Oral Immunization with Papillomavirus Pseudoviruses Encoding Gag

Mucosal surfaces are the primary portals for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Because systemic immunization, in general, does not induce effective mucosal immune responses, a mucosal HIV vaccine is urgently needed. For this study, we developed papillomavirus pseudoviruses that express HIV-1 Gag. The pseudoviruses are synthetic, nonreplicating viruses, yet they can produce antigens for a long time in the immune system. Here we show that oral immunization of mice by the use of papillomavirus pseudoviruses encoding Gag generated mucosal and systemic Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes that effectively lysed Gag-expressing target cells. Furthermore, the pseudoviruses generated Gag-specific gamma interferon-producing T cells and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA. In contrast, oral immunization with plasmid DNA encoding HIV-1 Gag did not induce specific immune responses. Importantly, oral immunization with the pseudoviruses induced Gag-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protected mice against a rectal mucosal challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 Gag. Thus, papillomavirus pseudoviruses encoding Gag are a promising mucosal vaccine against AIDS.
Essential oil composition of nine Apiaceae species from western United States that attract the female Indra Swallowtail butterfly (Papilio indra).

Aletes acaulis, Cymopterus hendersonii, Cymopterus panamintensis var. acutifolius, Lomatium rigidum, Lomatium scabrum var. tripinnatum, Musineon tenuifolium, Sphenosciadium capitellatum, Tauschia arguta and Tauschia parishii are among the twenty-two species of the Apiaceae family to which female Indra Swallowtail butterflies (Papilio indra: Lepidoptera) are attracted for oviposition. Because plant volatile oils are known to be attractants for female butterflies, the percent composition of the essential oils of each species was studied. Amongst the nine host plants 168 essential oil components were identified representing between 84% and 99% of the oils. Principal Components Analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis on the essential oil compositions of the larval host plants against four non-larval host plants separated the hosts from the non-hosts into distinct clusters. Volatile components of the oils common to the nine species of Apiaceae are correlated with the expression of physiological attraction behavior by the butterfly.
Analysis of flow-cytometer scattering and fluorescence data to identify particle mixtures

As part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Detect-to-Protect program, a multilab [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (LLNL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and Los Al amos National Laboratory (LANL)] effort is addressing the need for useable detect-to-warn bioaerosol sensors for pub lic facility protection. Towards this end, the SNL team is employing rapid fluorogenic staining to infer the protein content of bioaerosols. This is being implemented in a flow cytometry platform wherein each particle detected generates coincident signals of forward scatter, side scatter, and fluorescence. Several thousand such coincident signal sets are typically collected to generate a probability distribution over the scattering and fluorescence values. A linear unmixing analysis is performed to differentiate components in the mixture. After forming a library of pure component distributions from measured pure material samples, the distribution of an unknown mixture of particles is treated as a linear combination of the pure component distributions. The scattering/fluorescence probability distribution data vector a is considered the product of two vectors, the fractional profile f and the scattering/fluorescence distributions from pure components P . A least squares procedure minimizes the magnitude of the residual vector e in the expression a = fP
The chemoattractant properties of comedonal components.

Accumulation of clusters of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) along the periphery of the walls of comedones (predominantly of the closed variety), has been described as the first change marking the transition of quiescent, noninflamed lesions in acne, into inflammatory ones. The present study analyzed the chemoattractant properties of different comedonal components for human PMN in an effort to evaluate the potential significance of these substances in stimulating the chemotactic response of PMN in the initial phases of inflammatory acne. It was found that the lipids extracted from pooled comedones had chemotactic activity for PMN in vitro . Beyond that, all chemotactic activity in comedones was related to bacteria. Propionibacterium acnes produced low molecular weight, dialyzable, heat stable chemotactic factors which were released into culture medium during bacterial growth. In addition to the extracellular cytotaxins, P. acnes whole cells and other extracellular products were strong cytotaxigens and activated heat labile chemotactic factors in human and guinea pig serum.
Neonatal interactions in pig-tailed macque ( M. nemestrina ) dyads: Influence on rearing success, infant weight change and behavioral response to reunion with mother

This research assessed the significance of variation in dyadic neonatal interaction for subsequent infant development in pig-tailed macaques. Adult females were selected which differed in parity and reproductive risk. The 29 dyads were housed individually to reduce external environmental influences. Large variation was observed in maternal and neonatal behavior, but it was not significantly associated with maternal or infant risk variables and could not identify six unsuccessfully reared pairs. Among the 23 successfully reared dyads, variation in nutritional and behavioral measures hypothesized to be associated with infant growth were found to be independent of neonatal weight gain. These 23 infants were separated from their mothers after 30 days and their responses at reunion were observed. Some infants clung to the mother's ventrum (attached response) while others jumped away quickly (aloof response). Prior dyadic interactions were not significantly associated with this dichotomous response, nor were maternal and most infant variables. These results suggest that dyads at risk for neonate separation when living in captive groups are not necessarily at risk in individual housing conditions. Further, pig-tailed neonates appear unaffected by variations in mother-infant interactions that do not result in separation, but neonatal characteristics may show continuity across development.
Application of Time-Frequency Analysis to Finite Duration Communication Signals

In this paper, an evaluation of time-frequency analysis techniques is presented as applied to the detection of finite duration communication signals. This class of signals includes both phase and amplitude modulated, pulsed signals. Time-frequency analysis based on quadratic distributions are of particular importance in analyzing these signals since this class covers the most common types of time-frequency analysis techniques. Typical performance criteria used in the design of time-frequency distributions include high frequency resolution as well as suppression of cross modulation products that are present in a multi-component signal environment. In addition to these criteria, we are also interested in the time resolution properties of these algorithms. The ultimate goal of this work is to determine the best time-frequency algorithms for a given application based on both performance and computational considerations.
Transcriptional profiling of mEq-dependent genes in Marek's disease resistant and susceptible inbred chicken lines.

Marek’s disease (MD) is an economically significant disease in chickens caused by the highly oncogenic Marek’s disease virus (MDV). Understanding the genes and biological pathways that confer MD genetic resistance should lead towards the development of more disease resistant commercial poultry flocks or improved MD vaccines. MDV mEq, a bZIP transcription factor, is largely attributed to viral oncogenicity though only a few host target genes have been described, which has impeded our understanding of MDV-induced tumorigenesis. Given the importance of mEq in MDV-induced pathogenesis, we explored the role of mEq in genetic resistance to MDV. Using global transcriptome analysis and cells from MD resistant or susceptible birds, we compared the response to infection with either wild type MDV or a nononcogenic recombinant lacking mEq. As a result, we identified a number of specific genes and pathways associated with either MD resistance or susceptibility. Additionally, integrating prior information from ChIP-seq, microarray analysis, and SNPs exhibiting allele-specific expression (ASE) in response to MDV infection, we were able to provide evidence for 24 genes that are polymorphic within mEq binding sites are likely to account for gene expression in an allele-specific manner and potentially for the underlying genetic differences in MD incidence.
Selection Adjusted Confidence Intervals With More Power to Determine the Sign

In many current large-scale problems, confidence intervals (CIs) are constructed only for the parameters that are large, as indicated by their estimators, ignoring the smaller parameters. Such selective inference poses a problem to the usual marginal CIs that no longer offer the right level of coverage, not even on the average over the selected parameters. We address this problem by developing three methods to construct short and valid CIs for the location parameter of a symmetric unimodal distribution, while conditioning on its estimator being larger than some constant threshold. In two of these methods, the CI is further required to offer early sign determination, that is, to avoid including parameters of both signs for relatively small values of the estimator. One of the two, the Conditional Quasi-Conventional CI, offers a good balance between length and sign determination while protecting from the effect of selection. The CI is not symmetric, extending more toward 0 than away from it, nor is it of con...
Critical behavior in quenched qed to all orders in the coupling

Abstract We determine the cutoff dependence of the gauge coupling α to all orders in perturbation theory for a quenched QED scenario by stability analysis of the CJT effective potential. We then derive the expression for the beta function of the system in the supercritical phase. The model seems to possess a nontrivial continuum limit in the language of renormalization group flow. We also determine the dynamical mass function in the supercritical phase to all orders in α.
Incrementing discourse with the negation relation

Logical t ranslat ions of English sentences typically translate sentential negation as a unary propositional operator. In this paper, I develop the processing aspect of a rather different ontological perspective on negation: namely, negation as a two-place relation. The negation relation takes one argument, its associate, and relates it to the rest of the sentence which forms the second argument, its frame. The t ruth conditions of the relation are equivalent to those of the wide-scope unary operator. However, sentences with the same truth conditions may be logically distinct due to their distinct arguments to the relation. For example, (1) and (2) have identical t ru th conditions, but the distinct logical structures shown.
Acute aortic valve rupture secondary to blunt chest trauma.

Cardiac valve injury after blunt chest trauma is rare. We present a case of blunt chest trauma resulting in an isolated aortic valve rupture treated with aortic valve replacement. (J Card Surg 2010;25:381-382)
Paradoxical effects of short- and long-term interleukin-6 exposure on liver injury and repair.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important mediator of liver regeneration and repair that is also elevated in chronic liver diseases, including fatty liver of obesity and cirrhosis. IL-6 has been reported both to delay and accelerate liver regeneration. We examined the effects on liver injury and regeneration of a continuous administration of exogenous IL-6 to mice by injection of an IL-6–expressing CHO-cell line in athymic nude mice and by osmotic mini-pump delivery of recombinant murine IL-6. Short-term IL-6 administration (1-2 days) accelerated early recovery of liver mass, whereas more long-term administration (5-7 days) markedly impaired liver regeneration. Similarly, short-term IL-6 treatment increased hepatic resistance to the lethal effects of the Fas agonist Jo-2, but on more prolonged IL-6 exposure the Jo-2 resistance vanished. IL-6 administration initially induced expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, correlating with protection against Fas-mediated cell death. More prolonged IL-6 administration, however, resulted in marked induction of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. This result coincided with increased activation of the type II or intrinsic, mitochondrial path to cell death, manifested by increased caspase-9 activation and increased cytochrome c release after Jo-2 exposure. These data demonstrate that IL-6 can function acutely to improve hepatic regeneration and repair, but that more chronic exposure not only abolishes the protective effects of IL-6, but actually sensitizes the liver to injury and death. In conclusion, elevated IL-6 in certain chronic liver diseases contributes to an increased likelihood of liver failure after injury. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;43:474–484.)
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRON SCATTERING IN CARBON TO COMPARE WITH A MUON EXPERIMENT

A measurement of the inelastic scattering of high-energy electrons in carbon has been carried out with the express purpose of obtaining an experimental cross section to compare with a recently-completed measurement of muon scattering. A scaling law which connects the electron result with the (higher-energy) muon result is described. Results for the summed (elastic plus all inelastic) cross section at two values of the muon scattering angle are presented. At the smaller angle (momentum transfer \ensuremath{\sim}200 Mev/c) agreement with the theoretical (Drell-Schwartz) sum rule is good; at the larger one (\ensuremath{\sim}280 Mev/c) it is poorer but within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties. Comparison with the muon results does not alter the previous conclusion: That no muon scattering anomaly is seen.
Blood-chemistry indicators of nutritional status in juvenile salmonids

Three experiments were performed to determine the effects of food deprivation (21–35 days at 10–12° C) on selected blood-chemistry variables in juvenile salmonids. The experimental groups were laboratory-reared rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (RBT), laboratory-reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (LCS) and hatchery-reared, actively migrating Chinook salmon (MCS). After fasting, RBT and LCS were refed for 10 days. In fasted fishes, plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities decreased relatively rapidly, differing significantly (P � 0� 05) from activities in fed control fishes after 1–2 weeks. Total protein (for all groups) and total cholesterol (for RBT and MCS) decreased relative to fed controls after 2–3 weeks, and total calcium (for RBT and MCS) after 3–4 weeks. Plasma ALP activities recovered after 10 days refeeding, but total protein, cholesterol and calcium concentrations did not. Triglyceride concentrations were highly variable and responded significantly to fasting only in the trial with RBT. Concentrations of some variables decreased (glucose and phosphorus) or increased (total magnesium) relative to control values during the initial days or weeks of fasting and then stabilized at new levels. Activities of four metabolic enzymes of intracellular origin (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase) did not differ significantly in the plasma of fed and fasted fishes. # 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles (No claim to original US government works)
Ontogenic delays in effects of nitrite exposure on tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)

Under certain conditions, nitrite can be present in freshwater systems in quantities that are toxic to the fauna. I exposed wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and eastern tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) embryos and young tadpoles and larvae to elevated concentrations of nitrite in chronic toxicity tests: 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.1, 4.6, and 6.1 mg/L NO2-N, exposing individuals as both embryos and larvae. Nitrite caused significant declines in wood frog hatching success (3.4 mg/L NO2-N, wood frog), and lower concentrations caused significant mortality during the early larval stages (4.6 mg/L NO2-N, salamander; 0.5 mg/L NO2-N, wood frog). Later tests exposing individuals to nitrite only after hatching showed that both wood frog and tiger salamander vulnerability to nitrite declined shortly after hatching. Hence, examining a single life-history stage, especially later in development, may miss critical toxic effects on organisms, causing the researcher potentially to underestimate seriously the ecological consequences of nitrite exposure.
Evaluation of Storm Structure from the Operational HWRF during 2012 Implementation

AbstractIn this work, a high-resolution triple-nested implementation of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model (HWRF) for the 2012 hurricane season is evaluated. Statistics of retrospective experiments for the 2010–11 hurricane seasons show that the new configuration demonstrates significant improvement compared to the 2011 operational HWRF in terms of storm track, intensity, size, dynamical constraints between mass and wind field, and initial vortex imbalance. Specifically, the 5-day track and intensify forecast errors are improved by about 19% and 7% for the North Atlantic basin, and by 9% and 30% for the eastern Pacific basin, respectively. Verifications of storm size in terms of wind radii at 34-, 50-, and 64-kt (17.5, 25.7, and 32.9 m s−1) thresholds at different quadrants show dramatic improvement with most of the overestimation of the storm size in previous operational HWRF versions removed at all forecast times. In addi...
Editorial-the future of psychotropics: Did santa forget about mental illness?

Last year, the December issue of the Mental Health Clinician was dedicated to highlighting new psychotropics agents recently granted FDA-approval, including iloperidone (Fanapt®, 2009), asenapine (Saphris®, 2009), lurasidone (Latuda®, 2010), and vilazodone (Viibryd®, 2011). Unfortunately, the 2012 year has brought no new agents to the psychotropic drug market; however, numerous investigational agents are "pipelined-up" and optimistically awaiting their market debut. Please see the "toolbox" for an abbreviated review of psychotropic agents currently undergoing Phase III trials.
Postural and locomotor contributions to affordance perception.

The authors sought to evaluate the relative impor- tance of locomotor control and postural control in the perception of affordances. While seated in a stationary wheelchair, participants made a series of judgments about the minimum lintel height under which they could roll in the wheelchair. Prior to making judgments, participants were given brief (∼2 min) experience with wheelchair locomotion. They expected that this practice would influence the accuracy of subsequent affordance judgments. During practice, par- ticipants moved under their own power (using their hands on the wheels) or with an experimenter pushing the wheelchair. Also dur- ing wheelchair locomotion the participant's head was restrained, or was not. Results revealed that head restraint during the practice session had no effect on the accuracy of subsequent judgments. By contrast, the judgments of participants who controlled locomotion duringpracticeweresignificantlymoreaccuratethanthejudgments of participants who had not controlled their locomotion during practice.
A PROBE OF THE HUMAN PLASMIN‐α2‐MACROGLOBULIN INTERACTION UTILIZING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN PLASMINa

These experiments have shown that alpha 2M may have a bait region capable of accommodating proteases of a far greater molecular weight than previously recognized, since antibody-plasmin complexes apparently become entrapped. In the case of large proteases, however, it now appears that a portion of these molecules is not enclosed. Clearly, in the case of plasmin, the K1-4 region remains outside the molecular trap.
Psychiatric issues of childhood seizure disorders

Children who suffer from childhood seizure disorders, especially epilepsy, have various potential psychiatric issues and concerns that the treating physician and psychiatric consultant should consider. These children are at increased risk of adjustment reactions, anxiety and mood disorders, ADHD, learning difficulties, and familial and social stress. Because of potential risks and vulnerabilities for the development of comorbid psychiatric conditions and the increased risk for individual, familial, and social impairment, a psychiatric consultation to children and families dealing with epilepsy may play an important role in the successful management of this complex disorder.
Irreducible Representations of Supersymmetry

The irreducible representations of Poincare supersymmetry are derived for both massless and massive particles. Some recently discovered modifications of the representations when central charges appear in the supersymmetry algebra are also discussed.
Localized surface plasticity during stress corrosion cracking

A previously proposed stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanism incorporating localized surface plasticity (LSP), crack initiation, and crack-tip embrittlement by anodic dissolution at film rupture sites is reviewed, together with new information supporting the mechanism. Externally imposed anodic dissolution currents increase creep rates of pure metals and alloys. Creep prior to SCC has been observed frequently and may result from anodic currents at active film rupture sites caused by coupling to surrounding noble passive surfaces. Recently revealed correlations between creep rate and SCC failure times imply that mechanisms of creep and cracking may be related. Anodic attenuation of strain hardening at film rupture sites may cause LSP, leading to triaxial stress conditions, suppressed slip, and crack initiation. Recent thin-film diffusion experiments show evidence of vacancy formation at anodically dissolving Cu surfaces. It has been suggested that anodically generated vacancies may increase creep and plasticity by stimulation of dislocation climb or by attraction to dislocation cores. Point-defect vacancies may weaken the crystal lattice, as do point-defect H atoms in the decohesion mechanism popular for explaining hydrogen embrittlement (HE).
Factors Affecting Suitability of Quercus rubra as Hosts for Enaphalodes rufulus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Epidemic populations of Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), red oak borer, a native longhorned wood boring beetle, were implicated as a major contributor to a recent widespread oak mortality event in the Ozark National Forest of Arkansas. We assessed potential factors affecting suitability of a primary host Quercus rubra L., northern red oak, which experienced dieback and mortality throughout two successive borer cohorts. We sampled trees with various E. rufulus infestation levels during 2001–2003 when populations were at outbreak levels and 2003–2005 when borer numbers were declining. We measured phloem thickness and calculated a vigor index; the ratio of the past 5-yr basal area increment to sapwood area. We also counted established first year larval feeding galleries and outer-bark adult emergence holes and measured surface area of feeding galleries on a subset of Q. rubra to assess the importance of host susceptibility versus suitability. Phloem thickness did not exhibit any patterns among hosts of varying infestation levels and was therefore not likely an important factor limiting larval success. Less vigorous Q. rubra appeared to be the most suitable hosts, although it is unclear whether reduced vigor was initially caused by stress of E. rufulus infestation or environmental factors. Host suitability seems to be more important than host susceptibility, as numbers of initiated galleries were not consistently different among host infestation classes and between both cohorts, whereas numbers of emerging adults did differ predictably among host infestation classes.
Effects of Water Temperature and Salt Concentration on the Characteristics of Horizontal Buoyant Submerged Jets

This paper summarizes the results of an analytical/experimental study of submerged buoyant fresh water and salt water jets injected horizontally into a quiescent, unstratified reservoir. Fresh water jets of a fixed exit Froude number penetrated to a greater horizontal distance before surfacing as the temperature of the reservoir was lowered. The overall flow characteristics were markedly affected by changes in the reservoir temperature, but were only slightly dependent upon the jet exit temperature for a given reservoir. Salt water jets of a fixed exit Froude number penetrated shorter horizontal distances into the reservoir as the salt concentration was increased. An analytical model was developed for fresh water jets which includes the effect of temperature on the thermal expansion coefficient and the effective buoyancy of the jet. The model successfully predicts the observed temperature dependence in the experiments and is applicable to salt water jets at low concentration levels. A correlation is proposed to minimize the effect of the reservoir temperature on the jet trajectory. The dependence of the flow characteristics on temperature and salt concentration is shown to be a significant factor contributing to the wide discrepancy in the data reported by previous investigators.
Devonian palynomorphs from the basal Beacon Supergroup of South Victoria Land, Antarctica (Note)

Abstract Poorly preserved palynomorphs have been recovered from a carbonaceous siltstone in the Terra Cotta Siltstone at Table Mountain, south Victoria Land, Antarctica. They indicate a probable Early Devonian age for the basal Beacon Supergroup in south Victoria Land.
Wireless Sensor Data Acquisition Design for Engineering Applications

Wireless sensor data acquisition (WSDA) is preferred over its wired counterpart due to its easier deployment and simpler maintenance. These characteristics make WSDA attractive to a wide array of engineering applications. This article deals with a framework for WSDA comprised of both legacy sensors and modern sensors commonly found in the oil and gas sector. The framework includes three components: a wireless receiving and transmission (ReT) module, a signal conditioning and digitizing (CoD) module, and a management and control (MaC) module. One ReT module implementation based on TinyOS and Crossbow MICA2 motes has been completed with a goal to integrate different legacy sensors usually found in an oilfield via the aid of proper CoD module implementations. This framework design and its module implementations serve as the basis for fast WSDA prototyping that is key to the oil and gas sector. The WSDA framework is readily applicable to other engineering applications where legacy and modern sensors co-exist.
Health Monitoring for Damage Initiation and Progression During Mechanical Shock in Electronic Assemblies

Electronic products may be subjected to shock and vibration during shipping, normal usage, and accidental drop. High strain rate transient bending produced by such loads may result in failure of fine pitch electronic interconnects. Current experimental techniques rely on electrical resistance for determination of failure. Significant advantage can be gained by prior knowledge of impending failure for applications where the consequences of system failure may be catastrophic. This research effort focuses on an alternate approach to damage quantification in electronic assemblies subjected to shock and vibration, without testing for electrical continuity. The proposed approach can be extended to monitor product level damage. In this paper, statistical pattern recognition and leading indicators of shock damage have been used to study the damage initiation and progression in shock and drop of electronic assemblies. Statistical pattern recognition is currently being employed in a variety of engineering and scientific disciplines such as biology, psychology, medicine, marketing, artificial intelligence, computer vision, and remote sensing . The application quantification of shock damage in electronic assemblies is new. Previously, free vibration of rectangular plates has been studied by various researchers for development of analytical closed form models. In this paper, closed form models have been developed for the eigen frequencies and mode shapes of electronic assemblies with various boundary conditions and component placement configurations. Model predictions have been validated with experimental data from modal analysis. Pristine configurations have been perturbed to quantify the degradation in confidence values with progression of damage. Sensitivity of leading indicators of shock damage to subtle changes in boundary conditions, effective flexural rigidity, and transient strain response has been quantified. A damage index for experimental damage monitoring has been developed using the failure indicators. The above damage monitoring approach is not based on electrical continuity and hence can be applied to any electronic assembly structure irrespective of the interconnections. The damage index developed provides parametric damage progression data, thus removing the limitation of current failure testing, where the damage progression cannot be monitored. Hence the proposed method does not require the assumption that the failure occurs abruptly after some number of drops and can be extended to product level drops.
On the Edge of the Auspicious: Gender and Caste in Nepal

On the Edge of the Auspicious: Gender and Caste in Nepal. Mary Cameron. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1998. xi. 314 pp., map, photographs, tables, glossary, references, index.
Ab interno stenting procedures.

Trabecular bypass was first used as a surgical treatment for glaucoma more than 100 years ago and aims to circumvent the trabecular meshwork, thought to be the main site of aqueous humor outflow resistance. The emerging field of microinvasive glaucoma surgery has brought a new ab interno trabecular microbypass stent through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approval process, and data from long-term randomized prospective trials have shown the safety and intraocular pressure-lowering value of trabecular microbypass. This review discusses the historical evolution of trabecular microbypass and describes new and forthcoming surgical options along with available clinical safety and efficacy data. Financial Disclosure Proprietary or commercial disclosures are listed after the references.
Economic evaluation of tandem mass spectrometry screening in California.

OBJECTIVE. On the basis of California’s experience implementing a pilot tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) screening program, an economic evaluation was conducted to determine the economic benefits and costs of a statewide MS/MS screening program. METHODS. Cost-effectiveness, benefit/cost, and cost-utility analyses were conducted with a base-case set of assumptions. The base-case assumptions were varied by using a set of more-favorable and less-favorable assumptions to test the robustness of the analysis findings. RESULTS. The total estimated, annualized, incremental costs of MS/MS screening of 540000 births in California were nearly $5.7 million; 83 affected newborns would be identified. Screening would reduce the expected lifetime costs of medical care for affected newborns by $7.2 million ($9.0 million in the best-case scenario and $1.8 million in the worst-case scenario). When all program costs and savings were considered, screening saved $1.5 million ($3.4 million saved in the best-case scenario and $3.8 million additional costs in the worst-case scenario). With only incremental program costs, the cost per life saved was $708000 and the cost per case detected was $68000. With consideration of the projected lifetime medical care costs, the total cost per case detected was $132000. MS/MS screening produced a benefit/cost ratio of $9.32 ($11.67 with the best-case set of assumptions and $4.34 with the worst-case set of assumptions). In this analysis, the benefits of screening exceeded total program costs by $47.1 million (the net incremental benefit). In the worst-case scenario, the net incremental benefit of screening was $18.9 million. Screening saved 949 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and saved $1628 per QALY in the base case analysis. Under the worst-case scenario, the cost per QALY was $14922. CONCLUSIONS. We found that the benefits of MS/MS screening outweighed the costs and that the net benefits were significant and robust in various scenarios with various conservative underlying assumptions.
Analysis of partial FFT demodulation for doppler distorted OFDM signals

Accurate time scale compensation is a problem of significance for underwater acoustic channels. Using our proposed partial FFT Demodulation technique, we consider two algorithms for fast and accurate data detection over time scale distorted channels. We present a theoretical analysis to characterize the performance of these algorithms and determine the optimal values of their key parameters. Our analysis supports the observed performance trends and validates the performance gains of partial FFT demodulation.
Silicon ribbon cables for chronically implantable microelectrode arrays

Describes the design, fabrication, and testing of miniature ultraflexible ribbon cables for use with micromachined silicon microprobes capable of chronic recording and/or stimulation in the central nervous system (CNS). These interconnects are of critical importance in reliably linking these microelectrodes to the external world through a percutaneous connector. The silicon cables allow the realization of multilead, multistrand shielded local interconnects that are extremely flexible and yet strong enough to withstand normal handling and surgical manipulation. Cables 5 /spl mu/m thick, 1-5 cm long, and from 60 to 250 /spl mu/m wide have been fabricated with up to eight leads. The series lead resistance is typically 4 k/spl Omega//cm for polysilicon and 500 /spl Omega//cm for tantalum with shunt capacitance values of 5-10 pF/cm and an interlead capacitance below 10 fF/cm. Soak tests in buffered saline performed under electrical and mechanical stress have been underway for over three years and show subpicoampere leakage levels. Silicon microprobes with built-in ribbon cables have remained functional for up to one gear in the guinea pig CNS, recording driven single-unit activity and maintaining impedance levels in the 1-7 M /spl Omega/ range. >
Optimal Kullback-Leibler Aggregation via Spectral Theory of Markov Chains

This paper is concerned with model reduction for complex Markov chain models. The Kullback-Leibler divergence rate is employed as a metric to measure the difference between the Markov model and its approximation. For a certain relaxation of the bi-partition model reduction problem, the solution is shown to be characterized by an associated eigenvalue problem. The form of the eigenvalue problem is closely related to the Markov spectral theory for model reduction. This result is the basis of a heuristic proposed for the m-ary partition problem, resulting in a practical recursive algorithm. The results are illustrated with examples.