cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Computer Ethics Scenarios in Software Engineering Education: The Case of the Killer Robot

Computing Curricula '91 stipulates that undergraduate programs in computing should introduce students to the subject of computer ethics. This paper discusses a novel way of introducing computer ethics into the curriculum: the use of detailed computer ethics scenarios that introduce important technical issues as well as issues in computer ethics. This paper describes a computer ethics scenario that the author uses as a point of departure for an undergraduate software engineering course. The novel element here is the use of computer ethics scenarios to teach both computer ethics and to introduce significant concepts in software engineering and user interfaces (viewed as an aspect of software engineering). This paper describes the philosophy behind the design of such computer ethics scenarios and suggests how they can be used in other courses in the undergraduate curriculum.
The binding of primaquine, pentaquine, pamaquine, and plasmocid to deoxyribonucleic acid.

The binding of four 8-aminoquinoline antimalarials (primaquine, pentaquine, pamaquine, and plasmocid) to native and denatured calf thymus DNA has been studied by equilibrium dialysis and direct spectrophotometry. The binding of the 8-aminoquinolines to DNA is (a) accompanied by a decrease in absorbance of the ligand, (b) decreased by an increase in ionic strength, (c) decreased by addition of Mg2+ to a greater extent than would be expected from ionic strength effects alone, and (d) decreased under some conditions by the presence of 4 M urea. In 0.01 M potassium phosphate (pH 6), the total binding of the 8-aminoquinolines to various DNA preparations at DNA nucleotide to aminoquinoline ratios of 6 or greater occurs in the following order: native DNA = denatured DNA > native DNA in 4 M urea > denatured DNA in 4 M urea. At low ionic strengths and pH 6, the binding of the singly protonated 8-aminoquinolines is less than, but comparable to, the binding of chloroquine, a divalent cation at the same pH. At a DNA nucleotide to aminoquinoline ratio of 10 and an ionic strength of 0.012 (pH 6), the percentages of the aminoquinolines bound to native DNA decrease in the following order: chloroquine > pentaquine > plasmocid > primaquine > pamaquine. At an ionic strength of 0.15 or greater, the binding of pentaquine and plasmocid equals or exceeds the binding of chloroquine to native DNA. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of at least two spectrally distinct bound forms for each 8-aminoquinoline.
The splicing factor U2AF small subunit is functionally conserved between fission yeast and humans.

The small subunit of U2AF, which functions in 3′ splice site recognition, is more highly conserved than its heterodimeric partner yet is less thoroughly investigated. Remarkably, we find that the small subunit of Schizosaccharomyces pombe U2AF (U2AFSM) can be replaced in vivo by its human counterpart, demonstrating that the conservation extends to function. Precursor mRNAs accumulate in S. pombe following U2AFSM depletion in a time frame consistent with a role in splicing. A comprehensive mutational analysis reveals that all three conserved domains are required for viability. Notably, however, a tryptophan in the pseudo-RNA recognition motif implicated in a key contact with the large subunit by crystallographic data is dispensable whereas amino acids implicated in RNA recognition are critical. Mutagenesis of the two zinc-binding domains demonstrates that they are neither equivalent nor redundant. Finally, two- and three-hybrid analyses indicate that mutations with effects on large-subunit interactions are rare whereas virtually all alleles tested diminished RNA binding by the heterodimer. In addition to demonstrating extraordinary conservation of U2AF small-subunit function, these results provide new insights into the roles of individual domains and residues.
Vibrational spectroscopic investigation of structurally-related LiFePO4, NaFePO4, and FePO4 compounds

Abstract Vibrational spectroscopy was utilized to investigate the local structure of LiFePO4, NaFePO4, and FePO4. The factor group splitting of the intramolecular PO43− vibrations is between 10 and 20 cm−1 less for NaFePO4 than for LiFePO4. This is because Li+ ions have a higher charge density than Na+ ions and can form stronger coordinative bonds with the PO43− anions. Thus, the internal modes are more perturbed in LiFePO4 and exhibit larger factor group splitting effects. The similarity of the factor group multiplets for both LiFePO4 and NaFePO4, particularly the PO43− bending modes, strongly suggests that the 506 and 470 cm−1 bands of LiFePO4 consist almost entirely of lithium translatory motion. There are marked differences between the vibrational spectrum of FePO4 and those of LiMPO4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni) or NaFePO4. The monovalent cations interact with the oxygen atoms of the phosphate groups, affecting the frequencies and intensities of the intramolecular PO43− modes, in a manner that is absent in FePO4.
Gulf of Alaska: Magnetic Anomalies, Fracture Zones, and Plate Interaction

Recently acquired magnetic data have allowed better definition of the linear magnetic-anomaly pattern in the Gulf of Alaska. Based on anomaly offsets, the Aja fracture zone has been located precisely and three additional fracture zones have been identified. The Aja fracture zone undergoes a change in trend that reflects a major change in spreading direction that occurred about 30 m.y. ago. Along the northwestern margin of the Gulf of Alaska, magnetic anomalies can be traced across the Aleutian trench and up to 50 km into the continental margin; whereas to the northeast, the anomalies lose their identity several tens of kilometers before encountering the continental margin. This latter zone, paralleling the continental margin between 135° W. and 143° W., probably was caused by compressive stresses within the continental margin and oceanic crust related to recent plate convergence along a coupled margin. Also, it may reflect the future location of a transform fault that will short-circuit the present Juan de Fuca Ridge–Aleutian trench transform fault and greatly simplify the plate boundary bordering the Gulf of Alaska.
Multiplicative baryon-number conservation and the oscillation of hydrogen into antihydrogen

Interactions are considered that would allow the transformation of baryons into leptons with a multiplicative conservation law. One such interaction would transform hydrogen atoms into antihydrogen atoms. It is shown that on the basis of nonobservation of annihilation gamma rays from hydrogen-antihydrogen annihilation in HI regions of our galaxy, an upper limit for the strength of such interactions is ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ ${G}_{F}$. Other sources of upper limits on such interactions are presented also.
Preclinical acute toxicology study of surfactant-stabilized ultrasound contrast agents in adult rats.

Gas-filled microbubbles are used as contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound imaging. A preclinical, acute toxicity study of 2 surfactant-stabilized ultrasound contrast agents (ST68 and ST44) was c...
The ecology and evolution of tetracycline resistance.

The use of tetracycline over the past few decades has been accompanied by a drastic increase in the frequency of tetracycline resistance in a wide range of bacterial species and genera. A diversity of resistance determinants is found in the microbial world, coding for markedly different mechanisms of resistance. The recent analysis of one family of resistance determinants provides evidence for intergenic and intragenic coevolutionary changes as well as for an unusual evolutionary history of duplication and divergence in function of domains within a single locus.
Arterial thromboembolic complications of inflammatory bowel disease.

Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease are legion and are demonstrated in one-third of those afflicted. In general, they do not mandate surgery. Three patients with active pancolonic ulcerative colitis developed arterial thromboembolic complications prior to surgical treatment. Thromboembolic complications are not fully understood, as is evidenced by the paucity of information in the literature, and only sporadic cases of arterial thromboemboli are found. These have been described primarily in the postsurgical patient. To ascertain whether others have encountered similar cases, a survey form was distributed to members of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, yielding an additional 54 patients with thromboembolic complications. Approximately two-thirds were deep venous thromboses and/or pulmonary emboli. Ten patients had cerebrovascular accidents, and eight had arterial emboli. Eleven patients, over 21 percent, suffered multiple events. There were four resultant mortalities. An arterial thromboembolic event in a patient with ulcerative colitis is usually associated with pancolonic disease, has a poor long-term prognosis, and is an indication for colectomy.
VERY HIGH EFFICIENCY PHOTOSPHERIC EMISSION IN LONG-DURATION γ-RAY BURSTS

We numerically analyze the evolution of a long-duration gamma-ray burst jet as it leaves the progenitor star and propagates to the photospheric radius, where radiation can be released. We find that the interaction of the relativistic material with the progenitor star has influences well beyond the stellar surface. Tangential collimation shocks are observed throughout the jet evolution, out to about 100 stellar radii, which is the whole range of our simulation. We find that the jet is internally hot at the photospheric radius and we compute the photospheric emission. The photosphere is a very efficient radiator, capable of converting more than half of the total energy of the jet into radiation. We show that bright photospheres are a common feature of jets born inside massive progenitor stars and that this effect can explain the high radiative efficiency observed in long-duration bursts.
Stable Gain Scheduling Through Bumpless Transfer

In this paper, a method of interpolating a priori designed controllers for gain scheduling using notions developed in anti-windup and bumpless transfer is discussed. In contrast with many approaches that guarantee stability by design of of the controllers as a set, it is often desirable to design and tune each controller individually and gain schedule the resulting controllers. Using the bumpless transfer techniques discussed, this paper puts forth a method of scheduling the controllers in a stable manner for sufficiently slow scheduling variables.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Managed Care and Neurologic Injury: The Case of Stroke

The emergence of managed care over the past decade has had a dramatic effect on the delivery of health care to most Americans. The case of stroke care and rehabilitation, which involves the full spectrum of health care services, provides a particularly useful lens through which the promise and risks associated with managed care can be examined. An analysis of recent developments in the health insurance industry is provided, and the effects of these developments on the full spectrum of stroke rehabilitation services are discussed.
Leveraging Work Domain Analysis for a Wi-Fi Enabled Mobile Device

The proliferation of wireless networks and wireless-enabled handheld devices has spurred the design of Wi-Fi enabled mobile devices that automatically detect and identify wireless signals. Recent designs have proposed the use of an “intelligent” interface that changes modes based on some variable specific to the user or the environment. Specifying a method of identification given the unpredictable nature of human work presents a design challenge that is not easily addressed by conventional scenario or task based methods. A Work Domain Analysis was used to inform the design constraints of a mobile device interface used to support the transition between wireless networks with different constraints, as well as unanticipated tasks.
Force transduction by Triton cytoskeletons

Force-initiated signal transduction can occur either via membrane-based ionic mechanisms or through changes in cytoskeletal-matrix linkages. We report here the stretch-dependent binding of cytoplasmic proteins to Triton X-100 cytoskeletons of L-929 cells grown on collagen-coated silicone. Triton X-100-insoluble cytoskeletons were stretched by 10% and incubated with biotinylated cytoplasmic proteins. Analysis with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed stretch-dependent binding of more than 10 cytoplasmic protein spots. Bound cytoplasmic proteins were purified by a photocleavable biotin tag and stretch-dependent binding of paxillin, focal adhesion kinase, and p130Cas was found, whereas the binding of vinculin was unchanged and actin binding decreased with stretch. Paxillin binding upon stretch was morphologically and biochemically similar in vitro and in vivo, that is, enhanced in the periphery and inhibited by the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, phenylarsine oxide. Thus, we suggest that transduction of matrix forces occurs through force-dependent conformation changes in the integrated cytoskeleton.
Femtosecond fluorescence depolarization study of photosynthetic antenna proteins: observation of ultrafast energy transfer in trimeric C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin

C-phycocyanin (CPC) and Allophycocyanin (APC) are pigment-protein complexes isolated from antenna systems in cyanobacteria. The crystal structure of CPC has recently been solved and APC has a similar structure. CPC and APC have a trimeric structure, monomeric subunits are composed of an (alpha) and (beta) polypeptide chain, each has a tetrapyrrole chromophore chemically bound to position 84. In CPC and APC trimers, the (alpha) 84 and (beta) 84 chromophores in adjacent monomers are in close proximity, forming relatively strong coupled pairs. Calculation of pairwise energy transfer rates using Foerster theory has suggested an extremely fast transfer (> 1 ps-1) between the (alpha) 84 and (beta) 84 pair in CPC. A femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion apparatus was constructed which achieves subhundred femtosecond time resolution. This allows experimental observation of the fast energy transfer process between the (alpha) 84 and (beta) 84 pair in both CPC and APC. There was also a wavelength dependence of the fluorescence depolarization kinetics which is inconsistent with Foerster inductive resonance energy transfer theory.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reynolds number effects on Rayleigh–Taylor instability with possible implications for type Ia supernovae

Spontaneous mixing of fluids at unstably stratified interfaces occurs in a wide variety of atmospheric, oceanic, geophysical and astrophysical flows. The Rayleigh–Taylor instability, a process by which fluids seek to reduce their combined potential energy, plays a key role in all types of fusion. Despite decades of investigation, fundamental questions regarding turbulent Rayleigh–Taylor flow persist, namely: does the flow forget its initial conditions, is the flow self-similar, what is the scaling constant, and how does mixing influence the growth rate? Here, we show results from a large direct numerical simulation addressing such questions. The simulated flow reaches a Reynolds number of 32,000, far exceeding that of all previous Rayleigh–Taylor simulations. We find that the scaling constant cannot be found by fitting a curve to the width of the mixing layer (as is common practice) but can be obtained by recourse to the similarity equation for the expansion rate of the turbulent region. Moreover, the ratio of kinetic energy to released potential energy is not constant, but exhibits a weak Reynolds number dependence, which might have profound consequences for flame propagation models in type Ia supernova simulations.
Effect of feeding flax or linseed meal on progesterone clearance rate in ovariectomized ewes.

Abstract Ovariectomized ewes ( n =22; 68.76±2.34kg initial body weight; 2.9±0.1 initial body condition score) were individually fed one of three diets: (1) control (phytoestrogen-free; n =7), (2) flax containing diet ( n =8), or (3) linseed meal (LSM) containing diet ( n =7) to investigate the rate of progesterone (P4) clearance. On day 20 of feeding (day 0=initiation of treatment), a P4 releasing device (CIDR) was placed in the vagina and jugular blood samples were obtained prior to CIDR insertion and 15, 30, 60, and 120min following CIDR insertion. Further, blood samples were obtained daily between days 21 and 24. On day 25, blood samples were retrieved prior to CIDR removal and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 360min following CIDR removal. There was no difference in initial or final body weight or body condition score and there were no time by diet interactions on P4 clearance. The fractional rate of P4 uptake measured prior to CIDR insertion through day 4 following insertion tended to be greater ( P =0.07) in LSM fed ewes (508.75±71.37%/min) compared to flax (295.39±66.76%/min) and control fed (287.54±71.37%/min) ewes. Diet tended ( P =0.10) to influence P4 clearance rate when measured from prior to CIDR removal through 120min following CIDR removal with LSM fed ewes having a greater (1.26±0.2) fractional rate constant than flax (0.929±0.09) and control fed (0.922±0.09) ewes. Flax fed ewes also had more ( P
Gaming the Liver Transplant Market

The liver transplant waiting list is designed to allocate livers to the sickest patients first. Before March 1, 2002, livers were allocated to patients based on objective clinical indicators and subjective factors. In particular, a center placing a prospective transplant recipient in the intensive care unit (ICU) leads to a higher position on the liver transplant waiting list. After March 1, 2002, a policy reform mandated that priority on the liver transplant waiting list no longer be influenced by whether the patient was in the ICU. I show that after the reform, ICU usage declined most precipitously in areas with multiple transplant centers. I find no evidence that pervasive manipulation in the most crowded liver transplant markets distorted the allocation of livers away from the intended prioritization of the sickest patients first. It appears that centers in areas with multiple competitors manipulated the waiting list to ensure that the sickest patients received a liver. The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Yale University. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Large excitonic effects in monolayers of molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides

Quasiparticle band structures and optical properties of MoS${}_{2}$, MoSe${}_{2}$, MoTe${}_{2}$, WS${}_{2}$, and WSe${}_{2}$ monolayers are studied using the GW approximation in conjunction with the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE). The inclusion of two-particle excitations in the BSE approach reveals the presence of two strongly bound excitons ($A$ and $B$) below the quasiparticle absorption onset arising from vertical transitions between a spin-orbit-split valence band and the conduction band at the $K$ point of the Brillouin zone. The transition energies for monolayer MoS${}_{2}$, in particular, are shown to be in excellent agreement with available absorption and photoluminescence measurements. Excitation energies for the remaining monolayers are predicted to lie in the range of 1--2 eV. Systematic trends are identified for quasiparticle band gaps, transition energies, and exciton binding energies within as well as across the Mo and W families of dichalcogenides. Overall, the results suggest that quantum confinement of carriers within monolayers can be exploited in conjunction with chemical composition to tune the optoelectronic properties of layered transition-metal dichalcogenides at the nanoscale.
Semiconductor nanomembranes for stacked and flexible photonics

Crystalline semiconductor nanomembranes (NMs), which are transferable, stackable, bondable and manufacturable, offer unprecedented opportunities for unique and novel device applications. We report here nanophotonic devices based on stacked semiconductor NMs on Si, glass and flexible PET substrates. Photonic crystal Fano resonance-based surface-normal optical filters and broadband reflectors have been demonstrated with unique angle and polarization properties. Flexible photodetectors and solar cells have also been developed based on the NM stacking processes. Such NM stacking process can lead to a paradigm shift on silicon photonic integration and inorganic flexible photonics.
INERTIAL NAVIGATION TECHNOLOGY FROM 1970-1995.

The period since 1970 has been characterized by an intense push to develop new inertial navigation technology. Inasmuch as the performance requirements for nearly all of today's missions can be satisfied by instruments that were available 25 years ago, it is reasonable to ask what has driven this creative intensity. The answer to this question also points the way to the probable path of technology development in the next 25 years. The introduction and refinement of dry-tuned two-degree-of-freedom gyroscopes and the emergence of optical gyroscopes, resonator gyros, quartz resonant accelerometers, and micromachined silicon instruments have been driven by the goal of reducing the life-cycle cost of ownership of inertial systems, and by the need for rapid convergence of the navigation system to stable operation after turn-on. Combine these advances with the annual increases in computational power available per unit volume (which supports the compensation of calibratable sensor errors and integration with external sensors, such as GPS), and the trend to smaller, lighter, less-expensive systems is certain to continue well into the next century.
Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis by minocycline prevents retrovirus-induced neurodegeneration in mice

The ts1 mutant of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) causes neurodegeneration in infected mice that resembles HIV-associated dementia. We have shown previously that ts1 infects glial cells in the brain, but not neurons. The most likely mechanism for ts1-mediated neurodegeneration is loss of glial redox support and glial cell toxicity to neurons. Minocycline has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in various models of neurodegeneration. This study was designed to determine whether and how minocycline prevents paralysis and death in ts1-infected mice. We show here that minocycline delays neurodegeneration in ts1-infected mice, and that it prevents death of cultured astrocytes infected by ts1 through attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Although minocycline reduces virus titers in the CNS of infected mice, it does not affect virus titers in infected mice thymi, spleens or infected C1 astrocytes. In addition, minocycline prevents death of primary neurons when they are cocultured with ts1-infected astrocytes, through mechanisms involving both inhibition of oxidative stress and upregulation of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which controls cellular antioxidant defenses. We conclude that minocycline delays retrovirus ts1-induced neurodegeneration involving antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
Efficiency of Muscle Contraction Following Tetanic Stimulation.

Summary1. The twitch tension and the initial heat developed was determined in frog double sartorius preparations during the period following tetanic stimulation. 2. When enhancement occurs there is at first a small decrease in efficiency, followed by a rise slightly above the original level, with return to the pre-tetanic level, as the enhancement subsides. 3. When post-tetanic depression occurs there is a small increase in efficiency followed by a gradual return to the pre-tetanic value. 4. The efficiency changes are small in comparison with the changes in twitch tension, and thus cannot account for the changes in the mechanical response.
Day treatment outcome with severely disturbed children.

Abstract Day treatment for psychiatrically disturbed children is a relatively new but increasingly used treatment modality. Outcome has only been studied empirically on relatively few occasions. This report assesses outcome of a group of severely disturbed, mostly black children from an urban area and disorganized home and family environments who had been treated in a psychodynamically oriented, hospital-based treatment program over several years. Slightly more than half the group was referred to out-of-home residential or inpatient hospitalization on discharge. Placement in hospital or residential setting on discharge was associated with preadmission variables of child abuse/maltreatment, parental substance abuse, suicidality, and severe assaultive/destructive behavior. If these findings can be generalized to other day treatment settings, important implications for admission criteria and program design of children's day treatment programs would have been established. J Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1988, 27, 4:479–482.
Automatic definition of the central-chest lymph-node stations

Purpose Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Central to the lung-cancer diagnosis and staging process is the assessment of the central-chest lymph nodes. This assessment requires two steps: (1) examination of the lymph-node stations and identification of diagnostically important nodes in a three-dimensional (3D) multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) chest scan; (2) tissue sampling of the identified nodes. We describe a computer-based system for automatically defining the central-chest lymph-node stations in a 3D MDCT chest scan.
Effect of Relative Humidity on Insensible Weight Loss of the Newborn Infant.

SummaryThe rate of insensible weight loss in the unclothed, newborn male infant is decreased in a straight line manner by an increase in the relative humidity of the environmental air.
Is indeterminate colitis determinable

About 10% of patients with colitis due to inflammatory bowel disease have indeterminate colitis. Despite newer diagnostic tools, the frequency has not diminished over the past 33 years. The current preferred term among academicians is colonic inflammatory bowel disease unclassified (IBDU), although indeterminate colitis is the term endorsed for inclusion in the ICD-10 coding system. Indeterminate colitis is more frequent among children. The anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) and perinuclear anti-cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA) are useful in distinguishing IBDU from ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. However, current serologic and genetic studies, as well as endoscopic and imaging studies lack sufficient positive predictive values to make a definite diagnosis of Crohn’s colitis or ulcerative colitis. Patients with IBDU who undergo proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis have more complications than patients with ulcerative colitis. Although some patients with indeterminate colitis eventually develop characteristic ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, a subgroup are durably indeterminate.
Reversible electrochromism in polymeric metal phthalocyanine thin films

Abstract Thin polymeric films of cobalt, nickel, and palladium phthalocyanines have been prepared on optically transparent indium/tin oxide-coated glass electrodes by anodic electropolymerization. In the absence of oxygen, the electrochemical oxidation and reduction of such films is rapid, reversible, and virtually quantitative. Further, redox switching of these devices is accompanied by significant changes in their electronic absorption spectra, and the electrochromic response is readily apparent to the naked eye. For example, the first reduction of the Co derivative is a metal-centered process, resulting in the appearance of a new metal-to-ligand charge transfer transition and a striking change in color from blue-green to yellow-brown. The Ni and Pd-containing films can be easily switched between green and blue in a similar fashion. In all cases, electrochromism is essentially completely reversible in the potential range from 0 to −1.6 V vs. SCE. The magnitude of the response, as well as its speed, depends critically on the size of the electrolyte cation, suggesting that counterion motion has a strong influence on the behavior of these polymers. Other variables, including film thickness and electrolyte concentration, are also important. Switching times on the order of 1–2 s can be achieved under favorable conditions, even for large area electrodes.
Discontinuity of physical measures

Abstract In general, transformations from a space into itself have many ergodic invariant measures. A problem of great interest is to determine which ones are physically important. We consider a simple transformation τ of the unit interval for which we can identify two ergodic measures both of which have [0,1] as its support: the physical measure known as the SRB measure and a continuous measure which is singular with respect to the SRB measure. Computational results show that orbits of τ exhibit the physical measure, but certain small perturbations of τ result in orbits which exhibit the continuous measure that is singular with respect to the physical measure. This discontinuity in asymptotic statistical behavior has important consequences.
The Check, Connect, and Expect Program: A Targeted, Tier 2 Intervention in the Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support Model

ABSTRACT The Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support model emphasizes varying levels of supports for students and staff to enhance positive social behavior and decrease problematic behavior among students. The authors present an example of a targeted Tier 2 intervention that has been effective at producing positive social outcomes for students who are at risk of developing emotional or behavioral disabilities. In a Tier 2 intervention, a school-based coach works with teachers and students on a daily basis to set social goals, check students' progress, provide reinforcement when students meet goals, and communicate students' progress to their parents. Students have a daily progress report card to assess their social behavior and receive feedback and ratings from teachers. Additional supports are available in the form of social-skills instruction and problem-solving instruction when students do not meet daily social expectations. Results from the past several years show that this type of intervention can reduc...
FlexAR: anatomy education through kinetic tangible augmented reality

We present FlexAR, a kinetic tangible augmented reality [Billinghurst,2008] application for anatomy education. Anatomy has been taught traditionally in two dimensions, particularly for those in non-medical fields such as artists. Medical students gain hands-on experience through cadaver dissection [[Winkelmann, 2007]. However, with dissection becoming less practical, researchers have begun evaluating techniques for teaching anatomy through technology.
On the Debye-Waller factor for atom-surface scattering

Abstract The Debye-Waller factor in atom-surface scattering is considered. It is found that the equation suggested by Beeby is valid for soft potentials provided that (1) the attractive portion of the potential is stationary, (2) the repulsive portion of the potentials moves but does not distort, and (3) the effect of trajectories that reflect off the attractive well and multiply scatter from the repulsive wall is negligible.
70. Association between serum inflammatory markers and autologous stem cell transplant-induced sickness symptoms in patients with multiple myeloma

During the first month after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (ASCT), patients with multiple myeloma (MM) often suffer from fatigue, pain, disturbed sleep, drowsiness, and poor appetite. These symptoms can be triggered by residual disease, high-dose chemotherapy. We explored temporal associations between activation of the cytokine network and development of severe symptoms in 50 MM patients. Serum samples and patient-reported symptom severity rated via the M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory were collected twice a week. Development of the most severe symptoms peaked one week after transplant and paralleled variation in some of the cytokines. Controlled for age, sex, staging of MM, BMI, type of induction chemotherapy, mixed modeling showed that increased serum sTNF-R1 (p = .007), increased MCP-1 (p = .03), and decreased IL-6R (p = .004) were significantly associated with worsening of a component score of the five most-severe symptoms over time; decreased IL-6R was significantly associated with more-severe fatigue (p = .002) and poor appetite (p = .0004). TNF-alpha (p = .035) and sTNF-R2 (p = .038) were inversely related to pain severity, and MIP-1alpha was inversely related to disturbed sleep (p = .009). Our study indicates that dynamic changes in circulating inflammation molecules are significantly related to the most severe symptoms in patients with MM during the acute phase of ASCT. The possibility that inflammation mediates the clustering of sickness symptoms in patients with cancer during the acute therapy phase is worth further investigation.
State of multicultural neuropsychological assessment in children: current research issues.

Scientific attention to cultural considerations in child neuropsychological assessment has not developed parallel to the focus these issues have received in adult and elderly neuropsychological assessment. There are limited data on the presence, magnitude, etiology, and implications of culture-related differences in cognitive test performance among children. This preliminary report reviews the available empirical literature on the current state of multicultural neuropsychological assessment in children. The review identified articles by searching PubMed and PsycINFO databases, and the tables of contents of Developmental Neuropsychology and Child Neuropsychology from 2003–2008. Of the 1,834 abstracts reviewed, ten papers met inclusion criteria for the review. Five studies were completed in America; four of these compared performance between ethnic groups while the fifth examined neighborhood level poverty indicators exclusively within African-American children. Of the five international studies, all established local normative data and/or were exploratory investigations of neuropsychological functions in specific cultural groups, including Taiwanese infants, South African youth, and bilingual British children. Taken together, the results yield important clinical and research data that begin to inform many of the complex and fascinating mechanisms by which ethnic identity and culture impact cognitive development and the neuropsychological assessment of children. A critique of the existing literature and directions for future research are provided.
Principles and applications of probability-based inverse modeling method for finding indoor airborne contaminant sources

Building indoor air quality (IAQ) has received growing attentions lately because of the extended time people spend indoors and the increasing reports of health problems related to poor indoor environments. Recent alarms to potential terrorist attacks with airborne chemical and biological agents (CBA) have further highlighted the research needs on building vulnerability and protection. To maintain a healthful and safe indoor environment, it is crucial to identify contaminant source locations, strengths, and release histories. Accurate and prompt identification of contaminant sources can ensure that the contaminant sources can be quickly removed and contaminated spaces can be effectively isolated and cleaned. This paper introduces a probability concept based prediction method—the adjoint probability method-that can track potential indoor airborne contaminant sources with limited sensor outputs. The paper describes the principles of the method and presents the general modeling algorithm and procedure that can be implemented with current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) or multi-zone airflow models. The study demonstrates the application of the method for identifying airborne pollutant source locations in two realistic indoor environments with few sensor measurement outputs. The numerical simulations verify the feasibility and accuracy of the method for indoor pollutant tracking applications, which forms a good foundation for developing an intelligent and integrated indoor environment management system that can promptly respond to indoor pollution episodes with effective detection, analysis, and control.
An Alternative Thermonuclear n-Capture Path to the Superheavy Island'

Thermonuclear neutron-capture approaches to heavy transuranium element synthesis are investigated. Certain feature of capture experiments using thermonuclear macro-explosives are re-analyzed in view of recent results of nuclear shell-structure theory and theoretical developments in laser-energized fusion micro-explosions. The micro-explosion conditions for prompt multiple neutron capture are estimated for the simplest moderation techniques. We speculate on some practical neutor-capture paths to the superheavy island, especially a hybrid approach, using both macro-and micro-explosion events.
Immortalization of growth factor-dependent mouse splenic macrophages derived from cloned progenitors

We describe a nonviral transformation strategy for the establishment of permanent cell lines derived from the progeny of individual mouse splenic macrophage (M Φ ) progenitors. These colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1)-dependent cell lines possess many features of mature M Φ s, including antibody-dependent phagocytic and cellular cytotoxic activities, ability to secrete lysozyme, and expression of the Mac-1 antigen and mRNA for the CSF-1 receptor. It was also possible to immortalize selected clones of splenic M Φ s differing in their constitutive antigen-presenting activities with the retention of the antigen-presenting phenotype in the resultant cell lines. The approach described in this report should be useful in obtaining additional cell lines of M Φ s expressing other phenotypes of interest.
The random copolymerization of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate and L‐valine N‐carboxyanhydrides: Reactivity ratio and heteogeneity studies

The random copolymerization of the N-carboxyhydrides of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate and L-valine using triethylamine as the initiator in low dielectric media reults in high-molecular-weight copolymers at low convenrson. This behavior makes it possible to apply the monomer reactivity ration theory, which was dervied for addition polymerizations, and from the use of the copolymer composition equation, the respective monomer reactivity ratios, the average and incremental copolymer compositions, and the monomer feed ratio at any conversion can be determined. A comparison of the reactivity ratios for the copolymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA and L-valine NCA in benzene/methylene chloride (rG = 2.1, rV = 0.6) with those obtained using dioxane (rG = 2.7, rV = 0.3) indicates that the interchain compositional heterogeneity is greater for copolymers prepared in the dioxane. For Example, at 100% conversion of the monomeric NCAs, Poly[Glu(OBzl)50Val50] prepared in dioxance has an interchain composition ranging from 74 to 0 mol % γ-benzyl-L-glutamate, whereas in benzene/methylene chloride the interchain composition of γ-benzyl-L-glutamae ranges from 65 to 0 mol %. Once the reactivity ratios are obtained for any pair of α-amino and N-carboxyanhydrides, the use of the aforementioned parameters relating to interchain composition can give insight into the compositional heterogeneity between chains as a function of conversion and provide a basis for the preparation of random α-amino acid copolymers that are homogeneous.
Genetic education to diverse communities employing a community empowerment model.

Lack of equity in access to health care, in general, and genetic services in particular, places communities of color at a distinct disadvantage when considering the rapidly evolving genetic technology
Thin film micro-circuit networks

Abstract This paper describes the fabrication and operational testing of several types of thin film circuit networks which were fabricated by using vacuum evaporated passive elements deposited in a three-dimensional or multilayered structure. Data on the fabrication processes, the component stability and reproducibility, and circuit operational performance are given.
Response of Chickens to Temperature and Ventilation Environments

Abstract EXPERIMENTS conducted by Winchester and Kleiber (1938), with chicks from 5 to 12 days of age, showed that the relationship between feed consumption and environmental temperature was nearly linear. Based on a calorimeter study on chicks 1 to 13 weeks of age, Ota and Garver (1958) found that feed consumption was not as great at 85°F. as compared to a 65°F. environment. In two experiments, (Prince et al., 1960), chicks exposed to a 45°F. environment from four to eight weeks of age consumed 0.65 pounds more feed than those in a 65° environment, while weight gains were not significantly affected. This report deals with the effects of temperature and ventilation environment on feed consumption, weight gain, and feed efficiency of chicks four to eight weeks of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS In each of six four-week trials conducted between January 6 and July 28, 1959, two hundred White Plymouth Rock day-old …
A new complication of chemotherapy administered via permanent indwelling central venous catheter

Background. The use of permanent intravenous access devices for chemotherapy administration has become a common practice in clinical oncology. Therefore, awareness of potential complications is important. The authors previously reported the use of high dose 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (2600 mg/m2) and leucovorin (500 mg/m2) as a weekly 24-hour infusion for patients with colorectal carcinoma. In this report, a new complication of permanent indwelling catheters with high dose 5-fluorouracil (2600 mg/m 2 ) and leucovorin (500 mg/m 2 ) as a weekly 24-hour infusion for colorectal carcinoma is described. Methods. Twenty-two patients in the previous Phase II trial on weekly high dose 5-FU and leucovorin were included in this study. All patients had either a single-lumen Port-o-cath (Pharmacia Deltec, St. Paul, MN) or Hickman catheter (Travenol Laboratories, Deerfield, IL). Occluded catheters were explanted, and the material found in their lumen was analyzed using infrared spectroscopy. Results. Eleven of 22 patients had catheter blockage, and calcium carbonate formation (Calcite 100%) was identified within these catheters. Conclusion. Calcite formation causing catheter occlusion is a new and important complication resulting from using intravenous access devices for chemotherapy administration. Oncologists should be alerted to this phenomenon when high dose 5-FU and leucovorin are administered for 24 hours by continuous infusion using a single-port port-o-cath. Cancer 1995 ; 75 :2165-8.
A framework for energy management in customer-driven microgrids

This panel paper presents some outlines on the energy management of electric power microgrids with hybrid components. The hybrid nature of the microgrid is attributed to renewable energy sourced generation, energy storage, schedulable loads and information enabling technology such as smart meters. The panel paper and the accompanying presentation aim to describe the electric energy management visa-vis the following: a basic building block that incorporates the hybrid elements; a feeder-level microgrid; and their interaction with the grid.
Fleissner's normal Moore space and lynxes☆

Abstract We review Fleissner's CH construction of a normal non-metrizable Moore space and investigate forcings that preserve its non-metrizability.
Solid phase deprotection of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamides: synthesis of simple 2-(alkylamino)-pyrroles

The 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide cleavage using a solid-phase thiophenolate reagent gives simple 2-(alkylamino)-pyrroles without the presence of the competing nucleophilic substitution product.
Tractography density and network measures in Alzheimer'S disease

Brain connectivity declines in Alzheimer's disease (AD), both functionally and structurally. Connectivity maps and networks derived from diffusion-based tractography offer new ways to track disease progression and to understand how AD affects the brain. Here we set out to identify (1) which fiber network measures show greatest differences between AD patients and controls, and (2) how these effects depend on the density of fibers extracted by the tractography algorithm. We computed brain networks from diffusion-weighted images (DWI) of the brain, in 110 subjects (28 normal elderly, 56 with early and 11 with late mild cognitive impairment, and 15 with AD). We derived connectivity matrices and network topology measures, for each subject, from whole-brain tractography and cortical parcellations. We used an ODF lookup table to speed up fiber extraction, and to exploit the full information in the orientation distribution function (ODF). This made it feasible to compute high density connectivity maps. We used accelerated tractography to compute a large number of fibers to understand what effect fiber density has on network measures and in distinguishing different disease groups in our data. We focused on global efficiency, transitivity, path length, mean degree, density, modularity, small world, and assortativity measures computed from weighted and binary undirected connectivity matrices. Of all these measures, the mean nodal degree best distinguished diagnostic groups. High-density fiber matrices were most helpful for picking up the more subtle clinical differences, e.g. between mild cognitively impaired (MCI) and normals, or for distinguishing subtypes of MCI (early versus late). Care is needed in clinical analyses of brain connectivity, as the density of extracted fibers may affect how well a network measure can pick up differences between patients and controls.
Isotopic and chemical constraints on models of magma genesis in volcanic arcs

Abstract Lead isotopic compositions of New Zealand and Lesser Antilles calc-alkaline volcanic arc magmas and of oceanic sediments are very similar, and so distinct from the isotopic composition of abyssal tholeiites that a simple genetic connection between abyssal tholeiites and volcanic arc magmas is ruled out. Recycling of crustal material through the mantle seems the best explanation for the Pb isotopic similarityof volcanic arc magmas and oceanic sediments. Massbalance calculations demonstrate that the flux of K, Rb, Cs, Pb, Ba and Th in oceanic basaltic crust created continuously along mid-ocean rises is insufficient by factors of 2 to 10 to supply the amounts required for generation of andesites and continental rocks at observed rates. Sediment contamination linked with the Green and Ringwood model for magma genesis can explain both the isotopic and chemical data.
Prevention of Colorectal Cancer by Aspirin and/or Calcium: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Cost Effectiveness

Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer (CRC) by aspirin use or calcium supplementation has been studied for almost two decades. Recently, the use of aspirin has been reported to be efficacious for the chemoprevention of CRC at the lowest dose ever, one that corresponds to that recommended for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. There is also new evidence that aspirin at higher doses may be helpful in controlling familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Several cost effectiveness studies have emerged to demonstrate that use of aspirin in combination with colonoscopy is cost-effective compared with colonoscopy alone in prevention of CRC. Likewise, calcium supplementation in a chemoprevention strategy also has been shown to be cost-effective when used alone or in combination with colonoscopy in CRC prevention, compared to natural history. The chemopreventive mechanisms of these agents continue to be studied, and prominent molecular targets for aspirin are cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and perhaps COX-1, as well as the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) as the likely target for calcium supplementation. The evidence is compelling for the widespread use of these non-prescription agents, either alone or in combination, for either primary prevention of CRC in the general population, or as part of a colonoscopy surveillance program in high-risk populations with a prior adenoma.